cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproduced Inequality: Participation and Success in the South African Informal Economy

Early studies of the informal economy have alternately argued either that employment in this secondary economy reinforces social inequality or that it dilutes it. More recent studies argue that the informal economy is varied in its types of jobs, simultaneously offering opportunities to many who would not have them in the formal economy, yet further exploiting others. National level survey data from South Africa and the methods of stratification research are used in this study to examine employment in the informal economy and to compare levels of success attained in the informal and formal economies. Success in both economies tends to favor white people, men, and those with more education and experience; nonwhite people, women, and the less educated are more likely to work in the informal economy. The key finding of this analysis is that success in terms of occupational status and income attainment follows patterns of stratification in the informal economy consistent with those in the formal economy
Reversible Manipulations of Room Temperature Mechanical and Quantum Transport Properties in Nanowire Junctions.

The electrical conductance and principal structural and mechanical properties of gold nanowires, exhibiting reversibility in elongation-compression cycles at ambient conditions, were investigated using pin-plate experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. Underlying the reversible nature of the nanowires are their crystalline ordered structure and their atomistic structural transformation mechanisms, involving stages of stress accumulation and stress relief occurring through multiple-glide processes and characterized by a high critical yield stress value.
Temperature-, salinity-, and size-dependent winter mortality of juvenile blue crabs ( callinectes sapidus )

At midlatitudes within its range, overwintering mortality may play an important role in regulating blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) populations. We conducted a 121-day experiment to estimate winter mortality that used realistic temperature acclimation periods prior to and light levels during experiments. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experimental design was used to test for the effects of temperature (3°C, 5°C), salinity (10, 25), and sediment (sediment, no sediment) on the survival of juvenile crabs (14–68-mm carapace width) of both hatchery and wild origin. The presence of sediment did not significantly alter crab survival, while hatchery-raised crabs experienced significantly lower survivorship than wild-caught crabs. An accelerated failure time model fit to the survival data indicated that time to death increased significantly with increasing temperature, salinity, and crab size. These results suggest that winter survival varies with winter severity, is spatially dynamic, and that small juveniles are more at risk of dying over the winter than larger juveniles.
Medicine Men, Bethlehem, and Pacman: Writing in a Cultural Context

Papago Indian children in elementary school bridge two languages and more than two cultures. Although English is the first language of most Papago children, the unwritten Papago language is used often in home environments to communicate with grandparents and tribal elders. The children are also members of more than two cultures. They belong both to the Papago community, with its Indian heritage and practices and the influence of Christian missions, and the community of American children, united by media, sharing common interests of television shows, sports, and video games. The writing of these children in school reflects their linguistic competence as they make meaningful written language, and the particular cultural influences as they reflect awareness of cultural pragmatics in their writing. This article focuses on three Papago children who were part of a two-year longitudinal study of the writing process and behaviors during writing of third- and fourth-grade Papago children. Samples of their pen pal letters, general narrative writing, their own versions of Indian legends, and other writing are examined and compared. PAPAGO INDIAN CHILDREN, WRITING PROCESSES, SHARED CULTURE
Meso-β Scale Perturbations of the Wind Field by Thunderstorm Cells

Data from the high density storm-scale rawinsonde network of the Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment revealed temporal and spatial changes in the divergence fields of the troposphere in response to severe storm evolution on May 2, 1979; these changes were detectable on the meso-beta scale. This unique set of data was subsequently used to study the evolution of the wind, divergence and vertical motion fields in the presence of intense convection. Mid- and upper-tropospheric divergence was superimposed over low-level convergence. The divergence, which has a maximum value of .0004/s, occurred 75 to 100 km upwind as well as over the tornadic cells. To the south of the storm cells, the kinematic pattern was in reverse, upper level convergence was superimposed over low-level divergence. A vertical motion doublet was found to ascend over the squall line and descend about 70 km south of the squall line. It is suggested that the following effects are accountable for the nature of the kinematic fields: (1) blocking of tropospheric environmental flow by the storm cells, (2) anvil outflows, particularly from the tornadic cells, and (3) divergence from the exit region of the jet stream.
Computational mapping reveals dramatic effect of Hoogsteen breathing on duplex DNA reactivity with formaldehyde.

Formaldehyde has long been recognized as a hazardous environmental agent highly reactive with DNA. Recently, it has been realized that due to the activity of histone demethylation enzymes within the cell nucleus, formaldehyde is produced endogenously, in direct vicinity of genomic DNA. Should it lead to extensive DNA damage? We address this question with the aid of a computational mapping method, analogous to X-ray and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for observing weakly specific interactions of small organic compounds with a macromolecule in order to establish important functional sites. We concentrate on the leading reaction of formaldehyde with free bases: hydroxymethylation of cytosine amino groups. Our results show that in B-DNA, cytosine amino groups are totally inaccessible for the formaldehyde attack. Then, we explore the effect of recently discovered transient flipping of Watson–Crick (WC) pairs into Hoogsteen (HG) pairs (HG breathing). Our results show that the HG base pair formation dramatically affects the accessibility for formaldehyde of cytosine amino nitrogens within WC base pairs adjacent to HG base pairs. The extensive literature on DNA interaction with formaldehyde is analyzed in light of the new findings. The obtained data emphasize the significance of DNA HG breathing.
The Histochemical Detection of iron in Tissues

The fixation and staining of iron in tissues is discussed. Procedures for demonstrating iron in hemoglobin and nuclei are also briefly considered.Lillie's formalin buffered at neutrality gave the optimal fixation for iron. The Prussian blue method was preferred to the Turnbull blue. Lison's procedure of the former, slightly modified, gave the most satisfactory results. When a procedure is required that employs non-iron-containing reagents, Macallum's or Mallory's hema-toxylin and Quincke's ammonium sulfide method are useful. The former, though not entirely specific, is preferable under controlled conditions when the quantities of iron are small. Hemoglobin iron in paraffin sections can be demonstrated by the usual procedures for iron after previous exposure of the section to peroxide, as recommended by Brown. The property of nuclei to adsorb iron from inorganic sources and from hemoglobin can readily be shown; caution is required in interpreting the iron detected in nuclei after Macallum's sulfuric acid h...
Estimating the Value of Employee Stock Option Portfolios and Their Sensitivities to Price and Volatility

The costs associated with compiling data on employee stock option portfolios is a substantial obstacle in investigating the impact of stock options on managerial incentives, accounting choice, financing decisions, and the valuation of equity. We present an accurate method of estimating option portfolio value and the sensitivities of option portfolio value to stock price and stock-return volatility that is easily implemented using data from only the current year?s proxy statement or annual report. This method can be applied to either executive stock option portfolios or to firm-wide option plans. In broad samples of actual and simulated CEO option portfolios, we show that these proxies capture more than 99% of the variation in option portfolio value and sensitivities. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the degree of bias in these proxies varies with option portfolio characteristics, and is most severe in samples of CEOs with a large proportion of out-of-the-money options. However, the proxies' explanatory power remains above 95% in all subsamples.
Quantitative Characterization of a Mitotic Cyclin Threshold Regulating Exit from Mitosis

Regulation of cyclin abundance is central to eukaryotic cell cycle control. Strong overexpression of mitotic cyclins is known to lock the system in mitosis, but the quantitative behavior of the control system as this threshold is approached has only been characterized in the in vitro Xenopus extract system. Here, we quantitate the threshold for mitotic block in budding yeast caused by constitutive overexpression of the mitotic cyclin Clb2. Near this threshold, the system displays marked loss of robustness, in that loss or even heterozygosity for some regulators becomes deleterious or lethal, even though complete loss of these regulators is tolerated at normal cyclin expression levels. Recently, we presented a quantitative kinetic model of the budding yeast cell cycle. Here, we use this model to generate biochemical predictions for Clb2 levels, asynchronous as well as through the cell cycle, as the Clb2 overexpression threshold is approached. The model predictions compare well with biochemical data, even though no data of this type were available during model generation. The loss of robustness of the Clb2 overexpressing system is also predicted by the model. These results provide strong confirmation of the model's predictive ability.
RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN THE FOAL

Abdominal discomfort in the foal presents a diagnostic challenge, because the small size of the foal precludes rectal palpation. Standing lateral horizontal beam abdominal radiographs using conventional techniques were evaluated as a diagnostic aid to identify the presence and location of gastrointestinal disorders in foals presented with colic. Forty foals were radiographed prior to surgery (20 foals), necropsy (7 foals), or clinical diagnosis (13 foals). Clinical, surgical, or necropsy findings were then correlated to radiographic findings. Gastrointestinal disease was accurately identified on radiographs as the source of colic in 25 of 26 foals that had surgical or postmortem confirmation. The site of disease, whether gastric, small intestinal, large intestinal, or a combination, was accurately determined from radiographs. Standing lateral abdominal radiographs were determined to be a valuable diagnostic aid in the foal presented with colic.
Scheduling Automated Traffic on a Network of Roads

The authors consider the problem of scheduling automated traffic in a city. Such automatic scheduling can improve efficiency of the system by decreasing delays, increasing capacity, and easing congestion. The algorithms described in this paper can be thought of as which belongs to a layer in the corresponding control-communication-computational system, which is responsible for generating timed trajectories for individual vehicles [S. Graham, G. Baliga, and P. Kumar, "Issues in the convergence of control with communication and computing: Proliferation, architecture, design, services, and middleware," in Proceedings of CDC '04, Nassau, Bahamas, December 2004]. Each vehicle has a specified route from its origin to its destination, and the task of the scheduler is to provide timed trajectories for all vehicles, which follow the respective vehicles' routes and further ensure that no collisions or deadlock will result. The authors' approach reduces the problem to a discrete-time graph-scheduling problem, by defining an appropriate graph to model the road network. Their main result is a sufficient condition on the graph of the road network and on the initial distribution of vehicles, under which there exists a scheduling algorithm that is guaranteed to clear the system in finite time. The nature of this result allows the design of provably correct scheduling algorithms that require only a small portion of future routes of all vehicles to be known, and are consequently able to work in real time. The authors also address the optimization of performance with respect to delay, by focusing on the "one-step move" problem. Finding an optimal solution for the one-step problem would provide a greedy solution of the original network-wide scheduling problem, but is itself NP-hard. They present a polynomial time heuristic algorithm and evaluate its performance through simulations
Quantifying interpretability for motion imagery: Applications to image chain analysis

The motion imagery community will benefit from the availability of standard measures for assessing image interpretability. The national imagery interpretability rating scale (NIIRS) has served as a community standard for still imagery, but no comparable scale exists for motion imagery. We conducted a series of user evaluations to understand and quantify the effects of critical factors affecting the perceived interpretability of motion imagery. These evaluations provide the basis for relating perceived image interpretability to image parameters, including ground sample distance (GSD) and frame rate. The first section of this paper presents the key findings from these studies. The second portion is a new study applying these methods to quantifying information loss due to compression of motion imagery. We conducted an evaluation of several methods for video compression (JPEG2000, MPEG-2, and H.264) at various bitrates. A set of objective image quality metrics (structural similarity, peak SNR, an edge localization metric, and edge strength) were computed for the parent video clip and the various compressed products. In an evaluation, imagery analysts rated each clip relative to image interpretability tasks. The analysis quantifies the interpretability loss associated with the various compression methods and bitrates. We present the evaluation results and explore their relationship to the objective image quality metrics. The findings indicate the compression rates at which image interpretability declines significantly. These findings have implications for sensor system design, systems architecture, and mission planning.
Vision: testing of mechatronics software using agile simulation

Mechatronics is the practice of creating systems that synergize electrical, mechanical, and software technology. With few exceptions, testing software that is embedded in mechatronics systems has historically been done only with the hardware in the loop (HIL). There are many disadvantages to HIL testing, including cost, schedule delays, and resource bottlenecks. Ironically, cost and schedule delays are also often seen by technical managers as impediments to simulating the mechatronics hardware.We present a vision for agile simulation, with the intent to lower the cost and time barriers of simulating mechatronics hardware to test software. Some key ideas include: focus on validating the software alone, rather than the entire system; doing the minimum amount of dynamic modeling needed to test the software; work even with legacy systems that might not have been designed with testability in mind; leverage existing tools wherever possible; support stubbing out the hardware using agile techniques such as refactoring and test-driven development.
JUPlTER: a telephone-based conversational interface for weather information

In early 1997, our group initiated a project to develop JUPITER, a conversational interface that allows users to obtain worldwide weather forecast information over the telephone using spoken dialogue. It has served as the primary research platform for our group on many issues related to human language technology, including telephone-based speech recognition, robust language understanding, language generation, dialogue modeling, and multilingual interfaces. Over a two year period since coming online in May 1997, JUPITER has received, via a toll-free number in North America, over 30000 calls (totaling over 180000 utterances), mostly from naive users. The purpose of this paper is to describe our development effort in terms of the underlying human language technologies as well as other system-related issues such as utterance rejection and content harvesting. We also present some evaluation results on the system and its components.
The effects of alkali metal diffusion on zinc phosphide thin films

Zinc phosphide (Zn 3 P 2 ) thin films are grown by close-spaced sublimation. Three substrates were chosen to grow thin films: soda lime glass, mica, and quartz. C-V measurements were performed to determine the majority charge carrier concentration of the 2–5µm Zn 3 P 2 thin films. Quartz (no alkali metals) had an average charge carrier density of 1×1015 cm−3; whereas mica (some alkali metals) had 3 times the carrier density of quartz. The concentration of charge carriers for soda-lime glass substrates could not be determined due to a bad junction with Magnesium. This is potentially related to the high concentration of sodium in soda-lime glass.
Appearance of a Kinetic Compensation Effect in the Acid‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Disaccharides

A kinetic compensation effect was observed for acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of a series of disaccharides. Twelve data sets for acid hydrolysis of three disaccharides reported in the literature were analyzed and compensation parameters were determined. The results are well described by following empirical compensation expression: In ko= AEa+ B with A = 1.241 and B = -2.317. The isokinetic temperature calculated from this compensation relationship was 132.4°C which was located beyond experimental temperature ranges.
Anterior surgical approaches for hip arthroplasty

Various approaches have been described for the insertion of components when performing a total hip arthroplasty. This article will discuss the pros and cons of various anterior surgical approaches for hip arthroplasty.
Small Interfering RNA Transfection Barriers Across a Lipid Membrane

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules play a pivotal role in silencing gene expression via the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism. We examine the effect of a bare siRNA on the structure and mechanical properties of a dipalmitoylphosphatidycholine (DPPC) bilayer. Our investigations are based on all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reaching 0.5 microseconds for systems containing 733,000 atoms. These simulations reveal that the bare siRNA transforms the liquid disordered (Lα) phase of the lipid bilayer at temperature T = 323 K into a phase of frustrated lipid gel domains which consist of lipid molecules with interdigitated and non-interdigitated hydrocarbon chains. We have also performed all-atom MD simulations to examine the interaction between the DPPC bilayer and a complex consisting of a siRNA with an oleic acid (OA) molecule connected to each 3′ end. In this case, the bilayer transforms into the liquid-ordered(Lo) phase. Steered MD simulations are also performed to study the transfection of a bare siRNA and siRNA/OA complex across the DPPC bilayer. Results for the transfection force and stress profiles across the lipid membrane will be presented.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Security for the digital library-protecting documents rather than channels

In this paper we focus on the mechanisms necessary to put a security architecture for digital libraries in place. This includes protection of the content, feasibility of payment and assertion of copy- and usage rights. While current research in secure Web technology (like SSH, SHTTP or SSL) focuses on the protection of the communication channel, proposals for protecting digital content usually rely on some sort of secure container to realize the functions mentioned above. We explain the concepts underlying both approaches using the IBM Cryprolope technology as an example for secure containers.
Evaluation of the Quadrox-I neonatal oxygenator with an integrated arterial filter

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can be a potential cause of morbidity in patients for several reasons, including significantly higher gaseous microemboli (GME) formation than extracorporeal life support (ECLS) and physiological circulation, diverted blood flow from the patient via an open purge line of the arterial filter, and pressure drop across the oxygenator that is used in the circuit. Using a combined oxygenator and arterial filter may minimize these harmful factors and can effectively reduce the chances for postoperative morbidity. This study investigated the new QUADROX-i Neonatal Oxygenator (D-72145, Maquet, Hirrlingen, Germany) with an integrated arterial filter in terms of the hemodynamic properties and ability to clear GME in response to hypothermic versus normothermic conditions, open versus closed arterial filter purge line, and varying flow rates in a simulated CPB circuit identical to that of the clinical setting. A flow probe, pressure transducer, and Emboli Detection and Classification (EDAC) quantifier transducer were placed upstream and downstream to the oxygenator to measure changes in each parameter. The circuit was primed with fresh human blood with an hematocrit (Hct) of 26% diluted with Ringer's lactate solution. Five milliliters of air were injected proximal to the venous cardiotomy reservoir, under non-pulsatile perfusion, with flow rates of 500 ml/min, 750 ml/min, and 1000 ml/min. A total of 8 air bolus injections were made at each individual set of conditions for a total of 96 injections. Results showed that the QUADROX-i Neonatal Oxygenator with an integrated filter has excellent hemodynamic properties with extremely low pressure drops and blood flow diverted from the patient, as well as high rates of GME capturing. The arterial filter purge line has a significant effect on the degree of blood flow diverted from the patient (p < 0.001), but does not affect pressure drop across the oxygenator.
Satellite Geodesy—Foundations, Methods, and Applications

This text is an updated English translation of Satellitengeodasie, a book that was published in German in 1989. The text is the first in many years that attempts to cover the broad spectrum of methods, applications, and systems, both classical and current, that have developed in the field of satellite geodesy. The material is presented in a structure that follows the major observational methods used in satellite geodesy: classical techniques, Doppler, GPS, laser, altimetry, and special methods including satellite-to-satellite tracking, satellite radiometry, and VLBI. Before introducing these observational techniques in detail, the author provides the fundamentals on reference frames, time signal propagation, orbital mechanics and basic applications of satellite geodesy in positioning, gravity field modeling, navigation, marine geodesy, kinematics, and geodynamics. An excellent reference list completes the text.
Comparison of Polymyxin B, Tigecycline, Cefepime, and Meropenem MICs for KPC-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae by Broth Microdilution, Vitek 2, and Etest

We report MIC agreement and error rates between broth microdilution (BMD), Vitek 2, and Etest against 48 clinical KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates for polymyxin B, tigecycline, cefepime, and meropenem. Both commercial testing methods were useful for tigecycline testing; Etest provided a conservative estimate of polymyxin B susceptibility. We suggest that laboratories consider the supplemental use of reference BMD or Etest for cefepime and meropenem for susceptibility testing of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae, as Vitek 2 did not provide reliable results.
Effects of GaN template annealing on the optical and morphological quality of the homoepitaxially overgrown GaN layer

Growth of GaN based devices such as light emitting diodes and laser diodes often occurs on already prepared GaN templates grown on native (e.g. bulk GaN) and non-native (e.g. sapphire) substrates. High temperature annealing methods that are generally used for growth on other substrates cannot be completed on GaN templates due to the decomposition at temperatures above 800 °C in hydrogen rich ambient. The decomposition rate is higher than the Ga desorption rate from the surface under most conditions and causes Ga droplets to form on the surface which can hinder further growth. The effect of the annealing conditions on the GaN homoepitaxy on GaN templates is presented. In-situ annealing conditions were developed for annealing the GaN templates to remove any contamination while preventing significant Ga droplets from accumulating on the surface in both H2 and N2 environments to obtain optimized annealing conditions. As measured by AFM the RMS roughness of the GaN surfaces increases upon annealing, but becomes similar to the starting template after 1 μm, indicating complete recovery. The optical quality of the homoepitaxially overgrown layers as measured by PL shows improved band edge luminescence and band edge to yellow band ratio for annealing in H2 while it degrades for annealing in N2 only. Hall measurements show superior characteristics for annealing in H2 as well. These results will be especially important because bulk substrates are subjected to polishing damage that is known to negatively affect the surface condition and initial growth nucleation.
The response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to chemotictic stimulation for smokers and non‐smokers

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function may be an important determinant in resistance against periodontitis. Since tobacco smoke may interfere with PMN function, the chemotactic response of PMN to serum and saliva was studied in smokers and nonsmokers and again in the same subjects after all smoked one cigarette. The assay used in this investigation appeared to be sensitive enough to detect some differences between polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in some individuals. However, no effect of smoking of the ability of the cells to migrate of the ability of serum or serum or saliva to stimulate such migration was detected.
Plant Biomass Characterization: Application of Solution- and Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy

Releasing fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic materials remains challenging due to resistance of plants to breakdown. A pretreatment stage is required to reduce this recalcitrance, which is considered to be the most intensive operating cost component of cellulosic ethanol production. There are different features that make plant biomass resistant to chemical and biological degradation, such as lignin content/structure, lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs), hemicellulose content, as well as cellulose ultrastructure and degree of polymerization (DP). Research on this subject is therefore focused on understanding the effects of pretreatment technologies on the reduction of biomass recalcitrance as well as on fundamental structural characteristics of biomass that impact pretreatment and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis. Improving our fundamental knowledge of pretreatment technologies will lead to significant advances in the field of sustainable low-cost cellulosic biofuels production [1]. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for detailed structural elucidation of the major constitutes of plant biomass, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose [2–8]. Many of the structural details/characteristics of biopolymers (especially lignin) in native and transgenic plant biomass we know of today were revealed with NMR measurements, in addition to key information about lignin/hemicellulose synthesis in plants as well as plant genetic engineering [2,3]. This chapter focuses on the application of solutionand solid-state NMR spectroscopy techniques to characterize the structural features of cellulose
The influence of involvement with faculty and mentoring on the self-efficacy and academic achievement of African American and Latino college students

African American and Latino college students were surveyed to examine the influence of involvement with faculty and mentoring on self-efficacy and academic achievement. It was hypothesized that involvement with faculty and mentoring were related to greater academic achievement. It was suggested that the relationship of these factors was mediated by self-efficacy. Involvement with faculty and self-efficacy were significantly related to academic achievement. The relationship between involvement with faculty and better academic achievement was partially explained by higher self-efficacy. Possible explanations for mentoring not being predictive of academic achievement in this sample were provided and the significance of faculty-student interactions was discussed.
A collaborative care depression management program for cardiac inpatients: depression characteristics and in-hospital outcomes.

Background Depression in cardiac patients is common, under-recognized, and independently associated with mortality. Objectives Our objectives in this initial report from a 6-month longitudinal trial were to determine whether a collaborative care program improves rates of depression treatment by discharge among patients hospitalized with acute cardiovascular disease, and to assess key clinical characteristics of depression in this cohort. Method This was a prospective, randomized trial comparing collaborative care and usual care interventions for depressed cardiac patients who were admitted to cardiac units in an urban academic medical center. For collaborative care subjects, the care manager performed a multi-component depression intervention in the hospital that included patient education and treatment coordination; usual care subjects' inpatient providers were informed of the depression diagnosis. Results The mean Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for subjects (N = 175) was 17.6 (SD 3.5; range 11–26), consistent with moderate-severe depression. The majority of subjects had depression for over one month (n = 134; 76.6%) and a prior depressive episode (n = 124; 70.8%); nearly one-half (n = 75; 42.9%) had thoughts that life was not worth living in the preceding 2 weeks. Collaborative care subjects were far more likely to receive adequate depression treatment by discharge (71.9% collaborative care vs. 9.5% usual care; p Conclusion Depression identified by systematic screening in hospitalized cardiac patients appears was prolonged, and of substantial severity. A collaborative care depression management model appears to vastly increase rates of appropriate treatment by discharge.
Calibration of dolomite clumped isotope thermometry

Abstract Use of the clumped isotope thermometer to decipher environments of dolomite formation has been inhibited by a lack of empirical data from dolomites formed at known temperatures. Calibrations for aragonite, calcite, siderite, and apatite indicate that a universal Δ 47 – temperature relationship may exist across all carbonate-bearing mineral phases. However, theoretical modeling and proposed acid fractionation differences have suggested that dolomites may have different Δ 47 values relative to calcites precipitated at the same temperature. To resolve this question, we analyzed five synthetic and four natural dolomites formed at known temperatures. These included synthetic dolomites grown in Mg-Ca-Cl solutions at temperatures of 200–250 °C, and natural samples constrained by fluid inclusion analyses (~ 70 °C), climate (~ 28 and ~ 27 °C), and deep ocean borehole temperature (~ 21 °C). When using calcite Δ 47 acid fractionation values, these data result in a calibration line that is statistically indistinguishable from other clumped isotope calibrations. At least with current precision, we find no evidence for a consistent dolomite Δ 47 offset. These results further support a universal calibration for carbonate clumped isotope thermometry and enable new investigations into conditions of dolomite formation.
Awareness and Compliance With Recommended Running Shoe Guidelines Among U.S. Army Soldiers

The purpose of this study was to determine awareness and compliance with recommended running shoe selection, sizing, and replacement guidelines among U.S. Army soldiers. Soldiers (n = 524) attending training at Fort Sam Houston, Texas completed self-report questionnaires and a foot assessment, which included measurement of foot size and arch height index. Researchers examined each soldier's running shoes for type, wear pattern, and general condition. Thirty-five percent of the soldiers wore shoes that were inappropriately sized; 56.5% wore shoes that were inappropriate for their foot type. Thirty-five percent of the soldiers had excessively worn shoes and 63% did not know recommended shoe replacement guidelines. Further efforts may be necessary to ensure that soldiers are aware of and compliant with recommended running shoe selection, sizing, and replacement guidelines. Future research is needed to determine whether adherence to these guidelines has a favorable effect on reducing risk of overuse injury.
The Virtues of Liberalism: Christianity, Republicanism, and Ethics in Early American Political Discourse

Historians sometimes forget that Dante reserved a special place in the Inferno for sowers of discord. Having spent their lives tearing apart families, communities, and religions, such lost souls spend eternity with a demon who slices their bodies in two. Their wounds do slowly heal, Dante tells us, but no sooner has "the gashed flesh reunited its grain" than their bodies are again split by the fiend's sharp sword. So it goes forever. A visitor from outside the circles of American colonial and early national history, observing the polemics in which partisans of competing interpretations carve each other up, might well wonder what students of American political culture have done to deserve a fate similar to the one Dante prescribed for schismatics. These disputes have continued to heat up in recent years, as the exchanges betweenJohn Diggins and Paul Conkin and between Lance Banning andJoyce Appleby illustrate., Readers who relish such controversies may be disappointed, but I do not intend in this essay to audition for the role of Dante's demon. Instead I hope to suggest a way out of our historiographical inferno by mapping what may appear to be a singularly unpromising escape route, a rediscovery of the virtues of liberalism. By examining the diverse sources of liberalism in the eighteenth century, I hope to demonstrate how and why liberal ideas could be joined with ideas from the different
Structure and dynamics of single hydrophobic/ionic heteropolymers at the vapor-liquid interface of water.

We focus on the conformational stability, structure, and dynamics of hydrophobic/charged homopolymers and heteropolymers at the vapor–liquid interface of water using extensive molecular dynamics simulations. Hydrophobic polymers collapse into globular structures in bulk water but unfold and sample a broad range of conformations at the vapor–liquid interface of water. We show that adding a pair of charges to a hydrophobic polymer at the interface can dramatically change its conformations, stabilizing hairpinlike structures, with molecular details depending on the location of the charged pair in the sequence. The translational dynamics of homopolymers and heteropolymers are also different, whereas the homopolymers skate on the interface with low drag, the tendency of charged groups to remain hydrated pulls the heteropolymers toward the liquid side of the interface, thus pinning them, increasing drag, and slowing the translational dynamics. The conformational dynamics of heteropolymers are also slower than t...
Ideology, Society and the State in Post-Colonial Muslim Societies

This essay will deal analytically with the relations between state, society and ideology in certain post-colonial Muslim societies. The emphasis will be comparative, with the aim of using comparison to shed light on each society and on the differences and similarities among them. For the purposes of this discussion ‘post-colonial’ is taken to begin with the Ataturk and Reza Shah regimes in Turkey and Iran, when important political and economic breaks were made with Western power, and to begin with the achievement of independence from colonialism in the other countries discussed. Hence there is a gap of twenty-five years or more between the two categories.
The Recent Highly-Polarized Centimeter Burst in BL Lacertae

Observations with the University of Michigan 26-meter paraboloid at 4.8, 8.0, and 14.5 GHz have been used to test generic shock-based models of the emitting region of BL Lacertae. Large changes in the polarization position angle since 1980 are not consistent with a jet with a simple conical flow.
Comparison of Y-90 dosimetry derived from post-therapy PET/CT and PET/MRI imaging

1294 Objectives The aim of our study was to compare Y-90 dosimetry obtained from PET/MRI and PET/CT post-therapy imaging. Methods In a continuing study, after selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) with Y-90 microspheres, 14 patients were imaged on a 4R, 40 slice PET/CT system (Siemens mCT). The low mA, non-diagnostic CT images were used for attenuation correction and localization of the Y-90 microspheres in the PET/CT studies. The acquisition time was 15 min. The reconstruction matrix size was 200x200x75 and voxel size 4.07x4.07x3.00 mm3. Immediately after the PET/CT study, in an adjacent room a PET/MRI study was done on a Siemens mMR system. The acquisition time was 20 min, and attenuation correction was done using the scanner standard 4 segment (air, soft tissue, lung, and fat) MR based attenuation map. The reconstruction matrix size was 172x172x127 and voxel size 4.17x4.17x2.03 mm3. In both studies, the Na-22 isotope was selected, because neither system has Y-90 in their database. The data were reconstructed using the vendor’s reconstruction software and were transferred to a common platform where the PET/MRI and PET/CT Y-90 images were used to calculate Y-90 dosimetry using MIM 6.5 software (MIM Software Inc.). Local deposition method with known activity of Y-90 was used to calculate dosimetry. Results Although, the maximum dose to the liver can be significantly different, up to 40% difference, mean dose from both modalities was relatively close, with less than 20% difference. Conclusions We believe ROI’s creation is the dominant driver of differences in Y-90 dosimetry between PET/CT or PET/MRI. PET/CT provides better quantification of PET images, due to better attenuation correction. However, due to superior MRI soft tissue contrast, liver contours are usually better delineated in MRI images. Our results suggested that, the dosimetry of Y-90 microspheres, obtained from PET/MRI and PET/CT in post-therapy studies were similar. RESEARCH SUPPORT: Siemens Medical Inc.
The parable of the caveman and the Ferrari: protein synthesis and the RNA world

The basic steps of protein synthesis are carried out by the ribosome, a very large and complex ribonucleoprotein particle. In keeping with its proposed emergence from an RNA world, all three of its...
Comparison of USDA Forest Service and Stakeholder Motivations and Experiences in Collaborative Federal Forest Governance in the Western United States

In the United States, over 191 million acres of land is managed by the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, a federal government agency. In several western U.S. states, organized collaborative groups have become a de facto governance approach to providing sustained input on management decisions on much public land. This is most extensive in Oregon, where at least 25 "forest collaboratives" currently exist. This affords excellent opportunities for studies of many common themes in collaborative governance, including trust, shared values, and perceptions of success. We undertook a statewide survey of participants in Oregon forest collaboratives to examine differences in motivations, perceptions of success, and satisfaction among Forest Service participants ("agency participants"), who made up 31% of the sample, and other respondents ("non-agency") who represent nonfederal agencies, interest groups, citizens, and non-governmental groups. We found that agency participants differed from non-agency participants. They typically had higher annual incomes, and were primarily motivated to participate to build trust. However, a majority of all respondents were similar in not indicating any other social or economic motivations as their primary reason for collaborating. A majority also reported satisfaction with their collaborative-despite not ranking collaborative performance on a number of specific potential outcomes highly. Together, this suggests that collaboration in Oregon is currently perceived as successful despite not achieving many specific outcomes. Yet there were significant differences in socioeconomic status and motivation that could affect the ability of agency and nonagency participants to develop and achieve mutually-desired goals.
Intracranial Electrophysiology of the Human Default Network

The human default network (DN) plays a critical role in internally directed cognition, behavior, and neuropsychiatric disease. Despite much progress with functional neuroimaging, persistent questions still linger concerning the electrophysiological underpinnings, fast temporal dynamics, and causal importance of the DN. Here, we review how direct intracranial recording and stimulation of the DN provides a unique combination of high spatiotemporal resolution and causal information that speaks directly to many of these outstanding questions. Our synthesis highlights the electrophysiological basis of activation, suppression, and connectivity of the DN, each key areas of debate in the literature. Integrating these unique electrophysiological data with extant neuroimaging findings will help lay the foundation for a mechanistic account of DN function in human behavior and cognition.
Is the spatial/math connection unique? Associations between mental rotation and elementary mathematics and English achievement

Abstract It is commonly thought that strong spatial ability enhances mathematics performance and that associations between spatial ability and mathematics may be in part responsible for the gender gap in math performance. We investigated whether this spatial/math link is unique by examining the associations between mental rotation and both math and English/Language Arts (ELA) achievement using three similar samples of upper elementary students and three different measures of mental rotation. In each study, we found that the association between mathematics and mental rotation is no different than the association between ELA and mental rotation. We discuss how additions of prior achievement measures modify these associations and examine gender moderators, for which we find little support.
Early postnatal intensification of hepatic accumulation of amino acids.

The liver of the fetal guinea pig was recently found not to concentrate several unmetabolizable model amino acids (1). This result seemed at first to represent an unusual, if not unique, discrimination against these substances. Our attention was brought, however, to the work of Nemeth and his associates, which showed that a number of characteristic enzymes of the liver appear to be absent in the fetus. These enzymes develop within the first day after birth, or the first day after artificial removal of the fetus from the fetal environment ((Z-10); cf. (11) and bibliographies of these papers). Further exploration of the matter of amino acid uptake shows that the transport deficiency of the liver of the fetal guinea pig concerns normal as well as artificial amino acids, and that a very rapid increase in the extent of amino acid concentration occurs during the first 24 hours after Pregnant guinea pigs near term were maintained on Rockland guinea pig pellets, with fresh lettuce every second or third day. When the opening of the pubic symphysis indicated that delivery was about 5 days away, 2.2 to 2.5 mg of l-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid-l-Cl4 (12), representing about 10 mc and dissolved in 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl, were injected subcutaneously in the scapular region. This procedure allowed several days for the amino acid to be distributed, with little loss of radioactivity because this amino acid is so slowly excreted (13). The animals reported in Table I, and two of those reported in the figures, were delivered by section; all the rest were permitted to deliver spontaneously, the time of separation from the maternal circulation being noted. The analyses designated as “zero time” were made on animals killed within minutes of birth or, in the two exceptional cases, immediately after removal by section about 1 day before expected birth. Blood was taken from the heart of the animal under ether anesthesia. After the animal was killed by a blow on the head, the liver was removed, cut, and blotted to remove blood. It and the muscles of one thigh were weighed and then extracted with 10 ml of 0.01 N acetic acid for each gram by thorough grinding in a mortar. The resulting suspension was held for 3 minutes at 100” and then centrifuged to remove coagulated material. The plasma was deproteinized by adding 4 volumes of 10% trichloroacetic acid. The resulting extracts were analyzed for glycine by the method of Alexander, Landwehr, and Seligman (14) as modified by Christensen, Riggs, and Ray (15). Radioactivity was determined on 0.2-ml portions of the extracts added
NASA Remote Sensing and Archaeology

Although not its primary mission, NASA’s remote sensing missions have been providing archaeologists with useful and unique data since the launch of the very first earth observing missions. While imaging the Earth with a variety of multispectral and hyperspectral instrument mounted on both orbital and suborbital platforms, NASA scientists and collaborators from international universities have discovered, delineated and analyzed archaeological sites worldwide using remotely sensed digital imagery. Several of the ten NASA centers have collaborated with archaeologists to refine and validate the use of active and passive remote sensing for archeological use. The Stennis Space Center (SSC), located in Mississippi USA has been the NASA leader in archeological research. Together with colleagues from Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), SSC scientists have provided the archaeological community with useful images and sophisticated processing that have pushed the technological frontiers of archaeological research and applications. Successful projects include identifying prehistoric roads in Chaco canyon, mapping the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery route, assessing prehistoric settlement patterns in southeast Louisiana, discovering the lost city of Ubar and mapping ancient irrigation channels at Angkor. The Scientific Data Purchase (SDP) managed from SSC solicited commercial remote sensing companies to collect archaeological data. Recently, NASA formally solicited “space archaeology” proposals through its Earth Science Directorate and continues to assist archaeologists and cultural resource managers in doing their work more efficiently and effectively. Hyperspectral data offers new opportunities for future archeological discoveries.