cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Industry Connections and the Geographic Location of Economic Activity

This paper provides causal evidence that inter-industry connections can influence the geographic location of economic activity. To do so, it takes advantage of a large, exogenous, temporary, and industry-specific shock to the 19th century British economy. The shock was caused by the U.S. Civil War, which sharply reduced raw cotton supplies to Britain's important cotton textile industry, causing a four-year recession in the industry. The impact of the shock on towns in Lancashire County, the center of Britain's cotton textile industry, is compared to towns in neighboring Yorkshire County, where wool textiles dominated. The results suggest that this trade shock reduced relative employment growth in industries that were more related to the cotton textile industry, in towns that were more severely impacted by the shock. The impact persists for over two decades after the end of the U.S. Civil War, suggesting that temporary shocks, acting through inter-industry connections, can have long-term impacts on the distribution of industrial activity across locations.
Membrane Properties Underlying Patterns of GABA-Dependent Action Potentials in Developing Mouse Hypothalamic Neurons

Spikes may play an important role in modulating a number of aspects of brain development. In early hypothalamic development, GABA can either evoke action potentials, or it can shunt other excitator...
Anxiety Evokes Hypofrontality and Disrupts Rule-Relevant Encoding by Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Neurons

Anxiety is a debilitating symptom of most psychiatric disorders, including major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, and addiction. A detrimental aspect of anxiety is disruption of prefrontal cortex (PFC)-mediated executive functions, such as flexible decision making. Here we sought to understand how anxiety modulates PFC neuronal encoding of flexible shifting between behavioral strategies. We used a clinically substantiated anxiogenic treatment to induce sustained anxiety in rats and recorded from dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) neurons while they were freely moving in a home cage and while they performed a PFC-dependent task that required flexible switches between rules in two distinct perceptual dimensions. Anxiety elicited a sustained background “hypofrontality” in dmPFC and OFC by reducing the firing rate of spontaneously active neuronal subpopulations. During task performance, the impact of anxiety was subtle, but, consistent with human data, behavior was selectively impaired when previously correct conditions were presented as conflicting choices. This impairment was associated with reduced recruitment of dmPFC neurons that selectively represented task rules at the time of action. OFC rule representation was not affected by anxiety. These data indicate that a neural substrate of the decision-making deficits in anxiety is diminished dmPFC neuronal encoding of task rules during conflict-related actions. Given the translational relevance of the model used here, the data provide a neuronal encoding mechanism for how anxiety biases decision making when the choice involves overcoming a conflict. They also demonstrate that PFC encoding of actions, as opposed to cues or outcome, is especially vulnerable to anxiety. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A debilitating aspect of anxiety is its impact on decision making and flexible control of behavior. These cognitive constructs depend on proper functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Understanding how anxiety affects PFC encoding of cognitive events is of great clinical and evolutionary significance. Using a clinically valid experimental model, we find that, under anxiety, decision making may be skewed by salient and conflicting environmental stimuli at the expense of flexible top-down guided choices. We also find that anxiety suppresses spontaneous activity of PFC neurons, and weakens encoding of task rules by dorsomedial PFC neurons. These data provide a neuronal encoding scheme for how anxiety disengages PFC during decision making.
A comparative analysis of satellite-observed visible reflectance and 37 GHz polarization difference to assess land surface change over the Sahel zone, 1982?1986

Applicability of visible reflectance to monitor land surface change particularly for arid and semi-arid regions has been studied fairly extensively. Visible reflectance over the Sahel zone from January 1982 to December 1986 has been derived from observations by the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) on board the NOAA-7 and NOAA-9 satellites and compared against concurrent observations of 37 GHz polarization difference by the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 satellite. Analysis of radiative transfer models suggested a high correlation to exist between these two sets of observations, and the observed spatial and temporal patterns of these data sets did show an overall high correlation. Land surface change resulting from the 1984 drought affected both of these data sets, but not in identical fashion. The present study suggests that potentially new information about physical and biophysical characteristics of the surface could be obtained by synergistic use of these two data sets.
Carboxylesterase and cholinesterase inhibition in rats. Abate and interaction with malathion.

Hydrolysis of diethyl succinate, methyl butyrate, and triacetin by rat liver carboxylesterases was inhibited in vivo and in vitro by the insecticide, Abate. Liver carboxylesterases were severalfold more sensitive to such inhibition than blood, brain, or submaxillary gland cholinesterases. Administration for eight weeks of 1 ppm Abate, the recommended concentration for mosquito larvicidal use in drinking-water containers, produced a small (20%), but consistent, inhibition of liver triacetin esterase. Abate at 5 ppm in drinking water for seven days inhibited liver carboxylesterases by 40% and increased rat susceptibility to the anticholinesterase action of a single 400-mg/kg dose of malathion, which is detoxified by carboxylesterases. Technical-grade Abate was about 100 times more potent as a carboxylesterase inhibitor in vitro than was a purified sample; however, in vivo differences in carboxylesterase-inhibiting potency were small.
A “Sulfapyridine-Fast” Strain of Pneumococcus Type I

SummaryA strain of pneumococcus Type I has been made “sulfapyridine-fast” by repeated transfers in broth containing increasing concentrations of sulfapyridine. “Sulfapyridine-fastness” is demonstrable both in vitro and in vivo. The alteration is not associated with changes in morphology, virulence, or specific immunological characteristics.
Chronic vagal nerve stimulation prevents high-salt diet-induced endothelial dysfunction and aortic stiffening in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

This study demonstrates that chronic vagal nerve stimulation slows progression of endothelial dysfunction and aortic stiffening in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats on high-salt diet. In...
Technological Learning, Social Learning and Technological Change

A central puzzle facing development economists is why it is that the growth rates and income levels of various countries have not converged faster than they have. Indeed, there is some evidence that there has been divergence for many less developed countries (LDCs), rather than convergence. Traditional neoclassical growth theory (Solow, 1956) predicts that, in the long run, the growth rates in all countries should be related only to the rate of technological progress and of population growth; growth rates in per capita incomes should be related only to the rate of labour augmenting technological progress; and differences in levels of per capita consumption should be related to differences in savings rates. Even if the LDCs adopt the best practices of the developed. countries with a lag, the rates of technological progress will be the same, and differences in levels of per capita income will then be related also to the length of the lag in the diffusion of technology.
Adaptive method for electron bunch profile prediction

We report on an experiment performed at the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET) at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, in which a new adaptive control algorithm, one with known, bounded update rates, despite operating on analytically unknown cost functions, was utilized in order to provide quasi-real-time bunch property estimates of the electron beam. Multiple parameters, such as arbitrary rf phase settings and other time-varying accelerator properties, were simultaneously tuned in order to match a simulated bunch energy spectrum with a measured energy spectrum. The simple adaptive scheme was digitally implemented using matlab and the experimental physics and industrial control system. The main result is a nonintrusive, nondestructive, real-time diagnostic scheme for prediction of bunch profiles, as well as other beam parameters, the precise control of which are important for the plasma wakefield acceleration experiments being explored at FACET.
Medication optimization and patient education in heart failure: a standardized patient case for clerkship students

Abstract Introduction Heart failure is not only a common cause of hospitalization, it is also a condition associated with a high rate of readmission following discharge to home due to several facto...
Digital improvisational theatre: party quirks

This paper describes the creation of a digital improvisational theatre game, called Party Quirks, that allows a human user to improvise a scene with synthetic actors according to the rules of the real-world version of the game. The AI actor behaviors are based on our study of communication strategies between real-life actors on stage and the fuzzy concepts that they employ to define and portray characters. Development of content for the system involved the creation of a novel system for animation authoring, design for efficient data reuse, and a work flow centered on parallel data entry and rapid iteration. A subsequent user test of the current system is presented as an initial evaluation of the user-centered experience in participating in a virtual Party Quirks game.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Correlates of Spontaneous and Medically-Indicated Late Preterm Births among Adolescents.

Abstract Study Objective To investigate the racial/ethnic differences in the correlates of spontaneous and medically-indicated late preterm birth (LPTB), defined as deliveries between 34 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks gestation, among US adolescents. Design Population-based, retrospective cohort study. Setting Births in the United States to adolescents in 2012. Participants Adolescents (younger than 20 years; n = 171,573) who delivered nonanomalous singleton first births between 34 and 44 weeks of gestation. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to evaluate the associations between maternal risk factors and spontaneous and medically-indicated LPTB, stratified according to maternal race/ethnicity. Results Risk factors for spontaneous LPTB included single marital status among Asian adolescents; no insurance coverage among whites, Asian, and Hispanic adolescents; inadequate prenatal care among all racial/ethnic groups except American Indian, and adequate plus prenatal care among all races/ethnicities; prenatal smoking among whites and black adolescents; insufficient gestational weight gain among all racial/ethnic groups except American Indian; and prepregnancy underweight among white, black, and Hispanic adolescents. Risk factors for medically-indicated LPTB included inadequate prenatal care among white, black, and Hispanic adolescents, and adequate plus prenatal care among all racial/ethnic groups except Asian; insufficient gestational weight gain among white, black, and Hispanic adolescents; and prepregnancy overweight and obesity among white, black, and Hispanic adolescents. Conclusion Our results show racial/ethnic differences in the correlates of spontaneous and medically-indicated LPTB among US adolescents and support the need for risk-specific interventions among different racial/ethnic groups.
HASS Results from the Surface of Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3

This chapter contains the main experimental data presented in this thesis. I begin by presenting the elastic diffraction results that I used to determine the crystallographic orientation of the surface. From there, I move on to the measured inelastic data along with calculated surface phonon dispersion curves. Finally, I end this chapter with a calculation of the mode-specific electron–phonon coupling parameter λ ν (q) based upon the experimental results.
Integrating the Dimensions of NGSS within a Collaborative Board Game about Honey Bees.

The current reform in U.S. science education calls for the integration of three dimensions of science learning in classroom teaching and learning: Science and Engineering Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Disciplinary Core Ideas. While the Next Generation Science Standards provide flexibility in how curriculum and instruction are structured to meet learning goals, there are few examples of existing curricula that portray the integration of these dimensions as “three-dimensional learning.” Here, we describe a collaborative board game about honey bees that incorporates scientific evidence on how genetic and environmental factors influence variations of traits and social behavior and requires students to collaboratively examine and use a system model. Furthermore, we show how students used and evaluated the game as a model in authentic classroom settings.
Clay-Based Construction Products

The chapter explores that the performance of clay-based construction products, e.g., bricks and roofing tiles, can be monitored using thermal methods. The types of raw materials, viz., clay and accessory minerals, and their reactions that occur during the firing process and the durability of clay products can be examined through the application of differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetry (TG), and dilatometric methods. This is particularly important for quality control as physical and chemical behaviors are dependent on the raw material characteristics, e.g., composition, particle size, and morphology. This chapter focuses on the application of thermal methods specific to raw materials suitable for industrial clay products that are suitable for brick-making. Details of thermal processes for the following materials are discussed: singular, binary, and ternary clay-based systems; structural ceramics; solid waste in clay bricks; significant archaeological clay products; and brick-clay products from Central Europe.
VARIABLES, SCREEN FORMATTING, AND ARITHMETIC

This chapter discusses the method of using variables, screen formatting, and arithmetic operations in Turbo BASIC. Variables play a major role in programming. A variable is a name for a location in memory. Such a named memory location can be filled with a value— a value of numeric type for numeric variables or a value of string type for string variables. Variable names that describe the information to be stored make programs easier to read and understand. In Turbo BASIC, variable names consist of letters and digits—spaces are not allowed. Thereafter, four ways exist to represent a number in Turbo BASIC: integer, long integer, single precision, and double precision. Turbo BASIC performs arithmetic operations in a specific order from left to right: (1) exponentiation, (2) multiplication and division, and (3) addition and subtraction. Some numbers are displayed in Turbo BASIC with an E. This notation is also referred to as exponential notation. Very large and very small numbers are automatically displayed in this way by Turbo BASIC. Finally the PRINT USING statement can be employed for greater control of information displayed during work being committed in Turbo BASIC.
Physical Principles: Mechanics and Motion

Position ... movement ... linked through conservation of energy. If we conceive of the potential energy surface of a system as the set of forces responsible for form in a biological system, then movement or momentum over the surface, the kinetic energy, is function. Movement is kinetic energy, and motion is tied to spatial dimension as a function of time. The arrow of time is related to entropy and is the natural direction of all systems. Time and energy. Position and momentum. These fundamental properties of natural systems are the building blocks of biological form and function. We will see that these properties of systems are complementary and have very important philosophical and epistemological consequences in our understanding of biological systems. We can not understand a biological system if we can not appreciate its motion in state space. The study of motion is the study of mechanics. Whether the motion is an actin molecule or an atomic orbital, there are just several basic motions that sum up the majority of the mechanical actions in all biological systems.
Second Harmonic Pulse Compression

The coupled propagation equations are solved numerically in the frequency domain taking dispersion into account to all orders. Simulation and experimental data concur to show a 45-fold compression of the output of a Nd:YAG system down to 309 fs.
Chiari malformations associated with transverse myelitis: are these myelopathies truly inflammatory? (P2.321)

Objective: We report a series of young patients with transverse myelitis(TM) associated with Chiari malformation(CM). Background: Few cases are reported of myelopathy with CM. It is unclear whether these cases are inflammatory or non-inflammatory. Distinguishing these entities is important for clinical management and prognosis. Design/Methods: Retrospective review was performed of patients with TM and CM referred to Johns Hopkins TM Center 2010–2017. History, laboratory, imaging findings were extracted. Results: Four patients were identified. All were male. Age at onset was 6–8 months in three patients and 21 years in one patient. All presented with hyperacute onset of flaccid quadriplegia with mean progression to nadir of 2.3[2.0–3.0] hours. Two patients also had sensory symptoms, three had urinary retention and one had respiratory symptoms. 2/4 patients had lumbar puncture. Cell count, protein were normal; infectious workup was negative. SC MRI showed longitudinally extensive T2 hyperintensities in all patients primarily affecting the anterior gray matter of the cervical SC extending as high as C1 and as low as T3. Lesions were non-enhancing in all cases. Further neuroimaging revealed diffusion restriction in the SC in one patient and asymmetry of the vertebral arteries in one patient. All patients were treated with high-dose IV corticosteroids, IVIg. 2/4 patients also received plasmapheresis. All demonstrated partial improvement with treatment but all had residual spastic paresis in 2–4 extremities. CM Type 1 were diagnosed at onset in one patient and at follow-up in three patients. None of the patients had relapse of myelopathy. Conclusions: We report four cases of hyperacute onset flaccid quadraparesis associated with longitudinally extensive cervical myelopathy and CM. Hyperacute presentation, lack of inflammatory changes, and similar localization suggest myelopathy secondary to vascular hypoperfusion of the SC. Mechanical compression by CM of the spinal arteries is a potential mechanism. CM may not be identified until follow-up. Study Supported by: This research is supported by the Bart McLean Fund for Neuroimmunology Research and the Johns Hopkins Project Restore. Disclosure: Dr Gordon-Lipkin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Munoz-Arcos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Barreras has nothing to disclose. Dr. Castaneda has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gailloud has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Codman Neurovascular. Dr. Pardo-Villamizar has nothing to disclose.
Understanding the impact of High-k Post Deposition Anneal Temperature on FinFET Reliability – Trade-offs, optimization and mitigation

The impact of high-k (HK) PDA anneal temperature (T) on FinFET reliability is studied comprehensively. Reducing the anneal temperature improves performance, but degrades BTI, HCI and TDDB. For BTI, the prefactor increases and voltage acceleration reduces for lower temperature, while time slopes remain unchanged. Reducing anneal temperature increases charge trapping behavior. For TDDB, voltage acceleration shows weak modulation to anneal temperature. HCI degrades due to lower anneal temperature for PFET. The underlying physical mechanism is correlated to IL thickness and HK crystallinity. Mitigation by post gate stack thermal budget optimization is presented.
HypDB: a demonstration of detecting, explaining and resolving bias in OLAP queries

On line analytical processing (OLAP) is an essential element of decision-support systems. However, OLAP queries can be biased and lead to perplexing and incorrect insights. In this demo, we present HypDB, the first system to detect, explain and resolve bias in OLAP queries. Our demonstration, shows several examples of OLAP queries from real world datasets that are biased and could lead to statistical anomalies such as Simpson's paradox. Then, we demonstrate step-by-step how HypDB: (1) detects whether an OLAP query is biased, (2) explains the root causes of the bias and reveals illuminating insights about the domain and the data collection process and (3) eliminates the bias via query rewriting and generates decision-support insights.
A phase I study of concomitant galinpepimut-s (GPS) in combination with nivolumab (nivo) in patients (pts) with WT1+ ovarian cancer (OC) in second or third remission.

5553Background: WT1 is highly expressed in serous ovarian cancer. GPS is WT1-targeting heteroclitic peptide tetravalent non-HLA-restricted vaccine, and has shown promising phase 2 activity in AML, ...
Does adoption of cloud computing matter? The economic worth of cloud computing implementation

The present research investigates the impact of cloud computing adoption on the market value of a firm using an event study and firm performance measures. Using a resource-based view, the efficient market hypothesis was used to analyse a sample of 136 companies that adopted cloud computing and are listed in one of the US stock exchanges, it is found that cloud computing announcements are associated with negative market returns but these returns are not statically significant. The trading volume and the risk of these companies, showed a significant increase and both were found to be statistically significant. There was no significant increase in the year after the cloud adoption relative to the year before the adoption. Return on sales exhibits a similar pattern. We do believe the present research shows that cloud computing adoption does provide financial benefits to the adopting firms.
Using Graduated Guidance to Teach Spoon Use to Children with Severe Multiple Disabilities Including Visual Impairment

Children’s skill level in using a spoon facilitates increased independence during mealtimes and greater control over the pace and quantity of food intake, which has important implications for healt...
Operating Strategy of Chemical Looping Systems with Varied Reducer and Combustor Pressures

In chemical looping technology when applied to gasification, reforming, and chemical syntheses, the operating pressure is an important factor that dictates the reactant conversion and product forma...
Choosing your druggability battle

The advent of PROTACs that degrade the entire protein target rather than simply inhibiting it bring druggable yet apparently non-functional binding sites into play for medicinal chemists to do their work.
Methods for spectral CT imaging

From the earliest days of X-ray computed tomography (CT), it was realized that measurements made with different X-ray spectra could be used to differentiate materials having different atomic numbers. Successful implementation of this technique, often referred to as dual-energy CT, has occurred over the last decade (circa 2009–2019), bringing with it new clinical capabilities. Dual-energy data can be acquired using a number of different techniques, some of which use only a single tube potential and some of which use two tube potential settings. Additionally, while some techniques can be performed without changes in acquisition hardware, others require the use of novel detectors, X-ray beam filters, or even a second source-detector system. Further, after acquisition, a number of different types of images can be formed, including the low- and high-energy spectral images, mixed images that combine these two data sets, material-specific images, and energy-specific images.
A new Agave species (Asparagaceae, Agavoideae), from southern Oaxaca, Mexico

A new species, Agave calciphila, endemic to the limestone hills north of Nizanda, Oaxaca, Mexico, is described. Its vegetative and flower morphology place this species in the section Heteracanthae, and close to Agave angustiarum, A. ghiesbreghtii, and A. huehueteca. After a comparison with these three species, A. calciphila was found to have shorter sterile peduncle and flowers.
A cross-sectional study of nausea in functional abdominal pain: relation to mucosal mast cells and psychological functioning

Nausea is a common symptom in youth with chronic abdominal pain. The aims of the current study were to assess: 1) the frequency of nausea in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), respectively, as defined by Rome IV criteria; and, 2) relationships between nausea and mucosal inflammation as defined by antral and duodenal eosinophil and mast cell densities. A secondary aim was to assess relationships between nausea and other gastrointestinal symptoms, non-gastrointestinal somatic symptoms, and psychological dysfunction. Records from patients with pain associated functional gastrointestinal disorders were retrospectively reviewed for gastrointestinal and somatic symptoms and anxiety, depression, and somatizations scores as assessed by the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2). In addition, previous gastric and mucosal biopsies were assessed for mast cell and eosinophil densities, respectively. 250 patients, ages 8 to 17 years, were assessed. Nausea was reported by 78% and was equally prevalent in those with FD alone, those with IBS alone, and those with both FD and IBS. Nausea was associated with increased mean (21.4 vs. 17.5) and peak (26.2 vs. 22.9) duodenal mast cell densities as compared those without nausea. Nausea was also associated with a wide variety of individual gastrointestinal symptoms, as well as headaches, fatigue, and dizziness. Lastly, nausea was associated with elevated self-report scores for anxiety (55.2 vs. 50.0), depression (50.2 vs. 46.1), and somatization (70.3 vs. 61.8). Nausea is common in children and adolescents with pain-associated FGIDs as defined by Rome IV and is not unique to either FD or IBS. Nausea is associated with increased mucosal mast cell density, non-gastrointestinal somatic symptoms, and psychologic dysfunction.
Situs inversus totalis and prenatal diagnosis of a primary ciliary dyskinesia

Situs inversus, a condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed from their normal positions in the body, can be detected by prenatal ultrasonography. Often benign, it may be associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by chronic respiratory disease. Yet, prenatal diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia has not been reported. We describe a pregnancy in which situs inversus was diagnosed by fetal ultrasound at 20 weeks gestation. Prenatal testing for primary ciliary dyskinesia led to the discovery that both parents were asymptomatic carriers of a pathogenic mutation in the CCDC103 gene, with an affected neonate.
IADRL: Imitation Augmented Deep Reinforcement Learning Enabled UGV-UAV Coalition for Tasking in Complex Environments

Recent developments in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) have made them highly useful for various tasks. However, they both have their respective constraints that make them incapable of completing intricate tasks alone in many scenarios. For example, a UGV is unable to reach high places, while a UAV is limited by its power supply and payload capacity. In this paper, we propose an Imitation Augmented Deep Reinforcement Learning (IADRL) model that enables a UGV and UAV to form a coalition that is complementary and cooperative for completing tasks that they are incapable of achieving alone. IADRL learns the underlying complementary behaviors of UGVs and UAVs from a demonstration dataset that is collected from some simple scenarios with non-optimized strategies. Based on observations from the UGV and UAV, IADRL provides an optimized policy for the UGV-UAV coalition to work in an complementary way while minimizing the cost. We evaluate the IADRL approach in an visual game-based simulation platform, and conduct experiments that show how it effectively enables the coalition to cooperatively and cost-effectively accomplish tasks.
Antennas and RF Components Designed with Graded Index Composite Materials

Antennas and RF components in general, can greatly benefit with the recent development of low-loss 3D print graded index materials. The additional degrees of freedom provided by graded index materials can result in the design of antennas and other RF components with superior performance than currently available designs based on conventional constant permittivity materials. Here we discuss our work designing flat lenses for antennas and RF matching networks as well as filters based on graded index composite materials.
In vivo deuterated water labeling allows tumor visualization via deuterium magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of cholesterol

Abstract Water is an essential component of many biochemical reactions. Deuterated water (D2O) has been used to study cell kinetics, protein synthesis, and metabolism. We hypothesized that rapidly proliferating cancer cells would become preferentially labeled with deuterium due to high metabolic activity, thus allowing imaging of biosynthetically labeled metabolites within tumors in vivo. We initiated systemic D2O labeling in two established tumor xenograft models, HT-29 and MiaPaCa-2 and imaged mice by deuterium magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (dMRSI). After 14 days of tumor growth and 7 days of in vivo labeling, a clear contrast was demonstrated between the xenograft and the contralateral control limb in both models. The origin of the contrast was traced to an aliphatic peak at 1.8 ppm, which was identified by ex vivo NMR analysis to originate from cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Cholesterol is important for tumor cell proliferation, signaling, and malignant transformation, while current methods to monitor cholesterol synthesis and accumulation are limited. This deuterated water labeling-imaging approach could complement current cancer imaging techniques, allowing not only imaging of uptake but also synthesis of cholesterol to elucidate effects on tumor cholesterol metabolism in vivo.
Preservice teachers’ enacted pedagogical content knowledge as a function of content knowledge in teaching elementary physical education content

Over the past decade, there has been empirical evidence that pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) represented by teachers’ observable and measurable teaching behaviors can be enhanced by a well-desi...
Prevalence of Control Groups in Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: An Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov from 2009 through 2019

Clinical trials provide the foundational evidence that guide many patient-facing decisions; however, the therapeutic effect and safety of an intervention is best evaluated when compared to a control group. We used ClinicalTrials.gov to describe the proportion of registered Phase III and IV cardiovascular clinical trials that contain a control group from 2009 through 2019. Of 1,677 registered Phase III and IV cardiovascular clinical trials, 81.2% contain a control group, and the annual prevalence remained unchanged between 2009 and 2019.
Coherent GPS Reflections Over Ocean Surface

This paper presents assessment on the coherency of reflected GPS signals received on a LEO satellite for high accuracy ocean altimetry applications. We analyze the coherent signal levels dependence on sea surface conditions and signal parameters based on GPS reflection data collected by Spire cubeSats between January and April 2019. The data contains carrier phase estimations obtained from an open-loop tracking process sampled at 50Hz for GPS carrier frequency L1 and L2. A conservative coherency quality test based on two circular statistics of the carrier phase measurements, circular-length and circular-kurtosis, is applied to the data. The results show that ∼ 1% and ∼40% of the events contain sufficient coherent energy for high precision altimetry applications over ocean and sea ice respectively.
Computational modeling of metabolism in microbial communities on a genome-scale

Abstract Computational modeling of microbial communities using GEnome-scale Models (GEMs) of metabolism is a new frontier in systems biology. Here, we discuss recent developments in this area ranging from high-throughput GEMs reconstruction pipelines to approaches for modeling under steady-state and for simulating temporal, evolutionary, and spatiotemporal dynamics of microbial communities. We categorize these approaches based on flux balance analysis or elementary mode analysis of mixed-bag and compartmentalized GEMs and discuss their scope of applications and scalability for large-scale simulations. In addition, we review computational tools using GEMs for the design of microbial communities and recent efforts to integrate GEMs and machine learning for predicting interspecies interactions. We conclude by discussing best practices for using these tools and potential avenues for future development.
Long-term Morphological Changes of the Velum and the Nasopharynx in Patients With Cleft Palate:

Objective To investigate long-term morphological changes in the soft palate length and nasopharynx in patients with cleft palate. We hypothesized that there would be differences in the morphological development of the soft palate and nasopharynx between patients with and without cleft palate and that these developmental changes would negatively affect the soft palate length to pharyngeal depth ratio involved in velopharyngeal closure for patients with cleft palate. Design Retrospective, case-control study. Setting Institutional practice. Patients Ninety-two patients (Group F) with unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate and 67 patients (Group CLA) with unilateral cleft lip and alveolus not requiring palatoplasty were included. Main outcome measures The soft palate length, nasopharyngeal size, and soft palate length to pharyngeal depth ratio were measured via lateral cephalograms obtained at three different periods. Results Group F showed a shorter soft palate length and smaller nasopharyngeal size than Group CLA at all periods. Both these parameters increased with age, but the increase in amount was significantly less in Group F compared with that in Group CLA. The soft palate length to pharyngeal depth ratio in Group F decreased with age. Conclusions In patients with cleft palate, the soft palate length to pharyngeal depth ratio, which is involved in velopharyngeal closure, can change with age. Less soft palate length growth and unfavorable relationship between the soft palate and nasopharynx may be masked in early childhood but can manifest later on with age.
Merging Multiple Uncertain Views

This chapter discusses an application of the agile camera system to the problem of acquiring and relating multiple views of an unknown world. The following generic scenario indicates the importance of multiple views, and serves as the basis for our experiments.
Focused Crawls, Tunneling, and Digital Libraries

Crawling the Web to build collections of documents related to pre-specified topics became an active area of research during the late 1990's, crawler technology having been developed for use by search engines. Now, Web crawling is being seriously considered as an important strategy for building large scale digital libraries. This paper covers some of the crawl technologies that might be exploited for collection building. For example, to make such collection-building crawls more effective, focused crawling was developed, in which the goal was to make a "best-first" crawl of the Web. We are using powerful crawler software to implement a focused crawl but use tunneling to overcome some of the limitations of a pure best-first approach. Tunneling has been described by others as not only prioritizing links from pages according to the page's relevance score, but also estimating the value of each link and prioritizing them as well. We add to this mix by devising a tunneling focused crawling strategy which evaluates the current crawl direction on the fly to determine when to terminate a tunneling activity. Results indicate that a combination of focused crawling and tunneling could be an effective tool for building digital libraries.
Sluggish Calendar Queues for Network Simulation

Discrete event simulation is an indispensable tool to understand the dynamics of communication networks and evaluate their performance. As the scale and complexity of these networks increases, simulation itself becomes a computationally prohibitive undertaking. Among all possible solutions, improving the performance of event manipulation operations is an important one. In this paper, we discover that in network simulation events are often inserted into the simulation kernel in their timestamp order. Based on this observation, we make some simple modifications on the conventional calendar queue. Experiments show that the new data structure can achieve two orders of execution speedup against the conventional calendar queue in some wireline network simulation and in wireless network simulation, the speedup scales well with the network size.
Incremental Reasoning for Object Oriented Systems

Inheritance and polymorphism are key mechanisms of the object-oriented approach that enable designers to develop systems in an incremental manner. In this paper, we develop techniques for reasoning incrementally about the behavior of such systems. A derived class designer will be able, using the proposed approach, to arrive at the richer behavior that polymorphic methods inherited from the base class will exhibit in the derived class, without reanalyzing the code bodies of these methods. The approach is illustrated by applying it to a simple case study.
Chromatography of alkylating agents: II. Nitrosamines, epoxides, lactones, methanesulfonates and miscellaneous derivatives

Abstract We have focused on the major areas of varied chromatographic procedures for the analyses primarily of a broad spectrum of alkylating agents (e.g., nitrosamines, epoxides, lactones, methanesulfonates, and miscellaneous agents such as nitrosoureas, urethanes and guanidines, as well as pyrrolizidine alkaloids). A similar treatment was extended to related but non-alkylating agents such as long-chain lactones and pesticidal epoxides. Particular stress was placed on the salient role of chromatographic procedures in the elaboration of compound homogeneity, metabolism, degradation and mode of action of these agents, with particular relevance to the environmental aspects.
Experimental analysis of algorithms

This thesis examines the application of experimental, statistical, and data analysis tools to problems in algorithm analysis. Note that algorithms, not programs, are studied: "results" in algorithm analysis generally refer to abstract cost functions, are independent of particular machines or implementation strategies, and express functional relationships between input parameters and measures of algorithmic performance. The study of algorithms presents special problems and opportunities for experimental research. The following research goals are set: (1) to demonstrate that simulation can provide a useful, general tool for developing new understanding of algorithms. (2) To identify common problems and to assess the applicability of this approach. (3) To develop principles for successful experimental research in this domain. (4) To promote more general use of this approach by giving a "handbook" of useful tools and techniques. Part I of the thesis introduces an experimental approach to algorithm analysis and discusses the context for this research. Examples from the current algorithms literature serve to illustrate issues and problems that can arise. Part II presents experimental results for case studies in four algorithm domains (one-dimensional bin packing, greedy matching, median-selection strategies for Quicksort, and self-organizing sequential search). Part III discusses the case studies, guidelines for successful simulation research, and useful tools and techniques for simulating algorithms.
Local intravaginal microencapsulated interleukin 12 treatment enhances adaptive immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and induces cross-protection against heterologous strains of gonococci (IRC8P.492)

Uncomplicated genital infection with N. gonorrhoeae does not induce specific protective immunity or immune memory. Our previous studies in a mouse genital tract infection model have demonstrated that N. gonorrhoeae selectively elicits Th17-mediated innate host defenses that it can survive and concomitantly suppresses Th1/Th2-driven adaptive immune responses that would eliminate it. Here we show that intravaginally administered IL-12 encapsulated in sustained-release polymer microspheres led to significantly faster clearance of infection. Enhanced resistance to secondary infection with the same strain of N. gonorrhoeae induced by intravaginal treatment with IL-12 microspheres during primary infection persisted for 6 months. Furthermore, treatment of mice with IL-12 microspheres during gonococcal challenge induced resistance to reinfection with unrelated strains of N. gonorrhoeae. ELISA, flow cytometry and PCR studies demonstrated that IL-12 microsphere treatment in infected mice effectively enhanced Th1 immune responses in the vaginal tract and the draining lymph nodes, without hindering Th17 responses. Although IL-12 microspheres did not change Th2 responses, the treatment significantly increased the production of gonococcus-specific circulating IgG and vaginal IgA and IgG antibodies. These results suggest that local administration of microencapsulated IL-12 may serve as a novel, effective immunomodulatory and therapeutic strategy against gonorrhea.
A Cheerful and Comfortable Faith: Anglican Religious Practices in the Elite Households of Eighteenth‐Century Virginia – By Lauren F. Winner

Faith matters to the author of this book. As a prolific author of works on Christian spirituality, Lauren F. Winner has consistently linked spiritual practices to personal formation. These concerns...
A population-based analysis of second malignancies among patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms in the SEER database.

Philadelphia-chromosome negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) including myelofibrosis (MF), polycythemia vera (PV), and essential thrombocythemia (ET), can transform into acute myeloid leuke...
VARIABILITY IN THE ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE PANCREAS IN HEALTHY DOGS COMPARED TO DOGS WITH HYPERADRENOCORTICISM

Anecdotally, an unusually hyperechoic pancreas can be found in seemingly healthy dogs on ultrasound examination and the prevalence and clinical significance of this finding is unknown. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of a hyperechoic and/or heterogenous pancreas in healthy dogs and correlate these findings to weight, age, and body condition score (BCS). An additional objective was to describe the prevalence of a hyperechoic and/or heterogenous pancreas in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and compare this to the healthy dogs. Pancreata of 74 healthy dogs were evaluated prospectively and pancreatic echogenicity and echotexture were graded. Each dog's age, BCS, and weight were recorded. Dogs were screened for health by physical examination, serum chemistry panel, urine specific gravity, and a canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity assay. Pancreatic images for 92 dogs having hyperadrenocorticism were also reviewed and pancreatic echogenicity and echotexture were recorded. The prevalence of pancreatic hyperechogenicity in normal dogs was 7% (5 of 74) and heterogeneity was 40% (30 of 74). No correlation existed between pancreatic echogenicity and weight, age, or BCS (P > 0.1 for all sets). A statistically significant increase in the proportion of dogs having a hyperechoic pancreas was found in the hyperadrenocorticism sample of dogs (40%, 37 of 92, P < 0.0001). The underlying cause of pancreatic variability in the few healthy dogs and in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism is unknown and the varying appearance of the pancreas in these samples confounds interpretation of diseases such as chronic pancreatitis.
Effectiveness of Thirteen Vertebrate Repellents as Rodent Trigeminal Stimulants

Repellent chemicals are presumed to activate trigeminal neurons, including polymodal nociceptors, but few data are available that bear on this notion. In the present experiment, we assessed multi-unit and single-unit responses of neurons in the rat lingual trigeminal nerve to 13 candidate repellents and a thermal stimulus. All of the chemicals evoked trigeminal responses, and neural activity was predictable from available behavioral data. These results are consistent with the view that repellents are irritants. The results also suggest that electrophysiological methods may represent a useful method for screening candidate repellent compounds.
Infrared spectroscopy of protonated ethylene: The nature of proton binding in the non-classical structure

Abstract Protonated ethylene cations, C 2 H 5 + , and their C 2 H 5 + Ar n argon-tagged analogues, are produced with a pulsed discharge/supersonic beam source, mass-selected in a reflectron time-of-flight spectrometer, and studied with infrared photodissociation spectroscopy. Spectra in both the higher frequency C–H stretching and lower frequency bridged-proton regions confirm that these complexes have the non-classical bridged-proton C 2 H 5 + structure. The signature bridged-proton stretch, observed at 2058 cm−1 for C 2 H 5 + Ar 2 , is investigated computationally and compared to those of other proton-bridged systems. This characteristic frequency does not scale with the proton affinities of these systems, but rather depends on the carbon hybridization at the binding sites.
Selection of patients for successful maintenance treatment of esophagitis with low-dose omeprazole: use of 24-hour gastric pH monitoring.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Treating patients with erosive esophagitis and maintaining remission in a cost-effective fashion is a desirable goal in clinical practice. There are no established criteria to identify patients with healed esophagitis who will subsequently remain in remission with low-dose omeprazole therapy. We investigated whether 24-h esophageal-gastric pH monitoring could provide criteria to select patients for low-dose omeprazole maintenance therapy. METHODS: Seventy consecutive symptomatic outpatients with grade 2–3 reflux esophagitis were prospectively investigated. They were treated with 20 mg/day omeprazole for 2 months. Those with healed esophagitis were given alternate-evening 20-mg omeprazole maintenance therapy for 6 months. Clinical evaluation, endoscopy, and 24-h esophageal-gastric pH were done at the end of each treatment period. Results of pH studies of patients in remission were compared with those with endoscopically documented relapse of esophagitis. RESULTS: In 63/70 patient (intention-to-treat, 90%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 83–97%) esophagitis was healed at 2 months. During the 6-month maintenance period esophagitis remain healed in 28 (G1) (40%; 95% CI, 29–52%), but recurred in 32 patients (G2). During healing with omeprazole 20 mg/day the 24-h gastric pH was below 4 for CONCLUSIONS: The 24-h intragastric pH monitoring during 20 mg/day omeprazole therapy provides criteria by which to preselect patients with reflux esophagitis who will remain in remission with low-dose omeprazole therapy.