cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The feasibility of using high resolution genome sequencing of influenza A viruses to detect mixed infections and quasispecies.

Background The rapidly expanding availability of de novo sequencing technologies can greatly facilitate efforts to monitor the relatively high mutation rates of influenza A viruses and the detection of quasispecies. Both the mutation rates and the lineages of influenza A viruses are likely to play an important role in the natural history of these viruses and the emergence of phenotypically and antigenically distinct strains. Methodology and Principal Findings We evaluated quasispecies and mixed infections by de novo sequencing the whole genomes of 10 virus isolates, including eight avian influenza viruses grown in embryonated chicken eggs (six waterfowl isolates - five H3N2 and one H4N6; an H7N3 turkey isolate; and a bald eagle isolate with H1N1/H2N1 mixed infection), and two tissue cultured H3N2 swine influenza viruses. Two waterfowl cloacal swabs were included in the analysis. Full-length sequences of all segments were obtained with 20 to 787-X coverage for the ten viruses and one cloacal swab. The second cloacal swab yielded 15 influenza reads of ∼230 bases, sufficient for bioinformatic inference of mixed infections or quasispecies. Genomic subpopulations or quasispecies of viruses were identified in four egg grown avian influenza isolates and one cell cultured swine virus. A bald eagle isolate and the second cloacal swab showed evidence of mixed infections with two (H1 and H2) and three (H1, H3, and H4) HA subtypes, respectively. Multiple sequence differences were identified between cloacal swab and the virus recovered using embryonated chicken eggs. Conclusions We describe a new approach to comprehensively identify mixed infections and quasispecies in low passage influenza A isolates and cloacal swabs and add to the understanding of the ecology of influenza A virus populations.
Energy Efficiency Analyses and Comparison of Air and Water Cooled High Performance Servers

This paper presents a study that illustrates the energy efficiency benefits of using water cooling for server thermal management versus utilizing air-cooling for high performance server applications. In 2008 IBM introduced the water cooled Power 575 Supercomputing Node, which is packaged in a super-dense 2U (88.9 mm) form factor. A fully configured system can dissipate as much as 72 kW with 80% of the heat load going to water. A fully air cooled version of this system, developed by Hitachi, operates 3.5 GHz and dissipates 61 kW at the frame level. In this paper, numerical analyses is first carried to help provide a context for the data center air-conditioning energy consumption, necessary to cool comparable performance clusters for both the air and water cooled racks, respectively. The room level CFD calculations are then extended to the facility level, by including the energy consumption of the refrigeration chiller, the building and condenser water pumps, and the cooling towers. Recent innovations that enable the use of water side economizers as well as 100% water cooling of racks are also discussed. The results show that there can be as much as a 45% reduction in the facilities power to cool the water cooled system compared to the energy required for the air cooled equivalent. When 100% of the server heat load is transferred directly to the chilled water supplied to the racks, there can be a 50% energy savings compared to traditional air-cooling. Lastly, use of 100% water cooling in conjunction with water side economizers can yield more than 90% cooling energy savings compared to the air-cooled configurations.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Enhanced Levels of Lipoperoxides in Low Density Lipoprotein Incubated with Murine Fibroblasts Expressing High Levels of Human 15-Lipoxygenase

There is strong experimental evidence that oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) plays an important role in atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which Ox-LDL is formed in vivo are unknown. To test whether 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) could play a role in oxidation of LDL by cells, we expressed 15-LO activity in murine fibroblasts, which do not normally have 15-LO activity, and tested their ability to modify LDL. Using a retroviral vector, we prepared fibroblasts that expressed 2- to 20-fold more 15-LO activity than control fibroblasts infected with a vector containing βgalactosidase (lacZ). Compared with LDL incubated with lacZ cells, LDL incubated with 15-LO-containing cells were enriched with lipid hydroperoxides. When these LDL samples were subsequently subjected to oxidative stress, they were more susceptible to further oxidative modification, as judged by increased conjugated diene formation and by increased ability to compete with 125I-Ox-LDL for uptake by macrophages. These findings establish that cellular 15-LO can contribute to oxidative modification of LDL, but the quantitative significance of these findings to the in vivo oxidation of LDL remains to be established.
Evaluation of grid data to determine displacements and strains

AbstractThis paper deals with a new method to evaluate distorted grids. Instead of evaluating point-by-point the new method consists of shifting an image of a distorted grid over another image of the undistorted grid to obtain displacement components, or shifting an image of a distorted grid over another image of the same distorted grid to obtain the derivative of the displacement components. Whole field information is available by connecting grid line intersections.Displacements and their spacial derivatives are given for a circular ring diametrically compressed, using both the Eulerian and the Lagrangian descriptions. The method has applications in plasticity and in elastic finite strain determinations.
THE POPULATION TURNAROUND IN RURAL AND SMALL TOWN AMERICA

Noting the continuing rural in-migration of the 197Os, the most prominent of contemporary rural demographers looks at some initial interpretations from the emerging 1980s census data. This in-migration to all types of rural areas reverses a trend of several decades and signals new challenges for rural areas. Some observable population patterns are discussed including the predominant influx of white upper income groups and those on government transfer programs, including retirees.
The M.I.T. Power Factor Bridge and Oil Cell

Recent developments in a bridge devised at Massachusetts Institute of Technology for obtaining high-precision power-factor measurements on small oil samples, and the associated oil cell, are described in this paper, and the results of measurements on oil samples are discussed. Several conclusions drawn from the work done at M.I.T. on power factor bridges and measurements are given.
X-Band receiver front-end in fully depleted SOI technology

This paper describes a wide band/high dynamic range receiver implemented in a 0.18-μm fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI) CMOS technology. The system demonstration is a single conversion architecture with RF input at X-Band and IF output at S-Band. The receiver yielded 20–21.5 dB conversion gain, 5.6–6 dB noise figure, and 16.7 dBm OIP3 across a 600-MHz instantaneous bandwidth at S-Band operation.
Pressure-Sensitive Paint Investigation of Double-Delta Wing Vortex Flow Manipulation

A pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique was applied in a wind tunnel experiment in the NASA Langley Research Center 8-Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel to quantify the effect of wing fillets on the global vortex-induced surface static pressure field about a sharp leading-edge 76o/40o double delta wing, or strake-wing, model at subsonic and transonic speeds. Global calibrations of the PSP were obtained at M = 0.50, 0.70, 0.85, 0.95, and 1.20, a Reynolds number per unit length of 2.0 million, and angles of attack from 10 degrees to 20 degrees using an in-situ method featuring the simultaneous acquisition of electronically-scanned pressures (ESP) at discrete locations on the model. The mean error in the PSP measurements relative to the ESP data was approximately 2 percent or less at M = 0.50 to 0.85 but increased to several percent at M =0.95 and 1.20. The PSP pressure distributions and pseudo-colored planform view pressure maps clearly revealed the vortex-induced pressure signatures at all Mach numbers and angles of attack. Small fillets having a parabolic or diamond planform situated at the strake-wing intersection were designed to manipulate the vortical flows by, respectively, removing the leading-edge discontinuity or introducing additional discontinuities. The fillets caused global changes in the vortex-dominated surface pressure field that were effectively captured in the PSP measurements. The vortex surface pressure signatures were compared to available off-surface vortex cross-flow structures obtained using a laser vapor screen (LVS) flow visualization technique. The fillet effects on the PSP pressure distributions and the observed leading-edge vortex flow characteristics were consistent with the trends in the measured lift, drag, and pitching moment coefficients.
Challenges in managing hepatitis C virus infection in cancer patients

Cancer patients have unique problems associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and treatment not seen in the general population. HCV infection poses additional challenges and considerations for the management of cancer, and vice versa. HCV infection also can lead to the development of cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In severely immunocompromised cancer patients, diagnosis of HCV infection requires increased reliance on RNA detection techniques. HCV infection can affect chemotherapy, and delay of HCV infection treatment until completion of chemotherapy and achievement of cancer remission may be required to decrease the potential for drug-drug interactions between antineoplastic agents and HCV therapeutics and potentiation of side effects of these agents. In addition, hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients have an increased risk of early development of cirrhosis and fibrosis. Whether this increased risk applies to all patients regardless of cancer treatment is unknown. Furthermore, patients with cancer may have poorer sustained virological responses to HCV infection treatment than do those without cancer. Unfortunately, not all cancer patients are candidates for HCV infection therapy. In this article, we review the challenges in managing HCV infection in cancer patients and HSCT recipients.
Maximum likelihood methods for log-linear models when expected frequencies are subject to linear constraints

Abstract Hypotheses relating to log-linear models may be defined in terms of constraints on the frequencies or on the logarithms of the frequencies. A two-step algorithm is developed to allow fitting models containing constraints of both types. This algorithm is shown to yield maximum likelihood estimates of the log-linear parameters. Three examples are presented to illustrate cases in which these models are of interest.
High-frequency high-efficiency DC-DC converter for distributed energy storage modularization

Battery is one of the most important energy storage devices in high power energy storage applications. It is widely used in the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and energy storage systems for renewable power generation such as wind and PV. In conventional series-connected high capacity battery string, due to the imbalance of battery cells, there are a few issues such as the cell damage due to over charge or over discharge, reliability and safety concerns. Conventional approaches to address these issues include the battery monitor system (BMS) and cell equalizer circuits. With BMS battery pack performance is still limited by the weakest cell in the string. The cell equalizer is limited by the current rating of the circuit, the equalization speed and the additional cost and weight. In this paper, a new concept of distributed energy storage device (DESD) module is proposed. Instead of using one high power DC-DC converter which connects to the whole battery string, a few distributed high voltage gain, high frequency and high efficiency bi-directional DC-DC converters are integrated with small battery packs respectively to form DESD modules. The module outputs are connected in parallel to form a battery energy storage system. The advantages and challenges of the DESD module are presented in this paper. A 200kHz, 400V to 12.8V, 256W soft switched bi-directional DC-DC converter is demonstrated for DESD modularization.
Coupling task progress for MapReduce resource-aware scheduling

Schedulers are critical in enhancing the performance of MapReduce/Hadoop in presence of multiple jobs with different characteristics and performance goals. Though current schedulers for Hadoop are quite successful, they still have room for improvement: map tasks (MapTasks) and reduce tasks (ReduceTasks) are not jointly optimized, albeit there is a strong dependence between them. This can cause job starvation and unfavorable data locality. In this paper, we design and implement a resource-aware scheduler for Hadoop. It couples the progresses of MapTasks and ReduceTasks, utilizing Wait Scheduling for ReduceTasks and Random Peeking Scheduling for MapTasks to jointly optimize the task placement. This mitigates the starvation problem and improves the overall data locality. Our extensive experiments demonstrate significant improvements in job response times.
An alternative construction of Conway's ordered field No

An ℵα-universally extending ordered field of power ℵα is constructed for each regular power ℵα where 0 <α ≤ On and\(\sum\nolimits_{\beta< \alpha } {2^{\aleph _\beta } \leqslant \aleph _\alpha }\). When ℵα is inaccessible, the structure is either a (set) model of J. H. Conway's ordered field No or an isomorphic copy of No depending on whether or not ℵα is a set or a proper class.
The predictive value of LEEP specimens with involved margins for residual dysplasia

The objective of this study was to determine the percentage of loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) specimens with involved margins; also to determine factors associated with involved margins and the rate of residual dysplasia in the cervix post-LEEP. One hundred and sixty-nine women underwent LEEP excision of the cervix using standard techniques. Data concerning indications, complications, associated clinical factors, and histopathologic results were collected. Patients with involved specimen margins were examined for the presence of residual dysplasia 3 months post-LEEP. Thirty-one out of 131 (23.6%) specimens with histologically confirmed preinvasive disease had margins involved with dysplasia. Risk factors associated with margin involvement include referral Papanicolaou (Pap) smear result of high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (SIL) (28/56) vs low-grade SIL (3/75) (P < 0.0001), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (3/3 with involved margins). Whether the LEEP was performed at initial visit (Look and LEEP) or following traditional colposcopy/ biopsy did not affect the involved margin rate. Only 18% (4/22) patients with involved margins had evidence of residual dysplasia, none with worse disease than the initial specimen. High-grade SIL on referral Pap, and HIV infection are risk factors for involved specimen margins. Additional treatment of patients with involved LEEP margins may be deferred, as more than 80% of patients will have no residual dysplasia at 3 months post procedure.
The effect of donor age on human erythrocyte density distribution

Erythrocyte density has been reported to increase with in vivo aging. Gradient centrifugation techniques allow different density erythrocyte fractions to be purified from whole blood. As the donor age increases there is a concomitant increase in the percentile contribution of whole blood by a light density fraction. Similarly, a heavy density component of erythrocytes decreases with increasing donor age. In the present study these changes were investigated and found to exhibit a logarithmic relationship to donor age. The etiology of this is unknown but may be due to a decreased erythrocyte lifespan in older individuals.
The Nature and Unequal Incidence of Job Displacement Costs

Structural changes in industry annually displace millions of American workers. As concern over this displacement phenomenon has increased, so too has the effort to define and measure its social costs. Using data from the 1984 and 1986 Displaced Workers Survey, this paper critically examines how displacement has been defined, its costs measured, and its associated joblessness interpreted. The findings are that: (1) the official definition of the displaced worker understates the magnitude of current economic dislocations, (2) the conventional emphasis upon the human capital components of earnings loss obscures the disproportionate impact of displacement upon women and minorities, and (3) voluntaristic interpretations of labor market outcomes are difficult to reconcile with the duration and incidence of post-displacement joblessness. Finally, I discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the social costs of job displacement.
Predictors of depressive symptoms among foster caregivers

OBJECTIVES: The main purposes of this study were to determine (1) the prevalence of depressive symptoms among foster caregivers, (2) the social-demographics, risk factors, and social support predicting depressive symptoms, and (3) whether social support buffered the effects of the risk factors in the Illinois Foster Caregivers Study. METHOD: Telephone interviews were used to collect data from a sample of 189 foster caregivers in the State of Illinois. Interviewers pretested the survey instrument, which included valid and reliable instruments on depressive symptoms and adult report of childhood maltreatment, an important risk factor for depression. Multivariate ordered logistic regression models were estimated. RESULTS: The foster caregivers exhibited few depressive symptoms, with only one respondent scoring in the clinical range. Contrary to past research on the general population, caregivers reporting higher income were at an increased risk of exhibiting depressive symptoms. The three risk factors-experiencing less than excellent or very good health, childhood maltreatment, and insufficient time to carry out responsibilities-were related to higher levels of depressive symptoms. Foster caregivers who perceived their support group as helpful had a decreased risk of reporting depressive symptoms. We found no evidence that social support buffered the effects of the risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that foster caregivers were adequately screened for depression, but suggest that assessing and providing assistance for health problems, trauma from childhood maltreatment, and insufficient time to meet responsibilities might decrease depressive symptoms. Facilitating and enhancing the helpfulness of foster caregiver support groups also might decrease development of depressive symptoms. Language: en
Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Techniques for the Management of Thoracolumbar Spine Injuries

Minimally invasive surgical techniques hold promise as a valuable tool for the treatment of patients with thoracolumbar fractures. Percutaneous pedicle–based fixation provides secure fracture stabilization and theoretically may minimize associated morbidity while allowing for early mobilization. This holds particular benefit in the management of critically ill patients who may not tolerate conventional open procedures. Furthermore, in select cases the ability to stabilize spinal fractures without fusion may reduce the risk of fusion disease by allowing for late implant removal after fracture healing and subsequent motion preservation. Although early results are promising, prospective trials are necessary for understanding long-term results.
Soliton-induced waveguides in an organic photorefractive glass

We demonstrate optical waveguiding of a probe beam at 980 nm by a soliton beam at 780 nm in an organic photorefractive monolithic glass. Both planar and circular waveguides induced by one- and two-dimensional spatial solitons formed as a result of orientationally enhanced photorefractive nonlinearity are produced in the organic glass. Possibilities for increasing the speed of waveguide formation are discussed.
Platelet Dysfunction is an Early Marker for Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Coagulopathy

The goal of this study is to determine the presence of platelet dysfunction in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The mechanisms underlying the coagulopathy associated with TBI remain elusive. The question of platelet dysfunction in TBI is unclear. This was a prospective observational study conducted at Memorial Hospital of South Bend, IN, and Denver Health Medical Center, CO. A total of 50 patients sustaining TBI, and not under treatment with anticoagulants or platelet inhibitors, were analyzed utilizing modified thromboelastography (TEG) with platelet mapping (TEG/PM), along with standard coagulation tests. Compared to normal controls, patients with severe TBI had a significantly increased percentage of platelet ADP and arachidonic acid (AA) receptor inhibition. Furthermore, the percentage of ADP inhibition distinguished between survivors and non-survivors in patients with TBI (Mann–Whitney test, P = 0.035). ADP inhibition correlates strongly with severity of TBI (Mann–Whitney test, P = 0.014), while AA inhibition did not. These data indicate that early platelet dysfunction is prevalent after severe TBI, can be measured in a point-of-care setting using TEG/PM, and correlates with mortality. The mechanism responsible for this platelet dysfunction and associated implications for TBI management remains to be defined.
Mathematics and beauty. V. Turbulent complex curls

Abstract To help characterize complicated physical and mathematical structures and phenomena, computers with graphics can be used to produce visual representations with a spectrum of perspectives. In this paper, algorithms are described for the computer graphics rendering of a particular class of chaotic structures created from complex iteration. This paper differs from others in that its focuses on one small region of the complex plane and on nonstandard convergence tests. Reader involvement is encouraged by giving “recipes” for the various turbulent forms, and the resulting maps reveal a visually striking and intricate class of shapes.
The Role of Social Class in English Language Education

English language educators are often advocates for social justice and often focus on learners’ identities, such as their race, gender, and ethnicity; however, they tend not to employ a social class lens in analyzing students, teachers, classrooms, and institutions. Yet social class plays a significant, if unacknowledged, role in the field. Scholars do not often examine the whole range of social class (high to low) or ways in which English language teaching (ELT) reproduces and reinforces privilege, or lack thereof. This article briefly looks at existing literature and relevant theory on social class; explores ways in which power and privilege play out in English-language education; queries the roles of coloniality and neoliberalism in exacerbating social stratification; notes intersections of social class with other identities; and recommends increased attention to social class in English language education research, teacher education, and language classrooms.
International migration, international relations and foreign policy.

Recent literature on migration international relations and foreign policy is reviewed in this article stressing applications of global systems paradigms studies of state entry and exit rules and anatomies of domestic policy-setting processes on migration. After a concise assessment of the contemporary theory of global political economy the paper argues for seeking mid-range generalizations on the international relations of migration. It also suggests that analysis begin with the policy-setting processes of the state. Especially through the use of comparative perspectives available from domestic policy making studies and from the field of international comparative public policy this approach offers the opportunity to fix empirically the political roles of transnational social forces which often present themselves as participants in domestic policy contests. Promising future directions in the study of state-to-state relations are also evaluated with the anticipation that verifying regional or other intermediate patterns of world migration politics may contribute to more general theories of international political economy. (authors)
Mitogen-independent activation of Na+/H+ exchange in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells: Regulation by medium osmolarity

Previous studies have documented the activation of Na+/H+ exchange in A431 cells by the addition of epidermal growth factor or serum (Rothenberg et al., 1983b). Here we show that exposure of A4 31 cells to medium of increased osmolarity also leads to activation of Na+/H+ exchange and to an increase in intracellular pH (pHi), which under a variety of conditions displays similar kinetics to that observed upon addition of mitogens to the cells. Measurements of cell volume using the 3-0-methylglucose equilibration technique clearly show that mitogens do not activate Na+/H+ exchange by an osmotic mechanism (i.e., a decrease in cell volume). In fact, mitogens can induce further intracellular alkalinization if added to cells which have been shrunken in hypertonic medium. Activation of the Na+/H+ antiport does not lead to an obligatory change in pHi. Addition of epidermal growth factor of hypertonic solution to A431 cells in bicarbonate buffer activates Na+/H+ exchange without a concomitant increase in pHi. Under these conditions the increased proton efflux via Na+/H+ exchange must therefore be compensated by other mechanisms that control cytoplasmic pH.
The endothelial protein C receptor enhances hemostasis of FVIIa administration in hemophilic mice in vivo

Recombinant activated human factor VII (rhFVIIa) is an established hemostatic agent in hemophilia, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Although tissue factor (TF) is its natural receptor, rhFVIIa also interacts with the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) through its γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain, with unknown hemostatic consequences in vivo. Here, we study whether EPCR facilitates rhFVIIa hemostasis in hemophilia using a mouse model system. Mouse activated FVII (mFVIIa) is functionally homologous to rhFVIIa, but binds poorly to mouse EPCR (mEPCR). We modified mFVIIa to gain mEPCR binding using 3 amino acid changes in its Gla domain (L4F/L8M/W9R). The resulting molecule mFVIIa-FMR specifically bound mEPCR in vitro and in vivo and was identical to mFVIIa with respect to TF affinity and procoagulant functions. In macrovascular injury models, hemophilic mice administered mFVIIa-FMR exhibited superior hemostatic activity compared with mFVIIa. This was abolished by blocking mEPCR and was absent in ex vivo whole blood coagulation assays, implicating a specific mFVIIa-FMR and endothelial mEPCR interaction. Because mFVIIa-FMR models the TF-dependent and EPCR binding properties of rhFVIIa, our data unmask a novel contribution of EPCR on the action of rhFVIIa administration in hemophilia, prompting the rational design of improved and safer rhFVIIa therapeutics.
Development of Abbreviated Nine-Item Forms of the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices Test:

The Raven's standard progressive matrices (RSPM) is a 60-item test for measuring abstract reasoning, considered a nonverbal estimate of fluid intelligence, and often included in clinical assessment batteries and research on patients with cognitive deficits. The goal was to develop and apply a predictive model approach to reduce the number of items necessary to yield a score equivalent to that derived from the full scale. The approach is based on a Poisson predictive model. A parsimonious subset of items that accurately predicts the total score was sought, as was a second nonoverlapping alternate form for repeated administrations. A split sample was used for model fitting and validation, with cross-validation to verify results. Using nine RSPM items as predictors, correlations of .9836 and .9782 were achieved for the reduced forms and .9063 and .8978 for the validation data. Thus, a 9-item subset of RSPM predicts the total score for the 60-item scale with good accuracy. A comparison of psychometric properties between 9-item forms, a published 30-item form, and the 60-item set is presented. The two 9-item forms provide a 75% administration time savings compared with the 30-item form, while achieving similar item- and test-level characteristics and equal correlations to 60-item based scores.
Habitat Differentiation of Ferns in a Lowland Tropical Rain Forest

Fern species and growth form diversity peak in tropical rainforests. In such forests, ferns often play important ecological roles. However the distribution and diversity patterns of different growth forms (i.e., epiphytic vs. terrestrial ferns) have not been broadly quantified. We compared the distribution and diversity patterns of epiphytic pteridophytes on the trunks of six individuals of the emergent canopy tree species Hyeronima alchorneoides (Euphorbiaceae) to those of terrestrial species at La Selva Biological Station in Heredia province, Costa Rica. A total of 21 species of epiphytic and 20 terrestrial ferns was recorded, with only one species found as an epiphyte and as a terrestrial species. Epiphytic species also exhibited increasing species diversity with increasing trunk height. Epiphytic species exhibited predictable patterns of distribution along the trunk and were easily grouped into high-trunk, low trunk, or bimodal categories. In terms of percent cover and number of species, simple-leaved ferns dominated the epiphytic growth form, 13 of 21 species, whereas ferns with compound or dissected leaves dominated the hemi-epiphytic and terrestrial floras with 20 of 20 species. These results indicate that there are significant functional differences in the ecology of epiphytic and terrestrial ferns and that reciprocal establishment is difficult and extremely rare.
A Generalization of Petterssen's Frontogenesis Function and Its Relation to the Forcing of Vertical Motion

Abstract Petterssen' frontogenesis equation relates the Lagrangian rate of change of the magnitude of the horizontal potential temperature gradient, referred to as the frontogenesis function, to invariant kinematic properties of the horizontal velocity field. It is not uncommon in synoptic practice to infer the presence of vertical circulations in frontal regions from the spatial distribution of the scalar frontogenesis function. On the other hand, Hoskins and collaborators have introduced a form of the quasi-geostrophic omega equation in which the dynamical and forcing is proportional to the horizontal divergence of the so-called Q vector. The Q vector is defined as the Lagrangian rate of change following the geostrophic flow of the vector horizontal potential temperature gradient. The Q-vector formalism motivates us to generalize the Petterssen frontogenesis function to apply to the vector horizontal potential temperature gradient. This generalization, referred to as the vector frontogenesis function, c...
Reaction of human sera with mammalian chromosomes shown by fluorescent antibody technique.

Certain human sera, including sera from five patients with lupus erythematosus, react with mammalian chromosomes. If chromosomal preparations are exposed first to the serum and then to horse antihuman globulin conjugated with fluorescein, the chromosomes will fluoresce. Sera having this activity appear to react with all the chromosomes of the cell.
Dual-Rate Linear Optical Sampling for Remote Monitoring of Complex Modulation Formats

We demonstrate linear optical sampling using simultaneous pulsed and CW local oscillators to enable phase tracking of a data modulated carrier. The technique enables the direct measurement of remotely received signals with low phase noise.
Negativity and Failed Expectations: do Representatives' Reputations Really Matter?

Scholars of political behavior have demonstrated in several works that negative and positive bits of information are not weighed the same when individuals go into the voting booth. One shortcoming of this research is the lack of a satisfying explanation for this phenomenon. This study draws on the concept of “responsiveness” in an attempt to fill that gap. Using NES data for the five most recent off-year elections, findings suggest that voters use the negative heuristic primarily in cases where the actions of their representatives have failed to meet their expectations in terms of different types of responsiveness. This explanation receives additional support from the observation that negativity does not seem to play a role with regard to challenger evaluations where there are no unfulfilled expectations.
Gênero, o público e o privado

In this article, the political philosopher Susan Moller Okin discusses the dichotomy public-private from a gendered perspective. Overlooking gender - especially as it assumes the form of overlooking the political reality of the family and gender 'neutral' language - has become, in many past and present authors, a reinforcement of that dichotomy, silencing about its patriarchal nature. As Okin understands it, domestic (personal) sphere and non-domestic (public) sphere can not be interpreted isolatedly, what demands a deep revision of the base of most liberal political theory. The author faces this demand, discussing important problems such as the value of privacy.
Qualitative Relational Mapping for Planetary Rover Exploration

This paper presents a novel method for autonomous robotic qualitative mapping of large scale spaces. The proposed framework makes use of a graphical representation of the world in order to build a map consisting of qualitative constraints on the relationships between objects observed by the robot. These relationships are represented in terms of the relative geometrical layout of landmark triplets. A novel measurement method based on camera imagery is presented which extends previous work from the field of Qualitative Spatial Reasoning. Measurements are fused into the map using a deterministic approach based on iterative graph updates. Experimental results are presented for a robot traversing a Mars-like environment while building a relational map.
Cardiorenal Syndrome in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes

Impaired cardiac function leads to activation of the neurohumoral axis, sodium and water retention, congestion and ultimately impaired kidney function. This sequence of events has been termed the Cardiorenal Syndrome. This is different from the increase in cardiovascular complications which occur with primary kidney disease, that is, the so-called Renocardiac Syndrome. The present review discusses the pathogenesis of the Cardiorenal Syndrome followed by the benefits and potential deleterious effects of pharmacological agents that have been used in this setting. The agents discussed are diuretics, aquaretics, natriuretic peptides, vasodilators, inotropes and adenosine α1 receptor antagonists. The potential role of ultrafiltration is also briefly discussed.
Views on Applying RKW Theory: An Illustration Using the 8 May 2009 Derecho-Producing Convective System

AbstractThis work presents an analysis of the vertical wind shear during the early stages of the remarkable 8 May 2009 central U.S. derecho-producing convective system. Comments on applying Rotunno–Klemp–Weisman (RKW) theory to mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) of this type also are provided. During the formative stages of the MCS, the near-surface-based shear vectors ahead of the leading convective line varied with time, location, and depth, but the line-normal component of the shear in any layer below 3 km ahead of where the strong bow echo developed was relatively small (6–9 m s−1). Concurrently, the midlevel (3–6 km) line-normal shear component had magnitudes mostly >10 m s−1 throughout.In a previous companion paper, it was hypothesized that an unusually strong and expansive low-level jet led to dramatic changes in instability, shear, and forced ascent over mesoscale areas. These mesoscale effects may have overwhelmed the interactions between the cold pool and low-level shear that modulate system st...
Joseph T. Clover (1825–1882)

Abstract This article describes the life of Joseph Thomas Clover, pioneer anaesthetist. The first prominent member of his family was his great grandfather, Joseph Clover, one of the founders of Veterinary science. His grandfather moved to Aylsham and set up a drapery business. His father John inherited the drapery business before becoming a farmer and land owner. Joseph's early education took place in Norwich and he started his medical studies as an apprentice to a local surgeon and dresser at the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. After an interruption to his studies through ill health he completed his education at University College Hospital. His early career was in surgery before changing to full time anaesthetic practice on the death of John Snow. His contribution to the development of safe anaesthetic practice was to develop apparatus for administration and his thoughtful application of current physiological and pharmacological knowledge. There is a description of his social and married life and untimely death at the age of 57.
Towards a Bayesian Approach in Modeling the Disclosure of Unique Security Faults in Open Source Projects

Software security has both an objective and a subjective component. A lot of the information available about that today is focused on the security vulnerabilities and their disclosure. It is less frequent that security breaches and failures rates are reported, even in open source projects. Disclosure of security problems can take several forms. A disclosure can be accompanied by a release of the fix for the problem, or not. The latter category can be further divided into ”voluntary” and ”involuntary” security issues. In widely used software there is also considerable variability in the operational profile under which the software is used. This profile is further modified by attacks on the software that may be triggered by security disclosures. Therefore a comprehensive model of software security qualities of a product needs to incorporate both objective measures, such as security problem disclosure, repair and, failure rates, as well as less objective metrics such as implied variability in the operational profile, influence of attacks, and subjective impressions of exposure and severity of the problems, etc. We show how a classical Bayesian model can be adapted for use in the security context. The model is discussed and assessed using data from three open source software projects. Our results show that the model is suitable for use with a certain subset of disclosed security faults, but that additional work will be needed to identify appropriate shape and scaling functions that would accurately reflect end-user perceptions associated with security problems.
Age-forming of beam structures ’ analysis of springback using a unified viscoplastic model:

AbstractA unified viscoplastic constitutive equation is combined with the Bernoulli-Euler beam equations to create a model to describe autoclave age forming of beam structures used in aerospace str...
Neutral secondary vertices associated to high energy neutrino interactions

Abstract Preliminary results of a study of neutral secondary vertices associated to high energy neutrino interactions in the Fermilab 15 foot bubble chamber indicate no differences in K0 production in charged-current and neutral-current interactions. The overall rates for energetic secondary vertices produced by interactions of neutral particles are also comparable in CC and NC events. The rate for 2-prong secondary vertices which are inconsistent with being strange particle decays is marginally higher in NC events than in CC events; additional kinematic cuts are required to determine if the possible difference in these rates is related to the effect reported by the CCFRW collaboration.
Landmark-based navigation: model extension and refinement

Least-squares and robust methods were presented for determining the location and orientation of a mobile robot from visual measurements of modeled 3-D landmarks. However, building the 3-D landmark models is a time consuming and tedious process. For landmark-based navigation methods to be widely applicable, automatic methods have to be developed to build new 3-D models and enhance the existing models. Ideally, a robot would continuously build and update its world model as it explores the environment. This paper presents techniques to determine the 3-D location of image features from a sequence of monocular 2-D images captured by a camera mounted on the robot. The approach adopted here is to first build a partial model (possibly noisy) either manually, by stereo, or by tracking and reconstructing shallow structures over a sequence of images using the constraint of affine trackability. This model is subsequently used to compute the pose that relates the model coordinate system and the camera coordinate system of the image frames in the sequence. The unmodeled 3-D features (those not already in the model) are tracked over the image sequence and their 3-D locations recovered by a pseudo-triangulation process, a form of `induced stereo.' The triangulation process is also used to make new 3-D measurements of the initial model points. These measurements are then fused with the previous estimates to refine the set of initial model points.
Pediatric Cancer Research From Past Successes Through Collaboration to Future Transdisciplinary Research

Multidisciplinary collaboration in therapeutic research in childhood cancer has been responsible for enormous improvements in outcomes. Many of the improvements have resulted from large clinical trials carried out in multisite settings through the Children's Oncology Group (COG) and its predecessors, the Children's Cancer Group, the Pediatric Oncology Group, the National Wilms' Tumor Study, and Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Groups. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia models the past success of 35 years of randomized clinical trials that resulted in survival rates of around 80%. However more can be done to improve both survival rates and the quality of survival. Areas that can benefit from a transdisciplinary model of research are discussed, as well as challenges to this form of collaboration.
Copper Corrosion in Chloride Media. Effect of Oxygen

Abstract The corrosion of copper in neutral and acidic chloride solutions containing dissolved oxygen has been investigated by transient polarization techniques. Mathematical models have been devel...
'Mysterite' - A late condensate from the solar nebula

An attempt is made to clarify the nature of 'mysterite', a material that had been postulated to explain the overabundance of Tl, Bi, and Ag in certain chondrites. Four dark clasts and a vein sample from the H6 chondrite Supuhee were analyzed by radiochemical neutron activation analysis for Ag, Au, Bi, Br, Cd, Cs, Ge, In, Ir, Ni, Os, Rb, Re, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, and Zn. One of the clasts is enriched in all volatile elements, while the other four samples are enriched only in the siderophile volatiles Ag, Bi, and Tl. The enrichments range up to 100 times typical H6 chondrite abundances. The proportions of Ag, Bi, and Tl suggest the presence of at least two, Tl-rich and Tl-poor, varieties of mysterite. The former seems to dominate in Supuhee and Krymka, and the latter in Mezo-Madaras. Apparently mysterite is a late condensate from the solar nebula that collected volatiles left behind by earlier generations of chondrites. It was incorporated in Supuhee and perhaps in other chondrites (mainly of low petrologic types) during brecciation events.
Rapid discontinuation of steroids in living donor kidney transplantation: a pilot study.

Steroids are associated with significant postoperative complications (hypertension, cosmetic changes, bone loss, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cataracts). Most develop early; in addition, late post-transplant steroid withdrawal in kidney transplant recipients has been associated with increased acute rejection (AR). To obviate these problems, we studied outcome of a protocol of rapid discontinuation of prednisone (RDS) (steroids stopped on POD6). Between November 1, 1999 and October 31, 2000, 51 adult living donor (LD) first transplant recipients (2 HLA-id, 28 non-id relative, 21 LURD) were immunosuppressed with thymoglobulin (1.25 mg/kg intraoperatively and then qdx4); prednisone (P) (500 mg methylprednisolone intraoperatively, 1 mg/kg × 1 day, 0.5 mg/kg × 2 days, 0.25 mg/kg × 2 days, then d/c); MMF, 1 g b.i.d.; and CSA, 4 mg/kg b.i.d. adjusted to achieve levels of 150–200 ng/mL (by HPLC). Exclusion criteria were delayed graft function or 1° disease requiring P. Minimum follow-up was 5.5 months (range 5.5 to 17.5 months). Outcome was compared vs. previous cohorts of LD recipients immunosuppressed with P/AZA/CSA (n = 171) or P/MMF/CSA (n = 43) (both without antibody induction). Results: For the RDS group, average CSA level (± S.E.) at 3 and 6 months was 190 ± 12 and 180 ± 9; avg. MMF dose, 1.7 ± 0.1 g and 1.7 ± 0.1 g. There was no significant difference in 6- and 12-month actuarial patient survival, graft survival and rejection-free graft survival between recipients on the RDS protocol vs. historical controls. For RDS recipients, actuarial 6- and 12-month rejection-free graft survival was 87%. Of the 51 RDS recipients, five (10%) have had AR (at 20 days, 1 month, 3 months, 3 months, and 3.5 months post-transplant). After treatment, all five were maintained on 5 mg P; there have been no second AR episodes. Two additional recipients were started on 5 mg P due to low white blood count (WBC) and low/no MMF. Of the 51 grafts, one has failed (death with function). Average serum Cr level (± S.E.) at 3 and 6 months for RDS recipients was 1.7 ± 0.5 (NS vs. historical controls). Conclusion: For low-risk LD recipients, a kidney transplant with an RDS protocol does not increase risk of AR or graft loss. Future studies will need to be done to assess AR rates with an RDS protocol in cadaver transplant recipients and in recipients with delayed graft function.
Synthesis and phase transfer of well-defined BiVO4 nanocrystals for photocatalytic water splitting

A method to synthesize BiVO4 nanoparticles and nanorods hydrothermally using sodium oleate as a capping ligand is presented. The BiVO4 nanocrystals possessed the expected blue shift in absorbance relative to bulk that occurs with scaling of particle size. Next, we transferred the BiVO4 nanoparticles from organic solvents to water using two different ligands. These particles were tested as water oxidation and dye reduction catalysts.
Tropomyosin interacts with phosphorylated HSP27 in agonist-induced contraction of smooth muscle

Displacement of the contractile protein tropomyosin from actin filament exposes the myosin-binding sites on actin, resulting in actin-myosin interaction and muscle contraction. The objective of the present study was to better understand the interaction of tropomyosin with heat shock protein (HSP)27 in contraction of smooth muscle cells of the colon. We investigated the possibility of a direct protein-protein interaction of tropomyosin with HSP27 and the role of phosphorylated HSP27 in this interaction. Immunoprecipitation studies on rabbit smooth muscle cells indicate that upon acetylcholine-induced contraction tropomyosin shows increased association with HSP27 phosphorylated at Ser82 and Ser78. Transfection of smooth muscle cells with HSP27 phosphorylation mutants indicated that the association of tropomyosin with HSP27 could be affected by HSP27 phosphorylation. In vitro binding studies with glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged HSP27 mutant proteins show that tropomyosin has greater direct interaction to phosphomimic HSP27 mutant compared with wild-type and nonphosphomimic HSP27. Our data suggest that, in response to a contractile agonist, HSP27 undergoes a rapid phosphorylation that may strengthen its interaction with tropomyosin.