cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
iProgram: Inferring Smart Schedules for Dumb Thermostats

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) accounts for over 50% of a typical home's energy usage. A thermostat generally controls HVAC usage in a home to ensure user comfort. In this paper, we focus on making existing "dumb" programmable thermostats smart by applying energy analytics on smart meter data to infer home occupancy patterns and compute an optimized thermostat schedule. Utilities with smart meter deployments are capable of immediately applying our approach, called iProgram, to homes across their customer base. iProgram addresses new challenges in inferring home occupancy from smart meter data where i) training data is not available and ii) the thermostat schedule may be misaligned with occupancy, frequently resulting in high power usage during unoccupied periods. iProgram translates occupancy patterns inferred from opaque smart meter data into a custom schedule for existing types of programmable thermostats, e.g., 1-day, 7-day, etc. We implement iProgram as a web service and show that it reduces the mismatch time between the occupancy pattern and the thermostat schedule by a median value of 44.28 minutes (out of 100 homes) when compared to a default 8am-6pm weekday schedule, with a median deviation of 30.76 minutes off the optimal schedule. Further, iProgram yields a daily energy saving of 0.42kWh on average across the 100 homes. Utilities may use iProgram to recommend thermostat schedules to customers and provide them estimates of potential energy savings in their energy bills.
India's Missiles—With a Little help from Our Friends

(1989). India's Missiles—With a Little help from Our Friends. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 45, No. 9, pp. 31-35.
Comparison of RANS Turbulence Models in Numerical Prediction of Chevron Nozzle Jet Flows

The ability of different RANS turbulence models to correctly predict the mean flowfield of cold and hot subsonic jets from chevron nozzles is studied computationally using the general purpose CFD code ANSYS FLUENT, version 12. Calculated steady-state flow and turbulence quantities can be used as input into a semi-empirical noise model or into a computational aeroacoustics (CAA) code for subsequent noise prediction analysis. The problem considers Mach 0.9 three-dimensional flow from three chevron nozzles with different chevron penetration, and a baseline round nozzle jet. A pressure-based coupled solver formulation is chosen to obtain an accurate fast-converging steady-state solution. Turbulence models included in the study are standard
THE EFFECTS OF THE RELATIVE GEOGRAPHIC SCALES OF GENE FLOW AND SELECTION ON MORPH FREQUENCIES IN THE WALKING-STICK TIMEMA CRISTINAE.

Gene frequencies in large populations are determined by a balance between selection and gene flow between neighborhoods of different selection regimes. This balance is affected by the area of the patches of a given selection regime relative to the gene-flow distance. If patches are small relative to gene-flow distance, similarity in the total area occupied by different patch types is a crucial condition for the stability of polymorphisms. However, if patches are larger than the gene-flow distance, then the relative area of different patch types is less important because of reduced gene flow resulting from isolation by distance. Two morphs (striped and unstriped) of the walking-stick Timema cristinae were each strongly associated with patches of distinct species of food plants on which they are most cryptic. The frequency of a morph was high on the plant on which it is most cryptic when either: (1) the area occupied by the food plant (patch) was very large; (2) the patch was completely isolated from other patches; or (3) the patch was larger than adjacent patches. Results (1) and (2) are consistent with isolation-by-distance models, and result (3) is consistent with Levene's multiple-niche polymorphism model.
Moving target imaging using sparse and low-rank structure

In this paper we present a method for passive radar detection of ground moving targets using sparsely distributed apertures. We assume the scene is illuminated by a source of opportunity and measure the backscattered signal. We correlate measurements from two different receivers, then form a linear forward model that operates on a rank one, positive semi-definite (PSD) operator, formed by taking the tensor product of the phase-space reflectivity function with its self. Utilizing this structure, image formation and velocity estimation are defined in a constrained optimization framework. Additionally, image formation and velocity estimation are formulated as separate optimization problems, this results in computational savings. Position estimation is posed as a rank one PSD constrained least squares problem. Then, velocity estimation is performed as a cardinality constrained least squares problem, solved using a greedy algorithm. We demonstrate the performance of our method with numerical simulations, demonstrate improvement over back-projection imaging, and evaluate the effect of spatial diversity.
Enhancing Equivalence Class Formation by Pretraining of Other Equivalence Classes

This study investigated how the learning of one set of equivalence classes enhances the learning of new equivalence classes. Fifty-two undergraduate students were divided into four groups. Subjects in Group 1 received no pretraining. Using the simple-to-complex procedure followed by incremental expansion of class size, subjects in Groups 2, 3, and 4 learned 3-, 4-, and 5-member equivalence classes, respectively. After pretraining, two new 3-member equivalence classes were established by the concurrent training of all baseline relations and the concurrent presentation of all emergent relations probes to assess class formation (the simultaneous protocol). With no pretraining, 58% of subjects formed the new classes under the simultaneous protocol. After pretraining of the 3-, 4-, and 5-member classes, the new classes were formed by 62, 85, and 100% of the subjects, respectively. Pretraining of 4- and 5-member classes produced a small increment in the percentage of subjects who showed the immediate emergence of the new classes. Pretraining of the 5-member classes produced a large increment in percentage of subjects who formed classes with repeated testing. Thus, pretraining influenced immediate and delayed emergence of equivalence classes. With no pretraining, during the tests used to assess the formation of the new classes, 12% of subjects showed disruption of baseline performances, relational responding produced by symmetry probes was lower than that produced by baseline relations, and very low levels of relational responding were evoked by 1-node probes. These data demonstrated the effects of nodal distance. Pretraining did not ameliorate the disruption of baseline performances. Pretraining of 4- and 5-member classes produced moderate increments in the relational responding evoked by symmetry probes. Pretraining of 5-member classes produced large increments in the relational responding evoked by 1 -node probes.
A review of gastrointestinal epithelial renewal and its relevance to the development of adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract.

Renewal of the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium fulfills the normal functions of maintaining the integrity of the mucosa, repairing mucosal injury, and replenishing the specialized cells of the epithelium. Alterations in epithelial renewal also are intimately involved in transformation of the epithelium to benign and malignant neoplasms. Certain abnormalities in epithelial proliferation, including an increase in the rate of proliferation and expansion of proliferating cells beyond the normal zone of proliferation, are closely linked to the predisposition for and frank development of GI cancer. These abnormalities are common to all human premalignant conditions studied, including Barrett's epithelium, chronic gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon polyps ; they also occur in experimental carcinogenesis. The same proliferative abnormalities have also been observed in some relatives of patients with colon neoplasms who themselves do not have any colon polyps or cancer. Several agents, including calcium, vitamins A, C, and E, and Ω-3 fatty acids, have been shown to reverse the abnormal proliferation under some laboratory and clinical conditions. Moreover, some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appear to decrease the size of colon polyps in familial polyposis and to reduce the risk for colon cancer in the general population. We await further clinical trials that will indicate whether such ordinary supplements as calcium, vitamins, fish oil, or aspirin have a role in the treatment of patients with premalignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract.
Clinical significance of T cell metabolic reprogramming in cancer

Conversion of normal cells to cancer is accompanied with changes in their metabolism. During this conversion, cell metabolism undergoes a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, also known as Warburg effect, which is a hallmark for cancer cell metabolism. In cancer cells, glycolysis functions in parallel with the TCA cycle and other metabolic pathways to enhance biosynthetic processes and thus support proliferation and growth. Similar metabolic features are observed in T cells during activation but, in contrast to cancer, metabolic transitions in T cells are part of a physiological process. Currently, there is intense interest in understanding the cause and effect relationship between metabolic reprogramming and T cell differentiation. After the recent success of cancer immunotherapy, the crosstalk between immune system and cancer has come to the forefront of clinical and basic research. One of the key goals is to delineate how metabolic alterations of cancer influence metabolism-regulated function and differentiation of tumor resident T cells and how such effects might be altered by immunotherapy. Here, we review the unique metabolic features of cancer, the implications of cancer metabolism on T cell metabolic reprogramming during antigen encounters, and the translational prospective of harnessing metabolism in cancer and T cells for cancer therapy.
Language Learning and Teaching as Discursive Practice

The contributors to this book discuss how language is used in educational contexts both in and out of classrooms, and they describe how language learners do social actions, reflect on their own identities and mediate their own learning. In this concluding chapter, I take the opportunity to reflect on the theoretical positions that the other contributors to this book espouse, respond to some of their narratives, and attempt to recast their diverse approaches to language learning and teaching as a coherent approach to language and social action, which I call Discursive Practice. I argue that integrating diverse approaches into a coherent framework provides greater insights into language learning and teaching, and I begin by examining the relationship between language and context and argue that it is mutually reflexive. In this vein, I continue by expanding the notion of context to include self-identities of participants in social interaction. Such a broader view of context nudges linguistic phenomena from centre stage, and I complain that by a historical focus on language we have ignored important non-verbal semiotic systems that make significant contributions to the social dynamic of interaction.
Crack block: A pro active activity on die crack resolution for thin dies

With the on going drive to reduce costs for its packages. ON Semiconductor assembly sites have done extensive efforts to reduce package costs aiming primarily on the Bill of Material The initial stimulus is brought about by a customer requirement for a device with similar footprint but with a lower profile. The stack analysis conducted during package design entailed a required maximum die thickness of 113μm (4.5 mils). Subsequent Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (DFMEA) conducted came up with several possible failure modes. One of them was possible die crack during die attach process. This paper aims to explain OSPI-NPD's pro active exertion to counter possible de crack problem on Very Small Outline Integrated Circuit (VSOIC) Package.
Macromolecular Therapeutics: Development and Delivery Engineering

Macromolecular therapeutics have been developed to improve the efficacy and safety profile of varied therapeutic agents for different disease more than 50 years ago. N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers as a drug delivery platform have been extensively studied and applied in the clinical trials. Recently, the application of HPMA copolymers in the treatment of non-cancerous diseases such like infectious diseases and musculoskeletal diseases has also been explored widely. In this chapter, different formulations of macromolecular therapeutics will be discussed. The design principles illustrated in the development of HPMA copolymer drug conjugates are also valid for other hydrophilic polymers, and they will be the principal focus of our discussion. Active targeting of HPMA copolymers based on targeting moieties and passively targeting HPMA copolymers based on the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect for cancer disease and Extravasation through Leaky Vasculature and subsequent Inflammatory cell-mediated Sequestration (ELVIS) mechanism for inflammation disease will also be discussed in this chapter.
Smiling Instead of Smoking: Development of a Positive Psychology Smoking Cessation Smartphone App for Non-daily Smokers

The usefulness of mobile technology in supporting smoking cessation has been demonstrated, but little is known about how smartphone apps could best be leveraged. The purpose of this paper is to describe the program of research that led to the creation of a smoking cessation app for non-daily smokers, so as to stimulate further ideas to create “smart” smartphone apps to support health behavior change. Literature reviews to evaluate the appropriateness of the proposed app, content analyses of existing apps, and smoking cessation sessions with non-daily smokers (n = 38) to inform the design of the app. The literature reviews showed that (1) smoking cessation apps are sought after by smokers, (2) positive affect plays an important role in smoking cessation, (3) short, self-administered exercises consistently bring about enduring positive affect enhancements, and (4) low treatment-seeking rates of non-daily smokers despite high motivation to quit indicate a need for novel smoking cessation support. Directed content analyses of existing apps indicated that tailoring, two-way interactions, and proactive features are under-utilized in existing apps, despite the popularity of such features. Conventional content analyses of audio-recorded session tapes suggested that difficulty in quitting was generally linked to specific, readily identifiable occasions, and that social support was considered important but not consistently sought out. The “Smiling Instead of Smoking” (SIS) app is an Android app that is designed to act as a behavioral, in-the-pocket coach to enhance quitting success in non-daily smokers. It provides proactive, tailored behavioral coaching, interactive tools (e.g., enlisting social support), daily positive psychology exercises, and smoking self-monitoring.
Optogenetic neuronal stimulation of the lateral cerebellar nucleus promotes persistent functional recovery after stroke

Stroke induces network-wide changes in the brain, affecting the excitability in both nearby and remotely connected regions. Brain stimulation is a promising neurorestorative technique that has been shown to improve stroke recovery by altering neuronal activity of the target area. However, it is unclear whether the beneficial effect of stimulation is a result of neuronal or non-neuronal activation, as existing stimulation techniques nonspecifically activate/inhibit all cell types (neurons, glia, endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes) in the stimulated area. Furthermore, which brain circuit is efficacious for brain stimulation is unknown. Here we use the optogenetics approach to selectively stimulate neurons in the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN), a deep cerebellar nucleus that sends major excitatory output to multiple motor and sensory areas in the forebrain. Repeated LCN stimulations resulted in a robust and persistent recovery on the rotating beam test, even after cessation of stimulations for 2 weeks. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that LCN stimulations significantly increased the axonal growth protein GAP43 in the ipsilesional somatosensory cortex. Our results demonstrate that pan-neuronal stimulations of the LCN is sufficient to promote robust and persistent recovery after stroke, and thus is a promising target for brain stimulation.
Analysis and testing of a hybrid Halbach magnetic gearbox

Magnetic gearboxes (MG) utilize magnetic field heterodyning to create speed change without physical contact [1, 2].
Hippocampal Field Potentials: A Model System to Characterize Neurotoxicity

Publisher Summary This chapter explores use of hippocampal field potentials in characterization of neurotoxicity. The chapter summarizes information provided by in vivo field potential recordings, supplemented by findings with field and intracellular recordings obtained from the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation. An emphasis is placed on field recordings from the dentate gyrus because this is the site where the majority of the in vivo work has been performed. The chapter describes how changes in the relative contribution of excitatory and inhibitory components of field potentials are determined as a function of the afferent pathways that are stimulated and the types of stimulus protocols that are applied. Both the advantage and disadvantage of field potential recordings is that they reflect the summated output of excitatory and inhibitory influences on an entire population of cells. Although results obtained with field potentials cannot be extrapolated to the cellular level, this chapter demonstrates how these measures have confirmed or directed studies of a mechanistic nature. The chapter also discusses the utility of field potentials in identifying processes by which toxicant exposure results in more broadly defined changes in CNS function.
Innovative Approaches to Teaching Dyslipidemia Management in a Required Pharmacy Therapeutics Sequence

Objective. To describe a novel design on teaching dyslipidemia management that would help students compare and apply past and current clinical recommendations using a variety of new mechanisms.Meth...
Geriatric Emergency Department Innovations: Transitional Care Nurses and Hospital Use.

Objectives To examine the effect of an emergency department (ED)‐based transitional care nurse (TCN) on hospital use. Design Prospective observational cohort. Setting Three U.S. (NY, IL, NJ) EDs from January 1, 2013, to June 30, 2015. Participants Individuals aged 65 and older in the ED (N = 57,287). Intervention The intervention was first TCN contact. Controls never saw a TCN during the study period. Measurements We examined sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with TCN use and outcomes. The primary outcome was inpatient admission during the index ED visit (admission on Day 0). Secondary outcomes included cumulative 30‐day admission (any admission on Days 0–30) and 72‐hour ED revisits. Results A TCN saw 5,930 (10%) individuals, 42% of whom were admitted. After accounting for observed selection bias using entropy balance, results showed that when compared to controls, TCN contact was associated with lower risk of admission (site 1: −9.9% risk of inpatient admission, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −12.3% to −7.5%; site 2: −16.5%, 95% CI = −18.7% to −14.2%; site 3: −4.7%, 95% CI = −7.5% to −2.0%). Participants with TCN contact had greater risk of a 72‐hour ED revisit at two sites (site 1: 1.5%, 95% CI = 0.7–2.3%; site 2: 1.4%, 95% CI = 0.7–2.1%). Risk of any admission within 30 days of the index ED visit also remained lower for TCN patients at both these sites (site 1: −7.8%, 95% CI = −10.3% to −5.3%; site 2: −13.8%, 95% CI = −16.1% to −11.6%). Conclusion Targeted evaluation by geriatric ED transitions of care staff may be an effective delivery innovation to reduce risk of inpatient admission.
When first-order barriers are high: A comparison of second- and third-order barriers to classroom computing integration

Abstract This study examines the role of second- and third-order barriers to classroom computing integration among fourth- and fifth-grade teachers in an urban, low-income school district (i.e., where computing resources are limited, or first-order barriers are high). We examine the impact of teachers' (N = 114) computer anxiety, computer attitudes, and computer feature comfort (i.e., second-order barriers) on their intention to use computer features in their classrooms. We also assess the role of teachers’ participation in training sessions aimed at fostering their design thinking (i.e., third-order barriers). Our results indicate that computer feature comfort and summer institute attendance are the strongest predictors of computing integration in cases where first-order barriers are high. Findings also suggest that tackling third-order barriers may help teachers overcome second-order barriers. Implications for future training interventions are discussed.
Spatio-temporal analysis of hydrodynamic forces on the particle bed in an oscillatory flow environment

A numerical investigation of unsteady hydrodynamic forces on the particle bed in an oscillatory flow environment is performed by means of direct numerical simulations. Statistical descriptions of drag and lift forces for two particle sizes of diameter 372 and 125 in wall units in a very rough turbulent flow regime are reported. Characterization of unsteady forces in terms of spatial distribution, temporal autocorrelation, force spectrum as well as cross-correlations with measurable flow variables is carried out. Based on the concept of impulse, intermittency in the drag and lift forces is also investigated. Temporal correlations show drag and lift to be positively correlated with a time delay that is approximately equal to the Taylor micro-scale related to the drag/lift fluctuations. The force spectra for drag and lift reveal roughly two scaling regions, and ; the former typically represents turbulence–mean-shear interactions, whereas the latter indicates dominance of turbulence–turbulence interactions. Particle forces are strongly correlated with streamwise velocity and pressure fluctuations in the near-bed region for both flow cases. In comparison to the large-diameter particle case, the spatial extent of these correlations is 2–3 times larger in homogeneous directions for the small sized particle, a feature that is reminiscent of longer near-bed structures. For both large- and small-particle cases, it is shown that the distributions of drag (lift) fluctuations, in particular, peakedness and long tails, match remarkably well with fourth-order Gram–Charlier distributions of velocity (pressure) fluctuations. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the intermittency is larger in the case of the lift force compared to that for the drag in both flow cases. Distributions of impulse events are heavily and positively skewed and are well described by a generalized extreme value distribution.
Universal Cultural Elements in the Satanic Demonology

The “Black” or “Satanic Mass” is the western Christian variant of a complex scenario that expresses people's most basic and terrible fears. Many elements in the scenario, called a demonology, are f...
A Fibroblast Is Not a Fibroblast Is Not a Fibroblast.

Fibrosis after injury is a huge public health concern, leading to morbidity, mortality, and expenditure of billions of health care dollars. Recent mouse studies have shown that dermal fibroblasts are heterogeneous. New research using single-cell RNA sequencing to identify major fibroblast populations in humans is paving the way to a better understanding of fibroblast heterogeneity and fibrosis.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A discussion and case study.

Background and purpose Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM), first reported by Japanese doctors, has gained an overall acknowledgment as an independent malady of international attention. It resembles the presentation of an acute myocardial infarction but lacks ischemic myocardial tissue. The objective of this article is to review the physiology, diagnostics, treatment, and complications of TCM and report a case study of a patient who developed TCM. Methods Observation through direct patient care allowed for data collection of this unique medical phenomenon. Supporting information was obtained via investigation of scholarly articles on TCM over the past 10 years. Conclusions Although TCM is usually transient, it is important to quickly differentiate TCM from other more serious medical conditions, such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and pheochromocytoma. Typical diagnostic workup includes electrocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, and echocardiography or coronary angiography. Complications include cardiogenic shock, left ventricular wall rupture, and life-threatening arrhythmias. Implications for practice The advanced practice nurse (APN) is instrumental in differentiating between TCM versus acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary edema, dynamic outflow obstruction, and cardiogenic shock. Because of these possible acute and critical presentations, prompt recognition and intervention for patients with TCM are priorities for nurse practitioners.
Kalman Filtering Techniques

Publisher Summary The technique that Gauss suggested for obtaining the approximations (or estimates) of the unknown quantities has come to be known as the method of least squares. He called for approximate knowledge of the orbit to determine the least-squares estimates. These estimates were then used to correct the reference orbit. This chapter discusses the modern version of Gauss' least-squares technique that has been developed. It also discusses the two major differences between the classical and modern techniques. It describes important theoretical considerations relating to the linear estimation theory as developed by Kalman and others. The major portion of the presentation is concerned with the time-discrete model as it seems to be the most natural version for implementation on a digital computer. It describes the common physical situation in which measurement data are obtained at discrete instants of time. The chapter also presents filter equations for the time-continuous model.
Nitrogen best management practice for citrus trees II. Nitrogen fate, transport, and components of N budget

Abstract Soils in central Florida citrus production region are very sandy, hence are vulnerable to leaching of soluble nutrients and chemicals. The objective of this study was to develop nitrogen (N) and irrigation best management practices for citrus in sandy soils to maintain optimal crop yield and quality, and to minimize N leaching below the rootzone. A replicated plot experiment was conducted in a highly productive 20+ year-old ‘Hamlin’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees on ‘Cleopatra mandarin’ [(Citrus reticulata Blanco)] rootstock grove located on a well drained Tavares fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) in Highland County, FL. Nitrogen rates (112–280 kg ha−1 year−1) were applied as fertigation (FRT), water soluble granular (WSG), a combination of 50% FRT and 50% WSG, and controlled release fertilizer (CRF). Tensiometers were used to monitor the soil moisture content at various depths in the soil profile as basis to optimize irrigation scheduling. Fruit yield and quality and nutritional status of the trees were reported in a companion paper. Soil solution was sampled at 60, 120, and 240 cm depths under the tree canopy using suction lysimeters. Concentrations of NO3-N in the soil solution at 240 cm deep, which is an indicator of NO3-N leaching below the tree rootzone, generally remained below the maximum contaminant limit (MCL) for drinking water quality (10 mg L−1) in most samples across all N sources and rates, but for few exceptions. Total N in the fruit was strongly correlated with fruit load, thus, at a given N rate N removal by the fruit was lower during years of low fruit yield as compared to that during the years of high fruit yield. Furthermore, there was a strong linear relation between N and K in the fruit. This supports the need to maintain 1:1 ratio between the rates of N and K applications. In a high fruit production condition, the N in the fruit accounted for about 45% of the total N input on an annual basis. Fifteen percent of the total N input at 280 kg N ha−1 year−1 was not accounted for in the citrus N budget, which could be due to leaching loss. This estimate of potential leaching was very close to that predicted by LEACHM simulation model. The improved N and irrigation management practices developed in this study contributed to an improved N uptake efficiency and a reduction in N losses.
Ethnic Identity and the Anthropological Relevance of Archaeology

With reference to the work of the prehistorian Vere Gordon Childe, this chapter discusses how the practise of archaeology takes place in a politicized context. The chapter focuses in particular on contemporary nationalist distortions or abuses of the archaeological record and on archaeology’s relevance and responsibility for combating these abuses. Ethically responsible archaeologists are shown to have both a negative and positive role to play. Minimally, archaeologists, particularly those working abroad, must understand the political implications of their own and their colleagues’ works. If they do not so contextualize their research, they run the risk of their discoveries being used for questionable political purposes. They have the additional responsibility of debunking unsustainable claims or dubious identifications based on ethnically moot material remains.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Hybrid Topological Insulator/Ferromagnetic Heterostructures and Devices

Abstract Topological materials are currently one of the most studied areas in condensed matter physics, in no small part due to the success of using molecular beam epitaxy to create devices that demonstrate their topological properties. Interactions between magnetism and the spin-polarized surface states of topological insulators are a particularly rich area within this field. This covers topics as fundamental as topological phase transitions, to as practical as room temperature memory devices using spin-orbit torques. The growth, fabrication, and characterization of these magnetic heterostructures reveal some of the challenges of using these materials, but have also demonstrated the great potential they have to revolutionize the field of spintronics.
Metacognition As Evidence for Evidentialism

Metacognition is the monitoring and controlling of cognitive processes. I examine the role of metacognition in ‘ordinary retrieval cases’, cases in which it is intuitive that via recollection the subject has a justified belief. Drawing on psychological research on metacognition, I argue that evidentialism has a unique, accurate prediction in each ordinary retrieval case: the subject has evidence for the proposition she justifiedly believes. But, I argue, process reliabilism has no unique, accurate predictions in these cases. I conclude that ordinary retrieval cases better support evidentialism than process reliabilism. This conclusion challenges several common assumptions. One is that non-evidentialism alone allows for a naturalized epistemology, i.e., an epistemology that is fully in accordance with scientific research and methodology. Another is that process reliabilism fares much better than evidentialism in the epistemology of memory.
Educating the Germans: People and Policy in the British Zone of Germany, 1945–1949

In April 1945, a Pennsylvania woman wrote to Winston Churchill to suggest a complete ban on the use of the German language as punishment for the suffering the Germans had inflicted on other nations...
Hepatitis C Treatment Cascade in a Federally Qualified Health Center

Hepatitis C (HCV) care cascades have been described in diverse clinical settings, patient populations and countries, highlighting the steps in HCV care where improvements can be made and resources allocated. However, more research is needed to examine barriers to HCV treatment in rural, underserved populations and in Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs). As part of a quality improvement (QI) project, this study aimed to describe and evaluate the HCV treatment cascade in an FQHC serving a large rural patient population in the Western United States. Standardized chart abstraction was utilized to aggregate data regarding patient demographics, the percentage of patients achieving each step in the treatment cascade, and relevant patient (i.e., viral load) and service variables (i.e., whether and when patients received treatment or medication). 389 patients were identified as having HCV and 86% were aware of their diagnosis. Fifty-five percent had their infection confirmed via viral load, 21% were staged for liver disease, 24% received a prescription for treatment, and 19% achieved cure. Compared to national data, the current regional sample had greater rates of diagnosis awareness and access to care, as well as sustained virologic response (SVR), but lower rates of viral load confirmation. Current findings suggest that rural patients living with HCV who receive care at FQHCs struggle to navigate the treatment cascade and achieve a cure, particularly with regard to infection confirmation, liver staging, and prescription. However, compared to national estimates, patients had greater rates of diagnosis awareness/treatment access and SVR.
Time-resolved populations of N2(A3Σu+,v) in nanosecond pulse discharge plasmas

Abstract Absolute time-resolved populations of N2 in the excited A3Σu+ electronic state that are generated in a repetitive ns pulse discharge in nitrogen have been measured by Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) and Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy (TDLAS). CRDS measurements of N2(A3Σu+,v = 0–2) populations are made in the discharge afterglow at pressures of 22 and 39 Torr. The data reduction procedure takes into account the linewidth of the pulsed laser source, which is comparable with the absorption linewidth and results in a non-single exponential ring down decay. Peak N2(A3Σu+,v = 0–2) populations after a 10-pulse ns discharge burst are in the range of 1012–1013 cm−3. In the afterglow, these populations exhibit a relatively slow decay with the characteristic time of approximately 500 μs, most likely due to the quenching by N atoms. TDLAS data have been taken at a higher pressure of 132 Torr. Absolute time-resolved N2(A3Σu+,v = 0,1) number densities are measured during ns pulse discharge bursts up to 5 pulses long and in the afterglow, peaking at 6·1012 cm−3 and 3·1013 cm−3, respectively. The results indicate that N2(A3Σu+) is generated after every discharge pulse on a 20–50 μs time scale, much longer compared to the discharge pulse duration of ~100 ns, and subsequently decays between the pulses. The decay rate increases during the discharge burst. In the afterglow, N2(A3Σu+,v = 0,1) population decay significantly more rapidly compared to the low-pressure CRDS conditions, with the characteristic time of approximately 160 μs after a 5-pulse discharge burst.
Blinking behavior in great‐tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) increases during simulated rainfall

Animals often adjust their behavior in response to changes in environmental conditions, and these behavioral adjustments may result from sensory constraints. In particular, rainfall influences behavior but our understanding of its effects on visual abilities is limited. This study, therefore, tested the hypothesis that rainfall influences blinking behavior, a major component of visual processing, in captive great‐tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus). The blinking behavior of the grackles was recorded when they were exposed to simulated rain that was direct (water falling directly atop them) or indirect (water falling at a distance from them). The grackles exhibited increased blinking behavior when they were exposed to the direct rain but not the indirect rain. These results suggest that rainfall may impact visual processing in birds through sensory impairments.
Characteristics of Sustainable Self-compacting Concrete Reinforced by Fibres from Waste Materials

The influences of fibres originating from different waste materials on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) were investigated in this study. For this purpose, a total number of 13 mixes of wood (WF), polyvinyl chloride (PF), aluminium (AF), and iron filing (IF) fibres, with volume fractions (Vf) of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% were prepared. The investigated fresh properties of the prepared mixes were slump flow, T500, V-funnel as well as L-box tests, while the hardened properties were compressive strength, flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The findings indicated that although the majority of the prepared SCC mixes met the required self-compacting criteria, the inclusion of the waste fibres negatively affected the mix workability, particularly when Vf of 1.5% was used. Regarding the hardened properties, SCC mixes-containing IF exhibited a slight increase in both compressive and flexural strength compared with the reference mix without fibres, whereas mixes with AF fibres demonstrated a noticeable decrease in compressive strength, but with a comparable level of flexural strength. However, the flexural strength of WF and PF decreased as their Vf increased in the SCC mixes, although a slight increase in compressive strength was noted in the mixes with PF. Furthermore, there was no reliable relationship to be constructed between the compressive strength and UPV tests for all fibres used.
On Setting Expectations for a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine.

The global coronavirus pandemic is unlike any other since 1918. A century of dramatic medical advances has produced a public expectation that the medical field will rapidly provide solutions to restore normalcy. In under 6 months, since SARS-CoV-2 was identified, the massive international effort to develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has generated more than 140 vaccines in different stages of development with 9 already recruiting into clinical trials posted on clinicaltrials.gov. The long-term strategy to handle COVID-19 will almost certainly rely on vaccines. But, what type of protection can we realistically expect to achieve from vaccines and when?
EGFR forms ligand-independent oligomers that are distinct from the active state

The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that forms activated oligomers in response to ligand. Much evidence indicates that EGFR/ERBB1 also forms oligomers in the absence of ligand, but the structure and physiological role of these ligand-independent oligomers remain unclear. To examine these features, we use fluorescence microscopy to measure the oligomer stability and FRET efficiency for homo- and hetero-oligomers of fluorescent protein-labeled forms of EGFR and its paralog, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/ERBB2) in vesicles derived from mammalian cell membranes. We observe that both receptors form ligand-independent oligomers at physiological plasma membrane concentrations. Mutations introduced in the kinase region at the active state asymmetric kinase dimer interface do not affect the stability of ligand-independent EGFR oligomers. These results indicate that ligand-independent EGFR oligomers form using interactions that are distinct from the EGFR active state.
National Parent Survey 2017: Worries, hopes, and child well-being.

Sociopolitical events impact population health; parents' perspective of such events crosses demographics, geography, and generations. We elicited changes in U.S. parents' hopes and worries for their children 1 year after the 2016 election via an online survey of school climate, discrimination against child, family health care and security, and macrolevel/future concerns (e.g., environment, postsecondary options). Among n = 1189 respondents, national security (39%), the environment (30.5%), and "continued place in America" (25.7%) were most worrisome. In general linear mixed models, employment buffered against social and material stressors such as discrimination (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49-0.92), and family health care/security (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.45-0.86) while being of a dominant religion and ethnicity buffered future macrolevel (Christianity, OR = 70; 95% CI = 0.54-0.92/non-Hispanic, OR = 59; 95% CI = 0.39-0.90) and existential "continued place in America" (Christianity, OR = 69; 95% CI = 0.51-0.94/non-Hispanic, OR = 56; 95% CI = 0.36-0.88) worries. Qualitative comments underscored macrolevel worries. Parents represent a unique vantage for gauging how sociopolitical events impact health and well-being.
Leveraging Trends in Neurology Admissions for Departmental Planning During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to shifts in healthcare utilization for patients both with and without COVID-19. We aimed to determine how trends in neurology service admissions during the pandemic may aid in departmental planning by predicting future clinician staffing and other needs. We examined all admissions to the general neurology, stroke, and neurocritical care services from January 31 to May 16, 2020 at our tertiary-care hospital using an electronic health record query, comparing these to analogous data in 2019. We trended admission rates and projected future censuses using logarithmic regression, tracked changes in length of stay (LOS), and quantified shifts in presentations of specific diagnoses. Daily rates of admissions declined sharply during the week of March 13, 2020 (the week after pandemic status was declared by the World Health Organization). On the censoring date, we projected a return to pre-pandemic censuses in the week of June 21 and used this information to make decisions regarding neurology resident schedules. There was a trend toward increased LOS for general neurology and stroke patients between March 27 and April 9, 2020 compared to in 2019, with subsequent decline coinciding with early hospital initiatives. Since March 13, 2020, there has been a trend toward reduced presentations of ischemic stroke, suggesting a need for community education on stroke awareness. Characterizing early trends in neurology admissions may allow physician administrators to plan local and community-level responses to the pandemic.
Response to Lynch et al: On measuring head motion and effects of head molds during fMRI

Abstract We recently presented evidence indicating limited efficacy of custom-molded headcases in reducing head motion in two naturalistic experimental contexts - passive movie watching, and speaking in the scanner (Jolly et al., 2020). In a commentary on this work, Lynch et al (2020) present additional data that support the original findings of (Power et al., 2019) and raise several potential issues with our recent work. We appreciate the opportunity to address these criticisms and raise additional points that should be considered when interpreting these conflicting findings. We do not believe that their criticisms diminish the value of our work, but instead, along with this reply, help better elucidate the key factors researchers should consider to make the most informed choice about their own research protocols.
Clinical Implications of Mosaicism and Low-Level Mosaicism in Neurocutaneous Disorders

Advances in genetic testing technologies allow for deep sequencing with improved ability to diagnose neurocutaneous and other genetic disorders with higher sensitivity. These newer molecular technologies have also increased the ability to detect low levels of mosaicism. This has impacted the understanding of the natural history of neurocutaneous disorders, contributed to phenotypic expansion of many genes, and created new challenges to both clinical interpretation and medical management recommendations. With improved testing, more individuals with neurocutaneous disorders are being diagnosed with mosaicism and low-level mosaicism in well-known genes, as well as newer genes associated through pathway and functional studies. As more individuals are diagnosed with mosaicism and low-level mosaicism by newer techniques, clinicians are likely to encounter some uncertainty about management and counseling of these individuals. This paper provides a practical approach to patients suspected to have and identified with mosaic neurocutaneous disorders.
Machine Learning Approaches for Quantitative Viscoelastic Response (QVisR) Ultrasound

We present a quantitative extension of Viscoelastic Response (VisR) ultrasound that estimates shear elastic and viscous moduli from on-axis VisR displacement profiles in silico. Isotropic, homogeneous, linearly viscoelastic materials ranging from 1.57-33.33 kPa shear elasticity and 0.0033-2.34 Pa.s shear viscosity subject to a VisR beamsequence at 26 focal depths were simulated. Multi-target regression machine learning models were used to estimate shear elasticity and shear viscosity given the displacement profile, focal depth, and axial depth. The best performing models achieve a shear elasticity RMSE of 0.29 kPa and a shear viscosity RMSE of 0.13 Pa.s when predictions were made on the test set. These results suggest that machine learning methods can be used to quantitatively estimate viscoelasticity from VisR displacement profiles.
On the intrusion-like co-zone twin-twin structure: An in situ observation

Abstract An in situ optical microscopy combined with ex situ electron backscatter diffraction testing was applied to a pristine single-crystal magnesium specimen under monotonic tension along the c-axis. An intrusion-like co-zone twin-twin structure is observed for the first time at the micron scale. In situ observation reveals that the intrusion-like twin-twin structure consists of multiple twin-twin boundaries (TTBs) and incoherent twin boundaries (I-CTBs) following energetically favorable formation sequences. The initial interaction results in the impinging TTBI and the acute-angle TTBA. In the local junction region on the obtuse angle side, the impinging twinning dislocations (TDs) further deposit near TTBI due to the preferred local twinning shear stress, leading to the incoherent curve of the impinging twin boundary adjacent to TTBI. Shortly after, the barrier twin boundary on the obtuse angle side migrates and encompasses the incoherent impinging twin boundary. The combination of sequential TTBI, TTBA, and I-CTBs formed locally on the obtuse angle side shapes the final configuration of the intrusion-like twin-twin structure at the micron scale.