cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doubling down on genomes: Polyploidy and crop plants

Polyploidy, or whole genome multiplication, is ubiquitous among angiosperms. Many crop species are relatively recent allopolyploids, resulting from interspecific hybridization and polyploidy. Thus, an appreciation of the evolutionary consequences of (allo)polyploidy is central to our understanding of crop plant domestication, agricultural improvement, and the evolution of angiosperms in general. Indeed, many recent insights into plant biology have been gleaned from polyploid crops, including, but not limited to wheat, tobacco, sugarcane, apple, and cotton. A multitude of evolutionary processes affect polyploid genomes, including rapid and substantial genome reorganization, transgressive gene expression alterations, gene fractionation, gene conversion, genome downsizing, and sub- and neofunctionalization of duplicate genes. Often these genomic changes are accompanied by heterosis, robustness, and the improvement of crop yield, relative to closely related diploids. Historically, however, the genome-wide analysis of polyploid crops has lagged behind those of diploid crops and other model organisms. This lag is partly due to the difficulties in genome assembly, resulting from the genomic complexities induced by combining two or more evolutionarily diverged genomes into a single nucleus and by the significant size of polyploid genomes. In this review, we explore the role of polyploidy in angiosperm evolution, the domestication process and crop improvement. We focus on the potential of modern technologies, particularly next-generation sequencing, to inform us on the patterns and processes governing polyploid crop improvement and phenotypic change subsequent to domestication.
DETERMINING THE GERMICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF DISINFECTANTS.

QUR so-called standard methods of testing the germicidal efficiency of disinfectants have never been entirely satisfactory. Within recent years, especially, most workers in this field of bacteriology have agreed that a " phenol coefficient," determined by either the Rideal-Walker or the Hygienic Laboratory method, is nothing more than an indication of the germicidal efficiency of specific substances against the test organism, Bacillus typhosus, under the specified conditions. Various laboratories have in many cases deviated from the published methods in testing disinfectants, but have indicated that their results were obtained by one or the other of the accepted procedures. Individual workers have not been satisfied with every detail of these methods and have consequently made changes which they have considered justifiable. This has in most cases been responsible for lack of uniformity in results obtained. However, different laboratories attempting to make comparative tests on specified disinfectants by means of the Rideal-Walker and Hygienic Laboratory methods found considerable variations in results under the best conditions. The Committee on Standard Methods of Examining Disinfectants of the American Public Health Association, Seeing the need for a more accurate method for testing disinfectants,l made a number of changes in the existing Hygienic Laboratory Method, adding the refinements
Methionine oxidation in human IgG2 Fc decreases binding affinities to protein A and FcRn

Susceptibility of methionine residues to oxidation is a significant issue of protein therapeutics. Methionine oxidation may limit the product's clinical efficacy or stability. We have studied kinetics of methionine oxidation in the Fc portion of the human IgG2 and its impact on the interaction with FcRn and Protein A. Our results confirm previously published observations for IgG1 that two analogous solvent-exposed methionine residues in IgG2, Met 252 and Met 428, oxidize more readily than the other methionine residue, Met 358, which is buried inside the Fc. Met 397, which is not present in IgG1 but in IgG2, oxidizes at similar rate as Met 358. Oxidation of two labile methionines, Met 252 and Met 428, weakens the binding of the intact antibody with Protein A and FcRn, two natural protein binding partners. Both of these binding partners share the same binding site on the Fc. Additionally, our results shows that Protein A may serve as a convenient and inexpensive surrogate for FcRn binding measurements.
Thermohaline Circulation, the Achilles Heel of Our Climate System: Will Man-Made CO2 Upset the Current Balance?

During the last glacial period, Earth's climate underwent frequent large and abrupt global changes. This behavior appears to reflect the ability of the ocean's thermohaline circulation to assume more than one mode of operation. The record in ancient sedimentary rocks suggests that similar abrupt changes plagued the Earth at other times. The trigger mechanism for these reorganizations may have been the antiphasing of polar insolation associated with orbital cycles. Were the ongoing increase in atmospheric CO2 levels to trigger another such reorganization, it would be bad news for a world striving to feed 11 to 16 billion people.
Fabrications of CNT Based Nanocomposite Fibers From the Recycled Plastics

Electrospinning is a viable technique that spins fibers at different diameters starting from 3 nm to several micron meters. This technique allows the fabrication of random and aligned fibers of diverse structures, such as ribbon or cylindrical shapes. In this work, the spinning solution is prepared by dissolving recycled polystyrene and the mixture of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride along with carbon nanotubes in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc). The dispersions were then electrospun at various DC voltage, pump speed, concentration and distance. The general morphology of the fibers has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test results confirmed that fiber diameter and surface roughness were increased by increasing the CNTs, which may be because of the viscosity increase of the spinning solution. Addition of carbon nanotubes in the polymer solution also improves the thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as toughness, stiffness and other properties.© 2009 ASME
Compact high-resolution IR spectrometer for the Columbus Telescope

An infrared, cryogenically-cooled, grating spectrometer has been designed for the Columbus Project (2 X 8.4-m telescopes) and MMT Conversion (6.5-m). On one barrel of the Columbus Telescope and using a NICMOS3 array of 256 X 256 40 micrometers HgCdTe detectors, the instrument will project each pixel to 0.33 arcsec. With a slit of 0.66 arcsec width (2 pixels), the available spectral resolutions will range from (lambda) /(Delta) (lambda) equals 670 to 19,000. The optics are achromatic from 1.4 to 5 micrometers , allowing use of a variety of array types. The first version of this instrument has been built and fitted with optics that allow its use with the Steward Observatory 1.5-m and 2.3-m telescopes. It is relatively inexpensive ( 3 ). The high spectral resolution in such a compact instrument will be achieved through an echelle grating immersed in silicon. We discuss the processing for producing such gratings, including demonstrations that we have conducted on test blanks. We report on the preliminary performance of the prototype instrument and on unique design features that may be useful for other spectrometers.
Impact of Financial Burden of Cancer on Survivors' Quality of Life?

Increased financial burden as a result of cancer care costs is the strongest independent predictor of poor quality of life among cancer survivors.
Measuring hand-applied forces during childbirth

We report on a tactile force-sensing glove worn by an obstetrician to measure the force applied on a fetal head during childbirth. The glove consists of five piezoresistive sensors strategically placed to measure normal forces applied to the head. The normal forces are converted to traction forces via laboratory calibrations. The sensors interface with a computer for real-time data acquisition and processing. The glove is being used to quantify and investigate clinician-applied forces during vaginal deliveries, with special focus on an obstetric emergency known as shoulder dystocia. A prototype version has been developed and tested with multiple birthing simulations, as well as six normal deliveries and one delivery with a compound presentation. We conclude that a tactile sensing glove can be used to study hand-applied forces during childbirth to better understand the relationship between different birthing procedures and the forces applied during them.
Mendel and modern genetics: the legacy for today.

The legacy of Mendel’s pioneering studies of hybridization in the pea continues to influence the way we understand modern genetics. But what sort of picture did Mendel himself have of his work and its ultimate uses, and how does that picture compare with the collection of ideas and methodologies that was put forward in his name and later became known as ‘Mendelism’? With genetics standing at the center of our present biomedical and biotechnological research, an examination of the history of our concepts in the field can help us better understand what we should and should not expect from current genetic claims. For that enterprise there is no better starting place than Mendel himself.
Moisture diffusion behavior in bismaleimide resin subjected to hygrothermal cycling

Absorption-desorption-reabsorption hygrothermal cycling was performed in bismaleimide resin. Dynamic mechanical analysis and swelling experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of hygrothermal cycling on the moisture diffusion behavior in the resin. Non-Fickian diffusion behavior was observed in both the absorption and the reabsorption processes, while the desorption process is found to be Fickian. The molecular network structure of BMI appears to have changed during the hygrothermal cycling. This, in turn, altered the subsequent reabsorption process.
Exploring the Relationship Between Social Interest, Social Bonding, and Collegiate Substance Abuse

Substance abuse continues to be prevalent on college campuses. This study explored the relationships between social interest, social bonding, and hazardous drinking and marijuana use among college students. Results indicate that the social bonding elements of religious commitment, respect for authority, and acceptance of conventional beliefs, along with social interest, significantly differ between groups of students engaged in hazardous drinking and marijuana use
Estimated nursing workload for the implementation of ventilator bundles

Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common healthcare-associated infection with high attributable morbidity and mortality. Prevention strategies, including prevention bundles, have been widely adopted across the USA. However, the nursing resources required to implement these bundles, and their effect on other aspects of intensive care unit patient care, are unknown. Methods We conducted a survey of all critical care nurses at our institution to determine the time required, and impact of, a prevention bundle at our hospital. Results Nurses estimated that the standard ventilator bundle requires a median of 115 min (IQR: 74–182) per patient per day. Although the majority of nurses did not perceive that other patient care tasks were delayed by these prevention activities, this was not universal; 29% (95% CI 21% to 39%) of respondents reported that other patient care tasks were sometimes delayed because time was allocated to ventilator bundle activities. Conclusions Our estimates may serve as potentially important inputs for cost-effectiveness and decision analyses related to intensive care unit prevention activities. Further research should include direct observations about nursing time allocation related to prevention activities.
Evolution of a Complex T Cell Receptor Repertoire during Primary and Recall Bacterial Infection

The mechanisms underlying the genesis and maintenance of T cell memory remain unclear. In this study, we examined the evolution of a complex, antigen-specific T cell population during the transition from primary effector to memory T cells after Listeria monocytogenes infection. T cell populations specific for listeriolysin O (LLO)91–99, the immunodominant epitope recognized by H2-Kd–restricted T lymphocytes, were directly identified in immune spleens using tetrameric H2-Kd–epitope complexes. The T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ repertoire of specific T cells was determined by direct, ex vivo staining with a panel of mAbs. We demonstrate that LLO91–99-specific, primary effector T cell populations have a diverse TCR Vβ repertoire. Analyses of memory T cell populations demonstrated similar TCR diversity. Furthermore, experiments with individual mice demonstrated that primary effector and memory T cells have indistinguishable TCR repertoires. Remarkably, after reinfection with L. monocytogenes, LLO91–99-specific T cells have a narrower TCR repertoire than do primary effector or memory T cells. Thus, our studies show that the TCR repertoire of primary effector T lymphocytes is uniformly transmitted to memory T cells, whereas expansion of memory T cells is selective.
Localization of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in Lung Tissue of a Murine Model of Allergic Asthma

MMP-9 (gelatinase B) is recognized in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and now asthma as playing a central role in matrix degradation in injury, as well as contributing to the remodeling process. The increasing focus on MMP-9 in human and animal research supports the need for a reliable immunostain in lung tissue. However, MMP-9 immunostaining in murine systems is hampered by several factors. First, many of the anti-human antibodies do not readily cross-react with murine MMP-9 despite the high degree of conservation between human and murine MMP-9. Secondly, the availability of detailed protocols is limited. Lung MMP-9 immunostaining is further complicated by technical issues such as edge effect, availability of positive and negative controls, antigen retrieval, staining specificity, and the need to achieve a delicate balance of primary and secondary antibody concentrations, and colorimetric reagents which will allow visualization of specific cell expression in highly delicate lung tissue, while also demonstrating adequate uptake in (extra-pulmonary) tissue controls. We describe a detailed method for immunostaining MMP-9 in mouse lung paraffin-embedded tissue utilizing human ovary as a control since MMP-9 is known to be over-expressed in human ovarian carcinomas.
Teaching medical ethics: a review of the literature from North American medical schools with emphasis on education.

Efforts to reform medical education have emphasized the need to formalize instruction in medical ethics. However, the discipline of medical ethics education is still searching for an acceptable identity among North American medical schools; in these schools, no real consensus exists on its definition. Medical educators are grappling with not only what to teach (content) in this regard, but also with how to teach (process) ethics to the physicians of tomorrow.
Non‐planar structures of the pentafluoroallyl and 1,1‐difluoroallyl anions

The structures of the allyl anion (1) and two fluoro-substituted derivatives, perfluoro (2) and 1,1-difluoro (3) have been calculated by ab inito molecular orbital theory. Geometries were gradient optimized, and force fields and an MP-2 correlation correction were determined at stationary points. The calculations were done with a double zeta basis set augmented by d functions on carbon (DZ + Dc). Final self-consistent field (SCF) and MP-2 energy calculations were done with the DZ + Dc basis set augmented by diffuse functions. The ground state of 1 is the planar allyl anion (C2v). The rotation barrier in 1 is 21·1 kcal/mol at the MP-2 level. The cyclopropyl carbanion is 27·0 kcal/mol higher in energy at the MP-2 level. The perfluoroallyl anion is not planar, and the rotated structure is 25·7 kcal/mol more stable than the C2v structure at the MP-2 level. The lowest energy structure on the potential energy surface for 2 is the perfluorocyclopropyl carbanion which is 27·8 kcal/mol more stable than the C2v structure at the MP-2 level. The 1,1-difluoroallyl anion is also not planar. Here the most stable structure on the potential energy surface is the rotated allyl anion which is 8·3 kcal/mol more stable than the all-planar allyl anion structure.
High-speed 8:1 multiplexer and 1:8 demultiplexer implemented with AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs

An 8:1 multiplexer (MUX) and 1:8 demultiplexer (DMUX) implemented with AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors are described. The circuits were designed for lightwave communications, and were demonstrated to operate at data rates above 6 Gb/s. These are among the fastest 8-b MUX-DMUX circuits ever reported. Each contains about 600 transistors and consumes about 1.5 W. The pair provides features such as resettable timing, data framing, and clock recovery circuitry, and a built-in decision circuit on the DMUX. Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) compatible input/output (1/O) signals are available. The circuits were implemented with bi-level current mode logic (CML) and require a -5.2-V power supply and a +1-V bias for ECL compatibility. >
Are there positive incentives from privatizing social security? A panel analysis of pension reform in Latin America

The paper estimates the impact of social security reform – specifically, the transition from a purely public pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) system to one with private individual retirement accounts – on the share of the workforce that contributes to formal retirement security systems. Using a simple model of a segmented labor market, the paper exploits variation in data from a panel of eighteen Latin American countries, observed from 1980 to 1999. Results show a positive incentive effect after the introduction of individual retirement accounts that, ceteris paribus, increases the share of the economically active population who contribute to the reformed system. However, this takes place only gradually as employers and workers become familiar with the set of new social security institutions that reforms put in place.
Experimental study of fractional order proportional integral (FOPI) controller for water level control

Based on our previously developed tuning procedure for fractional order proportional integral controller (FO-PI), we present in this paper an extensive comparative experimental study on coupled-tank liquid level controls. Our experimental study consists of four steps, they are mathematical modeling of the plant, identification of plant parameters, water-level controller design and comparisons in Simulink [software (s/w) mode] and final experimental verification and comparisons in real-time [hardware (h/w) mode]. The FO-PI controller is compared with Ziegler Nichol?s (ZN) and Modified Ziegler Nichol?s (MZN) conventional integer order PI controllers in terms of load disturbance rejection, changes in plant dynamics and setpoint tracking. Experimental results confirmed that FO-PI controller is a promising controller in terms of percentage overshoot and system response in liquid-level control in face of nonlinearities introduced by pumps, valves and sensors.
Critical Assessment of Implantable Drug Delivery Devices in Glaucoma Management

Glaucoma is a group of heterogeneous disorders involving progressive optic neuropathy that can culminate into visual impairment and irreversible blindness. Effective therapeutic interventions must address underlying vulnerability of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to degeneration in conjunction with correcting other associated risk factors (such as elevated intraocular pressure). However, realization of therapeutic outcomes is heavily dependent on suitable delivery system that can overcome myriads of anatomical and physiological barriers to intraocular drug delivery. Development of clinically viable sustained release systems in glaucoma is a widely recognized unmet need. In this regard, implantable delivery systems may relieve the burden of chronic drug administration while potentially ensuring high intraocular drug bioavailability. Presently there are no FDA-approved implantable drug delivery devices for glaucoma even though there are several ongoing clinical studies. The paper critically assessed the prospects of polymeric implantable delivery systems in glaucoma while identifying factors that can dictate (a) patient tolerability and acceptance, (b) drug stability and drug release profiles, (c) therapeutic efficacy, and (d) toxicity and biocompatibility. The information gathered could be useful in future research and development efforts on implantable delivery systems in glaucoma.
Finding minimal herbicide concentrations in ground water? Try looking for their degradates.

Extensive research has been conducted regarding the occurrence of herbicides in the hydrologic system, their fate, and their effects on human health and the environment. Few studies, however, have considered herbicide transfor- . mation products degradates . In this study of Iowa ground water, herbicide degradates were frequently detected. In fact, herbicide degradates were eight of the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Furthermore, a majority of a herbicide's measured concentration was in the form of its degradates } ranging from 55 to over 99%. The herbicide detection frequencies and concentrations varied significantly among the major aquifer types sampled. These differences, however, were much more pronounced when herbicide degradates were included. Aquifer types . presumed to have the most rapid recharge rates alluvial and bedrockrkarst region aquifers were those most likely to contain detectable concentrations of herbicide compounds. Two indirect estimates of ground-water age depth of . well completion and dissolved-oxygen concentration were used to separate the sampled wells into general vulnerabil- . ity classes low, intermediate, and high . The results show that the herbicide detection frequencies and concentra- tions varied significantly among the vulnerability classes regardless of whether or not herbicide degradates were considered. Nevertheless, when herbicide degradates were included, the frequency of herbicide compound detection within the highest vulnerability class approached 90%, and the median total herbicide residue concentration increased over an order of magnitude, relative to the parent compounds alone, to 2 mgrl. The results from this study demonstrate that obtaining data on herbicide degradates is critical for understanding the fate of herbicides in the hydrologic system. Furthermore, the prevalence of herbicide degradates documented in this study suggests that to accurately determine the overall effect on human health and the environment of a specific herbicide its degradates should also be considered. Q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Contribution of Equal-Sign Instruction beyond Word-Problem Tutoring for Third-Grade Students with Mathematics Difficulty

Elementary school students often misinterpret the equal sign (=) as an operational rather than a relational symbol. Such misunderstanding is problematic because solving equations with missing numbers may be important for higher-order mathematics skills including word problems. Research indicates equal-sign instruction can alter how typically-developing students use the equal sign, but no study has examined effects for students with mathematics difficulty (MD) or how equal-sign instruction contributes to word-problem skill for students with or without MD. The present study assessed the efficacy of equal-sign instruction within word-problem tutoring. Third-grade students with MD (n = 80) were assigned to word-problem tutoring, word-problem tutoring plus equal-sign instruction (combined) tutoring, or no-tutoring control. Combined tutoring produced better improvement on equal sign tasks and open equations compared to the other 2 conditions. On certain forms of word problems, combined tutoring but not word-problem tutoring alone produced better improvement than control. When compared at posttest to 3(rd)-grade students without MD on equal sign tasks and open equations, only combined tutoring students with MD performed comparably.
FORUM: KUHN'S STRUCTURE AT FIFTY INTRODUCTION

Anyone who works at the interstices of intellectual history and philosophy and the history and philosophy of science will be quick to rank Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions amongst the most influential works of the last half-century. But its influence extends well beyond these disciplines as well. First published in 1962 as a contribution to the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, over the last fifty years it has enjoyed a rich afterlife, leaving in its wake an immense if contested inventory of ideas whose significance has transcended the well-policed boundaries that often separate the natural sciences from the social sciences and the humanities. Even more surprising for a book of its academic character, it has enjoyed a reception in popular discourse that exceeds its disciplinary bailiwick. Its trademark terms—not only the celebrated ideas of a paradigm and a paradigm shift but also more technical themes such as normal science, incommensurability, and anomaly—have been naturalized into mundane English with a degree of success that puts to shame just about any other work of recent scholarship. Paraphrasing one of its characteristic claims, one may be temped to observe that, since the publication of Kuhn's Structure, we all live in a different world.
Liquid preservation of granulocytes.

Granulocytes can be expected to have a life span of up to four days after collection. The number of morphologically normal cells declines by 10 to 15 per cent per day during the first two days. Phagocytosis, bacterial killing and metabolic activities related to the hexose monophosphate shunt remain essentially unchanged during the first day of storage, but chemotaxis ATP levels and the ability of the granulocytes to circulate are reduced after storage. Preliminary information suggests that chemotaxis and ATP may be better maintained at room temperature, although studies in rabbits suggest that in vivo function may be better maintained by refrigerator storage. Granulocytes collected by ordinary phlebotomy, CFCL and IFCL behave in general, similarly during storage. However, in our experience, FL granulocytes have a greater loss of bactericidal capacity and chemo-tactic responsiveness during storage. Although others have been able to better maintain in vitro function of FL granulocytes, these cells may be more susceptible to damage during storage unless scrupulous collection technique is used. The influence of many other storage variables including: pH, composition of container, agitation, surface to volume ratio, cell concentration, nutrient requirements, presence of other cells such as red cells or platelets is not yet established. Agitation during storage at room temperature causes reduced chemotactic response. Granulocyte chemiluminescence is maintained when the storage pH is 6.5 to 8.0, however a narrower range may be needed for maintenance of chemotactic response. Other studies indicate that storage in polyvinyl chloride containers may be preferable to polyolefin or ethylenevinyl acetate. Although storage of granulocytes should be possible, the conditions are not yet sufficiently well defined to justify this practice. Granulocytes should be transfused as soon as possible after collection.
Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction Structure of the Stable Enol Tautomer Polymorph of Barbituric Acid at 224 and 95 K

The thermodynamically stable enol crystal form of barbituric acid, previously prepared as powder by grinding or slurry methods, has been obtained as single crystals by slow cooling from methanol solution. The selection of the enol crystal was facilitated by a density-gradient method. The structure at 224 and 95 K confirms the enol inferred on the basis of powder data. The enol has bond lengths that are consistent with the expected bond order and with DFT calculations that include treatment of hydrogen bonding. In isolation, the enol is higher in energy than the tri-keto form by 50 kJ mol(-1) which must be more than compensated by enhanced hydrogen bonding. Both crystal forms have four normal H-bonds; the enol has two additional H-bonds with O-O distances of 2.49 A. Conversion into the enol form occurs spontaneously in the solid state upon prolonged storage of the commercial tri-keto material. Slurry conversion of tri-one to enol in ethanol is reversed in direction in ethanol-D1.
SCI Longitudinal Aging Study: 40 Years of Research

Background: The Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Longitudinal Aging Study was initiated in 1973 and has conducted 8 assessments over the past 40 years. It was designed to help rehabilitation professionals understand the life situation of people with SCI, but it has developed into the most long-standing study of aging and SCI and has resulted in over 50 publications. Objective: Our purpose was to provide a detailed history of the study, response patterns, utilization of measures, and a summary of key findings reported in the literature. Methods: Five participant samples have been incorporated over the 40 years, with enrollment in 1973, 1984, 1993 (2 samples), and 2003. A total of 2,208 participants have completed 6,001 assessments, with a particularly large number of assessments among those who are more than 40 years post injury (n = 349). Results: The overall results have indicated changing patterns of outcomes over time as persons with SCI age, with some notable declines in participation and health. There has be...
Assessment of injury in transplanted and nontransplanted lungs after 6 h of cold storage with glutathione

Single-lung transplantation after 3 h of hypothermic storage produces bilateral lung injury [pulmonary reimplantation response (PRR)]. We hypothesized that glutathione (GSH) hypothermic storage wou...
3D manufacturing of micro and nano-architected materials

Reducing mass without sacrificing mechanical integrity and performance is a critical goal in a vast range of applications. Introducing a controlled amount of porosity in a strong and dense material (hence fabricating a cellular solid) is an obvious avenue to weight reduction. The mechanical effectiveness of this strategy, though, depends strongly on the architecture of the resulting cellular material (i.e., the topology of the introduced porosity). Recent progress in additive manufacturing enables fabrication of macro-scale cellular materials (both single-phase and hybrid) with unprecedented dimensional control on the unit-cell and sub-unit-cell features, potentially producing architectures with structural hierarchy from the nano to the macro-scale. As mechanical properties of materials often exhibit beneficial size effects at the nano-scale (e.g., strengthening of metals and toughening of ceramics), these novel manufacturing approaches provide a unique opportunity to translate these beneficial effects to the macro-scale, further improving the mechanical performance of architected materials. The enormous design space for architected materials, and the strong relationship between the topological features of the architecture and the effective physical and mechanical properties of the material at the macro-scale, present both a huge opportunity and an urgent need for the development of suitable optimal design strategies. Here we present a number of strategies for the advanced manufacturing, characterization and optimal design of a variety of lightweight architected materials with unique combinations of mechanical properties (stiffness, strength, damping coefficient…). The urgent need to form strong synergies among the fields of additive manufacturing, topology optimization and architectureproperties relations is emphasized throughout.
Point-to-Axial Chirality Transfer—A New Probe for “Sensing” the Absolute Configurations of Monoamines

A host molecule, capable of freely adopting P or M helicity, is described for molecular recognition and chirality sensing. The host, consisting of a biphenol core, binds chiral amines via hydrogen-bonding interactions. The diastereomeric complex will favor either P or M helicity as a result of minimizing steric interactions of the guest molecule with the binding cavity of the host, resulting in a detectable exciton-coupled circular dichroic spectrum. A working model is proposed that enables non-empirical prediction of the chirality of the bound amine.
A Decade of disaster : A selected bibliography of Disaster literature, 1985-1995

Abstract A Decade of Disaster is an annotated bibliography containing resources, in many formats, to assist librarians and archivists in preparing for emergency situations. This list is divided into helpful subtopics to make it easier to find what is needed. The areas covered are as follows: Audio and Visual Materials, Bibliographies, Biological Agents, Computers and Electronic Data, Earthquakes, Fire and Water Disasters, Personal Issues, Plans and Planning Manuals, Prevention, Resource Guides, and General Works. Following this in-depth bibliography is an additional list of resources, “In the heat of the Moment-turn to these Resources first,” to be perused first in the case of a disaster.
Oligohydramnios in complicated and uncomplicated pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective To evaluate adverse pregnancy outcomes in singleton pregnancies diagnosed with oligohydramnios through a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Methods We searched electronic databases via OVID, EBSCO, Web of Science, Google Scholar and others from 1980 to 2015. Prospective and retrospective studies with a control group were included. Two authors independently reviewed the abstracts from the literature search. Inclusion criteria were: studies in English, singleton pregnancy, normal fetal anatomy, intact membranes and oligohydramnios determined by the amniotic fluid index (AFI) technique. We stratified the meta-analysis into two groups according to risk: high risk including studies of oligohydramnios with comorbid conditions (e.g. hypertension) and low risk including studies of isolated oligohydramnios. Results Fifteen trials met the inclusion criteria. Nine were high-risk and six were low-risk studies, including 8067 and 27 526 women, respectively. Compared with women with normal AFI, those with isolated oligohydramnios had significantly higher rates of an infant with meconium aspiration syndrome (relative risk (RR), 2.83; 95% CI, 1.38–5.77), Cesarean delivery for fetal distress (RR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.64–2.85) and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (RR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.20–2.42). Patients with oligohydramnios and comorbidities were more likely to have an infant with low birth weight (RR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.27–4.34). However, rates of 5-min Apgar score < 7 (RR, 1.85; 95% CI, 0.69–4.96), NICU admission (RR, 2.09; 95% CI, 0.80–5.45), meconium-stained amniotic fluid (RR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.62–2.81) and Cesarean delivery for fetal distress (RR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.81–3.36) were similar to those for women with normal AFI. Stillbirth rates were too low to analyze in the meta-analysis. Conclusions This review helps to delineate which adverse outcomes are increased with oligohydramnios in low-risk pregnancy (NICU admission, Cesarean delivery for fetal distress and meconium aspiration syndrome), but does not provide enough data to determine the optimal timing of delivery in such cases. Oligohydramnios in complicated pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of delivery of an infant with low birth weight, but this may be confounded by the comorbid condition. Therefore, in high-risk pregnancy, management should be dictated by the comorbid condition and not the presence of oligohydramnios. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Analysis on influencing factors of depression in community patients with diabetes in Suzhou City

[Objective]To analyze the characteristics of depression in patients with diabetes,explore influencing factors of depression in the diabetic population.[Methods]Four communities were randomly collected from Suzhou City,and a total of 755 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were surveyed. The prevalence of depression was investigated,and the influencing factors of depression were analyzed by logistic regression.[Results]The scores of the Self-rating depression scale( SDS) in patients with diabetes were 44. 73 ± 8. 69,which were higher than the national norm( 41. 88 ± 10. 57),and the prevalence of depression was 15. 5%. The advanced age,primary school and college degree or above,diabetic eye disease,diabetic nephropathy,diabetic foot and stroke were correlated to the depression in patients with diabetes( OR values were between 0. 876 and 3. 939). [Conclusion]There is a correlation between diabetes complications and depression.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE INDOLESTES FROM GUIZHOU PROVINCE OF CHINA(ODONATA:LESTIDAE)

The paper reports a new species of the genus Indolestes Fraser. Type specimens are preserved in the Zhejiang Museum of Natural HistoryIndolestes guizhouensis sp.nov(Figs.1-5)Measurements(mm): ♂ Abd+app.38mm,hind wing.28mm.The new species is similar to Indolestes gracilis(Hagen),but can be easily separated from the latter by: 1) outer side of the hinder ocelli with two small triangular green spots;2) abdomen azure blue marked with black,segments 3and 4 with the apical quarter black,segment 5 with the apical third black,segment 6with the two fifth black,segments 7 to 9 almost entirely black.
Direct search and stochastic optimization applied to two nonconvex nonsmooth problems

The optimization of two problems with high dimensionality and many local minima are investigated under two different optimization algorithms: DIRECT and QNSTOP, a new algorithm developed at Indiana University.
Motility and stem cell properties induced by the epithelial-mesenchymal transition require destabilization of lipid rafts.

// Michael J. Tisza 1, * , Weina Zhao 1, * , Jessie S.R. Fuentes 1, * , Sara Prijic 1 , Xiaoling Chen 1 , Ilya Levental 1 , Jeffrey T. Chang 1, 2 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA 2 Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Ilya Levental, email: ilya.levental@uth.tmc.edu Jeffrey T. Chang, email: jeffrey.t.chang@uth.tmc.edu Keywords: epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell motility, stem cell properties, plasma membrane, lipid rafts Received: August 18, 2015 Accepted: May 23, 2016 Published: June 09, 2016 ABSTRACT The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a developmental program that provides cancer cells with the characteristics necessary for metastasis, including increased motility and stem cell properties. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not yet fully understood, hampering efforts to develop therapeutics. In recent years, it has become apparent that EMT is accompanied by wholesale changes in diverse signaling pathways that are initiated by proteins at the plasma membrane (PM). The PM contains thousands of lipid and protein species that are dynamically and spatially organized into lateral membrane domains, an example of which are lipid rafts. Since one of the major functions of rafts is modulation of signaling originating at the PM, we hypothesized that the signaling changes occurring during an EMT are associated with alterations in PM organization. To test this hypothesis, we used Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles (GPMVs) to study the organization of intact plasma membranes isolated from live cells. We observed that induction of EMT significantly destabilized lipid raft domains. Further, this reduction in stability was crucial for the maintenance of the stem cell phenotype and EMT-induced remodeling of PM-orchestrated pathways. Exogenously increasing raft stability by feeding cells with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) repressed these phenotypes without altering EMT markers, and inhibited the metastatic capacity of breast cancer cells. Hence, modulating raft properties regulates cell phenotype, suggesting a novel approach for targeting the impact of EMT in cancer.
An unexpected effect of acetal stereochemistry on the course of its reductive cleavage

Alternate routes to the BC spirocycle of 'upenamide starting from Diels-Alder adduct 1 are described. Key to utilizing 1 in a synthesis of 'upenamide is the differentiation of three functionalized carbons by either oxidation or protection state. A surprising effect of acetal stereochemistry on reaction course was observed and rationalized.
Hands-on computer security with a Raspberry Pi

Computer security is a popular topic in today's world, whether it appears in the form of a newspaper headline or a job posting. The need for students to have hands-on experience with computer security topics and software is paramount. Employers are increasingly interested in hiring students with security knowledge, especially those familiar with popular security software packages and low-level security tools. This paper details the use of a small, portable computer called a Raspberry Pi for instructing real-world computer security concepts via hands-on laboratory assignments. The benefits of using these small computers in lieu of a dedicated computer lab include: decreased expenses, isolated sandbox environments, greater flexibility in designing assignments, and utilizing existing classroom spaces.
MICROBIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN BREADED RAW SHRIMP1,2

Thirty percent of the samples of fresh or frozen shrimp received for processing into breaded shrimp had bacterial counts in excess of 106/g. The bacterial counts of 56% of plant processed samples of frozen breaded raw shrimp exceeded 106/g. Counts with plate incubation at 7 or 25 C were significantly higher than at 35 C. Little relationship existed between aerobic plate counts and coliform or enterococcal counts. Neither Salmonella nor Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from plant processed samples. Frozen storage of breaded shrimp for 3 to 12 months caused minor reductions in aerobic plate count and coliform count and only minor changes in trimethylamine nitrogen (TMN), total volatile nitrogen (TVN), and odor scores. When frozen breaded raw shrimp were exposed to elevated temperatures (0–10 C) increases in count occurred at 0 C after 3–5 days, at 5.5 C after 2–3 days, and at 10 C after 1–2 days. Coliform bacteria increased at 5.5 C, Escherichia coli and enterococci at 10 C. In samples held at 0–10 C, m...
A novel and complex mechanism regulating PGC-1α4 expression.

In the current issue of Acta Physiologica, Brown et al. (Brown et al. 2016) describes a novel regulatory mechanism for the expression of the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Co-activator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) splice variant 4 (PGC-1α4). Since the discovery of the parent PGC-1α gene, it has been at the forefront of muscle biology research as it significantly altered muscle phenotype in both pathological and physiological model systems (Lin et al. 2002, Sandri et al. 2006). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
HIV-Associated NK/T-Cell Lymphomas: A Review of 93 Cases.

Abstract Introduction: NK/T-cell lymphomas (NKTCL) are being reported with increased frequency in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era. However, there has been no comprehensive review of these emerging HIV-associated lymphomas. We present, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive review of the epidemiology, clinical and pathologic features, therapeutic options, and outcome in HIV-associated NKTCL. Methods: A total of 93 cases of NKTCL in HIV-infected individuals were identified in a literature review using PubMed and cited articles from 1996 until March 2007. Data regarding epidemiology (country), demographics (age, gender), clinical features (presentation, tumor location), HIV status (CD4, AIDS-defining illness, coinfections), lymphoma (WHO/EORTC subtype, immunophenotype, Ann Arbor stage), treatment, and outcome were extracted. Results: Cases were reported worldwide (USA, Europe, South America, Asia), with a 15x increased incidence compared to the general population. Patients were of median age 38 years (range 1–63) at presentation, exhibited a 4:1 male predominance, and had a median CD4 count of 184 cells/mm3. Up to 54% had a prior AIDS-defining illness. The most common clinical findings were lymphadenopathy, B symptoms, erythroderma and pruritus. All subtypes were noted including Peripheral T-cell (n=36), Cutaneous T-cell including Mycosis fungoides (n=25), Anaplastic Large Cell (n=13), Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (n=8), NK cell (n=4), and other lymphomas (2 AILD, 2 Enteropathy-associated, 1 PEL, 1 Intravascular). Most expressed CD45RO and CD3 antigens, CD4>CD8, CD30 in a subset (n=23), and EBV was detected in 20 cases (mainly extranodal PTCL, cutaneous ALCL, and NK cells). Most (74%) were extranodal (50% involving skin) and 26% nodal. Staging (60 patients) overall showed stage I (27%), II (3%), III (17%), and IV (53%).There was no standard therapeutic approach, with 46% given one modality, 17% multimodal treatment, and 12% were untreated in reported cases. HAART was rarely used. Death occurred in 55% of patients and median overall survival (83 patients) was 1.1 years from the time of diagnosis. Conclusions: NKTCL afflicted HIV-infected persons are likely to be young males with AIDS who have a CD4 count under 200 cells/mm3 at presentation. They are also prone to present with extranodal disease, skin involvement, and at an advanced stage. Although a standard treatment approach is still required, the prognosis of HIV-associated NKTCL remains poor. The role of HAART needs to be further explored.
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) study of blood flow changes during low level laser therapy (LLLT): a preliminary report

Photobiomodulation with low-power, high-fluence light in the near-infrared range (600-1100nm), also known as low level laser therapy (LLLT), has been used for promoting healing of wounds, reducing pain, and so on. Understanding its physiological effect is essential for treatment optimization and evaluation. In this study, we used diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to investigate the changes of regional blood flow in skeletal muscle induced by a single session of LLLT. DCS is an emerging optical modality to probe microvascular blood flow in human tissues in vivo. We have developed a software-based autocorrelator system with the benefits such as flexibility in raw photon count data processing, portability and low cost. LLLT was administered at the human forearm with a 1064-nm, continuous-wave laser. The emitting power was 3.4 W in an area of 13.6 cm 2 , corresponding to 0.25W/cm 2 irradiance. The emitting duration was 10 minutes. Eight healthy adults of any ethnic background, in an age range of 18-40 years old were included. The results indicate that LLLT causes reliable changes in regional blood flow. However, it remains unclear whether these changes are physiological or attributed to the heating effect of the stimulation laser.