cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of composite membranes by a spin coating process

Abstract The formation of composite membranes on a laboratory scale by spin coating a selective layer of poly (4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP) onto a microporous polysulfone support is described. In most cases the support had been precoated with an intermediate layer of poly (dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). The thickness of the PMP layer, determined indirectly from gas flux measurements on the composite membrane, can be controlled within certain limits by varying the spinning speed, the coating solution concentration or the number of selective layers coated onto the substrate. Coated skin thickness varies approximately with the inverse of the square root of spin speed and with the second power of the coating solution concentration. The model coefficients compare well with those of models proposed for the production of photoresists in which polymer films are spin coated onto non-porous substrates. Gas permeation characteristics of the composite membranes were adequately described by a series resistance model. Composite membranes made without a PDMS intermediate layer required more than one layer of the selective polymer to bridge the larger pores and ensure a defect-free skin. For thin selective layers, these membranes have selectivities somewhat higher thanthat of PMP, since the PSF matrix of the substrate participates in the separation. Thus, multilayer composite membranes formed directly on microporous PSF substrates can be superior to composites with a PDMS intermediate layer.
Temporal density dependence and population regulation in a marine fish

Population regulation requires between-generation temporal density dependence, which has proved difficult to document unequivocally in nature, especially in marine fishes. Field experiments and observations in the Bahamas demonstrated that such population regulation occurs in the coral-reef fish Gramma loreto. I performed manipulative field experiments that identified mortality as the primary source of demographic density dependence among local populations. The causative mechanism involved a response in the behavior of predators, which both aggregated and spent more time hunting where prey fish densities were high. Spatially density-dependent mortality (i.e., density dependence among populations) led to between-generation temporal density dependence (i.e., density dependence within populations over time) indicative of population regulation. Over three years—roughly two generations—local populations followed regular annual cycles of abundance that stemmed from seasonal patterns of recruitment. Despite cons...
Using Ontology Fingerprints to Evaluate Genome-wide Association Results

We describe an approach to characterize genes or phenotypes via ontology fingerprints which are composed of Gene Ontology (GO) terms overrepresented among those PubMed abstracts linked to the genes or phenotypes. We then quantify the biological relevance between genes and phenotypes by comparing their ontology fingerprints to calculate a similarity score. We validated this approach by correctly identifying genes belong to their biological pathways with high accuracy, and applied this approach to evaluate GWA study by ranking genes associated with the lipid concentrations in plasma as well as to prioritize genes within linkage disequilibrium (LD) block. We found that the genes with highest scores were: ABCA1, LPL, and CETP for HDL; LDLR, APOE and APOB for LDL; and LPL, APOA1 and APOB for triglyceride. In addition, we identified some top ranked genes linking to lipid metabolism from the literature even in cases where such knowledge was not reflected in current annotation of these genes. These results demonstrate that ontology fingerprints can be used effectively to prioritize genes from GWA studies for experimental validation.
HIGH ENERGY ISOSPIN BREAKING IN TECHNICOLOR THEORIES

Abstract Within technicolor theories, we explore the impact of four-fermion interactions on the fermion mass splittings via explicit breaking of the custodial SU(2)R symmetry. Assuming they do not lead tounacceptably large flavor-changing neutral currents, the question is whether the large b-t quark mass splitting can be accommodated given the limits on ϱ−1, where ϱ ≡ M w 2 M z cos 2 θ w . We argue that this is possible, although further increases in the experimental bound on mt may be difficult to accommodate in the present framework.
Vibration design and testing of vehicle electronic systems

Vehicle electronic systems are subject to a series of vibration environments, manufacture, shipment, and operation. The first of these does not usually cause any problems but should not be ignored, the second is normally controlled by suitable protective packaging, such as plastic foam. When the protective packaging is removed the system lives in the 'real world', or operating environment, and is subjected to three primary disturbances: sinusoidal vibration, random vibration, and mechanical shock. Sinusoidal vibration is an environment that results from steady state periodic disturbances, such as generated by rotating devices. Random vibration may exist in-addition to sinusoidal and although it is in effect a series of transient disturbances it is perceived as being a 'quasi'-steady state disturbance. Mechanical shock is a transient phenomena, usually resulting from an impact. The author discusses the factors to consider at the design phase to reduce this damage to the system, and then discusses vibration test procedures. >
A main path domain map as digital library interface

The shift to electronic publishing of scientific journals is an opportunity for the digital library to provide non-traditional ways of accessing the literature. One method is to use citation metadata drawn from a collection of electronic journals to generate maps of science. These maps visualize the communication patterns in the collection, giving the user an easy-tograsp view of the semantic structure underlying the scientific literature. For this visualization to be understandable the complexity of the citation network must be reduced through an algorithm. This paper describes the Citation Pathfinder application and its integration into a prototype digital library. This application generates small-scale citation networks that expand upon the search results of the digital library. These domain maps are linked to the collection, creating an interface that is based on the communication patterns in science. The Main Path Analysis technique is employed to simplify these networks into linear, sequential structures. By identifying patterns that characterize the evolution of the research field, Citation Pathfinder uses citations to give users a deeper understanding of the scientific literature.
What motivates the significant/strategic change champion(s)?

Purpose – This paper seeks, from the perspective of the significant change (SC) champion, to explore the motivation behind why an individual willingly adopts SC. This research attempts to identify the key motivational traits that inspire these early change adopters.Design/methodology/approach – An in‐depth case study is used to research and identify key early adopters traits. This is followed by a survey based on APEX emotional intelligence profiling traits to do an in‐depth investigation.Findings – The SC‐champion has an interest to re‐affirm one's importance in the organization as well as enhance his/her respect, which is not necessarily linked to longevity. There is an emphasis on intrinsic values favoring team involvement. Of the APEX identified four profiles, the red‐performers are the least preferred.Research limitations/implications – Because qualitative methodologies are used and a limited survey respondent pool (n=25), caution is advised in freely generalizing these findings. The research on the ...
Achromatic polarization gratings as highly efficient thin-film polarizing beamsplitters for broadband light

ABSTRACT We introduce and experimentally demonstrate an achromatic polarization grating (PG), which manifests highdiraction eciency ( > 99 .5%) over a broad range of spectrum. Unlike conventional phase gratings, this familyof PGs has unique diraction properties including three non-zero diraction orders ( m =0,± 1) with up to100% eciency and strongly polarization sensitive rst-order diraction. It has long been recognized thatthese diractive optical elements are useful for beamsplitting, polarimetry, displays, and more. A conventional(Circular-type) PG implemented with a spiraling, in-plane, linear birefringence has a modest spectral range( / 0 = 6.8%) over which it possesses > 99 .5% eciency. We have identied a two-layer twisted PG structurethat achieves achromatic diraction that achieves a ve-fold improvement of the high eciency bandwidth( / 0 = 34 .3%). We have successfully implemented this structure with reactive mesogens (polymerizableliquid crystals) with a small amount of left- and right-hand chiral agents, and here report on its operationover nearly the entire range of visible light. We also investigated the behavior of the achromatic PG with thenite-dierence time-domain method using an Open Source software package WOLFSIM , developed at NC StateUniversity, in order to evaluate the angular selectivity and the paraxial limit.Keywords: achromatic diraction, polarization grating, liquid crystals, reactive mesogens, holography, polar-izing beamsplitter, circular polarizer
Immunogenicity in pig-tailed macaques of poliovirus replicons expressing HIV-1 and SIV antigens and protection against SHIV-89.6P disease.

In the search for an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), novel ways to deliver viral antigens are being evaluated. One such approach is the use of nonreplicating viral vectors encoding HIV and/or SIV genes that are expressed after infection of host cells. Nonreplicating poliovirus vectors, termed replicons, that expressed HIV-1/HXB2 and SIVmac239 gag and various HIV-1 env genes from different clades were tested for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against intravenous challenge of pig-tailed macaques with SHIV-89.6P. To maximize both cellular and humoral immune responses, a prime-boost regimen was used. Initially, macaques were immunized four times over 35 weeks by either the intranasal and intrarectal or the intramuscular (im) route with mixtures of poliovirus replicons expressing HIV-1 gag and multiple env genes. Immunization with replicons alone induced both serum antibodies and lymphocyte proliferative responses. After boosting with purified Env protein, neutralizing antibodies to SHIV-89.6P were induced in four of five immunized animals. In a second experiment, four macaques were immunized im three times over 27 weeks with replicons expressing the SIVmac239 gag and HIV-1/HXB2 env genes. All immunized animals were then boosted twice with purified HIV-1-89.6 rgp140-Env and SIVmac239 p55-Gag proteins. Four control animals received only the two protein inoculations. Immunized and control animals were then challenged intravenously with the pathogenic SHIV-89.6P. After challenge the animals were monitored for virus isolation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma viremia and for changes in virus-specific antibody titers. Naive pig-tailed macaques experienced rapid loss of CD4(+) T cells and died between 38 and 62 weeks after infection. In contrast, macaques immunized with replicons and proteins rapidly cleared plasma virus and did not experience sustained loss of CD4(+) lymphocytes. Furthermore, two of the four macaques that were immunized only with purified proteins maintained high viral burdens and lost greater than 95% of their CD4(+) lymphocytes within 2 to 4 weeks after challenge. Thus, poliovirus replicons expressing HIV-1 and SIV antigens were immunogenic in pig-tailed macaques and appeared to enhance the protective effects observed after administration of purified proteins alone.
Melanchthon’s rhetoric and the practical origins of Reformation human science:

At the beginning of the 16th century in Germany, religious ends and human art joined forces to produce a sacred rhetoric: a rhetoric that could transform human nature, and explain at the same time how such transformation was possible according to both science and scripture. No longer was it enough to ask in Scholastic fashion ‘What is man?’ - his essence and unique faculties, his special place in God’s world. A new question took on urgency in the wake of religious reformation, namely ‘What could man become?’ But theology alone could not provide a practical response to this question. Rhetoric, in its various adopted forms, could. Consequently rhetoric emerged as architectonic of the human sciences in Reformation Germany, shaping pedagogy as a practical art. Whereas scholars have paid a good deal of attention to the way in which the exact sciences such as mathematics influenced Enlightenment human science, the history of human science as practical art has received little attention. This article contributes ...
SEASONAL PREVALENCE AND HOST RELATIONSHIPS OF CYCLOSPORA CAYETANENSIS IN NORTH AMERICA DURING 1996

Abstract Fecal samples from 5250 patients from 49 states, three Canadian provinces and five foreign countries were screened for intestinal parasites between January and December, 1996 at the Phoenix, Arizona based Institute of Parasitic Diseases using a concentration–sedimentation technique. Single (140) and concurrent (85) infections of Cyclospora cayetanensis were diagnosed in 225 symptomatic or asymptomatic patients from 4121 samples from 26 states and two Canadian provinces; prevalence 4.3%. The remaining 1129 patients from the 23 other states and other locations tested negative for C . cayetanensis . Females were 2.5 times more frequently infected than males. Monthly prevalence peaked at 6.0% in September and sharply declined to 1.4% in February. Of the 140 singly infected patients, 128 experienced gastro-enteric and/or extra-intestinal symptoms; 12 (9%) were asymptomatic. The most common symptoms were bloating, diarrhea, flatulence, cramps, constipation, fatigue and allergies, respectively. Patients traveled most frequently to Mexico and Europe. Some patients (6%) lived with infected household contacts and 11% of them had previous parasitic infections with various protozoans and helminths.
EEG patterns in Juvenile cerebral lipidosis

Abstract EEG and visual evoked response observations have been presented in six patients, of whom five were followed for periods of 2–9 years. An EEG pattern has been observed, consisting of diffuse 2.5–4 c/sec slow waves and spike-and-wave complexes, with occasional variable asymmetries and inconsistent focal sporadic spikes. Evidence is presented that the progression of EEG abnormality parallels clinical deterioration.
Importance of technical and fundamental analysis in the European foreign exchange market

This article presents findings of a questionnaire and an interview survey on the perceived importance of chartist/technical and fundamental analysis among foreign exchange traders and financial journalists in Frankfurt, London, Vienna, and Zurich. Results confirm that most traders use both forecasting approaches, and that the shorter the forecasting horizon, the more important chartist/technical analysis is. Financial journalists put more emphasis on fundamental analysis than do foreign exchange traders. Results indicate that the importance of chartism may have increased over the last decade. Regarding the use of chartist/technical and fundamental analysis on seven forecasting horizons, four distinct clusters of traders can be identified. Forecasting styles and the overall importance attached to fundamental versus chartist/technical analysis vary across different trading locations. Foreign exchange traders mention a series of psychological motives and consequences of the use of chartism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered sleep duration and sleep period time displacements effects on performance in habitual long sleepers

Abstract Performance was studied in 10 healthy young adult males who characteristically sleep 9 1 2 – 10 1 2 hr following an electroencephalographically (EEG) recorded habitual sleep night and 4 nights on which their customary sleep was altered by 3 hr as follows: extended (E), deprived (D), delayed shift (DS), and advanced shift (AS). In the E condition sleep was extended by advancing sleep onset 3 hr corresponding to the AS condition which had the same retiring time, but differing from it with awakening occurring 3 hr earlier. In the D and DS conditions time of sleep onset was delayed 3 hr and the subjects were awakened at their customary time in the D condition, but 3 hr later than usual in the DS condition. Subjects performed an auditory vigilance task 35 min after awakening, at midday and in the early evening. Throughout the day after both shifted sleep and altered sleep duration performance was significantly impaired to an equivalent degree as reflected by longer reaction time, increased misses and a decline of intrinsic perceptual capacity. Changes in the vigilance measures did not correlate with sleep duration or any other specific alterations in the EEG patterns of sleep. The behavioral deficits which resulted from altered sleep schedules are discussed viewing sleep as a biological adaptive process with respect to the feature of its occurrence under natural conditions in a temporally rhythmic sequence.
Coagulant control in water treatment

Abstract Optimization of coagulant dosage in water treatment is becoming more critical as a result of increased attention to removal of micropollutants, THM precursors, and pathogens resistant to disinfection. At the same time, the availability of a large number of coagulants, flocculants, and other additives, and the recent introduction of technologies for the continuous characterization of coagulated flows, has increased the ability to optimize coagulation while increasing the complexity of this optimization process. This article reviews traditional methods for the control of coagulant selection and dosing, summarizing advantages and disadvantages of various techniques. The two aspects of coagulant control which have recently provided improved coagulation capabilities — improved coagulant products and new particle characterization technologies — are reviewed in depth. The article thus provides a comprehensive update on both coagulant control theory and current application.
Diffeomorphism Groups, Gauge Groups, and Quantum Theory

Unitary representations of the infinite parameter group Diff(R/sup 3/) are presented which describe particles with spin as well as tightly bound composite particles. These results support the idea that Diff(R/sup 3/) can serve as a ''universal group'' for quantum theory.
Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy Case Report: Findings for the Bedside Sonographer

The evaluation of first trimester vaginal bleeding or pelvic pain is an important task for the emergency physician. The early identification of an ectopic pregnancy can help prevent significant morbidity and mortality for patients seeking emergency care. The increased use of bedside sonography by the emergency physician in the evaluation of these patients requires an increased knowledge about the variants and their appearance on sonogram. We present the case of a patient found to have a cervical ectopic pregnancy. A discussion of the diagnosis and management, as well as the findings on bedside sonogram are presented.
The Clinical Course of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Patients with Gynecologic Cancer

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival of gynecologic cancer patients diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients admitted to our institution with gynecologic malignancy who were diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) between 1984 and 1995. Data were collected regarding site, stage, histology, treatment, and proximity of DVT to treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. This study was limited to cases of ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer. Descriptive statistics were generated and the survival of patients from the time of DVT was calculated using the Kaplan and Meier method. Cases were then matched by site, stage, histology, and age to controls without DVT to evaluate the effect of DVT on survival. A Cox regression model was used to assess the effect of multiple variables on survival. Results. A total of 74 cases were identified. Ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer accounted for 45, 27, and 28% of cases, respectively. Approximately 64% of patients had stage III or greater disease. The median survival of all patients from the time of DVT diagnosis was 7.8 months, with only about 20% of patients surviving at 5 years. Patients with cervical cancer or patients who had radiation therapy within 3 months of DVT diagnosis had significantly lessened survival ( P P Conclusion. The development of DVT in conjunction with a gynecologic malignancy connotes a poor prognosis, especially in patients with cervical cancer. It is possible that this poor prognosis is related to the pathophysiology that results in venous thrombosis and not just the presence of cancer.
GENDER PAIR COMBINATION, AND MATERNAL AGE AND RACE MODERATE RISKS CONFRONTING TWINS. † 1637

GENDER PAIR COMBINATION, AND MATERNAL AGE AND RACE MODERATE RISKS CONFRONTING TWINS. † 1637
Strategic Marketing for Educational Systems: A Guide For Implementation

The use of strategic marketing pro cesses typically associated with the private sector can be of significant val ue to school systems in developing public confidence and support, and in establishing guidelines for future development. These writers offer a step-by-step overview of such a model.
Validation of fluid modeling techniques for assessing hazards of dense gas cloud dispersion

Abstract Data from twenty six dense gas field experiments are compared with physical model simulations. In general the model clouds are very similar in appearan
Three Newly Discovered M-Dwarf Companions of Solar Neighborhood Stars

We present low-resolution spectroscopy of newly discovered candidate companions to three stars in the solar neighborhood. All three companions are M dwarfs, with spectral types ranging from M4 to M9.5. In two cases, G85-55B (M6) and G87-9B (M4), we have circumstantial evidence from spectroscopy, photometry, and limited astrometry that the systems are physical binaries; in the third, G216-7B (M9.5), comparison of POSS II IIIaF plate material and the 2MASS image indicates common proper motion. The primary star in this system, G216-7A (M0), is itself an unresolved, nearly equal-mass binary. All three low-mass companions are highly likely to be stellar in nature, although G216-7B lies very close to the hydrogen-burning limit.
Acute myelocytic leukemia in adults.

The proposed reasons why acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) is less responsive to chemotherapy than lymphoblastic leukemia are examined. It is concluded that neither difference in age incidence nor difference in pathogenesis provides adequate explanations and that the major reasons why chemotherapy is less successful in AML are because: 1. None of the available cytotoxic drugs is sufficiently selective in killing leukemic myeloblasts and thus remission induction is very hazardous, and 2. There are relatively few drugs available which are dependably lethal to leukemic myeloblasts, thereby hindering effective remission consolidation. Despite these obstacles, several regimens employing combinations of drugs have recently been reported which give remission rates of 50% or better and significant prolongation of survival. The current status of one of these regimens—the “L-6” protocol —is reviewed and discussed in relation to anticipated future developments.
Molecular Mechanism of Serial VH Gene Replacement

: The molecular mechanism of serial VH replacement was analyzed using a human B cell line, EU12, that undergoes continuous spontaneous differentiation from pro-B to pre-B and then to B cell stage. In earlier studies, we found that this cell line undergoes intraclonal V(D)J diversification. Analysis of the IgH gene sequences in EU12 cells predicted the occurrence of serial VH replacement involving the cryptic recombination signal sequences (cRSS) embedded within framework 3 regions and concurrent extension of the CDR3 region. Detection of double-stranded DNA breaks at the cRSS site and different VH replacement excision circles confirm the ongoing nature of this diversification process in the EU12 cells. In vitro binding and cleavage assays using recombinant RAG-1 and RAG-2 proteins further validated the cRSS participation in this RAG-mediated recombination process. Serial VH replacements may represent an additional mechanism for diversification of the primary B cell repertoire.
MEMS For Wireless: FBAR and LiMMS

This paper describes technology of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) in the field of mobile handsets, which uses the single-mode CDMA product of 1800-1900 MHz range. In order to gain the market penetration, the HP Labs uses the FBAR project, where it reduces the size and weight of the RF resonators, filters and duplexers. Thus, the brief analysis illustrates that the FBAR, as a miniaturization technology for filters and resonators not only has functional dimension of micrometers but also the fabrication method is similar to that of the mass-market integrated-circuit fabrication. In the liquid metal micro switch (LiMMS), we employ a liquid-liquid contact to address the handset failure. The switching operation is achieved by forming a gap in the liquid metal using gas expansion. LiMMS also has good RF performance, thus the micro-machined version developed by California achieves promising parameters of 0.2 dB insertion loss at 2 GHz of below 0.3 ms switching time, switching power of 0.3 W for 2.5 microsecond duration
RELATING THIN AND FAT-FRACTAL SCALING OF RIVER-NETWORK MODELS

The fractal scaling of river networks has been described in the context of both thin and fat fractals. Whereas the thin-fractal characterization is presented as a fractal dimension, D, derived from the length properties of the river channels, a fat-fractal characterization is given as a scaling exponent, β, derived from the behavior of river-channel area. Several authors have related D to the bifurcation ratio, Rb, and length ratio, Rl, of idealized Hortonian-network trees. Here, for these types of trees, we asymptotically relate β to Rb, Rl, and to a diameter exponent, Δ, which governs the downstream channel-widening process. Using this result, we present a linkage of D to β and discuss the implications of the relative values of Rb, Rl, and Δ on this linkage and on network channel behavior. Finally, we illustrate bias in the estimation of β from preasymptotic trees.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Of Proteins Of Newborn Rat Skin I. Cell Strata and Nuclear Proteins

The proteins obtained from separated cells of neonatal rat dermis, four cell populations of epidermis, and an epidermal nuclear preparation were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparison of the results of the insoluble proteins of the dermis and epidermis show no similarity of the major protein bands, indicating the effective separation of the dermis and epidermis and absence of cross-contamination. The gels of the soluble proteins of the basal, spinous, and granular layers of the epidermis are very similar. Only the pattern of bands of the cornified cells differs in that some of these bands are absent and at least three new bands are present. The insoluble proteins have specific differences in the protein content related to the cell structure. An example is the nuclear protein bands which correspond with the most prominent bands in the gels of basal and spinous layer proteins, but are absent, with the possible exception of one band, from gels of cornified cell proteins.
A method for isolating the renal tubules of mammalia

Two methods are available for ascertaining the size, shape, sequence and relations of the several parts of a renal tubule of mammalia, namely, reconstruction by the wax-plate method and maceration of kidney substance to an extent permitting isolation of tubules or tubule segments. Of these two methods that of reconstruction is the more satisfactory, within the limits of its applicability, since it permits of the reproduction of the several parts of a tubule in their normal relation and in permanent form. However, the complexity of the renal tubules, especially of adult mammals is such, that i t is necessary to have for purposes of wax-plate reconstruction, first, an unbroken and relatively long series of sections, extending through cortex and medulla, and not to exceed 5 micra in thickness, and second, to use a magnification of about 400 diameters. The limits of applicability of thc wax-plate method, Lherefore, is reached about with renal tubules taken from the kidneys of newly born or relatively young stages of the smaller mammals; the renal tubules of newly born rabbits and cats, thus reconstructed resulting in models reaching a length of between four and five feet. The size of the model which would result from reconstruction of a renal tubule of an adult mammal, but more especially the difficulty of tracing through an unbroken series of 150 to 250 sections the different parts of such a tubule, would relegate this method, under such conditions, to the position of one of the most difficult of technical procedures. The method of maceration is the older and has been very widely used. The rapidity and ease of its application, and the fact that large numbers of tubules or tubule segments are readily placed a t the disposal of the observer, commend it. However, the methods of maceration as npw very generally used are not without limitations, so that while the results of nearly all investigations dealing with form and relations of the several parts of the mammalian renal tubule are based on observations made with the aid of maceration methods, it has not been possible until very recently to even approach the isolation of a complete renal tubule in an adult mammal, all conceptions of their form and relations being
Anthropology and the humanization of space

Abstract Because of its broad evolutionary perspective, and its focus on both technology and culture, anthropology offers a unique perspective on why we are going into space and what leaving Earth will mean for humanity. In addition, anthropology could help in the humanization of space through: (1) overcoming socio-cultural barriers to working and living in space; (2) designing societies appropriate for permanent space settlement; (3) promoting understanding among differentiated branches of humankind scattered through space; (4) deciphering the cultural systems of any extraterrestrial civilizations contacted.
Upper limits on the total radiant energy of solar flares

We establish limits on the total radiant energy of solar flares during the period 1980 February – November, using the solar-constant monitor (ACRIM) on board the Solar Maximum Mission. Typical limits amount to 6 × 1029 erg/s for a 32-second integration time, with 5σ statistical significance, for an impulsive emission; for a gradual component, about 4 × 1032 ergs total radiant energy. The limits lie about an order of magnitude higher than the total radiant energy estimated from the various known emission components, suggesting that no heretofore unknown dominant component of flare radiation exists.
Circular dichroism of proteins of known and unknown conformations.

Abstract The far ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectra of myoglobin, lysozyme, carboxypeptidase A, papain, and ribonuclease were compared with each other and with the spectra of several proteins of unknown conformation. The CD curve of carboxypeptidase A had negative peaks at 221 and 210 mμ and a positive peak at 193 mμ. Papain showed negative peaks at 222, 209 and 200 mμ, and a positive peak at 189–191 mμ. The CD spectra of human serum albumin, bacterial α-amylase, clostridiopeptidase A, enolase, hexokinase, hyaluronidase, lactate dehydrogenase, lipase, pyruvate kinase, and transferrin had negative peaks at 220–223 mμ and at 208–210 mμ and positive peaks at 190–193 mμ indicating significant amounts of the α-helix in these proteins. The CD spectra of Bence Jones proteins, cellulase, deoxyribonuclease, elastase, the immunoglobulin G immunoglobulins, pepsin and trypsin differed from each other and from those of the previously mentioned group. The interpretation of these spectra in terms of conformation is difficult, because the effects of the possible periodic orders are distorted by the effects of the side chain chromophores and by the aperiodic rigid structures of the polypeptide chain backbone.
Testing for competitive submarkets

Abstract We extend some of the methods Urban, Johnson and Hauser (1984) have developed to the problem of testing for the existence of competitive submarkets in a market. A submarket or a group of products is said to be competitive if consumers are statistically more likely to purchase again in that submarket than would be predicted using an aggregate constant ratio criterion. Unlike the ujh procedure, our method (1) identifies the specific submarkets that are competitive, (2) uses an appropriate one-sided multivariate likelihood ratio test to account for the correlation between the submarket statistics and to identify competitive submarkets over time, and (3) uses purchase probabilities estimated from behavioral data. Our application to the coffee market shows that the proposed method has substantial validity and confirms the presence of competitive submarkets.
Patient consent for publication and the health of the public.

THE STATEMENT "Protection of Patients' Rights to Privacy," which was agreed on by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and published in theBMJin November 19951is well intentioned but raises a number of issues and potential problems for clinical medicine and public health. See also pp 628 and 682. The statement, which is now included in the ICMJE Uniform Requirements,2is quoted verbatim and in toto as follows: Patients have a right to privacy that should not be infringed without informed consent. Identifying information should not be published in written descriptions, photographs, and pedigrees unless the information is essential for scientific purposes and the patient (or parent or guardian) gives written informed consent for publication. Informed consent for this purpose requires that the patient be shown the manuscript to be published. Identifying details should be omitted if they are not essential, but patient data
Novel Signal-Amplifying Fluorescent Nanofibers for Naked-Eye-Based Ultrasensitive Detection of Buried Explosives and Explosive Vapors

A novel electrospun fluorescent nanofiberous membrane with a function like “molecular wires” was developed via electrospinning for the detection of ultra-trace nitro explosive vapors and buried explosives by naked eye under UV excitation. The high binding affinity between the electron-deficient nitro explosives and the sensing film results in a rapid, dramatic quenching in its fluorescence emission. A wide spectrum of nitro explosives, in particular, TNT, Tetryl, RDX, PETN and HMX could be “visually” detected at their sub-equilibrium vapors (less than 10 ppb, 74 ppt, 5 ppt, 7 ppt and 0.1 ppt, respectively) released from 1 ng explosives residues. Such outstanding sensing performance could be attributed to the proposed “sandwich-like” conformation between pyrene and phenyl pendants of PS which may allow efficient long-range energy migration similar to “molecular wire”, thus achieving amplified fluorescence quenching. Its application for the detection of buried explosives in soil by naked eye was also demonstrated, indicating its potential application for landmine mapping. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the detection of buried explosives without the use of any advanced analytical instrumentation.
Equatorial phenomena in neutral thermospheric composition

Several interesting phenomena relating to the equatorial ionosphere have been observed in the data from the OGO-6 mass spectrometer. The diurnal variations during equinox at an altitude of 450 km show the N2 and O densities peaking near 1500 hr while He peaks near 1000 hr. The latitudinal variation in N2 during the day is very similar to the F-region electron density exhibiting the well known features of the ionospheric anomaly. During periods of intense geomagnetic disturbance (e.g. the large storm of 8 March 1970), the low latitude thermospheric temperature increases on the order of 50-150 K, while at mid latitudes, increases of more than 1000 K are observed.
Workshop report: darkspace and unsolicited traffic analysis (DUST 2012)

On May 14-15, 2012, CAIDA hosted the first international Workshop on Darkspace and Unsolicited Traffic Analysis (DUST 2012) to provide a forum for discussion of the science, engineering, and policy challenges associated with darkspace and unsolicited traffic analysis. This report captures threads discussed at the workshop and lists resulting collaborations.
Recombination between genes coding for immune response and the serologically determined antigens in the chickenB system

Evidence is presented for a crossover between the genes coding for the serologically determined (SD) antigens on erythrocytes and an immune response gene (Ir-GAT) controlling immune response to the synthetic polypeptide GAT within theB complex, the MHC of chickens. TheIr-GAT (1) andIr-GAT (19) alleles control low and high immune response to GAT, respectively. Both low and high responders were recovered as recombinants fromB (1) B (1) andB (19) B (19) birds. The low-responder haplotypes are homozygous for theIr-GAT (1) allele and the high-responder haplotypes carry theIr-GAT (19) allele. Mortality forB (1) B (1) nonresponder birds was 39%, compared with 19% for theB (1) B (1) high responders; this suggests the possibility that genes located within the immune response region of theB complex exert some genetic control over viability and survival.
Upgrading grain elevators to facilitate multicar rail shipments.

This article provides an investment analysis of the decision to upgrade grain elevators to multicar grain loadout facilities subject to changes in rail rates, levels of wheat production, and competitors' price response. The motivation for additional investment comes from railroads offering shippers more attractive rail rates for multicar shipments. The analysis is used to evaluate the decision to upgrade a set of selected Plains elevators and identify the effect of varying investment levels, various levels of rail rate reductions, small and large annual grain production levels, and a declining elevator gross margin on return to upgrading investment. The analysis uses a spatial model to calculate grain flows at selected elevators as a result of rate changes and then uses a computerized budgeting routine to evaluate the investment decision.
AMPA-selective glutamate receptor subtype immunoreactivity in the entorhinal cortex of non-demented elderly and patients with Alzheimer's disease

The present work employed immunocytochemical techniques and examined the distribution and cytological features of the AMPA receptor subunits, GluR2/3 and GluR1 within the entorhinal cortex of non-demented elderly (NC), patients with neuropathological and clinical verification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and patients without a clinical history of dementia yet exhibiting sufficient quantities of senile plaques to meet neuropathological criteria of Alzheimer's disease (HPND). In NC cases, GluR2/3-immunolabeled neurons were abundantly distributed throughout layers II, III, V and VI of the entorhinal cortex. In contrast, GluR1-positive cells were comparatively sparse in number and largely restricted to layers V and VI. In AD, GluR2/3- and GluR1-labeled neurons were markedly reduced. Similarly, adjacent Nissl-stained tissue sections revealed substantial cell loss in the entorhinal cortex thus providing a reasonable explanation for the loss of these receptor subunits. Importantly, a dramatic loss of GluR2/3- and GluR1-immunolabeled neurons is also observed in the HPND cases, although examination of Nissl-stained tissue sections reveals little if any evidence of cell loss. The latter data suggest that a 'down-regulation' of these receptor subunits occurs prior to the actual loss of these cells. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the decrease of specific AMPA receptor subunits may influence neuronal vulnerability via a mechanism involving increased intracellular calcium and the destabilization of intracellular calcium homeostasis.
A comparison of open cell and closed cell properties for low-density materials

The stiffness and strength properties for open cell and closed cell low-density materials are collected and compared. These are the theoretical predictions for the Kelvin cell type and the oct-tet cell type of open cell forms and of the closed cell form from the generalized self-consistent method. The strength properties considered are those for plastic collapse and elastic instability, under both uniaxial stress and dilatational stress conditions.
Efficient Robust Regression via Two-Stage Generalized Empirical Likelihood

Large- and finite-sample efficiency and resistance to outliers are the key goals of robust statistics. Although often not simultaneously attainable, we develop and study a linear regression estimator that comes close. Efficiency is obtained from the estimator's close connection to generalized empirical likelihood, and its favorable robustness properties are obtained by constraining the associated sum of (weighted) squared residuals. We prove maximum attainable finite-sample replacement breakdown point and full asymptotic efficiency for normal errors. Simulation evidence shows that compared to existing robust regression estimators, the new estimator has relatively high efficiency for small sample sizes and comparable outlier resistance. The estimator is further illustrated and compared to existing methods via application to a real dataset with purported outliers.
Adaptations to high-intensity training are independent of gender

The purpose of this study was to identify potential gender discrepancies in adaptation to low-volume high-intensity interval training (HIT). Active, young men (n = 11, age = 25.3 ± 5.5 years) and women (n = 9, age = 25.2 ± 3.1 years) matched for age, physical activity, and VO2max completed six sessions of HIT separated by 48 h over a 2–3 week period. Subjects completed four Wingate tests on days 1 and 2, five on days 3 and 4, and six on days 5 and 6. A control group of five men and four women (age = 22.8 ± 2.8 years) completed all testing, but did not perform HIT. Changes in VO2max, oxygen (O2) pulse, peak/mean power output, fatiguability, substrate oxidation, and voluntary force production of the knee flexors and extensors were examined pre- and post-training with repeated measures ANOVA, with gender and group as between-subjects variables. Results showed significant (p 0.05) between men and women. Data show that adaptations to 6 days of low-volume HIT are similar in men and women matched for VO2max and physical activity.
Effect of aerosol on UV radiation: an overview

ABSTRACT One of the key components in understanding how global climate change effects the biological environment on Earth isdetermining how the amount of UV radiation reaching the surface has changed in response. In order to accuratelyquantify such changes, the role of tropospheric aerosols in both changing the amount of UV surface radiation andaffecting the measurement of such radiation must be better understood. In this paper we will provide an overview onour current understanding of troposheric aerosols and their effect on UV radiation. We will also describe how suchaerosols are taken into account when trying to measure the UV surface radiation, and we will show how the diurnalvariability of tropospheric aerosols lead to significant errors in determining UV surface radiation from spacemeasurements. Finally, we will describe how measurement from future sensors launched into orbit other than those lowto the Earth can reduce such errors.Keywords: UV, Aerosols, Satellite, Measurements
Modesty and Modernity: Photography, Race, and Representation on Mexico’s Costa Chica (Guerrero) 1

This article uses ethnographic techniques to examine photographic practices in and around San Nicolas Tolentino, Guerrero, a rural community in a historically black region of Mexico. At its core is a juxtaposed intepretation of a book of photographs entitled Tierra Negra (Black Earth), taken by a Mexican photographer in the early 1990s, and local people’s “home” photos, mostly portraits of family members displayed on the walls of sitting rooms. In 2001, I brought Tierra Negra to San Nicolas in order to elicit local people’s responses to the photographs, which turn out to be mostly of them. Through their comments on these photos, as well as discourses around their home photos, I elaborate on identity issues and local people’s formulations of progress and modernity. I situate my analysis in the historical and anthropological scholarship on race and photographic representation as I draw conclusions about the distinct yet overlapping meanings that “outsiders” and “insiders” give to blackness and the values th...
Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of haloethanes as studied in the CHO/HGPRT system.

Abstract When haloethanes were being tested as direct-acting agents in the Chinese hamster ovary cell/hypoxanthine—guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) system, ethylene dibromide (EtBr 2 ) exhibited more cytotoxic and mutagenic activity than ethylene dichloride (EtCl 2 ), and the mixed halogenated congener ethylene bromochloride (EtBrCl) had an intermediate effect. On a molar basis, the relative mutagenic activity of EtBr 2 : EtBrCl : EtCl 2 was approximately 100 : 6 : 1. Cell survival was reduced to 50% by approx. 3, 6 and 50 mM of EtBr 2 , EtBrCl and EtCl 2 , respectively, and declined precipitously with increasing concentrations of the haloethanes. When these 3 haloethanes were assayed in the presence of S9, there was a 5–25-fold increase in cytotoxicity; however, only EtBrCl and EtCl 2 also showed a concomitant increase in mutagenicity of 4-fold. The mutagenicity of EtBr 2 remained unchanged when assayed in the presence of S9. When NADP was omitted from the S9 mix, which contains a NADPH-regenerating system, the increase in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity observed with the complete S9 mix was abolished. EtBr 2 was shown to possess a molar equivalent mutagenic activity to ethyl methanesulfonate under the conditions of the assay. The cytotoxicity of EtBr 2 increased as the time of treatment increased up to 24 h, while mutation induction appeared to peak at around 5 h.
Drops in joint Hilbert–Kunz multiplicities and projective equivalence

Abstract Given two m -primary ideals a and I in a Noetherian local or graded ring, we introduce the level ideals of I with respect to a as a measure of the asymptotic growth of the drop in the joint Hilbert–Kunz multiplicity, e HK ( a t , I ) − e HK ( a t , ( I , x ) ) . We study the properties that must hold for two ideals a , b to determine the same level ideals for all I, and we show that this is related to projective equivalence.
Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents (excluding Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)

Sudden death in the young is rare. About 25% of cases occur during sports. Most young people with sudden cardiac death (SCD) have underlying heart disease, with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and coronary artery anomalies being commonest in most series. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and long QT syndrome are the most common primary arrhythmic causes of SCD. It is estimated that early cardiopulmonary resuscitation and widespread availability of automatic external defibrillators could prevent about a quarter of pediatric sudden deaths.