cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact on periosteal vasculature after dual plating of the distal femur: a cadaveric study.

Although dual plating of distal femur fractures has been described for injuries at risk of varus displacement, the vascular insult to the medial distal femur utilizing this technique is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perfusion of the medial distal femoral periosteal arteries after supplemental medial plating of the distal femur. Methods Fifteen human fresh-frozen cadaveric femora were thawed and randomized to lateral locked plating alone or with supplemental medial plate fixation. Conventional submuscular medial plating was performed using a 12-hole small fragment plate and multiple cortical screws. The superficial femoral artery was injected with latex dye. Specimens were dissected. The patency of the medial distal femoral periosteal vessels was evaluated. Results Four vessels were consistently observed traversing the distal medial femur: the transverse and descending (d-MMPA) branches of the medial metaphyseal periosteal artery, and the transverse and longitudinal branches of the descending geniculate artery. The anterior longitudinal arch (ALA) was present in 13 of 15 specimens and was fed by the d-MMPA. The median number of periosteal arteries occluded by the medial plate was 2 (6 out of 8 specimens). The d-MMPA was occluded in 6 of 8 medially plated femurs, resulting in a complete lack of perfusion of the ALA. Conclusions Submuscular medial plating of the distal femur compressed the d-MMPA in the majority of specimens. This vessel gives rise to the ALA, which lacked perfusion in these specimens. This vascular insult could affect the healing of metaphyseal distal femur fractures treated with dual plating.
Conditional Deterrence: Parity, Terrorism and Tenuous Deterrence

This paper provides an integrated structure that defines conditions for the success and failure of nuclear deterrence. The conditional deterrence model presented is applied to global and regional interactions driven by nuclear proliferation, and is further extended to anticipate challenges that may be generated by the acquisition of nuclear capabilities by terrorists. The key elements of our assessment include relative capabilities, risk propensity associated with the relative assessment of the status quo, and physical exposure to attack or retaliation. After reviewing previous efforts, we generalize insights to all deterrence environments. Our deductive findings indicate that deterrence is stable when the capabilities of a dissatisfied challenger are inferior to that of a dominant and satisfied defender. Deterrence is tenuous when a dissatisfied challenger approaches parity in capability with the dominant and satisfied defender, or when a violent non-state actor obtains nuclear or radiological weapons.
The Replication Problem: A Constructive Induction Approach

Pagallo's FRINGE and Symmetric FRINGE can improve learning by constructing new features based on the decision tree output of an induction algorithm. The new features help the replication problem. This paper examines the influence of replication problem in learning, and studies an refined version of Symmetric FRINGE called DCFringe. Like Symmetric FRINGE, DCFringe attacks both DNF and CNF problems using a dual heuristic. But unlike Symmetric FRINGE, DCFringe distinguishes between conjunctive and disjunctive replication, thus outperforming FRINGE for CNF-type concepts while equaling its performance for DNF-type concepts. We study the scope of the replication problem by relating it to other known characteristics of difficult concepts, such as concept dispersion, relative concept size, feature interaction and embedded parity. We discuss the generality of our solution in terms of its extensibility to other representations. We also suggest approaches to overcome some limitations of our approach such as its tendency to overfit the data and its susceptibility to noise.
Chapter 15 Obstructive sleep apnea syndromes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the obstructive sleep apnea syndromes (OSA). OSA exists in all age groups. From the data derived from a large cohort study, the prevalence of OSA in the United States is reported to be 4% in men and 2% in women between the ages of 30–60 years. However, the actual prevalence may be higher. Young and colleagues estimated that among middle-aged adults, 93% of women and 82% of men with OSA have not been diagnosed. The Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study evaluated the association of pre-, peri-, and post-menopausal states in 589 women with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). After adjusting for age, body habits, smoking, and other potential confounding factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for OSA (defined as apnea–hypopnea index > 5 events per hour of sleep) is calculated to be 1.2 (range 0.7–2.2) with perimenopause and 2.6 (range 1.4–4.8) with postmenopause. These results suggest that the transition from pre- to post-menopause may be associated with an increased risk of SDB, independent of known confounding factors. After menopause, women develop OSA at a rate similar to that in men.
Calcium-Mediated Apoptosis and Apoptotic Sensitization in Prostate Cancer

Abstract : Prostate cancer (PC) cells are highly sensitive to changes in their cytoplasmic calcium and this aspect of their biology must be more thoroughly understood to uncover possible new therapeutic targets for this disease. Our preliminary studies demonstrated that calcium activated two pathways that may contribute to the calcium apoptotic sensitivity of PC cells. Calcium mediated activation of calpain results in direct activation of caspase 7 and the tyrosine phosphatase, PTP1B. To study their direct involvement in apoptosis and signaling, PC cells were transfected with dominant negative caspase 7 and inducible constructs of activated PTP1B B. Dominant negative caspase 7 suppressed activation of endogenous caspase 7 by calcium ionophore, supporting a role for its recruitment into the calcium initiated apoptotic process. Activated PTP1B expression (but not a phosphatase-dead mutant) suppressed PC cell growth and blocked signaling through insulin receptor, HER2 and lL-6. However, EGFR signaling was not affected. These data demonstrate that calcium antagonizes specific signal transduction pathways important in PC cells through activation of PTP1B B. Agents that regulate calcium flux and PTP1B activation in PC cells may be active in suppressing PC cells dependent on these signaling pathways for their growth and survival.
A Psychoeducational Intervention to Reduce Distress in Hispanic Family Caregivers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of offering a psychoeducational intervention, in a group format, to Hispanic/Latino family caregivers of dementia victims. The final sample size was 70 primary caregivers who volunteered to participate in the study: 43 were in the intervention program and 27 were on a waiting list for 3 months. Pre/post comparisons were made between those participating in the specially designed culturally sensitive 8-week class (that taught several specific cognitive and behavioral skills for coping with the frustrations associated with caregiving) and those who remained on the waiting list for that same time period. Those in the class reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms, and showed a trend for increased control of feelings of anger and frustration, compared to those on the waiting list, who did not improve on any measure. Limitations of the study include lack of random assignment, absence of systematic follow-up, and unavoidable use of measu...
The Synthesis via Organoiron Complexes of Pedicellanin Methyl Ether and Cuparene

Abstract a synthetic route to Pedicellanin methyl ether as well as to Cuparene via iron tricarbonyl-cyclohexadienyl cations is reported. The unusual aromatization reaction of the iron tricarbonyl- cyclohexadienyl mojety by iron trichloride is evidencied.
Web services management approaches

Web services are important to business-to-business and business-to-consumer application deployment and are poised to be a critical aspect of the Web architecture of a business. Their reliable operation is required for the smooth and profitable operation of the business, mandating that Web services be well managed. This management includes controlling the life cycle of the service and collecting information about existence, availability, and health. All these activities can be accomplished in a manner specific to no particular vendor so that a number of management applications, such as those from Tivoli, can manage Web services in the context of the business applications of which they are components, as well as in relation to the other resources in the enterprise.
The identification and characterization of protein kinase C activity in fetal membranes

Protein kinase C activity was demonstrated in cytosolic fractions prepared from human amnion and decidua vera tissues. The enzyme has been partially purified and was found to be glycerophospholipid-dependent. Phosphatidylserine was most active in the stimulation of protein kinase C. Ca2+ was also required for the expression of the enzyme activity. In the presence of unsaturated diacylglycerols, maximum activation of protein kinase C was observed at suboptimal concentrations of Ca2+. A possible role of phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C in the regulation of arachidonic acid release in this tissue is discussed.
Cardiodynamics of Exercise in the Patient with Stenosis of One Coronary Artery

The hemodynamic responses to supine leg exercise in eight control subjects and 11 patients with stenosis of one coronary artery are reported. There was no characteristic difference in mean arterial pressure, stroke volume index, or stroke index at rest or with exercise between subjects and patients with disease of a single coronary artery. However, exercise produced a fall in end-diastolic pressure in subjects without coronary disease and an elevation in this pressure in patients with stenosis of one coronary artery. Possible reasons for the conflicting reports in the literature concerning the effect of exercise on the end-diastolic pressure in normal subjects are discussed. The importance of being able to separate, cardiodynamically, normals from patients with single vessel coronary artery disease patients is stressed.
CHANGES IN THE SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES OF HIGH-Tc CUPRATES PRODUCED BY APPLIED ELECTRIC FIELDS

By changing the concentration of mobile charge carriers, applied electric fields influence the transport properties of high-Tc superconductors in the superconducting state. Experimental studies of these effects are briefly reviewed.
Comparative effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus chemotherapy alone followed by surgery for patients with stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Objectives The optimal neoadjuvant therapy prior to surgical resection of stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is controversial, as data support both preoperative chemoradiotherapy (N-CRT) and chemotherapy (N-CTX). We evaluated the comparative effectiveness of N-CRT versus N-CTX in stage IIIA patients in the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Methods Patients in the NCDB with stage IIIA NSCLC treated with N-CRT or N-CTX and surgery between 2003 and 2005 were analyzed. Outcomes included overall survival (OS), residual nodal disease (RND), any adverse pathologic features (APF=RND or positive margins), and 30-day postoperative mortality (POPM). The survival impact of post-operative radiotherapy (PORT) after N-CTX was also investigated. Results The cohort consisted of 1076 patients: 700 (65%) underwent N-CRT. The 5-year OS for the entire cohort was 39% (39.2% N-CRT vs. 38.6% N-CTX, p =NS). On multivariable regression, there was no difference in OS between N-CRT versus N-CTX ( p =0.70). However, N-CRT was associated with a lower independent risk of RND (odds ratio, OR, 0.75, p =0.02) and a lower risk of APF (OR 0.67, p =0.0023). Among N-CTX patients, PORT was associated with inferior survival in patients without APF (hazard ratio 1.68, p =0.01) but not with APF. N-CRT did not increase early POPM, readmission rates, or length of stay. Conclusion There was no difference in overall survival between these two strategies, although N-CRT was associated with improved pathologic outcomes. These data support either treatment approach, but early surgical consultation is critical to ensure operability. The indications for PORT in patients without adverse pathologic factors require further investigation.
C4B null alleles are not associated with genetic polymorphisms in the adjacent gene CYP21A2 in autism

Research indicates that the etiology of autism has a strong genetic component, yet so far the search for genes that contribute to the disorder, including several whole genome scans, has led to few consistent findings. However, three studies indicate that the complement C4B gene null allele (i.e. the missing or nonfunctional C4B gene) is significantly more frequent in individuals with autism. Due to the close proximity of the CYP21A2 gene to the C4B locus (3 kb) it was decided to examine samples from autistic subjects, including many with known C4B null alleles for common CYP21A2 mutations. Samples from subjects diagnosed with autism and non-autistic controls (controls) previously typed for C4B null alleles were studied. Allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used to determine 8 of the most common CYP21A2 genetic mutations, known to completely or partially inhibit 21-hydroxylase, the enzyme encoded by the CYP21A2 gene. Although the combined autism and control study subjects had 50 C4B null alleles only 15 CYP21A2 mutations were detected in over 2250 genotypes. Eight mutations were detected in the autistic samples and 7 in the controls. The frequency of CYP21A2 mutations was similar between the autism and control samples. Only one individual (autistic) carried a chromosome containing both C4B null allele and CYP21A2 mutations.
Present Role of the Precordial Examination in Patient Care

Recent observations suggest that many physicians do not consider the bedside cardiac examination as a valuable tool in patient care. Internists, hospitalists, emergency department physicians, cardiologists, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners were interviewed to ascertain their current practice in completing the cardiac examination. In addition, we surveyed patients in a cardiology practice concerning their attitudes about the cardiac physical examination. The study found that a significant number of practitioners failed to carry out a basic cardiac examination. Most patients do not have their chest exposed. It is unusual for the patient to be examined in the lateral decubitus position or for maneuvers to be used to evaluate the significance of a murmur. Most patients were more confident in the physician when a bedside examination was carried out, and they expect to undress for the examination. Half of the patients were more secure when they were undressed if there was a attendant of the same gender in the room. Review of the medical literature suggests that when a skilled examiner completes the bedside cardiac examination, it has an excellent sensitivity and specificity to recognize clinically significant cardiac disorders. A thorough cardiac bedside examination can make an echocardiogram unnecessary in some patients and compliment the echo in every patient. In conclusion, the bedside cardiac examination is a valuable diagnostic aid for diagnosing heart disease. If on the teaching wards and in the medical journals more emphasis is placed on the importance of physical findings for diagnosing heart disease, more physicians will make the effort to perform a thorough examination.
A two-stage fuzzy logic controller for traffic signals

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a fuzzy logic traffic signal controller for an isolated intersection. The controller is designed to be responsive to real-time traffic demands. The fuzzy controller uses vehicle loop detectors, placed upstream of the intersection on each approach, to measure approach flows and estimate queues. These data are used to decide, at regular time intervals, whether to extend or terminate the current signal phase. These decisions are made using a two-stage fuzzy logic procedure. In the first stage, observed approach traffic flows are used to estimate relative traffic intensities in the competing approaches. These traffic intensities are then used in the second stage to determine whether the current signal phase should be extended or terminated. The performance of this controller is compared to that of a traffic-actuated controller for different traffic conditions on a simulated four-approach intersection.
Absent fetal nasal bone: what does it mean for the euploid fetus?

Objectives Our purpose was to review the outcomes of singleton pregnancies in which an absent nasal bone was noted on first- or second-trimester sonography and aneuploidy was not present. Methods We identified singleton pregnancies from 2005 to 2011 in which an absent nasal bone was noted on sonography, aneuploidy was excluded, and newborn examinations were available for review. Sonographic reports were reviewed for anomalies, growth, and amniotic fluid volume. Newborn records were reviewed for physical examinations, complications, and radiologic or genetic tests. Results We identified 142 fetuses with a sonographic appearance of an absent nasal bone. We excluded 52 cases with aneuploidy and 33 in which newborn examination information was unavailable. Fifty-seven cases met inclusion criteria. For 3 euploid fetuses with an absent nasal bone on sonography, the presence of additional anomalies on second-trimester sonography ultimately signaled an adverse outcome: the presence of multiple congenital anomalies, a microdeletion syndrome, and a specific genetic diagnosis. Conclusions All cases with adverse outcomes had additional prenatal sonographic findings. For the remainder, normal newborn examination findings provide some reassurance, especially in the setting of otherwise normal second-trimester sonographic findings. A microarray as a test for microdeletion and duplication syndromes in this situation could be considered.
Feynman variance-to-mean in the context of passive neutron coincidence counting

Abstract Passive Neutron Coincidence Counting (PNCC) based on shift register autocorrelation time analysis of the detected neutron pulse train is an important Nondestructive Assay (NDA) method. It is used extensively in the quantification of plutonium and other spontaneously fissile materials for purposes of nuclear materials accountancy. In addition to the totals count rate, which is also referred to as the singles, gross or trigger rate, a quantity known as the reals coincidence rate, also called the pairs or doubles, is obtained from the difference between the measured neutron multiplicities in two measurement gates triggered by the incoming events on the pulse train. The reals rate is a measure of the number of time correlated pairs present on the pulse train and this can be related to the fission rates (and hence material mass) since fissions emit neutrons in bursts which are also detected in characteristic clusters. A closely related measurement objective is the determination of the reactivity of systems as they approach criticality. In this field an alternative autocorrelation signature is popular, the so called Feynman variance-to-mean technique which makes use of the multiplicity histogram formed the periodic, or clock-triggered opening of a coincidence gate. Workers in these two application areas share common challenges and improvement opportunities but are often separated by tradition, problem focus and technical language. The purpose of this paper is to recognize the close link between the Feynman variance-to-mean metric and traditional PNCC using shift register logic applied to correlated pulse trains. We, show using relationships for the late-gate (or accidentals) histogram recorded using a multiplicity shift register, how the Feynman Y -statistic, defined as the excess variance-to-mean ratio, can be expressed in terms of the singles and doubles rates familiar to the safeguards and waste assay communities. These two specialisms now have a direct bridge between them and we anticipate fruitful cross fertilization, for example on assay algorithms, including corrections for measurement item perturbation factors, and on data acquisition systems.
School-based interventions with depressed minority adolescents

School-based approaches to intervention with depressed minority adolescents is discussed within a preventive framework. The symptomatology and epidemiology of depression is presented as it pertains to minority group adolescents. Specific suggestions for school-based services, the uses of school-based mental health professionals, and for coordination with mental health agencies are provided.
In the words of the good and the great

The World of Physics: A Small Library of the Literature of Physics from Antiquity to the Present, Vols I–III. By Jefferson Hane Weaver with commentaries and notes by Lloyd Motz and Dale McAdoo Simon & Schuster:1987–1988. Each volume about 1,000 pages, $29.95, £25.
Subsidies, public goods, and external benefits in fisheries

Abstract The fisheries subsidy discussion has largely overlooked the increased welfare for society from Pigouvian subsidies that increase the supply of and investment in public goods when there are external benefits and free riding. Important fisheries public goods and external benefits include knowledge associated with new technology for “target” species and “bycatch” reduction, research and development for new technology, and ecosystem services and biodiversity. Careful definition of subsidies also requires consideration of the counter-factual or what would have happened without the action to which the fishery “subsidy” is attributed. Subsidies in the Western and Central Pacific tuna fishery are evaluated according to these and other criteria.
α-ketoglutarate controls the ability of the Escherichia coli PII signal transduction protein to regulate the activities of NRII (NtrB) but does not control the binding of PII to NRII

PII signal transduction proteins are among the most widely distributed signaling proteins in nature; these proteins are direct sensors of alpha-ketoglutarate and adenylylate energy charge and control receptors that are signal transduction proteins, metabolic enzymes, or permeases involved in nitrogen metabolism. Prior studies showed that alpha-ketoglutarate regulated the ability of PII to control the activities of glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase (ATase) but did not affect the ability of PII to bind to ATase. Here, we show that a similar pattern of alpha-ketoglutarate regulation was obtained with another PII receptor, the two-component system transmitter protein NRII (NtrB). Although alpha-ketoglutarate was required for the binding of PII to NRII, PII bound to NRII equally well as the concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate was varied through its physiological range. Variation of the concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate through its physiological range provided dramatic regulation of the ability of PII to activate the phosphatase activity of NRII and controlled the ability of PII to inhibit the autophosphorylation of NRII. Thus, PII control of NRII activities could be dissected into distinct binding and regulation steps, and when present in its physiological concentration range, alpha-ketoglutarate apparently played a role in only the latter step.
ECONOMIC DUALISM IN CLASSICAL ECONOMIC THOUGHT

tions. But in the 18th and early 19th centuries, economic dualism existed in Western Europe as a combination of institutions congruent with preindustrial and industrial society. The term "industrial" refers to the application of science and reason, rather than tradition, to the productive process. The industrial economy is an abstraction, for elements of tradition can be found in all economic systems. Its origins can be traced to the 16th century or, depending upon the weights assigned to various phenomena, to the Italian Renaissance, or even earlier. But, because institutions are intrinsically slow to change, preindustrial institutions remained dominant until the pace of economic development quickened during the period under consideration. The British classical economists, from Adam Smith through John Stuart Mill,' saw England emerge from economic backwardness to become the world's first industrial
The intramandibular sliding myo-osseous graft for delayed reconstruction of selected mandibular defects. A preliminary report

A technique for re-establishing continuity of the mandibular bone using an intramandibular sliding myo-osseous graft is presented. The usefulness and the simplicity of this modified pedicled bone graft is shown and additional experience with the technique is now justified to give a full assessment of the procedure.
A critique of anarchism

I take anarchism as asserting three principles: (1) There is no such thing as legitimate government; (2) Authority and autonomy are basically in conflict; and (3) Autonomy will be achieved in a post-governmental society filled with voluntary, non-coercive social aggregates. In what follows I will join Marx and Engels (against Bakunin) in taking issue with all three. My tack will be to elaborate upon the critical responses to Robert Paul Wolff's anarchist writings.1 Let me first review briefly the heart of Wolff's case for anarchism. This appears in two paragraphs of his important book:
Transient Neurologic Signs in Infancy and Motor Outcomes at 4 1/2 Years in Children Born Biologically at Risk.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of transient neurologic signs evident in infancy on motor outcomes in 41/2-year-old children born biologically at risk. Children who appeared neurologically normal at each of the 4-month, 12-month, and 24-month visits in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Follow-Up Clinic were assigned to the neurologically normal (NN) group (n = 42). Children who appeared to have neuromotor abnormalities at either or both the 4-month and 12-month visits, and who were then rated as “normal” at the 24-month visit, were assigned to the transient neurological signs (TNS) group (n = 19). The groups were compared on motor and cognitive measures at the 41/2-year clinic visit. No significant differences between groups were found except on the measure of pencil prehension, in which the TNS group scored significantly lower (p < .01) than the NN group. A more thorough assessment of fine motor skills at the preschool level may be indicated when following the neurodevelopmental course ...
The adaptation of amalgam

The purpose of this study was to devise a method for measuring the adaptation of amalgam restorations to the cavity margin and to evaluate the influence of three factors on this adaptation.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Studies of 8-Quinolinol in Various Media

Abstract The proton magnetic resonance spectra of 8-quinolinol and its acid salts are reported. The chemical shifts of the neutral molecule vary slightly for different solvents- the changes indicate complex formation between 8-quinolinol and solvent. The spectra of aqueous acid solutions suggest that the 8-quinolinium ion is hydrated, and can be dehydrated by the addition of other strong electrolytes to its solutions.
Race, kinds and ontological commitments: Issues for social policy clarification

abstract This article attempts to illustrate the continuing need to pay attention to ontological issues connected with the conduct of empirical research and subsequent policy making. Failure to do so leads to the conflation of social constructions with ideas about the thesis of an independent reality. Such category mistakes often lead to dilemmas in which culturally sensitive constructs may, on the one hand, be worthy of study because they do tell us how socially constructed categories do predict social phenomena; but, on the other hand, such constructs may illustrate an unwillingness on the part of the research community to recognize the objective nature of such constructs. Some recommendations are suggested for addressing the social policy consequences of these dilemmas.
The luminescence of doped and compensated amorphous silicon

Abstract Measurements are reported of the spectrum and intensity of luminescence in a-Si:H doped and compensated with boron and phosphorus. The desity of localized states in the gap is very sensitive to the dopants. We conclude that the dangling bond density is controlled by the position of the Fermi energy. Compensation introduces new hole states which influence the luminescence spectrum.
Hemoglobin metabolites mimic benzodiazepines and are possible mediators of hepatic encephalopathy.

Liver failure is often accompanied by cognitive impairment and coma, a syndrome known as hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The administration of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine (BZ) antagonist, is effective in reversing the symptoms of HE in many patients. These clinical observations gave rise to notions of an endogenous BZ-like mechanism in HE, but to date no viable candidate compounds have been characterized. We show here that the hemoglobin (Hb) metabolites hemin and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) interact with the BZ site on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor and enhance inhibitory synaptic transmission in a manner similar to diazepam and zolpidem. This finding suggests that hemin and PPIX are neuroactive porphyrins capable of acting as endogenous ligands for the central BZ site. The accumulation of these porphyrins under pathophysiologic conditions provides a potentially novel mechanism for the central manifestations of HE.
Determination of the amount of thrombin generated in undiluted plasma during coagulation. Effect of platelets, thromboplastin, factor VIII and prothrombin complex☆

Abstract Part of the thrombin which is generated during the clotting of blood or plasma becomes adsorbed on the fibrin of the clot, while the remaining is neutralized by the antithrombins. Thus it has not been possible so far to quantitate the amount of enzyme which is generated during clotting. We have found that the amount of thrombin which can be eluted from a clot by homogenization in 1 M NaCl is proportional to the amount of thrombin which is added to the plasma. It is also dependent on: (a) whether the plasma has been recalcified or not, and (b) how rapidly after formation the clot has been packed and removed from the plasma since the early tight packing and removal minimizes the inactivation of the adsorbed thrombin by the antithrombins. By standardizing these conditions we have developed a method which can quantitate the thrombin which is generated during clotting. We have thus found that in normal platelet-rich plasma 14.8±7.9 (SD) units of thrombin per ml are generated. This value corresponds to only 10.6 + 5.3 (SD) % of the prothrombin of the plasma and to 13.8 + 8.4 (SD) % of the consumed prothrombin. Addition of increasing concentrations of platelets increased the amount of thrombin generated, but this never reached 100% of the consumed prothrombin; very high platelet concentrations were inhibitory. On the other hand, addition of tissue thrombo-plastin increased the amount of the generated thrombin linearly until all the prothrombin of plasma was converted to thrombin. There was no inhibition. Addition of factor VIII to hemophilia A plasma increased the amount of the generated thrombin up to the corresponding value for normal plasma, but further addition of factor VIII was without effect. Similarly addition of factor VIII to normal plasma was without effect. Addition of prothrombin complex increased the amount of thrombin generated. However, the percentage of consumed prothrombin converted to thrombin remained stable.
Dairy Lecithin from Cheese Whey Fat Globule Membrane: Its Extraction, Composition, Oxidative Stability, and Emulsifying Properties

An ethanol extraction method was studied for the production of dairy lecithin from cheese whey-derived milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). A two-step ethanol extraction of MFGM involving first extraction at pH 6.5, followed by second extraction at pH 4.5 yielded 17.2 % lipids. The extracted material contained about 90 % lipids, 4.5 % ash, and 1.2 % moisture. The phospholipid content of the ethanol extract was 31 % and the remainder was mostly neutral lipids. The phospholipid fraction contained 34 % sphingomyelin, 31 % phosphatidylcholine, 27 % phosphatidylethanolamine, 4.6 % phosphatidylserine, and 3.1 % phosphatidylinositol. Since the ethanol extract contained 31 % phospholipids, it can be technically termed as dairy lecithin. The major fatty acid components were linoleic acid (5.1 %), myristic acid (8.3 %), palmitic acid (29 %), stearic acid (14 %), oleic acid (25 %), and the remainder was minor fatty acids with chain length ranging from C4:0 to C22:5. The dairy lecithin was semi-solid at room temperature and exhibited a major phase transition at about 35 °C. Owing to its low polyunsaturated fatty acid content, the dairy lecithin was reasonably stable to oxidation as measured by the rate and extent of hexanal production during 35 days of storage at 45 °C. Oil-in-water emulsions made with less than 2 % dairy lecithin (relative to the total emulsion weight) were unstable; however, emulsions made with greater than 4 % dairy lecithin were very stable for more than 60 days at room temperature. The results of this study indicated that a highly functional dairy lecithin can be commercially produced using cheese whey-derived MFGM as the starting material.
CuO Nanowires Can Be Synthesized by Heating Copper Substrates in Air

This paper describes a vapor-phase approach to the facial synthesis of cupric oxide (CuO) nanowires supported on the surfaces of various copper substrates that include grids, foils, and wires. A typical procedure simply involved the thermal oxidation of these substrates in air and within the temperature range from 400 to 700 °C. Electron microscopic studies indicated that these nanowires had a controllable diameter in the range of 30−100 nm with lengths of up to 15 μm by varying the temperature and growth time. Electron diffraction and high-resolution TEM studies implied that each CuO nanowire was a bicrystal divided by a (111) twin plane in its middle along the longitudinal axis. A possible mechanism was also proposed to account for the growth of these CuO nanowires.
OMEGA PHASE FORMATION IN SUPERCONDUCTING Ti ALLOYS.

Abstract The effectiveness of the omega-phase precipitate as a flux pinner in superconducting beta-stabilized TiV and TiNb alloys depends on its number density and composition. If the diffusivity of Ti is sufficiently greater than that of the Group V element, kinetic analysis indicates that the omega phase becomes enriched in Ti in the early stages of growth. After enrichment, the omega phase remains an effective flux pinner provided Ostwald ripening or dissolution does not occur. The analysis compares favorably with experimental data obtained for TiV and TiNb superconducting alloys.
A view of a user-oriented production test data generation system

Present methods of production test data generation for dense logic circuit packages are costly and time-consuming. Necessary human intervention can be performed only between batch computer runs. Speed and cost improvements can be made with a system that provides the user with real-time information on the consequences of his decisions. This paper presents design considerations for a system which meets this need.
Distribution of fatty acids and effect of chemically treated ground, full-fat soybean supplements on tocopherols concentrations in crossbred (Dorset × Suffolk) lambs

Abstract Eighteen crossbred (Dorset × Suffolk) feeder lambs (35.0 kg BW) were used to determine the effect of chemically treated ground, full-fat soybeans on concentrations of vitamin E in fresh lambs, as well as to estimate the dependency of individual fatty acids depositions on sites of fat depots. Chemically treated soybeans were prepared with sodium hydroxide, water, and sodium caseinate along with acetaldehyde or diacetyl. Untreated, acetaldehyde-, or diacetyl-treated soybeans contained same levels of α -(20 mg/100 g lipid) and γ -(98 mg/100 g lipid) tocopherols and total lipid (17.3%, DM). Six lambs (three lambs/pen) in each treatment group were fed over 9 weeks with one of soybean supplements (600 g, DM) plus corn basal diet (3.0 kg, DM) and grass hay (1.08 kg, DM) by pen. Samples of the longissimus doris (LD) muscle, intermuscular, back, and kidney fat were obtained from each lamb carcass to determine tocopherols’ contents and fatty acid profiles. Lambs fed untreated soybean supplements had lower ( P α -tocopherol in back fat than did lambs fed treated supplements. No differences were found in concentrations of α - and γ -tocopherols in the LD muscle of lambs fed untreated and treated soybean supplements. However, levels of γ -tocopherol were higher ( P P P P
Top management team restructuring in pre-IPO high technology startups: The influence of TMT characteristics and firm growth

Abstract This study examines the influence of TMT (top management team) characteristics and firm growth on pre-IPO management team restructuring. Using a sample of U.S. biotechnology startups which went public between 1991 and 1999, the empirical results show that TMT tenure, TMT founder percentage, and TMT functional heterogeneity are negatively associated with management team restructuring in pre-IPO technology ventures. Further, the impact of TMT tenure and TMT functional heterogeneity on pre-IPO management team restructuring is stronger when firm growth is high than when it is low. The study extends understanding of pre-IPO management team restructuring and contributes to research on managerial turnover, new venture teams, and IPO firms.
Olfactory associative conditioning in infant rats with brain stimulation as reward. I. Neurobehavioral consequences.

Abstract In Experiment 1, infant rats were implanted with a stimulating electrode in the medial forebrain bundle/lateral hypothalamus (MFB/LH) on postnatal day 12 (PN12). Four to 6 hours later, the pups underwent associative olfactory conditioning, with half of the pups trained with 30 temporal pairings of odor (5 s) and MFB/LH stimulation (200 Hz, 300 ms), and the other half trained with random presentations of odor and MFB/LH stimulation. On PN13, pups were tested for: (1) behavioral preference for the conditioned odor; (2) focal glomerular layer 2-DG uptake to the odor; or (3) mitral/tufted cell single-unit response pattern to the odor. Odor-MFB/LH pairings produced a relative behavioral preference, enhanced focal 2-DG uptake and a modified mitral/tufted cell response pattern to the conditioned odor. Random training resulted in none of these changes. In Experiment 2, PN12 pups were anesthetized with urethane and single-unit responses of mitral/tufted cells to MFB/LH stimulation were examined. MFB/LH stimulation produced a brief suppression of mitral/tufted cell activity followed either by a prolonged excitation (18/30 cells; 8–10 s duration) or a prolonged suppression (12/30 cells; 10–30 s). These results suggest that pairing olfactory nerve input with MFB/LH stimulation modifies subsequent behavioral and physiological responses to olfactory nerve input alone. Furthermore, the prolonged olfactory bulb response to MFB/LH stimulation may be critical in this modification.
Explaining the Effects of Capital Sector for Income Determination.

This article endeavors to explicate some of the mechanisms whereby the dual sector distinction is relevant for earnings determination. We estimate both direct and indirect sectoral effects, disaggregate the dependent variable into hourly wage and annual hours worked components and explore the interplay between sector and occupational distributions. The final section attempts to evaluate dualism in a somewhat broader sense. In particular, we explore the extent to which capital sectors exhaust the relevance of industrial structure for earnings. We find that substantial interindustry variation in wages exists net of sector.
RECENT RESEARCH ON THE APPLICATION AND PRACTICAL EFFECTS OF SOLIDIFIERS

ABSTRACT A Petroleum Environmental Research Forum (PERF) project, entitled Solidifiers for Oil Spill Response, was conducted by Exxon between 1993 and 1995 (Cardello et al., 1994). This paper highlights the results of the recent project. The main focus was on evaluating existing application equipment for potential use in applying solidifiers and subsequently solidifying the oil. The study also identified options for recovery, removal, and disposal.
Optically pH and H2O2 Dual Responsive Composite Colloids through the Directed Assembly of Organic Dyes on Responsive Microgels

A novel type of smart composite materials based on the directed assembly of organic dyes on a responsive microgel template was prepared and investigated. We have chosen Calcon, a monoazo dye, as model organic dye molecules and the copolymer microgel of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-acrylic acid-acrylamide) [p(NIPAM-AA-AAm)] as template with the pAA segments designed for inducing pH-sensitivity and the pAAm segments designed for directing the highly ordered assembly of dye molecules. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and light scattering were used to study the dye assembling structures and the pH-induced volume phase transitions of the composite microgels. The UV−vis absorption and photoluminescence properties of the composite microgels were respectively investigated at different pH values and H2O2 concentrations. The pH-induced shrinkage of the template microgels not only results in a systematic shift in the wavelength of bands, but also significantly increases the absorption and emission i...
Optimal feedback design for nonlinear stochastic systems using the pseudospectral method

Abstract The development of smart structures involves the use of various types of controllable damping devices by integrating them into structural systems for energy dissipation. An optimal feedback control law that can consider the nonlinearity embedded in the systems and the random characteristics of the external inputs is desirable to control such dissipation mechanism. This paper proposes an innovative numerical technique to obtain the optimal feedback control strategy of nonlinear stochastic systems. The systems under investigation are modeled as mechanical oscillators and a damping device. The numerical approach proposed to obtain the optimal control strategy involves solving a nonlinear partial differential equation—the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation. Because civil engineering structural systems may exhibit nonlinear hysteretic behavior under extreme loading conditions, the application of the obtained control strategy could provide an optimal feedback control law to reduce the system response under random excitations (such as earthquakes, wind load and sea waves). Several numerical examples are presented to verify optimality and demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed optimal control solution. First, a linear oscillator is used to verify that the obtained solution is indeed the optimal solution by comparing it to the closed-form optimal solution. Then the proposed method is applied to several nonlinear systems. In each nonlinear example, control optimality is demonstrated by comparing the system responses and control costs obtained using the proposed optimal controls with those obtained using corresponding linearized optimal controls.
Apparatus for Extensional Viscosity Measurements

Although most analyses in tribology deal with the behavior of fluids in shear, many fluids, such as greases or printing inks, can develop significant forces when subjected to pure extension. These forces can impact performance, especially in the exit region of tribological interfaces. The resistance of a fluid to an imposed shear rate is a measure of the fluid's shear viscosity (usually just referred to as its viscosity). The resistance of fluid to an imposed extensional strain rate is a measure of the fluid's extensional viscosity. In this paper, two techniques for the measurement of extensional forces are discussed. A subsequent companion paper will discuss interpretation of the force data in terms of extensional viscosity. Both techniques described have the advantage ofa dimensionally small measurement element. The first technique involves the use of a vapor deposited surface pressure transducer. This transducer is a thin strip of ytterbium. The electrical resistance of ytterbium is pressure sensitive. Small changes in resistance can be related to extensional stress. The extensional viscometer apparatus consists of two counter-rotating cylinders. As the fluid exits the nip between the cylinders, the extensional stress is detected by a transducer attached to one of the cylinders. The second technique discussed herein involves the use of a small-beam transducer in conjunction with the counter-rotating cylinder apparatus. The deflection of the beam due to the fluid's extensional force is detected and interpreted in terms of extensional stress as a function of strain rate at the exit of the nip. Extensional stresses of several hundred thousand Pa have been measured.
Bevacizumab in the treatment of ovarian cancer

Current treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy with platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy. With the recent approval of the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab by several regulatory bodies in colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancers, interest has developed regarding the potential role of bevacizumab therapy in ovarian cancer. Several case series and Phase II studies indicate that in ovarian cancer bevacizumab is active as a single agent or in combination with other drugs. Currently, ongoing Phase III trials are testing bevacizumab in front-line adjuvant therapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. Bevacizumab has been generally well tolerated in ovarian cancer patients, but recent reports on increased risk of gastrointestinal perforations have gained attention. Bevacizumab offers a novel therapeutic modality in the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancers.
Effect of Moisture Level on the Root Pattern of Alfalfa

There have been a few investigations on the effect of moisture on root development of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), but none have attempted to describe the relationships in a quantitative manner. Therefore, alfalfa root patterns along with yield and evapotranspiration (ET) were examined under different moisture levels, using a line-source sprinkler system. Water application ranged from 28 to 153 cm, the latter representing the potential evapotranspiration. Alfalfa root mass and yield were highest under high moisture levels, and the shoot/root ratio increased with increasing moisture level. The relationships between ET and root mass and between ET and shoot/root ratio were curvilinear. The largest percentage of root mass under all moisture treatments was found in the top 45 cm of the soil profile where the largest differences in total root mass between treatments were observed. The percentages of roots at each soil depth averaged over three ranges of moisture levels were curvilinear functions of soil depth. Although alfalfa roots were found to a depth of at least 150 cm for all moisture levels, there was a greater rooting depth with a higher moisture level. Roots were detected to a depth of 210 cm for the high moisture treatment, although root biomass was small below 170 cm where a sand layer was encountered which may have impeded root penetration. The root diameter was found to be independent of moisture level, which means that there was a greater root surface area with higher moisture levels. Root length density distribution was similar to root mass distribution.