cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunochemical studies on alpha-amylase. II. Examination of immunochemical and enzymic activities of native and modified alpha-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae.

Abstract The immunochemical behavior and enzymic activity of α-amylase from Aspergillus oryzae were examined before and after treatment of enzyme with N -bromosuccinimide or H 2 O 2 in the presence of Cu ++ . Under conditions resulting in the loss of 60–90% of the enzymic activity, preparations still reactive with antibody were obtained which showed a decrease in capacity per unit weight in precipitating antibody. Under certain conditions, 60% of the amylase activity could be destroyed by N -bromosuccinimide without any detectable change in immunochemical behavior. Immunochemical reactivity and enzymic activity thus show a difference in susceptibility toward these oxidizing reagents. Amylase-antiamylase specific precipitates formed with 7S antibody or bivalent 5S antibody fragments and soluble complex formed with univalent 3.8S antibody fragments showed only a small fraction of the activity of uncombined enzyme when starch was used as substrate. Similar findings were obtained when maltotriose or maltotetraose were substituted for starch in the assay of residual activity. These findings suggest that decreased activity shown by insoluble complexes is not due to aggregate formation but rather to the location of antibody attachment with respect to active sites. A Lineweaver-Burk treatment of kinetic data with antibody complexes is consistent with this interpretation.
Genetic Alterations in Gastrinomas and Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Analysis of p16/MTS1 Tumor Suppressor Gene Inactivation

Abstract Neoplasms of the endocrine pancreas are extremely rare, and molecular mechanisms influencing their development are poorly understood. Nevertheless, gastrinomas have become a paradigm for the study of hormonally active tumors. In the present study, 12 gastrinoma and nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor specimens were evaluated for genetic alterations of the p16/MTS1 tumor suppressor gene. DNA extracted from microdissected portions of paraffin-embedded tumor sections were examined for mutations and homozygous deletions using “Cold” single-strand conformation polymorphism and semiquantitative PCR-based analyses, respectively. Samples were also analyzed for the presence of 5′ CpG island hypermethylation using methylation-specific PCR. The p16/MTS1 gene was found to be homozygously deleted in 41.7% of tumors and methylated in 58.3%, but no mutations were identified by single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses. Overall, 91.7% of the specimens demonstrated inactivating alterations in p16/MTS1. These data suggest that transcriptional silencing of p16/MTS1 is a frequent event in these rare and poorly understood tumors.
Unbiased chromatin accessibility profiling by RED-seq uncovers unique features of nucleosome variants in vivo

Differential accessibility of DNA to nuclear proteins underlies the regulation of numerous cellular processes. Although DNA accessibility is primarily determined by the presence or absence of nucleosomes, differences in nucleosome composition or dynamics may also regulate accessibility. Methods for mapping nucleosome positions and occupancies genome-wide (MNase-seq) have uncovered the nucleosome landscapes of many different cell types and organisms. Conversely, methods specialized for the detection of large nucleosome-free regions of chromatin (DNase-seq, FAIRE-seq) have uncovered numerous gene regulatory elements. However, these methods are less successful in measuring the accessibility of DNA sequences within nucelosome arrays. Here we probe the genome-wide accessibility of multiple cell types in an unbiased manner using restriction endonuclease digestion of chromatin coupled to deep sequencing (RED-seq). Using this method, we identified differences in chromatin accessibility between populations of cells, not only in nucleosome-depleted regions of the genome (e.g., enhancers and promoters), but also within the majority of the genome that is packaged into nucleosome arrays. Furthermore, we identified both large differences in chromatin accessibility in distinct cell lineages and subtle but significant changes during differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Most significantly, using RED-seq, we identified differences in accessibility among nucleosomes harboring well-studied histone variants, and show that these differences depend on factors required for their deposition. Using an unbiased method to probe chromatin accessibility genome-wide, we uncover unique features of chromatin structure that are not observed using more widely-utilized methods. We demonstrate that different types of nucleosomes within mammalian cells exhibit different degrees of accessibility. These findings provide significant insight into the regulation of DNA accessibility.
Social Developments in Massachusetts and Elsewhere Ensuing Upon Same-Sex-Marriage Initiatives

This article consists of testimony presented on October 20, 2005 to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Property Rights of the Judiciary Committee of the United States Senate. It concludes that the social consequences of legal developments promoting same-sex marriage ("SSM") may be extensive, as indicated by developments to date in Massachusetts (and in other jurisdictions which have traveled a similar road). Educational practices are affected. Citing the leading SSM court decision as "a historic moment," the Superintendent of the Boston Public School has established a "zero-tolerance policy" for speech which "may create a climate of intolerance," effectively chilling discourse adverse to SSM and similar initiatives. Also citing that decision, a teacher in a suburban school teaches her eighth-graders about sex toys. Parents who object are shut out of the decision-making system. The definitions of marriage and the family become confused and blurred. "[C]ivil marriage," the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health announces, "is an evolving paradigm." The barriers between marriage and cohabitation collapse. The Ontario legislature, under the prodding of a judicial mandate, has gone so far as to redefine "spouse" to include people who are not married. Nonmarital cohabitation has become more acceptable and has increased in frequency. In America and other countries, cohabitation often leads to family turbulence and parental separation, leaving the children to be raised by reconstituted couples, preponderantly by their biological mother and her new partner. These arrangements have been shown to lead to a higher level of physical and sexual abuse. The article maintains that developments such as these support the adoption of the Federal Marriage Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Intraoperative Echocardiography for Congenital Aortic Valve Repair: Predictors of Early Reoperation.

Background We sought to identify transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) predictors of early reoperation for recurrent aortic regurgitation (AR) after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in patients undergoing repair for congenital aortic valve disease. Methods We analyzed post-CPB TEEs in patients with congenital aortic valve disease undergoing repair for predominant AR. Case patients underwent reoperation for recurrent AR within 2 years, whereas control patients were free from reoperation for more than 3 years. Results Case patients (n = 22; median time to reoperation 0.3 years) and control patients (n = 22; median freedom from reoperation ≥4.4 years) were similar for demographic characteristics, aortic dimensions, and preoperative AR grade. Among post-CPB TEE variables, univariate logistic regression analysis identified shorter coaptation height (odds ratio [OR] for 1-mm increase 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54 to 0.95; p = 0.02), decreased ratio of coaptation height to annulus diameter (OR for a 5% decrease 1.37, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.77; p = 0.02), and increased percentage difference (%diff) between longest and shortest coaptation lengths in a short-axis view (OR for 10% increase 1.84, 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.92; p = 0.01) as risk factors for early reoperation for recurrent AR. Multivariable analysis identified %diff in short-axis coaptation lengths as the strongest post-CPB TEE predictor (area under receiver operator curve = 0.743). The sensitivity and specificity of a %diff of 50% were 0.45 and 0.91, whereas a %diff of 30% had a sensitivity of 0.75 and specificity of 0.67. Conclusions Coaptation asymmetry, measured as increased %diff in short-axis coaptation lengths on post-CPB TEE, is associated with early reoperation for recurrent AR after congenital valve repair.
Experience with a New Semisynthetic Penicillin (Epicillin) in the Treatment of Beta-Haemolytic Streptococcal Pharyngitis and Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Epicillin was used to treat 114 patients with beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis and pneumococcal pneumonia. Most patients were treated with 1 g epicillin per day and at this dosage, the res...
Redesigning MGMT 4010S: Creating a Cause of Social Responsibility and Social Justice.

As business organizations face more and more scrutiny for poor leadership practices, American business schools have come under more pressure to prepare students to enter organizations with an understanding of and an appreciation for quality leadership. This manuscript focuses on the introduction of a service-learning project to a Senior Leadership Seminar course at a small university in Louisiana. This manuscript describes the impetus for change, including wanting to establish a method for students to actively engage in the principles of leadership, the course and project objectives, the measurement of those objectives, and the lessons learned through several iterations of the course. This paper is designed to provide a guide for future practitioners to integrate service learning into their courses, and to provide an outline of how it can be done through a senior seminar course.
The golden age of bio‐logging: how animal‐borne sensors are advancing the frontiers of ecology

Great leaps forward in scientific understanding are often spurred by innovations in technology. The explosion of miniature sensors that are driving the boom in consumer electronics, such as smart phones, gaming platforms, and wearable fitness devices, are now becoming available to ecologists for remotely monitoring the activities of wild animals. While half a century ago researchers were attaching balloons to the backs of seals to measure their movement, today ecologists have access to an arsenal of sensors that can continuously measure most aspects of an animal's state (e.g., location, behavior, caloric expenditure, interactions with other animals) and external environment (e.g., temperature, salinity, depth). This technology is advancing our ability to study animal ecology by allowing researchers to (1) answer questions about the physiology, behavior, and ecology of wild animals in situ that would have previously been limited to tests on model organisms in highly controlled settings, (2) study cryptic or wide-ranging animals that have previously evaded investigation, and (3) develop and test entirely new theories. Here we explore how ecologists are using these tools to answer new questions about the physiological performance, energetics, foraging, migration, habitat selection, and sociality of wild animals, as well as collect data on the environments in which they live.
Pairing-Based cryptography: past, present, and future

While pairings were first introduced in cryptography as a tool to attack the discrete-log problem on certain elliptic curves, they have since found numerous applications in the construction of cryptographic systems. To this day many problems can only be solved using pairings. A few examples include collusion-resistant broadcast encryption and traitor tracing with short keys, 3-way Diffie-Hellman, and short signatures. In this talk we survey some of the existing applications of pairings to cryptography, but mostly focus on open problems that cannot currently be solved using pairings. In particular we explain where the current techniques fail and outline a few potential directions for future progress. One of the central applications of pairings is identity-based encryption and its generalization to functional encryption. While identity-based encryption can be built using arithmetic modulo composites and using lattices, constructions based on pairings currently provide the most expressive functional encryption systems. Constructing comparable functional encryption systems from lattices and composite arithmetic is a wonderful open problem. Again we survey the state of the art and outline a few potential directions for further progress. Going beyond pairings (a.k.a bi-linear maps), a central open problem in public-key cryptography is constructing a secure tri-linear or more generally a secure n-linear map. That is, construct groups G and $G_{\scriptscriptstyle\mathrm{T}}$ where discrete-log in G is intractable and yet there is an efficiently computable non-degenerate n-linear map $e:G^n \to G_{\scriptscriptstyle\mathrm{T}}$. Such a construct can lead to powerful solutions to the problems mentioned in the first paragraph as well as to new functional encryption and homomorphic encryption systems. Currently, no such construct is known and we hope this talk will encourage further research on this problem.
A Formulation for the Number of Communicative Civilizations in the Galaxy

Abstract This paper presents the derivation of a dynamic formulation for the number of communicative civilizations in the galaxy. The formulation is more complete than previous ones in that it allows the effects of different star generation rates, civilization lifetime, and development time distributions to be investigated. Under appropriate conditions, the proposed formulation reduces to more familiar ones previously postulated ad hoc. It is also seen that the formulation presented here has the form of a linear system response and so is well suited to modeling and simulation studies using existing digital computer programs such as CSMP and LEANS. In addition, qualitative inferences may also be readily made by drawing upon the vast body of knowledge pertaining to linear systems and control theory. An expression for the variance of the estimate of the number of communicative civilization is also derived.
Reactivity Extrapolation from Small to Large Molecular Systems via Isodesmic Reactions for Transition States

A method for calculating potential energy barriers of chemical reactions involving large molecules is presented and validated through evaluation of its performance for two classes of reactions. The method is based on the extrapolation of reactivity from small molecular systems (for which high-level quantum chemical calculations can be performed) to large ones via low-level (and thus low computational cost) calculations. The notation RESLIR (Reactivity Extrapolation from Small to Large molecular systems via the formalism of Isodesmic Reactions for transition states) is proposed for ease of reference. The RESLIR method is a further development of the technique of isodesmic reactions for transition states (IRTS). Unlike the previous applications of the IRTS technique, it does not rely on the existence of extensive experimental information on the kinetics of at least one (reference) reaction within the class. Instead, high-level predictive calculations are performed for the reference reaction, which is chosen...
Opposing mechanisms of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase regulation by peroxisome proliferators.

Abstract Peroxisome proliferators (PPs) regulate a battery of rodent P450 genes, including CYP2B , CYP2C , and CYP4A family members. We hypothesized that other components of the P450-metabolizing system are altered by exposure to PPs, including NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (P450R), an often rate-limiting component in P450-dependent reactions. In this study, we determined whether exposure to structurally diverse PPs alters the expression of P450R mRNA and protein. Increases in P450R mRNA levels were observed in male and female F-344 rat livers and in male rat kidneys after chronic exposure of the animals to PPs. Paradoxically, under the same treatment conditions in male rats, liver P450R protein levels decreased after exposure to the PPs Wy-14,643 ([4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)pyrimidynylthio]acetic acid) (WY) or gemfibrozil (GEM). The down-regulation of the P450R protein was sex- and tissue-specific in that exposure to PPs led to increases in P450R protein in female rat livers [di- n -butyl phthalate (DBP) only] and male rat kidneys (WY, GEM, DBP). In male wild-type SV129 mice, P450R mRNA levels increased in livers after exposure to WY and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and in male kidneys after exposure to DEHP. Induction of mRNA by PPs was not observed in the liver or kidneys of mice, which lack a functional peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), the central mediator of the effects of PPs in the rodent liver. In wild-type male mice, P450R protein was decreased in liver after WY and DEHP treatment and in kidneys after WY treatment. The down-regulation of the P450R protein was not observed in PPARα-null mice. These studies demonstrate the complex regulation of P450R expression by PPs at two different levels, both of which are dependent upon PPARα: up-regulation of transcript levels in liver and kidneys and down-regulation of protein levels in male rat and mouse liver by a novel posttranscriptional mechanism.
Elastic Riemannian frameworks and statistical tools for shape analysis

Interest in shapes of 3D objects naturally leads to shape analysis of curves and surfaces. The theme of this talk is Riemannian frameworks that offer certain distinct advantages. In addition to providing measures for shape comparisons, clustering and retrieval, a Riemannian framework also provides optimal deformations between shapes, statistical averaging of observed shapes, and probabilistic modeling of shapes in different shape classes. The use of such a framework involves the following issues. Firstly, one needs to be invariant to reparameterizations, in addition to the standard shape-preserving transformations of rigid motions and global scalings. The solution is to use mathematical representations (of curves and surfaces) and elastic Riemannian metrics such that re-parameterization groups act by isometries. Secondly, one needs tools for computing geodesic paths between given objects in shape spaces. We have developed a numerical method, called pathstraightening, for this purpose. Next, one needs tools for computing sample statistics. We have adapted definitions and techniques from statistical analysis on Riemannian manifolds for computing means and covariances of shapes. Further, we have used these moments in defining Gaussian-type distributions on shape spaces. These models are useful in statistical shape classification, hypothesis testing and Bayesian shape extractions from images. From the perspective of shape retrieval, these tools contribute in hierarchical organizations of shape databases and shape metrics that relate to probabilistic models for shape classes. This framework is general enough to incorporate other information, such as landmarks, colors, or other annotations along the shapes in the analysis. I will demonstrate these ideas using examples from vision, biometrics, bioinformatics, and medical image analysis. This work has been done in collaboration with several researchers.
Ultrastructural studies on the effect of choline orotate on galactosamine induced hepatic injury in rats

Abstract Livers of female rats given a single dose of galactosamine ( d -galactosamine-HCl) (400 mg/kg ip) were compared electron microscopically with those from rats given: (1) six injections of choline orotate during two days (144 mg/kg/dose), and galactosamine (400 mg/kg) with the fourth choline orotate injection; (2) three injections of choline orotate (144 mg/kg/dose), and galactosamine (400 mg/kg) with the first injection; (3) six injections of choline chloride (79 mg/kg/dose), and galactosamine (400 mg/kg) with the fourth injection. Injuries induced by galactosamine, found in the animals receiving galactosamine alone and with choline chloride, were autophagic vacuoles, fatty infiltration, liposomes, hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, reduction of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and glycogen depletion. Those animals receiving choline orotate before galactosamine showed the same type of injury, but it was much less in degree. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum was not hypertrophied. Lysosomal glycogen accumulation was thought to be an expression of rapid glycogen breakdown. Those animals receiving choline orotate and galactosamine together showed more hepatocellular fat than with either agent alone.
Principles of part-whole selective perception by dynamic touch extend to the torso.

ABSTRACT The haptic subsystem of dynamic touch expresses a novel form of part–whole selective perception. When wielding a nonvisible rod grasped at some intermediate point along its length, an individual can attend to and report the length of a part of the rod (e.g., the segment forward of the hand) or the length of the whole rod. Both perceptions relate to the rod's mass moments about the point of grasp but in systematically different ways. Previous demonstrations of this part–whole selectivity have been in respect to rods grasped by hand or attached to a foot. The authors demonstrated the part–whole selectivity for nonvisible rods attached to the shoulder girdle and wielded primarily by movements of the trunk with benchmark performance provided by the same rods grasped and wielded by hand. Their results suggest that part–whole selectivity is a haptic capability general to the body.
Paradoxical potentiation by low extracellular Ca2+ of acute chemical anoxic neuronal injury in cerebellar granule cell culture

Acute chemical anoxic injury was produced in primary cerebellar granule cell cultures incubated with iodoacetate (IAA) alone or IAA combined with potassium cyanide (KCN). Cytotoxicity was assessed using Trypan blue exclusion or LDH release. Four millimolars of KCN induced approx 30% neuron death at 3 h, whereas >50% cell death was produced by 0.2 mM IAA. No potentiation of cytotoxicity was observed by IAA+KCN. A total of 0.2 mM IAA produced an early major reduction of intracellular ATP prior to the onset of neuron injury or reduction in intracellular glutathione (GSH). Medium Na+ replacement by choline, K+, or methylglucamine protected against IAA-induced neuronal injury, reduced the rate of decline of intracellular ATP but had no effect on intracellular GSH. Some 80% neuronal survival was obtained when Na+ was deleted from the medium even after the intracellular ATP had been reduced to <10% of control. Removal of Ca2+ from the medium had no effect on control culture, Trypan blue exclusion, GSH, or ATP, but potentiated the onset and magnitude of IAA-induced cytotoxicity, ATP and GSH decline. Loading of granule cells with the Ca2+ chelator Fura-2 did not influence IAA-induced cytotoxicity in control or low Ca2+ media. Addition of 50 μM glutamate had a minimal cytotoxic effect over 3 h and the combined addition of 0.2 mM IAA plus 50 μM glutamate did not potentiate IAA-induced injury. The glutamate receptor antagonists,d-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) or kynurenate did not block IAA-injuced injury in control medium but inhibited the potentiation of toxicity seen in the low Ca2+ medium.
Surface thermal structure in a shallow-water, vertical discharge from a coastal power plant

The surface temperature field induced by a turbulent buoyant jet, discharging upwards into shallow water and impinging on the water surface, is examined for the case of a power-plant cooling-water outfall off the southern California coast. The data, acquired using an airborne infrared camera, capture the evolution of turbulent-scale structure, as well as the advection of larger-scale patterns that can be used to infer the surface velocity. Some limited in-water measurements were also made. When the ambient, or receiving, water is relatively stagnant, the buoyant fluid moves nearly symmetrically outward from the impingement zone, and both the thermal and velocity fields decay over a radial distance of several tens of meters. Flow in this symmetric case appears to remain supercritical into the far-field, which differs from a recent numerical modeling study that predicts a near-field hydraulic jump. Within the plume, the data show an expanding set of thermal bands, similar to ring-like structures found in laboratory studies of a buoyant vertical jet having a stable near-field. In the presence of an alongshore current, both the plume and thermal bands become stretched out in the downstream direction; but this effect can be accounted for, and the thermal structure made symmetrical, by using an approximate two-dimensional model of the flow field. Characteristics of the observed thermal bands are compared against three ring-creation mechanisms proposed in the literature (jet vortex instability, horizontal shear instability, and internal bore formation), but the present dataset is insufficient to discriminate amongst them.
Structural Requirements for Steroid Binding to Androgen Binding Proteins

The physicochemical properties of androgen binding protein (ABP) and sex steroid binding globulin (SBG) are virtually indistinguishable, whereas both of these proteins are remarkably different from the androgen cytoplasmic receptor (CR). Certain compounds, such as cyproterone acetate and BOMT, inhibited binding of labelled androgen to CR but did not inhibit binding to ABP. These data suggested that a fundamental difference exists between the binding sites of ABP and CR. We have therefore examined the steroid specificity of binding to a large number of steroidal compounds in order to characterize the binding sites of these binding proteins and to determine their binding specificities. Binding to partially purified ABP and SBG was assayed by a modification of the steady-state PAGE technique described by Ritzen et al. (1974) by dissolving competitive inhibitors along with 0.2 nM 3H-DHT in the gel solution. Binding of CR was assayed by the ammonium sulfate precipitation assay described by Verhoeven et al. (1975). A group of steroids was found which had high affinity for CR but low affinity for ABP. The structures of those steroids revealed that alterations at position 11 resulted in the greatest changes in binding affinity for ABP without changing significantly the binding affinity for CR. Whereas removal of the 19-methyl group reduced binding for ABP, CR was not affected. A second group of steroids had high affinity for ABP but low affinity for CR. The structures of these compounds demonstrate that modifications at positions C-2 and C-17 resulted in the greatest changes in affinity for CR without significantly changing the binding affinity for ABP. The 3-keto and 17α-hydroxy moieties appear to be essential for CR binding, whereas both of these positions can be modified and still maintain ABP ***
Valley-orbit splittings for the donor states in GaP

We report on a calculation of the role of the "camel's-back" structure in determining valley-orbit splittings for the low-lying states in GaP:S. We find a splitting of about 49 meV between the lowest-lying state of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}({A}_{1})$ symmetry and that of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{3}(E)$ symmetry. The relative oscillator strength ratios for the two-electron transition luminescence lines are estimated. Both the line positions and oscillator strength ratios for these states are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data.
Antioxidative effect of Maillard reaction products formed from honey at different reaction times

Maillard reaction products (MRP) were synthesized from honey-lysine by refluxing with water for 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 h. The MRP from each reaction time were added to and reacted with a linoleic acid buffered emulsion at 37 °C. The MRP from each of the five reaction times were added to the linoleic acid emulsion (LAE) at 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (v/v). The antioxidative effect of MRP on the LAE was determined spectrophotometrically at 234 nm. The MRP pH and brown pigment formation (450 nm) was measured. Absorbance at 450 nm increased from 0.6 to 1.6 between the 4 h and 20 h MRP treatments, respectively. The pH of the MRP decreased from 4 h to 20 h reaction solutions, ranging from 4.2 to 3.65. The antioxidative effect increased at each reaction time increment. Within each reaction time, the antioxidative effect was maximized between 10% and 15% addition levels.
Chemosensory pathways, motility and development in Myxococcus xanthus

The complex life cycle of Myxococcus xanthus includes predation, swarming, fruiting-body formation and sporulation. The genome of M. xanthus is large and comprises an estimated 7,400 open reading frames, of which approximately 605 code for regulatory genes. These include eight clusters of chemotaxis-like genes that define eight chemosensory pathways, most of which have dedicated functions. Although many of these chemosensory pathways have a role in controlling motility, at least two of these pathways control gene expression during development.
Toward an empirically derived typology of obese persons: derivation in a nonclinical sample.

The purpose of this research was to empirically derive a typology of obese persons and validate a typology derived in earlier research (Allison & Heshka [1991] International Journal of Obesity). Biological, behavioral, and psychological variables were assessed through survey among 719 (641 females, 78 males) obese members of The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA). All variables were subjected to principal components analyses which extracted 12 biological and 12 psychological components. A two-cluster solution from a k-means clustering on biological components was replicated via Ward's method. Agreement between the solutions was significant (Phi = .33, Kappa = .19, p < .05). The solution was validated through entering psychological component scores into discriminant analysis. One significant function (p < .001) substantially separated the clusters. A component measuring early onset/familial history powerfully discriminated between the clusters. Early onset obese were more obese, more active, and restricted caloric intake to a greater degree. Late onset obese were more likely to be "settled down," engage in substance abuse, eat at night, and have diabetes (p < .05). Results were substantially consistent with those of prior research.
Weak solutions of a class of quasilinear hyperbolic integro-differential equations describing viscoelastic materials

Global weak solutions of scalar second-order quasilinear hyperbolic integro-differential equations with singular kernels are constructed. Perturbations of rest states are shown to propagate with finite speed, smoothing effects of the solution operator are exhibited, and conditions for the asymptotic stability of rest states are given. The equations arise in viscoelasticity.
Late summer and fall use of stream margins by young-of year brown trout in a high-elevation stream

ABSTRACT We determined the relative abundance of young-of-year (YOY) brown trout (Salmo trutta) from late summer to fall during day and night in stream margin habitats of Douglas Creek, Wyoming. No significant differences in relative abundance were observed from August 14 through October 26. Few YOY brown trout were observed during the day over the entire sampling period, but significantly greater numbers were seen at night. Within stream margins, YOY brown trout of 36–75 mm total length primarily resided in concealment cover among interstices of cobble during the day and emerged at night. Because no significant change in relative abundance was observed throughout the study period, we conclude that a shift to winter habitat did not occur up until three days prior to ice formation when the diurnal range in water temperature was 2.5–7.5°C.
The Role Of Circular Dichroism In Spectroscopy As Elucidated By Sum Rules

By summing the rotational strength moments, R(q) = Σn(En-Eo)q R-on M-no (q=0...6), over all transitions in an optically active molecule one may obtain expressions explicitly dependent upon nuclear geometry, atomic charges, and local atomic anisotropy. In this work the resulting terms are analysed and ultimately applied to individual transitions as well as dispersion. In the framework of SCF molecular orbital theory coupled oscillator, local atomic orbital distortion, and inherent dissymmetry contributions are identified and their relative magnitudes estimated. A significant conclusion reached is that if the SCF orbitals can be localized, then the traditional correlation expressions are qualitatively correct for the dispersion, while both SCF ( independent electron) and CI (coupled oscillator) terms are often of equal importance for individual transitions.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Substance use in the MSM population of New York City during the era of HIV/AIDS.

This literature review considers the historical significance, emergence of, and interplay between the HIV and illicit drug use epidemics among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in New York City (NYC). The continual rise in HIV infections in recent years among MSM, particularly among young MSM (YMSM), commands a need for the examination of the effectiveness of current HIV prevention strategies and a more comprehensive understanding of the complex biopsychosocial influences that place YMSM at risk. A chronological perspective of both the HIV and illicit drug use epidemics affecting NYC MSM is presented, followed by a review of the existing research on the synergistic relation between the two. Special consideration is given to the patterns and interconnectivity between HIV, substance use, and housing instability specific to YMSM, as they represent the demographic currently at greatest risk for HIV transmission in NYC. Thereafter, an overview of treatment research is provided. We conclu...
Relation between the points of flow reattachment and maximum heat transfer for regions of flow separation

Abstract The streamwise distribution of the Nusselt number within and just downstream of a region of flow separation displays a maximum whose location, relative to the point of reattachment of the flow, was investigated here. Wind tunnel experiments were performed in which a circular cylinder was oriented longitudinal to a uniform freestream. Due to flow separation at the outer rim of the forward face of the cylinder, the upstream portion of the cylindrical surface was washed by a zone of recirculating fluid. Three configurations of the longitudinal cylinder were investigated : one with a solid, blunt forward face, a second with a hollow bore open at both its upstream and downstream ends, and a third in which the hollow bore was closed at its downstream end. The blunt-face case was also solved numerically. Additional numerical solutions were carried out for the contrastingly different case of an abrupt enlargement in a parallel-plate channel. Both the experimental and numerical results provided conclusive evidence that the commonly assumed equality of the points of flow reattachment and maximum heat transfer coefficient was, at best, a special case. For most of the cases investigated here, the heat transfer maximum occurred upstream of the reattachment point. Factors influencing the relative positions of the maximum and the reattachment were identified.
Mexican Migration to the US: A Comparison of Income and Network Effects

This paper presents an analysis of the decision to migrate from Mexico to the US, concentrating on the impacts of market and non-market factors. We analyze the first migration decisions of male, illegal migrants using Mexican Migration Project data. The results indicate that income and migration networks have significant effects on migration probabilities for first-time, male migrants. Both absolute and relative income matter in the migration decision; however, absolute income appears to have a stronger influence on this decision than does relative income. Other important factors in the migration decision are the age, education, and marital status of potential migrants.
Risk of sleep apnea in hospitalized older patients.

Background/Objectives:To assess the prevalence of undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among general medical inpatients and to investigate whether OSA risk is associated with in-hospital sleep...
Use of Dietary Fluoride Supplements by Children Living in Berlin, Germany, may have a Dose-response Preventive Effect Against Dental Caries, Regardless of their Use of Fluoridated Salt

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Effects of fluoride tablets on caries and fluorosis occurrence among 6- to 9-year olds using fluoridated salt. Meyer-Lueckel H, Grundmann E, Stang A. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010;38(4):315-23. Reviewer Name Eugenio D. Beltran-Aguilar, DMD, MPH, MS, DrPH Purpose/Question To assess benefits (caries prevention) and risks (dental fluorosis) of using dietary fluoride supplements (referred as “fluoride tablets” in the article) among children consuming fluoridated salt in a district of Berlin, Germany. Source of Funding Information not available. The authors acknowledged the cooperation of the Public Dental Services of the Steglitz-Zehlendorf district in Berlin Type of Study/Design Retrospective cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Norepinephrine and TSH: effects on thyroidal radioiodine and thyroxine release

Norepinephrine (NE) failed to increase thyroid hormone release in mice when endogenous TSH secretion had been greatly reduced by a variety of means. This was demonstrated by radioiodine release in mice pretreated with 131I and with thyroxine (T4) or 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T3). by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in mice pretreated with 131I and T3, and in mice which had been hypophysectomized, or where TSH secretion had been decreased by prolonged administration of exogenous TSH. T4 could not be measured by RIA in mice pretreated with T4.
In Search of the Nonprofit Sector Improving the State of the Art

The purpose of this article is to assess the data resources currently available to measure the scope and structure of the nonprofit sector and to describe an effort underway to fill some of the existing knowledge gaps. This article discusses a rich but so far underutilized source of data on nonprofit employment: the ES-202 data program managed by State Employment Security Agencies under the supervision of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. This article first identifies a set of criteria for evaluating existing data on nonprofit institutions, then applies these criteria to the existing sources of empirical data on these institutions, and finally describes the effort now underway through the Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Employment Data Project to produce employment data from the ES-202 system to close some of the gaps that currently exist in our ability to measure the scope and structure of the nonprofit sector.
Pneumococcal Vaccine in the Institutionalized Elderly: Review of Past and Recent Studies

The background and the recent clinical trials of the current pneumococcal vaccine, especially as they pertain to the institutionalized elderly, are described. Previous studies with a vaccine containing types 1, 2, and 3 demonstrated a reduced incidence of putative pneumococcal pneumonia among vaccinated elderly persons as compared with a control population of unvaccinated subjects. Capsular polysaccharides from types 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 18, 19, and 23 (Danish nomenclature) were selected for inclusion in the current vaccine because these types accounted for -,75% of the isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from patients with positive blood cultures in acute-care general hospitals. Purified polysaccharides from these types plus types 2, 5, and 25 were combined into hexavalent, dodecavalent, and tridecavalent vaccines. Mild, local reactions were noted among 40%6-60% of elderly persons who received the vaccine; fever was noted in 75% reduction in vaccine-type pneumococcal disease among vaccinated individuals, but the details of trials involving elderly subjects have not been reported. Studies of prevalence of institutionally acquired pneumococcal pneumonia at Monroe Community Hospital (Rochester, N.Y.) from January 1974 to September 1978 demonstrated that 54% of definite cases of pneumococcal pneumonia and 65% of putative cases were caused by vaccine types of organisms. Certain nonvaccine types, including 17, 11, 15, and 34, were found more frequently in this study than in the study of patients with bacteremic infections in acute-care settings. Several questions related to the effect of pneumococcal vaccine in these semiclosed populations remain unanswered, e.g., (1) what percentage of pneumococcal disease is caused by serotypes represented in the current vaccine, and (2) what will be the net effect of the current pneumococcal vaccine if it becomes more widely used?
NMR studies of carrier-mediated transport across lipid bilayer membranes

Abstract Two theoretical models are presented which show how the various kinetic steps involved in transport across lipid bilayer membranes affect NMR spectral lineshapes and relaxation times. The first model applies whenever the transported material moves across the membrane by restricted diffusion. The second model applies when the motion can be described as a jump between membrane interfaces. Both carrier-mediated and carrier-independent cases are treated. Special attention is given to the effects of relaxation in the membrane and to morphology. Exact analytical solutions for the simplest one-dimensional geometry are presented. More complicated morphologies are best treated numerically.
Women's responses to sexual violence by male intimates.

The purpose of this grounded theory study was to devise a theoretical framework that describes the problem of sexual violence by male intimates from the point of view of 23 women who have experienced such violence at some time in their adult lives. The core variable, forging ahead in a dangerous world, reflects the women’s descriptions of life after violence as a struggle to get on with their lives in a social world they know through firsthand experience to be unsafe. The theoretical framework includes three variations of forging ahead (getting back on track, starting over again, and surviving the long, hard road) described by three subgroups of women who experienced different types of sexual violence. The framework also outlines three common processes used to forge ahead: telling others, making sense of the violence, and creating a safer life. The nature and meaning of these processes differ according to group.
First report of Phomopsis fruit rot of strawberry in Ohio.

During spring (May and June) 1999, ≈30% of the fruit in a 0.5-ha commercial planting of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa 'Allstar') was lost to an unknown fruit rot. The planting was established on black plastic (plasticulture) during summer 1998. Plasticulture is a relatively new system of perennial strawberry production in Ohio that is rapidly gaining popularity among growers (2). It was observed that the plastic beneath the plants in the plasticulture planting was covered with a layer of dead leaves from the previous season's growth, and virtually all rotted fruits were in contact with dead leaves. Fruit rot was rarely observed on fruits that were not in direct contact with dead leaves, and fruits of the same cultivar grown in the traditional matted-row system in an adjacent field did not show rot symptoms. It was postulated that infested dead leaf material could serve as an inoculum source for infection. Fruit rot symptoms were identical to those described for Phomopsis soft rot (1). Isolations were made from infected berries. Berries were soaked in 70% ethanol for 60 s, and tissue sections were placed on potato dextrose agar and incubated at room temperature (≈20 to 22°C). A fungus was isolated consistently from infected tissue. The fungus produced pycnidia in culture, and the fruiting structure and conidia conformed to the description of Phomopsis obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) Sutton (synamorph Dendrophoma obscurans (Ellis & Everh.) H.W. Anderson). Pathogenicity studies were conducted by placing one drop (20 μl) of a conidial suspension (9 × 106 conidia per ml) obtained from 2-week-old cultures on each of five ripe (red) and five immature (pink) detached strawberry fruits. Inoculated fruits were placed on screens in plastic moisture chambers. Five uninoculated fruits served as controls. Within 3 days, whitish lesions appeared on all inoculated fruit; within 8 days, the symptoms observed in the field were reproduced, and lesions were covered by pycnidia. No fruit rot developed on control fruit. The fungus was reisolated from infected fruit to complete Koch's postulates. Although the incidence of Phomopsis leaf blight is increasing in many Ohio strawberry plantings and is becoming a concern to growers, this is the first observation and report of Phomopsis fruit rot in Ohio. Unlike leaf blight, for which it is difficult to directly relate economic loss to disease incidence or severity, losses due to fruit rot can be high, as in this field. As the number of strawberry plantings under plasticulture continues to increase, the importance of Phomopsis leaf blight and fruit rot also may increase. References: (1) J. L. Maas, ed. 1998. Compendium of Strawberry Diseases, 2nd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) E. B. Poling. HortTechnology 3:384, 1993.
Soil properties associated with net nitrification following watershed conversion from Appalachian hardwoods to Norway spruce

Nitrate (NO3-N) in soil solution and streamwater can be an important vector of nitrogen (N) loss from forested watersheds, and nitrification is associated with negative consequences of soil acidi- fication and eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to identify vegetation- mediated soil properties that may control potential net nitrification dynamics and to determine if net nitrifi- cation is a function of abiotic retention or biotic inhibition. We performed a soil inoculation and incubation study and analyzed a suite of soil chemical and biological properties in soils from a 40-year-old Appalachian hardwood forest and an adjacent 37-year-old Norway spruce forest converted from Appalachian hardwoods. Our results indicate that net NO3-N production was nine times higher in hardwood soil (mean = 183.51 mg N/kg/28 days) than in the spruce soil (mean = 18.97 mg N/kg/28 days) and differences in net NO3-N production were attributed to differences in soil substrate quality. Soil properties that were most strongly correlated with NO3-N production across vegetation types included total soil N, soil C:N ratio, oxalate concentration, and sulfate concentration.Establishmentofasprucemonoculturein the central Appalachian hardwood ecoregion signifi- cantly altered N cycling, likely depleted soil N stores, increased soil acidity, and altered soil organic matter dynamics, thus leading to low net nitrification rates.
GOD, DISEASE, AND SPIRITUAL DILEMMAS: READING THE LIVES OF WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER

. To write about the disease of breast cancer from both scientific and spiritual perspectives is to reflect upon our genetic and spiritual ancestry. We examine the issues involved in breast cancer at the intersections of spirituality, technology, and science, using the fundamental thing we know about being human: our bodies. Our goal in this essay is to offer close readings of women's spiritual and bodily journeys through the disease of breast cancer. We have discovered that both illness and health come within the stories of particular people and particular disciplines. And to learn more about breast cancer, both scientific and spiritual aspects, one must be attentive to such particularities. Medicine and religion are bodily experiences, and being a body-self is what it means to be human.