cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biocompatibility and In Situ Growth of TiO2 Nanotubes on Ti Using Different Electrolyte Chemistry

Titania nanotube array was grown via anodization using different electrolyte chemistry to understand the influence of solution chemistry and pH on nanotube growth kinetics. One of the electrolytes was selected to evaluate the transformation in the surface morphology as a function of anodization time from 5 to 120 min. Contact angles were measured and surface energies were calculated on selected compositions for various duration of anodization time. It was noticed that contact angle decreased and surface energy increased with the onset of nanotube formation. Human osteoblast cell attachment and proliferation were studied using an osteo precursor cell line. Nanotube surface showed enhanced cell spreading, high cell proliferation, and abundant amount of extracellular matrix formation.
An Analog Checker with Programmable Adaptive Error Threshold

This paper presents an analog checker whose error threshold can be adaptively adjusted according to its input signal levels. In addition, the proposed circuit can be programmed to implement different adaptive schemes. Factors that affect the stability and accuracy of the proposed design are investigated. Finally, simulation results are presented.
Potential Role of α-Synuclein and Metallothionein in Lead-Induced Inclusion Body Formation

Lead (Pb) produces aggresome-like inclusion bodies (IBs) in target cells as a toxic response. Our prior work shows metallothionein (MT) is required for this process. We used MT-I/II double knockout (MT-null) and parental wild-type (WT) cell lines to further explore the formation process of Pb-induced IBs. Unlike WT cells, MT-null cells did not form IBs after Pb exposure. Western blot of cytosol showed soluble MT protein in WT cells was lost during Pb exposure as IBs formed. Transfection of MT-I into MT-null cells allowed IBs formation after Pb exposure. Considering Pb-induced IBs may be like disease-related aggresomes, which often contain alpha-synuclein (Scna), we investigated Scna expression in cells capable (WT) and incapable (MT-null) of producing IBs after Pb exposure. Scna protein showed poor basal expression in MT-null cells. Pb exposure increased Scna expression only in WT cells. MT transfection increased Scna transcript to WT levels. In WT or MT-transfected MT-null cells, Pb-induced Scna expression rapidly increased and then decreased over 48 h as Pb-induced IBs were formed. A direct interaction between Scna and MT was confirmed ex vivo by antibody pulldown assay where the proteins coprecipitated with an antibody to MT. Pb exposure caused increased colocalization of MT and Scna proteins with time only in WT cells. In WT mice after chronic Pb exposure Scna was localized in renal cells containing forming IBs, whereas MT-null mice did not form IBs. Thus, Scna could be component of Pb-induced IBs and, with MT, may play a role in IBs formation.
Frequency of monotonicity failure under Instant Runoff Voting: estimates based on a spatial model of elections

It has long been recognized that Instant Runoff Voting (IRV) suffers from a defect known as nonmonotonicity, wherein increasing support for a candidate among a subset of voters may adversely affect that candidate’s election outcome. The expected frequency of this type of behavior, however, remains an open and important question, and limited access to detailed election data makes it difficult to resolve empirically. In this paper, we develop a spatial model of voting behavior to approach the question theoretically. We conclude that monotonicity failures in three-candidate IRV elections may be much more prevalent than widely presumed (results suggest a lower bound estimate of 15 % for competitive elections). In light of these results, those seeking to implement a fairer multi-candidate election system should be wary of adopting IRV.
Fv-4: Identification of the Defect in Env and the Mechanism of Resistance to Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Virus

Mice expressing the Fv-4 gene are resistant to infection by ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs). The Fv-4 gene encodes an envelope (Env) protein whose putative receptor-binding domain resembles that of ecotropic MuLV Env protein. Resistance to ecotropic MuLVs appears to result from viral interference involving binding of the endogenously expressed Fv-4 env-encoded protein to the ecotropic receptor, although the immune system also plays a role in resistance. The Fv-4 env-encoded protein is processed normally and can be incorporated into virus particles but is unable to promote viral entry. Among the many sequence variations between the transmembrane (TM) subunit of the Fv-4 env-encoded protein and the TM subunits of other MuLV Env proteins, there is a substitution of an arginine residue in the Fv-4 env-encoded protein for a glycine residue (gly-491 in Moloney MuLV Env) that is otherwise conserved in all of the other MuLVs. This residue is present in the MuLV TM fusion peptide sequence. In this study, gly-491 of Moloney MuLV Env has been replaced with other residues and a mutant Env bearing a substitution for gly-487 was also created. G491R recapitulates the Fv-4 Env phenotype in cell culture, indicating that this substitution is sufficient for creation of an Env protein that can establish the interference-mediated resistance to ecotropic viruses produced by the Fv-4 gene. Analysis of the mutant MuLV Env proteins also has implications for an understanding of the role of conserved glycine residues in fusion peptides and for the engineering of organismal resistance to retroviruses.
Distance Running Events and Life Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study

The current study examines whether a distance running event has the capacity to promote participants’ life satisfaction. The construct of psychological involvement was used to investigate the impact of attitude change through event preparation and subsequent activity. Data were collected four times through online surveys from running event participants (N = 211) over a five-month period. Latent growth modeling analyses revealed that participants’ life satisfaction peaked immediately after the event before receding, indicating that event participation exerted a positive impact on participants’ evaluations toward their lives. A positive significant association was also found between change in pleasure in running and change in life satisfaction. Findings from this study provide empirical support that a distance running event can serve as an environmental determinant that enhances participants’ life satisfaction by providing positive experiences through event participation and forming psychological involvemen...
Visuo-Vestibular Eye Movements Infantile Strabismus in 3 Dimensions

Infantile strabismus is accompanied by latent nystagmus, primary inferior oblique muscle overaction, and dissociated vertical divergence. If we examine the evolutionary underpinnings of these ocular rotations, we can construct a unifying mechanism for the sensorimotor abnormalities that arise in humans with infantile strabismus. Latent nystagmus, primary inferior oblique muscle overaction, and dissociated vertical divergence correspond to visual balancing reflexes that are operative in lateral-eyed animals in yaw, pitch, and roll, respectively. In humans with infantile strabismus, these subcortical visual reflexes are reactivated by a physiologic imbalance in binocular visual input, which resets central vestibular tone in 3-dimensional space. These visual reflexes reveal the evolutionary role of the eyes as sensory balance organs that can directly modulate central vestibular tone. Latent nystagmus, primary oblique muscle overaction, and dissociated vertical divergence should be reclassified as visuo-vestibular eye movements.
Calorie Restriction and Matched Weight Loss From Exercise: Independent and Additive Effects on Glucoregulation and the Incretin System in Overweight Women and Men

OBJECTIVE It is not known whether calorie restriction (CR) has additive benefits to those from exercise (EX)-induced weight loss. We hypothesized that weight loss from CR and EX (CREX) improves insulin sensitivity more than matched weight loss induced by EX or CR alone, and that the incretin system may be involved in adaptations to CR. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Sedentary, overweight men and women ( n = 52, 45–65 years of age) were randomized to undergo 6–8% weight loss by using CR, EX, or CREX. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide, insulin sensitivity, and incretin hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1] and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP]) were measured during frequently sampled oral glucose tolerance tests (FSOGTTs). Incretin effects on insulin secretion were measured by comparing insulin secretion rates from the FSOGTTs to those from a glycemia-matched glucose infusion. RESULTS Despite similar weight losses in all groups, insulin sensitivity index values increased twofold more in the CREX group (2.09 ± 0.35 μmol/L/kg/pmol/L × 100) than in the CR (0.89 ± 0.39 μmol/L/kg/pmol/L × 100) and EX (1.04 ± 0.39 μmol/L/kg/pmol/L × 100) groups. Postprandial GLP-1 concentrations decreased only in the CR group ( P = 0.04); GIP concentrations decreased in all groups. Incretin effects on insulin secretion were unchanged. CONCLUSION CR and EX have additive beneficial effects on glucoregulation. Furthermore, the adaptations to CR may involve reductions in postprandial GLP-1 concentrations. These findings underscore the importance of promoting both CR and EX for optimal health. However, because data from participants who withdrew from the study and from those who did not adhere to the intervention were excluded, the results may be limited to individuals who are capable of adhering to a healthy lifestyle intervention.
Analysis of adiabatic shear bands in elasto-thermo-viscoplastic materials by modified smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (MSPH) method

We use the modified smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (MSPH) method to analyze shear strain localization in elasto-thermo-viscoplastic materials that exhibit strain- and strain-rate hardening and thermal softening. A homogeneous solution of simple shearing deformations of the body is perturbed and the resulting initial-boundary-value problem analyzed by the MSPH method. It is found that the deformation localizes into a narrow region of intense plastic deformation. In materials exhibiting enhanced thermal softening, an elastic unloading shear wave emanates from this region and propagates outwards. The time when the deformation localizes decreases exponentially with an increase in the thermal softening coefficient. Results have been computed without adding an artificial viscosity and compared with those obtained by the finite element method.
Use of argatroban for hemodialysis and continuous veno‐veno hemodialysis in a patient with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia

Objective:To describe the use of argatroban in a post-cardiac operation patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring hemodialysis and continuous veno-veno hemodialysis (CVVH). Case Summary:A 23-year-old Caucasian female with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia developed acute renal failure after cardiovascular surgery. Argatroban was used as a substitute for heparin during hemodialysis and CVVH. Both activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and activated clotting time (ACT) were used to guide the dosage of argatroban. The patient was successfully dialyzed without clotting of the circuit. The dosage required in our patient was much lower than the manufacturer's recommendation. Discussion:Argatroban is a thrombin inhibitor that does not cross react with heparin. It is metabolized by the liver, and dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment. The correct dosage for patient with unstable hemodynamics is not known. Our patient had apparently normal hepatic function at the initiation of dialysis, but the dosage of argatroban recommended by the manufacturer resulted in prolonged elevation of the aPTT and ACT with associated gastrointestinal bleeding. This may be related to hepatic congestion secondary to poor cardiac function and/or severe anasarca. And the dosage of argatroban required during dialysis was much lower than the recommendation. Conclusions:Argatroban is an effective alternative of heparin for CVVH. The correct initial dosage in patients with mild hepatic impairment and unstable hemodynamics is still unclear.
Care for Patients with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain with and without Chronic Opioid Prescriptions: A Report from the Cincinnati Area Research Group (CARinG) Network

Background: The use of chronic opioids for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) is a common problem for family physicians, yet little is known about the management of CNMP in family medicine offices. Methods: Twenty one physicians at 8 practices of the Cincinnati Area Research Group (CARinG) network completed 25 to 30 modified Primary Care Network Survey 2 surveys. Each survey contained the question, “To your knowledge, does this patient have chronic (>3 months) pain, even if they are not being seen for pain today?” Chart reviews of all patients identified as having chronic pain were performed to examine assessment, management, and monitoring of chronic opioids. Ten of these physicians and 10 office nurses or medical assistants were interviewed about caring for patients with chronic pain. Results: Primary Care Network Survey 2 questionnaires were completed for 533 patients, 138 (26%) of which had CNMP, and 65 (47%) of those were taking chronic opioids; 25% of patients taking chronic opioids had a urine drug screen and 22% had an opioid contract in the chart. Patients with CNMP who were taking chronic opioids were more likely to be younger (54 vs 59 years; P = .003), have a coexisting mental health diagnosis (69% vs 44%; P = .005), and have assessments for pain (P = .031), function (P = .003), and psychological distress (P Conclusions: Chronic opioids are frequently prescribed to patients with CNMP. Although patients taking opioids have better documentation of pain assessments and management, care for all patients with CNMP fell short of evidence-based guidelines and was primarily performed by the physician alone.
Attention and the Detectability of Weak Taste Stimuli

Subjects detected weak solutions of sucrose or citric acid under conditions in which attention was directed toward one of the tastants or the other. Detection thresholds were measured using an adaptive, forced-choice procedure, with a three-down one-up rule, which computer simulations suggest should be more reliable than the popular two-down one-up rule. The thresholds were modestly but systematically lower for attended tastants than for unattended ones. Similar results have been reported in other sense modalities, including vision (greater sensitivity to stimuli presented to attended versus unattended spatial locations) and hearing (greater sensitivity to stimuli presented at attended versus unattended sound frequencies). Taken together, the findings are consistent with a general hypothesis regarding attention in sensory systems: gains or losses in detectability occur when a central attentional mechanism (or, conceivably, a preattentive mechanism) selectively and preferentially monitors signals arising from particular subsets of peripheral neural inputs.
Genomic detection of new yeast pre-mRNA 3′-end-processing signals

To investigate Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3 � -endprocessing signals, a set of 1352 unique pre-mRNA 3 � -end-processing sites, corresponding to 861 different genes, was identified by alignment of expressed sequence tag sequences with the complete yeast genome. Nucleotide word frequencies in the vicinity of the cleavage sites were analyzed to reveal the signal element features. In addition to previously recognized processing signals, two previously uncharacterized components of the 3 � -end-processing signal sequence were discovered, specifically a predominance of U-rich sequences located on either side of the cleavage site. One of these, the downstream U-rich signal, provides a further link between the 3 � -end-processing mechanisms of yeast and higher eukaryotes. Analysis of the complete set of 3 � end-processing sites by means of a discrimination function supports a ‘contextual’ model in which the sum total effectiveness of the signals in all four elements determines whether or not processing occurs.
Violence between Spouses and Intimates: Does Neighborhood Context Matter?

Using Duval County, Florida, law enforcement data for 1992 and data from the 1990 census, this study explores whether neighborhood context is as important in explaining census-tract-level variation in the incidence of violence between spouses and intimate partners as it is in explaining violence between others who know each other. The regression models adjustfor spatial autocorrelation. This studyfinds that neighborhoods uith great resource deprivation also have dramatically higher rates of violence between intimates. The presence of multiple-unit dwellings and transientpopulations is not significantly related to intimate violence, but contrary to expectations, it is negatively associated with violence involving others who know each other. The amount of variance explained in the intimate violence model is substantially smaller, indicating a lesser role for neighborhood effects.
Airway factor XIII associates with type 2 inflammation and airway obstruction in asthmatic patients

Background Coagulation Factor XIII (FXIII) plays an important role in wound healing by stabilizing fibrin clots and cross-linking extracellular matrix proteins. FXIII is expressed in cells of the monocyte/macrophage and dendritic cell lineages in response to type 2 cytokines. Objective We sought to determine the association between FXIII and asthma pathobiology. Methods We analyzed the expression of FXIII mRNA and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage samples obtained before and after segmental allergen challenge from patients with mild asthma and in induced sputum samples collected from patients with mild-to-moderate and severe asthma. Results FXIII mRNA and protein levels were highly upregulated in bronchoalveolar cells and fluid after allergen challenge and mRNA levels correlated with protein levels. In sputum of asthmatic patients, FXIII expression was positively correlated with type 2 immune response and dendritic cell markers (CD209 and CD207). FXIII expression was also associated with increased airflow limitation (FEV 1 /forced vital capacity and residual volume/total lung capacity ratios) and greater reversibility to β-agonists. Conclusions FXIII expression was upregulated in the airways of asthmatic patients after allergen exposure. Expression in the sputum of asthmatic patients correlated with the type 2 immune response and airflow limitation. Excessive activity of FXIII could contribute to the pathophysiology of airway obstruction in asthmatic patients.
Anxiety Sensitivity and Affect Regulatory Strategies: Individual and Interactive Risk Factors for Anxiety-Related Symptoms

Studies have shown that anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a risk factor in the development of pathological anxiety. Recent theoretical models emphasize the additional importance of how people handle their anxious experiences. The present study examined whether high AS and being fixated on the control and regulation of unwanted anxious feelings or being unable to properly modulate affect as needed lead to particularly problematic outcomes. We examined the interactive influence of AS and affect regulatory strategies on the frequency and intensity of anxiety symptoms. Questionnaires were completed by 248 young adults in the community. Results showed a general pattern with anxiety symptoms being the most severe when high AS was paired with affect regulatory difficulties. Of participants high in AS, anxious arousal and worry were heightened in the presence of less acceptance of emotional distress; anxious arousal, worry, and agoraphobic cognitions were heightened when fewer resources were available to properly modulate affect; and agoraphobic cognitions were heightened in the presence of high emotion expressiveness. As evidence of construct specificity, an alternative model with anhedonic depressive symptoms as a main effect and interaction effect (with regulatory strategies) failed to predict anxiety symptoms. However, anxiety sensitivity and less acceptance of emotional distress were associated with greater anhedonia. Results are discussed in the context of how and when affect regulatory behavior shifts individuals from normative anxiety to pathology.
Currency Substitution, Capital Mobility and Functional Forms of Money Demand in Pakistan

The demand for M2 in Pakistan is positively influenced by real GDP and currency appreciation and negatively influenced by the domestic interest rate and the foreign interest rate. These results confirm international capital mobility and currency substitution. The Box-Cox transformation indicates that the log-linear function cannot be rejected while the linear function can be rejected at the 5% significance level. The log-linear form of the demand for M2 shows a small value of the mean absolute percent error and performs better in the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests than the linear form.
Responsiveness of the ovine gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene to estradiol and gonadotropin-releasing hormone is not detectable in vitro but is revealed in transgenic mice.

Although the ability of estradiol to enhance pituitary sensitivity to GnRH is established, the underlying mechanism(s) remain undefined. Herein, we find that approximately 9,100 bp of 5′ flanking region from the ovine GnRH receptor (oGnRHR) gene is devoid of transcriptional activity in gonadotrope-derived cell lines and is not responsive to either estradiol or GnRH. In stark contrast, this same 9,100 bp promoter fragment directed tissue-specific expression of luciferase in multiple lines of transgenic mice. To test for hormonal regulation of the 9,100-bp promoter, ovariectomized transgenic females were treated with a GnRH antiserum alone or in combination with estradiol. Treatment with antiserum alone reduced pituitary expression of luciferase by 80%. Pituitary expression of luciferase in animals receiving both antiserum and estradiol was approximately 50-fold higher than animals receiving antiserum alone. The estradiol response of the −9,100-bp promoter was equally demonstrable in males. In addition, a G...
Detection and Analysis of Atmospheric Pollutants

There are several objectives for air quality measurements and each presents a unique set of requirements to be considered in the selection of sampling sites, sampling frequencies and methods of analysis. Firm concepts about rational approaches are still being developed (76, Morgan, Saltsmann, Percy and Hildebrandt, Bell, McGuire and Noll, and Whitby, Proceedings 11th Methods Conference*), but these authors have already presented useful guidelines.
Pathogenesis Of L-Tryptophan Eosinophils Myalgia Syndrome

Illnesses which develop in association with exposure to environmental chemicals can be classified according to the nature of the chemical inducing agent or according to the pattern of disease which develops in the host. In the case of eosinophilia myalgia syndrome, the initial definition of the illness was a clinical one (Hertzman et al., 1990; Swygert et al., 1990), defined by the presence of eosinophilia and myalgias, and evolving into a chronic inflammatory and fibrotic disease (Silver et al., 1990) involving fascia, lungs, heart, skin and nerves. Since L-tryptophan ingestion was associated with virtually every case which developed during the 1989 epidemic, the syndrome was called L-tryptophan eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (L-TRP EMS).
Fine-scale spatial differences in humpback whale diet composition near Kodiak, Alaska

On the North Pacific feeding grounds, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are recovering from commercial whaling at a rapid rate (6.8%). The potential effect that this recovery will have on trophic dynamics involving these predators is currently unknown. To better elucidate complex trophic dynamics, variability in diet composition of apex predators on their respective feeding grounds needs to be understood. Thus, we explored the diet composition of two defined subaggregations of humpback whales of the Kodiak Archipelago population (“North,” “South”) using stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios of humpback whale skin and regional prey samples in Bayesian dietary mixing models. Humpback whales in the “North” region consumed proportionally more fish, dominated by capelin (Mallotus villosus), whereas, whales in the “South” region consumed predominantly krill. The difference in diet composition appears to reflect regional differences in prey availability. Thus, regional variability in diet composition by humpback whales may have disproportionate impacts on prey resources of sympatric predators depending on available prey biomass. As a result, we suggest fine-scale studies of apex predator diets are needed to better model trophic dynamics with accuracy.
PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF RIGHT-SIDED VOLUME OVERLOAD IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ACUTE HEART FAILURE: INSIGHTS FROM ASCEND-HF

Elevated jugular venous pressure (JVP) and peripheral edema predict worse outcomes in chronic heart failure (HF) patients. We studied these findings in acute HF in the ASCEND-HF trial of nesiritide vs. placebo. Of 7,141 ASCEND-HF patients, 7,135 patients had complete data on baseline JVP and
On professor Schrag's positive critique of postmodernism

On first reading, I took Prof. Schrag's call for a ‘minimalist metaphysics’ to be a retreat from ‘the big questions’ of classical philosophy into well-established traditions in phenomenological and...
The effect of brain lesions on prism-adaptation in monkey

Systematic misreaching produced by placing oph thalmic prisms over the eyes becomes gradually diminished with prolonged exposure. The present experiment was designed to determine whether or not brain lesions which do not disrupt normal visuomotor coordination will retard the recovery of accurate reaching in prism-wearing monkeys. Both frontal lobectomy and lesions of the caudate nucleus were found to have this effect.
A Plan for Citizen Participation in Community Development

O NE of the encouraging trends emerging from the postwar flurry of planning activity is the increasing citizen interest in problems of community planning and development. Although the roots of this interest go back into the prewar period, it appears to have developed its major momentum during the war. In some cities interest has developed spontaneously and unassisted; in others it is the fruition of a continuing and persistent educational program carried on by the community leaders and city planners. Regardless of the origin, the significance of this trend is in the opportunity it provides for broadening citizen participation in planningone of the most important tools we have for securing planned community development. More than ever before, this and other educational devices should occupy a major place in city planning programs. For an illustration of the price paid for neglecting these aspects of the planning program, we have only to look about us at some of the misguided developments taking place in the outskirts of many of our communities. Here in these areas of growth and expansion unleashed by the return of men, materials, and machinery to peacetime pursuits we see some sharp reminders of a tardy concern over citizen education. To determine how citizen participation may be made an effective device for advancing planned community development we must interpolate from principles developed in other fields-chiefly in the fields of sociology and psychology. Experience to date in the adaptation of these principles to the field of urban planning is still too limited to vield any clearlv defined nrocedure. The very elementary concepts developed in the following pages, concerned primarily with the small city, must therefore be treated as tentative and experimental. It is hoped that when studies now being conducted in several communities in the Tennessee Valley area reach a more advanced stage, they will shed more light on the problem.
Biomimetic mineralization of collagen

It has been over 10 years since our group first discovered how to achieve intrafibrillar mineralization of collagen with hydroxyapatite. This was an exciting discovery, and many other groups have continued to make valuable contributions toward understanding the physicochemical mechanisms involved. Some recent reviews have already been presented on this topic, so the focus of this chapter will be to present a critical analysis of the various reports in the literature, where in many cases I offer an alternative interpretation of other groups’ data. I will then consider how the various hypotheses correlate with actual observations of bone formation. Throughout the discussion, key features will be highlighted that our group and others have found to be significant in controlling collagen mineralization, with emphasis on the characteristics of the polymer additives that are considered to emulate the putative role of the noncollagenous proteins associated with bone.
Numerical Investigation of Adiabatic and Conjugate Film Cooling Effectiveness on a Single Cylindrical Film-Cooling Hole

This paper documents a computational investigation of the film-cooling effectiveness of a 3-D gas turbine endwall with one cylindrical cooling hole. The simulations were performed for an adiabatic and conjugate heat transfer models. Turbulence closure was investigated using five different turbulence models; the standard k-e model, the RNG k-e model, the realizable k-e model, the standard k-e model, as well as the SST k-ω model. Results were obtained for a blowing ratio of 2.0, and a coolant-to-mainflow temperature ratio of 0.54. The simulations used a dense, high quality, O-type, hexahedral grid. The computed flow/temperature fields are presented, in addition to local, two-dimensional distribution of film cooling effectiveness for the adiabatic and conjugate cases. Results are compared to experimental data in terms of centerline film cooling effectiveness downstream cooling-hole, the predictions with realizable k-e turbulence model exhibited the best agreement especially in the region for (x/D ≤ 6). All turbulence models predicted the jet lift-off. Also, the results show the effect of the conjugate heat transfer on the temperature (effectiveness) field in the film-cooling hole region and, thus, the additional heating up of the cooling jet itself.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Structural Optimization Study of Compact 750 kV Double-and Single-Towers

By consulting domestic and foreign compact double-and single-circuit tower designs,a design for compact 750 kV double-and single-circuit towers is proposed.Aiming to this design,structural calculation and economic analysis are performed in two aspects,including high strength angle steel and steel tube members.It is suggested that high strength steel must be used in compact 750 kV towers,while its application in compact single-circuit tower depends on economy;Q345 steel tube members are used as main structure of 750 kV double-circuit towers,however,it is not suitable for single-circuit towers;application of Q420 steel tube members in both types of tower improves economy more significantly,however,experimental researches must be carried out in aspects,such as members and node construction,etc.
Creatine kinase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity in serum: kinetics of change with exercise and effect of physical conditioning.

Abstract Serum creatine kinase (CK) and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) activity following a standardized 6 minute period of moderately severe exercise has been studied in 7 normal women and 7 normal men before and in 11 of the individuals after a 3 to 5 week period of physical conditioning. Before physical conditioning the exercise resulted in a marked increase in serum CK activity with a peak rise at 8 to 16 hours. There was also a slight, but statistically significant, increase in serum GOT with a peak at 16 to 24 hours. Following a period of physical conditioning, the same exercise resulted in little or no change in either the serum CK or GOT level. This appears to represent another manifestation of muscle adaptation to increased work. A lack of circadian variation in serum CK activity was also demonstrated.
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection: Colon and Rectum

The technique of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is utilized for the removal of superficial neoplasms from the lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the simplest terms, EMR involves the removal of a gastrointestinal lesion through an endoscope using a snare. Of course, there are variations to this technique, and the procedure comes with a learning curve. In general, EMR is used for lesions less than 2 cm in size with a depth of invasion limited to the mucosa or submucosa, although this method can be applied to larger benign lesions in a piecemeal manner. First developed for the treatment of early gastric cancer, EMR is now widely utilized in the colon and rectum for the treatment of adenomas or early carcinomas. This chapter discusses the history, indications/contraindications, technical aspects, and complications of EMR in the large intestine.
Point Charges in a Spatially Homogeneous Electric Field

We consider here an application of the Hamilton-Jacobi theory to the dynamics of a point charge in a spatially homogeneous electric field.
Choice of technologies and dynamic price-distribution order of efficiency

In this Chapter we will analyze the criteria according to which technologies are chosen by the profit earners, that is, by that economic operator who selects technologies and drives accumulation. We shall refer to this category therefore indifferently as profit-maker, technology-maker, or accumulation-maker operator. It is commonly assumed that this operator aims at profit maximization, which, in turn, is a matter also dependent on the dynamics of accumulation.
The analytics of getting sacked: Coach firings in the National Football League

Black Monday is a day full of uncertainty for NFL coaches, as they wait to hear whether they will be fired or not. Harrison W. Chase and Mark E. Glickman build a model to predict which teams are likely to wield the axe
The Age of Design

In this final chapter I want to turn to human ecosystems and to those aspects of evolution which man now can take into his own hands. The issue of predictability becomes one of practical importance. I shall argue that the basic trends which obtain in prehuman ecosystems hold as well in ecosystems dominated by humans, and that they hold with greater force due to guiding ideas about prediction, planning, and efficiency which are unsound from the standpoint of adaptability. In considering this question I draw out some lines of contact between the theory already developed and economics. It is evident that the problem of economic adaptability has many special features to which a single section of a single chapter could never do justice. But I believe that viewing an economy as a part of the ecosystem process and treating the problem of economic adaptability as a component of ecosystem adaptability are most suitably begun here.
The History of International Medical Graduate Physicians in Psychiatry and Medicine in the United States: A Perspective

International medical graduate (IMG) physicians are vital to the physician workforce in the United States, and over the past few decades have become especially important in the provision of psychiatric care in this country. IMG physicians have assumed crucial roles in caring for the underserved, and they have had greater opportunities in public psychiatry than in other areas of the field. In this chapter, key historical patterns in medical training in the United States are outlined. Medical training in India is described to illustrate issues experienced by medical graduates not born in the United States. It is suggested that IMG physicians are collaborators who bring wisdom, expertise, effort, and valuable traditions, and yet IMG physicians have often faced prejudice and obstacles to their professional advancement. It is hoped that IMG physicians in the future will be more respectfully embraced and will have robust professional opportunities in the health system of the United States and other economically established countries.
Selenium in soils of western Colorado

Abstract Seleniferous soils are host to a diverse and unique community of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Often, studies of these organisms, if they report selenium at all, only report the total selenium content of the soil. We conducted a field survey of soils to determine a) whether total selenium is a reliable proxy for bioavailable selenium, and b) the general characteristics of typical seleniferous soils. We analyzed soils from 32 seleniferous and nearby non-seleniferous habitats across western Colorado. In normal, low-selenium soils, the relationship between total and bioavailable selenium is roughly linear. In seleniferous soils however (total Se > 2 mg/kg), there is no relationship between total and bioavailable selenium. Also, these soils can be broadly characterized by two principal axes: a metals-rich axis likely explained by the mineralogy and depositional environment of the parent rock, and a soluble, salt-rich axis likely explained by soil weathering and hydrology. There is considerably more variation along the former axis, which also appears to predict primary productivity, but selenium content, particularly bioavailable selenium, is influenced by the latter. Researchers in seleniferous environments must recognize that seleniferous soils are heterogeneous, and may be shaped by current environmental factors as much as by the geological past.
Paleo American finds from Venezuela: evidence to discuss the spread of Fell Points and the peopling of Northern South America

“Fishtail” or just “Fell” points represent an excellent marker to know and discuss the existence of colonizers hunter-gatherers living in Central and South America during the end of the Pleistocene at about 11000-10000 14C yr BP. Investigations of Venezuelan fishtail points yielded additional data on their manufacturing procedure to help discuss the human colonization of northern South America. The finds from northern Venezuela on the Caribbean Sea yielded a link arguing for the use of the Atlantic slope and the current continental shelf during human dispersal in South America. “Rabo de peixe” ou somente pontas Fell representam um excelente indicador para conhecer e discutir a existencia de colonizadores cacadores-coletores que viveram na America Central e do Sul durante o final do Pleistoceno ha aproximadamente 11.000-10.000 14C anos AP. Pesquisas com pontas Rabo de peixe da Venezuela proporcionaram dados adicionais sobre o seu processo de fabricacao contribuindo na discussao da colonizacao humana do norte da America do Sul. As descobertas do norte da Venezuela no Mar do Caribe defendem a utilizacao da vertente Atlântica e da plataforma continental atual durante a dispersao humana na America do Sul.
Cancer and Apoptosis: Who Is Built to Last?

Effective cancer therapy requires that a cancer be more susceptible to a treatment than are the essential tissues in the body. A paper by Sarosiek et al. in this issue now shows that, unlike those of cancer cells, mitochondria in many tissues in adults are in an apoptosis-resistant state.
From environment to mating competition and super-K in a predominantly Urban sample of young adults

Recent research suggests human life history strategy (LHS) may be subsumed by multiple dimensions, including mating competition and Super-K, rather than one. In this study, we test whether a two-dimensional structure best fit data from a predominantly urban sample of young adults ages 18-24. We also test whether latent life history dimensions are associated with environmental harshness and unpredictability as predicted by life history theory. Results provide evidence that a two-dimensional model best fit the data. Furthermore, a moderate inverse residual correlation between mating competition and Super-K was found, consistent with a life history trade-off. Our findings suggest that parental socioeconomic status may enhance investment in mating competition, that harshness might persist into young adulthood as an important correlate of LHS, and that unpredictability may not have significant effects in young adulthood. These findings further support the contention that human LHS is multidimensional and environmental effects on LHS are more complex than previously suggested. The model presented provides a parsimonious explanation of an array of human behaviors and traits and can be used to inform public health initiatives, particularly with respect to the potential impact of environmental interventions.
Inflow of shelf waters into the Mississippi Sound and Mobile Bay estuaries in October 2015

The exchange of coastal waters between the Mississippi Sound (MSS), Mobile Bay, and Mississippi Bight is an important pathway for oil and pollutants into coastal ecosystems. This study investigated an event of strong and persistent inflow of shelf waters into MSS and Mobile Bay during October 2015 by combining in situ measurements, satellite ocean color data, and ocean model predictions. Navy Coastal Ocean Model predicted high-salinity shelf waters continuously flowing into the estuarine system and forecasted low-salinity waters trapped inside the estuaries which did not flush out until the passage of tropical cyclone Patricia’s remnants in late October. The October 2015 chlorophyll-a anomaly was significantly low inside and outside the MSS for the 2003 to 2015 time series. Similar low-chlorophyll-a anomalies were only seen in 2003. The October 2015 mean in situ salinities were up to 8 psu higher than mean from 2007 to 2015, and some estuarine stations showed persistent salinities above 30 psu for almost a month in agreement with model predictions. October 2015 was associated with low fall seasonal discharge, typical of fall season, and wind which was persistently out of the east to southeast [45–180]°. These persistent wind conditions were linked to the observed anomalous conditions.
New Thinking, New Scholarship and New Research in Catholic Education Some Perspectives on This Field of Study

The field of International Studies in Catholic Education has been developing in recent decades. This Chapter narrates how the emergence of new scholarship and new research in Catholic Education internationally has brought into sharper focus the challenges currently facing Catholic schools. Part 1 reviews the ten challenges facing Catholic Education that were identified in a major international study of Catholic education in 45 countries. Part 2 briefly summarises the ways in which new scholarship and thinking have begun to respond to these challenges. In Part 3, the contribution of a journal dedicated to international scholarship in Catholic Education is reviewed. This new thinking and scholarship in the field of Catholic Education is something primarily aimed at supporting the wider project or tradition of Catholic Education, rather than being an end in itself.
iSnap: Automatic Hints and Feedback for Block-based Programming (Abstract Only)

iSnap is a block-based programming environment that supports struggling students with on-demand hints and error-checking feedback. iSnap is an extension of Snap!, a creative and novice-friendly programming environment, used in the Beauty and Joy of Computing (BJC) AP CS Principles curriculum. iSnap is designed to support the open-ended, exploratory programming problems of BJC, while adapting to many possible student solutions. When students ask iSnap for help, it highlights possible errors in their code and suggests next steps they can make. Hints are presented visually, right alongside students/ code, making them easy to interpret and implement. iSnap/s hints are generated automatically from student data, so no teacher input is required to create them, making iSnap appropriate for both new and experienced instructors. The demonstration will showcase iSnap/s hints on a variety of assignments and explain how the algorithm is working behind the scenes to generate data-driven hints. It will also include an overview of the results from two years of research with iSnap on how students seek and use programming help. A key objective of this demonstration is to solicit feedback from SIGCSE attendees on the design of iSnap as we work to make the system ready for deployment in classrooms. More information on iSnap can be found at http://go.ncsu.edu/isnap.
Governance: What Can be Learned From the Case of Big Time College Athletics

Big Time College Athletics is a fascinating phenomenon, one that presents the organizational scholar with intriguing questions. On the one hand, as expressed in statements by university leaders, there is minimal congruence between BTCA and the mission of universities. On the other hand, BTCA continues to grow and, some might argue, thrive. Three panelists, Anju Seth, Jay Barney, and Tom Donaldson, each expert in different facets of governance, will address university governance as it relates to BTCA. Each panelist, along with our discussant, Mark Mizruchi, will address how insights found within BTCA are related to other organizational contexts. The seminal puzzles to be addressed in the symposium are to explain whether extant university governance has contributed to this "lack of congruence—yet thriving" paradox; how changes in governance might increase BTCA—university mission congruence; and, of greatest importance, what can be learned about governance by investigating BTCA.
Transcriptional analyses provide new insight into the late-stage immune response of a diseased Caribbean coral.

Increasing global temperatures due to climate change have resulted in respective increases in the severity and frequency of epizootics around the globe. Corals in particular have faced rapid declin...
Functions of SH2 and SH3 domains

Cells have a remarkable ability to extract information from the extracellular environment and to respond by altering their transcriptional and replication programs, metabolism, shape, and many other aspects of their behavior. The transduction of extracellular signals is particularly crucial in multicellular organisms, where development and adult life requires that each cell precisely adjust its activities to conform to the needs of the whole organism. From an engineering standpoint the mechanisms used to transduce signals must be combinatorial in nature, because the limited number of total gene products implies that the transducers for each specific signal in each specific cell type cannot be unique. Our current understanding suggests that many types of extracellular signals are transduced by a relatively small number of enzymes including tyrosine kinases, GTP-binding proteins, and serine/threonine kinases, and that specificity of signaling arises through the assembly of multiprotein complexes involving such signaling proteins.
GEOGRAPHIC ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF-MODEL PARAMETERS.

The U. S. Geological Survey is developing techniques to estimate and evaluate unit-hydrograph and loss-rate parameter values for rainfall-runoff models using Geographic Information System (GIS) procedures. The data base includes basin, soil, and climatological characteristics that will be stored in a GIS, and unit-hydrograph and loss-rate parameters obtained from calibration of a commonly used flood-hydrograph rainfall-runoff model for 616 storms in 98 gaged drainage basins. Development of unit-hydrograph and loss-rate parameter-estimation techniques includes statistical methods (exploratory data analysis, regression analysis, and categorical data analysis) to relate the model parameters to hydrologic characteristics. The estimation techniques are evaluated by use of error analysis of simulated hydrograph characteristics (peak discharge, flood volume, and time to peak discharge). The hydrographs will be simulated with parameters estimated by the techniques for (1) 102 storms occurring at 36 gaged basins; and (2) a large storm system (one which produced floods with a 50-to 100-year recurrence interval).