cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tricritical behavior in the laser with a saturable absorber.

Nonequilibrium continuous and discontinuous phase transitions in the laser with a saturable absorber have been observed. A novel feature of these measurements is the observation of the tricritical behavior. The adequacy of the perturbative approach to describe saturation effects is discussed in light of these measurements.
Organizational structure: a review of structural dimensions and their conceptual relationships with individual attitudes and behavior

Abstract The paper reviews aspects of organizational structure and the conceptual relationships between organizational structure and individual attitudes and behavior. The review is separated into the following five parts: (1) the rationale underlying the development of organizational structure, (2) a synthesis of dimensions of organizational structure with emphasis placed on the identification of major explanatory constructs of structure, (3) a review of the interrelationships of the proposed dimensions of organizational structure, (4) a discussion of the conceptual relationships between organizational structure and individual attitudes and behavior, and (5) a summary and conclusions section. Major conclusions based upon the review included the need to identify the parsimonious constructs of organizational structure and the need to use more sophisticated integrating models in relating organizational structure to individual attitudes and behavior. A potential model is proposed, followed by speculative attempts to demonstrate applications of the model.
Identification of invasive Yersinia species using oligonucleotide probes.

Abstract Oligonucleotide probes directed to the inv and ail invasion genes of Yersinia species were used to analyse yersiniae and non-yersiniae isolates by colony hybridization. The INV-3 probe, targeted to the inv gene of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis , hybridized with all 48 HeLa cell-invasive Y. pseudotuberculosis isolates examined; the PF-13 probe, specific for the ail gene of Yersinia enterocolitica , identified all invasive strains (36 of 52) of Y. enterocolitica tested. Neither probe hybridized with non-yersinia isolates or other Yersinia species. Southern analyses of restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA confirmed the specificity of both probes. INV-3 hybridized with a 4·5 kilobase (kb) Bam HI fragment known to carry the inv gene in Y. pseudotuberculosis . PF-13 was specific for a 1·2 kb Cla I- Ava I fragment in Y. enterocolitica that carried the ail locus. Reactivity with either probe correlated closely with the ability of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica isolates to invade HeLa cells.
Suicide, negative interaction and emotional support among black Americans

This study is the first to investigate the relationship between perceived emotional support and negative interaction with family members and suicide ideation and attempts among African American and Caribbean black adults. Cross-sectional epidemiologic data from the National Survey of American Life and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between perceived emotional support and negative interaction and suicide behaviors among 3,570 African Americans and 1,621 Caribbean blacks age 18 and older. Multivariate analyses found that perceived emotional support was associated with lower odds of suicide ideation and attempts for African Americans and Caribbean blacks. Negative interaction with family was associated with greater odds of suicide ideation among African Americans and Caribbean blacks. Ethnicity moderated the impact of emotional support and negative interaction on suicide attempts; among Caribbean blacks, those who reported more frequent emotional support from their family had a significantly greater reduced risk for suicide attempts than African Americans. The effect of negative interaction on suicide attempts was also more pronounced for Caribbean blacks compared to African Americans. Negative interaction was a risk factor for suicide ideation and emotional support was a protective factor for attempts and ideation. These associations were observed even after controlling for any mental disorder. The findings demonstrate the importance of social relationships as both risk and protective factors for suicide and ethnic differences in suicidal ideation and attempts among black Americans.
Effect of Rotation Kinematics and Angle of Attack on Flapping Flight

Unsteady aerodynamics of a rigid flapping wing at a Reynolds number of 10,000 for forward flight with an advance ratio of 0.5 is analyzed. A spiral leading-edge vortex with a strong spanwise flow along its core is formed during the downstroke, resulting in a peak lift and thrust. A negative spanwise flow formed due to the tip vortex prevents the removal of vorticity from the leading-edge vortex, leading to instability and separation of the leading-edge vortex. Analysis of different rotation timings shows that supination results in the leading-edge vortex formation near the base and its strength depends on the flapping velocity. A stronger vortex is formed for advanced rotation and it generates high lift. Delayed rotation affects thrust production during translation and results in low propulsive efficiency. Analysis of rotation duration shows that shorter rotation results in high instantaneous lift values, whereas continuous long-duration rotation results in high thrust and propulsive efficiency. Analysis of different angles of attack show that a moderate angle of attack, which results in a high thrust-to-lift ratio and complete shedding of the leading-edge vortex at the end of translation, is required for high propulsive efficiency.
Breadfruit, banana, beef, and beer: Modernization of the Samoan diet

The Samoans traditionally based their diet on breadfruit, banana, taro, yam and coconut, supplemented with fish and shellfish from coral reefs. Ocean fish, pigs and fowl were foods reserved for festive occasions. After 150 years of exposure to missionaries, traders and military personnel, the Samoan diet has been substantially altered. This paper provides a preliminary description of these changes. A 24‐hour recall questionnaire was administered to 330 Samoan adults residing in American Samoa and Hawaii. The subjects were categorized as more traditional, intermediate or modernized on the basis of residence. The data reveal a trend for increasing reliance on purchased foods. Canned corned beef, canned fish and fresh beef are important sources of calories and protein for the Samoans, while bread and rice partially substitute for the traditional starchy Samoan crops.
Discovery of (2S,4R)-1-(2-Aminoacetyl)-4-benzamidopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic Acid Hydrochloride (GAP-134)13, an Orally Active Small Molecule Gap-Junction Modifier for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Rotigaptide (3) is an antiarrhythmic peptide that improves cardiac conduction by modifying gap-junction communication. Small molecule gap-junction modifiers with improved physical properties were identified from a Zealand Pharma peptide library using pharmaceutical profiling, established SAR around 3, and a putative pharmacophore model for rotigaptide. Activity of the compounds was confirmed in a mouse cardiac conduction block model of arrhythmia. Dipeptide 9f (GAP-134) was identified as a potent, orally active gap-junction modifier for clinical development.
Perceived social support and competence in abused children: A longitudinal perspective

The stress-social support-psychological well-being model and the social network theory of child development were used to examine the impact of child abuse and maternal perceptions of social support and competence on child perceptions of social support and competence at two points in time. The influence of child social support on child competence was also assessed. The sample consisted of 165 abused children and their mothers and a matched comparison group of 169 nonabused children and their mothers. As a source of stress, abuse had no significant independent effects on children's perceptions of social support and competence at either time period. The strongest predictors of children's views of their competence were perceived support from mothers, peers, and teachers. The findings underscore the importance of social support for the psychological well-being of children.
Proximate Commuting: Hype or Potential? An Evaluation

Proximate commuting is a potential employer-based travel-demand management program under which large, decentralized employers reassign each voluntary participant to a job location (with the same employer) closer to the participant's residence to reduce commuting distances. Key to determining proximate commuting's feasibility and potential success are the identification and estimation of its commuting benefits. A model for quantifying the distance and time savings of proximate-commuting programs is presented. It relies on stated preference information regarding an employee's willingness to proximate-commute. Potential commuting savings are modeled as originating from two distinct sources. First, savings can stem from mutually beneficial job exchanges that are estimated using optimization tools. Second, due to job vacancies occurring over time, savings can result from future employee relocations to closer branches. Because predicting future job vacancies is inherently stochastic, savings from future vacancies are estimated using optimization tools on scenarios created by a Monte Carlo simulation. The model is implemented and tested using data from self-administered survey questionnaires distributed among all tellers of a single banking institution in Bogota, Colombia. Results suggest immediate savings of 1,700 h/year and average savings of more than 8,000 h after the second year of program implementation. These results highlight the fact that accommodating people's desires for shorter commutes at negligible cost is possible and suggest a cautiously optimistic outlook for proximate commuting. Future research should focus on proximate-commuting implementation issues, such as employer adoption, middle management's role, and employee satisfaction after relocation.
Optimal conditions of 99mTc eluate for the radiolabeling of 99mTc-sestamibi

Abstract Our nuclear pharmacy has reported that a failed radiochemical purity (RCP) ( i.e., RCP 99m Tc-sestamibi may be associated with the use of a first elution at later stages from a longingrowth time ( i.e. , ⩾ 72 h) wet-column generator. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 99m Tc eluates from wet- and dry-column generators on the RCP of 99m Tc-sestamibi under the above conditions. RCP values were found to be measurably higher and kit failure rates lower with the use of dry-column generator eluate. Using a dry-column generator eluate, Cardiolite ® kits were prepared with 11.10 GBq of 99m Tc at 3, 4, and 5 h postelution and 5.55 GBq at 6, 10, 11, and 12 h postelution. Our data suggest that when 11.10 GBq of 99m Tc from a dry-column generator with ⩾72-h ingrowth was used to prepare 99m Tc-sestamibi, kit failure started to occur using 99m Tc eluate at approximately 4 h postelution. When 5.55 GBq was used to reconstitute the kit, RCP failure began to occur using 99m Tc eluate ~10 h postelution and was likely to occur by 12 h postelution. Dry-column generator eluates have lower kit failures than do wet-column generators; the failure rate can be reduced even further by avoiding the addition of high activities of 99m Tc and long elution times.
Lethal Monkeypox Virus Infection of CAST/EiJ Mice Is Associated with a Deficient Gamma Interferon Response

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is endemic in Africa, where it causes disease in humans resembling smallpox. A recent importation of MPXV-infected animals into the United States raises the possibility of global spread. Rodents comprise the major reservoir of MPXV, and a variety of such animals, even those native to North America, are susceptible. In contrast, common inbred strains of mice, including BALB/c and C57BL/6, are greatly resistant to MPXV. However, several inbred strains of mice derived from wild mice, including CAST/EiJ, exhibit morbidity and mortality at relatively low inoculums of MPXV. Elucidating the basis for the susceptibility of CAST/EiJ mice could contribute to an understanding of MPXV pathogenicity and host defense mechanisms and enhance the value of this mouse strain as a model system for evaluation of therapeutics and vaccines. Here we compared virus dissemination and induced cytokine production in CAST/EiJ mice to those in the resistant BALB/c strain. Following intranasal infection, robust virus replication occurred in the lungs of both strains, although a relatively higher inoculum was required for BALB/c. However, while spread to other internal organs was rapid and efficient in CAST/EiJ mice, the virus was largely restricted to the lungs in BALB/c mice. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and CCL5 were induced in lungs of BALB/c mice concomitant with virus replication but not in CAST/EiJ mice. The importance of IFN-γ in protection against MPXV disease was demonstrated by the intranasal administration of the mouse cytokine to CAST/EiJ mice and the resulting protection against MPXV. Furthermore, C57BL/6 mice with inactivation of the IFN-γ gene or the IFN-γ receptor gene exhibited enhanced sensitivity to MPXV.
Neighborhood impact on healthy food availability and pricing in food stores.

Availability and price of healthy foods in food stores has the potential to influence purchasing patterns, dietary intake, and weight status of individuals. This study examined whether demographic factors of the store neighborhood or store size have an impact on the availability and price of healthy foods in sample of grocery stores and supermarkets. The Nutrition Environment Measures Study-Store (NEMS-S) instrument, a standardized observational survey, was utilized to evaluate food stores (N = 42) in a multi-site (Vermont and Arkansas) study in 2008. Census data associated with store census tract (median household income and proportion African-American) were used to characterize store neighborhood and number of cash registers was used to quantify store size. Median household income was significantly associated with the NEMS healthy food availability score (r = 0.36, P 0.05). Even among supermarkets, healthier foods are less available in certain neighborhoods, although, when available, the quality of healthier options did not differ, suggesting that targeting availability may offer promise for policy initiatives. Furthermore, increasing access to larger stores that can offer lower prices for healthier foods may provide another avenue for enhancing food environments to lower disease risk.
Universal fantasy in latency: Separation, attachment and sexuality in Julio Cortázar’s Bestiary

This paper joins recent efforts to build a conceptual bridge between psychoanalysis and attachment theory. A psychoanalytic reading of Julio Cortazar’s Bestiary, a story about a young girl sent away for a summer vacation, is used to conceptualize the relationship between attachment and sexuality during latency. Middle childhood is seen as a pivotal period when cognitive maturation, internalization of parental figures, increasing independence and importance of those outside the family make fantasy the central adaptive mode of functioning. As such, the literature on attachment, which focuses on observed events, has to be supplemented with investigations of the actively created fantasies of that age period.
Measured transformer derating and comparison with harmonic loss factor (F/sub HL/) approach

The eddy-current loss coefficient of a transformer can be determined by using the harmonic amplitudes of input current and the corresponding harmonic copper losses when the transformer supplies nonlinear loads. Measured data show that eddy-current loss is a linear function of frequency with a power of 2. Apparent power (kVA) derating of single-phase transformers operating with nonsinusoidal currents and voltages is measured by adjusting the total losses to the rated losses at rated temperature, whereby hot-spot considerations are ignored. Computed results of derating using the harmonic loss factor (F/sub HL/), eddy-current loss coefficient P/sub EC-Rnonlinear/ and iron-core losses match well with measured data. However, the real power derating of transformer is much greater than apparent power derating for a given THD/sub i/ value, and it is independent of the frequency spectra of the harmonics. Experiments show that the other stray losses (P/sub OSL/) in nearby conductive solid components are proportional to the power of 0.8 at low frequencies and are inversely proportional to the power of 0.9 at high frequencies.
Review of clinical trials conducted in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia and recommendations for reporting clinical trial responses in these patients

Many novel therapeutic agents are being tested in clinical trials for Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM). However, given the paucity of large clinical trials in WM, the establishment of a standard treatment regimen that can be used for comparison of response has become challenging. We therefore performed a review of published clinical trials in WM. Systematic searches of the PubMed and Medline databases, including The Cochrane Library, were performed for the search terms: clinical trials, Waldenstrom, macroglobulinemia, and lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Studies of transplant in WM are beyond the scope of this review and were excluded. A total of 44 clinical trials were found in this search (38 full articles, six abstracts). Of these, 11 were performed in patients with untreated WM, 14 in patients with relapsed or refractory WM, 17 in both upfront and relapsed or refractory WM, and two studies did not provide this information. Based on this review, we recommend new response criteria and definitions of time to event analysis to be used in future clinical trials of WM. This review of the published literature would serve as a reference for comparison of response and survival analysis in current clinical trials.
Aerobic Fermentation and the Depletion of the Amino Acid Pool in Yeast Cells

The amino acid pool of yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, incubated with galactose remains at a constant level for 100 minutes. This is 30 minutes beyond the time at which the oxidative phase of the induced-enzyme formation begins. Washed yeast cells, the pools of which have been depleted 60 per cent by incubation with glucose, do not replenish their pools as do washed cells incubated without a substrate. These facts indicate that the induced enzymes are formed at least partially from pool-replenishing amino acids. The time of onset of pool depletion is the time at which the aerobic fermentation phase of induced-enzyme formation begins for cells incubated with galactose. With 0.1 per cent galactose the respiratory phase begins at 100 minutes but no aerobic fermentation nor pool depletion occurs. The rates of respiration and aerobic fermentation are constant for four glucose concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 per cent. The amount of aerobicfermentation is proportional to the initial concentration of glucose. Amino acid pool depletion occurs for all concentrations but depletion ceases and is followed by pool replenishment after aerobic fermentation is complete. Ultraviolet radiations, which delay the appearance of the respiratory phase of induced-enzyme formation, completely eliminate both the appearance of aerobic fermentation and pool depletion. The results indicate an intimate association between aerobic fermentation and amino acid pool depletion.
From the Library to the Printing Press: Luigi Vanvitelli's Life with Books

Analyzing the letters of architect Luigi Vanvitelli (1700––1773), Robin L. Thomas reconstructs his library and explores his prolific reading. From the Library to the Printing Press: Luigi Vanvitelli9s Life with Books demonstrates how Vanvitelli9s books influenced his architectural practice and, conversely, how his opinions and tastes conditioned the ways he read. Literary ideas of decorum explain the stylistic heterogeneity of his architectural oeuvre and influenced the way he wrote. His Dichiarazione dei disegni del Reale Palazzo di Caserta (1756), documenting the magnificent palace he designed for King Charles Bourbon, is among the most lavish books of its time. Its analysis illuminates how the architect interacted with the printed page and how books influenced architecture in the eighteenth century.
Simplified in situ preparation of cultured cell monolayers for electron microscopy

The use of xylene for the easy separation of cultured cells embedded in situ from their plastic growth surface is described. This step simplifies the preparation of cell monolayers for electron microscopy.
On the applicability of Darwinian principles to chemical evolution that led to life

Chemical evolution at the primitive prebiotic level may have proceeded toward increased diversity and complexity by the adjacent possible process (originally proposed by Kauffman). Once primitive self-replicating systems evolved, they could continue evolution via Eigen's hypercycles, and by Prigogine's emergence of order at the far-from-the equilibrium, non-linear systems. We envisage a gradual transition from a complex pre-life system, which we call the transition zone. In this zone we find a mixture of complex chemical cycles that reproduce and secure energy. Small incremental changes in the structure and organization of the transition zone eventually lead to life. However, the chemical systems in this zone may or may not lead to life. It is possible that the transition to life might be the result of an algorithm. But, it is uncertain whether an algorithm could be applied to the systems in which chance plays a role.
Epidemiology of mental retardation in children

Mental retardation (MR) in children is a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied causes. This article describes well-known causes of MR and epidemiologically established risk factors. Approximately 43–70% of children with severe MR (i.e., intelligence quotient [IQ] of <50) have a known cause of MR, compared with 20–24% of those with mild MR (IQ of 50–70). Investigators will need to continue refining research methods to define homogeneous groups for the further identification of causes of MR in children. Discovery of additional genetic factors and their causal link to MR will continue to diminish the proportion of MR with unknown causes. Areas of MR research that will be particularly challenging are (1) the relationship between socioeconomic factors and other risk factors or causes of MR and (2) how much of the variation in prevalence of MR associated with prenatal or perinatal biologic insults is due to differences in the quality of intervening care and the postnatal environment. MRDD Research Reviews 1998;4:6–13. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermal Analysis of Electron-Beam Absorption in Low-Temperature Superconducting Films

The absorption of an electron beam in a superconducting microbridge reduces its critical current, the maximum d-c electric current it can carry without resistance. A two-dimensional heat conduction analysis determines numerically the temperature field in the film caused by electron-beam heating, considering the nonlinear thermal boundary resistance between film and substrate. The method of Intrinsic Thermal Stability yields the critical current for this temperature field. The critical current predictions agree with experimental data from low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) with superconducting lead microbridges. The method developed in this study permits the quantitative prediction of LTSEM experiments, enhancing the value of this technique for the local characterization of superconducting films.
Creative medical teaching. Commitment to becoming the best

The limits of exciting and fruitful medical teaching exist only in the mind of the teacher. Whether the instructor is in a classroom lecturing, in a small group experience, or in a clinical setting, teaching can be made both interesting and informative if the educator is willing to plan the encounter so that both teacher and student may come away feeling fulfilled.
The Effect of Feeding Wheat Germ Oil II. Growth, Age to Sexual Maturity, and Egg Production

Abstract POULTRYMEN have been asking if the additions of wheat germ oil to chick rations would increase the rate of growth or decrease mortality. Many inquiries have also been received from poultry keepers who wanted to know if wheat germ oil additions would hasten maturity (decrease the age at first egg) or increase the rate of egg production of pullets. The trial reported herewith was designed to help answer these questions. The rations used were the so-called Wisconsin Number 2 that has been used at this experiment station for a number of years as a standard ration and one that has been used extensively in soybean oil meal studies. The soybean oil meal ration contains approximately the same amount of protein as the Wisconsin Number 2 and is made by substituting 16 pounds of soybean oil meal for the 8 pounds of meat scrap and 8 pounds of dried milk used . . .
How Democracies Use Intervention: A Neglected Dimension in Studies of the Democratic Peace

Confidence has grown in the finding that democracies do not wage war against one another. Two decades of empirical investigation that support this proposition, in conjunction with the recent expansion of the democratic community, have understandably inspired hope in the `democratic peace' envisioned by Immanuel Kant and Woodrow Wilson. This article collates three streams of previously unexamined evidence that speak to the promise of this hope. Looking cross-nationally at the incidence of overt military intervention and employing two definitions of democracy, the research explores how democratic states have used this instrument of coercive diplomacy in the 1974-91 period. The study concludes with a discussion about the role that intervention might play in the preservation of peace in the post-Cold War era.
The effective conductivity of a periodic array of spheres

We consider the problem of determining the effective conductivity k$^*$ of a composite material consisting of equal-sized spheres of conductivity $\alpha$ arranged in a cubic array within a homogeneous matrix of unit conductivity. We modify Zuzovski & Brenner9s (1977) method and thereby obtain a set of infinite linear equations for the coefficients of the formal solution equivalent to that derived by McKenzie et al. (1978) using a method originally devised by Rayleigh (1892). On solving these equations we derive expressions for $k^{\ast}$ to $O(c^9) - c$ being the volume fraction of the spheres - for simple, body-centred and face-centred cubic arrays, and also obtain numerical values for k$^*$ over the whole range of $\alpha$ and $c$. We show that these results for cubic arrays can be used to estimate $^{\ast}$ for random arrays of identical spheres. For arrays of highly conducting and nearly touching spheres, Batchelor & O9Brien (1977) showed that \begin{equation*} k^{\ast} \sim \begin{cases} -K_1\ln (1-\chi)-K_2 (\alpha = \infty, \chi=(c/c_{\max})^{\frac{1}{3}}\rightarrow 1), \\ 2K_1\ln \alpha-K9_2\quad (\chi = 1, \alpha \rightarrow \infty),\end{cases} \end{equation*} where $c_{\max}$ corresponds to the volume fraction when the spheres are actually touching each other, and determined $K_1$ for the three cubic arrays. Our numerical results are consistent with the above asymptotic expressions except for the fact that the numerical values for the constants $K_2$ and $K9_2$ thereby obtained do not quite satisfy the relation $K9_2 = K_1(3.9 - \ln 2) + K_2$ given by Batchelor & O9Brien. We have been unable to find the reason for this slight discrepancy.
Instant messaging and presence technologies for college campuses

Instant messaging is an application that enables networked users to send and receive short messages. Presence provides information about users' reachability and willingness to accept/reject a brief chat session. Various proprietary IM and presence (IMP as a result, this important application is finding difficulty in widespread deployment within college campuses and businesses. We describe a brief history of the development of IM&P technology discuss the current standardization work being done within IETF, and present an overall architecture of emerging standards. We provide a comparison between the SIP/SIMPLE and Jabber/XMPP standards. We also present data and its analysis from a survey of campus organizations that sheds light into the main issues of deploying, managing and provisioning of IM&P services on college campus.
Resonant Tunneling in Double Barrier Heterostructures

Semiconductor quantum wells are the subject of considerable interest due to the ability to confine carriers in ultrathin (<100A) semiconductor layers bounded by lower electron affinity (higher bandgap) potential barriers. When the dimension of the thin lower bandgap layer approaches the carrier mean free path, the restriction of the carrier motion in the direction perpendicular to the layer interface causes electric quantization that govern the electronic and optical properties. The formation of these quantum states (subbands) in the thin layer (“quantum well”) confined by thick barriers allows for the experimental investigation of quasi-two dimensional carriers. In the case that the barriers are sufficiently thin such that the quantum well states are quasi-bound (due to quantum mechanical tunneling through the barrier), then it is possible to directly probe the electronic structure of the quantum well by carrier transport through the structure. This phenomena of resonantly tunneling through these quantum well states was first experimentally realized by Chang, Esaki, and Tsu1 in a GaAs quantum well / AlGaAs double barrier heterostructure. Recent advances in advanced semiconductor epitaxy, typified by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in the GaAs/AlGaAs system, has generated remarkable interest and success in these investigations.2–7
Correlations of catecholamine release in the medial preoptic area with proestrous surges of luteinizing hormone and prolactin: effects of aging

The roles of hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) in the regulation of LH and PRL are controversial. In the present studies, we used HPLC and push-pull perfusion to measure NE and DA releases in the medial preoptic area (MPA) of conscious, freely moving rats. Serum LH and PRL were determined in separate groups of rats with indwelling venous cannulas. In young (4- to 5-month-old) rats, concomitant with proestrous surges of serum LH and PRL, NE release in the MPA increased gradually to reach a peak at 1800 h, whereas DA release decreased gradually to its lowest level at 2000 h. Compared to the young animals, in middle-aged (8- to 10-month-old) animals, the proestrous surge of PRL was unaltered, but the LH surge was delayed and attenuated. The pattern of DA release in the middle-aged animals was also unaltered, but the peak in NE release was markedly attenuated, although the average NE release was increased compared to that in the young proestrous animals. In young diestrous rats and old (22- to 24-month-old), persistently diestrous rats, in which serum LH and PRL are known to be stable, both NE and DA releases were devoid of fluctuations. However, in the young diestrous animals, the average NE and DA releases were significantly increased compared to those in the young proestrous animals, whereas in the old, persistently diestrous animals, NE and DA releases were markedly reduced compared to those in the young diestrous animals. These data lead us to conclude that NE, through its stimulatory action, may be the primary regulator of LH release, and that it is the pattern, rather than the level, of NE release that appears to be critical in determining the pattern of LH release. DA, through its inhibitory action, appears to control PRL only and probably has no association with LH release. By tracing NE and DA activities from adulthood through middle-age to senescence, these studies revealed that the marked reductions in catecholamines in old age are preceded by a transitory increase in NE activity in middle-age, and that the cyclic increase in NE activity associated with the LH surge begins to diminish in middle age and disappears completely in old age.
Relative Performance of Scheduling Algorithms in Grid Environments

Effective scheduling is critical for the performance of an application launched onto the Grid environment. Finding effective scheduling algorithms for this problem is a challenging research area. Many scheduling algorithms have been proposed, studied and compared on heterogeneous parallel computers but there are few studies comparing the performance of scheduling algorithms in Grid environments. The Grid is unique because of the drastic cost differences between inter-cluster and the intra-cluster data transfers. In this paper, we compare several scheduling algorithms that represent two classes of schedulers used for Grid computing. We analyze the results to explain how different resource environments and workflow application structures affect the performance of these algorithms. Based on our experiments, we introduce a new measurement called effective aggregated computing power (EACP) that could drastically improve the performance of some schedulers.
The effect of hypertonic saline resuscitation on responses to severe hemorrhagic shock by the skeletal muscle, intestinal, and renal microcirculation systems: seeing is believing.

Abstract Background Decompensated hemorrhagic shock is often refractory to resuscitation, and we show here that it is associated with loss of vascular tone in skeletal muscle precapillary arterioles. We tested the hypothesis that microvascular derangements in the skeletal muscle, intestinal, and renal microcirculation systems would be reversed by initial hypertonic saline-dextran infusion. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent precollicular brain stem transection without anesthesia for study. Parameters measured by in vivo videomicroscopy included cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and microvascular responses in the skeletal muscle, ileum, and renal (i.e., the hydronephrotic kidney) microcirculation systems. Hemorrhaged was induced to a mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg until decompensation occurred. The rats were then initially resuscitated with (1) 4 mL/kg 7.5% NaCl in 6% dextran 70, (2) 33 mL/kg .9% NaCl in 6% dextran 70, or (3) 33 mL/kg .9% NaCl. Twenty minutes later they received shed blood plus 33 mL/kg .9% NaCl to maintain mean arterial pressure at baseline levels. Results Decompensated hemorrhagic shock decreased cardiac output to between 24% and 35% of baseline values and profoundly decreased microvascular blood flow to between 10% and 19% of baseline. At the completion of resuscitation cardiac output increased to greater than baseline in all groups. Microvascular blood flow increased toward baseline transiently but then progressively deteriorated to between 36% and 69% of baseline in the 3 tissues. There was no significant difference between the three resuscitative fluids. Conclusions Despite return of cardiac output to greater than baseline levels, muscle, intestinal, and renal microvascular blood flows remained significantly depressed. Hypertonic saline and/or dextran did not improve these deficits.
Anxiety and Aggression in Rural Youth: Baseline Results from the Rural Adaptation Project

There is little research on the prevalence of and risk factors for mental health disorders, including anxiety and aggression, for low income, rural youth. The research that does exist suggests that rural youth may be at increased risk for negative outcomes, including low educational achievement, drug use and possession of weapons among gang members, and alcohol use. Using multilevel logistic regression, we examined individual, family, and school risk and protective factors for adolescent anxiety and aggression in a large, racially diverse sample of 4,321 middle school students who came from two impoverished, rural counties in a Southeastern state. Parent-child conflict, negative peer relationships, and negative friend behaviors were key risk factors associated with both anxiety and aggressive behaviors. The teacher turnover rate at school was also associated with both anxiety and aggression. Significant direct effects, cross-level moderation effects, and implications for prevention programming were discussed.
An Optimization Technique and Security Calculations for Dispatching Computers

A direct method is introduced for minimizing the shift of generation required to meet temporary operating criteria, such as the elimination of overload lines or transformers, or fixed flows on inter-ties or critical lines. Also, a linear model for multiple contingencies is presented.
Constructor-based conditional narrowing

We define a transformation from a left-linear constructor-based conditional rewrite system into an overlapping inductively sequential rewrite system. This transformation is sound and complete for the computations in the source system. Since there exists a sound and complete narrowing strategy for the target system, the combination of these results offers the first procedure for provably sound and complete narrowing computations for the whole class of the leftlinear constructor-based conditional rewrite systems. We address the differences between demand driven and lazy strategies and between narrowing strategies and narrowing calculi. In this context, we analyze the efficiency and practicality of using our transformation for the implementation of functional logic programming languages. The results of this paper complement, extend, and occasionally rectify, previously published results in this area.
Minimalist coupled evolution model for stellar x-ray activity, rotation, mass loss, and magnetic field

Late-type main sequence stars exhibit an x-ray to bolometric ux ratio that depends on ~ Ro, the ratio of rotation period to convective turnover time, as ~ Ro with 2 3 for ~ Ro > 0:13, but saturates withj j < 0:2 for ~ Ro < 0:13. Saturated stars are younger than unsaturated stars and show a broader spread of rotation rates and x-ray activity. The unsaturated stars have magnetic elds and rotation speeds that scale roughly
Hematology and Serum Chemistry Reference Values for Rhesus Macaque ( Macaca mulatta ) Infants

The rhesus macaque infants whose data are described in these tables were assessed for various hematology parameters at the mean age of 107.8 days (SD=10.3, range=89–130). Note that information presented by Capitanio et al. in Chapter 11 of this book reflects a single year’s data; in the present set of tables (Tables 26-1, 26-2, and 26-3), data from a second year of assessments are included. Infants were hand captured from their field cage, corn crib, nursery, or indoor cage, separated from their companions, relocated to an unfamiliar indoor room, and placed in individual cages, Blood sampling occurred between 1030 and 1100 hr, approximately 2 hr after the separation and relocation. Each animal was hand captured from its individual cage and manually restrained while 1 ml of blood was drawn into an unheparinized syringe from a femoral vein. Blood was transferred to EDTA tubes, and hematology and flow cytometry were performed by California National Primate Research Center’s (CNPRC) Clinical Laboratory. Complete blood counts were performed using a Serono Baker Diagnostic System (Allentown, PA), and all electronic counts were verified by a manual differential. Open image in new window Table 26-1 Rhesus Macaque Total White Cell and CD4 and CD8 T Cell Counts Open image in new window Table 26-2 Rhesus Infant Red Cell Measures Open image in new window Table 26-3 Other Hematology Measures for Rhesus Infants
Hairworm and nematode infections of North American Jerusalem crickets, field crickets, and katydids (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae, Gryllidae and Tettigoniidae)

Abstract New records of hairworms (Gordioidea: Nematomorpha) and mermithid nematodes (Mermithidae: Nematoda) are reported from North American Orthoptera collected over the past 25 y. Several thousand Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatus spp.), field crickets (Gryllidae: Gryllus sp), and several hundred decticine katydids (Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae) were captured in the field and maintained alive, serving as potential hosts. A total of 36 specimens were found infected (most multiple), which resulted in the recovery of 19 hairworm lots associated with some 11 species of Stenopelmatus; 6 hairworm lots from 4 species of Gryllus and 2 decticine katydid genera, and 11 mermithid nematode lots associated with 5 species of Stenopelmatus, Capnobotes fuliginosus and a Gryllus sp. The present study identifies hosts of hairworms and mermithids collected from sites throughout central and western United States and much of Mexico.
High temperature ion irradiation effects in MAX phase ceramics

Abstract The family of layered carbides and nitrides known as MAX phase ceramics combine many attractive properties of both ceramics and metals due to their nanolaminate crystal structure and are promising potential candidates for application in future nuclear reactors. This investigation examines the effects of energetic heavy ion (5.8 MeV Ni) irradiations on polycrystalline samples of Ti3SiC2, Ti3AlC2, and Ti2AlC. The irradiation conditions consisted of midrange ion doses between 10 and 30 displacements per atom at temperatures of 400 and 700 °C, conditions relevant to application in future nuclear reactors and a relatively un-explored regime for this new class of materials. Following irradiation, a comprehensive analysis of radiation response properties was compiled using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (XRD), nanoindentation, scanning electron microcopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In all cases, XRD and TEM analyses confirm the materials remain fully crystalline although the intense atomic collisions induce significant damage and disorder into the layered crystalline lattice. X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation show this damage is manifest in anisotropic swelling and hardening at all conditions and in all materials, with the aluminum based MAX phase exhibiting significantly more damage than their silicon counterpart. In all three materials there is little damage dependence on dose, suggesting saturation of radiation damage at levels below 10 displacements per atom, and significantly less retained damage at higher temperatures, suggesting radiation defect annealing. SEM surface analysis showed significant grain boundary cracking and loss of damage tolerance properties in the aluminum-based MAX phase irradiated at 400 °C, but not in the silicon counterpart. TEM analysis of select samples suggest that interstitials are highly mobile while vacancies are immobile and that all three materials are in the so-called point defect swelling regime between 400 and 700 °C. All results are consistent with previous work involving traditional and MAX phase ceramics. Results show the aluminum MAX phases are not fit for application near 400 °C and that the silicon MAX phase is more damage tolerant at 400–700 °C.
Integrated circuit emulation of ART1 networks

Adaptive resonance theory (ART) is a neural-network based clustering method developed by G.A. Carpenter and S. Grossberg (1987). Its inspiration is neurobiological and its component parts are intended to model a variety of hierarchical inference levels in the human brain. Neural networks based upon ART are capable of recognizing patterns close to previously stored patterns according to some criterion, and storing patterns which are not close to already stored patterns. There are two varieties of ART networks; ART1 recognizes binary inputs and ART2 can deal with general analog inputs. The theory of the networks is outlined, and then hardware implementations are discussed. A pipelined associative memory appears to offer an attractive interim solution to the variety of problems that ART1 addresses. It has the advantage of using the best of conventional technology while being capable of all the functions of a nonparallel hardware implementation of ART1.
Impact of DDGS feeding on the composition of milk and baby Swiss cheese

Late blowing in Swiss cheese, a result of unwanted gas production during ripening, is unacceptable to consumers, and causes economic loss to manufacturers. Cheese processors have raised concerns that feeding dried distillers’ grains with soluble (DDGS) to cows leads to this defect, in part, because of Clostridial spores. In this study, the effect of feeding DDGS to lactating dairy cows on composition and quality of milk and baby Swiss cheese was examined. Thirty healthy multiparous and mid-lactation Holstein cows were assigned randomly to one of three dietary treatment groups (10 cows per treatment group): (1) total mixed ration (TMR) with no DDGS, (2) TMR with 10% DDGS by dietary DM, and (3) TMR with 20% DDGS by dietary DM in a 3 × 3 Latin square with repeated measures. One complete milking from all cows within a treatment was collected and pooled for cheese- making trials, twice within each month of the three-month study. Additionally, individual milk samples from three milkings of a day were collected weekly, and proximate analysis was carried out on pooled individual milk samples. Milk used for cheese production was standardized to 0.88 fat:protein, and pasteurized before making baby Swiss cheese. The ~3.5 31 kg cheese blocks were vacuum packed and allowed to ripen (10C, 7 days; then 22C, 21 days), then cooled (4C, 60 days). Milk, cheese, TMR, DDGS and manure were analyzed for gas formation by Clostridial spores. Within 48 hours incubation in modified reinforced clostridium lactate medium, tubes containing milk, cheese, TMR, or manure showed gas formation. Conversely, DDGS used in our study was not a source of gas-producing spores. Feeding 10% and 20% DDGS decreased milk fat content (P solids nonfat (P Swiss cheese had typical propionic acid Swiss cheese aroma. Regardless of diet treatment, pinholes, slits, and cracks were seen throughout most cheeses. Feeding of DDGS increased the amount of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids and decreased short-chain and most medium-chain fatty acids in the baby Swiss cheese. Although feeding cows with DDGS, modified milk composition and subsequently the cheese composition, DDGS could not be blamed as a source for gas-producing spores or for quality defects in Swiss cheese, but, rather, the gas-producing spores likely originate from the cow herself or the environment.
Use of the systems approach to determine the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh lettuce and spinach.

Lettuce and spinach inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 were processed and handled in ways that might occur in commercial situations, including variations in holding times before and after product cooling, transportation conditions and temperatures, wash treatments, and product storage temperatures and times. Populations of background microflora and E. coli O157:H7 were enumerated after each step in the system. Data analysis was done to predict response variables with a combination of independent categorical variables. Field temperature, time before cooling, and wash treatment significantly affected E. coli O157:H7 populations on both products. The lowest populations of E. coli O157:H7 were encountered when precool time was minimal, lettuce was washed with chlorine, and storage temperature was 4°C. For lettuce, field and transportation temperature were not important once the storage period started, whereas after 2 days E. coli O157:H7 populations on packaged baby spinach were not affected by field te...