cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Central Stars of High-Excitation Planetary Nebulae with WFC and WFPC2*

We present observations of four high excitation planetary nebulae (IC 2165, Me 2-1, NGC 2440, NGC 7027) taken with the Wide Field Camera and the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on board the Hubble Space Telescope. The high angular resolution of the instruments allows for the unambiguous identi—ca- tion of the central star, which was not found to be the case in most previous studies. In addition, the panchromatic nature of the data, which include several ultraviolet bandpasses, permits us to directly determine the amount of dust extinction present along the sight line to the central star. The combination of these two characteristics make it possible to delineate the spectral energy distribution of the central stars. Assuming a Planck function spectrum and a standard interstellar extinction law with the R V \ 3.1, adopted values are 0.40 (IC 2165), 0.15 (Me 2-1), 0.15 (NGC 2440), and 1.10 (NGC 7027). The E B~V wavelength coverage of our measurements is not particularly sensitive to temperature values in the range 150,000¨400,000 K. However, we do —nd that 200,000 K produces the best —ts. Again using a Planck function to represent the wavelength dependence of the stellar —ux, we determine V magnitudes of 17.47 ^ 0.06 (IC 2165), 18.40 ^ 0.05 (Me 2-1), 17.63 ^ 0.16 (NGC 2440), and 16.04 ^ 0.04 (NGC 7027). Combining these results with literature values for the emission-line —uxes and distances, we derive the Zanstra temperature, crossover magnitude, radius, and luminosities for each object. The implications of these measurements for the mass and the evolutionary state of each object is brie—y discussed.
Feature encoding by neural nets

While the use of categorical features seems to be the appropriate way to express sound patterns within languages, these features do not seem adequate to describe the sounds actually produced by speakers. Examination of the speech signal fails to reveal objective, discrete phonological segments. Similarly, segments are not directly observable in the flow of articulatory movements, and vary slightly according to an individual speaker's articulatory strategies. Because of the lack of a reliable relationship between segments and speech sounds, a plausible transition from feature representation to the actual acoustic signal has proven elusive. This paper utilises a theory of information processing, known as PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING (PDP) NETWORKS (also called neural networks), to propose a model which begins to express this transition: translating the feature bundles indicated in a broad phonetic transcription into continuous, potentially variable articulator behaviour. Following the suggestion in Ladefoged (i980), certain features are not specifically associated with certain articulator responses; rather entire feature bundles are compressed into natural classes which are associated with coordinated articulator efforts. This sort of holistic approach is encouraged by PDP theory because networks learn to associate whole patterns. Thus while there is no one-to-one feature-articulator correlation, the system can make certain generalisations about the shape of sounds encoded by sets of commonly repeated features. Furthermore, because the network allows parallel influence among learned inputs, the interplay of information in language processing, particularly the complex interaction of muscles in motor behaviour such as coarticulation, can begin to be modelled.
A Critical Role of the PINCH-Integrin-linked Kinase Interaction in the Regulation of Cell Shape Change and Migration

The interaction of cells with extracellular matrix recruits multiple proteins to cell-matrix contact sites (e.g. focal and fibrillar adhesions), which connect the extracellular matrix to the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape change, migration, and other cellular processes. We previously identified PINCH, an adaptor protein comprising primarily five LIM domains, as a binding protein for integrin-linked kinase (ILK). In this study, we show that PINCH co-localizes with ILK in both focal adhesions and fibrillar adhesions. Furthermore, we have investigated the molecular basis underlying the targeting of PINCH to the cell-matrix contact sites and the functional significance of the PINCH-ILK interaction. We have found that the N-terminal LIM1 domain, which mediates the ILK binding, is required for the targeting of PINCH to the cell-matrix contact sites. The C-terminal LIM domains, although not absolutely required, play an important regulatory role in the localization of PINCH to cell-matrix contact sites. Inhibition of the PINCH-ILK interaction, either by overexpression of a PINCH N-terminal fragment containing the ILK-binding LIM1 domain or by overexpression of an ILK N-terminal fragment containing the PINCH-binding ankyrin domain, retarded cell spreading, and reduced cell motility. These results suggest that PINCH, through its interaction with ILK, is crucially involved in the regulation of cell shape change and motility.
Destructive readout in image tubes.

In conventional analyses of the readout process in image tubes, the scanning electron beam is described by means of a passive aperture function. Since the generation of an output signal depends upon neutralization of stored positive charge elements by the electron beam, it is clear that the beam’s action is not passive. A progressive diminution or erasure of the stored charge density accompanies the progress of the electron beam. In this paper, a simple linearized model of the readout process is developed which incorporates progressive erasure of the stored image. Sample calculations are presented for the case of point targets. The analysis discloses three principal effects of image erasure: (1) the output signal corresponding to a point target appears on several successive raster lines with an asymmetric variation in strength; (2) the output signal derived from a symmetric charge pattern on the storage target is asymmetric in time along a single raster line; (3) the output signal reaches its maximum value before the center of the electron beam reaches the peak of the stored charge pattern.
Impacts of tree species diversity on litter decomposition in northern temperate forests of Wisconsin, USA: a multi-site experiment along a latitudinal gradient

Over the past decade an increasing amount of research has sought to understand how the diversity of species in an ecosystem can influence fluxes of biologically important materials, such as the decomposition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients. Generalities among studies have remained elusive, perhaps because experimental manipulations have been performed at relatively small spatial scales where site-specific variation generates patterns that appear idiosyncratic. One approach for seeking generality is to perform parallel experiments at different sites using an identical species pool. Here we report results from a study where we manipulated the diversity of leaf litter from the same six dominant tree species in the litter layer of three forested ecosystems. These ecosystems spanned a 300 km latitudinal transect in Wisconsin, USA, and were characterized by a large gradient in temperature and moisture, and thus, rates of decomposition. After allowing combinations of one, two, four, and six species of leaf litter to decompose for 1 year, we found that increasing leaf litter richness led to slower rates of decomposition and higher fractions of nitrogen lost from litter. Across all sites, climate and initial litter chemistry explained more of the variation in decomposition rates than did litter richness. Effects of leaf litter diversity were non-additive, meaning they were greater than expected from the impacts of individual species, and appeared to be strongly influenced by the presence/absence of just 1-2 species (Tilia americana and Acer saccharum). The rate of decomposition of these two species was highly site-specific, which led to strong negative effects of litter richness only being observed at the southernmost sites where T. americana and A. saccharum decomposed more quickly. In contrast, litter diversity increased nitrogen loss at the northernmost sites where decomposition of T. americana was notably slowed. Our study shows that species diversity affected at least one of the two litter processes at each site along this 300-km gradient, but the exact nature of these effects were spatially variable because the performance of individual species changed across the heterogeneous landscape.
γ' Fibrinogen as a novel marker of thrombotic disease.

γ ′ Fibrinogen is an isoform of fithat normally constitutes about 7 % of total plasma fi brinogen, and arises from an alternative processing event in the γ chain mRNA. γ ′ Fibrinogen is a newly-emerging cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor that appears to have an independent association with CVD from that of total fi brinogen, which is itself a well-established CVD risk factor. γ ′ Fibrinogen shows a signifi cant association with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in at least four case-control studies, including the Stockholm Coronary Artery Risk Factor study and the Framingham Heart Study. γ ′ Fibrinogen is also signifi cantly associated with stroke, as shown in the Erasmus Stroke Study and others. The role of genetic polymorphisms in the association between γ ′ fi brinogen and CVD is under active investigation. γ ′ Fibrinogen increases during infl ammation, and is differentially regulated from total fi brinogen under pathologic conditions, as demonstrated in the Periodontitis and Vascular Events study. The association between γ ′ fi brinogen and venous thromboembolism remains unclear, however, with some studies showing an inverse association with γ ′ fi brinogen levels and other studies showing the opposite.
Transcriptional regulators of the trophoblast lineage in mammals with hemochorial placentation

Mammalian reproduction is critically dependent on the trophoblast cell lineage, which assures proper establishment of maternal-fetal interactions during pregnancy. Specification of trophoblast cell lineage begins with the development of the trophectoderm (TE) in preimplantation embryos. Subsequently, other trophoblast cell types arise with the progression of pregnancy. Studies with transgenic animal models as well as trophoblast stem/progenitor cells have implicated distinct transcriptional and epigenetic regulators in trophoblast lineage development. This review focuses on our current understanding of transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms regulating specification, determination, maintenance and differentiation of trophoblast cells.
Recombinant norovirus-specific scFv inhibit virus-like particle binding to cellular ligands.

Noroviruses cause epidemic outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness in all age-groups. The rapid onset and ease of person-to-person transmission suggest that inhibitors of the initial steps of virus binding to susceptible cells have value in limiting spread and outbreak persistence. We previously generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 54.6 that blocks binding of recombinant norovirus-like particles (VLP) to Caco-2 intestinal cells and inhibits VLP-mediated hemagglutination. In this study, we engineered the antigen binding domains of mAb 54.6 into a single chain variable fragment (scFv) and tested whether these scFv could function as cell binding inhibitors, similar to the parent mAb. The scFv54.6 construct was engineered to encode the light (VL) and heavy (VH) variable domains of mAb 54.6 separated by a flexible peptide linker, and this recombinant protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris. Purified scFv54.6 recognized native VLPs by immunoblot, inhibited VLP-mediated hemagglutination, and blocked VLP binding to H carbohydrate antigen expressed on the surface of a CHO cell line stably transfected to express α 1,2-fucosyltransferase. scFv54.6 retained the functional properties of the parent mAb with respect to inhibiting norovirus particle interactions with cells. With further engineering into a form deliverable to the gut mucosa, norovirus neutralizing antibodies represent a prophylactic strategy that would be valuable in outbreak settings.
Optimal scheduling of k-unit production of cluster tools with single-blade robots

The main challenge in scheduling multi-cluster tools in semiconductor manufacturing is the interactions among clusters. These interactions create a k-unit optimal production that do not exist in single-cluster tools. This paper analyzes optimal scheduling of k-unit cycle production of multi-cluster tools with single-blade robots. A resource-based method is used to analytically derive closed-form expressions for the minimal cycle time of a multi-cluster tool. Conditions for decoupling multi-cluster tools and optimality conditions for the widely used pull schedule are also presented. An example from industry production is used to illustrate the derived formula and decoupling conditions.
Power-law for axon diameters at branch point

Background: Axon calibers vary widely among different animals, neuron classes, and even within the same neuron. What determines the diameter of axon branches? Results: We pursue the hypothesis that the axon caliber has evolved to minimize signal propagation delays, while keeping arbor volume to a minimum. For a general cost function, we show that the optimal diameters of mother and daughter branches at a bifurcation satisfy a power law. The derivation relies on the fact that the axon conduction speed scales as a power of axon diameter. Although available data are consistent with the law, there is a large spread in the data. Future experimental tests will determine whether th is spread is due to biological variability or measurement error. Conclusions: Minimization of arbor volume and signal propagation delay may have been an important factor in the evolution of the brain.
Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Prehistoric Population Movement: The Numic Expansion

The mitochondrial DNA of modern Native Americans has been shown to fall into one of at least five haplogroups (A, B, C, D, or X) whose frequencies differ among tribal groups. The frequencies of these five haplogroups in a collection of ancient individuals from Western Nevada dating to between approximately 350-9,200 years BP were determined. These data were used to test the hypothesis, supported by archaeological and linguistic data, that the current inhabitants of the Great Basin, the Numic speakers, are recent immigrants into the area who replaced the previous non-Numic inhabitants. The frequency distributions of haplogroups in the ancient and modern Native Americans differed significantly, suggesting that there is a genetic discontinuity between the ancient inhabitants and the modern Numic speakers, providing further support for the Recent Numic Expansion hypothesis. The distribution of mitochondrial haplogroups of the ancient inhabitants of the Great Basin is most similar to those of some of the modern Native American inhabitants of California.
Point/Counterpoint: Is there a role for radiotherapy in the treatment of primary CNS lymphoma?

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a relatively rare form of extra-nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that accounts for approximately 4% of primary central nervous system tumors. Treatment with high-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapeutic regimens have resulted in response rates of 60-70% or higher and long-term survival in 15-30% of patients.1–4 While PCNSL is sensitive to radiation therapy, the duration of response is relatively short, and treatment is associated with delayed neurotoxicity, especially in the elderly.5 Increasingly, there is a debate regarding the value of radiation therapy in the initial treatment of patients with PCNSL. This is reflected in the two ongoing randomized studies of newly diagnosed PCNSL being conducted in the United States. One, sponsored by NRG Oncology, evaluates the value of adding radiation therapy to chemotherapy (NCT01399372). In contrast, a second study, conducted by the Alliance in Clinical Trials in Oncology Cooperative Group, eliminates radiation therapy completely and compares standard chemotherapy alone with chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (NCT01511562). In the subsequent articles, Dr. Lisa DeAngelis from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center discusses the data supporting a role for radiotherapy for the initial treatment of PCNSL, while Dr. Michael Weller from the University Hospital Zurich provides a counter-argument against the use of radiation therapy.
New reflex triode configuration for improved moderate-energy x-ray production

Summary form only given. A reflex triode consists of two grounded cathodes on either side of a positive-high-voltage, tantalum anode. Emitted electrons interact with the tantalum to produce bremsstrahlung and line radiation. By making the tantalum much thinner than the electron range, the self absorption of the x-rays by the tantalum can be reduced. The reflex triode configuration makes the electrons pass through the tantalum many times, improving the coupling of the electrons to the tantalum. Recent experiments on the Saturn generator at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, used a triode configuration with cylindrical cathodes on either side of a flat, annular anode. For typical beam parameters (250 kV, 1.2 MA per side) and triode dimensions (19 cm radius cathodes, 3 mm anode-cathode gaps) the beam does not pinch rapidly toward the axis. As a result, the x-ray source is partially shadowed by the cathode located between the tantalum and the observation plane outside the vacuum chamber. The external x-ray signal starts about 15 ns later than expected from the current and voltage waveforms. At the time of maximum dose rate, it appears that only 60% or less of the total current produces x-rays from the part of the anode inside the inner diameter of the cathode. This beam behavior also occurs in particle-in-cell simulations of the Saturn experiments. A new triode configuration has promise for eliminating the delay and shadowing of the x-rays by the cathodes. The tantalum anode is in the form of a short cylinder, extending through the gap between two flat annular cathodes that lie in the same plane, one cathode inside the anode cylinder and one outside. This triode was tested on the Gamble II generator at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, at the same voltage and anode-cathode gap as the Saturn triode, but at half the current and half the radius. The magnetic and electric fields should therefore be the same and scale directly to Saturn. The initial results indicate the x-ray delay is eliminated and the measured dose matches the expected value based on measured current and voltage waveforms. The near field dose distribution is also more uniform and higher than the corresponding distribution for the triode with a flat anode. These results will be presented along with future possibilities to utilize this new triode in series or parallel configurations to increase the x-ray output from Saturn by using more of its current at the same voltage and outer diameter.
Meta-Analysis of Group Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Decreasing Symptoms of Acute Depression

We implemented a meta-analysis of randomized trials to estimate the treatment effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in a group format compared to no treatment or alternative group interventions. We inspected moderators of effect size and estimated treatment effects over time across 31 studies with yielded mean effect sizes revealing large and medium effects for no treatment and alternative treatment comparisons, respectively. Moderator analyses revealed differential models for explaining variations in treatment effects related to age, percentage of men in studies, domicile, study setting, and type of alternative treatment comparison. Implications for group work and limitations of this study are discussed.
Required Returns, the Market Risk Premium, and Historical Returns

This technical note discusses the use of historical returns as a guide for estimating forward-looking required returns on equity. The note discusses uses of short- and long-term interest rates plus equity risk premia based on averages (either arithmetic or geometric) of past returns.
Heavy-fermion formation at the metal-to-insulator transition in Gd 1 − x Sr x TiO 3

The perovskitelike transition-metal oxide ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{TiO}}_{3}$ is investigated by measurements of resistivity, specific-heat, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Approaching the metal-to-insulator transition from the metallic regime $(xg~0.2),$ the Sommerfeld coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ of the specific heat becomes strongly enhanced and the resistivity increases quadratically at low temperatures, which both are fingerprints of strong electronic correlations. The temperature dependence of the dynamic susceptibility, as determined from the ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{EPR}$ linewidth, signals the importance of strong spin fluctuations, as observed in heavy-fermion compounds.
Increased Dietary Calcium Intake Reduces Urinary Oxalate Excretion in Healthy Adults

Urinary oxalate excretion is known to fall as dietary Ca intake increases (1). During studies of the role of serum 1,25(OH)2D in regulating Ca metabolism, we observed that daily urinary oxalate excretion (UoxV) averaged 0.31±0.08 (±SD) mmol/day among 34 healthy adults fed diets providing normal amounts of Ca (22.1±4.8 mmol/day) and that UoxV was significantly higher, averaging 0.45±0.09 mmol/day (p<0.001) among 24 healthy adults fed low Ca diets (4.4±0.7 mmol/day).
Dual immunofluorescent analysis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

These studies reveal that a dual immunofluorescent labeling method is useful for enumerating cells from human peripheral blood that bear the helper, suppressor, and/or T-cell receptors. Fluorescein (FL)-conjugated Leu-3a + 3b antibodies were used to enumerate Helper (H) T-lymphocytes, while the B-phycoerythrin (B-PE)-conjugated Leu-2a antibodies were utilized for quantitating suppressor (S) T-lymphocytes. FL-conjugated Leu-4 antibodies were used to measure the T-lymphocyte activity. Dual immunofluorescent stained lymphocytes, prepared either from whole blood or by Ficoll–Hypaque, gradient cell separation, were analyzed by flow cytometry. Two light scatter parameters, forward and 90 degree, were used to define the lysed erythrocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, and granulocyte populations. Only the lymphocytes were analyzed for dual immunofluorescence activity. The helper, suppressor, and T-lymphocyte distributions from 100 controls were as follows: The average percentages ± SD of the helper and suppressor cells were 41.2 ± 7.2 and 23.0 ± 7.2, respectively. The H/S ratio was 1.99 ± 0.77, while the T-cell distribution on 28 patients was 71.4 ± 7.7. The Ficoll–Hypaque purified lymphocytes and lysed whole blood lymphocytes compared favorably in their H/S ratios. A comparison was made between the percentages of helper and suppressor cells enumerated by fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry in which correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.86 were determined, respectively. These studies show that helper and suppressor T-lymphocytes can be quantitated simultaneously by flow cytometry, which enables one to correlate the phenotypic activities of two antibodies against cell surface receptors and permits the measurement of a large number of samples in a minimal time.
Effects of increased incentive in corrective therapy.

3 patients from a general hospital referred to corrective therapy were reinforced for exercising on Triplex pully weights. All 3 increased their rate of exercising, suggesting that the implementation of programs providing increased incentive may facilitate the objectives of the corrective therapist.
From Philanthropy to Paternalism in the Noda Soy Sauce Industry: Pre-Corporate and Corporate Charity in Japan

Students of Japanese business development have long debated the question of what has been called “community-centered entrepreneurship.” Most often, the debate has involved two groups: one which has contended that Japanese businessmen put the public interest ahead of personal gain, and another which has argued that profits from private enterprise were so large that public interests could be served without imperiling private profits. In this article Professor Fruin examines the concept of community-centered entrepreneurship in terms of the Noda soy sauce industry as it evolved from the period of entrepreneurial capitalism of the nineteenth century to the managerial capitalism of the twentieth. While analyzing this important early industry in Japan within the context of ongoing institutional and ideological change, Fruin not only offers substantial evidence to support one side of the controversy surrounding community-centered entrepreneurship, but also draws some interesting parallels between the philanthropic endeavors of Japanese businessmen and their counterparts in the West during this era.
Introduction to two-dimensional Fourier analysis

The application of two-dimensional Fourier analysis provides new avenues for research in visual perception. This tutorial serves as an introduction to some of the methods used in two-dimensional Fourier analysis and an introduction to two-dimensional image processing in general.
Identification of the transmembrane dimer interface of the bovine papillomavirus E5 protein

We have developed a genetic method to determine the active orientation of dimeric transmembrane protein helices. The bovine papillomavirus E5 protein, a 44-amino acid homodimeric protein that appears to traverse membranes as a left-handed coiled-coil, transforms fibroblasts by binding and activating the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta receptor. A heterologous dimerization domain was used to force E5 monomers to adopt all seven possible symmetric coiled-coil registries relative to one another within the dimer. Focus formation assays demonstrated that dimerization of the E5 protein is required for transformation and identified a single preferred orientation of the monomers. The essential glutamine residue at position 17 resided in the dimer interface in this active orientation. The active chimera formed complexes with the PDGF beta receptor and induced receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. We also identified E5-like structures that underwent non-productive interactions with the receptor.
Potential Sources of Bias in Job Analytic Processes1

Different versions of slide and narrative materials portraying the job of administrative assistant were sent to 71 job analysts. The job was portrayed as either interesting or less interesting, and...
Cuticular Lipids in Plant-microbe Interactions

Cuticle constitutes the boundary between higher plants and their environment. Therefore, this layer might be expected to play an important role in the interaction of the plant with environmental factors. The plant cuticle is composed almost entirely of lipids and the role of some of these lipids in the interaction between plants and microbes has become clear in the recent years. In this brief review, we shall confine our discussion to two specific examples of such interactions: a detrimental one with pathogenic fungi and a beneficial one with phyllospheric bacteria which might provide fixed nitrogen in return for the use of some of the cuticular components as the carbon source. In this context, we will deal only with the role of the insoluble 1ipid-derived polymer, cutin, but not the role of soluble waxes that are always constituents of the cuticle.
A Few of Barrier Sand-bars on the West Coast of Bohai Bay

There are 6 Barrier Sand-bars are outcropped or buried on the west coast of Bohai Bay.Based on the geological survey,it is found that the plane distribution features texture of the Barrier Sand-bars,which are from the old to the new are roughly parallel with the coast along the west coast of Bohai Bay(from the coast to the sea).The distribution of the Barrier Sand-bars can be divided into two kinds,one is from the new to the old,and the other one is from the old to the new.In this paper,the division of the Barrier Sand-bars fromⅠ(old) to Ⅵ(new) by using the latter one.Through the description of the material composition and the accumulation characteristics to each barrier sand-bar(figure.2 to figure.7),conducting the mathematical statistics for the geometrical morphological features(table 2),comparing analysis the formation age features and the division scheme(table 3),summing up the biological assemblages(table 1),the result reveal the occurrence,formation age and the tidal level change of the Barrier Sand-bars fromⅠto Ⅵ(figure.8).In the basis of the Barrier Sand-bars as a particular geological carrier,the author try to analysis and reveal the genetic mechanism in a macroscopic view,and consider that the generalized Bohai Sea is inland semi-lagoon or local sea in reality.(table.4 figure.9) Shangdong Miaodao Island and Liaodong Peninsula constitute barrier coast for Bohai Sea.After comparing analysis to massive data,the barrier coast is an only essential condition to form kebohe delta and beaked delta,both of which may be a possibility condition to form barrier bars(barrier island,barrier beach) or shell ridges.This result is just main genetic mechanism for the shell ridges.
Determination and analysis of uncertainty of manganese in urine by Graphite

Objective:The main sources of the uncertainty of analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption method for the determination of manganese in urine in the process.Determine the feasibility analysis method and results of measurement on the basis of quality.Methods:using graphite furnace atomic absorption method for the determination of manganese in urine concentration, while building a mathematical model,each part of the component is analyzed.Results:The determination of manganese in urine was 30.70±1.39μg/L,the United States of America Bole metal quality control urine manganese content is 32.8±6.5μg/L, Conclusion the determination of value in the range of standard reference value,satisfactory results.
The biogeography of origin and radiation: dendrasterid sand dollars in the northeastern Pacific

Under favorable circumstances, biogeographic and biostratigraphic data can be combined to identify accurately the time and place of origin of a given taxon, and to reconstruct the pattern of its subsequent radiation. This study considers the dendrasterid sand dollars, which are abundant today along the Pacific Coast of North America. The Neogene sand dollar record in this region is particularly good; in fact, sand dollars have traditionally been used as provincial index fossils.The dendrasterids originated in central California at the end of the Miocene; the oldest forms are dated at about 6.0–6.5 Ma. They spread south to Baja California during the Pliocene, and then north to Alaska during the Quaternary. This historical pattern is not an artifact of the record; it is consistent with independent paleogeographic evidence. The dendrasterids supplanted an older Mio-Pliocene sand dollar fauna; they are now completely dominant in the temperate coastal waters of the northeastern Pacific. They have reached this position in less than 7 m.y. since their first local appearance. The rapid rise of dendrasterids could be related to their aberrant morphology and behavior; these adaptations allow dendrasterids to suspension-feed, in a manner unique among living echinoids.Dendrasterids are characterized by “eccentric” test morphologies. Even the oldest species are highly eccentric; transitional forms are unknown. The first dendrasterids appear suddenly in the provincial “Jacalitos Stage,” above an unconformity which represents no more than about 1 m.y. They do not occur in the underlying units, although other fossil sand dollars are abundant. The dendrasterids may have arisen rapidly, through a heterochronic change in the development of older, noneccentric forms. Recent ontogenetic studies have documented the feasibility of this process.
Treatment of acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia following hematopoietic cell transplantation with etanercept

Treatment of acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia following hematopoietic cell transplantation with etanercept
Improving the J / ψ Production Baseline at RHIC and the LHC

Abstract We assess the theoretical uncertainties on the inclusive J / ψ production cross section in the Color Evaporation Model (CEM) using values for the charm quark mass, renormalization and factorization scales obtained from a fit to the charm production data. We use our new results to provide improved baseline comparison calculations at RHIC and the LHC. We also study cold matter effects on J / ψ production at leading relative to next-to-leading order in the CEM within this approach.
Automated Radiology Report Summarization Using an Open-Source Natural Language Processing Pipeline

Diagnostic radiologists are expected to review and assimilate findings from prior studies when constructing their overall assessment of the current study. Radiology information systems facilitate this process by presenting the radiologist with a subset of prior studies that are more likely to be relevant to the current study, usually by comparing anatomic coverage of both the current and prior studies. It is incumbent on the radiologist to review the full text report and/or images from those prior studies, a process that is time-consuming and confers substantial risk of overlooking a relevant prior study or finding. This risk is compounded when patients have dozens or even hundreds of prior imaging studies. Our goal is to assess the feasibility of natural language processing techniques to automatically extract asserted and negated disease entities from free-text radiology reports as a step towards automated report summarization. We compared automatically extracted disease mentions to a gold-standard set of manual annotations for 50 radiology reports from CT abdomen and pelvis examinations. The automated report summarization pipeline found perfect or overlapping partial matches for 86% of the manually annotated disease mentions (sensitivity 0.86, precision 0.66, accuracy 0.59, F1 score 0.74). The performance of the automated pipeline was good, and the overall accuracy was similar to the interobserver agreement between the two manual annotators.
Nucleosome rotational positioning is influenced by cis- and trans-acting factors

The rotational positioning of nucleosomes is associated with certain periodic DNA patterns, with the well-known preference of WW dinucleotides (where W is A or T) and SS dinucleotides (where S is G or C) to occur at the sites where nucleosomeal DNA bends into the minor and major grooves, respectively. However, cis- and trans-acting factors governing this nucleosome positioning sequence (NPS) pattern remain unclear. To identify these factors, we performed a systematic analysis of WW/SS patterns within 147-bp nucleosome core particle fragments in different eukaryotes under multiple cellular conditions. We find that >50% of nucleosomes in the genomes do not have this NPS pattern and >20% of nucleosomes take the inverse, anti-NPS pattern. The fraction of anti-NPS nucleosomes is increased in cells lacking one or more chromatin remodelers and in genes with high RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription frequencies. Remarkably, anti-NPS nucleosomes exhibit distinctive distributions across the yeast and human genomes: the nucleosomes are distributed uniformly in yeast, while in humans they are more enriched at promoters and coding regions than at repetitive DNA elements. Such differences can be explained by intrinsic DNA sequence patterns. Thus, our results suggest that the rotational positioning of nucleosomes can be influenced, in a synergic manner, by cis and trans determinants including DNA sequence, ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes and RNA Pol II.
Fluid–structure interaction simulation of floating structures interacting with complex, large-scale ocean waves and atmospheric turbulence with application to floating offshore wind turbines

Abstract We develop a numerical method for simulating coupled interactions of complex floating structures with large-scale ocean waves and atmospheric turbulence. We employ an efficient large-scale model to develop offshore wind and wave environmental conditions, which are then incorporated into a high resolution two-phase flow solver with fluid–structure interaction (FSI). The large-scale wind–wave interaction model is based on a two-fluid dynamically-coupled approach that employs a high-order spectral method for simulating the water motion and a viscous solver with undulatory boundaries for the air motion. The two-phase flow FSI solver is based on the level set method and is capable of simulating the coupled dynamic interaction of arbitrarily complex bodies with airflow and waves. The large-scale wave field solver is coupled with the near-field FSI solver with a one-way coupling approach by feeding into the latter waves via a pressure-forcing method combined with the level set method. We validate the model for both simple wave trains and three-dimensional directional waves and compare the results with experimental and theoretical solutions. Finally, we demonstrate the capabilities of the new computational framework by carrying out large-eddy simulation of a floating offshore wind turbine interacting with realistic ocean wind and waves.
Gas Cluster Ion Beams for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Gas cluster ion beams (GCIBs) provide new opportunities for bioimaging and molecular depth profiling with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). These beams, consisting of clusters containing thousands of particles, initiate desorption of target molecules with high yield and minimal fragmentation. This review emphasizes the unique opportunities for implementing these sources, especially for bioimaging applications. Theoretical aspects of the cluster ion/solid interaction are developed to maximize conditions for successful mass spectrometry. In addition, the history of how GCIBs have become practical laboratory tools is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on the versatility of these sources, as size, kinetic energy, and chemical composition can be varied easily to maximize lateral resolution, hopefully to less than 1 micron, and to maximize ionization efficiency. Recent examples of bioimaging applications are also presented.
Sponge Predation by a Mississippian Asteroid and Feeding Behaviors, Food Selection, and Feeding Habits of Fossil Asteroids

A recently described fossil asteroid from mid-Missouri, Emphereaster missouriensis, contained sponge spicules in the stomach area. In addition to spicules within the asteroid, fossil spicules were ...
The Molecular Basis of Pheromone Reception: Its Influence on Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular basis of pheromone reception and its influence on behavior. It presents a model to describe the molecular mechanisms of pheromone reception, one consistent with shifting equilibrium states in chemical reactions. In this kinetic equilibrium model, a multifunctional role for the binding protein and unifunctional roles for the esterase and the putative receptor proteins were proposed. According to this model, the following pheromone molecules have the following properties: (1) pheromone molecules enter a sensory hair via pore tubules, gaining access to the internal lymph space, and encounter an extremely high concentration of PBP; (2) pheromone is solubilized into the lymph by the high concentration of PBP; (3) once solubilized, the pheromone moves through this proteinaceous phase of the sensory hair lymph, eventually encountering a receptor molecule, an enzyme, or some other species of binding site. (4) the pheromone molecule has a finite lifetime within a sensory hair, having an opportunity to activate receptor molecules repeatedly until it is degraded on encounter with an enzyme molecule; (5) this finite lifetime of a pheromone molecule, and the dynamic response of the sensory hair to pheromone stimulus, is determined by the relative concentrations of the protein species involved and by their kinetic properties; and (6) the pheromone-binding protein has the multifunctional properties of solubilizer, carrier, and protector of pheromone.
Osteitis fibrosa cystica, coeliac disease and Turner syndrome: A case report

Today, osteitis fibrosa cystica is seldom present in primary hyperparathyroidism while it is mainly observed in uraemic osteodystrophy. We describe the case of a 54-year-old woman who was found to have huge bone cysts due to osteitis fibrosa cystica in the long bones. A parathyroid adenoma was identified and removed. Coeliac disease and Turner syndrome were diagnosed. Metabolic bone disease due to secondary hyperparathyroidism is common in coeliac disease; however, osteitis fibrosa cystica has not yet been described.
The Indirect Effect of Child Maltreatment Severity on Adult PTSD Symptoms through Anxiety Sensitivity.

Although the rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among survivors of child maltreatment is high, individuals differ in symptom severity and many do not experience clinically significant lev...
A graphic user interface for the evaluation of knee osteoarthritis (GEKO): an open-source tool for histological grading.

Summary Objective In osteoarthritis (OA) models, histology is commonly used to evaluate the severity of joint damage. Unfortunately, semi-quantitative histological grading systems include some level of subjectivity, and quantitative grading systems can be tedious to implement. The objective of this work is to introduce an open source, graphic user interface (GUI) for quantitative grading of knee OA. Methods Inspired by the 2010 OARSI histopathology recommendations for the rat, our laboratory has developed a GUI for the evaluation of knee OA, nicknamed GEKO. In this work, descriptions of the quantitative measures acquired by GEKO are presented and measured in 42 histological images from a rat knee OA model. Using these images, across-session and within-session reproducibility for individual graders is evaluated, and inter-grader reliability across different levels of OA severity is also assessed. Results GEKO allowed histological images to be quantitatively scored in less than 1 min per image. In addition, intra-class coefficients (ICCs) were largely above 0.8 for across-session reproducibility, within-session reproducibility, and inter-grader reliability. These data indicate GEKO aided in the reproducibility and repeatability of quantitative OA grading across graders and grading sessions. Conclusions Our data demonstrate GEKO is a reliable and efficient method to calculate quantitative histological measures of knee OA in a rat model. GEKO reduced quantitative grading times relative to manual grading systems and allowed grader reproducibility and repeatability to be easily assessed within a grading session and across time. Moreover, GEKO is being provided as a free, open-source tool for the OA research community.
Preservation of reserve intestinal epithelial stem cells following severe ischemic injury.

The population of reserve less-proliferative intestinal epithelial stem cells appears resistant to injury despite severe epithelial cell loss, including that of the active stem cell population, whi...
Distinct Sources of Variability Affect Eye Movement Preparation

The sequence of events leading to an eye movement to a target begins the moment visual information has reached the brain, well in advance of the eye movement itself. The process by which visual information is encoded and used to generate a motor plan has been the focus of substantial interest partly because of the rapid and reproducible nature of saccadic eye movements, and the key role that they play in primate behavior. Signals related to eye movements are present in much of the primate brain, yet most neurophysiological studies of the transition from vision to eye movements have measured the activity of one neuron at a time. Less is known about how the coordinated action of populations of neurons contribute to the initiation of eye movements. One cortical area of particular interest in this process is the frontal eye fields, a region of prefrontal cortex that has descending projections to oculomotor control centers. We recorded from populations of frontal eye field neurons in macaque monkeys engaged in a memory-guided saccade task. We found a variety of neurons with visually evoked responses, saccade-aligned responses, and mixtures of both. We took advantage of the simultaneous nature of the recordings to measure variability in individual neurons and pairs of neurons from trial-to-trial, as well as the moment-to-moment population activity structure. We found that these measures were related to saccadic reaction times, suggesting that the population-level organization of frontal eye field activity is important for the transition from perception to movement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The transition from perception to action involves coordination among neurons across the brain. In the case of eye movements, visual and motor signals coexist in individual neurons as well as in neighboring neurons. We used a task designed to compartmentalize the visual and motor aspects of this transition and studied populations of neurons in the frontal eye fields, a key cortical area containing neurons that are implicated in the transition from vision to eye movements. We found that the time required for subjects to produce an eye movement could be predicted from the statistics of the neuronal response of populations of frontal eye field neurons, suggesting that these neurons coordinate their activity to optimize the transition from perception to action.
Working to end farmworker oppression while listening to farmworkers and focusing on root causes in context

In this paper, we respond to Leigh Binford’s excellent article “Assessing Temporary Foreign Worker Programs through the Prism of Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program: Can They be Reformed or Should They be Eliminated?” We offer three clarifying points to Binford’s article. First, in this time of widespread and increasingly aggressive racism and nationalism, we are concerned that calls for closing borders (including the discontinuation of TFWPs) may play further into these violent divisions. Second, TFWPs are not apparatuses that can be extricated from the larger context of transnational racialized capitalism, and ending them would not end the exploitation Binford rightly criticizes within them. Third, we—academics, activists, non-migrants, and non-farmworkers—should pay attention especially to what diverse migrants and farmworkers prioritize, think, say, and do in relation to these programs and in relation to their own well-being more generally. Finally, we highlight union work that has been listening to, and collaborating with, immigrant workers to help them make certain demands of the state normally outside the purview of TFWPs.
Expressions and Variables

The ancient Chinese philosopher, Lao Tzu, once said, “The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.” Recognizing that there is a long way to go in your journey toward learning software engineering, this chapter may certainly be considered your first step as you begin to venture into the Scala language. And while taking that first step is indeed a momentous and commendable occasion, ensuring that you are headed in the appropriate direction is also a critical consideration.
Connecting Math Attitudes with STEM Career Attainment: A Latent Class Analysis Approach:

BackgroundFor many years now, there have been many job vacancies in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), but not enough workers to fill these vacancies. Much attention has been...