cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF WADING BIRDS WITH EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS

To study the susceptibility of wading birds to eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus and to determine their potential as reservoir or amplifying hosts, fledgling glossy ibises (Plegadis falcinellus) and snowy egrets (Egretta thula) were captured in New Jersey (USA) and shipped to Colorado (USA) where they were experimentally inoculated with EEE virus. All 16 snowy egrets and 14 (93%) of 15 of the glossy ibises inoculated became viremic with moderate titers, and all survivors developed neutralizing antibody. Six ibises and two egrets died during the first week after inoculation, and EEE virus was isolated from the tissues of three birds. Our experimental results support field evidence about the relative involvement of glossy ibises and snowy egrets in the epizootiology of EEE virus in New Jersey.
Tea and prostate cancer.

Tea (Camellia sinensis) brews have been demonstrated to inhibit certain tumor formations in animal models. Inhibition of the promotion and progression stages of skin and lung tumors by tea preparations is well documented and its possible use for prostate cancer chemoprevention has been considered. It is noted that tea constituents exert their protective effects through the promotion and progression stages of carcinogenesis which may be attributed to the inhibition of cellular proliferation and induction of apoptosis. The most widely recognized biologic properties of tea polyphenols are the antioxidant properties known to bind to proteins and inhibit the activities of transcription factors and synthesis of nitric oxide. Transgenic animal models are used to demonstrate the effect of tea on prostate cancer prevention in conjunction with information on cell lines. Several ecological case control and cohort studies have been conducted to investigate effects of tea consumption on human cancer incidence. However no clear-cut conclusions have been drawn demonstrating a gap on the knowledge on prostate cancer prevention. Hence knowledge on the bioavailability and tissue levels of tea constituents is essential in understanding the mechanism of action in vivo. A comprehensive approach is also needed in the integration of in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies.
A Statistical Description of Small-Scale Turbulence in the Low-Level Nocturnal Jet

Abstract The probability density function (PDF) and spatial statistics of both the energy dissipation rate ϵ and the temperature structure constant C2T are determined for the shear region of a nocturnal jet. The PDF of ϵ and C2T are approximately lognormal. In addition, the joint probability density function of ϵ and C2T is approximately a joint lognormal distribution. The one-dimensional spatial spectra of ϵ and C2T in the inertial region have a k−0.5 and k−0.6 dependence, respectively, where k is the horizontal spatial wavenumber.
The interprofessional collaboration between nurses and speech-language pathologists working with patients diagnosed with dysphagia in skilled nursing facilities

The speech-language pathologist (SLP) is the primary person responsible for the assessment and intervention of individuals with swallowing disorders. In skilled nursing facilities, both nurses and SLPs work closely with patients diagnosed with strokes. Aspiration pneumonia is the most common cause of death in patients diagnosed with dysphagia resulting from a stroke. Due to the large number of patients with dysphagia in healthcare facilities, it is pertinent that SLP and nurses collaborate during clinical practice to improve patient outcomes. This is a discussion paper emphasizing the importance of interprofessional collaboration. Due to increasing complexity of patient care, it is important to establish collaborations early in interdisciplinary healthcare training in order to improve quality of patient care. The interdisciplinary collaboration should become a standard for training healthcare professionals including nurses and speech-language pathologists in today’s complex healthcare system.
The Controversy Over Citations to Foreign Authorities in American Constitutional Adjudication and the Conflict of Judicial Philosophies: A Reply to Professor Glendon

In her contribution to this symposium, Professor Mary Ann Glendon acknowledges that US Supreme Court citations to foreign authorities are here to stay and argues for a modest place for them consistent with a view that they ought not to be used to expand judicial activism. This reply argues that the controversy over citations to foreign law is subordinate to a much larger contentious debate among proponents of restrictive judicial philosophies and those that embrace expansive ones. Moreover, except for “original meaning” originalists when they actually practice what they preach, even proponents of restrictive approaches have used references to foreign law either to buttress their position or to refute those advanced by their colleagues who adopt more expansive approaches. Based on this and on a review of the relevant cases, I argue for unrestricted introduction of the citations in question, leaving it to the adversary system of justice to sort out relevance and selectivity concerns. The actual relevance of foreign law in constitutional adjudication varies depending on context, ranging from very important where it embodies jus cogens to largely incidental where it provides a foil for further domestic self understanding and self evaluation.
Iterative Processing Method Using Gabor Wavelets and the Wavelet Transform for the Analysis of Phonocardiogram SignalsPart of the work in this chapter (results in sections 10.4.1, 10.4.2, 10.4.3, and 10.4.4) was initiated at Jordan University of Science & Technology and completed at The University of Missouri (see references [8, 9]). The rest of the chapter is documented by references [12, 13].

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Theoretical Background [14-22] Combined Wavelet-Fourier Transform [12, 13] Computer Simulation and Real Data Discussion and Conclusion This chapter contains sections titled: References
Discussion: Rural Poverty in the United States

The section title indicated an intent to evaluate policy and program approaches to rural poverty in the United States and Canada. Presumably the evaluation was to center on contemporary approaches rather than be an historical and comparative analysis. The limits of space, and-more importantly-the relative lack of empirical evaluative data on contemporary rural poverty programs in the United States, may explain why Dr. Clawson covered a large topic broadly and with little documentation. His message, nevertheless, is clear enough. His evaluation of contemporary public programs to meet the problems of rural poverty in the United States is essentially negative. He says the federal farm programs, in general, have not been, and were not intended to be, "of much help to the smallest commercial farmers and have been none at all for rural nonfarm poor." The programs aimed at helping the smaller commercial farmers have not reached farmers if they "had very poor production prospects"; neither have they reached rural nonfarm poor. And even among the special federal poverty programs, "the record is but little better, as far as aid to the rural poor is concerned." Clawson's basic explanation of the disadvantaged position of the rural poor is in terms of political power-they "have had no effective political pressure group working for them," nor have they mustered "much political muscle on their own." In 1890 a Farmers' Alliance orator is reputed to have exhorted hard-pressed Kansas farmers to raise less corn and more hell. Episodes of direct action recur throughout the history of the farmers' movement in the United States. Dr. Clawson says-I am not sure how seriously-that today's realistic advice to the rural poor is to "go to the nearest large city, and learn to riot"-in effect, to adopt the social conflict theory of action. On the program side, Clawson argues that effective programs for dealing with rural poverty must include approaches beyond the individual-a "community" approach. Substantial support may be found for Clawson's critical assessment of program effects on the rural poor, for his views as to the political weak-
Synthesis of Single Crystal Gallium Nitride Films on Sapphire by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Pulsed laser deposition has been explored to synthesize gallium nitride films on c-plane sapphire by ablating a pressed GaN target in vacuum. The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy to study the nature of epitaxy, growth, and defect content. Single crystal films with narrow o0-rocking curve width were deposited in the substrate temperature range 700-780°C. High resolution microscopy revealed uniform film surface at lower substrate temperature for films as thin as 150 nm. The predominant extended defects were found to be threading edge dislocations (Burgers vector 1/3 ) with the density ~10 10 cm -2 . The thickness of all these films were in the range 100-150 nm. The coexistence of zincblende phase of GaN alongwith wurtzite phase was found in the film deposited at 780°C. The stabilization of metastable zincblende phase at higher temperature point towards the noneqilibrium nature of laser ablation. These preliminary results indicate the potential of PLD to synthesize high quality GaN films free of hydrogen.
Bonhoeffer, Racism, and a Communal Model for Healing

with the African-American community and his assessment of them; rather, I want to explore the resources in Bonhoeffer's thought, partic ularly his early work on the communal-social character of the human being, in addressing the contemporary American racial climate. My thesis is that adopting this anthropology can be a most helpful tool for addressing racism and other contemporary socio-political challenges. Nevertheless, as Bonhoeffer's life and thought cannot be separated (in keeping with the best traditions of African-American Christianity), I am also examining those aspects of his interaction with the Black church which might suggest fruitful avenues in American Christianity's efforts to heal the racial schism.2
Use of Y-Autosome Translocations in Assigning the Stripe Locus to Chromosome 3 in the Mosquito Anopheles albimanus,

A morphological marker, stripe (St) , visible in larval and pupal stages of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann was correlated with chromosome 3 which is seen as the metacentric chromosome pair in cytological preparations. This correlation was accomplished by the use of 2 Y-autosome translocations to determine pseudolinkage of Stripe to sex. For A. albimanus , this is the 1st time a morphological mutant has been correlated with a cytologically distinguishable chromosome.
Clinical laboratory studies of the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan.

With few exceptions, little is known of the “normal blood values” of large primates. Opportunities to study these animals are rare because of the scarcity of the animals in institutions with extensive laboratory facilities and because of the necessity for immobilizing the animals prior to venipuncture, intubation, etc. The Department of Pathology of The George Washington University Medical Center has recently had this rare and challenging opportunity. Hematologic, chemical, and serologic studies were undertaken, and the results of these studies are described.
Parent and Adolescent Interest in Receiving Adolescent Health Communication Information From Primary Care Clinicians

Abstract Purpose Patient-centered health care recognizes that adolescents and parents are stakeholders in adolescent health. We investigate adolescent and parent interest in receiving information about health topics and parent-teen communication from clinicians. Methods Ninety-one parent-adolescent dyads in one practice completed individual interviews. Items assessed levels of interest in receiving health and health communication information from the adolescent's doctor about 18 topics, including routine, mental health, sexual health, substance use, and injury prevention issues. Analyses tested differences between parents and adolescents, within-dyad correlations, and associations with adolescent gender and age. Results Most parents were female (84%). Adolescents were evenly divided by gender; 36 were aged 12–13 years, 35 were aged 14–15 years, and 20 were aged 16–17 years. Adolescent race reflected the practice population (60% black; 35% white). The vast majority of parents and adolescents reported moderate or high levels of interest in receiving information about all 18 health issues and information to increase parent-teen communication about these topics. Parents' interest in receiving information varied by adolescent age when the expected salience of topics varied by age (e.g., acne, driving safety), whereas adolescents reported similar interest regardless of age. Adolescent gender influenced parent and adolescent interest. Level of interest in receiving information from doctors within adolescent-parent pairs was not significantly correlated for one-half of topics. Conclusions Parents and adolescents want health care professionals to help them learn and talk about a wide range of adolescent health topics. Feasible primary care interventions that effectively improve parent-teen health communication, and specific adolescent health outcomes are needed.
The impact of attractants on pocket gopher trapping

Pocket gophers (Geomyidae) have an extensive impact on both natural and agricultural systems. Trapping is a technique often used to sample and manage these populations. The identification of an attractant that increases capture rates of pocket gophers would greatly assist researchers and pest management professionals alike. Therefore, we tested the attractiveness of four attractants (peanut butter, anise, grapefruit attractant, and carrot) plus a control (no attractant) using uncovered and covered trap sets to determine what impact they have on visitation and capture rates of pocket gophers. We also determined how the impact of cover status and attractants differ across varying weights and gender of pocket gophers. We found no direct effect of any attractant on visitation and capture rates of pocket gophers, nor on the gender of captured individuals. However, when no attractant was used, the number of pocket gophers captured per 100 trap nights was greater when trap sets were uncovered vs. when covered, and capture rates were generally high and consistent when using peanut butter as an attractant. Additionally, we noted that covered trap sets that were baited with peanut butter yielded heavier pocket gopher captures than uncovered trap sets using this same attractant. This is key, given the difficulty associated with capturing older, more experienced individuals. Combined with data from a previous investigation, this suggests that there is no advantage to using any attractant when utilizing uncovered trap sets, but there is likely some benefit to using peanut butter in covered trap sets [ Current Zoology 60 (4): 472–478, 2014].
Isolation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Lipoaspirates

Adipose tissue is as an abundant and accessible source of stem cells with multipotent properties suitable for tissue engineering and regenerative medical applications. Here, we describe methods from our own laboratory and the literature for the isolation and expansion of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). We present a large scale procedure suitable for processing >100 mL volumes of lipoaspirate tissue specimens by collagenase digestion and a related procedure suitable for processing adipose tissue aspirates without digestion.
Adaptive Regression Modeling Formulation

This chapter provides a general formulation for adaptive regression modeling of nonlinear relationships. Since formulations for special cases have been provided earlier, only overviews are presented for alternative types of regression models and alternative cross-validation scoring approaches. A detailed formulation for the adaptive regression modeling process used by the genreg macro is provided, which has only been generally described earlier.
Characterization and environmental relevance of oil water preparations of fresh and weathered MC-252 Macondo oils used in toxicology testing

Abstract Comprehensive characterization of exposure media used in toxicology studies is still an area of significant divergence when evaluating potential oil spill impacts. When preparing exposure media used for toxicology testing, small variations in simple parameters such as mixing energy, oil type and loading can significantly affect the concentration of the oil components to which test organisms are exposed. The key goal of this study was compare and contrast the physical and chemical compositions of oil water mixtures prepared using fresh and weathered Macondo-related oils under different conditions of mixing and in the presence/absence of chemical dispersants. All samples were assessed for the presence of droplets, droplet size distribution, and detailed chemical composition including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbon by fluorescence (TPHF). Preparations were also tested for stability over a 96 h period relevant to acute toxicity tests. The results indicate that water accommodated fractions (WAFs) produced consistent, droplet free solutions with concentration that represented the soluble components of the oil used. As expected, chemically-enhanced WAFs (CEWAFs) and high-energy WAFs (HEWAFs) generated large amounts of micron-size droplets and their chemical composition corresponded closely with that of the whole oil. However, the HEWAFs were highly dynamic, and unlike CEWAFs, much of the oil resurfaced within few hours of the initial preparation. Viscosity and lack of dispersability are the limiting factors for preparation of CEWAFs with weathered oils, in contrast HEWAFs did effectively introduce large amounts of weathered oil droplets in the test media. Despite this benefit, droplet sizes significantly decreased in HEWAFs with increase in weathering of the oil creating an additional variable to consider. Because the contribution of small droplets to toxicity is a topic that needs further investigation, the interpretation of results from high-energy preparations needs to be further evaluated. When the TPAHs concentrations of all preparations at all loadings were compared with the publicly available water-column data for samples analyzed during and after the DWH incident response they all ranked above the vast majority of the 10,828 samples reported. Until a better characterization of all the available DWH water column individual-component chemistry data is produced the question of environmental relevance and the pursuit of toxicological studies under more realistic conditions continues to be a significant challenge that should be further explored.
Cuando el terrorismo es eficaz: éxitos y fracasos para objetivos distintos

?Cuando es eficaz el terrorismo? El debate sobre la eficacia del terrorismo se ha centrado casi exclusivamente en los cambios que este fenomeno produce en la politica estatal; no obstante, ello rara vez es el principal objetivo o el impacto mas significativo de esta tactica. Este articulo presenta un marco analitico multinivel para examinar la eficacia del terrorismo, el cual incluye los tres tipos de efectividad que forman parte explicita de su definicion: el uso de la violencia y la generacion de miedo (tactica) por parte de una organizacion que trata de sobrevivir y fortalecerse (organizativa) para conseguir fines politicos (estrategica). El analisis muestra las condiciones clave en las que el terrorismo puede eliminar o difundir ideas, polarizar sociedades, fortalecer o destruir organizaciones e infundir miedo,asi como aquellas situaciones en las que los logros alcanzados en un area complementan o contradicen los exitos en otra.
The Total Artificial Heart

The total artificial heart (TAH) is a replacement therapy of the heart capable to quickly restore circulation and perfusion of the peripheral organs mainly in patients suffering for INTERMACS I/II biventricular heart failure or for pathologies not amenable of surgical correction and requiring urgent heart replacement. In such patients, prompt implantation of TAH is capable to provide optimal cardiac output decongesting the venous system more effectively than any other MCS strategy and with an uncommonly low incidence of technical failures and of thromboembolic and infective complications.
Rituximab pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents with de novo intermediate and advanced mature B-cell lymphoma/leukemia: A Children’s Oncology Group (COG) report.

3055 Background: The COG trial ANHL01P1 was undertaken to determine pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety following the addition of rituximab (R) to FAB/LMB 96 chemotherapy in children and adolescents with stage III/IV mature B-NHL and B-ALL±CNS disease. Methods: Patients received R (375mg/m2) on day -2 and 0 of two induction cycles and day 0 of two consolidation cycles. R levels were measured prior to any antibody infusion, during induction cycles (1 hour prior and 30-60 minutes after each R dose) and following consolidation cycles (1, 3, 6 and 9 months after last R dose). R was measured by ELISA with goat anti-rituximab antibody as the capture reagent and goat anti-mouse IgG-conjugated to horseradish peroxidase as the detection reagent. R terminal half-life (t½) was calculated if at least 3 time points after the last dose were measurable in an individual subject. Results: Serum R levels are reported in the Table. Highest peak levels were achieved following the second dose of each induction cycle with sustain...
Infectious Diseases of the Pediatric Retina

With few exceptions, infectious agents causing posterior uveitis in children are the same as those causing disease in adult patients. The mode of transmission, clinical presentation, and the implications of infection in children, however, may vary significantly compared to the same disease in an adult. Clinical features also vary depending on the age of the child, route of transmission, and developmental status.
“Disease in a Dish” Modeling of Retinal Diseases

Retinal degenerations, such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, are the leading cause of blindness in the developed world. Currently, treatments for these conditions are limited. Recently, considerable attention has been given to the possibility of using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate and replace retinal cells that are lost as a result of disease or injury. iPSCs reprogrammed from adult somatic cells offer the possibility of generating patient-specific cell lines in vitro, with applications in modeling of retinal disease, gene therapy of iPSC-derived retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells, and retinal transplantation. This “disease in a dish” modeling has led to many avenues of opportunity in the search for treatment of retinal disease, including testing for efficacy of gene or drug-based therapies, elucidating previously unknown mechanisms and pathways of disease, and using iPSCs as a source of autologous cells for cell replacement therapy.
Vision for SLR tooling infrastructure: Prioritizing value-added requirements

Abstract Context Even with the increasing use of Systematic Literature Reviews (SLR) in software engineering (SE), there are still a number of barriers faced by SLR authors. These barriers increase the cost of conducting SLRs. Objective For many of these barriers, appropriate tool support could reduce their impact. In this paper, we use interactions with the SLR community in SE to identify and prioritize a set of requirements for SLR tooling infrastructure. Method This paper analyzes and combines the results from three studies on SLR process barriers and SLR tool requirements to produce a prioritized list of functional requirements for SLR tool support. Using this list of requirements, we perform a feature analysis of the current SLR support tools to identify requirements that are supported as well as identify the need for additional tooling infrastructure. Results The analysis resulted in a list 112 detailed requirements (consolidated into a set of composite requirements) that SE community desires in SLR support tools. The requirements span all the phases of the SLR process. The results show that, while recent tools cover more of the requirements, there are a number of high-priority requirements that are not yet fully covered by any of the existing tools. Conclusion The existing set of SLR tools do not cover all the requirements posed by the community. The list of requirements in this paper is useful for tool developers and researchers wishing to provide support to the SLR community with SE.
Does social selection explain the association between state-level racial animus and racial disparities in self-rated health in the United States?

Abstract Purpose Racism, whether defined at individual, interpersonal, or structural levels, is associated with poor health among Blacks. This association may arise because exposure to racism causes poor health, but geographic mobility patterns pose an alternative explanation—namely, Black individuals with better health and resources can move away from racist environments. Methods We examine the evidence for selection effects using nationally representative, longitudinal data (1990–2009) from the Panel Study on Income Dynamics ( n = 33,852). We conceptualized state-level racial animus as an ecologic measure of racism and operationalized it as the percent of racially-charged Google search terms in each state. Results Among those who move out of state, Blacks reporting good self-rated health (SRH) are more likely to move to a state with less racial animus than Blacks reporting poor SRH ( P = .01), providing evidence for at least some selection into environments with less racial animus. However, among Blacks who moved states, over 80% moved to a state within the same quartile of racial animus, and fewer than 5% resided in states with the lowest level of racial animus. Conclusions Geographic mobility patterns are therefore likely to explain only a small part of the relationship between racial animus and SRH. These results require replication with alternative measures of racist attitudes and health outcomes.
Predicting Pegged Exchange Rate Currency Collapse: A Literature Review

This paper is a literature review of the current literature on currency “de-pegging”. The paper covers up-to-date literature on forces that drive countries to remove pegs. This paper covers mostly macroeconomic fundamentals of historic pegged currencies, and presents the most prominent models that predict “de-peggs”.
Monsters or Good Guys: The Mediating Role of Emotions in Transforming a Young Child’s Encounter with Nature

Nature-play inspires a sense of awe and wonder in young children, however, the uncertainty of elements in nature can also bring about fear and anxiety. Using sensory tours as a data collection method, this qualitative study explores the emotions of a four-year-old during his exploration of an imaginary “monster castle” in the forest, and the role an educator plays in supporting children’s affective states. Negotiating emotions, both positive and negative, is important in strengthening a child’s environmental identity. Just as children learn to regulate emotions in formal learning environments, their ability to regulate their emotions in nature instills a sense of comfort and trust, spatial autonomy and self-awareness, and environmental competency and self-confidence, which, in turn, influences their actions for the environment.
Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangements in Pre-B Cells

Although the existence of antibodies and their induction by antigen had been shown by von Behring and Kitasato in the 1890s, the cellular origin of antibodies remained controversial right up to the late 1940s, when it was determined that plasma cells contained large amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig). It was subsequently shown that the progenitor of the plasma cell was a small lymphocyte and that the lymphocyte precursors of plasma cells represented a separate differentiation pathway of cells derived from the avian bursa or mammalian bone marrow (for review see Cooper and Lawton 1974). These B lymphocytes were found to bear membrane-bound Ig as a receptor for antigen (Raff et al. 1970; Pernis et al. 1970). The identification of the precursors of B lymphocytes (see review Kincade 1981; Cooper 1981) proved to be difficult, since it relied on indirect assays, e.g., the ability of fractionated cell populations to differentiate into B lymphocytes after transfer into irradiated hosts, or the in vitro generation of B lymphocytes in organ cultures of fetal liver (e.g. Osmond and Nossal 1974; Owen etal. 1974; Ryser and Vassalli 1974; Melchers etal. 1976). These types of experiments were important in defining the existence and tissue distribution of precursors of B lymphocytes, but were handicapped by the inability to identify the precursor cells directly as well as functionally.
Surface analytical investigation on stability of perovskite solar cell material (Conference Presentation)

Organic-inorganic halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention in the past few years because of their remarkable performance in optoelectronic devices. However, long-term stability of the materials and devices remains the biggest challenge for realistic implementation of perovskite solar cells. Although significant efforts have been carried out on the causes of degradation at the device level, yet few measurements have been made at the surface analytical level to reveal the degradation mechanisms. I’ll present our work on the effects of environmental factors, such as O2, water, and light, on the perovskite layer by monitoring the intrinsic electronic structure and compositional changes in different aging tests. This work contributes in developing better understanding of the degradation mechanisms to improve the overall stability of perovskite light emitting diodes and solar cells.
Adaptive gene regulation in wild mammals exposed to high predator abundance

Psychological stress induced by exposure to predators has complex effects on the behaviour and physiology of prey species. This includes potential influences on gene expression mediated via stress-responsive physiological pathways such as the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Laboratory studies have documented diverse transcriptional effects of predator-induced fear, but genomic responses to predator exposure in the wild remain poorly understood. Here, we used RNA-sequencing to investigate the leukocyte transcriptome response to chronic predator pressure in a well-studied population of wild yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventer. We assessed the genomic response to this stressor in three ways by (1) identifying differentially expressed individual genes across the genome, (2) assessing whether differentially expressed genes were statistically over-represented by functional categories and (3) testing for transcription factor activity that may mediate observed gene expression differences. We found 349 individual genes regulated in association with chronic predator presence, including transcripts known to regulate heat shock proteins, metabolism and DNA damage repair. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of these differentially expressed genes were involved with the cellular response to stress, cellular metabolism and protein transport. Transcription factor analysis implicated glucocorticoid signalling in mediating these effects. Our work confirms that the physiological response to predator-induced stress is complex, initiating transcriptional activity in multiple processes and pathways. In addition to the canonical expectations that individuals exposed to predators mobilize HPA signalling and homeostasis pathways, we also detected activity in genes typically associated with human anxiety and cerebral function. This is the first study to demonstrate that leukocyte transcriptomes taken from animals living in a natural environment can reflect the complex ecology of fear.
The diagnostic power of X-ray emission lines in GRBs

Absorption and reprocessing of Gamma-ray burst radiation in the environment of cosmological GRBs can be used as a powerful probe of the elusive nature of their progenitors. Although it is widely accepted that long-duration GRBs are associated with the deaths of massive stars, at least two fundamentally different scenarios concerning the final collapse are currently being considered. Delayed reddened excesses in the optical afterglows of several GRBs indicate that a supernova, possibly of Type Ic, takes place within a few days of a GRB. This supports the collapsar model, where the core of a massive star collapses promptly to a black hole. Variable X-ray features observed in the prompt and afterglow spectra of several GRBs, suggest that a highly metal enriched and dense shell of material surrounds the sources of GRBs. In some cases, evidence for expansion of these shells with velocities of a substantial fraction of the speed of light has been claimed. These observations have been interpreted as support for the supranova model, where a massive star collapses first to a supramassive neutron star, which later collapses to a black hole following loss of rotational support. In this review paper, I will present a brief overview of the current status of the observational evidence for X-ray spectral features in GRBs, and discuss their implications for both the collapsar and the supranova model.
Extensions of Efficient Exact Solution Procedures to Bicriterion Optimization

There exists a wide variety of decision making situations in which trading off one objective against another is involved, such as time versus cost. Bicriterion mathematical programming has been successfully applied in such situations. Examples of such works include nutrition planning, portfolio analysis, resource allocation, transportation and assignment problems, project scheduling, production planning, etc. In this paper an interactive algorithm is given for a bicriterion problem in the most general sense, namely, the bicriterion nonconvex mixed integer programming problem that maximizes two objective functions over a compact nonempty set.
Measuring Multi-Dimensional Deprivation Among U.S. Veterans

Veterans attempt to reintegrate into civilian life, seeking to achieve goals related to economic, health, cultural, and social well-being. While many studies classify veterans as a homogenous group, both their military and reintegration experiences vary wildly by branch of service, education, combat-zone service, and other factors. This study puts the capability approach into practice by identifying which veterans experience simultaneous deprivations across multiple dimensions. Veterans that higher rates of deprivation in some area is suggestive of a barrier keeping reintegration from being realized. The 2012–2017 Current Population Survey Veterans Supplement is used to estimate a deprivation index, utilizing details of service and measuring outcomes related to disability, family income, educational attainment, and long-term unemployment. In a given year, an estimated 7% of veterans (about 60,000–70,000 veterans in terms of the population) experience two or more deprivations simultaneously. Younger veterans, Army, and those living in rural areas have higher odds of being multidimensionally deprived. Although veterans as a whole have lower rates of multidimensional deprivation than non-veterans, many groups of veterans experience higher rates of deprivation, especially in terms of disability.
Z hu Xi and Pre-Qin Confucianism

Unavoidable in any deliberation on or appreciation of the commanding philosophical influence of Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130–1200) is an inevitable consideration of his role as a synthesizer. The preeminence of Zhu Xi’s stature as the individual who drew together all of the best features of the Confucian philosophical tradition is undisputed. Moreover, even within the wide parameters of traditional Chinese philosophy as a whole, arguably aside from Han Feizi 韓非子 (c. 280–233 BCE), who distilled for posterity the most comprehensive version of the tradition we now recognize as Legalism, Zhu Xi as a synthesizer is without peers. However, in terms of its ethical agenda and in other ways, Legalism is unquestionably a philosophy of much narrower scope than Confucianism. Therefore, it is perhaps more fitting that we should assess Zhu Xi’s achievement in this capacity in relation to that attained by the great synthesizers of entirely different traditions in thought, such as the Italian Dominican friar and priest Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274). Just as Aquinas has left us the clearest and most representative version of Catholicism from its earlier namesake, Zhu has performed the same service by bequeathing Neo-Confucianism to us from the welter of ideas and concepts that was once pre-Qin Confucianism.
CHAPTER 10 – Combinatorics

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on combinatorics. A process that is fundamental to all computational work is that of counting or enumerating objects. This process is basic to determining program size, storage requirements, time estimates, error calculations, and sequencing of operations. The study of enumerating techniques is known as combinatorics or combinatorial analysis. The chapter discusses a variety of techniques, beginning with the counting of simple permutations and combinations. The development of enumerating procedures depends heavily upon recurrence relations, defining one value of a function in terms of previously computed values. These are also derived by considering one particular object. Selection with unlimited repetition is generally associated with the sampling with repetition. The enumerating function method is so efficient that it often pays to generalize from a specific problem to a general one to solve the specific problem. The importance of the enumerators lies in their ease of manipulation.
Synergistic efficacy of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide, chlorhexidine digluconate on diverse bacterial strains causing red-heat and purple-stain deteriorations of leather

This investigation assessed the synergistic effectiveness of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (ATMB) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CDG) on selected microbes causing red-heat and purple stain degradations on salt-cured hides and leather products. This biological phenomenon ultimately deteriorates the finished leather quality and grounds considerable economic losses for leather industry. In tryptic soy broth, combination of ATMB and/CDG at the concentration of 900/90 ppm for predefined time interval of 1, 3, and 6 min caused in 0.73, 2.45, and 2.95 log CFU/mL reductions of bacterial cocktail population cell survival, respectively. Whereas in saturated brine solution (SBS), the bacterial cocktail treated with 600/60 and 900/90 ppm of ATMB/CDG for 18 h resulted ~ 74% and 98% reduction, respectively, in comparison to their respective controls. Furthermore, lessening of individual bacterial cultivations by combined ATMB and CDG in SBS was also elucidated.
'You really see it': environmental identity shifts through interacting with a climate change-impacted glacier landscape

The global climate crisis continues to endanger the well-being of natural environments and the people who depend on them. Building elements of environmental identity may better connect youth to the...
Some Observational Consequences of GRB Shock Models

In the internal shock scenario for GRBs we expect some fraction of the energy of the burst to be carried by slow moving shells that were ejected at late times. These slow shells collide with faster moving outer shells when the outer shells have slowed down as a result of sweeping up material from the ISM. This gives rise to a forward shock that moves into the outer shell producing a bump in the afterglow light curve of amplitude roughly proportional to the ratio of the energy in the inner and the outer shells. In addition, a reverse shock propagates in the inner shell and produces emission at a characteristic frequency that is typically much smaller than the peak of the emission from the outer shell by a factor of $\sim 7 \gamma_{0c}^2 (E_2/E_1)^{1.1}$, and the observed flux at this frequency from the reverse shock is larger compared to the flux from the outer shell by a factor of $\sim 8 (\gamma_{0c} E_2/E_1)^{5/3} $; where $\gamma_{0c}$ is the bulk Lorentz factor of the outer shell at the time of collision, and $E_1 & E_2$ are the total energy in the outer and the inner shells respectively. The Lorentz factor is related to the observer time as $\sim 5 (t/day)^{3/8}$. The shell collision could produce initial temporal variability in the early afterglow signal. The lack of significant deviation from a power-law decline of the optical afterglow from half a dozen bursts suggests that $E_2/E_1$ is small. Future multi-wavelength observations should be able to either detect bumps in the light curve corresponding to both the forward and the reverse shocks or further constrain the late time release of energy in ejecta with small Lorentz factor, which is expected generically in the internal shock models for the gamma-ray bursts.
Examining fear of cancer recurrence in primary brain tumor patients and their caregivers using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model.

Objective Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is related to psychological distress and poor quality of life in cancer patients and their caregivers. However, no studies have investigated FCR in neuro-oncology. Given the varied prognosis, treatment, and disease trajectory of brain cancer, FCR may affect patients and their caregivers differently. Methods Eighty adult primary brain tumor (PBT) patients and 52 caregivers completed questionnaires assessing FCR and psychological distress (depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety). Differences in patient and caregiver FCR by demographic and medical characteristics were examined. Using multilevel modeling, the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to investigate the interrelationship between patient and caregiver FCR with demographics and psychological distress measures. Results Caregivers reported significantly higher FCR than patients. There were no effects of demographic or medical characteristics on patient FCR. Time since diagnosis was negatively related to caregiver FCR. All measures of psychological distress exerted a significant actor effect on FCR among both patients and caregivers. Two partner effects were found: caregiver depressive symptoms and death anxiety negatively predicted patients' FCR. Conclusions This is the first investigation of FCR in PBT patients and their caregivers. Most demographic and medical characteristics were not related to patient or caregiver FCR. Caregiver FCR may be higher at the time of diagnosis and decrease over time. APIMs revealed actor effects on patient and caregiver FCR for all measures of psychological distress. Results demonstrated the dyadic effects of a brain tumor diagnosis, emphasizing the need to include caregivers in psychotherapy for neuro-oncology patients.
Porosity and hardness of long-grain Brown rice kernels in relation to their chemical compositions

Abstract Rice kernel hardness is an important characteristic to the rice industry because of the greater economic value of whole kernels over brokens. Rice hardness may be weakened by increased porosity, i.e., void spaces formed from loose interaction between chemical components like starch, proteins and lipids. The objective of this study was to elucidate the impacts of rice proteins and lipids on porosity and hardness via heat treatment and solvent extraction. Brown rice kernels of similar thickness from four cultivars with varying protein and lipid contents were subjected to protein denaturation by heat treatment and/or lipid removal by hexane extraction and then characterized for protein solubility, residual lipids, porosity and breaking force. The results show that although porosity is generally negatively correlated with kernel hardness, porosity was primarily influenced by the quantity of proteins and lipids, whereas kernel hardness was primarily affected by their compositions. The continuity of the protein-starch matrix was the dominant factor that governed kernel hardness. This matrix is proposed to be strengthened by an increase in glutelin content and a decrease in non-polar lipids. This study demonstrates the importance of chemical composition on kernel hardness and elucidates the relationship between porosity and breaking force in rice kernels.
Glutathione S-Transferase P1 (GSTP1) is phosphorylated by Akt in human glioma cells

4571 Akt (Protein kinase B, PKB), a serine/threonine kinase involved in cell growth and survival, contains a kinase domain which has structural similarity to those of PKC and PKA. Akt is up-regulated in a number of human cancers, notably glioblastoma multiforme, and plays crucial roles in the neoplastic biology of these tumors by phosphorylating critical downstream targets, such as, mTOR, GSK3 and the proapototic BAD proteins. We report here that the human glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) protein, a major drug/carcinogen metabolizing and stress response signaling protein, is a, heretofore unidentified, downstream target of Akt. In cell-free systems, we showed that the phosphorylation requires GSTP1 in its physiological, GSH-bound state. In MGR3 human glioblastoma cells, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway was associated with significantly increased GSTP1 phosphorylation, which was also GSH-dependent. TLC mapping of the phosphorylated amino acids in Akt-phosphorylated GSTP1 showed the presence of both phosphorylated serine and threonine residues; the phosphorylation sites were subsequently confirmed by mass spectrometry. Preliminary data on the effects of the Akt phosphorylation on GSTP1 protein function will be presented. These findings, the first ever demonstration of GSTP1 as a downstream target of Akt, are significant in the context of malignant gliomas, in that the genetic background of these tumors, in particular, de novo GBM, includes mutations of the PTEN gene, that encodes a phosphatase whose action results in activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. This, coupled with the overexpression and high activity of GSTP1 and the high levels of GSH in GBM cells, suggest that interaction of these two genetic characteristics could contribute to the drug resistance and aggressive biology of GBMs. Supported by grants RO1 CA91438, RO1 CA79644 and P20-CA096890 from the NIH (USA).