cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cystic fibrosis carrier screening. Are nurses ready to be on the front line

As new recommendations adopted in December 2001 regarding cystic fibrosis screening become standard of care, many nurses will be on the front line in terms of assisting couples to make decisions regarding testing. To provide balanced and accurate information, nurses must be informed about the clinical features of the disease, the genetics of the condition, the frequency in different ethnic and racial groups and specifics of testing, such as the sensitivity of the test and risk estimation. Nurses must be prepared to discuss the complex issues related to the carrier screening process with their patients–here's how.
An enzootic nuclear polyhedrosis virus of pink shrimp: Ultrastructure, prevalence, and enhancement☆

Abstract A nuclear polyhedrosis virus exists in pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum, from waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. This virus is rod-shaped, 269 nm long, and possesses an outer envelope surrounding its nucleocapsid. The nucleocapsid is 50 nm in diameter. The virus occurs in nuclei of host hepatopancreatic and midgut cells, and is both free in the nucleus and occluded within pyramidal-shaped polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB's). Histochemically and ultrastructurally, the shrimp PIB's appear to be ribonucleoprotein and in fine structure bear close resemblance to polyhedral inclusion bodies of Baculovirus species from insects. However, the lattice line-to-line spacing is greater than that usually reported for insect PIB's. Crowding and chemical stress of shrimp in aquaria may enhance and increase the virus infection and prevalence. In limited experiments, shrimp fed heavily infected hepatopancreatic tissues had much higher mortality than controls fed only fish. The virus appears to be enzootic in pink shrimp in nature. Cytopathological changes in infected cells of shrimp appear similar to those in insects infected with certain species of Baculovirus. The name Baculovirus penaei n.sp. is proposed for the shrimp virus.
SEROTONIN AND ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE: SYNERGISTIC EFFECT ON THE BEAT FREQUENCY OF CILIA OF MUSSEL GILLS.

For each tenfold increase in the concentration of serotonin in the range 10 -7 to 10 -4 M, the beat frequency of the lateral cilia of the gills of the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanatus increases by approximately two beats per second over the mean frequency of 14.5 beats per second for control gills perfused with 0.04 M potassium chloride. The addition of 10 -6 to 10 -3 M concentrations of adenosine triphosphate has no detectable effect on the beat frequency. The addition of both serotonin and 10 -4 M adenosine triphosphate increases the frequency by two beats per second more than does the addition of serotonin alone.
The γ-Aminobutyric Acid-B Receptor Agonist Baclofen Attenuates Responding for Ethanol in Ethanol-Dependent Rats

Background: γ-Aminobutyric acid-B (GABAB) receptor agonists have been shown to suppress operant self-administration of ethanol in nondependent rats. However, little work has focused on the effects of GABAB receptor agonists on self-administration of ethanol in dependent animals. Methods: In the present experiment, the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen was tested for the ability to modulate both fixed- (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) responding for ethanol in rats while nondependent and subsequently after ethanol dependence induction. Following the acquisition and stabilization of baseline operant ethanol self-administration and after dependence induction, baclofen [0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)] was tested on FR-1 responding for ethanol. The ability of baclofen (2.0 mg/kg) to affect responding under a PR schedule of reinforcement was also evaluated. Dependence was induced in the animals by subjecting them to a 1-month intermittent vapor-exposure period in which animals were exposed to ethanol vapor for 14 h/d. Following the 1-month period, the vapor-exposed animals resumed FR-1 and PR baclofen drug testing (doses as described above) in the operant chambers at a time point corresponding to the animals being 6 hours into withdrawal (i.e., 6 hours after the ethanol vapor had been discontinued for that day). Results: Baclofen (0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg, IP) dose-dependently decreased ethanol self-administration in both nondependent and dependent rats on a FR schedule of reinforcement. However, the dose of baclofen that significantly reduced responding for ethanol was shifted to the left in the ethanol vapor-exposed animals, indicating an increased sensitivity to baclofen in animals that were chronically exposed to ethanol. When tested using a PR schedule of reinforcement, there was a significant increase in the breakpoint for the vapor-exposed animals (i.e., the animals were willing to work more in a dependent state). Baclofen (2.0 mg/kg, IP) suppressed intake for both nondependent and dependent animals. Conclusions: Ethanol dependence produced increased self-administration of ethanol as reflected in increased ethanol intake and increased responding on a PR schedule of reinforcement. As baclofen suppressed ethanol self-administration and showed evidence of increased potency in dependent animals, the present experiment suggests that the GABAB receptor could be a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of chronic alcoholism.
Role of continuous phase anionic polysaccharides on the oxidative stability of menhaden oil-in-water emulsions.

The antioxidant role of selected polysaccharides was studied in the continuous phase of a Menhaden oil-in-water emulsion coated by polyoxyethylene(23) lauryl ether (Brij 35) at neutral pH. The addition of low-methoxyl (LM) and high-methoxyl (HM) pectin (0.02−0.1 wt %) reduced the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances with an inhibition that increased with increasing polysaccharide concentration in the continuous phase. α-Carrageenan and sodium alginate were less effective antioxidants than pectin and were prooxidative under certain conditions. None of the polysaccharides impacted the physical properties of the emulsions as determined by droplet particle size (d43 ∼ 0.32 μm) and creaming index. LM and HM pectins had higher iron-binding capacities as compared to α-carrageenan and sodium alginate, which may relate to their higher antioxidant activities. These results suggest that the addition of anionic polysaccharides to the continuous phase of oil-in-water emulsions ...
Infectious Etiology of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis

Infectious agents are a major cause of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) and COPD. Several respiratory viruses are associated with 30% of exacerbations, with or without a superimposed bacterial infection. Atypical bacteria, mostly Chlamydia pneumoniae, have been implicated in < 10% of AECB. The role of bacterial pathogens when isolated from the respiratory tract during AECB has become better defined by application of several newer investigative techniques. Bacterial pathogens can be isolated in significant concentrations from distal airways in 50% of AECB. Specific immune responses to surface exposed antigens of the infecting pathogen have been shown to develop after an exacerbation. Emerging evidence from molecular epidemiology and measurement of airway inflammation further support the role of bacteria in AECB. When properly defined, 80% of AECB are likely to be infectious in origin.
Mastery, Homeownership, and Adult Roles During the Transition to Adulthood†

We investigate the relationship between homeownership and personal sense of mastery in the transition to adulthood and examine whether three important adult transitions (employment, marriage/cohabitation, and parenthood) moderate the impact of homeownership on mastery. Utilizing the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth—Young Adult Sample (N = 1,609), we estimate change models to assess the direct effects of homeownership on mastery as well as whether this impact is modified by the transition to adult roles. Homeownership increases the sense of mastery among young adults. Homeowners who are unemployed paradoxically receive a boost to mastery not experienced by those who are employed, and homeowners who are parents experience increased mastery, compared to those who do not have children. Owning a home has a positive influence on young adults' sense of mastery during a period when their mastery is in flux and they are accumulating new roles.
Inference of mantle viscosity from GRACE and relative sea level data

SUMMARY Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations of secular changes in gravity near Hudson Bay, and geological measurements of relative sea level (RSL) changes over the last 10 000 yr in the same region, are used in a Monte Carlo inversion to infer-mantle viscosity structure. The GRACE secular change in gravity shows a significant positive anomaly over a broad region (>3000 km) near Hudson Bay with a maximum of ∼2.5 μGal yr−1 slightly west of Hudson Bay. The pattern of this anomaly is remarkably consistent with that predicted for postglacial rebound using the ICE-5G deglaciation history, strongly suggesting a postglacial rebound origin for the gravity change. We find that the GRACE and RSL data are insensitive to mantle viscosity below 1800 km depth, a conclusion similar to that from previous studies that used only RSL data. For a mantle with homogeneous viscosity, the GRACE and RSL data require a viscosity between 1.4 × 1021 and 2.3 × 1021 Pa s. An inversion for two mantle viscosity layers separated at a depth of 670 km, shows an ensemble of viscosity structures compatible with the data. While the lowest misfit occurs for upper- and lower-mantle viscosities of 5.3 × 1020 and 2.3 × 1021 Pa s, respectively, a weaker upper mantle may be compensated by a stronger lower mantle, such that there exist other models that also provide a reasonable fit to the data. We find that the GRACE and RSL data used in this study cannot resolve more than two layers in the upper 1800 km of the mantle.
Process variation aware clock tree routing

Fast progress on VLSI technology makes clock skew more susceptible to process variations. We propose DME/BST based algorithms for clock tree routing to improve skew tolerance to process variations. The worst case skew due to process variations is estimated and employed to guide the decision making during the routing. Our method can be applied to general non-zero skew requirements. Minimizing total wirelength is considered as a secondary objective at the same time. Experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate great improvement on process variation tolerance through our algorithms.
A framework for ordering composite beliefs in belief networks

Given a belief network with evidence, the task of finding the l most probable explanations (MPE) in the belief network is that of identifying and ordering the l most probable instantiations of the nonevidence nodes. Although many approaches have been proposed for solving this problem, most work only for restricted topologies (e.g., singly connected belief networks). In this paper we will present a framework, optimal factoring, for finding the l MPEs in arbitrary belief networks. Under this framework, efficiently finding the MPE in a belief network can be considered as the problem of finding an ordering of the distributions of the belief network and efficiently combining them. We will discuss the essence of the problem of finding the MPE, and present an optimal algorithm for singly connected belief networks and an efficient algorithm for multiply connected belief networks. We will also discuss the problem of finding the MPE for a subset of variables of a belief network under this framework. >
Global Prescriptions: Gendering Health and Human Rights

Global Prescriptions: Gendering Health and Human Rights. Rosalind Pollack Petchesky. London: Zed Books, 2003. 306 pp.
A compact system for self-motion estimation

Self-motion estimation is a vital problem for autonomous robots, frequently and appropriately addressed by vision algorithms. Most approaches involve repeating some local calculation over the entire imaging array, such as detection of locally salient features. A simple and local calculation can be efficiently implemented on the same chip as the photo-sensing array, thus parallelizing a huge computational task and vastly reducing the amount of data to transmit off chip. Mismatch between devices has previously been a stumbling block to producing truly useful arrays of local processing elements. Floating gate technology is used here as a compact means of programming away offsets in subcircuits to remedy this problem. A custom analog chip performs the above functions. For each pixel, the chip outputs sensed light intensity, the values of the vertical and horizontal intensity gradients, and a binary value indicating whether a feature is centered on that pixel. These values can be used as inputs to a motion estimation algorithm implemented on a standard computer.
Cognitive and attentional deficits in children vulnerable to psychopathology

Cognitive and attentional deficits were assessed in children with either a schizophrenic, an affectively disordered or a normal parent. The children were grouped both by their parents' DSM-II diagnoses (broadly defined group of schizophrenics and heterogeneous group of depressives)and by a new set of diagnoses (narrowly defined group of schizophrenics, unipolar depressive group and bipolar group). Children whose parents met the more stringent criteria for schizoprhenia performed somewhat more deviantly than children whose parents met only DSM-II criteria. In addition, the importance of splitting the heterogeneous depressive group into more homogeneous subgroups is indicated by the findings that children of unipolar parents generally could not be distinguished from children whose parents are schizophrenic. On the other hand, children of bipolar parents performed reliably better than children of schizophrenics. These findings are viewed within the context of current high-risk studies and psychological deficit literature and suggest that diagnostic issues require more attention by researchers in these areas.
Inflammation and aging: Can endocannabinoids help?

Aging often leads to cognitive decline due to neurodegenerative process in the brain. As people live longer, there exists a growing concern linked to long-term, slowly debilitating diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease for which a cure has not yet been found. Recently, the role of neuroinflammation has attracted attention due to its slow onset, chronic nature and its possible role in the development of many different neurodegenerative diseases. In the future, treatment of chronic neuroinflammation may help counteract aspects of neurodegenerative disease. Our recent studies have focused upon the endocannabinoid system for its unique effects on the expression of neuroinflammation. The basis for the manipulation of the endocannabinoid system in the brain in combination with existing treatments for Alzheimer's disease will be discussed in this review.
Contesting the Borders of the Imagined Nation: The Frame of Religious Marginalization in Grassroots Socially Conservative Discourses about Sexuality in Public Education

This article examines the social construction of community through a discursive analysis of the cognitive frames used by socially conservative participants involved in conflicts about multicultural education in two case studies. The primary frame explored is that of religious marginalization. Within this frame, socially conservative activists produce texts that reify an ideological boundary between the values of social conservatives and those groups perceived as symbolic threats, primarily public educators and sexual minorities. Since one of the most controversial issues in contemporary conflicts about multicultural education is the role of religion and sexuality in the public schools, this article contends that the domain of the private sphere (religion, race, gender, and sexuality) is a central component of socially conservative constructs of nation and community.
Risk And Regulation

Regulation of the health care industry and development of drugs, biologics and devices has developed, in part, to ensure public safety. There are numerous forces that promote regulatory efforts and those that work against formal regulatory measures. This presentation provides an overview of the following: What is risk? What is risk assessment? What drives regulatory activity to ensure public safety? What are the issue areas surrounding cost benefit analysis? How is technology helpful in assessing and managing risks? How does health care reform drive new technologies which, in turn, must be assessed, for risk and cost/benefit? A force field analysis model of factors contributing to regulatory activities and those that work against the promulgation of regulations is offered.
The Elementary Forms of Sports Fandom A Durkheimian Exploration of Team Myths, Kinship, and Totemic Rituals

This essay explores sports fandom through a Durkheimian theoretical framework that foregrounds the totemic link between civic collective and team symbol. Specifically, I analyze the myths, kinship,...
Sensory Processing in the Postinstitutionalized Child

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine whether children adopted from Romanian orphanages have difficulty with sensory processing and related behaviors. METHOD Seventy-three children adopted from Romanian orphanages were compared with 72 peers who were typically developing. The subjects' ages ranged from 3 to 6 years. The parent-report Developmental and Sensory Processing Questionnaire was used to assess sensory processing and related behaviors. The tool consists of questions in six sensory processing domains and five related behavioral domains. RESULTS Multiple t tests indicated that the subjects adopted from Romanian orphanages demonstrated significantly greater problems than those in the control group on five of the six sensory processing domains: touch, movement-avoids, movement-seeks, vision, and audition. Additionally, the Romanian subjects exhibited significantly greater problems than the control subjects on four of the five behavioral domains: activity level, feeding, organization, and social-emotional. CONCLUSIONS These findings substantiate clinical observations and parent reports of sensory processing deficits in children adopted from Romanian orphanages and highlight the critical importance of the environment for sensory integration. The findings also enhance our understanding of how children who were previously institutionalized respond to the human and physical environment.
Acanthamoeba infection in a patient with chronic graft‐versus‐host disease occurring during treatment with voriconazole

We report a case of disseminated infection with Acanthamoeba in a patient with graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for acute lymphocytic leukemia. The infection involved the brain, skin, and lungs and occurred despite treatment with voriconazole for mold prophylaxis, and did not respond to treatment with multiple other agents reported to have activity against Acanthamoeba. To our knowledge, infection with Acanthamoeba has been reported in 4 other patients after HSCTor bone marrow transplant, and our case is the ¢rst to be diagnosed ante- mortem.
Intraprocedural Registration for Image-Guided Kidney Surgery

This paper reviews the process of using surface-based registration techniques for image-guided kidney surgery and presents data for both open and minimally invasive kidney surgery either by robot or by hand.
An SOI CMOS LVDS driver and receiver pair

A low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) driver and receiver pair utilizing source-body-tied silicon-on-insulator CMOS transistors is shown to operate at 1 Gb/s data rates with zero bit error rate using a 2/sup 31/-1 pseudo-random bit sequence. For the driver, a level-shifter with gate voltage protection transitions from thin oxide core transistors to DGO output transistors was used. The receiver uses parallel PFET and NFET dual gate oxide transistors to enable common-mode input from 0-2.4 V.
Self‐Enhancement in a Job Search Context

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of self-enhancement in a job search context. Based on previous theoretical and empirical research on positive illusions and core self-evaluations, we examined the relationships among core self-evaluations, self-enhancement, perceived job alternatives, and job search behaviors. Participants in two different studies were students attending a career fair at a university in the southwestern United States to look for a job. Results showed that self-enhancement is positively related to preparatory job search and mediates the relationship between core self-evaluations and perceived job alternatives. The implications of this study are discussed.
Finite-difference time-domain analysis of radiation characteristics of monopoles on space probes

A general numerical solution based on finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) is presented to calculate the radiation characteristics of wire antennas on space probes. The method is versatile and can treat conductor loss, arbitrary-shaped probes, and wires as well as inhomogenities. Numerical results are obtained and compared with those for a few specific cases available in the literature. Additionally, laboratory models of the antennas have been built and their properties have been measured for comparison with computed results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endogenous PMN-derived reactive oxygen intermediates provide feedback regulation on respiratory burst signal transduction

The role ofpolymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in stemming systemic infection is executed mainly by the utilization of molecular 02 leading to the production ofreactive oxygen intermediates (ROl). PMN-derived ROl also serve as intra- and extracellu- lar second messengers providing both positive and negative feedback on cellular autoregulation. We hives- tigated the effect of endogenous ROl on two signal transducing pathways: the receptor (R)-G-protein- phospholipase D (PLD) and receptor (R)-G-protein- phospholipase C pathways responsible for the sub- sequent interleukin-8 (IL-8)-hiduced PMN respfratory burst. Purified human PMN were primed with LPS adhered to plastic surfaces and stimulated with IL-8 with or without the presence of each of five different selective ROl scavengers/antioxidants: DMSO, N5N3,
Semi-Supervised GMM and DNN Acoustic Model Training with Multi-system Combination and Confidence Re-calibration

We present our study on semi-supervised Gaussian mixture model (GMM) hidden Markov model (HMM) and deep neural network (DNN) HMM acoustic model training. We analyze the impact of transcription quality and data sampling approach on the performance of the resulting model, and propose a multisystem combination and confidence re-calibration approach to improve the transcription inference and data selection. Compared to using a single system recognition result and confidence score, our proposed approach reduces the phone error rate of the inferred transcription by 23.8% relatively when top 60% of data are selected. Experiments were conducted on the mobile short message dictation (SMD) task. For the GMM-HMM model, we achieved 7.2% relative word error rate reduction (WERR) against a well-trained narrow-band fMPE+bMMI system by adding 2100 hours of untranscribed data, and 28.2% relative WERR over a wide-band MLE model trained from transcribed out-of-domain voice search data after adding 10K hours of untranscribed SMD data. For the CD-DNN-HMM model, 11.7% and 15.0% relative WERRs are achieved after adding 1K hours of untranscribed data using random and importance sampling, respectively. We also found using large amount of untranscribed data for pretraining does not help. Index Terms: semi-supervised acoustic model training, system combination, confidence re-calibration, importance sampling
Common Legalism: On the Common Law Origins of American Regulatory Culture

At least since Tocqueville, American legal practices and institutions have been seen as different in key respects from those of both England and continental Europe. Within this three-way comparison, evident Anglo-American differences diverted the search for the origins of U.S. legal culture away from explanations rooted in the common law tradition. It is widely accepted that the distinguishing features of American legal institutions, beginning with the primacy of adjudication within the administrative process, and continuing with the emphasis on juries and litigants in court procedure, closely correspond with key common law principles. Nonetheless, the prominent line of explanation, evident in Robert Kagan’s work on American adversarial legalism, has highlighted elements intrinsic to American political structure and history as explanation for trans-Atlantic institutional differences. This paper argues that notwithstanding differences between England and the United States, common law ideology and institutions played a crucial role in the creation of a distinct administrative state model in the United States. The paper accounts for the divergence between England and the United States through the fact that in England the common law has long competed with countervailing continental legal and political traditions. Common law ideology existed across key junctures of English history as an oppositional ideology aimed at curtailing perceived abuses of the king’s prerogative, and later parliamentary social legislation. Once we view the common law’s role in England through this oppositional lens, it becomes easier to see how and why common law ideology might explain distinctive elements of American legal culture, not only vis a vis continental Europe, but England as well. With this goal in mind, the paper draws on key works in English legal history to explain the coexistence of competing common law and continental legal ideologies in England over time, and the implications of this struggle where both similarities and differences between England and the United States are concerned. With this history in place, the role of legal traditions in the creation and persistence of contemporary differences between American and European legal cultures can come into clearer view.
Fluid is a Drug that can be Overdosed in the ICU

Recent and important advances in acute kidney injury (AKI) research have focused primarily on: (1) Deriving and validating multi-dimensional AKI definitions and classification systems (e.g., RIFLE [Risk of renal dysfunction, Injury to the kidney, Failure of kidney function, Loss of kidney function and End-stage kidney disease] [1], pediatric [p]RIFLE [2] or the Acute Kidney Injury Network [AKIN] [3] definitions); (2) demonstrating that even small serum creatinine increases (e.g., > 0.3 mg/dl) can be associated with increased patient mortality [4]–[5]; and (3) discovering and validating novel urinary biomarkers [6]–[7] to detect AKI earlier than serum creatinine changes with the hope that earlier detection may provide clinicians with the opportunity to intervene to prevent or at least mitigate the effects of AKI. Although these advances will undoubtedly lead to improved patient care by prompting clinicians to be vigilant for early AKI development, they may provide little benefit once patients have already developed AKI.
A new technique for cross-sectional density profiling of extruded foods by X-ray scanning

Abstract A wide variety of snack and cereal products are manufactured using extrusion. Often, these products are produced by direct expansion upon exiting the extruder by utilizing a raw material that is predominately starch. The density of extruded food products is an important quality parameter that determines its sensory and physical characteristics, as well as the appropriate packaging. Direct expanded products often shrink differentially with cooling after their initial expansion resulting in different localized densities within a product. We developed a novel technique to determine these localized cross-sectional density differences within an extruded product using an X-ray density profiler. Commercial, direct expanded products were characterized using this technique. All products demonstrated significantly higher densities near the edge, compared to the center of the product. Density profile data provided a means to rapidly characterize and image density variations axially and radially, offering a viable alternative to currently used density methods, while also providing more information. Different extruded foods can have significantly different localized densities. SEM images confirmed that the density differences in the products are visible through a smaller, more collapsed cell structure near the edge compared to the center. X-ray density profiling can provide insight into the eating characteristics of extruded products and will be a useful tool in product development and quality assurance.
Theoretical analysis of the basic mechanics of abrasive processes: Part I: General model

Abstract In abrasive machining, a grit either cuts, ploughs or does a combination of cutting or ploughing. It is proposed that cutting and ploughing are the two extreme cases of the abrasive process. Here, ploughing refers to the process where the material in front of the grit continually displaces sideways to form ridges adjacent to the groove formed. Thus a three-dimensional flow but an approximate three-dimensional model based on a combination of a slip-line field model and an upper bound model is proposed. Both models are on the effective plane that connects the material in front of the grit to the side of the groove. The cutting process is modeled by slip-line fields. The grit is represented by a square base pyramid. It is proposed that, by rotating and tilting the pyramid, cutting, ploughing or a combination of the two can be simulated. Thus the interaction of a grit with the workpiece material can be realistically modeled. The model for the combination of cutting and ploughing is suggested but the details are left for future work.
Notes on 2 Kings 9:36-37

This article address several issues relevant to 2 Kgs 9:36-37. The most crucial of these is that the first word in v. 37, Ketiv והית / Qeri והיתה, should stand, contra the recent proposal by Jerome Walsh to read the noun ‘ruin, destruction’ here.
A stochastic model of the formation and survival of lunar craters I. Distribution of diameter of clean craters

The distribution of diameters of lunar craters in various regions of the Moon's surface has been used frequently to help interpret lunar surface history. [See the nineteen references, Ar thur (1954)--Young (1940)]. Some qualitative aspects of the use of crater diameter data have become well understood. The purpose of the present paper is to offer a stochastic model of the phenomena underlying the observable distr ibution of diameters of lunar craters. The model takes into account three important aspects of the phenomenon:
Smoking Pipes of Eastern North America

Smoking pipes characterize archaeological assemblages in eastern North America at least as early as 4000 B.C. Pipes are commonly included in prehistoric Native American burials. Early pipes were finely crafted, relatively rare artifacts of stone, and became more numerous and widespread over time as ceramic technology was developed. Smoking pipes are useful sources of information regarding prehistoric ritual, symbolism, and social interaction throughout the late prehistoric period in eastern North America.
Pulmonary hypertension and persistent fetal circulation in the newborn.

This article reviews the current understanding of factors controlling pulmonary hypertension, development of a more specific prognostic score, changes in clinical care, the description of a new form of ventilation, and advances in followup care.
Understanding the Importance of Gene and Environment in the Etiology and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in High-Risk Populations

Current literature focuses on the complications and treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) while clustering environmental and genetic factors to explain the disease. Interventions proposed to reduce diabetes prevalence should focus predominantly on initiating active rapports of family members and promoting a more communicationoriented preventative approach between diabetics and non-diabetics. Due to varying risks in T2DM by race and ethnicity, these populations should follow race-appropriate guidelines to prevent further T2DM occurrence and complications. The review consists of information related to the genetic component of T2DM to help identify high-risk groups and focuses on the environmental aspect of the disease to help consider appropriate techniques to reduce disease burden. Genetic factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes and thus are an essential element of understanding the cause of the disease and possible methods of prevention. Focusing on high-risk groups with T2DM could have profound effects on the current health care situation. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of diabetes in the United States and propose methods of preventing and delaying the development of T2DM in high-risk individuals.
The IBM POWER7 HUB module: A terabyte interconnect switch for high-performance computer systems

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on silicon photonics and memories. Some of the specific topics discussed include: processors scaling to manycore systems; electric baseline measurements; CMOS photonics; optical linking capabilities; circuit designs; energy management; and the future for computer interconnect systems.
Multimodality Therapy for NSCLC

The standard therapy for patients with unrespectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although the concurrent use of both treatment modalities has been shown to be superior to sequential therapy, the role for additional chemotherapy, either as induction or as consolidation, remains unclear. Targeted therapy has met limited success in the treatment of unselected patients with stage III NSCLC. New studies using induction therapy with erlotinib or crizotinib for molecularly selected patients and consolidation therapy with checkpoint inhibitors are currently ongoing, and the results are eagerly awaited.
Molecular Pathology of Small Cell Carcinomas

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with a poor prognosis, comprising approximately 15% of all lung cancers. SCLC differs greatly from carcinoid tumors in terms of molecular alterations, supporting the concept that it more likely arises from a different precursor cell. SCLC is characterized by a high burden of molecular alterations in general, and essentially all cases harbor inactivation of tumor suppressor genes TP53 and RB1. Approximately 25% of cases contain inactivating mutations in NOTCH family genes, and SCLC may also harbor abnormalities of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, CREBBP, EP300, PTEN, MYC, FGFR1, and SOX2, among others. In spite of the high mutational burden, SCLC does not harbor mutations amenable to currently available targeted molecular therapies, but ongoing investigation of several potential targets continues.
Flipped Interlibrary Loan (F.I.L.L.): Putting Interlibrary Loan in the Driver's Seat of Acquisitions

Interlibrary loan (ILL) is an important service point in the academic library, a channel through which patrons can ask for specific books and expect that those books will be made available to them. Examining the methods in which libraries handle those requests may reveal new workflows wherein ILL can influence the direction of the library's permanent acquisitions. ILL data is able to drive immediate purchases of user-requested titles but also more complex models of acquisition. By comparing circulation rates and expenditures against traditional book-approval plans, acquisitions departments may also measure the financial effectiveness of purchase-on-demand programs and use them to both supplement and supplant those approval plans. At the core of Lehigh University's efforts is an internal library philosophy called “Flipped Interlibrary Loan” (F.I.L.L.), by which ILL can and should inform permanent acquisitions for the library collection.
Effect of Raster Orientation on Fracture Toughness Properties of 3D Printed ABS Materials and Structures

Additive manufacturing is a rapidly growing cutting edge technology. Number of experimental studies have shown that strength of product manufactured by additive Fused Deposition Method (FDM) is influenced by different processing parameters involved during manufacturing. This research paper presents experimental and theoretical investigation of fracture toughness of ABS material fabricated with variation in some of process parameters such as Axis Orientations, Raster Orientation, Infill Percentage, Layer Height and Number of Shells. Experiment was designed to manufacture number of cracked specimens with variation in process parameters, measure their tensile strengths for fracture toughness and compare stress intensity factor (SIF) for all of the specimens. This study helps to understand, how different raster orientations affect the fracture toughness of 3D printed structures and also tells us under which process parameters additive manufactured cracked structures provide better strength.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Nonlinear effects of fiscal policy over the business cycle

Abstract Is fiscal policy more effective, measured by the government spending multiplier or the tax multiplier, when the economy is “weak” than when it is “strong?” Results in the empirical literature have been mixed. Using local projection techniques, I estimate the impulse responses of real output and real government spending to a shock to military spending. I also estimate the responses of real output and real tax revenues to a shock in taxes. In both cases, I allow for nonlinearity in the effects according to whether the unemployment rate is above or below a given threshold value. I find that raising the threshold unemployment rate incrementally leads to a higher multiplier on government purchases in the “bad” state of the world, though it is not significantly greater than 1. The results for tax changes are even less precisely estimated, due to lower instrument relevance of the exogenous tax shocks.
Abstract 019: Diabetic Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Combination with an RGDS Presenting Peptide Amphiphile Enhance Recovery from Critical Limb Ischemia in Diabetic Mice

Approximately two million people suffer from critical limb ischemia (CLI) with the prevalence of the disease expected to rise. Thus, there is a crucial need to develop new therapies to enhance angiogenesis and minimize the impact of the blocked vessel(s). Cell therapy using endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has shown some promise, however, the cells may not remain at the site of injury long enough to significantly impact the course of the disease. Further, the use of autologous cells may be problematic as the underlying disease, such as diabetes, which resulted in CLI also appears to negatively impact the function of EPCs. Thus, we propose to use a biomaterial in combination with the EPCs to enhance both the retention of cells at the site of injury and also enhance the function of the cells. A self-assembling peptide amphiphile (PA) was developed with an attached functional group consisting of the cell-attachment sequence of peptides identified in fibronectin: RGDS. We hypothesize that EPCs combined with RGDS PA will improve the angiogenic response in CLI. Indeed, in vitro we found that EPCs from diabetic mice (db/db) exhibited increased survival on an RGDS PA in comparison to a scrambled sequence (DGRS) PA as measured by calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer-1 staining. To test if this enhanced survival would improve critical limb ischemia in diabetic mice, uni-lateral ischemia was induced by ligation of the femoral artery. Three days post surgery ischemia was confirmed by laser Doppler and the following treatments were injected into the ischemic limb of the diabetic mice: (1) PBS (2) scrambled PA (3) RGDS (4) scrambled PA +100,000 diabetic EPCs (5) RGDS PA + 100,000 diabetic EPCs. At four weeks post-injection, blood flow (as measured by laser Doppler) was increased in the group receiving RGDS PA when compared to the other groups (n>6). Further, necrosis was decreased in the RGDS PA group and muscle regeneration, as measured by the number of central nuclei, was increased in the RGDS PA group. Taken together, these results suggest that RGDS PA in combination with db/db EPCs enhances recovery from CLI in diabetic mice.
The Detroit Institute of Arts, the Founders Society, and the City

Just as the DMA trustees were preparing to dissolve their nonprofit corporation, a seemingly minor problem surfaced. It had about $27,000 in acquisition endowments and cash. Because the endowments were structured as trusts administered by the museum’s board, it was unclear whether or not, from a legal or fiscal standpoint, the city could oversee the endowments and utilize their investment income. The trustees tabled the question—and the dissolution of their nonprofit—until early 1920 when Ferry, who had returned from the war and was elected the trustees’ new president, could consider it. He proposed the DMA nonprofit corporation be continued, not only to administer the existing endowments, but to solicit and administer future donations, cultivate public interest in art, coordinate with the DIA, and purchase art for it with income from memberships and contributions. Ferry’s proposal was unanimously approved.1
Getting the Argument Started: A Variation on the Density Investigation.

The ability to “engage in argument from evidence” is one of the eight practices identified in the Next Generation Science Standards as well as an emerging focus of undergraduate chemistry curricula. Guiding students to make evidence-based claims that engender argumentation will require faculty to revise conventional expository laboratory experiments. The type of data collected and the method of collecting the data as well as the question to be answered must be carefully considered. This paper describes a simple yet effective change to a standard laboratory, the determination of density, which we have used since 2006 to engage students in argumentation about both method and outcomes.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Reduces Aspergillus fumigatus Proliferation In Vitro and Influences In Vivo Disease Outcomes

Recent estimates suggest that more than 3 million people have chronic or invasive fungal infections, causing more than 600,000 deaths every year. Aspergillus fumigatus causes invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in patients with compromised immune systems and is a primary contributor to increases in human fungal infections. Thus, the development of new clinical modalities as stand-alone or adjunctive therapy for improving IPA patient outcomes is critically needed. Here we tested the in vitro and in vivo impacts of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) (100% oxygen, >1 atmosphere absolute [ATA]) on A. fumigatus proliferation and murine IPA outcomes. Our findings indicate that HBO reduces established fungal biofilm proliferation in vitro by over 50%. The effect of HBO under the treatment conditions was transient and fungistatic, with A. fumigatus metabolic activity rebounding within 6 h of HBO treatment being removed. In vivo, daily HBO provides a dose-dependent but modest improvement in murine IPA disease outcomes as measured by survival analysis. Intriguingly, no synergy was observed between subtherapeutic voriconazole or amphotericin B and HBO in vitro or in vivo with daily HBO dosing, though the loss of fungal superoxide dismutase genes enhanced HBO antifungal activity. Further studies are needed to optimize the HBO treatment regimen and better understand the effects of HBO on both the host and the pathogen during a pulmonary invasive fungal infection.
Authentic learning through student research projects

One challenge in computer science education is to provide the student with realistic assignments that support authentic learning. Most assignments, even end-of-semester projects are often too small to simulate real-world conditions. Even team projects remain problematic when considering incompatible student schedules. The end results are assignments and projects independent of the world in which the eventual practitioner will work. Research projects for both undergraduate and graduate students can be a solution to this problem. Projects can be long-term, where each student's contribution is only a part of the overall effort. Further, scheduled team meetings and a central lab in which to work creates a sense of community. This paper will explore a recent and ongoing project at the Networking Lab at LSUS, the Bat Habitat Sensor Network.
Algal Wastewater Treatment: Study of Polyculture in Fed-Batch Mode in a Winter Climate

Since the 1950s, reactors using algal-bacterial polycultures have been engineered by researchers to treat wastewater. The symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria accommodates energy-efficient wastewater treatment by eliminating artificial aeration. Here, we investigated the applicability of a novel algal-based system using two polycultures to treat primary-settled municipal wastewater under field conditions in a winter climate (average daily temperature: 4–16.5 °C). The two polycultures were cultured in two closed 700L bioreactors deployed at a local wastewater treatment plant in Las Cruces, NM, United States. The Ammoniacal nitrogen and phosphate concentrations and OD750 of the two reactors were analyzed daily. The BOD5 in the reactors were analyzed once in two days. The samples from the two reactors were analyzed over 44 days from January to March in 2018. The culture in reactor 1 attained average ammoniacal nitrogen, phosphate, and BOD5 removals of 99.3%, 70.1%, and 70.0% respectively in a single step within five days. The corresponding efficiencies for reactor 2 were 44.3%, 47.5%, and 50.7%. The average batch processing times for reactor 1 and reactor 2 were 1.02 and 4.02 days respectively. This paper confirms the ability of both the polycultures to treat primary-settled wastewater in a single step.
Examining mathematical technological knowledge of pre-service middle grades teachers with Geometer’s Sketchpad in a geometry course

With the emergence of new instructional technologies, pre-service teachers are expected to develop Mathematical Technological Knowledge (MTK), which we define as teacher knowledge of technology dev...
Progress on Modulating Tumor-Associated Macrophages with Biomaterials

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a complex and heterogeneous population of cells within the tumor microenvironment. In many tumor types, TAMs contribute toward tumor malignancy and are therefore a therapeutic target of interest. Here, three major strategies for regulating TAMs are highlighted, emphasizing the role of biomaterials in these approaches. First, systemic methods for targeting tumor-associated macrophage are summarized and limitations to both passive and active targeting approaches considered. Second, lessons learned from the significant literature on wound healing and macrophage response to implanted biomaterials are discussed with the vision of applying these principles to localized, biomaterial-based modulation of tumor-associated macrophage. Finally, the developing field of engineered macrophages, including genetic engineering and integration with biomaterials or drug delivery systems, is examined. Analysis of major challenges in the field along with exciting opportunities for the future of macrophage-based therapies in oncology are included.