cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructural modeling of grain subdivision and large strain inhomogeneous deformation modes in f.c.c. crystalline materials

In this study, evolution equations related to a heterogeneous microstructure that is physically representative of the densities and dimensions of dislocation-cells and walls have been formulated and coupled to a multiple-slip crystal plasticity formulation. Specialized finite-element methodologies have then been used to investigate how an imbalance in shear-strain amplitudes can result in deformation band formation in a cube-oriented aluminum single crystal subjected to strains of up to 30% under rolling deformation. It has been shown that a change in the microstructural morphology from matrix to transition bands occurs as the dislocation-cell size increases with decreases in the stored dislocation density and as a function of slip-system structure and orientation. Comparisons with experimental measurements and observations clearly indicate that the transition and matrix bands can occur in cube orientations as a consequence of shear strain imbalance on active slip-systems.
Isolated lung perfusion for patients with unresectable metastases from sarcoma: a phase I trial

Abstract Background . In patients with unresectable pulmonary metastases from sarcoma, systemic chemotherapy has had limited efficacy possibly because of dose-limiting toxicities. Isolated lung perfusion is an alternative method of delivering high-dose chemotherapy to the lungs while minimizing systemic toxicities. We present the results of our Phase I trial of isolated lung perfusion with doxorubicin hydrochloride in such a group of patients. Methods . From May 1995 to June 1997, 8 patients with unresectable metastases from sarcoma limited to the lungs underwent isolated lung perfusion with doxorubicin. A dose-escalation schedule starting at 40 mg/m 2 was used. Seven patients were treated with a dose of 40 mg/m 2 or less, and 1 patient received 80 mg/m 2 . Blood, tumor, and normal lung samples were obtained at various time points during the operation. Patients were evaluated for cardiac, pulmonary, and other toxicities. Results . The doxorubicin concentrations in both normal lung and tumor correlated directly with the amount of doxorubicin in the perfusate. The tumors took up less doxorubicin than the lung. All patients had minimal or undetectable systemic levels of doxorubicin at the conclusion of the perfusion. There were no cardiac or other systemic toxicities. In the 7 patients perfused with 40 mg/m 2 or less of doxorubicin, there was a significant decrease in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second and a trend toward a significant decrease in diffusing capacity. The patient who received 80 mg/m 2 underwent lung scanning postoperatively, and scans showed no ventilation or perfusion in the perfused lung. There were no perioperative deaths. Two patients are alive with disease, and 6 patients died of disease. The median follow-up is 11 months and the longest, 31 months. There were no partial or complete responses. One patient had stabilization of disease in the perfused lung, whereas the lesions in the untreated lung progressed markedly. Conclusion . Isolated lung perfusion is well tolerated by patients and effectively delivers high doses of doxorubicin to the lung and tumor tissues while minimizing systemic toxicities. A single dose of 80 mg/m 2 resulted in substantial injury to the lung. There were no partial or complete responses in patients perfused with doxorubicin at the maximum tolerated dose of 40 mg/m 2 . Isolated lung perfusion remains a model for testing new and innovative therapies for metastatic sarcoma.
Health-related quality of life among adults with work-related asthma in the United States.

Purpose The objective of this study was to examine health-related quality of life among adults with work-related asthma.
An Attitude Survey of Animal Rights Activists

Animal rights activism is increasing rapidly, yet no empirical research has sought to determine who the animal rights activists are, what they believe, and what they hold as their agenda. An attitude survey was therefore conducted of 402 animal rights activists who attended a recent rally in Washington. Results indicated that nearly half of these activists felt that animal research should not be the primary focus of the animal rights movement. There was also considerable disagreement surrounding the issue of laboratory break-ins. These and other findings from the survey suggest that animal rights activists hold diverse objectives and viewpoints.
Reverse Sex Discrimination: Manhart

The author addresses himself to the problems of sex discrimination in pensions. He contends that there have been fundamental errors in the perceptions of those problems. Equality in pay—both of wages and of fringe benefits—requires equality in employer contributions, which produces actuarial equality in benefits. This is true for pensions, at least, both as a matter of statutory interpretation and as a matter of fundamental fairness, absent a compelling need that has not been and probably cannot be shown. He concludes that Manhart was wrongly decided but that in any event it should be given the narrowest possible interpretation and not be permitted to sire illegitimate progeny.
STATISTICAL METHODS IN CERAMIC RESEARCH1

It is the fundamental object of ceramic research to build up a science of ceramics which will enable us to produce, in the most efficient manner and from a certain group of raw materials, finished products which will have prescribed sets of physical properties. In attempting to reach this objective, it is of importance that we develop new methods of research which are particularly fitted to solve our fundamental problems, and apply, as effectively as possible, the research methods which are now available. These research methods can be divided, on a working basis, into two classes, (1) exact methods in which the relationship existing between any two variables is determined by experiments in which the effects of all the other variables are rendered negligible by careful control of the experimental conditions, (2) statistical methods, which are used when it is impossible or impracticable to obtain such close control of the experimental conditions or when sampling errors are important and it is possible to repeat the experiments many times. It is the purpose of this paper to draw attention to the fact that we, as ceramists, have almost entirely neglected this second group of methods; to give a brief description, with examples, of some of the modern statistical methods, especially those used by the biometrists; and to point out a few of the situations in which these methods could be used to advantage in ceramic research, especially in investigations of refractory materials.
TFRC friendliness and the case of ECN

The TFRC protocol has been proposed as a TCP-friendly protocol to transport streaming media over the Internet. However, its deployment is still questionable because it has not been compared to other important protocols, analysed in the presence of important mechanisms, such as the explicit congestion notification (ECN), and studied under more realistic network conditions. In this paper, we address these three aspects, including other congestion control protocols not considered before in the same investigation, such as TCP Tahoe, Reno, Newreno, Vegas, Sack, GAIMD, and the Binomial algorithms, the effect of using ECN in the friendliness of the protocols, and the fairness of the protocols under static and dynamic network conditions. We found that TFRC can be safely deployed in the Internet if competing with TCP Tahoe, New Reno and SACK since fairness is achieved under all scenarios considered. We also found that ECN actually helps in achieving better fairness. However, fairness problems arise when TFRC competes with TCP Reno, GAIMD, SQRT or IIAD in static or dynamic conditions, or both. We used normalized throughput, fairness index, and convergence time as the main performance metrics for comparison. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prognosis of a normal stress-only Tc-99m myocardial perfusion imaging study

Background Stress-only imaging saves time and radiation exposure, but apprehension remains about the reliability, diagnostic, and prognostic accuracy of a normal stress-only study. The objective of this study was to determine the prognosis of stress-only SPECT MPI in routine clinical practice.
Observer Behavior as a Potential Source of Reactivity: Describing and Quantifying Observer Effects in a Large-Scale Observational Study of Police:

One theme in the field research literature is that observer effects (or observer behavior) can act as a source of bias in observational data. This article uses both descriptive and quantitative dat...
Displacing Activism? The Impact of International Service Trips on Understandings of Social Change.

This article reports key findings from in-depth interviews with undergraduate students returning from international service trips (ISTs). These interviews examined students’ perceptions of social change activities and assessed students’ affinity toward service and activism independently as well as the perceived relationship and interaction between the two. Using an identity project model, we argue that far from being complementary, service and activism may act as competing identities with service being preferred. We further argue that ISTs can incorporate and model a broader range of civic engagement activities to help students better understand the different approaches taken to enacting social change. In particular, we call for the deliberate incorporation of strategic activist skill-building, and discussions of the history and ideology of activism within ISTs.
Effect of Local Magnetic Moments on the Metallic Behavior in Two Dimensions

The temperature dependence of conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}(T)$ in the metallic phase of a two-dimensional electron system in silicon has been studied for different concentrations of local magnetic moments. The local moments have been induced by disorder, and their number was varied using substrate bias. The data suggest that in the limit of $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ the metallic behavior, as characterized by $d\ensuremath{\sigma}/\mathrm{dT}l0$, is suppressed by an arbitrarily small amount of scattering by local magnetic moments.
Assessment of gestational age by examination of the anterior vascular capsule of the lens.

The disappearance of the anterior vascular capsule of the lens (pupillary membrane) was found to be useful in the preterm infant to estimate accurately gestational age between the twenty-seventh and the thirty-fourth weeks. Before the twenty-seventh week, the cornea was too opaque to allow good visualization of this vascular system. After the thirty-fourth week, these vessels had generally atrophied completely. One hundred infants between 27 and 34 weeks' gestational age as assessed by the Dubowitz scoring system were studied with the direct ophthalmoscope following dilatation of the pupil. Disappearance of the anterior vascular capsule was arbitrarily divided into four grades. The correlation between gestational age and the grade of anterior vascular capsule was found to be highly significant (p
A non-perturbative calculation of the infrared limit of the axial gauge gluon propagator (II)

Abstract We show, numerically, that the integral equation for the axial gauge gluon propagator developed in the preceding paper has an explicit solution with the features outlined there. This solution is expected to be exact in the infrared limit. We find, however, that even in the ultraviolet limit it does not differ greatly from the known asymptotic freedom behavior of the propagator. It may, therefore, be a reasonable approximation over the whole range.
Correlation effects in atoms. III. Four-electron systems

The binding energy of the ground state of four-electron systems is investigated in the framework of Hartree-Fock perturbation theory. First, we show that the original problem can be decoupled into a series of helium-like equations describing pair correlation between electrons. Then, the variational-perturbation method is applied to each of these equations through fifth order in energy. We have obtained for the correlation energies the values ${E}_{\mathrm{corr}}(\mathrm{Be})=\ensuremath{-}0.0925$ atomic units (a.u.) and ${E}_{\mathrm{corr}}({\mathrm{B}}^{+})=\ensuremath{-}0.1096$ a.u. The experimental numbers are ${{E}_{\mathrm{corr}}}^{\mathrm{exp}}(\mathrm{Be})=\ensuremath{-}0.0944$ a.u. and ${{E}_{\mathrm{corr}}}^{\mathrm{exp}}({\mathrm{B}}^{+})=\ensuremath{-}0.1116$ a.u.
Credibility of black and white newscasters to a black audience

Using the variables of physical appearance, message believability and performance, black viewers rated the credibility of local black and white newscasters. The predictors of age, income and education were used to identify audiences.
Characterization of the polycomb group response elements of the Drosophila melanogaster invected Locus.

The Polycomb group proteins (PcGs) play a vital role throughout development by maintaining precise gene expression patterns. In Drosophila melanogaster, PcG-mediated gene silencing is achieved through DNA elements called Polycomb response elements (PREs); however, the mechanism for establishing silencing and the requirements and composition of a working PRE are not fully understood. We have used the computer program jPREdictor to uncover PREs located within the invected (inv) locus. The functionalities of these predicted PREs were tested in two different assays: one analyzing their abilities to maintain expression of a β-galactosidase reporter gene and the other evaluating their abilities to establish pairing-sensitive silencing of the mini-white reporter in the vector pCaSpeR. We have identified two previously uncharacterized PREs at the inv gene and demonstrate that they produce similar results in the two assays. Our results indicate that clusters of protein binding sites do not accurately predict PREs and provide new insight into the DNA sequence requirements for the binding of the PcG protein Pho. Finally, our data show that PREs and regulatory DNA from different genes can function together to establish PcG-mediated silencing, highlighting the versatility of PREs despite discrepancies in the number and location of DNA binding sites.
Silica Exposure on Construction Sites: Results of an Exposure Monitoring Data Compilation Project

Abstract To expand on the limited size and scope of construction silica exposure studies, a silica monitoring data compilation project was initiated through the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Construction Committee. Personal silica exposure monitoring data was collected and analyzed from 13 private, research, and regulatory groups. An effort was made to collect as much detail as possible about task, tool, and environmental and control conditions so as much information as possible could be garnered. There were considerable data gaps, particularly with regulatory agency data, that represented over half of the data set. There were 1374 personal quartz samples reported with a geometric mean of 0.13 mg/m 3 and a GSD of 5.9. Descriptive statistics are reported by trade, task, tool, and data source type. Highest exposures were for abrasive blasters, surface and tuckpoint grinders, jackhammers, and rock drills. The sample period was important, with short-term samples (up to 2 hours) hav...
Scrapie infections initiated at varying doses: an analysis of 117 titration experiments

An analysis of 117 titration experiments in the murine scrapie model is presented. The experiments encompass 30 years' work and a wide range of experimental conditions. To check that the experimental designs were reasonably consistent over time, comparisons were made of size, duration, source of inoculum, etc., in each experiment. These comparisons revealed no systematic trends that would render invalid comparisons across experiments. For 114 of the experiments it was possible to calculate the dose at which half of the challenged animals were infected (the ID50). These 114 experiments were then combined on the basis of relative dose (i.e. tenfold dilution relative to the ID50). This created a data set in which over 4000 animals were challenged with doses of scrapie ranging from four orders of magnitude below to five orders of magnitude above the ID50. Analysis of this data reveals that mean incubation periods rise linearly with logarithmic decreases in dose. A one unit increase in relative dose (i.e. a tenfold increase in actual dose) will, on average, decrease the incubation period by 25 days. At ID50 the average incubation period in this data set is 300 days. Within a single dose, in a single experimental model, incubation periods have a distribution close to normal. Variability in incubation period also rises linearly as dose decreases. There is no age or sex effect upon the probability of infection, but female mice have incubation periods that are, on average, nine days shorter than their male counterparts and young mice have incubation periods that are longer by seven days. Although many of these patterns are apparent in the results of single titration curves, they can be more rigorously investigated by considering the outcome for thousands of mice.
How are U.S. Family Firms Controlled

In large U.S. corporations, founding families are the only blockholders whose control rights on average exceed their cash flow rights. We analyze how families achieve this separation between cash-flow and control rights, and at what cost. We find that indirect ownership through trusts, foundations, limited partnerships, and other corporations is prevalent but rarely creates a wedge between cash-flow and control rights. The primary sources of the wedge are dual-class stock and voting agreements. Additional control is frequently obtained through board representation in excess of voting control, and through the presence of a family member as CEO or Chairman of the Board. We also find that the impact of control-enhancing mechanisms on firm value depends on the specific mechanism used: the effect is negative for dual-class stock and disproportional board representation, but positive for pyramids and voting agreements.
Surface models with nonlocal potentials: Upper bounds

The behavior of fluctuations in a class of surface models with exponentially decaying nonlocal potentials in studied. Combining a Mayer expansion with a duality transformation, we demonstrate the equivalence of these models to a class of two dimensional spin systems with nonlocal interactions. The expansions give sufficient control over the potentials to allow the fluctuations to be bounded from above by the means of complex translations in the spin representation of the model.
A core human microbiome as viewed through 16S rRNA sequence clusters.

We explore the microbiota of 18 body sites in over 200 individuals using sequences amplified V1–V3 and the V3–V5 small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S) hypervariable regions as part of the NIH Common Fund Human Microbiome Project. The body sites with the greatest number of core OTUs, defined as OTUs shared amongst 95% or more of the individuals, were the oral sites (saliva, tongue, cheek, gums, and throat) followed by the nose, stool, and skin, while the vaginal sites had the fewest number of OTUs shared across subjects. We found that commonalities between samples based on taxonomy could sometimes belie variability at the sub-genus OTU level. This was particularly apparent in the mouth where a given genus can be present in many different oral sites, but the sub-genus OTUs show very distinct site selection, and in the vaginal sites, which are consistently dominated by the Lactobacillus genus but have distinctly different sub-genus V1–V3 OTU populations across subjects. Different body sites show approximately a ten-fold difference in estimated microbial richness, with stool samples having the highest estimated richness, followed by the mouth, throat and gums, then by the skin, nasal and vaginal sites. Richness as measured by the V1–V3 primers was consistently higher than richness measured by V3–V5. We also show that when such a large cohort is analyzed at the genus level, most subjects fit the stool “enterotype” profile, but other subjects are intermediate, blurring the distinction between the enterotypes. When analyzed at the finer-scale, OTU level, there was little or no segregation into stool enterotypes, but in the vagina distinct biotypes were apparent. Finally, we note that even OTUs present in nearly every subject, or that dominate in some samples, showed orders of magnitude variation in relative abundance emphasizing the highly variable nature across individuals.
A Life-Long Search for the Molecular Pathways of Steroid Hormone Action

The O'Malley laboratory first showed that estrogen and progesterone act in the nucleus to stimulate synthesis of specific mRNAs (ovalbumin and avidin), coding for their respective inducible proteins. The overall molecular pathway of steroid-receptor-DNA-mRNA-protein-function was then established and provided a coherent foundation for future studies of the impact of estrogen and progesterone receptors on endocrine tissue development, adult function, and in pathologies such as cancer. The lab group went on to: biochemically demonstrate ligand-induced conformational activation of progesterone and estrogen receptors, discover the concept of ligand-independent activation of steroid receptors, discover key steroid receptor coactivator intermediary coactivators for receptor function, and define the role of coactivators/corepressors in selective receptor modulator drug action and in cell homeostasis. This body of work advanced our molecular understanding of the critical role of steroid hormones in normal and abnormal physiology and also generated a base of scientific knowledge that served to further modern hormonal therapy and disease management.
WAVE signalling: from biochemistry to biology

The small GTPases Rho, Rac and Cdc42 (cell-division cycle 42) function as molecular switches to modulate the actin cytoskeleton. They achieve this by modulating the activity of downstream cellular targets. One group of Rho GTPase effectors, WAVE (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein verprolin homologous)-1, WAVE-2 and WAVE-3, function as scaffolds for actin-based signalling complexes. The present review highlights current knowledge regarding the biochemistry of the WAVE signalling complexes and their biological significance.
Uses and abuses of antipyretic therapy.

FEVER is undoubtedly the most common symptom confronting the physician who treats children. It is fought as though it were the patient9s primary disease, and its mere presence is often accepted as being sufficient indication for the institution of antipyretic therapy. It is not surprising, therefore, that therapeutists and pharmaceutical concerns have energetically sought new and better drugs for the control of fever. In the past few years there has appeared on the market a number of new formulations which are purported to offer distinct advantages in terms of antipyretic potency, acceptance by children, and/or reduced toxicity. It is axiomatic that virtually any claim regarding a drug can be supported by published data, if the proper study is selected and interpretation is sufficiently influenced by conviction. Particularly is this true of antipyretic-analgesic drugs, where such factors as lability in the case of fever and lack of objectivity in the case of pain, make evaluation difficult. The claims and counterclaims which have been made concerning antipyretic drugs have led to considerable confusion and misunderstanding on the part of clinicians in general. The purpose of this presentation is to attempt to provide some clarification of this problem. IS ANTIPYRESIS INDICATED? More critical than the choice of an antipyretic is the question of whether or not such therapy is indicated in the individual case, for there is little doubt that these drugs are grossly overused, at times to the detriment of the patient. Therefore, before discussing the antipyretics themselves, it seems appropriate to review briefly a number of points which deserve consideration before one elects to use an antipyretic. DuBois summarized a lifetime of study on fever and the regulation of body temperature with the statement: "Fever is only a symptom and we are not sure that it is an enemy. Perhaps it is a friend." The literature concerning the possible role of fever in body defenses is extensive and inconclusive.
Growth and Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Escherichia coli in the Presence of Trimethoprim

Escherichia coli grew exponentially at a reduced rate in the presence of 50 or 100 μg of trimethoprim/ml if the low-molecular-weight products of folate metabolism or their precursors (thymidine, purines, methionine, glycine, and pantothenate) were supplied in the medium. Folate metabolism was inhibited 99.9% by these concentrations of trimethoprim, but a low level of formylation of methionyl transfer ribonucleic acid (met-tRNAF) could be detected. However, in a medium containing all major amino acids, nucleosides, and vitamins, formylation of met-tRNAF was undetectable in the presence of trimethoprim. No other amino-masked amino acids were detected, and methionine remained a major amino-terminal amino acid of mature proteins. met-tRNAF was rapidly labeled with exogenous methionine and was associated with 30s ribosomal subunits and 70s ribosomes. It was concluded that initiation of protein synthesis can occur with unformylated met-tRNAF in E. coli. Changes in macromolecular composition were associated with the lack of formylation, in particular a fourfold increase in both met-tRNAF and ribosomal subunits. These changes would tend to compensate for the low specific rate of initiation with unformylated met-tRNAF.
The Effects of Leader-Member Exchange on Employee Citizenship and Impression Management Behavior

A field study was conducted to examine the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and two types of employee behavior: citizenship behavior and impression management. One form of citizenship behavior, altruism, and one form of impression management, other-focused were significantly related to LMX. Implications of the results are discussed.
Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems

Micro-optical devices such as diffractive and refractive microlenses fabricated using integrated circuit technology have been highlighted during the past five years. This scientific breakthrough has created a revolution in optical technology. Miniaturizing devices using microoptics promise to revolutionize many electrooptical systems-from video cameras, video phones, and compact disk data storage to robotic vision, optical scanners, and high-definition projection displays. The supporting technologies for these micro-optical systems, such as binary optics and plastic micro-replication, are built on existing or adapted integrated circuit technologies that have been developed over the past five years. In parallel with this optical technology revolution, researchers have also developed another frontier technology called micro-electro-mechanical (MEM). MEM technology has found applications in automotive, machine tools, airbag actuators, and many generic microsensors. Merging microoptics, microelectronics, and micromechanics creates a new and broader class of micro-opto-electro-mechanical (MOEM) devices, which may attract additional industrial demonstrations of commercial devices such as torsional mirrors, laser scanners, optical shutters, and dynamic micromirror displays. Both constituent technologies of MOEM devices have the potential of batch processing and embossed replication, which, again, makes them highly attractive for low-cost commercial applications. Other more complex microsystems that use MOEM devices such as microspectrometers, microinterferometers, and miniature on-machine-inspection subsystems are being investigated. This new technology enables high-performance devices for microsensor systems that are lighter, easier to produce, more efficient, and less expensive than conventional components.
Cyanide-induced apoptosis involves oxidative-stress-activated NF-κB in cortical neurons

Abstract The central nervous system is one of the main target organs in cyanide toxicity. Primary cultured cortical neurons were used to study the cellular mechanisms underlying cyanide-induced cytotoxicity. After exposure to KCN (100–300 μM) for 24 h, cortical neurons underwent apoptosis as characterized by positive TUNEL staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in cyanide-induced neuronal apoptosis; immediately after cyanide (100–300 μM) treatment, ROS generation was observed and continued to be elevated for up to 3 h. NMDA receptor activation and subsequent Ca2+ influx contribute in part to cyanide-induced ROS formation, since the selective NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 and intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA blocked ROS generation. Interestingly, caspases, recently reported to be involved in neuronal apoptosis, play a role in the late phase of ROS production after cyanide stimulation. Z-VAD, a nonspecific caspase inhibitor, blocked ROS generated 1 h after cyanide treatment, but it had no effect on ROS generated immediately after cyanide treatment. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a redox-sensitive transcription factor, was activated dose dependently after cyanide treatment. Blockade of ROS generation by MK801, Z-VAD, and various antioxidants also blocked the activation of NF-κB. SN50, a synthetic peptide which inhibits the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, blocked cyanide-induced apoptotic cell death. These results indicate that NF-κB plays an important role in cyanide-induced apoptosis in cortical neurons, and the caspases may contribute in part to the activation of NF-κB after cyanide treatment by inducing the late phase of ROS generation.
Just How Important Is the Messenger versus the Message? The Case of Framing Physician-Assisted Suicide.

As a political issue, death and dying topics only sometimes reach the political agenda. However, some issues, such as physician-assisted suicide (PAS) have been highly salient. This article explores attitudes toward PAS by examining the malleability of opinion when respondents are exposed to issue frames and when specific messengers present those frames. We used 4 experimental conditions in a statewide survey and 1 control group, which allowed us to compare the impact of a framed message on opinion as well as that message presented by a specific messenger. Results suggest that support for PAS can be shaped by whether PAS is framed as individual choice or as a matter involving sanctity of life. In addition, we find that specific messengers did not influence opinion on PAS beyond the influence of the issue frame itself, controlling for respondent characteristics such as gender and race. Indeed, the findings indicate that messengers may in fact reduce the intended impact of issue frames of opinion toward PAS.
Path-Integral Methods for Analyzing the Effects of Fluctuations in Stochastic Hybrid Neural Networks

We consider applications of path-integral methods to the analysis of a stochastic hybrid model representing a network of synaptically coupled spiking neuronal populations. The state of each local population is described in terms of two stochastic variables, a continuous synaptic variable and a discrete activity variable. The synaptic variables evolve according to piecewise-deterministic dynamics describing, at the population level, synapses driven by spiking activity. The dynamical equations for the synaptic currents are only valid between jumps in spiking activity, and the latter are described by a jump Markov process whose transition rates depend on the synaptic variables. We assume a separation of time scales between fast spiking dynamics with time constant τ a $\tau_{a}$ and slower synaptic dynamics with time constant τ. This naturally introduces a small positive parameter ϵ = τ a / τ $\epsilon=\tau _{a}/\tau$ , which can be used to develop various asymptotic expansions of the corresponding path-integral representation of the stochastic dynamics. First, we derive a variational principle for maximum-likelihood paths of escape from a metastable state (large deviations in the small noise limit ϵ → 0 $\epsilon\rightarrow0$ ). We then show how the path integral provides an efficient method for obtaining a diffusion approximation of the hybrid system for small ϵ. The resulting Langevin equation can be used to analyze the effects of fluctuations within the basin of attraction of a metastable state, that is, ignoring the effects of large deviations. We illustrate this by using the Langevin approximation to analyze the effects of intrinsic noise on pattern formation in a spatially structured hybrid network. In particular, we show how noise enlarges the parameter regime over which patterns occur, in an analogous fashion to PDEs. Finally, we carry out a 1 / ϵ $1/\epsilon$ -loop expansion of the path integral, and use this to derive corrections to voltage-based mean-field equations, analogous to the modified activity-based equations generated from a neural master equation.
The unfinished legacy of liver transplantation: Emphasis on immunology

Liver transplantation radically changed the philosophy of hepatology practice, enriched multiple areas of basic science, and had pervasive ripple effects in law, public policy, ethics, and theology. Why organ engraftment was feasible remained enigmatic, however, until the discovery in 1992 of donor leukocyte microchimerism in long-surviving liver, and other kinds of organ recipients. Following this discovery, the leukocyte chimerism-associated mechanisms were elucidated that directly linked organ and bone marrow transplantation and eventually clarified the relationship of transplantation immunology to the immunology of infections, neoplasms, and autoimmune disorders. We describe here how the initially controversial paradigm shift mandated revisions of cherished dogmas. With the fresh insight, the reasons for numerous inexplicable phenomena of transplantation either became obvious or have become susceptible to discriminate experimental testing. The therapeutic implications of the "new immunology" in hepatology and in other medical disciplines, have only begun to be explored. Apart from immunology, physiologic investigations of liver transplantation have resulted in the discovery of growth factors (beginning with insulin) that are involved in the regulation of liver size, ultrastructure, function, and the capacity for regeneration. Such studies have partially explained functional and hormonal relationships of different abdominal organs, and ultimately they led to the cure or palliation by liver transplantation of more than 2 dozen hepatic-based inborn errors of metabolism. Liver transplantation should not be viewed as a purely technologic achievement, but rather as a searchlight whose beams have penetrated the murky mist of the past, and continue to potentially illuminate the future.
Growth of Bacillus coagulans in Chemically Defined Media

A nutritional study was made of five strains of Bacillus coagulans obtained from various culture collections. These five strains were descendants of two original isolates; three had been derived from one parent culture in years past and the other two were transfers from another parent culture. Therefore, the five cultures should have represented two distinct groups of genetically identical cultures. Three of the strains obtained from one culture collection had become methyl red-negative and sorbitol-negative and had gained abilities to hydrolyze gelatin and ferment arabinose. Nutritional requirements of the five cultures, determined at 37, 45, and 55 C, differed considerably among strains; however, thiamine and biotin were required by all cultures at all temperatures. Aspartic acid was stimulatory at 37 C and was required at 45 C; folic acid, basic amino acids, and certain other nutrilites were required at 55 C. Adenine supplementation was necessary for two strains at 55 C to prevent autolysis; this phenomenon is discussed. The response of these organisms to both serine and the basic amino acids at the three growth temperatures seems especially significant. The media devised for the growth of the five strains of B. coagulans used in this study permit excellent growth at three incubation temperatures.
The IBM statistical process control implementation program: an interactive videodisc approach

IBM recently developed a unique training program to support statistical process control (SPC) needs. The mission was to create a high-quality laser interactive videodisc course for the IBM InfoWindow system. Specialists involved in the venture included professionals in the areas of script writing, video production, instructional design, testing, set design, art, and interactive videodisc production. The product includes not only the videodiscs but materials designed to assist a management team in implementing SPC in their manufacturing setting. A carefully designed sequence of implementation meetings carries an SPC team through the process of establishing on-line controls. All examples in the course are from the semiconductor industry. >
Progressive bitstream transmission over tandem channels

We propose a novel distortion minimization technique for the transmission of a packetized progressive bitstream. We consider tandem channels introducing bit errors and packet erasures. We formalize the distortion minimization problem as a constrained optimization problem and propose an algorithm that optimally allocates the available budget between the bit error and packet loss protection components. We show that our proposed optimization technique is robust and has a linear complexity in the transmission rate. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Intelligence Testing and Chicanos: A Quality of Life Issue

Chicanos, like other nonwhite minorities in the United States, find themselves at a heavy political, economic and educational disadvantage, and are one of the major target populations in America's attempt to provide equal educational opportunity. As a major instrument employed by educational institutions in the allocation of educational opportunity, the social activity of intelligence testing becomes an important concern for the Chicano community. That Chicanos have been limited in their educational opportunities and in the enjoyment of the benefits of American society is evident in their underrepresentation in occupations and professions requiring extended education. Our purpose will not be to present intelligence testing as a causal agent in the development of the Chicanos' educational situation, but rather, as part of an educational ideology that attempts to legitimate the Chicanos' educational inequalities as a result of the group's inability to function competently within the American institutional structure.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Quercus rubra (Fagaceae) in old-growth and secondary forests in southern New England.

The genetic diversity and structure of Quercus rubra L. (Red Oak) in five secondary populations regenerated on old pastures and five paired old-growth populations were compared to determine whether secondary populations may have lost genetic diversity present in the presettlement forest. Old-growth samples had significantly greater nuclear allelic richness than secondary stands at the four microsatellite, simple sequence repeat (SSR), markers tested, but there was no significant difference at three chloroplast SSRs. There was however tenfold greater differentiation (high FST) among secondary forests than among old-growth forests for the chloroplast loci, suggesting greater population isolation at the time of their founding. The young age class in secondary stands had significantly greater chloroplast allelic richness than the old age class, suggesting some recovery as the forest cover increased. Forest cover and patch size at peak deforestation was not correlated with allelic richness in secondary stands, but the power of this test was low. The current size of old-growth stands is, however, positively correlated with levels of genetic diversity. Results suggest that deforestation for agriculture may reduce genetic diversity of forest trees, particularly in the first generation after deforestation, but that some recovery of this diversity is likely in these patchy landscapes. Wind dispersed pollen flow may increase in these areas, but animal dispersed seed flow may be reduced.
The Moderating Effect of Work Context Satisfactions on the Curvilinear Relationship Between Job Scope and Affective Response

This paper examines the interaction of job scope and satisfaction with contextualfeatures of the job in determining affective response. Data from four samples were analyzed using moderated regression analysis. The results were opposite those predicted from existing theory although consistent with one other published study. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY: XLV. ATTITUDE RESEARCH: GEORGE A. KELLY'S USE OF POLAR ADJECTIVES

This article presents information about Dr. George A. Kelly's work in attitude measurement while he was at Fort Hays Kansas State College (1931–1943). The use of bipolar scales to measure the attit...
Management of postoperative urinary retention

The purpose of this report is to review the associated anatomy, physiology, and etiology of this condition as well as current concepts for its management
Citizens as Propagules for Exotic Plants: Measurement and Management Implications1

Abstract There is a significant positive association between exotic plant species richness of an area and the human population size of that area. This association is notable not only for its high correlation (r2 = 0.69) but also because it spans five orders of magnitude for human population size. The correlation is apparently caused by the introduction of increasing numbers of exotic species as human population size grows. As population grows, so does exotic propagule importation and habitat disturbance. The regression is clearly asymptotic, indicating that per capita rates of exotic species introductions decline as human population continues to increase. A main implication for exotic species control is that efforts to limit exotic species will be most effective and least costly in areas (at many scales) where human population size is still relatively small. Another implication is that because human population size will continue to increase in many areas, educating the general public about harmful exotic ...
Two Murine γ-Globulin Allotypic Specificities Identified by Ascitic Fluid Isoprecipitins and Determined by Allelic Genes

Conclusions1. Two murine γ-globulin allotypic specificities, Asa1 and Asa2 were identified by ascitic fluid isoprecipitins using agar gel immunochemical methods. 2. Only one allotypic specificity, either Asa1 or Asa2, was found in each of 42 inbred strains and substrains of mice. 3. The Asa1 and Asa2 allotypic specificities are inherited by codominant autosomal alleles which are not closely linked with the brown-black locus (linkage group VIII) and the dilute-dense locus (linkage group II). 4. Substrain STR/N has the Asa1 allele whereas STR/1N has the Asa2 allele indicating the second known gene difference between these two substrains.
A novel role of CD4 Th17 cells in mediating cardiac allograft rejection and vasculopathy

T-bet plays a crucial role in Th1 development. We investigated the role of T-bet in the development of allograft rejection in an established MHC class II–mismatched (bm12 into B6) model of chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Intriguingly, and in contrast to IFN-γ−/− mice that are protected from CAV, T-bet−/− recipients develop markedly accelerated allograft rejection accompanied by early severe vascular inflammation and vasculopathy, and infiltration by predominantly IL-17–producing CD4 T cells. Concurrently, T-bet−/− mice exhibit a T helper type 1 (Th1)–deficient environment characterized by profound IFN-γ deficiency, a Th2 switch characterized by increased production of interleukin (IL) 4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 cytokines, as well as increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-17. Neutralization of IL-17 inhibits accelerated allograft rejection and vasculopathy in T-bet−/− mice. Interestingly, CD4 but not CD8 T cell deficiency in T-bet−/− mice affords dramatic protection from vasculopathy and facilitates long-term graft acceptance. This is the first study establishing that in the absence of Th1-mediated alloimmune responses, CD4 Th17 cells mediate an aggressive proinflammatory response culminating in severe accelerated allograft rejection and vasculopathy. These results have important implications for the development of novel therapies to target this intractable problem in clinical solid organ transplantation.
Regional distribution of Paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae, the causative organism of American foulbrood, in honey bee colonies of the Western United States.

We examined honey bee, Apis mellifera L., colonies pollinating almonds in California during February 2003 for Paenibacillus larvae subsp. Larvae, the causative organism of the virulent brood disease American foulbrood. Colonies originating from the Rocky Mountain area and California had significantly higher numbers (P or = 400 per 30 bees) differed significantly, with those from the Rocky Mountain region having 8.73% compared with those of the upper Midwest with 0%. The significance of CFU levels was evaluated by inoculating healthy colonies with diseased immatures and sampling adult bees. The number of CFUs detected per diseased immature was conservatively estimated to be approximately 399 CFUs per 30 adult bees. We defined this spore level as 1 disease equivalent. Based on this, 3.86% colonies in our survey had 1 or more disease equivalent number of P. larvae larvae CFUs. Operations with high P. larvae larvae spore levels in their colonies will likely observe American foulbrood if prophylaxis is not practiced diligently.
Surgical Management of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula After Craniotomy: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Background Development of dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) with cortical venous drainage at the site of previous craniotomy is a rare manifestation of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The authors present a case of postcraniotomy dAVF formation and discuss plausible underlying mechanisms of fistula formation and treatment options as well as review the literature. Case Description A 62-year-old man, who had undergone craniotomy 2 decades previously, presented with SAH. Workup revealed a low-flow dAVF with leptomeningeal venous drainage at the posterior margin of the craniotomy. Surgical resection of fistula was undertaken that resulted in cure. Conclusions Spontaneous SAH in patients with a previous history of an intracranial procedure (e.g., craniotomy, ventriculostomy) should prompt detailed imaging evaluation. In the absence of vascular disease, meticulous review of the angiogram must be undertaken to rule out dAVF at the procedure site and it should be treated definitively.