cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview and Insights into Carbapenem Allergy.

Understanding antibiotic allergies and the risk of cross-sensitivity between and within antibiotic classes can have a substantial impact on patient care. The purpose of this review article is to provide insight into carbapenem allergies, describing the overall incidence, risk factors, and in-class cross-sensitivity. A PubMed search was conducted using the following search terms: carbapenem, allergy, cross-sensitivity, incidence, imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem, ertapenem, and doripenem. Article bibliographies and relevant drug monographs were also reviewed. The overall reported incidence of carbapenem allergy is 0.3%–3.7%. Risk of cross-sensitivity between penicillins and carbapenems is less than 1% in patients with a positive penicillin skin test. Data on cross-sensitivity between cephalosporins and carbapenems are limited; however, the risk appears to also be low. No clinical studies have described cross-sensitivity between the carbapenem agents thus far. The limited data available from case reports demonstrates a lack of cross-sensitivity between the individual carbapenems, suggesting that an alternative carbapenem may cautiously be used in patients with a reported carbapenem allergy.
Efficient gene transfers into neocortical neurons connected by NMDA NR1-containing synapses.

Abstract Background Within a circuit, specific neurons and synapses are hypothesized to have essential roles in circuit physiology and learning, and dysfunction in these neurons and synapses causes specific disorders. These critical neurons and synapses are embedded in complex circuits containing many neuron and synapse types. New method We established technology that can deliver different genes into pre- and post-synaptic neurons connected by a specific synapse type. The first, presynaptic gene transfer employs standard gene transfer technology to express a synthetic peptide neurotransmitter which has three domains, a dense core vesicle sorting domain for processing the protein as a peptide neurotransmitter, a receptor-binding domain, here a small peptide that binds to NMDA NR1 subunits, and the His tag. Upon release, this peptide neurotransmitter binds to its cognate receptor on postsynaptic neurons. Gene transfer selectively into these postsynaptic neurons employs antibody-mediated, targeted gene transfer and anti-His tag antibodies, which recognize the His tag domain in the synthetic peptide neurotransmitter. Results For the model system, we studied the connection from projection neurons in postrhinal cortex to specific neurons in perirhinal cortex. In our initial report, gene transfer to connected neurons was 20 + 1% specific. Here, we optimized the technology; we improved the transfection for packaging by using a modern using a modern lipid, Lipofectamine 3000, and used a modern confocal microscope to collect data. We now report 80 + 2% specific gene transfer to connected neurons. Comparison with existing methods There is no existing method with this capability. Conclusions This technology may enable studies on the roles of specific neurons and synapses in circuit physiology and learning, and support gene therapy treatments for specific disorders.
Flipping a Protein Switch: Carotenoid-Mediated Quenching in Plants

Plants are known to protect themselves from photodamage by quenching excess energy, yet how this happens remains widely debated. In this issue of Chem, Croce and co-workers combine ultrafast spectroscopy and mutagenesis to shed light on the elusive photophysical pathways and site of quenching in CP29, a minor light-harvesting complex.
Food Insecurity in Primary Care: Patient Perception and Preferences.

Background and objectives Screening for and addressing food insecurity in primary care may improve associated comorbidities. The purpose of this study was to explore patient attitudes regarding screening for food insecurity and to elicit patient preferences for intervention in a primary care setting. Methods Patients (N=284) completed a brief, voluntary survey in a university-based clinic and two community-based clinics over a 5-month period. Respondents were classified as either food-secure or food-insecure based on their responses to a validated food insecurity screener. Results Participants stated that screening for food insecurity was valuable in the primary care setting (83.9%). Patients preferred having a nurse ask the screening questions (41.2%). The most popular intervention preference, regardless of food security status or clinic type, was to provide a list of food bank locations (76.4%) and local community organizations (71.6%) and to have referral to financial assistance programs (75.4%). There were no differences in preferences for screening or attitudes toward screening by food security status or clinic type (all P≥.05). Conclusions Screening for food insecurity is not yet standard practice, partly due to concerns over potentially alienating patients with the screening questions. Based on our surveyed patient population and their indicated preferences, screening and providing resource referrals for food insecurity is not likely to damage the clinician-patient relationship.
Controllability of a Class of Hybrid Systems

This paper investigates controllability of a class of hybrid systems modeled by a hybrid machine consisting of an automaton for discrete events and a dynamic system for continuous variables. Control of discrete events is achieved by forcing some forcible events and disabling some controllable events. Depending on which events are forcible and/or controllable and on the connectivity of the automaton, the hybrid system may or may not be controllable. For the case that all events are controllable and forcible and the automaton is strongly connected, a necessary and sufficient condition for controllability is obtained, using some existing results on controllability of switched linear systems. For three other cases, sufficient conditions are derived. An example of an autonomous electric vehicle is given to illustrate the results.
An Efficient 2.4 GHz Differential Rectenna for Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting

This paper presents a rectenna to harvest RF energy at the ISM band of 2.4 GHz. A differential topology for the rectifier, along with microstrip patch antennas, are adopted to eliminate a power splitter at the input and a voltage adder at the output reducing the ohmic loss and leakage. The rectenna is prototyped on Rogers 4003C substrate. The measurement results indicate that the proposed rectenna achieves the peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 69.3 %, while delivering 5.1 mW to the load.
Is medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibition?

Objective This article reviews the literature and evidence of the association of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibition. Methods A systematic review was performed using electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Key terms were used in the search. No restrictions were placed on publication status. Selection criteria comprised all levels of available evidence. Articles in the English language were selected up to and including July 2020. Reference lists of relevant studies were searched for additional articles. Articles were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings from eligible studies were extracted by one reviewer and confirmed by a second. Disagreements were settled through discussion. Results The initial search of the key terms yielded 2107 articles. There were 1192 articles remaining after removal of duplicates and addition of 6 articles that were hand-selected from among reference lists of relevant studies. There were 12 eligible articles after screening. The full texts were read, and 5 articles were included on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conclusions Further research is required to determine an association of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and tumor necrosis factor-α inhibition.
A Cas12a-based gene editing system for Phytophthora infestans reveals monoallelic expression of an elicitor

Phytophthora infestans is a destructive pathogen of potato and a model for investigations of oomycete biology. The successful application of a CRISPR gene editing system to P. infestans is so far unreported. We discovered that it is difficult to express CRISPR/Cas9 but not a catalytically inactive form in transformants, suggesting that the active nuclease is toxic. We were able to achieve editing with CRISPR/Cas12a using vectors in which the nuclease and its guide RNA were expressed from a single transcript. Using the elicitor gene Inf1 as a target, we observed editing of one or both alleles in up to 13% of transformants. Editing was more efficient when guide RNA processing relied on the Cas12a direct repeat instead of ribozyme sequences. INF1 protein was not made when both alleles were edited in the same transformant, but surprisingly also when only one allele was altered. We discovered that the isolate used for editing, 1306, exhibited monoallelic expression of Inf1 due to insertion of a copia-like element in the promoter of one allele. The element exhibits features of active retrotransposons, including a target site duplication, long terminal repeats, and an intact polyprotein reading frame. Editing occurred more often on the transcribed allele, presumably due to differences in chromatin structure. The Cas12a system not only provides a tool for modifying genes in P. infestans, but also for other members of the genus by expanding the number of editable sites. Our work also highlights a natural mechanism that remodels oomycete genomes.
Reduced humoral response to mRNA SARS-Cov-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients without prior exposure to the virus. No cause for alarm.

Results of the study by Grupper et al (1) should not be surprising, since, as mentioned by the authors, most previous vaccines immunogenicity studies showed less response in transplant recipients (references 25 to 29 in that publication.) Cellular immune response to the COVID-19 vaccine may be more important that the humoral immune response as recently described in a preprint publication by Chen et al (2). Cellular immune response to the COVID-19 vaccine was not assessed in the study by Grupper et al.
Pruritus in Chronic Kidney Disease

Itch in chronic kidney disease (CKD), classically known as uremic pruritus or renal itch, is one of the most common complications of end-stage renal disease. Itch contributes to the burden of kidney disease and is markedly detrimental to the quality of life of this patient population. The underlying physiology and pathogenesis are discussed, as are current treatments. Rapid progress in understanding the mechanisms that underlie the sensation of itch is leading to new approaches to the therapy.
Existence and Stability of Coexistence States for a Nonlocal Evolution System

J(x,y)dyw.Nonlocal evolution systems like (1.1) naturally arise in population dynamics and may beutilized to model a vast variety of phenomena. In such a system, the rates of change of uand vat position xat time tdepend on the inﬂuence of neighboring of uand vat all otherpositions (see [6], [7], [18]). Its local counterparts have been extensively studied over past fewdecades (see [9], [16], [19], [22], [23], [29] and references therein). We assume that two speciesare very similar. Namely, in what follows, we shall assume that τis positive but very small.Clearly, when τ = 0, uand vplay identical roles in this system. In the present work, weconcentrate on the coexistence of stationary states of (1.1) and their stability.Throughout this paper, we always assume that(H1) J(·,·) ∈ C([0,h] ×[0,h],R
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS OF A PATIENT WITH HYPERGLYCINEMIA.

Observations of a patient with hyperglycinemia have been extended. The patient, who has been subsisting on a low protein diet, has shown some improvement in the clinical manifestations though he has failed to grow. Loading experiments have increased the list of amino acids capable of inducing ketosis and symptoms in the patient to five: leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, and methionine. Eleven other amino acids have been similarly tested and were found to be beneficial, reducing the toxicity of the five ketogenic amino acids. Blood levels of the amino acids have been measured under a variety of circumstances. When given alone, the toxic amino acids were found to accumulate in the blood. Such accumulations were less striking when the nonketogenic amino acids were given together with the ketogenic ones. The patient has been benefitted by a diet low in protein which has been supplemented by the innocuous amino acids.
Vascular Constraints and Long Distance Transport in Dicots

Publisher Summary Plants are often assumed to be capable of freely translocating resources from one part of the plant to all other parts, a condition that we describe as integrated. In reality, many vascular plants are sectorial, meaning that the movement of nutrients, photosynthate, and other substances is restricted to specific vascular, xylem or phloem, pathways. Sectorial plants consist of numerous integrated physiological units (IPUs) whose pathways are relatively independent of each other. Integrated and sectorial define two ends of what in reality is a continuum among species. The patterns of sectoriality across plant species, the ecological consequences of sectoriality, or the evolutionary pressures selecting for greater sectoriality or integration have been examined. This chapter reviews why sectorial transport is common and briefly discusses how it interacts with environmental heterogeneity. It ends with a description of new techniques for quantifying sectoriality and a discussion of the ecological conditions that might favor evolution of independent sectors or increased integration. The chapter aims to stimulate research on (1) the ecological consequences of sectoriality, and (2) the evolutionary forces that may determine the extent of sectoriality. The discussion is restricted to dicots; monocots are generally integrated because of the large number of interconnected vascular traces and the numerous vascular bundles that come together in complex combinations at nodes.
Making Biological Sense of GWAS Data: Lessons from the FTO Locus

GWAS have yielded many candidate loci for complex diseases like obesity, but interpreting the biological context of these findings has been difficult. Claussnitzer et al. (2015) use a sophisticated combination of bioinformatic and experimental approaches to address this bottleneck for variants in the FTO locus that associate with obesity.
One-step and linear multistep methods for nonlinear consolidation

Abstract The behavior of numerical ODE methods for the solution of nonlinear consolidation is investigated. One-step algorithms based on the generalized trapezoidal method and linear multistep methods based on the backward differentiation formulas (BDF) are considered. Mechanical deformation is coupled with fluid flow via a formulation based on Biot's three-dimensional consolidation theory. The resulting nonlinear FE matrix equations are cast in such a form that the one-step and the BDF methods can be coded in a similar fashion via the use of a displacement difference operator. Accuracy and stability analyses are presented for both the one-step and BDF methods. In particular, the effect of variable step size on the stability of the BDF methods is discussed in the context of a zero-stability criterion so that bounds on a uniformly growing step size can be established. The generalized trapezoidal methods and the backward differentiation formulas of order up to three are shown to converge with the expected order, save for round-off errors, for nonlinear consolidation problems where the soil is modeled as an elasto-plastic material of the Cam-Clay type.
Integrated topology control and routing in wireless sensor networks for prolonged network lifetime

This study considers an integrated topology control and routing problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which are employed to gather data via use of sensors with limited energy resources. We employ a hierarchical topology and routing structure with multiple sinks and devise a topology control scheme via usable energy fraction at the sensors. We develop and examine three different mathematical models whose solutions prescribe clusterhead and sink locations and data routing from sensors to sinks in a period of a deployment cycle. We develop a heuristic solution algorithm which provides very small optimality gaps for the models. The approach utilizes two types of solution representations, a combination of multiple neighborhoods, and objective value-based cut inequalities for improving the evaluation of candidate solutions. We present extensive numerical test results and analysis of the models and the solution approach. We determine that our proposed model, which minimizes average energy usage and the range of remaining energy distribution at the sensors, captures important characteristics of topology control and routing integration in WSN design and exhibits significantly better performance than our benchmark models and a well-known protocol HEED in extending network lifetime.
EWS/FLI1 suppresses retinoblastoma protein function and senescence in Ewing's sarcoma cells

Ewing's Family Tumors (EFTs) most commonly harbor a specific t(11;22) translocation that generates the EWS/FLI1 fusion protein responsible for malignant transformation. Many potential downstream targets of EWS/FLI1 have been identified but a detailed mechanism by which the fusion protein brings about transformation remains unknown. In this report, we show that depletion of EWS/FLI1 in Ewing's cell lines results in a senescence phenotype, a marked increase in expression of the G1/S regulatory proteins p27(kip1) and p57(kip2), and a significant decrease in cyclin D1 and CDK2. We also demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that knockdown of EWS/FLI1 leads to hypophosphorylation and functional activation of the retinoblastoma (pRb) family of proteins. Consistent with activation of the pRb proteins, E2F-responsive genes such as cyclin A are repressed in EWS/FLI1-depleted cells. Together, these results support the role of EWS/LI1 as an inhibitor of cellular senescence and implicate the retinoblastoma family of proteins as key mediators of this inhibition.
Biologics in the management of ulcerative colitis – comparative safety and efficacy of TNF-α antagonists

Ulcerative colitis can cause debilitating symptoms and complications such as colonic strictures, colonic dysplasia, colorectal cancer, and toxic megacolon or perforation. Goals of treatment in ulcerative colitis include resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms, healing of colonic mucosa, and prevention of disease complications. Our treatment armamentarium has expanded dramatically over the past 10 years, and we now have multiple biologic agents approved for the treatment of moderate-severe disease, in addition to conventional therapies such as 5-aminosalicylates, thiopurines, and corticosteroids. In this review, we will provide a detailed discussion of the three tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors currently approved for treatment of ulcerative colitis: infliximab, adalimumab, and golimumab. All three agents are effective for inducing and maintaining clinical response and remission in patients with ulcerative colitis, and they have comparable safety profiles. There are no head-to-head trials comparing their efficacy, and the choice of agent is most often based on insurance coverage, route of administration, and patient preference. Combination therapy with an immunomodulator is proven to be more effective than anti-TNF monotherapy, and patients who lose response to an anti-TNF agent should undergo dose intensification in order to regain clinical response. Despite therapeutic optimization, a significant percentage of patients will not achieve clinical remission with anti-TNF agents, and so newer therapies are on the horizon.
Evaluation of physiological measures for correcting variation in urinary output: Implications for assessing environmental chemical exposure in children

Urinary contaminant concentrations are commonly adjusted by creatinine to account for the variability in urinary output. This approach may not be optimal among children due to developmental growth of muscle mass and the associated increase in creatinine formation. An alternative approach is to measure the specific gravity of the urine sample, which reflects the solute concentration of the urine. We compare the appropriateness of urinary creatinine and urinary-specific gravity as factors for correcting morning and evening spot urine samples collected from 23 children (3-11 years) for a total of 41 days in four different seasons. Two linear mixed-effects models were fit using age, sex, season, and sample collection time (morning/evening) as predictors with specific gravity and creatinine as dependent variables. Specific gravity was significantly associated with the sample collection time (P<0.001) with morning samples higher than evening samples. Creatinine was significantly associated with season (P<0.05), sample collection time (P<0.0001), and age (P<0.0001). Creatinine levels were higher during the summer compared to the other seasons, higher in the morning compared to the evening, and higher with increases in children's age. Normalizing the children's spot urine samples using creatinine would introduce bias to the data analysis. Whereas using specific gravity to correct for variable urinary output would be more robust. In addition, measuring specific gravity is relatively easy, does not require the use of chemicals, and the results are available instantaneously.
Flotation Behavior of Jinchuan High Grade Copper-Nickel Sulphide with the Action of Different Regulators

The useful minerals of Jinchuan high-grade copper and nickel suphfide ores were mainly nickel and copper, whose grade were respectively 1.42% and 1.01%. The content of MgO and SiO2, main gangue components, reached 57.89%. The key to improve the separation indexes of flotation concentrate was to inhibit the gangue minerals effectively, therefore, the effects of different kinds of regulators on Jinchuan high grade copper-nickel ores by flotation were studied. Considering the grade and recovery of concentrate comprehensively, the optimal regulator of mineral flotation was determined to be the combination of sodium hexametaphosphate and citric acid, and the dosage were 300g/t and 500g/t, respectively. After analyzing the mechanism of the two regulators, the combined reagents could reduce the isoelectric point of gangue minerals, decreasing the adsorption between gangue minerals and valuable minerals. In addition, the reagents were able to eliminate the activation of useless ions such as Ca2+ and Ni2+ on the gangue minerals and improve the ion composition of pulp, increasing the difference of floatability between gangue and useful minerals.
QSAR modeling of imbalanced high-throughput screening data in PubChem.

Many of the structures in PubChem are annotated with activities determined in high-throughput screening (HTS) assays. Because of the nature of these assays, the activity data are typically strongly imbalanced, with a small number of active compounds contrasting with a very large number of inactive compounds. We have used several such imbalanced PubChem HTS assays to test and develop strategies to efficiently build robust QSAR models from imbalanced data sets. Different descriptor types [Quantitative Neighborhoods of Atoms (QNA) and “biological” descriptors] were used to generate a variety of QSAR models in the program GUSAR. The models obtained were compared using external test and validation sets. We also report on our efforts to incorporate the most predictive of our models in the publicly available NCI/CADD Group Web services (http://cactus.nci.nih.gov/chemical/apps/cap).
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND THE NURSE'S ROLE IN CREATING A THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP

This paper reviews research on the psychological characteristics of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa and that examining the therapeutic relationship. The former research suggests that anorexic patients possess a psychological profile characterized by: a phobia of weight gain and fear of loss of control; alexithymia and lack of introceptive awareness; mistrust of self and others; cognitive dysfunction; low self-esteem; and often the presence of starvation-induced depression. The latter strongly suggests that in order for a relationship to be therapeutic it needs to be characterized by: empathy; positive regard and acceptance; warmth; commitment; trust; genuineness; and be non-judgemental. The implications of these research findings regarding the nurse's role in forming a therapeutic relationship with anorexic patients is then discussed. It is seen that it is vital that nurses receive adequate education before working with such patients, and that their knowledge is regularly updated. Nurses should receive regular clinical supervision and support, in order to ensure that they are able to provide therapeutic care for such patients.
Economic Analysis of Conservation and Conventional Tillage Cropping Systems on Clayey Soil in Eastern Arkansas

Conservation tillage offers an alternative approach for managing clayey soils in the midsouthern United States. This study compared conservation tillage seedbed preparation vs. conventional tillage main plots with subplots of (i) nonirrigated soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), (ii) irrigated soybean, (iii) irrigated grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.), (iv) irrigated soybean followed by irrigated grain sorghum, (v) irrigated soybean followed by irrigated corn (Zea mays L.), and (vi) continuous irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) for the years 1986 to 1991 at Keiser, AR. Cropping practices were similar to those used by producers in the area. Grain sorghum yielded better in a soybean rotation than in monoculture and also in conventionally tilled seedbed than in conservation tillage. For other crops, yield did not differ significantly by tillage. Except for cotton, conventional tillage resulted in higher average net returns (NR) than conservation tillage. Although the most profitable system was continuous cotton with conservation tillage, NR varied widely across years, and there were fewer observations for cotton than for other systems in the study. Among conventional tillage seedbed preparation, nonirrigated continuous soybean was more profitable than any of the irrigated systems, including irrigated soybean. However, irrigated soybean resulted in NR that were less variable than nonirrigated soybean. The study confirmed the increased variable costs and decreased equipment costs that accompany conservation tillage systems. Even with the dramatic changes in burndown herbicide costs that have occurred since the study was conducted, the rankings of the cropping systems for profitability would not change.
Seasonality of MRSA infections.

Using MRSA isolates submitted to our hospital microbiology laboratory January 2001–March 2010 and the number of our emergency department (ED) visits, quarterly community-associated (CA) and hospital-associated (HA) MRSA infections were modeled using Poisson regressions. For pediatric patients, approximately 1.85x (95% CI 1.45x–2.36x, adj. p<0.0001) as many CA-MRSA infections per ED visit occurred in the second two quarters as occurred in the first two quarters. For adult patients, 1.14x (95% CI 1.01x–1.29x, adj.p = 0.03) as many infections per ED visit occurred in the second two quarters as in the first two quarters. Approximately 2.94x (95% CI 1.39x–6.21x, adj.p = 0.015) as many HA-MRSA infections per hospital admission occurred in the second two quarters as occurred in the first two quarters for pediatric patients. No seasonal variation was observed among adult HA-MRSA infections per hospital admission. We demonstrated seasonality of MRSA infections and provide a summary table of similar observations in other studies.
Channel Catfish Virus Experiments with Different Strains of Channel Catfish

Abstract Experimental infections of channel catfish virus were made by feeding virus to six strains of 1-, 2-, and 3-month-old channel catfish from different geographical areas and two hybrid strains. There was no significant difference in mortality between age groups. Mortality rates differed significantly between the various strains, with mean mortality ranging from 10% to 71% among infected fish. Mortality percentage of the Falcon group was significantly higher than all other groups. Hybrid strains had the lowest percentage of mortality.
Assessment of Cognitive Impairment: Relationship of the Dementia Rating Scale to the Mini-Mental State Examination:

The relationship between the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was examined in 50 patients referred for neuropsychological assessment. The correlation between these two tests was moderately high (ρ =.72; Pearson r =.78), supporting previous findings. Linear regression analysis yielded equations that allow prediction of scores from one test to the other. Neither age nor education correlated significantly with these two tests. Examination of the five DRS subscales and the eleven MMSE items revealed some unexpected relationships. These results suggest that these two cognitive screening instruments evaluate some overlapping mental abilities; however, the validity of the individual items and subscales is not well supported.
Are grand unified theories compatible with standard cosmology

The existence of superheavy monopoles is a necessary consequence of grand unified field theories. Estimates of the number of monopoles produced in the early Universe are made under some very general assumptions. Except possibly for the case of small Higgs mass, the number produced is many orders of magnitude greater than that allowed by the standard "hot" big-bang cosmology.
The impact of EU export subsidy reductions on U.S. dairy exports

In this article, we consider the impact of European Union (EU) export subsidy reductions on the U.S. dairy trade. We assume reductions of 36% similar to the 1995 World Trade Organization agreement. The price substitutability between U.S. and EU dairy products is estimated using a Rotterdam-type production model. Past analyses have suggested that EU export subsidy reductions will increase U.S. dairy exports because the removal of EU subsidies will raise EU export dairy prices, rendering U.S. dairy products more competitive on world markets. This is partially true for nonfat dry milk, where our projections indicate an increase of 4.6% in U.S. exports. U.S. cheese, butter, and whey exports, on the other hand, rise by only 0.2, 0.1, and 0.2%, respectively. The main reason for the relatively modest gains is that the U.S. and EU dairy products are independent, not substitutes, for one another in a majority of the countries studied. [JEL classifications: Q17, Q18, F53] © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The First Forbidden β-Decay*

The energy spectrum, longitudinal polarization, and various S-r correlations, with and without measurement of S or r-ray polarizations, are calculated for the first forbidden S·decay. The theoretical expressions include finite nuclear size effects, in the form of a simple modification of older expressions. A short discussion of relevant Coulomb functions is presented. Interference from so-called third forbidden transitions is also included. The expressions are presented in a reasonably accurate expansion such that the energy dependence, dependence on real and imaginary parts of coupling constants, and dependence on independent nuclear matrix elements, are dearly revealed. Possibilities for testing the time reversal invariance of the interaction are discussed. The B-r directional correlation is probably most useful for this purpose among the various possibilities in the first forbidden transition. . The transverse B polarization is probably not useful for this purpose (it may, however, be used to determine nuclear matrix elements). Determination of other general properties of the B-decay interaction from first forbidden decays is probably even more difficult. Special information that might, however, .be obtained from examination of a 0-0 transition is discussed. It is proposed that there is a fruitful field for determinig properties of specific nuclei by measurement of several properties of a single decay. Both accurate and simplified expressions are presented to show what may be looked for. Absolute measurement of r polarization following S·decay and measurement of the {j-r correlation and its energy dependence are very promising experiments; as are of course, (the widely known} accurate spectrum and longitudinal polarization measurements. A special discussion is presented of the RaE case, where it is pointed out that accurate longitudinal polarization measurements could be very hel pful.
Molecular sieving by electropolymerized porphyrin films only a few monolayers thick

Polymeric films can be formed on smooth Pt electrodes by oxidative polymerization of cobalt tetrakis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin, (Co(o-NH{sub 2})TPP). Although the films are extremely thin, as few as two monomolecular layers of porphyrin sites, they exhibit permeabilities to molecular monomers that fall in a regular order of permeant molecular volume. The molecular sieving property is taken as evidence that membrane transport, rather than pinhole transport, is the predominant transport mechanism in these films. The permeability data are supported by film thickness measurements by electrochemical reactivity, surface profilometry, transmission spectrophotometry, ellipsometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
A phase II trial of recombinant tumor necrosis factor in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma.

Sixteen previously treated (with only one prior regimen) patients with histologically proven metastatic or locally recurrent colorectal carcinoma were treated with recombinant tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) administered by 30-minute i.v. infusions twice daily for 5 consecutive days every other week for 8 weeks. Patients received 100 micrograms/m2 twice daily on day 1 of cycle 1 with escalation to 150 micrograms/m2 twice daily thereafter. Patients were concomitantly treated with indomethacin 25 mg every 6 hours and acetaminophen 650 mg every 4 hours to obviate fever and chills. Toxicities included: nausea/vomiting (69%), headache (25%), chills (69%), pain at tumor sites (63%), hypotension (31%), and hypertension (38%). Hematologic toxicity included leukopenia less than 2000 cells/mm3 (38%) and thrombocytopenia less than 100,000 cells/mm3 (13%). Liver function abnormalities occurred independently of the site or extent of metastatic disease and inconsistently in each treatment cycle. Four patients developed bilirubinemia greater than 2.5 x baseline values (range, 2.5 to 10.3 U/L); five patients had greater than 2.5 x elevations in alkaline phosphatase (range, 624 to 1663 U/L). Two patients developed retinal vein thrombosis in the absence of hemostatic abnormalities. In both instances, this complication occurred several weeks after completion of therapy. No objective responses were noted in 14 evaluable patients (95% confidence interval: 0 to 0.23). Three patients had stable disease for a median duration of 4.5 months. In conclusion, i.v. rTNF at this dose and schedule has no demonstrable antitumor efficacy. Twice-daily i.v. administration of this agent is associated with more hepatotoxicity than previously reported in trials using subcutaneous or once daily i.v. administration. Retinal vein thrombosis may be a late complication of i.v. rTNF at this dose and schedule.
114: FAMILIAL SEX CHROMOSOMAL MOSAICISM

Familial mosaicism has rarely been reported. Its recognition poses problems in prognosis, especially prenatally.
Reductive catabolism of uracil and thymine by Burkholderia cepacia

Catabolism of uracil and thymine in Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 25416 was shown to occur using a reductive pathway. The first pathway enzyme, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, was shown to utilize NADPH as its nicotinamide cofactor. Growth of B. cepacia on pyrimidine bases as the nitrogen source instead of on ammonium sulfate increased dehydrogenase activity at least 32-fold. The second and third reductive pathway enzymes, dihydropyrimidinase and N-carbamoyl-β-alanine amidohydrolase, respectively, exhibited activities elevated more than 21-fold when pyrimidine or dihydropyrimidine bases served as the nitrogen source rather than ammonium sulfate. The pathway enzyme activities were induced after growth on 5-methylcytosine.
Absence of finite upper critical dimension in the spherical Kardar-Parisi-Zhang model.

It is shown in this paper that the scaling properties of an $N$-component Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation in the large $N$ limit (spherical limit) can be obtained by solving the mode-coupling equation. The full scaling functions and the critical exponents in the large $N$ limit are obtained exactly by solving the mode-coupling equation numerically. The dynamic exponent $z$ is found to be 1.615 at dimension $d=2$, very close to the value obtained by numerical simulation of growth process, but $z$ remains less than 2 in any finite dimension, suggesting the existence of a strong coupling regime for any finite dimension.
Methanolysis and Phenolysis Routes to Fe6, Fe8, and Fe10 Complexes and Their Magnetic Properties: A New Type of Fe8 Ferric Wheel

Alcoholysis of preformed tetranuclear and hexanuclear iron(III) clusters has been employed for the synthesis of four higher-nuclearity clusters. Treatment of [Fe(4)O(2)(O(2)CMe)(7)(bpy)(2)](ClO(4)) with phenol affords the hexanuclear cluster [Fe(6)O(3)(O(2)CMe)(9)(OPh)(2)(bpy)(2)](ClO(4)) (1). Reaction of [Fe(6)O(2)(OH)(2)(O(2)CR)(10)(hep)(2)] (R = Bu(t) or Ph) with PhOH affords the new "ferric wheel" complexes [Fe(8)(OH)(4)(OPh)(8)(O(2)CR)(12)] [R = Bu(t) (2) or Ph (3)]. Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit the same structure, which is an unprecedented type for Fe(III). In contrast, treatment of [Fe(6)O(2)(OH)(2)(O(2)CBu(t))(10)(hep)(2)] with MeOH leads to the formation of [Fe(10)(OMe)(20)(O(2)CBu(t))(10)] (4), which exhibits the more common type of ferric wheel seen in analogous complexes with other carboxylate groups. Solid-state variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate spin-singlet ground states for complexes 2 and 4. The recently developed semiempirical method ZILSH was used to estimate the pairwise exchange parameters (J(AB)) and the average spin couplings S(A)[empty set].S(B)[empty set] between the Fe(III) centers, providing a clear depiction of the overall magnetic behavior of the molecules. All exchange interactions between adjacent Fe(III) atoms are antiferromagnetic.
Ultra-wide dynamic range receiver for noise loaded WDM transmission systems

We demonstrated ultra-wide input power range receivers for noise-loaded WDM applications without using optical variable attenuators. Required OSNR at 6E-5 BER exhibited less than 1dB variation across receiver input power range from -22dBm to +4Bm.
Compression modalities and dressings: their use in venous ulcers

Among the standard of care for venous ulcer treatment are the use of compression therapy to reverse the effect of venous hypertension and the use of occlusive dressings to maintain a moist wound-healing environment and for treatment of abnormalities of the ulcer bed. The use of multilayered elastic bandages for compression in patients with normal arterial flow currently provides the treatment with the highest level of evidence for treatment of venous ulcers. Additionally, treatment of the ulcer bed, especially with cadexemer iodine dressings, is also supported by evidence from randomized controlled trials, whereas newer dressings provide less well proven alternative opportunities to speed the healing of venous ulcers.
Health Care Reform and Pharmaceutical Innovation

This paper discusses health care reform and its effects on pharmaceutical innovation. The percentage of health care costs spent on drugs in the United States has consistently been lower than in most other industrialized countries. To reduce health care costs, pharmaceutical companies must be encouraged, not penalized.
Preventing vesicoureteral reflux during intravesical formalin instillation.

Abstract A Fogarty embolectomy catheter was used to prevent vesicoureteral reflux during formalin instillation for intractable bladder hemorrhage. The unique use of this catheter is described.
Keep general practice and secondary care separate

I was dismayed by Walshe’s phrase “improving the organisation of primary care and its integration with secondary care.”1 My surgery (six full time equivalent partners, 12 500 patients) has as much wish or need to be integrated with any of our district general hospitals …
LRIG1 Regulates Ontogeny of Smooth Muscle-Derived Subsets of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Mice.

Background & Aims Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) control intestinal smooth muscle contraction to regulate gut motility. ICC within the plane of the myenteric plexus (ICC-MY) arise from KIT-positive progenitor cells during mouse embryogenesis. However, little is known about the ontogeny of ICC associated with the deep muscular plexus (ICC-DMP) in the small intestine and ICC associated with the submucosal plexus (ICC-SMP) in the colon. Leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein 1 (LRIG1) marks intestinal epithelial stem cells, but the role of LRIG1 in nonepithelial intestinal cells has not been identified. We sought to determine the ontogeny of ICC-DMP and ICC-SMP, and whether LRIG1 has a role in their development. Methods Lrig1-null mice (homozygous Lrig1-CreERT2 ) and wild-type mice were analyzed by immunofluorescence and transit assays. Transit was evaluated by passage of orally administered rhodamine B−conjugated dextran. Lrig1-CreERT2 mice or mice with CreERT2 under control of an inducible smooth muscle promoter ( Myh11-CreERT2 ) were crossed with Rosa26-LSL-YFP mice for lineage tracing analysis. Results In immunofluorescence assays, ICC-DMP and ICC-SMP were found to express LRIG1. Based on lineage tracing, ICC-DMP and ICC-SMP each arose from LRIG1-positive smooth muscle progenitors. In Lrig1-null mice, there was loss of staining for KIT in DMP and SMP regions, as well as for 2 additional ICC markers (anoctamin-1 and neurokinin 1 receptor). Lrig1-null mice had significant delays in small intestinal transit compared with control mice. Conclusions LRIG1 regulates the postnatal development of ICC-DMP and ICC-SMP from smooth muscle progenitors in mice. Slowed small intestinal transit observed in Lrig1-null mice may be due, at least in part, to loss of the ICC-DMP population.
Effects of Lysine Acetylation in a β-Hairpin Peptide: Comparison of an Amide−π and a Cation−π Interaction

The acetylation of lysine is a common posttranslational modification of histone proteins, and the interaction of acetylated lysines with aromatic rings is commonly observed in transcriptionally rel...
Sex differences in anxiety disorders: Interactions between fear, stress, and gonadal hormones

This article is part of a Special Issue "SBN 2014". Women are more vulnerable to stress- and fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the growing literature on this topic, the neural basis of these sex differences remains unclear, and the findings appear inconsistent. The neurobiological mechanisms of fear and stress in learning and memory processes have been extensively studied, and the crosstalk between these systems is beginning to explain the disproportionate incidence and differences in symptomatology and remission within these psychopathologies. In this review, we discuss the intersect between stress and fear mechanisms and their modulation by gonadal hormones and discuss the relevance of this information to sex differences in anxiety and fear-based disorders. Understanding these converging influences is imperative to the development of more effective, individualized treatments that take sex and hormones into account.
Angiocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular size and morphology in tricuspid atresia

The potential for right ventricular growth and physiological repair in tricuspid atresia may influence the type of Fontan procedure. To evaluate preoperative right ventricular assessment, we compared the right ventricular size and morphology determined by selective right ventricular catheterization with axial left ventricular angiography. In seven consecutive patients with tricuspid atresia and ventriculo-arterial concordance, the right ventricular volume was 12.8 +/- 9.4 cc, with a predicted normal volume (based on body surface area) of 31 +/- 16 cc, 43% (range 24-78%) of normal. Right ventricular injection outlined a right ventricular area twice that visualized from an axial left ventricular injection (33.2 vs. 16.5 cm). All patients had a well developed but small trabecular portion of the right ventricle, often unopacified with left ventricular injection. Subinfundibular narrowing adjacent to the ventricular septal defect was invariably present, creating, in effect, a two-chambered right ventricle. Selective right ventriculography demonstrates the unique morphology of the right ventricle in patients with tricuspid atresia not visualized by axial left ventriculography.
The trigeminal retrograde transfer pathway in the treatment of neurodegeneration.

Abstract The trigeminal sensory system was evaluated for the retrograde transfer of gene therapy vectors into the CNS. The feline immunodeficiency viral vector, FIV(HEXB), encoding for the human HEXB gene, was injected intra-articularly in the temporomandibular joint of 12 week-old HexB −/− mice displaying clinical and histopathological signs of Sandhoff disease. This treatment regiment reduced GM 2 storage and ameliorated neuroinflammation in the brain of HexB −/− mice, as well as attenuated behavioral deficits. In conclusion, retrograde transfer along trigeminal sensory nerves may prove to be a valuable route of gene therapy administration for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Spontaneous Rupturing Along a Frictional Interface

We designed a laboratory model to investigate the spontaneous rupturing along a frictionally held interface. A frictional contact, which mimics a material interface or geological fault, is simulated using two photoelastic plastics plates (Homalite or Polycarbonate) held together by friction and compression. The pre-uniaxial static loading is exerted by a hydraulic press. A unique design used in our experiments, which starts the spontaneous rupturing, is the exploding wire technique. It triggers the rupture within a controlled environment while keeping the spontaneous nature of the rupturing. The fault is oblique to the compression axis to provide the shear driving force for continued rupturing. We performed the spontaneous repturing experiment along an interface between both similar and dissimilar materials. Under proper loading conditions, a shear rupture which initially propagates at Rayleigh wave speed, jumps to a supershear speed (close to the longitudinal wave speed) after propagating a finite distance L in a similar material system. For the dissimilar material system, directionality of rupture propagation is observed. A rupture propagating at the generalized Rayleigh wave speed is observed in the same direction as the sliding of the more compliant material and in the opposite direction, supershear rupture is possible under proper loading condition.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Merge replication in Microsoft's SQL server 7.0

SQL Server 7.0 offers three different styles of replication that we call Transactional Replication, Snapshot Replication, and Merge Replication. Merge Replication means that data changes can be performed at any replica, and that the changes performed at multiple replicas are later merged together. Because Merge Replication allows updates to disconnected replicas, it is particularly well suited to applications that require a lot of autonomy. A special process called the Merge Agent propagates changes between replicas, filters data as appropriate, and detects and handles conflicts according to user-specified rules.