cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Configurational electronic entropy and the phase diagram of mixed-valence oxides: the case of LixFePO4.

We demonstrate that configurational electronic entropy, previously neglected, in ab initio thermodynamics of materials can qualitatively modify the finite-temperature phase stability of mixed-valence oxides. While transformations from low-$T$ ordered or immiscible states are almost always driven by configurational disorder (i.e., random occupation of lattice sites by multiple species), in ${\mathrm{FePO}}_{4}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}{\mathrm{LiFePO}}_{4}$ the formation of a solid solution is almost entirely driven by electronic rather than ionic configurational entropy. We argue that such an electronic entropic mechanism may be relevant to most other mixed-valence systems.
COTS Multicore Processors in Avionics Systems: Challenges and Solutions

In this paper we discuss the challenges introduced by the shared memory hierarchy of multicore processors to the predictability of real-time system. In particular, the shared memory induces unpredictable time delays that can make real-time tasks miss their deadlines. We then present the techniques we developed to create cache and memory partitions using page coloring techniques that minimizes the memory delays and make them predictable. To allocate these partitions we present a coordinated private partition allocation algorithm. Given that the number of partitions that is possible to create on COTS hardware can be small we also present a timing analysis for shared bank partitions. These solutions are finally evaluated on a small avionics model problem using a ball-following control algorithm. This problem allows us to verify the effectiveness of our partitioning mechanisms as they are able to guarantee the timing of the algorithm that cannot be preserved without it.
The Exodus and Biblical Theology

Recent debates about the Exodus have centered on the shape of the story. One such debate concerned von Rad's attempt to separate the Exodus from the giving of the Law. Another concerns the use of the Exodus in Liberation Theology. Scholars who take a canonical approach (Childs, Levenson) argue that the "canonical shape" of the story in the final form of the Torah is decisive. Examination of the way the Exodus motif was used within the biblical tradition itself, however, suggests that the "canonical approach" is not the only permissible way to construe the tradition. The reformulation of the traditio-historical approach by such scholars as J. A. Sanders and M. Fishbane does more justice to the way in which the Exodus was understood by later biblical writers, and in much of Jewish and Christian tradition. The Liberation theologians can claim an authentic biblical basis just as well as the "canonical" interpreters, but neither can claim a monopoly on biblical authority.
Two-dimensional scour simulations based on coupled model of shallow water equations and sediment transport on unstructured meshes

A two-dimensional scour model based on coupled system of shallow water equations (SWEs) and sediment transport on unstructured mesh is developed. The coupled system of hydrodynamic and morphodynamic equations is solved by finite volume method using Godunov scheme. Roe's approximate Riemann solver is used to calculate the inviscid fluxes. The use of unstructured mesh makes the model applicable to complex domains. However, it is difficult to evaluate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Jacobian matrix in the global coordinate. The method proposed herein to deal with this difficulty is to transform the system into the local coordinate with one of the axes in the same direction as the interface outward normal vector. In the local coordinate system, the Jacobian matrix is simplified and the eigenvalues are analyzed using asymptotic method. Regular expansion breaks down when the flow is near critical. Uniformity of the expansion is achieved by changing the scales. Rotational invariance theorem is used to relate the interfacial fluxes in the global and local coordinate systems. Special treatment of the source term on unstructured grid makes the scheme stable and physically balanced (both mass and momentum). The method proposed in this paper for the eigen-system is very efficient comparing to iterative numerical methods. Results from the test cases show good agreement with the experiments.
A g-factor measurement of the 239Am fission isomer

Abstract The g-factor of the t 1 2 =163(16) ns fission isomer in 239Am has been measured using the time-differential perturbed angular distribution method. The values obtained are: g=(+)0.74(5), and anisotropy parameter, A2=(−)0.20(7), where the signs have been obtained from systematics. To explain the g-factor one requires a Nilsson orbital with Λ⩾4 and anti-parallel coupling of Σ and Λ. The [404]7 2 level which is near the Fermi level in some calculations is a possible candidate. The anisotropy is consistent with ω= 7 2 at the second saddle point.
Numerical Study of a Rotary Lip Seal With a Quasi-Random Sealing Surface

In all previous numerical simulations of the rotary lip seal, the sealing surface was modeled by regular periodic structures. In the present study, a more realistic quasirandom surface is used. A mixed elastohydrodynamic analysis is used to generate predictions of such seal operating characteristics as friction coefficient, reverse pumping rate, film thickness distribution, hydrodynamic and contact pressure distributions, contact area, and cavitation area. The results are in qualitative agreement with previous experimental observations. In the course of the simulations, a new physical mechanism of reverse pumping has been identified.
Interleukin-2 does not cross the blood-brain barrier by a saturable transport system

Blood-borne interleukin-2 (IL-2), like other cytokines, is known to affect the central nervous system (CNS). One mechanism by which circulating substances can alter brain function is to directly cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We investigated the ability of IL-2 to cross the BBB, the interface between the periphery and the CNS. IL-2 labeled with 125I (I-IL-2) was injected into mice intravenously and its rate of entry into the brain determined by multiple-time regression analysis. I-IL-2 was found to enter the brain about 10 times faster than albumin. Neither morphine nor antibodies to IL-2, IL-1 alpha, or the IL-1 receptor affected the entry of I-IL-2. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed that the radioactivity entering the brain represented intact cytokine. However, excess unlabeled IL-2 was unable to impede the entry of I-IL-2, indicating that this transport is nonsaturable. This contrasts with saturable transport systems found for the cytokines IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha, but still may explain how IL-2 can exert central effects.
Parallel implementation on the ICAP/3090 of a BEM formulation for fractional operator modeled viscoelastodynamic structures

Abstract A formulation of the boundary element method (BEM) for dynamic analysis of 3-D viscoelastic structures modeled by the fractional operator constitutive equations is reviewed. The ICAP/3090 is a large grain parallel research computer that increases still further the level of parallelism provided by the IBM ES/3090 2 family of parallel vector computers. The ICAP/3090 is described and the parallel numerical implementation of the BEM formulation on this machine is discussed. Computational results from and parallel performance of the code are included.
The inductance matrix of a multiconductor transmission line in multiple magnetic media

A simple relationship between the inductance matrix and the auxiliary capacitance matrix is given. For a multiconductor transmission line consisting of N/sub c/ conducting cylinders in inhomogeneous media consisting of N/sub d/ homogeneous regions with permeabilities mu /sub i/ and permittivities epsilon /sub i/, the inductance matrix (L) for the line is obtained by solving the magnetostatic problem of N/sub c/ conductors in N/sub d/ regions with permeabilities mu /sub i/. The capacitance matrix (C) for the line is obtained by solving the electrostatic problem of N/sub c/ conductors in N/sub d/ regions with permittivities epsilon /sub i/. It is shown that (L)= mu /sub 0/ epsilon /sub 0/(C/sup '/)/sup -1/, where (C/sup '/) is the capacitance matrix of an auxiliary electrostatic problem of N/sub c/ conductors in N/sub d/ regions with relative permittivities set equal to the reciprocals of the relative permeabilities of the magnetostatic problem, i.e. epsilon /sup '//sub i// epsilon /sub 0/= mu /sub 0// mu /sub i/. >
Initial Crystallin Synthesis and Lens Fibre Formation are Independent of Lens Morphogenesis

IF the part of a chick embryo destined to form the eye, the lens, part of the brain and the surrounding head region (Fig. 1) is removed before the lens has begun to develop and placed in liquid culture medium for 4 days, a structure resembling the lens will form appropriately near the presumptive retina1,2. Similarly the cells of the lens will synthesize the proteins unique to and characteristic of the lens (Figs. 2, 3).
Changes in the molecular weight distribution of three commercial pectins after valve homogenization

Molecular changes after valve homogenization of three commercial pectin samples were studied by linear mix permeation chromatography coupled with multi-angle light scattering detection. The flow behavior of homogenized pectins was also determined. On the one hand, homogenization at 124 MPa had a significant effect on molecular weight distribution and molecular weight averages of high methoxyl pectin samples. On the other hand, no changes occurred in the apparent viscosity of the diluted pectin solutions after homogenization at 17 MPa, and only one of the pectins analyzed showed an effect of high pressure (124 MPa) on viscosity. While the apparent viscosity of pectin with a wide molecular size distribution (large polydispersity) did not change upon pressure treatment, one of the studied pectin, characterized by a sharp molecular weight distribution, showed increased polydispersity and a significant change in flow behavior after treatment at 124 MPa. Results demonstrated that molecular changes may occur upon valve homogenization, and that the polydispersity of molecular weight distribution may hinder an accurate estimation of such changes.
The Unity of Fitness

It has been argued that biological fitness cannot be defined as expected number of offspring in all contexts. Some authors argue that fitness therefore merely satisfies a common schema or that no unified mathematical characterization of fitness is possible. I argue that comparative fitness must be relativized to an evolutionary effect; thus relativized, fitness can be given a unitary mathematical characterization in terms of probabilities of producing offspring and other effects. Such fitnesses will sometimes be defined in terms of probabilities of effects occurring over the long term, but these probabilities nevertheless concern effects occurring over the short term.
Mapping and Expression Analysis of the Mouse Ortholog of Xenopus Eomesodermin

Abstract The T-box gene family has been conserved throughout metazoan evolution. The genes code for putative transcription factors which share a uniquely defining DNA binding domain, known as the T-box ( Bollag et al., 1994 ). They are implicated in the control of diverse developmental processes by their highly specific expression patterns throughout gastrulation and organogenesis in mouse and other species ( Chapman et al., 1996 ) ( Gibson-Brown et al., 1998 ), and by mutations in T-box genes that have profound developmental effects ( Papaioannou, 1997 ; Chapman and Papaioannou, 1998 ; Papaioannou and Silver, 1998 ). In this report, we describe the mapping and expression pattern of the mouse ortholog of a gene, Eomesodermin , first identified in Xenopus ( Ryan et al., 1996 ). The mouse gene was previously reported ( Wattler et al., 1998 ) under the name MmEomes . The gene maps to mouse chromosome 9 in a region syntenic with human chromosome 3p. Mouse eomesodermin is expressed in the trophoblast of the blastocyst and in its derivative, the chorionic ectoderm. At gastrulation, eomesodermin is expressed in the primitive streak and embryonic mesoderm as well, but this expression disappears prior to the end of gastrulation. Later, eomesodermin is expressed in the developing forebrain, in a pattern largely overlapping a closely related T-box gene, Tbr1 ( Bulfone et al., 1995 ), and is also seen in a localized area of each limb.
Graphene-containing flowable electrodes for capacitive energy storage

Abstract High conductivity and extended particle contacts are required for rapid charge percolation in flowable electrodes. In this study, carbon spheres (CS) were wrapped by highly conductive reduced graphene oxide sheets (rGO) to address these issues. Various compositions of the conductive, 3D interconnected hybrid materials (rGO@CS) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Synergistic effects of both materials were utilized where CS served to minimize the sheet stacking for better flowability of the suspensions, and wrapped rGO sheets enabled higher conductivity for fast charge transport throughout the suspension network. When tested as flowable electrodes, the composition with a 1:2 ratio of GO to CS exhibited the highest capacitance of 200 F/g and an improved rate performance. The improved performance is attributed to the fast charge transport in the suspension network due to higher conductivity and enhanced connectivity of the active material particles. Optimized electrodes were also examined in a flow mode which yielded a capacitance of 45 F/g.
Quararibea (Bombacaceae): Five new species from moist and wet forests of Costa Rica and Panama

Five new species ofQuararibea from costa Rica and Panama are described and illustrated, with notes on their ecology and relationships.Quararibea gomeziana, Q. pendula, andQ. santaritensis are from the Caribbean lowlands of the Provinces of Limon, Costa Rica, and of Bocas del Toro and Colon, Panama.Quararibea aurantiocalyx andQ. costaricensis are from montane habitats of Panama and Costa Rica. The exceptionally long pedicels ofQ. pendula far exceed those of other known members ofQuararibea and may prove to be the most striking example of adaptation to bat pollination and fruit dispersal in the genus.Quararibea costaricensis, a relatively common species, has long been erroneously identified asQ. platyphylla, a much rarer inhabitant of the same region.
Larmor radiation from the ultra-intense field atom ionization

Including the quantum nature of the atomic ionization decreases the Larmor radiation yield from the ionization of atoms by ultraintense fields by an order of magnitude compared to a classical electron calculation due to interference effects in the extended continuum wave function and the quantum nature of tunneling ionization.
Exploring spatial patterns of carbon emissions in the USA: a geographically weighted regression approach

This paper uses US county-level data and the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology framework to explore the extent of geographical variability in the process that links total emissions of carbon dioxide to measures of population, affluence, and technology. Geographically weighted regression models show that there is strong evidence of spatial heterogeneity in the estimated elasticities of emissions. While this research cannot explain these regional patterns, it may provide a useful starting point to examine in detail the nature of regional variation.
Preemptive Priority Queues

Customers of different priorities arrive at a counter in accordance with a Poisson process. The customers are served by a single server in order of priority and for each priority in order of arrival. Preemptive discipline is assumed. Three service policies are considered: i preemptive-resume, ii preemptive-repeat-identical, and iii preemptive-repeat-different. The time-dependent solutions for these priority systems are very complicated. However, the problem can be simplified in case of stationary solutions. In this paper, a step-by-step method is proposed to find the stationary distributions of the queue sizes, the waiting times, and the busy periods of each priority class.
Identification of 1− neutron particle-hole states in 140Ce

Abstract The γ-ray decay of neutron particle-hole states in 140 Ce has been studied with the reaction 140 Ce(p,p′γ o ) 140 Ce. Evidence is presented that the strong ground-state γ rays observed from some of these states are E1 transitions. This allows the identification of 1 − states.
Legal Elites in Afghan Society

Etude de la classe des cadres legaux en Afghanistan: education, recrutement, activites, et de leur rapport a l'Islam.
An active line conditioner to balance voltages in a three-phase system

In this paper a new configuration for an active line conditioner is proposed to correct dynamically voltage unbalances in a three-phase AC system. In the proposed system it is shown that the injection of a correction voltage V/sub inj/ in one phase is sufficient to nullify the negative sequence voltage component in the incoming three phase supply. The resulting three phase voltages at the load terminals are essentially positive sequence voltages and hence are balanced. It is further shown that the kVA requirement of the proposed active line conditioner is small, typically 3% for a ten percentage unbalance in the input supply. The dynamic cancellation of the negative sequence voltage component by the proposed scheme drastically improves the performance of induction motor loads connected to a weak AC system. A thorough analysis of the scheme along with the suitable design guides are presented. Finally selected experimental results on a laboratory prototype active line conditioner are detailed.
Environmental preservation with production

Abstract A multisector model is used to demonstrate that when the environment is developed for productive purposes, the combination of irreversibility and independent learning fails to induce an unambiguous bias in favor of preservation. This is due to the fact that preservation reduces future consumption opportunities for produced goods. The conclusion holds for cases where there is uncertainty over the benefits from preservation, as well as for cases where output from production is uncertain. The most important factors to be considered in the allocation of environmental resources are society's preferences over alternative uses for the environment.
Photodissociation of Yttrium and Lanthanum Oxide Cluster Cations

Transition metal oxide cations of the form MnOm+ (M = Y, La) are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle source and detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Cluster oxides for each value of n form only a limited number of stoichiometries; MO(M2O3)x+ species are particularly intense. Cluster cations are mass selected and photodissociated using the third harmonic (355 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser. Multiphoton excitation is required to dissociate these clusters because of their strong bonding. Yttrium and lanthanum oxides exhibit different dissociation channels, but some common trends can be identified. Larger clusters for both metals undergo fission to make certain stable cation clusters, especially MO(M2O3)x+ species. Specific cations are identified to be especially stable because of their repeated production in the decomposition of larger clusters. These include M3O4+, M5O7+, M7O10+, and M9O13+, along with Y6O8+. Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the relative s...
Thrombus prediction in adult and pediatric pulsatile ventricular assist devices: The role of experimental fluid dynamics

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are actively used for congestive heart failure and myocarditis patients but clinical issues, such as thrombosis, still remain as work continues toward development as destination therapy devices. As Penn State continues to develop smaller generation VADs, the role of experimental fluid dynamics has increased as the capability to predict thrombus deposition using wall shear estimates has improved based on animal studies. These experimental data are leading towards the development of computational simulations to identify areas not easily visualized experimentally. Particle image velocimetry, an optical measurement technique, has been adapted and the resulting velocity data, post-processed, to extract wall shear rates throughout different areas of adult (50cc) and pediatric (12cc) VADs. The results indicate areas susceptible to thrombosis and where subsequent VAD design changes have improved the flow with adequate wall shear. The role of experimental fluid dynamic measurements have greatly improved our ability to predict areas of thrombus deposition leading to improved VAD designs, provide a foundation for computer simulations with correlations to in vivo animal testing.
The mycobacteriology of non-tuberculous mycobacteria

The genus Mycobacterium consists of >50 species that have been associated with human disease. Mycobacterium are categorised into M. tuberculosis and NTM that are also subdivided into rapid growers and non-rapid growers. Five major clinical syndromes have been described that are attributable to mycobacterium. These include: pulmonary disease; lymphadenitis; skin, soft tissue, and skeletal infections; catheter-related blood-stream infections in immunocompromised hosts; and disseminated disease in persons with AIDS. There is very limited documentation of person-to-person transmission of NTM. Nosocomial infections and outbreaks caused by inadequate disinfection/sterilisation of medical devices or environmental contamination of medications or medical devices are well described. Staining for AFB, culture, histopathologic, or genetic amplification technologies are used to detect and identify mycobacterium. Pulsed- field gel electrophoresis is the method of choice to determine strain relatedness. At present, susceptibility testing for non-tuberculous mycobacteria is not fully standardised and has not been correlated with clinical outcomes.
Nickel and vanadium in foliage in the vicinity of an oil-fired power plant

Oil typically contains appreciable percentages of nickel and vanadium. When small amounts of fly ash are released from oil-fired, electric generating power plants, analysis for these metals contained in the ash in the vicinity of such facilities may serve as indicators of ash fallout. With prevailing winds toward the northeast, analysis of nickel and vanadium staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.) leaves sampled at increasing distances from the stacks in the vicinity of an oil-fired power plant showed consistently higher concentrations in all instances in foliage collected in an easterly direction versus that taken at the same distances west. Factors influencing the concentrations of nickel and vanadium in plants are discussed.
Evaluation of Leg-to-Leg BIA in Assessing Body Composition in High-School-Aged Males and Females

The current investigation was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the Tanita 300WA leg-to-leg (LL) bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) for measuring body composition in an American high-school-aged population. Body composition was determined in 77 students, comparing BIA measurements with the criterion, hydrostatic weighing (HW). Among the males, there were no significant differences found in percent body fat (%BF) between BIA (14.1 +/- 7.8%) and HW (14.9 +/- 9.1%); however, skinfolds (SK; 11.8 +/- 7.2%) were significantly different from HW. A significant correlation in fat-free mass (FFM) was found between BIA and HW (r = 0.96, p < 0.001), and the standard error of estimate (SEE) for FFM was 3.28 kg for males. In females, a significant difference (p < 0.001) in %BF was found for both BIA (26.4 +/- 5.7%) and SK (27.9 +/- 5.1%) when compared with HW (23.6 +/- 5.9%). The correlation in FFM between BIA and HW was lower (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) and the SEE for FFM was 2.93 kg for females. The Tanita 300WA LL-BIA system is appropriate for assessing body composition in male adolescents, but it warrants future research in female adolescents.
Susceptibility-weighted MR imaging of radiation therapy-induced cerebral microbleeds in patients with glioma: a comparison between 3T and 7T

Cerebral microbleeds have been observed in normal-appearing brain tissue of patients with glioma years after receiving radiation therapy. The contrast of these paramagnetic lesions varies with field strength due to differences in the effects of susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to compare 3T and 7T MRI as platforms for detecting cerebral microbleeds in patients treated with radiotherapy using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). SWI was performed with both 3T and 7T MR scanners on ten patients with glioma who had received prior radiotherapy. Imaging sequences were optimized to obtain data within a clinically acceptable scan time. Both T2*-weighted magnitude images and SWI data were reconstructed, minimum intensity projection was implemented, and microbleeds were manually identified. The number of microbleeds was counted and compared among datasets. Significantly more microbleeds were identified on SWI than magnitude images at both 7T (p = 0.002) and 3T (p = 0.023). Seven-tesla SWI detected significantly more microbleeds than 3T SWI for seven out of ten patients who had tumors located remote from deep brain regions (p = 0.016), but when the additional three patients with more inferior tumors were included, the difference was not significant. SWI is more sensitive for detecting microbleeds than magnitude images at both 3T and 7T. For areas without heightened susceptibility artifacts, 7T SWI is more sensitive to detecting radiation therapy-induced microbleeds than 3T SWI. Tumor location should be considered in conjunction with field strength when selecting the most appropriate strategy for imaging microbleeds.
A respiration based description of plant growth rate responses to temperature

The temperature dependence of metabolic rates determines how plant growth rates vary with temperature. This paper shows that equations on physiological relations between respiration rates (i.e. rates of heat loss and CO2 evolution) and growth rates can be used to describe temperature effects on plant growth rate. Incorporating measured values of plant respiratory heat and CO2 rates at a few temperatures into the equations allows description of growth rates as a function of temperature and provides a physiological basis for understanding the effects of temperature on growth rate. The paper presents data on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller cv. Ace) as model cool-climate and warm-climate cultivars to illustrate application of the methods in determining optimal growth climates for different cultivars, accessions, and ecotypes. The respiration-based calculations of growth rate vs. temperature yield curves for both species that are consistent with known temperature-growth requirements. We conclude that plant responses to temperature can be accurately predicted in detail from respiration rate measurements and the growth-respiration model. These studies demonstrate that the temperature dependence of growth rates is a function of the temperature dependencies of both metabolic rates and metabolic efficiency, which change continuously with temperature. The ultimate cause of high- and low-temperature growth limits is commonly not membrane phase transitions or enzyme denaturation as has been supposed, but is loss of substrate carbon conversion efficiency. The results show that “plant temperature stress” has been misunderstood and must be redefined because there is no “nonstressfull temperature”.
Monochorionic pregnancy--where have we been? Where are we going?

In 1897, Sigmund Freud contradicted William John Little, who, as the clinician originally describing cerebral palsy, suggested that its cause was intrapartum hypoxia. Freud instead suggested that cerebral palsy resulted from abnormal antepartum brain development and further suggested that twin birth was a more important cause of cerebral palsy than either birth asphyxia or preterm birth. More than a century later, the importance of multiple gestation in the etiology of pediatric neurologic impairment has never been clearer. We are now aware, for example, that the risk of at least one child being affected by cerebral palsy is 1.5% in twin, 8% in triplet, and 43% in quadruplet gestations. 1 More precisely, however, the relative preponderance of neurologic impairment among monochorionic rather than dichorionic survivors has become evident. For example, the incidence of white matter damage after the death of one twin is 25% in monochorionic survivors but only 3% in dichorionic survivors.2 The vital clinical importance of chorionicity in determining the outcome of multiple gestations has resulted in a plea to obstetricians involved with multiple gestation management to routinely assign chorionicity in all cases.3 The last 20 years have witnessed rapid advancement in our understanding of complicated multiple gestations, none more so than monochorionic twins. Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome is now recognized as an abnormality of the placental vascular architecture in which the universally present arteriovenous communications are not sufficiently balanced by arterioarterial and venovenous anastomoses. We have progressed from serial reduction amniocenteses, with a goal of prolonging pregnancy by minimizing uterine overdistention, to selective laser photocoagulation, with the goal of direct therapy and interruption of specific abnormal vascular anastomoses. Management of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence has progressed from hysterotomy and removal of the acardiac twin to minimally invasive radiofrequency thermablation of the cord of the acardiac fetus.4,5 Yet, despite these successes, the problem of monochorionicity remains undiminished. Minimal agreement exists between practitioners on how to select particular monochorionic twins for greatest surveillance, optimal methods of following at risk pregnancies, and
cis-Regulatory elements in plant cell signaling

Plant cell signaling pathways are in part dependent on transcriptional regulatory networks comprising circuits of transcription factors (TFs) and regulatory DNA elements that control the expression of target genes. Here, we describe experimental and bioinformatic approaches for identifying potential cis-regulatory elements. We also discuss recent integrative genomics studies aimed at elucidating the functions of cis-regulatory elements in aspects of plant biology, including the circadian clock, interactions with the environment, stress responses, and regulation of growth and development by phytohormones. Finally, we discuss emerging technologies and approaches that offer great potential for accelerating the discovery and functional characterization of cis-elements and interacting TFs--which will help realize the promise of systems biology.
When Family-Supportive Supervision Matters: Relations between Multiple Sources of Support and Work-Family Balance.

Abstract This study examines the mechanisms by which family-supportive supervision is related to employee work–family balance. Based on a sample of 170 business professionals, we found that the positive relation between family-supportive supervision and balance was fully mediated by work interference with family (WIF) and partially mediated by family interference with work (FIW) such that having a supportive supervisor was associated with low WIF and FIW which, in turn, were related to high balance. Consistent with an enhancement perspective, the relation between family-supportive supervision and balance was stronger for employees in family-supportive organizational environments than unsupportive environments and was stronger for employees with supportive spouses than unsupportive spouses. We discuss the theoretical implications of the findings and suggest areas for additional research.
Timing and nature of magmatic fabrics from structural relations around stoped blocks

Abstract Structural relations around several large ( > 100 m) stoped blocks in the granodiorite of Castle Creek, Sierra Nevada, California, suggest that magmatic fabrics formed as or after the space-making phase of pluton emplacement had ended. The stoped granite blocks are approximately 360 m below the exposed pluton roof. Magmatic foliations in granodiorite surrounding the blocks commonly follow km-scale orientation trends to within 1 m of block contacts, where they become deflected parallel to the block boundaries. Locally, undeflected foliations occur within a few centimeters of block contacts. Mafic enclave fabric ellipsoid intensities (0.2 We draw the following conclusions concerning magmatic fabrics in the granodiorite of Castle Creek: (1) magmatic fabrics formed during and/or after the latest stages of pluton emplacement, and thus, contain little or no information about space-making processes; (2) magmatic fabrics had poor strain memory; and (3) during magmatic fabric formation, pluton strains were partially decoupled from host-rock strains. Published data from other plutons indicate that these relationships may be common, particularly in the brittle upper crust. It follows from these conclusions that even in the best case, magmatic fabrics contain only qualitative information about pluton emplacement mechanisms, regional tectonics, and internal magma chamber processes. Interpretations of magmatic fabrics must be corroborated by evaluating causes, kinematics, and magnitudes of syn-emplacement host-rock deformation. In the worst case, the causes of magmatic fabrics cannot be uniquely determined.
An international hospital outcomes research agenda focused on nursing: lessons from a decade of collaboration.

The nursing workforce and the organization of nursing care have long posed challenges for leaders in health systems worldwide, including recurring cycles of shortages and nurse unemployment. Concerns about quality and safety in health care and the connections between nurses' work conditions and patient outcomes have been growing in recent years, particularly as health care in acute care settings has become increasingly complex. In the late 1990s, in the face of hospital reorganization and restructuring initiatives in a number of different western countries, the International Hospital Outcomes Study (IHOS) was launched by the University of Pennsylvania, USA (Sochalski and Aiken, 1999; Sochalski et al,, 1997, 1999). The IHOS was initiated with seven interdisciplinary research teams located in the United States (Pennsylvania), Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario), England, Scotland and Germany conducting a study of patient and nurse outcomes using parallel designs in each site. Soon after data collection, a team in New Zealand collected similar data. (See Table 1 for the numbers of nurses and hospitals involved.) Table 1 Participating sites and hospitals and nurses represented in the initial round of the International Hospital Outcomes Study Subsequently, the IHOS survey was adapted for projects in at least 9 other countries (see Table 2). Additional extensions are either planned or are underway, including a study of staffing, work environments and outcomes in multiple U.S. states, a multicountry European collaboration in development, other Asian sites, and initiatives to pursue data collections in countries in Africa and the Middle East. Table 2 Collaborative Sites with Completed Data Collections Whereas in the beginning of the collaboration, health care restructuring was a major theme that drove the study, over time the health policy issues have shifted to nurse shortages, quality of care concerns (including the rationing of nursing care), regionalization of care, and most recently nurse migration and global trends in health care organization. Interest in the design and in the tools that have been developed in the study continues to grow. This paper outlines some key elements of the design of the IHOS, highlights some of the methods and design innovations that have made the study unique, and summarizes some of the major patterns of findings that researchers in the collaboration have identified.
Computation of the lamina stacking sequence effect on elastic moduli of a plain-weave Nicalon/SiC laminated composite with a [0/30/60] lay-up

Abstract Estimation of the elastic modulus is important in engineering design. One difference between CFCCs (continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic–matrix composites), and CMCs (whisker, particulate, or short fiber-reinforced ceramic–matrix composites), is that the anisotropic behavior of CFCCs plays an important role in affecting their mechanical behavior. This feature may also contribute to the variation of elastic properties and strengths of CFCC. In this paper, a Fortran program is developed to quantify the lamina stacking sequence effect on the effective elastic moduli of the laminated CFCCs. The material for modeling is a plain-weave Nicalon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (Nicalon/SiC) CFCCs. Results show that various stacking sequences within the CFCC (a [0/30/60] lay-up) will give different effective elastic moduli of the CFCCs. This trend leads to a variation of the slope of the linear portion on the flexural stress–strain curve, i.e., changing the position of the starting point of the non-linear portion, and the shape of the whole curve, which gives a different value of the peak stress in the curve.
Testosterone responses to intensive interval versus steady-state endurance exercise

Free testosterone (FT) hormonal responses were compared between high-intensity interval exercise (IE) and steadystate endurance exercise (SSE) in endurance trained males (no.=15). IE session was repeated periods of 90-sec treadmill running at 100-110% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and 90-sec active recovery at 40% VO2max for 42-47 min. The SSE session consisted of a continuous 45-min run at 60-65% VO2max. Total work output was equal for each exercise session. A 45-min supine rest control session (CON) was also performed. All three sessions were on separate days. Pre-session (PRE), immediate post-session (POST), and 12-h post-session (12POST) blood samples were collected and used to determine FT, SHBG, LH, 3- α-androstanediol glucuronide (3-α Diol G) and cortisol. Analysis of variance compared IE and SSE biomarker responses to the reference CON session. IE and SSE each caused an increase (p<0.01) in FT, but IE more so than SSE (p<0.05). The 5α-reductase marker 3-α Diol G response at 12POST IE was elevated while FT was reduced (p<0.05); no such change occurred following SSE. These findings suggest IE might produce a more pronounced turnover of FT by androgen sensitive tissue than the SSE form of exercise.
Two Models for Implementing Senior Mentor Programs in Academic Medical Settings

This paper compares two models of undergraduate geriatric medical education utilizing senior mentoring programs. Descriptive, comparative multiple-case study was employed analyzing program documents, archival records, and focus group data. Themes were compared for similarities and differences between the two program models. Findings indicate that both programs used the American Geriatrics Society core competencies as a curricular framework, yet adopted two different formats. Students in both programs reported valuable experiences, increased knowledge, and increasingly positive attitudes towards aging and older adults. Other medical education programs may benefit from implementing elements of both models best suited to their institution and curricular needs.
A new technique for intraluminal hollow organ imaging: three-dimensional ultrasound.

Intraluminal ultrasound (ILUS) is a new catheter-based system which produces two-dimensional (2D), cross-sectional images of tubular structures. The principle of image acquisition using 5.0 Fr (30 MHz) and 8.0 Fr (20 MHz) ILUS catheters containing ultrasound transducers at the tip, is equally applicable to all tubular or hollow organs. This article illustrates the feasibility of intraluminal imaging of hollow organ structures, and describes computerized three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the 2D images, using a PC-based image analysis system. A set (n = 90) of longitudinally aligned, consecutive 2D images was sampled from various organs (canine bladder, urethra, jejunum, esophagus, and trachea) and computer processed to produce 3D images. By adjusting image density threshold and viewing angle, the lumen and wall morphology can be examined in any projection. Possible applications include diagnosis of lumen encroaching pathology, guidance of intraluminal instruments, and assessment of the effects of en...
Creating a flexible multiple microRNA expression vector by linking precursor microRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22nt non-coding RNA molecules that usually function as endogenous repressors of target genes. Many biological processes depend on faithful miRNA expression and miRNA profiling has revealed dysregulation of many miRNAs in neurological, and cardiovascular diseases, and in cancer. Despite this finding, most studies have focused on the function of single miRNAs or miRNA clusters. To better address physiologically relevant collaborative miRNA interactions, we developed a simple and flexible platform which expresses several miRNAs that have different genomic locations from a single transcript using endogenous pre-miRNA sequences. As a proof of principle we cloned the miR-34 tumor suppressor family and showed that the miR-34a/34b/34c vector expresses each miRNA at similar levels to individual miRNA containing vectors. Moreover, the miR-34a/34b/34c vector suppressed cell growth more than the individual miRNA vectors. We expect that this platform will be invaluable as a tool to study the complex and synergistic interactions of aberrantly expressed miRNAs in human diseases and may have applications for use in gene therapy.
Semi-Meissner state and nonpairwise intervortex interactions in type-1.5 superconductors

We demonstrate the existence of nonpairwise interaction forces between vortices in multicomponent and layered superconducting systems. That is, in contrast to most common models, the interaction in a group of such vortices is not a universal superposition of Coulomb or Yukawa forces. Next, we consider the properties of vortex clusters in a semi-Meissner state of type-1.5 two-component superconductors. We show that under certain conditions nonpairwise forces can contribute to the formation of very complex vortex states in type-1.5 regimes.
MELAS syndrome involving a mother and two children.

• Three familial cases of MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke) have been reported. We describe a family with four normal sons and an affected mother, son, and daughter. Although mitochondrial inheritance has been proposed, autosomal and X-linked dominant patterns are also possible. This family also illustrates the variability of expression of MELAS. The proband has the full syndrome, while the mother and daughter manifested less severe findings. All three did not develop symptoms until adulthood.
Improved implicit integrators for transient impact problems––dynamic frictional dissipation within an admissible conserving framework

This work presents a frictional extension of an improved conservative integration framework for dynamic contact, extending the details of the frictionless scheme to encompass Coulomb stick/slip friction and the associated conservation/dissipation. It addresses algorithmic details that do not appear in the frictionless context, establishing an appropriate and objective treatment of relative tangential motion that is necessary to rigorously ensure conservation of angular momentum in the fully discrete setting. It also further extends the functionality of a discrete contact velocity term proposed in the frictionless implementation, using it to preserve conservation or dissipation locally as warranted by the frictional model and effectively enabling an enforcement of the contact constraints independent of energy considerations. The result is a robust implicit algorithmic framework for dynamic frictional impact, viable for large deformation analysis, appropriately conservative or dissipative for both stick and slip phenomena on a local scale, and readily extensible to more complex frictional models.
A Hybrid Dynamical–Statistical Downscaling Technique. Part I: Development and Validation of the Technique

AbstractIn this study (Part I), the mid-twenty-first-century surface air temperature increase in the entire CMIP5 ensemble is downscaled to very high resolution (2 km) over the Los Angeles region, using a new hybrid dynamical–statistical technique. This technique combines the ability of dynamical downscaling to capture finescale dynamics with the computational savings of a statistical model to downscale multiple GCMs. First, dynamical downscaling is applied to five GCMs. Guided by an understanding of the underlying local dynamics, a simple statistical model is built relating the GCM input and the dynamically downscaled output. This statistical model is used to approximate the warming patterns of the remaining GCMs, as if they had been dynamically downscaled. The full 32-member ensemble allows for robust estimates of the most likely warming and uncertainty resulting from intermodel differences. The warming averaged over the region has an ensemble mean of 2.3°C, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1...
Des igning a data system for consumer research

The study presents the concept and development of a data system designed for collecting timely primary information to address consumer-oriented research issues. The discussion focuses on the design and sampling procedures used in the establishment of a Consumer Information Management System (CIMS), and major issues related to the operation and maintenance of such a system. The CIMS provides an easy-access and ready-to-use system which can serve many potential surveys individually or simultaneously as needed. The CIMS data base may be expanded via networking with similar operations among researchers in other parts of the country.
An exact solution to reggeon calculus

Abstract By choosing a suitable but unconventional bare pomeron propagator and bare triple-pomeron coupling the Dyson equations of reggeon calculus are shown to reduce to algebraic equations for the various coupling constants. The resulting pomeron, which is identical to the input pomeron is the familiar black or gray disk.
Immunodetection of neuron-specific enolase and keratin in cytological preparations as an aid in the differential diagnosis of lung cancer.

The results of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and keratin immunodetection in cytological specimens of sputum secured from 41 patients with lung cancer are presented. All 19 cases of small-cell carcinoma showed intense immunoreactivity for NSE. No such immunoreactivity was found in 21 of 22 cases of non-small-cell carcinoma. The single positive result was from a case of large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma. All 10 cases of squamous-cell carcinoma showed immunoreactivity for keratin. The 19 cases of small-cell carcinoma showed no such reactivity. Our findings indicate that immunostaining for NSE and keratin is a valuable aid when a definite diagnosis of small-cell carcinoma of the lung can not be made on the basis of conventional cytologic features. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:217-220.
Attitudes About Mental Illness and Professional Danger Among New Social Work Students

This article describes the results of a study comparing attitudes toward mental illness and perceptions of professional danger among new social work students (n=64) and other university students (n=111). Such topics have implications for social work education and curriculum development but have not been studied adequately. Results from multivariate analyses showed that new social work students generally had more positive attitudes toward serious mental illness. They had less fear, were less avoidant, and were more willing to help people with severe mental illness than other students. There were no differences in other attitudes, however, including the dangers posed by mental illness and the perceived dangerousness of the social work profession. Implications for educating social work students are discussed.