cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entropy-constrained learning vector quantization algorithms and their application in image compression

This paper presents entropy constrained fuzzy clustering and learning vector quantization algorithms and their application in image compression. Entropy constrained fuzzy clustering (ECFC) algorithms were developed by minimizing an objective function incorporating the fuzzy partition entropy and the average distortion between the feature vectors, which represent the image data, and the prototypes, which represent the codevectors or codewords. The reformulation of fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithms provided the basis for the development of fuzzy learning vector quantization (FLVQ) algorithms and essentially established a link between clustering and learning vector quantization. Minimization of the reformulation function that corresponds to ECFC algorithms using gradient descent results in entropy constrained learning vector quantization (ECLVQ) algorithms. These algorithms allow the gradual transition from a maximally fuzzy partition to a nearly crisp partition of the feature vectors during the learning process. This paper presents two alternative implementations of the proposed algorithms, which differ in terms of the strategy employed for updating the prototypes during learning. The proposed algorithms are tested and evaluated on the design of codebooks used for image data compression.
Intrinsic Dacron graft failure 19 years post-implantation

Intrinsic failure of a knitted Dacron aortic bifurcation graft 19 years after implantation is reported. Failure was due to inability of the dilated and deteriorated left graft limb to hold anastomotic sutures. Numerous transverse cracks and breaks were detected in the Dacron filaments, in addition to small holes throughout the fabric structure, and a severe reduction in the yarn's tensile strength. Criteria are defined for establishing a correct diagnosis, and causative factors, incidence, and clinical management are discussed.
In vivo testing of silicone rubber joint implants for lipid absorption.

Silicone rubber implants removed from patients undergoing revision arthroplasty were examined for breakage and cracks and analyzed for lipid content. No relationship was observed between lipids extracted from the implants and the implantation time. Neither was the absorption of lipids and the incidence of breakage of the implants found to be related. Various factors contributing to the possible failure and breakage of the joint implants are discussed.
The genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase are expressed differentially in petunia leaves

Abstract We have isolated five members of the multigene family encoding the small subunit (rbcS) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in petunia and examined their expression in petunia leaves. Of the five rbcS genes, two (ssu11A and ssu8) are expressed at high levels in petunia leaves. Northern analysis using gene specific oligonucleotide probes revealed that ssu11A accounts for 40% of the total rbcS transcripts in petunia leaves while ssu8 accounts for 4 to 5% of the total rbcS transcripts. Structural comparisons of ssu8 and ssu11A revealed that the coding sequence of ssu8 is interrupted by three introns, while the coding sequence of ssu11A is interrupted by two introns. The positions of the first two introns are identical, the third intron in ssu8 is located in a highly conserved region of the protein. The 5' and 3' flanking sequences of ssu11A are highly homologous to the 5' and 3' flanking sequences of ssu8. S1 nuclease mapping was used to locate the start of transcription of ssu8 and ssu11A and showed that ssu8 mRNA leader differs in sequence from the ssu11A mRNA leader.
Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Measurement and Analysis:

This paper describes analytical and experimental efforts to find the internal damping and elastic stiffness of E-glass fiber-reinforced epoxy beams under flexural vibration. Stiffness and damping a...
On the geodetic applications of simultaneous range differences to LAGEOS

The possibility of improving the accuracy of geodetic results by use of simultaneously observed ranges to Lageos, in a differencing mode, from pairs of stations was studied. Simulation tests show that model errors can be effectively minimized by simultaneous range differencing (SRD) for a rather broad class of network satellite pass configurations. The methods of least squares approximation are compared with monomials and Chebyshev polynomials and the cubic spline interpolation. Analysis of three types of orbital biases (radial, along- and across track) shows that radial biases are the ones most efficiently minimized in the SRC mode. The degree to which the other two can be minimized depends on the type of parameters under estimation and the geometry of the problem. Sensitivity analyses of the SRD observation show that for baseline length estimations the most useful data are those collected in a direction parallel to the baseline and at a low elevation. Estimating individual baseline lengths with respect to an assumed but fixed orbit not only decreases the cost, but it further reduces the effects of model biases on the results as opposed to a network solution. Analogous results and conclusions are obtained for the estimates of the coordinates of the pole.
Measurements of the refractive index of yttrium in the 50–1300-eV energy region

The first experimental results to our knowledge on the refractive index n = 1 - δ + iβ of yttrium in the extreme-ultraviolet and soft x-ray energy ranges are discussed. To determine the absorptive part β, transmittance measurements were performed on pure yttrium films in the 50–1300-eV energy region at beamline 6.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source. The dispersive part δ was then calculated from the absorption results by means of the Kramers-Kronig transformation. Compared with prior tabulated values, the new set of data for the refractive index of yttrium is in better agreement with the sum rules and contains previously unresolved fine structure information in the regions of the M2,3 and M4,5 absorption edges, where yttrium-based multilayer mirrors operate.
Optimal management of perimenopausal depression.

Only recently has the perimenopause become recognized as a time when women are at risk for new onset and recurrence of major depression. Untreated depression at this time not only exacerbates the course of a depressive illness, but also puts women at increased risk for sleep disorders, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Although antidepressant medication is the mainstay of treatment, adjunctive therapy, especially with estrogen replacement, may be indicated in refractory cases, and may speed the onset of antidepressant action. Many, but not all, studies, report that progesterone antagonizes the beneficial effects of estrogen. Although some antidepressants improve vasomotor symptoms, in general they are not as effective as estrogen alone for relieving these symptoms. Estrogen alone, however, does not generally result in remission of major depression in most (but not all) studies, but may provide benefit to some women with less severe symptoms if administered in therapeutic ranges. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in addition to estrogen are usually more beneficial in improving mood than SSRIs or estrogen treatment alone for major depression, whereas the selective norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors do not require the addition of estrogen to exert their antidepressant effects in menopausal depression. In addition to attention to general health, hormonal status, and antidepressant treatment, the optimal management of perimenopausal depression also requires attention to the individual woman’s psychosocial and spiritual well being.
The exercise-induced enhancement of influenza immunity is mediated in part by improvements in psychosocial factors in older adults.

The primary goal of this study was to determine whether exercise-associated improvements of the immune response to inXuenza vaccination were mediated by improvements in psychosocial factors in older adults. At baseline, prior to the exercise intervention, older adult participants were immunized with inXuenza vaccine. Blood samples collected pre-immunization, 1, 4, and 12 weeks postimmunization were analyzed for anti-inXuenza antibody, whereas inXuenza-speciWc cytokine (IFN) was evaluated at 1 week postimmunization. Depression and sense of coherence were measured pre-immunization. Four weeks post-immunization, participants were randomly assigned to either an aerobic exercise group (n D 14) or a control group (n D 14). After a 10-month exercise intervention, the immunization, blood collections, and psychosocial measures were repeated. At the post-intervention evaluation, exercise participants had improved scores on depression and sense of coherence. Also post-intervention, exercise participants had a greater increase in antibody and IFN production. After controlling for the eVect of both psychosocial measures, the exercise treatment remained signiWcant with respect to antibody titer suggesting that the increases in antibody were not mediated by improvement in the psychosocial factors. In contrast, the enhancement of IFN appeared to be mediated at least in part by the psychosocial factors. After controlling for psychosocial factors, exercise treatment was no longer signiWcantly related to the change in IFN. Taken together, our Wndings may suggest that the mechanism(s) of exercise-induced improvement in immunocompetence involve both physiological and psychological pathways.  2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The nucleolus: a paradigm for cell proliferation and aging

The nucleolus is the cellular site of ribosome biosynthesis. At this site, active ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes are rapidly transcribed by RNA polymerase I (pol I) molecules. Recent advances in our understanding of the pol I transcription system have indicated that regulation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis is a critical factor in cell growth. Importantly, the same signaling networks that control cell growth and proliferation and are deregulated in cancer appear to control pol I transcription. Therefore, the study of the biochemical basis for growth regulation of pol I transcription can provide basic information about the nuclear signaling network. Hopefully, this information may facilitate the search for drugs that can inhibit the growth of tumor cells by blocking pol I activation. In addition to its function in ribosome biogenesis, recent studies have revealed the prominent role of the nucleolus in cell senescence. These findings have stimulated a new wave of research on the functional relationship between the nucleolus and aging. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of some current topics in the area of nucleolus biology, and it has been written for a general readership.
Multidimensional Results Reporting to Participants in Genomic Studies: Getting It Right

Recent surveys about participation in cohort studies reconfirm that participants value and desire the return of research results to a degree that is out of step with the restrictive recommendations of various ethics advisory groups, which have historically limited disclosure based on clinician value judgments and the severity and treatability of the disease in question, among other factors. Rather than framing the current inconclusive ethics discussion as a standstill among competing ethical principles and their potential applicability, we introduce a new element, communicability (that is, those properties of a message that will determine how likely it is that its informational intent will be grasped by the study participant), as the subject of empirical research to align participants' goals with beneficent and responsible results reporting. Structural changes in research design, combined with governance changes in assessing impact, allow us to move beyond a binary construction of report/do not report and to create a structure in which the communicability of the message and the participants' preferences are variables in a function that affects results reporting. Here we illustrate this structure and its principles.
Modelling of fracture wear in vitrified cBN grinding wheels

Purpose: The paper describes modelling of fracture wear in vitrified cBN grinding wheels. Design/methodology/approach: The approach used in the paper is based on using finite elements to model fracture wear processes in vitrified cBN grinding wheels. The approach used models fracture wear processes and ignores abrasive wear of the abrasive grains. Findings: The findings show that during grinding the grain is subjected to forces that create fracture initiation zones in the sharp abrasive grains where tensile and compressive stresses dominate in certain parts of the abrasive grains. Research limitations/implications: The findings show that further research is required that prevents the formation of crack initiation zones and considers the effects of wear flats on the magnitude of stresses in the abrasive grains. Practical implications: The results imply that abrasive fracture wear is the dominant wear mechanism when grinding with sharp vitrified cBN grinding wheels. Originality/value: The originality of this paper is reflected in the fact that this is the first time that fracture wear has been modelled in sharp vitrified cBN grinding wheels. The results presented in this paper will illuminate the need for accurate modelling of the wear of vitrified superabrasive grinding wheels.
Single-Event Analysis of the Packaging of Bacteriophage T7 DNA Concatemers in Vitro

Bacteriophage T7 packages its double-stranded DNA genome in a preformed protein capsid (procapsid). The DNA substrate for packaging is a head-to-tail multimer (concatemer) of the mature 40-kilobase pair genome. Mature genomes are cleaved from the concatemer during packaging. In the present study, fluorescence microscopy is used to observe T7 concatemeric DNA packaging at the level of a single (microscopic) event. Metabolism-dependent cleavage to form several fragments is observed when T7 concatemers are incubated in an extract of T7-infected Escherichia coli (in vitro). The following observations indicate that the fragment-producing metabolic event is DNA packaging: 1) most fragments have the hydrodynamic radius (R(H)) of bacteriophage particles (+/-3%) when R(H) is determined by analysis of Brownian motion; 2) the fragments also have the fluorescence intensity (I) of bacteriophage particles (+/-6%); 3) as a fragment forms, a progressive decrease occurs in both R(H) and I. The decrease in I follows a pattern expected for intracapsid steric restriction of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) binding to packaged DNA. The observed in vitro packaging of a concatemer's genomes always occurs in a synchronized cluster. Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed: the observed packaging of concatemer-associated T7 genomes is cooperative.
Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Complex Instability of the Elbow*†

Complex instability of the elbow is the condition resulting from both the injury and the resultant loss of function due to damage to the articular surface and the ligamentous structures that stabilize the elbow. The clinical presentation may be subluxation, or it may be incongruity with malalignment in either the lateral or the anteroposterior plane. The specific goal of this report is to provide a rationale for the reliable treatment of a spectrum of these acute injuries. To accomplish this, the relative contributions of the articulation and the ligaments to normal stability, as well as their interactions, must first be defined. ### Articular Elements For the purpose of this discussion, it is assumed that the distal part of the humerus is intact. Therefore, the elements of the articulation to be discussed include the radial head and the proximal part of the ulna, specifically the coronoid. The ligamentous structures include the medial collateral ligament and the ulnar part of the lateral collateral ligament. The various interactions between the soft-tissue and articular constructs are well known (Fig. 1). Some of these interrelationships have been quantified. Fig. 1 Schematic drawings showing the complex interactions of the articular and ligamentous constraints at the ulnar part of the lateral collateral ligament (LUCL), annular ligament (AL), and medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the elbow. A: An off-center force (large arrow) demonstrates the shared compressive load (medium arrows) borne by the radial head and the coronoid, with tension (smallest arrows) being borne by the medial collateral ligament. B: With an absent radial head, loads similar to those in A are shared by the collateral ligaments as well as the coronoid. If the soft-tissue attachments of the wrist are intact, the radius is axially stable and hence the over-all complex is stable. C: With an absent radial head and both collateral …
Phenotypic modulation of endothelial cells by transforming growth factor-beta depends upon the composition and organization of the extracellular matrix.

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is angiogenic in vivo. In vitro, endothelial cell proliferation is inhibited by TGF-beta. We have correlated this inhibitory effect with an increase in cellular fibronectin synthesis and deposition in a two-dimensional culture system using specific matrix coatings. The inhibitory effect was mimicked by addition of soluble fibronectin to cultures. In contrast, TGF-beta was found to elicit the formation of tube-like structures (mimicking angiogenesis) when microvascular endothelial cells were grown in three-dimensional collagen gels. In this culture system TGF-beta elicited rapid extensive formation of complex, branching, tube-like structures, while cell proliferation was not inhibited. These data confirm and support the hypothesis that TGF-beta is angiogenic and may exert some of its effects through modulation of matrix synthesis and are consistent with the hypothesis that the organization of the extracellular environment influences cellular responses to this "panregulin."
Generalized l/sub 2/ synthesis: a new framework for control design

This paper introduces a general and powerful framework for control design, which can be used to solve several open problems in robust and optimal control. These include such special cases as synthesis for independent norm bounded disturbances, robust stability with "element by element" bounded structured uncertainty, certain classes of robust performance problems, and deterministic white noise disturbances. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the general problem to have a solution are in terms of a computationally attractive finite-dimensional affine matrix inequality.
D2 dopamine receptor polymorphism and brain regional glucose metabolism

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown decreased glucose metabolism in brain regions of detoxified alcoholics and cocaine abusers. However, it is not clear whether this decrease is due to chronic drug abuse or a pre-existing condition. Molecular genetic studies have found an association of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) A1 allele with alcoholism and drug abuse. Moreover, reduced central dopaminergic function has been suggested in subjects who carry the A1 allele (A1+) compared with those who do not (A1-). In the present study, using 18F-deoxyglucose, regional glucose metabolism was determined in healthy nonalcohol/nondrug-abusing subjects with the A1+ or A1- allele. The mean relative glucose metabolic rate (GMR) was significantly lower in the A1+ than the A1- group in many brain regions, including the putamen, nucleus accumbens, frontal and temporal gyri and medial prefrontal, occipito-temporal and orbital cortices. Decreased relative GMR in the A1+ group was also found in Broca's area, anterior insula, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. A few brain areas, however, showed increased relative GMR in the A1+ group. Since polymorphism of the DRD2 gene is commonly observed in humans, the importance of differentiating A1+ and A1- alleles subjects in PET studies is suggested.
Structures of the Porphyromonas gingivalis OxyR regulatory domain explain differences in expression of the OxyR regulon in Escherichia coli and P. gingivalis

OxyR transcriptionally regulates Escherichia coli oxidative stress response genes through a reversibly reducible cysteine disulfide biosensor of cellular redox status. Structural changes induced by redox changes in these cysteines are conformationally transmitted to the dimer subunit interfaces, which alters dimer and tetramer interactions with DNA. In contrast to E. coli OxyR regulatory-domain structures, crystal structures of Porphyromonas gingivalis OxyR regulatory domains show minimal differences in dimer configuration on changes in cysteine disulfide redox status. This locked configuration of the P. gingivalis OxyR regulatory-domain dimer closely resembles the oxidized (activating) form of the E. coli OxyR regulatory-domain dimer. It correlates with the observed constitutive activation of some oxidative stress genes in P. gingivalis and is attributable to a single amino-acid insertion in P. gingivalis OxyR relative to E. coli OxyR. Modelling of full-length P. gingivalis, E. coli and Neisseria meningitidis OxyR–DNA complexes predicts different modes of DNA binding for the reduced and oxidized forms of each.
Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies in Patients Undergoing Total Joint Replacement Surgery

Background. Patients undergoing joint replacement remain at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to other types of surgery, regardless of thromboprophylactic regimen. The pathophysiologic processes rendering this group of patients at risk for VTE are multifactorial. Procedure-specific and patient-specific exposures play a role in the postoperative development of VTE, including the development of anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL). Methods. We measured three aPL (anti-cardiolipin, anti-β2 glycoprotein, and lupus anticoagulant) in 123 subjects undergoing total knee or hip arthroplasty to describe the presence of these antibodies preoperatively and to describe the rate of postoperative seroconversion among those people who were negative preoperatively. Postoperative antibodies were measured at day 7, 14, and 21. Results. The prevalence of aPL antibodies in the preoperative period was 44%, positive subjects were more likely to be smokers (P = 0.05) and were less likely to have undergone a previous arthroplasty procedure (P = 0.002). Subjects seroconverted in a 21 day postoperative period at a rate of 79%. Conclusions. These pilot data suggest that the prevalence of aPL in this population both preoperatively and postoperatively is higher than previously expected. Further studies are needed to describe aPL in a larger population and to establish their clinical significance in populations undergoing joint replacement surgeries.
Re: Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer Risk in Nonsmoking Women

Background Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (passive smoking) has been suggested to be a cause of lung cancer, although early epidemiologic studies have produced inconsistent results. Purpose We conducted an epidemiologic case-control study to assess the relationship between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer risk among women who have never smoked (i.e., having smoked for a total of less than 6 months or having smoked less than 100 cigarettes in their lifetimes). Methods Case patients (n = 210) were women with histologically confirmed primary carcinomas of the lung who were lifetime nonsmokers. They were identified through hospital tumor registries and the Florida Cancer Data System of the Statewide Cancer Registry. Community-based control women (n = 301) were also lifetime nonsmokers and were identified through random-digit dialing. Details on childhood and adulthood exposures to environmental tobacco smoke were ascertained through interviews with the study participants themselves or with surrogate respondents. Risks were calculated in terms of smoke-years, defined as the sum of the reported years of exposure to cigarette smoke from each smoker in the household. Results The risk of lung cancer more than doubled for women who reported 40 or more smoke-years of household exposure during adulthood (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-5.3) or 22 or more smoke-years of exposure during childhood and adolescence (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.1-5.4). Risks were highest for non-adenocarcinoma lung cancers, although modest elevations in risk were also observed for adenocarcinomas. When a surrogate respondent other than the patient's husband provided information on exposure, the risk estimates were considerably lower. Conclusion These findings suggest that long-term exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of lung cancer in women who have never smoked.
Representation of Natural Stimuli in the Rodent Main Olfactory Bulb

Natural odorants are complex mixtures of diverse chemical compounds. Monomolecular odorants are represented in the main olfactory bulb by distinct spatial patterns of activated glomeruli. However, it remains unclear how individual compounds contribute to population representations of natural stimuli, which appear to be unexpectedly sparse. We combined gas chromatography and intrinsic signal imaging to visualize glomerular responses to natural stimuli and their fractionated components. While whole stimuli activated up to 20 visible glomeruli, each fractionated component activated only one or few glomeruli, and most glomeruli were activated by only one component. Thus, responses to complex mixtures reflected activation by multiple components, with each contributing only a small part of the overall representation. We conclude that the population response to a complex stimulus is largely the sum of the responses to its individual components, and activation of an individual glomerulus independently signals the presence of a specific component.
Generalized Value Functions for Large Action Sets

The majority of value function approximation based reinforcement learning algorithms available today, focus on approximating the state (V) or state-action (Q) value function and efficient action selection comes as an afterthought. On the other hand, real-world problems tend to have large action spaces, where evaluating every possible action becomes impractical. This mismatch presents a major obstacle in successfully applying reinforcement learning to real-world problems. In this paper we present a unified view of V and Q functions and arrive at a new space-efficient representation, where action selection can be done exponentially faster, without the use of a model. We then describe how to calculate this new value function efficiently via approximate linear programming and provide experimental results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Mutual Fund Investment Discretion And The Asset Allocation Problem

This article questions whether mutual fund investors attempting to follow an asset allocation plan can determine the appropriateness of a mutual fund in their portfolio simply by the fund name, the announced fund objective, or the classification of the fund by an independent organization. One reason for this difficulty may be the discretion fund managers are given in the fund's investment composition. We argue that this problem exists, and that true, effective asset allocation requires careful study of the manager's discretion over the composition of each fund's investments, as well as periodic review of the investment allocation of the fund.
Reflections on Frieda Van Vliet's Side Exit to No Man's Land? Taking the Side Exit in the United States: Where Mothers Become Untrustworthy, Sperm Donors Become Legal Fathers and Children Become the Property of Their Biological Parents

This article is a supportive response to Dutch legal scholar, Frieda van Vliet's article in which she calls for automatic parentage for two women, married under Dutch law, when one of them gives birth to a child. The article begins with an examination the U.S. court decisions involving known sperm donors asserting parental rights, which shows the lengths to which the U.S. courts have gone to support a sperm donor's action to obtain legal parentage. In addition, the article points out that, by recognizing the sperm donor as a parent, the sperm donor can prevent the child's non-biological social parent from adopting the child. In fact, establishing a known sperm donor as a legal parent may prevent the social parent from obtaining any legal standing, whatsoever, to protect her relationship with the child. The article concludes with a warning that, without automatic parenthood for female spouses of women who have children using artificial insemination by donor (AID), the Netherlands will be joining the United States in sending a particular group of children to a side exit, where they must exist without legal protections for their relationship with their second parent and without legal recognition of the reality of their daily lives.
Effects of particle size of yellow dent corn on physical characteristics of diets and growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing–finishing pigs

The objectives of this experiment were to determine effects of reducing particle size on growth performance, carcass characteristics, stomach morphology, and VFA concentration in the hindgut of growing-finishing pigs if diets were formulated to a constant ME. Thirty-six gilts and 36 barrows (32.00 ± 1.58 kg initial BW) were individually penned and randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial design with sex (gilts and barrows) and corn particle size (i.e., 865, 677, 485, and 339 μm) as factors. The ME was determined in the same 4 batches of corn in a previous experiment to be 3,826, 3,868, 3,895, and 3,964 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Pigs were fed a 3-phase program from 32 to 129 kg. Within each phase, 4 corn-soybean meal diets were formulated, and the only difference among diets was that the corn used was ground to the 4 specified particle sizes and soybean oil was added to the diets in decreasing amounts as the corn particle size was reduced to reflect the increased ME in corn with reduced particle size. Results of the experiment indicated that initial BW, final BW, overall ADFI, and overall ADG were not different among treatments, but final G:F for gilts decreased from 0.38 to 0.35 (linear, < 0.05) as the particle size decreased from 865 to 339 μm, but no difference was observed for barrows (interaction, < 0.05). However, G:F did not change if calculated based on HCW because dressing percentage increased (linear, < 0.01) from 79.30 to 80.29% as the particle size decreased, which was partly due to a reduction (linear, < 0.01) from 3.01 to 2.52 kg in empty intestinal weight. Back fat depth, HCW, loin eye area, and carcass fat-free lean percentage were not different among treatments. There were no incidences of ulcers in the esophageal region of the stomach regardless of the particle size of corn, but parakeratosis in the esophageal region increased ( < 0.05) as the particle size of corn decreased. The concentration of acetate, proprionate, and butyrate in the cecal contents decreased (linear, < 0.01) from 2,537 to 1,846, from 872 to 617, and from 702 to 226 μg/mL, respectively, and the pH in the cecal and colon contents increased (linear, < 0.01) from 6.04 to 6.64 and from 5.85 to 6.25, respectively, as the particle size decreased. In conclusion, by using corn ground to a smaller particle size, the amount of added fat may be reduced in the diets without affecting growth performance of barrows or carcass composition of barrows and gilts.
Electronic Government Information Dissemination: Changes for Programs, Users, Libraries, and Government Documents Librarians

SUMMARY The federal government, “the largest single producer, consumer, collector, and disseminator of information in the United States,”1 has begun to disseminate most of that information electronically. Legislation and more economic production and dissemination of government information have produced changes in the Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) and federal agency dissemination. This chapter examines the dissemination of electronic government information from the Government Printing Office (GPO) through the FDLP and executive branch agencies and discusses the impact that this has on users, libraries, and government information specialists.
A dual-column HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of DHPG (9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine) and its mono and diesters in biological samples.

A convenient method for the simultaneous determination of various DHPG species present in biological samples is presented. This method utilizes a cation exchange column (25 cm X 4.6 mm i.d.) coupled in series to a short reversed-phase column (5 cm X 4.6 mm i.d.). The mobile phase consists of methanol:0.005M ammonium phosphate buffer, pH 2.5. There is a large polarity difference between DHPG and its esters due to the non-polar side chain of the ester moiety. The simultaneous determination of the diesters, monoesters, and DHPG in these samples using only the cation exchange or the reversed-phase column is not possible without time-consuming gradient elution. In the reversed-phase mode alone, the esters are highly retained relative to DHPG, whereas the esters are only slightly retained on a cation exchange column and are insensitive to changes in pH and ionic strength of the mobile phase. However, a combination of these two columns provides interesting selectivity for these compounds and offers a unique way of controlling the retention times of these species relative to each other. The retention time of esters can be selectively altered (with respect to DHPG) by changing the composition of methanol in the mobile phase. In contrast, the retention time of DHPG is controlled by changing the buffer strength and pH of the mobile phase.
Study on later disposal in plague epidemic areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China from 2002 to 2012

Objective To investigate the strategy, method, and results of later disposal in the plague epidemic areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.Methods The data on later disposal in the plague epidemic areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region during 2002-2012 were subjected to statistical analysis and evaluation by epidemiological and statistical methods.Results From 2002 to 2012, the number of plague cases in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region dropped from 42 to0, the detection rate ofYersinia pestisfrom 0.19% to 0, the positive rate of F1 antibody from 0.38% to 0, the flea carrying rate from 68.00% to 4.64%, and the flea index from 1.15 to 0.06; the rat density was controlled under 5%.Conclusion The later disposal in plague epidemic areas has obviously controlled the epidemic situation of plague, so it is worth promoting in the plague epidemic areas.
Colorectal Cancer Screening in Vulnerable Patients: Promoting Informed and Shared Decisions.

Introduction Low-income, low-literacy, limited English–proficient populations have low colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates and experience poor patient–provider communication and decision-making processes around screening. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a CRC screening decision aid on screening-related communication and decision making in primary care visits. Study design RCT with data collected from patients at baseline and immediately after the provider encounter. Setting/participants Patients aged 50–75 years, due for CRC screening, were recruited from two safety net clinics in North Carolina and New Mexico (data collection, January 2014–September 2015; analysis, 2015). Intervention Participants viewed a CRC screening decision aid or a food safety (control) video immediately before their provider encounter. Main outcome measures CRC screening–related knowledge, discussion, intent, test preferences, and test ordering. Results The study population (N=262) had a mean age of 58.3 years and was 66% female, 61% Latino, 17% non-Latino black, and 16% non-Latino white. Among Latino participants, 71% preferred Spanish. Compared with controls, intervention participants had greater screening-related knowledge (on average 4.6 vs 2.8 of six knowledge items correct, adjusted difference [AD]=1.8, 95% CI=1.5, 2.1) and were more likely to report screening discussion (71.0% vs 45.0%, AD=26.1%, 95% CI=14.3%, 38.0%) and high screening intent (93.1% vs 84.7%, AD=9.0%, 95% CI=2.0%, 16.0%). Intervention participants were more likely to indicate a specific screening test preference (93.1% vs 68.0%, AD=26.5%, 95% CI=17.2%, 35.8%) and to report having a test ordered (56.5% vs 32.1%, AD=25.8%, 95% CI=14.4%, 37.2%). Conclusions Viewing a CRC screening decision aid before a primary care encounter improves knowledge and shared decision making around screening in a racially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse safety net clinic population. Trial registration This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT02054598.
A Taxonomy of Tone

So, now, how are the varieties of tone to be sorted out? How are the similarities and the differences among these many examples to be described and grouped? In connection with the main themes of Part Two, the pair ‘bet’ and ‘wager’ provides an interesting example. It is doubtful whether these two words differ, either in meaning or in use, in any of the ways discussed earlier. For the latter, The Concise Oxford Dictionary gives only the identity statement, “wager = bet”. In The Shorter Oxford which, as we saw, includes among its style register the category ‘Formal’, no mention is made of any special or restricted use for either word. So, are these two words perfectly synonymous? Are they everywhere interchangeable salva significatione? There is one colloquial or slang use that evidently does not permit substitution: the reply “You bet!”, meaning ‘You may be sure’. The implicit certainty of outcome suggests that it may be a shortened form of ‘You can bet (on it)’. Another possibility is that it derives from the certainty of betting against oneself, as in ‘You bet you’. Hence, perhaps, the slangy ‘You betcha’ (sometimes ‘You bet ya’). Or maybe this expression is ultimately best viewed as idiomatic — a one-of-a-kind term that requires piecemeal learning. In which case it does not undermine the suggested synonymy.
Abstract 5253: LTβ receptor and NIK signaling activates the alternative NF-kB pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are highly inflammatory and preferentially metastasize to lymph nodes. NF-κB, a key target and regulator of inflammatory and cancer genes is constitutively activated in HNSCC, but the upstream regulation, especially for activation of alternative pathway involving LTβ/LTβR is not clear. We hypothesized that LTβ/LTβR mediated alternative NF-kB pathway signaling is an important mechanism for activation of downstream target genes, and promotion of malignant and metastatic phenotypes in HNSCC. In this study, we have found that LTβ and LTβR are overexpressed in subsets of HNSCC (UM-SCC) tissues and cell lines. In UM-SCC cell lines, LTβ mainly activated the alternative NF-kB pathway, enhancing nuclear translocation of RELB and NF-κB2/p52, in contrast to TNFα induced activation of classical NF-κB pathway. Knockdown of LTβR by Si RNA decreased LTβR mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR and protein expression by Western blots. Knockdown of LTβR decreased its target kinase NIK, and downstream NF-κB subunits RELB and NF-κB2/p52 protein expression. Knockdown of NIK protein decreased RELB and p52 protein expression, while LTβ treatment stabilized NIK, RELB and NF-κB2/p52 expression. LTB mediated NF-κB activity was examined by transient luciferase reporter assay or using stably transfected NF-κB reporter cell line through beta lactamase Fret Blazer activity. Knockdown of LTBR and NIK functionally decreased NF-κB reporter activity, while treatment of LTB partially restored the NF-κB reporter activity. Our data have shown that constitutive and LTβ induce activation of NIK and downstream NF-κB alternate pathway proteins, RELB and NF-kB2/p52 in HNSCC. LTβ and NIK activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway may contribute to the malignant phenotype and metastasis of HNSCC. Citation Format: Rita Das, Tsu-Fang Cheng, Jamie coupar, Anthony Saleh, Xingping Yang, jialing Zhang, shaleeka Cornelius, Carter Van Waes, zhong Chen. LTβ receptor and NIK signaling activates the alternative NF-kB pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5253. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5253
Chapter 9 – Frustums of Artificial Behavior

Chapter Summary Human behavior has an infinitely large number of expressions. Most individuals practice life in its own distinctive fashion. Social behavior in the gratification of their unique needs is time, age, mood, and temperament dependent offering the rich tapestry of personality types. When the human pursuits are need driven, the classical five-level need pyramid of Maslow becomes a three-dimensional cone rather than a two-dimensional triangle. As with most human beings, age and time dependence of human needs, adds the third dimension making the cone irregular, unbalanced, and even lopsided. A sense of aesthetic beauty, balance, and stability accrues with the appropriate admixture of maturity, Intelligence, and purpose over time. Knowledge machines can find and suggest appropriate verb functions and their sequences to achieve these artificially induced qualities in the thought processes of human beings. Frustums corresponding to the levels of these needs become a unique and personalized section of behavioral cones, even though the cones cannot be sliced gracefully to create the frustums. Machine-assisted formation of such frustums is the topic of this chapter. In a sense, the machines with their own personal updatable databases act as monitoring systems to prevent any need, fascination, hobby, or degenerative social influence to encroach on other needs that need gratification in their own right. An emotional, psychological, and physiological stability is induced in the actions and pursuits of humans, corporations, cultures, and nations. Intervention to stabilize health and psyche has been a human endeavor since the beginning of civilized times. In the current timeframe, it is logical to investigate logical circuits to sense the destabilizing forces that are prevalent in most environments. Stability is construed and computed by sensing systems and intelligent agents that are provoked to sense danger or threat. Such robotic agents or software routines take over to counter or eradicate the undesirable trends and movements. Some of these systems are humans (doctors, therapists, medical staff, etc.), corporate agents and systems (accountants, legal staff, intelligent management information systems, etc.), and nations (by the judiciary, national-security agencies, and police), etc.
Memory Phenotype CD8+T Cells Are Superior to Naive CD8+T Cells in Separating Graft Anti-Tumor Activity From Gvhd After Bone Marrow Transplantation; Application to DLI.

Abstract Abstract 2452 Poster Board II-429 We compared the graft anti-tumor effect and GVHD activities of naturally occurring naive and memory phenotype subsets of C57BL/6 (H-2b) CD8+ T cells after bone marrow transplantation into BALB/c (H-2d) mice. The tumor used for the study was the BCL1 lymphoma, a spontaneously arising non-transfected cell line. We found that naive CD8+ T cells (CD62LhiCD44lo) express higher levels of gut homing molecules a4b7, CCR9 and CD103 compared to memory subsets comprised of both effector (CD62LloCD44hi) and central memory cells (CD62LhiCD44hi). The proliferation of the naive cells was ten-fold higher than memory phenotype cells against BALB/c stimulators and memory cells secreted significantly more IFNg in the MLR. All BALB/c hosts without tumor cells that were given donor memory CD8+T cells along with T cell depleted bone marrow cells (TCD BM) survived over 100 days of transplantation without significant weight loss compared to TCDBM controls. However, 25% of the mice given naive CD8+ T cells and TCD BM died due to GVHD and had significantly greater weight loss compared to TCD BM controls or to hosts given memory CD8+ T cells and TCD BM. BALB/c hosts given 500 BCL1 and TCD BM all died of lymphoma within 28 days of transplantation. Hosts given BCL1 cells, TCD BM and either memory or naive cells cleared the tumor by day 28 but weight loss and survival was significantly improved in the memory versus naive cell groups despite non significant differences in the GVHD scores in the liver and gut at day 100. Ex vivo imaging of mice receiving BCL1 tumor cells, TCD BM, and CD8+T cells from luciferase transgenic donors showed increased accumulation of naive phenotype CD8+T cells in the liver and the gut compared to memory phenotype cells after 6 days of transplantation. We compared the memory and naive CD8+ T cells in a model of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) in which BALB/c mice with progressive growth of BCL1 tumor after TCD BM transplantation were given infusion of the CD8+ T cells. Both naive and memory cells are effective in clearing the tumor, and converting the hosts from mixed to complete chimeras. Differences in GVHD are observed. In conclusion, CD8+ memory phenotype T cells are a desirable subset that mediates potent anti-tumor activity without severe GVHD, and can be used in a DLI model. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Effectiveness of proactive reset for mitigating impact of stealthy attacks on networks of autonomous systems

Recent examples have shown that sophisticated cyber attackers are capable of infiltrating the cyber defenses of major organizations and spreading stealthily through a network, potentially doing significant damage before exploited vulnerabilities can be identified or patches developed. Autonomous systems are particularly vulnerable because they are further removed from human intervention. One emerging technology designed to address this problem is proactive reset, where systems automatically undergo a reset operation that restores them to a known malware-free state, regardless of whether or not they were already infected. More frequent resets result in higher security, but may also reduce functionality of the network. In this work, we consider the effectiveness of three proactive reset policies for mitigating the spread of stealthy malware through a network of autonomous systems. We perform experiments using agent-based simulation and find that a proactive policy that uses risk-flow analysis to determine when systems should be reset achieves performance comparable to that of a perfect detector.
The Role of Capsule Endoscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease and Refractory Diarrhea

Celiac disease represents an immune-mediated intestinal injury as a result of intolerance to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. It affects genetically susceptible individuals with a prevalence ranging from 0.7 to 2 % in various communities. Symptoms vary from persistent and daily to subclinical, vague, and variable. They can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, as well as signs and symptoms of malabsorption, such as fatigue, nutritional deficiencies, anemia, osteoporosis, and ataxia. Other associated autoimmune phenomena include dermatitis herpetiformis, alopecia, and infertility. The majority of patients have clinical response to dietary restrictions, and persistent symptoms are most commonly secondary to gluten contamination. Capsule endoscopy has a distinct role in the diagnostic work-up for gluten enteropathy as well as in known celiac patients who demonstrate alarm or refractory symptomatology. This chapter will highlight the many benefits in the diagnosis and management of celiac disease.