cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
99 percenters: An examination of the misconduct careers of the most violent and disruptive incarcerated delinquents

Abstract The function of correctional institutions is to maintain institutional security and safety, and institutional misconduct undermines that security. Few studies have examined the individuals who pose the greatest threat to institutional security and are responsible for the greatest number of misconduct incidents (i.e., the 99th percentile of misconducts). This study examines youthful offenders incarcerated in Texas state juvenile facilities who engage in the most frequent and most violent misconduct incidents through a series of logistic regression and ROC-AUC models. The findings indicate that younger age, African-American status, gang activity during confinement, being a danger to self, and involvement in multiple forms of treatment evince a higher risk of engaging in the 99th percentile of total and violent misconduct regardless of model specification. Other factors such as commitment offense, adverse childhood experiences, and sex have differential effects depending on whether the 90th or 99th percentile thresholds are considered. Youth in the 90th percentile account for 49% of total misconduct and 50% of violent misconduct. Youth in the 99th percentile account for 11% of total misconduct and 51% of violent misconduct. We discuss implications for policy and practice and the importance of understanding antisocial development of youthful offenders and their institutional maladjustment.
Cellular Energetics of Mast Cell Development and Activation

Mast cells are essential first responder granulocytes in the innate immune system that are well known for their role in type 1 immune hypersensitivity reactions. Although mostly recognized for their role in allergies, mast cells have a range of influences on other systems throughout the body and can respond to a wide range of agonists to properly prime an appropriate immune response. Mast cells have a dynamic energy metabolism to allow rapid responsiveness to their energetic demands. However, our understanding of mast cell metabolism and its impact on mast cell activation and development is still in its infancy. Mast cell metabolism during stimulation and development shifts between both arms of metabolism: catabolic metabolism—such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation—and anabolic metabolism—such as the pentose phosphate pathway. The potential for metabolic pathway shifts to precede and perhaps even control activation and differentiation provides an exciting opportunity to explore energy metabolism for clues in deciphering mast cell function. In this review, we discuss literature pertaining to metabolic environments and fluctuations during different sources of activation, especially IgE mediated vs. non-IgE mediated, and mast cell development, including progenitor cell types leading to the well-known resident mast cell.
Efficacy of the Application of a Purified Native Collagen With Embedded Antimicrobial Barrier Followed by a Placental Allograft on a Diverse Group of Nonhealing Wounds of Various Etiologies.

Objective This retrospective observational study analyzes the bacteriological profile of pathogens causing burn wound infections in a tertiary care center. Materials and methods This study was conducted at Father Muller Medical College Hospital, Karnataka, India, from January 2014 through December 2016. The specimens (ie, pus or a wound swab) were collected from patients with suspected of infection and processed as per standard microbiological techniques. The antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed by the Kirby Bauer's disk diffusion test on Mueller-Hinton agar as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results During the study period, a total of 124 eligible patient samples were collected; 22 samples were excluded as there was no significant growth/colonization. Among the 102 patients included in the study, 56 (54.9%) were females and the majority (33, 32.35%) of the patients were between 18 to 30 years. Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.56% each) were the most common pathogen among gram-negative bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus (36, 11.25%) was the most common gram-positive bacteria. Methicillin resistance was 30.5% among the Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Most of Acinetobacter species isolates were resistant to piperacillin tazobactum (84.71%), meropenem (80%), and amikacin (87.06%). Other gram-negative bacteria were also emerging with multidrug resistance. Conclusions The current study revealed the non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria as the leading cause of burn wound infection and are highly resistant to available high-level antibacterial agents.
Transitioning your course to online: High-yield modifications for success.

Abstract Introduction Faculty everywhere are struggling to transition their on-campus courses to an online format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We transitioned our graduate pathophysiology and clinical pharmacology courses for advanced practice providers from the classroom to completely online several years ago. These are content heavy courses with relatively high enrollment. Perspective Since transitioning we have identified challenges and gathered extensive student feedback that has guided substantial refinement of these courses. In this article we highlight how our approaches to online teaching focus on four basic pillars: organization, course content delivery, communication, and assessment. Implications Examples of high-yield improvements that enhance learning are provided.
Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Tumors

Nearly thirty thousand incidences of primary and 300 thousand incidences of metastatic brain cancer are diagnosed in the USA each year. It has a high mortality rate and is often unresponsive to the standard of care, which includes surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. These treatment strategies are also hindered by their invasiveness and toxic effects on healthy cells and tissues. Furthermore, the blood-brain/tumor barrier severely limits delivery of anti-cancer therapeutics administered intravenously to brain tumors, resulting in poor tumor response to the treatment. There is a critical need to develop new approaches to brain cancer therapy that can overcome these limitations. Focused ultrasound has emerged as a modality that addresses many of these limitations and has the potential to alter the treatment paradigm for brain cancer. Ultrasound transmitted through the skull can be focused on tumors and used for targeted ablation or opening the vascular barriers for drug delivery. This review provides insight on the current status of these unique ultrasound techniques, different strategies of using this technique for brain cancer, experience in preclinical models, and potential for clinical translation. We also debate the safety perspective of these techniques and discuss potential avenues for future work in noninvasive planning, monitoring, and evaluation of the ultrasonic neurointervention.
Quantifying lithium loss in amorphous silicon thin-film anodes via titration-gas chromatography

Summary Silicon with a high theoretical capacity (3,579 mAh/g) is a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries. However, commercialization is still impeded by low Coulombic efficiency, caused by solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and trapped lithium (Li)-silicon (Si) alloy during repeated volume change. Quantifying capacity losses from each factor is crucial to formulate rational design strategies for further improvement. In this work, titration-gas chromatography and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy are applied to characterize the evolution of trapped Li-Si alloy and SEI growth in a silicon thin-film anode. It is found that continuous growth of the SEI is the dominant factor for lithium inventory loss during cycling, with only a marginal increase in trapped Li-Si alloy. This study offers a quantitative approach to differentiate Li in the SEI from trapped Li in Li-Si alloy through a silicon thin-film anode, providing unique insights into identifying critical bottlenecks for developing Si anodes.
Delineation of macroporous zones in the unsaturated portion of the Miami Limestone using ground penetrating radar, Miami Dade County, Florida

Summary The Atlantic Coastal Ridge in Dade County is an ooid shoal formed during the late Pleistocene. The ridge is composed of the eogenetic karst Miami Limestone, characterized by a heterogeneous distribution of porosity that can manifest as large touching-vug macroporous features with sizes in the meters and tens of meters. Direct evidence for the presence of such large dissolution features is only visible when exposed to the surface which may be problematic in urbanized areas. For that reason it is critical to detect any potential precursors for such dissolution features at the subsurface level. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of ground penetrating radar to detect areas of macroporosity by quantifying changes in electromagnetic wave velocity and relate them to changes in porosity after application of the complex refractive index model (CRIM). In order to constrain volumetric water content (VWC) in the CRIM, an experiment using Miami Limestone samples was designed to understand: (1) the range of typical VWCs; and (2) the effect of capillary fringe on water table elevation. The results show several areas where increases in EM wave travel time associated with contrasts in porosity exceeding 40% cannot be explained by changes in VWCs typically shown in the Miami Limestone. This study may help understand porosity variability in the unsaturated part of the Miami Limestone and if expanded to larger scales may aid groundwater flow models by better capturing distributions of macroporous areas that may contribute to direct recharge of the Biscayne aquifer.
What Constitutes a “Good” Definition of Giftedness?:

It is argued that the debate between Renzulli, on the one hand, and Jarrell and Borland, on the other, is miscast. Definitions (of giftedness or anything else) are not tested by empirical research,...
Creating a Visionary Commons For Global Education

How do preservice elementary teachers make sense of and prepare to teach global education in their future classrooms? Most commonly used in sustainability science, visioning is the practice of making a mental picture of a possible and desired future. This paper discusses the use of visioning as a tool for helping preservice teachers feel comfortable with integration of global education within social studies. Global Education often addresses serioius issues that can be challenging for novice teachers to tackle but the tool of visioning can create a safe environment for integration and discussion of these topics even with young learners.
High Resolution River Hydraulic and Water Quality Characterization Using Rapidly Deployable Networked Infomechanical Systems (NIMS RD)

Increasing demands on water supplies, non-point source pollution, and water quality-based ecological concerns all point to the need for observing stream flow perturbations and pollutant discharges at higher resolution than was practical in the past. This work presents a rapidly deployable Networked Infomechanical System (NIMS RD) technology for observing spatiotemporal hydraulic and chemical properties across stream channels.
Inhibition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor formation by mannosamine

Many eucaryotic cell surface proteins are anchored to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), of which the core region is highly conserved from protozoa to mammalian cells. Previous studies (Lisanti, M. P., Field, M. C., Caras, I. W., Menon, A. K., and Rodiguez-Boulan, E. (1991) EMBO J. 10, 1969-1977) showed that mannosamine blocked the expression of a recombinant GPI-anchored protein in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and converted this protein to an unpolarized secretory product. In the present study, we examined the effect of mannosamine on the formation of the glycan portion of the GPI anchor precursors. This amino sugar inhibited the incorporation of mannose into the glycan portion, and the inhibition was dose-dependent. Mannosamine was shown to be incorporated into the glycan as mannosamine, probably mostly in the second mannose position and thereby to block the further addition of mannose and other anchor components. The products formed in the presence of this drug were characterized by gel filtration and high resolution TLC both before and after deamination with nitrous acid and dephosphorylation by HF. Galactosamine and trehalosamine were inactive in this system, whereas glucosamine also inhibited mannose incorporation into GPI intermediates.
Awakenings: The Story of the Kate Chopin Revival. Ed. Bernard Koloski

In 1970 most Americans and academics had never heard of Kate Chopin, but today, as Emily Toth tells us in her essay in this collection, Chopin exists as “the fifth most written-about author in the ...
프리온 병원체에 감염된 마우스 해마부위에서 Malondialdehyde 및 Hydroxynonenal에 의해 수식된 단백질들의 침착

Prion diseases, also termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), are rare and fatal neurodegenerative conditions that affect both humans and animals. Although there is increased evidence that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, the direct relationship between an accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrP Sc ) and the occurrence of oxidative stress has not been studied. In the present study, we have investigated the cellular localization of proteins modified by lipid peroxidation end products and its correlation with PrP Sc accumulation in the brain of mice infected with the ME7 prion strain. Intense immunostaining of malondialdehyde (MDA)- and hydroxynonenal (HNE)-modified proteins were observed in the hippocampus of prion-infected mice. In serial section study, we found that these immunoreactivities were co-localized with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes as well as with PrP Sc . These results clearly indicate that the heightened oxidative stress in the form of lipid peroxidation is closely associated with PrP Sc accumulation in astrocytes of prion-infected mice.
Predictors of first-episode unipolar major depression in individuals with and without sub-threshold depressive symptoms: A prospective, population-based study

Abstract Background The aim of this study is to assess predictors of first-episode major depression in a community-based sample of adults with and without sub-threshold depression. Method Data were from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Participants meeting criteria for a sub-threshold depressive episode (sMDE; n=3901) reported lifetime depressed mood/loss of interest lasting at least two weeks and at least two of the seven other DSM-IV symptoms of MDD. Predictors of MDE 3 years later were compared in those with and without (n=31022) sMDE. Results Being female, history of alcohol or substance use, and child abuse increased the odds of developing MDD to a greater degree in individuals without sMDE relative to those with sMDE. Among those with sMDE and additional risk factors (low education, substance use), younger age was associated with marginally increased risk of MDD. Conclusion Several demographic risk factors may help identify individuals at risk for developing MDD in individuals who have not experienced an sMDE who may be candidates for early intervention. Future work should assess whether preventative interventions targeting substance/alcohol use and child abuse could reduce the risk of depression.
Diastolic Electromechanical Coupling Association of the ECG T-Peak to T-End Interval With Echocardiographic Markers of Diastolic Dysfunction

Background— Electromechanical coupling, a well-described phenomenon in systolic dysfunction, has not been well studied in diastole. We hypothesized that the ECG T-peak to T-end (TpTe) interval, representing transmural dispersion of repolarization, is associated with echocardiographic markers of diastolic dysfunction (DD). Methods and Results— We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study of the association between TpTe and markers of DD in 84 consecutive, unselected patients referred for exercise echocardiography. We systematically measured TpTe on the resting ECG, and we performed comprehensive assessment of DD at rest and at peak stress. ECGs and echocardiograms were analyzed independently, blinded to each other and to all clinical data. By univariable analysis, increased TpTe was associated with older age, increased E/e’ ratio, and DD ( P <0.05 for all associations after correcting for multiple comparisons). Increased TpTe was inversely associated with reduced tissue Doppler e’ velocity, a marker of DD ( R = −0.66, P <0.0001). This association persisted after adjusting for age, QTc, exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities, and left ventricular mass index (β= −0.41 [95% confidence interval, −0.70 to −0.12] cm/s per 10-ms increase in TpTe; P =0.006). Baseline TpTe was also independently associated with resting DD (adjusted odds ratio, 3.9 [95% confidence interval, 1.4–10.7]; P =0.009) and peak exercise E/e’ ratio ( P <0.0001). Conclusions— Increased TpTe is associated with both resting and exercise-induced DD. Electromechanical coupling may represent a pathophysiologic link between electrical transmural dispersion of repolarization and abnormal myocardial relaxation, and may be a novel therapeutic target.
Representing Mass Violence: Conflicting Responses to Human Rights Violations in Darfur

How do interventions by the UN Security Council and the International Criminal Court influence representations of mass violence? What images arise instead from the humanitarianism and diplomacy fields? How are these competing perspectives communicated to the public via mass media? Zooming in on the case of Darfur, Joachim J. Savelsberg analyzes more than three thousand news reports and opinion pieces and interviews leading newspaper correspondents, NGO experts, and foreign ministry officials from eight countries to show the dramatic differences in the framing of mass violence around the world and across social fields. “A pathbreaking examination of the multiple international narratives around Darfur by human rights advocates, humanitarians, journalists, and diplomats. Thorough and rigorous—an essential contribution to the scholarship.” — ALEX DE WAAL, Executive Director, World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School, Tufts University “Darfur is the modern genocide that refuses to end, and this volume gives this mass atrocity the attention it deserves. It does so in highly original ways, including an unprecedented global analysis of media coverage, activism, and advocacy.” — JOHN HAGAN, John D. MacArthur Professor of Sociology and Law at Northwestern University and Co-Director of the Center on Law and Globalization at the American Bar Foundation in Chicago “Joachim Savelsberg’s engagement with the critics of the human rights regime, coupled with his analysis of media representations and their national variations (and similarities), provides a perspective that is more encompassing than anything I am aware of.” — DANIEL LEVY, Professor of Sociology at Stony Brook University JOACHIM J. SAVELSBERG is Professor of Sociology and Law and Arsham and Charlotte Ohanessian Chair at the University of Minnesota. He is the coauthor of American Memories: Atrocities and the Law and author of Crime and Human Rights: Criminology of Genocide and Atrocities .
The time is right to improve organization of stroke care

Stroke is the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer, and a leading cause of disability in the United States. However, care of patients with acute ischemic stroke has improved significantly and become more sophisticated in the last 10 years. This improvement is largely due to enhanced therapies, delivery of care, and imaging and endovascular techniques. Because of the complexity of such therapies and techniques, the development of specialized stroke centers and stroke units has been recommended.1 Despite all these advances stroke care remains fragmented and imperfect. Organized stroke care is viewed today as comprising several areas including efficient and organized prehospital evaluation and services, rapid and specialized hospital treatment, and adequate rehabilitation and follow-up evaluations including institution of aggressive preventive measures.2 Such Stroke Systems of Care should ultimately benefit patients with stroke.3 However, implementation of these systems is complex due to the multitude of services and disciplines …
Monodispersed colloidal chromium hydroxide—sulfate ion system as a calibration standard for microelectrophoresis

Abstract Electrokinetic properties of chromium hydroxide dispersions consisting of spherical amorphous particles of narrow size distribution have been studied as affected by the presence of the sulfate ion. The incorporation of this anion into the particles causes an increase in the electrophoretic mobility, while added into the sol it lowers the mobility and, in sufficiently high concentration, it may even reverse the sign of the particle charge. In acidic media the mobility is independent of the pH in the presence of Na2SO4 at concentrations higher than 10−4 mol dm−3. The use of these dispersions as a calibration standard for microelectrophoresis is discussed.
When inspiration fails to inspire: A change of strategy for the US space program

Abstract A pressing issue facing the US space program is the projected shortfall in the skilled aerospace workforce, as the number of students in space-related fields wanes. This has prompted many to emphasize the rhetoric of inspiration that prevailed during the Cold War, at the expense of concrete arguments for space that are thought to be lackluster and insufficient. This essay argues that the logic of inspiration fails to consider the changed context and attitudes of this younger public. Instead, such an approach proves counterproductive in attracting generations compelled by a host of ideas, some incompatible with the rhetoric of competition and prestige that prevailed before. Arguments that draw attention to the pragmatic elements of space, and that successfully align space with the notions that make sense now, may in turn prove to be the solution to draw the best and the brightest to the space program.
Modeling nickel-cadmium performance: Planned alterations to the goddard battery model

Abstract The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) currently has a preliminary computer model to simulate nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) performance. The basic methodology
Measuring deep, reflective comprehension and learning strategies: Challenges and successes

There is a heightened understanding that metacognition and strategy use are crucial to deep, long-lasting comprehension and learning, but their assessment is challenging. First, students’ judgments of what their abilities and habits and measurements of their performance often do not match. Second, students tend to learn and comprehend differently depending on the subject matter, contexts, goals, and tasks. As a consequence, a student may appear to use deep, reflective strategies in one situation, and fail to do so in other circumstances. Third, it is generally assumed that strategy use (metacognition, metacomprehension) are separable constructs from the underlying skills germane to the target task. The studies described in this issue draw attention to the potential challenges to developing a pure (separable) measure of strategy use that is also reliable, valid, and contextualized.
L. L. Zamenhof and the shadow people

One hundred fifty years after the birth of L. L. Zamenhof in 1859, the audacity of his ambition stands out in sharp relief. Zamenhof intended Esperanto to create a new people for whom ethical relations to all other human beings, regardless of ethnicity, nationality, or religion, would be primary. Convinced that Esperanto, to survive, needed to become the hereditary language of a people, he offered it to the Jews of Russia as the medium of a transformed Jewish identity called Hillelism. When the Russian Jews spurned his gift, he offered Hillelism, in multiple versions, to the Esperantists. But the French leaders of the movement found Hillelism unseemly, in part because they deemed it “mystical,” and in part because it had Jewish overtones. During Zamenhof’s lifetime, the Esperanto “people” were hardly the harmonious generation Zamenhof had envisioned; in fact, they would later endure numerous schisms. Nonetheless, they remained Zamenhof’s best hope to people the utopia of the future.
The Influence of Coworker Feedback on Salespeople

The authors investigate the effects of four types of coworker feedback—positive output, negative output, positive behavioral, negative behavioral—on salespeople's role clarity, satisfaction, and pe...
Ectomesenchymoma with Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma and Ganglioneuroma, Arising in Association with Benign Triton Tumor of the Tongue

Soft-tissue tumors known as "triton" tumors are rare lesions containing neural tissue and skeletal muscle at varying levels of maturity and malignant potential. Benign triton tumors, also called "neuromuscular choristomas" or "neuromuscular hamartomas," consist of neural tissue containing mature skeletal muscle in intimate relationship with peripheral nerve. These tumors are rare in the head and neck in children. Ectomesenchymomas are similar tumors consisting of a malignant mesenchymal component, usually embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and a neuroectodermal component represented by mature ganglion cells or primitive neuroblastic/neuroectodermal foci (primitive ectomesenchymoma). Benign triton tumors have been regarded as benign, whereas ectomesenchymomas have been operationally considered to be variants of rhabdomyosarcoma. We present here a unique case that combines features of these 2 entities in a recurrent lesion on the tongue of a 35-month-old girl. This lesion raises questions about the "benign" nature of benign triton tumor and its possible relationship to ectomesenchymoma.
Results from the Quality Research in Radiation Oncology (QRRO) survey: Evaluation of dosimetric outcomes for low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose We report on quality of dose delivery to target and normal tissues from low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy using postimplantation dosimetric evaluations from a random sample of U.S. patients. Methods and Materials Nonmetastatic prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy in 2007 were randomly sampled from radiation oncology facilities nationwide. Of 414 prostate cancer cases from 45 institutions, 86 received low-dose-rate brachytherapy. We collected the 30-day postimplantation CT images of these patients and 10 test cases from two other institutions. Scans were downloaded into a treatment planning system and prostate/rectal contours were redrawn. Dosimetric outcomes were reanalyzed and compared with calculated outcomes from treating institutions. Results Median prostate volume was 33.4 cm3. Reevaluated median V100, D90, and V150 were 91.1% (range, 45.5–99.8%), 101.7% (range, 59.6–145.9%), and 53.9% (range, 15.7–88.4%), respectively. Low gland coverage included 27 patients (39%) with a D90 lower than 100% of the prescription dose (PD), 12 of whom (17% of the entire group) had a D90 lower than 80% of PD. There was no correlation between D90 coverage and prostate volume, number of seeds, or implanted activity. The median V100 for the rectum was 0.3 cm3 (range, 0–4.3 cm3). No outcome differences were observed according to the institutional strata. Concordance between reported and reevaluated D90 values (defined as within ±10%) was observed in 44 of 69 cases. Conclusions Central review of postimplantation CT scans to assess the quality of prostate brachytherapy is feasible. Most patients achieved excellent dosimetric outcomes, yet 17% had less than optimal target coverage by the PD. There was concordance between submitted target-coverage parameters and central dosimetric review in 64% of implants. These findings will require further validation in a larger cohort of patients.
PET imaging of striatal dopamine D2 receptors in nonhuman primates: increases in availability produced by chronic raclopride treatment.

Previous research using positron emission tomography (PET) in monkeys has shown that attaining social dominance can result in increased DA D2 receptor availability and attenuated sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of cocaine. The present study utilized a within-subjects design to determine whether chronic treatment with the D2 receptor antagonist raclopride could similarly increase D2 receptor availability. Using the D2-selective radioligand [18F]fluoroclebopride (FCP), three adult male cynomolgus monkeys were scanned before and after chronic treatment with raclopride (0.01 mg/kg per h for 30 ± 1 day) administered by a subcutaneous osmotic pump. Food-reinforced operant behavior was assessed during treatment. A transitory decrease in responding was observed during the initial eight days of raclopride treatment. Tolerance developed by the tenth session, and responding remained at baseline levels for the duration of treatment and after treatment was discontinued. Averaged across monkeys, chronic raclopride administration increased FCP distribution volume ratios (DVRs) between 12 and 20% in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and anterior cingulate cortex. When monkeys were re-scanned 9–12 months after termination of raclopride treatment, FCP DVRs remained elevated in two subjects, and decreased below baseline levels in the third monkey. Considering the reported 2% test/retest variability for FCP, these findings indicate that chronic treatment with a D2 receptor antagonist can produce large increases in D2 receptor availability as measured with PET. Individual differences in rates of recovery were observed, such that the increases in DVR persisted in two of three subjects. Synapse 58:215–219, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the chemical structure of the apical droplet from eggs of Culex pipiens

The chemical nature of the apical droplet from eggs of Culex pipiens was investigated by chromatographic techniques. Results indicated that the hydrolysate of the apical drop contains C-12, C-14, C-16, and C-18 straightchain aliphatic fatty acids. A C-12β-hydroxy fatty acid was also found, but the largest component of the fatty acid mixture of the apical drop was shown to be a C-14β-OH fatty acid. Two other fractions appear to be unsaturated fatty acids, probably C-12 and C-14. Quantitative estimation of the percentage of each fatty acid in the mixture showed that about 85 per cent of the fatty acid content of the apical drop consisted of hydroxy fatty acids. By thin-layer chromatography, the largest component coincided with β-OH myristic acid. Glycerol was confirmed to be present in the hydrolysate. Feeding studies with radioactive 32PO4−3 and 35SO4−2 showed no significant incorporation of phosphorus, but a sulphur-containing anionic compound could be detected in the apical drop. Infrared analysis showed the presence of an ester group, double bond, primary and secondary alcohol groups, suggesting the presence of hydroxy-, unsaturated-, saturated straight-chain fatty acids, as well as mono-and diglycerides. The structural evidence explains in part the surfactant properties of the apical drop.
Zwitterionic CS2 Adducts of Bis(dialkylphosphino)amines: Syntheses, Spectroscopy, and Structures

Both bis(diisopropylphosphino)amine and bis(di-t-butylphosphino)amine react with CS2 to give bright red zwitterionic adducts of the form R2P(CS2)NP(R2)H (R = iPr or tBu). The P–H tautomer is the exclusive species present in solution, and there is no evidence of CS2 lability. The tautomeric hydrogen can undergo exchange with deuterium in protic solvents such as CD3OD. The products were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and multinuclear (1H, 2H, 13C, 31P) NMR spectroscopies.
Ultrathin Films of Ferroelectric Solid Solutions under a Residual Depolarizing Field

A first-principles-derived approach is developed to study the effects of depolarizing electric fields on the properties of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ultrathin films for different mechanical boundary conditions. A rich variety of ferroelectric phases and polarization patterns is found, depending on the interplay between strain and the amount of screening of surface charges. Examples include triclinic phases, monoclinic states with in-plane and/or out-of-plane components of the polarization, homogeneous and inhomogeneous tetragonal states, as well as peculiar laminar nanodomains.
Osmolality, pH, and Compatibility of Selected Oral Liquid Medications With an Enteral Nutrition Product

When selecting medication for feeding tube administration, the liquid formulation is selected, so as to avoid obstructions that may occur from incompletely crushing a solid dosage form. Liquid medications can present issues of intolerance and compatibility when administered via a feeding tube. A predictor of intolerance is the liquid's osmolarity, and a predicator of compatibility is the liquid's pH value. This study examines 62 liquid formulations for their osmolality, pH, and physical compatibility with enteral nutrition (EN) formulas. These medications were selected as being the most commonly dispensed liquid medications from our outpatient pharmacy department. This study measures osmolality using freezing point depression. Depending on the dose, the osmotic load of a liquid medication may cause cramping and diarrhea. The pH value is predictive of potential interactions with the EN formula. Many drugs are weak bases and require acidic vehicles for optimal stability. The acidic liquids are especially reactive with enteral formulas that contain intact proteins. The result of this interaction can result in an occlusion of the feeding tube as the proteins form a gel-like clog. This study combined the liquid medication directly with the EN formula to determine the potential for feeding tube occlusion. Some drugs formed a solid mass in the test tube immediately, whereas others only presented granules, which may later contribute to obstructing the feeding tube. The prescriber should be aware of the potential impact of their choice in formulation, both in terms of the gastrointestinal tolerance and potential for interaction with coadministered nutrition.
Sulfate washout from a coal fired power plant plume

Abstract An analysis of sulfate washout data collected near a coal fired generating station is performed. It is shown that sulfate aerosol scavenging cannot account for the washout pattern observed Known characteristics strongly suggest that SO 2 scavenging by rain is the primary washout mechanism. An empirical expression for the SO 2 washout coefficient based upon knowledge of SO 2 scavenging is developed and used as an aid in analyzing the data.
Remote sensing of clouds

Abstract The extraction of information on cloud cover from present-day multispectral satellite images poses a challenge to the remote sensing specialist. When approached one pixel at a time, the derived cloud cover parameters are inherently nonunique. More information is needed than is available in the radiances from each channel of an isolated pixel. The required additional information can be obtained for each scene, however, by analyzing the distribution of pixels in the multi-dimensional space of channel radiances. The cluster patterns in this space yield statistical information that points to the most likely solution for that scene. The geostationary and polar orbiting meteorological satellites all have, at a minimum, a solar reflection channel in the visible spectrum and a thermal infrared channel in the 8–12 micron window. With the information from the cluster patterns and application of the equations of radiative transfer, the measurements in those channels will yield cloud cover fraction, optical thickness, and cloud-top temperature for an assumed microphysical model of the cloud layer. Additional channels, such as the 3.7 micron channel on the AVHRR of the polar orbiting meteorological satellites, will will yield information on the microphysical model—e.g., distinguishing small liquid liquid droplets (typical of low level clouds) from large ice particles (typical of cirrus and the tops of cumulonimbus). New channels to be included in future satellite missions will provide information on cloud height, independent of temperature, and on a particle size and thermodynamic phase, independently of each other. A proposed STS mission using lidar will pave the way for the use of active sensors that will provide more precise information on cloud height and probe the structure of thin cirrus and the top layer of of the thicker cloud.
Fast peptidyl cis-trans isomerization within the flexible Gly-rich flaps of HIV-1 protease.

The catalytic aspartyl protease of the HIV-1 virus is a homodimer with two flaps that control access to the active site and are known to be flexible. However, knowledge of the atomistic mechanism o...
Long-period gratings in photonic crystal fiber: fabrication, characterization, and potential applications for gas sensing

Although long-period gratings (LPGs) and photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have emerged at the same time and been around for almost ten years, the fabrications of fiber components in PCFs have attracted great attention in recent years. Post processing of PCFs with a CO 2 laser is very powerful and versatile method for making miniature compact fiber-based devices including LPGs and phase-shifted LPGs. This article will review our research work on fabrication of those gratings in PCFs by use of focused beam from a CO 2 laser and point-by-point writing fashion. Either the mechanical stress relaxation technique or surface deformation method is employed in the design and fabrication of the gratings. The characterizations of the inscribed LPGs in PCFs at high temperature and high strain are also described. The potential applications of PCF-LPG devices for gas sensing have been discussed. Unlike the PCF-based gas sensor that detects the analytes by the interaction of light with gases through the absorption of the evanescent wave in the holes of fiber cladding, the PCF-LPG gas sensing works by the interrogating of the shifts of different resonance wavelength and strength of core-cladding mode coupling in the transmission spectrum. The advantages of the PCF-LPG sensing devices are: (1) high temperature insensitive and stability; (2) compactness when packaged; (3) practical use under hazardous conditions and in high temperature environment.
The Mastigont System of Trichomonas gallinae (Rivolta) as Revealed by Electron Microscopy

SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of Trichomonas gallinae has been examined by electron microscopy and correlated with previous light microscope observations. A composite diagram of the flagellate, derived from both types of examination, is presented. Details of relationships of various mastigont organelles are documented by electron micrographs. The extent of the pelta and its connection to the capitulum of the axostyle have been determined. Four types of kinetosome rootlets have been described. One consists of superficial “filaments” radiating from each of the 9 triplet microtubules of kinetosomes #1, #2 and #3. A 2nd type of rootlet structure is represented by single comma-shaped filaments emerging clockwise from kinetosomes #1 and #3. The filament from kinetosome #1 has a periodic structure similar to that of the marginal lamella with which it is believed to connect. A 3rd type of rootlet emerges from kinetosome #2 as a sheet of about 9 filaments which traverse a sigmoid course and terminate on the inner surface of the microtubules of the pelta near the peltar-axostylar junction. The 4th set of structures consists of the costa and parabasal filaments. These structures have major periodicities of similar dimension but have readily differentiable repeating units. The costa appears to originate at the kinetosome of the recurrent flagellum, but its origin is also contiguous with that of parabasal filament 2 which has some continuity with kinetosomes #2 and #3. Parabasal filament 1, on the other hand, arises solely from or near kinetosome #2. Occasional observations of a costa and a parabasal filament in juxtaposition over a great part of their length has led to the suggestion that the parabasal filament may play a role in the development of the costa. Periodic and filamentous structures have been observed in paraxostylar and paracostal granules and in nearby cytoplasm. Their possible role in providing substance for the developing axostyle and the costa is discussed. The results are discussed in the light of available information pertaining to structure of various trichomonad species as revealed by light and electron microscopy.
Risk of cataract development among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-related uveitis treated with topical corticosteroids.

Purpose We sought to investigate the risk of cataract development among patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)-associated uveitis treated with topical corticosteroids. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants We included 75 patients with JIA-associated uveitis observed from July 1984 through August 2005 at a single academic center. Methods Clinical data on these patients were collected by chart review and were analyzed. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of new-onset cataract. Risk factors for cataract development were assessed with attention paid to the use of topical corticosteroids. Results Over a median follow-up of 4 years, the incidence of new-onset cataract was 0.04/eye-year (EY; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02–0.09). Of the 60 eyes in 40 patients who received topical corticosteroid therapy, there was a dose-dependent increase in the rate of cataract development among eyes receiving topical corticosteroids. The incidence of cataract was 0.01/EY for eyes treated with ≤3 drops daily and 0.16/EY ( P = 0.0006 for log-rank test) for eyes treated with >3 drops daily. Among eyes receiving ≤2 drops daily, the incidence of cataract was 0/EY (95% CI [1 sided], 0.03/EY). Presence of posterior synechiae, active uveitis, and use of topical corticosteroids at presentation were significantly associated with cataract development after controlling for confounding variables. Use of topical corticosteroids was associated with cataract formation independent of uveitis activity. Using longitudinal data analysis and controlling for duration of uveitis, presence and degree of active uveitis, and concomitant use of other forms of corticosteroids in a time-updated fashion, treatment with ≤3 drops daily of topical corticosteroid was associated with an 87% lower risk of cataract formation compared with eyes treated with >3 drops daily (relative risk, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02–0.69; P = 0.02). Conclusions In our cohort, topical corticosteroid use was associated with an increased risk of cataract formation independent of active uveitis or presence of posterior synechiae. However, chronic use of topical corticosteroids dosed at ≤3 drops daily seemed to be associated with a lower risk of cataract development relative to eyes receiving higher doses over follow-up in the setting of suppressed uveitis. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Metal-Binding Abilities of Radioprotective Organic Thiosulfates

Abstract Ionization constants and stability constants for the complexation of Cu(II), Al(III), and Fe(III) ions by several aminoalkane and cyanoalkane thiosulfates were determined. Metal-binding avidities of the aminoalkane thiosulfates were found to be significantly less than those for the amino (or guanidino) thiols or for dithiocarbamates having radioprotective properties, but the possibility exists that organic thiosulfates may stabilize cuprous ion‐containing macromolecules against radiation damage.
Analysis of elastic modulus of conventional foams and of re-entrant foam materials with a negative Poisson's ratio

Abstract Foam materials with negative Poisson's ratio can be made by transforming the cell structure from the convex polyhedral shape of conventional foam cells to a concave or “re-entrant” shape. Mechanical behavior of re-entrant foams differs from that of conventional foams. Most of the difference is attributed to the change in cell shape. In this study, Young's moduli of conventional and re-entrant open cell foams are obtained by modeling the three-dimensional unit cell as an idealized 14-sided unit cell. Young's modulus of re-entrant foams decreases with permanent volumetric compression ratio in both modeling and experiments.
Enhancement of apomorphine-induced climbing in mice by reversible and irreversible narcotic antagonist drugs

Abstract Apomorphine produced a characteristic climbing syndrome in mice. Pretreatment of mice with increasing doses of the reversible narcotic antagonist naloxone resulted in a dose-related enhancement of this activity. Central microinjection of mice with the irreversible narcotic antagonist drug chlornaltrexamine also resulted in significant potentiation of apomorphine-induced climbing for up to fourteen days following pretreatment. These data indicate that narcotic antagonist drugs of both reversible and irreversible types are capable of enhancing this dopaminergic drug effect in mice.
ATD model for color vision I: background and discussion

An historical background is provided for the ATD model for color perception and visual adaptation, whose developing variations have appeared over a period of several years, and which is applied to several sets of chromatic adaptation data in the succeeding companion paper.
Chromosome breakage and rejoining of sister chromatids in Bloom's syndrome.

The occurrence of chromosome breaks and reunion of sister chromatids in lymphocytes of two patients with Bloom's syndrome has been compared with those found in X-rayed and control cells. The distribution of breaks in BS is non-random both between and within chromosomes, the centric regions of certain chromosomes being preferentially involved. The following working hypotheses are put forward: When chromosome breaks in human lymphocytes occur in G0— G1, practically no sister chromatid reunion (SCR) takes place, whereas ends created by an S—G2 break show a considerable tendency to SCR. We propose further that chromosome aberrations in BS mainly result from breaks in S—G2, including possible U-type rejoining of sister chromatid exchanges. Fragments extra to an intact chromosome complement result from a chromatid break or an asymmetrical chromatid translocation in a previous mitosis.
Studies on the electron-transfer systems in photosynthetic bacteria. II. The effect of heptylhydroxyquinoline-N-oxide and antimycin A on the photosynthetic and respiratory electron-transfer systems.

Heptylhydroxyquinoline-N-oxide and antimycin A were used to study the sequence of oxidation-reduction catalysts in the photosynthetic and respiratory electron-transfer systems of photosynthetic purple bacteria, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and Rhodospirillum rubium. These inhibitors caused steady-state changes of cytochromes in aerobic-cell suspensions: more reduced cytochrome b and more oxidized cytochrome c. The reduction of cytochrome b (by anaerobiosis) was not inhibited by these reagents but that of cytochrome c was blocked. It was found, too, that these reagents affected the steady-state level of carotenoids in R. spheroides in an anaerobic suspension. Illumination of aerobic cells caused the reduction of cytochrome b and oxidation of cytochrome c in the presence of heptylhydroxyquinoline-N-oxide. It was concluded that these inhibitors block the oxidation-reduction reaction between cytochromes b and c, and that b-type cytochrome occurs nearer to the photochemical reducing site and to dehydrogenases, while c-type is closer to the photochemical and respiratory oxidizing sites.
A spectrophotometric titration for the determination of sulfhydryl groups.

Abstract A spectrophotometric (or colorimetric) titration for mercapto groups has been devised based on the use of a monofunctional organic mercurial, salyrganic acid, as titrant, and a mercurial-complexing dye, pyridine-2-azo- p -dimethylaniline, as an indicator of the end point. Titrations of several small-molecule mercaptans, proteins, and thiolated dextran are sharp and accurate within 1–2%.