cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) view of breast tumor progression

To identify molecular alterations involved in the initiation and progression of breast carcinomas, we analyzed the global gene expression profiles of normal mammary epithelial cells and in situ, invasive, and metastatic breast carcinomas using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). We identified sets of genes expressed only or most abundantly in a specific stage of breast tumorigenesis or in a certain subtype of tumors through the pair-wise comparison and by hierarchical clustering analysis of these eight SAGE libraries (two/stage). On the basis of these comparisons, we made the following observations: Normal mammary epithelial cells showed the most distinct and least variable gene expression profiles. Many of the genes highly expressed in normal mammary epithelium and lost in carcinomas encoded secreted proteins, cytokines, and chemokines, implicating abnormal paracrine and autocrine signaling in the initiation of breast tumorigenesis. Very few genes were universally up-regulated in all tumors regardless of their stage and histological grade, indicating a high degree of diversity at the molecular level that likely reflects the clinical heterogeneity characteristic of breast carcinomas. Tumors of different histology type and stage had very distinct gene expression patterns. No genes seemed to be specific for metastatic or for in situ carcinomas. We found that the most dramatic and consistent phenotypic change occurred at the normal-to-in situ carcinoma transition. This observation, combined with the fact that many of the genes involved encode secreted, cell-nonautonomous factors, implies that the normal epithelium-to-in situ carcinoma transition may be the most promising target for cancer prevention and treatment.
Loss and Return of Righting Reflex in American Green Tree Frogs (Hyla cinerea) after Topical Application of Compounded Sevoflurane or Isoflurane Jelly: A Pilot Study

Abstract The topical application of isoflurane and sevoflurane compounded jellies has been used successfully to anesthetize anurans. Although sevoflurane is a less tissue-soluble anesthetic than isoflurane, it is unknown whether tissue solubility affects anesthesia after topical application. The purpose of this study was to determine time to loss and return of righting reflex in eight American green tree frogs, Hyla cinerea, after topical application of compounded isoflurane or sevoflurane jelly. Frogs were placed into a container with either 2 ml of isoflurane or sevoflurane jelly. Containers were intermittently inverted until loss of righting reflex was observed. Frogs were then removed, rinsed clean of the jelly, and placed in new containers in dorsal recumbency. Frogs were observed until their righting reflex returned. Four frogs initially tested with isoflurane developed skin lesions, and two subsequently died. Accordingly, the isoflurane jelly was discontinued. Frogs exposed to isoflurane lost their...
Studies on the hydrothermal changes of the solutions of the salts of thorium and uranium by means of visual autoclaving

An improved apparatus was constructed for the direct observation of the changes which take place in the solution above 100° C. By means of this apparatus the behaviors of the solutions of the salts of thorium and uranium were studied up to 200° C. When the concentrations lie within a certain range, turbidity appears above 100° C in the solutions of thorium chloride and nitrate as a consequence of hydrolysis. The results are expressed by means of a curve, concentration vs. temperature of turbidity formation. Similar curves are obtained for the chloride and nitrate. The necessity is suggested, for the salts which hydrolyze, to study the concentration range in which turbidity formation takes place.
An Experimental Analysis Of Fission-Gas Holdup Beds

Exact equations for the experimental analysis of fission-gas holdup beds are developed by the method of statistical moments. The mean retention time, given by the first moment, is independent of the factors which affect mass transfer. This independence emphasizes the important fact, sometimes overlooked in the analysis of fission-gas holdup beds, that the true dynamic adsorption coefficient for a stable fission-gas isotope is identical to the static adsorption coefficient. The second moment, used in combination with the first moment, describes the spreading of the input after it has passed through the holdup bed. The meaning of these equations is examined in detail, and by their correct use the factors needed for the design of fission-gas holdup beds can be determined rapidly from laboratory experiments. This method of analysis is applied to data obtained from fronts of dilute 85Kr passed through charcoal beds.
Changes in the marital relationship during the first pregnancy

Some scholars who have studied the impact of the first pregnancy on marital relationships have emphasized the increase in marital strain, while others have emphasized pregnancy's beneficial effects. To clarify the nature of changes in couples’ relationships during the first pregnancy, couples in the first trimester (n = 48) and last trimester (n = 52) were compared on aspects of their relationships that reflected marital strain or strength: conflict, ambivalence, love, maintenance, time together, and marital satisfaction. Results were inconsistent with either an entirely negative or positive view of the effects of pregnancy on marriage. Despite greater discussion of relationship issues and possibly greater conflict, spouses in late pregnancy reported feeling more love. No differences were found in time together or marital satisfaction between the early and late groups. When couples were classified according to gender‐role attitudes, the most traditional couples showed the most negative interaction. The im...
Gauge unification in higher dimensions

A complete 5-dimensional $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ unified theory is constructed which, on compactification on the orbifold with two different ${Z}_{2}$'s ${(Z}_{2}$ and ${Z}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}),$ yields the minimal supersymmetric standard model. The orbifold accomplishes $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ gauge symmetry breaking, doublet-triplet splitting, and a vanishing of proton decay from operators of dimension 5. Until 4D supersymmetry is broken, all proton decay from dimension 4 and dimension 5 operators is forced to vanish by an exact ${U(1)}_{R}$ symmetry. Quarks and leptons and their Yukawa interactions are located at the ${Z}_{2}$ orbifold fixed points, where $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ is unbroken. A new mechanism for introducing $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ breaking into the quark and lepton masses is introduced, which originates from the $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ violation in the zero-mode structure of bulk multiplets. Even though $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ is absent at the ${Z}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ orbifold fixed point, the brane threshold corrections to gauge coupling unification are argued to be negligibly small, while the logarithmic corrections are small and in a direction which improves the agreement with the experimental measurements of the gauge couplings. Furthermore, the X gauge boson mass is lowered, so that $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ is expected with a rate within about one order of magnitude of the current limit. Supersymmetry breaking occurs on the ${Z}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ orbifold fixed point, and is felt directly by the gauge and Higgs sectors, while squarks and sleptons acquire mass via gaugino mediation, solving the supersymmetric flavor problem.
Infrared phased‐array antenna

Phased addition of currents from multiple dipole antennas is demonstrated for the first time at a wavelength of 10.6 μm. Coplanar strip lines are used to interconnect the antennas, preserving the phase of the individual infrared-frequency currents, which are summed together at a common bolometric load. Angular pattern measurements on two-element dipole arrays show that the direction of maximum response depends on the phase difference between the currents contributed from each antenna, evaluated at the bolometer location. As more antennas are added together in phase, beam narrowing is observed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 719–723, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23213
Using neural net modeling for user assistance in HCI tasks

In the UNIX operating system, many complex operations can be done using a single command line, in the most efficient method, or they can be done using several command lines of simple commands, in a less efficient method. Recognizing when and how to use these efficient commands is difficult for novice users and for many experts. Five UNIX‐based tasks were constructed that could be done using many simple commands, or they could be performed using one or two more complex and efficient commands. Subjects were asked to perform these tasks using the most efficient methods they could. Many different command sequences were generated from these subjects. These data were then used in a neural net model to map the commands to message markers for task assistance. An experiment was devised to test how well users could utilize the mappings of inefficient commands to help messages from the neural net. In the neural net assisted condition, subjects received assistance for the most efficient command whenever the neural ne...
Modeling Evaporation Driven Self-Assembly Systems for Magnetic Storage Arrays

A modeling methodology based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been developed that is appropriate for the global regime of lithographically directed, evaporation driven self-assembly. The modeling technique has been experimentally verified through comparison with the well-known benchmark case of evaporation driven self-assembly associated with the evaporation of a colloidal, self-pinned droplet. The predicted evolution of the particle distribution during evaporation is compared to optical experimental measurements of the particle distribution within an evaporating droplet containing fluorescing nanoparticles.
Development of a Mobile Water Disinfection Unit Powered by Renewable Energy

Following such natural disasters as Hurricanes Katrina and Ike and the 2010 Haiti earthquake, supplying a reliable source of clean drinking water has apparently become essential. Providing a water supply and the associated transportation of potable water is a considerable burden on recovery efforts following a natural disaster. To reduce this burden and meet the water requirements of a community, a low-maintenance, low-cost trailer-mounted water disinfection system has been developed that has the capability to provide potable water from local surface water bodies until the infrastructure is repaired. To achieve disinfection of contaminated surface water, the system uses a series of prefilters and an ultraviolet (UV) disinfection unit. The system is powered using a hybrid photovoltaic array and wind turbine system. To increase the storage capability and decrease the maintenance required by the system, traditional, relatively high-maintenance batteries have been replaced with an ultracapacitor to store the ...
An Epitope on the Surface Envelope Glycoprotein (gp130) of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVmac) Involved in Viral Neutralization and T Cell Activation

SIVmac infection of macaques is an important animal model for HIV infection and AIDS; this model is being utilized for development of antiviral therapies and vaccines. In the present article, we so...
Practicing food democracy:a pragmatic politics of transformation

Abstract There is a tension regarding the potential of the alternative agro-food movement to create meaningful change. From one perspective, individual and organizational actors working to change the dominant food system need to be engaged on a daily basis in political and social struggles and accomplish what is presently possible given existing opportunities and barriers. From an alternate view, such pragmatism is woefully inadequate for achieving the complete transformation of the food and agriculture system that many movement actors and academic analysts see as necessary. This paper examines some of the issues underlying this tension. It is argued that the “sustainability” of food and agriculture systems is understandably a contested concept because it inevitably involves both conflicts over values and uncertainty about outcomes. These same characteristics make democracy the method of choice for the alternative agro-food movement, and this paper discusses the emerging concept of “food democracy” in order to elaborate upon its practical utility with respect to collective action. The existing alternative agro-food movement is the main source of the pressure to democratize the agro-food system. While the movement in the United States (and elsewhere) is very diverse in terms of organizational forms and strategies, there are important opportunities for developing coalitions among various groups. Lastly, food democracy is discussed as a pragmatic method for transforming the agro-food system.
Molecular and functional heterogeneity of T regulatory cells.

Naturally occurring CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are produced during maturation in the thymus and have a mandatory role in maintaining homeostasis and immune quiescence. Development and function of Treg cells depends on the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), which is necessary and sufficient for Treg cell function. Currently emerging evidence indicates Treg cells display molecular and functional heterogeneity and can be categorized into naive and effector- or memory-like cells, which can produce effector cytokines supporting the idea that Treg cells retain plasticity. The role of Treg cells that acquire these properties remains unclear and is currently under intense investigation. In this review, we summarize recent advances on the differentiation of effector- or memory-like Treg cells, the impact of the cytokine milieu on the molecular and functional heterogeneity of Treg cells, and the clinical implications of the heterogeneity and specialization of Treg cells.
The role and impact of library of congress classification on the assessment of women's studies collections

Abstract Women's Studies is an interdisciplinary field with components not often found in traditional fields of study. The Library of Congress Classification schema, which is the basis of most standard collection assessment tools currently used in the United States, fragments the literature of Women's Studies among the traditional fields of study, making it difficult to assess the quality of library collections in that field. A suggested strategy for overcoming the problem is for librarians to create their own bibliographies to use for assessing their collections. One particularly fruitful avenue is the Internet, which permits searching many remote catalogs for bibliographic information. In order to build and assess Women's Studies collections more effectively, the field should be perceived as “Women Across the Curriculum” instead of in the mode of a traditional discipline.
Membrane specializations in the first optic neuropil of the housefly,Musca domestica L. II. Junctions between glial cells

Thin section and freeze-fracture replicas of the first optic neuropil (lamina ganglionaris) of the flyMusca were studied to determine the types, extent and location of membrane specializations between neurons. Five junctional types are found, exclusive of chemical synapses. These are gap, tight and septate junctions, close appositions between retinular (R) axons and capitate projections (in which an epithelial glial cell invaginates into an R axon). Junctional types and their cellular associations follow: gap junctions, between lamina (L) interneurons, L1–L2; tight junctions, between L1–L2; L3–L4; L4-epithelial glial cell; and R7–R8. Septate junctions, between L1–L2, L3–L4, L3-β, L4-β, α-β, and an unidentified fibre making septate junctions with L1 and L2. Close appositions are found between R axons in the distal portion of the optic cartridges of this neuropil prior to extensive R chemical synapses with L1, L2. These loci (seen in freeze-fracture replicas) have rhomboidal patches of hexagonally arrayed P face particles.
951-74 Mechanisms of Balloon Angioplasty of In-Stent Restenosis: An Intravascular Ultrasound Study

Restenosis within tubular-slotted stents is usually treated with repeat PTCA. To understand the mechanisms of lumen enlargement after PTCA of in-stent restenosis, we used quantitative angiography (measurement of % diameter stenosis) and intravascular ultrasound to study 36 restenotic JJIS stents (7 native coronary and 29 vein graft) before and after repeat PTCA. Reference segment and pre- and post-PTCA measurement of external elastic membrane (EEM), stent, and lumen areas were used to calculate (1) plaque area, (2) neointimal hyperplasia (IH) area within the stent (stent—lumen area), (3) % area stenosis of lesion lumen area vs reference lumen area, (4) and % area stenosis of stent area vs reference lumen area. Pre-PTCA Post-PTCA P Angiographic % diameter stenosis 63 ± 19 17 ± 11 l0.0001 Reference lumen area (mm2) 9.8 ± 3.3 Lesion EEM area (mm2) 20.8 ± 6.7 24.4 ± 7.9 l0.0001 Stent area (mm2) 7.4 ± 3.1 9.9 ± 3.7 l0.0001 Lesion lumen area (mm2) 2.2 ± 1.2 6.7 ± 2.2 l0.0001 Lesion plaque area (mm2) 18.6 ± 6.5 18.0 ± 6.7 NS IH area within stent (mm2) 5.3 ± 3.3 3.2 ± 2.5 l0.0001 % Area stenosis lumen vs reference 76.1 ± 14.0 31.0 ± 22.0 l0.0001 % Area stenosis stent vs reference 23.3 ± 26.9 -1.9 ± 33.1 l0.0001 Pre-intervention, 80% of lesions had a minimum stent area less than the reference lumen area, compared to 50% post-PTCA (p = 0.0028). Importantly, 55% of lumen enlargement after repeat PTCA was the result of additional stent expansion and 45% was the result of extrusion of tissue through the stent (decreased IH area within the stent). There was no evidence of compression of neointimal tissue post-PTCA (no change in overall plaque area). Dissections were uncommon (occurring in 17% of lesions after PTCA) and were minor in nature without clinical consequences. We Conclude:Instent restenosis appears to be the result of inadequate primary stent expansion and superimposed neointimal hyperplasia. The mechanism of successful PTCA of in-stent restenosis is a combination of additional stent expansion (increased stent area) and neointimal tissue extrusion through the stent. PTCA of in-stent restenosis results in a relatively high residual stenosis (angiographic % diameter stenosis = 17 ± 11 and ultrasound % area stenosis = 31 ± 22); this may contribute to more frequent repeat episodes of restenosis.
Sensory weighting and realignment: independent compensatory processes

When estimating the position of one hand for the purpose of reaching to it with the other, humans have visual and proprioceptive estimates of the target hand's position. These are thought to be weighted and combined to form an integrated estimate in such a way that variance is minimized. If visual and proprioceptive estimates are in disagreement, it may be advantageous for the nervous system to bring them back into register by spatially realigning one or both. It is possible that realignment is determined by weights, in which case the lower-weighted modality should always realign more than the higher-weighted modality. An alternative possibility is that realignment and weighting processes are controlled independently, and either can be used to compensate for a sensory misalignment. Here, we imposed a misalignment between visual and proprioceptive estimates of target hand position in a reaching task designed to allow simultaneous, independent measurement of weights and realignment. In experiment 1, we used endpoint visual feedback to create a situation where task success could theoretically be achieved with either a weighting or realignment strategy, but vision had to be regarded as the correctly aligned modality to achieve success. In experiment 2, no endpoint visual feedback was given. We found that realignment operates independently of weights in the former case but not in the latter case, suggesting that while weighting and realignment may operate in conjunction in some circumstances, they are biologically independent processes that give humans behavioral flexibility in compensating for sensory perturbations.
Impurity compression and enrichment studies on Alcator C-Mod

Abstract Impurity transport has been investigated in the reactor-like conditions of the Alcator C-Mod divertor (divertor plasma density ⩾1021 m−3, parallel heat flux in the SOL ⩽0.5 GW m−2). Trace amounts of the recycling impurity gases helium, neon, argon, and krypton were injected into plasmas. A residual gas analyzer that samples the private flux region of the divertor was used for divertor impurity neutral density measurements. Compression ratios (Cz) of up to 400 and enrichment factors (ηz) of up to 20 have been observed for argon in Alcator C-Mod discharges. Compression ratios increase and enrichment values are constant or slightly increasing with line-averaged density for argon in Ohmic discharges. Above the divertor detachment threshold density, Cz and ηz both decrease. During H-mode operation, compression and enrichment ratios for argon decrease relative to their Ohmic values. For similar plasma conditions, impurity compression ratios and enrichment values increase with the mass of the impurity. This mass scaling may be partially explained by the decrease in the ionization mean-free-path with increasing impurity mass.
Comparison of the effects of adding fish high or low in n-3 fatty acids to a diet conforming to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

Abstract Objective To compare the effects of diets containing high or low amounts of n-3 fatty acids on lipid levels in men. Design A continuous 40-day feeding study was conducted using a 5-day cycle menu. The control diet, which was fed the first 21 days of the trial, contained 32% of energy as fat and 44.4 total dietary fiber per day. Total serum cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TGs) were evaluated 1 day before the trial began and on days 21 and 41. Subjects 17 men aged 21 to 42 years who were free-living individuals with no apparent illnesses of hyperlipidemia. Intervention The treatment diets, which were substituted daily for the regular entrees for the last 19 days of the trial, contained 180 g/day of either farm-raised catfish or wild Alaskan salmon. Statistical analyses performed Serum data were analyzed using analysis of covariance with the initial values as the covariates. Results After 21 days on the control diet, TC and TGs decreased; however, there were no further decreases during the last 19 days when fish was consumed. LDL-C remained unchanged after the first 21 days but was lower than the initial value by day 41. HDL-C levels were similar over the 40 days. There were no significant differences in lipid levels of men who consumed catfish and those who consumed salmon. Applications/conclusions Farm-raised catfish compared favorably to wild Alaskan salmon when incorporated into the total diet in regard to lipid levels in men.
Lipoid Proteinosis: In Vivo and in Vitro Evidence for a Lysosomal Storage Disease

Tissue and cultured fibroblasts derived from one patient with the classical findings of lipoid proteinosis have been used to examine pathologic mechanisms in the disease. Ultrastructural examination of the skin revealed not only extracellular deposits of finely granular, moderately electron dense material, but in addition the dermal fibroblasts characteristically demonstrated marked cytoplasmic vacuolization. Phase contrast microscopy of the cultured skin fibroblasts also showed strikingly abnormal cells with many inclusions, which by electron microscopy were delimited by a single membrane. Membranous lamellar material was also increased in these cells. Biochemical analysis of the fibroblasts revealed a 3- to 4-fold elevation in intracellular hexuronic acid. These morphologic and biochemical findings suggest certain similarities with known storage diseases and support the postulate that lipoid proteinosis may represent a lysosomal storage disease.
Melting of solids and glasses

Abstract We exhibit a melting equation derived from postulated new excitations in solids. With an attractive interaction between the excitations the equation predicts a first order melting transition and with a repulsive interaction between the excitations no first order transition.
Glial Cell Line‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor: Potential for Otoprotection

Sensorineural hearing loss results from the degeneration of hair cells and/or auditory neurons in the cochlea of the inner ear. BDNF and NT-3 were shown to support survival of auditory neurons both in vitro and in vivo. Cochlea from P3-P4 rats were cultured as floating explants and hair cells in the organ of Corti were identified by phalloidin-FITC immunostaining. Treatment with cisplatin (35 micrograms/mL) or neomycin (0.6 mM) resulted in 21.2 +/- 6.0% and 7.4 +/- 4.7% surviving hair cells, respectively, after 3 days in culture. GDNF, added together with the ototoxins, increased their number to 46.7% and 37.4%, respectively. In cultures of dissociated cochlea from 4-week-old rat, cisplatin (5 mg/mL) added 24 h after seeding resulted in only 6.1 +/- 1.2% surviving neurons. However, when cisplatin was added together with GDNF (10 ng/mL), 32.8 +/- 1.0% of the neurons survived. The efficacy of GDNF in animal models of ototoxicity was tested next. Guinea pigs were pretreated with GDNF in one ear, delivered either by infusion into the inner ear (scala tympani) with Alzet minipumps (50 ng/mL at a 0.5 microL/h), or injected into the middle ear (120 microL at 1 mg/mL) through the tympanic membrane. The ear that did not receive GDNF always served as control. Ototoxicity was induced systemically either by intraperitoneal cisplatin injections (1 mg/kg/day for 15 days or two injections of 7.5 mg/kg at a 5-day interval or by a combination of kanamycin (200-300 mg/kg, administered subcutaneously) and ethacrinic acid (40 mg/kg, intravenous). It was found that the number of surviving hair cells in GDNF-treated ears was about twice that of control ears in animals exposed to the ototoxins. The transducing GDNF receptor (ret) is expressed in the inner ear.
Active plate and wing research using EDAP elements

The deflection characteristics of structures using directionally attached piezoelectric (DAP) and enhanced DAP (EDAP) elements are investigated analytically and experimentally. It is shown that directional attachment can be achieved by partial attachment, transverse shear lag, and differential stiffness bonding. The effective stiffnesses of DAP elements can be accurately modeled by an active element area estimation of partial attachment with a shear lag modification. Methods of integrating DAP and EDAP elements in missile wings and ways of alleviating such difficulties as control power degradation and adverse coupling are discussed.
Predictability of Linear Coupled Systems. Part II: An Application to a Simple Model of Tropical Atlantic Variability

Abstract A predictability analysis developed within a general framework of linear stochastic dynamics in a companion paper is applied to a simple coupled climate model of tropical Atlantic variability (TAV). The simple model extends the univariate stochastic climate model of Hasselmann by including positive air–sea feedback and heat advection by mean ocean currents. The interplay between the positive air–sea feedback and the negative oceanic feedbacks gives rise to oscillatory coupled modes. The relationship between these coupled modes and the system's predictability is explored for a wide range of coupled regimes. It is shown that the system's predictability cannot be simply determined from oscillatory behavior of the dominant coupled mode when coupling is weak. The predictable dynamics of the weakly coupled system depend upon the interference among many coupled modes and the spatial structures of the stochastic forcing. Using the simple model as an example, the concept of optimizing the predictability o...
The effect of tributyltin chloride on vascular responses to atrial natriuretic peptide

Abstract The effects of tributyltin chloride (TBT) on vascular smooth muscle responses to norepinephrine, nitroprusside (SNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were studied in isolated aortic rings of rats. TBT did not interfere with norepinephrine-induced contraction or SNP-induced vasorelaxation. However, TBT produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ANP-induced vasorelaxation. Inhibition was not observed with inorganic tin chloride, SnCl 2 . The inhibition of vasorelaxation was accompanied by a parallel inhibition of ANP-induced cGMP generation. SNP-induced generation of cGMP was not affected by TBT. TBT did not interfere with binding of ANP to its receptor in bovine adrenal glands suggesting that the effects of TBT were mediated by direct interaction with membrane-bound guanylate cyclase.
NIST/UMD Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory (Bl2)

The NIST/UMD Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory (BL2) is a joint facility of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland (UMD). The mission of the facility is to provide users the environment, equipment, and expertise necessary to produce stable isotope labeled biomolecular samples so they can be used for structural and biophysical methods including, but not limited to, neutron scattering, NMR and mass spectroscopy. The facility intends to support research performed at NIST, UMD and other universities and institutions from the US and other countries.
Synthesis and solvent dependency study of a novel iron complex with mono-cyanide and mono-carbonyl coordination

Abstract A novel iron complex [(1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane)-cyano-iron carbonyl] (1), in which the iron center is coordinated with one cyanide (CN) and one carbonyl (CO), was synthesized. 1’s X-ray crystallographic structure was determined. The structure shows that cyanide and carbonyl are in the cis-isomeric position. Further infrared study of 1 in a DMF/H2O system has shown that the both CN and CO stretching frequencies are very sensitive to the hydrogen bonding ability of the solvent system.
Deamination of 2-octylamine with metal nitride and oxide catalysts

Abstract The conversion of 2-octylamine occurs over both metal nitrides and oxides. In general, the oxide and nitride catalysts produce more condensation of 2-octylamine to higher molecular weight products, mostly containing nitrogen, than elimination to produce octenes and ammonia. Alcohols and amines give significantly different octene isomer distributions; however, the distribution from each reactant is similar for the nitride and oxide catalysts.
A laser speckle method for measuring ultra-low thermal expansion

Abstract A method based on objective laser speckles for the measurement of ultra-low thermal expansion is described. The sensitivity of α  10 -8 ⋅C -1 can easily be achieved with a 25 ⋅ C temperature change of a 2°5 cm long sample. The sensitivity is obtained by the rotation of a probe due to differential thermal expansion of the sample and reference rods. The method is discussed in detail along with the effects of some user-controlled parameters like speckle size, laser beam width, unwanted thermal expansions and the spectral width of the laser beam.
Phosphorylation stabilizes the active conformation of rhodopsin.

Deactivation of many G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is now known to require phosphorylation of the activated receptor. The first such GPCR so analyzed was rhodopsin, which upon light activation forms an intramolecular equilibrium between the two conformers, metarhodopsin I and II (MI and MII). In this study, we find surprisingly that rhodopsin phosphorylation increases rather than diminishes the formation of MII, the conformation that activates G protein. The MI−MII equilibrium constant was progressively shifted toward MII as the experimental phosphorylation stoichiometry was increased from 0 to 6.4 phosphates per rhodopsin. Increasing phosphorylation both increased MII's formation rate (k1) and decreased its rate of loss (k-1). The direct effect of cytoplasmic surface phosphorylation on intramolecular conformer equilibria observed here may be important to functional state modulation of other membrane proteins.
Nucleation in the MSA-water vapor system

Abstract The threshold concentrations of gaseous methane sulfonic acid (MSA) required for homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of MSA solution droplets in the MSA-water system have been calculated as a function of environmental relative humidity. The MSA concentration required to supersaturate the atmosphere (with respect to aqueous MSA solutions) at 80% r.h. is of the order of 10 −12 atm (1 pptv), whereas the concentration required for spontaneous production of new MSA aerosol is of the order of 10 −8 atm (10 ppbv). The calculations also show a strong dependence of the saturation curve on relative humidity. At 80 % r.h., 1 pptv MSA vapor supersaturates the atmosphere, whereas at 10 % r.h. about 5 ppbv is required to supersaturate the environment. The role which the conversion of dimethylsulfide (DMS) to MSA and H 2 SO 4 might play in the formation and growth of sub-μm particles in remote oceanic regions is discussed.
Human Distance and Birds: Tolerance and Response Distances of Resident and Migrant Species in India

In this report we describe a method of examining the tolerance of birds to humans, namely by measuring the distance to which birds will allow a person to approach them before flying off (flush distance). We studied the tolerance of Indian birds to approaching people by recording the flush distance for 925 individuals of 138 species of residents (birds breeding in India) and migrants (birds that are not known to breed in India). Over 20% of the variance in flush distance was accounted for by the number of people situated within 50 m, the distance to the closest person, the bird's migratory status, the number of people approaching, the time of day, and the bird's total body-length (including tail).For migratory species, 43% of the variability in flush distance was accounted for by distance to the closest other person, time of day, number of people originally within 50 m, number of people approaching, flock size, and species size. For resident species, only 18% of the variance was accounted for by distance to the closest other person, number of people within 50 m, and number of people approaching. Migrants were thus more responsive to the effect of humans, and their response was also influenced by their own size (body length) and flock size. Migratory species were less tolerant of people, flushing sooner than residents, and being more sensitive to the number of approaching people.We suggest that resident birds in North India have become habituated to the non-violent protective behaviour of the Hindu people towards birds, whereas migrants from farther north are more wary. Alternatively migrants, being less familiar than residents with the local predators and hiding places, may be more wary than residents on their home territory. Enhanced wariness results in more time spent alert or fleeing, with resultant greater energy-demand and decreased time for feeding.
Xenotransplantation: an ethical dilemma.

Purpose of reviewXenotransplantation is an attractive alternative to allogeneic transplantation because of the intractable shortage of donor organs. The latest published developments in this area are discussed as well as recent publications regarding the continuing debates on the ethics of xenotrans
The Influence of Verbal Labeling on the Perception of Odors: Evidence for Olfactory Illusions?:

Using the definition that an illusion is observed when a stimulus is invariant but context alters its perception, we examined whether verbal context could produce olfactory illusions. To test this effect, we chose five odors with minimally fixed sources and that could be interpreted with various hedonic connotations. The odors were violet leaf, patchouli, pine oil, menthol, and a 1:1 mixture of isovaleric and butyric acids. Subjects individually sniffed each odor at two different sessions separated by one week. At each session an odor was given a different verbal label (either positive or negative) and subjects rated the odors on several hedonic scales and provided perceptual and interpretative responses to them. Results showed that the perception of an odor could be significantly influenced by the label provided for it. We propose that the cases where verbal labels inverted odor perception are the first empirical demonstrations of olfactory illusions.
Parametric definition of radiocesium sources

Abstract The use of fissiogenic 137 Cs for beneficial uses is a real possibility, although its present availability only as the relatively soluble CsCl form could present difficulties. Other cesium-containing materials are known to possess solubilities much lower than CsCl, but their effectiveness as radiation sources are unknown. A means was developed to compare sources in terms of their radiation efficiencies utilizing absorption coefficients, source radius, and material characteristics. It is shown that cesium-containing sources such as aluminosilicates and glass could be used in place of CsCl. In some cases, these sources would require less 137 Cs to provide the same external energy per unit time as does a 137 CsCl source. This technique should be applicable for intercomparison of sources other than 137 Cs, e.g. neither spent fuel rods nor compressed calcined waste can be used in lieu of the previously mentioned 137 Cs sources.
GUERAP III Simulation Of Stray Light Phenomena

The GUERAP III Monte Carlo simulation method traces the paths of statistical samples (rays) of energy flux as they interact with the surfaces of an optical system. To determine ray path interceptions, the surfaces are represented by analytical equations that define the surfaces and their boundaries. The result of each surface interaction is determined by probability distributions characterizing the optical properties of each surface. Property models include emission, absorption, reflection, and transmission (which includes refraction and diffraction). The semiempirical diffraction model assumes an angular probability density function of the distance of the ray from the edge of the aperture. The general surface equation and radiation model utilized permits analysis of complex visible and infrared systems with reflective and/or refractive elements. Although the program was written primarily for off-axis rejection analyses, it can also be used as a general on-axis ray tracing program for determination of such things as image quality and optical efficiency, including in a very natural way the effects of field of view, aberrations, obscurations, vignetting, diffraction, etc. In the off-axis mode the program is used for analySis of system sensitivity to scattering and diffraction, determination of the effectiveness of exterior and interior baffling mechanizations, and the identification of unwanted multipath ghost images.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Working conceptions of “the law”

This exploratory essay is an admixture of amateur psychology, moral theory, and jurisprudence. It grows out of seminars I have given for judges, and reflects that focus.1 Co-theorists will now see some of what I have been telling practitioners. And error in my story may be exposed. But one can have no qualms about this. It is especially important to have things put right for judges.
Designing fault-tolerant systems using automorphisms

Abstract This paper presents a general theory for modeling and designing fault-tolerant multiprocessor systems in a systematic and efficient manner. We are concerned here with structural fault tolerance, defined as the ability to reconfigure around faults in order to preserve the interconnection structure of a multiprocessor. We represent multiprocessor systems by graphs whose node sets denote processors and whose edge sets denote dedicated interprocessor links. The fault-tolerant design and reconfiguration process of a multiprocessor is modeled by graph automorphisms. This automorphism-based methodology also models some important practical design features not previously addressed, including applicability to any multiprocessor structure and any number of faults. Low redundancy and efficient reconfigurability are also addressed. We apply our approach directly to a class of regular multiprocessor graphs termed circulant. For noncirculant graphs we give an algorithm to construct their circulant edge supergraphs efficiently. An application of the theory to the design of fault-tolerant hypercube multiprocessors is described. The resulting designs are shown to be far superior to those proposed in previous work.
Purinergic signaling in the rabbit ciliary body epithelium.

In the past forty years, a wealth of information has accumulated that points to the presence of adenosine and adenine nucleotides in the anterior segment of the eye and a number of hypotheses have been introduced to describe the possible role of these agents in the regulation of aqueous humor flow. However, in the absence of a generally accepted model for the cellular and molecular mechanisms of aqueous humor formation by the ciliary body epithelium, efforts to identify the signal transduction pathway(s) responsible for regulation of the ion and water transport have not been successful. This article briefly reviews the evidence for (i), the presence in aqueous humor of adenine nucleotides, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and adenosine, their metabolic product, (ii), the possible role of these agents in the regulation of aqueous humor dynamics, and (iii), the expression of ecto-nucleotidases, receptors, and second messengers that may mediate such regulation. Finally, a model for the regulation of aqueous humor formation by adenosine and ATP is proposed. J. Exp. Zool. 300A:14–24, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Urban tree species mapping using hyperspectral and lidar data fusion

article i nfo Article history: In this study we fused high-spatial resolution (3.7 m) hyperspectral imagery with 22 pulse/m 2 lidar data at the individual crown object scale to map 29 common tree species in Santa Barbara, California, USA. We first adapted andparallelizedawatershedsegmentationalgorithmtodelineateindividualcrownsfromagriddedcanopymax- ima model. From each segment, we extracted all spectra exceeding a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) threshold and a suite of crown structural metrics computed directly from the three-dimensional lidar point cloud. The variables were fused and crowns were classified using canonical discriminant analysis. The full complement of spectral bands along with 7 lidar-derived structural metrics were reduced to 28 canonical variates and classified. Species-level and leaf-type level maps were produced with respective overall accuracies of 83.4% (kappa = 82.6) and 93.5%. The addition of lidar data resulted in an increase in classification accuracy of 4.2 percentage points over spectral data alone. The value of the lidar structural metrics for urban species dis- crimination became particularly evident when mapping crowns that were either small or morphologically unique. For instance, the accuracy with which we mapped the tall palm species Washingtonia robusta increased from 29% using spectral bands to 71% with the fused dataset. Additionally, we evaluated the role that automated segmentation plays in classification error and the prospects for mapping urban forest species not included in a training sample. The ability to accurately map urban forest species is an important step towards spatially explicit urban forest ecosystem assessment.
Numerical modelling of flow of immiscible fluids in subsurface reservoirs using a self-adapting mesh

Abstract A finite element procedure for the analysis of flow characteristics of multiphase flow in two-dimensional hydrocarbon reservoirs is presented. In these reservoirs, fairly narrow transition zones between regions saturated with oil and water often form and move across the reservoir. To accurately predict the flow of the reservoir fluids, it is necessary to use a fine mesh in the regions of such transition zones. Significant savings in computational time can be achieved by the use of a self-adapting mesh approach in which the mesh is automatically refined in the regions of a transition zone and made coarser as the regions become fully saturated, rather than using a fine mesh throughout the reservoir. Such a scheme, based on the finite element approach using three-node and four-node isoparametric elements, is presented in this paper. In the regions of the transition zone the mesh is refined by regularly subdividing the element within the zones as well as their neighboring elements. This process leads to anomalous “fringe” elements on the boundaries of the region of refinement that have additional nodes in the middle of one or more sides. These elements are handled effectively by subdividing these elements as well and then constraining the additional degree of freedom so introduced to match the behavior of a normal element. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the self-adapting scheme. About a 45% savings in computational time can be realized by using the self-adapting scheme rather than using a uniform mesh throughout the simulation.
Irreversible hypercapnia secondary to embolic occlusion of the pulmonary artery

We describe a patient in whom extensive thromboembolic occlusion of the pulmonary arteries led to hypercapnia, in spite of a large increase in minute ventilation.
Environmental signaling and reproduction: A comparative biological and chemical perspective

Reproduction is a critical element of life. Self-propagation in all living organisms ranging from bacteria to humans involves numerous common strategies. Underlying all reproductive strategies is the essential need for signaling molecules to initiate and maintain the process. In this paper we use comparative biological and chemical approaches to explore the origins and distribution of estrogen signaling as a pathway common to many life forms. In the process we illuminate the mechanisms whereby environmental agents alter reproduction and development. These mechanisms involve altered signaling pathways within cells and shifts in the targets of the signaling pathways to include regulators of gene transcription normally associated with other pathways. We also stress the role of signal cross talk in mediating hormone action.
Dynamics of source-reinforced, coagulating, and condensing aerosols

The dynamic behavior of aerosol size distributions is studied. By selection of simplified, but physically realistic, mechanisms for coagulation, condensation, nucleation, and removal, certain analytic solutions to the aerosol population balance equation are obtained. In those cases in which analytic solutions cannot be obtained, a numerical technique based on orthogonal collocation on finite elements is employed to obtain the solution. Also studied is the time evolution of the total number and total volume of aerosol within the system as a function of the relative importance of the mechanisms mentioned.