cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Fate of Unpublished Research Articles Reported by Orthopedic Surgery Residency Applicants.

Objective As the competitiveness of matching to an orthopedic residency continues to increase, applicants attempt to bolster their application by participating in research activities. However, due to the brief duration of medical school, applicants’ articles may not be published at the time of applying. The purpose of this study was to identify projects that were listed under “publications-other than published” within Electronic Residency Application System (ERAS) applications of prospective orthopedic surgery residents to determine the rate and time of these projects to future publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Program directors can use this information to help interpret the importance of such articles on the applications of future residency candidates. Design Retrospective study of prospective residents’ applications to a single orthopedic residency program during the 2014 to 2015 application cycle were reviewed to identify articles designated as “other than published." Articles which advanced to official publication were confirmed using the Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. Applicant and article characteristics were recorded to identify variables associated with an increased proportion of articles that were able to be confirmed. Participants Prospective residents to a single orthopedic residency program during the 2014 to 2015 application cycle. Results A total of 1957 article titles were listed amongst 563 applicants, with 48% of applicants (n = 271) having at least one peer-reviewed article listed as “other than published.” Overall, 34.2% (709) of the articles were designated as being unpublished including 208 listed as accepted/in-press and 501 listed as submitted/under review. Of the accepted/in-press articles, 90.7% (n = 189) were able to be confirmed as successfully published papers, compared to 63.4% (n = 318) of articles designated as submitted/under review (p Conclusions Nearly one-half of orthopedic residency applicants report unpublished research articles on their ERAS application. While 90.7% of the articles listed as being accepted/ in press were eventually published, less than two-thirds of the articles designated as being in submission/under-review progressed to official publication.
Race/Ethnicity over Fifty Years of Structural Differentiation in K–12 Schooling: Period-Specific and Life-Course Perspectives

In the United States, equally performing students of different racial/ethnic groups may have different prospects for enrollment in rigorous curricular positions. Over time, the processes and operat...
Adjuvant chemotherapy impact on the overall survival of completely resected small bowel adenocarcinoma: An updated meta-analysis.

e16806Background: While the small intestine represents around 75% of the length and more than 90% of the gastrointestinal tract mucosal surface, it contributes around 2% of gastrointestinal tumors....
It Matters Where People Live: Innovative Collaborations and the Proximity of Inventors’ Residences

We examine if geographic proximity of where knowledge workers live affects the likelihood that they collaborate on patents. We argue that the underlying mechanisms for why proximity in the workplac...
n-Dimensional Variational Problems

We now give several examples of higher-dimensional variational problems that use the theory developed in previous chapters. The basic notation is provided by the Sobolev spaces developed in Chapter 1. We combine the existence theory of Chapter 2 together with the approximation theory of Chapters 3 and 4 to provide a complete theory for the discretization process. Several examples will be fully developed in the text, and several others are found in the exercises. Throughout this chapter, we assume that the domain Ω is bounded.
Pain catastrophizing predicts alcohol craving in heavy drinkers independent of pain intensity.

Abstract Background Chronic pain and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are often co-occurring conditions. Pain catastrophizing, an emotional component of pain, and pain intensity are related to alcohol use as a coping mechanism; however, how pain interacts with tonic alcohol craving is an understudied area. This study sought to determine the unique and independent effects of pain intensity and pain catastrophizing on alcohol craving in heavy drinkers. Method Non-treatment seeking heavy drinkers (n = 128) completed self-report measures of pain (both intensity and catastrophizing), depression, alcohol use and problems, and reasons for heavy drinking. A hierarchical regression examined the unique contribution of pain intensity to alcohol craving. Depression, pain catastrophizing, and alcohol use measures were added to the hierarchical model in sequential blocks. Results The final model of the hierarchical regression demonstrated that pain catastrophizing has an independent effect on alcohol craving over and above demographic, pain intensity, depression, and alcohol measures. Exploratory analyses suggest that individuals in the high intensity pain grade have higher levels of depression symptomology, pain catastrophizing, alcohol use and problems, as well as engaging in heavy drinking to “feel normal” compared to the no pain and low intensity pain grades. Conclusions These results demonstrate that pain catastrophizing predicts alcohol craving independent of self-reported chronic pain intensity. Individuals with high intensity chronic pain have more severe alcohol use and mood-related symptomology. Upon replication in clinical samples, these findings can inform clinical care for pain management.
Motor beta cortical oscillations are related with the gait kinematics of youth with cerebral palsy.

Objective It is widely believed that the perinatal brain injuries seen in youth with cerebral palsy (CP) impact neuronal processing of sensory information and the production of leg motor actions during gait. However, very limited efforts have been made to evaluate the connection between neural activity within sensorimotor networks and the altered spatiotemportal gait biomechanics seen in youth with CP. The objective of this investigation was to use magnetoencephalographic (MEG) brain imaging and biomechanical analysis to probe this connection. Methods We examined the cortical beta oscillations serving motor control of the legs in a cohort of youth with CP (N = 20; Age = 15.5 ± 3 years; GMFCS levels I-III) and healthy controls (N = 15; Age = 14.1 ± 3 years) using MEG brain imaging and a goal-directed isometric knee target-matching task. Outside the scanner, a digital mat was used to quantify the spatiotemporal gait biomechanics. Results Our MEG imaging results revealed that the participants with CP exhibited stronger sensorimotor beta oscillations during the motor planning and execution stages compared to the controls. Interestingly, we also found that those with the strongest sensorimotor beta oscillations during motor execution also tended to walk slower and have a reduced cadence. Interpretation These results fuel the impression that the beta sensorimotor cortical oscillations that underlie leg musculature control may play a central role in the altered mobility seen in youth with CP.
Revisiting the definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants at a single center quaternary neonatal intensive care unit

To compare the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) based on the 1988 Vermont Oxford Network (VON) criteria, National Institutes of Health (NIH) 2001 definition, and NIH 2018 definition. BPD incidence by each definition was compared in premature infants born at a single center between 2016 and 2018. Comorbidities were compared between those with and without BPD according to the newest definition. Among 352 survivors, BPD incidence was significantly different at 9%, 28% and 34% according to VON, NIH 2001 and NIH 2018 definitions, respectively (p < 0.05). According to the newest definition, any grade of BPD was associated with more co-morbidities than those without BPD (P < 0.001). At a center that emphasizes use of early noninvasive respiratory support, the incidence of BPD was significantly higher according to the NIH 2018 definition compared to other two definitions. The relationship between BPD diagnosis and long-term clinical outcomes remains unclear.
Casual Condomless Sex, Range of Pornography Exposure, and Perceived Pornography Realism:

Pornography consumption is becoming more prevalent and may be a source of sexual learning for some users. Because popular male-female pornography rarely includes condoms, communication researchers ...
Advances in barrier coatings and film technologies for achieving sustainable packaging of food products – A review

Abstract Background The technology of food packaging is responding to significant market dynamics such as the rapid growth in e-commerce and preservation of fresh food, a sector that accounts for over 40% of plastic waste. Further, mandates for sustainability and recent changes in national governmental policies and regulations that include banning single-use plastic products as observed in sweeping reforms in Europe, Asia, and several US States are forcing industries and consumers to find alternative solutions. Scope and approach This review highlights an ongoing shift of barrier coatings from traditional synthetic polymers to sustainable breakthrough materials for paper-based packaging and films. Advantages, challenges and adapting feasibility of these materials are described, highlighting the implications of selecting different materials and processing options. A brief description on progress in methods of coating technologies is also included. Finally, the end fate of the barrier materials is classified depending on the packaging type, coating materials used and sorting facility availability. Key findings and conclusions Different types of coatings, such as water-based biopolymers, due to their greater environmental compatibility, are making inroads into more traditional petroleum-based wax and plastic laminate paperboard products for fresh food bakery, frozen food, and take-out containers applications. In addition, nano-biocomposites have been studied at an accelerating pace for developing active and smart packaging. Based on the momentum of recent developments, a strong pace of continuing developments in the field can be expected.
A Comparison of Five Reinforcement Schedules for use in Contingency Management-Based Treatment of Methamphetamine Abuse

One variation of contingency management involves providing vouchers with monetary value for the provision of a biological sample indicating no recent drug use. These vouchers can be exchanged for goods or services. The schedule with which the vouchers are disbursed has been studied and results suggest that those schedules that incorporate escalating magnitude of reinforcement for consecutive instances of abstinence and a reset contingency, which reduces the value of the vouchers for instances of use, seem to provide the best treatment outcome. In th is paper we explore several other scheduling arrangements while using the escalating schedule with a reset contingency as the comparator. The comparator schedule generally outperformed the other schedules in in itiating and in maintaining abstinence from methamphetamine.
Horizontal Pressure Gradient Errors of the Monterey Bay Sigma Coordinate Ocean Model with Various Grids

A coastal ocean σ-coordinate model of Monterey Bay (MOB) with realistic bottom topography and coastlines is developed using the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) and grid generation technique (GGT) to study the horizontal pressure gradient errors associated with the MOB steep topography. The submarine canyon in MOB features some of the steepest topography encountered anywhere in the world oceans. The MOB grids are designed using the EAGEAL View and GENIE++ grid generation systems. A grid package developed by Ly and Luong (1993) is used in this study to couple grids to the model. The MOB model is tested with both orthogonal and curvilinear nearly-orthogonal (CNO) grids. The CNO grid has horizontal resolution which varies from 300 m to 2 km, while the resolution of the orthogonal grid is uniform with δx = 1.25 km and δy = 1.38 km. These grids cover a domain of 180 × 160 km with the same number of grid points of 131 × 131. Vertical resolutions of 25, 35 and 45 vertical sigma levels are tested. The error in the MOB are evaluated in terms of mean kinetic energy and velocity against various grids, vertical, horizontal resolution and σdistributions, and bottom topography smoothing. Simulations with various grids show that GGT can be used as another tool in reducing σ-coordinate errors in coastal ocean modeling besides increasing resolution and smoothing bottom topography. Topographical smoothing not only reduces topographic slope, but changes realistic topography. A CNO grid with a high grid density packed along steep slopes and Monterey Submarine Canyon reduces the errors by 40% compared to a rectangular grid with the same number of grid points. The CNO grid is more efficient than the rectangular grid, since it has most of its grids over water. The simulations show that the presented MOB σ-coordinate model can be used with a confidence regarding horizontal pressure gradient error.
Taking the good with the bad : How migration to an integrated library system can affect serials work flow

Summary This paper describes examples of changes that occur within a serials unit's work flow when a library migrates to an integrated library system (INNOPAC). In this particular library, the organization and physical arrangement of materials also has changed, compounding the situation.
Solid fat and added sugar intake among U.S. Children: The role of stores, schools, and fast food, 1994-2010

Background Little is known about the role of location in U.S. children's excess intake of energy from solid fat and added sugar, collectively referred to as SoFAS. Purpose The goal of this study was to compare the SoFAS content of foods consumed by children from stores, schools, and fast-food restaurants and to determine whether trends from 1994 to 2010 differ across these locations. Methods Children aged 2–18 years (N=22,103) from five nationally representative surveys of dietary intake from 1994 to 2010 were studied. SoFAS content was compared across locations for total intake and key foods. Regression models were used to test and compare linear trends across locations. Data were analyzed in 2012. Results The mean percentage of total energy intake consumed from each location that was provided by SoFAS remained above recommendations, despite significant improvements between 1994 and 2010 at stores (1994, 38.3%; 2004, 33.2%); schools (1994, 38.7%; 2004, 31.2%); and fast-food restaurants (1994, 34.6%; 2004, 34.6%). For each key food, SoFAS content decreased significantly at stores and schools, yet progress at schools was comparatively slower. Milk was higher in SoFAS at schools compared to stores because of shifts toward flavored milk at schools. Schools provided french fries that were higher in solid fat than store-bought versions and pizza that was not significantly different in SoFAS content than fast-food pizza. However, schools made significantly greater progress for sugar-sweetened beverages, as lower-sugar beverages replaced regular sodas. Key fast foods showed little improvement. Conclusions These findings can inform future strategies targeted to the specific locations and foods where continued progress is needed to reduce children's SoFAS consumption.
Foldamers: Biomimetic and built to order

Synthetic oligomers could potentially expand beyond the functions offered by proteins and nucleic acids. However, this requires precise methods for controlling their folding and self-assembly. Now, it is shown that two drastically different supramolecular architectures can be fabricated from closely related sequences using a single biomimetic scaffold.
Differentiation strategies and winery financial performance: An empirical investigation

This investigation into small-to-medium sized wine businesses empirically tests linkages among differentiation strategies and financial performance over time. Using a two-by-two model, we examine the impact of differentiation strategies on profitability and growth. Financial and operational data from a proprietary database of 71 United States wineries, encompassing five continuous years (2006–2010), provide longitudinal robustness. Management decisions regarding resources and capabilities are used to cluster the sample firms into a two-by-two differentiation strategy model. Those wineries sourcing over 50% estate grapes and distributing over 50% direct-to-consumer have higher gross margins compared to other clusters. Direct-to-consumer distribution decisions impact growth. Results of this research indicate that distribution channel choice-direct-to-consumer-positively impacts gross profit margin and winery growth rates. Supply chain choice-sourcing estate grapes also positively impacts gross profit margin. This study uses reported financial data that have not been made available to researchers.
α1-antitrypsin and C-reactive protein levels in tear fluid after continuous contact lens wear.

Background Corneal inflammation has long been associated with contact lens wear and the use of extended-wear lenses enhances the risk of corneal injury. Elucidation of the molecular mediators of contact lens-associated inflammation has the potential to provide injury-identifying markers early in the inflammatory process, as well as determine potential therapeutic targets. Methods This cross-over study investigated a potential correlation between overnight contact lens wear and the concentrations of two markers of inflammation, α1-antitrypsin and C-reactive protein, in tear fluid. To obtain baseline measurements, 17 subjects adapted to wearing silicone hydrogel contact lenses wore their prescribed eye glasses for one week, after which tears were collected and ocular health assessed by a licensed optometrist. Subjects then returned to wearing their prescribed silicone hydrogel lenses continuously for one week. A second tear sample was collected and ocular inflammation was again assessed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed on all tear samples for both α1-antitrypsin and C-reactive protein. Results α1-antitrypsin was significantly (p = 0.01) elevated after continuous contact lens wear, with increases above baseline concentrations averaging 2.48-fold. Optometric assessment of inflammation loosely correlated with levels of this inflammatory marker. C-reactive protein was detected in the tears of subjects at both times and levels were also slightly elevated after extended lens wear, but not significantly (p > 0.5) and not consistently in all subjects. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that α1-antitrypsin in tear fluid may be useful as an early marker of contact lens-associated ocular irritation and inflammation. The presence of C-reactive protein in the tears of contact lens wearers is a novel finding which, while not correlative with either α1-antitrypsin concentrations or clinically observable inflammation, may warrant further study.
Multi-dimensional function display using a color scale

Similar to the use of color on maps to indicate height information on a two-dimensional display, color can be used to convey a sense of the fourth dimension in a three-dimensional display. The information then appears as a set of color dots arranged in three dimensions. A color display system then shows sections of this assembly, much like a series of stacked colored maps.A particularly simple implementation occurs when the fourth-dimension variable is of limited range, such as in the display of complex-variable functions. By showing magnitude of the function as height and phase angles as colors, colored three-dimensional surfaces may be used to depict such functions vividly. The choice of the phase-angle color-scale determines the ease of reading off details from this display.
Phase Transformation at High Temperatures in Hafnia and Zirconia

Phase transformation curves for HfO2 and ZrO2 have been made. Transformation hysteresis is discussed. The transformation of monoclinic to tetragonal as temperature increases occurs over the range 1000° to 1200°C in ZrO2, and 1500° to 1600°C in HfO2. With decreasing temperature the transition back to monoclinic occurs from 970° to 750°C in ZrO2 and 1550° to 1450°C in HfO2. These transformations have been visually observed in ZrO2, but not in HfO2.
Paul M. Naghdi, 1924–1994

Paul M. Naghdi was born in Tehran on 29 March 1924 and grew up in a highly educated family. During his youth, he developed strong interests in mathematics and in history, especially in the history of the United States. In 1943, he undertook a perilous voyage to the U.S. to pursue his education. He was admitted to Cornell University, where he studied mechanical engineering. Paul took advantage of the excellent mechanics program that existed there and, in his senior year, attended the two-course sequence on elasticity taught by J. N. Goodier. But, he chose his area of specialization to be heat transfer, and took many courses in classical and statistical thermodynamics. He was graduated from Cornell with a B.S. degree in January 1946.
Managing digital libraries for computer-aided design

Abstract This paper describes our initial efforts to deploy a digital library to support computer-aided collaborative design. At present, this experimental testbed, The Engineering Design Knowledge Repository, is an effort to collect and archive public domain engineering data for use by researchers and engineering professionals. We envision this effort expanding to facilitate collaboration and process archival for distributed design and manufacturing teams. CAD knowledge-bases are vital to engineers, who search through vast amounts of corporate legacy data and navigate on-line catalogs to retrieve precisely the right components for assembly into new products. This research attempts to begin addressing the critical need for improved computational methods for reasoning about complex geometric and engineering information. In particular, we focus on archival and reuse of design and manufacturing data for mechatronic systems. This paper presents a description of the research problems, an overview of the initial architecture of the testbed and a description of some of our preliminary results on conceptual design and design retrieval.
Indoor Particulate Matter of Outdoor Origin: Importance of Size-Dependent Removal Mechanisms

Adverse human health effects have been observed to correlate with levels of outdoor particulate matter (PM), even though most human exposure to PM of outdoor origin occurs indoors. In this study, we apply a model and empirical data to explore the indoor PM levels of outdoor origin for two major building types: offices and residences. Typical ventilation rates for each building type are obtained from the literature. Published data are combined with theoretical analyses to develop representative particle penetration coefficients, deposition loss rates, and ventilation-system filter efficiencies for a broad particle size range (i.e., 0.001−10 μm). We apply archetypal outdoor number, surface area, and mass PM size distributions for both urban and rural airsheds. We also use data on mass-weighted size distributions for specific chemical constituents of PM: sulfate and elemental carbon. Predictions of the size-resolved indoor proportion of outdoor particles (IPOP) for various conditions and ambient particle d...
THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOUSING VALUES IN THE TRANSFORMATION TO A MARKET ECONOMY: A CASE STUDY OF MOSCOW

Rapid progress of the market-oriented reform in Russia has led to the emergence of urban housing markets. The intraurban spatial differentiation in market valuation of housing suggests a conceptually new insight into the internal structure of the socialist city. This paper demonstrates that apartment prices in Moscow are largely determined by accessibility to the center of the city, social status of the neighborhood residents, and proximity to certain amenities such as recreational facilities or disamenities such as noxious industries.
Involvement of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 splice sites in the cytoplasmic accumulation of viral RNA.

Abstract To define the role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 splice sites in the cytoplasmic accumulation of viral RNAs, sequential deletion mutagenesis on an infectious proviral clone of HIV-1 was performed. Deletion of the majority of intron sequences, containing previously identified CRS, did not attenuate CRS activity. Retention of either the first or second tat intron preserved CRS activity. RNAs containing splice donor sequences, in the absence of known downstream splice acceptor sequences, retained CRS activity. Unexpectedly, these splice donors were still utilized for splicing. These results indicate that the major HIV-1 splice donors can function as CRS and function to negatively regulate the cytoplasmic accumulation of HIV-1 RNAs in COS cells.
Random yield risk sharing in a two-level supply chain

Abstract Random yield affects production decisions and performances of all parties in a supply chain. We study a simple supply chain with one supplier and one retailer where there is random yield production and uncertain demand. We propose several risk sharing contracts that distribute the random yield risk among parties and evaluate the supply chain performances. We also compare the results of proposed contracts and find that under certain conditions, yield randomness might enhance the supply chain performance and decrease the double marginalization effect. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the results.
Chemical Stimulation of the Rat Midbrain and Aggressive Behaviour

ELECTRICAL and chemical stimulation of sites in the lateral hypothalamus facilitates1–6 or even elicits5–8 frog-killing and mouse-killing in the rat. The neuroanatomical pathways which mediate these effects are not yet known, but there is evidence in the cat9,10 and the opossum11 to suggest this hypothalamic aggression is mediated, at least in part, by pathways passing caudally to the midbrain tegmentum. I have therefore examined the effects of direct chemical stimulation of the ventral midbrain tegmentum on natural and hypothalamically facilitated frog-killing and mouse-killing.
Treatment of fibroids via uterine artery occlusion (uterine artery embolization and Doppler-guided uterine artery occlusion): potential role in today’s armamentarium

Uterine fibroids, the most common benign tumors of the female reproductive system, are the most common indication for hysterectomy. However, this procedure is not the ideal treatment for many women including those who desire to preserve their fertility or simply do not want to undergo surgery. New technologies and surgical innovation provide treatments that are less associated with morbidity such as uterine artery embolization, magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound, and laparoscopic uterine artery occlusion. This manuscript will discuss the putative mechanism of action and clinical application of uterine artery occlusion using Doppler-guided Uterine Artery Occlusion, a new investigational treatment modality for uterine fibroids.
The shape and stability of liquid menisci at solid edges

The shape and stability of liquid menisci attached to a solid edge with dihedral angle 2α is investigated. It is shown that in addition to the family of cylindrical menisci a family of azimuthally modified unduloids exists. A double Fourier series of the latter with respect to their axis (parallel to the extension of the edge) and with respect to the azimuth is derived. The dispersion relation between the axial wavenumber q, the azimuthal wavenumber s and the waviness parameter d is calculated. When the condition of constant contact angle γ along the contact lines with the solid is applied, a one-dimensional family of modified unduloids fitting to the edge is obtained. Their axial wavenumber q becomes independent of the waviness d at the bifurcation with the family of cylindrical menisci, such that this bifurcation limits the stability. The respective stability criteria are derived and evaluated. For α + γ > ½π the cylindrical menisci are convex. They reveal a maximum stable length, which quadratically tends to infinity when α + γ = ½π is approached. The smallest stable extension arises for the free cylindrical column (the Rayleigh jet), which is covered by the present investigations by assuming α = π, γ = ½π. For α + γ < ½π the cylindrical menisci are concave and stable: no bifurcation with the family of modified unduloids arises.
Predicting jack-pine budworm infestations in northwestern Wisconsin.

Annual jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman, population samples and weather records from Douglas County, Wisconsin during 1959–1976 were used to formulate prediction models using forward (stepwise) inclusion multiple regression analyses. Final models for late larval and pupal counts and defoliation ratings consisted of temperature precipitation, and population terms at years t-1 and t-2. The accepted model for the late larval counts explained 64% of the variation in the observed data, the model for pupal counts explained 70%, and both models indicated an association of weather conditions with larvae overwintering in hibernaculae. While the defoliation model had an adjusted R2 of 62%, abnormalities were present in the residuals suggesting caution for use in prediction. Validation showed that the models mimicked observed population and defoliation trends and hence, could be helpful in predicting future budworm outbreaks in susceptible jack pine stands.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Endometrium: A Report of Eight Cases and a Review of the Literature

Abstract Background: Endometrial squamous cell carcinoma is extremely rare, with only 56 cases reported in the literature. Methods: Six cases of endometrial squamous cell carcinoma were found in a review of 1182 cases of uterine corpus cancer treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1975 to 1993. Two additional cases were seen in pathological consultation. The clinicopathological features of these 8 cases and the 56 reported cases were analyzed. Results: The average age of the patients was 67 years; almost all of them were postmenopausal. The most frequent presenting symptom was vaginal bleeding. Chronic pyometra and nulliparity were predisposing factors. The average duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 11.5 months. Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was the primary treatment in 58 patients. Eighty percent of the patients with Stage I tumors survived; the median follow-up time was 32 months. The survival rate for patients with Stage III tumors was only 20%, and all 6 patients with Stage IV disease died. Conclusions: The preoperative diagnosis of endometrial squamous cell carcinoma may be difficult, since curettage specimens may show only highly differentiated squamous epithelium. The strong relationship between tumor stage and survival suggests that early diagnosis and treatment are imperative.
Socioeconomic Status, Energy Cost, and Nutrient Content of Supermarket Food Purchases

Background The relative affordability of energy-dense versus nutrient-rich foods may promote socioeconomic disparities in dietary quality and obesity. Although supermarkets are the largest food source in the American diet, the associations between SES and the cost and nutrient content of freely chosen food purchases have not been described. Purpose To investigate relationships of SES with the energy cost ($/1000 kcal) and nutrient content of freely chosen supermarket purchases. Methods Supermarket shoppers ( n =69) were recruited at a Phoenix AZ supermarket in 2009. The energy cost and nutrient content of participants' purchases were calculated from photographs of food packaging and nutrition labels using dietary analysis software. Data were analyzed in 2010–2011. Results Two SES indicators, education and household income as a percentage of the federal poverty guideline (FPG), were associated with the energy cost of purchased foods. Adjusting for covariates, the amount spent on 1000 kcal of food was $0.26 greater for every multiple of the FPG, and those with a baccalaureate or postbaccalaureate degree spent an additional $1.05 for every 1000 kcal of food compared to those with no college education. Lower energy cost was associated with higher total fat and less protein, dietary fiber, and vegetables per 1000 kcal purchased. Conclusions Low-SES supermarket shoppers purchase calories in inexpensive forms that are higher in fat and less nutrient-rich.
A soliton phenomenon in langmuir monolayers of amphiphilic bistable rotaxanes.

Surface pressure−area isotherms, light scattering microscopy, and atomic force microscopy have all been used to provide information about the stabilities and dynamics of Langmuir monolayers composed of amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane molecules. Superstructures that have the appearance of localized mobile solitons are formed during the compression of monolayers of the [2]rotaxanes below their collapse pressures. Solitons move solely in a linear trajectory in both directions across the film, perpendicular to the compression direction, without any apparent broadening or change in their shape.
Influence of oxygen dissolution history on reconstruction behavior of a stepped metal surface

Abstract We have observed that the reconstruction dynamics for stepped Ni(9 7 7) are influenced by the oxygen dissolution history of the crystal. Using a complementary approach incorporating both real- and reciprocal-space techniques, it is found that the upper end of the thermal range over which this stepped metal surface transforms from single to double steps increases with selvedge or sub-surface oxygen concentration. These results enhance our understanding of how adsorbate dissolution, and hence oxygen exposure history, modify energetic pathways for metallic oxidation.
Determining moisture absorption/desorption properties of commercial membranes by thermogravimetry (TG)

A series of different commercial membranes were characterized by their moisture absorption and desorption properties under controlled humidity and temperature conditions. This work was made possible by combining the features of a constant humidity conditioning chamber with those of a thermogravimetric (TG) apparatus. These two modules were interconnected by tubing, rotameters, an atmosphere-recycling microbellows pump and switching valves. Under programmed heating and isothermal conditions reproducible data were obtained in terms of weight-gain or weight-lossvs. time and pore size. Evaluation of the resulting TG curves allowed us to report reasonable differences in the materials, some of which had been previously surface-modified by the manufacturer.
Evaluation of Transverse Shear Effect on Film Delamination in Blister Test

The transverse shear effect has been frequently ignored in determining the debonding-related energy release rate and the phase angle in the blister test, resulting in underestimated values. This study aims to study the effect of shear force on the energy release rate and phase angle prediction in the blister test. A generalized approach is proposed to predict them under the effect of shear force. The predictions show that when the ratio of the film thickness to the debonded film window radius is large (such as 0.05), the transverse shear effect cannot be ignored in determining the energy release rate and the phase angle. The study also further illustrates the importance of including the shear force contribution in estimation and how this importance depends on the film thickness to debonded radius ratio, as well as the elastic mismatch.
Modern applications of 3-D optical microscopy in biology and medicine

This tutorial on multi-photon microscopy will cover on the basic physical and optical principles, the essential elements of microscope design, the frontiers of multi-photon instrument design, and the most promising application areas.
RNA interference of WdFKS1 mRNA expression causes slowed growth, incomplete septation and loss of cell wall integrity in yeast cells of the polymorphic, pathogenic fungus Wangiella (Exophiala) dermatitidis

As one of the main components of the fungal cell wall, β-1,3-glucan provides the mechanical strength to protect fungal protoplasts. The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of β-1,3-glucans in fungi is β-1,3-glucan synthase. Here we report the cloning, sequencing and characterization of the WdFKS1 gene, which in the pathogenic fungus Wangiella dermatitidis encodes the catalytic domain of its β-1, 3-glucan synthase. Because our research suggested that WdFKS1 is a single copy essential gene, we used RNA interference to reduce its expression. Reduction of the WdFKS1 messenger retarded growth and caused the loss of cell wall integrity of yeast cells, but not hyphae or sclerotic cells. We suggest that the WdFKS1 in this polymorphic agent of phaeohyphomycosis is not only required for cell wall construction and maintenance, but also is involved in septum formation.
Game technology as a tool to actively engage K-12 students in the act of learning

To be actively engaged in the act of learning students must be motivated and self-directed. The role of the teacher is to guide students in this act of learning and help them be motivated (1). In this paper we discuss how Information Technology through game programming can be used effectively to motivate and actively engage middle and high school students in the act of learning computer programming. The context of game technology provides the necessary excitement that students need to be motivated to learn. It also provides an inter-disciplinary platform for the student to understand the connections between concepts from different subjects. This paper describes the design and implementation of a game in Visual basic .net built by a group of at-risk students and presents some observations from this experience.
The convention on the rights of the child: A young legal regime for the world's youngest citizens

In November, 1989 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This international resolution seeks to safeguard the physical, social, cultural, and religious rights of children, and to establish a new legal regime for the protection of children's rights. This paper examines the legal foundations of the Convention relative to international law, the legal effect of a United Nations Convention upon nations, describes the main provisions of the Convention, and discusses the ratification and enforcement of the Convention.
The role of RNA and protein synthesis in mediating the action of MSH on mouse melanoma cells.

Abstract Exposure of mouse melanoma cells in culture to MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) results in a marked increase in tyrosinase (O-diphenyl: O 2 oxidoreductase) activity following a lag period of 6–9 hours. Within 20 minutes after exposure of cells to MSH, the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP rise to levels which are ten times those of controls but fall to concentrations twice control values by 60 minutes. Transient increases in both protein and RNA synthetic rates also occur following MSH administration correlating in time with the dramatic but rapidly decaying increase in cellular cyclic AMP. The increase in tyrosinase activity observed in response to either MSH, dibutyryl cAMP, or theophylline, is completely suppressed by the addition of either cycloheximide (0.28 μg/ml) or actinomycin D (0.05 μg/ml) as is the basal activity of the enzyme. Results from 14 C/ 3 H leucine studies suggest that MSH may cause increased de novo synthesis of tyrosinase.
Converging functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a role of the left inferior frontal lobe in semantic retention during language comprehension.

Increasing evidence supports dissociable short-term memory (STM) capacities for semantic and phonological representations. Cognitive neuropsychological data suggest that damage to the left inferior and middle frontal gyri are associated with deficits of semantic STM, while damage to inferior parietal areas is associated with deficits of phonological STM. Patients identified as having semantic STM deficits are also impaired on a number of language comprehension and production paradigms. We used one such comprehension task derived from cognitive neuropsychological data to test predictions with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using healthy participants. Using a task that required participants to make semantic anomaly judgements, we found significantly greater activation in areas of the left inferior frontal and middle frontal gyri for phrases that required maintenance of multiple words for eventual integration with a subsequent noun or verb. These data are consistent with our previous patient st...
Performance Considerations For The Astrometric Telescope Facility On The Phase I Space Station

The Astrometric Telescope Facility (ATF) is an optical telescope facility of extreme astrometric precision whose principle scientific purpose is the detection and study of planetary systems about nearby stars. With the recent change in the space station program to two phases, the suitability of initial operations from the phase 1 station need to be evaluated. This paper presents the results of such an evaluation for the Astrometric Telescope Facility.
Regional Variations in Myocardial Tissue Oxygenation Mapped by Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging

Abstract S. P. N ighswander -R empel , R. A. S haw , J. R. M ansfield , M. H ewko , V. V. K upriyanov AND H. H. M antsch . Regional Variations in Myocardial Tissue Oxygenation Mapped by Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2002) 34, 1195–1203. Near-infrared fibre-optic single point spectroscopy has been widely exploited to provide information regarding blood volume and oxygenation in vivo, but it does not provide any information on regional differences in perfusion. We have combined the chemical sensitivity of spectroscopy with the spatial sensitivity of imaging to generate maps of regional cardiac oxygenation. Spectroscopic images were acquired for isolated, arrested, blood-perfused porcine hearts (n=4) over the wavelength range 650 and 1050 nm. Spectroscopic images were acquired during normal perfusion, regional ischemia (occlusion of left anterior descending artery) global ischemia, and reperfusion. Hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) content and oxygenation were determined by reconstructing the tissue spectra measured at each pixel as weighted sums of water, oxy- and deoxy-Hb (and -Mb) absorptivity spectra. The spectroscopic images acquired during regional ischemia clearly revealed increased deoxy-(Hb+Mb) levels and decreased oxy-(Hb+Mb) levels in the ischaemic regions relative to the normally-perfused regions. Global ischemia produced a dramatic decrease in oxy-(Hb+Mb) levels and a moderate increase in deoxy-(Hb+Mb). These images confirm that blood oxygenation can be mapped in cardiac tissue by near-infrared spectroscopic imaging.
Predictors of Thirst in Intensive Care Unit Patients

Context Thirst is a pervasive, intense, and distressing symptom in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Although thirst may be avoided and/or treated, scant data are available to help providers identify patients most in need.
Theory of optical phase conjugation in Kerr media.

Optical phase conjugation by four-wave mixing in a Kerr medium is considered. Two strong counterpropagating lasers pump a nonlinear medium in which they excite the third-order polarization. Mixing with a weak incident field then generates the phase-conjugated image of that field. It is shown how the polarization of the pumps and the tensorial nature of the nonlinear interaction can be accounted for by a geometrical polarization tensor. The electric field is shown to obey two coupled wave equations, which couple a positive- and negative-frequency component of the field. These wave equations allow plane-wave solutions, and we derive the dispersion relation for the wave vectors of these modes. By matching the field of such a mode across the boundaries of the medium to an external incident field, we are able to obtain analytically the Fresnel coefficients for reflection and transmission. Our expressions reduce to earlier results in the appropriate limits.
Molecular geometries of acetylene and ethylene chemisorbed on Cu, Ni, Pd, and Pt surfaces

Ultraviolet photoemission measurements of the valence orbital electronic structure of acetylene and ethylene chemisorbed on Cu(100) or Cu(111), Ni(111), Pd(111), and Pt(111) are presented. We compare the measured energy levels of these chemisorbed species to those of the free molecule and use a similar comparison of the relative changes in ground state energy levels of distorted free molecules calculated with a SCF-LCAO (Self Consistent Field--Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals) method to determine the molecular geometries of these chemisorbed species. The limitations and accuracies of such an approach are discussed. From the determined geometries we identify two trends in the structure of these chemisorbed molecules on these surfaces: first, increasingly greater molecular distortions occur with increasing atomic number of the substrate atom, and secondly, greater molecular distortions occur for ethylene than for acetylene on the same metal. These trends are consistent with a π-d bonding interaction and can be accounted for by the electronic structure of the substrate and of the molecule, respectively. With the exception of ethylene on Pd or Pt, we determine molecular geometries characteristic of small rehybridization. The molecular geometry of ethylene on Pd or Pt is generally characteristic of rehybridization to an sp3 configuration.
Prediction and Experimental Determination of Solute Output from a Collison Nebulizer

The total output from a nebulizer is made up of aqueous droplets containing solute and a significant component of water vapor. The solvent loss is reflected in an increase in the nebulizer solution concentration over time and this has been described mathematically. This theory, originally described by Mercer et al., was modified to describe the solute output from a three-jet Collison nebulizer. The influence of concentration, air flow (air pressure), volume, and temperature on the output parameters were then studied. Inlet air pressures were 10 (4.1), 20 (6.4), and 40 (10.0) psig (L/min), starting concentrations were 0.1, 2, and 5% (w/w) and initial solution volumes were 10 and 20 mL. To study temperature effects, solutions were nebulized at fixed temperatures ranging from 4 to 50 degrees C. This was achieved by water-jacketing the nebulizer flask. Test solutions consisted of mannitol and a fixed concentration of 11.1 micrograms/mL carboxyfluorescein. Nebulization was carried out for up to 30 min using dry, filtered air at ambient temperature. Total output was determined gravimetrically while solute output was determined by fluorimetry (495-nm excitation, 515-nm emission). Solution concentration changes were also monitored over time by fluorimetry. The results show that the solution and solvent output parameters are independent of concentration, volume, and air flow within the ranges studied but that solvent output, in particular, is highly dependent upon temperature.