cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cold dissection versus coblation-assisted adenotonsillectomy in children.

Objective: To compare intraoperative efficiency and postoperative recovery between cold dissection adenotonsillectomy (CDA) and coblation-assisted adenotonsillectomy (CAA). Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blind trial of pediatric patients aged 2 to 16 years undergoing adenotonsillectomy was conducted. Patients were randomized to undergo either CDA or CAA. Measured intraoperative parameters included surgical duration and intraoperative blood loss. Measured postoperative parameters included a 14 day caregiver questionnaire that recorded a daily pain rating using the Wong-Baker FACES pain scale, pain medication use, days to return to a normal diet, and days to return to a normal caregiver routine. Postoperative complications were also recorded. Intraoperative and postoperative measures were statistically compared between groups. Results: Forty-six children with a mean age of 6.7 years (23 CDA and 23 CAA) were randomized and completed the study. Mean age and sex distributions were similar between groups (P > .05). Surgical times were significantly shorter for the CAA group versus the CDA group (11.2 min vs. 17.0 min, P < .001). Intraoperative blood loss was statistically lower for both the adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy portions of the procedure for the CAA group versus the CDA group (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in reported daily pain scores between groups (P = .296, analysis of variance). Both groups returned to normal diet (P = .982), and caregivers returned to their normal routine on similar postoperative days (P = .631). Conclusions: CAA offers better operative speed and intraoperative hemostasis as compared with CDA. However, CAA does not result in poorer postoperative pain scores or recoveries despite these intraoperative advantages.
Influence of mating on surface nutrient exchange in schistosomes

In schistosomes, the mating process influences male-female transfer and gender-specific exchange of nutrients. The paired male schistosome provides glucose to the female partner. Male-to-female intertegumental transfer of14C-labeled glucose,14C-labeled 3-O-methylglucose, [14C]2-deoxyglucose and 2-fluorodeoxyglucose has been demonstrated in schistosomes. This phenomenon has been studied extensively inSchistosoma mansoni, and confirmed inSchistosoma japonicum, as well asS. haematobium, using radioactive pulsing methods. Male schistosomes contain significantly greater quantities (nmol/mg worm water) of glucose than do females. The transfer of glucose is apparently not an energy-dependent process, but occurs along this concentration gradient. Most, if not all, of the glucose utilized by the female is transferred from the male partner via tegumentary-facilitated diffusion mechanisms, free diffusion, or some combination of these two components. Unpaired male schistosomes contain greater quantities of glycogen than do comparable paired schistosomes, indicating that the presence of a female in the gynecophoral canal depletes the reserves of the male partner; this is additional indirect evidence for male-to-female transfer of glucose. Tegumentary surface uptake of acidic amino acids has been compared in paired and separated male and female schistosomes. InS. mansoni, a saturable carrier-mediated mechanism has been defined which operates only in unpaired male and unpaired female teguments. In contrast, the uptake of aspartate and glutamate is not seen in paired worms of this species. Tegumental uptake of acidic amino acids is not observed in paired or unpaired male or femaleS. japonicum. However, inS. haematobium, significant quantities of aspartate are taken up by both paired and unpaired male schistosomes. Measurable aspartate uptake is seen in paired femaleS. haematobium, but in the separated female, there is minimal uptake of this acidic amino acid. Thus the permeability of the teguments of human schistosome species to acidic amino acids is modified in response to the paired state inS. mansoni andS. haematobium, but these characteristics are not shared byS. japonicum.
Is coffee a colonic stimulant

BackgroundIt is unclear if ingestion of coffee affects colonie function and if this effect is due to its caffeine content. We investigated the effects of coffee on colonie motor activity in healthy humans.MethodsWe performed ambulatory colonie manometry by placing a six-sensor solid-state probe up t
Is stock price a good measure for assessing value-relevance of earnings? An empirical test

Recently, a growing body of literature has created a widespread impression that financial statements have lost their value-relevance because of a shift from traditional capital-intensive economy into a high technology, service-oriented economy. In particular, the claim is that financial statements are less relevant in assessing the fundamental value of high technology, service-oriented firms/activities, which are by nature knowledge-intensive. These conclusions are based on past studies that examine the association between accounting numbers (i.e., earnings and book values) and stock prices and show that, in general, the association between accounting information and stock prices has been declining, over time. These findings have been interpreted to be the result of a decline in value relevance of accounting. We examine the predictive content of stock prices and accounting information, as against the contemporaneous association between accounting information and stock prices. We find that while both the predictive content of earnings and prices declined over time, the predictive content of price signals declined by even more. Our analysis suggests that the declining association could be the consequence of increased noise in stock prices over time resulting from increases in trading volume driven by non-information based trades, and not just a decline in the predictive content of earnings. More importantly, this conclusion is consistent with the insights of the noisy rational expectations equilibrium framework analysis, i.e. that increased noise has caused the predictive content of prices to degrade over time. Overall, our evidence suggests that stock prices may not be an appropriate benchmark for gauging the information content of accounting earnings.
Imaging cellular dynamics in vivo with multicolor fluorescent proteins

The new field of in vivo cell biology is being developed with multi-colored fluorescent proteins. With the use of fluorescent proteins, the behavior of individual cells can be visualized in the living animal. An example of the new cell biology is dual-color fluorescence imaging using red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing tumors transplanted in green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing transgenic mice. These models show with great clarity the details of the tumor-stroma cell-cell interaction especially tumor-induced angiogenesis, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, stromal fibroblasts and macrophages. Another example is the color-coding of cells with RFP or GFP such that both cell types and their interaction can be simultaneously visualized in vivo. Stem cells can also be visualized and tracked in vivo with fluorescent proteins. Mice, in which the regulatory elements of the stem-cell marker nestin drive GFP expression, can be used to visualize hair follicle stem cells including their ability to form hair follicles as well as blood vessels. Dual-color cells expressing GFP in the nucleus and RFP in the cytoplasm enable real-time visualization of nuclear-cytoplasm dynamics including cell cycle events and apoptosis. Dual-color cells also enable the in vivo imaging of cell and nuclear deformation as well as trafficking in capillaries in living animals. Multiple-color labeling of cells will enable multiple events to be simultaneously visualized in vivo including cell-cell interaction, gene expression, ion fluxes, protein and organelle trafficking, chromosome dynamics and numerous other processes currently still studied in vitro.
Providers' perspectives on the vaginal birth after cesarean guidelines in Florida, United States: a qualitative study.

Background Women's access to vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) in the United States has declined steadily since the mid-1990s, with a current rate of 8.2%. In the State of Florida, less than 1% of women with a previous cesarean deliver vaginally. This downturn is thought to be largely related to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) VBAC guidelines, which mandate that a physician and anesthesiologist be "immediately available" during a trial of labor. The aim of this exploratory qualitative study was to explore the barriers associated with the ACOG VBAC guidelines, as well as the strategies that obstetricians and midwives use to minimize their legal risks when offering a trial of labor after cesarean.
Registration of Micro-PET and High Resolution MR Images of Mice for Monitoring Photodynamic Therapy

We are investigating imaging techniques to study the rapid biochemical and physiological response of tumors to photodynamic therapy (PDT). Positron emission tomography (PET) can provide physiological and functional images of cancers. While MRI can provide high resolution anatomical images and generate serial, noninvasive, in vivo observations of morphological changes. In this study, we investigate image registration methods to combine MRI and micro-PET (µPET) images for improved tumor monitoring. We acquired high resolution MR and PET 18 Ffluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) images from mice with RIF-1 tumors. We used rigid body registration with three translations and three angular variables. We used normalized mutual information as the similarity measure. To assess the quality of registration, we performed slice by slice review of both image volumes, manually segmented feature organs such as the left and right kidneys and the bladder in each slice, and computed the distance between corresponding centroids of the organs. We also used visual inspection techniques such as color overlay displays. Over 40 volume registration experiments were performed with MR and µPET images acquired from three C3H mice. The color overlays showed that the MR images and the PET images matched well. The distance between corresponding centroids of organs was 1.5 ± 0.4 mm which is about 2 pixels of µPET. In conclusion, registration of high resolution MR and µPET images of mice may be useful to combine anatomical and functional information that could be used for the potential application in photodynamic therapy.
Bronchogenic carcinoma presenting as an endobronchial mass.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal number of biopsy specimens which should be taken of an endobronchial mass lesion to assure the diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma. Five biopsies were performed on each of 18 consecutive mass lesions. Before biopsy, the tumor was well visualized, cleared of blood if possible, and the forceps carefully placed on the mass. Each biopsy specimen was placed in a separate coded container so that the pathologic interpretation was blind to the order in which the samples were taken. Ten out of a total of 90 biopsy specimens were negative for tumor and all of the tumors were diagnosed within the first three biopsy samples. The totals of negative diagnoses for each of the five biopsy specimens were not significantly different by the approximate Cochran Q test (p = 0.441) or by the exact test (p = 0.360), and no evidence was found for dependence of successive biopsies (p = 0.106) or for a patient effect (p = 0.325). The estimated probability of obtaining a diagnosis of malignancy after one biopsy was .889; after two biopsies, .9877; and after three, .9986. The yield is not meaningfully increased with more biopsies being done. We suggest performing three biopsies of endobronchial mass lesions to achieve an optimal diagnostic yield with minimal risk of bleeding.
Web 2.0 tools and academic literacy development in a US urban school: a case study of a second-grade English language learner

This study explores a second-grade English language learner's literacy development and ability to use blogging for social and academic purposes, in the context of learning academic writing genres in a US urban school. Grounded in sociocultural theories, it conceptualizes learning as appropriation, and language as a dynamic and functional system of semiotic resources. Data included written texts, blog postings, videotaped classroom interactions, informal conversations, interviews, instructional materials, and school documents. Data analysis, using qualitative coding procedures and systemic functional linguistics, focused on appropriation of blogging and language use. The findings show that the child appropriated blogging to gain recognition for his social and academic status among peers and to solve problems. These appropriations enabled the student not only to construct new social relations in and out of the class, but also to have a critical view of linguistic choices, demonstrating emergent knowledge of...
Traffic and road planning simulation: simulation of freeway merging and diverging behavior

Simplified theory of kinematic waves was proposed by Newell and uses cumulative arrival and departure counts to describe kinematic waves of freeway traffic. The original paper deals only with traffic on freeway mainline. It is of great interest, at least practically, to investigate whether the simplified theory can be used to simulate freeway traffic merging and diverging behavior. In his paper, Newell assumed that on-ramp traffic always has the priority and can bypass queues, if any. This assumption will be released so that traffic from the mainline and the on-ramp will have to compete for downstream supply. For off-ramps, Newell assumed that all vehicles that want to exit can always be able to do so. Again, this assumption is also released so that queues from either downstream can build up and block upstream traffic.
Work in progress — An innovation merging “classroom flip” and team-based learning

This work in progress compares two versions of a “classroom flip” instructional strategy in which lectures are moved from inside class to outside class. Class time is then spent on problem solving and feedback. In previous offerings of this materials science course, students were asked to read instructor-supplied lecture notes and complete an on-line warmup assignment prior to class. Informal cooperative learning activities such as think-pair-share were used during class, and clickers provided a mechanism for probing understanding and providing feedback. In the most recent offering, students viewed instructor-prepared multimedia microlectures and took an individual quiz as homework, then repeated the quiz and completed a problem set with an assigned team during class. Thus, the redesigned course delivered multimedia rather than text lectures, and utilized a structured team-based learning strategy rather than informal cooperative learning structures. Moreover, higher level “material selection challenges” were added to the redesigned course. This paper summarizes the planned assessment and evaluation methods to compare the two classroom flip models; results and analysis are not yet complete.
p38δ mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates skin homeostasis and tumorigenesis

The p38δ mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is abundantly expressed in a wide array of tissues where it is likely to have specific functions. This review aims to highlight recent new insights into the biological roles of this relatively less studied p38 isoform. We focus on function of p38δ in regulating of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation, apoptosis and skin tumor development.
Inferences on interclass and intraclass correlations in multivariate familial data

Inference procedures for interelass and intraclass correlations are given in the multivariate context of familial data for which measurements are taken on more than one characteristic. Unified estimators are proposed based on a certain class of unbiased estimators of covariance matrices. Asymptotic distributions of the proposed estimators are derived under the assumption of multivariate normality. The results can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals and test procedures.
A p-n-p high-frequency silicon transistor produced by double diffusion and Oxide masking techniques

Solid state diffusion techniques with all of its advantages are used to produce a PNP transistor that has desirable high frequency characteristics. The processes used in making the device provide a high degree of uniformity and ease of manufacturing. Oxide masking by means of silicon dioxide and photolithographic methods provide an exposed base area at the surface and localized emitters. Measurements from photomicrographs have given base widths of about .00005 inch to .00007 inch and the emitter layer is about .0001 inch thick. Stripe geometry is used in fabricating transistors from diffused material, and the emitter and base stripes are pure gold, .001 inch by .006 inch spaced about .001 inch apart. High-frequency parameters for the experimental devices have been equal to those of NPN units measured to date. Cut-off frequencies as high as 300 Mc/s have been measured and several diffusion runs have yielded devices with cut-off frequencies of 100-150 Mc/s. The input resistance is about 60 - 140 ohms and collector capacitance is about 2 - 3 µµfd. The breakdown voltage for most units is about 20 - 30 volts; however, the transistors with higher cut-off frequencies have lower breakdown voltages.
Distribution of efferent nerve endings in the organ of Corti. Their graphic reconstruction in cochleae by localization of acetylcholinesterase activity.

The efferent innervation of the organ of Corti was studied in normal cats. The efferent nerve endings were visualized in serial frozen sections by demonstrating specific AChE activity in them. Innervation of the outer hair cells gradually decreased in the apical direction to the point where no efferent innervation was present; this was more evident in the outer row than in the inner row of outer hair cells. AChE activity was poorly visualized around the inner hair cells, but was very strong in the inner spiral bundle of nerve fibers throughout the cochlea. These observations are in agreement with pertinent electron microscopic and electrophysiological data.
Parent Relationship Quality Buffers against the Effect of Peer Stressors on Depressive Symptoms from Middle Childhood to Adolescence.

During the transition to adolescence, several developmental trends converge to increase the importance of peer relationships, the likelihood of peer-related stressors, and the experience of depressive symptoms. Simultaneously, there are significant changes in parent–child relationships. The current study sought to evaluate whether positive relationship quality with parents continued to serve a protective effect by buffering the relationship between stressful life events, especially peer stress, and increases in depressive symptoms throughout the transition to adolescence. Participants in a large (N 692) 2-site accelerated longitudinal study were recruited in 3rd, 6th, and 9th grade and followed every 3 months for 1 year. At baseline, parents and youth reported on parent–child relationship quality, and every 3 months thereafter reported on their levels of stressors and depressive symptoms. Parent relationship quality moderated the relationship of person-level fluctuations in peer stressors, such that there was a stronger association between peer stressors and increases in depressive symptoms in youth with lower levels of positive parental relationship quality. This effect was specific to peer stressors. These results suggest that low levels of parent relationship quality leave youth particularly vulnerable to the depressogenic effects of peer stressors from childhood through adolescence.
THE “ADHD CARD” COPING WITH ADULT ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN THE AMERICAN WORKPLACE

Introduction‐Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Do you have trouble concentrating in meetings? Do you find yourself forgetting what you just read? Do you constantly fight a losing battle at “getting organised”? Do you become “depressed” too often?
Fully Overlapping Decomposition Method for Finite-Element Modeling of Small Features

AbstractA new decomposition approach is proposed for finite-element modeling of electrically small details (such as wire antennas) embedded within large media. The approach addresses the poor matrix conditioning associated with highly non-uniform meshes when small features are discretized in an otherwise smooth computational domain. Specifically, a fully overlapping decomposition method is proposed to decouple the structural details from the uniform medium background. Electric field solutions in the detail and the background domains are coupled via iterations that involve volumetric field projections. Of importance is that the mesh in each domain is independently formed. In this article, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the convergence of the iterations for achievable solution accuracy.
Ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide (GA1) of bovine and human brain. Molecular characterization and presence in myelin.

During our studies of bovine brain neutral glycosphingolipids (Ngsl's), we have purified a compound that co-migrates on thin-layer chromatogram with standard GA1 (purified by acid hydrolysis of GM1) and close to penta- (nLc5Cer) glycosylceramide from bovine erythrocytes. The structure of the purified Ngsl from brain has been established by permethylation and by stepwise exoglycosidase hydrolysis. 600 MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy of the oligosaccharide obtained from the Ngsl after endoglycoceramidase hydrolysis confirms the structure as ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide (GgOse4Cer or GA1) as Ga1β1→3Ga1NAcβ1-4Galβ1→4G1cβ1→1Cer. We have identified GA1 in bovine, rat and human brain and myelin by TLC-immunostaining with monospecific anti-GA1 antiserum.
Effect of acetaldehyde and glutaraldehyde fixation on the surface properties of red blood cells as determined by partition in aqueous phases

Abstract A correlation between partition of cells in dextran/polyethylene glycol aqueous phase systems and their relative electrophoretic mobilities is often in evidence. Absence of such a correlation is indicative that partition measures surface properties other than charge at the plane of shear. Acetaldehyde- and glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes were partitioned in two-polymer phases and their electrophoretic mobility examined in order to investigate the circumstances under which the above-indicated correlation holds. Aspects of the effect of fixation of cells on their surface properties was thereby obtained. 1. 1. Acetaldehyde-fixed and normal human red blood cells have similar partitions and similar electrophoretic mobilities; glutaraldehyde-fixed red cells display markedly increased partitions and mobilities. 2. 2. Lipid-extracted aldehyde-fixed cells have substantially increased partitions, but unchanged mobilities, when compared with the fixed cells from which they were prepared. This indicates that the removal of lipid exposes a higher density of charge groups deeper in the membrane than is measurable by electrophoresis under the conditions used. 3. 3. The countercurrent distribution obtained with fixed cells depends on the length of time chosen for phase settling. Short times result in a single distribution while longer settling times give rise to a two-peak distribution. The latter phenomenon probably arises from a time-dependent aggregation of the fixed cells in the phases. 4. 4. Electrophoretic examination of the glutaraldehyde-fixed cells from different cavities along the extraction train indicates that the fixation process does not eliminate differences in the relative electrophoretic mobilities of erythrocytes of different ages.
Design and analysis of ChIP-seq experiments for DNA-binding proteins

Recent progress in massively parallel sequencing platforms has enabled genome-wide characterization of DNA-associated proteins using the combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq). Although a variety of methods exist for analysis of the established alternative ChIP microarray (ChIP-chip), few approaches have been described for processing ChIP-seq data. To fill this gap, we propose an analysis pipeline specifically designed to detect protein-binding positions with high accuracy. Using previously reported data sets for three transcription factors, we illustrate methods for improving tag alignment and correcting for background signals. We compare the sensitivity and spatial precision of three peak detection algorithms with published methods, demonstrating gains in spatial precision when an asymmetric distribution of tags on positive and negative strands is considered. We also analyze the relationship between the depth of sequencing and characteristics of the detected binding positions, and provide a method for estimating the sequencing depth necessary for a desired coverage of protein binding sites.
Surface Patterning and Adhesion of Neuroblastoma X Glioma (NG108-15) Cells

A variable height flow cell was used to measure the adhesion properties of the neural cell line of neuroblastoma X glioma (NG108-15) cells cultured on substrates of organosilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The SAMs tested in this study were 13F, 15F, PEG 550, OTS, DETA and APTS. Utilizing deep UV lithography, patterning of the SAMs create three regions for cell attachment; the original SAM, the backfilled SAM, and the interface between the two. Upon plating, the cell soma show no preference for any of the three regions. One exception was on PEG 550, which was found to resist cell adhesion upon normal plating conditions. The cell processes of the NG108-15 cells show a preference for growth at the interface between two patterned surfaces. A factor of three increase in adhesive properties was found for the patterned surfaces over an uncoated glass surface. Design rules of a single whole cell biosensor using the NG108-15 cells can be developed based on these findings.
Cultural diversity and group cross‐cultural team research

Abstract Stimulated by personal experience working in a cross‐cultural research team, the relationship between cultural diversity and group dynamics is explored by using Hofstede's (1984) four dimensions of culture (power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, and masculinity) and as well as the factors of language, cultural norms, status, and politics. The analysis suggests diversity in work groups on these dimensions and issues influences the group dynamics of leadership, norms, roles, and conflict. Based on this analysis, the most effective tactics for managing the impact of differences on the work group involved (1) gathering information, (2) adapting to differing situations, issues, and needs, (3) building social as well as task cohesion, and (4) identifying clear mutual long‐term goals.
Temperature and angular variations of piezoelectric coupling in quartz

Measurements of resonance frequency versus temperature have been made on many accurately characterized quartz vibrators as part of an effort to obtain a highly precise set of material parameters to replace the most widely used set, which is now 25 years old. Preliminary data are presented for the first temperature derivative of piezoelectric coupling as a function of orientation angle. These numbers permit prediction of temperature coefficient change as a function of location on the impedance circle and are important for temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) applications. >
Habitat use affects morphological diversification in dragon lizards

Habitat use may lead to variation in diversity among evolutionary lineages because habitats differ in the variety of ways they allow for species to make a living. Here, we show that structural habitats contribute to differential diversification of limb and body form in dragon lizards (Agamidae). Based on phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstructions for 90 species, we find that multiple lineages have independently adopted each of four habitat use types: rock-dwelling, terrestriality, semi-arboreality and arboreality. Given these reconstructions, we fit models of evolution to species’ morphological trait values and find that rock-dwelling and arboreality limit diversification relative to terrestriality and semi-arboreality. Models preferred by Akaike information criterion infer slower rates of size and shape evolution in lineages inferred to occupy rocks and trees, and model-averaged rate estimates are slowest for these habitat types. These results suggest that ground-dwelling facilitates ecomorphological differentiation and that use of trees or rocks impedes diversification.
Color-Category Evolution and Shuswap Yellow-with-Green

Shuswap speakers use one color term to name both pure yellow and pure green. The yellow-with-green category is not part of Berlin and Kay's empirically established sequence of basic color-category evolution, nor does it square with neurological facts that might explain the sequence. Although the category is rare throughout the world, it is widely diffused in the Pacific Northwest. Here diverse languages accepted the concept that yellow and green should be categorized under one name, but they accommodated the innovation by distinct cognitive strategies and they named it with unrelated terms.
Structure of the condensate and some possible ways to observe it

We review some aspects of the experimental consequences both well known and proposed, of the existence of the single particle condensate in liquid helium four. We also extend these considerations briefly to pair correlations which microscopic calculations show to also exist in the fluid.
Economics of geothermal energy development (In Imperial County, California)

Abstract The geothermal resources in Imperial County appear to have the potential of developing somewhere between 3000 and 6000 mW of power. At 3000 mW, the geothermal energy would add 9% to present installed capacity in California. By the year 2000, geothermal energy might supply about 4–5% of total capacity at that time. The steam flash technology presently available would appear to produce energy at competitive costs in the neighborhood of 20–28 mills per kWh, which is somewhat below comparative costs for coal, nuclear and petroleum as energy sources for electricity conversion. Geothermal development would provide benefits to Imperial County in terms of moderate increases in employment and payroll, royalty benefits and most significantly, perhaps, in tax revenues.
Editorial: Multiple levels of analysis

In a recent article, Cowan, Harter, and Kandel (2000) concluded that much of the success and excitement engendered by modern neuroscience can be attributed to the incorporation of several previously independent disciplines into one intellectual framework. During the 1950s and 1960s, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, and neurophysiology, disciplines that had largely functioned in a separate and distinct fashion, gradually merged into a unified field of neuroscience. The penultimate step in the coalescence of neuroscience occurred in the early 1980s, when neuroscience integrated with molecular biology and molecular genetics. The confluence of these fields enabled scientists to understand the genetic basis of neurological diseases for the first time without requiring foreknowledge of the underlying biochemical abnormalities. The final phase of the merger of neuroscience into a single discipline took place in the mid-1980s, when cognitive psychology joined with neuroscience, leading to the formation of cognitive neuroscience.
Prediction and rational correlation of thermophoretically reduced particle mass transfer to hot surfaces across laminar or turbulent forced-convection gas boundary layers

A formulation previously developed to predict and correlate the thermophoretically-augmented submicron particle mass transfer rate to cold surfaces is found to account for the thermophoretically reduced particle mass transfer rate to overheated surfaces such that thermophoresis brings about a 10-decade reduction below the convective mass transfer rate expected by pure Brownian diffusion and convection alone. Thermophoretic blowing is shown to produce effects on particle concentration boundary-layer (BL) structure and wall mass transfer rates similar to those produced by real blowing through a porous wall. The applicability of the correlations to developing BL-situations is demonstrated by a numerical example relevant to wet-steam technology.
A Re–examination of the Effectiveness of the Bankruptcy Process

As an increasing number of companies go bankrupt, society grows concerned with the process’s efficacy. In contrast to previous research, we find that relatively healthy companies emerge from bankruptcy as evidenced by their operating and equity performance post bankruptcy. While we find a substantial degree of variation in the forecast accuracy of sales, EBIT and net income, we find that forecast errors are not statistically significant and are smaller than had been thought. We provide evidence to support the argument that the economy’s health affects operating and equity outcomes post bankruptcy.
Beyond Psychoanalysis: The Contributions of Anna Freud to Applied Developmental Psychology

Anna Freud is most noted as one of the founders of child psychoanalysis and as the daughter of Sigmund Freud. However, A. Freud made substantial contributions to other areas of psychology, particularly developmental psychology. Many of her publications in human development have either gone unnoticed or have been overshadowed by colleagues such as John Bowlby, former students such as Erik Erikson, or renowned researchers in human development such as Jean Piaget or Lev Vygotsky. This article describes research and practical applications of A. Freuds writings in child and adolescent psychology beyond psychoanalysis. Her additions to developmental psychology include: 1) the developmental assessment of young children; 2) her work in the area of attachment; 3) the four factors in which development depends; 4) the interactions between mental, physical and socio-emotional development; and 5) the developmental contexts that promote and hinder optimal development. A discussion of why A. Freud’s works have been neglected and recommendations for ways to include her research and practical applications in applied developmental psychology are provided.
Systematic algorithms for characterizing the robustness of predictive controllers

The robustness of predictive controllers is studied for systems with real parametric uncertainties that belong to an ellipsoidal or hyperbox domain. A parametric stability margin is proposed as a quantitative measure of robust stability. The parametric stability margin for ellipsoidal uncertainties is calculated through the solution of a linear-quadratic program, and for hyperbox uncertainties it is calculated via a linear program. A robust controller design methodology is proposed that involves determining the parametric stability margin over a range of values for the predictive controller tuning parameters. The controller robustification approach is presented via illustrative examples.
An Intensive Primary-Literature–based Teaching Program Directly Benefits Undergraduate Science Majors and Facilitates Their Transition to Doctoral Programs

UCLA’s Howard Hughes Undergraduate Research Program (HHURP), a collaboration between the College of Letters and Science and the School of Medicine, trains a group of highly motivated undergraduates through mentored research enhanced by a rigorous seminar course. The course is centered on the presentation and critical analysis of scientific journal articles as well as the students’ own research. This article describes the components and objectives of the HHURP and discusses the results of three program assessments: annual student evaluations, interviews with UCLA professors who served as research advisors for HHURP scholars, and a survey of program alumni. Students indicate that the program increased their ability to read and present primary scientific research and to present their own research and enhanced their research experience at UCLA. After graduating, they find their involvement in the HHURP helped them in securing admission to the graduate program of their choice and provided them with an advantage over their peers in the interactive seminars that are the foundation of graduate education. On the basis of the assessment of the program from 1998–1999 to 2004–2005, we conclude that an intensive literature-based training program increases student confidence and scientific literacy during their undergraduate years and facilitates their transition to postgraduate study.
On the use of INTELSAT and INMARSAT to support DoD communications requirements

Non-DoD satellite communications (SATCOM) resources (i.e., commercial SATCOM and international SATCOM) are an important asset that is increasingly being used to augment, supplement, or back up military satellite communications (MILSATCOM) systems in support of DoD communications and data-transfer requirements. Several reasons exist for this. The authors study the INTELSAT and INMARSAT satellite systems, which fall into the international category of non-DoD SATCOM systems, in terms of their applicability to support DoD communications and data-transfer applications and to identify any restrictions that may exist which would limit their use. A brief overview is presented of each system with an emphasis on the current space and ground segments. This is followed by a discussion of the covenant agreements of each system with an emphasis on possible restrictions and/or limitations to their use for DoD purposes. >
Assessing the role of reproduction and stress in the spring emergence of haematozoan parasites in birds

A spring emergence of avian haemosporidian infections is nearly universal among temperate zone birds and is often described as a cost of reproductive effort. We take advantage of the opportunistic (i.e. aseasonal) breeding schedule of the red crossbill ( Loxia curvirostra ) to determine the relative contributions of season versus host physiology to the timing and intensity of Haemoproteus infections in the temperate zone. Despite breeding activity in both the winter and summer, Haemoproteus infections were highly seasonal – occurring largely from May through September – and measures of host physiology (i.e. reproductive condition and stress parameters) did not explain parasite prevalence. However, within the spring–summer peak, infection intensity (i.e. parasite density) was positively correlated with plasma levels of testosterone and free corticosterone and negatively correlated with corticosterone binding globulin capacity. These data are discussed in terms of the behavioral ecology of host and vector, and suggest that both seasonal increases in vector activity and relapse of latent (i.e. dormant) infections contribute to the spring emergence in birds. Relapse of latent infections does not appear to be induced by reproductive activity or increased allostatic (i.e. energy) load, but rather by a season-specific change in host or parasite physiology (e.g. melatonin or endogenous rhythms).
A new calibration of the semi-empirical photometric theory for Halley and other comets

The semiempirical photometric theory of gas and dust production in comets (Newburn, 1979, 1981, and 1982) is recalibrated on the basis of the 17-comet compilation of spectrophotometric data of Newburn and Spinrad (1984). The results are presented in graphs and tables, and it is shown that no corrections are required for the constant R and the function delta, but that the mixing ratios (obtained as functions of heliocentric distance) can be improved, with implications for the visual-photometric comet model. Recently calculated light curves for comet Halley are compared, and the use of the nearly identical curves of Bortle and Morris (1984) and Marcus (1983) is recommended.
"Bone bruises" on magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries

Magnetic resonance imaging of the knees of 98 consecutive patients with clinically diagnosed anterior cruciate ligament injuries revealed 47 patients (48%) with focal signal abnormalities consistent with the diagnosis of a "bone bruise." Seventy-one percent of the magnetic resonance images taken within 6 weeks of injury demonstrated a bone bruise, whereas no scans done longer than 6 weeks after injury showed a bruise (P < 0.0001). Also significant was the tendency for lesions to be located in the lateral compartment (P < 0.0001). In the sagittal plane, lesions were most likely to be in the middle third of the lateral femoral condyle and the posterior third of the lateral tibial plateau (P < 0.0001). In 31 patients evaluated arthroscopically, there was no correlation between the presence or location of a bone bruise and articular alterations or meniscal tears observed at surgery.
Simulation of interactions of high-intensity ultrashort pulses with dielectric filters

Modern table-top laser systems are capable of generating ultrashort optical pulses with sufficiently high intensity to induce nonlinear optical effects in many of the materials that are used in the construction of optical components. We discuss the interaction of such pulses with three types of dielectric filters: (a) dielectric stacks composed of a sequence of two dielectric layers with quarterwave optical thickness, (b) idealized rugate filters, i.e., filters with a refractive index profile that is sinusoidally modulated on the length scale of an optical wavelength, and (c) a rugate filter composed of two materials. We present finite difference time-domain (FDTD) computer simulations of optical pulse propagation through dielectric filters for pulses with widths in the range 5 to 100 fs and with peak intensities up to 10 TW/cm 2 . At low intensities the reflective properties of the dielectric filters determined using FDTD simulations are directly comparable to the results calculated using the characteristic matrix method, while at high intensities optical nonlinearity in the dielectric layers is responsible for a decrease in the reflectance of the filter and causes stretching and distortion of the reflected pulses.
Evidence for recent increases in obesity and non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus in a Navajo community

Historic and current biomedical data were used to quantify changes in obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) over a 30 year period in a Navajo community. Medical charts from an earlier study (1955-1961) provided data on 827 adults. Field-based methods yielded data from 231 adults during a health survey in 1988. The adjusted prevalence of overweight (body mass index ≥27.8 males, ≥27.3 females) has increased from 18.9% to 43.7% (P = .0001) and the adjusted prevalence of NIDDM has increased from 1.2%-12.4% (P = .0001) in the community. Current members of the community have twice the risk of being diabetic or overweight than the U.S. general population. The recent and dramatic increases in these health conditions demonstrate the effect of an important environmental component which requires further investigation. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An innovative photographic database for cutaneous facial defects.

Objectives/Hypothesis To construct an easy-to-use server-based database that stores photographs of patients undergoing reconstructive surgery for cutaneous facial defects and organizes them in a manner best suited for rapid search and education. Study Design An institutional review board-approved user-modifiable database was designed using OnBase software (Hyland Software Inc., Westlake, OH) to store both the photographs of patients undergoing reconstructive surgery and the pertinent clinical data. Methods We designed a database using the OnBase software system (Hyland Software Inc.) to catalog patient data and photographs (pre-, intra-, and postoperative) and allow searches based on key data points. The database operates on three different frames: an upload frame, retrieval frame, and patient document frame. Data entry was based on patients undergoing facial reconstruction of Mohs defects, and upload is in the form of 25 keywords for which data values are entered via dropdown menus. Keyword entry describes defect description, flap nomenclature, flap design, outcomes, and complications. Results The database allows easy and rapid searches of case examples based on a number of criteria. It allows the user to view multiple examples of different patients with a given defect as defined by location, depth, and size. Conclusion Server-based database systems such as OnBase (Hyland Software Inc.) provide platforms that can be used to create user-friendly photograph and data collection systems. Our database provides a way to educate medical students and surgeons-in-training, review personal outcomes, and exercise continued practice-based learning. Implementation of similar databases could potentially be utilized around the globe to facilitate education and self-assessment because OnBase (Hyland Software Inc.) and other similar software platforms are widely available within healthcare systems. Laryngoscope, 2016
Dockers and Seafarers: What the Politics of Spatial Embeddedness and Geographical Scale Have Meant for Union Organizing in the European Maritime Trades

Both workers and employers must come to grips with capitalism’s spatial organization, and how they do so shapes the kinds of political behaviors in which they engage. In this article the authors explore how two different groups of European workers—dockers and seafarers—have responded to liberalization efforts and suggest that their differential success in resisting labor market deregulation can be explained, at least in part, by how they are spatially embedded in particular places and what this means for their abilities to make common cause with others across space.
Sketched History: VC Combinatorics, 1826 up to 1975

The earliest published instance found of combinatorial quantities later occurring in the work of Vapnik and Chervonenkis was in a paper of Jakob Steiner in 1826. The next, still more pertinent occurrence found was in work of Ludwig Schlafli done around 1850 but not published until 1901, after his death. The nineteenth century work was on subsets of Euclidean spaces cut by intersections of finitely many half-spaces. Then there is another long gap until a paper of T.M. Cover, who cited Schlafli, in 1965, preceding by a few years the landmark announcement by Vapnik and Chervonenkis in 1968 and longer paper of 1971. Further history is given about Steiner, Schlafli, and some of their contemporary mathematicians and about the initial reception of the Vapnik and Chervonenkis work.
Accurate spectral testing with non-coherent sampling for large distortion to noise ratios

Spectral testing is widely used in characterizing the dynamic performance of analog signals. Achieving accurate test results is an expensive and challenging task. This paper focuses on eliminating the challenging requirement of non-coherent sampling in the presence of an impure signal with large distortion to noise ratios. A new method was proposed that iteratively estimated noncoherent fundamental and harmonics. Comparisons are made with several widely used methods: windowing, 4 parameter sine wave fitting, and FIRE method, to address the need for this new method. They are quantitatively examined for robustness at different input signal purity and non-coherency level. The advantages & limitations of these methods are discussed. Extensive simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method, which can tolerate wide range of signal purity and any level of non-coherency. It can be implemented for on-chip accurate spectral test, and can also be suitable for accurate ADC spectrum test when the pure source is not available.