cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Heart of Confederate Appalachia: Western North Carolina in the Civil War . By John C. Inscoe and Gordon B. McKinney. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Pp. xi, 368. $39.95.

This interesting study fits into the growing literature of community studies that seek to expand our knowledge of the Civil War beyond the battlefield and the lives of generals. It looks at that conflict in an understudied region, Western North Carolina, which local myth holds was a Unionist stronghold. As in most local lore, there is a grain of truth but more than an ounce of outright inaccuracy. John Inscoe has explored the role of slavery in Western North Carolina (WNC) in a very fine previous book, Mountain Masters: Slavery and the Sectional Crisis in Western North Carolina (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989). He and his coauthor continue the debunking of local legend here in this finely nuanced study of the communities of the mountain regions of North Carolina.
Legal literacy for teachers: A neglected responsibility

In this article, David Schimmel and Matthew Militello document the legal knowledge and training of teachers based on a survey of more than thirteen hundred K– 12 respondents in seventeen states. The findings from this study suggest that most educators (1) are uninformed or misinformed about student and teacher rights; (2) have taken no course in school law; (3) get much of their school law information from other teachers; (4) would change their behavior if they knew more about school law; and (5) want to learn more about these issues. This article outlines the consequences of neglecting educators' lack of legal knowledge. The authors conclude with a series of recommendations on how to promote legal literacy among teachers in both teacher certification and professional development programs.
Measures of Foodservice Operational Success Entrepreneurs Vs. Executives

This study reports research on self-described foodservice executives and entrepreneurs. A national sample was asked to judge the importance of various operational success measures. No significant differences were found in the value placed on such measures by the two groups. This finding is contrary to aspects of conventional wisdom about entrepreneurs.
The effects of a photosynthesis inhibitor atrazine, on salt marsh edaphic algae, in culture, microecosystems, and in the field

A 10−5 M (2.2 ppm) concentration of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) reduced the rate of photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and cell numbers in unialgal cultures of Nitzschia sigma Grun. and Thalassiosira fluviatilis Hustedt isolated from a salt marsh habitat. Results with lower atrazine concentrations indicated an ability to maintain chlorophyll production and cell division with reduced photosynthesis. The effects of a 10−5 M concentration of atrazine in unialgal cultures were also evident in microecosystems and in the field at the same concentration, although atrazine effects were less severe in the field than in microecosystems or cultures. Cell number and productivity of the diatoms from microecosystems not treated with atrazine agreed well with field data and previously published data. Diatom species diversity was not affected by 10−5 M atrazine in microecosystems or in the field but the number of Cymatosira belgica Grun. was increased. Diatom assemblages in atrazine-treated vs non-treated microecosystems were very similar (SIMI>0.838). Results were less conclusive in the field but the trend was toward a lower level of similarity. Based on the least effect level of atrazine to diatoms, the maximum safe level for atrazine in the salt marsh is 10 ppb.
Studies of Spontaneous Electro dermal Responses in Sleep

A series of studies on spontaneous electro dermal responses (storming) in normal human stage 3–4 sleep J5 reported. It was found that: (a) storming rates during sleep are positively correlated with spontaneous response rates during wakefulness, (b) more storming is demonstrated by subjects who remain awake during a baseline recording at the start of the night, (c) there is a negative correlation between storming rate and amount of stage 3–4 sleep, (d) storming rates decrease from night 1 to night 2, (e) stunners differ from non-stormers on several MMPI measures of anxiety and ego-strength, and (f) dream reports are given more often on awakenings from storming than non-storming stage 3–4 sleep. The results are compared to other studies of storming, and the conclusion is made that storming is related to presleep variables and is not a simple byproduct of a release of cortical inhibitory mechanisms. If one function of storming is to reduce the amount of stage 3–4 sleep, this might have survival value in the presence of environmental threat.
Why Do Infants Begin to Talk? Language as an Unintended Consequence.

Scholars have addressed a range of questions about language development, but for some reason have neglected to ask why infants begin to talk. Biologists often prefer ‘how’ to ‘why’ questions, but it is possible to ask about the immediate consequences of developing behaviours – an acceptable strategy for attacking causation – and psycholinguists can study the immediate consequences to the infant of behaviours that lead to linguistic competence. This process is demonstrated with a series of illustrative proposals as to the short- and long-term consequences of vocal learning and utterance storage, two developmental phases that lead to talking, as well as the act of talking itself. The goal is to encourage investigation of behavioural dispositions that nudge the child, by degrees, towards proficiency in the use of spoken language.
Metropolitan USA: Evidence from the 2010 Census

I will review the major changes in the distribution of the metropolitan population of the United States (US), as revealed by the 2010 data recently released by the US Census. These data allow us to track recent changes and provide the basis for a discussion of longer-term trends identified in previous studies of US cities (Short 2006, 2007) and the city suburban nexus (Hanlon et al. 2010). In brief summary, the paper will show the continuing metropolitanization and suburbanization of the US population. A more nuanced picture will reveal evidence of stress in suburban areas and population resurgence in selected central city areas. Overall, the story is one of a profound revalorization and a major respatialization of the US metropolis.
Relationship of lateral eye-movement to cognitive mode, hemispheric interaction, and choice of college major.

Summasy.-The direction and frequency of lateral eye-movements and frequency of midline crossovers, while reflecting on selected questions, are related to college major. Students in language-related fields produce larger ratios of right to left lateral movements, and fewer left movements, than do other students. Students in visual arts produce greater total numbers of movements as well as more frequent midline crossovers. Moreover, cognitive demands of questions (verbal or nonverbal) influence direction of movement most prominently in students majoring in other than art and language-related fields. Resula are discussed in terms of cognitive mode, hemispheric interaction, and choice of college major. This paper examines the direction and frequency of certain lateral eyemovements and frequency of midline crossovers in college students majoring in language-related fields, visual arts, and fields which do not specifically emphasize skills in language or visual expression. Findings are discussed in terms of cognitive mode, interactions between the two hemispheres of the brain, and choice of college major. Such eye-movements have been shown to correspond to a shift in attention from external to internal stimuli (Day, 1964, 1967). They often occur while reflecting upon the answer to a question. The direction of the initial movement (right or left) is related to the cognitive demands of the question (Erlichman, Weiner, & Baker, 1974; Kocel, Galin, Ornstein, & Merrin, 1972). Questions demanding verbal or analytic thought tend to produce right movements while questions demanding visual imagery tend to produce left movements. These findings are commensurate with Bakan's ( 1969) suggestion that the direction of a lateral eye-movement is symptomatic of the activation of the contralateral hemisphere.
Shape Engineered InAs Quantum Dots with Stabilized Electronic Properties

We have studied the influence of overgrowth procedure and a few monolayer-thick AlAs capping layers on the properties of self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). PL spectroscopy was used to study and optimize optical properties of the QDs by shape engineering (QD truncation) through adjustment of the thickness of overlayers and temperature of the subsequent heating. QDs with 6 nm-thick overlayer with heating step at 560°C was found to have the highest PL intensity at room temperature and the lowest FWHM, 29 meV. Ground state energy of the truncated QDs is very stable against variations of growth parameters. TEM measurements show that the capping AlAs layer covers the QDs entirely even though the dots are truncated by the heating step. 1.22 μm edge-emitting laser with triple-layer truncated QD gain medium demonstrated room temperature minimum threshold current density, 56 A/cm 2 , and high saturated modal gain, 16 cm -1 . Extremely high characteristic temperature, T o = 304 K in the 20 - 60°C interval, and maximum lasing temperature of 219°C were measured for this laser diode.
US import/export information: selected sources

Examines standard sources of import and export information about or from the United States which have relevance to non-US traders.
Vibrational spectra and conformational behavior of dicyclopropylmethane

Abstract Raman spectra of the condensed phases of dicyclopropylmethane have been recorded. In addition, i.r. spectra of this compound have been obtained for all three phases. From the appearance of spectral doublets in the liquid phase Raman (and i.r.) spectra, one member of each of which vanishes upon crystallization, it has been concluded that, in the liquid state, DCPM exists as an equilibrium mixture of at least two conformers. Based upon the spectral results for DCPM, and upon the conformational preferences of a number of related molecules, it has been concluded that these two conformers are the C 2 and C s gauche/gauche rotational isomers, with the C 2 form being the one which remains in the solid phase. From a variable temperature study of liquid phase Raman peaks, it has been determined that the C 2 conformer of DCPM is more stable than the C s conformer by 0.93 ± 0.10 kcal/mole. In addition, it appears that the C 2 rotamer of DCPM also predominates in the gaseous phase. Tentative assignments of the major spectral bands of DCPM have also been proposed.
Rapid diglyceride phosphorylation in isolated bovine rod outer segments

Abstract When isolated bovine rod outer segment fragments were incubated with [γ- 32 P]ATP, 32 P, as revealed by autoradiography, was rapidly incorporated into rhodopsin bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, and into a low M r lipid band. Incorporation of 32 P into rhodopsin was light-dependent, but labeling of the lipid band was not. A single phosphorylated product, phosphatidic acid, was identified by 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography and by high pressure liquid chromatography of the corresponding glycerophosphate ester. Incorporation of label into phosphatidic acid was detected as early as 15 sec following start of incubation and the product was stable for at least 30 min. No other products were detected, indicating that under the experimental conditions phosphatidic acid was not metabolized to other phospholipids. Up to 1 mol phosphatidic acid was formed per 18 to 40 mol rhodopsin present.
Neuronal development in the Drosophila compound eye: photoreceptor cells R1, R6, and R7 fail to differentiate in the retina aberrant in pattern (rap) mutant

The compound eye of Drosophila is a reiterated pattern of 800 unit eyes known as ommatidia. In each ommatidium there are eight photoreceptor neurons (R1-R8) and an invariant number of accessory cells organized in a precise manner. In the developing eye, specification of cell fates is triggered by sequential inductive events mediated by cell-cell interactions. The R8 photoreceptor neuron is the first cell to differentiate and is thought to play a central role in the recruitment of the remaining photoreceptor cells. Our previous work demonstrated that mutations in the retina aberrant in pattern (rap) locus lead to abnormal pattern formation in the compound eye. Genetic mosaic experiments demonstrated that for normal retinal patterning to occur, rap gene function is required only in the photoreceptor cell R8. In this study we analyzed the R cell composition of developing as well as the adult eyes of rap mutants employing a variety of R cell specific markers. We show that in rap mutants, although some of the R8-specific markers show normal expression patterns, other aspects of the R8 cell differentiation are abnormal. In addition, the cells R1, R6, and R7 fail to differentiate properly in rap mutants. These results suggest that the rap gene encodes an R8-specific function that plays a role in the determination of the photoreceptor cells R1, R6, and R7.
Whole Particle Microelectrophoresis for Small Viruses

Abstract The surface-charge characteristics of viruses in water can strongly influence their behavior with respect to physicochemical processes like coagulation and filtration. In the past, characterization of this surface charge by whole-particle microelectrophoresis has been limited to relatively large viruses, primarily due to difficulties in visualizing the individual virus particles. Here, we demonstrate a new approach for performing microelectrophoresis measurements which permits the surface characterization of even very small viruses. Our approach differs from conventional microelectrophoresis measurements in that virus particles are visualized by light scattering, employing a green laser (wavelength = 544 nm) as the light source. We demonstrate this technique by characterizing the electrophoretic mobilities and isoelectric points of two viruses—bacteriophage MS-2 and lambda (λ strain cI47)—which differ in their shape and size.
Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra of Several Iron Group Ions in Cubic Crystals

The magnetic resonance spectra of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$ present as substitutional impurities in MgO crystals and powders, and of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ in cubic ZnS have been observed as functions of hydrostatic pressure at room temperature. The results are interpreted assuming the local compressibilities to be equal to those of the pure host lattices.The measured volume dependence of the orbital contributions to the magnetic moments of the $F$-state ions, ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{2+}$, are consistent with a point-charge model within the experimental error. This simple model can only crudely account for the observed magnitudes of the orbital singlet-triplet splittings, however.The pressure dependences of the cubic field splittings of the $S$-state ions, ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$, are identical in MgO and correspond roughly to a fourth power law if an ionic potential is assumed. The cubic field parameter for ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ in ZnS varies half as rapidly with volume. These results are consistent with recent calculations of Powell, Gabriel, and Johnston if it is assumed that the volume dependence of the cubic potentials in these lattices are given by the ionic model, though the relative magnitudes are not.The hyperfine structure of the manganese spectra also proves sensitive to sample volume, particularly in the sulfide. The effect may be qualitatively understood in terms of the exchange-polarization theory of the strong electron-nuclear interaction.
Perception of the importance of human-animal interactions on cattle flow and worker safety on Minnesota dairy farms.

Abstract Proper cattle-handling techniques (stockmanship) are important to ensure calm animals and a safe work environment for dairy workers on farm. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess Minnesota dairy herd owners' attitudes toward stockmanship, its perceived importance for cow comfort and worker health, and the establishment of calm cattle movement; and (2) identify current resources and methods of stockmanship training on Minnesota dairy farms. A stratified-random sample of Minnesota dairy farmers were contacted via mail to participate in a 28-question survey. One hundred eight bovine dairy producers participated. Most commonly, respondents learned their cattle handling skills from family members (42.6%) and 29.9% of producers had participated in previous stockmanship training. Producers thought that the skill of the human handler was the most important factor in establishing good cattle flow. Cattle-handling techniques was the third most common topic for new-employee orientation after training in milking parlor protocols and milking parlor disinfection. Time limitations and language barrier were considered serious challenges for worker training. Work-related injuries were responsible for lost work days in the previous year in 13.3% of dairy herds and 73.3% of those injuries occurred while working with cattle. Producers perceived that cattle-related injuries were predominantly the handler's fault: either because of not paying enough attention to the animal or due to poor cattle handling skills. Facility design was considered the least important for the occurrence of worker injuries. Although no causal inference can be made, herds that had workers who had previously participated in stockmanship training had a 810±378kg (mean ± standard error of the mean) higher rolling herd average than those that did not, even after adjusting for herd size and bulk tank somatic cell count. However, 50% of respondents were not interested in attending future stockmanship training sessions. In conclusion, cattle handling skills are considered important by Minnesota dairy producers to ensure worker safety and cow flow. Limited availability of time, language barrier, and a perceived lack of training materials were considered challenges during the training of workers on farms.
Ethanol-induced Modulation of Hepatocellular Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase-1/2 Activity via 4-Hydroxynonenal

Modulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK-1/2), a signaling pathway directly associated with cell proliferation, survival, and homeostasis, has been implicated in several pathologies, including alcoholic liver disease. However, the underlying mechanism of ethanol-induced ERK-1/2 modulation remains unknown. This investigation explored the effects of ethanol-associated oxidative stress on constitutive hepatic ERK-1/2 activity and assessed the contribution of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) to the observations made in vivo. Constitutive ERK-1/2 phosphorylation was suppressed in hepatocytes isolated from rats chronically consuming ethanol for 45 days. This observation was associated with an increase in 4-HNE-ERK monomer adduct concentration and a hepatic cellular and lobular redistribution of ERK-1/2 that correlated with 4-HNE-protein adduct accumulation. Chronic ethanol consumption was also associated with a decrease in hepatocyte nuclear ELK-1 phosphorylation, independent of changes in total nuclear ELK-1 protein. Primary hepatocytes treated with concentrations of 4-HNE consistent with those occurring during oxidative stress displayed a concentration-dependent decrease in constitutive ERK-1/2 phosphorylation, activity, and nuclear localization that negatively correlated with 4-HNE-ERK-1/2 monomer adduct accumulation. These data paralleled the decreased phosphorylation of the downstream kinase ELK-1. Molar ratios of purified ERK-2 to 4-HNE consistent with pathologic ratios found in vivo resulted in protein monomer-adduct formation across a range of concentrations. Collectively, these data demonstrate a novel association between ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation and the inhibition of constitutive ERK-1/2, and suggest an inhibitory mechanism mediated by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal.
A Ghost of the Past

Seven years ago on Halloween, my mother died. Maybe she held out until then, knowing that the anniversary of her death would coincide with a day of fun and make-believe.
Dye-Induced Enhancement of Optical Nonlinearity in Liquid Crystals and Ordinary Liquids

Optical nonlinearity of liquid crystals (LC) in the isotropic phase can be enhanced by one order of magnitude by dissolving 0.1% of anthraquinone dye in the LC. The enhancement decreases when the L...
Unusual expression of human lymphocyte antigen class II in normal renal microvascular endothelium.

Unusual expression of human lymphocyte antigen class II in normal renal microvascular endothelium. Background The human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) class II proteins (DR, DQ, and DP) and DM, a protein involved in loading antigenic peptide onto the class II molecules, have a coordinate regulation that facilitates antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells. CIITA is a specific transcription factor responsible for the coordinate regulation of these genes. DR expression in the kidney was described to be constitutive on renal microvascular endothelium in the early 1980s, but expression of other genes involved in class II antigen presentation (DQ, DP, DM, and CIITA) has not been characterized. Methods Expression of the HLA class II proteins, DM, and CIITA in normal human kidney cortex was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy, Northern blots, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The endothelium of glomerular and peritubular capillaries constitutively express DR, as indicated by colocalization of DR and CD31 antibodies. However, the endothelium of larger renal blood vessels is devoid of class II proteins. Capillaries that express DR do not have detectable DQ, DP, or DM by immunofluorescence. Northern blots identified DR, DP, and DM mRNAs but not DQ mRNA. CIITA was amplified by RT-PCR at a level that could account for the class II expressed by the microvascular endothelium. Conclusion The renal microvascular endothelium constitutively expresses DR without the other class II proteins or DM. This discoordinate expression of HLA class II genes is unusual and may contribute to the kidney's ability to control CD4+ T-cell responses.
Ecdysteroid synthesis by testes of 5th instars and pupae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)

Summary Testes from young fifth instar Ostrinia nubilalis produced very small amounts of ecdysteroids while those from larvae that had purged their gut produced considerably more immunodetectable ecdysteroid in vitro. Larval testes that had fused produced 2.2 times more ecdysteroid than those that remained separate. It was the sheath of the testes rather than the contents that was physiologically active. Synthesis was questionable in testes from day-1 pupae and was not observed in testes from pharate pupae, from day-2 pupae or from pharate adults. Thus, synthesis only occurred at specific times in the life cycle. Ecdysteroid profiles for testes from wandering larvae whose testes had fused showed a net increase in all normally observed ecdysteroids, with the greatest increase being in 20-hydroxyecdysone. For testes from day-1 pupae, the nature of the ecdysteroid profile changed after 24 h of incubation, with some ecdysteroids showing increases and other decreases. There appear to be considerable difference...
Sleep apnea in Alzheimer's disease

Mental deterioration accompanying sleep apnea has been noted frequently. Because sleep apnea increases with age, such deficits raise the possibility that dementia in the elderly could be related to sleep apnea. In this study we investigated this possibility cross-sectionally by comparing respiration during sleep in 28 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 25 nondemented controls. We hypothesized that higher levels of sleep apnea would be present in AD patients. Our results indicated no significant differences between AD patients and controls but those few AD patients who desaturated during sleep experienced morning confusion. The findings imply that AD and sleep apnea are two separate conditions which may still interact in the aged.
Dynamic models for low-velocity impact damage of composite sandwich panels – Part A: Deformation

Abstract Equivalent single and multi degree-of-freedom systems are used to predict the low-velocity impact response of rigidly supported, two-sided clamped, simply supported and four-sided clamped composite sandwich panels. The composite sandwich panels have orthotropic facesheets and are symmetric. Analytical solutions for the transient deformation response of the sandwich panels are presented in this paper, and analytical predictions of impact damage initiation are given in a companion paper. Equivalent masses are derived by assuming velocity distributions and calculating average kinetic energies (KEs) in terms of the amplitude of the top facesheet indentation and the global panel deflection. Equivalent spring and dashpot resistances are derived from the static load–indentation response and adjusted with dynamic material properties of the facesheet and core. Analytical predictions of the impact force compare well with experimental values from three independent studies.
Plastic Deformation Behavior of Differently Oriented Fe-35wt.%Cr Alloy Single Crystals Containing Cr-Rich Precipitates under Uniaxial Compression

The plastic deformation behavior of the and [014] Fe-35wt.%Cr alloy single crystals containing fine Cr-rich precipitates were investigated under uniaxial compression. The compressive flow behavior is slightly sensitive to the crystallographic orientation. These two oriented crystals exhibit a clear yield plateau in their compressive stress-strain curves, but the yield plateau of the [014] crystal is somewhat shorter than that of the crystal. As the compressive strain is lager than a certain critical value, e.g., ~13% and ~18% for the [014] and crystals, respectively, the work hardening rate for both two orientations decreases obviously, but the decrease in work hardening rate is more remarkable for the [014] crystal rather than the crystal. These phenomena are discussed to be all related to the interactions between moving dislocations and fine Cr-rich precipitates, and the interaction intensity depends strongly on the orientation. Careful observations of slip deformation characteristics and dislocation structures well provide supports for the explanations to the macroscopic compressive plastic flow behavior.
Allosteric characteristics of bovine heart mitochondrial malic enzyme.

Abstract The mitochondrial isozyme of malic enzyme from bovine heart shows allosteric properties at low concentrations of malate and this characteristic can be modified by succinate, which does not affect the maximum velocity of the reaction. The cytoplasmic isozyme from the same tissue does not show any allosteric properties.
Reproductive output of a female crab spider: the impacts of mating failure, natural enemies, and resource availability

Female reproductive failure incorporates several variables, of which failure to mate is often an overlooked aspect. Adult female crab spiders, Misumena vatia (Clerck) (Araneae: Thomisidae), seldom fail to mate (maximum of 4.3%), even though meeting males infrequently because of low population densities, female-skewed adult sex ratios, and failure to provide males with cues for locating them. Females mate with the first male they encounter, but in contrast to the ‘trade-up’ strategy of many species in this situation, they usually appear to mate only once. During their short season most females that produce a clutch of eggs do not capture enough prey to reach maximum possible size and fecundity, resulting in a nearly 30% loss of potential production. Another ca. 20% fails to accumulate enough mass to lay a clutch. Nest predation and parasitism, primarily by an ichneumonid wasp and a phorid fly, destroy ca. 25% of the clutches. Thus, failure to mate exacts a much lower cost on adult female M. vatia than do several other factors. Mortality of juveniles greatly exceeds that of the adults, with losses of ca. 90% in the first winter and 35% of those surviving to their second winter.
Response of earth's atmosphere to increases in solar flux and implications for loss of water from Venus

A one-dimensional radiative-convective model is used to compute temperature and water vapor profiles as functions of solar flux for an earthlike atmosphere. The troposphere is assumed to be fully saturated, with a moist adiabatic lapse rate, and changes in cloudiness are neglected. Predicted surface temperatures increase monotonically from -1 to 111 C as the solar flux is increased from 0.81 to 1.45 times its present value. The results imply that the surface temperature of a primitive water-rich Venus should have been at least 80-100 C and may have been much higher. Water vapor should have been a major atmospheric constituent at all altitudes, leading to the rapid hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen. The oxygen left behind by this process was presumably consumed by reactions with reduced minerals in the crust.
Distribution of granule cells projecting to focal Purkinje cells in mouse uvula-nodulus.

Abstract Mossy and climbing fibers convey a broad array of signals from vestibular end organs to Purkinje cells in the vestibulo-cerebellum. We have shown previously that Purkinje cell simple spikes (SSs) and climbing fiber–evoked complex spikes (CSs) in the mouse uvula-nodulus are arrayed in 400 μm wide sagittal climbing fiber zones corresponding to the rotational axes of the vertical semicircular canals. It is often assumed that mossy fibers modulate a higher frequency of SSs through the intermediary action of granule cells whose parallel fibers course through the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. This assumption is complicated by the diffuse topography of vestibular primary afferent mossy fiber projections to the uvula-nodulus and the dispersion of mossy fiber signals along folial axes by parallel fibers. Here we measure this parallel fiber dispersion. We made microinjections of neurobiotin into the molecular layers of different folia within the mouse vestibulo-cerebellum and measured the distribution of granule cells retrogradely labeled by the injected neurobiotin. Sixty-two percent of labeled granule cells were located outside a 400 μm sagittal zone flanking the injection site. The dispersion of labeled granule cells was ∼2.5 mm along folial axes that were 2.7–2.9 mm wide. Our data suggest that topographic specificity of SSs could not be attributed to the topography of vestibular primary afferent mossy fiber–granule cell projections. Rather the response specificity of SSs must be attributed to other mechanisms related to climbing fiber–evoked Purkinje cell and interneuronal activity.
Enhanced partner preference in a promiscuous species by manipulating the expression of a single gene

The molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of complex behaviour are poorly understood. The mammalian genus Microtus provides an excellent model for investigating the evolution of social behaviour. Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) exhibit a monogamous social structure in nature, whereas closely related meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) are solitary and polygamous. In male prairie voles, both vasopressin and dopamine act in the ventral forebrain to regulate selective affiliation between adult mates, known as pair bond formation, as assessed by partner preference in the laboratory. The vasopressin V1a receptor (V1aR) is expressed at higher levels in the ventral forebrain of monogamous than in promiscuous vole species, whereas dopamine receptor distribution is relatively conserved between species. Here we substantially increase partner preference formation in the socially promiscuous meadow vole by using viral vector V1aR gene transfer into the ventral forebrain. We show that a change in the expression of a single gene in the larger context of pre-existing genetic and neural circuits can profoundly alter social behaviour, providing a potential molecular mechanism for the rapid evolution of complex social behaviour.
In situ TEM ion irradiation and implantation effects on Au nanoparticle morphologies

Energetic heavy and light ion effects on gold nanoparticles were probed by irradiating 20 and 60 nm diameter nanoparticles with either 3 MeV Cu3+ or 10 keV He+ ions in situ inside of a transmission electron microscope. Both ion species caused sintering, agglomeration, and ablation of the nanoparticles via sputtering, although at different rates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF STERIC BULK AND ACIDITY IN SOLVOLYSIS. THE MECHANISM OF SOLVOLYSIS OF 1‐ADAMANTYL BROMIDE

Abstract Product selectivities from solvolysis of 1-adamantyl bromide in several binary protic solvents are revealing about the relative importance of solvent acidity and bulk
Surface Characterization By Raman Spectroscopy Of 12 CO & 13 C0 Adsorbed On Ni(100)

The high resolution of Raman Spectroscopy ( 1 cm-1) has led to the observation of rich Raman spectra of small CO molecules adsorbed on flat Ni(100) surface. The low polarizability of the adsorbed molecules and the unenhancing characteristics of the surface used lead to the conclusion that the observed spectra are unenhanced Raman spectra. In this work we report the results obtained when 13C0 molecules were used to independently confirm the previously observed Raman bands due to 12CO molecules adsorbed on Ni(100) surface.
Lack of effect of polymorphisms in dopamine metabolism related genes on imaging of TRODAT-1 in striatum of asymptomatic volunteers and patients with Parkinson's disease.

SPECT scanning using 99Tc-TRODAT-1, a ligand that binds to dopamine transporters, may be useful for detection of early Parkinson's disease (PD), diagnosis of presymptomatic individuals, and monitoring disease progression. Understanding whether genetic factors contribute to inter-individual variability is crucial for interpreting imaging results in the context of disease pathophysiology. We tested whether polymorphisms in the genes for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine-oxidase B (MAO-B), and the dopamine transporter (DAT) influence dopamine uptake parameters in the striatum in vivo in asymptomatic volunteers and patients with PD as measured with 99Tc-TRODAT-1. 99Tc-TRODAT-1 binding declined with age in both asymptomatic volunteers and PD patients, and depended on disease duration in PD patients. We found no significant association between COMT, MAO-B, and DAT polymorphisms and results of 99Tc-TRODAT-1 testing in asymptomatic volunteers or patients with PD. In PD patients, the age of disease onset and speed of progression did not differ based on these polymorphisms. These results demonstrate that these specific genetic variations do not alter the fidelity of 99Tc-TRODAT-1 as a measure of dopaminergic function in asymptomatic volunteer individuals or patients with PD. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Interfacial contributions in lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced polyurethane composites

Whereas lignocellulosic fibers have received considerable attention as a reinforcing agent in thermoplastic composites, their applicability to reactive polymer systems remains of considerable interest. The hydroxyl-rich nature of natural lignocellulosic fibers suggests that they are particularly useful in thermosetting systems such as polyurethanes. To further this concept, urethane composites were prepared using both unused thermomechanical pulp and recycled newsprint fibers. In formulating the materials, the fibers were considered as a pseudo-reactant, contributing to the network formation. A di-functional and tri-functional poly(propylene oxide)-based polyol were investigated as the synthetic components with a polyol-miscible isocyanate resin serving as a crosslinking agent. The mechanical properties of the composites were found to depend most strongly on the type of fiber, and specifically the accessibility of hydroxy functionality on the fiber. Dynamic mechanical analysis, swelling behavior, and scanning electron micrographs of failure surfaces all provided evidence of a substantial interphase in the composites that directly impacted performance properties. The functionality of the synthetic polyol further distinguished the behavior of the composite materials. Tri-functional polyols generally increased strength and stiffness, regardless of fiber type. The data suggest that synthetic polyol functionality and relative accessibility of the internal polymer structure of the fiber wall are dominant factors in determining the extent of interphase development. Considerable opportunity exists to engineer the properties of this material system given the wide range of natural fibers and synthetic polyols available for formulation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 546–555, 2001
Bromination of marine particulate organic matter through oxidative mechanisms

Although bromine (Br) is considered conservative in seawater, it exhibits a well established correlation with organic carbon in marine sediments. This carbon–bromine association was recently attributed to covalent bonding, with organobromine in sinking particulates providing a putative link between sedimentary organobromine and organic matter cycling in surface waters. We hypothesized that phytoplankton detritus, a major precursor of sedimentary organic matter, would be susceptible to bromination through oxidative attack. Through a series of model experiments, we demonstrate incorporation of Br into algal particulate detritus through peroxidative and photochemical mechanisms. Peroxidative bromination was enhanced by addition of exogenous bromoperoxidase, but the enzyme was not required for the reaction. Fenton-like reaction conditions also promoted bromination, especially under solar irradiation, implicating radical mechanisms in the euphotic zone as another abiotic source of brominated particulates. These reactions produced aliphatic and aromatic forms of organobromine, suggesting that lipid- and protein-rich components of algal membranes provide suitable substrates for bromination. Biogenic organobromines in certain genera of phytoplankton also appeared in both aliphatic and aromatic forms. Experimental evidence and samples from oceanic midwater sediment traps imply that the aromatic fraction is more stable than the aliphatic. These experiments establish Br as a versatile oxidant in the transformation of planktonic organic matter through both enzymatic and abiotic mechanisms. Organobromine may serve as a marker of oxidative breakdown of marine organic detritus, with the metastable component providing a short-lived indicator of early-stage oxidation. By altering the stability of aliphatic and aromatic moieties, bromination may affect the availability of organic matter to organisms, with consequences for the preservation and degradation of marine organic carbon.
Automated measurement of skull circumference, cranial index, and braincase volume from pediatric computed tomography

Normative values of pediatric skull circumference, cranial index, and braincase volume would inform multiple disciplines including neurosurgery, plastic surgery and anthropology. Semi-automated methods exist for obtaining these data but are time consuming and require expertise. We report on a new method for automated extraction of in vivo measures of pediatric crania based on x-ray computed tomography scans (CT). Data were obtained from a clinical image repository for pediatric populations in whom no pathology was noted. The automated process showed good agreement with semi-automated measures, although there was a small bias for both braincase volume and circumference. We developed an open source program to automatically extract measures of skull circumference, cranial index, and braincase volume that are likely to prove useful in multiple disciplines.
TRAIL-induced apoptosis in U-1242 MG glioma cells

Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in U-1242 MG cells. To investigate the molecular events involved in this process, we studied the effects of TRAIL on the localization within membrane fractions of molecules critical to the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. We report here that death receptor-5 (DR5), tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNF-R1), and Fas receptor (FasR) are all located in the caveolin-1-enriched membrane fractions, and TRAIL caused the translocation of DR5, FasR, and TNF-R1 to the caveolar fractions. Caspase-8 is mainly located outside of caveolae, but TRAIL caused it to redistribute to the caveolin-1-enriched fractions where it was cleaved. Within 6 hours, the cleaved caspase-8 appeared in the high-density, noncaveolin fractions. Using confocal microscopy, we found that DR5, caspase-8, and caveolin-1 became progressively concentrated in blebs of plasmalemma as they formed in response to TRAIL. Our results provide the first evidence for the caveolar localization of TNF-R1 and DR5 and the coordinated redistribution among membrane fractions of several death receptors in response to TRAIL. We propose that the coordinated movement of these molecules among membrane compartments is probably an important component of the mechanisms regulating and initiating the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in human glioma cells.
Air Mass Modification over the Eastern Gulf of Mexico as a Function of Surface Wind Fields and Loop Current Position

Abstract The effects of surface wind patterns and Loop Current position on surface distributions of latent and sensible heat fluxes in the eastern Gulf of Mexico are demonstrated. Mean monthly fields of thew fluxes computed from data collected during February 1975 and February 1976 are computed. The wind fields of February 1975 and 1976 are decomposed into two different modes, a north-wind mode associated with winter outbreaks of dry cold continental air masses and a trade-wind mode associated with advection from the south of warm moist maritime air. The distributions of sensible and latent heat fluxes are different for each mode with both beat heat fluxes considerably larger over the northern Gulf, in particular, during times of the northerlies. However, during these two months, trade-wind days are more numerous and the mean monthly flux patterns reflect this pre-ponderance. A simple model of the effect of extreme Loop Current configurations and the associated sea surface temperature distributions on air...
Life cycle energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from large scale energy storage systems

Abstract Using life cycle assessment, metrics for calculation of the input energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from utility scale energy storage systems have been developed and applied to three storage technologies: pumped hydro storage (PHS), compressed air energy storage (CAES) and advanced battery energy storage (BES) using vanadium and sodium polysulphide electrolytes. In general, the use of energy storage with electricity generation increases the input energy required to produce electricity, as well as the total greenhouse gas emissions. Despite this increase, the life cycle GHG emission rate from storage systems when coupled with nuclear or renewable sources is substantially lower than from fossil fuel derived electricity sources. GHG emissions from PHS when coupled with nuclear and renewable energy systems are lower than those from BES or CAES. When coupled with fossil generation, CAES has significantly lower net GHG emissions than PHS or BES.
Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers and Joseph C. Miller (eds), Women and Slavery. Vol.I: Africa, the Indian Ocean World and the Medieval North Atlantic

Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers and Joseph C. Miller (eds), Women and Slavery. Vol.I: Africa, the Indian Ocean World and the Medieval North Atlantic (2007), xxvii + 309 (Ohio University Press, Athens,...
Imaging interferometry for investigation of mechanics of multiple cells in a large field of view.

We demonstrate the mechanical probing of tens of cells simultaneously while an interferometric optical profiler measures both the force of the probes and the response of the cells with nanometer accuracy over a wide field.
Metabolic and ultrastructural changes induced in adipose tissue by insulin.

The addition in vitro of insulin to rat adipose tissue (epididymal) produces marked metabolic changes which may be followed by measurement of the net gas exchange of the tissue. Using this method to monitor the metabolic action of insulin, concomitant observations with the electron microscope on the tissue have been made. These reveal that pronounced morphological changes are induced by insulin. The plasma membranes of the adipose cells become invaginated at many sites to form minute finger-like indentations. Numerous tiny, membrane-bounded vesicles are also present and arranged in relationship to the plasma membrane in such a way as to suggest that their formation occurred when a recessed fold was pinched off. Deeper in the cytoplasm, especially in specimens that had been incubated a longer time, numerous large, smooth, membrane-limited vesicles are seen. Finally, in these incubated specimens the cytoplasmic matrix has lost much of its granular nature, small lipid droplets are frequently found in the cytoplasm and suggestive changes have occurred in mitochondria. In control specimens, incubated without insulin for identical periods of time, indentations and vesicles in the plasma membrane are sparse at best and no vesicles or membrane-bound spaces appear deeper in the cytoplasm. The metabolic and morphologic changes induced by insulin seem to be interdependent events. Both changes appear to be initiated rapidly and concomitantly in the tissue. Both processes are initiated by insulin at concentrations considered to be physiological, 0.004 µg. (100 µunits) per ml. Insulin treated with alkali fails to initiate either process. It is concluded that insulin initiates pinocytosis in rat adipose tissue and the possible significance of this process in the mode of action of insulin is discussed.
The Impact of Process Architecture on Equilibrium Stability in Distributed Design

In distributed design processes, individual design subsystems have local control over design variables and seek to satisfy their own individual objectives, which may also be influenced by some system level objectives. The resulting network of coupled subsystems will either converge to a stable equilibrium or diverge in an unstable manner. In this paper, we study the dependence of system stability on the solution process architecture. The solution process architecture describes how the design subsystems are ordered and can be either sequential, parallel, or a hybrid that incorporates both parallel and sequential elements. In this paper, we demonstrate that the stability of a distributed design system does indeed depend on the solution process architecture chosen, and we create a general process architecture model based on linear systems theory. The model allows the stability of equilibrium solutions to be analyzed for distributed design systems by converting any process architecture into an equivalent parallel representation. Moreover, we show that this approach can accurately predict when the equilibrium is unstable and the system divergent when previous models suggest that the system is convergent. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004463]