cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical and prognostic features of philadelphia chromosome‐negative chronic myelogenous leukemia

Between 1965 and 1982, 105 patients with a diagnosis of Philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia were referred to our institution with minimal or no prior therapy. The median age was 63 years and 64% were males. The overall median survival from time of referral was 14 months; 53% of patients survived 1 year and only 10% survived beyond 5 years. At the time of analysis, 92 patients (88%) were dead, 56% of deaths being preceded by a blastic crisis. Compared with Philadelphia chromosome-positive disease, patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia were older and had a significantly higher incidence of anemia, thrombocytopenia, monocytosis, marrow blasts, decreased marrow megakaryocytes and a lower incidence of basophilia and thrombocytosis. Chromosomal abnormalities occurred in 33% of patients and consisted most frequently of trisomy 8, or an additional chromosome C, loss of the Y chromosome, or abnormalities in chromosomes #5 and #7. Of nine pretreatment characteristics significantly associated with poor survival, a multivariate analysis identified four to have independent additive prognostic significance: severe thrombocytopenia, hemoglobin levels less than 10 g/dl, increasing peripheral blasts and promyelocytes, and age 60 years or older. Monocytosis was not of prognostic significance. The derived prognostic model divided patients into three risk groups, low, intermediate, and high, with median survivals of 36, 16, and 3 months, respectively. The authors conclude that Philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia is a distinct entity among the myeloproliferative syndromes with characteristic clinical and laboratory features and a poor prognosis. Prognostic factors and related risk categories were demonstrated within this disease entity.
The recession, budgets, expectations and realities

Purpose – This article seeks to provide insight on how librarians managed through the recession. It aims to highlight key areas of concern such as budgets and personnel. It is the culmination of two surveys administered in the succeeding summers of 2009 and 2010.Design/methodology/approach – The library community was notified of the surveys and provided the surveys' link via numerous library listservs. The same listservs were used for each survey. The responses received were from representatives of academic, special and public libraries.Findings – An examination of the surveys reveals that budget cuts were worse in fiscal year (FY) 2009 than they were in 2010. Suggesting the cuts enacted in FY 2009 were effective thus less severe cuts were needed in FY 2010. Stress levels were high for FY 2009 and inched higher in FY 2010. There was no significant help, in terms of cost sharing for purchases, from the departments within the organizations the libraries served. Best practice suggestions were offered in many...
Fungal oxidation of 3-methylcholanthrene: Formation of proximate carcinogenic metabolites of 3-methylcholanthrene

Abstract The filamentous fungus, Cunninghamella elegans , was found to metabolize the potent carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) to 1-hydroxy-3-MC, 2-hydroxy-3-MC, 1-keto-3-MC, 2-keto-3-MC and trans -9,10-dihydrodiols of 1-hydroxy-3-MC. In addition several unidentified derivatives of 3-MC were found. The metabolites formed were separated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified by comparison of retention times, absorbance, fluorescence and mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. Incubation of (±)-1-hydroxy-3-MC and (±)-2-hydroxy-3-MC with cells of C. elegans indicated that 1-hydroxy-3-MC is metabolized to form diasteromerically related trans -9,10-dihydrodiols of 1-hydroxy-3-MC. Experiments with 3-[ 14 C]MC showed that over a 48-h period, 8.7% of the hydrocarbon was oxidized to organic solvent-soluble metabolic products. Most of the metabolites were polar products, some of which co-chromatographed with trans -9,10-dihydrodiols of 1-hydroxy-3-MC. The results show that C. elegans has the ability to oxidize 3-MC to metabolites that have been implicated as proximate carcinogenic forms of 3-MC in higher organisms.
Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and temozolomide for central nervous system lymphomas.

BACKGROUND Methotrexate-based and alkylator-based chemotherapy regimens are associated with renal and bone marrow toxicities, which limit their use in patients with central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas. The authors report their experience with an immunochemotherapy regimen consisting of rituximab and temozolomide in patients with primary or metastatic CNS lymphoma. METHODS Seven patients who had received rituximab and temozolomide were identified from the database of the brain tumor clinic at the authors' institution: three patients had developed recurrent primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), one patient had newly diagnosed PCNSL but had poor renal function, and three other patients with systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma developed recurrent lymphoma in the brain only. Patients were scheduled to receive 4 cycles of induction rituximab on Day 1 and temozolomide on Days 1–5 of a 28-day cycle. Thereafter, their treatment included a total of up to 8 maintenance cycles of temozolomide alone on Days 1–5 of a 28-day cycle. A gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance image of the head was obtained after every two cycles of treatment. RESULTS All patients received rituximab without toxicity. Of the 4 patients who received induction temozolomide at doses > 150 mg/m2 daily on Days 1–5, 2 experienced Grade 2 leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Five patients achieved a radiographic complete response, and two patients had partial responses after induction treatment. The median response duration was 6 months (range 3–12+ months), and the median survival was 8 months (range 3+–12+ months). CONCLUSIONS Although median survival was short, immunochemotherapy with rituximab and temozolomide was well tolerated and exhibited efficacy in this elderly and heavily pretreated cohort. The data obtained in the current study suggest that the optimal induction dose combination consists of rituximab 375 mg/m2 on Day 1 and temozolomide 150 mg/m2 daily on Days 1–5. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
A comparison of gray and non-gray modeling approaches to radiative transfer in pool fire simulations

Decoupled radiative heat transfer calculations of 30 cm-diameter toluene and heptane pool fires are performed employing the discrete ordinates method. The composition and temperature fields within the fires are created from detailed experimental measurements of soot volume fractions based on absorption and emission, temperature statistics and correlations found in the literature. The measured temperature variance data is utilized to compute the temperature self-correlation term for modeling turbulence-radiation interactions. In the toluene pool fire, the presence of cold soot near the fuel surface is found to suppress the average radiation feedback to the pool surface by 27%. The performances of four gray and three non-gray radiative property models for the gases are also compared. The average variations in radiative transfer predictions due to differences in the spectroscopic and experimental databases employed in the property model formulations are found to be between 10% and 20%. Clear differences between the gray and non-gray modeling strategies are seen when the mean beam length is computed based on traditionally employed geometric relations. Therefore, a correction to the mean beam length is proposed to improve the agreement between gray and non-gray modeling in simulations of open pool fires.
Holocentric chromosomes: convergent evolution, meiotic adaptations, and genomic analysis

In most eukaryotes, the kinetochore protein complex assembles at a single locus termed the centromere to attach chromosomes to spindle microtubules. Holocentric chromosomes have the unusual property of attaching to spindle microtubules along their entire length. Our mechanistic understanding of holocentric chromosome function is derived largely from studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, but holocentric chromosomes are found over a broad range of animal and plant species. In this review, we describe how holocentricity may be identified through cytological and molecular methods. By surveying the diversity of organisms with holocentric chromosomes, we estimate that the trait has arisen at least 13 independent times (four times in plants and at least nine times in animals). Holocentric chromosomes have inherent problems in meiosis because bivalents can attach to spindles in a random fashion. Interestingly, there are several solutions that have evolved to allow accurate meiotic segregation of holocentric chromosomes. Lastly, we describe how extensive genome sequencing and experiments in nonmodel organisms may allow holocentric chromosomes to shed light on general principles of chromosome segregation.
Image classification and interpolation

We have developed a novel interpolation method for images containing text, graphics and natural scenes. The method allows us to select the best interpolation algorithm for different regions of an image. In particular, we segment the image into graphical and natural regions and use the appropriate algorithm for each region. The natural regions are interpolated using a current state-of-the-art algorithm. However, when applied to graphical images, the current state-of-the-art interpolators tend to produce artifacts at edge discontinuities. Thus, we developed a novel approach which we call Low Entropy Interpolation (LEI) algorithm for the graphical images. The LEI algorithm is highly non-linear and produces very sharp edges with very few defects necessary for good quality interpolation of graphical images.
Studies of a CuY zeolite as a redox catalyst

The stability and behavior of CuY in the redox cycles with COO2, H2O2, and CONO have been studied using a microbalance operating in the flow mode and with a standard (BET) volumetric system. When CO was used as a reducing agent CO2 was produced, thus removing oxygen from the zeolite lattice, but when H2 was used only some of the H2 consumed was evolved as H2O. The rest was retained as lattice OH groups, but this was minimal when H2 was used after treating the sample with CO. Oxidation with NO produced only N2. At 500 °C the sample was stable and could be reversibly oxidized and reduced through many cycles using either COO2 or NOCO. In all cases the ratio OCu was close to 0.5, i.e., 1eCu. Treatment in CO at higher temperatures did not affect the reversible nature of the oxidation, but now the valence change was substantially larger; it approached 2eCu. The crystallinity of the exchanged zeolite was studied using X-ray diffraction and by measurement of the pore filling with liquid N2. No significant changes could be detected after the different treatments, even those performed at 750 °C. Temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed oxidation, and X-ray diffraction studies were made and the different maxima are reported. CuO and Cu o appeared in the oxidized and reduced samples, respectively, after treatment at 750 °C in CO but not at lower temperatures. Subsequent redox cycles at 500 °C did not appear to affect the size or amount of Cu o crystallites. CuY was active in the oxidation of CO with O2 or NO. Its activity was lower than that of FeY zeolite when it exhibited an oxygen-carrying capacity of 0.5 OCu. Treatment with CO at 750 °C, however, reversed the situation. Kinetic results showed that the fresh CuY catalyst was close to zero order in CO and fractional order in O2 with an activation energy of 15 kcal/mole. After treatment at 750 °C in CO, the rate law became dependent upon the COO2 ratio. It was close to first order in CO and zero order in O2 under oxidizing conditions (COO2 ≤ 2), but the orders were reversed under reducing conditions (COO2 > 2). The activation energies were 12 and 15 kcal/mole, respectively. The data suggested that the Cu2+ with bound oxygen are the species active in the oxidation reaction.
Existence of a positive solution to a system of discrete fractional boundary value problems

Abstract We analyze a system of discrete fractional difference equations subject to nonlocal boundary conditions. We consider the system of equations given by - Δ ν i y i ( t ) = λ i a i ( t + ν i - 1 ) f i ( y 1 ( t + ν 1 - 1 ) , y 2 ( t + ν 2 - 1 ) ) , for t ∈ [ 0 , b ] N 0 , subject to y i ( ν i − 2) = ψ i ( y i ) and y i ( ν i + b ) = ϕ i ( y i ), for i = 1, 2, where ψ i , ϕ i : R b + 3 → R are given functionals. We also assume that ν i ∈ (1, 2], for each i . Although we assume that both a i and f i ( y 1 , y 2 ) are nonnegative for each i , we do not necessarily presume that each ψ i ( y i ) and ϕ i ( y i ) is nonnegative for each i and each y i ⩾ 0. This generalizes some recent results both on discrete fractional boundary value problems and on discrete integer-order boundary value problems, and our techniques provide new results in each case.
The effect of growth-inhibiting conditions upon the levator ani muscle of the rat.

IN PREVIOUS studies, growth of the levator ani muscle of the castrate immature male rat was induced by various anabolic agents. It was found that the amount of growth produced paralleled the known anabolic potency of these agents (Eisenberg and Gordan 1950). For this reason, the weight of the levator ani muscle of the castrate male rat was used as a gauge of the protein-anabolic activity of steroids. Purified pituitary growth extract also causes the muscle to grow. This observation suggested that the muscle is an index of changes in nitrogen balance induced by steroids and other growth-promoting substances. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the levator ani muscle also reflects the loss of protein that accompanies growthinhibiting conditions. Because Rupp, Paschkis, and Cantarow (1949) have shown that small doses of thyroid hormone are anabolic in hypothyroid rats, while large doses are catabolic, the weight of the levator ani muscle was measured in hypothyroidism
Effect of prestress on the dynamic performace of a Terfenol-D transducer

The performance of magnetostrictive Terfenol-D is highly dependent on the state of the material and in particular on the mechanical prestress. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of prestress on the dynamic performance of a Terfenol-D transducer. The effects of both prestress and magnetic bias on the near dc transducer performance are also presented. Experimental results demonstrate the sensitivity of the transducer performance in terms of strain, strain rate with applied field, and material properties to relatively small changes in initial mechanical prestress. Trends in material properties, Young's Modulus, magnetomechanical coupling factor, permeability, dynamic strain coefficient, and mechanical quality factor with prestress and drive level are developed. In addition, the effect of magnetic bias and frequency of operation on the strain at different applied fields are examined and shown to significantly influence transducer output at a given prestress level. For the transducer as operated in this study, including the appropriate magnetic bias, both the magnetomechanical coupling and the strain coefficient are optimized with a prestress of 1.0 to 1.25 ksi.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhancement of adrenocorticotropic hormone activity by alum in normal 21-day old male rats.

THE bioassay of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) based on the increment of adrenal weight in normal 21–23 day old male rats was first suggested by Moon (1937). The general use of such animals has not had widespread acceptance for at least two reasons: (a) the presence of the pituitary in the animal may lead to variable and non-specific results; and (b) the method requires a relatively large dose of the hormone for any significant response. It seemed probable that the sensitivity of the Moon test could be enhanced by injections of a hormone-alum preparation, and the following experiments were carried out to test this point. EXPERIMENTAL The adrenocorticotropic hormone used in these experiments was a highly purified protein preparation isolated from fresh sheep pituitary glands by a modified method of Li, Evans and Simpson (1943). The pitressin-free adrenocorticotropic peptide mixture was obtained by HC1 hydrolysis of the ACTH protein (Li, 1951).
The July 9 and 23, 1905, Mongolian earthquakes: A surface wave investigation

Synthetic Love wave seismograms for a series of reasonable models of the catastrophic earthquakes of July 1905 in Mongolia are generated and compared to observed data, to help constrain the source parameters suggested from older field reports. The most probable models suggested are pure strike-slip, striking N280°E, dipping north 50° to 90°, with an eastward rupture on the order of 200 km for the first event and 300 km for the second one. A seismic moment of 3−8 × 1028 dynes cm, together with a redetermined Ms value of 7.9 ± 0.2 clearly give the first event an “interplate” behavior, consistent with actual theories of Chinese tectonics. Although figures are less accurate, the second event (M0 ⋍ 5 × 1028; Ms ⋍ 8.25) probably falls into the same category.
Supervisory Fault Adaptive Control of a Mobile Robot and Its Application in Sensor-Fault Accommodation

A new architecture for fault adaptive control (FAC) of a mobile robot is presented. This architecture is based on the hybrid supervisory control theory. A systematic design procedure for the major components of this architecture is discussed in the context of sensor-fault accommodation by a mobile robot. The FAC architecture is implemented in a mobile robot for laboratory experimentation. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed FAC architecture
convenient Access to Methylthiomethyl Esters. Esterification with Chlorodimethylsulfonium Salts

Abstract Our reports1,2 on the preparation, cleavage, and the facile transesterification and aminolysis of methylthiomethyl (MTM) esters have apparently aroused interests in the general use of the MTM group for protection of hydroxy functions.3,4 A recent note5 describing an alternative path to and hydrolysis of MTM esters prompts me to disclose a truly mild method for MTM ester synthesis. The procedure of Wade et al.5 is in fact less convenient than that of our original work, with respect to both the esterification and the hydrolysis steps.
Transmission of 300 Mbit/s BPSK at 39 GHz using feedforward optical modulation

The transmission of 300 Mbit/s BPSK data on a 39 GHz subcarrier over 2.2 km of optical fibre using feedforward optical modulation is reported. This is the highest subcarrier frequency transmission reported to date. The authors show that this technique can be used to transmit gigabit data at carrier frequencies up to 100 GHz and beyond.
"Cuídame las aguas mansas...": terrorismo de estado y lo fantástico en El lago y Los niños transparentes

De los muertos a veces solo puede afi rmarse con certeza que estan muertos; lo demas entra en el terreno de la especulacion o la imaginacion. En el caso de los miles de desaparecidos durante la dictadura militar argentina de 1976-83, poco o nada se sabe del destino fi nal de sus cuerpos. No pasan de unos cientos los que fueron hallados en tumbas anonimas en cementerios, ex sitios clandestinos de detencion o tambores de metal arrojados al agua. Del resto apenas se sabe que el metodo para deshacerse de sus cuerpos vario de region en region: enterrados en fosas comunes en los campos circundantes al centro clandestino de detencion de La Perla en Cordoba; quemados antes de ser enterrados en la base militar de Campo de Mayo en Buenos Aires. Pero el metodo sobre el que mas testimonios existen es el de la ESMA (Escuela Superior de Mecanica de la Armada) en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, que entre 1976 y 1982 alojo a unos cinco mil secuestrados que fueron arrojados vivos desde aviones y helicopteros al Rio de la Plata o el oceano tras recibir una inyeccion adormecedora. Es posible que el numero de desaparecidos eliminados por otros medios sea superior, y sin embargo la imagen del cuerpo que se hunde en el mar se ha convertido en la representacion iconica por excelencia del terrorismo de Estado argentino: nada perdura tanto en el imaginario colectivo como la fi gura de la victima que encuentra en el agua su sepultura. Toda gran catastrofe colectiva termina identifi candose con una o dos imagenes que la sintetizan, como si la mente necesitara de metaforas visuales para abarcar lo inenarrable. Asi, un icono inconfundible de los campos de concentracion nazis son los trenes que transportaron millones de seres humanos a la muerte, y un gran numero de museos del Holocausto exhiben hoy un vagon de carga traido de Europa.1 De la misma manera, unas pocas imagenes sintetizan visualmente el recuerdo del terrorismo de Estado en
The structure of δ-cadinol☆

Abstract Albicaulol, a crystalline cadinol isolated from the oleoresin of Pinus albicaulis and Pinus armandi, has been found to be identical with δ-cadinol. The structure of δ-cadinol has been shown to be Δ8-cadinene-3-ol rather than the Δ9-structure assigned by Motl, Sýkora, Herout and Sorm.
Time-gated Cherenkov emission spectroscopy from linear accelerator irradiation of tissue phantoms

Radiation from a linear accelerator induces Cherenkov emission in tissue, which has recently been shown to produce biochemical spectral signatures that can be interpreted to estimate tissue hemoglobin and oxygen saturation or molecular fluorescence from reporters. The Cherenkov optical light levels are in the range of 10−6 to 10−9 W/cm2, which limits the practical utility of the signal in routine radiation therapy monitoring. However, due to the fact that the radiation is pulsed, gated-acquisition of the signal allows detection in the presence of ambient lighting, as is demonstrated here. This observation has the potential to significantly increase the value of Cherenkov emission spectroscopy during radiation therapy to monitor tissue molecular events.
The Architect's Journey

When we grow a software-intensive system, we start with something that is deeply technical, something that is constrained by the laws of physics and the realities of information theory. We then shape it into something that is as invisible as it can be. This is, curiously, the polar opposite of what theoretical physicists do: they observe the fierce complexity of the cosmos, labor to tease apart the threads by which the cosmos is cunningly woven, then try to explain the warp and woof as well as the very nature of the strings themselves in as visible and as simple a language as possible. In the case of software-intensive systems, we start with some very simple concepts - specifically, bits and the nature of information. We then apply various human artifacts - namely, our hard ware and our software languages - to make these bits and information manifest, then we bundle them up in these massive, dripping hairballs of scattered and tangled complexity, drop them into the world, and labor mightily to make them disappear in the interstitial spaces, hidden from view. The most interesting technology is technology that doesn't appear to be there at all.
The Influence of Breast Surgery, Breast Appearance, and Pregnancy-Induced Breast Changes on lactation Sufficiency as Measured by Infant Weight Gain

We conducted a prospective study of the associations between several biologic and surgical breast factors and the onset of lactation in 319 healthy, motivated, primiparous women who were breastfeeding term, healthy, appropriate for gestational age or large for gestational age infants. During the last trimester of pregnancy subjects' breasts were examined for surgical incisions, size, symmetry, and nipple protuberance, and women estimated their prenatal breast enlargement. At two visits in the first two weeks postpartum, infants were weighted naked, and mothers reported the magnitude of postpartum breast engorgement when their milk came in. Breastfeeding was evaluated at each visit, and interventions were recommended for problems, with emphasis on maximizing milk yield. Lactation was deemed sufficient when an exclusively breastfed infant achieved an average weight gain of 28.5 g or more per day between the two visits. Infants gaining less than 28.5 g per day with breast milk exclusively, and those requiring formula supplement returned for a third visit at or before 21 days of age, when final lactation outcome was assessed based on weight gain between the second and third visits. Within three weeks postpartum 85 percent of the mothers achieved sufficient lactation, whereas 15 percent had persistent milk insufficiency despite intensive intervention. Of the study population, 6.9 percent had undergone previous breast surgery. Women with periareolar breast incisions were nearly 5 times more likely to have lactation insufficiency than were those without surgery (relative risk [RR] = 4.55; 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 2.21-9.43; P less than 0.001). Insufficient lactation was significantly associated with minimal prenatal breast enlargement (P less than 0.02) and minimal postpartum breast engorgement when milk came in (P less than 0.001). Although not statistically significant, women with inverted nipples were more likely to have lactation insufficiency compared with those with normal nipples (RR = 2.94; 95% CI 1.05-8.20; P = .07). The findings from this study indicate that certain biologic and surgical breast variables are associated with lactation insufficiency.
Unilateral naris closure and vascular development in the rat olfactory bulb

Abstract The blood supply to the brain has been linked closely to nervous system function and metabolism, thereby possibly playing a direct role in brain maturation. Previously, we demonstrated that closure of an external naris early in life results in large changes within the olfactory bulb, including reductions in laminar volume and cell number and a rapid decline in metabolism and protein synthesis. To understand the role of the blood supply in the dramatic changes following naris closure, the present study examines the development of olfactory bulb vasculature in unilaterally odor-deprived and control rats. On post-partum day 1 (P1; the day after birth), littermate rat pups underwent either unilateral naris occlusion or sham surgery. On P5, P10, P15, P20, P30 and P60, animals were perfused with an india ink-gelatin mixture to assess blood vessel amount and complexity. Densitometric analyses were performed to obtain values of blood vessel area ratios (vessel area/tissue area), branch point number and branch point density. Considerable vessel development in all bulbs occurred over the first two to three weeks post-partum. By P20, large reductions in vessel area ratios were observed in all constituent laminae of deprived bulbs. While similar reductions in number of vessel branch points/tissue area were seen, few changes were noted in the number of branch points/vessel area. The effects were primarily confined to early developmental periods: bulb vasculature in animals deprived at older ages (P40) appeared normal. The results indicate that the vasculature responds to alterations in sensory stimulation early in life, therefore potentially playing an important regulative role in neural development.
Neutrophil Elastase Is Needed for Neutrophil Emigration into Lungs in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury

Mechanical ventilation, often required to maintain normal gas exchange in critically ill patients, may itself cause lung injury. Lung-protective ventilatory strategies with low tidal volume have been a major success in the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Volutrauma causes mechanical injury and induces an acute inflammatory response. Our objective was to determine whether neutrophil elastase (NE), a potent proteolytic enzyme in neutrophils, would contribute to ventilator-induced lung injury. NE-deficient (NE−/−) and wild-type mice were mechanically ventilated at set tidal volumes (10, 20, and 30 ml/kg) with 0 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory pressure for 3 hours. Lung physiology and markers of lung injury were measured. Neutrophils from wild-type and NE−/− mice were also used for in vitro studies of neutrophil migration, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 cleavage, and endothelial cell injury. Surprisingly, in the absence of NE, mice were not protected, but developed worse ...
Identification of Sumoylated Proteins by Systematic Immunoprecipitation of the Budding Yeast Proteome

The identification of post-translational modifications to proteins is critical for understanding many important aspects of biology. Utilizing a collection of epitope-tagged yeast strains, we developed a novel approach to determine which proteins are modified by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO). We crossed traits useful for the detection of SUMO conjugation into 4246 tandem affinity purification-tagged strains and successfully immunoprecipitated and screened 2893 of these proteins for association with SUMO ( approximately 70% of the expressed proteome detectable by immunoblot analysis). We found 82 proteins associated with SUMO, including many of low abundance. Because our screen was performed under non-denaturing conditions, we were able to identify multiple members of four complexes that were associated with SUMO: the RSC chromatin remodeling complex, the mediator complex, the TFIID complex, and the septin complex. In addition, we describe five new direct conjugates of SUMO, and we mutated SUMO conjugation sites in four proteins. This is the first attempt to immunoprecipitate a large fraction of the proteome of a eukaryote, and it demonstrates the utility of this method to identify post-translational modifications in the yeast proteome.
Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of asthma: status and potential of therapeutic classes

Perhaps the best indicators of the diverse mechanisms that contribute to the pathology of asthma are the number and variety of targets that have been identified, largely through advances in immunology and molecular biology. Here, the authors summarize the rationale and preliminary outcomes for novel therapeutic approaches that have developed as a result of such advances. The review is focused primarily on novel small-molecule approaches rather than the improvements that have been made in existing asthma therapies or the development of biological agents.
Intravenous treatment of pernicious anemia with citrovorum factor (leucovorum).

SummaryThe daily intravenous administration of 3.0 mg of CF to two patients with pernicious anemia in relapse was followed by a satisfactory clinical remission, poor reticulocyte response, suboptimal hemoglobin and red blood cell levels in one case and a normal blood count in the other. The subsequent intramuscular injection of the same dose to the first patient resulted in a good hematologic remission.
Cytotoxic effect of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on cultured chick embryonic cells.

Nachweis, dass Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalat in einer Konzentration von ca. 0,05 mg/ml eine toxische Wirkung auf kultivierte Huhnerembryonalzellen hat, wahrend Konzentrationen von 0,01 mg/ml oder darunter keine deutliche Wirkung mehr haben.
Electrostatic Assembly of Poly(ethylene glycol) Nanotubes

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based films, nanotubes, and nanotube arrays were successfully made using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly ion-containing PEO derivatives on porous templates and planar substrates. PEG nanotubes are challenging to produce because PEG dissolves into solutions and solvents used during nanotube processing, but our techniques circumvent the issue. Nanotube dimensions were verified using microscopy and the average observed diameter was 155 nm. The PEG-based structures showed remarkable stability in water, salt water, and sodium hydroxide solution.
Solid propulsion powered spacecraft concept.

The feasibility and application of a solid propulsion powered spacecraft concept to implement high-energy missions independent of multiplanetary swingby opportunities are assessed. The characteristics of suitable missions and spacecraft were formulated to determine their effects upon propulsion system selection and design. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to provide a meaningful basis of comparing candidate designs. The results substantiated the feasibility of the powered spacecraft concept when used in conjunction with several intermediate-sized launch vehicles as well as energy margins by which to exploit extended mission capabilities. An outgrowth of this study included a new high-mass-fraction solid motor staging design whose performance predictions further enhanced the candidacy of the baseline configuration.
Nucleic Acid Metabolism and Zinc Deficiency in the Chick

Abstract IT HAS been shown in simple plants and animals that zinc plays a role in nucleic acid and protein metabolism. Schneider and Price (1962) and Wacker (1962) working with Euglena gracilis showed a decrease in protein synthesis and ribosenucleic acid (RNA) content in organisms grown in zinc-deficient media concomitant with increases in nonprotein nitrogen and acid-soluble amino acids. These phenomena were interpreted to mean that the primary defect in zinc-deficient organisms was the failure of RNA synthesis and subsequently of protein synthesis. Winder and Denneny (1959) had previously suggested the same hypothesis as a result of their observations of decreased RNA, increased organic polyphosphate, and decreased growth rates in zinc- and iron-deficient Mycobacterium segmentis cultures. More recently, Williams et al. (1965) demonstrated a mean reduction of 44% in the amount of P32 appearing in the RNA nucleotides and a reduction of 43% in the amount of P32 appearing in the …
Alternate junctions and microheterogeneity of Tlr1, a developmentally regulated DNA rearrangement in Tetrahymena thermophila

A large number of developmentally regulated DNA rearrangements occur during the development of the macronucleus in Tetrahymena thermophila. Tlr1 is a deletion element which has large inverted repeats near the rearrangement junctions and deletes more than 13 kbp of internal DNA. Previous analysis of caryonidal lines revealed alternate left junctions for the Tlr1 rearrangement in B strain cells. We show here that C2 strain Tetrahymena also use alternate rearrangement junctions. We have mapped and sequenced two additional rearrangement variants and find that both the left and right junctions can vary over a range of approximately 200 bp. We also demonstrate the presence of sequence microheterogeneity in the most commonly found Tlr1 rearrangement product.
The human cancer and stem cell marker podocalyxin interacts with the glucose-3-transporter in malignant pluripotent stem cells

Podocalyxin, an integral plasma membrane cell-adhesion glycoprotein, is a marker of human pluripotent and multipotent stem cells. Podocalyxin is also a marker of many types of cancers and its expression correlates with an aggressive and poor-prognosis tumor phenotype. The function of podocalyxin in stem cells and malignant cells is unknown. Protein sequence data obtained from purified podocalyxin protein isolated from embryonal carcinoma cancer stem cells reveals peptide sequence data for the glucose-3-transporter. Protein-precipitation experiments of embryonal carcinoma protein extracts identify a podocalyxin/glucose-3-transporter protein complex. Cell imaging studies demonstrate co-localization of podocalyxin and glucose-3-transporter and confirm the interaction in vivo. Finally, siRNA podocalyxin-knockdown experiments show decreased expression levels of the glucose-3-transporter. These findings suggest a novel interaction of the glucose-3-transporter and the cell-adhesion protein podocalyxin. In pluripotent stem cells and in human cancer disease, podocalyxin may function in part to regulate and maintain the cell surface expression of the glucose-3-transporter.
Growth kinetics and mechanism of the massive transformation

During the composition invariant massive transformation, the propagation of a reaction interface is motivated by the free energy change due to a change in crystal structure and results in either single or duplex product morphologies. A common feature underlying the growth of massive product phases is a thermally activated control by boundary diffusion. Microstructural and kinetics information indicate that massive growth involves the migration of mobile, incoherent interfaces through a lateral growth process that may evolve into continuous growth at the highest velocity. The high driving free energy for massive growth is reflected by a relative insensitivity to microstructural obstacles and by a rapid transformation in the absence of local interfacial equilibrium. For the limiting conditions under which massive growth can prevail at the transition into lattice shear or solute partitioning, an incomplete dissipation of driving free energy is indicated by product structures of metastable supersaturated solid solutions.
The Precision Polishing of Bismuth Silicate and Bismuth Germanate

A recipe is given for the polishing of precise surfaces oncrystals of bismuth silicate (BSO) and bismuth germanate(BGO). Using this recipe, crystals having surface figure betterthan 1/10 wave, roughness of 20-50 A rms, and laserquality parallelism (10 arcsec or better) were obtained withabout 1-2 hours effort.
Neurobiology: understanding the consequences.

We learn in several ways, one of which involves forming an association between an action and its consequence. Studies of a marine mollusc shed light on how this creature forms a connection between biting and food.
Numerical breakdown at high Weissenberg number in non-Newtonian contraction flows

Planar contraction flows of non-Newtonian fluids with integral constitutive models are studied to investigate the problem of numerical breakdown at high Weissenberg or Debrorah numbers. Spurious shear stress extrema are found on the wall downstream of the re-entrant corner for both sharp and rounded corners. Moreover, a non-monotonic relation between shear stress and strain rate is found when the Deborah number limit is approached, which correlates with these shear extrema. This strongly suggests that non-monotonicity between shear stress and strain rate may be responsible for the Deborah number limit problem in contraction flow simulations. This non-monotonicity is caused by the inaccuracy of the quadrature, using constitutive equations that do not have shear stress maxima when exactly evaluated. This conclusion agrees with recent analytical findings by others that inaccuracy of the integration along the streamlines – either by numerical integration or asymptotic approximation – makes the problem ill-conditioned, with spurious growth occurring on the wall downstream of the re-entrant corner.
Reciprocity of Dyadic Trust in Close Male-Female Relationships

Abstract A nonrecursive structural model specified 11 effects on trust in one's partner for 20 engaged, 67 married, and 11 divorced male-female dyads. According to the model, trust between partners is a reciprocally reinforced outcome, and 10 exogenous variables affect trust. The results showed that, for both sexes, there was a reciprocal effect for trust in one's partner, the perception of a partner's desire to control others had a negative effect on trust, and self-esteem had a positive effect on trust. Marital status and the perception of a partner's desire to be controlled had no effect on men's trust in their partners but highly significant negative effects on women's trust in their partners.
Unstable particles and the poincaré semigroup

Unstable particles are defined in terms of representations of a semigroup containing the Lorentz group and space-time translations into the future. The absence of backward time translations arises from the irreversibility of the decay process. Unstable particles are found to possess spin and parity labels but instead of a diagonal mass operator a coherent superposition (with more or less Breit-Wigner shape) of mass values appears. Nonexponential decay is also derived as are a number of apparently nonphysical representations with peculiar spin spectra. We briefly raise some questions suggested by this formalism: models of unstable systems; mixing of internal and external symmetry; time reversal violation.
The development of subitizing in young children

Across three experiments, 2- to 5-year-old children were found to enumerate accurately and reliably small arrays of objects irrespective of spatial arrangement and at a duration (200 ms) that precluded verbal counting. These findings indicate the presence in young children of a subitizing ability that is distinct from verbal counting. Subitizing appears to develop before verbal counting. The subitizing range increased with age during early childhood from 1-3 (the accurate enumeration range of infants) to 1-5 (the subitizing range of adults). Implications of these findings for theories of the development of numerical cognition are discussed.
JOB DISPLACEMENT AMONG MEN AND WOMEN: THE CRISIS OF UNDER‐EMPLOYMENT:

Data from a recent study on unemployed women are compared with data on unemployed men. Differences in men's and women's work and family roles, and in their labour opportunities affect their commitments to family work and paid work. Such differences affect responses to the involuntary loss of jobs. This article first compares the meaning of work in the lives of men and women factory workers, then it focuses on differences in the labour market behaviour of men and women after displacement. Finally it explores re‐employment outcomes and earning losses
IRONCODE: think-twice, code-once programming

To become proficient programmers, novices must develop the skills of writing, reading, debugging, and testing code. We believe that learning to write short pieces of code correctly the first time helps strengthen all of these skills. In this paper, we describe a type of exercise, called IRONCODE, that helps develop the code-once skill. We describe the exercise, the programming environment, its implementation, and our experiences using IRONCODE in a second semester programming class.
Teaching and Learning Guide: Outsiders in Medieval Europe

Religious persecution is synonymous with the popular image of the Middle Ages. “Outsiders in Medieval Europe” is a pedagogy-focused article on a medieval history course for undergraduates that studies persecution. The course, which explores marginalized peoples and groups in the Middle Ages, focuses on medieval interfaith relations and the history of sexuality. Students will study medieval anti-Semitism and medieval Jews, explore Christian interactions with Islam before and after the crusades, and examine John Boswell's argument about Christian attitudes towards homosexuality. Students will conclude the course by studying female mysticism and attitudes towards illness. The article includes a sample syllabus.
Kinetics of the gas‐phase reaction of acetone with iodine: Heat of formation and stabilization energy of the acetonyl radical

The kinetics of the gas-phase reaction CH3COCH3 + I2 ⇄ CH3COCH2I + HI have been measured spectrophotometrically in a static system over the temperature range 340–430°. The pressure of CH3COCH3 was varied from 15 to 330 torr and of I2 from 4 to 48 torr, and the initial rate of the reaction was found to be consistent with as the rate-determining step. An Arrhenius plot of the variation of k1 with temperature showed considerable scatter of the points, depending on the conditioning of the reaction vessel. After allowance for surface catalysis, the best line drawn by inspection yielded the Arrhenius equation, log [k1/(M−1 sec−1)] = (11.2 ± 0.8) – (27.7 θ 2.3)/θ, where θ = 2.303 RT in kcal/mole. This activation energy yields an acetone CH bond strength of 98 kcal/mole and δH (CH3COĊH2) radical = −5.7 ± 2.6 kcal/mole. As the acetone bond strength is the same as the primary CH bond strength in isopropyl alcohol, there is no resonance stabilization of the acetonyl radical due to delocalization of the radical site. By contrast, the isoelectronic allyl resonance energy is 10 kcal/mole, and reasons for the difference are discussed in terms of the π-bond energies of acetone and propene.
Citrate Utilization and Diacetyl Production by Various Strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris

Sixty Leuconostoc strains from different culture collections were studied for taxonomic identification. Based on morphological and biochemical tests, 21 strains, including 1 from the American Type Culture Collection, were typed as Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris. The objective of this identification and of an additional phenotypic characterization of Leu. mesenteroides ssp. cremoris strains was to select the strains that were most useful for producing flavor compounds in dairy fermentations. Strains were examined for citrate utilization, production of diacetyl and acetoin under neutral and acidic conditions, diacetyl reductase activity, and plasmid profiles. Considerable variability within strains was observed. Most strains utilized citrate under neutral conditions, pH 6.5, without a concomitant production of diacetyl or acetoin. Although addition of yeast extract to milk stimulated bacterial growth and citrate utilization, no diacetyl or acetoin was detected in these cultures. Only the addition of citric acid after a preincubation period resulted in significant production of diacetyl and acetoin by pure cultures of Leu. mesenteroides ssp. cremoris. Strains were found that utilized citrate to produce diacetyl and acetoin with low diacetyl reductase activity, and these strains were compatible with acid-producing lactococci. Such strains are most valuable for use as starters for cultured dairy products that rely on the presence of diacetyl for maximum quality.
Closing the Loop of an Adaptive System with Cognitive State

This paper describes an adaptive system that “closes the loop” by utilizing a real-time, directly sensed measure of cognitive state of the human operator. The Honeywell Augmented Cognition team has developed a Closed Loop Integrated Prototype (CLIP) of a Communications Scheduler, for application to the U.S. Army’s Future Force Warrior (FFW) program. It is expected that in a highly networked environment the sheer magnitude of communication traffic could overwhelm the individual soldier. The CLIP exploits real-time neurophysiological and physio logical measurements of the human operator in order to create a cognitive state profile, which is used to augment the work environment to improve humanautomation joint performance. An experiment showed that the Communications Scheduler enabled higher situation awareness and message comprehension in high workload conditions. Based solely on cognitive state, the system inferred a subject’s message comprehension and repeated unattended messages in the majority of cases, without yielding an unacceptably high false alarm rate.