cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of recycle gas injection on CO2 enhanced oil recovery and associated storage performance

Abstract An enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique comprising the alternate injection of gas (CO2) and water, commonly referred to as water alternating gas (WAG) flooding, is currently ongoing at an oil field in the northeastern Powder River Basin (PRB), where 4 million barrels (MMbbl) of oil were produced between May 2013 and September 2017. During WAG flooding, a large amount of CO2, which contains some impurities, is produced at the surface with the recovered oil and reinjected into the reservoir to minimize the amount of purchased CO2. The concentration of these impurities in the CO2, which are dominated by CH4, is a key parameter in the design of miscible CO2 flooding of an oil reservoir and in the quantitative assessment of the associated storage of CO2 that occurs in the reservoir. For a given oil and reservoir temperature, the CO2–oil minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is strongly and adversely affected by the presence of CH4, the concentration of which varies with time and operational conditions, such as injection pressure, flooding pattern, and injection scheme (i.e., continuous CO2 injection or WAG). To capture the full range of potential variation in the MMP caused by the presence of CH4, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to determine CO2–oil MMP with different mole percentages of CH4 in the CO2. All of the experiments were performed at reservoir temperature (108 °F) using the VIT (vanishing interfacial tension) method. Results showed that MMP increases from 1403 to 4085 psi as the mole percentage of CH4 in the CO2 increases from 0% to 100%. To assess the impact of this variation in MMP on the oil recovery performance in the field, a history-matched, compositional reservoir simulation model was used to predict the oil production performance for a WAG flood using CO2 that contained a range of CH4 concentrations. The reservoir simulations examined the effects of permeability heterogeneity, fluid crossflow, and phase behavior on the oil displacement performance in three-dimensional space over time. Simulation results indicated that CO2 floods using a limited range of CO2–CH4 mixtures could still maintain multiple-contact miscibility and result in effective EOR. In addition, the ability to reinject produced CO2–CH4 mixtures as is, without removal of the CH4, ensured that this approach to EOR would continue to be cost-effective.
Immunological Tests – from the Microscope to Whole Genome Analysis

The application of laboratory testing has played and continues to play a critical role in the definition and diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies. The past 60 years have witnessed an extraordinary increase in understanding the intricacies of host defense that has been paralleled by an expansion in the number of defined primary immunodeficiencies. The link between basic discoveries in human immunology and the identification of disorders of human host defense has depended on the development of new methods to assess the immune system. This “partnership” between clinical immunology and diagnostic immunology appears to be reaching new heights with the major advances in genetic testing and these will likely herald an even more rapid pace of discovery in the field of primary immunodeficiencies.
Aeroelasticity in Civil Engineering

Fluid-structure interaction occurs in civil engineering applications to flexible long span bridges and tall slender buildings. This chapter provides an authoritative account of current best practices and modeling methods.
Function and structure of the rabbit oviduct following fimbriectomy. I. Distal ampullary salpingostomy.

Experiments were conducted in nine New Zealand White rabbits to determine the functional capacity of that part of the oviduct consisting of only the isthmus and proximal ampulla. The left fimbria and at least one-half of the adjoining ampulla were excised microsurgically and the remaining portion of the proximal ampulla was subjected to a cuff salpingostomy. Following a convalescence of 4 to 8weeks and gonadotropin-induced ovulation, direct observations in vivo showed that the modified oviduct was ineffective in transporting surrogate cumulus masses into the tubal lumen. Those surrogates that were accepted were in some cases regurgitated by contractions of the residual proximal ampulla. A subsequent in vitro search for ova proved that the modified oviducts were unsuccessful in retrieving ipsilaterally ovulated ova, whereas the contralateral control oviducts apprehended an average of 72% of those available. Scanning electron microscopy showed the everted mucosa of the proximal ampulla to be less richly endowed with cilia than that of the normal fimbria. This ovum capture appeared to be prevented by deficiencies in both the ciliary mechanism of the neofimbria and the ability of the remaining ampulla to retain the egg. This evidence indicates that the proximal ampulla is unsuitable for reconstruction of a functional fallopian tube.
Lymphaticovenous bypass of the thoracic duct for the treatment of chylous leak in central conducting lymphatic anomalies.

Abstract Background Central conducting lymphatic anomalies (CCLA) may cause chylous leaks and protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) owing to dysfunction of the central lymphatic channels. Most of the treatment strategies for these conditions are palliative and provide transient improvement. Methods We treated 14 patients with intractable chylous leak and/or PLE using a novel technique of lymphaticovenous bypass of the terminal portion of the thoracic duct. Chylous leaks occurred in multiple different anatomic sites. All patients had CCLA and failure of thoracic duct emptying demonstrated by preoperative intranodal lymphangiography. Results Five patients had complete resolution of symptoms, and two patients had partial improvement. There were no major complications. Of 5 patients with PLE, only one improved after lymphaticovenous bypass. Repeat traditional lymphangiography was performed in 4 patients who did not improve, demonstrating patency of the bypass in all cases with persistent sluggish drainage. One patient had repeat MR lymphangiography that did not show the thoracic duct well. Conclusions Bypass of the terminal thoracic duct is a novel procedure that offers improvement and a chance of cure for some patients with devastating manifestations of CCLA who lack other effective therapeutic options. Level of evidence IV.
Light and shadows: Appreciative inquiry, communication ethics literacy, and the opioid epidemic

This study explores the interrelationship between Cooperrider’s (Barrett & Cooperrider, 1990) appreciative inquiry (AI) and Arnett, Fritz, and Bell’s (2009) communication ethics literacy (CEL) thro...
Reprint of: Positive Psychological Well-Being and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Health Promotion Series.

AbstractFacets of positive psychological well-being, such as optimism, have been identified as positive health assets because they are prospectively associated with the 7 metrics of cardiovascular ...
The medial epicondyle of the distal femur is the optimal location for MRI measurement of semitendinosus and gracilis tendon cross-sectional area

Graft diameter ≥ 8 mm reduces the risk of failure after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ALCR) with hamstring tendon autograft. Pre-operative measurement of gracilis (GT) and semitendinosus (ST) cross-sectional area using MRI has been utilized but the optimal location for measurement is unknown. The main purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional areas of GT + ST at different locations and develop a model to predict whether a doubled hamstring graft of GT + ST will be of sufficient cross-sectional area for ACLR. A retrospective review was performed of 154 patients who underwent primary ACLR using doubled hamstring autograft. Cross-sectional area measurements of GT + ST on pre-operative MRI axial images were made at three locations: medial epicondyle (ME), tibiofemoral joint line (TJL), and tibial physeal scar (TPS) and calculated the correlation of intra-operative graft size for each location using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) established a threshold that would predict graft diameter ≥ 8 mm. Measurement of GT + ST at the ME had a stronger correlation (r = 0.389) to intra-operative graft diameter than measurements at the TJL (r = 0.256) or TPS (r = 0.240). The ROC indicated good predictive value for hamstring graft diameter ≥ 8 mm based on MRI measurement at the ME with the optimal threshold with the highest sensitivity and specificity as 18 mm2. Cross-sectional area measurement of GT + ST at the ME correlated most closely to intra-operative diameter of a doubled hamstring autograft compared to measurements at the TJL or the TPS. As graft diameter < 8 mm is correlated with higher failure rates of ACL surgery, the ability to pre-operatively predict graft diameter is clinically useful. Level III, prognostic study.
Recent Advances in Interventional Pulmonology

The field of interventional pulmonology has grown rapidly since first being defined as a subspecialty of pulmonary and critical care medicine in 2001. The interventional pulmonologist has expertise in minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures involving airways, lungs, and pleura. In this review, we describe recent advances in the field as well as up-and-coming developments, chiefly from the perspective of medical practice in the United States. Recent advances include standardization of formalized training, new tools for the diagnosis and potential treatment of peripheral lung nodules (including but not limited to robotic bronchoscopy), increasingly well-defined bronchoscopic approaches to management of obstructive lung diseases, and minimally invasive techniques for maximizing patient-centered outcomes for those with malignant pleural effusion.
Preparation and Structures of the 2.2.2-Cryptand(1+) Salts of the [Sb(2)Se(4)](2)(-), [As(2)S(4)](2)(-), [As(10)S(3)](2)(-), and [As(4)Se(6)](2)(-) Anions.

2.2.2-Cryptand(1+) salts of the [Sb2Se4]2-, [As2S4]2-, [As10S3]2-, and [As4Se6]2- anions have been synthesized from the reduction of binary chalcogenide compounds by K in NH3(l) in the presence of the alkali-metal-encapsulating ligand 2.2.2-cryptand (4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane), followed by recrystallization from CH3CN. The [Sb2Se4]2- anion, which has crystallographically imposed symmetry 2, consists of two discrete edge-sharing SbSe3 pyramids with terminal Se atoms cis to each other. The Sb−Set bond distance is 2.443(1) A, whereas the Sb−Seb distance is 2.615(1) A (t = terminal; b = bridge). The Seb−Sb−Set angles range from 104.78(4) to 105.18(5)°, whereas the Seb−Sb−Seb angles are 88.09(4) and 88.99(4)°. The 77Se NMR data for this anion in solution are consistent with its X-ray structure (δ 337 and 124 ppm, 1:1 intensity, −30 °C, CH3CN/CD3CN). Similar to this [Sb2Se4]2- anion, the [As2S4]2- anion consists of two discrete edge-sharing AsS3 pyramidal units. The As−St bond d...
Efficiency comparison of the imidazole plus RNO method for singlet oxygen detection in biorelevant solvents.

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the focus of study in many fields, including phototoxicity, antioxidant activity, pollutant weathering, photodynamic therapy, and water disinfection. The imidazole plus RNO (Imd/RNO) method, originated by Kraljic and El Mohsni, is commonly used to monitor singlet oxygen production. In this method, 1O2 is quenched by an acceptor, imidazole (Imd), during the formation of a trans-annular peroxide intermediate that bleaches the sensor, p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO). Though the method has been widely used, including to monitor 1O2 production in complex environments, such as surfactants and cells, studies reporting the efficiency of the assay in complex solvents have not been reported. In this research, the Imd/RNO method in complex, biorelevant solvents, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate, octanol, and phosphate buffer-saturated octanol, was compared with reference solvents, i.e., phosphate buffer, ethanol, and methanol, for monitoring 1O2 produced by Rose Bengal photosensitization using time-resolved, broadband UV–Vis absorbance measurements. Rates of sensor bleaching and sensitizer photodegradation were simultaneously monitored in each solvent to investigate correlations between the disappearance rates of sensor and sensitizer. The quantum yields of 1O2 production (ϕ∆) in each solvent were calculated using a relative actinometric method. The dependence of sensor bleaching and sensitizer degradation on acceptor concentration and solvent polarity, and the results of assay controls suggest mechanistic differences underlying the reactions comprising the Imd/RNO method. These results demonstrate the need for caution and controls when using the method in complex samples including those containing cells, tissues, or nanoscale particles.
Refractory Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Abstract Abstract 4635 Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is a rare but often lethal disease if not diagnosed and treated early. The mainstay of treatment has been plasma exchange, though eculizumab has recently been approved for treatment. We report a 24-year-old Caucasian male whom presented from a rehab facility with weakness. Three months prior, he had sustained polytrauma from a motorcycle accident. At discharge, labs were normal. At admission, he was found to have anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated creatinine and bilirubin. Further testing revealed evidence of hemolysis. ADAMTS13 level was greater than 100% to assess for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Flow cytometry for CD59 was negative to assess for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Shiga toxin was negative. He was diagnosed with atypical hemolytic uremia syndrome (aHUS). Patient was initially treated with steroids then underwent daily plasma exchange for 2 weeks with improvements in lab parameters and no evidence of hemolysis. Exchanges were changed to every other day for 2 weeks with plans to start eculizumab as outpatient therapy. After discharge, one dose of eculizumab 900 mg was given without further exchanges. Three days later, lab check showed decrease in hemoglobin and platelets, concerning for aHUS exacerbation. Patient was admitted for daily plasma exchange with eculizumab 100 mg boost after each procedure for about 2 weeks. Once his lab parameters were consistent with resolution, exchanges were spaced out to every other day for another 1 week then discontinued. Then he was started on monotherapy with eculizumab 900 mg once weekly with surveillance lab monitoring. He had no further exacerbation of his aHUS and was discharged back to rehab with weekly eculizumab and lab surveillance. Early detection and treatment of aHUS is important to minimize the damages from the underlying thrombosis and prevent disease related mortality. Plasma exchange remains the standard treatment for this condition with close monitoring of lab parameters, though no set treatment schedule has been established. The recent approval of eculizumab offers another option in the management of this disease and appears equally efficacious. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Racial Dynamics on Campus: What Student Organizations Can Tell Us.

As our campuses become more diverse, the racial dynamics become more complex. How are these dynamics affecting students?
Association of PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry and gene microarray with molecular subtypes of ovarian tumors

Identifying patients who respond to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is a significant challenge in oncology. While PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the current diagnostic gold standard for patient selection, it nevertheless does not capture all patients who may respond to ICB. Recent gene expression studies in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma have defined an immunoreactive molecular subtype that has a measurable difference in patient survival compared with non-immunoreactive subtypes, but no studies have yet demonstrated its impact on predicting response to ICB. As a step toward establishing the predictive value of gene expression classifiers in ICB, we assessed the relationship between PD-L1 IHC and molecular subtypes of ovarian epithelial cancer. This was done by analyzing a total of 93 tissue specimens from patients with stage III and IV disease, and comparing PD-L1 IHC with gene expression by Agilent microarrays using TCGA-defined subtypes. We showed that ovarian tumors with elevated IHC PD-L1 expression are most strongly associated with immunoreactive subtype as compared with other molecular subtypes, reaching statistical significance against differentiated (Dunn’s test, 33.39, p = 0.0003) and mesenchymal (39.63, p < 0.0001) subtypes. Comparing PD-L1 scoring with CPS vs. TPS showed similar trends, but with stronger correlation strength when using CPS (Kruskal–Wallis, H = 27.52, p < 0.0001), as opposed to TPS (H = 25.04, p < 0.0001). Interestingly, while PD-L1 gene expression by microarray was significantly increased in the immunoreactive subtype (H = 20.25, p = 0.0002), it showed a positive but relatively poor correlation to IHC. Overall, the results demonstrate potential value in use of the molecular classifier to select patients for ICB, pending further studies that assess its ability to predict treatment outcomes. In the future, integration of cellular, protein, and genomic biomarkers in the tumor and tumor microenvironment may improve current methods of predicting treatment response.
Social Media and Suicide: A Validation of Terms to Help Identify Suicide-related Social Media Posts.

Communication plays an important role in the prevention of suicide, a leading cause of death in the United States. Prior research suggests people who die by suicide often communicate their intent t...
Does microenema administration improve the quality of DWI sequences in rectal MRI

To determine whether the administration of a microenema immediately prior to rectal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) decreases the level of gas-related artifacts on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences. This retrospective analysis included 492 (183 baseline and 309 post-total neoadjuvant treatment [TNT]) consecutive MRI scans for rectal cancer from January 2019 to January 2020. Scan-related factors were identified including microenema use (yes or no), field of view (FOV) in DWI (b = 800 or b = 1500), and magnet strength (1.5 T or 3 T). Two readers scored DWI studies for gas-related artifacts and T2-weighted sequences for the amount of intraluminal gas on a 5-point scale. Fisher’s exact test and the Rao–Scott Chi-squared test were used to examine associations between microenema use and other factors. Generalized estimating equation and multivariable regression models were performed to examine the effect of microenema use in subgroups of scans for each reader. Cohen’s κ was used to assess inter-reader agreement. Gas-related artifact levels decreased in scans with microenema overall (P < 0.001) as well as when scans were stratified by FOV (P ≤ 0.003). For both readers, post-TNT scans with microenema showed lower artifact levels overall (P < 0.014 and P < 0.001) and in post-TNT subgroups of axial DWI scans (P ≤ 0.006 and P < 0.001) and scans acquired with a 3 T magnet (P ≤ 0.001 for both FOV). No evidence of decreased artifact level was found for baseline studies. Decreased gas was seen with microenema use (P < 0.001 for both readers). Inter-reader agreement on artifact-level and gas-level assessments ranged from slight to substantial (κ = 0.273–0.685). Microenema use prior to rectal MRI reduces gas-related artifacts on DWI, including both large and small FOV sequences and particularly on post-TNT scans performed at 3 T, and offers a viable solution to improve DWI quality.
Robotic Prostatectomy and Prostate Cancer-Related Medicaid Spending: Evidence from New York State

Robotic prostatectomy is a costly new technology, but the costs may be offset by changes in treatment patterns. The net effect of this technology on Medicaid spending has not been assessed. To identify the association of the local availability of robotic surgical technology with choice of initial treatment for prostate cancer and total prostate cancer–related treatment costs. This cohort study used New York State Medicaid data to examine the experience of 9564 Medicaid beneficiaries 40–64 years old who received a prostate biopsy between 2008 and 2017 and were diagnosed with prostate cancer. The local availability of robotic surgical technology was measured as distance from zip code centroids of patient’s residence to the nearest hospital with a robot and the annual number of robotic prostatectomies performed in the Hospital Referral Region. Multivariate linear models were used to relate regional access to robots to the choice of initial therapy and prostate cancer treatment costs during the year after diagnosis. The mean age of the sample of 9564 men was 58 years; 30% of the sample were White, 26% were Black, and 22% were Hispanic. Doubling the distance to the nearest hospital with a robot was associated with a reduction in robotic surgery rates of 3.7 percentage points and an increase in the rate of use of radiation therapy of 5.2 percentage points. Increasing the annual number of robotic surgeries performed in a region by 10 was associated with a decrease in the probability of undergoing radiation therapy of 0.6 percentage point and a $434 reduction in total prostate cancer–related costs per Medicaid patient. A full accounting of the costs of a new technology will depend on when it is used and the payment rate for its use relative to payment rates for substitutes.
Prevalence and Tolerance of Prognostic Uncertainty Among Thoracic Oncologists.

We undertook a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of thoracic oncologists from the American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical directory to characterize whether prognostic uncertainty has increased and if tolerance of uncertainty is associated with prognostic discussion practices. We also assessed the Physicians' Reactions to Uncertainty Scale and presented a vignette about an incurable patient with uncertain life expectancy. One hundred and ninety-two of 438 surveys (43.8%) were received. Of the respondents, 52.1% agreed "there is more prognostic uncertainty in the management of lung cancer now than 10 years ago," and 37.4% noted difficulty "staying up-to-date." In multivariable analyses, physician-reported anxiety about uncertainty (p = .05) and reluctance to disclose uncertainty (p = .04) were inversely associated with reporting having prognostic discussions with most patients. For the vignette, 92.1% reported they would discuss incurability, but only 76.3% said they would discuss the patient's life expectancy. Our data suggest prognostic uncertainty has increased in thoracic oncology and oncologists' tolerance of uncertainty may affect discussion practices.
A Quality Improvement Project to Decrease Length of Stay after Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty Surgery at a Veteran Affairs Academic Medical Center

Abstract Background : The purpose of this Quality Improvement Project (QIP) was to design and implement a multidisciplinary and multimodal pathway aimed at improving the length of stay (LOS) for total hip (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients at the Clement J Zablocki Veteran Affairs Medical Center. Methods : We performed a retrospective data analysis to establish a pre-pathway baseline for comparison and a prospective observational cohort analysis after implementation of the new protocol. We collected data on patients that underwent anterior THA (aTHA), posterior THA (pTHA), and TKA who were admitted before and after implementation of the multidisciplinary total joint pathway. Within the pre-pathway group, we collected data on 165 patients (102 TKA, 30 pTHA, and 33 aTHA) from May 1st, 2017 to January 31st, 2018. For the post-pathway group, we collected data on 208 patients (132 TKA, 36 pTHA, 40 aTHA) from February 1st, 2018 to December 31st, 2018. Demographic information (gender, race, BMI, ASA status, medical comorbidities) was also collected. One-way ANOVA and Chi-Squared tests were performed to determine significance between the groups. Results : Overall, there was no significant change in demographics between our pre and post-pathway groups. The TKA pre-pathway group average LOS was 3.06±1.32 days vs. 2.23±1.06 days in the TKA post-pathway LOS group (p Conclusions : We found that by focusing on pre-operative education, utilization of pre-operative physical therapy sessions, and post-operative mobilization within our new total joint pathway, the average LOS for our THA and TKA patients either met or fell below the VA LOS national averages. In addition, LOS within our institution was significantly decreased for posterior THA patients and TKA patients after implementation of the multidisciplinary clinical care pathway. The benefits of the new pathway were not seen in the anterior THA group.
Perinatal Enterovirus Infections

This chapter summarizes information about the effects of enteroviral infections during gestation and the neonatal period. Pathology of the human fetus infected in utero with enteroviruses has been described in several reports. The majority of enterovirus (poliovirus and nonpoliovirus)-infected newborns are presumed to be infected intrapartum or postnatally via exposure to maternal blood, vaginal secretions, or oropharyngeal secretions or feces of mothers or other infectious contacts. Maternal poliovirus infection during gestation is associated with an increased risk of fetal loss, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation, and prematurity, particularly when maternal infection occurs early in pregnancy. Fetal loss was greatest with maternal infection in the first trimester, occurring in almost half of clinically affected pregnancies in one series, and with severe maternal disease, although fetal loss with mild, nonparalytic maternal illness was also observed. Researchers have reported several cases of abortion between the third and fifth months of pregnancy and stillbirths during the ninth month associated with enteroviral infection; echovirus 27, echovirus 33, coxsackievirus B2, and coxsackievirus B6 were implicated by placental and/or fetal cultures (brain, liver, heart, kidney, adrenal glands, and/or spleen). Viral culture is the standard technique for diagnosis of neonatal enteroviral infections. The highest-yield specimens in the newborn are rectum or stool and cerebrospinal fluid. Symptomatic newborns most often require hospitalization both for diagnostic evaluation and for empiric treatment of possible bacterial and/or herpes simplex virus infection, because the symptoms of enteroviral infection are nonspecific.
Bacteriophages and the Bacterial Genome

This chapter focuses on the doublestranded DNA (dsDNA) phages, and especially on the temperate phages. While virulent phages certainly perform transduction and engage in evolutionary sparring with their hosts and so influence their evolution, the chapter focuses mainly on the complex interactions of temperate phages with their hosts. Bacteriophages may thus have contributed to the current compact nature of bacterial genomes. The approximately 100 currently published bacterial genome complete nucleotide sequences, and about 285 prophages are related to known bacteriophages. Of the more than 280 prophages in the currently sequenced bacterial genomes, only a few are known to be fully functional bacteriophages. There are two rather complex types of genetic entity in which this appears to have happened: the phage tail-like bacteriocins and the gene transfer agents. To date, protection from other phages and disease virulence factors are the lysogenic conversion genes that have been discovered and studied in the laboratory, but this likely reflects their ease of study and the lifestyles of the hosts studied. Our ideas about how bacteriophages have affected the nature of the bacterial chromosome are necessarily based on extrapolations from things we know about bacteriophage biology and from inferences based on the current structure of the bacterial genomes, and not on direct observation of those processes over evolutionary time.
Community Radio in Political Theory and Development Practice

While to political theorists in the United States ‘community radio’ may seem a quaint holdover of the democratization movements of the 1960s, community radio has been an important tool in development contexts for decades. In this paper I investigate how community radio is conceptualized within and outside of the development frame, as a solution to development problems, as part of development projects communication strategy, and as a tool for increasing democratic political participation in development projects. I want to show that community radio is an essential tool of democratization and democracy outside of the development frame. To do so, I will bring out the conceptual and structural dimensions of community radio through examples of existing community radios, both those which are independently created and those which have been created as development projects. These structural and conceptual elements provide community radio the potential to realize the goals of development practice while avoiding characteristic pitfalls. These ‘pitfalls’ of development are also pitfalls of democratization and democracy in existing democratic states, and include: depoliticization, limited participation, particularly of marginalized groups. Key Words: Community media, community radio, empowerment, refugee radio, democracy, development, communicative democracy
Solving the Sverdlovsk Mystery

Anthrax The Investigation of a Deadly Outbreak. Jeanne Guillemin. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1999. 339 pp. $27.50. ISBN 0-520-22204-0. Guillemin blends epidemiology, Russian history, and the scientific method in her account of the 1992 investigation by U.S. scientists (in which she played a major role) into the cause of the anthrax epidemic that struck Sverdlovsk in 1979.
An object-oriented framework for simulation

This paper presents an object oriented approach to modeling in circuit simulation. The device is an object. The device type is a class. The generic branch is its base class, which provides most of the functions needed to implement a model. The approach results in a significant advantage by reducing the programming effort required to install new models and new simulation algorithms in the simulator.
Sex determination and the Y chromosome: The application of molecular genetic technique to behavioral genetics

In mammals, the Y chromosome mediates both gonadogenesis and spermatogenesis. It is also known to influence such traits as histocompatibility, sperm head morphology, pubertal (but not adult) testosterone level, sexual behavior, and aggressive behavior. An immediate goal in my laboratory is the isolation and characterization of the Y chromosomal gene responsible for initiating differentiation of the primitive bipotential gonads to become testes: the Y chromosomal gonadogenesis gene. Function of this gene initiates a cascade of events involving large numbers of other genes scattered throughout the genome, but it is not responsible for initiating development of all of the male phenotype; where : is XXSxr karyotype males, bearing the Sxr region of the Y chromosome which includes this gene, are sterile. It is not known if this gene influences those behaviors known to be influenced by the Y chromosome. If animals with an XXSxr karyotype, transgenic for specific Y chromosomal genes, could be produced, questions such as this could be answered. The developmental biology of the testis, molecular genetics of the Sxr region of the Y chromosome, and isolation of the testis determination gene from DNA of XXSxr males are discussed. Also discussed are the production of transgenic mice and the prospects for using such animals as coisogenic strains, differing by precisely known DNA sequences, in behavior genetic analysis. Such animals could be used both to test for behavioral phenotype and to dissect out biochemical and neurological mechanisms responsible for the behavior.
An identity of the jacobi type for pfaffians

Abstract The paper refers to the well-known identity, published by Jacobi in 1833, relating each minor of a determinant to the complementary minor of the adjugate determinant. An exactly analogous identity is proved for Pfaffians, making use of Cayley's theorem of 1847, relating a skew-symmetric determinant to its Pfaffian.
Passive quadrupedal bounding with a segmented flexible torso

This paper examines the effect of torso flexibility on the dynamics of quadrupedal running with a bounding gait. A reduced-order passive and conservative model with a segmented flexible torso and compliant legs is introduced to study torso-leg coordination. Numerical return map studies reveal that a large variety of cyclic bounding motions can be realized passively, as a natural mode of the system. Despite the simplicity of the model, the resulting motions correspond to torso bending movements that resemble those in galloping mammals without explicit reliance on the fine structural and morphological details. This way, the proposed model offers a unifying description of the task-level locomotion behavior, and can be used to inform feedback control synthesis by serving as a behavioral target for the control system.
'Plucking a Crow' in The Comedy of Errors

The account of the Christmas revels at Gray’s Inn in 1594, published after the fact and known as the Gesta Grayorum, is the rich and largely unexplored context of the first recorded performance of Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors. In referring to the Gesta, scholars usually mention the “tumult” that caused part of the original entertainments for the evening of the performance to be abandoned, even though Shakespeare’s play was performed as planned. Little critical attention, though, has been given to the Gesta as a dramatic piece in itself. This is a pity because when we look at Errors in context, we see that the play takes significant cues from the framing revels, not only in a direct echoing of its themes, but in subverting them in humorous ways. Moreover, Shakespeare seems to take advantage of the revels’ leaning towards satirical and topical comment in order to insert some of his own, particularly in order to respond to Greene’s attack on him as an ‘upstart crow’. In a scene in which Shakespeare clearly demonstrates his virtuosity in the skills that Greene suggests he lacks, he reiterates Greene’s insult in order to humorously deflate it, a tactic he has used earlier in the play in drawing attention to his detractor’s idiosyncrasies of appearance and inadequacy of wit.
Control of residual background carriers in undoped mid-infrared InAs/GaSb superlattices

The performance and operating temperature of infrared (IR) detectors is largely limited by thermal generation and noise processes in the active region of the device. Particularly, excess background charge carriers enhance Auger recombination and dark currents, and depress the detector figures of merit. Therefore, reducing background carriers in the undoped region of pin diodes is an important issue for developing high-operating temperature IR detectors. In this paper, we discuss how, through low-temperature Hall measurements, we optimized several growth and design parameters to lower residual carrier densities in various mid-IR InAs/GaSb superlattice (SL) designs. Among the growth/processing parameters investigated in the 21 A InAs/24 A GaSb SLs, neither growth temperature nor in-situ post-growth annealing significantly affected the overall carrier type and density. All of the mid-IR SL samples investigated were residually p-type. The lowest carrier density (1.8x10 11 cm -2 ) was achieved in SLs grown at 400 °C and the density was not reduced any further by a post-growth anneal. The growth parameter that most affected the carrier density was interface composition control. With a minor variation in interface shutter sequence, the carrier density dramatically increased from ~2x10 11 to 5x10 12 cm -2 , and the corresponding mobility dropped from 6600 to 26 cm 2 /Vs, indicating a degradation of interface quality. However, the carrier density was further reduced to 1x10 11 cm -2 by increasing the GaSb layer width. More importantly, a dramatic improvement on the photoluminescence intensity was achieved with wider GaSb SLs. The disadvantage is that as GaSb layer width increases from 24 to 48 A, the photoluminescence peak position shifts from 4.1 to 3.4 μm, for a fixed InAs width of 21 A, indicating a photodiode based on these wider designs would fall short of fully covering the 3 to 5 μm mid-IR spectral region.
Thermal history of the multi-well experiment (MWX) site, Piceance Creek Basin Northwestern Colorado, derived from fission-track analysis

Abstract Fission-track analysis (FTA) of apatite and zircon from 19 depth intervals in two drill holes at the MWX site in the Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado, is used to determine the burial and subsequent cooling history of the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group and the Paleocene Wasatch Formation. The fission-track data, as well as available temperature, vitrinite reflectance, and geological information, indicate that the sampled sediments attained maximum burial at approximately 10 Ma, with maximum temperatures in the 150–200°C range. After 10 Ma the sediments began to cool during erosion related to the downcutting of the Colorado River, which lies just to the north of the MWX site. The heat flow in this area has remained relatively constant for the past 10 Ma.
Bulwer's misanthropes and the limits of Victorian sympathy.

Twenty-one-years old, intent on writing a "History of the British Public," Edward Lytton Bulwer feared in 1824 that the destruction of social values, including sympathy, would spawn widespread misery. Time and experience only intensified this concern. Having come to doubt that the "age of [...] reconstruct[ion]" would redress cultural misery and reform, Bulwer later revised his precocious argument.l In April 1863, for example, Bulwer, now aged sixty, published a scathing critique of "The Modern Misanthrope" in Blackwood's, in which he claimed that Victorian intellectuals donned their "masked misan-
Effect of restricted feeding regimens on compensatory weight gain and body tissue changes in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in ponds

Year 2 channel catfish averaging 41 g were stocked in 0.04 ha earthen ponds at the rate of 13 750 fish ha−1. When daytime water temperature reached 25 °C, one group of fish (four ponds per group) was placed on restricted feeding for 3 weeks during which time the fish were fed once every 3 days, another group was on restricted feeding for 6 weeks, another group was on restricted feeding for 9 weeks, and another group (control) was on full feeding continuously for the 18 week feeding period. All fish were fed as much as they would consume when placed on full feeding. After 18 weeks, the fish on restricted feeding for 3 weeks weighed approximately the same as the control, in fact, they required only 3 weeks on full feeding to catch up with the control. Fish on restricted feeding for 6 and 9 weeks weighed less (P < 0.05) than the control at the end of the experiment; however, their gains were 90% and 86%, respectively, as much as the control. Feed conversion for the 18 week period was the same for all treatments. Dressing yield and body composition (total fat, protein, moisture) were the same for all treatments at the end of the trial. Immediately following the period of feed deprivation, body fat in all restricted fed fish was lower than in the control fish but within 3 weeks on full-feeding body fat in these fish increased to levels equal to those of the control fish. Muscle fiber diameter was not different among treatments at any period. These results indicate that Year 2 channel catfish in production ponds can partially or completely recover in weight gain and body composition from periods of limited feeding provided they are subsequently fed to satiety.
Prenatal TCDD causes persistent modulation of the postnatal immune response, and exacerbates inflammatory disease, in 36-week-old lupus-like autoimmune SNF1 mice.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal exposure to the persistent environmental pollutant and model Ah receptor agonist, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), has been shown to permanently suppress postnatal cell-mediated immunity. More recently, skewing of select adult T and B cell responses toward enhanced inflammation has also been described in C57BL/6 mice after prenatal TCDD. This raises questions about adverse postnatal immune consequences of prenatal TCDD in animals genetically predisposed to inappropriate inflammatory responses. METHODS: Lupus-prone SNF1 mice were exposed to 0, 40, or 80 µg/kg TCDD on gestation day (gd) 12 and examined at 36 weeks-of-age for immunomodulatory effects that correlated with worsened lupus pathology. RESULTS: Bone marrow pro- and large pre-B cells were decreased by prenatal TCDD, in both adult male and female mice, as were pre- and immature B cells. Splenic CD23−CD1hi and CD19+CD5+ B cells were increased in males, as were B220hi B cells in females, further suggesting persistent disruption of B cell lymphopoiesis by prenatal TCDD. Female mice displayed decreased IL-10 production by ConA-activated splenocytes, while males underproduced IL-4. Autoreactive CD4+Vβ17a+ spleen T cells were increased in both sexes by 80 µg/kg TCDD. Male mice but not females showed increased anti-ds DNA and cardiolipin autoantibody levels. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal TCDD augmented the hallmark indicators of SLE progression in the lupus-prone SNF1 mice, including renal immune complex deposition, glomerulonephritis, and mesangial proliferation. Prenatal TCDD therefore caused persistent modulation of the postnatal immune response, and exacerbated inflammatory disease, in lupus-like autoimmune SNF1 mice. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:82–94, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Completions of regular rings

This paper is concerned with the structure of the completion of a (von Neumann) regular ring R with respect to a pseudo-rank function, and with the connections between the ring-theoretic structure of such a completion and the geometric structure of the compact convex set lP(R) of all pseudo-rank functions on R. Given a finite or infinite positive convex combination N = 2;~ RPR in 1P(R), it is shown that if the Pk lie in pairwise disjoint faces of IP(R), then the N-completion of R is naturally isomorphic to the direct product of the Pk-completions of R. Given N, Pc IP(R), it is shown that P extends to a pseudo-rank function on the N-completion of R if and only if P lies in the closure of the face generated by N in IP(R). Other results develop representations of the faces and extreme points in IP(R). This research was partially supported by Grant No. GP-43029 of the National Science Foundation (USA). All rings in this paper are associative with unit, and ring maps are assumed to preserve the unit.
Monte-Carlo dual parton model as analyzed by factorial moments and SBCFs

A Monte-Carlo implementation of the Dual Parton Model of multiparticle production is analyzed by means of scaled factorial moments and split-bin correlation functions. Correlations provided by multi-chain production and resonance decays are studied for different versions of the model. The model underestimates the Collider experimental data on factorial moments. Possible origins of the discrepancies are discussed.
Amenable ergodic group actions and an application to Poisson boundaries of random walks

Abstract We introduce and study the class of amenable ergodic group actions which occupy a position in ergodic theory parallel to that of amenable groups in group theory. We apply this notion to questions about skew products, the range (i.e., Poincare flow) of a cocycle, and to Poisson boundaries.
Field evidence for differences in post-fire aeolian transport related to vegetation type in semi-arid grasslands

Abstract Disturbances such as wildfires, which cause a temporary reduction in vegetation cover, can greatly accelerate soil erosion by wind and promote dust emissions. Enhanced erosion leads to a reduction in soil fertility and the post-fire mobilisation of soil and associated emissions of dust represent a significant concern for ecosystem management and risk assessment. Here we investigate the temporal change of aeolian activity following a wildfire within both a managed grassland and an adjacent shrub encroached grassland at the Cimarron National Grassland, KS, USA. Our results indicate that, even though the grassland and shrub encroached grassland sites exhibit comparable aeolian activity soon after the fire, the duration of the post-disturbance period of aeolian activity (or “window of disturbance”) is shorter in the case of grassland than in the case of shrub encroached grassland. The degree of post-fire aeolian transport and its attenuation with time is strongly affected by the antecedent vegetation type. These findings have implications for management of semi-arid grasslands under both changing vegetation types (shrub encroachment) and disturbance (fire) regimes.
Estimating Avogadro's number from skylight and airlight

Naked-eye determinations of the visual range yield order-of-magnitude estimates of Avogadro's number, using an argument of Rayleigh. Alternatively, by looking through a cardboard tube, we can compare airlight and skylight and give another estimate of this number using the law of atmospheres.
The Pervasiveness of Data Mining asnd Machine Learning

A collection of four articles highlights the ever-growing importance of data mining and machine learning in multiple fields.
Effect of soft segment and clay volume fraction on rate dependent damping of polyurethane and polyurethane-clay nanocomposites:

Amorphous polymers have been extensively used for energy dissipative applications due to their relatively low density and controllable rate dependent damping. In general, molecular mobility depends on the rate of applied loading and the ambient temperature, and results in a wide variety of mechanical properties. The variation in the macromolecular chain dynamics can be obtained by altering the chemical architecture and morphology of the constituent monomers. The present study is focused on finding a correlation between the chemical structure of the constituent monomer and the rate dependent viscous damping of the macromolecules. Polyurethane (PU) made up of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and polycaprolactone diol (PCL) is considered to estimate the effect of soft segments (diol content) on damping property of PU. A linear viscoelastic mathematical model (based on standard-linear solid (SLS) model) is used to extract the rate dependent relaxation time constants for the materials. It is found that increasing the soft segment content in the PU does not improve damping limitlessly. Beyond a critical percentage of soft segment content, characteristic relaxation times have a significant drop. Further, the analysis is extended for PU-clay nanocomposites and a correlation between the clay volume fraction and relaxation constants is established. The study will help to choose and design PU and volume percentage of clay nanoparticle for manufacturing PU-clay nanocomposites with desired damping property.