cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An exact solution for free torsional vibration of a uniform circular shaft carrying multiple concentrated elements

Abstract For a uniform circular shaft carrying multiple concentrated elements (such as rotary inertias and/or torsional springs) with arbitrary magnitudes and locations, a lot of existing techniques may be used to obtain its “approximate” natural frequencies and mode shapes, but this is not true for the “exact” solutions. The purpose of this paper is to present some information in this aspect. Because the classical analytical method is lengthy and tedious for the title problem if the total number of the attached concentrated elements is larger, this paper adopts the numerical assembly method (NAM) to tackle the problem. In which, the “left” side and the “right” side of each attaching point together with the “left” end and the “right” end of a uniform circular shaft are considered as the nodal points, the associated integration constants are considered as nodal displacements and each of the associated coefficient matrices is considered as the element stiffness matrix of a shaft element, then the assembly technique of the direct stiffness matrix method for the conventional finite element method (FEM) is used to obtain the “overall” coefficient matrix [ B ]. Any trial value of ω j that renders the value of the determinant ∣ B ∣ vanishes denoting one of the eigenvalues of the uniform circular shaft carrying multiple concentrated elements, and the substitution of the associated integration constants into the relevant eigenfunctions determines the corresponding mode shape. To confirm the reliability of the presented algorithm, all the numerical results obtained from the NAM were compared with the corresponding ones obtained from the published literature or the FEM and good agreement was achieved.
A comparative study of the kinetics and energetics of oligomer desorption from graphite

Abstract The desorption kinetics of polyethyleneglycols (PEGs) of varying chain length, N, have been studied on the surface of graphite. The chain length dependence of the Δ E des ‡ has been measured for PEGs and compared with those of n-alkanes and polyethyleneglycol dimethylethers (PEG-DMEs) adsorbed on graphite. The short PEGs have higher Δ E des ‡ than PEG-DMEs of comparable length. More importantly, in the short chain regime (N Δ E des ‡ of the PEGs are linear in chain length while the Δ E des ‡ of the n-alkanes and PEG-DMEs are non-linear in chain length. For long chain lengths (N > 30) the Δ E des ‡ of the PEGs become non-linear and approach those of the PEG-DMEs. The differences between the short chain PEGs and the n-alkanes and PEG-DMEs are attributable to the hydroxyl endgroups of the PEGs.
Fusion of multisensor data into 3-D spatial information

A spherical model for fusion of multisensory data into 3-D spatial information is presented. It is the combination of existing models in visual, thermal, radar and other sensing systems. This unified approach is efficient in managing and processing different kinds of sensory data. Not only the mathematical overhead is eliminated, but also we get a more transparent picture of various techniques in multisensor fusion.
Chalcogenide Glass Optical Fibers And Image Bundles: Properties And Applications

The fabrication of IR optical fibers for the 2- to 14-µm region is described. Both cylindrical and square fibers fabricated from rods and tubes are discussed. The physical properties of the GeSbSe glasses and optical fibers are reviewed. Fabrication of different fiber bundles is also reported. The applications of IR optical fibers and bundles are described, and system performance and parametric analyses are developed for some applications, including thermal imaging, IR sensors, CO2 laser power guide, and low-loss optical fibers.
Halogenation of vinyl ketoximes. Synthesis of isoxazoles and preparation and silver ion-promoted reactions of 4-halo-2-isoxazolines

Reaction of several α,β-unsaturated ketoximes with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) gave isoxazoles, but yields were lower and the reaction less general than a similar transformation using iodine under basic conditions. With β,β-disubstituted oximes, 4-halo-5,5-disubstituted-2-isoxazolines were obtained using NBS, iodine, or N-chlorosuccinimide. Treatment of the 4-bromoisoxazo-lines with silver acetate or silver nitrate caused either elimination with rearrangement to give isoxazoles or substitution at C-4, depending upon the nature of the substituents at C-5.
Influence of Reduced Electron Shuttling Compounds on Biological H2 Production in the Fermentative Pure Culture Clostridium beijerinckii

Several reports suggest that extracellular electron shuttles influence fermentative metabolism in a beneficial manner for bioremediation and biotechnology strategies. The focus of this research was to characterize the effects of reduced electron shuttling molecules on fermentative H2 production. Reduced electron shuttles may provide reducing equivalents to generate H2, which influences alternate cellular processes. Electron shuttling compounds cycle between reduced-oxidized states and influence fermentative physiology. Clostridium beijerinckii fermentation was altered using a physiological approach that resulted in H2 production with the reduced extracellular electron shuttle anthrahydroquinone-2,6,-disulfonate (AH2QDS) and biologically reduced humic substances as the primary electron donors. Cells were suspended in a buffer with an excess of the biological electron transfer molecule NAD+, with AH2QDS (100–1000 μM) or biologically reduced humic substances (0.01–0.025 g/L) as the sole electron source. Increasing concentrations of AH2QDS and reduced humics increased H2 production, while H2 production was suppressed by Fe(III) hydroxides, which outcompeted the cells for electrons from the reduced shuttles, suggesting that the shuttles are in fact electron donors for H2 production. Oxidized AQDS/humics did not increase H2 production. Organic acid production shifted toward butyric acid in the presence of reduced electron shuttles, particularly with growing cells. Growth and hydrogen production rates in growing cells were initially faster in the presence of the reduced electron shuttles; however, the final biomass yield was inversely proportional to the starting AH2QDS concentration, which suggests that reduced shuttles may compete with anabolic cell processes for available energetic resources or that the shift to excess butyrate becomes toxic to the cells.
Evaluation of High Temperature Rheological Characteristics of Asphalt Binder with Carbon Nano Particles

In recent years, nano technology, a relatively new field in science dealing with structures that are on the nano scale, have been used in numerous applications to improve properties of various materials. However, the use of this technology has not been explored in detail in the area of asphalt binder materials. The objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the high temperature rheological properties of the binders containing various percentages of carbon nano particles. The experimental design for this study included the utilization of five binder sources, three binder grades (PG 64-22, PG 64-16, and PG 52-28), one type of nano particle, and four percentages of nano particles (0.0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, and 1.5 % by weight of the virgin binder). Some of the rheological characteristics of these binders were obtained, including rotational viscometer (four testing temperatures of 120, 135, 150 , and 165°C) and dynamic shear rheometer. The results of the experiments indicated that the addition of nano particles was helpful in increasing the viscosity, failure temperature, phase angle, and viscous and elastic modulus values and in improving the rutting resistance of the binders. On the other hand, the binder sources and grades generally influenced their rheological properties as the nano particles were added to the asphalt binder.
Points of Principle

larly for readers new to the study of fugue. Confusion is also likely to be generated by a number of errors in references to bar numbers and voices. Overall, however, the book is a lucid guide, with both breadth of reference and depth of insight. Kerman's premise is that 'music's grip on our inner life is tied up with our other feelings, not predicated, as used to be argued, on some special "aesthetic emotion"' (p. 147). This could be taken as licence for pure subjectivity, but Kerman's stance is rooted in both historical awareness and a searching exploration of the music. His ability to make comparisons across the whole of Bach's work, remarking on his incorporation of new ideas (such as the empfindsamer Stil associated with his son, Carl Philipp Emmanuel) and giving specific instances of his influence on later composers, provides perspective. His criticism never boasts of its own brilliance, but seeks to lead others towards a greater appreciation of the music Kerman loves and admires.
Genetic population structure of Pacific Hake, Merluccius productus, in the Pacific Northwest

This study presents the first protein electrophoretic study of population structure within the Georgia Basin Pacific hake Distinct Population Segment, as defined under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Forty-one allozyme loci (29 polymorphic) were analyzed in samples from three Pacific hake spawning populations on the west coast of North America: (1) Port Susan, Puget Sound, Washington (three temporal samples); (2) south central Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada (two temporal samples); and (3) offshore of southern California (two temporal samples) (total n = 664). Mean heterozygosity over all loci was 12–13% for all populations. Within-population temporal samples were not significantly different from one another, but statistically significant differences were detected at 15 of the 29 polymorphic loci (p<0.05) among the three populations. Differences at eight of these loci were highly significant (p <0.001): ADA*, ALAT*, bGALA*, GPI-A*, sIDHP*, LDH-A*, MPI*, and PEP-B*. The two Georgia Basin populations were significantly different at six loci: bGALA*, sIDHP*, LDH–A*, MPI*, PGK*, and PGM–2* (p <0.05). Nei’s genetic distance (D) was 0.0006 between Port Susan and Strait of Georgia pooled temporal samples, and 0.005 between these populations and offshore Pacific hake. FST was 0.02 and 0.0046 among all three populations and among the Georgia Basin populations, respectively. Both FST estimates were significantly greater than zero, and the results suggest a high degree of demographic isolation among all three populations.
Using Tolerance-Maps to Generate Frequency Distributions of Clearance and Allocate Tolerances for Pin-Hole Assemblies

A new mathematical model for representing the geometric variations of lines is extended to include probabilistic representations of one-dimensional (1D) clearance, which arise from positional variations of the axis of a hole, the size of the hole, and a pin-hole assembly. The model is compatible with the ASME/ ANSI/ISO Standards for geometric tolerances. Central to the new model is a Tolerance-Map (T-Map) (Patent No. 69638242), a hypothetical volume of points that models the 3D variations in location and orientation for a segment of a line (the axis), which can arise from tolerances on size, position, orientation, and form. Here, it is extended to model the increases in yield that occur when maximum material condition (MMC) is specified and when tolerances are assigned statistically rather than on a worst-case basis; the statistical method includes the specification of both size and position tolerances on a feature. The frequency distribution of 1D clearance is decomposed into manufacturing bias, i.e., toward certain regions of a Tolerance-Map, and into a geometric bias that can be computed from the geometry of multidimensional T-Maps. Although the probabilistic representation in this paper is built from geometric bias, and it is presumed that manufacturing bias is uniform, the method is robust enough to include manufacturing bias in the future. Geometric bias alone shows a greater likelihood of small clearances than large clearances between an assembled pin and hole. A comparison is made between the effects of choosing the optional material condition MMC and not choosing it with the tolerances that determine the allowable variations in position.
EZ interface techniques for anytime anywhere anyone interfaces

Electronic products are being introduced at an increasingly rapid rate into our schools, workplaces, and daily living environments. Rather than taking the form of standard desktop systems, however, many of these new technologies are small mobile systems which are intended to be used in a wide variety environments. This is calling for the development of new more flexible interface strategies which can be used at various times in eyes free, hands free, silent and noisy situations and environments. In addition, the ability for people with disabilities to be able to access and use these products is an increasingly important issue which also calls for the development of flexible user selectable input and display approaches. Proposed is a package of interface techniques called "EZ Access™." Together, these techniques provide users with the ability to operate in a wide range of environments and situations. They similarly are able to accommodate individuals with a wide range of abilities or constraints. The strategies have been designed so that they are flexible enough to be applied to a wide range of products from cellular phones to ATMs to pocket computers, to microwave ovens.
Liquid phase epitaxial growth of Ca, Ge-Substituted garnet films having magnetic bubbles 1.0–3.0 μm in diameter

Abstract Ca, Ge-substituted, magnetic garnet films which would support bubbles of 1.0–3.0 μm diameter were grown by isothermal deposition frm supersaturated PbO-B 2 O 3 fluxes upon garnet films were yttriumm iron garnet Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 , in which rare earths substituted for yttrium and Ge substituted for Fe. Ca was added to charge compensate the Ge. A typical composition of a 2 μm bubble film might be Y 1.35Lu 0.3 Sm 0.6 Ca 0.75 Fe 4.25 O 12 , but the compositions of the films were varied by modifying the composition of the growth solution and the growth conditions. The magnetic properties of the films were dependent upon film perfection and composition. Bubble mobilities ranged ≈300–1000 cm/sec-Oe. The films, whose thickness varied from 1.0–3.0 μm to match buble diameters, were uniform in thickness to less than 0.30 μm across a 2.54 cm diameter slice. The properties of the films were sufficiently stable with temperature from 0–100°C to indicate that these materials could be used in memory devices.
Reclamation and Sediment Control in the Middle Yellow River Valley

ABSTRACT An extensive sediment-control program, the first phase of a major reclamation program, is proposed for the Yellow River, 's loess region in China. The project involves the construction of tens of thousands of small earth dams on all major gullies carved out from the region's remote loess plateau so as to retain eroded soil, to reduce river sediment, and to provide a much-needed water resource for regional development. Based on results of pilot studies, the proposed program is shown to be feasible and cost effective, with promise of enormous benifits
Long-term survival of the axial valley morphology at abandoned slow-spreading centers

Results of a lithospheric stretching model of mid-ocean ridges suggest that the axial valley topography created at active slow-spreading centers may be preserved for tens of millions of years after cessation of spreading. We simulate the evolution of a slow-spreading center using a finite-element model that incorporates a temperature-dependent rheology and discrete faulting. Model results show that significant valley morphology persists after regional extension ceases because the high lithospheric viscosities associated with a slow-spreading center prevent ductile relaxation and because no effective mechanism exists to reverse rift-bounding normal faults. Removal of the axial valley can only be accomplished by reversal of the regional extensional strains immediately upon cessation of active spreading. However, such a process does not seem likely. These results suggest that the persistence of axial valleys at extinct spreading centers is consistent with a lithospheric stretching model for active slow-spreading ridges.
A Systems Supervisory Model for Principals: Where Are We?.

Finding time to supervise staff is a concern of most principals. The model presented here attempts to help principals improve their efforts to supervise their staffs democratically.
Equilibrium between band tails and dangling bonds in a-Si:H

Abstract The electronic states within the mobility gap of undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) are divided into two groups—shallow (associated with distorted by still tetrahedrally bonded atoms) and deep (associated with under- or over-coordinated atoms). We propose that the densities of these two groups of defect states are intimately related; the number of deep defects is shown explicitly to depend on the sharpness of the band-tail (shallow defect) distribution. If the band-tail states themselves have been allowed to equilibrate (for a given amount of topological disorder) then a simple relation exists between the mean bond-angle deviation (off the ideal tetrahedral angle) and the sharpness of the valence band tail.
Esophageal involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis

Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) is characterized by granulomatous vasculitis, renal disease, and upper and lower respiratory tract disease. Although most organ systems can be involved, gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are notably uncommon. We describe a patient with WG whose presentation was unique for the prominence of odynophagia. Esophagoscopy revealed erosive esophagitis, which on biopsy was shown to be due to direct involvement by the underlying vasculitis. This is first antermortem documentation of esophageal disease secondary to WG. The GI manifestations of WG are reviewed.
Consistent Ecological Selectivity through Time in Pacific Island Avian Extinctions

Abstract: Understanding the ecological mechanisms that lead to extinction is a central goal of conservation. Can understanding ancient avian extinctions help to predict extinction risk in modern birds? I used classification trees trained on both paleoecological and historical data from islands across the Pacific to determine the ecological traits associated with extinction risk. Intrinsic traits, including endemism, large body size, and certain feeding guilds, were tightly linked with avian extinction over the past 3500 years. Species ecology and phylogeny were better predictors of extinction risk through time than extrinsic or abiotic factors. Although human impacts on birds and their habitats have changed over time, modern endangered birds share many of the same ecological characteristics as victims of previous extinction waves. My use of detailed predictions of extinction risk to identify species potentially in need of conservation attention demonstrates the utility of paleoecological knowledge for modern conservation biology. Resumen: El entendimiento de los mecanismos que conducen a la extincion es una meta central para la conservacion. ?Podra el entendimiento de las extinciones aviares antiguas ayudar a predecir el riesgo de extincion en las aves modernas? Utilicearboles de decision concentrados en datos paleoecologicos e historicos de islas en el Pacifico para determinar los atributos ecologicos asociados con el riesgo de extincion. Los atributos intrinsecos, incluyendo endemismo, tamano corporal grande y ciertos gremios alimenticios, se relacionaron estrechamente con la extincion aviar en los ultimos 3500 anos. La ecologia y filogenia de la especie fueron mejores predictores del riesgo de extincion que los factores extrinsecos o abioticos. Aunque los impactos humanos sobre las aves y sus habitats han cambiado con el tiempo, las aves modernas en peligro comparten muchas de las caracteristicas ecologicas con las victimas de previas oleadas de extincion. Mi utilizacion de predicciones detalladas del riesgo de extincion para identificar especies que potencialmente requieren de acciones de conservacion demuestra la utilidad del conocimiento paleoecologico para la biologia de la conservacion moderna.
A practical solution to the numerical butterfly effect in chaotic systems for fast but memory limited computers

The sensitive dependence on initial conditions found in nonlinear chaotic systems is known as the “butterfly effect”. Such systems when numerically analyzed can exhibit a convergence instability when employing standard numerical methods. Presented here is a practical numerical method for eliminating the “under-resolution” problem observed when solving for solutions to nonlinear chaotic systems with fast but memory limited computers. The proposed idea of using a micro-integrator loop was applied with the Modified Euler Method of numerical integration. The improvement offered by combining the micro-integrator loop with the classical integration scheme created an avenue for achieving convergence using much less memory than would be required if the micro-integrator loop was not employed.
The Homicide Drop in Postwar Japan

Japan's homicide rate dropped 70% in the last 50 years, and the nation now has one of the lowest homicide rates in the world. A decline of this magnitude has been documented in few other contempora...
Where Do Agricultural Producers Get Safety and Health Information

ABSTRACTThere is little empirical guidance regarding communication sources and channels used and trusted by agricultural producers. The goal of this study was to characterize frequency of use and levels of trust in agricultural safety and health information sources and channels accessed by agricultural producers. A sample of 195 agricultural producers was surveyed at county fairs in Iowa. Information was collected about the frequency of use and level of trust in 14 information sources and channels. Associations between age, gender, and education level and use and trust of each information source or channel were estimated using logistic regression. The sample consisted of 72% men with a mean age of 50.1 (SD = 15.6) years. Newspaper and magazine articles were the most commonly used agricultural safety and health information source or channel; 77% (n = 140) of respondents reporting using them at least monthly. Among those reporting monthly or more frequent use, 75% reported trusting mostly or completely, com...
Sexual competition and the evolution of hermaphroditism.

Abstract The low density model produced by Tomlinson to describe the evolution of hermaphroditism is shown to undervalue the level of gain to hermaphrodites in small populations. This model is revised to take into account gains for hermaphrodites in breeding units where not only one but where both sexes of gonochorists occur. This revision permits hermaphrodites significant gains in populations as large as 50 individuals. Simulation results are used to evaluate the revised model of hermaphroditism.
Intensity Modulation: A Novel Approach to Percept Control in Spinal Cord Stimulation

Objective Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) can be effective for neuropathic pain, but clinical benefit is sometimes inadequate or is offset by stimulation-induced side-effects, and response can be inconsistent among patients. Intensity-modulated stimulation (IMS) is an alternative to tonic stimulation (TS) that involves continuous variation of stimulation intensity in a sinusoidal pattern between two different values, sequentially activating distinct axonal populations to produce an effect that resembles natural physiological signals. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of IMS on the clinical effect of SCS. Methods Seven patients undergoing a percutaneous SCS trial for postlaminectomy syndrome were enrolled. Thresholds for perception, pain relief, and discomfort were measured and used to create patient-specific models of axonal activation and charge delivery for both TS and IMS. All participants underwent three two-min periods of blinded stimulation using TS, IMS, and placebo, and were asked to describe the effect on quality of the sensory percept and pain relief. Results All participants perceived IMS differently from placebo, and five noted significant differences from TS that resulted in a more comfortable sensation. TS was described as electric and tingling, whereas IMS was described as producing a focal area of deep pressure with a sense of motion away from that focus. The anatomic location of coverage was similar between the two forms of stimulation, although one participant reported better lower back coverage with IMS. Computer modeling revealed that, compared with TS, IMS involved 36.4% less charge delivery and produced 78.7% less suprathreshold axonal activation. Conclusions IMS for SCS is feasible, produces a more comfortable percept than conventional TS, and appears to provide a similar degree of pain relief with significantly lower energy requirements. Further studies are necessary to determine whether this represents an effective alternative to tonic SCS for treatment of neuropathic pain.
Do chestnut, northern red, and white oak germinant seedlings respond similarly to light treatments? II. Gas exchange and chlorophyll responses

Understanding differences in physiological and growth strategies in low-light environments among upland oak species may help managers address the challenges of oaks' poor regeneration. Gas exchange and chlorophyll content were measured for northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), and white oak (Quercus alba L.) ger- minants grown at 25%, 18%, and 6% of full sun in one of two native forest soil mixes for two summers. Northern red and chestnut oak photosynthesis at saturating light (Amax, mass) increased by 23%-36% as light levels increased from 6% to 25% of full sun, while white oak Amax, mass declined by 20% and plateaued at 18% of full sun. White oak light compensation point is representative of deep shade (7.2 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), while northern red and chestnut oak averaged 17.8 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 . Total chlorophyll content increased as light levels decreased for all species. Of the three species, the slow-growing white oak seedlings appeared to be more efficient in utilizing light than northern red or chestnut oak seedlings. This suggests no additional benefits to increasing light above that typically found in a light shelterwood cut; however, it is crucial to control faster-growing competing vegetation. Resume : La comprehension des differentes strategies physiologiques et de croissance dans les milieux ombrages, chez les especes de chene des milieux secs, peut aider les amenagistes a relever les defis que represente la faible regeneration des chenes. Les echanges gazeux et la teneur en chlorophylle ont ete mesures chez des germinants de chene rouge (Quercus ru- bra L.), de chene châtaignier (Quercuc prinus L.) et de chene blanc (Quercus alba L.) cultives sous 25 %, 18 % et 6 % du plein soleil dans l'un des deux melanges de sol forestier naturel. La photosynthese a saturation lumineuse (Amax, masse) des chenes rouge et châtaignier a augmente de 23 % a 36 % a mesure que l'intensite lumineuse augmentait de 6 % a 25 % du plein soleil, tandis que Amax, masse du chene blanc a diminue de 20 % et atteint un plateau sous 18 % du plein soleil. Le point de compensation lumineuse du chene blanc est representatif d'une situation tres ombragee (7,2 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 ) tandis qu'il at- teignait en moyenne 17,8 µmol·m -2 ·s -1 chez les chenes rouge et châtaignier. La teneur totale en chlorophylle augmentait a mesure que l'intensite lumineuse diminuait chez toutes les especes. Des trois especes, les semis du chene blanc, une espece a croissance lente, semblaient utiliser la lumiere plus efficacement que les semis des chenes rouge et châtaignier. Cela im- plique qu'il n'y a pas de benefices additionnels a augmenter l'intensite lumineuse au-dela de ce qu'on retrouve dans une coupe progressive legere. Cependant, il est crucial de maitriser la vegetation competitrice qui croit plus rapidement. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Legionella pneumophila NudA Is a Nudix hydrolase and virulence factor.

We studied the identity and function of the 528-bp gene immediately upstream of Legionella pneumophila F2310 ptsP (enzyme INtr). This gene, nudA, encoded for a Nudix hydrolase based on the inferred protein sequence. NudA had hydrolytic activity typical of other Nudix hydrolases, such as Escherichia coli YgdP, in that ApnA’s, in particular diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A), were the preferred substrates. NudA hydrolyzed Ap5A to ATP plus ADP. Both ptsP and nudA were cotranscribed. Bacterial two-hybrid analysis showed no PtsP-NudA interactions. Gene nudA was present in 19 of 20 different L. pneumophila strains tested and in 5 of 10 different Legionella spp. other than L. pneumophila. An in-frame nudA mutation was made in L. pneumophila F2310 to determine the phenotype. The nudA mutant was an auxotroph that grew slowly in liquid and on solid media and had a smaller colony size than its parent. In addition, the mutant was more salt resistant than its parent and grew very poorly at 25°C; all of these characteristics, as well as auxotrophy and slow-growth rate, were reversed by transcomplementation with nudA. The nudA mutant was outcompeted by about fourfold by the parent in competition studies in macrophages; transcomplementation almost completely restored this defect. Competition studies in guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia showed that the nudA mutant was outcompeted by its parent in both lung and spleen. NudA is of major importance for resisting stress in L. pneumophila and is a virulence factor.
The Role of Social Interaction in the Evolution of Learning

It is generally thought that cognition evolved to help us navigate complex environments. Social interactions make up one part of a complex environment, and some have argued that social settings are crucial to the evolution of cognition. This article uses the methods of evolutionary game theory to investigate the effect of social interaction on the evolution of cognition broadly construed as strategic learning or plasticity. I delineate the conditions under which social interaction alone, apart from any additional external environmental variation, can provide the selective pressure necessary for the initial evolution of learning. Furthermore, it is argued that in the context of social interactions we should not expect traditional learners that ‘best-respond’ to dominate the population. Consequently, it may be important to consider non-traditional learners when modelling social evolution.
Evolution and Initial Mass Function in Starbursts

Nearby starburst galaxies can be placed in an evolutionary sequence by estimates of the most massive stars that are still on the main sequence. This sequence also orders a number of other properties of the starbursts. The evidence that the initial mass function is modified in starbursts is reviewed in the light of new information on M82; it is found that the requirement for a strong bias toward high mass stars is re-inforced by the new data.
DEMOGRAPHY OF HAWAI‘I ‘ELEPAIO: VARIATION WITH HABITAT DISTURBANCE AND POPULATION DENSITY

From 1994 to 1997, I monitored 'Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ), a forest bird endemic to Hawaii, in three sites that differed in either degree of habitat dis- turbance or population density. The goal was to determine whether areas with disturbed forest and reduced population density due to disease were lower-quality habitats that acted as population sinks. Sites where the forest had been disturbed by cattle grazing and timber harvesting contained larger 'Elepaio territories, supported less dense 'Elepaio populations, and had a higher proportion of subadult birds in the breeding population and, thus, can be considered lower-quality habitat for 'Elepaio. However, 'Elepaio populations in disturbed sites did not have lower survival, reproduction, or site fidelity than a population in denser forest, and they were self-sustaining. Disturbed sites were not population sinks maintained by immigration; they simply had a lower carrying capacity. Annual survival of territory- holders was high and was slightly higher in males (0.86 6 0.04 (mean 6 1 SE)) than in females (0.79 6 0.05). Fecundity was low, with pairs producing 0.56 6 0.06 fledglings per year. Site fidelity was high in males (0.98) and females (0.93), and most birds remained on the same territory for the duration of the study or until their presumed death. Population growth was stable at two sites ( l5 0.96 6 0.03, 1.02 6 0.04) and increasing (1.12 6 0.04) at a site recovering from an epizootic of avian poxvirus. Young, subadult-plumaged males defended smaller territories and produced fewer fledglings than older males, but female age did not affect territory size or reproductive success. Recruitment age was younger where population density was lower.
Low Self-Control, Staged Opportunity, and Subsequent Fraudulent Behavior:

Since its conception, A General Theory of Crime has attracted a considerable amount of interest among criminologists. At this particular juncture, the extant research literature has generally been supportive of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory. However, opportunity, a critical element of low-self-control theory, remains conspicuously untested. Although some empirical studies have examined this theoretical concept, they have neglected to take into consideration the issue of temporal ordering. The current investigation addressed this oversight by presenting a pool of research participants with an actual and controlled opportunity to commit fraudulent behavior in a natural setting.
Transfer operator, topological entropy and maximal measure for cocyclic subshifts

Cocyclic subshifts arise as the supports of matrix cocycles over a full shift and generalize topological Markov chains and sofic systems. We compute the topological entropy of a cocyclic subshift as the logarithm of the spectral radius of an appropriate transfer operator and give a concrete description of the measure of maximal entropy in terms of the eigenvectors. Unlike in the Markov or sofic case, the operator is infinite-dimensional and the entropy may be a logarithm of a transcendental number.
Renegotiated CBR transmission in interactive video-on-demand system

An interactive video-on-demand (IVOD) system requires transmission bandwidth allocation for each user. Since the volume of data in each video frame is variable, dynamic bandwidth allocation is desirable. In this paper, a new scheme that dynamically determines required bandwidth based on the queue length at the viewer's set-top box (STB) is proposed. Although this method is in the renegotiated CBR (constant bit rate) category, it requires no precalculation, so it is easily applied to IVOD. The variance of the video transmission rate for each user is an important factor as it affects the service quality of other multiplexed traffic. It is desirable that the transmission rate is changed gradually. A multi-layer concept is introduced to achieve this. Through numerical evaluation using actual movie data, we demonstrate that the variance of the transmission rate is close to the optimal value and the bandwidth utilization is close to unity.
Temporal dynamics and depth variations of dissolved free amino acids and polyamines in coastal seawater determined by high-performance liquid chromatography

Short-chained aliphatic polyamines (PAs) are a class of labile dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) that has biogeochemical similarities to dissolved free amino acids (DFAAs). Here we investigated the relative contributions of DFAAs and PAs to the total DON pool and their diurnal dynamics at different depths at the Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary (GRNMS) in the spring and fall of 2011. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that uses pre-column fluorometric derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde, ethanethiol, and 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate was optimized to measure 20 DFAAs and 5 PAs in seawater simultaneously. The concentrations of DFAAs and PAs varied over 5-fold during individual diurnal cycles and between seasons; and concentrations of the former (tens to hundreds nM) were typically at least one order of magnitude higher than the latter (a few nM). An exception was noted in fall surface water samples when the total PAs reached 159 nM and the ratio of PAs to DFAAs was about 2:3. Compositions of individual DFAAs and PAs also exhibited temporal dynamics, with glycine and spermidine consistently the most abundant compound in each pool, respectively. DFAA concentrations appeared to track chlorophyll a, whereas, total PA concentrations were strongly correlated with bacterial cell abundance. Our results indicate that, at least occasionally, PAs may serve as an important DON pool at the GRNMS. This view is in accordance with recent molecular data but contrasts to measurements made in some other marine environments.
Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and O3 Differentially Alter Nitrogen Acquisition in Peanut

Elevated atmospheric CO 2 and ozone (O 3 ) may affect productivity of legumes in part by altering symbiotic N 2 fixation. To investigate this possibility, measurements of plant biomass, N levels and natural 15 N abundance (δ 15 N) were used to examine the effects of elevated CO 2 and O 3 on N acquisition in field-grown peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) using open-top chambers. Seasonal 12-h daily average CO 2 treatment concentrations were 376, 550, and 730 μmol mol -1 . Carbon dioxide treatments were applied in reciprocal combinations with seasonal 12-h daily average O 3 concentrations of 21, 49, and 79 nmol mol -1 . At mid-vegetative growth, elevated CO 2 significantly reduced leaf N concentrations by up to 44%, but not δ 15 N values. Elevated O 3 did not significantly affect N concentrations or δ 15 Nvalues. At harvest, plant N concentrations were similar among treatments except for a 14% reduction in the highest-level CO 2- O 3 treatment. Plant N accumulation varied in proportion with treatment effects on biomass production, which was increased with elevated CO 2 when averaged over the O 3 treatments and suppressed by high-level O 3 at ambient CO 2 . Elevated CO 2 reduced plant δ 15 Nvalues in low-and mid-level O 3 treatments while mid- and high-level O 3 increased them at ambient CO 2 . The changes in δ 15 Nvalues suggested that N 2 fixation activity was stimulated with elevated CO 2 and inhibited by elevated O 3 . Elevated CO 2 ameliorated detrimental O 3 effects to varying extents depending on the concentrations of the two gases. These results indicated that interactions between CO 2 and O 3 on plant physiology can alter N acquisition processes, with impacts on peanut productivity likely dependent in part on these changes.
Ruminal degradation of dried brewers grains, wet brewers grains, and soybean meal.

Abstract A series of trials was conducted to determine the ruminal degradation of nitrogenous compounds and dry matter of soybean meal, wet brewers grains, and dried brewers grains. In situ and in vitro estimates of degradation were positively correlated but yielded different absolute values for measures of ruminal degradation. Ruminal digestion of protein, predicted from in situ data, was 42, 73, and 83% for brewers dried grains, brewers wet grains, and soybean meal. Drying of wet grains at either 50 or 150°C increased resistance to ruminal digestion equally. Measurements of flow of dry matter and nitrogen of feed origin to the duodenum were made in vivo for diets containing either brewers dried grains or soybean meal. Negative apparent digestibility of nitrogen in the rumen for a 13% crude protein, brewers dried grains ration indicates the potential for using a nonprotein nitrogen supplement with this ration. Resistance to digestion of nitrogen from brewers dried grains occurred only in the rumen. Amino acid patterns delivered to the small intestine and digestion of duodenal contents were similar for diets containing brewers dried grains or soybean meal.
Maternal socialization of children's eating habits: strategies used by obese Mexican-American mothers.

Mexican-Americans are more likely to be obese than the general population, yet little research has been conducted on the socialization of eating habits in Mexican-American children. 38 obese mothers enrolled in a weight-loss program and their 4–8 year-old children were observed during mealtime and the mothers interviewed about their socialization practices. Mothers relied primarily on nondirective verbal control strategies during the observation. Child compliance was more likely to follow a maternal serving or command than a nondirective behavior. Mothers encouraged sons to eat more than did mothers of girls. Child age was negatively correlated with mother's use of commands, reasoning, threats, and bribes, and positively correlated with maternal nondirectives, servings, and child compliance. Mothers with more years of formal education served healthier foods and were more likely to report using reasoning strategies, prohibiting consumption of unhealthy food, monitoring child food consumption away from home, and allowing child input into the eating situation than were less educated mothers.
Inhibition of Notch signaling reduces the number of surviving Dclk1+ reserve crypt epithelial stem cells following radiation injury

We have previously reported that doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1) is a putative intestinal stem cell (ISC) marker. In this report, we evaluated the use of Dclk1 as a marker of surviving ISCs in r...
Aerosol effects on ice clouds: can the traditional concept of aerosol indirect effects be applied to aerosol-cloud interactions in cirrus clouds?

Abstract. Cirrus clouds cover approximately 20–25% of the globe and thus play an important role in the Earth's radiation budget. Therefore the effect of aerosols on cirrus clouds can have a substantial impact on global radiative forcing if either the ice-water path (IWP) and/or the cloud ice number concentration (CINC) changes. This study examines the aerosol indirect effect (AIE) through changes in the CINC and IWP for a cirrus cloud case. We use a cloud-system resolving model (CSRM) coupled with a double-moment representation of cloud microphysics. Intensified interactions among CINC, deposition and dynamics play a critical role in increasing the IWP as aerosols increase. Increased IWP leads to a smaller change in the outgoing LW radiation relative to that for the SW radiation for increasing aerosols. Increased aerosols lead to increased CINC, providing increased surface area for water vapor deposition. The increased deposition causes depositional heating which produces stronger updrafts, and leads to the increased IWP. The conversion of ice crystals to aggregates through autoconversion and accretion plays a negligible role in the IWP response to aerosols, and the sedimentation of aggregates is negligible. The sedimentation of ice crystals plays a more important role in the IWP response to aerosol increases than the sedimentation of aggregates, but not more than the interactions among the CINC, deposition and dynamics.
ANNIVERSARY ARTICLE: Selection, Provisioning, Shared Fixed Costs, Maximum Closure, and Implications on Algorithmic Methods Today

Motivated by applications in freight handling and open-pit mining, Rhys, Balinski, and Picard studied the problems of selection and closure in papers published inManagement Science in 1970 and 1976. They identified efficient algorithms based on linear programming and maximum-flow/minimum-cut procedures to solve these problems. This research has had major impact well beyond the initial applications, reaching across three decades and inspiring work on numerous applications and extensions. The extensions are nontrivial optimization problems that are of theoretical interest. The applications ranged from evolving technologies, image segmentation, revealed preferences, pricing, adjusting utilities for consistencies, just-in-time production, solving certain integer programs in polynomial time, and providing efficient 2-approximation algorithms for a wide variety of hard problems. A recent generalization to a convex objective function has even produced novel solutions to prediction and Bayesian estimation problems. This paper surveys the streams of research stimulated by these papers as an example of the impact ofManagement Science on the optimization field and an illustration of the far-reaching implications of good original research.
The tree of convective heat streams: its thermal insulation function and the predicted 3/4-power relation between body heat loss and body size

Two parallel fluid streams in counterflow and in close thermal contact convect an energy current longitudinally, in the direction of the warmer stream. This paper describes the flow of convective heat currents through two identical tree networks superimposed, and oriented in counterflow. The convective currents form a single tree. The fluid flow is laminar through straight tubes. The ratios of successive tube diameters and tube lengths are deduced from the minimization of flow resistance subject to two constraints, total volume and total tube volume. It is shown that the total heat current convected by the double tree is proportional to the total volume raised to power 3/4. The conclusion is that the resistance to the loss of body heat governs the relation between metabolic rate and body size in all animals.
Application of the Dakin-West reaction for the synthesis of oxazole-containing dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists

An improved method for the preparation of a series of oxazole-containing dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists is described. A synthetic sequence utilizing a Dakin-West reaction was devised that allows for the introduction of the oxazole ring either late in the synthetic sequence via aminomalonate-derived chemistry or in pivotal SAR intermediates derived from aspartic acid.
Sustainable Equilibria in Culturally Familiar Games

It is a pleasure to write for a volume in honor of Reinhard Selten, who has been to me both a mentor and a friend. Like many others, I am indebted to him for guidance and inspiration in many domains, from the logical study of rational behavior, to the pleasures of walking in the German countryside.
Capone and Bin Laden: The Failure of Government at the Cusp of War and Crime

The United States, through its democratic, Constitutional government, is relatively good at fighting wars against standing armies and fighting crime. Where we are challenged is the gap between the two: When crime looks like war or war looks like crime. Al Capone and Osama bin Laden both exploited this weakness by creating entities which were difficult to attack with either our centralized military or our decentralized police units.
“I have chicken fat in my urine!” A case of Candida tropicalis induced emphysematous pyelitis

A patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus presented with fever and flank pain. A computed tomography scan showed free air within both collecting systems. A diagnosis of emphysematous pyelitis was made after other alternative diagnoses were ruled out. Urine culture grew Candida tropicalis. The emphysematous pyelitis resolved with conservative management using antifungal therapy.
A growth mixture Tobit model: application to AIDS studies

This paper presents an alternative analysis approach to modeling data where a lower detection limit (LOD) and unobserved population heterogeneity exist in a longitudinal data set. Longitudinal data on viral loads in HIV/AIDS studies, for instance, show strong positive skewness and left-censoring. Normalizing such data using a logarithmic transformation seems to be unsuccessful. An alternative to such a transformation is to use a finite mixture model which is suitable for analyzing data which have skewed or multi-modal distributions. There is little work done to simultaneously take into account these features of longitudinal data. This paper develops a growth mixture Tobit model that deals with a LOD and heterogeneity among growth trajectories. The proposed methods are illustrated using simulated and real data from an AIDS clinical study.