cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations On the Commensal Relations of Iais Californica (Richardson, 1904) and Sphaeroma Quoyanuivi H. Milne Edwards, 1840 (Isopoda)

Die kommensalen Beziehungen zwischen Iais californica und Sphaeroma quoyanrrm werden beschrieben und diskutiert. Die experimentellen Daten zeigen: (1) lais benotigt Sphaeroma fur optimales Uberleben in der freien Natur. (2) lais ernahrt sich von partikularen Substanzen des Korpers von Sphaeroma. (3) Iais Individuen sind auf dem Korper von Sphaeroma in einem Muster verteilt, welches Wasserstromungen vermeidet und die Nahrungsaufnahme fordert. (4) lais breitet sich durch direkte Ubertragung von einem Wirt zum anderen aus; adulte Individuen sind etwa doppelt so beweglich wie juvenile. (5) lais kann Sphaeroma offenbar nicht per Fernorientierung erkennen, sondern gewinnt Erkennungsstimuli durch direkten Kontakt. (6) Angehorige anderer sphaeromatider Gattungen sind ebenfalls akzeptabel als Wirte unter Laboratoriumsbedingungen; aber zumindest eine Art, Gnorimosphaeroma oregonensis, verteidigt sich aktiv gegen die Besiedlung, indem sie Iais von ihren Beinen und Mundteilen entfernt. (7) Adulte und juvenile lais lassen unter in-situ Bedingungen keine Vorliebe erkennen fur bestimmte Lebenszyklusstadien von Sphaeroma. Das Kommensalsystem Iais/Sphaeroma ist verhaltnismasig einfach und hangt vor allem ab von den adaptiven Interaktionen von Charakteristika der freilebenden Vorfahren beider Arten. Da Sphaeroma offenbar neue Regionen besiedelt hat und dabei den Kommensalen Iais mitgenommen hat, konnten sich neue Gelegenheiten fur eine weitere Evolution dieses Kommensalsystems ergeben, wenn Iais auf neue und verwendbare Wirtsarten trifft und wenn Sphaeroma Mitgliedern der endemischen estuarinen Kommensalfauna begegnet, die sie als Wirt akzeptieren konnen.
Thinning Genus Two Heegaard Spines in S3

We study trivalent graphs in S3 whose closed complement is a genus two handlebody. We show that such a graph, when put in thin position, has a level edge connecting two vertices.
It must be true – I read it in Seventeen magazine: US popular culture and sexual messages in an era of abstinence-only education

As discourse in sexual education classes across the USA in 1996 began to change, media outlets became important sources of education for teenage girls. Unaffected directly by government policy, one of the most popular teenage girls' magazines, Seventeen, provided a plethora of information on sex. Several scholars have examined teenage magazines' sexual discourse, yet few have assessed the accuracy of sexual health information during a time period when the US Federal Government instituted an abstinence-only curriculum policy for public schools. In addition, there is a gap in the literature regarding magazines' attitudes about teenage abstinence, or lack thereof, especially in a time when politics had taken a very conservative stance on the issue. This paper examines Seventeen magazine between 1996 and 1998 to explore the magazine's attitude towards teen sex and abstinence and to analyse the accuracy of sexual health messages surrounding topics such as abortion, contraception and STDs.
Plaque forming cells produced in test tube cultures of normal mouse spleen cells incubated with erythrocytes.

SummaryTest tube cultures of normal mouse spleen cells set up as for mixed leukocyte culture, but with antigenic RBC, and fed once with additional medium without disturbing the button of cells, were found to contain antibody producing cells, as indicated by the ability of such cells to produce hemolytic antibody plaques when plated against the RBC. In the case of sheep RBC as antigen, the number of PFC increased to day 7, when a level of 90-110 per 106 starting spleen cells was reached, in comparison with 18-24 PFC in control cultures, without antigen. With burro RBC such results were also obtained, with somewhat lower levels of PFC produced in antigen-containing cultures, but substantially lower background levels. Since dispersion of the cells at re-feeding caused failure of appearance of the PFC, a condition for the production of these was presumably the formation of a microenvironment within the button of cells in the bottom of the tube.
Estrogen receptors outside the nucleus in breast cancer

The estrogen receptor (ER) is the single most powerful predictor of breast cancer prognosis as well as an important contributor to the biology of carcinogenesis. In addition, endocrine therapy targeting ER directly (SERMS) or indirectly (aromatase inhibitors) forms the mainstay of adjuant therapy. Traditionally, human tumors are scored for the amount and presence of ER. However, this has centered on the population of ER found in the transformed epithelial cell nucleus. Over the last 40 years, it has been appreciated that additional cellular ER pools exist, in cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane. In this review, we discuss the important functions of extra-nuclear ER in breast cancer, including integration of function with nuclear ER.
A beam profile monitor for secondary beams

Abstract We describe a monitor, based on a multiwire proportional chamber, that displays with mm resolution the profiles of secondary particle beams ranging in intensity from 10 5 /cm 2 -s to 10 10 /cm 2 -s. The display, which appears on a standard oscilloscope, is live and quantitative; the effect of adjustments of the beam transport is immediately and continuously visible.
Cardiovascular Correlates of Challenge and Threat Appraisals: A Critical Examination of the Biopsychosocial Analysis:

In this article we examine critically the biopsychosocial (BPS) challenge versus threat analysis proposed by Blascovich and his coworkers. We conclude that the BPS analysis should be viewed with considerable caution. We conclude this in part because the analysis is associated with notable problems, including (a) its conception of demand, (b) its definitions of goal-relevant and evaluative situations, (c) its assertion regarding primary and secondary appraisal determinants of challenge and threat, and (d) its cardiovascular (CV) predictions. We conclude this as well because BPS analysis studies have not made a compelling empirical case. BPS analysis studies are unpersuasive because (a) their CV results are only partially consistent with BPS analysis predictions, (b) they have compared CV responses of groups bearing an uncertain relationship to the primary and secondary appraisal criteria specified for the production of challenge and threat effects, (c) they have not compared challenge and threat appraisals...
Aeroacoustic Analysis of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

An acoustic analysis of a ducted fan unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was conducted to identify the primary aeroacoustic sources and to determine the potential for reducing the radiated noise levels. Computational fluid dynamics was used to determine the three-dimensional flow field through the ducted fan in hover and maneuvering configurations. The flow solutions provided information about the blade relative velocities, spatially non-uniform inflow, inflow turbulence, boundary layer turbulence, and blade wake velocity deficits for use in acoustical models of broadband and blade passing frequency noise. The computational results were in good agreement with experimentally measured noise levels, and showed that the tonal noise was produced primarily by unsteady forces resulting from the non-uniform inflow, while the broadband noise resulted from the inflow turbulence. Based on these findings, design modifications were recommended which offer the potential to reduce the noise by more than 10 dB.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Quantitative characterization of SWNT orientation by polarized Raman spectroscopy

A generalized spherical harmonics expanded orientation distribution function (ODF) has been used to study the orientation of SWNTs. A relationship between the second- and fourth-order SWNT orientation parameters and the Raman scattering intensity and depolarization ratio has been established. Only by determining the VV and VH intensities at 0° and 90° to the orientation direction, the second- and fourth-order SWNT orientation parameters can be determined. From the second- and fourth-order orientation parameters, orientation distribution function can be constructed using the maximum entropy formalism.
Authorship and Adaptation: The Public Personas of Television Anthology Writers

In the 1950s a group of television anthology writers emerged as celebrated authors in public culture. Rod Serling, Reginald Rose, Paddy Chayefsky, Horton Foote, J.P. Miller and several others had a...
Circadian plasma gastrin patterns in feeding and fasting man.

24-hour basal gastric acid collections were obtained from 14 healthy, young adult male volunteers. The hourly secretary pattern, which described a circadian rhythm, was compared to serial plasma gastr
Optimum location of resources in distributed planning

The concept of installing dispersed resources in an electric utility distribution or subtransmission system is gaining interest in the industry. Such resources could be photovoltaic cells, wind generation, battery storage, fuel cells or demand-side management solicitations. Research by others has suggested that the benefits of distributed resources could be substantial. However, these distributed benefits are site specific. A method to optimally locate such resources in a meshed network for maximizing the potential benefits is outlined in this paper. The proposed second order algorithm computes the amount of resources in selected nodes to make up a given total to achieve the desired optimizing objectives. The network under consideration could be a transmission, subtransmission, or distribution network. The benefit expressed as a performance index can be the minimization of losses, VAr losses, or loadings in selected lines. >
Direct numerical simulation and analysis of shock turbulence interaction

Two kinds of linear analysis, rapid distortion theory (RDT) and linear interaction analysis (LIA), were used to investigate the effects of a shock wave on turbulence. Direct numerical simulations of two-dimensional isotropic turbulence interaction with a normal shock were also performed. The results from RDT and LIA are in good agreement for weak shock waves, where the effects of shock front curvature and shock front unsteadiness are not significant in producing vorticity. The linear analyses predict wavenumber-dependent amplification of the upstream one-dimensional energy spectrum, leading to turbulence scale length scale decrease through the interaction. Instantaneous vorticity fields show that vortical structures are enhanced while they are compressed in the shock normal direction. Entrophy amplfication through the shock wave compares favorably with the results of linear analyses.
The pharmacokinetics and metabolic disposition of tacrolimus: A comparison across ethnic groups

Objective Our objective was to compare the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus among subjects of three different ethnic backgrounds, African American, white, and Latin American. Methods Ten African American, 12 white, and 12 Latin American subjects received intravenous and oral tacrolimus in an open-label, two-period, parallel group study. All of the subjects received intravenous tacrolimus (0.015 mg/kg) as a constant infusion over 4 hours and oral tacrolimus capsules (5 mg) as single doses in randomized order. Concentrations of tacrolimus and its metabolites were measured in whole blood with the use of a validated HPLC-mass spectrometry assay. Results There were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters among the three study groups after intravenous administration of the drugs. After oral administration, the tacrolimus maximum concentration was significantly lower (P < .01) in the African American subjects (20.8 μg/L) than in the white subjects (37.8 μg/L) and Latin American subjects (33.0 μg/L). Absolute bioavailability was significantly lower (P = .01) in the African American subjects (11.9%) and in the Latin American subjects (14.4%) than in the white subjects (18.8%). After the oral dose, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve was lower in the African American subjects (179 μg/L · h, geometric mean) than in the white (293 μg/L · h) and Latin American subjects (239 μg/L · h, differences not statistically significant). Maximum concentration (P < .02) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (not statistically significant) of the main tacrolimus metabolite 13-O-desmethyl tacrolimus was lower in the African American subjects than in the white and Latin American subjects. Conclusions Significant differences in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics exist among the three different ethnic groups. Our results indicate that this may result from differences in intestinal CYP3A or P-glycoprotein activities. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 69, 24–31; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.113183
In vitro Effect of Autologous Lipemic Plasma on Platelet Suspensions.

Summary1. In vitro mixing and incubation of blood platelets and autologous lipemic plasma does not result in apparent platelet agglutination.
Direction of the Effective Magnetic Field at the Nucleus in Ferromagnetic Iron

It has been shown previously that the effectivc magnetic field at the nucleus of ferromagnetic iron is strongly correlated with the magnetization. This correlation was established by observing the change in the hyperfinc splitting of the nuclear energy levels of Fc/sup 57/. The effeciive field was determined to be --333 k gauss. (B.O.G.)
Eupnea of in situ rats persists following blockers of in vitro pacemaker burster activities

Two groups of intrinsically bursting neurons, linked to respiration, have been identified using in vitro medullary slice preparations. One group is dependent upon a calcium-activated nonspecific cationic current that is blocked by flufanemic acid. This group is hypothesized as essential for eupnea, but not gasping. The second group is dependent upon conductance through persistent sodium channels that is blocked by riluzole. This group is proposed to underlie both eupnea and gasping. In the decerebrate in situ preparation of the juvenile rat, flufanemic acid caused an increase in frequency and a decrease in peak level of the phrenic and vagus nerve activities in both eupnea and gasping. Similar changes in eupnea followed the simultaneous blockades by flufanemic acid and riluzole. However, gasping was eliminated. These results do not support the hypothesis that conductances through either persistent sodium channels or calcium-activated nonspecific cationic channels are essential for the neurogenesis of eupnea. However, gasping does depend upon a conductance through persistent sodium channels.
How Unfolded is Tau

Tau proteins regulate the dynamics, stability and transport properties of cytoskeletal scaffolding microtubules. Functional tau monomer has been classified as an intrinsically disordered protein. However, the degree of foldedness of the protein and intrinsic capability of the protein to gain rigidity is not well understood yet. We employed fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques to analysis the foldedness of the hTau24 isoform.Fluorescence data with bis-ANS reveals that in acidic buffer (pH 3.3), the protein contains predominantly a molten globular structure, while the rigidity degrees partially collapse to a pre molten globular state in neutral and alkaline buffers. Exploiting the tyrosine fluorescence at similar solvent conditions suggests a three-dimensional structured domain(s) exists in soluble tau. Under modest solvent changes, the soluble protein can adopt higher β-turn content, and extended/β-sheet structures compared to the dominant disordered structure of soluble tau in neutral buffer. Our CD data did not reveal the presence of extended helix polyproline II structure.In conclusion, due to the flexibility and potential ability of soluble tau to gain or lose rigidity, microtubule-binding interactions that occur through specific folding is certainly a strong possibility. Furthermore, regardless of the oligomerization behavior of tau, it is feasible that loss of foldedness and increased rigidity of the secondary structure content of soluble protein may contribute to a loss-of-function and eventually causes cytotoxicity, independent of intramolecular association.
Approaches to selective DNA binding in polyfunctional dinuclear platinum chemistry. The synthesis of a trifunctional compound and its interaction with the mononucleotide 5'-guanosine monophosphate.

The introduction of the malonate ligand as a leaving group in trifunctional dinuclear platinum complexes allows stepwise binding modes to be controlled, as shown using a small mononucleotides such as guanosine 5‘-monophosphate. Subtle changes in the metal coordination sphere can be used to produce specific and selective ternary DNA−DNA and DNA−protein interactions.
A structure-based approach to predicting in vitro transcription factor-DNA interaction

Summary form only given. Understanding the mechanism of transcriptional regulation remains to be an inspiring stage of molecular biology. Within the popular methods for modeling TFBS, position-specific weight matrix and k-mer based approaches have gained great success. However, both approaches fail to consider the structural properties of a binding site. Recently, a novel TFBS modeling and predicting approach is presented by Bauer et al. (2010), where the sequence-specific chemical and structural features of DNA are applied. However, the in vivo protein-DNA interactions observed in ChIP-chip assays, which were used in this study, are not necessarily direct, as some TFs tend to interact with DNAs extensively through other partners. Therefore, an evaluation on a proper in vitro dataset would be more appropriate to reveal the benefit of such physicochemical features in modeling TF-DNA interactions. Recently, in vitro protein-binding microarray experiment has greatly improved the understanding of transcription factor-DNA interaction. It is a high-throughput experiment used to measure the in vitro binding affinity of a given TF to the sequences on the probe array. Because typical confounding factors such as transcription co-factors present in ChIP-based experiments are eliminated, PBM data provide an excellent information source to develop structural models for TF-DNA interactions. On the other hand, directly mapping of the 3-mer or 4-mer based meta-features to the candidate DNA binding sequences as in their work may not reflect the TF-DNA binding nature, since a TFBS is usually an 8 to 12 base-pair. As a result, conventionally machine-learning algorithms, which rely on well-structured feature vector and label pairs, may not work well in modeling PBM data. In this paper we propose a novel approach to predicts in vitro transcription factor binding based on the structural properties of DNA using a so-called multiple-instance learning algorithm. Compared to conventional (single-instance based) learning algorithms, our multi-instance learning-based algorithm does not require the knowledge of the actual binding site within a candidate probe sequence, yet can still take full advantage of the physicochemical properties in modeling and predicting TF-DNA interactions. Evaluation on an in vitro protein binding microarray data of twenty mouse TFs shows that our new model performs significantly better than several k-mer or structure-based single-instance learning algorithms. It indicates that combining multi-instance learning and structural properties of DNA has promising potential for studying biological regulatory networks.
Using TENS for pain control: the state of the evidence.

SUMMARY: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a nonpharmacological intervention that activates a complex neuronal network to reduce pain by activating descending inhibitory systems in the central nervous system to reduce hyperalgesia. The evidence for TENS efficacy is conflicting and requires not only description but also critique. Population-specific systemic reviews and meta-analyses are emerging, indicating both HF and LF TENS being shown to provide analgesia, specifically when applied at a strong, nonpainful intensity. The purpose of this article is to provide a critical review of the latest basic science and clinical evidence for TENS. Additional research is necessary to determine if TENS has effects specific to mechanical stimuli and/or beyond reduction of pain and will improve activity levels, function and quality of life.
Effect of Oral Anticoagulant (Marcumar) on Prothrombin and Related Components in Blood Coagulation

Marcumar has been considered as an excellent anticoagulant for long term management. It was found that the effect of the drug on plasma levels of prothrombin and autoprothrombin I and autoprothrombin II differed from that of the drugs previously studied using the technics described. Autoprothrombin II was not reduced by Marcumar. This clotting factor, autoprothrombin II, has been found to have no influence on the Quick prothrombin time which is the test generally used to follow the effect of anticoagulants on the clotting mechanisms. The two coagulation factors which were found to decrease following the administration of Marcumar, prothrombin and autoprothrombin I, both influence the Quick prothrombin time.
Double-outlet right ventricle with complete atrioventricular canal

A case of double-outlet right ventricle, unbalanced complete atrioventricular canal, hypoplastic aortic arch, coarctation of the aorta, and atrioventricular valve regurgitation was treated with a staged approach. At 4 days of life the patient underwent aortic arch repair, atrial septectomy, common atrioventricular valve regurgitation repair, and pulmonary artery banding. When she was 14 months of age a biventricular repair was accomplished by two-patch complete atrioventricular canal repair and arterial switch procedure.
Binding of Retinoids to Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines and their Effects on Cell Growth

Vitamin A and its analogues (retinoids) regulate the differentiation of epithelial tissues. Retinoids inhibit the induction of rat mammary cancers by carcinogens in vivo, and cellular binding proteins for retinoids have been demonstrated in some human breast cancer samples. In this study, we examined the model system of human breast cancer cell lines in long-term tissue culture for effects of retinoids on growth and for the presence of cellular retinoid binding proteins. Retinoic acid and retinol inhibit the growth of of MCF-7, Hs578T, and ZR-75-B cell lines. Retinoic acid is more potent than retinol in this regard: 50% growth inhibition is achieved by 6 nM retinoic acid in ZR-75-B and by 700 nM in MCF-7 and Hs578T, whereas 5-8 μM retinol is required in all three cell lines. The time to onset of growth inhibition varies markedly between cell lines and is not related to cell density or doubling time. Retinoic acid increases the doubling time of MCF-7 and ZR-75-B by two- to threefold, but causes cell death in Hs578T. The growth inhibition is reversible in every cell line by removal of retinoic acid. Specific and distinct binding of [3H]retinoic acid and [3H]retinol is present in cytosols of MCF-7 and Hs578T cells as assessed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In ZR-75-B, [3H]retinoic acid binding was present, but no binding of [3H]retinol was detectable. This study reveals that retinoids may play an important role in the regulation and treatment of human breast cancer and that human breast cancer cell lines represent a useful model to study this role.
Materials Challenges Facing Electrical Energy Storage

During the past two decades, the demand for the storage of electrical energy has mushroomed both for portable applications and for static applications. As storage and power demands have increased predominantly in the form of batteries, the system has evolved. However, the present electrochemical systems are too costly to penetrate major new markets, still higher performance is required, and environmentally acceptable materials are preferred. These limitations can be overcome only by major advances in new materials whose constituent elements must be available in large quantities in nature; nanomaterials appear to have a key role to play. New cathode materials with higher storage capacity are needed, as well as safer and lower cost anodes and stable electrolyte systems. Flywheels and pumped hydropower also have niche roles to play.
Circadian Rhythms in Neurospora crassa and Other Filamentous Fungi

Circadian clocks are endogenous cellular timekeepers that control a wide variety of daily physiological and molecular rhythms in most eukaryotic and some prokaryotic organisms ([31][1], [116][2]). These rhythmic events allow organisms to best adapt to the natural environment on earth ([88][3]). All
An open and shut typecase

Two different ways of defining ad-hoc polymorphic operations commonly occur in programming languages. With the first form polymorphic operations are defined inductively on the structure of types while with the second form polymorphic operations are defined for specific sets of types.In intensional type analysis operations are defined by induction on the structure of types. Therefore no new cases are necessary for user-defined types, because these types are eQuivalent to their underlying structure. However, intensional type analysis is "closed" to extension, as the behavior of the operations cannot be differentiated for the new types, thus destroying the distinctions that these types are designed to express.Haskell type classes on the other hand define polymorphic operations for sets of types. Operations defined by class instances are considered "open"---the programmer can add instances for new types without modifying existing code. However, the operations must be extended with specialized code for each new type, and it may be tedious or even impossible to add extensions that apply to a large universe of new types.Both approaches have their benefits, so it is important to let programmers decide which is most appropriate for their needs. In this paper, we define a language that supports both forms of ad-hoc polymorphism, using the same basic constructs.
Pervasive healthcare and wireless health monitoring

With an increasingly mobile society and the worldwide deployment of mobile and wireless networks, the wireless infrastructure can support many current and emerging healthcare applications. This could fulfill the vision of "Pervasive Healthcare" or healthcare to anyone, anytime, and anywhere by removing locational, time and other restraints while increasing both the coverage and the quality. In this paper, we present applications and requirements of pervasive healthcare, wireless networking solutions and several important research problems. The pervasive healthcare applications include pervasive health monitoring, intelligent emergency management system, pervasive health-care data access, and ubiquitous mobile telemedicine. One major application in pervasive healthcare, termed comprehensive health monitoring is presented in significant details using wireless networking solutions of wireless LANs, ad hoc wireless networks, and, cellular/GSM/3G infrastructure-oriented networks. Many interesting challenges of comprehensive wireless health monitoring, including context-awareness, reliability, and, autonomous and adaptable operation are also presented along with several high-level solutions. Several interesting research problems have been identified and presented for future research.
Word prediction in assistive technologies for aphasia rehabilitation using Systemic Functional Grammar

This paper investigates the potential application of Natural Language Processing techniques in order to improve the effectiveness of assistive technologies in aphasia rehabilitation. Aphasia rehabilitation has predominately been centered on therapy sessions with speech language pathologists. While Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices have made identifiable progress in providing support which is able to be managed by the individual, language production tasks are often challenged by the limitations brought about by aphasia. What follows is a description of a word prediction strategy based on Systemic Functional Grammar, which incorporates syntactic and contextual analysis; and its potential for aiding language production in assistive technologies.
Activated carbon adsorption of heavy metal chelates from single and multicomponent systems

An extensive experimental investigation was conducted with activated carbon to establish the adsorption (equilibrium and kinetics) behavior of several metals from single and two metals systems in the presence of complexing agents. Triethylenetetramine (TRIEN) and EDTA were used as complexing agents. The extent of adsorption was found to be a function of metal and ligand types, ligand to metal ratio, pH, and metal chelate species distribution. Selective separation of valuable metals can also be achieved by the addition of complexing ligands to a mixture of strongly complexable metal (such as Cd2+ and Ni2+) and weakly complexable metal (such as Ba2+ and Ca2+).
Efficacy of cell phone-delivered smoking cessation counseling for persons living with HIV/AIDS: 3-month outcomes.

Introduction: Substantial evidence indicates that cigarette smoking among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) represents a significant public health concern. However, few efforts to assess smoking cessation interventions targeting this population have been reported. In this brief report, 3-month outcomes from an ongoing treatment trial for PLWHA who smoke are described. Methods: Study participants were recruited from a large HIV care center serving a diverse population of PLWHA. A two-group randomized design was used to compare the efficacy of usual-care (UC) smoking cessation treatment versus a cell phone intervention (CPI). Follow-ups were conducted at the HIV clinic 3 months postenrollment. Using an intent-to-treat approach, a series of multiple regression models were used to compare smoking outcomes in the 2 groups. Results: Four hundred and seventy-four participants were enrolled and randomized, UC (n = 238) and CPI (n = 236). Mean age in the sample was 44.8 (SD = 8.1) years, and the majority were male (70.0%), Black (76.6%), and had an education level of high school or less (77.5%). At follow-up, participants in the CPI group were 4.3 (95% CI = 1.9, 9.8) times more likely to be abstinent (7 day) compared with those in the UC group. Similarly, significant point estimates were observed for the other smoking outcomes of interest. Conclusions: Findings from this preliminary report indicate that a smoking cessation intervention for PLWHA consisting of cell phone–delivered proactive counseling results in significantly higher abstinence rates compared with a standard care approach. Evaluation of the long-term (6-month and 12-month) efficacy of the CPI approach is ongoing.
Real-Time Ultrasonic Scan Conversion via Linear Interpolation of Oversampled Vectors:

Scan conversion is required in order to display conventional B-mode ultrasonic signals, which are acquired along radii at varying angles, on standard Cartesian-coordinate video monitors. For real-time implementations, either nearest-neighbor or bilinear interpolation is usually used in scan conversion. If the sampling rate along each radius is high enough, however, the gray-scale value of a given pixel can be interpolated accurately using the nearest samples on two adjacent vectors. The required interpolation then reduces to linear interpolation. Oversampling by a factor of 2 along with linear interpolation was superior to bilinear interpolation of vectors sampled to match pixel-to-pixel spacing in 6 representative B-mode images. A novel 8-bit linear interpolation algorithm was implemented as a CMOS VLSI circuit using a readily available, high-level synthesis tool. The circuit performed 30 million interpolations per second. Arithmetic results produced by the 8-bit interpolator on 7-bit samples were virtually identical to IEEE-format, single-precision, floating-point results.
Potassium Channels in Myelinated Nerve Selective permeability to small cations

The permeability of K channels to various cations is studied in myelinated nerve. Ionic currents under voltage clamp are measured in Ringer solution containing tetrodotoxin and a high concentration of the test ion. Reversal potentials for current in K channels are determined and used with the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The ratios PTl:PK:PRb:PNHNH4 are 2.3:1.00:0.92:0.13. No other ions are found to be measurably permeant including Li+, Na+, Cs+, methylamine, guanidine, hydrazine, or hydroxylamine. The ratio PNa/PK is less than 0.01. Potassium conductance is depressed at pH values below 5.0. Leakage conductance is higher in K, Rb, Cs, NH4, and Tl Ringer than in Na Ringer, but the selectivity sequence probably is not the same as for K channels. The hypothesis is offered that the narrowest part of the K channel is a circle of oxygen atoms about 3 A in diameter with low electrostatic field strength.
Realized tolerance to nectar robbing: compensation to floral enemies in Ipomopsis aggregata.

†Background and Aims Although the ecological and evolutionary consequences of foliar herbivory are well understood, how plants cope with floral damage is less well explored. Here the concept of tolerance, typically studied within the context of plant defence to foliar herbivores and pathogens, is extended to floral damage. Variation in tolerance to floral damage is examined, together with some of the mechanisms involved. †Methods The study was conducted on Ipomopsis aggregata, which experiences floral damage and nectar removal by nectar-robbing bees. High levels of robbing can reduce seeds sired and produced by up to 50 %, an indirect effect mediated through pollinator avoidance of robbed plants. Using an experimental common garden with groups of I. aggregata, realized tolerance to robbing was measured. Realized tolerance included both genetic and environmental components of tolerance. It was hypothesized that both resource acquisition and storage traits, and traits involved in pollination would mitigate the negative effects of robbers. †Key Results Groups of I. aggregata varied in their ability to tolerate nectar robbing. Realized tolerance was observed only through a component of male plant reproduction (pollen donation) and not through components of female plant reproduction. Some groups fully compensated for robbing while others under- or overcompensated. Evidence was found only for a pollination-related trait, flower production, associated with realized tolerance. Plants that produced more flowers and that had a higher inducibility of flower production following robbing were more able to compensate through male function. †Conclusions Variation in realized tolerance to nectar robbing was found in I. aggregata, but only through an estimate of male reproduction, and traits associated with pollination may confer realized tolerance to robbing. By linking concepts and techniques from studies of plant‐pollinator and plant‐herbivore interactions, this work provides insight into the role of floral traits in pollinator attraction as well as plant defence.
Does the emergency medical treatment and labor act affect emergency department use

Abstract Background Emergency departments (EDs) face increasing patient volumes and economic pressures. These problems have been attributed to the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA). Study objective To determine whether modifying EMTALA might reduce ED use. Methods We surveyed ED patients to assess their knowledge of hospitals’ obligations to treat all patients regardless of insurance and to determine whether knowledge is associated with ED use. Results Among 4136 study subjects, 72% reported awareness of the law. Sixty-one percent of subjects were moderate ED users (≥ 1 additional ED visit in 12 months). Moderate users more often knew the law (74% vs. 70%, p = 0.005). Multivariate regression showed that factors associated with moderate use were: awareness of EMTALA (odds ratio [OR] 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–1.67), adult patient (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.69–2.22), and government insurance (OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.30–3.08) or uninsured (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.42–2.08). Only 8% of subjects were high-frequency users (≥5 visits). High-frequency users were more often aware of EMTALA (78% vs. 72%, p = 0.02). Covariates associated with high frequency were EMTALA awareness (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.28–2.24), adult patient (OR 2.59; 95% CI 2.00–3.36), and government insurance (OR 3.73; 95% CI 2.76–5.06) or uninsured (OR 3.77; 95% CI 2.65–5.35). Conclusion Many patients know that the law requires hospitals to provide care. This knowledge is associated with more frequent ED use. EMTALA changes might reduce ED use, but broader policy implications should be considered.
The role of immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of gynecologic pathology part 2: a comparative study between two academic institutes

Use of specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker, singly or in panels, differs and is influenced by practice setting, individual experience beside other factors. This is a part 2 study where we surveyed the application of IHC in gynecologic (gyn) pathology. Our specific aim in this part was to identify what specific stains are preferentially used. A retrospective chart review on all cases accessioned to the gyn pathology specialty sign out service during a 1-year period was performed at two academic pathology departments. Outside referral and consult as well as gyn cytology cases were excluded from the study. The most commonly ordered markers in diagnostic gyn pathology in descending order of frequency were as follows: P16, ki-67, p53, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and CK7. P16 was used mainly in establishing the diagnosis/grading of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) and differentiating serous from endometrioid carcinomas (ECs). P53 was used particularly in the diagnosis of serous carcinomas and establishing the diagnosis of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Positive p16 was documented in all high-grade SIL, endocervical carcinomas, and serous carcinomas. In contrast, p16 was negative in all benign, low-grade SIL, and ECs. ER and PR were used in panels with p16, p53, vimentin, and carcinoembryonic antigen to assign tumors to specific site, in differentiating EC from serous carcinomas and in establishing the diagnosis of endocervical adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was used in 4.7% and 8.7% of gyn surgical path cases at two institutions. P16, ki-67, and p53 were the most commonly used markers especially in grading SIL. This study documents the most commonly used IHC biomarkers at two tertiary care academic centers for defining benchmarks for IHC use.
Vesico-intestinal fissure.

SYNOPSIS This report describes three variants of an anomaly variously known as vesico-intestinal fissure and extrophy of the cloaca. The embryology is not well understood, and the mortality is high because of the complexities of management and the frequent occurrence of other major malformations.
Ni–NiO core–shell inverse opal electrodes for supercapacitors

A general template-assisted electrochemical approach was used to synthesize three-dimensional ordered Ni core–NiO shell inverse opals (IOs) as electrodes for supercapacitors. The Ni–NiO IO electrodes displayed pseudo-capacitor behavior, good rate capability and cycling performance.
Defense Mechanisms of Termites

For predators of all sizes, termite colonies are dangerous but well-stocked pantries. The success of termites over the last 150 million years is due in large part to the development of elaborate architectural, behavioral, morphological, and chemical strategies for colony defense. Indeed, the literature on termite defense mechanisms has grown from a handful of chemical and observational studies to several hundred references in the last fifteen years. Among these are comprehensive reviews on chemical defenses of termite soldiers (70, 71, 74, 75), defense mechanisms and enemies of termites (25, 40), morphology and ultrastructure of termite defense glands (98), and the chemical systematics of termite exocrine secretions (76). In addition, isopteran defenses are portrayed in relation to those of other arthropods in an excellent monograph by Blum (10) and in a recent review by Pasteels et al (66). This review focuses on mechanical and chemical defense mechanisms of individual termites. The text presents the mechanical and chemical defense modes of workers and soldier termites in an analytical fashion. To complement this presentation, a comprehensive table is provided in which known defense strategies, chemicals, and habitats are arranged phylogenetic ally for all ter­ mites for which literature citations were available through March 1983. This table is designed to facilitate the location of relevant literature on the defensive mechanisms and ecology of any given taxon, and it fills a conspicuous void in the review literature to date. The importance of predators (14, 25, l00a), mound morphology, and behavioral ecology (19, 20, 57) in understanding how defenses are successful in an evolutionary ecological sense are not stressed. The bias of this review is chemical, and the author regrets omissions or
Slew Maneuvers of Large Flexible Spacecrafts

In this paper, the dynamics and control of arbitrary slew maneuvers of a large flexible spacecraft are developed. The dynamics of slew maneuvers are nonlinear and include the coupling between the rigid orbiter and the flexible appendage. A decentralized control scheme is used to perform a large angle slew maneuver about an arbitrary axis in space and to suppress the vibrations of the flexible appendage during and after the maneuver. The method developed in this paper is applied to NASA Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) test article.
Coordinate embryonic expression of three zebrafish engrailed genes

We have identified three genes, expressed in zebrafish embryos, that are members of the engrailed gene family. On the basis of sequence comparisons and analyses of their expression patterns, we suggest that two of these genes, eng2 and eng3, are closely related to the En-2 gene of other vertebrates. The third gene, eng1, is probably the zebrafish homolog of En-1. Subsets of cells at the developing junction between the midbrain and hindbrain express three different combinations of these genes, revealing a previously unknown complexity of this region of the CNS. Other cells, for example, jaw and myotomal muscle precursors, express two of the three genes in combinations which, in the myotomal muscles, change during development. Cells in the developing hindbrain and fins express only a single engrailed gene. We propose that the fates and patterning of these cells may be regulated by the coordinate expression of particular combinations of these closely related homeoproteins.
Temperate Mountain Forests: Common-Pool Resources with Changing, Multiple Outputs for Changing Communities

This paper broadens the concept of common-pool resources with reference to forests, which supply many joint products whose relative importance to different communities has changed over time. Case studies refer to forests in the Swiss Alps and Colorado Rocky Mountains. For each region, two levels of analysis are developed. These concentrate on outputs of wood, recreation and protection from natural hazards, and consider: 1) policy development for the two regions and a study area within each; and 2) the changing supply of forest outputs from the study areas within the context of changing policies and demands on the forests.
Effect of oral versus gastric delivery on gastric emptying of corn oil emulsions

Several studies have shown that fluids delivered to the stomach tend to empty more rapidly than when ingested by mouth. To better characterize the “delivery route effect” for corn oil, rats receive...
The Impact of Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Family Attorneys Working with Trauma-Exposed Clients: Implications for Practice and Professional Responsibility

Considering the high concentration of trauma-exposed clients in family law, including those subjected to domestic violence and child abuse, a discussion of how family attorneys can benefit from a new wealth of mental health research on post-traumatic stress is both timely and prudent for the welfare of both clients and attorneys. In particular, it is concerning that the cognitive biases resulting from attorneys' secondary traumatic stress when working with these clients may appear within the legal community as normative rather than bias-based or inappropriate. Risk factors among family law attorneys for secondary traumatic stress are identified, as well as recommendations for preventative and supportive approaches among the bar and Lawyer Assistance Programs. The goal is to improve the well-being of attorneys in high risk practice areas for traumatic stress, such as family law, and to bolster protection of clients against professional ethics violations and malpractice.
Matching Instructional Media with Instructional Demands

Video instruction is an effective support for audio instruction of visuospatial tasks; but how is effectiveness of this type of instruction moderated? We investigated the effects of age-related cognitive changes, audio versus audio-plus-video instructions, differential working memory instruction demands, and differential task difficulty on assembly task performance. Forty-eight young adults and 48 older adults completed an assembly task where accuracy, use of additional time, repetition of steps, and subjective mental workload were measured. Results indicated that participants receiving audio plus video instruction benefited most as task difficulty increased. Older adults performed more poorly compared to young adults; however, the findings indicate that video-based instruction was beneficial for both young and older adults for this class of task. Results are discussed from a training perspective in general and as they relate to telemedicine specifically. Guidelines for applying the correct instructional ...
Decomposition of Urea by Proteus

At the Third International Congress for Microbiology St. John-Brooks and Rhodes1 suggested a simplification of the taxonomy of the Proteus genus. On the basis of maltose fermentation and indol production 3 species were set up in the genus, indologenes (vulgaris), morganii, and anindologenes (mirabilis). Proteus americanus and Proteus ammoniœ were considered variants of anindologenes. Proteus hydrophilus, Proteus pseudovaleriei, and Proteus icthyosmius were excluded from the genus on the basis of their ability to ferment mannitol.The decomposition of urea with formation of ammonia is one of the major criteria for the determination of the Proteus group (Bergey).2 This phenomenon, however has received relatively little attention, particularly when recent additions have been made to this genus. From a review of the literature it appears that the action on urea of Proteus morganii, Proteus hydrophilus, Proteus icthyosmius, and Proteus bombycis is unknown.Investigators, with few exceptions, have used sterile ur...
Impact of Tobacco Control Policies on Adolescent Smoking

Purpose Our aims were to examine the impact of cigarette taxes and smoke-free legislation on current adolescent smoking and smoking frequency overall as well as test whether there were differential policy effects by age.