cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DEMONSTRATION OF A BLOOD-OCULAR BARRIER IN THE ALBINO RAT BY MEANS OF THE INTRAVITAM DEPOSITION OF SILVER

When silver nitrate is administered to rats in their drinking water for many months, they develop a generalized argyria. In the central nervous system, the deposition of silver follows the pattern of the so called hematoencephalic barrier (Wislocki and Leduc, (2); Dempsey and Wislocki, (3)). The present observations concern the deposition of silver in the rat's eye, investigated by both light microscopy and the electron microscope. In the eye, silver is not detected in the specific neural elements of the retina. Instead, it is heavily deposited in the basement membrane of the epithelium of the ciliary processes and in Bruch's basal membrane between the choriocapillary layer and the retinal epithelium. Traces of silver are visible in the basement membranes of the retinal capillaries with the electron microscope, but cannot be identified with the light microscope. In all of these respects, the pattern of the silver resembles the mode of its deposition in the brain. The heavy accumulation of metal in Bruch's membrane and the ciliary processes is analogous to that observed in the chorioid plexuses, and the traces encountered in the walls of the retinal capillaries correspond to traces observed in the basement membranes of the cerebral capillaries. Hence, with respect to silver, the eye possesses a blood-ocular barrier similar to the hematoencephalic barrier. Silver appears to be restrained from entering the aqueous humor by a barrier in the basement membrane of the ciliary processes, from reaching the photoreceptor elements of the retina by Bruch's basal membrane, and from penetrating the inner layers of the retina by a barrier in the basement membrane surrounding the retinal capillaries.
Globalization and E-Commerce: Growth and Impacts in Denmark

Globalization and E-Commerce: Growth and Impacts in Denmark December 2001 Kim Viborg Andersen & Niels Bjorn-Andersen Department of Informatics, Copenhagen Business School 60 Howitzvej, DK – 2000 Frederiksberg, DENMARK Phone: (+45) 3815-2400 Fax: (+45) 3815-2401 Email: [andersen, nba]@cbs.dk URL http://www.inf.cbs.dk Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO) University of California, Irvine 3200 Berkeley Place Irvine, CA 92697-4650 http://www.crito.uci.edu This study is part of the Globalization of E-Commerce project of the Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations (CRITO) at the University of California, Irvine. The study has been supported by a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation (CISE/IIS/CSS).
Fe and Ca Uptake as Related to Root‐Sap and Stem‐Exudate Citrate in Soybeans

Two soybean varieties that differentially absorb and translocate iron were used to compare root-sap citrate with stem-exudate citrate as they are involved in the uptake of Fe and Ca. The status of Fe and PO4 in the prenutrient solution determined the citrate concentration in the root sap and the citrate translocated in the stem exudate. There was a parallel between the iron and the citrate translocated in the stem exudate, but this relationship did not appear to exist for the citrate and Fe concentrations in the root sap. Iron stress (deficiency) promoted the accumulation of citrate in the root-sap, but there was not a concomitant increase of citrate in the stem exudate. In iron-deficient soybeans, phosphate stress also promoted the accumulation of citrate in the root sap, and here, stem-exudate citrate and root-sap citrate more nearly followed the same trends. The citrate pool in the root appears to result from a deficiency of iron and may not be directly involved in the absorption and translocation of iron from the growth medium. Increasing amounts of phosphate in the prenutrient decreased both the citrate and Fe in the root sap and stem exudate. The factors controlling the uptake of Fe are rather specific and are not related to the uptake of radioactive Ca 45 in soybeans regardless of soybean variety, degree of iron stress, or citrate concentration in the root.
Efficacy‐information for implementing learning in construction

This paper, while emphasizing the linkage between the concepts of “empowerment” and “learning”, argues that empowerment provides the most appropriate base to effectively implement learning in construction organizations. It is argued that “efficacy‐information”, being a derivative of empowerment, helps influence employees’ behavior in seeking, managing and utilizing knowledge at job sites. Within this context, this paper proposes the efficacy‐information model being developed out of a series of detailed case studies conducted at large civil and building construction organizations in UK. The model presented in this paper depicts several types of efficacy‐information, of which, most put employees as being responsible for seeking and deploying them at job site. It must be noted that the efficacy‐information model should not be considered as complete but it should continually evolve based on future investigations.
The impact of race and disease on sickle cell patient wait times in the emergency department

Abstract Study objective To determine whether patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience longer wait times to see a physician after arrival to an emergency department (ED) compared to patients with long bone fracture and patients presenting with all other possible conditions (General Patient Sample), and to attempt to disentangle the effects of race and disease status on any observed differences. Methods A cross-sectional, comparative analysis of year 2003 through 2008 data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, a nationally representative sample of nonfederal emergency department visits in the United States. Our primary outcome was wait time (in minutes) to see a physician after arrival to an ED. A generalized linear model was used to examine ratios of wait times comparing SCD visits to the two comparison groups. Results SCD patients experienced wait times 25% longer than the General Patient Sample, though this difference was explained by the African-American race of the SCD patients. SCD patients waited 50% longer than did patients with long bone fracture even after accounting for race and assigned triage priority. Conclusions Patients with SCD presenting to an ED for care experience longer wait times than other groups, even after accounting for assigned triage level. The African-American race of the SCD patients, and their status as having SCD itself, both appear to contribute to longer wait times for these patients. These data confirm patient anecdotal reports and are in need of intervention.
Projectile impact detection and performance evaluation using machine vision

The paper reports on the development of a machine vision system for assessing targeting accuracy of ballistic, projectile-firing weapon systems. Current techniques rely on either manual optical sighting or acoustic signature to locate the point of impact. Optical sighting, still the predominant method in many events, is manual and imprecise. Acoustic-based approaches automate the process but require multiple sensor placements. The machine vision system described is able to continuously monitor the target, report precise quantitative targeting information and simultaneously provide a color-coded display of impacts. Special provisions have been built-in to account for target plane motion and overlapping impacts phenomenon. >
Know thy journals

How do hydrology and water resources journals compare to each other? This question, as noted by McDonnell [1997], is frequently asked by reappointment, tenure, and promotion committees as well as by researchers and graduate students who wonder where to submit their papers. Although the quality of a journal clearly rests with the articles that it publishes, not vice versa, the quality of one's work is often judged in terms of the quality of the journal in which it is published. Therefore, ignoring the journal rankings may be costly regardless of whether or not we deplore the obsession of our society with rankings. What constitutes then a prudent journal choice? Should it be based on the elusive reputation of a journal, its selectivity, its most recent impact factor (defined in the electronic supplement to this article), or other statistics?
Magnetic field measurements of the Nb/sub 3/Sn common coil dipole RD3c

Goal of the LBNL Superconducting Magnet Program is to establish the technologies associated with very high field superconducting magnets, to provide cost-effective options for the next generation of high-energy colliders. Recent efforts have focused on the design, fabrication and test of Nb/sub 3/Sn common coil dipoles. The RD3b test has demonstrated operation at very high field and stress levels. RD3c is the first common coil prototype addressing field quality issues. A flat racetrack coil was wound on both sides of a central bore plate, using hard spacers to control the geometric field harmonics. The resulting coil module was inserted between the outer coil modules of RD3b, and pre-stressed using the reusable yoke and shell loading structure. In this paper, magnetic field measurements of RD3c are reported and compared with theoretical predictions.
Measurement Invariance for Latent Constructs in Multiple Populations: A Critical View and Refocus

Popular measurement invariance testing procedures for latent constructs evaluated by multiple indicators in distinct populations are revisited and discussed. A frequently used test of factor loading invariance is shown to possess serious limitations that in general preclude it from accomplishing its goal of ascertaining this invariance. A process of mean intercept invariance evaluation is subsequently examined, and it is indicated that within this framework there is no statistical test available for group identity in them. Rather than pursuing these popular and widely used invariance testing procedures, it is recommended that empirical studies on constructs in multiple populations be concerned in general with alternative measurement invariance examination and ensuring the inclusion of their invariance conditions in models aimed at investigating group differences and similarities in latent means, variances, and interrelationships. The discussion is illustrated using data from a cognitive intervention study.
The Influence of Electrode Potentials on the Extent of Reduction of Cystine in Hair Fibers by Reducing Agents

The effect of reducing agents on hair fibers was measured by studying the relaxation curves of fibers kept at constant elongation in a solution of the reagent. Where reduc tion occurred, the extent of reduction, as measured by the final equilibrium stress level, was dependent on the electrode potential of the reagent. The reduction of stress cor responded to reduction of cystine disulfide linkages within the fiber as shown by chemical analyses of treated hair fibers. The dependence of the amount of reduction on the reagent potential indicates that the cystine residues within the keratin fiber exhibit dissimilar E° values.
Evaluation of the number of segments using weighted entropy

Image segmentation plays a very important role in many image understanding and computer vision techniques. Over the last few decades image segmentation techniques have been advanced significantly, though a few quantitative evaluation techniques have been proposed. Most of the segmentation evaluation techniques are largely subjective that means the evaluation is done visually, intuitively or qualitatively from the comparison of several segmented images. Sometimes the evaluation is even done based on the results of the segmentation step in the subsequent application or processing step. A novel objective segmentation evaluation method based on entropy is proposed in this paper which is simple to implement. In this proposed method the weighted self-entropy and mutual-entropy are used to measure the dissimilarity of the pixel characteristics among the segmented regions and the similarity within a region. This proposed evaluation method produces a numeric score for a segmented image and thus can be used for the comparison of different segmentation algorithms of an image. Moreover, we can use this method to find the values of the parameters of any segmentation algorithm that best suit for a given image. The simulation results show that the presented segmentation evaluation method is effective in identifying both over- and under-segmentation, and the ”good” segmentations that match well with the reference. The preliminary outcomes also open up new areas for further research on objective segmentation evaluation using entropy.
Effects of Exogenous Estrogen and/or Androgen on Performance, Egg Shell Characteristics and Blood Plasma Changes in Laying Hens

Abstract THE physiological factors responsible for decline in egg production and egg shell characteristics with age in the chicken are not fully known. Recent research has indicated that certain dietary alterations may prevent a portion of the decline in egg shell quality. Hurwitz and Griminger (1960 Hurwitz and Griminger (1962) reported that maximum calcium (Ca) retention was 1.5 to 1.7 mg. per bird per day in old hens as compared to 2.0 gm. or more with young hens. Based upon work with mice, Draper (1964) suggested that the tendency of aged animals towards a negative Ca balance is not due to a decreased absorption rate from the intestine, but is due to an incomplete replacement of Ca eroded from the skeleton. Gardner and Pfeiffer (1943) reported that estrogen increased the transfer of Ca from gut to blood stream, increased serum Ca and accelerated formation of endosteal bone in pullets. In immature pullets, Common…
Properties of Distillers Grains Composites: A Preliminary Investigation

Interest in renewable biofuel sources has intensified in recent years, leading to greatly increased production of ethanol and its primary coproduct, Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles (DDGS). Consequently, the development of new outlets for DDGS has become crucial to maintaining the economic viability of the industry. In light of these developments, this preliminary study aimed to determine the suitability of DDGS for use as a biofiller in low-cost composites that could be produced by rapid prototyping applications. The effects of DDGS content, particle size, curing temperature, and compression on resulting properties, such as flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, water activity, and color were evaluated for two adhesive bases. The composites formed with phenolic resin glue were found to be greatly superior to glue in terms of mechanical strength and durability: resin-based composites had maximum fiber stresses of 150-380 kPa, while glue composites had values between 6 kPa and 35 kPa; addi- tionally, glue composites experienced relatively rapid microbial growth. In the resin composites, both decreased particle size and increased compression resulted in increased mechanical strength, while a moderate DDGS content was found to increase flexural strength but decrease Young's modulus. These results indicate that DDGS has the potential to be used in resin glue-based composites to both improve flexural strength and improve potential biodegradability.
Effect of Formulation and Dough Hydration Level on Extrusion, Physical and Cooked Qualities of Nontraditional Spaghetti

The effects of formulation and dough hydration on extrusion, physical and cooking qualities of nontraditional spaghetti were determined. The formulations used for this experiment were semolina 100%, whole wheat 100%, semolina–whole wheat (49:51), semolina–flaxseed (90:10), whole wheat–flaxseed (90:10) and semolina–whole wheat–flaxseed (39:51:10). Flaxseed was incorporated as fine and coarse particles. Formulations were hydrated to 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34% before extrusion. Semolina required less pressure and mechanical energy during extrusion, had the brightest color, but had the poorest cooking quality when hydrated to 34% than to 30%. Inclusion of flaxseed flour in the formulation facilitated the extrusion process but decreased the flexibility, brightness, yellowness and cooked quality of the spaghetti. Better cooked quality was obtained for whole wheat spaghetti containing 49% semolina than for 100% whole wheat spaghetti. If both whole wheat and flaxseed flour are desired, then semolina–whole wheat–flaxseed (39:51:10) hydrated to 30–32% was the best formulation-hydration combination. Practical Applications This study provides useful information for those pasta manufacturers that want to include nontraditional ingredients in their pasta products.
An Empirical Analysis of Disk Sector Hashes for Data Carving

Discovering known illicit material on digital storage devices is an important component of a digital forensic investigation. Using existing data carving techniques and tools, it is typically difficult to recover remaining fragments of deleted illicit files whose file system metadata and file headers have been overwritten by newer files. In such cases, a sector-based scan can be used to locate those sectors whose content matches those of sectors from known illicit files. However, brute-force sector-by-sector comparison is prohibitive in terms of time required. Techniques that compute and compare hash-based signatures of sectors in order to filter out those sectors that do not produce the same signatures as sectors from known illicit files are required for accelerating the process. This article reports the results of a case study in which the hashes for over 528 million sectors extracted from over 433,000 files of different types were analyzed. The hashes were computed using SHA1, MD5, CRC64, and CRC32 algorithms and hash collisions of sectors from JPEG and WAV files to other sectors were recorded. The analysis of the results shows that although MD5 and SHA1 produce no false-positive indications, the occurrence of false positives is relatively low for CRC32 and especially CRC64. Furthermore, the CRC-based algorithms produce considerably smaller hashes than SHA1 and MD5, thereby requiring smaller storage capacities. CRC64 provides a good compromise between number of collisions and storage capacity required for practical implementations of sector-scanning forensic tools.
ODAE methods for the numerical solution of Euler-Lagrange equations

Abstract In a series of recent papers [5–7] it is shown that many of the numerical methods for solving Euler–Lagrange equations can be viewed as generalized solutions of an overdetermined differential-algebraic equation (ODAE). For a model with linear constraints, it is shown that if the ODAE is solved by a certain iteration technique in conjunction with BDF discretization, then the corresponding numerical solution coincides with the numerical solution obtained by applying the same BDF scheme to a state-space form of the original Euler–Lagrange equation. In addition, it is shown that using this iteration to solve the ODAE is equivalent to numerically solving a DAE which arises from extending the mechanical system by adding derivatives of the constraints and additional Lagrange multipliers to ensure that those constraints are satisfied. In this paper we examine these equivalences to determine to what extent they continue to hold for problems which are more general than the linear model.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and loss of PLCγ activity inhibit TRPM channels required for oscillatory Ca2+ signaling

The Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal epithelium generates rhythmic inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent Ca2+ oscillations that control muscle contractions required for defecation. Two high...
Ratio semi-definite classifiers

We present a novel classification model that is formulated as a ratio of semi-definite polynomials. We derive an efficient learning algorithm for this classifier, and apply it to two separate phoneme classification corpora. Results show that our disciminatively trained model can achieve accuracies comparable with state-of-the-art techniques such as multi-layer perceptrons, but does not posses the overconfident bias often found in models based on ratios of exponentials.
β-Helix core packing within the triple-stranded oligomerization domain of the P22 tailspike

A right-handed parallel beta-helix of 400 residues in 13 tightly packed coils is a major motif of the chains forming the trimeric P22 tailspike adhesin. The beta-helix domains of three identical subunits are side-by-side in the trimer and make predominantly hydrophilic inter-subunit contacts (Steinbacher S et al., 1994, Science 265:383-386). After the 13th coil the three individual beta-helices terminate and the chains wrap around each other to form three interdigitated beta-sheets organized into the walls of a triangular prism. The beta-strands then separate and form antiparallel beta-sheets, but still defining a triangular prism in which each side is a beta-sheet from a different subunit (Seckler R, 1998, J Struct Biol 122:216-222). The subunit interfaces are buried in the triangular core of the prism, which is densely packed with hydrophobic side chains from the three beta-sheets. Examination of this structure reveals that its packed core maintains the same pattern of interior packing found in the left-handed beta-helix, a single-chain structure. This packing is maintained in both the interdigitated parallel region of the prism and the following antiparallel sheet section. This oligomerization motif for the tailspike beta-helices presumably contributes to the very high thermal and detergent stability that is a property of the native tailspike adhesin.
Brain contains inhibiting factors specific to the large T-antigen gene

SV40 large T-antigen (LTa) gene-induced immortalized rat dopamine-producing nerve cells (1RB3AN27), which produce LTa protein and divide in vitro, do not divide and do not produce LTa protein when transplanted into striatum of adult rats. This suggests the presence of LTa gene-inhibiting factors in brain. Here we report that rat brain soluble fraction (SF) contains factors which specifically inhibit LTa gene activity in vitro. The brain SF inhibited LTa protein levels and the growth of 1RB3AN27 cells and 2RSG cells (LTa gene-induced immortalized rat parotid acinar cells) in vitro, but it stimulated the growth of spontaneously immortalized human parotid acinar cells (2HPC8) and had no effect on the proliferation of murine neuroblastoma cells (NBP2) and rat glioma cells (C-6) in culture. In contrast, the liver SF inhibited the growth of all cell lines tested at varying degrees and thus lacked specificity with respect to LTa gene activity. The presence of specific LTa gene-inhibiting factors in the brain and general tumor growth-inhibiting factors in the liver may provide some of the mechanisms of protection against in vivo carcinogenesis.
Adherence to oral antidiabetic agents with pioglitazone and metformin: comparison of fixed-dose combination therapy with monotherapy and loose-dose combination therapy.

Abstract Background Several studies have examined adherence when switching from loose-dose combination therapy (LDCT) to fixed-dose combination therapy (FDCT) among oral antidiabetic agents. However, little is known regarding combination therapies, including pioglitazone and metformin. Objectives The objectives of this study were (1) to describe adherence to monotherapy (MT), LDCT, and FDCT of oral diabetic agents containing pioglitazone and metformin; (2) to determine whether there are differences in the medication adherence of patients switching from MT or LDCT to the corresponding FDCT, while controlling for covariates; and (3) to determine whether there are differences in medication costs between LDCT and the analogous FDCT. Methods This retrospective database study included continuously enrolled Texas Medicaid recipients (18–65 years) who were prescribed FDCT with pioglitazone and metformin in the postindex period and prescribed the analogous LDCT or MT in the preindex period. Prescription claims were extracted from August 1, 2004, to August 31, 2007. Medication possession ratio (MPR) was used to measure medication adherence, and medication costs were assessed using reimbursement amount to dispensing pharmacies. Descriptive statistics, paired t tests, χ 2 tests, and logistic regression analyses were employed to address the study objectives. Results Patients (n = 270) were on average (mean [SD]) 50.7 (9.7) years of age, and the majority were female (73.3%). Overall adherence to FDCT was 80.5 (19.7). Regarding patients who switched from LDCT (n = 60) to FDCT, adherence increased significantly ( P = 0.0081) by 8.9% (76.0 [16.8] to 82.8 [18.2]), whereas those who switched from MT (n = 210) to FDCT had a 9% significant ( P Conclusions Although switching from MT to FDCT resulted in decreased adherence, switching to the analogous FDCT for selected patients who were prescribed LDCT with pioglitazone and metformin resulted in a 9% decrease in medication cost and a 9% increase in adherence. Caution should be used when generalizing the study results to different FDCT combinations and other payers.
Development of a Rotavirus-Shedding Model in Rhesus Macaques, Using a Homologous Wild-Type Rotavirus of a New P Genotype

Although there are several reports on rotavirus inoculation of nonhuman primates, no reliable model exists. Therefore, this study was designed to develop a rhesus macaque model for rotavirus studies. The goals were to obtain a wild-type macaque rotavirus and evaluate it as a challenge virus for model studies. Once rotavirus was shown to be endemic within the macaque colony at the Tulane National Primate Research Center, stool specimens were collected from juvenile animals (2.6 to 5.9 months of age) without evidence of previous rotavirus infection and examined for rotavirus antigen. Six of 10 animals shed rotavirus during the 10-week collection period, and the electropherotypes of all isolates were identical to each other but distinct from those of prototype simian rotaviruses. These viruses were characterized as serotype G3 and subgroup 1, properties typical of many animal rotaviruses, including simian strains. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the VP4 gene was performed with a culture-grown isolate from the stool of one animal, designated the TUCH strain. Based on both genotypic and phylogenetic comparisons between TUCH VP4 and cognate proteins of representatives of the reported 22 P genotypes, the TUCH virus belongs to a new genotype, P[23]. A pool of wild-type TUCH was prepared and intragastrically administered to eight cesarean section-derived, specific-pathogen-free macaques 14 to 42 days of age. All animals were kept in a biocontainment level 2 facility. Although no diarrhea was observed and the animals remained clinically normal, all animals shed large quantities of rotavirus antigen in their feces after inoculation, which resolved by the end of the 14-day observation period. Therefore, TUCH infection of macaques provides a useful nonhuman primate model for studies on rotavirus protection.
Identification of Cellular Protein Phosphatase-1 Regulators

Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) is a major phosphoserine/phosphothreonine phosphatase that regulates multiple physiological events in all eukaryotic cells. Action of PP1 in cells is dictated by the association of PP1 catalytic subunit with one or more regulatory subunits that define both its catalytic function and subcellular localization. This chapter describes key methods used to identify PP1-binding proteins and assess their ability to modulate PP1 functions in mammalian cells. These methods include affinity isolation of cellular PP1 complexes, analysis of direct PP1 binding, modulation of PP (protein phosphatase) activity, and testing for the presence of the newly identified PP1 complex in cells and cellular compartments. Together these techniques set the foundation for further studies that can establish the physiological significance of this PP1 complex.
A Critique of the National Popular Vote Plan for Electing the President

The National Popular Vote plan (NPV), introduced in more than 40 states, and adopted by 4, proposes an interstate compact to bring about direct election of the president of the United States. The proposal eliminates states as electoral districts in presidential elections by creating a national electoral district for the presidential election, thereby advancing a national political identity for the United States. States with small populations and states that are competitive may benefit from the electoral college. Few states clearly benefit from direct election of the president. NPV brings about this change without amending the Constitution, thereby undermining the legitimacy of presidential elections. It also weakens federalism by eliminating the role of the states in presidential contests. NPV nationalizes disputed outcomes and cannot offer any certainty that states will not withdraw from the compact when the results of an election become known. NPV will encourage presidential campaigns to focus their efforts in dense media markets where costs per vote are lowest; many states now ignored by candidates will continue to be ignored under NPV. For these reasons, states should not join the National Popular Vote compact.
Mechanical Design and Control Calibration for an Interactive Animatronic System

Animatronic figures provide key show effects in the entertainment and theme park industry by simulating life-like animations and sounds. There is a need for interactive, autonomous animatronic systems to create engaging and compelling experiences for the guests. The animatronic figures must identify the guests and recognize their status in dynamic interactions for enhanced acceptance and effectiveness as socially interactive agents, in the general framework of human-robot interactions. The design and implementation of an interactive, autonomous animatronic system in form of a tabletop dragon and the comparisons of guest responses in its passive and interactive modes are presented in this work. The purpose of this research is to create a platform that may be used to validate autonomous, interactive behaviors in animatronics, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative analysis methods of guest response. The dragon capabilities include a four degrees-of-freedom head, moving wings, tail, jaw, blinking eyes and sound effects. Human identification, using a depth camera (Carmine from PrimeSense), an open-source middleware (NITE from OpenNI), Java-based Processing and an Arduino microcontroller, has been implemented into the system in order to track a guest or guests, within the field of view of the camera. The details of design and fabrication of the dragon model, algorithm development for interactive autonomous behavior using a vision system, the experimental setup and implementation results under different conditions are presented.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Ultraviolet fluorescence to identify navel oranges with poor peel quality and decay.

Navel oranges (Citrus sinensis) were sorted into four groups under ultraviolet illumination in commercial packinghouse black light rooms based upon the amount of fluorescence visible on each fruit to determine if fluorescence was predictive of peel quality. The groups corresponded to fruit with 1) little or no fluorescence (group 0), 2) low fluorescence (group 1), 3) moderate fluorescence (group 2), and 4) large fluorescent areas (group 3) that were indicative of developing decay lesions. Identification and elimination of group 3 fruit in black light rooms is a common practice now, but the other groups pass through these rooms. Six tests were conducted over a 2-year period during different times in the mid to late navel orange season. Fruit were visually evaluated for peel quality within 24 hours of their initial segregation into fluorescence groups and again following 3 weeks of storage at 15 C. Peel quality assessment was based upon commercial grading practices, and the fruit were placed into fancy, choice, juice, or decay classes. Fruit with low to no peel fluorescence (groups 0 and 1) had numerous fancy-grade fruit and few juiceand decay-grade fruit in comparison with the other two groups. In contrast, fruit with moderate fluorescence (group 2) were of poor peel quality. In the initial evaluation, this group had 28% fewer fancy fruit and 19% more juice fruit than did group 0. During storage, group 2 fruit declined markedly in quality and numerous fruit of group 2 in the choice and juice classes decayed; the percentage of decayed fruit increased from 1% initially to 29% after 3 weeks of storage. Navel oranges in group 3, with numerous and obvious fluorescent decay lesions, mainly consisted of either juice grade or decayed fruit; 70% of group 3 decayed after 3 weeks. In addition to removing fluorescing fruit that have obvious indications of decay (group 3), it would be advantageous to remove or otherwise recognize that fruit with moderate levels of fluorescence (group 2) are also of lower quality and that they should not be selected for long storage or distant transport. Their identification may be most practical with an automated system using machine vision and ultraviolet illumination.
The Long-Term Success of Local Radiation Therapy in Preventing Tumor Regrowth in the Treated Field

The local tumor regrowth rate for patients irradiated at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1973 to 1979 was evaluated by the cumulative frequency of local tumor regrowth. The results indicate that following 6,800–7,500 cGy of external beam irradiation, the absence of tumor regrowth in the treated field for patients with Stage T2 (B) tumors occurs in 85 to 90 percent. This curve, relating the cumulative incidence of local tumor regrowth against time, approached an asymptote after 5 to 7 years, suggesting there may be no further instances of local tumor regrowth with “infinite” time of follow up. In contradistinction were the 122 patients with clinical Stage T3 and T4 (C) tumors whose cumulative incidence of regrowth curve appears to be still rising from 6 to 10 years, suggesting that 35 percent of patients will have had regrowth by 10 years, and that this may increase with further time of follow up. The incidence of local tumor regrowth rate for patients with Stage T2 tumors (less than 10 percent at 8 years) is significantly lower than that for patients with Stage T3 and T4 tumors (35 percent at 8 years) at the p = 0.0024 level.
Delayed Effects of Therapeutic Brain Irradiation

Brain irradiation, although therapeutic in nature, has undesirable effects in a small number of patients. Radiation encephalopathy and radiation necrosis may occur as late responses. Radiation also may cause cognitive deficits, visual loss, and hypothalamic-pituitary suppression. The nurse who is knowledgeable about potential delayed effects of brain irradiation is able to provide individualized care and patient and family education.
Intrauterine contraception and the Armed Forces.

In 1968 the Food and Drug Administration concluded that IUD contraception is effective and useful. The Navy would not endorse its use for naval medical facilities. A study on IUD contraceptives was conducted from July 1 1967 through April 30 1969 at a naval hospital. 275 patients were fitted with a Lippes loop D; 100 were followed for a year. No pregnancies resulted. After 1 year 90% continued using the IUD. The complication and expulsion rate compared favorably with figures from the general population. It is hoped that this study "within the ranks" will effect a review of the Armed Forces position on the use of intrauterine contraceptives.
Cardiac and Vascular Measurements in Conscious and Anesthetized Animals

The intent of the following discussion is to provide instructional diagrams, typical recordings, practical applications, and references to methods used to evaluate changes in cardiac size (i.e., mechanics) and in the coronary circulation. Transit-time ultrasound technique and electromagnetic and ultrasonic flow techniques are described. Other methods and approaches to obtain similar measurements are available but have not been described.
Distal Tibial Pilon Fracture: Delayed Treatment and Dual Incision Approach

This is a 38-year-old male, who sustained a closed injury to his left distal tibia after a fall from a 22 foot scaffold while at work. He was brought to the emergency room for evaluation and underwent placement into a long leg splint.
Studies of Cathodically-Promoted Addition Reactions of Nitromethane with Various Aldehydes

Addition of nitromethane to five heterocyclic aldehydes, anthracene-9-carboxaldehyde and ferrocenecarboxaldehyde has been studied. In all cases, the corresponding nitroalcohols are formed initially and, for the less basic aldehydes, this product can be isolated in good to excellent yield. For the more basic heterocyclic aldehydes, the initially formed nitroalcohol dehydrates under the reaction conditions forming the nitroolefin. This is particularly evident for the reaction of N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde where the nitroolefin was found to add a second molecule of nitromethane forming 2-(N-methyl-2-pyrrolyl)-1,3-dinitropropane. Similar results were obtained with ferrocenecarboxaldehyde where it was possible to obtain the 1,3-dinitro compound as the sole product.
Permanent Crustal Uplift Due to Plume Activity

Impingement of a mantle plume below the lithosphere results in a flood basalt province. Typically, the provinces has a short eruption time, less than 1 my, and high eruption rate, one to two orders of magnitude higher than the associated hotspot trail (Richards et al. in Science 246:103–107, 1989). This fits well with the premise that the flood basalts are the result of plume-head melting, while the hotspot track is produced by the plume tail (Campbell and Davies in Episodes 29(3), 2006).
Molecular Properties of Globin Channels and Pores: Role of Cholesterol in Ligand Binding and Movement.

ABSTRACT: Globins contain one or more cavities that control or affect such functions as ligand movement and ligand binding. Here we report that the extended globin family [cytoglobin (Cygb); neuroglobin (Ngb); myoglobin (Mb); hemoglobin (Hb) subunits Hba(α) and Hbb(β)] contain either a transmembrane (TM) helix or pore-lining region as well as internal cavities. Protein motif/domain analyses indicate that Ngb and Hbb each contain 5 cholesterol-binding (CRAC/CARC) domains and 1 caveolin binding motif, whereas the Cygb dimer has 6 cholesterol-binding domains but lacks caveolin-binding motifs. Mb and Hba each exhibit 2 cholesterol-binding domains and also lack caveolin-binding motifs. The Hb αβ-tetramer contains 14 cholesterol-binding domains. Computer algorithms indicate that Cygb and Ngb cavities display multiple partitions and C-terminal pore-lining regions, whereas Mb has three major cavities plus a C-terminal pore-lining region. The Hb tetramer exhibits a large internal cavity but the subunits differ in that they contain a C-terminal TM helix (Hba) and pore-lining region (Hbb). The cavities include 43 of 190 Cygb residues, 38 of 151 of Ngb residues, 55 of 154 Mb residues and 137 of 688 residues in the Hb tetramer. Each cavity complex includes 6 to 8 residues of the TM helix or pore-lining region and CRAC/CARC domains exist within all cavities. Erythrocyte Hb αβ-tetramers are largely cytosolic but also bind to a membrane anion exchange protein, “band 3”, which contains a large internal cavity and 12 TM helices (5 being pore-lining regions). The Hba TM helix may be the erythrocyte membrane “band 3” attachment site. “Band 3” contributes 4 caveolin binding motifs and 10 CRAC/CARC domains. Cholesterol binding may create lipid-disordered phases that alter globin cavities and facilitate ligand movement, permitting ion channel formation and conformational changes that orchestrate anion and ligand (O2, CO2, NO) movement within the large internal cavities and channels of the globins.
Gridlock or Leadership in U.S. Electoral Politics

Formal work on the electoral model often suggests that parties or candidates should locate themselves at the electoral center (or origin). Recent research has found no evidence of such convergence. In order to explain non-convergence, the stochastic electoral model is extended by including various kind of valences, some of which are based on individual and electoral perceptions. These electoral perceptions can be influenced by the contributions made by activist groups to the various parties. We present this formal activist model and then discuss the US presidential election in 2008 and the midterm US election in 2010 in order to evaluate the influence of activist groups, such as the so-called “Tea Party.” As an application of the model, we discuss the continuing realignment of US politics that has that has occurred since the end of the nineteenth century as a result of conflict between activist coalitions.
Runtime Verification at Work: A Tutorial

We present a suite of runtime verification tools developed by Runtime Verification Inc.: RV-Match, RV-Predict, and RV-Monitor. RV-Match is a tool for checking C programs for undefined behavior and other common programmer mistakes. It is extracted from the most complete formal semantics of the C11 language and beats many similar tools in its ability to catch a broad range of undesirable behaviors. RV-Predict is a dynamic data race detector for Java and C/C++ programs. It is perhaps the only tool that is both sound and maximal: it only reports real races and it can find all races that can be found by any other sound data race detector analyzing the same execution trace. RV-Monitor is a runtime monitoring tool that checks and enforces safety and security properties during program execution. Our tools focus on reporting no false positives and are free for non-commercial use.
Relationships Between Sleep Quality and Pain-Related Factors for People with Chronic Low Back Pain: Tests of Reciprocal and Time of Day Effects

Poor sleep quality among people with chronic low back pain appears to be related to worse pain, affect, poor physical function, and pain catastrophizing. The causal direction between poor sleep and pain remains an open question, however, as does whether sleep quality exerts effects on low back pain differently across the course of the day. This daily diary study examined lagged temporal associations between prior night sleep quality and subsequent day pain, affect, physical function and pain catastrophizing, the reverse lagged temporal associations between prior day pain-related factors and subsequent night sleep quality, and whether the time of day during which an assessment was made moderated these temporal associations. Chronic low back pain patients (n = 105) completed structured electronic diary assessments five times per day for 14 days. Items included patient ratings of their pain, affect, physical function, and pain catastrophizing. Collapsed across all observations, poorer sleep quality was significantly related to higher pain ratings, higher negative affect, lower positive affect, poorer physical function, and higher pain catastrophizing. Lagged analyses averaged across the day revealed that poorer prior night sleep quality significantly predicted greater next day patient ratings of pain, and poorer physical function and higher pain catastrophizing. Prior poorer night sleep quality significantly predicted greater reports of pain, and poorer physical function, and higher pain catastrophizing, especially during the early part of the day. Sleep quality × time of day interactions showed that poor sleepers reported high pain, and negative mood and low function uniformly across the day, whereas good sleepers reported relatively good mornings, but showed pain, affect and function levels comparable to poor sleepers by the end of the day. Analyses of the reverse causal pathway were mostly nonsignificant. Sleep quality appears related not only to pain intensity but also to a wide range of patient mood and function factors. A good night’s sleep also appears to offer only temporary respite, suggesting that comprehensive interventions for chronic low back pain not only should include attention to sleep problems but also focus on problems with pain appraisals and coping.
Discerning the Location and Nature of Coke Deposition from Surface to Bulk of Spent Zeolite Catalysts.

The formation of carbonaceous deposits (coke) in zeolite pores during catalysis leads to temporary deactivation of catalyst, necessitating regeneration steps, affecting throughput, and resulting in partial permanent loss of catalytic efficiency. Yet, even to date, the coke molecule distribution is quite challenging to study with high spatial resolution from surface to bulk of the catalyst particles at a single particle level. To address this challenge we investigated the coke molecules in HZSM-5 catalyst after ethanol conversion treatment by a combination of C K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), 13C Cross polarization-magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS NMR) spectroscopy, and atom probe tomography (APT). XAS and NMR highlighted the aromatic character of coke molecules. APT permitted the imaging of the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon molecules located within the pores of spent HZSM-5 catalyst from surface to bulk at a single particle level. 27Al NMR results and APT results indicated association of coke molecules with Al enriched regions within the spent HZSM-5 catalyst particles. The experimental results were additionally validated by a level-set–based APT field evaporation model. These results provide a new approach to investigate catalytic deactivation due to hydrocarbon coking or poisoning of zeolites at an unprecedented spatial resolution.
Immunotoxicology of Food borne Substances: An Overview

The current status of research concerning immunotoxicology of foodborne substances is discussed. Several food additives and bacterial toxins interact directly with cells involved in the immune response and could interfere with natural immunoregulation in the gut. Specialized antibodies produced locally in the gastrointestinal tract help facilitate enzymatic degradation of the substances with which they react by retaining them along the mucous lining; this process is known as immune exclusion. Interference with local production of intestinal antibodies could lead to loss of local immunity and immune exclusion of large, potentially immunogenic proteins. Consequences of chemically induced loss of immune exclusion could include increase in incidence of autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal allergies, toxigenic diarrheas, and pathogenic invasion through the gut wall. The need for more research is apparent.
The GEP: Crowd-Sourcing Big Data Analysis with Undergraduates

The era of ‘big data' is also the era of abundant data, creating new opportunities for student–scientist research partnerships. By coordinating undergraduate efforts, the Genomics Education Partnership produces high-quality annotated data sets and analyses that could not be generated otherwise, leading to scientific publications while providing many students with research experience.
Bicipital Augmentation: A Retrospective Review of 94 Patient Cases:

Objective:Reality, documentary, and makeover programs have all helped to eliminate certain taboos previously associated with cosmetic surgical procedures. As a direct result of this phenomenon, men have expressed greater interest in cosmetic surgery. Over the past 5 years, Dr Chugay and colleagues have been working to promote the use of a bicipital prosthesis for aesthetic augmentation of the biceps muscle. This article is designed to further elucidate the complications that have been encountered with the procedure to date and changes in technique that have made this a viable option for male muscular enhancement.Methods:A retrospective review of prospectively collected data on 94 patients was undertaken to determine the cosmetic improvements and complications seen in the patient population. Silicone prostheses were placed below the biceps muscle in each case to provide greater definition and fullness in the region of the biceps.Results:Over a 5-year period, 94 patients underwent bicipital augmentation. Of...