cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization and propagation of curvature under pure bending in steel tubes with Lüders bands

Abstract The paper examines the plastic bending of steel tubes exhibiting Luders bands through a combination of experiments and analyses. In pure bending experiments on tubes with diameter-to-thickness ratio of 18.8 tested under end-rotation control, following the elastic regime the moment initially traced a somewhat ragged plateau. At the beginning of the plateau Luders bands appeared on the tension and compression sides of the cross section and simultaneously the curvature localized in one or two short zones while the rest of the tube maintained a much lower curvature. As the rotation of the ends was increased, one of the higher curvature zones spread at a nearly steady rate, affecting an increasingly larger part of the tube. When the whole tube was deformed to the higher curvature, the moment started to gradually increase while the tube deformed uniformly. A moment maximum was eventually attained and the structure failed by localized diffuse ovalization without any apparent effect from the initial Luders bands-induced propagating instability. The problem was analyzed using 3D finite elements with a fine mesh. The material was modeled as an elastic–plastic solid with an up–down–up response over the extent of the Luders strain, followed by hardening. The calculated response reproduced all major structural events observed experimentally including the initiation of the Luders deformation, the moment plateau that followed, its extent, and the curvature localization and propagation associated with it. As in the experiments, once the high curvature extended over the whole tube length, the response of the tube became stable and the curvature uniform. With further bending the increasing ovalization induced a limit moment at a very high curvature.
Autosomal Recessive Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Puzzle for Bone Formation, Structure and Function

Bone is a composite material that resembles reinforced concrete. The collagen matrix plays the role of reinforcement, whereas hydroxyapatite crystals are cementing material. Collagen fibers are responsible for the tensile strength of bones and prevent fractures from extending; the mineral phase is able to withstand compaction loads. A right balance of these two parts synergistically provides the required stiffness for bone. Collagen abnormalities, such as reduced amount, disturbed composition, defects in structure and/or supramolecular organization as well as insufficient or defective mineralization, lead to osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease. Until recently, mutations in the type I collagen genes COL1A1 and COL1A2 were the only known causes of the disease, which cover about 90 % of diagnosed OI. Within the last decade, we have witnessed a burst in the identification of new OI mutations in other genes. Here we summarize our knowledge of these mutations and their impact on bone quality.
Cation electrochemical stability in chloroaluminate ionic liquids.

The electrochemical stability of 10 organic cations, which can be used in ionic liquids (IL), was investigated as solutes in acetonitrile (ACN). The stability of three of the salts, BenMe2EtNCl (salt III), 1-butyl-2-methyl pyrrolidium chloride (salt VI), and its structural isomer, BuMe2ProNCl (salt VII), were also compared in chloroaluminate ILs. The chloroaluminate ILs of salts VI and VII are investigated for the first time. The NaCl-neutralized ILs of salts VI and VII have melting points of 43.2 and 3.7 °C, respectively. The benzyl-substituted cation, salt III, was more easily reduced in ACN or as the neutral chloroaluminate IL than the alkyl-substituted cation, salt VII, due to the better leaving ability of the benzyl group. Mass spectroscopy measurements before and after electrolysis on the benzyl-substituted solutions confirmed that reduction involves the loss of an alkyl group. In ACN, salt VI was found to be the most difficult to reduce (1 mA/cm2 at −2.09 V) due to its cyclic structure. However, in...
Thermochemistry of uranium compounds. V. Standard enthalpies of formation of the monouranates of lithium, potassium, and rubidium

Enthalpies of reaction, $delta$H/sub r/, of the monouranates of lithium, potassium, and rubidium with 1 mol dm$sup -3$ HCl were measured calorimetrically as --(41.77 +- 0.02), --(42.07 +-- 0.05), and --(41.30 +- 0.05) kcal/sub th//mol, respectively. From these measurements, and auxiliary determinations of the enthalpies of solution in acid of the chlorides of lithium, potassium, and rubidium and of uranyl chloride, the standard enthalpies of formation of the uranates, $delta$H$sup 0$/sub f/, have been derived as --(463.31 +- 0.84), -- (451.39) +- 0.83), and --(452.00 +-- 0.85) kcal/sub th//mol for $alpha$--Li$sub 2$UO$sub 4$, K$sub 2$UO$sub 4$, and Rb$sub 2$UO$sub 4$, respectively. The values of $delta$H/sub r/ and $delta$H$sup 0$/sub f/ differ significantly from those of the only previous study. (auth)
Boresight Corection Using Unlocated Targets

Boresight correction on detected but unlocated targets may be made if a bearing (whose error is unknown) is repeated on two seeker headings and another bearing is repeated on two seeker headings, or if bearing is repeated on three seeker headings. The assumption is made that seeker position and heading are known. The procedure is effective either with the above or with the combination of restricted seeker travel and intermittent target detection.
Modeling the psychometric properties of information manipulation ratings

This paper provides a reanalysis of two large data sets (Jacobs, Dawson & Brashers, 1996a; McCornack, Levine, Solowczuk, Torres, & Campbell, 1992) involved in a recent dispute over the validity of Information Manipulation Theory (IMT) (McCornack, 1992; McCornack et al., 1992). McCornack, Levine, Morrison and Lapinski's (1996) results were consistent with a second‐order factor model predicted by IMT while Jacobs, Brashers and Dawson (1996b) found that the same data were first order multidimensional with quality and honesty ratings loading on the same factor. Because the results of exploratory factor algorithms, especially when coupled with varimax rotations, are suspect when second‐order unidimensionality present, the Jacob et al. (1996b) results are dubious, and published errors may exist. The reanalyses reported here demonstrate that the second order model predicted by IMT provides an excellent fit to the data, while the first order model advanced by Jacobs et al. does not. The curren t results provide f...
Generation of Cerebellar Interneurons from Dividing Progenitors in White Matter

Abstract The traditional view of the external granular layer of the cerebellar cortex giving rise to interneurons has been challenged by recent studies with quail-chick chimeras. To clarify the time and site of origins of interneurons, a retrovirus carrying the β-galactosidase gene was injected into the deep cerebellar tissue or external granular layer of postnatal day 4/5 rats to label dividing progenitors. After deep cerebellar tissue injection, unipolar cells were found initially in white matter at 2 days postinjection and subsequently in the internal granule and molecular layers 4–6 days postinjection. Morphologically defined basket, stellate, and Golgi neurons were clearly identified by 20 days postinjection. In contrast, retroviral labeling of cells in the external granular layer produced only granule neurons in the internal granule layer. Thus, dividing progenitors in the cerebellar white matter migrate through the white matter into the cortex before differentiating into a variety of cortical interneurons.
Do sex-changing male snails use mate choice to get a jump on their “size advantage”?

Individuals of species that change sex from male to female may gain a “size advantage” from that sex change; that is, as males become larger, they become female, thus increasing their fecundity with their size. However, males could also gain an early and different reproductive size advantage by choosing large females as mates. While male preference for large females has been observed in many dioecious species, we know little about male size preference in sex-changing species. In choice experiments, we examined whether males of two congeneric species of marine sex-changing snails, Crepidula fornicata and C. convexa, chose large females over small ones as partners. We also used choice tests to see whether males of C. fornicata, a species whose members form long-term, multi-animal stacks, would choose two females in a stack over a single female. Surprisingly, males of neither species showed a preference for large females, in spite of the documented fecundity advantage associated with large female-size. Males of C. fornicata chose slightly, but not significantly, more single females than stacks, suggesting that neither number nor size drives mate choice in these animals. Key factors that may influence this lack of size preference include long association time, the likelihood of sperm competition, and the cost of extended mate search; it may also be that sex-change itself, the very factor that creates female-biased sexual size dimorphism in these species, prevents size preference, as males may gain sufficient reproductive advantage from eventually becoming large females themselves to offset any benefit of choosing large females.
Effects of self-organization on transport in granular matter: A network-based approach

Granular matter may be one of the simplest prototypes of what have come to be regarded as complex systems —systems where simple interactions can lead to rich, often surprising, global behavior. For example, interparticle contacts in a granular system give rise to networks that are 1) heterogeneous, i.e., a few particles support high compressive force, while many others support relatively little, and 2) self-organized, i.e., spatially correlated strong forces tend to form a sub-network of interconnecting "force chains". Using numerical simulations, we investigate the influence of heterogeneity and self-organization on the transport properties of granular matter, with particular attention to heat conduction —a phenomenon of ubiquitous importance in engineering and nature. We find that self-organization in the granular network promotes efficient transport. Furthermore, a network-attack experiment suggests that contacts with high betweenness centrality, not necessarily those with highest local heat transfer coefficient, most significantly influence transport behavior. We find that concepts of network theory yield valuable insight —both qualitative and quantitative— into the observed behavior.
Permafrost and Engineering Problems Associated with Petroleum Development in Sedimentary Basins of Northern Canada: ABSTRACT

Intensive exploration for petroleum deposits is taking place in the sedimentary basins of northern Canada which are in the physiographic regions comprising the Interior Plains on the mainland, the Arctic Archipelago, the Arctic Lowlands and Plateau, and the Innuitian region. The distribution of permafrost ranges from scattered islands less than 50 ft thick in the southern fringe of the discontinuous zone in northern Alberta and British Columbia to continuous--perhaps 300-1,000 ft thick--in the Mackenzie Delta. The sedimentary basins in the Arctic Islands lie entirely within the continuous zone with permafrost ranging in thickness from about 1,000 to 2,000 ft or more. Ground ice, a commonly occurring and vital component of permafrost is found in a variety of earth material comprising various types of landforms, and also in bedrock. Ice forms include segregated ice, pore fillings, intrusive or injected ice, vein or wedge ice, and buried ice. Although the existence of ground ice may be inferred in places from certain features of the terrain, e.g., pingoes and ice wedge polygons, the distribution and type of ice are not readily determined in many cases. The effect that construction and other activities have on the ground thermal regime in permafrost areas is a prime consideration. Most engineering problems are caused by thawing of perennially frozen ground containing large quantities of ice. Disturbance of the surface cover and heat loss from structures causing degradation of permafrost in areas underlain by ice-rich materials will result in large-scale ground subsidence and drastic differential settlements. It is most important, therefore, that site investigations be carried out to provide information on the distribution of permafrost, the conditions under which it exists, and its properties and characteristics so that unsuitable or potentially troublesome areas or routes can be delineated. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2473------------
Improving aggregated forecasts of probability

The Coherent Approximation Principle (CAP) is a method for aggregating forecasts of probability from a group of judges by enforcing coherence with minimal adjustment. This paper explores two methods to further improve the forecasting accuracy within the CAP framework and proposes practical algorithms that implement them. These methods allow flexibility to add fixed constraints to the coherentization process and compensate for the psychological bias present in probability estimates from human judges. The algorithms were tested on a data set of nearly half a million probability estimates of events related to the 2008 U.S. presidential election (from about 16000 judges). The results show that both methods improve the stochastic accuracy of the aggregated forecasts compared to using simple CAP.
GIS technologies for aquatic macrophyte studies: Modeling applications

A GIS database developed for Lake Marion, South Carolina was utilized to assess existing relationships between aquatic macrophyte distributions and environmental parameters affecting plant growth. The significance of water depth, sedimentation, nitrogen, phosphorus, top dissolved oxygen, bottom dissolved oxygen, percent light and absolute light was tested using GIS overlay techniques and the Chi Square test of independence. Specific levels of the eight parameters found to be spatially related to aquatic vegetation were then utilized to develop a provisional cartographic model describing optimum growth conditions for aquatic macrophytes. Model validation by comparing predicted vegetation with actual vegetation distributions indicated only water depth and sedimentation data layers are necessary for predicting more than 90 percent of emergent and submergent distributions. Resource managers can use this model to identify lake areas that are susceptible to excessive macrophyte growth and require special attention.
Social funds and local government: the case of Malawi

Two instruments—social funds and decentralization—are currently quite popular policy instruments being adopted in many developing countries throughout the world. Each of these instruments is currently being used or is being implemented in Malawi, Africa. While each instrument is intended to improve the flow of public services in a locality, the article discusses how each has certain potential theoretical advantages over the other. The article then goes on to describe and analyze the flow of resources to Malawian communities under the two largest social action programs, neither of which currently relies on substantial inputs, financial or human, from local governments. The data illustrates a wide disparity in the per capita amounts allocated to these demand-driven initiatives across districts but also shows the relatively diverse set of local public services supported by the funds. The article close with a discussion of how these two initiatives might be merged within the context of the new Local Government Act 1998, under which local services are to be devolved in the near future. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Mn,Co)3O4 spinel coatings on ferritic stainless steels for SOFC interconnect applications

Abstract (Mn,Co) 3 O 4 spinel with a nominal composition of Mn 1.5 Co 1.5 O 4 demonstrates excellent electrical conductivity, satisfactory thermal and structural stability, as well as good thermal expansion match to ferritic stainless steel interconnects. A slurry-coating technique was developed for fabricating the spinel coatings onto the steel interconnects. Thermally grown layers of Mn 1.5 Co 1.5 O 4 not only significantly decreased the contact resistance between a LSF cathode and stainless steel interconnect, but also acted as a mass barrier to inhibit scale growth on the stainless steel and to prevent Cr outward migration through the coating. The level of improvement in electrical performance and oxidation resistance (i.e. the scale growth rate) was dependent on the ferritic substrate composition. For E-brite and Crofer22 APU, with a relatively high Cr concentration (27 wt% and 23%, respectively) and negligible Si, the reduction of contact ASR and scale growth on the ferritic substrates was significant. In comparison, limited improvement was achieved by application of the Mn 1.5 Co 1.5 O 4 spinel coating on AISI430, which contains only 17%Cr and a higher amount of residual Si.
A quadratic integer programming method for minimizing the mean squared deviation of completion times

The problem of minimizing the mean squared deviation (MSD) of job completion times about a given common due date in n-job, single-machine scheduling is considered. We propose an integer programming formulation and a Lagrangian solution procedure to approximately solve the tightly restricted version of the MSD problem.
Claisen rearrangements in aqueous solution

The thermal rearrangement of allyl vinyl ethers to γ,δ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds was first described by Claisen in 1912 [1]. The rearrangement of allyl phenyl ethers to o-allyl phenols was described soon thereafter [2]. Claisen later proposed that a cyclic mechanism was involved in both reactions [3]. The aromatic Claisen rearrangement was subsequently demonstrated to be intramolecular and to proceed with inversion of the allyl group; that is, the α and γ carbons of the allyl group interchange [4], The rearrangements represent an important tool in the arsenal of synthetic organic chemistry, and extensive reviews provide a wealth of data on the reactions [5]. Both the aliphatic and aromatic Claisen rearrangements involve a 3,3-sigmatropic shift [6]. That is, a bond is broken and a new bond is formed to an atom that is three atoms away along a chain from one of the atoms in the initial bond, and the new bond is formed three atoms away along the chain from the other atom that was part of the original bond. In the case of the aromatic Claisen rearrangement, a subsequent acid- or base-catalyzed tautomerization of the dienone intermediate must occur (Scheme 3.1).
Notes on Eriogonum-IV. A revision of the Eriogonum deflexum complex

This species complex is native to the desert regions of west-central North America having had its origin in northern Mexico. It consists of 9 species and 3 varieties. One species,Eriogonum moranii is described as new, and three new combinations,E. austrinum, E. deflexum var.turbinatum, andE. deflexum var.baratum are proposed. A history of the complex, along with a discussion of the ecological and phytogeographical nature of each taxon, is presented. Chromosome numbers are reported, with all species counted having 2n = 40. A comprehensive key is included, followed by descriptions, short lists of exsiccatae, and discussions of relationships among the species.
Delayed lung herniation after minimally invasive cardiac surgery

A 29-year old man underwent mitral valvuloplasty for severe valve insufficiency via right minithoracotomy. Five years after the operation, a chest X-ray incidentally disclosed a subcutaneous air chamber, which was not found 1 year before (Fig. 1). Computed tomography showed right lung herniation via the fourth intercostal space (Fig. 2). Lung herniation is still possible many years after minimally invasive cardiac surgery.
4-Methoxypyridine-(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato-N,O,O′) copper(II)

The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of [Cu(C7H3NO4)(C6H7NO)], [Cu(dipic)(4-MeO-Py)], (dipic = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate, 4-MeO-Py = 4-methoxypyridine), is described. Molecules of [Cu(dipic)(4-MeO-Py)] are formed {via} coordination of the copper(II) cation to two nitrogen atoms, from the dipic and 4-MeO-Py ligands respectively, and to two oxygen atoms from the carboxylate groups of the dipic ligand. The molecules pack in a non-centrosymmetric manner, stacked eclipsed with respect to one another along the b-axis and aligned parallel in a head-to-tail motif. The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group, Pca2(1), with a = 27.339(3) A, b = 3.7130(4) A, c = 11.6859(12) A, V = 1186.2(2) A3, and Z = 4. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least-squares methods to a final R-factor of 0.0327 for 2648 independent reflections.
Influence of thermal imidization on the crystallization and melting behaviour of the aromatic polyimide, LaRC CPI-2

Abstract The development of crystallinity during the thermal imidization of a rigid aromatic polyimide synthesized from 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy-4′-benzoyl)benzene (1,4-BABB) and oxydiphthalic dianhydride (ODPA) was investigated. Film samples were imidized through a stepwise procedure involving isothermal staging for 1 h each at 100, 200 and 300°C. Differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (t.g.a.) were employed to monitor changes in the crystalline state of the films during imidization. The development of crystallinity during thermal imidization was shown to progress through stages that depended upon the time and temperature of the process, wherein the final crystalline index was approximately 46%. This relationship was explained in terms of chain mobility. SAXS analysis suggests that a two-stage, lamellar in-filling process exists for the development of the final crystalline superstructure where the final long spacing is approximately 130A. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy ( FT i.r.) analysis does not reveal the presence of anhydride groups at any stage of the imidization process, indicating that significant chain scission did not occur during processing. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the stepwise imidized films reveals that crystalline growth begins at the glass surface of the film and progresses toward the air surface with increasing thermal staging. TEM analysis of a series of fully imidized films reveals that an amorphous layer remains at the air surface of the films, the thickness of which is dependent upon molecular weight.
CDK2 is required for LMW-cyclin E mediated murine mammary tumorigenesis.

Abstract #2007 Cyclin E is a regulatory protein with multiple functions that activates CDK2, controls centrosome duplication, and regulates histone gene transcription. Our previous studies have shown that the presence of Low-molecular-weight (LMW) forms of cyclin E correlates strongly with decreased survival in patients with breast cancer. Transgenic mice overexpressing LMW cyclin E had increased incidence of mammary tumors and distant metastasis when compared to full length cyclin E. The critical role of LMW cyclin E in mammary tumorigenesis may be the result of the ability of LMW cyclin E to bind and activate the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). To specifically test the importance of LMW cyclin E-associated CDK2 kinase activity in mammary tumorigenesis, we generated double and triple transgenic mice LMW cyclin E-T1;CDK2-/-, and LMW cyclin E-T1;p53+/-;CDK2-/-. We found that: (i) The development of the mammary glands proceeds relatively normally in these animals demonstrating that CDK2 kinase activity is largely dispensable for mammary gland development; (ii) These mice were resistant to breast cancers initiated by LMW cyclin E overexpression. Whereas LMW-cyclin E-T1 mice in CDK2+/- or CDK2+/+ background succumb to mammary tumors with mean latencies of 16 and 19.5 months respectively, their LMW cyclin E-T1; CDK2-/- littermates do not form mammary tumors up to 24 months (P=0.05 CDK2+/+ versus CDK2-/-; P=0.0252 CDK2+/- versus CDK2-/-; P=0.1457 CDK2+/+ versus CDK2+/-, Log rank test). Similarly, while MMTV-LMW cyclin E-T1/p53+/- transgenic mice in CDK2+/- or CDK2+/+ background succumb to mammary gland tumors between 7 and 13 months with 100% penetrance, their MMTV-LMW cyclin E-T1;p53+/-; CDK2-/- littermates are resistant to tumor formation (P Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2007.
SPRAY COOLING OF AIR-COOLED COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS

Abstract This paper investigates the technical feasibility of air-cooled compact heat exchangers with liquid-droplet spray in a fine mist as a more effective heat rejection system between a condensing vapor or hot fluid system and ambient air. Both water and ethylene glycol are sprayed. Three automotive radiator cores with 3·94 fins per cm are tested in a wind tunnel. One unit is plain-finned, the second unit louvered, and the third perforated. At essentially no change in the friction coefficient, a good improvement in heat-transfer performance is observed by spraying 1·26 to 2·52ml/s of liquid.
Estimation of Hanford SX tank waste compositions from historically derived inventories

Migration of radionuclides under the SX-tank farm at the Hanford nuclear waste complex involves interaction of sediments with concentrated NaOH-NaNO3-NaNO2 solutions that leaked from the tanks. This study uses a reaction path calculation to estimate tank supernatant compositions from historical tank inventory data. The Pitzer activity coefficient algorithm based on the computer code GMIN is combined with the reactive transport code FLOTRAN to carry out the simulations. An extended version of the GMIN database is used which includes Al and Si species. In order for the reaction path calculations to converge, a pseudo-kinetic approach employing a rate limiter for precipitation kinetics is introduced. The rate limiter enables calculations to be carried out with the reaction path approach which previously could only be accomplished using a Gibbs free energy minimization technique. Because the final equilibrium state is independent of the reaction path, the value used for the rate limiter does not affect the calculation for the tank supernatant composition. Three different tanks are considered: SX-108, SX-109 and SX-115, with supernatant compositions ranging from extremely to moderately concentrated. Results of the simulations indicate that sodium concentrations much higher than previously expected are possible for the SX-108 tank. This result has important implications for the migration of cesium released from the tank within the vadose zone. The mineral cancrinite was predicted to form in all three tanks consistent with recent experiments. The calculated supernatant pH ranged from 14 to 12.8 for the tanks considered and Eh was mildly reducing determined by the redox couple NO3-NO2.
Malware-aware processors: A framework for efficient online malware detection

Security exploits and ensuant malware pose an increasing challenge to computing systems as the variety and complexity of attacks continue to increase. In response, software-based malware detection tools have grown in complexity, thus making it computationally difficult to use them to protect systems in real-time. Therefore, software detectors are applied selectively and at a low frequency, creating opportunities for malware to remain undetected. In this paper, we propose Malware-Aware Processors (MAP) — processors augmented with an online hardware-based detector to serve as the first line of defense to differentiate malware from legitimate programs. The output of this detector helps the system prioritize how to apply more expensive software-based solutions. The always-on nature of MAP detector helps protect against intermittently operating malware. Our work improves on the state of the art in the following ways: (1) We define and explore the use of sub-semantic features for online detection of malware. (2) We explore hardware implementations and show that simple classifiers appropriate for such implementations can effectively classify malware. We also study different classifiers, develop implementation optimizations, and explore complexity to performance trade-offs. (3) We propose a two-level detection framework where the hardware classifier prioritizes the work of a more accurate but more expensive software defense mechanism. (4) We integrate the MAP implementation with an open-source x86-compatible core, synthesizing the resulting design to run on an FPGA.
IMPLICATIONS OF UNSTABLE COLLECTIVE MODES FOR THE NUCLEAR-MATTER GROUND STATE

The general stability conditions of the plane-wave Hartree-Fock approximation of nuclear matter are derived in the approximation of small collective-excitation momentum. The relation of the random-phase-approximation method of determining these conditions to the Fermi-sphere-deformation method is pointed out. In the same approximation, it is shown that the stability conditions do not depend on the shape of the potential.
Influence of poroelastic behavior on the magnitude of minimum horizontal stress, Sh in overpressured parts of sedimentary basins

In many sedimentary basins of the world the minimum hori- zontal stress, S h , is greater in overpressured zones than in normally pressured zones at equivalent depths. A common explanation is that the frictional slip on listric normal faults keeps the difference between vertical stress, S v and S h within certain bounds, and the difference is smaller under lower effective stress (i.e., higher pore pressure, P p ). However, in the overpressured parts of the central North Sea graben, United Kingdom, and the Sable subbasin of the Scotian Shelf, Canada, conventional friction envelopes underestimate the magnitude of S h . These data instead indicate that S h increases at a rate proportional to but less than the rate of increase of P p , a condition consistent with a P p -induced deformation of the rock called poroelastic behavior. This paper argues that, whereas friction may govern S h in normally pressured basins, poroelastic behavior is responsible for the unusually high S h in the overpres- sured parts of these same basins. Data on the P p and S h gradients from these basins suggest that Δ S h /Δ P p ∼ 0.7.
A method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting based on local procedures

A method is designed for interpolating values given at points of a rectangular grid in a plane by a smooth bivariate function z = z(x, y). The interpolating function is a bicubic polynomial in each cell of the rectangular grid. Emphasis is on avoiding excessive undulation between given grid points. The proposed method is an extension of the method of univariate interpolation developed earlier by the author and is likewise based on local procedures.
Predictive signatures of supersymmetry: Measuring the dark matter mass and gluino mass with early LHC data

We present a focused study of a predictive unified model whose measurable consequences are immediately relevant to early discovery prospects of supersymmetry at the LHC. ATLAS and CMS have released their analysis with $35\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{pb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of data and the model class we discuss is consistent with this data. It is shown that with an increase in luminosity, the LSP dark matter mass and the gluino mass can be inferred from simple observables such as kinematic edges in leptonic channels and peak values in effective mass distributions. Specifically, we consider cases in which the neutralino is of low mass and where the relic density consistent with WMAP observations arises via the exchange of Higgs bosons in unified supergravity models. The magnitudes of the gaugino masses are sharply limited to focused regions of the parameter space, and, in particular, the dark matter mass lies in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}(50--65)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ with an upper bound on the gluino mass of 575 GeV, with a typical mass of 450 GeV. We find that all model points in this paradigm are discoverable at the LHC at $\sqrt{s}=7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$. We determine lower bounds on the entire sparticle spectrum in this model based on existing experimental constraints. In addition, we find the spin-independent cross section for neutralino scattering on nucleons to be generally in the range of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{1}^{0}p}^{\mathrm{SI}}={10}^{\ensuremath{-}46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ with much higher cross sections also possible. Thus, direct detection experiments such as CDMS and XENON already constrain some of the allowed parameter space of the low mass gaugino models and further data will provide important cross-checks of the model assumptions in the near future.
Membrane proteins of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides IV. Characterization of chromatophore proteins

Less than 5% of the protein isolated from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides chromatophores (designated Fraction P1) is insoluble in 2-chloroethanol. Electrophoresis of these proteins on dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels reveals a gel pattern similar to those obtained from anaerobic and aerobic cell envelope proteins. Chromatophore P1 is shown to be part of the chromatophore structure and its presence in the chromatophore is not due to contamination from the cytoplasmic membrane. Preparative dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed to purify chromatophore Pll proteins, which comprise 95% of the total chromatophore protein. These proteins contain approximately 60–65 mole% non-polar amino acids. Comparison studies of the amino acid compositions, tryptic and chymotryptic maps, molecular weights, and antigenic reactivity of chromatophore proteins demonstrate the existence of protein heterogeneity in chromatophores. These investigations lead us to suggest that chromatophore-specific proteins do not appear in other particulate or soluble fractions derived from either aerobic or anaerobic-grown cells.
An innovative seminar course in business etiquette for pharmacy graduate students

Objectives. To develop and implement a seminar course for graduate students in the social and administrative pharmaceutical sciences to enhance knowledge and confidence with respect their abilities to demonstrate appropriate business etiquette. Design. A 1-credit graduate seminar course was designed based on learner-centered constructivist theory and application of Fink’s Taxonomy for Significant Learning. Assessment. Eleven students participated in the spring 2011 seminar course presentations and activities. Students completed pre- and post-assessment instruments, which included knowledge and attitudinal questions. Formative and summative assessments showed gains in student knowledge, perceived skills, and confidence based on observation and student-reported outcomes. Conclusion. Graduate student reaction to the course was overwhelmingly positive. The etiquette course has potential application in doctor of pharmacy education, other graduate disciplines, undergraduate education, and continuing professional development.
International Trade and Investment Sanctions Potential Impact on the South African Economy

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the theory of international economic sanctions and to provide estimates of the short-run economic impact on South Africa of externally imposed reductions of ...
Bias in the heritability of preference and its potential impact on the evolution of mate choice

The evolution of mate choice is a function of the heritability of preference. Estimation in the laboratory is typically made by presenting a female with a limited number of males. We show that such an approach produces a downwardly biased estimate, which we term the heritability of choice. When preference is treated as a threshold trait then less biased estimates are obtained particularly for preferences based on the relative value of the preferred trait. Because females in the wild typically survey on average less than five males we argue that the heritability of choice may be more meaningful than the heritability of preference. The restricted number of males surveyed can lead to a reduction in the phenotypic variance of the preferred trait in the group of males selected by the females if the phenotypic variance in preference is equal to or less than the phenotypic variance in the referred trait. If the phenotypic variance in preference exceeds that of the preferred trait then the opposite occurs. A second effect of the restricted number of males sampled is that females are likely to mate initially with males that are not the most preferred. The failure to find the most preferred male may account for the common observation of multiple matings and extra-pair copulations. We suggest that current explanations for polyandry need to take this failure into account.
Cancer progression in the kidney and prostate: vital roles of sphingolipids in chemotherapy.

H of publications have shown that sphingolipids control the balance in cells between proliferation and apoptotic cell death. Some of the enzymes involved are shown in Fig. 1. The first step in sphingolipid metabolism is a condensation between serine and palmityl-coenzyme A (lower part of Fig. 1). This forms the central sphingolipid, ceramide (Cer, N-acyl sphingosine), by way of reduction of the ketone group, acylation with a fatty acid, and dehydrogenation of the sphinganine chain. This lipid slows cell proliferation and, at an elevated concentration, produces apoptosis. Cer is converted to the major sphingolipid, sphingomyelin (SM), by exchange with lecithin, and to glucosylceramide (GlcCer), by exchange with the glucose donor, UDP-glc. GlcCer is the precursor of more than 300 glucosphingolipids (GSLs); some GSLs stimulate cell growth, and one or more cause apoptosis. All the sphingolipids undergo hydrolysis during turnover, leading to the building blocks, sphingosine, sphinganine, and fatty acids. Fig. 1 shows two of these hydrolases, one producing apoptosis (SM3Cer), the other producing cell proliferation by way of Cer hydrolysis to sphingosine, followed by phosphorylation to form the mitogen, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). In cancer, the competing enzymes that control Cer have lost their balance, leading to excessive growth and the mutagenic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Space limitations preclude a description of the mechanisms involved. At present, Pub MED lists 528 review articles and 7811 articles involving Cer. It is evident from examination of Fig. 1 that tumor apoptosis can be induced by slowing sphingosine phosphorylation, Cer hydrolysis, and Cer glucosylation and by stimulating Cer biosynthesis from serine and SM. Because of the ability of Cer to generate both proliferative and apoptotic effects, it is essential to control, simultaneously, as many of the sphingolipid enzymes as possible. (A reagent that should lead to an increased Cer level may also increase the formation of counter-apoptotic Cer metabolites.) Numerous drugs are now in use or being proposed for this approach to cancer chemotherapy. In the case of androgen-sensitive tissues, particularly kidney and prostate, the various sphingolipid levels are also controlled by the sex steroids. Changes occur in the two types of sphingolipids as the cancer cells accumulate mutations and chromosomal errors during tumor progression. The new cells are selected for Darwinian survival as they progress toward the most aggressive stage. If the proliferative actions of S1P and GSLs are indeed significant, and a high level of Cer points tumors toward cell differentiation and cell death, the logical conclusion is that tumors can be destroyed by use of drugs that control sphingolipid metabolism. Some details of the above processes are summarized below.
Functional Consequences of the Creation of an Asp-His-Fe Triad in a 3/3 Globin

The proximal side of dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin A (DHP A) from Amphitrite ornata has been modified via site-directed mutagenesis of methionine 86 into aspartate (M86D) to introduce an Asp-His-Fe triad charge relay. X-ray crystallographic structure determination of the metcyano forms of M86D [Protein Data Bank (PDB) entry 3MYN] and M86E (PDB entry 3MYM) mutants reveal the structural origins of a stable catalytic triad in DHP A. A decrease in the rate of H2O2 activation as well as a lowered reduction potential versus that of the wild-type enzyme was observed in M86D. One possible explanation for the significantly lower activity is an increased affinity for the distal histidine in binding to the heme Fe to form a bis-histidine adduct. Resonance Raman spectroscopy demonstrates a pH-dependent ligation by the distal histidine in M86D, which is indicative of an increased trans effect. At pH 5.0, the heme Fe is five-coordinate, and this structure resembles the wild-type DHP A resting state. However, at pH 7.0, t...
Track-edge noise versus erasure state

Track-edge noise was evaluated by means of spectrum analyzer measurements performed on isolated tracks, one recorded at 16 kfci and the other 40 kfci, on CoCrPt, CoNiPt, and CoCrTa media. The track-edge media noise correlated with intergranular exchange coupling and the initial erasure state of the media. This study of track-edge effects has confirmed the nature and existence of side-erase bands, located on either side of a recorded track for the three different thin-film media. Track-edge media noise was more noticeable for the 16 kfci tracks recorded on both previously AC- and DC-erased media. The track edges for the 40 kfci track recorded on previously DC-erased media proved to be regions of high noise which extended beyond the radial extent of the written track. >
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of betulinic acid in CD-1 mice.

Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid. Betulinic acid has recently been selected by the National Cancer Institute for addition into the RAID (Rapid Access to Intervention in Development) programme. The agent exhibits potential anti-tumour activity and functions in this regard via apoptosis. The objective of the present study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of betulinic acid in CD-1 mice. Serum samples were obtained at designed times after a single 250 or 500 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) dose of betulinic acid. Tissue samples (skin, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, brain, colon, caecum, ovary, uterus, thymus, lymph node, bladder, perirenal fat, mammary gland and small intestine) were collected after betulinic acid administration (500 mg/kg). Betulinic acid was extracted with methylene chloride and quantitatively analysed by HPLC/MS. Oleanolic acid and madecassic acid were used as internal standards. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the WinNonlin pharmacokinetic software package. A two-compartment, first-order model was selected for pharmacokinetic modelling. The results showed that after IP 250 and 500 mg/kg betulinic acid, the serum concentrations reached peaks at 0.15 and 0.23 h, respectively. The 250 and 500 mg/kg above betulinic acid IP doses were found to have elimination half-lives of 11.5 and 11.8 h and total clearances of 13.6 and 13.5 L/kg/h, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters observed for IP betulinic acid 500 mg/kg in the skin of mice were as follows: k(a) (h(-1)) 0.257, k(10) (h(-1)) 0.234, t(1/2(alpha)) (h) 2.63, t(1/2(beta)) (h) 20.2, V (L/kg) 0.61, AUC (microg/h/mL) 3504, T(max) (h) 3.90 and C(max) (microg/mL) 300.9. The distribution of betulinic acid in tissues at 24 h post-IP administration in a descending order was as follows: perirenal fat, ovary, spleen, mammary gland, uterus, bladder, lymph node, liver, small intestine, caecum, lung, thymus, colon, kidney, skin, heart and brain.
Optical Signal Processing Using The Surface Acousto-Electro-Optic Effect

The diffraction of light through the acousto-optic (AO) and electro-optic (EO) effects provides the mechanism for optical signal processing and has been investigated by several authors [1]. However, the same crystals can often be used for either effect which offers the possibility of simultaneous acousto-electro-optic (AEO) interaction and points to an additional signal processing capability. Studies have been done in bulk wave devices and in the Raman-Nath regime of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices [2]. We present new results in the Bragg regime of SAW AEO devices.
VITRIFICATION IN VIVO IN LEMNA MINOR AND ITS MAINTENANCE BY ISOPENTENYL ADENINE

Summary Clones of vitrified Lemna minor plants were recovered following heat and osmotic shock. Their growth in vivo was about two-thirds as rapid as glaucous plants, and they contained one-third as much chlorophyll. Reproduction of the vitrified state of plants in vivo was nearly complete over three fronddoublings in the presence of 0.5 mg · L-1 isopentenyladenine (2iP), and vitrification was lost immediately in the absence of 2iP. The correlation between in vivo maintenance of the vitrified plant state and cytokinin concentration was 0.989.
Status of the Radio Ice Čerenkov Experiment (RICE)

Ultra-high energy (Eν>1015 eV) neutrinos interacting with Antarctic ice produce energetic electrons. The RICE project is designed to detect coherent radio emission from the electromagnetic cascades initiated by these electrons.. We describe the current status and the future plans of this radio effort
Stress on the Mediterranean Outflow Plume: Part I. Velocity and Water Property Measurements

Abstract In September 1988 six sections were occupied across the Mediterranean outflow plume in the Gulf of Cadiz within 100 km of the Strait of Gibraltar. Vertical profiles of temperature and salinity were collected at CTD stations. Velocity and temperature profiles were collected with expendable current profilers at a subset of these stations. At the channel base, the plume undergoes geostrophic adjustment and turns northwest to flow along the continental slope. There it decelerates and spreads gradually down the slope as friction slows the current and allows it to cross isobaths. Within the plume, downstream velocity and density increase rapidly in the interfacial layer with depth to the velocity maximum, or nose, 5–150 m above the bottom. Below the nose, in the bottom layer, downstream velocity decreases rapidly toward the bottom, but the stratification is weak. Ekman-like veering occurs in the interfacial layer. Local bottom stresses on the plume are estimated by fitting the near-bottom velocity prof...
Targeting Cdk5 Activity in Neuronal Degeneration and Regeneration

The major priming event in neurodegeneration is loss of neurons. Loss of neurons by apoptotic mechanisms is a theme for studies focused on determining therapeutic strategies. Neurons following an insult, activate a number of signal transduction pathways, of which, kinases are the leading members. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is one of the kinases that have been linked to neurodegeneration. Cdk5 along with its principal activator p35 is involved in multiple cellular functions ranging from neuronal differentiation and migration to synaptic transmission. However, during neurotoxic stress, intracellular rise in Ca2+ activates calpain, which cleaves p35 to generate p25. The long half-life of Cdk5/p25 results in a hyperactive, aberrant Cdk5 that hyperphosphorylates Tau, neurofilament and other cytoskeletal proteins. These hyperphosphorylated cytoskeletal proteins set the groundwork to forming neurofibrillary tangles and aggregates of phosphorylated proteins, hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis. Attempts to selectively target Cdk5/p25 activity without affecting Cdk5/p35 have been largely unsuccessful. A polypeptide inhibitor, CIP (Cdk5 inhibitory peptide), developed in our laboratory, successfully inhibits Cdk5/p25 activity in vitro, in cultured primary neurons, and is currently undergoing validation tests in mouse models of neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss the therapeutic potential of CIP in regenerating neurons that are exposed to neurodegenerative stimuli.