cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Aerodynamic Loadings and Power Productions of Wind Turbines in Wake by Numerical Simulation

In this paper, the Large Eddy Simulation coupled with the Actuator line (LES-AL) method is employed to analyze the performance of the downstream wind turbine under varying inflow conditions. A direct LES, which solves the flow physics around turbine blades using exact three-dimensional blade geometries, is carried out to predict the aerodynamic loadings and output powers of the downstream turbines by prescribing the wake profiles predicted by LES-AL simulation as the inflow boundary conditions. The upstream tower shadow effect is presented in this study by carrying out two simulations with no tower wake and real tower wake inflow conditions. The LES results show that both the power and aerodynamic loading components fluctuate periodically due to the presence of upstream tower. In additional, an additional force component is exerted on the downstream wind turbine in the vertical direction (z direction). The increase in velocity deficit in wake in behind the downstream turbine is due to a sequence of momentum extraction by the wind turbines. The tower shadow effect accumulates and generates lower velocity regions in wake, and the low velocity regions shift due to the rotational motion of wake vortex. The development of the asymmetric and velocity deficit region has the potential to generate more unstable power output and fatigue loading on turbines in further downstream.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Plasma endotoxin and concentrations of stable metabolites of prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, and prostaglandin E2 in postpartum dairy cows.

The presence of endotoxin in plasma and patterns of stable metabolites of prostacyclin (PC), thromoxane A2 (TXA2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined during the first postpartum estrous cycles in sixteen dairy cows. These included 8 cows with uterine infections which exhibited shortened luteal phases (SC) and 8 cows which had normal luteal phases (NC) after the first post partum ovulations. Endotoxin was consistently detected in all SC cows during the abbreviated estrous cycles while plasma samples of NC cows were free of endotoxin. Plasma concentrations of TXA2 metabolite was higher in SC cows (p<0.05) (1785–3452 pg/ml) compared to NC cows (723–1240 pg/ml). Similarly, plasma concentrations of PC metabolite was higher in SC cows (p<0.07) (423–1847 pg/ml) compared to NC cows (159–325 pg/ml). In contrast, plasma concentrations of PGE2 metabolite was higher in NC cows (p<0.05) (850–2219 pg/ml) compared to SC cows (455–628 pg/ml). The results of this study suggest that postpartum uterine infections mediate the release of prostaglandins from the uteri by means of the endotoxin and endotoxin appears to stimulate selectively the production of PC and TXA2 favoring early demise of corpora lutea formed after first postpartum ovulations in dairy cows.
Dipyridamole thallium imaging may not be a reliable screening test for coronary artery disease in patients undergoing vascular surgery.

Dipyridamole thallium imaging has been proposed for cardiac risk stratification in patients undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. The purpose of this study was to define the benefit of this investigation in routine preoperative evaluation of these patients. The outcome of 86 patients undergoing vascular surgery procedures was examined in light of preoperative clinical assessment and dipyridamole SPECT thallium imaging (DST). Fifty-one patients (59%) were considered at high risk on clinical grounds, and 22 patients (26%) had perfusion defects. Ten patients suffered a perioperative coronary event, including unstable angina, myocardial infarction, or cardiac death. Seven of the patients with such events were among the 51 clinically high-risk subjects (14%). Three perioperative events occurred in the group of 19 patients with positive DST images who underwent surgery (16%), but the DST test failed to identify 7 patients who suffered coronary events. The frequency of abnormal thallium imaging was similar to the prevalence of angiographically significant coronary disease reported previously at this center, but considerably less than the rate of abnormal thallium imaging in past studies of vascular surgery patients. The application of the test to a low to moderate risk population is probably responsible for its lower predictive accuracy for coronary events. DSTmore » is not an ideal routine noninvasive technique for risk stratification in patients undergoing vascular surgery.« less
Glandular trichomes of Solanum berthaultii and its hybrids with potato deter oviposition and impair growth of potato tuber moth

Glandular trichomes on foliage of the wild potato species, Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, deter oviposition by the potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella Zeller and negatively affect other important performance parameters. Oviposition deterring factors are localized in the glandular trichomes of S. berthaultii. When mechanically transferred to foliage of a susceptible potato cultivar, trichome contents reduced egg laying by 97%. Removal of glandular trichomes from S. berthaultii foliage using a combination of chemical and mechanical procedures increased oviposition rates ca. 210-fold. Removal of trichomes also led to increased mobility of larvae on the leaf surface, more leaf feeding, shorter larval development and larger pupae. The resistance conferred by glandular trichomes of S. berthaultii provides an important genetic trait potentially useful for management of PTM.
OFFICE NOISES AND THEIR EFFECT ON AUDIOMETRY

There is much difference of opinion among otologists, and others who test hearing, concerning the relative value of soundproof or so-called quiet rooms for hearing tests. Some maintain that a soundproof room is necessary, while others go so far as to state that the sense of hearing, which normally is used in a noisy environment, should be tested in the presence of noise. A special committee of otologists, appointed in London in 1929 to study problems concerned with hearing tests, stated, after consideration of the testing environment, that it did "not recommend the use of a silent room for ordinary hearing tests, but that these tests should be carried out in a reasonably quiet room."1This conclusion, as well as others reported by the committee, was severely criticized by Hallpike2and others. Since 1929 advances have been made not only in the different branches of otology, including hearing and its
New and Important Vascular Plant Collections from South-Central and Southwestern Alaska: A Region of Floristic Convergence

Abstract We conducted a vascular plant inventory of six National Park Service units in southwestern and south-central Alaska to establish baseline floristic information and identify species of conservation concern. Between 1998 and 2005, we collected 815 taxa, the majority of which were new records for one or more park units. We present descriptions of the rare taxa (Alaska Natural Heritage Program S1–S3 ranks) collected as part of the National Park Service inventories, as well as new collections that represent significant range extensions. Of the 45 taxa reported here, all but one are considered globally rare or rare within Alaska. Collections of six taxa, including the common species, represent range extensions of greater than 450 km, and collections of an additional 16 taxa were minor range extensions (> 150 km, < 450 km). We include brief synopses of the vouchers, including general notes on the biogeography and rarity of these taxa. These and previous collections support the demarcation of southwester...
Success in Science Among Young African American Women: The Role of Minority Families

A conceptual framework that integrates critical gender theory and a multicultural approach is used to examine young African American women's experiences in high school science. Research reveals considerable success for these young women. The multicultural approach suggests that the unique history and culture of African American families may play a critical role. Quantitative and qualitative data are used to explore the family's role in the science attainment process. Findings show that these young women feel less welcome in science than do young White women. However, their interest and involvement in science persist because of the family. Both mother's and father's influence is important. Although family variables are associated with success in science in the quantitative data, not all young women acknowledge or verbalize their awareness of this influence in the qualitative data. Instead, the young women often see their actions as independent. Implications of these findings for science programs and polici...
Separation and Quantitation of Methenamine in Urine by Ion-Pair Extraction

An ion-pair extraction technique is described for separating methenamine, a urinary tract antibacterial agent, from formaldehyde in human urine samples. Separation conditions are developed from extraction constants for the methenamine-bromocresol green ion-pair. The technique involves adsorption of the ion-pair onto a silica cartridge and elution with methylene chloride: 1-pentanol (95:5). Methenamine is freed from the ion-pair by the addition of excess tetrabutylammonium iodide and converted to formaldehyde (determined spectrophotometrically) by reaction with ammonia and acetylacetone. Linear standard plots were obtained from urine containing methenamine which was diluted to 10–160 μg/mL. The lower limit of detection was 6 μg/mL of methenamine. Absolute recovery from urine was ≥94.5%. The precision (CV) of detection of methenamine in the presence of formaldehyde was < 2%, and ≤4.5% for the detection of formaldehyde in the presence of methenamine. No interferences were noted. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analysis of human urine levels of both methenamine and formaldehyde following oral administration of a methenamine salt to a volunteer.
Compliance at the end effector of an electrohydraulically controlled robot

A general mathematical model for a robot, where each link is driven by an electrohydraulic servo motor, is developed. Based on this model, definitions for compliance of the end effector of the robot due to changes in the external load on the end effector are defined. Both global and local and dynamic and static compliance definitions are introduced. A formula for the closed loop local, static compliance of the end effector is derived in terms of the robot parameters, the hydraulic leakage parameters, and the feed-back gains. Design limits to this compliance are determined explicitly by the hydraulic stiffness parameters. It is shown that effective feedback control design involves consideration of a tradeoff between closed loop response properties and closed loop end effector compliance.
A Prospective Examination of the Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior Among Psychiatric Adolescent Inpatients

The challenge of identifying suicide risk in adolescents, and particularly among high-risk subgroups such as adolescent inpatients, calls for further study of models of suicidal behavior that could meaningfully aid in the prediction of risk. This study examined how well the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior (IPTS)--with its constructs of thwarted belongingness (TB), perceived burdensomeness (PB), and an acquired capability (AC) for lethal self-injury--predicts suicide attempts among adolescents (N = 376) 3 and 12 months after hospitalization. The three-way interaction between PB, TB, and AC, defined as a history of multiple suicide attempts, was not significant. However, there were significant 2-way interaction effects, which varied by sex: girls with low AC and increasing TB, and boys with high AC and increasing PB, were more likely to attempt suicide at 3 months. Only high AC predicted 12-month attempts. Results suggest gender-specific associations between theory components and attempts. The time-limited effects of these associations point to TB and PB being dynamic and modifiable in high-risk populations, whereas the effects of AC are more lasting. The study also fills an important gap in existing research by examining IPTS prospectively.
Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors

Excitatory neurotransmission mediated by NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors is fundamental to the physiology of the mammalian central nervous system. These receptors are heteromeric ion channels that for activation require binding of glycine and glutamate to the NR1 and NR2 subunits, respectively. NMDA receptor function is characterized by slow channel opening and deactivation, and the resulting influx of cations initiates signal transduction cascades that are crucial to higher functions including learning and memory. Here we report crystal structures of the ligand-binding core of NR2A with glutamate and that of the NR1-NR2A heterodimer with glutamate and glycine. The NR2A-glutamate complex defines the determinants of glutamate and NMDA recognition, and the NR1-NR2A heterodimer suggests a mechanism for ligand-induced ion channel opening. Analysis of the heterodimer interface, together with biochemical and electrophysiological experiments, confirms that the NR1-NR2A heterodimer is the functional unit in tetrameric NMDA receptors and that tyrosine 535 of NR1, located in the subunit interface, modulates the rate of ion channel deactivation.
The Interpretive Process of Agenda‐Building: A Research Design for Public Policy

A heuristic model is offered to guide empirical case studies into public policy change in a stable, pluralistic system. Empirical information, filtered to the policymakers and the public through a system of preexisting values, lies at the heart of policy change. The model integrates several strands of thought on policy, including: Baumgartner and Jones's theory of punctuated equilibrium, based on changes on policy images held by the relevant policy actors and the general public; Schattschneider's mobilization of bias; Cobb, Ross, and Ross's three models of agenda-building; Ripley and Franklin's theory of subgovernments; and Lindblom's emphasis on the role of the social scientist in responsible policymaking. In order to contribute productively to the policy process, social scientists must develop ethical, productive ways of responding to the ways in which other policy actors will use, and possibly distort, their findings.
Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia: Association with a platelet aggregating factor and arterial thromboses

Eleven patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia were studied. Thrombocytopenia appeared 3-16 days following the initiation of prophylactic or therapeutic doses of heparin. The mean lowest platelet count recorded was 48,000/mm3. When heparin was stopped, recovery from thrombocytopenia began within 24 hours and was complete by ten days. Two patients developed fatal thromboses, and two others had myocardial infarctions while thrombo-cytopenic. In the serum of seven patients, including three of the four with arterial thrombosis, a heparin-dependent platelet aggregating factor was present. The factor caused release of platelet 14C serotonin but did not lyse platelets. It was present in the globulin fraction of all positive sera, and in one serum studied it was isolated in the IgG/IgA immunoglobulin fraction. The factor was not present in 16 normal sera or in the sera of 15 nonthrombocytopenic patients receiving heparin. Our observations suggest that heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is common and that, in some patients it may be accompanied by severe arterial thrombosis. In vivo platelet aggregation is a possible explanation for the thrombocytopenia and the thrombosis in this disorder.
Molecular Ecological Analysis of Dietary and Antibiotic-Induced Alterations of the Mouse Intestinal Microbiota

A cultivation-independent approach, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), was used to characterize changes in fecal bacterial populations resulting from consumption of a low residue diet or oral administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic. C57BL/6NHsd mice were weaned to either a standard nonpurified diet (LC-diet) or a low residue diet (LR-diet) and at 17 wk of age were randomly assigned to receive drinking water with or without 25 ppm cefoxitin for 14 d. On d 1, 2, 7 and 14, microbial DNA was extracted from feces, and the V3 region of the 16S rDNA gene was amplified by PCR and analyzed by DGGE. The diversity of fecal microbial populations, assessed using Shannon's index (H'), which incorporates species richness (number of species, or in this case, PCR-DGGE bands) and evenness (the relative distribution of species), was not affected by cefoxitin. However, use of Sorenson's pairwise similarity coefficient (C(s)), an index that measures the species in common between different habitats, indicated that the species composition of fecal bacterial communities was altered by cefoxitin in mice fed either diet. Dietary effects on fecal microbial communities were more pronounced, with greater H' values (P < 0.05) in mice fed the LR-diet (1.9 +/- 0.1) compared with the LC-diet (1.6 +/- 0.1). The C(s) values were also greater (P < 0.05) in fecal bacterial populations from mice fed the LR-diet (C(s) = 69.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with mice fed the LC-diet (C(s) = 50.1 +/- 3.8%), indicating greater homogeneity of fecal bacterial communities in mice fed the LR-diet. These results demonstrate the utility of cultivation-independent PCR-DGGE analysis combined with measurements of ecological diversity for monitoring diet- and antibiotic-induced alterations of the complex intestinal microbial ecosystem.
Competing for a Share of Global Derivatives Markets: Trends and Policy Choices for the United States ♣

This is a preliminary study on the status of the U.S. in the global market for derivatives-related services. We include some of the policy choices available to enhance this status. We begin with a review of the importance of active and efficient derivatives markets for the U.S. economy. We then analyze the status of U.S. derivatives-market service providers in both over-the-counter and exchange-based markets. We then discuss factors that play a role in determining where a provider of derivatives services is located. By far the dominant factors are the regional concentration of customers and overall financial market activities. We also consider regulatory and legal factors, and access to specialized human resources, among other factors. We recommend the development and maintenance of a dataset bearing on the co-location advantages of financial services firms within the U.S., particularly in and near New York City, along with data pertinent to related human resources. Our analysis departs from the view expressed in some 'competitiveness' circles as to a presumed wholesale migration of financial activity from New York and London and as to the dominant role of regulatory differences in such migration.
Unraveling the attentional functions of cortical cholinergic inputs: interactions between signal-driven and cognitive modulation of signal detection.

Neurophysiological studies demonstrated that increases in cholinergic transmission in sensory areas enhance the cortical processing of thalamic inputs. Cholinergic activity also suppresses the retrieval of internal associations, thereby further promoting sensory input processing. Behavioral studies documented the role of cortical cholinergic inputs in attentional functions and capacities by demonstrating, for example, that the integrity of the cortical cholinergic input system is necessary for attentional performance, and that the activity of cortical cholinergic inputs is selectively enhanced during attentional performance. This review aims at integrating the neurophysiological and behavioral evidence on the functions of cortical cholinergic inputs and hypothesizes that the cortical cholinergic input system generally acts to optimize the processing of signals in attention-demanding contexts. Such signals drecruitT, via activation of basal forebrain corticopetal cholinergic projections, the cortical attention systems and thereby amplify the processing of attentiondemanding signals (termed dsignal-driven cholinergic modulation of detectionT). The activity of corticopetal cholinergic projections is also modulated by direct prefrontal projections to the basal forebrain and, indirectly, to cholinergic terminals elsewhere in the cortex; thus, cortical cholinergic inputs are also involved in the mediation of top-down effects, such as the knowledge-based augmentation of detection (see Footnote 1) of signals and the filtering of irrelevant information (termed dcognitive cholinergic modulation of detectionT). Thus, depending on the quality of signals and task characteristics, cortical cholinergic activity reflects the combined effects of signaldriven and cognitive modulation of detection. This hypothesis begins to explain signal intensity or duration-dependent performance in attention tasks, the distinct effects of cortex-wide versus prefrontal cholinergic deafferentation on attention performance, and it generates specific predictions concerning cortical acetylcholine (ACh) release in attention task-performing animals. Finally, the consequences of abnormalities in the regulation of cortical cholinergic inputs for the manifestation of the symptoms of major neuropsychiatric disorders are conceptualized in terms of dysregulation in the signal-driven and cognitive cholinergic modulation of detection processes.
Consistent methodology for calculating surface and interface energies

A consistent approach to the calculation of the surface energy valid for all crystal systems is presented. Voronoi polyhedra are introduced and used in conjunction with the energy-density formalism of Chetty and Martin @Phys. Rev. B 45, 6074 ~1992!; 45, 6089 ~1992!# to provide a methodology for the determination of surface energies. The surface energies of the unrelaxed, unreconstructed GaAs ~001! and ~111! surfaces are calculated as a test. As an example of the application of the formalism to a low symmetry system, the energies of selected ~0001! surfaces of the wide-gap semiconductors GaN and SiC are determined. @S0163-1829~98!02012-8#
Organizational effects on race relations in schools.

This article identifies organizational structures and practices in schools that influence the frequency of interracial interactions, the likelihood ofcross-race friendships, and students' attitudes and behaviors toward members of different racial and ethnic groups. These formal and informal organizational practices include curriculum tracking, assignment to classes, attendance at school level functions, and extracurricular activities. The article discusses how the quality of interracial interactions and the resultingrelationships among students is influenced by the contexts of these different organizational practices, including students' status expectations, cooperative versus competitive modes of academic and extracurricular interactions, and educators' views on racial/ethnic issues and their preferences for instructional methods. By taking these effects into account, schools can make significant advances in promoting positive race relations.
Muscle Coenzyme Q: A Potential Test for Mitochondrial Activity and Redox Status

The aim of this study is to determine whether coenzyme Q (CoQ) muscle concentrations and redox state are associated with pathologic changes in muscle biopsy specimens. Skeletal muscle biopsies were collected (January 2002-February 2004) and underwent pathologic evaluation. Quadriceps specimens (n = 47) were stratified accordingly: Group 1, controls without evidence of pathologic abnormalities; Group 2, type I myofiber predominance; Group 3, type II myofiber atrophy; Group 4, lower motor unit disease; and Group 5, muscular dystrophy. Ubiquinol-10, ubiquinone-10, total coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), coenzyme Q9 (CoQ9), total CoQ (CoQ9+CoQ10) concentrations were analyzed in biopsy muscle by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ubiquinone-10, total CoQ10, and total CoQ concentrations were significantly decreased in Group 5. Significant positive correlations (r ≅ 0.40) were found between muscle ubiquinone-10, total CoQ10, and total CoQ concentrations vs the percentage of myofibers having subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates. CoQ redox ratio and the fraction CoQ9/total CoQ were negatively correlated with subsarcolemmal mitochondrial aggregates. A significant correlation (r = 0.328) also occurred between ubiquinol-10 concentration and citrate synthase activity. This study suggests that total CoQ concentration provides a new method for estimating mitochondrial activity in biopsy muscle; and that the muscle CoQ test is feasible and potentially useful for diagnosing CoQ deficiency states.
Alzheimer’s Disease Protein Aβ1-42 Does Not Disrupt Isolated Synaptic Vesicles

Abstract Synaptic vesicles are central to neurotransmission and cognition. Studies of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated peptide, amyloid beta (Aβ), suggest that it has the potential to non-specifically solubilize or permeabilize membranes and that it has detergent and pore-forming properties. Damage to the membrane or integrity of synaptic vesicles could compromise its function. We test the hypothesis that the intact synaptic vesicle is a direct site of attack by Aβ 1–42 in AD pathology by examining the properties of individual isolated vesicles exposed to Aβ 1–42 . In particular, we compared the rate of leakage of dye molecules from synaptic vesicles, the rate of proton permeation across the membrane of the vesicle, and the rate of active proton transport into the vesicle interior in the presence and absence of Aβ 1–42 . From these experiments, we conclude that isolated synaptic vesicles are not disrupted by Aβ 1–42 .
Poly[[μ(4)-bis-(4-pyridyl-carbon-yl)piperazine-κN:N':O:O']bis-(thio-cyanato-κN)cobalt(II)].

In the title compound, [Co(NCS)2(C16H16N4O2)]n, the octa­hedrally coordinated CoII ion lies on a crystallographic inversion center, with trans isothio­cyanate ligands. Pyridyl N-donor atoms and formyl O-donor atoms from exotetra­dentate bis­(4-pyridyl­carbon­yl)piperazine (4-bpfp) ligands link the Co(NCS)2 units into a [Co(NCS)2(4-bpfp)]n coordination polymer layer that is oriented parallel to (101). The layers stack along [010] to construct the pseudo-three-dimensional structure.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in sheep can be reduced by chlorate supplementation.

Ruminant animals are a natural reservoir of the foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7. Some foodborne pathogens (e.g., E. coli) are equipped with a nitrate reductase that cometabolically reduces chlorate. The intracellular reduction of chlorate to chlorite kills nitrate reductase-positive bacteria; however, species that do not reduce nitrate are not affected by chlorate. Therefore, it has been suggested that ruminants be supplemented with chlorate prior to shipment for slaughter in order to reduce foodborne illnesses in human consumers. Sheep (n = 14) were fed a high-grain ration and were experimentally infected with E. coli O157:H7. These sheep were given an experimental product (XCP) containing the equivalent of either 2.5 mM NaNO 3 and 100 mM NaCl (control sheep; n = 7) or 2.5 mM NaNO 3 and 100 mM NaClO 3 (chlorate [XCP]-treated sheep; n = 7). Control and XCP-treated sheep were treated for 24 h; XCP treatment reduced the population of inoculated E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.05) from 10 2 , 105, and 10 5 CFU/g in the rumen, cecum, and rectum, respectively, to <10 1 CFU/g in all three sections of the gastrointestinal tract. The number of sheep testing positive for E. coli O157:H7 was significantly reduced by XCP treatment. In a similar fashion, total E. coli and coliforms were also reduced (P < 0.05) in all three compartments of the intestinal tract. Intestinal pH, total volatile fatty acid production, and the acetate/propionate ratio were unaffected by XCP treatment. On the basis of these results, it appears that chlorate treatment can be an effective method for the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 populations in ruminant animals immediately prior to slaughter.
Surface Structure and Hydration of Sequence-Specific Amphiphilic Polypeptoids for Antifouling/Fouling Release Applications.

Amphiphilic polypeptoids can be designed with specific sequences of hydrophilic and hydrophobic units, which determine their surface properties for antifouling/fouling release purposes. Although the sequence-dependent surface structures of polypeptoids have been extensively investigated, e.g., with X-ray spectroscopy, their molecular structures under the aqueous conditions relevant to marine fouling have not been studied. In this work, we applied sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy to study the surface structures and hydration of a series of amphiphilic polypeptoid coatings with different sequences in air and water. SFG spectra, in agreement with X-ray spectroscopy studies, revealed that the surface coverage of the hydrophilic N-(2-methoxyethyl)glycine (Nme) units in air is affected by both the number and position of the hydrophobic N-(heptafluorobutyl)glycine (NF) units in the peptoid chain and is negatively correlated with the surface concentration of the fluorine element. Our abilit...
Food, Sacrifice, and Sagehood in Early China

Each ancient civilization launched and then evolved its unique philosophies and quotidian worldviews that helped determine its historical development in the world, and Chinese civilization is no ex...
The Bully Pulpit: Catholic and Protestant Churches, Neighborhoods, and Political Socialization in a New Democracy

How do citizens in new democracies learn about elections and develop participatory orientations? Civil society organizations can promote political socialization, yet often fail to reach those lowest in resources. Churches constitute an often overlooked instance of civil society, one that is highly inclusive and provides frequent opportunities for interaction. Developing a case study of a municipal election campaign in a single Brazilian city, I find that exposure to political information in church is common, especially in evangelical churches and in low-education neighborhoods. Even more frequent than partisan discussion is promotion of non-partisan civic norms encouraging citizens to cast informed votes based on non-clientelistic criteria. Those exposed to civic and partisan messages know significantly more about the local campaign and are more likely to turn out. Messages encouraging a “conscientious vote” promote knowledge most strongly in low education neighborhoods, helping to equalize political information across the urban environment.
Porous Media Combustion for Heating Process

The drying effectiveness is studied using a cloth. The forced air propane heater with an extended sheet metal duct was used to direct the hot air onto the moving cloth. The cloth was run using a 1 hp motor with an electronic controller. The motor also had a pulley system to reduce the speed. The outlet of the hot air duct was placed just below the moving cloth. The experimental setup is shown in fig1. The extended heater duct held the Pitot tubes and the thermocouples. The Pitot tubes and the thermocouples were hooked up to a computer via a data logger. The main objective of this experiment was to create a uniform drying without loosing the overall drying effectiveness. Adjusting the conveyor velocity drying time and heater intensity produces varying dry qualities. This procedure is repeated until an adequate air quality is achieved. An air quality that does not damage the paper and dries it uniformly was desired for this experiment. In order to capture the velocity profile, five Pitot tubes were mounted on a rack assembly spanning radially from the center to the surface and parallel to the duct’s axis. Three of the pitot tubes were placed 20 in from the duct exit and two of the pitot tubes were placed on 5 in from the exit. To accurately capture the velocity profile, three different radial positions were used and the velocities averaged. To accurately capture the temperature profile, 5 Ktype thermocouples were utilized placing at the same locations as the Pitot tubes. Foam pads were used to make the instrument assembly rigid. Fig 2 shows the schematic of the pitot tube locations.
“An Echo in their Hearts”: The Church in Our Modern World

Given the theological anthropology and ecclesiological charge of Gaudium et spes , living out its call demands Christians appreciate that “Nothing that is genuinely human fails to find an echo in our hearts,” indeed sometimes a thorn in our hearts. This essay outlines some of the key themes and legacies of Gaudium et spes in light of this focus and then returns to several elements of its “echo” in areas of dialogue, conscience, and resonance for the church today.
The AIIB Tied in a Belt

Wan examines how China has been constructing the AIIB, successfully. The AIIB is one of the major policy initiatives such as ‘One Belt, One Road’ adopted by the Chinese government to expand its influence overseas. The AIIB seems ‘natural’ in the scheme of things. The Chinese system of political economy remains distinct from that of the United States and other major economies. Different branches may shoot up from the Chinese tree. The AIIB is a branch that is more acceptable than most other Chinese initiatives such as the large-scale land reclamation projects in the South China Sea. The more members the Chinese government is able to attract to this international financial organization, the more pressure there is on Beijing to follow the existing international practices.
Incidence of bladder cancer after radiation for prostate cancer as a function of time and radiation modality

To evaluate the risk of BlCa developing after radiation for PCa, stratified by ethnicity and follow-up duration. The 1973–2011 surveillance, epidemiology and end results database was used to determine the observed and expected number of BlCa after PCa radiation. The adjusted relative risks (RRs) of developing BlCa were calculated for the various radiation modalities relative to no radiation, stratified by ethnicity and follow-up duration. BlCa characteristics were compared between patients with a history of prostate radiation and those without PCa. PCa was radiated in 346,429 men, 6401 of whom developed BlCa versus 2464 expected cases [SIR (95 % CI) of 2.60 (2.53–2.66)]. All radiation modalities were found to have an increased RR of developing BlCa after 10 years, with brachytherapy having a significantly higher RR than external beam radiation (EBRT) or combined EBRT and brachytherapy in Caucasian men and a significantly higher RR than EBRT in men of other/unknown ethnicity. Post-radiation BlCa, in particular that after brachytherapy, had higher grade (P = 0.0001) and lower stage (P = 0.0001) versus the general population. The increased risk of BlCa after prostate radiation occurs predominantly after 10 years, regardless of ethnicity. The RR of developing BlCa after 10 years is significantly higher following brachytherapy than after EBRT or EBRT and brachytherapy. Bladder cancers after prostate radiation, especially after brachytherapy, are generally lower stage but higher grade than those in patients without PCa.
Crystal and molecular structure of an oxygenated dimer of 3-methylindole, (5a.ALPHA.,10b.ALPHA.,11a.BETA.,12.BETA.)-6-acetyl-5a,10b,11a,12-tetrahydro-10b,12-dimethyl-6H-oxazolo[3,2,a:4,5-b']diindol-12-ol.

The crystal structure of the title compound (1b), which is the acetyl derivative of one of the oxygenated dimers of 3-methylindole, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P2 1 /a, with a=13.980 (3), b=12.340 (3), c=10.021 (4) A, β=92.51 (3) o , and Z=4. The bond lengths and angles in 1b are not much different from those in the stereoisomer of 1b with inverted configuration at the C 12 position, indicating the rigidity of the five successive ring structures of 6H-oxazolo [3.2-a:4.5-b'] diindole. The molecular stereochemistries of these isomers are discussed
Multi-UAV Pre-Positioning and Routing for Power Network Damage Assessment

This paper presents a two-phase mathematical framework for efficient power network damage assessment using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In the first phase, a two-stage stochastic integer programming optimization model is presented for damage assessment in which the first stage determines the optimal UAV locations anticipating an arrival of an extreme weather event, and the second stage is to adjust the UAV locations, if necessary, when the arrival time of the predicted extreme weather becomes closer with updated information. UAV paths to scan the power network are generated in the second phase to minimize operating costs and final damage assessment completion time of the UAVs. Computational techniques are developed to help reduce the solution time. Numerical experiments show that the proposed stochastic model outperforms the deterministic counterpart in terms of the total UAV pre-positioning setup cost. Additionally, sensitivity analysis discovered the relations among damage assessment time, UAV pre-positioning setup cost, and operating cost.
A splitting theorem for the seiberg-witten invariant of a homology S1* S3

We study the Seiberg-Witten invariant $\lambda_{\rm{SW}} (X)$ of smooth spin $4$-manifolds $X$ with integral homology of $S^1\times S^3$ defined by Mrowka, Ruberman, and Saveliev as a signed count of irreducible monopoles amended by an index-theoretic correction term. We prove a splitting formula for this invariant in terms of the Fr{\o}yshov invariant $h(X)$ and a certain Lefschetz number in the reduced monopole Floer homology of Kronheimer and Mrowka. We apply this formula to obstruct existence of metrics of positive scalar curvature on certain 4-manifolds, and to exhibit new classes of integral homology $3$-spheres of Rohlin invariant one which have infinite order in the homology cobordism group.
Effects of Chemical Agents on Protein Biosynthesis during Embryonic Development

An analysis at the molecular level of gene action in development allows multiple inferences to be drawn concerning the activation of some of the cells’ complement of genes and the repression of others. Mechanisms such as gene amplification, differential gene suppression and control at the translational level of protein biosynthcsis all probably play a role in the phenomenon of cellular differentiation. The genetic control of multicellular aspects of development — formation of tissues and organs and interactions between them — are less well understood in molecular terms.
Micropuncture and pressure assisted Schwann cell seeding of nerve allograft.

Abstract Background Tissue processing to create immunotolerant nerve allograft removes neurosupportive cells. Few strategies have been described for implanting new cells into the graft to support axonal regeneration. New method Micropuncture of the nerve allograft surface combined with immersion into a pressurized cell-rich solution to potentiate the introduction of viable Schwann cells (SC) into processed nerve allograft. Allografts were used to repair rodent sciatic nerve defects. At 3, 7, and 21 days, grafts were harvested, stained for SCs, and analyzed using total cross sectional area (CSA) occupied by SCs to quantify SC presence. Results At days 3 and 7, SC CSA was significantly greater for the injection group compared to all other groups. At day 21, SC CSA for the injection group (0.2252% ± 0.2730) was significantly greater compared to following groups: pressurized-punctured (0.0653% ± 0.0934), nonpressurized-nonpunctured (0.0607% ± 0.0709), punctured-control (0.0246% ± 0.0398), and nonpunctured-control (0.0126% ± 0.0151). A significant decrease in percent CSA occupied by SCs from day 3 to day 21 was noted in nonpressurized-punctured group (p = 0.0106), pressurized-nonpunctured group (p = 0.0477), and injection group (p = 0.0010). Comparison with existing method(s) Most studies have used small caliber hypodermic needles to inject the cells into grafts. Conclusions Despite a presumed decrease in cell viability over the three weeks of the study, the large initial inoculum achieved by injection technique results in higher levels of final SC seeding in acellular nerve allograft compared with bathing techniques with or without micropuncture or pressurization.
Reseña de: Errol Lord y Barry Maguire, eds., Weighing Reasons

Errol Lord y Barry Maguire, eds., Weighing Reasons. Nueva York: Oxford University Press, 2016. 301 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-931519-2
Silicon microneedle array for minimally invasive human health monitoring

A silicon microneedle array with integrated microfluidic channels is presented, which is designed to extract dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) for biochemical analysis. ISF is a cell-free biofluid that is known to contain many of the same constituents as blood plasma, but the scope and dynamics of biomarker similarities are known for only a few components, most notably glucose. Dermal ISF is accessible just below the outer skin layer (epidermis), which can be reached and extracted with minimal sensation and tissue trauma by using a microneedle array. The microneedle arrays presented here are being developed to extract dermal ISF for off-chip profiling of nucleic acid constituents in order to identify potential biomarkers of disease. In order to assess sample volume requirements, preliminary RNA profiling was performed with suction blister ISF. The microneedles are batch fabricated using established silicon technology (low cost), are small in size, and can be integrated with sensors for on-chip analysis. This approach portends a more rapid, less expensive, self-administered assessment of human health than is currently achievable with blood sampling, especially in non-clinical and austere settings. Ultimately, a wearable device for monitoring a person’s health in any setting is envisioned.
Uncertainty Analysis and Thermal Stored Energy Calculations in Nuclear Fuel Rods

With the increasing sophistication and use of computer codes in the nuclear industry, there is a growing awareness of the need to identify and quantify the uncertainties of these codes. Work is now...
Chapter 5 Stable Isotope Distribution in Carbonates

Summary A brief survey has been presented on the stable isotope geochemistry of carbonates. Emphasis was placed on sedimentary carbonates in view of the fact that most of the other chapters of this book are almost exclusively concerned with sediments. The principal goal of this chapter was to demonstrate in what way stable isotope studies may contribute to a better understanding of certain problems in the area of classical geology and petrography; the data were selected accordingly.
The Helically Symmetric Experiment, (HSX) Goals, Design and Status

HSX is a quasi-helically symmetric (QHS) stellarator currently under construction at the Torsatron-Stellarator Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin - Madison. This device is unique in its magn...
Taking a crack at card stacks: Tips and resources for getting started

The goal of this paper is to illustrate different ways that card-sorting activities (or “card stacks”) can be implemented in the introductory physics classroom, along with various tips and resources for getting started. My first attempt at developing a card stack came about from simply wanting to try out a fun way to change student groups. With 24 students in one of my classes, I made cards for six different situations of constant velocity (each with four different representations as shown in Fig. 1). At the start of class, students were given a single card and asked to find their matches. Chaos ensued as students began, but this was soon followed by lots of productive talk among students about who was and wasn’t a match and why. After things settled down, students were asked to draw the velocity vs. time graph for their situation and to then see if any other groups had drawn the exact same graph. Upon finding that another group did, they were asked, “Why are you a match now, but not before?”
Factors Associated With Influenza in an Emergency Department Setting.

Abstract Background Emergency departments (EDs) become more overcrowded during peak respiratory virus season. Distinguishing influenza from other viruses is crucial to implement social distancing practices, early treatment, and prompt disposition. Objectives We sought to determine factors associated with influenza among a prospective cohort of consecutive ED patients with acute respiratory illness (ARI). Methods Between December 2016 and March 2017, trained research assistants screened consecutive ED patients with ARI symptoms. ARI criteria included measured fever at home or in the ED >38°C and a cough, sore throat, or rhinorrhea with a duration of symptoms >12 hours and Results One hundred nineteen patients consented to enrollment and 31% were found to be positive for influenza. Myalgia, the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms (no diarrhea or vomiting), sore throat, chills, headache, and oxygen saturation ≥97% were significant on univariate analysis and were entered into the multivariate model. Myalgia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.9), the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms (AOR 4.7), and oxygen saturation ≥97% (AOR 2.8) were significant independent factors of influenza. Conclusion The presence of myalgia, the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and oxygen saturation ≥97% are factors that can help distinguish influenza from other acute respiratory illnesses in the ambulatory ED population.
Emergency Medicine Resident-Driven Point of Care Ultrasound for Suspected Shoulder Dislocation.

OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of implementing a musculoskeletal in-service educational intervention for emergency medicine (EM) residents on the use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) to diagnose and manage shoulder dislocations in the emergency department (ED). METHODS This study was conducted in the ED of an academic teaching hospital in Miami, Florida. It consisted of a short in-service educational intervention on how to perform and interpret POCUS, followed by an open, prospective convenience sample study in patients with clinical suspicion of shoulder dislocation. Twenty EM residents, with no prior shoulder scanning training, participated in the study. In all of the cases, the findings of the shoulder US were compared with radiographs, which were considered the reference standard. EM residents enrolled patients, and obtained and interpreted the shoulder US images. RESULTS Seventy-eight patients were evaluated to rule out shoulder dislocation and/or fracture. Diagnosis of the dislocated shoulder was made in 55 of 78 patients, 53 of whom had anterior dislocations. Resident-driven POCUS had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% to diagnose and rule out, respectively, shoulder dislocations and relocations. There were no differences in the number of dislocations diagnosed and relocated by early and advanced EM residents. Results from a POCUS were available 22 ± 2.8 minutes sooner than x-ray for initial diagnosis and 27 ± 2.9 minutes (P < 0.0001) sooner than x-ray for assessment of reduction. CONCLUSIONS EM resident physicians, with no previous training in shoulder US imaging, exposed to a brief in-service musculoskeletal education intervention, were able to diagnose shoulder dislocations via POCUS with high sensitivity and specificity. Shoulder US for dislocation should be a core component in EM training.
Clinical analysis of 4562 cases of hospitalized neonates

Objective To understand neonatal morbidity and adopt measures to reduce illness and mortality.Methods From January 2004 to April 2009,a total of 4 562 cases of neonatal cases of hospitalization were analyzed retrospectively.Results The incidence rate of less than 7 days,mainly neonatal asphyxia ontome,more than seven days to infection.Among death and give up therapy cases,neonatal asphyxia and premature birth were the mainly.Conclusion In order to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality,we must avoid causing neonatal asphyxia,premature infants and infection factors. Key words: Infant,newborn; Meta-analysis