cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compatibility of refractories with simulated mhd environment consisting of a molten-coal-slag/alkali-seed mixture

In an investigation of the possible use of a refractory material on the water walls of a radiant boiler in a simulated coalfired opencycle MHD plant, the corrosion of a wide variety of commercial refractories was studied under reducing conditions at ∼1500 °C in a coalslag/potassiumseed mixture. Several refractories gave promising results. A comparison with earlier results obtained at ∼1500 °C with slag only showed that the presence of ∼10 wt pet K2O seed in the Montana Rosebud slag did not result in increased corrosion, and may actually have improved the corrosion resistance of many of the refractories that were tested. Of the fusedcast materials, the chromespinel refractory exhibited superior corrosion resistance. The magnesiachrome refractories showed more resistance to corrosion than the other sintered materials that were tested. A phosphatebonded chromeore ramming mix performed better than the other ramming mixes, but not as well as any of the sintered or fusedcast bricks.
Predictors of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Despite the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), little is known about the role of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or whether ethnicity, gender, anthropometric measures and treatment can alter hsCRP levels. We evaluated the effects of treatment and demographic, anthropometric and socio-economic variables on hsCRP levels in SLE. High sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were measured using an immunoturbidimetric assay in 610 patients from the Hopkins Lupus Cohort, who were followed-up regularly. In stepwise multiple regression analyses, body mass index (BMI) [odds ratio (OR) 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34—2.20, P < 0.001], African-American ethnicity (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.22—3.19, P < 0.01), education (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.42—0.86, P < 0.01), statin use (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18—0.82, P < 0.05), estrogen use (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.19—11.22, P < 0.05), SLE Disease Activity Index score (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.09—2.87, P < 0.05) and cumulative p...
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells: emerging targets for novel cancer therapy.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells: emerging targets for novel cancer therapy
Investigation of the effect of old tuberculin and BCG on experimental cholesterol atherosclerosis in the rabbit.

Summary Treatment with old tuberculin or BCG failed to influence aortic and visceral atherosclerosis in normotensive and hypertensive cholesterol-fed rabbits. Similarly, no significant difference in blood pressure was encountered in treated and untreated rabbits with renal hypertension. The lack of effect of old tuberculin and BCG in this regard differs from that recorded previously by others in the rat. It appears noteworthy, however, that the vascular disease inhibited by such treatments in this latter species was of the medial rather than intimai type. These findings, as well as other considerations, signify the need for more critical evaluation of the inhibition of atherosclerosis and hypertension purported to occur in persons with tuberculosis.
Triple-resonant transducers

A detailed analysis is presented of two novel multiple-resonant transducers which produce a wider transmit response than that of a conventional Tonpilz-type transducer. These multi-resonant transducers are Tonpilz-type longitudinal vibrators that produce three coupled resonances and are referred to as triple-resonant transducers (TRTs). One of these designs is a mechanical series arrangement of a tail mass, piezoelectric ceramic stack, central mass, compliant spring, second central mass, second compliant spring, and a piston radiating head mass. The other TRT design is a mechanical series arrangement of a tail mass, piezoelectric ceramic stack, central mass, compliant spring, and head mass with a quarterwave matching layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) on the head mass. Several prototype transducer element designs were fabricated that demonstrated proof-of-concept.
How structure in the louvered fin heat exchanger geometry

Abstract A flow visualization study of the louvered fin geometry commonly used in automotive heat exchangers was performed using a dye injection technique with 10:1 scale models. The geometrical parameters, louver pitch, louver angle, and fin pitch were varied to determine their effect on the flow structure. Tests covered Reynolds numbers of 400–4000 based on louver pitch. Data are presented in the form of a dimensionless flow efficiency (defined in terms of the mean flow angle relative to the louver angle) and Reynolds number. Correlations are developed to predict the flow efficiency as a function of dimensionless geometrical groups and Reynolds number. The flow structure is also discussed.
Assessing immigrant policy options: labor market conditions and postreform declines in immigrants' receipt of welfare.

Researchers infrequently have focused on assessing the degree to which the changes in welfare policy legislated during the 1990s have affected immigrants’ receipt of welfare. Using data from the March Current Population Survey, we analyze the contribution of local labor market conditions to the explanation of relative declines in immigrants’ receipt of welfare from 1994 to 2000. The results of a series of models that included labor market-area and state fixed effects indicate that employment and unemployment rates across metropolitan statistical areas and states account for at least one-third of the observed relative decrease among immigrants. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.
The determination of site occupancies in garnet by planar and axial ALCHEMI

Abstract The application of ALCHEMI (Atom Location by Channelling-Enhanced MIcroanalysis) to the determination of the cation distribution between the X, Y and Z sites in garnet has been studied. Planar ALCHEMI as well as the novel axial-ALCHEMI technique were used. Five types of diffracting conditions were used, two for planar ALCHEMI with electron channelling along (444) planes, and three for axial ALCHEMI along the [111], [211] and [311] zone axes. None of these allows a distinction between the large X and small Z sites, but these two together can be differentiated from the intermediate Y site. The channelling for planar ALCHEMI is too weak to produce reliable results. Axial ALCHEMI, especially for the [111] and [311] axes, gives good results, but the data must be corrected because X-ray generation is not perfectly localized. Correction factors for localisation are given for Mg and Ca on the X site, and for Ti and Cr on the Y site.
Experimental Investigation of Film Formation: Film Casting

In film casting, a polymer melt is extruded through a flat die before rapid cooling on a chill roll. In this article, the effects of process conditions on polypropylene (PP) film formation in the air gap have been studied. Process variables investigated include draw ratio (DR) and die temperature. The temperature, width, and velocity profiles in the air gap are measured. Centerline strain rates initially increase with distance from the die, and the trends observed depend on the DR. The velocity decreases from the centerline value as the film approaches the film edges. The film temperature shows a local minimum along the centerline.
Insights from life course epidemiology.

Integrative models of disease etiology have recognized the importance of the individual's social and physical environment in shaping vulnerability to disease across the lifespan.1 Empirical demonstrations of the ways in which the social determinants of health act synergistically with physiological vulnerability remains an essential challenge in understanding health development, disease pathways and the identification of high-risk populations. Stein et al. address this challenge by analyzing data from the National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) on parent-rated child health and health care utilization.2 They report that children characterized as having either “social” or “biomedical” risks “were significantly more likely to be in poorer health and to have high utilization than children with neither type of risk, but that children with both types of risk were substantially more likely to have poorer health and health care use than with either risk alone.”2,p.XX As they point out, this finding has important implications for structuring the care of children with a history of both adverse environmental exposures and medical problems.
Mutations in the gene encoding cytosolic β-glucosidase in Gaucher disease

Patients with Gaucher disease have a deficiency of the lysosomal acid beta-glucosidase. The phenotypes of genotypically identical patients with Gaucher disease may differ markedly. We have examined the possibility that polymorphisms in another beta-glucosidase are responsible for this variability in the phenotype. Sequence analysis of the gene encoding cytosolic beta-glucosidase (GBA3) from 4 chromosomes revealed the presence of 4 single-nucleotide substitutions: c.316 G -->A (D106N), c.1353A-->G (Y451Y), c.1368T-->A (Y456X), and c.1540 to 1541AG -->T in the 3' untranslated region. We examined the DNA from 62 patients with Gaucher disease who were homozygous for the 1226A-->G (N370S) mutation and from 542 control subjects from various populations for these polymorphisms. Six of the possible 16 haplotypes were found, and none was over- or underrepresented among patients with the severe Gaucher disease phenotypes compared with those from patients with mild phenotypes.
Assessing plural morphology in children acquiring /s/-leniting dialects of Spanish.

Purpose To examine the production of plural morphology in children acquiring a dialect of Spanish with syllable-final /s/ lenition with the goal of comparing how plural marker omissions in the spee...
Sensor physical unclonable functions

We propose a novel variety of sensor that extends the functionality of conventional physical unclonable functions to provide authentication, unclonability, and verification of a sensed value. This new class of device addresses the vulnerability in typical sensing systems whereby an attacker can spoof measurements by interfering with the analog signals that pass from the sensor element to the embedded microprocessor. The concept can be applied to any type of analog sensor.
Editor's Welcome

This is an exciting time to become editor of Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention. This year we will see the first draft of the proposed criteria for the inclu...
Delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage mimicking acuteretrobulbar hemorrhage

The signs and symptoms of an acute retrobulbar hemorrhage include sudden ocular pain, explosive unilateral proptosis, limitation of extraocular movements and loss of vision. Retrobulbar hemorrhage is a well-described complication of retrobulbar anesthetic injection. We report an unusual case of a presumed acute retrobulbar hemorrhage following intraocular surgery which, on further testing, was found to be a delayed suprachoroidal hemorrhage.
Testing for Giftedness: the Pros, Cons and Concerns

Testing for “giftedness” is a domain of concerns for teachers, counselors, parents, and most notably, children themselves. The issues surrounding, labeling, placement and non-placement are thorny and emotionally charged. This paper attempts to present both sides of this challenging issue so that parent/teacher/specialists can understand each other and the facts of this domain.
Diet-related practices and BMI are associated with diet quality in older adults

Objective: To assess the association of diet-related practices and BMI with diet quality in rural adults aged $74 years. Design: Cross-sectional. Dietary quality was assessed by the twenty-five-item Dietary Screening Tool (DST). Diet-related practices were self-reported. Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyse associations of DST scores with BMI and diet-related practices after controlling for gender, age, education, smoking and self- v. proxy reporting. Setting: Geisinger Rural Aging Study (GRAS) in Pennsylvania, USA. Subjects: A total of 4009 (1722 males, 2287 females; mean age 81?5 years) participants aged $74 years. Results: Individuals with BMI ,18?5kg/m 2 had a significantly lower DST score (mean 55?8, 95% CI 52?9, 58?7) than those individuals with BMI 518?5‐24?9kg/m 2 (mean 60?7, 95% CI 60?1, 61?5; P 50?001). Older adults with higher, more favourable DST scores were significantly more likely to be food sufficient, report eating breakfast, have no chewing difficulties and report no decline in intake in the previous 6 months. Conclusions: The DST may identify potential targets for improving diet quality in older adults including promotion of healthy BMI, breakfast consumption, improving dentition and identifying strategies to decrease concern about food sufficiency.
Monte Carlo simulations of heavy ion sensor measurements including neon, magnesium, silicon, and sulfur

Solar Orbiter is scheduled to launch in January 2017, and will carry as part of its payload the Heavy Ion Sensor (HIS), one of the components of the Solar Wind Analyzer (SWA) instrument suite. Heavy ions of particular interest are Ne, Mg, Si, and S which have been difficult to measure in the past due to their similar mass per charge ratios in the solar wind. We have characterized the response of HIS to these species using a Monte Carlo simulation of the instrument. These simulations use a realistic count rate and account for lost energy and angular scattering of ions passing through a carbon foil, time-of-flight of the secondary electrons, and the pulse height defect within the solid-state detectors. Our results show that HIS is capable of resolving the masses and charge-states of solar wind ions, such as He, C, O, Ne, Mg, and Fe. Results also show that there is some overlap between S and Si, but it is likely that we will be able resolve these ions by integrating these measurements over longer time periods.
Detection of Discrete Interactions upon Rupture of Au Microcontacts to Self-Assembled Monolayers Terminated with −S(CO)CH3 or −SH

Pulloff forces were measured under solvent for Au-coated atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips in contact with −S-acetate-, −O-acetate-, −SH-, or −OH-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The S...
Adenylylation and Catalytic Properties of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Glutamine Synthetase Expressed in Escherichia coli versus Mycobacteria

Bacterial glutamine synthetases (GSs) are complex dodecameric oligomers that play a critical role in nitrogen metabolism, converting ammonia and glutamate to glutamine. Recently published reports suggest that GS from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) may be a therapeutic target (Harth, G., and Horwitz, M. A. (2003) Infect. Immun. 71, 456–464). In some bacteria, GS is regulated via adenylylation of some or all of the subunits within the aggregate; catalytic activity is inversely proportional to the extent of adenylylation. The adenylylation and deadenylylation of GS are catalyzed by adenylyl transferase (ATase). Here, we demonstrate via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry that GS from pathogenic M. tuberculosis is adenylylated by the Escherichia coli ATase. The adenylyl group can be hydrolyzed by snake venom phosphodiesterase to afford the unmodified enzyme. The site of adenylylation of MTb GS by the E. coli ATase is Tyr-406, as indicated by the lack of adenylylation of the Y406F mutant, and, as expected, is based on amino acid sequence alignments. Using electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy methodology, we found that GS is not adenylylated when obtained directly from MTb cultures that are not supplemented with glutamine. Under these conditions, the highly related but non-pathogenic Mycobacterium bovis BCG yields partially (∼25%) adenylylated enzyme. Upon the addition of glutamine to the cultures, the MTb GS becomes significantly adenylylated (∼30%), whereas the adenylylation of M. bovis BCG GS does not change. Collectively, the results demonstrate that MTb GS is a substrate for E. coli ATase, but only low adenylylation states are accessible. This parallels the low adenylylation states observed for GS from mycobacteria and suggests the intriguing possibility that adenylylation in the pathogenic versus non-pathogenic mycobacteria is differentially regulated.
How Health Care Setting Affects Prenatal Providers' Risk Reduction Practices: A Qualitative Comparison of Settings

ABSTRACT Background: We sought to understand how systemic factors might facilitate or impede providers' ability to screen for and intervene on prenatal behavioral risks. Methods: We convened eight focus groups of 60 prenatal care providers to explore methods for assessing and counseling pregnant women about tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use. Because practice setting was often mentioned as either an inducement or barrier to risk prevention, we conducted a re-analysis of focus group transcripts to examine systemic factors. Results: Practice setting strongly influenced providers' behavior, and settings differed by continuity of care, availability of resources, and organized support for risk prevention. The most striking contrasts were found between private practice and a large HMO. Conclusion: Each setting had features that facilitated prevention counseling. Understanding such systemic factors could lead to improved risk prevention practices during pregnancy across all health care settings.
Joint resource allocation and admission control in wireless mesh networks

Many next generation applications (such as video flows) are likely to have associated minimum data rate requirements to ensure satisfactory quality as perceived by end-users. While there have been prior approaches on supporting quality-of-service (QoS) in mesh networks, they have largely ignored the issues that arise due to self-interference, the interference between different link layer transmissions of a single flow along a multi-hop path. In this paper, we develop a framework to address the problem of maximizing the aggregate utility of traffic flows in wireless mesh networks, with constraints imposed both due to self-interference and minimum rate requirements. The output of our framework is a schedule that dictates which links are to be activated simultaneously, and provides specifications of the resources associated with each of those links. Utilizing the proposed framework as a basis, we build an admission control module that intelligently manages the resources among the flows in the network and admits as many new flows as possible without violating the QoS of the existing flows. We provide numerical results to demonstrate the efficacy of our framework.
Insulin and JNK: optimizing metabolic homeostasis and lifespan

Metabolic adaptation to environmental changes is crucial for the long-term survival of an organism. Signaling mechanisms that govern this adaptation thus influence lifespan. One such mechanism is the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway, a central regulator of metabolism in metazoans. Recent studies have identified the stress-responsive Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway as a regulator of IIS signaling, providing a link between environmental challenges and metabolic regulation. JNK inhibits IIS activity and, thus, promotes lifespan extension and stress tolerance. Interestingly, this interaction is also at the center of age-related metabolic diseases. Here, we review recent advances illuminating the mechanisms of the JNK-IIS interaction and its implications for metabolic diseases and lifespan in metazoans.
The effect of urea on salt-induced changes in histone IV.

Abstract Conformational changes of histone IV induced by NaCl in the presence of urea were studied by fluorescence anisotropy. Both fast and slow changes are observed which are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively quite different, from the NaCl effect without urea. At a given NaCl concentration, there is a reduction in both the fast and the slow changes in the presence of urea. The rate of formation of the slow process decreases, and the critical salt concentration for slow step formation increases.
WE-C-351-01: Characterization of Gold Nanoshells for Thermal Therapy Using MRI

Purpose: To investigate the development of light activated gold nanoshells as mediators for highly conformal photothermal therapy of soft‐tissue tumors with an emphasis on illustrating how results from MR‐guidance in phantoms, in vivo small and large animals have helped demonstrate feasibility and shape the therapeutic approach. Method and Materials: Experiments were performed on a 1.5T MRI.Temperature was measured in real‐time using MR thermography based on the proton resonance frequency shift. Nanoshell phantoms were employed to evaluate effects of concentration and size on distribution of heat when activated by an 808‐nm laser and quantitatively correlated to a 3D finite element model. Passive (enhanced permeability and retention) and active (EGFR receptor) targeting was studied in tumor xenografts. Feasibility of interstitial therapy delivery was investigated in a large animalmodel of braincancer using a canine sarcomamodel.Results: Numerical modeling of heating of gold‐silica nanoshells in phantom correlated excellently with observed MR measured heating patterns. SEM results indicate that passive accumulation of nanoshells (∼140 nm) results in large concentrations near tumor microvasculature (corroborated by MR heating and dynamic enhancement patterns) and this results in statistically significant increase in temperature (21±4°C) over controls after 3 minutes at 4 W/cm2 in a PC3 xenograph. Intravenous injection of these nanoshells into a dog model of cancer resulted in selective heating of the target tumor observable on MRI. EGFR receptor targeting allowed increased uptake of smaller nanoshells (<30 nm) versus non‐targeted nanoshells. Addition of iron‐oxide cores facilitated MR imaging of nanoshells in addition to heating. Conclusion:Gold nanoshells effect a more conformal thermal therapy delivery, as confirmed in a large animalmodel of braincancer. MR temperature imaging and guidance is an invaluable tool in the investigation and development of this emerging thermal therapy technique as it moves from Petri dish to patient.
A preliminary analysis of advanced life support systems for manned Mars missions

This paper outlines the key parameters of the manned mission to Mars and presents some top-level requirements, issues, and constraints associated with a manned Mars mission that impact the life support system (LSS). Results are presented of a preliminary analysis for advanced LSSs based on physical/chemical reclamation processes, using as a baseline for the analysis the mission profile of a Split-Sprint class mission for an arrival date at Mars in the year 2009. Special attention is given to the potential cost savings as measured by reducing Mars spacecraft mass in LEO.
Menu Variety in Mississippi Child Care Centers.

Licensed child care centers in Mississippi were surveyed to determine variety of menu offerings. Each randomly selected center was sent a questionnaire which included a request for cycle menus currently being used. Ninety‐two centers #op41#pc#cp returned both the survey and menus for five days which gave a total of 460 lunch menus for analysis. Menus were analyzed using nutrient analysis software and a frequency analysis showed the most commonly used foods.The foods used most often were milk, white bread, pear halves, tossed green salad, frozen broccoli, sliced ham, and sausage pizza. The majority of the centers used two or more foods as many as three times per week. Results from this study support the need for more training for menu planners in child care centers.
The Changing Patterns of Advertising Strategy by Japanese Business Firms in the U.S. Market: Content Analysis

This article analyzes the changing pattern of advertisement strategy by Japanese business firms in the U.S. market. Taking the advertisement activities of four major industrial sectors that appeared in both Business Week and Newsweek during the 1965–1977 period as samples, this article has found that the Japanese advertisement strategy in the U.S. market has passed sequentially through the following four stages: (1) Nationality-Supportive, (2) Product-Attributes, (3) Challenge and Responses, and (4) World Market-oriented advertisement.
Culture, Category Width, and Attributions A Model-Building Approach to the Reasons for Cultural Effects

The functional relationship among culture, category width (a cognitive individual difference variable), and social attributions was examined. Since these variables have not all been investigated in the same study previously, it has not been possible to build an adequate model of the relationships among them. Trukese and American subjects were administered a new, cross-culturally applicable measure of category width and were then presented with paragraphs describing an interaction between two men. Attributions about the men were elicited. Analyses indicated that the best general model of the relationship among culture, category width, and attributions is one in which category width mediates cultural effects: culture influences category width which in turn influences attributions. This result indicates the potential power of category width in cross-cultural research and the importance of a model-building approach to understanding the reasons for the effects of culture on psychological phenomena.
The impacts of bioturbation on the age difference between benthic and planktonic foraminifera in deep sea sediments

Abstract Accelerator mass spectrometry offers for the first time the opportunity to date hand picked planktonic (surface dwelling) and benthic (bottom dwelling) foraminifera from deep sea cores. This opens up the possibility to reconstruct temporal changes in the rate of deep ocean ventilation. There is, however, a serious problem in interpreting such results. Bioturbation of the “soil” zone in the upper sediment has two subtle influences which lead to biases in the results. One has to do with changes with time in the abundances of the forams in newly deposited sediment. The other has to do with dissolution effects on the forams during their residence within the bioturbated layer. Mixing models are presented in this paper which illustrate the effects of these interactions on the 14 C age difference between benthic and planktonic species.
Targeted disruption of SMAD3 results in impaired mucosal immunity and diminished T cell responsiveness to TGF-β

SMAD3 is one of the intracellular mediators that transduces signals from transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and activin receptors. We show that SMAD3 mutant mice generated by gene targeting die between 1 and 8 months due to a primary defect in immune function. Symptomatic mice exhibit thymic involution, enlarged lymph nodes, and formation of bacterial abscesses adjacent to mucosal surfaces. Mutant T cells exhibit an activated phenotype in vivo, and are not inhibited by TGF-beta1 in vitro. Mutant neutrophils are also impaired in their chemotactic response toward TGF-beta. Chronic intestinal inflammation is infrequently associated with colonic adenocarcinoma in mice older than 6 months of age. These data suggest that SMAD3 has an important role in TGF-beta-mediated regulation of T cell activation and mucosal immunity, and that the loss of these functions is responsible for chronic infection and the lethality of Smad3-null mice.
Dispositional Mindfulness as a Predictor of the Severity of Gambling Outcomes

Two studies were conducted to test and explain the relation of mindfulness to the severity of gambling outcomes among frequent gamblers. In both studies, dispositional mindfulness related to less severe gambling outcomes as measured by a DSM-IV-based screen for pathological gambling, even after controlling for gambling frequency and dispositional self-control. Study 2 extended this finding in showing that the association between mindfulness and lower pathological gambling was partially mediated by better performance on two risk-taking tasks that capture overconfidence, risky bet acceptance, and myopic focus on reward. These studies suggest a role for mindfulness in lessening the severity of gambling problems and making adaptive decisions, especially in risk-relevant contexts.
Review of the epidemiological literature on antidepressant use and breast cancer risk

Based on evidence that antidepressants increase levels of prolactin and may promote the growth of mammary tumor cells, there has been concern that the use of these drugs may increase the risk of breast cancer. This article reviews the epidemiological evidence on the relationship between breast cancer risk and the use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the tricyclic antidepressants and other antidepressants. Overall, the evidence does not support the hypothesis that the use of antidepressants increases the risk of breast cancer. There is a dearth of data on long-term selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use. Since these drugs are commonly used, it is prudent public health policy to monitor breast cancer incidence among women using this class of drug for long durations.
Simultaneous flow of water and solutes through geological membranes—I. Experimental investigation

The relative retardation by geological membranes of cations and anions generally present in subsurface waters was investigated using a high pressure and high temperature ‘filtration cell’. The solutions were forced through different clays and a disaggregated shale subjected to compaction pressures up to 9500 psi and to temperatures from 20 to 70°C. The overall efficiences measured increased with increase of exchange capacity of the material used and with decrease in concentration of the input solution. The efficiency of a given membrane increased with increasing compaction pressure but decreased slightly at higher temperatures for solutions of the same ionic concentration. The results further show that geological membranes are specific for different dissolved species. The retardation sequences varied depending on the material used and on experimental conditions. The sequences for monovalent and divalent cations at laboratory temperatures were generally as follows: Li < Na < NH3 < K < Rb < Cs Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba. The sequences for anions at room temperature were variable, but at 70°C, the sequence was: HCO3 < I < B < SO4 < Cl < Br. Monovalent cations contrary to some field data were generally retarded with respect to divalent cations. The differences in the filtration ratios among the divalent cations were smaller than those between the monovalent cations. The passage rate of B, HCO3, I and NH3 was greatly increased at 70°C.
Effects of NP type in reading cleft sentences in English

This paper investigates factors which contribute to the complexity of English sentences with long-distance dependencies. Two hypotheses were compared: (1) increased referential processing between the endpoints of a dependency increases processing difficulty at the completion of the dependency (Gibson, 1998, 2000; Warren & Gibson, 2002) and (2) increased similarity between NPs awaiting role-assignment increases memory interference during retrieval (Gordon, Hendrick, & Johnson, 2001). Self-paced word-by-word moving-window reading times were gathered over object-extracted cleft sentences in which two NPs were varied among definite descriptions, first names, and pronouns. Reading times at the verb supported both hypotheses. As the referential hypothesis predicted, reading times were faster when the intervening subject NP had a more referentially accessible type. Consistent with the similarity hypothesis, reading times were slow when both NPs were names or descriptions. Later comprehension measures showed stro...
Coulomb gauge approach for charmonium meson and hybrid radiative transitions

We consider the lowest order interaction of the Foldy-Wouthuysen QED and QCD Hamiltonian in the Coulomb gauge approach, to describe radiative transitions between conventional and hybrids charmonium mesons. The results are compared to potential quark models and lattices calculations.
The ultrastructure of hemocytopoietic organs in the desert scorpion, Paruroctonus.

Abstract The light and electron microscopes were used to examine possible hemocytopoietic tissue in the desert scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis . Results agree with earlier light microscopic studies that cells are released into the blood from the two lateral lymphoid organs and the supraneural gland. The former are sacciform structures attached by their anterior ends to the diaphragm. The supraneural gland forms the thickened wall of the supraneural artery in the mesosoma from the first to the third abdominal ganglia. The lateral lymphoid glands have an acellular stroma in which are embedded granular and agranular cells. The stroma is apparently formed by specialized cells which release membranous cell fragments that become the matrix of the gland. Cells are released into the body cavity from the periphery of the two organs. The supraneural gland has a fibrous stroma in which are embedded a variety of cell types. The cells appear to be released in greatest abundance into the blood in the lumen of the gland. The gland has cells with opaque granules (0.9–1.4 μm diameter) and: agranular cells of variable shape. The most abundant cell, possibly the stem-cell for the others, is about 10 μm diameter and often has processes of variable length. In addition, muscle cells at various stages of differentiation are found at the inner margin of the gland. These cells have thick and thin myofilaments (24–32 and 5–8 nm diameter) and dense bodies which sometimes become organized into sarcomeres with Z-bands before the cells are released into the gland lumen. The function of these muscle cells is unknown, but possibly they contribute to the maintenance of blood pressure and the release of cells into the blood from the inner margin of the gland.
Components of cell-free extracts of Clostridium pasteurianum required for ATP-dependent H2 evolution from dithionite and for N2 fixation

Abstract The same two protein components are required for ATP-dependent H 2 evolution as were shown previously to be required for N 2 fixation and electron-dependent ATP utilization. One of those components contains molybdenum, iron, and inorganic sulfide while the other contains iron and sulfide. Quantitative data indicated that ATP may be required for electron transport from one component to the other. A third component may also be required. A proposed mechanism for N 2 fixation based on present knowledge is presented.
A fluid element model for turbulent mixing and combustion

A model is developed for the mixing and combustion of a fluid element in a turbulencefield. The time-history of the element is obtained by solving the time-dependent scalar transport equation using a length-scale-dependent strain rate model to characterize the turbulence. The scale-dependent strain model was found to be essential in calculating the correct size for the scalar dissipation scales. The element model was used to calculate characteristic mixing and burn times for the element over the Reynolds number range of 0≤Re λ ≤∞. The model results indicate that for Re λ λ and reactant stoichiometry.
Generation of hazard-consistent ground motion

Abstract This paper presents an integrated approach for evaluating seismic hazard and establishing ground motion at a site. In this approach, we combine the advantage of probabilistic and deterministic seismic hazard analyses and generate synthetic ground motion by considering the characteristics of seismic source, path attenuation, and local soil condition. Furthermore, uncertainties in seismic and soil parameters are taken into account. The proposed approach can be used to establish site-specific ground motion for engineering applications.
Evaluation of Differential Renal Function and Renographic Patterns in Patients with Dietl Crisis

Purpose: We analyzed preoperative and postoperative differential renal function and characterized the renographic findings in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction associated with Dietl crisis.Materials and Methods: Patients with Dietl crisis who underwent pyeloplasty between January 2004 and December 2010 were classified by renographic presentation. Patients in group 1 were diagnosed with cortical retention, those in group 2 had an initial obstructed scan (T1/2 of 20 minutes or more and no cortical retention) and those in group 3 had an initial nondiagnostic scan (T1/2 of less than 20 minutes and no cortical retention). Renographic parameters were used to analyze each group.Results: A total of 59 patients met criteria for study inclusion. The 13 patients in group 1 demonstrated the most significant recovery of function after pyeloplasty (mean differential renal function change 13.59%). The 38 patients in group 2 exhibited a mean differential renal function change of 43.06% (range 20% to 54.6%)...
An estimation of import demand, export supply and technical change for Korea

This paper estimates import demand and export supply functions for Korea based on the translog restricted profit (or GNP) function. It also estimates biases of technological change and applies decomposition analysis to examine the effects of technical change on input demand within the profit function framework. Our findings show that (a) factor inputs, as well as outputs, are, in general, moderately price-elastic and substitutable among each other. (b) the production of investment goods, as well as export goods, is capital-intensive while the production of consumption goods is labout-intensive, (c) technical change is labour-saving and is biased against imports, and (d) there has been a rapid decline of export supply price-elasticity which may be attributable to the rapid growth of export share of GDP (from 4% in 1964 to 38% in 1983). The larger the relative size of export sector and the faster the rate of its growth, the harder will it be to expand export production by drawing own resources from the dome...
Hardware Support for Safe Execution of Native Client Applications

Over the past few years, there has been vast growth in the area of the web browser as an applications platform. One example of this trend is Google’s Native Client (NaCl) platform, which is a software-fault isolation mechanism that allows the running of native x86 or ARM code on the browser. One of the security mechanisms employed by NaCl is that all branches must jump to the start of a valid instruction. In order to achieve this criteria though, all return instructions are replaced by a specific branch instruction sequence, which we call NaCl returns, that are guaranteed to return to a valid instruction. However, these NaCl returns lose the advantage of the highly accurate return-address stack (RAS) in exchange for the less accurate indirect branch predictor. In this paper, we propose a NaCl-RAS mechanism that can identify and accurately predict 76.9 on average compared to the 39.5 of a traditional BTB predictor.
AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Signaling in Endothelial Cells Is Essential for Angiogenesis in Response to Hypoxic Stress

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a stress-activated protein kinase that is regulated by hypoxia and other cellular stresses that result in diminished cellular ATP levels. Here, we investigated whether AMPK signaling in endothelial cells has a role in regulating angiogenesis. Hypoxia induced the activating phosphorylation of AMPK in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and AMPK activation was required for the maintenance of pro-angiogenic Akt signaling under these conditions. Suppression of AMPK signaling inhibited both HUVEC migration to VEGF and in vitro differentiation into tube-like structures in hypoxic, but not normoxic cultures. Dominant-negative AMPK also inhibited in vivo angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs that were implanted subcutaneously in mice. These data identify AMPK signaling as a new regulator of angiogenesis that is specifically required for endothelial cell migration and differentiation under conditions of hypoxia. As such, endothelial AMPK signaling may be a critical determinant of blood vessel recruitment to tissues that are subjected to ischemic stress.
First wall evaporation in inertial confinement fusion reactors utilizing gas protection

Abstract The evaporation of inertial confinement fusion first wall materials from unattenuated pellet X-rays and from radiation emitted by a cavity buffer gas is examined. The low vapor pressure and low X-ray attenuation coefficient of carbon give it a lower erosion rate than stainless steel, despite the larger thermal conductivity of Type 316 stainless steel. For the argon buffer gas containing 0.2% Na and pellet yield used in this study, a gas density greater than 0.3 torr (0°C) is required to prevent evaporative erosion of a carbon first wall. A gas density greater than 0.9 torr (0°C) is needed to prevent erosion of a stainless steel wall.
Flexible, thorn-like ZnO-multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrid paper for efficient ultraviolet sensing and photocatalyst applications

We report fabrication of a flexible, thorn-like ZnO-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) hybrid paper with high aspect ratio for efficient ultraviolet (UV) sensing and photocatalyst applications. The thorn-like ZnO-MWCNT hybrid paper was synthesized via atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a uniform ZnO thin film on the outside surface of the MWCNT followed by hydrothermal growth of ZnO branches. The hybrid paper achieved very high surface to volume ratio, which is favorable for photodetector and photocatalyst applications. A photodetector fabricated from the hybrid paper demonstrates a high sensitivity to UV light with a maximum photoresponsivity of 45.1 A W−1 at 375 nm, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency as high as 14927%. The rise time and fall time of the UV photodetector are 29 ms and 33 ms, respectively, indicating fast transient response characteristics for the device. The high photoresponsivity and fast transient response are attributed to efficient carrier transport and collection efficiency of the hybrid paper. Besides, the thorn-like ZnO-MWCNT hybrid paper demonstrates excellent photocatalytic performance under UV irradiation, enabling photo-degradation of organic dyes such as Rhodamine B (RhB) within 90 minutes, with good recyclability.
Electrical PD, short-circuit current and fluxes of Na and Cl across avian intestine

1. In vitro measurements were made of transmural potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (Isc), resistance and unidirectional fluxes of22Na and36Cl across the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon of normal sodium-replete domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). 2. The PD ranged from about 1 mV across the duodenum to 8mV across the colon while theIsc was, respectively, 2.8 and 64 μA · cm−2. The jejunum and ileum exhibited values between these extremes. 3. Unidirectional fluxes (under short-circuit conditions) of Na and Cl were lowest across the duodenum where there was no evidence of active transport of these ions. Unidirectional fluxes of Na and Cl were less across the jejunum than across the ileum or colon. A net active transport of Na (but not Cl) was observed in the ileum (=106% of theIsc) and colon (=50% ofIsc). 4. The possible physiological significance of these observations in the domestic fowl are discussed and are compared to that of a mammal, the rabbit.
The Constants: Change and Professional Growth

Mr. C, my principal, invited me into his office. "How do you think you are doing?" he asked. "So far, so good. I don't think I've missed anything yet," I answered. He continued, "I think you're working out fine. You know you're here on probation this year. I don't have time to train you so you're on your own." My natural apprehension for a new position, new job classification, and new coworkers intensified with those words. I was the only counselor in a small junior high school with no counselor mentor and no one to share my concerns. This began my school counseling experience. The next 16 years of my career were spent as the counselor at Bethel Junior High/Middle School located at the foot of Mount Pisgah in the beautiful Smokey Mountains of rural western North Carolina. As I reflect on my career, the one constant is change. When I began on August 6, 1989, school counseling was inclusive. I was expected to fill any shoe or hat that my administrator wanted me to fill. My responsibilities included scheduling, record keeping, attendance, test coordinating, and referring exceptional students. I was in charge of all types of special programs. In addition, I often served as coordinator or committee chairperson regardless of my expertise, and I represented our school on central office and community committees. I coordinated all school clubs, honor societies, and award programs. In my role as school counselor, I held conferences with parents, teachers, and students and counseled students on academic, personal, and career issues. An important responsibility included facilitating transitions from elementary to junior high and from junior high to high school. The job was overwhelming. Many days I would get to school early and stay several hours late in order to have time to spend with students. As the years progressed, my job changed. Five years after I was assigned to Bethel Junior High, it became Bethel Middle School, and the focus changed to the middle school concept with emphasis on a team approach and the social/emotional developmental needs of students. At the same time, the focus of educational reform in North Carolina centered on academic success as demonstrated by student test scores in reading and math. Haywood County created a lead teacher position, and test coordination became part of the duties of this position. As time progressed, administrative support staff used computerized record keeping and scheduling to complete many tasks that were previously mine. As my duties changed, I was able to devote my time and energy to promote the academic, social/ emotional, and career development of students. …
Subsidies for Rubber: Conserving Rainforests While Sustaining Livelihoods in the Amazon?

Extractive reserves in the Brazilian Amazon are one of the best-known examples of protected areas specifically designed to be inhabited by humans. The extractive reserve model has been criticized for its dependence on rubber tapping, which is no longer economically competitive. The state of Acre addressed this issue in 1999 by establishing a subsidy for rubber, designed to improve the quality of life of rubber tappers and simultaneously conserve forest. The subsidy is potentially a self-targeting and self-enforcing conservation mechanism, given that rubber production in the Amazon requires intact native forest. However, evidence on implementation of the subsidy through 2002 showed that its distribution had been fairly concentrated and correlated with ownership and sale of cattle. This raises some concerns about the use of such indirect mechanisms. The ultimate success or failure of the rubber program will depend on whether it provides a platform for more sustainable economic strategies and policies.
Revealing Root Causes: The Disaster Anthropology of Gregory Button

ABSTRACT In the increasing frequency and intensity of disasters over the last quarter century, the work of Gregory Button, whose background is in both journalism and anthropology, has focused on telling the story of affected peoples but also “studying up” to reveal the political and economic interests and structures that unnecessarily render people vulnerable and turn hazards into disasters. These tasks have become more difficult in today's climate of increasing corporate power and, despite rhetoric to the contrary, decreasing transparency. His work clearly demonstrates how vested interests use the strategic deployment, contestation, and sequestration of knowledge and information to disguise and evade culpability, responsibility, and liability. Melding journalism, academic scholarship, and policy analysis, Button provides a critical counterbalance to highly politicized and produced information that seeks to negate, erase, and otherwise diminish the lived experience of disaster-affected peoples.