cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chlamydia exploit the mammalian tryptophan-depletion defense strategy as a counter-defensive cue to trigger a survival state of persistence

We previously proposed that in Chlamydiaceae rapid vegetative growth and a quiescent state of survival (persistence) depend upon alternative protein translational profiles dictated by host tryptophan (Trp) availability. These alternative profiles correspond, respectively, with a set of chlamydial proteins having higher-than-predicted contents of Trp ("Up-Trp" selection), or with another set exhibiting lower-than-predicted contents of Trp ("Down-Trp" selection). A comparative evaluation of Chlamydiaceae proteomes for Trp content has now been extended to a number of other taxon families within the Chlamydiales Order. At the Order level, elevated Trp content occurs for transporters of nucleotides, S-adenosylmethionine, dicarboxylate substrates, and Trp itself. For Trp and nucleotide transporters, this is even more pronounced in other chlamydiae families (Parachlamydiaceae, Waddliaceae, and Simkaniaceae) due to extensive paralog expansion. This suggests that intracellular Trp availability served as an ancient survival cue for enhancement or restraint of chlamydial metabolism in the common Chlamydiales ancestor. The Chlamydiaceae Family further strengthened Up-Trp selection for proteins that function in cell division, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and methyltransferase reactions. Some proteins that exhibit Up-Trp selection are uniquely present in the Chlamydiaceae, e.g., cytotoxin and the paralog families of polymorphic membrane proteins. A striking instance of Down-Trp selection in the Chlamydiaceae is the chorismate biosynthesis pathway and the connecting menaquinone pathway. The newly recognized 1,4-dihydroxy-6-napthoate pathway of menaquinone biosynthesis operates in Chlamydiaceae, whereas the classic 2-napthoate pathway is used in the other Chlamydiales families. Because of the extreme Down-Trp selection, it would appear that menaquinone biosynthesis is particularly important to the integrity of the persistent state maintained under conditions of severe Trp limit
The Palade Symposium: Celebrating Cell Biology at Its Best

A symposium was held at the University of California, San Diego, to honor the contributions of Nobel Laureate, George Palade, to cell biology. The speakers included Gunter Blobel, on the structure and function of nuclear pore complexes; Peter Walter, on the unfolded protein response in health and disease; Randy Schekman, on human disease-linked mutations in the COPII machinery; Scott Emr, on the regulation of plasma membrane composition by selective endocytosis; Roger Kornberg, on the structure and function of the transcription machinery; Peter Novick, on the regulation of rab GTPases along the secretory pathway; Jim Spudich, on the mechanism of the enigmatic myosin VI motor; and Joe Goldstein, on the function of the Niemann-Pick C (NPC)-linked gene products, NPC1 and NPC2, in cholesterol transport. Their work showcased the multidisciplinary nature, diversity, and vitality of cell biology. In the words of George Palade, their talks also illustrated "how cell biology could be used to understand disease and how disease could be used to discover normal cell biology." An integrated understanding of the cellular machinery will be essential in tackling the plethora of questions and challenges posed by completion of the human genome and for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying human disease.
A Technique for the Reduction of a Given Machine to a Minimal-State Machine

A technique is presented for reducing an arbitrary machine S as much as possible to a machine T which can do everything (from the input-output point of view) that S can do. Since the technique is always applicable, it is more powerful (although more cumbersome) than the well-known merging technique. Several examples are given.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Sleep Problems: A Study of Preadolescent and Adolescent Twins

Background/Aim The aim of this study was to examine the extent to which additive genetic, shared environmental and non‐shared environmental factors contribute to adolescent and preadolescent sleep problems. Methods The sample consisted of a cohort of 270 monozygotic and 246 dizygotic twins from a university‐based twin registry. Results Results demonstrated that genetic and environmental influences each appear to be important to adolescent sleep problems. Conclusions While the magnitude of genetic influence on sleep problems was consistent with findings from the adult literature, it was smaller than in studies with younger children, suggesting genetic effects may be less influential in adolescence and adulthood.
‘Dance drills, faith spills’: Islam, body politics, and popular music in post-Suharto Indonesia

In February 2003, a woman’s body became the focal point for public debates about religious authority, freedom of expression, women’s rights, and the future of Indonesia’s political leadership. At the centre of these debates was Inul Daratista, a twenty-four-year-old popular music singer/dancer from East Java, whose dancing was described as ‘pornographic’ and therefore haram, forbidden by Islam. In this essay, I describe how and why Inul’s dancing body became a central symbol in debates about religion, culture and politics in the years following the fall of Indonesian ex-president Suharto in 1998. In the highly mediated sphere of popular culture, ‘Inulmania’ contributed to a new dialogic space where conflicting ideological positions could be expressed and debated. Inul’s body became a stage for a variety of cultural actors to try out or ‘rehearse’ an emergent democracy in post-Suharto Indonesia. A case study of popular performer Inul Daratista illuminates contemporary ‘body politics’, in which human bodies invested with diverse meanings and values have powerful implications for discourses about Islam, pornography, women’s bodies, state/civil relations in Indonesia, and changing forms of media. A report of a man raping a girl after watching Inul dance is evidence that the way she dances is not fit for public viewing. (Amidhan, leader of The Indonesian Council of Ulamas [Majelis
A Quantum Test Algorithm

Current processes validation methods rely on di- verse input states and exponential applications of state tomog- raphy. Through generalization of classical test theory exceptions to this rule are found. Instead of expanding a complete operator basis to validate a process, the objective is to utilize quan tum effects making each gate realized in the process act on a complete set of characteristic states and next extract functional in forma- tion. Random noise, systematic errors, initialization inaccuracies and measurement faults must also be detected. This concept is applied to the switching class comprising the search oracle. In a first approach, the test set cardinality is held constant to six; both testability and added depth complexity of an additional "design-for-test" circuit are related to the function real ized in the oracle. Oracles realizing affine functions are shown to gene rate no net entanglement and are thus the easiest to test, where oracles realizing bent functions are the most difficult to te st. A second approach replaces extraction complexity with a linear growth in experiment count. An interesting corollary of this study is the success found when addressing the classical test problem quantum mechanically. The validation of all classical degrees of freedom in a quantum switching network were found to necessitate exponentially fewer averaged observables than the number of tests in the classical lower bound.
Comparison of energy consumption in HVAC systems using simple ON-OFF, intelligent ON-OFF and optimal controllers

This paper compares 3 different control schemes to regulate temperature and humidity in facilities and compares the energy consumption in each of the cases. The first method is a traditional ON/OFF controller with a dead band region. The second scheme is an intelligent ON/OFF controller where the control system for the heater and humidifier predicts the time the system takes to reach the set point value of temperature and humidity and the energy is supplied to the heater and humidifier based on these predictions. The last controller scheme is an optimal controller where thermal comfort in a building is maintained by tracking a PMV (predicted mean value), which is a function of accepted levels of temperature and humidity from a psychometric chart. In all three cases the energy consumption of the HVAC system is determined and compared. It is observed that the optimal control system to control PMV index in a facility is the best suited choice to regulate thermal comfort. Using optimal control techniques, optimal values of temperature and humidity can be tracked and this leads to maximum energy savings.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER : XIII. CHEMOTHERAPY IN EXPERIMENTAL BARTONELLA BACILLIFORMIS INFECTION.

The therapeutic effect of several antiparasitic chemicals on experimental verruga peruana is described. The drugs were administered by intravenous injection according as the nodules (1) were already developed to an approximate maximum, or (2) were still in the active period of growth. The effect of the drugs was different under the two circumstances of their administration. When they were given after the maturity of the nodules they hastened the regressive process, but when given during active growth of the lesions no action whatever was detected. Bartonella bacilliformis in culture is acted upon injuriously by a number of the chemicals employed in the therapeutic tests, the most active being formalin and neutroflavine.
Letter to the Editor: A Challenge to Debate

Hodgkin and Huxley's (1) well-known equations have dominated electrophysiologic thinking for half a century. The fact is, however, as H/H themselves point out on page 54 1 of their report, the equations are a mathematical description of data, but do not define a theory.
Karosseriestruktur des Volkswagen e-up!

Das Thema der Elektromobilitat hat bei Volkswagen Tradition. Innerhalb der letzten 40 Jahre sind mehrfach Forschungs- und Konzeptfahrzeuge entwickelt und der Offentlichkeit vorgestellt worden. Einige dieser Modelle sind auch in den Handel gekommen, wie z.B. der Golf III CitySTROMer. Intensiviert wurden die Untersuchungen in den letzten Jahren im Zuge der gesellschaftlichen Diskussionen zur Nachhaltigkeit und CO2-Thematik. Mit dem e-up! hat Volkswagen die Produktion von Elektrofahrzeugen aufgenommen und wird mit dem e-Golf die Produktpalette erweitern.
Signal transduction and cellular radiation responses

Exposure of cells to ionizing radiation results in complex cellular responses resulting in cell death and altered proliferation states. The underlying cytotoxic, cytoprotective and cellular stress responses to radiation are mediated by existing signaling pathways, activation of which may be amplified by intrinsic cellular radical production systems. These signaling responses include the activation of plasma membrane receptors, the stimulation of cytoplasmic protein kinases, transcriptional activation, and altered cell cycle regulation. From the data presented, there is increasing evidence for the functional links between cellular signal transduction responses and DNA damage recognition and repair, cell survival, or cell death through apoptosis or reproductive mechanisms.
Synthesis: Developing the Institutions to Coordinate Science, Politics, and Communities for Action to Restore and Sustain Lands

Making a leap forward in restoring and sustaining lands requires more than refining conventional approaches for formulating environmental policy and making natural resource decisions. We are in a period of transition and evolution with regard to managing the dynamics of coupled natural and human systems. New forms of governance are emerging. We need institutions that will distill and harness the wisdom residing in diverse societies, facilitate dialogue, and enhance mutual learning about shared problems. We need governance regimes and processes that bridge the gaps among disciplines, methods, and current institutions that include public, private, and academic participants. New institutions and governance regimes will enable an ongoing process of collaborative action and shared decision making that supports durable environmental policy and land use decisions that sustain communities, economies, and the environment.
Why mushrooms have evolved to be so promiscuous: Insights from evolutionary and ecological patterns

Abstract Agaricomycetes, the mushrooms, are considered to have a promiscuous mating system, because most populations have a large number of mating types. This diversity of mating types ensures a high outcrossing efficiency, the probability of encountering a compatible mate when mating at random, because nearly every homokaryotic genotype is compatible with every other. Here I summarize the data from mating type surveys and genetic analysis of mating type loci and ask what evolutionary and ecological factors have promoted promiscuity. Outcrossing efficiency is equally high in both bipolar and tetrapolar species with a median value of 0.967 in Agaricomycetes. The sessile nature of the homokaryotic mycelium coupled with frequent long distance dispersal could account for selection favoring a high outcrossing efficiency as opportunities for choosing mates may be minimal. Consistent with a role of mating type in mediating cytoplasmic-nuclear genomic conflict, Agaricomycetes have evolved away from a haploid yeast phase towards hyphal fusions that display reciprocal nuclear migration after mating rather than cytoplasmic fusion. Importantly, the evolution of this mating behavior is precisely timed with the onset of diversification of mating type alleles at the pheromone/receptor mating type loci that are known to control reciprocal nuclear migration during mating. While reciprocal nuclear exchange may have released some of the restrictions on the evolution of multiple mating types, it may also have fostered a nuclear “arms race” that favored the evolution of selfish alleles with greater access to conspecific mycelia. Such selection could potentially increase mating type diversity through rapid diversification of novel, more fully compatible forms or may actually reduce outcrossing efficiency by skewing mating type allele frequencies towards more selfish alleles. Distinguishing among the possible mechanisms involved in promoting promiscuity will require extensive testing of correlates between allele number and cytological, ecological, and demographic factors across a broad range of species.
Mutli-Actor Infringement after Akamai v. Limelight

This note discusses the problems created by the Akamai en banc and recommends a future course of action. It begins with a primer on the different ways the law recognizes patent infringement and the development of an infringement doctrine known as the “single-entity” rule. Next, the note examines the Federal Circuit’s en banc holding in Akamai v. Limelight, which dispensed with the single-entity rule in limited situations and adopted a new “inducement-only” rule. The note then applies the three disparate rules derived from the majority and dissenting opinions of the Akamai en banc, as well as two approaches proposed by scholars, to a series of infringement hypotheticals to expose the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Lastly, the note argues that Congress should create a cause of action for conspiratorial infringement, to be used in conjunction with the Federal Circuit’s en banc holding in Akamai v. Limelight.
Coupling Constants in Broken U ̃ ( 12 ) Symmetry

The effects of $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ and $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{U}(4)$ breaking on the coupling constants in $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{U}(12)$ symmetry are investigated using the spurion technique. For an $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ breaking spurion which is a member of 143, only two parameters are introduced in addition to the one for the formal symmetry. All 132 baryon-meson coupling constants can be expressed in terms of these three quantities. For vertices involving pions or $\ensuremath{\rho}$ mesons, only two parameters are relevant. The effects of $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{U}(4)$ breaking as well as simultaneous $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{U}(4)$ and $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ breaking are studied with spurions which belong to the representations 143, 4212, and 5940 of $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{U}(12)$. The sum rules for the coupling constants which follow from the formalism are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
The appeasement of Doug: a synthetic approach to enhancer biology

Genetic approaches have been instrumental in dissecting developmental enhancers by characterizing their transcription factor binding sites. Though some enhancers have been well-studied in this regard, we cannot currently build developmental enhancers from scratch. Reconstitution experiments can provide important complementary tests of our understanding of enhancer function, but these experiments are exceedingly rare in the literature, possibly due to the difficulty of publishing negative results. In this perspective, we argue that the time is right for a synthetic approach to enhancer biology. Focusing primarily on Drosophila enhancers as examples, we review classic and modern methods for dissecting enhancer function as well as computational tools for enhancer design. We include our own negative results from attempts to reconstitute the stripe 2 enhancer from the even-skipped locus and discuss possible ways forward. We believe that with a communal effort in open data sharing, we can make substantial progress toward a complete understanding of enhancer function.
Solvent Effects on the Ultraviolet Absorption of Polystyrene.

NBS Standard Sample Polystyrene 705 is shown to exhibit a small, but significant, hypochromism in the 38,300 cm-1 region in several solvents compared to the model compound, ethylbenzene. Beer's law is not obeyed for solutions of the polymer in all solvents. The concentration dependence of the extinction coefficient is related to the scattered light and its dependence on the activity coefficient of the solvent. The specific extinction coefficients for polystyrene 705 in cyclohexane and in carbon tetrachloride are 20.89 and 27.38, respectively.
Characterization of Flow Control Actuators Based on Spark Discharge Plasmas Using Particle Image Velocimetry

Controlling flow over an aircraft is of prime importance when attempting to improve efficiency. Delaying or inducing stall and laminar to turbulent transition are all important factors in controlling the flow. Spark plasma actuators are a promising method of manipulating both subsonic and supersonic flow. The spark plasma induces a complex local velocity field and generates vorticity in the flow. Using the particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) technique to image the flow provides a non-intrusive method of observing flow phenomenon and generating velocity fields that can quantitatively describe the induced velocity. It has been found that flow near the electrodes used to generate the spark moves toward the electrode surface initially, then moves toward the center of the gap and out toward ambient air. Induced flow velocities as high as 14 m/s in quiescent air have been observed in this experiment, with local vorticity as high as 30,000 s.
Variable relationship between accumulation and temperature in West Antarctica for the past 31,000 years

The Antarctic contribution to sea level is a balance between ice loss along the margin and accumulation in the interior. Accumulation records for the past few decades are noisy and show inconsistent relationships with temperature. We investigate the relationship between accumulation and temperature for the past 31 ka using high-resolution records from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core in West Antarctica. Although the glacial-interglacial increases result in high correlation and moderate sensitivity for the full record, the relationship shows considerable variability through time with high correlation and high sensitivity for the 0–8 ka period but no correlation for the 8–15 ka period. This contrasts with a general circulation model simulation which shows homogeneous sensitivities between temperature and accumulation across the entire time period. These results suggest that variations in atmospheric circulation are an important driver of Antarctic accumulation but they are not adequately captured in model simulations. Model-based projections of future Antarctic accumulation, and its impact on sea level, should be treated with caution.
Retrospective Survey on Adverse Reaction after Children's Primary Measles Vaccination

[Objective]To understand the adverse reaction after children's primary measles vaccination in Changshu City,to further improve informing before inoculation,and improve immunization coverage rate of measles vaccine.[Methods]Retrospective survey was performed on guardian of children with measles vaccination by using questionnaire.[Results]Of 567 investigated children,136 had adverse reaction,accounting for 23.99%;most appeared during 5~8 days after inoculation,occupying 73.53%;the major symptom was fever and skin rash,accounting for 57.35%.[Conclusion]A certain degree of adverse reactions appear on children after primary measles vaccination,the more serious reactions should be treated symptomatically and timely;it is hoped that novel measles vaccine with good immunogenicity,good immune persistence and less adverse reactions can be developed.
The prune belly syndrome: a comprehensive approach to management.

AbstractOur approach to management of the prune belly syndrome entails a program of comprehensive early reconstruction, including abdominoplasty, bilateral orchiopexy, reduction cystoplasty, and selective ureteral tailoring and reimplantation. Of 20 patients with the prune belly syndrome treated at our institution during the last 18 years 15 underwent comprehensive reconstruction. Abdominoplasty was performed in 16 patients. Results were evaluated as to cosmetic appearance, functional performance, and preoperative and postoperative electromyography. Immediate good results were obtained in 9 patients. Of 16 patients 6 required more than 1 abdominal wall tailoring and 3 had minor complications that did not compromise the ultimate result. Transabdominal orchiopexy was performed on 32 testes; 28 88 per cent) are in the scrotum and growing. Of the 4 failures 3 occurred in patients greater than 2 years old at repair. Selective urinary tract reconstruction has been performed; 13 patients underwent tapering and r...
Self-Heating and Failure in Scalable Graphene Devices

Self-heating induced failure of graphene devices synthesized from both chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and epitaxial means is compared using a combination of infrared thermography and Raman imaging. Despite a larger thermal resistance, CVD devices dissipate >3x the amount of power before failure than their epitaxial counterparts. The discrepancy arises due to morphological irregularities implicit to the graphene synthesis method that induce localized heating. Morphology, rather than thermal resistance, therefore dictates power handling limits in graphene devices.
Preconditioning mice with activators of AMPK ameliorates ischemic acute kidney injury in vivo.

This study had two objectives: 1) to determine whether preconditioning cultured proximal tubular cells (PTCs) with pharmacological activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protects these c...
Feasibility and acceptability of a mobile app in an ecological momentary assessment of early breastfeeding

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a novel data collection method that samples subject experiences in real-time – minimizing recall bias. Here, we describe the feasibility of EMA to track breastfeeding behaviour through a mobile phone app. During their birth hospitalization, we approached healthy, first-time mothers intending to exclusively breastfeed for at least 2 months to participate in a study tracking breastfeeding through 8 weeks postpartum. Participants downloaded a commercially available smartphone app, entered information and thoughts about breastfeeding as they occurred, and emailed this data weekly. We called participants at 2 and 8 weeks to assess breastfeeding status. At the 8-week call, we also assessed participants' experiences using the app. Of the 61 participants, 38% sent complete or nearly complete feeding data, 24% sent some data, and 38% sent no data; 58% completed at least one free-text breastfeeding entry, and five women logged daily or near daily entries. Compared with women who sent no data, those who sent any were more likely to be married, highly educated, intend to breastfeed more than 6 months, have a more favourable baseline attitude towards breastfeeding, and less likely to have used formula during hospitalization. There was a high degree of agreement between participant-reported proportion of breast milk feeds via app and interview data at 2 weeks (ICC 0.97). Experiences with the app ranged from helpful to too time-consuming or anxiety-provoking. Participants and researchers encountered technical issues related to app use and analysis, respectively. While our data do not support the feasibility of stand-alone app-based EMA to track breastfeeding behaviour, it may provide rich accounts of the breastfeeding experience for certain subgroups of women. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Report: Economic Implications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Management

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the 2 most common inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), are chronic conditions with periods of exacerbation and remission. Patients with IBD experience clinical gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, as well as the emotional burden that accompanies chronic conditions characterized by reduced quality of life and ability to work. With estimates of direct and indirect costs ranging between $14.6 and $31.6 billion in 2014, there is a significant healthcare burden associated with IBD. Although treatment expenses make up a significant portion of the cost of IBD, studies show that inappropriate treatment, lack of adherence to therapeutic regimens, or suboptimal treatment increase the cost burden. Costs for IBD include hospitalizations, the eventual need for surgery due to disease complications, and physician visits. The staggering economic burden of IBD makes early diagnosis, coupled with effective treatment at onset, imperative. Therefore, management of IBD must evolve beyond symptom control and toward sustained control of GI inflammation as measured by endoscopic, radiologic, and laboratory parameters.Treatment advances have made deep remission a realistic target for some people with IBD. However, achieving deep remission requires a shift in the management paradigm of IBD, encouraging individualized treatment with biologics that focuses less on treating symptoms and more on preventing potential disease progression. Although expensive at onset, this management strategy may ultimately lead to decreased rates of surgeries and hospitalizations, potentially yielding lower long-term costs for treatment.
Electoral Rules and Voter Turnout

I review the main theoretical arguments and empirical evidence of the relationship between electoral rules and turnout, as well as the puzzles that have emerged from that literature. I then highlight some recent theoretical, methodological, and empirical advancements using subnational data that have refined our understanding about the interaction between electoral rules, competitiveness, and turnout. Finally, I explore new and promising directions for further research.
Syncope : A focused approach to the workup and management

Structure! heart disease is the most important risk factor for mortality in patients with syncope. A workup that indudes a thorough history taking, focused physical examination, and electrocardiography yields a diagnosis in nearly half of cases. Echocordiography is indkated in patients with syncope who have a history of cardiac abnormality, abnormal ECG findings, or unexplained syncope. Tilt-table testing and the implantable loop recorder are useful in patients with recurrent syncope of undear origin. α-Agonists and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most effective agents for treating neurocardiogenic syncope. Patients with orthostatic syncope require aggressive hydration and a workup for autonomic insufficiency and, in selected patients, adrenal insufficiency. Implantable cardioverter-defibrilators are indkated in specific forms of cardiogenic syncope. Refer patients with unexplained syncope and suspected structural heart disease and/or negative tilt-table testing and/or abnormal findings on implanted loop recording to a specialist.
When Seconds Count, the Supreme Court is Just Years Away: Protecting the Fundamental Right to Bear Arms for Self-Defense

The Purpose of this Note is to examine the right to bear arms for self-defense as a fundamental right. With the issue of gun violence perpetually in the news, the Second Amendment faces tough public scrutiny. The Supreme Court has a long history of offering higher levels of scrutiny to rights that are deemed fundamental. In a recent Supreme Court case, Caetano v. Massachusetts, Justice Alito wrote in his concurrence how the right to bear arms for self-defense is a fundamental right which should not be infringed upon through statutory measures. The proposal in this Note is to take the prongs discussed in both Heller and Caetano and construct a test going forward to protect the right to bear arms for self-defense.Without a test or rule to protect the Second Amendment right to self-defense, the right is at the mercy of every lower federal court. A recent example includes a Ninth Circuit case where the Court held citizens do not have a right to a carry and conceal permit. By failing to provide a test, the Second Amendment’s right to bear arms for self-defense remains vulnerable to further erosion by activist federal justices. If the Supreme Court seeks to extend more protection to rights that are deemed “fundamental”, then the fundamental right to self-defense is a right that is overdue for heightened protection.The Note’s examination of the history and evolution of the right to bear arms for self-defense begins with Philosopher John Locke and continues through English common law, up to the drafting of the Bill of Rights. The fundamental right to bear arms for self-defense has a long history that is inherent in our ordered sense of liberty and should be afforded the heightened scrutiny a fundamental right deserves under the Constitution.
Current status and prospects for environmental education in the USA

This paper examines the trends in environmental education, in particular in the USA where education is decentralised and there is no national curriculum. Although the need for environmental education is recognised in the USA, it is not a national priority. The critical issues and challenges are examined. One particular initiative, the National Project for Excellence in Environmental Education, is described. The project focuses on: (1) publication of environmental education materials guidelines, (2) creation of a series of educators' resource guides to quality environmental education materials, (3) development of environmental education learner guidelines, (4) development of a set of recommendations for the preparation and continuing education of teachers and other environmental educators, and (5) guidelines for teacher education and professional development in environmental education.
A previously unclassified variant of sternalis muscle.

We propose an addition to the Snosek et al. classification to include a subtype variant of sternalis muscle: mixed type and triple subtype. Dissection of the anterior thorax of a 96-year-old female cadaver revealed bilateral sternalis muscles with an undocumented variant of the right sternalis muscle. The left sternalis muscle presented as a simple type—left single using the Snosek et al. classification scheme. The right sternalis muscle revealed a previously undocumented classification type. It consisted of three bellies and two heads, with the lateral head formed by two converging bellies and the medial head formed from the superficial medial belly. The unique presentation of right sternalis muscle can be classified by expanding the Snosek et al. classification scheme to include triple-bellied subtypes. This presentation is classified as a mixed type—right triple, with single bicipital converging and single bicipital diverging. Documentation of sternalis muscle variations can prevent misdiagnoses within the anterior thorax.
Heterodox Antitrust Economics

Antitrust economics is a discipline developed by academic economists in concert with the refinement of per se rules and the rule of reason by the Supreme Court. Distinct bodies of antitrust thought — such as the Chicago school, the post-Chicago school, and behavioral antitrust economics — have emerged. These competing schools of thought fall short of capturing the full complexity of economic conduct. Antitrust law cannot and should not seek to replicate often conflicting insights devised by economists. Rather, what antitrust economics can accomplish is at once more modest and more helpful. The laudable resort to economic theory in any of its guises, behavioral or otherwise, should never become detached from economic fundamentals. Antitrust economics and cognate branches of the behavioral sciences should strive to speak of human conduct exactly as it is observed — neither a special magic and accursed, nor preternaturally blessed, but merely here.
Abstract P287: The Association Between Usual Fast Food Intake Over 25 Years and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Introduction: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a common obesity related complication that is strongly associated with cardiometabolic morbidity. Despite being a major cardiometabolic risk factor, there is minimal understanding of the relationship between modifiable factors such as diet with NAFLD. Therefore, we examined the association between usual fast food intake habits over 25 years beginning in young adulthood and the odds of having NAFLD during middle age. Hypothesis: A higher average frequency of visits to fast food restaurants over 25 years is positively associated with NAFLD. Methods: We analyzed data from the CARDIA study and included participants with at least 2 assessments of fast food restaurant visit frequency (assessed exam year 0, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25) over 25 years and Computed Tomography (CT) quantification of liver fat at the year 25 exam (age 43-55 years). NAFLD was defined as liver attenuation ≤ 40 Hounsfield units after the exclusion of other causes of liver fat (e.g. heavy alcohol use). Logistic regression models were used to test the association between the average fast food restaurant visit frequency and NAFLD. This analysis includes 2,682 participants. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD at year 25 was 9.8% (264/2682). There was a strong positive association between higher fast food restaurant visit frequency over 25 years and the odds of NAFLD independent of sugar and artificially sweetened beverages, overall diet, and relative lifestyle factors (Table). This association was still positive after adjustment for BMI at year 25. Results were consistent by sex, race, and BMI. Conclusions: These results underscore how a higher usual frequency of fast food intake from early adulthood through middle age is positively associated with NAFLD during middle age, and driven by but not dependent on higher levels of relative weight.
Clinical preventive medicine in business and industry: A rational foundation

The individual educational and intervention emphasis of clinical preventive medicine programs is successful in reducing an employee's risk for disease and injury. Although some studies note that decreased risk is found predominantly in those with low initial risk, a critical mass of healthful lifestyles may spread to non-participants in the organization, the halo effect. Thus, the more employees there are modeling a health lifestyle, the greater likelihood others will follow. Preventive medicine programs offer intangible advantages to the employer. Such programs demonstrate an attitude of caring for the employee which has an influence on the public. Happier employees tend to increase their level of socialization within a company. The ultimate effect is decreased employee risk, improved productivity, reduced absenteeism, and improved health at reduced cost.
A numerical study of bubble and spike velocities in shock-driven liquid metals

We use detailed continuum hydrodynamics and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dynamics of ejecta that are initialized with large amplitude perturbations and non-sinusoidal shapes. Insights from the simulations are used to suggest a modified expression for the velocity associated with ejected spike structures, whereas a recently suggested model explains the observed bubble velocities. Specifically, we find the asymptotic bubble velocity prediction given by Mikaelian is in excellent agreement with the simulations, when a nonlinear correction for finite amplitudes is used in that model. In contrast, existing models can overpredict observed spike velocities if they do not include the modification of the initial spike growth rates due to nonlinearities. Instead, we find that when potential flow models are corrected with a suitable nonlinear prefactor, this leads to predictions in close agreement with our simulation data. We also propose a simple empirical expression for the nonlinear correction for spike velocities which is able to reproduce results from our simulations and published experimental and simulation data over a wide range of initial conditions and Mach numbers. We discuss extensions of these models to initial interfaces with arbitrary shapes. In particular, for non-sinusoidal shapes, the bubble and spike velocities are still predicted by these models provided we use an effective wavelength λeff which is the wavelength of an equivalent sinusoid that has the same missing area. The issues of nonlinearity, non-standard shapes and shock Mach number addressed in this work are relevant to recent experimental campaigns involving twice-shocked targets.
Informatics Solutions for Application of Decision-Making Skills

Critical care nurses practice in a challenging environment that requires responses to patients with complex, often unstable health conditions. The electronic health record, access to clinical data, and Clinical Decision Support Systems informed by data from clinical databases are informatics tools designed to work together to facilitate decision-making in nursing practice. The complex decision-making environment of critical care requires informatics tools that support nursing practice through integration of current evidence with clinical data. Recommendations include continuing efforts toward the development of clinical decision support tools based on patient data that include predictive models to support increased patient safety.
MUTANTS OF CULTURED HEPATOMA CELLS DEFICIENT IN ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE

BP-resistant, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)-deficient clones have been isolated from a mouse hepatoma line. Their frequency is increased by a number of mutagens. Complementation tests show that they arise by mutations in at least two loci.
Global Existence of Solutions of the Yang-Mills Equations in Minkowski Spacetime

We designate Minkowski spacetime by (ℝ4 ,η) where η is the flat lorentz metric which, in standard coordinates, has components $$\left( {{\eta _{\mu \nu }}} \right) = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - 1}&\,&\,&\, \\ \,&1&\,&{{\text{zeros}}} \\ \,&\,&1&\, \\ \,&{{\text{zeros}}}&\,&1 \end{array}} \right)$$ (1) Let G be a compact Lie group and let g be the Lie algebra of G. In much of the following we shall suppose that G is a matrix group. Compactness of G is important for ensuring positivity of the energy which is essential in our basic estimates.
A Comparison of International and Domestic New Ventures

Differences between international new ventures (INVs) and domestic new ventures (DNVs) were examined using a sample of 214 IPO new ventures (ventures 6 years old or less). INVs were found to be significantly different on the basis of their entrepreneurial team experience, strategy, and industry structure. Specifically, the entrepreneurial team of INVs exhibited higher levels of previous international and industry experience. The strategies of INVs were more aggressive, and they operated in more channels of distribution than did DNVs. INVs competed on the basis of differentiation, placing greater emphasis on product innovation, quality, service, and marketing as strategic weapons. In addition, INVs were more likely than DNVs to operate in industries characterized by a high degree of global integration.
ASSESSMENT OF CONTRIBUTING RISK FACTORS LEADING TO HEART FAILURE IN METHAMPHETAMINE USER PATIENTS

Methamphetamine abuse is rapidly becoming a significant public health problem. Methamphetamines are increasingly common cause of Heart Failure. However, the prevalence and the precipitating risk factors still remain unclear. This is a retrospective case control study based on chart review of
Transitions to Adulthood: De- and Re-construction

Abstract Transitions to adulthood for individuals with intellectual and other developmental disabilities (IDD) are multidimensional and can take place at dramatically different time points, or in many cases, not at all. We review some of the recent research on the extent of these transitions and the degree to which parents view the processes and outcomes as satisfactory. Included in the research are data from a longitudinal study of families who were followed from the childhood to the young adulthood of the individual with IDD. In general, although parents experienced both rewards and worries with regard to the transitions, there is evidence that despite the challenges, they demonstrated substantial resilience. Recommendations with regard to realistic expectations for transition objectives are offered with recognition that these expectations are highly dependent on the level of functioning of the individual with IDD.
Pain and the collision of expertise in primary care physical exams

Using conversation analysis and a collection of naturally occurring US primary care consultations, this article explores the search for pain during primary care physical exams. Inhabiting this acti...
Processes and mechanisms controlling nitrate dynamics in an artificially drained field: Insights from high-frequency water quality measurements

Abstract Intensive agricultural activities, especially in artificially drained agricultural landscapes, generate a considerable amount of nutrient export, which has been identified as a primary cause of water quality impairment. Several management practices have been developed and installed in agricultural watersheds to reduce nutrient export, e.g. nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N). Although published research reported considerable water quality benefits of these practices, there exist many unanswered questions regarding the inherent processes and mechanisms that control nitrate fate and transport from drained agricultural landscape. To advance our understanding of processes and mechanisms, we deployed two high-frequency sampling systems in a drained agricultural field to investigate the relationship between agricultural drainage and nitrate concentrations (C-Q relationship). Results indicated that the high-frequency measuring system was able to capture the rapidly changing C-Q relationships at the experimental site, e.g. hysteresis patterns. The 22 identified storm events exhibited anti-clockwise behavior with high variability of flushing/dilution effects. In addition, high drainage flows contributed far more nitrate loading compared with lower flows. For instance, the top 10 % of drainage flow exported more than 50 % of the nitrate lost via subsurface drainage during the monitoring period. Additionally, we observed that animal waste application was the most influential practice to change the C-Q relationship by increasing the size of soil nitrogen pools. The insights obtained from the high-frequency water quality measurements could help provide practical suggestions regarding the design and management of conservation practices, such as controlled drainage, bioreactors, and saturated buffers, to improve their nitrogen removal efficiencies. This subsequently leads to better nutrient management in drained agricultural lands.
Chapter 3 – Natural History

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the natural history of the two most frequent chronic lower respiratory diseases: asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Any discussion about the natural history of a chronic condition usually addresses the different hypothetical phases that the condition undergoes during its lifetime course. It is, however, important to determine the true time of incidence of the disease under study. It is easy to ascertain the age of initiation of symptoms, but this is modified by the patient's perceptions; therefore, it could be helpful and more informative to ascertain the time of onset before the disease becomes chronic. There is an increasing interest in developing a better understanding of the natural history of asthma and COPD. The main reason behind this interest is the shift in the therapeutic approach for both conditions. It is also important to analyze the overlap between these two disease conditions: a patient with preexisting asthma who smokes is at an increased risk of significant declines in lung function and thus can develop chronic airflow obstruction much faster.
Storage ring nonlinear dynamics optimization with multi-objective multi-generation Gaussian process optimizer

Abstract Nonlinear beam dynamics optimization is essential in a low emittance storage ring design. Multi-objective optimization algorithms are needed in order to simultaneously optimize the dynamic aperture and the momentum aperture. In this study we demonstrate the application of a highly efficient stochastic optimization algorithm, the multi-generation Gaussian process optimizer (MG-GPO), to storage ring nonlinear dynamics optimization by successfully applying the method to the SPEAR3 upgrade lattice. It is shown that the new method, owing to its capability of selecting high rank candidates from a large number of trial solutions, converges significantly faster than the commonly used traditional algorithms, multi-objective genetic algorithms (MOGA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO).
Mapping the Territory

This chapter begins with a look at some of the most prevalent ideas about how and where humans fit in the grand scheme of things. Likening theories to maps, it explores the ways that mental models shape worldviews. Through a look at key scholarly attempts to position humans in their environmental contexts, we see how, despite best efforts, the resulting models in some ways reinforce the sense of humans as separate from nature and therefore perpetuate certain difficulties in socio-environmental studies. Viewing socio-environmental processes from a greater distance—a higher level of synthesis—resolves these problems and produces a new map which functions as an integrative framework for socio-environmental studies. The framework’s main components, addressed in the following five chapters, are introduced.