cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron correlations in atomic systems

Abstract The Feenberg-Jastrow Euler-Lagrange theory for inhomogeneous quantum liquids is developed to study many-electron atomic systems. We describe the ground state of the atoms by the Jastrow-Feenberg ansatz for the wave function. The generalized Born-Green-Yvon and Fermi-hypernetted-chain equations are used to relate the wave function to reduced distribution functions. The variational wave function is optimized by a generalized Hartree-Fock equation for the single-particle orbitals and an Euler-Lagrange equation for the two-body correlations. We calculate the electron correlation energies for various atoms and ions with four and ten electrons. Our theoretical results for the correlation energy of the ten-electron systems are within 93% of the experimental data. We discuss the behavior of the exchange-correlation holes in the atomic systems and analyze the qualitative difference of the correlations between the localized and extended states. The theory does not depend on any input parameters and only involves the Coulomb interaction among electrons and the nuclear charge. The relationship of this theory to density functional theory and configuration interaction theory is discussed.
Olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.

Autoradiographic, HRP, and Fink-Heimer techniques define olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish. The olfactory bulb projects bilaterally to eight targets in the area ventralis telencephali including the preoptic area, five targets in area dorsalis telencephali, and the posterior tuber of the diencephalon. There is additional input to the peripheral margin of the internal cell layer of the contralateral olfactory bulb. Fibers cross in rostral (nervus terminalis and commissure of Goldstein) and caudal components of the anterior commissure and the habenular commissure. HRP techniques reveal the origin of bulb efferents from the internal and mitral cell layers of the olfactory bulb. The olfactory tract is divided into five major components, each with a unique subset of ipsilateral and commissural pathways.
Developing a plan to win the Baldrige Award

Presents a strategy for companies to adopt when striving for eligiblity for the Baldrige Award. The Baldrige Award became the US standard of excellence due to the fundamental values that the guidelines provide by laying out the blueprint for quality. The word “quality” was used extensively in previous versions of the Baldrige criteria, and credit was given to organizations that had an impressive TQM progamme. However, that is not the case any more. In the 1995 Baldrige criteria, new standards now call for a balance between customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and business results. Quality as a separate effort is no longer given the credit that it was given in previous years. Companies with even advanced TQM programmes will find that they do not fare very well against the new standards unless their TQM is fully integrated with the daily running of the business. Considering eligibility for the Baldrige Award, shows how to obtain the award by providing a strategy used by previously successful organi...
Dual Diagnosis: Diagnosis, Management, and Future Trends

The precise incidence of dual diagnosis (DD) is unknown but may be as high as 40%-50%. This article focuses on the diagnosis, resource allocation, and clinical management issues experienced by the DD population as well as the clinical dilemmas encountered. The most robust finding from a recent retrospective comparison study was the DD persons' failure to realize similar gains in functional motor skills relative to the SCI group. Logically, the severity of injury should have a linear relationship to functional outcome. Failure to find such a relationship in this retrospective study is counterintuitive and warrants the need for future prospective and controlled studies of the DD population.
Targeted Therapy in Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma in Children and Adolescents

Pediatric soft-tissue and bone sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors of mesenchymal origin which affect approximately 1,500 children in the United States each year. Using multimodal therapy (surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy), the overall 5-year survival rate for children with soft-tissue and bone sarcomas is approximately 60%–70%. However, the prognosis for children with metastatic or recurrent disease is poor; and, furthermore, the improvements in the overall cure rate have slowed. It is highly unlikely that further advances in the treatment of pediatric soft-tissue and bone sarcomas will come from traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Based on research advances in understanding the biology of pediatric soft-tissue and bone sarcomas, improved cure rates will likely be driven by new types of treatment which target the specific abnormalities within these tumors. These new targeted therapies may include small molecules, antibodies, or other immunotherapies. This review briefly describes the biology of the major types of pediatric sarcomas, discusses potential targets for new therapy, and highlights some recent and current clinical trials using targeted therapy.
A comparison of multi-spectral, multi-angular, and multi-temporal remote sensing datasets for fractional shrub canopy mapping in Arctic Alaska

Abstract Shrub cover appears to be increasing across many areas of the Arctic tundra biome, and increasing shrub cover in the Arctic has the potential to significantly impact global carbon budgets and the global climate system. For most of the Arctic, however, there is no existing baseline inventory of shrub canopy cover, as existing maps of Arctic vegetation provide little information about the density of shrub cover at a moderate spatial resolution across the region. Remotely-sensed fractional shrub canopy maps can provide this necessary baseline inventory of shrub cover. In this study, we compare the accuracy of fractional shrub canopy (> 0.5 m tall) maps derived from multi-spectral, multi-angular, and multi-temporal datasets from Landsat imagery at 30 m spatial resolution, Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) imagery at 250 m and 500 m spatial resolution, and MultiAngle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) imagery at 275 m spatial resolution for a 1067 km2 study area in Arctic Alaska. The study area is centered at 69 °N, ranges in elevation from 130 to 770 m, is composed primarily of rolling topography with gentle slopes less than 10°, and is free of glaciers and perennial snow cover. Shrubs > 0.5 m in height cover 2.9% of the study area and are primarily confined to patches associated with specific landscape features. Reference fractional shrub canopy is determined from in situ shrub canopy measurements and a high spatial resolution IKONOS image swath. Regression tree models are constructed to estimate fractional canopy cover at 250 m using different combinations of input data from Landsat, MODIS, and MISR. Results indicate that multi-spectral data provide substantially more accurate estimates of fractional shrub canopy cover than multi-angular or multi-temporal data. Higher spatial resolution datasets also provide more accurate estimates of fractional shrub canopy cover (aggregated to moderate spatial resolutions) than lower spatial resolution datasets, an expected result for a study area where most shrub cover is concentrated in narrow patches associated with rivers, drainages, and slopes. Including the middle infrared bands available from Landsat and MODIS in the regression tree models (in addition to the four standard visible and near-infrared spectral bands) typically results in a slight boost in accuracy. Including the multi-angular red band data available from MISR in the regression tree models, however, typically boosts accuracy more substantially, resulting in moderate resolution fractional shrub canopy estimates approaching the accuracy of estimates derived from the much higher spatial resolution Landsat sensor. Given the poor availability of snow and cloud-free Landsat scenes in many areas of the Arctic and the promising results demonstrated here by the MISR sensor, MISR may be the best choice for large area fractional shrub canopy mapping in the Alaskan Arctic for the period 2000–2009.
Morphology and histology of chimpanzee primary visual striate cortex indicate that brain reorganization predated brain expansion in early hominid evolution.

Human brain evolution is characterized by an overall increase in brain size, cerebral reorganization, and cerebral lateralization. It is generally understood when brain enlargement occurred during human evolution. However, issues concerning cerebral reorganization and hemispheric lateralization are more difficult to determine from brain endocasts, and they are topics of considerable debate. One region of the cerebral cortex that may represent the earliest evidence for brain reorganization is the primary visual cortex (PVC), or area 17 of Brodmann. In nonhuman primates, this region is larger in volume (demarcated anteriorly by the lunate sulcus), and extends further rostrally than it does in modern humans. In early hominid fossil (Australopithecus) endocasts, this region appears to occupy a smaller area compared to that in nonhuman primates. Some have argued that the brain first underwent size expansion prior to reorganization, while others maintain that reorganization predated brain expansion. To help resolve this question, we provide a description of two male, common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) brains, YN77-111 and YN92-115, which clearly display a more posterior lunate sulcal morphology than seen in other chimpanzees. These data show that neurogenetic variability exists in chimpanzees, and that significant differences in organization (e.g., a reduced PVC) can predate brain enlargement. While the human brain has experienced numerous expansion and reorganization events throughout evolution, the data from these two chimpanzees offer significant support for the hypothesis that the neurogenetic basis for brain reorganization was present in our early fossil ancestors (i.e., the australopithecines) prior to brain enlargement.
Enzymes of the de novo and salvage pathways for pyrimidine biosynthesis in normal colon, colon carcinoma, and xenografts

Since current methods of chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the colon are essentially ineffective, this study was designed to test for enzymatic differences between tumors and normal colon that might form the basis for more effective treatment. Human colon tumor xenografts also were examined and were found to be very similar to primary tumors when tested for: uridine-cytidine (Urd-Cyd) kinase and orotidine 5'-phosphate (OMP) decarboxylase activity, apparent Michaelis constants of Urd, ATP, and OMP, and temperature and pH optima for Urd-Cyd kinase. However, enzyme activity levels varied from one xenograft line to another, and these differences could not be correlated with growth rate or sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The xenograft, therefore, may provide a suitable model for the study of human colorectal adenocarcinoma, but care must be taken to screen different lines in order to select ones that are comparable to primary tumors. Primary tumors and xenografts, when compared to normal colon, were found to have significantly higher specific activities of enzymes of both the de novo and salvage pathways of uridine monophosphate (UMP) biosynthesis. The activities of Urd-Cyd kinase and OMP decarboxylase were greater by 132% and 91%, respectively, in primary tumors and 186% and 63%, respectively, in xenografts. Consequently, effective treatment of adenocarcinoma of the colon using inhibitors of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis would probably require the combination of a compound that inhibits the salvage pathway, e.g., inhibitors of Urd-Cyd kinase, with one that inhibits the de novo pathway, e.g., pyrazofurin or N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA).
Earnings Management and Annual General Meetings: The Role of Managerial Entrenchment

We examine earnings management around the annual general meeting (AGM) and assess the influence of managerial entrenchment. Consistent with prior research, we show positive and statistically significant abnormal returns surrounding AGMs regardless of the level of managerial entrenchment. We find evidence of significant earnings manipulation primarily among entrenched managers. Specifically, they manage abnormal accruals downward two quarters prior to the AGM and significantly increase abnormal accruals in the quarter immediately before the AGM. Our evidence is consistent with AGMs triggering managers to disseminate information in a manner that shapes the market's perception of the firm.
Cross-sectional audit on the relevance of Elevated National Early Warning Score in medical patients at a Model 2 hospital in Ireland

The national early warning score (NEWS) was developed to detect the early signs of patient deterioration with a view to instituting higher levels of care. There is a concern about the sensitivity of the NEWS score in patients with chronic hypoxaemic conditions. This cross-sectional audit sought to determine the clinical relevance of a NEWS score of 7 or higher in medical patients by determining whether there was any change in clinical management. Patients with chronic hypoxaemic conditions had a modified early warning score applied retrospectively, the chronic respiratory early warning score (CREWS) to determine if it made a difference to the trigger threshold. The study also aimed to determine the discharge outcome of such patients. A NEWS score ≥7 did not result in a change in clinical management in 64.6 % of cases; 94.1 % of patients with no change in clinical management were subsequently discharged home. Oxygen supplementation and oxygen saturation were the primary determinants of elevated NEWS scores with 89.9 and 31.6 % of cases having high scores, respectively; 19.7 % of patients were receiving home oxygen therapy. Retrospective application of the CREWS scoring system in these patients would have reduced the number of reviews by 70.3 %. In medical patients admitted to a Model 2 hospital with chronic respiratory illness, the ‘respiratory variables’ of the NEWS score are poor discriminators of patients who are clinically deteriorating. Better tools (such as the CREWS score) are required to distinguish acutely ill from chronically ill patients with respiratory disease in Model 2 hospitals.
The Chinese herb polyphyllin D sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin-induced growth arrest

We evaluated the effects of polyphyllin D (PD), a natural compound with anti-neoplastic activity and a major component of the Chinese herb Paris polyphylla, on ovarian cancer (OVCA) cell line proliferation and platinum sensitivity. A panel of 20 OVCA cell lines was subjected to PD treatment, MTS proliferation assays, and determination of IC50. Pre-treatment, baseline genome-wide Affymetrix expression analysis was performed on each cell line, and Pearson’s correlation was performed to identify genes associated with OVCA PD sensitivity. Twelve cell lines were treated with PD with and without cisplatin, and the effects of PD on cisplatin IC50 were quantified. Genes associated with OVCA PD sensitivity were evaluated for associations with survival in a publically available clinico-genomic dataset of 218 patients with OVCA. Our results showed that PD exhibited anti-proliferative effects against all OVCA cell lines tested, with IC50 values ranging from 0.2 to 1.4 μm. Furthermore, in all cell lines, PD treatment significantly decreased cisplatin IC50 (mean IC50 reduction of 2.1 µm; P < 0.02). Pearson’s correlation test identified 25 probe sets, representing 18 unique genes to be associated with PD sensitivity (FDR = 0). We found that one of these genes was associated with overall survival in women with OVCA: CLDN4 (P = 0.014). Our findings highlight the value of PD as a natural product with anti-cancer properties, which may also enhance the activity of existing therapeutic agents.
A comparison and evaluation of interest congruence indices

Abstract This investigation compared 13 measures of Holland's congruence construct. Significant variability was found in the correlations among congruence measures and between congruence and outcome measures. Specifically, the Primary Interests Congruence Scale had the lowest correlations with the other scales, and Iachan's M index, the Rank Comparison Congruence Scale, and the Kwak-Pulvino Index had the highest correlations with the other scales. Congruence-achievement and aptitude-congruence correlations ranged from .00 to the .20s. Academic adjustment, career indecision, and satisfaction with major did not correlate significantly with congruence for any of the 13 indices. Results were related to the explication of the congruence construct and the refinement of Holland's theory.
Identification of triadin 1 as the predominant triadin isoform expressed in mammalian myocardium.

Triadin is an integral membrane protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum shown to interact with the ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel, junctin, and calsequestrin. Several triadin isoforms have been postulated to exist in cardiac muscle, but to date none has been conclusively identified. Here, we show that only triadin 1 is significantly expressed. We cloned and sequenced cDNAs encoding canine cardiac triadin 1 and 3 but found no evidence for triadin 2. From deduced primary structures, antibodies against domains common to all triadins and an antibody against the unique C terminus of triadin 1 were raised. All antibodies detected two prominent proteins of molecular masses 35 and 40 kDa on immunoblots from cardiac microsomes, including the antibody that recognizes only triadin 1. The 40-kDa mobility form was shown to correspond to the glycosylated form of triadin 1, not a distinct triadin 2 isoform as previously hypothesized. Confirming this, overexpression of triadin 1 in transgenic mouse hearts produced both the 35-kDa deglycosylated and the 40-kDa glycosylated mobility forms. The glycosylation site of triadin 1 was localized to asparagine residue 75, and its bitopic arrangement in the membrane was confirmed. Although a 92-kDa immunoreactive protein could be tentatively identified in myocardium as triadin 3, its expression level was insignificant (≤5%) compared with that of triadin 1. We conclude that triadin 1 is the triadin isoform most likely to play a role in Ca2+ release in heart.
In vitro models to predict the in vivo mechanism, rate and extent of placental transfer of dideoxynucleoside drugs against human immunodeficiency virus

Abstract Objective: We tested the hypothesis that the mechanism, rate, and extent of in vivo placental transfer of dideoxynucleoside drugs against human immunodeficiency virus can be predicted by the in vitro perfused human placenta and the drug octanol-water partition coefficient. Study Design: Near-term pregnant macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) underwent long-term catheterization for the administration of 4 dideoxynucleosides against human immunodeficiency virus: zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, and stavudine. Maternal plasma, fetal plasma, and amniotic fluid concentrations were determined frequently after intravenous bolus and/or infusion of the drugs administered into the maternal or fetal circulation on separate occasions. Antipyrine was included in all experiments as a marker of placental blood flow. The mechanism, rate, and extent of placental transfer of the 4 dideoxynucleosides in perfused human placenta were determined and compared with the findings obtained by others. Results: The mechanism and rate of the antipyrine-normalized placental transfer of the 4 dideoxynucleosides in perfused human placenta were highly correlated with those observed in vivo. The extent of placental transfer (fetal/maternal steady-state plasma concentration ratio) was also highly correlated with both the antipyrine-normalized placental transfer clearance (clearance index) determined in the in vitro perfused human placenta model ( r 2 = 0.95, in vitro clearance-index model) and the drug octanol-water partition coefficient ( r 2 = 0.99, in vitro partition-coefficient model). To determine the predictive capacity of these correlative models, we predicted the fetal/maternal steady-state plasma concentration ratio of each drug after excluding the data on that drug from the model fit. Both in vitro models to predict in vivo placental transfer of drug models resulted in good predictions of the observed fetal/maternal steady-state plasma concentration ratio (mean error: in vitro clearance-index model=−1.2%; in vitro partition-coefficient model=3.9%). Conclusions: We propose that our models will accurately predict the extent of placental transfer of dideoxynucleoside drugs against human immunodeficiency virus. The models may also be applicable to other classes of drugs, regardless of therapeutic category, provided that these drugs passively diffuse across the placenta. Such a result will expedite phase 1 clinical trials of drugs in pregnant women. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:198−206.)
Correlation of Yield Strength and Tensile Strength with Hardness for Steels

Hardness values as well as yield and tensile strength values were compiled for over 150 nonaustenitic, hypoeutectoid steels having a wide range of compositions and a variety of microstructures. The microstructures include ferrite, pearlite, martensite, bainite, and complex multiphase structures. The yield strength of the steels ranged from approximately 300 MPa to over 1700 MPa. Tensile strength varied over the range of 450-2350 MPa. Regression analysis was used to determine the correlation of the yield strength and the tensile strength to the diamond pyramid hardness values for these steels. Both the yield strength and tensile strength of the steels exhibited a linear correlation with the hardness over the entire range of strength values. Empirical relationships are provided that enable the estimation of strength from a bulk hardness measurement. A weak effect of strain-hardening potential on the hardness-yield strength relationship was also observed.
Actin gene family of Caenorhabditis elegans

Four actin genes have been isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans that account for all of the major actin hybridization to total genomic DNA. Actin genes I, II and III are clustered within a 12 × 103 base region; gene IV is unlinked to the others. All four genes have been sequenced from at least nucleotide −109 to +250. Genes I and III are identical for the first 307 coding nucleotides. Genes I and II differ in 14 positions within the first 250 coding nucleotides; one difference substitutes an aspartic acid for a glutamic acid at codon 5. Genes I and IV differ in 18 positions within the first 259 coding nucleotides without causing any amino acid differences. Genes I, II and III have introns after the first nucleotide of codon 64 and gene IV has an intron between codons 19 and 20. The four nucleotide sequences thus far define two different amino acid sequences. Both of the amino acid sequences resemble vertebrate cytoplasmic actin more than vertebrate muscle actin. A DNA polymorphism between the Bristol and Bergerac strains has been used as a phenotypic marker in genetic crosses to map the cluster of actin genes within a 2% recombination interval on linkage group V between unc-23 and sma-1 in order to begin a molecular genetic analysis of the actin loci.
β-decarboxylation of l-aspartic acid: A metal chelate-catalyzed reaction

Abstract β-decarboxylation of l-aspartic acid was observed in the system, pyridoxal: l-aspartic acid:aluminum(III), 1:100:1 when heated at 80° for three hours. This reaction was followed by electronic spectroscopy and showed quantitative conversion of pyridoxal to pyridoxamine indicating decarboxylation of the ketimine. α-Methyl-l-aspartic acid was not decarboxylated indicating the presence of the α-proton and prior transamination as requirements for decarboxylation. When pyridoxamine and oxalo-2-propionic acid were reacted at pD 4.60, product analysis by nmr showed the presence of pyridoxamine and α-ketobutyric acid, indicating hydrolysis of the decarboxylated ketimine. Decarboxylation was fast compared to spontaneous decarboxylation. A mechanism is proposed for non-enzymatic decarboxylation and the previously suggested mechanism for the inactivation of the enzyme aspartate β-decarboxylase is discussed.
High heat flux removal using water subcooled flow boiling in a single-side heated circular channel

Abstract High heat flux removal from plasma-facing components and electronic heat sinks involves conjugate heat transfer analysis of the applicable substrate and flowing fluid. For the present case of subcooled flow boiling inside a single-side heated circular channel, the dimensional results show the significant radial, circumferential and axial variations in all thermal quantities for the present radial aspect ratio ( R o =outside radius to inside radius) of 3.0. A unified, dimensionless representation of the two-dimensional inside wall heat flux, and the dimensional inside wall heat flux ( q i ( φ , z )) and temperature ( T i ( φ , z )) data was found and used to collapse the data for all circumferential locations. Finally, 2-D boiling curves are presented and are among the first full set of 2-D boiling data presented for a single-side heated circular configuration.
Dental and periodontal diseases and abnormalities in wild-caught marmosets (primates--Callithricidae).

Examination of 904 skulls of wild caught marmosets revealed 92 with diseased teeth and alveolar infections. The number of affected teeth and alveoli was 259 or 0.9% of the total number of teeth including alveoli. Dental abnormalities such as super-numeraries, congenital assymetries, and postpartum injuries were noted in 14 skulls. The diseased individuals appeared in 83 of the 207 collecting localities, and constitute nearly 22% of the 488 specimens from those sites. Difference between the proportion of diseased upper teeth (9.4%), and lower teeth (8.3%) of all teeth examined, is insignificant. There is indication, however, that the lower the proportion of diseased antepremolar teeth, the higher the proportion of diseased postcanine teeth, and vice versa. Incidence of diseases is practically nil in juveniles and sub-adults, but rises rapidly in late maturity and old age. Fine line cracking or crazing of the enamel in marmoset teeth is briefly described and compared with same phenomenon in other mammals including man. Crazing is attributed to the cumulative effects of bite impact. It is absent in deciduous and unworn permanent primate teeth and absent or uncommon in mammalian teeth adapted to an insectivorous diet.
Inflow Valve Regurgitation During Left Ventricular Assist Device Support May Interfere With Reverse Ventricular Remodeling

Abstract Background . Left ventricular assist devices have been reported previously to reverse ventricular remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. In patients with prolonged mechanical support, structural failure of the left ventricular assist device inflow valve can cause regurgitation into the left ventricle, which may affect adversely this process. Methods . Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure–volume relation of hearts explanted from 8 patients with left ventricular assist device and 8 control subjects with idiopathic cardiomyopathy was determined ex vivo at the time of transplantation. Results . Duration of mechanical support ranged from 210 to 276 days (mean ± standard deviation=283 ± 76 days) in 3 patients with inflow valve regurgitation versus 100 to 155 days (132 ± 22 days) in 5 patients without ( p = 0.005). The end-diastolic pressure–volume relation of all hearts supported mechanically was shifted to the left toward normal controls. This effect was markedly attenuated in patients with inflow valve regurgitation. Conclusions . Mechanical assistance can cause reverse remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy as evidenced by the shift in the end-diastolic pressure–volume relation curve to the left. Inflow valve failure, associated with prolonged support, can attenuate changes in left ventricular structure and dimension. Ineffective pressure and volume unloading may explain these observations.
Assuring good style for object-oriented programs

The language-independent Law of Demeter, which encodes the ideas of encapsulation and modularity in an easy-to-follow form for object-oriented programmers, is presented. The law was developed during the design and implementation of the Demeter system, which provides a high-level interface to class-based, object-oriented systems. Two forms of the law, the class and object forms, are described. Its motivation is to ensure that the software is as modular as possible. Principles covered by the law include coupling control, information hiding, information restriction, information localization, and structured induction. An example is given to show how the law is applied, and valid violations are identified. It is shown how to transform a method that does not satisfy the law into one that does. >
Imbalance of t‐cell subpopulations does not result in defective helper function in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

The T-lymphocyte subpopulations identified by the Fc receptors for IgG (TG cells) and IgM (TM cells) in 12 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were quantitated and studied for functional capabilities in an in vitro assay. The TG cells in patients were elevated in relation to age- and sex-matched normal controls (P less than 0.05) resulting in an altered TM/TG ratio of 1.8 +/- 0.76 in CLL versus 5.9 +/- 3.7 in controls (mean +/- SD, P less than 0.001). Despite this altered of B cells was found to be normal as reflected by the mean helper-suppressor score of 0.77 +/- 0.13 (+/- SEM) obtained for both patients and controls. This unimpaired capacity of the T cells from CLL patients to help normal B cells mature into immunoglobulin-secreting cells indicated that hypogammaglobulinemia and monoclonal serum immunoglobulins in these patients may be a result of either an intrinsic defect in the B lymphocytes or their replacement by a neoplastic clone rather than a defect in the immunoregulatory T cells.
Domestic Determinants of the Current Account Balance of the United States

The U. S. economy is found to be sufficiently open to make the balance on foreign transactions an essential part of the equilibration process between saving and investment. Specifically, over the past two decades, changes in the national saving rate have increasingly been matched by changes in net foreign rather than domestic investment. Thus, it would be counterfactual to assume in policy discussions that measures to raise the national saving rate add fully to the stock of productive capital in the United States, barring only Keynesian complications. Conversely, a stimulus to domestic investment could be validated in part by drawing on foreign saving.
Prevalence of low back pain by anatomic location and intensity in an occupational population

Low Back Pain (LBP) is a common and costly problem, with variation in prevalence. Epidemiological reports of rating of pain intensity and location within the low back area are rare. The objective is to describe LBP in a large, multi-center, occupational cohort detailing both point and 1-month period prevalence of LBP by location and intensity measures at baseline. In this cross-sectional report from a prospective cohort study, 828 participants were workers enrolled from 30 facilities performing a variety of manual material handling tasks. All participants underwent a structured interview detailing pain rating and location. Symptoms in the lower extremities, demographic and other data were collected. Body mass indices were measured. Outcomes are pain rating (0–10) in five defined lumbar back areas (i) LBP in the past month and (ii) LBP on the day of enrollment. Pain ratings were reported on a 0–10 scale and subsequently collapsed with ratings of 1–3, 4–6 and 7–10 classified as low, medium and high respectively. 172 (20.8%) and 364 (44.0%) of the 828 participants reported pain on the day of enrollment or within the past month, respectively. The most common area of LBP was in the immediate paraspinal area with 130 (75.6%) participants with point prevalence LBP and 278 (77.4%) with 1-month period prevalence reported having LBP in the immediate paraspinal area. Among those 364 reporting 1-month period prevalence pain, ratings varied widely with 116 (31.9%) reporting ratings classified as low, 170 (46.7%) medium and 78 (21.4%) providing high pain ratings in any location. Among the 278 reporting 1-month period prevalence pain in the immediate paraspinal area, 89 (32.0%) reported ratings classified as low, 129 (46.4%), medium and 60 (21.6%) high pain ratings. Pain ratings varied widely, however less variability was seen in pain location, with immediate paraspinal region being the most common. Variations may suggest different etiological factors related to LBP. Aggregation of different locations of pain or different intensities of pain into one binary classification of LBP may result in loss of information which may potentially be useful in prevention or treatment of LBP.
A Bayesian approach to decomposing wage differentials

Abstract We decompose wage differentials using a Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain method. This method makes it easy to obtain the posterior distributions of the characteristics and coefficients effects used to test the significance of the two effects.
The first crystal structure of a one-dimensional chain of linked RuIIRuII units

The one-dimensional polymer [Ru2(O2CCF3)4(Phz)]∞1 (Phz = phenazine) was synthesized by the reaction of RuII2(O2CCF3)4(THF)2 with phenazine. An X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the compound consists of Ru2(O2CCF3)4 units bridged by phenazine ligands. The Ru–Ru bond distance is 2.3109(10) A and the axial Ru–N distance is 2.425(2) A. Magnetic measurements performed in the temperature range 1.8–300 K indicate that the S = 1 RuII2 units are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled (zJ = −3.0 cm−1) with a large zero-field splitting (D = 277 cm−1).
A method of estimating accuracy of test scoring

When errors of test scoring obey a Poisson frequency law (theoretical considerations suggest that they do), the method described may be used for finding the upper fiducial limits of scoring errors per paper. A criterion is suggested for establishing tolerance limits on scoring errors, and a method is given (1) for finding the probability of being wrong in the statement that the tolerance limit is being met for a given size sample or (2) for finding the size of sample that will make this probability not greater than some fixed value.
Formation of hydroxylamine from ammonium by N-oxygenation

Abstract Hydroxylamine is formed in the oxidation of ammonium by a heterotrophic nitrifying strain of Arthrobacter. Mass spectrometry of the benzophenone oxime synthesized from the hydroxylamine excreted by resting cells demonstrated that molecular oxygen is incorporated into the hydroxylamine liberated by the bacterium.
Rev/RRE-Independent Mason–Pfizer Monkey Virus Constitutive Transport Element-Dependent Propagation of SIVmac239 Vectors Using a Single Round of Replication Assay

Abstract In a step toward creating live-attenuated or DNA subunit vaccines for AIDS, the replication of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) was studied independently of the Rev and RRE (Rev-responsive element) regulatory system, over a single round. To accomplish this, the env gene of an SIV vector was made defective by the insertion of a SV40 promoter/enhancer hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene cassette. Using this vector as the backbone, molecular clones of SIV were generated that contained a mutated Rev, Rev(−), a deleted RRE, RRE(−), or both, Rev(−)RRE(−). It has been shown recently that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev and RRE functions can be replaced in vitro by a cis -acting sequence, constitutive transport element (CTE), from simian type D retroviruses. To determine whether such a cis -acting element from Mason–Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) would substitute for SIV Rev and RRE functions, the MPMV CTE was inserted either into the Nef ORF or at the junction of vpx and vpr of our Rev(−), RRE(−), and Rev(−)RRE(−) SIV molecular clones. Cell-free viral stocks harvested from Cos cells following transfections of these molecular clones revealed that these stocks were infectious over a single round of replication; however, their replication was attenuated 16-fold compared to that of wild-type virus. In addition, our experiments revealed that CTE functions in a position-dependent manner such that its insertion at the junction of vpx and vpr attenuated SIV replication 8- to 12-fold compared to the attenuation observed when it was inserted in the nef region. Our results demonstrate that MPMV CTE is capable of substituting for SIV Rev and RRE functions, resulting in an attenuated ability to produce infectious virus.
Solvated tris(4-morpholinecarbodithioato-S,S') complexes of iron(III) and cobalt(III). Direct comparison of d5 and d6 analogs and study of solvation effects

A number of tris(dithiocarbamato)iron(III) and -cobalt(III) solvate complexes have been examined. Inclusion of polar solvent molecules appears to be the common norm in crystals of these complexes. The decomposition points, at which all the solvent suddenly escapes, breaking up the crystal lattices, are well above the boiling points of the particular solvents. The iron(II1) complexes retain the solvent molecules less well, and in many cases, solvent is lost on standing, a fact that may explain a number of the difficulties in earlier attempts at structural analysis. The strong trend to form solvates is the probable cause of anomalous nmr spectra observed in several of the cobalt complexes. Crystal structures of the dichloromethane solvates of the title complexes-were determined from three-dimensional counter data at room temperature. Both compounds crystallize in space group PI, Z = 2. The lattice constants are a = 13.088 (3) 8,, b = 10.693 (1) A, c = 11.499 (1) A, LY = 116.08 (l)', p = 104.97 (l)', and y = 99.49 (2)' for the iron complex and a = 13.079 (1) A, b = 10.682 (1) A, c = 11.493 (1) A, a = 116.03 (l)', (3 = 105.04 (l)', and y = 99.45 (1)' for the cobalt complex. The data were refined by block-diagonal least squares to R = 6.3% (iron) and 4.2% (cobalt). The molecular geometry of the Cos6 in the cobalt is identical with previous cobalt tris(dithio chelate) structures with ((20-4) = 2.27 8, and (SII-CO-SQ) = 76.1O. The values of 2.44 8, and 72.5' for (Fe-S) and (SLi-Fe-S12) in the iron complex are atypical and the linear relationship previously postulated for the magnetic moments and Fe-S bond length in iron tris(dithio chelate) complexes does not seem to be universally applicable. The solvent molecules are orientated so as to minimize electrostatic repulsions with the complex. However, no strong hydrogen bonding interactions exist.
Rapid alternating vertical temperature gradients in the East China Sea

Abstract Data from an array of current meters, thermistor chains, and meteorologically instrumented buoys deployed in the shallow water (depths of 97 to 115 m) of the East China Sea during AMTEX-75 (February 1985) show that the vertical temperature difference between the 20 and 70 m depths regularly alternated between∼0°C and a maximum of 0.65°C. The periodicity of change was predominantly that of the semidiurnal tide, 12.4 h, with some modulation at diurnal or near diurnal periodicity. The vertical gradient developed most often when currents were in a northwest direction, a direction parallel to the average northwest-southeast horizontal surface water temperature gradient; when the currents reversed 180°, to the southeast, the vertical gradients tended to decrease or disappear altogether. An explanation is given in terms of vertical shear in the semidiurnal tidal currents coupled with the slightly higher current speeds during the offshelf phase (southeast direction) of the current ellipse.
Limit theorems for infinite systems of renewal type integral equations arising in age-dependent branching processes

Abstract This article, a continuation of [6], is divided into three sections. In Section I some of the necessary results of the previous article are collected, and in Section 2 some generalizations of famous theorems from renewal theory, including those of Blackwell and Smith, are obtained. Finally, Section 3 is devoted to applications of the theory to age-dependent branching processes with arbitrary state space.
Quasi-resonant clocking: a run-time control approach for true voltage-frequency-scalability

Resonant clocking has emerged as a promising approach for achieving energy-efficiency in high-performance digital systems. However, the limited frequency range of efficient resonant clocking operation restricts its applicability in widely-used Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) systems. Existing frequency-scalable resonant clocking implementations are either not voltage-scalable, or provide only modest frequency range extension. This paper presents a true voltage and frequency-scalable quasi-resonant clock architecture. Simulations on a 64-bit pipelined multiply-accumulate unit in 65nm CMOS demonstrate continuous frequency scalability over 2--200MHz. Efficient operation during dynamic voltage frequency-scaling is demonstrated over 0.8V--1.3V, resulting in a 54% energy-per cycle reduction over conventional distributions.
A 0.01–8-GHz (12.5 Gb/s) 4 $\,\times\,$ 4 CMOS Switch Matrix

This paper presents a 0.01-8-GHz 4×4 switch matrix in 0.13-μm CMOS technology. A deep n-well series-shunt-series switch is chosen as the switching core, and the transistor sizes are optimized for low insertion loss and high isolation up to 8 GHz. Full electromagnetic analysis is also performed on the switching core to result in a compact design. The 4×4 switch matrix shows a measured insertion loss of 2.0-3.3 dB and an isolation of 50-44 dB at 2-8 GHz with near-zero power consumption. The measured input P1 dB and IP3 are 8-10 and 26-30 dBm at 0.5-8 GHz. The switch matrix has very low dispersion with <; 6-ps group-delay variation and can switch a 12.5-Gb/s signal with a bit error rate of <; 10-12. The design can be used in reconfigurable 0.01-8 GHz communication systems or as a crossbar switch matrix for data routing.
Effect of residual strain on the substructure development and mechanical response of shock-loaded copper

Shock recovery experiments have been performed to assess the role of residual strain on the substructure evolution and mechanical response of oxygen-free electronic copper. Alterations in momentum trapping design and assembly tolerances produced samples which, while having been all similarly impacted at 518 m s−1 (10 GPa for symmetrical copper impact) for a pulse duration of 1 μs, possessed residual plastic strains ϵres ranging from 1.5% to 26%. Increasing the amount of residual strain is observed to correlate with a change in the deformation substructure from dislocation cells to microbands and deformation twins; the substructure at ϵres = 1.5% consists of dislocation cells while that of ϵres = 26% includes a high density of deformation twins. Coincident with this structure alteration, increasing the ϵres from 1.5% to 26% increases the reload yield strength of shock-loaded copper by 40%. The role of residual strain on metallurgical investigation of the structure-property relationships in shock-deformed materials and the occurrence of deformation twinning in f.c.c. metals is discussed.
Recent Developments in Infrared Technology

Developments in infrared technology are proceeding at a rapid pace. A sampling is given of advances made during the last three years. Illustrative items are taken from the categories of new instruments, components, and techniques.
Sulfur fertilization of wheat and triticale for forage production

Abstract Throughout the Great Plains, wheat (Triticurn aestivum L.) is utilized for grain and forage production. Triticale (Triticum aestivum L. x Secale cereale L.) is known for its ability to produce large quantities of high quality forage. With recent improvement in winter hardiness, interest in and acreage of triticale is spreading north in the central Great Plains. The forage production potential of wheat and triticale is essential to many livestock producers. Very few data are available concerning the effects of sulfur (S) fertilization on production and quality of wheat or triticale forage. Greenhouse research was conducted to evaluate the addition of S as either ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) or ammonium sulfate (AS) on production and quality of wheat and triticale forage on four different soils. Sulfur fertilization increased forage yields and S concentrations of both crops on all soils, and in many cases, resulted in higher N concentrations in the forage. Sulfur fertilization also increased in vitro...
Modification of the apparent redox reaction between cytochrome f and the rieske iron-sulfur protein

Abstract We have investigated the role of cytochrome f and the Rieske FeS protein in spinach chloroplasts using the quinone analogue 5-(n-undecyl)-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole (UHDBT). UHDBT inhibits electron transport at two different sites in spinach chloroplasts. Fluorescence yield measurements monitoring the redox state of Q, the first stable primary acceptor of Photosystem II, and polarographic measurements of electron transport show that at low concentrations UHDBT inhibits near Q. At higher concentrations UHDBT inhibits at a second site. Electron transfer from durohydroquinone to methyl viologen is inhibited (50% inhibition at 21 μM) but not the reaction dichlorophenolindophenol to methyl viologen. Spectroscopic measurements of the kinetics of cytochrome f show that UHDBT inhibits the dark reduction rate of the cytochrome following a 100 ms flash (50% inhibition at 15 μM). By contrast, the oxidation kinetics of cytochrome f following a single-turnover flash are altered little by UHDBT; the initial rates are indistinguishable, and the half-time increases from 220 μs in the control to 285 μs in the presence of 15 μM UHDBT, largely because the extent of the cytochrome f oxidation is enhanced 1.4-fold in the presence of the inhibitor. In a single-turnover flash in the absence of UHDBT, we observe 38–48% of the total cytochrome f turning over, while in the presence of UHDBT we observe 60–69% of the cytochrome turning over. We interpret these results in terms of a linear rapid donor pool to Photosystem I, FeS → cytochrome f → plastocyanin → P-700, in which UHDBT inhibits by interacting with the Rieske FeS center. We conclude that the enhanced extent of cytochrome f oxidation in the presence of UHDBT is due to the removal of the Rieske FeS center from the rapid donor pool. As a consequence, removal of a single electron from the pool results in a greater cytochrome f oxidation. These results indicate that the Rieske FeS center and cytochrome f equilibrate in a time period comparable to the oxidation time of the cytochrome.