cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary malignant peritoneal mesothelioma. A report of seven cases and a review of the literature

Mesothelioma of the peritoneum is a rare malignant neoplasm easily mistaken by both surgeon and pathologist for one of the more common neoplasms of the abdomen. Review of our records from metropolitan-area hospitals for the past 15 years identified seven patients with primary peritoneal mesotheliomas. Their diagnosis, management, and survival is analyzed. We report a case of an extended survivor (7 years) and one of a long-term survivor (15 years), as well as what we believe to be the only case in the literature presenting with a coexistent malignant neoplasm. Prevention of this commonly fatal neoplasm is linked to avoiding occupational exposure to asbestos; long-term survival for a few patients may be achieved with correct identification of the neoplasm and aggressive management. This report includes a review of the literature.
Mitochondrial transcription factor A is a proinflammatory mediator in hemorrhagic shock

Endogenous molecules released by dying cells [i.e., damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)] after trauma and severe blood loss can activate pattern recognition receptors, leading to a cascade of inflammatory responses and organ injury. Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is a transcription factor for mitochondrial DNA. TFAM is structurally related to high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an important member of DAMPs. We, therefore, hypothesized that TFAM can be released into the circulation after hemorrhage to initiate inflammatory responses. In order to examine this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats were bled to and maintained at a mean arterial pressure of 40 mmHg for 90 min. They were then resuscitated with an equal volume of shed blood in the form of Ringer’s lactate (i.e., low-volume resuscitation) over 60 min. TFAM levels in the serum were measured at 4 h after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Our results showed that serum levels of TFAM were more than doubled after hemorrhage and resuscitation. To further characterize TFAM’s biological activity, we expressed recombinant rat TFAM with a GST-tag (GST-TFAM) in an E. coli expression system. The purity of GST-TFAM was over 99% and it was immunoreactive for specific anti-TFAM antibodies. Using RAW 264.7 cells and primary rat peritoneal macrophages, we showed that GST-TFAM dose-dependently increased TNF-α release. To determine the biological activity of GST-TFAM in vivo, GST-TFAM was intravenously injected in healthy male adult rats. Our results demonstrated that intravenous injection of GST-TFAM, not GST alone, upregulated circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased neutrophil infiltration to the lungs and caused organ injury in healthy animals. Thus, TFAM can act as a DAMP and may contribute to the initiation of inflammatory responses in hemorrhagic shock.
Roles of flavonoids in symbiotic and defense functions in legume roots

The roles of flavonoids in roots of legumes in the symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are compared with defense functions, using examples from three legume genera,Lotus, Medicago, andGlycine. Pathways leading to proanthocyanidins and isoflavonoids are emphasized. The localization of flavonoids in nodules involved in nitrogen fixation and in the apoplastic compartment of mycorrhizal associations is briefly described, with emphasis on the need for more information concerning their precise localization. Also emphasized are the limits of our knowledge about the regulatory genes of the flavonoid pathway involved in both exogenous and endogenous regulation of these complex interrelationships.
Burnt bones and teeth: an experimental study of color, morphology, crystal structure and shrinkage

Abstract Burnt osteological materials are one focus of interest in forensic, archaeological, and palaeontological studies. We document the effects of experimental, controlled heating on a sample of modern bones and teeth from sheep and goats. Four aspects of heating specimens to between 20 and 940°C were considered: color, microscopic morphology, crystalline structure and shrinkage. Our results show that changes in both color and microscopic morphology of burnt bones and teeth can be divided into five stages each of which is typical of a particular temperature range, although the stages based on color do not correlate exactly with those based on micromorphology. These stages can be used to determine (1) if specimens of unknown taphonomic history were burnt, and (2) the maximum temperature reached by those specimens. In addition, powder X-ray diffraction studies show that heating causes an increase in the crystal size of hydroxyapatite, the major inorganic component of bones and teeth. This fact in conjunction with the microscopic morphology can be used to confirm deduced heating to 645°C or more. The data on shrinkage are analyzed to yield a polynomial expression that summarizes percentage shrinkage as a function of the maximum temperature reached by bones. Thus, the original size of specimens can be reconstructed within limits since the maximum temperature reached by the bones can be deduced on the basis of color, microscopic morphology and/or powder X-ray diffraction patterns. Finally, because there is a discrepancy between the maximum heating device temperature and the maximum specimen temperature, caution must be exercised in distinguishing between the effects of man made and natural fires.
Polynomial Regression from a Bayesian Approach

Abstract The problem of prediction with a normal error polynomial regression model with uncertainty about the degree is considered. Priors incorporating this uncertainty are used; posteriors are explicitly derived for natural conjugate priors and shown to be consistent. The optimal predictor is shown to be a function of the marginal probabilities of the degree and of the mean values of the distribution of the coefficients when the loss in using p(x) (of degree d) to predict while the true regression curve is t(x) (of degree δ) is
Language switching in the bilingual brain: What’s next?

Recent work using functional neuroimaging with early bilinguals has found little evidence for separate neural systems for each language during picture naming (Hernandez, A. E., Dapretto, M., Mazziotta, J., & Bookheimer, S. (2001). Language switching and language representation in Spanish–English bilinguals: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 14, 510–520). However, switching between languages in early bilinguals during picture naming shows increased activity in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) suggesting the importance of maintaining goal related information in order to bias subsequent response selection (Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Kelley, W. M., Buckner, R. L., Cohen, N. J., Miezin, F. M., et al. (2001). Direct comparison of prefrontal cortex regions engaged by working and long-term memory tasks. Neuroimage, 14, 48–59; Cohen, J. D., Braver, T. S., & O’Reilly, R. C. (1996). A computational approach to prefrontal cortex, cognitive control and schizophrenia: Recent developments and current challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 351, 1515–1527; O’Reilly, R. C., Braver, T. S., & Cohen, J. D. (1999). A biologically based computational model of working memory. In E. Akira Miyake, E. Priti Shah & et al. (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. (pp. 375–411): New York, NY, USA). The current study set out to test early bilinguals using a picture naming paradigm. Results revealed increased activity in the DLPFC and the superior parietal lobule during language switching compared to naming of pictures in a single language. Increased activity was also observed between early learned first and second languages. The results from single language conditions revealed differences in areas devoted to language processing such as the Superior Temporal Gyrus. However, increased activity in brain areas devoted to memory, somatosensory processing and emotion were also observed. Taken together these results replicate previous studies on language switching. They also extend studies on the neural bases of bilingualism by suggesting that early bilinguals’ representation of the two languages may be mediated by neural systems not typically associated with language. The article ends by considering future directions in understanding the brain bases of language switching and single language processing in bilinguals.
An electron microscope study of the organization of the cerebral cortex of the 60 mm rabbit embryo.

The embryonic cerebral cortex was examined for signs of a columnar organization. In vertical montages extending from the intermediate lamina to the pia, nerve cells arranged in columns are separated by bundles of radial processes. However, sections tangential to the pial surface revealed little evidence for repeating modular units; bundles of radial processes are not regular in outline, and surrounding groups of cells display little symmetry in their distribution.
Construct validation of assessment center final dimension ratings: Definition and measurement issues

Abstract Existing evidence concerning assessment center construct validation suggests that assessment center final dimension ratings do not exhibit adequate discriminant validity. This evidence is considered in terms of several possible types of evidence suggested by Ghiselli, Campbell, and Zedeck (1981) and with respect to three possible explanations for lack of construct validity offered by Cronbach and Meehl (1955). A review of the literature leads to the conclusion that ad hoc definition of performance models, limitations of research and analytic methodology, and concentration on legal validity versus scientific validation are at least as plausible as explanations for findings as are problems with the measurement method itself. Assessment center ratings may be measuring constructs which have meaning to assessors and subject matter experts, but which have not been empirically identified by designers and evaluators of the method. Suggestions for further research are offered.
Invariant phase-only filters for TABILS24 millimeter-wavelength radar data

A compact library of discrete phase-only spatial filters for use in a digital or optical correlator has been constructed which discriminates between TABILS24 MV0045 and MVO294 by a factor of 10 using signal-to-clutter ratio as a measure of performance. This is a combined discrimination ratio of more than 20. This library of filters can be stored in 320 K or less of memory. These filters have been designed to give a stable recognition signal to their respective true targets over a wide range of rotation angles. More importantly, they also give strong recognition signals to target aspects which straddle images used in the filter training sets. This stability arises from a simple processing of the radar imagery before it is inserted into the correlator.
Sex, Sex Roles, and Familial Love

Abstract Though the effects of sex role socialization on love in romantic heterosexual relationships have been explored, little is known about the influence of sex role socialization on the expression of love among family members. In the present study, 51 male and 90 female undergraduates reported their feelings and behaviors of love toward a family member as assessed by Swenson's Scale of Feelings and Behaviors of Love and Balswick's Expression of Emotion Scale. Sex role orientation was measured by the Bern Sex Role Inventory. Data were analyzed with separate 2 × 4 (Sex × Sex Role) multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs). There was no interaction effect, and sex did not affect the expression of love towards a family member. The sex role effect was significant; androgynous respondents were more aware of love feelings and more expressive of love feelings than were the masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated respondents. Sex role orientation was a better predictor than sex of love behaviors and feelin...
Neutralization of the antithrombotic effects of heparin and fraxiparinR by protamine sulfate

Abstract In general, the in vitro anti Xa activity of low molecular weight heparins is neutralized to a lesser degree than the anti Xa activity of unfractionated heparin. To determine whether these differences occur in vivo , a rabbit stasis thrombosis model and a rat laser-induced thrombosis model were utilized. In the laser model, a similar degree of neutralization of the antithrombotic activity of heparin and FraxiparinR was obtained. However, in the stasis thrombosis model, significant antithrombotic activity of FraxiparinR remained after equigravimetric protamine administration. Ex vivo APTT, thrombin time, HeptestR, amidolytic anti Xa and anti Ila assays were performed. A coefficient (r=.806) was obtained for the correlation of HeptestR activity to antithrombotic effect in the stasis thrombosis model, while the coefficients obtained for the other tests ranged from .152–.570. However, after neutralization by protamine, the thrombin time exhibited the highest correlation coefficient (r = .685) between ex vivo activity and residual antithrombotic effect. Since FraxiparinR retains antithrombotic activity after protamine administration, clinical benefit may be observed for this low molecular weight heparin as compared to unfractionated heparin after neutralization.
Battling the bottle: Experiments in regulating drink in late colonial Madras

During the first half of the twentieth century numerous efforts were made in Madras to taper the consumption of liquor among the cities’ workers. Those who put their weight behind such schemes incl...
Seasonal Cycles in Crime, and Their Variability

Seasonal crime patterns have been a topic of sustained criminological research for more than a century. Results in the area are often conflicting, however, and no firm consensus exists on many points. The current study uses a long time series and a large areal sample to obtain more detailed seasonality estimates than have been available in the past. The findings show that all major crime rates exhibit seasonal behavior, and that most follow similar cycles. The existence of seasonal patterns is not explainable by monthly temperature differences between areas, but seasonality and temperature variations do interact with each other. These findings imply that seasonal fluctuations have both environmental and social components, which can combine to create different patterns from one location to another.
Second Place — Resident Clinical Science Award 1995: Human Papillomavirus Types Important in Progression of Inverted Papilloma:

Recent evidence suggests that human papillomavirus may play a role in the pathogenesis of inverted papilloma, a benign but locally aggressive neoplasm with a high recurrence rate and an association...
Eutrophication of Lake Water Microcosms: Phosphate versus Nonphosphate Detergents

The eutrophication potentials of a phosphate-containing detergent and two phosphate-free detergents, as determined in oligotrophic algal microcosms after activated sludge treatment, were not significantly different. All activated sludge effluents, including those from detergent-free waste water, lowered the algal diversity of the microcosms to about the same extent below that of the lake water controls.
Recovery of thioguanine-resistant cells from Chinese hamster V79 spheroids.

Abstract Multicell spheroids may prove useful in evaluting the interactions of mutagens with cells exposed in a tissue-like environment. However, direct comparisons among populations of Chinese hamster V79 spheroids of different sizes or with monolayers are complicated by the observation that as spheroids enlarge, the fraction of mutant cells resistant to 6-thioguanine (TGr) gradually decreases from about 5 in 105 to less than 1 in 105. There appear to be at least 2 explanations for these observations. First, TGr cells grow less well as spheroids than do 6-thioguanine-sensitive (TGs) cells. Second, the clonal nature of spheroid growth means that small samples fo spheroids are likely to contain fewer pre-existing TGr cells.
Narrowing the gap in treatment of depression.

Objective:Although effective treatments for depression exist, under or non-treatment of depression is common. Efforts were made in the early 1990s to improve recognition and treatment of depression, with many of those efforts targeted at groups most vulnerable to under-treatment. The purpose of this study is to assess treatment rates in 1993–1994 and 1996–1997.Method:Using nationally representative surveys of office-based practice covering the years 1993, 1994, 1996, and 1997, we obtained estimates of visits by adults in which depression was diagnosed and a prescription for antidepressant medication and/or psychotherapy was provided or ordered.Results:The proportion of physician office visits in which a depression diagnosis was recorded did not change from 1993–1994 (3.48 percent) to 1996–1997 (3.40 percent). However, the rate of antidepressant prescription or psychotherapy rose from 74.2 percent of visits with a depression diagnosis in 1993–1994 to 82.3 percent of these visits in 1996–1997. Significantly...
Introducing abortion patients to a culture of support: a pilot study

Currently in the United States, women who have abortions face a societal culture in which disapproval, stigma, and misinformation about the risks and sequelae of abortion are common. The purpose of this study is to pilot test an intervention that introduces abortion patients to a “culture of support” by providing validating messages and information about groups and services that support women in their reproductive decisions, addressing stigma, and providing information to help women identify and avoid sources of abortion misinformation. Twenty-two women who completed their post-operative exam after abortion were enrolled to take part in the study intervention. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore patient experiences and responses to the intervention. All (22/22) participants responded that they believed that interventions like the one studied could help women avoid letting the judgmental actions and attitudes of others “get to them so much”. All (20/20) participants felt that the intervention was personally helpful to them. An intervention that introduces women having abortions to a “culture of support” was well-received. This study provides a framework for future research about the content, strength, and effect of societal and cultural influences on women having abortions and for additional research about interventions to promote resilience after abortion.
Anti-vimentin monoclonal antibody recognizes a cell with dendritic appearance in the chicken's bursa of Fabricius.

The bursa of Fabricius was studied by immunohistochemical method using anti-vimentin monoclonal antibody (clone 3B4). This monoclonal antibody indentified a vimentin positive cell in the medulla of the bursal follicle. During the first 2 weeks of life the vimentin positive cells located along the corticomedullary border and later became prominent in the medulla with the exception of a narrow zone adjacent to the corticomedullary border. After hatching the accumulation of vimentin-type intermediate filaments on one side of the nucleus endowed the vimentin positive cells with a polarized appearance. This “cap-like” vimentin positive area of the cytoplasm determined the position of the major cell process. Within the medulla the Ia positive secretory dendritic cells contained secretory granules in one of the cell processes. The distribution, shape, and polarized appearance of the vimentin positive cells were identical with that of the secretory dendritic cells. Therefore, the anti-vimentin monoclonal antibody proved to be useful for identification of the bursal secretory dendritic cells. During rapid bursal growth the number of secretory dendritic cells increased, possibly, by proliferation of vimentin negative secretory dendritic cell precursors located along the corticomedullary border.
Forward, backward and combined masking: implications for an auditory integration period.

Auditory temporal psychometric functions were obtained for forward masking, backward masking, and for combined forward and backward masking for the case of an impulsive signal in white noise. Temporal psychometric functions show a large interaction between forward masking and backward masking when evaluated against an independence model of performance. The results are not consistent with the concept of a sharp rectangular temporal integrating period (“moment”) to account for the interaction.
These white walls: The dialectic of retirement communities

Abstract In 1960, Del Webb launched a grand social experiment: the nation's first large-scale ‘active adult’ community, Sun City, Arizona. Forty-four years hence, it is instructive to take stock of Sun City and its progeny. This paper excavates the social and cultural significance of age-restricted retirement communities, drawing on the voices of Sun City residents. Three tropes are revealed in interviews with Sun Citians about community and community life: birds of a feather, idyllic havens, and fortress mentality. Retirement communities display a striking dialectic, as they are places rich in meaning and collective identity in aging and, simultaneously, places of separation that speak to the potency of age, social class, and ethnicity as social borders. Retirement enclaves served as forerunners in the proliferation of master-planned, lifestyle communities that engender both resident well-being and social fragmentation in metropolitan America.
The effect of methionine on the metabolism of serine and glycine in vitamin B-12-deficient rats.

Abstract The effect of methionine supplementation on glycine and serine metabolism was studied in vitamin B-12-deficient rats which received only 0.2% methionine in the diet. In the perfused liver, incorporation of the C-2 of glycine to the C-3 of serine was increased by addition of methionine to the perfusate. The oxidation of [1- 14 C]glycine to 14 CO 2 was however depressed. Unlike methionine, glycine did not have any significant effect on the liver folate coenzyme distribution. Oxidation of [3- 14 C]serine to 14 CO 2 both in vivo and in perfused liver was increased by methionine. A major portion of the C-3 radioactivity however was recovered in glucose. Data presented indicate that the rate of oxidation of [2- 14 C]histidine to 14 CO 2 is more sensitive indicator of folate deficiency than the rate of oxidation of [3- 14 C] serine to 14 CO 2 although both are presumably tetrahydrofolate dependent.
Men, music, and marketing at Q104.3 (WAXQ‐FM New York) 1

(1998). Men, music, and marketing at Q104.3 (WAXQ‐FM New York) Popular Music and Society: Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 1-23.
Nitrogen loss from watersheds of interior Alaska underlain with discontinuous permafrost

[1] We constructed annual nitrogen budgets for four years for three watersheds underlain with discontinuous permafrost in interior Alaska. During all years, nitrogen export in stream flow exceeded input from deposition, with loss rate greatest from the two watersheds with the lowest spatial extents of permafrost. Elevated nitrogen export appears to be common in regions with discontinuous permafrost, based on nitrogen concentration in streams spanning a latitudinal gradient in permafrost coverage. This pattern of nitrogen loss is counter to temperate regions, where watersheds retain nitrogen even with elevated atmospheric deposition, and unexpected, given that terrestrial primary production appears to be nitrogen limited.
Lower bounds on the spectra of symmetric matrices with nonnegative entries

If we normalize a symmetric n × n matrix with nonnegative entriesso that its largest entry is 1, then its spectrum is bounded below by −n2. The lower bound is achieved in all even dimensions for (and only for) adjacency matrices of complete bipartite graphs with equal parts.
Carl Rogers: Body-Centered Counselor

The fundamental construct of C. R. Rogers's (1961, 1980a) person-centered approach is organismic experiencing. This thesis is examined in the context of person-centered theories of personality and counseling. Similarities between Rogers's thinking and that of W. Reich (1942, 1945), pioneer in body-oriented psychotherapy, are identified. Rogers's activities as counselor are shown to be body-centered.
Inhibition of DNA transcription by chromosomal nonhistone proteins.

Abstract 1. 1. A fraction of chicken liver nuclei was found to inhibit the in-vitro transcription of DNA when assayed in the presence of both the E. coli and chicken liver RNA polymerases. 2. 2. DNA affinity chromatography was used to obtain two DNA-binding proteins from the fraction (approx. mol. wt 35,000 and 56,000) that inhibited the initiation of DNA-transcription in vitro. 3. 3. The ratio of acidic to basic amino acids of these two proteins was 1.6.
An autoradiographic study of the formation of the lateral motor column in the chick embryo.

Abstract An autoradiographic determination of the time of origin of the lateral motor columns (LMC) of the chick embryo has been made. The first motor neurons of the brachial LMC are born at stage 15; the earliest birthdates of lumbar LMC neurons are at stage 17. At least 95% of the motor neurons of both brachial and lumbar columns are produced by stage 23 (4 days). The remaining 5% of the motor neurons are produced during the next two days. A clear rostrocaudal gradient of motor neuron production is seen both between the brachial and lumbar LMCs and within the LMCs themselves. The LMCs are assembled in a mediolateral sequence: the earlyborn motor neurons settle medially, the later-born motor neurons settle more laterally. Observations were made of other large early-born neurons which remain permanently in the dorsal gray of the spinal cord.
Range ambiguities in real‐time ultrasound

The frequent occurrence of low-level artifactual echoes in normally echo-free areas of real-time images is shown to be due to a range-ambiguity effect caused by the fast frame rate of real-time equipment. The experimental data demonstrates the range-ambiguous echoes to be present in linear array and mechanical sector scanner real-time images. Several suggestions are made to reduce the effect of the artifact in real-time images. A set of real-time acceptance tests that utilize this artifact are proposed.
Double K-shell ionization accompanying internal conversion of the 0.662-MeV transition in 137Bam.

Double ionization of the atomic K shell accompanying the K-shell internal conversion of the 0.166-MeV transition of $^{139}\mathrm{La}$ has been studied by recording triple coincidences between La K x rays, La K satellite x rays, and La K\ensuremath{\alpha} hypersatellite x rays emitted when the K-shell vacancies are filled. The probability per K-shell internal conversion that a double vacancy is formed, ${P}_{\mathrm{KK}}$(IC), was found to be (6.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$, which is in good agreement with the K-shell electron shakeoff prediction of 5.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ by Mukoyama and Shimizu.
Optimum lattice parameters for cation transport

Abstract The distance parameter of the α-silver-like lattices is computed to minimize the calculated activation energy, maximizing the transport of Ag + .
Memory performance by decision-making groups and individuals

Abstract Four-person groups and individuals performed memory and decision tasks in an investigation of the social processing of information. As predicted, groups recalled and recognized information better than individuals across a variety of measures and decision conditions. Predictions from various models of group decision-making and problem-solving were compared to group and individual memory responses. No set of predictions closely matched the observed data, suggesting that memory tasks may foster a social process unlike those observed heretofore. Memory responses also indicated that groups check individual errors and exaggerate individual response tendencies.
Growing Use of Mastectomy for Ductal Carcinoma-In Situ of the Breast Among Young Women in the United States

Ductal carcinoma-in situ (DCIS) is a preinvasive form of breast cancer associated with excellent outcomes after either mastectomy or breast conservation therapy. Previous studies have demonstrated declining rates of mastectomy. However, it is unclear how this pattern has changed in recent years. Women with DCIS were identified within the National Cancer Data Base. Patients treated with lumpectomy with or without radiotherapy were compared to women treated with mastectomy on the basis of demographic, clinicopathologic, and reporting facility details using χ 2 tests and multivariable logistic regression modeling to identify factors that may influence surgical choice. Changes in the proportion of women receiving contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) were assessed in a similar fashion. We identified 212,936 women diagnosed with DCIS between 1998 and 2011. Lumpectomy was performed in 68 % (144,681) of patients. Mastectomy rates initially declined from 1998 (36 %) through 2004 (28 %), before increasing again through 2011 (33 %). Younger patient age, greater medical comorbidity, more extensive disease, higher tumor grade, treatment at an academic facility, and greater distance from the reporting facility were associated with heightened use of mastectomy (all p < 0.001). CPM also increased over time, particularly among younger patients, on multivariate analysis (p < 0.001). Mastectomy utilization appears to be rising between 2004 and 2011, particularly among younger patients and those with higher-risk histopathologic features. CPM is increasing in a similar fashion. Further research is needed to understand the drivers of this change.
Viral-templated palladium nanocatalysts for Suzuki coupling reaction

We demonstrate and thoroughly examine tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-templated palladium (Pd) nanocatalysts for the ligand-free Suzuki coupling reaction under mild conditions. The surface-assembled TMV templates allow for facile catalyst synthesis under mild aqueous conditions that leads to high Pd surface loading and stability. Further, the chip-based format enables simple catalyst separation and reuse as well as facile product recovery. Reaction condition studies demonstrated that the solvent ratio played an important role in the selectivity of the Suzuki reaction, and that a higher water/acetonitrile ratio significantly facilitated the cross-coupling pathway. We envision that our viral template-based bottom-up assembly approach can be readily extended to other biotemplates, metal catalysts and organic reaction systems.
Neutron Diffraction Investigations of Ferromagnetic Palladium and Iron Group Alloys

In order to account for the magnetic properties of alloys it becomes important to determine the individual magnetic moments of the constituent atoms. This determination can be accomplished by the combination of neutron diffraction and magnetic induction measurements. Such measurements were made on the following ferromagnetic alloys: Pd3Fe, PdFe, Pd3Co, PdCo, Ni3Co, and NiCo. The average moment values were obtained from magnetic induction measurements while the differences in the atomic moments were determined from either the ferromagnetic diffuse scattering of the disordered alloys or the superlattice reflections of the ordered alloys.
Renewable microcolumns for solid-phase nucleic acid separations and analysis from environmental samples

Abstract This article summarizes the convergence of sequential injection–renewable separation columns (SI–RSC) and techniques with nucleic acid analysis at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. New renewable microcolumn designs, functional principles and their analytical and practical utility are presented within the context of automated nucleic acid extraction and purification from environmental samples.
Evaluation of oxidative corrosion in diesel fuel lubricated contacts

Previous studies have demonstrated that the durability of some fuel injection systems on compression-ignition engines will be adversely affected by fuels of sufficiently low lubricity. However, no widely, accepted lubricity measure is available; indeed, the wear mechanisms present have not been conclusively defined. The results of the present study indicate that oxidative corrosion is the predominant mechanism with very highly processed fuels, resulting in catastrophic wear and rapid failure. Less highly refined fuels contain natural corrosion inhibitors and produce alternate wear mechanisms that may still affect long-term durability. A laboratory test procedure directed toward the oxidative wear mechanism was evaluated and a number of modifications suggested. The resulting test produced good correlation with the full-scale pump and appeared to correlate with the criteria necessary for oxidative corrosion. However, it is recognized that this single test procedure may not fully define the lubricity require...
Flannery O'Connor's Fractured Families

It becomes immediately apparent to even the most casual reader of Flannery O'Connor's fiction that her tales and novels tend to rely on a variety of recurring patterns and themes. There are, for example, few landscapes in her stories; they are set either in the backwood, agrarian environments of the rural South or in the heart of modern American cities. Representing these vastly different worlds are O'Connor's two major groups of protagonists: the middle-aged agrarian landowner and the young urban intellectual. And just as she maintained and resketched these backdrops and personality types throughout her literary career, O'Connor fashioned most of her characters, regardless of their philosophical orientation or environmental background, from fragmented families, wherein they are either the only child or the sole parent. Although several critics have noted the writer's proclivity for drawing fictional situations involving characters from these deliberately truncated family units, no scholar has yet adequately established why O'Connor incorporates these relation ships so frequently into her work, much less explained their larger relevance to her themes and viewpoints.1 Louise Westling's argument that O'Connor's own family life parallels those of her characters is often cited and generally accepted.2 Yet it appears that such an explanation is a little too simplistic for a writer as complex and subtle as O'Connor. More important, such an assumption tends to overlook the affectionate, if unsentimental, portrait of O'Connor's own relation ship with her mother, Regina, described so vividly in The Habit of Being: The Tetters of Flannery O'Connor. Her fictional daughters share no similar attraction toward their mothers. While Westling's interpretation goes on to add a feminist perspective to the growing body of O'Connor scholarship, it ultimately considers the writer's women characters in a strictly secular context, which was not O'Connor's intention at all. A more comprehensive assessment of her familial associations can perhaps be established only when these relationships are viewed in the light of the religious perspective from which O'Connor composed them. O'Connor's literary families are sometimes headed by uncles, grandfathers, and fathers who have charge of children whose other parents are not present. But with the exceptions of Mr. Head, Rayber, and Sheppard, O'Connor's single parents are usually widowed mothers with one child. The writer's widows and widowers are steely, independent types who somehow manage to hold their homes and farms together, but often at the expense of understanding and aiding in the development of their children. However, in those tales where the children are old enough to
Ablation of Cardiac Myosin-Binding Protein-C Accelerates Stretch Activation in Murine Skinned Myocardium

Cardiac myosin binding protein-C (cMyBP-C) is a thick filament accessory protein that binds tightly to myosin, but despite evidence that mutations in the cMyBP-C gene comprise a frequent cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, relatively little is known about the role(s) of cMyBP-C in myocardium. Based on earlier studies demonstrating the potential importance of stretch activation in cardiac contraction, we examined the effects of cMyBP-C on the stretch activation responses of skinned ventricular preparations from wild-type (WT) and homozygous cMyBP-C knockout mice (cMyBP-C(-/-)) previously developed in our laboratory. Sudden stretch of skinned myocardium during maximal or submaximal Ca2+ activations resulted in an instantaneous increase in force that quickly decayed to a minimum and was followed by a delayed redevelopment of force (ie, stretch activation) to levels greater than prestretch force. Ablation of cMyBP-C dramatically altered the stretch activation response, ie, the rates of force decay and delayed force transient were accelerated compared with WT myocardium. These results suggest that cMyBP-C normally constrains the spatial position of myosin cross-bridges, which, in turn, limits both the rate and extent of interaction of cross-bridges with actin. We propose that ablation of cMyBP-C removes this constraint, increases the likelihood of cross-bridge binding to actin, and speeds the rate of delayed force development following stretch. Regardless of the specific mechanism, acceleration of cross-bridge cycling in cMyBP-C(-/-) myocardium could account for the abbreviation of systolic ejection in this mouse as a direct consequence of premature stretch activation of ventricular myocardium.
WreckWatch: Automatic Traffic Accident Detection and Notification with Smartphones

Traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of fatalities in the US. An important indicator of survival rates after an accident is the time between the accident and when emergency medical personnel are dispatched to the scene. Eliminating the time between when an accident occurs and when first responders are dispatched to the scene decreases mortality rates by 6%. One approach to eliminating the delay between accident occurrence and first responder dispatch is to use in-vehicle automatic accident detection and notification systems, which sense when traffic accidents occur and immediately notify emergency personnel. These in-vehicle systems, however, are not available in all cars and are expensive to retrofit for older vehicles. This paper describes how smartphones, such as the iPhone and Google Android platforms, can automatically detect traffic accidents using accelerometers and acoustic data, immediately notify a central emergency dispatch server after an accident, and provide situational awareness through photographs, GPS coordinates, VOIP communication channels, and accident data recording. This paper provides the following contributions to the study of detecting traffic accidents via smartphones: (1) we present a formal model for accident detection that combines sensors and context data, (2) we show how smartphone sensors, network connections, and web services can be used to provide situational awareness to first responders, and (3) we provide empirical results demonstrating the efficacy of different approaches employed by smartphone accident detection systems to prevent false positives.
Nonpolar and Semipolar Group III Nitride-Based Materials

GaN and its alloys with InN and AlN are materials systems that have enabled the revolution in solid-state lighting and high-power/high-frequency electronics. GaN-based materials naturally form in a hexagonal wurtzite structure and are naturally grown in a (0001) c-axis orientation. Because the wurtzite structure is polar, GaN-based heterostructures have large internal electric fields due to discontinuities in spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization. For optoelectronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes and laser diodes, the internal electric field is generally deleterious as it causes a spatial separation of electron and hole wave functions in the quantum wells, which, in turn, likely decreases efficiency. Growth of GaN-based heterostructures in alternative orientations, which have reduced (semipolar orientations) or no polarization (nonpolar) in the growth direction, has been a major area of research in recent years. This issue highlights many of the key developments in nonpolar and semipolar nitride materials and devices.
Ultraviolet powder versus ultraviolet gel for assessing environmental cleaning.

We compared cleaning rates associated with use of a white ultraviolet (UV) powder versus a transparent UV gel among units with various degrees of previous experience with UV powder. The study outcome was the presence of discordant cleaning (removal of powder without the removal of gel, or vice versa). We found higher frequency of discordance in high-experience units (31%) than in no-experience units (8%) ( ). In 92% of discordant findings, the powder P ! .001 was removed but not the gel ( ). These findings suggest prefP ! .001 erential cleaning of visible UV targets among units with high levels of previous experience with powder.
Instability phenomena in a two-phase microchannel thermosyphon

Abstract The behavior of a two-phase thermosyphon, consisting of a microchannel evaporator plate and a condenser, is investigated to gain insight into the system limiting instability. A microchannel plate has been fabricated with 56 square channels that have a 1 × 1 mm cross section and a length of 115 mm. Experiments have been conducted for various condenser heights with the heat flux as the control variable. A step increase in heat flux is used to quantify the response of the system, including variations in mass flow rate, temperature, and pressure drop. Results show that small fluctuations about the steady state give rise to the instability for situations with a uniform heat load. A predictive model based on the momentum equation is introduced to estimate the onset of instability, and the threshold heat flux is predicted to within ±10% uncertainty.
From logical neurons to poetic embodiments of mind: Warren S. McCulloch's project in neuroscience.

ArgumentAfter more than half a century of eclipse, the mind (in contradistinction to brain and behavior) emerged in the 1950s as a legitimate object of experimental and quantitative research in natural science. This paper argues that the neural nets project of Warren S. McCulloch, in frequent collaboration with Walter Pitts, spearheaded this cognitivist turn in the 1940s. Viewing the project as a spiritual and poetic quest for the transcendental logos, as well as a culturally situated epistemology, the paper focuses on McCulloch’s and Pitts’ efforts of logical modeling of the mind and on the social conditions that shaped that mission.From McCulloch’s “experimental epistemology,” the mind–purposes and ideas–emerged out of the regularities of neuronal interactions, or nets. That science of mind thus became a science of signals based on binary logic with clearly defined units of perception and precise rules of formation and transformation for representing mental states. Aimed at bridging the gulf between body and mind (matter and form) and the technical gulf between things man-made and things begotten, neural nets also laid the foundation for the field of artificial intelligence.Thus this paper also situates McCulloch’s work within a larger historical trend, when cybernetics, information theory, systems theories, and electronic computers were coalescing into a new science of communication and control with enormous potential for industrial automation and military power in the Cold War era. McCulloch’s modeling the mind as a system of command and control contributed to the actualization of this potential.We build our castles in the air,And from the air they tumble down,Unless we carry them up thereUntil they crack the pate they crown. And we must lug them everywhere,From garden walk to crowded town;We build our castles in the air,And from the air they tumble down. And lucky, if when sere and brown,Before our eyes too lofty stare,We scape with life and pate, though bare,On which to plant an honest frown.We build our castles in the air,And from the air they tumble down.Warren S. McCullochOf McCulloch’s literary work only two thin volumes, One Word After Another (1945) and The Natural Fit (1959), have been published. Most of his poetic output was unpublished and is deposited at the American Philosophical Society (hereafter APS) in the McCulloch Papers, BM 139. The poem, originally published in The Natural Fit, is quoted after McCulloch 1989, vol. 3, 917. For commentary on his poetry, see Vasalis 1989.
The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: Annual Change in Biomarkers and Clinical Outcomes

Abstract Background The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Phase 1 (ADNI-1) is a multisite prospective study designed to examine potential cerebrospinal fluid and imaging markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their relationship to cognitive change. The objective of this study was to provide a global summary of the overall results and patterns of change observed in candidate markers and clinical measures over the first 2 years of follow-up. Methods Change was summarized for 210 normal controls, 357 mild cognitive impairment, and 162 AD subjects, with baseline and at least one cognitive follow-up assessment. Repeated measures and survival models were used to assess baseline biomarker levels as predictors. Potential for improving clinical trials was assessed by comparison of precision of markers for capturing change in hypothetical trial designs. Results The first 12 months of complete data on ADNI participants demonstrated the potential for substantial advances in characterizing trajectories of change in a range of biomarkers and clinical outcomes, examining their relationship and timing, and assessing the potential for improvements in clinical trial design. Reduced metabolism and greater brain atrophy in the mild cognitive impairment at baseline are associated with more rapid cognitive decline and a higher rate of conversion to AD. Use of biomarkers as study entry criteria or as outcomes could reduce the number of participants required for clinical trials. Conclusions Analyses and comparisons of ADNI data strongly support the hypothesis that measurable change occurs in cerebrospinal fluid, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging well in advance of the actual diagnosis of AD.
Kinetics of dissolution of Concanavalin A/Dextran sols in response to glucose measured by surface plasmon resonance

Abstract The dissolution of highly viscous dispersions composed of complexes of Concanavalin A (Con A) and high molecular-weight dextran (2000 kDa) in response to glucose was studied by using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The viscous property of Con A/dextran sols is based on intermolecular affinity bonds between dextran and Con A. These receptor/ligand cross-linkages can be reversibly cleaved by the competing analyte glucose, resulting in a sol with a strongly reduced viscosity. We tested the concept of using the kinetics of sol dissolution as an analytical tool for glucose determination. Under this premise, a thin layer of the Con A/dextran dispersion was placed on the gold surface of a novel SPR-probe. The sol's dissolution, when placed in contact with bulk solutions of various glucose concentrations, was monitored by measuring the shift of resonance angle. An increased rate of sol dissolution at increasing levels of glucose concentration was found, presumably due to a decrease of the sol viscosity which led to a faster diffusion and mass transport of the sol components into the bulk solution. The thickness of the sol layer turned out to be the rate-limiting step of the dissolution kinetics. Other factors such as sugar specificity and temperature had a significant affect on the kinetics of sol dissolution also. However, matrix effects of the test solution effected the overall kinetics of the solution only to a minimal extent, rendering the method interesting for biosensing purposes.