cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of microstructure on the size and shape of coal particles during comminution

Coal samples were comminuted in a ball mill under controlled temperature (20°C), in helium. Microstructural analyses of the coal particles before ball milling and at various times during milling showed relationships between the microstructure and the size and shapes of the resulting particles. During milling, fracture lines tended to proceed through pores and cracks and organic-to-organic and mineral-to-organic interfaces, and thus these features greatly influenced the size and shapes of particles produced. In the early stages of milling, a porous component of lignite produced needle-like or plate-shaped particles that were later broken into blocky and rounded particles. Another less porous component of lignite produced blocky and rounded particles during all stages of milling.
Prospective evaluation of patient-reported quality-of-life outcomes following SBRT ± cetuximab for locally-recurrent, previously-irradiated head and neck cancer.

Abstract Purpose Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has emerged as a promising salvage strategy for unresectable, previously-irradiated recurrent squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (rSCCHN). Here-in, we report the first prospective evaluation of patient-reported quality-of-life (PR-QoL) following re-irradiation with SBRT±cetuximab for rSCCHN. Materials and methods From November 2004 to May 2011, 150 patients with unresectable, rSCCHN in a previously-irradiated field receiving >40Gy were treated with SBRT to 40–50Gy in 5 fractions±concurrent cetuximab. PR-QoL was prospectively acquired using the University of Washington Quality-of-Life Revised (UW-QoL-R). Results Overall PR-QoL, health-related PR-QoL, and select domains commonly affected by re-irradiation progressively increase following an initial 1-month decline with statistically significant improvements noted in swallowing ( p =0.025), speech ( p =0.017), saliva ( p =0.041), activity ( p =0.032) and recreation ( p =0.039). Conclusions Especially for patients surviving >1-year, improved tumor control associated with SBRT re-irradiation may ameliorate decreased PR-QoL resulting from rSCCHN. These improvements in PR-QoL transcend all measured domains in a validated PR-QoL assessment tool independent of age, use of cetuximab, tumor volume, and interval since prior irradiation.
The anatomical distribution and morphology of extraadrenal chromaffin tissue (abdominal paraganglia) in the dog

Abstract The anatomical distribution, in situ , and morphology of extraadrenal chromaffin tissue in the retroperitoneum of dogs of various ages was studied by utilizing glutaraldehyde perfusion followed by glutaraldehyde/potassium dichromate immersion. This method of study produced a gross chromaffin reaction that clearly demonstrated abundant catecholamine-containing paraganglionic tissue. The procedure also provided excellent tissue preservation for subsequent light and electron microscopic study of the dichromate-traced organs. The largest chromaffin organ consistently occurred ventral and lateral to the abdominal aorta in the mid-retroperitoneum. Extensions of this body often reached the adrenal glands, but a specific continuity between intra- and extra-adrenal chromaffin tissues was not observed. Smaller organs, probably corresponding to the Organs of Zuckerkandl in the human, occurred around the inferior mesenteric artery. Light microscopy identified a parenchyma rich in epithelial cells exhibiting cytoplasmic vesicles and prominent nuclei and nucleoli. Connective tissue and numerous blood vessels delineated the chromaffin cells into groups. Electron microscopy showed cellular detail characteristic of chromaffin cells and confirmed the cytoplasmic presence of typical catecholamine granules. The majority of granules exhibited homogeneously dense cores. However, many others appeared less dense and displayed granular cores. This study provides evidence that extraadrenal chromaffin organs in dogs are voluminous, rich in catecholamine granules, and persist into adulthood.
Markov processes in learning theory

Consideration is given mathematical problems arising in two learning theories—one developed by Bush and Mosteller, the other developed by Estes. The theory of Bush and Mosteller leads to a class of Markov processes which have been studied in considerable detail (see [1] and [7]). The Estes model can be treated as a Markov chain, i.e., a Markov process with a finite number of states. For an important class of special cases, it is shown that the Bush-Mosteller model is, in a sense, a limiting form of the Estes model. The limiting probability distributions are derived for the cases treated in both models.
Experimental simulation of a gaseous divertor: Measurements of neutral density inside the plasma

Direct measurements of the neutral density in the core of hydrogen plasma with a density of 3–4×1014 cm−3 and electron temperature of 15–20 eV in a magnetic field of 0.2 T, injected into hydrogen neutral gas at a pressure of 0.1–2 Torr are performed with plasma emission spectroscopy. The data are in agreement with the results of measured plasma decay [Phys. Fluids B 2, 837 (1990)] and can be explained by radial pressure balance between fast neutrals inside the plasma and cold background gas.
Lithium in halo stars : constraining the effects of helium diffusion on globular cluster ages and cosmology

Stellar evolutionary models with diffusion are used to show that observations of lithium in extreme halo stars provide crucial constraints on the magnitude of the effects of helium diffusion. The flatness of the observed Li-T(eff) relation severely constrains diffusion Li isochrones, which tend to curve downward toward higher T(eff). It is argued that Li observations at the hot edge of the plateau are particularly important in constraining the effects of helium diffusion; yet, they are currently few in number. It is proposed that additional observations are required there, as well as below 5500 K, to define more securely the morphology of the halo Li abundances. Implications for the primordial Li abundance are considered. It is suggested that a conservative upper limit to the initial Li abundance, due to diffusive effects alone, is 2.35.
The Effect of Negative Stress Ratio Load History on High Cycle Fatigue Threshold

The objective of this research was to measure the load history effects of negative stress ratio loading on the high cycle fatigue (HCF) crack growth threshold of Ti-6Al-4V. Previous work has shown an increase in the HCF threshold that is dependent on the Kmax during the low cycle fatigue loading that nucleated a crack. The increase in fatigue limit was attributed to an overload effect from the LCF loading and was quantified through the use of a simple overload model. On the contrary, evidence from R = −1 testing suggests that negative overloads, referred to as underloads, may reduce this Kmax load history effect and even lower the threshold below long crack values. To investigate this further, smooth and notched Ti-6Al-4V specimens were pre-loaded in fatigue below their endurance limit at stresses expected to nucleate cracks in approximately 10 million and 100 000 cycles, respectively, and at stress ratios of −3.5 and −3, respectively. Although the smooth specimens could not be monitored for crack nucleation, the notched specimens allowed the use of an infrared damage detection system to monitor the localized region at the notch root for indications of crack nucleation. These cracked specimens were then heat tinted, and several were also stress relieved to remove load history effects. All of the preloaded specimens were then HCF step tested to determine the fatigue limit stress or threshold. Although the smooth bars showed little effect due to the preloading at negative R, the threshold results on the notched specimens that developed measurable cracks seem to show competing effects of underloading and Kmax overloading, dependent somewhat on precrack length. The specimens with smaller cracks nucleated at R = −3 tend to have a reduced HCF threshold compared to the conventional long crack threshold. Short crack effects and load-history effects are quantitatively explained with the aid of a Kitagawa diagram with an El Haddad short crack correction.
Advanced analysis for structural steel building design

The 2005 AISC LRFD Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings are making it possible for designers to recognize explicitly the structural resistance provided within the elastic and inelastic ranges of behavior and up to the maximum load limit state. There is an increasing awareness of the need for practical second-order analysis approaches for a direct determination of overall structural system response. This paper attempts to present a simple, concise and reasonably comprehensive introduction to some of the theoretical and practical approaches which have been used in the traditional and modern processes of design of steel building structures.
Changes in Glucose Metabolism and Blood Flow Following Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer

This article focuses on this application of positron emission tomography (PET) to breast cancer. The article first reviews the PET methodology used for breast cancer response assessment, with an emphasis on quantitative methods. This is followed by a review of results to date for neoadjuvant chemotherapy and therapy of metastatic breast cancer. Preliminary studies with tracers other than (18)F-fluordeoxyglucose are then reviewed. The article ends with a summary and a discussion of future directions.
Landscapes transitional, modern, modernistic, modernist

The term ‘modern landscape architecture’ normally qualifies those twentieth-century designs that looked ahead, rather than to the past. To be more precise, however, we might add to the broad category of ‘modern’ the sub-categories of ‘transitional’, ‘modernistic’ and ‘modernist’. Seen in this light, modern refers to twentieth-century landscapes that derived from the materials, technology and social needs of the times, but with no restriction on vocabulary. Modernistic landscapes borrowed in a similar way, but more superficially, retaining the spatial structure of historic landscapes_as did transitional works, including those rooted in naturalism. Modernist, then, specifically applies only to those landscapes that deliberately proposed and tested new spatial and formal ideas, often adapting graphic idioms drawn from the modern plastic arts.
Roles of line stimulation-induced virtual electrodes and action potential prolongation in arrhythmic propagation.

Arrhythmias During Line Stimulation.Introduction: Line stimulation across fibers generates a virtual electrode (VE) pattern that consists of adjacent + Vm and − Vm regions. In this study, we evaluated Vm at the break of line stimulation pulses to determine where arrhythmias arise and their propagation direction relative to +Vm and −Vm regions. Methods and Results: We optically mapped the anterior left ventricular epicardium of isolated rabbit hearts (n = 9). Monophasic line stimuli were applied across fibers at various coupling intervals. In 18 of 24 break arrhythmias, i.e., arrhythmias in which propagation occurred after the break but ≤ 30 msec postshock, excitation propagated from the border between +Vm and −Vm regions toward the −Vm region (P 30 msec postshock, propagation was reversed, i.e., toward the + Vm region (P < 0.01), which was where the positive VE produced action potential prolongation. Conclusion: The propagation of break, make, and late arrhythmias is spatially related to VEs. The different direction of propagation of late arrhythmias relative to the VEs is explained by the delayed recovery of Vm due to VE-induced action potential prolongation.
Micropulse differential absorption lidar for identification of carbon sequestration site leakage

A scanning differential absorption lidar (DIAL) instrument for identification of carbon dioxide leaks at carbon sequestration sites has been developed and initial data has been collected at Montana State University. The laser transmitter uses two tunable discrete mode laser diodes operating in the continuous-wave mode with one locked to the online absorption wavelength and the other operating at the offline wavelength. Two in-line fiber optic switches are used to switch between online and offline operation. After the fiber optic switch, an acousto-optic modulator is used to generate a pulse train used to injection seed an erbium-doped fiber amplifier to produce eye-safe laser pulses with maximum pulse energies of 66 μJ, a pulse repetition frequency of 15 kHz, and an operating wavelength of 1.571 μm. The DIAL receiver uses a 28 cm diameter Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope to collect that backscattered light, which is then monitored using a photomultiplier tube module operating in the photon counting mode. The DIAL has measured carbon dioxide profiles from 1 to 2.5 km with 60 min temporal averaging. Comparisons of DIAL measurements with a Licor LI-820 gas analyzer point sensor have been made.
Effects of applied calcium on growth and ammonium utilization by corn

Abstract Previous research suggests that calcium (Ca) can increase monovalent cation uptake and that Ca added to calcareous soils may improve plant growth irrespective of ammonia volatilization suppression. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the influence of added Ca on growth and ammonium uptake by corn (Zea mays L.). Soils used were an acidic Bowie fine sandy loam (Fragic Paleudult) and a calcareous Weswood silt loam (Fluventic Ustochrept). Nitrogen (N) (0, 56, 112 mg N/kg soil) and calcium (0, 42, 84 mg Ca/kg soil) were applied in factorial design, with the total amount applied split into 9 weekly applications. Corn was grown for 9 weeks following emergence. Growth parameters measured were plant height, leaf area, dry matter yields of roots and shoots, and shoot nitrogen and calcium concentrations. Total shoot content of these elements was computed by multiplying shoot concentration by shoot dry weight. Calcium affected corn growth more on the acidic series than on the calcareous soil. Added...
Cohesion Over Time in a Peacekeeping Medical Task Force

The U.S. military is increasingly involved in operations that require specially configured task forces that are tailored to the demands of a particular operation. Given the presumed importance of u...
Centrifuge validation of a numerical model for dynamic soil liquefaction

Abstract The validation of a numerical model based on multiyield plasticity theory is presented. The validation is performed by using a series of centrifuge model soil tests performed by two centrifuge laboratories within the context of the VELACS (verification of liquefaction analysis by centrifuge studies) project sponsored by NSF. The constitutive soil parameters are evaluated based on the results of conventional laboratory soil tests performed by the Earth Technology Corporation, and by empirical correlation formulae available in the literature. The parameter identification procedure is explained in detail, and a unique set of constitutive parameters is used throughout the numerical simulations. Three centrifuge soil experiments performed at Princeton University and Cambridge University are selected for the numerical analysis and validation of the proposed procedures.
New geologic evidence for additional 16.5–15.5 Ma silicic calderas in northwest Nevada related to initial impingement of the Yellowstone hot spot

Three silicic calderas have been newly identified in northwest Nevada west of McDermitt caldera. This volcanism is interpreted to have formed during a short interval at 16.5-15.5 Ma, during the waning stage of Steens flood basalt volcanism after the initial impingement of the Yellowstone hot spot. New mapping demonstrates that the area affected by this mid-Miocene silicic volcanism is significantly larger than previously appreciated in the western U.S.
Antimelanoma Antibodies in Swine With Spontaneously Regressing Melanoma

Sinclair swine provide a unique model for studying mechanisms of tumor regression because they are born with melanomas that spontaneously regress approximately 10 weeks after birth. To examine whether an antitumor immune response is present in these animals, and, if so, to study its relation to tumor regression, 38 sera specimens collected at different times from 13 swine born with melanomas were tested for melanoma antibodies by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE analysis of 125I labelled swine melanoma macromolecules. Antibodies to melanoma were present in 13 (100%) of the swine versus 1 of 3 control swine. The antibodies were directed to antigens of approximately 45, 68-75, or 100 kDa. These antigens were also expressed on human melanomas and normal melanocytes but on only one of five unrelated tumors. The incidence and level of these antibodies increased with time. Antibodies to the 45, 68-75, and 100 kDa antigens were present in 36%, 55%, and 9%, respectively, of sera collected prior to 7 weeks of age, but in 80%, 100%, and 37% of sera collected between 7 and 20 weeks (P < 0.05). The rise in melanoma antibodies usually preceded or appeared together with tumor regression and loss of pigmentation. These findings indicate that Sinclair swine with melanomas have antibodies to antigens preferentially expressed on pigment cells, and support the hypothesis that the regression phenomenon and the vitiligo-like skin depigmentation result from immune responses to common antigens shared by normal and malignant swine pigment cells.
SKIN-EFFECT RESISTANCE OF CONDUCTORS WITH A TRAPEZOIDAL CROSS SECTION

A numerical procedure has been applied to a coupled surface integral equation for computing the resistance of an overetched circuit trace with a trapezoidal cross section. A universal diagram of resistance versus normalized frequency is provided for three aspect ratios. The high-frequency behavior of the resistance is also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 18: 387–389, 1998.
Risky Shift and Creativity.

A review of the literature led to the hypothesis that there could be a relationship between risk-taking and creativity. To test this hypothesis, 10 groups of four undergraduates were administered the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire and a subtest of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. This was followed by the standard group process noted to result in a risky shift. After the group process, the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire and an alternate Torrance subtest were readministered. Eleven groups of four undergraduates (the assignments to groups and the assignments to treatments made on a random basis) received the same administrations of the Choice Dilemma Questionnaire and the Torrance tests but had a relaxation period interposed between administrations rather than the group process. The experimental groups increased their risk-taking scores in a statistically significant way, indicating that the risky shift phenomenon had occurred. Concomitantly, the experimental groups' flexibility and originality scores increased significantly, while their elaboration scores decreased at statistically significant levels. No changes were noted on fluency. The control groups showed no significant changes in either the risk-taking scores or any of the four creativity scores. Evidently, increasing the likelihood of taking risks via the risky shift also influences creative responding.
The financial impact of teaching surgical residents in the operating room

BACKGROUND: There have been no published data regarding the cost of training surgical residents in the operating room. METHODS: At the University of Tennessee Medical Center-Knoxville, in addition to resident-performed teaching cases, some cases are performed without the assistance of residents by the same faculty. RESULTS: Sixty-two case categories involving 14,452 cases were compared for operative times alone. In 46 case categories (10,787 procedures), resident operative times were longer than faculty alone. In 16 case categories, resident operating times were shorter than faculty times. The net incremental operative time cost was 2,050 hours between July 1993 and March 1997. Assuming 4 years of operative training for 11 graduating chief residents, the cost per graduating resident was $47,970. CONCLUSION: Extrapolated to a national annual cost for the 1,014 general surgery residents who completed training in the 1997 academic year, the annual cost of training residents in the operating room is $53 million. This high monetary cost suggests the need for digital skills, selection criteria, the development of training curriculum and resource facilities, the pre-operating room need for suturing and stapling techniques, and perhaps the acquisition of virtual surgery training modules.
Lessons learned for improving spacecraft ground operations

NASA has a unique history in processing the Space Shuttle fleet for launches. Some of this experience has been captured in the NASA Lessons Learned Information System (LLIS). This tool provides a convenient way for design engineers to review lessons from the past to prevent problems from reoccurring and incorporate positive lessons in new designs. At the Kennedy Space Center, the LLIS is being used to design ground support equipment for the next generation of launch and crewed vehicles. This paper describes the LLIS process and offers some examples.
Quality Metrics of Digitally Derived Imagery and Their Relation to Interpreter Performance

Two hundred-fifty transparencies, displaying a new digital database consisting of 25 degraded versions (5 blur levels x 5 noise levels) of each of 10 digitized, first-generation positive transparencies, were used in two experiments involving 15 trained military photo-interpreters. Each image is 86 mm square and represents 40962 8-bit pixels. In the "interpretation" experiment, each photo-interpreter (judge) spent approximately two days extracting Essential Elements of Information (EEI's) from one degraded version of each scene at a constant blur level (FWHM = 40, 84 or 322 μm). In the scaling experiment, each judge assigned a numerical value to each of the 250 images, according to its perceived position on a 10-point NATO-standardized scale (0 = useless through 9 = nearly perfect), to the nearest 0.1 unit. Eighty-eight of the 100 possible values were used by the judges, indicating that 62 categories are needed to scale these hardcopy images. The overall correlation between the scaling and interpretation results was 0.9. Though the main effect of blur was not significant (p = 0.146) in the interpretation experiment, that of noise was significant (p = 0.005), and all main factors (blur, noise, scene, order of battle) and most interactions were statistically significant in the scaling experiment.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A determination of the 33S quadrupole coupling constant in CS2 from linewidth measurements

Abstract 33 S magnetic resonance spectra have been obtained as a function of temperature for neat liquid carbon disulfide, and the 33 S quadrupole coupling constant e 2 qQ h = 14.9 ± 0.3 MHz has been determined from the linewidth using previously reported reorientational correlation times. The molecular reorientation of CS 2 is discussed in terms of current hydrodynamic models for molecular reorientation in liquids.
Asymptotically Robust Estimators of Location

Abstract The robustness properties of four estimators of location are studied with respect to eight distribution types. For each type, the probability density function is symmetric about the median and the range of variate is infinite. For the entire class of distributions, the estimator with the highest guaranteed efficiency is the mean of the middle fifty percent of the sample. This study supplements the paper by Crow and Siddiqui (1967).
Cervical and Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies: Diagnosis and management

Abstract Cervical pregnancies are rare in naturally conceived pregnancies and even after assisted reproductive technology. The ultrasonographic diagnosis rests upon the trophoblastic invasion of the cervix below the internal os. Several options have been used over the last three decades for the management of cervical pregnancy. The most successful treatments are methotrexate injection and uterine artery embolization (UAE). A step by step delineation of diagnosis and management is demonstrated in this manuscript that could aid the clinician in his management. Cesarean scar pregnancies (CSPs) are more commonly seen today, both in the East and the West, as a result of a significant increase in the proportion of Cesarean deliveries over the last three decades. The presence of a large number of management options highlights the fact that there is no standardized protocol for cervical pregnancy and CSP management. The advancement of laparoscopic management and suturing is the single most effective measure in confirmation as well as treatment of CSP. Optimal repair of uterine defect is essential for the prevention of another CSP.
Characterization of Arrival Statistics of Multiplexed Voice Packets

An assumption that voice packets arrive by a Poisson arrival (or an exponential interarrival) distribution has not widely been accepted by analysts from an obvious observation that voice packets are generated at regular intervals in a talkspurt. Through a simulation, supported by an approximate analysis, this paper claims that when a sufficiently large number of voice sources are multiplexed, packets observe an exponential or hypoexponential interarrival distribution. When the number of packets arriving during a single or a multiple slot is considered instead, a more liberal claim is made that regardless of the number of voice sources multiplexed, a Poisson process can be assumed with reasonable accuracy.
Novel light detection and sensing devices based on optical nanocomposites

The promise, some fact and some fanciful, of nanotechnology has led to a well funded global race to develop new materials, components, and devices for use in a remarkably diverse range of applications. Towards the true realization of commercial- and defense-relevant devices, this paper focuses on passive and active optical detecting and sensing devices whose performance is markedly improved, with respect to traditional analogs, through the use of nanocomposite materials. Specifically to be discussed are efficient organic photovoltaics (OPVs) fabricated using doped and undoped carbon nanotube-containing conjugated polymers. All-organic photonic crystals based on ordered arrays of nanoparticles encapsulated in elastomeric matrices also are discussed. These nanocomposites exhibit bandstops that are highly tunable though stain generated by mechanical forces (mechano-chromism) or chemical affinity (chemo-chromism) which opens new doors for optical beam steering and chemical sensing.
Effects of rosglitazone on plasma adiponectin, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in high-risk African Americans with impaired glucose tolerance test and type 2 diabetes

We examined the metabolic effects of rosiglitazone therapy on glucose control, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and adiponectin in first-degree relatives of African Americans with type 2 diabetes (DM) with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and DM for 3 months. The study was comprised of 12 first-degree relatives with IGT, 17 newly diagnosed DM, and 19 healthy relatives with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed before and after 3 months of rosiglitazone therapy (4 to 8 mg/d) in patients with IGT and DM. Serum glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and adiponectin levels were measured before and 2 hours during OGTT in the NGT and patients with IGT and DM. Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-%B) were calculated in each subject using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Rosglitazone improved the overall glycemic control in the IGT and DM groups. Following rosiglitazone, the beta-cell secretion remained unchanged, while HOMR-IR was reduced in DM by 30% (4.12 +/- 1.95 v 6.33 +/- 3.54, P < .05) and the IGT group (3.78 +/- 2.45 v 4.81 +/- 3.49, P = not significant [NS]). Mean plasma adiponectin levels were significantly (P < .05) lower in the DM (6.74 +/- 1.95 microg/mL) when compared with the NGT group(9.61 +/- 5.09). Rosiglitazone significantly (P < .001) increased adiponectin levels by 2-fold in patients with IGT (22.2 +/- 10.97 microg/mL) and 2.5-fold greater in DM (15.68 +/- 8.23 microg/mL) at 3 months when compared with the 0 month. We conclude that adiponectin could play a significant role (1) in the pathogenesis of IGT and DM and (2) the beneficial metabolic effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in high-risk African American patients.
TRABALHO, EDUCAÇÃO E POLITECNIA: ELEMENTOS DA EXPERIÊNCIA EM EDUCAÇÃO DO MOVIMENTO DOS TRABALHADORES RURAIS SEM TERRA

Neste artigo buscamos compreender a pratica e a proposta de educacao do MST que traz em uma de suas matrizes pedagogicas o principio educativo do trabalho e que na sua concretizacao se aproxima da educacao politecnica, defendida por Marx, revista por Gramsci na Escola Unitaria e experimentada dentro de seus limites pelo Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra. O ser humano se constitui como humano intervindo na natureza para resolver as suas necessidades e na medida em que vai criando ferramentas e aperfeicoando sua intervencao modifica a natureza e se modifica a si mesmo, inclusive nos seu fisico, no seu corpo, e desenvolvendo todas as suas possibilidades humanas (de criar, de projetar, produzir, intervir, modificar, transformar...) e ao mesmo tempo vai desenvolvendo outras relacoes e criando cultura e a vida em sociedade. O trabalho alienado pelo capital cria a monstruosidade, mas ao mesmo tempo nao consegue tirar a capacidade humana de revolucionar esta situacao, por isso e possivel pensar uma educacao da classe trabalhadora que contribua para o avanco de sua consciencia de classe e de humanidade resgatada. Palavras chave: Trabalho; Politecnia; Escola; Humanizacao.
Long-term impacts of forest treatments on water yield: a summary for northeastern USA

Abstract Long-term changes in annual water yield are summarized and compared for 11 catchment studies in the northeastern USA. Substantial increases in water yield of up to 350 mm year−1 were obtained in the first year by clearing forest vegetation and controlling regrowth with herbicides. Commercial clearcutting with natural regrowth resulted in initial increases in water yield of 110–250 mm year−1. This range in response was due to differences in precipitation and configuration of cuttings. Unless regrowth was controlled with herbicides, yield increases declined quickly after cutting, seldom persisting for more than 10 years. However, yield increases were readily extended over 20 years or more with intermediate cuttings and/or repeated control of regrowth with herbicides. Nearly all increases in water yield occur during the growing season as augmentation of baseflow. Changes in species composition after forest cutting on several study catchments eventually resulted in decreased water yields compared with those from uncut, control catchments. Results are discussed in terms of implications for surface water supplies, global climate change, nutrient cycling, hydrological modeling, and long-term research.
Stimulating Government Technology Commercialization: A Marketing Perspective for Technology Transfer

ABSTRACT Federal legislation in the United States mandates that technology developed by federal government agencies must demonstrate socioeconomic benefits to justify the expenditure of funds as part of their fiduciary capacity. The mandate is operationalized by requiring federally funded agencies to seek socioeconomic benefits for the nation by developing programs designed to transfer government sponsored or developed technologies to the private sector. This mandate has led to substantial increase in the amount of technology transfer efforts by agencies, with limited results. Challenges include both the recruitment of firms to participation in technology transfer programs and weak efforts by recruited firms to fully commercialize products. This article posits that a marketing exchange approach to technology transfer will facilitate successful technology transfer and commercialization. A conceptual framework is presented from which to view government technology transfer efforts.
Cell proliferation and replacement following contusive spinal cord injury.

After spinal cord injury (SCI), about 50% of the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the residual white matter at the injury site are lost by 24 h. However, chronically after SCI, the density of oligodendrocytes is normal. Previous studies have shown that the adult rat spinal cord contains a pool of proliferating glial progenitors whose progeny could help restore cell density after injury. To study proliferation in response to injury, we performed SCI on adult female rats at the T8 level, using a standardized contusion model. Animals received bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injections during the first week after SCI, and were perfused within 2 h for acute studies, and at 6 weeks for chronic studies. The tissue was analyzed using immunohistochemical detection of BrdU and cell marker antigens. We demonstrate that cell proliferation in the residual white matter is increased at 1–7 days after SCI, peaking on day 3. Dividing cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and a high proportion of NG2+ glial precursors. By 6 weeks, some cells that had been labeled 2–4 days after SCI were still present. Double immunohistochemistry showed that while very few of these cells expressed NG2 or the microglia/macrophage marker OX42, about 50% expressed CC1 or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), markers of mature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, respectively. The post-injury environment represented by residual white matter is thus permissive to the differentiation of glial precursors. Cells that are stimulated to divide during the first week after SCI develop chronically into mature phenotypes that replace macroglia lost after injury. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Church and nation in the Slovak republic

Nationalism has returned to the forefront of East Central European politics. From Poland in the west to Bulgaria in the east national identity and national conflict have again become central issues, sometimes the central issue, in the politics of the region. This resurgence of national politics has been accompanied, not surprisingly, by a parallel resurgence of scholarly interest in nationalism. Whereas just recently social scientists were writing of the decline of the nation state, today my bookshelf is stocked with titles like Nationalism and Nationalities in the New Europe, Europe's New Nationalism, and Minorities: The New Europe's Old Issue. I This scholarship offers three basic explanations for the renaissance of nationalism that has followed the demise of communism. The simplest explanation offered is that contemporary nationalism is a reaction to the suppression of national autonomy during the Soviet era. The Soviet Union, this argument goes, suppressed nationalism throughout the region in the name of international socialism, and when the Soviet Union collapsed a reservoir of pent-up nationalism overflowed. A second argument, related to the first, is that the communist governments channelled nationalism but did not suppress it. Caplan and Feffer, for example, argue that far from 'hibernating' during the Cold War nationalism was put to use in support of communist regimes throughout the region. 2 When those regimes fell in the revolutions of 1989-91 nationalism was standing ready to be expressed much more fully and confidently as an alternative organising framework for postcommunist governments. The third argument advanced is that the rise of nationalism in the period since the Cold War has been the result of defensive political strategies devised and carried out by the old communist leadership.3 According to this argument communist leaders have cynically adopted nationalist rhetoric and programmes, and exploited the aspirations of battered national populations, to prolong their own discredited status and power. Milosevic in Serbia is only the most egregious example of what Roszkowski has termed 'nomenklatura nationalism'.' My intention here is not to enter into this debate over the genesis of postcommunist nationalism. In fact, for my purposes I would stipulate that the explanation is some combination of these three arguments, blended in different measures in different contexts. Communist leaders and functionaries have certainly exploited nationalism for their own political benefit. But they have been able to do so effectively only because of the reservoir of nationalist feeling, and in many cases
Quantitative Determination of Formic, Acetic, Propionic and Butyric Acids in Frozen Whole Eggs by Gas-Liquid Chromatography

SUMMARY —Whole eggs containing known amounts of formic, acetic, propionic and butyric (C1-C4) acids were evaluated using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and AOAC (1960) procedures. Acetic, propionic and butyric acids were recovered from whole egg samples and chromatographed as the acids per se, along with an internal standard. Formic and acetic acids were recovered from whole egg samples and chromatographed as their butyl ester derivatives without an internal standard. Quantitation of butyl formate and butyl acetate was accomplished by comparing the chromatogram peak heights of the butyl esters recovered from the egg samples with the chromatogram peak heights of a known concentration of butyl ester standards. The recovery of acids from whole egg samples by GLC procedures was as accurate, and generally less variable, than by AOAC (1960) procedures. The percentage recovery of acids from whole egg samples using GLC procedures depended on the concentrations of the acids present and was as follows: acetic acid varied from 114 to 100% (low to high concentration); propionic acid varied from 101 to 100% (low to high concentrations); and butyric acid varied from 103 to 99% (low to high concentration). The recovery of formic acid as its butyl ester derivative varied from 104 to 96% (low to high concentration), while the recovery of acetic acid as its butyl ester derivative varied from 102 to 98% (low to high concentration).
Proteomic analysis of neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) can differentiate into different types of cells, and serve as a good model system to study human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We showed that mESCs differentiated into two types of neurons with different time courses. To determine the global protein expression changes after neural differentiation, we employed a proteomic strategy to analyze the differences between the proteomes of ES cells (E14) and neurons. Using 2-DE plus LC/MS/MS, we have generated proteome reference maps of E14 cells and derived dopaminergic neurons. Around 23 proteins with an increase or decrease in expression or phosphorylation after differentiation have been identified. We confirmed the downregulation of translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) and upregulation of α-tubulin by Western blotting. We also showed that TCTP was further downregulated in derived motor neurons than in dopaminergic neurons, and its expression level was independent of extracellular Ca2+ concentration during neural differentiation. Potential roles of TCTP in modulating neural differentiation through binding to Ca2+, tubulin and Na,K-ATPase, as well as the functional significance of regulation of other proteins such as actin-related protein 3 (Arp3) and Ran GTPase are discussed. This study demonstrates that proteomic tools are valuable in studying stem cell differentiation and elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms.
Pilot study of pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin for recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation

Recurrent hepatitis C is often treated with an interferon and ribavirin combination therapy, but the results have been disappointing. Given the promising results reported with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for hepatitis C, we were interested in evaluating the effectiveness of this treatment in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C (HCV). Methods. Between November 2001 and September 2002, patients with recurrent HCV were screened to determine if they were eligible for treatment. Liver function tests, HCV-RNA, and liver biopsies were performed on all patients prior to treatment. HCV-RNA was repeated at 3 months, the end of treatment (EOT), and 6 months after EOT for patients who were HCV-RNA negative at EOT. Patients were prospectively followed after starting weekly pegylated interferon alfa-2b 1.5 mcg/kg per week and ribavirin 800 mg per day (Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) with folic acid 1 mg per day. Results. Thirty-nine patients eligible for treatment displayed a median age of 50.4 years. Eighteen patients completed treatment, 4 remain on treatment, and 17 were intolerant. Sustained HCV-RNA eradication occurred in 66.7% of patients who completed treatment. Side effects led to treatment withdrawal in 17 patients (43.6%) In an intention-to treat analysis, sustained HCV-RNA eradication occurred in 30.8% of patients. Conclusion. Side effects are an important limiting factor in the treatment of recurrent HCV with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. However, these results are encouraging as sustained HCV eradication occurred in at least 66.7% of patients who completed treatment. Prospective randomized trials are required to assess the effectiveness of this treatment and its impact on quality of life and histology.
Therapeutic dose monitoring of mycophenolate mofetil in dermatologic diseases

Background Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is used for prevention of allograft rejection in transplantation medicine. In dermatology it is used as a corticosteroid-sparing agent. The pharmacokinetics of MMF are known to vary by individual. Therapeutic dose monitoring of mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of MMF, is used as a guide in transplantation medicine, but limited data exist on the benefit of measuring MPA levels in the management of dermatologic disease. Objective We sought to describe the use of MPA level monitoring in the management of dermatologic disease. Methods We retrospectively searched for cases of patients who were treated with MMF for a dermatologic condition at our tertiary care center, and who had at least 1 trough level measurement of MPA from January 1, 2003, through November 30, 2009. Results Our search identified 24 patients treated with MMF for autoimmune bullous diseases, connective tissue diseases, erythema multiforme, atopic dermatitis, or pyoderma gangrenosum who had at least 1 MPA trough level measured. The range of MPA levels in patients who responded to therapy was 1.2 to 8 μg/mL at a dose range of 1 to 3.5 g/d of MMF. Four cases were analyzed in detail to highlight the use of therapeutic dose monitoring in the management of dermatologic disease. Limitations This was a retrospective study. Conclusion We recommend monitoring MPA levels only in patients not responding to the standard 2-g/d dosage of MMF. MPA levels can help the dermatologist to increase the dose in patients who have poor absorption or to detect therapeutic noncompliance.
Synthetic Approaches to Rare 2-Substituted Purine Nucleosides

Abstract The syntheses of several novel functional1zed 2-subst1tuted purine nucleosides are described. Key reactions In these transformations Include photolnduced reductive dehalogenatlon, radical deamlnatlon-halogenatlon, and functional1zed carbon-carbon bond formation Involving palladium catalysis. An Interesting ring opening reaction of 2-iodopur1ne nucleoside to an Imidazole derivative under SRN conditions is mentioned. High-f1eld 13C NMR data suggest that the 2-subst1tuted purine nucleosides prefer the anti conformation 1n solution. Biological evaluation of these compounds is currently being carried out.
Thymic antigen-reactive cells do not specify serological properties of antibody.

Abstract Irradiated mice of the (C3H × C57BL/10)F 1 and (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F 1 strains were reconstituted with an excess of syngeneic bone marrow cells containing precursors of immunocytes, and with graded limiting numbers of thymocytes containing antigen-reactive cells (ARC), and then injected with sheep erythrocytes. The number of ARC and their possible specialization for serological properties of antibody were investigated by determining the titer of 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive serum hemagglutinins and hemolysins 11 days after grafting. The limiting dilution assays indicated that the number of detectable ARC/10 6 thymocytes was of the same order of magnitude for both antibody responses. Agglutinins and lysins were associated in most recipient mice receiving an average of 1 ARC. Hence, serological properties of antibodies were not dictated by ARC, but by other cells participating in the immune responses, presumably of nonthymic origin.
Strong uniform times and finite random walks

There are several techniques for obtaining bounds on the rate of convergence to the stationary distribution for Markov chains with strong symmetry properties, in particular random walks on finite groups. An elementary method, strong uniform times, is often effective. We prove such times always exist, and relate this method to coupling and Fourier analysis.
Voting Technology, Ballot Measures, and Residual Votes

An increasing number of public policy issues are decided by ballot measures in the United States. We examine residual votes (the difference between the total ballots cast and the votes cast in a particular contest) on ballot issues and the presidential contest in 34 states that had issues on the ballot in the 2004 election. Residual vote levels for ballot issues are substantially higher and more varied than for the presidential contest. Residual votes in both types of contests are a function of ballot features, voting technology, campaign context, and demographic measures. However, some factors, especially voting machinery, have different effects on residual votes for president than on residual votes for ballot issues. A case study further indicates that full-face electronic voting machines sharply increase the number of residual votes on ballot measures. The results have implications for direct democracy and election reform in the United States.
The hybrid elephant trunk procedure: A single-stage repair of an ascending, arch, and descending thoracic aortic aneurysm

Surgical repair of extensive aortic aneurysms requires a two-stage approach. We present the case of a single-stage repair using a hybrid procedure. This case demonstrates the technical feasibility of repairing properly selected extensive aortic aneurysms in a single procedure.
Stereochemical effect in the mutagenicity of the aflatoxicols toward Salmonella typhimurium.

Abstract The mutagenicities of [1R] and [1S] aflatoxicol were measured using the Salmonella microsome test. In strain TA100 the [1R] form (unnatural aflatoxicol, aflatoxicol B) had a mutagenic potency approximately four times that of the [1S] epimer (natural aflatoxicol, aflatoxicol A, Ro) in the presence of S-9 liver microsomal fraction. The order in mutagenic potency compared to some other toxicologically important aflatoxins was as follows: B 1 > [1 R ]≽ G 1 > [1 S ]⋙ B 2 . Thus, the trans relationship between the vinyl ether and hydroxyl groups leads to greater mutagenicity than the cis relationship. This may be important in the elucidation of stereochemical structure-activity relationships for the aflatoxins.