cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Heat Transfer Coefficients

In this chapter, measurements of steady-state Nusselt numbers in superposed fluid-porous layers with η < 1 and δ < 1 are discussed and compared to computed values. These measurements point to the need for more exhaustive experimentation over an extended range of Rayleigh number, but they also provide entirely new data for that case where δ < 1 and η < 1.
What's Happening in the "Quantified Self" Movement?

Rapid adoption of wearable tracking devices and motion sensitive apps has led to the development of the “Quantified Self” movement (QS). Some in the learning sciences community have begun to take notice and incorporate ideas from QS into the research and design of new learning environments. Yet the QS movement is still new enough that very little is known about it, and there are many open questions about how QS might be of value to the learning sciences. This paper provides some history of the movement and through a qualitative analysis of a public video corpus of QS presentations, identifies the variety of participants, the reported motivations driving individuals to self-quantify, and the data analysis activities of some individuals active in the movement. Opportunities for future research and design efforts in the learning sciences are also discussed.
From Three Mile Island to Fukushima: the impact of analogy on attitudes toward nuclear power

Policy scholars are paying increasing attention to the role of language in policy debates, with particular emphasis on narratives. Policy narratives serve as strategic tools that, among other things, can shift public opinion in favor of policy preferences. One narrative element that has received little attention thus far from policy scholars is analogy, though analogies frequently appear in policy stories. This study applies insights on analogical reasoning from the fields of cognitive and political psychology to the literature on policy narrative. I argue that analogies are best classified as a component of the story’s plotline, and explore the potential micro-level impacts of analogies on policy attitudes. Using the Narrative Policy Framework, I examine the empirical effects of exposure to analogy on public opinion related to nuclear power using data from a national-level survey of 2544 US adults conducted by the Marist Poll. In a split-sample design, respondents were exposed to narrative prompts that discussed nuclear power generally or with reference to past accidents at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and/or Fukushima, and then asked about their views on nuclear energy. The results indicate that the effects of analogizing are limited, as participants that hear negative analogies do not have attitudes that are significantly more negative toward nuclear power. However, there are interesting interaction effects between analogy exposure and partisanship, suggesting the existence of partisan entrenchment on the issue.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Innenstrukturen kernloser Erythrocyten

Das Hamoglobin des normalen Erythrocyten zeigt zwei Strukturformen. In einer feingranularen oder feinfadigen Grundmasse liegen Stab-Strukturen, die als kristalline Organisationen des Hamoglobins aufgefast werden. Einzelstabe ordnen sich zu Stab-Paaren. Stab-Paare lagern sich in der Grundmasse hinter- oder nebeneinander. Eine Gerustsubstanz als Trager des Hamoglobinmolekuls ist nicht nachweisbar. Die Erythrocyten eines Kranken mit Sichelzellanamie enthalten zum Teil hamolyseresistente Korper. Die Stab-Strukturen der Sichelzell-Erythrocyten besitzen eine geringe Osmiophilie. Entzieht man den Erythrocyten des Kranken Sauerstoff, so tritt Sichelung ein. Das Hamoglobin des Erythrocyten in Sichelform ist zu starren Strangen umgeformt, die aus abnorm grosen Stabformen aufgebaut sind.
Abstract WMP23: Enhanced Collaterals in Patients with Large Vessel Stroke from Intracranial Atherosclerosis: An Automated CT Perfusion-based Study

Background and Purpose: Patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) are believed to have enhanced collateral flow. We have anecdotally perceived that large vessel occlusion acute stro...
Diagnostic Performance of Carbon Monoxide Testing by Pulse Oximetry in the Emergency Department

BACKGROUND: Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure causes roughly 40,000 emergency department (ED) visits annually and is commonly misdiagnosed. Whereas the standard method of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) measurement utilizes blood gas analysis, a noninvasive, FDA-cleared alternative exists. We evaluated the performance of pulse oximetry (SpCO) for identification of CO exposure in ED patients. METHODS: We compared pulse oximetry to blood HbCO levels in a prospective observational study of adult and pediatric subjects recruited from the ED. Nurses screened a convenience sample of patients and referred those with SpCO ≥ 10% to research staff. Researchers also approached individuals who presented with signs and symptoms of CO toxicity. We determined diagnostic performance with a Bland-Altman analysis and calculated sensitivity and specificity for detection of elevated HbCO at thresholds of ≥ 10% and ≥ 15%. To optimize the potential sensitivity of SpCO for detection of CO toxicity, research technicians performed 3 SpCO readings within 5 min of the blood draw for laboratory measurement. A positive SpCO test was defined as any SpCO ≥ 10%. RESULTS: 42,000 patients were screened, 212 were evaluated, and 126 subjects were enrolled. Median HbCO level was 6% (range 1.6–21.9%). Limits of agreement were −10.3% and 8.1%. Of 23 individuals with elevated HbCO ≥ 10%, 13 were not suspected based on clinical assessment. Critically elevated HbCO was present in 6 individuals. Based on our a priori threshold of 10% for a positive test, pulse oximetry identified 14 of 23 subjects with HbCO ≥ 10%, with a sensitivity of 61% (95% CI 39–80%) and a specificity of 86% (95% CI 78–92%), and 5 of 6 subjects with HbCO ≥ 15%, with a sensitivity of 83% (95% CI 36–100%) and a specificity of 81% (95% CI 73–87%). CONCLUSIONS: Pulse oximetry underestimated HbCO and produced false negative results (ie, SpCO
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex computes task-invariant relative subjective value for self and other

Few studies have addressed the neural computations underlying decisions made for others despite the importance of this ubiquitous behavior. Using participant-specific behavioral modeling with univariate and multivariate fMRI approaches, we investigated the neural correlates of decision-making for self and other in two independent tasks, including intertemporal and risky choice. Modeling subjective valuation indicated that participants distinguished between themselves and others with dissimilar preferences. Activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was consistently modulated by relative subjective value. Multi-voxel pattern analysis indicated that activity in the dmPFC uniquely encoded relative subjective value and generalized across self and other and across both tasks. Furthermore, agent cross-decoding accuracy between self and other in the dmPFC was related to self-reported social attitudes. These findings indicate that the dmPFC emerges as a medial prefrontal node that utilizes a task-invariant mechanism for computing relative subjective value for self and other.
East by Northwest: Preserving Pacific War Memory at Hanford and Minidoka

The government manages the Hanford facility in southeastern Washington, where plutonium was processed for the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, and the Minidoka National Historic Site in south central Idaho, where Japanese Americans were incarcerated. Both welcome tourists. Because Hanford still has “radiological and chemical hazards,” tourism there is circumscribed and managed. Minidoka teaches the history of Japanese American incarceration as a national disgrace. The open spaces of the West define the different roles of race in these sites. Japanese are memorialized differently from Japanese Americans. Whites can clear their consciences by confessing at Minidoka to racist intentions against Japanese Americans so that they might continue to ignore at Hanford a history of anti-Japanese racism that predates the war. What Streamas calls “Frontier Orientalism” is thus constitutive of the idea of the West, of Westness.
Fotografías de lo que no está en NYC. La noción de ruina en representaciones visuales de la ciudad de Nueva York durante la pandemia de la covid-19

espanolEn este articulo propongo una relacion entre la nocion moderna ruina y determinadas representaciones fotograficas de la ciudad de Nueva York durante las primeras semanas de impacto de la pandemia de covid-19, en marzo de 2020. El corpus de imagenes esta constituido por fotografias publicadas durante este periodo en la portada del diario The New York Times, seleccionadas por considerarlas representativas de un genero fotografico que denomino de lo que no esta. Este genero se caracteriza por representar espacios referenciales de la ciudad (casi) vacios de personas. En mi analisis, identifico aspectos comunes entre este genero y las representaciones de ruinas popularizadas en Europa durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, los momentos iniciales de la modernidad. Para establecer estos vinculos me baso de la nocion de «supervivencia» acunada por Aby Warburg, la cual permite identificar reapariciones culturales anacronicas —inesperadas— que ofrecen claves para reflexionar sobre el presente. EnglishIn this article, I propose a relationship between the modern notion of ruin and a set of specific photographic representations of New York City during the first two weeks of impact from the Covid-19 pandemic. The body of images analyzed is composed of a group of pictures published on the front page of The New York Times during March 2020. This set of pictures has been chosen as representative of a photographic genre that I call «pictures of what is not there», characterized by the depiction of city landmarks emptied of people as a direct consequence of the pandemic. To analyze the common aspects of the aforementioned genre and the depictions of ruins popularized in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries —the early modern period— I resort to Aby Warburg’s notion of «visual survivals'', identifying anachronistic cultural recurrences that are key to our reflection upon the present moment.
In Vitro Electron Density Refinement from Solution X-ray Scattering in the Wide-Angle Regime.

We present Frequency Marching, FM, an algorithm that refines three-dimensional electron density distributions from solution X-ray scattering data in both the small- and wide-angle regimes. This algorithm is based on a series of optimization steps, marching along the frequency (reciprocal) space and refining detailed periodic structures with the corresponding real-space resolution. Buffer subtraction and excluded volumes, key factors in extracting the signatures of the biomolecule of interest from the sample, are accounted for using implicit density models. We provide the numerical and analytical basis of the FM algorithm. We demonstrate this technique by application to structured and unstructured nucleic acid systems, where higher resolution features are carved out of low resolution reconstructions as the algorithm marches into wider angles.
Green infrastructure performance in arid and semi-arid urban environments

Urbanization can negatively affect residents’ health and wellbeing. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is increasingly advocated as a win-win strategy for addressing multiple urban problems. Lit...
An examination of the role of social comparison orientation and social norms in drunkorexia engagement.

Abstract Drunkorexia is a behavior pattern marked by calorie restriction and/or compensation in relation to alcohol consumption. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of social norms (descriptive, injunctive) and social comparison orientation (SCO; global, alcohol-specific, eating disorder-related) in drunkorexia engagement. Specifically, our research aimed to examine a possible interaction between norms and SCO; we hypothesized that the relationship between social norms and drunkorexia would be moderated by SCO in that the relationship would be stronger among those elevated on SCO. Data were collected from an undergraduate sample (n = 501); participants completed the consent form and questions/questionnaires via Qualtrics. The results indicated that the predictor variables examined were correlated with overall drunkorexia engagement. In the regression models, in terms of main effects, eating disorder-related SCO emerged as the strongest predictor of the drunkorexia dimensions as well as overall drunkorexia engagement. Descriptive norms emerged as the second strongest predictor in the models. Only one interaction was identified; eating disorder-related SCO moderated the relationship between descriptive norms and the bulimia drunkorexia dimension. The simple slopes analysis indicated that descriptive norms was positively predictive of the bulimia drunkorexia dimension only among individuals with average or elevated eating disorder-related SCO. Social comparisons made regarding one’s body, eating, or exercise (eating disorder-related) and social norms are potentially important targets for drunkorexia prevention and/or intervention programs. Further research is needed to better understand risk factors for drunkorexia engagement in the college population.
Agglomeration Effect and Economic Growth in Urban System

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the effects of agglomeration on the economic growth of 145 Chinese cities in nine major urban systems. The results show that industrial diversification externalities have a positive effect on the cities’ relative economic growth in the urban system. By applying the gravity model, this paper also finds the spatial interaction intensity within the same urban system plays a positive role in enhancing the total factor productivity (TFP) of the city from 2003 to 2009, but this effect gradually weakens from 2010 to 2016.
Renal Tubule-Specific Expression and Urinary Secretion of Human Growth Hormone: A Kidney-Based Transgenic Bioreactor

Tissue-specific expression of human genes and secretion of human proteins into the body fluids in transgenic animals provides an important means of manufacturing large-quantity and high-quality pharmaceuticals. The present study demonstrates using transgenic mice that a 3.0 kb promoter of the mouse Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP, or uromodulin) gene directs the specific expression of human growth hormone (hGH) gene in the kidney followed by the secretion of hGH protein into the urine. hGH expression was detected in renal tubules that actively produce the THP, that is, the ascending limb of Henle's loop and distal convoluted tubules. Up to 500 ng/ml of hGH was detected in the urine, and this level remained constant throughout the 10-month observation period. hGH was also detectable in the stomach epithelium and serum in two of the transgenic lines, suggesting position-dependent effects of the transgene and leakage of hGH from the site of synthesis into the bloodstream, respectively. These results indicate that the 3.0 kb mouse THP promoter is primarily kidney-specific and can be used to convert kidney into a bioreactor in transgenic animals to produce recombinant proteins. Given the capacity of urine production independent of age, sex and lactation, the ease of urinary protein purification, and the potentially distinct machinery for post-translational modifications in the kidney epithelial cells, the kidney-based transgenic bioreactor may offer unique opportunities for producing certain complex pharmaceuticals.
Is Fixed Exchange Rates the Problem and Flexible Exchange Rates the Cure

Since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1973, orthodox economists have promoted the conventional view that freely fluctuating exchange rates in a laissez-faire market system are efficient. Every well-trained mainstream economist, whose work is logically consistent with classical theory “knows” that the beneficial effects of a freely flexible exchange rate are 1. the impossibility of any one country running a persistent balance of payments deficit; 2. that each nation may pursue monetary and fiscal policies for full employment without inflation independent of the economic situation of its trading partners1; and 3. that the flow of capital will be from the rich creditor (i.e., developed) nations to the poor debtor (i.e., less developed) nations. This international capital flow from rich to poor nations depends on a classical belief in the universal “law of variable proportions” that determines the real return to both the capital and labor factors of production. Since rich countries have larger capital to labor ratios than poor nations, the law of variable proportions indicates that the real return to capital should be higher in the poor nations where capital is relatively more scarce. Capital, therefore, should flow into the poor nation until the return on capital is equal in each country. The effect of this hypothetical classical international capital flow is to encourage more rapid development of the LDCs and, in the long run, a more equitable global distribution of income and wealth2 and a convergence of growth rates among all the nations in the global economy.
The rpoN gene product of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is required for expression of diverse genes, including the flagellin gene.

The product of the rpoN gene is an alternative sigma factor of RNA polymerase which is required for transcription of a number of genes in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, including those that specify enzymes of nitrogen assimilation, amino acid uptake, and degradation of a variety of organic molecules. We have previously shown that transcription of the pilin gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa also requires RpoN (K. S. Ishimoto and S. Lory, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1954-1957, 1989) and have undertaken a more extensive survey of genes under RpoN control. Strains of P. aeruginosa that carry an insertionally inactivated rpoN gene were constructed and shown to be nonmotile because of the inability of these mutants to synthesize flagellin. The mutation in rpoN had no effect on expression of extracellular polypeptides, outer membrane proteins, and the alginate capsule. However, the rpoN mutants were glutamine auxotrophs and were defective in glutamine synthetase, indicating defects in nitrogen assimilation. In addition, the P. aeruginosa rpoN mutants were defective in urease activity. These findings indicate that the sigma factor encoded by the rpoN gene is used by P. aeruginosa for transcription of a diverse set of genes that specify biosynthetic enzymes, degradative enzymes, and surface components. These rpoN-controlled genes include pili and flagella which are required for full virulence of the organism. Images
Expression of Murine Interleukin-2 cDNA in E. coli and Biological Activities of Recombinant Murine Interleukin-2

Murine interleukin-2 (MIL-2) cDNA was inserted into an expression vector carrying an Escherichia coli tryptophan promoter and was expressed in E. coli. Recombinant MIL-2 produced by E. coli supported the growth of murine CTLL-2 cells, but not that of human T-cell blasts. Recombinant MIL-2 strongly inhibited the binding of recombinant human IL-2 (HIL-2) to murine responder cells, but only very weakly inhibited the binding to human responder cells. Moreover, recombinant MIL-2 induced secondary alloantigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (2 degrees CTL) from memory CTL and activated natural killer (NK) cells in murine systems in the same manner as recombinant HIL-2. The results suggest that the species hierarchy (that MIL-2 derived from native cell culture does not act on human T-cells) is due to the protein moiety, not the sugar moiety, and is to be ascribed to the difference in binding affinity of MIL-2 and HIL-2 to murine and human responder cells respectively, and that recombinant MIL-2 shares identical biological and immunological activities with recombinant HIL-2. Thus, MIL-2 might be a convenient tool for extensive studies of the pharmacological and physiological activities of IL-2 in murine models.
An integrated process for post-packaging release and vacuum sealing of electroplated nickel packages

This paper presents a packaging technology that employs a thick nickel film to vacuum seal a MEMS structure at the wafer level. The package is fabricated in a 3-mask process by electroplating a 40-micron thick nickel film over an 8-micron sacrificial photoresist that is removed prior to package sealing. The large fluidic access port enables an 800/spl times/800 /spl mu/m package to be released in less than three hours. Implementation of electrical feedthroughs in this process requires no planarization. Device release is performed after the formation of the first level package. Several mechanisms, based upon localized melting and Pb/Sn solder bumping, for sealing low fluidic resistance feedthroughs have been investigated. This package has been fabricated with an integrated Pirani gauge to further characterize the different sealing technologies. These gauges have been used to establish the hermeticity of the different sealing technologies and have measured a sealing pressure of /spl sim/1.5Torr.
Bond algebras and exact solvability of Hamiltonians: Spin S=(1)/(2) multilayer systems

We present an algebraic methodology for designing exactly solvable Lie model Hamiltonians. The idea consists in looking at the algebra generated by bond operators. We illustrate how this method can be applied to solve numerous problems of current interest in the context of topological quantum order. These include Kitaev's well-known toric code and honeycomb models as well as new models: a vector-exchange model and a Clifford $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ model in a triangular lattice.
Adaptive feature selection and data pruning for 3D facial expression recognition using the Kinect

This paper is concerned with the automatic recognition of pose-varying facial expressions from a low-resolution three-dimensional data sensor, the Kinect. We introduce a novel, comprehensive framework that employs Delaunay triangulation and a pool of Distance Metrics (DM) for feature extraction. Our recognition approach utilizes binary Radial Basis Function (RBF) Support Vector Machines (SVMs) on DM-based feature matrices. Optimal class models are then chosen automatically, and then utilized in the testing stage. We have trained and tested our system using two Kinect-based datasets, with results reaching an average accuracy of 95.1% for non-frontal poses, and more than 98% for frontal poses. Our experimental results show that automatically tuned DMs for each class outperform a fixed DM approach for all classes, especially with non-frontal poses. In addition to the design of the overall framework, this paper describes the effect of training data pruning, providing insights that could contribute to the reduction of training times for very large datasets.
Hygiene procedures for implant-retained facial prostheses

Implant-retained facial prostheses offer several advantages over facial prostheses that are retained with conventional skin adhesive. However, implant-retained prostheses also require additional hygiene procedures to maintain them in good condition and to keep the implants and retentive elements free of debris and the surrounding skin healthy. This article describes additional hygiene procedures to maintain the implantretained prostheses.
Activation of neurons in the gracile nucleus by two afferent pathways in the rat.

Abstract Multiunit recordings of responses to tactile stimulation of the hind leg or to electrical stimulation of the dorsal funiculi were made in the gracile nucleus of rats anesthetized with Nembutal. The responses were then abolished by discrete lesions made in the spinal cord. All lesions and recording sites were reconstructed histologically. It was found that cells of the gracile nucleus responded to stimulation of the dorsal funiculi with both a short-latency and a long-latency response. Following a lesion of the dorsal funiculi, stimulation at a site above the lesion evoked only the short-latency response, and stimulation below the lesion evoked only the long-latency response. In addition, responses to tactile stimulation of the hind leg could still be recorded in the gracile nucleus. Following a lesion of the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus in addition to the dorsal funiculus lesion, responses both to tactile stimulation of the hind leg and to electrical stimulation of the dorsal funiculi below the lesion were abolished. Further experimentation indicated that the pathway ascending in the dorsal funiculi projects mainly to the caudal portion of the gracile nucleus, whereas the pathway ascending in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus projects mainly to the rostral portion of this nucleus. It is likely that the pathway ascending in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus belongs to the spinocervical tract.
The role and impact of the transfusion medicine consultation service in the management of patients in the hematopoietic transplant service: A retrospective analysis.

Abstract Background Adverse reactions secondary to transfusion of incorrect blood components can be fatal. We have established numerous processes to prevent these reactions in patients with cancer who continuously need blood component support, especially hematopoietic transplant recipients. The development of an active transfusion medicine consultation service at our institution to serve patients undergoing hematopoietic transplantation has led to more organized and simpler management of providing blood components to such patients. Study design and methods Safety tools were employed to attain our goal of providing safe blood components to hematopoietic transplant recipients. These tools were consultation request forms, blood component selection stickers on the patients’ charts, and transfusion medicine physician consultation notes posted in the patients’ medical records. One hundred randomly selected hematopoietic transplant recipients were reviewed over 16 months. Fifty patients received blood components from ABO-compatible donors, whereas the other 50 patients received components from ABO-incompatible donors. Deviation reports regarding the issuance of blood components in these patients over the study period were reviewed retrospectively. Results We identified eight reported deviations from the recommended blood components: red blood cells in one case, fresh frozen plasma in one case, single donor platelets in one case, and random donor platelets in five cases. Our transfusion service issued all eight components, but none of them were transfused. In all eight cases, the blood components were intended for transfusion to ABO-mismatched hematopoietic transplant recipients. Nurses identified the incorrect blood components by verifying the recommended blood groups on the patients’ chart stickers, returned the components to the transfusion service, and transfused the correct blood components. Conclusion Use of these safety tools has improved the safety culture regarding transfusion of blood components in hematopoietic transplant recipients at our institution.
Energetic Model of Production Characteristics for Tom Turkeys

ABSTRACT GENERAL prediction equations were developed for production variables of tom turkeys, including: daily rate of gain, daily feed energy intake, and body heat loss. The predictions depend on both weight and temperature. The current national data base (39 million toms) was used to develop the weight dependency of these variables. The temperature dependency was modeled using data from the literature and integrator supplied data from North Carolina. Results indicated that rate of gain was highly dependent on temperature and current body weight, while feed conversion efficiency was negatively correlated with air temperature, and highly variable.
Spectrogram-Based Methods for Human Identification in Single-Channel SAR Data

Radar offers unique advantages over other sensors, such as visual or seismic sensors, for human target detection and identification. Radar can operate far away from potential targets, and functions during the daytime as well as nighttime in virtually all weather conditions. In this paper, we examine the problem of human target detection and identification using single-channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. A 12-point human model, together with kinematic equations of motion for each body part, is used to calculate the expected target return and spectrogram. The unique characteristics of the human spectrogram are analysed and used to design a prototype for an automated gender discrimination scheme. Simulation results show a 83.97% detection rate for males and 91.11% detection rate for females. Inherent deficiencies of spectrogram-based methods are discussed. Future work will focus on the development of an alternative solution for overcoming these deficiencies.
Technological breakthroughs and development traps

Abstract This paper attempts to explain why countries which maintain identical economic conditions at different points in time do not necessarily enjoy a similar path of output growth thereafter. The paper develops a simple model where timing is a significant element of economic growth. The analysis indicates that despite the fact that the steady-state equilibrium in a ‘leading’ country is unique, equilibrium in a country that lags behind may be path dependent. A technological progress in the advanced country presents a choice of technology in the ‘following’ country that affects its dynamic evolution and may trap the economy in a lower steady-state equilibrium.
PRINCIPLES OF INVENTORY AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT Fourth Edition, Prentice-Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1994, xvi + 591 pp., ISBN 0-13-457888-0. List: $63.00.

(1995). PRINCIPLES OF INVENTORY AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT Fourth Edition, Prentice-Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1994, xvi + 591 pp., ISBN 0-13-457888-0. List: $63.00. The Engineering Economist: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 393-395.
Six Authors in Search of a Character: A Play about Intelligence Tests in the Year 2000.

Abstract Six points of view regarding the future of intelligence testing are considered, and a combined, “prototypical” point of view is synthesized that seems to represent a consensus of authors regarding the directions in which intelligence testing and research on intelligence are going. The past history and present status of intelligence testing and research are briefly considered, and then their future is discussed. The future seems to include assessment of various kinds of components of intelligence—performance components, acquisition components, transfer components, and metacomponents. The distinction between academic and everyday intelligence is discussed, as are the cultural and temporal limits of any one notion of intelligence. Finally, the usefulness of the notion of intelligence as a prototype of people's beliefs is considered.
Effect of phenyramidol and bishydroxycoumarin on the metabolism of tolbutamide in human subjects

Abstract Healthy human volunteers were given intravenous tolbutamide and the plasma half-life of the drug was determined. Subjects were then treated either with phenyramidol or bishydroxycoumarin and plasma half-life of tolbutamide again determined following completion of the treatment periods. During the control period, mean plasma half-life of tolbutamide was approximately 7 hours. Following treatment with phenyramidol it increased to 18 hours; after bishydroxycoumarin it increased to 24 hours. These drugs inhibit the metabolism of tolbutamide by hepatic enzymes. The resulting decrease in rate of metabolism of tolbutamide may produce episodes of protracted hypoglycemia. Concurrent therapy with tolbutamide and these drugs should be undertaken cautiously.
Team training can improve operating room performance

Background This study was conducted to determine if team training using a federally sponsored team training program improves operating room (OR) performance and culture. Methods The TeamSTEPPS program, a team training program designed and tested for health care applications, was provided to the OR staff. The training occurred over 2 months to all members of the OR team, including scrub technicians, nurses, certified registered nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologists, surgeons, and all anesthesiology and surgical resident staff. Results After 9 months, there was a significant improvement in the OR staff team work (score 53.2 to 62.7; P Conclusion These data confirm that team training improves OR performance, but continued team training is required to provide sustained improved OR culture.
Ultrasonographic findings of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).

Between 1989 and 1991, ultrasonograms (US) and CT films of 13 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) were obtained to evaluate splenomegaly, other abdominal splanchnic systems, distribution of CAPD fluid in the abdominal cavity and the condition of the bowel and mesentery.In this group, there were no cases with splenomegaly, while in hemodialyzed patients, splenomegaly is often demonstrated, as has previously been reported by us. Furthermore there was no statistical correlation between splenic index (SI) and duration of CAPD or platelet count in CAPD patients, though these have been recognized in hemodialyzed patients. There is a definite difference between CAPD and hemodialysis with respect to how the machines are used, so it may be concluded that splenomegaly is caused by hypersplenism resulting from blood cell injury due to mechanical stimulation with, for example, the dialyzer.Other organs in the abdominal cavity showed no differences between CAPD patients and hemodialyzed patients.Distribution of CAPD fluid in the abdominal cavity was different in each case, and in addition, the contact surface between it and the bowel or mesentery was localized. Furthermore, measurement of mesentery thickness tended to be affected by peristalsis, and differed according to various sites in the same patient. Therefore, mesentery thickness measured by US as an index of CAPD efficiency must be evaluated cautiously.
40Ar/39Ar laser-probe dating of detrital micas from the Montgomery Creek Formation, northern California:Clues to provenance, tectonics, and weathering processes

Generic provenance data from the Montgomery Creek Formation, northern California, even in light of paleocurrent data and regional stratigraphic patterns, do not uniquely establish its sediment source. Dating individual detrital mica grains mica with the {sup 40}Ar/{sup 39}Ar laser probe shows that the source area for the upper Montgomery Creek included the Idaho batholith. Unaltered muscovite grains yield data that provide limits on timing and rate of uplift of the batholith. Combined with paleocurrent data, the inferred provenance constrains the timing of tectonic rotation in the southeastern Klamath orogen. Dating variably altered biotite grains elucidates the age and environment of alteration and establishes a distinct source for some of the lower Montgomery Creek.
Single Crystal Diffraction Studies of Structure I, II and H Hydrates: Structure, Cage Occupancy and Composition

Abstract Recent advances in single crystal X-ray diffraction have allowed this technique to be used as a valuable tool for the analysis of hydrate structure and composition. With detailed analysis of guest disorder, not only are the guest positions clearly defined, but by using the cage occupancy as a free parameter it becomes possible to obtain estimates of hydrate composition from the absolute cage occupancies. In this way, it is found that the small cage in ethane hydrate is weakly occupied (∼5%), something not seen in previous NMR work. The tilt angle between the ethane C–C bond and the equatorial plane of the large cage was found to be 23°, in good agreement with the value of 25.2° found previously from NMR studies. For the structure H hydrate of methylcyclohexane and methane, methane fills both small cavities to about 80% occupancy. For the structure II hydrate of benzene and xenon, the orientation of benzene in the structure II large cage was located, and xenon was confined strictly to the small cage. Tetrahydropyran in structure II hydrate was shown to float in a boat conformation on the wall of the large cage. We also report lattice parameters for a number of structure II hydrates determined by single crystal diffraction. A rough trend of unit cell parameter with guest size or volume is illustrated, although it is not as yet clear if there are other correlating factors.
Contract Farming, Smallholders, and Rural Development in Latin America: The Organization of Agroprocessing Firms and the Scale of Outgrower Production

Abstract This paper demonstrates how contract farming functions as an economic institution and explores the causes of the observed variation in the scale of outgrower production in Latin America. We outline how market imperfections and transaction costs influence the decision of agroprocessing firms to contract-out, vertically integrate, or use spot markets to obtain raw product. The paper demonstrates how market conditions are likely to be associated with particular outgrower characteristics under contract farming. An analysis of the Mexican frozen vegetable industry illustrates determinants of successful and unsuccessful small-scale contracting and suggests alternative policies to promote contract farming with smallholders.
An exploratory study of speech fright

(1952). An exploratory study of speech fright. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 326-330.
Controlled-release systems in neuropathic pain.

91 ISSN 1758-1869 10.2217/PMT.12.82 © 2013 Future Medicine Ltd Pain Manage. (2013) 3(2), 91–93 Neuropathic pain affects millions of individuals worldwide. Patients with this condition suffer from a variety of symptoms ranging from simple paresthesias to chronic intractable pain. Tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, GABA analogs and opiates are some of the pharmacological options prescribed [1]. However, mechanism(s) of neuropathic pain are multifaceted, thus making the treatment of pain with any single agent difficult [1]. Conventional treatment for neuropathic pain involves the administration of pain medication by either oral or parenteral route. Systemically administered drugs tend to act on receptors distributed throughout the body, leading to unintended side effects. Drugs routinely administered for neuropathic pain demonstrate significant physical and psychological adverse side effects [2]. Consequently, there has been consid­ erable interest in local therapies, particularly those involving local/regional anesthesia [3,4]. However, the use of nerve blockade to manage neuropathic pain has not received widespread acceptance. Nerve blocks from single­shot injections are themselves painful, are relatively short in duration and pain recurs after the effect of the block subsides [4]. Catheters and pumps can provide prolonged blockade, but these require greater allocation of medical resources and have disadvantages, such as being tethered to a device (in the case of nonimplanted devices) and risk of infection, among others. An alternative approach would use injectable drug delivery systems to provide prolonged duration local anesthesia (PDLA). There is now vast literature reporting a variety of technologies that have been used to release local anesthetics [5]. Typically, those technologies, termed sustained­ (or controlled­) release systems, are injectable matrices that create high tissue concentrations of the drug at the nerve while minimizing systemic distribution. Examples include polymeric microspheres, liposomes, hydrogels and many others. Ideally, although rarely in practice, the rate of release of drugs is constant (‘zero order’). Formulations have been developed that can provide nerve blockade lasting many days in animal models from a single injection [6,7]. PDLA formulations have been used experimentally to prevent the development of neuropathic pain. The physiological rationale for their use is that aberrant neuronal activity from injured primary afferents is believed to be an important contributor to the development of neuropathic pain [8,9]. Excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate, released in response to
Quality and optimum parameter selection in metal cutting

Abstract In many metal cutting operations, production parameters are treated as decision variables that can be determined based on some technological as well as optimization criteria. Parameters such as speed, feed rate, and depth of cut affect the quality of the product, its machining time, and overall machining costs. This paper deals with optimization of a single item in single-stage and multi-stage production systems, and determines the optimal cutting parameters under various evaluation criteria. In particular, the minimum machining time, minimum machining cost, and maximum profit rate criteria are discussed. Considering cutting speed as the only decision variable, we concluded that quality constrains the optimal cutting speed to a certain range in an attempt to produce higher-quality products in an optimum time. For multi-stage production, optimization techniques were used to determine the optimal speed for each production stage, and the optimal cycle time. To study the effect of introducing the element of quality into the determination of optimum cutting parameters, a comparison was also made with existing models.
Trade protectionism: reasons and outcomes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the benefits of free trade, to examine the reasons and outcomes of protectionist policies, and to evaluate the rationale behind trade protectionism.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used in this paper includes review of the literature and empirical studies published from 1967 to 2008, and descriptive statistical analysis of data published by international organizations.Findings – International trade has been growing faster than growth of world gross domestic product, and countries with freer trade policies benefit more than countries with restricted policies. Yet, trade protectionism continues to be exercised in response to pressure from select industries and political constituencies. The paper also establishes that trade restrictions are harmful to the economies of the trading partners.Originality/value – This paper establishes the benefits of free trade, the harms of trade restrictions, and challenges the popular rationale for protectionism.
Technical Reports: A Modular Approach to Beam Line Automation: The NIGMS Facility at the NSLS

The last few years have seen an increase in the demand of automation at synchrotron radiation facilities. The main driving forces behind this quest are the Structural Genomics Centers and related projects [1], with their need for large throughput of samples and an increasing number of relatively unskilled users with ever increasing demands. In order to meet the needs of this diverse community, the structure determination process must be streamlined. A production pipeline for high volume determination of structures requires optimization and automation of current processes in use at synchrotron facilities. The ultimate goal is to arrive at a system that, with little more input than a sample, will provide the researcher with the final molecular structure.
Functional interactions between the erupted/tsg101 growth suppressor gene and the DaPKC and rbf1 genes in Drosophila imaginal disc tumors.

Background The Drosophila gene erupted (ept) encodes the fly homolog of human Tumor Susceptibility Gene-101 (TSG101), which functions as part of the conserved ESCRT-1 complex to facilitate the movement of cargoes through the endolysosomal pathway. Loss of ept or other genes that encode components of the endocytic machinery (e.g. synatxin7/avalanche, rab5, and vps25) produces disorganized overgrowth of imaginal disc tissue. Excess cell division is postulated to be a primary cause of these 'neoplastic' phenotypes, but the autonomous effect of these mutations on cell cycle control has not been examined. Principal findings Here we show that disc cells lacking ept function display an altered cell cycle profile indicative of deregulated progression through the G1-to-S phase transition and express reduced levels of the tumor suppressor ortholog and G1/S inhibitor Rbf1. Genetic reductions of the Drosophila aPKC kinase (DaPKC), which has been shown to promote tumor growth in other fly tumor models, prevent both the ept neoplastic phenotype and the reduction in Rbf1 levels that otherwise occurs in clones of ept mutant cells; this effect is coincident with changes in localization of Notch and Crumbs, two proteins whose sorting is altered in ept mutant cells. The effect on Rbf1 can also be blocked by removal of the gamma-secretase component presenilin, suggesting that cleavage of a gamma-secretase target influences Rbf1 levels in ept mutant cells. Expression of exogenous rbf1 completely ablates ept mutant eye tissues but only mildly affects the development of discs composed of cells with wild type ept. Conclusions Together, these data show that loss of ept alters nuclear cell cycle control in developing imaginal discs and identify the DaPKC, presenilin, and rbf1 genes as modifiers of molecular and cellular phenotypes that result from loss of ept.
Current Nonverbal Assessment Instruments: A Comparison of Psychometric Integrity and Test Fairness

This paper is a review of new and newly revised nonverbal tests of ability. Five nonverbal instruments were compared with regard to psychometric integrity and indications of test fairness. This comparison revealed that although the instruments examined are generally impressive in terms of technical adequacy and sensitivity of administration guidelines, they tend to present less statistical evidence of test fairness. Findings are discussed with regard to implications for users of nonverbal assessment instruments.
The Use of Zero-Base Budgeting in Industry: Some Observations

This paper presents an overview and analysis of the utility and effectiveness of Zero-Base Budgeting ZBB in industry. We provide a description of Zero-Base Budgeting and some insights into why companies use ZBB. An evaluation of ZBB is provided as well as an identification of the problems facing industrial users. Specific examples of failures and successes in user firms are presented along with an overall assessment of the technique. Finally, we derive conclusions about the effectiveness of ZBB based on an examination of industrial users.
The association of isolated mild fetal hydronephrosis with postnatal vesicoureteral reflux.

Objective: We evaluated the incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in fetuses with prenatally detected isolated mild fetal hydronephrosis. Methods: Fetuses with isolated mild fetal hydronephrosis (defi...
Body-Image Satisfaction Among Black Women

Abstract The relationship of body-image satisfaction to body weight, self-esteem, and perceptions of significant others was explored among 102 Black adult women. A sizeable proportion of the women reported some degree of body-image dissatisfaction. Body weight was inversely related to body-image satisfaction, whereas self-esteem was positively related to body-image satisfaction. Perceptions of significant others were related to both self-esteem and body-image satisfaction.
The role of loss of meaning in the pursuit of treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder

Clinical observation and theory suggest that people who have difficulty coping with their exposure to traumatic events often experience a loss of meaning to their lives. This article examines the contribution of loss of meaning to seeking help from clergy and/or mental health providers. Results support the hypotheses that veterans who have suffered a greater loss of meaning are more likely to seek help from clergy and from VA mental health professionals. We suggest that veterans who seek help from clergy are particularly desirous of achieving a restoration of meaning that is specific to their loss, and that this quest sustains a continued pursuit of mental health treatment, especially among those who seek help from the VA.