cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cold temperature performance of phase change material based battery thermal management systems

Abstract This study evaluates performance of passive thermal management system of high power Li-ion batteries in a cold environment. Two different phase change materials (PCM) consisting of pure paraffin and paraffin–graphite composites are considered and compared with a battery module in absence of PCM material. Battery modules are partially discharged for a period and then subjected to different cold time periods representing short and long vehicle stops during winter. Battery performance parameters such as capacity, power, and temperature along with thermophysical properties of each module are recorded, calculated, and compared for different scenarios. Thermal management systems moderate temperature rise during discharge and slow the temperature loss during cold stops but also slow the temperature rise after cold stops. Results show that after a short (10 min) cold stop the paraffin wax offers no advantage by keeping the module warm. Both paraffin and no PCM modules had comparable energy values. On the other hand, during long (2 hours) cold stops a significant detriment (15% reduced energy vs 6% reduced energy) was observed in PCM modules by delaying battery warm up when compared to modules with no PCM. Commercial PCM modules with graphite/paraffin composites performed in-between PCM and no PCM modules (9% reduced energy) after long cold soaks but had no advantage for short cold soaks (2.5% energy reduction) due to higher heat dissipation.
Multivariate Analysis of Covariance

The objective of multivariate analysis of covariance is to determine if there are statistically reliable mean differences that can be demonstrated among groups after adjusting the newly created variable (dependent variable) for differences on one or more covariates. When randomization assignment of samples or subjects to groups is not possible, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) provides statistical matching of groups by adjusting dependent variables as if all subjects scored the same on the covariates.
Prevention during Prenatal and Infant Development

At no point in the human lifespan is prevention a more important issue than in the pre-, peri-, and neonatal periods. There are several reasons for this. First, the gestational phase is the most sensitive period of development, and the point in the life span when the developing infant is most vulnerable to environmental assault and trauma. Second, a handicapping condition occurring during this stage results in a medical, psychological, and financial burden being placed on the individual, the family, and society that may last a lifetime. Third, a more subtle implication for preventive issues in this age group is that this period is one of the greatest neural and behavioral plasticity. Plasticity is defined as the ability of the developing nervous system to make adaptive adjustments in response to changes in the internal or external milieu (Jacobson, 1978). If we translate this definition into behavioral terms, evidence suggests that the brain undergoes biological changes as a consequence of experiences that are inferred to result in changes in learning and memory (Lipton, 1976). These latter changes are subsequently manifested as previously unseen behaviors (Scarr-Salapatek, 1975). The key aspect of the preceding as it relates to the issue of prevention is that environmental experiences direct these biological and psychological changes. One may deduce that the manipulation of environmental circumstances can affect, if not actually determine, the potential of any individual. Because plasticity is most evident during the early years of life (Brodal, 1981), it seems reasonable to assume that it is during this time period that interventions designed to prevent or ameliorate handicapping conditions are likely to be most effective in achieving a desirable outcome.
Recent Advances in AI Based Synthesis of Structural Systems

The present paper describes a general framework for an AI based approach for developing near-optimal designs of load bearing truss and frame structures. The proposed framework is an adaptation of a recently proposed model for generic problem solving system. The approach is based upon a systematic decomposition of the problem space, and an application of design heuristics to incrementally generate an optimal structural topology to account for the applied loads. The principal shortcomings of a heuristic decomposition approach are underscored, and more rational quasi-procedural decomposition methods are proposed.
ARD1 and NAT1 proteins form a complex that has N-terminal acetyltransferase activity.

Abstract Two yeast genes, ARD1 and NAT1, are required for the expression of an N-terminal protein acetyltransferase. This activity is required for full repression of the silent mating type locus HML, for sporulation, and for entry into G0. While the NAT1 gene product is thought to be the catalytic subunit of the enzyme, the role of the ARD1 protein has remained unclear. We have used epitope tagged derivatives of ARD1 and NAT1 to provide biochemical evidence for the formation of an ARD1-NAT1 complex, and to show that both proteins are required for the N-terminal acetyltransferase activity. We also present evidence for the formation of ARD1-ARD1 homodimers. Deletion analysis suggests that the C-terminal region of ARD1 may be involved in the formation of both ARD1-ARD1 and ARD1-NAT1 complexes.
Exosome Biogenesis and Biological Function in Response to Viral Infections.

Introduction Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate as intraluminal vesicles during the process of multivescular body formation. Exosomes mediate intercellular transfer of functional proteins, lipids, and RNAs. The investigation into the formation and role of exosomes in viral infections is still being elucidated. Exosomes and several viruses share similar structural and molecular characteristics. Explanation It has been documented that viral hijacking exploits the exosomal pathway and mimics cellular protein trafficking. Exosomes released from virus-infected cells contain a variety of viral and host cellular factors that are able to modify recipient host cell responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that exosomes are crucial components in the pathogenesis of virus infection. Exosomes also allow the host to produce effective immunity against pathogens by activating antiviral mechanisms and transporting antiviral factors between adjacent cells. Conclusion Given the ever-growing roles and importance of exosomes in both host and pathogen response, this review will address the impact role of exosome biogenesis and composition after DNA, RNA virus, on Retrovirus infections. This review also will also address how exosomes can be used as therapeutic agents as well as a vaccine vehicles.
Internet Platforms: Observations on Speech, Danger, and Money

Policymakers increasingly ask Internet platforms like Facebook to “take responsibility” for material posted by their users. Mark Zuckerberg and other tech leaders seem willing to do so. That is in part a good development. Platforms are uniquely positioned to reduce harmful content online. But deputizing them to police users’ speech in the modern public square can also have serious unintended consequences. This piece reviews existing laws and current pressures to expand intermediaries’ liability for user-generated content. It discusses three ways that poorly designed laws can do damage — to First Amendment-protected online speech, national security, and the economy.
From Genuineness to Finder Authenticity in Communicative Language Teaching

The shift from traditional towards more learner-centered approaches to teaching has resulted in the concept of authenticity becoming central to Communicative Language Teaching (CLT). As a relational notion, authenticity has to do with the interaction between learners and input materials in terms of appropriate responses, as opposed to its notion of genuineness as an absolute quality. It paves the way for language to be authenticated through context, as it encourages a use-to-learn rather than a learn-to-use approach. Using authentic materials requires a great deal of attention to be paid to not only the contextualization and authenticity of tasks, but also to the incorporation of genuine texts into task design, which itself has been revolutionized through modern technology. Using the Web as a technological tool has resulted in another version of authenticity, which might be in line with finder authenticity. The main aim of this paper is to argue that the notion of authenticity has come a long way from genuineness to finder authenticity.
Unsteady Wave-Driven Circulation Cells Relevant to Rip Currents and Coastal Engineering

Abstract : The long term goals of this project are to predict waves, currents, sediment transport and morphological development in the nearshore ocean with accuracy and efficiency.
Modern Strategies for the Surgical Treatment of Priapism

Priapism, a prolonged penile erection unrelated to sexual stimulation, is a challenging urologic condition. Though amongst the most common urologic emergencies, priapism is a rare condition to encounter, and its pathophysiologic mechanisms remain poorly understood. If priapism is not diagnosed and treated appropriately and in a timely manner, there is a risk of progressive penile corporal fibrosis and eventual erectile dysfunction. In this chapter, we review the three distinct clinical presentations of priapism (ischemic, non-ischemic, and stuttering), and we describe concise and practical treatment algorithms for each based on the most recent and best quality scientific and clinical research. We hope that reading this chapter will not only streamline intervention for priapism but also stimulate further research into the pathophysiology of and potential therapies for priapism.
Study of Pharmacogenomic Information in FDA-approved Drug Labeling to Facilitate Application of Precision Medicine

Pharmacogenomics (PGx), studying the relationship between drug response and genetic makeup of an individual, is accelerating advances in precision medicine. The FDA includes PGx information in the labeling of approved drugs to better inform on their safety and effectiveness. We herein present a summary of PGx information found in 261 prescription drug labeling documents by querying the publicly available FDALabel database. A total of 362 drug–biomarker pairs (DBPs) were identified. We profiled DBPs using frequency of the biomarkers and their therapeutic classes. Four categories of applications (indication, safety, dosing and information) were discussed according to information in labeling. This analysis facilitates better understanding, utilization and translation of PGx information in drug labeling among researchers, healthcare professionals and the public.
A telephonic single breath count test for screening of exacerbations of myasthenia gravis: A pilot study.

Background Patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) may experience worsening symptoms outside of a clinical setting. A method of diagnosing and triaging such individuals would be valuable. This study gauged the viability of a nurse-administered single breath count test (SBCT) over the telephone for assessing MG exacerbations. Methods This was a retrospective, single-center review of a pilot study of 45 telephone calls from patients with MG who had worsening baseline symptoms. SBCTs were administered over the telephone to patients by trained nurses. Patients with a breath count of 25 or less were sent to the emergency department. Results Using a cutoff count of 25, the nurse-administered telephonic SBCT had a positive predictive value of 71%, sensitivity of 80%, and specificity of 60% in diagnosing an MG exacerbation. Conclusions SBCT administered by trained nurses by means of telephone may be a useful screening tool for assessing decreased respiratory function in patients with MG.
Blood Transfusion: Knowledge, Perspectives, and Experience of Individuals With Sickle Cell Disease.

Patient voice and perspective were needed to inform effective, comprehensive strategies for reducing preventable transfusion-associated complications. This report presents the results of interviews...
Surgical strategy in multiple arterial grafting

Abstract The Surgical strategy is key to the success of coronary surgery—and cardiac surgery in general. This chapter is an overview of the key issues to be addressed during the planning phase of a coronary bypass operation using multiple arterial grafts.
Openness and factor shares: Is globalization always bad for labor?

Abstract This paper studies the response of factor shares to the liberalization episode in India during the 1990's, which is characterized by large and unexpected changes in trade and foreign investment policies. We find that access to foreign capital caused an increase in the labor-to-capital relative factor share. As lower tariffs on capital goods and FDI liberalization reduce the cost of foreign capital, firms increase their use of foreign capital relative to domestic capital. This shift in the composition of the capital stock improves capital's productivity per unit of expenditure, which in turn raises wages and the relative labor share. Consistent with this mechanism, firm TFP and the share of firms that import capital both increase in industries with the largest capital cost reductions, while the relatively larger rise of labor payments is observed predominantly for new capital importers. We identify domestic deregulation policies and reallocation to capital-intensive firms as potential determinants of the observed decline in the aggregate labor share. Finally, in a model where domestic and foreign capital are imperfect substitutes, we quantify the effect of a reduction in capital tariffs, and find that it explains a large part of the estimated increase in the labor share found in the reduced form analysis.
Painful temporomandibular joint overloading induces structural remodeling in the pericellular matrix of that joint's chondrocytes.

Mechanical stress to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an important factor in cartilage degeneration, with both clinical and preclinical studies suggesting that repeated TMJ overloading could contribute to pain, inflammation, and/or structural damage in the joint. However, the relationship between pain severity and early signs of cartilage matrix microstructural dysregulation is not understood, limiting the advancement of diagnoses and treatments for temporomandibular joint-osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). Changes in the pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding chondrocytes may be early indicators of OA. A rat model of TMJ pain induced by repeated jaw loading (1 h/day for 7 days) was used to compare the extent of PCM modulation for different loading magnitudes with distinct pain profiles (3.5N-persistent pain, 2N-resolving pain, or unloaded controls-no pain) and macrostructural changes previously indicated by Mankin scoring. Expression of PCM structural molecules, collagen VI and aggrecan NITEGE neo-epitope, were evaluated at Day 15 by immunohistochemistry within TMJ fibrocartilage and compared between pain conditions. Pericellular collagen VI levels increased at Day 15 in both the 2N (p = 0.003) and 3.5N (p = 0.042) conditions compared to unloaded controls. PCM width expanded to a similar extent for both loading conditions at Day 15 (2N, p < 0.001; 3.5N, p = 0.002). Neo-epitope expression increased in the 3.5N group over levels in the 2N group (p = 0.041), indicating pericellular changes that were not identified in the same groups by Mankin scoring of the pericellular region. Although remodeling occurs in both pain conditions, the presence of pericellular catabolic neo-epitopes may be involved in the macrostructural changes and behavioral sensitivity observed in persistent TMJ pain.
Tritiation of the botanically derived toxin dihydrorotenone

Pests such as insects threaten the efficient production of the world’s demanding food requirements. For this reason, insect management has increasingly relied on botanical insecticides as safer alternatives to synthetic agents. Rotenone and related compounds (rotenoids) were among the earliest botanical natural products to be identified as useful insecticides. To elucidate the rotenoid mechanism of action at the insect receptor level and design even more effective insecticides, a tritiated rotenoid analogue was required. As a result, this paper describes the successful synthesis and characterization of [3H] dihydrorotenone at high specific activity. In doing so, it also provides another example of a tritiated dihydro analogue of a parent compound acting as a surrogate for it in biological applications.
Practice Patterns of Family Physicians With and Without Addiction Medicine Board Certification.

Background: The American Board of Medical Specialties recognized addiction medicine (ADM) as a subspecialty in 2016, which was timely given the recent rise in substance use disorder (SUD). The impact of this dual board opportunity on Family Medicine has not been described. Our study enumerates and characterizes physicians dually certified in Family Medicine and ADM. Methods: We linked American Board of Medical Specialties data from March 2020 on physicians dually boarded in Family Medicine and ADM to responses on demographic and scope of practice questions in the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) National Graduate Survey and Family Medicine Certification Examination Registration Questionnaire. Results: Of current ABFM Diplomates, 0.53% (492/93,269) are also boarded in ADM. Based on survey responses from a subset of dually certified physicians, those who are dually certified are more likely to practice in federally qualified health centers and to hold a faculty position. Dually certified physicians are more likely to provide HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C management and are as likely as non-dually certified physicians to provide newborn care, obstetric deliveries, inpatient adult medicine care, and intensive care. Discussion: While only a small proportion of family physicians carry dual ADM board certification, those that do disproportionately serve vulnerable populations while retaining broad scope of care. Further work is needed to examine whether SUD treatment access could be addressed by implementing models that support dually certified physicians in consultative and educational efforts that would amplify their impact across the primary care workforce.
Concluding Remarks: Our Environmental Advocacy Organizations and the Nature of the Crisis

The conundrums of climate change, of replumbing our US’ Western water resources, of restoring our trout streams, these are some of the problems we must confront in order to bequeath an acceptable environment to the future. Our motivations for confronting these issues lead us to our EAO involvements.
Synthesis and Evaluation of [11C]7-Halogen-2-Phenyl Isoindolone Derivatives: Potential PET Radioligands for in vivo Imaging of 5-HT2C Receptors

The serotonin 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) is abundantly expressed throughout the central nervous system, and involved in a variety of neuroendocrine and neurobehavioral processes. The development of a selective radioligand that will enable in vivo imaging and quantification of 5-HT2CR densities represents a significant technological advancement in understanding both the normal function and pathophysiology of the 5-HT2CR. Four 7-halogen-2-phenyl isoindolones (7-F, Cl, Br, I) were synthesized and displayed high affinities for 5-HT2CR and high selectivity over 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B. [11C]7-Chloro-2-[4-methoxy-3-[2-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]isoindolin-1-one (6) and [11C]7-iodo-2-[4-methoxy-3-[2-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]isoindolin-1-one (9) were synthesized in high radiochemical yield of 37−44% (n = 10, decay corrected from end of [11C]CH3I synthesis) with high radiochemical purity via O-methylation with [11C]CH3I, respectively. MicroPET imaging studies in male rats with or without 5-HT2C antagonist SB-242084 showed that [11C]6 and [11C]9 display specific bindings to 5-HT2CR in the choroid plexus and hippocampus. In vivo microPET brain imaging studies in rhesus monkeys demonstrated that [11C]6 and [11C]9 exhibit excellent blood-brain barrier penetration. The contrast of bindings to the choroid plexus and hippocampus compared to the cerebellum peaked at 2.7 and 1.6, respectively for [11C]6, and 3.7 and 2.7, respectively for [11C]9, which were reduced by administration of a dose of SB-242084. Our results support the candidacy of [11C]6 and [11C]9 for further study as radioligands for in vivo quantitation of 5-HT2C sites by PET.
THE IMPACT OF RACTOPAMINE, ENERGY INTAKE, AND DIETARY FAT ON FINISHER PIG GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS MERIT

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ractopamine, energy intake, dietary fat level, and sex on performance and carcass composition in finishing pigs. Three hundred six barrows and gilts were used in a factorial arrangement of treatments replicated over three seasons. Treatments consisted of two ractopamine levels (0 vs 44.7 mg/d), two sexes (barrows and gilts), two levels of fat addition (0 vs 5% added fat), and four energy intake levels (8.3, 8.9, 9.5, and 10.1 Mcal of ME/d for barrows and 7.7, 8.3, 8.9, and 9.5 Mcal of ME/d for gilts). Diets were formulated to maintain an equal lysine (28.5 g/d) intake at each feeding level through cornstarch dilution of the basal (7.7 Mcal of ME/d) diets. Pigs were fed daily based on a standard feed intake curve and prior weekly body weights. At slaughter (104 kg), carcass measurements and TOBEC HA-1 scanner measurements were recorded. Dietary fat addition improved live weight and lean efficiency (grams of carcass lean gain/kilogram of feed, P < .05). Dietary fat addition did not affect growth rate or carcass composition. Increasing energy intake resulted in a linear increase in average daily gain for both barrows and gilts (P < .01). Dietary ractopamine influenced the response of lean tissue accretion, lean tissue accretion efficiency, and fat tissue accretion to energy intake. Pigs with no added ractopamine demonstrated increased lean tissue accretion and improved efficiency and decreased fat tissue accretion with increasing energy intake (up to 9.5 Mcal of ME intake for barrows and 8.9 Mcal of ME intake for gilts). In contrast, pigs with added ractopamine did not respond to increasing energy intake and demonstrated increased fat tissue accretion with increasing energy intake. The response to ractopamine for growth was greatest from d 6 to 22 on test or during the test gain period of 7 to 18 kg. After d 22, the response of ractopamine declined linearly. These results indicate that ractopamine increases growth rapidly at the onset of feeding until a plateau is reached, after which there is a linear decline in growth response.
NMR constrained solution structures for laminin peptide 11. Analogs define structural requirements for inhibition of tumor cell invasion of basement membrane matrix.

Abstract Peptide 11, CDPGYIGSR-NH2, is a segment of laminin which blocks tumor cell invasion. A high affinity laminin receptor in tumor cells is thought to be blocked by the carboxyl-terminal YIGSR, and conformational energy calculations suggest that the glycine in YIGSR allows an important conformational bend. We replaced the YIGSR glycine residue in peptide 11 with either D-alanine or L-alanine to allow or disfavor the proposed glycine bend. We found the Gly7-->D-Ala7 analog to be equal to peptide 11 in inhibiting tumor cell invasion of basement membrane matrix. The Gly7-->L-Ala7 analog was much less capable of invasion inhibition. Two-dimensional 1H-1H NMR was used to study the solution conformations of the peptide 11 analogs. NOESY experiments revealed close NH-NH contacts in peptide 11 and the D-Ala7 analog, but not in the L-Ala7 analog. Molecular dynamics generated low energy structures with excellent NOE agreement for peptide 11 and its analogs. Both peptide 11 and the D-Ala7 analog, but not the less active L-Ala7 analog, were predicted to have similar bends around Gly7 or D-Ala7. These results suggest that a bend in the YIGSR region of peptide 11 may be important for the binding of laminin to its metastasis-associated receptor.
Behavior-based safety and working alone: The effects of a self-monitoring package on the safe performance of bus operators.

Abstract Experimental evaluations of Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) processes applied with lone workers are scarce. Clinical and organizational researchers alike have studied the effectiveness of self-monitoring as a performance improvement strategy, but further work is needed to determine the power of such interventions for improving safe behavior and to explore the best practices for using such processes with lone workers. In the current study, four male bus operators (20.5 years average experience) self-monitored their safe performance and received feedback based on self-monitoring data. Dispatch supervisors used radio communication to prompt participants to complete self-monitoring forms and also conducted special observations of participants to measure target performances. Both operators and supervisors were unaware of experimental observers who measured the performance of each participant by riding on busses as passengers. A multiple baseline design across performances was used to assess the effects of...
The rhodopsin cycle in the developing vertebrate retina. I. Relation of rhodopsin content, electroretinogram and rod structure in the rat.

An integrated study was made of the developmental aspects of the rhodopsin cycle in the albino rat, including measurements of rhodopsin content, electroretinogram, and photoreceptor growth. A simplified determination of rhodopsin is described which avoids isolation of the retina, or the rod outer segments. Rhodopsin was first detected 7 days after birth; it increased rapidly until 22 days, after which the concentration remained constant, while the content per eye oontinued to inorease. The electroretinogram appeared at 12 days; the amplitudes of the a- and b-waves increased rapidly until the 21st day and slowly thereafter, paralleling the rhodopsin concentration. The spectral sensitivity curve of the electroretinogram showed a maximum, coinciding with that of the difference spectrum of rhodopsin. The length of the rods and of the outer segments in both the central and peripheral areas was determined from birth to maturity. Growth of all of these structures slowed abruptly at 14 days. Closest parallelism existed between the growth of the central outer segments and the rhodopsin concentration up to 14 days. Between 14 and 22 days both the rhodopsin concentration and the electroretinogram amplitude more than doubled, although the outer segment length and total outer segment volume increased only slightly. The development of rhodopsin, the electroretinogram and the length of the photoreceptors followed typical growth curves. Consideration of these findings in the light of recent electron-microscopic observations on rod outer segments shows that rhodopsin appears concomitantly with the primitive cilium and increases rapidly with the development of the rod sacs; the electroretinogram appears only after a considerable degree of rod sac orientation has occurred.
Ethics and Professional Conduct: Striving for a Professional Ideal

The authors introduce the Staircase Model for Professional Development as a framework for nurses' growth as nurse professionals. Professional missteps are addressed, along with strategies for nurses to use in making more thoughtful decisions when faced with ethical situations and in managing mistakes and wrongs in practice. The Staircase Model for Professional Development offers one explanation for recovery from mistakes, through which a nurse regains a positive professional identity and may reintegrate into nursing practice.
Physiological regulation of the picrotoxin receptor by gamma- butyrolactones and gamma-thiobutyrolactones in cultured hippocampal neurons

We examined the effects of alkyl-substituted gamma-butyrolactones (GBLs), and gamma-thiobutyrolactones (TBLs) on GABA currents in cultured, voltage-clamped rat hippocampal neurons. Convulsant GBLs and TBLs reversiby diminished GABA responses in a concentration-dependent manner. beta-Ethyl-beta-methyl GBL (beta-EMGBL) completely abolished GABA responses at 3 mM (IC(50)390 microM), while TBL and beta-ethyl- beta-methyl TBL (beta-EMTBL)-induced inhibition of GABA currents was incomplete, saturating at about 50% of control at 300 microM and 10 mM for beta-EMTBL and TBL, respectively. beta-EMGBL and beta-EMTBL both increased the rate of decay of inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs) and beta-EMGBL also decreased IPSC peak amplitude. In contrast, the anticonvulsant alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl TBL (alpha-EMTBL) potentiated GABA currents at all GABA concentrations tested; maximal potentiation was 190% of control at 1 mM alpha-EMTBL (EC50 102 microM). Another anticonvulsant alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl GBL (alpha-EMGBL), potentiated responses to low (0.5 microM) but not high (greater than or equal to 10 microM) GABA. It also blocked the inhibitory effects of picrotoxin and beta-EMGBL and the facilitative effect of alpha-EMTBL on responses to 30 microM GABA. alpha-EMGBL did not interfere with other agents which augment GABA currents. Both alpha-EMTBL and alpha-EMGBL decreased the rate of IPSC decay without altering IPSC peak amplitude. None of these compounds had any direct membrane effects. We propose that beta-alkyl GBLs diminish GABA currents, and therefore, we hypothesize that these compounds are picrotoxin receptor agonists. beta- Alkyl TBLs partially diminish GABA currents and may be partial agonists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
HelioRoom: problem-solving in a whole class visual simulation

HelioRoom simulates the orbital motion of the planets in the Solar system on a set of synchronized computer displays situated on the walls of the classroom, with planets "orbiting" around the periphery of the room. Third grade students used the application for a problem-solving activity requiring the collection of evidence in support of theories concerning the identity of planets whose size and surface characteristics were intentionally obscured.
Expression patterns of superficial epidermal adhesion molecules in an experimental dog model of acute atopic dermatitis skin lesions

Background The stratum corneum is critical for providing a functional skin barrier, especially in humans and dogs with atopic dermatitis. An effective barrier also depends upon intact corneodesmosomes and superficial epidermal tight junctions. Hypothesis/objectives To study the expression of selected corneodesmosome, desmosome, tight and adherens junction proteins in an experimental model of acute atopic dermatitis skin lesions in dogs. Methods Control and house dust mite (HDM) allergen-containing patches (two types of patches) were applied to the skin of six Maltese-beagle atopic dogs hypersensitive to HDM. Patches were left on for 48 h, and biopsies were collected 24 h after removal. Frozen skin sections were stained by indirect immunofluorescence for corneodesmosin, desmoglein-1, desmocollin-1, claudin-1 and E-cadherin. Immunostains were assessed for their extent, intensity and patterns; they were compared between HDM and control patches on the same dogs. Results The immunostaining for E-cadherin, desmocollin-1 and desmoglein-1 was homogeneous, intercellular and continuous in all control and HDM patches. The immunoreactivity of corneodesmosin and claudin-1 was heterogeneous and reduced in intensity in 12 of 12 and eight of 12 HDM patches, respectively, in contrast to a normal expression seen in all control samples (Fisher's test, P Conclusions and clinical importance These observations suggest that HDM allergens, via proteolytic digestion and/or because of induced allergic inflammation, affect the expression and possible function of corneodesmosomal and tight junction proteins. Ensuing intercellular junction alterations might promote an abnormally increased penetration of allergens through the epidermis.
Parametric Study of Supercritical Rankine Cycle and Earth-air-heat-exchanger for Low Temperature Power Generation☆

Abstract In this paper, a supercritical cycle coupled with an earth-air heat-exchanger (EAHE) has been studied for power generation from low to medium temperature heat sources. A number of organic refrigerants (R32, R125, R134a, R143a, R170 and R218) were studied as working fluids. The temperature range of 125-200 °C was considered for the heat source while ambient air, cooled using EAHE, was used as the sink. The effect of various parameters (operating pressure, outlet temperature of the heat source and geometry of the EAHE) on the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle was studied. An optimum operating pressure was obtained for all the fluids studied, except R32. Practical limitations, such as vapor quality in the turbine and pinch point in the heat exchangers, were considered in the analysis. Sinusoidal yearly variation in daily average air temperature was also taken into account in modelling the system. The soil temperature increased only for a short distance around the pipe while the bulk temperature remained unaffected.
Domestication of Corn.

In the article "Domestication of corn" by P. C. Mangelsdorf, R. S. MacNeish, and W. C. Galinat [ Science 143, 539 (7 Feb. 1964)], two typographical errors occur. On page 539, column 2, line 18, "Santa Maria Cave in Chiapas" should read "Santa Marta Cave in Chiapas." On page 545, line 3 of "Summary" should read "uncovered from five caves."
Mechanics in naturally compliant structures

Abstract In this study the mechanics of compliant structures (very light weight structures which do not have bending capability but have axial stiffness (tension)) in particular to spider web has been studied. The orb-web spider has evolved over the last 180 million years [Lin, L.H., Edmonds, D.T., Vollrath, F., 1995. Structural engineering of an orb-spider’s web. Nature 373, 146–148]. This long period of evolution has produced the present spider web, an elegant, natural, lightweight structure to efficiently resist different loads such as wind, insect impact, etc. It can function as a net for catching prey even if any element is broken. Nature has accomplished these tasks by optimizing its form of construction, and by making spider silk a biopolymer with superior elasticity and tensile strength. It is believed that spider webs are the most efficient structures engineered by nature. In this study it is tried to find why spider webs are so efficient. A FE model of an ideal spider web has been created using the FEMAP pre- and post-processing software, and analyzed using the ABAQUS non-linear FE code. Both the static and dynamic problems have been considered, and also the numerical and experimental techniques have been used. It has been tried to look at how stress is redistributed in the face of damage and how the loss of elements affects the dynamic response of the web and how the vibration due to insect impact is damp out. Finally the numerical simulations have been compared to physical experiments. In lieu of actual spider webs, artificial nets have been examined and its 1st natural frequencies for different cases have been measured by laser vibrometer. A FE model of the net has also been created in FEMAP and analyzed by ABAQUS. In both analyses, the same elements have been removed systematically from the center and the 1st natural frequencies have been determined. Prediction matches well with experiment. The results of this study may be used in light structures like cable-stayed bridges [Masura, M., Yokoyama, K., Toshio, M., 1989. Wind-induced cable vibration of cable-stayed bridges in Japan. In: Proceedings of Canada–Japan Workshop on Bridge Aerodynamics, Ottawa, pp. 101–110; Yoshimura, T., Inoue, A., Kaji, K.K., Savage, M.S., 1989. A study on the aerodynamic stability of the Aratsu Bridge. In: Proceedings of Canada–Japan Workshop on Bridge Aerodynamics, Ottawa, pp. 41–50] and space structures.
Fanny Hensel's Seasons of Life: Poetic Epigrams, Vignettes, and Meaning in Das Jahr

The poetic epigrams and vignettes that precede the movements of Fanny Hensel's Das Jahr in the recently discovered autograph allow for a new, enriched interpretation of the work, previously believed to depict the composer's Italian sojourn. Hensel's music is frequently shaped by the poems from which the epigrams were taken: works by Schiller, Uhland, Eichendorff, Tieck, and Goethe. The epigrams, vignettes drawn by Wilhelm Hensel, and references to other compositions combine to evoke the passage of time and the seasons of human life, a narrative of change tinged with a melancholic sense of loss, in a genuinely Romantic musical cycle.
GEOGRAPHY'S ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN GUATEMALA

(1968). GEOGRAPHY'S ROLE IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN GUATEMALA. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 333-336.
Effectiveness engineering: Vistas of opportunity beyond merit, worth, and significance

Practicing evaluators can be understood as representing the “brand” of evaluation, and as such face challenges with the negative connotations and overall confusion surrounding the field. Effectiveness engineering is presented as a sensitizing concept, a new way of seeing the subset of evaluation approaches that engage goals expanding beyond a determination of merit, worth, or significance. Emerging methodologies addressing systems and complexity, and two portals from Google that provide free data, are suggested as especially relevant resources for those that resonate with the “effectiveness engineering” concept. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association
A simple centrifugal dehydration force method to characterize water compartments in fresh and post-mortem fish muscle.

A centrifugal dehydration force (CDF) method to quantify changes in tissue hydration in fresh and in post-mortem muscular fish tail tissue is presented. The data obtained were used to assess fluid flow rate from tissues and the size of hydration compartments expressed in g water/g dry mass (DM). Curve fit analysis demonstrated that muscle tissue has three detectable water compartments. Application of the method to the fresh fish indicated the presence of a large non-bulk water compartment (3.14 g water/g DM) with a much smaller (0.11 g water/g DM) inner non-bulk water sub-compartment in addition to a comparatively small bulk water compartment (0.99 g water/g DM). At 10 min and at 4 h post-mortem, no significant change in size or flow rate of the water compartments was observed. At 24 h post-mortem the muscular fish tissue, stored in water, swelled with statistically significant increase in total water and in the bulk water compartment but no significant change in the size of the non-bulk water compartments. The water flow rate from the non-bulk water compartment was, however, increased significantly in the 24 h dead tissue. This simple CDF method has application for quantization of bulk and non-bulk water compartments in other biological and non-biological systems.
Techniques for aerothermal tests of large, flightweight thermal protection panels in a Mach 7 wind tunnel

Recently developed experimental techniques permit evaluating thermal performance and structural integrity of full-scale panel concepts applicable to reentry and hypersonic vehicles in the Langley 8-foot high-performance structures tunnel. Rate and magnitude of surface heating and differential-pressure loading are independently controlled. Realistic temperature distributions are radiantly preheated into the panel prior to aerodynamic heating, and stream conditions are preselected to sustain the preheat surface heating input during aerodynamic exposure. During tunnel start and shutdown, panels are shielded outside the stream from potentially damaging transient acoustics and buffeting and are then rapidly inserted into the hypersonic flow. Infrared radiometry provides detailed surveys of surface temperatures.
Transmission and scanning electron microscopic examination of rat vaginal epithelium in the normal estrous cycle and in persistent estrous

The rat vaginal epithelium in both normal and persistent estrous (PE) cycles was examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy utilizing cardiac perfusion and ruthenium red staining. It was demonstrated that surface vaginal epithelium in persistent estrous exhibited irregularly shaped cells. Borders were not well defined as is the case in normal estrous, and cells lacked the complex, interconnecting microridges and pits. Vaginal surfaces were completely smooth or covered with few microvilli. In the control specimens the fine structure en block stained with ruthenium red showed distinct cell membranes bordering the intercellular spaces between epithelial cells. With PE rats, this finding was absent, and there was instead a significant expansion of intercellular space with villiform processes of the cytoplasm projecting into the space. Utilization of the combination of techniques described provided the investigators with a better definition of vaginal tissue ultrastructure and revealed significant morphological differences between the normal estrous cycle and persistent estrous in vaginal specimens from rat models.
Designing a Growth-Producing Environment.

The purpose of this article is to describe how one university counseling center went about the process of changing its management style and subsequent service delivery. In a relatively short period of time the center went from the traditional director-staff relationship to a collective governance process. This shared governance process is based on the assumptions that the product of collective planning, shared responsibilities, and group decision making enhance morale, creativity, and productivity. As a result of the arduous tasks involved in the shift of administrative styles, the center has established group accountability, collective decision making, open communication, and total group program development. For this center's staff the transition to nonauthoritarian governance has been both stimulating and exciting. However, the process of change involves high risks, continual cooperation, and a climate of support. Without these ingredients the potential for creative management will be sharply reduced.
Cholelitholysis using methyl tertiary butyl ether.

We tested methyl tertiary butyl ether both in vitro and in vivo to evaluate its efficacy as a potential cholesterol gallstone solvent for direct instillation into the human gallbladder or bile duct. Like diethyl ether, methyl tertiary butyl ether is an aliphatic ether with an excellent cholesterol -so]ubilizing capacity. However, unlike diethyl ether which vaporizes at body temperature, methyl tertiary butyl ether remains a liquid having a boiling point of 55.2°C. In vitro, methyl tertiary butyl ether dissolved human gallstones (40%–94% cholesterol) within 60—100 min. In contrast, monooctanoin, an established gallstone solvent, required >50 h to dissolve similar stones. By direct catheter instillation in 6 dogs, methyl tertiary butyl ether required only 4–16 h to dissolve gallstones surgically implanted in the gallbladder. The dogs tolerated methyl tertiary butyl ether with only minor clinical, biochemical, or histologic effects. We conclude that further evaluation of methyl tertiary butyl ether for dissolution of human gallbladder and biliary duct cholesterol stones is warranted.
A Neural Network for Transportation Safety Modeling

Abstract Accidents serve as an operational measure of marine safety, and specifically the safety of vessels, crews, and cargoes. The ability to accurately predict the type of vessel accident with such input variables as time, location, weather, river stage, and traffic could significantly reduce marine casualties by alerting port authorities and navigation groups as to the likelihood of a specific kind of casualty. In this paper, three models were developed to predict vessel accidents on the lower Mississippi River. These models are a neural network, multiple discriminant analysis and logistic regression. The predictive capability for vessel accidents of a neural network is compared with multiple discriminant analysis and logistic regression. The percent of “grouped” cases correctly classified is 80% (36 of the 45 cases in the testing set) for the neural network, if nonclassified cases are treated as incorrectly classified by neural network. The percent of “grouped” cases correctly classified by this network is 90% (36 of 40 cases) if nonclassified cases are excluded from the calculation. Discriminant analysis and logistic regression were able to correctly classify only 53% and 56% respectively, of accident cases into three casualty groups: collisions, rammings, or groundings.
A brief, interpersonally oriented mindfulness intervention incorporating Functional Analytic Psychotherapy׳s model of awareness, courage and love

Abstract A brief, group mindfulness intervention targeting both state mindfulness and social connectedness was developed based on Functional Analytic Psychotherapy׳s model of awareness, courage, and love. A total of 114 college students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) a nature video control, (2) a traditional intrapersonal mindfulness intervention focused on awareness of breath and private stimuli such as bodily sensations, thoughts, and feelings, or (3) an interpersonal mindfulness intervention that emphasized (a) expanding awareness from private internal to external public stimuli associated with the presence of others, (b) a contemplation of common humanity and risks participants could take to improve a specific relationship, and (c) a brief small group interaction involving courageous sharing of these risks. Results indicated significant benefits of all three conditions with respect to state mindfulness with both mindfulness conditions outperforming the nature video, and significant benefits of both mindfulness conditions with respect to social connectedness, with the interpersonal mindfulness condition outperforming the intrapersonal condition. Limitations include no follow-up data to explore the maintenance of gains over time.
The Hard-Sphere Fluid: New Exact Results with Applications

A theorem for convolution integrals is proved and then applied to extend the second zero-separation theorem to the bridge function b(r) and direct-correlation tail functions d(r). This theorem allows us to exactly relate deltab(r)/deltar and deltad(r)/deltar at r = 0 for the hard-sphere fluid to the contact values of the radial distribution function g(r) at r = sigma/sup +/. From this we obtain immediately the exact values of deltab(r)/deltar and deltad(r)/deltar at r = 0 through second order in number density rho. Using our results to compare the exact and Percus-Yevick (PY) bridge function, we find that they differ significantly. After obtaining the bridge function and tail function and their derivatives at r = 0 and r = sigma through, we suggest new approximations for b(0) and d(0) as well as an analytical integral-equation theory to improve the PY approximation in the pure hard-sphere fluid. The major deficiency of that approximation has been its poor assessment of the cavity function inside the hard-core region. Our theory remedies this defect is a way that yields a y(r) that is self-consistent with respect to the virial and compressibility relations and also the two zero-separation relations involving y(r) and its spatial derivative atmore » r = 0.« less
Effect of multiple substrates in ethanol fermentations from cheese whey

Abstract Ethanol fermentations from cheese whey by Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 397 were investigated. Cheese whey, which contains lactose as the major sugar, has been found to have small amounts of glucose and galactose, depending on the source and operating conditions. Fermentation performance was strongly influenced by the presence of glucose and galactose. However, lactose did not significantly affect the cell growth and product formation even at a high concentration. A logistical model was proposed to take into account the effect of lactose.
Television Programming, Monopolistic Competition, and Welfare

Introduction, 103.—Sources of bias in program selection, 106.—Numbers of programs and audience sizes in equilibrium, 114.—Summary of results and policy, 122.