cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lyman α airglow emission: Implications for atomic hydrogen geocorona variability with solar cycle

[1] Satellite-based measurements of geocoronal Lyman α (Lyα) emission at 121.6 nm, created through multiple scattering of solar Lyα photons by atomic hydrogen, offer a valuable means of inferring the hydrogen abundance, [H], in the terrestrial thermosphere and exosphere on a global, long-term basis. We present initial results from an analysis of Lyα radiance measurements acquired across the Earth's limb from 2002 to 2007 by the Global UltraViolet Imager (GUVI) onboard the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft. This data spans nearly half of a solar cycle, and both the absolute Lyα radiance as well as its relative variation across the limb are shown to exhibit a significant dependence on solar activity. We describe sensitivities of a forward radiative transport (RT) model to key parameters governing the [H] distribution in order to assess implications for [H] estimation from the GUVI limb scan data throughout the solar cycle. Based on data-model comparisons, we conclude that the observed solar cycle variability is indicative of a decrease in dayside H density at the exobase with increasing solar activity. These results, along with additional forward RT modeling based on NRLMSISE-00 model specification of [H], are also used to assess contemporary semiempirical model accuracy.
A comparison of vecuronium by continuous infusion with either isoflurane or fentanyl-nitrous oxide anesthesia.

Abstract The average infusion rate and efficacy of vecuronium bromide continuous infusions for surgical relaxation in human subjects was evaluated. Nineteen adult patients requiring more than 120 min of neuromuscular blockade for surgery were randomized to receive either fentanyl-nitrous oxide (Group 1) or isoflurane fentanyl-nitrous oxide (Group 2). Neuromuscular function was monitored using train-of-four evoked electromyography (EMG). Following an intubating dose of 0.08 mg/kg of vecuronium bromide, the first twitch was allowed to return to 10% of its control value. An infusion of vecuronium at an initial rate of 60.0 μg/kg/h was then started and adjusted to maintain the first twitch at 10% of control. The average infusion rate (total infusion dose divided by the duration of the infusion) was 57.2 ± 14 μg/kg/h in Group 1 (n = 10) and 42.4 ± 12 μg/kg/h (n = 9) in Group 2, approximately 25% less ( p = 0.02). There was a significant decrease in the infusion rate with time in Group 1 ( p = 0.02), but this decrease was not observed in Group 2.
Scaffolding proteins in G-protein signaling

Heterotrimeric G proteins are ubiquitous signaling partners of seven transmembrane-domain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest (and most important pharmacologically) receptor family in mammals. A number of scaffolding proteins have been identified that regulate various facets of GPCR signaling. In this review, we summarize current knowledge concerning those scaffolding proteins that are known to directly bind heterotrimeric G proteins, and discuss the composition of the protein complexes they assemble and their effects on signal transduction. Emerging evidence about possible ways of regulation of activity of these scaffolding proteins is also discussed.
Ion Transport Through Polyperfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes.

Water transport rates through Dow experimental polyperfluorosulfonic acid membranes were investigated by using dynamic thermogravimetry. A mathematical model was developed to describe water transport rates within the membrane. Values for the diffusion coefficient of water in membrane samples of the same equivalent weight but of three different thicknesses, 265, 4.0, and 7.0 mil, were obtained for temperatures of 60, 80, and 90° C. Results show that the diffusion coefficient of water increases with water content and temperature.
Tailoring and probing particle–polymer interactions in PMMA/silica nanocomposites

The unique physical and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites have been attributed to the interfacial interactions between the organic matrix and nanoscale particles. We demonstrate the potential to tune this interaction between poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and silica nanoparticles, as a function of either nanosilica surface chemistry or polymer reactivity. Functionalized nanosilica was mechanically deposited on the surface of PMMA films, and the system then heated above the polymer glass transition temperature. Rates and extents of nanoparticle sink-in were quantified by timelapse atomic force microscopy-based imaging, showing that the strength of particle–matrix interactions was predicted directly by polymer–particle interaction energies. Nanocomposite films created via this approach exhibited significantly enhanced elastic moduli and scratch resistance. This direct quantification of mechanical optimization viananoparticle–polymer interfacial chemistry enables new approaches to rapidly tune nanocomposite performance.
Evaluation of a maltodextrin gel as a partial replacement for fat in a high-ratio white-layer cake

The performance of maltodextrin gel as a replacement (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) for shortening along with sucrose and high fructose corn syrup-90 (HFCS-90), adjusted for sweetness in each treatment, was evaluated in a high-ratio white-layer cake formulation. Two controls were used as a reference to fat-replaced cakes: control A (100% fat and 100% sucrose) and control B (100% fat with 50% sucrose/50% HFCS-90), which closely matched the sugar system of the fat-replaced cakes. Volume of cakes showed that treatment F (100% fat-substituted) was significantly (P< 0.05) different from the other treatments. Crust and crumb L- and b-values indicated that control B produced a dark crust (P< 0.05) with a light crumb (P< 0.05) whereas treatment E (75% fat substituted) produced a light crust (P< 0.05) and treatment F a darker crumb (P< 0.05) with a significantly (P< 0.05) higher moisture content. Degree of staling significantly (P< 0.05) increased over time for all treatments. Sensory results indicated that treatment F produced a significantly (P< 0.05) moister, less adhesive and cohesive cake. Tenderness and sweetness scores indicated that treatments E and F were significantly (P< 0.05) tougher and less sweet, respectively, when compared with the other treatments. Results from both the physical and sensory analyses indicated that the combination of maltodextrin gel up to a 75% reduction for shortening and sucrose/HFCS-90 resulted in satisfactory cakes.
Genetic susceptibility to hypertensive renal disease

Hypertensive renal disease occurs at increased frequency among the relatives of patients with this disease compared to individuals who lack a family history of disease. This suggests a heritable risk in which genetic variation may play a role. These observations have motivated a search for genetic variation contributing to this risk in both experimental animal models and in human populations. Studies of animal models indicate the capacity of natural genetic variants to contribute to disease risk and have produced a few insights into the disease mechanism. In its current phase, human population genetic studies have sought to associate genetic variation with disease in large populations by testing genotypes at a large number of common genetic variations in the genome, expecting that common genetic variants contributing to renal disease risk will be identified. These genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been productive and are a clear technical success; they have also identified narrowly defined loci and genes containing variation contributing to disease risk. Further extension and refinement of these GWAS are likely to extend this success. However, it is also clear that few additional variants with substantial effects accounting for the greatest part of heritability will be uncovered by GWAS. This raises an interesting biological question regarding where the remaining unaccounted heritable risk may be located. At present, much consideration is being given to this question and to the challenge of testing hypotheses that lead from the various alternative mechanisms under consideration. One result of the progress of GWAS is likely to be a renewed interest in mechanisms by which related individuals can share and transmit traits independently of Mendelian inheritance. This paper reviews the current progress in this area and considers other mechanisms by which familial aggregation of risk for renal disease may arise.
The Emergent Self: How Distributed Neural Networks Support Self-Representation

The self has been conceptualized and divided into two main aspects—the mental/psychological and the physical/embodied self. This chapter describes how simulation by the mirror neuron system (MNS) may underlie a multitude of cognitions that constitute the self, including embodied self-representation and the understanding of other’s actions, and how the default mode network (DMN) may represent aspects of the mental self, including autobiographical memory and self-knowledge. Interactions of the DMN and MNS may subserve the integration of self-relevant traits within the context of autobiographical memory as well as future action goals—positioning the self as a “center of gravity” of one’s private and social behavior.
Regulation of mitochondrial glutamine/glutamate metabolism by glutamate transport: studies with 15N

We focused on the role of plasma membrane glutamate uptake in modulating the intracellular glutaminase (GA) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) flux and in determining the fate of the intracellular g...
Fatigue failure of noncemented porous-coated implants. A retrieval study

The causes of mechanical failure of five noncemented porous-coated components were studied. There were two cobalt-chromium alloy and three titanium alloy implants which fractured after 12 to 48 months. The implants included one acetabular component, and one femoral condylar, one patellar and two tibial components. Examination of the fractured surfaces revealed fatigue to be the mechanism of failure in all cases. The porous coating and the processes required for its fabrication had resulted in weakening and reduction of substrate thickness. Additional factors were stress concentration due to limited, localised bone ingrowth, and some features of the design of the implants.
Before theory comes theorizing or how to make social science more interesting

The basic argument in this article is that sociology and social science more generally are today severely hampered by the lack of attention being paid to theory. Methods--qualitative as well as quantitative methods--have proven to be very useful in practical research (as opposed to theory); and as a result they dominate modern social science. They do not, however, do the job that belongs to theory. One way to redress the current imbalance between methods and theory, it is suggested, would be to pay more attention to theorizing, that is, to the actual process that precedes the final formulation of a theory; and in this way improve theory. Students of social science are today primarily exposed to finished theories and are not aware of the process that goes into the production and design of a theory. Students need to be taught how to construct a theory in practical terms ('theorizing'); and one good way to do so is through exercises. This is the way that methods are being taught by tradition; and it helps the students to get a hands-on knowledge, as opposed to just a reading knowledge of what a theory is all about. Students more generally need to learn how to construct a theory while drawing on empirical material. The article contains a suggestion for the steps that need to be taken when you theorize. Being trained in what sociology and social science are all about--an important precondition!--students may proceed as follows. You start out by observing, in an attempt to get a good empirical grip on the topic before any theory is introduced. Once this has been done, it may be time to name the phenomenon; and either turn the name into a concept as the next step or bring in some existing concepts in an attempt to get a handle on the topic. At this stage one can also try to make use of analogies, metaphors and perhaps a typology, in an attempt to both give body to the theory and to invest it with some process. The last element in theorizing is to come up with an explanation; and at this point it may be helpful to draw on some ideas by Charles Peirce, especially his notion of abduction. Before having been properly tested against empirical material, according to the rules of the scientific community, the theory should be considered unproven. Students who are interested in learning more about theorizing may want to consult the works of such people as Everett C. Hughes, C. Wright Mills, Ludwig Wittgenstein and James G. March. Many of the issues that are central to theorizing are today also being studied in cognitive science; and for those who are interested in pursuing this type of literature, handbooks represent a good starting point. The article ends by arguing that more theorizing will not only redress the balance between theory and methods; it will also make sociology and social science more interesting.
Evolutionism and its Critics

Evolutionary theories have held a prominent place in the history of the social sciences. Although there are many kinds of evolutionary theories, the essential element that they hold in common is their assumption that history is more than just a series of particular and unique events. On the contrary, the evolutionist assumption is that history reveals a certain directionality in the sense that there are similar processes occurrin g at similar times, at various points throughout the globe. The best of thes e theories do not limit themselves to simply describing directional patterns, but go on to provid e some sort of model or causal explanation for the observed sequence or sequences .
A simple electrode carrier for the exploration of subcortical structures.

SummaryA simple, inexpensive and quickly executed method for exploring subcortical areas is described.
Absence of magnetic state dependent low-frequency noise in spin-valve systems

The low-frequency noise in magnetic tunnel junctions and giant magnetoresistance devices in various magnetic states has been investigated. The noise measurements in both types of devices show a $1/f$ spectrum in either the parallel or antiparallel magnetic state. The noise as the magnetization switches from parallel to antiparallel and vice versa in the transition regions (characterized by a large $dR$/$dH$), in which the magnetic aftereffect is present and the system is out of equilibrium, also exhibits a $1/f$ spectrum of a magnitude consistent with that in the parallel and antiparallel states where the system relaxes to the equilibrium state. Included is how even small magnetic aftereffect signals can replicate the results of many previous studies. Two additional experiments are described which set an upper limit for the magnetic noise in the devices investigated.
Toward a Fine Balance: Cross-Cultural Comparison of Work–Family Identities

This study investigates the differences in the salience of work and family identities between samples of employees in the United States and India. The authors hypothesized the effects of cultural differences on these workers' salient identities. Additionally, the authors hypothesized that across cultures a balance in the importance of family and work identities achieved by an individual would lead to greater job and life satisfaction and fewer intentions to turnover. Structural equation modeling tests support the authors' hypotheses. This article contributes toward an understanding of cross-cultural differences and even some similarities in work–family identity issues and the outcomes a balance in them engender.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. Clinical use in a high-risk group--the elderly.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) play an important role in the management of many patients, including the elderly with both rheumatic and nonrheumatic disorders. Efficacy among the agents is similar and patient response is highly variable. Potential differences in toxicity may be more important than differences in efficacy when selecting an NSAID for a particular patient. Gastrointestinal toxicity is common and prevention and management differ from classic peptic ulcer disease. Recently, NSAID effects on the small bowel have been recognized to be clinically significant. Acute renal insufficiency related to NSAIDs may be avoided to some extent by careful patient selection. Current development of newer NSAIDs is focused on finding drugs offering significant advantages in terms of efficacy or toxicity, particularly the latter.
Phenylhydrazono-phenylazo tautomerism

Abstract The structures of xylo -4,5,6,-trihydroxy-2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazono)cyclohexane ( 1 ), 2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazono)cyclohexane ( 2 ), 2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazono)cyclopentane ( 3 ),3-oxo-2,4-bis(phenylhydrazono)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid ( 4 ), 2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazono)indan ( 5 ), and 2-oxo-1,3-bis(phenylhydrazono)propane ( 6 ) were studied by comparison of their n.m.r., u.v., visible, and i.r. spectra with the spectra of reference compounds of known structures. The results showed that compounds 1 - 6 exist in two forms. The red forms have an enolic (chelated) phenylhydrazono-phenylazo structure. A similarity of the compounds to the diphenylformazans is noted, and substantiated by a comparison of absorption spectra. Compound 2 crystallizes from aqueous ethyl alcohol in the form of a yellow hydrate shown to have a phenylhydrazono structure. On dehydration, the yellow hydrate yields the red enolic form. The n.m.r. spectra of 1,2,3-tris(phenylhydrazono) derivatives of cyclohexane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexanecarboxylic acid show two low-field signals indicative of two chelated rings. Tris(phenylhydrazono)propane in chloroform- d shows no low-field n.m.r. signals immediately after dissolution, but, after equilibration, shows a weak, low-field signal; this suggests that the substance may establish an equilibrium analogous to the equilibria reported by others for phenylosazones.
Environmental pricing : studies in policy choices and interactions

Contents:Foreword by Birgitte Egelund OlsenPrefacePART I CASE STUDIES IN POLICY INTEGRATION1. Climate Policy Integration: Evidence on Coherence in EU PoliciesClaudia Kettner, Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig and Angela Koppl2. Tax Treatment of the Interaction between Water and Energy Marta Villar and Enrique Fonseca3. Subsidies to Fossil Energy Consumption in Italy: Assessment and Interaction with the Electricity MarketMarianna Antenucci and Michele Governatori4. Toward a Sustainable Climate and Energy Policy Mix: Insights from Theory and the Case of JapanSven Rudolph, Takeshi Kawakatsu and Achim Lerch5. European Renewable Energy Market Governance and Economic Crisis: a Taxation Makeover with Greece as a Case StudyIoanna MersiniaPART II THE CHALLENGES OF SUBSIDIES6. Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Will it Make a Difference?Malgorzata Kicia and Manfred Rosenstock7. Tax Expenditures to Promote Environmentally Responsible InvestmentMaria Amparo Grau Ruiz8. Do you Get What you Pay for with United States Climate Change Tax Provisions?Hans Sprohge and Larry Kreiser9. Supporting Emission Reductions through a Viable Wind Energy Industry: Lessons for AustraliaKaren Bubna-LiticPART III COMPETITIVENESS CONSIDERATIONS10. Environmental Border Tax Adjustments (BTAs): A Forgotten HistoryAlice Pirlot11. Renewable Energy: Subsidies and Taxes as Competition DistortionRolf H. Weber12. The Impact of Environmental Tax on Enterprise Competitiveness in ChinaJian Wu and Yujiao MaoPART IV STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS13. Reclaiming the "T" Word: Ways of Improving Communication and Public Acceptance of Environmental Fiscal Reform in EuropeJacqueline Cottrell14. Regulatory Taxes as an Instrument to Foster Sustainability Transitions: An Exploratory Analysis Kris Bachus and Frederic Vanswijgenhoven15. Resilience Based Policy for Groundwater ProtectionDeborah L. JarvieIndex
Quantitative estimates of the optimal balance between digestible lysine and the true protein contents of broiler feeds

Typical poultry feed formulation models have been developed for meeting the minimum specifications of the essential amino acids (EAAs), ignoring the importance of providing precise levels of the non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) that are required for maximum performance. Including true protein (TP) values in these models in relation to EAAs can most accurately account for the requirements of all amino acids (AAs) in the ration (essential, non-essential and excess EAAs). Data from recent research reports on the digestible lysine (dLys) requirements for maximum weight gain and minimum feed conversion ratio (FCR) were compiled from the literature. dLys requirements and the TP contents of the feeds were recalculated based on common ingredient composition values. Broken-line linear (BLL) and broken-line quadratic (BLQ) models were fitted to the data and compared. The dLys requirements of broilers (g/kg diet) for body weight gain (BWG) and FCR were found to increase linearly as a function of the true and crude protein contents of the diet. These relationships were not affected by either age or sex. As chickens aged, the dLys requirements decreased. However, the dLys requirement to TP ratio did not change with age for BWG or FCR. For maximum BWG and minimum FCR, the dLys requirements were estimated from the prediction models to be 4.92% ± 0.51 and 5.58% ± 0.70 of the TP level of the diet, using the BLL models, respectively. The good linear relationship between the dLys requirement and TP level allows the prediction of the variables from each other for use in feed formulation to represent the requirements of both EAAs and NEAAs. The dietary dLys requirements were estimated to be lower using the BLL vs. the BLQ models. TP was a better predictor of dLys requirements than crude protein (higher R(2) values).
Capability Adaptive Elastic IoT Architecture

IoT networks, together with the data that flows between inter-networked smart devices are growing at unprecedented rates. Storing the data arriving in high volume at IoT gateways or transferring it to back-end clusters for timely processing and real-time response generation is not always feasible, and generally requires considerable overprovisioning of resources. In typical configurations, a computationally capable front-end gateway is available for coordinating the operation of smart devices and for linking them to computation and communication rich back-end infrastructure. It is attractive to harness the computational capabilities in front-end gateways to achieve elasticity of deployment so that the total throughput and response time of IoT solutions can be optimized by intelligent division of labor between devices, front-end gateways, and back-end servers. This paper proposes an Elastic Computing Framework (ECF), an architecture in which programmability of front-end machines is drawn upon to dynamically divide data processing tasks into those that see all of the data but perform simple operations on it, and those that see a transformed subset of the data and extract deep insights from it. This results in lifting the pressure on the network that links the front-and back-ends, and achieves capability adaptive deployment of IoT solutions. In experimental evaluation with one production usage scenario, this approach achieves between six fold and fifty fold reduction in data transferred to back-end clusters, and improves responsiveness by roughly sixteen fold.
Pseuo-myopia:is it common and treatable?

Based on the survey of refraction before and after the installation of cycloplegic in thousands of school myopes in China, it appears that accommodation factor presents in 60% of cases (myopia decreased 0.5 D or more), and 10% cases belong to the pseudo-myopia (myopia disappears after the installation of cycloplegic and appears as emmetropia or hyper-opia). Long-term atropine treatment of school myopia can eliminate accommodation tonus, prevent or retard the progress of myopia. The efficiency of various treatments for pseudo-myopia should be evaluated carefully by long-term double-masked randomized clinical trials according to the principle of evidence-based medicine.
Methods and effects of prevention of eye infection in critically ill premature infants

Objective To explore the effects of quality control circle( QCC) activity in reducing eye infection in critically ill premature infants.Methods A quality control circle team was established to analyze the main reasons of eye infection in critically ill premature infants,then formulate and implement the corresponding improvement measures. Results After the implementation of quality control circle,the eye infection rate was reduced obviously( P 0. 01). Conclusion The application of quality control circle can effectively reduce the rate of eye infection in critically ill premature infants,and improve the quality of nursing care.
Person-following UAVs

We consider the design of vision-based control algorithms for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), so as to enable a UAV to autonomously follow a person. A new vision-based control architecture is proposed with the goals of 1) robustly following the user and 2) implementing following behaviors programmed by manipulation of visual patterns. This is achieved within a detection/tracking paradigm, where the target is a programmable badge worn by the user. This badge contains a visual pattern with two components. The first is fixed and used to locate the user. The second is variable and implements a code used to program the UAV behavior. A biologically inspired tracking/recognition architecture, combining bottom-up and top-down saliency mechanisms, a novel image similarity measure, and an affine validation procedure, is proposed to detect the badge in the scene. The badge location is used by a control algorithm to adjust the UAV flight parameters so as to maintain the user in the center of the field of view. The detected badge is further analyzed to extract the visual code that commands the UAV behavior This is used to control the height and distance of the UAV relative to the user.
Broken Symmetry DFT Calculations/Analysis for Oxidized and Reduced Dinuclear Center in Cytochrome c Oxidase: Relating Structures, Protonation States, Energies, and Mössbauer Properties in ba3 Thermus thermophilus.

The Fea33+···CuB2+ dinuclear center (DNC) structure of the as-isolated oxidized ba3 cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) from Thermus thermophilus (Tt) is still not fully understood. When the proteins are initially crystallized in the oxidized state, they typically become radiolyticly reduced through X-ray irradiation. Several X-ray crystal structures of reduced ba3 CcO from Tt are available. However, depending on whether the crystals were prepared in a lipidic cubic phase environment or in detergent micelles, and whether the CcO’s were chemically or radiolyticly reduced, the X-ray diffraction analysis of the crystals showed different Fea32+···CuB+ DNC structures. On the other hand, Mossbauer spectroscopic experiments on reduced and oxidized ba3 CcOs from Tt (Zimmermann et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988, 85, 5779–5783) revealed multiple 57Fea32+ and 57Fea33+ components. Moreover, one of the 57Fea33+ components observed at 4.2 K transformed from a proposed “low-spin” state to a different high-spin species when...
The clinical usefulness of lymphocyte:monocyte ratios in differentiating influenza from viral non-influenza-like illnesses in hospitalized adults during the 2015 influenza A (H3N2) epidemic: the uniqueness of HPIV-3 mimicking influenza A.

During influenza epidemics, influenza-like illnesses (ILIs) viruses cocirculate with influenza strains. If positive, rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) identify influenza A/B, but false-negative RIDTs require retesting by viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Patient volume limits testing during influenza epidemics, and non-specific laboratory findings have been used for presumptive diagnosis pending definitive viral testing. In adults, the most useful laboratory abnormalities in influenza include relative lymphopenia, monocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Lymphocyte:monocyte (L:M) ratios may be even more useful. L:M ratios 2 with human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rhinoviruses/enteroviruses (R/E), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), but not human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3), which had L:M ratios 3 days, whereas with HPIV-3, L:M ratios 3 days of hospitalization.
International Airship Hubris and Adversity, 1928–30

In just two years, between October 1928 and October 1930, the high international airship hopes of the previous decade attained both resounding achievement and ill-starred misadventure. The new Graf Zeppelin crossed the north and south Atlantic and flew spectacularly around the world. The Americans completed their own ultra-modern airship construction works and began building their first naval superairship. Britain finally launched both of its state-of-the-art airships. One completed a round-trip flight to Canada. The other foundered three months later en route to India. All these events quickened national enthusiasms and fostered international political posturing, both positive and negative. It was the brief culmination of global skyward airship rivalry.
Sports Sponsorship Effectiveness: The Impact of Transformational Consumption Experiences

As technology such as DVR, television subscription services (e.g. Hulu), and video streaming (e.g. Netflix) continues to change the advertising game, more and more marketers are turning to sponsorship of live or interactive events to capture their target market (Schultz 2013). North American firms will spend nearly $14 billion on sports sponsorship in 2013 an expected increase of 6 % over 2012 and almost three times the expected increase in overall ad spending (2.3 %) for 2013 (IEG 2013). Of these sponsorships, title sponsorships are the most coveted with firms paying upwards of $35 million dollars for the naming rights of an event (e.g. Bank of America Chicago Marathon; IEG ImageTrack). According to research on experiential consumption, the experiences consumers have at the sponsored events can potentially impact their perception of the sponsoring brand (Dodson 1996; Schouten et al. 2007). In this study, we find that consumers reporting transformational consumption experiences, defined as intrinsically enjoyable experiences laden with intense emotional content, illustrated significantly greater change in brand integration than consumers who reported more mundane experiences. This relationship was mediated by the degree of self-transformation (measured by change in self efficacy) resulting from the event.
HHLA2, a new immune checkpoint member of the B7 family, is widely expressed in human lung cancer and associated with EGFR mutational status

Purpose: Immunotherapy with antibodies against B7/CD28 family members, including PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 has shifted the treatment paradigm for non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with improved clinical outcome. HHLA2 is a newly discovered member of the family. By regulating T-cell function, HHLA2 could contribute to tumor immune suppression and thus be a novel target for cancer immunotherapy. There is limited information and critical need to characterize its expression profile and clinical significance in NSCLC. Experimental Design: We performed IHC with an HHLA2-specific antibody (clone 566.1) using tissue microarrays constructed from 679 NSCLC tumor tissues, including 392 cases in the discovery set and 287 cases in the validation cohort. We also studied clinicopathologic characteristics of these patients. Results: Overall, HHLA2 was not detected in most of normal lung tissue but expressed in 66% of NSCLC across different subtypes. In particular, EGFR-mutated NSCLC was significantly associated with higher tumor HHLA2 expression in both discovery (EGFR vs. WT: 76% vs. 53%, P = 0.01) and validation cohorts (89% vs. 69%, P = 0.01). In one of the two cohorts, HHLA2 expression was higher in lung adenocarcinoma as compared with squamous and large cell histology, non-Hispanic White versus Hispanics, and tumors with high tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density. In the multivariate analysis, EGFR mutation status and high TIL intensity were independently associated with HHLA2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: HHLA2 is widely expressed in NSCLC and is associated with EGFR mutation and high TILs in lung adenocarcinoma. It is potentially a novel target for lung cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 825–32. ©2016 AACR.
Climate Change, Nutrition, and Bottom-Up and Top-Down Food Web Processes

Climate change ecology has focused on climate effects on trophic interactions through the lenses of temperature effects on organismal physiology and phenological asynchronies. Trophic interactions are also affected by the nutrient content of resources, but this topic has received less attention. Using concepts from nutritional ecology, we propose a conceptual framework for understanding how climate affects food webs through top-down and bottom-up processes impacted by co-occurring environmental drivers. The framework integrates climate effects on consumer physiology and feeding behavior with effects on resource nutrient content. It illustrates how studying responses of simplified food webs to simplified climate change might produce erroneous predictions. We encourage greater integrative complexity of climate change research on trophic interactions to resolve patterns and enhance predictive capacities.
Earthquake resistant building design codes and safety standards: The California experience

Seismologists and earthquake engineers have sought to understand and predict earthquakes and to develop better building designs to withstand them for well over a century. In the United States, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake provided the first real impetus for establishing building design codes and safety standards. Subsequent major California earthquakes in Santa Barbara (1925), Long Beach (1933), San Fernando (1971), Loma Prieta (1989), and Northridge (1994) each led to additional seismological understanding and engineering response in the form of enhanced building design codes. Nonetheless, the process to incorporate good seismic design and mitigation efforts has been slow, and by no means failsafe, especially in the Eastern U.S. where much of the building stock predates more recent design codes, and hence where a major earthquake could collapse large numbers of buildings. Even in the absence of catastrophe, it is still important to guard against a false sense of security.
Quantitative imaging features of pretreatment CT predict volumetric response to chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases

This study investigates whether quantitative image analysis of pretreatment CT scans can predict volumetric response to chemotherapy for patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Patients treated with chemotherapy for CRLM (hepatic artery infusion (HAI) combined with systemic or systemic alone) were included in the study. Patients were imaged at baseline and approximately 8 weeks after treatment. Response was measured as the percentage change in tumour volume from baseline. Quantitative imaging features were derived from the index hepatic tumour on pretreatment CT, and features statistically significant on univariate analysis were included in a linear regression model to predict volumetric response. The regression model was constructed from 70% of data, while 30% were reserved for testing. Test data were input into the trained model. Model performance was evaluated with mean absolute prediction error (MAPE) and R2. Clinicopatholologic factors were assessed for correlation with response. 157 patients were included, split into training (n = 110) and validation (n = 47) sets. MAPE from the multivariate linear regression model was 16.5% (R2 = 0.774) and 21.5% in the training and validation sets, respectively. Stratified by HAI utilisation, MAPE in the validation set was 19.6% for HAI and 25.1% for systemic chemotherapy alone. Clinical factors associated with differences in median tumour response were treatment strategy, systemic chemotherapy regimen, age and KRAS mutation status (p < 0.05). Quantitative imaging features extracted from pretreatment CT are promising predictors of volumetric response to chemotherapy in patients with CRLM. Pretreatment predictors of response have the potential to better select patients for specific therapies. • Colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) are downsized with chemotherapy but predicting the patients that will respond to chemotherapy is currently not possible. • Heterogeneity and enhancement patterns of CRLM can be measured with quantitative imaging. • Prediction model constructed that predicts volumetric response with 20% error suggesting that quantitative imaging holds promise to better select patients for specific treatments.
NMR Measurements Reveal the Structural Basis of Transthyretin Destabilization by Pathogenic Mutations

Inherited mutations of transthyretin (TTR) destabilize its structure, leading to aggregation and familial amyloid disease. Although numerous crystal structures of wild-type (WT) and mutant TTRs have been determined, they have failed to yield a comprehensive structural explanation for destabilization by pathogenic mutations. To identify structural and dynamic variations that are not readily observed in the crystal structures, we used NMR to study WT TTR and three kinetically and/or thermodynamically destabilized pathogenic variants (V30M, L55P, and V122I). Sequence-corrected chemical shifts reveal important structural differences between WT and mutant TTR. The L55P mutation linked to aggressive early onset cardiomyopathy and polyneuropathy induces substantial structural perturbations in both the DAGH and CBEF β-sheets, whereas the V30M polyneuropathy-linked substitution perturbs primarily the CBEF sheet. In both variants, the structural perturbations propagate across the entire width of the β-sheets from the site of mutation. Structural changes caused by the V122I cardiomyopathy-associated mutation are restricted to the immediate vicinity of the mutation site, directly perturbing the subunit interfaces. NMR relaxation dispersion measurements show that WT TTR and the three pathogenic variants undergo millisecond time scale conformational fluctuations to populate a common excited state with an altered structure in the subunit interfaces. The excited state is most highly populated in L55P. The combined application of chemical shift analysis and relaxation dispersion to these pathogenic variants reveals differences in ground state structure and in the population of a transient excited state that potentially facilitates tetramer dissociation, providing new insights into the molecular mechanism by which mutations promote TTR amyloidosis.
Air Traffic Collision Avoidance

Aircraft collision avoidance manoeuvres are important and complex applications.Curved flight exhibits nontrivial continuous behaviour. In combination with the control choices during air traffic manoeuvres, this results in hybrid systems with challenging interactions of discrete and continuous dynamics. As a case study for demonstrating the scalability of logical analysis for hybrid systems with challenging dynamics, we analyse collision freedom of roundabout manoeuvres in air traffic control, where appropriate curved flight, good timing, and compatible manoeuvring are crucial for guaranteeing safe spatial separation of aircraft throughout their flight.We show that our DAL-based proof techniques can scale to curved flight manoeuvres required in aircraft control applications. Our logical analysis approach can be used successfully to verify collision avoidance of the tangential roundabout manoeuvre automatically, even for five aircraft. Moreover, we introduce a fully fly-able variant of the roundabout collision avoidance manoeuvre and verify safety properties by compositional verification in our calculus.
Copper nutriture, bioavailability, and the influence of dietary factors

Copper is known to be an essential nutrient for human beings, but a Recommended Dietary Allowance has not yet been established. A safe and adequate range of intake was established in 1980 for copper and five other trace elements. The range for copper, 2 to 3 mg/day, is higher than the usual dietary copper intake of many individuals in this country. On the basis of balance studies, a requirement of 1.3 mg/day has been suggested. Recent data on copper intake and bioavailability should aid in reevaluating the dietary copper requirement. Copper deficiency symptoms have seldom been observed in human beings. When copper deficiency has been recognized, it has been under unusual conditions, such as in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Interactions between copper and other dietary components may alter copper status, but the impact of those interactions is not yet well understood. Dietary factors that may affect the bioavailability of copper include the levels of copper, zinc, and molybdenum in the diet; iron deficiency; ascorbic acid intake; intake of carbohydrates, including fructose, glucose, and starch; and fiber and phytate intakes. Some drugs may also affect copper bioavailability.
Literacy Drives in Preindustrial Germany

Among the chief assets Germany possessed by the time it had begun to industrialize was an uncommonly literate labor force. By 1850 Prussia’s literacy rate—not unrepresentative of that of the rest of the German states—had reached eighty-five percent. This Prussian rate, which assumes a standard of literacy consisting of both reading and writing skills, compares with a mid-century rate of sixty-one percent for France (reading only) and fifty-two percent for England (reading and writing).1 Although historians have assumed that high literacy rates played an important role in the rapidity of German industrialization in the nineteenth century,2 they have failed to give a satisfactory explanation for this early achievement of mass literacy.3 One reason for this failure is their unwillingness to view the literacy drives of the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries as having exerted a sufficiently powerful impact on society to account for the unusually high literacy rates of nineteenth-century Germany.
Abstract 5355: Multiple mutations to the same gene are selected for and cooperate to drive cancer

Cancers accumulate oncogenic mutations whose biochemical impact depends upon other germline and somatic variants in the cell. It stands to reason that the consequence of a somatic mutation is mediated by the presence of additional genetic variants within the same gene, and by the allele on which they arise. We have undertaken integrative analyses of 27,534 human tumors, including 19,640 prospectively sequenced advanced and metastatic cancers, and revealed a startling rate of multiple non-synonymous somatic mutations in the same cancer gene and tumor, hereafter referred to as multiple mutations. Overall, 26% of primary and metastatic tumors had at least one cancer gene with two or more somatic mutations. A minority of multiple mutations arose from somatic hypermutation or as secondary mutations driving resistance to molecularly targeted therapy. Clonality analysis further indicated that the majority of multiple mutations were present in the same cell. Multiple cancer genes were enriched for a greater burden of multiple mutations than would be expected in the absence of selection, including APC, B2M, EGFR, and TERT. The allelic configuration of these mutations indicated that while multiple mutations in trans arose predominantly in tumor suppressor genes, consistent with the selective pressure for biallelic inactivation, the majority of phaseable mutations arose in cis in both tumor suppressors and oncogenes, implying a selective pressure exists for a biochemical function distinct from individual driver mutations in the same gene. Collectively, these data argue that multiple genetic variants within a gene and their allelic configurations can interact to drive cancers. Citation Format: Alexander N. Gorelick, Ed Reznik, Yanyan Cai, Craig Bielski, Chaitanya Bandlamudi, Alexander Penson, Philip Jonsson, Konnor La, Maurizio Scaltriti, Nikolaus Schultz, Barry S. Taylor. Multiple mutations to the same gene are selected for and cooperate to drive cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5355.
The extraterrestrial impact evidence at the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary and sequence of environmental change on the continental shelf

We have identified clear evidence of an extraterrestrial impact within the onset of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE) that defines the Palaeocene–Eocene (P-E) boundary hyperthermal event (approx. 56 Ma) from several sites on the eastern Atlantic Coastal Plain and offshore. We review and update the state of the evidence for an impact at the P-E boundary, including a K-Ar cooling age of the ejecta that is indistinguishable from the depositional age at the P-E, which establishes the ejecta horizon as an isochronous stratigraphic indicator at the P-E. Immediately above the ejecta peak at the base of the coastal plain Marlboro Clay unit, we identify a sharp increase in charcoal abundance coincident with the previously observed dramatic increase in magnetic nanoparticles of soil pyrogenic origin. We therefore revisit the observed sequence of events through the P-E boundary on the western Atlantic Coastal Plain, showing that an extraterrestrial impact led to wildfires, landscape denudation and deposition of the thick Marlboro Clay, whose base coincides with the spherule horizon and CIE onset. The Sr/Ca ratio of the spherules indicates that the carbon responsible for the onset may be vaporized CaCO 3 target rock mixed with isotopically light carbon from the impactor or elsewhere. Crucially, we do not argue that the impact was responsible for the full manifestation of the CIE observed globally (onset to recovery approx. 170 kyr), rather that a rapid onset was triggered by the impact and followed by additional carbon from other processes such as the eruption of the North Atlantic Igneous Province. Such a scenario agrees well with recent modelling work, though it should be revisited more explicitly. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Hyperthermals: rapid and extreme global warming in our geological past’.