cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perception of three-dimensional structure from motion in monkey and man

Information on motion is important for the determination of the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the environment for both human and non-human primates1–8. For example, if a person were to close one eye and look at an evenly illuminated, irregularly shaped object, he would be unlikely to guess its shape correctly. But if the object is moved about, the correct shape immediately becomes apparent9. Little is known about how the primate visual system actually does this, although various theories have been proposed7,8,10–15. We have developed novel, highly controlled motion stimuli to use with psychophysical and physiological techniques to study how 3-D structure is obtained from motion. We show that the Rhesus monkey can detect 3-D structure from motion in the same way as human subjects. Furthermore, the dependence of both species on certain parameters of the display shows that information is integrated both spatially and temporally for this higher visual function.
Effect of intracerebroventricular and intravenous insulin on Fos-immunoreactivity in the rat brain.

The potential central neural substrate for the sympathoexcitatory effect of insulin was investigated in conscious rats using Fos expression as an index of neural activity. Fos immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus and brainstem was compared in rats infused with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) insulin or saline for 60 min. The insulin had no effect on Fos expression in any brain nuclei. Likewise, a 90-min intravenous infusion of insulin (euglycemic) had no effect on brain Fos immunoreactivity. However, when blood glucose was allowed to decrease, Fos expression did increase in the arcuate nucleus and in the brainstem. These data do not provide any evidence to support the idea that insulin can act within the central nervous system to increase sympathetic nervous outflow.
Discrete modeling of transformation toughening in heterogeneous materials

Abstract This paper presents a hybrid finite element approach to the discrete modeling of transformation toughening. As opposed to the continuum approach, detailed microstructural features, including individual particle size and distribution, are incorporated into the discrete model. Based on the energy balance, size dependent critical stresses required for transformation of the particles are evaluated. These are then utilized in the numerical modeling of transformation toughening and resistance-curve behavior. Using an iterative procedure, the transformation zone height, distribution of the transformed particles, and crack-tip shielding due to transformation toughening are predicted as functions of crack growth. The results obtained from the numerical analyses are compared with measured resistance-curves obtained from experiments conducted on a model nickel aluminide composite reinforced with yttria-stabilized zirconia particles. The numerical predictions are shown to be in very good agreement with the measured resistance-curve when the actual particle distributions are modeled.
Cellular binding sites for insulin in rat liver.

Abstract A study of the sites of insulin binding in subcellular fractions of rat liver is reported. A method for the isolation of liver plasma membranes, which permits one to follow quantitatively the distribution of all the parameters of interest, was modified and applied to the study of the cellular topography of insulin binding. The insulin-binding capacity did not follow closely the enzyme marker (5′-nucleotidase) for plasma membranes when differential centrifugation schemes were used, and the divergence from this marker was more prominent when separations were performed on discontinuous sucrose gradients. A significant amount of insulin binding capacity was always present in fractions with higher density than those containing the majority of 5′-nucleotidase. Results of studies on linear sucrose gradients have disclosed in some of the purified membrane fractions small but consistent differences in density of the insulin binding, and plasma membrane particles. It is suggested that there may be several types of intracellular membranes to which insulin can bind besides the plasma membranes.
Histamine stimulation of rat gastric parietal cell adenylyl cyclase: modulation by guanine nucleotides.

Abstract Histamine activation of adenylyl cyclase activity in sonicated enriched rat gastric parietal cells showed a time, temperature, and concentration dependence upon guanine diphosphoimide (Gpp(NH)p). Enzyme activation was first order with Gpp(NH)p alone or Gpp(NH)p plus histamine. The K a for Gpp(NH)p was ~2 μ m and was not influenced by histamine. GTP and GDP were inactive alone or with histamine and were competitive with Gpp(NH)p, showing apparent K i 's of near 0.4 and 0.3 μ m , respectively. In the presence of Gpp(NH)p, parietal cell adenylyl cyclase was activated by histamine with an EC 50 of 24 μ m , the most potent in a series of histamine analogs, further substantiating an H 2 -receptor classification for this response. H 2 -Receptor antagonists were competitive inhibitors with submicromolar K i 's. Preincubation of parietal cells with histamine and Gpp(NH)p resulted in adenylyl cyclase activity up to 15 times the basal level. The activated state was retained after washing the cells free of histamine and Gpp(NH)p and was not reversed by the subsequent addition of either histamine, cimetidine, or GTP. The other gastric acid secretagogues, pentagastrin and carbamylcholine, were without effect upon histamine activation or the activated state of adenylyl cyclase. These results describe a level of control of histamine-sensitive adenylyl cyclase that requires consideration in the activation of the parietal cell H 2 -receptor system by histamine to modulate acid secretion.
A novel human gene similar to the protein kinase (PK) coding domain of the large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10) codes for a serine-threonine PK and is expressed in melanoma cells.

The large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10) is a multifunctional protein that contains a serine-threonine protein kinase (PK) activity (Nelson, J. W., Zhu, J., Smith, C. C., Kulka, M., and Aurelian, L. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 17021–17027). Phylogenetic analyses indicated that ICP10 PK belongs to a distinct subfamily of growth factor receptor serine-threonine PKs that are characterized by their ability to function with a limited number of conserved catalytic motifs (Hunter, J. C. R., Smith, C. C., and Aurelian, L. (1995) Int. J. Onc. 7, 515–522). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel gene, designated H11, that contains an open reading frame of 588 nucleotides, which encodes a protein similar to ICP10 PK. The H11 protein has Mn2+-dependent serine-threonine-specific PK activity as determined with a GST-H11 fusion protein and by immununocomplex PK/immunoblotting assays of 293 cells transfected with a H11 eukaryotic expression vector. PK activity is ablated by mutation of Lys113 within the presumtive catalytic motif II (invariant Lys). 293 cells stably transfected with H11 acquire anchorage-independent growth. Endogenous H11 RNA and the H11 phosphoprotein are expressed in melanoma cell lines and primary melanoma tissues at levels higher than in normal melanocytes and in benign nevi. Melanoma cell proliferation is inhibited by treatment with antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit H11 translation, suggesting that H11 expression is associated with cell growth.
THEORY OF P-WAVE PAIRING IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FERMI GAS

The specific heat and susceptibility data for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ on Grafoil are analyzed in the framework of the Landau Fermi-liquid theory. The data suggest that the dominant interaction between $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ quasiparticles is an attraction in the p-wave channel. We have calculated explicitly the superfluid transition temperature in a two-dimensional Fermi gas and found that the prefactor in ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is very small (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$--${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ depending on the form of the potential). For moderate areal densities of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is estimated to be on the scale of several millikelvin. The relevance of these results to the change in the temperature behavior of the specific heat observed below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{k}}$=3.2 mK is discussed.
Epidermal Iron Pigments in Red Species

FROM the hair of red mongrel dogs and New Zealand red rabbits we have extracted iron pigments which in most respects are similar to the pigments isolated before from red human hair (trichosiderin)1–3 and Rhode Island Red chicken feathers (feather siderin)3,4. These findings suggest that iron compounds play a central part in certain types of red pigmentation. To facilitate studies in other species, a general description of these pigments is presented.
Hemodynamic comparison of agents useful in hypertensive emergencies

Abstract Hemodynamic effects of trimethaphan camphorate (1 mg. per milliliter), a short-acting ganglion blocking agent, sodium nitroprusside (60 μg per milliliter), a vasodilator, and diazoxide (300 mg.), a thiazide congener and vasodilator, were administered intravenously to hypertensive patients. Each drug significantly reduced arterial pressure, but the immediate reduction by diazoxide returned toward pretreatment levels after 20 minutes. The hypotension observed with each agent was associated with reflexive increase in heart rate, but only diazoxide increased cardiac output and left ventricular ejection rate. These results indicate that nitroprusside and trimethaphan can achieve similar hypotensive effects to diazoxide but without additional myocardial stimulation.
On the Performance of Heuristic H MCOP for Multi-Constrained Optimal-Path QoS Routing

Network services for finding a feasible or an optimalpath subject to multiple constraints on performance metricssuch as delay, jitter, loss probability, etc. give rise to multi-path-constrained (MCP) or multi-constrained optimal-path(MCOP) quality of service (QoS) routing problems, whichare NP-complete. Heuristic algorithm H_MCOP proposedby Korkmaz et al. has been widely recognized for its lowtime complexity and high probability of finding feasible solutions.In this paper, the performance of this heuristicis reinvestigated under several special cases. Simulationresults indicate that in some cases its probability of findingfeasible solutions is unexpectedly low. Such observation,which is further used to explain the performance of aheuristic based on H_MCOP, would be of extreme importancewhen designing any higher-level QoS routing algorithmsthat need to use H_MCOP to find feasible solutions.
The [2,3] Wittig rearrangement of tertiary allylic ethers. Application to the synthesis of the C12C25 subunit of zincophorin

Abstract Ketone 4 , representing the C12C25 subunit of the ionophore antibiotic zincophorin, has been prepared by a sequence incorporating the [2,3] Wittig rearrangement of a tertiary allylic ether and subsequent lactonization via intramolecular, acid-catalyzed SN′ addition to an allylic ether.
A Four Lens Camera Design

A camera design with only four lens elements gives good imaging performance at a working focal ratio of f /4.4.
Long-term follow-up after epididymectomy for chronic epididymal pain.

Objectives Epididymectomy is an option for the relief of epididymal pain related to postoperative obstruction, epididymal cysts, or epididymitis. We performed 66 epididymectomies on 52 patients from 1996 to 2006 at our institution for localized epididymal pain. We evaluated the long-term symptomatic relief after epididymectomy. Methods All 52 epididymectomy patients were mailed questionnaires regarding their current pain level and satisfaction. Patients who did not return the questionnaires were interviewed by telephone for follow-up. Results Of the 52 patients, 34 returned 44 completed questionnaires (the patients with bilateral procedures were mailed a questionnaire for each side). The average age at epididymectomy was 44.2 years (range 25.0 to 67.9). The average follow-up was 45.8 months (range 4.2 to 119.3). Of the 34 procedures, 17 were left sided, 7 right sided, and 10 were bilateral; 25 had been performed for postvasectomy pain and 5 for obstruction related to hernia repair. Of the 44 cases, 31 (70%) reported no pain. Of the 13 still with pain, 8 (62%) reported less pain. Also, 90% were very satisfied or satisfied with their choice to undergo epididymectomy. Conclusions We found excellent results after epididymectomy, especially for the indication of postvasectomy pain.
My Student Body: Effects of an Internet-Based Prevention Program to Decrease Obesity Among College Students

Abstract Objective: To determine the impact of My Student Body (MSB)–Nutrition, an Internet-based obesity prevention program for college students. Participants: Three hundred and twenty ethnically diverse undergraduate students were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditions: MSB-Nutrition program, an on-campus weight management course, and a comparison group. Methods: Students completed baseline and follow-up surveys regarding their nutrition and physical activity behaviors, self-efficacy, stress, attitudes, and body weight. Results: Compared with the on-campus course and a comparison group, the MSB-Nutrition program increased fruit and vegetable consumption, reduced stress, and increased fruit and vegetable self-efficacy but had no significant effect on students’ exercise self-efficacy, exercise behavior, or weight loss. Conclusions: The MSB-Nutrition program was effective in changing students’ nutrition behaviors but had no effect on physical activity behaviors or weight loss. Suggestions for improving Int...
Alterations in respiratory behavior, brain neurochemistry and receptor density induced by pharmacologic suppression of sleep in the neonatal period.

The present study examined if drug suppression of active sleep (AS) in the neonate affected the development and expression of respiratory behavior. Secondly, we assessed brain neurochemistry and receptor density in specific supra-medullary brain regions to identify coincident biochemical alterations. Sprague–Dawley newborn rat pups were randomized and divided among six rat mothers (n=10/mother/group), each mother housed separately. Two untreated control (UC) groups received either no interventions or were fed milk vehicle twice daily and were handled similarly to the drug intervention animals. Pharmacological disruption of sleep was achieved by administration (2 groups of each) of either clonidine (CLO) 100 μm/kg, or scopolamine (SCO) 800 μm/kg, given orally twice daily for the first 7 days of life. On postnatal (P) days P10 and P19 of life, pups were assessed for metabolism, minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (Vt) and frequency (f). On P21 (14 days after the end of drug exposure), pups from each condition were sacrificed and punch biopsies of the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, and hippocampus were examined for hydroxytryptophan (5-HT), and norepinepherine (NE) by HPLC. An equal number of pups were sacrificed and brains examined for muscarinic acetylcholine (mAch), α2-adrenergic and I1-imidazoline receptor density. Results: Both CLO and SCO exposed animals had a lower Vt and respiratory quotient than UC animals (p<0.01). CLO animals exhibited a higher f (p<0.01) and both CLO and SCO exhibited a lower Vt (p<0.05) than the UC groups; VE was reduced in the SCO groups, compared with CLO and UC groups (p<0.01). Pattern of breathing in response to brief hypoxia exposure was altered for CLO and SCO. The normal decline in VE during sleep was not observed in CLO rats. Both drug exposures resulted in a comparable reduction in hypothalamic NE and 5-HT levels (p<0.05), while in the frontal cortex, and the hippocampus variable changes in NE and 5-HT, occurred. In CLO and SCO rats mAch receptors were increased in cortex, and reduced in hypothalamus; I1-imidazoline receptors were increased in hypothalamus and decreased in hippocampus (p<0.05 for each). In contrast, α2-adrenergic receptors were increased in cortex for both CLO and SCO, decreased in hypothalamus for CLO, and decreased in hippocampus for SCO (p<0.05 for each). Conclusions: these data show that drug-induced neonatal sleep suppression will alter ventilatory pattern, metabolism, and site-specific concentrations of adrenergic neurotransmitters and in receptor density, perhaps as a result of suppression of neonatal AS.
Unified Framework for Dynamic Traffic Assignment and Signal Control with Cell Transmission Model

This research presents a unified framework for dynamic traffic assignment and signal control optimization. An objective function based on the system-optimal approach with an embedded traffic flow model (the cell transmission model) for dynamic traffic assignment was considered. The optimization model (a mixed-integer program) explicitly considered intersection delay and lost time from phase switches in addition to a traditional travel time objective. Two test networks were used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model. Results showed better performance of the models when they were compared with fixed-signal timing plans. The formulation of signal control design also accounted for the variation of cycle length, and results showed the variation of cycle lengths with different objective functions under different levels of congestion.
Essay review: Geology's youthful romance with the landscape

Dean's Romantic Landscapes documents the influence of rapid advances in the nascent geosciences on literature and the arts during an especially dynamic phase of British and European history. His ten substantive chapters, along with numerous illustrations and appendices, provide exceptionally rich documentation of verbal and visual motifs that we can now recognise as geological. More than this, he argues that ‘the geological’ itself arose together with ‘the sublime’ and ‘the picturesque’ as a new way of understanding landscapes as changing over time. Dean uses the element of time to distinguish ‘the geological’—as it occurs in poems, travel narratives, and paintings, as well as in works more commonly held to belong to the history of geology—from the other two categories. Numerous chapters are geographically based, skillfully interweaving travel journals of major Romantic writers with popularising geological works on the Harz, Vesuvius, and Fingal's Cave, among other sites. Other chapters are organised arou...
Silencing of human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat expression by an adenovirus E1a mutant.

Abstract Gene expression from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) is strongly stimulated by the viral tat gene. The HIV LTR is also activated by several physical and chemical agents and heterologous viral genes, including adenovirus E1a. As E1a has separable transcriptional activation and repression functions, we examined the negative regulatory effects of E1a on the expression of the HIV LTR by using a trans-dominant E1a mutant. Mutant hr5 strongly suppressed the basal activity of the LTR as well as trans-activation of the LTR by heterologous agents such as the cytomegalovirus immediate early gene or DNA-damaging agents such as mitomycin C and UV irradiation. In addition, hr5 also caused significant suppression of tat gene-mediated trans-activation. The suppression of HIV LTR expression by hr5 appears to be mediated, at least in part, by the repression of the HIV enhancer, as the activity of an enhancer test system composed of the human T-cell leukemia virus I LTR containing an HIV-1 enhancer substitution was severely repressed by hr5. Cotransfection of HIV-1 proviral DNA with hr5 DNA resulted in a significant reduction of HIV production.
Complexities in International Organizational Socialization

The growing number of expatriates highlights the importance of organizational socialization as these people strive to adjust to a new work environment in a foreign country. Research hypotheses presented by Feldman (1997) are reviewed for their impact on future research. The complexities of organizational socialization or work adjustment within an international context are believed to transcend the bounds of simple linear relationships. Five of the hypotheses are discussed to illustrate these complexities and to offer new ideas for future research.
Changes in Scholarly Influence in Major International Criminology Journals, 1986–2005

Changes in scholarly influence in four major international criminology journals (CJC—Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice; CRIM—Criminology; BJC—British Journal of Criminology; ANZ—Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology) were measured by determining the most-cited scholars in 2001–2005 and comparing them with the most-cited scholars in 1996–2000, 1991–1995, and 1986–1990. The number of cited authors increased by over 90% between 1986–1990 and 2001–2005. The most-cited scholars in 2001–2005 were Julian V. Roberts in CJC, Robert J. Sampson in CRIM, John Braithwaite in BJC, and Lawrence W. Sherman in ANZ. There was clear concordance between CJC and CRIM, and between BJC and ANZ, in the most-cited authors. The analyses reveal the increasing scholarly influence of some authors over this 20-year time period, the decreasing scholarly influence of others, and the continuing high influence of others. A list of the most-cited works of the most-cited authors showed that some scholars were ...
Adenosine-induced release of nitric oxide from cortical astrocytes

Nitric oxide (NO) and adenosine are involved in coincident CNS functions, including long-term potentiation, neuronal protection, neurotoxicity and cerebral blood flow. We tested the hypothesis that glia may act as a cellular link between the two, through adenosine-induced NO release from astrocytes. A direct NO measuring system was used, allowing the kinetics of NO release to be measured. Our results show that adenosine, acting through purinoceptors, causes NO release from cultured cortical astrocytes. Mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores rather than influx is involved in the adenosine-induced activation of NO synthase. These results demonstrate a possible interaction between adenosine and NO in cerebrovascular physiology and neurotoxicity.
A methodology study to evaluate quality of soybeans stored at different moisture levels.

The quality of soybeans and oil extracted from seeds stored at different moisture contents was evaluated by static headspace gas chromatography, near-infrared spectrometry, fluorescence measurements, and silicic acid chromatography. Headspace gas chromatographic analysis of both ground beans and crude oils provided a sensitive measure of oxidative deterioration based on hexanal and total volatiles. Near-infrared analyses at 2260 nm showed a correlation coefficient of 0.864 with titratable free fatty acids. Fluorescence measurements on chloroform-methanol extracts were much less sensitive and showed an increase only in the most damaged samples. Silicic acid chromatography of crude oils showed a significant decrease of polar lipids and increase of less polar lipids with storage at high moisture levels, in agreement with the decrease in phosphorus observed. Among the methods tested, headspace gas chromatography is most sensitive to evaluate oxidative deterioration, and near-infrared analysis is most suitable and rapid to evaluate hydrolytic deterioration in stored soybeans. This methodology can be used to evaluate factors affecting the food quality of soybeans for domestic and foreign markets.
Membrane-enabled dimerization of the intrinsically disordered cytoplasmic domain of ADAM10

Intrinsically disordered protein regions are widely distributed in the cytoplasmic domains of many transmembrane receptors. The cytoplasmic domain of a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)10, a transmembrane metalloprotease mediating ectodomain shedding of diverse membrane proteins, was recently suggested to mediate the homodimerization of ADAM10. Here we show that a recombinant cytoplasmic domain of ADAM10 (A10Cp) is unstructured as judged by its susceptibility to limited trypsin digestion and its circular dichroism spectrum. In comparison, recombinant transmembrane-cytoplasmic domain of ADAM10 (A10TmCp) reconstituted in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles exhibits much greater resistance to trypsin digestion, with its cytoplasmic domain taking on a significant ordered structure. FRET analysis demonstrates that, although A10Cp remains monomeric, A10TmCp forms a tight homodimer (Kd ∼ 7 nM) in DPC micelles. Phospholipid-conjugated A10Cp dose-dependently inhibits formation of A10TmCp homodimer, whereas A10Cp achieves only limited inhibition. Placing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of ADAM10, but not the transmembrane domain alone, in their native orientation in the inner membrane of Escherichia coli produces specific and strong dimerization signal in the AraC-based transcriptional reporter assay. A chimeric construct containing the otherwise monomeric transmembrane domain of l-selectin and the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM10 produces a similar dimerization signal. Overall, these results demonstrate that a transmembrane domain imparts a stable structure to the adjacent and intrinsically disordered cytoplasmic domain of ADAM10 to form a homodimer in the membrane. This finding advances our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of ADAMs and has general implications for membrane–protein interactions in the process of transmembrane signaling.
The in vitro synthesis and release of proteins by the human oviduct.

The purpose of this study was to identify major proteins synthesized by the human oviduct and to determine if the ability of the human oviduct to synthesize these proteins was correlated with a specific stage(s) of the menstrual cycle. Oviducts, obtained from normal menstrual and immediately postpartum women, were minced and cultured in the presence of labeled precursors. The culture medium was analyzed for newly synthesized proteins by electrophoresis, followed by fluorography. One-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of culture medium of oviducts obtained at midcycle revealed a major diffuse band in the 120,000–130,000 mol wt (Mr) region which was greatly diminished in intensity or nondetectable in the media of oviducts obtained at all other stages of the cycle. Twodimensional gel electrophoresis resolved the 120,000–130,000 Mr region into two major proteins, one basic and one acidic. Both proteins were intensely labeled with glucosamine, and the basic protein also incorporated leucine and methionin...
Plasmonic nanosensors for molecular and functional cancer imaging and therapy (presentation video)

Gold made materials undergo fascinating changes in physicochemical properties when their size is reduced to nanoscale. This phenomenon has been observed as long as some thousands years ago with many famous examples such as the Roman Lycurgus cup from AD400 that makes nanotechnology an ancient filed of human endeavors. Nowadays, we are studying fundamental properties of gold nanoparticles and their interactions with biological environment with the ultimate goal to harness the nanoscale material properties for improved imaging and therapy of devastating diseases such as cancer. In this talk, I will discuss three interconnected areas of research that are involved in development of plasmonic nanosensors for biomedical applications: (1) synthesis of biocompatible molecular specific gold nanoparticles; (2) studies of mechanisms of nanoparticle interactions with cells and tissues to enable molecular-specific imaging and therapy; and (3) optimization of nanoparticles for clinical translation.
Toughness and Subcritical Crack Growth in Nb/Nb3Al Layered Materials

A brittle intermetallic, Nb{sub 3}Al, reinforced with a ductile metal, Nb, has been used to investigate the resistance curve and cyclic fatigue behavior of a relatively coarse laminated composite. With this system, the toughness of Nb{sub 3}Al was found to increase from {approximately}1 MPa{radical}m to well over 20 MPa{radical}m after several millimeters of stable crack growth; this was attributed to extensive crack bridging and plastic deformation within the Nb layers in the crack wake. Cyclic fatigue-crack growth resistance was also improved in the laminate microstructures compared to pure Nb{sub 3}Al and Nb-particulate reinforced Nb{sub 3}Al composites with crack arrester orientations in the laminate providing better fatigue resistance than either the matrix or pure Nb.
Velocity measurements in regions of upstream influence of a body in aligned-fields MHD flow

Experiments are described in which velocities were measured ahead of a semi-infinite Rankine body moving parallel to a uniform magnetic field in a conducting fluid. The flow disturbance in front of the body is found to increase in length as N½, where N is the interaction parameter. In most of the experiments this parameter was varied from 4 to about 50. Measurements made along the axis of symmetry in the flow show that there is a relatively short region of stagnant fluid directly ahead of the body. The major part of the disturbance is found to consist of a much longer region in which the flow undergoes transition from conditions in the free stream to conditions near the body. Velocity profiles across the flow in this region show that for increased N, at a fixed distance ahead of the body, the velocity defect increases and the disturbance becomes more confined radially. Although the radial gradients in the flow increase with N, they are found to be much smaller than would be expected in a flow containing thin current layers. A physical model of the flow which has currents and pressures consistent with these results is discussed.
Six-Month Behavioral Health Outcomes Among Family Dependency Treatment Court Participants

Significant substance abuse problems are prevalent in families involved with the child welfare system. Family Dependency Treatment Courts (FDTCs) are partnerships among the child welfare, court, and treatment systems designed for substance-abusing parents whose children are removed from the home primarily due to abuse and/or neglect. FDTCs enable the court to mandate treatment and make child reunification dependent on treatment compliance. This study evaluated 83 individuals during the first 6 months of their participation in a FDTC program. Participants included substance-abusing parents involved in the child welfare system who were referred to FDTC. Results indicated statistically significant reductions in past-month substance use, anxiety, and depression as well as high rates of therapeutic alliance. These findings, indicating significant reductions in the frequency of parental drug and alcohol use, replicate earlier FDTC evaluations. Assuming continuing evidence of cost savings, this unique judicial a...
Lag Length Selection in DF-GLS Unit Root Tests

We reinvestigate the empirical problem of lag length selection in unit root tests when using the augmented Dickey–Fuller test based on GLS-detrending. We extend the Ng and Perron (1995) work on this issue by applying the finite sample critical values calculated using the formulae proposed by Cheung and Lai (1995). Unlike Ng and Perron (2001) we find through simulation studies that the method of selecting lag length using the sequential t-test in the ADF regression of GLS-detrended series performs the best in most cases.
Interactions between a fungal pathogen, foliar properties, and generalist herbivores

American [ Castanea dentata (Marsh) Borkh.] × Chinese [ Castanea mollissima Blume] chestnut (Fagac, ae) hybrids are a novel system in which to study influences of phytopathogenic fungi and woody plant hybridization on herbivore susceptibility, as the hybrids are well characterized with regard to resistance to the chestnut blight fungus [ Cryphonectria parasita (Murr) Barr ( Endothia ) Diaporthales: Valsaceae] and variability is present. We chose two groups of resistance-rated backcross chestnut that shared an F1 parent and had different American parents. Foliage from both backcross groups and the parent trees was sampled on three dates for use in feeding assays with gypsy moth larvae [ Lymantria dispar (L.) [Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae], adult Japanese beetles [ Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)], and fall webworm larvae [ Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)], respectively. Foliar analyses were performed concurrently and included carbohydrate, tannin, and nitrogen content, toughness, and density. Blight resistance had almost no effect on herbivore performance or foliar chemistry. When the parent trees and backcross groups were compared, however, significant differences in gypsy moth performance and Japanese beetle consumption were evident. There were no differences in fall webworm consumption. Most foliar characteristics measured differed among chestnut genotypes at some point in the season, and all varied seasonally. No clear pattern emerges with respect to the relationship among blight resistance, herbivore susceptibility, foliar properties, and plant genotype, and more research is needed to separate these effects.
Extending drive-thru data access by vehicle-to-vehicle relay

Recently, some researchers have performed extensive experiments to study the feasibility and performance of vehicle drive-thru access to roadside access points (APs). The experiments demonstrate that the duration of connectivity to the AP is limited. A drive-thru vehicle has an area of high signal strength near the AP, but experiences poor link quality when entering or exiting the AP coverage area. Since a vehicle spends a large portion of the connection time in this poor link quality area, the data throughput can be significantly reduced. This problem has been identified in several works, but a viable solution has yet to be identified. In this paper, we propose a vehicle-to-vehicle relay (V2VR) scheme which extends the service range of roadside APs and allows drive-thru vehicles to maintain high throughput within an extended range. Our solution is distributed and purely client-based, without any modification to the existing 802.11 APs. Through implementation and simulation, we demonstrate that the V2VR scheme can effectively extend the drive-thru access range and improve the network utilization for drive-thru vehicles.
The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase gene (PON1) is one member of a multigene family

A physiological role for paraoxonase (PON1) is still uncertain, but it catalyzes the hydrolysis of toxic organophosphates. Evidence that the human genome contains two PON1-like genes, designated PON2 and PON3, is presented here. Human PON1 and PON2 each have nine exons, and the exon/intron junctions occur at equivalent positions. PON1 and PON2 genes are both on chromosome 7 in human and on chromosome 6 in the mouse. Turkey and chicken, like most birds, lack paraoxonase activity and are very susceptible to organophosphates. However, they have a PON-like gene with {approximately}70% identity with human PON1, PON2, and PON3. Another unexpected finding is that the deduced amino acid sequences of PON2 in human, mouse, dog, turkey, and chicken and of human PON3 are all missing the amino acid residue 105, which is lysine in human PON1. The expanded number of PON genes will have important implications for future experiments designed to discover the individual functions, catalytic properties, and physiological role of the paraoxonases. 35 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
5 Large vessel vasculitis (giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis)

Giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis are separate but similar idiopathic diseases clinically characterized by constitutional symptoms, shared surrogate markers of systemic inflammation and indistinguishable granulomatous pan-arteritis of large vessels. This review emphasizes and analyses changing perceptions about the diseases. Recent series suggest that aortic involvement in giant cell arteritis may be more common than was previously appreciated. The case for and against inflammatory arthritis in giant cell arteritis is discussed. Ethnic new geographical variation in Takayasu arteritis-disease expression is reviewed. New philosophies of treatment are presented for both diseases. Prognosis in giant cell arteritis and its relationship to treatment is analysed. The utility of the laboratory for diagnosis and monitoring disease activity is appraised for each.
Preservice Knowledge and Training in Autism Spectrum Disorders

In this study, the author surveyed speech-language pathology students’ knowledge about and training in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A total of 97 students (74 undergraduates and 23 graduate stu...
Design and development of a high-precision, high-payload telescope dual-drive system

A high precision, dual drive system has been designed and developed for the Wide Field Upgrade to the Hobby-Eberly Telescope * at McDonald Observatory in support of the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment ‡ . Analysis, design and controls details will be of interest to designers of large scale, high precision robotic motion devices. The drive system positions the 19,000 kg star tracker to a precision of less than 5 microns along its 4-meter travel. While positioning requirements remain essentially equal to the existing HET, tracker mass increases by a factor greater than 5. The 10.5-meter long tracker is driven at each end by planetary roller screws, each having two distinct drive sources dictated by the desired operation: one slowly rotates the screw when tracking celestial objects and the second rotates the nut for rapid displacements. Key results of the roller screw rotordynamics analysis are presented. A description of the complex bearing arrangement providing required degrees of freedom as well as the impact of a detailed Failure Modes and Effects Analysis addressing necessary safety systems is also presented. Finite element analysis results demonstrate how mechanical springs increase the telescope's natural frequency response by 22 percent. The critical analysis and resulting design is provided.
CROSSROADS---Introduction to Mindfulness

This Crossroads section continues the Organization Science tradition of providing a forum for discussing issues central to our understanding of organizations. Dan Levinthal and Claus Rerup begin the conversation in their essay “Crossing an Apparent Chasm: Bridging Mindful and Less-Mindful Perspectives on Organizational Learning.” Karl Weick and Kathleen Sutcliffe continue the discussion in their response “Mindfulness and the Quality of Organizational Attention.” Levinthal and Rerup describe the tension between mindful and less mindful or routine-driven processes. Building on the concept of mindfulness developed in the psychological literature, mindfulness is conceived as involving attentiveness and the ability to respond flexibly to contextual cues. By contrast, less mindful behavior involves fewer cognitive processes and greater reliance on previous routines. Levinthal and Rerup note that although the consequences of invoking routines in inappropriate situations can be disastrous, routine-driven behavior has many benefits for organizations, including conserving attention and capturing knowledge accumulated from previous experience in the organization. Levinthal and Rerup argue that mindful and less mindful perspectives complement each other and call for research on their interrelationship. Weick and Sutcliffe push the discussion of mindfulness in an exciting new direction by bringing Eastern conceptions of mindfulness to the debate. According to Weick and Sutcliffe, the information-processing emphasis in Western approaches to mindfulness concentrates on concepts and making distinctions while the Eastern version emphasizes nonconceptual awareness and reduced distraction. Weick and Sutcliffe argue that it is the quality---not the quantity---of attention that affects outcomes. Further, Weick and Sutcliffe provide an insightful discussion of the question whether mindful and less mindful processes are best conceived as a continuum or as dual processes. We hope that these essays stimulate future research on mindful and less mindful processes in organizations. Should mindful and less mindful processes be conceived as distinct categories that organizations alternate between over time? Alternatively, do mindful and less mindful processes coexist and support each other? What are the conditions under which mindful processes are likely to arise? What factors favor less mindful, routine-driven behavior in organizations? When will mindful processes be effective? What are the conditions under which less mindful processes will be associated with positive outcomes? We believe that better articulation of these issues will advance our understanding of organizational processes and performance. Enjoy!
Nonlinear coupling of tearing fluctuations in the Madison Symmetric Torus

Three‐wave, nonlinear, tearing mode coupling has been measured in the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed‐field pinch (RFP) [Fusion Technol. 19, 131 (1991)] using bispectral analysis of edge magnetic fluctuations resolved in ‘‘k‐space.’’ The strength of nonlinear three‐wave interactions satisfying the sum rules m1+m2=m3 and n1+n2=n3 is measured by the bicoherency. In the RFP, m=1, n∼2R/a (6 for MST) internally resonant modes are linearly unstable and grow to large amplitude. Large values of bicoherency occur for two m=1 modes coupled to an m=2 mode and the coupling of intermediate toroidal modes, e.g., n=6 and 7 coupled to n=13. These experimental bispectral features agree with predicted bispectral features derived from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) computation. However, in the experiment, enhanced coupling occurs in the ‘‘crash’’ phase of a sawtooth oscillation concomitant with a broadened mode spectrum suggesting the onset of a nonlinear cascade.
Shoulder Instability in Older Patients

Glenohumeral instability has a bimodal age distribution, with most affected patients younger than 40 years, but with a second peak in older patients. Glenohumeral dislocations in older patients often present with complex injury patterns, including rotator cuff tears, fractures, and neurovascular injuries. Glenohumeral instability in patients older than 40 years requires a different approach to treatment. An algorithmic approach aids the surgeon in the stepwise decision-making process necessary to treat this injury pattern.
Determination of size in invasive breast carcinoma: pathologic considerations and clinical implications.

The widespread use of mammography has made the detection of increasingly small, often impalpable, invasive breast carcinomas possible. An enhanced understanding of morphological factors, among the foremost of which is size of invasive component of carcinoma, is changing the management of breast cancer. To the uninitiated, the determination of size of invasive component is seemingly simple but in practical terms is complicated by a number of ambiguous issues. Practical guidelines for the assessment of size of invasive carcinoma are proposed.
Development of ferroelectric materials for memory applications

A detailed investigation on the electrical, structural, and fatigue characteristics of thin-film ferroelectric memory devices fabricated from potassium nitrate-phase III (KNO/sub 3/-III) was conducted. This research involved: (1) fabrication and processing of 16*16 (256-bit) capacitor-type memory devices; (2) electrical characterization, i.e. pulse switching, current-voltage, capacitance -voltage, and hysteresis measurements; (3) structural characterization, i.e. inert ion sputter depth profiles by an Auger electron spectrometer; and (4) fatigue testing, i.e. measurement of polarization charge as a function of read-write cycles. From the experimental results, it appears that the fatigue is most probably caused by the trapping of mobile ions at the metal-ferroelectric interfaces. >
Progress in grid generation via the advancing front technique

We describe recent extensions and improvements to the advancing front grid generation technique. These improvements target a range of applicability, speed and user friendliness. The range of applicability is enlarged by the ability to produce volumetric grids around thin surfaces (such as shells, membranes, fabrics or surfaces with cusps), the generation of high aspect ratio grids for Navier-Stokes applications, the generation of higher order triangular and tetrahedral elements, and the generation of quadrilateral and hexahedral elements. Speed improvements are the result of reduced search overheads, as well as vectorization and parallelization. User friendliness is enhanced by the ability to grid directly discrete data and simpler ways of specifying the desired element size and shape in space. Numerous examples are included that demonstrate the versatility and maturity that advancing front grid generators have achieved.
Moral Judgment Development in the Context of the Family

Moral judgment and its development were the research issues that led to the longitudinal study of men that has been explored in this book. In Chapter 1 the findings of Kohlberg and his collaborators concerning moral judgment and its transformations over time were described and evaluated. In brief, the contribution of this line of research to an understanding of development has been enormous.
Molecular targets for the cancer preventive activity of tea polyphenols

Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea and tea polyphenols has been demonstrated in many animal models. The mechanisms of action have been extensively investigated mostly in cell culture systems with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most active and major polyphenolic compound from green tea. However, the mechanisms of cancer preventive activity by tea and tea polyphenols are not clearly understood. This article discusses some of the reported mechanisms and possible targets for the action of EGCG. The difficulties and major issues in extrapolating data from studies in cancer cell lines to cancer prevention mechanisms are discussed. Activities observed in cell culture with high concentrations of EGCG may not be relevant because of the limited systemic bioavailability of EGCG. In addition, possible artifacts due to the auto-oxidation of EGCG may complicate this issue. Some recent studies revealed high-affinity EGCG binding proteins as possible direct targets for the action of EGCG. Validating the related cancer preventive mechanisms found in in vitro studies in animal models and human samples would be exciting.
A gesture-based account of intrusive consonants in English

A number of recent papers have demonstrated the advantages of using a phonological model incorporating the timing and magnitude of articulatory gestures to account for alternations involving segments such as the English nasals, liquids and glides (e.g. Krakow 1989, Browman & Goldstein 1992, 1995, Sproat & Fujimura 1993, Gick, in press). Some of these works (McMahon et al. 1994, McMahon & Foulkes 1995) have made specific reference to the well-known phenomenon of English intrusive r, shown in (1).formula hereHowever, previous analyses have not linked the intrusive r explicitly to other similar processes, nor viewed all of these processes as the natural results of more general principles of phonological organisation. Thus, the intrusive r has remained, in the eyes of most linguists, an isolated quirk of English history, or, as one phonologist (McCarthy 1993: 191) has called it, ‘the phonologically unnatural phenomenon of r-epenthesis’.The present paper introduces into the discussion of intrusive r a recently documented related phenomenon known as intrusive l (Gick 1991, 1997, in preparation, Miller 1993). It is argued that these new facts, in conjunction with current advances in the understanding of articulatory factors in syllable structure, support a view in which the intrusive r and l are synchronically underlyingly present.