cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pfaffian pairing and backflow wavefunctions for electronic structure quantum Monte Carlo methods

We investigate pfaffian trial wavefunctions with singlet and triplet pair orbitals by quantum Monte Carlo methods. We present mathematical identities and the key algebraic properties necessary for efficient evaluation of pfaffians. Following upon our previous study [Bajdich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 130201 (2006)], we explore the possibilities of expanding the wavefunction in linear combinations of pfaffians. We observe that molecular systems require much larger expansions than atomic systems and linear combinations of a few pfaffians lead to rather small gains in correlation energy. We also test the wavefunction based on fully antisymmetrized product of independent pair orbitals. Despite its seemingly large variational potential, we do not observe additional gains in correlation energy. We find that pfaffians lead to substantial improvements in fermion nodes when compared to Hartree-Fock wavefunctions and exhibit the minimal number of two nodal domains in agreement with recent results on fermion nodes topology. We analyze the nodal structure differences of Hartree-Fock, pfaffian, and essentially exact large-scale configuration interaction wavefunctions. Finally, we combine the recently proposed form of backflow correlations [Drummond et al., J. Phys. Chem. 124, 22401 (2006); Rios et al., Phys. Rev. E. 74, 066701 (2006)] with both determinantal and pfaffian based wavefunctions.
Abstract LB-510: Longitudinal imaging of melanoma cancer cell metastasis in a preclinical model by bioluminescence, PET/CT, and MRI

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Metastasis of cancer cells from the primary tumor are a leading cause of poor prognosis and death from cancer. The lung is the most common organ for metastatic spread of cancer and leads to 20-50% of cancer-related deaths. Early detection of cancer metastasis to the lung and other organs could be beneficial in disease management. In animal studies, most secondary-site disseminated tumors are evaluated by optical imaging, and gross examination at necropsy and subsequent histopathological analysis. These techniques are limited in that they do not offer the ability to monitor animals during the course of tumor development, and optical microscopy may have inadequate field of view (3-D morphometrics) for thorough tumor evaluation. Noninvasive imaging allows for serial imaging of the same animal, with the ability to repeat measurements in real-time to enhance the observation of disease progression and therapeutic response. Here, we compared the multimodal noninvasive whole-body imaging techniques bioluminescence, 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/ computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to image lung metastasis development following intravenous injection of melanoma cells (B16-F10 melanoma cell line expressing luciferase gene) in C57BL/6. By bioluminescence imaging, tumor cell localization in the lungs was evident as early as 3 days (1 x 105 photons/sec; total flux) post cancer cell inoculation and steadily increased through the end of week four (1 x 108 photons/sec; total flux). The increase in the lung tumor burden was confirmed by lung histopathology. As it was difficult to de-convolve the effects of photon flux spreading from lungs over other organs, other metastatic sites were not evaluated by bioluminescence. CT and 18F-FDG-PET are used clinically to image lung metastasis and offer excellent resolution of anatomical and metabolic details of cancer cells. We were able to image metastatic nodules in the lung by PET/CT at week four, which showed a strong correlation with histopathology analysis. [18F]FDG-PET/CT also revealed metastasis in the kidney and mesentery and were confirmed by histopathology. T2-weighted MRI at week 4 identified several lung tumors and metastatic cancers in the abdomen. A comparison of [18F]FDG/PET at week 4 to MRI and CT displayed several highly metabolic regions within the tumors. Histopathology confirmed the metastatic spread of the melanoma cells to the lung, mediastinum, kidney, and mesentery. Funded by NCI contract No. HHSN261200800001E. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-510. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-510
The dynamic lives of T cells: new approaches and themes

Activated T cells have classically been thought to progress unidirectionally through discrete phenotypic states and differentiate into static lineages. It is increasingly evident, however, that T cells exhibit much more complex and flexible dynamic behaviors than initially appreciated, and that these behaviors influence the efficacy of T cell responses to immunological challenges. In this review, we discuss how new technologies for monitoring the dynamics of T cells are enhancing the resolution of the fine phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within populations of T cells and revealing how individual T cells transition among a continuum of states. Such insights into the dynamic properties of T cells should improve immune monitoring and inform strategies for therapeutic interventions.
Learning disabilities as a probable consequence of using chloride-deficient infant formula

L'exploration realisee sur des enfants de 7 a 9 ans ayant recu un allaitement special pauvre en chlorures pour allergie apparente ou reelle ou une hypersensibilite au lait, montre que 30,2% sont a risque de difficultes scolaires ou de problemes de langage. Les parents, les medecins, les educateurs doivent etre avertis de cela
Linearity and sigma-linearity in discrete-time linear shift-invariant systems

Abstract A rigorous theory of discrete-time linear shift-invariant systems must distinguish between ordinary linearity (finitely many terms) and σ-linearity (infinitely many terms). Every σ-linear shift-invariant system can be represented as a convolution, but not every linear shift-invariant system. A counterexample is given.
Origin and insertion points involved in levator ani muscle defects

Objective This project sought to identify and to describe the anatomical connections affected by levator ani defects involving the pubovisceral portion of the muscle. Study Design Fourteen magnetic resonance scans of women with unilateral levator defects were selected. The missing muscle mapping technique was used to characterize the absent muscle. Normal muscle was visualized and compared with the contralateral side. Using a three-dimensional slicer, the outline of the intact muscle was traced; models of this muscle and surrounding structures were generated. Results The missing muscle originates from the posterior pubic bone and extends laterally over the obturator internus muscle; it inserts into the vaginal wall, perineal body, and the intersphincteric space. Architectural distortion, with an asymmetric lateral spilling of the vagina was present in 50% of women. The defect was right sided in 71% of patients. Conclusion The origin and insertion points of the damaged portion of the levator ani muscle were identified.
What Parameters Determine N−N and O−O Coupling Constants (2hJX-X) Across X−H+−X Hydrogen Bonds?

Equation of motion coupled-cluster calculations (EOM-CCSD) have been performed to obtain 15N−15N and 17O−17O coupling constants (2hJX-X) across N−H+−N and O−H+−O hydrogen bonds in a series of protonated dimers. 2hJX-X values are dominated by the Fermi-contact term and are distance dependent. Large coupling constants are associated with symmetric hydrogen bonds, short hydrogen bond distances, and low electron densities on the hydrogen-bonded proton, and are not related to the binding energies of these complexes. The magnitudes of coupling constants do not appear to be related to the nature of the covalent bonding of the hydrogen-bonded nitrogen and oxygen atoms, although this bonding indirectly determines the coupling constant by determining the N−N or O−O distance. Complexes with sp2-hybridized oxygens are more sensitive to the trans or cis orientation of the hydrogen-bonded pairs than are the corresponding nitrogen complexes. One-bond coupling constants (1hJX-H) are greater than two-bond couplings (2hJX-...
Hierarchal Mass Scales in Lattice Gauge Theories with Dynamical, Light Fermions

SU(2) lattice gauge theory with two Dirac species of light, adjoint fermions included in the dynamics is simulated at finite temperatures by use of the microcanonical algorithm. The theory contains two natural mass scales, the string tension for heavy, fundamental quarks, and the chiral-symmetry--breaking scale of light, adjoint quarks. The two scales are found to be distinct. This result generalizes earlier results obtained in the quenched approximation and should encourage builders of hierarchal models.
Reproductive endocrinology: Male hormonal contraceptive passes efficacy test in China

Traditional methods of male contraception, such as condoms and vasectomy, are unacceptable to many couples as they can be unreliable or the effects not easily reversed. Depot administration of male hormonal contraception could provide a safe, effective, reliable and reversible alternative, report researchers in China.
Geometrical Optics In A Laser Laboratory

About four years ago I joined the University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics; being apprehensive that my extensive experience in classical geometrical optics would be of little use to a laser fusion program. The Laboratory was in the early phase of building the 24 beam OMEGA laser system and it soon became evident that once again basic geometrical optics could make significant contributions to a modern new development. In this talk I will describe some of the basic optical concepts encountered during the engineering phase of building a large laser system. The optical concepts are not new but often forgotten. It illustrates again that geometrical optics takes one far down the road to solving optical problems and is used in almost every new advance in science and engineering.
Predicting the relative toxicity of metal ions using ion characteristics: Microtox® bioluminescence assay

Quantitative structure-activity relationships have been used to predict the relative toxicity of organic compounds. Although not as common, ion characteristics have also proven useful for predicting the relative toxicity of metal ions. The purpose of this study was to determine if the relative toxicity of metal ions using the Microtox® bioassay was predictable using ion characteristics. Median effect concentrations (EC50s) were determined for 20 metals in a NaNO 3 medium, which reflected freshwater speciation conditions, using the Microtox bacterial assay. The log of EC50 values was modeled using several ion characteristics, and Akaike's Information Criterion was calculated to determine which ion characteristics provided the best fit. Whether modeling total ion (unspeciated) or free ion (speciated) EC50 values, the one variable which best modeled EC50s was the softness index (σ p , i.e., [coordinate bond energy of the metal fluoride - coordinate bond energy of the metal iodide]/[coordinate bond energy of the metal fluoride]), while a combination of χ m 2 r (χ m = electronegativity, r = Pauling ionic radius) and |log K OK | (absolute value of the log of the first hydrolysis constant, K OH for M n+ + H 2 O → MOH n-1 + H + ) was the best two-variable model. Other variables, including ΔE o and χ m 2 r (one-variable models) and (AN/ΔIP, ΔE o ) and (χ m 2 r, Z 2 /r) (two-variable models), also gave adequate fits. Modeling with speciated (free ion) versus unspeciated (total ion) EC50 values did not improve fits. Modeling mono-, di-, and trivalent metal ions separately improved the models. We conclude that ion characteristics can be used to predict the relative toxicity of metal ions whether in freshwater (NaNO 3 medium) or saltwater (NaCl medium) speciation conditions and that this approach can be applied to metal ions varying widely in both valence and binding tendencies.
Self-Efficacy: Sources and Consequences in Negotiation Networks

Summary The study examined the relationship between social interaction and self-efficacy. A generalized (transsituational) sense of self-efficacy was equated with locus of control. The Liverant I-E (“internal” vs. “external”) scale was used to operationalize locus of control. Female students (N = 144) were recruited for pay from a midwestern U.S. university to serve as Ss in a negotiation network experiment. They were predominantly middle-class whites. The data showed that Ss with a high generalized sense of self-efficacy (internals) (a) achieved a higher negotiated outcome level, holding positional power constant, and (b) judged their objective power position more accurately, holding positional power constant, than Ss with a low generalized sense of self-efficacy (externals).
Human Metabolic Individuality in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research

### Study Hypothesis Although genome-wide association studies have discovered candidate loci for hundreds of human traits, from height to lipid concentrations, the relationships between genetic variants and the phenotypes that they influence often remain unclear. In many cases, the functions of candidate genes are not previously known or discoverable by use of standard techniques. Suhre et al hypothesized that biochemical analysis of serum metabolites can provide an important new resource to determine how some of these risk alleles may promote disease. They leveraged an extensive library of metabolites obtained by profiling human serum from 2 large European cohorts to discover previously unsuspected networks of regulatory genes, metabolites, and diseases. In combination with known human disease associations and biochemical pathways, they extracted novel gene-disease associations that merit testing in follow-up studies. ### How Was the Hypothesis Tested? Metabolites were measured in fasting serum on the Metabolon platform with 2 separate ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry injections and 1 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry injection per sample. In the first phase of the analysis, the concentrations of 258 …
The Development of Nerve Cell Connections

Attempts to account for the origins of precisely-patterned neural circuits have prompted extensive investigations since the turn of the century. Cell surface cues, involving molecules of the plasma membrane, influence the gross patterning of axon growth. After synapses are established, activity patterns and effects of neurotransmitters are important in reshuffling and achieving greater precision of nerve connections. Developing visual neural circuits are particularly convenient for experimental analysis. Such experiments have yielded important insights concerning one subclass of excitatory amino acid receptors that is critically involved in establishing the ultimate precision of these circuits; the potential significance of a single receptor system whose function is tied directly to sprouting and synaptogenetic ability in the vertebrate CNS is likely to be extensive.
Essentialism: Origin and order

Rawlins propped the heel of one boot atop the toe of the other. As if to pace off the heavens. My daddy run off from home when he was fifteen. Otherwise I'd of been born in Alabama. You wouldn't of been born at all. What makes you say that? Cause your mama's from San Angelo and he never would of met her. He'd of met somebody. So would she. So? So you wouldn't of been born. I don't see why you say that. I'd of been born somewheres. How? Well why not?
Selective hepatic vagotomy blocks pancreatic glucagon's satiety effect

To test the hypothesis that hepatic vagal afferents mediate the satiety effect of pancreatic glucagon, we tested the effects of selective surgical and pharmacological lesions of the abdominal vagus on glucagon's potency to inhibit feeding. Surgical disconnection of only the hepatic branch of the abdominal vagus blocked glucagon's satiety effect as well as total abdominal vagotomy. However, abdominal vagotomy that spared the hepatic branch did not change glucagon's satiety effect. Glucagon also inhibited feeding after pharmacological blockade of peripheral postganglionic muscarinic receptors with atropine methylnitrate. All these results are consistent with the hypothesis that hepatic vagal afferents mediate the satiety effect of pancreatic glucagon.
The Metabolism of Chromosomal Ribonucleic Acid in Drosophila Salivary Glands and its Relation to Synthesis of Desoxyribonucleic Acid

Incorporation of adenine-8-C14 into chromosomal nucleic acids of Drosophila salivary glands has been observed with the autoradiographic technique. RNA-C14 and DNA-C14 were detected as the fractions extractable by ribonuclease digestion and resistant to ribonuclease, respectively. Extractions with desoxyribonuclease and acids were also used to identify the nucleic acids. Time-course curves were determined from grain counts. RNA-C14 concentration reached a maximum in 2 hours, and decreased after the 4th hour. DNA-C14 concentration reached its maximum within 8 hours, and showed no decreases during a 48-hour experiment. In the latter part of the period of observation, morphological differentiation of the gland occurred, the decrease in RNA-C14 became very rapid, and a large increase in DNA-C14 was observed. Marked decrease in RNA-C14 and increase in DNA-C14 were detectable in a few hours when isotope was administered shortly before visible differentiation of the gland. Measurements of nuclear size indicated no significant decreases in RNA-C14 amount prior to the period of differentiation. During this later period, a large decrease in RNA-C14 amount occurs suddenly, and the same amount of C14 is added simultaneously to the DNA fraction, as expected if RNA-C14 is utilized in the synthesis of DNA.
Functional approach to high-throughput plant growth analysis.

Taking advantage of the current rapid development in imaging systems and computer vision algorithms, we present HPGA, a h igh-throughput p henotyping platform for plant g rowth modeling and functional a nalysis, which produces better understanding of energy distribution in regards of the balance between growth and defense. HPGA has two components, PAE (Plant Area Estimation) and GMA (Growth Modeling and Analysis). In PAE, by taking the complex leaf overlap problem into consideration, the area of every plant is measured from top-view images in four steps. Given the abundant measurements obtained with PAE, in the second module GMA, a nonlinear growth model is applied to generate growth curves, followed by functional data analysis. Experimental results on model plant Arabidopsis thaliana show that, compared to an existing approach, HPGA reduces the error rate of measuring plant area by half. The application of HPGA on the cfq mutant plants under fluctuating light reveals the correlation between low photosynthetic rates and small plant area (compared to wild type), which raises a hypothesis that knocking out cfq changes the sensitivity of the energy distribution under fluctuating light conditions to repress leaf growth. HPGA is available at http://www.msu.edu/~jinchen/HPGA .
Transcription of Oxidative Stress Genes Is Directly Activated by SpxA1 and, to a Lesser Extent, by SpxA2 in Streptococcus mutans

The SpxA1 and SpxA2 (formerly SpxA and SpxB) transcriptional regulators of Streptococcus mutans are members of a highly conserved family of proteins found in Firmicutes, and they were previously shown to activate oxidative stress responses. In this study, we showed that SpxA1 exerts substantial positive regulatory influence over oxidative stress genes following exposure to H2O2, while SpxA2 appears to have a secondary regulatory role. In vitro transcription (IVT) assays using purified SpxA1 and/or SpxA2 showed that SpxA1 and, less often, SpxA2 directly activate transcription of some of the major oxidative stress genes. Addition of equimolar concentrations of SpxA1 and SpxA2 to the IVT reactions neither enhanced transcription of the tested genes nor disrupted the dominant role of SpxA1. Substitution of a conserved glycine residue (G52) present in both Spx proteins by arginine (SpxG52R) resulted in strains that phenocopied the Δspx strains. Moreover, addition of purified SpxA1G52R completely failed to activate transcription of ahpC, sodA, and tpx, further confirming that the G52 residue is critical for Spx functionality. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus mutans is a pathogen associated with the formation of dental caries in humans. Within the oral cavity, S. mutans routinely encounters oxidative stress. Our previous data revealed that two regulatory proteins, SpxA1 and SpxA2 (formerly SpxA and SpxB), bear high homology to the Spx regulator that has been characterized as a critical activator of oxidative stress genes in Bacillus subtilis. In this report, we prove that Spx proteins of S. mutans directly activate transcription of genes involved in the oxidative stress response, though SpxA1 appears to have a more dominant role than SpxA2. Therefore, the Spx regulators play a critical role in the ability of S. mutans to thrive within the oral cavity.
Development of aquatic life criteria for selenium: a regulatory perspective on critical issues and research needs.

The US is currently in the process of revising its freshwater, chronic aquatic life criterion for selenium. The fundamental issues being addressed include which environmental compartment(s) support the most reliable expression of the criterion, which form(s) of selenium should be measured in the medium (media) of choice, and which site-specific water quality (or other factors) should be linked to the expression of the criterion. Literature reviews and a recent workshop were conducted to assess the state of the science on various issues related to water-, tissue- and sediment-based criteria for selenium. Evaluation of many of these issues is ongoing. In terms of water column criteria issues, data limitations will likely restrict the expression of a criterion to operationally defined forms (e.g. total recoverable, dissolved). The specific identity of organoselenium in natural systems is lacking and may not be appropriately represented by free seleno-amino acids (e.g. selenomethionine). The available data do not appear to support quantitative relationships between chronic toxicity and water quality characteristics. In terms of a tissue-based criterion, reproductive tissue (ovary, egg) has been recommended as the tissue of choice, but practical concerns and data availability require consideration of other tissues (e.g. whole-body). Organoselenium (bound to peptides or proteins) is thought to be the form of greatest toxicological importance in fish, however, direct measurements of organoselenium compounds in tissues are very limited. Route of exposure (food vs. water uptake) may prove important for establishing diagnostic tissue residues for selenium based on laboratory data. Data on toxicological aspects of selenium in sediments appear sparse, particularly in relation to different sedimentary forms. Reliable assessments of bioaccumulation will likely be critical for making site-specific modifications to chronic selenium criteria, however, many technical issues for assessing bioaccumulation remain. The need for improved analytical methods for directly speciating organoselenium in various environmental media underpins many of the current data gaps. Improving analytical methodologies to enable affordable and reliable measurement of organoselenium compounds holds significant promise for advancing selenium ecotoxicological research.
Social Intelligence: Its History and Measurement:

Social intelligence, the ability to understand others and to act wisely in social situations, is a concept with a long history, sporadic development, but promise as a late bloomer. Although current references to social intelligence per se are limited, the concept appears to be alive and well under various terms, e.g., role-taking, interpersonal competence, egocentrism (or decentering), and empathy. This review was designed, therefore, to: (a) serve an integrative function by tracing the history of social intelligence and its ramifications; (b) provide an overview of the measurement approaches and relevant research; (c) consider substantive issues, such as the relationship of social intelligence to abstract intelligence and the status of measuring the understanding and action aspects of the concept.
Metastatic Tumors to the Urinary Bladder: Clinicopathologic Study of 11 Cases

Secondary neoplasms of the urinary bladder are uncommon, with metastatic tumors being an even rarer event. The authors studied the clinicopathology of 11 cases of metastatic tumors to bladder, which were collected from their archives between 1995 and 2010. The most common metastases in this series were breast. Some unusual metastases, including several not being previously reported, were also presented, namely, ileal carcinoid tumor, ileal gastrointestinal stromal tumor, ovarian squamous carcinoma, pancreatic gastrinoma, and renal collecting duct carcinoma. Vast majority of these patients (10/11, 91%) were female. Ninety percent of the patients presented with hematuria and/or obstructive urinary symptom as well as bladder lesions in the area of trigone, posterior wall, and/or bladder neck. Seven of the 11 patients had a known history of other metastases besides the bladder. Most of the patients (4/7, 57%) died within 1 year after diagnosis of bladder metastasis. Metastasis must be distinguished from a primary bladder neoplasm. Morphology and clinical correlation supplemented with immunohistochemical study is critical for the correct diagnosis.
Real Time Imaging Rangefinder For Autonomous Land Vehicles

A three-dimensional sensor that achieves 50 microsteradian resolution over a 90 X 40 degree field of view (FOV) at full video frame rates has been designed for robotic vehicles. A combination of coarse and fine range resolution provides sensing from one to approximately 100 meters with short-range accuracies of less than 10 cm. The system utilizes an eyesafe diode laser configuration along with proprietary mechanical scanning elements, wide-field relay optics, and avalanche photodiode detectors. Range determination is accomplished with dual subcarrier modulation which results in the output of an unambiguous, binary word on a pixel-by-pixel basis. The approach also provides for electronic pitch stabilization.
Electrocatalytic oxidation of tyrosine by parallel rate-limiting proton transfer and multisite electron-proton transfer

The oxidation of the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan by complexes based on M(bpy)33+ (M = Ru, Os) was studied by monitoring the cyclic voltammetry of the metal complex in the presence of the oxidizable amino acids. Addition of both amino acids to aqueous solutions of the metal complexes in phosphate buffer produced electrocatalytic enhancement in the oxidative wave observed at indium tin oxide electrodes. The kinetics for the oxidation by the Ru(III) and Os(III) forms was determined by digital simulation. The oxidation kinetics for tryptophan were consistent with outer-sphere electron transfer, giving an expected dependence of the oxidation rate constant on the reduction potential of the metal complex. In contrast, oxidation of tyrosine at pH 7.5 did not give an appreciable dependence on the metal complex potential. These results were explained by a kinetic model where proton transfer from tyrosine to phosphate can be the rate-limiting step in competition with a concerted, multisite electron-proton-transfer pathway that is observed at lower base concentrations. These results suggest that tyrosine oxidation in enzymes can access both pathways depending on the solvent accessibility of the oxidized residue and the availability of a suitable proton acceptor.
Neuraminidase and neuraminidase-labile substrates in experimental influenza virus encephalitis

Summary Peak values for neuraminidase (mucopolysaccharide N -acetylneuraminyl-hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18) activity were observed in the brains of mice 36 h after the intracerebral inoculation of a non-neurotropic strain of influenza virus; convulsions in and deaths of animals were maximum at this time. The pH optimum of 4.0 for endogenous neuraminidase (brain) and 6.5 for exogenous neuraminidase (virus) made it possible to determine the relative amounts of each component. Through the specific action of exogenous neuraminidase, the sialic acid content of the ganglioside and lipid-free residue fractions of the brains of mice inoculated with virus was reduced. These findings suggested a causal relationship between the level of neuraminidase in the brain and the death of the animal.
Bacterial translocation in clinical intestinal transplantation

Background Bacterial translocation (BT) has been suggested to be responsible for the high incidence of infections occurring after small bowel transplantation (SBTx). Bacterial overgrowth, alteration of the mucosal barrier function as a consequence of preservation injury or acute rejection (AR), and potent immunosuppression are all associated with BT. The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the correlation of BT with these events. Methods. Fifty pediatric SBTx recipients on tacrolimus and prednisone immunosuppression were analyzed. Blood, stool, and liver biopsies and peritoneal fluid were cultured (circa 4000 total specimens) when infection was clinically suspected or as part of follow-up. BT episodes were considered when microorganisms were found simultaneously in blood or liver biopsy and stool. Results. BT (average of 2.0 episodes/patient) was evident in 44% of patients and was most frequently caused by Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. The presence of a colon allograft was associated with a higher rate of BT (75% vs. 33.3%). Furthermore, the transplantation procedure (colon vs. no colon) affected the rate of BT: SBTx=40% vs. 25%, combined liver and SBTx=100% vs. 30%, multivisceral transplantation=25% vs. 50%. AR was associated with 39% of BT episodes. BT followed AR in 9.6% of the cases. In 5.2% of the cases, positive blood cultures without stool confirmation of the bacteria were seen. Prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT) affected BT rate significantly (CIT>9 hr 76% vs. CIT<9 hr 20.8%). Conclusions. This study shows that 1) a substantial percentage of, but not all, BT is associated with AR, 2) the presence of a colon allograft increases the risk for BT, and 3) a long CIT is associated with a high incidence of BT after SBTx.
NanoRunner: a very small wireless robot with three piezoactuated legs suited for design experimentations and validations through preprogrammed behaviors

The NanoRunner is designed to be primarily used as an experimental wireless robot in order ot quickly test and validate several hardware/software issues and ideas prior to being implemented on the more expensive and complex wireless instrumented NanoWalker robot. As such, the NanoRunner, Like the NanoWalker is based on three piezo- actuated legs forming a pyramid with the apex pointing upward. Unlike the NanoWlaker, the NanoRunner has much simpler embedded electronics and is not capable of an accuracy and computational throughput comparable to the NanoWalker. Because of its lighter weight, it can move or run much faster. Furthermore, the NanoRunner does not have a fast infrared communication infrastructure for downloading executable code. Instead the NanoRunner is first pre-programmed with a specific behavior suitable for the tasks to be performed. Nonetheless, the NanoRunner has all the required electronics to be fully autonomous while performing its experimentation tasks. Although not as sophisticated as the NanoWalker, the NanoRunner offers a smaller and simpler robot implementation for less demanding tasks. Another major motivation for the NanoRunner is to validate various ideas in order to decrease the overall size of the robot. The size is critical since our goal is to allow more robots to work within the same area. In this paper, the NanoRunner is described. Aspects such as construction, assembly, and the method used for downloading executable code in order to pre-program the robot's behavior are also covered.
Investigation of the Mechanism Resulting in low Resistance Ag Thick-Film Contact to Si Solar Cells in the Context of Emitter Doping Density and Contact Firing for Current-Generation Ag Paste

Screen-printed thick-film Ag metallization has become highly successful in crystalline Si (c-Si) photovoltaics. However, a complete understanding of the mechanism resulting in low resistance contact is still lacking. In order to shed light on this mechanism for current-generation Ag paste, Si solar cells were fabricated using a range of emitter doping densities and contact firing conditions. Low resistance contact was found to vary as a function of emitter surface P concentration ( [Psurface]) and peak firing temperature. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed thin interfacial glass films (IGF) under the bulk Ag gridline. SEM analysis also showed increasing Ag crystallite density as both emitter [Psurface] and peak firing temperature increased. Two mechanisms are proposed in forming low resistance contact to highly doped emitters: 1) formation of ultrathin IGF and/or nano-Ag colloids at low firing temperature, and 2) formation of Ag crystallites at high firing temperature. However, on lightly doped emitters, low resistance contact was achieved only at higher firing temperatures, concomitant with increasing Ag crystallite density, and suggests that thin IGF decorated with nano-Ag colloids may not be sufficient for low resistance contact to lightly doped emitters.
Formal features in children's science television: Sound effects, visual pace, and topic shifts

This study analyzes the auditory, visual, and information‐presentation pace of children's science television programs. These half‐hour programs averaged more than 19 sound effects per minute, 14 visual changes (cuts, wipes, and fades/dissolves) per minute, and more than 27 topic shifts per program. These results indicate that the current crop of programs presents content at a pace that may reduce their effectiveness.
Microorganisms associated with canker rots and heart rot of oak

Pure cultures of the canker-rot fungi Inonotus hispidus, Phellinus andersonii and Spongipellis pachyodon, were isolated from non-compartmentalized decay and stain in cankers on Quercus phellos. Hericum erinaceum was isolated from compartmentalized decay columns in Q. phellos in consistent association with imperfect fungi.
Transportation related carbon, energy and water footprint analysis of U.S. manufacturing: An eco-efficiency assessment

In this paper, two-step hierarchical methodology is utilized to quantify the transportation related carbon, energy and water footprint (FP) of nation’s manufacturing sectors and evaluate the environmental vs. economic performance based on eco-efficiency scores. The methodology consists of an integrated application of the economic input output life cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches. In the first phase, EIO-LCA is employed to quantify the environmental impacts associated with the activities between 276 manufacturing sectors and the transportation industry and the second phase compares the overall environmental impact vs. economic benefit tradeoff by determining the eco-efficiency value of each sector. Results of EIO-LCA indicated that food manufacturing is found to be as the major driver of carbon, energy and water FP categories with an approximate share of 22% of the total impact on freight transportation activities in the transportation industry. Additionally, based on DEA-based sustainability performance assessment results, vast majority of U.S. manufacturing sectors were found to be inefficient (eco-efficiency <1). Only tobacco manufacturing was found to be eco-efficient among 53 major manufacturing sectors and the U.S. average was obtained as 0.5. Results indicated that inefficient U.S. manufacturing sectors need to reach an average reduction of 50% on the carbon, energy and water FP impacts to reach the 100% eco-efficiency frontier. Additionally, the weight of the transported goods was incorporated into the economic output as $/ton-km carriage, which yielded highly correlated results with the initial assessment based on total economic output only.
Preferences for compensation options

Abstract An analysis of preferences for compensation options was performed for a sample of employees in one organization. The organization was sampled at two points in time, approximately one year apart. The first sample was a stratified random sample of managerial and nonmanagerial employees (N = 101). The second sample contained a repeat sample of 48 individuals and a random sample of 80 individuals for a total (N = 128). The sampling procedure allowed for both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis. The analysis of compensation preferences was based on the set of compensation items currently available to all employees. The results indicated a marked stability of preferences for the longitudinal sample (N = 48), and a systematic crosssectional variance in preferences at both time periods based on age and salary levels of employees. The results of this research lend credence to both cafeteria-style compensation programs and portable pensions.
A maximum likelihood method for particle momentum determination

We discuss a maximum likelihood method for determining a charged particle's momentum as it moves in a magnetic field. The formalism is presented in both rigorous and approximate forms. The rigorous form is valid when random processes include multiple scattering, energy loss and detector spatial resolution. When the measurement error is dominated by multiple scattering, it takes a particularly simple approximate form. The validity of both formalisms extends to include non-Gaussian multiple scattering distribution.
F-bounded polymorphism for object-oriented programming

Bounded quantification was introduced by Cardelli and Wegner as a means of typing functions that operate uniformly over all subtypes of a given type. They defined a simple “object” model and used bounded quantification to type-check functions that make sense on all objects having a specified set of “attributes.” A more realistic presentation of object-oriented languages would allow objects that are elements of recursively-defined types. In this context, bounded quantification no longer serves its intended purpose. It is easy to find functions that makes sense on all objects having a specified set of methods, but which cannot be typed in the Cardelli-Wegner system. To provide a basis for typed polymorphic functions in object-oriented languages, we introduce F-bounded quantification. Some applications of F-bounded quantification are presented and semantic issues are discussed. Although our original motivation was to type polymorphic functions over objects, F-bounded quantification is a general form of polymorphism that seems useful whenever recursive type definitions and subtyping are used.
The role of oxygen-related defects and hydrogen impurities in HfO2 and ZrO2

We investigate the properties of oxygen-related defects and hydrogen impurities in monoclinic HfO"2 and ZrO"2 using first-principles calculations based on a hybrid functional. We examine how the formation energy of these defects depend on the Fermi level and the chemical potential. By aligning the valence- and conduction-band edges of these oxides to those of Si, we evaluate the possibility of these defects acting as carrier traps or sources of fixed charge in Si/HfO"2 and Si/ZrO"2. While the oxygen vacancy (V"O) appears more likely to act as a carrier trap, we find oxygen and hydrogen interstitials (O"i and H"i) as well as substitutional hydrogen (H"O) to have much lower formation energies for relevant Fermi levels and chemical potentials
Enabling graphene-based technologies: Toward wafer-scale production of epitaxial graphene

Epitaxial graphene (EG) has attracted considerable interest because of its extraordinary properties and ability to be synthesized on the wafer scale. These attributes have enabled EG to be applied in field-effect transistors with extrinsic operating frequencies in the hundreds-of-gigahertz range. Although the quality of EG grown on SiC has improved, there are still obstacles, such as low carrier mobility and large-area thickness nonuniformity, that limit applications in a wide range of truly wafer-scale technologies. In this article, key elements of epitaxial graphene synthesis are highlighted and discussed with regard to impacts on large-area uniformity, structure, and electrical properties. The effects of specific components such as growth-reactor design and substrate quality are examined in an effort to provide a pathway for future advancements in EG production. Finally, key future directions for research in EG are briefly discussed.
Bacteremia and Septic Arthritis Caused by Moraxella catarrhalis

Moraxella catarrhalis was isolated from blood from a 41-year-old man who had a 24-hour history of increasing pain in and swelling of the left knee. No history of trauma, arthropathy, fever, chills, cough, or chest pain was noted. What is believed to be the first case of bacteremia caused by M. catarrhalis that was associated with septic arthritis is described in this report. The case presented suggests the pathophysiology of this rare condition. One previous case of septic arthritis caused by M. catarrhalis without documented bacteremia has been reported.
Absence of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in lung metastasis in rats with hepatocellular carcinomas induced by ciprofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator

Abstract The incidence of lung metastasis in rats with hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) induced by ciprofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator and the expression of gammaglutamyl transeptidase (GGT) in the metastatic lesions was studied. HCC were induced in 75 male F-334 rats by chronic dietary administration of ciprofibrate (0.025% w/w) for 16–22 months. The incidence of lung metastasis was 25% in rats killed between 14 and 16 months which increased to 56% in rats killed between 20 and 22 months. The lung metastases were multifocal and present in both the blood vessels and parenchyma. All the metastatic foci examined for the expression of GGT by histochemical stain were devoid of this enzyme. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the malignant behavior of ciprofibrate-induced liver tumors and the absence of GGT expression in metastatic lesions a phenotypic property that is peculiar to the primary HCC induced by several peroxisome proliferators.
Emerging analog-to-digital converters

Many analog IC designers and students are naturally drawn to ADCs. While some ADC realizations have had a lasting impact including pipelined ADCs with digital redundancy, flash ADCs with folding and interpolation, and multi-bit delta-sigma modulators with dynamic element matching, there are many more recent and emerging ADC design techniques that are receiving much attention and also gaining momentum in some areas. Many of these ideas are showered with doubts and honest criticism. However, we may also be entering a new era where a few of these developments could help resolve the tough submicron scaling challenge that analog designers face today. This paper will summarize and ponder the impact of a few selective as well as random slices of these emerging ADC designs.
Identification of aneuploids in Nicotiana tabacum by isozyme banding patterns

A biochemical system was devised to identify aneuploids of Nicotiana tabacum. Leaf tissue from 6 nullihaploids, 4 nullisomics, and 10 monosomics was analyzed electrophoretically on slab acrylamide gels. The staining systems used were for peroxidase, esterase, superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase, and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase. Nullihaploids and nullisomics could be distinguished from each other and from haploid or disomic types by their unique isozyme banding patterns. The banding patterns of the monosomics closely resembled those of the disomic. Morphologically similar aneuploids from different populations had similar isozyme banding patterns.
New prospects for shock treatment: Symposium closing remarks

To summarize this symposium, I would like to address the issue of hemorrhagic shock from three vintage points: (11 as an emergency medicine clinician who frequently cares for the patient with hemorrhagic shock (21 as a journal editor, with the perspective of ‘what’s new in resuscitation research’ and (31 as a resuscitation researcher, principally, in the areas of CPR, anti-shock trouser use during hemorrhagic shock. Many definitions of shock exist, and the symposium has addressed many of these. This symposium has confirmed our conviction that things may not be as dismal as they seem. There is certainly new interest, understanding, and hope for improved treatment of hemorrhagic shock. From the clinical perspective, shock can certainly be defined in both the macroscopic and microscopic sense. From the point of view of the whole organism, shock is a state of circulatory failure manifested by signs and symptoms of poor tissue perfusion. Clinical findings include hypotension and signs of poor tissue perfusion (Table Il. One might ask what is or can be new in the arena of recognition of the shock state at this macroscopic level? Exciting work utilizing transconjunctival oxygen monitoring is improving our ability to predict impending shock states. This new and simple monitoring device will allow earlier recognition of shock with the concomitant earlier institution of many of the therapeutic modalities that have been discussed at this symposium PI. Much of the most exciting new research in shock, however, is that at the smaller, cellular, or microscopic level. It is clear that hemorrhagic shock results from and contributes to the interplay of numerous complex destructive biological, biochemical, and physiologic cascades that ultimately lead to cellular death in vital organs. The work of many of our colleagues at this symposium continue to unravel these cascades and relationships and continue to provide us with new entry points for therapeutic interventions. The treatment of shock includes all the steps necessary for the treatment of any critically ill patient. Additionally, attempts at correcting the underlying cause must be made. Standard treatment procedures, most without argument or opposition, are routine. Additional therapy is aimed at restoration to ‘physiologic normalcy’ at both the macroscopic and microscopic level. At the macroscopic level, this includes fluid replacement, patient positioning, physical adjuncts, and perhaps, drug