cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitudes toward neuroscience education in psychiatry: a national multi-stakeholder survey.

The objective of this study is to assess the attitudes of chairs of psychiatry departments, psychiatrists, and psychiatry trainees toward neuroscience education in residency programs and beyond in order to inform future neuroscience education approaches. This multi-stakeholder survey captured data on demographics, self-assessments of neuroscience knowledge, attitudes toward neuroscience education, preferences in learning modalities, and interests in specific neuroscience topics. In 2012, the authors distributed the surveys: by paper to 133 US psychiatry department chairs and electronically through the American Psychiatric Association to 3,563 of its members (1,000 psychiatrists and 2,563 trainees). The response rates for the chair, psychiatrist, and trainee surveys were 53, 9, and 18 %, respectively. A large majority of respondents agreed with the need for more neuroscience education in general and with respect to their own training. Most respondents believed that neuroscience will help destigmatize mental illness and begin producing new treatments or personalized medicines in 5–10 years. Only a small proportion of trainees and psychiatrists, however, reported a strong knowledge base in neuroscience. Respondents also reported broad enthusiasm for transdiagnostic topics in neuroscience (such as emotion regulation and attention/cognition) and description at the level of neural circuits. This study demonstrates the opportunity and enthusiasm for teaching more neuroscience in psychiatry among a broad range of stakeholder groups. A high level of interest was also found for transdiagnostic topics and approaches. We suggest that a transdiagnostic framework may be an effective way to deliver neuroscience education to the psychiatric community and illustrate this through a case example, drawing the similarity between this neuroscience approach and problem-based formulations familiar to clinicians.
Directional persistence of cell migration coincides with stability of asymmetric intracellular signaling

It has long been appreciated that spatiotemporal dynamics of cell migration are under the control of intracellular signaling pathways, which are mediated by adhesion receptors and other transducers of extracellular cues. Further, there is ample evidence that aspects of cell migration are stochastic: how else could it exhibit directional persistence over timescales much longer than typical signal transduction processes, punctuated by abrupt changes in direction? Yet the mechanisms by which signaling processes affect those behaviors remain unclear. We have developed analytical methods for relating parallel live-cell microscopy measurements of cell migration dynamics to the intracellular signaling processes that govern them. In this analysis of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in randomly migrating fibroblasts, we observe that hot spots of intense signaling coincide with localized cell protrusion and endure with characteristic lifetimes that correspond to those of cell migration persistence. We further show that distant hot spots are dynamically and stochastically coupled. These results are indicative of a mechanism by which changes in a cell's direction of migration are determined by a fragile balance of relatively rapid intracellular signaling processes.
Diurnal Regulation of the Early Growth Response 1 (Egr-1) Protein Expression by Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α) and Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) Cross-talk in Liver Fibrosis

Early growth response 1 (Egr-1) protein is a critical regulator of genes contributing to liver fibrosis; however, little is known about the upstream transcriptional factors that control its expression. Here we show that Egr-1 expression is tightly regulated by nuclear receptor signaling. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) activated the Egr-1 promoter through three DR1 response elements as identified by trans-activation assays. Deletion of these response elements or knockdown of HNF4α using siRNA largely abrogated Egr-1 promoter activation. HNF4α activity, as well as its enrichment on the Egr-1 promoter, were markedly repressed by small heterodimer partner (SHP) co-expression. Egr-1 mRNA and protein were transiently induced by HNF4α. On the contrary, HNF4α siRNA reduced Egr-1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, and overexpression of SHP reversed these effects. Conversely, knockdown of SHP by siRNA elevated Egr-1 protein. Interestingly, Egr-1 mRNA exhibited diurnal fluctuation, which was synchronized to the cyclic expression of SHP and HNF4α after cells were released from serum shock. Unexpectedly, the levels of Egr-1 mRNA and protein were highly up-regulated in Hnf4α−/− mice. Both HNF4α and Egr-1 expression were dramatically increased in SHP−/− mice with bile duct ligation and in human cirrhotic livers, which was inversely correlated with diminished SHP expression. In conclusion, our study revealed control network for Egr-1 expression through a feedback loop between SHP and HNF4α.
The genus Artemisia (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) at a continental crossroads: Molecular insights into migrations, disjunctions, and reticulations among Old and New World species from a Beringian perspective

Abstract Artemisia is the largest genus (ca. 350–500+ spp.) in the tribe Anthemideae and is composed of ecologically, morphologically, and chemically diverse species that are found primarily throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Two major centers of diversity for the genus are located in Eurasia and western North America, but phytogeographic links connecting these two regions are observed all across the North Pacific Rim and adjacent areas in the Arctic, including many islands and archipelagos. Previous phylogenetic studies have helped to clarify major lineages and identify likely sister relationships, but many questions remain unanswered regarding the relationships and migration history of New and Old World species. Here we investigate the phylogenetics of Artemisia within a biogeographic context centered in the Beringian Region and offer new hypotheses concerning species relationships, migration history, and the likely role of reticulate evolution in the genus. Our sampling included many new taxa and emphasized multiple accessions of widespread species, species from proposed refugia, and species with disjunct/vicariant distributions. The ITS phylogeny contained 173 accessions (94 new and 79 from GenBank) and indicated that Artemisia is paraphyletic by the exclusion of several small Asian genera and the North American genus Sphaeromeria . Following a survey of thirteen chloroplast loci, phylogenies based on two plastid markers ( psbA – trnH and rpl32 – trnL spacers) were constructed with a reduced data set, and though largely consistent with the ITS topology, revealed several cases of possible introgression among New World and Beringian species. Our analysis reveals that North American Artemisia species have multiple origins, and that western North America has served as a source for some colonizing elements in eastern Asia and South America.
5′ terminal nucleotide sequences of the messenger RNAs of Dictyostelium discoideum

As in the mRNA from all other eucaryotic cells examined, the 5' nucleotide in messenger RNA from Dictyostelium discoideum is linked by a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge to the unusual nucleoside 7-methyl guanosine. In mammalian cellular mRNA, the 5' terminal sequences have the general formula m7GpppXmpYp(m), where X and Y can be either purine or pyrimidine nucleotides and Y, as well as X, may contain a 2'0-methylated ribose. Although at least 32 5' terminal sequences are possible in cellular mRNA, only four are present in Dictyostelum mRNA. They are (I) m7GppppAp (65%); (II) m7GpppGp (10%); (III) m7GpppAmpAp (10%); (IV m7GpppAp (65%); (II) m7gpppGp (10%); (III) m7GpppAmpAp (10%); (IV) m7GpppAmpUp (10%). Sequences I and II are simpler than those previously reported for mammalian cells because they lack 2'0-methylated nucleosides. Another difference is that in all Dictyostelium mRNAs. the nucleoside X is a purine. The nucleoside 6-methyl adenosine which is found internal to the 5' end of the mRNA of mammalian cells is not detectable in Dictyostelium mRNA. Thus neither 2'0-methylated nucleotides nor 6-methyl adenosine can represent sites for processing of a primary nuclear transript to yield mRNA.
Case report 663

We have presented an unusual case of chondroblastoma mimicking a malignant tumor. Retrospective review of radiographs obtained 19 years before the diagnosis gave us a unique opportunity to follow the natural history of this atypical lesion.
Pseudoneglect on a Cancellation Task

The "pseudoneglect" phenomenon initially described by Bowers and Heilman (1980) was examined in the context of a cancellation task. Normal subjects were administered cancellation tasks under a high arousal condition with target and foils which were intended to activate left hemisphere (verbal) processes or right hemisphere (spatial) processes. Significant right lateralized inattention was present on the spatial stimuli. The verbal stimuli failed to produce significant lateralized inattention, although it produced moderate left inattention among right-handed males. The results are consistent with literature identifying the right hemisphere as dominant for attention.
Influence of permeant ions on gating in cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.

Cyclic nucleotide–gated channels are key components in the transduction of visual and olfactory signals where their role is to respond to changes in the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides. Although these channels poorly select between physiologically relevant monovalent cations, the gating by cyclic nucleotide is different in the presence of Na+ or K+ ions. This property was investigated using rod cyclic nucleotide–gated channels formed by expressing the subunit 1 (or α) in HEK293 cells. In the presence of K+ as the permeant ion, the affinity for cGMP is higher than the affinity measured in the presence of Na+. At the single channel level, subsaturating concentrations of cGMP show that the main effect of the permeant K+ ions is to prolong the time channels remain open without major changes in the shut time distribution. In addition, the maximal open probability was higher when K+ was the permeant ion (0.99 for K+ vs. 0.95 for Na+) due to an increase in the apparent mean open time. Similarly, in the presence of saturating concentrations of cAMP, known to bind but unable to efficiently open the channel, permeant K+ ions also prolong the time channels visit the open state. Together, these results suggest that permeant ions alter the stability of the open conformation by influencing of the O→C transition.
Quasiparticles in the theory of the integral quantum Hall effect (I)

Abstract We present the details of the single instanton solution and quantum fluctuations in the U(m + n)/U(m) × U(n) non-linear sigma model. Special emphasis is given to the application to the integral quantum Hall effect (IQHE) and the peculiarities of the relevant limit of zero number of field components (m = n = 0) are discussed in detail. The present analysis constitutes the proof that instantons survive the replica limit (m = n = 0). It provides furthermore a computational scheme for obtaining quantities of physical interest.
Evidence for nonintercalative complexes ormed from the reversible binding of benzo[a]pyrene metabolites to closed-circular, single-stranded M13mp19 DNA

Abstract The fluorescence excitation spectrum of complexes formed from the reversible binding of the proximate carcinogen, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP78D) to closed-circular, single-stranded, viral M13mp19 DNA (SS M13 DNA) exhibits a red-shift of 5 nm compared to the spectrum of BP78D measured without DNA or with native, calf thymus DNA. In SS M13 DNA which is 0.10 mM in PO4, the fluorescence intensity of BP78D is 2.3 times smaller than the intensity measured without DNA; however, the fluorescence lifetime (42.7 nsec) of BP78D with SS M13 DNA is 1.7 – 1.8 times larger than the lifetimes of BP78D measured without DNA or with calf thymus DNA. These results are consistent with the conclusion that, in addition to binding sites which cause fluorescence quenching, SS M13 DNA contains sites which permit formation of BP78D inclusion complexes that have weaker interactions with nucleotide bases than those occurring in intercalated complexes. The association constant (1.45 ± 0.01 × 1 105 M−1) for the binding of BP78D to SS M13 DNA is more than 9.0 times larger than that for binding to calf thymus DNA. It is 7.1 times larger than that for the binding of the less genetoxic metabolite, trans-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP45D) to SS M13 DNA. UV Photoelectron data and results from ab initio molecular orbital calculations suggest that a difference in polarizability contributes to the greater SS M13 DNA binding of BP78D compared to that of BP45D.
Pervasive real-time biomedical monitoring system

With the tremendous advancements in low cost, power efficient hardware and the recent interest in biomedical embedded systems, numerous traditional biomedical systems can be replaced with smaller embedded systems that do real-time analysis to provide bio-feedback to the users. This paper presents a prototype of an embedded system which is capable of real-time data collection, using analog and digital sensors and processing, to compute physiological variables and metrics. These metrics in turn can be used to determine information about the user's general well being. The sensors provide motion, brain wave activity (EEG) and blood oxygenation (SpO 2 ) information. The system presented automatically computes the application specific metrics and indicates the results of the detection scheme to the user and to a monitoring base station. The metrics being used have been validated using raw data from patients suffering epileptic seizures and from past research. The paper also deals with application scenarios for such systems and architecture for an FPGA based implementation is discussed.
Phospholipid Fatty Acid Structure and the Activity of Membrane-Active Peptides

Virtually all studies on the interaction of antimicrobial peptides with model bilayers have focused on phospholipid headgroup composition, using unsaturated phospholipids to model bacterial cell membranes. The use of unsaturated lipid ensures fluid-phase membranes at room temperature, but unsaturated lipids are rarely found in cell membranes of gram-(+) bacteria. In Staphylococcus aureus, for instance, the major membrane lipids are saturated iso- and anteiso-branched phospholipids with phase transition temperatures well below room temperature. We found previously that increasing the degree of lipid acyl chain unsaturation markedly reduces the susceptibility of vesicles to delta-lysin, a potent, membrane-active peptide. We thus postulated that the acyl chain structure of bacterial lipids would play a role in the sensitivity of bacteria to antimicrobial peptides. The idea is corroborated by the observation that in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), the fraction of anteiso-branched acyl chains is elevated relative to susceptible strains, pointing to a relation between fatty acid structure and bacterial resistance. In the work presented here, we tested this hypothesis by synthesizing asymmetric, saturated phospholipids containing an iso- or anteiso-branched fatty acid in the sn-2 position. We then examined the effect of the acyl-chain structure on peptide activity by constructing lipid vesicles and measuring the kinetics of dye release induced by delta-lysin. The results were compared with those obtained from lipid vesicles composed of natural staphylococcal phospholipid extracts enriched in either iso- or anteiso-branched phospholipids. Acyl chain structure was shown to indeed have a dramatic effect on membrane stability and the susceptibility to membrane-active peptides. In general, vesicles constructed from bacterial lipid extracts were considerably more stable and more resistant to peptide attack than those made from synthetic, branched lipids.
IcmS-dependent translocation of SdeA into macrophages by the Legionella pneumophila type IV secretion system.

Summary Legionella pneumophila replicates inside alveolar macrophages and causes an acute, potentially fatal pneumonia called Legionnaires’ disease. The ability of this bacterium to grow inside of macrophages is dependent on the presence of a functional dot/icm type IV secretion system (T4SS). Proteins secreted by the Dot/Icm T4SS are presumed to alter the host endocytic pathway, allowing L. pneumophila to establish a replicative niche within the host cell. Here we show that a member of the SidE family of proteins interacts with IcmS and is required for full virulence in the protozoan host Acanthamoeba castellanii. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and adenylate cyclase fusions, we show that SdeA is secreted into host cells by L. pneumophila in an IcmS-dependent manner. The SidE-like proteins are secreted very early during macrophage infection, suggesting that they are important in the initial formation of the replicative phagosome. Secreted SidE family members show a similar localization to other Dot/Icm substrates, specifically, to the poles of the replicative phagosome. This common localization of secreted substrates of the Dot/Icm system may indicate the formation of a multiprotein complex on the cytoplasmic face of the replicative phagosome.
The effect of novel environments on CS extinction in a conditioned suppression paradigm

Twelve rats were trained to produce food by barpressing according to a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. When their rates of responding had stabilized, a conditioned suppression paradigm was implemented. After asymptotic suppression was obtained and after stabilization of non-CS rates of responding, the CS for all the animals was extinguished in a novel environment, with a novel response being required for food production. When extinction of the conditioned emotional response was complete in the novel environment (i.e., a complete absence of suppression), the animals were returned to the original training environment and given the CS alone. It was found that the animals showed suppression to the CS in the original environment. It was concluded that the behavioral control of a CS is influenced by the ambient environment during initial learning.
Connectivity Transition for Wireless Networks with Growing Processes

In this paper, we study the transition phase in the network connectivity. We focus on the transformation of network starting from partition to connected state as node density increases. During the node density increasing process, the connectivity transition is studied based on percolation theory so as to derive the related critical time points. Specifically, we firstly derive the lower and upper bound of critical density against node transmission range. Then, we make use of three growth functions of node to obtain the first connection time and total connection time which denote the points when the node densities reach the lower and upper bound of critical value respectively. The simulation demonstrates the evolution of network in terms of the connectivity and gives the connection times with three different growth models.
A new model for the ion beams in the plasma sheet boundary layer

A new model is proposed for the ion beams frequently observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer. The model assumes injection of magnetosheath plasma onto closed tail field lines. The plasma then expands along the field lines and is convected towards the earth. Particle simulations of the expansion process are used to calculate properties of these beams. The expansion produces beams of ions at energies of up to a few tens of k(B)T(e), which are consistent with the observed energies of the beams.
Chronic amitriptyline overdose in a child

Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, has a well-described toxicity profile, and acute ingestions are common in the pediatric toxicology world. However, little can be found in the literature regarding chronic overdose. We describe a case of a 6-year-old girl who was prescribed amitriptyline 30 mg nightly for sleep problems, but was mistakenly given 300 mg (15 mg/kg) nightly for over a month. She was noted to have mental status changes and difficulty reading several days after starting the medication. She presented to the local children's hospital in status epilepticus with significant cardiac conduction abnormalities on ECG. Her total amitriptyline/nortriptyline level was found to be 1676 ng/mL (normal therapeutic level 50-300 ng/mL). She was treated for several days with sodium bicarbonate. Within 24 h, her neurologic status improved and had returned to baseline within several days. Her ECG normalized, and she was discharged home, without apparent sequelae. A brief discussion of possible protective mechanisms (including pharmacogenomic) is presented.
Metabolic engineering of plant secondary products

Plants interact with their environment by producing a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds are valued for their medicinal, industrial or agricultural properties. Other secondary products are toxic or otherwise undesirable and can reduce the commercial value of crops. Gene transfer technology offers new opportunities to modify directly plant secondary product synthesis through metabolic engineering. This article reviews some of the strategies which have been used to increase or decrease the synthesis of specific plant metabolites, as well as methods for expanding the biosynthetic capabilities of individual species.
14C-Gentian Violet Residues in Tissues of Broiler Breeders

Abstract Nine male and nine female Hubbard × Hubbard adult broiler breeders were used to study tissue residues of gentian violet. Each bird was given 31.78 μc of 14C-gentian violet (1.90 mc/nM) orally. At 8, 24, 48, 120, 168, 240, 336, 432, and 504 hr after administration of isotope, one male and one female were randomly selected and sacrificed. Liver, muscle, kidney, skin, and fat samples were analyzed for residues of isotope. Blood samples were taken at these times as well as at 1 and 4 hr after administration of isotope. Residues from gentian violet in eggs were also determined. Half-life of radioactivity from 14C-gentian violet in blood differed between sexes (1.43 hr and 1.68 hr for males and females, respectively). At 8 hr after administration of isotope, only one bird had detectable amounts of radioactivity in muscle. Radioactivity was detected in skin of both birds sacrificed at 8 hr and in one bird which was sacrificed at 24 hr after dosing. Radioactivity was not detectable in fat of birds sacrificed at 24 hr and subsequent intervals after dosing. Detectable levels of radioactivity were found in liver at 120 hr after dosing and in kidney at 432 hr after dosing. All eggs collected during the first 144 hr contained very low but detectable levels of radioactivity. Radioactivity was detected in one egg at 456 hr after administration of isotope.
Light modulation of ferredoxin mRNA abundance requires an open reading frame.

Ferredoxin I (Fed-1) mRNA abundance is modulated by an internal light regulatory element that includes sequences both 59 and 39 of the translational initiation site. To test the hypothesis that the light response mediated by this element might be coupled to translation, we transformed tobacco plants with gene constructs blocked in translational initiation or elongation. Here, we report that such mutations abolish the light response in vivo. A nonsense mutation could be rescued by restoring the open reading frame with a different sequence, even when the new codon caused an amino acid substitution. Our data establish that the light response requires a translatable reading frame and thus provide strong circumstantial evidence for post-transcriptional modulation of Fed-1 mRNA levels. The Fed-1 system is presently the only higher plant example of a developmentally regulated change in mRNA abundance that requires translation of the affected mRNA.
Who gets acknowledged: Measuring scientific contributions through automatic acknowledgment indexing

Acknowledgments in research publications, like citations, indicate influential contributions to scientific work. However, acknowledgments are different from citations; whereas citations are formal expressions of debt, acknowledgments are arguably more personal, singular, or private expressions of appreciation and contribution. Furthermore, many sources of research funding expect researchers to acknowledge any support that contributed to the published work. Just as citation indexing proved to be an important tool for evaluating research contributions, we argue that acknowledgments can be considered as a metric parallel to citations in the academic audit process. We have developed automated methods for acknowledgment extraction and analysis and show that combining acknowledgment analysis with citation indexing yields a measurable impact of the efficacy of various individuals as well as government, corporate, and university sponsors of scientific work.
Significance of the hyperautofluorescent ring associated with choroidal neovascularisation in eyes undergoing anti-VEGF therapy for wet age-related macular degeneration.

Aim To characterise the presence of a hyperautofluorescent (HAF) ring associated with choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) complex in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Fundus autofluorescence images and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans from 362 eyes with wet AMD were reviewed. The presence and size of an HAF ring associated with the CNV complex was evaluated. A subgroup of 64 treatment-naive eyes with new-onset CNV was studied to analyse the relationship between pretreatment OCT characteristics and the presence of the HAF ring. Results An HAF ring was present in 38% of the entire cohort of eyes and in 39% of treatment-naive eyes. The presence of the HAF ring was significantly correlated with the extent of baseline subretinal fluid (SRF) on OCT (p=0.0113), the number of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections (p=0.0439) and the number of treatment cycles (p=0.0154). Eyes with an HAF ring were more likely to have disruption of the ellipsoid zone line once the SRF was resolved compared with eyes without an HAF ring (p=0.0002). In multivariate analysis, the best predictors for HAF ring were the baseline area of SRF (p=0.0449) and the number of anti-VEGF treatments received (p=0.0568). Conclusions Nearly 40% of wet AMD eyes had an HAF ring. In treatment-naive eyes, the HAF ring had a significant association with SRF and was found as early as the baseline measurement and as long as 18 months after beginning treatment, persisting for up to 6 years after the initial diagnosis. Its association with baseline SRF and disruption of the ellipsoid zone line of the photoreceptors on OCT could indicate continuous stress on the outer retinal structures after exposure to prolonged SRF and/or transmitted autofluorescence from loss of the photoreceptors overlying the retinal pigment epithelium.
A new hybrid power technique utilizing a direct Copper to ceramic bond

A new technique of bonding copper directly to ceramic, employing the copper-copper oxide eutectic melt, is described. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and EDAX are used to study the details of this bond. A specific utilization of these techniques is portrayed in a 2-SCR-3-diode controlled bridge. This bridge is used as a 2-hp dc motor speed control. The advantages of using these techniques over previous methods (thick film or moly-manganese) lie in the ability to bond almost any thickness of high-conductivity copper to ceramics (Al 2 O 3 , BeO, BN, ZnO, etc.) silica, dissimilar metals, or to copper itself. Incidental benefits, described in the report, include bonding copper lead frames instead of screen printing, lack of high thermal and electrical resistivity interface layers, and simplicity of manufacture. Ceramic properties found to influence bond quality were: 1) Topology in terms of a fractured surface due to lapping and/or die sticking. 2) Degree of intergranular bond strength. 3) Cleanliness of surface and degree of unbonded particulate matter (powder) on the surface. 4) Grain size. The bonding agent is characterized as a field of bonded Cu 2 O nodules precipitated from the Cu-Cu 2 O eutectic melt with a density much higher than expected from the 4.7-percent Cu 2 O (by volume) contained in the eutectic mixture. Mechanisms to explain this behavior are described. The bond strength is noted to depend on the nodule density and the bond strength of the Cu 2 O to copper and is higher than any other bonding method.
Model Based Unsupervised Learning Guided by Abundant Background Samples

Many data sets contain an abundance of background data or samples belonging to classes not currently under consideration. We present a new unsupervised learning method based on fuzzy c-means to learn sub models of a class using background samples to guide cluster split and merge operations. The proposed method demonstrates how background samples can be used to guide and improve the clustering process. The proposed method results in more accurate clusters and helps to escape locally minimum solutions. In addition, the number of clusters is determined for the class under consideration. The method demonstrates remarkable performance on both synthetic 2D and real world data from the MNIST dataset of hand written digits.
BRICK: a novel exact active statistics counter architecture

In this paper, we present an exact active statistics counter architecture called BRICK (Bucketized Rank Indexed Counters) that can efficiently store per-flow variable-width statistics counters entirely in SRAM while supporting both fast updates and lookups (e.g., 40 Gb/s line rates). BRICK exploits statistical multiplexing by randomly bundling counters into small fixed-size buckets and supports dynamic sizing of counters by employing an innovative indexing scheme called rank-indexing. Experiments with Internet traces show that our solution can indeed maintain large arrays of exact active statistics counters with moderate amounts of SRAM.
Cognitive structures in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse

Abstract The effects of structure and content variables on memory and comprehension of prose passages were studied in two experiments. The experimental passages exemplify a class of simple narrative stories that is described by a generative grammar of plot structures. A comprehension model is proposed that assumes a hierarchical organizational framework of stories in memory, determined by the grammar, representing the abstract structural components of the plot. The quality and characteristics of subjects' memory for stories were tested on a variety of experimental tasks in which story organization was manipulated. Comprehensibility and recall were found to be a function of the amount of inherent plot structure in the story, independent of passage content. Recall probability of individual facts from passages depended on the structural centrality of the facts: Subjects tended to recall facts corresponding to high-level organizational story elements rather than lower-level details. In addition, story summarizations from memory tended to emphasize general structural characteristics rather than specific content. For successively presented stories, both structure and content manipulations influenced recall. Furthermore, repeating story structure across two passages produced facilitation in recall of the second passage, while repeating story content produced proactive interference. The implications for a model of memory for narrative discourse are discussed.
Holographic aberration compensation with partially coherent light.

The aberration-compensation method of passing the conjugate beam from a hologram through the same optical system used in making the hologram is combined with broad-source interferometer techniques to give, along with the aberration compensation, considerable noise reduction. As with conventional photography, the image is two dimensional.
A sympathetic view on fat by leptin.

Zeng et al. reveal that the lipolytic effect of the hormone leptin is mediated by sympathetic nerve fibers that directly "envelope" white adipocytes. Local activation of the sympathetic input to the fat opens new venues to circumvent central leptin resistance in obesity.
Using hydrologic measurements to investigate free-phase gas ebullition in a Maine peatland, USA

Northern peatlands cover more than 350 million ha and are an important source of methane (CH 4 ) and other biogenic gases contributing to climate change. Free-phase gas (FPG) accumulation and episodic release has recently been recognized as an important mechanism for biogenic gas flux from peatlands. It is likely that gas production and groundwater flow are interconnected in peatlands: groundwater flow influences gas production by regulating geochemical conditions and nutrient supply available for methanogenesis, while FPG influences groundwater flow through a reduction in peat permeability and by creating excess pore water pressures. Water samples collected from three well sites at Caribou Bog, Maine, show substantial dissolved CH 4 (5–16 mg L −1 ) in peat waters below 2 m depth and an increase in concentrations with depth. This suggests production and storage of CH 4 in deep peat that may be episodically released as FPG. Two min increment pressure transducer data reveal approximately 5 cm fluctuations in hydraulic head from both deep and shallow peat that are believed to be indicative of FPG release. FPG release persists up to 24 h during decreasing atmospheric pressure and a rising water table. Preferential flow is seen towards an area of relatively lower hydraulic head associated with the esker and pool system. Increased CH 4 concentrations are also found at the depth of the esker crest, suggesting that the high permeability esker is acting as a conduit for groundwater flow, driving a downward transport of labile carbon, resulting in higher rates of CH 4 production.
A Web-based and Email Driven Electronic Contract Management System

In an enterprise, managing and processing an electronic contract often involves a number of contract administrators and representatives in the enterprise, and their counter parts in their suppliers, business partners or their customers to carry out a large number of complex manual tasks in sequences during the life cycle of electronic contract. In most commercially available electronic contract management systems, users either waste a lot of their time in monitoring their task lists for their turns to act on their electronic contracts or most electronic contracts simply stay idle for most of the time if users only check their task lists once a while. In addition, these manual tasks are often tedious and may cause security faults. In this paper, we present a Web-based and email driven electronic contract management system that supports both internal and intra-enterprises workflows, and with multi-tenants hosting capability. This system enables a user to act on the next task in a sequence of tasks to process a particular electronic contract immediately after the other user has completed the previous task in the same sequence of tasks by sending out email notifications to alert or remind the user to take action on the task. We also describe several novel methods to automate some manual and tedious tasks, such as watermarking signature information on the signed electronic contract and life cycle management, in this paper. Most users have found their productivities improved, the electronic contract transaction time accelerated, contractual errors reduced and many other benefits by using this electronic contract management system in several IBM pilot programs.
Evaluation of flux-based logic schemes for high-T/sub c/ applications

Three digital logic families that can be made using nonhysteretic Josephson junctions (potentially the only kind of Josephson device realizable with superconductors having high transition temperatures) are analyzed. These logic families utilize magnetic flux-transfer, and are characterized by very low power dissipation. Rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) and phase-mode logic are both based on pulse propagation. The quantum flux parametron (QFP) logic family is based on current latching. Simulations of RSFQ, Phase-Mode, and QFP logic families using high-T/sub c/ junction parameters are presented to demonstrate the compatibility of these logic families with the perovskite superconductors. The operation of these logic families is analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.
Differences in the acid-labile component of Candida albicans mannan from hydrophobic and hydrophilic yeast cells.

Cell surface hydrophobicity of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans has been linked to the level of cell wall protein glycosylation. Previous work demonstrated that outer chain mannosylation, rather than overall glycosylation, correlated with cell surface hydrophobicity. These studies further suggested that the phosphodiester-linked, acid-labile beta-1,2-mannan was the correlating element. The present work tests this hypothesis and extends the previous results. The composition of bulk mannan from hydrophobic and hydrophilic yeast cells, and the acid-labile mannan from both cell types are compared. Compositional analysis shows that the protein, hexose, and phosphorus content of bulk mannan is similar between the two phenotypes. Electrophoretic separation of acid-released and fluorophore-labeled mannan shows that the acid-labile oligomannosides from hydrophobic cells are longer and potentially in greater abundance than those from hydrophilic cells. These results suggest that regulation of a single step in cell wall protein outer chain mannosylation affects the cell surface ultrastructure and phenotype of C.albicans.
Space-time communication channel models

The authors provide a characterization of a space-time channel for a turbulent or material media such that the physics of the media can be incorporated. The characterization is made by introducing the notion of a space-time channel transmittance function. The space-time input-output response of the channel is characterized in terms of a set of space-time superposition integrals. Using the concepts of correlation time, distance, and a space-time sampling theorem, a four-dimensional space-time channel model is presented in the form of a space-time tap-delay model. This model is reduced to a two-dimensional model and the similarities and differences to earlier work of T. Kailath (1959) and P.A. Bello (1963) are discussed. >
Treatment of chronic expanding dissecting aneurysms of the descending thoracic and upper abdominal aorta by extended aortotomy, removal of the dissected intima, and closure

Abstract Purpose: The incidence of complications, particularly paraplegia, remains high after surgical repair of DeBakey type IIIB chronic expanding dissecting aneurysms. In this report we cautiously advocate a new approach termed tailored aortoplasty, which allows the surgeon to achieve two primary goals: reduced renal/visceral and spinal cord ischemic time, and reperfusion of all patent inferior intercostal and superior lumbar arteries. Methods: Tailored aortoplasty consists of incising the controlled aorta on the left posterolateral surface from T-8 to the infrarenal portion. The membrane separating the true and false lumen is excised, and the aortotomy is closed to a diameter of 2½ to 3 cm to reduce wall tension. Results: The procedure has been applied to 13 patients, all of whom survived, nine without complications. One patient had paresis after profound cardiogenic shock. Three patients had hemorrhage, one from an excluded intercostal artery, one from a delayed splenic rupture, and one from the suture line. He was the only patient treated for acute dissection with rupture. Conclusions: Confining the procedure to chronic dissections, we found aortic tissues capable of holding sutures well, and there has been no expansion of the tailored segment on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in mean follow-up of 2.1 years. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:441-9.)
Did all those famous people really have epilepsy

Abstract Many famous individuals are said to have had epilepsy, and these names often find their way into books and lectures on epilepsy. The goal of this study was to investigate in detail the histories of 43 of those people who had various kinds of attacks, but not epilepsy. They range chronologically from Pythagorus, born in 582 bc , to the actor Richard Burton, born in 1925 ad . Epilepsy was misdiagnosed in 26% who had psychogenic attacks, in 21% with attacks of anguish, nervousness, fear, agitation, or weakness; and in 12% with alcohol withdrawal seizures. In some instances no evidence of any episodic symptom could be found. One unexpected finding was that 40% of these well-known, individuals had serious, often life-threatening, physical conditions as infants or very young children. This article is an attempt to correct the record with respect to these people and also to remind us of the many reasons similar misdiagnoses are being made today.
EFFECTS OF LACTOGENIC AND GONADOTROPIC HORMONES ON HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED PREGNANT RATS

THE LACTOGENIC FACTOR of the pituitary gland not only maintains pregnancy II in rats hypophysectomised after implantation of ova has occurred (i), but in the absence of the pituitary it causes ova to implant and to develop into normal i fetuses which may be delivered (2). Scanty evidence was adduced (1) that a pituitary 1 gonadotropin, predominantly follicle-Stimulating by usual criteria, also may maintain I pregnancy. Since the early studies, establishing the vital rdle of the corpus luteum or its secretion, progesterone, in the nidation of the ovum and maintenance of pregnancy (3, 4, 5), have been confirmed in numerous ways (6–10), it is believed that hypophyseal substances maintain pregnancy after hypophysectomy by preventing involution of the corpus luteum. A view which is gaining favor, on the basis of r studies by various investigators, postulates that the lactogenic factor of the pituitary I (11, 12), or a principle closely associated with it (13), is responsible for activation of the corpus luteum.
A Randomized Pilot Study of Aortic Waveform Guided Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure

Background Medication treatment decisions in heart failure (HF) are currently informed by measurements of brachial artery pressure, but ventricular afterload is more accurately represented by central aortic pressure, which differs from brachial pressure. We sought to determine whether aggressive titration of vasoactive medicines beyond goal-directed heart failure medical therapy (GDMT) based upon aortic pressure improves exercise capacity and cardiovascular structure-function. Methods and Results Subjects with chronic HF (n=50) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, echocardiography, and arterial tonometry to measure aortic pressure and augmentation index, and were then randomized to aortic pressure-guided treatment (active, n=23) or conventional therapy (control, n=27). Subjects returned for 6 monthly visits wherein GDMT was first optimized. Additional vasoactive therapies were then sequentially added with the goal to reduce aortic augmentation index to 0% (active) or if brachial pressure remained elevated (control). Subjects randomized to active treatment experienced greater improvement in peak oxygen consumption compared with controls (1.37±3.76 versus −0.65±2.21 mL min−1 kg−1, P =0.025) though reductions in aortic augmentation index were similar (−7±9% versus −5±6%, P =0.46). Forward stroke volume increased while arterial elastance and left ventricular volumes decreased in all participants, with no between-group difference. Subjects randomized to active treatment were more likely to receive additional vasoactive therapies including nitrates, aldosterone antagonists and hydralazine, with no increased risk of hypotension or worsening renal function. Conclusions Maximization of goal-directed medical therapy in heart failure patients may enhance afterload reduction and lead to reverse remodeling, while additional medicine titration based upon aortic pressure data improves exercise capacity in patients with heart failure.
When Does the Future Begin? Time Metrics Matter, Connecting Present and Future Selves

People assume they should attend to the present; their future self can handle the future. This seemingly plausible rule of thumb can lead people astray, in part because some future events require current action. In order for the future to energize and motivate current action, it must feel imminent. To create this sense of imminence, we manipulated time metric—the units (e.g., days, years) in which time is considered. People interpret accessible time metrics in two ways: If preparation for the future is under way (Studies 1 and 2), people interpret metrics as implying when a future event will occur. If preparation is not under way (Studies 3–5), they interpret metrics as implying when preparation should start (e.g., planning to start saving 4 times sooner for a retirement in 10,950 days instead of 30 years). Time metrics mattered not because they changed how distal or important future events felt (Study 6), but because they changed how connected and congruent their current and future selves felt (Study 7).
Treatment-Resistant Chronic Cluster Headache

In this chapter, we present a case of treatment-resistant cluster headache. The differential diagnosis of this case will be discussed along with recommended studies for its diagnostic workup. Further, we briefly review the epidemiology of chronic and treatment-resistant cluster headache, the acute and abortive therapeutic options, as well as invasive procedures used to treat resistant cluster headache.
Implications, Challenges, and Recommendations

Naturally based biomaterials and therapeutics have demonstrated significant promise for biomedical use, particularly in developing countries such as India. Although research has focused primarily on applications for the developed world, biomaterial and therapeutic use could help improve health outcomes in developing regions as well. The development of low-cost bio-derived materials (such as the banana leaf dressing described previously) could help lower the barrier to proper health access and care by making treatment more affordable. Designing biomaterials and therapeutics to be mechanically robust and biocompatible would minimize the need for additional procedures to replace or treat the materials, a process that can be very costly and require time and trained staff beyond the level that is available in many areas of the world. Infection-resistant bio-derived materials that are heat- and time-stable would also be a great step forward, allowing biomaterials and therapeutics to overcome the challenges presented by improper handling due to untrained staff or lack of appropriate facilities. Developing naturally sourced biomaterials and therapeutics that are easy to create or use would also help with these particular issues.