cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of in vivo endotoxin infusions on in vitro cellular immune responses in humans

Studies of the immune response of patients following major injury have identified significant abnormalities, some of which may be due to the effects of endotoxin. To evaluate the effect of endotoxin on the immune system without conflicting variables, we studied 18 normal, healthy male volunteers each on two occasions. In one study, Escherichia coli endotoxin was administered intravenously at a dose of 4 ng/kg. In the other, saline was given. Blood for immune function studies was obtained at either 0, 4, or 24 hr (seven volunteers), 0, 1, and 4 hr (five volunteers), or 0, 4, and 6 hr (six volunteers) postinfusion. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and adjusted to the same concentration. Measurements following endotoxin infusion were compared with those of the same volunteers following saline infusion and with those from normal ambulatory laboratory volunteers. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) production by adherent cells was significantly reduced at 1 hr post endotoxin infusion. Significant decreases in number of mononuclear cells, response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and production of IL-2 and IL-1 were observed by 4 hr after endotoxin infusion. No significant changes in percentages of monocytes, lymphocytes, or CD3, CD4, or CD8 lymphocytes were observed at any time. By 24 hr postinfusion all values had returned to normal or, in some cases, supranormal levels. Response to PHA by PBMC from volunteers 4 hr following endotoxin was completely restored by in vitro addition of recombinant human IL-2 but was only marginally improved by IL-1. In vitro addition of indomethacin to PBMC cultures responding to PHA reduced the suppression observed after in vivo endotoxin but also was not as effective as IL-2. In a fourth study, seven volunteers were treated as above either with two doses (800 mg each) of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen before endotoxin infusion or with ibuprofen alone. Ibuprofen pretreatment completely restored the PBMC response to PHA to normal and caused a significant decrease in the endotoxin-induced suppression of IL-2 production. However, the decrease in circulating PBMC number and adherent cell secretion of IL-1 was not affected by inhibition of the cyclooxygenase pathway. These results suggest that endotoxin has immunomodulatory effects on both adherent mononuclear-cell and T-lymphocyte function and that more than one mechanism is involved.
Incorporating a reusable human robot interface with an Auction Behavior-Based Robotic Architecture

Service robots have the potential of improving the quality of life and assist with people's daily activities. Such robots must be capable of performing multiple tasks and schedule them appropriately while interacting with people over long periods of time. In addition, the robots have to deal with potentially unknown users, handle requests that may have (critical) time constraints and perform in dynamic environments while effectively addressing all the requests received. This paper demonstrates the use of the Auction Behavior-Based Robotic Architecture (ABBRA) in order to develop effective service robots. The proposed approach has the following contributions: i) it enables long-term operation of robots and their interaction with known and unknown users, ii) it handles multiple user requests while dealing with potentially critical time constraints, iii) it provides a reusable interface based on ABBRA, which can run on multiple platforms and iv) it supports flexible interactive capabilities such as requesting that the user wait in order to complete a time sensitive task. The proposed system was demonstrated on two physical robotic platforms: the Adept Mobile's Pioneer 3Dx TM and the Segway RMP®.
Ergodic spatial throughput of wireless ad hoc networks with Markovian fading channels

Most work on wireless network throughput ignore the temporal correlation inherent to wireless channels, due to trouble with tractability. In order to better capture the temporal variations of wireless network throughput, this paper introduces the metric of ergodic spatial throughput (EST), which includes spatial and temporal ergodicity. All transmitters in the network form a stationary Poisson point process and all channels are modeled by a finite state Markov chain. The bounds on EST are characterized, and their scaling behaviors for a sparse and dense network are discussed. From these results, we show that the EST can be characterized by the inner product of the channel state vector and the invariant probability vector of the Markov chain. This indicates that channel-aware opportunistic transmission (CAOT) may not always increase the EST.
Characterization of organic nitrogen in natural waters: Its molecular size, protein content, and interactions with heavy metals

The nitrogenous organic matter from two freshwater lakes and from the filtrate of a unialgal culture of Anabaena sp. was characterized~chemically and evaluated for metal complexation ability. Proteinaceous matter was isolated from acidified samples by cellulose cation exchange columns and eluted with a basic salt solution. Isolated proteinaecous matter accounted for 14-34% of the original dissolved organic nitrogen. Gel permeation chromatography and ultrafiltration methods used to separate dissolved organic nitrogen into various size fractions yielded differing results, but most of the organic nitrogen had apparent molecular weights between 10,000 and 50,000 daltons. The copper-complcxing capacity of the proteinaceous matter was determined by differential p&c anodic stripping voltammetry. Conditional stability constants, which represent the mixed stability of all nonlabile ligands in the sample, ranged from 1.6 x 10” to 1.3 x 10’ for the three samples.
Suppose We Took Evidence- Based Management Seriously: Implications for Reading and Writing Management

The article relates a response from the authors of “Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths, and Total Nonsense: Profiting From Evidence-Based Management” to a discussion within the March 2007 issue of “...
Accommodative Changes in Lens Diameter in Rhesus Monkeys

RESULTS. Lens diameter decreased relatively linearly during accommodation by 0.055 mm/diopter (D), resulting in an overall decrease in lens diameter of approximately 7% of the unaccommodated lens diameter for approximately 12 D of accommodation.
The stability of early adenovirus mRNA is controlled by the viral 72 kd DNA-binding protein

H5ts125, a temperature-sensitive mutant of adenovirus type 5, is restricted to the early phase of infection when grown at the nonpermissive temperature. One phenotype of the virus is the overproduction of early viral mRNA at the nonpermissive temperature relative to levels found in wild-type-infected cells, although normal levels are found at the permissive temperature. We have analyzed this phenomenon for the production of RNA from two specific early viral transcription units, E1A and E1B. Transcription rates from both of these regions were found to be the same in ts125-infected cells as in wild-type-infected cells at the nonpermissive temperature. However, when the cytoplasmic stabilities of the E1A and E1B mRNAs were measured in wild-type- and ts125-infected cells, it was found that at the nonpermissive temperature, the RNAs were 3 to 5 times more stable in a ts125 infection than in a wild-type infection. Since the mutation in ts125 maps to the gene for the 72 kd DNA-binding protein, these results imply that a functional 72 kd protein is required for the rapid turnover of early viral mRNA in wild-type-infected cells, indicating that the abundance of early viral mRNA is controlled by the 72 kd DNA-binding protein.
Evaluation of Significance of Bacteria in Larval Development of Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Bacteria were isolated and identified from the digestive tract of the secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and their role in the larval development of this insect was assessed in laboratory bioassays. The analysis of 16S rDNA sequences revealed that the bacterial isolates represented four species: Providencia sp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 (Escherich), Enterococcus faecalis (Orla-Jensen), and Ochrobactrum sp. (Holmes). Developmental assays demonstrated that C. macellaria larvae are able to develop on a sterile blood agar, and no bacteria are required to complete larval development. Indeed, developmental times were shorter and survival rates of C. macellaria on a sterile blood agar and the modified Harris rearing diet were greater compared with that on the blood agar inoculated with individual and mixed bacterial isolates. The cultures of Ochrobactrum sp. and E. faecalis supported larval development to a significantly greater extent than those of Providencia sp. and E. coli O157:H7. The presence of bacteria in newly emerged C. macellaria adults also was assessed and revealed that the bacteria in the gut of larvae can survive pupation and colonize the gut of adult flies. This study shows that development of larvae of C. macellaria does not depend on bacteria and that some bacterial isolates negatively impact larval development.
MM-398 (nanoliposomal irinotecan): emergence of a novel therapy for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer

While progress in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer has accelerated in recent years, this malignancy continues to have an exceedingly poor prognosis, with no standard of care options beyond front-line chemotherapy. Currently, there are a number of new therapeutic agents in varying stages of clinical development, including molecularly targeted agents, immunotherapies, and modified versions of cytotoxics. MM-398, a novel nanoliposomal formulation of irinotecan, was designed to maximize tumor exposure while minimizing systemic toxicity due to its favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Overall, across multiple clinical trials in multiple disease indications, MM-398 has been shown to have a favorable safety and tolerability profile compared with standard irinotecan. Recent results of the Phase III NAPOLI-1 trial in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer refractory to gemcitabine-based chemotherapy have shown a significant improvement in overall survival of MM-398 when combined with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin, compared with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin alone. This review focuses on the development and pharmacokinetic properties of MM-398, followed by evaluation of its safety and efficacy with a primary emphasis on clinical trials in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Heart Failure in the DEFEAT-HF Study: Lost Battle or Lasting Opportunities?

“I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work.” — Thomas A. Edison [(1)][1] Over the past few decades, pharmacological therapy for heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction has undergone striking advances. Large-scale randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) have
How the 1853 Supreme Court Ignored the Law, in Favor of Philanthropic Intent, Making Baltimore & New Orleans Beneficiaries of John McDonogh’s Legacy

This 32-page 2007 article is titled “How the 1853 Supreme Court Ignored the Law, in Favor of Philanthropic Intent, Making Baltimore & New Orleans Beneficiaries of John McDonogh’s Legacy.” It analyzes how John McDonogh’s 1838 Last Will and Testament violated the Napoleonic Code, which was incorporated into the Louisiana Constitution. After McDonogh died in 1850, his will was litigated in both state and federal court and wound up in the Supreme Court of the United States in 1853. The Court was confronted with the nation’s largest philanthropic gift to that point in our history. Unfortunately, that gift was established through a will that violated state constitutional law. The article explains how the Supreme Court ignored the law in favor of John McDonogh’s intent. Professor Byron L. Warnken received a scholarship to McDonogh School from 1958 to 1964 and is naturally very grateful to the 1853 Supreme Court. This case proves that the Supreme Court does not speak last because it is right, but rather it becomes right because it speaks last.
Status of Ocean Dumping Research in New York Bight

The New York Bight extends seaward from Long Island and New Jersey to the edge of the continental shelf. Wastes from approx 20,000,000 people are discharged to the Bight Apex. These wastes arrive by a variety of routes: Ocean dumping, sewer outfalls, atmospheric fallout, river discharges, land runoff, thermal discharges, vessel wastes, and occasional spills. Biotic aberrations in the Apex are more prevalent than in comparable coastal environments. Locally, ocean disposal of sewage sludge and dredge material can be associated with these impacts. Comparable studies of existing ocean dumping practices, and proposed alternative ocean disposal sites, nearly 65 nautical miles (120 km) out on the continental shelf were completed.
Higher-Order Wake-Oscillator Model of Aerodynamic Forces on Canonical Structures

Numerical simulations of the flow past elliptic cylinders with different eccentricities have been performed using a parallel incompressible computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The pressure is integrated over the surface to compute the lift and drag forces on the cylinders. The numerical results of different cases are then used to develop reduced-order models for the lift and drag coefficients. The lift coefficient is modeled with a generalized van der Pol-Duffing oscillator and the drag coefficient is expressed in terms of the lift coefficient. The parameters in the oscillator model are computed for each elliptic cylinder. The results of the proposed model match the CFD results not only in the time domain, but also in the spectral domain.
Cues to urinary urgency and urge incontinence: how those diagnosed with overactive bladder syndrome differ from undiagnosed persons.

PURPOSE:To investigate the extent to which cues are reported to be associated with urinary urgency incontinence and urinary urgency.DESIGN:Descriptive and correlational study comparing 2 groups.METHODS:An online questionnaire assessing the extent to which 19 environmental, 3 mood, 3 cognitive, 3 str
Localization of a hole on an adenine-thymine radical cation in B-form DNA in water.

A quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation has been carried out using CP2K for a hole introduced into a B-form DNA molecule consisting of 10 adenine−thymine ...
Reactive programming with reactive variables

Reactive Programming enables declarative definitions of time-varying values (signals) and their dependencies in a way that changes are automatically propagated. In order to use reactive programming in an imperative object-oriented language, signals are usually modelled as objects. However, computations on primitive values then have to lifted to signals which usually involves a verbose notation. Moreover, it is important to avoid cycles in the dependency graph and glitches, both of which can result from changes to mutable global state during change propagation. This paper introduces reactive variables as extension to imperative languages. Changes to reactive variables are automatically propagated to other reactive variables but, in contrast to signals, reactive variables cannot be reified and used as values. Instead, references to reactive variables always denote their latest values. This enables computation without explicit lifting and limits the dependents of a reactive variable to the lexical scope of its declaration. The dependency graph is therefore topologically ordered and acyclic. Additionally, reactive updates are prevented from mutating global state to ensure consistency. We present a working prototype implementation in JavaScript based on the sweet.js macro system and a formalism for integration with general imperative languages.
Organ distribution of thorium in thorium workers: good agreement with new models of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

Higher than environmental levels of 232 Th have been found in autopsy samples of lungs and other organs from four former employees of a thorium refinery. Working periods of the subjects ranged from 3 to 24 years, and times from end of work to death ranged from 6 to 31 years. Examination of the distribution of thorium among the organs showed that concentrations in the lung relative to pulmonary lymph nodes, bone or liver were much higher calculated from the dosimetric models in Publication 30 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Much better agreement was found with more recently proposed models in Publications 68 and 69 of the ICRP. Radiation doses estimated from the amounts of thorium in the autopsy samples were compatible with health studies that found no significant difference in mortality from that of the general population of men in the U.S.
Free Will Skepticism and Its Implications: An Argument for Optimism

Would the consequences of giving up the belief in free will cause nihilism and despair as some maintain, or would it rather have a humanizing effect on our practices and policies, freeing us from the negative effects of free will belief? If it turns out that belief in free will, rather than being a good thing, actually has a dark side, then this would help remove one of the major obstacles in the way of accepting free will skepticism (e.g., concerns over its negative consequences). It would also support disillusionism over illusionism as the proper course of action for free will skeptics. In section I, I discuss two common concerns people have with relinquishing the belief in free will and argue that they are unfounded. In section II, I make the case for the “dark side” of free will by discussing recent findings in moral and political psychology which reveal interesting, and potentially troubling, correlations between people’s free will beliefs and their other moral, religious, and political beliefs.
What is the best operative practice for small benign parotid pleomorphic adenoma

Most surgeons will reduce the risk of recurrence and permanent facial nerve dysfunction with PSP for PPA with dissection and control of the facial nerve. High volume, very experienced parotid surgeons can offer ECD with the expectation of less transient facial nerve dysfunction, Frey's syndrome, and numbness. Long-term recurrence rates await further reports.
[Charcot: a scientific Janus].

An eminent scientist, recognized as one of the world's most prominent professors of neurology, Charcot was, in his time, both highly respected and chastised as a third-rate show-off. Charcot's scientific career was a continuous mixture of rigorous clinical neurology (including detailed descriptions of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, brain anatomy, etc.) and uncontrolled, controversial and sometimes even theatrical experiments in the field of hysteria. Charcot's fame was as much the result of the unquestionable quality of his scientific work as that of his theatrical presentations. These two inseparable and simultaneous aspects of his scientific career were the two roads that led Charcot and the Salpetriere Hospital to the height of success in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Nollywood Afrogeeks: Nigerian Cinema, Digital Diasporas, and African Immigrants in the United States

Viewing Nigerian film, known as Nollywood, in online platforms provides African immigrants living in the United States with digital spaces to engage with the African continent through films with relatable Pan-African themes. Nollywood on social media sites YouTube and subscription services IrokoTV, Amazon, and Netflix marks the Nigerian film industry as a transnational participatory movement that enables immigrants to use the technology at their disposal to watch and comment on films, connect with their cultural values, and become a part of a global digital community of dispersed Africans and African descended populations. Thus, immigrants become a part of a Nollywood focused digital diaspora, a cultural space that illuminated the plurality immigrants negotiate on and off the continent.
Septic shock and community-acquired MRSA.

*Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and †Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Reprint Address: David F. M. Brown, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Bulfinch 105, Boston, MA 02114
Chronic Ethanol Administration Prevents Compensatory Cardiac Hypertrophy in Pressure Overload

Background Alcohol is among the most commonly abused drugs worldwide and affects many organ systems, including the heart. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is characterized by a dilated cardiac phenotype with extensive hypertrophy and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. We have previously shown that chronic ethanol (EtOH) administration accelerates the progression to heart failure in a rat model of volume overload. However, the mechanism by which this decompensation occurs is unknown. For this study, we hypothesized that chronic EtOH administration would prevent compensatory hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling in a rodent model of pressure overload (PO). Methods Abdominal aortic constriction was used to create PO in 8-week-old male Wistar rats. Alcohol administration was performed via chronic intermittent EtOH vapor inhalation for 2 weeks prior to surgery and for the duration of the 8-week study. Echocardiography measurements were taken to assess ventricular functional and structural changes. Results PO increased posterior wall thickness and the hypertrophic markers, atrial and B-type natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP). With the added stressor of EtOH, wall thickness, ANP, and BNP decreased in PO animals. The combination of PO and EtOH resulted in increased wall stress compared to PO alone. PO also caused increased expression of collagen I and III, whereas EtOH alone only increased collagen III. The combined stresses of PO and EtOH led to an increase in collagen I expression, but collagen III did not change, resulting in an increased collagen I/III ratio in the PO rats treated with EtOH. Lastly, Notch1 expression was significantly increased only in the PO rats treated with EtOH. Conclusions Our data indicate that chronic EtOH may limit the cardiac hypertrophy induced by PO which may be associated with a Notch1 mechanism, resulting in increased wall stress and altered ECM profile.
What's Wrong with the U.S. Approach to Obesity?

The U.S.’s and U.K.’s efforts to combat obesity reflect underlying differences in the two countries’ understandings of obesity’s causes. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Economic Transition and Social Inequality in Early Twentieth Century Puerto Rico

Using historical census data from 1899, 1910 and 1920, this chapter employs spatio-temporal data analysis techniques to estimate the influence of U.S.- led changes in crop production, namely sugar and coffee, on the distribution of racial inequality in literacy ratios across Puerto Rican municipios. Significant development in the island’s infrastructure, including educational institutions, accompanied investments in crop expansion. Sugar was the primary focus of U.S. interests and its production was organized around a plantation system historically dependent on racial subordination. Two competing theses concerning how expansion influenced racial inequality are tested: the stratifying thesis, which argues sugar expansion would increase racial inequality by perpetuating the plantation system; and the equalizing thesis, which asserts sugar expansion would decrease racial inequality through infrastructure development resulting from high capital in-flows. Results support the equalizing thesis. Implications for the Puerto Rican case and the study of space and time in historical demographic research are discussed.
Fine-needle aspiration specimens of 3 cases of intra-abdominal Rosai-Dorfman disease with comprehensive review of the literature.

Introduction Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare usually self-limited non–Langerhans cell histiocytosis of unknown etiology. Nodal and extranodal RDD appear to represent distinct conditions with different molecular alterations and prognosis. They also pose different diagnostic challenges on biopsies and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. The aim of this study was to report on 3 cases of intra-abdominal RDD and perform an extensive review of the literature on FNA findings of RDD. Materials and methods We reviewed FNA specimens from cases diagnosed histologically or cytologically as RDD during the past 10 years. We searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for cases of RDD sampled by FNA. Results We identified 3 cases of intra-abdominal RDD, involving the kidney, periportal lymph node, and pancreas. FNA of the latter was hypocellular with fibrosis and was nondiagnostic. FNA of the first 2 yielded hypercellular smears that were diagnosed as RDD due to the identification of emperipolesis occurring in large uni- or binucleated histiocytes with large nuclei, fine chromatin, and prominent nucleoli in smears and cell-block sections. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for S100 and CD68 and negative staining for CD1a. The large histiocytes with emperipolesis were more difficult to identify histologically and their demonstration required immunohistochemical stains. Conclusion Our experience and an extensive review of the literature suggest that extranodal RDD can be diagnosed on FNA, and that the recognition of histiocytes with emperipolesis may be less challenging cytologically than histologically. The fibrosis frequently seen in extranodal RDD may lead to nondiagnostic aspirates, however.
Effects of VA-mycorrhizal fungi on growth and nutrient uptake of cuttings of Rosa multiflora in two container media with three levels of fertilizer application

Rooted cuttings ofRosa multiflora ‘Brooks 56’ were grown in a medium of 1 mineral soil: 1 sand (v/v) or bark: 1 sand (v/v) inoculated with the VA-mycorrhizal (VAM) fungiGlomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe andG. fasciculatum (Thaxt. sensu Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe or left as noninoculated controls. The slow release fertilizer osmocote was applied at rates of either 0, 1.2, or 4.2 kg/m3 (18N-6P-12K) and incorporated into the container medium. After 180 days plants were evaluated for growth, development and chemical leaf analysis. Greatest growth responses occurred after the highest fertilizer application of 4.2 kg/m3, and the poorest one after 0 kg/m3. Combination bark: sand medium was superior to mineral soil: sand medium for growth of mycorrhizal plants. At 0 kg/m3, mycorrhizal plants in bark: sand medium had longer shoots than other treatments. At 1.2 kg/m3, VAM plants compared to nonmycorrhizal plants in park:sand medium had greater effect on growth parameters. At the highest fertilizer application of 4.2 kg/m3, greatest growth responses occurred with VAM plants in bark:sand medium. Mycorrhizal plants compared to nonmycorrhizal plants in bark:sand medium had greater K and Zn uptake at 0 kg/m3, and greater K, Ca, S, Mn and Zn uptake at 1.2 kg/m3.
Dislocation Based Stresses during Electrochemical Cycling and Phase Transformation in Lithium-ion Batteries.

Abstract Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) contains defects that play an important role in structural degradation of batteries. Linear defects called dislocations are introduced inside the lithium ion battery material during fabrication process accompanied by distortion produced stress fields around them. The present study deals with these mechanical stresses around dislocations in lithium iron phosphate and the change in stress field during phase transformation of lithium iron phosphate electrode material. A model consisting of multiple dislocations inside a lithium iron phosphate material incorporating anisotropic material properties is used to calculate stress fields using linear elastic theory and the superposition method. The stress fields around dislocations during phase transformation of lithium-iron phosphate are numerically calculated by incorporating the anisotropic properties of the material. The change in electrochemical behaviour of material due to change in stress field during phase transformation is also studied, where a modified electrochemical kinetics equation (i.e., Butler Volmer equation) is derived and used to account for dislocation induced stresses during the reversible cyclic voltammatery of the lithium iron phosphate. The results shows the stress inside material does not remain constant during phase transformation and its variations are dislocation orientation dependent. In addition, the result shows that the presence of stress fields around dislocations changes the electrochemical behaviour of the material as suggested by the shift in the cyclic voltammograms. The effect of increasing scan rate on cyclic voltammogram is also studied for lithium iron phosphate. The results show that the increase in current at peaks is independent of the orientation of dislocations studied. Moreover, the decrease in current corresponding to a particular overvoltage value before anodic peak and increase in current after the anodic peak is found to be somehow proportional to the scan rate. Increased scan rates show increased deviation of current from a cyclic voltammogram for material in which there is no phase transformation. The results provide an insight into how presence of defects and phase transformation changes the electrochemical behaviour of the material. It is concluded that the combined effect of the stresses induced around dislocations during phase transformation and high scan rate can be used for modifying battery materials for various applications by changing electrochemistry of electrodes. The present study incorporates electrochemistry, defects and phase transformation into one battery chemistry and thus is important in our understanding of the Li-ion batteries.
Flight Deck Human Factors Issues in Vertical and Lateral Deviations during North Atlantic Flight Operations

This paper describes analyses of vertical and lateral deviations in the North Atlantic (NAT) Region. We focus on events attributed to unintentional pilot error. We studied NAT deviations since this region already uses some of the capabilities envisioned under Trajectory Based Operations (TBO), such as Controller-Pilot Datalink Communications (CPDLC) and half-degree waypoint coordinates for latitude and/or longitude. Half-degree waypoints could be used for dynamic routes under TBO; CPDLC may be used to communicate this information. Our analysis of vertical deviations focused on conditional clearances, which require pilots to begin and/or end altitude changes upon specific conditions (either in time or position). CPDLC messages that restrict both when an altitude change can begin and by when it must be completed are especially prone to error. We analyzed brief descriptions of events from the NAT from 2017, and from the New York Oceanic Control Area from 2014–2018. Our analysis finds that similar errors are still occurring, particularly in N ew York West Atlantic Route Systems (WATRS) airspace. Although controllers are issuing fewer such conditional clearances, when they are issued, they are still resulting in vertical deviations. Our analysis of lateral deviations focused on the use of half-degree waypoints without published names, and we also studied deviations in general. Unnamed half-degree waypoints can have ambiguous labels on flight deck displays, which might cause flightcrew errors. We examined 169 lateral deviations from 2017 and 68 events from 2018 to assess the magnitude of the issue and potential mitigations. We identified just six deviations with evidence of flightcrew issues related to waypoint display labels, three Gross Navigation Errors (GNEs), which are deviations greater than 10 NM, and three deviations under 10 NM. Together, these analyses validate the effective flightcrew strategies identified in guidance documents for NAT and global operations published by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). We offer additional human factors recommendations to mitigate risk, such as design changes for flight deck systems. We also discuss potential considerations related to TBO.
Bidirectional Regulation of Sleep and Synapse Pruning after Neural Injury.

Summary Following acute neural injury, severed axons undergo programmed Wallerian degeneration over several following days. While sleep has been linked with synaptic reorganization under other conditions, the role of sleep in responses to neural injuries remains poorly understood. To study the relationship between sleep and neural injury responses, we examined Drosophila melanogaster following the removal of antennae or other sensory tissues. Daytime sleep is elevated after antennal or wing injury, but sleep returns to baseline levels within 24 h after injury. Similar increases in sleep are not observed when olfactory receptor neurons are silenced or when other sensory organs are severed, suggesting that increased sleep after injury is not attributed to sensory deprivation, nociception, or generalized inflammatory responses. Neuroprotective disruptions of the E3 ubiquitin ligase highwire and c-Jun N-terminal kinase basket in olfactory receptor neurons weaken the sleep-promoting effects of antennal injury, suggesting that post-injury sleep may be influenced by the clearance of damaged neurons. Finally, we show that pre-synaptic active zones are preferentially removed from severed axons within hours after injury and that depriving recently injured flies of sleep slows the removal of both active zones and damaged axons. These data support a bidirectional interaction between sleep and synapse pruning after antennal injury: locally increasing the need to clear neural debris is associated with increased sleep, which is required for efficient active zone removal after injury.
Prescriber and pharmacist understanding of revised Rhode Island pain management regulations.

IntroductionFederal agencies and national associations have implemented action plans in response to the opioid crisis. Furthermore, over 30 states have enacted legislation with opioid-related restr...
Photoredox Organic Synthesis Employing Heterogeneous Photocatalysts with Emphasis on Halide Perovskite.

Lately, heterogeneous semiconductor materials have been explored as an emerging type of efficient photocatalyst for photoredox organic synthesis. Among these semiconductors, lead halide perovskite materials demonstrate unique properties towards excellent charge separation and charge transfer, extremely long charge carrier migration, high efficiency in visible light absorption, and long excited states lifetime, etc., as proved in ground-breaking solar cell applications, garnering necessary merits for an efficient catalytic system for photoredox organic reactions. Here we examined the latest progress of heterogeneous semiconductor materials towards this endeavor, with particular emphasis on the lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) on photocatalytic organic synthesis.
R)Evolution of Refrigerants

As we enter the “fourth generation” of refrigerants, we consider the evolution of refrigerant molecules, the ever-changing constraints and regulations that have driven the need to consider new mole...
National Survey of Physical Education and Sports Insurance Plans

(1950). National Survey of Physical Education and Sports Insurance Plans. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 20-24.
Nutritional components of five main products of freshwater shrimp in Anhui Province

Objective To analyze and evaluate the nutritional composition of five main products of freshwater shrimp including crawfish, river prawn, macrobrachium, freshwater shrimp, exopalaemon modestus in Anhui Province. Methods Conventional and biochemical analytical method were used to detect the moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, amino acid, fatty acid, minerals and vitamin. Results The contents of crude protein, crude fat, ash of the five freshwater shrimp were 13. 9-20. 8 g/100 g edible, 0. 6-2. 2 g/100 g edible, 1. 5-4. 1 g/100 g edible, respectively. A total of 18 amino acids were detected, the content of which were 11600-18600 mg/100 g edible. The amount of nine essential amino acid was measured to be 5336-9342 mg/100 g edible. The main restrictive amino acids in the five kinds of shrimps were methionine and cysteine, threonine and valine. The essential amino acid indexes in five kinds of shrimps(EAAI) were 39. 62 and 31. 81, 28. 65, 44. 85, and 33. 48, respectively. Fourteen types of fatty acid were detected. The total content of fatty acid was 287-1851 mg/100 g edible. The monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) and the polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) were 12-234 mg/100 g edible, 164-377 mg/100 g edible, respectively. Nine minerals were detected which including five microelements and four microelements. The content of calcium in river prawn, macrobrachium and exopalaemon modestus was higher than that in crawfish and freshwater shrimp. The content of phosphorus, kalium, sodium, magnesium in five freshwater shrimp were 221-296 mg/100 g edible, 196-278 mg/100 g edible, 120. 7-202. 7 mg/100 g edible, 37-95 mg/100 g edible, respectively. The content of iron, manganese, cuprum in crawfish were higher than the others. The content of zinc in river prawn and exopalaemon modestus was high. Moreover, the vitamin B_2 and E were also detected in five freshwater shrimp. The content of vitamin B_2 and E were 0. 02-0. 07 mg/100 g edible and 1. 61-3. 30 mg/100 g edible. Conclusion Five main products of freshwater shrimp in Anhui belong to super nutritional value food which contained high protein, variety of amino acid, low fat, a certain amount of vitamin B_2 and E, rich in minerals.
Scraps: Enabling Mobile Capture, Contextualization, and Use of Document Resources

People often capture photos or notes from their phones to integrate later into a document. But current mobile capture tools can make this hard, with the captured information ending up fragmented and decontextualized. This paper explores how to help document authors capture, contextualize, and use document-related information. A survey of 66 information workers reveals that document-focused information capture differs from other types of mobile information capture, and that while people capture a broad range of information types while mobile, most document-related capture comes in the form of photos, notes, and bookmarks. Based on this survey we built Scraps, which consists of two parts: 1) a mobile app that makes it easy for people to capture and add context to information from their phone, and 2) a Word sidebar that helps them later link that information to a document on their desktop. In a field study with 11 information workers, we find that Scraps streamlined the process of capturing and using document-related information, and enabled people to focus on writing over integrating captured information.
Word embedding for job market spatial representation: tracking changes and predicting skills demand

What will the job market of the future look like? What jobs will be popular, and which skills will they require? Modeling the temporal progression of the job market, as represented by job ads, may help us answer this question. This paper represents a first step in this direction. In order to build a spatial representation of job market that allows to track changes in skills’ demand, authors are training models to classify job tasks. Different natural language processing and classification approaches were compared, including term frequency - inverse document frequency, principal components analysis, word2vec, GloVe, fastText and BERT models, and feedforward neural networks, support vector machines, and bidirectional long short term memory recurrent neural networks. BERT obtained the best accuracy results with 52% for 94 classes and 65% for 22 classes.
Re-treatment with direct-acting antivirals policy is needed to eliminate Hepatitis C among persons who inject drugs

Background and Aims Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver disease and mortality worldwide. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy leads to high cure rates. However, persons who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk for reinfection after cure and may require DAA retreatment to reach the World Health Organization9s (WHO) goal of HCV elimination by 2030. We aim to project the frequency of retreatment and DAA cost needed to achieve WHO goals. Design We use an agent-based model (ABM) that accounts for the complex interplay of demographic factors, risk behaviors, social networks, and geographic location for HCV transmission among PWID. Setting and participants 32,000 in-silico PWID in metropolitan Chicago. Intervention and comparator Possible treatment adherence rates (i.e., DAA cure rates) of 60%-90% with DAA treatment enrollment rates of 2.5%-10% and retreatments per PWID of 0 (retreatment prohibited), 1, 2, 3, or no retreatment restriction were simulated. DAA cost is assumed $25,000 (USD) per treatment. Findings Modeling results indicate that prohibition of retreatment in PWID would jeopardize achieving the WHO goal of reducing the incidence of new chronic HCV infections by 90% by 2030. We predict that with a DAA treatment rate of >7.5% per year and high (90%) adherence, 75%, 19%, 5% and
Social orders

This review discusses the stability of social orders in light of the recent work Violence and Social Orders by Douglass North, John Wallis and Barry Weingast (hereafter NWW). The purpose of this book was to understand the two great transitions that have occurred in human society. The first, the agricultural revolution, resulted in a transition from hunter–gather society to what NWW call limited access society. This first transition occurred at various times and places, but generally about 10,000 years before the present. The second revolution, the social/industrial/technological revolution, from limited access to what NWW call open access, occurred initially in a few societies, particularly Britain and the United States, within a fairly brief period between 1600 and 1860. Currently, all the West European economies, as well the Western offshoots (the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and Japan have crossed the economic threshold of $20,000/capita. However, inequality across the set of all political economies is extreme, and likely to increase. The paper attempts to complement the institutional analysis of NWW, deploying some theoretical ideas from social choice theory, game theory, and economics (particularly the role of factors of production, land, capital and labor). Emphasis is placed on the variation of risk preference between autocrats and other factor groups. The discussion also alludes to the notion of structural stability of dynamical social systems, and the possibility of chaos. It is argued that all the limited access societies face a Malthusian constraint, generated by the pressure of population on land. In such societies, particularly in Africa in the present day, this quandary over land is likely to lead to the exercise of power by risk preferring autocrats who will restrain any move to open access democracy.
Arthroscopic Bennett Lesion Resection: A Novel Technique:

Background:Bennett lesion is ossification of the posterior inferior glenohumeral ligament complex. Though often asymptomatic, these lesions can become painful and interfere with throwing ability.In...
Research Structure and Paradigms

John Ioannidis, a highly respected medical researcher, has a serious bone to pick—with the modern practitioners of the Galilean hypothetico-deductive model-data duality discussed in Chap. 6. Ioannidis’ 2005 paper, provocatively titled “Why Most Published Research Findings Are False,” has been the most downloaded technical paper in PLoS Medicine and one of the single most cited and downloaded papers in the past decade (J. P. A. Ioannidis, 2005; Ioannidis et al., 2001). In it, Ioannidis analyzed “49 of the most highly regarded research findings in medicine over the previous 13 years” comparing them with data from subsequent studies with larger sample sizes. His findings included the following: 7 (16 %) of the original studies were contradicted, 7 (16 %) of the effects were smaller than in the initial study, 20 (44 %) were replicated, and 11 (24 %) of the studies remained largely unchallenged (D. H. Freedman, 2010; J. P. A. Ioannidis, 2005; Liberati et al., 2009; McCarthy et al., 2008).
Architecture-based software reliability with error propagation and recovery

Most of the contemporary architecture-based software reliability analysis approaches assume that a component failure leads to system failure. These approaches ignore the positive impact of error recovery methods incorporated in the components, which may allow the components to recover from propagated errors, on system reliability. Thus, the system reliability estimate produced by these approaches is pessimistic. This paper presents an approach to assess the error recovery methods embedded in the system components on system reliability, within the context of the system architecture. The proposed approach enjoys low model complexity and scalability, which fosters its application to systems with a large number of components. The results indicate that the approach identifies the critical components that should be equipped with robust error recovery mechanisms to improve system reliability efficiently.
Characterization of diphtheria toxin-induced lesions in liposomal membranes. An evaluation of the relationship between toxin insertion and "channel" formation.

Abstract Diphtheria toxin interaction with membranes has been studied by following the release of a fluorescent dye (calcein) encapsulated within large unilamellar vesicles. Results showed that diphtheria toxin induced temperature- as well as pH-dependent permeability changes in these model membranes. Interestingly, insertion of the "channel-forming" B domain was not sufficient for calcein release, since dye release from vesicles composed of dimyristoyllecithin:cholesterol:dicetylphosphate 4:3:0.8) was completely inhibited at low temperatures which permitted B insertion. Rather, the temperature dependence of calcein release from and A domain insertion into dimyristoyllecithin:cholesterol:dicetyl phosphate vesicles suggest some relationship between "channel formation" and fragment A translocation across membranes. However, the nature of the toxin channel is called into question by our observations that channel size, in addition to activity, was pH-dependent. On the basis of these experiments, it is proposed that the toxin "channel" is the result of localized perturbations in the lipid bilayer at the interface between lipids and inserted toxin molecules that are sufficiently large in fluid membranes at low pH to allow the translocation of fragment A across the bilayer.
Keep the decision tree and estimate the class probabilities using its decision boundary

This paper proposes a new method to estimate the class membership probability of the cases classified by a Decision Tree. This method provides smooth class probabilities estimate, without any modification of the tree, when the data are numerical. It applies a posteriori and doesn't use additional training cases. It relies on the distance to the decision boundary induced by the decision tree. The distance is computed on the training sample. It is then used as an input for a very simple one-dimension kernel-based density estimator, which provides an estimate of the class membership probability. This geometric method gives good results even with pruned trees, so the intelligibility of the tree is fully preserved.
The Working Landscape: Founding, Preservation, and the Politics of Place

Architecture, Design, Historic Preservation, and Urban Form In an era of technological and economic change fueled by globalization, places worldwide are undergoing rapid transformation, losing thei...