cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verb concatenation in lahu: The syntax and semantics of ‘simple’ juxtaposition

Abstract The Tibeto-Burman languages In general, and Lahu in particular, are remarkable for the apparent ease with which two or more verbs may be strung together or concatenated by simple juxtaposition to form complex verb phrases. 1 Lahu verb concatenation is of considerable interest for Its own sake; but it will be a major goal of this paper to show that this phenomenon also raises some very general questions concerning the interrelationship of semantics and grammar. Specifically, there is a well-defined class of cases where the evidence Indicates that It is the Inherent semantic features of individual verbs which actually determine the structural descriptions of concatenations.
Consciousness Is Puzzling, but Not Paradoxical

The considerations that tell in favor of these two theses are, according to Levine, almost perfectly balanced but just almost since he thinks that the case in favor of physicalism is stronger than the case against it. This should give the physicalist cheer, though not much. For while Levine thinks that we have reason to accept physicalism, we remain, and he seems to think most likely always will remain, in utter bewilderment about how the physical brain gives rise to mental phenomena. Moreover, if this state of bewilderment was not enough to trouble lovers of knowledge, Levine tells us that the mind-body problem presents us with another conundrum, namely, that that if the mind is physical, then there should be an explanation of mentality in physical terms, precisely what he thinks we are incapable of achieving. Thus, Purple Haze is not a book with a happy ending. But while we do not find a solution to the puzzle of consciousness, a way to see through the purple haze, as it were, Levine offers us an extensive exploration of the puzzle, which delves into, among other things, the conceivability argument against physicalism and why he thinks it fails to show that the mental is not ontologically physical, the reasoning behind his view that we have no understanding of how the mind is physical, criticisms of various reductive accounts of the mental, an argument against eliminativism, and Levine's thoughts on the relationship between consciousness and cogni-
Fat pad-specific effects of lipectomy on foraging, food hoarding, and food intake

Unlike most species, after food deprivation, Siberian hamsters increase foraging and food hoarding, two appetitive ingestive behaviors, but not food intake, a consummatory ingestive behavior. We previously demonstrated (Wood AD, Bartness TJ, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 272: R783−R792, 1997) that increases in food hoarding are triggered by directly decreasing body fat levels through partial surgical lipectomy; however, we did not test if lipectomy affected foraging, nor if the magnitude of the lipid deficit affected food hoard size. Therefore, we tested whether varying the size of the lipectomy-induced lipid deficit and/or foraging effort affected foraging, food hoarding, or food intake. This was accomplished by housing adult male Siberian hamsters in a foraging/hoarding system and removing (x) both epididymal white adipose tissue (EWATx) pads, both inguinal white adipose tissue (IWATx) pads, or both EWAT and IWAT pads (EWATx + IWATx) and measuring foraging, food hoarding, and food intake for 12 wk. The lipectomy-induced lipid deficit triggered different patterns of white adipose tissue mass compensation that varied with foraging effort. Foraging for food (10 wheel revolutions to earn a food pellet) abolished the EWATx-induced compensation in IWAT pad mass. The magnitude of the lipid deficit did not engender a proportional change in any of the appetitive or consummatory ingestive behaviors. EWATx caused the greatest increase in food hoarding compared with IWATx or EWATx + IWATx, when animals were required to forage for their food. Collectively, it appears that the magnitude of a lipid deficit does not affect appetitive or consummatory behaviors; rather, when energy (foraging) demands are increased, loss of specific (gonadal) fat pads can preferentially stimulate increases in food hoarding.
Preparation and Potential Applications of Evacuated Closed-Cell Plastic Foams

Preparation d'alveolaires, du type polyethylene, a cellules fermees et evacuees, ce type de mousses est tres utilise dans l'isolation
Subclinical seizures identified by postoperative electroencephalographic monitoring are common after neonatal cardiac surgery

Abstract Objectives The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society recommends continuous electroencephalographic monitoring after neonatal cardiac surgery because seizures are common, often subclinical, and associated with worse neurocognitive outcomes. We performed a quality improvement project to monitor for postoperative seizures in neonates with congenital heart disease after surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods We implemented routine continuous electroencephalographic monitoring and reviewed the results for an 18-month period. Clinical data were collected by chart review, and continuous electroencephalographic tracings were interpreted using standardized American Clinical Neurophysiology Society terminology. Electrographic seizures were classified as electroencephalogram-only or electroclinical seizures. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess associations between seizures and potential clinical and electroencephalogram predictors. Results A total of 161 of 172 eligible neonates (94%) underwent continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. Electrographic seizures occurred in 13 neonates (8%) beginning at a median of 20 hours after return to the intensive care unit after surgery. Neonates with all types of congenital heart disease had seizures. Seizures were electroencephalogram only in 11 neonates (85%). Status epilepticus occurred in 8 neonates (62%). In separate multivariate models, delayed sternal closure or longer deep hypothermic circulatory arrest duration was associated with an increased risk for seizures. Mortality was higher among neonates with than without seizures (38% vs 3%, P Conclusions Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring identified seizures in 8% of neonates after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The majority of seizures had no clinical correlate and would not have been otherwise identified. Seizure occurrence is a marker of greater illness severity and increased mortality. Further study is needed to determine whether seizure identification and management lead to improved outcomes.
Customer relationship management (CRM) in business‐to‐business (B2B) e‐commerce

Customer relationship management (CRM) and business‐to‐business (B2B) are essential to the success of modern business. Although they are two different modules, they share many similarities. The integration of CRM and B2B will benefit all related parties in business processes, including sales, marketing, customer service, and information support. This article discusses the characteristics, similarities, and differences of B2B and CRM. It also explores the CRM‐B2B integration strategies, the current issues and their future development trends.
Measurement of Carrier Mobility in Silicon Nanowires

We report the first direct capacitance measurements of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) and the consequent determination of field carrier mobilities in undoped-channel SiNW field-effect transistors (FETs) at room temperature. We employ a two-FET method for accurate extraction of the intrinsic channel resistance and intrinsic channel capacitance of the SiNWs. The devices used in this study were fabricated using a top-down method to create SiNW FETs with up to 1000 wires in parallel for increasing the raw capacitance while maintaining excellent control on device dimensions and series resistance. We found that, compared with the universal mobility curves for bulk silicon, the electron and hole mobilities in nanowires are comparable to those of the surface orientation that offers a lower mobility.
Entangled State Synthesis for Superconducting Resonators

We present a theoretical analysis of methods to synthesize entangled states of two superconducting resonators. These methods use experimentally demonstrated interactions of resonators with artificial atoms and offer efficient routes to generate nonclassical states. We analyze physical implementations, energy level structure, and the effects of decoherence through detailed dynamical simulations.
Multi-Layer Means of Guiding a Large Displacement Microelectromechanical System

Large-displacment MEMS are susceptible to motion in off-axis directions, or motion deviating from the desired path of the device. The multi-layer means of guiding large displacement devices prevents the shuttle from moving away from the substrate, and effectively constrains the transverse motion; the guiding device does not inhibit the motion necessary for proper function of the device. The novelty of the device lies in the placement of the guide; positioning the guide inside of the the shuttle constrains the device without increasing the footprint size.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
On the size of graphs of a given bandwidth

Abstract The relationship between the graphical invariants bandwidth and number of edges is considered. Bounds, some sharp and others improvements of known results, are given for the number of edges of graphs having a given bandwidth.
Gram stain method shows better sensitivity than clinical criteria for detection of bacterial vaginosis in surveillance of pregnant, low-income women in a clinical setting.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to determine whether the Gram stain method is superior to the clinical criteria for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in low-income pregnant women seen in a resident clinic setting. The clinical criteria is the current diagnostic method employed to diagnose bacterial vaginosis. STUDY DESIGN: In this study, 51 pregnant women with vaginal discharge were prospectively evaluated. All were screened using the clinical criteria, Gram stain method, and culture of the discharge. The modified scoring system instituted by Nugent et al. (J Clin Microbiol 29:297-301, 1991) was employed in reading the Gram stain smears. The clinical criteria were then compared with the Gram stain method. Isolation of moderate to many Gardnerella vaginalis growth by culture was used as the confirmatory finding. RESULTS: Sensitivity of the Gram stain method (91%) was significantly higher than that of the clinical criteria (46%), (sign test P = 0.0023, < 0.01). The Gram stain method also has both a low false-negative (4%) and high negative predictive value (96%), making it an ideal diagnostic test. CONCLUSION: The Gram stain method is a rapid and cost-effective test that is also highly reproducible and readily available in many laboratories. These features make the Gram stain method a more desirable screening procedure for bacterial vaginosis in a clinic population.
Daytime Enhancement of Size of Sudden Commencements and Initial Phase of Magnetic Storms at Huancayo

Applying statistical tests to 428 SC's, the frequency of occurrence is found to be independent of time of day. Statistical tests indicate that the average sizes of SC's and of IP are both significantly greater during the daylight hours at Huancayo. Also from 102 SC's occurring between 08h and 14h 75° WMT at Huancayo, we find that the average size of SC's is greater for those days with the larger diurnal variation (Sq) in H. This result is not only statistically significant but also the average size of SC's was about 50 per cent greater for the group of days with 50 per cent greater diurnal variation in H. The diurnal variation of SC'S averaged on 75° WMT for San Juan and Honolulu is practically negligible. The augmentation of SC sizes at Huancayo with Sq in H at Huancayo was found to be the same whether the average size of the same SC's at San Juan and Honolulu was large or small. No significant diurnal variation was found in the frequency of occurrence of SC's observed both at Huancayo and Watheroo. A simple explanation is offered for the diurnal variation in the frequency of SC's found by Newton from Greenwich results. The relation of daytime enhancement of the size of SC's to Sq in H at Huancayo indicates that the current system responsible is closely associated with the electrojet effect responsible for the large diurnal variation in H at Huancayo. The effects found are not predicted on the basis of the Chapman-Ferraro theory of magnetic storms in its present form. One possibility being examined is that the electric currents in the atmosphere near Huancayo are driven by electrojets of polar regions.
Quantitative imaging of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell localization and hypoxic status in the bone marrow microenvironment

The existence of a haematopoietic stem cell niche as a spatially confined regulatory entity relies on the notion that haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are strategically positioned in unique bone marrow microenvironments with defined anatomical and functional features. Here, we employ a powerful imaging cytometry platform to perform a comprehensive quantitative analysis of HSPC distribution in bone marrow cavities of femoral bones. We find that HSPCs preferentially localize in endosteal zones, where most closely interact with sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal bone marrow microvessels, which form a distinctive circulatory system. In situ tissue analysis reveals that HSPCs exhibit a hypoxic profile, defined by strong retention of pimonidazole and expression of HIF-1α, regardless of localization throughout the bone marrow, adjacency to vascular structures or cell-cycle status. These studies argue that the characteristic hypoxic state of HSPCs is not solely the result of a minimally oxygenated niche but may be partially regulated by cell-specific mechanisms.
Visual perception: sunny side up.

Abstract Illumination, both natural and artificial, typically comes from above. Neurons in visual area V4 — part of the object-processing pathway in the primate brain — may rely on this anisotropy to infer three-dimensional structure from shading cues.
Memory and executive function in older adults: relationships with temporal and prefrontal gray matter volumes and white matter hyperintensities.

Forty-eight healthy adults aged 65–85 were recruited for structural magnetic resonance scans after an extensive neuropsychological battery that ensured a high degree of variability across the sample in performance on long-term memory tests, and on tests traditionally thought to rely on prefrontal cortex. Gray matter volumes were measured for three gyri in the frontal lobe (superior, middle, inferior), six gyri in the temporal lobe (superior, middle, inferior, fusiform, parahippocampal, and hippocampus), and the occipital lobe. Gray matter volumes declined across the age range evaluated, but with substantial regional variation—greatest in the inferior frontal, superior temporal, and middle temporal gyri but negligible in the occipital lobe. Both memory performance and executive function declined as the number of hyperintense regions in the subcortical white matter increased. Memory performance was also significantly correlated with gray matter volumes of the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and several regions of temporal neocortex. However, the correlations were all in the negative direction; better memory performance was associated with smaller volumes. Several previous reports of significant negative correlations between gray matter volumes and memory performance are described, so that the possible reasons for this surprising finding are discussed. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Inferring missing genotypes in large SNP panels using fast nearest-neighbor searches over sliding windows

Motivation: Typical high-throughput genotyping techniques produce numerous missing calls that confound subsequent analyses, such as disease association studies. Common remedies for this problem include removing affected markers and/or samples or, otherwise, imputing the missing data. On small marker sets imputation is frequently based on a vote of the K-nearest-neighbor (KNN) haplotypes, but this technique is neither practical nor justifiable for large datasets. Results: We describe a data structure that supports efficient KNN queries over arbitrarily sized, sliding haplotype windows, and evaluate its use for genotype imputation. The performance of our method enables exhaustive exploration over all window sizes and known sites in large (150K, 8.3M) SNP panels. We also compare the accuracy and performance of our methods with competing imputation approaches. Availability: A free open source software package, NPUTE, is available at http://compgen.unc.edu/software, for non-commercial uses. Contact: mcmillan@cs.unc.edu
Epidemiology of hip fractures: Implications of the exponential increase with age

Abstract Of the fractures linked with osteoporosis, hip fractures are most important in terms of death, functional dependence, and social cost. Reduction of these adverse outcomes depends on preventing hip fractures, which are caused by falling on a biomechanically compromised proximal femur. Skeletal strength depends on the amount of bone and its structural arrangement, whereas the traumatic load on the proximal femur is dictated by the orientation of the fall and other factors. One or several of these underlying mechanisms account for the various risk factors that have been identified for hip fracture, including greater incidence rates among women than men and among white that nonwhite populations. However, the exponentially increasing incidence of hip fractures with age indicates that a complex interplay of factors determines the risk of fracture in each person. The multifactorial nature of the problem suggests that hip fractures will be difficult to prevent even as the fractures and their associated costs continue to rise with the increased number of older people. However, the variability of hip fracture rates within high risk populations in Europe and North America reflects the existence of other powerful risk factors that, if identified, might provide the basis for more effective interventions.
Analysis of the complete genomic sequence of an apparently avirulent strain of avian hepatitis E virus (avian HEV) identified major genetic differences compared with the prototype pathogenic strain of avian HEV.

Avian hepatitis E virus (HEV) was identified from chickens with hepatitis–splenomegaly syndrome. In this study, the complete genomic sequence of an apparently avirulent strain of avian HEV was determined to be 6649 nt in length, excluding the poly(A) tail, which is 5 nt shorter than the prototype avian HEV. Sequence analyses revealed that the ORF1 has 89.6 % nucleotide sequence identity, with numerous non-silent mutations and deletions, compared to the prototype strain. The ORF2 capsid gene showed 90.7 % sequence identity with six non-silent mutations, and ORF3 had four non-silent mutations with 97 % sequence identity. Overall, the apparently avirulent strain shares only 90.1 % nucleotide sequence identity with the prototype strain. The identification of significant non-silent mutations in the capsid gene and other regions suggests that these mutations may play a role in HEV attenuation. This is the first report of the full-length sequence of an apparently avirulent strain of HEV.
Moral obligations of nurses and physicians in neonatal end-of-life care

The aim of this study was to explore the obligations of nurses and physicians in providing end-of-life care. Nineteen nurses and 11 physicians from a single newborn intensive care unit participated. Using content analysis, an overarching obligation of creating the best possible experience for infants and parents was identified, within which two categories of obligations (decision making and the end of life itself) emerged. Obligations in decision making included talking to parents and timing withdrawal. End-of-life obligations included providing options, preparing parents, being with, advocating, creating peace and normalcy, and providing comfort. Nurses and physicians perceived obligations in both categories, although nurse obligations centered on the end of life while physician obligations focused on decision making. The findings demonstrate that, although the ultimate goal is shared by both disciplines, the paths to achieving that goal are often different. This has important implications for collaborat...
Wind tunnel study and numerical simulation of dust particle resuspension from indoor surfaces in turbulent flows

Particle resuspension from flooring is an important source of air pollution in the indoor environment. In this work, resuspension of monolayer, polydisperse, irregularly shaped dust particles from various types of floorings was studied via a series of wind tunnel experiments. The range of free-stream velocity needed for resuspension of dust particles was evaluated as a function of particle size and material of particles and surfaces. In addition, a Monte Carlo simulation for predicting the resuspension of dust particles was developed. The resuspension model took into account the effects of particle irregularity, particle surface roughness, and flow characteristics. The dust particle resuspension from different floorings for several particle sizes was evaluated. The model predictions for resuspension fractions were compared with the experimental data and good agreement was observed. The study provided information on the role of airflow velocity on irregular dust particle resuspension from common floorings.
Sustainability: Waste minimization, green chemistry and inherently safer processing

Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines sustainable as “maintain, or cause to continue, in existence or a certain state.” The word “sustainable” is now used to define a world that is able to “maintain in existence” all life that now exists. To attain that goal, human activities will need to change. Waste Minimization, Green Chemistry, and Inherently Safer Processes all seek to manufacture chemicals in an environmentally sustainable way by reducing waste generation, minimizing the impact of chemicals and chemical processes on the environment and the public, and minimizing any hazards to the workers. In this paper, we discuss the synergies among these concepts. The three disciplines must better coordinate their efforts to capitalize on the total teachings, develop and retrofit manufacturing processes using the best technologies, and ensure the highest return projects. In the end, the ultimate chemical process will produce a non-toxic, recyclable or easily biodegradable product that meets society's needs, produces no waste, is inherently safer, and uses renewable feed materials.
Localization methods for a mobile robot in urban environments

This paper addresses the problems of building a functional mobile robot for urban site navigation and modeling with focus on keeping track of the robot location. We have developed a localization system that employs two methods. The first method uses odometry, a compass and tilt sensor, and a global positioning sensor. An extended Kalman filter integrates the sensor data and keeps track of the uncertainty associated with it. The second method is based on camera pose estimation. It is used when the uncertainty from the first method becomes very large. The pose estimation is done by matching linear features in the image with a simple and compact environmental model. We have demonstrated the functionality of the robot and the localization methods with real-world experiments.
Mixing in Sub‐micron Ducts

This paper considers a class of fluidic devices, anticipated to become important in the near future, where characteristic channel dimensions are in the range 0.1 to 1.0 microns. Typical current applications of microfluidics have device sizes of 10 to 100 micron, this is sufficiently small to force laminar flow but not so small that molecular diffusion is a dominant factor. In the smaller devices contemplated here, diffusion is important and existing mixing strategies and correlations are no longer applicable. Novel results and interesting complexities are discussed for reactive, single and two phase flows in sub-micron channels.
Labor costs associated with incontinence in long-term care facilities

Abstract Objectives To understand the labor resource consumption in caring activities of long-term care residents with versus without urinary incontinence (UI) and the variation in consumption patterns across shifts and facility types. Methods This prospective study was conducted in three phases. Phase I of the study developed a taxonomy of the caring activities involved in the care of the incontinent patient and of the control group patient. In Phase II, the frequency of these activities was assessed. Phase III extrapolated the cost impacts of incontinence. The sample consisted of 37 long-term care facilities in the vicinity of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, along with a supplemental sample of 12 facilities in the vicinity of Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The study examined the costs of labor, supplies, and services. To our knowledge, this is the first study to apply microcosting approaches to UI. Results All things being equal, the incremental labor costs (per shift) were $3.31 (in 2002 dollars) for patients with occasional UI and $5.16 for patients with frequent UI. Combining patients with frequent UI (more than 70% of all UI patients) and occasional UI, the weighted average incremental costs per shift were $4.52. Conclusions With incremental labor costs of $4.52 per patient per shift, UI costs an additional $13.57 to treat per day, or $4957 annually. Our findings can be used to capture the “averted costs” in long-term care facilities from curing UI.
Generalized convex set theoretic image recovery

In set theoretic image recovery, the constraints which do not yield convex sets in the chosen Hilbert solution space cannot be enforced. In some cases, however, such constraints may yield convex sets in other Hilbert spaces. We introduce a generalized product space formalism, through which constraints that are convex in different Hilbert spaces can be combined. A nonconvex problem with several sets is reduced to a convex problem with two sets in the product space, where it is solved via an alternating projection method. Applications are discussed.
On-line evolutionary computation for reinforcement learning in stochastic domains

In reinforcement learning, an agent interacting with its environment strives to learn a policy that specifies, for each state it may encounter, what action to take. Evolutionary computation is one of the most promising approaches to reinforcement learning but its success is largely restricted to off-line scenarios. In on-line scenarios, an agent must strive to maximize the reward it accrues while it is learning. Temporal difference (TD) methods, another approach to reinforcement learning, naturally excel in on-line scenarios because they have selection mechanisms for balancing the need to search for better policies exploration) with the need to accrue maximal reward (exploitation). This paper presents a novel way to strike this balance in evolutionary methods by borrowing the selection mechanisms used by TD methods to choose individual actions and using them in evolution to choose policies for evaluation. Empirical results in the mountain car and server job scheduling domains demonstrate that these techniques can substantially improve evolution's on-line performance in stochastic domains.
An adaptive PID controller for network based control systems

Presented here is an algorithm for retuning controller parameters to mitigate the effect of time delay in a network-based control system. An examination of the effects of time delay on network-based control systems is presented. The proposed methodology measures the present time delay in a control system to intelligently update the controller parameters to maintain nominal system performance. A comparison of systems with modified and unmodified controller parameters is given. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is used in the two examples (one short time delay and one long time delay).
Toward the Use of Automated Static Analysis Alerts for Early Identification of Vulnerability- and Attack-prone Components

Extensive research has shown that software metrics can be used to identify fault- and failure-prone components. These metrics can also give early indications of overall software quality. We seek to parallel the identification and prediction of fault- and failure-prone components in the reliability context with vulnerability- and attack-prone components in the security context. Our research will correlate the quantity and severity of alerts generated by source code static analyzers to vulnerabilities discovered by manual analyses and testing. A strong correlation may indicate that automated static analyzers (ASA), a potentially early technique for vulnerability identification in the development phase, can identify high risk areas in the software system. Based on the alerts, we may be able to predict the presence of more complex and abstract vulnerabilities involved with the design and operation of the software system. An early knowledge of vulnerability can allow software engineers to make informed risk management decisions and prioritize redesign, inspection, and testing efforts. This paper presents our research objective and methodology.
Entrainment of vastus medialis complex activity differs between genders.

Introduction: That the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) is a functional unit of the vastus medialis (VM) is disputed. Delayed VMO activation predicts patellofemoral pain, which has higher rates in women. Methods: Single MUs and surface electromyogram (EMG) were collected from the VMO and VM of 9 men and 9 women. Men were tested once; women were tested during 5 menstrual phases. Coherence was assessed for motor unit (MU) firings within and between the VM and VMO using multilevel logistic models to determine statistical significance. Results: Compared with women, men have 741% (MU pairs) and 256% (MU-EMG pairs) greater odds of common drive (0–5 Hz) coherent oscillations. MU pairs from the VMO and the dual VM/VMO complex have 228% and 212% greater odds of coherent oscillations in the beta band (15–35 Hz) compared with VM pairs. Conclusions: The VM and VMO are neurologically different muscles; control of the VM complex is sexually dimorphic. Muscle Nerve 53: 633–640, 2016
The Doubting Process: A Longitudinal Study of the Precipitants and Consequences of Religious Doubt in Older Adults

Religious doubt arises from a process in which there is a precipitant, the experience of doubt, a coping response, and a health-related outcome. We explore this process by assessing whether social factors precipitate doubt and the coping responses that are invoked to deal with it. Moreover, we evaluate whether these coping responses are, in turn, associated with health. The data reveal that, over time, people who encounter more negative interaction with fellow congregants have more doubts about religion, whereas more spiritual support and greater involvement in prayer groups are associated with less religious doubt. The findings further indicate that people who encounter more negative interaction are more likely to suppress religious doubts, but people who attend Bible study groups are more likely to seek spiritual growth when faced with doubt. Finally, the results suggest that suppressing religious doubt is associated with less favorable health, whereas seeking spiritual growth does not have a significant effect.
Some observations from behavioral economics for consideration in promoting money management among those with substance use disorders.

Background: Behavioral economics research has revealed systematic biases in decision making that merit consideration in efforts to promote money management skills among those with substance use disorders (SUDs). Objectives: The objective of this article was to briefly review the literature on five of those biases (i.e., hyperbolic delay discounting, defaults and preference for the status quo, loss aversion, mental accounting, and failure to account for opportunity cost) that may have particular relevance to the topic of money management. Methods: Selected studies are reviewed to illustrate these biases and how they may relate to efforts to promote money management skills among those with substance use disorders. Studies were identified by searching PubMed using the terms “behavioral economics” and “substance use disorders”, reviewing bibliographies of published articles, and discussions with colleagues. Results: Only one of these biases (i.e., hyperbolic delay discounting) has been investigated extensivel...
Effects of C and Hf Concentration on the Mechanical Properties of Wrought Superalloys Based on NASA IIB-11 Produced From Prealloyed Powders

This work describes the effects of C and Hf concentration on the mechanical properties of NASA IIB-11, a candidate material for advanced-temperature gas turbine engine disks. IIB-11 and four alloys of varied C and Hf concentrations were produced as cross-rolled disks from hot-isostatically pressed powder billets. The lower C, higher Hf modification exhibited the best mechanical properties at 760 C and below. These properties were at least equivalent to those of other candidate alloys for advanced temperature disks. Because of their finer grain sizes, all of these powder metallurgy alloys had lower rupture strength, however, than that achieved previously in conventionally processed IIB-11.
Bidding strategies optimization for the online video ad spot market

Tidal TV is an online video advertising, optimization, and yield management solutions provider. Their current business strategy includes purchasing online video advertising inventory from content providers and delivering ads to their clients, using demographic targeting to maximize value. The problem is to develop, test, and simulate the best bidding strategies for both second price and first price auctions and then to identify the tradeoffs of using the optimized strategies over current existing strategies. Tidal TV will then incorporate learning from this exercise to further develop strategies to bid for online video ads.
Efficiently generating structurally complex inputs with thousands of objects

We present Shekoosh, a novel framework for constraint-based generation of structurally complex inputs of large sizes. Given a Java predicate that represents the desired structural integrity constraints, Shekoosh systematically explores the input space of the predicate and generates inputs that satisfy the given constraints. While the problem of generating an input that satisfies all the given constraints is hard, generating a structure at random, which may not satisfy the constraints but has a desired number of objects is straightforward. Indeed, a structure generated at random is highly unlikely to satisfy any of the desired constraints. However, it can be repaired to transform it so that it satisfies all the desired constraints.Experiments show that Shekoosh can efficiently generate structures that are up to 100 times larger than those possible with previous algorithms, including those that are based on a dedicated search and also those that use off-the-shelf enumerating SAT solvers.
Cybermarketscapes and consumer freedoms and identities

When examining the issue of consumers in cyberspace, there appear to be two recurring narratives. One refers to the unidimensional perspective of marketing and how marketing tries to annex the cyberspace and regards the consumer as fair game in its profit‐seeking enterprise. The second narrative views consumers as trying to use cyberspace as a place to exercise their freedoms, establish their identities and use the cyberspace as a lifeworld in a Habermasian sense. This paper is an attempt to explicate this tension.
A Stem Cell-Derived Platform for Studying Single Synaptic Vesicles in Dopaminergic Synapses

The exocytotic release of dopamine is one of the most characteristic but also one of the least appreciated processes in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Fluorescence imaging has yielded rich information about the properties of synaptic vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In contrast, imaging-based studies for in-depth understanding of synaptic vesicle behavior in dopamine neurons are lagging largely because of a lack of suitable preparations. Midbrain culture has been one of the most valuable preparations for the subcellular investigation of dopaminergic transmission; however, the paucity and fragility of cultured dopaminergic neurons limits their use for live cell imaging. Recent developments in stem cell technology have led to the successful production of dopamine neurons from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells. Although the dopaminergic identity of these stem cell-derived neurons has been characterized in different ways, vesicle-mediated dopamine release from their axonal terminals has been barely assessed. We report a more efficient procedure to reliably generate dopamine neurons from embryonic stem cells, and it yields more dopamine neurons with more dopaminergic axon projections than midbrain culture does. Using a collection of functional measurements, we show that stem cell-derived dopamine neurons are indistinguishable from those in midbrain culture. Taking advantage of this new preparation, we simultaneously tracked the turnover of hundreds of synaptic vesicles individually using pH-sensitive quantum dots. By doing so, we revealed distinct fusion kinetics of the dopamine-secreting vesicles, which is consistent within both preparations.
Runoff and Erosion After Cutting Western Juniper

Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis spp. occidentalis Hook.) has encroached on and now dominates millions of acres of sagebrush/bunchgrass rangeland in the Great Basin and interior Pacific Northwest. On many sites western juniper has significantly increased exposure of the soil surface by reducing density of understory species and surface litter. We used rainfall and rill simulation techniques to evaluate infiltration, runoff, and erosion on cut and uncut field treatments 10 years after juniper removal. Juniper-dominated hillslopes had significantly lower surface soil cover of herbaceous plants and litter and produced rapid runoff from low-intensity rainfall events of the type that would be expected to occur every 2 years. Direct exposure of the soil to rainfall impacts resulted in high levels of sheet erosion (295 kg ? ha 21 ) in juniper-dominated plots. Large interconnected patches of bare ground concentrated runoff into rills with much higher flow velocity and erosive force resulting in rill erosion rates that were over 15 times higher on juniper-dominated plots. Cutting juniper stimulated herbaceous plant recovery, improved infiltration capacity, and protected the soil surface from even large thunderstorms. Juniper-free plots could only be induced to produce runoff from high-intensity events that would be expected to occur once every 50 years. Runoff events from these higher-intensity simulations produced negligible levels of both sheet and rill erosion. While specific inferences drawn from the current study are limited to juniper-affected sites in the Intermountain sagebrush steppe, the scope of ecosystem impacts are consistent with woody-plant invasion in other ecosystems around the world.
The cannibalistic snail Agaronia propatula (Caenogastropoda, Mollusca) is reluctant to feed on autotomized ‘tails’ of conspecifics

Autotomy and cannibalism increase the complexity of the life history, population structure, and population dynamics of a species. Species in which autotomy is triggered by cannibalism have rarely been studied. It has been hypothesized that in the intertidal gastropod Agaronia propatula, autotomized tissues are highly attractive to cannibals and so increase the victim’s chance to escape. We tested the hypothesis by presenting autotomized ‘tails’ to foraging animals. The attack rates on autotomized ‘tails’ were lower than those on artificial objects reported previously. Autonomously moving autotomized ‘tails’ were more frequently ignored than non-moving and artificially moved ‘tail’ pieces. Thus, autotomized tissue repelled rather than attracted potential cannibals. Autotomy in A. propatula does not help to defend against cannibalism by offering the cannibal an attractive food item for consumption. It seems possible, though, that autotomized conspecifics are less attractive to cannibals than intact ones due...
Heat transfer enhancement and thermal–hydraulic performance in laminar flows through asymmetric wavy walled channels

Abstract Using computational simulations, we examine heat transfer enhancement in laminar flows through asymmetric wavy channels with sinusoidal walls. Specifically, we probe the influence of the amplitude and period of the wall waviness as well as the driving pressure on the enhancement of heat transfer for both steady and unsteady flows. Our simulations reveal that for the steady flow occurring at lower flow rates, the heat transfer enhancement is defined by the amplitude of the wall waviness. When the flow rate is increased and the flow transitions to unsteady, the heat transfer enhancement exhibits a stronger dependence on the pressure drop than the amplitude. We find that the increase in heat transfer achieved in the unsteady regime is significantly higher than that in the steady regime. Furthermore, we use a thermal–hydraulic performance factor to investigate if this enhancement outweighs the increased frictional losses the geometry induces. Our data indicates that wavy walled channels with small wave amplitudes outperform straight channels at Reynolds numbers as low as 300 and exhibit greater than 50% improvement at Re ≈ 600 . These results are important for designing compact heat exchangers capable of high performance in the laminar regime.
Intake-dependent effects of cocaine self-administration on impulsive choice in a delay discounting task

Cocaine use is associated with high levels of impulsive choice (greater discounting of delayed rewards) in humans, but the cause/effect relationships between cocaine use and impulsive choice are not fully understood. In previous work, we found that both experimenter- and self-administration of fixed quantities of cocaine caused lasting increases in impulsive choice in rats. The present study extended these findings by taking into account baseline impulsive choice prior to self-administration, and by allowing rats free access to cocaine. Male Long-Evans rats were trained in a delay discounting task in which they made discrete-trial choices between small immediate and large delayed food rewards. Half of the rats were then implanted with intravenous catheters and, following recovery, allowed to self-administer cocaine HCl (1.0 mg/kg/infusion) in 6 hour sessions over 14 days. Control rats orally self-administered a sucrose solution under similar conditions. Upon completion of self-administration training, rats remained abstinent for 3 weeks before retesting in the delay discounting task. Cocaine and control groups did not differ prior to self-administration, but afterward, the cocaine group showed greater impulsive choice (fewer choices of large, delayed rewards) than controls. Additional analyses revealed that the effects of cocaine on impulsive choice were intake-dependent; rats classified as “low intake” did not differ from controls, whereas rats classified as “high intake” were significantly more impulsive than both controls and their pre-cocaine baseline. These findings are consistent with the idea that cocaine-induced, pharmacologically based neural adaptations promote the development of impulsive decision making.
Study on black flies in Geermu district

Objective To investigate species and bionomics habit of black flies in Geermu district.Methods The specimens were collected with net trap and leaves inspecting.Results 9 species of black flies were found.They were belonged to 4 Subgenus respectively: Esimulium(1 species),Simulium(1 species),Tetisimulium(2 species) and Wilhelmia(5 species).The Simuliidae insect appeared in May,the density index of Simuliidae insect in July was the highest in a year.From August to September,the density index got lower.The Simuliidae insects disappeared in October.It had two activity peaks in July in Geermu city.The first was at ten o'clock in the morning,the second was from four to five o'clock in afternoon.The first peak was higher than that of the second.Conclusion The species and bionomics habit of black flies in Geermu district is basically grasped.This investigation has provided scientific evidence for controlling and killing black flies.
Who Speaks for the Climate?: Climate stories How journalistic norms shape media content

The previous two chapters mapped out elements shaping how mass media have represented complexity and nuance. It is critically important to look at how both the issues themselves as well as the surrounding contextual factors shape media representations of climate change. This expanded assessment of the networks or webs within which these issues emerge helps to then more capably appraise how and why certain climate issues find traction. Large-scale social, political and economic factors (such as shrinking newsrooms and fewer specialist journalists covering environmental issues) influence everyday individual journalistic decisions (such as how to focus or frame a story with limited time to press as well as a finite number of column inches). Together, constructions of meaning – negotiated in the spaces of cultural politics – are shaped by structural and institutional as well as cultural and psychological factors, operating simultaneously at multiple scales. These issues intersect with journalistic norms and values. Over the last century, there have been numerous examinations of how journalistic ‘norms’ and ‘values’ influence story narratives (e.g. Galtung and Ruge, 1965; Wilkins, 1993). However, fewer studies have linked this work with how mass media have portrayed issues of climate science, policy and politics.
An Empirical Exploration of Chinese Imports and the US Steel Industry

The paper identifies four key issues concerning the relationship between Chinese imports and the US steel industry: currency manipulation, state-owned enterprises, subsidisation, and environmental regulations. Given these issues, we run a regression to empirically explore the relationship between Chinese imports and US steel prices. We found that Chinese imports have two conflicting effects: one is to lower US steel prices while the other is to increase the prices via China's increasing market share. The overall impact is that Chinese imports increase US steel prices, as the effect due to market share is larger than the demand effect. With these findings, we suggest that, of the four effects considered, Chinese subsidisation is the most crucial.
A New Statistical Image Analysis Approach and Its Application to Hippocampal Morphometry.

In this work, we propose a novel and powerful image analysis framework for hippocampal morphometry in early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), an early prodromal stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We create a hippocampal surface atlas with subfield information, model each hippocampus using the SPHARM technique, and register it to the atlas to extract surface deformation signals. We propose a new alternative to standard random field theory (RFT) and permutation image analysis methods, Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) Distribution Analysis or SPM-DA, to perform statistical shape analysis and compare its performance with that of RFT methods on both simulated and real hippocampal surface data. The major strengths of our framework are twofold: (a) SPM-DA provides potentially more powerful algorithms than standard RFT methods for detecting weak signals, and (b) the framework embraces the important hippocampal subfield information for improved biological interpretation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method via an application to an AD cohort, where an SPM-DA method detects meaningful hippocampal shape differences in EMCI that are undetected by standard RFT methods.