cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considerations in the use of a dedicated VLSI DSP chip for real time signal processing

Considers the hardware, software and the system architecture of the Motorola DSP56001. A Macintosh IIx is the 'Host' computer system used in software development. The possible potential of the DSP56001ADS as an instrument for teaching and as a research tool are investigated. Much of the discussion focuses on the DSP56001 VLSI DSP chip, on the available software tools and how they facilitate system development. >
Transport Properties of the Galactose-binding Protein of Escherichia coli SUBSTRATE-INDUCED CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE

Abstract The galactose-binding protein, a necessary component of a bacterical transport system, is shown by three independent methods to undergo a conformational change upon binding of substrate. 1. A Lineweaver-Burk plot of the binding data obtained by equilibrium dialysis at a protein concentration of 0.4 mg per ml shows heterogenous behavior. Extrapolation of the data at low galactose concentrations (10-8 to 3·10-7 m) yields an apparent Kdiss of 10-7 m and at higher galactose concentrations (3·10-7 to 10-5 m) an apparent Kdiss of 10-5 m. A Scatchard plot of the binding data extrapolated to high galactose concentrations indicates two binding sites per 36,000 molecular weight. 2. The presence of 10-4 m galactose during analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8.4 results in a changed electrophoretic mobility of the binding protein. This change is also observed in the presence of 10-4 m glucose and 10-4 m (d-glyceryl)-1-β-d-galactopyranoside substrates of the transport system. Methyl-1-O-β-d-galactopyranoside, methyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside, and isopropyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside at concentrations of 10-4 m do not cause the altered electrophoretic mobility. 3. The fluorescence of the protein is increased up to 13.5% in the presence of substrate between 310 to 350 nm when excited at 290 nm. The increase of fluorescence observed with galactose, glucose, and (d-glyceryl)-1-β-d-galactopyranoside occurs at half-maximal total sugar concentrations of 10-6, 10-6, and 10-5 m, respectively. The substrate-induced conformational change does not result in a change of the molecular weight of the protein as measured by high speed equilibrium centrifugation and sieve chromatography through Bio-Gel P-150. The conformational change of the protein cannot be observed by optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopy. These latter spectroscopic methods show, however, that the galactose-binding protein exists to a large extent in β conformation. Purified binding protein from a transport-negative mutant does not undergo the substrate-induced conformational changes measured by binding, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorescence.
Plasma cortisol levels and cortisol binding in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies

Abstract Plasma from 21 normal and 16 pre-eclamptic pregnant subjects were analyzed for (1) total cortisol, (2) the per cent of cortisol bound to transcortin, and (3) the cortisol-binding capacity. In addition, the per cent of the binding capacity utilized in the 2 groups was calculated. Plasma cortisol levels and the cortisol-binding characteristics were similar in these 2 groups. These findings make it unlikely that the fluid retention and hypertension of pre-eclampsia are directly related to these parameters.
What we should Expect in the Southern Plane

Bash and Peters (1976) proposed that giant molecular clouds (GMC’s) could be treated as ballistic particles launched from the Galaxy’s spiral arms. Bash (1979) showed that best agreement with observations in the Milky-Way results when the ballistic-particle GMC’s are launched from the TASS wave at the post-shock velocity and are abruptly destroyed 40 million years after birth. In the Galaxy, our model assumes the two-arm spiral pattern of Yuan (1969) and it predicts that GMC’s will be closely confined to this spiral pattern. Our model does not suggest that all molecular gas is confined to the arms, just that the giant molecular clouds are. The initial post-shock velocity with which GMC’s are launched in our model means that their initial velocity is slower than the circular velocity in the tangential direction and with a component directed toward the galactic center so that the Perseus arm molecular clouds at l = 180° should have an LSR radial velocity of ~ −15 km s−1.
SmartApps: An Application Centric Approach to High Performance Computing

State-of-the-art run-time systems are a poor match to diverse, dynamic distributed applications because they are designed to provide support to a wide variety of applications, without much customization to individual specific requirements. Little or no guiding information flows directly from the application to the run-time system to allow the latter to fully tailor its services to the application. As a result, the performance is disappointing. To address this problem, we propose application-centric computing, or SMART APPLICATIONS. In the executable of smart applications, the compiler embeds most run-time system services, and a performance-optimizing feedback loop that monitors the application's performance and adaptively reconfigures the application and the OS/hardware platform. At run-time, after incorporating the code's input and the system's resources and state, the SmartApp performs a global optimization. This optimization is instance specific and thus much more tractable than a global generic optimization between application, OS and hardware. The resulting code and resource customization should lead to major speedups. In this paper, we first describe the overall architecture of Smartapps and then present the achievements to date: Run-time optimizations, performance modeling, and moderately reconfigurable hardware.
Changes in The Role of Production and Operations Management in the New Economy

The paper analyses how the area of production and operations management (POM) in Brazilshould change/adapt in order to remain relevant in the so called "new economy". Drawing frominsights coming from both the relevant literature and a survey, a preliminary research and teachingagenda is proposed.
Glial Cells Promote Muscle Reinnervation by Responding to Activity-Dependent Postsynaptic Signals

After nerve injury, denervated synaptic sites in skeletal muscle commonly become reinnervated by sprouts that grow from nerve terminals on nearby muscle fibers. These terminal sprouts grow along a glial cell guide or “bridge” formed by Schwann cell (SC) processes that extend from denervated synaptic sites. Data presented here show that most bridges connect innervated and denervated synaptic sites rather than pairs of denervated sites even when most sites in the muscle are denervated. Furthermore, bridges are inhibited by presynaptic or postsynaptic blockade of synaptic transmission, manipulations that do not alter the extent of SC growth. These results show that an activity-dependent postsynaptic signal promotes the formation and/or maintenance of glial bridges and thus muscle reinnervation.
Dick Van Lente (Ed.), The Nuclear Age in Popular Media: A Transnational History, 1945-1965

Before and after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster of March 2011, scholars of communication, media studies, and science, technology, and society (STS) have investigated the role of mass media and popular media in encoding and reinforcing particular concepts of nuclear technology and have shown how they have been viewed, discussed, and ultimately embraced around the globe (Gamson & Modigliani, 1989; Hecht, 1998; Yoshimi, 2012). The images and discourses of nuclear power are indeed culturally, socially, politically, and historically constructed. However, comparative and transnational perspectives in analysis of popular images and narratives of nuclear technology are virtually absent. In The Nuclear Age in Popular Media: A Transnational History, 1945-1965, editor Dick van Lente fills that gap with this collection of works on the subject from a wide variety of scholars from different countries.
Post's Problem for ordinal register machines: an explicit approach

We provide a positive solution for Post’s Problem for ordinal register machines, and also prove that these machines and ordinal Turing machines compute precisely the same partial functions on ordinals. To do so, we construct ordinal register machine programs which compute the necessary functions. In addition, we show that any set of ordinals solving Post’s Problem must be unbounded in the writable ordinals.
Interferometric optical fibre sensors using internal mirrors

Reflectively monitored Fabry-Perot interferometers which make use of dielectric mirrors in continuous lengths of single mode fibre are characterised for use as temperature and wavelength sensors.
Sundered Subjects and Opaque Others

What worries me about so much postcolonial cultural criticism is its appropriation of an other as its limit-text rather than an opening text. Those with a different metaphysics are given short shrift by both the appropriative Westerner and those who claim through kinship to be their representatives.
The Architecture of Service Systems as the Framework for the Definition of Service Science Scope

The purpose of this study is to define generic service processes, their system, and a scope of service science developed originally by the author. In the presented approach, the main criterion is the class of serviced users, since this leads to the six kinds of process recognition and eventually helps in planning e-service systemsâ€™ architecture. E-service system (e-SS) is defined as a mission-goal-strategy-driven configuration of technology, organizational processes and networks designed to deliver HTservicesTH that satisfy the needs, wants, or aspirations of customers. Marketing, operations, and global environment considerations have significant implications for the design of an e-service system. Four criteria which impact e-service systemsâ€™ architecture have been defined as: service business model, customer contact and level of involvement (Service User Interface), service providerâ€™s enterprise complexity (Enterprise Systems and Networks), and scope of goods involved in service. It was proved that the e-service system is the intermediary layer between Service User Interface and Enterprise Systems and Networks. Two examples of e-SS have been modeled.
Computer-aided design for VLSI circuit manufacturability

It is noted that the nominal design created by CAD tools must often be modified to maximize manufacturing yield. Such maximization must be performed during the design to achieve an acceptable level of initial manufacturing yield and during fabrication to achieve the maximum rate of yield improvement in the entire product development cycle. The manufacturing-oriented component of the CAD of VLSI circuits is discussed. The concept of design for manufacturability is explained, and a number of issues and design problems relevant to achieving a high level of IC manufacturability are examined. An overview of needed and existing CAD tools that can be used to solve previously listed problems is presented. >
The Promise and Peril of Social Computing

Social computing has the potential to fundamentally change the structure of human relationships. Will it succeed? This paper will highlight interesting developments in the world of social computing. In addition to exploring interesting phenomena in the social computing world, these articles will strive to peek into what the future holds by examining recent research.
Nanoscale structural and mechanical characterization of heat treated nacre

Nanoscale structural and mechanical characterization of heat treated nacre has been carried out. Two phase transformations were identified, i.e., from aragonite to calcite in the 500 °C heat treated nacre and from aragonite to calcium oxide (CaO) in the 1000 °C heat treated nacre. The brick-mortar architecture remains in the 500 °C heat treated nacre, but loses in the 1000 °C heat treated nacre. The heat treatment burned out the biopolymer in nacre. Nanoscale holes were discovered at the aragonite platelet boundaries and on the platelet surfaces. The heat treated nacre exhibits a sharp loss in elastic modulus and hardness compared with the fresh nacre.
Robot Control using the 3-Dimensional Processor

Today's robots can only perform simple tasks because their control systems have limiting computational capabilities. These control systems are unable to meet the real-time demands of currently existing advanced robot control algorithms. Such algorithms would improve the capabilities and performance of robots. However, they are very numerically intensive. A seond generation processor - the 3-Dimensional Processor (3DP) - has the power to satisfy these computational requirements. A unique architecture, specifically targetted to robot control, exploits the intrinsic structure of robotic algorithms with parallel processing. This paper describes the 3DP architecture and its programming environment, and demonstrates how the 3DP can be applied to robot control.
Spreadsheet-aided numerical experimentation: analytic formula for Fibonacci numbers

Spreadsheet representations of recurrences allow numerical experimentation with potential analytic solutions to those recurrences. This paper uses a very simple recurrence for which the analytic solution is quite obvious when one examines the values generated by the recurrence, and then examines another recurrence for which the solution is not obvious.
Effect of hydrogen on the yielding of mild steel

Abstract From measurements of Luder's band-front velocities it is concluded that hydrogen does not affect the activation energy for separating a dislocation and its atmosphere and thereby the delay-time for yielding. Suppression of the upper yield point by hydrogen seems rather to be caused by local stresses surrounding inclusions of molecular hydrogen, which contribute to the stresses at the specimen shoulder, and thus facilitate the initiation of the first Luder's band. Hydrogen raises the flow stress, which seems to be due to dragging of hydrogen along with moving dislocations.
The Radio Communication Project in Nepal: A Culture-Centered Approach to Participation

Considerable research has been conducted on the topic of entertainment-education (EE), the method of using entertainment platforms such as popular music, radio, and television programming to diffuse information, attitudes, and behaviors via role modeling. A significant portion of the recently published EE literature has used the case of the Radio Communication Project (RCP) in Nepal to demonstrate the effectiveness of EE and to argue that EE campaigns can indeed be participatory in nature. In this project, we apply the culture-centered approach to examine the discursive space created by the RCP and its claim of being participatory. A critical examination of RCP discourse brings forth an alternative lens for approaching EE and its participatory claim.
Regional early childhood policy review

The UNESCO-UNICEF joint regional policy review project was launched in September 2006 with the aim to support the countries of Asia-Pacific region in meeting the first goal of Education For All (EFA) on Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) by identifying, documenting and sharing good practices as well as constraints and challenges in early childhood policy development and implementation. To this joint call for a policy review initiative, nine countries of the Asia-Pacific region responded, namely, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines and Viet Nam. The specific project goals were: To support national governments in developing and implementing policies related to young children and their families To build national capacities in preparing policies that support the development, delivery and access to quality early childhood services and provisions. To develop knowledge about policy and identify a resource base to function as reference for policy makers, including justification and foundation for early childhood (in their countries). To share experiences and perspectives in policy development and implementation within and among countries on early childhood services/provisions. This paper describes the policy review process and recommendations on how similar policy reviews can be carried out in other countries/regions.
Gastrointestinal plasmacytoma that caused anemia in a patient with multiple myeloma.

Background A 70-year-old white male diagnosed with IgA lambda multiple myeloma, who had been treated with two cycles of melphalan and prednisone, was evaluated for persistent anemia. He had required more than 15 U of packed red blood cells within a 2-month period for his anemia, despite recombinant erythropoietin treatment, and his hemoglobin level was persistently below 9 g/dl. Investigations Physical examination and laboratory tests, which included a red blood cell mean corpuscular volume, platelet counts, coagulation studies, a peripheral blood smear, lactate dehydrogenase level, haptoglobin and bilirubin level, vitamin B12 and folate level, serum iron studies, bone marrow biopsy and immunophenotyping. Additionally, Congo red staining of the subcutaneous fat aspirate and a bone marrow biopsy were carried out, as well as esophagogastroduodenoscopy with gastric and duodenal biopsies. Diagnosis Gastrointestinal plasmacytoma. Management Control of underlying disease (multiple myeloma) with 2 cycles of treatment with melphalan and prednisone followed by high-dose pulse dexamethasone chemotherapy as outlined by the oncologist. PPI therapy was continued and NSAIDs were avoided. The patient died because of infectious complications with subsequent multi-organ failure while awaiting work up for autologous stem cell transplantation.
Reconstitution and partial purification of an amiloride-sensitive, cation channel from rabbit kidney

Abstract The aim of the present study was to reconstitute and purify an epithelial potassium channel from rabbit kidney. Renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were found to contain a potassium conductance which was inhibited by amiloride, 5(N-methyl-N-isobotyl)amiloride (MIA) and by barium. Membrane vesicle proteins were solubilized and reconstituted in proteoliposomes. Channel activity was assayed using Acridine orange and the voltage sensitive dye, 3,3′-diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (DiSC2(5)). Both methods yielded similar results which indicated the presence of an amiloride-sensitive, cation channel in the proteoliposomes. This channel was more permeable to K than to Na and its activity was increased in reconstituted proteoliposomes as compared to native brush border membranes. We conclude that rabbit BBMV possess an amiloride sensitive cation channel. Channel activity was successfully reconstituted in proteoliposomes and the protein was partially purified during reconstitution.
Choline deficiency in chicks: Decreased phospholipid content of bile

Abstract Bile from choline-deficient chicks showed higher concentrations of cholesterol and lower concentrations of phospholipid than did bile from choline-supplemented birds.
Supply chain management research: Key elements of study design and statistical testing

Over the past three decades, supply chain management (SCM) has evolved from its origins as a nascent field of study to encompass construct definition, identification of the field's central issues, and establishment of its conceptual boundaries. At this point, a sufficient body of empirical SCM research has been put forward to allow for quantitative assessment of the field. Therefore, we examine three key elements of study design to assess what has happened, what is currently happening, and where we should be heading as a field. To do so, following a pattern of reviews in similar disciplines, we begin with an examination of effect sizes of the relationships under investigation. Results show that effect sizes in SCM research have marginally increased over time and that sub-domains within SCM that receive the most scholarly attention also have higher effect sizes. We also conduct a post hoc analysis of statistical power and empirically examine a range of factors and study contexts that could influence power. Findings suggest that average statistical power in SCM research exceeds the statistical power of most related disciplines and is particularly high in several unique contexts. Lastly, we find that measurement reliability and the use of control variables have increased over time, possibly suggesting the field has matured, instilling a degree of confidence in its research. Overall, our results show that SCM research is becoming more empirically rigorous, but we also uncover key areas that warrant improvement. We describe implications of our review for the design of future SCM empirical studies.
A Method for Making Ribbons of Semithin Plastic Sections

Epoxy resin sections form strong, heat resistant ribbons if, prior to sectioning, contact cement has been painted onto the leading and trailing faces of the block. The forming ribbon floats onto a drop of water held in place by a wax line drawn across the back of the glass knife parallel to the cutting edge. A long trough made from stainless steel tubing is inserted horizontally into the drop, and as the ribbon lengthens it is directed into the trough. The ribbon can be carried in the trough to a hot plate for expansion and then poured onto a slide for mounting. The serial ribbons obtainable by this simple procedure greatly facilitate three dimensional reconstruction of fine tissue structures.'
Isolation and Purification of Kava Lactones by High Performance Centrifugal Partition Chromatography

Abstract Kava kava (Piper methysticum) is currently used in a variety of herbal and homeopathic preparations to induce relaxation, treat anxiety, or induce sleep. The pharmacologically active compounds consist of a group of structurally related lactone derivatives that are concentrated in the roots, rhizomes, and root stems. The major constituents responsible for 95% of the total pharmacological activity are desmethoxyyangonin, dihydrokavain, yangonin, kavain, dihydromethysticin, and methysticin. The concern over the possible hepatoxicity of kava has led regulatory agencies in countries such as Germany, Switzerland, France, Canada, the United Kingdom, as well as the United States to respond by warning consumers about the potential risks of kava use, or by removing kava‐containing products from the marketplace. The high demand for purified kava‐lactones has emerged to facilitate necessary testing to investigate the rising concern over these cases of liver toxicity. A separation method using high performanc...
The Millimeter‐ and Submillimeter‐Wave Spectrum of Iso ‐Propanol [(CH 3 ) 2 CHOH]

Iso-propanol [(CH3)2CHOH], an isomer of n-propanol, has been studied in the millimeter- and submillimeter-wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum with our FASSST spectrometer through 360 GHz. Spectra arising from the ground vibrational state of all three hydroxyl torsional substates, given the labels symmetric gauche, antisymmetric gauche, and trans in order of increasing energy, have been observed. We have successfully assigned ~7600 pure rotational transitions within the torsional substates as well as ~4700 torsional-rotational transitions between the symmetric and antisymmetric gauche substates through the lower rotational quantum number J'' = 68. Spectral lines involving one or both of the two gauche forms have been simultaneously analyzed with a 2 × 2 effective torsional-rotational Hamiltonian, which includes terms through fifth order in the torsional-rotational interaction. Excluding perturbed transitions, the assigned transitions were fitted to a root mean square deviation of 76 kHz. The trans substate was analyzed as a semirigid rotor, and its unperturbed transitions fitted to a root mean square deviation of 63 kHz. A perturbation was seen at transitions with J'' > 50 in the trans substate. The torsional excitation energy for the trans substate above ground was estimated from intensity ratios to be about 120 K.
Organizing Foreign Exchange Intervention in the Euro Area

Scholarship on European integration has debated the external character of the monetary union extensively. This article examines the establishment of the institutional arrangements for foreign exchange intervention and the policy-making surrounding the market operations of autumn 2000 – the only case to date of euro area intervention in currency markets. Drawing on elite interviews of officials in European institutions and international organizations, among other sources, it specifies the division of labour between the European Central Bank, Eurogroup and other European actors. The article concludes that (1) the inter-institutional understanding within the euro area gives substantial but not complete latitude to the ECB, (2) the understanding is susceptible to renegotiation over time and (3) economic divergence within the euro area could threaten the ability of the monetary union to act coherently externally.
Substrate fuel kinetics in enterally fed traumapatients supplemented with ornithine alpha ketoglutarate

Abstract Background: Ornithine-α-ketoglutarate (OKG) is apromising anticatabolic agent and themechanisms of its potential use in trauma patients are not clearly understood. Aim: To determine the altered whole-body protein, lipid and glucose substrate kinetics in trauma victims in the early flow-phase of injury when they were fed enterally with or without OKG. Methods: Fourteen adult, multiple trauma patients who were highly catabolic and hypermetabolic werestudied. Whole-body protein (15N glycine), fat (2 stage glycerol infusion) and glucose (3H glucose) kinetics (t/o) and plasma parameters were measured (A) within 48–60 h after injury before starting nutritional support and then (B) after 4 days of enteral feeding. Group A (n=7, control) received a defined enteral formula (Two Cal HN, 1.4 times BEE calories) and Group B (n=7, OKG) received same isonitrogenous diet replacing 2.62gN/d from the enteral diet by OKG-N (20g OKG/d). Results: (Mean±SEM): Protein turnover is significantly (P≤0.05) increased in OKG treated patients(4.68±0.15 vs 3.90±0.23, gP/kg/day) and glycerol turnover is decreased (0.87±0.16 vs 1.46±0.16, μ mole/kg/min). Glucose turnover is not changed. Significant (P≤0.05) increases in circulating plasma levels of hormones (insulin, 44.2±8.4 vs 15.7±5.0 uIU/ml, growth hormone 1.68±0.33 vs 0.92±0.16, ng/ml and IGF-1, 106±13 vs 75±18, ng/ml) and free amino acids (glutamine, 383±20 vs 306±25, Proline, 203±18 vs 146±13 and ornithine, 164±27 vs 49±5 μ mole/l) are found in OKG treated patients, compared to non OKG patients. Conclusion: Increased hormone secretion due to OKG and the rapid interaction between the metabolites of OKG at the intermediary metabolism level may be responsible for altered substrate fuel kinetics.
Kinetics of peptide‐induced release of inflammatory mediators by the urinary bladder

Objective To investigate the release of inflammatory mediators by the urinary bladder in response to exposure to pro-inflammatory peptides. Materials and methods Isolated guinea pig urinary bladder was incubated with 10 mmol/L each of substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), octreotide acetate (a long-acting analogue of somatostatin, SOM), or bradykinin (BK), and the release of histamine, prostaglandin (PG) E2 , PGF2a and leukotriene B4 (LTB4 ) was determined during 0–5, 5–30 and 30–120 min after addition. Results Substance P, NKA, VIP and BK stimulated the release of histamine, while CGRP and SOM suppressed the release to below the spontaneous rates. All peptides, except CGRP and SOM, stimulated the release of PGE2 between 0 and 30 min, and only VIP failed to stimulate the release of PGF2a within 5 min of exposure. Substance P, NKA, VIP and BK stimulated the release of LTB4 and this required >5 min of exposure. Conclusion These results indicate that the peptides evaluated induce an immediate and transient release of histamine and activation of cyclooxygenase and delayed activation of 5-lipoxygenase. These actions may directly regulate the participation of these peptides in the pathogenesis of cystitis.
The enigma of number: why children find the meanings of even small number words hard to learn and how we can help them do better.

Although number words are common in everyday speech, learning their meanings is an arduous, drawn-out process for most children, and the source of this delay has long been the subject of inquiry. Children begin by identifying the few small numerosities that can be named without counting, and this has prompted further debate over whether there is a specific, capacity-limited system for representing these small sets, or whether smaller and larger sets are both represented by the same system. Here we present a formal, computational analysis of number learning that offers a possible solution to both puzzles. This analysis indicates that once the environment and the representational demands of the task of learning to identify sets are taken into consideration, a continuous system for learning, representing and discriminating set-sizes can give rise to effective discontinuities in processing. At the same time, our simulations illustrate how typical prenominal linguistic constructions (“there are three balls”) structure information in a way that is largely unhelpful for discrimination learning, while suggesting that postnominal constructions (“balls, there are three”) will facilitate such learning. A training-experiment with three-year olds confirms these predictions, demonstrating that rapid, significant gains in numerical understanding and competence are possible given appropriately structured postnominal input. Our simulations and results reveal how discrimination learning tunes children's systems for representing small sets, and how its capacity-limits result naturally out of a mixture of the learning environment and the increasingly complex task of discriminating and representing ever-larger number sets. They also explain why children benefit so little from the training that parents and educators usually provide. Given the efficacy of our intervention, the ease with which it can be implemented, and the large body of research showing how early numerical ability predicts later educational outcomes, this simple discovery may have far-reaching consequences.
The temperature dependence of band maxima molar absorptivities of the carbon-halogen stretching mode in tertiary butyl chloride, bromide, and iodide in the liquid phase

The absorbances at the peak maxima of the carbon-halogen stretching mode of t-butyl chloride, bromide, and iodide have been measured as a function of temperature. With the use of corrected concentration and pathlengths, these data have been converted into molar absorptivities at the respective peak maxima. The data have then been analyzed statistically for the purpose of developing a mathematical model for the dependency of molar absorptivity, at these peak maxima, on the absolute temperature. In all three cases, a linear relationship of the form e = XT + Y was found to satisfactorily fit the data. The molar absorptivity of all three band maxima decreases approximately 1% per Kelvin. This result indicates that attempts to apply Beer's law at temperatures other than that used to derive the constants will lead to significant error if the temperatures differ by more than a few degrees.
Combination Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Stroke Prevention: Enhanced Efficacy or Double Trouble?

The evaluation of antithrombotic agents for secondary stroke prevention has focused on stroke reduction. The aim of this analysis was to focus specifically on the increase in bleeding risk. The annualized rates of total and major bleeding events in secondary stroke prevention trials of antithrombotics were assessed and cross compared. A Medline search for major randomized clinical studies with a follow-up duration of ≥1 year identified 13 studies. Pooled data sets were used to compare mean bleeding rates for aspirin (≤325 mg/day), clopidogrel, anticoagulants (warfarin and other vitamin K antagonists), aspirin plus clopidogrel, and aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole (ER-DP). Total bleeding occurred at mean rates of 4.8% with aspirin (≤325 mg/day) alone, 2.9% with clopidogrel alone, 3.6% with aspirin plus ER-DP, 10.1% with aspirin plus clopidogrel, and 16.8% with anticoagulation. Major bleeding occurred at mean rates of 1% with aspirin (≤325 mg/day) alone, 0.85% with clopidogrel, 0.93% with aspirin plus ER-DP, 1.7% with aspirin plus clopidogrel, and 2.5% with anticoagulation. In conclusion, the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel is associated with significantly greater bleeding than either aspirin (≤325 mg/day) or clopidogrel alone. Aspirin plus ER-DP has a greater bleeding rate than clopidogrel but a lower rate than aspirin (≤325 mg/day) alone.
Mechanical properties of chemical mechanical polishing pads containing water-soluble particles

Abstract Non-porous pads containing varying amounts of embedded water-soluble particles (WSP) have been characterized and compared to porous pads for interlayer dielectric chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) applications. In situ infrared imaging of the pad shows temperatures increasing as a function of pressure and velocity. Results also indicate that pad surface temperatures can increase up to 10 °C for a 1-min polish. Thermal information proves to be a critical component in explaining the viscoelastic response of the pad as a result of CMP process temperatures. Glass transition temperatures for WSP-containing pads occur within standard CMP operating temperatures (20–40 °C). Comparative storage modulus trends demonstrate steeper decreasing slopes with increasing temperature for WSP-containing pads than the IC-1000. The gradually decreasing slope for the IC-1000 is a sign of a highly cross-linked material. WSP-containing pads also exhibit a greater energy loss due to heat as quantified by the difference in tan δ. Regardless of whether a pad is new or used, dynamic mechanical analysis results indicate similar bulk properties.
Design of Circularly Towed Cable-Body Systems

Circularly towed cable-body systems can be used to pickup and deliver payloads, provide surveillance, and tow aerial and marine vehicles. To provide a stable operating platform, the body or end mass should have a unique and stable steady state solution with small diameter so that it travels at a much slower speed than the tow vehicle. In this paper, the minimum damping is calculated that ensures the stable single valued steady state solutions as a function of non-dimensional system parameters including cable length and end mass. Steady state solutions are found using the numerical continuation and bifurcation analysis and Galerkin’s method provides the linearized vibration equations that determine stability. Bifurcation analysis is also used to find the minimum achievable end mass radius. A design algorithm is presented and demonstrated using an example.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Articulating the Purpose of a Social Foundations of Education Course through Instructor Self-Interviews

Within contemporary political discourses that narrowly characterize learning in terms of high-stakes standardized examinations, the value of the social foundations of education for teachers is increasingly questioned and challenged by those within and outside programs of teacher education. Even more troubling, prospective teachers often struggle to identify the purpose and usefulness of social foundations for their work as teachers. In this self-study, I engaged in a form of self-interviewing that I adapted to the self-study context in order to better articulate the nuances, complexities, and tensions in the purpose of social foundations for teachers' practice.
Rupture of Leptospira Pomona Cells by Explosive Decompression

SummaryCells of Leptospira pomona were successfully ruptured by an explosive decompression technique. Twelve hundred pounds per square inch appeared to be the most favorable pressure for rupture with subsequent recovery of salvageable cell parts. Electron microscopic observations revealed that axial filaments could be recovered from ruptured cell suspensions by filtration—in high purity but rather low yield. Material believed to be derived from the outer cell envelope was similarly shown to be considerably purified by differential and gradient centrifugation; however, some axial filament fragments remained in these preparations. The method of explosive decompression is suggested as a physical means for the isolation of leptospiral cell structures for studies of chemical composition or antigenicity.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Beryllium Atoms with Hydrogen Cyanide in Excess Argon. FTIR Spectra and Quantum Chemical Calculations on BeCN, BeNC, HBeCN, and HBeNC

Laser-ablated beryllium atoms have been reacted with hydrogen cyanide (H12CN, H13CN, and D12CN) during condensation in excess argon at 6−7 K. In the matrix infrared spectrum, the major products observed are BeNC, BeCN, HBeNC, and HBeCN. Consistent with typical beryllium bonding, these new beryllium species are linear molecules. Density functional theory calculations on these products with the BP86 functional and 6-311G* basis sets predict vibrational frequencies extremely well, even for HBeCN where mixing between the nearly isoenergetic Be−H and C⋮N stretching modes causes significant complications in the spectra. Although B3LYP and MP2 calculations are more sophisticated than the BP86 method, they do not predict the vibrational frequencies of these products nearly as well. More important is the carbon 12/13 isotopic frequency ratio as a description of the normal modes, and the BP86 method generates 12/13 ratios much closer to observed values for HBeCN than frequency ratios from the more time-consuming CI...
Evaluating the analytical foundation of gene expression profiling with cDNA microarrays

Dr. Bittner received his B.A. from the College of the Holy Cross, and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in Biochemistry. He is currently the Head of the Teleonomics Unit within the Cancer Genetics Branch of the National Human Genome Research Institute. Dr. Bittner has been involved in a variety of genetic and cytogenetic strategies to study the range of complex changes characterizing the development and progression of cancer, and other complex disorders. He has particularly concentrated his recent efforts on developing hybridization-based analytical tools which will allow profiling of structure/expression changes at multiple loci in a single experiment, including cDNA microarrays. This technology requires a broad range of hardware, analytical software, statistical methodology, biological resources and biochemical methodologies which have had to be both developed and routinized in order to make this technology readily applicable to the large number of questions for which it is likely useful.
Translation Arrest Requires Two-Way Communication between a Nascent Polypeptide and the Ribosome

When the export of E. coli SecM is blocked, a 17 amino acid motif near the C terminus of the protein induces a translation arrest from within the ribosome tunnel. Here we used a recently described application of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to gain insight into the mechanism of translation arrest. We found that the SecM C terminus adopted a compact conformation upon synthesis of the arrest motif. This conformational change did not occur spontaneously, but rather was induced by the ribosome. Translation arrest required both compaction of the SecM C terminus and the presence of key residues in the arrest motif. Further analysis showed that the arrested peptidyl-tRNA was resistant to puromycin treatment and revealed additional changes in the ribosome-nascent SecM complex. Based on these observations, we propose that translation arrest results from a series of reciprocal interactions between the ribosome and the C terminus of the nascent SecM polypeptide.
Hypothesis on chlorosome biogenesis in green photosynthetic bacteria

Chlorosomes are specialized compartments that constitute the main light harvesting system of green sulfur bacteria (GSB) and some filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs (FAP). Chlorosome biogenesis promises to be a complex process requiring the generation of a unilayer membrane and the targeting of bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoids, quinones, and proteins to the chlorosome. The biogenesis of chlorosomes as well as their presence in two distinct bacterial groups, GSB and FAP, remains enigmatic. The photosynthetic machinery and overall metabolic characteristics of these two bacterial groups are very different, and horizontal gene transfer has been proposed to explain chlorosome distribution. Chlorosomes have been considered to be unique structures that require a specific assembly machinery. We propose that no special machinery is required for chlorosome assembly. Instead, it is suggested that chlorosomes are a special form of lipid body. We present a model for chlorosome biogenesis that combines aspects of lipid body biogenesis with established chlorosome characteristics and may help explain the presence of chlorosomes in two metabolically diverse organism groups.
Are ocean wave heights increasing in the eastern North Pacific

Erosion, caused in large part by unusually severe storms, has damaged beaches and property in recent years along the Pacific coast of the United States. In the Pacific Northwest (Oregon and Washington), four storms were experienced during the 1998–1999 La Nina winter that produced wave heights which exceeded what had been projected as the 100-year extreme event. This occurrence raises questions about the effects of climate controls— such as El Ninos and La Ni˜nas—on wave conditions in the North Pacific, and whether there has been a progressive increase in wave heights during recent decades, much as has been found in the North Atlantic. In the North Atlantic, researchers have documented from a long-term record of wave measurements west of Lands End, England, that wave heights have increased progressively since the late 1960s [Carter and Draper, 1988; Bacon and Carter, 1991; Kushnir et al., 1997; Gulev and Hasse, 1999]. Previous to our study, no attempt had been made to examine whether such trends exist in the North Pacific. This is now possible, thanks to more than a quarter-century of ocean buoy measurements of daily wave conditions throughout the eastern North Pacific.
Micromechanical parameters from macromechanical measurements on glass-reinforced polybutyleneterepthalate

Many elegant techniques have been developed for the quantification of composite micromechanical parameters in recent years. Unfortunately most of these techniques have found little enthusiastic support in the industrial product development environment. We have developed an improved method for obtaining the micromechanical parameters, interfacial shear strength, fibre orientation factor, and fibre stress at composite failure using input data from macromechanical tests. In this paper we explore this method through its application to injection moulded glass-fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites. We have measured the mechanical properties and residual fibre length distributions of glass-fibre-reinforced polybutyleneterepthalate containing different levels of glass fibre. This data was used as input for the model. The trends observed for the resultant micromechanical parameters obtained by this method were in good agreement with values obtained by other methods. Given the wealth of microstructural information obtained from this macroscopic analysis and the low level of resources employed to obtain the data we believe that this method deserves further investigation as a screening tool in composite system development programmes.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND GRAIN GROWTH OF WHEAT UNDER EXTREME NITROGEN NUTRITION REGIMES DURING MATURATION

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is usually the limiting nutrient for yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). However, spring and winter wheats in the Great Plains respond slightly to N during late developmental stages, suggesting that there is little requirement. Research was conducted to determine the effect of N nutrition during maturation on photosynthesis, the main source of assimilates for growth of grain, and to ascertain why wheat responds only slightly to late applications of N. The cultivar ‘Len’ was grown in complete hydroponic solution in a greenhouse until the jointing stage, when partial solutions containing 0, 0.15, 1.5, or 15 mM NaNO3 plus all other nutrients were supplied until the plants matured. Plant growth, photosynthetic rate, and related traits were measured from 5 to 35 d after anthesis and at maturity. High rates of N markedly increased grain, leaf, and stem biomass of the plants as they matured. Photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll and N contents, and area index of leaves were increased simultan...
Synthesis of B2 phase in TiAlNb alloys by mechanical alloying

Initial elements were mixed to yield an average starting composition corresponding to Ti 24 at. pct Al 11 at. pct Nb, mechanical alloying was carried out at room temperature, and the alloyed powder was examined by using X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction patterns of the elemental blend powders mechanically alloyed for different times are discussed, and it is concluded that the mechanical alloying led to the synthesis of a B2 (bcc) phase after three hours of milling, which transformed into an fcc phase after 14 hours of milling. The formation of a ternary supersaturated solid solution of niobium and aluminum in titanium with an hcp structure is observed, which again transformed into an fcc phase on continued milling. 29 refs.
Detection of Neural Action Potentials Using Optical Coherence Tomography: Intensity and Phase Measurements with and without Dyes.

We review the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for detection of neural activity, and present a new approach for depth localization of neural action potentials using voltage sensitive dyes as contrast agents in OCT. A stained squid giant axon is imaged by spectral domain OCT. Changes in the intensity and phase of back-scattered light coming from regions around the membrane are measured during action potential propagation. The depth-resolved change in back-scattered intensity coincides with the arrival of action potential at the measurement area, and is synchronous with the changes in transmitted light intensity and reflection mode cross-polarized light intensity measured independently. The system also provides depth-resolved phase changes as an additional indication of activity. With further investigation our results could open a new era in functional imaging technology to localize neural activity at different depths in situ.
The effect of post-treatment time and temperature on cerium-based conversion coatings on Al 2024-T3

Abstract Corrosion performance, morphology, and electrochemical characteristics of cerium-based conversion coatings on Al 2024-T3 were examined as a function of phosphate post-treatment time and temperature. Corrosion resistance improved after post-treatment in 2.5 wt.% NH4H2PO4 for times up to 10 min or temperatures up to 85 °C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization testing correlated to neutral salt spray corrosion performance. Hydrated cerium oxide and peroxide species present in the as-deposited coatings were transformed to CePO4·H2O for post-treatments at longer times and/or higher temperatures. Based on these results, processes active during post-treatment are kinetically dependent and strongly influenced by the post-treatment time and temperature.
Lipid Oxidation in Frozen Vegetables in Relation to Flavor Change

SUMMARY The TBA test, adapted for vegetable material, was useful in following lipid oxidation in frozen peas. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis for the loss of unsaturated fatty acids was not feasible for determining lipid oxidation in un-blanched vegetables. This work has established that rancidity is not a main cause of flavor deterioration in frozen Blackeye peas (Vigna sinensis) and possibly in other frozen vegetables. The amount of lipid oxidation occurring in frozen raw peas was too small to produce rancid odors. Lipoxidase was rapidly inactivated by a short blanching time, and no regeneration of the enzyme occurred during frozen storage of garden peas (Pisum sativum).