cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid CMOS thin-film devices based on solution-processed CdS n-TFTs and TIPS-Pentacene p-TFTs

Abstract Fabrication and characterization of integrated hybrid complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices (CMOS) using 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-PC) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) as the active layers deposited using solution based processes are demonstrated. The n- and p-type thin film transistors (TFTs), inverters, and NAND gate devices were fabricated using photolithography-based techniques. The hybrid CMOS technology demonstrated is compatible with large-area and mechanically flexible substrates given the low temperature processing ( 2 /V s, respectively. The inverters exhibited a DC gain of ≈52 V/V with full rail-to-rail switching. The NAND logic gates switch rail-to-rail with a transition point of V DD /2.
Thermal modeling and real time overload capacity prediction of overhead power lines

A widely and massively distributed power line sensor network (PLSN) has been proposed to monitor such a utility asset's status for enhancing line reliability and maximizing the existing power grid utilization. One of its important applications is to monitor and evaluate the real time dynamic overload current capacity of overhead power lines down to ‘per span’ level of granularity. How to predict the conductor temperature ahead of time subject to various conductor overload conditions is the most critical and challenging task to evaluate the line dynamic thermal rating. This paper proposes an Echo State Network (ESN) to adaptively identify the nonlinear overhead conductor thermal dynamics under different weather conditions, and to predict the conductor temperature. This method requires only temperatures and line current as inputs and its simplified calculation makes it an attractive and cost effective solution to real-time implementation. Furthermore, by continuously providing accurate real-time line thermal condition information, this method can assist in utilizing the power lines more effectively.
Piezoelectric transducer actuated leading edge de-icing with simultaneous shear and impulse forces

Piezoelectric actuations for simultaneous generation of shear and impulse forces for effective and energy efficient de-icing applications are proposed. Aircraft leading edge structures are considered for analysis and lab experiments. Piezoelectric actuators are affixed on the inner surface of the leading edge at the locations where highest amount of ice accretion on the outer surface has occurred. Simultaneous shear and impulse force generation is achieved with actuators consisting of two sets of electrodes, one arranged in parallel to the poling direction, and the other perpendicular to it, to generate shear forces and normal forces, respectively. Finite element models of the leading edge structure with ice accretion layer are formulated. Simulations of the de-icing process are performed and the actuator locations, electric charge applied, and impulse duration are optimized to achieve effective ice removal
At the Crossroads and in the Crosshairs: Social Welfare Policy and Low-Income Women's Vulnerability to Domestic Violence

Although research and social policy on domestic violence and poverty have largely focused on factors linked to welfare reform policy goals, low-income abused women have a broader set of needs for which they turn to the state for assistance. Using ethnographic data, I explore the impact of abused mothers' interactions with an array of social welfare policy systems on their ability to protect themselves and their children from domestic violence. Analysis of interview and observational data found that distinctions between positive and negative influences on vulnerability to domestic violence were not clear-cut. Policies that provided protection and security to some placed others at increased risk; some policies mitigated the risk of further abuse for participants at the same time that other policies exacerbated their risk. Findings identify some current policy successes and failures, highlight the important role played by frontline workers, and demonstrate the importance of expanding the focus of research in this area beyond welfare and employment policies and outcomes to include the range of structural forces affecting family life in low-income communities. Drawing on the analyses and findings, I discuss ways in which social policy might be made more responsive to abused women and better ensure the safety and security of our most vulnerable families.
First principles study of pyrophosphate defects and dopant–defect interactions in stronium-doped lanthanum orthophosphate

LaPO4 has been actively studied for proton conductor applications, due to its stability and proton uptake in humid atmospheres over intermediate temperature ranges. An important process underlying the application of this and related materials for proton-conductor applications is the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate defects. In this work we undertake density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations of the relative energetics of pyrophosphate defects and protons in LaPO4, including their binding with divalent dopant cations. Due to the low symmetry of the monazite crystal structure for LaPO4, there exists four symmetry-distinct pyrophosphate defect configurations; DFT calculations are used to identify the most stable configuration, which is 0.24 eV lower in energy than all others. Further, from supercell calculations with 1.85 mol% Sr doping, we investigate the dopant-binding energies for pyrophosphate defects to be 0.37 eV, which is comparable to the value of 0.34 eV calculated for proton–dopant binding energies in the same system. These results establish that dopant–defect interactions further stabilize proton incorporation, with the hydration enthalpies when the dopants are nearest and furthest from the protons and pyrophosphate defects being −1.66 eV and −1.37 eV, respectively. Even though our calculations show that dopant binding enhances the enthalpic favorability of proton incorporation, they also suggest that such binding is likely to substantially lower the kinetic rate of hydrolysis of pyrophosphate defects.
Statistical quality assurance in cytology. Use of the Pathfinder to continuously assess screener process control in real time.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the suitability of the Pathfinder (CompuCyte Corp., Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.), an innovative instrument for monitoring the mechanical aspects of cytology screening, as a training aid and workstation component for cytotechnologists for daily work flow in a large cytology laboratory. STUDY DESIGN: The impact of the implementation of the Pathfinder was assessed by comparing the performance of a group of senior cytotechnologists with the Pathfinder features enabled (displayed) and disabled (not displayed). When enabled, statistical parameters, including the percentage of screenable slide surface viewed, the amount of time spent viewing the slide and the percentage of overlap of the fields of view, were continuously displayed to the cytotechnologist on a small, dedicated video display terminal. Areas of the slide requiring additional review by the pathologist were indicated by a series of electronic icons placed by the cytotechnologists. RESULTS: The Pathfinder was found to provide critical insight into the variability that exists among cytotechnologists in their approach to screening. By establishing laboratory performance criteria for the aforementioned parameters, variability in performance could be reduced immediately. CONCLUSION: The continuous feedback provided by the Pathfinder to the cytotechnologist during the actual screening process could help to diminish false negative cervical cytologic smear evaluations due to correctable unsuspected errors in the practice of screening.
Thermally ordered oxygen on a nickel surface.

Abstract Oxygen is initially adsorbed upon a (110) nickel surface with unit sticking probability. At 1 3 coverage there are two different phases. At room temperature there is a well ordered (3 × 1) structure, which agglomerates at 300 °C into a poorly organized (2 × 1) structure. This transition is reversed when the crystal is cooled to room temperature. Between 1 2 and 2 3 coverage at 300 °C there is a set of superstructures of gradually increasing oxygen content, made up of (2 × 1) and (3 × 1) units uniformly distributed within repeating sequences. This behavior is quite different from the disorder found in this range when adsorption takes place at room temperature. When oxygen is removed from the surface by hydrogen at 300 °C, sharp superstructure spots are seen in the reverse order until the surface is clean.
Issues in Juvenile Program Implementation: A Case Study

Both adult and juvenile justice agencies seek to offer quality programs, but implementing a new program can be a difficult and daunting task. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the issues and concerns faced by one jurisdiction as a result of attempting to implement a new curfew check program. The goal is to share specific issues with general underlying solutions that may be utilized in other jurisdictions. An examination of the records of 79 juvenile offenders assigned to the program provides the information for this discussion. Results indicate that some basic assumptions of the program designers were incorrect, and that constant monitoring and the centralization of tasks were keys to program sustainability.
Inter- and intra-group compositional variations in Apollo 15 pyroclastic green glass - An electron- and ion-microprobe study

Results are presented on major- and trace-element abundance analyses of Apollo 15 pyroclastic green glasses from groups A, B, C, D, and E, carried out using electron- and ion-microprobe techniques. The diagrams depicting Sr, Zr, Ba, and Nd vs Co variations indicate the presence of a high-Co trend in groups A and D and a low-Co trend in groups B and C. Group-E glasses were found to be significantly enriched in Sr, relative to the other four glass groups. Chemical data of this study were integrated with previous data to evaluate various magmatic processes that have been proposed in the past to explain chemical variations in the lunar green glass. Results of calculations using a source mixing model suggest that the Apollo 15 green glasses represent multiple eruptive events from three chemically distinct but compositionally variable source regions.
Tunable Electron Interactions and Fractional Quantum Hall States in Graphene

The recent discovery of fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states in graphene raises the question of whether the physics of graphene offers any advantages over GaAs-based materials in exploring strongly correlated states of two-dimensional electrons. Here we propose a method to continuously tune the effective electron interactions in graphene and its bilayer by the dielectric environment of the sample. Using this method, the charge gaps of prominent FQH states, including $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/3$ or $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ states, can be increased several times, or reduced to zero. The tunability of the interactions can be used to realize and stabilize various strongly correlated phases and explore the transitions between them.
Convergence of multi-time step integration methods

Abstract An explicit multi-time step integration algorithm is presented for first order finite element systems. The multi-time step algorithm allows different time steps to be used in different subdomains of the mesh. The consistency of the algorithm using nodal and element partitions is examined and numerical results are given for the rate of convergence for the different partitions.
Target detection in hyperspectral images using projection pursuit with interference rejection

We present a method for the automatic, unsupervised detection of spectrally distinct targets from the background using hyperspectral imaging. The approach is based on the concepts of projection pursuit (PP) and unsupervised orthogonal subspace projection (UOSP). It has the advantage of not requiring any prior knowledge of the scene or the objects' spectral signatures. All information is obtained from the data. First, PP is used to both reduce the data dimensionality and locate potential targets. Then, UOSP suppresses the signatures from undesired objects or interferers that cause false detections when a spectral filter is applied. The result is a set of gray scale images where objects belonging to the same spectral class are enhanced while the background and other undesired objects are suppressed. This method is demonstrated using data from the Hyperspectral Digital Imagery Collection Experiment (HYDICE).
Finding Porn in the Ruin

The street on Detroit's eastside where Jane Cooper School used to stand is at the border of ruin porn, ruin erotica, and urban activism. That border is more about identity than about geography, and...
Sex is a potent modifier of the cardiovascular system

Despite the growing number of reports in the literature identifying sex-related differences in cardiac function in both rodents and humans, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be determined. Here, variables of experimental studies such as diet, animal model utilized, and age, in addition to sex hormones and other factors that may play a role in sex-related variations in cardiac responses to various pathophysiological conditions are discussed, suggesting that current approaches used in the study of cardiac disease require reevaluation. There are numerous health problems that are affected by gender. Women are more susceptible than men to depression, osteoporosis, asthma, lung cancer due to smoking, and autoimmune disease (1). Gender effects in disease are complex, however, as exemplified by the observation that while the incidence of melanoma is slightly higher among women than men, mortality from melanoma is higher in men. Not all medical problems show gender dimorphism. For example, males do not differ from females in terms of their responses to infection (1). When it comes to heart disease, generally, of those individuals diagnosed with heart disease, women fare much better than men. Little is known about the basis for this difference in cardiovascular disease. Much focus has been placed on the potential cardioprotective role of estrogen. However, the recent finding that estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women actually increased heart disease has challenged this view (2). Deriving a coherent view of potential players in sex-dependent differences in the heart requires analysis of both the clinical literature and the literature on sex-dependent differences in the cardiovascular system of laboratory animals. There is a major limiting factor in comparing rodent laboratory studies: the vast majority have been carried out on males only. However, this limitation appears to be changing. In the past year, a number of studies have appeared in which both males and females have been analyzed. An article in a recent issue of the JCI by O’Connell et al. (3) provided a glimpse into what promises to be a new way of thinking about genetic sex. In this report, the authors found that the α1-adrenergic receptors are critical in determining heart size and the ability of the heart to respond to both pathologic and physiologic stimuli, but only in male animals. Intriguingly, this sex-related difference did not disappear following ovariectomy of females. This article will discuss the fact that sex is an extremely potent modifier of the myocardium and will identify which pathways have been implicated in some of these differences. I hope it will become clear that future research should focus on the mechanisms by which both sex and diet can modify cardiovascular phenotypes.
Non-Vena Cava Venous Leiomyosarcomas: A Review of the Literature

Background Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare malignant tumor of smooth muscle origin that generally stems from soft tissues and uterine tissue. However, a small percentage of this sarcoma subset may originate from the smooth muscle of vessel walls, most of which are of venous origin. Although the vena cava (VC) serves as the most likely source for these tumors and has been well described in the literature, there is limited information focused on non-VC LMS derived from large veins. The focus of this study was to consolidate the reports and previously published data of all non-VC LMS of venous origin to better characterize and describe this disease process.
New laws but few cases: understanding the challenges to the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases

All fifty states and the federal government have passed laws to combat human trafficking, but we know little about their effectiveness. Using data from investigative case records and court files for 140 human trafficking cases in 12 U.S. counties and qualitative interviews with law enforcement, prosecutors, and victim service providers, we examined the characteristics of and challenges to investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases under new state and federal laws. We found that few human trafficking cases are identified by local law enforcement, most cases forwarded to state prosecution are sex trafficking cases involving U.S. citizens, and state prosecutors overwhelmingly charge human trafficking offenders with other, lesser crimes. The legal, institutional, and attitudinal challenges that constrain prosecution of human trafficking are similar across study sites despite varying types of state antitrafficking legislation. Study results suggest prosecution of human trafficking cases is challenging. If new laws are to be effective, then local law enforcement and prosecutors should work collaboratively and adopt proactive human trafficking investigative strategies to identify both labor and sex trafficking cases. There is social benefit to holding traffickers accountable, but more emphasis should be placed on policies that identify and serve victims.
Imidazole Substituent Effects on Oxidative Reactivity of Tripodal(imid)2(thioether)CuI Complexes

In the search for new bis(imidazole)thioether (BIT) copper complexes that accurately mimic the electronic and reactivity features of the CuM site of copper hydroxylase enzymes, a set of tripodal BIT ligands 4a, b- 6a, b has been synthesized that vary according to the imidazole C-(Ph or H) and N-(H or Me) substituents, as well as the position (2- or 4-) of the tripodal attachment. Corresponding [(BIT)Cu(L)](PF6) complexes 7a, b', 8a, b', and 9a', b' [L=CO (a), CH3CN (b)] have been prepared and characterized spectroscopically. The IR spectra of 7a- 9a (L=CO), specifically nu(CO), show little variation (2090-2100 cm(-1)), suggesting a similar electronic character of the Cu centers. In contrast, cyclic voltammetric analysis of these compounds (L=CH3CN) reveals quasi-reversible oxidation waves with significant variation of Epa in the range of + 0.45-0.57 V vs Fc/Fc(+), depending on the imidazole substituents. Each of the [(BIT)Cu(CH 3CN)]PF6 complexes reacts with dioxygen to form [(BIT)Cu(II) 2(mu-OH) 2](PF6)2 derivatives, 10- 12, but they vary considerably in their relative reactivity, following the same trend as the ease of their electrochemical oxidation, that is, [(2-BIT (NMe))Cu(CH 3CN)](+) ( 9b')>[(4-BIT (Ph,NMe))Cu(CH3CN)](+) ( 8b')>[(2-BIT (Ph2,NMe))Cu(CH3CN)](+) (1a')>[(4-BIT (Ph,NH))Cu(CH3CN)](+) (7b'). Thus, N-Me substitution and 4-tethering on the imidazole unit increase oxidation and oxygenation reactivity, while Ph-substitution and 2-tethering decrease reactivity. PM3 and DFT calculations are employed to analyze the relative stability, the electronic features, the Cu-CO vibrtional frequency, and the electrochemical and oxidative reactivity of the complexes.
A counterexample to questions on the integrality property of virtual signature

Abstract Wall (1961), defined the virtual Euler Characteristic χ(Γ) of an arbitrary group Γ of finite homological type as χ(Γ)=χ(Γ′)/[Γ:Γ′]∈ Q , where Γ′ is any torsion free subgroup of finite index in Γ . Analogous to virtual Euler Characteristic, we define the Virtual signature of an oriented virtual Poincare Duality group, a rational number. We show that two of Ken Brown's results on questions regarding the integrality property of virtual Euler Characteristics when formulated in the Virtual signature case is false.
Association between statin use and mortality in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Background A few previous nested cohort trials have evaluated the use of statins on survival and the occurrence of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (VT/VF). While the studies generally agreed on the survival effects, they disagreed on the magnitude of the mortality benefit and on the effect on VT/VF. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine in a large, long-term follow-up cohort whether statin therapy could reduce mortality and the occurrence of VT/VF in a mixed population receiving an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for primary or secondary prevention and either ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods Cohort evaluation of all patients undergoing implantation of an ICD with a left ventricular ejection fraction Results There were 314 deaths among the 1204 patients (26.1%). The use of statin therapy (n = 642) was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53–0.85; P P = .14). Conclusions Statin therapy is associated with a reduction in overall mortality in patients with ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy with an ICD implanted for either primary or secondary prevention. The magnitude of survival benefit might have been underestimated given our inability to use statin as a time-dependent covariate.
Conquest traditions, conflict transformation, and the cultural boundaries of criminology: Rigoberta Menchú and criminological science

As criminology broadens its traditional concerns to encompass genocide, mass violence, conflict transformation, and peacemaking, it can benefit from exposure to the experiences and epistemologies of actors beyond its conventional borders. Here, I explicate the testimonio of indigenous rights activist Rigoberta Menchu, arguing that an encounter between Menchu and criminology helps us appreciate the significance of culture for our understanding of conflict and makes us aware of how criminological science is itself a cultural tradition. Interpreting the development of Menchu’s consciousness, identity, and activism as a dialectical relationship between her cultural traditions and contemporary experience, I examine the ‘Conquest traditions’ that Menchu inherits, identify stages in her development of a systematic understanding of oppression and commitment to resistance, and explore how her traditional beliefs are transformed by her new understanding and commitment to activism and conflict transformation. I then...
Differential up- and down-regulation of type I and type II receptors for adrenocorticosteroid hormones in mouse brain.

Adult female mice were adrenalectomized and ovariectomized and the concentration of Type I and Type II receptors in whole brain, kidney, and liver cytosol determined at various time thereafter by incubation with [3H]aldosterone (+ RU 26988 to prevent binding to Type II receptors) or [3H]dexamethasone, respectively. Type I receptor binding in brain was found to undergo a dramatic biphasic up-regulation, with levels six times that of intact levels by 24 h post-surgery and a doubling again by 4–8 days post-surgery. By 16 days, however, Type I specific binding had returned to intact levels. Similar, but less dramatic fluctuations were seen in kidney and liver, whereas much smaller fluctuations were seen fot Type II receptors in all three tissues. In a follow-up study with Scatchard analyses we observed a similar transient up- and down-regulation in maximal binding for Type I, and to a lesser extent Type II receptors in all three tissues. As expected, the apparent binding affinity for both receptors increased after surgical removal of competing endogenous steroids. Radioimmunoassays revealed that plasma concentrations of corticosterone were reduced to near undetectable levels by 24 h post-surgery. A direct comparison of male and female mice revealed no sex-related differences in Type I receptor binding capacity fluctuations in brain cytosol after adrenalectomy-gonadectomy. Lastly, treatment with exogenous aldosterone or corticosterone was found to prevent adrenalectomy-gonadectomy-induced up-regulation of Type I and, to a lesser extent, Type II receptors in brain. Somewhat surprisingly, the potency of these two adrenocorticosteroids appeared to be very similar for both receptor types.
Estimating the Interdependence of Television Program Viewership Between Spouses: A Bayesian Simultaneous Equation Model

When making product choices, consumers are influenced by the preferences of other consumers, such as family members, friends, neighbors, and colleagues. Preference interdependence among family members is likely to be significant because of cohabitation and strong emotional ties. To estimate the preference interdependence, we specify a simultaneous equation model and propose a Bayesian estimation approach. Unlike existing models that use a spatial autoregressive structure to capture the interdependence of consumer preferences, we are able to estimate the potential asymmetry in the preference interdependence among family members in a more flexible way. In a simulation study, we show that models that ignore interdependence of preferences yield biased estimates of consumers' sensitivity to observed attribute preferences. In an empirical application, we estimate the interdependence of the viewership of television programs between husbands and wives in 481 households. We find that wives' viewing behavior depends more strongly on their husbands' viewing behavior than husbands' viewing behavior depends on their wives' viewing behavior. There exist significant differences in parameter estimates of dependence across categories of television programs. Differences in levels of spousal interdependence across households are partially explained by the age and the education level of the spouses.
Assessing Strategic Cultural Competency: Holistic Approaches to Student Learning Through Media

The current study investigated the impact of a German television program on changes in 4th-semester German students' reflections on cultural perceptions over the course of 1 semester. Sixty-nine students at the University of Texas at Austin watched 4 episodes of the popular German television program Lindenstrasse. After viewing, students were asked to reflect in written response papers on cultural features and patterns of behavior and on cultural differences and similarities. The study results suggest that students' perceptions of another culture can become more sophisticated when being exposed to authentic filmic material and asked to reflect in writing about observed plot features and cultural manifestations. The key to these results is a strategy for assessing not just students' recall of cultural content, but also their strategic competencies in negotiating cultural difference. Changes in students' cognitive styles were tracked by a scale that rewards students' strategic ability to manage details of cultural knowledge and sociolinguistic content, including the following categories: (a) rhetorical organization; (b) content; (c) comparative point of view; and (d) interpretive substance. The article provides a model for the assessment of cultural competency (MACC), which can be adapted to assess students' engagement with the culture represented in various materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Capillary waves at a gas-liquid phase interface

Abstract A first-order perturbation analysis of capillary waves at a gas-liquid phase interface is carried out. We recognize in this analysis that a surfactant may be present that will be transferred to and from the phase interface as a function of time. The Newtonian surface fluid model is used to describe the surface source of momentum and the jump momentum balance; Levich's model for surface convection has been adopted for the surface source in the jump mass balance for surfactant. We do not assume equilibrium to be instantaneously established between the surface and the substrate in the sense that the surface concentration of surfactant is not required to be a function merely of the concentration of surfactant in the bulk phase at the interface. The results indicate that the surface shear viscosity and surface dilational viscosity are equally important. To date only Mann's data for this geometry present the wavelength and damping factor as functions of frequency. Unfortunately our analysis and all other analyses presently available do not appear to be applicable to his data, because he introduced a mechanical probe in the interface. If we assume that Mann's correction for the effect of his mechanical probe is sufficient, then there appears to be a question concerning his value for surface tension. The three models studied give a much better description of his data, if one uses a value for surface tension smaller than that he reported. If we assume both that Mann has fully accounted for the presence of his mechanical probe in reporting his experimental data and that the values of surface tension he gave are in error, then we can say that the analysis presented here for the damping of capillary waves is superior to any other analysis previously available. With these assumptions, we would be encouraged to say that the use of the Newtonian surface fluid model for surface stress and the Levich model for surface convection are apparently justified in this situation. It would also seem that equilibrium is not instantaneously established between the surface and the substrate, in the sense that the surface concentration of surfactant cannot be assumed to be a function merely of the concentration of surfactant in the bulk phase at the interface. However, these conclusions must still be considered tentative in view of the scatter in Man's experimental data.
Emotional and Social Development of African American Children

Concerns about the development of African American children living in poverty most often center on academic, behavioral, and emotional functioning. Efforts to understand and to remedy thege concern...
Directors' perceptions of the effects of managed care in outpatient substance abuse treatment

This study examines the perceptions of unit directors' regarding the effects of managed care on outpatient treatment and operations. Specifically, we propose that perceptions vary as a function of managed care penetration, managed care complexity, and the stringency of managed care oversight procedures. Data are from a nationally representative sample survey of 236 outpatient substance abuse treatment organizations conducted in 1995. Study findings support the thesis that directors' perceptions vary systematically with specific attributes of managed care. Specifically, directors' perceptions of positive managed care effects are associated with two managed care oversight procedures: (a) managed care limits on the number of sessions provided; and (b) managed care requirements for follow-up after treatment. Directors perceptions of negative effects of managed care are significantly related to (a) managed care penetration, (b) managed care complexity; and (c) four different managed care oversight procedures. These results have implications for treatment given the rapid growth in managed behavioral care.
Normal impact of blunt projectiles on moving targets: Analytical considerations

Abstract An analytical model for the normal impact of blunt, cylindrical and undeformable projectiles on thin metallic targets moving in a plane normal to the initial bullet trajectory has been developed. This analysis is intended to depict the principal phenomena that occur when such a projectile strikes the center of a circular plate mounted at the end of an arm rotating about the other end at constant angular velocity. The first step in the simulation constructions of the construction of a three-stage plugging process involving plastic wave propagation, joint projectile/target motion and tensile failure designed for impact on a stationary plate, using a membrane theory for the target response. This axisymmetric representation was then applied to moving targets by employment of impulse-momentum laws. Petaling failure was portrayed by an upper-bound plasticity approach, while projectile motion was described by rigid-body dynamics. The principal assumption inherent in this representation were guided by geometric considerations and observations from tests described in a companion paper. Model evaluation was performed for several cases of projectile and target speed combinations. Relevant solutions were compared with results from corresponding experiments. In general, good correlation were obtained; discrepancies could be attributed to the effect of features that had not been incorporated in the model.
Reaction to Differentiate Vitamin A from Carotene by Means of Antimony Trichloride.

SummaryAntimony trichloride may be used effectively as a reagent to differentiate vitamin A from carotene. In chloroform solution antimony trichloride and carotene interact with the formation of a blue color, which persists after heating on the water-bath at 60° C. Under similar conditions antimony trichloride and vitamin A-bearing oils develop at room temperature a blue color. On the application of heat the blue color changes to rose, violet-red or wine-red, depending upon the concentration of the vitamin.Pyrocatechin, which Rosenthal and Erdelyi employed along with the antimony trichloride reagent to differentiate vitamin A from carotene, is not only needless, but it actually inhibits the formation of the blue color with carotene and of the blue color with oils rich in vitamin A at room temperature and of the rose or violet-red after heating. Aged solutions of pyrocatechol exert even greater inhibitory powers than fresh solutions.
Characterization of the kinetics of phospholipase C activity toward mixed micelles of sodium deoxycholate and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

Abstract Phospholipase C catalyzed hydrolysis of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) in phospholipid–bile salt mixed micelles was studied with particular attention on the relationship between interfacial enzyme activity and the physicochemical properties of substrate aggregates. Steady state kinetics is observed and it is argued that conditions for steady state exist because the enzyme encounters a steady supply of substrate by hopping between micelles at a rate faster than the chemical reaction rate. An existing kinetic model is reformulated to a more usable form. This presents a new approach to treating the kinetic data and allows extraction of the kinetic parameters of the model from the activity dependence on micellar lipid substrate surface concentration. The kinetic parameters were found to depend on the physicochemical properties of substrate aggregates, but remain constant over a range of lipid and bile salt concentrations. The substrate aggregates were characterized by time-resolved fluorescence quenching (TRFQ). The activity values and the micelle sizes group into two sets: (i) larger micelles for bile salt/lipid ≤ 5 showing higher activity and shorter steady state duration (≤ 4 min) and (ii) smaller micelles for bile salt/lipid > 5 with lower activity and longer steady state (≈ 10 min). At least two sets of parameters, for bile salt/lipid ≤ 5 and > 5, characterize the kinetics. Higher enzyme–micelle dissociation constant and lower catalytic rate are found for the group of smaller micelles. An explanation supporting our finding is that as micelles become smaller the overlap area for enzyme–micelle binding decreases, leading to weaker binding. Consequently the enzyme dissociation constant increases. Extension of the present approach to other phospholipases and substrates to establish its generality and correlation between micelle size and the catalytic rate are areas for future investigations.
A simplified method for the study of thrombus formation on intravascular prostheses.

Abstract Previous studies demonstrating that fabric-covered, prosthetic heart valves resist thrombus formation, have provoked interest in evaluating the behavior of intravascular metal surfaces, covered with a variety of materials. A simple device for carrying out such studies is described. Struts made from platinum-iridium wire were placed in the atria of 24 dogs. Three struts were uncovered, 12 were covered with porous synthetic fabric, and 9 were covered with everted vein segments. All three uncovered struts rapidly developed thrombus, but both types of covered struts consistently resisted thrombus formation. This study in adult dogs confirms previous findings in growing calves, and suggests a simple technique for the further elucidation of problems associated with thrombus formation on prosthetic heart valves.
Regulation of human epidermal keratinocyte differentiation by the vitamin D receptor and its coactivators DRIP205, SRC2, and SRC3.

It has long been known that the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, stimulates differentiation and inhibits proliferation in epidermal keratinocytes through interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR functions through the coordinate binding of vitamin D response elements in the DNA and specific coactivator proteins which help to initiate transcription. It was recently observed that VDR binds to two major coactivator complexes, DRIP (VDR-interacting protein) and SRC (steroid receptor coactivator), during keratinocyte differentiation. To determine the role of VDR and its coactivators in mediating keratinocyte differentiation, we developed an adenoviral system to knock down, or in the case of VDR, overexpress these genes. In order to study all stages of keratinocyte development, we employed an advanced differentiated normal human keratinocyte culture system that produces a multilayer phenotype similar to that of normal skin. These studies have shown that VDR, DRIP, and SRC are all required for promotion of both early and late keratinocyte differentiation. Additionally, each individual differentiation marker that was assayed has a different specificity for the coactivators that regulate its expression.
In vivo evaluation of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE To describe the in vivo evolution of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS Laser photocoagulation was applied to the mouse fundus using a 532-nm diode laser (100, 150, and 200 mW; 100-μm diameter, 0.1-second duration). SD-OCT examination was performed immediately after laser application and at days 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after laser. Fluorescein angiography (FA) was performed at day 5, 7, 14, and 28. Acquired SD-OCT images were analyzed to describe morphologic features, measure CNV size and retinal thickness, and assess the frequency of lesions resulting in fluid accumulation. Finally, SD-OCT images were compared to fluorescein angiograms and histologic sections with immunostaining at similar time points. RESULTS SD-OCT allowed visualization of the initial laser damage and the subsequent stages of the injury response. CNV formation reached its maximum size at day 5. By day 7, significant size reduction was observed (P < 0.001), continuing through days 14 and 28. Exudation signs, such as fluid accumulation and increase in retinal thickness, followed the same time course, with a peak at day 5 and a decrease by day 7. Delivery of higher laser energy levels to the RPE/choroid complex resulted in a significant percentage of lesions demonstrating excessive chorioretinal damage without CNV formation. CONCLUSIONS SD-OCT is a fast and reliable tool for the in vivo evaluation of laser-induced CNV, allowing quantification of lesion size and exudation parameters. Moreover, it provides morphologic information that correlates with histologic findings.
Reactions of the fluorescent sensor, Zinquin, with the zinc-proteome: adduct formation and ligand substitution.

Zinquin (ZQ) is a commonly used sensor for cellular Zn2+ status. It has been assumed that it measures accessible Zn2+ concentrations in the nanomolar range. Instead, this report shows a consistent pattern across seven mammalian cell and tissue types that ZQ reacts with micromolar concentrations of Zn2+ bound as Zn-proteins. The predominant class of products were ZQ-Zn-protein adducts that were characterized in vivo and in vitro by a fluorescence emission spectrum centered at about 470 nm, by their migration over Sephadex G-75 as protein not low molecular weight species, by the exclusion of reaction with lipid vesicles, and by their large aggregate concentration. In addition, variable, minor formation of Zn(ZQ)2 with a fluorescence band at about 490 nm was observed in vivo in each case. Because incubation of isolated Zn-proteome with ZQ also generated similar amounts of Zn(ZQ)2, it was concluded that this species had formed through direct ligand substitution in which ZQ had successfully competed for protei...
Graphene Nanoribbon Spin Interconnects for Nonlocal Spin-Torque Circuits: Comparison of Performance and Energy Per Bit With CMOS Interconnects

Solid-state devices based on utilizing the electron spin for storing and manipulating information may pave the way for next-generation computers. In this paper, the performance and the energy dissipation of graphene spin interconnects in a nonlocal spin-torque (NLST) circuit are compared against those of the CMOS circuit at the end of the silicon technology roadmap (technology year 2020). The interconnect-oriented limitations of the NLST circuit are quantified through exhaustive simulations. The impact of the electron scattering at the edges of the graphene nanoribbon (GNR) on the speed and the energy dissipation of the NLST circuit are evaluated. It is found that, if the edges in the GNR scatter electrons with a 100% probability, then the delay of the interconnect in the NLST circuit is 10× higher than its value at perfectly passivated GNR edges for an interconnect with a length of 100 gate pitches and a width of 14 nm. The scattering of electrons at the GNR edges leads to inefficient spin injection in the interconnect, which increases the energy dissipation of the NLST circuit. Energy versus delay landscapes of the NLST circuit and the CMOS circuit are compared. It is found that the energy versus delay of the NLST circuit exhibits a minimum in energy, which is in striking in contrast with the energy-versus-delay behavior of the CMOS circuit.
Effects of Vertical Diffusion of Electrons near the Magnetic Equator

IF electrodynamic movements are neglected, the continuity equation for the electron density N at a fixed height h in region F of the ionosphere may be written : where Q is the rate of production of electrons, βN is the effective rate of loss due to recombination processes and D is the contribution due to diffusion. If diffusion is considered to be predominantly vertical, the expression of Ferraro1 reduces to the following form : where b is a constant, l is the dip angle of the Earth's magnetic field, n is the density of neutral particles, and H is the scale height, here assumed constant. It is also assumed that H is the same for the neutral atmosphere as for the ions : if this is not true, the conclusions reached here will remain essentially unchanged, but the values of the constants will be modified.
Littoral cell angioma: A case and review of the literature

Littoral cell angioma (LCA) is a rare primary vascular tumor of the spleen with a nonspecific clinical presentation. Frequently, it is an incidental finding in individuals undergoing imaging for other disorders and requires pathologic correlation for definitive diagnosis. Here we present a case and a brief overview of the literature.
Realizing the Full Potential of PET for Measuring the Biodistribution of Novel Anticancer Agents

1500 Objectives There is currently great interest in application of nanoparticles for molecular imaging and drug delivery. Such applications would be enhanced by the development of radiolabeled nanoparticles to allow imaging and monitoring of nanoparticle-drug conjugates. The aim of this study was to develop synthesis of biocompatible 141Ce-nanoparticles as radiotracers for molecular imaging and drug delivery platforms. Methods 141Ce was used to synthesize radioactive nanoparticles (rNC) in one-pot reaction. Dextran T-10 (DT10) and Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) were used to coat nanoceria and make it biocompatible. Folic acid, as a tumor targeting molecule, was linked to the radioactive nanoceria through bioconjugation reaction with amine-functionalized DT10-rNC or PAA-rNC to demonstrate diversity of bioconjugation. In vitro toxicity and cellular uptake of rNC were also determined. Results Radioactive labeled reaction of DT10-rNC was almost quantitative and 70% reaction yield was achieved for PAA-rNC. Sizes, Surface ligands and charges of rNC can be modified by adjusting the reaction conditions. The results of TEM and DLS showed that rNCs have a small and uniform size distribution. No interaction was observed when incubating the DT-10 or PAA rNCs with serum protein. More than 80% cell viability was seen after exposure of mouse mammary carcinoma (MMC) cells to 40ug/ml of rNC for up to 24 hours. There was more than 8-fold increase in uptake of folic acid conjugated rNC in these cells in comparison to unconjugated rNC. Conclusions A good method to synthesize the radioisotope incorporated Nanoparticles was developed. Size and surface-functionalization of rNCs can be adjusted by changing the reaction conditions, which endow the rNCs potential biological application in imaging or nano-biomedicine
Application of a Frequency Distribution Method for Determining Instars of the Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Widths of Cast Head Capsules

Instar determination of field-collected insect larvae has generally been based on the analysis of head capsule width frequency distributions or bivariate plotting, but few studies have tested the validity of such methods. We used head capsules from exuviae of known instars of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), to determine the larval instars with the frequency distribution method and Dyar's rule. Head capsule widths of S. exigua ranged from 0.313 to 1.446 mm. The number of instars from the analytical method matched that from the observed data. Based on misclassification rules derived from nonlinear least square fitting of the head capsule width data, the theoretical misclassification rates ranged from 0.62 to 1.92%. Comparing the theoretical distribution to the observed data, the observational misclassification probabilities ranged from 1.18 to 3.03%. There were also 10 head capsules, eight third instars and two fourth instars, not classified into any of the known instars based on the theoretical distributions. Dyar's growth ratios of successive instars ranged from 1.41 to 1.65, and those based on the observed data and theoretical distribution were similar. Both approaches yielded a linear relationship between the natural logarithm of the mean head capsule width and the instar number, which indicates full representation of the larval instars. The results demonstrated that the frequency distribution-based method was robust, although we recommend caution when using such methods to classify head capsules into specific instar classes. Application of computer algorithms should also be accompanied by visual inspection to determine instars from the frequency distribution.