cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics simulations of the evaporation of particle-laden droplets

We use molecular dynamics simulations to study the evaporation of particle-laden droplets on a heated surface. The droplets are composed of a Lennard-Jones fluid containing rigid particles, which are spherical sections of an atomic lattice, and heating is controlled through the temperature of an atomistic substrate. We observe that sufficiently large (but still nanosized) particle-laden drops exhibit contact line pinning, measure the outward fluid flow field which advects particles to the drop rim, and find that the structure of the resulting aggregate varies with interparticle and droplet-wall interactions. The profile of the evaporative fluid flux is measured with and without particles present and is also found to be in qualitative but not quantitative agreement with earlier theory. The compatibility of the deposit patterns in simple nanoscale calculations and micron-scale experiments indicates that molecular simulation may be used to predict aggregate structure in evaporative growth processes.
Gas Temperature Measurements by Spontaneous Raman Spectra of Carbon Dioxide

Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy (SRS) has been used in combustion diagnostics to measure gas temperature and species concentration.1–7 SRS is an inelastic process in which the scattered light undergoes a frequency change characteristic of the internal energy levels of the irradiated molecules. SRS is easy to implement as a fieldable system, because it is a relatively simple and inexpensive technique. The Raman signal can be collected in the backward direction which makes SRS suitable for industrial applications using only one optical port. However, it suffers from low collection efficiency due to its isotropy scattered signal. Recent Raman studies with pulsed lasers and gated detection have shown a great improvement in the sensitivity of SRS technique.1,2
Protein-energy supplementation of normal hospital diet did not improve outcomes after recent stroke.

Source Citation The FOOD Trial Collaboration. Routine oral nutritional supplementation for stroke patients in hospital (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365:755-63. 15...
Communication design

What is communication design? The term may represent, along with technical communication, information design, and content development, the latest permutation of how the work once known as technical writing has been re-named and re-professionalized. This is a reductive answer, of course, since the terms emphasize different qualities of that work and all are pinchy and baggy as generic descriptors. A different answer is that the term communication design captures an awareness that our field lacks a center. It has its genres and its processes, but as Johnson-Eilola and Selber (in press) argue, it is the focus on defining and solving problems in novel ways and in response to the exigencies of highly varied situations that underscores the importance of what we do. I prefer to see communication design as an embrace of that role, a recognition that the scope of our concern is broad: it is communication. It is also constructive work, aimed at producing concrete effects in the world. It is not just writing; it is design.
The School Counselor and STEM Career Development

There is an increasing concern that the demand for science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workers in the United States will exceed the supply. In the United States, very few students, an...
Rethinking associations in psychology

I challenge the dominant understanding of what it means to say two thoughts are associated. The two views that dominate the current literature treat association as a kind of mechanism that drives sequences of thought (often implicitly treating them so). The first, which I call reductive associationism, treats association as a kind of neural mechanism. The second treats association as a feature of the kind of psychological mechanism associative processing. Both of these views are inadequate. I argue that association should instead be seen as a highly abstract filler term, standing in for causal relations between representational states in a system. Associations, so viewed, could be implemented by many different mechanisms. I outline the role that this view gives associative models as part of a top-down characterization of psychological processes of any kind and of any complexity.
EM Loads on ITER Diagnostics Equatorial Port Plug 9 and Its In-Port Components During Plasma Disruptions

AbstractInternational Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) diagnostic port plugs perform many functions including nuclear shielding, structural support of diagnostic system, while allowing for diagnostic access to the plasma. With design advancing, the in-port diagnostic components are integrated into the port plug structure, and the diagnostic shield modules (DSM) are customized to accommodate the in-port diagnostic components. This technical note summarizes results of transient electro-magnetic analysis using Opera 3d in support of recent design activities for ITER diagnostic equatorial port plug (EPP). A complete distribution of disruption loads on each component in EPP9 is presented. Impacts of different design features, such as the locations of the electrical contact, to the EM loads are discussed, and solutions for improving the port structure design are proposed.
Optimization and simulation of a 16-channel loop and dipole array for head MRI applications at 10.5 Tesla

A sixteen-channel array consisting of eight pairs of stacked loop and dipole antennas was simulated for head MRI applications at 10.5 Tesla. Remcom XFdtd was used to calculate isolation between loop and dipole elements modeled with a dielectric load with varying space between loop and dipole elements. A loop-dipole array assembly was simulated for a candidate element configuration with a head-shaped dielectric phantom.
Awake My Soul: Mothering Myself Toward Recovery

In this chapter, I narrate my experience of struggling with and then seeking treatment for an eating disorder, which was exacerbated by the stressors of stay-at-home parenting and my life in academics. I explain how taking both psychological and spiritual perspectives on my eating disorder enabled me to recognize its paradoxical nature as the thing that simultaneously barred me from being my fullest self and signaled the small voice of my soul longing to awake. In conclusion, I name how practices of parenting—attention to breathing and physical and emotional cradling—along with greater participation in the sacramental life of the Catholic church have contributed to my recovery and growing ability to see myself as beloved by God.
A balanced dual-band tunable bandpass filter

This paper presents a balanced tunable non-resonating node (NRN) based dual-band filter which produces a bandpass response under differential mode (DM) and a wide stopband under common mode (CM) excitation. Using one uniform impedance resonator and two assymetrical stepped impedance resonators (SIR) for CM operation, a flat stopband with five transmission zeros can be achieved. The lengths and widths of the SIR line sections are adjusted to achieve required transmission zeros and rejection level in the CM stopband. For demonstration, a varactor loaded balanced dual-band tunable prototype is designed and implemented.
From Design to Test: A High-Speed PRBS

A full-rate parallel pseudo random bit sequence (PRBS)-9 is systematically designed in the IBM 130-nm six-level metalization SiGe BiCMOS process with 2.5/3.3-V dual power supplies for the application of testing high-speed interconnects. The PRBS length and the phase difference between channels are studied using the methods of autocorrelation and cross correlation, respectively. The parallel PRBS streams can be used as stimuli for a serializer, and the autocorrelation method can be applied as a PRBS checker. It can also be used as stimuli for a four-level pulse amplitude modulation-4 signaling format transmitter with the least correlation between the LSB and the MSB by choosing the appropriate channel combinations. Two prototype boards are designed to test the PRBS along with an on-chip type-II third-order charge-pump phase-locked loop. Signal integrity issues are investigated. Finally, the PRBS has been demonstrated at board level with nonreturn-to-zero format operating at more than 10 Gb/s.
Soil Erosion Under Forests

A forestland is a non-agricultural land with at least 10% of tree cover (FAO, 2000). In this context, the global forest area is estimated at 4 billion ha or about 30% of the total terrestrial surface (FAO, 2005). Forests are not evenly distributed across all regions and are rather concentrated in specific climatic zones. Depending on the climate, forests are classified as temperate, boreal, and tropical forests. Depending on the growth characteristics, forests are classified as evergreen, semi-evergreen, deciduous, lower and upper montane, mixed, and mangrove forests. Extensive forestlands in the world include rain forests in the Amazon, Congo Basin and Sumatra, dry woodlands in Southern Africa, coastal mangroves in Southeast Asia; and alpine forests in the Andean region of South America.
Acute Toxicities of Therapy: Urologic Complications

Acute urologic complications of therapy could arise from any of the three modalities that are used to treat cancers: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
Shifting Culture: Professional Development through Academic Course Transformation

• IMPACT is a comprehensive multi-year campus-wide collaborative effort designed to achieve greater student-centered learning environments by incorporating a variety of student-centered teaching an...
lokasaMgraha: An Indigenous Construct of Leadership and Its Measure

Western models and constructs have dominated research in leadership. Cross-cultural research in leadership has questioned the validity of western models, but because of its focus on etics or universals, it has not provided much insight to managers in non-western cultures. We need to develop indigenous models of leadership that can provide insights to guide people’s daily behavior in work and social settings. To fill this lacuna, a small step is taken, and an Indian model of leadership is presented. The construct of lokasaMgraha is derived from the bhagavadgItA, and its relevance for leadership is examined. The construct of lokasaMgraha is further analyzed in the context of Indian concept of self, stages of life (varNAzrama dharma), and the four objectives of life (puruSArthas). This approach results in a rich cultural model of leadership. The construct of lokasaMgraha proposes that not only leaders but also their followers should act so that all their actions are for the greater public good. In other words, leadership is about serving others. All actions, thus, are to be performed without hankering after the outcomes or fruits of one’s efforts, which is the doctrine of niSkAma karma proposed in the bhagavadgItA. The model is grounded in the idea that willy-nilly we are all on a spiritual journey. Implications of this model for global psychology and future research are discussed.
Personae at play. ‘Men of Mathematics’ in commentary

Abstract Mathematical writers, above all, Euclid, tend to present their theorems as decontextualized, abstract propositions, which has become the standard modus of textual presentation in theoretical mathematics. Mathematical commentators, however, provide their readers with personal names and historical facts in order to elucidate problems, provide contexts of discovery, or construct doxographies, among other things. Modern readers have used such information for the construction of histories of science. When we look at these passages, however, we see that personal names and information about mathematicians of the past can serve quite a range of different objectives, such as the strategic self-positioning of the commentator vis-a-vis the past or present of mathematics, the education of the reader, mathematical or moral, the construction of the history of the field, etc. Not only does the commentator present a persona of himself to the reader, he can also turn colleagues and predecessors into personae. This paper attempts to elucidate the practice, by offering four examples of such plays of and with personae, in Pappus, Eutocius, al-Nayrīzī, and Proclus.
Visualizing Viscous Flow and Diffusion in the Circulatory System

For many life science students, introductory physics is a requirement that bears little relevance to their future career goals. This perception is particularly striking in pharmacy programs, where only 12.6% of students identify physics as being very important toward their profession. To combat this perception, and to provide a more effective learning environment for our students, our institution is making an effort to infuse medically oriented applications into its introductory physics courses. Here, we share three computer simulations we developed for visualizing and exploring the physics of substance transport through vascular circulation and into tissue compartments. The transport is based on a simple model where molecules obey Newton’s second law as they are acted upon by a pressure gradient, viscous forces, and diffusion. These simulations can be used as class demonstrations, active learning activities, or virtual labs.
Sunscreen use and awareness of chemical toxicity among beach goers in Hawaii prior to a ban on the sale of sunscreens containing ingredients found to be toxic to coral reef ecosystems

Abstract The state of Hawaii recently passed legislation banning the sale of sunscreens containing oxybenzone and octinoxate, two chemicals that have been documented to be harmful to coral reef ecosystems, beginning in 2021. However, little is currently known about the sunscreen use patterns of beach-goers in Hawaii. To gain more information about the potential effectiveness of the ban, we surveyed beach-goers to better understand: the prevalence of oxybenzone and octinoxate in sunscreens, the proportion of sunscreens that are purchased in Hawaii and out of state, what factors go into people's selection of sunscreens, awareness of the harmful effects these chemicals, and willingness to switch to “reef-safe” sunscreen alternatives. Slightly over half of sunscreens were purchased in the state of Hawaii, meaning that almost half of sunscreens being used will not be subject to the chemical ban. Approximately 75% of beach goers stated that they were aware of the harmful effects of some sunscreen chemicals, but nearly one-third still used sunscreens containing oxybenzone or octinoxate. While this study only documented the presence or absence of the two banned chemicals, the majority of sunscreens still contained other UV blocking chemicals or nano-sized mineral particles that are potentially detrimental to coral health. The majority of respondents stated that they would be willing to switch to reef safe sun protection alternatives, but this is hindered by respondents' lack of knowledge about which chemicals they should avoid. Clear and consistent “reef safe” labeling standards would enable individuals to make more informed sunscreen purchasing decisions.
Using Workers' Compensation Claims Data to Describe Nonfatal Injuries among Workers in Alaska.

Abstract Background To gain a better understanding of nonfatal injuries in Alaska, underutilized data sources such as workers’ compensation claims must be analyzed. The purpose of the current study was to utilize workers’ compensation claims data to estimate the risk of nonfatal, work-related injuries among occupations in Alaska, characterize injury patterns, and prioritize future research. Methods A dataset with information on all submitted claims during 2014–2015 was provided for analysis. Claims were manually reviewed and coded. For inclusion in this study, claims had to represent incidents that resulted in a nonfatal acute traumatic injury, occurred in Alaska during 2014–2015, and were approved for compensation. Results Construction workers had the highest number of injuries (2,220), but a rate lower than the overall rate (34 per 1,000 construction workers, compared to 40 per 1,000 workers overall). Fire fighters had the highest rate of injuries on the job, with 162 injuries per 1,000 workers, followed by law enforcement officers with 121 injuries per 1,000 workers. The most common types of injuries across all occupations were sprains/strains/tears, contusions, and lacerations. Conclusion The successful use of Alaska workers’ compensation data demonstrates that the information provided in the claims dataset is meaningful for epidemiologic research. The predominance of sprains, strains, and tears among all occupations in Alaska indicates that ergonomic interventions to prevent overexertion are needed. These findings will be used to promote and guide future injury prevention research and interventions.
Regulation of aromatase in cancer

The regulation of aromatase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of estrogen in normal and cancer cells, has been associated with growth factor signaling and immune response modulation. The tissue-specific regulatory roles of these factors are of particular importance as local aromatase expression is strongly linked to cancer development/progression and disease outcomes in patients. Therefore, aromatase has become a chemotherapeutic target and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are used in the clinic for treating hormone-dependent cancers. Although AIs have shown promising results in the treatment of cancers, the emerging increase in AI-resistance necessitates the development of new and improved targeted therapies. This review discusses the role of tumor and stromal-derived growth factors and immune cell modulators in regulating aromatase. Current single-agent and combination therapies with or without AIs targeting growth factors and immune checkpoints are also discussed. This review highlights recent studies that show new connections between growth factors, mediators of immune response, and aromatase regulation.
Large Primary Transethmoidal Encephalocele Presenting in an Adult.

Transethmoidal encephaloceles are rare and most commonly present at birth with congenital abnormalities, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, or visual symptoms. Here, we report the case of a 43-year-old presenting with longstanding headache, blurry vision, anosmia, and rhinorrhea. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a transethmoidal encephalocele. The patient underwent craniotomy for resection of the encephalocele and repair of the cribriform defect. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged home with the resolution of rhinorrhea and headache. This report highlights a rare case of primary transethmoidal encephalocele undiagnosed until adulthood despite longstanding symptoms and successful treatment with resolution of symptoms.
Emergent pulmonary thromboembolectomy and atrial septal aneurysmectomy for intracardiac impending paradoxical embolism: An en bloc approach to prevent clot embolism and facilitate repair

Although a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is relatively common, confirmed reports of thrombus entrapped within a PFO are uncommon. Management of impending paradoxical embolism (IPE), also called a thrombus in transit, lacks consensus but includes systemic anticoagulation (e.g., heparin), systemic thrombolysis, or surgical thrombectomy. We present a case of IPE diagnosed with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as well as a novel en bloc approach to atrial septal aneurysmectomy to minimize embolism and facilitate repair of the interatrial septum. Timely use of intraoperative TEE may aid in diagnosis and help guide the surgical approach to minimize embolic risk with an IPE.
Eating Behavior in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The psychological aspects of nutrition problems in COPD patients are almost never considered by literature. What is more, eating behavior has hardly ever been taken into account in evaluating these patients’ Life Quality.
Improving Operational Performance of Industrial Systems with High-Power Rectifiers

This paper presents a new method of improving the operational performance of industrial systems using high power rectifiers. The proposed method employs measurement results in different operational points to search for the best operational point of the system. In this condition, a complete system attains performance with a maximum active power utilization, minimum reactive power generation, minimum total harmonics distortion and maximum power factor. The system efficiency is improved; furthermore, the system is very reliable due to a reduction of additional stress in the system components. Simulation has been realized to demonstrate the theoretical behavior of the system and experimental results obtained in a mining plant are included to confirm the provided analysis
Mechanism for the Regulation of Cell Division in Agmenellum

We describe a nonlethal temperature-conditional mutant of Agmenellum quadruplicatum which allows dissociation of the processes of growth and cell division. With this system, evidence has been obtained for the regulation of one step in the process of cell division by a small effector molecule. The effector molecule is apparently released into the surrounding medium and can be obtained from lyophilized spent medium by extraction with 80% ethanol. The addition of this extract to serpentine filaments of the SN29 mutant strain stimulates cell division in these filaments and leads to the production of cells approximating normal dimensions within one generation time. The degree of stimulation of cell division is directly related to the amount of extract added. A general hypothesis is presented for the positive regulation of the initiation of cell wall and cell membrane invagination in this organism.
SODIUM AZIDE -- THE FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITY

The authors discuss present and future Federal involvement in decisions relating to the use of sodium azide to generate gas for air bags and stress the need to establish a perspective from which to examine the raw data concerning the associated health hazards. Several examples are given of other chemicals which present problems in the manufacture, use, and disposal of automobiles. The authors suggest that these hazards be minimized through generic proceedings.
Resource allocation in non-Walrasian environments

Abstract We are interested in resource allocation mechanisms that perform satisfactorily in environments which are problematic for the Walrasian equilibrium theory and the tatonnement. The B(idding)-process of Hurwicz-Radner-Reiter is informationally decentralized and has appealing normative properties. The speed of convergence of the B-process is characterized in an economy with indivisible commodities. A modification of this process is shown to converge in an economy with both divisible and indivisible goods. Some simulation results on the B-process and its modifications throwing light on its performance in non-Walrasian environments are also reported.
Interaction. Activity and Its Measure

In this chapter we will consider interactions between individuals of different kinds: heroes with opportunists, heroes with saints, saints with opportunists, etc. There are two possible cases: The first case — an individual is involved in certain relationship with his partner by no desire of his own; they are simply the reality with which he is faced The second case — an individual establishes his relationship with his partner by himself.
Integrating robotics education in pre-college engineering program

In 2014, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology has developed a five-week pre-engineering intensive summer program. The program provided high school students with hands-on experience in the Robotics and Mechanics to advance them in the pursuit of a degree in engineering. Correspondingly, the program also enhanced students' technical writing skills and the fundamental knowledge of mathematics and physics needed in engineering. Different from other pre-college engineering programs which focus more on mathematics and physics education, in this program, engineering and engineering project design and implementation have been intensively discussed through building and programming a mobile robot. High school students were encouraged to creatively develop their own project in a team while the collaborative learning and effective communication skill are particularly addressed. The student survey showed that the intensive summer program has increased students' comprehension of engineering and awareness towards engineering-related careers, which are critical for high school students to choose engineering as a future career.
Analysis of the binding of high mobility group protein 17 to the nucleosome core particle by 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract The binding of high mobility group (HMG) protein 17 to the nucleosome core particle has been studied in D2O solution using 1H NMR at 500 MHz. Spectra were obtained for purified HMG 17, purified nucleosome core particles, and the reconstituted HMG 17-nucleosome core particle complex at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 M NaCl. Subtraction of the core particle spectra from spectra of the core particle reconstituted with HMG 17 demonstrated those regions of HMG 17 which interact with the nucleosome at different ionic strengths; the resonance peaks of interacting groups are broadened due to their restricted mobility. At 0.1 M NaCl, the mobility of all the amino acid side chains of HMG 17 was restricted, indicating complete binding of HMG 17 to the much larger nucleosome core particle. At 0.2 M NaCl most of the amino acids were free with the exception of arginine and proline which are confined to or predominant in the basic central region of HMG 17. These amino acids were completely free only at 0.4 M NaCl. We conclude that the entire HMG 17 molecule interacts with the nucleosome core particle at physiological ionic strength. The acidic COOH-terminal region of HMG 17 is released from interaction with the core histones at an NaCl concentration between 0.1 and 0.2 M and so binds weakly at physiological ionic strength. The basic central region binds more strongly to the core particle DNA, being completely released only at much higher ionic strength, between 0.3 and 0.4 M NaCl.
Association of Physical Activity Measured by Accelerometer, Knee Joint Abnormalities, and Cartilage T2 Measurements Obtained From 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Poster: "ECR 2015 / C-2302 / Association of physical activity measured by accelerometer, knee joint abnormalities and cartilage T2-measurements obtained from 3T MRI: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative" by: "M. Kretzschmar1, W. Lin1, L. Nardo1, G. Joseph1, D. Dunlop2, U. Heilmeier1, M. Newitt1, C. E. McChulloch1, T. M. Link1; 1San Francisco, CA/US, 2Chicago, IL/US"
The era of microbiology: a Golden Phoenix

The discoveries over the last decade have demonstrated that microbiology is a central scientific discipline with practical applications in agriculture, medicine, bioremediation, biotechnology, engineering, and other fields. It is clear that the roles of microbes in nature are so diverse that the process of mining this genetic variation for new applications will continue long into the future. Moreover, the rapid rate of microbial evolution ensures that there will be no permanent solution to agricultural, medical, or environmental problems caused by microbes. These problems will demand a continual stream of creative new approaches that evolve along with the microbes. Thus, the excitement of this field will continue long into the future. However, these opportunities and imperatives demand a deep understanding of basic microbial physiology, genetics, and ecology. Major challenges that lay ahead are to impart the broad training needed to entice and enable the next generation of microbiologists, and to educate the public and government representatives about the continued and critical importance of this field for health and the economy.
The c-Jun NH2-terminal Protein Kinase/AP-1 Pathway Is Required for Efficient Apoptosis Induced by Vinblastine

Vinblastine is an important antitumor agent that induces G(2)-M arrest and subsequent apoptosis in a wide variety of cell lines, but the molecular mechanisms that link mitotic arrest and apoptosis are poorly understood. The AP-1 transcription factor has been implicated in many critical cellular processes, including apoptosis, and is a major target of the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase signaling pathway that is activated by vinblastine and other microtubule inhibitors. In this study we sought to determine the role of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase/AP-1 in the response of KB3 carcinoma cells to vinblastine. For this purpose, we generated KB3 cell lines that stably expressed the c-Jun dominant-negative deletional mutant TAM67, which lacks the NH(2)-terminal transactivation domain. KB3-TAM67 cell lines displayed normal growth kinetics and essentially unaltered basal AP-1 activity, but vinblastine-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun and activating transcription factor-2, and AP-1 activation, were strongly inhibited. KB3-TAM67 cell lines arrested normally at G(2)-M in response to vinblastine, but were significantly more resistant to the drug, exhibiting markedly delayed apoptosis and increased overall survival, relative to control cells. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, differential expression of apoptotic regulatory genes was monitored by immunoblot and cDNA microarray analysis. We found that vinblastine treatment caused down-regulation of p53 and its target p21 and up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha, Bak, and several other genes in control but not in KB3-TAM67 cells, identifying these genes as putative targets of vinblastine-inducible AP-1. These results demonstrate that vinblastine-inducible AP-1 plays a destructive, proapoptotic role and may do so by regulating the expression of a specific subset of target genes that promotes efficient apoptotic cell death following mitotic arrest.
Study of Some Reactions of 14.8-Mev Deuterons with the Lithium Isotopes

Metallic targets of enriched ${\mathrm{Li}}^{5}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ were bombarded with 14.8-Mev deuterons. The outgoing particles were magnetically analyzed and detected in nuclear emulsions or scintillation counters. Angular distributions for the following reactions were measured: ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d, p){\mathrm{Li}}^{7*}$ 4.6 and 7.46 Mev. ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(d, p){\mathrm{Li}}^{8*}$ 2.28 Mev, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(d, t){\mathrm{Li}}^{6*}$ 3.57 Mev, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d, {d}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{Li}}^{6*}$ 2.19 Mev, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ ground state, ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d, t){\mathrm{Li}}^{5}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d, {\mathrm{He}}^{3}){\mathrm{He}}^{5}$. A search was made for other levels produced in these reactions and in the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(d, {d}^{\ensuremath{'}}){\mathrm{Li}}^{7*}$ reaction. No new levels were observed; upper limits on the cross sections of unobserved levels are given. The results of the ($d, p$), ($d, t$), and ($d$, ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$) reactions were compared with stripping theory and with the predictions of the shell model. The agreement is, in general, satisfactory.The ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d, t)$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(d, {\mathrm{He}}^{3})$ reactions produce a continuous spectrum of outgoing particles at each angle. The angular distribution of the tritons (or ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ particles) is strongly peaked forward and can be fitted with Butler curves having $l=1$, ${r}_{0}=6\mathrm{f}$. The spectra at small angles show a peak corresponding to the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{5}$ (or ${\mathrm{He}}^{5}$) ground state, but at large angles the peak disappears and the spectra are constant. The shape of the spectra can be explained by the Butler formula if the energy dependence of the reduced width is taken into account. The form of this dependence was deduced from the results of the nucleon-helium elastic scattering experiments.
The event-related optical signal: a new tool for studying brain function.

This paper presents an overview of a new method for the non-invasive measurement of brain function, the event-related optical signal (EROS). This technique is based on measures of the optical properties of cortical brain tissue, which change while the tissue is active. These changes are likely to be due to changes in light scattering, and are very rapid and localized, being related to phenomena occurring within or around the neuronal membrane. EROS, therefore yields images of cortical activity that combine spatial specificity (i.e. they can be related to patches of tissue less than a cubic centimeter in size) with temporal resolution (i.e. they depict the time course of the neural activity in the cortical areas under measurement). A limitation of this technique is its reduced penetration into the head (less than 3-5 cm). EROS appears to be a suitable technique for studying the time course of activity in selected cortical areas, and for providing a bridge between hemodynamic and electrophysiological imaging methods.
Memory Strategy Development: Do We Need Yet Another Deficiency?

Recent discussions of strategy development have included the introduction of the concept of utilization deficiency. The present analysis examines the definition of utilization deficiency vis-a-vis the older contrasts between mediation and production deficiency and assesses the logical clarity of the current definition. Further, because utilization deficiency focuses on the transition from initial to proficient strategy use, the present analysis considers all of the possible types of strategy inefficiencies and evaluates whether the current definition of utilization deficiency precludes consideration of important strategy inefficiencies that have been documented in the existing literature and are likely to form the bulk of yet-to-be discovered inefficiencies. Although the emphasis on strategy inefficiencies is welcomed, the current analysis concludes that there are serious problems with the current definition of utilization deficiency, problems that both obscure important theoretical distinctions of the past and limit the investigation of strategy inefficiencies that are likely to play an important role in our understanding of the development of strategy use. Furthermore, the linear developmental model that frames utilization deficiencies from no benefit to sophisticated strategy use ignores the heterogeneity in strategy development that has been recently documented.
Peptide inhibitors of converting enzyme

Abstract Human plasma and atypical lung converting enzyme, and porcine plasma converting enzyme are substantially inhibited by other components of the renin-angiotensin system, and by angiotensin II and its analogues. Des-Asp 1 angiotensin II (angiotensin III) 0.1 mM and tridecapeptide renin substrate 0.1 mM are both effective inhibitors of human lung, plasma and porcine plasma converting enzymes. Des-Asp 1 -Arg 2 angiotensin II also was an effective inhibitor of plasma enzymes. Bradykininase activity (kininase II) of the converting enzymes was also inhibited by angiotensin I, angiotensin III, tetradecapeptide renin substrate and tridecapeptide renin substrate. The substantial kininase and converting enzyme inhibitory effects of components of the renin-angiotensin system, suggest a potential close physiologic relationship between the kallikrein-kinin system and the renin-angiotensin system.
Claudins provide a breath of fresh Aire.

'Promiscuous' gene expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells positive for the autoimmune regulator Aire is critical for central T cell tolerance. Expression of the tight-junction components claudin-3 and claudin-4 'marks' Aire+ epithelial cells in the postnatal thymus and their direct precursors in the embryo.
On Movement Frames and Negotiated Identities: The Case of Poland's First Solidarity Congress

How do participants in a social movement come to agree on goals and strategies? Recent scholarship has moved in two theoretical directions. Some writers focus on movement leaders and their efforts to excite and attract potential supporters by formulating a vision that conveys optimism and moral outrage, yet is congruent with long-standing popular beliefs. Other writers focus far less on leaders and their frames and insist, instead, that movements are organizationally decentralized and typically lack consensus on goals and strategies. From this second perspective, programs are best seen as the byproducts of ongoing clashes and messy negotiations between a myriad of local activists with different beliefs, diverse values, and frequently divergent interests. Using the First Solidarity Congress as a historical case study, this article argues for the utility of combining both approaches – one that focuses on leaders’ ongoing efforts to build consensus around a seemingly effective frame, and the other that stres...
Microassay for biological and chemical control of infection of tobacco by Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae.

We developed a simple, rapid, small-scale assay for infection of tobacco seedlings byPhytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae. One 7-day-old tobacco seedling was placed in each well of a 96-well microtiter plate and inoculated with 500 zoospores ofP. parasitica var.nicotianae. After 72 h all of the inoculated seedlings of the susceptible cultivar, KY14, were infected, and the pathogen had produced sporangia that were visible on the surfaces of the seedlings. Sporangia did not develop on seedlings that were inoculated simultaneously with zoospores and either 1 µg/mL of the chemical fungicide metalaxyl or 5 µL of filtrate of a sporulated culture of the biocontrol agent,Bacillus cereus UW85. Seedlings of tobacco cultivar KY17 were infected byP. parasitica var.nicotianae, although mature plants of this variety are resistant to the pathogen. This microassay may facilitate the rapid screening of potential biological and chemical control agents and may be useful for studying mechanisms of infection and control ofPhytophthora spp. under hydroponic conditions.
Role of Water in the Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2 on SiO2

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 on SiO2 powder using sequential addition of TiCl4 and H2O vapors has been investigated by infrared spectroscopy. In the first cycle, TiCl4 reacts monofunctionally or bifunctionally with surface silanols forming (Si−O−)nTi−Cl4-n (n = 1, 2) species. Subsequent addition of water vapor leads to the hydrolysis of the (Si−O−)nTi−Cl4-n to form a Ti−O−Ti network, and at the same time, some cleavage of Si−O−Ti bonds occurs, regenerating Si−OH in the process. It is shown that the species formed on the surface in the first TiCl4 dose are temperature dependent. However, after addition of H2O vapor, the amount of TiO2 deposited in the first complete cycle is independent of reaction temperature. In the second and above cycles, the amount of TiO2 deposited as a function of ALD cycles strongly correlates with the amount of water on the surface. This, in turn, led to a temperature dependence of the growth rate of the TiO2 per cycle.
Dioxins and furans in emissions from medical waste incinerators

Abstract Dioxins and furans were detected in emissions from eight medical waste incinerators tested in California. Total uncontrolled emissions ranged from 363 to 11, 811 nanograms per dry standard cubic meter. The most effective of three wet scrubbers achieved an emissions control efficiency of 95 percent for total PCDD and PCDF. A baghouse was less than 30 percent efficient in removing PCDD and PCDF from the incinerator emissions.
A novel method to characterize bacterial communities affected by carbon source and electricity generation in microbial fuel cells using stable isotope probing and Illumina sequencing

Stable isotope probing and high throughput sequencing were used to characterize the microbial communities involved in carbon uptake in microbial fuel cells at two levels of electricity generation. With acetate, the dominant phylotypes involved in carbon uptake included Geobacter and Rhodocyclaceae. With glucose, both Enterobacteriaceae and Geobacter were dominant.
Airborne ISR mesh high-speed communication via satellite

LinkWay S2 , the mesh IP satellite communications system for the Army's Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) and Marine's Support Wide Area Network (SWAN) program, has proven itself over the last decade to be the fastest and most flexible mesh MF-TDMA modem available. Traditionally utilized predominantly in fixed or At-The Halt (ATH) applications, new improvements in the LinkWay S2 waveform make ground-mobile and even airborne mesh communications using LinkWay S2 possible. High-speed mesh communications with a manned ISR aircraft was demonstrated in a mesh MF-TDMA network which combined At-the-Halt (ATH), ground mobile, and an airborne SATCOM terminal in a single, hubless tactical LinkWay S2 meshed IP network. In two separate exercises using the LinkWay S2 mesh MF-TDMA modem, high-definition (HD), high-speed ISR video was transmitted from a King Air manned ISR aircraft to 2.4m aperture ATH terminals while the aircraft simultaneously participated in IP video teleconferences (VTCs) with the ATH terminals. Operating on a 10 Msps Mesh TDMA carrier, ISR HD video rates exceeding 6 Mbps, and VTC rates exceeding 1 Mbps, were transmitted and received without error while the aircraft performed evasive maneuvers at airspeed in excess of 230 mph. The ground mobile SATCOM terminals communicated with the ATH terminals simultaneous with the airborne terminal operation, and, for the first time, direct mesh communication between an airborne terminal and a ground mobile terminal. These exercises were the first demonstrations of airborne mesh satellite communications, achieved the highest speed TDMA operation from any mobile terminal (10 Msps) to date, and are the first networks to combine airborne and ground mobile terminals is a single mesh MF-TDMA network. These exercises conclusively demonstrate that high-speed mesh satellite communications-on-the-move (COTM) is possible using LinkWay S2 without requiring a large hub infrastructure and is being deployed today.
Chemical characterization of red wine grape (Vitis vinifera and Vitis interspecific hybrids) and pomace phenolic extracts and their biological activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Grapes are rich sources of potentially bioactive polyphenols. However, the phenolic content is variable depending on grape variety, and may be modified during vinification. In this study, we examined the chemical composition and biological activity of phenolic extracts prepared from several red wine grape varieties and their fermented byproduct of winemaking (pomace) on some of the virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans a well-known dental pathogen. Grape phenolic extracts were obtained from Vitis vinifera varieties Cabernet Franc and Pinot Noir and Vitis interspecific hybrid varieties Baco Noir and Noiret. The anthocyanins and flavan-3-ols content were highly variable depending on grape variety and type of extract (whole fruit vs fermented pomace). Nevertheless, all grape phenolic extracts remarkably inhibited glucosyltransferases B and C (70–85% inhibition) at concentrations as low as 62.5 µg/mL (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the glycolytic pH-drop by S. mutans cells was inhibited by the grape extracts ...
Intracellular trafficking of CLN3, the protein underlying the childhood neurodegenerative disease, Batten disease

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten disease) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting from mutations in the CLN3 gene, which encodes a hydrophobic 438 amino acid protein of unknown function. Prior studies have shown that CLN3 is expressed in multiple tissues, with highest levels in brain and testis. Experiments using cells overexpressing CLN3 indicate that CLN3 is a lysosomal resident protein. However, studies to date have not addressed trafficking of endogenous CLN3. As such, the purpose of the present study was two-fold. First, to develop a culture model to allow evaluation of native CLN3 transport. Second, to utilize available epitope-specific antibodies to determine if CLN3 reaches the plasma membrane en route to the lysosome. Our data using a NCCIT (embryonic testicular carcinoma) cell model coupled with surface biotinylation and antibody trapping demonstrated that at least a proportion of CLN3 trafficks to the lysosome via the cell membrane. Moreover, inhibition of the μ3A subunit of the AP-3 adapter protein complex increased levels of CLN3 at the cell surface.
A critical review of the evidence on the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS education programs for youth in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper critically examines the evidence from recent experimental design evaluations on the impact of HIV/AIDS prevention through youth education programs in sub-Saharan Africa. It pre-specifies the study inclusion criteria, the search strategy and the methods for summarizing findings. This paper also identifies recurring flaws in the research and suggests several methods for avoiding these shortcomings in future studies. Our initial search produced 139 potential articles for review, but only six met the pre-stated study inclusion criteria. Although all six studies are randomized controlled trials, we found recurring problems across the six articles in the areas of design, analysis and reporting that could possibly contribute to misleading or questionable findings. This paper identifies a need for rigorous evaluations of HIV prevention programs to determine the characteristics of effective behavior change interventions and to improve programs, and a need for a systematic review of the research on HIV e...
Does anesthesia cause loss of consciousness

Although about 30 million operations carried out under general anesthetic are routinely performed each year in the USA alone, it is not possible to determine reliably whether or not a given anesthetized patient is conscious during surgery. As a result, some patients may be either partially aware during the operation or may be able to recall some aspects of it afterwards. It is therefore crucial to develop some experimental means to evaluate the state of consciousness of the anesthetized patient. Recent developments suggest that 40 Hz neuronal oscillations might help to solve this problem.
Effects of biofuels vs. other new vehicle technologies on air pollution, global warming, land use and water

The use of biofuels, particularly ethanol, has expanded in the last few years based significantly on the premise that biofuels replacing fossil fuels may reduce global warming and air pollution problems. While this claim is still being debated, the real comparison should be between biofuels and other emerging technologies. It is found here that both corn-E85 (85% ethanol/15% gasoline) and cellulosic-E85 degrade air quality and climate by up to two orders of magnitude more than Battery-Electric Vehicles (BEVs) or Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (HFCVS) powered by either solar Photovoltaics (PVs), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave, or tidal power. As such, the use of cellulosic or corn ethanol at the expense of the other options will cause certain damage to health, climate, land, and water supply in the future.
Structural Insights into Functional and Pathological Amyloid

Amyloid is traditionally viewed as a consequence of protein misfolding and aggregation and is most notorious for its association with debilitating and chronic human diseases. However, a growing list of examples of "functional amyloid" challenges this bad reputation and indicates that many organisms can employ the biophysical properties of amyloid for their benefit. Because of developments in the structural studies of amyloid, a clearer picture is emerging about what defines amyloid structure and the properties that unite functional and pathological amyloids. Here, we review various amyloids and place them within the framework of the latest structural models.