cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The antiobesity effect of dehydroepiandrosterone in rats

Initial studies showed that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment in mice resulted in lower body weight gain. Subsequent studies have shown that DHEA treatment in rats has a similar effect. In adult rodents, weight loss is a consequence of DHEA treatment. In general, these effects are independent of changes in food intake and are accompanied by lower body fat. DHEA treatment has been shown in some circumstances to alter a number of serum factors including glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol. Recent studies have focused on the effects of DHEA on liver metabolism. Studies have been undertaken to determine whether the antiobesity effect of DHEA is mediated by the previously described inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by this steroid. It appears that inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in liver is not the initial metabolic response to DHEA but may play a contributing role. Inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in adipose tissue may affect differentiation of fat cells. A number of other enzymes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism have also been shown to be altered by DHEA treatment, and several futile cycles involving some of these enzymes have been proposed to play a role in DHEA's antiobesity action. In addition, mitochondrial protein content is elevated by DHEA treatment. There appear to be time-dependent changes due to DHEA treatment on hepatic mitochondrial state three rates of respiration. Studies continue to evaluate the role of alterations in mitochondrial metabolism in DHEA's antiobesity action.
Direct quantitative comparison between cross-relaxation imaging and diffusion tensor imaging of the human brain at 3.0 T

Abstract Cross-relaxation imaging (CRI) describes the magnetization transfer within tissues between mobile water protons and macromolecular protons. Whole-brain parametric maps of the principle kinetic components of magnetization transfer, the fraction of macromolecular protons ( f ) and the rate constant ( k ), revealed detailed anatomy of white matter (WM) fiber tracts at 1.5 T. In this study, CRI was first adapted to 3.0 T, and constraints for transverse relaxation times of water and macromolecular protons were identified to enable unbiased f and k estimation. Subsequently, whole-brain CRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were performed in five healthy subjects. The parameters f and k were compared to DTI indices (fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD)) across a range of anatomic regions. In WM, neither f nor k was significantly correlated to FA, RD, and AD. In contrast, both f ( r = 0.90 and r = − 0.80) and k ( r = 0.92 and r = − 0.89) in gray matter (GM) were strongly correlated to FA and RD, respectively. A moderate correlation between ADC and k ( r = 0.48) was identified in WM, while an inverse correlation was identified in GM ( r = − 0.72). The lack of association between CRI and FA in WM is consistent with differences in the underlying physical principles between techniques — fiber density vs. directionality, respectively. The association in GM may be attributable to variable axonal density unique to each structure. Our findings suggest that whole-brain CRI provides distinct quantitative information compared to DTI, and CRI parameters may prove constructive as biomarkers in neurological diseases.
Cereal seed mycopopulations in Serbia

Mycopopulation of cereals-durum wheat (cultivars Žitka and Durumko) triticale (cultivars Goranac and NS tritikale), winter barley (cultivars NS 131, ZA 37 and Jagodinac) and oat (cultivars Slavuj and Rajac) had been studied during three years (harvest 2002, 2003 and 2004) from numerous Serbian localities. In all three investigated years and four cereal species the predominant fungal genus were Alternaria and Fusarium. On seeds there were determinated representatives of genus Penicillium, Mucor, Bipolaris Aspergillus, Stemphylium and Epicoccum, too. The established fungi can significantly affect quality of seeds and flour products.
Characterization of insolation data for use in photovoltaic system analysis models

Abstract A statistical technique to characterize insolation data for use in photovoltaic (PV) systems is presented. We start by examining the frequency distribution of long-term insolation data. The histogram is generated for observed insolation for a particular hour over a month for a number of years. It is fitted to three distributions (Weibull, β and log normal). Four goodness-of-fit criteria are employed in checking the best fit. These are Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramer-Von Mises-Smirnov, and log-likelihood. SOLMET data from Sterling, Va, Raleigh-Durham, N.C. and Miami, Fla are analyzed. It is found that the β distribution fits the long-term hourly global horizontal insolation data best for these three southeastern U.S. locations.
Theory of compressive modeling and simulation

Modeling and Simulation (M&S) has been evolving along two general directions: (i) data-rich approach suffering the curse of dimensionality and (ii) equation-rich approach suffering computing power and turnaround time. We suggest a third approach. We call it (iii) compressive MS because the basic Minimum Free-Helmholtz Energy (MFE) facilitating CM&S can reproduce and generalize Candes, Romberg, Tao & Donoho (CRT&D) Compressive Sensing (CS) paradigm as a linear Lagrange Constraint Neural network (LCNN) algorithm. CM&S based MFE can generalize LCNN to 2nd order as Nonlinear augmented LCNN. For example, during the sunset, we can avoid a reddish bias of sunlight illumination due to a long-range Rayleigh scattering over the horizon. With CM&S we can take instead of day camera, a night vision camera. We decomposed long wave infrared (LWIR) band with filter into 2 vector components (8~10μm and 10~12μm) and used LCNN to find pixel by pixel the map of Emissive-Equivalent Planck Radiation Sources (EPRS). Then, we up-shifted consistently, according to de-mixed sources map, to the sub-micron RGB color image. Moreover, the night vision imaging can also be down-shifted at Passive Millimeter Wave (PMMW) imaging, suffering less blur owing to dusty smokes scattering and enjoying apparent smoothness of surface reflectivity of man-made objects under the Rayleigh resolution. One loses three orders of magnitudes in the spatial Rayleigh resolution; but gains two orders of magnitude in the reflectivity, and gains another two orders in the propagation without obscuring smog . Since CM&S can generate missing data and hard to get dynamic transients, CM&S can reduce unnecessary measurements and their associated cost and computing in the sense of super-saving CS: measuring one & getting one’s neighborhood free .
Interferon-γ sensitizes osteosarcoma cells to fas-induced apoptosis by up-regulating fas receptors and caspase-8

Background. Osteosarcoma is the third most frequent neoplasm in adolescents. Although chemotherapy, frequently used in pre- and post-operative settings, has resulted in significant improvement in disease-free survival, some patients show little sensitivity to chemotherapy and alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. Because the Fas ligand/Fas receptor (CD95, APO-1) apoptosis pathway is a potential therapeutic target in osteosarcomas, we examined the effect of IFN-g on Fas-induced apoptosis in four osteosarcoma cell lines. Procedure and Results. As measured by flow cytometry, all cell lines expressed cell surface IFN-g receptors, and when cultured for 2 days in the presence of IFN-g, all cell lines exhibited a significant increase in expression of Fas receptors. By flow cytometric detection of intracellular fragmented DNA as a marker of apoptosis, all cell lines cultured with either IFN-g or anti-Fas antibody (clone CH-11) alone showed only moderate apoptosis, whereas significantly high levels of apoptosis occurred in cells cultured with both IFN-g and CH-11. Western blotting analysis also revealed that IFN-g caused up-regulation of caspase-8 in all cell lines, but no change in Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD/ MORT1) or caspase-3. Both caspase-8 and caspase-3 were activated when apoptosis was induced with both IFN-g and CH-11. Addition to cultures of z-IETD-fmk, an inhibitor of caspase-8, significantly blocked this apoptosis. Conclusions. IFN-g sensitizes osteosarcoma cells to Fas-induced apoptosis through upregulation of Fas receptor and caspase-8. Combined immunotherapy with IFN-g and either anti-Fas monoclonal antibody or cytotoxic T cells that bear Fas ligand might be a useful adjunctive therapy for patients with osteosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004;43: 729‐736. 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Organization, large memory units, and free recall

A whole-part transfer paradigm was used to asses the effect of “forcing” Ss to reorganize large memory units. List 1 contained 18 categories of three words each, and List 2 contained 9 categories of three words each. The experimental Ss received all 27 List 2 words in List 1. Even though the within-category organization established during List 1 learning was appropriate for List 2 learning, the negative effect due to the inappropriate between-category organization offset or overpowered the positive effect of within-category organization. The effect of forcing Ss to reorganize memory units does not appear to depend on the size of the memory unit. Moreover, it may be more accurate to conceptualize free-recall learning as the process of forming one large memory unit.
Politics versus Professionalism: The Effect of Institutional Structure on Democratic Decision Making in a Contested Policy Arena

Public administrators have long wrestled with the problem of bringing professional policy knowledge or technical expertise to bear on decision making in a contentious policy arena. A common solution addresses political conflict by developing institutions that buffer decision making from the regular influence of elected official. This article compares the effects of politically buffered decision making relative to politically influenced decision making by drawing on case studies of county efforts to site and develop landfills and incinerators in New York State. Some of these counties created a special district government known as a “public authority” in an effort to remove the “politics from decision making.” Others used their regular line agencies. The cases show that the public authority siting processes were less likely to accommodate political concerns and more likely to focus on research-based policy or technical criteria. However, this professional focus then made them vulnerable to political conflict and likely contributed to the high failure rate of the public authority projects. In contrast, the more successful line agency processes, influenced by elected officials' political concerns, tended to arbitrage away political conflict at the expense of professional or technical considerations-but these processes were more likely to succeed. One case provides a possible middle ground. Rather than arbitraging away points of conflict, the administrators aggressively pushed decision making back into the political process, making elected officials choose the policy options. This process required elected official leadership, education, and commitment and resulted in decisions that were professionally and technically informed as well as resilient to political conflict.
Compressive failure of composites, part I: Testing and micromechanical theories

Abstract When structures made of composite materials are designed to be used in load bearing applications, a primary consideration is the evaluation of their load carrying capacity in compression. To this end, a vast number of research investigations, whose main objective is linked to ascertaining the compressive strength of a composite structure has been carried out and/or is currently being performed. Apart from its practical significance, the complexity associated with the task of predicting compression strength is the main reason for the overt attention this problem is receiving. One such difficulty has been associated with testing. When laboratory tests are carried out to determine compression strength, structural instabilities dictated by the geometry of the structure may interfere with material strength dictated by the mechanical properties of the constituents and their alignment and geometry (needed to describe the microstructure of the material). In addition stress concentrations may occur at undesirable locations. In Part I, issues pertaining to compression testing and micromechanical failure theories are reviewed.
Half-life of Pu236

Abstract The half-life of the alpha emitter, Pu236, was measured by a direct decay method. Corrections were applied for the alpha-emitting daughters of Pu236. The results of three sets of data were: 2·855 yr, s = 0·009 yr; 2·817 y, s = 0·04 yr; 2·836 yr, s = 0·021 yr. The weighted average is 2·851 yr with s = 0·008 yr.
Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows managed for first service using timed artificial insemination with or without detection of estrus using an activity-monitoring system

Lactating dairy cows (n=1,025) on a commercial dairy farm were randomly assigned at 10 ± 3 d in milk (DIM) to 1 of 3 treatments for submitting cows to first artificial insemination (AI) and were fitted with activity-monitoring tags (Heatime; SCR Engineers Ltd., Netanya, Israel) at 24 ± 3 DIM. Cows (n=339) in treatment 1 were inseminated based on increased activity from the end of the voluntary waiting period (50 DIM) until submission to an Ovsynch protocol; cows without increased activity from 21 to 65 DIM began an Ovsynch protocol at 65 ± 3 DIM, whereas cows without increased activity from 21 to 50 DIM but not from 51 to 79 DIM began an Ovsynch protocol at 79 ± 3 DIM. Cows (n=340) in treatment 2 were inseminated based on activity after the second PGF2α injection of a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol at 50 DIM, and cows without increased activity began an Ovsynch protocol at 65 ± 3 DIM. Cows (n=346) in treatment 3 were monitored for activity after the second PGF2α injection of a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol, but all cows received timed AI (TAI) at 75 ± 3 DIM after completing the Presynch-Ovsynch protocol. The activity-monitoring system detected increased activity in 56, 69, and 70% of cows in treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Treatment-2 cows had the fewest average days to first AI (62.5), treatment-3 cows had the most average days to first AI (74.9), and treatment-1 cows had intermediate average days to first AI (67.4). Treatment-1 and -2 cows in which inseminations occurred as a combination between increased activity and TAI had fewer overall pregnancies per AI (P/AI) 35 d after AI (32% for both treatments) compared with treatment-3 cows, all of which received TAI after completing the Presynch-Ovsynch protocol (40%). Based on survival analysis, although the rate at which cows were inseminated differed among treatments, treatment did not affect the proportion of cows pregnant by 300 DIM. Thus, use of an activity-monitoring system to inseminate cows based on activity reduced days to first AI, whereas cows receiving 100% TAI after completing a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol had more P/AI. The trade-off between AI service rate and P/AI in the rate at which cows became pregnant was supported by an economic analysis in which the net present value ($/cow per year) differed by only $4 to $8 among treatments. We conclude that a variety of strategies using a combination of AI based on increased activity using an activity-monitoring system and synchronization of ovulation and TAI can be used to submit cows for first AI.
Reusable dialog component framework for rapid voice application development

Voice application development requires specialized speech related skills besides the general programming ability. Encapsulating the speech specific behavior and complexities in prepackaged, configurable User Interface (UI) components will ease and expedite the voice application development. These components can be used across applications and are called as Reusable Dialog Components (RDCs). In this paper we propose a programming model and the framework for developing reusable dialog components. Our framework facilitates the development of voice applications via the encapsulation of interaction mechanisms, the encapsulation of best-of-breed practices (ie. grammars, prompts, and configuration parameters), a modular design and through pluggable dialog management strategies. The framework extends the standard J2EE/JSP based programming model to make it suitable for voice applications.
Inductive verification of iterative systems

Recent advances in binary decision diagram (BDD)-based algorithms have brought much larger circuits than before within the reach of verification programs. The authors show how inductive proof procedures can derive information on regular circuits in optimal time, e.g. they can perform reachability analysis in linear time or check the equivalence of two iterative circuits in time independent of the length of the two arrays. The algorithms presented rely on the canonicity of BDDs to make the inductive steps efficient. The authors have experimented with the techniques described and compared them with the conventional techniques on a few examples. >
Improve the Quality of Per-Test Fault Diagnosis Using Output Information

Per-test fault diagnosis has become an effective methodology for the identification of complex defects. In this paper, we improve a recent per-test technique by applying additional diagnosis on the outputs of the circuit. The new method does not require additional information than the existing method, but incorporates more evidence to support the true defective sites by using both failing tests and failing outputs information, hence diagnosis quality can be improved. We present the procedure of the new method and give a theoretical analysis. We show that this method can very well address several drawbacks of the previous work. The experimental results on benchmark circuits demonstrate that the new method can significantly improve diagnostic quality compared to other recent results.
POMPE'S DISEASE WITH NORMAL LEUKOCYTE ACID α-1, 4-GLUCOSIDASE ACTIVITY: ENZYME AND GLYCOGEN IN TISSUES AND CULTURED CELLS

Pompe's disease is characterized biochemically by a generalized deficiency of acid α-1,4-glucosidase activity. The fact that normal leukocyte activity is occasionally found in these patients has serious diagnostic implications and raises interesting questions in regard to the etiology, genetic expression, and therapy of this disease. In the patient studied, a normal level of acid α-glucosidase activity was found in the lysosomal fraction of the leukocytes, but less than 5% of normal enzyme activity and an elevated 8.7% glycogen were detected in a muscle biopsy. Cadaver heart and liver contained 7.6% and 7.9% glycogen. Less than 2% of normal acid α-glucosidase activity was measurable in these tissues. Long-term cultured lymphocytes and fibroblasts contain 10.2% and 24.2% of normal activity respectively. These two cell cultures were compared to normal cultures with respect to enzyme-substrate affinity and isozyme patterns. Radioisotope labeling showed the glycogen content of Pompe's fibroblasts to be twice that of normal cells. Chase experiments indicate that while all glycogen of normal cells has a half life of 4 days, only 50% of the glycogen in Pompe's fibroblasts turns over this rapidly. The remainder has a half life greater than 30 days. This stable glycogen component may be similar to the excess lysosomal glycogen found in vivo and may serve to test for corrective factors at the cellular level.
WDR5 Associates with Histone H3 Methylated at K4 and Is Essential for H3 K4 Methylation and Vertebrate Development

Histone H3 lysine 4 (K4) methylation has been linked to the transcriptional activation in a variety of eukaryotic species. Here we show that a common component of MLL1, MLL2, and hSet1 H3 K4 methyltransferase complexes, the WD40-repeat protein WDR5, directly associates with histone H3 di- and trimethylated at K4 and with H3-K4-dimethylated nucleosomes. WDR5 is required for binding of the methyltransferase complex to the K4-dimethylated H3 tail as well as for global H3 K4 trimethylation and HOX gene activation in human cells. WDR5 is essential for vertebrate development, in that WDR5-depleted X. laevis tadpoles exhibit a variety of developmental defects and abnormal spatial Hox gene expression. Our results are the first demonstration that a WD40-repeat protein acts as a module for recognition of a specific histone modification and suggest a mechanism for reading and writing an epigenetic mark for gene activation.
Regulation of life and death in lamina propria T cells

Abstract T cells are essential to initiation, amplification, and regulation of an immune response. This response is terminated when T cells undergo apoptosis, a physiological process of cell death triggered by various mechanisms and regulated by signaling pathways leading to enzymatic degradation of chromatin. An effective immune response depends on the proper balance between proliferation and death of activated T cells. This is particularly important in the intestine, where mucosal T cells are subjected to the high antigenic pressure of lumenal antigens and apoptosis is required to induce tolerance and maintain a state of ‘physiological’ inflammation. Insufficient apoptosis may result in excessive T cell retention and chronic intestinal inflammation, as seen in conditions associated with defective apoptosis of lamina propria T cells.
Dog Colonoscopy Model for Predicting Human Colon Absorption

This study was conducted to develop and validate a dog colon model that predicts colon permeability in humans. The following compounds were studied: Class 1 highly soluble (HS)/highly permeable (HP): aminophylline, propranolol, CP-409092; Class 2 LS/HP: nifedipine; trovafloxacin, sertraline; Class 3 HS/LP: azithromycin, atenolol, CP-331684, CP-424391; Class 4 LS/LP: CJ-13610. Administration to dogs was made 30 cm cranial to the anal sphincter with a lubricated Schott Model VFS-5 flexible endoscope. The bioavailability of the compound following the colon administration in dogs, relative to the same formulation administered orally (relative bioavailability), was determined. Except for atenolol, a small hydrophillic molecule, the relative bioavailability from administration to the colon of the dog correlated well with the following compound properties: high solubility and high, passive permeability > high solubility, low permeability > low solubility, high, passive permeability ∼ low solubility, low permeability. The dog colon model is proposed as a surrogate for human intubation studies when the controlled release candidate falls in BCS Classes 2 (LS/HP), 3 (HS/LP), and 4 (LS/LP). However, no human intubation or dog colon studies are required for Class 1 (HS/HP), as these compounds are likely to be well absorbed from the colon.
Electromigration of Flat and Bent Copper Lines Patterned with a Plasma-Based Etch Process

The electromigration performance of the copper line, which was patterned by a unique Cl 2 plasma-based etch process, was investigated with the accelerated isothermal lifetime method. The failure analysis result showed that voids originated along the copper―dielectric interface as well as at copper grain-boundary junction points. During the electromigration test, a large stress existed between the copper layer and the silicon nitride cap layer, which caused the cap layer cracking and copper extrusion. When the copper line was mechanically bent, the activation energy was lowered and the void distribution pattern was drastically changed. The lifetime of the copper line was shortened with the applied bending stress. Therefore, for large-area flexible electronics applications, the reliability of the copper interconnect line is an important factor that needs to be addressed.
Improved method for the preparation of carboxylic acid and amine terminated self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates.

We present an improved method to prepare carboxylic acid (COOH) and amine (NH2) terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates. In this method, a small amount of CF3COOH (for COOH−SAM) or N(CH2CH3)3 (for NH2−SAM) is added into the ethanolic solution of alkanethiols during SAM formation. The freshly formed COOH− and NH2−SAMs are then rinsed with an ethanolic solution of NH4OH or CH3COOH, respectively. Both SAMs prepared with the improved method show better quality in terms of surface chemical composition, roughness, and wettability as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle, respectively. The formation of better SAMs can be attributed to the disruption of interplane hydrogen bonds.
The ARCHway Project: Architecture for Research in Computing for Humanities through Research, Teaching, and Learning

An unusual alliance called the ARCHway Project is developing an Edition Production Technology (EPT), a technological infrastructure for collaborative research, teaching, and learning between computer scientists and specialists in Old English. Our goal is to identify and solve problems of mutual importance in building image-based electronic editions of significant cultural materials. The EPT will allow us to implement and integrate both new and already available software applications, to construct a digital library of previously unedited Old English manuscripts as a testbed for our solutions, and to distribute the digital library to the public. This paper introduces some of the tools and technologies currently under development as we build this interdisciplinary research, teaching, and learning infrastructure. First, we introduce the stand-alone tools developed under the Electronic Boethius project, an image-based electronic edition of the Alfred the Great's Old English translation of Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy. Next, we describe formal methodologies for collaborative research, teaching, and learning and the integration of these tools, as well as new developments, into an open-source platform. Next we present new ways to maintain the integrity of highly complex, layered, XML markup. Finally, we discuss how the EPT will be useful to other humanities computing projects.
Serrate–Notch signaling defines the scope of the initial denticle field by modulating EGFR activation

The Drosophila embryonic epidermis has been a key model for understanding the establishment of cell type diversity across a cellular field. During segmental patterning, distinct signaling territories are established that employ either the Hedgehog, Spitz, Serrate or Wingless ligands. How these pathways control segmental pattern is not completely clear. One major decision occurs as cells are allocated to differentiate either smooth cuticle or denticle type cuticle. This allocation is based on competition between Wingless signaling and Spitz, which activates the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Here we show that a main role for Serrate-Notch signaling is to adjust the Spitz signaling domain. Serrate accomplishes this task by activating Notch in a discrete domain, the main purpose of which is to broaden the spatially regulated expression of Rhomboid. This adjusts the breadth of the source for Spitz, since Rhomboid is necessary for the production of active Spitz. We also show that the Serrate antagonist, fringe, must temper Notch activity to insure that the activation of the EGFR is not too robust. Together, Serrate and Fringe modulate Notch activation to generate the proper level of EGFR activation. If Serrate-Notch signaling is absent, the denticle field narrows while the smooth cell field expands, as judged by the expression of the denticle field determinant Ovo/Shaven baby. This establishes one important role for the Serrate signaling territory, which is to define the extent of denticle field specification.
Freud's technique: more from experience than theory.

(2009). Freud’s Technique: More from Experience than Theory. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 913-924.
In machines we trust: do interactivity and recordability undermine democratic technologies?

When information and communication technologies are deployed for development (ICTD), a necessary condition for success is their acceptance and adoption. Recipients should trust a given ICT and believe in its welfare potential. However, certain features of modern ICTs, such as collecting and storing user information, may serve to undermine user trust in ICTs. We examine this possibility by investigating whether technological affordances of the electronic voting machine (EVM) trigger user perceptions about the machine and affect faith in democratic institutions. A survey (N=179) of Indian voters in New Delhi on the day of general elections in 2014 reveals that interactivity and recordability are negative predictors of trust in EVMs. Interactive machines were also considered less cool and less dependable. Theoretical and design implications of the findings are discussed.
Leadership behaviours of principals in inclusive educational settings

Reveals the results of a study which investigated the principal’s leadership behaviour in schools which educate moderately and severely disabled students in regular education classrooms on a full‐time basis. More specifically, notes that the purposes of this study were to determine whether the leadership behaviours of principals, as perceived by teachers, tended to be more transformational or more transactional; and whether there was a difference in the leadership behaviours of principals and the extent to which principals motivated teachers to exert effort beyond the ordinary. Forty‐four teachers from five school districts responded to the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass (1985). The independent variable was leadership behaviours of principals, defined as varying degrees of transformational and transactional leadership. The dependent variable was defined as principals’ ability to affect teacher motivation. Shows that the results of the study indicated that principals were perceived by teachers to exhibit more transformational leadership behaviours than they exhibited transactional leadership behaviours. Also, teachers tended to be more highly motivated under the leadership of principals who they perceived to be more transformational than transactional.
Lives that preach: The cultural dimensions of telling one’s “spiritual journey” among Quakers

While certain branches of Quakerism are well known for the silence of their worship, such branches also practice highly valued speech events. In this article, I explore one such speech event, the telling of one’s “spiritual journey” by members of a Quaker meeting. From an ethnography of communication perspective, drawing on cultural communication and cultural discourse theory, I examine the cultural premises that underlie this practice of narrative telling, informing both the story told and the situated narrative performance. This analysis reveals the way in which the interactional event of telling journeys among Friends serves as a model of practicing Quakerism for others and is central to the process of community formation. In addition, I suggest that the same premises that inform the telling of “spiritual journeys” also underlie engagement in silent worship and a distinctive style for conducting Quaker administrative meetings.
Incidence of breast carcinoma in women with thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma and differentiated thyroid carcinoma(the most common endocrine malignancy) occur predominantly in women. An association between the two tumors has been suggested by some investigators, but the potential impact of treatment of one of these diseases on the development of the other remains unclear. The authors examined the relation between the occurrence of these two tumors. METHODS There were 41,686 patients with breast carcinoma and 3662 with thyroid carcinoma who registered at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between March 1944 and April 1997. Women who received both diagnoses since 1976 were identified and incidence rates and relative risks of secondary tumor development were calculated. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program data on the age-adjusted incidences of these diseases during the same time period were used for the expected incidences in the same population. RESULTS Among 18,931 women with a diagnosis of breast carcinoma since 1976, 11 developed differentiated thyroid carcinoma ≥ 2 years after the diagnosis of breast carcinoma. These breast carcinoma patients contributed 129,336 person-years of follow-up; the observed incidence of thyroid carcinoma in this group was not different from that in a similar age group of women in the SEER database. Among 1013 women with a diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma since 1976, 24 developed breast carcinoma ≥ 2 years after the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. These thyroid carcinoma patients contributed 8380 person-years of follow-up; the observed incidence of breast carcinoma in women ages 40-49 years was significantly higher than the expected incidence for women in the same age group in the SEER database. CONCLUSIONS Breast carcinoma developing after thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed more frequently than expected in young adult women seen at the study institution since 1976. This potential association and plausible mechanisms of breast carcinoma development after thyroid carcinoma should be evaluated in larger cohorts of patients. Cancer 1999;85:696–705. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
The effects of multiplier shifts in a hierarchical city-size model

Abstract Hierarchical city-size models based upon the tenets of central place theory have recently become an important research topic in urban-regional economics. It is the aim of this paper to examine one such model in a comparative statics framework. Some general policy considerations follow the analysis.
Renewable Resources for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals

Fossil resources can be conserved by the use of renewable resources, primarily wood, either for the generation of energy or by the production of synthetic polymers using renewable materials as feedstocks. The sources of renewable resources for energy generation are summarized. The forms of energy generation possible from biomass are discussed. The production of chemicals and polymers from biomass is somewhat limited but still of conservation value. The chemical and by-product potential of renewable resources is evaluated. Production of chemicals by gasification is also briefly considered. (JSR)
Caddisfly life histories along permanence gradients in high‐altitude wetlands in Colorado (U.S.A.)

SUMMARY 1. Larvae of cased caddisflies (Limnephilidae and Phryganeidae) are among the most abundant and conspicuous invertebrates in northern wetlands. Although species replacements are often observed along permanence gradients, the underlying causal mechanisms are poorly understood. In this paper, we report on the distributional patterns of caddisflies in permanent and temporary high-altitude ponds, and how those patterns reflect differences in life history characteristics that affect desiccation tolerance (fundamental niches) versus constraints related to biotic interactions (realised niches). 2. Species (Hesperophylax occidentalis and Agrypnia deflata) that were encountered only in permanent ponds are restricted in distribution by life history (no ovarian diapause, aquatic oviposition, and/or inability to tolerate desiccation). Although the egg masses of H. occidentalis tolerate desiccation, the larvae leave the protective gelatinous matrix of the egg mass because adults oviposit in water. 3. Three species (Asynarchus nigriculus, Limnephilus externus and L. picturatus) have life history characteristics (rapid larval growth, ovarian diapause and terrestrial oviposition of desiccation-tolerant eggs) that should facilitate the use of both permanent and temporary habitats. However, A. nigriculus is rare or absent in most permanent ponds, and L. externus and L. picturatus are rare or absent in most temporary ponds. Experimental data from a previous study on the combined effects of salamander predation and interspecific interactions among caddisflies (e.g. intraguild predation) suggest that biotic interactions limit each species to a subset of potentially exploitable habitats. 4. Many wetland invertebrates exhibit species replacements along permanence gradients, but few studies have separated the relative importance of the effects of drying per se from the effects of biotic interactions. Our results emphasise the complementary roles of comparative data on life histories and experimental data on competition and predation for understanding invertebrate distributions along permanence gradients.
Sox9 and Nkx2.5 determine the pyloric sphincter epithelium under the control of BMP signaling

The organs of the digestive tract are specified by coordinated signaling between the endoderm and mesoderm during development. These epithelial–mesenchymal interactions lead to the organ-specific morphogenesis and differentiation of regions along the gut tube. In this paper, we show that in the chick, the SRY-related transcription factor Sox9 is a marker for the posterior gizzard. Viral misexpression of Sox9 in the gizzard mesoderm is sufficient to specify epithelium characteristic of the pyloric sphincter. Sox9 expression is normally limited to the region of the posterior gizzard under the regulation of BMP signaling from the adjacent midgut. Misexpression of an activated form of BMPR1b in the gizzard upregulates Sox9 expression, while the BMP antagonist noggin down-regulates Sox9 expression in the gizzard mesoderm. Previously, Nkx2.5 was identified as a marker for the mesoderm of the pyloric sphincter. As with Sox9, BMP signaling appears to regulate Nkx2.5 and its ability to determine the pyloric epithelium. Despite these similarities, our evidence suggests that Sox9 and Nkx2.5 are regulated independently by BMP signaling, and act coordinately to specify the pyloric sphincter.
Hepatitis C virus core protein enhances HIV‐1 replication in human macrophages through TLR2, JNK, and MEK1/2‐dependent upregulation of TNF‐α and IL‐6

Despite their differential cell tropisms, HIV-1 and HCV dramatically influence disease progression in coinfected patients. Macrophages are important target cells of HIV-1. We hypothesized that secreted HCV core protein might modulate HIV-1 replication. We demonstrate that HCV core significantly enhances HIV-1 replication in human macrophages by upregulating TNF-α and IL-6 via TLR2-, JNK-, and MEK1/2-dependent pathways. Furthermore, we show that TNF-α and IL-6 secreted from HCV core-treated macrophages reactivates monocytic U1 cells latently infected with HIV-1. Our studies reveal a previously unrecognized role of HCV core by enhancing HIV-1 infection in macrophages.
Estimating Compact Yet Rich Tree Insertion Grammars

We present a Bayesian nonparametric model for estimating tree insertion grammars (TIG), building upon recent work in Bayesian inference of tree substitution grammars (TSG) via Dirichlet processes. Under our general variant of TIG, grammars are estimated via the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm that uses a context free grammar transformation as a proposal, which allows for cubic-time string parsing as well as tree-wide joint sampling of derivations in the spirit of Cohn and Blunsom (2010). We use the Penn treebank for our experiments and find that our proposal Bayesian TIG model not only has competitive parsing performance but also finds compact yet linguistically rich TIG representations of the data.
Modeling design constraints and biasing in simulation using BDDs

Constraining and input biasing are frequently used techniques in functional verification methodologies based on randomized simulation generation. Constraints confine the simulation to a legal input space, while input biasing, which can be considered as a probabilistic constraint, makes it easier to cover interesting "corner" cases. In this paper, we propose to use constraints and biasing to form a simulation environment instead of using an explicit testbench in hierarchical functional verification. Both constraints and input biasing can depend on the state of the design and thus are very expressive in modeling the environment. We present a novel method that unifies the handling of constraints and biasing via the use of Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs). The distribution of input vectors under the effect of constraints and input biasing are determined by what we refer to as the constrained probabilities. A BDD representing the constraints is first built, then an algorithm is applied to bias the branching probabilities in the BDD. During simulation, this annotated BDD is used to generate input vectors whose distribution matches their predetermined constrained probabilities. The simulation generation is a one-pass process, i.e., no backtracking or retry is needed. Also, we describe a partitioning method to minimize the size of BDDs used in simulation generation. Our techniques were used in the verification of a set of commercial designs; experimental results demonstrated their effectiveness.
TELEMEDICINE VERSUS IN-PERSON DELIVERY OF COGNITIVE PROCESSING THERAPY FOR WOMEN WITH POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: A RANDOMIZED NONINFERIORITY TRIAL.

Background This study examined the effectiveness of telemedicine to provide psychotherapy to women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who might be unable to access treatment. Objectives were to compare clinical and process outcomes of PTSD treatment delivered via videoteleconferencing (VTC) and in-person (NP) in an ethnically diverse sample of veteran and civilian women with PTSD. Methods A randomized controlled trial of Cognitive Processing Therapy, an evidence-based intervention for PTSD, was conducted through a noninferiority design to compare delivery modalities on difference in posttreatment PTSD symptoms. Women with PTSD, including 21 veterans and 105 civilians, were assigned to receive psychotherapy delivered via VTC or NP. Primary treatment outcomes were changes in PTSD symptoms in the completer sample. Results Improvements in PTSD symptoms in the VTC condition (n = 63) were noninferior to outcomes in the NP condition (n = 63). Clinical outcomes obtained when both conditions were pooled together (N = 126) demonstrated that PTSD symptoms declined substantially posttreatment (mean = −20.5, 95% CI −29.6 to −11.4) and gains were maintained at 3- (mean = −20.8, 95% CI −30.1 to −11.5) and 6-month followup (mean = −22.0, 95% CI −33.1 to −10.9. Veterans demonstrated smaller symptom reductions posttreatment (mean = −9.4, 95% CI −22.5 to 3.7) than civilian women (mean = −22.7, 95% CI −29.9 to −15.5. Conclusions Providing psychotherapy to women with PTSD via VTC produced outcomes comparable to NP treatment. VTC can increase access to specialty mental health care for women in rural or remote areas.
The effect of relaxin on uterine phosphorylase in the rat.

An injection of relaxin into estrogen-primed, spayed rats increases uterine phosphorylasc a activity per unit weight of tissue. Similar results were obtained when estrogen was substituted for relaxin. The estrogen-priming requirement for the effect of relaxin, in this particular instance on uterine glycogen, was not met by priming with testosterone. In the spayed non-primed rat, relaxin increased total phosphorylase activity in the entire uterus as well as increasing the uterine weight. Over-all, relaxin and estrogen are very similar in their effects on phosphorj'lase activity.
Obstetrical Considerations and Management of Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome is a pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory condition defined by at least one clinical criterion and one laboratory finding. Clinical criteria are met by history of thrombosis or obstetric morbidity, including recurrent early pregnancy loss, fetal death, or delivery prior to 34 weeks gestation due to pre-eclampsia or placental insufficiency. Laboratory criteria are evidence of lupus anticoagulant or high titers of anticardiolipin or anti-s 2 - glycoprotein-I IgG or IgM. Treatment during pregnancy is primarily based on anticoagulant therapy, either at prophylactic or therapeutic doses depending on thrombosis history. This treatment certainly reduces thrombosis risk and may also improve obstetric outcome.
Asymptotics for Bosonic Atoms

It was proved by Benguria and Lieb that for an atom where the ‘electrons’ do not satisfy the exclusion principle, the critical electron number Nc, i.e., the maximal number of electrons the atom can bind, satisfies lim infz→∞Nc/Z ⩾ 1 + γ, where Z is the nuclear charge. Here γ is a positive constant derived from the Hartree model. We complete this result by proving that the correct asymptotics for Nc(Z) is indeed z→∞Nc/Z = 1 + γ.
Utilizing lime: Asynchronous Binding

Historically, connectionist systems have not excelled at representing and manipulating complex structures. How can a system composed of simple neuron-like computing elements encode complex relations? Recently, researchers have begun to appreciate that representations can extend in both time and space. Many researchers have proposed that the synchronous firing of units can encode complex representations. I identify the limitations of this approach and present an asynchronous model of binding that effectively represents complex structures. The asynchronous model extends the synchronous approach. I argue that our cognitive architecture utilizes a similar mechanism.
Association of NOS1AP genetic variants with QT interval duration in families from the Diabetes Heart Study

OBJECTIVES— Prolongation of the electrocardiographic QT interval is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death (SCD). Diabetic individuals are at increased risk for prolonged QT interval and SCD. We sought to replicate the finding that genetic variants in the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein ( NOS1AP ) gene are associated with QT interval duration in a type 2 diabetes–enriched sample of European ancestry. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NOS1AP were genotyped in 624 European Americans and 127 African Americans from 400 pedigrees enriched for type 2 diabetes. An additive genetic model was tested for each SNP in ancestry-specific analyses in the total sample and the diabetic subset (European Americans, n = 514; African Americans, n = 115), excluding from the analyses individuals taking QT-altering medications. RESULTS— In European Americans, rs10494366 minor homozygotes had a 9.3-ms-longer QT interval compared with major homozygotes ( P = 5.7 × 10 −5 ); rs10918594 minor homozygotes had a 12.5-ms-longer QT interval compared with major homozygotes ( P = 1.5 × 10 −6 ). Restricting analyses to the diabetic European Americans strengthened the effect despite the reduction in sample size (11.3-ms difference, P = 5.1 × 10 −5 ; 13.9-ms difference, P = 1.6 × 10 −6 , respectively). No association between the NOS1AP SNPs and QT interval duration was observed in the limited number of African Americans. CONCLUSIONS— Two NOS1AP SNPs are strongly associated with QT interval duration in a predominately diabetic European-American sample. Stronger effects of NOS1AP variants in diabetic individuals suggest that this patient subset may be particularly susceptible to genetic variants that influence myocardial depolarization and repolarization as manifest in the QT interval.
PARP inhibitors: a treatment option for AML?

A new study provides a rationale for the use of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors to trigger irreparable DNA damage as a therapeutic approach in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It also provides support for combining PARP inhibitors with agents that reduce HOXA9 protein levels.