cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibrational modes and quantum zero-point energy of hydrogen in ZrH0.0155 and ZrH2

Abstract We report on an inelastic neutron scattering study of the proton dynamics in ZrH0.0155 and e-ZrH2. In particular, we present measurements of the incoherent dynamic structure factor, generalized vibrational density of states, and proton momentum distribution of these two materials. Our results are generally consistent with theoretical predictions of Elsasser et al. [Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 453 221–226 (1997)]. They argued that the effective Born-Oppenheimer potential experienced by the hydrogen atoms in e-ZrH2 is nearly isotropic and harmonic at energies below 0.3 eV, but becomes anisotropic and anharmonic for higher energies. At low temperatures, the proton momentum distribution is dominated by the quantum-mechanical ground state of the protons. We find that it assumes a Gaussian shape, consistent with the concept that the potential surface is approximately harmonic for small displacements of the hydrogen atoms. However, the anharmonicity of the potential becomes readily apparent in the excited states of the hydrogen atoms, as the harmonic approximation breaks down in the description of the multiphonon bands.
The chemical potential of plasmonic excitations

By the photoexcitation of localized surface plasmon resonances of metal nanoparticles, one can generate reaction equivalents for driving redox reactions. We show that, in such cases, there is a chemical potential contributed by the plasmonic excitation. This chemical potential is a function of the concentration of light, as we determine from the light-intensity-dependent activity in the plasmon-excitation-driven reduction of CO2 on Au nanoparticles. Our finding allows the treatment of plasmonic excitation as a reagent in chemical reactions; the chemical potential of this reagent is tunable by the light intensity.
Cost-effectiveness Evaluation of Targeted Surgical and Endoscopic Therapies for Early Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Based on Biomarker Profiles.

Importance Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. The prognosis for patients with CRC varies widely, but new prognostic biomarkers provide the opportunity to implement a more individualized approach to treatment selection. Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of 3 therapeutic strategies, namely, endoscopic therapy (ET), laparoscopic colectomy (LC), and open colectomy (OC), for patients with T1 CRC with biomarker profiles that prognosticate varying levels of tumor progression in the US payer perspective. Design, Setting, and Participants In this economic evaluation study, a Markov model was developed for the cost-effectiveness analysis. Risks of all-cause mortality and recurrent cancer after ET, LC, or OC were estimated with a 35-year time horizon. Quality of life was based on EuroQoL 5 Dimensions scores reported in the published literature. Hospital and treatment costs reflected Medicare reimbursement rates. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Data from patients with T1 CRC and 6 biomarker profiles that included adenomatous polyposis coli (APC),TP53and/orKRAS, orBRAFV600Ewere used as inputs for the model. Data analyses were conducted from February 27, 2019, to May 13, 2019. Exposures Endoscopic therapy, LC, and OC. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were unadjusted life-years, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) between competing treatment strategies. Results Endoscopic therapy had the highest QALYs and the lowest cost and was the dominant treatment strategy for T1 CRC with the following biomarker profiles:BRAFV600E,APC(1)/KRAS/TP53,APC(2) orAPC(2)/KRASorAPC(2)/TP53, orAPC(1) orAPC(1)/KRASorAPC(1)/TP53. The QALYs gained ranged from 16.97 to 17.22, with costs between $68 902.75 and $77 784.53 in these subgroups. For the 2 more aggressive biomarker profiles with worse prognoses (APC(2)/KRAS/TP53andAPCwt [wild type]), LC was the most effective strategy (with 16.45 and 16.61 QALYs gained, respectively) but was not cost-effective. Laparoscopic colectomy cost $65 234.87 forAPC(2)/KRAS/TP53and $71 250.56 forAPCwt, resulting in ICERs of $113 290 per QALY and $178 765 per QALY, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance This modeling analysis found that ET was the most effective strategy for patients with T1 CRC with less aggressive biomarker profiles. For patients with more aggressive profiles, LC was more effective but was costly, rendering ET the cost-effective option. This study highlights the potential utility of prognostic biomarkers in T1 CRC treatment selection.
Advance in the Research of Citrin Deficiency

Citrin deficiency is a group of autosomal recessive genetic disorder including adult-onset type Ⅱ citrullinaemia (CTLN2) and neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD).The gene SLC25A13 related to citrin deficiency is located on chromosome 7q21.3,which encodes a protein named citrin with function of liver aspartate/glutamate carrier.Mutations in SLC25A13 such as point mutation or deletion lead to citrin deficiency which appears racial differences.Many cases of citrin deficiency have been found in Japan.In other countries including China,Korea,Vietnam,United States and Czech,citrin deficiencies are also identified.In southern part of China there is a special high mutation carrier frequency.This review is about the discovery history of citrin deficiency,the structure and function of citrin,the symptoms and progresses in diagnosis methods of citrin deficiency. Key words: Citrin deficiency; CTLN2; NICCD
Clickbait orientalism and vintage Iranian snapshots

What happens when vintage family photos are digitized and enter the global visual economy as representations of a people, politics, time, and place? In this article, I examine the social life of an...
Estimating bat fatality at a Texas wind energy facility: implications transcending the United States–Mexico border

Wind energy development causes bat fatalities. Despite emphasis on understanding and reducing these impacts, few data are available for the southwest region of the United States and northern Mexico. We monitored bat fatalities for a full year (March 2017–March 2018) at a wind energy facility in south Texas near the United States–Mexico border. We established search plots of 100-m radius at eight randomly selected turbines (of 255) and searched the roads and pads at an additional 92 turbines. We conducted weekly searches from spring through fall and bimonthly during winter. We used GenEst (Generalized Mortality Estimator) to estimate bat fatalities corrected for searcher efficiency, carcass removal, and density-weighted proportion of area searched. We found 205 bats during standardized searches, the majority of which were Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis, 76%). The corrected fatality estimates were 16 bats/megawatt/year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12 – 30 bats/megawatt/year) across all species. Species composition at our site is similar to that of northern Mexico, an area of expanding wind energy development with no published studies.
What Were They Thinking?: Refining Conceptual Assessments Using Think-Aloud Problem Solving

As today's practitioners and educators, we bear responsibility for training our students to achieve the deep conceptual understanding that they require to be the next generation of signal processing innovators. This article describes our work using think-aloud problem-solving sessions to reveal student misconceptions and to design improved conceptual problems for use in active learning classrooms. In addition, we present recently updated Signals and Systems Concept Inventory (SSCI) data demonstrating that courses incorporating active learning pedagogy produce larger gains in students? conceptual understanding of signal processing.
Characteristic Structural Motifs in Metallic Liquids and Their Relationship to Glass Forming Ability

Despite intense interest in and research on metallic glasses, one question remains predominantly unanswered: Why are certain alloys better glass-formers than others? Here, we use geometric alignment and density-based clustering algorithms to quantitatively describe the atomic structure and the degree of order in the simulated liquid state for four binary alloy systems. We show that each liquid is comprised of a surprisingly small number of characteristic atomic clusters (6-8 motifs in the systems studied), and that measurable order in metallic alloys extends far into the liquid state. The data suggests the extent of order is inversely correlated to the experimentally-observed glass-forming ability (GFA). The broad applicability of this technique to both good glass-forming systems (Cu-Zr, Ni-Nb) and poor glass-forming systems (Al-Sm, Au-Si) suggests that order in the liquid could be used as a coarse identifier of high-GFA compositions within an alloy system. This method both improves our fundamental understanding of why certain alloys are better glass-formers than others and provides an interesting a priori method for identification of potential glass-forming alloys.
Effect of midday pasteurizer washing on thermoduric organisms and their progression through Cheddar cheese manufacturing and ripening.

ABSTRACT Thermoduric bacteria are known to affect the quality of Cheddar cheese, with manifested defects including slits, weak body, and blowing. Thermoduric bacteria are likely to increase in numbers during cheese-making, as in-process conditions are conducive to proliferation. The present study was conducted to track thermoduric bacterial progression during an 18- to 20-h Cheddar cheese production run and during ripening when the pasteurizer was washed at midway through the production day. This study also correlated a broad range of chemical changes to the growth of thermoduric bacteria during ripening. Three independent cheese trials were performed at 3.5- ± 0.5-mo intervals. Samples were drawn in duplicates at 4 different times of the day: at the start of the run (vat 1), prior to a midday wash of the pasteurizer (vat 20), after the midday wash of the pasteurizer (vat 21), and at the end of the run (vat 42) for raw milk, pasteurized milk, and cheese. Cheeses were also tested during ripening for 6 mo. Results showed that raw milk total bacterial counts comprised 0.24% thermoduric mesophiles (TM) and 0.12% thermoduric thermophiles (TT). The thermoduric thermophilic bacterial counts increased by log10 1.23 during the pasteurizer run of 9 to 10 h, indicating a buildup of thermoduric thermophilic bacteria during the pasteurization process itself. Midday washing reduced thermophilic counts by log10 1.36, as evident by pre- and post-midday wash counts. However, a thermophilic buildup during post-midday wash was again noticed near the end of the 20-h run. We found that TT bacteria decreased in the first 60 d of ripening, whereas TM bacteria increased during the same period. However, TT bacteria increased later during 60 to 180 d of ripening. Bacillus licheniformis was the most frequently isolated bacteria in this study and was recovered at all production stages sampled during the cheese-making and ripening. We observed a significant increase in the level of orotic and uric acids in the vat made at the end of the day. No significant difference in the overall chemical composition, proteolysis, sugar, or other organic acids was observed in cheese made at the start versus the end of the production run.
Blood flow recovery from subsampled data in photoacoustic microscopy

Photo acoustic microscopy (PAM) achieves high contrast, intravital imaging of the microvasculature by utilizing the specificity of endogenous optical absorption. PAM has been further augmented by using loss of correlation (LoC) methods to image blood flow. However, estimating blood flow using LoC methods necessitates dense spatial sampling which increases laser fluence. To address concerns over the increase in laser fluence, we develop a sparse modeling algorithm to reconstruct blood flow in PAM from downsampled data. The proposed method is superior to reconstruction by bicubic interpolation, exhibiting an error of 5.6 ± 3.4% in vivo compared to 33.4 ± 32.7% for bicubic interpolation, for data downsampled eight times.
A conserved node in the regulation of Vasa between an induced and an inherited program of primordial germ cell specification

Abstract Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are specified by diverse mechanisms in early development. In some animals, PGCs are specified via inheritance of maternal determinants, while in others, in a process thought to represent the ancestral mode, PGC fate is induced by cell interactions. Although the terminal factors expressed in specified germ cells are widely conserved, the mechanisms by which these factors are regulated can be widely diverse. Here we show that a post-translational mechanism of germ cell specification is conserved between two echinoderm species thought to employ divergent germ line segregation strategies. Sea urchins segregate their germ line early by an inherited mechanism. The DEAD-box RNA - helicase Vasa, a conserved germline factor, becomes enriched in the PGCs by degradation in future somatic cells by the E3-ubiquitin-ligase Gustavus (Gustafson et al., 2011). This post-translational activity occurs early in development, substantially prior to gastrulation. Here we test this process in germ cell specification of sea star embryos, which use inductive signaling mechanisms after gastrulation for PGC fate determination. We find that Vasa-GFP protein becomes restricted to the PGCs in the sea star even though the injected mRNA is present throughout the embryo. Gustavus depletion, however, results in uniform accumulation of the protein. These data demonstrate that Gustavus-mediated Vasa turnover in somatic cells is conserved between species with otherwise divergent PGC specification mechanisms. Since Gustavus was originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster to have similar functions in Vasa regulation (Kugler et al., 2010), we conclude that this node of Vasa regulation in PGC formation is ancestral and evolutionarily transposable from the ancestral, induced PGC specification program to an inherited PGC specification mechanism.
Applications of Stokes’ Theorem

In this chapter we give a survey of applications of Stokes’ theorem, concerning many situations. Some come just from the differential theory, such as the computation of the maximal de Rham cohomology (the space of all forms of maximal degree modulo the subspace of exact forms); some come from Riemannian geometry; and some come from complex manifolds, as in Cauchy’s theorem and the Poincare residue theorem. I hope that the selection of topics will give readers an outlook conducive for further expansion of perspectives. The sections of this chapter are logically independent of each other, so the reader can pick and choose according to taste or need.
Persistent Legionnaire's disease in an adult with hairy cell leukemia successfully treated with prolonged levofloxacin therapy

Legionnaire's disease (LD) manifests most commonly as an atypical community acquired pneumonia (CAP) with systemic extrapulmonary manifestations. Disorders associated with impaired cell mediated immunity (CMI) are particularly predisposed to LD. Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare B-cell lymphoproliferative leukemia associated with decreased CMI. LD has only rarely been reported in HCL. We present a most interesting case of persistent LD in a elderly male with HCL who required prolonged antibiotic therapy.
Rapid isotropic resolution cartilage assessment using radial alternating repetition time balanced steady-state free-precession imaging.

Purpose To compare a balanced steady-state free-precession sequence with a radial k-space trajectory and alternating repetition time fat suppression (Radial-ATR) with other currently used fat-suppressed 3D sequences for evaluating the articular cartilage of the knee joint at 3.0T. Materials and Methods Radial-ATR, fast spin-echo (FSE-Cube), gradient recall-echo acquired in the steady-state (GRASS), and spoiled gradient recall-echo (SPGR) sequences with similar voxel volumes and identical scan times were performed at 3.0T on both knee joints of five volunteers. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) measurements were performed for all sequences using a double acquisition method and compared using Mann–Whitney Wilcoxon tests. Radial-ATR sequences with 0.3 mm and 0.4 mm isotropic resolution were also performed on the knee joints of seven volunteers and three patients with osteoarthritis. Results Average SNR values for cartilage, synovial fluid, and bone marrow were 54.7, 153.3, and 12.9, respectively, for Radial ATR, 30.8, 44.1, and 1.9, respectively, for FSE-Cube, 13.3, 46.9, and 3.3, respectively, for GRASS, and 19.1, 8.1, and 2.1, respectively, for SPGR. Average CNR values between cartilage and synovial fluid and between cartilage and bone marrow were 98.6 and 41.8, respectively, for VIPR-ATR, 13.4 and 28.8, respectively, for FSE-Cube, 33.6 and 10.0, respectively, for GRASS, and 11.0 and 16.9, respectively, for SPGR. Radial-ATR had significantly higher (P < 0.001) cartilage, synovial fluid, and bone marrow SNR and significantly higher (P < 0.01) CNR between cartilage and synovial fluid and between cartilage and bone marrow than FSE-Cube, GRASS, and SPGR. Radial-ATR provided excellent visualization of articular cartilage at high isotropic resolution with no image degradation due to off-resonance banding artifacts. Conclusion Radial-ATR had superior SNR efficiency to other fat-suppressed 3D cartilage imaging sequences and produced high isotropic resolution images of the knee joint which could be used for evaluating articular cartilage at 3.0T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:796–803. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Constructing simplified plans via Truth Criteria approximation

This paper has presented an approach to dealing with the complexity of explanation-based learning plans in complex domains. This approach uses a simplified algorithm to construct plans, and employs later refinements to repair bugs in constructed plans. This algorithm has the theoretical properties of completeness and convergence upon soundness. This incremental reasoning planning and learning algorithm has been implemented using a partial-order constraint posting planner and empirically compared to a conventional exhaustive reasoning partial-order constraint-posting planner and learning algorithm. This comparison showed that: 1) incremental reasoning significantly reduced learning costs compared to exhaustive reasoning; 2) Explanation-based Learning (EBL) reduced failures from incremental reasoning; and 3) EBL with incremental reasoning required less search to solve problems than EBL with exhaustive reaoning.
S4-5: Perceptual and Neural Consequences of Rapid Motion Adaptation

Nervous systems adapt to the prevailing sensory environment, and the consequences of this adaptation can be observed both in the responses of single neurons and in perception. Given the variety of time-scales underlying events in the natural world, determining the temporal characteristics of adaptation is important to understanding how perception adjusts to its sensory environment. Previous work has shown that neural adaptation can occur on a timescale of milliseconds, but perceptual adaptation has typically been studied over relatively long timescales, typically on the order of seconds. This disparity raises important questions: Can perceptual adaptation be observed at brief, functionally relevant timescales? And if so, how do its properties relate to the rapid adaptation seen in cortical neurons? We address these questions in the context of visual motion processing, a perceptual modality characterized by rapid temporal dynamics. We demonstrate objectively that 25 ms of motion adaptation is sufficient to...
Conflicting investment incentives in electricity transmission

This work illustrates the potential existence of conflicting incentives concerning electricity transmission investment. Specifically, we show that even in simple radial networks, different desired optimizing objectives could result in divergent optimal expansions of the transmission network. Consequently, finding a unique network expansion policy could be a very difficult, if not impossible, task.
Long Path Water Vapor Spectra with Pressure Broadening. II. 29 μ to 40 μ

There is in progress an experimental study of the meteorologically important 50 μ pure rotation band of water vapor. Transmission through a 196-m path under a range of known conditions of water concentration and of nitrogen pressures is measured. This first paper reports transmission spectra for the region 20 μ to 31.7 μ at a resolution of about 4 cm−1. The water vapor partial pressure ranges from 0.02 to 0.7 cm Hg and the nitrogen partial pressure from 0 to 60 cm Hg. The method for sample analysis is indicated and the importance of adsorption effects demonstrated.
Human Motion Analysis

Human motion analysis is receiving increasing attention from computer vision researchers. This interest is motivated by a wide spectrum of applications, such as athletic performance analysis, surveillance, man?machine interfaces, content-based image storage and retrieval, and video conferencing. This paper gives an overview of the various tasks involved in motion analysis of the human body. We focus on three major areas related to interpreting human motion: (1) motion analysis involving human body parts, (2) tracking a moving human from a single view or multiple camera perspectives, and (3) recognizing human activities from image sequences. Motion analysis of human body parts involves the low-level segmentation of the human body into segments connected by joints and recovers the 3D structure of the human body using its 2D projections over a sequence of images. Tracking human motion from a single view or multiple perspectives focuses on higher-level processing, in which moving humans are tracked without identifying their body parts. After successfully matching the moving human image from one frame to another in an image sequence, understanding the human movements or activities comes naturally, which leads to our discussion of recognizing human activities.
Coupling turbulence-distorted wave front to fiber: Wave propagation theory perspective.

We use the results of the theory of wave propagation in turbulence to analyze the effects of the atmospheric turbulence on the Free-Space Optical Communication systems under weak and strong scintillation conditions. We found that for the traditional fiber coupling arrangement statistics of the Power-in-Fiber (PIF) is sensitive to the phase fluctuation at the collecting aperture, rather than amplitude fluctuation (scintillation). Larger receiving aperture produces stronger PIF fluctuation. Similar to the scintillation of the sharp focused beams second-order scattering dominates PIF fluctuation for the weak and strong scintillation conditions. This should have serious effect on the probability distribution of the PIF. A new coupling arrangement is suggested that alleviates the destructive effect of the phase fluctuation, and allows the use of large receiving apertures. The trade-off is the decreased coupling efficiency. For our new coupling scheme the PIF fluctuation is determined by the power flux fluctuation through the collecting aperture. This allows taking advantage of the scintillation averaging effect to suppress the fading. We review the results of the rigorous Markov-approximation-based theory of the scintillation averaging that is valid both for a weak and strong scintillation conditions. This technique reveals several distinct regimes of the power flux fluctuation including the situation where fluctuation is relatively small, but is not described by the perturbation (Rytov's) theory. We also show how the energy conservation principle inherent to the wave propagation in the clear air turbulence provides an accelerated rate of the scintillation averaging compare to the typical averaging estimates.
Evaluation of clinical methods for assessing the surface roughness of restorations

Using four different clinical methods to assess the surface roughness of Concise and Spheraloy samples finished with four different treatments, two dentists untrained as evaluators found the following: 1. Although the control profile measurements showed significant differences both between the two materials and the four surface treatments (p less than .001), no clinical assessment method differentiated clearly between all treatments, especially for Concise. 2. Differentiation between the surface treatments was shown best for Spheraloy by the clinical criteria, abraded glass blocks, and ranked photographic negatives. For Concise the best results were shown by the clinical criteria and abraded glass blocks. However, evaluator agreements were highest for Spheraloy with the ranked replica profiles and photographic negatives. For Concise the highest agreements were with the ranked replica profiles. 3. Differentiation between pairs of each material finished with the same surface treatment was shown best by the ranked replica profiles and photographic negatives. These two methods also gave the highest evaluator agreements. 4. Where possible, the use of suitable visual ranking assessment methods rather than clinical ratings or scores to assess surface roughness is preferred for dentists untrained as evaluators.
Collaborative online research platform for scholars in humanities

Manuscripts and scholarly editions are essential resources for humanities researchers. However, most of those resources do not exist in digital form or are not easy to access online. This forces scholars to spend unnecessary time and effort to conduct research on different versions of materials (physical and digital) from different sources. To solve this problem, we propose CORPUS -- a Collaborative Online Research Platform for Users of Scholarly editions -- to support scholarly research online in an efficient manner. To design CORPUS, we conducted contextual inquiries with 10 scholars in philosophy to collect user requirements and generate design ideas. An interactive prototype was developed based on the user requirements. Finally, we conducted a formal evaluation study with the same 10 scholars to test the usability of CORPUS.
Finite element investigation of curling in non-symmetric rolling of flat stock

Abstract Curling of sheet flat stock during the rolling process can result in damage to equipment and injury to rolling mill operators. Additionally, the resultant curvature leads to poor quality of rolled stock. Curling is primarily due to the non-symmetry in the rolling process parameters—rolling speed mismatch, frictional differences at the two rolls and the differences in the roll radii. This paper presents an investigation of curling due to roll speed mismatch. An explicit time integration elastic-plastic finite element method is used to simulate non-symmetric plane strain rolling; reasonable agreement with experimental results of Kennedy and Slamar is found. The results demonstrate the efficacy of finite element analysis in investigating the effect of individual process parameters on the behavior of multi-variable processes.
Japan's Different Trade Regime: An Analysis with Particular Reference to Keiretsu

Many claim that although formal trade barriers have been removed at the border, Japanese markets remain unusually closed because of non-tariff barriers. After describing Japan's development strategy and the debate over the sources of Japanese growth, we consider current trade barriers. Recent research has made some headway investigating the impact of one of the alleged "invisible" barriers. In particular, efforts have been made to test if the behavior of Japanese corporate groups, known as keiretsu, creates a barrier to trade. Finally we consider whether private sector trade restrictions warrant a public response; what, if anything, should be done about keiretsu?
The slow diffusion of the DNA paradigm into biology textbooks

The science textbook is a complex product of social, commercial and intellectual forces rather than a simple collection of scientific facts. It can serve as a valuable tool in tracking the assimilation of scientific change, providing insight into scientific revolutions.
LANDSCAPE MODELING OF COASTAL HABITAT CHANGE IN THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA

A landscape model was developed to investigate and predict the environ- mental factors affecting wetland habitat change within the Barataria and Terrebonne basins of coastal Louisiana, USA. The model linked an overland-flooding hydrodynamic module, using cells of 100 km2 in size and operating at a 1-h time step, and a spatially articulated ecosystem module, resolving habitat type and change for 1-km2 cells in daily time steps. Integration across different temporal and spatial scales was accomplished with interpo- lation routines and averaging algorithms. Forcing functions included dominant regional processes, such as subsidence, sedimentation, and sea-level rise. Hydrologic functions were calibrated against existing climate and hydrologic time series, while habitat infor- mation was compared to maps prepared by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for 1978 and 1988. Spatial calibration was done by initializing the landscape pattern of the model to a 1978 USFWS habitat map. After a 10-yr simulation, the results were compared against a 1988 USFWS habitat map. Simulated maps had an accuracy of 85-90 (out of a maximum of 100), based on a multiple resolution fit algorithm. For validation, the model was initialized with a 1956 USFWS habitat map, and the results from a 32-yr simulation were compared to the 1988 USFWS habitat map. The landscape model produced reasonable regional agree- ment, despite the fact that small-scale processes and features were not included. The val- idation runs produced land-loss rates that matched historical trends with an accuracy fit above 75. The model simulated 30 years into the future, starting in 1988, testing for long-term climate variability under diverse scenarios. Results indicated that weather variability im- pacts land-loss rates more than replication of extreme weather years. Even when extreme dry and wet years were repeated, the model predicted lower land loss when compared to historical records. This is indicative of the ability of the simulated plant communities to adapt to repetitive climatic forcing functions.
Innovations in Laser Applications in the Cardiovascular Field

Laser applications in the cardiovascular system have continued to evolve. These include methods of reducing shock wave effects during laser angioplasty, progress in the area of direct myocardial reperfusion, and electrophysiological applications.
Strained Configurations in Three-Dimensional Analogues of Kekulé-Type Structures for Deltahedral Boranes

Localized structures analogous to the Kekule structures for benzenoid hydrocarbons can be constructed for the deltahedral boranes B n H n 2- . These localized structures contain exactly three two-center two-electron (2c-2e) B-B bonds and n - 2 three-center two-electron (3c-2e) B-B-B bonds. The number of equivalent such Kekule-type structures corresponds to the index of the symmetry group of the Kekule structure, K , in the symmetry group, D , of the deltahedron. Three-dimensional Kekule-type structures with the following configurations exhibit excessive strain and are therefore unfavorable: (i) structures having one or more pairs of boron atoms connected simultaneously by a 2c-2e B-B bond and a 3c-2e B-B-B bond (violation of the O'Neill-Wade restrictions); (ii) structures in which the three 2c-2e B-B bonds are excessively concentrated occupying only three or four vertices (the undesirable ∆, U, and Y configurations). Computations by Lipscomb and coworkers with partial retention of diatomic differential overlap (PRDDO) suggest that wide distribution of the three 2c-2e B-B bonds throughout the deltahedron and a minimum number of empty faces are more important than maximum symmetry in leading to the most favorable Kekule-type structure.
Individual Consideration Viewed at Multiple Levels of Analysis: A Multi-level Framework for Examining the Diffusion of Transformational Leadership

Abstract This article integrates a levels-of-analysis framework into the development and extension of transformational leadership theory. The primary focus of the article is on examining individualized consideration, a key component of transformational leadership, at three different levels of analysis including the individual, team, and organization culture. Extensions to Bass' 1985 theory of transformational leadership are offered.
Typical food selections of Japanese children living in the United States: Comparison with the recommendations of the U.S.D.A. Food Guide Pyramid

The extent of change in the diets of 59 Japanese children, 6 to 12 years old and living in the U.S. for 1 to 8 years was examined in a cross‐sectional study. In addition, diets were compared to the recommendations of the U.S.D.A. Food Guide Pyramid. The most significant dietary behavioral change over 4 or more years of residency within the U.S. was the increase in milk/cheese/yogurt consumption from 0.6 to 1.7 servings per day. Thirty‐nine percent of children consumed as many as 6 servings of the bread/cereal/rice/pasta group. White rice was the major cereal consumed. Fifty‐nine percent of the children consumed at least 3 servings of the vegetable group, 45% consumed at least 2 servings of the fruit group, 17% of the children consumed 2 or more servings of the milk/yogurt/cheese group, and 97% of children consumed 2 or more servings from the meat/poultry/fish/legumes/eggs/nuts group.
Chemical speciation of sulfur in marine cloud droplets and particles: Analysis of individual particles from the marine boundary layer over the California current

[1] Detailed chemical speciation of the dry residue particles from individual cloud droplets and interstitial aerosol collected during the Marine Stratus Experiment (MASE) was performed using a combination of complementary microanalysis techniques. Techniques include computer controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersed analysis of X rays (CCSEM/EDX), time-of-flight secondary ionization mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS). Samples were collected at the ground site located in Point Reyes National Seashore, approximately 1 km from the coast. This manuscript focuses on the analysis of individual particles sampled from air masses that originated over the open ocean and then passed through the area of the California current located along the northern California coast. On the basis of composition, morphology, and chemical bonding information, two externally mixed, distinct classes of sulfur containing particles were identified: chemically modified (aged) sea salt particles and secondary formed sulfate particles. The results indicate substantial heterogeneous replacement of chloride by methanesulfonate (CH3SO3−) and non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42−) in sea-salt particles with characteristic ratios of nss-S/Na > 0.10 and CH3SO3−/nss-SO42− > 0.6.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Are Not Associated with Subclinical Vascular Disease or C-Reactive Protein in the Old Order Amish

The relationship between vitamin D metabolites and subclinical vascular disease is controversial. Because low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) have been associated with many cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, we hypothesized that serum 25(OH)D levels would be inversely associated with inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP) and with subclinical vascular disease as measured by carotid intimal medial thickness (cIMT) and coronary artery calcification (CAC). We measured 25(OH)D levels in 650 Amish participants. CAC was measured by computed tomography and cIMT by ultrasound. The associations of 25(OH)D levels with natural log(CAC + 1), cIMT, and natural log(CRP) levels were estimated after adjustment for age, sex, family structure, and season of examination. Additional analyses were carried out adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and other CVD risk factors. 25(OH)D deficiency (<20 ng/ml) and insufficiency (21–30 ng/ml) were common among the Amish (38.2% and 47.7%, respectively). 25(OH)D levels were associated with season, age, BMI, and parathyroid hormone levels. In neither the minimally or fully adjusted analyses were significant correlations observed between 25(OH)D levels and CAC, cIMT, or CRP (R 2 < 0.01 for all). Contrary to our hypothesis, this study failed to detect a cross-sectional association between serum 25(OH)D levels and CAC, cIMT, or CRP. Either there is no causal relationship between 25(OH)D and CVD risk, or if there is, it may be mediated through mechanisms other than subclinical vascular disease severity.
Fall: an interactive garment that mimics nature's responsive system of defoliation through an embedded electronic mechanism

Fall is an interactive garment and that mimics nature's responsive systems through hidden electronic mechanism. The behavior of the garment is inspired by nature's seasonal behavior of Defoliation, the process through which trees naturally lose their leaves. The piece reacts to the simulated use of surrounding environmental factors. The objective is not only to augment a garment's functionality but also to use its qualified technology as an instrument to create an expressive interactive piece.
Quantitation of hydrogen peroxide fluctuations and their modulation of dopamine dynamics in the rat dorsal striatum using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry.

The dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) projection from the substantia nigra to the dorsal striatum become dysfunctional and slowly degenerate in Parkinson’s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder that afflicts more than one million Americans. There is no specific known cause for idiopathic Parkinson’s disease; however, multiple lines of evidence implicate oxidative stress as an underlying factor in both the initiation and progression of the disease. This involves the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), whose role in complex biological processes is not well understood. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at bare carbon-fiber microelectrodes, we have simultaneously monitored and quantified H2O2 and DA fluctuations in intact striatal tissue under basal conditions and in response to the initiation of oxidative stress. Furthermore, we have assessed the effect of acute increases in local H2O2 concentration on both electrically evoked DA release ...
Invited paper: Scalable reduction of large datasets to interesting subsets

With a huge amount of RDF data available on the web, the ability to find and access relevant information is crucial. Traditional approaches to storing, querying, and reasoning fall short when faced with web-scale data. We present a system that combines the computational power of large clusters for enabling large-scale reasoning and data access with an efficient data structure for storing and querying the accessed data on a traditional personal computer or other resource-constrained device. We present results of using this system to load the 2009 Billion Triples Challenge dataset, materialize RDFS inferences, extract an ''interesting'' subset of the data using a large cluster, and further analyze the extracted data using a personal computer, all in the order of tens of minutes.
Sp(6, R) symmetry and α-breakup amplitudes of giant E2 excitations in light nuclei

Shell-modelcore excitations based on the Sp(6,R) model arecompared with thosederived from a~luaur models. Overlaps between the firstsytnplecticexcitations(essentially giant E2 excitations) and a-clusterstatesof the same SU(3) symmetry areused to estimaisthea-breatup probabilities of giantE2 tesonanoesin '60, =°Ne, =4Mg and =°Si.Although theseprobabilities are large,a~lusterand Sp(6,R) core excitations areessentially complementary and may both be needed fora meaningfulmicroscopicdescriptionofA = 16-40nuclei.
Cloning of the rat and human mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferases (BCATm).

Abstract The rat and human mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase (BCATm) cDNAs have been isolated and shown to encode mature proteins of 41.2 and 41.3 kDa with presequences of 27 amino acids. When rat BCATm is overexpressed in COS-1 cells, the protein exhibits BCAT activity and correct processing of the mitochondrial targeting sequence. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from a panel of rodent-human somatic cell hybrids revealed that the human BCATm gene resides on chromosome 19 and the human cytosolic enzyme (BCATc) gene on chromosome 12. Finally, the nomenclature BCAT1 for the cytosolic gene and BCAT2 for the mitochondrial BCAT gene is proposed.
Actin and tubulin synthesis in murine blastocyst outgrowths.

Abstract The actin and tubulin contents of blastocysts grown in vitro for 72 h were estimated by densitometric analysis of Coomasie-blue stained SDS-gels. Actin represents 7% and tubulin 13% of total blastocyst outgrowth protein. The relative synthesis of these two proteins was measured by two-dimensional electrophoresis utilizing unlabeled and isotopically labeled actin and tubulin internal markers. Actin synthesis constituted 6.3% and tubulin synthesis 1.5% of the total protein synthesis. These values are not significantly different from those we have reported previously for mouse preimplantation blastocysts recovered from uteri. It appears then that the relative proportion of synthesis does not change significantly during the developmental period that encompasses the blastocyst stage and early implantation as represented by the in vitro hatching, attachment and outgrowth of the blastocyst. Data on the characteristics of growth and culture of the outgrowths is also presented.
The Effect of a Variable Lumbar Erector Spinae Sagittal Plane Moment Arm on Predicted Spinal Loading

Recent research indicates that the sagittal plane moment arm of the erector spinae decreases at the L5/S1 level during torso flexion. The objective of this study was to assess the predicted L5/S1 spinal loading from a lifting task when allowing the erector spinae sagittal plane moment arm to vary during torso flexion. Nineteen male subjects lifted three loads from two origin locations to an upright neutral posture. Spinal loading was predicted from an EMG-assisted biomechanical model that allowed the erector spinae moment arm to vary during torso flexion. The predicted lateral, anterior-posterior shear and compression forces increased by 7.4%, 11.1% and 6.6%, respectively, when compared to using a biomechanical model that kept the erector spinae moment arm constant. These results suggest that models that account for the varying erector spinae moment arm predict greater spinal loads, especially for motions that involve a large degree of torso flexion.
Approach to the child with prolonged fever in the pediatric emergency department

Abstract Children with prolonged fever represent diagnostic challenges. Although prolonged fever has been variously defined, the most widely accepted definition of fever of unknown origin in a child is an unexplained febrile illness lasting at least 8 days. Other term, fever without localizing signs , and fever without source refer to children with fever of shorter duration, generally less than 5 days. This review focuses on children with fever greater than 5 days duration. In each case, the practitioner of pediatric emergency medicine must be systematic and highly organized. He or she must first carefully review the child's history and physical examination for overlooked clinical clues, and then must make use of a focused set of laboratory and radiological tests. A "shotgun" approach must be avoided. Hospital admission may occasionally be warranted for die extremely ill child or to facilitate further evaluation, Extensive family counseling and close clinical follow-up are crucial. Repetition of the history and physical examination, is well is serial careful observations, may yield important leads that less rigorous physicians failed to see. Compared with adults, children have fewer life-threatening and chronic conditions that present as prolonged fever. Occult infections acocunt for nearly 50% of cases anti the overall mortality is low.
Control of polyphosphate metabolism in genetically engineered Escherichia coli

Abstract The polyphosphate operon of Escherichia coliwas overexpressed on a high copy plasmid under control of its native promoter. This operon contains the genes coding for polyphosphate kinase (PPK) and polyphosphatase (PPX), the enzymes responsible for polyphosphate synthesis and degradation, respectively. The plasmid was engineered for improved stability by addition of the parB locus. The polyphosphate content of cells containing this plasmid was significantly higher than that of wildtype E. coli. Cells were subjected to phosphate limitation following a period of exponential growth, and then shifted back to high-phosphate conditions. Polyphosphate reserves were utilized during phosphate starvation and partially replenished after the shift. PPK activity increased during phosphate starvation and dropped after the shift while PPX activity was highest when phosphate was in surplus. A ppk::lacZ reporter gene construct was used to investigate transcription from the ppk promoter. Although expression doubled upon phosphate starvation, it is unlikely that the Pho regulon is involved since both phoB and phoU mutant host strains gave similar responses.
Driving force analysis in an infinite anisotropic plate with multiple crack interactions

The methodology and a rigorous solution formulation are presented for stress intesity factors (SIF's, k) and total strain energy release rates (SERR, G T ) of a multicracked plate, that has fully interacting cracks and is subjected to a far-field arbitrary stress state. The fundamental perturbation problem is derived, and the steps needed to formulate the system of singular integral equations whose solution gives rise to the evaluation of the SIF's are identified. Parametric studies are conducted for two, three and four crack problems. The sensitivity and characteristics of the model is demonstrated.
Gendering the period eye: deschi da parto and Renaissance visual culture

Michael Baxandall's concept of the ‘period eye’ emphasizes the cultural constructedness of vision, characterizes a set of viewing norms, and charts the manner in which artists responded to these norms in their works. This interpretive structure has played an important role in the development of what has come to be known as visual culture. Through a particular example of deschi da parto, or birth trays, this essay highlights how some of the issues raised by visual culture may be brought to bear upon the study of Italian Renaissance art, specifically in relation to gender and viewing. As moveable paintings that gained significance when carried and passed around in the rituals attending conception, pregnancy and birth, deschi specifically addressed feminine spectators. They participated in, even structured, a visual economy in which the pictorial merged with the haptic; the lone monocular beholder of mathematical linear perspective multiplied into a choric array of spectators; and the grammar of composition was subverted by an anti-grammatical pictorial vernacular. The deschi and the spaces of their reception offer, it is proposed, a heteroglossic alternative to the normative period eye.
Preparation of monospecific HLA antibodies from cross-reactive multispecific antisera.

Multispecific, cross-reactive sera can be demonstrated by absorption studies to be of two types; a single antibody that is multivalent, and some that are mixtures of monospecific and multispecific antibody populations. The second type can be separated by a differential absorption technique. The characteristics of these sera that can be separated and the techniques are discussed.
Shadow on Sand: STRATEGY AND DECEPTION IN REAGAN'S POLICY TOWARDS THE ARABS

(1982). Shadow on Sand: STRATEGY AND DECEPTION IN REAGAN'S POLICY TOWARDS THE ARABS. Journal of Palestine Studies: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 3-36.