cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Substrate Noise Effects in Dynamic CMOS Circuits

The decrease in the feature size has led to the integration of both digital and analog circuits on the same silicon die which has led to many crosstalk issues. The crosstalk due to the substrate interactions also plagiarizes complete digital systems. This paper lays emphasis on this fact and because of the vulnerability of dynamic CMOS circuits to noise; a brief study of the effects of substrate variations on the performance of the dynamic CMOS circuits is carried out in this paper. The effects of substrate noise at very high frequencies (above 10 GHz) are also depicted in this paper. In order to accurately estimate the effects of substrate noise a substrate model is proposed and verified for functionality in the last section of this paper.
PIA1/A2 polymorphism of platelet glycoprotein IIIa and risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis

Summary Background The gene encoding the platelet glycoprotein Illa receptor (GPIlla), shows polymorphism ( P / A1/A2 ). In a previous study, men with acute coronary ischaemla were more likely than controls to carry the P / A2 allele. This receptor has an important role in acute thrombus formation; these findings therefore raise the possibility of inherited platelet risk factors for both arterial and venous thrombosis. We investigated whether the P / A2 allele is associated with myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis in a large prospective cohort of men in the USA. Methods 14916 initially healthy men participating in the Physicians' Health Study provided baseline blood specimens for DNA analysis and were followed prospectively for a mean of 8·6 years. 374 men had a first myocardial infarction, 209 stroke, and 121 venous thrombosis during follow-up (704 cases). Distribution of the P / A1/A2 polymorphism was investigated by a PCR based on restriction-fragment length polymorphism in these men and in a sample of 704 matched study participants who remained free of thrombosis during follow-up (controls). Findings The frequency of the P / A2 allele was similar to the control frequency (14·8%) among men who had myocardial infarction (13·5%, p=0·4), stroke (13·4%, p=0·5), or venous thrombosis (14·5%, p=0·9). The relative risk of any vascular event among men homozygous or heterozygous for P / A2 compared with men homozygous for P / A1 was 0·96 (95% Cl 08–1·2). We found no evidence of association between the P / A2 allele and myocardial infarction (relative risk 0·93 [95 0·7–1·2]), stroke [0·93 [0·7–1·3]), or venous thrombosis (1·07 [0·7–1·6]). There was no evidence of association in subgroup analyses by age, smoking status, and presence of family history of premature coronary disease, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, or diabetes. Aspirin use had no effect on these findings. Interpretation In a large cohort of apparently healthy men, carriage of the GPllla P / A2 allele was not associated with any increase in subsequent risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or venous thrombosis.
Selective Attention to Online Political Information

Selective attention is a key concept in communication research despite equivocal supporting evidence. This study focuses on methodological concerns in the study of selective attention. Using unobtrusive measures of selective attention to online political content this study found consistent support for the selective attention hypothesis. Three within-subjects quasi experiments were conducted (n = 29, n = 36, and n = 75) that measured subjects' attention to information consistent with and counter to their beliefs. Two other measures of selective attention were also used: (1) whether subjects turned first to consistent or counter information, and (2) how deeply into the material they read.
THE GENETICS OF LEVAMISOLE RESISTANCE IN THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

We have characterized a small group of genes (13 loci) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that, when mutated, confer resistance to the potent anthelmintic levamisole. Mutants at the 7 loci conferring the most extreme resistance generally possess almost identical visible and pharmacological phenotypes: uncoordinated motor behavior, most severe in early larval life, extreme resistance to cholinergic agonists and sensitivity to hypo-osmotic shock. Mutants with exceptional phenotypes suggest possible functions for several of the resistance loci. The most extreme mutants can readily be selected by their drug resistance (211 mutants, as many as 74 alleles of one gene). The more common resistance loci are likely to be unessential genes, while loci identified by only a few alleles may be essential genes or genes conferring resistance only when mutated in a special way. We propose that these mutants represent a favorable system for understanding how a small group of related genes function in a simple animal. The extreme drug resistance of these mutants makes them useful tools for the genetic manipulation of C. elegans. And, as the most resistant class of mutants might lack pharmacologically functional acetyl-choline receptors (LEWIS et al. 1980), these mutants may also be of some neurobiological significance.
JuxtaView - a tool for interactive visualization of large imagery on scalable tiled displays

JuxtaView is a cluster-based application for viewing ultra-high-resolution images on scalable tiled displays. We present in JuxtaView, a new parallel computing and distributed memory approach for out-of-core montage visualization, using LambdaRAM, a software-based network-level cache system. The ultimate goal of JuxtaView is to enable a user to interactively roam through potentially terabytes of distributed, spatially referenced image data such as those from electron microscopes, satellites and aerial photographs. In working towards this goal, we describe our first prototype implemented over a local area network, where the image is distributed using LambdaRAM, on the memory of all nodes of a PC cluster driving a tiled display wall. Aggressive prefetching schemes employed by LambdaRAM help to reduce latency involved in remote memory access. We compare LambdaRAM with a more traditional memory-mapped file approach for out-of-core visualization.
Prevention of obesity and eating disorders: a consideration of shared risk factors

In response to the high prevalence of obesity, eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors among youth, researchers in both the obesity and eating disorders fields have proposed using an integrated approach to prevention that addresses the spectrum of weight-related disorders within interventions. The identification of risk factors that are shared between these weight-related disorders is an essential step to developing effective prevention interventions. This article provides preliminary support for the existence of shared risk factors for obesity and eating disorders. Specifically, the authors examined and found preliminary evidence that dieting, media use, body image dissatisfaction and weight-related teasing may have relevance for the development of the spectrum of weight-related disorders. Future etiologic research designed to specifically test these and other potentially shared risk factors is needed and would provide important insights into the relevant factors to be addressed in interventions aimed at preventing a broad spectrum of weight-related disorders.
Preliminary research report: opportunities for using technology created by deregulation of the London stock exchange-first London site visits

The joint impact of deregulation and telecommunications on the internationalization of financial markets is examined. The issues considered are the competitive impacts on international trading firms, individual stock exchanges, and the structure of global markets. This work is part of a larger study on the strategic and competitive impact of information technology. >
Maternal self-efficacy and 1-5-year-old children's brushing habits

Objectives: This study investigates the relationships between maternal cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial factors and brushing practices in low-income African-American preschool children. Methods: Data are from a population-based sample of 1021 African-American families with at least one child <6 years of age and living in the 39 low-income Census tracts in Detroit, Michigan. Analyses were limited to 1-5-year-old children and their mothers (n ¼ 719). Mothers were surveyed about oral health-related self-efficacy (OHSE), knowledge about appropriate bottle use (KBU), knowledge about children's oral hygiene (KCOH), oral health fatalism (OHF), their own toothbrushing behavior, depressive symptoms (CES-D), parenting stress, practical social support, and their child's dental history. Children's 1-week reported brushing frequency was the main outcome measure. Analyses were conducted in sudaan to account for the complex sampling design. Results: Children's 1-week brushing frequency (range 0-40) averaged 8.50 times per week among 1-3-year olds and 9.75 among the 4-5-year olds. Maternal OHSE was a strong and significant predictor of children's brushing frequency; for each unit increase in OHSE, 1-3-year olds were expected to brush 18% more frequently on average during 1 week (incidence density ratios (IDR) ¼ 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.28; P < 0.001), and 4-5-year olds were expected to brush 9% more often (IDR ¼ 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.19; P < 0.10). Mothers' KCOH score was also significantly positively associated with brushing frequency; for each unit increase on the KCOH scale, 1-3-year olds were expected to brush 22% more frequently (IDR ¼ 1.22, 95% CI 1.10-1.35; P < 0.001) and 4-5-year olds were expected to brush 13% more frequently (IDR ¼ 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.26; P < 0.05). If a mother brushed her own teeth at bedtime during the week, her 1-3-year old child's brushing frequency was expected to increase by one-third (IDR ¼ 1.34, 95% CI 1.12-1.60; P < 0.01) and among the 4-5-year olds, the child's frequency was expected to increase by one- quarter (IDR ¼ 1.26, 95% CI 1.12-1.42; P < 0.001). Availability of help with transportation and financial support were also relevant variables for 1-3-year olds. Higher family income and dental insurance coverage were both positively associated with brushing among 4-5-year olds. Conclusions: Several maternal cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial factors were associated with young children's brushing practices. Oral health-specific self-efficacy and knowledge measures are potentially modifiable cognitions; findings suggest that intervening on these factors could help foster healthy dental habits and increase children's brushing frequency early in life.
Generic models of the laws of programming

The laws of programming are a collection of judgments about the equality and ordering of computer programs. A model of the laws is a mathematical description of the execution of programs, where the model has been proved to satisfy the laws. A generic model is one that has parameters that can be adjusted to the properties of a range of different programming languages and their differing implementations and differing applications. In this way, a generic model serves as the basis of a unifying theory of programming.
A Rapid Saccharogenic Method for the Determination of Serum Amylase

In this procedure for serum amylase the sugars formed by enzymatic starch hydrolysis are quantitatively measured in a protein-free tungstic acid filtrate by the alkaline reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide. The ferrocyanide formed is readily determined by measurement of the color produced with phosphomolybdic acid at room temperature. The reducing sugar formed, expressed as milligrams per hundred milliliters of glucose measured by alkaline ferricyanide reduction, was comparable in amount after 15 min. incubation at 37.5° to that formed at 30 min. as measured by reduction of alkaline copper reagent. The values for 54 apparently healthy blood donors, given by the 15-min. incubation ferricyanide technic, ranged from 24-195 U., with a mean and standard deviation from the mean of 103 ± 35 U. With the conventional 30-min. incubation alkaline copper method, a mean and standard deviation from the mean of 101 ± 36 U. was obtained. Amylase values given by both procedures for serums in the normal and abnormal ranges are presented. The reproducibility and some of the factors affecting the sensitivity of the ferricyanide method have also been determined.
Flexible filters in stream programs

The stream-processing model is a natural fit for multicore systems because it exposes the inherent locality and concurrency of a program and highlights its separable tasks for efficient parallel implementations. We present flexible filters, a load-balancing optimization technique for stream programs. Flexible filters utilize the programmability of the cores in order to improve the data-processing throughput of individual bottleneck tasks by “borrowing” resources from neighbors in the stream. Our technique is distributed and scalable because all runtime load-balancing decisions are based on point-to-point handshake signals exchanged between neighboring cores. Load balancing with flexible filters increases the system-level processing throughput of stream applications, particularly those with large dynamic variations in the computational load of their tasks. We empirically evaluate flexible filters in a homogeneous multicore environment over a suite of five real-word stream programs.
Settlement Configuration and Cosmology The Role of Caves at Dos Pilas

Cross-culturally, settlement location is celebrated in group mythology, raising the possibility that cosmological factors may play a role in the selection of site location. Using ethnographic sources, a model of modern Maya sacred geography is constructed that indicates that caves played an important role in settlement selection and layout. This model was tested for prehistoric settlement patterns at Dos Pilas. A thoroughgoing pattern of locating architecture in relation to caves was found. Data indicate that the pattern may be widespread, and the implications for our understanding of Maya sites are discussed.
Achieving Validation Barack Obama and Black Turnout in 2008

In this study we examine black voting in the 2008 presidential election. Recognizing the significance of having an African American win the presidency, we evaluate black political attitudes in 2008 vis-a-vis 2004, place black turnout in historical context, and discuss the problem of vote overreporting. The issue of vote overreporting plagues surveys, and this is particularly notable among African American respondents. The momentousness of Barack Obama's candidacy and subsequent election may further complicate black turnout responses. On the one hand, an African American Democratic presidential nominee is expected to mobilize blacks, but on the other hand this situation is also expected to increase the social desirability to misreport voting. To get around this intractable problem with surveys, we evaluate validated black turnout in the state of Georgia, which provides individual-level data on the population of registered voters. The validated black turnout numbers are much lower than those reported in national studies like the Current Population Survey, but our analysis indicates that compared to 2004, African American registration and voting in Georgia were markedly higher in 2008.
Timing of androgen deprivation for prostate cancer: benefits versus side effects--a patient-physician dialogue.

Androgen deprivation (AD)— early or late. The discussion of when to initiate AD for patients at high risk of progression or recurrence of prostate cancer is far from simple. There are many clinical scenarios in which the urologist or oncologist can either elect to monitor a patient or begin AD. Depending on the desire and ability of the patient to comprehend these choices, he is likely to be asked his “opinion,” which involves a discussion of the potential benefit of initiating AD, as well as the side effects and expense of AD. For this discussion, unless indicated otherwise, AD consists of either a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue or bilateral orchiectomy with or without an antiandrogen. In some countries, Casodex (150 mg), cyproterone acetate, or parenteral estrogen is used for AD.
Bone mineral density during total contact cast immobilization for a patient with neuropathic (Charcot) arthropathy.

Background and Purpose. Diabetes mellitus (DM)-related neuropathic arthropathy of the foot is a destructive bone and joint process. The effect of cast immobilization and non-weight bearing on bone loss has not been well studied. The purpose of this case report is to describe the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of the calcaneus in the feet of a patient with acute neuropathic arthropathy during total contact cast immobilization. Case Description. The patient was a 34-year-old woman with type 1 DM, renal failure requiring dialysis, and a 7-week duration of neuropathic arthropathy of the midfoot. Intervention included total contact casting and minimal to no weight bearing for 10 weeks, with transition to therapeutic footwear. Ultrasound-derived estimates of BMD were taken of both involved and uninvolved calcanei. Outcome. Bone mineral density decreased for the involved foot (from 0.25 g/cm2 to 0.20 g/cm2) and increased for the uninvolved foot (from 0.27 g/cm2 to 0.31 g/cm2) during casting. Discussion. The low initial BMD and further loss during casting suggest the need for transitional bracing and a well-monitored return to full activity to minimize the risk of recurrence and progression of foot deformity.
Intimate Partner Violence and Suicidality in Low-Income African American Women: A Multimethod Assessment of Coping Factors

This study used quantitative and qualitative methods to examine psychological factors that influence links between intimate partner violence (IPV) and suicidality in a sample of low-income African American women. Quantitative results demonstrated greater general coping, more efficacious behavioral strategies in response to IPV, more effective use of resources, greater use of social support, and less substance use among women who did not attempt suicide compared with those who did. Qualitative findings showed that suicide attempters showed less adaptive coping strategies aimed at accommodating the abuser, whereas nonattempters were more focused on strategies that supported leaving the relationship and/or avoiding further harm.
The association of phosphatidylserine synthetase with ribosomes in extracts of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The biosynthesis of phospholipids in Escherichia coli is catalyzed by enzymes most of which are associated with the bacterial membrane. In the present work, it has been found that the enzyme CDP-diglyceride: l-serine phosphatidyltransferase (phosphatidylserine synthetase) is exceptional in that it is not bound to membrane fragments in cell-free extracts of E. coli, but is predominantly associated with ribosomes. The enzyme resists extraction from ribosomes in buffers of high ionic strength. When ribosomes were allowed to dissociate in buffers containing low concentrations of magnesium, the enzyme was associated with both 50 and 30 S subunits. Phosphatidylserine is found only in trace amounts in E. coli, being rapidly converted to phosphatidylethanolamine by a decarboxylase which is a membrane-bound enzyme. Despite the apparently different intracellular localization of the two enzymes, their function in vivo must be tightly coupled. When the decarboxylase in living cells of E. coli was inhibited by the addition of hydroxylamine to the medium, phosphatidyl[1-14C]serine was shown to accumulate within 1 min. In the control cells, in which the decarboxylase was not inhibited, no labeled phosphatidylserine could be detected, showing that the decarboxylation of the newly formed phosphatidylserine must take place without detectable time lag.
Stock Selection Skills and Career Choice: Buy Side vs. Sell Side

Theory suggests the most profitable way to exploit stock picking skill is to set up an investment fund, yet in practice buy-side and sell-side stock analysts coexist. We examine the relative merits of stock picks from institutional investors and brokerage analysts, and the extent to which institutions use sell-side analysts' recommendations. We find that sell-side analysts' recommendations are informative. Although mutual fund purchases significantly outperform their sales the difference, in performance is largely concentrated on the day of the trade. Mutual funds tend to trade in the direction of recommendation revisions but their trade direction is not incrementally informative.
Adjuvant trastuzumab (T) therapy in HER2+ breast cancer after ASCO 2005: Patients' attitudes and immediate economic burden

10565 Background: Data from 3 large randomized trials documenting the efficacy of T in the adjuvant setting were reported at ASCO 2005, and subsequently published in NEJM 2005; 353: (16) pp 1659–72...
Teaching for Conceptual Understanding

The terms “ knowledge” and “understanding” are often thought of as synonyms, but there is an important distinction. To know means that one may recall facts and information accurately, but understanding connotes the ability to use information in a flexible fashion in multiple environments and circumstances (McDiarmid et al., 1989).
Evolutionary Distribution of the δ-Opioid Receptor: From Invertebrates to Humans

The delta-opioid receptor (DOR), as well as other opioid receptors such as the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and kappa-opioid receptor (KOR), hold evolutionary histories dating back hundreds of millions of years. DOR, in particular, has only experienced several small gene duplications throughout this expansive time period, and the receptor and its agonist like molecules can be found in an equally expansive range of species. Outside of the central nervous system (CNS), DOR is located on immune/inflammatory cells of both invertebrates and humans, and these shared immunoregulatory processes highlight a striking degree of evolutionary conservation. Upon examination within the CNS, a gradual pattern of increasingly light and heterogeneous DOR distribution and density over evolutionary time begins to emerge. When proceeding in the CNS from zebrafish, to turtle, to rat, and to human, DOR is comparatively denser at first and distributed in a more homologous manner in the zebrafish, with only a light rostral-to caudal pattern of DOR distribution apparent. This rostral-caudal pattern becomes increasingly pronounced and heterogeneous in turtles, more evident in rats, and even more prominent in humans. The clear heterogeneity of human DOR distribution is expressed via DOR levels that are highest in the cerebral cortex, caudate putamen and amygdala and dramatically drop off in density outside of the telencephalon. Also in the vertebrate CNS, not only does the regional distribution of DOR appear to become more selective through evolutionary time and hold various functions, but the binding properties of DOR also show a change in different species. Differential DOR distribution among species may correspond to a wide variety of functional differences. This chapter serves as a compilation and species-to-species comparison of DOR distribution, occasionally in comparison with MOR and KOR, as well as the primarily DOR-specific endogenous ligand, enkephalin. Focus is placed on the CNS, throughout the evolution of life and particularly in the context of organisms most often used for current research.
Spontaneous Bone Healing after Cysts Enucleation without Bone Grafting Materials: A Randomized Clinical Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate spontaneous bone regeneration after cysts enucleation of the jaws without the use of bone grafting materials. We included 18 patients at random (11 men and 7 women) with a mean age of 31.8 years, with jaw cysts treated by enucleation, without the use of grafting materials. A method of measurements to assess the percentage of reduction of the bone cavities was used to objectify the results. The patients were evaluated before and at least 6 months after surgery, with radiographic scans based on linear measures with a computerized method using Nemoceph program (Nemotec, NemoCeph Software, Madrid, Espana). The analysis of the sample shows an average of 85.59% decrease in horizontal measures, 89.53% in the vertical, and 88.98 and 89.81% in the diagonal left and right, respectively. The total average reduction was 88.47%. It showed a greater decrease in vertical and diagonal measurements with respect to horizontal. Regeneration in 12 patients was 100% and in 6 patients was higher at 50.4%. Bone density increased in the postoperative radiographs. The results suggest that in some cases, spontaneous bone regeneration can be achieved by cysts enucleation without bone grafting materials.
Area control of larvae of the lone star tick (Acari: Ixodidae) with acaricides.

Free-living larvae of Amblyomma americanum (L.) in eastern Oklahoma were controlled by applications of acaricides during July to September 1979 and 1981. The effects of the acaricides were measured with a drag sampling method through 4 weeks posttreatment. Log-probit analysis of results indicated 90% effective doses for sprays of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and stirofos of 0.16, 0.60, and 0.43 kg of Al/ha, respectively, and a 90% effective dose for 14% diazinon granules of 0.56 kg of Al/ha. Mean reinfestation rates at 2, 3, and 4 weeks posttreatment were 10, 19, and 34%, respectively, for all acaricides. On the basis of a larval Questing season of 60 to 90 days and larval reinfestation after 21 days, it was concluded that most larval populations could be controlled with one to three applications of acaricide.
The Vancomycin Symposium: Summary and Comments

The purpose of this symposium was the review and the discussion of data that has been developed regarding vancomycin, an antibiotic that was introduced into clinical medicine in 1956, approximately 14 years after the introduction of penicillin into civilian medical practice. Cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, which had been isolated from prevalent infections in 1942, were susceptible to penicillin in concentrations as low as 0.06 units/ml. During the following years, increasing numbers of isolates of S. aureus were found to be resistant to penicillin. The introduction of streptomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, chloramphemicol, bacitracin, erythromycin, and neomycin provided additional antibacterial drugs for the treatment of staphylococcal infections, particularly those resistant to penicillin. Dihydrostreptomycin and streptomycin were not desirable for long-term use because of the rapid appearance of resistant strains. Appearance of increasing numbers of strains resistant to the tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and erythrymycin occasionally forced clinicians to use parenteral administration of the more toxic antibiotics, bacitracin and neomycin, in spite of predictable adverse complications.
Thin film wrinkling by strain mismatch on 3D surfaces

Abstract Wrinkling of thin films in micro- and nanoscale has found wide applications in stretchable electronics, optical gratings, material characterization, and biology. However, most wrinkling work is in planar fashion and only limited work on 3D wrinkling has been reported. In this paper, we present experimental demonstration of 3D Cr film wrinkling on PDMS micro-ridges induced by strain mismatch. We first fabricated PDMS micro-ridges using replication from a silicon mold, prepared by conventional microfabrication processes. While pre-stretching the PDMS specimen along the ridge direction, thin Cr film was deposited through physical sputtering. After releasing the prestrain, two wrinkling waves formed on the two inclined surfaces of the PDMS ridges with the same wavelength but opposite phases. These two wrinkling waves twist the top of the ridge into a wavy shape, forming wrinkling waves oscillating in the direction parallel to the substrate plane. In contrast, 2D wrinkling waves oscillate in the direction perpendicular to the substrate plane. Using finite element simulations, we demonstrate that the 180° phase shift between the two sides is favored by the dominant buckling modes. While the 3D wrinkling wavelength is consistent with 2D theoretical prediction, wrinkles on the ridge feature non-uniform wrinkling wave amplitude along the width of the inclined surface. This 3D wrinkling work opens new opportunities in manufacturing curved-shape mold for contact printing and increases surface to volume ratio for wetting and battery applications.
Applying the Hough transform for detecting ground movers in synthetic aperture radar imagery

This paper describes the impact of ground target motion in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and video SAR mode imagery. The observations provide an approach for optimizing algorithms that detect moving targets by using only the magnitude of a SAR image. A slowly moving target at a constant velocity in the along-track direction or accelerating in the cross-track direction often generates a ridge of intensity that is distinguishable from the background clutter. The direction and location of a detected ridge provide information about the motion of the associated target. The ridge can be approximated as a linear feature and detected using the Hough transform. This approach acts as a complement to detecting the radar shadow of a moving target, improving detection probability. The method is robust enough to discriminate between a ridge associated with a moving target and false alarms due to vegetation, boulders, or stationary manmade objects. Simulated and flight test data collected by General Atomics Aeronautical Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI) validate the method.
Experimental study on economical efficiency of high proportion lignite blended combustion in a large scale CFB boiler

On the basis of investigation and integration on calculation methods of coal blending characteristics,a mathematical analysis model and theoretical method were proposed.The parameter characteristics of lignite mixed with other coals were determined,and the quantum particle swarm theory was employed to check and calculate the parameter equation.By the sectional calculated CFB furnace heat transfer model and the general boiler thermal calculation algorithm adopting sequential modular iterative,the thermal calculation for CFB boilers firing mixed coals with different proportions of lignite were conducted,under varied coals and varied operation conditions.Furthermore,the effect of lignite proportion on boiler's operation parameters was analyzed.Finally the reasonable mixed ratio was determined(50%-70%).Moreover,the operation performance of large scale CFB boiler firing mixed coal with high proportion of lignite was optimized.After the improvement,the boiler efficiency was enhanced by 2.045%to 3.174%,and the comprehensive auxiliary power ratio was decreased by 0.458%to 1.127%.
Energetic Salts Based on 3,5-Bis(dinitromethyl)-1,2,4-triazole Monoanion and Dianion: Controllable Preparation, Characterization, and High Performance

Molecular modification of known explosives is considered to be an efficient route to design new energetic materials. A new family of energetic salts based on the 3,5-bis(dinitromethyl)-1,2,4-triazole monoanion and dianion were controllably synthesized by using 1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene as a precursor. X-ray structure determination of monohydrazinium 3,5-bis(dinitromethyl)-1,2,4-triazolate (5) and monoammonium (6) and diammonium 3,5-bis(dinitromethyl)-1,2,4-triazolate hydrate (8·H2O) further confirmed the structures of these anions. In addition, as supported by X-ray data, in the monoanion system, the roving proton on the ring nitrogen rather than on the gem-dinitro carbon results in extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions and higher packing coefficients. Interestingly, 5 and 6 possess the highest calculated crystal densities, 1.965 and 1.957 g cm–3 at 150 K, for hydrazinium and ammonium energetic salts, respectively. Energetic evaluation indicates that 5 (detonation velocity vD = 9086 m s–1; detonation ...
Insertional achilles tendinopathy associated with altered transverse compressive and axial tensile strain during ankle dorsiflexion.

The purposes of this case-control study (N = 20) were to examine the effects of insertional Achilles tendinopathy (IAT) and tendon region on tendon strain in patients with IAT compared to a control group without tendinopathy. An ultrasound transducer was positioned over the Achilles tendon insertion during dorsiflexion tasks, which included standing and partial squat. A non-rigid image registration-based algorithm was used to estimate transverse compressive and axial tensile strains of the tendon from radiofrequency ultrasound images, which was segmented into two regions (superficial tendon and deep). For transverse compressive strain, two-way mixed effects ANOVAs demonstrated that there were interaction effects between group and tendon region for both dorsiflexion tasks (Heel lowering, p = 0.004; Partial squat, p = 0.008). For axial tensile strain, the IAT group demonstrated a main effect of lower tensile strain than the control group (Standing, p = 0.001; Partial squat, p = 0.033). There was also a main effect of greater tensile strain in the superficial region of the tendon compared to the deep during standing (p = 0.002), but not during partial squat (p = 0.603). Reduced transverse compressive and axial tensile strains in the IAT group indicate altered mechanical properties specific to the region of IAT pathology. Additionally, patterns of compressive strain are consistent with the theory of calcaneal impingement contributing to IAT pathology. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:910-915, 2017.
Multiple in vivo effects of interleukin-3 and interleukin-6 on murine megakaryocytopoiesis.

The in vivo effects of interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and a combination of IL-3 plus IL-6 on murine megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis were examined. Human recombinant IL-6 was administered subcutaneously as 14 equal injections of 5,000 units each during a 102- hour period. Murine recombinant IL-3 was given as 8 injections of 80,000 units each during the first 54 hours. Megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis were evaluated 120 hours after initial administration of the cytokines. Platelet levels increased by 20% following IL-3 alone, 35% following IL-6 alone and 61% after administration of both IL-3 and IL-6. Platelet production, as measured by 75Se-selenomethionine incorporation, increased by approximately 120% in animals that had received IL-6 or IL-3 plus IL-6. Megakaryocyte ploidy analysis by two- color flow cytometry showed a shift in the modal ploidy class from 16N to 32N and a significant increase in the frequency of 64N cells only in IL-6 treated animals. Both bone marrow and splenic megakaryocyte colony- forming cells were significantly increased following either IL-3 or IL- 6. Bone marrow megakaryocyte size increased 18%, 43%, and 38%, respectively, after administration of IL-3, IL-6, or the combination of IL-3 plus IL-6. Leukocyte counts and hematocrits were unaffected by either cytokine. Additional groups of mice received the same injection schedule as above and the serial effects on peripheral blood cell levels were assessed for 30 days. Platelet levels, which had been elevated by IL-3 or IL-6, fell to control values within 4 days following the last injection. Animals given IL-6 or IL-3 plus IL-6 were subsequently thrombocytopenic relative to controls on days 7 through 9 following cessation of treatment. Temporary ‘cycling’ of platelet levels was observed for 3 weeks following treatment with IL-6 or the combination of IL-3 plus IL-6. We conclude that IL-6 and to a lesser extent IL-3 stimulate platelet production in vivo and that their combined effects on platelet levels are approximately additive. Following discontinuation of IL-3 or IL-6, the effects are rapidly reversed, presumably by negative feedback mechanisms, resulting in a period of ‘rebound thrombocytopenia’ in mice that had received IL-6.
Adopting Digital Badges in Higher Education: Scoping the Territory

Digital badges are often contrasted with transcripted degrees and certificates traditionally offered by universities. As micro-credentials, badges may be issued by employers and professional organizations, and accessed and used flexibly by learners. But universities themselves can also appropriate badging practices. In this chapter a university-based research team reports efforts to plan and launch badging systems at two levels: (1) individual course level; and (2) program level. Each level is presented as a mini-case, showing its role in contributing to eventual school-wide adoption. Then university-wide infrastructure and support is discussed.
Understanding and generating high quality patches for concurrency bugs

Concurrency bugs are time-consuming to fix correctly by developers and a severe threat to software reliability. Although many auto-fixing techniques have been proposed recently for concurrency bugs, there is still a big gap between the quality of automatically generated patches and manually designed ones. This paper first conducts an in-depth study of manual patches for 77 real-world concurrency bugs, which provides both assessments for existing techniques and actionable suggestions for future research. Guided by this study, a new tool HFix is designed. It can automatically generate patches, which have matching quality as manual patches, for many concurrency bugs.
Effects of feeding high-moisture corn stover to gestating and lactating beef cows as an alternative to hay and corn silage on performance and reproduction

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to evaluate ensiled high-moisture corn stover as an alternative forage for beef cows. In Exp. 1, multiparous, gestating Simmental and Angus × Simmental cows (n = 96) were limit fed 1 of 3 treatments: (1) 60% high-moisture corn stover, 25% ground cornstalks, and 15% corn gluten feed (HMCS); (2) 60% corn silage, 25% ground cornstalks, and 15% corn gluten feed (SIL); or (3) 60% hay, 25% ground cornstalks, and 15% corn gluten feed (HY) from 108 ± 14 to 38 ± 14 d prepartum. In Exp. 2, lactating Simmental and Simmental × Angus cows (n = 79) were limit fed 1 of 2 treatments at calving: (1) 75% high-moisture corn stover and 25% dried distillers grains (HMCS2) or (2) 70% corn silage and 30% dried distillers grains (SIL2). Diets were limit fed to achieve NASEM (2016) requirements for maintenance and lactation. In Exp. 1, BW gain was greater (P
Isolation of Gastric Vitamin B12-binding Proteins Using Affinity Chromatography II. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF HOG INTRINSIC FACTOR AND HOG NONINTRINSIC FACTOR

Abstract Two vitamin B12-binding proteins, designated hog intrinsic factor and hog nonintrinsic factor, have been isolated from hog gastric mucosa. Affinity chromatography on vitamin B12-Sepharose resulted in the removal of the bulk of protein present in a crude extract of hog gastric mucosa. The two vitamin B12-binding proteins were separated subsequently by a method of "selective" affinity chromatography with an affinity adsorbent containing covalently bound derivatives of vitamin B12 that lack the nucleotide portion of the native vitamin. Under appropriate conditions hog nonintrinsic factor was adsorbed to a column of this material, while hog intrinsic factor was not. After additional purification both proteins were isolated in homogeneous form based on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hog intrinsic factor (24 µg) corrected vitamin B12 malabsorption when given to a patient with pernicious anemia, while hog nonintrinsic factor (49 µg) had no effect. Hog intrinsic factor binds 30.3 µg of vitamin B12 per mg of protein. Molecular weight values of 52,300 to 58,600 were obtained by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation and amino acid and carbohydrate analysis. The protein contains 17.5% carbohydrate which accounts for the elevated molecular weight values (66,000 to 75,000) obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. In the presence of vitamin B12 hog intrinsic factor aggregates to form dimers and higher molecular weight oligomers. Hog nonintrinsic factor binds 25.1 µg of vitamin B12 per mg of protein. Molecular weight values of 61,000 to 66,000 were obtained by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation and amino acid and carbohydrate analysis. The protein contains 35.5% carbohydrate which accounts for the elevated molecular weight values (100,000 to 130,000) obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. Hog nonintrinsic factor retains its monomeric form in the presence of vitamin B12 under conditions in which hog intrinsic factor aggregates. Hog intrinsic factor and hog nonintrinsic factor differ significantly from each other in their amino acid and carbohydrate composition. These differences, together with differences in other parameters, demonstrate that these two proteins are distinct and separate species.
Assessment of autonomic function in the late term fetus: The effects of sex and state.

Researchers have reported associations between fetal sex and heart rate (FHR) and heart rate variability (FHRV) but rarely in the context of fetal behavioral sleep state. We examined differences in measures of fetal autonomic function by sex and sleep state. Fetal abdominal ECG monitoring technology was used to measure FHR and two measures of FHRV-standard deviation of FHR (SD) and beat-to-beat variability (RMSSD). FHR and movement patterns were also recorded with standard Doppler ultrasound monitor technology employed to code sleep states. Data were collected from 82 healthy fetuses ranging from 36 to 39 weeks gestation. A one-way MANOVA showed that FHR was significantly lower and SD was significantly higher for males than females. Independent samples t tests found that these sex differences were only in the active sleep state. There were no significant differences in RMSSD by sex. Repeated measures MANOVA for a subset that exhibited more than one state (N = 22) showed that SD was significantly different by state. RMSSD showed a marginally significant sleep state difference. In conclusion, fetal sex differences in HR and HRV may indicate more mature autonomic functioning in near-term males than females and fetal sleep state can influence abdominal fECG derived measures of FHR and FHRV.
Economical synthesis of 14C-labeled aminolevulinic acid for specific in situ labeling of plant tetrapyrroles.

The application of metabolic radiolabeling techniques to plant tetrapyrroles, i.e., chlorophyll and hemes, is complicated by the difficulty of obtaining sufficient quantities of radiolabeled aminolevulinic acid (ALA). ALA, the first committed intermediate in the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway, is inconvenient to synthesize chemically and is generally not produced in significant quantities in biological systems. Radiolabeled ALA is therefore usually quite expensive and available only in limited quantities. Here, we describe bulk biosynthesis and purification of 14C-labeled ALA from 14C glycine. We first cloned ALA synthase (ALAS) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides into an expression vector for expression and purification as a fusion with maltose-binding protein. We then used the purified ALAS to synthesize ALA in vitro from 14C-labeled glycine and succinyl-coenzyme A. Finally, we used ion exchange chromatography to separate the ALA product from the crude reaction. We achieved conversion and recovery efficiencies of 80–90%, and chlorophyll radiolabeling experiments with the 14C ALA product revealed no detectable non-specific incorporation into proteins. The ability to economically produce robust quantities of 14C ALA using common methodologies provides a new tool for working with tetrapyrroles, which includes both hemes and chlorophylls and their respective binding proteins. This tool allows the specific detection and quantification of the tetrapyrrole of interest from standard acrylamide gels or hybridization transfer membranes via radiographic imaging, which enables a wide array of experiments involving spatial and temporal resolution of the movement of pigments as they are synthesized, incorporated into their target binding proteins, and eventually degraded.
An Assessment of Steam-Explosion-Induced Containment Failure. Part IV: Impact Mechanics, Dissipation, and Vessel Head Failure

AbstractEnergy dissipation mechanisms and associated energy partition during the energy delivery stage from a steam-explosion-generated slug upon the upper internal structures and reactor vessel head are considered. The results indicate that some previously ignored mechanisms may be significant not only to the quantification of dissipation but also to the whole head loading/failure scenario.
The Trump Doctrine and the Institutions of the Liberal International Order

The chapter examines how institutions of the liberal world order intend to establish norms moderating how nations seek to protect and advance their self-interests. Lindbergh’s realist doubts of The League of Nations, Franklin D. Roosevelt’s proponent for international structures as component of postwar reconstruction, and Reagan’s embrace of collective security and strong support of NATO are the important and necessary historical introductions to today’s reality. Trump’s campaign had no foreign-policy promises or priorities, mostly addressing issues of the matter in tweets. Trump’s worldview may be conventional, but his manner of employing statecraft is uniquely Trumpian. The chapter closes by displaying several characteristics of how Trump employs American power, shaping Trump doctrine: strategic communications, deal-making, risk-taking, activism, dealing with authoritarian regimes, and trade policy. There is no question the liberal order is changing, but much of that has little to do with Trump.
Real-world Evidence to Estimate Prostate Cancer Costs for First-line Treatment or Active Surveillance

Abstract Background Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Changes in screening guidelines, adoption of active surveillance (AS), and implementation of high-cost technologies have changed treatment costs. Traditional cost-effectiveness studies rely on clinical trial protocols unlikely to capture actual practice behavior, and existing studies use data predating new technologies. Real-world evidence reflecting these changes is lacking. Objective To assess real-world costs of first-line prostate cancer management. Design, setting, and participants We used clinical electronic health records for 2008–2018 linked with the California Cancer Registry and the Medicare Fee Schedule to assess costs over 24 or 60 mo following diagnosis. We identified surgery or radiation treatments with structured methods, while we used both structured data and natural language processing to identify AS. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Our results are risk-stratified calculated cost per day (CCPD) for first-line management, which are independent of treatment duration. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare unadjusted CCPD while analysis of covariance log-linear models adjusted estimates for age and Charlson comorbidity. Results and limitations In 3433 patients, surgery (54.6%) was more common than radiation (22.3%) or AS (23.0%). Two years following diagnosis, AS ($2.97/d) was cheaper than surgery ($5.67/d) or radiation ($9.34/d) in favorable disease, while surgery ($7.17/d) was cheaper than radiation ($16.34/d) for unfavorable disease. At 5 yr, AS ($2.71/d) remained slightly cheaper than surgery ($2.87/d) and radiation ($4.36/d) in favorable disease, while for unfavorable disease surgery ($4.15/d) remained cheaper than radiation ($10.32/d). Study limitations include information derived from a single healthcare system and costs based on benchmark Medicare estimates rather than actual payment exchanges. Patient summary Active surveillance was cheaper than surgery (−47.6%) and radiation (−68.2%) at 2 yr for favorable-risk disease, while savings diminished by 5 yr (−5.6% and −37.8%, respectively). Surgery cost less than radiation for unfavorable risk for both intervals (−56.1% and −59.8%, respectively).