cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnicity and Economic Well-Being: The Case of Ghana

In the context of decades of successful economic reforms in Ghana, this study investigates whether ethnicity influences economic well-being (perceived and actual) among Ghanaians at the micro-level. Drawing on Afro-barometer 2008 data, the authors employs logistic and multiple regression techniques to explore the relative effect of ethnicity on economic well-being. Results demonstrate that ethnicity is an important determinant of both measures of people’s economic well-being (perceived and actual) in Ghana. Ethnicity tends to have both negative and positive effect on economic well-being among different ethnic groups and different sub-sample. For instance, for three ethnic groups (Akans, Ga-Adangbes and Ewe/Anglo), ethnicity predicts lower level of economic well-being for rural residents, whereas for Akans, it minimizes the risk of deprivation in the urban setting. Findings from this study do not support the idea that ethnicity may be less relevant in shaping people’s well-being in an era of economic reforms in a society like that of Ghana. Detailed policy implications of the study are discussed emphasizing the need to develop ethnic-specific development programs to complement the on-going reforms as part of the country’s decentralization efforts.
Analysis of anionic impurities in ammonium dinitramide (ADN), Part I: Ion chromatographic analysis

Abstract A method has been developed to analyze ammonium dinitrimide, a new energetic material, as well as other anionic impurities in it. This method employs ion chromatography with UV detection. Analysis of ADN samples could be done in under 20 minutes employing this method. Analysis of pure samples as well as aged samples was accomplished.
When Harvard Said No to Eugenics the J. Ewing Mears Bequest, 1927

James Ewing Mears (1838-1919) was a founding member of the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery. His 1910 book, The Problem of Race Betterment, laid the groundwork for later authors to explore the uses of surgical sterilization as a eugen- ic measure. Mears left $60,000 in his will to Harvard University to support the teaching of eugenics. Although numerous eugenic activists were on the Harvard faculty, and two of its Presidents were also associated with the eugenics movement, Harvard refused the Mears gift. The bequest was eventually awarded to Jefferson Medical College in Phil- adelphia. This article explains why Harvard turned its back on a donation that would have supported instruction in a popular subject. Harvard's decision illustrates the range of opinion that existed on the efficacy of eugenic sterilization at the time. The Mears case also highlights a powerful irony: the same week Harvard turned down the Mears legacy, the U.S. Supreme Court endorsed eugenic sterilization in the landmark case of Buck v. Bell. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., graduate of Harvard and former mem- ber of its law faculty wrote the opinion in that case, including the famous conclusion: "Three generations of imbeciles are enough."
Projected applications, status and plans for Honeywell high density, high performance, nonvolatile memory

The foundation and basis for the Honeywell nonvolatile memory program is the proven, radiation hard, CMOS technology, combined with the proven, radiation hard, MRAM nonvolatile memory technology. These demonstrated capabilities allow the Honeywell team to focus on the most critical elements, the production release of the current AMR nonvolatile products and the development of scalable GMR storage elements capable of supporting 4 Gbit/cm/sup 2/ nonvolatile memory technology.
The impact of immersion protection requirements on hair dryer electrocutions in the USA

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the immersion protection requirements of a voluntary safety standard for portable handheld hair dryers in preventing electrocution deaths in the USA. Methods The present work was an interrupted time series study design. Data on annual hair dryer-related electrocution deaths resulting from water contact were developed for the 1980–2007 study period. A multivariate Poisson regression model for rate data was used to evaluate the impact of the immersion protection requirements during the post-intervention period. The analysis controlled for the estimated number of hair dryers in use and the estimated number of US homes equipped with ground fault circuit interrupters, safety devices that would address hair dryer electrocutions even in the absence of the immersion protection requirements of the voluntary standard. The implementation of the 1987 and 1991 immersion protection requirements of the voluntary standard for portable handheld hair dryers was the intervention studied. The main outcome measure was the estimated reduction in the hair dryer electrocution rate associated with the immersion protection requirements of the voluntary standard. Results After controlling for covariates, the immersion protection requirements were estimated to reduce the rate of hair dryer immersion electrocution deaths by 96.6% (95% CI, 90.8% to 98.8%). This suggests the prevention of about 280 immersion electrocution deaths involving hair dryers during the post-intervention period (1987–2007). Conclusions The immersion protection requirements of the voluntary safety standard for hair dryers have been highly effective in reducing hair dryer electrocutions.
Friends with benefits relationships as a start to exclusive romantic relationships

The current study examined whether young adults who start their exclusive romantic relationship via Friends with Benefits (FWB) relationships differed in relationship functioning from those who did not. After controlling for other salient predictors of relationship functioning (e.g., alcohol use, attachment style), young adults who were in FWB relationships prior to becoming exclusive reported lower relationship satisfaction when compared to young adults who did not. There were no significant associations between FWB status and communication quality or ambiguity in commitment levels. FWB status was not associated with relationship termination over the course of 4 months. Collectively, starting exclusive romantic relationships via FWB relationships had little apparent impact on later relationship functioning.
Objective psychological measurement and alcoholism: survey of the literature 1973.

The literature published during 1973 on alcoholics in the United States was examined for objective psychological test data or behavioral measurements. Information was grouped according to problem area and included tests employed, significant findings, critical comments, and inferences for therapy and research. Review articles of 1973 are listed in an appendix.
Elusive decibel: Thoughts on sonars and marine mammals

Sonar engineers, marine biologists and environmentally-conscious citizens continue to discuss the issues of using the same acoustical units to avoid confusion and misinterpretation, which can be traced back to the multiple use of the term `decibel'. But the real focus of concern is to determine what underwater sound levels are harmful to marine life. Hence, mitigation measures must be developed to allow underwater acoustic systems to be operated while ensuring the protection of the marine environment.
Strategic politicians, partisan roll calls, and the Tea Party: Evaluating the 2010 midterm elections

The 2010 midterm elections were politically and historically significant in several respects. This article offers a concise narrative of the congressional elections beginning with a discussion of the factors influencing the outcome of the historic election. We briefly consider established research on congressional elections and analyze the degree to which these theories apply to the specific circumstances in 2010. Throughout the article, we compare the 2010 midterms to two other recent elections, 2006 and 2008. We also examine several idiosyncratic aspects of the 2010 elections, relative to the historic midterm elections of 1994 and 2006, as well as the effects of the stimulus and healthcare reform bills and the Tea Party movement. We find strong effects for member votes on the individual roll calls, but little evidence of Tea Party influence on electoral outcomes.
Spatial heterodyne interferometry techniques and applications in semiconductor wafer manufacturing

Spatial heterodyning is an interferometric technique that allows a full complex optical wavefront to be recorded and quickly reconstructed with a single image capture. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has combined a high-speed, image capture technique with a Fourier reconstruction algorithm to produce a method for recovery of both the phase and magnitude of the optical wavefront. Single frame spatial heterodyne interferometry (SHI) enables high-speed inspection applications such as those needed in the semiconductor industry. While the wide range of materials on wafers make literal interpretation of surface topology difficult, the wafers contain multiple copies of the same die and die-to-die comparisons are used to locate defects in high-aspect-ratio structures such as contacts, vias, and trenches that are difficult to detect with other optical techniques. Metrology with SHI has also been investigated by ORNL, in particular the use of SHI to perform metrology of line widths and heights on photolithographic masks for semiconductor wafer production. Several types of masks are currently in use with phase shifting techniques being employed to extend the wafer printing resolution. With the ability to measure the phase of the wavefront, SHI allows a more complete inspection and measurement of the phase shifting regions.
Demonstrations of analog-to-digital conversion using a frequency domain stretched processor

Proof-of-concept analog-to-digital conversion demonstrations are presented for a photonics based frequency-domain, stretched processor. Here 800 MHz bandwidths and >26 dB dynamic range are shown, with models suggesting 10-bit performance over 20 GHz bandwidths.
Pan-African volcanism: petrology and geochemistry of the Dokhan Volcanic Suite in the northern Nubian shield

The Late Proterozoic Dokhan volcanic suite (620 Ma) of the northern Nubian shield is the product of Late Pan-African volcanism. The suite covers the entire spectrum from basalt to high-silica rhyolite and occurs as two units: a dark-coloured unit containing basalt-andesite-dacite, and a light-coloured unit encompassing dacite-rhyodacite-rhyolite. The latter unit is made up largely of ash flow tuffs and ign-imbrites that are locally interstratified with basalt and andesite lava flows. The suite forms a continuum in composition with a wide range of Si02 (48–77 wt%), CaO (0.1–8.9 wt%), Sr (81–906 ppm), Zr (85–340 ppm) as well as most other elements, and is moderately enriched in incompatible elements, including rare earth elements (REE). The suite exhibits fractionated, subparallel REE patterns that are similar overall to Andean andesites and ignimbrites. Well-defined major and trace element trends and fractionated REE profiles are consistent with a fractionated basalt to rhyolite calc-alkaline magma series. It is a typical calc-alka-line orogenic complex and exhibits mineralogical-geochemical traits of arc-related volcanism. The suite neither resembles products of extensional nor transitional tectonic regimes as previously thought, but was produced in a subduction-related tectonic environment. The mafic nature of the least-evolved rocks of the suite, along with its relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7039) are considered to indicate a mantle source. A mantle-derived basaltic magma fractionated, with amphibole and plagioclase dominating the fractionating assemblage, to produce the more felsic varieties, as suggested by major and trace element fractionation modelling.
European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals

A consideration of the morphological aspects of the earliest modern humans in Europe (more than ≈33,000 B.P.) and the subsequent Gravettian human remains indicates that they possess an anatomical pattern congruent with the autapomorphic (derived) morphology of the earliest (Middle Paleolithic) African modern humans. However, they exhibit a variable suite of features that are either distinctive Neandertal traits and/or plesiomorphic (ancestral) aspects that had been lost among the African Middle Paleolithic modern humans. These features include aspects of neurocranial shape, basicranial external morphology, mandibular ramal and symphyseal form, dental morphology and size, and anteroposterior dental proportions, as well as aspects of the clavicles, scapulae, metacarpals, and appendicular proportions. The ubiquitous and variable presence of these morphological features in the European earlier modern human samples can only be parsimoniously explained as a product of modest levels of assimilation of Neandertals into early modern human populations as the latter dispersed across Europe. This interpretation is in agreement with current analyses of recent and past human molecular data.
Potential Health Impact of Nanoparticles

Although mankind stands to obtain great benefit from nanotechnology, it is important to consider the potential health impacts of nanomaterials (NMs). This consideration has launched the field of nanotoxicology, which is charged with assessing toxicological potential as well as promoting safe design and use of NMs. Although no human ailments have been ascribed to NMs thus far, early experimental studies indicate that NMs could initiate adverse biological responses that can lead to toxicological outcomes. One of the principal mechanisms is the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidant injury. Because oxidant injury is also a major mechanism by which ambient ultrafine particles can induce adverse health effects, it is useful to consider the lessons learned from studying ambient particles. This review discusses the toxicological potential of NMs by comparing the possible injury mechanisms and adverse health effects of engineered and ambient ultrafine particles.
A biography of the chondrocyte

Significant gaps persist in our understanding of chondrocyte biology. We do not know when, how, or even whether these cells are replenished throughout the normal, human life span. We are taught that as much as 90% of the cartilage is "metabolically inert" interterritorial matrix, but we do not know how this substance is regularly replaced (as it is known to be) by the distant chondrocytes, We recognise that the "tidemark" is the most conspicuous histological feature within cartilage, but we do not understand why that layer stains with haematoxylin or what that may imply for the biology of the tissue. These, and other issues may be clarified if the lifetime of each chondrocyte begins as a mesenchymal stem cell at the articular margin, plays out over years on an arcing trajectory along collagenous guidelines, and ends as an extracellular deposit of intracellular remains at the interface between uncalcified and calcified cartilage. This hypothesis is presented here, and some of its potential implications are considered.
The Effect of Cholinergic Stimulation on Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells

Objective - To assess the role of cholinergic angonists and antagonists on the growth control of cultured rabbit detrusor smooth muscle cells.
Conditions for Image-Based Identification of SPM-Nanopositioner Dynamics

Rather than using external sensors, images of standard calibration samples can be used to model and correct positioning errors caused by dynamics effects in scanning probe microscopes (SPMs). The main contribution of this study is the development of conditions, on the calibration sample and the scan trajectory, that allow for the image based identification of SPM nanopositioner dynamics. The choice of and tradeoff between calibration sample and scan trajectory properties are discussed in the context of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) example.
Control of innate immune signaling and membrane targeting by the hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease are governed by the NS3 helix α0

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is sensed in the host cell by the cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor RIG-I. RIG-I signaling is propagated through its signaling adaptor protein MAVS to drive activation of innate immunity. However, HCV blocks RIG-I signaling through viral NS3/4A protease cleavage of MAVS on the mitochondrion-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (MAM). The multifunctional HCV NS3/4A serine protease is associated with intracellular membranes, including the MAM, through membrane-targeting domains within NS4A and also at the amphipathic helix α0 of NS3. The serine protease domain of NS3 is required for both cleavage of MAVS, a tail-anchored membrane protein, and processing the HCV polyprotein. Here, we show that hydrophobic amino acids in the NS3 helix α0 are required for selective cleavage of membrane-anchored portions of the HCV polyprotein and for cleavage of MAVS for control of RIG-I pathway signaling of innate immunity. Further, we found that the hydrophobic composition of NS3 helix α0 is essential to establish HCV replication and infection. Alanine substitution of individual hydrophobic amino acids in the NS3 helix α0 impaired HCV RNA replication in cells with a functional RIG-I pathway, but viral RNA replication was rescued in cells lacking RIG-I signaling. Therefore, the hydrophobic amphipathic helix α0 of NS3 is required for NS3/4A control of RIG-I signaling and HCV replication by directing the membrane targeting of both viral and cellular substrates.
DISPLACEMENT-BASED SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

Seismic assessment of existing reinforced concrete frame and shear wall buildings is discussed. Building on an earlier preliminary assessment procedure incorporating aspects of capacity design into...
Determination of Center-of-Mass of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Satellites

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)mission, launched on 17March 2002, uses radiometric tracking between twin, coorbiting satellites in a polar 500-km-alt orbit, in order to make detailed measurements of Earth’s gravity field. Thesemeasurements have led to significant, new insights into climate-drivenmass transport in the Earth system. A key element of the GRACE scientific measurement suite is the high-precision accelerometer required to measure the nongravitational accelerations acting on the GRACE satellites. To avoid contamination of nongravitational acceleration measurements, the GRACE mission requires the proof mass of the accelerometer to be positioned within 100 m (0.1 mm) of the center-of-mass of satellite. This is accomplished using a dedicated center-of-mass calibration maneuver every few months. This paper describes the GRACE center-of-mass calibration maneuver design and implementation details and presents the data analysis used to routinely measure the center-of-mass offset. Using external validation and internal consistency checks, we show that the GRACE satellite center-of-mass offset is being measured routinely to approximately 25 to 40 m precision along the three satellite axes.
Energy differential cross sections for F9+-impact single and double ionization of He

Time-dependent close-coupling methods are used to calculate energy differential cross sections for the single and double ionization of He by impact with F9+ ions at 4.0 MeV amu−1. Single ionization energy differential cross sections using both a one active electron method and a two active electron method are compared with recent experimental results. Double ionization energy differential cross sections using a two active electron method are presented to guide future experiments.
Morphology of the Reproductive Systems and Mating in Two Representative Members of the Family Noctuidae, Pseudaletia Unipuncta and Peridroma Margaritosa, with Comparison to Heliothis Zea

The gross morphology of the reproductive system is described and illustrated for the male and female of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) and Peridroma margaritosa (Haw.), and comparisons are made with Heliothis zea (Boddie). Each of these species is a member of a separate subfamily, and their adults are, respectively, long-, medium-, and short-lived. The method of inserting the spermatophore is described, and both morphological and functional reproductive characteristics are compared and summarized. Mating percentages are given for feral populations.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Correlates of Mental Health Services Use among Pregnant Women with Depressive Symptoms

Objectives To examine correlates of lifetime mental health services (MHS) use among pregnant women reporting prenatal depressive symptoms by race/ethnicity. Methods This cross-sectional population-based study included 81,910 pregnant women with prenatal depressive symptoms using data from the Florida Healthy Start prenatal screening program (2008–2012). Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to ascertain adjusted odds ratios and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals for racial/ethnic differences in the correlates of lifetime MHS use. Results Findings of this study revealed racial/ethnic differences in MHS use among women with prenatal depressive symptoms, the highest rates being among non-Hispanic Whites and the lowest rates among Mexicans and other Hispanics. Most need for care factors, including illness, tobacco use, and physical or emotional abuse, consistently predicted MHS use across racial/ethnic groups after adjusting for covariates. Adjusted associations between predisposing and enabling/restricting factors and MHS use were different for different racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions Racial/ethnic differences in MHS use were found, with pregnant Hispanic women reporting prenatal depressive symptoms being the least likely to use MHS. Our study findings have significant public health implications for targeted intervention for pregnant women with prenatal depressive symptoms.
PSYCHOSOMATIC SYMPTOMS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP OF COPING STYLES IN CHINESE NAVAL BASE STAFF

Objective To explore the characteristics of psychosomatic symptoms and relationship between psychosomatic symptoms and coping styles in Chinese naval base staff. Methods Symptom Check List- 90( SCL-90),Coping Style Questionnaire( CSQ),and General Information Questionnaire were used to assess 761 naval base staff which were selected by cluster sampling and divided into a compulsory servicemen group,a sergeants group and an officers group. Results The scores of all 10 factors of SCL- 90 in naval base staff were significantly lower than those in the Chinese norm and the military norm( P 0. 05). The scores of somatization and hostility factor of SCL- 90 in compulsory servicemen group were significantly lower than those in the sergeants group( P 0. 05),and all factor scores of SCL- 90 except the factor of phobia in compulsory servicemen group were significantly lower than in the officers group( P 0. 05). In compulsory servicemen group the scores of problem- solving and help seeking factor of CSQ were significantly higher than those in the sergeants group( P 0. 05),while rationalization factor score of CSQ was significantly lower than that in the officers group( P 0. 05). SCL- 90 scores showed negative correlation with problem- solving factor,help seeking factor of CSQ( r =- 0. 116 ~- 0. 238,P 0. 01),and positive correlation with self- accusation factor,fantasy factor,avoidance factor,rationalization factor of CSQ( r = 0. 376~ 0. 585,P 0. 01). Conclusions Chinese naval base staff have good psychosomatic health condition; and compulsory servicemen havebetter psychosomatic health level than sergeants and officers. Servicemen with more mature coping strategies tend to have less psychosomatic symptoms.
The Role of Trust as an Informal Institution in the Informal Sector in Africa

The study analyses an unexplored issue of how trust, framed as an informal institution, plays an important role in business operations in the informal sector by filling the vacuum left by the lack of formal institutions. It brings together ‘snapshots’ from other studies that show how trust plays a role in the informal sector. In the author’s approach, trust is framed under informal institutions. Under this framework the author presents a larger picture of the significant role of trust as an informal institution used in the business operations within the informal sector in Africa. In the study, trust is analysed from two main dimensions, namely: Social Networks Dimension and Business Cooperation Dimension. The study is divided into four main sections: the first section presents an overview of the informal sector; the second section analyses the Social Networks Dimension, the third section analyses the Business Cooperation Dimension, and the fourth part concludes by hypothesizing a causal relationship between trust, the two dimensions, and socio-economic development.
Solving Temporal Puzzles

Many physical phenomena, within short time windows, can be explained by low order differential relations. In a discrete world, these relations can be described using low order difference equations or equivalently low order auto regressive (AR) models. In this paper, based on this intuition, we propose an algorithm for solving time-sort temporal puzzles, defined as scrambled time series that need to be sorted out. We frame this problem using a mixed-integer semi definite programming formulation and show how to turn it into a mixed-integer linear programming problem, which can be solved with off-the-shelf solvers, by using the recently introduced atomic norm framework. Our experiments show the effectiveness and generality of our approach in different scenarios.
SU-G-JeP3-14: Positioning and Dosimetric Uncertainties in Image-Guided Radiation Therapy with Respiratory Gating

Purpose: To investigate quantitatively positioning and dosimetric uncertainties due to 4D-CT intra-phase motion in the internal-target-volume (ITV) associated with radiation therapy using respiratory-gating for patients setup with image-guidance-radiation-therapy (IGRT) using free-breathing or average-phase CT-images. Methods: A lung phantom with an embedded tissue-equivalent target is imaged with CT while it is stationary and moving. Four-sets of structures are outlined: (a) the actual target on CT-images of the stationary-target, (b) ITV on CT-images for the free-moving phantom, (c) ITV's from the ten different phases (10–100%) and (d) ITV on the CT-images generated from combining 3 phases: 40%–50%–60%. The variations in volume, length and center-position of the ITV's and their effects on dosimetry during dose delivery for patients setup with image-guidance are investigated. Results: Intra-phase motion due to breathing affects the volume, center position and length of the ITVs from different respiratory-phases. The ITV's vary by about 10% from one phase to another. The largest ITV is measured on the free breathing CT images and the smallest is on the stationary CT-images. The ITV lengths vary by about 4mm where it may shrink or elongated depending on the motion-phase. The center position of the ITV varies between the different motion-phases which shifts upto 10mm from the stationary-position which is nearly equal to motion-amplitude. This causes systematic shifts during dose delivery with beam gating using certain phases (40%–50%–60%) for patients setup with IGRT using free-breathing or average-phase CT-images. The dose coverage of the ITV depends on the margins used for treatment-planning-volume where margins larger than the motion-amplitudes are needed to ensure dose coverage of the ITV. Conclusion: Volume, length, and center position of the ITV's change between the different motion phases. Large systematic shifts are induced by respiratory-gating with ITVs on certain phases when patients are setup with IGRT using free-breathing or average-phase CT-images.
Helping the burned child to adapt.

Adaptation in burned children is multifaceted and complex due not only to etiologie variables but also to age-specific developmental issues and the level of family development. Parental and peer support are identified in the literature as major contributors to higher levels of self-esteem and adaptation. The potential for these levels of adaptation is complicated by the number of burn-injured children residing in chaotic, dysfunctional families with limited ability to support psychosocial rehabilitation. Various interventions are presented as methods of addressing the social/emotional needs of higher-functioning patients and families.
Nanosecond Pulse Breakdown of Gas Insulated Gaps

Over the last few decades there has been and continues to be an interest in elucidating those processes which have a major influence on the spatial-temporal development of the space charge in a gas insulated gap, leading to the collapse of the voltage applied across it. The various processes which must be considered have been discussed by Rees and by Dutton (this ASI). The gap parameters (i.e., pressure, p; applied external fields, EQ; gap dimensions, d; and gas type) and the time scales associated with the current growth serve in narrowing down the number of processes that need to be considered for any particular situation. There has been considerable controversy as to what processes play a role in the various regions of gap parameter space. A discussion of these issues has been given by Professor Llewellyn-Jones at this ASI.
Development of a Global Health Milestones Tool for Learners in Emergency Medicine: A Pilot Project.

Objectives In medical education and training, increasing numbers of institutions and learners are participating in global health experiences. Within the context of competency-based education and assessment methodologies, a standardized assessment tool may prove valuable to all of the aforementioned stakeholders. Milestones are now used as the standard for trainee assessment in Graduate Medical Education. Thus, the development of a similar, milestone-based tool was undertaken, with learners in Emergency Medicine and global health in mind. Methods The Global Emergency Medicine Think Tank Education Working Group convened at the 2016 Society for Academic Medicine Annual Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana. Using the Interprofessional Global Health Competencies published by the Consortium of Universities for Global Health's Education Committee as a foundation, the working group developed individual milestones based on the 11 stated domains. An iterative review process was implemented by teams focused on each domain to develop a final product. Results Milestones were developed in each of the 11 domains, with five competency levels for each domain. Specific learning resources were identified for each competency level and assessment methodologies were aligned with the milestones framework. The Global Health Milestones Tool for learners in Emergency Medicine is designed for continuous usage by learners and mentors across a career. Conclusions This Global Health Milestones Tool for learners in Emergency Medicine may prove valuable to numerous stakeholders. Next steps include a formalized pilot program for testing the tool's validity and usability across training programs, as well as an assessment of perceived utility and applicability by collaborating colleagues working in training sites abroad. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Emotional Engagement Paradox

The purpose of this chapter is to examine how customers’ word of mouth (WOM) behaviors differ based upon emotional engagement (EE) levels towards the brands they use in different industry categories. This research contributes to the engagement literature by providing new insight into the relationship between EE and WOM behaviors. Specifically, we examine how customers’ WOM behaviors relate to different levels of positive and negative EE. We find that high self-brand connection among consumers that are high in both positive and negative EE generates the most online WOM. We refer to this surprising relationship as the Emotional Engagement Paradox.
A Tale of Two Metabolites: Using the Separation of Urea and Cholesterol To Bridge the Gap between General and Organic Chemistry

We report the development of a collaborative problem-based laboratory project that is designed for implementation at the end of the general chemistry series or at the beginning of organic chemistry. The objectives of this laboratory project are to separate a mixture of two metabolites, urea and cholesterol, and to determine the percent composition of the components of this mixture. In the first of two laboratory periods, students participate in small group discussions in which differences in polarity, and hence solubility, are addressed and used to devise a procedure for the separation and quantification of the metabolites. Procedures are then discussed as a class and further refined. The second laboratory period is dedicated to performing the separation and completed with melting point determination and collecting infrared (IR) spectra of the separated metabolites. This laboratory project provides a review of general chemistry concepts and an introduction to organic chemistry concepts while allowing stud...
Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among HIV-Infected Medicaid Enrollees.

Objectives:In the United States, universal screening for latent tuberculosis (TB) infection among people with HIV is recommended, but the percentage receiving screening is unknown. This study asses...
On the consonant pattern of modern Icelandic

Abstract Although Icelandic is in general the most conservative of the modem Scandinavian tongues, its system of stops gives at first sight an impression very different from that of Old Icelandic. As the Norwegian phonetician Johan Storm long ago observed, “die Schwache des Stimmlauts fallt sehr auf im Vergleich mit der ener-gisehen schwed.-norw. Aussprache und giebt dem Isl. etwas Weich-liches, das es dem Danischen nahert.” 1 Storm's auditory observations agree well with the conclusions of a native experimental phonetician, Stefan Einarsson, who declares that in Icelandic “all stops are more or less voiceless.” 2 But if all stops are voiceless, we may ask, what has happened to the old distinction between voiced and voiceless stops? Have they coalesced into new entities and formed an entire-ly new consonant structure? Or has the distinction been maintained by other means? These problems are of considerable interest for the study of consonant shifts in general, and have not previously been treated from the...
Gender-related knowledge variations within geography

In a survey of students from junior high through the undergraduate college level, males consistently out-performed females on a test covering map skills and physical, human, and regional aspects of geography. The gender gap was consistent across all four subfields. It widened with increased education and was significant even after accounting for numerous personal information items that might have explained the difference. This consistent performance difference involving the broad spectrum of geographic knowledge argues against explaining the gender gap as symptomatic of differences in a single underlying factor such as map skills or spatial abilities. Knowledge-based and nonknowledge-based explanations for the gender difference are discussed.
An enhanced set of displacement parameter restraints in CRYSTALS

Crystallographic restraints are widely used during refinement of small-molecule and macromolecular crystal structures. They can be especially useful for introducing additional observations and information into structure refinements against low-quality or low-resolution data (e.g. data obtained at high pressure) or to retain physically meaningful parameter values in disordered or unstable refinements. However, despite the fact that the anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) often constitute more than half of the total model parameters determined in a structure analysis, there are relatively few useful restraints for them, examples being Hirshfeld rigid-bond restraints, direct equivalence of parameters and SHELXL RIGU-type restraints. Conversely, geometric parameters can be subject to a multitude of restraints (e.g. absolute or relative distance, angle, planarity, chiral volume, and geometric similarity). This article presents a series of new ADP restraints implemented in CRYSTALS [Parois, Cooper & Thompson (2015), Chem. Cent. J. 9, 30] to give more control over ADPs by restraining, in a variety of ways, the directions and magnitudes of the principal axes of the ellipsoids in locally defined coordinate systems. The use of these new ADPs results in more realistic models, as well as a better user experience, through restraints that are more efficient and faster to set up. The use of these restraints is recommended to preserve physically meaningful relationships between displacement parameters in a structural model for rigid bodies, rotationally disordered groups and low-completeness data.
CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND INTRACELLULAR LOCATION OF THE YEAST PLASMID Scp or 2μm DNA

ABSTRACT Scp structure, as found in various cellular extracts, was examined using agarose gel electrophoresis and hybridization of the extracted DNA to cloned 32 P- Scp probe. About 43-67% of the total Scp copy is nuclear associated. Both nuclear and cytosolic copy exist as a chromatin-like complex which sediments at 67-110s. Cytosolic complexes may be degraded by endogenous nucleases. All complexes are degraded by DNAse I. Fragment lengths of N-168 base pairs (bp) (N=1-32) were obtained with micrococcal nuclease. Short-term digests in low or high salt gave similar repeat sizes for nuclear and Scp. A supranucleosomal model has been constructed in accordance with nuclease cutting patterns and electron micrographs of Scp mini-chromosomes. The structure allows for isomerization and could account for the increased nuclease resistance of Scp complexes from non-growing cells. KEYWORDS Scp/2μm intracellular location;, cloned Scp sequences;, nucleosomes and higher order chromatin structure;, Scp chromatin model.
Dealing with Too Many Observations, and Too Few

In the last chapter we showed that a greater openness to the observations of nonscientists is unveiling valuable new data sources and even accidental ecological knowledge. In this chapter we focus on the more formalized types of observational data that ecologists have been taking for well over a century in the form of museum collections, historical data, long-term monitoring schemes, and more recently, networks of ecological observers. How ecologists plan to collect these data, how the collections or observations are maintained and stored over long time periods, and how they are analyzed all ultimately affect the strength of the conclusions we can draw from them.
Metapopulation Models in Tick-Borne Disease Transmission Modelling

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis), or HME, is a tick-transmitted, ricksettisal disease with growing impact in the United States. Risk of a tick-borne disease such as HME to humans can be estimated using the prevalence of that disease in the tick population. A deterministic model for HME is explored to investigate the underlying dynamics of prevalence in tick populations, particularly when spatial considerations are allowed. The dynamics of HME in a single spatial patch are considered first to determine which model components are most important to predicting disease dynamics in a local ecology. The model is then expanded to spatially-explicit patches on which patch connectivity, the surrounding environment and boundary effects are studied. The results of this investigation show that predicting risk of this disease to humans is determined by many complicated interactions. Areas that would be endemic in isolation may or may not sustain the disease depending on the surrounding habitat. Similarly, control efforts are shown to be far more effective when applied in wooded habitats than in neighboring grassy habitats. Boundary assumptions which describe the reality of increasing habitat fragmentation additionally play a large role in predicting the endemicity of an HME outbreak. Overall, HME and all tick-borne diseases are complex, nonlinear systems that have just begun to be explored.
Optimal Search Engine Marketing Strategy

Buyers using search engines to look for information tend to trust and follow links displayed in the editorial section of the search-results page. Most on-line sellers, however, do not invest in search engine optimization (SEO) to get higher search-results rankings for their listings, but instead prefer paid placements. They explain that SEO is more expensive than paid placements, produces results that do not justify its cost, and does not consistently lead to high search-results rankings. This implies that sellers would invest in SEO if it were less expensive and its rankings were more consistent. However, even if SEO and paid placement cost the same, and SEO always produced high rankings, paid placement would still be the search engine marketing (SEM) strategy of choice for most on-line sellers. Interestingly, no optimal SEM strategy includes SEO. These findings are especially significant for advertising professionals who have to justify investing in paid placements despite overwhelming evidence that buyers ignore them and follow links in the editorial section of the search-results page.
Morphological errors in 3D bone models of the distal femur and proximal tibia generated from magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography determined using two registration methods

Three dimensional models of the femur and tibia from MRI and CT are used in various studies of knee biomechanics but morphological errors occur. The objectives were to determine the morphological e...
Get Messed Up: Intentionality, Butoh and Freedom in Plasma

Nature relative to subjectivity is an under theorized area of performance philosophy, one that we ignore at our peril. There is such a thing as nature. It encompasses all that humans are not, and suffuses all that we are and do. It is not merely a social or cultural construction, as we consider in this essay. In order to speak more definitively of nature and the body, we employ the phenomenology of Paul Ricoeur and reach back to the lifeworld ( lebenswelt ) philosophy of Edmund Husserl. Some read Husserl as an essentialist, but there are other readings, such as the one developed here. One of Ricoeur’s major works, Freedom and Nature: the Voluntary and the Involuntary , concerns motives and values at the organic level, studying how habits inform individual habitus and become embodied as nature in flux. Accordingly, this essay explores subjectivity, intentionality and nature in performance using examples from butoh relative to metamorphosis , a ubiquitous process in the rhythms and multi-tiered rhizomes of nature. Through Sartre and Ricoeur, the text also considers lived values of freedom relative to intention. In this light, readers are invited to explore their own porousness and evaporations via Freedom in Plasma , a butoh to do at the end of the essay.
Enhancing public speaking confidence, skills, and performance: An experiment of service-learning

Abstract Much of service-learning research has been characterized as anecdotal and testimonial with widespread calls for more empirical data to support the claimed benefits of this pedagogical tool. The present longitudinal experiment answered these calls by testing the effect of service-learning projects on several oral communication skills during a 4-month period, as well as some boundary conditions affecting this impact. The intervention consisted of involvement in 1 of 20 different team-developed service-learning projects compared to traditional research projects. This was hypothesized to boost management students' public speaking self-efficacy, lower anxiety, and improve public speaking mechanics competence along with actual public speaking performance (evaluated by independent raters). Results indicated that a wide array of service-learning projects can positively impact students in each of these important areas of public speaking. It was also found that service-learning more strongly benefited those initially lower in public speaking self-efficacy. Thus, this experiment suggests that instructors can include a service-learning component in their courses that can aid students’ oral communication skill development.
Exploring Portability and Performance of OpenCL FPGA Kernels on Intel HARPv2

FPGAs offer a heterogenous compute solution to the continuous desire for increased performance by enabling the creation of application-specific hardware that accelerates computation. While the barrier to entry has historically been steep, advances in High Level Synthesis (HLS) are making FPGAs more accessible. Specifically, the Intel FPGA OpenCL SDK allows software designers to abstract away low level details of architecting hardware on an FPGA and allows them to author computational kernels in a higher level language. Furthermore, Intel has developed a system that incorporates both a multicore Xeon CPU and Arria 10 FPGA into the same chip package as part of the Heterogeneous Accelerator Research Program (HARP) that can be targeted by their SDK.In this work, we target the second iteration of the HARP platform (HARPv2) using HLS through porting of OpenCL kernels originally written for FPGAs connected via a PCIe bus. We evaluate the HARPv2 system's performance against previously reported results, explore the portability of kernels through a hardware design space search, and empirically show the benefits of using the shared virtual memory (SVM) abstraction over explicit reads and writes.
Photons. The history and mental models of light quanta

Klaus Hentschel’s new book is of considerable methodological interest. It opens with a survey of material concepts of light from Newton’s rays to QED’s virtual exchange particles in the style of Ma...
Evaluating an Online Training Course to Develop and Sustain Cancer Navigation and Survivorship Programs.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of the Executive Training on Navigation and Survivorship (Executive Training) online training course, designed by the George Washington University Cancer Center, on nurses and other healthcare professionals. SAMPLE A SETTING A volunteer sample of 499 healthcare professionals, including nurses and patient navigators, were recruited through multiple Internet-based channels. METHODS A VARIABLES Participants completed questionnaires before and after each module and at the end of the training. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and paired t tests were used to assess pre- and post-test learning confidence gains for each module. Qualitative feedback from participants was also summarized. RESULTS From pre- to post-test, each group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in confidence (p < 0.05) for all seven training modules. Confidence gains were statistically significant for 19 of 20 learning objectives (p < 0.05). Overall rating scores and qualitative feedback were positive. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING The Executive Training course prepares healthcare professionals from diverse backgrounds to establish navigation and survivorship programs. In addition, the training content addresses gaps in nursing education on planning and budgeting that can improve success.
A study of the effects of prolonged simulated microgravity on the musculature of the lower extremities in man: an introduction

The experimental approach and the protocol are described for a study designed to investigate the effect of prolonged microgravity (simulated by a continuous exposure of subjects to 30-d-long 6-deg headdown tilt) on the musculature of the lower extremities in humans. The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to determine changes in the functional characteristics of knee joint flexor and extensor muscle group; (2) to examine changes in the histochemical, biochemical, electron microscopic, and computed tomographic characteristics of skeletal muscle; (3) to determine if functional characteristics of skeletal muscle would be normalized four weeks after the bedrest; and (4) to compare these results to those of spaceflight. Percutaneous muscle biopsy, computed tomography, anthropometry, and in vivo muscle strength measurements are to be used to assess mechanical, structural, and metabolic characteristics of skeletal muscle.