cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validity of surface anthropometry to estimate upper-arm muscularity, including changes with body mass loss

The differences among fatfold thicknesses, girths, and muscle plus bone cross-sectional area (M+B CSA) were examined at three sites along the upper arm (distal, mid, and proximal) by using surface anthropometry (study 1, n = 40) and x ray (study 2, n = 53). Changes in anthropometry and x ray were also evaluated in nine obese patients who reduced body mass by less than or equal to 20.5 kg over 32 wk. Weight reduction resulted in nonproportional changes at the three sites, including significant differences in M+B CSA. Thus, it would not be valid to consider the arm as a geometric cylinder. Although a one-time assessment of upper arm M+B CSA with surface anthropometry may be valid at any of the three sites, changes in M+B CSA measured at any site may result in an under- or overestimation of actual changes in M+B CSA.
Fast scientific computation in CMOS VLSI shared-memory multiprocessors

The authors present design considerations for fast and efficient scientific computation in CMOS VLSI in general, and shared memory multiprocessors in particular, using SPUR as a case study. Algorithmic and technological tradeoffs for fast floating-point arithmetic are presented, together with design issues in tightly-coupled coprocessor interfaces. SPUR simulations indicate that basic arithmetic operations are three to ten times faster than current single-chip VLSI floating-point coprocessors, and communication overhead between CPU and FPU in a single-node system is five to ten times less than commercial microprocessor-based systems. System speed-up and potential bottlenecks with shared-memory multiprocessors are presented. >
Echocardiographic demonstration of outlet strut fracture of a Björk-Shiley mitral prosthesis

Fracture of the outlet strut of the Bjork-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis has been recognized with increasing frequency, prompting recall of unimplanted valves manufactured before March 1982. Presenting dramatically with acute severe pulmonary edema and low cardiac output, strut fracture is frequently a fatal complication. This case report documents the first reported echocardiographic demonstration of occluder disc dislodgment secondary to outlet strut fracture with survival after emergency valve replacement.
Coffee-table cosmology

The Natural History of the Universe. ByColin A. Ronan Doubleday/Macmillan Inc: 1991. Pp. 212. £20, $39.95.. Ancient Light: Our Changing View of the Universe. ByAlan Lightman. Harvard University Press: 1991. Pp. 170. $18.95, £15.25.Journey Through the Universe. ByJay M. Pasachoff. W. B. Saunders: 1991. Pp. 391. £25.95, $38.75. Isaac Asimov's Guide to Earth and Space. ByIsaac Asimov. Random House: 1991. Pp. 285. $20.
Utility of endoscopic evaluations in liver transplant candidates.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether endoscopic evaluation of patients referred for liver transplant evaluation contributes significantly to patient selection or management. Methods: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed in transplant candidates who had not undergone this examination within a previous 6-month period. Colonoscopy (CSP) was performed if the patient was >50 yr of age or had anemia, a history of colonic pathology such as adenomatous polyps, or a history suggesting gastrointestinal tract abnormalities. Results: A total of 118 patients were studied. EGD was performed in 74 (63%) patients. Forty-seven patients had esophageal varices identified; in 26, this represented a new diagnosis. Other findings on EGD included portal gastropathy (21 patients), gastric varices (seven patients), peptic ulceration (10 patients), Barrett’s esophagus (three patients), and one case each of esophageal and gastric carcinoma. CSP was performed in 56 patients. Findings included adenomatous polyps (24 patients) and one case of colon carcinoma. Overall, gastrointestinal pathology was discovered in 67 (57%) of the patients undergoing endoscopic evaluation as part of our study. Alterations in patient selection or management resulted from 44% of the procedures performed; 42% of the patients were affected by these management changes and 2.5% of patients were removed from further transplant evaluation because of the diagnosis of malignancy. Conclusion: Endoscopic evaluation of liver transplant candidates often identifies important gastrointestinal pathology and frequently impacts patient selection and management before OLT.
The relationship of coronary-prone behavior pattern to the health of college students at varying levels of recent life change

Abstract This paper examines the relationship of coronary-prone behavior pattern, magnitude of recent life change and subsequently reported illnesses in a sample of 145 healthy young adults. Subjects with extreme Type A behavior pattern reported significantly more life changes in the previous year than did other subjects but they reported no more illness in the subsequent surveillance period. Extreme Type A subjects as a group showed no association between recent life changes and illness whereas there was a significant association in subjects without this pattern. The introduction of sex as a control variable does not alter these relationships except for extreme Type A females in whom the magnitude of life change is negatively and significantly correlated with reported illness.
Drug Administration Through an Enteral Feeding Tube

Guidelines for the safe administration of drugs through an enteral feeding tube are available, but research shows that often nurses don't adhere to them. This can lead to medication error and tube obstruction, reduced drug effectiveness, and an increased risk of toxicity. This article describes the factors to consider before administering a drug through a feeding tube, examines the gap between recommended and common practice, and discusses what the most recent guidelines recommend and why.
Twenty years after childhood strabismus surgery.

INTRODUCTION Children with infantile or acquired esotropia often have surgery in the first few years of life. Many of these children have additional surgeries and may also be treated for amblyopia. As pediatric ophthalmologists, we do not often have the opportunity to learn the affect of this strabismus on their life as they have become adults, completed their education and chosen a career and during this time, what has happened to their eye alignment. METHODS The charts for all children having had surgery for esotropia by the author from 1977 to 1984 were obtained and attempts were made to contact the patients. Five hundred thirty-one charts were identified, 131 contacts were successfully made, and 37 patients were examined. RESULTS Seventy-eight percent of the infantile esotropia patients did not change their alignment from the last regular office visit and 90% of the acquired esotropia patients continued their good alignment an average of twenty-four years following surgery. Patients treated for amblyopia maintained their treated best corrected vision. Most patients did not feel their "corrected" childhood strabismus affected their school or social accomplishments, and most felt they were good readers. CONCLUSION Children with "corrected" childhood strabismus tend to maintain this into adult life and it does not affect school performance or their career choice.
Time-variation of hydrothermal discharge at selected sites in the western United States: implications for monitoring

Abstract We compiled time series of hydrothermal discharge consisting of 3593 chloride- or heat-flux measurements from 24 sites in the Yellowstone region, the northern Oregon Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park and vicinity, and Long Valley, California. At all of these sites the hydrothermal phenomena are believed to be as yet unaffected by human activity, though much of the data collection was driven by mandates to collect environmental-baseline data in anticipation of geothermal development. The time series average 19 years in length and some of the Yellowstone sites have been monitored intermittently for over 30 years. Many sites show strong seasonality but few show clear long-term trends, and at most sites statistically significant decadal-scale trends are absent. Thus, the data provide robust estimates of advective heat flow ranging from ∼130 MW in the north-central Oregon Cascades to ∼6100 MW in the Yellowstone region, and also document Yellowstone hydrothermal chloride and arsenic fluxes of 1740 and 15–20 g/s, respectively. The discharge time series show little sensitivity to regional tectonic events such as earthquakes or inflation/deflation cycles. Most long-term monitoring to date has focused on high-chloride springs and low-temperature fumaroles. The relative stability of these features suggests that discharge measurements done as part of volcano-monitoring programs should focus instead on high-temperature fumaroles, which may be more immediately linked to the magmatic heat source.
Ion bombardment induced photon and secondary electron emission

Abstract Results of an experimental investigation of photon and secondary electron emissions produced during inelastic collisions between energetic ions and lattice atoms are reported. Cs and Na ions, accelerated to energies of 1 to 20 keV, were used to bombard Al, Au, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ge and Si targets. Alkali metal ions were selected since they have no potential secondary electron emission and direct comparisons between photon and electron emission were possible. The photon emission observed was that of the line spectra of neutral atoms and no continuous spectra, or plasma oscillation emission, was observed. The intensity of photon emission was inear with the ion beam current density up to 10 μA/cm 2 for cesium and 1 μA/cm 2 for sodium ion bombardment. Above these current densities a saturation, which is not explained, occured. The photon emission intensity increased with ion energy up to approximately 10 keV where a saturation occurred. Target self-absorption of the emitted photons accounts for this saturation, however. The dependence of the photon emission and the secondary electron emission upon experimental parameters was similar, but not identical. Both emissions originate in inelastic collisions although their means of escape from the target affects their dependence upon experimental parameters.
Terracing and accelerated soil loss on rwandian steeplands: A preliminary investigation of the implications of human activities affecting soil movement

Throughout Rwanda, terracing was reintroduced in 1973 as the major conservation practice to minimize soil loss on its steep agricultural lands.1 Terracing has been partially successful in reducing soil losses resulting from nonchannelized runoff, the goal of this practice. However, because of the widespread fragile environmental conditions in the highlands, soil fertility has decreased and soil acidity increased in numerous fields as a direct result of the terracing. To maintain sufficient agricultural yields, within the constraints of a low resource agricultural system, farmers have responded to the acidity and soil fertility problems by systematically removing a portion of the terrace berm during field preparation. This practice, in response to the changing environmental situation due to terracing, results in significant amounts of soil displaced downslope year after year. This human-induced soil erosion process seriously counters many of the intended benefits of terrace construction and is contributing to the land degradation problem. The results of this study emphasize the need for both conservation strategies and the measurement of soil loss to be sensitive to human-induced as well as natural erosional processes. By not considering the human response to terrace construction, the benefits of this conservation practice have been seriously offset.
Effects of permeant ion concentrations on the gating of L-type Ca2+ channels in hair cells.

We determined the gating and permeation properties of single L-type Ca2+ channels, using hair cells and varying concentrations (5–70 mM) of the charge carriers Ba2+ and Ca2+. The channels showed distinct gating modes with high- and low-open probability. The half-activation voltage (V1/2) shifted in the hyperpolarizing direction from high to low permeant ion concentrations consistent with charge screening effects. However, the differences in the slope of the voltage shifts (in VM−1) between Ca2+ (0.23) and Ba2+ (0.13), suggest that channel-ion interaction may also contribute to the gating of the channel. We examined the effect of mixtures of Ba2+ and Ca2+ on the activation curve. In 5 mM Ca2+, the V1/2 was, −26.4 ± 2.0 mV compared to Ba2+, −34.7 ± 2.9 mV, as the charge carrier. However, addition of 1 mM Ba2+ in 4 mM Ca2+, a molar ratio, which yielded an anomalous-mole fraction effect, was sufficient to shift the V1/2 to −34.7 ± 1.5 mV. Although Ca2+-dependent inactivation of the L-type channels in hair cells can yield the present findings, we provide evidence that the anomalous gating of the channel may stem from the closed interaction between ion permeation and gating.
The effects of corticosteroids on bone growth and bone density

Objective To define the effects of both parenteral and inhaled corticosteroids on bone growth in children and the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis in children and adults. Data Resources Articles in PubMed and MEDLINE published from 1983 to 2008 were searched. Keywords used included corticosteroids and bone growth , osteopenia , osteoporosis , and bisphosphonates . Study Selection Publications reviewed include randomized, placebo-controlled studies of both children and adults. Results Because systemic and high-dose inhaled corticosteroids affect bone growth of children taking these medications, stadiometry should be used to measure the growth of children. Osteoporosis due to repetitive courses of oral or parenteral corticosteroids and inhaled corticosteroids can develop gradually in the aging adult. Prophylaxis against osteoporosis requires an index of suspicion, assessment of bone density, supplemental calcium and vitamin D, and use of bisphosphonates to prevent bone fractures that could compromise the patient's quality of life. Conclusion Preventing corticosteroid-induced effects on bone metabolism can allow effective treatment of allergic disease without long-term adverse effects.
MimEc: intelligent user notification of faults in the eclipse IDE

The earlier in the software process a fault is detected, the cheaper the cost of fixing the fault. Automated fault detection tools can provide developers with information throughout development, however, programming is a cognitively complex process and inundating the developer with information may do more harm than good. In this paper, we present MimEc, a part of the AWARE plug-in for the Eclipse integrated development environment. MimEc presents fault information to developers while they are writing code. The purpose of MimEc is to display only those faults in which a developer may be interested, thereby increasing the likelihood the developer will address the fault. MimEc infers interest in a fault based on fault criticality, relevance of the fault to the developer's current working context, and the developer's interactions with the programming environment. MimEc is currently under development and will be evaluated in both academic and professional settings.
Atrial wall tension changes and the release of atrial natriuretic factor on relief of cardiac tamponade

Abstract Cardiac tamponade causes elevation and equalization of cardiac filling pressures, sodium and water retention, and a paradoxically low plasma atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) concentration despite increased intraatrial pressures. Recent reports suggested that plasma ANF concentrations rise after relief of tamponade. The purposes of the present study were (1) to determine the time course and extent of ANF release on relief of cardiac tamponade; (2) to measure the atrial transmural wall pressures, atrial sizes, and atrial wall tension changes associated with relief of tamponade; and (3) to determine the biologic activity of elevated plasma ANF during and after relief of tamponade. We sampled blood for ANF and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) immediately before and up to 24 hours after relief of cardiac tamponade in 10 patients. Atrial and pericardial pressures were measured immediately before and shortly after pericardiocentesis, and atrial dimensions were determined by two-dimensional echocardiography before and within 1 hour after the tap. Urine volumes were measured in 8-hour increments before and after the procedure. Relief of cardiac tamponade was associated with a prompt and massive increase in plasma ANF concentrations, reaching pharmacologically active levels. The rise in ANF was negatively correlated with atrial pressures but positively correlated with atrial transmural pressures, atrial size, and calculated wall tension. Plasma ANF levels peaked at 515 ± 95 pg/ml 40 minutes after relief of tamponade and leveled off at 140% to 180% of the pretap concentrations. Plasma cGMP exhibited a slightly delayed but similar time course to the rise in ANF levels, and urine flow rate increased fourfold in the 8 hours after relief of tamponade. We conclude that (1) the relief of cardiac tamponade stimulates the release of atrial natriuretic factor by increasing atrial transmural wall pressures, atrial size, and calculated wall tensions; (2) evidence for the biologic activity of the increased plasma ANF concentrations is provided by the temporal association of increased cGMP levels and increased urine flow rate; and (3) that the release of ANF is governed by changes in atrial transmural wall, pressures and calculated atrial wall tensions.
Oscillation damping: A comparison of wind and photovoltaic power plant capabilities

This paper investigates the potential for wind power plants (WPPs) and photovoltaic power plants (PVPs) to damp inter-area oscillations. Inter-area oscillations may be the result of a single or a group of generators oscillating against another group of generators across a weak transmission link. If poorly damped, these power system oscillations can cause system instability and potentially lead to blackouts. Power conversion devices, particularly megawatt-scale converters that connect wind turbines and photovoltaic power plants to the grid, could be used to damp these oscillations by injecting power into the system out of phase with the potentially unstable mode. Over time, the net energy injection is near zero; therefore, providing this “static damping” capability is not expected to affect annual energy production. However, WPPs and PVPs have different capabilities due to the inherent physical nature of these plants. WPPs have some energy stored in the rotating masses of the turbines, while PVPs have no such stored energy. Thus the challenge of providing oscillation damping services will have to be approached differently for WPPs and PVPPs. In this work strategies for providing oscillation damping services from WPPs and PVPs are compared and contrasted. Kundur's well-known two-area, four-generator system is modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC. The WPP and PVP models are based on the Western Electricity Coordination Council (WECC) standard models. Controllers to damp inter-area oscillations are developed and added to the WECC WPP and PVP models, and their effects are studied. Analysis is performed on the data generated by the simulations.
Two-dimensional string matching algorithm for conceptual pictorial queries

This paper presents an algorithm for pictorial information retrieval using conceptual pictorial queries. This approach is user-oriented and allows the user to construct a pictorial example as the conceptual pictorial query. It differs from other pictorial-query-by-example approaches in that the pictorial query may contain nested composite objects. Experimental results are described.
What's in it for me: A qualitative look into the mindset of young alumni non-donors

This study analyzed the open-ended responses given by young alumni during an institutional survey conducted by the annual giving office at a large, public university. For this study, 204 responses from non-donors were analyzed and coded. Several keys themes were identified in the analysis, including young alumni's attitudes regarding career services, how incentives may motivate this population to make gifts and the desire for this generation to specify how their donation will be used. All of these themes were evaluated in regards to how they may increase the giving behaviors of recent graduates.
The introduction of closed chest cardiac massage

The introduction of closed chest cardiac massage by Dr William Kouwenhoven and associates has markedly changed the outcome of patients with cardiac arrest. The fortuitous discovery of the simple yet ingenious concept of closed cardiac massage has saved countless lives. In fact the manuscript published by Kouwenhoven and colleagues has been touted "to have resulted in saving more lives than any other medical manuscript during the past century." Although newer techniques and methods of cardiac resuscitation have been developed, their successes will be measured against the technique described by Kouwenhoven and colleagues.
Shear Layer Flame Stabilization Sensitivities in a Swirling Flow

A variety of different flame configurations and heat release distributions can exist in high swirl, annular flows. Each of these different configurations, in turn, has different thermoacoustic sensitivities and influences on combustor emissions, nozzle durability, and liner heating. These different configurations arise because at least three flame stabilization locations are present, associated with the inner and outer shear layers of the annulus, and the stagnation point of the vortex breakdown region. This paper focuses on the sensitivities of the outer shear layer stabilization point to bulkhead temperature, flow velocity, swirl number, preheat temperature, and fuel/air ratio. It also characterizes the hysteresis that is present in conditions where the outer shear layer locally re-attaches and blows off. The sensitivities to bulkhead temperature, preheat temperature and fuel/air ratio follow the expected trends. Moreover, the strong bulkhead temperature sensitivities show that computations must include heat transfer to combustor hardware in order to capture flame stabilization correctly. The preheat temperature and fuel/air ratio sensitivities are captured with detailed kinetics calculations of the extinction stretch rate of the mixture. Somewhat counter intuitively, there is little variation in transition conditions with swirl number for the Sm∼0.6 and 0.8 swirlers analyzed here. Finally, velocity sensitivities are in many cases much weaker than what would be predicted assuming that the fluid mechanic straining time scales as 1/u.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Dynamical Nucleation Theory: A New Molecular Approach to Vapor-Liquid Nucleation

A new theoretical approach is presented for vapor-phase nucleation. In contrast to previous molecular approaches to nucleation that focus on evaluating equilibrium distributions of clusters, we evaluate rate constants for cluster evaporation and condensation that are the elementary kinetic steps in the nucleation mechanism. The use of variational transition state theory to estimate the rate constants provides a consistent procedure for defining a unique value for the constraining volume of the physically consistent cluster. The theory is applied to evaporation of small water clusters. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
A study of 50V using the direct reactions 49Ti (3He, d) and 51V(d, t)

Abstract Energy levels in 50 V up to 4.3 MeV have been studied using the 49 Ti( 3 He, d) 50 V and 51 V(d,t) 50 V reactions with 3 He particles of 22 MeV and deuterons of 19.5 MeV incident energy. More than eighty levels are seen, with angular distributions taken for forty-one levels in the ( 3 He, d) reaction and for the ten lowest levels in the (d, t) reaction. The angular distributions are compared with the distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) to extract the l -values of the transferred nucleons and obtain the spectroscopic strengths. In the stripping reaction, a small amount of l = 0 and l = 2 strength is seen, indicating the presence of s and d proton holes in the g.s. of 49 Ti. The results are compared with a recent shell-model calculation based on an ( f 7 2 ) n configuration, and show qualitative agreement.
Type II diabetes promotes a myofibroblast phenotype in cardiac fibroblasts

Aims Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death for individuals diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Changes in cardiac function, left ventricular wall thickness and fibrosis have all been described in patients and animal models of diabetes; however, the factors mediating increased matrix deposition remain unclear. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether cardiac fibroblast function is altered in a rat model of type II DM.
Effect of Laser Glazing and Laser Shock Peening on Tribological Performance of 1080 Carbon Steel

High-power laser surface treatments in the form of glazing, shock peening, cladding, and alloying can significantly affect material tribology. In this paper, effects of laser glazing, laser shock peening, and their combination on the tribological behavior of 1080 carbon steel were investigated. Laser glazing is a process in which a high-power laser beam melts the top layer of the surface, followed by rapid cooling and resolidification. This results in a new surface layer microstructure and properties. Laser shock peening, on the other hand, is a mechanical process in which a laser generates pressure pulses on the surface of the metal, similar to shot peening. Five conditions were evaluated: untreated (baseline), laser shock peened only (PO), laser-glazed only (GO), laser-glazed then shock peened last (GFPL), and laser shock peened then glazed last (PFGL). In pin-on-disc testing, all laser-treated surfaces reduced dry friction, with the GFPL surface having maximum friction reduction of 43%. Under lubricated conditions, all laser-treated surfaces except the PO sample lowered friction. Similarly, all glazed samples reduced wear by a factor of 2–3, while the PO sample did not change wear significantly. These tribological results are associated with changes in the near-surface microstructure and properties.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
An investigation of controls for concurrent systems based on abstract control languages

Abstract The behaviour of the controlled system determines the control. This concise statement summarizes our approach to the investigation of controls. Using abstract languages to define the behaviour and subbehaviour of a system, and therewith the behaviour of the uncontrolled and of the controlled system, we are able to describe and to study different types of control rules and properties to be realized by control like deadlock avoidance, liveness and fairness.
Digital libraries for biodiversity and natural history collections

This panel aims to discuss the importance of creating digital libraries for biodiversity and natural history collections, the state of the art in terms of standards, best practices and the challenges that natural history museums and herbaria face when trying to digitize their collections, and the creation and management of personal digital libraries for botanical learning.
Total internal reflection second harmonic generation from the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions

Abstract Total internal reflection second harmonic generation (TIR SHG) is used to investigate the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) under potential control. The observed potential dependent second harmonic response is attributed to a resonance enhanced process arising from the tetraphenylborate (TPB − ) ion. As the aqueous phase is biased positive of the organic phase, a large increase in the SH response is observed and is attributed to the adsorption of the TPB − ion at the interface. The potential dependent SH data allows for the determination of the TPB − anion concentration at the interface. TIR SHG compliments measurements of the electrolyte surface excess and can function as a means of measuring the relative concentration of electrolytic species responsible for the potential drop across the electrochemical double layer.
Hypophosphatasia—A newly recognized disease

Summary Hypophosphatasia is a newly recognized disease of infants, children, and adults in which diminished alkaline phosphatase activity of tissues and serum is associated with rickets resistant to any known therapy. Sufficient cases have been reported to suggest the disease is not excessively rare. Thus far no abnormality of any physiologic system other than bone has been recognized, although alkaline phosphatase is believed to participate in several unrelated mechanisms, such as transport of glucose across intestinal or renal tubular epithelium, concentration of phosphorus in milk, and protein synthesis. More definitive studies of hypophosphatasia patients may reveal defects in these systems as well as in bone. Recently an abnormal metabolite, phosphoethanolamine, has been found in the plasma and urine of patients with the disease. This observation is of diagnostic significance and in addition may reveal the mechanism by which alkaline phosphatase produces calcification, a point of uncertainty since Robison originally postulated this role for the enzyme over twenty years ago.
Nowhere Simple Sets and the Lattice of Recursively Enumerable Sets

Ever since Post [4] the structure of recursively enumerable sets and their classification has been an important area in recursion theory. It is also intimately connected with the study of the lattices and of r.e. sets and r.e. sets modulo finite sets respectively. (This lattice theoretic viewpoint was introduced by Myhill [3].) Key roles in both areas have been played by the lattice of r.e. supersets, , of an r.e. set A (along with the corresponding modulo finite sets) and more recently by the group of automorphisms of and . Thus for example we have Lachlan's deep result [1] that Post's notion of A being hyperhypersimple is equivalent to (or ) being a Boolean algebra. Indeed Lachlan even tells us which Boolean algebras appear as —precisely those with Σ 3 representations. There are also many other simpler but still illuminating connections between the older typology of r.e. sets and their roles in the lattice . ( r -maximal sets for example are just those with completely uncomplemented.) On the other hand, work on automorphisms by Martin and by Soare [8], [9] has shown that most other Post type conditions on r.e. sets such as hypersimplicity or creativeness which are not obviously lattice theoretic are in fact not invariant properties of . In general the program of analyzing and classifying r.e. sets has been directed at the simple sets. Thus the subtypes of simple sets studied abound — between ten and fifteen are mentioned in [5] and there are others — but there seems to be much less known about the nonsimple sets. The typologies introduced for the nonsimple sets begin with Post's notion of creativeness and add on a few variations. (See [5, §8.7] and the related exercises for some examples.) Although there is a classification scheme for r.e. sets along the simple to creative line (see [5, §8.7]) it is admitted to be somewhat artificial and arbitrary. Moreover there does not seem to have been much recent work on the nonsimple sets.
The Asian-American and Pacific Islander population and the American Cancer Society initiative.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) Nationwide Asian-American/Pacific Islander (AAPI) Initiative is a continuing collaboration between the ACS and other organizations and community groups. With a view to incorporating access to quality treatment as an overarching principal, the objectives of the AAPI Initiative are to provide strategic oversight to the ACS for outreach to AAPI populations and to develop a nationwide plan for the purpose of making ACS programs and services available to these populations. After a series of meetings in 2002, including a joint meeting between the Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research, and Training (AANCART) and the ACS, the first ACS Nationwide AAPI Council meeting was held in early 2003. The goals and objectives of this initiative are 1) to develop a plan for delivery of ACS programs and services to the AAPI population, 2) to develop a program for collaboration with organizations that can help the ACS reach its objectives, 3) to develop an advocacy program that enables the ACS to reach its objectives, and 4) to develop an income-development program to both reach and maintain these objectives. The ACS-AANCART collaboration is a great example of the type of collaboration that will make not only the ACS but also the cancer community as a whole successful in eradicating cancer as a major public health problem. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Cellular localization of fibronectin gene expression in the seminiferous tubule.

Abstract The cellular location of fibronectin expression within the seminiferous tubule was investigated in order to better understand testicular cell functions and cell-cell interactions. Peritubular cells were shown to actively synthesize and secrete fibronectin in culture by the detection of a radiolabeled 220 kDa secreted protein that is immunologically similar to fibronectin and by the quantitation of fibronectin in peritubular cell conditioned medium with a fibronectin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sertoli cells did not produce detectable levels of fibronectin when assayed by either of these procedures. A 6.5 kb fibronectin messenger RNA was detected in freshly isolated or cultured peritubular cells, but no fibronectin gene expression was detected in Sertoli cells or developing germinal cells. Combined results imply that the peritubular cells are the only apparent site of fibronectin expression within the seminiferous tubule. During the development of the testis the levels of fibronectin expression increased to a maximum at early puberty (15-day-old rats) and then slowly declined. The results demonstrate that fibronectin can be utilized as a unique functional and biochemical marker for peritubular cells when compared to other cell types in the seminiferous tubule. Production of fibronectin by peritubular cells provides an example of the ability of peritubular cells and Sertoli cells to cooperate in the production of individual components of the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule. This cellular interaction is an example of a mesenchymal/ stromal-epithelial interaction which is postulated to be important for the physiology of many tissues.
Microsegregation in open and closed multicomponent systems

Abstract A simplified model for microsegregation in multicomponent systems has been developed for solidification, remelting, and dissolution of solid that may occur due to thermal and solutal changes. Compared to existing models, calculations are simplified by considering only the solid/liquid interface and the liquid portion of the domain at any given time, eliminating the solid composition integral from the mixture equation. Predictions may be made using a predefined cooling curve and composition history, or the model may be run in a fully coupled mode with a macro-scale model. Simulation results are presented for three Ni–Cr–Mo alloys under different solidification conditions, including open systems. The results demonstrate the multiple phase formation and tracking capabilities of the model in addition to highlighting the differences in the enthalpy- and temperature-controlled formulations.
Territorial Pheromones of Female Red-backed Salamanders

Pheromones provide an important source of communication during social interactions of caudate amphibians. To further examine their use in territorial defense, we performed a laboratory experiment to test the hypothesis that non-courting female red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) deposit pheromones in or on fecal pellets, as males are known to do during territorial advertisement. Four conditions were tested: (1) a burrow marked with a female's own pellet vs. a burrow marked by a conspecific female's pellet, (2) own vs. unmarked burrows, (3) conspecific vs. unmarked burrows, and (4) paired unmarked burrows as a control. Females nose-tapped (for olfactory cues) their own and conspecific pellets about equally. However, they spent significantly more time in both threat and submissive behavior toward the conspecific pellets and spent significantly more time in their own marked burrows. We infer that female P. cinereus do deposit pheromones in or on fecal pellets and that these pellets may be used to advertise territories. The behavioral responses of females toward pellets of other females were more aggressive than those of males (in a previous study) toward pellets of other males.
Introduction: Incidence and Etiology

Postoperative endophthalmitis (POE) can occur after any type of intraocular surgery including operations for cataract, glaucoma, penetrating keratoplasty, retinal detachment, vitrectomy, and the repair of perforating trauma. Notwithstanding a gradual reduction in the overall incidence of POE, sporadic cases and occasional multiple outbreaks continue to cause the loss of eyes. This symposium is concerned with the incidence, epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of POE caused by bacteria and fungi.
Experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer in small arrays of PCM-filled spheres

Abstract Experimental investigations on the condensation heat and mass transfer between flowing steam and a small regularly packed bed of encapsulated spheres filled with PCM (phase-change material) are performed. The objectives of the research are to obtain transient transport characteristics of the dual-latent heat thermal storage system during the charging process. A special device is used to instrument the inside of the sphere. This device retards the sinking of the unmelted solid PCM toward the bottom of the spherical shell, thus reducing the strong dependence of the heat flux on tangential angle location. Instantaneous heat transfer rates are obtained for spheres of three different sizes (with single sphere and small packed bed arrangements). Tests performed to note Reynolds number and Stefan number dependencies of the two phase transfer and energy storage are also carried out. The device worked well, particularly for the larger spheres (6.35 and 7.62 cm diameter), which allowed the normalized thermal energy stored to be correlated by a single dimensionless time scale for all of the tests performed.
Microporous Patterned Electrodes for Color-Matched Electrochromic Polymer Displays

The emergence of electroactive and conducting polymers offers new opportunities for the design of materials for electrochromic devices (ECDs). Of these, poly(3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene)s (PXDOTs) and their derivatives exhibit the most promising electrochromic (EC) properties. Here, we report the use of highly porous metallized membranes which allow the production of patterned, rapid-switching, reflective ECDs. Using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene) (PEDOT), poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT), and the dimethyl-substituted derivative PProDOT-Me2 as the active EC materials, we have obtained switching times of 0.1−0.2 s (5−10 Hz) to achieve full EC contrast. These polymers yield reflective contrast values of up to 90% in the NIR and ∼60% in the visible regions. In addition, the ECDs were switched repetitively 180 000 times with less than 10% contrast loss. We have also demonstrated a 2 × 2 pixelated display device built using shadow mask patterning. Two cathodically coloring polymers which exhibit tw...
Research in higher education: Fiteen years of scholarship

A descriptive analysis is given of the authors and articles appearing inResearch in Higher Education (sponsored by the AIR), since the journal was founded in 1973. The analysis compares the 1980s with the 1970s according to subject matter, methodology, authors and institutions. The data suggest that coverage of higher education topics and research methodologies both are increasing, along with the variety of authors and the diversity of institutions. Institutions and authors are ranked according to their “productivity” of authorship.
Emergence of a new research and development paradigm: The structured contest

A recent article in Popular Science magazine really resonated with me, in light of other recent experiences with “research and development programs.” “DARPA's Debacle in the Desert” (Hooper, 2004) concerned the much-hyped 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge, which offered a US$1 million prize to the individual or team that developed an unmanned, completely autonomous vehicle that could navigate itself over a 150-mile course in the shortest time (under 10 hours). DARPA, the U.S. Department of Defense's premier basic research and out-of-the-box funding agency, gambled on technology development/advancement via a structured contest. The price tag to plan, advertise, provide support and logistics, monitoring and scoring, etc., was likely several times the potential prize. The best performer in the contest dropped out approximately 7.5 miles from the starting line. The contest certainly generated excitement, and it pulled together some interesting and talented teams. Did the contest spur technological advancement? Likel...
Vanadium diffusion coating on HT-9 cladding for mitigating the fuel cladding chemical interactions

Abstract Fuel cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) has been identified as one of the crucial issues for developing Ferritic/Martensitic (F/M) stainless steel claddings for metallic fuels in a fast reactor. The anticipated elevated temperature and high neutron flux can significantly aggravate the FCCI, in terms of formation of inter-diffusion and lower melting point eutectic phases. To mitigate the FCCI, vanadium carbide coating as a diffusion barrier was deposited on the HT-9 substrate using a pack cementation diffusion coating (PCDC) method, and the processing temperature was optimized down to 730 °C. A solid metallurgical bonding between the coating layer and substrate was achieved, and the coating is free from through depth cracks. The microstructural characterizations using SEM and TEM show a nanostructured grain structure. EDS/WDS and XRD analysis confirm the phase of coating layer as V2C. Diffusion couple tests at 660 °C for 100 h demonstrate that V2C layer with a thickness of less than 5 μm can effectively eliminate the inter-diffusion between the lanthanide cerium and HT-9 steel.
Sex and hand-preference factors in psychomotor reminiscence and performance

Effects of sex, handedness, and hand used in practice (preferred or nonpreferred) on reminiscence in a rotary tracking task were investigated in 80 subjects. As in a comparable study of mirror tracking (Wild & Payne, 1983), the female tendency to reminisce more than males on rotary pursuit was conditional upon the use of the preferred hand, whether right or left. However, the two tasks yielded several noteworthy differences in the effects of these variables on performance levels and secular trends. Implications of results for reminiscence theory were explored.
Recombinant human erythropoietin: possible role as an antioxidant in premature rabbits.

Iron is an important catalyst for free oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation reactions which may play a role in the pathogenesis of several diseases in premature infants. During the early neonatal period, extracellular iron is available in excessive amounts. We hypothesized that administration of erythropoietin (EPO) mobilizes iron from plasma and inhibits iron-catalyzed reactions. To evaluate this hypothesis, recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) was administered s.c. to premature rabbits delivered at 29-d gestation: one group was kept in room air (RA) and the other in a 100% oxygen environment. Within each group, the animals were randomized to receive placebo or rhEPO at 400 or at 800 U/kg on d 0 and 2 of life. On d 3 or 4, plasma iron and iron saturation of transferrin were assessed. Lipid peroxidation was analyzed in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL). Nonsedimentable protein (NSP) and phospholipid content were measured in BAL. Erythropoiesis was evaluated in liver and bone marrow. Treatment with rhEPO decreased plasma iron, decreased iron saturation of transferrin, increased reticulocytes, and increased erythropoiesis in liver and bone marrow in both RA and hyperoxia group. Oxygen exposure increased NSP in BAL and decreased the ability of BAL to inhibit lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) generation compared with RA exposure. In O2-exposed animals, EPO treatment increased the ability of both plasma (EPO 800) and BAL (EPO 400 and 800) to inhibit lipid peroxidation and decreased NSP in BAL (EPO 400). In addition, rhEPO treatment decreased alveolar thickening and proteinaceous exudate in the hyperoxia group. We propose that by stimulating erythropoiesis, rhEPO mobilizes non-heme iron and decreases oxidant injury that depends on the availability of transient metal.
Ecotype, Ecospecies, and Macroevolution

The combined efforts of taxonomists and geneticists have succeeded to a considerable extent in solving that part of the problem of evolution which concerns the subspecific level. The detailed work of innumerable taxonomists following in the footsteps of Kleinschmidt K. Jordan, Matschie, and Rensch has shown that many species are best described as “Rassenkreise”, i.e. series, and sometimes clines (in J. Huxley’s term), of subspecies replacing each other in an orderly geographical way over the area occupied by the species’. In most cases these subspecies or geographic races do not overlap and where they meet they may form hybrid populations, as subspecies are fertile inter se. Very frequently it is possible to recognize within the subspecies local populations which are again discernable as subunits, and even these may be sometimes successfully subdivided into other distinguishable groups down to individual colonies. Though the taxonomist does not apply nomenclatural distinction to these categories below the subspecies, it is important to realize that in many cases, if not in all, further subdivisions would be possible upon the basis of still recognizable hereditary differences. A further important result of this taxonomic work, frequently forgotten by present day evolutionists, is that subspecies and even smaller units are characterized by recognizable differences which are present in every individual. This is obvious, as otherwise the taxonomist could not name and describe subspecies. When the differential characters are of a quantitative nature, the characteristics are means of quantitative series. The individual variants may or may not overlap with those of the adjoining subspecies. Furthermore, a number of such differential traits, constant within the limits of normal variation, combine to characterize the respective subspecies.