cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in female versus male rats

Eight female and 8 male rats were trained to discriminate 5.6 mg/kg i.p. cocaine from saline on 2-lever, food-reinforced drug discrimination procedure. Female rats acquired the cocaine discrimination in approximately the same number of sessions that males did (43 +/- 7 vs. 51 +/- 9 sessions, respectively), and the ED50 for cocaine discrimination was nearly equivalent in female and male rats (2.46 +/- 0.41 vs. 2.32 +/- 0.49 mg/kg, respectively). The time course for cocaine discrimination was similar in female and male rats, except the offset of cocaine's effects occurred significantly earlier in females than in males. D-Amphetamine dose-dependently substituted for cocaine in all 7 males and 6 of 7 females tested, with no significant sex difference in the ED50 values for D-amphetamine substitution. None of the three opioid agonists tested, morphine (mu), U69,593 (kappa) or BW373U86 (delta), fully substituted for cocaine in rats of either sex. The dopamine antagonist fluphenazine blocked the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine to approximately the same extent in both sexes. Further drug discrimination training with a higher dose of cocaine, 10 mg/kg, did not significantly alter the ED50 for cocaine discrimination, and there was still no significant sex difference in ED50 values (3.50 +/- 0.39 vs. 2.36 +/- 0.41 mg/kg in females vs. males, respectively). In these same rats, however, cocaine (1-10 mg/kg) produced significantly greater locomotor activation in females than in males on a test of spontaneous locomotor activity. Thus, these results suggest that there are few sex differences in discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine, even at doses that produce significantly different locomotor responses in female versus male rats.
The validity, reliability, and utility of the iButton® for measurement of body temperature circadian rhythms in sleep/wake research

Abstract Objective Changes in core body temperature due to heat transfer through the skin have a major influence on sleep regulation. Traditional measures of skin temperature are often complicated by extensive wiring and are not practical for use in normal living conditions. This review describes studies examining the reliability, validity and utility of the iButton®, a wireless peripheral thermometry device, in sleep/wake research. Methods A review was conducted of English language literature on the iButton as a measure of circadian body temperature rhythms associated with the sleep/wake cycle. Results Seven studies of the iButtton as a measure of human body temperature were included. The iButton was found to be a reliable and valid measure of body temperature. Its application to human skin was shown to be comfortable and tolerable with no significant adverse reactions. Distal skin temperatures were negatively correlated with sleep/wake activity, and the temperature gradient between the distal and proximal skin (DPG) was identified as an accurate physiological correlate of sleep propensity. Methodological issues included site of data logger placement, temperature masking factors, and temperature data analysis. Conclusions The iButton is an inexpensive, wireless data logger that can be used to obtain a valid measurement of human skin temperature. It is a practical alternative to traditional measures of circadian rhythms in sleep/wake research. Further research is needed to determine the utility of the iButton in vulnerable populations, including those with neurodegenerative disorders and memory impairment and pediatric populations.
Using engineered 2-O-sulfotransferase to determine the activity of heparan sulfate C5-epimerase and its mutants

Heparan sulfate (HS) is involved in essential physiological and pathophysiological functions. HS is a highly sulfated polysaccharide consisting of glucuronic acid (or iduronic acid) linked to glucosamine carrying various sulfo groups. Biosynthesis of HS involves sulfotransferases and an epimerase. The HS C5-epimerase converts glucuronic acid to iduronic acid. The method for determining the activity has been cumbersome due to the use of a site-specifically 3H-labeled polysaccharide substrate. Here, we report a two-enzyme coupling assay to determine the activity of C5-epimerase. HS 2-O-sulfotransferase (2OST) transfers the sulfo group to the 2-OH-position of glucuronic or iduronic acid. Unlike the wild type protein, 2-O-sulfotransferase mutant (2OST Y94I) transfers sulfate to the iduronic acid but not to the glucuronic acid. Thus, 2OST Y94I cannot sulfate N-sulfated heparosan, a polysaccharide containing glucuronic acid. Incubating N-sulfated heparosan with C5-epimerase converts some of the glucuronic acid to iduronic acid, thus becoming a substrate for 2OST Y94I. The susceptibility of the C5-epimerase-treated N-sulfated heparosan to 2OST Y94I modification directly correlates to the amount of the activity of C5-epimerase, proving that this two-enzyme coupling system can be used to assay for C5-epimerase. The method was further used to determine the activities of various C5-epimerase mutants. Our approach will significantly reduce the complexity for assaying the activity of C5-epimerase and facilitate the structural and functional analysis of C5-epimerase.
Selection procedures with standardized time series variance estimators

Studies a modification of Y. Rinott's (1978) two-stage procedure for selecting the normal population with the largest (or smallest) mean. The modification, which is appropriate for use in the simulation environment, uses, in the procedure's first stage, different variance estimators than the usual batch means (BM) variance estimator. In particular, we use variance estimators arising from the method of standardized time series (STS). On the plus side, certain STS estimators have more degrees of freedom than the BM estimator does. On the other hand, STS variance estimators tend to require larger sample sizes than the BM estimator in order to converge to their assumed distributions. These considerations result in trade-offs involving the procedure's achieved probability of correct selection as well as the procedure's expected sample size.
Synthetic applications of metal-stabilized carbenium ions.IV. preparation of 1,5-ene-ynes via coupling of [(propargyl) dicobalt hexacarbonyl] cations with allyl silanes.

Abstract A highly selective and flexible route to 1,5-ene-ynes is provided by the reactions of [(propargyl) dicobalt hexacarbonyl] cations with allyl silanes.
Characterization of Adaptation in Phototropism of Arabidopsis thaliana

Phototropic curvature has been measured for etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings with and without a preirradiation. A bilateral preirradiation with 450-nm light at a fluence greater than about 0.1 micromole per square meter causes a rapid desensitization to a subsequent 450-nanometer unilateral irradiation at 0.5 micromole per square meter. Following a refractory period, the capacity to respond phototropically recovers to the predesensitization level, and the response is then enhanced. The length of the refractory period is between 10 and 20 minutes. Both the time needed for recovery and the extent of enhancement increase with increasing fluence of the bilateral preirradiation. Based on the relative spectral sensitivities of desensitization and enhancement, these responses can be separated. Desensitization is induced by blue light but not by red light. Enhancement, however, is induced by both blue and red light. Thus, enhancement can be induced without desensitization but not vice versa. Both desensitization and enhancement affect only the magnitude of the response and do not affect the fluence threshold.
Computational Studies of Droplet Dynamics in a Steady Electric Field

A three-dimensional spectral boundary integral algorithm has been developed to investigate the dynamics of a neutrally buoyant and initially uncharged droplet in another immiscible fluid subjected to a steady electric field. Good agreement has been found by comparing with analytical solutions and experimental results for droplets in a uniform electric field. Benefit from the fully three-dimensional algorithm that we have developed, the droplet deformation and migration induced by the nonuniform electric field created by a point charge has been investigated. We computationally predict the deformation and migration of the droplet under the influence of physical properties of the system: resistivities, permittivities and viscosities, as well as the electric capillary number. The numerical scheme developed by this study and computational results provide foundation for the computational investigation of droplet motion in digital microfluidics.© 2012 ASME
Perinatal lead exposure and relapse to drug-seeking behavior in the rat: a cocaine reinstatement study

Rationale Intravenous self-administration of cocaine at low doses is increased by chronic low-level exposure to lead during gestation and lactation (perinatal lead exposure). Insofar as drug potency is increased by early lead exposure, it must be considered that cocaine-seeking and relapse after periods of withdrawal similarly may be enhanced by perinatal lead exposure.
Physics-based deformations of ground penetrating radar signals to improve the detection of buried explosives

A number of recent algorithms have shown improved performance in detecting buried explosive threats by statistically modeling target responses observed in ground penetrating radar (GPR) signals. These methods extract features from known examples of target responses to train a statistical classifier. The statistical classifiers are then used to identify targets emplaced in previously unseen conditions. Due to the variation in target GPR responses caused by factors such as differing soil conditions, classifiers require training on a large, varied dataset to encompass the signal variation expected in operational conditions. These training collections generally involve burying each target type in a number of soil conditions, at a number of burial depths. The cost associated with both burying the targets, and collecting the data is extremely high. Thus, the conditions and depths sampled cover only a subset of possible scenarios. The goal of this research is to improve the ability of a classifier to generalize to new conditions by deforming target responses in accordance with the physical properties of GPR signals. These signal deformations can simulate a target response under different conditions than those represented in the data collection. This research shows that improved detection performance in previously unseen conditions can be achieved by utilizing deformations, even when the training dataset is limited.
TEM studies of laterally overgrown GaN layers grown in polar and non-polar directions

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study pendeo-epitaxial GaN layers grown on polar and non-polar 4H SiC substrates. The structural quality of the overgrown layers was evaluated using a number of TEM methods. Growth of pendeo-epitaxial layers on polar substrates leads to better structural quality of the overgrown areas, however edge-on dislocations are found at the meeting fronts of two wings. Some misorientation between the "seed" area and wing area was detected by Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction. Growth of pendeo-epitaxial layers on non-polar substrates is more difficult. Two wings on the opposite site of the seed area grow in two different polar directions with different growth rates and wings grown with Ga polarity are 17 times wider than wings grown with N-polarity, making coalescence of these layers difficult. Most dislocations in a wing grown with Ga polarity bend in a direction parallel to the substrate, but some of them also propagate to the sample surface. Stacking faults formed on the c-plane and prismatic plane occasionally were found in the wings. Some misorientation between the wings and seed was detected using Large Angle Convergent Beam Diffraction.
Alternation and Reduction of Liquid Sucrose in Discrete Goal Units

Summary In Experiment 1, four groups of albino rats (N = 33) were trained for 22 preshift and two postshift days in a straight runway. Training during preshift was at two trials per day, during postshift at 10 trials per day. Reward conditions consisted of either single or multiple presentations of .5 ml sucrose concentrations of either 30% or 3%. Multiple presentations were separated on a given trial by six sec intervals, and four presentations were administered. The four groups are designated by their pre- and postshift conditions: (a) M30-S3, (b) S3-S3, (c) M3-M3, and (d) M30-M3. The three preshift reward conditions produced reliable differences in running with Group M3-M3 running slowest followed by Group S3-S3, and Groups M30-M3 and M30-S3. During postshift there was no evidence of successive contrast when animals were shifted from M30 to S3. The shift from multiple 30% to multiple 3% produced the most disruption in performance. With the use of the same technique of multiple reward presentation, sing...
Research on Wind Farm and Energy Storage System Integration on Power System

Based on power system static voltage stability constraints, by theoretical analysis, calculation method of injection power for each node in power system is given. Compared with power flow simulation, results show that this method can be used to obtain nodes with relative large injection power, and calculation accuracy in a certain extent depends on the accuracy of power system Thevenin equivalent impedance. In addition, the application of energy storage systems to improve wind farm power injection is analyzed preliminarily. Simulation results show that locations of energy storage system in power system have impacts on the improvement of wind farm power injection.
Annealing and Strain Effects on Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O Crystals and Ceramics

Superconducting transition temperatures (T/sub c/'s) in the Tl--Ba--Ca--Cu--O system are shown to be a function of processing for both single crystals and bulk ceramics. Crystals with the identical structural phase and nominal composition but slightly different lattice constants can have significant differences in T/sub c/. We report the effects of high temperature annealing in vacuum or flowing oxygen on T/sub c/ for single crystal plates of two common phases with nominal stoichiometries Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/Ca/sub 1/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 8/ and Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/Ca/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 10/. Contradictory results on nominally similar crystals suggest that strain, Tl content and Tl/Ca site disorder are as important as the oxygen stoichiometry in determining T/sub c/. This interpretation is supported by complementary annealing studies in bulk ceramic, including a powder where T/sub c/ increased by 5 K following high-pressure shock loading which introduced substantial residual strain. 25 refs., 6 figs.
Ama“Zinc” Link between TrkB Transactivation and Synaptic Plasticity

While Trk receptors can be activated in a neurotrophin-independent manner through "transactivation" by GPCR ligands, its physiological significance in the brain remains unknown. Huang et al. have now identified a novel mechanism of TrkB transactivation. They show that zinc ions can transactivate TrkB independent of neurotrophins and that such a transactivation is important for mossy fiber long-term potentiation (LTP).
How risk management can prevent future wildfire disasters in the wildland-urban interface

Recent fire seasons in the western United States are some of the most damaging and costly on record. Wildfires in the wildlandurban interface on the Colorado Front Range, resulting in thousands of homes burned and civilian fatalities, although devastating, are not without historical reference. These fires are consistent with the characteristics of large, damaging, interface fires that threaten communities across much of the western United States. Wildfires are inevitable, but the destruction of homes, ecosystems, and lives is not. We propose the principles of risk analysis to provide land management agencies, first responders, and affected communities who face the inevitability of wildfires the ability to reduce the potential for loss. Overcoming perceptions of wildlandurban interface fire disasters as a wildfire control problem rather than a home ignition problem, determined by home ignition conditions, will reduce home loss.
Doppler Ultrasonography and Segmental Arterial Pressures to Assess Arterial Circulation in the Lower Extremities: A Review

Utilizing Doppler ultrasound and segmental pressures, the arterial circulation of the lower extremities can be evaluated. By assessing the flow waveform patterns and the systolic pressure gradients, one can determine the presence and level of arterial disease. In this review, atherosclerosis is discussed. Techniques for Doppler ultrasound and segmental pressures are described. Two cases are presented and discussed.
CEREBROVASCULAR AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF BRADYKININ, ATP AND HYPERCAPNIA IN THE GOAT

SUMMARY 1. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral O2 metabolism (CMRO2) changes were measured in these studies during treatment with three reputed cerebral vasodilators: bradykinin, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and increased arterial Pco2. 2. Intracerebrovascular bradykinin infusions increased CMRO2 and CBF to a similar degree. Intramaxillary ATP infusions increased CBF to an extent greater than that required for increases seen in CMRO2. Hypercapnia increased CBF without a significant change in CMRO2. 3. Results suggest that increases in cerebral metabolism may mediate most, some and none of the cerebrovascular changes produced by bradykinin, ATP or hypercapnia, respectively.
A Psychiatric Residency Curriculum About Asian-American Issues

Asian Americans constitute the third-largest and the fastest-growing minority group in the United States, with a population of 10.2 to 11.9 million in Census 2000. It is a heterogeneous group that includes at least 43 ethnic subgroups with different languages and dialects, immigration patterns, and religious beliefs; varying socioeconomic status; and different traditional patterns of seeking health care. These social and cultural variables affect Asian Americans' help-seeking behaviors, development of psychiatric disorders, manifestation of psychiatric symptoms, treatment strategies, compliance, and outcomes. This article reviews experiences of Asian Americans relevant to their mental health, including migration patterns to the United States, socioeconomic status, and cultural variables. It proposes educational objectives in the assessment and treatment of Asian-American patients that are essential for the training of psychiatric residents. In particular, it addresses special considerations in implementation of a psychiatric curriculum directed to the care of Asian-American psychiatric patients.
The struggle for sucession: rebels and loyalists in the Indian mutiny of 1857

In the summer of 1857 British power throughout much of northern India was suddenly and violently subverted. Yet in spite of the fact that the uprising has perhaps commanded more attention than any other single event in Indian history the debate over its nature and causes still rages and 1857 remains a sensitive and highly controversial issue.
Effect of pharmacotherapy on suicidal ideation and behavior

Suicide has become an important public health issue. It is the eighth leading cause of death among adults and varies between the second and third leading cause of death for youth under the age of 24 years. Suicidal ideation is a common symptom of psychiatric disorders; over 55% of individuals with mental disorders report suicidal ideation at some point in their lives. Fully 25% of individuals with mental disorders make at least one lifetime suicide attempt and over 12% make multiple suicide attempts. Suicidal ideation and suicidal acts are most prevalent in individuals with mood disorders. Almost 17% of individuals with either major depression or dysthymia make at least one suicide attempt while over 28% of individuals with bipolar disorders attempt suicide. Intensification of suicidal thoughts and behavior can occur in depressed patients undergoing active treatment, including antidepressant pharmacotherapy, and the risk may persist until remission occurs. Within this context, it is likely that reports linking the SSRI fluoxetine (and other antidepressants) with intensification of suicidal ideation represent random occurrences rather than causation. Although it is possible that some type of aberration in CNS serotonergic function in rare individuals might be associated with an idiosyncratic response to serotonin-specific medications, the retrospective meta-analyses of a number of databases indicate there is no causal relationship between SSRI or other antidepressant medication treatment and the emergence of suicidal ideation or behavior. Rather, the available data support the conclusion that antidepressant pharmacotherapy diminishes suicidal ideation and acts. Depression 2:169–172 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
(2+1)-Dimensional Burgers equations BE(m+n+1): Using the recursion operator

In this work, we develop a variety of (2+1)-dimensional Burgers equations BE(N) of distinct orders. We use the recursion operator of the Burgers equation to derive these equations. The obtained equations possess multiple kink solutions the same as the multiple kink solutions of the Burgers hierarchy, but differ only in the dispersion relations. We finally establish a generalization for the dispersion relations.
Poetic Symbiosis: Hart Crane and Federico García Lorca

Hart Crane's The Bridge and Federico GarciaLorca's Poeta en Nueva York share an important commonality: the extensive use of language and idiom associated with machinery and technology. This demonstrates not merely the poets' dependence on such vocabulary; rather, the results should actually be tabled a “poetic” symbiosis. Numerous examples of similarities in the two books, in the images, and in the employment of symbols - particularly those of industry, machinery, and technology — leave no doubt that both Lorca and Crane were influenced by the same stimulus, NewYork City, and that they reacted poetically in much the same way. Though there are differences in the two poets, the differences do not outweigh the similarities. The poetic inspiration which drove their poetry often speaks in one voice, and this voice is particularly evident in The Bridgeand Poeta en Nueva York.
Sensemaking for mobile health

Mobile health (mHealth) leverages the power and ubiquity of mobile and cloud technologies to support patients and clinicians in monitoring and understanding symptoms, side effects and treatment outside the clinical setting; thereby closing the feedback loops of self-care, clinical-care, and personal-evidence-creation. However, to realize this promise, we must develop new data capture, processing and modeling techniques to convert the digital exhaust emitted by mobile phone use into behavioral biomarkers. This calls for a modular layered sensemaking framework in which low level state classifications of raw data (e.g., estimated activity states such as sitting, walking, driving from continuous accelerometer and location traces), are used to derive mid-level semantic features (e.g., total number of ambulatory minutes, number of hours spent out of house), that can then be mapped to particular behavioral biomarkers for specific diseases (e.g., chronic pain, GI disfunction, MS, fatigue, depression, etc). The techniques needed to derive these markers will range from simple functions to machine learning classifiers, and will need to fuse diverse data types, but all will need to cope with noisy, erratic data sources. We are working to build an open architecture and community to speed the rate and robustness of innovation in this space, both academic and commercial (http://openmhealth.org).
First discovery of Rhabdoceras in northeastern U.S.S.R.

Rhabdoceras boreale sp. nov. is described from the Monotis ochotica beds (Norian,Upper Triassic) of Siberia. - -E. T. Tozer.
Does Extended Pre Quit Bupropion Aid in Extinguishing Smoking Behavior

Introduction Understanding the mechanisms by which bupropion promotes smoking cessation may lead to more effective treatment. To the extent that reduced smoking reinforcement is one such mechanism, a longer duration of pre quit bupropion treatment should promote extinction of smoking behavior. We evaluated whether 4 weeks of pre quit bupropion (extended run-in) results in greater pre quit reductions in smoking rate and cotinine and, secondarily, greater short-term abstinence, than standard 1 week of pre quit bupropion (standard run-in). Methods Adult smokers (n = 95; 48 females) were randomized to a standard run-in group (n = 48; 3-week placebo, then 1-week bupropion pre quit) or an extended run-in group (4-week pre quit bupropion; n = 47). Both groups received group behavioral counseling and 7 weeks of post quit bupropion. Smoking rate (and craving, withdrawal, and subjective effects) was collected daily during the pre quit period; biochemical data (cotinine and carbon monoxide) were collected at study visits. Results During the pre quit period, the extended run-in group exhibited a greater decrease in smoking rate, compared to the standard run-in group, interaction p = .03. Cigarette craving and salivary cotinine followed a similar pattern, though the latter was evident only among women. Biochemically verified 4-week continuous abstinence rates were higher in the extended run-in group (53%) than the standard run-in group (31%), p = .033. Conclusions The extended use of bupropion prior to a quit attempt reduces smoking behavior during the pre quit period and improved short-term abstinence rates. The data are consistent with an extinction-of-reinforcement model and support further investigation of extended run-in bupropion therapy for smoking cessation.
Conexões transnacionais entre as mulheres de direita Brasil, Chile e Estados Unidos

This article establishes the transnational importance that the women's movements against Joao Goulart in Brazil and Salvador Allende in Chile had on conservative women in the United States. To do so, it examines the extensive coverage that media in the United States gave to these women's movements as well as the visits that anti-Goulart women made to the United States following the Brazilian military's 1964 overthrow of his government. It explores multiple instances in which conservative Brazilian and Chilean women shared their political experiences and victories with North American women, who were in turn inspired by them. It challenges the literature on right-wing women in the United States, which has largely ignored the impact that conservative women in Brazil or Chile have had on movements in that country.
CONGENITAL COMPLEX CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENTS (CCR)

Congenital OCR have been reported in over 50 patients divided into a familial and de novo categories. Between 1982 and 1986 we saw three unrelated children with de novo (parents had nonnal karyotypes) unbalanced congenital OCR. Lymphocyte and fibroblast karyotypes were studied using G, Q, C, R and NOR banding. Patient 1. A premature (33 weeks) newborn female (BWT 2 kg, HT 38 cm, OPC 30 cm) had deft lip and palate, telecanthus, choanal atresia and ectrodactyly of hands and feet. The karyotypa shewed t(2;5) (g33;g22), t(3;11)(q27;p11.2) and del(13) (q12q14). The five derivative chromosomes implied six breaks. Patient 2. A3 months old female (EWT 2.3 kg, HT 42.5 cm, OFC 31 cm) product of a term pregnancy with oligohydramnios and nonnal placenta, had cleft lip and palate and mild facial dysmorphy. Subsequently microcephaly and slow growth were noted. The karyotype showed six derivative chromosomes: t(2;3)(q33.2;p22.5), t(7;18) (q32;q12.2), two inv(2), (p12q24) and (g31q33) and del(10) (p13) implying nine breaks. Patient 3. A 12 year old male with IQ of 40, HT< 3rd % tile, scoliosis and mild dysmorphy had BWT 3 kg, HT 48.5 cm and unremarkable neonatal period. His karyotype showed seven derivative chromosomes: t(2;11)(q21;p14), t(5;15)(p11;q11), t(6;11)(p23;p14), t(6;20)(p23;p13), del(6)(q26) and del(14)(q24) implying eight breaks. The phenomenon of congenital OCR in man appears real and the pediatrician should know about it.
Model reduction for optimal control problems in field-flow fractionation

We discuss the application of model order reduction to optimal control problems governed by coupled systems of the StokesBrinkman and advection-diffusion equations. Such problems arise in field-flow fractionation processes for the efficient and fast separation of particles of different size in microfluidic flows. Our approach is based on a combination of balanced truncation and tangential interpolation for model reduction of the semidiscretized optimality system. Numerical results demonstrate the properties of this approach.
Seismic Evidence for the Thickness of Cenozoic Deposits in Mono Basin, California

From gravity and limited seismic data obtained in 1957, Pakiser and others (1960) reported a thickness of Cenozoic deposits in the deepest part of Mono Basin, California, of 5.5 ± 1.5 km. Later, in 1962, from a series of chemical explosions in the westernmost part of Mono Basin and outside the limits of the main depressed structure, the thickness of Cenozoic deposits was estimated to be 1.6 km. In 1966, a series of ten 1-ton chemical explosions was detonated in Mono Lake near the deepest part of the Mono Basin structure for the purpose of studying the relative effectiveness of different types of explosives in generating seismic energy. Seismic waves recorded at distances 25.0 to 92.3 km from the explosions were delayed by 1.43 seconds (referred to a shot on bedrock) as they descended through the low-velocity Cenozoic deposits of Mono Basin. By using the velocities of Cenozoic deposits as determined during the 1957 field season, the thickness of Cenozoic deposits required to account for the 1.43-second delay determined in 1966 has been estimated to be about 5 ± 1 km. The delay of seismic waves emerging in Long Valley was less than expected, indicating that they were propagated into Long Valley mainly through high-velocity rocks. From the rate of deposition of Cenozoic rocks in Mono Basin based on the age and depth of burial of the Bishop Tuff, it was estimated that Mono Basin began to subside in early or middle Pliocene time.
Defensive self-esteem and aggression in childhood

Abstract Research examining the association between self-esteem (SE) and aggressive behavior in childhood has produced mixed findings. Some of the confusion may stem from the fact that researchers have relied on explicit measures of SE, thus conflating two distinct types of positive self-regard: secure SE (characterized by high levels of explicit and implicit SE), and defensive SE (characterized by high levels of explicit but low levels of implicit SE). The current study tested the hypothesis that children with high levels of defensive, but not secure, SE would engage in higher levels of aggressive behavior. Ninety-three children completed measures of both explicit and implicit SE. Teachers assessed children’s level of physical and relational aggression in the school setting. As predicted, there was a positive association between explicit SE and aggression when levels of implicit SE were low, but not when levels of implicit SE were high.
A field guide to the matrix classes found in the literature of the linear complementarity problem

There are more than 50 matrix classes discussed in the literature of the Linear Complementarity Problem. This guide is offered as a compendium of notations, definitions, names, source information, and commentary on these many matrix classes. Also included are discussions of certain properties possessed by some (but not all) of the matrix classes considered in this guide. These properties--fullness, completeness, reflectiveness, and sign-change invariance--are the subject of another table featuring matrix classes that have one or more of them. Still another feature of this work is a matrix class inclusion map depicting relationships among the matrix classes listed herein.
Experience psychology – a proposed new subfield of service management

Purpose – In their seminal book, The Experience Economy, Pine and Gilmore point out that customers buy experiences and are willing to pay a steep premium for them and hence service organizations should try to make them more fun. The purpose of this paper (and the premise of the recent book) is that services can be redesigned using psychological principles to deliver positive experiences for any kind of service, not just those that lend themselves to fun; by definition, satisfaction with a subconscious aspect of a service cannot be explained by the customer; and the psychological aspects of service interactions have to be approached with the same level of rigor as that are used to design processes that deliver the technical features of the service. Design/methodology/approach – A point of view on the gap and opportunities in the field. Findings – The authors show that there is an opportunity to extend the service operations field. Practical implications – Enables managers and researchers to think about new...
Evaluation of urinary continence and voiding function: early results in men with neo-urethral modification of the Hautmann orthotopic neobladder.

Purpose: At our institution we use the Hautmann orthotopic bladder replacement with a chimney and neo-urethral modification. A neo-urethral tube allows tension-free intestino-urethral anastomosis, thus providing application of this procedure for patients who may otherwise not qualify due to the inability of the small bowel to reach the urethra. However, this neo-urethral tube may also enhance continence by providing significant intra-abdominal urethral length. Conversely, such a modification may be associated with a higher degree of urinary retention. Early evaluation and reporting on the results of this procedure appear warranted.Materials and Methods: From April 1996 to March 2000, 14 consecutive male patients underwent cystoprostatectomy and urinary reconstruction with Hautmann repair using chimney and neo-urethral modifications. We performed a retrospective analysis of urinary function and continence with data obtained from patient questionnaires completed preoperatively and at each postoperative offi...
Approaching the High-Risk Patient: Sublobar Resection, Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy, or Radiofrequency Ablation

Patients with clinical stage I lung cancer can be considered as arising from three treatment groups: (1) good-risk patients, who are usually treated with lobectomy; (2) high-risk patients, who are usually treated with sublobar (segmental or wedge) resection; and (3) medically inoperable patients, who have traditionally been treated with external beam radiation. Stereotactic body radiation therapy and radiofrequency ablation are two approaches that are gaining increasing popularity for medically inoperable patients. Some have even argued that stereotactic body radiation therapy may be equivalent to lobectomy because of equivalent local control. This assumption is incorrect, because the definitions of local control in the surgical, radiation oncology, and radiology literature are not the same. At best, stereotactic body radiation therapy and radiofrequency ablation can only approximate a wedge resection if it is assumed that 100% tumor destruction has occurred. Lymph node dissection and sampling can also be undertaken at the time of sublobar resection, potentially improving outcomes and allowing identification of unsuspected nodal disease. Despite this, stereotactic body radiation therapy and radiofrequency ablation may be clinically equivalent to sublobar resection for the high-risk patient because of lower procedural morbidity and more rapid return to normal function; however, this has not yet been determined in prospective studies. We review current data on oncologic and secondary outcomes such as morbidity and effect on pulmonary function to help define which therapy is best.
On the Derivation of Monetary Policy Shocks: Should We Throw the VAR out with the Bath Water?

This paper considers an alternative econometric approach to the standard VAR methodology for identifying and estimating the effects of monetary policy shocks. The alternative approach makes more reasonable assumptions about economic agents' information set by: 1) restructuring the VAR variables according to what data are actually observable in each point in time, and 2) augmenting the VAR model with available measures of market participants' expectations of various economic variables, thus increasing the assumed information set. Should we throw the VAR out with the bath water? Unfortunately, the results of this paper are somewhat inconclusive. The expectations measures prove to be quite valuable--the variances of all innovations are reduced by at least one-half compared to the standard VAR innovations. Nevertheless, the innovations, monetary policy shocks, and impulse responses for both methods are fairly similar. Indeed, they are similar enough that the standard VAR approach cannot be rejected out of hand, but dissimilar enough that the standard approach cannot be validated.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Axially Preloaded Carbon Fiber Cable Vibration

AbstractFor structures deployed in space using cables in which vibration damping is critical for structural stability, the understanding of cable damping is particularly significant to the structural performance. This paper describes an experimental setup for the measurement of cable vibration damping under varying cable tensile force, length, and configuration. The damping is determined by the half-power bandwidth method and the logarithmic decrement method. The testing results showed that the cable damping is related to cable tension, length, and configuration. A finite-element model is presented to simulate cable vibration and cable damping. The natural frequencies of the tested cables are determined by spectral analysis and agree well with those of finite-element simulation and theoretical analysis. The time history responses recorded by the accelerometers agree well with those from the finite-element simulation, which demonstrates that selected elements are capable of modeling the dynamic response of...
A Quantitative regional analysis of protein synthesis inhibition in the rat brain following localized injection of cycloheximide

Summary Previous work has shown that bilateral injection of as little as 10 μg of cycloheximide (CHX) into the amygdala, but not into the internal capsule, caused a time-dependent disruption of long-term retention of passive avoidance training. Under these conditions, protein synthesis in the entire brain was inhibited by less than 10%. The present study was undertaken to quantify the resulting inhibition of protein synthesis in various brain regions (amygdala, internal capsule, caudate, cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus and the entire half brain). Rats were subcutaneously injected with L -[14C-methyl]methionine following unilateral administration of CHX via a cannula implanted in either the amygdala or the internal capsule. Regional inhibition of protein synthesis was determined by analysis of autoradiograms from different brain levels using an image analyzing computer to measure the optical densities of microscopic areas corresponding to discrete neuroanatomical structures. Regional patterns of inhibition were assessed: (a) after injection of different doses of CHX (10 or 20 μg) into the amygdala; (b) after injection of 20 μg of CHX into the amygdala or internal capsule; and (c) at different times (0.5, 3, 6 and 24 h) after injection of 20 μg of CHX into the amygdala. Quantitative results are presented for the temporal and spatial patterns of protein synthesis inhibition caused by CHX injection. Since injection of CHX into the amygdala resulted in a profound inhibition of protein synthesis in both the amygdala and internal capsule while injection into the internal capsule only caused a marked inhibition in the capsule itself, these results provide a possible explanation for our earlier observation that injection of CHX into the a amy3dala produced a retention deficit while injection into the adjacent internal capsule had no effect on memory function. These observations on protein synthesis inhibition support our earlier hypothesis that CHX injected into the amygdala might impair memory by virtue of its action on amygdaloid function rather than as a result of its effect on the brain as a whole.
Permission evolution in the Android ecosystem

Android uses a system of permissions to control how apps access sensitive devices and data stores. Unfortunately, we have little understanding of the evolution of Android permissions since their inception (2008). Is the permission model allowing the Android platform and apps to become more secure? In this paper, we present arguably the first long-term study that is centered around both permission evolution and usage, of the entire Android ecosystem (platform, third-party apps, and pre-installed apps). First, we study the Android platform to see how the set of permissions has evolved; we find that this set tends to grow, and the growth is not aimed towards providing finer-grained permissions but rather towards offering access to new hardware features; a particular concern is that the set of Dangerous permissions is increasing. Second, we study Android third-party and pre-installed apps to examine whether they follow the principle of least privilege. We find that this is not the case, as an increasing percentage of the popular apps we study are overprivileged. In addition, the apps tend to use more permissions over time. Third, we highlight some concerns with pre-installed apps, e.g., apps that vendors distribute with the phone; these apps have access to, and use, a larger set of higher-privileged permissions which pose security and privacy risks. At the risk of oversimplification, we state that the Android ecosystem is not becoming more secure from the user's point of view. Our study derives four recommendations for improving the Android security and suggests the need to revisit the practices and policies of the ecosystem.
The evolution of virulence of West Nile virus in a mosquito vector: implications for arbovirus adaptation and evolution

Virulence is often coupled with replicative fitness of viruses in vertebrate systems, yet the relationship between virulence and fitness of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) in invertebrates has not been evaluated. Although the interactions between vector-borne pathogens and their invertebrate hosts have been characterized as being largely benign, some costs of arbovirus exposure have been identified for mosquitoes. The extent to which these costs may be strain-specific and the subsequent consequences of these interactions on vector and virus evolution has not been adequately explored. Using West Nile virus (WNV) and Culex pipiens mosquitoes, we tested the hypothesis that intrahost fitness is correlated with virulence in mosquitoes by evaluating life history traits following exposure to either non-infectious bloodmeals or bloodmeals containing wildtype (WNV WT) or the high fitness, mosquito-adapted strain, WNV MP20 derived from WNV WT. Our results demonstrate strain-specific effects on mosquito survival, fecundity, and blood feeding behavior. Specifically, both resistance to and infection with WNV MP20, but not WNV WT, decreased survival of Cx. pipiens and altered fecundity and bloodfeeding such that early egg output was enhanced at a later cost. As predicted by the trade-off hypothesis of virulence, costs of infection with WNV MP20 in terms of survival were directly correlated to viral load, yet resistance to infection with this virulent strain was equally costly. Taken together, these results demonstrate that WNV MP20 infection decreases the transmission potential of Cx. pipiens populations despite the increased intrahost fitness of this strain, indicating that a virulence-transmission trade-off in invertebrates could contribute significantly to the adaptive and evolutionary constraint of arboviruses.
Breastfeeding is important for cognitive development in term and preterm infants

Commentary on: MA Quigley, C Hockley, C Carson, et al.. Breastfeeding is associated with improved child cognitive development: a population-based cohort study.J Pediatr2012;160:25–32.
The Most Faithful Originalist?: Justice Thomas, Justice Scalia, and the Future of Originalism

This Symposium Essay argues that Justice Scalia, not Justice Thomas, is the more faithful originalist. First, it describes the received wisdom. Second, it compares Justice Thomas’s approach to Justice Scalia’s on three axes of contention within originalism and concludes that Justice Scalia’s is the more faithful to originalism. Lastly, it raises the possibility that, of the two, Justice Scalia has, as a practical matter, done more to move American legal practice toward originalism than Justice Thomas.
Exploiting temporal consistency to reduce false positives in host-based, collaborative detection of worms

The speed of today's worms demands automated detection, but the risk of false positives poses a difficult problem. In prior work, we proposed a host-based intrusion-detection system for worms that leveraged collaboration among peers to lower its risk of false positives, and we simulated this approach for a system with two peers. In this paper, we build upon that work and evaluate our ideas ``in the wild.'' We implement Wormboy 2.0, a prototype of our vision that allows us to quantify and compare worms' and non-worms' temporal consistency, similarity over time in worms' and non-worms' invocations of system calls. We deploy our prototype to a network of 30 hosts running Windows XP with Service Pack 2 to monitor and analyze 10,776 processes, inclusive of 511 unique non-worms (873 if we consider unique versions to be unique non-worms). We identify properties with which we can distinguish non-worms from worms 99% of the time. We find that our collaborative architecture, using patterns of system calls and simple heuristics, can detect worms running on multiple peers. And we find that collaboration among peers significantly reduces our probability of false positives because of the unlikely appearance on many peers simultaneously of non-worm processes with worm-like properties.
Detecting Wormhole Attacks in Wireless Networks Using Connectivity Information

We propose a novel algorithm for detecting worm-hole attacks in wireless multi-hop networks. The algorithm uses only connectivity information to look for forbidden substructures in the connectivity graph. The proposed approach is completely localized and, unlike many techniques proposed in literature, does not use any special hardware artifact or location information, making the technique universally applicable. The algorithm is independent of wireless communication models. However, knowledge of the model and node distribution helps estimate a parameter used in the algorithm. We present simulation results for three different communication models and two different node distributions, and show that the algorithm is able to detect wormhole attacks with a 100% detection and 0% false alarm probabilities whenever the network is connected with high probability. Even for very low density networks where chances of disconnection is very high, the detection probability remains very high.