cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Graph Properties of Peer-to-Peer Topologies on Video Streaming with Network Channel Coding

Network Channel Coding (NCC) distributes channel coding functions over network nodes participating in common or diverse communication sessions. A particular case of NCC is Network Embedded FEC (NEF) [1]-[2], which has been shown to exhibit significant improvements in the performance of video streaming applications over multicast peer-to-peer (p2p) trees. The placement of NCC/NEF codecs and its utility in improving the throughput performance is in general a function of the underlying p2p graph topology. In this paper we consider two major forms of p2p topologies: (1) perfectly structured k-ary tree topologies that can be built from (virtually) ideal p2p graphs [3] and (2) unstructured random tree topologies where new nodes randomly join as children to any of the existing peers. The two topologies represent an optimal low diameter structured p2p topology and a trivial randomly evolving sub-optimal topology, respectively. In this paper, we show the impact of key graph parameters, such as the maximum node-degree k and minimum tree-height D, on the performance of NCC in terms of NEF throughput as well as video quality for both structured and unstructured topologies. The utility of NCC/NEF for low-degree and/or less structured p2p topologies is especially highlighted by demonstrating that, embedding of additional codecs can render the performance of less structured topologies or higher diameter topologies to be almost as good as that of the very well structured low diameter topologies. We also investigate the impact of the graph properties on the placement of the NEF codecs.
Improving the Process

In the previous chapters we discussed three very important objectives: (1) Identifying organizational objectives which the IT organization can align with. (2) Aligning project choices with the objectives. (3) Optimizing the choices of projects to maximize value to the organization.
Total replacement arthroplasty of the elbow for rheumatoid arthritis.

1. A chrome-cobalt hinged prosthesis has been specially designed for total replacement of elbow joints disorganised by rheumatoid arthritis, and has been used in twelve patients over the last two years. 2. The technique of insertion includes fixation of the two main portions in the humerus and in the ulna by acrylic cement before they are joined by an axis pin. 3. Ten of the twelve patients obtained 90 degrees or more of painless movement and good muscle control of the artificial joint. 4. The results to date suggest that the prosthesis and surgical technique have a wider application than for rheumatoid arthritis.
Disciplining Standard Form Contract Terms Through Online Information Flows: An Empirical Study

Standard Form Contracts (SFCs) are at the heart of an ongoing debate among legal and empirical scholars about the extent to which market forces may serve to discipline sellers into providing fair and efficient contract terms. Scholars have long assumed that consumers do not read SFCs ex ante (i.e. at the time of purchase or installation), but have generally left open the possibility that consumers might read SFCs ex post (i.e. if there is a breakdown in service or functionality). This Note examines empirically the extent to which online product ratings might serve as a conduit of information about contract terms from ex post to ex ante consumers. Comparing online product ratings from Epinions.com and Amazon.com with software license agreements graded according to a contract bias index, I find that product ratings on Amazon.com surprisingly bear a negative correlation with contract bias. That is, highly rated products tend to come bundled with more pro-seller terms. My results suggest that while product ratings may contain information about contract terms, this information is not conveyed in a way that is useful to ex ante consumers and, accordingly, is unlikely to discipline sellers. This Note thus provides guidance for future research and policy initiatives seeking to explore ways to discipline sellers into providing fair terms.
The relation of plasticity to sex and age in the dancing mouse

Plasticity or the modifiability of behavior in the dancer has been studied by measurement of the rate of habit formation. The habit of choosing a white box instead of a black box was established by means of systematic training, on the basis of the association of an electric shock with the latter. Each animal was subjected to ten tests daily until it chose correctly on three consecutive days. The habit was then considered perfect and the training ceased. We may speak of the number of tests necessary for the establishment of a perfect habit as the index of plasticity. The index, then, may be defined as the number of tests up to the point at which errors of choice ceased for at least three days.In order to discover the relation of sex and age to plasticity five pairs of mice were trained for each of the ages, one, four, and seven months. The investigation is unfinished, as older individuals are to be tested.In this table each index for the males and the females is the average for five individuals. In the las...
COHERENT MOTIONS IN THE BOTTOM BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER SHOALING AND BREAKING WAVES

Laboratory measurements of the instantaneous horizontal and vertical velocities induced by regular waves spilling on a rough, impermeable slope were analyzed to elucidate the nature of turbulence generated in the bottom boundary layer and by wave breaking. In the bottom boundary layer outside the surf zone, both the absolute shear stress |r'| and the turbulent kinetic energy k' exhibited intermittent behavior where the instantaneous values were often several times greater than the phase-averaged values. The motions occurred with the passing of each regular wave, however, and the phase-averaged values described the turbulent fluctuations reasonably well. A quadrant analysis showed that the turbulent velocities u' and w' were strongly correlated and oriented in either the first and third quadrants with u'w' > 0 during the acceleration phases or in the second and fourth quadrants with u'w' < 0 in the deceleration phase. The Reynolds stress contributions for this unsteady flow case depended strongly on the phase. Inside the surf zone, \T' \ and fc' were marked by intense, intermittent events which did not occur with the passing of each wave and which were roughly two orders of magnitude larger than the phase-averaged values. This intermittent motion extended into the wave bottom boundary layer. Near trough level, the intermittent events were phase-dependent, and the intense motion was primarily in the fourth quadrant. Near the bottom, the intermittent events were less phase- dependent. A preliminary analysis of the intensity and duration of the intermittent events indicated that coherent events occurred for about 10% of the record and accounted for approximately 50% of the motion, whereas intense events occurred for about 2% of the record and accounted for approximately 20% of the motion. These statistics clearly indicated that the intense, coherent events were intermittent and infrequent but contributed significantly to the magnitude of the absolute shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy.
Comparative Studies on Yield and Panicle Traits of Rice Released in Different Years in Northeast Region of China

The typical rice varieties in Liaoning,Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces from 1970 to 2010 were used as trial materials to analyze the differences,changes and relationships in yield traits of rice released in different provinces and different years. The results showed that the yield of rice in three provinces from 1970s to 1990s increased by 9.66% and decreased slightly in the beginning of 21st century. The yield of rice increases was mainly attributed to the seed number increases. The yield was significantly positively correlated with panicles per hill,grain number per panicle,primary rachis branches number,second rachis branches number,grain number of primary rachis branches,grain number second rachis branches,panicle length,panicle weight,grain density,ratio of secondary branch grains,but negatively correlated with kernel setting rate,kernel-setting rate of primary branch and secondary branch,and except kernel-setting rate of primary branch,others all reached significantly level.
Combined intracardiac and extracardiac repair of scimitar syndrome with anomalous pulmonary veins to both cavae.

Anomalous pulmonary venous drainage from the right lung to the inferior vena cava (scimitar syndrome) is a rare finding. This paper briefly discusses this syndrome and presents a case of anomalous pulmonary venous return to both the superior and the inferior cavae, which was corrected with a combined extracardiac and intracardiac approach. Polytetrafluoroethylene was utilized for reconstruction of pathways to the left atrium. To our knowlede, this is the first time this technique has been used to correct this anomaly.
Effects of Kinetin, Auxin and Abscisic Acid on Ribonuclease and Acid Phosphatase During Senescence of Leaf Tissue1)

Summary Kinetin (6-furfuryl aminopurine) and auxin (α-naphthalene acetic acid) suppressed development of ribonuclease and acid phosphatase during senescence of leaf sections of Rhoeo discolor Hance. Kinetin suppressed ribonuclease more than auxin did, and a mixture of the two hormones was more effective than either alone. Suppression of acid phosphatase was similar (80—90%) for kinetin, auxin and a mixture of the two hormones. Enhancement of acid phosphatase by (+)-abscisic acid was counteracted by kinetin. The effects of all hormonal treatments were manifested during the period of enzyme induction. The results are consistent with the interpretation that kinetin and auxin suppress, and abscisic acid enhances, synthesis of ribonuclease and acid phosphatase during the rise. The decline in activity of the enzymes is the same for both controls and hormone-treated tissues, but it is not known whether it is due to cessation of synthesis or enhanced degradation.
Asbestos-Induced Inflammation in Malignant Mesothelioma and Other Lung Diseases

Asbestos exposure can lead to many lung and mesothelial cell diseases, including fibrosis and malignant mesothelioma. These are devastating diseases that are difficult to treat due to the long latency period and lack of predictive markers. Available literature shows that there is consensus among researchers that inflammation plays a significant role in the development of these diseases. Furthermore, there is a potential that early inflammatory signatures could be exploited as biomarkers for diagnosis and targets for treatment. This chapter reviews recent information, ranging from experimental disease models to asbestos-exposed individuals, that suggests a critical role for asbestos-induced inflammation in disease causation; this information has implications for the identification of novel predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets to aid in early diagnosis and treatment of asbestos-associated diseases.
Spatially integrated and socially segregated: The effects of mixed-income neighbourhoods on social well-being:

Mixed-income development is the latest in a long line of policy interventions to improve outcomes in distressed urban neighbourhoods, particularly as an alternative to large scale public housing projects. Such developments are inherently integrationist, and have profound effects on the social lives and well-being of residents. After situating mixed-income developments within current residential demographic trends with regard to race and income, this article provides a comprehensive review of the 22 empirical studies addressing social integration in mixed-income developments in the United States, focusing on understanding the effects of spatial integration on social well-being. We discuss policy and practice implications to optimise the social well-being of residents, as well as strategies to improve scholarship in these settings.
Influence Maximization in the Field: The Arduous Journey from Emerging to Deployed Application

This paper focuses on a topic that is insufficiently addressed in the literature, i.e., challenges faced in transitioning agents from an emerging phase in the lab, to a deployed application in the field. Specifically, we focus on challenges faced in transitioning HEALER and DOSIM, two agents for social influence maximization, which assist service providers in maximizing HIV awareness in real-world homeless-youth social networks. These agents recommend key "seed" nodes in social networks, i.e., homeless youth who would maximize HIV awareness in their real-world social network. While prior research on these agents published promising simulation results from the lab, this paper illustrates that transitioning these agents from the lab into the real-world is not straightforward, and outlines three major lessons. First, it is important to conduct real-world pilot tests; indeed, due to the health-critical nature of the domain and complex influence spread models used by these agents, it is important to conduct field tests to ensure the real-world usability and effectiveness of these agents. We present results from three real-world pilot studies, involving 173 homeless youth in an American city. These are the first such pilot studies which provide head-to-head comparison of different agents for social influence maximization, including a comparison with a baseline approach. Second, we present analyses of these real-world results, illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of different influence maximization approaches we compare. Third, we present research and deployment challenges revealed in conducting these pilot tests, and propose solutions to address them. These challenges and proposed solutions are instructive in assisting the transition of agents focused on social influence maximization from the emerging to the deployed application phase.
A Framework for Responding to Online Safety Risks

This chapter develops a framework for evaluating how individuals and society respond to technological risks and then discusses why some “risk response strategies” will work better than others as it pertains to online safety risks. Four generic risk response strategies are identified—prohibition, anticipatory regulation, resiliency, and adaptation—and the trade-offs associated with each option are discussed. It will be argued that resiliency-based strategies present the optimal risk response strategy to address most online safety risks. Specifically, education and empowerment-based initiatives offer society the greatest return on investment by ensuring that (a) parents and guardians are equipped with the tools and methods needed to guide the mentoring process, and (b) children are better prepared for the inevitable surprises the future will always throw at them.
Froude-Stanton modeling of heat and mass transfer in large vertical spaces of high-rise buildings

Abstract Understanding physics of heat and mass transfer inside large vertical spaces is a major challenge for high-rise fire safety. Due to the size of a high-rise building, experimental studies based on sub-scaled models play an important role in high-rise heat and mass transfer research. Froude modeling method is probably the most common approach for sub-scaling. However, Froude modeling has been found incapable of obtaining accurate temperature predictions from the sub-scaled experiments, especially near building boundaries where there exists significant heat transfer between smoke and the boundaries. In this paper, a new modeling method, Froude-Stanton modeling, is developed for both mechanically-driven and naturally-driven thermal smoke spreads, in which heat transfer is taken into consideration in the energy balance equation. The flow resistance of the internal shaft structure is also considered using a lumped method. To verify the new method, series of experiments were conducted on three shafts with different sizes and material using both Froude and Froude-Stanton methods. The results, including temperature profile, relative neutral plane level and thermal smoke flow rate, are compared between the two modeling methods, and it was found that the new Froude-Stanton modeling method is more accurate.
A(nother) Modification of the Ammonia Fountain Demonstration

A modification of the ammonia fountain demonstration is presented which does not use dyes. The procedure illustrates both the solubility of ammonia as well as the formation of coordination complexes and drives the reaction toward completion by removing a product.
India’s New Leadership and East Asia

Obama’s visit to India for Republic Day in January 2015 found Modi ready to embrace the USA as India’s premier international partner. Unlike their predecessors, India’s aspirational generation is not shy of closer US ties. The USA can play a pivotal role in helping India prepare against a long-term Chinese military challenge, while serving as a singular source of capital and technology. India stands to lose from any US retreat from Asia. Modi and Obama discussed reinforcing Asia’s fragile security architecture by invigorating a quadrilateral partnership. They agreed on a joint vision document for the Asia-Pacific that defined common strategic interests in the region, stretching from East Africa to East Asia, and underscored joint objectives of maintaining freedom of Asia’s maritime commons under pressure from armed Chinese revisionism.
Mad as Hell: Campus Protests in the United States and Communicating Outrage via Facebook

This research focuses on the student campus protests at three campuses in the United States between September 2015 and January 2016. The authors apply Berry and Sobieraj‘s work on “outrage industry...
Computer Graphics for Office Automation

Two major categories of business graphics are presentation and analytical graphics. Presentation graphics are the primary focus of personal computers and include charts and graphs that are presented to others. Analytical graphics, help individuals understand the meaning of numbers they generate on their PCs, such as complex spreadsheets, which project numbers in a sequence. Two major types of graphics programs are either prepackaged or customized. ChartMaster, PFs:Graph, and Energraphics, are good examples of pre-packaged software programs. Customized programs can be developed externally or internally. Case Study of Computer Graphics at TI, includes a review of ”TI Foils”, an internally developed presentation graphics program to meet the various needs of a targeted group of users. The corporate communication culture requires review to determine selection of either customized or packaged programs. Information Centers speed up the process of providing quality end user support. Operational/Functional, Technical, and Software Development Trends are continually changing and having major impact on Computer Graphics for Office Automation.
Segmental arterial mediolysis presenting as spontaneous bilateral renal artery dissection

The commonest site of primary dissection involving the visceral vessels is renal arteries; however, spontaneous bilateral renal artery dissection is an extremely rare entity. Spontaneous renal artery dissection (SRAD) is rarely a cause of renovascular hypertension. Segmental arterial mediolysis is a rare arteriopathy of unknown etiology which is a nonatherosclerotic and noninflammatory condition. We report a case of a 51-year-old male patient with spontaneous dissection of bilateral renal arteries with clinical, laboratory, and angiographic findings consistent with segmental artery mediolysis. Early diagnosis and treatment of this condition will decrease morbidity and mortality.
Serving Children of Incarcerated Parents: A Case Study of School Counselors’ Experiences

To consider the experiences of school counselors who served children of incarcerated parents (CIP) in a single school district in a southeastern state, we used an instrumental case study design. Pa...
Folate-linked drugs for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases

Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9 (Fig. 9.1), is an essential co-enzyme in one-carbon metabolism pathways, including the biosynthesis of nucleotides (i.e. purines, thymidine) and several amino acids. In general, two functionally different systems mediate the cellular uptake of folate: (1) the reduced folate carrier (RFC, Kd ∼ 10–6 M), an anion transporter that delivers folates across the plasma membrane in a bidirectional fashion, and (2) the folate receptor (FR, Kd ∼ 10–10 M), which internalizes folate through active receptor-mediated endocytosis. The RFC, a membrane-spanning anion transporter, is present in virtually all tissues and is responsible for the majority of folate transport in and out of cells. In contrast, FR expression is largely restricted to malignant cells, activated macrophages, and the proximal tubule cells of the kidneys. Because a variety of important diseases are caused by the former two cell types, interest in exploiting FR for drug targeting applications has rapidly increased. And achievement of this targeting objective, primarily through conjugation of drugs to folic acid is believed to enable (1) enhanced net drug uptake by pathologic cells, and more importantly (2) reduction in drug deposition into non-pathologic cells, thereby mitigating collateral toxicity to normal tissues.
EEG STUDIES OF SLEEP AND THE DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSION

ABSTRACT Psychiatric diagnoses have traditionally been based on clinical criteria, including current phenomenology and historical information. This traditional procedure presents several problems, including standardization of data gathering and interpretation. More recently, several groups of investigators have attempted to define biological criteria which can be used as an aid in the diagnosis of endogenous depression (ED; melancholia). These biological criteria have included the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and sleep EEG data. In this paper, I will describe the derivation and cross-validation of several discriminant functions designed to separate ED patients from non-ED patients on the basis of sleep EEG data. The best of these discriminant functions, based on REM latency and REM density, has a sensitivity for ED of 0.61, and a specificity of 0.93. The sensitivity for ED can be increased to 0.70 by using the DST and the sleep EEG serially, with a small drop in specificity. This general strategy, diagnostic tests with high specificity used serially, is likely to have broad applications in diagnosis.
How children come to understand false beliefs: A shared intentionality account

To predict and explain the behavior of others, one must understand that their actions are determined not by reality but by their beliefs about reality. Classically, children come to understand beliefs, including false beliefs, at about 4-5 y of age, but recent studies using different response measures suggest that even infants (and apes!) have some skills as well. Resolving this discrepancy is not possible with current theories based on individual cognition. Instead, what is needed is an account recognizing that the key processes in constructing an understanding of belief are social and mental coordination with other persons and their (sometimes conflicting) perspectives. Engaging in such social and mental coordination involves species-unique skills and motivations of shared intentionality, especially as they are manifest in joint attention and linguistic communication, as well as sophisticated skills of executive function to coordinate the different perspectives involved. This shared intentionality account accords well with documented differences in the cognitive capacities of great apes and human children, and it explains why infants and apes pass some versions of false-belief tasks whereas only older children pass others.
Maimonides and the Merchants: Jewish Law and Society in the Medieval Islamic World. By Mark Cohen. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017. Pp. 236. $65.00.)

Among the many fine contributions of Maimonidean scholarship, this new monograph stands out for its fresh approach and promises to make a lasting impact on the field. In keeping with a growing scho...
Using passive acoustics to estimate populations of animals in groups

Passive acoustic monitoring is a widely used method to identify animal species and determine spatial and temporal activity patterns. One area where acoustic methods have not yet been successfully applied, however, is in determining population counts. Recently, my lab developed an acoustic method that accurately predicts the count of bats leaving from a cave roost in a given time period. Data were acquired of Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) across multiple nights and at different cave locations with different roost structures. We used a single microphone to monitor echolocation activity and simultaneously record the emerging bats with thermal and standard video. Bat abundance counts were determined from a single video frame analysis (every 10 sec) and were compared to different energy measures of an acoustic sequence recorded at the time of the analyzed video frame. For most cave locations, linear regression models successfully predicted bat emergence count based on acoustic intensity of the emerging stream, which indicates future population estimates may be collected solely with acoustics. Here, I describe this method and report on its application for counting other animals in groups.
Evaluating Marine Cyanobacteria as a Source for CNS Receptor Ligands

Natural products have a long history as a source of psychoactive agents and pharmacological tools for understanding the brain and its circuitry. In the last two decades, marine cyanobacteria have become a standard source of natural product ligands with cytotoxic properties. The study of cyanobacterial metabolites as CNS modulatory agents has remained largely untapped, despite the need for new molecules to treat and understand CNS disorders. We have generated a library of 301 fractions from 37 field collected cyanobacterial samples and screened these fractions against a panel of CNS receptors using radiolabeled ligand competitive-binding assays. Herein we present an analysis of the screening data collected to date, which show that cyanobacteria are prolific producers of compounds which bind to important CNS receptors, including those for 5-HT, DA, monoamine transporters, adrenergic, sigma, and cannabinoid receptors. In addition to the analysis of our screening efforts, we will also present the isolation of five compounds from the same cyanobacterial collection to illustrate how pre-fractionation followed by radioligand screening can lead to rapid identification of selective CNS agents. The systematic screening of natural products sources, specifically filamentous marine cyanobacteria, will yield a number of lead compounds for further development as pharmacological tools and therapeutics.
Role of pre-existing type 2 diabetes in colorectal cancer survival among older Americans: a SEER-Medicare population-based study 2002–2011

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes) is a common comorbid condition among older adult colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, yet its effects on CRC mortality have not been adequately examined. This study aims to investigate the association between pre-existing diabetes, with and without complications, and CRC mortality. Medicare beneficiaries 67 years and older diagnosed with CRC between 2002 and 2011 were studied using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare datasets. Pre-existing diabetes was ascertained using validated algorithms. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare all-cause and CRC-cause-specific death risk differences in relation to prior diabetes diagnosis and diabetes severity (with and without complications) with adjustment for relevant patient demographics and disease characteristics. Analyses included 93,710 CRC patients. Among the study population, 22,155 (24%) had diabetes prior to CRC diagnosis and 4% had diabetes-related complications (neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, or peripheral circulatory disorders). All-cause CRC mortality was significantly higher among diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–1.23). The results were more pronounced for diabetes with complications (HR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.34–1.54). Diabetic patients with complications were 16% more likely to die of colorectal cancer compared with patients without diabetes (HR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.08–1.25). Pre-existing diabetes contributes to poorer all-cause mortality among CRC patients and increased mortality from CRC among those with diabetes and complications. Opportunities exist to incorporate diabetes prevention and management interventions during CRC treatment phases among older adults.
Can’t Buy Me Love…. or Capabilities: Acquiring Innovative Capabilities through M&A

By observing the M&A activities in the global video game industry, this study argues that acquiring innovative capabilities from target firms through acquisitions is more complex than previously ac...
EPILOGUE: THE STUDY OF FACIAL DISPLAYS—WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?

This chapter provides an overview of the future of facial display studies. A big leap has been made in investigations of facial musculature and display; the morphology of our face and the workings of its muscles are now well understood. Given the global nature of present cultural migration and trade and the omnipresence of mass media, data collected from any cross-cultural study is now of dubious value. Consequently, it may be too late to answer the questions of innateness and universality using cross-cultural comparative methods and more difficult to answer them ontogenetically. Although one major shortcoming of past research has been solved, human facial displays are viewed under the lens of anatomically-based facial scoring. Technological advancements have benefited such endeavors; computer pattern recognition technology has enabled the determination of analogies and homologies in facial displays more precisely within and across species. Contemporary ethologists no longer view most vertebrate displays as reflexive or drive instigated but rather as referential and strategic. Facial Elicitor Coding System (FECS) will enable comparisons between facial displays while controlling for semantic, syntactic, and prosodic features of speech.
A Data Journey Through Dataset-Centric Population Genomics

I describe a data journey drawn from a case study of research in human population genomics. The case is framed in dialogue with a project on what has been called the “re-situation” of scientific knowledge (Morgan 2014). The kind of journey described elicits a missing concept—“dataset-centric” biology—in the conversation around the emergence of “big data” and data-centric biology (Leonelli 2016) and its contrast, “traditional” or “small data” biology. I distinguish datapoint-centric from dataset-centric practices. The case study is about the development, use, and amendment of data sets in one lab’s pursuit of human genome diversity studies. I offer a model of data journeys to interpret the case. The model is comprised of three kinds of components: scientific data structures, data representations, and data journey narratives. The case study illustrates two visualizations that frame the dataset journey.
Dual Local Oscillator SIS Receiver for Simultaneous Observations of Water Isotopologues in the Solar System

NASA's Planetary Decadal Survey Vision and Voyages has concluded that measurements of isotopic cometary water vapor, and in particular the deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio (D/H) ratio, are an important tool for unraveling the mysteries involving the origin of Earth's water, and the evolution of our solar system. To support this goal, we have developed, through an internal Jet Propulsion Laboratory research program, quantum-limited superconductor insulator superconductor (SIS) receivers covering the important 500 $-$ 600 GHz submillimeter frequency band. These instruments can detect the (1 $_{10}$ -1 $_{01}$ ) HDO rotational transition, and the (1 $_{10}$ -1 $_{01}$ ) ground state (rotational) transitions of Ortho H $_2^{16}$ O, H $_2^{17}$ O, and H $_2^{18}$ O with exquisite sensitivity. However, given the extremely weak HDO emission and the time-variability of the outgassing processes in comets, expeditious low noise D/H ratio measurements of these sources remain extremely challenging. To address this issue, we investigate the possibility of acquiring HDO, H $_2^{17}$ O, and H $_2^{18}$ O simultaneously by means of a novel dual local oscillator (2LO) down-conversion process, as an alternative to ultra—broadband IF bandwidth systems.
Goal Setting and Self-Discipline

This chapter builds upon Chap. 1 concepts and moves into goal setting. The reader will explore concepts associated with goal setting, which will include the assessment of one’s present career and future career plans. The elements of a well-constructed goal will be described. The self-discipline needed to achieve goals will be incorporated along with the concepts associated with self-discipline. Strategies for goal setting and self-discipline will be incorporated throughout the chapter. Through the suggested activities provided, the reader will work through setting goals and managing self-discipline. Sample vignettes depicting an example of goal setting and self-discipline will be included.
The Convergence Problem and the Problem of Strict Instrumentalism

The main issue of this chapter concerns how the epistemic benefits of an ideal system may come to be distributed over it. In particular, we are interested in whether they are evenly or unevenly distributed over it; where to say that the epistemic benefits of T are evenly distributed over it is to say that there is no isolable subsystem of T containing all or nearly all of its humanly useful ideal proofs. When the epistemic benefits of a system can be compressed into one of its parts, we say that the system is “localizable”.
Monolingual versus multilingual foreign language teaching: French and Arabic at beginning levels:

Macaro has stated that the choice between a monolingual, immersive, target language-only pedagogy versus a non-immersive, multilingual pedagogy is ‘probably the most fundamental question facing sec...
Review of Structural Equation Modeling with lavaan, Kamel Gana and Guillaume Broc

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a common methodology used in the social and behavioral sciences (Kline, 2015). This book focuses on both theoretical and practical content in an attempt to fac...
Detecting Benzene Vapor via a Low-Cost Nanostructured TiO₂ Sensor

Cost-effectively detecting benzene, a human carcinogen, at occupationally and atmospherically relevant concentrations would benefit individuals at risk of exposure. This paper presents the development of a titania (TiO2) nanotube-based sensor array that has a high surface area, is highly sensitive, and operates at room temperature using simple, portable instrumentation. An n-type TiO2 nanotube was synthesized through electrochemical anodization in an electrolytic solution of ammonium fluoride-ethylene glycol and oxygen annealed at 500 °C for up to 8 hours. The nanotube sensor had a bandgap (Eg) of ~2.6 eV, and it was operated at a bias voltage of +1.5 V. The response of the sensor to benzene vapor was measured using an amperometric technique at room temperature, and when exposed to benzene, the sensor exhibited a decrease in current, as expected for an n-type metal oxide semiconductor. The sensor response was proportional to benzene concentration over a range of 100–400 ppb. A sensing mechanism based on Fermi level changes caused by band bending has been explained for this benzene sensor.
Targeting a proteolytic neo-epitope of CUB-domain containing protein 1 in RAS-driven cancer

A central challenge for any therapeutic is targeting diseased over normal cells. Proteolysis is frequently upregulated in disease and can generate proteoforms with unique neo-epitopes. We hypothesize that targeting proteolytic neo-epitopes can enable more effective and safer treatments, reflecting a conditional layer of disease-specific regulation. Here, we characterized the precise proteolytic isoforms of CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1), a protein overexpressed and specifically cleaved in RAS-driven cancers. We validated that the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of CDCP1 remain associated after proteolysis in vitro and on the surface of pancreatic cancer cells. Using a differential phage display strategy, we generated exquisitely selective recombinant antibodies that target cells harboring cleaved CDCP1 and not the full-length form using antibody-drug conjugates or a bi-specific T-cell engagers. We show tumor-specific localization and anti-tumor activity in a syngeneic pancreatic tumor model having superior safety profiles compared to a pan-CDCP1-targeting antibody. Our studies show proteolytic neo-epitopes can provide an orthogonal "AND" gate for disease-specific targeting. One-Sentence SummaryAntibody-based targeting of neo-epitopes generated by disease-associated proteolysis improves the therapeutic index
Monitoring oxygenation

Cyanosis was used for a century after dentists began pulling teeth under 100% N2O in 1844 because brief (2 min) severe hypoxia is harmless. Deaths came with curare and potent anesthetic respiratory arrest. Leland Clark’s invention of a polarographic blood oxygen tension electrode (1954) was introduced for transcutaneous PO2 monitoring to adjust PEEP and CPAP PO2 to prevent premature infant blindness from excess O2 (1972). Oximetry for warning military aviators was tried after WW II but not used for routine monitoring until Takuo Aoyagi (1973) discovered an equation to measure SaO2 by the ratio of ratios of red and IR light transmitted through tissue as it changed with arterial pulses. Pulse oximetry (1982) depended on simultaneous technology improvements of light emitting red and IR diodes, tiny cheap solid state sensors and micro-chip computers. Continuous monitoring of airway anesthetic concentration and oxygen also became very common after 1980. Death from anesthesia fell 10 fold between 1985 and 2000 as pulse oximetry became universally used, but no proof of a causative relationship to pulse oximetry exists. It is now assumed that all anesthesiologist became much more aware of the dangers of prolonged hypoxia, perhaps by using the pulse oximeters.
Elbow UCL Reconstruction

BRACE—Posterior splint at 90° Elbow flexion for Week 1, Transition to functional brace (30–100°) after Week 1.
An Ecology of High-Altitude Infancy: A Biocultural Perspective

1. Introduction 2. Challenges of high altitude living 3. Contextualizing reproductive health research in Ladakh 4. Big mountains, small babies 5. An ecology of infancy in Ladakh 6. Comparative perspectives on reproductive health in Ladakh 7. Toward relevant research: adaptation and policy perspectives on maternal-infant health in Ladakh.
Numerical computation of bifurcation phenomena and pattern formation in combustion

We develop and employ a new numerical method to study problems in both gaseous and solid fuel (condensed phase) combustion. The numerical method is an extension of the adaptive pseudo-spectral method previously introduced, in that two dimensional, non-product coordinate transformations are introduced so as to efficiently compute fronts which have a strong transverse variation. 15 refs., 6 figs.
Hematuria and Hypercalciuria in Children With Diabetes Mellitus

Hematuria of unknown origin occurs in 30% of patients with diabetic nephropathy. In nondiabetic persons, hematuria may be caused by hypercalciuria with or without nephrolithiasis. Eight children with type I diabetes mellitus, hematuria, and hypercalciuria were observed in our clinic during a 1-year period. Two of these also had evidence of renal papillary necrosis. To assess the importance of hypercalciuria in the pathogenesis of hematuria in children with diabetes mellitus, we measured urinary calcium excretion in a large population of such patients. The calcium to creatinine ratio in the urine of diabetic children (0.21 +/- 0.01) was greater than that of nondiabetic children (0.12 +/- 0.01). A calcium to creatinine ratio of 0.28 was established as the upper limit of normal in our nondiabetic population, and 27% of the diabetic children were hypercalciuric on this basis. The diabetic children with hypercalciuria also had hyperphosphaturia and a urinary CaHPO4 X 2H2O molar ion product three times that found in the nondiabetic control population. These data suggest that many children with diabetes are at risk for renal damage due to hypercalciuria. Because hypercalciuria is more common in diabetic than nondiabetic children, it may play a previously unrecognized role in the renal disease associated with diabetes mellitus.
Technetium Colloid Bone Marrow Imaging in Fanconi's Anemia

Four patients with Fanconi9s anemia were evaluated with 99m Tc-sulfur colloid bone marrow scans. The scans revealed similar paradoxical and irregular tracer distribution in all four patients. Normal to increased activity was demonstrated in the proximal metaphyses of the humeri with varying degrees of increased activity in more primitive marrow sites in the distal diaphyses of the humeri and tibia, the distal metaphyses of the humeri and femora, and the proximal metaphyses of the ulnae, radii, and tibia. Skip areas of normal distribution were seen in the proximal diaphyses of the humeri and femora. Although the scan reflects only the reticuloendothelial portion of bone marrow, it may be of some value in the differential diagnosis of pancytopenia.
On the Application of a Model of Mortality

A mortality model was formulated by Mitra in 1983 from the pattern of the distribution of the force of mortality by age. The formulation of the functional relationship between a persons age resulted in his model equation with 3 parameters expressing as a linear function age. the upper limit of life and the probability of surviving from birth to a certain age. Encouraging results have been derived for both model and real life tables. In this model the number of unknown parameters was reduced from 3 to 2 by specifying value of infant mortality which is a meaningful identifier of a life table. The estimation of the parameters proved to be more efficient by the method of least squares with weights proportional to the reciprocals of the variances as the variances of the dependent variable vary with age. The model reproducers the given value of infant mortality. In this way estimates of the parameters were obtained from 52 life tables (26 for each sex) 13 from each of the 4 regions of Coale and Demenys regional model life tables which were selected to represent the entire range of mortality levels at uniform intervals. The estimated patterns of parameters obtained from these data sets demonstrated that 1 of the 2 parameters varies directly with life expectancy for both sexes while an inverse pattern is evident for the other with a turnaround at higher life expectancies. 2 important dimensions emerged that measure the level and the pattern of mortality. The double logarithmic model is capable of producing an infinite number of life tables while the regional tables are restricted by 4 regions. The goodness of fit of the double logarithmic model table can be improved by defining the 2 dimensions or by adding another dimension to it.
Caenorhabditis elegans expressed sequence tags identify gene families and potential disease gene homologues.

A database containing mapped partial cDNA sequences from Caenorhabdhitis elegans will provide a ready starting point for identifying nematode homologues of important human genes and determining their functions in C. elegans. A total of 720 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been generated from 585 clones randomly selected from a mixed-stage C. elegans cDNA library. Comparison of these ESTs with sequence databases identified 422 new C. elegans genes, of which 317 are not similar to any sequences in the database. Twenty-six new genes have been mapped by YAC clone hybridization. Members of several gene families, including cuticle collagens, GTP-binding proteins, and RNA helicases were discovered. Many of the new genes are similar to known or potential human disease genes, including CFTR and the LDL receptor.
Effects of CO2 enrichment on four Great Basin grasses

Plants of four Great Basin grass species were grown from seed in two greenhouses at low (340 Vl 1-1) and high (680 jl 1-1) CO2 concentration. In all four species, high CO2 promoted mean increases in the number of basal stems, leaf area, specific leaf weight and above-ground dry weight. High CO2 resulted in an increase in CO2 assimilation in two C3 grasses but not in a C4 grass, while all three species showed decreases in stomatal conductance. Mean increases of 60% in aboveground dry weight and 80% in water-useefficiency are consistent with previously reported high CO2 effects on grasses. No consistent differential effects of high CO2 were observed when comparing annual vs perennial species. Global CO2 enrichment may alter the competitive balance of Great Basin plant communities, possibly enhancing the dominance of Bromus tectorum L. on degraded rangelands. Key-words: Bromus tectorum, C02 enrichment, Great Basin, growth, Oryzopsis hymenoides, photosynthesis, rangelands, steppe, stomatal conductance, water-useefficiency
Electrical Stimulation of the Shark Brain

synopsis. Early studies using various means to electrically activate portions of the brain in immobilized elasmobranchs are critically reviewed. The results of brain stimulation experiments using modern techniques are then considered in light of this background material. Preliminary experiments on anesthetized-immobilized sharpnose and bonnethead sharks are given as an outline of the types of responses that can be studied using acute preparations of pelagic sharks. The responses evoked can be grouped into the following categories: arousal and swimming; body, fin and eye movements suggestive of circling and loss of equilibrium; possible components of agonistic and reproductive behavior; head, mouth and respiratory movements and possible color changes. Chronic studies on free-swimming sharpnose sharks are discussed with respect to potential areas for future study. Responses suggestive of portions of agonistic and feeding behavior were evoked but no attempt was made to localize the areas stimulated. The behavioral effects of electrical stimulation of 85 electrodes in free-swimming juvenile nurse sharks are pre? sented in some detail. The anatomical distribution of sites from which the following responses have been elicited are plotted on representative sections of the brain: arousalescape; coughing; head shaking; barbel movement; eye retraction; biting or mouthing food; snapping up gravel; slow dragging of the barbels across the substrate; circling; rolling about the long axis; continuous swimming and interrupted swimming. Several possible functional-anatomical systems are suggested to account for some of these results.
Fiscal policy, monetary policy and the efficiency of the stock market

Abstract This paper tests the semi-strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) with respect to anticipated and unanticipated monetary and fiscal variables. Using lagged values of these estimates it was found that the hypothesis holds for both types of policy actions.
Immunotoxic catecholamine lesions attenuate 2DG-induced increase of AGRP mRNA.

Abstract Injections of the immunotoxin, saporin conjugated to anti-dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DSAP), into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) selectively destroy norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) terminals in the medial hypothalamus and abolish glucoprivic feeding. We utilized PVH DSAP injections to examine the role of NE/E neurons in the previously reported 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2DG)-induced increases in mRNA levels for the orexigenic peptides, AGRP and NPY. Northern blot analysis revealed that DSAP lesions elevated basal but blocked 2DG-induced increases in AGRP mRNA levels. Changes in NPY mRNA were not detectable. AGRP neurons may contribute to circuitry activated by NE/E neurons for elicitation of glucoregulatory responses.