cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guided desaturation of unactivated aliphatics

The excision of hydrogen from an aliphatic carbon chain to produce an isolated olefin (desaturation) without overoxidation is one of the most impressive and powerful biosynthetic transformations for which there are no simple and mild laboratory substitutes. The versatility of olefins and the range of reactions they undergo are unsurpassed in functional group space. Thus, the conversion of a relatively inert aliphatic system into its unsaturated counterpart could open new possibilities in retrosynthesis. In this article, the invention of a directing group to achieve such a transformation under mild, operationally simple, metal-free conditions is outlined. This 'portable desaturase' (Tz(o)Cl) is a bench-stable, commercial entity (Aldrich, catalogue number L510092) that is facile to install on alcohol and amine functionalities to ultimately effect remote desaturation, while leaving behind a synthetically useful tosyl group.
Issues and Applications in Label-Free Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

To address the challenges associated with differential expression proteomics, label-free mass spectrometric protein quantification methods have been developed as alternatives to array-based, gel-based, and stable isotope tag or label-based approaches. In this paper, we focus on the issues associated with label-free methods that rely on quantitation based on peptide ion peak area measurement. These issues include chromatographic alignment, peptide qualification for quantitation, and normalization. In addressing these issues, we present various approaches, assembled in a recently developed label-free quantitative mass spectrometry platform, that overcome these difficulties and enable comprehensive, accurate, and reproducible protein quantitation in highly complex protein mixtures from experiments with many sample groups. As examples of the utility of this approach, we present a variety of cases where the platform was applied successfully to assess differential protein expression or abundance in body fluids, in vitro nanotoxicology models, tissue proteomics in genetic knock-in mice, and cell membrane proteomics.
Dynorphin A(1-8) immunoreactive cell bodies, dendrites and terminals are postsynaptic to calcitonin gene-related peptide primary afferent terminals in the monkey dorsal horn.

Abstract In the present study, Dynorphin A(1–8) (DYN)-immunoreactive cell bodies, dendrites and terminals are observed postsynaptic to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive terminals in laminae I and II. With the demonstration of axosomatic, axodendritic as well as axoaxonic interactions, we hypothesize that CGRP-containing primary afferent terminals can effect processing at the level of the cell body (possibly influencing the manufacture of DYN and/or the firing rate of DYN-containing cells) and also modulate the output of DYN terminals in laminae I and II of the monkey dorsal horn. These structural relationships may play an important role in the processing of noxious input at the spinal cord level.
Mechanisms of modified LDL-induced pericyte loss and retinal injury in diabetic retinopathy.

Aims/hypothesis In previous studies we have shown that extravasated, modified LDL is associated with pericyte loss, an early feature of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Here we sought to determine detailed mechanisms of this LDL-induced pericyte loss.
Identifying Impaired Cochlear Implant Channels via Speech-Token Confusion Matrix Analysis

Cochlear implant patients exhibit a wide range of performance on speech recognition tasks. One potential explanation for such variability is the existence of psychophysically observed phenomena that might indicate the presence of anomalous percepts associated with certain electrical stimuli, which in turn could limit the transmission of important auditory cues. Exhaustive psychophysical testing to detect all such psychophysical anomalies is time prohibitive; however, the search for anomalous channels could be expedited with prior information identifying channels potentially containing an anomaly. This study proposes a method of analyzing confusion matrices from speech token recognition tasks with the intent of identifying impaired channels. Results using both normal-hearing subjects tested with impaired acoustic models and cochlear implant subjects suggest that the proposed methods are providing information about the probability of impairment on each channel.
Ethnographic Methods, Cultural Context, and Mental Illness: Bridging Different Ways of Knowing and Experience

A self-perpetuating cycle of mutual noninteraction among anthropologists, program representatives, and scientific peer reviewers has led to the near absence of ethnography in the NIMH research portfolio. The ensuing inattention to the context and meaning of findings emanatingfrom work supported by this agency has had enormous, but seldom appreciated, consequences. This commentary illustrates lessons learned in the course of integrating ethnographic, diagnostic, and epidemiologic techniques to study mental health problems among American Indians and Alaska Natives. These lessons demonstrate the benefits to be gained by building bridges across different ways of knowing, in terms of disciplines as well as cultures.
Correction of Altered Collagen Metabolism in Diabetic Animals with Insulin Therapy3

Abstract Skeletal abnormalities commonly reported in both human and experimental diabetes include impaired linear growth and osteopenia. In the present study we examined the effect of diabetes and insulin therapy on collagen, the major protein constituent of extracellular matrix. Insulindeficient diabetes was induced in growing rats by injection of 90 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Articular cartilage and long bone (femur) were removed, and tissues incubated with [ 3 H]-proline in vitro for 2 hours at 37°C. Uptake of [ 3 H]-proline into both collagen and noncollagen proteins was determined using purified bacterial collagenase. In cartilage, collagen production decreased to 46% of buffer-injected control animals within one week of induction of diabetes (p We conclude that collagen and noncollagen protein production in long bone and articular cartilage from diabetic rats are markedly decreased, and that insulin administration in vivo can both prevent and reverse these defects in protein production. These studies demonstrate biochemical evidence for improved connective tissue metabolism in diabetic animals with insulin therapy.
L-myc proto-oncogene alleles and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma

A common inherited RFLP of the L-myc proto-oncogene has been reported to correlate with cancer susceptibility or prognosis for some tumors. Using a PCR-based RFLP assay on DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples, we determined the L-myc EcoRI genotype of patients with HCC, patients with other liver tumors, and healthy controls. In this polymorphism there are 2 alleles, L and S, which define 3 possible genotypes: LL, LS, and SS. While the genotype distribution of patients with other liver tumors and healthy controls do not differ from one another, both differ significantly from the genotype distribution of patients with HCC. This difference is primarily the result of a low frequency of the SS genotype among HCC patients compared to controls or other liver tumor patients. Persons with the SS genotype appear to be protected against HCC and have roughly one-ninth the risk of persons who carry one or more copies of the L allele. Within HCC cases, patients with different L-myc genotypes show slight, but not statistically significant, differences in tumor characteristics and survival.
Simple baryon-meson mass relations from a logarithmic interquark potential☆

Abstract I consider the quantity δ(m 1 m 2 m 3 ) ≡ M q1q2q3 − (M q1 q 2 + M q2 q 3 + M q1 q 3 ) 2 , where the M's represent the ground state spin-averaged hadron masses with the indicated quark content and the m's the corresponding constituent quark masses. I assume a logarithmic interquark potential, the validity of a nonrelativistic approach, and various standard potential model inputs. Simple scaling arguments then imply that the quantity R(x) ≡ δ(mmm 3 ) δ(m 0 m 0 m 0 ) depends only on the ratio x = m m 3 , and is independent of m0 as well as any parameters appearing in the potential. A simple and accurate analytic determination of δ(mmm3), and hence R(x), is given using the 1 D expansion where D is the number of spatial dimensions. When applicable, this estimate of R(x) compares very well to experiment — even for hadrons containing light quarks. A prediction of the above result which is likely to be tested in the near future is M Σ b ∗ 2 + (M Λ b + M Σ b ) 4 = 5774±4 MeV/c 2 .
An error criterion for the pointing of axially symmetric spacecraft payloads

A scalar function of the attitude error covariance matrix is derived for use as a criterion in the pointing of axially symmetric spacecraft payloads such as antennas and telescopes. Rotation errors about the payload boresight are not penalized. Mathematically, the performance criterion proposed is shown to equal the sum of the two largest eigenvalues of the attitude error covariance matrix. The physical significance of this cost function and its relationship to more conventional error criteria are described. Several applications are presented. It is concluded that the cost function selected should depend upon the application since, in general, the optimum solution varies with different cost functions.
Reoxidation of Bioreduced Uranium Under Reducing Conditions

Nuclear weapons and fuel production have left many soils and sediments contaminated with toxic levels of uranium (U). Although previous short-term experiments on microbially mediated U(VI) reduction have supported the prospect of immobilizing the toxic metal through formation of insoluble U(IV) minerals, our longer-term (17 months) laboratory study showed that microbial reduction of U can be transient, even under sustained reducing conditions. Uranium was reduced during the first 80 days, but later (100-500 days) reoxidized and solubilized, even though a microbial community capable of reducing U(VI) was sustained. Microbial respiration caused increases in (bi)-carbonate concentrations and formation of very stable uranyl carbonate complexes, thereby increasing the thermodynamic favorability of U(IV) oxidation. We propose that kinetic limitations including restricted mass transfer allowed Fe-(III) and possibly Mn(IV) to persist as terminal electron acceptors (TEAs) for U reoxidation. These results show that in-situ U remediation by organic carbon-based reductive precipitation can be problematic in sediments and groundwaters with neutral to alkaline pH, where uranyl carbonates are most stable.
Changes in plasma cold-insoluble globulin concentration during experimental rocky mountain spotted fever infection in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Cold-insoluble globulin (CIG) concentration was measured in plasma obtained serially from Macaca mulatta experimentally infected with Rickettsia rickettsii . CIG concentration was decreased in all severely infected monkeys, in some to values only 15–25 % of the concentration measured prior to infection. Decreased CIG concentration correlated with increased fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in serum and number of rickettsiae in whole blood. I have shown previously that CIG is covalently bound to fibrin by blood coagulation factor XIIIa ( J. Biol. Chem. 250:6614–6621, 1975) and speculate that CIG concentration may decrease as a result of the widespread thrombosis characteristic of R. rickettsii infection.
Large-area, low microwave surface resistance thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−x using pulsed laser deposition

One- and two-inch diameter wafers of (100) LaAlO 3 , NdGaO 3 and buffered sapphire have been coated on both sides with thin films of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x by the pulsed laser deposition technique. Deposition parameters have been optimized to produce uniform, 90 K films which have surface resistance values between 0.2–0.3 mΘ at 4 K and 22 GHz.
Emendation ofSimonsiella muelleri schmid and description ofSimonsiella steedae sp. nov., with designations of the respective proposed neotype and holotype, strains

The description ofSimonsiella muelleri Schmidin Simons 1992, 504 is emended on the basis of 18 axenic cultures from human oral cavities.Simonsiella steedae sp. nov. is proposed for a group of 19 strains from the oral cavities of dogs. Strain ATCC 29453 (ICPB 3636) has been designated the proposed neotype ofS. muelleri, and strain ATCC 27409 (ICPB 3604) the holotype ofS. steedae sp. nov. A key to the species of the genusSimonsiella is presented.
EXACT NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF A THREE-BODY GROUND-STATE PROBLEM

The appropriate Schr\"odinger equation is solved numerically to give the wave function for the ground-state ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ problem. An ordinary, Gaussian, two-body force without a hard core is used. We outline how our method can be applied (including the Pauli exclusion principle) to the zero-energy scattering problem.
Determining the relative permittivity of masses in the human body

This paper introduces a new method for in-vivo determination of the dielectric properties for embedded regions in human tissues. A surgery-free method is proposed for on-body monitoring system to evaluate the dielectric properties of internal body components (lung, heart etc) and to effectively determine irregularities in real-time. The method uses a set of electrodes at low frequencies (10MHz) to obtain data that can determine the underlying layered structure. By using multiple electrodes, the effects of outer layers (skin, fat and muscle), are suppressed allowing for the characterization of deeper dielectric layer. In this paper, we present a proof of concept based on simulations. experimental data will be presented at the conference.
A Quantitative Model of the Electrical Activity of Metal Silicide Precipitates in Silicon Based on the Schottky Effect

A quantitative model of the electrical activity of metallic precipitates in Si is presented. An emphasis is placed on the properties of the Schottky junction at the precipitate-Si interface, as well as the carrier diffusion and drift in the Si space charge region. Carrier recombination rate is found to be primarily determined by the thermionic emission charge transport process across the Schottky junction rather than the surface recombination process. It is shown that the precipitates can have a very large minority carrier capture cross-section.
Chemical respiratory control in chronically hyperoxic cats

Chemical control of respiration in cats after chronic normobaric hyperoxia (NH; inhalation of 100% O2 for 60-67 h) was compared with that of control rats, anesthetized with pentobarbital. After chronic hyperoxia, induction of moderate hypoxia (PaO2 = 50-60 Torr) increased inspiratory time (TI) often without increasing tidal volume (VT). More intense hypoxia (PaO2 = 40-50 Torr) depressed tidal volume and further increased TI, diminishing the respiratory drive (VT/TI). Hypercapnia, on the other hand, increased tidal volume and shortened respiratory cycle time; but these responses were subnormal. The normal stimulatory effects of intravenous nicotine and inhibitory effect of dopamine on carotid chemo-receptor activity and ventilation were preserved in the NH cats. Cyanide, however, did not stimulate carotid chemoreceptor activity and ventilation. Thus, the changes in the carotid and aortic chemosensory activities elicited appropriate reflex ventilation responses, indicating that the central component of the chemoreflex was not impaired. The ventilatory depression during hypoxia despite an active chemosensory input is consistent with the lack of carotid chemosensory response to and a central depressant effect of hypoxia in the NH cats, and was presumably associated in part with an increased responsiveness of airway reflexes. We conclude that chronic hyperoxia selectively attenuated carotid chemosensory and chemoreflex responses to hypoxia.
AFRICAN TRANSITIONS AND THE RESOURCE CURSE: AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVE

"Despite periodic rises in commodity prices, resource-rich African countries have been characterised by state failure and low long-term economic growth. Competing explanations for the resource curse are examined with a particular focus on political institutions. The effective privatisation of states is considered within an alternative theoretical framework of non-democratic governance and non-market economics. Given the nature of many African governments, international initiatives to encourage the development of effective markets and democracy may be inadequate to prevent increased resource rents from consolidating existing elites and their patronage regimes." Copyright (c) Institute of Economic Affairs 2006.
Reinventing the Extracurriculum: The Educational and Moral Purposes of College Student Activities and Experiences

AbstractThe college extracurriculum, which is comprised of nonacademic student activities and experiences that occur outside the parameters of formal course work, provides one of the most important influences on the moral beliefs and behaviors of students during the college years. This article will examine some of the positive and negative moral influences of the extracurriculum and discuss how colleges and universities can better connect extracurricular activities to the moral mission and academic purposes of the institution.
Severity of gastric intestinal metaplasia and gastritis in Caucasians and African Americans

Severity of gastric intestinal metaplasia and gastritis in Caucasians and African Americans
Peroxidase activity as a screening parameter for salt stress in Brassica species

Abstract The utility of peroxidase as an indicator of physiological stress in plants has been tested in 11 cultivars of Brassica in fresh water and saline media. No parallel was found between growth responses and changes in peroxidase activity irrespective of the basis for calculation of enzyme activity. The diversity of responses in peroxidase level among these cultivars is of interest in view of the function ascribed to peroxidase in hormonal regulation and lignification.
Adaptive 3-D object recognition from multiple views

The authors address the problem of generating representations of 3-D objects automatically from exploratory view sequences of unoccluded objects. In building the models, processed frames of a video sequence are clustered into view categories called aspects, which represent characteristic views of an object invariant to its apparent position, size, 2-D orientation, and limited foreshortening deformation. The aspects as well as the aspect transitions of a view sequence are used to build (and refine) the 3-D object representations online in the form of aspect-transition matrices. Recognition emerges as the hypothesis that has accumulated the maximum evidence at each moment. The 'winning' object continues to refine its representation until either the camera is redirected or another hypothesis accumulates greater evidence. This work concentrates on 3-D appearance modeling and succeeds under favorable viewing conditions by using simplified processes to segment objects from the scene and derive the spatial agreement of object features. >
Drug use and abuse among women: an overview.

A review of the current literature and research on women's usage of three popular drug categories—heroin, marijuana, and the psychotropics—reveals that use and abuse of these drugs by women have been largely neglected in both research and treatment. Women's usage of these three drug categories bears investigation because use and possibly abuse, by women, of all three of these categories is increasing. Heroin addiction among women has increased at a much faster rate than among men, marijuana usage is estimated to equal that of men in some regions of the United States, and use of the psychotropics is consistently higher among women than among men. In all areas of female drug usage, a scarcity of data exists, with some studies including only male respondents. In still other studies, the female user is treated as a deviant user because she does not fit the conceptual models derived from studies of male abusers.
Lyapunov exponents for the intramolecular motion of the Cl−CH3Br complex

Abstract The intramolecular dynamics of Cl−---CH3Br complexes is studied at an energy approximately equal to the average thermal energy of complexes formed by Cl− + CH3Br association at 300 K. Lyapunov exponents are calculated for different mode excitations of the Cl−---CH3Br complex. Without zero-point energy added to the complex, a number of the mode excitations have zero Lyapunov exponents and, thus, regular motion. The Lyapunov exponents are positive and the motion is chaotic for all mode excitations with zero-point energy added. However, the latter Lyapunov exponents are sufficiently small that the time required to form a microcanonical ensemble of Cl−---CH3Br states is much longer than the RRKM lifetime of the complex. Thus, non-RRKM unimolecular dynamics is expected for the Cl−---CH3Br complex as found in previous trajectory simulations.
The Use of Sensitivity Functions to Match Matrix Transfer Functions to Time-Domain Performance Criteria

INTRODUCTION SENSITIVITY FUNCTIONS EIGENVALUE SENSITIVITY OBTAINING SPECIFIED SYSTEM RESPONSE VIA SENSITIVITY METHODS APPLICATION HANDLING QUALITIES CRITERIA STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM EQUATIONS FOR LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL AIRCRAFT MOTION METHOD NUMERICAL RESULTS CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX I: APPENDIX II: APPENDIX III: APPENDIX IV: APPENDIX V: APPENDIX VI: APPENDIX VII: APPENDIX VIII APPENDIX IX: Characteristic Equation of the Airplane Model Adjoint Matrix of the Airplane Model Transfer Functions of the Airplane Model Equations that Express Changes in Eigenvalues of the Airplane Model Flight Phase Categories Classification of Airplanes Flight Levels Roll Performance Requirements Transformation Equations for Stability Derivatives from Body Axes to Stability Axes Page 1 2 . 3 8 11 19 21 26 28 34 39 54 55 56
Human-centered information fusion: the emerging role of humans in situation awareness

Traditionally, information or data fusion has sought to combine information from multiple physical sensors, such as radar and acoustic sensors, to improve our knowledge of the physical environment. Recent changes in information fusion involve; (1) an interest in characterizing the human landscape as well as the physical landscape, (2) use of humans as observers or "soft" sensors, (3) explicit use of human pattern recognition via advanced visualization and sonficiation, and (4) use of multiple humans for dynamic, ad hoc, collaboration for analysis. This paper describes these new trends and describes on-going research at the Pennsylvania State University in all of these areas.
A critique of dörner's analysis of hormonal data from bisexual males

(1984). A critique of dorner's analysis of hormonal data from bisexual males. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 412-414.
Interaction of recombinant monocyte-derived interleukin 1 receptor antagonist with rheumatoid synovial cells

Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is a newly described cytokine that is produced by human monocytes cultured on adherent immunoglobulin G (IgG). These studies have characterized the binding of IL-1ra to receptors on human rheumatoid synovial cells in comparison to binding of IL-1 alpha. The human synovial cells bound 35S-IL-1ra with a Kd of 213 pM and a Ki of 134 pM. 125I-IL-1 alpha bound to the synovial cells with similar values, showing a Kd of 205 pM and a Ki of 58 pM. Cross-inhibition studies were performed to examine whether IL-1ra and IL-1 alpha interacted with the same receptors and in an identical fashion. At the highest concentrations of inhibitory proteins, the binding of each ligand was inhibited 100% by the same or opposite ligand. This result indicated that IL-1ra and IL-1 alpha bound to the same receptors and not to overlapping subsets of receptors. In addition, the binding of 35S-IL-1ra was inhibited in an identical fashion by equimolar amounts of IL-1ra or IL-1 alpha. However, twofold or greater amounts of IL-1ra in comparison to IL-1 alpha were required to offer comparable inhibition of binding of 125I-IL-1 alpha. These results suggest that IL-1ra and IL-1 alpha bind with equal avidity to IL-1 receptors but may not bind identically. Additional experiments are necessary to establish whether these two ligands may bind to different regions of the extracellular portion of the IL-1 receptor.
QCD, Unification and the Road to “Asymptopia”

In the latter sixties I coined the phrase1 “Asymptopia” — the theoretically promised land where all asymptotic theorems came true. “Asymptopia” is reached at that energy beyond which no important new phenomena which are not predictable occur.
Nitroglycerin ointment for anal fissures: effective treatment or just a headache?

PURPOSE: Topical nitrates have been shown to cause nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of the internal anal sphincter. Previous reports have suggested initial efficacy in the treatment of anal fissures. The aim of this study was to assess the longer-term usefulness of this treatment. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with an anal fissure were treated with topical 0.3% nitroglycerin ointment, applied to the anoderm three times per day and after bowel movements. Patients were followed up by office visits and telephone calls until symptoms were completely resolved or treatment was noted to be ineffective or intolerable. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were treated, 16 with acute fissures, and 17 with chronic fissures. Nitroglycerin was effective in 9 of 16 acute fissures (56%), and 7 of 17 chronic fissures (41%). Even when effective, 75% of patients reported an adverse reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Topical nitroglycerin was only effective in approximately one-half of patients with an anal fissure. There was a very high incidence of adverse reactions. In our experience nitroglycerin more often causes a headache than treats the symptoms of anal fissure.
Report on Receiver Installations New York City UHF-TV Project

The report deals with that portion of the Commission's UHF Project that was concerned with the installation of observation receivers at 768 randomly selected locations within 25 miles of the Empire State Building. All of the television signals observed originated at this site.
Using Information from an Early Intervention Program to Enhance Literacy Goals on the Individualized Education Program (IEP)

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act requires that an Individualized Education Program (IEP) be developed for each child that receives special education services. To develop the most effective IEP, information is gathered from everyone who has worked with the child. In many schools the child receives early intervention services prior to referral to special education. One early intervention program that is utilized for first grade children falling behind in reading and writing is Reading Recovery®. The detailed information gathered as part of this program provides invaluable information that may facilitate development of appropriate literacy goals. This article discusses the information that is collected in the Reading Recovery program and provides an example of how this information can be utilized to support the development of IEP literacy goals.
The next regeneration: identifying cardiac regeneration-inducing microRNAs using functional screening.

As medical and interventional therapies improve, more patients are surviving myocardial infarction. As a consequence, the prevalence of patients surviving with compromised cardiac function is increasing, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Unlike most organs in the body, it has long been accepted that the myocardium cannot regenerate in the adult because cardiomyocyte proliferation rapidly ceases after birth. Although this prevailing view has gradually given way to one that cardiomyocytes do have a modest capacity for regeneration, the factors that regulate these cells from entering the cell cycle have remained elusive. Eulalio et al hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) serve as molecular regulators that maintain cardiomyocytes in quiescence and that manipulation of these regulators could improve cardiac regeneration and thus function. The investigators used an unbiased functional screening approach for miRNAs able to induce reentry of cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle. Cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were transfected with a whole-genome miRNA library of 875 mimics and stained for proliferative markers Ki67 and 5-ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EdU) and cardiomyocyte marker α-actinin, followed by high-throughput microscopy. miRNAs that increased neonatal rat cardiomyocyte proliferation 2-fold were selected and then also tested in the mouse. The investigators next selected miRNAs to test in postnatal cardiomyocytes isolated from 7-day-old …
945. Combination Treatment of Adenovirus Mediated HSV-Thymidine Kinase Suicide Gene Therapy and Docetaxel in Bladder Cancer

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of adenovirus vector encoding Herpes simplex thymidine kinase plus ganciclovir (GCV) suicide gene therapy and Docetaxel (DTX) in human bladder cancer cell lines.
From Judah to Jamaica: The Psalms in Rastafari Reggae

Abstract Rastafari reggae bears a profound but problematic relation to the Judeo-Christian biblical texts, particularly the Psalms. Involving multiple religious and cultural transmissions, orders of intertextuality, the adaptation of Judaic psalms into reggae songs clearly constitutes some form of appropriation, an act of reinterpretation that has religious, political, cultural, and ethnic implications. This analysis aims to reconcile conflicting narratives explicating this relation and reinterpretation, approving the creative adaptation of biblical texts while resisting a trend in some of the prominent Rastafari scholarship to diminish or denigrate the Judaic experience out of which those texts originate. Rather than a form of “hijacking”—a favored metaphor in the recent secondary literature—the appropriation and transformation of the Psalms into Rastafari reggae is better understood as a tribute to the enduring power, relevance, and appeal of the biblical texts. The two forms of religious art enrich and reinforce one another, representing original and ongoing traditions of words and music as revolutionary cultural resistance and spiritual empowerment.
Characteristics of dilute-nitride quantum well lasers

Optimizing the MOCVD growth of InGaAsN has yielded high performance 1.3 /spl mu/m-emitting lasers, displaying reduced temperature sensitivity compared with InP-based structures. Studies reveal the impact of nitrogen on the gain, carrier confinement, and laser characteristics.
Microstructure, Orientation, and Properties of Sol‐Gel‐Derived KTiOPO4 Thin Films

Dense and crack-free thin films of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) were synthesized using a sol-gel process. The decomposition of the organic precursors and the formation of the KTP were studied using thermal analysis, DRIFT, and XRD. Several processing parameters such as the nature of the precursors, the aging of the alkoxide solution, the firing atmosphere, time, and temperature were found to affect the final film microstructure. Thin films were deposited on single-crystal KTP, LaGaO3, MgO, and sapphire substrates to promote crystallographic orientation. SEM and XRD studies reveal that films deposited on KTP and LaGaO3 single crystals are highly oriented. The films deposited on MgO or sapphire were found to detach or chemically degrade. The orientation as well as the degradation mechanisms were examined in detail.
Purification and properties of a highly active catalase from cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni

Abstract Using ethanol-chloroform fractionation in conjunction with standard column chromatography techniques catalase has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from mid-fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni . The specific activity of purified catalase was 2.2 × 10 5 units (IU = 1 μmol H 2 O 2 decomposed mg protein −1 min −1 ). The purified enzyme's native molecular weight was in the 247,000–259,000 Da range and was tetrameric with an apparent molecular weight of 63,000 Da for each subunit. In addition, biochemical properties of the enzyme were studied with emphasis on substrate specificity, kinetics, and the mechanism of inactivation by the irreversible inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT). The apparent K m of the purified catalase for H 2 O 2 was 54.2 mM and 50% of the maximal rate occurred at 16 mM H 2 O 2 . Purified catalase was ineffective in metabolizing organic hydroperoxides and, unlike other catalases, lacked peroxidase activity. Lastly, AT in the presence and absence of H 2 O 2 was an effective inhibitor of catalase activity (I 50 = 100 mM) suggesting that a portion of the purified catalase was complexed with hydrogen peroxide in a compound 1 configuration.
Respect and Reputation: The Construction of Masculinity in Poor African American Men

This qualitative study explores the effect of the availability and quality of support networks on young African American men’s models of masculinity. Two groups of young men comprised of ten men (group A) who had no reported criminal record and 11 men (group B) who had a reported history of criminal activity were interviewed individually with regards their masculinities strategies and their trajectory through age typical developmental experiences. Issues of parental availability, disciplinary regimes, support networks, school functioning, attitude to authority and peer relations were explored in depth. Findings suggested that young men who experienced strong oversight stayed out of criminal activities but were often unable to articulate and pursue age typical life goals due to difficulty accessing facilitating networks. Young men with weak oversight demonstrated a premature autonomy and tended to be embedded in networks that promoted high risk behaviors. The research highlights the importance of support networks that protect and facilitate through legitimate means the achievement of age appropriate masculinities.
Criminal Law in the Shadow of Violence

What makes a crime violent? The word “violence” triggers deeply held intuitions about physical harm, but it is also the source of considerable dispute and contestation. The intuitive familiarity of the concept of violence, in conjunction with its actual malleability, enables it to serve as an important source of legitimation for the criminal justice system. But these same features of the concept of violence may also contribute to the dysfunction of American criminal justice. Policies ostensibly designed to reduce “violent crime” are too readily embraced by the fearful without sufficient critical scrutiny. The shadow of violence impedes criminal justice reform, leaving in place policing and punishment policies that often fail to prevent, and may even exacerbate, incidents of actual physical harm. This Article situates the law and rhetoric of “violent crime” in historical and political context in order to encourage reflection on our concern with violence and more rigorous evaluation of the steps we take to address that concern.
Identification of High Affinity Binding Sites for LexA which Define New DNA Damage-inducible Genes in Escherichia coli

Abstract A multi-step screening procedure was devised to identify new operators for the LexA repressor in the sequenced portions of the genomes of Escherichia coli and its plasmids and bacteriophages. Sequence analysis methods were employed initially to distinguish true LexA operators from "operator-like" sequences stored within the GenBank and EMBL databases. The affinity of purified LexA protein for cloned DNA fragments containing several of the prospective new sites was then assessed using quantitative electrophoretic mobility shift assays and site-directed mutagenesis. Calculated binding affinities were compared directly with values determined for known and mutant LexA operators in concurrent experiments. Three E. coli chromosomal segments (near pyrC, hsdS and ntrla) and two bacteriophage sequences (near the P1 cre and λ oop genes) bound LexA protein specifically. These sites and most others identified in the screening are located immediately upstream of known genes and/or large open reading frames. These results and additional transcription data demonstrate that several of the sequences define new DNA damage-inducible (din) genes and include the previously uncharacterized dinD locus. Furthermore, the search identified an SOS gene within the genome of P1 which encodes a protein that is homologous to UmuD′, the RecA-promoted cleavage product of the umuD gene. The success of the combinatorial approach described here suggests that analogous searches for new regulatory sequences within the E. coli genome and the genomes of other organisms will also yield favorable results.
p Harmonic Measure in Simply Connected Domains Revisited

@Let be a bounded simply connected domain in the complex plane, C. Let N be a neighborhood of @, let p be xed, 1 < p <1; and let ^ be a positive weak solution to the p Laplace equation in \N: Assume that ^ u has zero boundary values on @
Structural similarity of DNA-binding domains of bacteriophage repressors and the globin core

Abstract Background : In recent years, the determination of large numbers of protein structures has created a need for automatic and objective methods for the comparison of structures or conformations. Many protein structures show similarities of conformation that are undetectable by comparing their sequences. Comparison of structures can reveal similarities between proteins thought to be unrelated, providing new insight into the interrelationships of sequence, structure and function. Results : Using a new tool that we have developed to perform rapid structural alignment, we present the highlights of an exhaustive comparison of all pairs of protein structures in the Brookhaven protein database. Notably, we find that the DNA-binding domain of the bacteriophage repressor family is almost completely embedded in the larger eight-helix fold of the globin family of proteins. The significant match of specific residues is correlated with functional, structural and evolutionary information. Conclusion: Our method can help to identify structurally similar folds rapidly and with high-sensitivity, providing a powerful tool for analyzing the ever-increasing number of protein structures being elucidated.
Directed drifter launch strategies for Lagrangian data assimilation using hyperbolic trajectories

Abstract The dependence of the fidelity of a Lagrangian data assimilation scheme on the initial launch locations of the observed drifters is studied in the context of a reduced gravity, primitive equation model of mid-latitude circulations. A directed launch strategy, based on tracking the Lagrangian manifolds emanating from strongly hyperbolic regions in the flow field, is developed. In a series of twin assimilation experiments, the rate of convergence of the data assimilating scheme is shown to be consistently higher in such directed launches compared to those produced from randomly selected initial drifter positions. By directing initial drifter positions along the out-flowing branch of identifiable Lagrangian boundaries, the relative dispersion of the drifters, the overall data coverage and the sampling of high kinetic energy features in the flow are optimized. In general, the performance of the assimilation procedure is shown to depend strongly on the independence of the observed drifter trajectories and the temporal persistence of the corrections provided by the data.
Dendritic Cells Reveal a Broad Range of MHC Class I Epitopes for HIV-1 in Persons with Suppressed Viral Load on Antiretroviral Therapy

Background: HIV-1 remains sequestered during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and can resume high-level replication upon cessation of ART or development of drug resistance. Reactivity of memory CD8 + T lymphocytes to HIV-1 could potentially inhibit this residual viral replication, but is largely muted by ART in relation to suppression of viral antigen burden. Dendritic cells (DC) are important for MHC class I processing and presentation of peptide epitopes to memory CD8 + T cells, and could potentially be targeted to activate memory CD8 + T cells to a broad array of HIV-1 epitopes during ART. Principal Findings: We show for the first time that HIV-1 peptide-loaded, CD40L-matured DC from HIV-1 infected persons on ART induce IFN gamma production by CD8 + T cells specific for a much broader range and magnitude of Gag and Nef epitopes than do peptides without DC. The DC also reveal novel, MHC class I restricted, Gag and Nef epitopes that are able to induce polyfunctional T cells producing various combinations of IFN gamma, interleukin 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein 1 beta and the cytotoxic de-granulation molecule CD107a. Significance: There is an underlying, broad antigenic spectrum of anti-HIV-1, memory CD8 + T cell reactivity in persons on ART that is revealed by DC. This supports the use of DC-based immunotherapy for HIV-1 infection.
Group stability in matching with interdependent values

We study two-sided many-to-one matching markets with interdependent valuations and imperfect information held by one side of the market. The other side has common and known preferences over potential mates. In this setting, pairwise stability does not imply group stability: mechanisms that are stable with respect to deviations by pairs of agents may be vulnerable to deviations by groups. We formalize a notion of group stability and construct a “modified serial dictatorship” mechanism that implements group stable matchings. We further discuss the robustness of our notion of stability and examine efficiency properties of modified serial dictatorship.
Preliminary Characterization of Digestive Enzymes in Freshwater Mussels

ABSTRACT Resource managers lack an effective chemical tool to control the invasive zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Zebra mussels clog water intakes for hydroelectric companies, harm unionid mussel species, and are believed to be a reservoir of avian botulism. Little is known about the digestive physiology of zebra mussels and unionid mussels. The enzymatic profile of the digestive glands of zebra mussels and native threeridge (Amblema plicata) and plain pocketbook mussels (Lampsilis cardium) are characterized using a commercial enzyme kit, api ZYM, and validated the kit with reagent-grade enzymes. A linear correlation was shown for only one of nineteen enzymes, tested between the api ZYM kit and a specific enzyme kit. Thus, the api ZYM kit should only be used to make general comparisons of enzyme presence and to observe trends in enzyme activities. Enzymatic trends were seen in the unionid mussel species, but not in zebra mussels sampled 32 days apart from the same location.Enzymatic classes, based on ...
The payments perspective: micro‐foundations of resource analysis

Problems in the micro-foundations of neoclassical theory, especially in partial equilibrium analysis, are being imported into the resource-based view. This paper critiques neoclassical theory and proffers new concepts more suited to strategy scholars. In particular, we develop the concepts of simple rents, rent sensitivity analysis, and the payments perspective. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amniotic fluid index measured with the aid of color flow Doppler.

Objective: To determine whether using color flow Doppler to identify the umbilical cord affects amniotic fluid index (AFI) measurements. Methods: A total of 2236 AFI measurements between 24 and 42 ...
Differential Effects of the Gβ5-RGS7 Complex on Muscarinic M3 Receptor–Induced Ca2+ Influx and Release

The G protein β subunit Gβ5 uniquely forms heterodimers with R7 family regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins (RGS6, RGS7, RGS9, and RGS11) instead of Gγ. Although the Gβ5-RGS7 complex attenuates Ca2+ signaling mediated by the muscarinic M3 receptor (M3R), the route of Ca2+ entry (i.e., release from intracellular stores and/or influx across the plasma membrane) is unknown. Here, we show that, in addition to suppressing carbachol-stimulated Ca2+ release, Gβ5-RGS7 enhanced Ca2+ influx. This novel effect of Gβ5-RGS7 was blocked by nifedipine and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. Experiments with pertussis toxin, an RGS domain–deficient mutant of RGS7, and UBO-QIC {L-threonine,(3R)-N-acetyl-3-hydroxy-L-leucyl-(aR)-a-hydroxybenzenepropanoyl-2,3-idehydro-N-methylalanyl-L-alanyl-N-methyl-L-alanyl-(3R)-3-[[(2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-4- methyl-1-oxo-2-[(1-oxopropyl)amino]pentyl]oxy]-L-leucyl-N,O-dimethyl-,(7→1)-lactone (9CI)}, a novel inhibitor of Gq, showed that Gβ5-RGS7 modulated a Gq-mediated pathway. These studies indicate that Gβ5-RGS7, independent of RGS7 GTPase-accelerating protein activity, couples M3R to a nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ channel. We also compared the action of Gβ5-RGS7 on M3R-induced Ca2+ influx and release elicited by different muscarinic agonists. Responses to Oxo-M [oxotremorine methiodide N,N,N,-trimethyl-4-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-2-butyn-1-ammonium iodide] were insensitive to Gβ5-RGS7. Pilocarpine responses consisted of a large release and modest influx components, of which the former was strongly inhibited whereas the latter was insensitive to Gβ5-RGS7. McN-A-343 [(4-hydroxy-2-butynyl)-1-trimethylammonium-3-chlorocarbanilate chloride] was the only compound whose total Ca2+ response was enhanced by Gβ5-RGS7, attributed to, in part, by the relatively small Ca2+ release this partial agonist stimulated. Together, these results show that distinct agonists not only have differential M3R functional selectivity, but also confer specific sensitivity to the Gβ5-RGS7 complex.
A continuous satellite-derived global record of land surface evapotranspiration from 1983 to 2006

[1] We applied a satellite remote sensing-based evapotranspiration (ET) algorithm to assess global terrestrial ET from 1983 to 2006. The algorithm quantifies canopy transpiration and soil evaporation using a modified Penman-Monteith approach with biome-specific canopy conductance determined from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and quantifies open water evaporation using a Priestley-Taylor approach. These algorithms were applied globally using advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) GIMMS NDVI, NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis (NNR) daily surface meteorology, and NASA/GEWEX Surface Radiation Budget Release-3.0 solar radiation inputs. We used observations from 34 FLUXNET tower sites to parameterize an NDVI-based canopy conductance model and then validated the global ET algorithm using measurements from 48 additional, independent flux towers. Two sets of monthly ET estimates at the tower level, driven by in situ meteorological measurements and meteorology interpolated from coarse resolution NNR meteorology reanalysis, agree favorably (root mean square error (RMSE) = 13.0-15.3 mm month -1 ; R 2 = 0.80-0.84) with observed tower fluxes from globally representative land cover types. The global ET results capture observed spatial and temporal variations at the global scale and also compare favorably (RMSE = 186.3 mm yr -1 ; R 2 = 0.80) with ET inferred from basin-scale water balance calculations for 261 basins covering 61 % of the global vegetated area. The results of this study provide a relatively long term global ET record with well-quantified accuracy for assessing ET climatologies, terrestrial water, and energy budgets and long-term water cycle changes.