cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensorimotor function as a predictor of chronic ankle instability

Abstract Background Recurrent ankle injury occurs in 70% of individuals experiencing a lateral ankle sprain. The cause of this high level of recurrence is currently unknown. Researchers have begun to investigate sensorimotor deficits as one possible cause with inconclusive and often conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to further the understanding of the role of sensorimotor deficits in the chronically unstable ankle by establishing which specific measures best distinguish between chronically unstable and healthy ankles. Methods Twenty-two participants with chronic ankle instability and 21 healthy matched controls volunteered. Twenty-five variables were measured within four sensorimotor constructs: joint kinesthesia (isokinetic dynamometer), static balance (force plate), dynamic balance (Star Excursion Balance Test) and motoneuron pool excitability (electromyography). Findings The above variables were evaluated using a discriminant function analysis [Wilks’ Λ = 0.536 χ2(7, N = 43) = 22.118, P = 0.002; canonical correlation = 0.681]. The variables found to be significant were then used to assess group discrimination. This study revealed that seven separate variables from the static balance (anterior/posterior and medial/lateral displacement and velocity) and motoneuron pool excitability constructs (single-legged recurrent inhibition and single- and double-legged paired reflex depression) accurately classified over 86% of participants with unstable ankles. Interpretation These results suggest that a multivariate approach may be necessary to understand the role of sensorimotor function in chronic ankle instability, and to the development of appropriate rehabilitation and prevention programs. Out of the four overall constructs, only two were needed to accurately classify the participants into two groups. This indicates that static balance and motoneuron pool excitability may be more clinically important in treatment and rehabilitation of chronic ankle instability than functional balance or joint kinesthesia.
Raster image correlation spectroscopy in live cells

Raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) is a noninvasive technique to detect and quantify events in a live cell, including concentration of molecules and diffusion coefficients of molecules; in addition, by measuring changes in diffusion coefficients, RICS can indirectly detect binding. Any specimen containing fluorophores that can be imaged with a laser scanning microscope can be analyzed using RICS. There are other techniques to measure diffusion coefficients and binding; however, RICS fills a unique niche. It provides spatial information and can be performed in live cells using a conventional confocal microscope. It can measure a range of diffusion coefficients that is not accessible with any other single optical correlation-based technique. In this article we describe a protocol to obtain raster scanned images with an Olympus FluoView FV1000 confocal laser scanning microscope using Olympus FluoView software to acquire data and SimFCS software to perform RICS analysis. Each RICS measurement takes several minutes. The entire procedure can be completed in ∼2 h. This procedure includes focal volume calibration using a solution of fluorophores with a known diffusion coefficient and measurement of the diffusion coefficients of cytosolic enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and EGFP-paxillin.
Computer treason: Intraobserver variability of an electrocardiographic computer system

Abstract Computer interpretations of electrocardiograms recorded 1 minute apart were significantly (grossly) different in 36 of 92 (39%) unselected pairs of tracings.
Depressive Symptoms, Illicit Drug Use and HIV/STI Risk Among Sexual Minority Young Adults

This study examined the interaction of depressive symptoms and drug use on HIV/STI risk among sexual minority young adults. Analyses tested the interactive effect of depressive symptoms and drug use on unprotected sex. Among drug users, more depressive symptoms were associated with higher rates of unprotected sex with a male partner (for both male and female participants), but this was nonsignificant for nonusers. Interventions with these groups should incorporate content on depression and drug use to reduce HIV/STI risk. Prevention efforts also should not neglect the vulnerability of young women that have sex with women and/or identify as nonheterosexual.
Gradient measurements of sulfur and soil mass dry deposition rates under clean air and high wind speed conditions

Abstract Dry deposition measurements using the gradient techniques for sulfur and soil paniculate matter mass during 6–10ms −1 winds are reported. The dry deposition velocity ( V d ) of sulfur particles biased towards large particle sizes due to the very clean air encountered was found to be about 1 cms −1 during night-time, and greater than 2 cm s −1 during daytime high-wind-speed conditions over agricultural fields of moderate roughness. These deposition rates are substantially greater than have been generally observed; they apply to a rather large aerosol mass-median-diameter of about 0.8 μm. Yet, the calculation of sulfur enrichment factors indicates that the ambient air sulfur was predominantly anthropogenic. Since essentially all the sulfur is in the form of sulfate, these large deposition rates should apply equally well to sulfate.
The seventh of march address: A mediating influence

Rhetorical criticism aids in historical revision. In this study, audience analysis reveals that Webster's Seventh of March Address was much more effective than earlier histories suggest. The standard interpretations of the address rely on biased sources and ignore relevant facts. While historical revision has reinterpreted the speech in light of more accurate factual analysis, it has ignored the support rhetorical criticism can provide. Analysis shows an audience more open to conservative appeals than earlier historical review indicated. And investigation of Webster's strategies shows them uniquely attuned to his audience.
Knotted scroll wave filaments in excitable media

Abstract It is shown that certain general systems of diffusion reaction equations can have invariant knotted scroll wave solutions. The theory is based on the assumption that the system of equations supports permanently rotating spiral solutions, and from this assumptions equations governing the motion of the scroll wave filament can be derived. Then, bifurcatilon theory is used to show that the equations of motion have torus knots as invariant solutions. Analytical methods are used to determine qualitative and quantitative features of these knotted solutions.
The analysis of inorganic anions from liquid solutions using cationic surfactants and negative secondary ion mass spectrometry

Small inorganic anions such as nitrate, nitrite, iodate, bromate, cyanate, thiocyanate, chlorate, perchlorate, iodide, bromide, chloride, and tetrafluoroborate can be analyzed at low levels from glycerol solution using negative secondary ion mass spectrometry provided a long chain cationic surfactant such as tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide is present in the solution. Sensitivities are directly related to the extent of association of the anion with the surface monolayer generated by the surfactant. Strongly interacting anions such as nitrate are detectable as intact ions at the 1 ng level (10−5 M in glycerol, two μl of solution). The degree of interaction between the anion and the monolayer parallels the behavior of the same ions on quaternary ammonium ion exchange resins. Fluoride and hydroxide do not interact strongly and do not give signals of useful intensity. Quantification can be readily obtained using stable isotope dilution techniques. The technique has been applied to the analysis of nitrate anion in natural precipitation.
Mixed-reality exercise effects on participation of individuals with spinal cord injuries and developmental disabilities: a pilot study.

Objective: The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effectiveness of a mixed-reality (MR) exercise environment on engagement and enjoyment levels of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Methods: Six people participated in this cross-sectional, observational pilot study involving one MR exercise trial. The augmented reality environment was based on a first-person perspective video of a scenic biking/walking trail in Colorado. Males and females (mean age, 43.3 ± 13.7 years) were recruited from a research database for their participation in previous clinical studies. Of the 6 participants, 2 had SCI, 2 had IDD, and 2 were without disability. The primary outcome measurement of this pilot study was the self-reported engagement and enjoyment level of each participant after the exercise trial. Results: All participants reported increased levels of engagement, enjoyment, and immersion involving the MR exercise environment as well as positiv...
Rapid Response Survey Gauges Sandy's Impact on Seafloor

In January 2013, approximately 2 months after Hurricane Sandy made landfall in the Mid-Atlantic Bight, scientists from the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (UTIG), part of the Jackson School of Geosciences (JSG), partnered with local colleagues at Adelphi and Stony Brook universities and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to conduct marine surveys both offshore and within inshore bays of Long Island, N. Y. (Figure 1a). The primary goal was to assess the storm's impact on the seabed.
Psychometrics of the scale of attitudes toward physician-pharmacist collaboration: a study with medical students

Background: Despite the emphasis placed on interdisciplinary education and interprofessional collaboration between physicians and pharmacologists, no psychometrically sound instrument is available to measure attitudes toward collaborative relationships.Aim: This study was designed to examine psychometrics of an instrument for measuring attitudes toward physician–pharmacist collaborative relationships for administration to students in medical and pharmacy schools and to physicians and pharmacists.Methods: The Scale of Attitudes Toward Physician-Pharmacist Collaboration was completed by 210 students at Jefferson Medical College. Factor analysis and correlational methods were used to examine psychometrics of the instrument.Results: Consistent with the conceptual framework of interprofessional collaboration, three underlying constructs, namely “responsibility and accountability;” “shared authority;” and “interdisciplinary education” emerged from the factor analysis of the instrument providing support for its ...
A Hybrid Framework for Building a Web-Page Recommender System

Recommender systems aim to facilitate World Wide Web users against information and product overloading. They are usually intermediate programs that try to predict users' preferences and items of their interest. In this paper, we present a hybrid framework that uses open source information such as web logs in combination with social network analysis and data mining, to extract useful information about users browsing patterns and construct a recommendation engine. A case study based on real data from an organization of 250 employees is presented and a system prototype is constructed based on the results.
Identification and Functional Characterization of a Conserved, Nuclear Factor 1-like Element in the Proximal Promoter Region ofCYP1A2 Gene Specifically Expressed in the Liver and Olfactory Mucosa

CYP1A2 is a major cytochrome P-450 isoform in the liver and the olfactory mucosa but is essentially not expressed in other tissues. A nuclear factor 1 (NF-1) -like element was identified in the proximal promoter region of rat, mouse, rabbit, and humanCYP1A2 genes through data base analysis. In vitro DNase I footprinting with a −211 to +81 probe from the ratCYP1A2 gene and nuclear extracts from rat liver and olfactory mucosa revealed a single protected region corresponding to the NF-1-like element at −129 to −111. Protein binding to this NF-1-like element was tissue-selective and was confirmed by in vivo footprinting in native chromatin from rat liver. Multiple DNA-binding complexes were detected in gel-shift assays using theCYP1A2 NF-1-like element and nuclear extracts from liver and olfactory mucosa, all of which were supershifted in the presence of an anti-NF1 antibody. The NF-1-like element was essential for transcriptional activity of the CYP1A2 gene in an in vitro transcription assay using nuclear extracts from the two tissues. Thus, members of the NF-1 family of transcription factors may play an important role in the tissue-selective expression of theCYP1A2 gene in the liver and olfactory mucosa.
Ionic liquid-controlled conformational bias of tetracycline

The conformational bias of tetracycline was investigated in a series of room-temperature 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ionic liquids. Spectroscopic techniques such as circular dichroism, absorbance and fluorescence suggested that the switch between the extended and twisted conformation of tetracycline might be controlled by the aggregation state of the ionic liquids, which could be easily assessed by the resonance light scattering of homologous sets of ionic liquids with a common anion.
The Importance of “Weltanschauung” in Operations Research: The Case of the School Busing Problem

Busing of children to achieve racial balance in schools is an important and controversial social issue. In studying the school busing problem, various groups e.g., operations researchers, educators, sociologists, psychologists proceed quite differently because of their different “Weltanschauungen”---their different perceptions of reality, their different world views. Operations researchers have viewed the school busing problem as a desegregation problem i.e., simply physically mixing the races while others have seen it as an integration problem i.e., helping to bring about a viable, multi-racial society. The usefulness of the desegregation view of operations researchers is evaluated in light of findings from the educational literature about various aspects of the school busing problem. Explicit attention by operations researchers to the concept of “Weltanschauung” should result in studies more useful to school officials and administrators. Statements made about the role of “Weltanschauung” in operations research studies of the school busing problem may be applied to operations research studies in other areas of social concern such as health, welfare, and law enforcement.
Magnetic Hyperfine Interaction and Electronic Relaxation in Sm3+ in EuIG

The attenuation and rotation of the integral correlation of the 1415-122 kev γ-γ cascade following the K capture of Eu152 was measured in neutron irradiated polycrystalline samples EuIG from −25°C to above the Neel temperature with and without magnetizing field perpendicular to the counter plane. The existence of time-dependent hyperfine interactions of short relaxation times was taken into account in the evaluation of the average component of the effective hyperfine field along the direction of the magnetizing field. The sign, magnitude, and temperature dependence of was in excellent agreement with that calculated from molecular field theory under the assumption that the electronic configuration of Sm152 following the K capture of Eu152 was that of the Sm3+ ion. The contribution to the magnetic hyperfine field arising from exchange between the 4f and inner core s electrons was found to be small compared with that from the orbital and spin moments of the 4f shell. The absolute magnitude of the hyperfine field was 4.7×106 oe. Under the assumption that the time-dependent interactions are largely magnetic, the electronic relaxation time was found to be 3.2×10−12 sec at 400°C and varied inversely with the absolute temperature.
Avoiding and managing the unstable shoulder arthroplasty

Instability is one of the most common complications following shoulder arthroplasty. Restoration of soft tissue balance is the key to avoiding instability and in managing instability after prosthetic replacement. Certain pathological conditions associated with glenohumeral degeneration are typically associated with fixed or dynamic subluxation or dislocation in an inferior, superior, anterior, or posterior direction. Joint capsule, rotator cuff components, and deltoid may be deficient, attenuated, or overly tight. Bone stock and the coracoacromial arch may be deficient. There may be a nerve injury. In addition, the components may be malpositioned, loose, or worn. Tuberosity malposition may exist especially after treatment of proximal humeral fractures. Excision, release, plication, repositioning, or augmentation of the pathological structures or revision of the components may be needed to restore soft tissue balance, stability, motion, and longevity of the arthroplasty. Overcorrection may result in instability in another direction. Rarely resection arthroplasty, "reverse arthroplasty," or arthrodesis may be warranted in the unsalvageable situation. Restoration of stability at the index arthroplasty procedure should be the surgeon's goal to avoid the need for secondary salvage.
Labeling G-rich oligonucleotides (GROs) with N-succinimidyl 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate (S18FB)

Three G-rich oligonucleotides (GROs) were conjugated with N-succinimidyl 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate (S18FB). The yields for GRO5, the shortest sequence among those three GROs being tested, were 42, 70, 84, and 99% at GRO5 concentration of 59, 118, 236, and 472 nmol/100 µl, respectively. Reaction temperature (22 and 40°C), reaction time (15 and 30 min), and borate buffer concentration (25 and 50 mM) showed no noticeable effects on the labeling results. Two longer sequences of GROs, GRO15A and GRO26A, were also labeled with the same procedures and the corresponding yields were 80 ± 2% at 93 nmol/100 µl (n = 3) and 47 ± 3% at 98 nmol/100 µl (n = 3), respectively. Finally, CROa was conjugated with S18FB to further confirm our results. The radiochemical yields were 13.7 ± 2.5, 40.9 ± 3.5, 70.1 ± 2.0, 93.4 ± 1.4% at 8.7, 17.5, 35 and 52.5 OD of CROa (non-isolated, decay-corrected and based on S18FB, n = 3) in comparison to 7, 17, 22 and 28% at 5, 10, 20 and 40 OD of CROa, respectively, as reported by Hedberg et al. (Acta Chem Scand 1998; 52: 1034–1039). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimising transition: integrating research and acquisition of virtual environments

Research and acquisition activities should ideally work in concert, but barriers such as the different emphases on the maintenance of a schedule or the precision of a required answer have arguably created a divisive gap between them. There are numerous quality check points in the acquisition process, though they do not match the rigour typical of scientific inquiry. It is suggested that this gap might be bridged through scientists improving their understanding of the acquisition process and high impact areas of research and by system developers actively seeking research solutions to appropriate challenges.
Cerebral Anesthetization for Localization of Speech: The Contribution of W. James Gardner

In 1949, the neurologist Juhn Wada reported the first use of a new procedure for determining the localization of speech and language in neurological patients: examination of the effects on speech and language after injecting a barbiturate, sodium amytal, into the internal carotid artery of each hemisphere in succession. By the 1960's, Wada's Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure, or IAP, had become the method of choice for identifying the speech-dominant side in one kind of neurological patient, persons with epilepsy who are candidates for surgical resection, and it remains so today. In 1941, however, an American neurosurgeon, W. James Gardner, reported his use of a different anesthetization procedure for speech localization in neurological patients. Instead of injecting sodium amytal through the blood supply, as in IAP, Gardner injected procaine hydrochloride directly into cortical tissue. In this paper, we provide a brief biography of Gardner. We then discuss his method of cortical anesthetization, the theoretical and empirical background guiding his use of this method and his choice of patients, and, finally, the fate of Gardner's method within the scientific community.
Usefulness of early radionuclide angiography for identifying low-risk patients for late restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Abstract This study evaluated the ability of exercise radionuclide angiography performed early after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to predict subsequent restenosis. Forty-eight patients with initially successful PTCA underwent early (≤1 month) exercise radionuclide angiography and late (>1 month, mean 8) coronary angiography. Findings on exercise radionuclide angiography were normal in 17 patients (35% of the entire group); none of these 17 patients had restenosis. Of the 31 patients with abnormal radionuclide angiographic findings, 13 had restenosis. When the exercise radionuclide angiogram was used to stratify patients according to risk of restenosis, the negative predictive value of a normal test was 100% (95% confidence limits = 81 to 100%) and the positive predictive value was 42%. By this method, 35% of the entire study population could be classified as low risk for restenosis after PTCA. Early exercise radionuclide angiography identifies subgroups of patients who are at low and high risk for early restenosis after PTCA.
CLEARANCE OF TC-99M DTPA AEROSOL FROM COAL MINERS' LUNGS

Alterations in regional epithelial permeability were assessed in 22 retired West Virginia coal miners' lungs by measuring the clearance of inhaled 0.5-..mu..m Tc-99m DTPA aerosol. Activity was measured in both lungs and in regions of interest placed over the lung periphery in the apical, middle, and basal portions of each lung. Clearance rates (T/sub 1/2/) for 5 nonsmokers, 8 ex-smokers, and 9 smokers were significantly faster than for comparable subjects measured elsewhere, who were not coal miners. Regional apex-to-base distributions of DTPA were measured as a function of clearance time and compared with regional ventilation and perfusion. Regional, as well as overall lung clearance curves of 8 smokers and 4 ex-smokers had two components, with overall T/sub 1/2/ of <7 min for the faster one. No correlations were found between T/sub 1/2/ and DLCO or with P(A-a)O/sub 2/. The results of our study suggest that measurement of DTPA clearance is a potentially useful noninvasive technique to assess lung injury in miners exposed to coal dust. 14 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.
Reliability redundancy allocation: An improved realization for nonconvex nonlinear programming problems

The redundancy allocation problem, which seeks to find the optimal allocation of redundancy that maximizes system reliability, is one of the representative problems in reliability optimization. The problem can be formulated as a nonconvex integer nonlinear programming problem. This paper presents an efficient branch-and-bound approach to solve this problem, where the considered system is coherent, that is, the objective and constraint functions have monotonic increasing properties. The proposed method is based primarily on a search space elimination of disjoint sets in a solution space that does not require any relaxation of branched subproblems. The main advantage of the proposed method is flexibility (i.e., it does not rely on any assumptions of linearity, separability, single constraint, or convexity) which make the method adaptive to various applications. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the method is superior to the existing exact algorithms for redundancy allocation problems in terms of computation time.
Mixed venous blood gas tensions and cardiac output by “bloodless” methods; recent developments and appraisal

Abstract The first part of this paper reviews two recent methods for obtaining mixed venous blood gas tensions. In the first ( Kim et al., 1966), Pvco2 is obtained from analysis of the change in alveolar gas composition during a single expiration. In the second ( Cerretelli et al., 1966a), both PvO2 and PvcO2 are obtained by rebreathing. Both techniques are well suited to study during exercise. When the Pv values thus obtained are used to calculate pulmonary blood flow (cardiac output in the normal man during steady state), it is necessary to know the alveolar gas tensions, the alveolararterial tension differences and the blood dissociation curves for the subject under study. The sources of error in this procedure are reviewed.
L'attestation: avenues de recherche, 1987

Resume. L'auteur fait un rapide tour d'horizon de certains des precurseurs de la science moderne de la verification et de l'evolution de l'environnement et ses consequences, a dessein de stimuler la recherche en verification. Apres avoir etabli la distinction entre les fonctions d'attestation et de controle, l'auteur dresse une liste de questions auxquelles pourraient tenter de repondre les chercheurs du domaine de la verification dans leurs travaux futurs.
Error-resilient intelligent compression of SAR imagery

In the present work, we propose a system for error-resilient coding of synthetic aperture radar imagery, whereby regions of interest and background information are coded independently of each other. A multiresolution, constant-false-alarm-rate (CFAR) detection scheme is utilized to discriminate between target regions and natural clutter. Based upon the detected target regions, we apply less compression to targets, and more compression to background data. This methodology preserves relevant features of targets for further analysis, and preserves the background only to the extent of providing contextual information. The proposed system is designed specifically for transmission of the compressed bit stream over noisy wireless channels. The coder uses a robust channel-optimized trellis-coded quantization (COTCQ) stage that is designed to optimize the image coding based upon the channel characteristics. A phase scrambling stage is also incorporated to further increase the coding performance, and to improve the robustness to nonstationary signals and channels. The resulting system dramatically reduces the bandwidth/storage requirements of the digital SAR imagery, while preserving the target-specific utility of the imagery, and enabling its transmission over noisy wireless channels without the use of error correction/concealment techniques.
Fast elliptic solvers in cylindrical coordinates and the Coulomb collision operator

In this paper, we describe a new class of fast solvers for separable elliptic partial differential equations in cylindrical coordinates (r,@q,z) with free-space radiation conditions. By combining integral equation methods in the radial variable r with Fourier methods in @q and z, we show that high-order accuracy can be achieved in both the governing potential and its derivatives. A weak singularity arises in the Fourier transform with respect to z that is handled with special purpose quadratures. We show how these solvers can be applied to the evaluation of the Coulomb collision operator in kinetic models of ionized gases.
Birefringence in Viscoelastic Materials

In a previous paper [1] the theory of stress birefringence in elastic materials subject to finite deformations was considered. This theory was based on the constitutive assumption that in such materials the dielectric constant and specific reluctance tensors at time t depend only on the deformation gradients at time t.
Knowledge-based interpretation of bioelectrical signals

The integration into one automated system of the qualitative knowledge of the physician, who is accustomed to visually scanning a paper record, with possibly sophisticated signal analysis tools that must replace the visual scanning is addressed. The automated interpretation of bioelectrical signals must combine signal analysis knowledge with knowledge about the application domain of the signal and, as such, requires the knowledge of two experts. The role of event-oriented interpretation and the use of spatial and temporal context is discussed. An architecture for a system tailored to fit the characteristics of automated bioelectrical signal interpretation is described. It contains two separate, cooperating knowledge bases, and it makes use of object-oriented knowledge representation and spatial and temporal operators. An example of the automated detection of epileptogenic electroencephalograph sharp transients is presented. >
Synthesis and Characterization of the New Rare-Earth/Transition-Metal Oxysulfides La6Ti2S8O5 and La4Ti3S4O8

The new compounds La{sub 6}Ti{sub 2}S{sub 8}O{sub 5} and La{sub 4}Ti{sub 3}S{sub 4}O{sub 8} have been prepared from the reaction of La{sub 2}S{sub 3} with TiO{sub 2}. Both phases are highly resistive and weakly paramagnetic. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements show that La{sub 6}Ti{sub 2}S{sub 8}O{sub 5} crystallizes in space group C{sub 2h}{sup 2}-P2{sub 1}/m of the monoclinic system with two formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 12.572(10), b = 4.053(2), c = 16.289(14) {angstrom}, {beta} = 96.79(1){degrees} (T = 113 K). The structure contains six crystallographically independent La atoms with four different coordination geometries, and Ti atoms in octahedral coordination. The Ti octahedra form an infinite, corner-sharing dimeric chain in the b direction. La{sub 4}Ti{sub 3}S{sub 4}O{sub 8} crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C{sub 2h}{sup 3}-C2/m with four formula units in a cell with dimension a = 18.363(9), b = 3.886(2), c = 17.911(9) {angstrom}, {beta} = 109.83(2){degrees} (T= 113 K). The structure is composed of La atoms in tricapped trigonal prisms and Ti atoms in octahedra and highly distorted tetrahedra. There are four distinct linkages between these octahedra that include edge- and corner-shared O and S atoms.
Reduction mammoplasty for macromastia

Macromastia is a common cause of physical and emotional suffering. Reduction mammoplasty can provide relief from shoulder grooving, back and neck pain, intertrigo, and symptoms of ulnar nerve compression. Similarly, emotional well being is enhanced by improved self-image, increased capacity to participate in sports and work, and the ability to wear normal, attractive clothes. In the last three years, we have performed reduction mammoplasty using the inferior pedicle technique or free nipple graft in 75 patients. Preoperative symptoms typically included back pain, shoulder grooving, and a stooped posture. Fat necrosis was the most common complication and was associated with large resections. Patient satisfaction was high for both procedures.
Minimum size limit for useful locomotion by free-swimming microbes

Abstract Formulas are derived for the effect of size on a free-swimming microbe’s ability to follow chemical, light, or temperature stimuli or to disperse in random directions. The four main assumptions are as follows: (i) the organisms can be modeled as spheres, (ii) the power available to the organism for swimming is proportional to its volume, (iii) the noise in measuring a signal limits determination of the direction of a stimulus, and (iv) the time available to determine stimulus direction or to swim a straight path is limited by rotational diffusion caused by Brownian motion. In all cases, it is found that there is a sharp size limit below which locomotion has no apparent benefit. This size limit is estimated to most probably be about 0.6 μm diameter and is relatively insensitive to assumed values of the other parameters. A review of existing descriptions of free-floating bacteria reveals that the smallest of 97 motile genera has a mean length of 0.8 μm, whereas 18 of 94 nonmotile genera are smaller. Similar calculations have led to the conclusion that a minimum size also exists for use of pheromones in mate location, although this size limit is about three orders of magnitude larger. In both cases, the application of well-established physical laws and biological generalities has demonstrated that a common feature of animal behavior is of no use to small free-swimming organisms.
Finite element analysis of time‐dependent inelastic deformation in the presence of transient thermal stresses

A finite element formulation for the solution of time-dependent inelastic deformation problems for metallic structures, in the presence of transient thermal stresses, is presented in this paper. A rate formulation of the equations is used and any of a number of recently proposed combined creep-plasticity constitutive models with state variables can be adopted to describe material behaviour. The computer program developed can solve planar (plane strain and stress) and axisymmetric problems. Using one of the above-mentioned constitutive models, numerical results are presented for several illustrative problems, and comparisons of results, using either the quasi-steady or the unsteady diffusion equation for the determination of the temperature field, are carried out.
Modification of virtual orbitals

The utility of modifying the virtual orbitals of the Fock operator by introducition of an additional potential is discussed. A particularly convenient form for computational implementations is obtained, and improved methods for the practical solution of the secular problem are recommended.
Programmable cellular array for sequential-machine realisation

A programmable cellular array for the realisation of arbitrary synchronous sequential machines is presented. This approach to machine realisation is based on the use of a state assignment that yields excitation and output functions in a form suitable for implementation via a cellular structure.
Correlation entropy in a classical liquid

Abstract A statistical formula is presented for the entropy of a classical monatomic liquid, including effects of multiparticle correlations. This theory applies to the liquid state, which has small density fluctuations, and which is distinct from the gas state. The statistical entropy is found to agree well with the thermodynamic entropy for liquid sodium at temperatures from 378 to 823 K.
β-catenin antisense studies in embryonic liver cultures: Role in proliferation, apoptosis, and lineage specification

Abstract Background & Aims: Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation occurs during liver growth in hepatoblastomas, hepatocellular cancers, and liver regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of β-catenin, a key component of the Wnt pathway, in liver development as well as its normal distribution in developing liver. Methods: Embryonic liver cultures and β-catenin antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) were used to elucidate the role of β-catenin in liver development. Livers from embryos at 10 days of gestational development were cultured in the presence of antisense or control PMO for 72 hours and analyzed. Results: β-Catenin shows stage-specific localization and distinct distribution compared with known markers in developing liver. A substantial decrease in β-catenin protein was evident in the organs cultured in the presence of antisense. β-Catenin inhibition decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in these organ cultures. Presence of antisense resulted in loss of CK19 immunoreactivity of the bipotential stem cells. β-Catenin inhibition also promoted c-kit immunoreactivity of the hepatocytes. Conclusions: We conclude that the PMO antisense to β-catenin effectively inhibits synthesis of its protein. β-Catenin modulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in developing liver. It may play a significant role in early biliary lineage commitment of the bipotential stem cells and also seems to be important in hepatocyte maturation. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2003;124:202-216
The Responsibilities of Speech-Language Pathologists Toward Children with ADHD

The speech-language pathologist has the skills needed to be an active participant in both the diagnostic and intervention phases of the treatment of children with ADHD. Many of the behaviors that define ADHD are directly linked to communication. Westby and Cutler (1994) assert that "the strong association between language disorders and ADHD suggests the possibility of a common antecedent to both disorders, perhaps a temperamental or neurological characteristic linked to deficits in behavioral regulation" (p. 61). Although the speech-language pathologist may not have the security of standardized test scores to support his or her diagnosis, behaviors that cannot be tested (e.g., pragmatics and social interactions) may be keys to a child's classroom difficulties. As discussed, many of the criteria found in the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD are characteristics of pragmatic skills. Supported by Barkley's (1993) new theory of ADHD which is based on poor response inhibition or inability to delay responses, the speech-language pathologist can be an important resource to both the teacher and parents by helping them understand the behaviors exhibited by an ADHD child. The impulsivity that is so disruptive in the classroom is directly linked to the inability to delay responses. It is agreed that continued research into the behavioral characteristics associated with ADHD as well as their long-term implications for learning is needed. ADHD is a multifaceted developmental disorder. There is no known cure for ADHD, and we are dependent on early diagnosis and ongoing intervention to reduce its lifelong effects. Effective treatment must be multi-modal and involve the coordination of a professional team as well as the child's family. It is vital that we help children with ADHD develop positive self-esteem, effective social skills, and good pragmatic language skills that will eventually have a positive impact on their functioning in all aspects of their interactions with their environment. If this is accomplished, the effects of ADHD will be minimized. The speech-language pathologist needs to take a leadership role in this process.
Design equations for the complete shaking force balancing of 6R 6-bar and 6-bar slider-crank mechanisms

Abstract The article presents the design equations for complete shaking force balancing of commonly used planar Stephenson's and Watt's type 6R 6-bar and 6-bar slider-crank regular force transmission mechanisms using the method of linearly independent mass vectors. Regular force transmission mechanisms are those in which the shaking force can be completely balanced by distributing the masses of the existing links. Design equations are developed by considering the existing links. Design equations are developed by considering mass distributions of the coupler links and sliders specified whenever possible, so that the counter-balancing masses are mounted on the shafts supported by the fixed frame of the mechanism. Industrial design applications of the design equations given are illustrated in two numerical examples where the shaking force in a Stephenson's Type-1 6R mechanism and a 6-bar double-slider-crank mechanism used in V-engines is balanced.
Middle ear implantable hearing devices.

For over two decades, corporate and academic researchers have worked to develop practical middle ear implantable hearing devices (MEIHDs). Now that two such devices are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for sale in the United States, and several more are in development, it is time for clinicians to consider these devices as more than a passing idea. With more than 1500 implants in place worldwide, clinical evidence that describes the value of these devices as tools for the rehabilitation of sensorineural hearing loss is plentiful. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of MEIHDs and to provide the clinician with some background of MEIHD technologies to help in the analysis of these devices as they appear on the market.
A rapid and simple HPLC microassay for biogenic amines in discrete brain regions.

A rapid microassay is described for the measurement of biogenic amines using an isocratic HPLC system with electrochemical detection. Catecholomines, indoleamines and their major metabolites were extracted with 150 μl of perchloric acid from brain tissue punches (<250 μg) using a simple one-step sample preparation method. These compounds were separated on a short (80 mm) column with 3 μm particle size packing, and electrochemically detected within a total run time of less than 6 minutes. Detection limit sensitivity was approximately 2–5 pg. This method, detailed in an easy-to-follow description, reduces assay time, minimizes the possibility for errors, maximizes efficiency, and requires only standard HPLC equipment and supplies.
ROLE OF THE THIRD INTRACELLULAR LOOP OF THE ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR SUBTYPE AT2 IN LIGAND-RECEPTOR INTERACTION

Angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor subtypes AT1 and AT2 share 34% overall homology, but the least homology is in their third intracellular loop (3rd ICL). In an attempt to elucidate the role of the 3rd ICL in determining the similarities and differences in the functions of the AT1 and the AT2 receptors, we generated a chimeric receptor in which the 3rd ICL of the AT2 receptor was replaced with that of the AT1 receptor. Ligand-binding properties and signaling properties of this receptor were assayed by expressing this receptor in Xenopus oocytes. Ligand-binding studies using [125I-Sar1-Ile8] Ang II, a peptidic ligand that binds both the AT1 and the AT2 receptor subtypes, and 125I-CGP42112A, a peptidic ligand that is specific for the AT2 receptor, showed that the chimeric receptor has lost affinity to both ligands. However, IP3 levels of the oocytes expressing the chimeric receptor were comparable to the IP3 levels of the oocytes expressing the AT1 receptor, suggesting that the chimeric receptors could couple to phospholipase C pathway in response to Ang II. We have shown previously that the nature of the amino acid present in the position 215 located in the fifth transmembrane domain (TMD) of the AT2 receptor plays an important role in determining its affinity to different ligands. Our results from the ligand-binding studies of the chimeric receptor further support the idea that the structural organization of the region spanning the 5th TMD and the 3rd ICL of the AT2 receptor has an important role in determining the ligand-binding properties of this receptor.
Field Determinations of HVDC Ozone Production Rates

The environment near a high voltage direct current (HVdc) transmission line experiences corona effects, including the production of oxidants. Field determination of ozone production rates were made at the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) HVdc Test Facility, The Dalles, Oregon, in fall and winter 1977. A novel micrometeorological profiling technique was used to identify sources of ozone plumes. The results indicate that even during precipitation the atmospheric ozone concentrations from HVdc lines at voltages up to ±550 kV are relatively small. Measured atmospheric ozone concentration plumes are consistent with laboratory data predictions of ozone concentrations based on corona, line parameters, and ambient dispersion. This confirmation under worst-case field conditions demonstrates the validity of previous estimates of a very low magnitude of the potential ozone effects.
Prediction of Reading Comprehension: Relative Contributions of Word Recognition, Language Proficiency, and Other Cognitive Skills Can Depend on How Comprehension Is Measured.

Reading comprehension scores from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Tests, the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test, and the Gray Oral Reading Test were examined in relation to measures of reading, language, and other cognitive skills that have been hypothesized to contribute to comprehension and account for comprehension differences. In a sample of 97 first through tenth graders, the relative contributions of word recognition/decoding and oral language skills to comprehension varied from test to test. The inclusion of reading speed accounted for additional variance, but prediction of comprehension scores was minimally improved by including measures of rapid serial naming, verbal memory, IQ, or attention. The findings suggest that commonly used tests of reading comprehension, such as the three we compared, may not tap the same array of cognitive processes. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Linear free energy relations for predicting dissolution rates of solids

A QUANTITATIVE understanding of the rates and mechanisms of dissolution of crystalline solids in aqueous solutions is critical to the chemical modelling of many geochemical, environmental and industrial processes. Here I show that a linear free energy equation, developed recently1,2 for the prediction of the standard Gibbs free energies of formation of isostructural families of crystalline solids, can also be used for predicting the dissolution rates of solids. This equation bears a close analogy with the Hammett equation for aqueous organics3. Regression of data for the surface-reaction-controlled dissolution rates of isostructural families of divalent metal oxides and orthosilicates using the new equation yields coefficients characteristic of the specific crystal structure, whichturn out to be very close to the coefficients obtained by regression of standard free energy data for the same families. These results suggest that standard free energy coefficients can be used to predict dissolution rates.
Intralesional Bleomycin for Warts: Patient Satisfaction and Treatment Outcomes.

Background:The treatment of warts is challenging with regards to both tolerability and efficacy.Objective:Ascertain the efficacy, tolerability, and patient satisfaction of intralesional bleomycin i...
Magnetic polaron: Theory and experiment

We present a general thermodynamic model of the bound magnetic polaron which takes into account the f$\stackrel{\mathrm{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}}{\mathrm{r}}$ee energies of the localized spins, of the free carriers, of the electrons localized in the bound magnetic polarons, and of the electrons trapped on impurities which play the role of compensators. In addition to the configurational entropy, a magnetic entropy is associated with the bound magnetic polarons. It is shown that this magnetic entropy characterizes the bound magnetic polaron, and most physical properties are closely related to its order of magnitude. In particular, it is shown that this entropy is responsible for the stability of the bound magnetic polaron at high temperature both in EuO and in semimagnetic semiconductors such as ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ and ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Se}$. Our model accounts well for the physical properties of these materials. The extension of the model to other magnetic semiconductors is also discussed.
Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of patients undergoing left ventricular aneurysmectomy

Abstract To evaluate the role of quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) in the preoperative assessment of patients undergoing left ventricular (LV) aneurysmectomy, we identified 37 patients who were studied with 2DE 1 to 56 (mean 12.6) days prior to surgery. Diastolic (Dd) and systolic (Ds) minor-axis dimensions at the base were measured and fractional shortening (FS) was calculated. Global and basilar half ejection fraction (EF) as measured from right anterior oblique left ventriculograms. At follow-up (mean 17.9 months), 27 patients were alive and clinically improved (group A) and 10 patients either died or were symptomatically unimproved (group B). Basilar half EF was significantly greater among patients in group A (0.50 ± 0.09) than in group B (0.37 ± 0.10) ( p p 0.17 were in group A ( p r = 0.84).