cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation-induced leakage currents: atomic scale mechanisms

We link atomic-scale MOS gate oxide silicon dangling bond defects called E' centers to radiation-induced leakage current (RILC). We present evidence that strongly suggests that RILC tolerance is processing dependent and that this tolerance appears to be correlated with lower E' center generation. We furthermore note that in oxides subjected to quite high irradiation levels, the density of (generally electrically neutral) E' centers is far greater than would be expected for the hole trap E' centers involved in the radiation-induced positive charge build-up observed in thicker oxides.
Oscillations in a Simple Equatorial Climate System

Abstract Coupling between large-scale atmospheric and oceanic equatorial Kelvin waves is shown to be relevant in the climatic time scale related to equatorial ocean/atmosphere processes. The present analyses show that the inclusion of air-sea coupling into the linearized shallow-water equations can result in two types of dispersion relations for the Kelvin waves. The first type (Mode 1) has fast phase speed and is mostly manifest in the atmospheric response. This mode is relatively unaffected by air-sea coupling. The second type (Mode II) has slow phase speed and is the predominant mode in the time-scale of the ocean. A resonant stationary wave is shown to exist as an intrinsic mode in the coupled system, the length scale of which is determined by the strength of the coupling and the magnitude of the damping. The positive feedback mechanism shown to exist between these coupled Kelvin waves in the Mode II regime is suggested to play an important role in relation to observed low-latitude teleconnections. Re...
Interest Organizations and Distributive Politics: Small-Business Subsidies in Mexico

Summary Politicians often use distributive programs to build and maintain electoral linkages with interest organizations. This project analyzes the factors that lead Mexican state governments to allocate distributive benefits to small-business organizations (SBOs) rather than directly to entrepreneurs or to other groups. Theoretically, I address how electoral threats to the ruling party shape the incentives of politicians to deliver benefits to core and non-core interest organizations. Using an original dataset of decentralized small-business subsidies, I deploy a novel subnational design, comparing states governed by parties with different relationships to SBOs, facing different levels of electoral threat. I find that electoral competition shapes politicians’ incentives for incorporating organizations in distributive spending. Governors from the pro-small-business PAN increase allocations to SBOs when they are electorally strong, while governors from the centrist PRI allocate more to these organizations when they face an electoral threat. Case studies provide additional evidence that ruling politicians allocate benefits to SBOs when linkages with these groups contribute to their most pressing electoral objectives.
Therapeutic substitutions in the midst of new technology diffusion: The case of treatment for localized prostate cancer

Robotic surgical systems have become increasingly popular worldwide. Robotic assisted radical prostatectomies have been widely adopted in the treatment of localized prostate cancer, replacing the conventional open surgeries. However, it is not clear whether this was achieved by substitution within the same treatment type (i.e., replacing open surgeries with robotic-assisted surgeries) or substitution across treatment types (i.e., expanding the proportion of patients receiving surgery while crowding out other forms of treatment for localized prostate cancer). Given the large number of patients undergoing these procedures each year, it is important to study the impact of the fast diffusion of robotic surgical systems on the overall treatment pattern of localized prostate cancer. We addressed this question using state-level cancer epidemiology data (256 observations) extracted from 2002 to 2010 National Cancer Database, and supply-side variables (e.g. density of robotic surgical systems, urologists) obtained from Area Resource File as well as investor presentations posted at the website of the manufacturer of robotic surgical systems. Recognizing that the purchase decision of robotic systems is potentially endogenous, we used an optimal instrumental variables panel estimation method to examine the impact while taking into account of the panel structure and the potential endogeneity of the density of robotic surgical systems and its quadratic term. We found that the density of robotic systems at state-level had a significantly positive impact on the rate of surgery and a significantly negative impact on the rate of radiation therapy. Further, our age-stratified analysis showed that the increase in surgery rate was most pronounced in the younger population. In conclusion, our findings suggest that part of the increase in the rate of surgery was driven by substitution across treatment types with a large proportion originating from the younger population.
Enemy Aliens, Enemy Property, and Access to the Courts

A frequent refrain in the contemporary debate over the role of the federal judiciary in the war on terrorism is that the courts have never before been open during wartime to individuals identified by the Executive Branch as enemies. By so thoroughly involving themselves in the current disputes, critics allege that the federal courts have become unwitting accomplices in lawfare by questioning - and sometimes invalidating aspects of - the Bush Administration's conduct of (and in) the war on terrorism. Although I elsewhere attempt to assess (and critique) the more theoretical implications of this view, the purpose of this symposium essay is to demonstrate, based upon a largely unexplored body of case law, that this conventional wisdom is neither conventional nor wisdom, but is instead an historical myth. To the contrary, U.S. courts have a long and rich history of hearing wartime cases where the government alleged that a private party was an enemy, and the private party maintained that he was not. The common law enemy alien disability rule, to whatever extent it remains viable, simply has no application to cases where there is a colorable question as to whether the relevant individual is, in fact, an enemy. To be sure, the courts have shown broad deference to the government in these cases, as a result of which the government has usually prevailed. But such outcomes have come only after thorough and searching analysis of the underlying jurisdictional fact - of whether the individual is, in fact, an enemy under the relevant definition.
A global pathway selection algorithm for the reduction of detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms

Abstract A Global Pathway Selection (GPS) algorithm for the reduction of detailed kinetic mechanisms is proposed and validated. The approach consists of (1) the construction of element flux graphs for each considered element from the simulation data obtained using detailed chemical mechanisms, (2) the selection of important species that act as hubs that transfer significant element flux, and (3) the subsequent identification of the global pathway for each hub species by searching a certain number of shortest paths with the constructed element flux graphs from the initial reactants to the final products through the considered hub species. The skeletal mechanism is then obtained by removing the species and reactions that are not important to any identified global pathways. Validations are performed to generate skeletal mechanisms for the combustion of two fuels: n -dodecane, and the mixture of toluene, iso-octane, and n -heptane. For both cases, a series of mechanisms are generated using GPS, and the maximum error of ignition delays is similar or smaller comparing to the skeletal mechanisms generated using Path Flux Analysis method (Sun et al., 2010) with similar number of species. GPS is further compared with two methods using sensitivity analysis, which is usually effective but time consuming. By comparing simulation results of ignition delay, perfect stirred reactor (PSR) temperature, and laminar flame speed over a wide range of operating conditions, it is observed that a 35-species skeletal mechanism generated by GPS for n -dodecane shows similar overall accuracy compared with the 31-species skeletal mechanism obtained by Direct Relation Graph Aided Sensitivity Analysis (Vie et al., 2015). Further validation is conducted for the combustion of the mixture of toluene, n -heptane and iso-octane. A 276-species mechanism generated using DRG with error propagation followed by sensitivity analysis and reaction elimination (Niemeyer et al., 2014) shows larger errors for PSR temperature and ignition delay with fuel composition different from the raw database. However these errors can be reduced significantly if GPS-generated mechanism of similar size is tested.
Community and Control: Critical Democratic Theory in the Progressive Period

Current political debate over the flaws and the fate of the American liberal tradition mirrors closely the critiques of the Progressive period. A number of those thinkers—theorists of “social control,” exemplified by Ward and Ross—took aim not at the liberal-utilitarian conception of the ends of politics but rather at the notion that these goods would be produced by the politics of laissez-faire. A second body of critics—here termed “communitarians” and including Cooley, Royce, Croly, DuBois, and Dewey—leveled a more fundamental indictment: liberal individualism left men's needs for human sympathy, shared meanings and loyalties, and common effort unfulfilled. But the difficulties of the communitarian theorists, the range of associations on which they pinned their hopes and their fundamental ambivalence concerning politics demonstrate how little in the way of ideological or social-structural reinforcement the environment provided for one who would apply the insights of Burke or Hegel or Tonnies in America. Modern political criticism has resurrected the themes of the Progressive period, but even such bridge-builders as Dahl and McWilliams have not been sufficiently attentive to interrelationships among the persisting critiques of liberalism and to the shape ameliorative communities might assume.
Changes in Internal Variability due to Anthropogenic Forcing: A New Field Significance Test

AbstractChanges in internal variability of seasonal and annual mean 2-m temperature in response to anthropogenic forcing are quantified for a global domain using climate models driven by a twenty-first-century high-emissions scenario. While changes in variance have been quantified previously in a univariate sense, the field significance of such changes has remained unclear. This paper proposes a new field significance test for changes in variance that accounts for spatial and temporal relationships within the domain. The test proposed here uses an optimization technique based on discriminant analysis, yielding results that are invariant to linear transformations of the data and therefore independent of normalization procedures. Multiple significance tests are employed because spatial fields can differ in many ways in a multivariate space. All climate models investigated here predict significant changes in internal variability of temperature in response to anthropogenic forcing. The models consistently pre...
Comparison of Three Health Level Indicators:Quality-adjusted Life Year,Disablity-adjusted Life Year and Healthy Life Expectancy

Quality-adjusted life year(QALY),disability-adjusted life year(DALY)and healthy life expectancy(HALE)have become commonly used general indicators for assessment of population health level.Understanding the difference and similarity among the three life-quality-related indicators may help to make proper use of them.
Critical Evaluation of the Crede Maneuver: A Urodynamic Study of 207 Patients

Abstract: The efficacy of Crede’s maneuver to promote voiding was evaluated prospectively in 207 patients with a variety of lower urinary tract disorders. The normal response to Crede’s maneuver was a contraction of the external urethral sphincter (the Crede effect), an increase in urethral pressure and maintained closure of the vesical neck. Relaxation of the external urethral sphincter and synchronous opening of the bladder neck during Crede’s maneuver were seen in only 4 patients (2 per cent). We conclude that Crede’s maneuver is an inefficient method of bladder emptying in the majority of patients and even when voiding is accomplished with Crede’s maneuver it usually is grossly inefficient and associated with significant urethral obstruction.
Cocaine Self-Administration in Rats: Discrete Trials Procedures

A discrete trials procedure involves splitting up a self-administration session so that there are multiple distinct trials and inter-trial-intervals. This schedule is well suited to be used over 24 h periods which allows insight into diurnal variability in self-administration behavior. DT is also well suited for investigations using pretreatments for increasing or decreasing both high and low probability behavior.
Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Tetralogy of Fallot and Double Outlet Right Ventricle

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) consists of (1) ventricular septal defect, (2) pulmonary stenosis (which may be valvular, subvalvar and/or supravalvar), (3) an aorta that “overrides” the ventricular septal defect, and (4) right ventricular hypertrophy. TOF represents 4–8 % of congenital cardiac defects. As the name indicates in double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), both great arteries arise totally or primarily from the right ventricle. Invariably, there is a ventricular septal defect (VSD). If there is not VSD, the left ventricle would be hypoplastic and then the anomaly would be considered a form of functional single ventricle which will not be discussed in this chapter.
Nanostructure-enabled significant thermal transport enhancement across solid interfaces

The efficiency of thermal transport across the interfaces presents large challenges for modern technologies such as thermal management of electronics. In this paper, we report significant enhancement of thermal transport across solid interfaces by nanopatterning the surface. We utilized nanopillars as the analogy of fins that have been used for macroscopic heat transfer enhancement in heat exchangers. We found that the major benefit sterns from the enlarged effective contact area due to the increased surface area of the nanopatterned surface. The finding from this work should be universal and can benefit the thermal management of electronics, especially high power electronics where self-heating has been a bottleneck for their further advancement.
Thermodynamically Controlled High-Pressure High-Temperature Synthesis of Crystalline Fluorinated sp3-Carbon Networks

We report the feasibility of the thermodynamically controlled synthesis of crystalline sp3-carbon networks. We show that there is a critical pressure below which decomposition of the carbon network is favored and above which the carbon network is stable. Based on advanced, highly accurate quantum mechanical calculations using the all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method (FP-LAPW) and the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, this critical pressure is 26.5 GPa (viz. table of contents graphic). Such pressures are experimentally readily accessible and afford thermodynamic control for suppression of decomposition reactions. The present results further suggest that a general pattern of pressure-directed control exists for many isolobal conversions of sp2 to sp3 allotropes, relating not only to fluorocarbon chemistry but also extending to inorganic and solid-state materials science.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Microbial Attachment to Milk Contact Surfaces

Milk contact surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques for possible microbial attachment. Cultures of Pseudomonas fragi 4973, Staphylococcus aureus JAL, Streptococcus lactis C2, Streptococcus cremoris and Lactobacillus bulgaricus RR inoculated onto glass coverslips or stainless steel chips were examined. Stainless steel surfaces displayed many possible harborages for microbial colonization. SEM examination of P. fragi 4973 showed development of fibrous material, with numerous stick-like projections extending from the cell to the glass or stainless steel surface. These apparent attachment appendages became more pronounced as contact time increased. S. aureus , S. lactis , S. cremoris and L. bulgaricus did not display such fibrous material.
Rotating platform versus fixed bearing total knee arthroplasty at mid-term follow-up

Abstract Background Rotating platform posterior stabilized (RP) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was initially developed in part to decrease polyethylene wear and to improve patellar tracking. There have been limited studies evaluating the longevity and causes of reoperation or revision for this implant. The following study compares mid-term survival rates and causes for reoperation between fixed bearing (FB) TKAs. Methods We identified 11,416 patients who underwent a primary posterior stabilized TKA between 2001 and 2013. This group was stratified to include patients with a RP (n = 926) and FB (n = 10,490) TKA design. Kaplan–Meier survival rates for each complication that led to reoperation were determined at five- and 10-years. Univariate hazard ratios were determined for the most common causes for reoperation and overall implant survival rates. A multivariate analysis was performed to account for the age, gender and preoperative diagnosis discrepancy between groups. Results The reoperation data demonstrated statistically increased all-cause reoperation rate (p = Conclusion After adjusting for patient demographic differences, we noted a statistically significant decrease in the overall revision and revision for aseptic loosening or osteolysis rates in the RP group.
Reconfigurable threshold logic gates using optoelectronic capacitors

This paper investigates the integration of optoelectronic devices with CMOS to implement reconfigurable threshold logic gates for Boolean functions. The weight of the optoelectronic device can be altered by changing the optical power which is used to reconfigure the threshold logic (TL) gate. These novel reconfigurable gates are called the optoelectronic capacitor based TL (OECTL) gates. The OECTL gates are designed for i) simplistic AND/NAND gates and OR/NOR gates with large fan-in and ii) linearly separable Boolean functions that can be reconfigured to other linearly separable Boolean functions, constrained in reconfiguration by the specifics of TL operation. SPICE simulations in 65nm bulk CMOS technology with a Verilog-A model for the optoelectronic capacitor demonstrate i) AND/NAND gates and OR/NOR gates are 2× faster as fan-in goes above 3 and consumes low power and ii) Boolean functions can be reconfigured with 0.58× smaller delay and 0.46× less power of standard CMOS design.
Effect of Tranquilization of Neonatal Rats on Later Behavior

The effects of neonatal experience can be influenced by treatment with chlorpromazine or reserpine. CPZ mitigated the effects of extra stimulation (mechanical rotation) procedures but had no effect upon non-stimulated neonates. High dosage levels of reserpine interacted with extra stimulation effects to produce neonatal mortality. Reserpine in lower dosage levels resulted in increased activity and defecation scores in both stimulated and non-stimulated Ss. Neither CPZ or reserpine affected the Ss’ responses to pressure stimulation of reflexogenous zones. Both drugs slowed the neonates’ response to “righting” themselves after being placed on their backs.
Impact of SO x and NO x in Flue Gas on CO 2 Separation, Compression, and Pipeline Transmission

This chapter evaluates the effects of impurities in CO 2 streams on above ground processing equipment. It focuses on SO x and NO x impurities in flue gas. The three main components of the data analysis include—impact of impurities on the performance of amine separation systems; evaluation of the phase behavior of multi-component gas mixtures on multi-stage compressors; review of compressed gases to determine the corrosivity of pipeline materials in contact with CO 2 , SO x , and NO x species with moisture present. Flue gas impurities, such as SO x , NO x , other trace gases, and volatile metals have the potential of interacting unfavorably with capture, compression, and pipeline transmission of CO 2 . Absorption and regeneration characteristics of amines and other solvents used to separate CO2 are affected adversely by acid gas impurities, as their amine salts form essentially irreversibly. Compression of gas mixtures is subject to condensation of the higher boiling constituents, which may limit the ability to achieve adequate interstage cooling and may damage the compressor and other related processing equipment. Materials used in separation, compression, and transmission are subject to corrosion by acids formed from hydrolysis of SO x and NO x species in the presence of water. Finally, metals such as arsenic and mercury are accumulated from the coal and oil, and may hinder downstream processes.
Microdroplet-based On-Demand Drawing of High Aspect-Ratio Elastomeric Micropillar and Its Contact Sensing Application

High aspect-ratio elastomeric micropillars play important roles as the platform for microscale sensing and actuation. Many soft-lithographic techniques have been developed for their facile realization but most of the techniques are limited to build the micropillars only on totally flat, widely accessible substrate areas with the micropillar's structural characteristics completely predetermined, leaving little room for in situ control. Here we demonstrate a new technique which overcomes these limitations by directly drawing micropillars from pipette-dispensed PDMS microdroplets using vacuum-chucked microspheres. The combined utilization of PDMS microdroplets and microspheres not only enables the realization of microsphere-tipped PDMS micropillars on non-flat, highly space-constrained substrate areas at in situ controllable heights but also allows arraying of micropillars with dissimilar heights at a close proximity. To validate the new technique's utility and versatility, we realize PDMS micropillars on various unconventional substrate areas in various configurations. We also convert one of them, the optical fiber/micropillar hybrid, into a soft optical contact sensor. Both the fabrication technique and the resulting sensing scheme will be useful for future biomedical microsystems.
Orbital invasive squamous cell carcinoma with adnexal involvement clinically mimicking feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma: 19 cases (1990-2016).

Objective To describe the clinical presentations of patients diagnosed with ocular adnexal or orbital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which possess features similar to feline restrictive orbital myofibroblastic sarcoma (FROMS). Procedures A retrospective review of adnexal and/or orbital SCC was performed. Cases were collected from the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine and the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) (1990-2016). Data included signalment, ophthalmic clinical signs, nonophthalmic history and clinical signs, clinician suspicion of FROMS, advanced imaging results, and subsequent histopathologic diagnosis. FROMS cases from the COPLOW over the same time span were reviewed and compared statistically to the SCC cases with a significance threshold of 0.05. Results Nineteen cases (20 eyes) were identified with adnexal SCC with features similar to FROMS, including keratitis and eyelid/third eyelid restriction and/or thickening. There were no statistically significant differences between clinical findings in the SCC cases and the identified and compared FROMS cases (57 cases; 67 eyes), except for exophthalmos and/or resistance to retropulsion, which was less common in SCC cases (20%) than in FROMS cases (47.8%) (P = 0.027); and clinical or imaged presence of an overt eyelid or orbital mass, which was more common in the SCC cases (30%) than in the FROMS cases (4.5%) (P = 0.0010). Conclusions SCC with adnexal involvement has many features similar to FROMS. In addition to FROMS, SCC should be considered a differential diagnosis in cats with restrictive adnexal or orbital signs and corneal changes.
Material Synthesis and Device Aspects of Monolayer Tungsten Diselenide.

In this paper, we investigate the synthesis of WSe2 by chemical vapor deposition and study the current transport and device scaling of monolayer WSe2. We found that the device characteristics of the back-gated WSe2 transistors with thick oxides are very sensitive to the applied drain bias, especially for transistors in the sub-micrometer regime. The threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, and extracted field-effect mobility vary with the applied drain bias. The output characteristics in the long-channel transistors show ohmic-like behavior, while that in the short-channel transistors show Schottky-like behavior. Our investigation reveals that these phenomena are caused by the drain-induced barrier lowering (short-channel effect). For back-gated WSe2 transistors with 280 nm oxide, the short-channel effect appears when the channel length is shorter than 0.4 µm. This extremely long electrostatic scaling length is due to the thick back-gate oxides. In addition, we also found that the hydrogen flow rate and the amount of WO3 precursor play an important role in the morphology of the WSe2. The hole mobility of the monolayer WSe2 is limited by Columbic scattering below 250 K, while it is limited by phonon scattering above 250 K. These findings are very important for the synthesis of WSe2 and accurate characterization of the electronic devices based on 2D materials.
Opinions of Health Care Personnel Regarding Disincentives and Incentives for Living Kidney Donation at a Single Center.

Abstract Background Transplant societies continue to actively concentrate on increasing rates of living kidney donation (LKD) to bridge the gap between individuals awaiting transplantation and the number of kidneys available. A widely discussed strategy to increase living donation rates is the provision of incentives and removal of disincentives. Though opinions of the public regarding this strategy have been studied, the opinions of health care providers, including younger professionals, are less clear. We studied the opinions of medical students and other health care providers on strategies to increase LKD to determine if opinions were different among those Methods A simple cross-sectional survey was conducted at an academic medical center. Participants included medical students and employees in Internal Medicine, General Surgery, and the Organ Transplantation Center. Pearson's χ2 and Fisher's exact test were conducted on the responses regarding disincentives and incentives to determine whether opinions differed based on age. Results Six hundred and twenty-four participants completed the survey. There was no statistical difference in opinions between groups on reimbursing transportation costs, loss of wages, or childcare costs, but those aged ≥ 25 were more agreeable with covering food/lodging costs compared to those Conclusions Health care personnel broadly support removing financial disincentives for living kidney donation, and those ≥ 25 were more in favor of covering food/lodging costs compared to those
Virtuous Individuals, Organizations and Political Economy: A New Age Theological Alternative to Capitalism *

With the dramatic collapse of bureaucratic dictatorial socialism, Business Ethicists need an antithesis to capitalism to enrich our reformist writings. Reliance on self-regulation and requesting that business executives behave in a socially responsible manner are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for creating a "good society." The purpose of this article is to introduce readers to the works of two new age theologians – Neale Donald Walsch and Reverend Sun Myung Moon – who offer an alternative vision and paradigm for understanding business and society relationships. They provide unique insights about economics, organizational structures and policies, and individual attitudes and behaviors necessary for creating an ethical society. Pertinent economic and organizational concepts emanating from their writings include mission statements and codes of ethics; meaningful and joyful work; autonomy and self-management; workplace diversity; parentism and participatory management; stakeholder governance boards; democratic social capitalismwith upper and lower income limits; and the principle ofvisibility. Work should support family units and individualgrowth and development, not supersede or destroy them.
Global and Local Image Statistics

It is often of interest to compute statistics, either from the pixel values or from spatial characteristics, on an entire spatial grid or on subgrids. In this chapter, different definitions and methods to obtain distances are considered. These include distances between points, distances from a point to a cluster of points, and distances between two clusters. Fast Euclidean distance transforms are introduced, and considerations of when to choose ordered propagation or independent scanning are provided. Empirical distributions drawn from the pixel values in a spatial grid are used to create histograms: Different techniques to choose the parameters of the histogram are described. The resulting approximations to a probability distribution function are employed for determining information content and comparing images. An algorithm for optimal threshold selection based on maximizing interclass variance is explained. Local measures are computed in the vicinity of a pixel; practical considerations of missing data, wrapping, and window sizes are detailed. Structural measures based on a co-occurrence matrix are defined, and the ways of computing these explained. Finally, we turn our attention to quantization, describing the inadequacies of equal-width bins, and provide techniques for histogram equalization and vector quantization.
An Individual’s Views of the Right to Privacy of Other Individuals, Companies, and Governments: A Theoretical Perspective

This paper develops a theoretical model to help answer the following question— what influences an individual’s opinions regarding the right to privacy of others (individuals, organizations, and governments)? This question is particularly relevant for organizations and governments, for whom insider threats to corporate or government privacy present a dangerous risk. We draw from three bases of literature (human rights, privacy, and transparency) to theorize several constructs that should account for individual attributions of another’s right to privacy. In addition, we differentiate between individual, company, and government right to privacy, justify different origins of these entity types’ right to privacy, and propose different effects on these entity types from predictors in our model. The model presented here is the first of its kind in the IS literature, and lays the groundwork for future contributions in academic research and greater understanding relevant to practitioners.
Potential Field Implementation for Move-to-Victim Behavior for a Lifeguard Assistant Unmanned Surface Vehicle

This paper presents a GPS potential field implementation for autonomous traversal of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) to a drowning victim in open water. The approach taken in this paper utilizes an attractive, GPS potential field with constant, linear, and exponential magnitude profiles used to decelerate the USV as the USV approaches the location of the victim. The autonomous traversal and gradual deceleration of the USV will benefit lifeguards and other first responders who utilize the use of USVs in lifesaving situations, allowing for successful rescues involving mass drowning victims.
Object recognition and tracking based on multiscale synthetic SAR and IR in the virtual environment (Conference Presentation)

Identification and tracking of dynamic 3D objects from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Infrared (IR) Thermal imaging in the presence of significant clutter and occlusion is a highly challenging task. In this paper, we primarily present an approach for 3D objects recognition and tracking based on their multi-modality (e.g., SAR and IR) imagery signatures and discuss a multi-scale scheme for multi-modality imagery salient keypoint descriptors extraction from 3D objects. Next, we describe how to cluster local salient keypoints and model them as signature surface patch features suitable for object detection and recognition. During our supervised training phase, multiple views of test model are presented to the system where a set of multi-scale invariant surface features are extracted from each model and registered as the object’s class signature exemplar. These features are employed during the online recognition phase to generate recognition hypotheses. When each object of interest is verified and recognized, the object’s attributes are annotated semantically. The coded semantic annotations are then efficiently presented to a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for spatiotemporal object state discovery and tracking. Through this process, corresponding features of same objects from multiple sequential multi-modality imagery data are realized and tracked overtime. The proposed algorithm was tested using IRIS simulation model where two test scenarios were constructed. One scenario is used for activity recognition of ground-based vehicles, and the other one is used for classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s). In both scenarios, synthetic SAR and IR imagery are generated using IRIS simulation model for the purpose of training and testing of newly developed algorithms. Experimental results show that our algorithms offer significant efficiency and effectiveness.
The Spectacle of Affect: Postwar South Korean Melodrama Films

This chapter explores the melodramas of Korea’s cinematic golden age, particularly focusing on those from the 1950s. They abound with narratives fissures, ruptures, and heterodoxy from gender and cultural norms, and their narratives unfold through a hybridity of genres, to create more nuanced works that seem to self-reflect or even subversively play off the genre rules and conventions of melodrama. In looking at this group of films, I argue that they comprise a spectacle of affect. I first focus on the empty mise-en-scene, a feature often exhibited by the decade’s films that brings their generic hybridity and experimental filmmaking into relief, then trace the meaning and place of sinp’a (new wave) in postwar cinema, which will lead to the conclusion that, for postwar South Korean filmmakers—and for the audiences that loved their films—the West, represented by America, was a source of cinematic imagination and an awe-inspiring sublimity.
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing

Abstract At the turn of the millennium, when the Human Genome Project was about to publish the first full sequence of human DNA, about 100 websites were offering direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Most sites offered DNA testing to determine paternity, but about 15% offered health-related genetic tests that determined carrier status of DNA mutations for hereditary disorders or recommended nutrients for a healthier lifestyle. Their test offer was premature and businesses were closed. The commercial interest renewed when genome-wide association studies published their first findings, faded a few years later, and revived again recently as whole genome sequencing becoming affordable. This chapter describes a short history, the status, and challenges of direct-to-consumer genetic testing.
Group Management in the Mathematics Classroom: Exploring Pentominoes.

1989 the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics published the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics. A basic assumption shaping the K-4 standards is that "K-4 classrooms need to be equipped with a wide variety of physical materials and supplies" (p. 17). The 5-8 standards also make the assumption that "every classroom will be equipped with ample sets of manipulative materials and supplies ..." (p. 67). In using materials in an elementary mathematics classroom, each student can be placed in a cooperative-task group, with each member of the group performing a specific function. This structure establishes a positive interdependence in which each student contributes significantly to the achievement of a learning goal. The following activity describes how this management system can be implemented in a mathematics classroom.
Community Satellite Processing Package (CSPP) – Providing Hyperspectral Sounding Retrieval from Multi-Satellite/Sensor

The Community Satellite Processing Package (CSPP) was developed since 2011 with its first release on 2012 ( http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/cspp/history.shtml ). Since then, as of January 2019, over 60 new and updated releases of software packages to process the satellite direct broadcast raw data into sensor data records (SDRs) and produce various Environmental Data Records (EDRs). CSPP supports the Direct Broadcast (DB) meteorological and environmental satellite community through the packaging and distribution of open source science software when possible. CSPP supports DB users of both polar orbiting and geostationary satellite data processing and regional real-time applications through the distribution of free open source software and through training in local product applications. So far comprehensive multiple sensors (AVHRR, MODIS, AIRS, AMSU, VIIRS, CrIS, ATMS, IASI, MHS, ABI, and AHI) onboard multiple international satellite platforms (NOAA-17, NOAA-20, S-NPP, Terra, Aqua, METOP-A/B, GOES 16/17, and Himawari-8) are making global visible, infrared, and microwave imaging and sounding spectral measurements and producing environment products (composite color images, cloud property, aerosol, dust, fire, flood, drought, temperature/water vapor profile, total precipitable water, precipitation, trace gases, ocean/land surface property, and many others).
Using a Mindfulness Software Application to Practice Artmaking and Meditation.

IN THE PAST, I HAVE PRACTICED DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES OF ARTMAKING WITH MEDITATION TO DISCOVER HOW THESE PRACTICES MIGHT AFFECT MY PERCEPTUAL, EMOTIONAL, AND MENTAL EXPERIENCE. Practicing meditation w...
Low-SWaP coincidence processing for Geiger-mode LIDAR video

Photon-counting Geiger-mode lidar detector arrays provide a promising approach for producing three-dimensional (3D) video at full motion video (FMV) data rates, resolution, and image size from long ranges. However, coincidence processing required to filter raw photon counts is computationally expensive, generally requiring significant size, weight, and power (SWaP) and also time. In this paper, we describe a laboratory test-bed developed to assess the feasibility of low-SWaP, real-time processing for 3D FMV based on Geiger-mode lidar. First, we examine a design based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) and demonstrate proof-of-concept results. Then we examine a design based on a first-of-its-kind embedded graphical processing unit (GPU) and compare performance with the FPGA. Results indicate feasibility of real-time Geiger-mode lidar processing for 3D FMV and also suggest utility for real-time onboard processing for mapping lidar systems.
Uromyces rebeccae, sp. nov., a newly described rust on the federally endangered plant, California sea-blite (Suaeda californica)

Rust disease was observed on populations of Suaeda californica near Morro Bay, California. The pathogen was identified as a species of Uromyces based on teliospore and urediniospore morphology and ...
Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and its relationship with respiratory function

Objective To study the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), and its relationship with respiratory function. Methods Sixty children with ADHD confirmed by DSM-IV were admitted as ADHD group.60 healthy children were selected as the normal control group.The serum level of HIF-1α was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Respiratory rate and respiratory amplitude were measured by biofeedback instrument.The PEF was measured by peak speed meter.The differences of HIF-1α level and respiratory function between different ADHD groups and control group were analyzed.The influence of age and sex on HIF-1α level and respiratory function was analyzed. Results The serum levels of HIF-1α in ADHD group and healthy control group were (43.22±11.68)ng/L and (21.48±12.70)ng/L respectively, the respiration rates were (17.47±2.82)/min and (15.28±2.35)/min respectively.The HIF-1α and respiration rate of ADHD group were higher than healthy control group(t=9.003, 4.363, all P 0.05). There were no significant differences in HIF-1α level, respiratory rate, respiration amplitude and PEF between different age in ADHD children(P>0.05). There was a negative correlation between HIF-1α and PEF in children with ADHD(r=0.422, P<0.05). Conclusion HIF-1α and lung function are correlated with ADHD, ADHD children have small lung capacity, which may result in the hypoxia of the brain and the increase of HIF-1α expression. Key words: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Hypoxia inducible factor 1α; Respiratory function; Children
Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Effects on the Perceptual and Cognitive Processes Underlying Decision-making: a Mini Review

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) includes transcranial magnetic (TMS), focused ultrasound (tFUS), and electrical (tES) stimulation, each of which modulates the activity of cortical neurons with the intent of modifying functional connectivity and neuroplasticity in the brain. Often employed as a tool to identify causal links between brain regions, cognitive processes, and behavioral outcomes, NIBS is also gaining popularity as a tool for enhancing decision-making under conditions of uncertainty. A literature search revealed 42 published reports conforming to our search criteria, employing diverse NIBS techniques including TMS, repetitive TMS (rTMS), and transcranial direct, alternating, and random noise stimulation (tDCS, tACS, tRNS). Identified studies also employed a range of outcome tasks including recognition memory, non-veridical, moral, economic, perceptual, and risky decision-making. Further categorization was performed to isolate six decision subprocesses, including gathering information, evaluating probabilities, weighting dimensions, integrating and assigning value, creating a strategy, and executing a decision. Most studies targeted the right or left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), demonstrating critical involvement of this region in all six examined decision subprocesses. Several additional brain regions were targeted, with outcomes demonstrating disruption or facilitation of specific decision outcomes. Results are summarized for each decision subprocess, focusing on converging evidence across NIBS techniques and decision tasks. Several important directions are outlined for future research, to fill knowledge gaps, advance causal and mechanistic understandings of NIBS effects on decisions, and potentially enhance decision-making in real-world settings.
Nested contexts of reception: Latinx identity development across a new immigrant community

This paper compares the identity formation processes of Latinx 1.5 undocumented and 2nd generation young adults in a new immigrant-receiving community. Drawing on life narrative interviews, I apply...
How Do Disclosure Repetition and Interactivity Influence Investors’ Judgments?

Recent regulatory amendments aimed at modernizing disclosures and enhancing their usefulness focus on repetition and interactivity within firms’ disclosure filings. We use two experiments to provide evidence on the effects of disclosure repetition (repeating of information in the filing) and disclosure interactivity (user involvement in directing the form or content of the information displayed) on investors’ information processing and investment judgments. Results show that when the filing is less interactive, repetition reduces investors’ processing of other, non-repeated information. This evidence corroborates concerns that repetition can obscure value-relevant information from investors. However, we find that more interactive disclosures mitigate this harmful effect of repetition on investors’ processing of non-repeated information. Thus, our evidence suggests that disclosure interactivity is an important disclosure attribute that counteracts the potentially harmful effects of repetition on investors' processing of non-repeated information and influences investment judgments in a corresponding manner.
Niche Differentiation of Bacterial Versus Archaeal Soil Nitrifiers Induced by Ammonium Inhibition Along a Management Gradient.

Soil nitrification, mediated mainly by ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), converts ammonium (NH4 +) to nitrite (NO2 -) and thence nitrate (NO3 -). To better understand ecological differences between AOA and AOB, we investigated the nitrification kinetics of AOA and AOB under eight replicated cropped and unmanaged ecosystems (including two fertilized natural systems) along a long-term management intensity gradient in the upper U.S. Midwest. For five of eight ecosystems, AOB but not AOA exhibited Haldane kinetics (inhibited by high NH4 + additions), especially in perennial and successional systems. In contrast, AOA predominantly exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics, suggesting greater resistance to high nitrogen inputs than AOB. These responses suggest the potential for NH4 +-induced niche differentiation between AOA and AOB. Additionally, long-term fertilization significantly enhanced maximum nitrification rates (Vmax ) in the early successional systems for both AOA and AOB, but not in the deciduous forest systems. This was likely due to pH suppression of nitrification in the acidic forest soils, corroborated by a positive correlation of Vmax with soil pH but not with amoA gene abundance. Results also demonstrated that soil nitrification potentials were relatively stable, as there were no seasonal differences. Overall, results suggest that (1) NH4 + inhibition of AOB but not AOA could be another factor contributing to niche differentiation between AOA and AOB in soil, and (2) nitrification by both AOA and AOB can be significantly promoted by long-term nitrogen inputs.
Matched Filter Cyclone Maximum Wind Retrievals Using CYGNSS: Progress Update and Error Analysis

This article describes progress relating to a previously reported matched filter retrieval approach for the estimation of hurricane maximum winds using delay Doppler map (DDM) measurements of the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission. The retrievals presented are based on comparisons of these measured DDMs, and their simulated counterparts as a set of storm parameters are varied. The analysis presented examines the dependencies of retrieval performance on the synthetic storm model used as part of the forward modeling process using a set of CYGNSS storm-observing full DDM downlinks containing 68 tracks and spanning 18 storms over the period 2017–2020. Based on the combined use of multiple parametric storm models, retrieved hurricane maximum wind speed estimates showed correlations of 92%, root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 6.05 m/s, unbiased RMSE of 6.05 m/s, mean difference of 4.83 m/s, and a bias of 0.09 m/s relative to reference data. Mean retrieval error relative to storm maximum wind is 11.11%. The dependence of retrieval error on measurement maximum delay extent is also analyzed using CYGNSS Raw I/F downlinks, from which a significant near-monotonic decrease in retrieval errors is observed as the delay extent of the measurement is increased. The analysis presented in this work highlights the potential for using matched filter retrieval methodologies for cyclone wind speed estimation in spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry systems.