cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organization of Care: Diabetes Community Programs

Diabetes care must be available, affordable, and accessible, and must be the best we can provide. There is no one ideal model for the organization of care for people with diabetes mellitus. However, there is always room for improvement in the way we organize and deliver this care, no matter how complex or rudimentary the existing health care services. If diabetes care is properly organized to make the best use of available resources, delivered care can be markedly improved. Process and outcome audits run at the local, regional, national, or international level can help benchmark care standards and identify problem areas. Stakeholder-led efforts to reorganize care and resource utilization, adoption of alternative care models such as rural health worker, nurse or family practitioner led shared care, automatic patient recall systems, and national diabetes associations with bulk buying will lead to measurable improvements in the way we provide care to people affected by diabetes. Keywords: organization of care; process of care; community resources
The Case for Internet Optimism, Part 2 - Saving the Net from its Supporters

This is the second of two essays making “The Case for Internet Optimism.” It was written by Adam Thierer, a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. These two essays appeared in the book, "The Next Digital Decade: Essays on the Future of the Internet" (2011), which was edited by Berin Szoka and Adam Marcus of Tech Freedom, a digital policy think tank in Washington, D.C.In these essays, Thierer identifies two schools of Internet pessimism: (1) “Net Skeptics,” who are pessimistic about the Internet improving the lot of mankind; and (2) “Net Lovers,” who appreciate the benefits the Net brings society but who fear those benefits are disappearing, or that the Net or openness are dying.In this second essay, Thierer focuses on the rising crop of Internet pessimists who, though they embrace the Net and digital technologies, argue that they are “dying” due to a lack of sufficient care or collective oversight. In particular, they fear that the “open” Internet and “generative” digital systems are giving way to closed, proprietary systems, typically run by villainous corporations out to erect walled gardens and quash our digital liberties. Thus, they are pessimistic about the long-term survival of the Internet that we currently know and love. Leading exponents of this theory include noted cyber law scholars Lawrence Lessig, Jonathan Zittrain, and Tim Wu. Thierer argues that these scholars tend to significantly overstate the severity of this problem (the supposed decline of openness or generativity, that is) and seem to have very little faith in the ability of such systems to win out in a free market. Moreover, there’s nothing wrong, Thierer argues, with a hybrid world in which some “closed” devices and platforms remain (or even thrive) alongside “open” ones. Importantly, “openness” is a highly subjective term, and a constantly evolving one. And many “open” systems or devices are as perfectly open as these advocates suggest. Finally, Thierer argues, it’s likely that the “openness” advocated by these advocates will devolve into expanded government control of cyberspace and digital systems than that unregulated systems will become subject to “perfect control” by the private sector, as they fear. Indeed, the implicit message in the work of all these hyper-pessimistic critics is that markets must be steered in a more sensible direction by those technocratic philosopher kings (although the details of their blueprint for digital salvation are often scarce). Thierer argues that the dour, depressing “the-Net-is-about-to-die” fear that seems to fuel this worldview is almost completely unfounded and should be rejected before serious damage is done to the evolutionary Internet through misguided government action.
Future directions for camera systems in electron microscopy.

Publisher Summary Charge-coupled device (CCD) invented in 1970, soon became the sensor of choice in many imaging applications, particularly for video cameras and camcorders. This chapter reviews current efforts to scale up lens-coupled CCD camera and make a system capable of exceeding the spatial resolution of film, while maintaining single-electron sensitivity. This lens-coupled CCD system represents the current state-of-the-art in CCD-based systems, and it also demonstrates the great engineering effort required to achieve these key performance benchmarks when the detector is based on a resolution-limiting scintillation screen. The chapter discusses the development of a parallel effort to produce a radiation-tolerant system that can withstand direct electron bombardment. It also describes efforts required to adapt the pixel array detector (PAD) that is commonly used in X-ray diffraction, and discusses the development of a groundbreaking prototype system based on an active pixel sensor (APS). This early implementation of an APS-based direct detection detector (DDD) has already delivered unprecedented performance in many areas exceeding the fundamental capabilities of CCD-based systems.
Survival of mutations arising during invasions

When a neutral mutation arises in an invading population, it quickly either dies out or ‘surfs’, i.e. it comes to occupy almost all the habitat available at its time of origin. Beneficial mutations can also surf, as can deleterious mutations over finite time spans. We develop descriptive statistical models that quantify the relationship between the probability that a mutation will surf and demographic parameters for a cellular automaton model of surfing. We also provide a simple analytic model that performs well at predicting the probability of surfing for neutral and beneficial mutations in one dimension. The results suggest that factors – possibly including even abiotic factors – that promote invasion success may also increase the probability of surfing and associated adaptive genetic change, conditioned on such success.
Instrumental study of the Manix Earthquakes

The circumstances of recording of the Manix series of earthquakes have been outlined in a preliminary report (Richter, 1947). We now present complete data for all the thirty-four better-recorded shocks of the series, determination of epicenters and depths, and results on crustal structure and wave velocities. A favorable circumstance is the surrounding of the epicentral region by stations with sensitive Benioff vertical-component seismometers. The data of Boulder City and Pierce Ferry are of critical importance, and we are especially indebted to the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey for these readings. It is particularly fortunate that Pasadena, Haiwee, Boulder City, and Palomar are at roughly equal distances in different azimuths.
Global results concerning bifurcation for fredholm maps of index zero with a transversality condition

On considere l'equation F(x,λ)=Ax―λBx―R(x,λ)=0 ou A-λB est la derivee de Frechet de F(•,λ) a l'origine dans X et R un terme d'ordre eleve. X est un espace de Banach, et F:X×R→Y est un operateur non lineaire continu et Y un espace de Banach. On etudie comment l'ensemble solution varie avec le parametre reel λ
A single dose study of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid

The effects of single oral doses of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, were studied in four anxious volunteer subjects. Each subject had two exposures to placebo and three dose levels of nabilone at 1 week intervals in a single blind balanced Latin square design after the nabilone dose range was determined by each subject's response to a test dose. The Profile of Mood States (POMS), a self-rating adjective checklist, was used as the quantitative measure of subjective effects. The subjects performed a continuous avoidance procedure. High doses (4 or 5 mg) or nabilone produced orthostatic hypotension. Small dose-related increases in heart rate also occurred. Despite the occurrence of highly significant levels of subjective sedation, there were no significant effects of nabilone on behavior maintained by the continuous avoidance procedure. Two of these subjects experienced an anti-anxiety effect from low (1 or 2 mg) nabilone doses, but there was no statistically significant effect on the mean POMS anxiety factor for the group as a whole. In a follow-up experiment, four other anxious subjects received comparatively lower doses of nabilone. In these subjects there were no important effects on blood pressure or heart rate, and also no anti-anxiety effects.
Models of learning and psychoanalytic traditions can reform be sustained in psychoanalytic training

This paper presents a series of training vignettes which suggest that a subtext of defensiveness regarding exposure to our patients, fear of feelings, adherence to an unwritten set of rules, and a profound need to control our way of thinking and working pervades the way psychoanalysis is taught and practiced in many settings. The paper explores the way in which the basic culture of psychoanalysis, and the manner in which psychoanalysts are socialized, may make these kinds of episodes commonplace. The paper suggests that a paradigm shift that has been taking place in psychoanalytic clinical thinking has not yet affected the training process because of the danger that the new paradigm might undermine the safety, clarity, and ways of knowing that our traditional theories and clinical practices have provided.
A Communist and a Court's Decision: The Social Construction of Flag Worship Argumentation and Chief Justice Rehnquist's Dissent in Texas v. Johnson

(1998). A Communist and a Court's Decision: The Social Construction of Flag Worship Argumentation and Chief Justice Rehnquist's Dissent in Texas v. Johnson. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 15-24.
Stretching of conjugated polymers in dilute solution

Abstract A theoretical approach is proposed to describe the behaviour of stretched soluble conjugated polymers. Flexible, lightly doped chains are subjected either to a static field or to a pure longitudinal flow. In both cases, the rigid portions of the chain that contain electrons (conformons) are not dramatically altered. While many-electron conformons tend to break in small portions of low charge density, the optimum length of short one-electron segments increases slightly.
Transient ionized hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism accompanying acute adrenal insufficiency.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the hitherto unrecognized occurrence of transient ionized hypocalcemia with acute adrenal insufficiency and its therapy. Methods: We present three case reports with documented longitudinal laboratory findings. Results: Transient ionized hypocalcemia of acute illness has been noted in children and adults and is associated with increased mortality. Precipitating illnesses include gram-positive and gram-negative sepsis and staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome. We encountered three patients with transient ionized hypocalcemia associated with acute adrenal insufficiency. Similar to severely ill, transiently hypocalcemic patients without adrenal insufficiency, one patient demonstrated 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency, a second had minimal magnesium deficiency, and a third had no identifiable underlying abnormality. All three patients exhibited a transient increase in levels of serum intact parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in response to ionized hypocalcemia, indicative of temporary secondary hyperparathyroidism. Two of the three patients were treated solely with glucocorticoids and intravenous administration of fluids, whereas the third received minimal intramuscularly administered magnesium and antibiotics in addition. All ultimately demonstrated a return to normal of serum total and ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with no further treatment, even though one patient remained deficient in 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Conclusion: On the basis of these cases, we conclude that acute adrenal insufficiency and its treatment must be added to the disorders associated with transient ionized hypocalcemia and that transient secondary hyperparathyroidism is characteristic of at least some of the patients. (Endocr Pract. 1998;4:159-164)
TOTAL CHARACTERS AND CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS

The total character τ of a finite group G is defined as the sum of all the irreducible characters of G . K. W. Johnson asks when it is possible to express τ as a polynomial with integer coefficients in a single irreducible character. In this paper, we give a complete answer to Johnson's question for all finite dihedral groups. In particular, we show that, when such a polynomial exists, it is unique and it is the sum of certain Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind in any faithful irreducible character of the dihedral group G .
In-flight validation and calibration of the spectral and radiometric characteristics of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

Through an in-flight calibration experiment at Rogers Dry Lake, California on September 20, 1989, the radiometric and spectral properties of AVIRIS were determined. In-flight spectral channel positions and the spectral response function in 10 regions of the AVIRIS spectral range, taking in all four spectrometers, are shown to agree closely with the corresponding parameters measured in the laboratory. The intraflight stability for the Rogers Dry Lake calibration site is better than 2 percent with the exception of the strong atmospheric water absorptions where the measured radiance is close to zero. This experiment has provided both direct generation of an in-flight spectral and radiometric calibration and validation of the laboratory calibration at the reported level accuracy.
Waste-to-Energy Conversion by Stepwise Liquefaction, Pyrolysis and “Clean Combustion” of Waste Plastics

As petroleum resources are finite, it is imperative to use them wisely in energy conversion applications. Plastics, a petroleum-based product, are widely used in manufacturing disposable products and have created a solid waste issue. Due to their abundant supply, and given their high energy content, their use for power generation is of technological interest. However, whereas waste plastics have found limited use in incineration, such a conventional direct combustion technique is ill-controlled and produces considerable amounts of health-hazardous airborne compounds. Thus, an alternative technology is proposed herein to further address our increasing energy needs and, at the same time, utilize our waste plastics streams in an environmentally-benign manner. More specifically, a multi-step process/device is proposed to accept post-consumer plastics, of various types and shapes, and generate an easily-identifiable form of energy as a final product. To achieve low emissions of products of incomplete combustion, the plastics are liquefied, pyrolyzed, mixed with air, ignited and, finally, burned forming pre-mixed low-emission flames. Combustion is thus indirect, since the solid polymer is not directly burned, instead its gaseous pyrolyzates are burned upon mixing with air. Thereby, combustion is well-controlled and can be complete. A demonstration device has been constructed to convert the internal energy of plastics into clean thermal energy and, eventually to electricity.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Nonlinear quantum dynamics in semiconductor quantum wells

Abstract We discuss recent measurements of the nonlinear response of electrons in wide quantum wells driven by intense electromagnetic radiation at terahertz frequencies. The theme is the interplay of quantum mechanics, strong periodic driving, the electron-electron interaction and dissipation. We discuss harmonic generation from an asymmetric double quantum well in which the effects of dynamic screening are important. Measurements and theory are found to be in good agreement. We also discuss intensity-dependent absorption in a 400A square quantum well. A new nonlinear quantum effect occurs, in which the frequency at which electromagnetic radiation is absorbed shifts to the red with increasing intensity. The preliminary experimental results are in agreement with a theory by Zaluzny, in which the source of the nonlinearity is the self-consistent potential in the Hartree approximation for the electron dynamics.
Oxidation and keto reduction of 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acids in bovine corneal epithelial microsomes.

Abstract The R and S enantiomers of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) exhibit different biological activities. Although they appear to be produced by different enzymatic pathways, cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase and lipoxygenase, respectively, they display similar metabolism in both corneal epithelium and neutrophils. In corneal epithelial microsomes, both enantiomers are subject to oxidation and keto reduction reactions to form the dihydro metabolite, 12-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid (12-HETrE), via a keto intermediate. The apparent Km for the formation of 12-HETrE was 17.9 and 20 μM for 12(R)-HETE and 12(S)-HETE, respectively, and the apparent Vmax of the reaction was 17.4 and 8.2 pmol/mg per min, respectively. Chiral analysis of the dihydro metabolite demonstrated a product enantiospecificty. Arachidonic acid, 12(R)-HETE, 12(S)-HETE and the intermediate of this reaction, 12-oxo-ETrE, were metabolized predominantly to 12(R)-HETrE in a ratio [12(R)-HETrE: 12(S)-HETrE] of 7.3:1, 4.3:1, 1.5:1 and 2.3:1, respectively. 12(R)-HETrE is a potent vasodilator, chemotactic and angiogenic factor whose synthesis is induced in inflamed tissues; 12(S)HETrE is devoid of these properties. 12(R)-HETE, derived from NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, and 12(S)-HETE, derived from 12-lipoxygenase, may both play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response by serving as substrates for the local synthesis of 12(R)-HETrE.
Tracing X-rays through an L-shaped laterally graded multilayer mirror: a synchrotron application

A theoretical model to trace X-rays through an L-shaped (nested or Montel Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors) laterally graded multilayer mirror to be used in a synchrotron application is presented. The model includes source parameters (size and divergence), mirror figure (parabolic and elliptic), multilayer parameters (reflectivity, which depends on layer material, thickness and number of layers) and figure errors (slope error, roughness, layer thickness fluctuation Deltad/d and imperfection in the corners). The model was implemented through MATLAB/OCTAVE scripts, and was employed to study the performance of a multilayer mirror designed for the analyzer system of an ultrahigh-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometer at National Synchrotron Light Source II. The results are presented and discussed.
Six-color photometry of Iapetus, Titan, Rhea, Dione and Tethys

The extensive photometric observations of Titan, Iapetus, Rhea, Dione and Tethys have made it possible to separate the solar phase and orbital phase contributions to the observed light variations of these satellites. For Titan, the wavelength dependence of its solar phase coefficient has been obtained. This dependence should prove useful in constructing future model atmospheres. The other four satellites show a surprising array of different photometric behaviors. Despite these differences, all four satellites have similar spectral reflectivities. Clearly Iapetus, Rhea, Dione and Tethys are complex objects, varying substantially from one another in surface structure and/or composition.
High concentration of neutral endopeptidase (enkephalinase E.C. 3.4.24.11) in a malignant tumor: rat hepatoma 3924A.

Abstract The activity of the membrane-bound neutral endopeptidase 24.11 was low in the normal liver (21 ± 3 pmol/h/mg protein, mean ± SE) but it increased 56-fold in rapidly-growing rat hepatoma 3924A. The identity of the enzyme in the tumor was established by immunoprecipitation and by using a specific inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase. The endopeptidase concentration in the differentiating and regenerating liver was lower than in normal tissue, 39 and 8% of the corresponding control. The activity of a plasma membrane marker enzyme carboxypeptidase M in the normal liver was 1.0 ± 0.2 nmol/h/mg protein, it increased about 2-fold in the rapidly-growing hepatoma and in the differentiating liver, but was unchanged in regenerating liver. The function of the strikingly increased neutral endopeptidase activity in the rapidly growing hepatoma may relate to activation of autocrine or exocellular growth factors or to inactivation of cell proliferation-inhibitory factors. Such a biochemical change should confer selective advantages to the cancer cells.
Heat capacity and electrical resistivity of palladium in the range 1400 to 1800 K by a pulse heating method

Measurements of heat capacity and electrical resistivity of palladium in the temperature range 1400–1800 K by a subsecond duration pulse heating technique are described. The results are expressed by the relations: $$C_p = 32.19 - 5.966{\text{x10}}^{{\text{ - 3}}} T + 4.440{\text{x10}}^{{\text{ - 6}}} T^2 $$ (1) $$p = 15.42 + 1.840{\text{x10}}^{{\text{ - 2}}} T$$ (1) where Cp is in J · mol−1 · K−1, ρ in μΩ · cm, and T in K. Estimated maximum inaccuracies of the measured properties are: 3% for heat capacity and 1% for electrical resistivity.
An accurate one-parameter model for energy ratios of YRAST levels of even nuclei to high spin

Abstract A one-parameter expression with exponential moment of inertia (EXP) is analyzed for ground-state-band rotational energies to high spin. For 168Yb all transition energies I ⩽ 18 are correct to 0.1%. Unlike VMI the I increases much more rapidly than ω2. The model covers the complete range 1⩽E4/E2⩽10/3 without discontinuity. The microscopic meaning of the parameters is given. For 162Er, 160Dy, and 158Dy EXP gives all transition energies with at least 2% accuracy to h ω=290–300 keV . For these nuclei the EXP stiffness is 13%, 30%, 7% and 67%, respectively, l arger than the VMI stiffness, thus affecting the comparison with microscopic calculations.
A comparison of the conformation of sucrose octasulfate, free and bound to acidic fibroblast growth factor

Abstract The conformation of sucrose octasulfate free in solution has been determined based on high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Three-bond 1 H- 1 H scalar coupling constants, laboratory and rotating frame NOEs, long-range 1 H- 13 C scalar coupling constants, and chemical-shift temperature and ionic-strength dependence were used, aided by molecular mechanics calculations. By modification of a pulse sequence designed for measuring long-range 1 H- 13 C coupling constants, it was possible to obtain an accurate value for the 3 J C2f-Hlg despite the confounding presence of 3 J HH of similar value. Free sucrose octasulfate appears to assume a conformation significantly different from any of the eight conformations observed bound to acidic fibroblast growth factor, as determined in a previous X-ray crystallographic study [X. Zhu, B.T. Hsu, and D.C. Rees, Structure , 1 (1993) 27–34]. Strong electrostatic interactions between guest and host may be the dominant factor in deformation of sucrose octasulfate. The implications of this study for protein-carbohydrate interactions and the effects of the presence of sulfate groups on the flexibility of sucrose are also discussed.
Chaos in Microtine Populations

On the basis of nonlinear time-series analysis of vole data, Turchin (1993) proposed that there is a latitudinal shift from stability to chaos in the dynamics of vole populations. Falck et al. (1995) question several aspects of the approach I used. In particular, they point out that no measure of uncertainty has been calculated for each point estimate of the dominant Lyapunov exponent (a positive Lyapunov exponent implies chaos, while a negative one implies stability). In this note I respond to the criticisms of Falck et al. (1995). As part of my response, I analyse fluctuations of pooled numbers of microtine rodents at all European locations for which I currently have data. Treating each geographic location as a replicate, I show that the mean Lyapunov exponent is significantly greater than zero in northern populations (latitude greater than 60 degrees N).
Functional and molecular expression of intestinal oligopeptide transporter (Pept-1) after a brief fast

The intestinal oligopeptide transporter, cloned as Pept-1, has major roles in the assimilation of dietary proteins and absorption of peptidomimetic medications. The initial aim of the present experiment was to investigate whether the functional expression of this transporter is affected by dietary intake. Functional expression was determined as the rate of uptake of glycylglutamine (Gly-Gln) by brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) prepared from the jejunum of fed and fasted rats. Surprisingly, the rate of dipeptide uptake was greatly increased after 1 day of fasting. The subsequent aim of the experiment became the investigation of the mechanism of this alteration in transport, which showed that 1 day of fasting increased (1) the maximal Gly-Gln uptake (Vmax) by twofold without changing the Km of Gly-Gln uptake by BBMVs, (2) the amount of intestinal oligopeptide transporter (Pept-1) protein by threefold in the brush-border membrane, and (3) the abundance of Pept-1 mRNA by threefold in the intestinal mucosa. We conclude that 1 day of fasting increases dipeptide transport in rat intestine by increasing the population of Pept-1 in the brush-border membrane. The mechanism appears to be an increase in Pept-1 gene expression.
Comments on the probability model for the modified condition/decision coverage method of testing software

The probability model of software errors offered as a partial justification for the modified condition/decision coverage (MC/DC) method of testing software is examined. MC/DC is complex and still evolving, but a description of MC/DC adequate for a discussion of the probability model is presented. The original description of the model is presented, and the model's relationship to MC/DC is described. The model is reformulated to make it easier to understand, and it is generalised to strengthen it. The assertions about MC/DC and programming that have been made on the basis of the model are examined. Finally, some experiments are proposed to estimate the model's parameters and to test the appropriateness of the model.
Quantum fields near phantom-energy ''sudden'' singularities

This paper is committed to calculations near a type of future singularity driven by phantom energy. At the singularities considered, the scale factor remains finite but its derivative diverges. The general behavior of barotropic phantom energy producing this singularity is calculated under the assumption that near the singularity such fluid is the dominant contributor. We use the semiclassical formula for renormalized stress tensors of conformally invariant fields in conformally flat spacetimes and analyze the softening/enhancing of the singularity due to quantum vacuum contributions. This dynamical analysis is then compared to results from thermodynamical considerations. In both cases, the vacuum states of quantized scalar and spinor fields strengthen the accelerating expansion near the singularity whereas the vacuum states of vector fields weaken it.
B‐cell lymphoma in severe combined immunodeficiency not associated with the Epstein–Barr virus

Patients with congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies are at increased risk for the development of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. When the appropriate tests have been performed, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen (EBNA) or EBV DNA has been found in tissues from these tumors. These data have provided support for the idea that these tumors are associated with EBV. In this article we report about a child with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) who developed a malignant B-cell lymphoma that was not associated with EBV. The B-cell lymphoma in the patient proved to be, by hybridization analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain gene rearrangements of tumor-cell DNA, of clonal origin. However, neither EBNA nor EBV DNA could be detected in tumor tissue by anticomplement immunofluorescence or in situ cytohybridization with an EBV DNA probe. Furthermore, EBV DNA could not be detected by Southern blot hybridization using two EBV DNA hybridization probes on the same DNA blots that clearly contained the clonal Ig gene rearrangement. This case represents a clonal B-cell lymphoma occurring in a severely immunodeficient patient that was not associated with EBV. Antiviral chemoprophylaxis has been recommended for the prevention of EBV-related B-cell lymphoproliferations in transplant patients. Such prophylaxis may be ineffective in patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders not associated with EBV.
Molecular Models of Surface Relaxation, Hydroxylation, and Surface Charging at Oxide-Water Interfaces

Increasingly sophisticated experimental techniques are resolving detailed aspects of the surface chemistry of oxide and silicate materials. Structural characterization can now be carried out on remarkably complex systems (Brown et al. 1999). Recent examples include the distribution of iron in dioctahedral smectites (Manceau et al. 2000), the arrangements of protons on the hematite (012) surface (Henderson et al. 1998), the relaxation of iron atoms at the surface of hematite (001) (Thevuthasan et al. 1999), the arrangements of defects in the γ-Fe2O3 corrosion film formed on metallic iron (Ryan et al. 2000), the existence of two terminations of magnetite (001) (Stanka et al. 2000), and the structure of the Cr(III) passivation layer formed on magnetite as a result of magnetite-induced reduction of aqueous Cr(VI) (Peterson et al. 1997). Mesoscale structural studies include measurement and quantification of surface morphology using scanning probe and x-ray scattering methods (Eggleston and Stumm 1993; Weidler et al. 1998a,b). Similar developments are taking place in the measurement of reaction energetics and kinetics, such as temperature programmed desorption studies of the binding energies of water molecules on oxide and sulfide surfaces (Bebie et al. 1998; Stirniman et al. 1998; Henderson et al. 1998; Peden et al. 1999), the binding of phosphate on hematite (Nooney et al. 1996), and the measurement of surface energies through high resolution calorimetric investigations (McHale et al. 1997; Laberty and Navrotsky 1997). As these developments allow investigation of surfaces on increasingly small scales, it becomes more difficult to collect these experiments together into a coherent model, to link them with experiments on macroscopic systems in the laboratory (Sposito 1999), and bring the results to bear on complex, multicomponent natural systems. For example, measurement of the amount of surface relaxation taking place on vacuum-terminated hematite (001) …
EXPERIMENTAL SEMIOTICS: AN ENGINE OF DISCOVERY FOR UNDERSTANDING HUMAN COMMUNICATION

The recent growth of Experimental Semiotics (ES) offers us a new option to investigate human communication. We briefly introduce ES, presenting results from three themes of research which emerged within it. Then we illustrate the contribution ES can make to the investigation of human communication systems, particularly in comparison with the other existing options. This comparison highlights how ES can provide an engine of discovery for understanding human communication. In fact, in complementing the other options, ES offers us unique opportunities to test assumptions about communicative behavior, both through the experimenters' planned manipulations and through the unexpected behaviors humans exhibit in experimental settings. We provide three examples of such opportunities, one from each of the three research themes we present.
The social meaning of social indicators

While new modes of data processing have provided reams of data, there has been relatively less effort in seeking to comprehend the social meaning of results of empirical work. A set of previously developed indicators of urban social structure is here examined for its link to theory, and to the social structure of the city itself. The original indicators (size, social class, racial composition and community maturity) were empirically derived. In this paper, each is taken in turn, and explored with respect to several possible social meanings. Size, for example, is considered to be itself an indicator, and an imperfect one, for system complexity; percent non-white is seen to be itself an indicator for a slowdown in the mobility process, or a slower social metabolism. These and other results are suggestions, with illustrations, but not conclusive support, from other than the original data. While it is hoped that the theoretical suggestions may themselves be of interest, it is also hoped that approach itself can indicate the fertility and usefulness of going back to theory once empirical measures have been developed.
Opal, cristobalite, and tridymite: Noncrystallinity versus crystallinity, nomenclature of the silica minerals and bibliography

Cristobalite and tridymite are distinct forms of crystalline silica which, along with quartz, are encountered in industrial operations and industrial products. Because the International Agency for Research on Cancer has designated “crystalline silica” as an IARC Group 2A (probable carcinogen) and quartz and cristobalite as a Group 1 (carcinogen), it is important to properly identify and quantify the silica phase in all materials used in production and encountered in products. Opal is a form of hydrated silica which is also encountered in industry. Although some forms of opal mimic cristobalite and tridymite, they are not truly crystalline. The term “silica” in the industrial sense is used to mean any material whose composition is SiO2 whether it is crystalline or noncrystalline. Some people also consider silica to include hydrated SiO2. There are many forms of SiO2 which have both long-range and short-range order and are recognized as crystalline phases among which are quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite. The hydrated silicas, on the other hand, pose an enigma. Only a few forms show sufficient long-range and short-range order to be considered crystalline. The mineral silhydrite is an example. Opal in all its forms lacks sufficient order to be considered crystalline. Even opal-C, which produces a X-ray pattern similar to the diffraction pattern of cristobalite, lacks not only sufficient order to be considered crystalline but also contains water in the structural make-up. This paper discusses a classification and nomenclature for these forms which is critical to proper regulation. It also reviews the recent literature on tridymite, cristobalite, and opal, and provides an extensive bibliography. Modern studies have shown that opal-A is disordered, but opal-CT and opal-C contain ordered domains that mimic stacked sequences of cristobalite and tridymite sheets such that X-ray patterns show features similar to the crystalline cristobalite and tridymite. There is debate on whether the ordered regions have lost the water that characterizes the opals. In fact, heating studies have shown that all opals show changes on heating characteristic of materials that lose water in the process. The TEM evidence showing domains in the range 10–30 nm in a matrix of disordered opal suggest that the proper term for this system is paracrystalline analogous to inorganic and organic polymers.
Covering the complete graph with plane cycles

Let n vertices be distributed on the circumference of a circle in the plane. We find, for every n, the minimum number of cycles with no crossing edges such that every pair of vertices is adjacent on at least one cycle. The problem arises from the design of a train shuttle service between n cities with continuous guaranteed service at all times, and minimum number of rail lanes.
Differential influence of local anesthetic upon two models of experimentally induced peripheral mononeuropathy in the rat.

Abstract Neuropathic pain remains a major complication of various forms of injury to peripheral nerves in humans. Recently, 2 models of peripheral mononeuropathy in the rat have been described which closely resemble the human condition. Bennett and Xie described one model induced by the placement of 4 loose ligatures around the entire sciatic nerve; Seltzer et al. have described a second model produced by the placement of a tight ligature around one-third to one-half of the sciatic nerve. It is the purpose of this work to compare the effect of these injuries on the time course and magnitude of hyperalgesia as measured by paw withdrawal latency to a radiant heat stimulus. In addition, to evaluate the hypothesis that neuropathic pain develops as a result of injury-associated discharges, some injuries were induced following anesthesia of the sciatic nerve. Our results show that the partial constriction neuropathy (PCN) described by Bennett and Xie develops in a faster time frame than that produced by the tight ligature, or partial transection neuropathy (PTN), described by Seltzer and co-workers. In addition, the PCN shows a reduction in both the duration and magnitude of behavioral hyperalgesia obtained for those animals in which local anesthetic (lidocaine) was applied to the sciatic nerve, while the PTN does not show this sensitivity. The data suggest that injury-related discharge is one important factor contributing to the generation of hyperalgesia in the PCN model. The mechanism(s) responsible for the generation of hyperalgesia in the early stages of the PTN model are not lidocaine-sensitive. The data are discussed in reference to the previously reported differences in these models of hyperalgesia and the involvement of central changes.
Climate change and urban resilience

The notion of resilience is gaining increasing prominence across a diverse set of literatures on cities and climate change. Although there is some disagreement among these different literatures about how to define and measure resilience, there is broad consensus that: (1) cities must become resilient to a wider range of shocks and stresses in order to be prepared for climate change; and (2) efforts to foster climate change resilience must be bundled with efforts to promote urban development and sustainability. Emerging issues for future study highlight some of the challenges associated with practical application of resilience approaches. These include responding to equity concerns associated with uneven patterns of resilience both within and across cities, assessing the costs of implementing resilience strategies, and identifying options for harnessing the innovation potential in cities as a means to foster resilience and sustainability.
Laser diode to single-mode fiber coupling using an out-of-plane misalignment model

An analytical model has been developed to account for coupling losses between two Gaussian beams with misalignments in different planes. The verification of the model is implemented via the coupling of laser diode light into an optical fiber. A nonzero end-face angle on the fiber tip allows for simple adjustment of misalignment planarity and can be interpreted as independent of traditional longitudinal, transverse, and tilt offsets. The model is intended for applications where variations in coupling efficiency must be accurately evaluated and where the potential for out-of-plane misalignments must be considered. Experimental data are presented for the coupling of light between a laser diode module and several single-mode fibers with different end-face angles. The predicted change in coupling efficiency agrees with theory. However, the absolute coupling efficiency is only 0.71 of that predicted by theory, as is common for initial launch. Inasmuch as the theory presented is for any two Gaussian beams, the absolute coupling efficiency is expected to be more accurate for fiber-to-fiber applications.
The next decade of physics with STAR

Abstract With existing and planned detector and accelerator improvements in both STAR and RHIC, a wide range of new opportunities will become reality over the next decade. STAR is in the process of planning a program to make best use of these opportunities. The prospects for new capabilities and associated measurements will be reviewed.
Fluid residence times within a recirculation zone created by an extraction -injection well pair

Abstract We present several analytical and semi-analytical solutions to evaluate the fluid residence times within the recirculation zone created by an extraction–injection well pair for several types of flow fields. The flow fields include: a well doublet in the absence of regional flow; an ‘encaged recirculation cell’ where a well doublet is located within and parallel to a uniform regional flow; and a well doublet with arbitrarily oriented uniform regional flow. For a well doublet in the absence of regional flow, we present an analytical solution for all streamlines. For the encaged recirculation cell, the first breakthrough time is solved analytically. We also develop a semi-analytical scheme to evaluate the residence time for any ratio of recirculated flow in a well doublet with arbitrarily oriented uniform regional flow. Both streamlines and travel times in the recirculation zone are strictly symmetric with respect to the midpoint between the two wells. We determine the starting points of streamlines at the well screen for a specific cumulative discharge by an analytical method. Using these starting points in a particle-tracking scheme, one is led directly to the cumulative breakthrough curve at the extraction well. Furthermore, we provide a convenient semi-analytical solution for the average residence time in the recirculation zone. The presented schemes minimize the number of particles that need to be tracked in the construction of breakthrough curves and help to efficiently design recirculation schemes for remediation purposes and to analyze tracer test data obtained in such systems.
Blind Image Quality Assessment Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation Model

In this paper, we propose a blind image quality assessment (IQA) method under latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) model. To assess the image quality, firstly, we learn topic-specific word distribution by training a set of pristine and distorted images without human subjective scores. Secondly, LDA model is used to estimate probability distribution of topic for the regions in the test images. Finally, we calculate the perceptual quality score of the test image by comparing the estimated probabilities of topics of the test image with that for the pristine images. Note that the quality-aware visual words are used to represent the images, which generated with respect to the natural scene statistic features. Experimental evaluation on the publicly available subjective-rated database LIVE demonstrates that our proposed method correlates reasonably well with different mean opinion scores (DMOS).
Biology of the sand shrimp,Crangon septemspinosa, in the shore zone of the Delaware Bay region

Over 2,500 sand shrimp were collected between October 1958 and December 1960 from shallow waters along Delaware Bay shores where salinity ranged from 4.4 to 31.4‰ and temperature extremes were 0.0 and 26.0°C.
Invariant natural killer T cells trigger adaptive lymphocytes to churn up bile.

Summary How innate immune response causes autoimmunity has remained an enigma. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe , Mattner et al. demonstrate that invariant natural killer T cells activated by the mucosal commensal Novosphingobium aromaticivorans precipitate chronic T cell-mediated autoimmunity against small bile ducts that mirrors human primary biliary cirrhosis. These findings provide a mechanistic understanding of the role of innate immunity toward a microbe in the development of autoimmunity.
Impact of CHP System Component Efficiencies on the Economic Benefit of CHP Systems Using Spark Spread Analysis

A combined heating and power system (CHP) can take the place of a conventional system with separate heating and power (SHP) where electricity is purchased from the grid. The CHP system provides electrical energy through a prime mover located near the building it serves, and waste heat from this generation is captured and delivered to the building to provide thermal energy. For a CHP system to show an economic advantage over a conventional system, its operating costs must be lower when providing the same amount of thermal energy and electricity that would have come from the SHP system. The spark spread (SS), or price difference between purchased electricity and fuel, is used as a simple indicator as to whether the CHP system is economically viable. Rather than using a single value of SS as a cutoff for viability of the CHP system, a more detailed spark spread expressed in terms of the efficiencies of the CHP system and SHP system components can be used to determine if a CHP system is economically viable. In an initial feasibility study, the calculation of the SS is based on estimates of a number of variables. It is important to assess the likely impact of changes in certain of some of these variables, as such changes can affect the SS calculations. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis to determine the effects of different parameters on the cost ratio which is used to calculate SS, including: reference heating system efficiency, power generation unit (PGU) efficiency and CHP overall system efficiency. Because CHP system efficiency itself is a function of the PGU efficiency as well as the thermal efficiency, these two parts of the total system efficiency are also investigated separately. Since the cost of purchased electricity and fuel varies by geographic region, the required spark spread for a given system may indicate favorable economics for a CHP system in one location while the CHP system shows no potential for savings in another location. Therefore, the sensitivity analysis is considered for three different U.S. locations.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
FRACTURES OF THE BASE OF THE FIFTH METATARSAL: The Jones Fracture

The Jones fracture continues to be a problem fracture for the orthopedic surgeon and sports medicine physician. This injury seems to occur in athletes as well as nonathletes. The underlying inherent poor blood supply of the proximal metaphyseal diaphyseal region makes the fifth metatarsal a difficult bone to unite. Many techniques have been advocated for the treatment of this troublesome fracture, including non-weight-bearing short leg casting, orthotic management, open reduction and internal fixation, corticocancellous onlay bone grafting, and electric stimulation. The author believes that in young athletic patients, using meticulous surgical technique, reliable open reduction and internal fixation yields excellent results. In nonathletic or less demanding patients, the patient should participate in the discussion and choice of the treatment techniques. If delayed union or non-union occurs, drilling with the use of internal fixation usually produces a union.
Innovative Data Acquisition for Heavily Instrumented Flexible Pavements

A data acquisition program was written to allow independent triggering of multiple test sections of a thin flexible pavement. A total of 129 electronic sensors were installed in 17 test sections and subjected to 2,100 truck passes over several months immediately after construction. The measured strains were highly variable in the thin flexible pavement, but the program was still able to successfully trigger each section independently. The majority of signal processing was also performed within the program, which was written in Lab VIEW 7 Express. This approach significantly reduced the amount of postprocessing effort that would have otherwise been required. The quality of the triggering approach was compared to independently collected weigh in motion data. The majority of the test sections recorded within 0.5% of the number of vehicles recorded by the weigh in motion system. Key components of all major facets of the data acquisition and programming performed are discussed in detail.