cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiologic alterations produced by hypoxia in the canine heart

The purpose of this study was to test whether hypoxia caused simultaneous stimulation of sympathetic and vagal cardiac nerves. To do this, we determined in chloralose-anesthetized, open-chest dogs, changes in sinus cycle length (SCL), atrioventricular nodal conduction time (AH interval), and effective refractory periods (ERP) of the right atrium (RA) and left ventricle (LV) during hypoxia induced by either hypoventilation or by breathing 10% oxygen in nitrogen. We found that hypoventilation decreased arterial pH (mean +/- SE: 7.365 +/- 0.011 versus 7.244 +/- 0.013, p less than 0.001) and Po2 (105.2 +/- 3.6 versus 50.5 +/- 2.0 mm Hg, p less than 0.001), and increased Pco2 (24.4 +/- 0.7 versus 41.9 +/- 1.1 mm Hg, p less than 0.001). SCL (373 +/- 19 versus 485 +/- 35 msec, p less than 0.001), AH interval (92 +/- 4 versus 111 +/- 6 msec, p less than 0.005), and LVERP (159.8 +/- 3.2 versus 162.0 +/- 3.3, p less than 0.05) lengthened, while RAERP shortened (137.7 +/- 2.6 versus 128.8 +/- 3.5, p less than 0.001). After bilateral vagotomy, these electrophysiologic changes were attenuated, and transection of ansae subclaviae following vagotomy did not affect hypoventilation-induced changes that were present after vagotomy alone. In contrast, breathing 10% oxygen decreased Po2 (104.2 +/- 3.3 versus 48.1 +/- 1.7, p less than 0.001) but did not change pH and Pco2. SCL lengthened slightly (444 +/- 15 versus 463 +/- 17, p less than 0.001), but other measured electrophysiologic parameters were not affected. The norepinephrine concentration in the coronary sinus blood increased by 109% to 121% during hypoxia induced by both methods. Hypoventilatory hypoxia blunted sympathetic-induced shortening of LVERP and potentiated vagally-induced SCL lengthening. Neither type of hypoxia affected induction of atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias by programmed electrical stimulation. We conclude that the electrophysiologic response during hypoventilatory hypoxia is due primarily to heightened vagal tone. Norepinephrine concentration in the coronary sinus blood more than doubled, but did not alter cardiac electrophysiologic properties, possibly because of simultaneous increase in vagal tone, or possibly due to the release of adenosine or other factors that impaired cardiac electrophysiologic response to elevated norepinephrine levels.
Inhibition of ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 degradation of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein by alpha-2-macroglobulin

Summary Objective As we previously reported, ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12, two members of ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) family, degrade cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) in vitro and are significantly induced in the cartilage and synovium of arthritic patients [Liu CJ, Kong W, Ilalov K, Yu S, Xu K, Prazak L, et al. ADAMTS-7: a metalloproteinase that directly binds to and degrades cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. FASEB J 2006;20(7):988–90; Liu CJ, Kong W, Xu K, Luan Y, Ilalov K, Sehgal B, et al. ADAMTS-12 associates with and degrades cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. J Biol Chem 2006;281(23):15800–8]. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) whether cleavage activity of ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 of COMP are associated with COMP degradation in osteoarthritis (OA); (2) whether alpha-2-macroglobulin (a 2 M) is a novel substrate for ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12; and (3) whether a 2 M inhibits ADAMTS-7 or ADAMTS-12 cleavage of COMP. Methods An in vitro digestion assay was used to examine the degradation of COMP by ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 in the cartilage of OA patients; in cartilage explants incubated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) or interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) with or without blocking antibodies; and in human chondrocytes treated with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knockdown ADAMTS-7 or/and ADAMTS-12. Digestion of a 2 M by ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 in vitro and the inhibition of ADAMTS-7 or ADAMTS-12-mediated digestion of COMP by a 2 M were also analyzed. Results The molecular mass of the COMP fragments produced by either ADAMTS-7 or ADAMTS-12 were similar to those observed in OA patients. Specific blocking antibodies against ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 dramatically inhibited TNF-α- or IL-1β-induced COMP degradation in the cultured cartilage explants. The suppression of ADAMTS-7 or ADAMTS-12 expression by siRNA silencing in the human chondrocytes also prevented TNF-α- or IL-1β-induced COMP degradation. Both ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 were able to cleave a 2 M, giving rise to 180- and 105-kDa cleavage products, respectively. Furthermore, a 2 M inhibited both ADAMTS-7- and ADAMTS-12-mediated COMP degradation in a concentration (or dose)-dependent manner. Conclusion Our observations demonstrate the importance of COMP degradation by ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 in vivo . Furthermore, a 2 M is a novel substrate for ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12. More significantly, a 2 M represents the first endogenous inhibitor of ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12.
Planning In A Hierarchical Nested Autonomous Control System

In this paper, theoretical foundations of planning processes are outlined in a form applicable for design and control of autonomous mobile robots. Planning/control is shown to be a unified recursive operation of decision making applied to a nested hierarchy of knowledge representation. The core of the theory is based upon methods developed in the areas of Post-production systems, theory of coding, and the team theory of decentralized stochastic control. A class of autonomous control systems for robots is defined, and a problem of information representation is addressed for this class. A phenomenon of nesting is analyzed and the minimum c-entropy rule is determined for arranging efficient design and control procedures for systems of intelligent control. A concept of nested hierarchical knowledge-based controller is employed in this paper which enables minimum-time control using nested dynamic programming. An application of this concept is unfolded for a system of knowledge-based control of an autonomous mobile robot. Key words: Autonomous Control Systems, Decision Making, Production Systems, Decentralized Stochastic Control, Dynamic Programming, Hierarchical Control, Knowledge Based Controllers, E-entropy, Planning, Navigation, Guidance, Prediction, Contingencies, Mobile Robots.
Auger spectroscopic examination of MgF(2)-coated Al mirrors before and after uv irradiation.

Magnesium fluoride protected Al films were studied since these mirrors are commonly used in astronomical instruments whenever a highly reflecting optical surface is required in the wavelength region from 1100 A to 2000 A. Freshly prepared samples of evaporated Al + 250-A thick MgF2 on glass were analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy in conjunction with surface erosion by Ar(+) ion bombardment before and after UV irradiation. The analysis showed that a very thin layer of surface contamination and not bulk photolysis in the MgF2 film was reponsible for the irradiation-induced reflectance loss. Postirradiation polishing with a mild calcium carbonate abrasive can restore a mirror's reflectance by removing the photolyzed surface film without disturbing the MgF2 layer.
HCI in the school of computer science at Carnegie Mellon University

People use computers to accomplish tasks. Consequently, understanding human capabilities and tasks is as important to the design of computer systems as understanding computer technologies. The School of Computer Science (SCS) at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) has become home to an interdisciplinary community that performs research on HCI issues, develops systems using HCI methods of design and evaluation, and trains students in the theory and skills necessary to become HCI professionals.
Water-protein dynamic coupling and new opportunities for probing it at low to physiological temperatures in aqueous solutions.

Both the structure and dynamics of biomolecules are known to be essential for their biological function. In the dehydrated state, the function of biomolecules, such as proteins, is severely impeded, so hydration is required for bioactivity. The dynamics of the hydrated biomolecules and their hydration water are related – but how closely? The problem involves several layers of complexity. Even for water in the bulk state, the contribution from various dynamic components to the overall dynamics is not fully understood. In biological systems, the effects of confinement on the hydration water further complicate the picture. Even if the various components of the hydration water dynamics are properly understood, which of them are coupled to the protein dynamics, and how? The studies of protein dynamics over the wide temperature range, from physiological to low temperatures, provide some answers to these question. At low temperatures, both the protein and its hydration water behave as solids, with only vibrational degrees of freedom. As the temperature is increased, non-vibrational dynamic components start contributing to the measurable dynamics and eventually become dominant at physiological temperatures. Thus, the temperature dependence of the dynamics of protein and its hydration water may allow probing various dynamic components separately. In order to suppress the water freezing, the low-temperature studies of protein rely on either low-hydrated samples (essentially, hydrated protein powders), or cryo-protective solutions. Both approaches introduce the hydration environments not characteristic of the protein environments in living systems, which are typically aqueous protein solutions of various concentrations. In this paper, we discuss the coupling between the dynamic components of the protein and its hydration water by critical examining of the existing literature, and then propose that proteins can be studied in an aqueous solution that is remarkably similar in its dynamic properties to pure water, yet does not freeze down to about 200 K, even in the bulk form. The first experiment of this kind using quasielastic neutron scattering is discussed, and more experiments are proposed.
Specifying the Strain-Violence Link: The Role of Emotions in Women's Descriptions of Violent Incidents

Abstract Research on General Strain Theory has not considered fully the range of emotions that might be linked to violent behavior. Moreover, quantitative analyses of strain and emotions have assessed emotional traits rather than emotional states that directly precede violence. We use narrative data from incarcerated women to examine how they describe the strains and resulting emotions that emerged during incidents in which they used violence. Our findings confirm the importance of anger, but also suggest the presence of other related emotions during violent interactions. We argue that the study of General Strain Theory can be advanced by considering situational factors.
Ideas of Order for Amyloid Fibril Structure

Abstract Although we know a significant amount about amyloid structure from low-resolution methods, the nature of the fundamental amyloid fibril folding motif remains unknown. Recent data are keeping one model, based on the parallel β helix, in the foreground of speculation on the molecular make-up of amyloid.
Homogeneous sets from several ultrafilters

Abstract We consider Ramsey-style partition theorems in which homogeneity is asserted not for subsets of a single infinite homogeneous set but for subsets whose elements are chosen, in a specified pattern, from several sets in prescribed ultrafilters. We completely characterize the sequences of ultrafilters satisfying such partition theorems. (Non-isomorphic selective ultrafilters always work, but, depending on the specified pattern, weaker hypotheses on the ultrafilters may suffice.) We also obtain similar results for analytic partitions of the infinite sets of natural numbers. Finally, we show that the two P-points obtained by applying the maximum and minimum functions to a union ultrafilter are never nearly coherent.
Preliminary results of high-dose single-fraction radiotherapy for the management of chordomas of the spine and sacrum.

BACKGROUND: En bloc wide-margin excision significantly decreases the risk of chordoma recurrence. However, a wide surgical margin cannot be obtained in many chordomas because they arise primarily in the sacrum, clivus, and mobile spine. Furthermore, these tumors have shown resistance to fractionated photon radiation at conventional doses and numerous chemotherapies. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the outcomes of single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the treatment of chordomas of the mobile spine and sacrum. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with chordoma of the sacrum and mobile spine were treated with high-dose single-fraction SRS (median dose, 2400 cGy). Twenty-one primary and 3 metastatic tumors were treated. Seven patients were treated for postoperative tumor recurrence. In 7 patients, SRS was administered as planned adjuvant therapy, and in 13 patients, SRS was administered as neoadjuvant therapy. All patients had serial magnetic resonance imaging follow-up. RESULTS: The overall median follow-up was 24 months. Of the 24 patients, 23 (95%) demonstrated stable or reduced tumor burden based on serial magnetic resonance imaging. One patient had radiographic progression of tumor 11 months after SRS. Only 6 of 13 patients who underwent neoadjuvant SRS proceeded to surgery. This decision was based on the lack of radiographic progression and the patient's preference. Complications were limited to 1 patient in whom sciatic neuropathy developed and 1 with vocal cord paralysis. CONCLUSION: High-dose single-fraction SRS provides good tumor control with low treatment-related morbidity. Additional follow-up is required to determine the long-term recurrence risk.
Using Genetic Testing to Guide Therapeutic Decisions in Cardiomyopathy

Genetic analysis of human cardiomyopathy has rapidly transitioned from a strictly research endeavor to a diagnostic tool readily available to clinicians across the globe. In contemporary practice, genetic testing improves the efficiency of family evaluations and clarifies the etiology of ambiguous clinical presentations. The great promise of genetic diagnosis is to enable preventative therapies for individuals at high risk of future disease development, a strategy that is under active clinical investigation. However, in the present and future, careful interpretation of DNA sequence variation is critical, and can be ensured by referral to a specialized cardiovascular genetics clinic.
A comparison of permutation and mixed-model regression methods for the analysis of simulated data in the context of a group-randomized trial.

Our first purpose was to determine whether, in the context of a group-randomized trial (GRT) with Gaussian errors, permutation or mixed-model regression methods fare better in the presence of measurable confounding in terms of their Monte Carlo type I error rates and power. Our results indicate that given a proper randomization, the type I error rate is similar for both methods, whether unadjusted or adjusted, even in small studies. However, our results also show that should the investigator face the unfortunate circumstance in which modest confounding exists in the only realization available, the unadjusted analysis risks a type I error; in this regard, there was little to distinguish the two methods. Finally, our results show that power is similar for the two methods and, not surprisingly, better for the adjusted tests. Our second purpose was to examine the relative performance of permutation and mixed-model regression methods in the context of a GRT when the normality assumptions underlying the mixed model are violated. Published studies have examined the impact of violation of this assumption at the member level only. Our findings indicate that both methods perform well when the assumption is violated so long as the ICC is very small and the design is balanced at the group level. However, at ICC≥0.01, the permutation test carries the nominal type I error rate while the model-based test is conservative and so less powerful. Binomial group- and member-level errors did not otherwise change the relative performance of the two methods with regard to confounding. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of the acute exacerbation of asthma.

All patients with asthma are at risk of having asthma exacerbations characterized by worsening symptoms, airflow obstruction, and an increased requirement for rescue bronchodilators. The goals of managing an asthma exacerbation are prompt recognition and rapid reversal of airflow obstruction to avert relapses and future episodes. Short-acting beta-agonists, oxygen, and corticosteroids form the basis of management of acute asthma exacerbation, but a role is emerging for anticholinergics and newer agents such as levalbuterol and formoterol. Initiation or intensification of long-term controller therapy, treatment of comorbid conditions, avoidance of likely triggers, and timely follow-up care prevent setbacks. Acceptance of current treatment guidelines by physicians and adherence to the recommended clinical regimens by patients are essential for effective management of asthma. The physician should strive to establish a constructive relationship with the patient by addressing the patient's concerns, reaching a...
Multivariate Procedures for Identifying Rural Land Submarkets

Research has developed empirical models and procedures for analyzing factors which influence rural land markets; however, there have been limited efforts in developing procedures for identifying rural land submarkets. Principal component analysis is used here to detect the presence of multiple rural land submarkets. Cluster analysis is then used as a basis for identifying eight contiguous rural land submarkets in Louisiana. As opposed to single-attribute procedures that have been based largely on subjective judgment, multivariate procedures illustrated in this analysis provide a means for capturing the combined effects of physical and socioeconomic influences in delineating rural land submarkets.
The Earth’s Non-Uniform Rotation

In the absence of internal energy sources and mechanical, gravitational or radiative interactions with other bodies, the solid parts of the Earth (i.e., crust, mantle and inner core) and the fluid parts (atmosphere, hydrosphere and outer core) would rotate together as a rigid body at a constant rate about its fixed axis of maximum moment of inertia through its centre of mass. Positional astronomers equipped with perfect telescopes and clocks (and the necessary life- support systems all, together with the astronomers, of zero mass!) would find no variation of the latitude of any station and the longitude of all fixed stars would change at a constant rate.
The user side of sustainability: Modeling behavior and energy usage in the home

Society is becoming increasingly aware of the impact that our lifestyle choices make on energy usage and the environment. As a result, research attention is being directed toward green technology, environmentally-friendly building designs, and smart grids. This paper looks at the user side of sustainability. In particular, it looks at energy consumption in everyday home environments to examine the relationship between behavioral patterns and energy consumption. It first demonstrates how data mining techniques may be used to find patterns and anomalies in smart home-based energy data. Next, it describes a method to correlate home-based activities with electricity usage. Finally, it describes how this information could inform users about their personal energy consumption and to support activities in a more energy-efficient manner. These approaches are validated by using real energy data collected in a set of smart home testbeds.
Stability of an evaporating thin liquid film

We use a newly developed set of interface conditions to revisit the problem of an evaporating thin liquid film. In particular, instead of the conventional Hertz–Knudsen–Langmuir equation for the evaporation mass flux, we impose a more general equation expressing the balance of configurational momentum. This balance, which supplements the conventional conditions enforcing the balances of mass, momentum and energy on the film surface, arises from a consideration of configurational forces within a thermodynamical framework. We study the influence of two newly introduced terms on the evolution of the liquid film. One of these terms accounts for the transport of energy within the liquid–vapour interface. The other term, which we refer to as the effective pressure, accounts for vapour recoil. Both new terms are found to be stabilizing. Furthermore, the effective pressure is found to affect a time-dependent base state of the evaporating film and to be an important factor in applications involving liquid films with thicknesses of one or two monolayers. Specifically, we demonstrate that consideration of the effective pressure makes it possible to observe the influence of the van der Waals interactions on film evolution close to the instant of rupture. Dimensional considerations indicate that one of the most significant influences of these effects occurs for molten metals.
Adolescent Musicians' Perceptions of Conductors Within Musical Context:

Attention to subtle changes in music, whether inadvertent or purposeful, occupies a great deal of practice and rehearsal time for the performer. Regardless of the extremely subtle acoustic changes ...
Apoptosis Inhibitors for Heart Disease

Apoptosis may play a driving role in the transition from compensated hypertrophy to failure in the work-overloaded myocardium. In this issue of Circulation , Hayakawa et al1 demonstrate that chronic treatment with the broad-range caspase inhibitor IDN 1965 improved cardiac function and prevented or delayed the progression to heart failure in pregnant Gαq-overexpressing transgenic mice, a model of peripartum cardiomyopathy. This timely article addresses 2 important issues in cardiovascular disease: the contribution of apoptosis to development and progression of heart failure and the potential use of caspase inhibitors as therapeutic agents for this condition. See p 3036 One pathway for translating work overload and hormonal stimulation into a myocardial growth response is through activation of receptors coupled to the Gq/11 family of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding (G) proteins. Compelling evidence has been presented for a functional relationship between increased Gαq activity and pathological hypertrophy, here defined as hypertrophy that progresses to decompensation. Transgenic mouse hearts expressing moderate levels of activated Gαq undergo dose-dependent hypertrophy, along with activation of hypertrophy-associated marker genes.2–4 All known upstream activators of Gq/11, including angiotensin II, norepinephrine, endothelin-1, and prostaglandin F2α, have been shown to mediate hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro and in a number of in vivo studies. Activation of Gq by these hypertrophic stimuli triggers dissociation of Gαq and Gβγ subunits, followed by activation of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-β (PLC) by GTP-bound Gαq. The pleiotropic response to PLC includes activation of protein kinase C, Ras, mitogen-activated protein kinases, calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells, and calmodulin kinase pathways, all of which probably contribute to hypertrophic growth. Myocardial hypertrophy is a physiological and compensatory response to increased hemodynamic load but is frequently associated with poor clinical outcomes, including the development of cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction and ultimately heart failure. The conditions …
Everyday Cognitive Competence in Elderly Persons: Conceptual Issues and Empirical Findings

This article focuses on everyday cognitive competence as a critical aspect of functional health. Everyday cognitive competence is defined as the ability to perform adequately those cognitively complex tasks considered essential for living on one's own in this society. A major challenge for those involved in assessment and judgment of competence is to define the critical domains of functional abilities associated with living independently. Prior research on the instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) may be particularly useful. Findings from our research on a measure assessing everyday cognitive competence within each of the IADL domains are presented. Elderly persons' performance on the measure of everyday cognition relate to behavioral observations of those subjects performing similar activities in their home and to self and spousal IADL ratings. Seven-year longitudinal data indicate that there is relatively modest decline in performance on cognitively complex everyday tasks during the 60s, but that steeper patterns of normative decline are found in the late 70s and 80s.
PROTEIN STRUCTURE PREDICTION CENTER IN CASP8

We present an outline of the Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) infrastructure implemented at the University of California, Davis, Protein Structure Prediction Center. The infrastructure supports selection and validation of prediction targets, collection of predictions, standard evaluation of submitted predictions, and presentation of results. The Center also supports information exchange relating to CASP experiments and structure prediction in general. Technical aspects of conducting the CASP8 experiment and relevant statistics are also provided.
Autocrine Role for Interleukin-8 in Bartonella henselae-Induced Angiogenesis

The gram-negative bacterium Bartonella henselae is capable of causing angiogenic lesions as a result of infection. Previously, it has been shown that B. henselae infection can result in production of the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8). In this study, we demonstrated that monocytes, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes produce IL-8 in response to B. henselae infection. We also investigated the role of IL-8 in B. henselae-induced endothelial cell proliferation and capillary tube formation. Both in vitro angiogenesis assays were IL-8 dependent. B. henselae-mediated inhibition of apoptosis, as indicated by gene expression of Bax and Bcl-2, was also shown to be IL-8 dependent in endothelial cells. Furthermore, infection of endothelial cells with B. henselae stimulated upregulation of the IL-8 chemokine receptor CXCR2. Infection of human endothelial cells by B. henselae resulting in IL-8 production likely plays a central role in the ability of this organism to cause angiogenesis during infection.
Model-based development of computer-based information systems

The view of processing as an integral part of function suggests that information systems must be embedded into the structure and dynamics of the functions they support. This requires that the architecture of the computer-based information system be compatible with the structure and dynamics of the organization it supports. In this paper we propose a model-based approach to the development of information systems that uses models of the structure and dynamics of organizations in order to develop effective function support. The proposed approach uses a conceptual tool to model key features of the structure and dynamics of the organization and a methodology that maps such features into the architecture of its supporting information system. A modeling and simulation environment is suggested that includes an extensive model base that can be used for the simulation and analysis of organizational function in addition to its use in systems development.
Adherent basal plate myometrial fibers in the delivered placenta as a risk factor for development of subsequent placenta accreta

Abstract Background Placenta accreta is implantation of chorionic tissue directly upon the myometrium without normal intervening decidua. The clinical significance of myometrial fibers attached to the basal plate (BPMYO) has yet to be fully elucidated. Objective To determine the importance of depth and quantity of BPMYO in predicting subsequent accreta in the next pregnancy. Method Women with placentas from two successive pregnancies submitted for pathologic evaluation were included. 50 cases had clinical and/or pathologic diagnosis of accreta in an index pregnancy. 100 controls had no evidence of accreta in an index pregnancy. HE Stage 1-BPMYO with intervening decidua; Stage 2 Results Prior placentas of cases were twice as likely to have BPMYO compared to controls (84%vs42%, P P = 0.489), but cases were more likely to have higher stages of BPMYO (stage 2–3) in a prior placenta (38%vs2%, P P Conclusions Small amounts and low stage BPMYO (stage 1) may be common; however, higher stages of BPMYO (stage 2–3) and greater quantities of BPMYO in a delivered placenta are significantly associated with the subsequent development of accreta.
Anatomic diameter femoral heads in total hip arthroplasty: a preliminary report.

Background: The stability of total hip replacements has been directly related to the diameter of the femoral head in several studies; however, durability has necessitated the use of femoral heads with a relatively small diameter. Recent developments in metal-on-metal technology have allowed for the use of femoral head bearings that are anatomic in diameter. In this case series, we report on the early results of patients who were at greater risk for dislocation because of anatomic deficiencies or increased range-of-motion activities and underwent hip arthroplasty with implants that had articulating surfaces approaching anatomic dimensions. Methods: Thirty-four patients underwent forty total hip arthroplasties with use of a modular metal-on-metal articulation with an anatomic diameter femoral head and a press-fit stem. Thirty patients were active, and four patients were profoundly disabled and had bone or soft-tissue deficiencies that would increase the risk for dislocation. Dislocation precautions were maintained for six weeks, and patients were allowed extreme ranges of motion at three months. Results: There were no dislocations. Active patients continued in extreme range-of-motion activities. Disabled patients improved but were limited by their comorbidities. Conclusions: Anatomic diameter femoral heads offer distinct theoretical advantages in total hip arthroplasty. These short-term results are encouraging, and further study of this new technology in a larger series with a longer follow-up period is warranted. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Osteoclasts and Integrins

The osteoclast is the unique bone resorptive cell that accomplishes its mission by forming an isolated acidified microenvironment between itself and the bone surface. Creation of this compartment is the first step in bone degradation and establishes that an intimate physical relationship must exist between the osteoclast and bone. Thus, identification of the mechanisms by which the osteoclast attaches to bone is essential to understanding how the cell degrades skeletal tissue. Our studies have investigated whether absence of the alphavbeta3 integrin modifies the ability of c-Fms to induce Rho GTPases, and the implications for formation of the osteoclast cytoskeleton.
Coping with a Limited Capacity to Punish: A Replication

This project replicated a study by Farnworth, Golden and Tester in 1991 to determine if alternate sentencing practices, such as charge reductions and probation, were being used to decrease prison populations and lessen the burden on the criminal justice system as a whole. The previous article sought to support earlier findings that asserted that prison overcrowding caused an increase in the use of charge reductions and felony convictions, but found this to be untrue [1]. They actually found decreased use of charge reductions during the decade under study even as the prison population continued to rise. The current study analyzed data during the period of 1990 to 1999 from Pulaski County, Arkansas in the context of Pontell’s [2] concept of “a limited capacity to punish.” The Arkansas data analyzed also demonstrated a decrease in charge reductions as the prison population for the state grew thus supporting the previous research on the topic.
Panic disorder and agoraphobia: A direct comparison of their multivariate comorbidity patterns

Abstract Background Scientific debate has long surrounded whether agoraphobia is a severe consequence of panic disorder or a frequently comorbid diagnosis. Multivariate comorbidity investigations typically treat these diagnoses as fungible in structural models, assuming both are manifestations of the fear-subfactor in the internalizing–externalizing model. No studies have directly compared these disorders' multivariate associations, which could clarify their conceptualization in classification and comorbidity research. Methods In a nationally representative sample (N=43,093), we examined the multivariate comorbidity of panic disorder (1) without agoraphobia, (2) with agoraphobia, and (3) regardless of agoraphobia; and (4) agoraphobia without panic. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of these and 10 other lifetime DSM-IV diagnoses in a nationally representative sample (N=43,093). Results Differing bivariate and multivariate relations were found. Panic disorder without agoraphobia was largely a distress disorder, related to emotional disorders. Agoraphobia without panic was largely a fear disorder, related to phobias. When considered jointly, concomitant agoraphobia and panic was a fear disorder, and when panic was assessed without regard to agoraphobia (some individuals had agoraphobia while others did not) it was a mixed distress and fear disorder. Limitations Diagnoses were obtained from comprehensively trained lay interviewers, not clinicians and analyses used DSM-IV diagnoses (rather than DSM-5). Conclusions These findings support the conceptualization of agoraphobia as a distinct diagnostic entity and the independent classification of both disorders in DSM-5, suggesting future multivariate comorbidity studies should not assume various panic/agoraphobia diagnoses are invariably fear disorders.
Aristophanes, Amphiaraus , Fr.29 (Kassel-austin): Oracular Response or Erotic Incantation?

A hexametrical couplet from Aristophanes' lost Amphiaraus has in the past been interpreted as a fragment of an oracular response
In Vivo Detection and Quantification of Chemicals that Enhance Protein Stability

We have devised protein-folding sensors that link protein stability to TEM-1 β-lactamase activity. The addition of osmolytes and other compounds with chemical chaperone activity to the growth medium of bacteria containing these sensors increases β-lactamase activity up to 207-fold in a dose-dependent manner. This enables the rapid detection and sensitive quantification of compounds that enhance in vivo protein stability.
Computing Flight Departure Times Using an Advanced First-Come First-Served Scheduler

This paper presents a novel algorithm to compute departure times for aircraft travers-ing through a prede ned node-link structure by combining two previously developed al-gorithms. Both the algorithms are based on the rst-come rst-served principle so thatdeparture time is computed for one aircraft at a time assuming that once the schedule iscomputed it cannot be changed. The rst algorithm, that has been previously used fortrac ow management studies, can impose capacity constraints both on the nodes andlinks. However, transit times cannot be changed, which resulted in poor utilization ofresources. The second algorithm, developed for a study about arrival metering, imposedcapacity constraints only on the nodes, but allowed variation of link transit times.The new algorithm eciently computes required ground and airborne delays for eachight that minimizes the departure delay and ensures earliest possible arrival time for thegiven ight. Using this algorithm, a sensitivity study was performed to investigate theimpact of allowing transit time variation by scheduling about 48,000 ights over the entireUS using di erent ranges for maximum and minimum speeds. Simulation results show thatthe new scheduler can reduce the average per ight departure delay by 42% compared to xed transit time scheduling when the transit time can vary between -3% and 15% of thenominal value. The average per ight delay was reduced by 30% even when the transittimes are only permitted to increase by 5%.
Pancreatic Cancer and Thrombosis

Although pancreatic cancer is recognized as a major risk factor for venous thromboembolism, the exact magnitude of the problem is not known. The incidence varies from 17% to 57% depending on different studies. The effect of venous thromboembolism on outcomes in not well defined and there is no known independent predictor of survival. This review is an update from the current American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting regarding the impact of thrombotic events on the clinical outcomes, the association of tissue factor and thrombotic events, and the primary prevention of venous thromboembolism in pancreatic cancer patients undergoing active treatment. Image: University of Connecticut Health Center. Farmington, CT, USA
Robust local community detection: on free rider effect and its elimination

Given a large network, local community detection aims at finding the community that contains a set of query nodes and also maximizes (minimizes) a goodness metric. This problem has recently drawn intense research interest. Various goodness metrics have been proposed. However, most existing metrics tend to include irrelevant subgraphs in the detected local community. We refer to such irrelevant subgraphs as free riders. We systematically study the existing goodness metrics and provide theoretical explanations on why they may cause the free rider effect. We further develop a query biased node weighting scheme to reduce the free rider effect. In particular, each node is weighted by its proximity to the query node. We define a query biased density metric to integrate the edge and node weights. The query biased densest subgraph, which has the largest query biased density, will shift to the neighborhood of the query nodes after node weighting. We then formulate the query biased densest connected subgraph (QDC) problem, study its complexity, and provide efficient algorithms to solve it. We perform extensive experiments on a variety of real and synthetic networks to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methods.
Clinical usefulness of FDG PET in differentiated thyroid cancer.

Well-differentiated thyroid cancer is recognized as being one of the most curable of all neoplasms. This low mortality is attributed to effective surgical resection of the primary tumor, subsequent 131I ablation or therapy, and more sensitive methods of detecting disease. Recurrent disease detection
Impact and Challenges of Chemoinformatics in Drug Discovery

Abstract The last decade has witnessed the integration of systems biology and Chemoinformatics datasets. Many open source and commercial programs have streamlined drug discovery research efforts. In this chapter, we report the predictive accuracy of PASS and MetaDrug, two commercial Chemoinformatics programs, in deciphering biological activity of the test compound PE3. Both programs identified PE3 as an antineoplastic and antiviral agent. PASS recognized PE3 as a photosensitizer with a high degree of confidence, while MetaDrug failed to determine this important property. Overall, PASS predicted the biological properties of PE3 better than MetaDrug. At present, no single Chemoinformatics program can conclusively predict the biological activity spectrum of new chemical entities (NCEs). Therefore, we recommend using several Chemoinformatics programs and experimental data to predict drug-like properties of NCEs. Such an approach may accelerate drug discovery.
Gender-Based Attitudes and Father Involvement: Amount, Assessment, and Desires for More

In this article, structural equation modeling is used to examine direct and indirect paths between gender-based attitudes, how much fathers were involved in their children’s lives, how much more or less they would have liked to have been involved, and their perceptions of how good of a job they did as a father. Qualitative data are used to help contextualize the quantitative data. Sixty-eight fathers of emerging adults participated. As hypothesized, more egalitarian attitudes are associated with more involvement, which is in turn related to more favorable perceptions of how good of a job they think they did as a father. Less egalitarian attitudes are associated with less involvement, which is in turn related to fathers reporting that they would have liked to have been more involved in their children’s lives.
Challenges to the humanitarian community: the role of academia in advancing best practices and policy promotion.

The Humanitarian Action Summit is unique in that it focuses solely on chronic, unsolved problems facing the humanitarian community. As an academically-based format, it provides an environment whereby health professionals, non-governmental organizations, donors, academic institutions, governmental agencies, advocates, and the media address and identify potential deliverables and products to improve best practices, field implementation, and policy promotion and acceleration. The Humanitarian Action Summit was preceded by year-long, online Working Groups that addressed human resource development, civilian protection in conflict, information communication and data management, collaboration and collective action in the health sector, mental health in crises and conflict, and the global burden of surgical disease. The Humanitarian Action Summit also addressed new and emerging humanitarian crises such as climate change, the influence of the military on humanitarian aid, and urbanization. This article focuses primarily on an inherent weakness of the humanitarian community—that of promoting humanitarian action into policy. The goal and process of developing a partnership relationship with a policy level institution to address this problem is described in detail.
The Effects of Cyclic Conjugation and Bending on the Optoelectronic Properties of Paraphenylenes

Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) have optoelectronic properties that are unique when compared to their acyclic oligoparaphenylene counterparts. The synthesis and characterization of two bent heptaphenyl-containing macrocycles has been achieved in order to probe the effects of bending and cyclic conjugation on the properties of the CPPs. The study suggests that both bending and cyclic conjugation play a role in the novel properties of the CPPs.
Status of the stippled studfish Fundulus bifax, a killifish endemic to the Tallapoosa River basin, USA

The stippled studfish Fundulus bifax, which is endemic to the Tallapoosa River sys- tem of Alabama and Georgia, USA, has been considered at risk due to habitat degradation. Req- uisite habitat for this species is clean water over clean sand in small or large streams. F. bifax is apparently extirpated in Georgia, and appears increasingly uncommon in Alabama. This has resulted in a global ranking of N2N3, imperiled/vulnerable, from NatureServe. In 2008, 24 Tal- lapoosa River drainage sites in Alabama were visited in an effort to document the current status of this species. Many of these were locations where the fish has been collected since 1980, as docu- mented in the University of Alabama Ichthyology Collection. At least 1 individual was found in each of 6 different creek systems in Coosa, Elmore, Randolph, and Tallapoosa Counties. This is a contraction of what has been considered this species' range, and appears to be the result of habitat degradation. To examine genetic variation between existing populations, and between 2 closely related species, 852 bases of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 10 individuals were com- pared through neighbor-joining and Bayesian tree building, and through calculating genetic dis- tance, D. Both analyses showed existing populations of F. bifax to be monophyletic, with low genetic variation between them. Neither of its putative closest relatives, F. catenatus and F. stel- lifer, was found to be more closely related to F. bifax. The future of the species is in doubt, with 6 disjunct populations being vulnerable to further habitat degradation and diminished gene flow.
Azide Functional Monolayers Grafted to a Germanium Surface: Model Substrates for ATR-IR Studies of Interfacial Click Reactions

High-quality azide-functional substrates are prepared by a low temperature reaction of 11-bromoundecyltrichlorosilane with UV–ozone-treated germanium ATR-IR plates followed by nucleophilic substitution of the terminal bromine by addition of sodium azide. The resulting monolayer films are characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), and ellipsometry. XPS and ellipsometric thickness data correspond well to the results of molecular model calculations confirming the formation of a densely packed azide-functional monolayer. These azide-functional substrates enable interfacial “click” reactions with complementary alkyne-functional molecules to be studied in situ by ATR-IR. To illustrate their potential utility for kinetic studies we show that, in the presence of copper(I) catalyst, the azide-modified surfaces react rapidly and quantitatively with 5-chloro-pentyne to form triazoles via ...