cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Effects of Video Analysis for Special Educators Related to Intervention Characteristics, Dependent Variables, and Student Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Single-Case Research:

Video analysis is effective for changing the instructional practices of a variety of special educators in different settings and contexts; however, questions remain regarding whether (a) interventi...
Fire and land cover change in the Palouse Prairie–forest ecotone, Washington and Idaho, USA

Prairie–forest ecotones are ecologically important for biodiversity and ecological processes. While these ecotones cover small areas, their sharp gradients in land cover promote rich ecological interaction and high conservation value. Our objective was to understand how historical and current fire occurrences and human development influenced the Palouse Prairie–forest ecotone. We used General Land Office survey field notes about the occurrence of bearing trees to locate historical (1870s to 1880s) prairie, pine savanna, and forest at the eastern edge of the bioregion. We combined LANDFIRE Existing Vegetation classes to contrast historical land cover with current land cover. We reconstructed historical fire occurrence (1650 to 1900) from fire-scarred trees. We used fire and lightning records from 1992 to 2015 to interpret the role of people and lightning. Historically, the ecotone was a matrix of prairie with extensive savanna and some forest. More than half of the ecotone area was prairie, which is now dominated by agriculture, with some residential development. The 16% of the landscape that was pine savanna is now forest or shrubs, agriculture, perennial vegetation under the Conservation Reserve Program, or developed; no savanna now exists. Forests covered 12% of the ecotone and these are still mostly forest. Fires were historically frequent, occurring on average every 5 to 8 years at most sites. Lightning was not frequent but could likely have been sufficient to ignite fires that could spread readily given the rolling terrain and long fire season. Fire was far more frequent historically than currently. Conservation, restoration, and other ongoing land-use changes will likely result in more continuous vegetation and hence fuel for fires. Lightning and people may ignite fires that therefore spread readily in the future. Understanding the past and potential future of fire in the Palouse Prairie bioregion may help us live with fire while conserving ecological values here and in similar prairie–forest ecotones.
Clinical evaluation of pelvic floor muscle training for faecal incontinence in children

Objective To evaluate the clinical results of pelvic floor muscle training for fecal incontinence in children. Methods There were 28 children (19 males and 9 females; aged from 4 to 12 years) with fecal incontinence. All of them underwent operation because of anorectal malformation (23 cases) and Hirschsprung's disease (5 cases). Their clinical anal scores were between 3 and 4. Anorectal manometry indicated all children had normal rectal sense, low resting anal canal pressure and anal squeeze pressure (above 80mmHg). All were received pelvic floor muscle training by biofeedback technique for 2 weeks (30mins every day) in hospital. Two weeks later, they were requested to do pelvic floor muscle exercise at home. Anorectal manometry and clinical evaluation were finished before training, 2 weeks and 1 year after training. Results Five children given up training because they could not cooperate. In the other 23 children, anal squeeze pressure, squeeze time and clinical scores increased after 2 weeks and 1 year later. Nine children who could not insist on the exercise had poor anal function, and the other 14 children who could insist on exercise had better results. Conclusions Pelvic floor muscle training had good results for fecal incontinence in children, but it needs to insist on for a long time. Key words: Fecal incontinence; Biofeedback
Gastroenterology Clinical Trials Transparency: An Analysis of Publication Rates From the ClinicalTrials.gov Database.

Introduction There is limited information on the transparency of gastroenterology clinical trials. Methods The ClinicalTrials.gov database was searched for trials focused on most common gastrointestinal diseases up to August 2018. Adherence to reporting of results to the database or in publication form was recorded for each trial along with trial characteristics. Results Of the 2,429 trials included in the final analysis, 1824 (75%, 95% confidence interval: 73.4%-76.8%) had results on ClinicalTrials.gov or in the form of a publication. However, only 534 (29%) had results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov. Discussion Improvement of clinical trial transparency is needed in gastroenterology.
Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injury in US Military Academy Cadet Basic Training: A Survival Analysis Evaluating Sex, History of Injury, and Body Mass Index.

Background:Injury incidence for physically active populations with a high volume of physical load can exceed 79%. There is little existing research focused on timing of injury and how that timing d...
Learning To Pose Mathematical Problems: Exploring Changes in Preservice Teachers' Practices.

Learning to pose mathematical tasks is one of the challenges of learning to teach mathematics. How and when preservice teachers may learn this essential practice,however, is not at all clear. This paper reports on a study that examined the changes in the problem posing strategies of a group of elementary preservice teachers as they posed problems to pupils. It reports that their later problem posing practices significantly differed from their earlier ones. Rather than posing traditional single steps and computational problems, these preservice teachers ventured into posing problems that had multiple approaches and solutions, were open-ended and exploratory, and were cognitively more complex. Their problem posing style also changed. Rather than making adaptations that made students' work easier or narrowed the mathematical scope of the problem, their adaptations became less leading and less focused on avoiding pupils' errors. Posing problems to an authentic audience, engaging in collaborative posing, and having access and opportunities to explore new kinds of problems are highlighted as important factors in promoting and supporting the reported changes.
A Code Motion Framework for Global Instruction Scheduling

A framework for global instruction scheduling is developed that progressively improves a given instruction schedule by eliminating delay slots in the schedule one at a time through the application of global code motions. The elimination of a delay slot is carried out in two steps: a goal oriented search which identifies a global code motion or a cascade of code motions that eliminate the delay without introducing additional delay slots in critical areas of the program; and a transformation step in which the code motion is performed along with compensation code placement and application of code optimizations enabled by code motion. The framework is powerful in that it incorporates code hoisting, including speculative hoisting, code sinking, and integrates partial redundancy elimination and partial dead code elimination optimizations with the code motion transformations. The framework is flexible in that it allows formulation of new as well as existing powerful scheduling strategies, allows restrictions to be placed on the type of instructions involved in code motion, the program regions from which the instructions can be selected for code motion, and the extent to which code motion alternatives are explored. The framework is efficient because it computes the required data dependence information on demand from the program control flow graph. Thus, it neither requires exhaustive precomputation of all data dependencies and nor their representation in form of a dependence graph prior to scheduling.
A Stochastic Method for Face Image Super-Resolution

In surveillance applications, cameras are usually set up with wide fields of view to capture as much of the scene as possible. This normally results in low-resolution images of the objects of interest. Since most image analysis applications require high or medium resolution inputs, the development of approaches aiming at improving the quality of these image regions has been an active research area in the last few years. A new family of approaches, based on statistical machine learning, aims at analyzing large data sets of images of a particular class of objects and learning the mapping from low-quality to high-quality images of that class. This enables them to infer, for example, the most likely high-resolution face image depicting the same person as a low-resolution image given as input. These super-resolution algorithms are time-consuming, due to the need for exhaustive search in a database of models. This work improves the efficiency of face image super-resolution using stochastic search for local modeling. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm generates high-quality face images from low-resolution inputs while reducing the computation time dramatically.
Solar Wind Control of High Latitude Dayside Current Systems

A great deal of accumulated evidence suggests that the dayside high latitude ionospheric electrodynamics are strongly controlled by conditions in the solar wind, and particularly by the strength and orientation of the interplanetary electric field. Evidence for this is reviewed with particular emphasis upon new observations from August 2, 1991 showing an apparent direct modulation of the high latitude DPY current system by a time variation in the IMF By (IEF Ez) component. The IMP-8 satellite, Greenland magnetometers and the Sondre Stromfjord incoherent scatter radar provide a rich set of data for analysis of the time varying electrodynamic coupling during this event.
Development of a method for estimating motor efficiency and analyzing motor condition

There is a need for an efficiency estimation tool that can be used easily and with a reasonable level of confidence so that motors can be evaluated for replacement with energy-efficient motors in a simple, cost-benefit analysis. In addition, it would be desirable to assess the condition of the motor at the same time the efficiency is being measured. This report provides an overview of various methods for estimating the operating efficiency of a motor without actually removing it from service and testing it on a dynamometer; the report also provides a concept for including a motor condition diagnostic into the same tool. The efficiency estimation and motor diagnostic tool needed for the cost-benefit analysis must be easy to use, without disrupting the operating process and must provide reasonable accuracy.
A protocol for data availability in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks in the presence of insider attacks

In Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), establishing trust relationships between the nodes in a decentralized fashion has been an important research issue for a long time. If the sender nodes accurately identify the legitimate nodes in the network, a robust routing can be provided while mitigating the effects of malicious nodes. Further, there is always a mutual interaction between a sender and its neighbor nodes during the communication. This mutual interaction can be easily modeled as a game between two or more players (one player being the sender and the rest being the receivers). Regardless of its type (legitimate or malicious), each player attempts to maximize its benefit during the game by choosing an optimal strategy. In this paper, we propose a secure and robust routing scheme in which the interaction between the sender and receiver nodes is modeled using a dynamic Bayesian game model. A repeated game is considered and opinions of a node about the types of other nodes is established using an acknowledgement mechanism from the destination. The proposed method uses the intersection of game theory, trust establishment and coding theory to resist colluding Byzantine (insider) attacks. The scheme guarantees the availability of message as long as a legitimate path exists. Through simulations we will show the efficiency of the scheme with respect to latency, availability and energy consumption in the presence of adversary.
On Radial Functions and Distributions and Their Fourier Transforms

We give formulas relating the Fourier transform of a radial function in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) and the Fourier transform of the same function in \(\mathbb{R}^{n+1}\), completing the analysis of Grafakos and Teschl (J. Fourier Anal. Appl. 19:167–179, 2013) where the case of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) and \(\mathbb{R}^{n+2}\) was considered.
The use of acetylation in the quantitative separation of ephedrine from procaine

Aqueous solutions of ephedrine give practically quantitative yields of the N-acetyl derivative by the action of acetic anhydride in the presence of excess bicarbonate. Under the same conditions procaine appears to acetylate at its primary amino group to yield a product which is basic by virtue of its tertiary nitrogen. The wide difference in properties of the acetyl derivatives of the two drugs permits their separation by simple extraction procedures, and the gravimetric determination of ephedrine as its acetyl derivative. The presence of small amounts of bisulfite greatly hinders the acetylation of ephedrine. The presence of ephedrine does not interfere in the determination of procaine by bromination.
Plenary Lecture. Phase transitions and critical phenomena in polar smectic A liquid crystals

Abstract Since the discovery of a phase transition between two polymorphic forms of the smectic A phase, there has been a considerable amount of experimental as well as theoretical work on strongly polar materials exhibiting different smectic A phases. These studies have led to the observation of a variety of new phase transitions and critical phenomena which are rarely encountered in any other area of condensed matter physics. We review briefly some of these important results.
On the statistics of vision: The Julesz conjecture☆

Abstract This paper describes a class of random patterns which have the same first-, second-, and third-order statistics as coin tossing, but are visually different. The patterns are counterexamples to a conjecture of Julesz that all the eye can discriminate is first- and second-order statistics.
Environmental melodrama, coal, and the politics of sustainable energy in The Last Mountain

The Last Mountain is a 2011 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) film. It examines an aggressive form of strip mining in West Virginia known as mountaintop removal (MTR). The Last Mountain was the first of more than 40 MTR films to be distributed nationally and, as such, marks the entry of the issue onto the political scene in the USA. This essay analyses the film’s use of environmental melodrama to define the problems related to MTR and create identification between victims of MTR and viewers. However, the latter portion of the film attempts to scale up from the melodramatic depiction of MTR to advocacy on broader issues regarding renewable energy and global climate change. In doing so, the film breaks with melodramatic form, draining its emotional power, foreclosing systemic political action, and limiting its overall effectiveness as a sustainability narrative.
Molecular SIMS at surfaces: Thiophene on silver

Abstract Molecular SIMS, an important development in mass spectrometry of complex organic molecules, has application to the analysis of reactive adlayers on surfaces. We report here the discovery by SIMS of thiophene self-hydrogenation on silver foil.
New trends in cranio-orbital and midface distraction for craniofacial dysostosis.

Purpose of reviewSyndromic craniofacial dysostosis remains one of the most challenging diagnoses in congenital craniomaxillofacial surgery. Distraction osteogenesis has held the promise of greater facial movements with improved stability, less morbidity and more favorable functional and esthetic out
A High-Resolution, High-Speed Film Scanner System Using Optically Butted Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs)

The advent of solid-state linear charge-coupled devices (CCD's), as well as the recent developments in high-speed digital-computing elements, has made possible real-time processing of video image information at high data rates. An end-to-end (film transparency in to image out) mechanization of a high-resolution, high-speed film scanning system employing optically butted linear CCD's is described. The system includes a precision film scanner, a digital data transmitter that performs 2:1 differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) data compression as well as data serialization, and a digital data receiver that performs the inverse data compression algorithm. End-to-end system offset and gain correction are performed in real time on a pixel-by-pixel basis, removing objectionable artifacts caused by CCD nonuniformities. The resulting video data stream can either be viewed on a soft copy TV monitor or be read into a hard copy laser recorder. The scan spot size and pitch are less than 3 microns.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Seasonal growth in the bivalve Macoma balthica near the southern limit of its range

Shell-length growth inMacoma balthica from San Francisco Bay, California, as measured on living animalsin situ, is highly seasonal despite a mild Mediterranean climate: a long period of near non-growth from May to the following February is followed by a short period of rapid growth between March and May. The rapid-growth period follows the spawning period during January/February and ends as water temperature rises above about 15°C. Despite the shortness of the growth period,M. balthica grows larger at a given age in San Francisco Bay than is recorded elsewhere in the world. Application of a model, developed elsewhere from these same field measurements, shows that (1) measurable growth occurs during the summer/autumn/early winter “nongrowth” period, (2) there is an autumn recruitment, and (3) both spring and autumn recruits combine to form a single “one-year-old” size grouping. None of these features is detectable through growth-ring analysis of field samples, apparently because of indistinct climatic seasons, or through size-frequency histogram analysis because of the combined effects of slow growth and intermittent recruitment.
Gastric adenocarcinoma in patients 40 years of age or younger

BACKGROUND : Gastric adenocarcinoma is considered a disease of the middle aged and elderly and has been infrequently reported in patients under 40 years of age. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of young patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma and to compare the demographic, clinical and pathologic features of younger and older patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. METHODS : A retrospective cohort study using tumor registry records of all patients with gastric adenocarcinoma diagnosed from 1982 through 1996 at a public teaching hospital. Demographic, clinical, and pathologic comparisons were made between patients younger than 41 years of age and race- and sex-matched older patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. RESULTS : Thirty of 203 (15%) cases of gastric adenocarcinoma were diagnosed in patients less than 41 years (range 23 to 40). Male to female ratio was 1 :1. Young patients were more likely to be black (33% versus 17%, P = 0.04) Both younger and older patients presented with advanced disease, with nearly half of each group having metastases. Twelve of 29 (41%) younger patients were operated on without a histologic diagnosis of gastric adenocarcinoma in contrast to only 1 older patient (P < 0.001). One of 30 (3%) young patients is alive 39 months following gastrectomy. Twenty patients died and the remaining 9 were lost to follow-up, all with known residual or recurrent disease. Six-month survival of young patients (23%) was less than older patients (42%) (P = 0.14). Young patients were more likely to have diffuse histology (80% versus 55%, P = 0.12). Overt infection with Helicobacter pylori was uncommon in both groups. CONCLUSIONS : Young patients accounted for an unusually high proportion of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma diagnosed at our public teaching hospital. Young patients were significantly more likely to be black and less likely to have an accurate preoperative histologic diagnosis. Both young and older patients presented with advanced disease and had poor survival. Young patients were more likely to have diffuse histology and had poorer 6-month survival, suggesting a more aggressive variety of the disease in this group.
Tooth Storage, Dental Pulp Stem Cell Isolation, and Clinical Scale Expansion without Animal Serum

Abstract Introduction Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have therapeutic potential for dentin and dental pulp regeneration. For regenerative approaches to gain clinical acceptance, protocols are needed to determine feasible ways to store teeth, isolate DPSCs, and expand them to clinical scale numbers. Methods In this study, 32 third molars were obtained from patients and immediately placed in saline or tissue culture medium followed by overnight storage at 4°C or immediate isolation of DPSCs. Upon isolation, cells were expanded in medium containing either fetal bovine serum (FBS) or human serum (HS). Cell proliferation (population doubling time [PDT]), cell surface marker expression, and multipotency were compared between DPSCs in FBS and DPSCs in HS. Results The time frame of storage and storage medium did not affect the ability to isolate DPSCs. However, using HS instead of FBS in the initial isolation of DPSCs significantly decreased (P Conclusions These findings show a clinically feasible method of storing third molars for the isolation of DPSCs. Additionally, DPSCs can be isolated and expanded to clinical scale numbers in media devoid of FBS and still maintain their phenotypic properties.
Regulating the suppressors: apoptosis and inflammation govern the survival of tumor-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC)

Immune suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are present in most cancer patients where they inhibit innate anti-tumor immunity and are a significant obstacle to cancer immunotherapy. Inflammation is a known inducer of Gr1+CD11b+ MDSC; however, the factors/conditions that regulate MDSC survival and half-life have not been identified. We have used mass spectrometry (MS) and proteomic analysis to identify proteins and pathways that regulate MDSC survival. This analysis revealed high expression of caspase family proteins and the Fas–FasL, p38 MAPK, and TGFβ pathways, suggesting that Fas–FasL apoptosis regulates MDSC survival. Flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and western blot analyses confirmed the MS findings and demonstrated that Fas+ MDSC are susceptible to Fas-mediated killing in vitro. In vivo studies with FasL-deficient and Fas-deficient mice demonstrated that Fas–FasL interactions are essential for MDSC apoptosis and for rejection of established metastatic disease and survival and that FasL+ T cells are the effector population mediating MDSC apoptosis. MS findings validated by biological experiments demonstrated that inflammation increases MDSC levels by protecting MDSC from Fas-mediated apoptosis, possibly by activating p38 MAPK. These results demonstrate that MDSC half-life in vivo is regulated by FasL+ T cells and that inflammation increases MDSC levels by conferring resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis and identifies T cells as the relevant effector cells causing MDSC apoptosis in vivo. This newly recognized mechanism for regulating MDSC levels identifies potential new targets for decreasing MDSC in cancer patients.
Leaching: use of a thermophilic and chemoautotrophic microbe.

A chemoautotrophic, thermophilic, and acidophilic microorganism capable of oxidizing reduced sulfur and iron compounds and leaching concentrates of molybdenite and chalcopyrite at 60°C has been characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. This constitutes the first direct observations of microorganisms on ore fines.
Particle and field measurements on two J-series 30 centimeter thrusters

Tests were performed to characterize the particles and fields associated with two 30 cm mercury ion thrusters operating independently and simultaneously. Flux rates and energies of ions and their distribution around the thrusters were determined. Facility effect ions were measured and their effect on thruster created flux measurements was assessed. The flux rate and distribution of sputtered metal atoms was determined and compared with theory and previous measurements. Mapping of the potential fields in the near vicinity of the thrusters was accomplished.
Analysis of 2-D state-space periodically shift-variant discrete systems

Two-dimensional (2-D) periodically shift-variant (PSV) digital filters are considered. These filters have applications in processing video signals with cyclostationary noise, scrambling digital images, and 2-D multirate signal processing. The filters are formulated in the form of a Givone-Roesser (GR) state-space model with periodic coefficients. This PSV model is then presented in block form as a shift-invariant system that also has the same GR state-space form. This block form has reduced computations and ease of analysis. An algorithm is developed that transforms any given 2-D PSV GR system to its equivalent shift-invariant model. Invertibility of this model is an important consideration, especially in image scrambling applications. A condition is established for the invertibility of the shift-invariant model of the 2-D PSV system. Also, the inverse system can be easily computed from the original. The established results are illustrated with an example.
New tools for the design of kinetically controlled reactive distillation columns for ternary mixtures

Abstract Reactive distillation is an emerging technology that has great potential as a process alternative for carrying out liquid phase chemical reactions. Systematic design methods for reactive distillation systems have only recently begun to appear, and so far these have been restricted to systems at chemical equlibrium. It is not always economical, however, to operate reactive distillation columns close to reaction equilibrium conditions. In this paper we present a design procedure for kinetically controlled reactive distillation columns for ternary mixtures, and demonstrate the concepts for reactions of the type 2C⇔ A + B. We show that the amount of liquid holdup per stage has a significant effect on the design, and that there is a sharp minimum in the total column holdup, at fixed product compositions, as the liquid holdup on each stage is varied.
Wave motion resulting from adhesive avalanche between metallic surfaces

Atomistic simulations of impacting copper surfaces were performed using a many-body potential defined by the embedded-atom method. In the course of impact, as the impact surfaces approach each other, an adhesive avalanche occurs. That is, at a separation of roughly 2 A beyond the bulk interplanar spacing, one or both surface layers becomes unstable and abruptly moves towards the other. The adhesive avalanche signals a transition from an initial system with two distinct surfaces (at the impact interface) to one possessing no identifiable surfaces. This motion generates a brief ({lt}1 psec) but strong (10 GPa) tensile wave ahead of a compressive shock wave, which propagate away from the interface into the bulk. The tensile wave appears at impact velocities as low as 10 m/sec. Similar dynamic effects appear in a broad range of materials, and indeed may be of fundamental importance in phenomena underlying adhesion, friction, and wear.
Underrepresentation of older adults in cancer trials.

We share the concern expressed by Dr Hurria and colleagues1 in their Viewpoint regarding the underrepresentation of older adults in cancer trials submitted for registration with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We disagree with the Institute of Medicine’s (IOM) recommendation to “amend patent law to provide patent extensions of up to six months for companies that conduct clinical trials”2 in this population. The Pediatric Research Equity Act, which provides 6 months of market exclusivity for manufacturers that study their products in children and which serves as the basis for this recommendation, has a more complex legacy than Hurria et al1 acknowledged.
Correlation-constrained approach to partial image-based modeling

Computer models of real world objects and scenes are essential in a large and rapidly growing number of applications, hence motivating the automatic generation of models from images. While the completeness and accuracy of extracted models may be essential in some cases, in applications such as image-based view synthesis in which the goal is to produce new views of a scene, partial models with limited accuracy may produce satisfactory results. In this paper a method is described for partial image based-modeling which relies on a sparse set of matching points between several views. While a sparse set of matching points may be obtained more reliably, it provides only partial information on the reconstructed scene and uses only a small subset of the information contained in the images. Consequently, in the proposed approach, correlation constraints are used in order to test hypotheses in projective space so as to improve the correctness of the reconstructed model. The correlation constraints are based on all the image pixels belonging to the convex hull of the matched point set, thus utilizing a large amount of the information contained in the images. The same constraints are then used to modify the reconstructed model by detecting zones in which the model should be broken into several parts in order to accommodate occlusions in the scene and in order to smooth planar surfaces composed of several polygons. The paper provides demonstration of the application of the proposed approach to image-based view synthesis and geometric distortion correction in document images.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Choose the red pill and the blue pill: a position paper

In the movie "The Matrix," our hero Neo must choose between taking the Blue Pill and continuing to live in an online, synthesized fantasy world, or taking the Red Pill and joining the real world. The fantasy world appears to those living in it to be full of flowers and trees and big steak dinners, but unknown to them contains malicious Agents who can alter any portion of the world to suit their needs. The real world, in turn, while real, has no visible sun, and the people have only gray mush for food.Authorization and authentication of online transactions across a network requires a trusted path between the user and the server. We posit that those who attempt to solve this problem by creating the trusted path on the general-purpose operating system have taken the Blue Pill and are living in a fantasy world. One simply cannot properly secure a general-purpose operating system.Solving the problem by taking the Red Pill and completely replacing currently used operating systems with ones that we can properly secure does not seem palatable. We suggest a solution that involves taking both the Blue Pill and the Red Pill: providing the trusted path by means of a separate device with a secure operating system, used in tandem with the existing general purpose operating system. Most user interaction occurs on the un-trusted system, with the secure device only being used to finalise transactions.We believe that the technology required for such a device is readily available. Obviously our idea is not a completely novel idea; prior work in the area has had a similar goal. However, most of those attempts have not properly addressed the requirements for the trusted system, generally preferring to use existing general-purpose systems even when on a "dedicated device." [Balfanz 1999] [Kingpin 2001] Others have a very limited scope of use. [Blakely 2004].We identify a minimum set of requirements for the trusted device. This paper does not provide a working solution (it is a position paper after all); we simply define how one should approach that working solution. Because we advocate a hybrid system it is possible to simplify the trusted system to a point where it would not be usable as a general purpose system, which should make the trusted system rather easier to build and have confidence in.
Organizational Learning: Philippine Agrarian Reform Under Martial Law

Using data from personal interviews, non-participant observations, and alterna tive sources, the Philippine Agrarian Reform Program (ARP) is characterized. An organizational learning model is used to describe and analyze the policy- making and implementation processes as the program progressed under condi tions of martial law. As a result of martial law, decision-making was fragmented. The President unilaterally made decisions with input from close advisors who largely acted on the basis of intuition.. Comprehensive analysis of the Philippine ARP revealed that the program was the victim of incomplete learning. Govern mental decision-making was characterized by Audience Learning, Superstitious Learning, Learning Under Ambiguity and Role-Constrained Learning.
Accumulation of heavy metals by soybean from sludge-amended soil

Abstract Accumulation of cadmium, nickel, chromium, copper, zinc, manganese, and iron by soybean from a sewage sludge-amended Enon soil was investigated in the glasshouse. Soybeans Glycine max (L.) of Bragg and Ransom varieties were grown in pots to the flowering stage, at which time the shoots were sampled for elemental analysis. The shoots were separated into leaves and stems, and then analysed for heavy metal concentrations. There was an increase in dry matter production by plants grown in sludge-amended soil, and concentrations of cadmium, nickel, chromium, copper and zinc were greater in soybean leaves and stems obtained from sludge-amended than control soils. Heavy metal concentration in soybean tissue increased with increasing levels of sludge. Accumulation of the heavy metals was consistently greater in the leaves than in the stems with the exception of nickel in Bragg soybeans. In general, there was greater accumulation of the heavy metals by Bragg than Ransom tissue. In the case of manganese, there was a decrease in concentration as the sludge rate increased in both the soybean varieties. Iron concentration decreased in Bragg leaves whereas it was unaffected in other tissues. The rate of heavy metal accumulation measured in this study was zinc > copper > nickel > chromium > cadmium.
Revision of the Neotropical arboreal spider genus Syntrechalea (Araneae, Lycosoidea, Trechaleidae)

Abstract The spider genus Syntrechalea is redefined and revised with a total of seven species recognized. The previously described species S. tenuis F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1902 and S. reimoseri Caporiacco 1947 are redefined. Syntrechalea porschi Reimoser 1939 is a new junior synonym of S. tenuis. Trechalea syntrechaleoides Mello-Leitao 1941 is transferred to the genus Syntrechalea. The males of S. tenuis and S. syntrechaleoides are described for the first time. A lectotype is designated for Syntrechalea reimoseri (Caporiacco 1947). Three new species, S. adis, S. caporiacco, and S. brasilia, are described from both males and females. The new species S. caballero is described from only the female, and S. napoensis is described from only the male. The arboreal nature of the genus is emphasized and discussed.
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of meconium peritonitis.

The ultrasonographer may be the first physician to suggest the presence of a fetal abnormality. A case of prenatally-detected meconium peritonitis is presented, with sonographic and radio-graphic correlation.
Pre‐Hispanic Beer in Coastal Peru: Technology and Social Context of Prehistoric Production

The native Andean beer, chicha, played a variety of roles in pre-Hispanic Peruvian societies. Commonly made from maize, chicha was both the everyday beverage and an essential element in ritual and social interactions. Most important, political leaders had to reward corvee labor groups with chicha and food as part of the “hospitable repayment” lords were obligated to provide their subjects. The article describes an archeological investigation of chicha production in a non-elite residential sector at Manchan, the Chimu Empire's (A.D. 900–1470) regional center in the Casma Valley of the Peruvian North Coast. Two issues are considered: the technical process and the social context of chicha-making. In both cases, ethnohistoric and ethnographic data are used to develop archeological correlates for different aspects of the technology and social context of chicha-making. The archeological data indicate that (1) the equipment for chicha-making was generally available, (2) different households episodically produced large quantities of chicha, and (3) this production took place within a self-sufficient household and without extensive state involvement by the Chimu Empire.
Characterizing output for the Varian enhanced dynamic wedge field

The output factor for an enhanced dynamic wedge (EDW) field, like that for a dynamic wedge field, is a complex function of the field dimension in the wedge direction. The large change in output for different field sizes (varying more than 40% for a 60 degrees wedge angle) is due to rescaling of the golden segmented treatment table (GSTT), which specifies the cumulative monitor unit weighting as a function of moving jaw position. The rescaling of the GSTT results in increased output on the central axis with a decrease in the value of the final moving jaw position in the wedge plane. The output factor (in air or in water) on the central axis of an EDW field can be predicted to within 1% by multiplying the output factor (in air or in water) of an open field of the same size with the ratio of the normalized GSTT (NGSTT) value at 4.5 cm, which corresponds to a 10 cm x 10 cm square field, to the NGSTT value at the final moving jaw position for the EDW field. Once the NGSTT factor is separated from the output for EDW fields, the field-size-dependent wedge factor varies less than 1%. This approach allows a simple and accurate determination of the output factor for rectangular and asymmetric EDW fields. The equivalent square method for determining output for rectangular fields applies to EDW fields with the same precision as it does to open fields. The output for EDW fields strongly depends on the final moving jaw position. Every 5-mm change in the final moving jaw position causes 3.5-5.4% error in monitor unit calculation.
PERINATAL MORTALITY IN CARIBOU FROM THE PORCUPINE HERD, ALASKA

During the 1989 caribou (Rangifer tarandus) calving season on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska (USA), 61 calf carcasses were examined for cause of death and associated pathology. Dead calves were located by low-level aerial searches with two fixed-wing aircraft and a helicopter over high density calving areas between the Hulahula and Aichilik rivers. Primary diagnoses included emaciation (39%), malnutrition (8%), stillbirth (21%), trauma (16%), other primary causes (7%), and undetermined causes (8%). Twenty calves had contributory renal tubular degeneration. The findings indicate that factors contributing to nutritional deprivation in calves were the major cause of neonatal mortality; however, factors affecting stillbirth, abortion, or the urogenital system may have major effects on neonatal caribou and warrant further investigation.
Nonequilibrium c(2×2) island formation during chemisorption: Scaling of spatial correlations and diffracted intensity

During chemisorption, islands often form in which adspecies have superlattice spacing. Upon meeting, these coalesce if in phase, and form a domain boundary otherwise. Manifestly nonequi- librium island distributions can develop as a result of kinetic limitations, and a metastable saturation state of domain boundaries may, in turn, result. We analyze irreversible cooperative filling models for the formation of c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) islands, where island structure is kinetically determined, and extensive coalescence near saturation produces a ``percolative'' domain structure. We show that the associated dramatic increase in domain size, and fractal domain structure, are not reflected in the spatial pair-correlation or diffracted-intensity behavior. Consequently, we identify quasi-one-dimensional measures of domain size which better reflect correlation-length behavior. These are then used to develop scaling relations for pair correlations and diffracted intensities. A special case of our model describes metastable c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)O/Fe(001) formed after exposure of Fe(001) to ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O.
Hypotensive brain stem necrosis in a stillborn.

Hypotensive brain stem necrosis is reported in a stillborn. Additional postmortem findings included evidence of intrauterine distress, shock, and a pure blood culture of group B β-hemolytic streptococci. These findings suggest group B β-hemolytic streptococcal sepsis in utero, with a subsequent episode of transitory circulatory failure prior to intrauterine demise.
Top Management Leadership Style and Quality of Care in Nursing Homes

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the association of Nursing Home Administrator (NHA) leadership style and Director of Nursing (DON) leadership style with quality of care. Design and methods Leaders were categorized into 4 groups: consensus managers, consultative autocrats, shareholder managers, or autocrats. This leadership style assessment came from primary data collected from approximately 4,000 NHAs and DONs that was linked to quality information (i.e., Nursing Home Compare Quality Measures and 5-Star rating scores) and nursing home information (i.e., Online Survey, Certification, And Reporting data). Results A consensus manager leadership style has a strong association with better quality. Top managers using this style solicit and act upon input from their employees. For NHAs exhibiting this leadership style, the coefficients on 5 of the 7 quality indicators are statistically significant, and all 7 are significant when the DON exhibits this style. When the NHA and DON both have a consensus manager leadership style, 6 of the 7 quality indicator coefficients are significantly associated with better quality. Implications The findings indicate that NHA and DON leadership style is associated with quality of care. Leadership strategies are amenable to change; thus, the findings of this study may be used to develop policies for promoting more effective leadership in nursing homes.
C−C Bond Scission in Ethane Hydrogenolysis

C−C bond scission steps are often considered rate-determining in ethane hydrogenolysis. This paper is devoted to the calculations of the activation energies of these steps using the unity bond index−quadratic exponential potential method, formerly known as the bond-order conservation−Morse potential method. Binding energies of atomic carbon with groups VIII and IB metals Ni(111), Pd(111), Pt(111), Rh(111), Ru(0001), Ir(111), Fe(110), Cu(111), and Au(111) are estimated from experimental data on the chemisorption of various species on these surfaces. The resulting estimates are corrected taking into account DFT data on CHx binding energies. The strengths of carbon binding to the surfaces allow arranging the metals into the following series: Cu(111) < Au(111) < Pd(111) < Ru(0001) < Pt(111) ≈ Ni(111) < Rh(111) < Ir(111) < Fe(110). The values of carbon binding energies range from 122.9 kcal/mol for Cu(111) to 192.5 kcal/mol for Fe(110). The activities of these surfaces toward C−C bond scission increase in the...
A Positron Tomograph Employing a One Dimension BGO Scintillation Camera

A detector employing a pseudo-continuous ring of BGO and analog type position sensing has been constructed. It is fabricated using 360 2 × 3 × 0.4cm BGO detector elements, a light guide 1 × 1.6 × 51cm ID and 90 2cm diameter PM tubes. The position of a scintillation event is identified using logic based on a maximum likelihood estimator. A stationary high spatial resolution high detection efficiency tomograph is achieved using this approach.
Influence of grain size and texture on Hall–Petch relationship for a magnesium alloy

Friction stir processing was applied to a magnesium alloy to generate various grain sizes with the same intense basal texture. Subsequent tensile deformation along two orthogonal directions by easy activation or inhibition of basal slip follows the Hall–Petch relationship between yield stress and grain size in both directions. The Hall–Petch parameters are texture dependent. Easy activation of basal slip introduces lower values, while inhibition of basal slip leads to higher values. The Hall–Petch parameters are interpreted by texture and microstructural factors.
Time-Dependent Impedance of the Electro-oxidation of Methanol on Polished Polycrystalline Platinum

We measured the time dependence of the impedance of the electro-oxidation of methanol on polished polycrystalline platinum immersed in a solution of sulfuric acid. The impedance data were fit to a model for a reaction containing one adsorbed intermediate to obtain four physical parameters. The time dependence of these parameters illuminates how a change in the coverage of an adsorbed intermediate and the buildup of other poisons affects the kinetics and mechanism of the electro-oxidation of methanol. These results further support our conclusions based on the potential dependence of the impedance, that is, four potential regions exist between 200 and 800 mV vs RHE where a change in the mechanism for the electro-oxidation of methanol occurs (Melnick, R. E.; Palmore, G. T. R. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 1012.). We hypothesize that changes in the mechanism are caused by the presence of four different species that contain oxygen, each belonging to a specific potential region with the more reactive species at h...
Conformal field theory and a topological quantum theory of vortices and knots

Abstract We examine the two-dimensional quantum field theory with topological action rmTr ∫ d 2 xϵ ij ( 1 4 F ij [Φ ∗ ,Φ] − D i Φ ∗ D j Φ) . In the semi-classical limit the action will be dominated by self-dual vortices associated with singularities in the reduction of a four-dimensional topological theory to a Riemann surface. We propose that the creation operators for these vortices can be identified with the primary fields of a current algebra, and this leads to fractional statistics for the vortices. Expressing the Berry phase associated with unwinding a knot in terms of the phase for exchanging two vortices then provides a link between conformal field theory and the Donaldson theory of four-manifolds. If self-duality is imposed as a gauge condition, the low-temperature limit of the theory resembles the world-sheet action for a superstring.
THE EFFECT OF RISK ON PRICE LEVELS AND MARGINS IN INTERNATIONAL WHEAT MARKETS

The effects of price risk on equilibrium price levels and marketing margins in U.S.-Japan wheat trade are analyzed in this article. This issue is investigated using a bivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model. In both the short and long run, increased wheat price risk has little effect on U.S. export prices, but positively affects Japanese import prices and the size of the international marketing margin. However, the impact of price risk appears to be fairly small except during extremely volatile periods, such as during the mid-1970's.
Electrical conductivity—differential thermal analysis measurements on some MnHgI4 complexes

Abstract The electrical conductivity (EC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves of MnHgI4 complexes (M = Ag1+, Cu1+, Hg22+, Tl1+ and Pb2+) and HgI2 and AgI are reported. The EC—DTA curves were obtained for each of the following heating—cooling modes: (a) initial heating; (b) cooling; and (c) reheating. Each set of curves is discussed. The effect of sample history was also studied.