cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mirroring versus simulation: on the representational function of simulation

Mirror neurons and systems are often appealed to as mechanisms enabling mindreading, i.e., understanding other people’s mental states. Such neural mirroring processes are often treated as instances of mental simulation rather than folk psychological theorizing. I will call into question this assumed connection between mirroring and simulation, arguing that mirroring does not necessarily constitute mental simulation as specified by the simulation theory of mindreading. I begin by more precisely characterizing “mirroring” (Sect. 2) and “simulation” (Sect. 3). Mirroring results in a neural process in an observer that resembles a neural process of the same type in the observed agent. Although simulation is often characterized in terms of resemblance (Goldman, Simulating minds: The philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of mindreading, 2006), I argue that simulation requires more than mere interpersonal mental resemblance: A simulation must have the purpose or function of resembling its target (Sect. 3.1). Given that mirroring processes are generated automatically, I focus on what is required for a simulation to possess the function of resembling its target. In Sect. 3.2 I argue that this resemblance function, at least in the case of simulation-based mindreading, requires that a simulation serve as a representation or stand-in of what it resembles. With this revised account of simulation in hand, in Sect. 4 I show that the mirroring processes do not necessarily possess the representational function required of simulation. To do so I describe an account of goal attribution involving a motor mirroring process that should not be characterized as interpersonal mental simulation. I end in Sect. 5 by defending the conceptual distinction between mirroring and simulation, and discussing the implications of this argument for the kind of neuroscientific evidence required by simulation theory.
Transamidation reactions in the formation of macrocyclic lactams. A total synthesis of celacinnine

Abstract The macrocyclic spermidine alkaloid, celacinnine, has been synthesized by methods involving successive ring expansion reactions. One route starts with 4-phenyl-2-azetidinone; another, with piperidazine.
The effect of an aqueous environment on the surface hardening of silver chloride

Abstract The surface hardness of single crystal silver chloride, while in contact with an aqueous environment, has been measured as a function of orientation and concentration of silver ion in solution. A correlation was observed between surface hardness and experimentally measured space charge potential. A possible hardening mechanism has been proposed.
A century of monitoring weather and crops : The Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin.

Abstract Publication of a national weekly weather summary called the Weekly Weather Chronicle began in 1872. This summary was the precursor of today's Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin (WWCB), a publication that reports global weather and climate conditions relevant to agricultural interests, as well as current national activities and assessments of crop and livestock conditions. The WWCB is produced by the Joint Agricultural Weather Facility (JAWF), a world agricultural weather information center located in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) headquarters in Washington, D.C., and jointly staffed by units of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climats. Analysis Center and USDA's World Agricultural Outlook Board and National Agricultural Statistics Service. Besides featuring charts and tables (e.g., temperature and precipitation maps and crop progress and condition tables), the WWCB contains summaries and special stories highlighting significant weather events affecting agriculture, ...
Crystal Packing, Steric Effects, and Heteroatoms: Comparison of N,N-Dimethylpyrrolidinium, Piperidinium, and Morpholinium Iodide Salts

N,N-Dimethylpiperidinium iodide (PIP11I) has P21/n symmetry at −150 °C. The crystal packing of the ions of PIP11I is compared with that reported for N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium iodide (PYR11I) and N,N-dimethylmorpholinium iodide (MORP11I). Despite the differences in cation structure, PYR11I and PIP11I have essentially identical ion crystal packing. This is not the case, however, for PIP11I and MORP11I. The phase behavior and thermal stability of the three salts have also been compared to examine the influence of crystal packing on thermal properties.
Advancing Prevention Research on Child Abuse, Youth Violence, and Domestic Violence Emerging Strategies and Issues

Prevention research on the related problems of child abuse, youth violence, and domestic violence has grown at an accelerating pace in recent years. In this context, a set of shared methodological issues has emerged as investigators seek to advance the interpersonal violence prevention knowledge base. This article considers some of the persistent methodological issues in these areas and points out emerging research strategies that are forging advances in garnering valid, rigorous, and useful knowledge to prevent interpersonal violence. Research issues and emerging strategies in three key domains of prevention research are considered, including complexities in validly conceptualizing and measuring varying forms of violence as specific targets for preventive intervention, research issues and strategies designed to reliably predict and identify future violence risk to be targeted by preventive intervention, and research issues and emerging strategies in the application of empirical methods to forge specific advances in preventive intervention strategies themselves.
Relationship between size hierarchy and density of trees in a tropical dry deciduous forest of western India

Questions: Density dependence is thought to restrict exponential growth as well as give rise to size structure in populations. Size hierarchy in trees from tropical dry deciduous forests is studied to ask (1) whether nature of competition is symmetric or asymmetric and (2) what is the self thinning trajectory under a natural gradient of tree density. Location: Western India. Methods: Density was measured as the number of trees in 10-m radius circular plots (n = 96) and size was measured at DBH. Size variation was evaluated by the Gini coefficient (n = 1239 trees). Results: Size inequality between neighbours decreased with density but in a non-linear manner. In the backdrop of existing theory this indirectly suggests that competitive interactions may be symmetric over a ʻdepletiveʼ resource such as below-ground water (rather than a ʻpre-emptiveʼ resource such as light), which is very plausible in a semi-arid environment. The self thinning coefficient derived from the relationship between stem diameter and density (γ ≈ –1/4), is higher than expected from existing models of allometric plant growth (γ ≈ –1/3) which are based on above-ground interactions alone. Seen in conjunction, these results suggest that above-ground structures, such as stem size, do not adequately represent the outcome of competitive interactions when below-ground resources, such as water, may be more important under semi-arid conditions. Conclusions: The non-linear relationship between size inequality and density indicates that there exists a density threshold beyond which investment in above-ground biomass becomes sluggish in semi-arid, deciduous forests. Since current allometric models do not incorporate below-ground biomass for trees, these data suggest that a more comprehensive allometric growth model may have higher predictive power and wider applicability.
NONEXISTENCE OF ION ACOUSTIC WAVES AND LANDAU DAMPING DRIVEN ELECTROSTATICALLY IN AN IDEAL Q MACHINE.

A computer was used to simulate ion acoustic wave generation by a grid. The self-consistent grid sheath and nonlinear effects were included. The experimentally observed wave propagation and Landau damping were reproduced quantitatively. Turning off the self-consistent electric field far from the grid left the "streaming" nature of the distribution function, the structure of the waves, and the magnitude of the damping essentially unchanged.
Mechanism of maturase‐promoted group II intron splicing

Mobile group II introns encode reverse transcriptases that also function as intron-specific splicing factors (maturases). We showed previously that the reverse transcriptase/maturase encoded by the Lactococcus lactis Ll.LtrB intron has a high affinity binding site at the beginning of its own coding region in an idiosyncratic structure, DIVa. Here, we identify potential secondary binding sites in conserved regions of the catalytic core and show via chemical modification experiments that binding of the maturase induces the formation of key tertiary interactions required for RNA splicing. The interaction with conserved as well as idiosyncratic regions explains how maturases in some organisms could evolve into general group II intron splicing factors, potentially mirroring a key step in the evolution of spliceosomal introns.
Cadmium-induced alterations of gene expression in human cells

Abstract We have reported the changes in gene expression in human HeLa cells exposed to a low concentration (5 μM) of Cd. In the present study, cells exposed to a higher concentration of Cd were analyzed using a DNA microarray with 9182 human cDNA probes, in an attempt to obtain a comprehensive view on the biological effects of Cd. After a 6 h exposure to 50 μM Cd, 48 genes were up-regulated 2.5-fold or greater and 14 genes were down-regulated to 40% or less. Marked up-regulation of genes coding for metallothioneins, anti-oxidant proteins, and heat shock proteins was observed. Cd appeared to repress cell proliferation by modulating genes involved in multiple pathways. Cd also affected a number of genes related to apoptosis. Interestingly, it appeared that a series of genes were regulated to accelerate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, while others were directed to suppress the extrinsic pathway. Of these, rapid and transient induction of the TR3 gene was noted as a possible key process in Cd-induced apoptosis. Effects on several genes that may reflect mechanistic backgrounds of Cd toxicity were also observed. The present study disclosed a complex pleiotypic response of human cells to Cd, which was composed of a variety of changes in gene expression directed to defense, growth arrest, recovery from damage, apoptosis and so on.
Schizophrenia-like deficits in auditory P1 and N1 refractoriness induced by the psychomimetic agent phencyclidine (PCP).

Abstract Objectives : The amplitude of the cortically generated auditory event-related potential (ERP) components P1 and N1 decreases as the interval between successive stimuli (ISI) decreases. Although the phenomenon of P1 and N1 refractoriness is well established, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study investigates P1 and N1 refractoriness in the awake monkey in order to investigate underlying mechanisms. Methods : Auditory ERP were obtained in response to repetitive auditory stimuli presented at 5 levels of ISI between 150 ms and 9 s, prior to and following administration of the selective N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist phencyclidine (PCP). Results : P1 and N1 amplitude declined in monkeys with decreasing ISI, with similar temporal characteristics to that observed in humans. PCP inhibited P1 and N1 generation at long, but not short, ISI producing a pattern similar to that recently observed in schizophrenic subjects. Conclusions : The present findings suggest that the primate P1/N1 model may be useful for investigating mechanisms underlying impaired information processing in schizophrenia, and that NMDA receptor dysfunction may play a key role in information processing dysfunction associated with schizophrenia.
Use of a phased vector array US catheter for EUS.

Abstract Background: Existing EUS catheter probes have limited depth of penetration and lack color flow and Doppler capabilities. This study prospectively assessed the feasibility and safety of using a phased vector array US catheter in the human GI tract. Methods: Eleven patients underwent EUS with a steerable 9F phased vector array catheter. Images obtained with the catheter were compared with standard EUS images. Results: The GI wall layers were equally well imaged with the catheter compared with standard echoendoscopes in 90% of the cases. Images of the liver, spleen, pancreatic parenchyma, and pancreatic duct were of equal quality and resolution with both techniques in the majority of patients. Some deeper structures and blood vessels were better visualized with the catheter. No complications were encountered. Conclusion: The steerable phased vector array US catheter is a safe device when used in the GI tract and offers images comparable with those obtained with a dedicated echoendoscope. Further studies are needed to determine the accuracy of tumor staging and clinical utility of this device.
THE HISTORY OF SURGERY OF THE THORACIC AORTA

As the largest and longest artery, the aorta is particularly vulnerable to aneurysm formation, which, in severe cases, can lead to rupture and fatal hemorrhage. Because aneurysms are the most common indication for surgery of the thoracic aorta, this article emphasizes the treatment of these lesions. Surgical therapy of thoracic aortic lesions has a relatively brief history, and optimal treatment became possible only in the late 1950s, with the advent of synthetic graft substitutes. Earlier methods included ligation, introduction of foreign material, and stimulation of periarterial fibrosis.
Using INS border apprehension data to measure the flow of undocumented migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico frontier.

"This article examines how data on INS [Immigration and Naturalization Service] border apprehensions are related to the flow of undocumented migrants crossing the southern U.S. border. Its centerpiece is a demographic model of the process of unauthorized migration across the Mexico-U.S. frontier. This model is both a conceptual framework that allows us to see theoretical linkages between apprehensions and illegal migrant flows, and a methodological device that yields estimates of the gross number of undocumented migrants. One implication of the model is that, for the first time, the relation between apprehensions and illegal flows can be examined empirically. We show that the ratio in each period between apprehensions and the undocumented flow is simply the odds of being located and arrested on any given attempt to enter the United States clandestinely."
Development of radioimmunoassay for motilin

Abstract A highly specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for motilin has been developed. High titers of motilin antisera were produced in rabbits by repeated immunization with synthetic porcine motilin coupled to bovine serum albumin. Motilin was radioiodinated with Na[ 125 I] by the chloramine-T method and was purified using a CM-Sephadex C-25 column eluted with ammonium acetate gradient at pH 5.9. A specific radioactivity of 300 to 400 μCl/μg was usually obtained. Untreated plasma showed significant nonspecific interference in the assay; however, the interference could be minimized by extracting the plasma with methanol. All of the known gastrointestinal hormones were tested and showed no cross-reactivity at 10 ng/ml. Plasma motilin levels in dogs were significantly increased within 3 min, after an intraduodenal bolus injection of 50 ml of 0,1 n HCl. This increase coincided with a marked increase in myoelectrical activities of the duodenum.
Synaptogenesis in chick paravertebral sympathetic ganglia: a morphometric analysis

Abstract Synaptogenesis was studied in lumbar sympathetic ganglia of chicken by light and electron microscopic morphometric methods. At 10 days in ovo, fewer than 1% of the adult number of synapses are present. The total numbers of synapses and of synaptic vesicles per ganglion increase progressively with age; however, the majority of both are formed after 30 days after hatching. The average number of synaptic vesicles per synapse increases several fold after hatching. The number of synapses and of synaptic vesicles per ganglion increase roughly in concert with biochemical markers of presynaptic development (activity of choline acetyltransferase and levels of acetylcholine) as well as postsynaptic development (tyrosine hydroxylase; based on biochemical data reported elsewhere). The amount of acetylcholine and activity of choline acetyltransferase per synaptic vesicle at 10 days in ovo are 8 and 27 times the corresponding adult values. By 1 day after hatching, these ratios have fallen to near adult levels. These data are consistent with the early presence of cholinergic neuroblasts, as suggested by others, and suggest further that such cholinergic neuroblasts are eliminated, or their cholinergic properties suppressed, before hatching.
The composition of fat from icterus swine

The fatty acid composition of depot fats from 18 “icterus swine” has been determined. These fats represented back, belly, and abdominal fats. Depot fats from comparable carcass locations in nine normal swine were examined in the same manner. The fatty acid composition of depot fats from “icterus swine” corresponds well with that from the same carcass location of normal swine. The yellow fat in “icterus swine” is believed to be due to bile pigments or similar substances deposited by the pig under the conditions of disease existing in the animal. This yellow fat (from diseased swine) differs from that observed by Beadle,et al. (1), in that it has an apparently normal linolenic acid content whereas they found an abnormal linolenic acid content which they ascribed to dietary effects.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition: A Preliminary Study of Validity:

The concurrent validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC–III) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition was investigated using a sample of 40 nonreferred children. There were significant correlations between the WISC-III Full Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Composite (.817, .789, .609) and Area Scores (.357 to .763) of the Stanford-Binet–IV. There were no significant differences between the mean WISC–III and Stanford-Binet–IV scores. Despite differences in content, format, and administration, both tests yielded comparable results.
Physiology of the frontal eye fields

The monkey frontal eye fields contain cells which perform a spectrum of oculomotor-related activities. For example, there are three types of cells involved in presaccadic activity; visual cells that are often enhanced when visual stimuli are used as saccade targets, movement cells that discharge before purposive (but not spontaneous) saccades, and visuomovement cells that discharge best or solely before visually-guided saccades. Electrical stimulation at a given site in the frontal eye fields evoke saccades that are very similar, both in amplitude and direction, to the saccades associated with maximal presaccadic activity at that site. We conclude that the physiology of monkey frontal eye fields corroborates the classical hypothesis that this cortex participates in the initiation of voluntary eye movements.
A simple approach to improve lightning performance of an uprated substation

This paper presents a simple method to minimize lightning surges entering an uprated or compact substation. A severe lightning stress is caused by a backflashover in close proximity to the substation. Feasibility of uprating is based on the surge arrester technology available at present. However, some aspects of line design offer opportunities in reducing frequency and severity of lightning surges imposed on the substation. The tower surge response adds an inductive 'overshoot' only during the front of the stroke which reduces considerably during the tail. If backflashover does not occur before reflections from adjacent towers arrive, it is unlikely to occur at all. Use of guys and underbuilt ground wires in the limiting distance will produce reflections with larger magnitude and reduce the effective surge impedance of the tower. This would not only reduce backflashover frequency but will also minimize crest and duration of surges entering the substation.
Failure analysis of solder joints with a damage-coupled viscoplastic model

This paper presents failure analysis of solder joints with a damage-coupled viscoplastic model. A material model is developed to characterize the elasticity, plasticity, creep and damage of solder. A semi-implicit time-integration approach is adopted for the numerical implementation of the solder model. This solder model has been implemented into finite element codes developed at Sandia National Laboratories and into the commercial, finite element code ABAQUSTM with its user-defined material subroutine UMAT. Finite element analyses are performed on solder joints with the new solder constitutive model and mesh dependency of these analyses is investigated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tuberculous arthritis of the shoulder: Delayed diagnosis aided by arthrography

Tuberculous arthritis of the shoulder was not diagnosed in an 80-year-old man with Addison's disease until the appearance of a draining abscess in his arm. Initially signs, symptoms, x-rays and laboratory studies were consistent with calcific tendonitis and degenerative arthritis. Then an arthrogram demonstrated a connection between the shoulder joint and the abscess. A high level of suspicion for tuberculous arthritis should be maintained in an elderly patient whose past medical history is suspicious for tuberculosis and whose articular complaints are chronic.
Immersive virtual environments, understanding the impact of design features and occupant choice upon lighting for building performance

Abstract Studies have shown that occupant behavior has a significant impact on a building's overall performance and energy consumption. The objective of this study is to understand occupants' lighting-use behavior by investigating the influence of manual and semi-automatic control systems on lighting-use in a single-occupancy office space. 114 participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions that varied in available lighting control options in an immersive virtual environment. They were asked to adjust the room's lighting by choosing one of the following lighting control options: (1) manual control system for artificial lights and interior shades; (2) same options as condition 1 and a semi-automatic control system for the shades; (3) same options as condition 1 and a semi-automatic control system for the artificial lights; and (4) same options as condition 1 and semi-automatic control systems for both the artificial lights and shades. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the participants were significantly more likely to use natural light if there was only a semi-automatic control system to control the shades. However, they were not more likely to use natural light if they were given semi-automatic control options for both the artificial lights and shades.
From theory to practice in road safety policy: Understanding risk versus mobility

This paper reviews theoretical issues surrounding transport safety modeling and the implications for road safety policy. The behavioral mechanisms that affect transport safety are typically not considered in safety modeling. These issues are discussed in the context of trade-offs between risk-taking, as perceived by travelers, and other mobility objectives and the attributes associated with them. This is an extension of other theoretical frameworks, such as risk compensation, and attempts to integrate some of the previous frameworks developed over the years. Various examples of behavioral adaptation to specific policies are discussed and linked to the framework. These issues are then discussed in the context of improvements to empirical work in this area and the linkage of theoretical frameworks to crash modeling, in particular the estimation and use of Crash Modification Factors. Conclusions suggest that there are many deficiencies in practice, from estimation of models to choice of effective policies. Progress is being made on the former, while the publication of practical guidance seems to have substantial lags in knowledge.
STUDY OF THE PERTURBATION SERIES FOR THE GROUND-STATE ENERGY OF A MANY- FERMION SYSTEM

In order to investigate the validity of the Brueckner and the simple sum of the ladder diagrams approximations to the energy of an infinite system of fermions, we have calculated as a function of density all the terms in the perturbation expansion through the fourth order in the strength of the potential. We have done this for a repulsive, square-well, two-body potential spin-\textonehalf{} fermions. We are able to construct rigorous upper and lower bounds from the coefficients for the value of the ladder approximation and find that the standard solution procedures give reasonably accurate results (within a few percent). We find that the error in the solution as obtained in practice to the equations of the Brueckner approximation is large compared to the size of its departure from the ladder approximation. We further find for low-to-moderate densities and for low-to-moderate potential strengths that the Brueckner approximation both as a sum of a certain class of diagrams and as computed in practice lies above the ladder approximation while the complete perturbation theory lies below it. This result arises from the neglect of the ring diagrams by the Brueckner approximation.
Ultra high optical nonreciprocity using silicon microring resonators

An ultra high nonreciprocal transmission ratio of 40 dB is achieved using an all-silicon optical diode. By experimentally studying the power dynamics of individual microring resonators, we investigate the device mechanism and offer improvements.
Global Benchmarking of Marketing Doctoral Program Faculty and Institutions by Subarea

This study benchmarks marketing doctoral programs worldwide in five popular subareas by faculty and institutional scholarly impact. A multi-item approach identifies a collection of top-tier scholar...
Calibrating Energy Conversion Networks for utility optimization and risk management

We demonstrate modeling and parameter estimation of flexible energy systems used in campus and municipal scale utilities with complex energy requirements, multiple fuel sources, and requiring substantial operational flexibility. Useful models should accurately predict the work production of these flexible utilities. A framework for such a model is a class of bilinear models for estimating the efficiency of complex and flexible energy utilities [9]. This framework, which we call Energy Conversion Networks (ECN), may be used to determine financially optimal operating conditions and opportunities for financial and operational hedging by the utility operator [8], [10].
Changes in Airtightness Levels of Six Office Buildings

This paper reports the changes in the overall airtightness values of six tall Canadian office buildings. These buildings, which are 10 to 25 stories high, were built between 1964 and 1974 and were previously tested shortly after their construction. The results indicate that as a result of various retrofit measures applied, except for one building, the building envelopes are more airtight now than 20 years ago. The improvement in the overall airtightness value at 50 Pa ranges from 0 to 43% of its original value. Details are discussed in the paper.
Vancomycin Tolerance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Influence of Vancomycin, Daptomycin, and Telavancin on Differential Resistance Gene Expression

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates that are susceptible to vancomycin but are tolerant to its killing effect may present a potential challenge for effective treatment. This study compared the microbiologic characteristics of clinical vancomycin-tolerant (VT-MRSA) and vancomycin-susceptible (VS-MRSA) strains using phenotypic and gene regulation studies. MRSA isolates collected from vancomycin-treated patients with bacteremia over a 5-year period were analyzed for vancomycin, daptomycin, and telavancin susceptibility, as well as accessory gene regulator (agr) group and function. Vancomycin tolerance was defined by a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) ratio of ≥32 mg/liter. VT-MRSA isolates were compared to VS-MRSA isolates for differences in antimicrobial susceptibility, time-kill activity, and gene expression of key cell envelope response genes vraSR, dltA, and mprF. All 115 isolates evaluated were susceptible to vancomycin, daptomycin, and telavancin. Seven isolates (6%) were VT-MRSA. agr group II was more prevalent in isolates with vancomycin MBC/MIC ratios of ≥8. In time-kill analyses, VT-MRSA had reduced vancomycin killing, but daptomycin and telavancin activities were maintained. Significantly greater gene expression was observed in VT-MRSA after 72 h of subinhibitory antibiotic exposures. Vancomycin most notably increased vraSR expression (P = 0.002 versus VS-MRSA strains). Daptomycin and telavancin increased expression of all genes studied, most significantly mprF expression (P < 0.001). Longer durations of antibiotic exposure (72 h versus 24 h) resulted in substantial increases in gene expression in VT-MRSA. Although the clinical impact of VT-MRSA is not fully recognized, these data suggest that VT-MRSA strains, while still susceptible, have altered gene regulation to adapt to the antimicrobial effects of glyco- and lipopeptides that may emerge during prolonged durations of exposure.
Environmental stochasticity: empirical estimates of prairie vole survival with implications for demographic models

A rich theory exists regarding the potential impact of correlations among vital rates on population projections derived from demographic models. However, relatively little is known about the magnitude of correlations among vital rates in natural populations, particularly in mammals. We used 30 years of mark–recapture data from a population of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner, 1842)) to test for differences in survival among mass classes and sexes, in correlations among vital rates, in correlations between vital rates and environmental factors, and in autocorrelation in vital rates. Estimated monthly survival rates did not differ significantly among mass classes and there were no significant cross-correlations among mass classes. Survival of large prairie voles increased in mild winters (i.e., warm temperatures and low snowfall). Survival rates of medium and large voles were negatively autocorrelated at time lags of 9–12 months, and survivals of large voles were positively autocorrelated for tim...
Single Chamber Electrolyte Supported SOFC Module

An electrolyte supported single chamber solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) module consisting of two cells has been proposed. The module consists of one Sm-doped CeO 2 (SDC) electrolyte substrate (0.5 mm thick with the size of 5× 10 mm), two Ni-SDC anodes on one side, and two SDC-(La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O 3 cathodes on the other side. Two modules with different electrode areas were prepared and tested using an air-propane mixture. The electrode area had a strong influence on the performance of the module. It was shown that the two-cell module generated 1.5 V open-circuit voltage and about 17 mW maximum power at 550°C.
Summarization of Wearable Videos Based on User Activity Analysis

This paper presents a model for automatic summarization of videos recorded by wearable cameras. The proposed model detects various user activities by computing the transform of matching image features among video frames. Four basic types of user activities are proposed, including "moving closer /farther", "panning", "making a turn", and "rotation". Different summarization techniques are provided for different activity types, and a wearable video sequence can be summarized as a compact set of panoramic images. The user activity analysis is solely based on the analysis of images, without resorting to the information of other sensors. Experimental results on a 19- minute video sequence demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model.
The role of adaptivity in two-level adaptive branch prediction

Seeking high branch-prediction accuracy, architects are making use of the extended history of individual branches. One approach is to divide the branch prediction task into two levels: the first records the results of previous branches; the second makes predictions based upon previous instances in which particular patterns arose. PAg predictors use simple state machines in the second level to provide adaptive predictions. We show that this adaptive level benefits from a high level of hysteresis. We further show that, if the predictions for this second level are fixed rather than adaptive, i.e. a PSg organization, the performance can be superior to that of PAg predictors for short branch histories and close to PAg performance for longer predictors. The patterns of errors among these schemes provide insight into the workings of a wide variety of two-level schemes.
The Harmony of the Faculties in Recent Books on the Critique of the Power of Judgment

I had paid my dues to Evelyn Wood, but just because there was not all that much to read.1 I pity the graduate student who sets out to write a dissertation on the third Critique now: since Donald Crawford, Francis Coleman, Jens Kulenkampff, Eva Schaper, and I published books on Kant's aesthetics between 1974 and 1979 there has been a continuing flood of articles (this journal receives more submissions on Kant's aesthetics annually than on any other historical topic) and books, a flood that has only accelerated since 2000.2 Confining myself only to monographs and anthologies on Kant's aesthetics or the third Critique as a whole (but not those devoted exclusively to teleology) in English, German, and French on my shelves, and no doubt missing some, at least in German and French, I find twenty-eight monographs and anthologies published in the period between 1980 and 1999 and another twenty-seven just since 2000. (Indeed, two more have arrived on my desk since this article was written.)3 Someone setting out to work on the third Critique now has at least as many books from the last decade alone to read as I had in 1971 from the eight preceding decades. The present review will make only a small dent in this pile: I will discuss just five monographs and one introduction to the third Critique, all published in English in 2006 and 2007.
High electron mobility InAs nanowire field-effect transistors

Single-crystal InAs nanowires (NWs) are synthesized using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and fabricated into NW field-effect transistors (NWFETs) on a SiO(2)/n(+)-Si substrate with a global n(+)-Si back-gate and sputtered SiO(x)/Au underlap top-gate. For top-gate NWFETs, we have developed a model that allows accurate estimation of characteristic NW parameters, including carrier field-effect mobility and carrier concentration by taking into account series and leakage resistances, interface state capacitance, and top-gate geometry. Both the back-gate and the top-gate NWFETs exhibit room-temperature field-effect mobility as high as 6580 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), which is the lower-bound value without interface-capacitance correction, and is the highest mobility reported to date in any semiconductor NW.
The Past as a Foreign Country? Some Methodological Implications of Doing Historical Criminology

This article describes methodological issues that arose from the author’s research on early modern women’s imprisonment in order to reflect on broader questions about how crime and punishment are studied. She demonstrates that the ways in which a criminologist interprets his or her data, what evidence exists, and the emotional repercussions of writing on crime and punishment reveal the researcher’s ethical stance towards his or her subjects and the allegiances he or she creates with them. These problems of interpretation, evidence and emotion transcend time and culture and are built into the research goals of the discipline of criminology itself. Eighteenth-century France incarcerated its citizens on an unprecedented scale, locking them up in a variety of institutions that together made up the Hopital General. The poor, the mentally ill and the criminal were most at risk of confinement. This article will describe just one section of an institution in the Paris Hopital General—the women’s prison in the Hopital de la Salpetriere—in order to reflect on some of the methodological ramifications of doing historical research as a criminologist. 1 In particular, I will consider how historical research into the prison contributes to an understanding of imprisonment today. Thus, through a description of aspects of the regime and population of Salpetriere I shall reveal that neither the chronology nor the purpose of the prison is fixed. As the US engages more vociferously in its own form of mass incarceration, it seems we have entered another period of ‘grand renfermement’ (Foucault 1980). However, the legitimacy of such an extensive and institutionalized form of state violence is no clearer now than it was in the seventeenth or eighteenth century. Today, more than ever, a glance to the past is timely. By examining the imprisonment of women from a historical perspective, I seek to uncover continuities with the present, not just in the causes and experiences of punishment, but also in the research process itself. In this paper I shall concentrate on three methodological problems raised by historical inquiry. In doing so, I rely on Peter Linbaugh’s (1992) The London Hanged, in which he describes the responses of the working poor in London to crime and capital punishment. First, and for him most importantly, Linbaugh makes clear that any account of punishment needs to explore the perspective of those subject to it, in order to appreciate the variety of ways it is interpreted (Linbaugh 1992: Introduction). Second, he points out that although certain voices— specifically those of women and children—will necessarily be harder to hear than others, this does mean that we should ignore them (Linbaugh 1992: 437–8). And third, as he
Gas trapping in normal infants and in infants with cystic fibrosis

Two different methods for estimating trapped gas volume have been described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to use both of these methods to estimate and compare trapped gas volumes in normal infants and infants with cystic fibrosis (CF). Thirty normal infants and 29 infants with CF, ages 1 month to 3 years, were studied. Pulmonary function tests, including raised volume forced expiratory flows, plethysmographic functional residual capacity (FRCpleth), and fractional lung volumes, were measured. Then functional residual capacity was measured by nitrogen washout (FRCnitrogen). Following nitrogen washout, lungs were then inflated three times to 30 cm H2O, using 100% oxygen. This process was repeated until no further nitrogen could be washed from the lungs. The volume of trapped gas (tg) was calculated from the total additional amounts of nitrogen expired following lung inflations. The difference between FRCpleth and FRCnitrogen provided a second estimate of trapped gas volume (delta V). Mean tg and delta V values for normal infants were 2.5 ± 3.5 ml and 15.6 ± 30.4 ml, respectively. Mean tg and delta V values for infants with CF were 5.8 ± 7.7 ml and 33.2 ± 43.8 ml, respectively. Both tg and delta V did not differ significantly between normal infants and infants with CF. Measured following raised volume forced expiratory maneuvers, delta V and tg do not distinguish infants with CF from normal infants as well as do other currently available tests of infant lung function. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:461–469. © 2004 Wiely-Liss, Inc.
The Flora Field, Blocks 31/26a, 31/26c, UK North Sea

Abstract The Flora Field straddles Blocks 31/26a and 31/26c of the UK sector of the North Sea on the southern margin of the Central Graben. The field is located on the Grensen Nose, a long-lived structural high, and was discovered by the Amerada Hess operated well 31/26a-12 in mid-1997. The Flora Field accumulation is reservoired within the Flora Sandstone, an Upper Carboniferous fluvial deposit, and a thin Upper Jurassic veneer, trapped within a tilted fault block. Oil is sourced principally from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the Central Graben and is sealed by overlying Lower Cretaceous marls and Upper Cretaceous Chalk Group. Reservoir quality is generally good with average net/gross of 85% and porosity of 21%, although permeability (Kh) exhibits a great deal of heterogeneity with a range of 0.1 to
Emotional strain and organizational citizenship behaviours: A meta-analysis and review

Abstract This paper provides a qualitative review and quantitative summary of the relationship between emotional strain and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), and discusses five potential moderators of the strain-OCB relationship. OCB refers to discretionary behaviours that benefit organizations and their members. Emotional strain is important to consider because it has a broad impact on employee behaviours and is possibly more fundamental than other forms of strain. However, it has received less attention than aspects of job-related strain, such as job dissatisfaction. Based on the results of 29 empirical studies with 52 unique effect sizes, meta-analytic results revealed a negative relationship between strain and OCB (corrected estimate of the population correlation coefficient, ρ=−.16). Furthermore, this relationship is moderated by the type of OCB (OCB directed at the organization vs. that directed at individuals), type of organization (private vs. public), publication status (published vs. u...
Survival of Cold-Stressed Campylobacter jejuni on Ground Chicken and Chicken Skin during Frozen Storage

Campylobacter jejuni is prevalent in poultry, but the effect of combined refrigerated and frozen storage on its survival, conditions relevant to poultry processing and storage, has not been evaluated. Therefore, the effects of refrigeration at 4°C, freezing at 20°C, and a combination of refrigeration and freezing on the survival of C. jejuni in ground chicken and on chicken skin were examined. Samples were enumerated using tryptic soy agar containing sheep’s blood and modified cefoperazone charcoal deoxycholate agar. Refrigerated storage alone for 3 to 7 days produced a reduction in cell counts of 0.34 to 0.81 log10 CFU/g in ground chicken and a reduction in cell counts of 0.31 to 0.63 log10 CFU/g on chicken skin. Declines were comparable for each sample type using either plating medium. Frozen storage, alone and with prerefrigeration, produced a reduction in cell counts of 0.56 to 1.57 log10 CFU/g in ground chicken and a reduction in cell counts of 1.38 to 3.39 log10 CFU/g on chicken skin over a 2-week period. The recovery of C. jejuni following freezing was similar on both plating media. The survival following frozen storage was greater in ground chicken than on chicken skin with or without prerefrigeration. Cell counts after freezing were lower on chicken skin samples that had been prerefrigerated for 7 days than in those that had been prerefrigerated for 0, 1, or 3 days. This was not observed for ground chicken samples, possibly due to their composition. C. jejuni survived storage at 4 and 20°C with either sample type. This study indicates that, individually or in combination, refrigeration and freezing are not a substitute for safe handling and proper cooking of poultry.
Shear stress plays a role in differentiation and migration of adventitial fibroblasts

Rat aortic fibroblasts were cultured either subconfluent ( 80%). Western blotting was conducted to evaluate the amount of two phenotype markers of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), SM alpha-actin (alpha-SMA) and SM myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC). The results showed thatwere native fibroblasts and confluent fibroblasts were myofibroblasts. These two types of cell were then plated on slides. 8 dyn/cm2 of shear stress was applied to fibroblasts for 6 h and myofibroblasts for 24 h, respectively. Using immunostaining we found that expressions of both alpha-SMA in fibroblasts and SM-MHC in myofibroblasts were significantly upregulated under shear by 2.3-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively, based on the increase of fluorescent intensity compared to static controls. These results indicate that shear stress can promote fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblast, and myofibroblast differentiation into SMC. In another experiment, SMCs, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts were plated in Boyden chambers, and 13 dyn/cm2 of shear was applied to the cells for 4 h. We found the migration of fibroblasts was enhanced by shear, whereas, the migration of both SMCs and myofibroblasts were suppressed. Taken together, we speculate that the interstitial flow shear stress might play an important role in phenotype modulation and migration of fibroblast and myofibroblast during neointima formation and vascular remodeling.
Sexual Dimorphism of the Levator Veli Palatini Muscle: An Imaging Study

Objective: Magnetic resonance imaging studies of the levator veli palatini muscle have used small numbers of subjects and have not consistently controlled for sex, race, or age. The purpose of this study was to conduct a structural assessment using a large homogeneous sample to examine the sex differences in the levator muscle morphology. Methods: Thirty white adult subjects (15 men and 15 women) were imaged using a 3 Tesla MRI system. A high-resolution SPACE (sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip-angle evolution) sequence was used to acquire images of the velopharyngeal anatomy. Levator muscle measurements were obtained. Results: Men displayed significantly greater levator extravelar segment length (P = .003), levator intravelar segment muscle length (P < .001), greater distance between levator insertion points (P < .001), and greater angles of origin (P = .008) compared with women. There was no statistically significant variation between men and women in the dista...
Mouse Cochlear Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

This protocol comprises the entire process of immunofluorescence staining on mouse cochlea whole mount, starting from tissue preparation to the mounting of the tissue. This technique provides "three-dimensional" views of the stained components in order to determine the localization of a protein of interest in the tissue in its natural state and environment.
Making Inferences Concerning Physiological Responses: A Reply to Rossiter, Silberstein, Harris, and Nield

ABSTRACT This article comments on ‘Brain-imaging detection of visual scene encoding …’ by Rossiter et al (2001), and proposes considerable caution before accepting their conclusions. The authors submit that further research is required to establish that the findings are replicable and not due to extraneous factors, more research to demonstrate that SSVEP reflects memory, and that inferences about memory can be made on observing changes in SSVEP.
Book Review of Patent Failure: How Judges, Bureaucrats, and Lawyers Put Innovators at Risk

This review argues that Bessen and Meurer's critique of the U.S. patent system is innovative and incisive. It argues that the data-driven and empirical emphasis of the book is unique and timely, given the significant patent policy issues that this book identifies. Ultimately, however, the review suggests that some readers may not be convinced of the efficacy of the authors' proposed policy reforms, especially given the politics of patent reform in the contemporay era.
Self-Organizing Two-Dimensional Cellular Automata: 10 Still Frames

A favorite topic of my research in the 1980s and 1990s was pattern formation of interacting particle systems and cellular automata (CA) started from random initial states, especially in two dimensions. Together with my students, and later colleagues, Bob Fisch, Janko Gravner, and Kellie Evans, I studied a wide variety of local lattice evolutions started from noise. With the advent of personal computers it became possible to interact with simulations of these algorithms in order to observe system behavior and sometimes gain insight leading to rigorous mathematical results.