cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“I See Why They Play”: Chinese immigrant parents and their beliefs about young children's play

Abstract Parents’ beliefs have an important influence on their children's play and learning experiences in the home and at school. Given the dramatic increase in the number of Chinese immigrant families and children living in the United States (the population has grown more than six-fold since 1980, reaching 2.3 million in 2019), it is particularly important to gain a better understanding of these immigrant parents’ beliefs. Their beliefs about their children's education most likely vary greatly based on numerous factors including their cultural backgrounds, and these beliefs have been shown to be correlated with children's social and developmental outcomes. The present study aim was twofold: first, to examine play beliefs among this rapidly growing group by validating an existing parent report measure of play beliefs and comparing parents’ beliefs to children's interactive peer play and social skills in Head Start classrooms; second, to provide more nuanced information via qualitative data analysis about how Chinese immigrant parents make meaning of their children's play in the context of early learning opportunities. Families of 213 preschool children enrolled in Head Start programs located in a large, northeastern city participated in this study. Findings extend the validity of the Parent Play Beliefs Scale (PPBS; Fogle & Mendez, 2006) for use with Chinese immigrants in the US. Qualitative data suggest that Chinese immigrant parents hold positive beliefs about play, while also displaying some concerns about preschool curriculum in the United States, which likely derive from their own learning experiences when they were in China. The current study underscores the importance of incorporating immigrant parents’ voices in assessments of children's behavior to better reflect cultural nuance and variability, parenting strategies, and/or beliefs that may differ from mainstream US culture.
Life after incarceration: The impact of stability on formerly imprisoned Oxford House residents.

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, roughly 65% of the US prison population is diagnosed with a substance use disorder (SUD) and over 600,000 individuals are released from incarcerat...
An Inductive Approach to Using Google Search Trends To Identify Attitudes and Areas of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy (preprint)

In this study, we present and apply a novel inductive approach that uses Google Search Trends data for public health surveillance of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy from January to April 2021. In contrast to previous studies that use researcher-curated keywords, our study combed through over 2 million social media posts on Twitter to identify over 3,000 keywords related to vaccination, enabling us to capture potential sources of vaccine hesitancy that would otherwise be missed. These keywords were used to retrieve Google Search Trends for 774 queries that yielded nonzero search volumes for at least 45 U.S. states. We then used the CovidCast survey of vaccine acceptance at the U.S. state level to calculate a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for each term. Negatively correlated queries, we argue, can help shed light on potential sources of vaccine hesitancy. As noted by Flahault et al. (2020), in order to achieve “precision global health” and “real-time action”, researchers must creatively combine multiple data sources in order to deliver targeted interventions. We are hopeful that our approach will be useful for practitioners in addressing the problem of vaccine hesitancy.
The electronic transfer of information and aerospace knowledge diffusion

Increasing reliance on and investment in information technology and electronic networking systems presupposes that computing and information technology will play a motor role in the diffusion of aerospace knowledge. Little is known, however, about actual information technology needs, uses, and problems within the aerospace knowledge diffusion process. The authors state that the potential contributions of information technology to increased productivity and competitiveness will be diminished unless empirically derived knowledge regarding the information-seeking behavior of the members of the social system - those who are producing, transferring, and using scientific and technical information - is incorporated into a new technology policy framework. Research into the use of information technology and electronic networks by U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists, collected as part of a research project designed to study aerospace knowledge diffusion, is presented in support of this assertion.
Hadronic and Electromagnetic Nuclear Probes

Both at this conference and historically there have been three major (overlapping) motivations given for studying the (p, n) reaction.
The Effectiveness of the Small Business Lending Fund (SBLF) Program During the 2007–2010 Financial Crisis

Abstract This paper examines the effectiveness of a specific U.S. Treasury program, known as the Small Business Lending Fund (SBLF), that is designed to stimulate small financial institutions to make more small businesses loans. Three hypotheses are examined to identify the success of the SBLF program. The first hypothesis deals with the asset growth of small banks that participated in the SBLF program. The regression results show that a $1 increase in SBLF funding contributed to a $49.5 increase in a bank's total assets and that the total assets increased by $0.6 per each $1 increase in the baseline business loan, net of the SBLF funding effect. The second hypothesis looks at the loan growth of small banks. The loan growth was positively related with the SBLF funding and banks' total assets, but negatively with the dividend rates. In fact, it is inferred that a 1% decrease in the dividend rate charged by the U.S. Treasury may increase the small business loans by $11.5 million to $13.5 million. The third and last hypothesis examines the factors that determine the dividend rates that small banks paid. Because the marginal impact of the owner-occupied commercial real estate loans in reducing the dividend rate is greater than that of the commercial and industrial loans, it shows a strong incentive to the SBLF-borrowing banks to make more owner-occupied commercial real estate loans than any other types of loans. In conclusion, if the dividend rates paid by the small banks to the U.S. Treasury were lower, the loan and asset growth of the small banks would be faster and larger, possibly contributing positively to the faster economic recovery in the U.S.
On the Non-Existence of Reputation Effects in Two-Person Infinitely-Repeated Games

Consider a two-person infinitely-repeated game in which one player is either a normal rational type or a commitment type that authomatically plays a fixed repeated-game strategy When her true type is private information a rational type may want to develop a reputation as a commitment type by mimicking the commitment type's actions But the uninformed player anticipating the behavior of the rational type may try to screen out the rational type by choosing an action which gives the rational type a low payoff when she mimics the commitment type My main result shows that for comparably patient players if the prior probability that the player is a commitment type is sufficiently small the screening process may take so long that the rational player does not benefit from developing a reputation In the case of equally patient players I show that the folk theorem holds even when both players possess a small amount of private information Schmidt (1994) and Cripps Schmidt and Thomas (1993) argue that reputation effects can rule out outcomes permitted by the folk theorem regardless of how small the prior probability that the player is a commitment type My results show that this argument only applies when one player is infinitely more patient than the other
Sclerotome induction and differentiation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the early embryonic events that precede the formation of the cartilaginous model of the vertebral column, which is derived from the group of cells known as the sclerotome. It inquiries into the influence of tissues surrounding the sclerotome and discusses the advances in determining the specific molecular nature of these influences. It is reported that the neural tube and notochord appear to induce sclerotome formation and somite chondrogenesis. Two molecules—Shh and Noggin—have been identified as the possible mediators of sclerotome induction by these tissues. It has also been suggested that the role of the axial tissues and/or endo- and ectoderm is actually a mechanical one, stabilizing the cells of the somite to allow extracellular matrix production, which then allows for differentiation, which would be another type of permissive induction. These differing proposed mechanisms for induction are not mutually exclusive; the induction of sclerotome or somite chondrogenesis could be the result of the combination of all of these mechanisms.
Writing an Article for Publication to Earn Professional Development Hours For Recertification

ABSTRACTMost professional licenses and certifications require continuing education. The Association of Energy Engineers requires that Certified Energy Managers (CEMs) document continuing education accomplishments every 3 years. A majority of states require Professional Engineers periodically document continuing education accomplishments. Continuing education takes time and funding that is often difficult to come by. The Association of Energy Engineers (AEE) gives 2 credits to recertifying CEMs for publishing articles on energy management. While each state Professional Engineering licensing board has unique rules and regulations, most give some level of continuing education credit for authored publications. My Idea that Works is to write and submit an article for publication as an inexpensive, yet effective, way to earn continuing education credits toward recertifying for the CEM and Professional Engineering license.
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis: Low activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum and muscle ribosomes during an induced attack

Abstract A biopsy of vastus lateralis muscle was performed during a paralytic attack induced with glucose and insulin in a patient with primary hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The values of adenosine triphosphatase and 45 Ca uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum were abnormally low. The in vitro amino acid incorporation of polyribosomes extracted from the muscle homogenate also showed low activity. Light and electron microscopy revealed central vacuoles in many of the myofibers.
The effects of the J 3 -harmonic (pear shape) on the orbits of a satellite.

The object of the present article is a detailed numerical investigation of the perturbation on the orbit of a satellite, caused by the pear- shape or J3-Harmonic of the central body. We principally use concepts from the general theory of periodic orbits, such as Poincare surfaces of section, stability theory, characteristic exponents and bifurcations.
JHU System Combination Scheme for WMT 2010

This paper describes the JHU system combination scheme that was used in the WMT 2010 submission. The incremental alignment scheme of (Karakos et.al, 2008) was used for confusion network generation. The system order in the alignment of each sentence was learned using SVMs, following the work of (Karakos et.al, 2010). Additionally, web-scale n-grams from the Google corpus were used to build language models that improved the quality of the combination output. Experiments in Spanish-English, French-English, German-English and Czech-English language pairs were conducted, and the results show approximately 1 BLEU point and 2 TER points improvement over the best individual system.
Bacterial oxidation of sulfide minerals in column leaching experiments at suboptimal temperatures.

The purpose of the work was to quantitatively characterize temperature effects on the bacterial leaching of sulfide ore material containing several sulfide minerals. The leaching was tested at eight different temperatures in the range of 4 to 37°C. The experimental technique was based on column leaching of a coarsely ground (particle diameter, 0.59 to 5 mm) ore sample. The experimental data were used for kinetic analysis of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrrhotite oxidation. Chalcopyrite yielded the highest (73 kJ/mol) and pyrrhotite yielded the lowest (25 kJ/mol) activation energies. Especially with pyrrhotite, diffusion contributed to rate limitation. Arrhenius plots were also linear for the reciprocals of lag periods and for increases of redox potentials (dmV/dt). Mass balance analysis based on total S in leach residue was in agreement with the highest rate of leaching at 37 and 28°C. The presence of elemental S in leach residues was attributed to pyrrhotite oxidation.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe isp4 encodes a transporter representing a novel family of oligopeptide transporters

Summary We have recently cloned an oligopeptide transport gene from Candida albicans denoted OPT1. This gene showed significant sequence similarity to three open reading frames (ORFs) with no previously established function: isp4 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJL212C and YPR194C, identified during the genome project. The S. pombe gene isp4 was originally identified by Sato et al .a s a gene that was upregulated through nitrogen starvation induction of meiosis. However, an isp4D strain exhibited a wild-type phenotype with respect to sexual differentiation. We have found that the same isp4D strain is deficient in tetrapeptide transport activity as measured by its resistance to toxic tetrapeptides, by its inability to accumulate a radiolabelled tetrapeptide and by the inability to use tetrapeptides as a sole source of an amino acid to satisfy an auxotrophic requirement. Similarly, we found that the ORF YPR194C from S. cerevisiae encodes an oligopeptide transporter. Sequence analyses as well as physiological evidence has led us to propose that the proteins encoded by isp4 and the genes identified fromS. cerevisiae and C. albicans comprise a new group of transporters specific for small oligopeptides, which we have named the OPT family.
Oral complications in the treatment of cancer patients.

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 550–559 While treatment for cancer in terms of chemotherapy and radiation therapy have evolved significantly since their inception, both of these cancer treatment modalities, especially if used in combination (e.g., as with head and neck cancers), have a very real potential to result in painful and debilitating adverse effects that clearly decrease quality of life and, potentially, increase mortality due to cancer. Herein, we discuss the prevalence and etiology of three broad categories of oral complications found during the treatment of cancer patients: mucositis, dysgeusia, and infectious disease. Lastly, we present therapeutic options that may be helpful in ameliorating these uncomfortable and, sometimes, life-threatening oral complications.
Flow Cytometric Detection of Pathogenic E. coli in Food

E. coli O157:H7 is one of the more important food pathogens, andrapid, quantitative methods to evaluate foods for the presence of this pathogen are needed. This unit provides exactly that: a very much simplified flow cytometric assay for detection of E. coli O157:H7 in a well established vehicle of infection, ground beef. The method uses commercially available FITC-conjugated specific antibody to this bacterial serotype. Sample preparation and bacterial enrichment procedures are described. Direct and indirect approaches for quantification of the number of bacteria are given. A key feature of the assay is the reduction in time compared with plate-counting methods; the tradeoff is a slight reduction in sensitivity. Particularly useful is the simultaneous inclusion of a spiked sample to ensure a positive control. In addition, the unit provides hints on sorting the organisms if desired.
Credit-Linked Notes

This chapter discusses a commonly encountered credit derivative instrument—the credit-linked note (CLN). Credit-default swaps and CLNs are used in structured products in various combinations, and their flexibility has been behind the growth and wide application of the synthetic collateralized debt obligation and other credit hybrid products. CLNs exist in a number of forms, but all of them contain a link between the return they pay and the credit-related performance of the underlying asset. CLNs are hybrid instruments that combine a pure credit-risk exposure with a vanilla bond. Investors may wish to purchase the CLN because the coupon paid on it will be above what the credit card bank would pay on a vanilla bond it issued and higher than other comparable investments in the market. A standard CLN is issued in reference to one specific bond or loan. The first-to-default (FtD) CLN carries a similar amount of risk exposure on default to a standard CLN, the recovery rate of the defaulted credit.
The role of selective digestive tract decontamination on mortality and respiratory tract infections. A meta-analysis.

Purpose To review available clinical trials of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) in patients requiring intensive care. Data sources All relevant English-language articles from 1982 through 1992 were identified through MEDLINE search and article bibliographies. Study selection Twenty-one articles were identified; 16 articles were selected for analysis based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data extraction Occurrence rates for mortality, acquired pneumonia, and acquired tracheobronchitis were extracted for patients treated with SDD and for control patients. Cumulative risk differences were calculated for each of these outcomes. Results There was no significant difference between cumulative mortality rates for control patients (0.262; n=1,165) and patients receiving SDD (0.243; n=1,105) (p=0.291; beta error rate=0.16). The acquired pneumonia rate in control patients (0.219; n=1,097) was significantly greater than that in patients receiving SDD (0.074; n=1,031) (p Conclusions These results suggest that SDD decreases the overall incidence of acquired pneumonia and tracheobronchitis in patients requiring intensive care. SDD had no apparent effect on the hospital mortality rate. The routine use of SDD cannot be supported by this meta-analysis. SDD may be useful in specific circumstances where a particular ICU or ICU population is found to have an excessive incidence of acquired infections. Any use of SDD should include careful patient surveillance for the emergence of infection due to bacteria not covered by the prophylaxis regimen and due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Temperature dependence of surface roughening during homoepitaxial growth on Cu(001)

X-ray scattering has been used to study the roughening of the Cu(001) surface during homoepitaxial growth, as a function of temperature. Between 370 and 160 K, the mean-square roughness ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2},$ obtained from specular reflectivity data, was found to increase as a power law ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}={\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{2\ensuremath{\beta}}$ for coverages \ensuremath{\Theta}, ranging from 3 to 96 ML. The roughening exponent \ensuremath{\beta} was observed to depend on the temperature of the substrate: it monotonically increases with decreasing temperature from $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\approx}\frac{1}{3}$ at $T=370\mathrm{K}$ to $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\approx}\frac{1}{2},$ at $T=200\mathrm{K}.$ At 110 K a smoother growth re-enters in the presence of a large vacancy concentration in the deposited film.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in common epidermal lesions. An immunohistochemical study of proliferating cell populations.

A commercially available antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen was used to characterize and compare proliferating cell populations in paraffin sections of benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions of human epidermis using routine immunohistochemical techniques. Three patterns emerged. An ordered pattern was found in prurigo nodularis and keratoacanthoma, wherein moderately and strongly positive nuclei were distributed in a continuous, basal-suprabasal layer of relatively uniform thickness
The rates of the electron exchange reactions between U(IV) and U(VI) ions in water and water-acetone solvents

Abstract The rate of the electron exchange reaction between U(IV) and U(VI) ions was studied at 25° in water and water-acetone mixtures containing 30, 60, and 90 per cent by volume acetone, and at various concentrations of U(IV), U(VI), and hydrochloric acid. The order of the reaction with respect to each of these solutes was found to depend strongly upon the composition of the solvent. A departure in the trend of the rate dependence on hydrogen ion concentration was found for more dilute acid concentrations in sixty volume per cent acetone. Comparisons of the kinetics of the reaction in acetone-water and in ethanol-water are made. Mechanistic and kinetic discussions are included.
Precision Ethylene/Vinyl Chloride Polymers via Condensation Polymerization

A family of precision ethylene/vinyl chloride polymers synthesized via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) followed by exhaustive hydrogenation is described in which chlorine atoms are present on each and every ninth, 15th, and 21st carbons, respectively, in the series. Detailed 1H NMR and 13C NMR experiments are used to establish the precise nature of the polymers and assign absolutely the observed NMR signals to the corresponding atoms in the precise repeat unit. Thermal analysis via TGA and DSC is also presented. Decomposition behavior measured by TGA indicates a distinct mechanism for decomposition for these precise polymers relative to PVC and random EVC polymers, highlighted by an enhanced stability to thermal HCl loss induced by inhibition of the cooperative zipper mechanism for HCl found in PVC. A homopolymer-like crystallization and melting behavior is inferred from sharp DSC peaks, indicative of a precise polymer structure in which long chain segments, incorporating the halogens, build the core cry...
Best estimate of luminal cross-sectional area of coronary arteries from angiograms.

We have reexamined the problem of estimating the luminal area of an elliptically-shaped coronary artery cross section from two or more radiographic diameter measurements. The expected error is found to be much smaller than the maximum potential error. In the cae of two orthogonal views, closed form expressions have been derived for calculating the area and the uncertainty. Assuming that the underlying ellipse has limited ellipticity (major/minor axis ratio less than five), it is shown that the average uncertainty in the area is less than 14 percent. When more than two views are available, we suggest using a least-squares fit method to extract all available information from the data.
Abstract 5375: Effective temozolomide sensitization by the ATM inhibitor KU 55933 is lost with the emergence of TMZ resistance in glioblastoma cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Cellular DNA repair mechanisms limit the success of temozolomide (TMZ) therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) by countering TMZ induced DNA damage and contributing towards TMZ resistance. Hence DNA repair inhibition has the potential to overcome TMZ resistance in GBM. KU-55933 is a small molecule inhibitor of Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) mutated protein (ATM), which plays a critical role in DNA repair. In this study, the chemosensitizing effects of KU-55933 were studied in combination with TMZ in two glioblastoma cell lines, U251 and U87. Treatment with a combination of TMZ and KU-55933, compared to TMZ alone, resulted in a significant increase in cell killing [U251 survival: 0.004 ± 0.0015 vs. 0.08 ± 0.01 (p 0.1), respectively, and U87TMZ survival: 0.62 ± 0.03 vs 0.63 ± 0.09 (p>0.1), respectively]. To investigate the potential mechanism of resistance to TMZ sensitization by KU-55933, the effect of KU-55933 on TMZ induced G2 arrest was analyzed by flow cytometry. Consistent with the clonogenic survival data, a combination of TMZ and KU-55933 significantly increased the number of cells arrested in the G2 phase in both parental lines, compared to treatment with TMZ alone [U251 G2 fraction: 61.8 ± 1.1% vs. 35 ± 0.8% (p 0.1), respectively]. Preliminary evaluation of double stranded break (DSB) repair by immunofluorescent monitoring of γH2AX foci formation 72 hours after treatment demonstrated a 2-fold increase in the number of unrepaired DSBs in U251 cells treated with a combination of TMZ and KU-55933, as compared to TMZ alone, (p 0.1). In conclusion, KU-55933 sensitizes only inherently TMZ sensitive lines to TMZ and these effects may be linked to inhibition of ATM-mediated DNA damage repair following TMZ treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5375.
Negative cluster ion formation from water ice in high electric fields

Abstract the first experimental observation of negative water ion clusters by field desorption is presented. Ions of the form (H2O)n·OH−, with n = 1–8, are detected. The ions are produced by desorbing thin layers of water ice from a metal substrate in the presence of a high electric field by increasing the temperature of the substrate. The electric field strength is below the minimum field required for detectable electron emission from the clean metal substrate surface. Ion emission occurs from localized areas of the surface, and an electrohydrodynamic ion emission mechanism is proposed.
Astronomical demonstration of an infrared upconverter

An upconverter has been used to convert infrared photons from astronomical sources to higher frequency quanta that were detected with a pulse-counting photomultiplier photometer. It is pointed out that these observations represent the first successful astronomical demonstration of infrared upconversion. Upconversion is carried out in an optically nonlinear medium, which in the upconverter described is a lithium iodate crystal. A 0.6943-micrometer high peak power ruby laser pump was developed for the demonstration.
Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and the organ of Corti in the coiled cochlea. The cristae and maculae contain vestibular hair cells that transduce mechanical stimuli to subserve the special sense of balance, while auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti are the primary transducers for hearing 1. Cell fate specification in these sensory epithelia and morphogenesis of the semicircular canals and cochlea take place during the second week of gestation in the mouse and are largely completed before birth 2,3. Developmental studies of the mouse inner ear are routinely conducted by harvesting transgenic embryos at different embryonic or postnatal stages to gain insight into the molecular basis of cellular and/or morphological phenotypes 4,5. We hypothesize that gene transfer to the developing mouse inner ear in utero in the context of gain- and loss-of-function studies represents a complimentary approach to traditional mouse transgenesis for the interrogation of the genetic mechanisms underlying mammalian inner ear development6. The experimental paradigm to conduct gene misexpression studies in the developing mouse inner ear demonstrated here resolves into three general steps: 1) ventral laparotomy; 2) transuterine microinjection; and 3) in vivo electroporation. Ventral laparotomy is a mouse survival surgical technique that permits externalization of the uterus to gain experimental access to the implanted embryos7. Transuterine microinjection is the use of beveled, glass capillary micropipettes to introduce expression plasmid into the lumen of the otic vesicle or otocyst. In vivo electroporation is the application of square wave, direct current pulses to drive expression plasmid into progenitor cells8-10. We previously described this electroporation-based gene transfer technique and included detailed notes on each step of the protocol11. Mouse experimental embryological techniques can be difficult to learn from prose and still images alone. In the present work, we demonstrate the 3 steps in the gene transfer procedure. Most critically, we deploy digital video microscopy to show precisely how to: 1) identify embryo orientation in utero; 2) reorient embryos for targeting injections to the otocyst; 3) microinject DNA mixed with tracer dye solution into the otocyst at embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5; 4) electroporate the injected otocyst; and 5) label electroporated embryos for postnatal selection at birth. We provide representative examples of successfully transfected inner ears; a pictorial guide to the most common causes of otocyst mistargeting; discuss how to avoid common methodological errors; and present guidelines for writing an in utero gene transfer animal care protocol.
Tyr-MIF-1 attenuates antinociceptive responses induced by three models of stress-analgesia

Tyr-MIF-1 (Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2), a biologically active brain peptide, has previously been shown to antagonize the analgesia induced by morphine. In this report experiments are described in which mice were tested on the hot-plate in three models of antinociception - shock, novel environment, and warm-water swim - after the administration of various doses of Tyr-MIF-1 without any exogenous opiates. The peptide reduced the antinociception produced by all three methods of inducing endogenous antinociception. These results add further support for the existence of peptides like Tyr-MIF-1 that act as opiate antagonists.
Pemphigus foliaceus and proteinuria induced by α-mercaptopropionylglycine

Pemphigus foliaceus and proteinuria occurred in a patient with cystinuria treated with α-mercaptopropionylglycine. This drug is similar to D-penicillamine in structure and function, and it is being used in patients who are unable to tolerate D-penicillamine. Although side effects of D-penicillamine are common, no major adverse reactions have been reported previously with α-mercaptopropionylglycine. Pemphigus foliaceus and proteinuria occurring during therapy with α-mercaptopropionylglycine and D-penicillamine are discussed.
A New Near-wall Residence Time Model Applied to Three Arterio-venous Graft End-to-side Anastomoses

As a representative example of an end-to-side anastomosis, the distal portion of an arterio-venous hemodialysis graft with three graft-end designs and two outflow conditions has been considered. Arterio-venous graft failure for hemodialysis patients can be frequently related to stenotic developments, especially in the toe region. With critical blood particles such as LDL, platelets, and monocytes, being considered as a first-order approximation of; blood elements pathlines, near-wall residence times and wall stagnation points have been simulated to identify, in conjunction with the wall shear stress gradient, susceptible sites of stenotic developments. Assuming transient laminar three-dimensional non-Newtonian fluid flow, the transport equations were solved with validated finite-volume based CFD software and user-Fortran programs for the computation of fluid element pathlines and hemodynamic parameters. We conclude from this study that for the application of looped arterio-venous grafts, the graft-end geo...
Interaction of ACTH, corticosterone and cyclic nucleotides in Harding-Passey melanoma melanogenesis.

The acute in vitro action of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone alone and in combination were determined in the Harding-Passey (HP) melanoma grown in vivo. Hormone treated melanoma dice (5–240 min) were analyzed for tyrosinase activity, cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP). ACTH elevated cAMP and cGMP levels 20-and 13-fold, respectively, in the HP melanoma. However, these large increases in cyclic nucleotide levels were accompanied by only a 49% increase in tyrosinase activity. Corticosterone elicited a similar response. ACTH plus corticosterone produced an early cAMP and cGMP peak followed by depression. ACTH plus corticosterone stimulated tyrosinase activity coincident with the early cyclic nucleotide peak followed by a drop in tyrosinase activity which was subsequently elevated. The results indicate that neither cAMP nor cGMP are the sole modulators of tyrosinase activity and suggest the interaction of ACTH, corticosterone and cyclic nucleotides in the regulation of melanoma tyrosinase activity.
Inhibitors of MMP-1: an examination of P1′ Cα gem-disubstitution in the N-carboxyalkylamine and glutaramide carboxylate series

Abstract Modification of the N-carboxyalkylamine 3 by independent replacement of the P1′ NH group for CH2 and introduction of P1′ gem-cyclohexyl substitution affords compounds 5 and 6a which retain appreciable activity against MMP-1 (IC50s = 0.023 μM and 0.09 μM, respectively). The glutaramide 7a which incorporates both these structural changes also retains potent activity (IC50 = 0.038 μM).
The Miami Experience With Almost 100 Multivisceral Transplants

We report our experience with 98 patients who received primary multivisceral transplantations. Three eras can be distinguished based on the evolution of technique, immunosuppression, and monitoring: August 1994 to December 1997 (first era); January 1998 to December 2000 (second era); and January 2001 to present (third era). Sixteen patients were transplanted during the first era, 18 during the second era, and 64 during the third era. Fifty-three patients are alive with a median follow-up of 37.5 months (range: 1 to 116 months). The leading cause of mortality was infection (n = 17), followed by rejection (n = 6). Seven patients required retransplantation and five of them subsequently died. The estimated 3-year survival was 25% ± 11% for era 1; 44% ± 12% for era 2; and 58% ± 7% for era 3. Additionally, 45.3% (29/64) of patients in the third era never developed rejection versus 23.5% (8/34) of patients in the first two eras combined. The percentage of patients who developed a moderate or severe rejection was significantly less in the third era compared with the first two eras combined, 31.6% (20/64) versus 67.6% (23/34). A comparison of the hazard rate of developing severe rejection showed a protective effect of the multivisceral graft (P = .0001). In conclusion, multivisceral transplantation is indicated for patients with short bowel syndrome and extended abdominal catastrophies. Evolution in surgical techniques, immunosuppression, and monitoring have improved patient survival, which is now similar to that of other complex solid organ transplants.
Efficient computation of the squaring operation in modular rings

Modular arithmetic is used extensively in signal processing and in error detecting and correcting codes. In these applications many modulo operations are obtained using table lookup techniques. In the Letter, new and simple memory compression techniques are presented that result in significant ROM bit savings, to compute the squaring operation modulo m.
Laminar flame speeds of H2/CO mixtures : Effect of CO2 dilution, preheat temperature, and pressure

Abstract Laminar flame speeds of lean H2/CO/CO2 (syngas) fuel mixtures have been measured over a range of fuel compositions (5–95% for H2 and CO and up to 40% for CO2 by volume), reactant preheat temperatures (up to 700 K), and pressures (1–5 atm). Two measurement approaches were employed: one using flame area images of a conical Bunsen flame and the other based on velocity profile measurements in a one-dimensional stagnation flame. The Bunsen flame approach, based on imaging measurements of the reaction zone area, is shown to be quite accurate for a wide range of H2/CO compositions. These data were compared to numerical flame speed predictions based on two established chemical mechanisms: GRI Mech 3.0 and the Davis H2/CO mechanism with detailed transport properties. For room temperature reactants, the Davis mechanism predicts the measured flame speeds for the H2/CO mixtures with and without CO2 dilution more accurately than the GRI mechanism, especially for high H2 content compositions. The stagnation flame measurements for medium levels of H2 at both 1 and 5 atm, however, show lower than predicted strain sensitivities, by almost a factor of two at lean conditions ( Φ = 0.6 – 0.8 ). At preheat temperatures comparable to those found in gas turbine combustors, the accuracy of the flame speed predictions worsens. For example in fuels with low levels of H2, both models underpredict the measurements. In contrast, for medium H2 content fuels, both measurement techniques show that the models tend to overpredict flame speed, with the discrepancy increasing as Φ decreases and temperature increases. In general, the Davis mechanism predictions are in good agreement with the measurements for medium and high H2 fuels for preheat temperatures up to 500 K but overpredict the measurements at higher temperatures.
Content Influence While Stage Scoring Moral Thought Statements.

Two types of test scores were analyzed to examine whether sixty teachers were unable to use Kohlberg's measurement system for determining stages of moral thought because they were stage scoring invalidly on the basis of content. The first type of score represented "intuitive" stage scoring by teachers after they had been exposed to Kohlberg's theory of and program for moral development and while they were using a description of moral stages. The second type of score represented the correct stage scoring of moral thought statements by teachers while they were using a published self-training rater manual. Visual and statistical analyses of the two types of test scores led to the conclusion that the teachers were invalidly stage scoring on the basis of content while "intuitively" stage scoring and also while using the published self-training rater manual.
Synaptosomal complexes and associated structures in microspread human spermatocytes

Human spermatocytes processed with a modified microspreading technique which involves the use of sodium dodecyl-sulphate (SDS) have been used to construct synaptonemal complex (SC) karyotypes. Twenty two pachytene spermatocytes were selected for length quantitation. The mean values of relative lengths and centromeric indexes of each SC agree closely with values obtained by three-dimensional reconstructions (Holm and Rasmussen, 1977), except for SCs #4--5, 6--7 and 19--20. Absolute lengths are consistently longer in spreads (10.7% longer than in sections, on average). The mean total length of the SC complement is 258.7 micrometer. Six morphological types of XY pairs have been described. On the basis of the relationships between the XY pair, nucleolar development and autosome behavior, these six XY types are assumed to develop in succession. Type O XY pairs occur during late zygotene, types I and II XY pairs occur during early to mid-pachytene, and types III, IV and V occur during later pachytene substages. Alignment of the X and Y axes is observed at late zygotene, and formation of the SC occurs in relation with type I XY pairs. Progressive desynapsis occurs in types II and III. Splitting and fusion of the X and Y axes attain a maximum in types IV and V. The breakdown of the dense bodies associated with the X and Y axes occurs during stage V. --Bar-like structures, having a mean length of 2,100 A are associated with SCs in all the pachytene substages defined by the XY types. The average number of bars per nucleus is 46.2 (SD = 8.4, N = 20), and the average SC length per bar is 5.57 micrometer. The distribution along the SCs of 923 bars shows that near-termini locations are preferred (SC length per bar, 2.98 micrometer) and centromere regions are avoided (SC length per bar, 16.9 micrometer). --On the basis of these data, bars are similar to recombination nodules described in other organisms. The availability of a standard SC karyotype for microspreads and a temporal sequence given by the XY pair provide a basis for rapid screening of chromosome aberrations in human testicular biopsies.
Personality and altruism in the dictator game: Relationship to giving to kin, collaborators, competitors, and neutrals

We investigate altruism in the context of the economic dictator game experiment where subjects are presented with different persons who can be classified as kin, collaborator, competitor and neutral based on their similarity/relationship to the subject. The classification is based on the role others play in facilitating or impeding an individual’s access to resources needed for reproductive success. The role of the Big Five personality traits in giving to the different target persons is examined. We find that kin are treated most generously, followed by collaborators, neutrals, and competitors. Personality has no effect on giving to kin, but a significant effect on giving to collaborator, neutral and competitor. We also find non-linear relationships between personality and giving.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tricarbonylchromium Complexes of Substituted Benzoic Acid Esters

Abstract The tricarbonylchromium complexes of the following esters have been prepared: ethyl benzoate, ethyl 2-toluate, ethyl 3-toluate, ethyl 4-toluate, ethyl 2,4-dimethylbenzoate, ethyl 3,5-dimethylbenzoate, ethyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate, ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate, methyl N-methyl-2-aminobenzoate, methyl N-methyl-4-aminobenzoate and isobutyl aminobenzoate. Preparative and spectral data are presented.
The Tetrahymena ribozyme acts like an RNA restriction endonuclease

A shortened form of the Tetrahymena self-splicing ribosomal RNA intervening sequence acts as an endoribonuclease, catalysing the cleavage of large RNA molecules by a mechanism involving guanosine transfer. The sequence specificity approaches that of the DNA restriction endonucleases. Site-specific mutagenesis of the enzyme active site alters the substrate sequence specificity in a predictable manner, so that endoribonucleases can be synthesized to cut at a variety of tetranucleotide sequences.
Directional errors in remanent magnetization of non-cubic soft sediment specimens measured with spinner magnetometers

Summary. This paper assesses theoretically and experimentally the errors in palaeomagnetic directions introduced by measuring rectangular but non-cubic blocks of soft sediments in slow speed spinner magnetometers. Plastic boxes commonly used for this purpose hold samples 21 × 21 × 15 mm. This study models the response of Schonstedt and Molspin spinners to such specimens and presents the results of experiments in which the remanent magnetization (RM) of obsidian blocks, both as cubes and after subsequent cutting to fit within the boxes, was measured to determine actual instrument behaviour. These experiments indicate that the error introduced by use of specimens of the above dimensions may be as much as 8.5° for the smallest specimen-sensor separation in the Schonstedt spinner. For the Molspin spinner and for the next smallest specimen-sensor separation in the Schonstedt instrument, the error is smaller but nevertheless non-negligible.
Pentoxifylline and prevention of hyperoxia-induced lung ­injury in neonatal rats

Introduction Oxygen exposure plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX) has anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in multiple organs. It was hypothesized that PTX would have a protective effect on hyperoxia-induced lung injury (HILI). Methods Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to >95% oxygen (O(2)) and injected subcutaneously with normal saline (NS) or PTX (75 mg/kg) twice a day for 9 d. NS-injected, room air-exposed pups were controls. At days 4 and 9, lung tissue was collected to assess edema, antioxidant enzyme (AOE) activities, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. At day 9, pulmonary macrophage infiltration, vascularization, and alveolarization were also examined. Results At day 9, treatment with PTX significantly increased survival from 54% to 88% during hyperoxia. Treatment with PTX significantly decreased lung edema and macrophage infiltration. PTX treatment increased lung AOE activities including those of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Furthermore, PTX treatment also increased the gene expression of VEGF189 and VEGF165, increased VEGF protein expression, and improved pulmonary vascularization. Discussion These data indicate that the reduced lung edema and inflammation, increased AOE activities, and improved vascularization may be responsible for the improved survival with PTX during hyperoxia. PTX may be a potential therapy in reducing some of the features of BPD in preterm newborns.
Buprenorphine and Naloxone Interactions in Methadone Maintenance Patients

Buprenorphine is undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of opiate addiction. Although the abuse liability of sublingual buprenorphine is low, reports of intravenous abuse have appeared. This study describes the physiologic and subjective effects of intravenously administered buprenorphine and naloxone given alone and in combination to methadone-maintained patients (40-60 mg/day). On four separate occasions at least 1 day apart, 6 subjects were administered either 0.2 mg buprenorphine, 0.1 mg naloxone, 0.2 mg buprenorphine and 0.1 mg naloxone in combination, or placebo. One male subject quit the experiment after three sessions because of excessive opiate withdrawal. Buprenorphine produced no significant physiologic or subjective effects. Naloxone produced marked opiate withdrawal symptoms. Buprenorphine in combination with naloxone produced characteristic physiologic and subjective opiate antagonist-like symptoms and signs. The parenteral abuse potential of the buprenorphine and naloxone combination is discussed.
A GCM study of Antarctic glaciation

An atmospheric general circulation model, the NCAR CCM, has been used to investigate the possible effects of two specific tectonic mechanisms on Antarctic glaciation. These two mechanisms are: (1) closing the Drake Passage (connecting South America with Antarctica), which is assumed to effectively represent an increased meridional heat transport by the ocean; and (2) changing the elevation of Antarctica. Perpetual season (summer and winter) and seasonal cycle simulations with warmer sea-surface temperatures and no sea ice prescribed for mid- to high-latitude southern oceans have been made with both present-day (high) Antarctic elevations and with low Antarctic elevations (all points ≤200 m). The results suggest a relatively minor role for oceanic heat transport in the formation/elimination of Antarctic glaciation. That is, under the warmer conditions inferred to have prevailed prior to the opening of the Drake Passage, conditions would still have been favorable for the maintenance of an Antarctic ice-sheet. If anything, a moderate ocean warming would promote glaciation, by increasing snowfall. Lowering the elevation of Antarctica has a larger effect on the model simulations, reducing the likelihood of glacial conditions. In the absence of snowcover, summer temperatures over Antarctica can warm considerably, leading to a monsoon-like circulation. However, it may be difficult to achieve such snow-free conditions, even with greatly increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. A tundra-like climate is the closest the model has come to representing a non-glacial climate, even when both seasurface temperatures and elevations are maximally varied.
Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia Associated with Tetracycline

Two cases of diffuse skin rash and pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia (PIE) associated with administration of a tetracycline drug alone and subsiding after discontinuance of the drug are presented. The clinical course and appearance of the chest roentgenograms suggest that the dermal and pulmonary changes represented hypersensitivity reactions to tetracycline.