cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insomnia in Psychiatric Disorders

Insomnia is a common feature of mental illness and data have emerged indicating that sleep disturbance can be a risk factor for developing a psychiatric disorder and for worsening of pre-existing mental illness. Management of insomnia without accounting for underlying psychiatric disorders can be expected to result in suboptimal outcomes. Although associations between insomnia and mental illness are likely bidirectional, evidence suggests that treating comorbid insomnia can improve sleep and psychiatric outcomes. This chapter reviews the prevalence and features of insomnia in patients with frequently encountered psychiatric disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance-use disorders, and psychotic disorders, as well as specific treatment strategies where applicable. Further study of the subtleties of sleep disturbance among patients with different mental disorders may elucidate the genetic, neurochemical, and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying overlapping syndromes of insomnia and psychiatric illness.
Maintaining the Bar: Regulating European Barmaids in Colonial Calcutta and Rangoon

In 1902 the government of India banned the employment of European women as barmaids in Calcutta and Rangoon. This article examines this intervention, proceeding from the premise that a close look a...
Advances in understanding and management of retinopathy of prematurity.

The understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity have changed in the 70 years since the original description of retrolental fibroplasia associated with high oxygenation. It is now recognized that retinopathy of prematurity differs in appearance worldwide and as ever smaller and younger premature infants survive. New methods are being evaluated to image the retina, diagnose severe retinopathy of prematurity, and determine windows of time for treatment to save eyes and improve visual and neural outcomes. New treatments to promote physiologic retinal vascular development, vascular repair, and inhibit vasoproliferation by regulating proteins involved in vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, or erythropoietin signaling. Reducing excessive oxidative/nitrosative stress and understanding progenitor cells and neurovascular and glial vascular interactions are being studied.
The Modern Omnipotent State

This chapter examines the role of the state in the political theories of G.W.F. Hegel, Karl Marx and Franz Oppenheimer. Hegel holds that the state is the realization of an unfolding truth, and that history is the story of a mind or a spirit coming to understand itself. Hegel’s philosophy is criticized from a variety of standpoints, notably that it lacks any independent standpoint from which to criticize state action. Karl Marx’s approach to the state represents a significant improvement, in that states are shown to be historically contingent and dependent on varying levels technological progress, a finding that appears broadly true even if one rejects the Marxist synthesis overall. Franz Oppenheimer argues that the proper role of the state is to make itself unnecessary, and that the end of history takes the form of a “free citizenship,” in which no states exist at all.
Is ADHD a valid diagnosis in older adults

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental syndrome that often persists into adulthood. It is possible that different criteria are necessary for older adults than younger adults: the manifestations of ADHD could change with age; other conditions with onset in later life share presenting symptoms with ADHD; different contextual challenges and patterns of compensatory support may exist. For these reasons, we reviewed evidence for the validity of DSM ADHD criteria in adulthood for individuals over the age of 50. Specifically, we evaluated evidence that the DSM criteria for ADHD identify a valid syndrome in older adults based on clinical presentation, laboratory or testing findings, absence of alternate diagnosis to explain symptoms, course of the syndrome, or familial presence of the condition. We found evidence that various ADHD criteria identify subjects with clinical presentations similar to that seen in younger adults, but only 92 well-described cases have been reported in the literature. ADHD traits also may be less common in the general population of older adults than in younger adults, suggesting that the threshold for an atypical burden of ADHD traits may be lower in older populations. Future research can establish a richer basis for validity of diagnostic criteria for ADHD in older adults.
Abstract 150: Determining Changes in Contractility, Myofilament Expression and Myofilament Sensitivity in the Developing Human Ventricle

As pediatric cardiac surgery is increasingly performed in the first year of life, the need for understanding contractility regulation becomes increasingly important. We examined contractility and myofilament changes in ventricular biopsies removed as part of the surgical correction of congenital heart defects from newborns (NB) (hypoplastic left heart syndrome, < 1 wk old) and infants (IF) (tetralogy of Fallot, 3-12 mo old). Sarcomere shortening and calcium (Ca) transients were measured in isolated ventricular cells stimulated at 0.5 and 1 Hz. Increasing pacing frequency caused a significant increase in sarcomere shortening (p< 0.05)in only the IF, but the Ca transient amplitude was relatively unchanged in both groups. Consistent with work in the developing rat heart, we found an isoform switch with increasing developmental age in myofilament proteins, troponin T (TnT) and troponin I (TnI). Western blot analysis revealed that total TnI (the sum of cardiac TnI (cTnI) and slow skeletal TnI (ssTnI)) was not significantly different between the two age groups. However, when comparing only the cTnI isoforms, we found that the NB had a significantly lower levels compared to the IF (11556±789 a.u. vs. 21770±1700 a.u., p<0.001). Analysis of the RT-PCR revealed nearly significant lower levels of TnT isoform 1 in the IF group than the NB group (p=0.078), no significant difference in the levels of TnT isoform 2 (p= 0.536), and significantly higher levels of TnT isoform 3 in the IF group than the NB group (p= 0.039). We also observed developmental changes in myofilament sensitivity to calcium as assessed by measuring the gradient of the fura-2 cell length trajectory on phase-plane diagrams during the late relaxation of the twitch contraction. These results collectively suggest that contractility and myofilament changes, or the lack of changes, may serve as targets for clarifying elements associated with cardiac dysfunction in the developing human ventricle.
Quantification of torsional stiffness in running footwear: proposed methodology

AbstractThere is evidence to suggest that certain extrinsic factors, such as footwear, may contribute to risk of running injury. Torsional shoe stiffness quantifies the resistance of a shoe to twisting about its long axis between the heel and toe box, and has been previously linked to changes in foot and ankle kinetics and kinematics during running and cutting motions. Despite the potential for torsional stiffness to influence gait and injury risk, torsional stiffness of running shoes is rarely reported in biomechanical research, and methods of quantifying shoe torsional stiffness are not currently standardised. The purpose of this study was to propose and validate a device for the quantification of torsional stiffness of a variety of types and sizes of running footwear. The device includes the measurement of shoe length. This provides required information for a more comprehensive calculation of torsional stiffness that represents the product of the area moment of inertia and the modulus of rigidity, both...
Influence of Language Load on Speech Motor Skill in Children With Specific Language Impairment.

Purpose Children with specific language impairment (SLI) show particular deficits in the generation of sequenced action: the quintessential procedural task. Practiced imitation of a sequence may be...
Law Accommodating Nonmotorized Road Users and Pedestrian Fatalities in Florida, 1975 to 2013

Objectives. To examine the effect of Florida’s adoption of Statute 335.065—a law requiring the routine accommodation of nonmotorized road users (i.e., a “Complete Streets” policy)—on pedestrian fatalities and to identify factors influencing its implementation.Methods. We used a multimethod design (interrupted time-series quasi-experiment and interviews) to calculate Florida’s pedestrian fatality rates from 1975 to 2013—39 quarters before and 117 quarters after adoption of the law. Using statistical models, we compared Florida with regional and national comparison groups. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 current and former Florida transportation professionals in 2015.Results. Florida’s pedestrian fatality rates decreased significantly—by at least 0.500% more each quarter—after Statute 335.065 was adopted, resulting in more than 3500 lives saved across 29 years. Interviewees described supports and challenges associated with implementing the law.Conclusions. Florida Statute 335.065 is associa...
Integrating an Ally and an Aligner in a Principled Security Network: The United States and the India–Japan Strategic Partnership

This chapter examines American interests in the India–Japan strategic partnership and the India–Japan–United States trilateral relationship. Limaye suggests that the United States would benefit from some relief from its heavy defence burden in the Asia-Pacific. Improving ties between India and Japan as well as the triangular defence relationship with the United States would help accomplish this. The author also stresses the effect of domestic political changes in these three countries on policy trajectories and the internal bilateral tensions between each. Another key predicament relates to the divergent approaches adopted by Japan and the United States that impact India’s integration into the regional economic order—notably, its entry into the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization. With this in view, the chapter offers the long-term recommendation that India, Japan and the US work out ways to coordinate on commercial ties—including international and regional economic rules, norms and institutions—to build a sustainable partnership to complement their expanding defence relationship.
Conditional Symmetric Instability: A Theory for Rainbands within Extratropical Cyclones

Detailed observations of clouds and precipitation within extra-tropical cyclones reveal a startling variety of mesoscale bands. While some of these features are clearly associated with frontal circulations, others occur away from fronts and thus appear to require different theoretical explanations. A number of such theories are here reviewed with particular emphasis on the theory of symmetric instability, and a case study of a band possibly associated with symmetric instability is presented.
Going Vague: Ambiguity and Avoidance in Online Political Messaging:

Researchers have long investigated the conditions that promote the unambiguous communication of issues in political campaigns; however, previous research has been largely theoretic or has only test...
Serotonin and Glutamate Interactions in Preclinical Schizophrenia Models.

The serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and there are multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate that they can ...
Partitioning the Gender Gap in Physics Conceptual Inventories: Force Concept Inventory, Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation, and Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism.

Very little of the gender gap on multiple choice conceptual inventories can be explained by differences in academic performance between men and women.
Contemporary utilization patterns and outcomes of thrombolytic administration for ischemic stroke among patients with cancer.

BackgroundThrombolytic therapy significantly improves outcomes among patients with acute ischemic stroke. While cancer outcomes have dramatically improved, the utilization, safety, and mortality ou...
Machine Learning Guided Optimal Use of GPU Unified Memory

NVIDIA’s unified memory (UM) creates a pool of managed mem- ory on top of physically separated CPU and GPU memories. UM automatically migrates page-level data on-demand so program- mers can quickly write CUDA codes on heterogeneous machines without tedious and error-prone manual memory management. To improve performance, NVIDIA allows advanced programmers to pass additional memory use hints to its UM driver. However, it is extremely difficult for programmers to decide when and how to effi- ciently use unified memory, given the complex interactions between applications and hardware. In this paper, we present a machine learning-based approach to choosing between discrete memory and unified memory, with additional consideration of different memory hints. Our approach utilizes profiler-generated metrics of CUDA programs to train a model offline, which is later used to guide opti- mal use of UM for multiple applications at runtime. We evaluate our approach on NVIDIA Volta GPU with a set of benchmarks. Results show that the proposed model achieves 96% prediction accuracy in correctly identifying the optimal memory advice choice.
Donald Trump’s appeal: a socio-psychoanalytic analysis

This article explores the appeal of President Donald Trump’s persona in North American society, appeal that enabled the formation of a fan-base-like loyal and passionate constituency. The analysis ...
Glycosidic linkage, N‐acetyl side‐chain, and other structural properties of methyl 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐d‐mannopyranoside monohydrate and related compounds

The crystal structure of methyl 2-acetamido-2-de­oxy-β-d-glyco­pyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-manno­pyran­oside monohydrate, C15H27NO11·H2O, was determined and its structural properties com­pared to those in a set of mono- and disaccharides bearing N-acetyl side-chains in βGlcNAc aldohexo­pyranosyl rings. Valence bond angles and torsion angles in these side chains are relatively uniform, but C—N (amide) and C—O (carbon­yl) bond lengths depend on the state of hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl O atom and N—H hydrogen. Relative to N-acetyl side chains devoid of hydrogen bonding, those in which the carbonyl O atom serves as a hydrogen-bond acceptor display elongated C—O and shortened C—N bonds. This behavior is reproduced by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicating that the relative contributions of amide resonance forms to experimental C—N and C—O bond lengths depend on the solvation state, leading to expectations that activation barriers to amide cis–trans isomerization will depend on the polarity of the environment. DFT calculations also revealed useful predictive information on the dependencies of inter-residue hydrogen bonding and some bond angles in or proximal to β-(1→4) O-glyco­sidic linkages on linkage torsion angles ϕ and ψ. Hypersurfaces correlating ϕ and ψ with the linkage C—O—C bond angle and total energy are sufficiently similar to render the former a pr­oxy of the latter.
Agnostic Approach for Microservices Autoscaling in Cloud Applications

Cloud applications are becoming more containerized in nature. Developing a cloud application based on a microservice architecture imposes different challenges including scalability at the container level. What adds to the challenge is that applications have different QoS requirements and different characteristics requiring a customized scaling approach. In this paper, we present an agnostic approach algorithm for microservices autoscaling deployed on the Google Kubernetes Engine. Our algorithm adapts the Kubernetes autoscaling paradigm based on the application characteristics and resource requirements. Initial testing of the algorithm on different microservices requirements show an enhancement in the microservice response time up to 20% compared to the default autoscaling paradigm.
Contact Pressures Between the Rearfoot and a Novel Offloading Insole: Results From a Finite Element Analysis Study

Pressure offloading is critical to diabetic foot ulcer healing and prevention. A novel product has been proposed to achieve this offloading with an insole that can be easily modified for each user. This insole consists of pressurized bubbles that can be selectively perforated and depressurized to redistribute weight to the nonulcer region of the foot. However, the effect of the insole design parameters, for example, bubble height and stiffness, on offloading effectiveness is unknown. To this end, a 3-dimensional finite element model was developed to simulate contact between the rearfoot and insole. The geometry of the calcaneus bone and soft tissue was based on the medical images of an average male patient, and material properties and loading conditions based on the values reported in the literature were used. The model predicts that increasing bubble height and stiffness leads to a more effectively offloaded region. However, the model also predicts that increasing stiffness leads to increasing contact pressures on the surrounding soft tissue. Thus, a combination of insole design parameters was determined, which completely offloads the desired region, while simultaneously reducing the contact pressure on the surrounding soft tissue. This design is expected to aid in diabetic foot ulcer healing and prevention.
Examining the tensions between cultural models of care in family childcare and quality rating improvement systems

Abstract Although family child care (FCC) programs have been increasingly targeted by quality improvement efforts such as Quality Improvement Rating Systems, research suggests that these efforts often fail to align QRIS supports with the unique needs and interests of this population. The aim of this study was to examine the aspirations, strengths, challenges, and professional development needs of FCC providers who identify as immigrants or refugees living in a low-income, multi-ethnic urban community in California in order to design a professional development program that meets the criteria of our county’s QRIS while at the same time honoring the community context. Results from focus groups indicate that providers described their work in terms that reflected cultural models of care that were often incongruent with definitions of quality embodied by our county’s QRIS. Data provides empirical support for the continued examination of cultural models of care as a way to define quality in FCC settings and findings are presented via a multi-level theoretical frame that draws attention to the macrosystemic contexts of racism, poverty, the immigrant and refugee experience, and the universal standards of quality embodied by QRIS.
Recovery patterns and physics of the network

In a progressively interconnected world, the loss of system resilience has consequences for human health, the economy, and the environment. Research has exploited the science of networks to explain the resilience of complex systems against random attacks, malicious attacks, and the localized attacks induced by natural disasters or mass attacks. Little is known about the elucidation of system recovery by the network topology. This study adds to the knowledge of network resilience by examining the nexus of recoverability and network topology. We establish a new paradigm for identifying the recovery behavior of networks and introduce the recoverability measure. Results indicate that the recovery response behavior and the recoverability measure are the function of both size and topology of networks. In small sized networks, the return to recovery exhibits homogeneous recovery behavior over topology, while the return shape is dispersed with an increase in the size of network. A network becomes more recoverable as connectivity measures of the network increase, and less recoverable as accessibility measures of network increase. Overall, the results not only offer guidance on designing recoverable networks, but also depict the recovery nature of networks deliberately following a disruption. Our recovery behavior and recoverability measure has been tested on 16 distinct network topologies. The relevant recovery behavior can be generalized based on our definition for any network topology recovering deliberately.
Understanding the Structural Evolution of a Nickel Chalcogenide Electrocatalyst Surface for Water Oxidation

Recently, nickel-selenide- and -telluride-based electrocatalysts have shown promising results toward water electrolysis, exhibiting very low overpotential. However, a major challenge for these chal...
Retropharyngeal medialized internal carotid artery encountered prior to pediatric tonsillectomy: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract Tonsillectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in the United States with approximately 339,000 ambulatory tonsillectomies performed in 2010. Of these, an estimated 299,000 tonsillectomies were performed on patients less than 15 years of age. Damage to the internal carotid artery during routine tonsillectomy is a rare but feared complication of this relatively routine surgical procedure. We present the case of a medialized internal carotid artery encountered prior to pediatric tonsillectomy, as well as a review of the literature on internal carotid artery development and anatomic variations.
Toward Constructivist Approach Using Virtual Reality in Anatomy Education

We present Anatomy Builder VR and Muscle Action VR that examine how a virtual reality (VR) system can support embodied learning in anatomy education. The backbone of these projects is to pursue an alternative constructivist pedagogical model for learning human and canine anatomy. In Anatomy Builder VR, a user can walk around and examine anatomical models from different perspectives. Direct manipulations in the program allow learners to interact with either individual bones or groups of bones, to determine their viewing orientation and to control the pace of the content manipulation. In Muscle Action VR, a user learns about human muscles and their functions through moving one’s own body in an immersive VR environment, as well as interacting with dynamic anatomy content. Our studies showed that participants enjoyed interactive learning within the VR programs. We suggest applying constructivist methods in VR that support active and experiential learning in anatomy.
Copper binding by a unique family of metalloproteins is dependent on kynurenine formation

Some methane-oxidizing bacteria use the ribosomally synthesized, posttranslationally modified natural product methanobactin (Mbn) to acquire copper for their primary metabolic enzyme, particulate methane monooxygenase. The operons encoding the machinery to biosynthesize and transport Mbns typically include genes for two proteins, MbnH and MbnP, which are also found as a pair in other genomic contexts related to copper homeostasis. While the MbnH protein, a member of the bacterial diheme cytochrome c peroxidase (bCcP)/MauG superfamily, has been characterized, the structure and function of MbnP, the relationship between the two proteins, and their role in copper homeostasis remain unclear. Biochemical characterization of MbnP from the methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b now reveals that MbnP binds a single copper ion, present in the +1 oxidation state, with high affinity. Copper binding to MbnP in vivo is dependent on oxidation of the first tryptophan in a conserved WxW motif to a kynurenine, a transformation that occurs through an interaction of MbnH with MbnP. The 2.04-A-resolution crystal structure of MbnP reveals a unique fold and an unusual copper-binding site involving a histidine, a methionine, a solvent ligand, and the kynurenine. Although the kynurenine residue may not serve as a CuI primary-sphere ligand, being positioned ∼2.9 A away from the CuI ion, its presence is required for copper binding. Genomic neighborhood analysis indicates that MbnP proteins, and by extension kynurenine-containing copper sites, are widespread and may play diverse roles in microbial copper homeostasis.
Demystifying GPU UVM Cost with Deep Runtime and Workload Analysis

With GPUs becoming ubiquitous in HPC systems, NVIDIA’s Unified Virtual Memory (UVM) is being adopted as a measure to simplify porting of complex codes to GPU platforms by allowing demand paging between host and device memory without programmer specification. Much like its storage-based counterparts, UVM provides a great deal of added usability at the cost of performance due to the abstraction and fault-handling mechanisms. This is preventing HPC systems from being used efficiently and effectively and decreases the overall value of GPU-based systems.To mitigate the cost of page fault stall time, NVIDIA has introduced a prefetching mechanism to their UVM system. This prefetcher infers data ahead-of-time based on prior page fault history, hoping to satisfy faults before they occur. Such a prefetcher must be cleverly designed and efficient, as it operates under the constraints of a realtime system for providing effective service. Additionally, the workload is quite complex due to the parallel nature of GPU faults, as well as page fault serialization and fault source erasure within the driver. The current prefetching mechanism uses a density-prefetching algorithm to offset the side-effects of receiving page faults in parallel. While this prefetching can be very effective, it also has a negative impact on the performance of GPU oversubscription.In this paper, we provide a deep analysis of the overhead caused by UVM and the primary sources of this overhead. Additionally, we analyze the impact of NVIDIA’s prefetching and oversubscription in practice on different workloads, and correlate the performance to the driver implementation and prefetching mechanism. We provide design insights and improvement suggestions for hardware and middleware that would provide new avenues for performance gain.
Formal Integrals for a Nonintegrable Dynamical System: Preliminary Report

The Birkhoff-Gustavson normal form has been generated to a high order for the Henon-Heiles model Hamiltonian. This analysis provides approximate integrable classical dynamics for the well-studied stochastic behavior of this system. Accelerated convergence of the series expansion for a second integral of the motion shows divergence of the series only in small regions of phase space, indicating approximate local integrability of the dynamics. The regions of divergence correspond well to the regions where stochastic motion first appears. If the regions of divergence are much smaller than Planck’s constant, one would expect such behavior would be irrelevant with respect to quantum mechanics. This result lends support to the semiclassical quantization methods of Swimm and Delos and of Jaffe and Reinhardt since most of the invariant manifold structure remains intact.
Response of peripheral plasma progesterone concentration to intra-amniotic hypertonic saline

Abstract The recent literature contains conflicting results on the peripheral plasma progesterone concentration in abortions induced by intra-amniotic hypertonic saline. In this study peripheral plasma progesterone levels were determined in 15 patients undergoing therapeutic abortion. Plasma samples were taken before and for variable periods of time after the intra-amniotic instillation of 20 per cent sodium chloride. The majority of patients demonstrated a transient drop in concentration with subsequent return to control levels. A minority showed a transient rise with subsequent return to the preinduction values. No significant difference from the control sample was noted in patients followed through labor. Previous studies are reviewed and the relationship between progesterone and the onset and progress of labor discussed.
Media Framing and Public Attitudes Toward Biofuels

Media framing and public opinion on the issue of biofuels - transportation fuels made from plants, animal products, or organic waste - is investigated. Through a detailed content analysis of newspaper coverage, the paper documents an increase in negative frames between 1999 and 2008, especially frames focusing on the negative economic effects of biofuels on consumers. Next, using data from a 2010 Internet survey of a random sample of the U.S. public, the paper analyzes the relative influence of these new media frames on public attitudes toward biofuels compared with other common predictors of public opinion, such as party ID, regional economic interests, and personal identity as an environmentalist. In general, the results confirm that public attitudes toward biofuels appear to be shaped by these new media frames, especially among those who indicate a high degree of attention to the media. This suggests the relative importance of framing effects on policy attitudes for environmental and energy policies in general.
Growth of Campylobacter in Media Supplemented with Organic Acids

The growth of Campylobacter spp. in media supplemented with organic acids was examined. A Bioscreen C Microbiology Reader was used to measure growth of cultures incubated at 37°C for 48 h in a tryptose–yeast extract basal broth medium and in basal broth supplemented with 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mM citric, fumaric, lactic, malic, or succinic acid. Growth of three of six isolates was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) in media supplemented with 20 to 50 mM citric acid than in nonsupplemented media, growth of five of six isolates was significantly greater in media supplemented with 10 to 50 mM succinic acid than in nonsupplemented media, and growth of six of six isolates was significantly greater in media supplemented with 10 to 50 mM fumaric or malic acid or with 20 to 50 mM lactic acid than in nonsupplemented media. Isolates were also cultured in basal media supplemented with a mixture of 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mM fumaric, malic, lactic, and succinic acids. Results indicated that the growth of all Campylobacter...
Two Phases of Engraftment Established by Serial Bone Marrow Transplantation in Mice

Serially transplanted bone marrow eventually fails to reconstitute lethally irradiated mice. The reasons for this loss of repopulating ability are unknown. We showed that serial bone marrow transplantation changed the ratio of hematopoietic progenitors in bone marrow. The numbers of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) in the bone marrow did not change with serial transplantation. Spleen CFU (CFU- S) numbers decreased with serial transfer but remained at levels which should be associated with engraftment, even on the transfers which were unsuccessful. The CFU-S, therefore, did not appear to be the cells responsible for long-term hematopoietic repopulation. The number of successful serial transfers was dependent on the size of the grafts, and prolonging the time interval between transfers reestablished the ability of the serially transplanted marrow to reconstitute lethally irradiated recipients. Serial bone marrow transplantation dissociated two phases of engraftment. The first unsustained phase was maintained with repeated serial transfer and appeared to be produced by committed progenitors. The second sustained phase was eventually lost with repeated serial transfer and was apparently due to the pluripotent stem cell.
Tokamak plasmas - A paradigm for coronal equilibrium and disequilibrium

Tokamaks operate over a wide parameter space, allowing access to plasma conditions relevant to astrophysical plasmas. For high electron density discharges, for example, the central electron density and temperature are ~ 3 × 1014cm-3 and ~ 1.5 keV, and the central plasma region is in coronal equilibrium. Towards the edge of the plasma, however, many ion species will be far out of coronal equilibrium. A novel feature of the edge region is the seemingly contradictory property that it is, simultaneously, both a strongly recombining and a strongly ionizing plasma. Recent tokamak observations of strongly recombining plasmas also show that the G parameter (the ratio of forbidden plus intercombination to resonance lines) is larger by a factor of 3 than the ratio of statistical weights of the triplet-singlet series. Such observations can be of direct consequence to the interpretation of non-equilibrium astrophysical plasmas.
Why are CEOs paid for good luck? An empirical comparison of explanations for pay-for-luck asymmetry

Abstract We independently and jointly test multiple proposed explanations for chief executive officer (CEO) pay-for-luck asymmetry, comparing their contributions to the observed asymmetry. Measuring luck based on both stock and operating performance, we analyze pay asymmetry for both the average and median CEO. We document that favorable labor market opportunities—measuring executive retention concerns—most consistently underlie pay asymmetry across specifications, while CEO power and bankruptcy avoidance incentives are only weakly related. However, none of these independently explains pay asymmetry across our expanded tests. Our results highlight important empirical modeling concerns and provide valuable insight for future theoretical and empirical work.
Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 20th ed. John Bernard Henry, ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2001, 1512 pp., $99.00. ISBN 0-7216-8864-0.

Having reached its 20th edition, this book needs no introduction. Few medical textbooks can equal the longevity attained by this publication. First published in 1908 by Dr. Todd, several editors have guided this text, a new edition of which has appeared approximately every 5 years since the early 1960s. The current editor, Dr. John Bernard Henry, joined Dr. Davidsohn in 1969 and has now overseen seven editions of the book. He is ably assisted in the latest edition by 6 associate editors and 88 other contributors, many of whom are recognized experts in their respective fields. Although several textbooks are available for the individual components that comprise laboratory medicine, this book undertakes the daunting task of covering the whole discipline. The objectives are delineated in the foreword and indicate that the goal of the book is to serve as a resource of scientific information in virtually all aspects of laboratory …
Parallel architectures: Techniques for compiler-directed cache coherence

Compiler-directed cache coherence can help close the gap between processor and memory speed. The authors explain the concepts underlying techniques and survey various approaches to this strategy.
Temporal Dynamics and Electronic Nose Detection of Stink Bug-Induced Volatile Emissions from Cotton Bolls

Management decisions for stink bugs (Pentatomidae) in Bt cotton are complicated by time-consuming sampling methods, and there is a need for more efficient detection tools. Volatile compounds are released from cotton bolls in response to feeding by stink bugs, and electronic nose (E-nose) technology may be useful for detecting boll damage. In this study, we investigated the temporal dynamics of volatile emissions in response to feeding by stink bugs and tested the ability of E-nose to discriminate between odors from healthy and injured bolls. Feeding by stink bugs led to an approximate 2.4-fold increase in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. Principal components analysis of E-nose sensor data showed distinct (100%) separation between stink bug-injured and healthy bolls after two days of feeding. However, when E-nose was used to randomly identify samples, results were less accurate (80–90%). These results suggest that E-nose is a promising technology for rapid detection of stink bug injury to cotton.
Application of a multifilter shadowband radiometer and microwave radiometer for ground based evaluation of aerosol-cloud interactions

The quantification of the first direct aerosol cloud interaction mechanism requires simultaneous observations of cloud water drop properties as well as aerosol properties below the cloud. The simultaneous measurement of both these properties is very difficult from space borne systems and efforts to develop ground remote sensing measurements are critical. To measure the cloud properties, we make use of an approach which combines a Microwave radiometer and a MFRSR radiometer for simultaneous Cloud Optical Depth (COD) and Liquid Water Path (LWP). From these measurements, effective droplet diameter can be estimated assuming the homogeneity of the cloud. In using the diffuse flux, we confirm that for COD > 2 and solar zenith angles < 60, the standard MFRSR correction can be applied with errors < 1%. In addition, we develop a method whereby regional retrieval of Microphysical properties from multispectral extinction measurements can be made based on NN based methods trained on full sky scans. Also, we discuss the uncertainty in the inferred COD due to various input parameters in the formation of Look-Up-Tables and present preliminary data sets for evaluation. Finally, we discuss methods to extract useful aerosol information during partly cloudy conditions that can be used to better define the state of the aerosol prior to cloud interaction.
Determining the power of multiple regression analyses both with and without repeated measures

Power analysis guides researchers in planning how much data to collect. This article describes BWPower, a computer program for the Windows 95 environment that performs power analyses for research designs that may or may not include both between- and within-subjects factors. We discuss how BWPower easily accommodates both between- and within-subjects factors and provide examples of BWPower’s use in performing power analyses on designs with only between-subjects factors, designs with only repeated measures, and with mixed between- and within-subjects designs. We highlight the major features of BWPower’s user interface, such as the ability to iteratively increment or decrement the number of subjects and the automatic recalculation of power when the number of subjects or effect sizes is changed.
Mathematical model of the modes of thermal treatment of rotating glass bodies with optimal speed

A procedure of control over the modes of cooling of rotating glass bodies with optimal speed is proposed (with certain restrictions imposed on the time and residual stresses formed in the process of cooling). The application of this procedure significantly decreases the duration of cooling.
Augmentation of endogenous adenosine attenuates myocardial 'stunning' independently of coronary flow or hemodynamic effects.

BACKGROUNDMounting evidence suggests a protective effect of exogenous adenosine in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. We tested the hypothesis that augmentation of endogenous adenosine levels, achieved by inhibiting adenosine catabolism and washout, is beneficial in postischemic myocardial dysfunction ("stunning").METHODS AND RESULTSIn phase I of the study, open-chest dogs undergoing a 15-minute coronary artery occlusion and 4 hours of reperfusion received an intracoronary infusion of either saline (controls, n = 23) or 6-(4-nitrobenzyl)-mercapto: purine ribonucleoside (NBMPR, a selective nucleoside transport inhibitor) combined with erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA, a potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor) (EHNA + NBMPR, n = 15) starting 15 minutes before coronary occlusion and ending 15 minutes after the initiation of reflow. Regional myocardial function (assessed as systolic wall thickening) was similar in control and treated groups at baseline and during ischemia. After reperfusion, however...
The effect of a reporter molecule on chromatin template activity.

Abstract A reporter molecule, which is said to bind exclusively to the minor groove of DNA, does not interfere with the transcription of chromatin by an exogenous E. coli RNA polymerase. This is in contrast to the marked inhibition of chromatin template activity by actinomycin D. Taken together with previous observations, these results support the hypothesis that the chromatin proteins regulating transcription by RNA polymerase are located in the major groove of DNA.
Chronic exposure to fluoxetine (Prozac) causes developmental delays in Rana pipiens larvae.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine, are among the many pharmaceuticals detected in aquatic ecosystems. Although the acute effects of SSRIs on select organisms have been reported, little is understood about the chronic effects of these drugs on amphibians, which are particularly sensitive to environmental pollutants. Serotonin plays important roles in many physiological functions, including a wide array of developmental processes. Exposure to SSRIs during development may cause developmental complications in a variety of organisms, but little is known about the degree of exposure necessary to cause deleterious effects. Here, we sought to gain a better understanding of the effects of SSRIs on amphibian development by use of a combined laboratory and outdoor mesocosm study. Tadpoles in a laboratory setting were exposed to a low (0.029 µg/L) and a high (0.29 µg/L) concentration of the common SSRI fluoxetine from stages 21 and 22 through completion of metamorphosis. Tadpoles in outdoor mesocosms were exposed to fluoxetine concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 µg/L. Exposed tadpoles in the laboratory showed delayed development compared with controls when stage was assessed throughout the experiment. Control tadpoles also gained weight faster than treatment tadpoles, which may be explained by reduced food intake. Mesocosm tadpoles exhibited similar trends, but no significant differences were detected. These results indicate that ecologically relevant levels of fluoxetine may cause developmental delays in amphibians. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2845–2850. © 2010 SETAC
The relationship between self-perception of physical attractiveness and sexual bullying in early adolescence

The relationship between self-perception of physical attractiveness and four measures of sexual bullying behavior (victimization, perpetration, having friends who sexually bully, and observation of sexual bullying among peers at school) was examined in a sample of 396 middle school age students. Students who perceived themselves to be more physically attractive than their peers reported sexually bullying others more, being sexually bullied by others more, observing more sexual bullying, and having more friends who sexually bully others than did students who perceived themselves as average looking. In addition, males who perceived themselves to be less physically attractive than their peers reported being victimized more and reported observing more sexual bullying in the school environment. These findings highlight the importance of physical attractiveness in the early initiation of sexual harassment. Implications for future research and interventions with early adolescents are discussed.
Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) of the Rete Testis in the Monkey

The present report shows the topography of the rete testis in normal and ductuli efferentes ligated monkeys. The epithelium of the rete testis has been studied by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It shows two main surfaces. One covering the main cavity is rather flat with microvilli and ill-defined cellular limits. The other surface is found close to the opening of ductuli efferentes and shows bulging cupola-like cells with better defined limits, microvilli and blebs. Both zones have cells with one cilium. Many of the cupola-like cells show the presence of phagocytized spermatozoa in different stages of digestion. Phagocytic activity appears to be more pronounced in the ligated animals.
High sugar-induced repression of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes in lens: Reversal by pyruvate

Impairment of vision in diabetes has been suggested to be due to an acceleration of the polyol pathway in the lens as well as in the retina. This acceleration is attributed largely to the rate-limiting steps of glycolysis and consequent diversion of glucose in the polyol pathway with its consequent effects on diverse tissue transport and redox activities. In addition, high sugar also induces a generalized oxidative stress via generating superoxide and its derivatization to other reactive oxygen species (ROS). While the immediate toxicity of hyperglycemia could be linked to the acceleration of this pathway, we hypothesize that in the long term, the toxic effects of the high sugar level are due to an upregulation of certain microRNAs (as we have shown before) and consequent repression of the transcription and translation of many antioxidant and anti-apoptotic genes. Therefore, in the present study, we measured the expression levels of certain major antioxidant and pro- and anti-apoptotic mRNAs in the lenses of mice made hyperglycemic by feeding a high galactose diet, without or with fortification with 1% sodium pyruvate-a potent ROS scavenger. As speculated, the expression of several antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mRNAs has been found to be significantly repressed in the lenses of animals fed a high galactose diet. Such repression was significantly prevented by pyruvate. Thus, the findings also strongly suggest that visual impairment induced by the diabetic hyperglycemia could be treatable by administration of certain anti-microRNAs.
Re/membering (to) shifting alignments: Korean women’s transnational narratives in US higher education

At the location of alter‐native researcher in US higher education, the author interweaves two Korean women’s transnational narratives that intersect with her autobiographical route. Through this re‐narrativization, the paper discusses the material and ideological specificities that place each individual differently in engagements with various institutions yet simultaneously constitute them/us as Korean women in US higher education. The purpose is to enunciate these particular transnational existences that map out the unequal connections of seemingly distant geographies, histories and educations between Korea and the US. In doing so, the paper highlights how these women ambivalently appropriate and subvert their gendered, racialized and nationalized locations in order to free themselves and to rework the worlds in which they/we are living. By enacting this specific re‐narrativization, this paper argues for the proliferation of testimonies from and of particular history and geography as a way to decolonize ...
Numbers or Networks: Social Constructions of Technology and Organizational Dilemmas in IDF Modernization

Western nations including Israel are modernizing their militaries. They are turning to advanced technologies and information warfare as altematives to nuclear weapons and as solutions to manpower and budget constraints. For the same reasons, technological modernization of the Israeli Defense Force's ground organization has become a political and strategic necessity. The modernization process, however, is precipitating a wrenching and non-obvious reorganization of the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) as managers' expectations of the technology are imposed on organizational realities. The Israeli ground forces are developing into a smaller, more professional, standing army that requires more coordination and precise behavior. Achieving greater precision in operations will prove difficult for the reserve oriented IDF. This article investigates the case of the IDF as an example of a general phenomenon in which complexity in machines drives the directions of organizational adaptation, making the capabilities of mil...
Hydroperoxide peroxidase activity in liver microsomes

Abstract The oxidation of either NADH or NADPH by cumene hydroperoxide in rat liver microsomes is described. The Km′ for the hydroperoxide varied with the pyridine nucleotide utilized (NADPH, Km′ = 0.91 mM; NADH, Km′ = 3.3 mM). Carbon monoxide did not inhibit the peroxidase activity although a variety of other agents which interact with cytochrome P450 did produce inhibitory effects. Moreover, aminotriazole, which stimulated NADPH peroxidase activity, had an inhibitory action on NADPH peroxidase. These various experiments suggest that NADH- and NADPH-dependent peroxidase activity may be mediated by separate components of the microsomal electron transport chain, which may be distinct from but closely interacting with cytochrome P450.