cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid A stimulates phospholipase D activity in rat mesangial cells via a G-protein

Stimulation of mesangial cells (MC) with the bacterial endotoxin Lipid A activated two enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. First, a phospholipase D hydrolyses phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidic acid (PA), followed by dephosphorylation of PA to 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) by PA phosphohydrolase. MC or microsomes from these cells were pre-labelled with [3H]glycerol. A 30-60 s stimulation with 10-100 ng of Lipid A/ml caused a decrease in [3H]glycerol in PE and increased radioactive glycerol in PA. The enzyme responsible for this hydrolysis preferred PE containing unsaturated acyl side chains. DAG was formed from PA within the first 1 min after Lipid A stimulation. Microsomes incubated with 25 mM-NaF to inhibit phospholipase C and to stimulate GTP-binding proteins also caused PE to be converted into PA. The [3H]glycerol and acyl mass of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol did not change with either Lipid A or NaF. Addition of guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate to MC microsomes caused the rapid decrease in proportion of PE and increase in PA, followed by an increase in DAG unsaturated acyl mass. These data suggest the concurrent G-protein-dependent activation by Lipid A of a PE-directed phospholipase D and a PA phosphohydrolase.
Instability and deadlock of distributed dynamic channel allocation

Distributed dynamic channel allocation (DDCA) techniques are vulnerable to undesirable effects such as interruption, call deadlock, and instability. Theoretical and simulation studies of these problems are described. The interactions of power control and channel allocation, and the tradeoffs between service interruption of existing calls and blocking of new calls are shown.
Events of Translation: Intertextuality and Christian Ethnotheologies of Change among Guhu‐Samane, Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT Translation has long been a part of anthropology, and recently analysts have focused on the politics, poetics, and ethics of translations that account for much of the global flow of discourses. This literature can be thought of as histories of how translators forge denotational links between source and target texts and how communities engage with the texts that result. Here, however, I want to highlight a different mode of translation in which connections between source and target texts become models of transformation for communities that engage with them. Moreover, participants can actually enact transformations in ritual moments that foreground the relationships between translated texts. I focus on Guhu-Samane Christian communities of Papua New Guinea who use performances of the local-language translation of the New Testament to comment on the kind of Christian transformations they have experienced. This perspective offers a particularly compelling way to investigate Christian models of temporality.
The detection, isolation and characterization of a light-harvesting complex which is specifically associated with Photosystem I

Abstract 10% of the chlorophyll associated with a ‘native’ Photosystem (PS) I complex (110 chlorophylls/P-700) is chlorophyll (Chl) b. The Chl b is associated with a specific PS I antenna complex which we designate as LHC-I (i.e., a light-harvesting complex serving PS I). When the native PS I complex is degraded to the core complex by LHC-I extraction, there is a parallel loss of Chl b, fluorescence at 735 nm, together with 647 and 686 nm circular dichroism spectral properties, as well as a group of polypeptides of 24-19 kDa. In this paper we present a method by which the LHC-I complex can be dissociated from the native PS I. The isolated LHC-I contains significant amounts of Chl b (Chl a b ⋍ 3.7 ). The long-wavelength fluorescence at 730 nm and circular dichroism signal at 686 nm observed in native PS I are maintained in this isolated complex. This isolated fraction also contains the low molecular weight polypeptides lost in the preparation of PS I core complex. We conclude that we have isolated the PS I antenna in an intact state and discuss its in vivo function.
Enhancement of external spin-orbit coupling effects caused by metal-metal cooperativity.

As part of our efforts to discover simple routes to room-temperature phosphors, we have investigated the interaction of bis(pentafluorophenyl)mercury (1) or trimeric perfluoro-o-phenylene mercury (2) with selected arenes (naphthalene, biphenyl, and fluorene). Solution studies indicate that 2, unlike 1, quenches the fluorescence of naphthalene. When compared to 1, the high quenching efficiency of 2 may be correlated to the higher affinity that 2 displays for arenes as well as to more acute external heavy-atom effects caused by the three mercury atoms. In the crystal, the adducts [1·naphthalene], [1·biphenyl], [1·fluorene], and [2·fluorene] form supramolecular binary stacks in which the arene approaches the mercury centers of 1 or 2 to form Hg−C π-interactions. Analysis of the electrostatic potential surfaces of the individual components supports the involvement of electrostatic interactions. The luminescence spectra of the adducts show complete quenching of the fluorescence and display heavy-atom-induced e...
Antrochoanal polyp originating from sphenoid sinus causing acute dysphagia

Antrochoanal polyps are not uncommon in childhood and adolescence. Usually they arise from the maxillary sinus, but they also can arise from the turbinates or other sinus cavities including the sphenoid sinus cavity. We present such a case to underscore this less common site of origin of sphenochoanal polyps.
Design of a rotational ultrasound guided diffuse optical tomography system for whole breast imaging

This study focuses on a multimodal imaging technique that integrates both structural and functional information using a priori ultrasound (US) information to assist near-infrared (NIR) diffuse optical tomography (DOT). Up to date, handheld systems that integrates DOT and US have been demonstrated. Our system is designed to be fully-automated and non-contact. Our aim is to build an interface, in which the optical source and detector fibers will rotate around the breast together with the US transducer. However, in this study we built a prototype system, which rotated the phantom and kept the transducers stationary for simplicity. Simulation and experimental studies were performed using a variety of sourcedetector configurations. The reconstruction results were compared with and without US a priori information. To collect the a priori US information, the multi-modality agar phantom was rotated 360° using a computer controlled rotational stage. The multi-modality phantom had an inclusion that had both optical absorption and US contrast. 360 US images were collected in 1° increments covering the entire phantom volume. The DOT data was also collected while the phantom is rotated with particular source-detector configurations. These results have shown that when the detectors were π /8 apart, and the phantom is rotating at π /16 increments with a total of 32 views provide the optimum image reconstruction. As expected, US a priori information further improved the quantification accuracy.
Growth of separated and recombined neonatal rat uterine luminal epithelium and stroma on extracellular matrix : effects of in vivo tamoxifen exposure

We have developed a system for serum-free culture of separated uterine epithelium and stroma from 11-day-old rats recombined on extracellular matrix extracted from Englebreth-Holm-Swarm tumors. Epithelium grew and, after 2 days in culture, developed into luminal epithelial spheres (LES) surrounding a fluid-filled lumen. Individual LES cells maintained epithelial cell characteristics such as basally located nuclei, apical microvilli (oriented toward the lumen), lateral membranes with interdigitations and desmosomes, secretory Golgi complexes, and abundant mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Secretory vesicles were ubiquitous throughout the luminal fluid. Addition of 17 beta-estradiol to the growth medium increased the number and longevity of the LES. Prior exposure of uteri to tamoxifen via s.c. injection in vivo on postnatal Days 1 to 5 reduced or completely inhibited formation of LES in vitro. These effects occurred regardless of whether the stromal or epithelial component of the recombinant tissue was exposed to tamoxifen. These data suggest a directive property of neonatal stroma in culture resulting in the formation of highly secretory spherical epithelial structures completely enclosing a lumen. LES formation is responsive to both estrogen (positive response) and antiestrogen (negative response).
Chemical, Thermal, and Ultrasonic Stability of Hybrid Nanoparticles and Nanoparticle Multilayer Films

Gold nanoparticles stabilized by thiolates derived from normal and ω-functionalized alkane- and arenethiols (HS(CH2)nCH3, HS(CH2)10COOH, HS(CH2)11OH, HSC6H4NH2, HSCH2CH2C6H5, and HSCH2C6H4C(CH3)3) were synthesized. Differences in their chemical and ultrasonic stabilities were studied using UV−vis spectroscopy. The results showed that these stabilities of monolayer-protected nanoparticles were greatly influenced by the structure and functionality of the monolayer surrounding a nanoparticle core. The selective functionalization of the nanoparticle allowed us to prepare hybrid nanostructures (nanoparticle multilayer assemblies) with different compositions and functionalities. This paper also presents an investigation of the chemical, thermal, and ultrasonic treatments of these nanoparticle multilayer assemblies. The results suggest that the linkers used to build nanoparticle multilayer films govern the overall stability of hybrid nanostructures.
The Readability of Principles of Macroeconomics Textbooks

The authors evaluated principles of macroeconomics textbooks for readability using Coh-Metrix, a computational linguistics tool. Additionally, they conducted an experiment on Amazon's Mechanical Turk Web site in which participants ranked the readability of text samples. There was a wide range of scores on readability indexes both among textbooks and within textbooks. Results from the Mechanical Turk experiment revealed that the Flesch Reading Ease Index does not predict which samples readers will prefer, but readers do prefer samples that are thematically similar, as identified by Latent Semantic Analysis. There were differences in the responses of native and non-native-but-proficient English speakers to the text samples, suggesting that the intended audience is an important determinant of readability.
Technical Change, External Economies, and the Porter Hypothesis

Abstract Michael Porter introduces the idea that environmental regulations may benefit affected firms. This paper derives results consistent with Porter's hypothesis by employing a general equilibrium framework with a large number of agents, external economies of scale in production, and discrete changes in technology. The model shows that endogenous technical change makes Porter's hypothesis feasible. However, a policy that produces results consistent with Porter's hypothesis is not necessarily optimal.
Changes in food-motivated behavior of rats as a function of septal and amygdaloid lesions.

Abstract Two groups of rats with septal and amygdaloid lesions and a sham-operated control group were trained preoperatively to respond in a lever box for 8% sucrose solution with a 30-sec fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. Following a period of similar testing postoperatively, the concentration of the sucrose solution was increased and decreased in a systematic manner. The sucrose solution was then adulterated with quinine. Both experimental groups (the animals with septal to a greater extent than those with amygdaloid lesions) showed a post-operative increase in rate of responding, disrupted fixed interval timing and more sustained responding within sessions. With one exception, the effects of the lesions did not interact with the effects of altering the sucrose solution.
Observations on the Assessment of Cardiac Hypertrophy Utilizing a Chamber Partition Technique

Three hundred fifty-four adult human hearts were dissected utilizing a technique similar to those previously described by Muller1 and Lewis.2 A classification was synthesized on the basis of anatomic characteristics of 100 normal hearts. Presumptive evidence of either left or right ventricular overload, provided by clinical and autopsy observation, served as essential corollary data in establishing normal limits. The existence of hypertrophy was readily recognized in hearts in which one or both ventricles increased in mass sufficiently to surpass the defined upper limit. Isolated ventricular hypertrophy of mild degree was recognized as a consequence of an abnormal LV+S/RV ratio in 58 hearts in which ventricular weights were within the normal range. Factors which would be expected to result in left or right ventricular overload were demonstrable in 42 of these cases. Atrial hypertrophy correlated well with hypertrophy of the corresponding ventricle and served as an invaluable aid in recognition of mild de...
Role of the loop segment in the urinary concentrating defect of hypercalcemia.

Role of the loop segment in the urinary concentrating defect of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia is associated with impaired urinary concentrating ability. To explore the mechanism(s) by which hypercalcemia impairs chloride transport in the loop of Henle, we carried out in vivo microperfusion of the loop segment in Sprague–Dawley rats rendered acutely hypercalcemie (12.1 ± 0.1 mg/dliter) by calcium gluconate infusion. Control rats were infused with sodium gluconate and had normal plasma calcium (8.0 ± 0.2 mg/dliter). Compared to control, fractional chloride reabsorption was decreased (61 ± 4 to 50 ± 3%; P 3 , the addition of calcium 8.0 mEq/liter to the perfusate increased early distal calcium (0.22 to 3.11 mEq/liter) but was associated with no change in fractional chloride reabsorption (-6 ± 6%) and a slight decrease in early distal chloride (-9 ± 3 mEq/liter; P
SELF-CONSISTENT EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING THE IDEAL GAS HEAT CAPACITY, ENTHALPY, AND ENTROPY

Abstract Aly, F.A. and Lee, L.L., 1981. Self-consistent equations for calculating the ideal gas heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy. Fluid Phase Equilibria , 6: 169—179. Self-consistent equations for calculating the ideal gas heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy are derived based on statistical mechanical formulae and with simplifications to facilitate engineering calculation. Some sixty compounds have been investigated. Comparison with existing heat capacity correlations, notably those of Passut and Danner and Duran et al., shows that the present equations are more accurate for most cases. The formulae are consistent in that they obey the basic thermodynamic relations among C p * , H * , and S * . Only five (for C p * ) or six (for H * and S * ) constants are used which are common to all properties.
Relation of Beat-to-Beat Variability to Heart Rate in Normal Sleeping Infants

Summary: The relationship of beat-to-beat heart rate variability (delta RR) and instantaneous heart rate was studied in eight normal infants while asleep during the first four months of life. The sleep state (REM or quiet) was determined using neurophysiologic and behavioral criteria. The results of regression analyses indicated that the delta RR values were positively correlated with the instantaneous heart rate (RR intervals). The correlation coefficient range was 0.49 to 0.92 in quiet sleep and 0.50 to 0.93 in REM sleep. Regression analyses supported a linear approximation of the delta RR to RR relation over the RR range investigated (400 to 520 msec). The median slope was 0.124 in REM and 0.117 in quiet sleep. The slopes of these linear functions were similar in both sleep states and at all ages. If beat-to-beat variability is to be used as an index of the integrity of the autonomic nervous system, these results suggest that delta RR be corrected for RR. A model is presented which relates the demonstrated positive correlation of delta RR to RR with the physiology of cardiac output control. Speculation: The positive correlation of delta RR with RR is consistent with the view that beat-to-beat heart rate variability is a homeostatic mechanism required for control of cardiac output.
The relation between a university's football record and the size of its applicant pool

Abstract We show that the winning record of a university's football team is positively (and statistically significantly) related to the number of applications for admittance received by that university. Our parameter estimates indicate that an increase in winning percentage by 0.250 (from 0.500 to 0.750, for example) tends to produce a 1.3% increase in applicants in the following year.
The Drosophila Helicase Maleless (MLE) is Implicated in Functions Distinct From its Role in Dosage Compensation

Helicases are ubiquitous enzymes that unwind or remodel single or double-stranded nucleic acids, and that participate in a vast array of metabolic pathways. The ATP-dependent DEXH-box RNA/DNA helicase MLE was first identified as a core member of the chromatin remodeling MSL complex, responsible for dosage compensation in Drosophila males. Although this complex does not assemble in females, MLE is present. Given the multiplicity of functions attributed to its mammalian ortholog RNA helicase A, we have carried out an analysis for the purpose of determining whether MLE displays the same diversity. We have identified a number of different proteins that associate with MLE, implicating its role in specific pathways. We have documented this association in selected examples that include the spliceosome complex, heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins involved in RNA Processing and in Heterochromatin Protein 1 deposition, and the NuRD complex.
Protecting the host naturally

A new approach to hematopoietic cell transplantation in people seems to lessen the incidence of a serious complication, acute graft-versus-host disease.
Grain boundaries as heterogeneous systems: atomic and continuum elastic properties

The relation between atomic structure and elastic properties of grain boundaries is investigated theoretically from both atomistic and continuum points of view. A heterogeneous continuum model of the boundary is introduced where distinct phases are associated with individual atoms and possess their atomic level elastic moduli determined from the discrete model. The effective elastic moduli for sub-blocks from an infinite bicrystal are then calculated for a relatively small number of atom layers above and below the grain boundary. These effective moduli can be determined exactly for the discrete atomistic model, while estimates from upper and lower bounds are evaluated in the framework of the continuum model. The complete fourth-order elastic modulus tensor is calculated for both the local and the effective properties. Comparison between the discrete atomistic results and those for the continuum model establishes the validity of this model and leads to criteria to assess the stability of a given grain boundary structure. For stable structures the continuum estimates of the effective moduli agree well with the exact effective moduli for the discrete model. Metastable and unstable structures are associated with a significant fraction of atoms (phases) for which the atomic-level moduli lose positive definiteness or even strong ellipticity. In those cases, the agreement between the effective moduli of the discrete and continuum systems breaks down.
Actinomyces odontolyticus Thoracopulmonary Infections: Two Cases in Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Recipients and a Review of the Literature

We present the first case of mediastinitis and the third case of pneumonia attributed to Actinomyces odontolyticus. The first patient presented 10 months after single-lung transplant with a subacute apical infiltrate in the native lung and responded to therapy with oral penicillin. The second patient developed pyogenic mediastinitis 25 days after a heart-lung transplant and required sternal debridement and intravenous penicillin. We also review the literature on thoracopulmonary infections due to A odontolyticus.
Interplay between charge, orbital, and magnetic ordering in La 1-x Sr x MnO 3

The evolution with x of the complex phase diagram below 310 K of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ in the range $0l~xl~0.35$ has been mapped out with measurements on a series of melt-grown samples of resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(T),$ specific heat ${C}_{p}(T),$ magnetization $M(T)$ in applied magnetic fields $H=20\mathrm{Oe},$ 5 kOe, and magnetization at 5 K up to 50 kOe. Between the canted-spin antiferromagnetic insulator and ferromagnetic metal (FM) phases, an unusual interplay between charge, orbital, and magnetic ordering is revealed. In the paramagnetic range ${T}_{c}lTl{T}_{\mathrm{JT}}$ the electrons of e-orbital parentage are preferentially ordered into (001) planes and the system exhibits a colossal magnetoresistance. At temperatures below a ${T}_{\mathrm{oo}}l{T}_{c},$ a different orbital order is found; in an applied magnetic field it is associated with a ferromagnetic insulator (FI) phase. In a narrow temperature interval ${T}_{\mathrm{oo}}lTl{T}_{c},$ the system is conductive and a spin glass in an applied magnetic field $H=20\mathrm{Oe}$ is transformed by $H=5\mathrm{kOe}$ into a ferromagnetic vibronic phase. As the cooperative orbital-ordering temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{JT}}$ decreases with increasing x, the transition at ${T}_{\mathrm{JT}}$ changes from second-order to first-order. In $H=50\mathrm{kOe}$ at 5 K, the magnetization of the FI phase exceeds the theoretical spin-only value of $(4\ensuremath{-}x){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/\mathrm{Mn},$ reaching $4.4{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/\mathrm{Mn}$ at $x=0.15;$ the magnetization of the FM phase has the spin-only value.
The Informant as Resolute Overseer

In this paper I take into account informants who oversee fieldworkers in local arenas.1 My intention is not to question the importance of participant-observation as the hallmark of field research but to elevate the recognition of informants in fieldwork. The argument centers on local overseers who are integral to participant-observation by controlling more of what the researcher observes, and with whom one participates, than they are usually given credit for in the literature. I intentionally use "overseer" rather than the usual "gatekeeper" label to convey a strong sense of informant involvement in ethnographic research (cf. Ellen 1984 where "gatekeeper" is used to describe a range of actors who control access, channel activities, and so on). The case study is drawn from my experiences with a host family in southwest Madagascar with whom I lived for 10 months in 1997. There are different ways of representing informants in the literature. One way is to draw a wide line between informant and participant-observer. Informants are defined as local people who willingly provide information to participant-observers. Participant-observers are non-locals involved in intense interaction with members of a community over a long period such as a year. The two are not to overlap. Evans-Pritchard found informants vital to his Azande research, participant-observation central to his Nuer fieldwork. "Azande would not allow me to live as one of themselves; Nuer would not allow me to live otherwise. Among Azande I was compelled to live outside the community; among Nuer I was compelled to be a member of it" (Evans-Pritchard 1940:15). This tradition, of treating each as a separate method, is widespread (see, for example, Bernard 1995:136-79;
Parathyroid hormone-mediated aluminum deposition and egress in the rat

Parathyroid hormone-mediated aluminum deposition and egress in the rat. Exogenous PTH significantly enhances tissue aluminum concentration in normal rats fed an aluminum-supplemented diet. In this study, we examined the effect of PTH withdrawal on brain and whole carcass aluminum concentrations. Four groups of rats were fed an aluminum diet while receiving injections of PTH for 5 days. On day 5, one group of rats was sacrificed, and the treatment regimen of the remaining groups altered. PTH, the aluminum diet, or PTH and the aluminum diet were withdrawn respectively for an additional 5 days. An additional group of rats was fed the aluminum diet for 10 days. PTH dramatically increased the concentration of aluminum in both brain and carcass above that found in tissues of rats given aluminum alone. Brain and whole carcass aluminum concentrations remained elevated in rats continued on PTH even in the absence of continued supplemental dietary aluminum. In contrast, following PTH withdrawal, brain and whole carcass aluminum concentrations were significantly lower and independent of dietary aluminum. Thus, PTH may be an important mediator of specific tissue aluminum burdens. Deposition d'aluminium ayant l'hormone parathyroidienne pour mediateur chez le rat. Le PTH exogene augmente significativement la concentration tissulaire d'aluminium chez des rats normaux nourris avec une alimentation supplementee en aluminium. Dans ce travail nous avons etudie l'effet de la suppression de PTH sur les concentrations d'aluminium du cerveau et de l'ensemble de corps. Quatre groupes de rats ont recu une alimentation contenant de l'aluminium et des injections de PTH pendant 5 jours. Au 5 jour un groupe de rats a ete sacrifie et le protocole modifie pour les groupes restants. Le PTH, l'alimentation contenant de l'aluminium, ou les deux ont ete supprimees pendant une periode de 5 jours. Un cinquieme groupe de rats a recu la nourriture additionnee d'aluminium pendant 10 jours. Le PTH augmente de facon considerable la concentration d'aluminium aussi bien dans le cerveau que dans l'ensemble de corps: ces concentrations sont superieures a celles observees chez les animaux qui ne recoivent que l'aluminium. Ces concentrations restent elevees chez les rats qui continuent a recevoir l'hormone meme apres la suppression de l'apport d'aluminium. Apres la cessation de l'administration de PTH, au contraire, les concentrations d'aluminium dans le cerveau et dans l'ensemble de corps sont significativement superieures et independantes de l'apport d'aluminium. Ainsi le PTH est-elle un mediateur important de la surcharge tissulaire en aluminium.
Gene Expression Clustering: a Novel Graph Partitioning Approach

In order to help understand how the genes are affected by different disease conditions in a biological system, clustering is typically performed to analyze gene expression data. In this paper, we propose to solve the clustering problem using a graph theoretical approach, and apply a novel graph partitioning model -isoperimetric graph partitioning (IGP), to group biological samples from gene expression data. The IGP algorithm has several advantages compared to the well-established spectral graph partitioning (SGP) model. First, IGP requires a simple solution to a sparse system of linear equations instead of the eigen-problem in the SGP model. Second, IGP avoids degenerate cases produced by spectral approach to achieve a partition with higher accuracy. Moreover, we integrate unsupervised gene selection into the proposed approach through two-way ordering of gene expression data, such that we can eliminate irrelevant or redundant genes in the data and obtain an improved clustering result. We evaluate our approach on several well-known problems involving gene expression profiles of colon cancer and leukemia subtypes. Our experiment results demonstrate that IGP constantly outperforms SGP and produces a better result that is closer to the original labeling of sample sets provided by domain experts. Furthermore, the clustering accuracy is improved significantly when IGP is integrated with the unsupervised gene (feature) selection.
Fusing landscape accuracy-dependent SRTM elevation data with NGDC and LiDAR data for the Florida coastline

Extended coverage digital elevation models (DEMs) including topographic and bathymetric area at moderate resolution are needed for regional-scale hazard modelling. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) provides important intermediate-scale information between coarse resolution data sets of wide area and high-resolution data sets of limited area. Although there are many anthropogenic structures that cause errors in the height of SRTM data, the measurement error is given as a single value for the entire area. The filter residuals in an adaptive multi-scale fusion algorithm were used to evaluate the landscape-dependent accuracy of SRTM elevations over the Florida coastal urban area. With accuracy and employing a stochastic framework to optimally fuse National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) data, SRTM data and high-resolution light detection and ranging data, single seamless fused DEMs at multiple scales were derived for the coastal area and improved DEM quality at 30 m scale for coastal flood prediction wa...
Trunk trails and the searching strategy of a leaf-cutter ant, Atta colombica

Atta colombica uses chemical mass recruitment that allows the rapid exploitation of resources. Most foragers thus search only within patches. Accumulation of ‘extra’ foragers at patches results in sampling of alternate food items and area-restricted search as patch resources are depleted.
The V‐A‐B Blood Group System of Chimpanzees: A Paradox in the Application of the 2 × 2 Contingency Test

Using population genetics it was demonstrated that two newly discovered blood factors of chimpanzee blood, Ac and Bc, and the blood factor Nv detected by Vicia graminea lectin, belong to the same blood group system, designated the V-A-B blood group system. In a study of 60 chimpanzees, all eight of the theoretically possible phenotypes were encountered. By gene frequency analysis, it was demonstrated that five of the eight possible genes postulated by the genetic theory of multiple allelic genes occurred among these 60 animals. A suitable nomenclature has been formulated which incorporates the facts observed. In the analysis of the findings, a paradox was encountered in the application of the 2 × 2 contingency test. This paradox has been resolved and explained.
Influence of age, sex, hearing loss, and balance on development of running by deaf children.

132 deaf boys and girls were evaluated on development for catching and static and dynamic balance proficiency. Additional information was obtained relative to age and hearing loss in decibels. Mature form in catching was related to chronological age and proficiency of balance. Sex and hearing loss do not appear to affect level of development as measured for catching.
Plasmodium lophurae: antibody-induced movement and capping of surface membranes of erythrocyte-free malarial parasites.

Abstract Surface antigens of the avian malarial parasite, Plasmodium lophurae , and its host cell, the duckling erythrocyte, were visualized at the ultrastructural level using rabbit antisera and ferritin-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG. Rabbit antisera to P. lophurae caused an aggregation of parasite and parasitophorous vacuole surface membrane antigens, a phenomenon known as capping. Capping required living plasmodia and did not occur if parasites had been fixed with glutaraldehyde prior to exposure to antisera. Antisera against duckling erythrocytes did not cross-react with erythrocyte-free malarial parasites, and did not form caps on the surface of the red blood cell. Antiplasmodial sera did not react with normal or malaria-infected red cells. These results suggest that surface membrane proteins of the intracellular plasmodium are capable of lateral movement.
Epigenetic programming of reward function in offspring: a role for maternal diet

Early life development, through gestation and lactation, represents a timeframe of extreme vulnerability for the developing fetus in general, and for the central nervous system in particular. An adverse perinatal environment can have a lasting negative impact on brain development, increasing the risk for developmental disorders and broader psychopathologies. A major determinant of the fetal developmental environment is maternal diet. The present review summarizes the current literature regarding the effect of poor maternal perinatal nutrition on offspring brain development, with an emphasis on reward-related neural systems and behaviors. Epigenetic mechanisms represent a likely link between maternal diet and persistent changes in offspring brain development, and these mechanisms are presented and discussed within the context of perinatal maternal nutrition.
Field Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Pale Western Cutworm in Winter Wheat12

In 1970 and 1973, 13 insecticides were assessed for control of larvae of Agrotis orthogonia Morrison in winter wheat in western Kansas. All significantly reduced populations below the untreated check. The following were as effective as the endrin standard: Cyolane®, cyclic ethylene P, P-diethyl phosphonodithioimidocarbonate; Cytrolane®, cyclic propylene P, P-diethyl phosphonodithioimidocarbonate; Monitor®, O, S-dimethyl phosphoroamidothioate; monocrotophos; chlorpyrifos; and acephate. Generally, grain yields were increased but not significantly so.
Pediatric Urology: Impaired Germ Cells in Secondary Cryptorchid Testis After Herniotomy

Secondary cryptorchidism was investigated after hernia repair in 15 patients 1 month to 7 years old. Testicular biopsy was obtained during orchiopexy. The number of spermatogonia per tubular cross section was higher in these patients than in boys with primary cryptorchidism, and the differences were significantly greater when the period of cryptorchidism was longer than 5 years. Loss of germ cells in secondary cryptorchidism was lower than in primary cryptorchidism. The spermatogonia per tubular cross section ratios were at the same low level in both groups in adolescence. These differences between primary and secondary cryptorchidism can be due to a lack of testicular exocrine function after a normal priming effect when the testes are in descended position. Collagenization of the peri-tubular connective tissue and the lack of germ cells are the only histological changes that occur in secondary cryptorchid testes when they have remained in cryptorchid position for 2 years, which is in marked contrast to primary cryptorchid testes that did not receive the priming effect in the first months of life. However, fertility is influenced minimally due to the presumably normal functioning of the contralateral testicle. Secondary cryptorchid testes demonstrate significant dysfunction after 5 years in that position. Germ cell loss occurs more slowly in secondary than in primary cryptorchidism. Despite the optimistic prognosis for fertility, we recommend early orchiopexy for secondary cryptorchidism to prevent exocrine insufficiency of the affected testicle.
Perceptions of Safer Sex Negotiation among HIV- and HIV+ Women at Heterosexual Risk: A Focus Group Analysis

Heterosexual women are at increasing risk for HIV, but many are unable to engage in effective safer sex negotiation. The current study examined perceptions of safer sex negotiation using a focus group methodology. Participants were twenty high-risk HIV- and HIV+ women. Participants found it difficult to negotiate safer sex with a relationship partner, because of an inability to see partners they love and trust as risky. Also, although participants perceived condom use to be a personal choice, they believed that few use condoms consistently. Moreover, HIV- women held negative attitudes toward condoms that probably decrease use, whereas HIV+ women had concerns regarding disclosure of status. Clearly, women need safer sex negotiation skills to support the personal choice to use condoms.
REPRESENTATION AND EMBODIMENT OF MEANING IN L2 COMMUNICATION: Motion Events in the Speech and Gesture of Advanced L2 Korean and L2 English Speakers

This study investigates the interface between speech and gesture in second language (L2) narration within Slobin's (2003) thinking-for-speaking (TFS) framework as well as with respect to McNeill's (1992, 2005) growth point (GP) hypothesis. Specifically, our interest is in whether speakers shift from a first language (L1) to a L2 TFS pattern as manifested in the GP of narrations they produce. The data are drawn from the narrations of an animated cartoon story produced by advanced L2 speakers of Korean (L1 English) and L2 speakers of English (L1 Korean). Korean is a verb-framed language (Talmy, 2000) that conflates path of motion on the verb and expresses manner, if at all, through separate lexical items, onomatopoeia, or gesture alone. English is a satellite-framed language (Talmy, 2000) that encodes manner on verbs, expresses path through satellite phrases, and synchronizes manner-path conflated gestures with manner verbs when manner is in focus. The typological difference between the languages presents significant challenges for the L2 speakers, who, despite their high level of proficiency in their respective L2s, appear to retain their L1 TFS patterns.
Immune response to the RNA protein particles in systemic lupus erythematosus: A distinctive dichotomy

Antibodies to the small RNA protein particles Ro/Sjogren's syndrome A (Ro/SSA), La Sjogren's syndrome B (La/SSB), Sm, and U1-ribonucleoprotein (U1RNP) occur characteristically in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Although not mutually exclusive, those antibodies tend to occur in pairs; anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB in one group, anti-U1RNP and anti-Sm in another group. The emerging data suggest that these pairs of immune responses differ in fundamental ways, signifying different mechanisms for their initiation and control. Antibodies to Ro/SSA and La/SSB are strongly associated with the class II antigens DR2 and DR3 and the response is directed to epitopes on the particles that change in evolution. These responses are found frequently in normal persons in low titer but not in animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus. Contrariwise, the immune response to Sm and U1RNP is only weakly associated with class II antigens and the response is to epitopes conserved in evolution. These responses are not found in normal persons but are frequently found in animal models. The implications of these differences are explored.
Does the Fed Contribute to a Political Business Cycle

In contrast to findings of other studies, evidence is presented to support the existence of a Federal Reserve-induced political monetary cycle that corresponds to the U.S. presidential election cycle. Using various Taylor rules, we find support for the view that Fed policy turns significantly more expansionary in the seven quarters prior to the election, but only when the Fed chair and incumbent presidential party have partisan affiliations.
A cardio-vascular rating of “present condition”

Using a method of statistical research enabling one to compute correlations with “present condition”, several simple formulae have been devised for scoring “present condition.” Tested on a small group of thirty-nine individuals, these formulae are from three and one-half to four and six-tenths times as valid as the score obtained from theSchneider test.
Accretion disks with coronae in cygnus X-1: The role of a transition layer

Several recent papers have shown that an accretion disk corona model, where a slab corona sandwiches the cold accretion disk, is problematic for hard-state spectra of galactic black hole candidates (GBHCs) because the model spectra are never hard enough to match the observations. However, it has recently been pointed out that because of a thermal ionization instability, a hot "skin" forms on the top of the illuminated disk. Through numerical simulations in the slab corona geometry, we show that the completely ionized skin leads to a reduction in the reflected thermal blackbody component that amounts to a decrease in the Compton cooling rate of the corona and thus allows the X-ray spectra to be harder. While this brings the model closer to observations, in order for the predicted spectrum to be as hard as the observed spectra of Cyg X-1, the Thomson optical depth of the transition layer must be greater than 10, which is inconsistent with the ionization physics and observations. Therefore, the model with a planar corona covering the whole accretion disk is still strongly ruled out by the observations of GBHCs. Finally, we discuss accretion disks with magnetic flares (i.e., "patchy" corona) and show that the ionized skin resolves many of the arguments made in the literature against this model, although more quantitative future work is needed to test the model thoroughly.
Calcium influx modulates DNA synthesis and proliferation in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells.

In A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cultures basal Ca2+ influx was higher in growing versus quiescent cells (P < 0.05), due primarily to a five-fold increase in dihydropyridine-inhibitable Ca2+ influx (P < 0.005). Verapamil decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation in a concentration dependent fashion with a significant 6 ± 2% inhibition at 0.1 μM and a maximal inhibition of 67 ± 2% at 100 μM. Similarly, nitrendipine inhibited fetal calf serum-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation with a threshold concentration of 1 nM and a maximal inhibition of 79 ± 12% at 10 μM. In quiescent cells, verapamil (10 μM) inhibited the increases in [3H]thymidine incorporation stimulated by fetal calf serum, serotonin, vasopressin or 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate by 37–43% (P < 0.001 vs. control for all). Finally, verapamil (100 μM) and nitrendipine (10 μM) inhibited proliferation by 39 ± 10 and 20 ± 6%, respectively (P < 0.01 and 0.02 vs. control, respectively). Thus in A7r5 cells, proliferation is associated with increased Ca2+ influx via dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels and organic Ca2+ channel antagonists inhibit DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.
Relative incorporation of phenylalanine at different temperatures by cell-free systems from Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus stearothermophilus

Abstract Cell-free systems from Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus stearothermophilus have been examined with respect to their relative amino acid incorporating activity at different temperatures. Purification of either the ribosomes or the supernatant S-100 fraction did not change the relative incorporation at 37° and 55°. Addition of tRNA from different sources ( B. licheniformis, B. stearothermophilus , and B. subtilis ) did not change the temperature of maximum incorporation for a particular system. The relative incorporation at 37° and 55° was dependent on the polyuridylic acid concentration and could be reversed in the case of B. stearothermophilus above or below a concentration of 80 μg of polyuridylic acid (poly U) per incubation mixture. The relative incorporation at 37° and 55° was also dependent on the Mg 2+ , NH 4+ and K + concentrations. Higher Mg 2+ and lower NH 4 + concentrations increased the incorporation at 55° over that at 37° for the B. stearothermophilus system while having the opposite effect for the B. licheniformis system. The effect of K + paralleled that of NH 4 + .
Local Economic Stewards: The Historiography of the Fishermen's Role in Resource Conservation

AbstractThe history of conservation has largely focused on the origins of the movement. The scholarship on the origins of conservation is often confined to a recurring debate between professionals ...
Cardiac hypertrophy induced by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7, a specific activator for c-jun NH2-terminal kinase in ventricular muscle cells

Activation of stress-activated protein kinases, including the p38 and the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNK), have been associated with the onset of cardiac hypertrophy and cell death in response to hemodynamic overload and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Upon infection of cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes with recombinant adenoviral vectors expressing a wild type and a constitutively active mutant of MKK7 (or JNKK2), JNK was specifically activated without affecting other mitogen-activated protein kinases, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases and p38. Specific activation of the JNK pathway in cardiac myocytes induced characteristic features of hypertrophy, including an increase in cell size, elevated expression of atrial natriuretic factor, and induction of sarcomere organization. In contrast, co-activation of both JNK (by MKK7) and p38 (by MKK3 or MKK6) in cardiomyocytes led to an induction of cytopathic responses and suppression of hypertrophic responses. These data provide the first direct evidence that activation of JNK alone is sufficient to induce characteristic features of cardiac hypertrophy, thereby supporting an active role for the JNK pathway in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. The cytopathic response, as a result of co-activation of both JNK and p38, may contribute to the loss of contractile function and viability of cardiomyocytes following hemodynamic overload and cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Diltiazem influence on calcium and aluminum absorption by roots of three sorghum cultivars

Abstract Verapamil [a‐isopropyl‐a[(n‐methyl‐N‐homoveratryl)‐y‐amino‐propyl]‐3,4‐dimethoxyphenylacetonitril] (400 μM) inhibited membrane calcium (Ca++) transport, but not aluminum influx, in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] roots of the acid stress sensitive cultivar, Funk G522DR. In an acid stress tolerant cultivar, SC283, neither Ca++ nor aluminum (Al) transport through the plasmalemma were influenced by verapamil. In a second acid stress tolerant cultivar, SC574, verapamil influenced aluminum but not calcium membrane transport. Differences in modes of ion transport through root membranes may partially explain cultivar variation in response to acid soil stress.
Anisotropic yield criteria in σ–τ stress space for materials with yield asymmetry

Abstract In this study, yield behavior of an extruded magnesium alloy is investigated experimentally and analytically. A precise definition of yield is established for the extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy by deforming several specimens to certain levels of strain and measuring the residual strains after unloading. The material is then subjected to different loading conditions (uniaxial to multiaxial) at four different plastic strains. Multiaxial loading is comprised of free-end torsion and combined axial-torsion loading. Therefore, yield response is measured in σ–τ space. Several yield criteria are studied to predict yield response of extruded AZ31. The developed model by Cazacu et al. (2006), CPB06, which uses a fourth-order linear transformation, is calibrated through optimization of initial guesses. Despite the reasonable accuracy of CPB06 in prediction of experimental results, it shows that its precision significantly depends on initial guesses, which make the calculation complicated and time consuming. The asymmetrical quadratic model developed by Khan et al. (2012) presents a less accuracy in prediction of yield response of the highly textured AZ31. This study proposes an asymmetrical fourth-order polynomial yield function. Unlike CPB06, material constants in this model can be directly calculated using mechanical measurements. Convexity of the proposed model is discussed, and the domains of variation for the material parameters such that convexity holds are determined.
Regression metamodeling in computer simulation — the state of the art

Abstract This paper discusses the growing use of metamodels in analyzing manufacturing/service systems. Metamodels have tremendous appeal for practical purposes; they utilize the increasing power of PC-based simulations. This survey identifies the different experimental designs that have been applied as well as their benefits and limitations. A detailed explanation on how they are used is also provided, with citations to the specific cases that have been modeled. Specifically, the use of group screening, full and fractional designs, and polynomial decomposition, in developing regression metamodels are discussed. This exposition provides, in a nutshell, the research studies in the area and also offers practitioners an alternative approach to model complex problems. A framework on how to develop a regression metamodel is provided. Furthermore, an application of the framework to a maintenance float system is demonstrated.