cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prenatal and early childhood home-visitation program processes: A case illustration

This article describes a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation that has been shown to be effective in improving the health of women and children in a series of randomized trials. The article summarizes the key elements of the program design and then presents a single case history to illustrate how the program elements are integrated in its clinical application. Particular attention is given to the interrelationships between the theoretical foundations of the program, its goals, program processes, and nurse/client activities. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The temperature dependence of the refractive index of hydrogenated amorphous silicon and implications for electroreflectance experiments

Abstract We report the temperature dependence of the 0.4 to 0.8 eV refractive index of intrinsic and doped hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) prepared from silane plasmas. Quantitative spectral similarity for amorphous and crystal Si follows from the retention of chemical short range order in the amorphous state. Small differences with doping are observed. The results are used to calculate the expected modulated thermoreflectance for thin film a-Si:H and to point out that electroreflectance experiments may be really looking at the consequences of thermal modulation.
Ligand effects on the triplet state of chlorophyll

Abstract Laser excitation at 457.9 and 514.5 nm of a frozen solution of chlorophyll a in n -octane produces two fluorescence peak maxima at 2 K that may be assigned to two distinct monomeric chlorophyll species. Utilizing zero-field fluorescence-detected magnetic resonance the triplet state properties of the two chlorophyll species may be assigned to the monoligated and biligated chlorophyll monomer in which water serves as the ligand coordinated to the magnesium metal center.
REGULATION OF 3BETA -HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE IN GONADOTROPIN-INDUCED STEROIDOGENIC DESENSITIZATION OF LEYDIG CELLS

3Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta5-delta4 isomerases (3beta-HSD) are enzymes that catalyze the conversion of delta5 to delta4 steroids in the gonads and adrenal for the biosynthesis of sex steroid and corticoids. In gonadotropin-desensitized Leydig cells, from rats treated with high doses of human CG (hCG), testosterone production is markedly reduced, a finding that was attributed in part to reduction of CYP17 expression. In this study, we present evidence for an additional steroidogenic lesion induced by gonadotropin. Using differential display analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from Leydig cells of rats treated with a single desensitizing dose of hCG (2.5 microg), we found that transcripts for type I and type II 3beta-HSD were substantially (5- to 8-fold) down-regulated. This major reduction, confirmed by RNase protection assay, was observed at the high hCG dose (2.5 microg), whereas minor or no change was found at lower doses (0.01 and 0.1 microg). In contrast, 3beta-HSD mRNA transcripts were not changed in luteinized ovaries of pseudopregnant rats treated with 2.5 microg hCG. The down-regulation of 3beta-HSD mRNA in the Leydig cell resulted from changes at the transcriptional level. Western blot analysis showed 3beta-HSD protein was significantly reduced by hCG treatment, with changes that were coincidental with the reduction of enzyme activity and temporally consistent with the reduction of 3beta-HSD mRNA but independent of LH receptor down-regulation. The reduction of 3beta-HSD mRNA resulting from transcriptional inhibition of gene expression, and the consequent reduction of 3beta-HSD activity could contribute to the inhibition of androgen production in gonadotropin-induced steroidogenic desensitization of Leydig cells. The gender-specific regulation of 3beta-HSD by hCG reflects differential transcriptional regulation of the enzymes to accommodate physiological hormonal requirements and reproductive function.
Do US ambient air lead levels have a significant impact on childhood blood lead levels: results of a national study.

Introduction. Although lead paint and leaded gasoline have not been used in the US for thirty years, thousands of US children continue to have blood lead levels (BLLs) of concern. Methods. We investigated the potential association of modeled air lead levels and BLLs ≥ 10 μg/dL using a large CDC database with BLLs on children aged 0–3 years. Percent of children with BLLs ≥ 10 μg/dL (2000–2007) by county and proportion of pre-50 housing and SES variables were merged with the US EPA's National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) modeled air lead data. Results. The proportion with BLL ≥ 10 μg/dL was 1.24% in the highest air lead counties, and the proportion with BLL ≥ 10 μg/dL was 0.36% in the lowest air lead counties, resulting in a crude prevalence ratio of 3.4. Further analysis using multivariate negative binomial regression revealed that NATA lead was a significant predictor of % BLL ≥ 10 μg/dL after controlling for percent pre-l950 housing, percent rural, and percent black. A geospatial regression revealed that air lead, percent older housing, and poverty were all significant predictors of % BLL ≥ 10 μg/dL. Conclusions. More emphasis should be given to potential sources of ambient air lead near residential areas.
Effect of Tendon Pressure on Alpha Motoneuron Excitability

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of tendon pressure on muscle activity by evaluating changes in the excitability of the motoneurons supplying the muscle. The excitability changes of the motoneurons were assessed by measuring changes in H-reflex amplitudes before, during, and after tendon-pressure application. Twenty-eight of 32 subjects with no known neurological deficit displayed an initial decrease in H-reflex amplitude during tendon pressure (mean = 60% of control values) but returned to 85 percent of control values within the first 5 seconds of pressure and reached 93 percent of control values within 30 seconds of application. The ANOVA revealed significant differences ( p < .05) and the post hoc t test showed these differences to be between control values and those obtained during the first 10 seconds of pressure. These findings support the clinical impression of reduced muscle tone resulting from tendon pressure. If these results are applied to a patient group, the transient behavior of the tendon-pressure response would limit the applicability of the technique to situations demanding an immediate, short-term reduction in muscle activity.
Atrial Septal Defect: Factors Affecting the Surgical Mortality Rate

Analysis of accumulated experience with the repair of atrial septal defect in 119 adults has revealed several factors determinable preoperatively that appear to have a strong influence on the operative risk. These factors are related to the presence of pulmonary vascular disease or heart failure and contribute importantly to the selection of patients for operation.
The evolution of reciprocal sharing

Abstract Genetical models of the evolution of reciprocal altruism (as distinct from cooperation, mutualism, or nepotism) have difficulty explaining the initial establishment of an altruist gene in a selfish deme. Though potential mechanisms have been suggested, there is an alternative: much "altruistic" behavior may in fact be purely selfish in origin and consequently reciprocity need not be invoked to provide a selective benefit to the actor. Sharing and helping are fundamentally different behavior categories and should not be confused. Patterns of resource sharing in chimpanzees correspond to predictions made by a selfish model but not to those of a reciprocal altruism model, and many observations of human gift exchange are consistent with the selfish, but not the altruistic, model. This suggests that presumed hominid meat exchange may have been the result of competition, not altruism or even cooperation, and that evolutionary models of "altruistic" behavior should be treated with caution.
Design of control devices for people with severe motor impairment.

The paper reviews incidence and demography of severe sensorimotor disablement in the U.S.A. It then discusses the status of current technology in control of arm prostheses and orthoses and also that of lower limbs. Finally it sets forth criteria of success for the design of such systems and tradeoffs which the system designer must make in the process of design.
Comparison of AIRGrav and GT-1A airborne gravimeters for research applications

Airbornegravimetryhasplayedavitalroleincontributing to our knowledge of the subglacial environment in polar regions. Previous programs have produced extensive gravity data sets inAntarctica, but the resolution and accuracy of the datahavebeenlimited.Wehaveevaluatedtherelativeperformance and suitability of two different airborne gravimeters for research applications from flight tests over the Canadian Rocky Mountains near Calgary. Survey design, mission profiles, and demands on the performance of an airborne gravimeter are different for the remote polar environment thanformostcommercialexplorationsurveys.Bothsystems, theAIRGrav and GT-1A, can produce higher-resolution data with improved flight efficiency than can the BGM-3 and LaCoste & Romberg gravimeters used inAntarctica. TheAIRGrav and GT-1Asystems are capable of draped flying of airborne gravity, allowing new applications for polar use. Both systems could provide the academic community with a significant increase in accuracy and horizontal resolution to enablemajoradvancesinunderstandingthesubglacialenvironment. Compared to the GT-1A system, the AIRGrav system hasalowernoiselevelandhigheraccuracy,anditislesssensitive to changing flight conditions — in particular, vertical accelerationsduringturbulentflights.
Survival of surrogate coronaviruses in water

The emergence of a previously unknown coronavirus infection, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), demonstrated that fecally contaminated liquid droplets are a potential vehicle for the spread of a respiratory virus to large numbers of people. To assess potential risks from this pathway, there is a need for surrogates for SARS coronavirus to provide representative data on viral survival in contaminated water. This study evaluated survival of two surrogate coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis (MHV). These viruses remained infectious in water and sewage for days to weeks. At 25 degrees C, time required for 99% reduction in reagent-grade water was 22 days for TGEV and 17 days for MHV. In pasteurized settled sewage, times for 99% reduction were 9 days for TGEV and 7 days for MHV. At 4 degrees C, there was <1 log(10) infectivity decrease for both viruses after four weeks. Coronaviruses can remain infectious for long periods in water and pasteurized settled sewage, suggesting contaminated water is a potential vehicle for human exposure if aerosols are generated.
General Density Functional Theory

Over the course of the last 15 years density functional theory (DFT)* has evolved as a conceptually and practically useful method for studying the electronic properties of many-electron systems. In this chapter we present a critical review of the general theory together with some illustrative examples.† More complete discussions of several important areas of application may be found in other chapters of this book.
Interior Parameters, Exterior Parameters, and a Cayley-Like Transform

A RGUABLY, the most fundamental representation for describing the relative orientation of a rigid body is the orientation matrix, also called the direction cosine matrix. Few believe, however, that this matrix provides the most convenient parameterization of orientation. For that, many instead turn to one of a collection of three-parameter sets, even though it is known that every three-parameter orientation set will encounter some kind of singularity, a fact shown by Stuelpnagel [1]. Others turn to the Euler parameters, which are a nonsingular four-parameter set. The direct relationship between each of the various parameter sets and the orientationmatrix is considered to be of basic importance. So, too, is the time derivative of such relationships, although the angular velocity vector or matrix is usually substituted for the time derivative of the orientationmatrix. The purpose of this note is to investigate the direct relationship between a particular three-parameter orientation set, viz., the modified Rodrigues parameters (MRP), and the orientation matrix. The modified Rodrigues parameters were originally developed by Wiener [2], rediscovered by Marandi and Modi [3], and investigated quite fully by Tsiotras and Longuski [4] and Schaub and Junkins [5]. Nevertheless, there is more to say.
Managing constructive induction using optimization and test incorporation

Constructive induction is the creation of new terms for describing and learning concepts more effectively. An approach to the problem that uses inductive test incorporation, for fast and effective assessment of terms, is presented. The authors investigate specific effects of system components using two domains: a well-known medical problem, and the relatively unsolved problem of protein folding. The new-term constructor borrows techniques from previous systems for constructive induction and multiple-objective optimization. It utilizes management and test incorporation techniques to control domain-dependent and domain-independent heuristics to extend the concept language. The system learns how to be effective by observing and apportioning credit to the various subcomponents used to generate terms. The system dynamically decides which terms to retain based on a flexible scheme for evaluating them at low cost; the scheme uses variable sampling and different measures of the effectiveness of new terms. Results are presented that show the extent to which each of the authors' techniques aids concept learning, in terms of accuracy and speed. >
An Early Collection of the Red Alga Mikamiella ruprechtiana Made by Carl Merck on the Billings Expedition to Alaska (1785–94)

A number of original watercolored illustrations of North Pacific marine algae accompanied by the original algal specimens are deposited in the State Botanical Collection, National Herbarium of Victoria, Australia. These illustrations were executed by W.G. Tilesius, surgeon-naturalist-artist on the Krusenstern Expedition (1803–06). One of these illustrated specimens was collected in the period 1790–91 on Unalaska Island, the Aleutian Islands, by C.H. Merck, naturalist-botanical collector on the Billings Expedition (1785–94). This marine alga, given the manuscript name “Palmetta aleutica” by Tilesius, is one of the earliest known specimens of marine algae collected from Alaskan waters. Its identity is Mikamiella ruprechtiana .
Stippling and silhouettes rendering in geometry-image space

We present a novel non-photorealistic rendering method that performs all operations in a geometry-image domain. We first apply global conformal parameterization to the input geometry model and generate corresponding geometry images. Strokes and silhouettes are then computed in the geometry-image domain. The geometry-image space provides combined benefits of the existing image space and object space approaches. It allows us to take advantage of the regularity of 2D images and yet still have full access to the object geometry information. A wide range of image processing tools can be leveraged to assist various operations involved in achieving non-photorealistic rendering with coherence.
Lessons from the short history of ice sheet model intercomparison

Abstract. Intercomparison should include measurement of differences, between model results and observations, among the model results themselves, or between model results and exact solutions. The processes of measuring differences and critically analyzing those differences are vital. Without such measurement as a component of intercomparison, the only expected benefits of an intercomparison project are participation, possibly the discovery of communal confusion, and the establishment of public, non-proprietary data sets.
The roles of retribution and utility in determining punishment

Abstract Three studies examined the motives underlying people’s desire to punish. In previous research, participants have read hypothetical criminal scenarios and assigned “fair” sentences to the perpetrators. Systematic manipulations within these scenarios revealed high sensitivity to factors associated with motives of retribution, but low sensitivity to utilitarian motives. This research identifies the types of information that people seek when punishing criminals, and explores how different types of information affect punishments and confidence ratings. Study 1 demonstrated that retribution information is more relevant to punishment than either deterrence or incapacitation information. Study 2 traced the information that people actually seek when punishing others and found a consistent preference for retribution information. Finally, Study 3 confirmed that retribution information increases participant confidence in assigned punishments. The results thus provide converging evidence that people punish primarily on the basis of retribution.
Meteorological Characteristics of Flash Flood Events over the Western United States

Abstract Meteorological characteristics of flash floods and heavy precipitation events over the western United States are often considerably different than those associated with flash floods in the east. Data were compiled and studied for 61 western United States flash flood events and attendant meteorological conditions were documented. The events were classified by similar 500 mb flow regimes and four characteristic patterns were associated with the flash flood events. Synoptic storms occurred in conjunction with both an intense cyclonic surface system and a strong 500 mb trough. The remaining flash floods (49 events) were associated with weak and slow moving 500 mb short-wave troughs. It is shown that the National Meteorological Center's broadscale analyses (surface and standard level charts) are not sufficient for monitoring the subtle features that often interact to produce flash floods. The field forecaster must enhance, or reanalyze, these facsimile charts if he is to identify regions of developing...
Ion channels in spinal cord astrocytes in vitro. III. Modulation of channel expression by coculture with neurons and neuron-conditioned medium.

1. Astrocytes cultured from rat spinal cord express voltage-activated Na+ channels in high densities (up to 8 channels per microns2). Stellate astrocytes express Na+ currents at all times in vitro. In pancake astrocytes, Na+ channel expression shows a distinct temporal pattern, an absence of channel expression at 1–3 days in vitro (DIV), and peak Na+ channel density at 7–8 DIV. 2. Coculture of spinal cord astrocytes with dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons substantially reduces the expression of voltage-activated Na+ channels in both spinal cord astrocyte types. In pancake spinal cord astrocytes, both the percentage of cells expressing Na+ channels and the channel density in Na+ channel-expressing cells are markedly reduced. In stellate spinal cord astrocytes, the percentage of Na+ channel-expressing cells is unchanged, but the Na+ channel density per cell is markedly reduced in coculture. 3. Culturing spinal cord astrocytes in neuron-conditioned media reduces Na+ channel expression in both spinal cord astrocyte types to levels intermediate between coculture and control, suggesting that, at least in part, neuronal effects on Na+ channel expression are mediated by a soluble factor secreted into the media by neurons. 4. As with the expression of voltage-activated Na+ channels, the expression of voltage-activated K+ channels is reduced in both spinal cord astrocyte types cocultured with DRG neurons. The effect is not mimicked by culturing cells in neuron-conditioned media, suggesting that effects on K+ channel expression are mediated by a less stable and more readily degradable factor. 5. Coculture with DRG neurons or culture in neuron-conditioned media do not alter the biophysical properties of voltage-activated Na+ currents in pancake spinal cord astrocytes. Thus steady-state activation, steady-state inactivation, and the time constants of activation and inactivation are virtually unchanged under the various culture conditions.
Induction of Colonic M Cells during Intestinal Inflammation.

Intestinal M (microfold) cells are specialized epithelial cells overlying lymphoid tissues in the small intestine. Unlike common enterocytes, M cells lack an organized apical brush border, and are able to transcytose microparticles across the mucosal barrier to underlying antigen-presenting cells. We found that in both the dextran sodium sulfate and Citrobacter rodentium models of colitis, significantly increased numbers of Peyer's patch (PP) phenotype M cells were induced at the peak of inflammation in colonic epithelium, often accompanied by loosely organized lamina propria infiltrates. PP type M cells are thought to be dependent on cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; these cytokines were also found to be induced in the inflamed tissues. The induction of M cells was abrogated by anti-TNF-α blockade, suggesting that anti-TNF-α therapies may have similar effects in clinical settings, although the functional consequences are not clear. Our results suggest that inflammatory cytokine-induced PP type M cells may be a useful correlate of chronic intestinal inflammation.
Strategies for Maintaining Relationships and Self-Rated Competence in Ongoing Relationships

Examined in this study was the association of use of strategies to maintain relationships and self-rated competence. The strategies of positivity, social networks, and sharing tasks were predictors of social confirmation and social composure for 70 male and 110 female undergraduate students.
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EFFECT OF GLUCAGON DL-LEUCINE-1-C14 INCORPORATION INTO PROTEIN OF RAT PANCREAS.

SummaryIn vivo studies measuring DL-leucine-1-C14 incorporation into pancreatic protein helped confirm earlier histological and chemical observations that glucagon administration to rats and rabbits inhibited synthesis of pancreatic protein. In vitro studies revealed that glucagon had no direct effect on DL-leucine-1-C14 incorporation into protein of segments of rat pancreas. Incubation of pancreas in medium with lowered essential amino acid levels or in serum from glucagon-treated rats with lowered amino acid levels resulted in decreased incorporation of radioactive leucine into pancreatic protein. Neither lowering non-essential amino acids nor adding glucagon to incubation medium had any effect. It was suggested that glucagon administration in vivo causes a decrease in protein synthesis of the pancreas and that this action of glucagon is secondary to the lowering of essential amino acid levels in the serum.
Confidence intervals and regions for the lasso by using stochastic variational inequality techniques in optimization

Summary Sparse regression techniques have been popular in recent years because of their ability in handling high dimensional data with built-in variable selection. The lasso is perhaps one of the most well-known examples. Despite intensive work in this direction, how to provide valid inference for sparse regularized methods remains a challenging statistical problem. We take a unique point of view of this problem and propose to make use of stochastic variational inequality techniques in optimization to derive confidence intervals and regions for the lasso. Some theoretical properties of the procedure are obtained. Both simulated and real data examples are used to demonstrate the performance of the method.
OPTIMIZED LOG INTERPRETATION FOR CARBONATE RESERVOIRS IN TARIM BASIN

In Tarim basin, the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs are low in matrix porosity and complex and highly variable in terms of occurrence and distribution of fractures and vugs, which often renders great difficulties to routine log interpretation. In this paper, an optimization method of log interpretation is proposed to cope with such difficulties. In the method, an objective functions is built on the basis of log response equations and error theory, and multi-dimensional changing-scale method is combined with single-dimensional parabola-interposing method, with the algorithms properly modified. About 40 wells were processed point by point by using the method, and the results have been satisfactory, showing promising applicability of the method in carbonate reservoir log interpretation.
The Efficiency of Encryption Algorithms in EAX Moder of Operation in IPSEC-based Virtual Private Networks for Streaming Rich Multimedia Data.

The characteristics of encryption/decryption algorithms (ciphers) and modes of their operation (modes) have significant influence on security and performance of computer networks. The common modes of cipher operation such as ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB, CTR and XTS provide various levels of data confidentiality; however, those modes do not provide integrity and authenticity of encrypted data, and, therefore, do not efficiently protect data against non-authorized access and/or malicious modification/tampering. The newest generation of cipher modes – authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) modes – provides confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of data in a single cryptographic scheme. This paper presents the outcomes of research project on ciphers’ efficiency in one of the most promising AEAD cryptographic schemes – the EAX mode in IPsecbased mobile virtual private networks for streaming rich multimedia data.
Tick-borne diseases.

Summary Ticks may transmit a variety of human pathogens and are second in importance only to the mosquito as a vector of human disease. The majority of tick-borne diseases are nonspecific in their initial clinical and laboratory presentation and may be confused with a variety of more common illnesses. A history of tick exposure is frequently not available. Although specific serologic tests exist for confirming the diagnosis of many of these diseases, the time required for confirmation of results makes them of little use in the acute situation. Recognition of the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens and clinical suspicion are of key importance in making the appropriate diagnosis. Early and specific therapy is a principal factor in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases.
Proximal tubule Na+-K+-ATPase activity is inhibited during high-salt diet: evidence for DA-mediated effect

Locally produced dopamine (DA) causes a reversible and dose-dependent inhibition in Na+-K+-ATPase activity in rat proximal tubule (PT) segments [A. Aperia, A. Bertorello, and I. Seri. Am. J. Physio...
Are There Still Too Few Suicides to Generate Public Outrage

This Viewpoint addresses suicide prevention in the context of successful lay-led disease advocacy efforts. Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the United States, with the overall rate increasing 28.2% since 1999, driven by a 35.3% increase in suicides among persons 35 to 64 years of age.1 Suicides surpassed road traffic deaths in 2009, and the 42 773 suicides reported were more than double the 16 324 homicides in 2014. When coupled with deaths from other deliberate behaviors, research suggests that the mortality from self-directed injury exceeds 70 000 lives, making it the eighth leading cause of death while the death rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS continue to decrease... Language: en
Prognostic Value of Lymph Node Status and Extent of Lymphadenectomy in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Confined To and Extending Beyond the Pancreas

The impact of lymph node (LN) status and lymphadenectomy (LA) on survival in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) remains controversial. We evaluated the impact of tumor extension and grade on nodal metastasis and survival. Surgical pNET patients were queried in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (1998–2012, N = 981). Factors associated with LN status were analyzed by logistic regression and by Cox analyses. For T1–T2 tumors, N status was associated only with tumor size. N status (p = 0.001), grade (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.001), and sex (p = 0.007) predicted overall survival (OS). For T3–T4, grade (p < 0.001), sex (p = 0.004), size (p = 0.013), and age (p = 0.007) but not N status (p = 0.789) predicted OS. For T1–T2, disease-specific survival (DSS; p = 0.003) and OS (p = 0.008) were longer for N0 vs N1, while N0 vs NX had similar OS (p = 0.59) and DSS (p = 0.80). While a difference was seen in DSS for NX vs N1 (p = 0.04), no significant difference in OS was seen (p = 0.08). For T3–T4, N status did not affect DSS (p = 0.365) or OS (p = 0.454). For all T groups and any N status, extended LA (≥10 nodes resected) was not associated with OS. While in T1–T2 pNET N1 status is a predictor of negative OS, similar outcome between NX and N0 supports limited LN resection in selected patients. Extended LA is unlikely to be helpful in T3–T4.
Nonnested model comparisons for time series

This paper addresses the topic of nonnested time series model comparisons. The main result is a central limit theorem for the likelihood ratio statistic when the models are nonnested and non-equivalent. The concepts of model equivalence and forecast equivalence, which are important for determining the parameter subset corresponding to the null hypothesis, are developed. The method is validated through a simulation study and illustrated on a retail time series.
What's mine is mine: A study of salesperson knowledge withholding & hoarding behavior

Abstract Many contend that withholding and hoarding makes very little sense in sales organizations that applaud knowledge sharing. Others call knowledge withholding and hoarding an obsolete concept in today's search engine age. Despite this, knowledge withholding remains a systematic and intrinsic sales issue in business-to-business (B2B) firms, for which an analysis exploring salesperson knowledge hoarding behavior does not yet exist. This research examines antecedents of knowledge withholding among B2B salespeople, and its consequential impact on knowledge hoarding behavior. A model is developed and tested using structural equation modeling, followed by a discussion of implications for firms, managers, and salespeople themselves. Findings show that factors related to lack of incentives, personality and the organizational environment, indirectly influence knowledge hoarding behavior through withholding efforts.
Dexamethasone did not increase resolution of acute sore throat symptoms at 24 hours.

Source Citation Hayward GN, Hay AD, Moore MV, et al. Effect of oral dexamethasone without immediate antibiotics vs placebo on acute sore throat in adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;31...
Changes in Reactivity as Chemistry Becomes Confined to an Interface. The Case of Free Radical Oxidation of C30H62 Alkane by OH.

We examine in a simple organic aerosol the transition between heterogeneous chemistry under well-mixed conditions to chemistry under interfacial confinement. A single reaction mechanism, shown to reproduce observed OH oxidation chemistry for liquid and semisolid C30H62, is used in reaction–diffusion simulations to explore reactivity over a broad viscosity range. The results show that when internal mixing of the aerosol is fast and the particle interface is enriched in C–H groups, ketone and alcohol products, formed via peroxy radical disproportionation, predominate. As viscosity increases the reactions become confined to a shell at the gas–aerosol interface. The confinement is accompanied by emergence of acyloxy reaction pathways that are particularly active when the shell is 1 nm or less. We quantify this trend using a reaction–diffusion index, allowing the parts of the mechanism that control reactivity as viscosity increases to be identified.
A new lineage of Cretaceous jewel wasps (Chalcidoidea: Diversinitidae)

Jewel wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) are extremely species-rich today, but have a sparse fossil record from the Cretaceous, the period of their early diversification. Three genera and three species, Diversinitus attenboroughi gen. & sp. n., Burminata caputaeria gen. & sp. n. and Glabiala barbata gen. & sp. n. are described in the family Diversinitidae fam. n., from Lower Cretaceous Burmese amber. Placement in Chalcidoidea is supported by the presence of multiporous plate sensilla on the antennal flagellum and a laterally exposed prepectus. The new taxa can be excluded from all extant family level chalcidoid lineages by the presence of multiporous plate sensilla on the first flagellomere in both sexes and lack of any synapomorphies. Accordingly, a new family is proposed for the fossils and its probable phylogenetic position within Chalcidoidea is discussed. Morphological cladistic analyses of the new fossils within the Heraty et al. (2013) dataset did not resolve the phylogenetic placement of Diversinitidae, but indicated its monophyly. Phylogenetically relevant morphological characters of the new fossils are discussed with reference to Cretaceous and extant chalcidoid taxa. Along with mymarid fossils and a few species of uncertain phylogenetic placement, the newly described members of Diversinitidae are among the earliest known chalcidoids and advance our knowledge of their Cretaceous diversity.
Presentation and Pathophysiology of Seizures in the Critical Care Environment: An Overview

Seizures represent stereotypic electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral paroxysms as a consequence of electrical neurological derangement. Although seizures are often associated with stereotypic convulsive phenomena, in the ICU they are as likely to be subclinical as they are to express muscle contractions or behavioral symptoms. Hence, vigilance is required in the critical care setting. Due to the admission diagnoses and physiological derangements common to critically ill patients, the intensive care unit (ICU) hosts conditions appropriate for the manifestation of the entire spectrum of seizure disorders. Common etiologies of seizures in the ICU are due to primary neurological pathology or secondary to critical illness and clinical management. Alterations in neurotransmitter sensitivity via up- or down regulation of receptors, a decrease in inhibition, alterations in membrane pump functions, all may contribute to the high incidence of seizures in an ICU. Particularly prevalent as precipitants of seizures are hypoxia/ischemia, mass lesions, drug toxicity, and metabolic abnormalities. For optimal treatment, early diagnosis of the seizure type and its cause is important to ensure appropriate therapy. Most seizures and their recurrence are easily treated, and attention is focused on ascertaining the cause and correcting any medical abnormality. Convulsive status epilepticus represents the most feared seizure state, and requires emergent treatment before irreversible brain injury and severe metabolic disturbances occur. Treatment of seizures with anticonvulsants in an ICU is not without risks, and appropriate judgment and selection of therapeutic drugs are important.
Building Citizen Capacity

There is increasing recognition among agencies, extension and other public programs with environmental missions that individuals and communities are essential components in solving the problems of water protection and improvement. However, the social science research base that underlies social practice still lags far behind that of the physical and natural sciences. The goal of this volume has been to make the latest theories as well as quantitative and qualitative evidence about citizen participation accessible to the specialists and technical staff who regularly work with watershed residents and communities. This science is necessary if citizen capacities are to be fostered and encouraged.
Statistical Clustering and Classification

In modern CBIR systems, statistical clustering and classification methods are often used to extract visual features, index the feature space, and classify images into semantic categories. In our work, we apply statistical clustering to the block-wise feature space to extract region features. For very large databases, we use statistical clustering methods to index the high-dimensional feature space. Our semantic classification process is a statistical classification process.
The Educational Science and Scientifically Based Instruction We Need: Lessons from Reading Research and Policymaking

In this article, Michael Pressley, Nell Duke, and Erica Boling discuss the impact various scientific approaches have on early reading instruction research. The authors call for a second generation of scientifically based reading instruction that goes beyond the experimental, quasi-experimental, correlations, and qualitative designs currently informing public policy. The authors argue that the federal government's position on what constitutes "scientific research" embraces only a narrow range of potentially effective instruction. If this definition is expanded, educational policy, including for early reading instruction, can be much more successful.
Population Studies of Unidentified High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources

The third EGRET catalog contains ~ 170 unidentified high energy gamma-ray point sources. Here we report that this group contains two populations with different spatial distributions, flux distributions and spectral properties. A cluster of ~ 20 sources lies just north of the Galactic Center and is part of a larger population of faint objects at mid-latitudes. We show that these mid-latitude sources are distinct from the population of bright sources found at lower latitudes. The spatial distribution of the mid-latitude population suggests a Gould belt origin.
Copper Disposition in Yeast

Abstract Copper is required in yeast for iron uptake, energy production, and oxidative stress protection. Three major copper enzymes in yeast, a multicopper oxidase, a copper heme oxidase, and a superoxide dismutase, explain the majority of phenotypes observed during copper deficiency. During copper overload, metallothioneins form the major sink for sequestration of copper with additional protection against increased cytosolic copper achieved by transport into organelles including the vacuole. The vacuole storage mechanism replaces cellular export as in yeast there is no redistribution of the ATP7A/B homolog to the cell membrane. Here we will survey the major metallochaperones and transporters responsible for mobilization and sequestration of copper in yeast.
Rattling Soundscapes of Witch Drama and the New World

“Rattling Soundscapes of Witch Drama and the New World” analyzes the important role of the rattle and maraca in ritual ceremonies practiced by various indigenous peoples of the New World during the Renaissance. It argues that travelers to the New World, including John Smith and Jean de Lery, perceived the sound of the rattle as unintelligible noise, and thus, a sonic indicator of the demonic. Both witches and peoples of Brazil and Virginia were described as producing nonmusical, disordered sounds through their “howling” voices and by shaking “hollow” rattles while dancing in a circle. Due to these associations in the English imagination, the rattle was employed in the staging of a witch seance as the antimasque to Ben Jonson’s Masque of Queens.
Theoretical Promises and Methodological Troubles Capturing Dialogical Discourse in Classroom Research

A review of Skidmore, D & K. Murakami (Eds). (2016). Dialogic pedagogy: The importance of dialogue in teaching and learning. Bristol, United Kingdom: Multilingual MattersSkidmore and Murakami’s collection of essays takes on a dual theoretical and empirical project: first, to define and advocate for dialogical classroom pedagogy; and second, to unearth such practice through microstudies of classroom dialogue. This project divides itself neatly in half: the first six chapters trace the theory of dialogic pedagogy, including the history of discourse, coding, and practices, while the remaining seven are devoted to empirical studies marked by a careful microanalysis of dialogue.The work distinguishes itself from scholarship on the dialogical the past 20 years, during which works have either been single-authored, deeply-researched, and theoretical (Matusov, 2009a; Wegerif, 2013) or vast collections of essays organized conceptually (Ball & Freedman, 2004; White & Peters, 2011; Ligorio & Cesar, 2013). While special journal editions have brought new focus to unexplored threads of the dialogical, such as the exploration of silence in the classroom or the history of the School of the Dialogue of Cultures (Matusov 2009b), this collection affords considerable latitude to its theoretical and historical frame. A comparable work of conceptual breadth is that of White (2016), whose publication frames classroom research of lower school learners with concepts from Bakhtin. Like White’s work, Skidmore and Murakami paint at once in broad strokes and miniature: on the one hand, the collection situates dialogical pedagogy into its historical context, interweaving the work of early Russian theorists; at the same time, it offers granular studies of classroom dialogue. Since Skidmore authors or co-authors seven of the 13 chapters, the collection somewhat serves as a project of singular intent, one that raises a persistent question as to whether the methodologies in the studies presented in the second half of the work, focused on Conversational Analysis (CA) and the Discourse Analysis (DA), cohere to the ambitions of dialogical pedagogy offered in the first. In the end, the promise that CA affords greater magnification of classroom moments does not overcome what may be a limitation of the methodology to unearth dialogic pedagogy.
Traditional serrated adenomas (TSA) and the company they keep: TSA presence predicts advanced neoplasm states

The association of TSAs with metachronous neoplasms is well established and suggests that TSAs would also have an association with synchronous neoplasms. We compared odds ratios and rates of synchronous neoplasms found in colonoscopies with and without TSAs. There was a mean of 2.44 neoplasms among TSA cases in comparison with 1.72 in non-TSA cases. The odds ratio for advanced neoplasia was highest among cases with one or more TSAs relative to cases with one or more HPs (7.54 [CI, 4.23–13.44]) when compared with adenomas (1.95 [CI, 1.75–2.17]) and SSPs (2.98 [CI, 2.54–3.5]). In this study population, there is a 7-fold higher risk of synchronous advanced neoplasms among cases with one or more TSAs.
Association between Exercise Intensity and Glaucoma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Purpose To examine the association between exercise intensity and glaucoma in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) population. Design Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Participants Adult participants of the 2005–2006 NHANES aged 40 years and older. Methods Objective exercise intensity was assessed based on measurements from accelerometers worn by participants over 1 week. Subjective exercise intensity was assessed with questionnaire responses. Glaucoma was defined with 2 definitions based on (1) the Rotterdam criteria and (2) ophthalmologist grading of optic disc photographs for characteristic features of glaucoma. Covariates included age, gender, ethnicity, blood pressure, body mass index, and spherical equivalent. Logistic regression was performed to assess associations between objective and subjective exercise intensity and glaucoma while controlling for all covariates. All data were weighted based on the NHANES multistage sampling design. Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of glaucoma based on the 2 definitions described. Results The study included a sample of 1387 participants, of whom 68 (4.9%) had glaucoma based on Rotterdam criteria and 7 (0.5%) had glaucoma based on disc image grading. This translated to a weighted estimate of 70 246 160 individuals, with an estimated prevalence of glaucoma of 3.1% based on the Rotterdam criteria and 0.3% based on disc image grading. After adjusting for covariates, each 10-count increase in accelerometer intensity was associated with decreased odds of glaucoma using both criteria (odds ratio [OR], 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95–0.99 for Rotterdam; OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85–0.95 using disc image grading). With Rotterdam criteria, participants who spent the day standing or walking versus sitting had 58% decreased odds of glaucoma (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.25–0.70). With disc image grading, participants who performed moderate amounts of vigorous activity had 95% decreased odds of glaucoma compared with those who performed no vigorous activity (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01–0.56). Conclusions In the 2005–2006 NHANES adult population, increased exercise intensity is associated with decreased odds of glaucoma. Further population-based studies are needed to examine associations between additional aspects of exercise and glaucoma.
A Necessary Pairing: Using Academic Outcomes and Critical Consciousness to Dismantle Curriculum as the Property of Whiteness in K-12 Ethnic Studies

Using Critical Race Theory, the authors explore how K-12 Ethnic Studies attempts to dismantle curriculum as the property of Whiteness by replacing it with a social justice education curriculum that...
A critical review of the capsaicin 8% patch for the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy of the feet in adults.

Diabetes is an increasingly prevalent disorder affecting nearly 1-in-5 adults, of which half will experience diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and a quarter will suffer from diabetic peripheral ...
A genome-wide screen in the mouse liver reveals sex-specific and cell non-autonomous regulation of cell fitness

ABSTRACT Our ability to understand and modulate mammalian physiology and disease requires knowing how all genes contribute to any given phenotype in the organism. Genome-wide screening using CRISPR-Cas9 has emerged as a powerful method for the genetic dissection of cellular processes1,2, but the need to stably deliver single guide RNAs to millions of cells has restricted its implementation to ex vivo systems. These ex vivo systems cannot reproduce all of the cellular phenotypes observed in vivo nor can they recapitulate all of the factors that influence these phenotypes. There thus remains a pressing need for high-throughput functional genomics in a living organism. Here, we establish accessible genome-wide screening in the mouse liver and use this approach to uncover the complete regulation of cellular fitness in a living organism. We discover novel sex-specific and cell non-autonomous regulation of cell growth and viability. In particular, we find that the class I major histocompatibility complex is essential for preventing immune-mediated clearance of hepatocytes. Our approach provides the first comprehensive picture of cell fitness in a living organism and highlights the importance of investigating cellular phenomena in their native context. Our screening method is robust, scalable, and easily adapted to examine diverse cellular processes using any CRISPR application. We have hereby established a foundation for high-throughput functional genomics in a living mammal, enabling unprecedented insight into mammalian physiology and disease.