cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordination in Human Teams: Theories, Data and Models

Abstract The research reported in this paper emphasizes team coordination. We regard coordination as involving the timely exchange of information and resources, the division and allocation of tasks, and the synchronization of actions. Evidence from work to date suggests that teams adapt thetr coordination strategies to variations in the workload imposed by the problem. At low levels of workload teams coordinate explicitly, using communication. As workload increases teams coordinate implicitly, by exercising mental models of their other team members. Under very high workload off-line planning replaces on-line coordination. Starting with these hypotheses, experiments in team decisionmaking are designed and operationalized to understand and model how adaptive coordination occurs, and what aspects of the problem invoke it. Our emphasis here is on the coordination of resources, where we examine how a team shares a limited pool of resources to process a mix of tasks under various overlaps in team responsibility. The data shows the adaptation in decisionmaking strategy and coordination as the external workload imposed on the team increases. Our concomitant modeling efforts are geared to establish a mathematical framework for explaining and predicting team performance and strategy. Our approach is to blend normative mathematical theories for team decisionmaking with descriptive facets that capture known, and observed, human cognitive limitations and biases. The resulting normative-descriptive models provide excellent predictions of the actual human data.
Transfusion Thresholds for Major Orthopedic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract Background More than a million surgeries are performed annually in the United States for hip or knee arthroplasty or hip fracture stabilization. One-fifth of these patients have blood transfusions during their hospital stay. Increases in transfusion rates have caused concern about increased adverse events from unnecessary transfusions. Methods We systematically reviewed randomized trials examining the effect of restrictive vs liberal transfusion thresholds on patients having major orthopedic surgery. Study results were meta-analyzed with a random-effects model and heterogeneity was tested with the I 2 statistic. Study risk of bias was assessed using a modified Jadad scale and evidence strength was measured using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system. Results A total of 504 published articles were screened, and 15 met inclusion criteria. The articles described 9 randomized trials, most comparing transfusion thresholds of 8 vs 10 g/dL hemoglobin. All involved hip or knee arthroplasty and/or hip fracture patients. Moderate-strength evidence suggested a reduction in need for transfusion (relative risk, 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.71; I 2 = 95%) and mean number of units transfused (−0.95 units, 95% CI, –1.48 to −0.41, I 2 = 98%). There was a possible reduction in overall infections with more restrictive transfusion thresholds, although the result was not statistically significant (relative risk, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.47-1.06; I 2 = 54%). Moderate-strength evidence suggested no differences in other clinical outcomes between the groups. Limitations included incomplete blinding, inconsistency, and imprecision. Conclusion Moderate-strength evidence suggests that restrictive transfusion practices reduce utilization of transfusions and may decrease infections without increasing adverse outcomes in major orthopedic surgery.
Military Moms: Deployment and Reintegration Challenges to Motherhood

With women representing an increasing proportion of the U.S. military, and approximately 40% of women who serve in the U.S. military being parents, “military mothers” are a steadily growing population. Military mothers face prolonged separations from their children due to deployment, and experience significant stress before, during, and after deployment. This chapter explores mothers’ experiences of parenting across the deployment cycle. While many military mothers demonstrate remarkable resilience and coping abilities, all mothers returning home from deployment confront normative challenges including the reestablishment of relationships, roles, and routines, and for some, these challenges are compounded by PTSD symptoms and other psychological impacts. Much is yet unknown regarding the distinct experiences and support needs of military mothers and their families as they negotiate separations and reunions, and better understanding is necessary to inform services that are responsive to their specific needs.
Advancing Adverse Outcome Pathways for Risk Assessment

The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework was first proposed by Ankley and colleagues back in 2010 (Ankley et al. Environ Toxicol Chem 29:730–741, 2010). AOPs organize information across biological levels of organization, with common terminology and concepts and with the goal of informing human and ecological risk assessment. Not only was the framework rapidly embraced, it also spearheaded an unprecedented amount of research both nationally and internationally dedicated to understanding, developing, and accepting AOPs. Although developing AOPs has made an impressive start, there are still areas of research that need to be focused on. Many uncertainties remain in the use and acceptance of AOPs for regulatory purposes and this book explores the advancement of AOPs for risk assessment by focusing on different aspects of AOP development such as incorporating behavior, non-model species, invertebrates, plants, synthetic biology and epigenetics. Novel methods for developing predictive tools via quantitative methods are explored, as well as social considerations of barriers to AOP acceptance.
THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE TRANSFORMING GENE OF AVIAN SARCOMA VIRUSES

ABSTRACT Most of recovered avian sarcoma viruses (rASV), which were generated by recombination between transformation-defective (td) mutants of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and cellular sequences, were nondefective. The src sequences of these rASVs are very similar but not identical to those of standard RSV and the src gene product, pp60, is fully expressed in transformed cells. Some td mutants are not capable of generating rASV. Comparison of the RNA of various mutants suggests that the retention of the sequences at the 3′ end of the src gene in the RNA of td mutants is required for the generation of rASV. One td mutant, whose deletion extends from src to the 3′ end of the env region, consistently generates rASVs which have deletions in the env or in the env and pol. This implies that one of the td viral sequences required for the recombination with endogenous sarc is at the junction of the env and the src , but other similar crossover sites are located at the junctions of pol-env and gag-pol and also within the pol region. The transforming gene of Fujinami sarcoma virus (FSV) was found to be unique and unrelated to the src gene of RSV. The genomic RNA of FSV was estimated to be 1.7 × 10 6 daltons or 5300 nucleotides which codes for at least one 140,000 dalton protein. The overall genetic structure of FSV was similar to those of acute leukemia viruses of avian and murine species.
Combinatorial Fusion for Improving Portfolio Performance

A central issue for managers or investors in portfolio management of assets is to select the assets to be included and to predict the value of the portfolio, given a variety of historical and concurrent information regarding each asset in the portfolio. There exist several criteria or “models” to predict asset returns whose success depends on unknown form (parameters) of underlying probability distributions of assets, and whether one encounters a bull, bear or at market. Different models focus on different aspects of historical market data. We use the recently developed Combinatorial Fusion Analysis (CFA) in computer science to enhance portfolio performance and demonstrate with an example using U.S. stock market data that fusion methods can indeed improve the portfolio performance. The R software is found to offer powerful tools for application of CFA in Finance.
Large losses and equilibrium in insurance markets

We show that if losses are larger than wealth, then individuals with the option of declaring bankruptcy will not insure if the loss probability is above a threshold. In an insurance market with adverse selection, if the high risks’ loss probability is above the threshold, then no trade occurs at the Rothschild–Stiglitz equilibrium. Active trade in insurance requires cross-subsidization. When a subset of individuals with significant costs of bankruptcy and default is included in the market, then the equilibrium outcome always involves positive levels of insurance coverage for some individuals, but the parameters of the model determine whether all types receive coverage, or whether null contracts are received by both high and low risks with no bankruptcy costs or just the low risks from that group.
Maximum caliber inference and the stochastic Ising model

We investigate the maximum caliber variational principle as an inference algorithm used to predict dynamical properties of complex nonequilibrium, stationary, statistical systems in the presence of incomplete information. Specifically, we maximize the path entropy over discrete time step trajectories subject to normalization, stationarity, and detailed balance constraints together with a path-dependent dynamical information constraint reflecting a given average global behavior of the complex system. A general expression for the transition probability values associated with the stationary random Markov processes describing the nonequilibrium stationary system is computed. By virtue of our analysis, we uncover that a convenient choice of the dynamical information constraint together with a perturbative asymptotic expansion with respect to its corresponding Lagrange multiplier of the general expression for the transition probability leads to a formal overlap with the well-known Glauber hyperbolic tangent rule for the transition probability for the stochastic Ising model in the limit of very high temperatures of the heat reservoir.
Modeling the influence of microstructure on the stress distributions of corrosion pits

Abstract This work explores how microstructure influences stress distributions around corrosion pits through computational modeling that captures crystallographic orientation dependencies in corrosion potential and mechanical response. Several sites are considered for initial corrosion pits to investigate the resultant variation in pit geometry and stress quantities. Comparisons to a homogeneous, semi-circular model show that microstructure-sensitive cases can have much larger maximum stress magnitudes, but the stress intensity factors from the homogeneous case are quite congruous to those from the microstructure-sensitive cases. This study illustrates how microstructure impacts local quantities, whereas global quantities are more consistent and comparable to a fully homogeneous assumption.
A107 µW MedRadio Injection-Locked Clock Multiplier with a CTAT-biased 126 ppm/°C Ring Oscillator

This paper presents a 400 MHz open-loop injection-locked clock multiplier (ILCM) with low-power and fast settling time. A one-time DCO calibration and novel temperature compensation scheme guarantees PVT-robustness without the use of a power-hungry conventional frequency tracking loop (FTL). The compensated ring oscillator exhibits a frequency stability of 126 ppm$/^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ over the 0 to $55^{\circ}\mathrm{C}$ temperature range. This suffices to maintain lock and meet MedRadio specifications as indicated from measurements taken from 20 test chips. The chip was fabricated in 180 nm CMOS and consumes $107 \mu \mathrm{W}$ from a 0.7 V supply achieving state-of-the-art performance for PVT robust ILCMs operating at a comparable frequency range.
Multivariate analysis of the dengue virus in Sri Lanka using the ordination method

Examining the effect of environmental and social factors on populations exposed to vector-borne diseases is critical to prepare for future outbreaks. While extensive studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of the dengue virus, research on the human-environmental aspects of the disease is sparse. A multivariate analysis using constrained ordination is carried out to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of the dengue virus in Sri Lanka. The constrained factor scores are mapped using geographic information systems software to identify clusters of high and low incidences of dengue. The results reveal distinct patterns of the virus in urban, peri-urban and rural districts. Mobility had a significant effect on populations exposed to the virus in both urban and peri-urban areas. The age cohort variables of percent population under the age of 5 and aged 5 to 19 had a negative impact on dengue rates in urban areas and a marginal impact in rural precincts. Precipitation, poverty, and literacy had a marginal to moderate impact on the prevalence of dengue at the district level. Three distinct clusters emerged from the resulting factor scores: an urban high cluster concentrated in the western region, a peri-urban/rural high cluster in the interior and northeastern region, and a rural low cluster in the dry zone. The size of the clusters varied during epidemic and non-epidemic years, but remained fairly consistent when the western districts were omitted. The district level assessment forms the basis for future evaluation of social-environmental factors related to dengue at the local level.
The Pareto Comparisons of a Group of Exponential Discounters

Agents with different discount factors disagree about some intertemporal trade-offs, but they will also agree sometimes. We seek to understand precisely the nature of their agreements and disagreem...
Cooperative Design of Systems of Systems Against Attack on One Subsystem

Future large-scale control systems will be cyberphysical System of Systems (SoS)s each consisting of many interacting subsystems operating harmoniously and making decisions that benefit the entire enterprise. In terms of accomplishing their own objectives, the subsystems in an SoS will be designed so that their decision-making process achieves a Nash equilibrium for the entire SoS. This equilibrium ensures that no one subsystem can improve its position by deviating from the agreed decision. One of the weaknesses of this equilibrium is that it is vulnerable to cyber-attacks directed towards the objectives of one subsystem. In this paper, we consider an attack on a linear quadratic SoS that consists of altering some parameters in the objective function of one subsystem by injecting negative definite matrices into the attacked subsystem’s objective function. Such an attack would be designed to disrupt the operation of the entire SoS by pitting one subsystem against the others and causing a change in the behavior and trajectory of the entire SoS. We consider two possible outcomes of the attack. The first is when the attack is not detected and all subsystems continue to operate as designed but now reaching a different Nash equilibrium that may or may not yield the outcome desired by the attacker. In this case, existence results related to the new Nash equilibrium will be derived. The second is when the attack is detected causing the remaining subsystems to react by forming a cooperative team to counter the actions of the attacked subsystem. The team will then establish a new Nash equilibrium with the attacked subsystem. Both of these possible outcomes of the cyber-attack will be analyzed. A 3-subsystems SoS example illustrating the results will also be presented. This example illustrates the ability of an attacker to drive the SoS’s state trajectory away from the origin if the attack on one subsystem is not detected. It also illustrates the advantage that the remaining subsystems have in restoring the trajectory to one that is close to the pre-attack equilibrium trajectory by cooperating as a team if the attack is detected.
Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals.

Skin adherence (SA) of soil affects exposure from soil contaminants through dermal routes via loading on the skin and through ingestion routes through hand to mouth activities. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between adherence versus child-specific and environmental factors. Two sets of soil-to-skin adherence were evaluated. The first was based on loading on hands following hand presses (Hand SA). The second was based on body rinses following one hour of play activities on the beach (Body SA). Results for 98–119 children conducted at four beach sites show that mean Hand SA was 35.7 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 41.8 mg/cm2), while Body SA based on full coverage was 352.3 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 250.4 mg/cm2). Statistically significant differences in Body SA were observed between male (419.2 mg/cm2) and female (300.4 mg/cm2) children (p < 0.05). No significant difference by sex was found for Hand SA. Other statistically different observations were that Hand SA (p < 0.05), but not Body SA, differed across the four beaches (p < 0.05). For Hand SA, this difference was associated soil size variability across the beaches. Hand and Body SA values measured during this study are recommended for use in risk assessments that evaluate beach exposures to oil spill chemicals for young children.
Analytical framework for real-gas mixtures with phase-equilibrium thermodynamics

Abstract Real-gas (RG) thermodynamics is currently being employed in many fields of science and engineering ranging from energy production to planetary exploration to combustion and fluid mechanics. Particularly prediction of phase equilibrium, i.e. the condition at which two or more phases occur simultaneously in a multi-component mixture is of key importance because it represents a thermodynamic state that is more stable given that it occurs at a lower value of Gibbs free energy compared to the corresponding single phase state (i.e. only one phase exists). While the calculation of phase-equilibrium is a well-established tool, the determination of all the thermodynamic variables in the multi-phase mixture is relatively new and unexplored. In this work, we provide the complete analytical framework to compute multi-phase (we focus only on two phases for now), equilibrium properties in a generic multi-component system and demonstrate on mixtures with increasing level of complexity that approximate methods, sometimes used in the literature, provide inaccurate predictions, thus making the present model an important framework for all the simulation tools that employ RG thermodynamics with phase-equilibrium.
“Hola, my name is Carmen, who is this?”- Language ideologies and dialect stylization in prank calls

This study discusses the dialect stylization and language ideologies involved in a nationally broadcasted radio prank show, Carmen Calls. This national prank show permits a discussion on the langua...
Lasers on Silicon by Heteroepitaxy

Direct heteroepitaxy of compound semiconductors on silicon represents the most promising approach for realizing monolithic laser sources for silicon photonics. Record material quality and defect tolerant quantum dot lasers are reported.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure-Mandibular Advancement Device Combination Therapy for Moderate-to-Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Preliminary Study.

Objectives The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether compliance to auto-adjusting positive airway pressure (APAP) improves with the addition of a mandibular advancement device (MAD). Secondary outcome measures included were APAP pressure, subjective daytime sleepiness, apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), and mask leaks. Setting and Sample Population Participants included were diagnosed with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and became noncompliant to prescribed APAP. Thirteen participants with a mean age of 61.6 years were recruited for this study. Materials and Methods All participants were given a MAD to use with their APAP. Parameters measured included APAP pressure, AHI, mask leak reported via ResMed AirViewTM software, and self-reported daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]). A paired two-sample for mean t-test was performed to determine significance. Results The mean difference of pre- and postintervention APAP compliance was 23.1%, which was statistically significant (p = 0.015). The mean APAP air pressures were unchanged. The difference between pre- and postintervention mean ESS scores was 1.4 and was statistically significant (p = 0.027). The mean difference between pre- and postintervention AHI values and mask leak showed no significant difference. Conclusion This study showed that combination of APAP-MAD therapy, for patients with moderate-to-severe OSA who were noncompliant to APAP use, significantly increased compliance with APAP therapy, and significantly decreased the daytime sleepiness of participants.
Extra! Read All About It: Why Notice by Newspaper Publication Fails to Meet Mullane’s Desire-to-Inform Standard and How Modern Technology Provides A Viable Alternative

Decades ago the Supreme Court articulated that due process requires adopting a means of service that one would naturally adopt if he actually desired to inform another. For generations newspaper publication has been allowed where the party to be notified is not known or cannot be located. But, given the rapid transformation of information dissemination over our country’s recent history, are newspapers a method that anyone would use if they truly wanted to relay information to another person?This paper examines the shift in how American’s receive news and information in our modern society. It explores the decline in newspaper readership, the rise of Internet communication, and the historical mobility of our society. Based on the continuous decline in newspaper use and the unstoppable expansion of the Internet, this paper concludes that newspapers are not a method of communication that anyone desiring to notify another party would reasonably use. Therefore, notice by newspaper publication no longer meets the constitutional standard for due process.This paper concludes by proposing a method of notification that embraces the new ways in which society communicates and emboldens proactive citizens to harness the power of electronic applications and services to monitor challenges to their property rights. Given the efficacy of modern-day technology in reaching people, this paper encourages the Court to modify the Federal Rules and leverage modern advancements to better protect each citizen’s constitutional right to notification and an opportunity to be heard.
Cover Crop Champions: Linking Strategic Communication Approaches with Farmer Networks to Support Cover Crop Adoption

We conducted a case study of the 2017 Cover Crop Champions cohort to understand how the program changes farmers’ perceptions of cover crops and helps them overcome structural constraints to their a...
The music of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach

Of Bach's four sons who became composers, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714-88) was the most prolific, the most original, and the most influential both during and after his lifetime. This is the first comprehensive study of his music, examining not only the famous keyboard sonatas and concertos but also the songs, the chamber music, and the sacred works, many of which resurfaced only recently and have not previously been evaluated. A compositional biography, the book surveys C. P. E. Bach's extensive output of nearly a thousand works while tracing his musical development-from his student days at Leipzig and Frankfurt (Oder), through his nearly three decades as court musician to Prussian King Frederick "the Great," to his final twenty years as cantor and music director at Hamburg. David Schulenberg, author of important books on the music of J. S. Bach and his first son, W. F. Bach, here considers the legacy of the second son from a compelling new perspective. Focusing on C. P. E. Bach's compositional choices within his social and historical context, Schulenberg shows how C. P. E. Bach deliberately avoided his father's style while borrowing from the manner of his Berlin colleagues, who were themselves inspired by Italian opera. Schulenberg also shows how C. P. E. Bach, now best known for his virtuoso keyboard works, responded to changing cultural and aesthetic trends by refashioning himself as a writer of vocal music and popular chamber compositions. Audio versions of the book's musical examples, as well as further examples and supplementary tables and texts, are available on a companion website. David Schulenberg is professor of music at Wagner College and teaches historical performance at the Juilliard School. He is the author of The Music of Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (University of Rochester Press, 2010).
SU-E-T-95: An Alternative Option for Reducing Lung Dose for Electron Scar Boost Irradiation in Post-Mastectomy Breast Cancer Patients with a Thin Chest Wall

Purpose: Breast cancer patients who undergo a mastectomy often require post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) due to high risk disease characteristics. PMRT usually accompanies scar boost irradiation (10–16Gy in 5–8 fractions) using en face electrons, which often results in increased dose to the underlying lungs, thereby potentially increasing the risk of radiation pneumonitis. Hence, this study evaluated water-equivalent phantoms as energy degraders and as an alternative to a bolus to reduce radiation dose to the underlying lungs for electron scar boost irradiation. Methods: Percent depth dose (PDD) profiles of 6 MeV (the lowest electron energy available in most clinics) were obtained without and with commercial solid water phantoms (1 to 5mm by 1mm increments) placed on top of electron cones. Phantom attenuation was measured by taking a ratio of outputs with to without the phantoms in 10×10cm2 cone size for monitor unit (MU) calculation. In addition, scatter dose to contralateral breast was measured on a human-like phantom using two selected scar (short and long) boost patient setups. Results: The PDD plots showed that the solid water phantoms and the bolus had similar dosimetric effects for the same thickness. Lower skin dose (up to 3%) to ipsilateral breast was observed with a 5mm phantom compared with a 5mm bolus (up to 10%) for all electron cones. Phantom attenuation was increased by 50% with about a 4.5mm phantom. Also, the energy degraders caused scatter dose to contralateral breast by a factor of 3 with a 5mm phantom. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using water-equivalent phantoms to reduce lung dose using en face electrons in patients with a thin chest wall undergoing PMRT. The disadvantages of this treatment approach (i.e., the increase in MUs and treatment time, and clinically insignificant scatter dose to the contralateral breast given usually 10Gy) are outweighed by its above clinical benefits.
On the performance of estimators of parameter in autoregressive model of order one and optimal prediction under asymmetric loss

In the AR(1) set-up it is well known that for different ranges of the parameter values the distribution of different quantities of interest (such as, the estimators, test statistics etc.) are different. As a result, the equal amount of over-estimation and under-estimation may not have the equal consequences. Thus the use of symmetric loss function in estimating the unknown parameter is not recommendable. Here we have shown that under asymmetric loss function Bayes’ estimator outperforms the classical point estimator when the operational prior is sufficiently diffuse. Prediction problems involving asymmetric loss function arise in many fields. Optimal prediction problem will also be discussed using asymmetric loss function. It has been observed that the conditionally optimal predictor is biased under asymmetric loss and the amount of bias is also time varying in general.
NMR Studies of Organic Thin Films

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of thin organic films, particularly those at the interface with solid substrates. These have relevance in composite materials used for structural applications, although other applications of these materials in catalysis, separations, and other surface modifications may also be important. The term “film” implies something that is both semi-permanent and semi-continuous. Thus, this chapter will be restricted to the organic materials strongly bound to a substrate, including those which are permanently attached to a surface. Adsorbed polymers and non-covalently bound surfactants are also included in this chapter. The chapter explains how NMR can yield specific on the structure and dynamics of the interfacial material and how this might be different from that in the bulk phase. NMR characterization of the bonded interfacial species can be used to identify the species that have reacted and to determine the type of surface bonding. The mobility of the surface species may also affect the behavior of the material in use in applications like chromatography and composites. The use of NMR to characterize chromatographic gels should continue to be strong, while that related to the composites and small nonbonded molecules should continue to increase.
Microscopy and neutron diffraction study of a zirconium-8 wt% stainless steel alloy

The electrometallurgical treatment of zirconium-based and Zircaloy-clad spent nuclear fuels will yield a metal waste form. The baseline composition for the waste form is zirconium-8 wt% stainless steel (Zr-8SS). The microstructure of the Zr-8SS alloy has been studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and neutron diffraction. The phases present in the as-cast alloy include Zr(α), Zr3(Fe,Ni), Zr2(Fe,Ni), Zr2(Fe,Cr), and Zr(Fe,Cr)2; a solidification sequence has been proposed to explain the formation and morphology of these phases. Alloy phase stability has been studied by thermal aging at 780°C for periods up to 30 days. The phase changes that occur during thermal aging include an increase in Zr3(Fe,Ni) and a decrease in Zr2(Fe,Ni) content; reaction mechanisms have been proposed to explain these changes. The lattice parameters of alloy phases have been determined by neutron diffraction and found to be in agreement with those previously reported for similar phases. This study of alloy microstructures is the first step towards understanding the actinide and fission product distribution and predicting the corrosion behavior of the Zr-8SS metal waste form.
Mapping receptive fields in primary visual cortex

Nearly 40 years ago, in the pages of this journal, Hubel and Wiesel provided the first description of receptive fields in the primary visual cortex of higher mammals. They defined two classes of cortical cells, ‘simple’ and ‘complex’, based on neural responses to simple visual stimuli. The notion of a hierarchy of receptive fields, where increasingly intricate receptive fields are constructed from more elementary ones, was introduced. Since those early days we have witnessed the birth of quantitative methods to map receptive fields and mathematical descriptions of simple and complex cell function. Insights gained from these models, along with new theoretical concepts, are refining our understanding of receptive field structure and the underlying cortical circuitry. Here, I provide a brief historical account of the evolution of receptive field mapping in visual cortex along with the associated conceptual advancements, and speculate on the shape novel theories of the cortex may take as a result these measurements.
Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for boron, chromium and fluoride dietary recommendations.

The 10th edition (1989) of the Recommended Dietary Allowances provided estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDI) for chromium and fluoride and summarized the substantial evidence for boron essentiality in animals. New endpoints, approaches and paradigms to use to formulate dietary guidance for these elements were reviewed by a discussion group that met as part of a national workshop. Deliberations of the group are summarized to facilitate future discussions on dietary guidance for these elements. The category, provisional RDA was recommended to replace the current ESADDI category because of the ambiguities associated with the ESADDI. A provisional RDA would be defined for a dietary substance that meets one of two sets of criteria: class 1, clear evidence of essentiality but uncertain or limited quantitative data or endpoints to define dietary requirements ; and class 2, strong evidence of essentiality, and clear nutritional benefit based on reasonably certain quantitative data, but lack of clear information on function or endpoints to use for deficiency dietary requirements. A summary of background information and possible approaches for assigning provisional RDAs for boron, chromium and fluoride is presented.
The Sound Path Adding Music to a Child Care Playground

David is a three-year-old boy with congenital blindness. He attends a full-day child care program and receives special education and related services through a contract with the local school system...
Prevention of coronary heart disease in diabetes.

Cardiovascular disease (especially coronary heart disease [CHD]) is the most common complication and cause of death in patients with type 2 diabetes. CHD prevention should be the major focus in preventive care of diabetes patients. There is a solid evidence base from which to recommend aggressive control of elevated blood pressure and lipids to reduce CHD events in diabetes. Aggressive glycemic control alone will not reduce CHD events, but will prevent diabetes-specific microvascular complications. Blood pressure should be treated to a goal of at least 130/80 mm Hg, and possibly lower, using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, thiazide diuretics, or β blockers as first-line agents. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol should be treated with a statin to reduce the level by 30% to 40%, regardless of pretreatment level, to a goal of less than 100 mg/dL for most patients or a goal of less than 70 mg/dL in diabetes patients with CHD. Patients with high-density lipoprotein levels less than 40 mg/dL may benefit from fibrate therapy. Cigarette smoking should be actively discouraged, and prophylactic aspirin therapy should be prescribed for most patients. A regular program of physical activity and weight control should be prescribed to improve insulin sensitivity. Use of thiazolidinediones may be considered early in the course of hypoglycemic therapy, but additional research is needed to define the role of insulin sensitization as a primary means to reduce CHD risk in type 2 diabetes.
Staphylococcus aureus survival, staphylococcal enterotoxin production and shelf stability of country-cured hams manufactured under different processing procedures.

Abstract Fresh hams were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, cured, equalized, cold smoked or non-smoked, and aged. Initial S. aureus populations of 8.57 and 8.12 Log10 CFU/cm2 for salt and salt+NO2hams decreased to below the levels of detection after the fourth month of aging. S. aureus was detected following enrichment for 75% of the inoculated and 62% of the control hams at the end of the aging period. Staphylococcal enterotoxin was detected in 40% of the inoculated and 50% of the control hams following the aging period. The NaCl content of these hams with or without nitrite were 4.45/3.37% and aw values 0.94/0.91. Country-cured ham products obtained from retail stores in Kentucky were all negative for S. aureus enterotoxin. These results indicate that higher salt content and lower aw values on country-cured hams play an important role in controlling the growth and toxin production of S. aureus.
Panic and suicidal ideation in primary care

The objective of this article is to examine the relationship between panic attacks, panic disorder, and suicidal ideation among primary care patients. A probability sample of 1,007 primary care attenders from a large urban university practice was assessed for current mental disorders and suicidal ideation (past 2 week prevalence) with the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire. Controlling for major depression, substance use disorders, and sociodemographic variables simultaneously, patients with either panic attacks or panic disorder had significantly increased risks of suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was highly associated with major depression and comorbid panic disorder (OR = 15.4) or panic attacks (OR = 7.9). There is need for detection and possible treatment of patients with panic attacks or disorder in primary care, especially among those with co-occurring major depression.
Changing Machine Pulsation Rates and Ratios during Milking

Abstract Sixteen Holstein cows were in a counter-balanced design to study effects on milking rate with changing pulsation rates and ratios during milking. There were two experiments, each consisting of four periods (replications), four days per period, four treatments and 16 cows (four cows per group). Both experiments involved changing pulsation rates or ratios or both after 1.5 minutes of milking. There was no significant difference in rate of milk flow when pulsation ratios were changed from 60:40 to 50:50 or when pulsation rates were changed from 66 to 55 after 1.5 minutes of milking.Likewise, there was no significant effect on rate of milk flow when both pulsation ratios and rates were changed simultaneously. Milking rate was faster (P
Effects of optimal tactile feedback in balancing tasks: A pilot study

In this study, we employ optimal control and tactile feedback to teach subjects how to balance a simulated inverted pendulum. The output of a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) was converted to a vibratory teacher-signal and was provided as additional somatosensory feedback to the subjects. The LQR approach is consistent with an energy-saving strategy commonly observed during human motor learning. Our rationale for using the inverted pendulum as a criterion task is that this balance system requires the brain to solve many of the same problems encountered in simple tasks of daily living like transporting a glass of water to the mouth. Experimental results indicate that subjects who trained with the teacher-signal, performed significantly better than subjects who trained only with visual feedback. This result is promising and can be applied, among other fields, in rehabilitation to compensate for lost or compromised proprioception, commonly observed in stroke survivors.
Galiximab: a review.

Importance of the field: A significant number of patients relapse or do not respond to rituximab due to intrinsic or acquired resistance. Hence, mAbs targeting other cell surface antigens on B-cell lymphomas are being studied. CD80 is a glycoprotein expressed on Hodgkin's lymphoma, mature B-cell lymphomas and immunoeffector cells which may have T-regulatory, in addition to direct antitumor activity. CD80 serves as an attractive target in the continued development of mAbs against lymphoma.Areas covered in this review: Preclinical studies with galiximab, an anti-CD80 primatized mAb, have been encouraging and have demonstrated antitumor activity against various B-cell lymphoma models, both as a single agent as well as in combination with rituximab. Data were reviewed from a PubMed literature search from 1975 to 2009 and also included a review of abstracts from published proceedings of annual meetings from the American Society of Hematology and International Conference of Malignant Lymphoma, Lugano.What the r...
Where can they play? Outdoor spaces and physical activity among adolescents in U.S. urbanized areas.

Abstract Objective To estimate behavior-specific effects of several objectively measured outdoor spaces on different types of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a large, diverse sample of U.S. adolescents. Methods Using data from Wave I (1994–1995) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (U.S., n = 10,359) and a linked geographic information system, we calculated percent greenspace coverage and distance to the nearest neighborhood and major parks. Using sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression, we modeled reported participation in wheel-based activities, active sports, exercise, and ≥ 5 MVPA bouts/week as a function of each outdoor space variable, controlling for individual- and neighborhood-level sociodemographics. Results Availability of major or neighborhood parks was associated with higher participation in active sports and, in females, wheel-based activity and reporting ≥ 5 MVPA bouts/week [OR (95% CI): up to 1.71 (1.29, 2.27)]. Greater greenspace coverage was associated with reporting ≥ 5 MVPA bouts/week in males and females [OR (95% CI): up to 1.62 (1.10, 2.39) for 10.1 to 20% versus ≤ 10% greenspace] and exercise participation in females [OR (95% CI): up to 1.73 (1.21, 2.49)]. Conclusions Provision of outdoor spaces may promote different types of physical activities, with potentially greater benefits in female adolescents, who have particularly low physical activity levels.
THERMODYNAMICS OF CESIUM EXTRACTION FROM ACIDIC MEDIA BY HCCD and PEG

Abstract In this study, details of cesium extraction from nitrate media using chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide (HCCD) dissolved in the polar phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfone (FS-13) diluent have been examined. It has been verified that Cs+ phase transfer is based solely on cation exchange (H+ for Cs+) that is, that a previously reported nitrate dependency arises from nonideal behavior of solute species. The enthalpy and entropy of the system calculated using appropriate corrections to the van't Hoff analysis are found to be in good agreement with independently measured calorimetry results. Finally, it is demonstrated that synergistic extraction of Cs+ by HCCD and PEG does not occur. Although there is a definite interaction between HCCD and PEG (and it is well established that this interaction is responsible for the extraction of Sr2+), this association is actually antagonistic to the extraction of Cs+.
Disruption of selective attention by apomorphine, but not amphetamine, in the mongolian gerbil

To test the hypothesis that apomorphine, but not amphetamine, disrupts selective attention to a novel stimulus, gerbils were exposed to a novel object for one 60-s trial following an injection of 0, 1, 3, or 6 mg/kg d-amphetamine base, or 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg apomorphine HClSC. They were tested the next day for habituation to the stimulus. As a control, half of each group of gerbils were injected but not exposed to the object on day 1. All non-exposed gerbils and all exposed gerbils that received amphetamine showed a decrement in investigation, indicative of habituation, on day 2. Furthermore, a gradient of responding during dishabituation was obtained from gerbils given d-amphetamine (1 mg/kg) which was dependent on the distance a novel object was moved, indicating a perception of location as occurs in normal gerbils. In contrast, those exposed gerbils that received 1 mg/kg or more of apomorphine did not show habituation on day 2. That the disruption of habituation by apomorphine was due to a failure of input rather than of retrieving the information was demonstrated in an experiment in which two groups of gerbils were habituated to a novel object prior to injection with apomorphine (1 mg/kg) or saline. Both groups continued to show habituation on subsequent trials and increased responding when the object was moved. Thus, the motor capabilities necessary for investigation were functional. When gerbils that received apomorphine were pretreated with the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide, habituation occurred on day 2, suggesting that the disruption of habituation was mediated by dopamine. On the other hand, the depressant effect of large doses of apomorphine on initial investigation was not blocked completely by pimozide.
Decision making under privacy restrictions

Cyber physical systems rely on the joint functioning of information and physical systems are vulnerable to information leakage through the observable outputs of the internal decision making mechanism. In particular, if an external observer has access to the outputs of the cyber system, then critical information can be inferred about the internal states of the physical system and consequently compromise user privacy. In this work, a mathematical framework based on a Markov Process model is proposed to study the process of decision making with requirements on privacy of internal states. Modelling state privacy using information theoretic equivocation, the problem is shown to reduce to a ρ-POMDP where the rewards exhibit non linear dependence on beliefs. Sub optimal strategies are investigated that are computationally tractable, and in special cases, analytically characterizable. Methods to compute upper bounds demonstrating the fundamental tradeoff between privacy and utility are also provided. A two state example is discussed to showcase the results.
Which Way Microarchitecture

This column discusses topics of interest to the microarchitecture community, judging by Micro conference paper session topics and IEEE Micro issue themes. It also previews the two Cool Chips articles in the issue and the cover article on CPU-GPU integration.
Nongenomic Actions of Aldosterone on the Renal Tubule

Aldosterone plays a major role in the maintenance of sodium, potassium, and acid-base balance through its effects on renal electrolyte excretion. This regulation is achieved through aldosterone-induced stimulation of Na+ absorption, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion by the distal nephron, particularly segments of the collecting duct.1–3 These classical actions are mediated through binding of aldosterone to the intracellular mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The hormone-receptor complex translocates to the nucleus, where it promotes gene transcription and the production of proteins that modulate the expression and activity of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and other ion transport proteins.1,4–6 Regulatory actions of aldosterone via the MR play an important role in the normal maintenance of blood pressure but also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and the progression of renal disease.6–9 In addition to their classical actions, aldosterone and other steroid hormones influence cell processes through nongenomic mechanisms.10,11 Nongenomic effects of aldosterone have been demonstrated in many different epithelial and nonepithelial tissues and are defined by (1) an insensitivity to inhibitors of transcription (actinomycin D) and translation (cycloheximide) and (2) a rapid time course (seconds to a few minutes) that is incompatible with gene regulation and de novo protein synthesis. A rapid onset of action is a sufficient but not necessary criterion for a nongenomic effect. Some nongenomic effects can occur with a slower time course. An additional feature often associated with nongenomic effects is that they are not blocked by spironolactone and/or other MR antagonists, consistent with mediation via a nonclassical aldosterone receptor.10,11 Although compelling evidence exists for rapid effects of aldosterone unrelated to the MR, a novel aldosterone receptor for nongenomic regulation has not been identified, and there is evidence that nongenomic actions of aldosterone can be mediated via the classical …
Sarah Orne Jewett's Transforming Visit, “Tame Indians,” and One Writer's Professionalization

Sarah Orne Jewett discovered her vocation after attending worship at the Wisconsin Oneida mission in 1872. Her fictionalized account, “Tame Indians” (1875), reveals how liberation from racial stereotypes prompted her to aspire to become a regionalist writer, which helped her fulfill her desire to advocate for diversity by portraying marginalized people as neighbors and fellow Americans.