cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Pharmacology and Guide to the Use of the Serotonin 5-HT 3 Receptor Antagonists for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Since the introduction of the serotonin 5-hydroxy tryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists in the early 1990s, the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and post-discharge nausea and vomiting (PDNV) has decreased, yet continues to be a problem for the surgical patient. The clinical application of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists has helped define the approach and role of these antiemetics in the prevention and treatment of PONV and PDNV. Pharmacological and clinical differences exist among these medications resulting in corresponding differences in effectiveness, safety, optimal dosage, time of administration, and use as combination and rescue antiemetic therapy. The clinical application of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetics has improved the prevention and treatment of PONV and PDNV. The most recent consensus guidelines for PONV published in 2014 outline the use of these antiemetics. The 5-HT3 receptor antagonists play an important role to help prevent PONV and PDNV in perioperative care pathways such as Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS). Comparisons and guidelines for use of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in relation to the risk for PONV and PDNV are reviewed.
Research, Industry and Technology Transfer at the NIST AMRF

Abstract This paper, which deals with the Automated Manufacturing Research Facility (AMRF) at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, outlines briefly the nature of AMRF research, interactions with industry, and principal mechanisms of technology transfer to large-, medium- and small-size firms.
Student views regarding online freshmen physics courses

AbstractBackground: Nationally, many public universities have started to move into the online course and program market that was previously associated with for-profit institutions of higher education. Public university administrators state that students seek the flexibility of online courses. But do students want to take courses online, especially freshmen-level science courses perceived to be difficult?Purpose: This study investigated student views related to the potential of a physics course they were currently enrolled in being offered online.Sample: This study took place at a large, public, mid-western university and involved students enrolled in either the first or second semester of a face-to-face flipped physics course for engineering technology majors.Design and methods: Discussions with students during the semester about their online course experiences and expectations were used to develop the concourse and subsequently the Q sample to perform a Q methodology study about students’ views regarding...
Efforts Toward a Synthesis of Crotogoudin and Crotobarin

Two synthesis designs for the diterpenoid crotogoudin are discussed, and efforts to achieve each are described. First, a Cope rearrangement/intramolecular Diels–Alder cascade reaction was investigated. Second, a bioinspired sequence of cationic bicyclization and A-ring oxidative fragmentation set-up for a lactonization induced by a phenolic oxidation, ultimately providing a tricyclic intermediate that required only installation of the bridging ring of the salient bicyclo[2.2.2]octane system. This last endeavor was fraught with difficulty, but did lead to the development of conditions for cyclization of related keto-alkenes via manganese(III)-based radical chemistry.
Farm Labor and the Struggle for Justice in the Eastern United States

Farm work has historically been performed by people of color who suffer widespread labor abuses and lack the power to make systemic change in the agricultural system. This continues today. Farmworkers are consistently treated as different from other employees, and are governed by different labor standards. There has been little to no effort to include farmworkers in the major labor laws, partly because of the difficulties organizing a primarily migrant, undocumented and disenfranchised farmworker population and partly due to the strong opposition by agricultural employers. This chapter focuses on the general strategies, which farmworker groups in the eastern US use to advocate for justice for farmworkers including organizing, advocacy, and service. It highlights national and state organizations that are involved with advocacy, paying particular attention to the role of research in working for farmworker justice.
Some Problems and Purposes of Narrative Analysis in Educational Research

The significance of narrative analysis for education research is discussed by reviewing general work on the nature of narrative and examining some of the ways in which narratives vary, especially b...
Comparative Histomorphology of Oviducts from Metamorphic and Paedomorphic Ambystoma talpoideum (Caudata: Ambystomatidae)

Oviducts of paedomorphic and metamorphic Ambystoma talpoideum were examined to determine if previously observed differences in egg mass characteristics between the two morphs originated from differences in oviductal histomorphology/histochemistry. We found no evidence to support this hypothesis. At least seven oviductal regions were easily identified in the oviducts of both paedomorphic and metamorphic individuals; these were as follows (from cranial to caudal): 1) pars recta (termed Region A), 2) pars convoluta (termed Regions B through F), and 3) the uterine region (termed Region G). While slight structure and staining differences were evident in Region D of the pars convoluta when paedomorphic A. talpoideum from South Carolina were compared with metamorphic A. talpoideum from Arkansas, there were no differences observed between paedomorphic and metamorphic individuals of A. talpoideum from Arkansas. Thus, any observed oviductal variation was most likely the result of geographic variation and not from differences involving metamorphosis between paedomorphic and metamorphic A. talpoideum. The number of oviductal regions of A. talpoideum was comparable with previous studies on plethodontids and salamandrids, and this study represents the first treatise of oviductal anatomy of an ambystomatid using a histochemical approach beyond general staining with hematoxylin and eosin.
Stereodivergent Intramolecular Cyclopropanation Enabled by Engineered Carbene Transferases

We report the development of engineered myoglobin biocatalysts for executing asymmetric intramolecular cyclopropanations resulting in cyclopropane-fused γ-lactones, which are key motifs found in many bioactive molecules. Using this strategy, a broad range of allyl diazoacetate substrates were efficiently cyclized in high yields with up to 99% enantiomeric excess. Upon remodeling of the active site via protein engineering, myoglobin variants with stereodivergent selectivity were also obtained. In combination with whole-cell transformations, these biocatalysts enabled the gram-scale assembly of a key intermediate useful for the synthesis of the insecticide permethrin and other natural products. The enzymatically produced cyclopropyl-γ-lactones can be further elaborated to furnish a variety of enantiopure trisubstituted cyclopropanes. This work introduces a first example of biocatalytic intramolecular cyclopropanation and provides an attractive strategy for the stereodivergent preparation of fused cyclopropyl-γ-lactones of high value for medicinal chemistry and the synthesis of natural products.
Cell-specific upregulation of lung “cancer signature genes” in the small airway epithelium of asymptomatic smokers.

3109Background: Most lung cancers are derived from the small airway (6th -23rd generations) epithelium (SAE). While a pathogenic mutation in a driver gene is critical to transform a SAE cell to a m...
Futurities of Beauty and the Scalpel: Cosmetic Surgeries and Fatphobia in Iran

ABSTRACTThis article examines the increase in visibility and access to cosmetic surgery in Iran through the use of social media apps such as Instagram. Further, this article examines the social, in...
Renormalization Group-Based Transport Modeling of Premixed Turbulent Combustion: I. Incompressible Deflagration Model

A new method for numerical modeling of premixed turbulent combustion is introduced based on the thin flame model. Applications are given, e.g., to flames in turbulent flow in channels and over backward facing steps.
Resolving Conflicts Among Self-Evaluative Motives : Positive Experiences as a Resource for Overcoming Defensiveness

The present research investigates how undergoing a negative or positive experience subsequently influences feedback seeking regarding self-attributes varying in self-relevance. Participants were offered feedback from earlier testing regarding their assets or liabilities for attaining various personal goals (general life goals or specific careers). Overall, self-relevance of a goal increased interest in both assets- and liabilities-focused feedback regarding that goal. As predicted, however, the effect of self-relevance depended on whether participants initially failed or succeeded on an unrelated task. Specifically, after failure, the self-relevance of a goal was more likely to increase interest in assets-focused feedback than interest in liabilities-focused feedback. In contrast, after success, the self-relevance of a goal was equally or more likely to increase interest in liabilities-focused feedback than interest in assets-focused feedback. These results suggest that undergoing a positive or negative experience subsequently influences the relative weight of ego-defensive and self-assessment motives in feedback-seeking decisions.
Mixing and Matching: Sperm Donor Selection for Interracial Lesbian Couples

ABSTRACTThe widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies, coupled with processes of demographic and social change, are contributing to the normalization of new family configurations that ex...
What does and doesn’t affect L2 overt pronoun production: A Corpus Study of L1-English, L1-Korean, and L1-Mandarin L2 Speakers of Japanese

Abstract This study examined corpus data from learners of Japanese whose L1s are English, Korean, and Mandarin (as well as native-speaker Japanese controls), in order to investigate the effect of two separate (but sometimes conflated) potential influences on overt pronoun production in the L2: (i) whether or not the L1 is a topic-drop language (like Japanese), and (ii) the properties of overt pronouns in the L1 compared to those of Japanese. In order to investigate (i), the rate of overt pronoun use in topic/argument position for all three learner groups was tabulated and compared to that of native speakers. In order to investigate (ii), total rate of overt pronoun use in all positions was tabulated, as well as the type of case-/discourse-marking particles that accompanied overt pronouns in each learner group, compared to native speakers. Results show no influence of L1 topic-drop status, but some influence of L1 overt pronoun properties, in the form of (a) interactions between the morphosyntax of pronouns and broader DP/NP structure in the L1 and L2, and (b) shared discourse properties of the overt pronoun in the L1 and L2.
Music’s Vibratory Enchantments and Epistemic Injustices: Reflecting on Thirty Years of Feminist Thought in Music Theory

Music is often described as having magical powers to enchant listeners, but it has an equally and often unremarked magical effect on performers and scholars contemplating music. North American music theory has done little to address music’s enchantments, preferring to frame its discourse around empiricism and objectivity. Since the 1990s various postmodern and post-structuralist perspectives have brought about changes of content – what music is considered – and methodology, including a consideration of music’s “magical” powers. These new perspectives have, in part, resulted in an increased diversity in the demographics of musicology, but there have not been changes of sufficient significance in either content or methodology in North American music theory and the demographics of music theory remain dominated by white, male practitioners. In this short essay, I propose two ways that music-theoretical practice can be transformed in order to overcome the “epistemic injustices” of past work in music theory. First, music-theoretical work should address the complicity of the scholar’s perspective, and second, it should recognize the authorial work of diverse creators. To exemplify the latter, I offer a short analysis of Eliza Brown’s The Body of the State (2017). Musik wird zwar haufig eine „magische Kraft“ zugeschrieben, Zuhorer*innen zu bezaubern, aber sie hat ebenso eine haufig unbeachtete magische Wirkung auf Interpret*innen und Musikforscher*innen, die uber Musik nachdenken. Die gegenwartige nordamerikanische Musiktheorie hat wenig dazu beigetragen, diese „Verzauberung“ durch Musik zu thematisieren, stattdessen verortet sie sich diskursiv in Empirismus und Objektivitat. Seit den 1990er Jahren haben unterschiedliche postmoderne und poststrukturalistische Perspektiven einen Wandel bezuglich der Inhalte – welcher Musikbegriff wird zugrunde gelegt – und Methoden angestosen, einschlieslich einer Berucksichtigung der „magischen Krafte“ von Musik. Diese neuen Perspektiven haben innerhalb der Musikwissenschaft zumindest teilweise zu einer groseren demographischen Diversitat gefuhrt, aber in der nordamerikanischen Musiktheorie hat kein grundlegender Wandel von Inhalten oder Methoden stattgefunden und sie wird nach wie vor von weisen und mannlichen Fachvertretern dominiert. In diesem kurzen Essay zeige ich zwei Moglichkeiten auf, wie musiktheoretische Praxis so verandert werden kann, dass sie die „epistemischen Ungerechtigkeiten“ vergangener musiktheoretischer Arbeit uberwindet. Erstens sollte Musiktheorie die Abhangigkeit der Forscher*innen von ihrer jeweiligen Perspektive reflektieren und zweitens sollte Musiktheorie die Werke verschiedenster Kunstler*innen anerkennen. Als ein Beispiel dafur dient eine kurze Analyse von Eliza Browns The Body of the State (2017).
Exposure to artificial light at night accelerates but does not override latitude-dependent seasonal reproductive response in dark-eyed juncos

In the modern era of industrialization, illuminated nights have become a common defining feature of human-occupied environments, particularly cities. Artificial light at night (ALAN) imposes several known negative impacts on the neuroendocrine system, metabolism, and seasonal reproduction of species living in the wild. However, we know little about the impact of ALAN on populations of birds that either live year-round in the same location or move to different latitudes across seasons. To test whether ALAN has differing impact on reproductive timing of the bird populations that winter in sympatry but breed at different latitudes, we monitored sedentary and migratory male dark-eyed juncos that were or were not exposed to low intensity (~2.5 lux) ALAN. All groups were held in common conditions and day length was gradually increased to mimic natural day length changes (NDL). We assessed seasonal reproductive response from initiation to termination of the breeding cycle. As expected based on earlier research, the sedentary birds exhibited earlier gonadal recrudescence and terminated breeding later than the migratory birds. In addition, resident and migrant birds exposed to ALAN initiated gonadal recrudescence earlier and terminated reproduction sooner as compared to their conspecifics experiencing NDL. Importantly, the difference in the reproductive timing of sedentary and migratory populations was maintained even when exposed to ALAN. This variation in the seasonal reproductive timing may likely have a genetic ground or early developmental effects imposed due to different latitude of origin. This study reveals first that latitude-dependent variation in reproductive timing is maintained despite exposure to ALAN, and second that ALAN accelerated reproductive development across both migrants and residents. The results corroborating relationship between latitude, population, and ALAN impact on seasonal reproductive timing, may provide a potential mechanism to test the fitness of a population and its range expansion to exploit urban environment.
Calculation of mass transfer coefficients for corrosion prediction in two-phase gas-liquid pipe flow

Abstract Internal corrosion in industrial environments involving gas-liquid flow can be a serious concern. For example, in the oil and gas industry, corrosive water phase is usually transported in pipes along with liquid and/or gas hydrocarbon phases. These gas-liquid flows develop complex flow patterns where the liquid phase can distribute in quite different ways (as stratified layers, intermittent slugs, annular film, etc.) depending on the gas and liquid flow rates and pipe inclination. In these circumstances, the water phase can flow at very high velocities leading to high turbulence and mass transfer rates that can accelerate corrosion of the metallic pipe surface. In general, proper prediction of corrosion rates via mechanistic electrochemical models requires the knowledge of the mass transfer rate of corrosive species in the aqueous phase. There are very few studies in the open literature that show specific experimental data or propose ways to compute mass transfer rates in gas-liquid flow; particularly, for large pipe diameters. The present study introduces a methodology for the estimation of mass transfer rates in gas-liquid flow via the Chilton-Colburn analogy and near-wall eddy diffusivity distribution based on the mechanistic gas-liquid flow modeling. The proposed mechanistic models cover a wide range of fluid's properties and flow rates, different flow patterns and pipe inclinations, and show good agreement with mass transfer experimental data from large-scale gas-liquid flow.
Further Analysis of the Response Deprivation Hypothesis: Application of the Disequilibrium Model to Novel Clinical Contexts

Behaviors are considered instrumental when they produce opportunities to engage in other activities (i.e., contingent actions). By manipulating opportunities to engage in instrumental/contingent activities, practitioners can alter the direction and magnitude of instrumental behavior using principles of disequilibrium theory. Though previously unexplored, these models may have utility in clinical contexts involving automatically maintained behavior. In the current study, we sought to provide a brief demonstration of the potential generality and applicability of this model to clinical contexts involving automatic behavior, schedule thinning, and novel response dimensions.
Propagated Uncertainty for Horizontal Ground Motion Derived from Multi-Temporal Digital Elevation Models

Quantifying measurement uncertainty is an important component of geospatial data analysis, including spatial displacement measurements computed from multi-temporal digital elevation models (DEMs). Uncertainty estimates provide context to the validity of reported measurements and enable hypotheses on the statistical significance of observed spatial motion. Although error propagation is sometimes applied to simple differencing of DEMs to generate uncertainty estimates in the computed vertical change, it is virtually non-existent in automated 2D and 3D change detection methods. We report on the performance of rigorous forward error propagation of source data uncertainty, i.e., Jacobian-based variance propagation, through an image correlation technique applied to DEMs to measure horizontal ground motion. We provide an example application and conclude with a brief outline of future work required to fully validate and automate the method.
Cooperative DNA looping by PRC2 complexes

Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is an essential protein complex that silences gene expression via post-translational modifications of chromatin. This paper combined homology modeling, atomistic and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, and single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments to characterize both its full-length structure and PRC2-DNA interactions. Using free energy calculations with a newly parameterized protein-DNA force field, we studied a total of three potential PRC2 conformations and their impact on DNA binding and bending. Consistent with cryo-EM studies, we found that EZH2, a core subunit of PRC2, provides the primary interface for DNA binding, and its curved surface can induce DNA bending. Our simulations also predicted the C2 domain of the SUZ12 subunit to contact DNA. Multiple PRC2 complexes bind with DNA cooperatively via allosteric communication through the DNA, leading to a hairpin-like looped configuration. Single-molecule experiments support PRC2-mediated DNA looping and the role of AEBP2 in regulating such loop formation. The impact of AEBP2 can be partly understood from its association with the C2 domain, blocking C2 from DNA binding. Our study suggests that accessory proteins may regulate the genomic location of PRC2 by interfering with its DNA interactions.
Association between Maternal Obesity Class, Adherence to Labor Guidelines, and Perinatal Outcomes.

Background Data are limited concerning rates of perinatal complications in women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m2 compared to women with other BMI classes when guidelines for the safe prevention of the primary cesarean delivery are applied. Objective The aim of the study is to evaluate labor guideline adherence by BMI class and to compare perinatal outcomes across BMI classes with guideline adherent management. Study Design This retrospective study included low-risk women admitted for delivery between April 2014 and April 2017 after the labor guidelines were implemented. BMI closest to delivery was used for analysis. Women with cesarean for nonreassuring fetal status were excluded. Results Guideline adherence decreased with increasing BMI, with 93% adherence among women of normal weight compared to 81% for class III obese women (p Conclusion There were no differences in adverse perinatal outcomes with increasing BMI.
Humanistic Counseling with Latinx Youth from Low-income Communities

The present study investigated the influence of a humanistic school-based mental health counseling intervention (HSBMHCI) on Latinx students’ (N = 18) behavioral and emotional problems at three Tit...
An Empirical Exploration of Black-Box Performance Models for Storage Systems

The effectiveness of automatic storage management depends on the accuracy of the storage performance models that are used for making resource allocation decisions. Several approaches have been proposed for modeling. Black-box approaches are the most promising in real-world storage systems because they require minimal device specific information, and are self-evolving with respect to changes in the system. However, blackbox techniques have been traditionally considered inaccurate and non-converging in real-world systems. This paper evaluates a popular off-the-shelf black-box technique for modeling a real-world storage environment. We measured the accuracy of performance predictions in single workload and multiple workload environments. We also analyzed accuracy of different performance metrics namely throughput, latency, and detection of saturation state. By empirically exploring improvements for the model accuracy, we discovered that by limiting the component model training for the nonsaturated zone only and by taking into account the number of outstanding IO requests, the error rate of the throughput model is 4.5% and the latency model is 19.3%. We also discovered that for systems with multiple workloads, it is necessary to consider access characteristics of each workload as input parameters for the model. Lastly, we report results on the sensitivity of model accuracy as a function of the amount of bootstrapping data.
Optimal Mixture Models in IR

We explore the use of Optimal Mixture Models to represent topics. We analyze two broad classes of mixture models: set-based and weighted. We provide an original proof that estimation of set-based models is NP-hard, and therefore not feasible. We argue that weighted models are superior to set-based models, and the solution can be estimated by a simple gradient descent technique. We demonstrate that Optimal Mixture Models can be successfully applied to the task of document retrieval. Our experiments show that weighted mixtures outperform a simple language modeling baseline. We also observe that weighted mixtures are more robust than other approaches of estimating topical models.
Hypoxic ventilatory sensitivity in men is not reduced by prolonged hyperoxia (Predictive Studies V and VI)

Potential adverse effects on the O2-sensing function of the carotid body when its cells are exposed to toxic O2 pressures were assessed during investigations of human organ tolerance to prolonged continuous and intermittent hyperoxia (Predictive Studies V and VI). Isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory responses (HVR) were determined at 1.0 ATA before and after severe hyperoxic exposures: 1) continuous O2 breathing at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 ATA for 17.7, 9.0, and 5.7 h and 2) intermittent O2 breathing at 2.0 ATA (30 min O2-30 min normoxia) for 14.3 O2 h within 30-h total time. Postexposure curvature of HVR hyperbolas was not reduced compared with preexposure controls. The hyperbolas were temporarily elevated to higher ventilations than controls due to increments in respiratory frequency that were proportional to O2 exposure time, not O2 pressure. In humans, prolonged hyperoxia does not attenuate the hypoxia-sensing function of the peripheral chemoreceptors, even after exposures that approach limits of human pulmonary and central nervous system O2 tolerance. Current applications of hyperoxia in hyperbaric O2 therapy and in subsea- and aerospace-related operations are guided by and are well within these exposure limits.
A special distributed system in a general programming environment

An approach aimed at running a special class of computationally intensive applications in an affordable heterogeneous computing environment built around existing off-the-shelf hardware is described. The software support combines a general-purpose parallel programming language with a remote procedure call facility. The increase in throughput is a result of the overlap in servers computations. The attractiveness of the system comes mainly from its low cost. A typical application involving the traveling salesman problem is described, and performance issues are discussed. >
Effects of Meniscal and Articular Surface Status on Knee Stability, Function, and Symptoms after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction A Long-term Prospective Study

BackgroundConcomitant injuries to secondary structures have been proposed as a major cause of failure of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.PurposeOur purpose was to determine the relationship between meniscal status at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and ultimate long-term function and stability.Study DesignProspective cohort study.MethodsWe prospectively studied 63 patients for an average of 10.4 years after arthroscopically assisted bone-patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate reconstruction. All surgeries were performed between 1988 and 1991; concomitant meniscal surgery was performed if necessary. Subjects were divided into subgroups relative to the integrity of their menisci at the end of the reconstruction procedure (intact meniscus, partial meniscectomy, complete meniscectomy).ResultsPatients who had undergone any degree of meniscal resection reported significantly more subjective complaints and activity limitations than those with intact menisci. Subjective Internation...
Posterior fast atrioventricular node pathways: implications for radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia.

Objectives. This study sought to present evidence that fast atrioventricular (AV) node pathways with posterior exit sites may participate in typical AV node reentry. Background. Catheter ablation of the slow AV node pathway in the posteroseptal right atrium is the preferred therapeutic approach in patients with AV node reentrant tachycardia. Despite the success achieved with this approach, electrophysiologic changes consistent with fast pathway ablation are occasionally observed. One potential explanation is the presence of an aberrant posterior fast pathway. Methods. The location of fast and slow AV node pathways was determined by atrial activation mapping along the tricuspid valve annulus during tachycardia and was further confirmed by the effect of radiofrequency catheter ablation. Results. Seven patients with AV node reentrant tachycardia had evidence of a posterior fast pathway near the coronary sinus os. Abolition of anterograde and retrograde fast pathway conduction followed radiofrequency ablation in the posteroseptal region in six patients. Consistent with fast pathway ablation, the AH interval increased from 70 ± 24 to 195 ± 35 ms (mean ± SD), and tachycardia was no longer inducible. Selective slow pathway ablation was performed in one other patient with a posterior fast pathway. Conclusions. Functionally fast AV node pathways may be located in the posteroseptal right atrium, where slow pathway modification is performed. These data delineate the limitations of an anatomically guided slow pathway ablative approach and emphasize the importance of detailed mapping and localization of the retrograde fast pathway exit site before ablation. Failure to recognize the presence of posterior fast AV node pathways may account for sporadic examples of AV block, complicating posteroseptal ablation in patients with AV node reentry.
Considerations in designing a marine- mammal-ship collision avoidance system based on aerial imagery by an unmanned airborne vehicle

We describe the choice of parameters involved in designing a system in which an unmanned airborne vehicle using a camera relays image data to a nearby ship where a human, possibly with the help of a recognition system, is alerted to the possibility of a collision with a whale or other large marine mammal. A key constraint is that the system be inexpensive and, where possible, realized from off-the-shelf equipment. © 2003 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1525276) Subject terms: aerial imagery; collision avoidance; remote sensing; whales and dolphins; rotation- and scale-invariant detection; pattern-recognition application. r(0)5(x M(0),y M(0)). More generally, at time t.0, we denote the position of the MM by r(t). We assume that the MM can swim at a maximum speedVM . In Fig. 2, the MM is shown swimming in a direction specified by the anglef with respect to a vertical line. The distance from the MM to the ship at any time is denoted by d(t). Clearly d(0)5(x M 1y M ) 1/2 and d(t) 5$@xs(t)2x M(t)# 2 1@ y s(t)2y M(t)# 2 % 1/2 , where xs(t) 5Vst, y s(t)50, x M(t)5x M(0)1VMt sin f, and y M(t) 5y M(0)2VMt cos f. A collision at time t c requires that d(t c)50. From these observations, the time to a collision must satisfy the two equations
Laser Effects On Catalytic Reactions: Decomposition Of HCOOH On Pt

The effect of CO2 laser radiation on the Pt-catalyzed decomposition of HCOOH has been investigated in a static reactor and in a low-pressure matrix isolation system. HCOOH is known to decompose on Pt by two reaction paths, one leading to CO2 + H2, and the other to CO + H2O. It was found in this study that the laser caused either a decrease in the rate of formation of both CO and CO2, or selectively decreased the yield of CO, depending upon the condition of the Pt surface. In the case of a clean Pt surface, a laser line that is strongly absorbed by HCOOH caused a decrease in the rate of formation of both CO and CO2. A nonabsorbed line had no effect. In the case of a Pt surface that had been partially poisoned by reaction products, the strongly absorbed line caused a selective decrease in CO formation, thus enhancing the CO2/CO product ratio by as much as 50%. The activation energy measured for HCOOH decomposition in the matrix isolation experiments is 3.5 ± 0.2 kcal/mole using a clean Pt surface under the low pressure conditions. Additionally, the 0=C-0-H radical has been identified by the use of deuterium substitution. The present results have demonstrated the possibility of combining the unique properties of both catalysts and lasers to drive chemical reactions in selected synthetic routes and also the utility of the matrix isolation technique for heterogeneous catalytic studies.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on melanophores in the frog

Abstract Electrical stimulation of specific parts of the frog's brain, in particular the hypothalamus, results in melanin dispersion in melanophores. Cessation of electrical stimulation permits melanin concentration on a white background, provided lesions are not produced. The rate of melanin dispersion is identical whether it is a response to a dark-background, a lesion in the ventro-median hypothalamus, or electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. The mechanism by which electrical stimulation evokes melanin dispersion is unknown. It is speculated that neural elements in the hypothalamus which normally cause an inhibition of melanophore-stimulating hormone secretion are blocked by electrical stimulation. This view appears more compatible with the findings of others than that of a stimulatory mechanism. The neural elements may be either neurohumoral or, as the anatomy suggests, neurosecretory in their actions.
Superwide-angle coverage code-multiplexed optical scanner.

A superwide-angle coverage code-multiplexed optical scanner is presented that has the potential to provide 4π‐sr coverage. As a proof-of-concept experiment, an angular scan range of 288° for six randomly distributed beams is demonstrated. The proposed scanner achieves its superwide coverage by exploiting a combination of phase-encoded transmission and reflection holography within an in-line hologram recording–retrieval geometry. The basic scanner unit consists of one phase-only digital mode spatial light modulator for code entry (i.e., beam scan control) and a holographic material from which we obtained what we believe is the first-of-a-kind extremely wide coverage, low component count, high speed (e.g., microsecond domain), and large aperture (e.g., >1‐cm diameter) scanner.
Autonomic dysfunction in fibromyalgia syndrome: Postural orthostatic tachycardia

Although fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome is defined by chronic widespread pain and tenderness, additional symptoms, including disabling fatigue and dizziness, are often reported by patients with this chronic illness. Although nonrestorative sleep may play an important role for chronic fatigue in FM, other mechanisms, including dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), need to be considered. Many important biological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, and bowel function, are tightly regulated by the ANS. However, dysfunction of the ANS is common in FM and often becomes quite apparent after positional changes from supine to upright. Although such positional changes sometimes result in syncope, they are more often associated with palpitations and dizziness. Head-up tilt table testing can be used to evaluate autonomic dysfunction and is frequently helpful for the work-up of FM complaints, including fatigue, dizziness, and palpitations. One of the most common events experienced by FM patients during tilt table testing is postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, which is defined as a heart rate increase of more than 30 beats per minute after more than 3 minutes of standing upright.
L x rays emitted from multiply ionized holmium atoms

Spectra of $L$ x rays emitted from Ho targets bombarded by 10 keV electrons and $6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MeV}∕\mathrm{amu}$ C, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe ions were measured in high resolution using a curved crystal spectrometer. The spectra were analyzed in order to examine the systematic evolution of the $L$ x-ray satellite structure as a function of projectile atomic number. Scaling rules are established for the apparent average $M$-shell spectator vacancy fraction and apparent average double to single $L$-vacancy population ratio at the time of $L$ x-ray emission. The results are compared to those obtained for $K$-shell ionizing collisions and with predictions of the geometrical model.
Radicals from the Atmospheric Pressure Pyrolysis and Oxidative Pyrolysis of Hydroquinone, Catechol, and Phenol

The burning of tobacco creates various types of free radicals that have been reported to be biologically active. Some radicals are transient but can initiate catalytic cycles that generate other free radicals. Other radicals are environmentally persistent and can exist in total particulate matter (TPM) for extended periods. In spite of their importance, little is known concerning the precursors of these radicals or under what pyrolysis/combustion conditions they are formed. We performed studies of the formation of radicals from the gas-phase pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis of hydroquinone (HQ) and catechol (CT) between 750 and 1000 °C and phenol from 500 to 1000 °C. The initial electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra were complex, indicating the presence of multiple radicals. Using matrix annealing and microwave power saturation techniques, phenoxyl, cyclopentadienyl, and peroxyl radicals were identifiable, but only cyclopentadienyl radicals were stable above 750 °C.
Microstructural Modeling of Fiber Kinematics and Biomechanics of the Human Facet Capsular Ligament During Subfailure Loading

Whiplash and other traumatic neck injuries are a primary cause of chronic neck pain in the United States, with the cervical facet joint and its ligament being a common anatomical source of the pain. During these injuries, the facet capsular ligament undergoes excessive stretching that alters the subsequent mechanical function of the facet joint and can also initiate pain [1,2]. Accordingly, defining the mechanical response of the facet capsule requires understanding its microstructural response during loading. Although the macro-mechanical responses of ligaments for many types of loading and injury scenarios have been studied, the microstructural and fibrillar responses in the facet capsular ligament remain largely undefined.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Treatment of sleep disorders in elderly patients

Sleep disorders are common among the elderly and are associated with diminished quality of life, increased risk for development of psychiatric disorders, inappropriate use of sleep aids, and decreased daytime functioning. The most common and important sleep disorders in the elderly include insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, restless legs syndrome, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and the advanced sleep phase syndrome. In this article, we summarize the current treatment strategies for each of these sleep-related disorders. Before contemplating specific treatments, the authors recommend that more conservative and nonpharmacologic therapies be attempted first because the elderly are more likely to have medication side effects or complications related to surgery. Many sleep problems can be treated by simple sleep hygiene modifications that can be implemented and adopted easily. For others, therapies that specifically consider older adults may be required. For each of the sleep disorders we provide an updated discussion of therapies beginning with diet and lifestyle, pharmacologic treatment, interventional procedures, surgery, assistive devices, physical and speech therapy, exercise, and emerging therapies with specific considerations for older adults.
Cosmogenic Carbon-14 in Meteorites and Terrestrial Ages of "Finds" and Craters

Carbon-14 has been measured in several stone and iron meteorites. For "falls," the C 14 /Al 26 ratios in stones and the C 14 /Cl 36 ratios in irons are consistent with constant irradiation. The stone "finds" have radiocarbon ages of up to ≥ 21,000 years. The Henbury craters are apparently ≤ 7,000 and the Odessa craters ≥ 11,000 years old.
A convenient preparation of metal carbonyl monoanions by trialkylborohydride cleavage of metal carbonyl dimers; observation and reactions of a bimetallic manganese-formyl intermediate

Abstract Commercially available Li(C2H5)3BH rapidly and quantitatively cleaves [Mn(CO)5]2, [Co(CO)4]2, and [(C5H5)Mo(CO)3]2 in THF at room temperature to the corresponding transition metal monoanions. [(C5H5)Fe(CO)2]2 can be cleaved in hexamethylphosphorous triamide (HMPA) or by use of K((unsec)-C4H9)3BH. The mechanism postulated for Li[Mn(CO)5] formation (Scheme I) is supported by the direct observation of a manganese-formyl intermediate ((un4)) and rate data. ((un4)) acts as a hydride donor toward CH3SO3F, Fe(CO)5, and HMn(CO)5.
Short-exposure imaging of nonisoplanatic objects through turbulence

An approach to short-exposure imaging that takes into account anisoplanatic perturbations of the image is proposed. The short exposure modulation transfer function is formulated using the Marcovian stochastic process approximation. This formula which is free from the drawbacks of Fried's approximations describes the diffraction effects and medium fluctuation distribution along the propagation path.
Registration of 'TAMsoft 700' wheat.

'TAMsoft 700' (Reg. No. CV-1042, PI 656607), a short, early-maturing, and apically awnletted soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), was developed and released jointly by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station and Texas AgriLife Research in 2009. TAMsoft 700 was derived from the cross 'Jackson'/2 * GA881130 made in spring 1996 at the University of Georgia. The pedigree of GA88130 is KSH8998/FR 81-10//'Gore' (PI 561842). KSH8998 was developed from a cross between a hard red winter line and a Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal line to transfer Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] resistance gene H13. FR 81-10 was selected due to its resistance to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz) based on the Lr37 gene and stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend.) based on Yr17 gene, from the cross 'Novisad 138'/4(4) Aegilops ventricosa Tausch/Triticum persicum (Boiss.) Aitch. & Hemsi./2/'Marve'*3/3/'Moisson' (PI 315998). TAMsoft 700 was released on the basis of its excellent grain yield under heavy Hessian fly infestation conditions in north central and eastern Texas. It also possesses good resistance to prevailing races of leaf rust, stripe rust, and powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal) in north-central and eastern Texas. Milling and baking quality characteristics of TAMsoft 700 were rated as acceptable for soft red winter wheat use by the USDA-ARS Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory in Wooster, OH.
Fracture-dislocation of the shoulder in a child: case report.

This is a case of an 11-year old girl with a delayed diagnosis of a shoulder fracture-dislocation. Shoulder dislocations are rare, and proximal humerus fractures are uncommon. A fracture-dislocation in a child is, to our knowledge, as yet unrepresented in the English-language literature. Ths child's injury resolved without recurrence
Influence of cortico-striatal afferents on striatal kainic acid neurotoxicity

Abstract Decortication, which causes degeneration of the cortico-striatal glutamateric afferents, markedly attentuates the neurotoxic action of kainic acid in the striatum. Injection of 1 μmol of L-glutamate alone in the decorticate striatum does not cause neuronal degeneration whereas the injection of 10 nmol of kainate with 1 μmol of L-glutamate partially restores kainate's neurotoxicity. The results suggest that kainate's neurotoxicity is affected by the synaptic input to vulnerable neurons and may involve a cooperative interaction with synaptically released L-glutamate.
Higher order stabilized finite element method for hyperelastic finite deformation

Abstract This paper presents a higher order stabilized finite element formulation for hyperelastic large deformation problems involving incompressible or nearly incompressible materials. A Lagrangian finite element formulation is presented where mesh dependent terms are added element-wise to enhance the stability of the mixed finite element formulation. A reconstruction method based on local projections is used to compute the higher order derivatives that arise in the stabilization terms, specifically derivatives of the stress tensor. Linearization of the weak form is derived to enable a Newton–Raphson solution procedure of the resulting non-linear equations. Numerical experiments using the stabilization method with equal order shape functions for the displacement and pressure fields in hyperelastic problems show that the stabilized method is effective for some non-linear finite deformation problems. Finally, conclusions are inferred and extensions of this work are discussed.
Relationships between vocabulary size, working memory, and phonological awareness in Spanish-speaking English language learners.

Purpose The goals of this study were to evaluate the impact of short-term phonological awareness (PA) instruction presented in children’s first language (L1; Spanish) on gains in their L1 and second language (L2; English) and to determine whether relationships exist between vocabulary size, verbal working memory, and PA in Spanish-speaking English language learners (ELLs). Method Participants included 25 kindergartners who received PA instruction and 10 controls. A 2-way within-subjects repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to evaluate gains. Relationships between PA gains, Spanish and English vocabulary, and memory, as measured using nonword repetition and experimental working memory tasks, were analyzed using correlation and regression analyses. Results Results indicated significant and equivalent gains in both languages of children in the experimental group and no gains in the control group. Spanish vocabulary size was significantly related to PA gains in both langu...
Identification of Novel Proteinase K-resistant C-terminal Fragments of PrP in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

The central event in the pathogenesis of prion diseases, a group of fatal, transmissible neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, is the conversion of the normal or cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the abnormal or scrapie isoform (PrPSc). The basis of the PrPC to PrPSc conversion is thought to involve the diminution of α-helical domains accompanied by the increase of β structures within the PrP molecule. Consequently, treatment of PrPSc with proteinase K (PK) generates a large PK-resistant C-terminal core fragment termed PrP27-30 that in human prion diseases has a gel mobility of ∼19-21 kDa for the unglycosylated form, and a ragged N terminus between residues 78 and 103. PrP27-30 is considered the pathogenic and infectious core of PrPSc. Here we report the identification of two novel PK-resistant, but much smaller C-terminal fragments of PrP (PrP-CTF 12/13) in brains of subjects with sporadic CJD. PrP-CTF 12/13, like PrP27-30, derive from both glycosylated as well as unglycosylated forms. The unglycosylated PrPCTF 12/13 migrate at 12 and 13 kDa and have the N terminus at residues 162/167 and 154/156, respectively. Therefore, PrP-CTF12/13 are 64-76 amino acids N-terminally shorter than PrP27-30 and are about half of the size of PrP27-30. PrP-CTF12/13 are likely to originate from a subpopulation of PrPSc distinct from that which generates PrP27-30. The finding of PrP-CTF12/13 in CJD brains widens the heterogeneity of the PK-resistant PrP fragments associated with prion diseases and may provide useful insights toward the understanding of the PrPSc structure and its formation.