cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fluorescence polarization based assay for glucose sensing

A fluorescence polarization (FP) assay was developed to determine concentrations of glucose using concanavalin A (ConA) and fluorescently-labeled dextran. Predictive FP responses to glucose were elicited for different assay configurations using mathematical modeling and displayed herein. Using 4 kDa FITC-dextran, we predicted a change of 0.120 P units from 0 mg/dL glucose to 500 mg/dL. This shows the potential that a homogenous, reproducible FP assay can be engineered to measure glucose concentrations using tetrameric ConA and 4k kDa FITC-dextran.
Alarm recruitment, attack behavior, and the role of the alarm pheromone in Polybia occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

1. Defensive behavior in the social wasp Polybia occidentalis involves two steps: first, in response to jarring of the nest, large numbers of adults are recruited rapidly to the outer surface of the envelope. Second, a fraction of these wasps may fly out to attack the intruder. 2. Observations suggest that the first step, alarm recruitment, is released by a signal given inside the nest. Experimental introduction into the nest of the odors of various glands and body parts show that venom and venom-bearing structures (venom sac, sting apparatus) elicit alarm recruitment that is indistinguishable from that caused by jarring the nest. The wing buzzing that accompanies alarm recruitment is experimentally shown not to communicate alarm. 3. Outside the nest, the odor of venom greatly reduces the threshold for release of attack behavior, but is not itself a releaser of attack. The release of attack behavior requires an appropriate visual stimulus. Dark color of models elicited more attacks than did movement.
The Osteocalcin Gene Promoter Provides a Molecular Blueprint for Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Bone Tissue Formation: Role of Transcription Factors Involved in Development

Characterization of regulatory sequences and their cognate binding factors in the bone-specific osteocalcin (OC) gene promoter has provided insight into mechanisms that control expression of the gene under diverse biological conditions. We present evidence for AP-1 motifs and two multipartite conserved regulatory sequences, the OC Box I (nt-99 to-76) and a site designated OC Box II (nt-136 to-130) in contributing to developmental and tissue-specific expression of osteocalcin. OC Box I is characterized by a homeodomain binding site and OC Box II is a recognition sequence for AML-1 (also called PEBP2 alpha), a runt homology-related DNA binding protein. Functional activity of the elements was established in osseous and non-osseous cell lines and is in part related to the binding of osteoblast-specific complexes which enhance OC transcription. The contribution of several elements and binding of multiple classes of transcription factors to independent elements in both these domains serve to illustrate the complexity of control required for tissue-specific OC expression.
Biological Control on Acid Generation at the Conduit-Bedrock Boundary in Submerged Caves: Quantification through Geochemical Modeling

No-mount Cave, located in Wekiwa Springs State Park in central Florida, USA, is an aphotic, submerged, freshwater cave in which large colonies of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria live in filamentous microbial mats. Upwardly discharging groundwater enters the cave from the Upper Floridan aquifer, specifically the Eocene-aged Ocala Limestone. We undertook a combined field, laboratory, and modeling study in which we sought to determine the amount of calcite dissolution attributable to the generation of protons by microbially mediated sulfide oxidation. The chemical compositions of groundwater within the limestone formation collected through a newly designed sampling device and of water in the cave conduit were used in geochemical modeling. We used the reaction-path model PHREEQCI to quantify the amount of calcite dissolution expected under various plausible scenarios for mixing of formation water with conduit water and extent of bacterial sulfide oxidation. Laboratory experiments were conducted using flow-through columns packed with crushed limestone from the study site. Replicate columns were eluted with artificial groundwater containing dissolved HS- in the absence of microbial growth. Without biologically mediated sulfide oxidation, no measurable calcite dissolution occurred in laboratory experiments and no additional amount of speleogenesis is expected as formation water mixes with conduit water in the field. In contrast, significant calcite dissolution is driven by the protons released in the biological transformation of the aqueous sulfur species. Although a range of results were calculated, a plausible amount of 158 mg Ca2+ released to conduit water per liter of groundwater crossing the formation-conduit boundary and mixing with an equal volume of conduit water was predicted. Our modeling results indicate that significant cave development can be driven by microbially mediated sulfide oxidation under these hydrogeochemical conditions.ž Keywords: calcite dissolution, microbial sulfide oxidation, geochemical model. DOI: 10.3986/ac.v42i2-3.663
Introduction to Thoracoscopic Surgery: Indications, Basic Techniques, and Instrumentation.

Thoracoscopy is a useful tool for diagnosing and managing intrathoracic disease. With the new technologies in endoscopic surgery, a whole variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is now pos...
A longitudinal study of the second language acquisition of a three-way stop contrast

Abstract The goal of this paper was to document how native (L1) speakers of a language with a two-way stop contrast acquire a three-way stop contrast in a second language (L2). Mandarin presents a two-way stop contrast cued primarily by VOT, whereas Korean presents a three-way stop contrast cued jointly by VOT and the f0 of the following vowel. Mandarin and Korean stop productions from 12 L1 Mandarin novice L2 learners of Korean were subjected to acoustic analysis. Results revealed a wide variety of production patterns, suggesting that the learning of an L2 contrast may not always be predicted by cross-language acoustic correspondences. Six of the participants were recorded again both six and 12 months later. The longitudinal results showed that some learners were unable to produce the Korean contrast in a native-like way even after one year of intensive L2 instruction. Learners whose initial production strategy was consistent but incorrect fared worse after one year than learners whose productions initially exhibited more variability. These results contribute to our understanding of both the L2 acquisition of “new” and “similar” categories and also how well naive perceptual assimilation can predict L2 production.
Ambulatory pediatric oncology CLABSIs: Epidemiology and risk factors

Background To compare the burden of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in ambulatory versus inpatient pediatric oncology patients, and identify the epidemiology of and risk factors associated with ambulatory CLABSIs. Procedure We prospectively identified infections and retrospectively identified central line days and characteristics associated with CLABSIs from January 2009 to October 2010. A nested case–control design was used to identify characteristics associated with ambulatory CLABSIs. Results We identified 319 patients with central lines. There were 55 ambulatory CLABSIs during 84,705 ambulatory central line days (0.65 CLABSIs per 1,000 central line days (95% CI 0.49, 0.85)), and 19 inpatient CLABSIs during 8,682 inpatient central line days (2.2 CLABSIs per 1,000 central lines days (95% CI 1.3, 3.4)). In patients with ambulatory CLABSIs, 13% were admitted to an intensive care unit and 44% had their central lines removed due to the CLABSI. A secondary analysis with a sub-cohort, suggested children with tunneled, externalized catheters had a greater risk of ambulatory CLABSI than those with totally implantable devices (IRR 20.6, P < 0.001). Other characteristics independently associated with ambulatory CLABSIs included bone marrow transplantation within 100 days (OR 16, 95% CI 1.1, 264), previous bacteremia in any central line (OR 10, 95% CI 2.5, 43) and less than 1 month from central line insertion (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.0, 17). Conclusions In pediatric oncology patients, three times more CLABSIs occur in the ambulatory than inpatient setting. Ambulatory CLABSIs carry appreciable morbidity and have identifiable, associated factors that should be addressed in future ambulatory CLABSI prevention efforts. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1882–1889. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translucency rendering in 3D endoluminal CT colonography: a useful tool for increasing polyp specificity and decreasing interpretation time.

429 T colonography, also referred to as virtual colonoscopy, has recently been shown to be an accurate screening tool when the 3D display is used for the initial detection of polyps [1]. Although both 2D and 3D CT image displays are useful for virtual colonoscopy interpretation, most investigators to date have relied primarily on the 2D data set for initial polyp detection [2]. However, results from recent studies using a primary 2D approach in low-prevalence populations have been disappointing [3, 4]. ThereTranslucency Rendering in 3D Endoluminal CT Colonography: A Useful Tool for Increasing Polyp Specificity and Decreasing Interpretation Time
Evaluation of methyl salicylate lures on populations of Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and other natural enemies in western Oregon vineyards

Methyl salicylate (MeSA), a herbivore-induced plant volatile, can elicit control of pests through attraction of beneficial arthropods. This study evaluates the effect of synthetic MeSA lures (PredaLure) on arthropod populations during the 2009 and 2010 seasons in two Oregon vineyards (Dayton and Salem). MeSA lures were deployed at a low (4/plot or 260 lures/ha) and high (8/plot or 520 lures/ha) rate in 152 m 2 plots while control plots contained no lure. The predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten is considered to be a key biological control agent of the grapevine rust mite, Calepitrimerus vitis Nalepa in Oregon vineyards. Leaf samples were collected to assess T. pyri, C. vitis, spider mite (Tetranychidae) and thrips (Thripidae) population densities in MeSA treated plots compared to control plots. Yellow sticky traps were used to monitor other key predator groups including Anthocoridae, Araneae, Coccinellidae and Syrphidae. Our data did not display consistent trends in T. pyri response to MeSA between treatments at the two field sites over two seasons. Mean seasonal coccinellid counts were significantly higher in MeSA treatments in both years at Dayton. No differences in C. vitis population densities were found between treatments in both years. In 2009 at Salem, significantly lower pest thrips densities occurred in low rate MeSA treatments in the latter part of the season although no trend of decreased seasonal abundance was evident.
Studies on the corticotrophin-releasing activity of vasopressin, using ACTH secretion by cultured rat adenohypophyseal cells.

CRF activity of synthetic vasopressins and pitressin was studied in an in vitro system of cultured rat adenohypophyseal cells using direct measurement of ACTH by radioimmunoassay. Pitressin (posterior pituitary extract) induced a dose-related secretion of ACTH whereas synthetic arginine or lysine vasopressin were devoid of CRF activity, even with the largest tested dose (4 µ, g/ml). No potentiation of the CRF activity of hypothalamic extract was observed with any vasopressin preparation studied. We conclude that: 1) the CRF activity of posterior pituitary extract is not due to vasopressin, and 2) the ACTH secretion induced by vasopressin administration in vivo is unlikely to be due to a direct effect of vasopressin on adenohypophyseal cells. (Endocrinology 98: 936, 1976)
Creating the “Unfit”: Social Darwinism or Social Triage?: Constructing a Supply of Patients in Private Psychiatric Hospitals

Social Darwinism calls for “inequality, survival of the fittest” and not “liberty, survival of the unfittest. ” However, this theory fails to acknowledge that fitness can be a social construction. Social triage argues that bureaucratic decision makers find it inefficient to work with certain groups, and these decision makers sacrifice these groups’ needs in order that others (more beneficial to the organization) receive services. Social triage appears linked to social Darwinism. To favor society’s “most fit” members, it seems necessary to establish “unfit” members. Sacrificing the needs of certain populations seems possible only if fitness can be a social construction. Using a case study of efforts to reform private psychiatric hospitals, we argue that certain hospitals created a supply of “unfit” patients capable of paying the cost of private care, leading to social triage. Although it appeared that social Darwinism was outdated, the connection between these theories may suggest a resurgence in its use.
Early Anatomical Development of Specific-Pathogen-Free New Hampshire Cockerels

Abstract THE domestic fowl has long been studied in laboratory as well as field biology. Selective breeding has led to the development and improvement of poultry strains particularly suited for egg production, as well as other strains which are rapid and efficient producers of meat. Total body growth of many of these strains has been studied in detail. Likewise, the effects of certain environmental factors on these growth patterns and on performance characteristics have also been studied (Deaton et al., 1969; Francis et al., 1968; McCartney et al., 1969; and Tindell et al., 1967a, b). Some of the important studies on organ-body weight relationships in poultry, in which a large number of organs were studied simultaneously, are those by Oakberg and Lucas (1949) and Oakberg (1951a, b) on 10 inbred lines of White Leghorn chickens, relative growth in bantams and leghorns (Lerner, 1941), the differential growth of organs and edible meat…
Economic growth and the environment: What can we learn from household data?

The fuel-use decisions of households in developing economies, because they directly influence the level of indoor air quality that these households enjoy (with its attendant health effects), provide a natural arena for empirically assessing latent preferences towards the environment and how these evolve with increases in income. Such an assessment is critical for a better understanding of the likely effects of aggregate economic growth on the environment. Using household data from Pakistan we estimate Engel curves for traditional (dirty) and modern (clean) fuels. Our results provide empirical support for the household choice framework developed in Pfaff, Chaudhuri and Nye (2002a), which suggests that even if environmental quality is a normal good, non-monotonic environmental Engel curves can arise. Under plausible assumptions about the emissions implied by fuel use, our estimates yield an inverted-U relationship between indoor air pollution and income, mirroring the environmental Kuznets curves that have been documented using aggregate data. We then demonstrate, through a simple voting model, that this household-choice framework can generate aggregate EKCs even in a multi-agent setting with heterogeneous households and purely external environmental effects. JEL codes: D11, H41, O12, Q25 ∗We would like to thank the World Bank and the Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics for allowing us access to the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey data. We would also like to thank Steve Cameron and Matt Kahn, as well as participants at AEA, NBER, NEUDC and Harvard Environmental Economics and Policy seminars for comments. Corresponding author: Shubham Chaudhuri, Columbia University MC-3308, New York, NY 10027. E-mail: sc301@columbia.edu.
Making Sense of Methods and Measurements: Helpful Resources for Research Methods and Data Analysis

We are often asked the questions ‘‘What is the best research methods reference?’’ Or ‘‘What is your favorite data analysis book?’’ This edition of Making Sense of Methods and Measurement is for readers who want to develop or expand their personal reference library of research methods and data analysis resources. Of course, this list is by no means exhaustive. Instead, it is composed of our individual and shared ‘‘go to’’ resources that we believe every nurse researcher should have for quick reference. We will talk about our favorite Web sites and software programs in a subsequent column. Finally, we will devote an entire column to our most-used articles.
The Marriage Market and Tajik Armed Conflict 1

The study seeks to provide an empirical illustratio n of the demographic impact of the 1992-1998 armed conflict in Tajikistan by exploring the link between violent conflict and the marriage market for women. I assess the potential roles of e xposure to armed conflict and sex ratios on female age at first marriage. I use individual-leve l data from the 2003 Tajik Living Standards Measurement Survey (TLSS), Tajik census population data and data on raion-level exposure to armed conflict. The results from the Cox proportion al hazards models suggest that regional exposure to conflict during a woman’s most marriageable years lower her risk of entering her first marriage by fourteen percentage points. These findings support the hypothesis that an economic crisis associated with armed conflict incr eases female age at first marriage.
Women and the Social Movements of the 1960s: Activists, Engaged Observers, and Nonparticipants

Many women in the generation that attended college during the 1960s have reported that they were influenced by the social movements of that era, even women who did not participate in them. In addition to political activists, social movements also appear to include “engaged observers”—individuals who are attentive to movement writings and activities, and express moral and even financial support for them, but who take no other action. Although activism in a movement may be the best predictor of future political action, engaged observation may be related to other indicators of political socialization, such as a powerful felt impact of the movement and well-developed political attitudes. Evidence to support this notion is drawn from studies of three samples of college-educated white and black women.
Performance analysis of a method for high level prevention of traffic analysis using measurements from a campus network

We provide cost estimates for achieving spatial neutrality under realistic network traffic conditions using two methods. Measurements done on the University of Florida campus wide backbone network (UFNET) provide us with considerable experience to model an actual network better. Simulation results show that the algorithm's improvement over padding alone is greater for a sparse traffic matrix than for a uniform random traffic matrix. It accomplishes this by smoothing the traffic matrix by rerouting, reducing the padding overhead required to achieve a neutral traffic matrix. On the other hand, a sparse traffic matrix leads to increased costs over uniform random traffic matrix for both padding alone and for padding with rerouting. Experiments done with UFNET traffic characteristics show that the costs are such that the proposed method can be employed in actual networks, under moderate load conditions, to achieve traffic neutrality with acceptable overheads. >
Optimization of parallel query execution plans in XPRS

The authors describe their approach to the optimization of query execution plans in XPRS, a multi-user parallel database machine based on a shared-memory multi-processor and a disk array. The main difficulties in this optimization problem are the compile-time unknown parameters such as available buffer size and number of free processors, and the enormous search space of possible parallel plans. The authors deal with these problems with a novel two phase optimization strategy which dramatically reduces the search space and allows run time parameters without significantly compromising plan optimality. They present their two phase strategy and give experimental evidence from XPRS benchmarks that indicate that it almost always produces optimal plans. >
Beyond logs and surveys: in-depth measures of people's web use skills

Finding information on the Web can be a much more complex search process than previously experienced on many pre-Web information retrieval systems given that finding content online does not have to happen via a search algorithm typed into a search field. Rather, the Web allows for a myriad of search strategies. Although there are numerous studies of Web search techniques, these studies often limit their focus to just one part of the search process and are not based on the behavior of the general user population, nor do they include information about the users. To remedy these shortcomings, this project looks at how people find information online in the context of their other media use, their general Internet use patterns, in addition to using information about their demographic background and social support networks. This article describes the methodology in detail, and suggests that a mix of survey instruments and in-person observations can yield the type of rich data set that is necessary to understand in depth the differences in people's information retrieval behavior online.
Classification of Sex-Linked Early and Late Feathering in 10-Week-Old Chickens

Abstract Warren and Gordon (1935) found that the juvenile primaries, axial, and secondary feathers were molted four to six weeks earlier in White Leghorns which were early feathered than in Rhode Island Reds and Light Brahmas which were late feathered. It has not been generally recognized, however, that this difference is consistent enough to classify early and late feathering within a single strain of birds. For the present study, wing and tail feather development between 6 and 12 weeks of age was examined in early feathering and late feathering stocks, which included New Hampshires, White Plymouth Rocks, Black Australorps, and various crossbreds. Definite differences were noted for the pattern of molt in early and late feathering chicks, regardless of breed. Most early feathering chicks could be distinguished at any time, between 6 and 12 weeks of age by the presence of both juvenile plumage (first set) and post-juvenile plumage (second set) . . .
Variability regularization in large-margin classification

This paper introduces a novel regularization strategy to address the generalization issues for large-margin classifiers from the Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) perspective. First, the ERM principle is argued to be more flexible than the Structural Risk Minimization (SRM) principle by reviewing the difference between the two strategies as the fundamental principles for large-margin classifier design. Second, after studying the large-margin classifier design based on the SRM principle, a realization of the ERM principle is proposed in the form of a bias-variance criterion instead of the conventional expected error criterion. The bias-variance criterion is shown to have the regularization capability needed by a large-margin classifier designed according to the ERM principle. Finally, a mathematical programming procedure is used to efficiently achieve the best regularization policy. The new regularization strategy based on the ERM principle is evaluated on a set of machine learning experiments. Experimental results clearly demonstrate the strength of the proposed regularization strategy to achieve the minimum error rate performance measure.
Movement Disorders From the Use of Metoclopramide and Other Antiemetics in the Treatment of Migraine

Nausea and vomiting are a frequent accompaniment of migraine and anti-nausea medications are frequently used in its management. The majority of anti-nausea medications that are used in migraine are dopamine receptor blocking agents and therefore have the potential to cause drug-induced movement disorders. This article explores the risk of such drug-induced movement disorders in migraineurs who were treated with these medications.
Josephson plasma resonance in κ − ( BEDT − TTF ) 2 Cu ( NCS ) 2

A cavity perturbation technique is used to study the microwave response of the organic superconductor $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{-}(\mathrm{BEDT}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{TTF}{)}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{NCS}{)}_{2}.$ Observation of a Josephson plasma resonance, below ${T}_{c}$ $(\ensuremath{\sim}10 \mathrm{K}),$ enables investigation of the vortex structure within the mixed state of this highly anisotropic, type-II superconductor. Contrary to previous assumptions, frequency-dependent studies (28\char21{}153 GHz) indicate that the squared plasma frequency $({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p}^{2})$ depends exponentially on the magnetic-field strength. Such behavior has been predicted for a weakly pinned quasi-two-dimensional vortex lattice [Bulaevskii et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 801 (1995)]. Our data also suggests a transition in the vortex structure near the irreversibility line.
Effects of EPI distortion correction pipelines on the connectome in Parkinson's Disease

Echo-planar imaging (EPI) is commonly used for diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) but is susceptible to nonlinear geometric distortions arising from inhomogeneities in the static magnetic field. These inhomogeneities can be measured and corrected using a fieldmap image acquired during the scanning process. In studies where the fieldmap image is not collected, these distortions can be corrected, to some extent, by nonlinearly registering the diffusion image to a corresponding anatomical image, either a T1- or T2-weighted image. Here we compared two EPI distortion correction pipelines, both based on nonlinear registration, which were optimized for the particular weighting of the structural image registration target. The first pipeline used a 3D nonlinear registration to a T1-weighted target, while the second pipeline used a 1D nonlinear registration to a T2-weighted target. We assessed each pipeline in its ability to characterize high-level measures of brain connectivity in Parkinson’s disease (PD) in 189 individuals (58 healthy controls, 131 people with PD) from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) dataset. We computed a structural connectome (connectivity map) for each participant using regions of interest from a cortical parcellation combined with DWI-based whole-brain tractography. We evaluated test-retest reliability of the connectome for each EPI distortion correction pipeline using a second diffusion scan acquired directly after the participants’ first. Finally, we used support vector machine (SVM) classification to assess how accurately each pipeline classified PD versus healthy controls using each participants’ structural connectome.
Precision Arrival Scheduling for Tactical Reconfiguration

This research adapts the concept of precision arrival scheduling to accommodate reconfiguration operations between two sets of fixed arrival routes modeled for Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD). Integrated fixed path routing from en-route to runways was modeled for ORD's top two peak traffic configurations, as well as transition routing between the two configurations. A first-come-first-served multi-point scheduler was adapted to the reconfiguration problem by prioritizing the rescheduling of aircraft within the terminal airspace at the time of reconfiguration notification. Arrival rescheduling was then tested for a range of arrival rates and reconfiguration notification lead-times in fasttime simulation. Reconfigurations with lead-times as short as 10 minutes at a nominal static configuration arrival rate (~25 arrivals per quarter hour) could be accommodated with little impact to throughput. However, as lead-time shortened below 25 minutes, individual aircraft efficiency quickly degraded due to extra flight time at lower altitude and speed. In general, first-come-first-served arrival scheduling on fixed routing for this sample reconfiguration problem is promising if at least 10-15 minutes lead-time is given before the reconfiguration is in effect.
798 Elevated Values of Serum Transaminases in Children-One Year Epidemiology and Etiology Study

Aminotransferases are used worldwide for the screening of liver and muscular diseases. Purpose To indicate the prevalence of elevated serum aminotransferases at the time of child’s admission, the epidemiologic aspects of these abnormal values. Materials and Methods We performed an observational, retrospective study (January–December 2008) in which we studied demographic data (age, sex distrbution), biological findings, correlation between age and level of enzymes or etiology. The analysis was performed usig Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS Statistics 17.0. Results We studied 925 children aged 1month-18 years (8% of 11797 admission in a pediatric hospital) with abnormal serum aminotransferases. The highest frequency was noticed in male (54.4%, p Conclusions Elevated serum aminotransferases are frequently encountered in hospitalized children. The lower values prevail in the context of non-specific infectious diseases. Small children are more susceptible to hepato-muscular injury by non-specific infectious diseases. Therefore we highlight the necessity for further prospective studies in order to investigate if incidentally discovered abnormal serum aminotransferaseses children.
Reading Race into the Scopes Trial: African American Elites, Science, and Fundamentalism

Among the many visitors to the famous trial of John Thomas Scopes in Dayton, Tennessee, in July 1925 was a tall, well-dressed African American named W. H. Moses. The Reverend Mr. Moses was campaign director for the National Baptist Convention, the largest African American religious organization in the nation, and he had traveled to Dayton with a group of African American preachers, students, professors, and physicians from the border South. As he viewed the trial and the sideshows around it, Moses explained to reporters and curious onlookers that the controversy was particularly relevant to African Americans. A lack of broader education, Moses noted, had left black ministers "proverbially hostile to science." For that reason, the "college Negro[es]" had become prejudiced against "Negro preachers and the religion of their fathers to a very harmful degree." Moses hoped that the trial would demonstrate "that Christianity is strengthened by science rather than weakened" and that the conflict would thus restore the confidence of "the darker races" in Christianity.' For the heavily churched black community, this was not a trivial matter. Moses and his group were not the only African Americans with a keen interest in the trial. Black newspapers and black churches sent eyewitnesses to Dayton, editorialists and intellectuals commented with great acerbity on the "monkey business" in Tennessee, and African American ministers delivered hundreds of sermons on the topic of evolution and the Bible. In Kansas City one African American couple even teamed up to knife a friend who had taken what they considered the wrong side of the dispute.2 Clearly the Scopes trial mattered, and mattered deeply, to many African Americans.
Cytochemical Staining with Oil Red O and for β-Glucuronidase in the Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia

Bone marrow aspirates from 30 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and 21 cases of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia were stained with oil red O and for β -glucuronidase. Globular oil red O positivity was seen more frequently in cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia, and granular oil red O positivity was observed in a greater percentage of cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Diffuse activity or blocks of β -glucuronidase positivity were found with equal frequencies in cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia and acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. Both stains are considered to be of little value in the classification of acute leukemia.
Observations on a Seamap

An analysis of a small-scale bathymetric map, Seamap No. 13242-12B, published by the U.S. National Ocean Survey, is presented together with information on its genesis and format and general comments on the future of maps depicting deep ocean bathymetry.
Analysis of Pathological Renal Biopsy and Clinical Manifestations among 757 Children with Kidney Diseases in Jiangxi Province

Objective To explore characteristics of children with renal diseases and the relationship between pathological features and clinical manifestations.Methods From Feb.2002 to Jun.2010,retrospective analysis was made in 757 patients with renal diseases in Children′s Hospital of Jiangxi Province.The renal biopsy specimens were divided into 3 sections for microscope,immunofluorescence and electron microscope examinations,respectively,and they were processed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE),periodic acid-schiff(PAS),periodic acid-sliver methenamine(PASM),and Masson staining.Immunofluorescence was used to detect the deposition of immunoglobulin G(IgG),IgA,IgM,complement 3(C3),C4,and C1q in the renal tissues.Additional examinations were performed to detect hepatitis B surface-antigen(HBsAg),hepatitis Be antigen(HBeAg)and hepatitis B core antigen(HBcAg)deposition in some cases with positive serum HBsAg.Pathological classification was made according to the criteria of 2000 for renal pathology by Kidney Disease Branch of Chinese Medical Association,and analyzed statistically with the combination of clinical and pathological data.Results 1.Among 757 cases of renal biopsy,there were 537 cases to be primary glomerular disease(70.97%),211 cases secondary glomerular disease(27.84%),9 cases hereditary glomerular disease(1.19%) in 757 cases of renal biopsy.Of the primary glomerular disease cases,there were nephrotic syndrome 265 cases(49.35%),hematuria 99 cases(18.44%);of secondary glomerular diseases,there were 144 patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis(68.25%),HBV-nephritis in 47 cases(22.27%).2.The primary glomerulary disease,most of the pathological type:mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis 277 cases(51.58%);Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis was the most of secondary glomerular disease,144 cases(68.25%),belonging mainly to pathologic grade Ⅱ b-Ⅲ b,which accounted for 79.17%;there were 8 cases of Alport syndrome in hereditary glome-rulary disease,1 case of thin basement membrane nephropathy.Conclusions Primary glomerulary disease is a kind of common renal diseases in children of Jiangxi Provincie and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis is the most common pathological category in children′s primary glomerulary disease.In secondary glomerulary diseases,incidence of Henoch Schonlein purpura nephritis is the highest and HBV-nephritis is the second.
Prognostic significance of T cell associated surface antigen density changes during OKT3 therapy of renal allograft rejection.

AbstractWe describe 12 acute rejection episodes in 11 cadaver donor renal allograft recipients who required OKT3**Orthoclone, Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., Raritan, New Jersey. rescue treatment for steroid-resistant acute rejection (9) or for severe vascular (antibodymediated) rejection (3). There were 3 treatment failures with subsequent graft loss. Using 2-color flow cytometry the total T (CD3), B (DR+), activated T (CD3DR), T helper/inducer (CD4), T cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8) and activated T cytotoxic cell (CD8DR) subsets were analyzed before, in mid course (5 to 7 days) and at the end of 12 to 14 days of therapy with 5mg. OKT3 intravenously daily. In parallel changes in the density of such T cell associated antigens were analyzed. Significant decreases in the mean levels of the CD3 (p <0.001), CD3DR (p <0.05), CD4 (p <0.05), CD8 (p <0.05) and CD8DR (p <0.05) subsets were observed at mid course. A significant decrease in the density of CD3 was observed (p <0.0001). The surface antigen density of CD3DR, C...
Regional sensitivity to vasoactive polypeptides in the human umbilicoplacental vasculature.

The actions of angiotensin II (A II), bradykinin, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were compared in vitro in vascular segments obtained from three regions of the human umbilicoplacental vascular tree at term. The three regions selected were the umbilical cord arteries, the chorionic-plate arteries, and the villous stem arterioles supplying the individual chorionic villi. Helically cut strips from the vessel segments from each region were suspended together in a physiologic slat solution (pH 7.4) and gassed with 95% 0 2 : 5% Co 2 at 37° C. Well defined contractile responses to bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptamine were observed in all arterial strips. Angiotensin II, on the other hand, had little or no effect on umbilical arteries, a sluggish although real contractile effect on chorionic plate arteries, and a well-defined contractile response in the arterioles (25 to 100 μ inside diameter) supplying chorionic villi. Dose-response data indicate that 5-HT is the most potent of the agents studied followed by BK and A II in both the umbilical and chorionic plate arteries. In the arterioles supplying the villous, however, A II is the most potent followed in turn by BK and then 5-HT. Comparison of the relative peak responses for each drug between the three regions studied indicates a rising sensitivity to A II from the larger arteries of the cord and chorionic plate to the arterioles supplying the individual villi. These findings suggest a marked sensitivity to angiotensin II of the resistance vessels of the human placental vasculature and further tend to support the theory that circulating fetal angiotensin II may contribute to the maintenance of placental vascular tone in humans.
Asymptotically Self-Similar Blow-Up Solutions

The similarity variables can be used to study the asymptotic behavior (see Barenblatt [9]). Giga−Kohn [64, 65] gave a finer description of the blow-up behavior of the equation $$u_t\,=\,\triangle u\,=\, |u|^{p-1}u,\,\,\,x\,\epsilon \,\Omega,\,\,\,0\,<\,t\,<T,$$ (8.1) $$\quad\quad u\,=\,0,\,\,x\,\epsilon\,\partial\,\Omega,\,0\,<\,t<\,T,$$ (8.2) $$\quad u(x-0)\,=,u_0(x).$$ (8.3) Their approach also uses the similarity variables, together with the Pohozaev identity; see Theorem 8.5.
Assessing commercially available personal health records for home health

Background: Home health nurses and clients experience unmet information needs when transitioning from hospital to home health. Personal health records (PHRs) support consumer-centered information management activities. Previous work has assessed PHRs associated with healthcare providers, but these systems leave home health nurses unable to access necessary information. Objectives: To evaluate the ability of publically available PHRs to accept, manage, and share information from a home health case study. Methods: Two researchers accessed the publically available PHRs on myPHR.com, and attempted to enter, manage, and share the case study data. We qualitatively described the PHR features, and identified gaps between the case study information and PHR functionality. Results: Eighteen PHRs were identified in our initial search. Seven systems met our inclusion criteria, and are included in this review. The PHRs were able to accept basic medical information. Gaps occurred when entering, managing, and/or sharing data from the acute care and home health episodes. The PHRs that were reviewed were unable to effectively manage the case study information. Therefore, increasing consumer health literacy through these systems may be difficult. The PHRs that we reviewed were also unable to electronically share their data. Conclusions: The gap between the existing functionality and the information needs from the case study may make these PHRs difficult to use for home health environments. Additional work is needed to increase the functionality of the PHR systems to better fit the data needs of home health clients.
Copper status of ewes fed increasing amounts of copper from copper sulfate or copper proteinate.

The Cu status of mature, crossbred ewes fed two sources (CuSO4 vs. Cu proteinate) and three levels (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg) of dietary Cu was determined in a 73-d feeding trial. Ewes (n = 30) were fed a basal diet containing rice meal feed, cottonseed hulls, cottonseed meal, meat and bone meal, cracked corn, and vitamin-mineral supplements at 2.5% of BW to meet NRC requirements for protein, energy, macrominerals, and microminerals, excluding Cu. The basal diet contained 5 mg/kg Cu, 113 mg/kg Fe, .1 mg/kg Mo, and .17% S. Copper sulfate or Cu proteinate was added to the basal diet to supply 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg of dietary copper in a 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Ewes were housed in 3.7- x 9.1-m pens in an open-sided barn. Blood samples were collected on d 28 and 73. Ewes were slaughtered on d 74, and liver and other tissues were collected to determine Cu concentrations. An interaction (P = .08) occurred between source and level for liver Cu. The interaction existed due to an increase in liver Cu concentrations when ewes were fed increasing dietary Cu from CuSO4 but not when fed Cu proteinate diets. There was no source x level interaction (P>.10) for the blood constituents measured. On d 73, plasma ceruloplasmin activity was greater (P .10) plasma ceruloplasmin. Packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count, whole blood hemoglobin (wHb), plasma hemoglobin, and plasma Cu were similar between sources of Cu. Ewes fed 20 mg/kg Cu had lower (P<.05) PCV, RBC, and wHb than those fed 10 or 30 mg/kg Cu diets. Feeding up to 30 mg/kg Cu from these sources did not cause an observable Cu toxicity during the 73-d period.
Where Do They Go? Students’ Sources of Résumé Advice, and Implications for Critically Reimagining the Résumé Assignment

ABSTRACTThis article explores what sources students use for advice while writing their resumes, their reasons for choosing those sources, and their perceptions about the sources’ quality. Results from surveys, interviews, and focus groups with 86 undergraduates and 20 career counselors and instructors suggest issues with educators’ credibility and students’ access. To address these issues, the author suggests that educators approach the resume as a research project, which empowers students and legitimizes educators’ expertise.
Muscle Contraction and Related Phenomena

Motility is a major living phenomenon, and in higher multicellular organisms specialized muscle cells provide its basic mechanism. Of the different types of muscle, by far the most extensively studied are the skeletal muscles, which are distinguished by the length of the individual cells as well as their cross-striations. Under an ordinary light microscope with proper focusing (A. F. Huxley, 1957), a muscle fiber appears as a series of alternatingly dark (anisotropic) A bands and light (isotropic) I bands (Fig. 16.1). The major protein of muscle cells is myosin, which was first isolated and named by Willy Kiihne (1864), a student of Johannes Miiller. A. F. Huxley (1974) has reminded us that fully a century ago it was already known that myosin is found in the A bands (T. H. Huxley, 1880). Methods for extracting muscle proteins gradually evolved in the hands of von Muralt, Edsall, Weber, and others (H. H. Weber, 1925; von Muralt and Edsall, 1930; Greenstein and Edsall, 1940). An extracting solution containing 0.5 M KC1 at more or less alkaline pH was often referred to as the Weber-Edsall solution.
An iterative algorithm using a natural pixel representation of the attenuated radon transform

Simultaneous transmission-emission imaging using a three detector SPECT system typically must reconstruct attenuation maps of the thorax using truncated transmission projections. It has been observed in simulations that the use of natural pixels significantly improves the accuracy and the image quality of reconstructed truncated projections. The purpose of this work is to investigate the use of natural pixels to reconstruct attenuation corrected emission data using attenuation factors calculated from a natural pixel representation of the reconstructed truncated transmission data. The reconstruction algorithm for both transmission and emission reconstructions is based on the assumption that a continuous image can be obtained by backprojecting the discrete array q, which is the least squares solution to Mq=p where p is the array of discrete measurements. The matrix M represents the operator obtained from the backprojection operator followed by the projection operator using the natural pixel basis. The conjugate gradient algorithm is used to solve the equation Mq=p, and the final image is obtained by sampling the continuous backprojection of the solution q at a discrete array of points. >
Knowledge acquisition of manufacturing descriptions

In this work, the human interface concepts used to define the manufacturing descriptions supporting the Manufacturing Control and Capacity Planning System at Motorola's Discrete and Special Technologies plant in Phoenix, Arizona are discussed. Human interface techniques such as object programming, icon representation of information, user vocabulary templating, and intelligent user query sessions are the major topics of the discussion. The method of interpreting the user knowledge acquired between the generic application program logic and the dynamic logic extracted from manufacturing experts. >
Complementary Costimulation of Human T Cell Subpopulations by CD28 and CD81

Abstract Abstract 1124 CD81 is a widely expressed tetraspanin molecule that physically associates with CD4 and CD8 on the surface of human T cells. Coengagement of CD81 and CD3 results in the activation and proliferation of T cells. CD81 also costimulated mouse T cells that lack CD28, suggesting either a redundant or a different mechanism of action. Here we show that CD81 and CD28 have a preference for different subsets of T cells - primary human naive T cells are better costimulated by CD81, while the memory T cell subsets and Tregs are better costimulated by CD28. The more efficient activation of naive T cells by CD81 was due to prolonged signal transduction compared to that by CD28. We found that IL-6 played a role in the activation of the naive T cell subset by CD81. Combined costimulation through both CD28 and CD81 resulted in an additive effect on T cell activation. Thus, these two costimulatory molecules complement each other both in the strength of signal transduction and in T cell subset inclusions. Costimulation via CD81 might be useful for expansion of T cells for adoptive immunotherapy to allow the inclusion of naive T cells with their broad repertoire. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Structure of histone-based chromatin in Archaea

Small basic proteins present in most Archaea share a common ancestor with the eukaryotic core histones. We report the crystal structure of an archaeal histone-DNA complex. DNA wraps around an extended polymer, formed by archaeal histone homodimers, in a quasi-continuous superhelix with the same geometry as DNA in the eukaryotic nucleosome. Substitutions of a conserved glycine at the interface of adjacent protein layers destabilize archaeal chromatin, reduce growth rate, and impair transcription regulation, confirming the biological importance of the polymeric structure. Our data establish that the histone-based mechanism of DNA compaction predates the nucleosome, illuminating the origin of the nucleosome.