cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of growth conditions to desiccation tolerance of Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes

ABSTRACT Growth on solid media as sessile cells is believed to increase the desiccation tolerance of Salmonella enterica. However, the reasons behind increased resistance have not been well explored. In addition, the same effect has not been examined for other foodborne pathogens such as pathogenic Escherichia coli or Listeria monocytogenes. The purpose of this research was twofold: first, to determine the role of oxygenation during growth on the desiccation resistance of S. enterica, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, and second, to determine the effect of sessile versus planktonic growth on the desiccation resistance of these pathogens. Three different serotypes each of Salmonella, E. coli, and L. monocytogenes were cultured in Trypticase soy broth with 0.6% yeast extract (TSBYE), with (aerobic) shaking or on TSBYE with agar under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions and harvested in the stationary phase. After adding cell suspensions to cellulose filter disks, pathogen survival was determined by enumeration before drying (0 h) and after drying for 24 h. Results showed statistical differences in harvested initial populations before drying. For Salmonella, a correlation was found between high initial population and greater survival on desiccation (P = 0.05). In addition, statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) between survival based on growth type were identified. However, differences found were not the same for the three pathogens, or between their serotypes. In general, Salmonella and E. coli desiccation resistance followed the pattern of aerobic agar media ≥ liquid media ≥ anaerobic agar media. For L. monocytogenes serotypes, resistance to desiccation was not statistically different based on mode of growth. These results indicate growth on solid media under aerobic conditions is not always necessary for optimal desiccation survival, but may be beneficial when the desiccation resistance of the test serotype is unknown. HIGHLIGHTS
A new era of moisturizers

Background Moisturizers traditionally function to replenish both the intercellular lipid lamella and natural moisturizing factors, and form a hydrolipid film on the skin surface to decrease transepidermal water loss and improve hydration. As we continue to identify epidermal lipid imbalance in patients with atopic dermatitis, we turn to the use of bioactive ingredients in moisturizers for improving barrier repair and function. Methods This review aims to explore the modern use of moisturizers in targeting various components of the skin barrier, dampening immune response, and restoring microbial balance. We conducted a balanced and comprehensive narrative review of the literature. Studies were identified by searching electronic databases (MEDLINE and PubMed), focusing on studies and trials regarding moisturizers that include endocannabinoids, bioactive lipids, anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, and microbiome modulators. Only articles published in English language were included. Results The aforementioned ingredients exert additional biological effects to improve skin function by upregulating lipid synthesis, decreasing neurosensory transmission of itch signals, reversing oxidative stress, decreasing inflammatory cell activity and cytokine release, and modulating skin microbiota. The shift from traditional moisturizers to those with bioactive ingredients, anti-inflammatory agents, and microbiome modulating effects opens a realm of possible therapeutic options for patients with barrier-defective cutaneous conditions CONCLUSION: Focusing on the disrupted skin barrier as a target for both prevention and treatment and incorporating a combined strategy that utilizes the aforementioned agents to tackle barrier dysfunction from different angles remains a promising area for clinical impact in dermatology.
Chronotropic and Inotropic Effects of [Mg++]o Not Dependent Upon [Ca++]o

Within its physiologic range of concentrations, Mg++o (extra-cellular Mg++) can depress both cardiac rate and mechanical activity. Mechanisms by which Mg++o concentration ([Mg++]o) alters the firing rate of cardiac pacemaker cells and the mechanical tension (resting and developed) of cardiac working muscle tissue have not been identified. Influx of Ca++ occurs during pacemaking and tension generation. Therefore, this study was designed to determine whether certain chronotropic and inotropic effects of Mg++o share similar Ca++ -dependent mechanisms.
SU-F-207-07: Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Detection Limit of Various Radiopaque Contrast Agents That Can Be Infused Within Absorbable Inferior Vena Cava Filters

Purpose: Absorbable IVC filters are shown to be safe and efficacious in preventing pulmonary embolism. These absorbable filters disappear from the body after their required duration, alleviating costly removal procedures and downstream complications. Monitoring the positioning and integrity of absorbable devices using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) would improve treatment efficacy. The purpose of this study is to determine the limit of detection and the energy dependence of DECT for various contrast agents that may be infused within the IVC filters including gold nanoparticles (AuNP) having diameters of 2 and 4 nm. Methods: All imaging studies were performed on a GE Discovery CT750 system in Gemstone Spectral Imaging (GSI) mode. Plastic vials containing the contrast agent solutions of water and blood were placed in a water bath, and images were acquired with the GSI-5 preset. The images were reformatted into the coronal plane and 5mm diameter ROIs were placed within each solution on a GE Advantage Workstation. Monoenergetic reconstructions were generated from 40 – 140 keV. Results: Mass attenuation (contrast per unit density) for AuNPs was greater than iron, but less than barium and iodine. Contrast was 10.2 (± 3.6) HU for 4 nm AuNP at 0.72 mg/ml and 12.1 (± 4.2) for 2 nm AuNP at 0.31 mg/ml at 70 keV suggesting reasonable chance of visualization at these concentrations for 70 keV reconstruction. The contrast as a function of CT energy is similar in both water and blood. Iodine is most dependent, followed closely by barium and iron, and trailed by a large margin by the AuNP. This was unexpected given Au’s large atomic number and the predominance of photoelectric effect at low energy. Conclusion: Infusion of IVC filters with AuNP is feasible. Discrimination of AuNP-infused IVC filters from surrounding anatomy warrants further investigation.
Wnt/ß-catenin/Lef-1 signaling in the uterus and its implications in uterine gland formation and cancer development

Wnt/b-catenin signaling appears to be important in a multitude of cancers. This review article details current knowledge of the Wnt/b-catenin/Lef1 pathway in generalized gland regulation and formation in addition to endometrial cancer. Wnt signaling is critical for the development of the female urogenital system, in particular mullerian duct formation. Dysregulation of this signaling pathway at multiple nodes has been observed in numerous tumor types, including endometrial cancer. In particular, nuclear accumulation of b-catenin correlates with tumor severity. As such, therapeutic modulation of Wnt signaling represents an emerging avenue for the treatment of cancers that rely on this pathway.
International Arbitration and Project Finance in Developing Countries: Blurring the Public/Private Distinction

Project Finance has become an increasingly attractive technique for financing infrastructure projects in developing countries over the last twenty years. Furthermore, the use of project financing raises difficult legal issues with respect to the ability of developing countries' governments to control the provision of public services that are intimately connected to these infrastructure projects. Sponsors of project finance transactions have been relatively successful in dealing with these legal issues by negotiating for international arbitration as the primary forum for resolving potential disputes with the host government. However, as the Himpurna and Patuha power projects in Indonesia reveal, a disciplinary bias exists in the minds of international arbiters with respect to project finance disputes between foreign investors and state entities. This bias has important implications for the future of economic relations between rich and poor nations and the prospects for economic growth in developing countries.
A soft error mitigation scheme for safety-critical computer systems

The simplest method of mitigating errors in memory/data stream is to employ information redundancy as the mitigation scheme. This paper presents two most commonly used error detection and correction codes, the parity check code and the Hamming code, are compared in order to achieve high reliability and safety for the memory word-line design of safety-critical applications.
Good and Bad Witches: The Transformation of Witchcraft in Benin

Le sujet de la modernite est a la mode parmi les travaux de recherches sur la sorcellerie en Afrique. Bien que cette approche ait fourni des donnees ethnographiques interessantes et diverses, surtout concernant le rapport entre la sorcellerie et les transformations economiques, sociales, et politiques, il n’est pas evident que la sorcellerie actuelle, telle qu’elle est presentee, soit differente de celle du passe. Malgre cette forte apparence de nouveaute, la plupart des etudes se replient sur une base quasi-fonctionnaliste, puisque, selon le modele, la sorcellerie demeure une force malefique dont le «but» est de gerer l’insecurite du monde moderne. Au Benin, par contre, l’auteur observe la transformation profonde d’une sorcellerie cachee et negative vers une sorcellerie ouverte et positive. La maniere dont certaines personnes parlent de cette nouvelle forme de sorcellerie traduit une tentative de reponse endogene au modele de developpement occidental qui a echoue. Le rejet de la sorcellerie meurtriere indique une nouvelle attitude qui vise a considerer la sorcellerie comme un pouvoir dont on peut se servir a des fins utiles et positives. La sorcellerie deviendrait donc une source de fierte qui pourrait favoriser le developpement.
Emic‐Etic Approach

Emic and etic have been used in various fields such as linguistics, social science, research methods, and cross-cultural psychology. Emic and etic were originally coined in 1954 by the linguist Kenneth L. Pike, from (phon)emic and (phon)etic respectively, to refer to two complementary ways of analyzing behavioral data. then adapted the use of emic-etic to cross-cultural psychology. Subsequently, researchers engaged in cross-cultural psychological work have employed these two epistemologies, and scholars use these two different approaches to the study of human systems, psychology, and cultural differences. Keywords: cross-cultural psychology; cultural psychology; indigenous psychology; linguistics
Preface to Special Issue: Social Work With the Military: Current Practice Challenges and Approaches to Care

We are a nation at war. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States has been engaged in two wars on two different fronts. It was anticipated t...
ADTS: an array defect-tolerance scheme for wafer scale gate arrays

Current attempts at wafer scale integration all involve restructuring the circuits on the wafer following fabrication to purge out the effects of manufacturing defects. This requires expensive restructuring techniques, and only works for regular designs such as memories and processor arrays. Here we propose a novel low cost approach for defect tolerance in gate array based systems, which does not require restructuring, and is not limited to array structures. Our proposed approach takes advantage of the fact that gate array implementations typically do not use all the available gates in the array. The idea is to first test all the base wafers and obtain a defect map for each wafer, listing the faulty gates. Then only those wafers are used to implement a given design whose defective gates map to unused gates in the design. We show that with a novel use of redundancy in the physical gate array, we can ensure a high probability of finding a compatible wafer for a given design. Furthermore, wafers that are unsuitable for one design can be used for a different design with a different pattern of unused gates. The analysis presented here suggests, for example, that for gate arrays containing 20 defects, (which can be expected to be an order of magnitude larger in area than current die sizes) a pool of a hundred different designs is sufficient to ensure that virtually all the wafers manufactured will be utilized. Thus our proposed new approach holds out the promise of low cost WSI gate array systems for low volume special purpose applications, with no restrictions on the system architecture. This does not appear possible from any of the other WSI strategies being currently pursued.
Intraoperative imaging of the tibial plafond fracture: a potential pitfall.

Study Design: Human tibial plafond cadaveric specimens were coronally sectioned and imaged to assess the accuracy of evaluation of ankle joint line congruity using anteroposterior radiography. Two ...
A Comparison of Axial and Centrifugal Compressor Gas Turbines

THE first gas turbine propelled aircraft in this country were the result of Whittle's classic conception using a single‐stage centrifugal compressor. On the other hand the German turbo‐jets had, without exception, multi‐stage axial compressors. The two types are shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1 and the outstanding differences are apparent at a glance. The centrifugal is short and of large diameter and the air flow through the compressor is turned from the axial direction to the radial and then back to the axial. On the other hand, the axial compressor derives its name from the substantially unidirectional flow of the air. It is of relatively small diameter, but much longer because of its many stages, each stage consisting of a large number of moving blades and an equal number of fixed blades. Altogether there may be between one thousand and two thousand individual blades in the compressor. It is from these contrasting features that much argument has arisen.
Entero-insular axis and postprandial insulin differences in African American and European American children

BACKGROUND African Americans have a greater insulin response after glucose challenge than do European Americans. Factors underlying this response are unknown. OBJECTIVE We determined the insulin, C-peptide, and incretin responses to a mixed macronutrient meal in African American and European American children. We hypothesized that 1) African Americans would have greater postprandial insulin and C-peptide responses, 2) African Americans would have higher incretin responses, and 3) the greater beta cell response among African Americans would be explained by greater incretin responses. DESIGN Subjects were 34 African American and 18 European American children. Glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) were measured after the subjects consumed a liquid mixed meal. Insulin, C-peptide, and incretin responses were derived from the area under the curve (AUC) for minutes 0-30 (early response) and minutes 30-180 (late response) after meal ingestion. RESULTS The early insulin response was higher in African American (14,565 +/- 6840 pmol/L x 30 min) than in European American (7450 +/- 4077 pmol/L x 30 min; P < 0.01) children. Early C-peptide AUC did not differ by ethnicity (African Americans: 34.8 +/- 12.5; European Americans: 28.6 +/- 12.5 nmol/L x 30 min; P = 0.10). Early and late GLP-1 responses were lower in African Americans than in European Americans: 108.1 +/- 56.4 compared with 160.5 +/- 90.8 pmol/L x 30 min and 509.4 +/- 286.9 compared with 781.9 +/- 483.4 pmol/L x 150 min, respectively (P < 0.05 for both). The GIP response did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS The greater early insulin response in African Americans than in European Americans is not due to differences in circulating GLP-1 or GIP and may be due to lesser insulin clearance. Further research is needed to determine the physiologic implications of lower GLP-1 among African Americans.
CORE NETWORKS, SOCIAL ISOLATION, AND NEW MEDIA: HOW INTERNET AND MOBILE PHONE USE IS RELATED TO NETWORK SIZE AND DIVERSITY

Evidence from the US General Social Surveys (GSS) suggests that during the past 20 years, people have become increasingly socially isolated and their core discussion networks have become smaller and less diverse. One explanation offered for this trend is the use of mobile phones and the Internet. This study reports on the findings of a 2008 survey that replicates and expands on the GSS network methodology to explore the relationship between the use of new technologies and the size and diversity of core networks. The findings conflict with the results of the 2004 GSS, i.e. we find that social isolation has not increased since 1985. However, the current study supports the conclusions that the size of core networks has declined and the number of nonkin in core networks has diminished. Mobile phone and Internet use, especially specific uses of social media, were found to have a positive relationship to network size and diversity. In discussing these trends, we speculate that specific social media provide for ...
Synergistic neurotoxicity of opioids and human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein in striatal neurons in vitro.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection selectively targets the striatum, a region rich in opioid receptor-expressing neural cells, resulting in gliosis and neuronal losses. Opioids can be neuroprotective or can promote neurodegeneration. To determine whether opioids modify the response of neurons to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein-induced neurotoxicity, neural cell cultures from mouse striatum were initially characterized for μ and/or κ opioid receptor immunoreactivity. These cultures were continuously treated with morphine, the opioid antagonist naloxone, and/or HIV-1 Tat (1-72) protein, a non-neurotoxic HIV-1 Tat deletion mutant (TatΔ31-61) protein, or immunoneutralized HIV-1 Tat (1-72) protein. Neuronal and astrocyte viability was examined by ethidium monoazide exclusion, and by apoptotic changes in nuclear heterochromatin using Hoechst 33342. Morphine (10 nM, 100 nM or 1 μM) significantly increased Tat-induced (100 or 200 nM) neuronal losses by about two-fold at 24 h following exposure. The synergistic effects of morphine and Tat were prevented by naloxone (3 μM), indicating the involvement of opioid receptors. Furthermore, morphine was not toxic when combined with mutant Tat or immunoneutralized Tat. Neuronal losses were accompanied by chromatin condensation and pyknosis. Astrocyte viability was unaffected. These findings demonstrate that acute opioid exposure can exacerbate the neurodegenerative effect of HIV-1 Tat protein in striatal neurons, and infer a means by which opioids may hasten the progression of HIV-associated dementia.
Replication of barley yellow dwarf virus satellite RNA transcripts in oat protoplasts

A small RNA associated with an isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) has been described which has the physical properties of a satellite RNA (Miller et al., Virology 183, 711-720, 1991). Here we demonstrate that this RNA has the biological properties of a satellite RNA: it requires the presence of helper virus (BYDV genomic) RNA for replication and the helper RNA does not require the satellite. To obtain pure satellite RNA, a permuted dimeric clone was constructed from which infectious satellite RNA could be transcribed in vitro. The dimeric transcript self-cleaved to produce monomeric satellite RNA. When this RNA was coelectroporated with BYDV genomic RNA into oat protoplasts, replication of both RNAs was detected by Northern hybridization. The RPV, but not the PAV, serotype of BYDV supported satellite RNA replication. The presence of discrete oligomeric forms of (+) and (-) sense satellite RNA in infected protoplasts suggests that both strands replicate by a rolling circle mechanism.
Safety data crucial for biological control insect agents.

In our Policy Forum entitled “Biocontrol of invading species—risk and reform,” we discussed past and potential environmental problems (harm to nontarget native species) associated with biological control practice ( Science 's Compass, 16 June, p. [1969][1]). We argued for a more selective, ecologically safer use of biological control and for safety testing of biological control of insect agents, and we made suggestions for revising regulations and review processes (modeled largely on biological control of weeds) to safeguard this valuable pest management tool and the environment. In a letter commenting on our article, David Pimentel says that we “do not make the essential ecological assessment of alternative strategies and trade-offs [to using biological control]” (Letters, 11 Aug., p. [869][2]). We agree that making such comparisons is crucial, but there can be no such assessment unless safety data related to biological control and other strategies are available. The central point of our argument is that the ecological safety of organisms for the biological control of insects has rarely been considered, much less scientifically addressed. Furthermore, there is no inclusive regulatory requirement for such safety data. We need to move beyond old arguments to scientific and regulatory assessments that judge the most appropriate pest control measure, biological or otherwise. Concern for native species and the environment should weigh heavily in such decisions. 1. 1. G. H. Boettner , Conserv. Biol. in press. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.288.5473.1969 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.289.5481.869c
Listener Response Strategies to a Distressed Other

Talking with someone who is distressed can be an emotionally provocative experience. When confronted with a distressed person, listeners have been found to employ a variety of response strategies, with varying effects on the troubled talker; and to experience, themselves, a range of feeling reactions. This study examined the association between a listener's response style and her affective reactions following a conversation with a distressed individual. Thirtyfemale subjects participated in a fifteen-minute dyadic interaction in which they talked with a confederate enacting a depressed role. Observational coding of listener response strategies revealed that subjects who relied on advice-giving, chit-chat and/or joking were significantly more depressed and more rejecting of their partners than were subjects who acknowledged the confederate's mood and who relied on supportive listening techniques. These findings suggest the importance of listener's behaviour in determining the outcomes of informal helping e...
Generalized Bose-Einstein distributions and multistability of a laser-cooled gas

We study the dynamics of a system of atoms undergoing laser cooling in a microtrap. Using a simple model, we show that the stationary state of the system can be different from the standard Bose-Einstein distribution. In particular, it can exhibit infinite sequences of phase transitions as a function of laser detuning, as well as multistable behavior. This is due to the combination of quantum statistical phenomena and other effects related to the laser-cooling process.
Rapid HPLC-UV method for quantification of l-citrulline in watermelon and its potential role on smooth muscle relaxation markers

Abstract A rapid and versatile HPLC-UV method for the separation and quantification of l -citrulline from watermelon was developed for the first time. Freeze dried juice and rind of watermelon were extracted with acidic methanol and analysed by HPLC using 0.03 mM phosphoric acid as a mobile phase. The separation was performed using Zorbax SB-Aq, Synergi Hydro-RP and Gemini C-18 columns and l -citrulline was detected at 207 nm. l -Citrulline was well separated using Gemini C-18 column and the identity of peak was confirmed by mass spectral analysis. These results were further confirmed by derivatisation method. The developed method was used for the quantification of l -citrulline in three varieties of watermelons such as Petite treat, Jamboree and Yellow crimson. Thus, the method is simple and involves direct analysis of aqueous extracts and can be used for rapid routine analysis of commercial samples. In addition, the role of watermelon extracts on smooth muscle relaxation markers was studied. Petite treat and Jamboree extracts induced production of nitric oxide (NO) significantly at 25 ppm. This was also confirmed by measuring the change in the intracellular calcium. Additionally, extracts of petite treat rind and juice have shown inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5A (PDE-5A) in human uterine smooth muscle cells (UtSMC). The induction of NO and the inhibition of PDE-5A seems to suggest the potency of these extracts to induce relaxation of smooth muscle. It is possible that watermelon extracts may have the potential to induce PDE-5A mediated smooth muscle relaxation. However, further studies are critical before any conclusion of smooth muscle relaxation effect.
One hundred million dollars in new housing under tax exemption

The Fusion Candidate for Mayor of New York describes what is being done in that city to provide homes for the people under the law granting tax exemption for new houses.
Grafting of optically active nucleic acid base derivatives onto poly(vinylamine) as polynucleotide analogs

Polynucleotide analogs consisting of poly(vinylamine) as the backbone and optically active thymine and adenine derivatives as the pendants were synthesized. The pendants were prepared by the addition reaction of the nucleic acid base to ethyl crotonate followed by hydrolysis. The pendants were resolved using brucine as the resolving agent and an acetone-water mixture as the fractional crystallization solvent. The active esters of the pendants also were prepared. Poly(vinylamine) was isolated from water employing a weak acid, N-hydroxysuccinimide (HOSu), to protect the amino group of the poly(vinylamine). Model reactions for grafting were examined. Grafting reactions were carried out by reacting the active esters with the PVAm.6HOSu complex at room temperature.
Improving physical function during and after critical care.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although it has been demonstrated that physical functional impairments are common among survivors of critical illness, few studies have proven benefits of intervention. This review will discuss assessment of physical functional impairment, recent and ongoing interventional studies, and implementation of rehabilitation beginning in the ICU, hospital ward, and after hospital discharge. RECENT FINDINGS New studies confirm challenges around measurement of physical function both during and after critical illness, and offer potential new modalities that could inform mechanism and treatment. Longitudinal cohort studies emphasize the importance of recognition and measurement of premorbid status. Although no recent studies have proven new approaches to improving physical function in survivors of critical illness, emerging data support the safety, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness of providing physical rehabilitation early in the course of critical illness. Pilot and ongoing studies hold promise for improving physical function and quality of life for future survivors of critical illness. SUMMARY Improving physical function for survivors of critical illness will require careful application of current knowledge, as well as rigorous investigation into causes, research methodologies, and implementation of results of future interventional studies.
Effects of Flow and Weir Design on the Passage Behavior of American Shad and Salmonids in an Experimental Fish Ladder

Abstract During the 1960s, as more dams went into full operation on the Columbia River, it was discovered that the passage of American shad Alosa sapidissima was restricted or completely blocked through the regulating sections of some of the fish ladders. To study the problem, a fullscale laboratory model of six pools of the regulating section of the fish ladders at John Day Dam was built. American shad, chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, sockeye salmon O. nerka, and steelhead O. mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri) were counted and timed through various weir designs at different heads. American shad oriented toward surface flows, tending to reject submerged orifices as shallow as 2 m. The amount of time spent in the ladder by American shad depended on the head between pools. The species of salmonids tested were not significantly impeded by any of the weir designs or head differentials. The results of these studies were used to develop new design criteria for the regulating sections of fish ladders. Th...
Elastic Response of the Temporo-Mandibular Joint to Very Small Forces*

The mechanical mobility of the temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) was measured by applying small sinusoidal forces at different frequencies to the teeth and measuring the resultant motion of the teeth. Velocity/force ratios were recorded versus frequency at maxillary and mandibular teeth and the results were interpreted in terms of linear spring-mass-dashpot models. Differences in results obtained at maxillary and mandibular teeth indicate that the TMJ has an effective spring constant of 9 X 10(7) dynes/cm when excited by forces of approximately 2 X 10(3) dynes. Displacements occurring in the TMJ due to orthodontic elastics will be in the order of 20 mum which is between one and two orders of magnitude smaller than could be detected by radiography.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN FISHES OF THE UPPER RED RIVER DRAINAGE (OKLAHOMA-TEXAS)

Abstract We investigated variation in environmental conditions and fish assemblages over space and time in the upper Red River drainage (Oklahoma–Texas) using samples from eight sites (three tributaries and five mainstems) collected monthly in 1989–1990 and again in 1998–1999. Fish assemblages varied spatially, with geographically ubiquitous and ecologically tolerant taxa dominating tributaries and obligate species of prairie minnows common in mainstems. At the regional scale, fish assemblages were predictable between time periods. This resulted from strong longitudinal structuring in fishes across sites, which likely was influenced by spatial variation in environmental conditions across the drainage. These patterns suggested that at the regional scale strong forcing of fish by their environment influenced predictability of fishes between time periods. At the local scale, predictability in fish assemblages between time periods differed across type of habitat. Specifically, assemblages in tributary sites v...
Atrial-Natriuretic-Factor and Sympathetic Nervous Output in Response to Volume Shifts in the Immature Canine Circulation

This study evaluated the immature circulation's response to acute shifts in intravascular volume with respect to atrial natriuretic factor and plasma catecholamines. Serial measurements were performed on thirteen beagle puppies during volume expansion with a saline and albumin solution followed by volume contraction with furosemide. Atrial natriuretic factor correlated with right (r = .73, p less than 0.001) and left (r = .62, p less than 0.001) atrial pressures and increased to much greater levels than previously reported for mature animals. Simultaneously, 10 puppies had a progressive decrease in plasma norepinephrine over the 60-minute infusion (p less than 0.05) while two puppies demonstrated a marked increase between the 30- and 60-minute samples. Furosemide increased urine output and reversed the hormonal changes caused by volume expansion. Thus a greatly augmented output of atrial natriuretic factor occurs in the immature canine circulation in response to increased atrial and pulmonary pressures, while sympathetic output remains unchanged or falls with increasing intravascular volume until a critical decrease in cardiac output triggers a catecholamine surge.
Team Teaching at the University Level: What We Have Learned.

Team teaching is a growing practice at the K-12 level and one that needs to be addressed in teacher preparation programs. In this article, we analyze our experience team teaching two courses at the university level. Using our reflections as well as those of our students, we examine the differences in our team teaching of these courses. We identify context, content, and learner factors that influenced our team teaching. Finally, we make suggestions for improving university level team teaching and for supporting preservice teachers' learning to team teach in K-12 settings.
Variance Caused by Cytoplasmic Line and Sire by Herd Interaction Effects for Milk Yield Considering Estimation Bias

A total of 138,869 lactation milk yields (305 d, milked twice daily, mature equivalent) from the first three parities of 68,063 New York Holstein cows were used to estimate variance components that were due to additive direct genetic effects, cow permanent environmental effects (cow within sire for sire model), sire by herd interaction effects, and cytoplasmic line effects. The original data were assigned to 10 random samples, which were each analyzed using an animal model and a sire model. From each sample of original data, 20 other samples were analyzed with levels assigned randomly to cytoplasmic and interaction effects (data with randomly simulated levels). Ten of those samples were analyzed with an animal model and 10 with a sire model. The models also included fixed effects of herd-year-seasons. For the animal model and sire model, average fractions of phenotypic variance and average standard errors were, respectively, for additive direct genetic effects 0.300 (0.029) and 0.228 (0.040) for original data and 0.325 (0.025) and 0.262 (0.039) for data with randomly simulated levels. For cow permanent environmental effects the respective averages were 0.242 (0.024) and 0.444 (0.014) for original data and 0.235 (0.025) and 0.492 (0.016) for data with randomly simulated levels. The averages for sire by herd interaction effects were 0.015 (0.008) and 0.018 (0.007) for original data and 0.003 (0.007) and 0.004 (0.009) for data with randomly simulated levels. For cytoplasmic line effects, the respective averages were 0.011 (0.007) and 0.043 (0.008) for original data and 0.003 (0.006) and 0.003 (0.007) for data with randomly simulated levels. The differences between estimates of variance components for original data and data with randomly simulated levels suggest that estimates of fractions of total variance caused by sire by herd interaction and cytoplasmic effects estimated with REML may be biased upward by 0.003 to 0.004.
Simulation of nonlinear front evolution equations for two dimensional chemical waves involving convection

Abstract The nonlinear stability of two dimensional reaction fronts is considered using the viscous hydrodynamic fluid equations in the limit of infinite thermal diffusivity. A nonlinear front evolution equation which was previously derived is used to examine two dimensional fronts propagating in a slab, and a similar equation is presented for axisymmetric fronts propagating in a cylinder. Comparisons with experiments show strikingly good agreement.
The compliant communicator: Teacher perceptions of appropriate classroom behavior

Elementary and middle school teachers were asked to supply concrete descriptions of behaviors which they perceived as signalling a lack of communicative competence on the part of students. These behaviors were coded into six categories which serve to define major rules for competent discourse in the classroom. The results show that, from the teachers’ point of view, communication competence involves a complex of behaviors including attitudinal/motivational as well as cognitive dimensions.
Thermal Energy Consumption for Blanching and Sterilization of Snap Beans

Steam consumption for a water blancher and a continuous pressure sterilizer (CPS) was measured in a snap bean cannery. For the blancher, it ranged between 0.204 and 0.306 lb/lb of beans. The energy efficiency of the blancher was found to be between 26.3–52.3%. In a pilot scale test, the concentration of Ca, Mg, and K ions increased as the blanching water was recycled and the firmness of the beans after canning varied between 0.855 and 1.010 kN. Steam consumption by the CPS was related linearly to the loading rate of cans: steam consumed (lb/hr) = 1075.9 + 0.073 × (cans/hr).
Acid-base disorders in hyperglycemia of insulin-dependent diabetic patients on chronic dialysis

The authors studied hyperglycemia occurring in insulin-dependent diabetic patients on chronic dialysis to determine the types of associated acid-base disorders, their treatment, and any differences from hyperglycemia in diabetic patients with intact renal function. Eighty-eight episodes of serum glucose greater than 25 mmol/L were observed, 23 in hemodialysis patients and 65 in patients on continuous peritoneal dialysis. Treatment consisted of low-dose insulin in 77 episodes and low-dose insulin plus saline in 11; no base was administered. Seventeen episodes (19%) presented with ketoacidosis. Arterial blood gas determinations were carried out at presentation in 37 of the episodes without ketoacidosis. Of these, 12 had respiratory alkalosis, six had respiratory acidosis and severe pulmonary edema, 14 had other single or mixed acid-base disorders, and only five had normal acid-base status. Insulin corrected the ketoacidosis in all instances and both pulmonary edema and respiratory acidosis in five of six instances. In eight cases metabolic alkalosis developed during treatment, without external acid loss. At the completion of treatment respiratory alkalosis was present in half the cases. No difference was noted between patients treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Insulin alone is sufficient for the management of hyperglycemia in dialysis patients. Certain acid-base disorders persist, but do not need further treatment. Hyperglycemia in patients on dialysis is characterized by infrequent development of metabolic acidosis and frequent presentation with respiratory alkalosis, by respiratory acidosis that is corrected by insulin, and by metabolic alkalosis developing during treatment without external cause.
FIBROMYALGIA Edited by Bill H. McCarberg and Daniel J. Clauw: Informa Healthcare, New York, 2009, 163 pages, List price: $ 149.95

This is a much awaited book on fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) for primary care providers. The book consists of a collection of chapters that were edited by two prominent scholars in pain medicine. Nin...
Effects of the parasite MSX (Haplosporidium nelsoni) on oyster (Crassostrea virginica) energy metabolism—II. Tissue biochemical composition

1. 1. Tissue biochemical composition of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from Delaware Bay (USA) was examined from May to November 1985 as a function of infection intensity by the endoparasite, Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX). 2. 2. The lipid, glycogen, protein and ash content (mgDW) of a standard 100mm (shell height) oyster was determined for uninfected, epithelial and systemic infection categories. 3. 3. All biochemical components generally decreased in content with increasing MSX infection intensity (and duration). Overall reductions were significant in glycogen [epithelial (P < 0.05) and systemic (P = < 0.001)], protein [systemic (P < 0.05)] and ash [systemic (P < 0.02)] categories. 4. 4. Glycogen was the substrate most readily catabolized to meet the energetic burden posed by MSX. The reduction by MSX of nutrient reserves affects other metabolic functions such that the ecological fitness of surviving oysters is reduced.
Spatiotemporal Correlations between Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

Variations in apparent diffusion coefficient of water (ADC) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability after ischemia have been suggested, though the correlation between ADC alterations and BBB opening remains to be studied. We hypothesized that there are correlations between the alteration of ADC and BBB permeability. Rats were subjected to 2 h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and studied at 3 and 48 h of reperfusion, which are crucial times of BBB opening. BBB permeability and ADC values were measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging, respectively. Temporal and spatial analyses of the evolution of BBB permeability and ADC alteration in cortical and subcortical regions were conducted along with the correlation between ADC and BBB permeability data. We found significant increases in BBB leakage and reduction in ADC values between 3 and 48 h of reperfusion. We identified three MR tissue signature models: high Ki and low ADC, high Ki and normal ADC, and normal Ki and low ADC. Over time, areas with normal Ki and low ADC transformed into areas with high Ki. We observed a pattern of lesion evolution where the extent of initial ischemic injury reflected by ADC abnormalities determines vascular integrity. Our results suggest that regions with vasogenic edema alone are not likely to develop low ADC by 48 h and may undergo recovery.
Diversionary American Military Actions?: American Military Strikes on Grenada and Iraq

Research on potential diversionary uses of military force continues to generate widespread scholarly attention. New measures, novel databases, and an increasing internationalization of this research examine the kinds of targets an American president may strike. Yet in many respects, Levy's insight on research of diversionary military action(s), that quantitative research approaches fail to capture the decision-making dynamics involved in a military action, has generally held true. Current analysts still struggle to develop a consensus on the conditions that help explain a diversionary military action, or whether such military actions ever even occur. Using a diversionary-war model created from previous case-study analyses this research examines American military actions in Grenada in 1983 and Iraq in 1996 to determine whether or not these strikes appear to be diversionary in nature. Our model also employs previous research on diversionary military action to assist in the selection of American military act...
Household Pesticides and the Risk of Wilms Tumor

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) is an embryonal malignancy of the kidney. It is one of the most common abdominal malignancies of childhood. In the United States, approximately 500 children < 20 years of age are diagnosed with Wilms tumor each year. The incidence of Wilms has remained relatively unchanged over the 21 years from 1975 to 1995 (Ries et al. 1999). Wilms tumor is usually diagnosed before the child reaches 5 years of age (Ries et al. 1999). The younger age at diagnosis of Wilms tumor highlights the need to explore early life exposures, particularly those occurring around conception through early childhood. Pesticides are of concern because of the great potential for children to be exposed to them in the home. Children spend a lot of time with pets, on the floor, and in the yard—all places where pesticide use can be high (Davis et al. 1992; Fenske et al. 1990; Garry 2004; Lewis et al. 1994; Morgan et al. 2005). Studies have investigated associations between parental pesticide exposure in agricultural, occupational, and residential settings and the risk of Wilms tumor, with mixed results (Fear et al. 1998; Kristensen et al. 1996; Olshan et al. 1993; Sharpe et al. 1995; Tsai et al. 2006; Wilkins and Sinks 1984). One study reported an association between household extermination and Wilms tumor (Olshan et al. 1993), whereas another study reported no association between residential pesticides and Wilms tumor (Wilkins and Sinks 1984). The most recent study (Tsai et al. 2006) examined pesticide exposure through maternal questionnaire, reporting an odds ratio of 1.3 [90% confidence interval (CI) 0.8–2.0] for maternal pesticide use during pregnancy. To explore further the association between residential pesticide use and the development of Wilms tumor, we conducted a large case–control study that included detailed information on residential pesticide exposure.
The role of the laboratory in acute poisoning: case histories

We describe case histories and management of four patients poisoned with different compounds. The role of the laboratory, particularly of toxicological analysis, in the management of poisoned patients is examined.
Cortical processing of complex sounds

Work on the functional organization of auditory cortex in nonhuman primates has recently gained increasing attention. Neurophysiological studies using complex stimuli, combined with anatomical tract tracing, reveal a hierarchy of cortical processing comparable to other sensory systems. On the basis of these findings from animal studies, together with the advent of modern neuroimaging methods used in human cortex, the field of auditory neuroscience could soon arrive at a detailed understanding of the cortical representation of complex sounds, including speech.
Impact of strain and D-amphetamine on impulsivity (delay discounting) in inbred mice.

Rationale Many studies have shown that human drug abusers are more impulsive than nonusers, but the mechanisms underlying this difference are unknown. C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mouse strains differ in sensitivity to the associative effects and in self-administration of several drugs of abuse.
Q: Dislocations structures — how far from equilibrium? A: Very close indeed

Abstract The combination of Newton's third law, action equals reaction, and of the second law of thermodynamics, leads to the LES (Low-Energy Structures) hypothesis, saying that among all potentially accessible structures, plastic deformation will generate the one with the lowest free energy. For the particular case of dislocation-mediated plastic deformation, this means that, limited only by dislocation mobility, availability of slip systems and insignificant entropy, dislocation structures always approach the lowest possible mechanical energy of the present dislocation population. This insight is a most valuable aid in understanding the plastic properties of technological metals. Among the many aspects of plastic behavior that have been successfully treated by this means are the evolution of the major dislocation structure types (Taylor lattices and cell structures), characterizing ‘planar-glide’ and ‘wavy-glide’ metals, respectively, and the resulting differences in workhardening behavior. Further explained are the shape and temperature dependence of the wavy-glide workhardening curve, the strain rate dependence of flow stress, thermal recovery of wavy- and planar-glide materials, the two observed types of worksoftening, and the shape of the hysteresis curve in constant amplitude fatigue. Lastly, deformation banding does not depend on dislocation behavior and is governed by the LES hypothesis in metals as well as in polymers, and presumably also on a geological scale.
Palliation of pain: operation

Pancreatic cancer has long been regarded as one of the most painful forms of malignancy. In a review of 19 studies evaluating the incidence and various feanares of pain in more than 2200 patients with pancreatic cancer, Saltzburg and Foley I identified that pain was present at the time of diagnosis in 50% to 97% of patients, with most studies noting an incidence of 80% or more. Pain occurred at some point in the course of the disease in up to 89% of patients in those studies in which pain was specifically evaluated. More recently, however, because of a greater awareness of the diagnosis, the percentage of patients with pancreatic cancer presenting with substantial pain has decreased. A prospective analysis from Memorial SloanKettering Cancer Center demonstrated that 40% of patients with pancreatic cancer reported no pain at the time of referral and another 30% had only minimal complaints of pain. 2 Moderate-to-severe pain was present in only 30% of patients, with only 10% of patients in this latter category. Similarly, prospective data collected from The Johns Hopkins Hospital have also demonstrated that only 20% of patients reported clinically significant pain, as assessed by a visual analogue scale. 3