cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation damage in helium ion irradiated nanocrystalline Fe

Abstract Fe films with an average columnar grain size varying from 49 to 96 nm are deposited by magnetron sputtering technique. Sputtered films have predominant body centered cubic structure together with a small fraction of face centered cubic phase. Bulk Fe with an average grain size of 700 nm is also irradiated at the same condition for comparison. Helium bubbles are observed in Fe films and bulk Fe irradiated by 100 keV helium ions to a fluence of 6 × 10 20 ions/m 2 at room temperature. Smaller grains lead to lower density of He bubbles. Radiation hardening in Fe films is much less than that of bulk Fe, and is a combined consequence of He bubble induced hardening and radiation induced compressive stress in Fe films.
The complementarity problem

For a given mapF from then-dimensional Euclidean spaceE n into itself, we consider the problem of finding a nonnegative vectorx inE n whose imageF(x) is also nonnegative and such that the two vectors are orthogonal. This problem is refered to in the literature as thecomplemcntarity problcm. The importance of the complementarity problem lies in the fact that it is the unifying mathematical form for a wide range of problems arising in different fields such as mathematical programming, game theory, economics, mechanics, etc ⋯ This paper is concerned mainly with the question of the existence of a solution. Several existence theorems are given under various conditions on the mapF. These theorems cover the cases whenF is nonlinear nondifferentiable, nonlinear but differentiable, and affine.
Structure, Mechanism, and Specificity of a Eukaryal tRNA Restriction Enzyme Involved in Self-Nonself Discrimination

Summary tRNA restriction by anticodon nucleases underlies cellular stress responses and self-nonself discrimination in a wide range of taxa. Anticodon breakage inhibits protein synthesis, which, in turn, results in growth arrest or cell death. The eukaryal ribotoxin PaT secreted by Pichia acaciae inhibits growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae via cleavage of tRNA Gln(UUG) . We find that recombinant PaT incises a synthetic tRNA Gln(UUG) stem-loop RNA by transesterification at a single site 3′ of the wobble uridine, yielding 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate and 5′-OH ends. Incision is suppressed by replacement of the wobble nucleobase with adenine or guanine. The crystal structure of PaT reveals a distinctive fold and active site, essential components of which are demonstrated by mutagenesis. Pichia acaciae evades self-toxicity via a distinctive intracellular immunity protein, ImmPaT, which binds PaT and blocks nuclease activity. Our results highlight the evolutionary diversity of tRNA restriction and immunity systems.
Survival, Function, and Quality of Life After Total Glossectomy†

Advanced tongue cancer is associated with poor survival despite aggressive therapy. In an attempt at cure, many patients undergo total glossectomy, which significantly affects function and quality of life (QOL). This study was designed to determine the survival rate and QOL of patients who had undergone total glossectomy. A total of 54 patients underwent total glossectomy, with or without total laryngectomy, for advanced tongue cancer from 1970 to 1996. Patient outcomes were assessed for the following: 1. disease-free survival, 2. function, utilizing the Performance Status Scale (PSS), and 3. QOL, using two general cancer questionnaires (FACT-G and EORTC QLQ-C30) and a series of questions specific for head and neck cancer patients. Corrected actuarial survival was 51% and 41% at 3 and 5 years, respectively. Functional assessment using the PSS demonstrated significant deficits in speech and deglutition. QOL questionnaires revealed problems with eating, speaking, socializing, and shoulder function. However, the overall responses demonstrated that these patients have adjusted to their deficits and have a good QOL. It was concluded that total glossectomy, with or without total laryngectomy, can result in meaningful survival and an adequate QOL can be achieved in selected patients.
Participation in Surgical Oncology Clinical Trials: Gender-, Race/Ethnicity-, and Age-based Disparities

Objective To characterize the representation of racial/ethnic minorities, women, and older persons among participants in surgical trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
Queueing modeling of a single processor with failures

Abstract We analyze a single server queue which models the behavior of a processor in parallel processing environment. Service time distribution is assumed to be a mixture of generalized Erlang distributions and the arrival process is compound Poisson. A failure, upon occurrence, clears the system off of all the present transactions and no tasks arrive during the rollback recovery procedure. Repair times are also assumed to be a mixture of generalized Erlang distributions. A recursive procedure is developed to compute the steady-state probability distribution of the number of transactions in the processor, in which the generating function approach is also utilized to compute the probability of the empty-and-idle state. We also discuss some performance measures.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnGeN2 grown from elemental Zn and Ge sources

Abstract Polycrystalline ZnGeN 2 was synthesized by a new method, via vapor growth from Zn and Ge with thermal cracking of NH 3 . Measured lattice parameters indicate a monoclinic structure with a = b =0.3157±0.0024 nm, c =0.5137±0.0021 nm, and γ =119°30′±22′, consistent with previous reports. Planar stacking faults lying on the (0 0 1) plane were identified by transmission electron microscopy. Analysis indicates that these stacking faults are bound by a prismatic dislocation loop having in-plane and out-of-plane Burgers vector components of ( a /3[1 1¯ 0]) and ( c /2[0 0 1]), respectively. Photoluminescence spectroscopy at low temperature (∼4 K) showed broad “yellow-band” impurity luminescence centered around 2.6 eV and a narrower near-band-edge luminescence peak at 3.40±0.01 eV. The near-band-edge luminescence peak is higher in energy by approximately 50 meV, and higher in efficiency by at least two orders of magnitude than any previously reported. These observations indicate that this material has superior optical quality than previously obtained by other growth methods. The temperature dependence of the near-band-edge luminescence efficiency is consistent with excitons bound to a shallow donor band.
Probing “microwave effects” using Raman spectroscopy

The use of in situRaman spectroscopy is reported as a tool for probing the effects of microwave irradiation on molecules. Our results show no evidence for localized superheating, an often-cited specific microwave effect. While the microwave energy may interact with the polar molecules more so than with non-polar ones, the conversion of electromagnetic energy into kinetic energy is slower than conversion of kinetic energy into thermal energy. As a result, more polar molecules are not at a temperature greater than that of the bulk.
Determination of the doping profile near the metal-semiconductor interface of ZrN/GaAs contacts

The reduced capacitance and increased barrier heights observed for ZrN Schottky contacts to n-GaAs annealed from 700 to 850 degrees C suggest the progressive formation of a metal-p/sup +/-n diode. Since the position of the potential maximum varies with the applied voltage, the effective active profile of the p/sup +/ region can be determined by combining capacitance-voltage and current-density-voltage measurements. The analysis assumes only that the depletion approximation holds and the current is dominated by thermionic emission. When this analysis was applied to ZrN/GaAs Schottky contacts, it was found that the p/sup +/ region had penetrated more deeply into the n-type substrate as the annealing temperature was increased, consistent with the formulation of a metal-p/sup +/-n diode. >
Messenger RNAs encoding steroidogenic enzymes are expressed in rodent brain.

Abstract Using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, mRNAs encoding steroidogenic P450s as well as NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450 reductase), adrenodoxin and the transcription factor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) were all detected in rodent brain, but their distribution between brain regions varied. Adrenodoxin and P450 reductase were detected in all regions, suggesting the presence of both mitochondrial and microsomal P450s throughout the brain. Messenger RNAs encoding P450scc (CYP11A1) and P45017α (CYP17) were also detected in all brain regions, this being the first report of CYP17 in the brain. P450c21 (CYP21) was detected only in the brain stem. P45011β (CYP11B1) and P450aldo (CYP11B2) are expressed in rat brain, but not in mouse brain; CYP11B1 primarily in the cerebrum, whereas CYP11B2 was detected in all brain regions. In both species, highest levels of aromatase P450 (CYP19) mRNA were detected in the cerebrum. SF-1 expression was restricted to the cerebrum minus cortex. Thus, although SF-1 is required for high level expression of the steroidogenic enzymes in adrenals and gonads, other factors may influence the expression of these genes in the brain. If the mRNAs detected by RT-PCR are indeed translated into functional enzymes, these studies suggest that different brain regions have different capacities for local steroid hormone production and metabolism. This raises the technical challenge of locating the specific sites of synthesis as well as the function of such locally produced ligands.
CO2 Splenoportography for Evaluating the Splenic and Portal Veins before or after Liver Transplantation

The authors report their experience with CO 2 splenoportography in a retrospective review of 15 studies performed in 13 patients before or after liver transplantation. The studies were performed by injecting CO 2 through a small caliber needle introduced into the splenic parenchyma with ultrasound guidance and imaging with conventional digital subtraction techniques. The findings were compared with clinical follow-up and other imaging studies when available. Eight of the 15 studies were normal, of which two were confirmed by additional studies. Six of the 15 studies were abnormal, all of which were compared with additional studies. There was one nondiagnostic study and two false positives. There were no reported complications. The authors' experience suggests that CO 2 splenoportography is a minimally invasive method for safely and accurately evaluating the splenic and portal veins.
Low-energy transitions in the decay of 132I

Abstract The internal conversion electron spectrum of transitions below 1.4 MeV in the decay of 132I have been studied in an iron-free, double-focussing spectrometer. Conversion electrons were observed for transitions of 147.2±1.0, 262.8±1.0, 504.0±1.0, 507.6±1.0, 523.0±0.5, 630.7±0.5, 651 (complex), 667.8 (complex), 727.3±0.7, 729.2±0.7, 772.9±0.5, 995.0±0.5, 1138.4±1.0 and 1398.4±1.0 keV. The relative intensities of the K conversion electrons were obtained for these transitions. The K convertion coefficient of the 2+ → 0+ 668 keV transition was measured by the internal-external conversion method to be 3.59±0.30×10−3 which agrees with theory (3.65×10−3). This conversion coefficient was used to normalize relative K electron and gamma-ray intensities to obtain conversion coefficients for the 727, 729, 773, 955 and 1398 keV transitions. All are M1 and/or E2.
Solving the job puzzle: A workshop on using the web to find career resources

Abstract Campus-wide access to the Internet at the University of California, Santa Barbara inspired the Library and Counseling & Career Services to collaborate on “Net-ing a Job”, an Internet-based workshop for student job-seekers. When Web access became available in 1995, the workshop was redesigned to reflect a career advising process. This column describes the design and presentation of the workshop, showing how it reflects the resources and expertise of both campus departments.
Modulation of MHC class I antigen decreases pancreatic islet immunogenicity.

Pretreatment regimens directed at reducing the immunogenicity of pancreatic islets have emphasized the elimination or alteration of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive dendritic cells within the islet. Unfortunately, the efficacy of such pretreatment regimens has been extremely variable and the relative contribution of the dendritic cells to the overall immunogenicity of pancreatic islets has remained ambiguous. Recent evidence has suggested that the MHC class I antigen present on the endocrine cells within the islets may play an important role in the alloimmune response. This study utilized the in vitro mixed lymphocyte-islet co-culture system to determine if pretreatment of whole islets with an anti-MHC class I monoclonal antibody specific to the donor strain would block the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in the in vitro mixed lymphocyte-islet coculture. Pretreatment of B10.BR (H-2k) and DBA/2J (H-2d) islets with an allospecific anti-MHC class I monoclonal antibody blocked the generation of allospecific CTL when the pretreated islets were placed into coculture with C57Bl/6 (H-2b) splenocytes. If such a pretreatment regimen is similarly effective in vivo, it could potentially be used as an antirejection strategy in pancreatic islet allotransplantation.
Comparative outcomes assessment of uterine grade 3 endometrioid, serous, and clear cell carcinomas

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to assess effects of clinicopathologic risk factors and contemporary therapeutic interventions on high-risk uterine epithelial carcinoma outcomes. Methods Patient-, disease-, and treatment-specific variables were annotated. Survival was estimated via the Kaplan–Meier method. Associations were evaluated with Cox proportional hazard regression and summarized using hazard ratios. Results From 1999 through 2008, therapy with curative intent was initiated for 119 grade 3 endometrioid (G3EC), 211 serous (USC), and 40 clear cell (CCC) carcinomas. Although clinicopathologic risk factors varied among the histologic subtypes, overall survival (OS) did not differ statistically between subtypes ( P =.10) or in stage-for-stage comparative analyses (stage I/II, P =.45; stage III, P =.46; stage IV, P =.65). The 5-year cause-specific survival in stage I/II was 84.8%, 89.8%, and 83.9% for G3EC, USC, and CCC, respectively; multivariable modeling identified lymphovascular space involvement (LVSI) as the only independent prognostic factor ( P =.02). For stage III, 5-year OS was 49.2% and 40.0% for G3EC and USC, respectively; multivariable modeling identified age ( P P P =.03), and regional radiotherapy ( P =.01) as independent prognostic factors. For stage IV, 5-year OS was 8.7% and 12.1% for G3EC and USC, respectively; multivariable modeling identified LVSI ( P =.002), cervical stromal invasion ( P =.02), and adjuvant chemotherapy ( P =.02) but not residual disease as independent prognostic factors. Conclusions When controlled for disease stage, outcomes did not differ among high-risk histologic subtypes. LVSI was a significant adverse prognostic factor within all stages. The lack of improved outcomes with contemporary therapy suggests that more innovative therapeutic approaches should be given higher priority.
Linear Recurrences Under Side Conditions

A linear recurrence is a linear operator which maps rn into rn-1, where (rn) is a (recursive) sequence of functions. If the kernel of this operator consists only of constant functions, uniqueness and representation theorems of (rn) can be stated for the initial and boundary value problem. Well known examples with many applications are Sheffer sequences and Eulerian Sheffer sequences.
Exploiting conformational dynamics to facilitate formation and trapping of electron-transfer photoproducts in metal complexes.

Three new photoinduced electron donor−acceptor (D−A) systems are reported which juxtapose a Ru(II) excited-state donor with a bipyridinium acceptor via a conformationally active asymmetric aryl-substituted bipyridine ligand participating in the bridge between D and A. Across the series of complexes 1−3, steric bulk is sequentially added to tune the inter-ring dihedral angle θ between the bipyridine and the aryl substituent. Driving forces for photoinduced electron transfer (ΔGET) and back electron transfer (ΔGBET) are reported based on electrochemical measurements of 1−3 as well as Franck−Condon analysis of emission spectra collected for three new donor model complexes 1′−3′. These preserve the substitution patterns on the aryl substituent in their respective D–A complexes but remove the bipyridinium acceptor. Both ΔGET and ΔGBET are invariant to within 0.02 eV across the series. Upon visible photoexcitation of each of the D−A systems with ∼100 fs laser pulses at 500 ± 10 nm, an electron-transfer (ET) pho...
Effects of CCK-8 in the nucleus accumbens

The electrophysiological effects of CCK-8 were studied in the rabbit nucleus accumbens. CCK-8 was found to influence neurotransmitter (modulator) systems so as to enhance their action. For example, CCK-8 enhanced the effects of stimulation of the glutaminergic pathways, the fimbria. In addition, when CCK-8 was co-administered with dopamine and acetylcholine, their suppressive effect on the fimbria evoked response was enhanced. Therefore, CCK-8 appears to be capable of enhancing the influence of multiple neurotransmitter (modulator) systems.
Structure and Dynamics of the Phospholamban-SERCA Complex Probed by Site-Directed EPR Spectroscopy

We are studying the structural dynamics of phospholamban (PLB), a regulator of the SR calcium ATPase (SERCA), by combining site-directed spin-labeling and EPR spectroscopy with solid-phase peptide synthesis. PLB is a 52-residue integral membrane protein that binds and inhibits SERCA in the presence of sub-micromolar calcium concentrations. SERCA activity can be restored without dissociating the two proteins by phosphorylating PLB at Ser16 (Mueller et al., 2004). To observe the effects of phosphorylation and SERCA-binding on PLB conformation, we have synthesized PLB analogs containing the spin-labeled amino acid TOAC. Doubly-labeled mutants were studied by DEER spectroscopy, a pulsed EPR technique capable of measuring interspin distances from 2-7nm. Our results agree with published EPR dynamics data (Karim et al., 2006) showing that PLB equilibrates between an ordered, compact (T) state and an extended, dynamically disordered (R) state. Alone, PLB largely occupies the (T) state, while this equilibrium shifts moderately in favor of the (R) state upon SERCA binding or Ser16 phosphorylation. In contrast, SERCA-bound PLB becomes more ordered and compact upon phosphorylation. We have also used relaxation enhancement EPR with singly-labeled mutants to study the movement of PLB's transmembrane (TM) helix relative to the membrane plane. In these experiments, the spin-lattice relaxation rate of excited spins is enhanced by their collision with paramagnetic relaxation agents (PRAs). For TOAC residues incorporated into the TM domain, PLB motions that reposition this helix will reduce or increase the spin-label's accessibility to water-soluble PRAs, while having the reverse effect for lipid-soluble PRAs. With these experiments, we are constructing a more complete model of PLB dynamics during its interaction with SERCA.
Data-Driven Modeling of the Airport Configuration Selection Process

The runway configuration is the set of the runways at an airport that are used for arrivals and departures at any time. While many factors, including weather, expected demand, environmental considerations, and coordination of flows with neighboring airports, influence the choice of runway configuration, the actual selection decision is made by air traffic controllers in the airport tower. As a result, the capacity of an airport at any time is dependent on the behavior of human decision makers. This paper develops a statistical model to characterize the configuration selection decision process using empirical observations. The proposed approach, based on the discrete-choice modeling framework, identifies the influence of various factors in terms of the utility function of the decision maker. The parameters of the utility functions are estimated through likelihood maximization. Correlations between different alternatives are captured using a multinomial “nested logit” model. A key novelty of this study is the quantitative assessment of the effect of inertia, or the resistance to configuration changes, on the configuration selection process. The developed models are used to predict the runway configuration 3 h ahead of time, given operating conditions such as wind, visibility, and demand. Case studies based on data from Newark (EWR) and LaGuardia (LGA) airports show that the proposed model predicts runway configuration choices significantly better than a baseline model that only considers the historical frequencies of occurrence of different configurations.
Automixing: A new concept in elastomeric impression material delivery systems

Automixing of impression materials has been shown to reduce or eliminate many of the problems associated with spatula-mixing. Contamination is prevented, voids are eliminated, and physical properties are comparable to those of spatula-mixed materials. These advantages in combination with the desirability of the system should ensure its success and further development.
Common boundary in multiple lattices of K2MCu(NO2)6 where M is Ca, Ba, Pb

Abstract Evidence for a {110} boundary in the multiple lattice structures of K 2 MCu(NO 2 ) 6 with M = Ca, Ba, Pb, has been obtained from zero-level precession photographs. The results are discussed in terms of the static-dynamic Jahn-Teller effect.
Analysis with flow cytometry of green fluorescent protein expression in leukemic cells.

Background: The measurement of DNA content with propidium iodide (PI) in cells transfected with expression vectors encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a useful tool in studying a variety of biological functions of proteins within cells. The purpose of this study was to determine conditions of formaldehyde fixation that permit intracellular GFP fluorescence and adequate DNA histograms to be generated following transient transfection of cells with a GFP-encoding plasmid. Cell cycle analysis was also performed in GFP-positive cells. Methods: The murine myeloid leukemic cell line, 32Dcl3, was used as the model system. Cells were transfected with a GFP-encoding plasmid (pEGFPC1). Following fixation in different formaldehyde concentrations and permeabilization with 70% ethanol, cells were stained with PI and analyzed by flow cytometry for GFP fluorescence and DNA content. Transfected cells were also analyzed for GFP fluorescence and DNA content following release from nocodazole block. Results: Fixing cells in 0.51–1.75% formaldehyde concentrations prior to ethanol permeabilization resulted in 14–19% of transfected cells being GFP-positive, with acceptable coefficients of variation on the G1 peak of DNA histograms. Analysis of cells synchronized to and released from the G2-M phase by nocodazole suggested that GFP-positive cells, when compared to GFP-negative cells, did not appear to progress out of G2-M following release from nocodazole block. Simultaneous detection of GFP fluorescence and DNA content by PI staining is possible following transient transfection of cells with a single expression vector encoding GFP. Our results demonstrate that GFP expression can be detected, using flow cytometry to perform cell cycle analysis in murine leukemic cells. Cytometry 36:333–339, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Theory of optical near-resonant cone emission in atomic vapor

A time-dependent theory for conical emission during near-resonant propagation of laser light in an atomic vapor, which includes full propagation for the laser and frequency sidebands in a nonlinear two-level medium is presented. The density-matrix equations for the dipole moment and population are solved in the dressed atomic frame. The polarization source terms are accurate to order {gamma}/R, where {gamma} is a damping constant and R is the generalized Rabi frequency. Analytical plane-wave solutions and numerical, cylindrically symmetric propagation simulations including diffraction are presented. It is shown that the calculations with cylindrically symmetric fields and atomic excitation profiles are incapable of accounting for the high levels of optical gain that are responsible for the intense conical emission observed in experiments. This result is at first surprising, since the model accounts rigorously for all of the physical phenomena that have been previously proposed as being responsible for generating large gains, and the calculation matches the symmetry of the observations. The lack of large calculated gain seems to imply the existence of higher-order (m>0) radial modes in the field for the experimental conditions that give rise to cone emission. In the simulations, however, the cylindrically symmetric fields do produce weak red-detuned conesmore » with angular-frequency distributions similar to those seen in experiments.« less
On the Identification Problem in Linear Viscoelasticity

This paper discusses a class of identification problems in linear viscoelasticity, in particular a procedure for determining a suitable constitutive functional structure from experimental information is presented. The problem is viewed as a linearization procedure of a general nonlinear stress-strain functional relationship in the neighborhood of some stress-strain histories, in the presence of noise. The highly nonlinear optimization problem posed by this approach is solved using ideas of differential approximation and quasilinearinzation. The characteristic viscoelastic are ultimately given as the solutions of suitable differential equations subject to initial conditions, a convenient functional parametrization if a digital computer is to be used in subsequent stress-analysis. Several examples are presented to illustrate the feasibility and accuracy of the method. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt eine Klasse von Identifizierungsproblemen innerhalb der Theorie der Viskoelastizitat; insbesondere wird ein Verfahren angegeben, von experimentellen Informationen ausgehend eine geeignete Funktional Struktur zu bestimmen, die das Wesentliche erfast. Das Problem wird als Linearisiwrung einer allgemeinen nichtlinearen Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehung in der Nachbarschaft gewisser Spannungs- Dehnungs- Vorgeschichten und bei Vorhandensein von Storungen aufgefast. Am Ende erscheinen die charakteristischen viskoelastischen Funktionen als Losungen geeigneter Differentialgleichungen unter bestimmten Anfangsbedingungen, wobei fur den Fall, das fur die anschliesende Spannungsanalyse ein Computer verwendet wird, eine passende Parametrisierung vorgenommen wird. Mehrere Beispiele demonstrieren die Durchfuhrbarkeit und die Genauigkeit der Methode.
Measurements of light scattering by a series of conducting surfaces with one-dimensional roughness

Measurements of the polarization dependence of the coherent and diffuse scatter from a set of seven conducting surfaces with strictly one-dimensional roughness are presented. The surfaces have been fabricated in gold with photoresist techniques and have been accurately characterized with stylus profilometry. The standard deviation of surface height σ varies between 0.25 and 1.73 μm throughout the series of surfaces, but all have height statistics that are close to Gaussian and a correlation length that is nearly fixed at 3.3 μm. The polarization dependence of the scattered intensity is fully specified by the four unique elements of the Stokes matrix, which are determined from six intensities measured with different polarization conditions. In studies of the coherent scatter for wavelength 3.392 μm, large differences are found between the p- and s-polarized intensities, and it is shown that the relative phase of the p and s coherent amplitudes is strongly dependent on σ. In the case of diffuse scatter, the wide range of behavior exhibited by the scattered intensities and matrix elements is demonstrated for wavelengths 1.152 and 3.392 μm. The rise of backscattering enhancement and associated polarization effects are seen as σ increases, and it is shown that surfaces with surprisingly modest slopes may produce backscattering enhancement. At high angles of incidence, large differences between the p- and s-polarized diffuse intensities are observed.
Participant responses to retrospective surveys of child maltreatment: does mode of assessment matter?

This study examines the impact that different methods of assessing child maltreat- ment history may have on adult participants. A total of 334 female undergraduate students were randomly assigned to complete a retrospective measure of child sexual and physical abuse in one of three conditions: paper-and-pencil questionnaire, face-to-face interview, or computer-admin- istered survey. Disclosure rates of abuse, psychological distress and mood change, preferenc- es for assessment format, and perceptions of confi dentiality were examined across the three as- sessment formats. Although disclosure did not vary by condition, participants with a history of abuse reported more distress and mood change than did nonvictims, particularly in the computer condition. Nevertheless, the computer condition was rated as the most preferred format and was viewed by participants as the most confi dential means of assessing maltreatment history. Partici- pants reporting abuse through interviews were more likely than those in other conditions to state a preference for another type of assessment format. The implications of these fi ndings for abuse history research are discussed.
Differences between health and ethical vegetarians. Strength of conviction, nutrition knowledge, dietary restriction, and duration of adherence.

Little research has been published concerning the differences between health oriented and ethically oriented vegetarians. The present study compared differences in conviction, nutrition knowledge, dietary restriction, and duration of adherence to vegetarianism between the two groups. Subjects completed an online survey and were grouped by original reason for becoming vegetarian (n = 292, 58 health, 234 ethical), and current reason for remaining vegetarian (n = 281, 49 health, 232 ethical). Whether grouped by current or original motivation, ethical vegetarians scored higher on the conviction instrument than health vegetarians and exhibited somewhat greater dietary restriction (significant when grouped by current motivation) and had been vegetarian for longer (significant when grouped by original motivation). Nutrition knowledge did not differ between the two groups. The results suggest that ethical vegetarians could experience stronger feelings of conviction and consume fewer animal products than health vegetarians, and may remain vegetarian longer. More research is necessary to understand how vegetarians’ eating behaviors are influenced by their motivational profiles.
Ultrasonic Blood Flow Spectral Analysis Using Coherent Optics

It has been shown that ultrasonic Doppler signals can be obtained easily and transcutaneously from many blood vessels in both normal and atherosclerotic subjects. The Doppler spectrum changes with time, giving rise toa distnbution of frequencies whose envelope has a waveform that is characteristic of the vessel site and closely folows the events of the cardiac cycle. This makes it very useful in diagnosing lesions of the arterial system. The paper presents a coherent optical technique for displaying and analyzing a blood-flow-generated ultrasonic Doppler spectrum. The system is highly cost-effective and produces spectrograms on-line. Other advantages include a large, continuously variable bandwidth, an instantaneous display of velocity profile, and simultaneous display of temporal spectra. The system makes use of the Fourier transformation property of converging lens and its use of processing time signals. The spectrum obtained from the brachial artery of a normal subject compares favorably with the spectrograms obtained using electronic spectrum analyzers.
Multi Flexible Body Analysis for Application to Wind Turbine Control Design

A methodology is presented for the modeling of flexible horizontal-axis, wind-turbine systems. The multi-rigid-body portions of the system are modeled as a system of interconnected rigid bodies using Autolev, a symbolic manipulator ideally suited for dynamics of multi-rigid-body systems. The flexible portions of the wind-turbine system are represented as beam finite ele- ments. Equations are presented for the beam element, and the choices of generalized coordinates and general- ized speeds for the multi-rigid-body portion of the sys- tem are discussed. Finally, a method for the explicit linearization of the system equations is presented, along with a method for the unification of these equations into one framework.
GLAD Cr Nanorods Coated with SAD Pt Thin Film for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Vertically aligned chromium nanorod arrays were grown on glassy carbon electrodes by a dc magnetron sputtering glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique. The Cr nanorods were used as low-cost, high surface area, metallic supports for a conformal Pt thin film, resulting in a potential low-loading electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Conformal coatings of Pt on Cr nanorods were achieved using a dc magnetron sputtering small angle deposition (SAD) technique. The electrocatalytic ORR activity of SAD-Pt/GLAD-Cr electrodes was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and rotating-disk electrode techniques in a 0.1 M HClO4 solution at temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 ◦ C, and was compared to those of GLAD Cr nanorods coated with Pt thin film deposited at normal and large angles of incidence. The results show that SADPt/GLAD-Cr nanorods exhibit higher values of electrochemically-active surface area (ECSA), area- and mass-specific activities, and better stability against loss of ECSA during potential cycling in the acidic electrolyte. The improved ORR activity and enhanced catalyst utilization of SAD-Pt/GLAD-Cr electrode might be attributed to a better Pt conformality, especially at the sidewalls of the nanorods, and a preferential exposure of certain crystal facets.
Esophageal cancer phospholipids correlated with histopathologic findings: a 31P NMR study

We analyzed 36 esophageal tumor specimens for phospholipid content using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) and correlated the individual phospholipid profiles with specific clinical and histopathologic features. Among the 18 phospholipids identified in the esophageal tumor specimens, the mean mole percentage concentration of dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine, lysoalkylacylphosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine (deacylated at the glycerol-1 carbon), and lysoethanolamine plasmalogen correlated with pathologic T stage, nuclear grade, or the presence of lymphatic invasion. 31P NMR produces well-dispersed phospholipid spectra and a precise determination of phospholipid relative mole percentages. These data provide a statistical correlation between histopathologic features and molecules known to play an important role in cellular activities and processes unique to malignant tissues.
UNIPOTENT ALMOST CHARACTERS OF SIMPLE p-ADIC GROUPS, II

This paper contains some conjectures about the unipotent almost characters of a simple p-adic group in terms of a matrix which generalizes the nonabelian Fourier transform matrix introduced by the author in 1979.
Implementing rapid tooling design in an undergraduate curriculum

There has been much research done in methods for shortening the time required to design and build tooling for plastic molding processes. While the more exotic procedures, such as stereo lithography have gotten much attention, there continues to be advancement in the areas of modeling, simulation, and numerical control that allow a very short cycle between product design and manufacturing. Use of this technology has allowed commercial mold makers to compress the delivery of production molds from several weeks to less than 48 hours. This paper describes the implementation of a rapid tooling program at Purdue University. Students with an introductory course in solid modeling learn the specialized application software and apply it to projects in a normal semester time frame. This allows students to learn the process, learn the practical aspects of design for manufacturing, and learn the benefits of modeling and simulation in a realistic setting.
Comparison of Radiosonde and GCM Vertical Temperature Trend Profiles: Effects of Dataset Choice and Data Homogenization*

In comparisons of radiosonde vertical temperature trend profiles with comparable profiles derived from selected Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) general circulation models (GCMs) driven by major external forcings of the latter part of the twentieth century, model trends exhibit a positive bias relative to radiosonde trends in the majority of cases for both time periods examined (1960–99 and 1979–99). Homogeneity adjustments made in the Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC) and Hadley Centre Atmospheric Temperatures, version 2 (HadAT2), radiosonde datasets, which are applied by dataset developers to account for timevarying biases introduced by historical changes in instruments and measurement practices, reduce the relative bias in most cases. Although some differences were found between the two observed datasets, in general the observed trend profiles were more similar to one another than either was to the GCM profiles. In the troposphere, adjustment has a greater impact on improving agreement of the shapes of the trend profiles than on improving agreement of the layer mean trends, whereas in the stratosphere the opposite is true. Agreement between the shapes of GCM and radiosonde trend profiles is generally better in the stratosphere than the troposphere, with more complexity to the profiles in the latter than the former. In the troposphere the tropics exhibit the poorest agreement between GCM and radiosonde trend profiles, but also the largest improvement in agreement resulting from homogeneity adjustment. In the stratosphere, radiosonde trends indicate more cooling than GCMs. For the 1979–99 period, a disproportionate amount of this discrepancy arises several months after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, at which time temperatures in the radiosonde time series cool abruptly by 0.5 K compared to those derived from GCMs, and this difference persists to the end of the record.
Involuntary Sterilization and the Law

The first attempt to pass a law mandating involuntary sterilization in the United States came in 1897, in a bill introduced in the Michigan legislature that failed to pass. This bill and those that were to follow in other states were based on the concept of eugenics. This term, meaning “good birth” was apparently coined in the 1880s by Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin. The notion of selective breeding is, of course, a very old one—Plato discusses it in The Republic. But this general philosophical idea took on new strength with the rise of social Darwinism at the end of the nineteenth century. Darwin’s scientific evidence concerning the “survival of the fittest” gave a new respectability to the idea of selective breeding, as well as to the notion of weeding out the “unfit.” The English philosopher Herbert Spencer went so far as to cite social Darwinism in defense of sweatshops, child labor, and starvation, while at the same time decrying public education, health care, and other social services that interfered with the elimination of those he regarded as unfit.
Multimode signaling on non-ideal channels

Simultaneous optimization of interconnect density and crosstalk poses conflicting requirements with conventional differential signaling. As an alternative, we investigate multimode signaling where n signals are transmitted by exciting all fundamental modes on a group of n closely located lines. In this paper, the channel response of multimode signaling is analyzed to demonstrate the benefits of this signaling. The misaligned channel and length mismatch sensitivity of multimode signaling are also analyzed.
Algebraic methods for the solution of some linear matrix equations

The characterization of polynomials whose zeros lie in certain algebraic domains (and the unification of the ideas of Hermite and Lyapunov) is the basis for developing finite algorithms for the solution of linear matrix equations. Particular attention is given to equations PA + A'P = Q (the Lyapunov equation) and P - A'PA = Q the (discrete Lyapunov equation). The Lyapunov equation appears in several areas of control theory such as stability theory, optimal control (evaluation of quadratic integrals), stochastic control (evaluation of covariance matrices) and in the solution of the algebraic Riccati equation using Newton's method.
Efficient energy harvester for microbial fuel cells using DC/DC converters

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an emerging technology for sustainable energy production. An MFC employs indigenous microorganisms as biocatalysts and can theoretically convert any biodegradable substrate into electricity, making the technology a viable solution for sustainable waste treatment or autonomous power supply. However, the electric energy currently generated from MFCs is not directly usable due to the low voltage and current output. Moreover, the output power can fluctuate significantly according to the operating points, which makes stable harvest of energy difficult. This paper presents an MFC energy harvesting scheme using two layers of DC/DC converters. The proposed energy harvester can capture the energy from multiple MFCs at the most efficient operating point and at the same time form the energy into a usable shape.
Ultrasonically induced morphological damage to mouse ovaries.

Abstract Mouse ovaries were exposed in in vivo to 1 MHz continuous wave ultrasonic energy at spatial peak intensities ranging from 5 to 100 W/cm 2 for times varying from 300 to 15 s depending on the intensity. Following exposure the ovaries were surgically removed at times ranging from immediately (within 60 s) to 7 days and prepared histologically for light microscopic analysis. The observed tissue alterations varied from severe, at the higher intensities to subtle, at the lower intensities. Lesions were manifested by pyknosis of cells, vacuolization of cells and tissue, eosinophilic cytoplasm, and general cellular disruption. Subtle alterations showed large numbers of polyovular follicles and increases in the amount of PAS positive material in the interstitial tissue. Various ovarian structures showed differing sensitivities to the insult with luteinized structures being preferentially altered.
A fast non-ferric kicker for the muon (g-2) experiment

Abstract A fast, non-ferric kicker has been designed, built and installed in the muon (g−2) experiment at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron. A current pulse of 4200 A peak, and base-width of 400 ns , is passed in opposite directions through parallel plates 10 cm apart on either side of the muon storage region in the (g−2) storage ring. A field integral of 0.1 Tm was achieved, which kicks the 3.09 GeV /c muon beam by about 10 mrad . This kick is achieved by employing three identical 1.76 m long sections, each powered by a separate pulse-forming network. The design and performance of the kicker is presented.
Evolution of an Enhanced Rear Signaling System

Rear-end crashes are the most frequently occurring type of crash, making up approximately 25% of all crashes. Crash analysis has revealed a need to detect stopped and slowing lead vehicles with peripheral vision, as well as to detect stopped and slowing lead vehicles with foveal vision more quickly. Two experiments were conducted in an effort to develop systems that have these properties, yet do not have too much discomfort glare. Both experiments used the same four dependent measures: attention-getting rating, discomfort-glare rating, horizontal peripheral detection angle, and diagonal peripheral detection angle. Experiment 1 examined 17 candidate systems, all using white light and clear lenses. The results showed that the TCL, a lamp with a motorized reflector that moves in an M-sweep pattern, was the top candidate for an imminent crash warning signal, while a pair of centrally located alternating halogen lamps would be optimal for a stopped or slowly moving vehicle signal. Experiment 2 examined the eff...
Efficient Hybrid-EAS solid element for accurate stress prediction in thick laminated beams, plates, and shells

Abstract In this paper, we present a novel and efficient 3-D Hybrid-EAS solid element formulation to accurately predict interlaminar stresses in thick laminated beams, plates, and shells. The element formulation is based on the mixed three-field Fraeijs de Veubeke–Hu–Washizu (FHW) functional principle. The element is designed to have quadratic C 0 transverse shear stress field through the thickness direction, while the displacement field remains linear. The continuity of the transverse shear stress at the layer interfaces, together with the vanishing transverse shear stresses at the outer surfaces of the composite structure, are satisfied exactly by using the transverse-shear-stress degrees of freedom (dofs). This method is more elegant than adding the above stress constraints on the FHW functional via a penalty or Lagrange multipliers, and is amenable for implementation in general purpose finite-element codes. Numerical examples show the excellent agreement with Pagano’s exact solution for composite beam/plate problems. The present element satisfies the interlaminar stress continuity, and accurately captures the quadratic variation of the transverse shear stresses in the thickness when compared to other element formulations, in particular the well-known hybrid formulation by Mau, Tong, and Pian (1972) [23] . In addition, the present approach is readily generalizable to the case with large deformation and nonlinear materials.