cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics: the first 25 years

Abstract Equilibrium molecular dynamics has been generalized to simulate non equilibrium systems by adding sources of thermodynamic heat and work. This generalization incorporates microscopic mechanical definitions of macroscopic thermodynamic and hydrodynamic variables, such as temperature and stress, and augments atomistic forces with special boundary, constraint and driving forces capable of doing work on, and exchanging heat with, an otherwise Newtonian system: p ≡ F A (q) + F B (q) + F C (q, p) + F D (q,p) ≡ m(q t+ d t −2q t + q t− d t ) d t 2 . The underlying Lyapunov instability of these nonequilibrium equations of motion links microscopic time-reversible deterministic trajectories to macroscopic time-irreversible hydrodynamic behavior as described by the second law of thermodynamics. Green-Kubo linear-response theory has been checked. Nonlinear plastic deformation, intense heat conduction, shock-wave propagation, and nonequilibrium phase transformation have all been simulated. The nonequilibrium techniques, coupled with qualitative improvements in parallel computer hardware, are enabling simulations to approximate real-world microscale and nanoscale experiments.
Influence of irradiation spectrum and implanted ions on the amorphization of ceramics

Abstract Polycrystalline specimens of alumina (Al2O3), magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4), magnesia (MgO), silicon nitride (Si3N4) and silicon carbide (SiC) were irradiated with various ions at temperatures between 200 and 450 K, and the microstructures were examined following irradiation using cross section transmission electron microscopy. Amorphization was not observed in any of the irradiated oxide ceramics, despite damage energy densities up to ∼ 70 keV/atom (∼ 70 displacements per atom). On the other hand, SiC readily amorphized after damage levels of ∼ 0.4 dpa at room temperature. Silicon nitride exhibited intermediate behavior; irradiation with Fe ions at room temperature produced amorphization in the implanted ion region after damage levels of ∼ 1 dpa. However, irradiated regions outside of the implanted ion region did not amorphize even after damage levels in excess of 5 dpa. The amorphous layer in the Fe-implanted region of Si3N4 did not appear if the specimen was simultaneously irradiated with 1 MeV He+ ions at room temperature. By comparison with published results, it is concluded that the implantation of certain chemical species has a pronounced effect on amorphization threshold dose of all five materials. Intense ionizing radiation inhibits amorphization in Si3N4, but does not appear to significantly influence the amorphization behavior of SiC.
An EEPROM Programming Controller for Passive UHF RFID Transponders With Gated Clock Regulation Loop and Current Surge Control

This paper presents an EEPROM programming controller imbedded in a passive UHF RFID transponder. A 14 V programming voltage is generated and regulated for a 224-bit EEPROM memory array from a rectified voltage supply of 2-3 V. A gated clock regulation loop is proposed to keep the programming voltage constant over a wide range of received RF input power, in order to improve the write-erase endurance of the memory. A current surge control scheme is proposed to allow the EEPROM programming voltage ramping in steps, therefore, preventing the collapse of the rectified supply in the remotely powered transponder. Also presented is a nano-power switched bandgap reference to reduce die area through the reduction of MOmega resistors needed for nano-power operation. Measurement results show that a 0.35 mum CMOS transponder IC provides a stable EEPROM programming voltage which varies less than 8% over a large 30 dB input power range while consuming 7 muW. The EEPROM programming controller occupies 0.092 mm2 die area.
Instantly decodable network codes for real-time applications

We consider the scenario of broadcasting for realtime applications and loss recovery via instantly decodable network coding. Past work focused on minimizing the completion delay, which is not the right objective for real-time applications that have strict deadlines. In this work, we are interested in finding a code that is instantly decodable by the maximum number of users. First, we prove that this problem is NP-Hard in the general case. Then we consider the practical probabilistic scenario, where users have i.i.d. loss probability, and the number of packets is linear or polynomial in the number of users. In this case, we provide a polynomial-time (in the number of users) algorithm that finds the optimal coded packet. Simulation results show that the proposed coding scheme significantly outperforms an optimal repetition code and a COPE-like greedy scheme.
Dynamics of Plumes Generated by Local Injection of Ablated Material

Numerical modeling is employed to study the heat transfer modulation between the thermal protection shield and the gas flow that is caused by ejection of underexpanded pyrolysis gases through the cracks in the thermal protection shield. The simulations are performed for an axisymmetric bluff body flying at Mach 7. The influence of the geometry of the thermal protection shield on the heat transfer pattern is studied for two representative shapes. The results are presented for three different flight altitudes (low, ground level; moderate, 20 km; and high, 30 km). At the low altitude, the plume pressure is lower than the pressure behind the detached front shock wave and the plume propagates slowly along the wall surface. At high and moderate altitudes, the plume path (and, consequently, the convective heat transfer between the thermal protection shield and the plume) depends on the plume interaction with the bow shock wave. The effect of viscosity for the plume injection conditions and freestream Mach number considered is found to be negligible at simulated altitudes. The effect of the initial pressure of pyrolysis gas on the plume dynamics is significant. The presence of the blast wave associated with the underexpanded plume alters the heat transfer and increases mixing. Finally, the enhanced heat transfer caused by the emergence of multiple plumes is investigated.
Toward a More Democratic Ethic of Technological Governance

Recent scholarship in technology and society studies has given attention to the notion of technological citizenship. This article seeks to further integrate perspectives on this topic with theoretical contributions about the development of moral autonomy. The author challenges the presumption that the strategy of expanding opportunities for participation in technological decision making will in itself develop people's autonomy and citizenship. He argues that concurrent efforts must be made to democratize the political-economic structures of key technologies and to help people prepare morally for citizenship roles in governing these technologies. On this basis, a series of initiatives are suggested.
Recent Progress in Double Beta Decay

At least one neutrino has a mass of about 50 meV or larger. However, the absolute mass scale for the neutrino remains unknown. Studies of double beta decay offer hope for determining the absolute mass scale. Furthermore, the critical question "Is the neutrino its own antiparticle?" is unanswered. In particular, zero-neutrino double beta decay (0 νββ) can address the issues of lepton number conservation, the particle–antiparticle nature of the neutrino, and its mass. A summary of the recent progress in 0 νββ, and the related technologies will be discussed in the context of the future 0 νββ program.
Combining spatial information sources while accounting for systematic errors in proxies

Summary. Environmental research increasingly uses high dimensional remote sensing and numerical model output to help to fill space–time gaps between traditional observations. Such output is often a noisy proxy for the process of interest. Thus we need to separate and assess the signal and noise (often called discrepancy) in the proxy given complicated spatiotemporal dependences. Here I extend a popular two-likelihood hierarchical model by using a more flexible representation for the discrepancy. I employ the little-used Markov random-field approximation to a thin plate spline, which can capture small-scale discrepancy in a computationally efficient manner while better modelling smooth processes than standard conditional auto-regressive models. The increased flexibility reduces identifiability, but the lack of identifiability is inherent in the scientific context. I model particulate matter air pollution by using satellite aerosol and atmospheric model output proxies. The estimated discrepancies occur at a variety of spatial scales, with small-scale discrepancy particularly important. The examples indicate little predictive improvement over modelling the observations alone. Similarly, in simulations with an informative proxy, the presence of discrepancy and resulting identifiability issues prevent improvement in prediction. The results highlight but do not resolve the critical question of how best to use proxy information while minimizing the potential for proxy-induced error.
Treating Opportunistic Infections among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America

The CDC National Institutes of Health and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America have developed guidelines for treatment of opportunistic infections (OIs) among adults and adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These guidelines are intended for clinicians and other health-care providers who care for HIV-infected adults and adolescents including pregnant women; they complement companion guidelines for treatment of OIs among HIV-infected children and previously published guidelines for prevention of OIs in these populations. They include evidence-based guidelines for treatment of 28 OIs caused by protozoa bacteria fungi and viruses including certain OIs endemic in other parts of the world but that might be observed in patients in the United States. Each OI section includes information on epidemiology clinical manifestations diagnosis treatment recommendations monitoring and adverse events management of treatment failure prevention of recurrence and special considerations in pregnancy. Tables address drugs and doses drug toxicities drug interactions adjustment of drug doses in persons with reduced renal function and data about use of drugs in pregnant women. (authors)
On the strong chromatic number of random graphs

Let G be a graph with n vertices, and let k be an integer dividing n. G is said to be strongly k-colourable if, for every partition of V(G) into disjoint sets V1∪ ··· ∪ Vr, all of size exactly k, there exists a proper vertex k-colouring of G with each colour appearing exactly once in each Vi. In the case when k does not divide n, G is defined to be strongly k-colourable if the graph obtained by adding k[n/k]-n isolated vertices is strongly k-colourable. The strong chromatic number of G is the minimum k for which G is strongly k-colourable. In this paper, we study the behaviour of this parameter for the random graph Gn,p. In the dense case when p >> n1/3, we prove that the strong chromatic number is a.s. concentrated on one value Δ + 1, where Δ is the maximum degree of the graph. We also obtain several weaker results for sparse random graphs.
Algebraic constructions of graph-based nested codes from protographs

Nested codes have been employed in a large number of communication applications as a specific case of superposition codes, for example to implement binning schemes in the presence of noise, in joint network-channel coding, or in physical-layer secrecy. Whereas nested lattice codes have been proposed recently for continuous-input channels, in this paper we focus on the construction of nested linear codes for joint channel-network coding problems based on algebraic protograph LDPC codes. In particular, over the past few years several constructions of codes have been proposed that are based on random lifts of suitably chosen base graphs. More recently, an algebraic analog of this approach was introduced using the theory of voltage graphs. In this paper we illustrate how these methods can be used in the construction of nested codes from algebraic lifts of graphs.
Non-convex costs and capital utilization: A study of production scheduling at automobile assembly plants ☆

I study detailed data from eleven automobile assembly plants. These data display considerable cross-plant heterogeneity in production scheduling. To explain the observed heterogeneity, I solve a dynamic programming model. When desired production is below the plant’s minimum e$cient scale, non-convexities induce production bunching; the plant uses less than full capital utilization on average and production is more volatile than sales. When desired production is above the plant’s minimum e$cient scale, the plant operates in a convex region of the cost curve. In this case, it uses high levels of capital utilization and production is less volatile than sales. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classixcation: E23; D21; L23
Optimistic Linear Programming gives Logarithmic Regret for Irreducible MDPs

We present an algorithm called Optimistic Linear Programming (OLP) for learning to optimize average reward in an irreducible but otherwise unknown Markov decision process (MDP). OLP uses its experience so far to estimate the MDP. It chooses actions by optimistically maximizing estimated future rewards over a set of next-state transition probabilities that are close to the estimates, a computation that corresponds to solving linear programs. We show that the total expected reward obtained by OLP up to time T is within C(P) log T of the reward obtained by the optimal policy, where C(P) is an explicit, MDP-dependent constant. OLP is closely related to an algorithm proposed by Burnetas and Katehakis with four key differences: OLP is simpler, it does not require knowledge of the supports of transition probabilities, the proof of the regret bound is simpler, but our regret bound is a constant factor larger than the regret of their algorithm. OLP is also similar in flavor to an algorithm recently proposed by Auer and Ortner. But OLP is simpler and its regret bound has a better dependence on the size of the MDP.
Histamine releasing factors.

Histamine-releasing factors (HRF) are cell-derived products which cause histamine release from basophils and/or mast cells. We have isolated HRF from human mononuclear cells and platelets and have purified 3 molecular species having molecular weights of 8-10, 15-17 and 35-41 kilodaltons (kDa). We prepared monoclonal antibodies to the 8- to 10-kDa form and have isolated it by affinity chromatography. A broad band was seen upon sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis in 15% gels as well as immunoblotting, and the band was divided into an upper and a lower half. Amino acid sequence analysis of the upper half indicated that it is closely homologous to connective-tissue activating peptide III (CTAP III). The lower half also aligned with CTAP III beginning with amino acid 16; thus, proteolysis and occurred removing the N-terminal 15 amino acids. This corresponds to neutrophil-activating peptide 2. Both appear to be active on basophils with a dose-response between 250 ng up to 10 micrograms. Although interleukin-3 and granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor have similar histamine-releasing capability at lower effective concentrations, they do not account for HRF activity in mononuclear cell/platelet supernatants, and the 15- to 17 and 40- to 41-kDa moieties appear to be unique gene products unrelated to previously described cytokines.
Understanding the Democratic Transition in South Africa

Author(s): Inman, Robert P.; Rubinfeld, Daniel L. | Abstract: South Africa’s transition from apartheid to democracy stands as one of the past century’smost important political events. The transition has been successful to this point because thenew constitution adopted a form of federal governance that has been able to provideprotection for the economic elite from maximal redistributive taxation. Appropriatelystructured, federal governance creates a “hostage game” in which the majority centralgovernment controls the tax rate but elite run province(s) control the provision of importantredistributive services to a significant fraction of lower income households. At least totoday, the political economy of South Africa has found a stable equilibrium with less thanmaximal redistributive taxation. Moreover, the move to a democratic federalist system hasimproved the economic welfare of both the white minority and the black majority. Whetherthe federal structure can continue to check maximal taxation depends crucially upon the ratenof time preference of the majority and their demands for redistributive public services. Anew, impatient and more radical majority (ANC) party threatens the current equilibrium.
Passenger and cell phone conversations in simulated driving

This study examines how conversing with passengers in a vehicle differs from conversing on a cell phone while driving. We compared how well drivers were able to deal with the demands of driving when conversing on a cell phone, conversing with a passenger, and when driving without any distraction. In the conversation conditions, participants were instructed to converse with a friend about past experiences in which their life was threatened. The results show that the number of driving errors was highest in the cell phone condition; in passenger conversations more references were made to traffic, and the production rate of the driver and the complexity of speech of both interlocutors dropped in response to an increase in the demand of the traffic. The results indicate that passenger conversations differ from cell phone conversations because the surrounding traffic not only becomes a topic of the conversation, helping driver and passenger to share situation awareness, but the driving condition also has a direct influence on the complexity of the conversation, thereby mitigating the potential negative effects of a conversation on driving.
Symbolic analysis via semantic reinterpretation

The paper presents a novel technique to create implementations of the basic primitives used in symbolic program analysis: forward symbolic evaluation, weakest liberal precondition, and symbolic composition. We used the technique to create a system in which, for the cost of writing just one specification—an interpreter for the programming language of interest—one obtains automatically generated, mutually-consistent implementations of all three symbolic-analysis primitives. This can be carried out even for languages with pointers and address arithmetic. Our implementation has been used to generate symbolic-analysis primitives for the x86 and PowerPC instruction sets.
Certification of computational results

We describe a conceptually novel and powerful technique to achieve fault detection and fault tolerance in hardware and software systems. When used for software fault detection, this new technique uses time and software redundancy and can be outlined as follows. In the initial phase, a program is run to solve a problem and store the result. In addition, this program leaves behind a trail of data which we call a certification trail. In the second phase, another program is run which solves the original problem again. This program however, has access to the certification trail left by the first program. Because of the availability of the certification trail, the second phase can be performed by a less complex program and can execute more quickly. In the final phase, the two results are compared and if they agree the results are accepted as correct; otherwise an error is indicated. An essential aspect of this approach is that the second program must always generate either an error indication or a correct output even when the certification trail it receives from the first program is incorrect. We formalize the certification trail approach to fault tolerance and illustrate realizations of it by considering algorithms for the following problems: convex hull, sorting, and shortest path. We compare the certification trail approach to other approaches to fault tolerance. >
Dimensions of Black Identity Predict System Justification

What explains variability in African Americans’ sociopolitical attitudes? System justification theory implicates both high- and low-status groups in the maintenance of the socioeconomic and political system, postulating that individuals are motivated to justify the system. Self-interest offers a simple explanation for system justification among high-status groups. However, system justification among African Americans is less well-understood. Using a socioeconomically diverse sample of 275 Black undergraduates, including traditional as well as older students, the current survey and quantitative analyses further understanding of attitudes toward the system and institutions by linking attitudes with Black identity. Findings revealed that highly identifying as Black negatively predicted system justification but not if one rejects a Black nationalist ideology. Endorsing an assimilation ideology positively predicted system justification. An oppressed minority ideology did not predict system justification but po...
Time-Varying BRDFs

The properties of virtually all real-world materials change with time, causing their bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) to be time varying. However, none of the existing BRDF models and databases take time variation into consideration; they represent the appearance of a material at a single time instance. In this paper, we address the acquisition, analysis, modeling, and rendering of a wide range of time-varying BRDFs (TVBRDFs). We have developed an acquisition system that is capable of sampling a material's BRDF at multiple time instances, with each time sample acquired within 36 sec. We have used this acquisition system to measure the BRDFs of a wide range of time-varying phenomena, which include the drying of various types of paints (watercolor, spray, and oil), the drying of wet rough surfaces (cement, plaster, and fabrics), the accumulation of dusts (household and joint compound) on surfaces, and the melting of materials (chocolate). Analytic BRDF functions are fit to these measurements and the model parameters' variations with time are analyzed. Each category exhibits interesting and sometimes nonintuitive parameter trends. These parameter trends are then used to develop analytic TVBRDF models. The analytic TVBRDF models enable us to apply effects such as paint drying and dust accumulation to arbitrary surfaces and novel materials.
Market Entry and Trade Weighted Import Costs

Trade costs have fallen surprisingly little given the large increase in international trade in the last 50 years. This paper examines whether trade costs are properly measured. I show theoretically that trade weighted measures will underestimate the changes in trade costs when there are fixed market entry costs and quality differences. Newly traded goods enter at higher trade costs than previously traded ones. Lower import costs shift trade to low quality goods with higher measured trade costs. U.S. import costs fall twice as fast as trade weighted measures from 1974 to 2004 when the impacts of shifting and new goods are removed. Once the biases are removed, typical estimates of trade elasticities can explain increasing
Supersymmetric dark matter above the W mass

The cosmological consequences are studied for the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model in the case that the neutralino is heavier than W. The cross section was calculated for annihilation of heavy neutralinos into final states containing gauge and Higgs bosons (XX yields WW, ZZ, HH, HW, HZ), where X is the lightest, nth neutralino and the results are compared with the results with those previously obtained for annihilation into fermions to find the relic cosmological abundance for the most general neutralino. The new channels are particularly important for the Higgsino-like and mixed-state neutralinos, but are sub-dominant (to the fermion-antifermion annihilation channels) in the case that the neutralino is mostly a gaugino. The effect of the top quark mass is also considered. Using these cross sections and the cosmological constraint omega(sub X)h squared is less than or approximately 1, the entire range of cosmologically acceptable supersymmetric parameter space is mapped and a very general bound on the neutralino mass is discovered. For a top quark mass of less than 180 GeV, neutralinos heavier than 3200 GeV are cosmologically inconsistent, and if the top quark mass is less than 120 GeV, the bound is lowered to 2600 GeV. Neutralino states that are mostly gaugino are constrained to be lighter than 550 GeV. It is found that a heavy neutralino that contributes omega(sub X) is approximately 1 arises for a very wide range of model parameters and makes, therefore, a very natural and attractive dark matter candidate.
Hotspot Prevention Through Runtime Reconfiguration in Network-On-Chip

Many existing thermal management techniques focus on reducing the overall power consumption of the chip, and do not address location-specific temperature problems referred to as hotspots. We propose the use of dynamic runtime reconfiguration to shift the hotspot-inducing computation periodically and make the thermal profile more uniform. Our analysis shows that dynamic reconfiguration is an effective technique in reducing hotspots for NoCs.
Executive Compensation: A New View from a Long-Term Perspective, 1936–2005

We analyze the long-run trends in executive compensation using a new dataset of top officers of large firms from 1936 to 2005. The median real value of compensation was remarkably flat from the late 1940s to the 1970s, revealing a weak relationship between pay and aggregate firm growth. By contrast, this correlation was much stronger in the past thirty years. This historical perspective also suggests that compensation arrangements have often helped to align managerial incentives with those of shareholders because executive wealth was sensitive to firm performance for most of our sample. These new facts pose a challenge to several common explanations for the rise in executive pay since the 1980s. (JEL G30, J33, M52, N32) The compensation paid to CEOs of large publicly traded corporations rose dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, stimulating much debate on the determinants of managerial pay (Murphy 1999; Hall and Murphy 2003). The discussion has been largely inconclusive, in part because readily available data only exist for the time period after 1970. By constructing a new long-run time series on executive pay, we are able to consistently document the trends in the level and structure of pay over most of the twentieth century. This historical perspective reveals several new facts that contrast sharply with data from recent decades, allowing us to reassess some of the most popular explanations for the recent surge in compensation. Although the stylized facts on executive pay since the 1970s are well established, only a handful of studies analyzed managerial compensation prior to We would like to thank George Baker, Edward Glaeser, Claudia Goldin, Caroline Hoxby, Lawrence Katz, and Robert Margo for their advice and encouragement throughout this project. Very helpful comments have also been received from Doug Elmendorf, Eric Hilt, Antoinette Schoar, Dan Sichel, Laura Starks, and seminar participants at the DAE NBER meetings, AEA meetings, AFA meetings, and EHA meetings. We also thank Michael Weisbach (our editor) and two anonymous referees. We thank the staff at the Historical Collections and Danielle Barney of Baker Library for making the data collection possible and Brian Hall and Jeff Liebman for providing us with their data. Yoon Chang, Yao Huang, Michele McAteer, Timothy Schwuchow, James Sigel, and Athanasios Vorvis provided outstanding research assistance. The views in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or its staff. This work was supported by the Economic
An ordinary differential equation technique for continuous-time parameter estimation

An ordinary differential equation technique is developed via averaging theory and weak convergence theory to analyze the asymptotic behavior of continuous-time recursive stochastic parameter estimators. This technique is an extension of L. Ljung's (1977) work in discrete time. Using this technique, the following results are obtained for various continuous-time parameter estimators. The recursive prediction error method, with probability one, converges to a minimum of the likelihood function. The same is true of the gradient method. The extended Kalman filter fails, with probability one, to converge to the true values of the parameters in a system whose state noise covariance is unknown. An example of the extended least squares algorithm is analyzed in detail. Analytic bounds are obtained for the asymptotic rate of convergence of all three estimators applied to this example. >
Robust Calibration for Localization in Clustered Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a robust calibration procedure for clustered wireless sensor networks. Accurate calibration of between-node distances is one crucial step in localizing sensor nodes in an ad-hoc sensor network. The calibration problem is formulated as a parameter estimation problem using a linear calibration model. For reducing or eliminating the unwanted influence of measurement corruptions or outliers on parameter estimation, which may be caused by sensor or communication failures, a robust regression estimator such as the least-trimmed squares (LTS) estimator is a natural choice. Despite the availability of the FAST-LTS routine in several statistical packages (e.g., R, S-PLUS, SAS), applying it to the sensor network calibration is not a simple task. To use the FAST-LTS, one needs to input a trimming parameter, which is a function of the sensor redundancy in a network. Computing the redundancy degree and subsequently solving the LTS estimation both turn out to be computationally demanding. Our research aims at utilizing some cluster structure in a network configuration in order to do robust estimation more efficiently. We present two algorithms that compute the exact value and a lower bound of the redundancy degree, respectively, and an algorithm that computes the LTS estimation. Two examples are presented to illustrate how the proposed methods help alleviate the computational demands associated with robust estimation and thus facilitate robust calibration in a sensor network.
Completions of symplectic reflection algebras

In this paper, we study the structure of completions of symplectic reflection algebras. Our results provide a reduction to smaller algebras. We apply this reduction to the study of two-sided ideals and Harish–Chandra bimodules.
Stereoselective CrCl2-mediated condensation of aldehydes with functionalized 1,1,1-trichlorides: synthesis of trisubstituted (Z)-chloroolefins

Abstract The CrCl 2 -mediated condensation of aldehydes 1 with a variety of functionalized 1,1,1-trichlorides 2 affords trisubstituted chloroolefins 4 in excellent yields and generally high Z -stereoselectivity. The intermediate dichlorohydrin adducts 3 can be isolated in good yields under conditions of limited reagent and reduced temperature.
Flawed Theory and Method in Studies of Prostitution

In no area of the social sciences has ideology contaminated knowledge more pervasively than in writings on the sex industry. Too often in this area, the canons of scientific inquiry are suspended and research deliberately skewed to serve a particular political agenda. Much of this work has been done by writers who regard the sex industry as a despicable institution and who are active in campaigns to abolish it. In this commentary, I examine several theoretical and methodological flaws in this literature, both generally and with regard to three recent articles in Violence Against Women. The articles in question are by Jody Raphael and Deborah Shapiro (2004), Melissa Farley (2004), and Janice Raymond (2004). At least two of the authors (Farley and Raymond) are activists involved in the antiprostitution campaign.
A parallel algorithm for implicit depletant simulations

We present an algorithm to simulate the many-body depletion interaction between anisotropic colloids in an implicit way, integrating out the degrees of freedom of the depletants, which we treat as an ideal gas. Because the depletant particles are statistically independent and the depletion interaction is short-ranged, depletants are randomly inserted in parallel into the excluded volume surrounding a single translated and/or rotated colloid. A configurational bias scheme is used to enhance the acceptance rate. The method is validated and benchmarked both on multi-core processors and graphics processing units for the case of hard spheres, hemispheres, and discoids. With depletants, we report novel cluster phases in which hemispheres first assemble into spheres, which then form ordered hcp/fcc lattices. The method is significantly faster than any method without cluster moves and that tracks depletants explicitly, for systems of colloid packing fraction ϕc < 0.50, and additionally enables simulation of the fluid-solid transition.
Rituals of Stalinist Culture at Work: Science and the Games of Intraparty Democracy circa 1948

T h e Lysenko case has become a symbol of the ideological dictate in science and its damaging consequences. It is often explained that in the years following World War 11, the Stalinist leadership launched an ideological and nationalistic campaign aimed at the creation of a Marxist-Leninist and/or distinctively Russian, non-Western science. Concepts and theories which were found idealistic or bourgeois were banned, their supporters silenced. In no other science was this process completed to the same degree as in biology after the infamous August 1948 Session of the Soviet Academy of Agricultural Sciences, at which Trofim Lysenko declared the victory of his "Michurinist biology" over presumably idealistic "formal" genetics. The August Session, in turn, served as the model for a number of other ideological discussions in various scholarly disciplines. This widely accepted interpretation, however, encounters two serious difficulties. The first arises from a selective focus on one particular debate which best fits the
Organic Conductors as Novel “Molecular Rulers” for Advanced Manufacturing Processes

Abstract Future advanced manufacturing equipment used in high technology programs will require ultra-high precision and associated machining tool operations that require placement accuracy of ∼1–100 nm (1nm = 10 A). There is consensus amongst engineers that this equipment will be based on STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope) technology. All such STM-based “drivers” must contain a metrology system that requires absolute length standards referenced to atomic spacings for calibration.1 Properly designed organic conductor substrate crystals have the potential to be molecular rulers for STM-based advanced manufacturing equipment.
Chemical Abundances of Planetary Nebulae in the Bulge and Disk of M31

We derive abundances and central star parameters for 15 planetary nebulae (PNe) in M31: 12 in the bulge and three in a disk field 14 kpc from the nucleus. No single abundance value characterizes the bulge stars: although the median abundances of the sample are similar to those seen for PNe in the LMC, the distribution of abundances is several times broader, spanning over one decade. None of the PNe in our sample approach the super-metal-rich ([Fe/H]~0.25) expectations for the bulge of M31, although a few PNe in the sample of Stasinska, Richer, & Mc Call come close. This [O/H] versus [Fe/H] discrepancy is likely due to a combination of factors, including an inability of metal-rich stars to produce bright PNe, a luminosity selection effect, and an abundance gradient in the bulge of M31. We show that PNe that are near the bright limit of the [O III] λ5007 planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF) span nearly a decade in oxygen abundance and, thus, support the use of the PNLF for deriving distances to galaxies (in the work by Jacobi and collaborators) with differing metallicities. We also identify a correlation between central star mass and PN dust formation that partially alleviates any dependence of the PNLF maximum magnitude on population age. In addition, we identify a spatially compact group of five PNe having unusually high O/H; this subgroup may arise from a recent merger, but velocity information is needed to assess the true nature of the objects.
Diastereoselective Pyrrolidine Synthesis via Copper Promoted Intramolecular Aminooxygenation of Alkenes; Formal Synthesis of (+)-Monomorine

The diastereoselectivity of the copper-promoted intramolecular aminooxygenation of various alkene substrates was investigated. α-Substituted 4-pentenyl sulfonamides favor the formation of 2,5-cis-pyrrolidines (dr >20:1) giving excellent yields which range from 76−97% while γ-substituted substrates favor the 2,3-trans pyrrolidine adducts with moderate selectivity (ca. 3:1). A substrate whose N-substituent was directly tethered to the α-carbon exclusively yielded the 2,5-trans pyrrolidine. The synthetic utility of the method was demonstrated by a short and efficient formal synthesis of (+)-monomorine.
MICROSATELLITE DNA EVIDENCE FOR GENE FLOW IN NEOTROPICAL LEK-MATING LONG-TAILED MANAKINS

Abstract I genotyped lek-mating Long-tailed Manakins (Chiroxiphia linearis) at Monteverde and Santa Rosa, Costa Rica, 115 km apart. Cavalli-Sforza distance was 0.04, DLR was 0.18, and RST and θ were both 0.02. Bayesian clustering analysis indicated that both populations were part of a single cluster rather than from distinct clusters. I present a binomial test for probability of allelic absence as a function of sample size. Genotypic likelihood tests assigned 50% of Monteverde birds to Santa Rosa, versus 26% of Santa Rosa birds to Monteverde. Two lines of evidence supported the idea of asymmetric gene flow up the elevational gradient from Santa Rosa to Monteverde. Low differentiation at this spatial scale, despite intense sexual selection, suggests that sexual selection alone is unlikely to promote rapid divergence leading to speciation. Reduced gene flow, produced by geographic barriers or behavioral factors, may also be required. Evidencia de Flujo Genico Mediante ADN Microsatelital en Chiroxiphia linea...
Mortality Change, the Uncertainty Effect, and Retirement

We examine the role of declining mortality in explaining the rise of retirement over the course of the twentieth century. We construct a model in which individuals make labor/leisure choices over their lifetimes subject to uncertainty about their dates of death. In an environment with high mortality, an individual who saves for retirement faces a high risk of dying before he can enjoy his planned leisure. In this case, the optimal plan is for people to work until they die. As mortality falls, however, it becomes optimal to plan, and save for, retirement. We analyze our model using two mathematical formulations of the survival function as well as data on actual changes in the US life table over the last century, and show that this “uncertainty effect” of declining mortality would have more than outweighed the “horizon effect” by which rising life expectancy would have led to later retirement.
Ni–Cr textured substrates with reduced ferromagnetism for coated conductor applications

Abstract A series of biaxially textured Ni1−xCrx materials, with compositions x=0, 7, 9, 11, and 13 at.%Cr, have been studied for use as substrate materials in coated conductor applications with high temperature superconductors. The magnetic properties were investigated, including the hysteretic loss in a Ni–7at.%Cr sample that was controllably deformed; for comparison, the loss was also measured in a similarly deformed pure Ni substrate. Complementary X-ray diffraction studies show that thermomechanical processing produces nearly complete {1 0 0}〈1 0 0〉 cube texturing, as desired for applications.
Cytogenetic Studies of Presumptively Monozygotic Twin Girls Discordant for Gonadal Dysgenesis

ABSTRACT Chromosomal constitution was studied in cells from several tissues in presumptively monozygotic twin girls discordant for gonadal dysgenesis and phenotype. Sex chromosomal mosaicism 45,X/47,XXX was found in cells from blood and bone marrow of both girls and in fibroblasts from the girl with gonadal dysgenesis, but only 47,XXX karyotypes were found in fibroblasts from her apparently normal sister. Heterogeneous distribution of cells with aberration of sex chromosomes is proposed to account for the difference in phenotypes.
Generation of Pi2 pulsations by intermittent earthward propagating dipolarization fronts: An MHD case study

[1] Using a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the magnetosphere during a disturbed interval on 14 September 2004, we have investigated fluctuations in plasma properties of the magnetotail in the Pi2 range and their relationship to dipolarization fronts (DFs). Results from the MHD simulation indicate that this event is a very active interval with variable convection and disorder in the tail on a range of scales as small as ∼1 RE. DFs are observed in the simulation at the leading edge of fast earthward flows that originate from reconnection regions that form between ∼−15 and −30 RE in the tail. Pi2 period fluctuations are identified in pressure, magnetic field, and velocity components inside −13 REfollowing each burst of DFs in the midnight sector. The fluctuations observed in the pressure appear to be generated by the successive DFs as they approach the interface between stretched tail field lines and dipolar field lines. Fluctuations in the velocity may be the result of interactions between successive DFs and are amplified directly following the passage of the DFs as they propagate earthward. Although the limited azimuthal extent of the pulsations near the plasma sheet, just inside of the braking region, makes it difficult to draw a direct comparison between the ground-based measurements and the pulsations at −6 RE, the temporal evolution of the simulated DFs and Pi2 pulsations approximately reproduces the timing of the variations observed by satellites and ground-based instruments. Therefore, we have been able to use the global simulation to track the bursty flows, dipolarization fronts, and associated Pi2 period fluctuations throughout the entire magnetosphere in order to understand the sources of the changes measured in the near-Earth region.
Software for Statistical Analyses

This article describes general-purpose statistical software packages and special-purpose packages for hierarchical linear modeling, meta-analysis, power analyses, qualitative data, and structural equation modeling. The packages are compared and the problems are identified. Additional sources of statistical software are listed and future improvements in statistical software are addressed. Keywords: statistical software; meta-analysis; power analysis; qualitative analysis; structural equation modeling; hierarchical linear modeling
The Social Brain, Stress, and Psychopathology

these domains are prominent with NMDA-channel blockade. As a phase 2 exploratory study, these results are quite encouraging and consistent with a priori hypotheses. And now the bad news. On January 21, 2014, Roche announced that 2 phase 3 trials of bitopertin for negative symptoms failed to achieve primary endpoints. Once again,we are faced with the dilemma of an initial rigorous trial providing support for a compound that is well grounded in preclinical andclinical studies, followedbya failure to replicate.Wemust wait until more information is available about the more recentnegativestudies todeterminewhether the failure to replicate can be understood by aspects of study design or implementation or by participant heterogeneity. It is clear that advances in basic neuroscience and drug developmentmust be matched by improved clinical trial methods including identificationofbiomarkers to reduce theproblemofpatientheterogeneity. Otherwise, promising new agents associated with moderate therapeutic effects may be abandoned despite the potential for largeandconsistenteffects if apersonalizedmedicine approach can be achieved.
Aggregating for accuracy: a closer look at sampling and accuracy in class action litigation

Courts and authors have suggested that, under certain circumstances, claim aggregation — and statistical sampling procedures in particular — can increase not only efficiency, but accuracy as well. Such assertions have been used to rebut anti-aggregation arguments that are based on the premise that accuracy cannot be sacrificed for the sake of efficiency. But assertions that sampling procedures can increase accuracy have been met with scepticism and a general unwillingness to rely on such assertions in real-world contexts. The skepticism is arguably due to the fact that legal scholarship has not begun to contemplate, in any rigorous form, the practical effect of sampling procedures on accuracy under real-world conditions of both claim variability and judgment variability, and with realistic constraints imposed by the law. In the current article, I introduce a framework for examining the conditions under which sampling can increase accuracy in the law. In particular, I introduce a model for studying the effects of sampling on accuracy, and for deriving the optimal sample size, with respect to accuracy, under conditions of claim and judgment variability, and with constraints described by reductive sampling. I then discuss a number of important extensions, such as methods for estimating variability parameters and the use of sequential sampling and stratification.
PMS6: a fast algorithm for motif discovery

We propose a new algorithm, PMS6, for the l,d-motif discovery problem in which we are to find all strings of length l that appear in every string of a given set of strings with at most d mismatches. The run time ratio PMS5/PMS6, where PMS5 is the fastest previously known algorithm for motif discovery in large instances, ranges from a high of 2.20 for the 21,8 challenge instances to a low of 1.69 for the 17,6 challenge instances. Both PMS5 and PMS6 require some amount of pre-processing. The pre-processing time for PMS6 is 34 times faster than that for PMS5 for 23,9 instances. When pre-processing time is factored in, the run time ratio PMS5/PMS6 is as high as 2.75 for 13,4 instances and as low as 1.95 for 17,6 instances.
The State of Environmental and Resource Economics: A Google Scholar Perspective

AbstractUntil recently, ISI Thompson's Web of Science/Social Sciences Citation Index was the only rigorous tool for tracking citation counts of academic research papers. The recent emergence of Goo...
Reviewers' Responses to Expectations about the Client and the Preparer

Reviewers use expectations about the client and preparer to help form perceptions of the probability of preparer error and relative accountability to the client and financial statement users (Gibbins and Trotman 2002; Rich et al. 1997b). Experimental findings suggest these perceptions interact to affect reviewers' agreement with the preparers' work and decisions about the amount of preparer follow‐up work required. Further, the nature of reviewer cognition, as measured by the relative proportion of critical and supportive reviewer elaboration explains a significant portion of the effect of these perceptions on reviewer judgment and decisions. Elaboration is a stage of reviewers' judgment and decision‐making processes in which the reviewer assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the preparer's work (Petty and Cacioppo 1986; Rich et al. 1997b; Lerner and Tetlock 1999). Although the extent of reviewer elaboration is also affected by expectations about the client and the preparer, extent of elaboration does ...