cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young children ( 12 yr) with type 1 diabetes mellitus have low rate of partial remission: diabetic ketoacidosis is an important risk factor.

Objective: To determine whether there are different rates of partial remission in preschool, school-age children, and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to identify clinical characteristics that are associated with increased rate of partial remission. Design/methods: A total of 152 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed T1DM in 2004 were studied. Clinical characteristics at diagnosis, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), and total daily insulin dose (TDD) at 3-month interval follow-up for 1 yr were analyzed in each age-group (group 1, aged 12 yr). Partial remission was defined as TDD <0.5 units/kg/d with HbA1C <8% assessed at 6 months after diagnosis. Results: Young children (group 1, 26.8%) and adolescents (group 3, 29%) had low rates of partial remission compared with school-age children (group 2, 56%, p = 0.002). There were no differences in the rates of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), autoantibody frequency, and HbA1C at diagnosis between age-groups. DKA at diagnosis was associated with less likelihood of having partial remission (p < 0.001). There were no associations between gender, autoantibodies, and HbA1C at diagnosis and the rate of partial remission. Conclusions: Young children and adolescent children with T1DM had a low rate of partial remission. Metabolic control was poorest in young children, whereas higher dose insulin in adolescents because of insulin resistance contributes to less likelihood of having partial remission. DKA at diagnosis was associated with low rate of partial remission. It is possible that the low frequency of honeymoon phase in young children reflects more aggressive beta-cell destruction in young children.
The mechanism of reactions of organopalladium salts with vinylcyclopropanes

Abstract Cyclopropylmercuric chloride, lithium chloropalladite and methyl acrylate react at 0–25°C to give an 81% yield of methyl sorbate. A π-allylic palladium intermediate is proposed since vinylcyclopropane, carbomethoxymercuric acetate, and lithium chloropalladate give the same product. The corresponding reactions with styrene and cyclopropylmercuric chloride or vinylcyclopropane and phenylmercuric chloride also give the same, isolable π-allylic palladium complex. Deuterium labeling experiments support the occurrence of a common intermediate in the two reactions. 1,1-Dicarboethoxy-2-vinylcyclopropane reacts similarly with “phenylpalladium chloride” but the π-allylic product has the palladium attached at the benzyl carbon rather than the next carbon away. The reaction with “phenylpalladium acetate” in place of the chloride yields only dienes. Studies with the deuterated vinylcyclopropane diester suggest that the mode of elimination from the initial palladium adduct is strongly influenced by the anion present. The reaction of “cyclopropylpalladium chloride” with alkenes appears to be a general method for preparing, selectively, internal π-allylic palladium complexes.
America Online volunteers Lessons from an early co-production community

A B S T R A C T ￻ This article continues previous work that analysed the case of America Online (AOL) volunteers from critical perspectives of immaterial and free labor, and incorporates newly acquired documents and interviews by the United States Department of Labor (DOL) with volunteers. Specifically, this article puts forth the AOL volunteers’ case as an instance of co-production that eventually met its demise when organizational changes resulted in the rise of a labor consciousness among some volunteers that made the ongoing relationship impossible. This article shows the types of co-productive labor that took place during the height of the AOL/volunteer relationship and the structures put in place to help AOL harness the power of a free distributed workforce. The research posits that the success of the co-productive relationship was a function of a balance between a numbers of elements: (1) the perceived reasonable compensation on the part of volunteers, (2) social factors and attitudes towards work such as a sense of community, creativity, and (3) a sense of accomplishment. ￻
ShapeLab: A Unified Framework for 2D & 3D Shape Retrieval

2D or 3D shapes are the most important visual information that we use to recognize an object. We propose a unified framework "ShapeLab" to search similar 2D or 3D shapes from an existing database. Users can search 3D shapes with a 2D input, and vice versa. ShapeLab is composed of four key components: (1) pose determination for 3D models; (2) 2D orthogonal view generation based on multiple levels of detail; (3) similarity measurement between 2D shapes; and (4) freehand sketch-based user interface. Key algorithms supporting the above components are briefly described. Experiments show ShapeLab can provide a better performance such as high accuracy, flexibility and scalability compared to the available methods.
A Direct-Reading Polychromator for Emission Spectroscopy

Construction and use of a photomultiplier-tube direct-reading polychromator for emission spectroscopy is described for application to measurement of spectral line intensities from plumes generated by a ruby laser microprobe. Simultaneous correction for background adjacent to each spectral line measured is provided. Advantages include capability of external precision alignment and the use of optically and electronically matched components for recording the line and background intensities. Although the unit is adaptable to commercial spectrographs, the polychromator constructed was made to fit a Czerny-Turner, f/6.3, emission spectrograph (Jarrell-Ash Co., Waltham, Mass.) which had been designed for photographic recording.
The Empire of Direct Sales and the Making of Thai Entrepreneurs

This article offers an ethnographic investigation of contemporary capitalist discourses about entrepreneurship by exploring the expanse of the direct sales industry into Thailand. Direct selling is...
Macroeconomic policy and the pricing behavior of imperfectly competitive firms

This paper develops theoretical models of the effect of expansionary macroeconomic policy on the pricing behavior of pure monopolist and oligopolist firms. A number of factors are identified which affect the magnitude of the price change chosen by an imperfectly competitive firm in response to macro policy action. The behavior of oligopolistic firms in response to macro policy changes is found to be influenced by the fact that expansionary macro policy initially impacts on industry demand rather than firm demand, and that the oligopolist's consequent pricing behavior will affect the share of the industry demand increase which it is able to appropriate.
The Suffocation of Marriage: Climbing Mount Maslow Without Enough Oxygen

This article distills insights from historical, sociological, and psychological perspectives on marriage to develop the suffocation model of marriage in America. According to this model, contemporary Americans are asking their marriage to help them fulfill different sets of goals than in the past. Whereas they ask their marriage to help them fulfill their physiological and safety needs much less than in the past, they ask it to help them fulfill their esteem and self-actualization needs much more than in the past. Asking the marriage to help them fulfill the latter, higher level needs typically requires sufficient investment of time and psychological resources to ensure that the two spouses develop a deep bond and profound insight into each other’s essential qualities. Although some spouses are investing sufficient resources—and reaping the marital and psychological benefits of doing so—most are not. Indeed, they are, on average, investing less than in the past. As a result, mean levels of marital quality and personal well-being are declining over time. According to the suffocation model, spouses who are struggling with an imbalance between what they are asking from their marriage and what they are investing in it have several promising options for corrective action: intervening to optimize their available resources, increasing their investment of resources in the marriage, and asking less of the marriage in terms of facilitating the fulfillment of spouses’ higher needs. Discussion explores the implications of the suffocation model for understanding dating and courtship, sociodemographic variation, and marriage beyond American’s borders.
Neurons in Human Temporal Cortex Active with Verbal Associative Learning

Abstract In neuronal activity recorded from human middle temporal gyrus during learning of associations between word pairs, a population was identified that had greater activity for associations that were learned rapidly during initial encoding compared to those learned slowly or not at all by an individual subject. This population can be separated from other neurons by the combination of inhibition during word reading when no learning is required and excitation during recent memory for words. These neurons are present in both hemispheres, predominately in deeper layers of cortex. During initial encoding, the increased activity appears at presentation of all word pairs but persists for several seconds only for the rapidly learned pairs, likely reflecting rehersal of items being learned. Human associative learning is related to activity of this specific population of “association” neurons, identified here for the first time.
Communication of results and utilization in participatory program evaluation

Abstract This paper explores the linkages between utilization and stakeholder participation in the evaluation process, specifically in the communication of results phase of evaluation. It is argued that key elements of a participatory evaluation process can be linked to meaningful and multiple forms of results utilization through cognitive and political uses of the evaluation process. Data from two small-scale participatory evaluations are used to support this argument.
Evaluating plant volatiles for monitoring natural enemies in apple, pear and walnut orchards

Abstract The ability to estimate natural enemy abundance is crucial to the integration of biological control into IPM programs. Traditional sampling approaches for natural enemies are few and most are inefficient, but recent studies suggest attraction of natural enemies to plant volatiles may be a useful proxy for direct sampling. We evaluated various combinations of herbivore-induced plant volatiles and floral volatiles as monitoring tools for natural enemies found in apple, pear, and walnut orchards in California, Oregon, and Washington. In 2010 we used a full factorial experimental designs to evaluate lures for all combinations of acetic acid (AA), acetophenone (AP), phenylacetaldehyde (PAA) and 2-phenylethanol (PE). Of nine natural enemy taxa analyzed, we found syrphid flies responded strongly to PE, but combining AA with PE attenuated trap catch and combining PAA to PE eliminated the activity of PE. Chrysoperla spp. (Chrysopidae) responded strongly to most of the individual compounds and the various interactions between the components allowed multiple ways to achieve roughly the same trap catch. All of the hymenopteran taxa collected responded strongly to PAA, and PAA containing lures were nearly always a component of the top eight lures. A smaller factorial experiment testing all possible combinations of AA, PAA and methyl salicylate (MS) showed that single component AA or MS lures were generally not significantly different than the controls for all taxa tested, but for the hymenopteran taxa, traps baited with MS+PAA performed the best or were not significantly different than the best performing lure. A 2011 trial was conducted to test the influence of the addition of AA and/or MS on previously tested lures. Combining AA or MS with other lures, improved the capture of Chrysoperla spp.; Scaeva pyrastri (L.) (Syrphidae) capture was enhanced when MS was used with PE; and PE was attractive to the three syrphid flies, Chrysoperla spp., and the parasitoid Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Aphelinidae). The differential responses to various blends exhibited among taxa show that combinations of plant volatiles can be chosen to increase specificity of attraction to a few taxa or increase the number of species attracted. This flexibility should add to the general value and breadth of use of plant volatile monitoring lures.
Identifying Patterns of Early Risk for Mental Health and Academic Problems in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study of Urban Youth

This investigation examined profiles of individual, academic, and social risks in elementary school, and their association with mental health and academic difficulties in adolescence. Latent profile analyses of data from 574 urban youth revealed three risk classes. Children with the "well-adjusted" class had assets in the academic and social domains, low aggressive behavior, and low depressive symptoms in elementary school, and low rates of academic and mental health problems in adolescence. Children in the "behavior-academic-peer risk" class, characterized by high aggressive behavior, low academic achievement, and low peer acceptance, had conduct problems, academic difficulties, and increased mental health service use in adolescence. Children with the "academic-peer risk" class also had academic and peer problems but they were less aggressive and had higher depressive symptoms than the "behavior-academic-peer risk" class in the first grade; the "academic-peer risk" class had depression, conduct problems, academic difficulties, and increased mental health service use during adolescence. No differences were found between the risk classes with respect to adolescent outcomes.
Rearrangement of Host Layers upon the Insertion of Organic Cations: Synthesis and Structure of (CH3NH3)MnTe2

Microcrystalline (CH3NH3)MnTe2 was prepared by the reaction of LiMnTe2 and CH3NH3Cl in methanol at room temperature. The rearrangement of hexagonal [MnTeTe3/3] layers in LiMnTe2 to the tetragonal [MnTe4/2] layers found in (CH3NH3)MnTe2 is unprecedented and probably results from the dissolution of a small amount of LiMnTe2 with regrowth to accommodate bigger cations. Molecular mechanics calculations suggest that CH3NH3+ molecules are alternatively aligned (“up” and “down”) and tilted about 15° with respect to the c axis.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROPERTIES OF STERILE BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA

Sterile plain broth contains an active oxidation-reduction system, the characteristics of which have been analyzed. 1. Intensity factor: Under vaseline seal, the lot of broth used in these experiments reaches a reduction potential corresponding to reduced indigo disulfonate (rH = 10). All the indicators with a more positive E0' are reduced, the others are not affected. It seems probable that fresh broth, which has not undergone oxidation by molecular oxygen, would give a higher reduction potential. 2. Capacity factor: The maximum amounts of different indicators that can be reduced correspond to equimolecular concentrations. This seems to indicate either (a) that the broth does not contain several "independent" reducing systems (at least in appreciable amounts), or (b) that these hypothetical "independent" systems all have about the same reduction potential. 3. Time factor: The different indicators of oxidation-reduction potentials are reduced in the order of the electromotive series. 4. Nature of the system: The system seems to be reversible (this not excluding the possibility of irreversible autoxidations) and does not appear to be of the nature of a sugar. The relation of these phenomena to the cultivation of different species of bacteria will be reported later.
The Clinical Significance of Incidental Computer Tomography Finding of Gastrointestinal Luminal Wall Thickening as Evaluated by Endoscopy

The widespread use of computerized tomography in evaluating patients with various abdominal complaints gave rise to reports of incidental gastrointestinal luminal wall thickening (GILWT), the clinical significance of which remains uncertain. In order to determine the endoscopic significance of GILWT we reviewed 1609 abdominal and/or pelvic CT scans. Ninety-two patients with GILWT were identified. Patients with obvious clinical cause of this abnormality were excluded from the study. The median age of the patients was 58 years, with no significant difference in gender distribution. The GILWTs were distributed along the GI tract as follows: 24 upper (esophageal, gastric, and duodenum), 13 small intestine (jejunum and ileum), 3 combined small and large intestine, and 52 colon. Fifty of these patients underwent endoscopic evaluation. Six patients (12%) had cancer, all of which involved the colon. The endoscopy was unremarkable in 19 (38%) and revealed a nonmalignant finding in the remaining 25 patients (50%). None of the upper GI or small bowel GILWTs were malignant, while 6 of the 34 colonic GILWTs (18%) were malignant. The mean age of the colonic GILWT group was 59. None of the patients younger than 50 had cancer, while 6 of the 24 older patients (25%) had colon cancer. We conclude that as GILWT is not a common finding and could be the initial presentation of malignancy, particularly when involving the colon in patients older than 50, endoscopic evaluation should be strongly recommended in patients who do not have an alternative diagnosis that can satisfactorily explain GILWT.
Incidence of vascular complications during lateral lumbar interbody fusion: an examination of the mini-open access technique

This article examines the incidence and management of vascular injury during Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (LLIF). The details of the mini-open access technique are presented. A total of 900 patients who underwent a LLIF at an average 1.94 levels (range: 1–5 levels) by one of six fellowship trained surgeons on 1,754 levels from 2006 to 2013 were identified. The incidence of intraoperative vascular injury was retrospectively determined from the Operative Records. The management of vascular injury was evaluated. The mini-open access adapted by our institution for LLIF is described. The incidence of major vascular complication in our series was 1/900. The incidence of minor vascular injury was 4/900. The overall incidence of vascular injury was calculated to be 0.056 % per case and 0.029 % per level. All minor vascular injuries were identified to be segmental vessel lacerations, which were readily ligated under direct visualization without further extension of the incision with no clinical sequelae. The laceration of the abdominal aorta, the major vascular complication of this series, was emergently repaired through an exploratory laparotomy. None of the patients suffered long-term sequelae from their intraoperative vascular injuries. The mini-open lateral access technique for LLIF provides for minimal risk of vascular injury to the lumbar spine. In the rare event of minor vascular injury, the mini-open access approach allows for immediate visualization, confirmation and repair of the vessel with no long-term sequelae.
Ozone-induced necrosis and increased peroxidase activity in hybrid poplar (Populus sp.) leaves

Abstract Peroxidase activity was assayed in leaves from two positions (nodes 5 and 15) along the stems of four clones of hybrid poplar ( Populus sp.) that had been fumigated with ozone at 0.15 μl/l for up to 6 weeks. Two clones were designated ozone-sensitive, and two were designated ozone-resistant according to the amount of ozone-induced injury that developed. Ozone-induced lesions were seen on leaves at both sampled nodes of the sensitive clones and on the leaves at node 15 on one of the resistant clones. Peroxidase activity was higher in leaves from the sensitive clones than in leaves from the resistant clones and higher in old (node 15) leaves than in young (node 5) leaves. These results are discussed in terms of a possible mediating effect of peroxidase activity on ozone-induced foliar injury.
Molecular dynamic simulation of tip-polymer interaction in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

We present a molecular dynamic study of the interaction between an amorphous silica tip (SiO2) and an amorphous poly-(methyl-methacrylate) substrate under conditions relevant for tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. To capture the actual dynamics of the tip, we use the dynamic contact simulation method [Kim et al., J. Appl. Phys. 112, 094325 (2012)]. We obtain force-displacement relationships both for neat polymer substrates and a sample with a sub-surface nanotube and extract the local stiffness and energy dissipation per cycle. The simulations capture non-trivial aspects of the interaction that originate from the viscoelastic nature of the polymer including an increase in repulsive interaction force during approach with tip velocity and an increase in adhesion during retraction with decreasing tip velocity. Scans of local stiffness and dissipation over the samples reveal intrinsic variability in the amorphous polymer but also the effect of local surface topography on the extracted properties as well as the ability of the method to detect a sub-surface nanotube. This insight and quantitative data should be valuable to interpret the results of atomic force microscopy studies.
The influence of deductible health plans on receipt of the human papillomavirus vaccine series.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate whether enrollment in deductible health plans (DHP) with higher patient cost-sharing requirements than traditional health maintenance organization plans (HMP) decreased initiation and completion of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series recommended for prevention of cervical cancer. Methods This was a retrospective observational study of 9- to 26-year-old females at Kaiser Permanente Georgia and Kaiser Permanente Colorado who were HPV vaccine naive at time of enrollment in a self-pay DHP or HMP in 2007. Estimates of rates of initiation and completion of the HPV vaccine series from plan enrollment in 2007 through December 2009 were obtained using Cox proportional hazards regressions (accounting for censoring) on samples matched on the propensity to enroll in a DHP versus HMP. Results Initiation of the HPV vaccine series was 22.2% and 24.4% in the DHP and HMP groups, respectively, at Kaiser Permanente Georgia; completion was 12.3% and 14.4% in the DHP and HMP groups, respectively. Human papillomavirus vaccine series initiation was higher at Kaiser Permanente Colorado, but completion was lower. In the Cox proportional hazards regressions, rates of initiation and completion of the HPV vaccine series did not differ significantly ( p ≤ .05) by plan type (DHP vs. HMP) at both sites. The primary care visit rate included in these regressions had a significant, positive association with initiation and completion of the HPV vaccine series. Conclusions Enrollment in a DHP versus an HMP did not directly affect initiation or completion of the HPV vaccine series among age-eligible females. Independent of plan type, more frequent primary care visits increased initiation and completion rates.
Post-mortem examination of dopaminergic parameters in Alzheimer's disease: relationship to noncognitive symptoms.

Abstract Dopaminergic mechanisms have been implicated in depression, agitation, and psychosis—symptoms that are frequently observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a longitudinal study, 23 prospectively assessed AD patients underwent autopsies in which concentrations of dopamine, homovanillic acid, and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were assayed in the temporal lobe (Brodmann areas 20 and 21). Data-reduction techniques were used to minimize the number of relationships tested. For this series of AD patients, no significant correlation was found between indices of dopaminergic neurotransmission and maximal severity of psychosis, depression, or agitation.
From Latour to late industrialism

I situate Latour’s latest project—An Inquiry into Modes of Existence (AIME)—in the context of late industrialism and query both its conceptual underpinnings and the design of its digital platform. I argue that Latour’s semiotics (and associated conceptions of both networks and ontologies) are functionalist in a way that mimics industrial logic, discounting both the production of hierarchical differentiation within a given system, and the system’s externalizations. The approach thus underestimates the toxicity of its vitalism.
C1-C2 pedicle screw fixation with rigid cantilever beam construct: case report and technical note.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Transarticular screw fixation of the C1-C2 complex provides immediate rigid fixation of the unstable spine. The technique is not feasible in a certain proportion of patients because of the position of the vertebral artery or the patient's body habitus. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The authors describe a rigid screw technique for the surgical treatment of a woman who was excluded as a candidate for C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation. TECHNIQUE: C1-C2 pedicle screw fixation was achieved using a fixed moment arm cantilever beam system. This system provided immediate rigid fixation of the C1-C2 complex in a patient who was not a candidate for transarticular screw fixation. CONCLUSION: This technique is technically more forgiving than posterior transarticular screw fixation and may be applied to a broader spectrum of patients.
H2+ traversing ultra-thin carbon foils: Cluster effects in the energy loss at 12.5 and 25 keV/amu

Abstract Bound (H 2 + ) and unbound (H + H 0 ) diproton clusters traversing thin foils suffer different energy loss (per proton) than do single protons of the same velocity. We report measurements for 12.5 and 25 keV/amu hydrogen ions on 0.3 to 1.1 μg/cm 2 carbon targets. The mean energy losses of H + , H 2 + and H + from H 2 + dissociation are measured from detailed momentum spectra obtained with a magnetic sector spectrometer in the scanning transmission ion microscope (STIM). The energy loss per amu of the emerging bound H 2 + ions is consistently lower (by 10–20%) than that of protons of the same velocity. That of protons in the center peak of the dissociation spectra is increasingly higher the thinner the foil (by 20–100%), to approach the loss rate expected for a united diproton. These results are analyzed in terms of interference effects in the electronic stopping as a function of internuclear separation and orientation. Surface effects may explain the anomalously large cluster interference observed.
Sorption of water by wool

A model for the system of wool plus sorbed water is proposed in which the sorbed water consists of three distinct molecular species: localized water irrotationally bound to localized sites in the fiber, mobile water with properties identical to bulk water, and intermediate water with a potential energy of sorption between that of the localized and mobile water. The theoretical isotherm for this system has been determined from statistical considerations and compared with the experimental isotherm for wool reduced to one hydrostatic pressure. The statistical parameters of the model have been evaluated thereby and the distribution of the sorbed water among the three energy states inferred. The nature of the localized sites and the properties of the sorbed water are discussed. The model is applied to the interpretation of data on the microwave dielectric behavior of wool–water systems, the heat of wetting of wool, and the effects of sorbed water upon the elastic properties of the fiber.
Testing Multiparameter Hypotheses

Let the distribution of some random variables depend on real parameters θ1, • • •, θs and consider the hypothesis H: θi ≦ θi*, i = 1, • • •,s. It is shown under certain regularity assumptions that unbiased tests of H do not exist. Tests of minimum bias and other types of minimax tests are derived under suitable monotonicity conditions. Certain related multidecision problems are discussed and two-sided hypotheses are considered very briefly.
An Integrated Model of Patient Safety and Quality of Care

Our perceptions of the factors that contribute to deficits in patient safety and which strategies are effective in improving quality of care have evolved significantly. As we mark the 10th anniversary of the first dedicated patient safety teaching course at the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) annual meeting,1 a reassessment of these changes could help shape educational and research endeavors going forward. There are at least two significant components of this shift in perspective. First, educational strategies in plastic surgery, as in all of medicine, have historically emanated from an apparent belief that deficits in knowledge are the source of patient safety and quality of care (QOC) problems; hence, disseminating knowledge is the logical key to improvement. However, in 1999, the Institute of Medicine’s Committee on Quality of Healthcare in America published a landmark report, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System ,2 which was reinforced by a second report in 2001, Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health Care System for the 21st Century ,3 both of which challenged this belief. These reports brought into sharp focus the fact that patient safety and QOC issues in modern medicine often stem not from a lack of knowledge but from deficient systems, processes, and environments. According to the Joint Commission, more than 70% of patient safety issues are related to these factors.4 In essence, the problem is not so …
Early Molecular Response of Marrow Disease to Biologic Therapy Is Highly Prognostic in Neuroblastoma

Purpose: A promising treatment strategy for stage 4 neuroblastoma patients is the repeated application of anti-GD2 immunotherapy after activating myeloid effectors with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). To use early marrow response as a prognostic marker is particularly relevant for patients not likely to benefit from this therapy. Patients and Methods: Eighty-six stage 4 neuroblastoma patients older than 1 year at diagnosis were classified in four clinical groups on protocol entry: complete remission or very good partial remission (n = 33), primary refractory (n = 33), secondary refractory (n = 10), and progressive disease (n = 10). Bone marrow samples collected before and following treatment were assayed for GD2 synthase mRNA by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Response and survival analyses were performed on posttreatment samples before the third cycle at 1.8 months from protocol entry. Results: GD2 synthase mRNA was evident in pretreatment marrow samp...
Abstraction mechanisms in hypertext

Abstraction is the means by which information can be stored and retrieved from an information structure at different levels of detail and from different perspectives. As such, abstraction mechanisms in hypertext are interesting to study and evaluate. In this paper we study the abstraction mechanisms in hypertext from a theoretical perspective. Abstractions then become various first-order logic formulae. Specifically we consider abstractions: sets, sequences, aggregations, generalizations, revisions, and information structures. Interesting results of this work are the definition of level of generality of a hypertext node, the demonstration of revision histories as a partial order, and the notion of compatible-similar nodes. Also defined in this paper is the notion of primitive hypertexts versus application hypertexts, and the usage of attributes of nodes (illustrated by the use of keywords) across various abstractions. An illustration of the concepts is given using the contexts mechanism suggested by Delisle and Schwartz [DS87].
From Guidance Signals to Movement: Signaling Molecules Governing Growth Cone Turning:

Directed growth cone movements in response to external guidance signals are required for the establishment of functional neuronal connections during development, adult nerve regeneration, and adult neurogenesis. Growth cone intrinsic properties permit different growth cone responses (e.g., attraction or repulsion) to a guidance signal, and alterations to these intrinsic properties often result in opposite growth cone responses. This article reviews the current knowledge of growth cone signaling, emphasizing the dependency of Ca2+ signaling on membrane potential shifts, and cyclic nucleotide and phosphoinositide signaling pathways during growth cone turning in response to guidance signals. We also discuss how asymmetrical growth cone signaling is achieved for the fine-tuned growth cone movement.
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Comparisons Among Broiler Lines Selected for Incidence of Tibial Dyschondroplasia

Abstract Lines selected for high (H) and low (L) incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) for eight generations and a randombred control (C) line of broiler chickens were fingerprinted by random amplification of genomic DNA mixed from 20 individuals of each line with 20 oligonucleotide primers. Among these 20 primers, 15 could distinguish the H from the L line, 14 the H from the C line, and 13 the L from the C line. Band sharing (BS), on the average over 20 primers, was .7 for the H vs L comparison and .8 for both H vs C and L vs C comparisons. The levels of BS calculated from individuals was .6 between the H and L line, .7 between the H and C line, and .7 between the L and C line. The ranking of BS values obtained from individual DNA samples was consistent with that obtained from the mixed mixed DNA samples. Genomic distance between divergently selected lines (H vs L) was larger than that between the divergently selected lines and randombred line (H vs C and L vs C). Individual variation within lines was detected in spite of eight generations of selection. Results showed that eight generations of divergent selection for TD incidence in broiler chickens had resulted in genetic variation among lines. The procedure of random amplified polymorphic DNA assay using mixed DNA samples could be used to evaluate genetic distance among lines of chickens.
Selective all-pole modeling of degraded speech using M-band decomposition

This paper describes a speech enhancement system which exploits both time- and frequency-localized behavior. The local characteristics are obtained from stationary regions selected by M-band decomposition with an adaptive analysis window. The spectrum of each selected region is estimated with an all-pole model. In order to model only the spectral region of interest, selective linear prediction (SLP) is used. By modeling the local spectrum, either independently or dependently, with respect to other enhanced spectral regions, and adjusting the model order to the local characteristics, a balanced-tradeoff between noise reduction and speech distortion can be achieved.
Zooplanktivory ameliorates the effects of ocean acidification on the reef coral Porites spp

I tested the hypothesis that the effects of high pCO2 and temperature on massive Porites spp. (Scleractinia) are modified by heterotrophic feeding (zooplanktivory). Small colonies of massive Porites spp. from the back reef of Moorea, French Polynesia, were incubated for 1 month under combinations of temperature (29.3°C vs. 25.6°C), pCO2 (41.6 vs. 81.5 Pa), and feeding regimes (none vs. ad libitum access to live Artemia spp.), with the response assessed using calcification and biomass. Area-normalized calcification was unaffected by pCO2, temperature, and the interaction between the two, although it increased 40% with feeding. Biomass increased 35% with feeding and tended to be higher at 25.6°C compared to 29.3°C, and as a result, biomass-normalized calcification statistically was unaffected by feeding, but was depressed 12–17% by high pCO2, with the effect accentuated at 25.6°C. These results show that massive Porites spp. has the capacity to resist the effects on calcification of 1 month exposure to 81.5 Pa pCO2 through heterotrophy and changes in biomass. Area-normalized calcification is sustained at high pCO2 by a greater biomass with a reduced biomass-normalized rate of calcification. This mechanism may play a role in determining the extent to which corals can resist the long-term effects of ocean acidification.
Development of newly formed nephrons in the goldfish kidney following hexachlorobutadiene-induced nephrotoxicity.

. New nephrons developed in goldfish, Carassius auratus, several weeks following hexachlorobutadiene­ induced (HCBD) nephrotoxicity. Basophilic clusters of presumptive nephrogenic cells incorporated 5-bromo 2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) one week after HCBD injection, indicating initiation of DNA synthesis. These clusters' ~ike renal vesicles in t~e developing kidney, elongated, fused with collecting ducts and developed into Immature nephrons dunng the next 2 weeks. Stereologic quantification showed the volume percent of the kidney occupied by the developing nephrons was greater in HCBD-treated fish 2 3 4 and 10 weeks after injection than in the control fish. The presence of large numbers of developing'nephrons may provide a marker for renal injury in fish from contaminated waterways.
N‐methyl‐substituted aromatic polyamides

A series of N-methyl-substituted aromatic polyamides derived from the secondary aromatic diamines 4,4′-bis(methylamino)diphenylmethane, 3,3′-bis(methylamino)diphenylmethane, 4,4′-bis(methylamino)benzophenone or 3,3′-bis(methylamino)benzophenone and isophthaloyl dichloride, and terephthaloyl dichloride or 3,3′-diphenylmethane dicarboxylic acid dichloride was prepared by high-temperature solution polymerization in s-tetrachloroethane. Compared with analogous unsubstituted and partly N-methylated aromatic polyamides, the full N-methylated polyamides exhibited significantly lower glass transition temperatures (Tg), reduced crystallinity, improved thermal stability, and good solubility in chlorinated solvents.
RhuR, an Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factor Activator, Is Essential for Heme-Dependent Expression of the Outer Membrane Heme and Hemoprotein Receptor of Bordetella avium

Genes involved in iron (Fe) acquisition often are regulated in response to the local availability of Fe. In many bacteria, Fe-dependent responsiveness is mediated by Fur, a global Fe-dependent transcriptional repressor. Tighter regulatory control of Fur-responsive genes is afforded by incorporating additional regulators into Fur-dependent regulatory cascades. RhuI, a Fur-dependent extracytoplasmic function sigma factor of Bordetella avium, in response to the dual stimulation of Fe starvation and the presence of heme (or hemoproteins), regulates PbhuR, a heme-responsive promoter which directs expression of the bhuRSTUV heme utilization operon. While BhuR, the outer membrane heme receptor, and RhuI have been shown to be indispensable for heme-dependent activation of PbhuR, collateral components of the regulatory cascade have not been described. In this investigation, RhuR, an integral cytoplasmic membrane protein with homology to anti-sigma factors, is shown to be an essential activator of PbhuR expression. The functional domain of RhuR required for heme-dependent activation of PbhuR expression was mapped to the N-terminal 97 amino acids of the protein by use of a chimeric RhuR-BlaM fusion. Expression of the chimera in a rhuR mutant rendered PbhuR constitutive, thereby decoupling the promoter from heme dependency. Growth studies confirmed that B. avium requires RhuR for optimal utilization of hemoglobin, but not hemin, as a sole source of nutrient Fe. These data imply that B. avium expresses, in addition to the BhuR heme/hemoprotein utilization system, an alternative RhuR-independent heme utilization mechanism. A model is proposed in which RhuR is the functional bridge between BhuR and RhuI in a heme-dependent regulatory cascade.
Constraints on mechanisms and rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane by microbial consortia: process-based modeling of ANME-2 archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria interactions

Abstract. Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is the main process responsible for the removal of methane generated in Earth's marine subsurface environments. However, the biochemical mechanism of AOM remains elusive. By explicitly resolving the observed spatial arrangement of methanotrophic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria found in consortia mediating AOM, potential intermediates involved in the electron transfer between the methane oxidizing and sulfate reducing partners were investigated via a consortium-scale reaction transport model that integrates the effect of diffusional transport with thermodynamic and kinetic controls on microbial activity. Model simulations were used to assess the impact of poorly constrained microbial characteristics such as minimum energy requirements to sustain metabolism and cell specific rates. The role of environmental conditions such as the influence of methane levels on the feasibility of H2, formate and acetate as intermediate species, and the impact of the abundance of intermediate species on pathway reversal were examined. The results show that higher production rates of intermediates via AOM lead to increased diffusive fluxes from the methane oxidizing archaea to sulfate reducing bacteria, but the build-up of the exchangeable species can cause the energy yield of AOM to drop below that required for ATP production. Comparison to data from laboratory experiments shows that under the experimental conditions of Nauhaus et al. (2007), none of the potential intermediates considered here is able to support metabolic activity matching the measured rates.
Roughness models for particle adhesion

The effects of different surface roughness models on a previously developed van der Waals adhesion model were examined. The van der Waals adhesion model represented surface roughness with a distribution of hemispherical asperities. It was found that the constraints used to define the asperity distribution on the surface, which were determined from AFM scans, varied with scan size and thus were not constant for all surfaces examined. The greatest variation in these parameters occurred with materials that had large asperities or with materials where a large fraction of the surface was covered by asperities. These rough surfaces were modeled with fractals and also with a fast Fourier transform algorithm. When the model surfaces generated using the Fourier transforms are used in the adhesion model, the model accurately predicts the experimentally observed adhesion forces measured with the AFM.
An update on new immunosuppressive drugs undergoing preclinical and clinical trials: Potential applications in organ transplantation

Recent advances in immunobiology and immunopharmacology have led to a better understanding of the actions of immunosuppressive drugs. Over the past 2 years, a number of new agents have been approved for use in solid organ transplant recipients. In addition, new immunosuppressive agents are being tested in preclinical and clinical trials, leading to the promise of an exciting future in organ transplantation. This report reviews the mechanisms of action and the potential future role of these agents in clinical transplantation.
An Arabidopsis chloroplast RNA-binding protein gene encodes multiple mRNAs with different 5' ends.

An Arabidopsis cDNA (Atrbp33) encoding a nuclear-encoded chloroplast RNA-binding protein (RBP) has been isolated (A.J.DeLisle [1993] Plant Physiol 102: 313–314). ATRBP33 shares global structural homology with all known chloroplast RBPs: a chloroplast transit peptide in the amino terminus, followed by a unique acidic domain and a tandem pair of ribonucleoprotein consensus sequence-type RNA-binding domains in the carboxyl end. In vitro translation products of Atrbp33 were found to be imported into chloroplasts, suggesting that ATRBP33 is localized in chloroplasts. The expression of Atrbp33 was higher in chloroplast-containing organs than in nonchloroplast-containing organs. Furthermore, Atrbp33 was expressed in a light-dependent manner. These features are consistent with its postulated role in posttranscriptional control of chloroplast genes. Northern analyses and RNase protection assays showed that as many as nine messages are encoded by the single Atrbp33 gene. Sequence analysis of the cDNAs indicated that some of the transcripts have truncated 5[prime] ends. Most interestingly, the multiple mRNAs potentially encode different polypeptides, one of which lacks a chloroplast transit peptide and acidic domain and contains only one intact RNA-binding domain. Unlike the chloroplast-localized ATRBP33, the truncated polypeptide may function in other cellular compartments.
RECOMBINATION AT THE BAR LOCUS IN AN INVERTED ATTACHED- X SYSTEM IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

ABSTRACT Recombination at the Bar locus in Drosophila melanogaster was investigated in an inverted attached- X system which enhanced the frequency of homozygosis for the Bar region. Females among the progeny of homozygous B mothers were searched for changes of B to BB and to B +. Marker genes were followed and exceptional half-tetrads were analyzed in regard to two hypotheses: that of exchange between obliquely synapsed members of the duplication, which is associated with exchange of outside markers, and that of intrachromosomal exchange, which does not involve recombination of markers.—Recombinant exceptions of B + / BB genotype, carrying the outside marker combinations predicted on the hypothesis of exchange between obliquely synapsed duplication members, were encountered repeatedly. It is established that B + and BB strands are reciprocal products of the same event.—Twelve nonrecombinant exceptional strands were isolated; ten of these were B + and two were BB . Only one of the nonrecombinant half-tetrads offered the opportunity to test the prediction of reciprocity of the intrachromosomal event. Analysis showed the exceptional female to be of the constitution BB/B , a type not expected on the hypothesis. While it could have arisen through some kind of copy error in the repair of a chromatid break, a valid test of the hypothesis of intrachromosomal exchange must rest on the isolation and analysis of more cases of the appropriate exceptional genotype.—In several cases Bar changes were found to be associated with aberrations; all but one of these involved spontaneous, cytologically identifiable deletions.
Small Business and the 2005 Bankruptcy Law: Should Mom & Apple Pie Be Worried?

Submitted as part of the symposium, "A Bankruptcy Symposium: Shredding the Safety Net" at the Southern Illinois University School of Law, this article explores the 2005 bankruptcy law as it affects small business and small business owners. Although small business is often a political darling of congressional rhetoric, the 2005 law singled out small business and small business owners for harsher treatment than their large corporate counterparts. The article describes the problems with the new definition for small business debtor in the Bankruptcy Code and then continues by examining the increased disclosure requirements expected of small businesses, the expanded grounds for dismissal of a small business bankruptcy case, serial filer rules that apply only to small businesses, lengthy standard form disclosure statements and reorganization plans that small businesses will have to use, and the shorter deadlines for confirmation of a small business's reorganization plan. The article concludes by making some empirically testable predictions about the future of small business bankruptcies and entrepreneurial activity more generally in the wake of the 2005 law.