cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early lignin pathway enzymes and routes to chlorogenic acid in switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.)

Studying lignin biosynthesis in Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) has provided a basis for generating plants with reduced lignin content and increased saccharification efficiency. Chlorogenic acid (CGA, caffeoyl quinate) is the major soluble phenolic compound in switchgrass, and the lignin and CGA biosynthetic pathways potentially share intermediates and enzymes. The enzyme hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HQT) is responsible for CGA biosynthesis in tobacco, tomato and globe artichoke, but there are no close orthologs of HQT in switchgrass or in other monocotyledonous plants with complete genome sequences. We examined available transcriptomic databases for genes encoding enzymes potentially involved in CGA biosynthesis in switchgrass. The protein products of two hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) genes (PvHCT1a and PvHCT2a), closely related to lignin pathway HCTs from other species, were characterized biochemically and exhibited the expected HCT activity, preferring shikimic acid as acyl acceptor. We also characterized two switchgrass coumaroyl shikimate 3′-hydroxylase (C3′H) enzymes (PvC3′H1 and PvC3′H2); both of these cytochrome P450s had the capacity to hydroxylate 4-coumaroyl shikimate or 4-coumaroyl quinate to generate caffeoyl shikimate or CGA. Another switchgrass hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, PvHCT-Like1, is phylogenetically distant from HCTs or HQTs, but exhibits HQT activity, preferring quinic acid as acyl acceptor, and could therefore function in CGA biosynthesis. The biochemical features of the recombinant enzymes, the presence of the corresponding activities in plant protein extracts, and the expression patterns of the corresponding genes, suggest preferred routes to CGA in switchgrass.
Denture sore mouth.

There are few dental rehabilitative options for edentulous patients, of which the soft tissue–supported complete denture is the most common. In general, patients accept the fact that dentures are a poor substitute for natural teeth; consequently, they tend to tolerate discomfort and inefficient chewing. Quite often additional alveolar ridge resorption results from years of denture wearing, and unless the patient is willing to follow up with a dentist in a consistent and timely manner, ridge resorption can continue and mucosal problems can exacerbate. This article discusses the causes of common inflammatory disorders associated with denture wearing, namely denture sore mouth (DSM) and other related mucosal problems associated with the long-term denture patient. There are additional circumstances that contribute to problems associated with the fabrication and wearing of complete dentures. Denture patients are generally in their fourth through sixth decades of life and many have significant health problems. The side effects of many medications can contribute to decreased saliva production, which complicates denture wearing. Strokes can prevent normal jaw movement and mastication, and other debilitating diseases can decrease the patient’s oral function and ability to tolerate dentures. The patient’s demands and attitudes can also be responsible for denture problems; for example, some patients tend to have unrealistic expectations of what dentures can do. For many patients, the process of becoming edentulous and obtaining complete dentures is a troubling experience. These patients quite often have had lifelong dental problems and many of their experiences have been unpleasant. Even with the limitations of complete dentures, it is still possible to deliver excellent denture services for edentulous patients. If the patient is compliant with professional treatment suggestions and the long-term commitment of daily denture maintenance, problems related to denture sores can be minimized. One of the main reasons for ill-fitting dentures and the subsequent problems— especially for those patients that do not have regular dental visits—is the continuing resorption of the edentulous alveolar ridge. Therefore, a short discussion of ridge resorption may help clarify the nature of the denture-related problems outlined in this article.
Circulating Coronary Blood Volume

The circulating coronary blood volume was calculated in dogs from independent determinations of the rate of coronary blood flow and the mean circulation time from the root of the aorta to the mouth of the coronary sinus. The average value was 14.2±2.2 ml/100 g lean myocardium. Coronary blood volume was inversely related to the heart rate, which ranged from 126 to 212 beats/min, but was not correlated with other hemodynamic variables within the relatively narrow range of values present.
High dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue for patients with medulloblastoma

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR) is a promising strategy for patients with poor prognosis cerebellar medulloblastoma. For this strategy to be effective, it must be shown that the medulloblastoma tumor cells are sensitive to the chemotherapeutic agents whose dose-limiting toxicity is hematopoietic, and stem cells must be available that are free of contaminating tumor. Several protocols for high-dose chemotherapy followed by ASCR are presented in this chapter. Initial encouraging evaluations of this technique in patients with recurrent disease has prompted testing of its feasibility in infants and young children. In a reasonably short time, the role of high-dose chemotherapy with ASCR will be determined for subgroups of patients with medulloblastoma.
Perinatal factors and adult-onset lupus.

Objective Some evidence suggests that perinatal factors, including birth weight and breastfeeding, may influence the occurrence of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. However, few studies have investigated these factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, we evaluated the role of birth weight, being breastfed, and preterm birth on the incidence of SLE in participants in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII). Methods We studied 87,411 NHS participants and 98,413 NHSII participants without SLE at baseline who provided information on perinatal exposures. Among these women, during 26 (NHS) and 14 (NHSII) years of followup, 222 incident SLE cases were confirmed (136 NHS and 86 NHSII) by medical record review using American College of Rheumatology criteria. We used stratified Cox models to estimate the association of perinatal factors with SLE, adjusting for race, early passive cigarette smoke exposure, and parents' occupation. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to compute combined estimates across the 2 cohorts. Results After adjustment for multiple potential confounders, high birth weight (≥10 pounds) was associated with increased rates of SLE compared with normal birth weight (7–8.5 pounds; rate ratio [RR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2–5.9), as was being born ≥2 weeks preterm (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.0); however, being breastfed was not (RR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6–1.1). Conclusion Birth weight ≥10 pounds and preterm birth were both positively associated with incident SLE among women.
Human flavin-containing monooxygenase form 3: cDNA expression of the enzymes containing amino acid substitutions observed in individuals with trimethylaminuria

Trimethylaminuria is an autosomal recessive human disorder affecting a small part of the population as an inherited polymorphism. Individuals diagnosed with trimethylaminuria excrete relatively large amounts of trimethylamine in their urine, sweat, and breath, and this results in a fishy odor characteristic of trimethylamine. Activity of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) has been proposed to be deficient in trimethylaminuria patients causing a decrease in the metabolism of trimethylamine that results in a fishy body odor. Cohorts of Australian, American, and British individuals suffering from trimethylaminuria have been identified. The human FMO3 cDNA was amplified from lymphocytes of affected patients. We report preliminary evidence of substitutions detected by screening of the cDNA and genomic DNA. The variant human FMO3 cDNA was constructed from wild type human FMO3 cDNA by site-directed mutagenesis as maltose-binding protein fusions. Five distinct human FMO3 mutants were expressed as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli and compared with wild type human FMO3 maltose-binding proteins (FMO3-MBP) for the N-oxygenation of 10-[(N,N-dimethylamino)pentyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine, tyramine, and trimethylamine. Human Lys158 FMO3-MBP and, to a greater extent, human Glu158 FMO3-MBP efficiently N-oxygenated the three amine substrates. Human Lys158 Ile66 FMO3-MBP, Glu158 Ile66 FMO3-MBP, Lys158 Leu153 FMO3-MBP, and Glu158 Leu153 FMO3-MBP were all constructed as mutants identified as possible FMO3 variants responsible for trimethylaminuria and were found to be inactive as N-oxygenases. The results suggest that mutations at codons 66 and 153 of FMO3 can cause trimethylaminuria in humans. We observed a common polymorphism of Lys to Glu at codon 158 of FMO3 that segregated with almost equal allele frequencies in a number of control Australian and North American samples studied. The Lys158 to Glu158 human FMO3 polymorphism does not decrease trimethylamine N-oxygenation for the cDNA-expressed enzyme and thus does not appear to be causative of trimethyaminuria. The data show that the functional activity of human FMO3 can be significantly altered by amino acid changes that have been observed in individuals with clinically diagnosed trimethylaminuria.
Interstitial cystitis in men

Abstract Objectives. To determine the personal characteristics, the mode of presentation, the duration of the delay in diagnosis, the number of misdiagnoses, the means to achieve diagnosis, and previous treatment provided for a group of men with interstitial cystitis (IC). Methods. A chart review of 29 men diagnosed with IC at our facility from 1988 to 1996 was performed. Basic demographic data, historical information, laboratory findings, and endoscopic and biopsy results were tabulated. Results. IC in this series of men was diagnosed at a mean age of 67.3 years. There was approximately a 4-year diagnostic lag between presentation and diagnosis. The most common prior erroneous diagnoses were prostatitis in 48% and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) in 38% of the men. Ulcers were encountered cystoscopically in about 70% and biopsy specimens uniformly showed nonspecific chronic cystitis at the time of diagnosis. Conclusions. IC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of voiding disorders accompanied by irritative symptoms and pelvic pain in older men. The diagnosis should be especially considered in men who are refractory to the usual treatments for BPH and prostatitis. Cystoscopy and bladder distention under anesthesia provided the most useful objective information in our hands. Biopsy is useful to rule out inflammatory cancer but adds little to the diagnosis of IC.
Acid diffusion analysis of different forms of fluoride in human dental plaque

Summary Fluoride concentration was determined by: (a) extraction with diphenylsilanediol after combustion of the plaque in an oxygen bomb; (b) acid diffusion from 0.5 M HClO 4 for 16 h at room temperature; (c) acid diffusion from 4.6 M HClO 4 for 16 h at room temperature; and (d) acid diffusion from 18 M H 2 SO 4 for 16 h at 60°C. The total fluoride was determined by all the diffusion procedures, and there was no evidence of a large proportion of the plaque fluoride being released only after treatment with strong acid (18 M H 2 SO 4 ). When approx. 10 mg of plaque was extracted three times with 0.1 ml 0.5 M HClO 4 , 81 per cent of the fluoride was released by one 5 min extraction. After three extractions no further fluoride was detected when the residue was diffused from 4.6 M HClO 4 for 16 h at room temperature. When larger plaque samples (21–66 mg) were extracted four times with 1 ml 0.5 M HClO 4 , 85 per cent of the fluoride was in the first extract, and none was detected in the fourth. Treatment of the residue with 18 M H 2 SO 4 for 16 h at 60°C released a further, small amount which may constitute up to 3 per cent of the total plaque fluoride. Thus the amount of tightly-bound plaque fluoride, released only by treatment with strong acid, is much smaller than previously believed.
Political economy della concertazione sociale

Based on multiple sources and research methods, this article argues that social concertation is not a declining institutional arrangement, but a recurrent and, overall, stable (if not growing) feature of European societies. Case-based evidence suggests that, at least in the 1990s, governments engaging in social concertation tend to be electorally weak or vulnerable governments seeking to ease the passing and implementation of potentially unpopular (neo-liberal) policies. The institutional and organizations conditions for social concertation seem today rather different from those the past corporatist literature focused upon, that is, concentrated and hierarchical interest groups. Indeed democratic decision-making procedures, ensuring procedural legitimacy and providing opportunities for the discursive reshaping of rank-and-file preferences, may have become more important over time. Also, social concertation has shown a tendency to move from a tripartite (government, labor, and capital) to a multipartite format, with the institutional involvement of multiple civil society organizations alongside the traditional "social partners". The assessment of concertation outcomes is limited by the availability of appropriate indicators. As far wage bargaining coordination is concerned, this seems to be associated with more moderate wage growth. The other conclusion usually drawn by the literature, that it may also be associated with lower unemployment, seems instead much less robust.
Hybrid modal damping identification for bladed disks and blisks

Current damping identification methodologies typically require measurements of complex eigenvalues, complex eigenvectors, and the applied force. Also, these methods can be sensitive to measurement ...
Evaluating choroidal thickness in diabetic retinopathy.

Dear editor We read with interest the article by Unsal et al1 and congratulate them on their work assessing choroidal thickness in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We will like to highlight some factors of relevance. Unsal et al state that their measurement of the choroid was from the outer part of the retinal pigment epithelial layer to the choroidal scleral junction.1 However, their Figure 2 seems to draw the upper border of the choroid at various locations (external limiting membrane, inner/outer segment junction, top of the retinal pigment epithelium).1 An illustrative diagram (Figure 1) for measuring choroidal thickness can be seen in the study reported by Copete et al.2 Recent studies of the thickness of the retinal pigment epithelium–Bruch’s membrane complex in normal individuals ranged from 17.5 μm to 28.2 μm.3 Hence, measurement of choroidal thickness has to be drawn correctly and consistently at the same location (outer part of the retinal pigment epithelium) to minimize potential inaccuracies. It is also important to consider the effects of diurnal variation in choroid thickness on their reported results. Previous studies have concluded that the choroid is found to be thickest at night (11 pm) and thinnest at noon (12 pm).4 The difference between the thickest and thinnest choroidal thickness due to diurnal variation can be up to 67 μm.5 Hence, the study could have standardized the timings of the optical coherence tomography scans for both controls and diabetic subjects to minimize any potential differences in choroidal thickness caused by diurnal variation. The results reported by Unsal et al are consistent with those of other studies showing no significant change in choroidal thickness in subjects with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and decreased choroidal thickness in subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular edema.6,7 In addition, a recent study by Adhi et al characterized the morphological features of the choroid, ie, the Haller, Sattler, and choriocapillary layers. Their results showed significant thinning of the combined thickness of the Sattler and choriocapillary layers in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular edema when compared with controls.7 It will be interesting to note if similar results were seen in the Unsal et al study too, since both studies used spectral domain optical coherence tomography. In conclusion, Unsal et al has provided very useful information on choroidal thickness in diabetics. However, measurements of choroid thickness have to be correctly drawn and consideration of diurnal variation is required to improve the accuracy of the results.
Organic collaboration: sustaining teachers and teacher educators in the cottage industry of curriculum making

This inquiry explores the collaborative relationship between Mary, a teacher at a junior high, and Stefinee, a teacher educator at a nearby university. Through the use of emblematic narratives that emerged through the process of reliving and retelling experiences from a shared professional knowledge landscape, we make assertions about our collaboration through the use of the metaphor of an informal roadside fruit stand while contrasting our work with larger collectives of school–university partnerships. The sustaining quality of our collaboration emerges from our shared experiences involving both children and teacher candidates in educational experiences where their learning can be sustained. We also revel in the opportunity to be part of a collaborative effort that is voluntary and therefore driven by our own wonderings and hopes as teachers and teacher educators.
MULTIPLICITY OF STATES IN SYSTEMS OF INTERACTING CATALYST PARTICLES

Abstract Presented here are several case studies, both theoretical and experimental, of the steady-state features of an assembly of interacting catalyst particles in a CSTR. Ostensibly, the results of these studies, though bused on simple string arrangements of two and three particles in a uniform environment, have meaning in terms of the behavioral characteristics of more complicated situations, including fixed-bed reactors. Theoretical results exhibit complex bifurcation patterns and multiplicity features for steady-state curves when the particles are described as individual interacting entities. The complexity increases when the catalytic activities of the particles are not all alike. Observations from experiments with the oxidation of hydrogen on spherical pellets of supported platinum resemble the theoretical cases. Individual pellet states in the laboratory work are depicted by their temperature maps obtained by means of a thermal infrared imaging system.
Fractal dimension and frequency response of fractal shaped antennas

We have used the fractal nature of the geometry in obtaining approximate design equations for dipole antennas with Hilbert curve geometry. We have also reported that in the case of Koch curves, the fractal dimension can be varied by changing the indentation angle, and the resonant frequencies of the resultant antenna follow a close relation with the fractal dimension. It may be recalled that fractal dimension is an important characteristic of fractal geometries. However this is not a unique description for the geometry, but rather identifies a group of geometries with similar nature. Hence a first step in the utilization of fractal properties in antenna design should involve the dimension of the geometry. This paper is a step towards justifying the link between dipole antenna characteristics and the fractal properties of the geometry. We have found in cases where the appearance of the geometry is perturbed in such a way that its similarity dimension is varied, the multiband characteristics is affected, where as other perturbations leave this rather unaffected.. This gives a further proof that antenna characteristics can in fact be linked to the fractal dimension of such geometries. To enable two such variations we have used designed dipole antennas using fractal tree geometry. To distinguish this geometry from the previously reported tertiary tree geometries we refer to this as fractal binary tree.
Assessment of the Accuracy of the Gail Model in Women With Atypical Hyperplasia

Purpose An accurate estimate of a woman's breast cancer risk is essential for optimal patient counseling and management. Women with biopsy-confirmed atypical hyperplasia of the breast (atypia) are at high risk for breast cancer. The Gail model is widely used in these women, but has not been validated in them. Patients and Methods Women with atypia were identified from the Mayo Benign Breast Disease (BBD) cohort (1967 to 1991). Their risk factors for breast cancer were obtained, and the Gail model was used to predict 5-year–and follow-up–specific risks for each woman. The predicted and observed numbers of breast cancers were compared, and the concordance between individual risk levels and outcomes was computed. Results Of the 9,376 women in the BBD cohort, 331 women had atypia (3.5%). At a mean follow-up of 13.7 years, 58 of 331 (17.5%) patients had developed invasive breast cancer, 1.66 times more than the 34.9 predicted by the Gail model (95% CI, 1.29 to 2.15; P < .001). For individual women, the concord...
Excitation Waves on Cylindrical Surfaces: Rotor Competition and Vortex Drift

An experimental technique for preparation and image reconstruction of excitation waves in cylindrical Belousov-Zhabotinsky media is developed. It is found that pairs of spiral rotors generate ring-shaped waves by wave collisions which occur approximately 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} behind the pacemakers. Numerical simulations reveal radius-dependent competition between common vortices and rotating planar waves. This master/slave dynamics can give rise to a topology-induced spiral drift along helical loopy lines which is not due to meandering or curvature-induced changes in wave velocity.
Mechanical loads at the knee joint during deep flexion.

There is a lack of fundamental information on the knee biomechanics in deep flexion beyond 90. In this study, mechanical loads during activities requiring deep flexion were quantified on normal knees from 19 subjects, and compared with those in walking and stair climbing. The deep flexion activities generate larger net quadriceps moments (6.9–13.5% body weight into height) and net posterior forces (58.3–67.8% body weight) than routine ambulatory activities. Moreover, the peak net moments and the net posterior forces were generated between 90 and 150 of flexion. The large moments and forces will result in high stress at high angles of flexion. These loads can influence pathological changes to the joint and are important considerations for reconstructive procedures of the knee. The posterior cruciate ligament should have a substantial role during deep flexion, since there was a large posterior load that must be sustained at the knee. The mechanics of the knee in deep flexion are likely a factor causing problems of posterior instability in current total knee arthroplasty. Thus, it is important to consider the magnitude of the loads at the knee in the treatment of patients that commonly perform deep flexion during activities of daily living. 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Jonker “Pecir” Analysis of Oxide Superconductors

Data for the normal state of the superconducting oxide systems YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6 + {ital y}} and EuBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6 + {ital y}}, and the nonsuperconducting system La{sub 3}Ba{sub 3}Cu{sub 6}O{sub 12.5 + {ital y}}, when plotted as thermoelectric coefficient versus logarithm of conductivity, exhibit Jonker pear behavior, confirming the semiconducting character of these materials. The symmetry of the plots indicates similar conduction parameters (density-of-states (DOS), transport constants, and mobilities) for {ital p}- and {ital n}-type mechanisms. Band gaps on the order of 0.5 eV are obtained. DOS-mobility products for the above-mentioned systems and La{sub 2 {minus} {ital x}}Ba{sub {ital x}}CuO{sub 4} and Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} scale roughly according to the density of copper ions in these materials and fall in the range 10{sup 20} to 10{sup 21} (cm {center dot} V {center dot} s){sup {minus} 1}. Assuming DOS equal to copper content results in mobilities on the order of 0.15 cm{sup 2} {center dot} V{sup {minus} 1} {center dot} s{sup 1}. These results are discussed in terms of possible semiconduction mechanisms.
In Vitro Behavior of Silica-Based Xerogels Intended as Controlled Release Carriers

We report on the in vitro behavior of room-temperature-prepared xerogels upon immersion in typical physiologic solutions. The effect of various parameters was studied: xerogel composition and particle size; solution composition; and immersion protocol. Three xerogel compositions were tested: a silica xerogel (S100); a Vancomycin–silica xerogel composite (S100V); and a calcium- and phosphorus-containing silica xerogel (S70). The immersion was per-formed integrally (i.e., without solution exchange) or dif-ferentially (i.e., with solution exchange) to model the continuous flow of body fluids past implant surfaces. Four different solutions were used: tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane hydrochloric acid buffer solution plus electrolytes (TE); TE supplemented with 3% H2O2; TE supplemented with 10% serum; and serum. Carbonated hydroxyapatite formed on all xerogels. The reaction was faster on S70 than on S100. The silica network fully dissolved for all xerogels in the differential experiment. S70 particles transformed to calcium- and phosphorus-containing “shells” upon differ-ential immersion. The presence of H2 O2 and serum proteins in the immersion solution slowed down the silicon dissolu-tion of both xerogels. Xerogel dissolution was associated with decreased BET surface area and increased mean pore size. The data showed a linear relationship between the dissolution rate and the time-dependent surface area. Re-gardless of this relationship, our data also suggested that the rate-limiting step of the dissolution during integral im-mersion was the diffusion of the dissolved species to the bulk solution.
Genome-wide methylation profiling demonstrates hypermethylation in maternal leukocyte DNA in preeclamptic compared to normotensive pregnancies.

Objective: To compare genome-wide methylation profiles in maternal leukocyte DNA between normotensive and preeclamptic pregnant women at delivery. Methods: Age, body mass index matched case-control comparison of methylation at 27,578 cytosine— guanine sites in 14,495 genes in maternal leukocyte DNA in women with preeclampsia (PE; n ¼ 14) and normotensive controls (n ¼ 14). Results: PE was associated with widespread differential methylation favoring hypermethylation. Pathway analysis identified the best matched process as a neuropeptide signaling pathway (p510 � 5 ); best matched disease as eclampsia (p59.97 � 10 � 20 ). Significantly differentially methylated genes (GRIN2b, GABRA1, PCDHB7, and BEX1) are associated with seizures. Conclusion: Altered maternal leukocyte DNA methylation is associated with PE at delivery, and differential methylation of certain neuronal genes may explain the risk for eclampsia.
Grignard type reaction via C–H bond activation in water

A Grignard-type reaction of phenylacetylene with aldehydes was developed via alkynyl C–H activation under aqueous conditions catalyzed by a bimetallic Ru–In system in water.
The Effectiveness of Irlen Filters for Improving Reading Performance: A Pilot Study

The objectives of this pilot study were to investigate the effectiveness of Irlen filters for improving comfort and reading performance and to determine whether traditional optometric intervention would be effective in relieving the symptoms commonly reported by people seeking help through the use of Irlen filters. Thirty subjects were included in the study: 12 males and 18 females. The ages of the subjects ranged from 9 to 51 (mean = 23.6). They were randomly placed in either an Irlen filter treatment group (n = 11), a vision therapy treatment group (n = 11), or a control group (n = 8). Pre- and posttesting on all subjects included a vision evaluation, reading and intelligence testing, the Irlen scotopic sensitivity screening test, and a symptom questionnaire. Results revealed that subjects in both treatment groups were more comfortable after treatment, although only the vision therapy group showed improvement in vision functioning. The subjects in the Irlen filter group did not show any significant gains in reading rate, word recognition in context, or comprehension.
Magnetic Logic Based on Coupled Nanomagnets: Clocking Structures and Power Analysis

Summary form only given. At present, there are a number of research efforts that have focused on different devices that might either replace or augment CMOS technology such that the performance scaling trends that we have seen for the last 30 years - and expect for the next 10-15 years - might continue beyond the year 2020. This work represents one such effort and focuses on computing with nanoscale magnets. Our goals are two-fold: First, we extend our previous work to develop more accurate and detailed designs of the structures required to perform a computationally interesting task with nanomagnets. Second, we analyze the performance of said systems and compare the results to what one might expect from end-of-the-roadmap CMOS, as well as other emerging device technologies and their requisite architectures - namely, nano wire-based PLA's. Magnetic logic based on ferrite cores was pursued in the 1950's, but due to disadvantages such as size, was replaced by semiconductor technology. We are studying systems made from nanomagnets that (i) are scalable, (ii) do not possess the disadvantages of the early, bulky, ferrite core magnets, and (iii) can be arranged to form circuits within the quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) architecture scheme (A. Imre, January 2006). For nanomagnet-based QCA (MQCA), wires, gates, and inverters have all been experimentally realized and verified, they operate at room temperature, and we estimate that if 1010 magnets switch 108 times/second, they would dissipate only about 0.1 W (G. Gsaba, et al., 2005). That said, more than just magnets are required for computation. A lithographically-defined clock structure is used to generate a magnetic field that polarizes groups of nanomagnets along their hard axes and removes the remanent magnetizations associated with a previous computation. When the field is removed, magnets relax to their new preferred state in response to new inputs. While the power loss from nanomagnet switching events should be quite low, the power loss from the clock is anticipated to be more significant, and constitutes the bulk of the energy required to perform a computation with MQCA. We extend our previous work to consider a more thorough and detailed analysis of an MQCA system (i.e. components such as the clock generation circuitry will also be considered.) On the surface, this technology has many attractive features that could bolster the performance of systems-level applications. Devices should be low power, non-volatile,radiation hard, and should have a natural interface with MRAM. However, again, the aggregate system must better the projected state-of-the-art for at least some tasks of interest. To provide some initial insight into MQCA's potential in this regard, we will compare MQCA circuit designs to functionally equivalent designs in CMOS and other emerging technologies. Our metric of choice will be energy-delay product (EDP) as this provides some insight into both performance (i.e. latency) as well as energy.
Instructional uses of computers to grow gracefully and effectively

In this brief discussion, it is suggested that three principal functions be recognized and be performed in parallel in order to achieve a graceful and effective growth in the instructional uses of computers. These functions are described as:1. the practice of teaching using computers as aids;2. research and development directed toward the practical uses of computers in teaching and learning;3. basic research in intelligent systems.
Drifting Rhinos and Fluid Properties: The Turn to Wildlife Production in Western Zimbabwe

This paper presents and analyzes a number of tensions that arose in the shift from extensive livestock production to wildlife ranching and tourism in a dispersed community of white farmers in western Zimbabwe. It sketches the broader context of that shift and considers some of its effects, including those on the small (black) farmers of neighbouring Communal Areas. The tensions highlighted and manifested between the ranchers of Mlilo include the necessary movement from a characteristic view of wildlife as ‘vermin’, destructive of the conditions for livestock (and crop) production, to an appreciation that they are an exploitable and valuable resource (‘ecological capital’); and how inherited views and practices concerning the boundaries of private landed property are subverted by the demands of wildlife ranching.
Parent-infant interaction during perinatal addiction treatment.

Studies of parent-child interactions during perinatal addiction treatment are needed to offer insights into the nature of child development outcomes for this population. A purposeful sample of 17 women in a drug and alcohol addiction treatment program and their infants was studied over the course of their first year in the program. The purpose of this naturalistic field study was to examine parent-child interactions during addiction treatment. The following research question guided the inquiry: What is the nature of parent-infant interaction during the first year in a perinatal addiction treatment program? This study combined grounded theory methodology with the quantitative methods of descriptive and differential statistics. Open-coding of interviews, field notes, and the treatment records followed grounded theory methodology. A time-sampling procedure was used to examine stability of interactions at the beginning of program participation, again when each infant was 6 months old, and when each infant was 12 months. Results are used to describe parent-child interactions across samples and over time. Chi-square procedures were performed on number of children in each family, length of time in the program, sobriety, and mutual enjoyment of interaction. A significant difference in interaction by length of time in the program (chi 2 = 7.0801, df = 1, p < .00) as well as in interaction by percent sobriety (chi 2 = 4.1538, df = 1, p < .04) was evident. Behaviors of the infants reflected the emotional tone and parenting responses of their mothers. Dyads whose interactions showed a pattern of mutuality were more likely to continue in the treatment program and to maintain sobriety. The ability of a mother to enjoy her infant seemed to be the one factor that made the most difference in child behaviors. Results can be used by clinicians to guide the choice of treatment approaches that support the parent-child relationship during addiction treatment.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PHOTOTACTIC BEHAVIOR IN DROSOPHILA SIMULANS

Phototaxis mazes have been employed to select photopositive and photonegative strains of Drosophila simulans. The results suggest that phototactic behavior in D. simulans, as in other Drosophila species, is a polygenic trait. Hybridization using divergent strains revealed that the genes controlling negative phototactic behavior in D. simulans are autosomal, as opposed to D. melanogaster in which negative phototactic behavior is known to be very strongly sex-linked.
The Impact of Sea Ice Concentration Accuracies on Climate Model Simulations with the GISS GCM

The Goddard Institute for Space Studies global climate model (GISS GCM) is used to examine the sensitivity of the simulated climate to sea ice concentration specifications in the type of simulation done in the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP), with specified oceanic boundary conditions. Results show that sea ice concentration uncertainties of 67% can affect simulated regional temperatures by more than 68C, and biases in sea ice concentrations of 17% and 27% alter simulated annually averaged global surface air temperatures by 20.108 and 10.178C, respectively, over those in the control simulation. The resulting 0.27 8C difference in simulated annual global surface air temperatures is reduced by a third, to 0.18 8C, when considering instead biases of 14% and 24%. More broadly, least squares fits through the temperature results of 17 simulations with ice concentration input changes ranging from increases of 50% versus the control simulation to decreases of 50% yield a yearly average global impact of 0.01078C warming for every 1% ice concentration decrease, that is, 1.078C warming for the full 150% to 250% range. Regionally and on a monthly average basis, the differences can be far greater, especially in the polar regions, where wintertime contrasts between the 150% and 250% cases can exceed 308C. However, few statistically significant effects are found outside the polar latitudes, and temperature effects over the nonpolar oceans tend to be under 18C, due in part to the specification of an unvarying annual cycle of sea surface temperatures. The 67% and 64% results provide bounds on the impact (on GISS GCM simulations making use of satellite data) of satellite-derived ice concentration inaccuracies, 67% being the current estimated average accuracy of satellite retrievals and 64% being the anticipated improved average accuracy for upcoming satellite instruments. Results show that the impact on simulated temperatures of imposed ice concentration changes is least in summer, encouragingly the same season in which the satellite accuracies are thought to be worst. Hence, the impact of satellite inaccuracies is probably less than the use of an annually averaged satellite inaccuracy would suggest.
Low Epilepsy-related Mortality in Children

Nickels KC, Grossardt BR, Wirrell EC. Epilepsy-related mortality is low in children: a 30-year population-based study in Olmsted County, MN. Epilepsia. 2012; 53( 12): 2164- 2171; doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03661.x[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Researchers at the Mayo Clinic conducted a study of epilepsy-related mortality and sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in a 30-year population-based cohort of children with epilepsy. The Medical Diagnostic Index of the Rochester Epidemiology Project was searched for all codes related to seizure and convulsion in children ≤17 years old living in Olmsted County, MN from 1980 through 2009. Medical records of the identified children were reviewed and those with new-onset epilepsy were included in the analyses. Data on potential risk factors such as seizure type and control, epilepsy syndrome, epilepsy outcome, and presence and severity of neurologic impairment were abstracted. If children … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEpilepsia%26rft.volume%253D53%26rft.spage%253D2164%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1528-1167.2012.03661.x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22989286%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03661.x&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22989286&link_type=MED&atom=%2Faapgrand%2F29%2F3%2F30.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000312218000020&link_type=ISI
Inhibition of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG CoA) Reductase Blunts Factor VIIa/Tissue Factor and Prothrombinase Activities via Effects on Membrane Phosphatidylserine

Objective— 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) exhibit antithrombotic properties that are independent of reductions in circulating LDL cholesterol. We hypothesized that these antithrombotic properties are mediated by membrane alterations secondary to disrupted lipid metabolism. Methods and Results— EA.hy926 cells were incubated in the presence of 1 μmol/L atorvastatin supplemented with fetal bovine serum or lipid-depleted serum mixtures. Lipid restriction alone had no effect on cell lipid composition but when atorvastatin was included, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol were reduced by 50% while ceramide content decreased by 70%. These changes in lipid composition did not alter the association of decay accelerating factor or tissue factor with lipid rafts. Atorvastatin in combination with lipid restriction reduced factor VIIa/tissue factor activity by as much as 75% but did not alter tissue factor expression. Prothrombinase activity was reduced to an extent similar to factor VIIa/tissue factor. Mevalonic acid but not LDL reversed the observed changes in lipid content and prothrombinase activity induced by atorvastatin. These findings were confirmed in primary cells. Conclusions— Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase limits exposure of phosphatidylserine at the cell surface by restricting the cellular pool of mevalonate-derived isoprenoids. This membrane alteration restricts the activity of proteolytic enzyme complexes that propagate the coagulation cascade.
Effect of random structured backgrounds on Hotelling SNR fluorescence imaging systems

We study the effect of anatomical backgrounds on the detection capability as quantified by the Hotelling observer. The imaging system is modeled by the diffusion approximation of the time-dependent radiative transfer equation, which typically describes NIR light propagation through clinically relevant tissue volumes. We introduce random structures in the background using lumpy object model. Varying intensities of the lumpy objects are introduced in order to evaluate their effect on the Hotelling signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Large samples of image data sets are considered to generate sufficient statistical data in order to perform Hotelling observer studies. We find that the value of Hotelling SNR decreases as we increase the strength of the lumpy objects.
Measuring Two Angularities on a Single Jet

We present an analysis of the complete singular phase space of a jet when multiple measurements have been made about the jet structure. Using Soft-Collinear Effective Field Theory, strict factorization theorems are found only for the boundaries of physical phase space in these multi-differential cross-sections. These theorems have incompatible evolution equations, but nonetheless, a resummation ansazt can be found that interpolates between the boundaries. While logarithmic accuracy cannot be guaranteed in the bulk of phase space, the ansazt reproduces the correct resummation exactly at any boundary. Aside from jet physics, applications to more exclusive PDF's and Drell-Yan event shapes are indicated.
Customizing deep brain stimulation to the patient using computational models

Bilateral subthalamic (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is effective in improving the cardinal motor signs of advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD); however declines in cognitive function have been associated with this procedure. The aim of this study was to assess cognitive-motor performance of 10 PD patients implanted with STN DBS systems during either clinically determined stimulation settings or settings derived from a computational model. Cicerone DBS software was used to define the model parameters such that current spread to non-motor areas of the STN was minimized. Clinically determined and model defined parameters were equally effective in improving motor scores on the traditional clinical rating scale (UPDRS-III). Under modest dual-task conditions, cognitive-motor performance was worse with clinically determined compared to model derived parameters. In addition, the model parameters provided a 66% reduction in power consumption. These results indicate that the cognitive-motor declines associated with bilateral STN can be mitigated, without compromising motor benefits, utilizing stimulation parameters that minimize current spread into non-motor regions of the STN.
Gross National Happiness – A Real Alternative or a Romantic Wish? Impressions From the Fourth International Conference on Gross National Happiness in Bhutan

Back in the 1970s, when discussion concerning economic development was monopolized by the concept of Gross National Product (GNP), King Jigme Singye Wangchuck of Bhutan developed the term Gross National Hapiness (GNH) as an alternative approach to development. Though the last 25 years of his reign saw Bhutan’s economy grow at an average annual rate of 7% while maintaining environmental quality and social capital, the recent stepping down of the king and the transition to democracy have left Bhutanese policy with an aspiration to uphold his GNH legacy, but without his intuitive guidance on its practical pursuit. In its absence, there is a need to base the concept of GNH on a concrete, objective basis. As an effort to place the discussion on a quantitative and rigorous social scientific basis, Bhutan is inviting scholars from around the world through its annual international conference on GNH. This field note offers a discussion reflecting upon the conference and the concept of GNH.
Strongly Nonlinear Discrete Metamaterials: Origin of New Wave Dynamics

Abstract Discrete metamaterials with strongly nonlinear interactions between elements demonstrate unique behaviour qualitatively different than predicted based on classical linear and weakly nonlinear wave dynamics. The paper provides analysis of theoretical and experimental observations of phenomena related to a new wave dynamics of strongly nonlinear metamaterials.
Components of the Bid-Ask Spread of Default-Risky Interest Rate Swaps

In this paper, we develop a model for pricing default-risky interest rate swaps in a partial equilibrium framework by treating them as an exchange of two hypothetical securities. We provide an empirical look at the various factors that make up the bid-ask rates quoted by the swap dealers. We find that the bid-ask rates have declined over time. The Treasury rate, maturity of the swap contract, maturity of the floating rate index, and transactions costs are significant determinants of the bid-ask rates in a swap contract.
Implementation Study of Aseismic Roof Isolation System in 13-Story Building

An investigation is carried out with an actual 13-story building to assess the viability and effectiveness of a recently proposed roof isolation system that aims at reducing the response of buildings to earthquakes. The roof isolation system entails the insertion of flexible laminated rubber bearings between a building's roof and the columns that support it, and the addition of viscous dampers connected between the roof and the rest of the building. It is based on the concept of a vibration absorber and on the idea of making the roof, flexible bearings, and viscous dampers respectively constitute the mass, spring, and dashpot of such an absorber. The investigation includes a comparison of the building's response under a severe ground motion when it is considered with and without the isolation system, as well as the determination of the properties and size of the required isolation system components. It is found that the proposed isolation system is effective, is constructable, and has the potential to become an attractive way to reduce structural and nonstructural earthquake damage in low and medium-rise buildings.