cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High speed PET data acquisition with a standard mini computer

A data acquisition system for a time-of-flight positron emission tomograph (PET) has been designed and implemented. The primary constraint on the system was providing collection rates of 100000 events per second per image plane for a total of seven planes with minimal hardware and software resources. The system is based on Data General MV series minicomputers. The interface hardware includes a Data General 5400GP BMC general-purpose interface board and an external event bus interface (EBI) for each image plane. A software package, written in C and running under AOS/VS, was developed to control the acquisition process. The hardware and software are described. >
SLAP Lesions: Trends in Treatment

Purpose To determine the trends in SLAP repairs over time, including patient age, and percentage of SLAP repairs versus other common shoulder arthroscopic procedures. Methods The records of 4 sports or shoulder/elbow fellowship trained orthopaedic surgeons were used to identify the total number of common shoulder arthroscopic cases performed between 2004 and 2014 using current procedural terminology codes (CPT): 29822, 29823, 29826, 29827, 29806, 29807, 29825, and 29828. The number of SLAP repairs (CPT code 29807) as a combined or isolated procedure were recorded, and the classification of SLAP type was undertaken using operative reports. Patient age was recorded. Linear regression was used to determine statistical significance. Results There were 9,765 patients who underwent arthroscopic shoulder procedures using the defined CPT codes between 2004 and 2014 by our 4 orthopaedic surgeons. Of these, 619 underwent a SLAP repair (6.3%); average age 31.2 ± 11.9. The age of patients undergoing SLAP repair significantly decreased over time ( P R 2 = 0.794). Most SLAP repairs were performed on type II SLAP tears ( P = .015, R 2 = 0.503). The percentage of SLAP repairs compared with the total number of shoulder arthroscopic surgeries and total number of patients who underwent SLAP repair significantly decreased over time ( P R 2 = 0.832 and P = .002, R 2 = 0.674, respectively). Conversely, the number and percentage of biceps tenodeses are increasing over time ( P = .0024 and P = .0099, respectively). Conclusions Over the past 10 years, the total number of biceps tenodeses has increased, whereas the number and relative percentage of SLAP repairs within our practice have decreased. The average age of patients undergoing SLAP repair is decreasing, and most SLAP repairs are performed for type II SLAP tears. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Transport Package Optimization of Driver Seat Frame

The original packaging state and existing problems of driver seat frame was introduced and analyzed.The packaging was optimized.The optimization included determination of packaging project,selection of packaging material,loading mode of tray cell,and packaging procedure.The new packaging solution was validated with transport packaging testing.The results showed that the packaging volume of unit product reduce 0.03m3,packaging cost of one product save 2.72 yuan and transport cost of unit product save 4.01 yuan.
Surgical approaches to liver metastases.

Metastases confined to the liver from tumors arising in the gastrointestinal tract or other sites represent a significant clinical problem. Although the majority of patients present with disease that is not amenable to resection based on the size, number, or anatomic distribution of tumors, for selected patients with limited extent of disease surgical resection can result in long-term survival. In patients with colorectal cancer, a number of adverse prognostic factors have been identified that are associated with shortened survival following hepatic resection. The role of adjuvant hepatic artery infusion and systemic chemotherapy following resection in this patient population has been the topic of several prospective random assignment trials. For patients with unresectable metastases confined to liver, a number of regional therapies are in clinical development and share the advantages of intensifying therapy at the site of tumor while minimizing or eliminating unnecessary systemic exposure and toxicity. One such approach is vascular isolation and perfusion, also known as isolated hepatic perfusion or IHP, in which the liver is treated with high dose chemotherapy and/or biological agents under hyperthermic conditions. Although only a limited number of centers have reported substantial experience with this procedure, it appears to have significant efficacy even in patients with advanced tumor burden or those with tumors refractory to other types of therapy. The status of IHP is presented.
What Dot-Based Masking Effects Can Tell Us About Visual Cognition: A Selective Review of Masking Effects at the Whole-Object and Edge-Based Levels

Abstract Vision is a multistep process that begins when light stimulates cells in the retina, with multiple processes quickly cascading throughout the brain, providing new information to inform potential actions. Complicating this is the fact that vision does not only proceed unidirectionally, or bottom-up, but in every region of the brain, reentrant or top-down signals influence earlier stages by feeding activity back to previously activated brain regions. This reentrant processing is both iterative and dynamic. In this chapter I review several new developments in dot-based masking that serve as tools for studying how this dynamic flow of information helps us to make sense of the visual environment. Four-dot object-substitution masking, which arises at the whole-object level, is contrasted with two newly discovered edge-based masking effects (object trimming and object binding). I then review the evidence which shows that by examining these effects, researchers are gaining a more solid understanding of the role reentrant processes play in conscious awareness, the role reentrant processes play in feature binding, the level at which objects are processed when the reentrant sweep begins, and whether reentrant pathways carry top-down information about meaning and cultural expectations that can guide the edge-assembly process before objects have even been recognized.
Computationally efficient demosaicing filter estimation for forensic camera model identification

Determining the make and model of an image's source camera is an important forensic problem. While significant research has been conducted towards developing new camera model identification algorithms, little research has focused on controlling the computational cost of these algorithms. This becomes an important issue if forensic algorithms are to be used in “big data” scenarios. In this paper, we propose a new approach for controlling the computational cost associated with the algorithm proposed by Swaminathan et al. that identifies an image's source camera using least squares estimates of its demosaicing filter. Through a set of experiments, we show that our algorithm is able to achieve a higher classification accuracy at a fixed computational cost than the existing method. Similarly, our algorithm is able to reach a target classification accuracy at a lower computational cost.
Surface Roughness Measurements Using Power Spectrum Density Analysis with Enhanced Spatial Correlation Length

Roughness of a surface as characterized by an atomic force microscope (AFM) is typically expressed using conventional statistical measurements including root-mean-square, peak-to-valley ratio, and average roughness. However, in these measurements only the vertical distribution of roughness (z-axis) is considered. Additionally, roughness of a surface as determined by AFM is a function of the scanning scale, sampling interval and/or scanning methods; therefore, the consideration and quantification of the lateral distribution (x and y) is necessary. Power spectral density (PSD) analysis provides both lateral and vertical signals captured from AFM images. By applying one of the commonly adopted models to the PSD data, the fractal model and k-correlation model, the equivalent root mean squared roughness, correlation length, fractal dimension and Hurst exponent are quantified. These parameters describe the spatial distribution of roughness and spatial length scale of the roughness values. Longer correlation len...
Chain Length and Solvent Control over the Electronic Properties of Alkanethiolate-Protected Gold Nanoparticles at the Molecule-to-Metal Transition

Alkanethiolate protected gold nanoparticles are one of the most widely used systems in modern science and technology, where the emergent electronic properties of the gold core are valued for use in applications such as plasmonic solar cells, photocatalysis, and photothermal heating. Though choice in alkane chain length is not often discussed as a way in which to control the electronic properties of these nanoparticles, we show that the chain length of the alkyl tail exerts clear control over the electronic properties of the gold core, as determined by conduction electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The control exerted by chain length is reported on by changes to the g-factor of the metallic electrons, which we can relate to the average surface potential on the gold core. We propose that the surface potential is modulated by direct charge donation from the ligand to the metal, resulting from the formation of a chemical bond. Furthermore, the degree of charge transfer is controlled by differences between the dielectric constant of the medium and the ligand shell. Together, these observations are used to construct a simple electrostatic model that provides a framework for understanding how surface chemistry can be used to modulate the electronic properties of gold nanoparticles.
Proteomic Profiling of Multiple Myeloma: Correlation of Protein and Gene Expression Data.

Although melphalan-based autologous stem cell transplantation has improved prognosis for patients diagnosed with Multiple Myeloma, survival varies from a few months to more than 15 years with an individual’s risk not accurately predicted with standard prognostic variables. Correlating genome-wide mRNA expression profiles in purified myeloma cells with outcome, we recently showed that that the differential expression of 70 genes could identify patients at high risk for early disease related death [[1][1]]. The utility of a high throughput proteomics platform in the analysis of clinical samples has great potential but as of yet none have been firmly established. Herein, we describe the use of such a platform and its utility in stratifying patients with Multiple Myeloma in terms of high and low risk disease. Preliminary analysis indicates that the proteomics data can separate the patients into risk groups, although the proteins responsible for the assignment are not identical to the 70 genes identified in the gene expression profiling experiments. In addition to the proteomic analysis of plasma cells enriched using anti-CD138 immunomagnetic beads from mononuclear cell fractions of bone marrow aspirates from newly diagnosed myeloma patients; we have performed (in triplicate) LCMS profiling on plasma cells from 30 patients isolated prior to and 48 hours after a single test-dose application of bortezomib at 1.0mg/m2. An aliquot of 100,000 plasma cells was enzymatically digested with trypsin and a fraction (~5,000 cells) analyzed using our proteomics platform (an Eksigent nanoHPLC coupled to a ThermoElectron LTQ-Orbitrap with data analyzed using the Elucidator software package from Rosetta Biosoftware). The correlation of the proteomic profiles to gene expression profiles and clinical parameters will be presented. The analysis of proteins that were observed to change (p<0.01) in abundance after the single agent dose of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib yielded an unanticipated finding; the abundance of 30 proteins associated with the proteasome were observed to increase in a subset of patients. The majority of the patients with the increased levels of proteasome related proteins are predicted by GEP to have high risk disease. The proteomic data will be discussed in terms of its utility in the identification of activated pathways as well as in the development of a prognostic indicator as was achieved using gene expression profiling. [1]: #ref-1
Single-shot Quadratus Lumborum Block for Postoperative Analgesia After Minimally Invasive Hip Arthroplasty: A New Alternative to Continuous Lumbar Plexus Block?

To the Editor:We would like to present a case of extensive and prolonged block of the lower thoracic and high lumbar dermatomes accompanied by significant postoperative analgesia after quadratus lumborum (QL) block in a patient undergoing minimally invasive hip replacement. Oral consent and written
Sequenom v. Ariosa - The Death of a Genetic Testing Patent.

In June, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to uphold a patent on “a method for detecting paternally inherited nucleic acid of fetal origin” in maternal serum or plasma. Clarification of patent eligibility will now have to wait for a case with narrower patent claims.
Measurement of light stable isotope ratios by SIMS

Abstract Mass bias occurring during analysis of the light stable isotopes of oxygen, carbon, and sulfur in geological materials by secondary ionization mass spectrometry has been investigated. The effects of instrumental parameters (primary ion beam, secondary ion energy, and polarity) were evaluated by measuring sulfur isotope ratios in conductive sulfide minerals. The role of analyte chemical composition (matrix effect) on mass bias was investigated in sulfides (sulfur), silicates and oxides (oxygen), and carbonates (oxygen and carbon). For oxygen and carbon, various correlations between mass bias and matrix parameters have been identified. The application of several empirical models for prediction of oxygen isotopic mass bias indicates that for silicates, depending on mineral composition, bias can be predicted with an accuracy that is typically within two times that of the precision. However, extension of these models to other matrices has proved problematic, indicating that additional factors are important.
Iron Overload Adversely Affects Survival and Increases Risk of Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Blood Stream Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Abstract Background: Iron overload, mainly from multiple red cell transfusions is common in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for hematologic disorders. Although the adverse impact of iron overload on survival of patients undergoing HSCT for thalassemia are well established, the impact of iron overload on the transplant outcome and complications in non-thalassemic patients is less clear. Methods: Serum ferritin level, a marker of tissue iron overload was measured immediately prior to initiation of transplant conditioning in adult patients undergoing myeloablative HSCT from matched sibling or unrelated donors. The effect of elevated pretransplant ferritin (defined as ferritin over 1000ng/ml) on day 100 mortality, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), infectious complications were assessed. Results: Data on 190 patients were analyzed for day 100 mortality, overall survival, the combined endpoint of incidence of acute GVHD (Grade II or above) or death within 100 days and the combined endpoint of blood stream infection or death within 100 days. In univariate analysis, the high ferritin group had increased day 100 mortality (20% vs 9%, P=0.04), decreased overall survival (log-rank test: P-value=0.004), increased acute GVHD/death (63% vs 43%, P=0.009) and increased incidence of blood stream infections/death (60% vs 44%, P=0.04). In a multivariate analysis, high ferritin was associated with increased risk of death (Cox Model: hazard ratio 2.28, P-value=0.004), increased day 100 mortality (generalized linear models (GLM) odds ratio 3.82, P-value=0.013), increased incidence of acute GVHD/death (GLM odds ratio 3.11, P-value=0.001) and increased risk of blood stream infections/death (GLM odds ratio 1.99, P-value=0.032). The results remained similar when serum ferritin was considered a continuous variable. Conclusions: Elevated serum ferritin adversely impacts day 100 mortality and overall survival after allogeneic HSCT. In addition, high serum ferritin also increases the likelihood of acute GVHD and blood stream infections after allogeneic HSCT.
Clonal forestry - A view to the future.

The term clone can be defined as "genetically uniform material derived from a single individual and propagated exclusively by vegetative means" (Hartmann et. al. 1975). While clones may appear to be artificial they in fact do exist in nature. Many herbaceous species that reproduce by bulbs, rhizomes and runners form clones. Clonal varieties of food and ornamental crops have been used in agriculture and horticulture for centuries and today form a significant proportion of all varieties available to farmers and nurserymen. The success of these varieties lies, not only in the characteristics of the products they produce but also, in the ease with which they can be propagated. By contrast, clonal varieties of forest trees have, with a few notable exceptions proven difficult to develop. The main reason being that vegetative propagation, through the rooting of cuttings from mature trees, is problematic and has not presented foresters with the opportunity to develop clonal varieties for specific sites or end uses...
Current Landscape of Targeted Therapy in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Comprehensive genomic profiling of lung cancers revealed their genetic heterogeneity and complexity and identified numerous targetable oncogenic driver alterations. These molecular profiling efforts have made it possible to exploit the potential of molecularly targeted therapies. Selection of patients for targeted therapies is becoming biomarker-driven, where the oncogenic drivers in patient tumors are first identified, and subsequently patients bearing drug-sensitizing genetic aberrations are matched to the appropriate targeted therapy. Success of this design of clinical trials and practice was first demonstrated in EGFR inhibitor trials in lung cancer and has since been incorporated into subsequent targeted therapy trials including ALK-, ROS1-, and BRAF V600E-targeted therapies. In this review we discuss the current landscape of clinically approved and other promising molecularly targeted approaches for the treatment of lung cancers, the challenges with these approaches, and the strategies that could be deployed to overcome these challenges.
1603b Travel and the spread of infectious diseases

Introduction Over three billion passengers fly internationally each year, including executives, professionals and workers employed in many industries. Government and non-government organisations such as the US Centres for Disease Control (CDC), the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) and its Collaborative Arrangement for the Prevention and Management of Public Health Events in Civil Aviation (CAPSCA), and the World Health Organisation (WHO), working individually and together, have recommended interventions to prevent the occurrence of infectious disease outbreaks resulting from travel, particularly air travel. Methods Measures recommended to prevent the spread of infectious diseases associated with travel were reviewed, and preventive interventions recommended for individual infectious diseases were assessed with respect to their effectiveness. Result Public travel information and monitoring of exposed travellers are the most cost effective measures for preventing the spread of travel-related infectious diseases. Handwashing and the use of face masks may reduce transmission to others, but have limited value as protective measures for individual travellers. Entry and exit screening are commonly used and have some effectiveness, particularly with respect to alerting the public of specific infectious disease risks, but are expensive, and will miss cases in the incubation period when there are no symptoms or fever. Contact tracing may be of benefit particularly with respect to monitoring of exposed passengers, but can also be expensive, passenger manifests may be incomplete, and exposed passengers may be difficult to locate several days after arrival at their destination. Control of animals and fomites (baggage, cargo, etc.) has limited value. Travel restriction is of limited effectiveness and politically controversial. Quarantine is costly, and compliance difficult to enforce. Discussion Preventive measures are used to prevent or delay the spread of infectious diseases resulting from travel, but are of variable effectiveness. Public travel information and monitoring of exposed travellers are the most effective control measures.
First Day Hikes: Participation, Impacts, and Implications for the Future

First Day Hikes, which occur on New Year’s Day, are part of a nationwide initiative led by America’s State Parks to get more people outdoors. The concept became a national movement in 2012 when all 50 state park systems held at least one First Day Hike for the first time. In 2017, over 60,000 hikers across the United States attended one of nearly 1,300 First Day Hikes offered. Despite the popularity of the First Day Hike initiative, little is known about the First Day Hikers themselves or the broader impacts of this experience. Synthesizing data from three popular First Day Hike states (GA, MA, SC), our study used pre and post-hike feedback from participants to highlight positive and negative aspects of the hikes, assess broader program impacts, and identify potential opportunities for improvement in future years. Results illustrate a variety of factors driving the overall success of the First Day Hikes initiative and suggest that this and similar park-based programs have the potential to affect outdoor recreation participation, foster connections between people and nature, and inspire future stewardship behavior. Recommendations for managers derived from evaluation data and participant feedback include a more targeted emphasis on marketing toward and recruiting specific subgroups (such as first-time hikers, families with children, and racial/ethnic minorities), improving crowd control to enhance visitor experiences, and working to foster stronger enduring connections between First Day Hike participants and the parks they are visiting. Subscribe to JPRA
Semantic Segmentation with Scarce Data.

Semantic segmentation is a challenging vision problem that usually necessitates the collection of large amounts of finely annotated data, which is often quite expensive to obtain. Coarsely annotated data provides an interesting alternative as it is usually substantially more cheap. In this work, we present a method to leverage coarsely annotated data along with fine supervision to produce better segmentation results than would be obtained when training using only the fine data. We validate our approach by simulating a scarce data setting with less than 200 low resolution images from the Cityscapes dataset and show that our method substantially outperforms solely training on the fine annotation data by an average of 15.52% mIoU and outperforms the coarse mask by an average of 5.28% mIoU.
Oxygen Transfer at the Air-Water Interface

This review paper is primarily concerned with the mechanics of oxygen absorption across the free surface of natural bodies of water. A summary is given of basic concepts related to the solution of oxygen in water, to the rate at which oxygen is absorbed by water, and to the manner in which turbulence in the water influences the absorption or reaeration process, A review is given of some of the analytical models which have been proposed, and some of the empirical relationships which have been derived, for representing the reaeration process. References are cited for several critical reviews of various expressions which have been proposed in the literature for relating the oxygen transfer coefficient, KL, to hydraulic conditions and to fluid properties for flow in streams. These critical reviews indicate that there are significant differences between the prediction equations. Some of these differences apparently result from the fact that all of the variables which have a significant effect on KL have sometimes not been considered in developing the prediction equations. Some of the potentially significant aspects which have not always been given adequate consideration are the boundary layer nature of the surface film and the influence of suspended sediment and wind on reaeration. The available laboratory and field data are presented for the effects of wind speed on KL for both streams and larger bodies of water with small velocities. There is good agreement among the various sets of laboratory data, but there are significant differences between the laboratory data and the space field data on wind effects on KL.
Experimental Data on the Effects of Unconscious Fantasy on Communicative Behavior

In this paper I will present data from an experimental research program of 12 years standing that bear on the influence of unconscious fantasy on communicative behavior. The program was intended to serve two functions. First, it was to provide demonstrations, within the context of tightly controlled laboratory experimentation, of the validity of a key aspect of psychoanalytic theory: that unconscious fantasies can play a powerful role in motivating people. In this function, it challenges those within the fields of psychology and psychiatry who have disputed or ignored this and related psychoanalytic postulates. Second, in addressing the “psychoanalytic community,” it attempts to demonstrate that data derived through laboratory experiments can play an important role in the development of psychoanalytic theory. As I have detailed elsewhere (Silverman, 1975a), this development cannot rely solely on evidence from the psychoanalytic treatment situation, but requires many other kinds of data as well; and for the optimal development of the psychodynamic aspects of psychoanalytic theory, data from laboratory experimentation is the most crucial. Here, the two approaches, clinical and experimental can be viewed as complementary in that each has inherent limitations that need be offset by the strengths of the other.1
STRATEGIC FISCAL INTERDEPENDENCE: COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL ADOPTIONS OF LOCAL OPTION SALES TAXES

This study contributes to the tax competition literature by investigating the determinants of local option sales tax (LOST) adoptions using a model that simultaneously accounts for the presence of horizontal and vertical fi scal interactions. We use discrete time Cox Proportional Hazard regressions to study adoption patterns for county and municipal LOSTs in an environment where municipalities were authorized to implement LOSTs nearly two decades before counties. Controlling for factors measuring fi scal stress and the jurisdiction’s ability to export its taxes, we demonstrate that both vertical and horizontal fi scal spillovers play an important role in characterizing the strategic interdependence of local governments when they tax a common retail sales base.
Glomerular Basement Membrane Antigens

In experimental nephritis produced by the administration of nephrotoxic serum, there is in vivo localization of heterologous immunoglobulin antibodies in a smooth linear pattern along the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) (Hammer and Dixon, 1963). Nephrotoxic serum, produced by immunization with isolated GBM, reacts in vitro by fixing not only to GBM, but also to tubular basement membrane and to Bowman’s capsule as noted by indirect immunofluorescence. The smooth linear staining of these basement membranes is similar to the GBM staining pattern described above in nephrotoxic serum nephritis. The antigenic specificity of nephrotoxic serum has not been defined but it is believed to be due to a reaction with noncollagenous glycoprotein components of GBM, since multiple precipitin lines are formed in Ouchterlony immunodiffusion against collagenase digests of normal GBM (Marquardt et al., 1973). Another experimental model of glomerulonephritis mediated by anti-GBM antibody can be induced in sheep by immunization with heterologous GBM. The proliferative glomerulonephritis, which was first described by Steblay (1962), is associated with linear deposition of host immunoglobulin along the GBM. In this model of experimental anti-GBM nephritis, circulating antibodies to GBM have been detected after nephrectomy (Lerner et al., 1967).
The impact of accountable care organizations on spine care

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the origins of accountable care organizations and summarize their impact on spine care. Findings The unmitigated rise in capital expenditures for health care services in the latter half of the twentieth century gave rise to the development of cost-saving measures, including accountable care organizations. These have shown modest cost savings and improvements in quality measures but have largely ignored surgeons and surgical care. Conclusions As alternative payment models expand, spine surgery will be targeted for improvements. Spine surgeons should be involved in the structuring of those efforts.
F.A. Hayek and why government can’t manage society

This year marks the seventieth anniversary of the end of the Sec-ond World War. On May 8th, Nazi Germany surrendered to the Allied Powers in Europe. On September 2nd, Imperial Japan sur-rendered to the Allies on the deck of the U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay, thus ending a global conflict that is estimated to have cost the lives of upwards of 50 million people. In autumn of 1945, everyone was looking forward, finally, to a world at peace that could recover from the destruction of a cata-strophic war and move towards a bright new future. But what kind of world was it to be? Nazism and fascism had been militarily and ideologically pul-verized in the conflict. No one wanted to goose-step to Hitler and Mussolini’s grandiose dreams of a world-ruling master race or a war-worshipping aggressive nationalism to which innocent hu-man beings were to be sacrificed.
Baseline living-donor kidney volume and function associate with 1-year post-nephrectomy kidney function.

Living donors may develop kidney dysfunction more often than equally healthy populations. The purpose of this study was to determine whether computed tomography-assessed remaining kidney volume indexed to body surface area (RKV/BSA) was associated with 1-year post-nephrectomy renal function independent of baseline renal function. Using multivariable regression, we modeled 1-year estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and eGFR 80% with decreasing RKV/BSA values below 80 mL/m2 . Those with baseline eGFR >100 rarely developed 1-year eGFR 60 mL/m2 . RKV/BSA independently associated with 1-year eGFR <60, especially with lower baseline eGFRs. Additional studies should evaluate the predictive utility of this measure and its potential role in donor evaluations and informed consent.
Stress-sensitive antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in the mouse forced swim test.

Major depression is a stress-linked disease with significant morbidity and the anesthetic drug ketamine is of growing interest in the treatment of depression, since in responsive individuals a single dose has rapid (within hours) antidepressant effects that can be sustained for over a week in some instances. This combination of fast action and a therapeutic effect that lasts far beyond the drug’s half-life points to a unique mechanism of action. In this reverse translational study, we investigate the degree to which ketamine counteracts stress-related depression-like behavioral responses by determining whether it affects unstressed animals similarly to stressed mice. To test this, male C57BL/6J mice were given a single injection of vehicle (0.9% saline; i.p.), 10 mg/kg ketamine, or 30 mg/kg ketamine, and were tested in the forced swim test (FST) 24 hours and 7 days later, as well as in the open field test on the eighth day. Unstressed mice had normal group housing, environmental enrichment, and experimenter pre-handling (5 days), whereas stressed animals were subjected to chronic mild stress (single housing, reduced enrichment and minimal handling), where some mice also had daily two-week unpredictable chronic stress (UCS). We find that ketamine (24 hours post-injection) decreases immobility and increases mobile (swimming) behavior (antidepressant-like effects) in UCS animals but does the opposite in unstressed mice, similar to recent human findings. In summary, these data suggest that chronic psychological stress interacts with ketamine treatment to modulate its effects in the C57BL/6J mouse FST, which reinforces the relevance of this test, and this strain of mice, to human, stress-induced depression.
Insiders' Views of New Literacies, Schooling, and the Purpose of Education: "We Should Be Teaching Them More Important Things".

Given that most preservice teachers have grown up in a technological world, it is commonly accepted that they will bring their new literacies knowledge and skills into their future classrooms. Howe...
The rise of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in international development in historical perspective

This article brings a historical perspective to explain the recent dissemination of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as the new “gold standard” method to assess international development projects. Although the buzz around RCT evaluations dates from the 2000s, we show that what we are witnessing now is a second wave of RCTs, while a first wave began in the 1960s and ended by the early 1980s. Drawing on content analysis of 123 RCTs, participant observation, and secondary sources, we compare the two waves in terms of the participants in the network of expertise required to carry out field experiments and the characteristics of the projects evaluated. The comparison demonstrates that researchers in the second wave were better positioned to navigate the political difficulties caused by randomization. We explain the differences in the expertise network and in the type of projects as the result of concurrent transformations in the fields of development aid and the economics profession. We draw on Andrew Abbott’s concept of “hinges,” as well as on Bourdieu’s concept of “homology” between fields, to argue that the similar positions and parallel struggles conducted by two groups of actors in the two fields served as the basis for a cross-field alliance, in which RCTs could function as a “hinge” linking together the two fields.
SOME TECHNIQUES OF CORRELATION EXPERIMENTS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a few techniques of correlation experiments. A relatively simple system 3 He + 3 H = A + B + C is considered where all possible charged particle pairs A,B can be detected and particle C is left undetected, either charged or neutral. There are 18 possible charged particle pairs. A few are two-body reactions and, thus, do contribute only at particular angle pairs; a few may not be kinematically allowed at all angle pairs and a few may be created in only small amounts. In most instances, the elastic scattering of the beam itself from the target will create an undesirable chance coincidence background. In a few cases, identification of one particle may be sufficient, but in general, both pairs will have to be identified. The chapter discusses all the salient features of a three particle system where two particles are detected. The pronounced peaks are shown to illustrate some dynamical situations such as final state interactions or quasi-free scattering. Such individual loci are generated for all allowed particle pairs in a three-body reaction and may cross each othe, or be so close together as to be experimentally very difficult to distinguish.
Di- t -butyl(ferrocenylmethyl)phosphine: air-stability, structural characterization, coordination chemistry, and application to palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions

Abstract Di-t-butyl(ferrocenylmethyl)phosphine (1) has been isolated and structurally characterized. This ligand was found to be reasonably air stable as a solid and it has been shown to possess electron donating ability similar to that of tri-i-propylphosphine. A palladium catalyst bearing this ligand performed room temperature Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions with aryl bromides. Modest Heck coupling reactivity with aryl bromides was also observed at 100 °C. Complexation of 1 with Pd2(dba)3 led to formation of (1)2Pd0. Addition of 4-bromoanisole to solutions containing both 1 and Pd2(dba)3 led to formation of an oxidative addition product when 1:Pd ratios were ⩽1. With a 2:1 ratio of 1:Pd, monophosphine complex formation and oxidative addition were significantly inhibited.
Association of PTSD symptom groups with functional impairment and distress in trauma-exposed disaster survivors.

Background In the nearly a quarter of a century since the addition of the clinically significant distress/impairment criterion to the definition of PTSD in DSM-IV, little research has been done to examine the association of this criterion with symptom group criteria and with the numbing subgroup specifically. This study was conducted to examine these relationships in a large database of disaster survivors consistently studied across 12 different incidents of the full range of disaster typology. Methods Analysis was conducted on a merged database representing 1187 trauma-exposed survivors of 12 different disasters studied systematically. DSM-IV-TR criteria for disaster-related PTSD were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Results PTSD Group C (avoidance/numbing) and numbing specifically were less common and more associated than other symptom groups with criterion F (distress/impairment). Consistently in multivariable models, group C and numbing were independently associated with criterion F. Group D (hyperarousal) was less strongly associated with criterion F. Neither group B (intrusion) nor avoidance were associated with criterion F. Conclusions In this and other studies, group C and numbing specifically have been shown to be associated with criterion F, which is consistent with the demonstration that group C and the numbing component specifically are central to the psychopathology of PTSD. The addition of the distress/impairment requirement broadly across the psychiatric diagnoses in DSM-IV added little value to PTSD symptom criteria. Future revisions of diagnostic criteria may benefit by carefully considering these findings to possibly re-include a prominent numbing symptom section.
Facile Encapsulation of Ln(II) Ions into Cryptate Complexes from LnI2(THF)2 Precursors (Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb)

The reactivity of LnI2(THF)2 (Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb; THF = tetrahydrofuran) with 2.2.2-cryptand (crypt) was explored to see if these readily accessible precursors could provide new examples of lanthanide-in-crypt complexes. The crystallographically characterized Ln(II)-in-crypt complexes [Ln(crypt)(DMF)2][I]2 (Ln = Sm, Eu) and [Yb(crypt)(DMF)][I]2 (DMF = dimethylformamide) were synthesized by reacting LnI2(THF)2 (Ln = Sm, Eu, Yb) with crypt in THF and recrystallizing from DMF. Crystallographic data were also obtained on the Ln(II)-in-crypt (Ln = Sm, Eu) complexes [Ln(crypt)(DMF)2][BPh4]2, which were synthesized by addition of 2 equiv of NaBPh4 to [Ln(crypt)(DMF)2][I]2.
The Mid-West Association of Directors of Physical Education for Women in Colleges and Universities

(1932). The Mid-West Association of Directors of Physical Education for Women in Colleges and Universities. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 6-7.
Congenital Spinal Lipomatous Malformations. Part 2. Differentiation from Selected Closed Spinal Malformations.

Background. Congenital spinal lipomatous malformations (spinal lipomas, lipomyeloceles, and lipomyelomeningoceles) are closed neural tube defects over the lower back. Differentiation from some othe...
Assessing small airway disease in GLI versus NHANES III based spirometry using area under the expiratory flow-volume curve

Background Spirometry interpretation is influenced by the predictive equations defining lower limit of normal (LLN), while ‘distal’ expiratory flows such as forced expiratory flow at 50% FVC (FEF50) are important functional parameters for diagnosing small airway disease (SAD). Area under expiratory flow-volume curve (AEX) or its approximations have been proposed as supplemental spirometric assessment tools. We compare here the performance of AEX in differentiating between normal, obstruction, restriction, mixed defects and SAD, as defined by Global Lung Initiative (GLI) or National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III reference values, and using various predictive equations for FEF50. Methods We analysed 15 308 spirometry-lung volume tests. Using GLI versus NHANES III LLNs, and diagnosing SAD by the eight most common equation sets for forced expiratory flow at 50% of vital capacity lower limits of normal (FEF50 LLN), we assessed the degree of diagnostic concordance and the ability of AEX to differentiate between various definition-dependent patterns. Results Concordance rates between NHANES III and GLI-based classifications were 93.7%, 78.6%, 86.8%, 88.0%, 93.8% and 98.8% in those without, with mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe and very severe obstruction, respectively (agreement coefficient 0.81 (0.80–0.82)). The prevalence of SAD was 0.6%–6.9% of the cohort, depending on the definition used. The AEX differentiated well between normal, obstruction, restriction, mixed pattern and SAD, as defined by most equations. Conclusions If the SAD diagnosis is established by using mean FEF50 LLN or a set number of predictive equations, AEX is able to differentiate well between various spirometric patterns. Using the most common predictive equations (NHANES III and GLI), the diagnostic concordance for functional type and obstruction severity is high.
Systemic inflammatory dynamics during chemoradiotherapy predict response, relapse, metastasis, and survival in esophageal carcinoma.

Background and objectives Lymphopenia associated with chemoradiotherapy predicts prognosis in esophageal carcinoma. The purpose of our study was to evaluate alterations in hematologic measures of inflammation during chemoradiation. Methods We performed an observational study evaluating adults treated with chemoradiation in the neoadjuvant or definitive setting for stage II-III esophageal carcinoma. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated predictors of pathologic response. Survival was analyzed by time-varying multivariable Cox proportional hazards regressions. Results A total of 94 patients were included with median follow-up of 1.6 years. Elevated neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was predictive of incomplete pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation (OR, 1.07; P = .0030) as well as shorter distant metastasis-free survival (HR, 1.01; P = .0369) and reduced overall survival (HR, 1.01; P = .0448). An NLR > 5.55 in week two of chemoradiation predicted shorter overall survival (P = .0070). Upon adjusted analysis, NLR was independently associated with reduced probability of complete pathologic response (OR, 0.80; P = .0291), as well as poor histologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation (OR, 1.05; P = .0303), shorter disease-free survival (HR, 1.02; P = .0077), and reduced overall survival (HR, 1.02; P = .0070). Conclusions Dynamic time-dependent changes in NLR during chemoradiation predict response, relapse, metastasis, and survival in esophageal carcinoma. Prospective validation is warranted.
Assisted living communities during Hurricane Irma: the decision to evacuate or shelter in place and resident acuity

Abstract Objectives To investigate the factors associated with whether assisted living communities (ALCs) in Florida evacuated or sheltered in place for Hurricane Irma in 2017, focusing on license type as a proxy for acuity of care. Design Cross-sectional study using data collected by the state through its emergency reporting system and a post-hurricane survey. Setting and Participants Analyses included all 3112 ALCs in the emergency reporting system. A subset of 1880 that completed the survey provided supplementary data. Methods χ2 tests were used to examine differences between ALC characteristics (license type, size, payment, profit status, rural location, geographical region, and being under an evacuation order) and whether they evacuated. Logistic regression was used to test associations between characteristics and evacuation status. Results Of 3112 ALCs, 560 evacuated and 2552 sheltered in place. Bivariate analysis found significant associations between evacuation status and evacuation order, license type (mental health care), payment, and region. In the adjusted analysis, medium and larger ALCs were 43% (P Conclusions and Implications Prior research highlighting harm associated with evacuation has led to recommendations that long-term care facilities carefully consider resident impairment in evacuation decision-making. Evidence that small ALCs are more likely to evacuate and that having a higher-care license is not associated with evacuation likelihood shows research is needed to understand how ALCs weigh resident risks in decisions to evacuate or shelter in place.
Pensées de Germain

Sophie Germain was a mathematician, a physicist, and a philosopher. She left us a legacy that portrays a deeply sensitive woman who was curious about the world and studied diverse subjects such as astronomy, chemistry, history, and geography.
Abstract B07: Rho-mediated gene transcription promotes BRAFi resistance in de-differentiated melanoma cells

The goal of this study is to identify pharmacologically tractable resistance mechanisms, and ultimately to prevent or reverse drug resistance in melanoma. We demonstrate that a subset of BRAFi-resistant melanoma cell lines showed diminished expression of melanocyte differentiation markers (e.g., Sox10). The transcriptional signature of 15% of treatment-naive TCGA SKCM (skin cutaneous melanoma) tumors is similar to that of de-differentiated BRAFi-resistant cell lines. This transcriptional signature in BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells and human tumors is associated with increased Rho activation and increased expression of a RhoA/C gene signature. Using a machine learning approach, we predict that these tumors have decreased sensitivity to multiple BRAF/MEK inhibitors, consistent with our observations in multiple cell line models. De-differentiated tumors are predicted to have increased sensitivity to multiple ROCK inhibitors, and this prediction was validated in multiple BRAFi-resistant cell line models. Since ROCK is one of the canonical Rho effector proteins, these data suggest that melanoma cells and tumors with low differentiation characteristics activate the Rho pathway and are sensitive to Rho pathway inhibition. As a consequence of the effect of Rho on the actin cytoskeleton, Rho regulates gene transcription through modulating transcriptional co-activators such as MRTFA and YAP1. Both MRTFA and YAP1 are activated in de-differentiated BRAFi-resistant cells and are predicted to be activated in human tumors with a similar transcriptomic profile. Consistent with our predictions, melanoma cells with MRTFA activation are sensitive to an MRTFA pathway inhibitor and those with high YAP1 activity are sensitive to indirect blockade of YAP1 activation. In total, these results demonstrate that over the course of drug resistance a subset of cells and tumors lose melanocyte lineage characteristics and gain Rho activation. In summary, our work has used bioinformatics/ML approaches to identify Rho-mediated gene transcription as an important, targetable mechanism of BRAFi resistance in de-differentiated melanomas. We experimentally demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in multiple BRAFi-resistant models, highlighting the potential of targeting Rho-mediated transcription for treating drug-resistant melanomas. Citation Format: Sean A. Misek, Kate M. Appleton, Tom S. Dexheimer, Erika M. Lisabeth, Roger S. Lo, Scott D. Larsen, Kathleen A. Gallo, Richard R. Neubig. Rho-mediated gene transcription promotes BRAFi resistance in de-differentiated melanoma cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Melanoma: From Biology to Target; 2019 Jan 15-18; Houston, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B07.