cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards real-time power management of microgrids for power system integration: a decentralized multi-agent based approach

The steadily increasing need for electrical power, rising costs of energy, market forces and industry deregulation, an aging infrastructure, tight constraints on new long distance transmission lines, global environmental concerns, and a public demand for greater electrical reliability and security are overwhelming our existing power system. One technology that offers solutions to many of these challenges and addresses smart grid objectives directly is: microgrids. A microgrid is a small (typically several MW or less in scale) power system incorporating distributed generators, load centers, potentially storage, and the ability to operate with or apart from the larger utility grid. Properly managed, assets connected within a microgrid can provide value to the utility power network, improve energy delivery to local customers, and facilitate a more stable electrical infrastructure, benefitting environmental emissions, energy utilization, and operational cost. While microgrids can achieve significant improvements for customers and utilities alike, microgrid research is in its infancy and, to date, a comprehensive means of managing microgrid operations has not been realized. In this work, two primary efforts are undertaken. First, given the lack of a comprehensive software test bed for microgrids, a simulation environment capable of incorporating microgrid operational concepts, electrical modeling, asset dynamics, and control conditions is developed. Second, using the simulation environment, an enhanced decentralized multi-agent power management and control system is designed and evaluated for the purpose of supervising multi-objective microgrid operations under normal and emergency conditions. Results presented demonstrate effective multi-agent methods that yield improved microgrid performance, as well as facilitate coordinated system decision-making without reliance on a centralized controller. These advancements represent innovation towards the autonomous operation of microgrids, as well as provide important insight into new trade-off considerations associated with multi-objective design for power management. Microgrids are infrastructure elements that bridge the gap between emerging energy technologies and the existing power system. Simply put, smart grid objectives including higher penetration of renewables, integration of storage, delivery efficiency improvements, more responsive system elements, stronger resiliency, and improved flexibility will be difficult to achieve without microgrids. The simulation environment developed and the power management methodology presented are important steps towards enabling microgrids and realizing their benefits.
Probabilistic Balancing of Grid with Renewables and Storage

This paper develops probabilistic analysis approach to ensure generating capacity is sufficient to balance load (electricity demand) in power grid. In the future grid, most generation will come from variable sources, such as solar and wind. This means the grid can be only balanced probabilistically. Variability of renewable generation requires using storage, which must be a part of the analysis. Further, mandated reliability of the power systems is very high. This means the probabilistic analysis must carefully consider the combined impact of several random factors and model extreme events. The paper presents probabilistic methodology addressing the mentioned issues. It is demonstrated using actual ISO data.
Northern European patterns of visiting Rome, 1400–1850

The city of Rome was probably Europe’s most popular destination city well into the modern era, but due to the presence of deadly endemic malaria, such visits were a risky proposition for unacclimat...
Ventricular Catheter Tract Hemorrhage as a Risk Factor for Ventriculostomy-Related Infection.

BACKGROUND Ventriculostomy-related infection (VRI) is a feared complication of external ventricular drain (EVD) placement. Although many contributing factors to VRI have been examined, little is known whether there is an association between ventriculostomy-related catheter tract hemorrhage (VCTH) and VRI. OBJECTIVE To evaluate risk factors for VRI and assess possible correlations with VCTH. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with EVD placement in a neurocritical care unit between 2011 and 2015. VRI was defined as clinical signs of infection with a positive cerebrospinal fluid gram stain and isolation of cerebrospinal fluid culture. VCTH was diagnosed by computed tomography immediately after EVD insertion. RESULTS A total of 247 patients with EVD were identified during the 5-yr study period. An association between VCTH and gram-negative VRI was identified (P = .02). Ten percent (25 of 247 patients) developed a VRI, and 7% (18 of 247 patients) had a VCTH. Of the 25 patients with VRI, 20% (n = 5) had a VCTH, compared to 6% (n = 13) of 222 patients who had an EVD placed but did not develop VRI. There were no significant differences in demographic and clinical factors except for multiple EVD insertions (P < .00001), EVD duration (P < .001), and hospital length of stay (P < .001). CONCLUSION VCTH is a potentially significant risk factor for VRI. Further analysis will be needed to confirm the strength of this association, and to delineate the possible mechanisms by which tract hemorrhage may serve as a nidus for bacterial penetration into the central nervous system.
The perceived barriers toward reading empirical articles among graduate students: A mixed methods investigation

This mixed methods study identified doctoral students' perceptions of barriers that prevent them from reading empirical articles. A secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between the students' perceived barriers and their levels of reading vocabulary and comprehension. Participants were 148 doctoral students in education at a large metropolitan research extensive university. The students were enrolled in sections of a one-semester research design course offered over a 2-year period. A thematic analysis (qualitative phase) revealed the following six barriers that students perceived as preventing them from reading empirical articles: lack of time (76.4%), psychological- physical factors (14.8%), lack of relevancy (10.8%), lack of statistical background (7.4%), language style (4.7%), and accessibility (2%). Lack of time was statistically significantly related to levels of reading ability (quantitative phase). Moreover, students with high levels of reading vocabulary were 3.4 times more likely than were their counterparts to perceive time as a barrier. Also, students with high levels of reading comprehension were 2.8 times more likely than were their counterparts to perceive time as a barrier. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Comprehensive review for common types of errors using spreadsheets.

Thanks to their flexibility and capability to perform different tasks and organize data in the best form and format, spreadsheets are widely used in different organizations and by different end users. Many business organizations rely on spreadsheets to fulfill their various tasks. On the other hand, the number of spreadsheets that contain errors are very high, thus researchers have developed different tools aimed at the prevention, detection, and correction of errors in spreadsheets. This research work is a comprehensive review that describes and classifies approaches on finding and fixing errors in spreadsheets. The paper discusses up-to-date research work approaches in terms of definition, how they work, and kinds of errors they can find in spreadsheets. The paper looks also for the kinds of errors that end users commonly make in spreadsheets.
Microclimate Temperatures Impact Nesting Preference in Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).

The temperature of the nest influences fitness in cavity-nesting bees. Females may choose nest cavities that mitigate their offspring's exposure to stressful temperatures.This study aims to understand how cavity temperature impacts the nesting preference of the solitary bee Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) under field conditions. We designed and 3D printed nest boxes that measured the temperatures of 432 cavities. Nest boxes were four-sided with cavity entrances facing northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest. Nest boxes were placed along an alfalfa field in Fargo, ND and were observed daily for completed nests. Our study found that cavity temperature varied by direction the cavity faced and by the position of the cavity within the nest box. The southwest sides recorded the highest maximum temperatures while the northeast sides recorded the lowest maximum temperatures. Nesting females filled cavities on the north-facing sides faster than cavities on the south-facing sides. The bees preferred to nest in cavities with lower average temperatures during foraging hours, and cavities that faced to the north.The direction the cavity faced was associated with the number of offspring per nest.The southwest-facing cavities had fewer offspring than nests on the northeast side. Our study indicates that the nesting box acts as a microclimate, with temperature varying by position and direction of the cavity. Variation in cavity temperature affected where females chose to nest, but not their reproductive investment.
Astrocyte–neuron interactions in synaptic development

Abstract Neuronal synapse formation is a complex multistep process whereby two neurons form a connection. In addition to intrinsic cues within neurons, the process of synaptogenesis is also regulated by interactions with neighboring cell types in the developing brain, including a class of glial cells called astrocytes. This chapter reviews the evidence of a role for astrocytes in each stage of synaptogenesis, from synapse initiation to synapse maturation and stabilization. It includes a discussion of known astrocyte synapse-regulating factors, including both contact-mediated and secreted signals, and their mechanisms of action. It concludes with a discussion of the signals that regulate expression and release of synaptogenic cues from astrocytes, including brain region differences in expression of synaptogenic cues, temporal changes, and the role of neurons in regulating expression.
Social inequalities contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in depressive symptomology among men who have sex with men

Racial/ethnic minorities experience disproportionate rates of depressive symptoms in the United States. The magnitude that underlying factors—such as social inequalities—contribute to these symptoms is unknown. We sought to identify exposures that explain racial/ethnic differences in clinically significant depressive symptomology among men who have sex with men (MSM). Data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), a prospective cohort study, were used to examine clinically significant symptoms of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score ≥ 20) among non-Latinx White, non-Latinx Black, and Latinx MSM. We included 44,823 person-visits by 1729 MSM seen in the study sites of Baltimore/Washington, DC; Chicago; Pittsburgh/Columbus; and Los Angeles from 2000 to 2017. Regression models estimated the percentage of depressive symptom risk explained by social, treatment, and health-related variables related to race/ethnicity. Machine-learning methods were used to predict the impact of mitigating differences in determinants of depressive symptoms by race/ethnicity. At the most recent non-missing MACS visit, 16% of non-Latinx White MSM reported clinically significant depressive symptoms, compared to 22% of non-Latinx Black and 25% of Latinx men. We found that income and social-environmental stress were the largest contributors to racial/ethnic disparities in risk for depressive symptoms. Similarly, setting the prevalence of these two exposures to be equal across racial/ethnic groups was estimated to be most effective at reducing levels of clinically significant depressive symptoms. Results suggested that reducing socioeconomic inequalities and stressful experiences may be effective public health targets to decrease racial/ethnic disparities in depressive symptoms among MSM.
Doing Well by Doing Good (?): Rethinking Corporate Social Responsibility Through an Examination of Social Purpose Corporations and Stakeholder and Neoliberal Theories

With the proliferation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)—as seen in the popularity and spread of hybrid organizational forms—better theory is needed to fully understand CSR’s development and implications. Two theories have risen to explain the development of CSR: the dominant narrative is found in stakeholder theory, whereas neoliberalism is a developing theory. The stakeholder approach understands CSR to be a rejection of neoliberal economic policies whereas neoliberal theory suggests that CSR is a product of neoliberalism. The paper argues that both stakeholder and neoliberal understandings have influenced the development of CSR and are necessary in order to gain a full and nuanced understanding of CSR. To do so, in part one this paper covers an in-depth review of the literature surround stakeholder theory and neoliberalism which is used to construct two lenses by which to identify stakeholder and neoliberal influences in CSR. Then, in part two, the paper applies these lenses to the experiences of Washington State Social Purpose Corporations. This analysis demonstrates that both theoretical approaches have influenced the development of CSR and, therefore, a complete CSR theory should incorporate both stakeholder and neoliberal elements.
A Communication Audit Exercise to Enhance Virtual Team and Individual Communication Skills

This article outlines a unique student activity designed to close the gap between students’ perceived and actual communication and team behavior during virtual group meetings. The Communication Aud...
Books like me: An investigation of urban elementary teachers’ journey towards more culturally relevant pedagogy

The single-site case study described herein is part of a two-year professional development (PD) initiative aimed at helping teachers from an urban elementary (K-8) school learn how to implement exp...
The Scheme Programming Language

A thoroughly updated and expanded edition brings this popular introductory text and reference up to date with the current Scheme standard, the Revised6 Report on Scheme. Scheme is a general-purpose programming language, descended from Algol and Lisp, widely used in computing education and research and a broad range of industrial applications. This thoroughly updated edition of The Scheme Programming Language provides an introduction to Scheme and a definitive reference for standard Scheme, presented in a clear and concise manner. Written for professionals and students with some prior programming experience, it begins by leading the programmer gently through the basics of Scheme and continues with an introduction to some of the more advanced features of the language. The fourth edition has been substantially revised and expanded to bring the content up to date with the current Scheme standard, the Revised6 Report on Scheme. All parts of the book were updated and three new chapters were added, covering the language's new library, exception handling, and record-definition features. The book offers three chapters of introductory material with numerous examples, eight chapters of reference material, and one chapter of extended examples and additional exercises. All of the examples can be entered directly from the keyboard into an interactive Scheme session. Answers to many of the exercises, a complete formal syntax of Scheme, and a summary of forms and procedures are provided in appendixes. The Scheme Programming Language is the only book available that serves both as an introductory text in a variety of courses and as an essential reference for Scheme programmers.
Gaining Control Over Rare Earth Valence Fluctuations

The problem addressed in this workshop is in my view a very old one. It came up for the first time in the early thirties with the discovery of the resistivity minimum in dilute alloys of simple metals with magnetic transition metal impurities. If this view is correct, then the existence of this workshop in 1987 proves that the problem turned out to be a very difficult one because it is apparently not yet solved to anybody’s satisfaction in spite of the vast amount of experimental and theoretical work done so far.
Advanced technology transfer through empowered cross-functional teams-Case study: The team response to a pre-production IC fabrication process yield loss

The use of empowered cross-functional teams to transfer new technologies is compared with the traditional serial approach. The effectiveness of such teams is demonstrated through a case study which describes the rapid detection and correction of a sudden yield loss in a newly developed, advanced bipolar IC process. >
Moving grid method for numerical simulation of stratified flows

SUMMARY We develop a second-order accurate Navier–Stokes solver based on r-adaptivity of the underlying numerical discretization. The motion of the mesh is based on the fluid velocity field; however, certain adjustments to the Lagrangian velocities are introduced to maintain quality of the mesh. The adjustments are based on the variational approach of energy minimization to redistribute grid points closer to the areas of rapid solution variation. To quantify the numerical diffusion inherent to each method, we monitor changes in the background potential energy, computation of which is based on the density field. We demonstrate on a standing interfacial gravity wave simulation how using our method of grid evolution decreases the rate of increase of the background potential energy compared with using the same advection scheme on the stationary grid. To further highlight the benefit of the proposed moving grid method, we apply it to the nonhydrostatic lock-exchange flow where the evolution of the interface is more complex than in the standing wave test case. Naive grid evolution based on the fluid velocities in the lock-exchange flow leads to grid tangling as Kelvin–Helmholtz billows develop at the interface. This is remedied by grid refinement using the variational approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional outcomes of school-age children with acquired brain injuries at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation

Objective: To examine functional outcomes of school-age children with acquired brain injuries (ABI) at discharge from one inpatient rehabilitation programme in the Northeast, USA.Methods: A cross-sectional design was used to examine admission and discharge data on 176 children with ABI, aged 5–18 years. Functional outcomes included discharge Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) self-care, mobility, social function scores and length of stay. General patterns of change in PEDI scores were analysed using paired t-tests and effect sizes. Correlation analyses were used to determine associations among continuous variables. Differences in outcomes related to independent variables were examined using independent t-tests and analysis of variance and covariance.Results: PEDI scores improved significantly at discharge. Less improvement was found in social function scores than mobility and self-care scores. Higher scores were associated with shorter LOS. Differences in most outcomes were found related ...
A multi-level fast multipole algorithm for low-frequency scattering from a composite object

A scheme is presented to apply the low-frequency multilevel fast. multipole algorithm (LF-MLFMA) to the scattering problem from a composite object. LF-MLFMA was applied to solving the electric field integral equation (EFIE) for the perfect electrical conductor (PEC) scattering problem by W.C. Chew et al. (see "Fast and efficient algorithms in computational electromagnetics", Artech House, p.151-202, 2001). However, for scattering from a composite object, more than one medium is involved and thus LF-MLFMA cannot be applied directly. We use contact-region-modeling (CRM) (Y. Chu et al., IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.51, no.10, p.2837-44, 2003) to convert the composite object problem into a multi-region problem and LF-MLFMA is applied region by region. Also, in each region, LF-MLFMA is applied to different forms of the L and K operators.
Mantle flow in subduction systems: The subslab flow field and implications for mantle dynamics

[1] The character of the mantle flow field in subduction zones remains poorly understood, despite its importance for our understanding of subduction dynamics. In particular, little attention has been paid to mantle flow beneath subducting slabs. In order to identify processes that make first-order contributions to the global pattern of subslab mantle flow, we have compiled shear wave splitting measurements from subduction zones worldwide from previously published studies and estimated average splitting parameters for the subslab region. Globally, the subslab region is overwhelmingly dominated by trench-parallel fast splitting directions. We tested for relationships between splitting delay time, a measure of the strength of anisotropy, and parameters that are indicators of tectonic processes, such as trench migration velocity, convergence velocity and obliquity, age of subducting lithosphere, and slab dip, curvature, seismicity, and thickness. We used several different plate motion models to describe plate and trench motions and evaluated the differences among the models. We find that only one parameter, namely, the trench migration velocity in a Pacific hot spot reference frame, appears to correlate well with the strength of the subslab splitting signal. This finding supports a model in which the mantle beneath subducting slabs is dominated by three-dimensional flow induced by trench migration. We explore several implications of our model for various aspects of mantle dynamics, including the choice of a suitable reference frame(s) for mantle flow, the existence of a thin decoupling zone between slabs and the subslab mantle, and consequences for mass transfer between the upper and lower mantle.
Optimal Medication Therapy Prescribing and Management: Meeting Patients' Needs in an Evolving Health Care System

Evolving health care environments present opportunities and challenges for clinical pharmacists to become increasingly more pivotally integrated as critical members of interprofessional care teams. Optimal medication therapy prescribing and management is best characterized as a process that results in safe, effective, efficient, and culturally sensitive medication ordering, order fulfillment, administration, and monitoring, which achieves desired clinical outcomes for a specific patient. Bringing together the knowledge, skills, and perspectives of an interprofessional team of physicians, nurses, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, and others where appropriate provides the expertise and synergy to optimize medication therapy decisions, educate patients, implement and monitor medication therapy, enhance adherence, and achieve and measure quality clinical outcomes. Although there are well-defined barriers to overcome, we, the members of the 2009 American College of Clinical Pharmacy Presidential Task Force, envision optimal medication therapy prescribing and management functions ideally to occur in health care settings with adequate resources to deliver high-quality care. In the presence of financial pressure, safeguards should be developed between practice activities and economic and accounting procedures to mitigate conflicts of interest that could otherwise occur in drug selection and overuse. In the future, clinical pharmacists will participate prospectively as essential full-time members of interprofessional care teams. Although it is anticipated that pharmacists will be embraced in these roles in all managed care and government-based systems, virtual or remote participation in medication therapy management may remedy access to pharmacists in settings and locales where they cannot be physically present or where economic models necessitate virtual care delivery.
Perceptions of the value of natural and restored beach and dune characteristics by high school students in New Jersey, USA

Abstract Students in high school science classes in grades 9–12 in four schools in New Jersey were surveyed using a 2-page written questionnaire to assess knowledge and attitudes about natural habitats and dune restoration on a human-modified coast. Eight hundred and ten questionnaires were completed. Students mentioned natural attributes most frequently when asked about the importance of a beach, but the many recreational attributes of a beach (recreation, have fun, relax/escape) were cumulatively more frequently mentioned. Dunes were considered important to students primarily as protection structures. Students preferred dunes to no dunes and wide beaches to narrow beaches but had no clear preference about raking to remove beach debris. 72.0% of all students said that lost natural dunes and vegetation should be restored, with 17.6% saying no and 10.4% no response. Students in higher grades and in specialized coastal-oriented classes indicated more support for restoration.
Cryostat Techniques: Methods for Improving Conservation and Sectioning of Tissue

Tissues have been conserved for satisfactory enzymatic histochemical assay for up to 12 mo by low temperature storage (in a dry ice chest or at -40° C) and by measures designed to offset the deleterious effects of sublimation of H2O by using the following modifications of standard procedures (which include steps to give a mechanical support to otherwise fragmenting sections): 1. tissue blocks are coated with a polystyrene solution between each storage period; 2. modified bolts are used as tissue holders and types of bolt holders have been designed to fit on standard microtomes which permit manipulation of each tissue block independently of its mates on the same bolt holder, or the simultaneous cutting of all blocks on any one holder with each advance of the microtome feed; 3. tissues are coated with 20% polystyrene in methylene chloride prior to cutting and rubber cement painted on the slide as an adhesive. Lillie's 20% polystyrene diethylbenzene is used as a mounting medium. Other details of practical im...
Fingerprinting stereoisomers by survivor-ion mass spectrometry

Survivor-ion mass spectrometry is used to distinguish stereoisomeric cis- and trans-4-methylcyclohexanol. The method involves producing ions by electron impact ionization and submitting them without mass selection to collisional neutralization and reionization, followed by selective monitoring of non-dissociating ions. The differences in the electron impact mass spectra of the stereoisomers, due to the different fragment ion elemental compositions and structures, are highlighted by collisional neutralization with Xe, NO and CH3SSCH3, followed by reionization with oxygen. The differences in the survivor-ion spectra are due to different neutralization efficiencies of the isobaric and isomeric ions produced by electron impact ionization, different stabilities of the intermediate neutral species, different reionization efficiencies and reionized ion stabilities. Neutralization-reionization spectra of the C7H12+., C6H9+, C3H6O+. and C3H5O+ ions from stereoisomeric 4-methylcyclohexanols are also reported.
Neuronal polyploidy and nuclear volumes in the cat central nervous system.

Abstract Nuclear DNA content has been measured cytophotometrically in neurons and glia of motor cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord ventral horn of the cat. Betz cells, Purkinje cells and large neurons of ventral horn are tetraploid, while remaining neurons and glia in these areas are diploid, with the exception of an octaploid class in a small number of spinal cord neurons in 2 of 5 animals. The tetraploid neurons are the efferent neurons of their respective areas, and their nuclei are significantly larger than diploid nuclei. However, ploidy levels are not strictly proportional to nuclear volume in the cat central nervous system. Nuclear volumes vary among the different tetraploid neuronal types, Betz cell and tetraploid spinal cord nuclei having larger volumes than Purkinje cell nuclei. The nuclei of diploid neurons are significantly larger than those of diploid glial cells.
Tumor suppression by Ink4a-Arf: progress and puzzles

The two products of the Ink4a-Arf locus, p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf) (p14(ARF) in humans), are potent tumor suppressors that regulate the activities of the retinoblastoma protein and the p53 transcription factor. These proteins form part of a signaling network that is disrupted in most, if not all, cancer cells. The Ink4a-Arf locus responds to stress signals, limiting cell proliferation and modulating oncogene-induced apoptosis. Recent evidence emerging from mouse tumor models distinguishes the activities of p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf) in regulating tumor onset and identifies differences in their responsiveness to drugs.
Reliability Improvement of Aluminum Wirebonds in High-Power IGBT Modules

Wirebonding is the weakest area of device packaging of power IGBT modules. Accelerated thermal fatigue testing causes cracks to form and propagate in the aluminum wirebond at the foot area. This study examined the relationship of the wirebond reliability and the aluminum wire grain structure, which can be affected by post-wirebond heat treatment. A series of wirebonded IGBTs were annealed at a temperature range from 280°C to 400°C for up to 60 minutes. Wirebond shear strengths versus temperature cycles were examined. Cross-sectional SEM was used to examine both aluminum grain size development by annealing and crack initiation and propagation in the wirebonds after temperature cycling. It was found that aluminum grain size was increased by post-wirebond annealing. With temperature cycling, the wirebond shear strengths of the as-wirebonded samples decrease rapidly, and lifted wirebonds were present after 1500 temperature cycles. The lifted wirebonds typically break within the aluminum wire near the wire/metallization interface. The shear strength of the wirebonds with post-wirebond annealing showed no significant change even after 5000 temperature cycles, and there were no signs of significant deterioration of the wirebonds either. The wirebond crack initiation and growth rates were depressed substantially by larger aluminum grains. Annealing of the aluminum wire after wirebonding provided increased aluminum grain size resulting in improved reliability of the wirebonds of high power modules.
Development of Single-Photon Source Based on Single Trapped Barium Ions

A pulse laser driving Ba based single photon source has been proposed with its simple structure, high repetition rate and potential application in Quantum computation and communication.
Atmospheric photolysis rate coefficients during the Polar Sunrise Experiment ALERT2000

Abstract We measured and modeled UV radiation by three methods to quantify molecular photolysis rate coefficients during the light intensive period of the Polar Sunrise Experiment ALERT2000. UV radiation was measured by either a 2π filter radiometer or a spectral irradiance sensor, or modeled with the phodis package. The phodis program uses a discrete ordinate radiation transfer method (DISORT) to calculate the actinic radiation field for a model atmosphere. The irradiance measurements must be converted to actinic fluxes in order to calculate photolysis rate coefficients. The conversion between irradiance and actinic flux is non-trivial and requires an assumption about the angular distribution of the diffuse radiation. We contrast two model assumptions. The first model assumes that the diffuse radiation is isotropic; we call this model the isotropic diffuse model (IDM). The second model calculates the angular distribution with DISORT, which we call the anisotropic diffuse model (ADM). Having calculated the actinic flux, we calculate the photolysis rate coefficient of NO2, J(NO2). Comparing the IDM and ADM-derived J(NO2) due to downwelling radiation, we find that the IDM assumption leads to clear-sky photolysis rate coefficients 15% less than the ADM assumption. We show that the IDM method clear-sky results are not consistent with IDM method overcast sky results; therefore, the ADM assumption is preferred. The 2π filter radiometer directly measures the actinic flux and uses filters appropriate to quantify J(NO2). The comparison of these three methods for the downwelling component of J(NO2) demonstrates good agreement; all three methods lie within a 20% range. The 2π sensor measures 10% higher photolysis rate coefficients than does the ADM method, and the phodis model predicts 10% lower photolysis rate coefficients than does the ADM model. While the correlations between the ADM method and the 2π sensor are quite compact during homogeneous sky conditions, partially cloudy sky conditions are difficult to model, leading to increased error. The overall standard deviation between the two measurements for all sky conditions is ±10% of the mean (1−σ). Using this full ADM model, we calculate photolysis rate coefficients for many other molecules of atmospheric interest.
Differential effects of prior wakefulness and circadian phase on nap sleep

Studies of experimentally altered human sleep-wake cycles have shown that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep propensity exhibits a circadian periodicity, while slow wave sleep (SWS) is primarily responsive to the duration of prior wakefulness. What is not known is the extent to which REM sleep continues to show a circadian pattern under intense sleep pressure, and the extent to which SWS remains responsive to prior wakefulness at opposite phases of the circadian cycle. These questions were addressed by permitting healthy young adults a 2 h nap opportunity at opposite phases of the circadian cycle and with varying amounts of prior wakefulness, during a 54 h trial in a laboratory environment free of time cues. Three groups slept near the circadian peak (15.00 h) in the diurnal activity cycle, preceded by either 6, 30, or 54 h of prior wakefulness. Two other groups had naps near the circadian trough (03.00 h), midway between the peak naps and preceded by either 18 or 42 h of wakefulness. Comparisons both between and within groups revealed that latencies to sleep onset and to SWS decreased, while stage 4 sleep increased markedly in response to prior wakefulness up to 30 h, without any effect from the circadian placement of the nap. REM sleep propensity, as measured by the number of naps with REM and the amount of REM sleep among those naps that contained REM, was affected only by the circadian phase of the nap, with trough naps containing significantly less REM. Thus, no amount of sleep pressure changed the circadian phase-dependent expression of REM, and SWS remained wake-responsive at both phases of the diurnal cycle.
From bench to business

The process of transferring a laboratory discovery to the marketplace can sometimes seem like a black art. It doesn't have to be.
The EPR spectrum and structure of Cu(CO)3

Abstract Cu(CO) 3 is formed when Cu atoms and CO are allowed to react on adamantane at 77 K in a rotating cryostat. This carbonyl has most of the unpaired spin in a 4p z orbital on Cu and is a trigonal planar π radical.
Neutron cross section measurements at ORELA for improved nuclear data and their application

Many older neutron cross-section evaluations from libraries such as ENDF/B-VI or JENDL-3.2 exhibit deficiencies or do not cover energy ranges that are important for criticality safety applications. These deficiencies may occur in the resolved and unresolved-resonance regions. Consequently, these evaluated data may not be adequate for nuclear criticality calculations where effects such as self-shielding, multiple scattering, or Doppler broadening are important. To support the Nuclear Criticality Predictability Program, neutron cross-section measurements have been initiated at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA). ORELA is the only high-power white neutron source with excellent time resolution still operating in the United States. It is ideally suited to measure fission, neutron total, and capture cross sections in the energy range from 1 eV to {approx}600 keV, which is important for many nuclear criticality safety applications.
Plasmodium berghei: glycolytic intermediate concentrations of the infected mouse erythrocyte.

Abstract The concentrations of glycolytic intermediates and related metabolites were measured in blood from three groups of mice: (1) mice infected with the malarial parasite Plasmodium berghei; (2) mice with an induced reticulocytosis; and (3) uninfected control mice. The glycolytic intermediate concentrations of parasitized versus normal blood samples were not grossly different, yet the differences appeared to correlate well with previous in vitro observations of enzyme changes in infected red blood cells. The changes in intermediate pool sizes in P. berghei-infected blood as compared to normal blood indicate the presence of unique glycolytic control mechanisms. Finally, the intermediate pattern of infected blood was related to the presence of the parasite and did not correlate with the intermediate pattern of normal or reticulocyte-rich blood.
Use of a High-Voltage AC Arc Source for the Spectrochemical Analysis of Plant Tissue

A method for the spectrochemical analysis of plant tissue, designed principally for use by graduate students with minimum guidance from the spectrographer, has been devised. The method is designed to eliminate or reduce at least the many matrix problems of biological systems The ash of plant tissue is mixed with the buffer powder (K2SO4-graphite) in portions determined by the amount of ash and potassium present in the plants.
The effect of flicker on avoidance acquisition in the bush baby, Galago senegalensis

In a study of the discrimination of intermittent visual stimuli by bush babies, Galago senegalensis, in a go, no-go two-way shock-avoidance task, it was found that active avoidance to the high-rate flicker, 18/sec, was facilitated as compared with active avoidance to the low-rate flicker, 3/sec. Acquisiton of passive avoidance was superior to acquisition of active avoidance, and flicker rate did not affect passive avoidance differentially.
Circular dichroism studies on effects of organic solvents on conformation and inhibitory capacity of soybean trypsin inhibitor.

Abstract The effects of methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, trifluoroethanol, ethylene glycol monobutylether, and 1,4-dioxane on “Kunitz” soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) was systematically investigated by the circular dichroism (CD) probe and measurement of inhibitory activity. Upon denaturation, the large positive CD band at 226 nm disappears and a new negative CD band at 239 nm is observed at the transition midpoint from native to denatured state. The 239-nm band is assigned to the n − π ∗ transition of the amide bonds of the polypeptide main chain. The commonly observed peak at 245 nm is not a true CD band but is produced by the combination of the positive band at 226 nm and this negative band at 239 nm. The partly denatured STI at the transition midpoint is of a similar aperiodic conformation as native STI and has about 50% of the original inhibitory activity. The unique folding of the polypeptide main chain of the inhibitor is important for its ability to inhibit trypsin. Depending on the conditions, the denaturation of STI by increasing concentrations of organicsolvents can be considered as a three-stage phenomenon: (a) The conformation of the main chain polypeptide backbone is not altered but the side chains are slightly perturbed; (b) the reorganization of the main chain conformation occurs, whereby α-helical and β-pleated sheet structures are formed in most cases; the inhibitory activity decreases concurrently with the reorganization of conformation; (c) at very high concentrations of the perturbant, the pleated sheet structures appear as the predominant conformation, followed by aggregation. The broad and flat negative CD band centered at 275 nm, observed in solutions of denatured STI, probably is contributed chiefly by disulfide chromophores. The vibronic fine structure of the phenylalanine bands is accentuated in denatured STI.
Velocity Measurements of a Jet Injected into a Supersonic Crossflow

This paper presents a quantitative, experimental study of a single, sonic, underexpanded, transverse, round jet injected into a Mach 1.6 crosse ow. This investigation is applicable to studies of supersonic combustors, thrust vector control of rocket nozzles, the cooling of nozzle walls, and jet reaction force prediction. Schlieren/shadowgraph photography and two-component, frequency preshifted laser Doppler velocimetry are used to visualize the e ow and to measure three mean velocity components, e ve of the six kinematic Reynolds stresses, and turbulent kinetic energy at over 4000 locations throughout the e owe eld. The study focuses on the transverse, midline plane and on two crosse ow planes. These measurements are used to study the size and orientation of the recirculation regions upstream and downstream of the jet; the structure and strength of the bow shock, barrel shock, and Mach disk; the structure, strength, and development of the kidney-shaped, counter-rotating vortex pair; the growth of the annular shear layer between the jet plume and the crosse ow; and the growth of the boundary layer beneath the jet. In addition, the present study provides validation data for analytical and numerical predictions of the transverse jet e owe eld.
The Bluetooth Honeypot Project: Measuring and Managing Bluetooth Risks in the Workplace

Bluetooth technology BT and the inherent security vulnerabilities it introduces into business domains are often overlooked when security policies are developed. However, the International Data Corporation IDC projected that global Bluetooth short-wave wire semiconductor revenue will triple from $1.7 billion in 2007, to $3.3 billion in 2012 Reidy, 2008. After a brief history of Bluetooth technology, researchers will examine how Bluetooth works, its vulnerabilities, and how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. Bluetooth malware and its associated risks will also be explored. As a practical approach to monitor Bluetooth threats and malware, the employment of a Bluetooth honeypot will be discussed, including honeypot structure and the legalities of deploying them. Building on Andrew Smith's earlier work developing Bluepot, a functional Bluetooth honeypot Smith, 2011, researchers will test Bluepot and discuss the feasibility of using it as a prototype for developing a functional Bluetooth honeypot to secure corporate data and analyze BT malware.
Effects of Reducing Atmosphere on the Luminescence of Eu3+-Doped Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Sensor Layers in Thermal Barrier Coatings

The use of Eu3+-doped yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as an embedded layer in thermal barrier coatings for luminescence temperature sensing has previously been demonstrated in air. In this work the effects of exposure to reducing atmospheres on the luminescence spectra and luminescence lifetime as a function of temperature are reported. No effect of reducing atmosphere, down to oxygen partial pressures() of <10−11 ppm, on either the Eu3+ luminescence spectrum or the luminescence lifetime up to 900°C are seen although the overall luminescence intensity is decreased. The insensitivity of the temperature dependence of the luminescence lifetime to oxygen partial pressure indicates that Eu3+-doped YSZ based temperature sensors can be used with confidence in reducing as well as in air atmospheres. The results also suggest that the charge transfer mechanism responsible for the temperature dependence of the luminescence lifetime is unaffected by the oxygen vacancies introduced by reduction.
Analysis of cholesterol, cholesterol‐5,6‐epoxides and cholestane‐3β,5α,6β‐triol in nipple aspirates of human breast fluid by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of cholesterol and three of its major oxidative metabolites (the 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxide, the 3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta-triol, and the 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide) in a single sample of human breast fluid (2-50 microliters), using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. High specificity and reliable quantification is achieved by the use of the inverse stable isotope dilution method, employing deuterium-labeled variants of the compounds as internal standards.
451: Epidemiology of late bacterial pneumonia in a prospective cohort of lung transplant recipients (LTRs)

Purpose: LTRs experience a higher risk of graft infection compared to other solid organ transplant recipients. However, the epidemiology and outcome of late onset bacterial pneumonia in this population has not been prospectively studied. Methods and Materials: We collected infection data affecting all LTRs at our institution from 2002 until present (n 222). All infectious episodes were prospectively identified using standardized criteria. Late onset pneumonia was defined as pneumonia occurring 30 days after transplant. Results: Of the 222 LTRs enrolled over the study period, 30 episodes of pneumonia were recorded in 28 LTRs yielding an overall pneumonia rate of 12.6% (28/222). Most of these pneumonias [86.6% (26/30)] occurred 180 days after transplantation. 10% (3/30) of episodes occurred between 30-100 days, and 3.3% (1/30) between 100-180 days. Health care associated pneumonia (HCAP) was observed in 73.3% (22/30) of episodes, while 26.6% (8/30) were classified as hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP). 40.9% (9/22) of HCAP and 62.5% (5/8) of HAP involved multi-drug resistant pathogens (MDRs) (p NS). The majority of isolates [76.3% (29/38)] were gram-negative bacteria. More than half of isolates [55.2% (21/38)] were MDRs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common bacterial pathogen, [60.5% (23/38)]. No difference in the rate of bacterial pneumonia was noted between various underlying diseases in LTRs. However, 91.6% (11/12) isolates from cystic fibrosis patients were MDRs, while none of the isolates (n 6) from Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency patients were MDR. 30-day mortality in our cohort was only 3.3% (1/30). Conclusions: The majority of late onset bacterial pneumonias in this cohort of LTRs were HCAPs, which occurred more than 6 months following lung transplantation. Pathogens were most frequently gramnegative and more than half of all microbial isolates were MDRs. Pre-transplant pulmonary diagnosis did not affect pneumonia frequency but impacted risk for MDR pathogen infection. The 30-day mortality from late pneumonia in this cohort was low (3.3%).
CULTURE STUDIES ON THURETELLOPSIS PEGGIANA KYLIN1

SUMMARY Information on the life history and development of Thuretellopsis peggiana Kylin (Cryptonemiales) has been obtained additional to that first given by Kylin in 1925. Culture studies showed the life history to consist of morphologically dissimilar gametangial and tetrasporangial phases. Examination of plants from, field material indicated carposporophyte development similar to that described by Kylin. Spermatangia were found in field-collected material also bearing carpogonial branches. Monosporangia were observed on field and cultural material of gametangial plants and on tetrasporangial plants in culture. A crustose tetrasporangial phase arose in culture from germinating carpospores under a photoperiod of 16– hr and formed tetrasporangia under a photoperiod of 9– hr. Germination of tetraspores yielded plants similar in morphology to gametangial plants collected in the field. The present study of the life history of T. peggiana and its crust, which has some similarity to Erythrodermis allenii, complements previous observations on the relationship between Halarachnion ligulatum and Cruoria rosea (Gigartinales). Observations on the arrangement of carpogonial and. auxiliary cell branches suggest the need for very close scrutiny of characters in cultured material.