cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensory nerve conduction study of the mental nerve.

We describe a technique for sensory nerve conduction study of the mental nerve. A monopolar recording needle is placed near the mandibular foramen using the same approach as that for routine inferior alveolar nerve block in dentistry, and a surface reference electrode is positioned over the ipsilateral mastoid process. Sensory nerve action potentials to stimulation of the mental nerve at the chin can be reliably recorded orthodromically in normal healthy subjects. The method is simple and well tolerated and provides a useful means to evaluate mental nerve function electrophysiologically.
Effect of headgroup on electrical conductivity of self-assembled monolayers on mercury: n-alkanethiols versus n-alkaneselenols.

The relative efficiencies of electron tunneling across self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of n-alkanethiols and n-alkaneselenols, CH3−(CH2)n−XH, where n = 8, 9, 11, and X = S or Se, deposited on mercury electrodes were measured via electroreduction of Ru(NH3)63+ in aqueous solutions. Electron tunneling rates across the monolayer films decay exponentially with the monolayer thickness with a tunneling coefficient, β = 1.1 ± 0.1 per CH2 irrespective of the identity of the −XH headgroup. Electron tunneling rates across n-alkanethiol monolayers are ca. 4-fold larger than the rates measured across n-alkaneselenol monolayers containing the same number of carbon atoms, signifying the importance of headgroup/metal contact resistance in electron transfer through SAMs on mercury.
A correlation between growth rate, apoptosis, and tumor necrosis factor‐α in umbilical cord blood cells infected with two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: Using umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells, it was demonstrated that three virulent isolates, two highly transmissible clinical isolates and the virulent laboratory strain, demonstrated rapid growth in the UCB cells, which was significantly faster than the growth rate observed for a unique isolate. There was also a significant increase in the amount of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α elicited from the UCB cells after infection with the unique isolate compared to the hypervirulent isolates. This study investigated whether neutralization or addition of TNF-α within this system would alter growth rates and apoptosis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Ten UCB samples were obtained for these experiments and adherent cells were isolated. Two clinical isolates, one virulent and one unique, were used. Colony-forming units were assessed at 3 hours postinfection (Day 0) and on Day 7 to generate growth ratios. TNF-α antibody or exogenous TNF-α was added after the 3-hour incubation period. Viability of the UCB cells was assessed. Apoptosis was measured using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling staining. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the growth ratio for the virulent strain regardless of the presence of TNF-α antibody. There was a significant increase for the nonvirulent strain after the addition of antibody. There was an increase in viability for the UCB cells in the presence of antibody, suggesting a decrease in TNF-α–dependent apoptosis. Addition of exogenous TNF-α to the UCB cells after infection with the virulent strain decreased the growth ratio with a significant increase in apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: The TNF-α response of the UCB cells is related to the infecting strain and the intracellular growth of the strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not directly controlled by the level of TNF-α. This cytokine is at the start of a powerful cascade of transcription factors with numerous pleiotropic effects; consequently abrogating/enhancing a single direct outcome was difficult, with only slight alterations in growth.
Oscillations of Delay Differential Equations with Variable Coefficients

Consider the delay differential equation ẋ(t) + p(t)x(t − τ) = 0, where p(t) ∈ C[[t0, ∞), R+] and τ is a positive constant. We show that every solution of this equation oscillates if ∫tt−τp(t) dt ≥ 1/e for sufficiently large t and ∫∞t0+τp(t)[exp(∫tt−τp(s) ds − 1/e) − 1] dt = ∞.
Do Cultural Differences Affect Alzheimer Disease

To varying degrees, all diseases are the result of naturenurture interactions. Evolutionary biological theory indicates that diseases that unfold during the late stages of life are attributable to those interactions that have escaped the force of natural selection and thus, in the absence of some intelligent biomedical or environmental interventions, may be inevitable components of senescence. These patterns can be expected to vary among species and among members of a given species. For those members of our species living in the Western world, dementias of the Alzheimer type (DATs) appear to be extraordinarily prevalent. Incidence doubles about every 5 years beginning at age 65 years. 1 Prevalence rates as high as 37.0% to 63.2% (95% confidence limits) have been reported for those over age 85 years. 2 See also p 955. In the course of less than a decade, there have been major advances on the genetic side of the
Effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with Parkinson's disease.

This study investigated whether domperidone could improve gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease who were receiving levodopa therapy. A total of 11 patients were studied. Following a baseline gastric emptying test, patients were treated with a starting dose of domperidone 20 mg p.o. q.i.d. A follow-up gastric emptying test was repeated at least 4 months after starting domperidone therapy. At the beginning and at each 3-month follow-up visit, symptoms of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal bloating, heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, and constipation were evaluated and scored on a scale of 0-3. The overall mean follow-up period was 3 years. Compared with their baseline evaluation, patients experienced a significant improvement in all symptoms (p < 0.05) except dysphagia and constipation. Gastric emptying of an isotope-labeled solid meal was significantly faster, with a baseline result of 60.2 +/- 6.4% retention of isotope 2 h after the meal compared with 37.0 +/- 2.2% retention during domperidone therapy (p < 0.05). Patients' global assessment of Parkinson's disease remained stable or improved. Serum prolactin was elevated in all patients after domperidone therapy (p < 0.05). Domperidone therapy significantly reduces upper gastrointestinal symptoms and accelerates gastric emptying of a solid meal, but does not interfere with response to antiparkinsonism treatment.
Magnetic neutron diffraction study of UGA3 and UGA2

Abstract The magnetic ordering of the intermetallic compounds UGa3 and UGa2 has been examined by time-of-flight neutron diffraction, and the nature of the magnetic order of these compounds is confirmed.
Class Politics, American-Style: A Discussion of Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned its Back on the Middle Class

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson's Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class is both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue of The American Interest—“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today.Readers of Perspectives on Politics will know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels's Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.” Winner-Take-All Politics thus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom.In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Soluble Combinatorial Libraries: Extending the Range and Repertoire of Chemical Diversity

Abstract The generation and use of libraries made up of millions of chemical entities and the ability to identify the active compound in such libraries are at the forefront of a revolution in drug discovery and basic research. Such libraries, when made up of peptide sequences, offer a fundamental, practical advance in the study of interactions between peptides and their biochemical or pharmacological targets. The utility of soluble peptide libraries ranging from three to eight amino acids in length, and made up of mixtures from 361 tripeptides to 200 billion decapeptides, is described. These are readily usable in virtually all in vitro (and even in vivo ) assay systems. The examples presented illustrate the utility of soluble peptide libraries for the study of antibody/antigen interactions, the identification of highly active opioid peptides in receptor binding studies using crude rat brain homogenates, and in vivo studies, in which the peptide mixtures making up the library are administered intravenously to determine peptide sequences that affect heart rate and blood pressure. A new class of library is also described, termed a modified peptide library, which is used to determine potent anti- Staphylococcus aureus compounds.
Diagnosing hemolytic disease of the fetus--time to put the needles away?

The RhD (Rh0[D]) antigen is considered the most immunogenic of the antigens found on the surface of the human red cell. In 1941, Levine, Katzin, and Burham1 showed that antibodies to the RhD antigen in pregnant women caused hemolysis and anemia in their offspring. Originally called erythroblastosis fetalis secondary to the finding of a large number of immature red cells in the neonatal circulation, today this condition is known as hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. When RhD-positive fetal cells enter the maternal circulation as a result of pregnancy-related events such as miscarriage or delivery, anti-D antibody . . .
Bringing stories to life... developing the narrative for games, animation, and VFX

This course has been designed for programmers, game designers, technical directors, modelers, and animators whose work is essential in making "the story" come to life. This information can be particularly useful when communicating with game designers, directors, writers, and producers. This course answers the question "how are stories developed?" (and you don't even have to take a course in screenwriting). Engaging with numerous clips to show how this has been used in games, animation, and VFX. The purpose is to take the mystery out of "storytelling" for those programmers, animators, and game designers whose work is essential in making Animation, VFX, and Games successful. The attendees will know the basic techniques of story development, so the next time a producer or director talk about what they want for the story, they will know what specific story benchmarks the producer/director are trying to meet in connecting emotionally with an audience. This course will build from the knowledge that story "is a sequence of events (acts) that builds to a climax...." and then lays out universal techniques of story that make up plot, character development, and narrative structure. This course answers the question "how stories are developed?" (and you don't even have to take a course in screenwriting). Entertaining with numerous clips to show how this has been used in animation and VFX. It is often expected that the story will generate emotion in an audience/player. To make this happen story development relies on its own techniques of iteration, brainstorming, research, adaptation, and what-if scenarios. This course is for those that want to understand how to develop their story ideas into great storytelling. Ironically, even bad ideas can become incredible through excellent development and execution... Breaking Bad (Idea- meth cookers) or Ratatouille (Idea - semi-realistic rat wants to become a French chef [Jeffrey Katzenberg, President Dreamworks Animation]).
Petrarch’s Early Manuscripts and Incunabula in the Oregon Petrarch Open Book

Working from transcriptions generated through the T-PEN program at St. Louis University, the collaborators of the project "Petrarch’s Early Manuscripts and Incunabula in the Oregon Petrarch Open Book" are presently digitizing and encoding in TEI P5 2 key interpretative copies of Petrarch’s Rvf: the late 14th-century manuscript copy from the Queriniana Library in Brescia, D II 21, the Queriniana Library’s copy of the first printed edition (editio princeps) of the Rvf edited by Cristoforo [Berardi?] and published by Vindelin de Speier (Spira) in Venice in 1470. The first part of the article traces a brief history of the Oregon Petrarch Open Book (OPOB), the last section introduces a future project, “Texts, Images and Interpretation in the OPOB”.
Altered Wall Rocks Along Vein Deposits in the Central City-Idaho Springs Region, Colorado1

Wall-rock alteration along veins in the Central City-Idaho Springs region, Gilpin and Clear Creek Counties, Colorado, superficially resembles alteration around similar base-metal sulfide deposits, but differs in some details. Meso thermal-type veins of early Tertiary age cut deformed Precambrian metasedimentary, igneous, and metamorphosed igneous rocks; the veins contain pyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and tennantite as principal constituents and minor gold, silver, and uranium minerals. A spatial zonation of ore minerals relates to distinct stages of ore deposition. Detailed studies show that three of the wall rocks in the area—granodiorite, biotite-mus-covite granite, and biotite-quartz-plagioclase gneiss—are altered to varying degrees and in varying amounts. Clay-mineral formation was a major feature of the process. The alteration sheath around fractures and veins is divided into four gradational but regular zones: (1) Least altered (fresh) rock; (2) weakly altered, hard rock; (3) moderately altered, soft clay-mineral rock—(a) montmorillonite-rich, (b) kaolimte-rich, and (c) illite-sericite-rich; and (4) strongly altered, hard (silicified) rock. The sequence of silicate alteration is believed to relate first to the relative stability of primary mineral structures in the alteration environment, but ultimately to the chemistry of the environment. The host rocks are significant factors in localization of altered mineral assemblages as they supply the requisite elements for argillic-type alteration. Structures of the host rocks and veins play a prominent role in localization of altered rocks and the zoned ore deposits. Coincidence of alteration and mineralization processes may have more spatial than temporal significance. A working hypothesis explaining the geological evidence proposes that most alteration was accomplished by meteoric and/or hypogene solutions before ore minerals were deposited. Later solutions of the pyrite stage may have intensified the early zone 4 alteration assemblage close to the source channels, but base-metal sulfide stage solutions were not competent to impress additional alteration effects. Most supergene alteration occurs close to the surface. Therefore, in these areas alteration zonation does not afford a reliable guide to ore.
Expression of c-fos mRNA in rat brain after intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone.

Abstract Expression of the proto-oncogene c- fos is known to increase in rat brain following various types of seizures. Measuring c- fos mRNA or protein levels was shown to be a good cellular marker for neurons activated during central nervous system (CNS) excitation. In this study, we used in situ hybridization analysis of c- fos mRNA to determine brain regions activated by a peptide that has been closely linked to stress responsivity and kindling-like seizure activity. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) was injected into the left lateral ventricle of rats and produced the late onset of seizures between 1.5–5 h after its administration. Rats were sacrificed at various time points after the administration of CRH or sterile water, and c- fos mRNA levels were determined. In the preseizure state, CRH increased c- fos unilaterally in several cerebral cortical structures (most prominently in the dorsal endopiriform nucleus and in the piriform and insular cortices). CRH-induced seizures increased c- fos bilaterally in the same cortical regions, and in addition, in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. The data are congruous with the hypothesis that intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered CRH elicits a rapid kindling-like response.
ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF MOUSE ANTIHAPTEN ANTIBODIES INVOLVED IN PASSIVE CUTANEOUS ANAPHYLAXIS AND PASSIVE HEMOLYSIS

Some properties of mouse antibodies produced by hyperimmunization with conjugated haptens, emulsified in complete adjuvant, have been investigated. Under these conditions two antigenically different types of precipitating antibody, with small differences in their electrophoretic mobilities, both migrating in the gamma-region, are produced. Both antibody types were shown to be different from the beta(2A)-globulins) as revealed by the absence of reaction with specific rabbit antisera against mouse beta(2A)-myeloma globulins. gamma(2) or the slower migrating antibodies, similarly to what has been described for the guinea pig, were able to provoke lysis of antigen-coated tanned sheep erythrocytes, in the presence of complement. This activity could not be detected in the faster migrating antibody type. The slower migrating fractions of the gamma(2)-antibodies were able to transfer passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the guinea pig, but not in their own species. gamma(1)-Antibodies were found to be capable of sensitizing the mouse for cutaneous anaphylaxis. The sensitivity of these antibodies to reduction and alkylation was different, the lytic activity being practically abolished, the PCA titers in mice much reduced, and the PCA activity in guinea pigs only partially inactivated.
A Cytological Study of Sex Reversal in the Domestic Fowl

Abstract ALTHOUGH the heterogamety of the female for sex in the fowl has been known since 1908 (Spillman, 1908), the chromosomal mechanism for its determination was not ascertained to the satisfaction of most cytologists until 1930 (Suzuki, 1930), and there are still several reservations in the minds of some as to the complete adequacy of the identification on genetic grounds (Newcomer & Brant, 1954) (Newcomer, 1957, 1959a). At the present time and with existing techniques, it seems clear that the two sexes differ at least by the possession of the female of one small metacentric chromosome whereas the male carries two. Sex reversal in the fowl has been achieved by artificial means (Domm, 1939), and it occasionally occurs naturally. The former is usually accomplished by ovariotomy and the latter has been most often, but not always (Carne & Waterhouse, 1958), associated with a pathological condition of the ovary or a general …
Puebloites greenhornensis Cobban & Scott from turonian part of greenhorn limestone, north-central Kansas and northeastern Wyoming: Contribution to cretaceous paleobiogeography

North-central Kansas and northeastern Wyoming occurrences of Puebloites greenhornensis Cobban & Scott expand greatly the known geographic distribution of a heteromorphic ammonite that is common only in southeastern Colorado. Factors such as differential preservation, latitudinal temperature gradients, insufficient oxygen in the habitat, and decreasing salinity gradients outward from the basin center seem insufficient to explain the biogeography of this species. Numerical concentration of well-documented specimens suggests that Puebloites was endemic to the area that is now southeastern Colorado, and that very few individuals successfully migrated to localities far removed from that center.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC SEIZURE ACTIVITY IN DOGS DURING ANAESTHESIA Studies with Ethrane, fluroxene, halothane, chloroform, divinyl ether, diethyl ether, methoxyflurane, cyclopropane and Forane

Electroencephalographic (e.e.g.) activity was monitored in dogs during anaesthesia with Ethrane, fluroxene, halothane, chloroform, divinyl ether, diethyl ether, methoxyflurane, cyclopropane and Forane to determine whether seizure activity occurred. Four or more dogs were anaesthetized with each agent. Electroencephalographic tracings were obtained at m.a.c. and increasing multiples of m.a.c. unstimulated and in response to hand-clapping. Pacoa was maintained at 20 mm Hg. Seizure-like e.e.g. tracings were seen during anaesthesia with the ethers but not with non-ethers. With fithrane, seizure tracings and focal twitching were seen in response to hand-clapping. With divinyl and diethyl ether, spontaneous seizures occurred at deep anaesthesia (2.5—3 m.a.c). With Forane spontaneous spike activity was seen and with methoxyflurane low amplitude deflections superimposed on a flat background followed hand-clapping. With Ethrane, increasing Pa 3 tended to abolish spike and seizure response to hand-clapping. Suxamethonium abolished the muscular twitches but not the e.e.g. seizures with Sthrane
Induction of Creatine Phosphokinase in Cultures of Chick Skeletal Myoblasts without Concomitant Cell Fusion

The induction of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in cultures of chick breast muscle myoblasts has been distinguished from the process of fusion of myoblasts resulting in the formation of multinucleated myotubes. Primary cultures of myoblasts grown in the presence of phospholipase C, BUdR or EGTA, all of which prevent cell fusion, contain amounts of CPK similar to the level in untreated cultures. Both the brain and muscle isozymes are present in all cultures. We conclude that the induction of CPK is not dependent upon the formation of multinucleated myotubes.
SOLVATOCHROMIC SOLVENT POLARITY MEASUREMENTS OF ALCOHOL SOLVENT MODIFIERS AND CORRELATION WITH CESIUM EXTRACTION STRENGTH

Solvatochromic solvent polarity measurements reveal that the cesium extraction strength afforded by solutions composed of calix[4]arene-bis-(tert-octylbenzocrown-6) at 0.005 M in 1,2-dichloroethane containing a variety of novel alcohol phase modifiers at 0.25 M correlates well with the hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) ability of the alcohol. The alcohols comprise a small library of derivatives of 2-(4-tert-octylphenoxy)-1-ethanol, in which the alcohol carbon atom contains a substituent of variable electron-withdrawing ability. The betaine dye 4-(2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium)-2,6-diphenylphenoxide, also known as Dimroth-Reichardt dye #30, was used to obtain ET(30) and ET N values. Alcohols containing substituents with fluorine atoms gave rise to both higher ET N values and higher cesium distribution values. The trend observed in HDB parallels the expected trend in alcohol acidity. †This research was sponsored by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, under contract number ...
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Kinase/Phosphatase KINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WILD-TYPE AND TWO MUTANT PROTEINS

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) of Escherichia coli is regulated by a bifunctional protein, IDH kinase/phosphatase. In addition to the kinase and phosphatase activities, this protein catalyzes an intrinsic ATPase reaction. The initial velocity kinetics of these activities exhibited extensive similarities. IDH kinase and phosphatase both yielded intersecting double-reciprocal plots. In addition, we observed similar values for the kinetic constants describing interactions of the kinase and phosphatase with their protein substrates and the interactions of all three activities with ATP. In contrast, while the maximum velocities of IDH kinase and IDH phosphatase were nearly equal, they were 10-fold less than the maximum velocity of the ATPase. Although the IDH phosphatase reaction required either ATP or ADP, it was not supported by the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate. The kinetic properties of wild-type IDH kinase/phosphatase were compared with those of two mutant derivatives of this protein. The mutations in these proteins selectively inhibit IDH phosphatase activity. Inhibition of IDH phosphatase resulted from three factors: decreases in the maximum velocities, reduced affinities for phospho-IDH, and a loss of coupling between ATP and phospho-IDH. These mutations also affected the properties of IDH kinase, increasing the maximum velocities and decreasing the affinities for ATP and phospho-IDH. The intrinsic ATPase activities also exhibited reduced affinity for ATP. These results are discussed in the context of a model which proposes that all three activities occur at the same active site.
Achievable secrecy rates in physical layer secure systems with a helping interferer

Various physical-layer techniques have so far been proposed to achieve perfect secrecy in wireless communication systems. In this framework, an approach is investigated to enhance secrecy using a helping interferer transmitted by a friendly node in the network, aiming at confusing a passive eavesdropper. Commonly, such physical layer security approaches rely on the injection of a noise-like signal to intentionally degrade the eavesdropper capacity. Instead, the use of a jamming signal with the same probability mass function as that of the actual data is proposed here. The gains of this approach are investigated via extensive symbol error rate measurements and evaluations of the achievable secrecy rates.
Robust, novel, and low cost superhydrophobic nanocomposites coating for reliability improvement of microelectronics

The reliability is an important issue for IC devices. Since moisture, mobile ions, ultraviolet, and other hostile environment will affect the device performance and lifetime. In our study, a robust conformal superhydrophobic (SH) coating will be applied to improve the reliability of the device. SH epoxy/nano silica composites were spin-coated on triple track resistors (TTR). An O 2 plasma treatment was used to generate surface roughness on the cured epoxy. SH surfaces were produced after functionalization with perfluorooctyl trichlorosilane of low surface energy. The effect of plasma etching time on superhydrophobicty was investigated. A water contact angle of 170° and contact angle hysteresis of 2° were achieved when the etching time increased to 15 min. The leakage currents under bias for SH coated TTR were measured with aging time. The reliability test showed stable leakage current for 1000 hours, and the self-cleaning performance of the SH surface successfully protects the device.
GENITAL HERPES: TREATMENT WITH METHYLENE BLUE AND LIGHT EXPOSURE

Fifty-six patients with genital herpes were treated by photodynamic inactivation of herpesvirus by methylene blue (36 patients), proflavine (101 or neutral red (10). The first 35 patients were randomly selected for treatment with one of the three dyes. All the others were initially treated with methylene blue. The disease was temporarily eradicated in about 70% of instances by exposure of the lesions to light plus topically applied methylene blue, neutral red or proflavine. Relapses, however, were not prevented or appreciably reduced.
Charter School Autonomy The Mismatch Between Theory and Practice

In theory, the charter school concept is based on a trade-off or exchange: greater autonomy for increased accountability. Although charter schools have been operating for more than 10 years, little is known about charter school autonomy in practice. This mixed-methods study used survey and case study data to examine the degree of autonomy of charter schools across the country and the factors limiting school autonomy. The findings indicate that many charter schools do not have high levels of autonomy, with schools least likely to have control over budgetary decisions. In addition, school autonomy is influenced by state laws, relationships with authorizers, and partnerships with educational management organizations and community-based organizations. Finally, the levels of autonomy in some schools were dynamic, with schools experiencing less autonomy over time.
Patenting genome research tools and the law

Abstract Patenting genes encoding therapeutic proteins was relatively uncontroversial in the early days of biotechnology. Controversy arose in the era of high-throughput DNA sequencing, when gene patents started to look less like patents on drugs and more like patents on scientific information. Evolving scientific and business strategies for exploiting genomic information raised concerns that patents might slow subsequent research. The trend towards stricter enforcement of the utility and disclosure requirements by the patent offices should help clarify the current confusion. To cite this article: R. Eisenberg, C. R. Biologies 326 (2003).
Design requirements for high-temperature metallic component materials in the U.S. modular hgtr

Abstract The Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (MHTGR) is a 350 MW(t) second generation reactor system design which during normal operation circulates helium with a mixed mean cold and hot temperature of 260 ° and 690 °C (500 ° and 1270 °F), respectively. The design incorporates passive design features which allow the plant to be safely shutdown and cooled with no active systems or operator action being required. A key feature of this concept is the capability of the residual heat removal by passive conduction cooldown from the core to the reactor cavity via an uninsulated vessel. The MHTGR uses a number of metallic components. A description of these components and their design requirements are presented in this paper.
The significance of dosage and time factors on the value of the bromsulphthalein test for liver function

1. The employment of a dose of 5 mg. of bromsulphthalein per kilogram of body weight yields a higher percentage of positive results than does that of a dose of 2 mg., and at the same time the larger dose does not overtax the excretory function of the liver. 2. The blood secured 30 minutes after the injection of the 5 mg. dose contains the dye more frequently than that secured after 60 minutes, and the 60-minute specimen adds nothing to the diagnostic value of the test. 3. The retention of any of the dye in the blood 30 minutes after the injection of a 5 mg. dose should be regarded as an indication of impaired hepatic excretion. 4. The technique, as used by Israel and Reinhold, that requires a 5 mg. dose of the dye and a single specimen of blood, secured after 30 minutes, may be regarded as the most satisfactory of the suggested modifications of the bromsulphthalein test.
Morphine training dose: a determinant of stimulus generalization to narcotic antagonists in the rat.

Rats were trained to discriminate between saline and either 1.75 or 5.6 mg/kg of morphine in a two-choice discrete-trial avoidance paradigm. Both groups of rats generalized completely to higher doses of morphine as well as to profadol and pentazocine, analgesics with narcotic antagonist properties. The dose of each test drug required to elicit drug-appropriate responding was about one-half log-unit higher in the rats trained with 5.6 mg/kg of morphine than in the rats trained with 1.75 mg/kg. Rats trained with the lower dose of morphine also generalized completely to the narcotic antagonist nalbuphine and to the non-opioid drug d-amphetamine, and generalized partially to the narcotic antagonist cyclazocine. In contrast, rats trained with the higher dose of morphine showed only partial generalization to nalbuphine and virtually none to cyclazocine and d-amphetamine. The degree of stimulus generalization to the narcotic antagonists and to d-amphetamine in the two groups of rats corresponds well with the known similarities and differences between the syndromes of subjective effects engendered by these drugs and morphine in man. These results indicate that systematic variation of the morphine training dose can facilitate characterization of the discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic antagonist analgesics and enhance the value of drug discrimination procedures as a model for predicting the subjective effects of these drugs.
Development and testing of an automated approach to protein docking

A new version of GRAMM was applied to Targets 14, 18, and 19 in CAPRI Round 5. The predictions were generated without manual intervention. Ten top-ranked matches for each target were submitted. The docking was performed by a rigid-body procedure with a smoothed potential function to accommodate conformational changes. The first stage was a global search on a fine grid with a projection of a smoothed Lennard-Jones potential. The top predictions from the first stage were subjected to the conjugate gradient minimization with the same smoothed potential. The resulting local minima were reranked according to the weighted sum of Lennard-Jones potential, pairwise residue-residue statistical preferences, cluster occupancy, and the degree of the evolutionary conservation of the predicted interface. For Targets 14 and 18, the conformation of the complex was predicted with root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of the ligand interface atoms 0.68 A and 1.88 A correspondingly. For Target 19, the interface areas on both proteins were correctly predicted. The performance of the procedure was also analyzed on the benchmark of bound-unbound protein complexes. The results show that, on average, conformations of only 3 side-chains need to be optimized during docking of unbound structures before the backbone changes become a limiting factor. The GRAMM-X docking server is available for public use at http://www.bioinformatics.ku.edu.
Spectral holeburning and the Stark and Zeeman effects in SrF2:Sm2+

Abstract We have observed narrow (40 MHz) persistent spectral holeburning in SrF 2 :Sm 2+ for Sm 2+ ions in perturbed cubic sites. The transition studied is 7 F 0 ∌ 5 D 0 between the f-electron states. Stark effect measurements show a linear splitting with a coefficient of 0.006 MHz/V cm -1 and the splitting pattern shows that the site has C 4V symmetry. The C 4V perturbation is very weak and leads to unresolved splittings of cubic T 1g levels of ∼2 cm -1 . The nonlinear Zeeman effect was studied using holeburning and the coefficient of 1.04 Hz/G 2 shows that the predominant magnetic coupling is in the ground state as found recently for CaF 2 :Sm 2+ .
Rheological controls on fault loading rates in northern California following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

[1] To estimate seismic hazard in complex, multiple fault systems, it is necessary to understand how stresses within the system are transferred. Accurate estimates of loading rate due to far-field tectonic motion and postseismic transients following large earthquakes are required. Using plausible lower crustal rheologies constrained by observations following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, I show that postseismic relaxation may play a significant role in reloading the coseismic fault, providing 60–80% of the stress released during great earthquakes. Further, postseismic stressing rates along neighboring faults are highly dependent on the geometry and rheology of the lower crust/upper mantle. This implies that tectonic loading rate estimates are also highly dependent on lower crustal/upper mantle structure. Thus, improvement of seismic hazard estimates within complex, multiple fault systems is dependent on a better understanding of structure and rheology at depth.
Memristor lookup table (MLUT)-based asynchronous nanowire crossbar architecture

In this work, a novel memristor lookup table (MLUT)-based asynchronous nanowire reconfigurable crossbar architecture (ANRCA) is proposed. Unlike the existing nanowire crossbar architectures that mostly use crosspoints as pro-grammable diodes and/or field-effect transistors, the proposed architecture utilizes crosspoints as configurable memristors to realize nanoscale lookup tables (LUTs) and relies on a delay-insensitive logic paradigm known as Null Convention Logic (NCL) for the proposed clock-free operation. The primitive logic block of the proposed MLUT ANRCA is referred to as the Programmable Gate Macro Block (PGMB) and can be programmed to realize any given NCL gate function by directly implementing the truth table of the given NCL gate function using the proposed MLUT and also providing hysteresis (i.e., state-holding behavior) that is required to achieve the proposed delay-insensitivity via a feedback interconnect. Potential technical merits of the proposed MLUT ANRCA includes: 1) better manufacturability due to structural simplicity and regularity; 2) improved robustness over PVT (Process-Voltage-Temperature) variations; 3) event-driven low-power/noise asynchronous operation; and 4) encoding-level logic inversion.
Plasticity and stability of visual field maps in adult primary visual cortex

It is important to understand the balance between cortical plasticity and stability in various systems and across spatial scales in the adult brain. Here we review studies of adult plasticity in primary visual cortex (V1), which has a key role in distributing visual information. There are claims of plasticity at multiple spatial scales in adult V1, but a number of inconsistencies in the supporting data raise questions about the extent and nature of such plasticity. Our understanding of the extent of plasticity in V1 is further limited by a lack of quantitative models to guide the interpretation of the data. These problems limit efforts to translate research findings about adult cortical plasticity into significant clinical, educational and policy applications.
Bastadin 10 Stabilizes the Open Conformation of the Ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ Channel in an FKBP12-dependent Manner

The marine sponge Ianthella bastasynthesizes at least 25 tetrameric bromotyrosine structures that possess a stringent structural requirement for modifying the gating behavior of ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ channels (ryanodine receptors) (RyR)). Bastadin 5 (B5) was shown to stabilize open and closed channel states with little influence on the sensitivity of the channel to activation by Ca2+ (Mack, M. M., Molinski, T. F., Buck, E. D., and Pessah, I. N. (1994)J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23236–23249). In the present paper, we utilize single channel analysis and measurements of Ca2+ flux across the sarcoplasmic reticulum to identify bastadin 10 (B10) as the structural congener responsible for dramatically stabilizing the open conformation of the RyR channel, possibly by reducing the free energy associated with closed to open channel transitions (ΔG*c → o). The stability of the channel open state induced by B10 sensitized the channel to activation by Ca2+ to such an extent that it essentially obviated regulation by physiological concentrations of Ca2+ and relieved inhibition by physiological Mg2+. These actions of B10 were produced only on the cytoplasmic face of the channel, were selectively eliminated by pretreatment of channels with FK506 or rapamycin, and were reconstituted by human recombinant FKBP12. The actions of B10 were found to be reversible. A structure-activity model is proposed by which substitutions on the Eastern and Western hemispheres of the bastarane macrocycle may confer specificity toward the RyR1-FKBP12 complex to stabilize either the closed or open channel conformation. These results indicate that RyR1-FKBP12 complexes possesses a novel binding domain for phenoxycatechols and raise the possibility of molecular recognition of an endogenous ligand.
A class of new silylating agents. II. A highly reactive reagent for introduction of the trimethylsilyl group.

Abstract Trimethylsilyl enol ethers of pentane-2,4-dione and methyl acetoacetate react rapidly with alcohols at room temperature without the need for catalytic assistance to give high isolated yields of trimethylsilyl ethers.
Correctional Officer Burnout and Stress: Does Gender Matter?

Numerous researchers have hypothesized or found that women correctional officers experience greater job-related stress than their male counterparts (Cullen, Link, Wolfe, & Frank, 1985; Slate, 1993; Wright and Saylor, 1991; Zupan, 1986). The con-temporary literature has presented little data testing the relationship between gender and burnout in a maximum security prison setting. In the present study, 277 correctional officers were administered the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Item analysis of the MBI confirms earlier studies demonstrating scale reliability. Contrary to earlier stress studies conducted in the 1980s, women correctional officers demonstrated a greater sense of job-related personal achievement and accomplishment (F= 5.38, p = .02) than their men counterparts. Men and women correctional officers were found to be homogeneous groups on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization.
Candida in the ICU.

The past two decades have marked a dramatic rise in the frequency of infections caused by Candida species. Although invasive Candida infections can affect any hospitalized patient, they are more common and have unique attributes in certain populations, including patients who have cancer or a critical illness. Whereas only 1 % to 8% of patients residing in the hospital develop invasive candidiasis (which is synonymous with invasive or deep-seated Candida infections), about 10% of patients residing in ICUs suffer from this serious infection. 1 Although both ICU and non-ICU patients share well-recognized risks for invasive candidiasis, such as the use of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, vascular access, and total parenteral nutrition, the former group of patients is more likely to have had recent surgery but less likely to have malignancy, neutropenia, or immunosuppression. 2 Likewise, critically ill patients who have invasive Candida infections tend to have a less favorable response to antifungal treatment and a higher all-cause mortality than other hospitalized patients. 2 Invasive candidiasis accounts for up to 15% 1 or 30% 3 of all nosocomial infections in critically ill patients. The rising incidence and distinguishing features of invasive candidiasis in patients in ICUs prompted the writing of this article, which addresses both documented and suspected deep-seated Candida infections, compares the clinical efficacy of antifungal agents, and assesses particularly challenging scenarios in this patient population.
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: An unusual cause of stroke in a 22-year-old female

A 22-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department after the acute onset of left hemiparesis. Marked prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time, mild thrombocytopenia, a history of syphilis, and recent spontaneous abortion suggested the diagnosis of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, an unusual cause of ischemic stroke. This case illustrates the clinical and laboratory features of this uncommon disorder.
Snap n' shop: Visual search-based mobile shopping made a breeze by machine and crowd intelligence

The increasing popularity of smartphones has significantly changed the way we live. Today's powerful mobile systems provide us with all kinds of convenient services. Thanks to the wide variety of available apps, it has never been so easy for people to shop, to navigate, and to communicate with others. However, for some tasks we can further improve the user experience by employing newly developed algorithms. In this work, we try to improve visual search based mobile shopping experience by using machine and crowd intelligence. In particular, our system enables precise object selection, which would lead to more accurate visual search results. We also use crowdsourcing to further extend the system's prowess. We conduct experiments on user interface design and retrieval performance, which validate the effectiveness and ease of use of the proposed system. Meanwhile, components in the system are quite modular, allowing the flexibility of adding or improving different modules of the whole system.
An experimental hypnotic approach to teaching the psychoanalytic theory of the neuroses: a brief communication.

Abstract A procedure for training clinical graduate students in the psychoanalytic theory of the neuroses is presented. The procedure makes use of video tapes of experiments in which hypnotically implanted unconscious conflicts were used to drive a wide variety of psychopathology in the laboratory. In the procedure, the graduate students were asked to predict and rate Ss' psychopathology with foreknowledge of certain personality traits of Ss as well as foreknowledge of the nature of the conflicts. The training appeared to be an effective means of teaching them psychoanalytic theory, as well as helpful in enhancing their assessment skills.
Distribution of GAD‐like immunoreactivity in the retina and central visual system of Rana pipiens

Immunohistochemistry was used to survey the distribution of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the synthesizing enzyme for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), throughout the visual system of the frog Rana pipiens. GAD-like immunoreactivity (GAD-LI) was assessed in the retina, in primary retinorecipient targets, and in thalamic nuclear groups postsynaptic to primary retinal terminal zones. Within the retina, the inner plexiform layer displayed intense GAD-LI, but immunoreactivity was absent in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Putative amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cell somata were also labeled. Centrally, GAD-LI was observed in all primary visual nuclei. Dense, GAD-like immunoreactive punctate structures (puncta), presumably terminals, were observed in the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali, posterior thalamic neuropil, and uncinate neuropil. GADlike immunoreactive puncta were noted in several laminae of the optic tectum, with the highest concentrations located within the 9th and 8th laminae. Moderate numbers of GAD-like immunoreactive puncta were found in the mesencephalic nucleus of the basal optic root, and two thalamic neuropils—corpus geniculatum and neuropil of Bellonci. The ventrolateral area, posterocentral nucleus, and posterolateral nucleus all contained sparse amounts of GAD-LI. These observations suggest that GABA plays an important physiological role in all central visual areas of Rana pipiens. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.