cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slow aging during insect reproductive diapause: why butterflies, grasshoppers and flies are like worms

Diapause is a state of arrested development accompanied by physiology for somatic persistence. Diapause is common in many invertebrates and is familiar to biogerontology in the context of Caenorhabditis elegans dauer. Among insects, diapause may occur in embryos, larvae, pupae or adults. At the adult stage, reproductive diapause arrests development of oogenesis, vitellogenesis, accessory gland activity, and mating behavior. Reproductive diapause has been well studied in monarch butterflies, several grasshoppers, and several Diptera, including Drosophila and Phormia. In monarchs and in grasshoppers, reproductive diapause physiology has been experimentally induced by the surgical removal of the corpora allata, the source of adult juvenile hormone; allatectomy in each case was found to double adult longevity. Among Drosophila, the endemic D. triauraria of Japan, and D. littoralis of Finland over-winter as adults in reproductive diapause. How D. melanogaster winter is poorly understood, but reproductive diapause can be cued by cool temperature. In laboratory studies, the mortality rates of post-diapause D. melanogaster are similar to rates of newly enclosed, young flies. This implies that senescence during diapause is slow or negligible. Slow aging during the diapause period may involve elevated somatic stress resistance as well as reallocation of resources to somatic maintenance. Reproductive diapause in Drosophila is proximally controlled by down regulation of juvenile hormone, a phenotype that is also produced by mutants of the insulin-like receptor InR, homologue of C. elegans daf-2. We propose neuroendocrine control of reproductive diapause in D. melanogaster that includes phenotypic plasticity for rates of senescence.
Optical sensors - developing the technology and the market

The pace of commercialisation in the area of optical sensor technology has been slower than expected. But confidence in the future is increasing and the Optical Sensors Collaborative Association continues to grow
Metabolic changes in stored blood measured by methylene blue

Abstract The accumulation of methylene blue by metabolizing red cells has been studied during various periods of storage. A progressive decrease in dye uptake occurs over a period of from 14 to 36 days. This change can be slowed or corrected by the addition of inosine at the onset or at the end of storage. These findings implicate the pentose shunt in the metabolic defect which develops during in vitro aging. It is suggested that measurement of methylene blue accumulation is a sensitive indicator of alterations in the metabolic integrity of the red cell and may be useful in the identification of the storage defect.
An adaptive three-bus power system equivalent for estimating voltage stability margin from synchronized phasor measurements

This paper utilizes an adaptive three-bus power system equivalent for measurement-based voltage stability analysis. With that equivalent identified online, a measurement-based approach is developed to estimate real-time voltage stability margin for a load-rich area supported by remote generation via multiple tie lines. Compared with traditional Thevenin equivalent based approach, this new approach is able to provide more accurate voltage stability margin for each individual tie line. This approach is validated on a three-bus system and the IEEE 39-bus system.
Frequency-dependent ultrasound attenuation in superfluid H 3 e in aerogel

Ultrasound attenuation measurements in the $B$-like phase of superfluid $^{3}\text{H}\text{e}$ embedded in 98% porosity aerogel have been performed at four frequencies between 3.6 and 11.3 MHz. At all of the pressures studied (14, 25, and 33 bar), the attenuation exhibits nontrivial frequency dependences that progressively deviate from the hydrodynamic ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ behavior as the temperature decreases. This behavior is related to the structure of the impurity states inside the gap and could offer a tool to profile the gap structure in this system.
The failure of a nerve sparing template to improve urinary continence after radical prostatectomy: attention to study design.

Abstract Purpose To accurately assess the relationship between nerve sparing radical prostatectomy and urinary continence using an anonymous validated survey in men undergoing surgical treatment for prostate cancer. Materials and methods From September 1999 to February 2006, men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) by one surgeon were given the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index to complete preop, and then annually thereafter to 2 years. We have 285 men who have completed the pre-op and year 1 and /or year 2 surveys. Continence was defined as requiring “no pads” on the survey. Analysis was based on attempted nerve sparing status of the surgery; none, unilateral, or bilateral. Subgroup analysis was then performed on successful nerve sparing surgery, defined as men responding they have an erection “firm enough for intercourse.” Results Overall continence rates were 81% at year 1 and 87% at year 2. Attempted nerve sparing surgery, or successful nerve sparing surgery, did not result in better rates of continence than non-nerve sparing surgery. Conclusions Using a validated survey with anonymous data collection, we found no improvement in continence, defined as pad-free, with attempted or successful nerve sparing RP. Based on our study, the goal of improving urinary outcomes should not be used as a justification for a nerve sparing template at radical prostatectomy.
Preprophasic establishment of division polarity in monoplastidic mitosis of hornworts

Preprophase in the monoplastidic mitotic cells ofPhaeoceros andNotothylas is characterized by the establishment of a division site in the absence of a typical preprophase band. The future cytokinetic plane is predicted by plastid orientation and development of an elaborate preprophasic microtubule system perpendicular to the division plane. Division of the single plastid is initiated early in preprophase and the constricting plastid migrates to a position perpendicular to the future plane of division. Plastid orientation assures that division of the plastid by mid-constriction will result in distribution of a plastid to each daughter cell. Microtubules parallel the long axis of the plastid and are most numerous adjacent to the nucleus which becomes elongated in the future spindle axis. We conclude that the division site is a fundamental component of the cytokinetic apparatus involved in the determination of cleavage plane prior to nuclear division.
New method for the preparation of small diameter columns with polymeric stationary phases for open tubular liquid chromatography

The purpose of this report is to introduce a new method for use in coating polymeric stationary phase films on the inside wall of small bore diameter fused silica capillary tubing. This technique is being developed for use in fabricating capillary columns for open tubular liquid chromatography.
Metabolism of m7GMP-containing 5′terminal mRNA CAP sequences in extracts of embryonic chick lens cells

Abstract A pyrophosphatase activity in 15-day embryonic chick lens cells, previously shown to release m 7 GMP from 5′terminal mRNA cap, m 7 G(5′)pppG(m), has now been examined for its action on a variety of 5′terminal capped sequences of different lengths. The m 7 GpppN-pyrophosphatase activity releases m 7 GMP from m 7 GMP-containing caps m 7 GpppN (N = A, Am), and capped sequences (N = GmpCp, AmpApC and AmpApCpApG) but not from m 7 GpppN-terminated delta-crystallin mRNA obtained from 15-day lenses. m 7 GMP-release from methylated purine caps is inhibited by cleavage product m 7 GMP, but is not significantly inhibited by ADP, GDP, PPi, EDTA, poly(A) or by analogous cap molecules FAD and NAD+. m 7 GMP, released from caps by the m 7 GpppN-pyrophosphatase, can be converted to ribose-5-phosphate and other compounds by the cryoplasmic preparation.
C:N:P stoichiometry in Lake Superior: freshwater sea as end member

New and synthesized information about linked carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycles in Lake Superior indicate the ways that Earth’s largest lake by area can be considered extreme, unusual, or an end member among lakes. Lake Superior is characterized by low P concentration but excess nitrate and high TN:TP and NO 3- :PO 4 3- ratios. Nitrate levels continue to rise in Lake Superior. Rates of primary productivity are modest, but due to spatial structuring as well as long food chain lengths, only small fractions of that organic carbon are likely usable by top trophic levels. Similarly, due to great depth and consequent efficient C cycling, low organic C concentrations are present at the redox boundary in the lake sediments. In this study, changes in biomass C, N, and P as a function of season and depth are presented for Lake Superior in more detail than previous studies. Linkages between biomass and P were weak at best, which was unexpected given the N:P imbalance in the lake. Both seston C and chlorophyll showed distinct mid-depth maxima, but these relatively large biomass pools were spatially removed from the main stratum involved in primary productivity. Seston P also was most concentrated within the mid-depth biomass maximum. Lake Superior is unusual among lakes in terms of N:P balance, and the limited availability of organic C to promote denitrification is a plausible mechanism to explain this.
Does Race Matter?: Children's Height in Brazil and South Africa

I examine racial differences in child stunting in mid-1990s South Africa and Brazil, two multiracial societies with different histories of legal support for racial discrimination. Using data from nationally representative household samples linked to community-level measures, the analysis shows that racial inequality in the distribution of socioeconomic resources across households and communities explains much of the racial difference in stunting in both countries. Even after these factors are controlled, however, the results indicate that in South Africa, nonwhite children are still at greater risk of growth faltering than are white children. The nature of socioeconomic and racial differences in children's growth is examined, and major determinants are discussed. These findings suggest that although state-sanctioned racism may help to explain the greater racial inequality in stunting in South Africa than in Brazil, the eradication of a disadvantage for nonwhites will depend on changes in the same fundamental socioeconomic inequalities that characterize both nations.
Enhancement of the pulmonary arteries and thoracic aorta: comparison of a biphasic contrast injection and fixed delay protocol with a monophasic injection and a timing bolus protocol

The definitive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, relies on imaging. In this study, we compare the conventional computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) protocol to a double-rule out CT angiogram (DRO CTA) protocol in terms of vascular enhancement, radiation dose, and contrast volume delivered. The CTPA protocol involves injection of a timing bolus for localization of the pulmonary artery, whereas the DRO CTA protocol involves a biphasic contrast. We analyzed 248 consecutive CTPA studies and 242 consecutive DRO CTA studies. Vessel enhancement using region of interest (ROI) measurements, radiation dose delivered, and total contrast volume administered was recorded. The enhancement of all vessels measured was statistically significantly higher with the biphasic DRO CTA protocol than the CTPA protocol. The difference in mean vascular enhancement for the two protocols was greatest in the descending aorta (DA, P < 0.001) and least in the main pulmonary artery (MPA, P = 0.001). The percent of studies with vascular enhancement ≥250 Hounsfield units (HU) was significantly greater in all vascular beds except the MPA when the DRO CTA protocol was used. Studies performed with the DRO CTA protocol led to less radiation exposure and used less contrast than those performed with the CTPA protocol (P < 0.001 for both). According to the final radiology report, 35.08 % of studies in the CTPA group and 22.31 % of studies in the DRO CTA group were considered indeterminate (P = 0.001). In conclusion, the biphasic DRO CTA protocol leads to statistically significantly higher opacification of all pulmonary arterial and aortic vessels studied, with no greater delivery of radiation or contrast, than the monophasic CTPA protocol.
Black women's work and the evolution of plantation society in Virginia

(1985). Black women's work and the evolution of plantation society in Virginia. Labor History: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 5-28.
Large angular scale anisotropy of the CBR : LOBE DMR observations

Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CM BR) have put the standard model of cosmology, the Big Bang, on firm footing and provide tests of various ideas of large scale structure formation and the origin of the universe. Ground-based measurements of the cosmic background radiation are hampered by emission from atmospheric O2 and H2O molecules. This has forced precision experiments to high altitudes and balloon-borne instrumentation. Ultimately, space has proven to be the most reliable venue for these observations. However, the foreground galactic emissions. in particular dust thermoral emission as well as emission from energetic electrons, provide a serious limit to observations.
Catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardias: contemporary issues

The treatment of cardiac arrhythmias has evolved significantly over the last 30 years. Understanding of arrhythmia mechanisms has led to pharmacologic therapies, surgical interventions and the widely used percutaneous catheter ablation techniques. The focus of this review is centered on the current catheter ablation therapies available for supraventricular tachycardia. We will discuss current management strategies including challenges when considering catheter ablation therapy for management of supraventricular tachycardias: atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia utilizing an accessory pathway, atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter. Selected contemporary issues related to supraventricular tachycardia physiology, ablation approaches and ablation outcomes and complications will be discussed. Future goals for electrophysiologists are to continue to improve procedural safety and efficiency, while maintaining the impressive success rates that have been achieved.
Accounting for – and owning up to – the messiness in cross-cultural/linguistic qualitative research: toward methodological reflexivity in South America’s Internet cafés

The author, a polyglot and world traveler, who lives and breathes multiculturality, examines her own contextual and methodological reflexivity while conducting fieldwork to explore youth’s public Internet use (in Internet Cafes) in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Although the process of conducting (qualitative) research is known to be non-linear, messy, complex, and unpredictable, many published research articles still convey data collection, analysis, and even findings in an orderly and uncomplicated fashion. In this paper, the author joins other scholars to call for greater transparency about the “messiness” of the process, and the meaning-making across linguistic/cultural/social borders, and argues that there should be more acceptance toward the ambiguities inherent in our research “findings.” Drawing from the work of hermeneutic philosopher, Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002), the author claims that “fusion of (hermeneutic) horizons” in cross-linguistic/cultural research requires that researchers maintain a...
Appraising the Performance of "Street-Level Bureaucrats": The Case of Police Patrol Officers

This study focuses on how patrol officers define their jobs differently from how their supervisors do in a single law enforcement agency. I identify the source, substance, and degree of these differences, and I explore the relationships between definitional differences and performance appraisal outcomes-perception of fairness and average appraisal scores. The job definitions are based on a factor analysis of the ratings of the importance of generally used performance appraisal categories.The ratings of the relative importance of the performance categories indicate that job definitions are generally idiosyncratic, although some consensus exists between the officers and supervisors on those dimensions of the job identified through the factor analysis procedure.
Caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 expression in mouse macrophages. High density lipoprotein 3-stimulated secretion and a lack of significant subcellular co-localization.

Evidence for caveolin expression in macrophages is scarce and conflicting. We therefore examined caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 expression in resident and thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages (tg-MPM) and in the J774 mouse macrophage cell line by RT-PCR, ribonuclease protection assay, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. We found that relative to 3T3 cells, resident MPM and tg-MPM express low amounts of caveolin-1 (45 and 15% of those in 3T3 fibroblasts, respectively), while J774.A1 cells do not express any. Caveolin-2, on the other hand, is expressed in all cells examined, with highest expression in tg-MPM and the lowest in J774 cells. The relative levels of caveolin expression in the various cells correspond well with their respective mRNA levels, as measured by ribonuclease protection assay. Caveolin-1, present primarily on the cell surface, does not co-localize significantly with caveolin-2, which is present primarily in the Golgi compartment in all macrophages studied. Loading of tg-MPM with cholesterol or variations in unesterified cholesterol content appear to have little effect on the level of caveolin-1 or -2 expression or their distribution. Stimulation of cholesterol efflux by HDL3 leads to caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 secretion to the cell culture medium, a process not detected in the absence of HDL3. The lack of significant co-localization of the two caveolin isoforms in primary macrophages and their secretion in the presence of HDL3 provides an interesting and physiologically relevant model system to study additional aspects of caveolin function.
Fixed point properties in Hardy spaces

Abstract We prove that the Hardy space H 1 on the unit disc of C has the weak∗ fixed point property for left reversible semigroups.
One-shot multi-set non-rigid feature-spatial matching

We introduce a novel framework for nonrigid feature matching among multiple sets in a way that takes into consideration both the feature descriptor and the features spatial arrangement. We learn an embedded representation that combines both the descriptor similarity and the spatial arrangement in a unified Euclidean embedding space. This unified embedding is reached by minimizing an objective function that has two sources of weights; the feature spatial arrangement and the feature descriptor similarity scores across the different sets. The solution can be obtained directly by solving one Eigen-value problem that is linear in the number of features. Therefore, the framework is very efficient and can scale up to handle a large number of features. Experimental evaluation is done using different sets showing outstanding results compared to the state of the art; up to 100% accuracy is achieved in the case of the well known ‘Hotel’ sequence.
Neuroscience, Emotional Harm, and Emotional Distress Tort Claims

Many legal questions depend on improved understandings of human reactions, and Tovino (2007) has performed an important service by laying out numerous examples of how advances in neuroscience will ...
The relationship between stochastic and temporal dominance under differing instructional sets

Forty-four college students were required to make either discrimination or preference judgments under a speed or accuracy orientation. Decision times for the Stochastically Dominant (SD) and Stochastically Non-Dominant (SND) were recorded. The results indicated that the mean SD decision times were significantly faster than the SND decision times under an accuracy orientation. No differences were found between the SD and the SND decision times under a speed set.
Energy deposition by high-energy electrons (50 to 200 MeV) in water

Abstract The data presented here are intended for use in studying the effects of electron contamination in negatively charged pion beams which are used in cancer radiotherapy. Electron-photon cascade calculations have been carried out for zero-width beams of electrons with kinetic energies of 50, 100, 150, and 200 MeV normally incident on a water phantom. The energy deposition per unit volume as a function of depth and radius in the phantom is given. To make the results more accessible for treatment planning, a quasi-analytic representation of the energy-deposition data has been obtained and is presented.
Infragranular barrel cortex activity is enhanced with learning

The barrel cortex (BC) is essential for the acquisition of whisker-signaled trace eyeblink conditioning and shows learning-related expansion of the trained barrels after the acquisition of a whisker-signaled task. Most previous research examining the role of the BC in learning has focused on anatomic changes in the layer IV representation of the cortical barrels. We studied single-unit extracellular recordings from individual neurons in layers V and VI of the BC as rabbits acquired the whisker-signaled trace eyeblink conditioning task. Neurons in layers V and VI in both conditioned and pseudoconditioned animals robustly responded to whisker stimulation, but neurons in conditioned animals showed a significant enhancement in responsiveness in concert with learning. Learning-related changes in firing rate occurred as early as the day of learning criterion within the infragranular layers of the primary sensory cortex.
An essential role for chloroplast heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90C) in protein import into chloroplasts

Chloroplast heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90C) represents a highly conserved subfamily of the Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones whose function has not been defined. We identified Hsp90C as a component that interacts with import intermediates of nuclear-encoded preproteins during posttranslational import into isolated chloroplasts. Hsp90C was specifically coprecipitated with a complex of protein import components, including Tic110, Tic40, Toc75, Tic22, and the stromal chaperones, Hsp93 and Hsp70. Radicicol, an inhibitor of Hsp90 ATPase activity, reversibly inhibited the import of a variety of preproteins during translocation across the inner envelope membrane, indicating that Hsp90C functions in membrane translocation into the organelle. Hsp90C is encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana, and insertion mutations in the Hsp90C gene are embryo lethal, indicating an essential function for the chaperone in plant viability. On the basis of these results, we propose that Hsp90C functions within a chaperone complex in the chloroplast stroma to facilitate membrane translocation during protein import into the organelle.
IL-1 and anti-inflammatory drugs modulate A β cytotoxicity in PC12 cells

We studied the effect of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) and several anti-inflammatory drugs on amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) cytotoxicity. Incubation of PC12 cells with 10(-6) M A beta 1-42 for 24 h reduced viabilty to 36%; coincubation with 10(-7) M IL-1 further reduced viability to 13% of baseline. With preincubation of PC12 cells with the drugs indomethacin, dexamethasone and chloroquine, reduction in viability was limited to 51%, 48% and 44%, respectively, compared to 32% with A beta alone. These experiments support further study of anti-inflammatory therapy in Alzheimer's disease.
Transfusion requirements in conservative nonoperative management of blunt splenic and hepatic injuries during childhood

Abstract Nonoperative management of splenic and hepatic injuries in children is safe, and the majority of those with isolated injuries do not require blood transfusion. Thirty-seven children were treated for blunt splenic or hepatic trauma from November 1983 to September 1989. There was one death in a patient with a lethal head injury. No operations were performed on those with isolated splenic or hepatic injuries. Three of those with multiple injuries underwent delayed laparotomy. Two had perirenal and retroperitoneal hematomas without active bleeding, and one had a bowel obstruction secondary to an intramural jejunal hematoma. There were no late complications related to the splenic or hepatic injuries. Eight children (22%) required surgery for other injuries. Twelve children were not transfused, including the majority (811) of those with isolated splenic or hepatic injury. The hematocrit of four of these children fell to below 28% and this anemia was well-tolerated. Two children with bleeding disorders (factor VIII [antihemophilic factor] and factor XII [Hageman factor] deficiency) did not require packed red blood cells transfusion. Two clinically distinct groups of children received blood transfusions: (1) eight patients with multiple injuries were transfused during initial resuscitation when unstable or during early operation for other system trauma (mean, 62.0 mL blood/kg body weight); and (2) three hemodynamically stable patients with isolated injuries and 14 stable patients with multiple injuries were transfused empirically after initial resuscitation solely because of decreasing blood counts. They received an average of 16.5 and 21.1 mL blood/kg body weight, respectively. Transfusions should be limited or withheld in those who are hemodynamically stable after initial resuscitation. The hematocrit can decrease to 24% to 25% in these children without complications.
Efficient coupling to plasmonic nanoresonators using on-chip silicon nitride integrated photonic structures

ABSTRACT We demonstrate a hybrid integrated photonic-plasmonic platform in which photonic guided modes are used to efficiently excite localized surface plasmon resonanc e (LSPR) modes of plasmonic nanoresona tors. Efficient coupling of light to the LSPR modes of plasmonic nanoresonators is demonstrated by tight integration of plasmonic nanoresonators on silicon nitride (SiN) microresonators. It is shown that by integrating gold nanoparticles with SiN microresonators, we can achieve high coupling efficiencies (>35%), resulting in large field enhancements. We will discuss the design, fabrication, and characterization of the hybrid platform which consists of gold nanoparticles integrated with SiN microring resonators. Keywords: Plasmonics, Integrated optics, Microresonators 1. INTRODUCTION Plasmonic nanoresonators show localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes. These resonances have very small mode volumes and can localize light beyond diffraction limit and they provide ultrahigh field enhancements that can be used in a variety of applications rangi ng from surface enhanced Raman spectroscop y (SERS) [1] to no nlinear optics [2]. Plasmonic nanoresonators are made in different shapes such as nanodisks [3], nanorods[4] , bowties [5], and nanoshells [6] and from different materials such as gold and silver. By changing the size and shape of the plasmonic nanoparticles LSPR modes can be tuned from visible to infrared range of the spectrum and different levels of field enhancements can be achieved. Plasmonic nanoparticles are e ither fabricated using top down fabrication techniques or they are chemically synthesized [7]. The LSPR modes of these plasmonic nanoparticles are usually excited using free space optics by focusing light using a lens on the nanoparticles either dispersed in a solution or immobilized on a substrate. In practice, many of these nanoparticles are interrogated to obtain an appreciable level of signal to be detected. The ability to efficiently couple light to individual plasmonic nanoresonators is necessary to realize practical devices. Also, it makes the study of resonance behavior of plasmonic nanoresonators possible without the interference effect of a collection of these nanoresonators. There have been some efforts to characterize the resonance behavior of single plasmonic nanoresonators [8, 9]. The coupling of light to the LSPR mode of single nanoresonators is not usually efficient and only a small portion of the incident power is coupled to the LSPR modes. For example a gold nanorod with an aspect ratio of 3.9 and an effective radius of r
Chemical transformations of the photochemical 1,3-adducts of benzene and anisole to cyclobutenes

Abstract The photochemical 1,3-adduct of benzene to cis-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene has been transformed in four steps to 2,5-endo-10-oxotricyclo[4.3.1.02,5]deca-3,8-diene 1. The key reaction is the acid catalyzed addition of water to the photoadduct 2 which gives the 3,4-dichloroalcohol 3 corresponding to 1. Similarly the photochemical 1,3-adduct of benzene to cyclobutene has also been cleaved with acid. A more convenient synthesis of 1 is provided by the photochemical 1,3-addition of anisole to cis-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene and the treatment of the adduct with acid. The 3,4-dichloro derivative of 1 is thereby obtained directly. Probable mechanisms for these transformations are discussed.
Interactions between C3 and C4 salt marsh plant species during four years of exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2

Elevated atmospheric CO2 is known to stimulate photosynthesis and growth of plants with the C3 pathway but less of plants with the C4 pathway. An increase in the CO2 concentration can therefore be expected to change the competitive interactions between C3 and C4 species. The effect of long term exposure to elevated CO2 (ambient CO2 concentration + 340 μmol CO2 mol−1) on a salt marsh vegetation with both C3 and C4 species was investigated. Elevated CO2 increased the biomass of the C3 sedge Scirpus olneyi growing in a pure stand, while the biomass of the C4 grass Spartina patens in a monospecific community was not affected. In the mixed C3/C4 community the C3 sedge showed a very large relative increase in biomass in elevated CO2 while the biomass of the C4 species declined.
Speed of processing within semantic memory following severe closed head injury

This study investigated the effects of severe closed head injury (CHI) on the speed of information processing within semantic categories. The question of whether subjects were able to benefit from priming was also investigated. Survivors of severe CHI who were less than 1 year postinjury and survivors who were greater than 1 year postinjury were compared with neurologically normal matched controls utilizing a category judgement task. The results demonstrated slower processing within semantic memory for both groups of CHI patients compared to normal controls. Furthermore, individuals with CHI were able to benefit from priming to the same relative degree as control subjects. Overall, the results suggested semantic organization remains intact after severe CHI, but accessing semantic information is slowed.
Treatment Decisions for Infections Occurring in Nursing Home Residents

This retrospective study examines the effect of guidelines on clinical decision-making in the treatment of acute infections in nursing home residents. Among 110 patients followed over 7 years, infections caused 54% of acute medically attended problems, 48% of hospitalizations, and 63% of deaths. Patients designated to receive comfort care, when compared with maximum care patients, had a higher percentage of acute problems, hospitalizations, and deaths caused by infections. Antibiotic treatment was given far less often to comfort care patients with respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections. Implications of such an intervention in nursing home care are discussed.
Effects of Additional Men on Prestige and Desirability of Occupations Typically Performed by Women

To examine the effects of masculine participation in occupations typically performed by women, 200 subjects rated the prestige and desirability of five occupations following information that proportions of male practitioners would increase or remain constant Findings showed that increased participation by men increased the prestige and desirability of all occupations. Ratings on 12 bipolar adjective scales from the semantic differential showed that increases in prestige and desirability were accompanied by attributions of increased activity, security, usefulness, success, and wealth to occupations admitting additional men.
Equilibrium crack growth measurements and the adsorption model of hydrogen embrittlement

The adsorption model of Oriani and Josephic is consistant with available data. However this paper must not be construed as a proof of the validity of the adsorption model concerning hydrogen embrittlement. (FS)
Isolation of the Human Aquaporin-1 Promoter and Functional Characterization in Human Erythroleukemia Cell Lines

Abstract Water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is expressed in erythrocytes and various epithelia and endothelia. To study AQP1 gene regulation, human cell lines were screened for inducible AQP1 expression. Human erythroleukemia HEL cells showed AQP1 transcript expression on RNase protection assay. After butyrate-induced erythroid differentiation, AQP1 transcript expression increased strongly, producing water-permeable cells with plasma membrane localization of immunoreactive AQP1. In addition, a clonal subline of K562 cells [K562(S)] showed strong butyrate-induced expression of functional AQP1. A 1.8-kb DNA fragment of the 5′ flanking region of the human AQP1 gene was isolated, sequenced, and analyzed functionally by the CAT reporter assay. The AQP1 promoter contained TATA and CCAAT boxes; Sp1, AP1, AP2, and E-box elements; and erythrocyte-specific CACCC and Kruppel-like (CCCCACCCA) elements. AQP1 promoter activity was more than 24-fold higher in HEL and K562(S) cells than in nonerythroid (HeLa) cells, indicating the presence of erythroid-specific factors. In K562(S) cells, CAT activities for promoter fragments to bp +23 [relative to β-gal and normalized to 100% for the plasmid CP-282 (bp −282 to +23)] were 22 (−1779), 73 (−1402), 61 (−1129), 31 (−789), 87 (−487), 100 (−282), 73 (−229), 52 (−152), and 60% (−79). After butyrate-induced differentiation, CAT activities were stimulated ∼10-fold for constructs −229/+23 and longer, compared to ∼5-fold for −152/+23 and −79/+23; glucocorticoids did not affect CAT activities. These results suggest a basis for erythroid-specific AQP1 expression and the presence of a butyrate-response sequence involved in inducible AQP1 regulation in erythroleukemia cells.
Architectures And Algorithms For Digital Optical Computing Systems With Applications To Numerical Transforms And Partial Differential Equations

The potential and promise of very high-performance spatial light modulators (SLMs) capable of performing logic operations has motivated the investigation of digital computing systems that possess many desirable attributes of optical systems, namely massive parallelism, global communication at high bandwidths, high reliability, many useful degrees of freedom, robustness in the presence of defects, and simplicity. The parallelism of easily realizable optical single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) arrays makes them a natural choice for implementation of highly structured algorithms for the numerical solution of multi-dimensional partial differential equations and the computation of fast numerical transforms. A system comprising several SLMs, an optical read/write memory, and a functional block to perform simple, space-invariant shifts on images has enough flexibility to implement the fastest known methods for partial differential equations (e.g. multi-level methods) as well as a wide variety of numerical transforms (e.g., FFT, Walsh-Hadamard transform, rapid transform), in two or more dimensions, and using either fixed or floating-point arithmetic. Performance is projected at greater than 109 floating-point operations/s using SLMs with resolution 1000 x 1000 operating at 1 MHz frame rates.
The binary system K2SO4CaSO4

Abstract The binary system K2SO4CaSO4 was studied by means of heating-cooling curves, differential thermal analysis, high-temperature quenching technique and by means of a heating stage mounted on an X-ray diffractometer. Compositions and quench products were identified optically and by X-ray. Limited solid solution of CaSO4 in K2SO4 was found. There is a eutectic at 875°C and 34 wt. per cent CaSO4. Calcium langbeinite melts incongruently at 1011°C. The melting-point of CaSO4 (1462°C) was determined by the quenching technique using sealed platinum tubes. The only intermediate crystalline phase found in the system is K2SO4·2CaSO4 (calcium langbeinite).
The Downfall of Mirza Taqi Khan Amir Kabir and the Problem of Ministerial Authority in Qajar Iran

On 11 November 1851, Nasir al-Din Shah (r. 1848—96), the 20-year-old Qajar ruler of Iran, dismissed from the post of premier his guardian-tutor (atābak) and brother-in-law Mirza Taqi Khan Farahani, Amir(-i) Nizam, better known to posterity as Amir Kabir. He allowed him to continue in the post of commander-in-chief of the army (amārat-i niẓām), however. “Since the office of the grand vizierate in volves too much labor,” the shah wrote to Amir Kabir, “and the burden of such a task was arduous for you. we have relieved you of this duty. You must continue as commander-in-chief with full confidence.”1 Only two months later, on 10 January 1852, Amir Kabir was secretly put to death in the Fin royal garden near Kashan, where he had spent the last days of his exile.
Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Niobate Nanorods via Ion-Exchange Based on Molten-Salt Reaction

A facile ion-exchange approach was developed for the synthesis of single-crystalline sodium and calcium niobates nanorods at a large-scale based on molten-salt reaction between potassium niobate nanowires and molten sodium or calcium chlorides. It is suggested that the formation of sodium and calcium niobate nanorods was a self-sacrificing templated process through ion exchange.
Two types of longitudinal dune fields and possible mechanisms for their development

Longitudinal dune fields characterized by nearly uniform interdune spacing are distinguished from longitudinal dune fields characterized by fairly variable interdune spacing and high frequencies of dune coalescence. The empirical and theoretical evidence indicating that the former may be due to helical air currents aligned with the dunes is reviewed. Hypotheses arguing that the latter may arise indirectly from horizontal pressure gradients or bidirectional wind regimes are discussed. Evenly spaced linear sand banks aligned with tidal currents may be shown mathematically to result from energy optimalization within two-dimensional, sand-transporting flow regimes, and a similar simple or non-rotational flow model is considered for the problem of desert longitudinal dunes. An initial complex or rotational flow analysis is undertaken to discern the likely significance of roll vortices in desert sediment transport. An ‘evolutionary timescale’ is estimated for the formation of desert longitudinal dune fields. A simple analysis is performed for the effect of regional sand mass change on longitudinal dune field ordering. Recommendations are made for future empirical and theoretical research.
Optimal and sub-optimal post-detection timing estimators for PET

The authors derive linear and nonlinear approximations to the postdetection likelihood function for scintillator interaction time in nuclear particle detection systems. The likelihood function is the optimal statistic for performing detection and estimation of scintillator events and event times. The authors derive the likelihood function approximations from a statistical model for the postdetection waveform which is common in the optical communications literature and takes account of finite detector bandwidth, random gains, and thermal noise. They present preliminary simulation results for the associated approximate maximum likelihood timing estimators which indicate that significant MSE (mean square error) improvements can be achieved for low postdetection signal-to-noise ratio. >
A fourth order finite difference method for waveguides with curved perfectly conducting boundaries

A novel high order finite difference method is introduced for optical waveguides with smoothly curved perfectly electric conducting (PEC) boundaries. The proposed method shares some similarities with our previous matched interface and boundary (MIB) methods developed for treating dielectric interfaces of optical waveguides, such as the use of a simple Cartesian grid, the standard finite difference schemes, and fictitious values. However, the PEC boundary conditions have a physical nature quite different from that of the jump conditions at the dielectric interfaces, i.e., all six electric and magnetic field components are prescribed in the jump conditions, while only three of them are known at the PEC walls. Consequently, the previously developed MIB methods are not applicable to deal with the perfectly conducting boundaries. To overcome this difficulty, a novel ray-casting fictitious domain method is constructed to enforce the PEC conditions along the normal direction. Such a boundary implementation couples the transverse magnetic field components so that the resulting ray-casting MIB method is a full vectorial approach for the modal analysis of optical waveguides. The new MIB method is validated by considering both homogeneous and inhomogeneous waveguides. Numerical results confirm the designed fourth order of accuracy.
In Search of Complexity: Seeking to Integrate Feminist and Evolutionary Perspectives in Psychology

This Special Section of Sex Roles, “Commentaries on the Special Issue: Feminist Reappraisals of Evolutionary Psychology” (Smith and Konik 2013), continues the interchange among researchers who are approaching psychology from evolutionary and/or feminist perspectives that began in the May 2011 issue. This introduction to the current Special Section focuses on two themes: (1) constraints caused by both disciplinarity and the researcher’s location need to be transcended, and (2) nature and nurture must be recognized as interrelated concepts when utilizing evolutionary and feminist frameworks. In addressing these themes, we highlight how they are apparent in the collection of works published in this Special Section. It is clear that both feminist and evolutionary scholarship has matured to the point where, given appropriate conceptual complexity, both can continue to develop.
Emotional Labor at a Crossroads: Where Do We Go from Here?

Three decades after its introduction as a concept, emotional labor—regulating emotions as part of the work role—is fully on the map in organizational behavior and organizational psychology. As research has accelerated, roadblocks, such as fuzzy construct conceptualizations, assumed but untested processes, and methodological stagnation, have emerged. To provide direction to new scholars and suggestions to seasoned emotional labor researchers, we review theoretical perspectives and evidence for emotional labor and its (a) construct development and measurement, (b) chronic and momentary determinants, (c) prediction of employee well-being, and (d) influence on organizational performance. On this path, we introduce emotional labor as a dynamic integration of three components (i.e., emotional requirements, emotion regulation, and emotion performance), interpret personal and organizational moderators, and point to innovative new methodological approaches. Overall, we provide a new road map to jump-start the fiel...
CELLULAR RESPONSE TO FRACTURE STUDIED WITH TRITIATED THYMIDINE

An autoradiographic study of femoral-fracture repair using tritiated thymidine was made on forty-two female mice, five weeks of age. Assessment of the periosteal labeling index was obtained from one hour to fourteen days after fracture. Results showed that the initial proliferative response is seen in the periosteum and adjacent soft tissues sixteen hours after fracture. No increase in proliferation was observed at eight hours. The reaction was not limited to the fracture site but extended along the entire femoral diaphysis. The maximum increase of the labeled periosteal population (25.4 per cent) was observed at thirty-two hours after fracture. After thirty-two hours, the size of the labeled population decreased with increasing time. The decrease was more apparent away from the fracture site, so that within five days of fracture the proliferative potential was similar to that of the non-fractured control femur. Fourteen days after fracture, the labeled population of periosteal cells at the fracture site was still above the value of the controls. The course of fracture repair was followed autoradiographically.
Integrating intermittent streams into watershed assessments: applicability of an index of biotic integrity

AbstractNonperennial streams are often excluded from biomonitoring programs because of inadequate knowledge about their biological and hydrological characteristics and variability. The ability to apply bioassessment indices to nonperennial streams would greatly expand the reach of biomonitoring programs. We sampled 12 nonperennial streams (3 of which were minimally stressed) in the San Diego hydrologic region multiple times to assess whether a benthic macroinvertebrate assessment index (the Southern California Index of Biotic Integrity [IBI]) developed for perennial streams could be used in nonperennial streams. We also sampled 3 minimally stressed perennial streams. Continuous water-level loggers and repeated site visits revealed that hydrologic regimes varied considerably among streams. Gradual drying was evident at some streams, and multiple drying/rewetting events were evident at others. Moreover, streams that were nonperennial in one year were perennial in another. IBI scores from low-stress nonperen...
A distributed simulation approach for modeling and analyzing systems of systems

Certain business objectives cannot be met without the interaction and communication between different systems. An interesting concept called system of systems (SoS), which aims to describe this interaction between systems has been gaining attention in the last few years. In this paper an extensive review of the literature is performed to capture the main characteristics associated to this concept in order to propose a new, more complete definition. This paper also proposes the use of distributed simulation through the High Level Architecture (HLA) rules to model and simulate systems of systems. We illustrate our idea with two different examples, a simplified supply chain network of a computer assembly and an aircraft initial sizing scenarios. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the significant advantages distributed simulation could offer over traditional simulation for the analysis of such complex systems.
A Framework for Global Illumination in Animated Environments

We describe a new framework for efficiently computing and storing global illumination effects for complex, animated environments. The new frame- work allows the rapid generation of sequences representing any arbitrary path in a "view space" within an environment in which both the viewer a nd objects move. The global illumination is stored as time sequences of range images at base loca- tions that span the view space. We present algorithms for determining locations for these base images, and the time steps required to adequately capture the effects of object motion. We also present algorithms for computing the global illumina- tion in the base images that exploit spatial and temporal coherence by considering direct and indirect illumination separately. We discuss an initial implementation using the new framework. Results from our implementation demonstrate the ef- ficient generation of multiple tours through a complex space, and a tour of an environment in which objects move.