cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scalar Polynomial Functions on the NxN Matrices over a Finite Field.

Let F=GF(q) denote the finite field of order q, and let ƒ(x)ϵF[x]. Then f(x) defines, via substitution, a function from Fn×n, the n×n matrices over F, to itself. Any function ƒ:Fn×n → Fn×n which can be represented by a polynomialf(x)ϵF[x] is called a scalar polynomial function on Fn×n. After first determining the number of scalar polynomial functions on Fn×n, the authors find necessary and sufficient conditions on a polynomial ƒ(x) ϵ F[x] in order that it defines a permutation of (i) Dn, the diagonalizable matrices in Fn×n, (ii)Rn, the matrices in Fn×n all of whose roots are in F, and (iii) the matric ring Fn×n itself. The results for (i) and (ii) are valid for an arbitrary field F.
Size-Tunable and Functional Core−Shell Structured Silica Nanoparticles for Drug Release

Size-tunable silica cross-linked micellar core−shell nanoparticles (SCMCSNs) were successfully synthesized from a Pluronic nonionic surfactant (F127) template system with organic swelling agents such as 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) and octanoic acid at room temperature. The size and morphology of SCMCSNs were directly evidenced by TEM imaging and DLS measurements (up to ∼90 nm). Pyrene and coumarin 153 (C153) were used as fluorescent probe molecules to investigate the effect and location of swelling agent molecules. Papaverine as a model drug was used to measure the loading capacity and release property of nanoparticles. The swelling agents can enlarge the nanoparticle size and improve the drug loading capacity of nanoparticles. Moreover, the carboxylic acid group of fatty acid can adjust the release behavior of the nanoparticles.
Cystic fibrosis heterozygote detection: a study on a normal population.

Detection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) heterozygote by testing for cystic fibrosis factor activity (CFFA) in serum samples using bioassays has been reported to give unreliable results. The present study was undertaken to find whether the use of medium from short term white blood cell or skin fibroblast cultures, rather than serum, as the test sample would eliminate such inconsistencies. Short term white blood cell cultures were established from 107 normal, healthy individuals. Cultures from 97 had no CFFA, six (No. 1–6) showed variable results and four (No. 7–10) had activity in all four tests done on a single sample. When the assays were repeated 3 months later on new cultures from these four positive CFFA individuals, two showed activity (Nos. 7 & 9) and two did not (Nos. 8 & 10). All 10 individuals whose cultures showed CFFA had histories of allergies. The association of CFFA in the culture medium derived from individuals having allergies with the intermittent presence of this activity suggested that environmental factors induced a CFF-like activity in such white blood cell cultures. The oyster ciliary assay, using medium from white blood cell cultures, cannot be used for screening for the CF heterozygote since the substitution of culture medium for serum did not eliminate inconsistent results and CFFA was not specific by this assay for the CF gene. Of the fibroblast lines established from the four persons whose initial white blood cell cultures consistently showed CFFA, only one (No. 7) showed the CF culture phenotype (CFFA positive and metachromasia).
The stresses in a thin circular disk rotating about an eccentric circular rigid insert

Abstract The linear theory of elasticity is used to determine the stress and displacement fields in a thin circular disk rotating with constant angular velocity about an eccentric rigid insert. Detailed results are presented for the case of small eccentricities. The analysis applies to configurations with arbitrary eccentricities. Two limiting cases of the results are noted.
Correcting Doubly Truncated Correlations: An Improved Approximation for Correcting the Bivariate Normal Correlation when Truncation has Occurred on Both Variables

Although the problem of correcting correlation coefficients that have arisen from range-restricted distributions has received a great deal of attention in the psychological testing and measurement literature, very little of that literature has dealt with the problem of restriction on both the independent (X) and dependent (1) variable. Wells and Fruchter (1970) presented an approximate correction in such situations. This article reports and improved approximation. This new approximation is recommended for all situations where restriction of range is suspected on either variable or on both X and Y.
Experimental techniques in fuel-cell research—II. Capacitance-measurement considerations

Abstract There are many significant differences between classical bulk-metal/solution interfaces and those of the inherently more complex fuel cell. A descriptive analysis of capacitance measurements on operational components is described in the light of these differences; and limitations and considerations involved in obtaining meaningful data are discussed. An attempt was made to resolve some of the complexity by varying catalyst loading and moisture content. The observed time dependence of the measured impedence is attributed to ralated changes in the open pore structure, thereby suggesting a means of following ageing or time-dependent operational effects.
Effect of divalent cations and chelators on metaphase to telophase progression and nuclear envelope formation in Chinese hamster cells

Abstract Chinese hamster DON cells in log phase were treated with Colcemid in the G 2 period with or without divalent cation chelating agents. The metaphase cells were isolated and incubated in two ways: 1) without Colcemid but with chelating agents or La 3+ and observed for metaphase to telophase progression, and 2) with Colcemid, with or without chelating agents and the rate of micronuclei formation in the absence of anaphase monitored. The effect of the chelating agents on cellular 45 Ca 2+ during metaphase to telophase progression was also studied. The results indicate that Ca 2+ and possibly Mg 2+ ions are involved in the regulation of certain segments of mitosis. The reduction of environmental and plasma membrane associated Ca 2+ with the chelators and La 3+ promoted the metaphase to telophase progression as well as nuclear envelope and micronuclei formation.
An algebraic environment to process fuzzy images

Abstract We develop a system, called the Fuzzy Image Algebra, to handle the processing of fuzzy images algebraically extending the work of G.X. Ritter who considered the algebraic manipulation of crisp pictures. Our system is able to process both fuzzy and crisp pictures. There are certain operations on fuzzy images which result in crisper pictures whereas certain other operations may turn a fuzzy image to a more blurred picture.
Physical activity and subclinical MRI cerebral infarcts: the ARIC Study.

Background We hypothesized that physical activity (PA), which is often associated with reduced risk of ischemic stroke, may also be associated with reduced risk of subclinical cerebral infarcts.
CITES and the sustainable management of Swietenia macrophylla King.

The merits and applicability of CITES to the management of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) are assessed. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for trade regulation in order to encourage the sustainable management of S. macrophylla, including the protection of adequate population and genetic resources throughout its range.
“We Need a Showing of All Hands”: Technological Utopianism in MAKE Magazine

Make magazine is a quarterly publication focused on do-it-yourself projects involving technology and innovation. The magazine also sponsors a biannual event, the Maker Faire, that brings “makers” together to share their knowledge. As a strategy for building audience loyalty and identification with the magazine, the Make products are skillfully crafted. However, they also invoke ideals such as environmentalism and nationalism in a potent mix that not only engages readers, but also represents an additional cultural demonstration of the phenomenon of technological utopianism.
Effects of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) tannins on α-amylase activity and in vitro digestibility of starch in raw and processed flours

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tannins on starch digestion in tannin-containing sorghum extracts and wholegrain flours from 12 sorghum varieties. Extracts reduced amylase activity in a tannin concentration-dependent manner when the extract was mixed with the enzyme before substrate (amylopectin) addition, with higher molecular weight tannins showing greater reduction. Conversely, when the extract and substrate were combined before enzyme addition an enhancement in amylase activity was experienced. In uncooked, cooked, and cooked and stored wholegrain sorghum flours, rapidly digestible, slowly digestible, and resistant starches were not correlated with tannin content or molecular weight distribution. Resistant starch increased from 6.5% to 22–26% when tannins were added to starch up to 50% (starch weight). Tannin extracts both reduced and enhanced amylase activity depending on conditions, and, while these trends were clear in extracts, the effects on starch digestion in wholegr...
Buzzsaws and blueprints: what children need (or don't need) to learn language

An old joke that has been circulating for the past decade or so goes as follows: a biologist, a physicist, and a cognitive scientist were sitting around discussing the great achievements of their fields. The biologist waxed eloquent about the insights of Darwin’s theory of evolution; the physicist expounded on the implications of Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Then the cognitive scientist spoke up: ‘Our great discovery is the thermos. You put a cold drink in, the drink stays cold. You fill it with hot soup, the soup stays hot. This is amazing, for how does the thermos know?’ Obviously, this cognitive scientist has asked the wrong question about how the thermos maintains temperatures. In The emergence of language (henceforth, EL), an edited collection of chapters authored by an interdisciplinary group of computer scientists, linguists, and cognitive and developmental psychologists, it is suggested that perhaps language acquisition researchers have been making the same mistake as the errant cognitive scientist. To be sure, language is an extremely complex phenomenon, yet it is also elegant. Recognition of these characteristics in all aspects of language (thanks in large part to Chomskyan approaches to linguistics) highlights a well-known apparent paradox: language is hopelessly complex but children acquire it with ease. Solutions to this paradox have typically inspired researchers to posit rules or other kinds of blueprints – knowledge (innate or acquired) that children have to guide their language acquisition. But are these rules truly necessary? Perhaps children do not  how to acquire language any more than a thermos knows how to maintain temperature. Although EL does not represent a single consensus viewpoint, the strong version of the hypothesis being advanced is that language develops like other patterns in nature that are characterized by complexity and elegance (e.g.,
Synthesis of the sulfate donor PAPS in either the Drosophila germline or somatic follicle cells can support embryonic dorsal-ventral axis formation.

The establishment of dorsal-ventral (DV) polarity in the Drosophila embryo depends upon a localized signal that is generated in the perivitelline space of the egg through the action of a serine proteolytic cascade. Spatial regulation of this pathway is determined by the expression of the pipe gene in a subpopulation of ventral follicle cells in the developing egg chamber. The Pipe protein exhibits homology to vertebrate glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferases. In a previous study, we demonstrated that embryonic DV polarity depends upon the sulfotransferase activity of Pipe. Surprisingly, however, our results also indicated that formation of the embryonic DV axis does not require the synthesis of the high-energy sulfate donor, 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) in the follicle cells in which Pipe is presumed to function. Here, we resolve this apparent paradox by demonstrating that dorsalized embryos are only produced by egg chambers in which both germline and follicle cells lack PAPS synthetase activity. Thus, PAPS produced either in the germline or in the follicular epithelium can support the requirement for Pipe sulfotransferase activity in embryonic DV patterning. This finding indicates the existence of a conduit for the movement of PAPS between the germline and the follicle cells, which highlights a previously unappreciated mechanism of soma/germline cooperation affecting pattern formation.
The development of self-efficacy and outcome expectation measures regarding glycaemic load and the nutritional management of type 2 diabetes.

Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, S-163 Henderson Building,University Park, PA 16802, USASubmitted 13 December 2005: Accepted 24 May 2006: First published online 5 March 2007AbstractObjective: Traditionally, carbohydrate has been the largest contributor to energyintake among people with diabetes, yet different carbohydrate foods producedifferentglycaemicresponses. Glycaemicload representsthetotalglycaemiceffectofthe diet and inﬂuences glycaemic control. Adequate self-efﬁcacy and outcomeexpectations are needed to change carbohydrate intake and to evaluate relevantinterventions. The purpose of this research was to develop and test instrumentsregarding self-efﬁcacy and outcome expectations for the adoption of a lowerglycaemic load diet.Design: Participants completed each instrument at their convenience and mailed theinstruments to the investigators.Setting/subjects: A community sample of individuals 21–75 years of age with type 2diabetes for $1 year (n ¼ 108) was recruited.Results: Principal components analysis revealed three factors on the self-efﬁcacyquestionnaire: glycaemic index, negative food selection and self-regulation efﬁcacywhich accounted for 62% of the variance in these items. The outcome expectationsinstrument yielded three factors: barriers to dietary change and glycaemic control,andfamilysupportexpectationswhichaccountedfor48%ofthevariance.Coefﬁcientafor each construct was .0.70 and coefﬁcient H for each construct was $0.80.Conclusions: The two instruments developed for this study can provide importantinsights about the self-efﬁcacy and outcome expectations regarding the quantity andquality of carbohydrate consumed and self-monitoring performed for diabetesmanagement. Future research is needed to evaluate the relationship among theseconstructs, dietary intake and glycaemic control.KeywordsPsychometric qualitiesReliabilityGlycaemic indexGlycaemic loadType 2 diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity andmortalityintheUSA
Motifs in the assembly of food web networks

The assembly of local communities from regional pools is a multifaceted process that involves the confluence of interactions and environmental conditions at the local scale and biogeographic and evolutionary history at the regional scale. Understanding the relative influence of these factors on community structure has remained a challenge and mechanisms driving community assembly are often inferred from patterns of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. Moreover, community assembly is often viewed through the lens of competition and rarely includes trophic interactions or entire food webs. Here, we use motifs – subgraphs of nodes (e.g. species) and links (e.g. predation) whose abundance within a network deviates significantly as compared to a random network topology – to explore the assembly of food web networks found in the leaves of the northern pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea. We compared counts of three-node motifs across a hierarchy of scales to a suite of null models to determine if motifs are over-, under-, or randomly represented. We then assessed if the pattern of representation of a motif in a given network matched that of the network it was assembled from. We found that motif representation in over 70% of site networks matched the continental network they were assembled from and over 75% of local networks matched the site networks they were assembled from for the majority of null models. This suggests that the same processes are shaping networks across scales. To generalize our results and effectively use a motif perspective to study community assembly, a theoretical framework detailing potential mechanisms for all possible combinations of motif representation is necessary.
Papanicolaou Smear Adequacy: The Cervical Cytobrush And Ayre Spatula Compared With The Extended-Tip Spatula

Papanicolaou smears have false-negative rates of 6 percent to 56 percent that are due, in large part, to inadequate sampling of endocervical cells. A randomized, prospective trial was conducted comparing the adequacy of Papanicolaou smears obtained with the cytobrush and Ayre spatula with smears obtained with the extended-tip spatula, as measured by the presence of endocervical cells. One hundred of III Papanicolaou smears obtained with a cytobrush and Ayre spatula contained en- A number of studies have reported high false-neg­ ative rates for detecting cervical cancer on Papa­ nicolaou (Pap) smears, ranging from 6 percent to 56 percent.1.2 Approximately two-thirds of these false-negative smears were due to inadequate sampling of the cervix, while one-third were due to laboratory error.3.4 The primary cause of sam­ pling error was failure to obtain cells from the squamocolumnar transition zone, where cervical cancer is known to develop. 5,6 As the percentage of Pap smears containing endocervical cells increases, so does the detec­ tion rate for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. In 1983, Elias, et aU found that the rate of detection of dysplasia and carcinoma increased by more than 60 percent in smears with endocervical cells compared with smears without endocervical cells. They suggested that smears that do not contain endocervical cells should be repeated. These findings were con­ firmed by Vooijs, et a1. 8 and Boon, et a1. 9 Both reports agreed that endocervical cells are one of
Pelvic Fractures in Professional Cyclists: A Report of 3 Cases:

Background: Professional riders demonstrate increased risk factors for such injuries including both extensive time on the bike in addition to a possible underlying osteopenia secondary to the nonimpact nature of the sport. Hypothesis: Nonoperative management of stable, nondisplaced pelvic fractures in professional cyclists offers excellent results. Study Design: Case series. Methods: Three cases of professional cyclists with pelvic fractures were reviewed. Results: All 3 cyclists were able to return to professional competition and remain symptom free. Conclusion: Accurate early diagnosis of pelvic fractures, with the aid of computed tomography, is crucial. Early non-weightbearing with a progression to weightbearing as tolerated and early return to stationary training are appropriate. Accurate diagnosis and careful nonoperative management of stable, nondisplaced pelvic fractures in professional cyclists offers excellent results. Clinical Relevance: Accurate diagnosis of pelvic fractures in high-demand athletes with few complaints and no obvious findings on plain film radiographs. Control of weightbearing and competitive status to prevent injury progression. Gauged return to competition at professional level.
An update on testosterone, HDL and cardiovascular risk in men

Testosterone prescriptions have risen steadily and sharply in the USA despite a lack of clear understanding of the relationship between androgens and cardiovascular disease. In men with increasing age, testosterone levels decline and cardiovascular disease risk goes up. Ties between hypogonadism and cardiovascular disease are suggested by observational data, yet therapy with testosterone replacement has not been shown to mitigate that risk. To the contrary, recent literature has raised concern for increased cardiovascular disease in certain groups of men receiving testosterone therapy. In this article, we review current literature in an attempt to better understand what it suggests is the true relationship between testosterone and cardiovascular disease. We also take a closer look at effects of testosterone on lipids and HDL in particular, to see if this explains the cardiovascular effects seen in clinical studies.
Reply to A. Garcia et al

We thank Garcia and Tisman for their interesting comments regarding our manuscript. We agree that it is generally accepted that metformin is associated with lowering of serum vitamin B12 (cobalamin) levels and therefore may predispose to B12 deficiency. 2-5 The Tisman group has recently reported in a small study that holotranscobalamin was decreased in patients receiving chemotherapy, presumably related to chemotherapy-induced GI tract damage causing decreased B12 absorption. 6 So it is possible that some of the diabetic patients in our study may have had B12 deficiency secondary to metformin use and/or receiving chemotherapy. We have no data on this, as neither serum B12 nor related B12 deficiency markers (homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, holotranscobalamin) were measured in our study. The idea of holotranscobalamin, the serum protein carrier of tissue bioavailable B12, as a marker of B12 deficiency is appealing, but we note that the clinically established laboratory parameters of B12 deficiency remain B12 itself and the metabolites homocysteine and methylmalonic acid. There is evidence that B12 deficiency may have antiproliferative effects in tumor cells. The best studied example is nitrous oxide. This anesthetic induces B12 deficiency by preventing cobalamin reduction to the active cobalt(I) state, and thereby inhibits the methylcobalamindependent methionine synthase. Inhibition of methionine synthase is expected to lead to inhibition of cell proliferation, as this enzyme is necessary for DNA synthesis. There is evidence that nitrous oxide causes bone marrow suppression and has antiproliferative effects in leukemia, as discussed by Garcia and Tisman. Inhibition of other enzymes involved in folate metabolism should lead to additive or synergistic effects on cell proliferation, and this appears to be true for nitrous oxide in combination with, for instance, methotrexate or fluorouracil. We note that many of the patients in our study received fluorouracil as part of their chemotherapy. If B12 deficiency does indeed mediate a significant proportion of metformin’s antitumor activity, it would be desirable to separate this beneficial effect of B12 deficiency from its negative effects. Prominent among the latter are megaloblastic anemia and neurologic deficits, which also likely derive from inhibition of methionine synthase.
The effect of birth order and gender on American managers' attitudes toward female managers

Abstract The relationship between the birth order of American male and female managers and their attitudes toward women as managers was explored. Middle managers (N = 278) at two major banking Firms located in the northeastern United States responded to the Women as Managers Scale (Peters, Terborg, & Taynor, 1974). Firstborn males had the most negative attitudes and firstborn females the most positive as evidenced by a significant multivariate analysis of variance interaction effect. Strong univariate sex differences were also found. Unlike a previous study with a student sample, which reported the largest differences on “feminine-barrier” items, we found that managers' sex differences centered on job-related items.
Thresholds for 60 Hz magnetic field stimulation of peripheral nerves in human subjects.

The goal of the research reported here is to narrow the range of uncertainty about peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) thresholds associated with whole body magnetic field exposures at 50/60 Hz. This involved combining PNS thresholds measured in human subjects exposed to pulsed magnetic gradient fields with calculations of electric fields induced in detailed anatomical models of the body by that same exposure system. PNS thresholds at power frequencies (50/60 Hz) can be predicted from these data due to the wide range of pulse durations (70 μs to 1 ms), the length of the pulse trains (several tens of ms), and the exposure of a large part of the body to the magnetic field. These data together with the calculations of the rheobase electric field exceeded in 1% (E1%) of two anatomical body models, lead to a median PNS detection threshold of 47.9 ± 4.4 mT for a uniform 60 Hz magnetic field exposure coronal to the body. The threshold for the most sensitive 1% of the population is about 27.8 mT. These values are lower than PNS thresholds produced by magnetic fields with sagittal and vertical orientations or nonuniform exposures. Bioelectromagnetics 26:462–468, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New Advances in Interferon Therapy of Cancer.

Substantial increases in both the understanding of the cellular mechanisms of actions of interferon (IFN) and in its clinical use in cancer have occurred in recent years. The efficacy of interferon for the treatment of select malignancies has been established, and IFN-α and IFN-β have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for multiple clinical indications. IFN-α increased median survival and relapse-free survival in patients with locally advanced melanoma when used as adjuvant therapy and had modest activity against advanced disease. In other tumors where studies indicated that IFN lacked direct therapeutic activity, clinical trials suggested that it increased the antitumor activity of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents when used in combination therapy. IFN has substantial activity in chronic myelogenous leukemia, increasing survival in patients in early chronic phase when compared with conventional chemotherapy, and has some activity in nonHodgkin’s lymphoma in combination with cytotoxic agents. Recent molecular and pharmacologic studies defining cellular receptor activation, signal transduction pathways, and biochemical modulating activities of interferon have yet to be fully incorporated into clinical development. Further preclinical advances along with the expanding identification of potentially clinically sensitive tumors make it likely that the use of IFN in cancer chemotherapy will continue to grow. The Oncologist 1997;2:254-267
A method and knowledge base for automated inference of patient problems from structured data in an electronic medical record

Background Accurate knowledge of a patient's medical problems is critical for clinical decision making, quality measurement, research, billing and clinical decision support. Common structured sources of problem information include the patient problem list and billing data; however, these sources are often inaccurate or incomplete. Objective To develop and validate methods of automatically inferring patient problems from clinical and billing data, and to provide a knowledge base for inferring problems. Study design and methods We identified 17 target conditions and designed and validated a set of rules for identifying patient problems based on medications, laboratory results, billing codes, and vital signs. A panel of physicians provided input on a preliminary set of rules. Based on this input, we tested candidate rules on a sample of 100 000 patient records to assess their performance compared to gold standard manual chart review. The physician panel selected a final rule for each condition, which was validated on an independent sample of 100 000 records to assess its accuracy. Results Seventeen rules were developed for inferring patient problems. Analysis using a validation set of 100 000 randomly selected patients showed high sensitivity (range: 62.8–100.0%) and positive predictive value (range: 79.8–99.6%) for most rules. Overall, the inference rules performed better than using either the problem list or billing data alone. Conclusion We developed and validated a set of rules for inferring patient problems. These rules have a variety of applications, including clinical decision support, care improvement, augmentation of the problem list, and identification of patients for research cohorts.
Design and demonstration of a dynamometric horseshoe for measuring ground reaction loads of horses during racing conditions

Because musculoskeletal injuries to racehorses are common, instrumentation for the study of factors (e.g. track surface), which affect the ground reaction loads in horses during racing conditions, would be useful. The objectives of the work reported by this paper were to (1) design and construct a novel dynamometric horseshoe that is capable of measuring the complete ground reaction loading during racing conditions, (2) characterize static and dynamic measurement errors, and (3) demonstrate the usefulness of the instrument by collecting example data during the walk, trot, canter, and gallop for a single subject. Using electrical resistance strain gages, a dynamometric horseshoe was designed and constructed to measure the complete ground reaction force and moment vectors and the center of pressure. To mimic the load transfer surface of the hoof, the shape of the surface contacting the ground was similar to that of the solar surface of the hoof. Following static calibration, the measurement accuracy was determined. The root mean squared errors (RMSE) were 3% of full scale for the force component normal to the hoof and 9% for force components in the plane of the hoof. The dynamic calibration determined that the natural frequency with the full weight of a typical horse was 1744 Hz. Example data were collected during walking on a ground surface and during trotting, cantering, and galloping on a treadmill. The instrument successfully measured the complete ground reaction load during all four gaits. Consequently the dynamometric horseshoe is useful for studying factors, which affect ground reaction loads during racing conditions.
Acquired myopathy/dystrophies

Diseases of muscle may be congenital or acquired. They cause muscle weakness without sensory loss. The onset, distribution, and clinical course help to differentiate the type of muscle disorder. The diagnostic workup may include laboratory examination, electrodiagnostic studies, and muscle biopsy. A definitive diagnosis leads to better decision making with regard to treatment, genetic education, prognosis, functional expectations, and the impact of exercise on muscle function.
Stealing Wages From Immigrants

In California, ongoing concerns about employers stealing wages from undocumented immigrant workers (who are reluctant to report employer violations because they want to minimize contact with legal authorities) have led to two “antiretaliation” laws passed in 2013 (Assembly Bill 263 and Senate Bill 666) designed to protect workers. This article describes wage stealing (when, how, why and to whom it happens) and its consequences and evaluates various solutions to the problem, including the recent California legislation.
On The Crushing of a Textile Core Sandwich Panel

*† ‡ A class of textile core sandwich structure is investigated with respect to their ability to absorb transverse compressive load. To this end, experimental observations are compared to numerical simulations. The experimental observations show that this structure exhibits key properties for being a promising load absorbing structure (e.g., impact and blast protection). Matching numerical simulations show that the behavior can be captured with simulations, and that a relatively simplified scheme can be used. The simulations also suggest sensitivity to the local topology in absorbing energy, as well as explaining the somewhat unexpected deformation behavior observed experimentally. Nomenclature d = Diameter of the truss (wire diameter) E = Young’s modulus of the material comprising the trusses G c = Shear modulus of the truss core w = Opening width (distance between wires) core ρ = Relative density of the truss core Y σ = Yield strength of the material comprising the trusses c Y σ = Compressive strength of the truss core c Y τ = Shear strength of the truss core
Upward Influence Activity in Strategic Decision Making An Examination of Organizational Differences

This study examines the perceived upward influence capabilities of middle-level managers (MLMs) in various strategic decisions. It was found that (1) MLMs exerted influence primarily in less risky strategic decisions and tended to be successful in their upward influence interactions; (2) MLMs from financial and marketing divisions were more influential in strategic decisions than were MLMs from other functional areas; (3) MLMs from private sector organizations and from small organizations exerted more influence in risky strategic decision than did their counterparts in public sector and large organizations; and (4) the best predictor of successful upward influence activity and of more risky interactions was number of years working for a particular superior.
The Eighth Amendment, the Death Penalty and Ordinary Robbery-Burglary Murderers: A California Case Study

Beginning with Furman v. Georgia, the Supreme Court's seminal case applying the Eighth Amendment to the death penalty, the Court has developed two principles limiting the states' power to define death-eligibility: the principle from Furman and Zant v. Stephens that states are required to "genuinely narrow" the death-eligible class to avoid the risk of arbitrariness in the imposition of the death penalty and the principle from Enmund v. Florida and Tison v. Arizona that the death penalty is a disproportionate punishment for a particular category of murders when it does not comport with contemporary values and serves no penological purpose. In the present article, using the California death penalty scheme, generally regarded as the broadest in the country, the author examines the application of the two principles to robbery and burglary murderers, the largest category of death-eligible murderers. California, along with only five other states, makes death-eligible a defendant who kills during commission of a robbery or burglary, without regard to whether there are any other aggravating circumstances about the crime and without regard to the defendant's mens rea as to the killing. The author argues that the measure of "genuine narrowing" under the Furman/Zant principle and one of the measures of "contemporary values" under the Enmund/Tison principle is the rate at which death-eligible murderers are sentenced to death. Relying in part on two empirical studies demonstrating that at most only one in twenty robbery and burglary murderers is sentenced to death where there are no additional and more aggravating circumstances, the author concludes that the imposition of the death penalty on such murderers is unconstitutional under both of the Court's principles.
THE ABNORMAL CYTOLOGICAL SMEAR. A FOUR-YEAR STUDY.

Abstract A study of 7,831 smears from 4,836 women revealed 273 abnormal smears in 182 women (37.6 per 1,000) with a finding of malignancy in 46 (9.5 per 1,000). An analysis of first smears in this group revealed a malignancy rate of 6.4 per cent for type II, 60 per cent for type III, and 100 per cent for types IV and V, thus, emphasizing the potential danger of ignoring the smear which shows only mild atypicalities. A review of 37 patients with carcinoma in situ confirms the necessity of performing cold knife conization for diagnosis. One case of recurrence of carcinoma in situ in the vaginal vault and one of squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina occurring 5 years following hysterectomy for carcinoma in situ of the cervix are presented. Careful clinical and cytological follow-up in patients with carcinoma in situ of the cervix is necessary.
Social Work in Teaching Hospitals and Expansion of for-Profit Health Corporations

The possibility of sale of a 175-year-old nonprofit hospital to a for-profit corporation raised questions and concerns about the future of teaching and training programs at the institution. With the many challenges facing social workers in both the nonprofit and for-profit hospitals, especially the pressures for early discharge planning and developing income producing services, social work teaching and learning opportunities in hospitals may be drastically curtailed. The author enjoins social workers to maintain social work's values and ethics as they continue the roles of administrator, clinician, teacher, learner, researcher, and, most important, advocate for social policy and change.
Is it Time to Wind Up the Securities Act of 1933

The Securities Act of 1933 was once considered a great benefit for investors because of the strict liability it places on firms to truthfully disclose information to investors. But the strict liability provisions are now dissuading firms from communicating useful information for fear that it may inadvertently contain errors or inaccuracies. The resulting silence is no benefit to investors. Strict liability simply makes no sense in today's sophisticated and deep capital markets.
Navy Initiative to Enhance Structural Failure Simulation

The U.S. Navy continues to make significant investments in modeling and simulation capabilities in order to reduce system development costs. This applies to the development of sea-borne structures and undersea weapons in ways that promote coordination of efforts among various funding agencies, universities, and laboratories representing government and private industry. More specifically, simulation of underwater explosion (UNDEX) effects on sea-borne structures necessitates input from multiple disciplines: Fluid Dynamics, Solid and Structural Dynamics, Detonation Chemistry, Soil Mechanics, Experimental Mechanics, Computational Mechanics, and Materials Science. This paper focuses on the U.S. Navy’s efforts in enhancing the critical Materials Science and Structural Dynamics needs, specifically the prediction of deformation and failure of metallic structures. As part of an overall effort to improve modeling and simulation capabilities, prediction enhancement of metallic structure response will focus on constitutive, damage and failure models, and incorporation of these material response models into production hydrocodes.
An Experimental Study of the Acoustic Determinants of Vowel Color; Observations on One- and Two-Formant Vowels Synthesized from Spectrographic Patterns

(1952). An Experimental Study of the Acoustic Determinants of Vowel Color; Observations on One- and Two-Formant Vowels Synthesized from Spectrographic Patterns. WORD: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 195-210.
Ellipsoidal Approximation of Reachable Sets for the Steady Climbing Turn Resolution Maneuver

The verification of conflict resolution maneuvers requires a model that captures both the discrete nature of the conflict detection logic and the continuous nature of the aircraft dynamics, as the safety of a resolution maneuver depends greatly upon when it is executed in the conflict situation. Verification of conflict resolution maneuvers, such as the 'steady climbing turn', often used by aircraft to avoid infringement into 'no transgression zones' or the safety buffers of other approaching aircraft, in terminal areas on final approach to runways, is a critical component in the development of new decision aiding and alerting devices as well as operating procedures. Additionally noise and sensor errors can lead to uncertainties in the reported location of the aircraft, leading to a stochastic description of the aircraft's initial condition and projected future trajectories. It becomes important to bound these trajectories in order to verify whether or not a conflict will occur in the time horizon of the conflict detection software, and thus execute a given resolution maneuver. Because the problem of generating the entire reachable space for hybrid systems is often intractable, methods of approximating the reachable space have been developed. One such technique involves over-approximating the reachable set with ellipsoids, which leads to a conservative bound on the reachable set. In the following paper, the authors calculate an ellipsoidal over- approximation to the set of reachable trajectories of a Boeing 747-300 in the steady climbing turn resolution maneuver, in the face of control uncertainties. The control uncertainties are modeled by bounds, and the climbing turn maneuver is simulated nominally, and then simulated with a catastrophic failure of control surfaces midway through the maneuver, in order to contrast the overall nominal reachable set to the worst case reachable set in the face of conflict resolution failure. Several computational issues in the calculation are addressed, and methods to improve the versatility and accuracy of the technique are proposed.
Design and fabrication of a thin film broadband half-wave phase retarder

A broadband 1/2-wave phase retarder in visible region designed and fabricated by means of alternative deposition of TiO2 and SiO2 films by ion-assisted e-gun evaporation was reported.
Changes in somatic antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced by bacteriophages.

For at least 50 years, the somatic antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been widely studied [1-5], and more than 10 serotypes have been recognized on the basis of heat-stable antigens alone. In the United States, the antigenic schema most commonly accepted is the one established by Verder and Evans [5]; in Europe, that of Habs [6] appears to be the best known. The relationship between these 2 systems has been clarified by Muraschi et al. [7]. Most studies of somatic antigens were conducted as a means of recognizing types within the species for use in epidemiological surveys. Serotypes may be important from the viewpoint of immunological protection against the infections, since immunity is type-specific [8]. The bacteriophages of P. aeruginosa have been employed in epidemiological surveys [2, 9, 10]. Plaques of P. aeruginosa produced by phage action contain mutants which develop rapidly and often exhibit characteristics quite dissimilar to those possessed by the original strains. A survey of various strains of P. aeruginosa has therefore been conducted to determine the extent of changes in the somatic antigens induced by bacteriophages.
National and Local Forces in State Politics: The Implications of Multi-Level Policy Analysis

Studies of American states and their policies are severely handicapped by the use of a single level of analysis. The operations of American politics and the assumptions of correlation methodology imply that only a multi-level approach can adequately comprehend state politics. All major aspects of politics, but particularly policies, are distorted by the single level approach. The extent of distortion suggests that relations among states and between states and the national government are the prime determinants of state politics and that the study of states ought to be organized around these relations. This approach accounts for the salient characteristics of state politics, indicating that states are not political systems but collections of tangentially related components of a national system. States which appear systematic derive their coherence from interactions with the national pattern, a process with important residual effects on the legitimacy of state governments.
Positive Direct Antiglobulin Tests with Antilymphocyte Globulin

Patients receiving antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) of equine origin, for prophylactic immunosuppression following renal transplantation or for rejection episodes, develop a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT), mainly of the IgG type. This finding may be observed as early as the first day following the administration of ALG. The cause for the positive DAT is due to the presence of antihorse globulin in the reagent antiglobulin serum reacting with ALG antigenic material coating the patients' red blood cells. The serum of some of these patients also may result in incompatible cross-matches. These serums and all of the eluates react with donor and reagent red blood cells demonstrating no particular blood group specificity.
Survey on Anemia and Dental Caries in 812 Children Aged 7-8 Years

Objective To investigate the prevalence of anemia and dental caries among children aged 7-8 years,and to provide a basis for taking targeted intervention measures.Methods Eight hundred and twelve children aged 7-8 years in Sanmenxia City were served as the study objects.The hemoglobin concentrations of the children were determined by cyanmethaemoglobin method,and the prevalence of dental caries was examined.Results The morbidities of anemia of the boys and girls were 2.99% and 3.45%,respectively.Among the surveyed children,the prevalence of primary teeth caries was 49.01%,with the filling rate of 12.53%;the prevalence of permanent teeth caries was 6.54%,with the filling rate of 37.08%.Conclusions The prevalence of anemia in children aged 7-8 years is not high but the oral health level is lower,and hence,appropriate intervention measures should be taken.
The community continuity experience: generalist training for preclinical medical students.

Many medical schools are planning community-based experiences for preclinical students. In August 1994, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston began placing all 200 first-year medical students in generalists' offices in a new course called the Community Continuity Experience. The office nurse served as site facilitator. Activities during the second term provided more opportunities for students to interview patients as well as to observe the site physicians. The course committee used feedback from student evaluations and focus groups to change the implementation of the curriculum. We found that nurses as site facilitators effectively managed the students' activities, that continuity of site was more important to students than breadth of exposure, that the optimum focus of activities was the examination room, that training in actual skill development (e.g., methods of patient education) was desired before site activities, and that careful integration of preclinical patient-oriented courses was important to expose students to a coherent approach to learning skills for patient assessment.
Policy actions to address weight-based bullying and eating disorders in schools: views of teachers and school administrators

BACKGROUND: Weight-related bullying is prevalent among youth and associated with adverse health consequences, including increased risk for body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors, which are risk factors for eating disorders. Although concerns about these problems have stimulated calls for broader intervention efforts in schools, actions thus far have been limited. This study examined educators' perspectives about potential policy actions to address these issues in schools. METHODS: Educators (N = 240) completed an online questionnaire assessing their support for 11 potential school-based policy actions to address weight-related bullying and eating disorders. Participants also rated policies according to their feasibility and potential for positive impact. RESULTS: Forty-eight percent of participants observed weight-related bullying in their school and 99% expressed the importance of intervening in such incidents. A large majority (75%-94%) supported 8 of the 11 policies, especially actions requiring school-based health curriculum to include content on eating disorder prevention (94%), and addressing weight-bullying through antibullying policies (92%), staff training (89%), and school curriculum (89%). Strongly supported policies were viewed by participants as being the most impactful and feasible to implement. CONCLUSIONS: Educators recognize weight-related bullying and eating disorders as problems in their schools that warrant improved prevention and intervention efforts at the policy level.© 2016, American School Health Association. Language: en