cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on Michael A. Stegman et al.'s "Preventive Servicing Is Good for Business and Affordable Homeownership Policy": What Prevents Loan Modifications?

Abstract After discussing the article by Stegman et al., this comment describes the barriers to preventive servicing for securitized residential loans and assesses the importance of loan modifications, given the recent increases in default and foreclosure rates for subprime loans. Several hurdles slow or reduce such modifications, even those that help borrowers and investors alike. For example, self‐interest may reduce servicers’ willingness to modify loans rapidly. In addition, underlying securitization agreements may impede servicers’ ability and discretion in this area. Further, tax laws that govern a common securitization entity may limit modifications, as may accounting standards. Finally, “tranche warfare,” the sometimes contradictory fiduciary duties servicers have toward investors holding different tranches of securitized pools, may decrease their ability or their willingness to modify loans. This comment concludes that barriers to effective loan modifications should be reduced or eliminated where...
Hierarchical bionanotubes formed by the self assembly of microtubules with cationic membranes or polypeptides

At present there is a surge in interest in biophysical research aimed at elucidating collective interactions between cellular proteins and associated biomolecules leading to supramolecular structures, with the ultimate goal of relating structure to function. The nerve cell cytoskeleton provides a rich example of highly ordered bundles and networks of interacting neurofilaments, microtubules and filamentous actin, where the nature of the interactions, structures and structure–function correlations remain poorly understood. We present synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy data, in reconstituted protein systems from the bovine central nervous system, which reveal unexpected structures not predicted by current electrostatic theories. By mixing preassembled microtubules with charged membranes or polypeptides we found hierarchical bionanotubes made of microtubules coated by lipid bilayers or polypeptides, which in turn are coated with a third layer of tubulin oligomers forming rings or spirals.
Computer-aided transistor design, characterization, and optimization

Abstract A systematic and general method of computing a.c. and d.c. characteristics of double-diffused junction transistors using major process parameters such as dimensions of the device, surface concentration, junction depth, diffusion time, temperature, and diffusion coefficient as a function of temperature and impurity concentration is described. These parameters can be checked during the process and, therefore, can aid the process control problem by predicting the expected values of junction depth and sheet resistivity. If the specified control parameters are met during the fabrication, the a.c. and d.c. characteristics of the device will be realized. The time and/or frequency response of a circuit can be computed using the a.c. and d.c. characteristics of the diffused devices of the circuit on the basis of a distributed or an equivalent lumped model. The measurement of important a.c. parameters on the basis of these models has also been simulated on the computer, thus aiding the characterization problem of the device in the integrated circuit environment. Also, the switching speed of a loaded logic net can be computed and optimized by trading off interacting parameters and relating them back to the original diffusion process parameters and dimensions of the components. Finally, experimental verification of the computed results has been accomplished and found to be satisfactory.
Finite Sample Correction Factors for Panel Cointegration Tests

Abstract: In this paper we present finite T mean and variance correction factors and corresponding response surface regressions for the panel cointegration tests presented in Pedroni (1999, 2004), Westerlund (2005), Larsson et al. (2001), and Breitung (2005). For the single equation tests we consider up to 12 regressors and for the system tests vector autoregression dimensions up to 12 variables. All commonly used specifications for the deterministic components are considered. The time dimension sample sizes are 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 500.;
Unstructured Mesh Quality Assessment and Upwind Euler Solution Algorithm Validation

Quality assessment procedures are described for two- and three-dimensional unstructured meshes. The procedures include measurement of minimum angles, element aspect ratios, stretching, and element skewness. Meshes about the ONERA M6 wing and the Boeing 747 transport configuration are generated using an advancing front method grid generation package of programs. Solutions of the Euler equations for these meshes are obtained at low angle-of-attack, transonic conditions. Results for these cases, obtained as part of a validation study, investigate accuracy of an implicit upwind Euler solution algorithm.
Statistical mechanics of choice: MaxEnt estimation of population heterogeneity

The paper studies heterogeneity of large populations of decision-makers in terms of their choice behavior. It is argued that heterogeneity measures may be deduced from the aggregate data by application of the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) formalism. The case of the aggregate data being comprised of value shares is studied in detail; it is shown that the estimate of heterogeneity belongs to the product-form family of probability distributions.
TATE RESOLUTIONS FOR SEGRE EMBEDDINGS

We give an explicit description of the terms and differentials of the Tate resolution of sheaves arising from Segre embeddings of P a × P b . We prove that the maps in this Tate resolution are either coming from Sylvester-type maps, or from Bezout-type maps arising from the so-called toric Jacobian.
Enantiospecific synthesis of a rigid, C2 symmetric, chiral guanidine by a new and direct method

Abstract A broadly applicable method has been demonstrated for the efficient synthesis of chiral bicyclic guanidines such as 1 from chiral α-amino acids.
Staggered price setting with endogenous frequency of adjustment

Abstract A model of staggered price setting in which the frequency of price changes is endogenous is presented.
Non-conservative Forces in Optical Tweezers

The force exerted by an optical trap includes a solenoidal component that can be harnessed to drive all-optical machines, and also has a surprising influence on the thermodynamics of optically trapped objects.
Temporal Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance and Clonality of Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Finland, 2002 to 2006

The antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a growing global problem. In our study, 3,571 invasive pneumococcal isolates, recovered from blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients in Finland between the years 2002 and 2006, showed an increase in erythromycin nonsusceptibility from 16% to 28% (P < 0.0001) over the 5-year study period, as well as a doubling of penicillin nonsusceptibility from 8% to 16% (P < 0.0001). Erythromycin nonsusceptibility increased especially in isolates derived from 0- to 2-year-old children and was 46% for this age group in 2006. Although multiresistance, defined as nonsusceptibility to penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, was fairly rare (5.1% in 2006), 38% of the erythromycin-nonsusceptible isolates were also penicillin nonsusceptible, while 74% of the penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates were nonsusceptible to erythromycin. In contrast to the situation in continental Europe, but mirroring that in North America, the most frequent macrolide resistance determinant carried by 56% of the tested macrolide-resistant pneumococci was the mef gene. Serotypes 14, 9V, 19A, 6B, and 19F were most frequently nonsusceptible to erythromycin or penicillin. The penicillin-resistant invasive isolates (n = 88) were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing, which revealed the presence of 25 sequence types, 9 of which were novel. The majority of the isolates were related to one of several globally disseminated penicillin- or multiresistant clones, most importantly the rlrA adhesion pilus carrying clones Spain9V ST156 and Taiwan19F ST236. The penicillin-resistant pneumococcal population in Finland is therefore a combination of internationally recognized genotypes as well as novel ones.
Words and rules

Abstract The vast expressive power of language is made possible by two principles: the arbitrary sound-meaning pairing underlying words, and the discrete combinatorial system underlying grammar. These principles implicate distinct cognitive mechanisms: associative memory and symbol-manipulating rules. The distinction may be seen in the difference between regular inflection (e.g., walk-walked ), which is productive and open-ended and hence implicates a rule, and irregular inflection (e.g., come-came , which is idiosyncratic and closed and hence implicates individually memorized words. Nonetheless, two very different theories have attempted to collapse the distinction; generative phonology invokes minor rules to generate irregular as well as regular forms, and connectionism invokes a pattern associator memory to store and retrieve regular as well as irregular forms. I present evidence from three disciplines that supports the traditional word/rule distinction, though with an enriched conception of lexical memory with some of the properties of a pattern-associator. Rules, nonetheless, are distinct from pattern-association, because a rule concatenates a suffix to a symbol for verbs, so it does not require access to memorized verbs or their sound patterns, but applies as the ‘default’, whenever memory access fails. I present a dozen such circumstances, including novel, unusual-sounding, and rootless and headless derived words, in which people inflect the words regularly (explaining quirks like flied out, low-lifes , and Walkmans ). A comparison of English to other languages shows that contrary to the connectionist account, default suffixation is not due to numerous regular words reinforcing a pattern in associative memory, but to a memory-independent, symbol-concatenating mental operation.
Organic Reactions in Aqueous Media with a Focus on Carbon−Carbon Bond Formations: A Decade Update

4.2.8. Reductive Coupling 3109 5. Reaction of Aromatic Compounds 3110 5.1. Electrophilic Substitutions 3110 5.2. Radical Substitution 3111 5.3. Oxidative Coupling 3111 5.4. Photochemical Reactions 3111 6. Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds 3111 6.1. Nucleophilic Additions 3111 6.1.1. Allylation 3111 6.1.2. Propargylation 3120 6.1.3. Benzylation 3121 6.1.4. Arylation/Vinylation 3121 6.1.5. Alkynylation 3121 6.1.6. Alkylation 3121 6.1.7. Reformatsky-Type Reaction 3122 6.1.8. Direct Aldol Reaction 3122 6.1.9. Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction 3124 6.1.10. Hydrogen Cyanide Addition 3125 6.2. Pinacol Coupling 3126 6.3. Wittig Reactions 3126 7. Reaction of R,â-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds 3127
Hyper-Raman spectroscopy

Recent experimental and theoretical developments in spontaneous hyper-Raman spectroscopy (HRS) are reported. The scope of the general review of HRS presented summarizes the results of this non-linear scattering technique during the past 10 years. In particular, those aspects of HRS studies which allow novel observations as compared with other spectroscopic techniques are emphasized. HRS investigations of crystals, liquids and surface and electronic resonance enhancement are highlighted.
Energetics and Structure of Multispecies Solar Coronal Loops

The temperature and density profiles of multispecies quiescent solar coronal loops containing hydrogen, helium, and heavier species are investigated using a numerical model for steady-state force and energy balance. The model loop follows a semicircular magnetic field line anchored in the chromosphere, and it contains low-β plasma. The model allows for species-dependent heating. The electrons, protons, and helium ions are taken to be in thermal equilibrium and form the dominant plasma component. In nonisothermal regions (i.e., in the presence of steep transition-region temperature gradients), the outward thermal force induces an inward polarization electric field along the loop; in nearly isothermal (i.e., T small) coronal regions, the electric field is outward to counterbalance gravity. The pressure gradient is negative for the protons, although in many cases it is positive for heavier ions. The thermal force can induce local minor ion overdensities. Gravitational settling may deplete the heavy ion densities, especially in the longer loops, and can occur if the settling timescale is short compared with the loop lifetime and the turbulent mixing timescale. The calculated loop abundances vary with the loop parameters; if the FIP effect is present in the assumed base abundances, the models can alter it for some combinations of parameters. We show that in order to reach heavy ion temperatures of ~107-108 K, the collisional energy transfer rate per particle, and therefore the required heat input per ion, is ~10-8-10-7 ergs s-1.
Evidence for an Additional Heat Source in the Warm Ionized Medium of Galaxies.

Spatial variations of the [S II]/Hα and [N II]/Hα line intensity ratios observed in the gaseous halo of the Milky Way and other galaxies are inconsistent with pure photoionization models. They appear to require a supplemental heating mechanism that increases the electron temperature at low densities, ne. This would imply that in addition to photoionization, which has a heating rate per unit volume proportional to n, there is another source of heat with a rate per unit volume proportional to a lower power of ne. One possible mechanism is the dissipation of interstellar plasma turbulence, which, according to Minter & Spangler, heats the ionized interstellar medium in the Milky Way at a rate of ~1 × 10-25ne ergs cm-3 s-1. If such a source were present, it would dominate over photoionization heating in regions where ne 0.1 cm-3, producing the observed increases in the [S II]/Hα and [N II]/Hα intensity ratios at large distances from the galactic midplane as well as accounting for the constancy of [S II]/[N II], which is not explained by pure photoionization. Other supplemental heating sources, such as magnetic reconnection, cosmic rays, or photoelectric emission from small grains, could also account for these observations, provided they supply ~10-5 ergs s-1 per square centimeter of the Galactic disk to the warm ionized medium.
THE MASS AND RADIUS OF THE NEUTRON STAR IN EXO 1745–248

Bursting X-ray binaries in globular clusters are ideal sources for measuring neutron star masses and radii, and hence, for determining the equation of state of cold, ultradense matter. We use time-resolved spectroscopic data from EXO 1745–248 during thermonuclear bursts that show strong evidence for photospheric radius expansion to measure the Eddington flux and the apparent surface area of the neutron star. We combine this with the recent measurement of the distance to the globular cluster Terzan 5, where this source resides, to measure the neutron star mass and radius. We find tightly constrained pairs of values for the mass and radius, which are centered around M = 1.4 M ☉ and R = 11 km or around M = 1.7 M ☉ and R = 9 km. These values favor nucleonic equations of state with symmetry energy that is relatively low and has a weak dependence on density.
On sibling and exceptional W-strings

Abstract We discuss the physical spectrum for W-strings based on the algebra B n , D n , E 6 , E 7 and E 8 . For a simply laced W-string, we find a connection with the ( h , h + 1) unitary Virasoro minimal model, where h is the dual Coxeter number of the underlying Lie algebra. For the W-string based on B n , we find a connection with the (2 h , 2 h + 2) unitary N = 1 super-Virasoro minimal model.
Mitigating Teleportation Error in Frequency-Dependent Hybrid Implicit Monte Carlo Diffusion Methods

This work investigates teleportation error in frequency-dependent Hybrid Implicit Monte Carlo Diffusion (HIMCD). HIMCD dynamically applies Implicit Monte Carlo Diffusion (Gentile, 2001; Cleveland et al., 2010) to regions of a problem that are opaque and diffusive while applying standard Implicit Monte Carlo (IMC) (Fleck and Cummings, 1971) to regions where the diffusion approximation is invalid. Teleportation error arises in Monte Carlo simulations when a source is represented with the wrong spatial distribution causing radiation energy to propagate unphysically fast through a material (McKinley et al., 2003). Both frequency-dependent HIMCD and Hybrid IMC/Discrete Diffusion Monte Carlo (Densmore et al., 2012) suffer from a new source of teleportation error that is intrinsic to these methods. This teleportation error arises from sampling a new spatial location of a Monte Carlo particle when it scatters from a diffusive opaque group to a moderately opaque transport group. In this work we show that sampling ...
Disorder-induced roughening in the three-dimensional Ising model

Using an exact method, we numerically study the zero-temperature roughness of interfaces in the random bond, cubic lattice, Ising model (of size {ital L}{sup 3}, with {ital L}{le}80). Interfaces oriented along the {l_brace}100{r_brace} direction undergo a roughening transition from a weak disorder phase, which is almost flat, to a strong disorder phase with interface width {ital w}{approximately}{ital cL}{sup 0.42} ({ital c} is a function of the disorder). For random dilution we find the roughening threshold {ital p}{sub {asterisk}}=0.89{plus_minus}0.01 and {ital c}{approximately}{ital p}{sub {asterisk}}{minus}{ital p} for {ital p}{le}{ital p}{sub {asterisk}} ({ital p} is the volume fraction of present bonds). In contrast {l_brace}111{r_brace} interfaces are algebraically rough for all disorder. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Voyager photometry of Europa

Abstract Ninety voyager images ranging in phase angle from 3 to 143° and covering the spectral range from 0.34 to 0.58 μm were analyzed to derive the photometric properties of Europa. At small phase angles the disk-integrated phase curve is remarkable in that it shows little or no evidence of an opposition effect (in agreement with earlier Earth-based observations by Millis and Thompson, Icarus 26, 408, 1975). The phase integral determined in the Voyager clear filter (centered near 0.47 μm) is 1.09 ± 0.11, in good agreement with previous estimates based on radiometry. The bolometric Bond albedo is 0.62 ± 0.14. The scattering properties of Europa in general, and of the two major terrain types (bright plains and darker mottled terrain) in particular, cannot be represented by a lunar-like photometric law. However, an equation which is a linear superposition of a lunar-like scattering law and a Lambert component provides an adequate simple representation of the scattering properties. The plains are photometrically more homogeneous than the darker mottled terrain. In the Voyager clear filter, the average normal reflectance is 0.71 for the plains on both the leading and trailing hemispheres; for the darker mottled terrain the values are 0.60 on the leading hemisphere, and 0.48 on the trailing one.
The Stratified Economics of Open Access

Abstract: There is a growing recognition within the academic community that ‘open access’ to research and scholarship can increase its value and reach. A variety of open access models have developed over the last twenty years, including author self-archiving, immediate (sponsored) open access, delayed open access, and article-processing-fee open access. Yet the economics of open access is being largely determined, at this point, by the interests of a stratified scholarly publishing market that can be roughly divided among independent journals, scholarly society publishers, and commercial publishers. Each of these market segments is experimenting with forms of open access that hold promise for sustaining, if not extending, the segment’s current position. This paper reviews the economics of these open access models, while drawing attention to the consequences of this market stratification for access to knowledge and the sustainability of scholarly publishing as a whole.
Micronutrient fertilizers and fertilization practices

Increased knowledge acquired during the past 25 years about plant requirements, sources, and most effective methods of applying micronutrients has increased their use in many regions. Higher crop yields, usually resulting from higher rates of NPK fertilizers, also may have increased needs for micro-nutrients. In addition, the dramatic shift in the tropics to higher analysis fertilizers such as urea, triple superphosphate, and diammonium phosphate, has decreased the amounts of some micronutrients applied to the soil as fertilizer contaminants.
Thermal analysis of a functionally graded material subject to a thermal gradient using the boundary element method

Abstract The boundary element method is utilized in this study to conduct thermal analyses of functionally graded composites, materials in which the internal microstructure of properties are explicitly tailored in order to obtain an optimal response, on the micromechanical (constituent) scale. A unique feature of the boundary element formulations used here is the use of circular shape functions to convert the two-dimensional integrations of the composite fibers to one-dimensional integrations. Using the computer code BEST-CMS, the through the thickness temperature profiles are computed for a representative material with varying numbers of fibers and fiber spacing in the thickness direction. The computed temperature profiles are compared to those obtained using an alternative analytical theory which explicitly couples the heterogeneous microstructure to the global analysis. The boundary element results compared favorably to the analytical calculations, with discrepancies that are explainable based on the boundary element formulation. The results serve both to demonstrate the ability of the boundary element method to analyze these types of materials, and to verify the accuracy of the analytical theory.
Decavanadate ion-pillared hydrotalcite: spectroscopic studies of the thermal decomposition process

Abstract In this study, we have focused on the thermal decomposition of the material generated by ion-exchange of decavanadate ions into the layers of a magnesium aluminum hydroxide hydrotalcite-like compound, over the temperature range from ambient to 650°C. Using powder diffraction data and Raman and XANES spectroscopy, it was found that the intercalated decavanadate ions transform into cyclic and chain-like metavanadate species at temperatures between 160–350°C. The metal hydroxide layer structure remains intact until 350°C. Reaction between the metal oxide and the metavanadate species to form magnesium vanadates is only observed for samples heated in excess of 450°C.
Utilization of lipid-laden macrophage index in evaluation of aerodigestive disorders.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The utility of the lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI) in the evaluation of airway inflammatory processes remains controversial. There is a paucity of normative data in both pediatric and adult populations, and there is wide variability in the reported cases. The goal of this project was to review the LLMI levels in a large series of patients with a wide range of well-documented pulmonary and airway diseases (cystic fibrosis, aspiration, tracheo/bronchomalacia, recurrent pneumonia, asthma, immunosuppressed conditions, and laryngeal clefts) to develop a better understanding of the clinical utility of the LLMI. Study Design: This study is a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent initial bronchoscopy with broncheoalveolar lavage (BAL) and had specimens sent for determination of LLMI. This study was performed at a major pediatric tertiary care medical center from April 12, 2006 to July 13, 2009. Methods: Medical charts were reviewed for major diagnoses, indications for bronchoscopy, the side of lung (right versus left), documented aspiration, suspected aspiration, neutrophil counts, and patient age. These qualitative and quantitative variables were considered in relation to the LLMI. Results: The cohort of patients examined were 4.9 ± 4.3 years (4 days to 18 years of age). Forty-two percent were female and 58% were male. The highest median LLMI was in immunocompromised patients with a median of 78. Recurrent pneumonia, aspiration, tracheo/bronchomalacia, and cystic fibrosis had median LLMI levels of 55, 49, 40, and 50, respectively. There was a wide range of LLMI within each primary diagnosis. There was no significant correlation between neutrophils percentage in the BAL and LLMI. There were no significant differences between BAL specimens obtained from the right or left side. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the largest series of patients reported in the literature to have an LLMI compared with underlying diagnoses. Based on our data and analyses, there is wide variability between the range of LLMI and the primary diagnosis. As such, the diagnostic utility of the LLMI is limited and should be interpreted with caution.
Temperature and concentration dependence of hydrogen site occupancy in several rare-earth dihydrides

Abstract Neutron inelastic scattering and diffraction techniques were used to study the hydrogen site distribution in several rare earth dihydrides as a function of temperature and concentration. For Y, La, and Ce the fraction of hydrogen on octahedral sites is approximately a constant from 15 to 200 K followed by a decrease with increasing temperature. A model is presented which qualitatively explains this behavior.
Photon Splitting and Pair Creation in Highly Magnetized Pulsars

The absence of radio pulsars with long periods has lead to the popular notion of a high-P "death line." In the standard picture, beyond this boundary, pulsars with low spin rates cannot accelerate particles above the stellar surface to high enough energies to initiate pair cascades, and the pair creation needed for radio emission is strongly suppressed. In this paper we explore the possibility of another pulsar "death line" in the context of polar cap models, corresponding to high magnetic fields B in the upper portion of the period-period derivative diagram, a domain where few radio pulsars are observed. The origin of this high-B boundary, which may occur when B becomes comparable to or exceeds Bcr = 4.4 × 1013 G, is also due to the suppression of magnetic pair creation, but primarily because of ineffective competition with magnetic photon splitting. Threshold pair creation also plays a prominent role in the suppression of cascades. We present Monte Carlo calculations of the pair yields in photon splitting/pair cascades that show that, in the absence of scattering effects, pair production is effectively suppressed, but only if all three modes of photon splitting allowed by QED are operating in high fields. This paper describes the probable shape and position of the new "death line," above which pulsars are expected to be radio-quiet, but perhaps still X-ray- and gamma-ray-bright. The hypothesized existence of radio-quiet sources finds dramatic support in the recent discovery of ultrastrong fields in soft gamma-ray repeaters and anomalous X-ray pulsars. Guidelines for moderate- to high-B pulsar searches at radio wavelengths and also in the soft and hard gamma-ray bands are presented.
Magnetic Braking and Protostellar Disk Formation: Ambipolar Diffusion

It is established that the formation of rotationally supported disks during the main accretion phase of star formation is suppressed by a moderately strong magnetic field in the ideal MHD limit. Nonideal MHD effects are expected to weaken the magnetic braking, perhaps allowing the disk to reappear. We concentrate on one such effect, ambipolar diffusion, which enables the field lines to slip relative to the bulk neutral matter. We find that the slippage does not sufficiently weaken the braking to allow rotationally supported disks to form for realistic levels of cloud magnetization and cosmic ray ionization rate; in some cases, the magnetic braking is even enhanced. Only in dense cores with both exceptionally weak fields and unreasonably low ionization rate do such disks start to form in our simulations. We conclude that additional processes, such as Ohmic dissipation or Hall effect, are needed to enable disk formation. Alternatively, the disk may form at late times when the massive envelope that anchors the magnetic brake is dissipated, perhaps by a protostellar wind.
An obliquely propagating electromagnetic drift instability in the lower hybrid frequency range

[1] By employing a local two-fluid theory, we investigate an obliquely propagating electromagnetic instability in the lower hybrid frequency range driven by cross-field current or relative drifts between electrons and ions. The theory self-consistently takes into account local cross-field current and accompanying pressure gradients. It is found that the instability is caused by reactive coupling between the backward propagating whistler (fast) wave in the electron frame and the forward propagating sound (slow) wave in the ion frame when the relative drifts are large. The unstable waves we consider propagate obliquely to the unperturbed magnetic field and have mixed polarization with significant electromagnetic components. A physical picture of the instability emerges in the limit of a large wave number characteristic of the local approximation. The primary positive feedback mechanism is based on reinforcement of initial electron density perturbations by compression of electron fluid via induced Lorentz force. The resultant waves are qualitatively consistent with the measured electromagnetic fluctuations in reconnecting current sheet in a laboratory plasma.
Entry into a Foreign Market: Foreign Direct Investment versus Licensing

We compare foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology licensing as two modes of entry into a foreign market. While direct entry via FDI dissipates rents in the host country, opportunistic competition from a licensee may erode rents in the entrant's other markets. Since FDI increases competition in the host country while licensing stifles it. welfare is higher under FDI than under licensing.
Analytical theory of drift waves and drift Alfven waves in tokamaks

The collisionless drift wave and drift Alfven wave instabilities in a sheared magnetic field are considered using the complex transformation technique of Antonsen. It is shown that no unstable bounded eigensolutions for the finite-..beta.. radial eigenmode equations exist. We also present a more general technique based on the wave-flux conservation and find, furthermore, that the convective amplification of drift waves in the electrostatic limit can be anomalously large, which could lead to enhanced transport in tokamaks.
Torsion and abelianization in equivariant cohomology

Let X be a topological space upon which a compact connected Lie group G acts. It is well known that the equivariant cohomology H*G (X; Q) is isomorphic to the subalgebra of Weyl group invariants of the equivariant cohomology H*T (X; Q), where T is a maximal torus of G. This relationship breaks down for coefficient rings k other than Q. Instead, we prove that under a mild condition on k the algebra H*G (X; k) is isomorphic to the subalgebra of H*T (X; k) annihilated by the divided difference operators.
Enantioselective catalytic ring opening of epoxides with carboxylic acids

Abstract The chiral Co(salen) complex 3 is an effective catalyst for the asymmetric ring-opening of meso epoxides with benzoic acid. Enantioselectivities of 55–93% were obtained with a range of substrates.
Modified Urodynamics for Interstitial Cystitis

Abstract Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a poorly understood syndrome. Patients with pelvic pain, urgency, frequency, and/or dysuria may pose a diagnostic dilemma. They may have bladder-related symptoms or they may have nonbladder related symptoms. It is beneficial for the urologist to distinguish between these patients. This study outlined a modified urodynamics test to discriminate between bladder-related and nonbladder-related patients. Consecutive IC patients (bladder-related and nonbladder-related patients) and stress incontinent controls underwent modified urodynamics. Testing consisted of an epithelial leak test, a filling cystometrogram, bladder emptying and instilling lidocaine intravesically, and repeat cystometrogram after bladder emptying. The epithelial leak test and lidocaine test predict reliably if a patient has bladder-related or nonbladder-related symptoms. Modified urodynamics permits a logical stratification of IC patients, and may predict treatment response.
Renormalization in coupled-abelian self-dual Chern-Simons models

Abstract An algebraic restriction of the nonabelian self-dual Chern-Simons-Higgs systems leads to coupled-abelian self-dual models with intricate mass spectra. The vacua are characterized by embeddings of SU(2) into the gauge algebra; and in the broken phases, the gauge and real scalar masses are related to the exponents of the gauge algebra. In this paper we compute the gauge-gauge-Higgs couplings in the broken phases and use this to compute the finite renormalizations of the Chern-Simons coefficient in the various vacua.
GOLD: a graphical on-line design system

Computer programs do not "design." They blindly follow procedures that the computer programmer thought should solve a given class of problems. However, the methods of solution for many design problems are not a priori known. Actively inserting the human in the design process can add the elements of experience, insight, and creativity to the computer's ability to perform rote design procedures and repeated checking operations.
Neutrino Annihilation between Binary Neutron Stars

We calculate the neutrino pair annihilation rate into electron pairs between two neutron stars in a binary system. We present a closed formula for the energy deposition rate at any point between the stars, where each neutrino of a pair derives from each star, and compare this result with that in which all neutrinos derive from a single neutron star. An approximate generalization of this formula is given to include the relativistic effects of gravity. We find that this interstar neutrino annihilation is a significant contributor to the energy deposition between heated neutron star binaries. In particular, for two neutron stars near their last stable orbit, interstar neutrino annihilation energy deposition is almost equal to that of single-star energy deposition.
Low-scale quantum gravity and double nucleon decay

Abstract In models with a low quantum gravity scale, one might expect sizable effects from nonrenormalizable interactions that violate the global symmetries of the standard model. While some mechanism must be invoked in such theories to suppress higher-dimension operators that contribute to proton decay, operators that change baryon number by two units are less dangerous and may be present at phenomenologically interesting levels. Here we focus on ΔB =2 operators that also change strangeness. We demonstrate how to compute explicitly a typical nucleon–nucleon decay amplitude, assuming a nonvanishing six-quark cluster probability and MIT bag model wave functions. We then use our results to estimate the rate for other possible modes. We find that such baryon-number-violating decays may be experimentally accessible if the operators in question are present and the Planck scale is less than ∼400 TeV.
Multiple Stars and the Number of Habitable Planets in the Galaxy

Abstract The Green Bank Equation for the number of communicative civilizations, N , in our Galaxy is reconsidered in view of recent information on the multiplicity of solar-type stars and the possibilities of forming habitable planets around them. Our results are contingent upon the statistical validity of Abt and Levy's work of stellar multiplicity and upon features of Heppen-heimer's theory of planet formation in binary systems. It is concluded that N may have been overestimated by a factor of at least 50.
Localizations for construction of quantum coset spaces

Viewing comodule algebras as the noncommutative analogues of affine varieties with affine group actions, we propose rudiments of a localization approach to nonaffine Hopf algebraic quotients of noncommutative affine varieties corresponding to comodule algebras. After reviewing basic background on noncommutative localizations, we introduce localizations compatible with coactions. Coinvariants of these localized coactions give local information about quotients. We define Zariski locally trivial quantum group algebraic principal and associated bundles. Compatible localizations induce localizations on the categories of Hopf modules. Their interplay with the functor of taking coinvariants and its left adjoint is stressed out. Using localization approach, we constructed a natural class of examples of quantum coset spaces, related to the quantum flag varieties of type A of other authors. Noncommutative Gauss decomposition via quasideterminants reveals a new structure in noncommutative matrix bialgebras. In the quantum case, calculations with quantum minors yield the structure theorems. Notation. Ground field is k and we assume it is of characteristic zero. If we deal just with one k-Hopf algebra, say B, the comultiplication is ∆ : B → B ⊗ B, unit map η : k → B, counit : B → k, multiplication μ : B ⊗ B → B, and antipode (coinverse) is S : B → B. Warning: letter S often stands for a generic Ore set. We use [56, 49, 38, 74] Sweedler notation ∆(h) = ∑ h(1)⊗h(2) with or without explicit summation sign, as well as its extension for coactions: ρ(v) = ∑ v(0) ⊗ v(1), where the zero-component is in the comodule and nonzero component(s) in the coalgebra. An entry symbol and name of a matrix will match, except for upper vs. lower case, e.g. G = (g j); and G I J will be a submatrix with row multilabel I = (i1, . . . , ik) and column multilabel J = (j1, . . . , jk). As a rule, row labels are placed as superscripts and column labels as subscripts. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 14A22; Secondary 16W30,14L30,58B32.
Evolutionary dynamics while trapped in resonance: a Keplerian binary system perturbed by gravitational radiation

The method of averaging is used to investigate the phenomenon of capture into resonance for a model that describes a Keplerian binary system influenced by radiation damping and external normally incident periodic gravitational radiation. The dynamical evolution of the binary orbit while trapped in resonance is elucidated using a second-order partially averaged system. This method provides a theoretical framework which can be used to explain the main evolutionary dynamics of a physical system that has been trapped in resonance.
Dynamic profiling of the protein life cycle in response to pathogens

Protein expression is regulated by the production and degradation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and proteins, but their specific relationships remain unknown. We combine measurements of protein production and degradation and mRNA dynamics so as to build a quantitative genomic model of the differential regulation of gene expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse dendritic cells. Changes in mRNA abundance play a dominant role in determining most dynamic fold changes in protein levels. Conversely, the preexisting proteome of proteins performing basic cellular functions is remodeled primarily through changes in protein production or degradation, accounting for more than half of the absolute change in protein molecules in the cell. Thus, the proteome is regulated by transcriptional induction for newly activated cellular functions and by protein life-cycle changes for remodeling of preexisting functions.
Efficient Preparation of Vinylcyclopropane by SN′ Cyclization of the Organolithium Derived from (E)-5-Iodo-1-methoxy-2-pentene

(5-Methoxy-E-3-pentenyl)lithium (1), which may be prepared in virtually quantitative yield from the corresponding iodide by low-temperature lithium-iodine exchange, cyclizes with expulsion of the allylic methoxy on warming in the presence of TMEDA to afford vinylcyclopropane in 88% yield. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Robust, Decoupled, Flight Control Design with Rate-Saturating Actuators

Techniques for the design of control systems for manually controlled, high-performance aircraft must provide the following: (1) multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) solutions, (2) acceptable handling qualities including no tendencies for pilot-induced oscillations, (3) a tractable approach for compensator design, (4) performance and stability robustness in the presence of significant plant uncertainty, and (5) performance and stability robustness in the presence actuator saturation (particularly rate saturation). A design technique built upon Quantitative Feedback Theory is offered as a candidate methodology which can provide flight control systems meeting these requirements, and do so over a considerable part of the flight envelope. An example utilizing a simplified model of a supermaneuverable fighter aircraft demonstrates the proposed design methodology.
A new approach to maternal mortality: the role of HIV in pregnancy.

As 2015 quickly approaches, we have been made increasingly aware of our progress toward Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, one MDG has been particularly recalcitrant to progress: MDG 5, namely, improving maternal health. Few countries are on track to achieve the first part of MDG 5’s goals, reducing maternal mortality by 75%. This article addresses the key priority issues of maternal health as part of sexual and reproductive health issues and maternal health and communicable diseases. It argues that only an integrative approach to the twin challenges of HIV and maternal mortality can help reduce devastatingly high rates of maternal deaths worldwide, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The article reenvisions the MDGs not as separate, independent tasks, but as related, cohesive issues for which a holistic approach is needed. New causes of the relationship between HIV and maternal mortality are considered, and possible solutions are broached.
Dark energy and cosmic sound

Abstract I describe how acoustic oscillations imprinted into the late-time correlations of galaxies by baryonic physics at the epoch of recombination can be used as a cosmological standard ruler. Measurements of this length scale by large galaxy surveys would allow us to compute the angular diameter distance to and Hubble parameter at the redshifts of the survey. This in turn offers a robust way to measure the acceleration of the universe. I briefly present calculations of the statistical performance from baseline surveys; full details of the methods and results are available in Seo and Eisenstein [ApJ, 598 (2003) 720]. I discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the acoustic oscillation method relative to other dark energy probes.
A generalized Koszul theory and its relation to the classical theory

Abstract Let A = ⨁ i ⩾ 0 A i be a graded locally finite k-algebra where A 0 is a finite dimensional algebra whose finitistic dimension is 0. In this paper we develop a generalized Koszul theory preserving many classical results, and show an explicit correspondence between this generalized theory and the classical theory. Applications in representations of certain categories and extension algebras of standard modules of standardly stratified algebras are described.
On the Singularity Structure and Stability of Plane Waves

We describe various aspects of plane wave backgrounds. In particular, we make explicit a simple criterion for singularity by establishing a relation between Brinkmann metric entries and diffeomorphism-invariant curvature information. We also address the stability of plane wave backgrounds by analyzing the fluctuations of generic scalar modes. We focus our attention on cases where after fixing the light-cone gauge the resulting world sheet fields appear to have negative ``mass terms. We nevertheless argue that these backgrounds may be stable.
A Basic Quantification of the Competitive Implications of the Demise of Arthur Andersen

Andersen’s exit from the already-concentrated market for auditing services is shown to have increased market concentration and audit fees. Changes in market concentration are found to be significantly related to changes in audit fees, suggesting that the structure-performance hypothesis is applicable to the post-Andersen accounting industry and that the “Final Four” accounting firms may have exercised market power in this environment. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of Andersen’s exit from the market.
Semi-exclusive pion production in deep-inelastic scattering

Abstract We calculate azimuthal asymmetries and the Callan-Gross R -ratio for semi-exclusive pion production in deep inelastic scattering taking into account higher twist effects. Our results are qualitatively different from the QCD-improved parton model predictions for semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering.
The Power of Balance: Transforming Self, Society, and Scientific Inquiry

Editor’s Introduction: We feel privileged to republish portions of The Power of Balance: Transforming Self, Society, and Scientific Inquiry. Originally published by SAGE in 1991, the book’s copyright has reverted to the author, who wished to share our selection of excerpts as a contribution to this special issue’s theme. Torbert’s body of work has always been about fostering “the development of politics and the political,” at each of the scales highlighted in the book’s title, as well as in all of the domains in which he has served. As he wrote in the original preface to the book, the work was 20 years in the making, and now, nearly 20 years after that, we wish for at least some portions of this classic work to be back in circulation. 2 The “power of balance” as conceived by Torbert represents an integral paradigm of principles, theory, and praxis. Deployed, the paradigm is one that can indeed inform and shape the development of self, society, and scientific inquiry. To explicate that fulsome vision, the book’s fifteen chapters develop the themes of three sections: Theory and Strategy, Heart and Practice, and Vision and Method. Here, we have excerpted from several chapters in Theory and Strategy, and from one chapter in Vision and Method. This means, of course, that we present but a small fraction of this integral classic, leaving out all of the rich, in-depth illustrations, including the author's learning practice as he first attempted to enact the principles. Yet, we hope even this abbreviated form of The Power of Balance supports at least two goals: to offer deployable insights and practices for developing politics and the political; and to take root as part of a foundational canon for integral political thought, research, and praxis. How we readers deploy these principles in our own actions will determine the degree to which self, society, and scientific inquiry transform.