cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high performance graphics system for the CRAY-1

This paper describes the design and implementation of a state-of-the-art interactive vector graphics system connected to the CRAY-1 supercomputer. The primary design goal for this graphics system is that it support large hydrodynamic computer programs used in weapons design calculations. The interactive use of these programs requires displays consisting of up to 20,000 vectors, extensive interaction tools, and high-bandwidth communication rates. The major system components selected for this project were an Evans and Sutherland Picture System 2 and a Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-11/70 and PDP-11/34 running the UNIX operating system.This paper presents the system design goals and performance criteria. The hardware/software systems chosen for this project are reviewed, and the integration of this system into the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory's (LASL) Integrated Computer Network (ICN) is described. This implementation involved most areas of applied computing, including computer graphics, communications, distributed processing, and computer security. The level of effort required for this implementation is described, and the results and benefits are presented. Future plans for this system are also briefly described.
Hardwiring Tumor Progression

Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes had been traditionally studied in the context of cell proliferation, differentiation, senescence, and survival, four relatively cell-autonomous processes. Consequently, in the late 1980s–mid-1990s, neoplastic growth was described largely as a net imbalance between cell accumulation and loss, brought about through mutations in cancer genes (Evan and Littlewood, 1998). In the last 10 years, a more holistic understanding of cancer slowly emerged, stressing the importance of interactions between neoplastic and various stromal components: extracellular matrix, basement membranes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells of blood and lymphatic vessels, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, etc. (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2000). Nevertheless, the commonly held view is that changes in tumor microenvironment are “softwired,” i.e., epigenetic in nature and often reversible. Yet, there exists a large body of evidence suggesting that well-known mutations in cancer genes profoundly affect tumor milieu. In fact, these cell-extrinsic changes might be one of the primary reasons such mutations are preserved in late-stage tumors. This book will review how tumor microenvironment and progression can be “hardwired,” i.e., genetically controlled.
Opening the circle of pursuit and distance

Pursuit and distance is actually a circle of stages with each partner's behavior triggering that of the other. The pursuing partner, frustrated by the withdrawn partner's unresponsiveness, shifts from pursuing to attacking. The withdrawn partner defends him/herself and in some cases attacks back, producing a third stage, attack-defend, followed by the fourth stage in which the partners, feeling injured by the exchange, go off to nurse their wounds. Eventually, and often soon, the pursuing partner again becomes distressed by the lack of emotional connection and again pursues, which triggers a repeat of the whole sequence. Couples can go on for years repeating the sequence of pursue-withdraw, attack-withdraw, attack-defend, and withdraw-withdraw. As time goes on, the pursue may drop out, as may also the attack and defend, leaving just the withdraw. Delineating these stages is particularly important in Collaborative Couple therapy, an approach based on turning the couple's immediate alienated state (pursue-withdraw, attack-withdraw, and so on) into an intimate one (engage-engage). The therapist constructs a perspective above the fray--a platform, perch, or observing couple ego--from which partners can operate as joint troubleshooters attending to problems that occur in the relationship, which, in the case of pursuit and distance, means the alienated states they circle through.
Hirudin, heparin and Heinrich Necheles

SUMMARY: The early history of haemodialysis was closely linked to the development of methods of anticoagulation. After John B. Haycroft identified hirudin, several investigators, including J.J. Abel and his colleagues, used it for extra-corporeal anticoagulation, however it was not until Jay McLean and William Howell developed heparin that a reliable substance became available. Heinrich Necheles appears to have been the first to apply this to dialysis in experiments that he carried out in Peking.
Stasis predisposes ileal pouch inflammation in a rat model of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

Background While restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the definitive surgical treatment for patients suffering from chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC), pouchitis still remains a major late complication. Fecal stasis has been implicated in the etiology of ileal inflammation; however, the mechanism(s) remain unclear, in part due to the lack of an animal model. Our goal was to surgically mimic the IPAA procedure in a rat to investigate the hypothesis that stasis leads to biochemical changes that predispose the ileal pouch to inflammation. Materials and Methods Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats underwent total colectomy with either straight ileorectal (IRA) or IPAA, and 11 nonoperated rats served as controls (Controls). Twenty-one d postoperatively, 48 h serial barium radiographs and 12 h charcoal transit follow-through studies were performed. Following sacrifice, ileal tissue was harvested for the measurement of myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) activity, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) mRNA levels, and histology. Results Serial barium radiographs showed stasis in the ileal pouch compared with IRA animals, and charcoal transit times that were two times longer ( P ≤ 0.05) than that in the straight IRA rats. Ileal pouch MPO levels were significantly elevated in the IPAA rats compared with the straight IRA rats. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA levels were not associated with neutrophil infiltration. Conclusions These studies showed that ileal pouch stasis predisposes biochemical and histological evidence of ileal pouch mucosal inflammation. Studies such as this may provide the rationale for novel, adjunct therapies for the management of pouchitis in patients having undergone IPAA for CUC.
Vorticity Generation at a Fluid Interface

Based on the generalized circulation theorem, it is shown that there are two possible mechanisms to create rotational fluid motion (i.e. vorticity) at a two-fluid interface: baroclinic torque and viscous-shear torque. When the surface-tension forces are included, an additional torque is possible due to the discontinuity in stress tensor at the interface. Both baroclinic and viscous-shear torques require the presence of fluid-density gradients. Vortical flows which appeared at wave breaking must have been created by those mechanisms.
Feature-based RNN target recognition

ABSTRACT Detection and recognition of target signatures in sensory data obtained by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) , forward- looking infrared (FUR) , or laser radar, have received considerable attention in the literature. In this paper, wepropose a feature based target classification methodology to detect and classify targets in cluttered SAR images,that makes use of selective signature data from sensory data, together with a neural network technique which uses aset of trained networks based on the Random Neural Network (RNN) model (Gelenbe 89, 90, 91, 93)891110 which is trained to act as a matched filter. We propose and investigate radial features of target shapes that are invariantto rotation, translation, and scale, to characterize target and clutter signatures. These features are then used totrain a set of learning RNNs which can be used to detect targets within clutter with high accuracy, and to classifythe targets or man-made objects from natural clutter. Experimental data from SAR imagery is used to illustrateand validate the proposed method, and to calculate Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) which illustrate theperformance of the proposed algorithm.Key-words: Automatic Target Recognition, Pattern Recognition, Radial Features, Random Neural Network.
Fine scale variations of surface water chemistry in an ephemeral to perennial drainage network

Although temporal variation in headwater stream chemistry has long been used to document baseline conditions and response to environmental drivers, less attention is paid to fine scale spatial variations that could yield clues to processes controlling stream water sources. We documented spatial and temporal variation in water composition in a headwater catchment (41 ha) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA. We sampled every 50m along an ephemeral to perennial stream network as well as groundwater from seeps and 35 shallow wells across varying flow conditions. Groundwater influences on surface water in this region have not been considered to be important in past studies as relatively coarse soils were assumed to be well drained in steep catchments with flashy runoff response. However, seeps displayed perennial discharge, upslope accumulated areas (UAA) smaller than those for channel initiation sites and higher pH, Ca and Si concentrations than streams, suggesting relatively long groundwater residence time or long subsurface flow paths not bound by topographic divides. Coupled with a large range in groundwater chemistry seen in wells, these results suggest stream chemistry variation reflects the range of connectivity with, and quality of, groundwater controlled by hillslope hydropedological processes. The magnitude of variations of solute concentrations seen in the first order catchment was as broad as that seen at the fifth order Hubbard Brook Valley (3519 ha). Reduction in variation in solute concentrations with increasing UAA suggested a representative elementary area (REA) value of less than 3 ha in the first order catchment, compared with 100 ha for the fifth order basin. Thus, the REA is not necessarily an elementary catchment property. Rather, the partitioning of variation between highly variable upstream sources and relatively homogenous downstream characteristics may have different physical significance depending on the scale and complexity of the catchment under examination.
State, corruption, postcoloniality: A conversation with Akhil Gupta on the 20th anniversary of “Blurred Boundaries”

“Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State,” by Akhil Gupta, first appeared in print in 1995 in the pages of American Ethnologist. It went on to become one of the most important and influential articles of recent decades. We talked with Akhil Gupta about how the argument put forward in “Blurred Boundaries” came to be. Our conversation touched on the background of the article and the difficulties in getting it published; the relationship of the article to postcolonial scholarship, subaltern studies, feminist studies, and the then emerging literature on globalization; its relationship with other theorists of the state through themes such as Eurocentrism, reification, fantasy, fetishism, and the role of culture in the analysis of the state; and future directions in research on the state, among them, examining emotion and affect, studying the most powerful bureaucracies in nation-states, and developing the emergent literature on corruption.
A framework to support alternative paths to provide the better end-to-end performance on the Internet

A common requirement to improve the end-to-end performance on the Internet is critical because the Internet becomes an infrastructure of our daily life. There have been many research studies to understand characteristics of the inside of the Internet and to try to improve the end-to-end performance with caching technologies in application programs. This paper proposes a new framework to improve the end-to-end performance on the Internet. The approach taken in this paper is to establish an alternative path between end-to-end hosts by the installation of rely hosts at the intermediate. The major advantage for previous caching studies can be easily applicable to all applications on a network path. The paper also describes the results of the experiment which measured a path quality of the intermediate link to select the better alternative path than the original path. This framework can be easily extended to construct a virtual network for the better performance on the Internet. The network provides the better performance for all Internet users.
Radar Image Simulation

A radar image simulation model, which can be used to aid interpretation of images and information extraction from images, has been developed and implemented on a digital computer. The model, called the "Point Scattering Model," is a mathematically rigorous treatment of the stochastic process described by the closed system consisting of the radar transmitter and receiver, the ground dielectric properties and geometric orientation of features, and the radar image medium. The vital components of this model are shown to be the operating parameters of the radar, a digital model of the features in the terrain, and a reflectivity model for the features included in the terrain model. Radar images simulated by this model are presented in side-by-side comparison with actual radar images of the same site. The images are shown to substantiate the validity of the radar simulation model.
Teaching Qualitative Research to Practitioner–Researchers

Practitioner–researchers are well-positioned to apply qualitative methods to the study of significant problems of educational practice. However, while learning the skills of qualitative inquiry, practitioners may be compelled by forces outside of qualitative research classrooms to think quantitatively. In this article, the author considers two sources of pressure on novice education researchers that may hinder their development as qualitative researchers. Drawing on the long-established tradition of reflexivity in qualitative inquiry, the author outlines an instructional approach that can guide students in examining and responding to these pressures.
The immediate effects of stress on hormones and plasma lysozyme in rainbow trout

The fight-or-flight response prepares an animal for coping with alarming situations and their potential consequences, which include injury. The possible involvement of innate components of immunity in the response has received little attention. We determined plasma concentrations of stress hormones and lysozyme activity before and after a 10 min handling stressor. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were anesthetized in their home tanks, bled, revived, and then stressed by being held in the air in a net for 30 s and placed in a shallow bucket of water for 10 min. Fish were then captured, concussed (in one of two experiments) and bled again. Control fish were also bled twice, but were kept anesthetized in their holding tanks between bleedings. Following the stressor, plasma cortisol, adrenaline and lysozyme activity were significantly increased. The experiment was repeated 4 months later with a similar outcome. While chronic stress is eventually immunosuppressive, acute stress/trauma may help enhance both cellular and humoral components of innate defenses at times of likely need.
Expression and Action of Neurotropin-3 and Nerve Growth Factor in Embryonic and Early Postnatal Rat Testis Development

The current study examines the expression and potential actions of neurotropin-3 (NT3), nerve growth factor (NGF), and their receptors during morphological sex determination (seminiferous cord formation) and perinatal rat testis development. The expression of neurotropins and their receptors was analyzed with immunohistochemistry. Cellular localization of neurotropin ligand and receptor proteins changed during embryonic testis development. Neurotropin-3 was localized to Sertoli cells at Embryonic Day 14 (E14), was present in gonocytes at Postnatal Day 0 (P0), and after birth became localized to the interstitium and Sertoli cells (P3‐P5). The expression of trk C (the high affinity receptor for NT3) was localized to mesonephric ducts and cells surrounding the cords (E14‐E18). In addition, Sertoli cells and preperitubular cells surrounding the cords at E14 also stained for trk C. Neurotropin-3 was expressed in gonocytes and Sertoli cells at P0‐P5. Nerve growth factor was detected in Sertoli cells at E14, was clearly in Sertoli and interstitial cells at E16 and E18, and in Sertoli, germ, and interstitial cells from P0‐P5. The expression of trk A (the high affinity receptor for NGF) was located in Sertoli and interstitial cells at E16‐P5. To determine the actions of neurotropins during embryonic and perinatal testis development, experiments were conducted on E13 and P0 testis. Antisense oligonucleotide experiments with NT3 were used on E13 testis organ cultures to determine effects on seminiferous cord formation. Cord formation was inhibited in 40% of the organ cultures treated with the antisense NT3 oligonucleotides, while no inhibition was observed with sense oligonucleotides. In P0 testis cultures, both NT3 and NGF alone and in combination stimulated thymidine incorporation into DNA. Therefore, the neurotropins are involved in embryonic morphological events (cord formation; NT3) and in growth of the perinatal testis (P0; NT3 and NGF). To define further the growth effects of neurotropins on testis development, expression of transforming growth factor alpha and beta (TGFa and TGFb) were examined in response to neurotropins. The P0 testis cultures were treated with neurotropins, and expression of mRNA for TGFa and TGFb was analyzed utilizing a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Nerve growth factor and NT3 alone or in combination inhibited expression of mRNA for TGFa while NT3 increased mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor receptor. The combination treatment of neurotropins inhibited expression of TGFb1 and increased expression of TGFb3. In summary, observations suggest that NT3, NGF, trk A, and trk C are localized to cells critical to seminiferous cord formation and appear to be important regulators of morphological sex determination. In addition to these morphological effects, both NT3 and NGF stimulate P0 testis growth and may elicit their action through altering the expression of locally produced growth fac
An exploration of measures of social sustainability and their application to supply chain decisions

Abstract Sustainability recognizes the interdependence of ecological, social, and economic systems – the three pillars of sustainability. The definition of corporate social responsibility (CSR) often advocates ethical behavior with respect to these systems. As more corporations commit to sustainability and CSR policies, there is increasing pressure to consider social impacts throughout the supply chain. This paper reviews metrics, indicators, and frameworks of social impacts and initiatives relative to their ability to evaluate the social sustainability of supply chains. Then, the relationship between business decision-making and social sustainability is explored with attention initially focused on directly impacting national level measures. A general strategy for considering measures of social sustainability is proposed, and a variety of indicators of CSR are described. Several of these indicators are then employed in an example to demonstrate how they may be applied to supply chain decision-making.
A Control-Theoretic Approach to Rate Control for Streaming Videos

As streaming videos are becoming increasingly popular, it is important to understand the end-to-end streaming system and to develop effective algorithms for quality control. In this paper, we address the problem of rate control for streaming videos with a control-theoretic approach. Among the various control knobs, video bit rate is one of the most effective in the sense that it has a direct impact on the interaction between the video coder and network system. While increasing rate reduces the coder-induced distortion, it may also cause congestion at a bottleneck link. The packet loss due to congestion will, then, increase the distortion of the decoded video. We model end-to-end video steaming as a feedback control system, taking into account video codec and sequence characteristics, rate control, active queue management, and receiver feedback. We then develop effective proportional (P) controllers to stabilize the received video quality as well as the bottleneck link queue, for both homogeneous and heterogeneous video systems. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the P controllers and the viability of the proposed control-theoretic approach.
Dynamic Occlusion Analysis in Optical Flow Fields

Optical flow can be used to locate dynamic occlusion boundaries in an image sequence. We derive an edge detection algorithm sensitive to changes in flow fields likely to be associated with occlusion. The algorithm is patterned after the Marr-Hildreth zero-crossing detectors currently used to locate boundaries in scalar fields. Zero-crossing detectors are extended to identify changes in direction and/or magnitude in a vector-valued flow field. As a result, the detector works for flow boundaries generated due to the relative motion of two overlapping surfaces, as well as the simpler case of motion parallax due to a sensor moving through an otherwise stationary environment. We then show how the approach can be extended to identify which side of a dynamic occlusion boundary corresponds to the occluding surface. The fundamental principal involved is that at an occlusion boundary, the image of the surface boundary moves with the image of the occluding surface. Such information is important in interpreting dynamic scenes. Results are demonstrated on optical flow fields automatically computed from real image sequences.
HTS Pancake Coils Without Turn-to-Turn Insulation

This paper reports a study of HTS pancake coils without turn-to-turn insulation. Three no-insulation (NI) pancake coils were wound: each single and double pancake coil of Bi2223 conductor and one single pancake of ReBCO conductor. An equivalent electrical circuit for modeling NI coils was verified by two sets of test: 1) charge-discharge; and 2) sudden discharge. Also, an overcurrent test in which a current exceeding a coil's critical current by 2.3 times was performed, and analysed, to demonstrate that in terms of stability NI HTS coils outperform their counterparts. The new NI winding offers HTS coils enhanced performance in three key parameters: overall current density; thermal stability; and mechanical integrity.
Insulated-gate and junction-gate FET's of CVD-Grown &#946;-SiC

An insulated-gate field effect transistor (IGFET) and a junction-gate FET (JFET) of cubic silicon carbide (β-SiC) have been fabricated using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth on Si substrate. In order to improve the characteristics, a boron-doped p-layer is used under the n-channel layer. Both FET's show clear drain characteristics for the first time using CVD-grown β-SiC.
NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN NORMAL AND GOITROUS RAT THYROID.

Thiouracil, 2-thio-6-aminouracil and an iodine-deficient diet produced an enlargement of rat thyroid glands with a subsequent increase in the acid-soluble nucleotides and RNA per unit wet weight of tissue, while DNA content remained constant or decreased slightly. No change was observed in liver. The pattern of RNA nucleotides of both thyroid and liver was comparable in thiouracil- treated and untreated rats. Uridine phosphorylase and uridine kinase were both more than twice as active in thyroid glands from thiouracil-treated rats as compared to normal glands, while no difference in the activities of the 2 enzymes was observed in liver. Both uracil-2-14C and orotic acid-6-14C were incorporated into CMP and UMP of liver and thyroid RNA from treated and untreated animals. Uracil-2-14C incorporation was 3 times greater in thyroid tissue than in liver, but orotic acid-6-14C was only slightly higher in thyroid. Uracil-2-14C and orotic acid- 6-14C incorporation was increased in goitrous thyroid tissue. The incr...
Manifold Regularized Discriminative Neural Networks

Unregularized deep neural networks (DNNs) can be easily overfit with a limited sample size. We argue that this is mostly due to the disriminative nature of DNNs which directly model the conditional probability (or score) of labels given the input. The ignorance of input distribution makes DNNs difficult to generalize to unseen data. Recent advances in regularization techniques, such as pretraining and dropout, indicate that modeling input data distribution (either explicitly or implicitly) greatly improves the generalization ability of a DNN. In this work, we explore the manifold hypothesis which assumes that instances within the same class lie in a smooth manifold. We accordingly propose two simple regularizers to a standard discriminative DNN. The first one, named Label-Aware Manifold Regularization, assumes the availability of labels and penalizes large norms of the loss function w.r.t. data points. The second one, named Label-Independent Manifold Regularization, does not use label information and instead penalizes the Frobenius norm of the Jacobian matrix of prediction scores w.r.t. data points, which makes semi-supervised learning possible. We perform extensive control experiments on fully supervised and semi-supervised tasks using the MNIST, CIFAR10 and SVHN datasets and achieve excellent results.
Abstract T P297: The Minimum Data Set: A Tool for Nationwide Assessment of Readmission After Ischemic Stroke

Background: Hospital readmission is a primary focus for health care quality improvement, and a key provision in the Affordable Care Act. Current models predicting risk for readmission are limited by a lack of individual level data. The Minimum Data Set (MDS) for nursing home resident assessment offers a unique opportunity to better understand individual risk factors for readmission. An analysis was performed to evaluate whether sufficient and reliable data exist for further study. Methods: Medicare inpatient hospital discharge claims for the year 2008 among persons more than age 65 discharged to Skilled Nursing Facilities were used to identify cases by ICD-9 codes for Acute Ischemic Stroke (430.x, 431.x, 433.x, 434.x, and 436.x). Linkage of the sample to full MDS records was performed by matching Medicare claim number, social security number, and date of birth. Demographic characteristics of the sample were ascertained by linking inpatient claims with Medicare Enrollment Files. Mortality and readmission r...
Perpetual Trusts, Conservation Servitudes, and the Problem of the Future

This short article explores the similarities between perpetual private trusts and conservation servitudes granted in perpetuity, the adequacy of existing doctrines to handle future changes in circumstances, the deference due to donor intent, and concludes that legal changes will be needed to give private trust beneficiaries more power to determine how trust assets will be used and to protect the public interests in conservation servitudes and the continuing utility of the land subject to them.
A War of Words (In the Hype of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict, the Line Between Reality and Propaganda Can Easily Confuse Even the Most Objective Foreign Correspondent)

Most journalists look at their work and see professional pride, not personal prejudice. Even many of those who do the biased bidding of their employers could be characterized as decent, fair-minded, hard-working. In the Middle East today, however, where the conflict is still largely a war of words, reporters may often miss the forest for the trees. While such a result could be caused by the inherent limitations of their craft - constant deadlines, sometimes severe space restrictions, the pressure to produce dramatic stories - when their inherent political bias are combined with ignorance of broad historical perspectives, the result is often a world-view slanted in favor of totalitarian regimes.
Nitrogen-modified biomass-derived cheese-like porous carbon for electric double layer capacitors

Lignin, an abundant biomass constituent in nature, was modified by pyrrole to produce nitrogen-doped porous carbon. The porous carbon was efficiently activated through simultaneous chemical and physical reactions using potassium hydroxide as an activation agent during the heat treatment. Surface area analysis showed that the activated carbon possessed mesopores (∼15 nm) and a large specific surface area of 2661 m2 g−1, with a cheese-like morphology. Electrochemical double layer capacitors fabricated using the activated carbon as an electrode material showed a specific capacitance of 248 F g−1 at a low current density of 0.1 A g−1 and 211 F g−1 at a high current density of 10 A g−1 in 6 M KOH solution. Charge and discharge for 1000 cycles at different current densities ranging from 0.1 to 10 A g−1 confirmed excellent specific capacitance retention and good cycling stability. This work demonstrates that the nitrogen-doped cheese-like porous activated carbon is a promising electrode material for electric double layer capacitors.
Fully integrated Gbit/s clock recovery circuit in GaAs

Optoelectronic integration is important, especially in computer communication applications, to improve packaging density and increase data rates. We report on the first fully integrated clock recovery circuit operating above 1 Gbit/s, which is compatible with the requirements of optoelectronic integration. The circuit is implemented in a 1-μm refractory gate GaAs MESFET technology,1 and the process is compatible with interdigitated metal-semiconductor-metal (IMSM) photodetectors.2 An optical receiver has been fabricated on the same chip and operated in conjunction with this clock. We present here the performance of the clock circuit.
Expectations for melodic contours transcend pitch

The question of what makes a good melody has interested composers, music theorists, and psychologists alike. Many of the observed principles of good “melodic continuation” involve melodic contour – the pattern of rising and falling pitch within a sequence. Previous work has shown that contour perception can extend beyond pitch to other auditory dimensions, such as brightness and loudness. Here, we show with two experiments that the generalization of contour perception to non-traditional dimensions also extends to melodic expectations. In the first experiment, subjective ratings for three-tone sequences that vary in brightness or loudness conformed to the same general contour-based expectations as pitch sequences. In the second experiment, we modified the sequence of melody presentation such that melodies with the same beginning were blocked together. This change produced substantively different results, but the patterns of ratings remained similar across the three auditory dimensions. Taken together, these results suggest that 1) certain well-known principles of melodic expectation (such as the expectation for a reversal following a skip) are dependent on long-term context, and 2) these expectations are not unique to the dimension of pitch and may instead reflect more general principles of perceptual organization.
Study on the Fatigue Life of the Tunnel Bed Structure under Train Loads

In view of the severe situations on the bed diseases in the existing railway tunnels,the fatigue life of the tunnel bed is studied in this paper.On the basis of determining the fatigue positions of the tunnel bed by experimental study and numerical calculation,the tension-stress time-history curve for fatigue positions of the tunnel bed under train dynamic action is obtained with the dynamic finite-element method.Then according to the cumulative fatigue damage theory,the fatigue life and damage degree of the tunnel bed are derived by use of the Tepfers concrete single logarithm fatigue equation.The 10 cm-thick,20 cm-thick and 30 cm-thick plain concrete and 20 cm-thick reinforced concrete are taken into account in calculation.The change rule of the calculated results agrees with the model test results.A conclusion is drawn that the tunnel bed construction made of 20 cm-thick reinforced concrete offers comparatively long fatigue lives.
Timber harvest and tree size near nests explains variation in nest site occupancy but not productivity in northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis)

Abstract Conservation concern for the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) reflects evidence that goshawks may abandon nest sites or suffer from reduced nesting success in response to some forms of timber harvest. However, this evidence is mixed and has yet to be reviewed systemically and quantitatively. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the extent to which timber harvest and tree size explain variation in goshawk productivity and site occupancy. Goshawk productivity was not significantly explained by the presence of nearby timber harvest nor by the average size of nearby trees either in North America or in Eurasia or when averaged across all studies. Effect sizes differed dramatically among studies and the average effect size was close to zero (Zr = 0.04). However, timber harvest and tree size together more strongly explained goshawk occupancy of nest sites or territories. Within studies, goshawk nest sites or territories with less timber harvest nearby or relatively larger trees were, in most cases, more likely to be occupied. When we estimated average effect sizes separately for the two continents, the averages were moderate, consistent (Zr = 0.23–0.27), and significantly > 0. When we combined studies from North America and Eurasia, average effect sizes for timber harvest (Zr = 0.24) and tree size (Zr = 0.25) were similar in strength and both significantly > 0. Thus taken together, our results suggest that although both timber harvest and a lack of large trees are associated with lower occupancy by nesting goshawks, pairs that nest near timber harvest or in small trees have indistinguishable nesting success from pairs nesting in large trees or farther from timber harvest. We found substantial heterogeneity in results among studies, especially within North America, which is not surprising given that studies differed greatly in research methods, forest type, and forest management. In conclusion, our results suggest goshawk nest sites in populations of conservation concern, such as A. g. laingi, may need more protection from timber harvest than they are currently receiving. Equally important, to better understand effects of forest management on goshawks, we recommend additional studies designed to: (1) better identify the spatial and temporal extent of the effect of timber harvest on goshawk site occupancy; and (2) determine what goshawks do and where they go after a timber harvest.
Managing And Forecasting Hardware Resource Consumption

AbstractComputer systems managers make decisions about hardware/software selection, performance evaluation, capacity planning, and other resource variables on the basis of actual data, accounting data, judgment, and assumptions about the resource consumption of the jobs being run. This paper presents a method for forecasting hardware resource consumption to assist the manager in making hardware policy decisions by giving early warning of possible bottlenecks; forecasting growth of hardware usage; etc. This method is based on a model for analyzing and evaluating computer resource consurription developed in a previous paper. This paper proposes a method that can be applied to the mariagement of hardware resources, particularly addressing the issues of fqrecasting and measuring the demand sensitivity of hardware resources.
"When Should I Tell?": Perspectives on Disclosure to Their Children among Parents with Perinatally Acquired HIV.

Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with perinatally-acquired HIV (PHIV) engage in developmentally-expected behaviors such as establishing relationships and having children. Previous research has focused on pregnancy management/outcomes of AYA with PHIV. However, little research has focused on the parenting experiences of this emerging cohort nor on their views of disclosure to their offspring. This article examines data from a pilot study of five AYA parents with PHIV on disclosure to their child(ren) (n=7, 6 HIV-negative). Disclosure of their own HIV status to their children is on the minds of parents with PHIV. However, few currently have children old enough to understand the parent’s diagnosis. Three parents indicated they would disclose their HIV status when their child was “old enough to understand” so that their child would be knowledgeable about HIV. One father also noted that he currently had more pressing parenting responsibilities beyond disclosure. When discussing their perspectives on disclosure, many referenced their personal stories indicating a link between their decision to disclose/not disclose to their child and their own disclosure narrative. One mother cited she did not plan to reveal her diagnosis to her son because he was uninfected while another mother explained she did not want to worry her child. The mother of the only infected child “did not want to wait like my mother did” and planned to tell her son at an earlier age than when she learned of her own diagnosis. Clinical implications related to disclosure will be discussed and future areas of research identified.
Learning Interference in Dynamic Manipulation with Redundant Degrees of Freedom

One important dimension of sensorimotor rehabilitation is motor practice to induce adaptation to new and improved movement patterns. Previous studies have shown that motor adaptation in a novel, directional dynamic context induces interference on the learning of a subsequent task. However, little data exist about how such interference affects the low-level coordination pattern of the end-effectors in the presence of biomechanical redundancy. We addressed this question by using a novel experimental design based on velocity-dependent torque perturbations delivered by haptic devices during three-finger dynamic manipulation tasks. We found that the finger force patterns in the initial stages after context switch was modulated by the preceding contexts, exhibiting higher energy cost. These findings provide insights to improving protocols for sensorimotor rehabilitation.
Separating Wheat from the Chaff – A Relationship Ranking Algorithm

We address the problem of ranking relationships in an automatically constructed knowledge graph. We propose a probabilistic ranking mechanism that utilizes entity popularity, entity affinity, and support from text corpora for the relationships. Results obtained from preliminary experiments on a standard dataset are encouraging and show that our proposed ranking mechanism can find more informative and useful relationships compared to a frequency based approach.
Local Anesthesia Challenges

In the span of a dental career, there will be patients one encounters that have difficulty achieving anesthesia. There are physiologic explanations for this and clinical techniques to manage the situation. The chapter illustrates the latest on evidence-based dentistry in providing patients with adequate anesthesia to allow dental procedures to occur.
THE ROLE OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE IN GOVERNING RATES OF ETHANOL METABOLISM IN RATS

There are conflicting reports concerning the role of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in determining the rate of ethanol metabolism in vivo. We have measured the Vmax of rat liver ADH in vitro and have compared it with published rates of ethanol metabolism in rats in vivo, and with the rate of ethanol oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. The published rates of ethanol metabolism in vivo (3. 32 ± 0.14 μmol/min/g liver) can be accounted for by ADH operating at 65% of its maximum velocity (5. 0 μmol/min/g). Hepatocytes supplied with 5 mM pyruvate oxidise ethanol at a rate of 2.97 μmol/min/g wet weight cells, which is similar to the rates observed in vivo. In the absence of added substrates, isolated hepatocytes metabolise ethanol at only one third of the maximum rate, so that in this instance the level of ADH is not rate limiting. Acetaldehyde does not accumulate, so that the concentration of this metabolite is not influencing the rate of ethanol metabolism. In hepatocytes without substrate, free cytosolic NAD+ and NADH levels probably determine the rate of ethanol metabolism. However, in rats in vivo, and in isolated hepatocytes supplied with pyruvate, the major rate-determining factor for ethanol oxidation is the level of ADH activity.
The Role Sprouting Might Play During the Recovery of Motor Function

A number of mechanisms have been proposed as explanations for the recovery of motor function which follows CNS lesions in adult mammals (for reviews see Goldberger 1974; Lawrence and Stein 1978). One of these is axonal (collateral) sprouting from intact fibers in response to loss of projections to a terminal field in which the damaged and the sprouting axons overlap. Sprouting in the spinal cord of new or additional terminals in a particular system might strengthen the reflex control exerted by that system (cf. Pubols and Goldberger 1980). The resulting enhancement of particular reflexes could mediate recovery of motor function if the enhanced reflexes were substituted for the reflexes lost due to the lesion. According to this scheme the movements which recover might differ in some respects from the movements lost, although their overall adaptive value might be similar to the normal movements. Furthermore, one might anticipate that, after a particular lesion, not all of the remaining reflex systems contribute equally to recovery and that not all systems will respond by sprouting to an equal extent. The system most proximate anatomically to the one damaged and whose function most nearly approximates the function initially lost might be expected to predominate.
Wireless infrastructure enhances on body health monitoring systems

Due to recent advancements in wireless communication and on body sensing technologies, real time on body health monitoring systems are now becoming more feasible. This paper presents an overview of such newly evolving real time on body health monitoring technologies. A broad overview is provided on the modern wireless mobile communication infrastructure that is relevant to these real time wireless technologies. Conversely, examples of specific newly published work on wearable health monitoring sensing technologies are briefly described such as a non-invasive blood glucose monitoring system for diabetes, a dietary monitoring system for weight control, and a Wireless Electrocardiograph (WECG) monitoring system for heart disease management. In addition, this paper also shows that today's modern wireless infrastructure as provided by the current advanced mobile device and cellular industries such as iPhone, tablets, AT&T, and Verizon are really the cornerstone support for such real time health monitoring systems. These mobile phones or PDA like devices provide a very affordable and convenient solution to enhance the aforementioned wireless sensing for real time on body health monitoring. In conclusion, the upcoming mobile 5G performance standards with significantly higher data rate, spectral and power efficiencies can easily make this revolutionary real time on body health monitoring technology within reach of becoming a reality. This is a remarkable example of how wireless RF sensor and antenna technologies in concert with medical industry can provide effective and yet affordable solutions to the challenging chronic medical problems.
Race, Genetics, and Health: Transforming Inequities or Reproducing a Fallacy?

The editors of this journal issue have provoked us to consider whether or not “race” should ever be part of a scientific apparatus. Is it possible, their questions imply, for something as slippery as this concept to be used for anything but stratified inequity? In my response, I define the sets of terms needed to begin to answer this question and then lay out my philosophy of a materiosemiotics from which worldmaking emerges. Only from this foundation can I address the recuperability or repurposability of the race concept in technoscience.
Tillage and Compactive Effects on Soil Hydraulic Properties and Water Flow

Tillage and compactive processes affect soil-hydraulic properties and soil-water flow. Soil-water retention and transport properties are altered in response to changes in pore geometry. Soil-water flow is affected not only by soil-hydraulic properties but additionally by the distribution of sources and sinks of water in the soil system. Tillage and compaction can alter soil-pore geometry, and they can also affect sources and sinks of water by changing surface configuration, surface residue cover, and crop rooting distribution. This paper reviews literature and presents data and relationships showing the effects of tillage and compaction on soil-hydraulic properties and water-flow, presents numerically modeled water-flow for some tillage management systems, and identifies future directions for tillage-related hydrologie research.
CNBP Homologues Gis2 and Znf9 Interact with a Putative G-Quadruplex-Forming 3' Untranslated Region, Altering Polysome Association and Stress Tolerance in Cryptococcus neoformans.

ABSTRACT In Cryptococcus neoformans, mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins (RP) are rapidly and specifically repressed during cellular stress, and the bulk of this repression is mediated by deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay. A motif-finding approach was applied to the 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of RP transcripts regulated by mRNA decay, and a single, significant motif, GGAUG, was identified. Znf9, a small zinc knuckle RNA binding protein identified by mass spectrometry, was found to interact specifically with the RPL2 3′-UTR probe. A second, homologous protein, Gis2, was identified in the genome of C. neoformans and also bound the 3′-UTR probe, and deletion of both genes resulted in loss of binding in cell extracts. The RPL2 3′ UTR contains four G-triplets (GGG) that have the potential to form a G-quadruplex, and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis revealed a potassium-dependent structure consistent with a G-quadruplex that was abrogated by mutation of G-triplets. However, deletion of G-triplets did not abrogate the binding of either Znf9 or Gis2, suggesting that these proteins either bind irrespective of structure or act to prevent structure formation. Deletion of both GIS2 and ZNF9 resulted in a modest increase in basal stability of the RPL2 mRNA which resulted in an association with higher-molecular-weight polysomes under unstressed conditions. The gis2Δ mutant and gis2Δ znf9Δ double mutant exhibited sensitivity to cobalt chloride, fluconazole, and oxidative stress, and although transcriptional induction of ERG25 was similar to that of the wild type, analysis of sterol content revealed repressed levels of sterols in the gis2Δ and gis2Δ znf9Δ double mutant, suggesting a role in translational regulation of sterol biosynthesis. IMPORTANCE Stress adaptation is fundamental to the success of Cryptococcus neoformans as a human pathogen and requires a reprogramming of the translating pool of mRNA. This reprogramming begins with the regulated degradation of mRNAs encoding the translational machinery. The mechanism by which these mRNAs are specified has not been determined. This study has identified a cis element within a G-quadruplex structure that binds two C. neoformans homologues of cellular nucleic acid binding protein (CNBP). These proteins regulate the polysome association of the target mRNA but perform functions related to sterol homeostasis which appear independent of ribosomal protein mRNAs. The presence of two CNBP homologues in C. neoformans suggests a diversification of function of these proteins, one of which appears to regulate sterol biosynthesis and fluconazole sensitivity.