cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HPV detection rates and histopathologic follow-up of patients with HSIL cytology in a large academic women's hospital laboratory.

Introduction High risk (hr) human papillomavirus (HPV) testing has been proposed as a possible replacement for Papanicolaou (Pap) cytology for cervical screening. The aim of the present study was to assess the hrHPV detection rates using 3 available Food and Drug Administration–approved HPV assays in patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) cytology results and to correlate the cervical screening test results with the immediate histopathologic findings. Materials and methods Cases with positive HSIL ThinPrep cytology findings, concurrent hrHPV testing results, and histopathologic follow-up results obtained within 6 months of the Pap/HPV co-testing were identified from July 2010 to April 2018. Results A total of 943 HSIL Pap tests were identified with adjunctive hrHPV co-testing, and hrHPV was detected in 883 (93.6%) of these 943 cases. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ≥2 (CIN2+) lesions were diagnosed in 71.5% of patients, including 3.2% with invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In all hrHPV testing platforms, the detection rate for CIN2+ was significantly greater for the patients with positive HPV testing (72.7%) than for those with negative HPV testing (53.4%). However, CIN2+ lesions, including 3 cases of SCC, were found in 24 of 45 women (53.4%) with HSIL Pap and negative HPV testing results. Conclusions The risk of CIN2+ histopathologic findings was significantly greater for patients with hrHPV-positive HSIL results. However, a subset of patients with HPV-negative HSIL results were found to have CIN2+ lesions, including SCC. The long-term effects of primary HPV screening on cervical cancer incidence, stage, and prognosis remain uncertain.
Securities Litigation Reform: The First Year's Experience a Statistical and Legal Analysis of Class Action Securities Fraud Litigation Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the effects of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 on class action securities fraud litigation behavior. The Reform Act appears to have had little effect on the aggregate number of companies sued, but has induced a substitution effect into state court where plaintiff's argue that many of the Act's provisions do not apply. Complaints now allege accounting irregularities and trading by insiders with greater frequency than before, while pure false forecasting cases are now relatively rare. The average stock price decline preceding litigation is now 31%, whereas prior to the Reform Act it was 19%. The Act's "strong inference" pleading requirement is the most likely cause of these shifts. High technology firms continue to be the most frequent targets of litigation, and the appearance ratio of the largest plaintiffs' firm, Milberg Weiss, has increased significantly nationwide and particularly in California. These findings are all consistent with a model that views class action securities fraud litigation as an economic process involving rational profit maximizing agents. The data are, however, too preliminary to support strong conclusions regarding the "success" or "failure" of Reform Act innovations.
Impact of Compensated Cirrhosis Etiology on Postoperative Outcomes Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Cirrhotics often demonstrate worse outcomes than their non-cirrhotic counterparts following orthopedic surgery; however, there are limited arthroplasty-focused data on this occurrence. Additionally, variances in postoperative outcomes among the different etiologies of cirrhosis have not been well described. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect compensated cirrhosis had on postoperative outcomes following elective total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods In total, 1,734,568 patients who underwent primary TKA from 2006 to 2013 were identified using the Medicare Claims Database. Patients were divided into those with a history of compensated cirrhosis and those with no history of liver disease. Subgroup analysis was performed based on the etiology of cirrhosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate postsurgical outcomes of interest. Results Cirrhotic patients had higher risk of developing disseminated intravascular coagulation (odds ratio [OR] 2.76, P = .003), encephalopathy (OR 3.00, P Conclusion Liver cirrhosis is an independent risk factor for increased perioperative morbidity and financial burden following TKA. Cirrhosis due to etiologies other than viral infections and alcoholism are associated with few adverse outcomes. Surgeons should be aware of these complications to properly optimize postoperative management.
Mid-Cenozoic climate change, extinction, and faunal turnover in Madagascar, and their bearing on the evolution of lemurs

Was there a mid-Cenozoic vertebrate extinction and recovery event in Madagascar and, if so, what are its implications for the evolution of lemurs? The near lack of an early and mid-Cenozoic fossil record on Madagascar has inhibited direct testing of any such hypotheses. We compare the terrestrial vertebrate fauna of Madagascar in the Holocene to that of early Cenozoic continental Africa to shed light on the probability of a major mid-Cenozoic lemur extinction event, followed by an “adaptive radiation” or recovery. We also use multiple analytic approaches to test competing models of lemur diversification and the null hypothesis that no unusual mid-Cenozoic extinction of lemurs occurred. Comparisons of the terrestrial vertebrate faunas of the early Cenozoic on continental Africa and Holocene on Madagascar support the inference that Madagascar suffered a major mid-Cenozoic extinction event. Evolutionary modeling offers some corroboration, although the level of support varies by phylogeny and model used. Using the lemur phylogeny and divergence dates generated by Kistler and colleagues, RPANDA and TESS offer moderate support for the occurrence of unusual extinction at or near the Eocene-Oligocene (E-O) boundary (34 Ma). TreePar, operating under the condition of obligate mass extinction, found peak diversification at 31 Ma, and low probability of survival of prior lineages. Extinction at the E-O boundary received greater support than other candidate extinctions or the null hypothesis of no major extinction. Using the lemur phylogeny and divergence dates generated by Herrera & Davalos, evidence for large-scale extinction diminishes and its most likely timing shifts to before 40 Ma, which fails to conform to global expectations. While support for large-scale mid-Cenozoic lemur extinction on Madagascar based on phylogenetic modeling is inconclusive, the African fossil record does provide indirect support. Furthermore, a major extinction and recovery of lemuriforms during the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) would coincide with other major vertebrate extinctions in North America, Europe, and Africa. It would suggest that Madagascar’s lemurs were impacted by the climate shift from “greenhouse” to “ice-house” conditions that occurred at that time. This could, in turn, help to explain some of the peculiar characteristics of the lemuriform clade.
Enriching Their Potential: Supporting Black Male Teacher Candidates in the Age of edTPA

Intense pressure from multiple stakeholders has forced teacher preparation programs (TPPs) to investigate better methods to prepare teacher candidates to enter classrooms and instruct students on d...
Patterns of medication use at end of life by pediatric inpatients with cancer.

OBJECTIVE To describe medication utilization patterns by pediatric inpatients with cancer during their last week of life. METHODS This retrospective study used data from the Vizient Clinical Database/Resource Manager, a national compilation of clinical and resource use data from over 100 academic medical centers and affiliates. Patients (0-21 years) with malignancy who died during hospitalization (2010-2017) were included (N = 1659). Medications were categorized as opioid, benzodiazepine, gastrointestinal related, chemotherapy, anti-infectives, or vasopressors. Exposure to each group was ascertained for all patients at 1 week and 1 day prior to death. Factors associated with exposure were examined using generalized estimating equations, and summarized using adjusted odds ratios (aORs). RESULTS Over the last week of life, there was increased use of opioids (76% to 82%, aOR = 1.55, P < .001) and benzodiazepines (53% to 66%, aOR = 1.36, P = .02), while gastrointestinal-related medication use decreased (92% to 89%, aOR = 0.69, P = .001). Patients had decreased exposure to chemotherapy (10% to 5%, aOR = 0.46, P < .001) and anti-infectives (82% to 73%, aOR = 0.41, P = .002). Vasopressor use increased as death approached (15% to 28%, aOR = 1.67, P = .04). Factors significantly associated with exposure varied with medication category, and included age, race, length of stay, malignancy type, death in the intensive care unit, history of hematopoietic stem cell transplant, and do-not-resuscitate status. CONCLUSION During the week preceding death, administration of symptom management medications increased for children with cancer, but use was not universal. Potentially life-sustaining medications were often continued. Variability in utilization suggests differences in provider/family decision making that warrant further study to develop an evidence-based approach to end-of-life care.
Harnessing the potential of Lactobacillus species for therapeutic delivery at the lumenal-mucosal interface.

Lactobacillus species have been studied for over 30 years in their role as commensal organisms in the human gut. Recently there has been a surge of interest in their abilities to natively and recom...
Dynamically Configuring LRU Replacement Policy in Redis

To reduce the latency of accessing backend servers, today’s web services usually adopt in-memory key-value stores in the front end which cache the frequently accessed objects. Memcached and Redis are two most popular key-value cache systems. Due to the limited size of memory, an in-memory key-value store needs to be configured with a fixed amount of memory, i.e., cache size, and cache replacement is unavoidable when the footprint of accessed objects is larger than the cache size. Memcached implements the least recently used (LRU) policy. Redis adopts an approximated LRU policy to avoid maintaining LRU list structures. On a replacement, Redis samples pre-configured K keys, adds them to the eviction pool, and then chooses the LRU key from the eviction pool for eviction. We name this policy approx-K-LRU. We find that approx-K-LRU behaves close to LRU when K is large. However, different Ks can yield different miss ratios. On the other hand, the sampling and replacement decision itself results in an overhead that is related to K. This paper proposes DLRU (Dynamic LRU), which explores this configurable parameter and dynamically sets K. DLRU utilizes a low-overhead miniature cache simulator to predict miss ratios of different Ks and adopts a cost model to estimate the performance trade-offs. Our experimental results show that DLRU is able to improve Redis throughput over the recommended, default approx-5-LRU by up to 32.5% for a set of storage traces.
A Biomechanical Comparison of High-Tensile Strength Tape Versus High-Tensile Strength Suture for Tendon Fixation Under Cyclic Loading

Purpose To compare the biomechanical properties of high-tensile strength tape and high-tensile strength suture across 2 selected stitch techniques, the Krackow and whip stitch, in securing tendinous tissue during 5,000 cycles of nondestructive loading followed by a load to failure. Methods Fourteen matched pairs each of cadaveric Achilles, quadriceps, and patellar tendons (n = 84) were randomly assigned to either Krackow or whip stitch and sutured with either 2-mm high-tensile strength tape or No. 2 high-tensile strength suture. Specimens were preloaded to 20 N, cyclically loaded from 20 to 200 N for 5,000 cycles at 2 Hz, and then loaded to failure at 200 mm/min. Linear mixed models evaluated the effects of suture material and stitch technique on cyclic normalized tendon−suture elongation, total normalized tendon-suture elongation at 5,000 cycles, and maximum load at failure. Results Across all suture constructs, normalized elongation was greater during the initial 10 cycles, compared with all subsequent cycling intervals (all P Conclusions Our findings indicate that tape used in the Krackow stitch maintains the most favorable fixation strength after enduring cyclic loading, with greater maximum load at failure. In addition, overall normalized elongation during long-term cyclic loading was predominately affected by the stitch technique used, regardless of the suture material; however, tape allowed less normalized elongation during the initial loading cycles, especially when placed in the whip stitch. Clinical Relevance Understanding the potential short- and long-term outcomes of suture material and stitch technique on securing tendinous tissue under repetitive stresses can help inform clinicians on optimal tendon fixation techniques for early postoperative activities.
Pharmaceutical companies and academic departments of psychiatry : a call for ethics education.

Pharmaceutical companies contribute over $13,000 per physician for promotion and advertisement of products. Psychiatrists and psychiatric residents are influenced by these interactions. Two recommendations to psychiatric residency training programs are offered: Incorporation of ethics education into teaching forums and the establishment of specific ground rules that would govern the interaction of pharmaceutical companies with psychiatric residents.
X-Ray and Gamma Ray Sources

The ubiquitous nature of cosmic X-ray sources was not fully realized until satellites such as Uhuru, Ariel, HEAO and Einstein surveyed the X-ray sky. For instance, the fourth Uhuru (the Swahili word for freedom) catalogue contains 339 X-ray sources in the photon energy range 2 to 6 keV (1 keV = 103 eV = 1.6 × 109erg), while one HEAO (High Energy Astrophysical Observatory) catalogue contains 842 sources in the 0.25 to 25 keV range. As illustrated in the first accompanying diagram, these sources can be divided into extragalactic and galactic components, but this book is only concerned with the galactic ones.
What do College Students Want? A Qualitative Study Exploring Nutrition Language and Knowledge

Overweight and obesity can cause dyslipidemia, which has been reported in college students. Dietary therapy is an ideal form of treatment for young adults because it is effective, economical, and s...
Diagonal MOSFETs characterization for 256M DRAM and beyond

A diagonal MOSFET structure has been designed, fabricated and characterized for 256M DRAM and other general applications. The effective W/L ratio is found to play a very important role in diagonal MOSFET's characteristics because of its three dimensional current flow pattern. In general, the diagonal MOSFETs have lower drive current but Vt is less sensitive to the scaling in device channel length and width. Our experimental results show that Channel Hot Carrier (CHC) degradation of diagonal MOSFETs is similar to that of conventional MOSFETs, despite the current crowding effect in the diagonal MOSFETs.
Comparisons between the cell-centered and staggered mesh Lagrangian hydrodynamics

The object of this study is to investigate the accuracy and stability of the cell-centered and staggered mesh 2-D Lagrangian hydrodynamic methods. For the cell-centered scheme, we try to remove two of the well known difficulties associated with the staggered mesh hydro such as Gibbs phenomena and artificial viscosity. In the control volume cell-centered method, we use a generalized Total-Variation-Diminishing (TVD) scheme which has the nature of monotonicity But it requires a tactful treatment on defining the vertex velocity. In the staggered mesh method, a modification to the artificial viscosity is made so that the acceleration from the artificial viscosity will project onto the unit vector in the direction of local acceleration. This projection eliminates “false heating” and helps maintain a stable computation grid. Three sample problems are computed using both methods and the results are discussed.
Processes and Activities in Research Collaboration

Here we focus on the basic “factors of production” for boundary-spanning collaborative research and development are put to use by managers and leaders at the project and organizational levels. At the project level we address much of the “science of team science” literature that has recently come into vogue (since about 2008 or so) and that is focused predominantly on NIH supported collaborative research. At the organization level we address much of the “cooperative research centers” literature that is focused on NSF supported collaborative research, especially between universities and industry. Firm-firm research collaboration as well as intra-firm team management research are addressed first in each subsection, as reference points for the team science and research centers literatures, to assess the extent to which these literatures are making general contributions that can validly inform decision making for STHC development and deployment with the establishment of new teams and new centers for new problems requiring scientific and technical innovation.
Effects of error covariance structure on estimation of model averaging weights and predictive performance

[1] When conducting model averaging for assessing groundwater conceptual model uncertainty, the averaging weights are often evaluated using model selection criteria such as AIC, AICc, BIC, and KIC (Akaike Information Criterion, Corrected Akaike Information Criterion, Bayesian Information Criterion, and Kashyap Information Criterion, respectively). However, this method often leads to an unrealistic situation in which the best model receives overwhelmingly large averaging weight (close to 100%), which cannot be justified by available data and knowledge. It was found in this study that this problem was caused by using the covariance matrix, Cɛ, of measurement errors for estimating the negative log likelihood function common to all the model selection criteria. This problem can be resolved by using the covariance matrix, Cek, of total errors (including model errors and measurement errors) to account for the correlation between the total errors. An iterative two-stage method was developed in the context of maximum likelihood inverse modeling to iteratively infer the unknown Cek from the residuals during model calibration. The inferred Cek was then used in the evaluation of model selection criteria and model averaging weights. While this method was limited to serial data using time series techniques in this study, it can be extended to spatial data using geostatistical techniques. The method was first evaluated in a synthetic study and then applied to an experimental study, in which alternative surface complexation models were developed to simulate column experiments of uranium reactive transport. It was found that the total errors of the alternative models were temporally correlated due to the model errors. The iterative two-stage method using Cek resolved the problem that the best model receives 100% model averaging weight, and the resulting model averaging weights were supported by the calibration results and physical understanding of the alternative models. Using Cek obtained from the iterative two-stage method also improved predictive performance of the individual models and model averaging in both synthetic and experimental studies.
New developments in spinal anesthesia.

Innovations in materials and techniques for spinal anesthesia make it an appropriate choice for many ambulatory surgical procedures and for more traditional inpatient uses. The technique is easily and safely performed in either the lateral, sitting, or jackknife positions with a variety of agent preparations tailored to the surgical requirements. Sedation is often provided to minimize patient anxiety both preoperatively and intraoperatively, usually to the satisfaction of patients who expected to "go to sleep" for their operation. New needle technologies have made postdural puncture headache uncommon (∼1%). Given the increased risk of epidural hematoma, anticoagulated patients need special consideration in light of new therapies and indications. The dermatomal distribution of spinal anesthesia can be targeted to a specific patient population and procedure, although interindividual variability limits predictability. Continuous spinal anesthesia may be preferable in some cases. For ambulatory patients, factors that encourage early voiding will minimize time to home readiness. Lidocaine has the optimal onset and duration profile for most outpatient anesthesia; however, transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) occurring after lidocaine spinal anesthesia have recently been documented in a number of prospective studies and epidemiologic reports. TNS can be markedly uncomfortable and occur in approximately 20% of outpatients receiving lidocaine, the group most at risk. Mepivacaine does not appear to offer any advantage over lidocaine, whereas procaine may cause a lower incidence of TNS. Bupivacaine has the lowest associated incidence of TNS and has been adapted for ambulatory surgery using small doses in the 5 to 10 mg range. Ropivacaine resembles bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia with an equipotency ratio of 2:1. Intrathecal adjuncts, such as fentanyl, can improve the success rate of small-dose local anesthetics without prolonging discharge time, making spinal anesthesia more suitable for the growing trend toward outpatient surgery.
Irreversible land use and the preservation of endangered species

Abstract An alternative derivation of the irreversibility concept, with an application to the preservation of endangered species, is presented in this paper. The analysis involves a standard intertemporal welfare maximization procedure and is interested in the allocation of land between the production of economic goods and the preservation of species. Conversion of habitat is assumed to be irreversible. It is shown that the existence of utility value for species stocks, combined with increasing severity of the irreversibility constraint implies less conversion of species habitat than would occur in the absence of irreversibility.
Deoxynucleoside and deoxynucleotide metabolism during diapause and adult development of the Cecropia silkmoth.

The activities of deoxynucleoside kinases and the corresponding monophosphate kinases were examined during pupal diapause, after injury to the diapausing pupa, and during adult development of the Cecropia silkmoth. Homogenates of various tissues showed the loss of a number of these enzymatic capacities during diapause, and the reaquisition of the activity of many of the monophosphate kinases during adult development and after injury. The kinases responsible for the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine and deoxyguanosine were never detected in any tissues examined even in the later stages of adult development. Deoxycytidine deaminase activity was detected, and its activity was stimulated by the onset of adult development. The product of this deaminase activity was identified chromatographically as deoxyuridine, and mechanisms are proposed for the conversion of deoxyuridine to thymidine or thymidine monophosphate. It is also postulated that dCMP and dGMP arise, not from the direct phosphorylation of the deoxynucleosides but from reduction of the corresponding ribotides.
Quantitative comparison of real and CEMHYD3D model microstructures using correlation functions

A quantitative comparison of real and computer-generated (model) cement paste microstructures based on the analysis of three-dimensional image sets is presented. In addition to a visual presentation of extracted two-dimensional images, the comparison is based on the calculation of the normalized two-point correlation function for a variety of phases including unhydrated cement, hydration products, and capillary porosity. A favorable comparison is observed between model and real microstructures for both the two-dimensional images and the computed correlation functions. Several interesting observations from the correlation analysis are introduced and discussed. This analysis provides one further validation of the use of microstructure models to predict the microstructure and properties of cement-based materials.
Application of Landau-zener Formula for the Ratios of Target to Projectile K-Shell Vacancy Production

The target ( Z 2 ) and projectile ( Z 1 ) K -shell vacancy creation cross sections were measured from high energy collisions of Ni and Br ions with various targets. The ratio of these cross sections was fitted to the formula deduced from the work of Landau and Zener. This formula is expressed in a simple form and depends only on the incident velocity and charges of target and projectile ions, although it contains a single parameter. By varying this parameter an excellent agreement was obtained.
Relationship of Myocardial Potassium Content and Atrial Fibrillation

Serum, red blood cell, and atrial potassium concentrations were measured in 148 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. No significant difference was noted between serum and red cell potassium concentration and atrial arrhythmias. Seventy-six patients were in sinus rhythm prior to and following operation and had an average atrial potassium concentration of 38.2 mEq/100 g. Thirty patients in sinus rhythm developed atrial flutter or fibrillation after surgery, and the average atrial potassium concentration was 30.4 mEq/100 g. Forty-two patients were in atrial fibrillation before operation and had an average atrial potassium concentration of 26.6 mEq/100 g. A direct relationship existed between chronic atrial fibrillation and atrial potassium concentration. All developing postoperative atrial fibrillation had a reduced atrial potassium concentration in the preoperative biopsy. However, nine patients had reduced potassium concentration but did not develop atrial fibrillation.
Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions

Emotion-specific activity in the autonomic nervous system was generated by constructing facial prototypes of emotion muscle by muscle and by reliving past emotional experiences. The autonomic activity produced distinguished not only between positive and negative emotions, but also among negative emotions. This finding challenges emotion theories that have proposed autonomic activity to be undifferentiated or that have failed to address the implications of autonomic differentiation in emotion.
The origin of plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in mice and rats

Abstract 1. 1. Swiss albino mice displayed the highest activity of alkaline phosphatase at 4–6 weeks with a precipitous decline by 18 weeks of age to a value seen in the mature animal. 2. 2. Circulating activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher in the rat than the mouse in the fed state. With fasting, enzyme activity declined in the rat yet increased in the mouse. The net result was significantly higher plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in the mouse than the rat after the 48 hr fast. 3. 3. l -Phenylalanine inhibition of plasma alkaline phosphatase was greater in plasma from the rat than the mouse in the fed state. 4. 4. Yet in the fed condition, l -homoarginine and l -p-bromotetramisole inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity in plasma from mice to a greater extent than in rats. 5. 5. Heat inactivation as well as urea denaturation of alkaline phosphatase was significantly faster with plasma of the mouse than the rat in the fed state. 6. 6. Thus, it appears that the alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme of skeletal origin contributes a greater proportion of the circulating activity in the fed Swiss albino mouse than occurs in the Sprague-Dawley rat in which the intestinal isoenzyme plays a greater role in the fed condition.
A High Sensitivity Satellite-Borne Television Camera for the Detection of Auroras

A high sensitivity satellite-borne television camera has been developed to measure such faint light sources as auroras. A secondary electron conduction (SEC) television camera tube is used as the image sensor. In the present application for the Rice/NASA satellites code-named Owls, the tube is exposed by the application of a high voltage pulse of 0.1 sec or 0.2 sec duration. The picture is scanned for about 19 sec, and the video is digitized in synchronism with the satellite PCM system. The television data are then telemetered to the ground either real time or stored in one of the tape recorders. The optical system super-imposes star images on the picture for azimuthal aspect reference. The sensitivity of the slow scan camera was measured; it agrees with the sensitivity of a camera scanning at normal scan rate. Comparison was made of the relative sensitivity of the camera at the wavelength of the three most important auroral components. The camera has sensitivity comparable with the dark-adapted human eye. The weight of the system is 3.9 kg, and the power dissipation is 3.9 W.
COTSon: infrastructure for full system simulation

Simulation has historically been the primary technique used for evaluating the performance of new proposals in computer architecture. Speed and complexity considerations have traditionally limited its applicability to single-thread processors running application-level code. This is no longer sufficient to model modern multicore systems running the complex workloads of commercial interest today.COTSon is a simulator framework jointly developed by HP Labs and AMD. The goal of COTSon is to provide fast and accurate evaluation of current and future computing systems, covering the full software stack and complete hardware models. It targets cluster-level systems composed of hundreds of commodity multicore nodes and their associated devices connected through a standard communication network. COTSon adopts a functional-directed philosophy, where fast functional emulators and timing models cooperate to improve the simulation accuracy at a speed sufficient to simulate the full stack of applications, middleware and OSs.This paper describes the changes in simulation philosophy we embraced in COTSon to address these new challenges. We base functional emulation on established, fast and validated tools that support commodity OSs and complex multitier applications. Through a robust interface between the functional and timing domain, we can leverage other existing simulators for individual sub-components, such as disks or networks. We abandon the idea of "always-on" cycle-based simulation in favor of statistical sampling approaches that can trade accuracy for speed.COTSon opens up a new dimension in the speed/accuracy space, allowing simulation of a cluster of nodes several orders of magnitude faster with a minimal accuracy loss.
Barriers and resistance to the evaluation of a computerized pharmacological information system: a case study

Studies of technology innovation, implementation and adoption [Erasmus 1961, Barnett 1953, Goodenough 1966, Rogers 1983] have documented how even the simplest technological change can cause people to change their work habits, attitudes, and social relationships in the workplace [Forsy the et al. 1991]. These studies, and many others like them, help us to understand and explain why medical information systems, such as the one discussed here, take time to implement and why inattention to contextual and social organizational factors on the part of developers and health care administrators can result in under utilization and even system sabotage [Anderson et al. 1987, Graves et al. 1992]. I will discuss one particular aspect of research with a large Midwest Medical Center to illustrate and address some of the organizational problems and issues that must be faced before major benefits can be realized from the introduction of new technologies.The application of computer technology to health care provides broad opportunities to improve the quality and cost effectiveness of health care. But there is an unfortunate trend to develop and market computer software applications prematurely without adequate clinical evaluation. While it is difficult to choose among programs designed to serve the particular needs of a sub-specialty, the task of finding computer applications that can meet the needs of a diverse group of practitioners seems even more difficult. The main obstacle to achieving the benefits of new hardware or software applications is not so much a function of consumers having too many choices, but rather in educating medical practitioners to accept and use innovative clinical applications. Evaluation research activities ideally bridge the interests of developers and end-users. Developers want to see their products accepted and put to good use but they frequently exaggerate the benefits to be achieved from the purchase of a particular product. Endusers, on the other hand, often may invest in a product without having the benefit of the kind of comparative and objective empirical data from evaluation studies that can inform and guide intelligent decision making.
The origin of the Hominidae: Africa or Asia?

Abstract The authors review the evidence for the evolution of the apes and their geographical expansion out of Africa during the Miocene. The ecological background is discussed at each period. From this it is concluded that Dryopithecines in either Africa or Eurasia could have given rise to early Hominidae and that the ecological conditions in both continents were suitable for the appearance of Hominid adaptations. The evidence for early Hominids is at present more impressive in Eurasia than in Africa, though the African find from Fort Ternan, Kenya, is the earliest. On present evidence, neither continent can be precluded as the place of origin of the Hominidae and it appears to be a possibility that Hominidae evolved in both continents with intermittent gene exchange.
On Signal Fluctuations in Tracking Systems

All tracking systems suffer, to some extent, from signal level fluctuations. The signal fluctuations are modeled by a Gaussian process and the noise performance of both linear and nonlinear first-order tracking systems is considered. In the nonlinear case, the Ito versus Stratonovich calculus difficulty arises, but it is resolved to make sense physically. Several analytical results are obtained which are useful in analyses of tracking systems.
Factors influencing ovulation in the Mexican axolotl as revealed by induced spawnings

Axolotl females may be induced to spawn by injecting them with small doses of FSH prior to mating. Data on the different categories of spawnings obtained by this procedure have established the following points. (1) Spawnings of injected females completely without fertile eggs are small (173 eggs average). Courtship occurred in some of the matings (spermatophores found) but not in all. Spawnings of injected but uninseminated females re-mated with a second (or third) male, not becoming inseminated, but all having some eggs fertilized by contact with spermatophores (showing courtship) are likewise small (219). It can be concluded that courtship of the injected female, even by two successive males, does not stimulate ovulation of additional eggs. (2) Insemination of injected females induced additional ovulation more or less frequently, depending upon whether the female was inseminated by the first, or a subsequent male with whom she was mated. Insemination by the first male, within 15 hours after the female had been injected with FSH, resulted in stimulation of ovulation in 36 of 54 spawnings (67%). The 36 spawnings averaged 593 eggs per spawning. In contrast, insemination by a second or third male, more than 15 hours after the female was injected with FSH, resulted in stimulation of additional ovulation in only 4 of 21 spawnings (19%). (3) Survival time of spermatozoa in inseminated females has been established. Considerable numbers of spermatozoa capable of fertilizing eggs survive for about one week. A few survive for 11 to 12 days, but none was found after 14 days.
[1.1]Metallocenophanes of iron and ruthenium: synthesis and characterization of homo-binuclear and hetero-binuclear systems

Abstract The synthesis of 1.1′-bis(6-fulvenyl)ruthenocene has been realized in two different ways, by either adding dilithio ruthenocene to 6-dimethylaminofulvene or by treating the ligand anion fulvenyl cyclopentadienide with the tetrakis-DMSO complex of ruthenium dichloride. Hydride addition to this bis-fulvene produces the 1,1′-bis(cyclopentadienylmethyl)ruthenocene dianion, which can be converted either (with FeCl 2 ) to the mixed Fe/Ru [1,1]metallocenophane or (with RuCl 2 (DMSO) 4 ) to [1.1]ruthenocenophane. The mixed Fe/Ru compound can also be obtained from the dianion of 1,1′-bis(cyclopentadienylmethyl)ferrocene and ruthenium dichloride. Both of the new compounds are crystalline materials, which were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra as well as by their electronic absorption and mass spectra.
Is there a dual system for regular inflections

A central question in morphological research is whether there are whole-word representations for regularly inflected forms. A series of four lexical decision experiments addressed this question by looking at whole-word frequency effects across a range of frequency values with constant stem-cluster frequencies. Frequency effects were only found for inflected forms above a threshold of about 6 per million, whereas such effects were found for morphologically simple controls in all frequency ranges. We discuss these data in the context of two kinds of dual models and in relation to competition models proposed within the connectionist literature.
Global solutions to the cylindrically symmetric rotating motion of isentropic gases

We construct global solutions to the Euler equations of compressible isentropic gas dynamics with cylindrically symmetric rotating structure. A shock capturing numerical scheme is introduced to compute such a flow and to construct approximate solutions. The convergence and consistency of the approximate solutions generated from this scheme to the global solutions are proved with the aid of a compensated compactness framework. Earlier work of the authors, which controlled the geometrical source terms, especially as they pertain to radial flow in an unbounded region,\(\left| {\vec x} \right|\) ≥ 1, is extended here to the 3 × 3 system of cylindrically symmetric rotating flow. Arbitrary data withLα bounds are allowed in these results.
Crystallization of segmented trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene/epoxidized trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene block copolymers from solution

Cristallisation d'echantillons de longueurs moyennes des sequences de TPI et de TPI epoxyde variables dans le pentanol-2, l'octanol-2 et la pentanone-2
Biochemical aspects of colchicine action on meiotic cells.

The effect of colchicine on various metabolic processes in meiotic cells was analyzed in order to clarify the mechanism by which the drug reduces chiasma frequency. Synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein was either unaffected or slightly inhibited during the early stages of meiotic prophase. Such inhibition as did occur could not be related to the achiasmatic effect. DNA synthesis during the pachytene stage was very much reduced in achiasmatic cells. Such reduction appeared to be a consequence and not a cause of the achiasmatic condition. The principal biochemical effect of colchicine was in the reduction of a membrane associated DNA-binding protein which normally appears during meiotic prophase. A basis for this effect was found in the presence of a colchicine binding protein in the nuclear membrane which is distinguishable from its cytoplasmic counterpart by several physicochemical criteria.
Erratum to ''Serotonergic paradoxes of autism replicated in a simple mathematical model (Med Hypotheses 64 (2005) 742-750)''

1. Page 743, left column, paragraph 2: The last sentence should read: ‘‘While statistical analyses of the platelet 5-HT levels in SERT polymorphic variants have yielded somewhat inconsistent results [12,14–16], studies have found no linkage between SERT polymorphisms and autism [12,15]’’. Two other reports [2*,3*] can be added to support this statement. 2. Page 743, footnote 2: The given differential equations are irrelevant for understanding the stability of the system described by equations (1). It can be shown that this system is stable, if 0 6 a\ [C(2 c)]/[P(1 c)]. 3. Page 744, right column, paragraph 2: If actual clinical data are used to optimize the values of the parameters, the normal a turns out to be 0.08–0.16 and the autistic a becomes virtually zero. See [1*] for more details.
VH and VL Gene Elements That Encode Human Antibodies to DNA

We have determined the cDNA sequence of variable regions of heavy and light chains of three antibodies with low affinity to DNA. The variable heavy chains were found to result from utilization of VH gene elements that have been identified previously in other low-affinity anti-DNAs. These VH gene elements, VH26 and VH1.9III, are expressed in association with different D gene-encoded CDR3s than in the other antibodies. The variable light chains were found to be encoded by VL gene elements that have not previously been identified in anti-DNAs. The recurrent identification of only 10 germ line VH genes in 22 low-affinity anti-DNAs indicates that there is a high probability that all of the VH gene elements that confer reactivity with DNA have been identified. Previous studies have suggested that high-affinity antibodies to DNA result from an antigen-driven process of affinity maturation. However, only 6 of 13 high-affinity antibodies to DNA are derived from this set of low-affinity VHs, indicating that DNA is unlikely to be the driving antigen.
Cost-effectiveness and safety of selective use of low-osmolality contrast media.

Rationale and Objectives. We estimated our potential institutional savings by switching from universal to selective use of low-osmolality contrast media. Methods. A total of 42,598 radiocontrast studies (26,595 with high-osmolality contrast agents and 16,003 with low-osmolality contrast agents [LOCA]) were performed over 42 months. Every radiocontrast reaction was classified and documented. All costs associated with the subsequent treatment of adverse reactions were recorded and added to the cost of contrast agents. The actual cost of contrast agent administration was determined and compared with the theoretical cost of total conversion to LOCA. Results. The overall rate of adverse reactions was 1.18%. The cost of radiocontrast materials and treatment of adverse reactions was $2,599,593. Over the same period, total conversion to LOCA would have cost $5,968,507. Conclusions. Our institution saved an estimated $962,548 annually through the selective use of LOCA. The incremental cost of treating adverse reactions associated with selective use was minimal compared with the cost of total conversion to LOCA.
Simulated shunt curves

Abstract A simple method for simulating indicator-dilution curves produced by shunts in intact dog is described. Simulated right to left shunts of about 2.5 per cent can be clearly detected in peripheral arterial dilution curves. A larger simulated left to right shunt was required to produce clear-cut distortion of the systemic arterial indicator-dilution curve. For detection of a small left to right shunt, sampling from both the pulmonary and the femoral artery simultaneously gives indicator-dilution curves which are much more sensitive.
Relative recursive enumerability of generic degrees

Let ω be the set of natural numbers, i.e. {0, 1, 2, 3, …}. A string is a mapping from an initial segment of ω into {0, 1}. We identify a set A ≤ ω with its characteristic function. A set A ≤ ω is called n-generic if it is Cohen-generic for n -quantifier arithmetic. This is equivalent to saying that for every set of strings S , there is a σ A such that σ ∈ S or (∀ν ≥ σ)(ν ∉ S ). By degree we mean Turing degree (of unsolvability). We call a degree n-generic if it has an n -generic representative. For a degree a, D (≤ a ) denotes the set of degrees recursive in a . The relation between generic degrees and minimal degrees has been widely studied. Spector [9] proved the existence of minimal degrees. Shoenfield [8] simplified the proof by using trees. In the construction of a minimal degree, given σ we extend σ to ν so that ν is in the (splitting or nonsplitting) subtree of a given tree. But in the construction of a generic set, given σ we extend σ to ν to meet the given dense set. So these two constructions are quite different. Jockusch [5] showed that any 2-generic degree bounds no minimal degree. Chong and Jockusch [3] showed that any 1-generic degree below 0′ bounds no minimal degree.
Resolved-sideband Raman cooling of a bound atom to the 3D zero-point energy.

We report laser cooling of a single $^{9}\mathrm{Be}^{+}$ ion held in a rf (Paul) ion trap to where it occupies the quantum-mechanical ground state of motion. With the use of resolved-sideband stimulated Raman cooling, the zero point of motion is achieved 98% of the time in 1D and 92% of the time in 3D. Cooling to the zero-point energy appears to be a crucial prerequisite for future experiments such as the realization of simple quantum logic gates applicable to quantum computation.
Metaphor in accounting discourse

The more orthodox versions of our discipline as well as other social sciences are grounded in the common presupposition that science and philosophy be expounded by an especially true level of language characterized by precision and absence of ambiguity. For this reason, tropological linguistic forms such as metaphor are often held to be illicit, as unimportant or nonessential frills, deviant and parasitic on normal usage, for use by none but the poet. Argues that metaphor, far from being a mere stylistic device, is an indispensable, and indeed inseparable ingredient of all discourses whether literary, scientific, philosophical, or accounting. Draws heavily on Black’s (1962, 1978, 1993) interaction account of metaphor as a basis for explicating the poetic and rhetorical roles that metaphor may play in accounting discourse. Through presentation of three primary propositions with supporting metaphoric illustrations, suggests that metaphor is very much a part of the way in which accountants create and disseminate meaning about the world as both part of mundane accounting discourse and extensions of discursive practices.
Evaporation and runoff from snow in the Alpine Zone of our western mountains

In this informal paper the processes of snow-wastage at high altitudes were discussed and a number of slides illustrating suncups and sunpits in different stages of development were shown. It was stressed that these features are peculiar to the region above the timber-line, which biologists term the Alpine, or Arctic-Alpine, Zone. That regions is, as a matter of fact, primarily and fundamentally a physiographic zone distinct from all other physiographic zones at lower levels by reason of an unusual combination of climatic, hydrologic, and geologic factors.