cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of insertion functions for enforcement of opacity security properties

Abstract Opacity is a confidentiality property that characterizes whether a “secret” of a system can be inferred by an outside observer called an “intruder”. In this paper, we consider the problem of enforcing opacity in systems modeled as partially-observed finite-state automata. We propose a novel enforcement mechanism based on the use of insertion functions. An insertion function is a monitoring interface at the output of the system that changes the system’s output behavior by inserting additional observable events. We define the property of “i-enforceability” that an insertion function needs to satisfy in order to enforce opacity. I-enforceability captures an insertion function’s ability to respond to every system’s observed behavior and to output only modified behaviors that look like existing non-secret behaviors. Given an insertion function, we provide an algorithm that verifies whether it is i-enforcing. More generally, given an opacity notion, we determine whether it is i-enforceable or not by constructing a structure called the “All Insertion Structure” (AIS). The AIS enumerates all i-enforcing insertion functions in a compact state transition structure. If a given opacity notion has been verified to be i-enforceable, we show how to use the AIS to synthesize an i-enforcing insertion function.
Democracy and Productivity in the Future American Economy

Considering the failure of Reagonomics to restore United States economic competitiveness, this article advances a left strategy to accomplish that goal. The strategy involves controls on international capital mobility, a reduction in the military budget, a stimulative fiscal and monetary policy, and an incomes policy. With those in place full employment can be achieved; the condition which must be satisfied to create a high rate of productivity growth and to strengthen those struggling to achieve enhanced democratization and egalitarianism.
X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis of Potassium Adsorption onto v‐SiO2: Observation of Reactive Surface Defect Sites

The adsorption of potassium onto a clean silica surface has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The fracture surface of silica was cleaned by Ar+ sputtering and exposed to potassium metal vapor for 10-s intervals up to 50 s, resulting in 0.2 to 2 monolayer coverage. High-resolution XPS spectra were recorded for the K 2p, O 1s, and Si 2p photoelectrons at each potassium exposure. Potassium uptake curves were generated from peak areas which suggest the mechanism of adsorption. Curve synthesis techniques were employed on the O 1s spectra to identify the various chemical states present. A decrease in a reactive state is observed as the number of nonbridging oxygen states increases. Angleresolved XPS was also used to determine the relative position, with respect to depth, of these reactive sites, showing that they are at a higher concentration near the surface.
Hydrodynamic interactions of two nearly touching Brownian spheres in a stiff potential: Effect of fluid inertia

The hydrodynamic interaction of two closely spaced micron-scale spheres undergoing Brownian motion was measured as a function of their separation. Each sphere was attached to the distal end of a different atomic force microscopy cantilever, placing each sphere in a stiff one-dimensional potential (0.08 Nm−1) with a high frequency of thermal oscillations (resonance at 4 kHz). As a result, the sphere’s inertial and restoring forces were significant when compared to the force due to viscous drag. We explored interparticle gap regions where there was overlap between the two Stokes layers surrounding each sphere. Our experimental measurements are the first of their kind in this parameter regime. The high frequency of oscillation of the spheres means that an analysis of the fluid dynamics would include the effects of fluid inertia, as described by the unsteady Stokes equation. However, we find that, for interparticle separations less than twice the thickness of the wake of the unsteady viscous boundary layer (the Stokes layer), the hydrodynamic interaction between the Brownian particles is well-approximated by analytical expressions that neglect the inertia of the fluid. This is because elevated frictional forces at narrow gaps dominate fluid inertial effects. The significance is that interparticle collisions and concentrated suspensions at this condition can be modeled without the need to incorporate fluid inertia. We suggest a way to predict when fluid inertial effects can be ignored by including the gap-width dependence into the frequency number. We also show that low frequency number analysis can be used to determine the microrheology of mixtures at interfaces.
The fluorescence spectrum and lifetime of the anthracene/trans, trans-2,4-Hexadiene exciplex

Abstract A weak transient fluorescence (φf ≈ 0.0036 and τ ≈ 27 ns) has been detected by employing single photon counting methods from solutions of anthracene, 6.7 × 10−5 M, and trans, trans-2,4-hexadiene, 1.76 M. This emission is tentatively assigned to the anthracene/1,3-diene exciplex and appears to confirm the mechanism for 1,3-diene enhanced anthracene photodimerization previously proposed for this system.
Conclusions from PISA and TIMSS Testing

Secretary of Education Duncan (2010) lamented the state of U.S. education in 2010 after the release of the results from the 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). He wrote: Unf...
Capillary porosity in hydrated tricalcium silicate pastes

Abstract A survey of the capillary pore size distribution in hydrated tricalcium silicate pastes was made using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results are interpreted in terms of microstructural features revealed by scanning electron microscopy, and also compared with earlier studies on cement pastes. Certain soluble calcium salts which influence the kinetics of the hydration of tricalcium silicate alter the morphology of the hydration products. This morphological change can be correlated with a change in pore size distribution observed with mercury porosimetry.
The NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine, enhances cocaine reinforcement without influencing mesoaccumbens dopamine transmission

In order to assess the role of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) in the reinforcing property of cocaine, the NMDA antagonist, dizocilpine, or the AMPA antagonist, DNQX, were administered to animals previously trained to self-administer cocaine (1.0, 0.4 or 0.16 mg/kg per infusion). The highest doses of dizocilpine (0.1 mg/kg, IP) and DNQX (30 mg/kg, IP) significantly reduced operant responding for cocaine maintained on a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. However, whereas dizocilpine had no influence operant responding for food, DNQX significantly decreased lever pressing for this reinforcer. These results indicate that an NMDA antagonist produces a relatively selective enhancement of cocaine reinforcement, while an AMPA antagonist decreases cocaine self-administration only at a dose that also impairs responding for an alternate reinforcer. A parallel in vivo microdialysis study performed in freely moving rats tested the effects of dizocilpine alone and in combination with cocaine on extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens shell. The results revealed that dizocilpine alone (0.1 mg/kg, IP) did not alter basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens or spontaneous behavior. In addition, 0.1 mg/kg dizocilpine did not alter the increase in dopamine in the accumbens shell or behavioral hyperactivity produced by cocaine (15 or 30 mg/kg). Collectively, these findings suggest that dizocilpine enhances the reinforcing effect of cocaine without influencing dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens shell.
Effects of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (Sometribove) on Ovarian Function in Lactating and Nonlactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Metabolic and ovarian responses of lactating and nonlactating cows to recombinant bST (sometribove) were measured. Eighteen lactating cows (60 to 100 d postpartum) and 6 nonlactating cows (>400 d postpartum) were injected daily with bST or saline during one of two periods. Concentrations of hormones and metabolites were measured in plasma, and ultrasonography was used to quantify ovarian follicular growth. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, IGF-I, progesterone, and estradiol in plasma were greater in nonlactating cows than in lactating cows. Lactating cows had fewer class 2 (6- to 9-mm) and class 3 (10- to 15-mm) follicles and more class 4 (>15-mm) follicles than nonlactating cows. Bovine somatotropin increased the numbers of follicles in lactating cows so that the numbers of class 2 and of class 3 follicles were equivalent to those for nonlactating cows. Sizes of the largest follicles were similar for bST-and saline-treated cows. The second largest ovarian follicles, however, were larger in bST-treated cows. Ovarian follicular dynamics were altered by bST and lactation. Bovine somatotropin increased the numbers of follicles (6 to 15 mm) in lactating cows and size of second largest ovarian follicles in both lactating and nonlactating cows. Lactating cows developed dominant follicles that were larger and less estrogenic than those of nonlactating cows.
Deformation of Gondwana margin turbidites during the Pampean orogeny, north-central Argentina

Basement uplifts in the Eastern Sierras Pampeanas of north-central Argentina expose sedimentary rocks that originated on the Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian margin of Gondwana for over 1000 km along strike. A series of transects through unmetamorphosed sections of the Vendian-aged Puncoviscana Formation and metasedimentary equivalent rocks from deeper structural levels demonstrates that an early stage compaction cleavage has been folded into chevron structures, with a concomitant axial planar tectonic cleavage, prior to erosion and deposition of the overlying Middle to Late Cambrian Meson Group. Changes in structural style are shown to be gradational; all mesoscopic ductile fold structures in the region can be explained with one major deformation episode. Late-stage Andean brittle folds and thrusts are more noticeable in the northern sections, but do not significantly alter the overall structural style or geometry of the basement rocks. A static metamorphic overprint in the Ordovician with associated granitic intrusions only affects fabrics and mesoscale structures adjacent to plutons. Published age constraints indicate an overlap between the timing of sedimentary deposition and that of structural and metamorphic events at depth. We develop a tectonic model for the Pampean orogeny that involves the buttressing of off-scraped sedimentary rocks above a subducting slab beneath the Gondwana margin. The collision of outboard terranes did not occur in this area until at least the mid-Ordovician Famatinian orogeny.
Engaging the Neighborhood: The East Rogers Park Neighborhood History Project and the Possibilities and Challenges of Community-Based Initiatives

The East Rogers Park Neighborhood History Project, a community-based initiative, represented an effort to build upon community engagement with its history and to sensitize students to the fact that...
Successful salvage therapy of resistant gestational trophoblastic disease with etoposide, methotrexate, dactinomycin, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide

A case of poor prognosis metastatic trophoblastic disease resistant to chemotherapy with methotrexate, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide is presented. The patient responded promptly to etoposide-based combination chemotherapy and has remained in complete remission since completion of therapy.
PROWHITE/ANTIBLACK BIAS AMONG SOUTHERN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

The present study investigated black and white color bias among 24 black and 24 white 5-yr.-old children from a non-urban southern community. Stabler, Johnson, and Jordan's method (1971) of talking black and white boxes was used to assess color preferences and identification. Both black and white children demonstrated a white-positive/black-negative (W+/ B—) bias. The black children showed a preference for the black box but identified with it less intensely than the white children with the white box.
Genomic Analysis of Pterostilbene Predicts Its Antiproliferative Effects Against Pancreatic Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

To investigate the inhibitory role of pterostilbene in pancreatic cancer, we conducted a genomic analysis of pterostilbene-treated pancreatic cancer cells. We also investigated the effect of pterostilbene upon the carcinogenic markers, manganese superoxide dismutase, cytochrome C, Smac/DIABLO, and STAT3 phosphorylation in vitro. The antiproliferative effects of pterostilbene were further evaluated in an in vivo model. Pancreatic cancer cells were treated with pterostilbene and evaluated with DNA microarray analysis. Pterostilbene-treated cells were analyzed for cytochrome C, Smac/DIABLO, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)/antioxidant activity, and STAT3 phosphorylation using ELISA. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA. Pterostilbene was then administered to nude mice for 8 weeks, and tumor growth rates were recorded and statistically analyzed. Microarray analysis of pterostilbene-treated cells revealed upregulation of pro-apoptosis genes. In vitro, pterostilbene treatment altered levels of phosphorylated STAT3, MnSOD/antioxidant activity, cytochrome C, and Smac/DIABLO. In nude mice, oral pterostilbene inhibited tumor growth rates. Pterostilbene alters gene expression in pancreatic cancer and increases the antiproliferative markers cytochrome C, Smac/DIABLO, and MnSOD/antioxidant activity. It was also shown to inhibit phosphorylated STAT3, a marker of accelerated tumorigenesis, and decrease pancreatic tumor growth in vivo. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the effects of pterostilbene in humans.
Graphical Method For Analysing Stathmokinetic Data

. The accumulation of cells in G2M measured flow cytometrically follows a straight line when plotted against time in colcemid with the transform ln (1 +fg2M), where fG2M, is the fraction of cells in the G2M peak. Extending this function to the value, In 2, will locate a point B. Drawing a line from point B to In 1 perpendicular to the abscissa, will locate point A at the initial value of In (1 +fG2M). A line from In 2 at t= O through point A will intersect the abscissa at the cell doubling time. Application of this method to the depletion of G1 cells is also possible.
The algebra of Weyl symmetrised polynomials and its quantum extension

The Algebra of Weyl symmetrised polynomials in powers of Hamiltonian operatorsP andQ which satisfy canonical commutation relations is constructed. This algebra is shown to encompass all recent infinite dimensional algebras acting on two-dimensional phase space. In particular the Moyal bracket algebra and the Poisson bracket algebra, of which the Moyal is the unique one parameter deformation are shown to be different aspects of this infinite algebra. We propose the introduction of a second deformation, by the replacement of the Heisenberg algebra forP, Q with aq-deformed commutator, and construct algebras ofq-symmetrised Polynomials.
Polarization discrimination technique to separate overlapping fluorescence and elastic scattering applied to algae in seawater

We present the results of recent experiments and analysis on the polarization discrimination technique developed by us to separate elastic reflectance and fluorescence components resulting from white light illumination of algae in seawater. The technique uses the polarized properties of elastically scattered light and unpolarized properties of fluorescence to separate the two. The approach was successfully applied to measurements on four types of algae of different sizes and shapes in the laboratory, with both polarized and unpolarized illumination sources, and, with in some cases, the addition of different concentrations of clay as well as in-situ field measurements in eastern Long Island. The procedure is shown to be effective for extraction of the chlorophyll fluorescence in the 685 nm region from reflectance of algae dominated by chlorophyll pigments. We also report the results of preliminary experiments of the impact of surface roughness on the efficacy of the technique for measurements both above and under the surface.
Stereography and the Physiology of Vision

The transmission of an image from the original scene to the 3-D screen involves several transformations, the last of which occurs in the spectator himself. Analysis of any transmission system or theory has significance only as it pertains to the capabilities of the human visual apparatus. The spectator must be considered an integral part — the most important part — of the transmission system, and, as such, the evaluation of any system should be preceded by, and based on, a knowledge of the limitations imposed by the physiology of vision. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate some of these limitations.
Comparative Curative Values of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Fat Deficiency.

ConclusionsUnsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic and cod liver oil acids) show differences in growth and skin effects. They should no longer be treated as an interchangeable group but should be used individually in nutrition studies.
Diversity Management, Job Satisfaction, and Performance: Evidence from U.S. Federal Agencies

A number of organizations across sectors have begun efforts toward managing workforce diversity. At the federal level in the United States, almost 90 percent of agencies report that they are actively managing diversity. However, very little empirical research has tied diversity management to work group performance or other work-related outcomes. This paper uses a survey of U.S. federal employees to test the relationships between diversity management, job satisfaction, and work group performance. The findings indicate that diversity management is strongly linked to both work group performance and job satisfaction, and that people of color see benefits from diversity management above and beyond those experienced by white employees.
On Modelling Sensor Networks in Maude

Two problems in modelling sensor networks are: how to scale up specification and analysis techniques to larger models, and how to flexibly monitor their behavior. Guided by three obvious principles, and exploiting features of Maude, a high-level, modular approach is used to construct a framework for the specification of sensor networks that structures computations and states so as to flexibly monitor a model of the network, reduce the size of the state, and very significantly reduce the execution times of various analysis methods.
The Borda count in n-dimensional issue space

We provide a natural extension of the Borda count to the n-dimensional spatial context, an algorithm to find the spatial Borda winner based on the notion of an inverse Borda count, the result that the Borda winner and the Condorcet winner coincide in unidimensional space when all alternatives on a line are feasible, results that show that in multi-dimensional space the Borda winner and the Condorcet winner (except under very implausible circumstances) will be distinct, and some results on the manipulability of outcomes under the Borda rule as a function of the domain of alternatives over which the Borda count is to be defined.
Role of vestibular information in initiation of rapid postural responses

Patients with bilateral vestibular loss have difficulty maintaining balance without stepping when standing in tandem, on compliant surfaces, across narrow beams, or on one foot, especially with eyes closed. Normal individuals (with no sensory impairment) maintain balance in these tasks by employing quick, active hip rotation (a "hip strategy"). The absence of a hip strategy in vestibular patients responding to translations of a short support surface has previously been taken as evidence that the use of hip strategy requires an intact vestibular system. However, many tasks requiring hip strategy alter one or a combination of important system characteristics, such as initial state of the body (tandem stance), dynamics (compliant surfaces), or biomechanical limits of stability (narrow beams). Therefore, the balance deficit in these tasks may result from a failure to account for these support surface alterations when planning and executing sensorimotor responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that vestibular information is critical to trigger a hip strategy even on an unaltered support surface, which imposes no changes on the system characteristics. We recorded the postural responses of vestibular patients and control subjects with eyes closed to rearward support surface translations of varying velocity, in erect stance on a firm, flat surface. Subjects were instructed to maintain balance without stepping, if possible. Faster translation velocities (25 cm/s or more) produced a consistent pattern of early hip torque (first 400 ms) in control subjects (i.e., a hip strategy). Most of the patients with bilateral vestibular loss responded to the same translation velocities with similar torques. Contrary to our hypothesis, we conclude that vestibular function is not necessary to trigger a hip strategy. We postulate, therefore, that the balance deficit previously observed in vestibular patients during postural tasks that elicit a hip strategy may have been due to the sensorimotor consequences of the system alterations imposed by the postural tasks used in those studies. Preliminary results from two younger patients who lost vestibular function as infants indicate that age, duration of vestibular loss, and/or the timing of the loss may also be factors that can influence the use of hip strategy as a rapid postural response.
Extending the Limits of Technology to Explore Below the DHI Floor; Successful Application of Spectral Decomposition to Delineate DHI's Previously Unseen On Seismic Data

The field of interest is one of ExxonMobil's development assets in offshore West Africa discovered in the late 90’s. A main development well was drilled subsequently in an attempt to confirm additional reserves in an adjacent fault block. The fault block was located above what was thought of as a field-wide oilwater contact, but the well surprisingly encountered wet sands. Application of Spectral Decomposition helped us explain this dry well as well as delineate a new group of anomalies never seen before on the seismic data. These anomalies were deeper than any penetrated interval in the field and below what was thought of as the DHI floor or the limit of our DHI detection. The anomalies were on the opposite side of the fault from the dry well but on the same side of the fault as the original discovered reservoirs, thus could be reached easily from the platform. The anomalies showed class 2 DHI responses at low frequency which was consistent with the structure. A new development well was finally drilled two years ago to test this interval and discovered 160 meters of net oil sands thus adding significant amount of reserves to the field and confirming our prediction.
Synergistic In Vitro Interactions between Alpha Interferon and Ribavirin against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Yellow Fever Virus as Surrogate Models of Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Monotherapy of hepatitis C virus infection with either alpha interferon or ribavirin alone is rather ineffective, while the use of the two antivirals together is much more efficacious. In vitro drug-drug combination analysis utilizing related members of the family Flaviviridae, bovine viral diarrhea virus and yellow fever virus, revealed significant direct synergistic interactions between these drugs' antiviral activities that might explain this clinical observation.
The roles of conflict engagement, escalation, and avoidance in marital interaction: a longitudinal view of five types of couples

Seventy-three couples were studied at 2 time points 4 years apart. A typology of 5 groups of couples is proposed on the basis of observational data of Time 1 resolution of conflict, specific affects, and affect sequences. Over the 4 years, the groups of couples differed significantly in serious considerations of divorce and in the frequency of divorce. There were 3 groups of stable couples: validators, volatiles, and avoiders, who could be distinguished from each other on problem-solving behavior, specific affects, and persuasion attempts. There were 2 groups of unstable couples: hostile and hostile/detached, who could be distinguished from each other on problem-solving behavior and on specific negative and positive affects. A balance theory of marriage is proposed, which explores the idea that 3 distinct adaptations exist for having a stable marriage.
Isolation Management with Artificial Barriers as a Conservation Strategy for Cutthroat Trout in Headwater Streams

We evaluated the effectiveness of isolation management and stocking to meet protection and en- hancement goals for native Colorado River cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus ) in Wyoming (U.S.A.). As a management strategy of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, cutthroat trout were isolated upstream of artificial barriers in small headwater streams. Non-native trout that might have hybridized, competed with, or preyed upon cutthroat trout were removed from the isolated reaches, and then cutthroat trout of hatchery origin were stocked to augment populations. We monitored the abundance and body condition of cutthroat trout for 4-7 years following isolation in four streams with barriers and in two reference streams without barriers. Barriers limited new invasions by non-native trout, and removals of non-native trout greatly re- duced their abundance but did not eliminate them (mainly brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis )). Wild cut- throat trout persisted in low numbers upstream of barriers, but there was no evidence of enhancement of populations. Stocked cutthroat trout did not persist upstream of barriers, and many moved downstream over barriers. The body condition of wild cutthroat trout was comparable among populations upstream and downstream of barriers and in reference streams. Isolation management provided only short-term benefits by minimizing the risks of hybridization and allowed populations to persist during the study. Removal of non-native trout and stocking did not enhance wild cutthroat trout populations, however, likely because the isolated reaches lacked critical habitat such as the deep pools necessary to sustain large fish. Also, barriers dis- rupt migratory patterns and prevent seasonal use of headwater reaches by adult cutthroat trout. Longer-term consequences of isolation include vulnerability to stochastic processes and loss of genetic diversity. Where non-native species pose an immediate threat to the survival of native fishes, isolation in headwater streams may be the only conservation alternative. In such situations, isolated reaches should be as large and diverse as possible, and improvements should be implemented to ensure that habitat requirements are met.
Floorplanning for mixed macro block and standard cell designs

In this paper, we present ARCHITECT, the floorplanner for high performance Mixed Block and Cell designs. A novel and significant feature of ARCHITECT is that it exploits the flexibility of the standard cell regions by generating arbitrary rectilinear shapes for the flexible blocks. We have implemented ARCHITECT on a Sun SPARC station 1+ using C and Xview. We have tested the floorplanner on various randomly generated examples. Experimental results indicate that ARCHITECT generates floorplans with minimal white space within the user specified bounds. >
The epidermal differentiation-associated Grainyhead gene Get1/Grhl3 also regulates urothelial differentiation

Skin and bladder epithelia form effective permeability barriers through the activation of distinct differentiation gene programs. Using a genome-wide gene-expression study, we identified transcriptional regulators whose expression correlates highly with that of differentiation markers in both the bladder and skin, including the Grainyhead factor Get1/Grhl3, which is already known to be important for epidermal barrier formation. In the bladder, Get1 is most highly expressed in the differentiated umbrella cells and its mutation in mice leads to a defective bladder epithelial barrier formation due to the failure of apical membrane specialization. Genes encoding components of the specialized urothelial membrane, the uroplakins, were downregulated in Get1−/− mice. At least one of these genes, uroplakin II, is a direct target of Get1. The urothelial-specific activation of the uroplakin II gene is due to selective binding of Get1 to the uroplakin II promoter in urothelial cells, which is most likely regulated by histone modifications. These results show a crucial role for Get1 in urothelial differentiation and barrier formation.
Role of Interfacial Dislocations on Creep of a Fully Lamellar TiAl

Deformation mechanisms of a fully lamellar TiAl ({gamma} lamellae: 100 {approximately} 300 nm thick, {alpha}{sub 2} lamellae: 10 {approximately} 50 nm thick) crept at 760 C have been investigated. It was found that, as a result of a fine structure, the motion and multiplication of dislocations within both {gamma} and {alpha}{sub 2} lamellae are limited at low creep stresses ( 400 MPa).
Sensitivity of fNIRS to cognitive state and load.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging low-cost noninvasive neuroimaging technique that measures cortical bloodflow. While fNIRS has gained interest as a potential alternative to fMRI for use with clinical and pediatric populations, it remains unclear whether fNIRS has the necessary sensitivity to serve as a replacement for fMRI. The present study set out to examine whether fNIRS has the sensitivity to detect linear changes in activation and functional connectivity in response to cognitive load, and functional connectivity changes when transitioning from a task-free resting state to a task. Sixteen young adult subjects were scanned with a continuous-wave fNIRS system during a 10-minute resting-state scan followed by a letter n-back task with three load conditions. Five optical probes were placed over frontal and parietal cortices, covering bilateral dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), bilateral ventrolateral PFC (vlPFC), frontopolar cortex (FP), and bilateral parietal cortex. Activation was found to scale linearly with working memory load in bilateral prefrontal cortex. Functional connectivity increased with increasing n-back loads for fronto-parietal, interhemispheric dlPFC, and local connections. Functional connectivity differed between the resting state scan and the n-back scan, with fronto-parietal connectivity greater during the n-back, and interhemispheric vlPFC connectivity greater during rest. These results demonstrate that fNIRS is sensitive to both cognitive load and state, suggesting that fNIRS is well-suited to explore the full complement of neuroimaging research questions and will serve as a viable alternative to fMRI.
Primary right atrial angiosarcoma mimicking acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, and tricuspid stenosis

A 29 year old white man presented to the emergency room with new onset pleuritic chest pain and shortness of breath. He was initially diagnosed as having viral pericarditis and was treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A few weeks later he developed recurrent chest pain with cough and haemoptysis. Chest radiography, cardiac examination, transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography pointed to a mass that arose from the posterior wall of the right atrium, not attached to the interatrial septum, which protruded into the lumen of the right atrium causing intermittent obstruction of inflow across the tricuspid valve. Contrast computed tomography of the chest showed a right atrial mass extending to the anterior chest wall. The lung fields were studded with numerous pulmonary nodules suggestive of metastases. A fine needle aspiration of the pulmonary nodule revealed histopathology consistent with spindle cell sarcoma thought to originate in the right atrium. Immunohistochemical stains confirmed that this was an angiosarcoma. There was no evidence of extracardiac origin of the tumour. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and radiation. This case highlights the clinical presentation, rapid and aggressive course of cardiac angiosarcomas, and the diagnostic modalities available for accurate diagnosis.
The Influence of Small Functional Bladder Capacity and and Other Predictors on the Response to Desmopressin in the Management of Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis

AbstractPurpose: The relationship of functional bladder capacity as well as other variables to the responsiveness to desmopressin in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis was investigated.Materials and Methods: A total of 95 children 8 to 14 years old with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (6 or more of 14 nights wet) were evaluated in a double-blind study followed by open label crossover extension using 20 to 40 mcg. desmopressin. Evaluated predictors of response included patient age, gender, race, family history, number of baseline wet nights, urine osmolality parameters and maximum functional bladder capacity (as a percent of predicted bladder capacity based on the formula, patient age + 2 × 30 = cc). Responders to desmopressin were classified as excellent (2 or less of 14 nights wet) or good (50 percent or greater decrease but more than 2 of 14 nights wet) and nonresponders were defined by a less than 50 percent decrease in wet nights.Results: Of the 95 patients 25 (29.5 percent) achieved ...
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Seafloor Backscatter from Sidescan Sonar for Autonomous Classification and Navigation

Sonars will continue to play an important role in world-modeling for autonomous underwater systems because of the greater range available to acoustic sensors compared with other sensing modalities. However, attempts to automate the interpretation of sidescan sonar data are typically based on two-dimensional image-processing and pattern-analysis techniques. Such sidescan "images" provide only indirect, qualitative, and view-dependent information, since the intensity of the returned signal is a function of both seafloor shape and scattering properties of the bottom materials. This overview of work in progress at the Deep Submergence Laboratory describes several techniques for three-dimensional sonar processing in which seafloor shape information is used to reduce geometric and radiometric dependencies in the intensity signal. The approach is developed using Sea Beam bathymetry and Sea MARC I sidescan data. Preliminary results are also described for new split beam sidescan sonars designed for high-resolution seafloor characterization. Complex-domain processing of the quadrature-sampled signal gives amplitude and phase for three-dimensional modeling, and offers a measure of signal coherence and modeling certainty. The processed output is a quantitative model of three-dimensional shape and backscatter characteristics that will be applied to feature classification and terrain-relative navigation for intelligent underwater vehicles.
Effect of Selection for Milk Yield and Dietary Energy on Yield Traits, Bovine Somatotropin, and Plasma Urea Nitrogen in Dairy Cows'

Effects of genetic merit on energy intake, milk yield, fat and protein percentages, BW, BW change, plasma concentration of bST, and plasma concentration of urea N were determined for 139 heifers. Heifers, daughters of bulls of high genetic merit (average +408 kg of PTA for milk) or of average genetic merit (average -153 kg of PTA for milk), were allotted to either a high or low energy diet. Heifers of high genetic merit yielded 8.1% more milk and had 7.7% higher bST concentration than did heifers of average genetic merit, which were 3% heavier than heifers of high genetic merit. There was no significant effect of genetic merit group on energy intake, plasma concentration of urea N, or percentages of fat and protein. Heifers fed the high energy diet consumed 35.1% more energy, yielded 11.8% more milk with a lower fat percentage, and weighed 3% more than did heifers fed the low energy diet. The high energy diet depressed bST concentration by 13.3% and plasma concentration of urea N by 14.2% compared with concentrations for heifers fed the low energy diet. Correlations among bST, BW, and energy intake were negative and significant. Correlations of bST concentration with milk yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage were not significant. Body weight, BW change, milk yield, and energy intake were negatively correlated with plasma concentration of urea N.
Estimation of Genetic Effects on Milk Yield and Constituent Traits in Crossbred Dairy Cattle

Abstract Impact of crossbreeding in two-, three-breed, and 5/8 crosses among Ayrshires, Holsteins and Brown Swiss for yields and constituent traits in first lactation was measured against weighted means of purebred contemporaries. All possible crosses and reciprocals were included. Average percents heterosis for two-breed crosses were 1.1, —15.8, 5.9, 6.3, 6.0, —1.1 for age at first calving, days open, yields (kg) of milk, fat, fat-corrected milk, and fat percentage. Effects of heterosis were significant for milk yield in crosses of Ayrshires × Holstein and Brown Swiss × Holstein and for fat yield and fat-corrected milk in crosses of Ayrshire × Holstein. Holstein dams had significant effects on milk, fat, fat-corrected milk yields, and fat percentage in crosses with Ayrshire and Brown Swiss sires. Holstein sires significantly affected fat percentage in crosses of Holstein × Ayrshire and Holstein × Brown Swiss and milk yield in crosses of Holstein × Brown Swiss. A large effect from Holstein as dam in two-breed crosses was observed. Percent heterosis for three-breed crosses was determined from weighted mean of purebreds and mean of true parents. In general, the former estimate exceeded the latter. Average percent heterosis dropped for milk yield to 3.8, fat percent rose to 1.9, and other traits changed little from two-breed percents. Advantages are available to dairy producers through the use of crossbreeding to improve yield and reproductive traits beyond purebred dairy cattle performance.
Artificial Electric Field in Fermi Liquids

Based on the Keldysh formalism, we derive an effective Boltzmann equation for a quasiparticle constrained within a particular Fermi surface in an interacting Fermi liquid. This provides a many-body derivation of Berry curvatures in electron dynamics with spin-orbit coupling, which has received much attention in recent years in noninteracting models. As is well known, the Berry curvature in momentum space modifies naive band dynamics via an "artificial magnetic field" in momentum space. Our Fermi liquid formulation completes the reinvention of modified band dynamics by introducing in addition an artificial electric field, related to Berry curvature in frequency and momentum space. We show explicitly how the artificial electric field affects the renormalization factor and transverse conductivity of interacting U(1) Fermi liquids with nondegenerate bands.
Copyright protection of designs based on multi source IPs

This paper addresses the copyright protection problem of integrated circuits designed with blocks which are originated from multiple design sources. The process consists of two phases. First, a compact signature is generated from every block independently and made public. Utilizing such signatures, a design can be decomposed into its original building blocks, regardless of multiple hierarchies. Then, a map of all the blocks can be built, thus allowing to reconstruct the original copyright dependencies. The proposed methodology can be used by foundries to verify that designs submitted for fabrication contain blocks traceable to a legal source of intellectual property. The verification process is also useful to intellectual property providers and integrators, as it reduces the likelihood of infringement, thus ultimately minimizing the risk of litigation.
Enabling sovereign information sharing using Web Services

Sovereign information sharing allows autonomous entities to compute queries across their databases in such a way that nothing apart from the result is revealed. We describe an implementation of this model using web services infrastructure. Each site participating in sovereign sharing offers a data service that allows database operations to be applied on the tables they own. Of particular interest is the provision for binary operations such as relational joins. Applications are developed by combining these data services. We present performance measurements that show the promise of a new breed of practical applications based on the paradigm of sovereign information integration.
Instrumental learning within the spinal cord. II. Evidence for central mediation.

Rats spinally transected at the second thoracic vertebra can learn to maintain their leg in a flexed position if they receive legshock for extending the limb. These rats display an increase in the duration of a flexion response that minimizes net shock exposure. The current set of experiments was designed to determine whether the acquisition of this behavioral response is mediated by the neurons of the spinal cord (i.e., is centrally mediated) or reflects a peripheral modification (e.g., a change in muscle tension). Experiment 1 found that preventing information from reaching the spinal cord by severing the sciatic nerve blocked the acquisition of this behavioral response. Spinalized rats also failed to learn if the spinal cord was anesthetized with lidocaine during exposure to response-contingent shock (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 demonstrated that prior exposure to response-contingent shock on one hindleg facilitated acquisition of the response when subjects were later tested on the opposite leg. These findings suggest that acquisition of the instrumental response depends on neurons within the spinal cord.
Education Equals Change

I must point out that I am an Alaska Native who has been trained in the anthropology and education tradition at Stanford. I am now on the education faculty at the University of Alaska, teaching "culturally-oriented" education courses to Native and non-Native students statewide in X-CED (a fielddelivered, off-campus program leading to B.Ed. degree). I also work with Judith Kleinfeld in the Effective Teachers Project.
The Thrower's Shoulder: An Update.

Overhead throwing exposes the entire kinetic chain to excessive, cumulative stress, which ultimately can lead to injury. The repetitive and substantial angular velocities coupled with tremendous joint force can create instability, with ultimate tissue failure and resultant shoulder disability. It has been reported that shoulder torques generated by a professional baseball pitcher exceed the torsional failure limit in human cadaveric shoulders1. Over the past fifty years, there has been an increased understanding of the etiology of shoulder pain in the throwing athlete. In 1959, Bennett hypothesized that repetitive traction on the triceps insertion led to posterior capsular inflammation2. In 1977, …
Personalized peer-comparison feedback and its effect on emergency medicine resident ultrasound scan numbers.

Background Clinician-performed ultrasound has become a widely utilized tool in emergency medicine and is a mandatory component of the residency curricula. We aimed to assess the effect of personalized peer-comparison feedback on the number of ultrasound scans performed by emergency medicine residents.
Origin of Split Resonance and Backward Whirl in a Simple Rotor

Split resonance and backward whirl in a simple rotor, were investigated both analytically and experimentally. A two degree-of-freedom rotor model was developed to simulate the steady state, lateral vibration characteristics of a simply supported, single disk rotor. This model included the effects of direct and cross coupled, linear damping and stiffness. The computer model was used to quantify the influence of bearing characteristics on rotordynamic response. In the absence of gyroscopic effects, split resonance is due to separate and distinct natural frequencies in the two orthogonal lateral directions created by non-equal direct stiffnesses. Backward whirl can occur between these two frequencies if the direct damping is sufficiently low. The model was able to predict the observed response of a simply supported rotor, including split resonance and backward whirl. The cause of the asymmetric direct stiffnesses in the experimental apparatus, which created split resonance and backward whirl was investigated. In particular, the influence of geometric imperfections in the plain bearing sleeve, gravitational forces, degree of imbalance and bearing support stiffness asymmetries were isolated using the experimental apparatus. It was determined that the bearing asymmetry was caused by the gravitational influence. However, larger imbalances increased the asymmetry and large damping was able to suppress backward whirl.© 1996 ASME
Functional Organization and Restoration of the Brain Motor-Execution Network After Stroke and Rehabilitation

Multiple cortical areas of the human brain motor system interact coherently in the low frequency range (< 0.1 Hz), even in the absence of explicit tasks. Following stroke, cortical interactions are functionally disturbed. How these interactions are affected and how the functional organization is regained from rehabilitative treatments as people begin to recover motor behaviors has not been systematically studied. We recorded the intrinsic functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals from 30 participants: 17 young healthy controls and 13 aged stroke survivors. Stroke participants underwent mental practice (MP) or both mental practice and physical therapy (MP + PT) within 14-51 days following stroke. We investigated the network activity of five core areas in the motor-execution network, consisting of the left primary motor area (LM1), the right primary motor area (RM1), the left pre-motor cortex (LPMC), the right pre-motor cortex (RPMC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA). We discovered that (i) the network activity dominated in the frequency range 0.06 Hz – 0.08 Hz for all the regions, and for both able-bodied and stroke participants (ii) the causal information flow between the regions: LM1 and SMA, RPMC and SMA, RPMC and LM1, SMA and RM1, SMA and LPMC, was reduced significantly for stroke survivors (iii) the flow did not increase significantly after MP alone and (iv) the flow among the regions during MP+PT increased significantly. We also found that sensation and motor scores were significantly higher and correlated with directed functional connectivity measures when the stroke-survivors underwent MP+PT but not MP alone. The findings provide evidence that a combination of mental practice and physical therapy can be an effective means of treatment for stroke survivors to recover or regain the strength of motor behaviors, and that the spectra of causal information flow can be used as a reliable biomarker for evaluating rehabilitation in stroke survivors.