cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macro-capp: A prototype capp system for an FMS

This paper deals with the role, advantages, problems and solution techniques for the implementation of dynamic Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) systems in a Felxible Manufacturing system (FMS). A large variety of part features for both rotational and prismatic parts are considered. A custom group technology coding technique is designed and implemented to describe part profile to system software concisely and comprehensively. The part profile code is assimilated by the system interactively. A prototype CAPP system was designed for a pseudo FMS containing multiple machining centres. The system described develops process plans that consider both alternative routes and methods to manufacture a part. Heuristic knowledge was implemented to choose between alternatives with flowtime minimization as the objective function. The system was tested and its outputs validated with respect to both prismatic and rotational parts.
Behavioral and environmental events influencing primate testosterone levels

Abstract A series of experiments demonstrated the influence of multiple environmental and social variables upon circulating testosterone levels in the rhesus monkey. Independent and interaction effects were revealed and a complex model was required to relate the action of these variables to particular measured levels of hormone. The generality of this model is being tested by comparisons with available human data and by extension of the studies to several additional Old World monkeys. Initial experiments included regularly scheduled sampling from 41 adult and eight juvenile rhesus monkey males. The subjects were maintained in stable or manipulated social groups and studied longitudinally with samples obtained before, during and after each experimental manipulation. The following factors were shown to influence levels of circulating testosterone: (1) ontogenetic status, (2) circadian rhythms, (3) relative access to females, (4) season (seasonal mating typical of rhesus), (5) alterations in social rank and (6) “successful” and “unsuccessful” agonistic encounters. Attempts to clarify the relationship between behavior and hormones must account for these (and perhaps other) stimulus variables. Although such a model may be highly complex, it does permit some predictive success and appears compatible with available human data. Further comparative studies will indicate the extent to which this model may be extrapolated to humans.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for October-December, 1998

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 242 earthquakes that occurred during the fourth quarter of 1998. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8 of Dziewonski and Woodward [Dziewonski, A.M., Woodward, R.L., 1992. Acoustic imaging at the planetary scale. In: Emert, H., Harjes, H.-P. (Eds.), Acoustical Imaging, Vol. 19. Plenum, pp. 785–797]. A model of anelastic attenuation by Durek and Ekstrom [Durek, J.J., Ekstrom, G., 1996. A radial model of anelasticity consistent with long-period surface wave attenuation. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86, 144–158] is used to predict the decay of the waveforms.
Generalized finiteness conditions

For a module M for various quotient modules M/N of M, cardinality restrictions are placed on the number of generators of submodules of M/N, and on the (infinite) Goldie dimensions of M/N. The conditions FGS and TC of R. Kurshan are formulated and generalized for arbitrary cardinals. The module theoretic consequences of these and other such finite-ness conditions with ascending chain conditions are explored.
Simple procedure for the single sample determination of serum copper and iron.

Abstract A simple procedure is proposed for sensitive, reproducible determination of both copper and iron on a single aliquot of scrum filtrate. The additive nature of the ferrous-bathophenanthroline sulfonate and cuprous-bathocuproine sulfonate complexes enables one to analyze both metals individually on the same sample by virtue of the fact that one constituent is determined directly and the second constituent is determined after a small subtractive correction is made to the subscqucnt total absorbance found. The additive nature of the color complexes formed, cuprousbathocuproine sulfonate and ferrous-bathophenanthroline sulfonate. makes the technique possible. The color forms instantaneously for both metals, is stable, sensitive and reproducible. With the use of micro attachments for the spectrophotometer and micro techniques it is possible to reduce the sample size employed to 500μl.
High solids co-digestion of food and landscape waste and the potential for ammonia toxicity.

Highlights: • We evaluated co-digestion of food and landscape waste with a pilot-scale anaerobic dry digester. • We evaluated reactor performance at 35 °C under low and high organic loading rates. • Performance was stable under low organic loading rate, but declined under high organic loading rate. • Respirometry was employed to investigate potential inhibition due to ammonia. • Landscape waste was unsuitable in increasing the C:N ratio during codigestion. - Abstract: A pilot-scale study was completed to determine the feasibility of high-solids anaerobic digestion (HSAD) of a mixture of food and landscape wastes at a university in central Pennsylvania (USA). HSAD was stable at low loadings (2 g COD/L-day), but developed inhibitory ammonia concentrations at high loadings (15 g COD/L-day). At low loadings, methane yields were 232 L CH{sub 4}/kg COD fed and 229 L CH{sub 4}/kg VS fed, and at high loadings yields were 211 L CH{sub 4}/kg COD fed and 272 L CH{sub 4}/kg VS fed. Based on characterization and biodegradability studies, food waste appears to be a good candidate for HSAD at low organic loading rates; however, the development of ammonia inhibition at high loading rates suggests that the C:N ratio is too low for usemore » as a single substrate. The relatively low biodegradability of landscape waste as reported herein made it an unsuitable substrate to increase the C:N ratio. Codigestion of food waste with a substrate high in bioavailable carbon is recommended to increase the C:N ratio sufficiently to allow HSAD at loading rates of 15 g COD/L-day.« less
Kinetics of Oxygen Exchange between the Two Isomers of Bisulfite Ion, Disulfite Ion (S2O52-), and Water As Studied by Oxygen-17 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The nuclear magnetic transverse relaxation time of oxygen-17 in aqueous sodium bisulfite solutions in the pH range from 2.5 to 5 was measured over a range of temperatures, pH, and S(IV) concentrations at an ionic strength of 1.0 m. From these data the rate law for oxygen exchange between bisulfite ion and water was determined and found to be consistent with oxygen exchange occurring via the reactions SHO3- + H+ SO2 + H2O, SO3H- + SHO3- SO32- + SO2 + H2O, and SO3H- + SHO3- S2O52- + H2O, where the symbol SHO3- refers to both isomeric forms of bisulfite ion, one in which the hydrogen is bonded to the sulfur (denoted HSO3-) and another in which the hydrogen is bonded to an oxygen atom (denoted SO3H-). The SO3H- isomer exchanges oxygen atoms with water much more rapidly than does the HSO3- isomer. The value of k-1 was determined and is in essential agreement with the results of a previous determination by relaxation measurements. The value of k16a + k16b was also found, and k16b is at least as large as k16a. T...
Sustained activation of the hippocampus in response to fearful faces in schizophrenia.

Background In healthy individuals, the activity of the medial temporal lobe habituates rapidly with the repeated presentation of a stimulus. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we tested the hypothesis that habituation of the medial temporal lobe is reduced in schizophrenia. Methods During fMRI scanning, fearful and happy faces were presented repeatedly to healthy control subjects (n =16) and patients with schizophrenia (n =18). Habituation of medial temporal lobe structures was measured by comparing the hemodynamic response occurring during the early and late portions of the presentation of each face. Results Control subjects demonstrated significant medial temporal lobe habituation to fearful but not to happy faces. In contrast, patients with schizophrenia did not demonstrate medial temporal lobe habituation in response to fearful or happy faces. In a direct, between-group comparison, right hippocampal habituation to fearful faces was significantly greater in control subjects than in the schizophrenia patients. Also, there were no significant differences between the patients and control subjects in the early medial temporal lobe response to fearful faces, suggesting that attenuated hippocampal habituation in schizophrenia is not associated with a reduction in initial activation. Conclusions These findings suggest that there is abnormal modulation of hippocampal responses to fearful faces in schizophrenia.
Histologic differentiation of mechanical and non-mechanical keratoses of the sole

Abstract Histologic sections taken from nonmechanically induced keratoses of the sole due to either genetic causes, focal injury, or systemic disease are often misinterpreted as a simple callus tissue or hyperkeratoses. Normal plantar skin is hyperkeratotic because of its thick stratum corneum, often causing confusion with plantar callus, and at times being misinterpreted as keratotic nevoid keratoses of the soles. In some instances, however, features do exist that enable differentiation of one keratoses from another. If we study the natural history of mechanically induced keratoses of the soles, we realize that pressure-induced histologic change is not only limited to the epidermis, but involves the dermis and fat as well. In contrast, nonmechanical keratoses, even if located on weight-bearing surfaces, do not, as a rule, exhibit the epidermal, dermal, or fat changes seen in keratoses due to mechanical causes, such as abnormal foot function and structure. When interpreting histologie sections taken from keratotic lesions of the sole, certain considerations should be entertained. A determination should be made as to whether or not a diagnostic histology exists, e.g. , epidermolytic hyperkeratoses. What is the relative state of the dermis? Is there scarring, eccrine sweat duct or blood vessel dilation, hypertrophied nerve, or vasculitis present? Is there underlying fibrous replacement of subcutaneous fat? The ratio between the stratum corneum and stratum malpighii must be determined and considered. Characteristic features seen in nonmechanically induced keratoses of the sole include a thick stratum corneum with normal underlying stratum malpighii; the stratum corneum is sometimes four to six times as thick as the stratum malpighii. The malpighian layer is normal and shows no signs of hyperplasia. The dermis also remains normal. Few other plantar keratoses exhibit this picture, and experience dictates that the only obstacle in identifying nonmechanical keratoses is in their differentiation from pressure-induced keratoses, e.g. , corns and calluses.
Differentiating between parental alienation syndrome and bona fide abuse-neglect

In recent years, with increasing familiarity and recognition of parental alienation syndrome (PAS), 1 parent has accused the other parent of inducing PAS in the children. In response, the responding parent accuses the other parent of abusing and neglecting the children. In short, the children's alienation is considered by 1 parent to be the result of PAS indoctrinations and the other to be the result of bona fide abuse-neglect. The purpose of this article is to provide criteria for differentiating between these 2 situations, a differentiation that is obviously crucial if courts are to deal properly with children exposed to and embroiled in these 2 very different situations.
Simple and Accurate Circuit Simulation Model for SiC Power MOSFETs

Simple and accurate circuit simulation models for high-voltage silicon carbide power MOSFETs and Schottky barrier diodes are presented and validated. The models are physics-based and consist of minimal number of model parameters that can be easily extracted from simple static $I$ – $V$ and $C$ – $V$ measurements. The models are used in a buck-boost bidirectional dc-dc converter, with and without an antiparallel Schottky diode. The efficiency of the converter was analyzed for synchronous and nonsynchronous operation of the switches. An optimal selection of the antiparallel Schottky diode is proposed to minimize the cost of the converter without compromising its efficiency.
Effects of Composite Restorations on the Periodontal Membrane in Monkeys

We evaluated the histopathological response of the periodontal membrane to intentionolly-replanted teeth carrying composite (experimental) and silver amalgam (control) restorations in the middle third of each root. The study revealed that the amalgam produced, in the periodontal tissues, an initial localized inflammation that subsided with the subsequent formation of a fibrous capsule. However, the periodontal membrane adjacent to the composite resin restorations demonstrated chronic inflammation. It was concluded that the composite evoked chronic inflammatory responses of the periodontal tissues in monkeys.
Response to isometric exercise in children and young adults with aortic regurgitation

We studied the hemodynamic response to isometric exercise in 28 children and young adults with aortic regurgitation (AR). Results were compared with those of 18 control subjects without heart disease. Sustained isometric exercise at 33% maximal handgrip capability produced similar increase in heart rate in the two groups. Systolic blood pressure rose to a greater extent in patients with AR than in controls (mean rise 33 mm Hg vs 13 mm Hg). Thirteen of 28 patients with AR had elevated left ventricular end-diastolic diameters at rest. During isometric exercise, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter remained constant in both groups. However, end-systolic diameter increased in patients with AR, resulting in a fall in shortening fraction. The mean left ventricular shortening fraction of the patients with AR fell from 36.0 +/- 1.0% to 32.8 +/- 1.2% (p less than 0.001), but did not change in controls. The fall in shortening fraction was most marked in patients with severe AR. We conclude that patients with AR have an abnormal cardiovascular response to isometric exercise consisting of greater increase in blood pressure and a decrease in left ventricular fractional shortening.
Genetics of adaptive radiation in Hawaiian and Cook Islands species of Tetramolopium (Asteraceae; Astereae). I. Nuclear RFLP marker diversity

Thirty-three nuclear RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) probes were used to study genetic diversity in Hawaiian and Cook Islands species of Tetramolopium for comparison with previous morphological and isozyme studies and to provide greater resolution of the events associated with adaptive radiation in the genus. Levels of RFLP diversity are greater than those reported for isozymes, yet are still low in comparison to continental species. Genetic differentiation is greatest among species in sections rather than among sections and is concordant with the hypothesis of phyletic sorting of initial variability as suggested for morphological traits. Hypothesized introgression between T. lepidotum and T. filiforme is supported, but the evidence suggests bidirectional gene flow. Systematic relationships derived from the data agree with hypotheses based on morphology in the placement of populations within their respective species and the recognition of three main lineages within Hawaii. Inclusion of the Cook Islands species, however, renders section Tetramolopium paraphyletic, contradicting morphological, ecological, and crossing evidence. Interpreting these results in light of evidence from previous studies, the genetic diversity and relationships seen among species and sections of Hawaiian and Cook Islands Tetramolopium reflect the recent and rapid evolution of this group, limited addition of new variability, and phyletic sorting.
A partial L5 spinal nerve ligation induces a limited prolongation of mechanical allodynia in rats: An efficient model for studying mechanisms of neuropathic pain

The relationship between pain severity and the extent of injury to a peripheral nerve remains elusive. In this study, we compared the pain behavior resulting from partial (1/3-1/2 thickness) and full L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats. The decrease in paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) to mechanical stimuli in the hindpaw ipsilateral to the injury was comparable in the two groups on days 3-21 post-injury. However, the decreased PWT recovered earlier in the partial SNL group than in the full SNL group. These observations suggest that the duration of neuropathic pain behavior, but not the early development of mechanical allodynia, is dependent on the extent of nerve injury. On days 6 and 15 post-injury, when the mechanical allodynia was similar in the two groups, systemic morphine induced a greater reduction of mechanical allodynia in the partial SNL group than in the full SNL group. Furthermore, in partial SNL rats, at post-injury time points when they had largely recovered from the neuropathic pain state, systemic administration of naloxone hydrochloride (day 53) or naloxone methiodide (a non-selective peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist; day 64) or intra-plantar injection of naloxone methiodide rekindled mechanical pain hypersensitivity in the ipsilateral hindpaw, suggesting a prolonged activation of endogenous opioidergic pain-inhibition. Therefore, partial SNL in rats may represent an efficient model for studying the mechanisms of neuropathic pain, testing effects of analgesic/antihyperalgesic drugs, and understanding endogenous pain-inhibitory mechanisms that lead to reversal of the pain behavior with time.
Social policy and its application to students with learning disabilities in US institutes of higher education

Reviews the current social policy and its application as it relates to the education of students with learning disabilities attending US institutes of higher education. Attempts to differentiate between the legal rights and these students in primary and secondary settings versus those in higher education. Reviews the definition of learning disabilities and eligibility criteria in colleges and universities and gives an overview of common services provided to college studetns with learning disabilities. Summarizes the results of several follow‐up studies on students with learning disabilities who attend post‐secondary institutes.
Occurrence and Turnover of Nitric Oxide in a Nitrogen-Impacted Sand and Gravel Aquifer

Little is known about nitric oxide (NO) production or consumption in the subsurface, an environment which may be conducive to NO accumulation. A study conducted in a nitrogen-contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts assessed the occurrence and turnover of NO within a contaminant plume in which nitrification and denitrification were known to occur. NO (up to 8.6 nM) was detected in restricted vertical zones located within a nitrate (NO3−) gradient and characterized by low dissolved oxygen (<10 μM). NO concentrations correlated best with nitrite (NO2−) (up to 35 μM), but nitrous oxide (N2O) (up to 1 μM) also was present. Single-well injection tests were used to determine NO production and consumption in situ within these zones. First-order rate constants for NO consumption were similar (0.05−0.08 h−1) at high and low (260 and 10 nM) NO concentrations, suggesting a turnover time at in situ concentrations of 10−20 h. Tracer tests with 15N[NO] demonstrated that oxidation to 15N[NO2−] occurred only durin...
Inverting Martin Synthesis for Verification

Quasi Delay-Insensitive (QDI) circuits can be created through the procedure of Martin Synthesis, a series of transformations that begin with an executable specification and end in a transistor network. If these transformations are properly applied the circuits will be correct by construction, however if they are improperly applied, finding design errors can be quite difficult. We show that the forward transformations of Martin Synthesis are reversible, and that the inversion of these steps recreates the specification when applied to correctly synthesized circuits. We have created a tool to apply these inversions, and show that it can also be used to verify other compilation methods for QDI circuits. This procedure presents an alternative approach to typical VLSI verification by requiring little designer effort and by reconstructing specifications through transformations.
Attachment Parenting: A Media Activity for Developmental Psychology Research Methods:

The purpose of the activity described here is help students apply course concepts to a ‘real-world’ issue, understand how to develop a specific research study from a general topic, and become more critical consumers of information. The activity required students to critically analyse claims about a new method of parenting presented in a TV news magazine show. Quantitative and qualitative data gathered from students indicate that they found the exercises interesting and useful in helping them both understand and apply concepts they learned in their developmental psychology research methods course.
Footnote to a Recent Paper

In a recent paper1 I stated that von Neumann had originated the suggestion for the use of Schur's canonical form for arbitrary matrices. I have since learned that the suggestion actually is due in the first instance to John Greenstadt, who brought it to von Neumann's attention. The history of this is rather interesting and was communicated to me in a letter from John Greenstadt, which I quote below.“The full story is, that the triangularization occurred to me early in 1953, after trying in vain to find a general iterative diagonalization procedure, even where one knew that it was possible to diagonalize (defective degeneracy being the impossible case). It seemed to me that one thing that made for the stability of the Jacobi method was the fact that all the elements in the transformation matrix were less than 1. A natural generalization embodying this requirement was to consider unitary transformations. Then, a quick check of Murnaghan's book showed that one could hope only to triangularize, but that this was always possible.“I did some hand calculations on this, and lo and behold! it converged in the few cases I tried. I then programmed it for the CPC and tried many other cases. For several months thereafter, Kogbetliantz, John Sheldon, and I tried to prove convergence, when the algorithm involved the sequential annihilation of off-diagonal elements. We (particularly Sheldon) tried many approaches, but with no hint of success. Finally, in the latter part of 1953, we decided to ask von Neumann, who was then a consultant for IBM, when he was in New York at our offices.“I had prepared a writeup describing the procedure, but von Neumann (rightly) didn't want to bother reading it, so I explained it to him in about two minutes. He spent the next 15 minutes thinking up all the approaches we had thought of in three or four months, plus a few ones—all, however, without promise.“At this point he decided that it was a nontrivial problem, and perhaps not worth it anyway, and immediately suggested minimizing the sum of squares of subdiagonal elements, which is, of course, the truly natural generalization of the Jacobi method. For the next 15 minutes he investigated the case when it would be impossible to make an improvement for a particular pivotal element and found that these cases were of measure zero.“I recoded my procedure for the 701 and tried many other matrices of various sizes. I myself never had a failure, but it has since been demonstrated that the method will indeed fail for a class of matrices. Hence, a proof is clearly impossible. However, I think a statistical proof is possible, along lines suggested by Kogbetliantz, which, however, I have not been able to find. I do not think von Neumann's variation of the method would fail. (However, it is more complicated and time consuming.)”
Thermodynamic Modeling of Pseudoternary Phase Behavior

Phase behavior is the fulcrum at which the chemistry and physics of surfactant and solvent systems govern the engineering and economics of chemical flooding. Salient behavior is represented by pseudoternary diagrams that account for polar, nonpolar, and amphiphilic components. The common 2, 3, 2, phase-split progression--induced, for example, by salinity change in microemulsion systems--is required by thermodynamic principles. Although such progressions can be simulated semiempirically, modeling them with a suitable free energy function or an equation of mixture state is more reliable for interpolating and extrapolating limited data on phase splits and coexisting phase compositions for use in mechanism-based computer simulation of laboratory experiments and field applications. Simple equations of mixture state prove inadequate but lead to the promising new linearly screened. FloryHuggins (LSFH) equation, which accounts for simultaneous association of amphiphile with oil and water and aggregation of surfactant amphiphile into curved sheetlike structures that separate water-rich from oil-rich regions. From this equation for a ternary mixture are calculated representative sets of diagrams with continuous progressions of tielines and binodals, plait points, tie-triangles, and three-phase regions with their critical endpoints. Several overlapping regions of metastable one- and two-phase equilibria are identified. Free-energy surfaces are pictured, and the free-energy factormore » that jointly controls interfacial tension (IFT) is computed. Ultralow tensions are favored by low-relief free-energy surfaces; so also are long-lived metastable states.« less
Applying Stable Isotope Fractionation Theory to New Systems

A basic theoretical understanding of stable isotope fractionations can help researczzzhers plan and interpret both laboratory experiments and measurements on natural samples. The goal of this chapter is to provide an introduction to stable isotope fractionation theory, particularly as it applies to mass-dependent fractionations of non-traditional elements and materials. Concepts are illustrated using a number of worked examples. For most elements, and typical terrestrial temperature and pressure conditions, equilibrium isotopic fractionations are caused by the sensitivities of molecular and condensed-phase vibrational frequencies to isotopic substitution. This is explained using the concepts of vibrational zero-point energy and the partition function, leading to Urey’s (1947) simplified equation for calculating isotopic partition function ratios for molecules, and Kieffer’s (1982) extension to condensed phases. Discussion will focus on methods of obtaining the necessary input data (vibrational frequencies) for partition function calculations. Vibrational spectra have not been measured or are incomplete for most of the substances that Earth scientists are interested in studying, making it necessary to estimate unknown frequencies, or to measure them directly. Techniques for estimating unknown frequencies range from simple analogies to well-studied materials to more complex empirical force-field calculations and ab initio quantum chemistry. Mossbauer spectroscopy has also been used to obtain the vibrational properties of some elements, particularly iron, in a variety of compounds. Some kinetic isotopic fractionations are controlled by molecular or atomic translational velocities; this class includes many diffusive and evaporative fractionations. These fractionations can be modeled using classical statistical mechanics. Other kinetic fractionations may result from the isotopic sensitivity of the activation energy required to achieve a transition state, a process that (in its simplest form) can be modeled using a modification of Urey’s equation (Bigeleisen 1949). Theoretical estimates of isotopic fractionations are particularly powerful in systems that are difficult to characterize experimentally, or when empirical …
Properties and Processing of Magnesium Wrought Products for Automotive Applications

The application of magnesium as construction material is a substantial constituent for the implementation of lightweight construction concepts in the automotive manufacture. The magnesium wrought alloys open a broad application scope by their improved characteristic profile compared with magnesium cast alloys. Magnesium profile structures are particularly interesting due to their combination of high strength and ductility for automobile applications. Dependent on the individual component requirements different areas of application, e.g., window frameworks, seat and carrier structures, are conceivable. Under the aspects of lightweight construction magnesium sheet metals are particularly suitable for the application in the external vehicle structure. Particularly high demands are made of the sheet metals concerning surface quality and corrosion.
Effects of optokinetic velocity and medial vestibulo-cerebellum lesions on vestibulo-ocular reflex direction adaptation in the cat

Adaptive horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex eye movements in response to vertical (pitch) rotations were produced by exposing three cats to synchronized horizontal optokinetic and vertical vestibular oscillations at 0.25 Hz. The effects of optokinetic stimulus velocity (6-80 degrees/s peak) and nodulo-uvular cerebellum lesions were studied. All optokinetic velocities elicited vestibulo-ocular reflex direction adaptation. though 6 degrees/s stimuli were somewhat less effective. Restricted aspirations of cerebellar vermis lobules IX and X in two cats resulted in reduced but still clearly evident adaptation.
Mass spectrometric analysis of innovator, counterfeit, and follow-on recombinant human growth hormone

We have performed a detailed characterization of recombinant human growth hormone that included the identification of the entire sequence with disulfide linkages as well as subtle modifications by a sensitive liquid chromatography coupled online with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach using the accurate peptide mass (FTICR MS) and sequence assignment (MS/MS measurement). The extent of oxidation, deamidation, and chain cleavages were measured by the ratio of peak areas of the nonmodified peptide vs. the sum of peak area of the nonmodified and modified peptides in the same LC-MS analysis. The subtle but distinct differences were found in the recombinant human growth from the three manufacturers (the follow-on, counterfeit, and the original innovator products). In relative comparison, the follow-on product had the highest degree of oxidation at methionine residues, followed by the counterfeit product, and the original innovator product had the least amount of oxidation at all three sites with the similar oxidation order. In cases, the oxidation order was Met14 > Met125 > Met170. In contrast, the follow-on had the least amount of deamidation at aspargine (Asn149), and the counterfeit had the highest degree of deamidation at this site. For the chain cleavage, the follow-on product had the highest cleavage occurring at T 10 peptide (between Asn99 and Ser100), the counterfeit had the highest cleavage on T4 peptide, (between Glu30 and Phe31), and the original innovator product with the least amount of cleavages on both sites. These subtle but distinct differences are likely because of nonidentical manufacturing, formulation procedures, and storage conditions.
Destabilization of MYC/MYCN by the mitochondrial inhibitors, metaiodobenzylguanidine, metformin and phenformin

In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of the mitochondrial inhibitors, metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), metformin and phenformin. 131I-MIBG has been used for scintigraphic detection and the targeted radiotherapy of neuroblastoma (NB), a pediatric malignancy. Non-radiolabeled MIBG has been reported to be cytotoxic to NB cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanisms behind its growth suppressive effects have not yet been fully elucidated. Metformin and phenformin are diabetes medications that are being considered in anticancer therapeutics. We investigated the anticancer mechanisms of action of MIBG and metformin in NB. Our data revealed that both drugs suppressed NB cell growth and that the combination drug treatment was more potent. MIBG reduced MYCN and MYC expression in MYCN-amplified and non-MYCN-amplified NB cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Metformin was less effective than MIBG in destabilizing MYC/MYCN. The treatment of NB cells with metformin or MIBG resulted in an increased expression of genes encoding biomarkers for favorable outcome in NB [(ephrin (EFN)B2, EFNB3, EPH receptor B6 (EPHB6), neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor, type 1 (NTRK1), CD44 and Myc-interacting zinc finger protein (MIZ-1)] and tumor suppressor genes [(early growth response 1 (EGR1), EPH receptor A2 (EPHA2), growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta (GADD45B), neuregulin 1 (NRG1), TP53 apoptosis effector (PERP) and sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like (C. elegans) (SEL1L)]. Accordingly, metformin and MIBG augmented histone H3 acetylation in these cells. Phenformin also exhibited histone modification and was more effective than metformin in destabilizing MYC/MYCN in NB cells. Our data suggest that the destabilization of MYC/MYCN by MIBG, metformin and phenformin and their effects on histone modification are important mechanisms underlying their anticancer effects.
Statistical Analyses of Shape Factor and Productivity Index for Horizontal Wells

The performance of horizontal wells in bounded anisotropic reservoirs has been investigated using the statistical analysis. New statistical models for calculating the fraction of horizontal well length contributing to unrestricted production, and horizontal well shape factor, are presented. The concept that the performance of horizontal well of half-length X{sub f1} with mechanical skin can be replaced by the performance of an equivalent horizontal well of half-length X{sub f2} with no mechanical skin is used. The statistical analysis showed that for a given reservoir shape and well asymmetry, the horizontal well shape factor can be directly correlated with three dimensionless parameters, X{sub LD}, r{sub w}/h, and L{sub D}, which are functions of reservoir and well parameters. These statistical correlations can easily be used to predict the performance of a damaged and/or stimulated horizontal well without the need to use complex numerical and/or analytical solutions which require extensive computer use.
Effective thrombolysis without marked plasminemia after bolus intravenous administration of vampire bat salivary plasminogen activator in rabbits.

BACKGROUNDThe use of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in thrombolytic therapy is frequently associated with significant fibrinogenolysis. In contrast, recombinant vampire bat salivary plasminogen activator (Bat-PA) displays strict fibrin specificity, an attribute that could be desirable in a fibrinolytic agent.METHODS AND RESULTSThe efficacy and fibrin selectivity of Bat-PA was evaluated and compared with that of t-PA using a rabbit model of femoral arterial thrombosis. Administration of 8.1, 14, and 42 nmol Bat-PA/kg by bolus intravenous injection restored flow in 50%, 75%, and 80% of the rabbits, respectively. The incidence of reperfusion after bolus intravenous injection of 14 and 42 nmol t-PA/kg was 15% and 78%, respectively. The maximal femoral artery reperfusion flows were equivalent after treatment with 42 nmol Bat-PA/kg or 42 nmol t-PA/kg, but the time to reach maximal flow for Bat-PA was approximately one half that of t-PA. Furthermore, the rapid restoration of flow by 42 nmol...
Terephthalic Acid Synthesis in High-Temperature Liquid Water

We have completed an exploratory study of the synthesis of terephthalic acid via the partial oxidation of p-xylene in liquid water at temperatures ranging from 250 to 350 °C. The reactions occurred...
A C1 quadratic trivariate macro-element space defined over arbitrary tetrahedral partitions

In 1988, Worsey and Piper constructed a trivariate macro-element based on C^1 quadratic splines defined over a split of a tetrahedron into 24 subtetrahedra. However, this local element can only be used to construct a corresponding macro-element spline space over tetrahedral partitions that satisfy some very restrictive geometric constraints. We show that by further refining their split, it is possible to construct a macro-element also based on C^1 quadratic splines that can be used with arbitrary tetrahedral partitions. The resulting macro-element space is stable and provides full approximation power.
Isolation of a possible coupling factor for photophosphorylation from chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis

Abstract The isolation of a Ca ++ -dependent ATPase from purified Euglena chloroplasts is described. The enzyme can restore photophosphorylation (recouple) to chloroplast fragments uncoupled by sonication in the presence of lecithin. The ATPase activity is insensitive to ammonia and only mildly sensitive to ADP. It has a pH optimum of 8 and a nearly absolute requirement for Ca ++ . A possible explanation for the concurrent ATPase activity and coupling ability is presented.
Fresh fruit: microstructure, texture, and quality

Fresh-cut produce has a huge following in today's supermarkets. The trend follows the need to decrease preparation time as well as the desire to follow the current health guidelines for consumption of more whole "heart-healthy" foods. Additionally, consumers are able to enjoy a variety of fresh produce regardless of the local season because produce is now shipped world-wide. However, most fruits decompose rapidly once their natural packaging has been disrupted by cutting. In addition, some intact fruits have limited shelf-life which, in turn, limits shipping and storage. Therefore, a basic understanding of how produce microstructure relates to texture and how microstructure changes as quality deteriorates is needed to ensure the best quality in the both the fresh-cut and the fresh produce markets. Similarities between different types of produce include desiccation intolerance which produces wrinkling of the outer layers, cracking of the cuticle and increased susceptibility to pathogen invasion. Specific examples of fresh produce and their corresponding ripening and storage issues, and degradation are shown in scanning electron micrographs.
Geometrical magnetothermopower in n - and p -type InSb

In a previous paper [Heremans et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2098 (2001)] we reported how the geometry of a sample of lightly p-type InSb can be manipulated to create a very large change of the thermoelectric power with magnetic field. That effect was called the geometrical magnetothermopower (GMT). In this paper, we review and extend the results in p-type InSb, and present a study of the GMT in n-type InSb. We conclude that, in semiconductors with two types of carriers of different mobilities, the GMT effect makes the thermopower change from being dominated by a high-mobility carrier at zero magnetic field to being dominated by a low-mobility carrier at high field, even when the low-mobility carrier is the minority carrier. We complete the study of the reciprocity relations in macroscopic two-contact thermoelectric systems by adding to the experimental verification of the Kelvin relation the new observation that the GMT is an even function of magnetic field, even in asymmetric geometries. Finally, we model the GMT in both n- and p-type InSb using classical transport theory, and show how this model predicts that the GMT effect can lead to an increase of the thermoelectric power factor, and of the figure of merit, by over 80%.
Statistical programs at the University of North Carolina

The Research Computation Center at the University of North Carolina has access to a UNIVAC 1105 general purpose digital computer for use in connection with data processing problems, theoretical studies, and computer research. With respect to data processing problems, three major statistical programs have been written: General Contingency Table Analysis for Questionnaire DataAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA)Multiple Regression and CorrelationSome of the concepts and ideas in these programs are new and may be of interest to other computation centers. Hence they are described below. The programs were written in the Remington Rand UNICODE language. Thus it would not be difficult to translate them into any other algebraic language, such as ALGOL, FORTRAN, or IT.
Glomalean Fungi from the Ordovician

Fossilized fungal hyphae and spores from the Ordovician of Wisconsin (with an age of about 460 million years) strongly resemble modern arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes). These fossils indicate that Glomales-like fungi were present at a time when the land flora most likely only consisted of plants on the bryophytic level. Thus, these fungi may have played a crucial role in facilitating the colonization of land by plants, and the fossils support molecular estimates of fungal phylogeny that place the origin of the major groups of terrestrial fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomales) around 600 million years ago.
The economy and the presidential vote: What leading indicators reveal well in advance

Abstract Everybody knows that “the economy” matters in presidential elections, but how can one incorporate economic information in an early forecasting equation? Our economic forecasting tool is the cumulative growth of leading indicators during a presidential term—weighting recent growth most heavily—which provides an early warning, as early as quarter 1 of the election year, about the Election Day economy. To control for other, non-economic factors, our model also includes presidential approval or trial-heat polls. In this paper we show how cumulative leading indicators measured early in the election year actually reveal as much about the final vote as cumulative income growth observed on the eve of the election. That is, voters respond at least as much to economic change that is predicted well in advance of elections as to economic surprises that are felt during the course of the campaign. Approval judgments incorporate these effects over the course of the election year. Very late economic shocks matter, to be sure, but they are not known until well after the campaign. The findings are informative about how the economy matters on Election Day, and have implications for our ability to forecast the outcome well in advance.
Dielectric response function and plasmon dispersion in a strongly coupled two-dimensional Coulomb liquid.

We have formulated a dielectric response function for strongly coupled two-dimensional Coulomb liquids in the $T=0$ quantum domain. The formulation is based on the classical quasilocalized charge approximation [G. Kalman and K. I. Golden, Phys. Rev. A 41, 5516 (1990); K. I. Golden and G. Kalman, Phys. Plasmas 7, 14 (2000)] and extends the QLCA formalism into the quantum domain. We calculate the dispersion of the longitudinal plasmon mode for ${r}_{s}=10$, 20, 40 and the resulting dispersion curves are compared with recent experimental results. We also conjecture the possible existence of a new high-wave-number collective excitation in close proximity to the right boundary of the pair continuum.
Open Textbooks at Oregon State University: A Case Study of New Opportunities for Academic Libraries and University Presses

INTRODUCTION This article describes a joint open textbook publishing initiative begun in 2013 between Oregon State University (OSU) Libraries and Press and the Open Educational Resources and Emerging Technologies unit of Oregon State University’s Extended Campus. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM This initiative combines the Open Access values and project management resources of OSU Libraries, the book production (peer review, editing, design, marketing) expertise of OSU Press, and the technological development skills of the Open Educational Resources and Emerging Technologies unit. Authored by OSU faculty and focused across some of the University’s signature areas, the initiative seeks to establish a sustainable model for research libraries and university presses to collaborate with each other and other partners to publish open textbooks that will benefit students on both economic and educational levels. The article analyzes how open textbooks fit within the emerging library publishing movement, examines the implementation of the OSU open textbook publishing initiative, and conveys some lessons learned for other libraries to consider as they entertain the possibility of similar collaborations. NEXT STEPS A description of next steps includes tracking course adoptions of the textbooks as well as establishing sustainable digital publishing platforms and business models.
Exponent monitoring for low-cost concurrent error detection in FPU control logic

We present a non-intrusive concurrent error detection (CED) method for protecting the control logic of a contemporary floating point unit (FPU). The proposed method is based on the observation that control logic errors lead to extensive datapath corruption and affect, with high probability, the exponent part of the IEEE 754 floating point representation. Thus, exponent monitoring can be utilized to detect errors in the control logic of the FPU. Predicting the exponent involves relatively simple operations, therefore our method incurs significantly lower overhead than the classical approach of duplicating the control logic of the FPU. Indeed, experimental results on the openSPARC T1 processor show that, as compared to control logic duplication, which incurs an area overhead of 17.9% of the FPU size, our method incurs an area overhead of only 5.8% yet still achieves detection of over 95% of transient errors in the FPU control logic. Moreover, the proposed method offers the ancillary benefit of also detecting 98.1% of datapath errors that affect the exponent, which cannot be detected via duplication of control logic. Finally, when combined with a classical residue code-based method for the fraction, our method leads to a complete CED solution for the entire FPU which provides a coverage of 94.4% of all errors at an area cost of 16.32% of the FPU size.