cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dizziness and Vertigo

A. Dizziness — imprecise term used by patients to describe various sensations ranging from whirling to lightheadedness to unsteadiness B. Vertigo — illusion (sensation) of rotational movement of self or environment; described as whirling, spinning, tilting, rotating; often accompanied by nystagmus, unsteadiness, and nausea; implies abnormality of peripheral vestibular apparatus, vestibular nerve, or central nervous system (brain stem vestibular pathways) C. Syncope — loss of consciousness or fainting; often accompanied by profuse sweating (diaphoresis) and nausea; due to reduced cerebral perfusion and usually implies cardiovascular abnormality D. Dysequilibrium — unsteadiness (“drunkenness”) without vertigo; implies incongruity of sensory inputs mediating spatial orientation 1. Feeling experienced by individual who has lost proprioceptive input from legs (due to peripheral neuropathy) and cannot see foot position when attempting to walk in darkened room 2. Elderly individuals often have altered sensory input due to reduced vision (cataracts), reduced proprioception (as from diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy), or vestibular abnormalities (due to ischemia from basilar artery insufficiency) 3. Diminished sensory input causes feeling of being out of touch with environment, especially when walking or turning 4. Treatment involves supplying additional sensory cues (such as using cane when walking) E. Nystagmus - involuntary rhythmic oscillation of eye; evident as slow drift of eye in one direction followed by quick (cerebral cortex controlled) corrective jerk in opposite direction; named for direction of quick (fast) component 1. Toxic-metabolic disorders produce symmetrical horizontal nystagmus, equal in both directions of-gaze; common with large doses of phenytoin (Dilantin), benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valiurn), or barbiturates 2. Asymmetric nystagmus -absent or reduced in one direction of gaze compared with opposite direction of gaze; usually indicates peripheral vestibular dysfunction or brain disease 3. Dysconjugate nystagmus — movements greater in one eye; always indicates brain disease 4. Upward-gaze, downward-gaze, or rotatory nystagmus — movements other than in horizontal plane suggest brain disease and are usually not associated with vertigo 5. Positional nystagmus — nystagmus (and associated vertigo) occurring with certain head positions or with head movement F. Oscillopsia — illusion that stationary objects (such as ground, buildings, or walls) are moving back and forth (oscillating); results from bilateral vestibular damage (as from vestibulotoxic drugs) or brain stem disease (as in lateral medullary infarction)
ALCOHOL USE AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AMONG MEXICAN AMERICANS AND NON-HISPANIC WHITES

Alcohol use is associated with depressive symptoms in several studies. Using data from a community survey, this study examined whether this relationship (a) can be accounted for by ethnic or sociodemographic differences among persons who engage in various levels of alcohol use; and (b) differs for Mexican Americans (N = 1244) and non-Hispanic Whites (N = 1149). Using large quantities of alcohol, and, among men, daily drinking, were associated with depressed mood. These associations were similar for Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites, and associations of quantity and frequency with depression were independent of each other. Among women, the cultural and demographic characteristics of high-quantity drinkers and abstainers (both of whom tended to be Mexican Americans) accounted for the association of alcohol use with depression. Among men, there was some suggestion that unemployment and unmarried status mediated the association of alcohol quantity with depression. People who drank greater quantities of alcohol per occasion reported more somatic depressive symptoms, and more frequent male drinkers reported more of most types of depressive symptoms.
No PEDs in pediatrics.

William D. Graf MD*, Leon G. Epstein MD c,d Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
Pegasus: a system for seamless integration of heterogeneous information sources

Pegasus, a heterogeneous multidatabase management system that is under development, is described. The goal of the system is to provide facilities for applications to access and manipulate multiple autonomous heterogeneous object-oriented, relational, and other information systems. Pegasus defines a common object model for unifying the data models of the underlying systems. The data language of Pegasus allows transparent as well as explicit access to multiple information systems in a single declarative statement. The Pegasus architecture is described, and attention is given to data integration and query processing in Pegasus. >
Cort-X II: low power element design of a large-scale spatio-temporal pattern clustering system

Complex spatio-temporal patterns can be clustered using a network of parametrically coupled logistic maps. This paper describes the processing element design of such a Cort-X system. Each Cort-X element consists of a non-linear coupling (LC) and a non-linear dynamic element (IRON). The circuits are designed for low-power operation and to be robust against process variations. This has been accomplished by using open-loop circuits, and a self-calibration technique that compensate for process variations. The circuits were implemented in a 0.25 mum, 2.5V CMOS process and consumes a total of 12mW of power at 1MHz which is about a factor of 20 less power than previous realizations. This opens the possibility for building a large-scale Cort-X system on a chip for the recognition of complex spatio-temporal patterns.
Stem cell and genetic therapies for the fetus

The prenatal diagnosis and management of congenital disease has made significant progress over the previous decade. Currently, fetal therapy (including open surgery and fetoscopic intervention) provides therapeutic options for a range of congenital anomalies; however, it is restricted to the treatment of fetal pathophysiology. Improvements in prenatal screening and the early diagnosis of genetic disease allow for preemptive treatment of anticipated postnatal disease by stem cell or genetic therapy. While currently awaiting clinical application, in utero stem cell therapy has made significant advances in overcoming the engraftment and immunologic barriers in both murine and pre-clinical large animal models. Likewise, proof in principle for fetal gene therapy has been demonstrated in rodent and large animal systems as a method to prevent the onset of inherited genetic disease; however, safety and ethical risks still need to be addressed prior to human application. In this review, we examine the current status and future direction of stem cell and genetic therapy for the fetus.
Parallel Evolution of Tetrodotoxin Resistance in Three Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Genes in the Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis

Members of a gene family expressed in a single species often experience common selection pressures. Consequently, the molecular basis of complex adaptations may be expected to involve parallel evolutionary changes in multiple paralogs. Here, we use bacterial artificial chromosome library scans to investigate the evolution of the voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav) family in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis, a predator of highly toxic Taricha newts. Newts possess tetrodotoxin (TTX), which blocks Nav’s, arresting action potentials in nerves and muscle. Some Thamnophis populations have evolved resistance to extremely high levels of TTX. Previous work has identified amino acid sites in the skeletal muscle sodium channel Nav1.4 that confer resistance to TTX and vary across populations. We identify parallel evolution of TTX resistance in two additional Nav paralogs, Nav 1.6 and 1.7, which are known to be expressed in the peripheral nervous system and should thus be exposed to ingested TTX. Each paralog contains at least one TTX-resistant substitution identical to a substitution previously identified in Nav1.4. These sites are fixed across populations, suggesting that the resistant peripheral nerves antedate resistant muscle. In contrast, three sodium channels expressed solely in the central nervous system (Nav1.1‐1.3) showed no evidence of TTX resistance, consistent with protection from toxins by the blood‐brain barrier. We also report the exon‐intron structure of six Nav paralogs, the first such analysis for snake genes. Our results demonstrate that the molecular basis of adapta tion may be both repeatable across members of ag ene family and predictable based on functional considerations.
Betwixt and Between: The Social Position and Stress Experiences of Graduate Students.

Graduate students occupy social positions within institutions of higher education that are rife with role strain and, relative to broader power relations within these institutions, are marginalized. In this study, we inquire how the social positions and concomitant roles of graduate students shape their mental health experiences, investigating potential institutional sources of stress. Our findings suggest that master’s and doctoral students have unique mental health concerns related to their roles and social positions as graduate students. Major institutional sources of stress include role strain, mentor relationships, isolation, and funding.
In vivo repair of rat liver DNA damaged by 3-hydroxy-xanthine

Summary Using alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients, it was observed that administration of the hepatocarcinogen, 3-hydroxyxanthine, to rats, resulted in the slower sedimentation of liver DNA in alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients. Slower sedimentation of liver DNA in alkaline sucrose gradients was apparent within 4 h following the administration of the carcinogen at a dose of 50 μg/g body weight. The fragmentation of liver DNA was progressive with an increase in the dose. Such fragmentation caused by a dose of 100 μg/g was largely repaired by 24 h following the administration of the carcinogen. Fragmentation and repair of liver DNA with a dose of 100 μg or more/g body weight was also seen using neutral sucrose gradients. In neutral sucrose gradients significant repair of the fragmented DNA was seen by 24 h after carcinogen. Liver DNA from rats given 3-hydroxyxanthine (100 μg/g for 4 h) or calf thymus DNA incubated in vitro with this carcinogen did not show any change in their melting profile.
Alterations in the facial skeleton of the guinea pig following a lesion of the trigeminal motor nucleus

In thirty-three of sixty-six guinea pigs of the Topeka strain small, unilateral, electrolytic lesions were produced in the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Unoperated animals and the side contralateral to the muscle paralysis served as controls. Lesions were created when animals were 15 days or 75 days of age, and the animals were killed 15, 30, 45, or 60 days postoperatively. Each animal was subjected to dry skull preparations or radiographic and histologic techniques. Alterations in craniofacial form were noted in both the growing animals and the animals with little growth remaining. Alterations in form and function included paralysis and atrophy of the muscles of mastication on the lesion side, hypereruption of teeth, and reduction in growth of facial bones on the lesion side. Remodeling changes were evident in the glenoid fossa, the condylar process, and the coronoid process on the operated side but were not apparent in the contralateral control or the unoperated control animal.
Defect-Tolerant FPGA Architecture Exploration

According to the ITRS predictions, controlling manufacturing yield is going to be a challenging task in future technologies. The effective yield of future FPGA architectures considering configurable logic blocks, switch boxes, connection boxes and routing segments is estimated in this paper. The results show that some degree of redundancy for logic blocks, routing and switch boxes is necessary. However, no more than one spare logic block per cluster, and at most one spare wire is required to obtain a satisfactory effective yield. The results also indicate that it is beneficial to increase logic cluster size of future FPGA architectures for better yield.
Novel isoquinolone PDK1 inhibitors discovered through fragment-based lead discovery

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is a critical enzyme in the PI3K/AKT pathway and to the activation of AGC family protein kinases, including S6K, SGK, and PKC. Dysregulation of this pathway plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival and tumor angiogenesis. As such, inhibitors of PDK1 offer the promise of a new therapeutic modality for cancer treatment. Fragment based drug screening has recently become a viable entry point for hit identification. In this work, NMR spectroscopy fragment screening of PDK1 afforded novel chemotypes as orthogonal starting points from HTS screening hits. Compounds identified as hits by NMR spectroscopy were tested in a biochemical assay, and fragments with activity in both assays were clustered. The Pfizer compound file was mined via substructure and 2D similarity search, and the chemotypes were prioritized by ligand efficiency (LE), SAR mining, chemical attractiveness, and chemical enablement of promising vectors. From this effort, an isoquinolone fragment hit, 5 (IC(50) 870 μM, LE = 0.39), was identified as a novel, ligand efficient inhibitor of PDK1 and a suitable scaffold for further optimization. Initially in the absence of crystallographic data, a fragment growing approach efficiently explored four vectors of the isoquinolone scaffold via parallel synthesis to afford a compound with crystallographic data, 16 (IC(50) 41.4 μM, LE = 0.33). Subsequent lead optimization efforts provided 24 (IC(50) 1.8 μM, LE = 0.42), with greater than fivefold selectivity against other key pathway kinases.
From Memory to Action: Teatro Dallas’s Production of Pizcas

In this brief meditation, and with an interest in the interplay of cultural memory and official history, the author directs attention to the production of Pizcas aimed at children and performed by Teatro Dallas at the Latino Cultural Center. The author argues that the production, and the theatre activities played out with children immediately following the production, engaged latinidad in order reveal places of affective investment and empowerment. It is a fact that Latin@ youth cannot escape the intricacies of living with a complex identity that much of the U.S. populace is uncomfortable addressing.
An experience developing an IDS stimulator for the black-box testing of network intrusion detection systems

Signature-based intrusion detection systems use a set of attack descriptions to analyze event streams, looking for evidence of malicious behavior. If the signatures are expressed in a well-defined language, it is possible to analyze the attack signatures and automatically generate events or series of events that conform to the attack descriptions. This approach has been used in tools whose goal is to force intrusion detection systems to generate a large number of detection alerts. The resulting "alert storm" is used to desensitize intrusion detection system administrators and hide attacks in the event stream. We apply a similar technique to perform testing of intrusion detection systems. Signatures from one intrusion detection system are used as input to an event stream generator that produces randomized synthetic events that match the input signatures. The resulting event stream is then fed to a number of different intrusion detection systems and the results are analyzed. This paper presents the general testing approach and describes the first prototype of a tool, called Mucus, that automatically generates network traffic using the signatures of the Snort network-based intrusion detection system. The paper describes preliminary cross-testing experiments with both an open-source and a commercial tool and reports the results. An evasion attack that was discovered as a result of analyzing the test results is also presented.
Evanescent energy in square and circular fibers

A finite element method is presented to find the propagation characteristics of an optical fiber with arbitrary cross section. This method uses a non-local boundary operator to reduce the infinite problem (open waveguide) to a bounded one. Evanescent energy in circular and square fibers of the same core area are computed and compared to show that square fibers can be effectively used in single molecule detection.
The Cambridge Introduction to Gabriel Garciá Márquez: Early short stories, journalism and a first (modernist) novel, Leaf Storm (1947–1955)

How does a child born in a small tropical town grow up to become a great writer? As a small boy Gabriel Garcia Marquez drew accomplished pictures well before he could read and write, and his early experience in a Montessori school may have helped him acquire the remarkable sensuality and plasticity so evident in his literary art. The first work he remembered reading was the One Thousand and One Nights , in which Scheherazade manages to survive by enchanting the murderous caliph with the hypnotic beauty of her storytelling – an appropriate antecedent, perhaps, for any Latin American child wishing to be a writer in that most politically risky of continents. Later, adding to the exotic impact of that magical serial, he read such typical boyish adventure stories as The Count of Monte Cristo , Treasure Island and the tales of Salgari, novels written by masters of narrative, the sort of books which some writers forswear as they become more sophisticated but which for him remained eternal classics of the storyteller’s art. In high school in Zipaquira , as a romantic adolescent, he turned to poetry. Few countries in Latin America were traditionally more committed to poetry, as against the novel, than Colombia. (Chile and Nicaragua would be two further examples.) In the 1940s, when Garcia Marquez was a student, Colombian poetry boasted a movement called Piedra y Cielo (Stone and Sky), ef ectively a national continuation of the avant-garde movements in Spain and Latin America in the 1920s and 1930s, whose most notable representatives were Spain’s Federico Garcia Lorca and Chile’s Pablo Neruda – though all the poets of their generation owed a vast debt to the end-of-the-century Nicaraguan modernist Ruben Dario , whom Garcia Marquez himself would always revere.
Spanish- and English-Speaking Pregnant Women's Views on cfDNA and Other Prenatal Screening: Practical and Ethical Reflections.

The rapid clinical implementation of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening, a non-invasive method of prenatal genetic screening, has outpaced research on its social and ethical implications. This study is the first to compare the ethical and practical views of Spanish- and English-speaking pregnant women in the United States about cfDNA screening. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with diverse Spanish- and English-speaking women who had received prenatal care at a large academic medical center. Of the 24 interviewees, ten were Latinas who were interviewed in Spanish; English-language interviews were conducted with seven non-Hispanic Asian and seven non-Hispanic White women. Participants held positive opinions concerning the accuracy of cfDNA screening and often noted that it would enhance preparedness. Participants also expressed concerns about the possibility of inaccurate results and the potentially negative effects of cfDNA screening on the experience of pregnancy. Differences emerged between Spanish and English speakers in their portrayals of their relationships with prenatal health care providers, the extent to which they questioned providers’ advice, their ethical concerns, and their informational needs. We emphasize the importance of customizing prenatal test counseling to the needs of the individual patient, providing educationally appropriate counseling and literature, and mitigating potential language barriers.
Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Optic Canal: Anatomic Considerations and Surgical Relevance.

Background Increasing use of endoscopic endonasal surgery for suprasellar lesions with extension into the optic canal (OC) has necessitated a better endonasal description of the OC. Objective To identify the osseous OC transcranially and then investigate its anatomic relationship to the key endonasal intrasphenoidal landmarks. We also aimed to determine and describe the technical nuances for safely opening the falciform ligament and intracanalicular dura (surrounding the optic nerve [ON]) endonasally. Methods Ten fresh human head silicon-injected specimens underwent an endoscopic transtuberculum/transplanum approach followed by 2-piece orbitozygomatic craniotomy to allow identification of 20 OCs. After completing up to 270° of endonasal bony decompression of the OC, a dural incision started at the sella and continued superiorly across the superior intercavernous sinus. Subsequently the dural opening was extended anterolaterally across the dura of the prechiasmatic sulcus, limbus sphenoidale, and planum. Results Endonasally, the length of the osseous OC was approximately 6 mm and equivalent to the length of the lateral opticocarotid recess, as measured anteroposteriorly. The ophthalmic artery arose from the supraclinoidal carotid artery at approximately 2.5 mm from the medial osseous OC entrance. Transcranial correlation of the endonasal dural incision confirmed medial detachment of the falciform ligament and exposure of the preforaminal ON. Conclusion The lateral opticocarotid recess allows distinction of the preforaminal ON, roofed by the falciform ligament from the intracanalicular segment in the osseous OC. This facilitates the preoperative surgical strategy regarding the extent of OC decompression and dural opening. Extensive endonasal decompression of the OC and division of the falciform ligament is feasible.
Effect of rotational wave packets on the stimulated emission of nitrogen with light filament

Abstract We measure forward emission of the nitrogen ion excited by light filaments at 800 nm. The radiation strongly depends on light polarization and orbital angular momentum. In all cases the rotational distribution of nitrogen molecules plays an essential role in the 428 nm stimulated emission.
Analysis of Bacterial Lipooligosaccharides by MALDI-TOF MS with Traveling Wave Ion Mobility

Lipooligosaccharides (LOS) are major microbial virulence factors displayed on the outer membrane of rough-type Gram-negative bacteria. These amphipathic glycolipids are comprised of two domains, a core oligosaccharide linked to a lipid A moiety. Isolated LOS samples are generally heterogeneous mixtures of glycoforms, with structural variability in both domains. Traditionally, the oligosaccharide and lipid A components of LOS have been analyzed separately following mild acid hydrolysis, although important acid-labile moieties can be cleaved. Recently, an improved method was introduced for analysis of intact LOS by MALDI-TOF MS using a thin layer matrix composed of 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) and nitrocellulose. In addition to molecular ions, the spectra show in-source “prompt” fragments arising from regiospecific cleavage between the lipid A and oligosaccharide domains. Here, we demonstrate the use of traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS) for IMS-MS and IMS-MS/MS analyses of intact LOS from Neisseria spp. ionized by MALDI. Using IMS, the singly charged prompt fragments for the oligosaccharide and lipid A domains of LOS were readily separated into resolved ion plumes, permitting the extraction of specific subspectra, which led to increased confidence in assigning compositions and improved detection of less abundant ions. Moreover, IMS separation of precursor ions prior to collision-induced dissociation (CID) generated time-aligned, clean MS/MS spectra devoid of fragments from interfering species. Incorporating IMS into the profiling of intact LOS by MALDI-TOF MS exploits the unique domain structure of the molecule and offers a new means of extracting more detailed information from the analysis.
Prevalence of the factor VLeiden mutation among autopsy patients with pulmonary thromboembolic disease using an improved method for factor VLeiden detection.

Activated protein C resistance caused by factor V Leiden mutation is the most common inherited predisposing cause of venous thromboembolism, including pulmonary embolism (PE). We studied whether the incidence of factor V Leid. is higher among patients with PE evident at autopsy than in the general population Paraffin-embedded fixed tissue blocks from all autopsy patients with diagnosed pulmonary thromboembolic disease during a 4-year period were collected for DNA extraction. Extraction and molecular analysis of the DNA was performed with an improved technique with an internal control to determine the presence of factor V Leiden mutation. Analysis of 82 autopsy cases with PE yielded 5 patients who were heterozygotes. Seventy-seven of the 82 patients analyzed were normal, and no homozygotes for factor V Leiden mutation were identified. This yielded a positive rate of 6% overall and 7% among white patients, which is similar to the incidence of heterozygotes in the white population. This study indicates that routine determination of factor V Leiden mutation is not warranted for patients with PE diagnosed at autopsy.
High-density Co/Al2O3 core-shell nanocrystal memory

Metal/high-k dielectric core-shell nanocrystal (NC) memory capacitors were demonstrated by e-beam evaporation process. This kind of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) memory shows good performance in charge storage, programming and erasing speeds. Compared to Co NC memory, Co/Al2O3 core-shell NC memory shows improved retention performance since the additional Al2O3 shell layer acts as a barrier, which prevent the leakage.
Evaluation of Turbulence Model Corrections for Supersonic Jets Using the OVERFLOW Code

The OVERFLOW code is used for computations of supersonic jets. Corrections for compressibility and temperature effects are evaluated based on comparisons with experimental data. Test cases include isothermal and heated, perfectly expanded and underexpanded axisymmetric jets with design Mach numbers around two. Also, a 3-D jet in an angled crossflow at a design Mach number of three is evaluated. The SST turbulence model is chosen for the flows examined in this study. The Sarkar, Zeman, and Wilcox compressibility corrections and Abdol-Hamid’s temperature correction are assessed when used with the SST model. Results for the axisymmetric jets show that using a compressibility correction is important for a good prediction of the jet development. The effect of the temperature correction is not as significant. For the 3-D jet in crossflow, conclusions are not as decisive. The velocity decay is underpredicted when using the compressibility correction. The temperature correction behaves as it did for the axisymmetric jet. The overall recommendation is that the corrections must be used with caution, especially when approaching high temperature and Mach number regimes.
Extensive injury of descending neurons demonstrated by retrograde labeling in a virus-induced murine model of chronic inflammatory demyelination

Persistent Theiler's virus infection of SJL/J mice was used as a model to quantitatively assess the extent of descending neuron injury by chronic inflammatory demyelination of the spinal cord. By 9 months postinfection, inflammatory demyelinating lesions were present throughout the spinal cord, affecting up to 31% of the cross-sectional area of the ventrolateral columns. Axon dropout was evident in the lesions by electron microscopy and by quantitation of axons in normal-appearing white matter. Axon number in the ventrolateral columns at L1/L2 was reduced by 23% and total axon area was reduced by 37%. compared with uninfected mice. The most informative data on descending neuron injury, however, was a reduction in retrograde, Fluoro-Gold labeling. Labeling from T1 1/T12 of rubrospinal, reticulospinal/raphespinal, and vestibulospinal neurons was reduced by 60%, 70%, and 93%, respectively. Retrograde responses to axonal injury were observed, consisting of atrophied cell bodies, indented nuclei, and abundant lipofuscin, but cell body dropout was minimal. The number of cell bodies of vestibulospinal neurons was reduced by only 35%, whereas the number of cell bodies of rubrospinal neurons was unchanged. These results demonstrate that chronic inflammatory demyelination can severely injure axons and emphasize the need to design neuroprotective therapies in human multiple sclerosis.
The TEAM Approach to Investing

(1999). The TEAM Approach to Investing. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 6, pp. 553-558.
Corporate Equities as Lotteries: Skewness and the Tax Preference for Corporate Debt

The tax preference for interest payments by corporations as compared to dividend payments is a long surviving feature of many tax systems. Many have argued that there is no reason for this preference and so it distorts the capital structure of corporations needlessly. This article argues that because the returns to equity are more positively skewed as compared to debt, individual investors will tend to value equity more than they would value it given only its mean and variance characteristics. The article goes on to argue that in the social aggregate only the mean and variance characteristics persist. As a result, this article argues that the tax preference for debt capitalization instead of equity capitalization may help to align social and individual incentives in investment. The article also discusses how other considerations might diminish or even reverse the sign of the optimal preference for debt. However, this article argues that it is not the case that there is no argument for such a preference based on the nature of the returns to debt and the returns to equity.
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Dual Economic Structural Transformation in Henan Province

Dual economic structure which is also embodied in Henna province is the main reason to restrict economic development.Labor force shift,capital accumulation and technological progress are analyzed in detail to find the factors that affect the shift of dual economic structure transformation and the advices of transforming the dual economic structure in Henan Province are proposed.
Determination of Propylene Oxide in Air by Solvent Desorption Gas Phase Chromatography

[Objective]To establish a method for determining propylene oxide in workshop air.[Methods]Propylene oxide in air was absorbed by methanol,separated by FFAP capillary column,and detected by FID detector gas chromatography.[Results]The correlation coefficient of standard curves r = 0.9996.The average adsorption efficiency was more than 93.2%.[Conclusion]This method is conformed with the requirements of "Standardization of Methods for Determination of Toxic Substance in Workplace" and it is suitable for determination of propylene oxide in the air of workplace.
Role of Slow Axonal Transport in Nerve Regeneration

After section of the optic tract in goldfish, axonal outgrowth begins 6–8 days after the cut and is accompanied by an increase in the slow component of axonal protein transport. Application of colchicine to intact or cut tracts decreases the rate of the transport in the optic nerve at points upstream from the injection. The colchicine treatment may also inhibit axonal outgrowth in the cut tracts, but in some cases outgrowth occurs even when the transport rate is decreased, Therefore, the increase in transport rate observed during regeneration is not a prerequisite for axonal outgrowth, but may be the consequence of such outgrowth.
Engineering Rugged Field Assays to Detect Hazardous Chemicals Using Spore-Based Bacterial Biosensors

Bacterial whole cell-based biosensors have been genetically engineered to achieve selective and reliable detection of a wide range of hazardous chemicals. Although whole-cell biosensors demonstrate many advantages for field-based detection of target analytes, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed. Most notably, their often modest shelf life and need for special handling and storage make them challenging to use in situations where access to reagents, instrumentation, and expertise are limited. These problems can be circumvented by developing biosensors in Bacillus spores, which can be engineered to address all of these concerns. In its sporulated state, a whole cell-based biosensor has a remarkably long life span and is exceptionally resistant to environmental insult. When these spores are germinated for use in analytical techniques, they show no loss in performance, even after long periods of storage under harsh conditions. In this chapter, we will discuss the development and use of whole cell-based sensors, their adaptation to spore-based biosensors, their current applications, and future directions in the field.
Developing Humanistic Management Research (Chapter 7)

This chapter argues that management research should dedicate itself to understanding managerial practices that improve the world. The overarching question for humanistic management research is how organizational practices can be transformed to protect and promote human dignity and, ultimately, achieve well-being and flourishing. There are several ways to transition towards this kind of humanistic management research. These pathways are represented in Figure 7.1.
Growth Induction to Treat Long Esophageal Strictures

Esophageal strictures are a frequent consequence of the repair of esophageal atresia (EA), especially in the case of long-gap EA (LGEA). The principal method of treatment has been esophageal dilation, previously with rigid dilators, but now balloon catheters are commonly used [1–8]. More recently, removable stents and injections with mitomycin C or steroids have also been used to inhibit stricture recurrence, but the rate of their successes in children has not yet been determined [9–14]. Despite treatment which may include frequent dilations, injections, and removable stent placement, in some patients significant complications occur or the stricturing tendency remains active with continuing dysphagia [15–17] (see Chaps. 32 “Strictures and Methods of Dilation” and 33 “The Dynamic Stent”).
Epidermoid Cyst in an Intra-Pancreatic Accessory Spleen

The estimated prevalence of accessory spleen, most commonly found at the splenic hilum, is about 10% in the autopsy studies. The second commonly involved site is pancreas, and 1-2% of general population has intra-pancreatic accessory spleen (IPAS). Differential diagnosis of IPAS includes other solid pancreatic tumors, especially non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Computed tomography scans and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging may accurately distinguish IPAS from other solid pancreatic lesions, with imaging features similar to the native spleen. Epidermoid cysts (EC) are common in the native spleen, but rarely found in IPAS. Differential diagnosis of the EC in IPAS includes other cystic lesions of the pancreas. Although the condition is extremely rare, an accurate pre-operative diagnosis can save a patient from major surgery given the benign nature of this condition. We present a case of an EC in an IPAS who underwent distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy for suspicion of malignancy.
Relationships between chewing rate, occlusion, cephalometric anatomy, muscle activity, and masticatory performance.

Abstract Objective Mastication consists of rhythmic jaw openings and closings. Recent studies suggest that muscle mechanical properties determine the rhythmic rate; however, speed-accuracy tradeoffs may also play a role. This study evaluated how variation in chewing rate affected chewing performance, how masticatory muscle activity varied with chewing rate, and whether morphology and demographics contributed to performance. Design Chewing performance and muscle activity were sampled in 23 healthy, fully-dentate adults, who chewed a standardized test food to a metronome set at 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2 and 3 times their ‘natural’ chewing rates. Subjects produced ten chews per trial, and five trials for each of the five rates. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity was sampled from masseter and temporalis muscles bilaterally. Demographic, occlusal, and cephalometric data were also obtained. Results Chewing performance, defined by median particle size, was inversely related to chewing rate; however, performance was not remarkably improved at rates slower than the natural chewing rate. Above the natural chewing rate, variability in EMG bursts diminished, suggesting a reduction in muscle activity modulation at fast rates. Occlusal contacts and most morphological features appeared to play a limited or no role in performance. Conclusions Results support the hypothesis that the ‘natural’ chewing rate is selected to be as fast as possible while providing sufficient time to allow EMG modulation for improved performance. The interplay between EMG modulation and individual variation in skeletal morphology is likely critical for optimal chewing performance.
Intravitreal, Subretinal, and Suprachoroidal Injections: Evolution of Microneedles for Drug Delivery.

Abstract Even though the very thought of an injection into the eye may be frightening, an estimated 6 million intravitreal (IVT) injections were made in the USA during 2016. With the introduction of new therapeutic agents, this number is expected to increase. In addition, drug products that are injectable in ocular compartments other than the vitreous humor are expected to enter the back of the eye market in the not so distant future. Besides the IVT route, some of the most actively investigated routes of invasive administration to the eye include periocular, subretinal, and suprachoroidal (SC) routes. While clinical efficacy is the driving force behind new injectable drug product development for the eye, safety is also being improved with time. In the case of IVT injections, the procedural guidelines have evolved over the years to improve patient comfort and reduce injection-related injury and infection. Similar advances are anticipated for other routes of administration of injectable products to the eye...
Relationship of Hippocampal Volumes and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Over Early Posttrauma Periods

Abstract Background Smaller hippocampal volume is associated with more severe posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms years after traumatic experiences. Posttraumatic stress symptoms appear early following trauma, but the relationship between hippocampal volume and PTSD symptom severity during early posttrauma periods is not well understood. It is possible that the inverse relationship between hippocampal volume and PTSD symptom severity is already present soon after trauma. To test this possibility, we prospectively examined the association between hippocampal volumes and severity of PTSD symptoms within weeks to months after trauma due to a motor vehicle collision. Methods Structural magnetic resonance imaging scans of 44 survivors were collected about 2 weeks and again at 3 months after a motor vehicle collision to measure hippocampal volumes. The PTSD Checklist was used to evaluate PTSD symptoms at each scan time. Full ( n = 5) or partial ( n = 6) PTSD was evaluated using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale at 3 months. Results Left hippocampal volumes at both time points negatively correlated with PTSD Checklist scores, and with subscores for re-experiencing symptoms at 3 months. Left hippocampal volumes at 3 months also negatively correlated with hyperarousal symptoms at 3 months. Finally, neither left nor right hippocampal volumes significantly changed between 2 weeks and 3 months posttrauma. Conclusions The results suggest that small hippocampal volume at early posttrauma weeks is associated with increased risk for PTSD development. Furthermore, the inverse relationship between hippocampal volume and PTSD symptoms at 3 months did not arise from posttrauma shifts in hippocampal volume between 2 weeks and 3 months after trauma.
Neurophysiological Correlates of Face and Voice Integration

On meeting another individual for the first time during the course of a conversation we learn a lot unique and idiosyncratic facts about that person. If that meeting is socially or professionally significant, in the future, on crossing paths with that individual again, we can easily remember their details and the circumstances of the meeting. The person’s age, gender, ethnic or racial background, place of birth, current place of residence, professional and personal interests are all important pieces of data for building up a mental picture of that individual which we notice without going to too much effort. We might also notice the tone of their voice, the prosody with which they speak, and a foreign accent, if present. Interestingly, all of those details can be readily recalled on either seeing their face or just hearing their voice. Many of the chapters in this book are devoted to the importance of the face and voice in the formed percept we have of another individual—assigning an individual their own unique identity. Other chapters focus on how animals decode these important conspecific details. The questions asked in this chapter pertain less to brain mechanisms active in identifying specific individuals and their characteristics, but focus on issues relating to how non-verbal face and voice cues are integrated by the human brain. Early behavioral studies have noted how important non-verbal behaviors are for the interpretation of the actions of others, in terms of presenting important information relating to the social interaction (Campbell & Rushton, 1978; Mehrabian & Ferris, 1967). Yet, this remains a poorly studied area in social neuroscience and is a major focus for our laboratory.
B fibers are the best predictors of cardiac activity during Vagus nerve stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising therapy for many neurologic and psychiatric conditions. However, determining stimulus parameters for individual patients is a major challenge. The traditional method of titrating stimulus intensity based on patient perception produces highly variable responses. This study explores using the vagal response to measure stimulation dose and predict physiological effect. Clinicians are investigating the use of VNS for heart failure management, and this work aims to correlate cardiac measures with vagal fiber activity. By recording vagal activity during VNS in rats and using regression analysis, we found that cardiac activity across all animals was best correlated to the activation of a specific vagal fiber group. With conduction velocities ranging from 5 to 10 m/s, these fibers are classified as B fibers (using the Erlanger-Gasser system) and correspond to vagal parasympathetic efferents. B fiber activation can serve as a standardized, objective measure of stimulus dose across all subjects. Tracking fiber activation provides a more systematic way to study the effects of VNS and in the future, may lead to a more consistent method of therapy delivery.
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of androgen receptor impact its activities in prostate cancer cells

1702 The androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in normal prostate and prostate cancer development. Like other steroid receptors, AR is a phosphorylated protein and its phosphorylation can be induced by androgens. However, the importance of AR phosphorylation is not fully appreciated, as evidenced by previous site directed mutagenesis studies of particular serines and threonines that exhibited minimal effects on receptor transcriptional activity. Using a phospho-specific antibody for phospho-serine 81, we have found that AR Ser81 phosphorylation status correlates with PSA promoter activation in LNCaP cells and with AR stabilization. AR agonists and antagonists have parallel effects on AR Ser81 phosphorylation and PSA expression. In the androgen-independent cell line, C4-2 cells, Ser81 phosphorylation and PSA promoter activation happens at lower androgen levels than in LNCaP cells. Candidate kinases phosphorylating this site were CDK1 and CDK5, and we have found that only transfected activated CDK1 could stimulate phosphorylation of AR at Ser81, while CDK1 specific inhibitors repress this phosphorylation. Importantly, CDK1 antagonists also markedly decreased AR protein expression and PSA promoter activation, indicating that CDK1 mediated AR phosphorylation enhances AR stability. Nonetheless, using site directed mutagenesis we found that phosphorylation of Ser81 is not required for androgen- and CDK1-induced AR stabilization and is not sufficient for PSA promoter activation in non-prostate cells. These results suggest that CDK1 may stabilize AR by targeting additional sites, and that CDK1 antagonists may be useful in the treatment of prostate cancer, including androgen independent prostate cancers that have been associated with increased AR stability.
Cephalic venous aneurysm in the wrist.

Abstract Venous aneurysms are benign vascular lesions usually located in the neck, lower extremity, and abdomen, but rarely in the upper extremity. There may be a mistake or delay in diagnosis because they are uncommon. We report a case of a healthy 54-year-old man who had a cephalic venous aneurysm in his wrist that grew slowly over 20 years. The diagnosis was made on MRI and confirmed with excisional surgery. Radiologists should consider venous aneurysms in the differential when evaluating soft tissue masses as they will often be the first to make the correct diagnosis.
Shock Induced Thermal Explosion

Shock initiation experiments on condensed phase solid and liquid explosives as well as gases have suggested the strong role of hot spots (also called reaction centers) as sites where ignition of the explosive first takes place. Shock initiation studies in liquid Nitromethane have provided representative evidence. In these experiments, an inert piston is driven into the explosive and after the elapse of an “induction period”, an ignition event occurs in a reaction center, (thought to be located at the piston face for Nitromethane). The continued growth and development of the center ultimately gives rise to a detonation.
Separation of sub-micron particles from micron particles using acoustic fluid relocation combined with acoustophoresis.

Acoustophoresis has gained increasing attention as a gentle, non-contact, and high-throughput cell and particle separation technique. It is conveniently used to isolate and enrich particles that are greater than 2 μm; however, its use in manipulating particles smaller than 2 μm is limited. In this work, we present an alternative way of using acoustic forces to manipulate sub-micrometer particles in continuous flow fashion. It has been shown that acoustic forces can be employed to relocate parallel laminar flow streams of two impedance-mismatched fluids. We demonstrate the separation of sub-micron particles from micron particles by the combination of acoustophoresis and acoustic fluid relocation. The micron particles are focused into the middle of the flow channel via primary acoustic forces while sub-micron particles are moved to the side via drag forces created by the relocating fluid. We demonstrate the proof of the concept using binary mixtures of particles comprised of sub-micron/micron particles, micron/micron particles, and bovine red blood cells with E. coli. The efficiency of the particle enrichment is determined via flow cytometry analysis of the collected streams. This study demonstrates that by combining acoustic fluid relocation with acoustophoresis, sub-micron particles can be effectively separated from micron particles at high flow rates and it can be further implemented to separate binary mixtures of micron particles if the volumetric ratio of two particles is greater than 10 and the larger particle diameter is about 10 μm. The combined method is more appropriate to use than acoustophoresis in situations where acoustic streaming and differences in acoustic impedance of fluids can be of concern.