cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower Confidence Bounds Using Pilot Samples with an Application to Auditing

Abstract A pilot study is often done prior to a more thorough study, to determine whether a larger-scale effort is likely to yield useful results. In one sense, the pilot study can discourage or encourage further investigation. This is true in many situations in auditing. For example, an auditor seeks to determine that amount an insurance provider overpays. Often the provider makes few mistakes and overpays little. On the other hand, occasionally a provider overpays a lot. Because the cost of auditing is expensive and the procedure is somewhat disruptive, a pilot study can prove very useful. When overpayment activity is present, the auditor would like a more precise estimate of overpayment, and then a second sample is called for. Pilot studies generally have small or moderate sample sizes. Nevertheless, the data from these samples should be used in two ways: first, to determine whether further sampling should be done, and second, to be used along with second samples for inference purposes. In this article...
Foodservice Management Formulas Made Easy

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Participants will become familiar with a self-instructional individualized unit of foodservice management problem sets, the benefits and problems associated with self-instruction and how to adopt this method of teaching to ones own setting. This presentation will provide an overview of a self-instructional unit for review and practice of foodservice management mathematical formulas developed for use in an undergraduate dietetics foodservice management course. The unit provides basic math remediation and sample calculations with increasing difficulty for calculating food cost percentages, selling prices, recipe adjustments, edible-portion amounts, and as-purchased portion amounts. Each student receives an individualized packet containing self-instructional materials and problem sets. The problem sets are generated using a software program, Computer-Assisted Personalized-Approach (CAPA), which provides unique problem sets for each student. This method of presenting foodservice management mathematical formulas, and the skills necessary to properly calculate such formulas, has been overwhelmingly accepted by students in a large undergraduate foodservice management course. Students work independently or with peers to complete the problem sets and immediately know through the computer program if their answer is correct or not. The correct answer to each problem differs for each student. It is anticipated that student competency will increase with self-instructional learning opportunities. Using this self-instructional unit reduces the time that an instructor must spend on simple math skills and problem calculations, thus allowing more time for other classroom activities. This presentation will also provide ideas about the use of this approach in other areas of dietetics education.
A Theoretical Integration of Wages and Social Insurance

Introduction, 470. — I. Optimum pay-pension package: first approximation, 472. — II. The shape of the offer lines, 476. — III. The shape of the indifference curves, 477. — IV. Optimum conditions of benefit receipt, 479. — V. Equilibrium rate of return on pension funds, 480. — VI. Conclusions, 482.
Thoracic outlet lymphangioma

We report a case of a lymphangioma causing thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) in a young collegiate athlete. This was completely resected with a combined cervical and axillary osteo-muscular sparing approach.
Comparative response of smooth muscle strips of bladder and bowel to various pharmacological agents

Intestinal segments are commonly incorporated in the urinary system as conduits, reservoirs, and as implants in augmentations of bladders. This practice, initiated in 1888 by Tizzone, only became popular in the 1950s. Although both bladder and intestine are composed primarily of smooth muscle, there are significant morphological and functional differences between these tissues. This present study compares the pharmacological properties of intestinal smooth muscle to those of bladder smooth muscle. Ileum was taken as a representative section from small intestine, sigmoid colon from the large bowel, and the bladder body from the urinary bladder. The results can be summarized as follows: Bethanechol (cholinergic agonist) produced a rapid and sustained increase in tension in the bladder, a marked increase in the amplitude and frequency of phasic contractions in the ileum, and a sustained increase in tension in the sigmoid colon. Methoxamine (α-adrenergic agonist) and ATP (purinergic agonist) produced an increase in tension in the bladder, and reduced the tension in both ileum and sigmoid. Isoproterenol (β-adrenergic agonist) produced a relaxation in all three tissues.
Managing Newborn Health in the Global Community

The largest health disparities in the world are found in maternal and neonatal mortality figures between the industrialized countries and the poorest sections of the poorest countries. Young lives would be saved if the skills and knowledge that have been accumulated by health workers aroundthe world could be readily applied. The problems reside with lack of management resources rather than lack of scientific knowledge. The Healthy Newborn: A Reference Manual for Program Managersis a graduate course in management aimed at providing health to newborns and healthy newborns to communities.
The old and the new physical anthropology in the careers of E. A. Hooton and W. M. Krogman

Physical anthropology changed many of its theoretical premises after World War II under the influence of the synthetic theory of evolution. Earnest Albert Hooton (1887-1954) and Wilton Marion Krogman (1903-1987) were excellent examples of leading workers whose research orientations differed, but whose students were important parts of the new consensus. These theoretical innovations undermined the racial morphological typology which underlay much of Hooton's work on racial history, and radiographs of the sizes of bone, marrow, muscle, and fat in the human brachium undermined his work and researches of other constitutionalists and increased the prestige of alternative work on body composition. Krogman, however, initially worked on the growth of the skull and dentition of the great apes and was a leader in human growth studies all his life. He was the most important writer in the United States on forensic applications of human skeletal biology. Since neither growth studies nor forensic applications depended much on typology, Krogman's publications were generally more modern than Hooton's. In terms of parsimony, Hooton's works can be criticized in terms of his cumbersome typology, but not his ideas on arborealism and the adaptive radiation of the primates. Krogman's interest in roentgenographic cephalometry may have been motivated by a concern for parsimonious explanations of craniofacial growth. Indeed, research in the new physical anthropology can truly be said to stand on the shoulders of these two giants.
Fetal Personhood: Social Meanings and Functions

The 2012 election in the United States brought abortion once again to the forefront of social issues, with an intensity of rightist discourse not seen since the early 1980s during the conservative restoration. This paper dialectically examines, from a Marxist Feminist perspective, a specific ideological development in the abortion/contraction controversy, that of fetal personhood. First, an overview of recent abortion legislation will be presented, highlighting recent personhood bills. Next, the ideology of fetal personhood is examined, along with its legal implausibility. Finally, I present four ways that fetal personhood benefits the ruling class by objectifying women, eroding solidarity, increasing surveillance, and justifying public sector cuts as part of austerity.
UPPER LIMB POWERED EXOSKELETON

An exoskeleton is a wearable robot with joints and links corresponding to those of the human body. With applications in rehabilitation medicine, virtual reality simulation, and teleoperation, exoskeletons offer benefits for both disabled and healthy populations. Analytical and experimental approaches were used to develop, integrate, and study a powered exoskeleton for the upper limb and its application as an assistive device. The kinematic and dynamic dataset of the upper limb during daily living activities was one among several factors guiding the development of an anthropomorphic, seven degree-of-freedom, powered arm exoskeleton. Additional design inputs include anatomical and physiological considerations, workspace analyses, and upper limb joint ranges of motion. Proximal placement of motors and distal placement of cable-pulley reductions were incorporated into the design, leading to low inertia, high-stiffness links, and back-drivable transmissions with zero backlash. The design enables full glenohumeral, elbow, and wrist joint functionality. Establishing the human-machine interface at the neural level was facilitated by the development of a Hill-based muscle model (myoprocessor) that enables intuitive interaction between the operator and the wearable robot. Potential applications of the exoskeleton as a wearable robot include (i) an assistive (orthotic) device for human power amplifications, (ii) a therapeutic and diagnostics device for physiotherapy, (iii) a haptic device in virtual reality simulation, and (iv) a master device for teleoperation.
Household responsibilities in the family of origin: Relations with self-efficacy in young adulthood

Abstract Undergraduate students ( N = 280, M age = 20.6 years) completed self-report measures of general and work self-efficacy, quality of relationships with parents, and household responsibilities while growing up. Results indicate positive correlations between household responsibilities (housework chores, running errands) and general and work self-efficacy; and between quality of relationships with parents and self-efficacy. Age at beginning self-care and housework tasks are predictive of general self-efficacy for women, and housework and age at beginning chores are predictive of women’s work self-efficacy; for men, running errands predicts greater general and work self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is predicted by household responsibilities even when relationships with parents are considered. Potential processes underlying relations between household responsibilities and self-efficacy development are discussed.
Meaning and Values in Test Validation: The Science and Ethics of Assessment

Because both score meaning and the value implications of scores as a basis for action are central issues in test validation, a unified view of validity is required that comprehends both the scientific and the ethical underpinnings of test interpretation and use. This unified concept of validity integrates considerations of content, criteria, and consequences into a construct framework for testing rational hypotheses about theoretically relevant relationships, including those of an applied as well as of a scientific nature. The essence of unified validity is that the appropriateness, meaningfulness, and usefulness of score-based inferences are inseparable and that the unifying force behind this integration is the trustworthiness of empirically grounded score interpretation, that is, construct validity.
Studies on Veratrum. II. Veratrum Eschscholtzii A. Gray; Observations on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Seedlings of Veratrum Species

A report is resented of studies made on the structure, habit, and distribution of Veratrum Eschscholtzii A. Gray, and a preliminary report of tests made on the germination of Veratrum seeds and the culture of the seedlings is given. A higher yield of Veratrum seedlings resulted when seeds were given refrigeration at 32–35° F. for a period of one to two months, then dusted with Arasan or Semesan, and planted in pots or flats containing a mixture of washed fine sand, loam, and horticultural peat moss.
Exploring Alignment of Community College Students for Preparedness and Achievement of Basic Skills

This mixed-method study explored the alignment of expected student learning outcomes (SLOs) and expected student entrance skills, as stated within “course outlines of record” (CORs), for basic skills courses in one California community college district. Researchers evaluated consistencies and discrepancies in course alignment. There were some occasional redundancies and gaps in skills across some course sequences. Still, the overall data suggested that across the majority of course sequences, expected SLOs and entrance skills align well between sequential courses and with the culminating college-level courses. These patterns of alignment within the basic skills curricula at this community college represent a well-conceived and logical progression of learning for students, which supports the “scaffolding” concept used as a theoretical foundation of this study. When actual enrollment patterns for students were examined, the intentional alignment of courses was not necessarily honored by students’ enrollment...
Amage imajimai sp. nov., a new species of Ampharetidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Japanese waters

A new polychaete species of the family Ampharetidae, Amage imajimai sp. nov., is described from deep waters of Sagami Bay, Japan. It is characterized by the possession of four pairs of branchiae, twelve thoracic uncinigers, eleven abdominal uncinigers, and the lack of thoracic notopodial cirri. The new species is named in honor of the renowned Japanese polychaetologist Minoru Imajima. An identification key for all Amage species from Japanese waters is provided.
Donor dendritic cell persistence in organ allograft recipients in the absence of immunosuppression.

Donor-derived leukocytes are known to persist in the peripheral blood of organ allograft recipients after withdrawal of all immunosuppres- sive drug therapy and can exert a donor-specific veto effect. Antigen-presenting cells (APC), in par- ticular dendritic cells (DC), have been proposed as a candidate for this veto leukocyte. Myeloid DC were derived from the peripheral blood of two non-compliant organ transplant recipients: D. S., a heart transplant recipient, and J. M., a liver trans- plant recipient. Donor-specific signal was enriched in the cultured DC fraction relative to whole blood for both patients. The clinical outcome in each patient was different: D. S. lost his heart allograft due to biopsy-proven acute and chronic rejection 2.5 years after discontinuing anti-rejection medica- tion; J. M. continues to maintain adequate liver function. The results have important implications for the planned withdrawal of immunosuppression in tolerance protocols as DC may play a role either in the maintenance of tolerance or immune activa- tion. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66: 301-305; 1999.
Effects of Slaughter Date, On-Farm Handling, Transport Stocking Density, and Time in Lairage on Digestive Tract Temperature, Serum Cortisol Concentrations, and Pork Lean Quality of Market Hogs1

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of on-farm handling intensity (conventional vs. passive), transport stocking density: (high vs. low), and preslaughter lairage time (45 min vs. 3 h) on digestive tract temperature, serum cortisol concentrations, and pork quality of market pigs slaughtered in November (NOV; n = 111), February (FEB; n = 113), and August (AUG; n = 112). Pigs slaughtered in FEB had greater (P ≤ 0.027) digestive tract temperatures before loadout than pigs slaughtered in NOV or AUG. The digestive tract temperature of pigs slaughtered in AUG was greater (P ≤ 0.027) during than before loadout. Pigs afforded 3 h of lairage tended to have greater (P = 0.068) digestive tract temperatures than pigs given 45 min of lairage. When pigs were slaughtered in AUG and NOV, those afforded 3 h of lairage had greater (P = 0.042) cortisol concentrations than pigs given only 45 min of lairage. Carcasses of pigs slaughtered in AUG had a paler (P ≤ 0.032) LM than carcasses of pigs slaughtered in NOV and FEB, and greater (P ≤ 0.032) LM purge losses than pigs slaughtered in FEB. Pigs given a 45 min lairage had greater (P = 0.036) 30-h LM pH values, darker LM (P = 0.008), greater (P = 0.012) subjective color scores, and tended (P = 0.069) to have lower purge loss percentages than pigs given a 3-h lairage. Results indicated that pigs should have less than 3 h of lairage when the day\s low ambient temperature is ≤ 22°C to decrease antemortem stress and improve lean quality.
Checklist of mosquitoes (Culicidae) in Korea

A systematic mosquito taxonomic study in Korea was established by Lee in 1971. Since then, many species have been recorded as new to Korea. However, much of this taxonomic information has been distributed in a number of scientific publications. This work attempts to combine this information into a single document, as well as to synthesize revised taxonomic synonyms of species occurring in Korea. Four species, Culex vorax, Culex kangi, Aedes kobayashii and Culiseta kanayamensis listed in our previous paper, are synonyms of Culex halifaxii, Culex jacksoni, Aedes alektorovi and Culiseta bergrothi, respectively. Culex annulus is a misidentified species of Culex pseudovishnui. The subspecies Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and subgenus Mansonia (Coquillettidia) were treated as full species and genus respectively in a catalog of the mosquitoes of the world. However, not all current authors agree to those specific and generic treatment. Based on available publications the total number of mosquito species recorded in Korea is now 52 representing 9 genera. Forty-five of these 52 are confirmed species with preserved specimen representation. As collection of specimen continues, there is a possibility that representative of 7 unconfirmed species will be found. I hope this paper will provide useful information for entomology workers who are interested in mosquito taxonomy in Korea.
Cost-Savings Analysis of Renal Scintigraphy, Stratified by Renal Function Thresholds: Mercaptoacetyltriglycine Versus Diethylene Triamine Penta-Acetic Acid.

Abstract Purpose To determine the financial implications of switching technetium (Tc)-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG-3) to Tc-99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) at certain renal function thresholds before renal scintigraphy. Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained, and informed consent was waived for this HIPAA-compliant, retrospective, cohort study. Consecutive adult subjects (27 inpatients; 124 outpatients) who underwent MAG-3 renal scintigraphy, in the period from July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2013, were stratified retrospectively by hypothetical serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) thresholds, based on pre-procedure renal function. Thresholds were used to estimate the financial effects of using MAG-3 when renal function was at or worse than a given cutoff value, and DTPA otherwise. Cost analysis was performed with consideration of raw material and preparation costs, with radiotracer costs estimated by both vendor list pricing and proprietary institutional pricing. The primary outcome was a comparison of each hypothetical threshold to the clinical reality in which all subjects received MAG-3, and the results were supported by univariate sensitivity analysis. Results Annual cost savings by serum creatinine threshold were as follows (threshold given in mg/dL): $17,319 if ≥1.0; $33,015 if ≥1.5; and $35,180 if ≥2.0. Annual cost savings by eGFR threshold were as follows (threshold given in mL/min/1.73 m 2 ): $21,649 if ≤60; $28,414 if ≤45; and $32,744 if ≤30. Cost-savings inflection points were approximately 1.25 mg/dL (serum creatinine) and 60 mL/min/1.73m 2 (eGFR). Secondary analysis by proprietary institutional pricing revealed similar trends, and cost savings of similar magnitude. Sensitivity analysis confirmed cost savings at all tested thresholds. Conclusions Reserving MAG-3 utilization for patients who have impaired renal function can impart substantial annual cost savings to a radiology department.
Effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection on the synthesis of rat liver plasma membranes.

AbstractThe incorporation of [3H]leucine into plasma membranes isolated from liver homogenates of control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats was studied. Rats were injected with [3H]leucine and at selected times after injection, specific and total activities of the label were determined in isolated plasma membranes. During this pneumococcal infection, there was a significant increase in the incorporation of label into plasma membranes. These results suggest increased synthesis of liver cell plasma membranes during S. pneumoniae infection. The possible significance of these results is discussed.
Microjet Injection Strategies for Mitigating Dynamics in a Lean Premixed Swirl-Stabilized Combustor

This work was undertaken with funding from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology undergrant number KUS-110-010-01.
Electronic structure of Hg 1-x Cd x Te

The effects of alloy disorder on the electronic structure of ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ are examined with the use of the coherent-potential approximation. An empirical tight-binding scheme, including spin-orbit effects, is employed. The choice of parameters is given special emphasis. A new HgTe band structure is obtained. Alloying effects are illustrated by quasiparticle spectral densities, total and projected densities of states, and self-energy corrections to the virtual-crystal energy bands. Strong cation $s$ scattering results in significant damping far from the band edges and accounts for the split-band behavior seen in photoemission experiments. The unusual bowing effects of the fundamental band gap and that associated with the ${E}_{1}$ transition are well explained. The weak scattering regime is shown to apply near the band edges. The electron mobility due to alloy scattering is large and does not appear to limit the observed magnitude.
Investigating the effect of Ag nanocube polydispersity on gap-mode SERS enhancement factors

High Raman enhancement factors (EFs) have been observed for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates fabricated from colloidal metal nanoparticles. Electrodynamic models of single nanoparticles often do not accurately predict the Raman EFs measured experimentally for such colloidal substrates, which often consist of nanoparticles that exhibit heterogeneity in both size and shape. Here, we investigate the size and shape dispersity of colloidal Ag nanocube samples and their effect on Raman EF. We generate an analytical model that incorporates nanocube size dispersion and calculates the Raman EF associated with an ensemble of differently sized nanocubes. For nanocubes that are ∼70–80 nm in size, this model is sufficient to correct the inaccuracies for electrodynamic simulations of a single nanocube model. For nanocubes >90 nm, size dispersity alone fails to account for the high EFs observed when these substrates are excited off-resonance. We hypothesize that shape defects may play a significant role in optical response at these larger sizes and discuss how these factors can play a role in our analytical model.
Gadamer, Kant, and the Enlightenment

Gadamer is prominent on the list of counter-enlightenment philosophers of the20th century. He is on this list for good reasons, reasons that I will briefly explore here. Gadamer borrows much from Heidegger’s critique of modernity and he adds to it. As we all know, Gadamer’s critique of the Enlightenment and modernity serves as an opening for a reappropriation of the Greeks, especially Plato and Aristotle. Gadamer is often taken, again with good reason, to be one of the leading voices revivifying the battle of ancients and moderns and urging, at least in some regards, the superiority of the ancients. Kant is without question the leading figure of the Enlightenment—at least within the German tradition, if not for the European Enlightenment in general. As such we should expect Gadamer to be strongly critical of Kant. And yet we find Gadamer’s relation to Kant displaying a deep ambivalence. It is this ambivalence that this paper examines.
STAT2 Is Required for TLR-Induced Murine Dendritic Cell Activation and Cross-Presentation

TLR-stimulated cross-presentation by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) is important in host defense and antitumor immunity. We recently reported that cDCs lacking the type I IFN signaling molecule STAT2 are impaired in cross-presenting tumor Ags to CD8(+) T cells. To investigate how STAT2 affects cross-presentation, we determined its requirements for dendritic cell activation. In this study, we report that STAT2 is essential for the activation of murine female cDCs upon TLR3, -4, -7, and -9 stimulation. In response to various TLR ligands, Stat2(-/-) cDCs displayed reduced expression of costimulatory molecules and type I IFN-stimulated genes. The cDC responses to exogenous IFN-α that we evaluated required STAT2 activation, indicating that the canonical STAT1-STAT2 heterodimers are the primary signaling transducers of type I IFNs in cDCs. Interestingly, LPS-induced production of IL-12 was STAT2 and type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) dependent, whereas LPS-induced production of TNF-α and IL-6 was STAT2 and IFNAR independent, suggesting a specific role of the IFNAR-STAT2 axis in the stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines by LPS in cDCs. In contrast, R848- and CpG-induced cytokine production was less influenced by the IFNAR-STAT2 axis. Short kinetics and IFNAR blockade studies showed that STAT2 main function is to transduce signals triggered by autocrine type I IFNs. Importantly, Stat2(-/-) cDCs were deficient in cross-presenting to CD8(+) T cells in vitro upon IFN-α, CpG, and LPS stimulation, and also in cross-priming and licensing cytotoxic T cell killers in vivo. We conclude that STAT2 plays a critical role in TLR-induced dendritic cell activation and cross-presentation, and thus is vital in host defense.
Designing Large-Scale Multisite and Cluster-Randomized Studies of Professional Development

ABSTRACTWe develop a theoretical and empirical basis for the design of teacher professional development studies. We build on previous work by (a) developing estimates of intraclass correlation coefficients for teacher outcomes using two- and three-level data structures, (b) developing estimates of the variance explained by covariates, and (c) modifying the conventional optimal design framework to include differential covariate costs so as to capture the point at which the cost of collecting a covariate overtakes the reduction in variance it supplies. We illustrate the use of these estimates to explore the absolute and relative sensitivity of multilevel designs in teacher professional development studies. The results from these analyses are intended to guide researchers in making more-informed decisions about the tradeoffs and considerations involved in selecting study designs for assessing the impacts of professional development programs.
Inhibition of adrenal steroidogenesis by danazol in vivo.

The concentrations of various steroids of adrenal origin were assessed in vivo before and after acute adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation to determine the effects of danazol on adrenal steroidogenesis. Five healthy, normal menstruating women were studied on the 6th day of two consecutive menstrual cycles, once as a pretreatment control and again after administration of 600mg of danazol daily for 6days. While taking danazol, baseline levels of progesterone (P) (P ∆ 4 A) (P ∆ 5 P) (P 0.05). Consequently, the ∆ 5 P:P (P β -ol-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ∆ 5 - ∆ 4 isomerase and 11 β -hydroxylase enzymes.
Should process soil models be admitted to estimate agricultural N2O emissions under FCCC

The emission accounting under the Kyoto protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) is based on the inventory methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This IPCC methodology to estimate national emission levels of N2O basically relates emissions from agricultural soils to the amount of nitrogen applied to them. The methodology does not account for the timing of fertiliser application, the type of synthetic fertiliser, planted crops or tillage practices. These factors of agricultural management are known to have a stronger influence on emissions from soils than the amount of nitrogen fertiliser applied. A reporting methodology that fails to account for these differences will not provide incentives for countries to pursue these lower cost approaches because they will not receive credit for these measures. Based on the published literature this paper demonstrates that key elements for the design of a more realistic methodology are available. A new methodology will necessarily be significantly more complex than the old one and thus may be unacceptable to some parties under the Kyoto-Protocol. Its use could therefore be made optional for countries that wish to pursue an active policy with respect to their emissions of N2O from soils. This option could be useful for parties like the USA where agricultural N2O emissions are relatively important. It may help these countries to fulfil their commitment under the Kyoto-Protocol at lower costs and with greater involvement of their agricultural sector.
Unified protocol for the discontinuation of long-term serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive compulsive disorder: Study protocol and methods

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is chronic psychiatric disorder associated with high rates of functional impairment and decreased quality of life. Although serotonin reuptake inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of OCD, little data is available to guide clinicians on how to manage these medications long-term. Cognitive-behavioral approaches provide a promising avenue for helping OCD patients discontinue maintenance SRIs while minimizing the potential for symptom worsening. This manuscript describes the rationale and methods for pilot feasibility study designed to a unified, cognitive-behavioral strategy for discontinuing long-term SRIs in OCD. The aims of the study are (1) to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of research procedures and interventions, (2) to test the efficacy of this treatment relative to an enhanced control condition and (3) to investigate the role of distress tolerance in both taper completion and clinical outcome. Our central aim is to investigate whether this approach improves discontinue outcomes relative to an enhanced control condition. Identifying optimal long-term treatment strategies for this population is needed to guide clinicians managing this often-chronic disorder.
Memory, Numbers, and Action Decision in Human Posterior Parietal Cortex

Human lateral PPC demonstrates rich, functional heterogeneity across its subregions, including during mnemonic and numerical decision tasks. In this issue of Neuron, Rutishauser et al. (2018) report striking local heterogeneity within a small patch of anterior IPS at the neuronal level during memory-based decisions.
Digital design integrity for additive manufacturing: examining reliability issues in the digital preproduction process

Despite a literature base stretching over three decades, the digital pre-production process for additive manufacturing continues to lack integration and robustness. Current best practice relies on operators to identify potential issues to prevent scrap and rework. While most academic research focuses on systematic tessellation approximation errors, this paper offers a detailed investigation of nonsystematic translation errors and their root causes. All stages of the digital pre-production process (tessellation, slicing, and tool path generation) were found to be equally vulnerable, and no common commercial software tool was found to be superior in its ability to prevent translation errors. Given the improbability of completely eliminating digital translation problems under the current paradigm, this paper proposes an alternative with new feedback loops to ensure digital design integrity.
Applied E-Learning of Kolintang Musical Instruments Case Study: University of De La Salle Manado

Kolintang (Indonesian’s xylophones) is popular nationwide as the traditional music instruments from Minahasa, a regency in North Sulawesi. It is usually played in ancestor worshipping rituals as it was believed that Kolintang had a close relationship with the traditional belief of North Sulawesi's natives and as their culture. Currently, there are several Kolintang applications developed that run either on Windows or Android operating system. They also use different types of controllers like a web camera, touch screen, and keyboard. Unfortunately, these applications are mostly intended for advanced users who have knowledge and skills in playing the Kolintang instruments. In addition, there remains a general lack of research on how to play the five instruments of Kolintang. Thus, this research will develop an e-learning application for the Kolintang musical instruments that are best suited the needs of novice and advanced users. An evaluation framework is developed to assess the quality and efficiency of learning objects of this application on the selected users by incorporating the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Four criteria identified in this framework that are learning goal alignment, presentation design, interaction usability, and accessibility. The findings revealed that this e-learning application can help both novice and advance users to play the five instruments of Kolintang with ease and smoothness. The learning process can be done at the individual’s choice of pace and time. Key words: E-learning, Kolintang, Multimedia, North Sulawesi
Immunosenescence and the importance of age in risk stratification of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (P2.318)

Objective: To describe the contribution of immunosenescence to the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in multiple sclerosis patients on disease modifying therapy (DMT). Background: PML is a life-threatening opportunistic infection that in multiple sclerosis patients occurs predominantly in association with long-term treatment with natalizumab. Although there are no published data regarding age distribution of PML with natalizumab, one study suggests that a shorter latency from drug initiation to PML occurs in older (>44 years) patients on natalizumab. Other DMTs, specifically fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate, have also been associated with PML. For fingolimod-associated PML the mean age was 54 and median 58 (range 32–63). For dimethyl fumarate-associated PML, the mean age was 59.5 and median 60 (range 54–64). PML cases in apparently non-immunocompromised non-MS patients also occurred in patients of advanced age (mean age 59.4, median 62). In non-MS non-transplant patients treated with rituximab, a similar trend for advanced age and PML was noted. The observation of relatively advanced age and PML raises the question as to whether immunosenescence predisposes to PML in association with DMT use. Design/Methods: Review of literature and cases of PML reported to pharmaceutical companies Results: Natural aging of the immune system entails a narrowing of the T cell repertoire and a decrease in naive CD8 T cells, with the predominance of late effector memory CD8 T cells of low proliferative capacity and loss of CD28, which is vital for the recognition and control of intracellular pathogens. Naive T cells in the elderly are less likely to differentiate into Th1 lineage. Other lines of immunity also undergo significant changes during immunosenescence. Conclusions: Immunosenescence, defined as cumulative changes in the immune system that occur with age, may explain why PML occurs more frequently in people of older age, making age a significant risk factor in the development of this disease. Disclosure: Dr. Grebenciucova has nothing to disclose. Dr. Berger has received personal compensation for activities with Amgen, Astra-Zeneca, Janssen, Millenium, Novartis, Roche, and Takeda as a member or chair of their PML Adjudication Committees. He has served as a consultant to Biogen, Forward Pharma, Genentech, Genzyme, Novartis, Johnson and Johnson, Incyte, Inhibikase, and Roche. Dr. Berger is on the scientific board of Excision. Dr. Berger has received research support from Biogen..
Perioperative Surgical Home Reduces Rapid Response Calls to a Postoperative Surgical Ward: How Anesthesiologists Are Improving the Inpatient Safety Net.

Background. The Perioperative Surgical Home (PSH) is an anesthesiologist-led, coordinated care model that may improve patient experience and safety. We hypothesized that PSH will decrease activation of the rapid response system for surgical inpatients. Methods. This retrospective study was performed at an academic Veterans Affairs hospital with a PSH. Data from both medical and surgical cohorts admitted to a single ward were analyzed for the Pre-PSH (July 2006 to October 2010) and Post-PSH (November 2011 to May 2015) epochs. The primary outcome was incidence of rapid response team (RRT) activations per 1000 bed-days. Results. Surgical patients had 5.8 RRT activations per 1000 bed-days Pre-PSH versus 3.7/1000 bed-days Post-PSH (P = .006). There was no difference in RRT activations per 1000 bed-days for medical patients before and after PSH implementation. Pre-PSH was an independent predictor of mortality in the multivariable model (odds ratio = 1.7; P = .010). Conclusion. PSH is associated with decreased R...
What Should Government Do

One of the threshold questions one must ask when discussing the role of taxation and public finance is: “What should government do?” This question is important because anything that government does must be paid for by someone. The more things that government does, the more things that people must pay for.
SIGN-SIGN ADAPTIVE IDENTIFIERS: CONVERGENCE AND ROBUSTNESS PROPERTIES

Abstract Stability properties of Sign-Sign Adaptive Identifiers are investigated by studying the two and three dimensional cases. The paper highlights the need to restrict the set of admissible inputs, in order to achieve stability. It also demonstates the use of unconventional Lyapunov functions to establish stability.
Interventions for Families of Individuals with Schizophrenia

Recent best practice guidelines recommend the provision of psychosocial family interventions for families of adults with schizophrenia. This article delineates the various family interventions and the empirical base of these interventions. These interventions include psychoeducation, family education, family consultation, and family support and advocacy groups. Although the provision of these interventions incur additional costs, they also have the potential for financial savings as a result of decreasing mental health service utilisation and improving outcomes for both the families and their ill relatives. The article concludes with recommendations for providers and organisations to improve effective relationships with families of adults with schizophrenia. Providers and organisations need to understand the needs of families, become knowledgeable about interventions for families and direct families to appropriate resources if they are unable to provide the family intervention themselves.
Stochastic Processes on Manifolds

This chapter extends the discussion of stochastic differential equations and Fokker–Planck equations on Euclidean space initiated in Chapter 4 to the case of processes that evolve on a Riemannian manifold. The manifold either can be embedded in ℝn or can be an abstract manifold with Riemannian metric defined in coordinates. Section 8.1 formulates SDEs and Fokker–Planck equations in a coordinate patch. Section 8.2 formulates SDEs for an implicitly defined embedded manifold using Cartesian coordinates in the ambient space. Section 8.3 focuses on Stratonovich SDEs on manifolds. The subtleties involved in the conversion between Ito and Stratonovich formulations are explained. Section 8.4 explores entropy inequalities on manifolds. In Section 8.5 the following examples are used to illustrate the general methodology: (1) Brownian motion on the sphere and (2) the stochastic kinematic cart described in Chapter 1. Section 8.6 discusses methods for solving Fokker–Planck equations on manifolds. Exercises involving numerical implementations are provided at the end of the chapter. The main points to take away from this chapter are: SDEs and Fokker–Planck equations can be formulated for stochastic processes in any coordinate patch of a manifold in a way that is very similar to the case of Rn; Stochastic processes on embedded manifolds can also be formulated extrinsically, i.e., using an implicit description of the manifold as a system of constraint equations; In some cases Fokker–Planck equations can be solved using separation of variables; Practical examples of this theory include Brownian motion on the sphere and the kinematic cart with noise.
Live remote digital microscopy in peripheral blood smear evaluation: Intraobserver concordance and experience.

Introduction Peripheral blood smear (PBS) review is a routine laboratory test which requires pathologist's interpretation when abnormal indices, atypical cells, or critical findings are identified. Real-time remote digital microscopy (DM) can potentially facilitate rapid review when an on-site pathologist is not available. Herein, we assess intraobserver concordance of PBS evaluation with light microscopy (LM) and DM using VisionTek M6 robotic DM and TeamViewer imaging software. Methods Thirty-seven de-identified PBS slides were evaluated by five reviewers. Slides were loaded on a VisionTek M6 robotic microscope at an off-site laboratory and evaluated remotely via TeamViewer software. Reviewers recorded interpretation, time required for interpretation (in minutes), imaging quality (score 0-3), and confidence of interpretation (score 0-3). Other relevant information associated with DM evaluation was also documented. Slides were subsequently evaluated using LM after washout interval. The intraobserver variation of results for impression, digital slide quality, minutes to interpretation, and confidence of interpretation was compared between DM and LM. Results The intraobserver concordance between LM and DM was 93%, with nine discordant interpretations among 135 evaluations under each review modality, respectively. Although reviewers spent more time under DM mode (5 min/slide) than LM mode (2.5 min/slide), the reviewers felt the DM provided sufficient image quality and the confidence levels of reviewers on slide interpretation were comparable between DM (2.6/3) and LM (2.8/3). Conclusion There was a high level of intraobserver concordance and comparable interpretation confidence between DM and LM. DM can be a useful methodology for off-site pathologist's review of PBS.
Nanocast Carbon Microsphere Flowers from a Lanthanum-Based Template

Abstract Hollow carbon microsphere flowers were nanocast from glucose, acrylamide, and acetylene sources. Carbon growth was catalyzed by a lanthanum graft copolymer template using wet acetylene. The resulting spherical shape is beneficial for 3-D porosity, and has a highly graphitic content as indicated by raman spectroscopy (ID:IG = 0.99). The carbon has a high surface area of 1000 m2/g, as well as strong π-π stacking of aromatic carbons.
Post-resuscitation Arterial Blood Pressure on Survival and Change of Capillary Density Following Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Rats.

Transient global brain ischemia, induced by cardiac arrest and resuscitation, results in reperfusion injury leading to delayed selective neuronal cell loss and post-resuscitation mortality. This study determined the effects of post-resuscitation hypotension and hypothermia on long-term survival following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. The capillary density was also determined. Based on the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) at 1 h of recovery, the normotension group (MABP 80–120 mmHg) and hypotension group (MABP <80 mmHg) were defined. The overall survival was determined at 4 days of recovery. Brain microvascular density was assessed using immunohistochemistry of the glucose transporter, GLUT-1. The pre-arrest MABP was similar in each group; at 1 h after resuscitation, the MABP in the normotension groups was about 80% of their pre-arrest values; the hypotension group had a significantly lower MABP compared to the normotension group. The overall survival rate was lower in the hypotension group compared to the normotension group (36%, 4/11 vs. 67%, 14/21) under the normothermic condition. Brain blood flow in the hypotension group was lower (33% decrease) compared to the normotension group at 1-h post-resuscitation. Compared to the pre-arrest baseline, the capillary density was significantly increased at 14 days of recovery (355 ± 42 vs. 469 ± 50, number/mm2) in the cortex. The capillary density in hippocampus was also increased at 4–30 days following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Our results suggest that rats able to maintain their post-resuscitation blood pressure at normotension, had higher brain blood flow during the early recovery phase, and improved survival outcome following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. In addition, cardiac arrest and resuscitation induced angiogenesis in brain in the first month of recovery.
Superlinear Convergence Using Controls Based on Second-Order Needle Variations

This paper investigates the convergence performance of second-order needle variation methods for nonlinear control-affine systems. Control solutions have a closed-form expression that is derived from the first-and second-order mode insertion gradients of the objective and are proven to exhibit superlinear convergence near equilibrium. Compared to first-order needle variations, the proposed synthesis scheme exhibits superior convergence at smaller computational cost than alternative nonlinear feedback controllers. Simulation results on the differential drive model verify the analysis and show that second-order needle variations outperform first-order variational methods and iLQR near the optimizer. Last, even when implemented in a closed-loop, receding horizon setting, the proposed algorithm demonstrates superior convergence against the iterative linear quadratic Gaussian (iLQG) controller.
Evaluating the impact of data representation on EHR-based analytic tasks

Different analytic techniques operate optimally with different types of data. As the use of EHR-based analytics expands to newer tasks, data will have to be transformed into different representations, so the tasks can be optimally solved. We classified representations into broad categories based on their characteristics, and proposed a new knowledge-driven representation for clinical data mining as well as trajectory mining, called Severity Encoding Variables (SEVs). Additionally, we studied which characteristics make representations most suitable for particular clinical analytics tasks including trajectory mining. Our evaluation shows that, for regression, most data representations performed similarly, with SEV achieving a slight (albeit statistically significant) advantage. For patients at high risk of diabetes, it outperformed the competing representation by (relative) 20%. For association mining, SEV achieved the highest performance. Its ability to constrain the search space of patterns through clinical knowledge was key to its success.
Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in White Coat Hypertension.

This systematic review and meta-analysis examines cardiovascular and mortality risks associated with untreated white coat hypertension and treated white coat effect.
Ciliary Doublet Microtubules at Near-Atomic Resolution.

The beauty of the eukaryotic cilium has been appreciated since electron microscopy first revealed its 9-fold symmetry. In this issue of Cell, Ma et al. use cryoelectron microscopy and modeling to define doublet microtubules at near-atomic resolution, revealing an intricate array of proteins decorating the inner and outer surfaces.