cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gait characterization via pulse-Doppler radar

Falls are a major cause of injury in the elderly with almost 1/3rd of people aged 65 and more falling each year [1]. This work aims to use gait measurements from everyday living environments to estimate risk of falling and enable improved interventions. For this purpose, we consider the use of low-cost pulse-Doppler range control radar. These radars can continuously acquire data during normal activity of a person in night and day conditions and even in the presence of obstructing furniture. A short-time Fourier transform of the radar data reveals unique Doppler signatures from the torso motion and the leg swings. Two algorithms that can extract these features from the radar spectrogram are proposed in this study for estimating gait velocity and stride durations. The performance of the proposed radar system is evaluated with experimental data, which consists of 9 different walk types and a total of 27 separate tests. A high accuracy motion-capture camera system has also been used to acquire data simultaneously with the radar and provides the ground truth reference. Results indicate that the proposed radar system is a viable candidate for gait characterization and can be used to accurately track mean gait velocity, mean stride duration and stride duration variability. The gait velocity variability can also be estimated but with relatively larger error levels.
Towards Modeling the Effects of Lightning Injection on Power MOSFETs

Power electronics are widely used in critical roles in modern day aircrafts and hence their health management is of great interest. An important part of prognostics and health management of these devices is understand- ing the effect of high-stress events such as lightning and how they affect their aging. In this paper we present our study and analysis of lightning injection experiments with power MOSFETs in their ON state. We show the different kind of damages that can be caused by such events and analyze their effects on device performance parameters. In addition, we present a simple yet effective modeling technique that can model the degradation in these devices. Such models will play a valuable role in understanding the behavior of these damaged devices when operated under normal conditions later and subsequently in prognosis of their remaining useful life.We present our results on the performance of this modeling and the scope within which they can be utilized for accurate estimation of device damage.
An ecology of text: Using text retrieval to study alife on the net

I introduce a new alife model, an ecology based on a corpus of text, and apply it to the analysis of posts to USENET News. In this corporal ecology posts are organisms, the newsgroups of NetNews define an environment, and human posters situated in their wider context make up a scarce resource. I apply latent semantic indexing (LSI), a text retrieval method based on principal component analysis, to distill from the corpus those replicating units of text. LSI arrives at suitable replicators because it discovers word co-occurrences that segregate and recombine with appreciable frequency. I argue that natural selection is necessarily in operation because sufficient conditions for its occurrence are met: replication, mutagenicity, and trait/fitness covariance. I describe a set of experiments performed on a static corpus of over 10,000 posts. In these experiments I study average population fitness, a fundamental element of population ecology. My study of fitness arrives at the unhappy discovery that a flame-war, centered around an overly prolific poster, is the king of the jungle.
Limited SHIV env diversification in macaques failing oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis.

Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily Truvada [a combination of emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)] is a novel HIV prevention strategy recently found to prevent HIV transmission among men who have sex with men and heterosexual couples. Acute infection in adherent persons who fail PrEP will inevitably occur under concurrent antiretroviral therapy, thus raising questions regarding the potential impact of PrEP on early viral dynamics. We investigated viral evolution dynamics in a macaque model of PrEP consisting of repeated rectal exposures to SHIV162P3 in the presence of PrEP.
The 5–9 February 1996 Flooding Event over the Pacific Northwest: Sensitivity Studies and Evaluation of the MM5 Precipitation Forecasts

This paper describes the flooding event of 5‐9 February 1996 in which a series of landfalling Pacific storms brought 30‐70 cm of rain to many mountain sites over southwest Washington and northwest Oregon. This event was simulated at 36-, 12-, 4-, and 1.33-km horizontal resolution using the Pennsylvania State University‐National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model (MM5). The model precipitation was verified with over 300 rain gauges in western Washington and Oregon as well as WSR-88D radar data from Portland, Oregon. There was a significant improvement in the precipitation forecast skill as the grid spacing was decreased from 36 to 4 km; however, the 12- and 4-km resolutions had excessive precipitation shadowing in the lee of barriers. Although increasing resolution from 4 to 1.33 km did not produce a significant improvement in precipitation skill for the entire domain, the 1.33-km domain had more precipitation in the immediate lee of the Cascades, and thus verified better in those regions. Additional simulations explored the effects of changing vertical resolution. Enhancing the number of levels from 29 to 38 increased the model precipitation over the windward slopes of the Cascades by 10%‐30%; further increasing the number of levels to 57 decreased windward precipitation to the 29-level amounts. The leeside precipitation varied by 20%‐80% for the different vertical resolutions as a result of variations in mountain wave structure over the Cascades. Five different MM5 microphysical schemes were compared for a 24-h period during the February 1996 flooding event. The warm rain scheme dumped too much precipitation along the windward slopes, underlining the importance of ice microphysics during the cool season. The most sophisticated scheme (i.e., graupel scheme) also did not provide the best forecast. An additional microphysical sensitivity run, in which the snow fall speed was reduced by approximately 20%, improved model skill by advecting more precipitation advecting to the lee of the Cascades. Overall, these microphysical results suggest that further improvements to microphysical schemes are needed in order to more accurately predict precipitation.
Tropical Rainfall Distributions Determined Using TRMM Combined with Other Satellite and Rain Gauge Information

Abstract A technique is described to use Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM) combined radar/radiometer information to adjust geosynchronous infrared satellite data (the TRMM Adjusted GOES Precipitation Index, or TRMM AGPI). The AGPI is then merged with rain gauge information (mostly over land; the TRMM merged product) to provide fine- scale (1 deg latitude/longitude) pentad and monthly analyses, respectively. The TRMM merged estimates are 10% higher than those from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) when integrated over the tropical oceans (37 deg N-S) for 1998, with 20% differences noted in the most heavily raining areas. In the dry subtropics the TRMM values are smaller than the GPCP estimates. The TRMM merged-product tropical-mean estimates for 1998 are 3.3 mm/ day over ocean and 3.1 mm/ day over land and ocean combined. Regional differences are noted between the western and eastern Pacific Ocean maxima when TRMM and GPCP are compared. In the eastern Pacific rain maximum the TRMM and GPCP mean values are nearly equal, very different from the other tropical rainy areas where TRMM merged-product estimates are higher. This regional difference may indicate that TRMM is better at taking in to account the vertical structure of the rain systems and the difference in structure between the western and eastern (shallower) Pacific convection. Comparisons of these TRMM merged analysis estimates with surface data sets shows varied results; the bias is near zero when compared to western Pacific Ocean atoll raingauge data, but significantly positive compared to Kwajalein radar estimates (adjusted by rain gauges). Over land the TRMM estimates also show a significant positive bias. The inclusion of gauge information in the final merged product significantly reduces the bias over land, as expected. The monthly precipitation patterns produced by the TRMM merged data process clearly show the evolution of the ENSO tropical precipitation pattern from early 1998 (El Nino) through early 1999 (La Nina) and beyond. The El Nino minus La Nina difference map shows the eastern Pacific maximum, the maritime continent minima and other tropical and mid-latitude features. The differences in the Pacific are very similar to those detected by the GPCP analyses. However, summing the El Nino minus La Nina differences over the global tropical oceans yields divergent answers from TRMM, GPCP and other estimates. This emphasizes the need for additional validation and analysis before it is feasible to understand the relations between global precipitation anomalies and Pacific Ocean ENSO temperature changes.
CIS, ITS, and the library resource network: collaborations and partnerships

This paper describes the Library Resource Network's FIRST Center, a Faculty Innovation and Resource Service for Technology production facility where online courses and multi-media unis are produced. Participants in the program are: the Library Resource Network (LRN), the Amarillo College CIS Department, Computer Information Services (CIS), Information Technology Services (ITS), and the External Learning Experience (ELE) Student Apprenticeship Program. One-on-one assistance for time-pressed faculty who need immediate, individualized attention in the development of online units and courses is provided on demand in the FIRST Center. Previous reports examining the convergence in services of the library and the computing center, lay the foundation for the new collaborations developed in this initiative.1 2.
Postictal recovery in normal and diphenylhydantoin (dilantin)-treated mice.

SummaryIn order to study postictal recovery, groups of normal and Dilantin-treated mice were given a supramaximal electroshock and the durations of the hindleg components of the “first” seizure recorded. At various time intervals after the “first” seizure, a “second” supramaximal electroshock was given and the durations of the hindleg components of the “second” seizure recorded. This procedure was repeated, with longer time intervals between seizures, until the observed durations of the “second” seizure components were not significantly different from their “first” seizure values. In addition, the time (RT50) required for 50% of animals to recover ability to exhibit a second tonicclonic seizure after a first was determined. The data obtained may be summarized as follows: The order in which the durations of the various components and the total duration of the “second” seizure returned to their “first” seizure values were the same in both groups: total seizure duration, terminal clonus, tonic extension, and...
Evaluation of a Bachelor's Program in Technical Communication: Results of a Questionnaire

This is an evaluation of the undergraduate technical communication major in the Department of Rhetoric, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 1979. Three audiences received the questionnaire: technica...
Study on Lower Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Synthetic Cordierite Materials

Cordierite was synthesized using kaolin, talc and magnesia as raw materials. Effect of firing temperature, content of(silicon, aluminum, magnesium) in formulation and type of kaolin was studied on the thermal expansion coefficient of synthetic cordierite. The result shows that the lowest thermal expansion was 1.24×10-6/℃ of the experimental synthetic cordierite material, Formulas for the experiments were 82.4 wt% 1# kaolin, 9.3 wt% talc and 8.4 wt% magnesium oxide. Lower expansion cordierite can be synthesized by increasing synthesis temperature appropriately, but too high temperature brings about the opposite result. Too much or too little silicon, aluminum or magnesium leads to the synthetic cordierite with larger thermal expansion coefficient because of the formation of high expansion crystal phases.
Subsidence in a Workshop of the Project Test and Reinforcing

In recent years,the phenomenon of ground subsidence in the ground works more and more,this phenomenon causes that? How to find out the reason it has become the key to solve this problem. In this paper,as an example of a workshop subsidence of its ground and backfill testing,according to test results to identify and make the reinforcement for the future because of subsidence engineering and reinforcement to provide a reference.
Research on Automatic Design Method of Topological Structure of Oilfield Water Injecting Pipeline Network

This paper presents the mathematic model of automatic optimum design for topological structure of oil field water injecting pipeline network and analyzes the complexity of solution.The optimum design of pipeline network topological structure is divided into several subtasks and an iterative method is introduced to obtain approximate solution.The design examples have verified the feasibility and correctness of the method.
Analysis on the Natural Ecology Autonomous Protectorate Establishment

To establish the natural ecology autonomous protectorate became one kind to have the feasibility and the necessary management,and it is the superior choice.Simultaneously,to consummates the management,supervision and the legal related system,to formulate a set of policies to suit the autonomous protectorate.Fundamentally,to change the present situation of the natural ecology protectorate this has destroyed,to enable the protectorate to return to the original ecology appearance.
Left ventricular coordinate systems

Three-dimensional kinematics of radiopaque markers in anterior, posterior, septal, and lateral regions of a major equatorial plane were evaluated in anesthetized dogs by biplane fluoroscopy. Statio...
Publically Misfitting: Extreme Weight and the Everyday Production and Reinforcement of Felt Stigma

Living with extreme weight in the United States is associated with discrimination and self-stigma, creating structural exclusions, embodied stress, and undermining health and wellbeing. Here we combine ethnographic interviews and surveys from those with experiences of living with extreme weight to better explain how this vulnerability is created and reinforced by public cues, both physical (e.g., seatbelts) and social (the reactions of strangers). "Misfitting" is a major theme in interviews, as is the need to plan and scan constantly while navigating too-small public spaces. The most distressing events combine physical misfitting with unsympathetic reactions from strangers. Sensitivity to stigmatizing public cues reduces with weight loss, but does not disappear. This study explains one basic mechanism that underlies the creation of felt stigma related to weight even after weight loss: the lack of accommodation for size and the lack of empathy from others that characterize modern urban spaces.
Structures, Challenges, and Successes of Volunteer Programs Co‐managed by Nonprofit and Public Organizations

This article presents a mixed-methods, multicase study and comparison of volunteer programs in US national parks that have evolved, in response to growth and fiscal pressures, to be co-managed by national park staff and their nonprofit support partners. Findings detail why and how the expanded partnerships were formed; how they operate; challenges they face; ways in which they adhere to, stretch, and depart from theories of nonprofit management, collaboration, and program institutionalization; and the significant—even exponential—volunteer program growth that resulted in each case. These nonprofit−public volunteer program partnerships—at Acadia, Arches and ­Canyonlands, Cuyahoga Valley, Golden Gate, the National Mall, and Yosemite national park sites—employ many standard forms of interorganizational relations, even though in these cases the nonprofits give money to the government organization instead of the reverse. Their volunteer program and management structures also share similar elements because of coercive, normative, and mimetic pressures. At the same time, each volunteer program partnership is a distinct blend of collaboration and management practices because of the unique natural features, climate, needs, adjacent populations, and personalities of leaders at each site. The cases employ innovative strategies to substantially increase the number of staff who lead volunteer programs. Recommendations are offered for nonprofit management research and practice, and findings are instructive for organizations that utilize volunteers either as a single entity or as part of a collaboration.
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of LEAP: A Selective Preventive Intervention to Reduce Adolescents' Perceived Burdensomeness.

This research draws upon the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide in the development of the LEAP intervention, a web-based selective preventive suicide intervention targeting cognitions of perceived burdensomeness toward others. The pilot randomized controlled trial consisted of 80 adolescents (68.8% female, 65.8% Hispanic) 13–19 of age years who were randomly assigned to either the LEAP intervention or a psychoeducational control condition. Participants completed baseline, posttreatment, and 6-week follow-up assessments. All participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the program. Findings on outcome variables differed across intent-to-treat analyses and treatment completer analyses. Intent-to-treat analysis yielded no significant between-condition differences in perceived burdensomeness at posttreatment or follow-up. Treatment completer analyses revealed significant between-condition differences on outcome variables such that participants who completed the LEAP intervention showed si...
Effects of electron correlation and band relaxation on laser-induced ultrafast demagnetization

We investigate how electron correlation and band structure affect laser-induced demagnetization. Pure electron-electron scattering cannot explain the large spin moment reduction observed, and the band relaxation and exchange splitting are essential to the spin change.
The Methodology of Economics; Or How Economists Explain

(1982). The Methodology of Economics; Or How Economists Explain. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 912-916.
WITHDRAWN: A Synthesis of 1043 Effects of Television on Social Behavior

This content has been removed under this ISBN. It exists on ScienceDirect at the following URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780125319560 .
Solvent-Free Synthesis of Nanoparticles

Abstract This chapter focuses on the synthesis of nanoparticles applying mechanochemical and thermal methods through solvent-free approach. For mechanochemistry, substantial attention is given to ball milling and mortar-and-pestle grinding. The discussion on thermolysis/thermal decomposition covers (1) thermal treatment of precursor salts, (2) thermal treatment of precursor salts with capping agents, and (3) the use of microwave energy. In many cases, researchers have determined that solvent-free methods offer a more reliable and predictable means by which the physicochemical properties of their materials can be controlled with the choice of reaction conditions. The merits of these methods over using solvent entails stable, monodispersed fine nanoparticles that have found applications in various chemical, biological, and environmental fields.
A substrate for modular, extensible data-visualization

As scientific questions grow in scope and datasets grow larger, collaborative research teams and data dissemination have emerged as core research enablers. However, simply visualizing datasets is challenging, especially when sharing information across research groups or to the broader scientific community. We present substrate, a data-visualization platform designed to enable communication and code reuse across diverse research teams. Written in three.js, our platform provides a rigid and simple, yet powerful interface for scientists to rapidly build tools and effective visualizations.
Composite fermion Hall conductivity and the half-filled Landau level

We consider the Hall conductivity of composite fermions in the theory of Halperin, Lee, and Read (HLR) [B. I. Halperin, P. A. Lee, and N. Read, Phys. Rev. B 47, 7312 (1993)]. We present a fully quantum-mechanical numerical calculation that shows, under suitable conditions, the HLR theory exhibits a particle-hole symmetric dc electrical Hall response in the presence of quenched disorder. Remarkably, this response of the HLR theory remains robust even when the disorder range is of the order of the Fermi wavelength. We find that deviations from the particle-hole symmetric response can appear in the ac Hall conductivity at frequencies sufficiently large compared to the inverse system size. Our results agree with a recent semiclassical analysis by Wang et al. [C. Wang, N. R. Cooper, B. I. Halperin, and A. Stern, Phys. Rev. X 7, 031029 (2017)] and complement the arguments based on the fully quantum-mechanical model by Kumar et al. [P. Kumar, M. Mulligan, and S. Raghu, Phys. Rev. B 98, 115105 (2018)]. These results provide further evidence that the HLR theory is compatible with an emergent particle-hole symmetry.
Evaluating oropharyngeal carcinoma with transcervical ultrasound, CT, and MRI.

Abstract Objective To compare transcervical ultrasonography (US) to standard cross-sectional imaging for the visualization of human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC). Materials and methods Patients with HPV-OPC and available standard imaging (CT and/or MRI) were identified in clinic and prospectively enrolled. US was performed to visualize the oropharynx and lymph nodes. Tumor characteristics across imaging modalities were evaluated (CT versus MRI, and US versus standard imaging (SI)). Results Forty-three patients were included. The overall blinded detection rates for CT and MRI were 83% and 71%, respectively. The unblinded detection rate for US was 98%. Agreement of tumor anatomic subsite was moderate for both CT vs MRI ( κ = 0.59) and US vs SI ( κ = 0.47). Comparison of tumor size by CT and MRI showed statistically significant correlations in craniocaudal (CC), anteroposterior (AP), and mediolateral (ML) dimensions (RhoCC = 0.51, pCC = 0.038; RhoAP = 0.81, pAP Conclusions Our findings suggest that transcervical ultrasonography is a sensitive and relatively accurate adjunct to standard imaging for the evaluation of oropharyngeal tumors. Its cost, portability, and potential for in-clinic and serial imaging render US an attractive modality to further develop for imaging oropharyngeal tumors.
Double Bolus Alteplase Therapy during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest due to Massive Pulmonary Embolism Guided by Focused Bedside Echocardiography

Massive pulmonary embolism (PE) frequently leads to cardiac arrest (CA) which carries an extremely high mortality rate. Although available, randomized trials have not shown survival benefits from thrombolytic use. Thrombolytics however have been used successfully during resuscitation in clinical practice in multiple case reports and in retrospective studies. Recent resuscitation guidelines recommend using alteplase for PE related CA; however they do not offer a standardized treatment regimen. The most consistently applied approach is an intravenous bolus of 50 mg tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) early during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). There is no consensus on the subsequent dosing. We present a case in which two 50 mg boluses of t-PA were administered 20 minutes apart during CPR due to persistent hemodynamic compromise guided by bedside echocardiogram. The patient had an excellent outcome with normalization of cardiac function and no neurologic sequela. This case demonstrates the benefit of utilizing bedside echocardiography to guide administration of a second bolus of alteplase when there is persistent hemodynamic compromise despite achieving return of spontaneous circulation after the initial bolus, and there is evidence of persistent right ventricle dysfunction. Future trials are warranted to help establish guidelines for thrombolytic use in cardiac arrest to maximize safety and efficacy.
Testimony, Social Memory, and Strategic Emotional/Political Communities in Elena Poniatowska’s Crónicas

Stephen argues that Elena Poniatowska’s use of oral testimony in her cronicas—often containing descriptions of intense suffering, trauma, and resilience—results in the construction of strategic emotional/political community. Stephen focuses on Elena Poniatowska’s cronica: Nada, Nadie (about the 1985 earthquake) and the ways that this book of testimonies and then a museum exhibit and gathering commemorating 30 years since the earthquake connected the trauma of the earthquake in 1985 to the trauma of the disappearance of 43 student teachers from Ayotzinapa in 2014. The author seeks to demonstrate how testimony, its textualization, and dissemination link together a wide range of victims and survivors of the 1985 earthquake to non-sufferers and empathetic listeners through time.
Fabrication of ZnO/Graphene Nanocomposite by Ultrasonic Homogenization

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a commonly used material in the production of transparent conducting films. However, indium is toxic, environmentally unfriendly, and expensive. To remedy this issue, a new material must be developed which can serve as a replacement for ITO. This project utilized commercially available zinc oxide powder and graphene nanoplatelets to manufacture nanocomposite materials through ultrasonic homogenization. To investigate their physical properties, these nanocomposites were then subjected to UV-Vis spectroscopy, particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. Results indicate that ZnO/Graphene nanocomposites have promising potential as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly transparent conductor.
The microwave spectrum and molecular structure of 3,3-difluoro-1,2-epoxypropane and its complex with the argon atom

Abstract As a small, chiral molecule with a strong and simple microwave rotational spectrum, 3,3-difluoro-1,2-epoxypropane is a promising candidate as a chiral tag for conversion of enantiomeric analytes into spectroscopically distinct diastereomers via formation of a non-covalently bound complex. The Fourier transform microwave spectra of this species and its complex with the argon atom are obtained from 5.1 to 21.0 GHz, and their structures determined. Not surprisingly, these structures for both the monomer and the argon complex show strong similarities with those previously determined for 3,3,3-trifluoro-1,2-epoxypropane and 3,3,3-trifluoro-1,2-epoxypropane–argon, but are different from those of the analogous propylene oxide species. This suggests that fluoromethyl and methyl substitution affect the bonding in the epoxy moiety and intermolecular interactions in distinctly different ways.
World brotherhood colonies: A preview of Paramahansa Yogananda's understudied vision for communities founded upon the principles of yoga

Paramahansa Yogananda (1893–1952) founded the Yogoda Satsanga Society (YSS) of India in 1917. With the blessings of his guru Sri Yukteswar, he then traveled to the United States in 1920 where he eventually established the American branch of the YSS known as the Self-Realization Fellowship to teach Kriyā-yoga and “original Christianity.” Tracing the history of the World Brotherhood Colony movement as it made its way from India to America and back to India, this article shows how Yogananda's colonies today continue to provide a space for members of the growing global middle class to live a simpler life grounded in yogic principles. Scholars concerned with yoga's historical transmission and entrance into transnational practice will find this article useful for understanding the implications of Paramahansa Yogananda's World Brotherhood Colonies in the history of modern yoga.
A METHOD OF GALERKIN TYPE ACHIEVING OPTIMUM L2 ACCURACY FOR FIRST ORDER HYPERBOLICS AND EQUATIONS OF SCHRÖDINGER TYPE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a method of Galerkin type achieving optimum L2 accuracy for first order hyperbolics and equations of Schrodinger type. It has been shown that for Galerkin's method for first order hyperbolic differential equations, the L2 norm of the error is not in general of the same order as the best approximation to the solution in the L2 sense by functions in the finite dimensional subspace. Two methods are presented in the chapter for which this defect is not present. The methods apply to the general first order linear hyperbolic system subject to a few technical constraints.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) in the RAT

Current models of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the rat involve either the direct injection of blood into the subarachnoid space1,2 or arterial rupture after craniotomy.3,4 Neither model simulates the phenomenon occurring in patients; the first, because it lacks an arterial rupture, and the second because of the need to open the cranium and thereby eliminating the acute and precipitous rise in ICP and a component of the ischemic insult that occurs after a SAH. Recently, a model involving the intravascular rupture of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by a suture passed via the common carotid artery into the internal carotid artery to puncture the MCA has been described5,6 which appears ideal because it duplicates the phenomenon in patients with respect to an arterial rupture, no craniotomy thereby allowing the rise in intracranial pressure to occur after rupture as it does in patients. Although changes in rCBF both qualitative and quantitative have been described for up to 2 hr after rupture, the changes occurring days after the hemorrhage to determine whether a delayed ischemic event occurs has not been determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) beyond days 1 and 3 postinsult.
Properties of Rouse polymers with actively driven regions

We study theoretically the physical properties of Rouse polymers when a subset of monomers along the backbone is subjected to an additional driving force of exponentially correlated fluctuating noise. In other words, the polymers are made up of two kinds of particle, one of which has an additional coupling to an active bath that subjects those particles to extra forces. We analyze properties of these active polymers, such as the end to end distance and the local structure induced by active kicks. We then proceed to quantify how the dynamics of such polymers depend on the proportion of monomers which are being actively driven, and show how the dynamics transitions from the normal Rouse like behavior to substantially faster dynamics. Finally we analyze some of the non-equilibrium properties induced in these systems, such as the irreversibility.
Illuminating Photoredox Catalysis

Over the past decade, photoredox catalysis has risen to the forefront of synthetic organic chemistry as an indispensable tool for selective small-molecule activation and chemical-bond formation. This cutting-edge platform allows photosensitizers to convert visible light into chemical energy, prompting generation of reactive radical intermediates. In this review, we highlight some of the recent key contributions in the field, including elucidating the impact of the chosen light arrays, promoting fundamental cross-coupling steps, selectively functionalizing aliphatic amines, engaging complementary mechanistic paradigms, and applications in industry. With such a wide breadth of reactivity already realized, the presence of photoredox catalysis in all sectors of organic chemistry is expected for years to come.
Functional Metal-oxide Plasmonic Metastructures: Ultrabright Semiconductor Quantum Dots with Polarized Spontaneous Emission and Suppressed Auger Recombination

Surface defects in colloidal semiconductor quantum dots are responsible for many undesirable effects. Plasmonic effects in nearby metallic nanostructures can offer some partial remedy, by enhancing radiative decay rates. This work reveals that when metallic nanostructures are placed in the vicinity of an Au/Si Schottky junction and a Si/aluminum oxide charge barrier, unusual plasmonic effects offer not only enhanced spontaneous emission, but also suppressed impact of surface defects. This material platform for superplasmonic processes can render these quantum dots truly bright emitters that are ultrafast and immune to environmental noise, for applications in photonics.
Why Is There Such Diversity in Preferences for End-of-Life Care? Explanations and Narratives

The differences in views of advance directives, hospice care and do not resuscitate orders that characterize different ethnic and cultural groups may appear illogical to healthcare professionals of White European background.
Bifurcation Dynamics of a Damped Parametric Pendulum

Abstract The inherent complex dynamics of a parametrically excited pendulum is of great interest in nonlinear dynamics, which can help one better understand the complex world. Even though the param...
Extracellular CIRP as an endogenous TREM-1 ligand to fuel inflammation in sepsis

Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a recently discovered damage-associated molecular pattern. Understanding the precise mechanism by which it exacerbates inflammation is essential. Here we identified that eCIRP is a new biologically active endogenous ligand of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1), fueling inflammation in sepsis. Surface plasmon resonance revealed a strong binding affinity between eCIRP and TREM-1, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay confirmed eCIRP's interaction with TREM-1 in macrophages. Targeting TREM-1 by its siRNA or a decoy peptide, LP17, or by using TREM-1-/- mice dramatically reduced eCIRP-induced inflammation. We developed a potentially novel 7-aa peptide derived from human eCIRP, M3, which blocked the interaction of TREM-1 and eCIRP. M3 suppressed inflammation induced by eCIRP or agonist TREM-1 antibody cross-linking in murine macrophages or human peripheral blood monocytes. M3 also inhibited eCIRP-induced systemic inflammation and tissue injury. Treatment with M3 further protected mice from sepsis, improved acute lung injury, and increased survival. Thus, we have discovered a potentially novel TREM-1 ligand and developed a new peptide, M3, to block eCIRP-TREM-1 interaction and improve outcomes in sepsis.
Cost-effectiveness Analysis of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT to Guide Management of Small Renal Masses.

Abstract Background Incidentally detected small renal masses (SRMs) may be one of several benign or malignant tumor histologies, and are heterogeneous in oncologic potential. Renal mass biopsy can be used to determine the histology of SRMs. However, this invasive approach has significant limitations. Technetium-99m sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT) is a promising imaging tool that can aid in identifying benign renal oncocytomas and hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors. Objective To evaluate the clinical and economic value of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT in guiding the management of SRMs. Design, setting, and participants We developed a decision analysis model to estimate the costs and health outcomes of competing management strategies for a healthy 65-yr-old patient with an asymptomatic SRM. Intervention Empiric surgery (reference); real-world clinical practice (RWCP) consisting of empiric surgery, thermal ablation, and active surveillance (alternative reference); renal mass biopsy (option 1); 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT (option 2); and 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT followed by biopsy to confirm benign SRMs (option 3). Outcome measurements and statistical analysis We assessed lifetime health utilities, measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and direct medical costs from a health payer perspective. We calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for options 1–3 versus the reference and alternative reference arms, with a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50 000/QALY. Univariate, multivariate, and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. Results and limitations Option 3 had a very low risk of untreated malignant tumors (0.2%, vs 2.1% for option 1, 4.2% for option 2, and 0% for empiric surgery) and the highest probability of leaving benign tumors untreated (84.4%, vs 53.9% for option 1, 51.7% for option 2, and 0% for empiric surgery). Option 3 dominated empiric surgery and options 1 and 2 (ie, lower costs and higher QALYs). Compared with RWCP, options 1–3 were all cost effective; option 3 had the lowest ICER of $18 821/QALY. These findings were robust to alternative input values. Study limitations included data uncertainties and a limited number of centers from which 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT performance data were collected. Conclusions 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT followed by confirmatory biopsy helps avoid surgery for benign SRMs, minimizes untreated malignant SRMs, and is cost effective compared with existing strategies. Patient summary Our research suggests that by using a noninvasive imaging test, known as technetium-99m sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography, to diagnose small renal masses, urologists may avoid unnecessary surgery for benign tumors and minimize the risk of leaving a malignant tumor untreated. Moreover, the use of this strategy to diagnose small renal masses is cost effective for the health care system.
The use of the three level binocular single vision training course in the treatment of amblyopia

Objective To evaluate the function of the three level binocular single vision training course in the treatment ofamblyopia.Methods Amblyopic children whose visual acuities reached 0.5 or over after treated by synthetic therapy carried on the three level binocular single vision training course.We observed the change of the therapeutic effects and the stereoacuity before and after training.Results After the three lev-el binocular single vision training course, the basic recovery rate, the stereoacuity normal rate, the crossed dis-parity normal rate,the uncrossed disparity normal rate and the binocular summation VEP of the amblyopic chil-dren improved obviously.Compared with before training,there are significantly different.Conclusion The three level binocular single vision training course is useful to improve vision,to strengthen curative effect and finally to establish and strengthen normal stereopsis. Key words: Amblyopia; The three level binocular single vision training course; Binocular single vision
Geologically Oldest Pediomyoidea (Mammalia, Marsupialiformes) from the Late Cretaceous of North America, with Implications for Taxonomy and Diet of Earliest Late Cretaceous Mammals

Terrestrial faunas of Turonian age are poorly known due to the paucity of the fossil record in North America and globally. The Smoky Hollow Member of the Straight Cliffs Formation, southern Utah, has yielded a rich assemblage of terrestrial vertebrates; among these, we herein recognize the geologically oldest members of Pediomyoidea. Two new species, Scalaria martini, gen. et sp. nov. and Scalaria aquilana, gen. et sp. nov., are recovered as members of Aquiladelphidae, sharing upper molar characters such as a subdivided B cusp, round and inflated cusps, and an anteroposteriorly expanded protocone. A fragmentary specimen is recognized as an indeterminate pediomyid with morphological similarities to Leptalestes. The occurrence of these distinctive groups in the Turonian prompted a reevaluation of possible antecedents from earlier faunas, and a review of specimens referred to Aquiladelphidae. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that the Cenomanian tribosphenidan Dakotadens may belong within Aquiladelphidae. Of specimens referred to Aquiladelphidae, we recognize Aquiladelphis laurae as a valid species within the genus, and describe a new species of Aquiladelphis from the Judith River Formation of Montana, Aquiladelphis analetris, sp. nov. Two specimens from the ‘Edmontonian’ Williams Fork Formation, previously identified as Aquiladelphis, are here referred to a new species of Glasbius, G. piceanus, sp. nov. The presence of dentally derived marsupialiforms in the Turonian suggests that ecological drivers credited with dietary specializations among later Cretaceous taxa, such as proliferation of angiosperms and pollinating insects, were at work earlier than previously thought.
Temporal Surrogate Back-propagation for Spiking Neural Networks.

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are usually more energy-efficient as compared to Artificial neural networks (ANN), and the way they work has a great similarity with our brain. Back-propagation (BP) has shown its strong power in training ANN in recent years. However, since spike behavior is non-differentiable, BP cannot be applied to SNN directly. Although prior works demonstrated several ways to approximate the BP-gradient in both spatial and temporal directions either through surrogate gradient or randomness, they omitted the temporal dependency introduced by the reset mechanism between each step. In this article, we target on theoretical completion and investigate the effect of the missing term thoroughly. By adding the temporal dependency of the reset mechanism, the new algorithm is more robust to learning-rate adjustments on a toy dataset but does not show much improvement on larger learning tasks like CIFAR-10. Empirically speaking, the benefits of the missing term are not worth the additional computational overhead. In many cases, the missing term can be ignored.
Monotone and Unimodal Densities

In this chapter, we undertake a detailed study of nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation of monotone densities on (0, ∞) and unimodal densities on (-∞, ∞).
Frailty in Pancreas Transplantation

There are a variety of definitions and criteria used in clinical practice to define frailty. In the absence of a gold standard definition, frailty has been operationally defined as meeting three out of five phenotypic criteria indicating compromised function: low grip strength, low energy, slowed walking speed, low physical activity, and unintentional weight loss. Frailty is a common problem in solid organ transplant candidates who are in the process of being listed for a transplant, as well as after transplantation. Patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease (CKD) are known to be at increased risk of being frail. As pancreas transplantation is exclusively performed among patients with diabetes and the majority of them also have CKD, pancreas transplant candidates and recipients are at high risk of being frail. Sarcopenia, fatigue, low walking speed, low physical activity, and unintentional weight loss, which are some of the phenotypes of frailty, are very prevalent in this population. In various solid organs, frail patients are less likely to be listed or transplanted, and have high waitlist mortality. Even after a transplant, they have increased risk of prolonged hospitalization, readmission, and delayed graft function. Given the negative impact of frailty in solid organ transplants, we believe that frailty would have a similar or even worse impact in pancreas transplantation. Due to the paucity of data specifically among pancreas transplant recipients, here we include frailty data from patients with CKD, diabetes, and various solid organ transplant recipients.
Usability and Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Grocery Shopping for Assessing Cognitive Fatigue in Healthy Controls: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Cognitive fatigue (CF) is a human response to stimulation and stress and is a common comorbidity in many medical conditions that can result in serious consequences; however, studying CF under controlled conditions is difficult. Immersive virtual reality provides an experimental environment that enables the precise measurement of the response of an individual to complex stimuli in a controlled environment. Objective: We aim to examine the development of an immersive virtual shopping experience to measure subjective and objective indicators of CF induced by instrumental activities of daily living. Methods: We will recruit 84 healthy participants (aged 18-75 years) for a 2-phase study. Phase 1 is a user experience study for testing the software functionality, user interface, and realism of the virtual shopping environment. Phase 2 uses a 3-arm randomized controlled trial to determine the effect that the immersive environment has on fatigue. Participants will be randomized into 1 of 3 conditions exploring fatigue response during a typical human activity (grocery shopping). The level of cognitive and emotional challenges will change during each activity. The primary outcome of phase 1 is the experience of user interface difficulties. The primary outcome of phase 2 is self-reported CF. The core secondary phase 2 outcomes include subjective cognitive load, change in task performance behavior, and eye tracking. Phase 2 uses within-subject repeated measures analysis of variance to compare pre- and postfatigue measures under 3 conditions (control, cognitive challenge, and emotional challenge). Results: This study was approved by the scientific review committee of the National Institute of Nursing Research and was identified as an exempt study by the institutional review board of the National Institutes of Health. Data collection will begin in spring 2021. Conclusions: Immersive virtual reality may be a useful research platform for simulating the induction of CF associated with the cognitive and emotional challenges of instrumental activities of daily living. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04883359; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04883359
Experimental Bounds on Entangled Two Photon Absorption in Rhodamine 6G

Entangled photons have been reported to enhance two-photon absorption by many orders of magnitude. Recent theoretical work predicts smaller increases for common molecular dyes. We present experimental results supporting this claim in Rhodamine 6G.
What is the relationship between computer technology and ethical issues

The question of how a technology can generate an ethical issue generally goes unasked. The question is interesting in its own right and also important for understanding the two things that are brou...