cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Amount of Solid Waste in Indiana School Foodservice Operations

The purpose of this study was to obtain data that could be generalized to the state of Indiana, and included: 1) examining the relationship between the amount of waste and the variables thought to influence it at the unit level; and 2) estimating the total amount of waste being sent to landfills through school foodservice operations in the state. In order to obtain data that would represent the population as a whole as well as the different service circumstances, participants were selected based on their size, the percent of serviceware dollars directed toward the purchase of disposable serviceware, and their geographic location.The model generated indicated that the weight of waste at the school (unit) level increased with the number of participants, the grade level represented, and the type of operation. Also, the mannerin which food waste was handledsignificantlyaffected the weight of waste.The weighted population average for the elementary grade levels was 21 per day per student enrolled; for the midd...
A Proposed Injury Threshold for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injuries constitute a significant portion of injury resulting from automotive collisions, motorcycle crashes, and sports collisions. Brain injuries not only represent a serious trauma for those involved but also place an enormous burden on society, often exacting a heavy economical, social, and emotional price. Development of intervention strategies to prevent or minimize these injuries requires a complete understanding of injury mechanisms, response and tolerance level. In this study, an attempt is made to delineate actual injury causation and establish a meaningful injury criterion through the use of the actual field accident data. Twenty-four head-to-head field collisions that occurred in professional football games were duplicated using a validated finite element human head model. The injury predictors and injury levels were analyzed based on resulting brain tissue responses and were correlated with the site and occurrence of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Predictions indicated that the shear stress around the brainstem region could be an injury predictor for concussion. Statistical analyses were performed to establish the new brain injury tolerance level.
Thermal and Sodium Dodecylsulfate Induced Transitions of Streptavidin

The strong specific binding of streptavidin (SA) to biotin is utilized in numerous biotechnological applications. The SA tetramer is also known to exhibit significant stability, even in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). Despite its importance, relatively little is known about the nature of the thermal denaturation pathway for SA. This work uses a homogeneous SA preparation to expand on the data of previous literature reports, leading to the proposal of a model for temperature induced structural changes in SA. Temperature dependent data were obtained by SDS and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fluorescence and ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy in the presence and absence of SDS. In addition to the development of this model, it is found that the major thermal transition of SA in 1% SDS is reversible. Finally, although SA exhibits significant precipitation at elevated temperatures in aqueous solution, inclusion of SDS acts to prevent SA aggregation.
Potential sources of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) recruits estimated with Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis of otolith chemical signatures

Otolith chemical signatures were used to estimate the number of likely nursery sources that contributed recruits to a suite of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) year-classes sampled in 2012 in US Atlantic Ocean waters from southern Florida (28°N) to North Carolina (34°N). Otoliths from subadult and adult fish (n=139; ages 2–5 years) were cored and their chemical constituents analysed for δ13C, δ18O, as well as the elemental ratios of Ba:Ca, Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca and Sr:Ca. Results from multiple linear regression analyses indicated that there was significant latitudinal variation for δ13C, Ba:Ca, Mg:Ca and Mn:Ca. Therefore, these variables were used to parameterise Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) models computed to estimate the most likely number of nursery sources to each age class. Results from MCMC models indicated that between two and seven nursery sources were equally plausible among the four age classes examined, but the likely number of nursery sources declined for fish aged 4 and 5 years because of apparent mixing between more northern and more southern signatures. Overall, there is evidence to reject the null hypothesis that a single nursery source contributed recruits among the age classes examined, but increased sample size from a broader geographic range may be required to refine estimates of the likely number of nursery sources.
Endogenous Trust and the Distribution of Caution

Trust is an important component of social capital that has been linked to improvements in macroeconomic performance. The exogeneity of trust, however, is questionable. We develop a theoretical model in which trust is endogenous and depends on three factors: institutions for capture and punishment of dishonest behavior, the share of intrinsically trustworthy people, and the distribution of risk aversion or caution across individuals. We show how the mean and variance of the distribution of caution have direct and indirect effects on trust. The indirect effects work through the perception of trustworthiness to influence trust. The indirect effects may dominate the direct effects so that more caution may counterintuitively lead to greater trust. For more homogenous societies, we find that greater caution increases trust; for more heterogeneous societies, trust declines as caution increases. We also draw out the effects of caution on trustworthiness and output per capita. Finally, we show that institutions have the expected effect on trustworthiness, trust, and output per capita.
Primary-Recoil Atom Spectra from ENDF/B Data

Information from the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF/B) has been used to construct energy-exchange kernels describing the energy transfer probabilities between neutrons and material lattice atoms...
Approximate Formulas for Piston Travel in Radial Engines

A simplified equation involving two Fourier series is given for the piston travel when the angular spacing of knuckle pin holes equals the angular spacing of the cylinder axes. Tables are given for determining the coefficients and phase angles of these two Fourier series. Formulas and tables are also given for finding the error due to using only the first two terms of these series. A simplified approximate formula for piston travel is also given, from which formulas for maximum and minimum piston travel are derived.
CCK-receptor antagonists attenuate suppression of sham feeding by intestinal nutrients

To test the possibility that endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) participates in suppression of sham feeding by intraintestinal nutrient infusions, we examined the effect of CCK-receptor antagonists on the suppression of sham feeding by intraintestinally infused oleic acid, maltose or L-phenylalanine (L-Phe). In addition, we monitored amylase activity in the intestinal lumen during some sham feeding experiments and measured plasma CCK in parallel experiments using intestinally infused animals that were not feeding. Suppression of sham feeding by oleic acid or maltose was attenuated by CCK-receptor antagonists, while suppression of sham feeding by L-Phe was not. Oleate infusion increased plasma CCK concentration and luminal amylase activity. Oleate-induced increase in luminal amylase activity was attenuated by a CCK-receptor antagonist. Intraintestinal maltose or L-Phe did not increase plasma CCK concentration or luminal amylase activity, suggesting that they did not release endocrine CCK. These results suggest 1) that endogenous CCK mediates suppression of sham feeding by oleate and maltose but not by L-Phe and 2) that CCK participating in suppression of feeding by intestinal stimuli might not be of endocrine origin.
X-ray comb generation from nuclear-resonance-stabilized x-ray free-electron laser oscillator for fundamental physics and precision metrology

An x-ray free-electron laser oscillator (XFELO) is a next-generation x-ray source, similar to free-electron laser oscillators at VUV and longer wavelengths but using crystals as high-reflectivity x-ray mirrors. Each output pulse from an XFELO is fully coherent with high spectral purity. The temporal coherence length can further be increased drastically, from picoseconds to microseconds or even longer, by phase-locking successive XFELO output pulses, using the narrow nuclear resonance lines of nuclei such as $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ as a reference. We show that the phase fluctuation due to the seismic activities is controllable and that due to spontaneous emission is small. The fluctuation of electron-bunch spacing contributes mainly to the envelope fluctuation but not to the phase fluctuation. By counting the number of standing-wave maxima formed by the output of the nuclear-resonance-stabilized (NRS) XFELO over an optically known length, the wavelength of the nuclear resonance can be accurately measured, possibly leading to a new length or frequency standard at x-ray wavelengths. A NRS-XFELO will be an ideal source for experimental x-ray quantum optics as well as other fundamental physics. The technique can be refined for other, narrower resonances such as $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ or $^{45}\mathrm{Sc}$.
On Some Applications of Fibonacci Numbers

(1995). On Some Applications of Fibonacci Numbers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 102, No. 7, pp. 640-645.
Fabrication of a polymer battery based on polypyrrole electrodes and a polymer gel electrolyte

The electronic conductivity and redox behavior of conjugated polymers make them suitable for charge storage applications. We present preliminary results for an all polymer system consisting of a p-doped polypyrrole cathode and pseudo n-doped polypyrrole/polystyrenesulfonate anode. Using a thin film construction technique, electrodes were assembled into cells using a polymer gel electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile, which has a high room temperature conductivity. Charge capacities of 13 mAh g−1 based on the mass of the electroactive polymer in the cathode have been obtained for over 100 cycles.
Temperature Dependence of Copper (II) Catalyzed Oxidation of Propylene on X Zeolite: Relation To Copper (II) Migration

The copper(II) catalyzed oxidation of propylene on CuK-X zeolite was studied over the temperature range of 150 to 400°C in a flow system. Arrhenius activation energies could be obtained at less than 30%conversion from 160 to 210°C and were found to decrease with increasing copper(II) content. These results are correlated with electron spin resonance studies of the migration of copper(II) within the zeolite lattice at the reaction temperature. The change in activation energy with copper(II) content shows that a substantial part of the total activation energy is due to copper(II) migration.
Application of SRSS in the Test on Improving Sleep Function Through Taking One Health Food

[Objective] To examine and evaluate the improvement of sleep function to check the usefulness of health food using Self-Rating Scale of Sleep(SRSS).[Methods] The test group of 36 persons versus the control group of 33 persons were enrolled in this study with self report using SRSS prior to and after taking melatonin or placebo for 30 days respectively.The differences indicating sleep quality were statistically analyzed.[Results] Compared with the controls,8 items of SRSS indices in the test group were improved obviously and the SRSS total score was also decreased significantly.The difference of SRSS total score of test group was greater than that of control group.[Conclusion] SRSS may be effectively applied to the test on improving sleep function of health food.
The Treatment of Oedipal Disgust: When One Person’s Sexual Delight Is Another’s Disgust

Sexual disgust has been conceptualized in terms of drive theory and preoedipal dynamics. Sexual disgust can also be conceptualized from a relational perspective that draws on oedipal psychodynamics as well as recent research on disgust as a form of embodied moral cognition. From a subjective viewpoint, sexual disgust is self-affirming, as it preserves the purity, sanctity, and desirability of the self in the face of polluting sexual contact. Yet from an other-centered viewpoint, sexual disgust precludes empathic recognition when it shames the object of sexual disgust and rationalizes its mistreatment. This dialectic of assertion (i.e., refusal to submit to something sexually disgusting) and recognition (i.e., affirmation as an object of sexual desire) plays out in adult romantic relationships when one partner’s sexual delight is the other partner’s sexual disgust.
An Investigational Proteasome Inhibitor MLN9708 (MLN2238) Induces Apoptosis In Human Multiple Myeloma Cells In Vitro

Abstract Abstract 3066 Targeting the proteasome has proven to be one of the most effective therapeutic strategies in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is approved for treatment of MM. However its clinical efficacy is compromised by the acquired resistance in patients, necessitating the development of new therapeutics. Several new proteasome inhibitors are under investigation for their therapeutic efficacy in MM. MLN9708 (Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA) is a proteasome inhibitor which shows refined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in preclinical studies and is currently in Phase I clinical development. Upon exposure to aqueous solutions or plasma, MLN9708 rapidly hydrolyzes to MLN2238, the biologically active form. MLN2238 was used for all of the studies reported here, in which we report the efficacy of MLN2238 on three established MM cell lines-KMS11, OPM2 and U266. MLN2238 was found to inhibit the chymotrypsin-like proteasomal activity of all MM cell lines in a dose dependent manner. Investigation of the IC50 of MLN2238 on these cell lines demonstrated that KMS11 is the most sensitive (IC50 of 15.9 nM) while U266 was found to be the least sensitive cell line (IC50 of 511 nM). OPM2 cells also showed intermediate sensitivity with an IC50 of 58.6 nM. MLN2238 induced apoptosis in KMS11 cells as evidenced by annexin V staining and PARP-1 cleavage. Cleavage of caspases 9 and 3 suggested activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by MLN2238. Furthermore, MLN2238 treatment was shown to increase the mitochondrial outer membrane permeability (MOMP) and decrease BCL-2 levels. Evaluation of the expression of PSMB5, the preferred proteasomal subunit target for both bortezomib and MLN2238, revealed that it is expressed at approximately 3 fold more in KMS11 cells as compared to U266, suggesting a possible mechanism for higher sensitivity of KMS11 to the proteasomal inhibitor, MLN2238. This preclinical evaluation confirms the anti-myeloma effects of MLN2238, warranting further in-depth evaluation in both in vitro and in vivo models of MM. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Enriched Generic Algebras of Fuzzy Relations.

The paper presents an overview of a computation friendly calculus of fuzzy relations. It is presented within the framework of an enriched generic algebra of relations that we have been developing since 1979. It is enriched with BK-non-associative products of relations of three kinds: triangle subproduct C, superproduct B and the square product . The BK-products have been useful in concise formulation of new theorems in relational mathematics as well as in a number of practical applications in medicine, engineering, information retrieval and elsewhere. The concise algebraic manipulation is also advantageous in symbolic computing. Currently we are engaged in developing an equational theorem checker in which the BK-products play a substantial role. In this endeavour, Tarski style relational calculi play an essential role.
Inclusive education practices for a culturally responsive teacher education program

The purpose of this article is to provide a reflective discussion, using a case study as a teaching and learning strategy to improve academic learner performance. Guided by the social constructivism paradigm and using critical race theory (CRT) as a theoretical framework that places race at the center of educational research and discourse, we provide conditions for the successful implementation of the case study as a teaching and learning strategy for culturally responsive, inclusive education that may improve academic learner performance for indigenous students. After receiving an Institute for Museum and Library Services (IMLS) Laura Bush 21st Century Librarian Program grant, one institution provided distributed, community-based instruction to rural areas and fostered a community of practice to support pre-service school library teachers. This article presents approaches and assessments based on the program that incorporated a culturally responsive pedagogy in its specialized curriculum and created information literacy resources to improve student success in racially diverse and economically disadvantaged northeast Oklahoma schools and communities. The article further reviews factors that influenced learning and teaching in this program. Significant contributions include the creation of a unique program that provides a framework for practicing professionals in K-12. Curriculum, resources, and information literacy tools are made available to help sustain educational efforts for those who serve in similar communities. The planning, design, development and distribution of digital format information literacy modules address education-based needs to enhance information literacy skills, to incorporate “faces of diversity” that help targeted viewers personally relate more positively to the learning experience, and to deliver current “standards based” training resources. Lesson plans and learning resources created during and after the program can continue to provide opportunities for cross-cultural dialogue between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous educators in shared study, mentoring, and faculty/teacher training.
Rapid Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) Populations, using a Bottle Bioassay

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a major pest of citrus crops worldwide. A large number of insecticides have been used to manage D. citri in Florida. Therefore, insecticide resistance could become an important problem facing citrus production. Monitoring insecticide susceptibility in populations of D. citri and providing a technique to use as an early warning is needed so citrus producers can modify chemical control strategies for this pest in Florida. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and fast tool to determine insecticide resistance in D. citri and apply it to commercial citrus production in Florida. LC50 and LC95 estimates were determined for 8 commonly used insecticides on a susceptible laboratory population of D. citri 24 h after treatment in a residual contact bottle assay. Five to 7 concentrations of each insecticide were tested. The LC50 values (and 95% fiducial limits) ranged from 0.06 (0.02–0.26) to 0.80 (0.26–2.46) ng/μL for each insecticide tested. Exposure time—mortality indices were determined for 0, 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 ng/μL concentrations of each insecticide in a laboratory susceptible strain. Knockdown was assessed after 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min. Complete knockdown (100.0%) occurred within 60 min for dimethoate, fenpropathrin, imidacloprid, bifenthrin, and flupyradifurone at the 10,000 ng/μL concentration. For spinetoram, 86.7% knockdown occurred within 120 min at 10,000 ng/μL. For sulfoxaflor and cyantraniliprole, 44.0 and 42.6% knockdown, respectively, occurred within 120 min at 1,000 ng/μL. We also developed a bottle bioassay to survey field populations of D. citri for insecticide resistance in central Florida. Exposure time—mortality indices developed in the laboratory were used to assess susceptibility of 1 laboratory and 4 field populations of D. citri after 15, 30, 50, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min of exposure at the 10,000 ng/μL concentration of various insecticides. Little to no evidence of resistance was detected for bifenthrin, dimethoate, imidacloprid, and fenpropathrin in central Florida. Our investigation demonstrated that a bottle bioassay is suitable for assaying insecticide resistance in D. citri adults under laboratory and field conditions. It should be a flexible tool for rapid testing of insecticide resistance in possible cases of insecticide failure. Its simplicity should allow trained professionals to rapidly monitor for insecticide resistance in commercial settings where “hot spots” of D. citri populations may occur.
Film as transformative learning: A case study on civics education through cultural study

University professors use film as a medium to examine social issues, although little is known about the tangible effects that socially minded films have on viewers. This study examined how combining film studies with a philanthropy project was beneficial to students’ understanding of global social concerns. Survey data showed that with this teaching approach, students increased their awareness of local social needs and nonprofits and had a greater personal interest in community involvement and helping others.
The predictive performances of equations used to estimate unbound phenytoin concentrations in a medical ICU population and the impact of exogenous albumin administration.

Abstract Purpose This study evaluated the predictive performances of four equations (Sheiner-Tozer [ST], Kane-modified ST, Anderson-modified ST, and Cheng-modified ST) used to estimate free phenytoin concentrations in a medical intensive care unit (MICU) and assessed the impact of exogenously administered albumin. Methods Thirty MICU subjects receiving phenytoin were retrospectively evaluated. Predictive performances were assessed by mean absolute error (MAE), mean prediction error (MPE), and root mean squared error (RMSE); linear regression of predicted vs. actual unbound concentrations; and Bland-Altman plots. Parameters were further delineated by recent exogenous albumin administration. Results The measured unbound phenytoin concentration was 2.14 ± 0.84 μg/mL for all 90 levels, 1.89 ± 0.92 μg/mL for the 58 levels without albumin, and 2.58 ± 0.83 μg/mL (p Conclusion Estimating unbound concentrations with equations in the MICU population is discouraged.
PITFALLS OF ENDOSCOPIC CARPAL TUNNEL RELEASE

The article details various pitfalls of endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Highlighted are the two-portal Chow technique and the single-portal Agee technique.
Building Materials and Construction Techniques

PART II INVESTIGATES THE Templum Pacis’ construction process. In particular, Chapter 6 outlines a reasonable chronology of the first building campaign (AD 71–75) and examines the materials that made it possible to complete (and eventually restore) the monument. Chapters 7 and 8 focus on the remains incorporated into the Monastery and Basilica of SS. Cosma e Damiano, and for three good reasons: first, they allow us to reconstruct what the halls located on the right-hand side of the Temple of Peace looked like, along with the characteristics of the porticoes; second, the surviving walls, although preserved from the foundation up to the cornice, are largely unpublished and have still much to reveal; third, scholarly access is highly problematic nowadays. My investigation relies on different approaches: not only a complete documentation of the standing structures (see my plans, sections, and elevations) and the scientific analysis of unusual building materials (as in the case of the red layer), but also the study of how and why these halls were designed and eventually altered. Later building phases, Renaissance drawings, and archival documents, too, greatly contribute to our knowledge of this sector of the Templum Pacis (see Volume 2). Roman architecture is not just a technological phenomenon, as demonstrated by the great hall, which was not part of Vespasian's Templum Pacis ; the great hall was added when Domitian created the Library of Peace, which was remodeled in the fourth century when it became an audience hall (Chapter 10), and converted into a Christian basilica in the sixth century (Chapter 11). This architectural metamorphosis formed different living spaces that were clearly conditioned by social, cultural, political, and religious factors. I believe that this interdisciplinary approach was the right one in the study of a peculiar monument that underwent countless remodelings over the course of two millennia and survives in architectural fragments.
Internationalizing Campus Partners

The available discourse on how international students’ needs and expectations are accommodated in U.S. higher education institutions is extensive while the corresponding research on how International Services’ Staff (ISS) are prepared for the challenge is limited. The purpose of this essay was to research the personal, academic, and professional background of individuals working in International Services Offices (ISOs) nationwide and identify issues that are not sufficiently addressed. The survey allowed for the collection of data on the training and experience of International Services Staff as well as the methods and strategies used to effectively communicate with international students. Upon discussion of the findings and their significance, the author proposes future recommendations through the implementation of a practical training module.
Einwanderung im Wohlfahrtsstaat: Die Solidarität und das Problem der Homogenität

Abstract Wenn Kontrollverlust und Verlustangste anstelle von Solidaritat und Sicherheit die Bevolkerungsmehrheiten vieler westlicher Staaten mobilisieren und Fragen der Integration und Immigration breite gesellschaftliche Sorgen uber Identitat sowie die politische und soziale Gemeinschaft hervorrufen, stellt sich in aller Aktualitat die Frage, was eine liberale Gesellschaft zusammenhalt. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der Beitrag das Verhaltnis von gesellschaftlicher Homogenitat und Solidaritat im Wohlfahrtsstaat. Nachdem vergleichend die Schwierigkeiten aufgezeigt werden, die Einwanderung und Integration von Zuwanderern fur den Wohlfahrtsstaat auslosen, wird das Potential der Nation in Anbetracht der Suche nach gemeinsamer Kultur und Identitat beleuchtet. Beruht der Wohlfahrtsstaat auf einem die Mitglieder der Gemeinschaft zusammenhaltenden Konsens, kann er eine weitere Integration von Einwanderern unterstutzen. Allerdings ist Integration auch eine Voraussetzung fur die anfangliche Zulassung, an ihm z...
PuMA: the Porous Microstructure Analysis software

Abstract The Porous Microstructure Analysis (PuMA) software has been developed in order to compute effective material properties and perform material response simulations on digitized microstructures of porous media. PuMA is able to import digital three-dimensional images obtained from X-ray microtomography or to generate artificial microstructures. PuMA also provides a module for interactive 3D visualizations. Version 2.1 includes modules to compute porosity, volume fractions, and surface area. Two finite difference Laplace solvers have been implemented to compute the continuum tortuosity factor, effective thermal conductivity, and effective electrical conductivity. A random method has been developed to compute tortuosity factors from the continuum to rarefied regimes. Representative elementary volume analysis can be performed on each property. The software also includes a time-dependent, particle-based model for the oxidation of fibrous materials. PuMA was developed for Linux operating systems and is available as a NASA software under a US & Foreign release.
Design of Retrospective and Case-Control Studies in Oncology

Retrospective studies allow researchers to evaluate outcomes in a real-world setting at reduced costs compared with prospective trials, and have long-established use in surgical oncology. In retrospective studies, the study sample is generated from secondary or pre-existing data, which precludes randomization. As a result, the potential for unique and significant biases exists and these can limit the applicability and generalizability of the findings. This chapter is intended to serve as a guide for conducting retrospective research studies. Topics covered include internal and external validity; types of biases; sampling and matching techniques, including propensity score matching; missing data; and special considerations for common study designs. Examples from the surgical oncology literature are provided.
Mimetic Finite Difference Schemes with Conditional Maximum Principle for Diffusion Problems

Numerical schemes that satisfy the maximum principle play important role in multiphysics codes. They reduce significantly various numerical artifacts. We describe a novel inexpensive practical algorithm for building mimetic finite difference schemes with conditional maximum principle on polygonal and polyhedral meshes for diffusion problems.
The development of adipocytes located around hair follicles in the fetal pig

The relationship between hair follicle development and adipocyte formation in the pig hypodermis was studied. Dorsal subcutaneous tissue samples taken from fetal pigs at 45, 65, 85 and 112 of gestation were prepared for histological and histochemical analysis. The development of hair follicle adipose lobules in the pig is associated temporally and spatially with hair follicle and sweat gland growth and development. The growing hair follicle and sweat glands may physically interact with dermal connective tissue cells resulting in a population of undifferentiated cells. Adipocytes and a wide variety of cell types may be derived from this population of undifferentiated cells. The amount of space free of adipocytes in adipose lobules and shape and size of the adipose lobules are also associated with sweat gland and hair follicle growth. The results of this study demonstrate that adipose tissue cellularity may be partially controlled by the growth of the anatomically related tissue.
Teacher Learning: Implications of New Views of Cognition

Current educational reform efforts in the United States are setting forth ambitious goals for schools, teachers, and students (e.g., National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1989; National Education Goals Panel, 1991; National Research Council, 1993). Schools and teachers are to help students develop rich understandings of important content, think critically, construct and solve problems, synthesize information, invent, create, express themselves proficiently, and leave school prepared to be responsible citizens and lifelong learners. Reformers hold forth visions of teaching and learning in which teachers and student engage in rich discourse about important ideas and participate in problem solving activities grounded in meaningful contexts (e.g., American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1989; National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1989, 1991). These visions of teaching and learning depart significantly from much of the educational practice that currently typifies American classrooms — practice that is based on views of teaching as presenting and explaining content and learning as the rehearsal and retention of presented information and skills.
Multivariate Probability Density and Regression Functions Estimation of Continuous-Time Stationary Processes from Discrete-Time Data

Let be a real-valued continuous-time jointly stationary processes and let tj be a renewal point process on [0,00], with finite mean rate independent of (Y,X). Given the observations and a measurable function, we estimate the multivariate probability density and the regression function of given X(0) = xo, X(T) = XI, …, X(r m ) = x m for arbitrary lags m. We present consistency and asymptotic normality results for appropriate estimates of f and r.
Transcriptional and Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Viral Gene Expression in the Gamma-Herpesvirus Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiological agent of the AIDS-associated tumor Kaposi’s sarcoma, is a complex virus that expresses ~ 90 proteins in a regulated temporal cascade during its replication cycle. Although KSHV relies on cellular machinery for gene expression, it also uses specialized regulators to control nearly every step of the process. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of KSHV gene regulation. High-throughput sequencing and a new robust system to mutate KSHV have paved the way for comprehensive studies of KSHV gene expression, leading to the characterization of new viral factors that control late gene expression and post-transcriptional steps of gene regulation. They have also revealed key aspects of chromatin-based control of gene expression in the latent and lytic cycle. The combination of mutant analysis and high-throughput sequencing will continue to expand our model of KSHV gene regulation and point to potential new targets for anti-KSHV drugs.
Generator-coordinate reference states for spectra and 0 ν β β decay in the in-medium similarity renormalization group

We use a reference state based on symmetry-restored states from deformed mean-field or generator-coordinate-method (GCM) calculations in conjunction with the in-medium similarity-renormalization group (IMSRG) to compute spectra and matrix elements for neutrinoless double-beta ($0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$) decay. Because the decay involves ground states from two nuclei, we use evolved operators from the IMSRG in one nucleus in a subsequent GCM calculation in the other. We benchmark the resulting IMSRG+GCM method against complete shell-model diagonalization for both the energies of low-lying states in $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ and $^{48}\mathrm{Ti}$ and the $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ matrix element for the decay of $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$, all in a single valence shell. Our approach produces better spectra than either the IMSRG with a spherical-mean-field reference or GCM calculations with unevolved operators. For the $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ matrix element the improvement is slight.
What Are the Off-Target Effects of Plan "S" For Translational Investigators?

“There are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don't know we don't know.”—Donald H. Rumsfeld [(1)][1] On September 4, 2018, a
Study of the Propagation and Amplification of Seismic Waves in Caracas Valley with Reference to the July 29, 1967 Earthquake Response

The response of a 2-D model of the valley of Caracas, Venezuela — a NS cross—section through the Palos Grandes district — to seismic excitations is investigated. It is found that the spectral amplification and time response characteristics of this asymmetric wedge—shaped valley are a function of the direction of incidence of the excitation waves. Furthermore, the differences in the predictions of the 1-D and 2-D models are more pronounced for SV-waves than for SH-waves, especially when SV-waves are incident at (or near) the critical angle i c. The 2-D model of the valley is used to simulate also the anti-plane response of the valley to the July 29, 1967 Caracas earthquake. The simulations reveal that the intensity of motion on rock and on the sediments is higher by a factor of 3 compared to estimates proposed by previous investigators.
Maximizing Repeated Readings: the Effects of a Multicomponent Reading Fluency Intervention for Children with Reading Difficulties

Repeated reading (RR) is one of the most widely studied reading fluency interventions. The procedure has been studied independently, as well as in conjunction with up to five different add-on intervention components. Such add-on interventions target skills, including syllable segmentation, grammar, and vocabulary, each of which has been identified as essential to becoming an effective reader. However, despite the importance of each of these skills, no study has evaluated the combination of all previously explored add-on components into a single reading fluency intervention paired with RR. A multiple baseline with withdrawal (ABAB) single subject design methodology was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a multicomponent reading intervention with three students experiencing reading difficulties. Visual analysis indicated clear positive effects of the intervention. Additionally, using non-overlap of all pairs, strong effect sizes were detected for the intervention across all participants. Implications for practice, limitations, and future directions are all explored.
Perioperative Management of Recurrent Fungal Tricuspid Endocarditis in a Young Patient Abusing Intravenous Drugs.

Right-sided infective endocarditis (IE) accounts for 5% to 10% of cases of endocarditis, and it is most often seen on the tricuspid valve (TV) of patients with intracardiac devices (central lines, pacemaker wires) or with histories of intravenous drug use (IDU).1 Among these cases, 70% to 85% will resolve with conservative treatment.2 The most common surgical intervention in the IDU population is radical debridement with TV repair.1 Insertion of prosthetic material is usually avoided because of the risk for reinfection related to drug-use relapse; if the TV repair fails, tricuspid valvectomy is an option when the patient is otherwise healthy. Following a period of recovery and abstinence from drugs, a bioprosthesis can be implanted after valvectomy once the patient has achieved sobriety.1 This case report describes the perioperative care of a young patient with IDU and tricuspid endocarditis on a bioprosthesis who underwent a tricuspid valvectomy.
Automated Synthesis of [18F](2S,4R)-4-fluoroglutamine on a GE FX-N Pro Module

1055 Objectives [18F](2S,4R)-4-fluoroglutamine ([18F]FGln) is a potential PET imaging probe for tumor diagnosis, especially for tumors with negative [18F]FDG scan.1 Our goal is to improve the radiosynthesis of [18F]FGln and developed fully automated synthesis to allow efficient and reproducible production of this tracer. Methods The 2-step automated synthesis of [18F]FGln was performed on a GE FX-N Pro module (Figure A). Briefly, to the dried K[18F]F/18-C-6 mixture in reactor 1 was added a solution of the tosylate precursor (5-6 mg in 0.6 mL of ACN) and heated to 70 °C for 15 min. The reaction mixture was purified by HPLC (Agilent XDB-C18 column, 250 × 10 mm, 5 µM; mobile phase: 73.5% MeOH and 26.5% formic acid; 4 mL/min). The collected intermediate was diluted with water and caught on a HLB light cartridge, which was rinsed with water and eluted in reactor 2. The hydrolysis was carried out with TFA/anisole at 60 °C for 5 min, and volatiles were removed. The final product was formulated in PBS (pH 7.4) and sterile filtered. In vitro stability study was performed by incubating [18F]FGln with mouse serum at 37 °C for 30, 60, and 120 min, samples were analyzed by HPLC. Results In the [18F]FGln synthesis, the use of a mild base (KHCO3) and phase transfer reagent (18-C-6) is necessary to avoid unwanted epimerization. To ensure good [18F]F- elution from the PS-HCO3 cartridge under mild condition, methanol was used as the elution solvent instead of ACN, which provided superior elution efficiency (>95%).2 In the reported manual syntheses, a sep-pak method was used to purify the intermediate.1 However, this process cannot fully remove the chemical impurities, and it occasionally forms precipitate which may block the cartridge and lower the reproducibility on an automated module. Therefore, an HPLC purification was performed which was able to avoid the formation of precipitate, greatly increase chemical purity and yield of the automated synthesis (Figure B&C). As a result, [18F]FGln was produced in 80 ± 3 min synthesis time, with a RCY of 21 ± 3% (uncorrected, n > 5), radiochemical purity > 98% and stereochemical purity 90 ± 5%. In vitro stability study in mouse serum revealed that [18F]FGln remains >98% intact after 120 min of incubation, no defluorination was detected. Conclusions In this study, the radiosynthesis of [18F]FGln has been optimized and translated to a fully-automated synthesis. [18F]FGln was obtained in high radiochemical yield and purity which allows for more efficient and reproducible production of this tracer.
Anesthesia for Obstetric Disasters.

Over the past 30 years, maternal mortality has increased in the United States to 18 deaths per 100,000 live births. Obstetric emergencies, including hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, HELLP syndrome, and amniotic fluid embolism, and anesthesia complications, including high neuraxial blockade, local anesthetic systemic toxicity, and the difficult obstetric airway, contribute to maternal cardiac arrest and maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Expeditious intervention by the obstetric anesthesiologist is critical in these emergent scenarios, and knowledge of best practices is essential to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
Considerations for Principals: Service Animals in K-12 Public Schools.

Whether principals are required to allow service animals in the public schools is not entirely clear in law, policy, or practice. The matter is further complicated when the alleged harm caused by d...
A unique method of leak-rate measurements.

Description of an acceptable method for precision helium leak-rate measurement, for rather large pressurized vessels. Precise leakage rates of gaseous helium were measured by adapting a nominal helium leak detector in such a way that the gas load of the vacuum system plus the test vessel could be handled by the augmented pumping equipment while still being traced through the incorporated mass spectrometer. The vacuum chamber used for this experiment was maintained in 100 ntorr pressure range with a foreline pressure of 4 microns. Although sensitivity of the leak detector was diminished by reason of the larger pumping system, this did not affect the overall result in the capture and measurement of a complete leakage rate.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Then, Now, and Next

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has evolved considerably since its first description over 50 years ago. This review aims to provide a historical framework for conceptualizing BPD and a current und...
Heightened β-adrenergic receptor function in the TgF344-AD rat model drives synaptic potentiation and supports learning and memory

The central noradrenergic (NA) system is critical for maintenance of attention, behavioral flexibility, spatial navigation, and learning and memory, those cognitive functions lost first in early Alzheimer9s disease (AD). In fact, the locus coeruleus (LC), the sole source of norepinephrine (NE) for >90% of the brain, is the first site of pathological tau accumulation in human AD with axon loss throughout forebrain, including hippocampus. The dentate gyrus (DG) is heavily innervated by LC-NA axons, where released norepinephrine (NE) acts on β-adrenergic receptors (ARs) at excitatory synapses from entorhinal cortex (EC) to facilitate long-term synaptic plasticity and memory formation. These synapses dysfunction in early AD prior to cognitive impairment. In the TgF344-AD rat model, degeneration of LC-NA axons in hippocampus recapitulates human AD, providing a preclinical model to investigate synaptic and behavioral consequences. Using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and brain slice electrophysiology in 6-9 month old male wild type and TgF344-AD rats, we discovered that loss of LC-NA axons co-insides with heightened β-AR function at medial perforant path-dentate granule cell synapses (MPP-DCG) that is responsible for the increase in LTP magnitude at MPP-DCG synapses we previously reported in TgF344-AD rats. Furthermore, novel object recognition is facilitated in TgF344-AD rats that requires β-ARs, and pharmacological blockade of β-ARs unmasks a deficit in extinction learning only in TgF344-AD rats, indicating a greater reliance on β-ARs in both behaviors. Thus, a compensatory increase in β-AR function during prodromal AD in TgF344-AD rats heightens synaptic plasticity and preserves some forms of learning and memory.
Influence of Phase-Shifted Square Wave Modulation on Medium Frequency Transformer in a MMC Based SST

This article proposes an approach to identify intrinsic power losses of the medium frequency transformer that interfaces two modular multilevel converters (MMC) operated with phase-shifted square wave modulation (PS-SWM) to form a DC solid state transformer (DC SST) module. Cascaded MMC module based DC SST architecture is an excellent choice for HVDC to MVDC conversion for DC grid application as well as for renewable and distributed energy resource integration into the DC grid. Operation with PS-SWM allows reduced cell capacitor size and lower total semiconductor device ratings. However, this modulation generates a unique quasi-square waveform at the SST internal medium frequency (MF) AC interface, which differs from other known square-wave modulation types. This produces a similarly unique transformer flux density, resulting in a transformer core loss that cannot be predicted by existing methods which makes it challenging to identify. In the interest of presenting a useful and optimizable MF transformer design methodology, this article develops a tool to predict the loss of the MF transformer subjected to PS-SWM. The proposed loss estimation technique is validated through an experimental testbed operated in two different configurations and is demonstrated to provide a valid basis for the use of the proposed MF transformer design methodology. Furthermore, this article provides an analysis of the load-dependent MF transformer core loss, which demonstrates a secondary usefulness of the proposed loss prediction tool in identifying load-dependent converter losses