cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The perichondrium in auricular melanomas: implications for surgical management.

ObjectiveAuricular melanomas are now considered less aggressive than originally thought, but those located on the conchal bowl and posterior ear can create particular challenges for reconstruction. Given the paucity of cases, no standardized recommendations exist for tumor resection. In this study, we provide a pathologic basis in support of conservative tumor resection along the perichondrial plane.Study DesignCase series with review of pathology and medical records.SettingAcademic tertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all ear melanomas from the archives of Yale Dermatopathology and Surgical Pathology laboratories between 1987 and 2009. Cases of melanoma in situ or malignant melanoma of the earlobe were excluded.ResultsFifty-one cases were included in the study. Patients’ age ranged from 26 to 94 years, with a mean (SD) of 58.9 (17.5) years. The male to female ratio was of 5.4:1. Melanomas were distributed similarly between right and left ears, at 52% and 48%, respectiv...
Diabetes Is Associated With Increased Perioperative Mortality but Equivalent Long-Term Outcome After Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Cancer

Diabetes is associated with alterations in liver metabolism and immune response that may influence postoperative recovery and long-term survival after hepatectomy for cancer. Patients with type I or type II diabetes mellitus submitted to a potentially curative hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer were identified from the prospective database, and compared with patients with hepatic colorectal metastases submitted to resection during the same time interval, but without diabetes mellitus. Data on operative morbidity and mortality and long-term survival were analyzed. Between December 1990 and July 1999, a total of 727 patients underwent hepatic resection, 61 of whom (8.1%) had type I and type II diabetes mellitus. Operative mortality in the diabetic patients was significantly greater than in nondiabetic patients (8% vs. 2%, P < 0.02). Among patients with diabetes mellitus, four of the five perioperative deaths were due to liver failure after major hepatic resection (lobectomy or greater). All four of these patients had significant parenchymal abnormality (three with steatosis). Long-term survival was identical to that in nondiabetic control subjects. We conclude that the presence of diabetes is associated with a higher incidence of perioperative mortality. In patients with diabetes mellitus and parenchymal steatosis, major hepatic resection should be undertaken with caution.
Charge densities and bond orders for zero differential overlap wavefunctions: Comparison with ab-initio calculations and diffraction results

Abstract Zero-differential overlap calculations are compared with minimal basis set ab-initio calculations in order to assess their validity in the interpretation of experimental electron density maps. Various indices of bond character and thermally averaged electron density maps are used as criteria of comparison. It is concluded that charge distributions obtained from the ZDO methods will be valuable in the interpretation of experimental results.
PV ground-fault detection using spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR)

A PV ground-fault detection technique using spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) method has been introduced in this paper. SSTDR is a reflectometry method that has been commercially used for detecting aircraft wire faults. Unlike other fault detection schemes for a PV system, ground fault detection using SSTDR does not depend on the amplitude of fault-current and highly immune to noise signals. Therefore, SSTDR can be used in the absence of the solar irradiation as well. The proposed PV ground fault detection technique has been tested in a real-world PV system and it has been observed that PV ground fault can be detected confidently by comparing autocorrelation values generated using SSTDR. The difference in the autocorrelation peaks before and after a ground-fault in the PV system are significantly higher than the threshold set for ground-fault detection.
A computer simulation of the time dependence of the erosion of Pyrex glass by glass beads

With the aid of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the surface of Pyrex glass, eroded by spherical glass beads, a recursive algorithm has been formulated which predicts the weight-loss from the specimen as a function of time. This method takes into account three mechanisms of material removal: material chipped off when cone cracks form on the surface; materials removed due to interaction of cone cracks on the flat surface; and materials removed due to chipping of exposed cone frustrums and the underlying rough surface. Multi-particle erosion tests were performed on the Pyrex glass target material employing spherical glass beads as impacting particles. Four different particle velocities and average particle sizes were employed as the varaibles in the experiments. An analysis of the experimental results in conjunction with the mathematical model showed a very good agreement between experimental results and theoretical prediction.
Lower Hemicontinuity of the Nash Equilibrium Correspondence

Abstract We study the continuity of the Nash equilibrium correspondence in games of incomplete information. We show that small changes in beliefs lead neither to drastic changes in behavior nor to strong incentives to alter behavior. We represent players′ beliefs by probability measures on a state space and assume beliefs converge setwise. These results are not true under the more usual notion of weak convergence. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C70, C72, D80, D82.
Temperature measurement in gases using speckle photography.

Speckle photography is used to obtain full-field gas-phase temperature measurements which are relatively insensitive to system motion. A cylindrical propane flame is used to test the accuracy and sensitivity of the method. Results are compared with thermocouple measurements.
Congenital hypoplasia of the depressor angulioris muscle: Differentiation from congenital facial palsy

Congenital hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle (DAOM) is a minorcongenital anomaly which is sometimes confused with congenital facial palsy. Hypoplasia of the DAOM does not appear to be associated with evidence of trauma or other anomalies as true facial palsy often is. Criteria for clinical and electrical diagnosis of agenesis or hypoplasia of DAOM are presented.
Experimental study of weak magnetism and second-class interaction effects in the $beta$ decay of polarized $sup 19$Ne

The angular distribution of positrons emitted in the decay of polarized $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ has been measured as a test for the second-class weak interaction. The $\ensuremath{\beta}$ asymmetry parameter varies linearly with the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ energy with slope ${(\frac{\mathrm{dA}}{\mathrm{dE}})}_{\mathrm{exp}}=(\ensuremath{-}0.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)%$ Me${\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This result requires a second-class form factor comparable to the weak-magnetism term.
THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS FOR PATIENTS WHO ARE NOT ELIGIBLE FOR INTENSIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

Although “less intense” therapies are finding more use in AML, the principal problem in AML remains lack of efficacy rather than toxicity. Hence less intense therapies are of little use if they are not more effective as well as less toxic than standard therapies.. Assignment of patients to less intense therapies should be based on other factors in addition to age. Azacitidine and decitabine, the most commonly used less intense therapies in AML very probably produce better OS than best “supportive care” or “low-dose” ara-C. However improvement is relatively small when compared to expected life expectancy in the absence of disease. Accordingly, while azacitidine or decitabine should be considered the standards against which newer therapies are compared, continued investigation of potentially more effective therapies needs to continue. Better means for evaluating the large number of these therapies (and their combinations) are also needed.
Gaining Superior Performance of New Products in the Telecommunications Industry

Identifies and compares characteristics of firms in the telecommunications industry who have high new product performance. Performance comprises two dimensions: impact of new products on the company and goal performance. Explore profiles of high performance firms with regard to how they organize for new product development (NPD), the activities undertaken in the NPD process, and their choice of new product strategies. The results show that the NPD structures, processes and strategies of high performance firms vary by the measure of performance.
A Numerical and Experimental Investigation of a Gas Propelled Liquid Droplet Impinging Onto a Heated Surface

Due to the higher rates of heat transfer and the spatial homogeneity of heat removal that can be achieved with spray cooling, these systems have been widely proposed for cooling high heat flux electronics. In particular, gas-assisted spray cooling systems, in which a vapor phase jet propels the liquid phase droplets to a target surface, have been shown to be even more efficient in removing heat than sprays consisting of droplets alone. However, in all the studies found in the literature, in which the basic problem has been approached as a single-droplet event, only the behavior of a free falling droplet has been studied. To date, there is no fundamental investigation of the physics of gas or vapor-assisted spray cooling. To study this problem an experimental and numerical investigation of the deformation process of a liquid droplet transported by a gas stream impinging on a heated surface was performed. A preliminary study [1] has shown that increasing air jet velocities leads to an augmentation in liquid-solid contact area. Nevertheless, for low We*, the increase in droplet spreading diameter is only a consequence of the increase in droplet kinetic energy before the impact rather than the pressure and shear stress imposed by the gas during the spreading. An order of magnitude analysis showed that shear effects are negligible compared to the normal pressure of the jet. A first order analytical model of the droplet spreading behavior indicated that the jet stagnation pressure acting on the droplet surface becomes important at relatively low Weo and higher We* by contributing to the reduction in liquid film thickness and to the augmentation in liquid-solid contact area. It was shown that the work done by the gas stream in deforming the liquid droplet must be at least 10% of the initial kinetic energy of the droplet to start having a significant effect on the droplet deformation during the early stage of impact.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Dilogarithm function of a real argument [S22]

The dilogarithm function [1-3], defined by Li2(x) = - ∫x0 (1/z) ln (1 - z) dz, (1) occurs in several different applications in physics and engineering, ranging from quantum electrodynamics, to network analysis, to the thermodynamics of ideal ferromagnets, to the structure of polymers. A new function subroutine is developed which computes the dilogarithm function of a real argument to an accuracy of a few parts in 1015. This program was designed to be included in the usual package of library subprograms relied upon by most users. It employs an alternative computational approach to a previously published algorithm [4].
Which College Students Are at Higher Health Risk

An electronic health risk appraisal was used to determine which demographic factors were associated with higher health risk among college students at an urban state university. Students' real age was assessed as the primary indicator of health risk and it was associated to demographic characteristics. Real age represents the physiological age of the body based on lifestyle choices, and this is often different to chronological age. Approximately 26.0% of 576 students were more than 5 years older than their chronological age, 29.8% were 0 to 5 years older, 29.8% were 0 to 5 years younger, and 14.1% were more than 5 years younger than their chronological age. Students who were male, Black, and nonnutrition majors had significantly higher positive real age differentials: their bodies were more likely to be more than 5 years older than their chronological age. Students with significantly lower negative real age differential--those whose real age was lower than their chronological age--were female and nutrition majors. Students were significantly more likely to report that they were "very motivated" if they were female (88.6%), compared with male (66.7%). These data suggest that when health disparities are assessed at the level of real age differential and motivation to make lifestyle changes, male Black college students are at highest health risk and they are less likely to be "very motivated" to make lifestyle changes than their peers.
Relationship of cytochrome oxidase activity to vertebrate total and organ oxygen consumption

Abstract 1. 1. Cytochrome oxidase activity shows a precise exponential relationship to total O 2 consumption among various vertebrate species with different O 2 , consumptions. A similar relationship between cytochrome oxidase activity and organ O 2 consumption has been demonstrated in a single species (rabbit). 2. 2. These findings suggest that cytochrome oxidase activity may represent a quantitative biochemical marker for functional mitochondrial mass. 3. 3. The regulation of cytochrome oxidase activity may represent a long-term regulatory mechanism involving mitochondrial O 2 uptake in different species and different tissues.
Assessing the significance of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids in insect physiology

Abstract In this article I outline the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids, then review the roles of these molecules in insect physiology. These roles include releasing egg-laying behavior in certain insects, mediating cellular immunological responses to bacterial infections, regulating epithelial ion and water flux in mosquito Malpighian tubules, and regulating temperature set points in desert cicadas. Next, I present a rationale for assessing the roles of eicosanoids in insect physiology. A key issue is that the use of selective eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors can help us gain information on the possibility that eicosanoids may be involved in a particular physiological activity. However, in the absence of additional information, the results of such experiments do not provide convincing proof that eicosanoids mediate a particular physiological response. Finally, I examine the roles of eicosanoid actions in the context of factors that regulate overall cellular responses.
Water availability directly determines per capita consumption at two trophic levels.

Community ecology has long focused on energy and nutrients as currencies of species interactions. Evidence from physiological ecology and recent studies suggest that in terrestrial systems, water may influence animal behavior and global patterns of species richness. Despite these observations, water has received little attention as a currency directly influencing animal species interactions. Here, we show that the per capita interaction strength between predatory wolf spiders and their primary prey, field crickets, is strong (� 0.266) when predators and prey are maintained in ambient dry conditions, but is near zero (0.001) when water is provided ad libitum. Moreover, crickets consume 31-fold more moist leaf material in ambient dry conditions, switching from old litter to moist green leaves when free water is scarce. Under dry conditions, animals may make foraging decisions based first on water needs, not energy or nutrients, suggesting strong and predictable effects of alterations in aridity on species interactions.
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with achalasia

A case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with achalasia is reported. The signs and symptoms of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy abated after treatment of the patient's achalasia with Heller's myotomy. A review of the literature regarding the cause of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is discussed briefly.
Structural and spectroscopic study of reactions between chelating zinc-binding groups and mimics of the matrix metalloproteinase and disintegrin metalloprotease catalytic sites: the coordination chemistry of metalloprotease inhibition.

To understand the coordination chemistry of zinc-binding groups (ZBGs) with catalytic zinc centers in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and disintegrin metalloproteases (ADAMs), we have undertaken a model compound study centered around tris(3,5-methylphenypyrazolyl)hydroboratozinc(II) hydroxide and aqua complexes ([TpPh,MeZnOH] and [TpPh,MeZn(OH2)]+, respectively, wherein (TpPh,Me)- = hydrotris(3,5-methylphenylpyrazolyl)borate) and the products of their reactions with a class of chelating Schiff's base ligands. The results show that the protic ligands, HL (HL = N-propyl-1-(5-methyl-2-imidazolyl)methanimine (5-Me-4-ImHPr), N-propyl-1-(4-imidazolyl)methanimine (4-ImHPr), and N-propyl-1-(2-imidazolyl)methanimine (2-ImHPr)), react with [TpPh,MeZnOH] and give products with the general formula [TpPh,MeZnL], whereas reactions with neutral aprotic ligands, L‘ (L‘ = N-propyl-1-(1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)methanimine (1-Me-2-ImPr) and N-propyl-1-(2-thiazolyl)methanimine (2-TaPr)), yield the corresponding [TpPh,MeZnL]+ co...
Cerebellar macroneurons in microexplant cell culture. Postsynaptic amino acid pharmacology

Cerebellar neurons derived from 17- to 19-day-old fetal rats have been grown in a monolayer in microexplant cell culture, and intracellular recording coupled with iontophoresis of amino acid neurotransmitters has been employed to characterize their amino acid chemosensitivity. Although these cultures contain at least 3 different neuronal cell types, intracellular recordings were obtained from large neurons (diameter greater than 15 microns) with 1-5 dendritic shafts and fine dendritic arborizations and which could, on morphological grounds, be identified as Purkinje cells. All neurons with resting membrane potentials greater than 25 mV and with action potentials evoked by intracellular stimulation, responded to iontophoretically applied glutamate and GABA. There was essentially no chemosensitivity to glycine, beta-alanine or taurine. Aspartate application evoked only small responses at high iontophoretic currents. GABA reversibly increased membrane conductance and produced hyperpolarization at resting membrane potential with reversal potentials between -50 and -40 mV (5-10 mV more negative than resting membrane potential). Glutamate reversibly increased membrane conductance and produced depolarizing responses with extrapolated reversal potentials between 0 and -10 mV. Aspartate augmented glutamate responses at low iontophoretic currents which did not directly alter membrane potential or conductance. Thus Purkinje cells grown in the absence of parallel fiber and climbing fiber input develop autonomous neuropharmacologic specificity similar to that of Purkinje cells in vivo.
Forensic study of the Curiosity Flight Software anomalies

Summary form only given. This paper provides a summary of a task that was undertaken at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to review the anomalies captured in the “Problem Failure Reporting” database for the Curiosity Flight Software and identify the critical areas for improvement in the software design and development processes across the flight projects. The team reviewed a significant portion of the thousands of PFR's that were recorded in this database and identified their corresponding defect signatures: where the defect had been inserted and the cracks it had fallen through during the remainder of the development and testing phases. Of particular interest were the defects that had the longest distance from injection to detection and those which had the highest severity. Further analyses such as identification of modules with the highest defect density and detection and testing mechanisms with inadequate detection rates were also conducted. The results obtained to date are compelling and their implications may include significant changes and upgrades to the current requirements engineering and testing methodologies employed at JPL.
Effect of Ultra-high Temperature Steam Injection on Flavor Acceptability of Whole and Fortified Skim Milks

Abstract Whole milk (3.25% fat and 9% solids-not-fat) and low-fat fortified milk (.9% fat and 11% solids-not-fat) were processed in a No-Bac Aro-Vac equipped with an ultra-high-temperature direct steam injector. Milk was preheated to 71 C and then heated to 107, 121, 135, or 143 C and held for 1.5 or 5 s. Samples were also heated to 135 or 143 C and held for 8 or 10 s. Samples were stored at 1.7 and 7.2 C and analyzed by a taste panel at 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30 days. Both triangular and preference tests were used. After 30 days of storage at 72.2 C, whole milk and fortified low-fat milk heated at 135 and 143 C fcr 10 s were acceptable. Storage at 1.7 C for 30 days resulted in flavor scores between acceptable and good for all processing temperatures and times. Acceptable milk can be produced by ultra-high-temperature direct steam injection.
Optical “seeing” through the atmosphere by an interferometric technique*

An improved cube-corner shearing interferometer for measuring the MTF of atmospheric propagation paths and for making coherence measurements is described. The laboratory unit used in all the experiments described was operated satisfactorily on board a KC-135 jet aircraft. MTF data over a 13.3-km horizontal path near the ground, and through the atmosphere using star sources, have been compared with the MTF curves estimated by use of the Fried theory and published models for the atmospheric structure constant CN. The MTF has been measured with laser sources between the wing tip and the skin of the KC-135 in flight, and through the boundary layer within 25 cm of the skin in daylight and at night. The main degradation to the seeing was found to be in the boundary layer within 25 cm of the skin outside the aircraft window.
Traumatic pseudoaneurysm of left internal mammary artery graft

Abstract Traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the left internal mammary artery was recognized as a possible causal factor in the early recurrence of angina in a 51-year-old man. This patient underwent raoperation for revascularization with the left internal mammary artery graft in situ.
'If Shanxi's Coal is Lost, Then Shanxi is Lost!': Shanxi's Coal and an Emerging National Movement in Provincial China, 1898-1908

The land-locked north China province of Shanxi, identified in 1870 by the geologist Baron Richthofen as ‘one of the most remarkable coal and iron regions in the world’, was the site of a provincially‑defined national movement far removed from the better‑studied treaty ports and their articulate and prolific nationalists. This late-Qing provincialism may be read as a mediating symbol of an emerging national consciousness.Social tensions were exacerbated by external challenges brought by foreign agents, and their Chinese collaborators, of cultural and economic imperialism. Opposition to missionaries and Chinese Christians had begun as early as the 1860s. In 1898 the British Pekin Syndicate and its extra-provincial Chinese associates, with the backing of the central government, secured rights to Shanxi's rich coal and iron resources. These rights were ceded back ten years later after a successful ‘rights-recovery’ movement that possesses similarities to (but also significant differences from) the well-studied oppositional movements in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Shandong in the period 1905–1911. The duration of Shanxi's struggle, along with its extra-bureaucratic elite activism, popular mobilization, and cooperation with Beijing, makes its rights-recovery movement distinctive. The rhetoric and practices of the movement, which began before the Boxer Uprising of 1900 and reflects the rhetorical influence of these earlier protests, contributed to a strong regional solidarity that was backed by central state authority. There were various patterns of protest, one indigenous and provincial, one extra-provincial and nationalist, that interacted in the period 1902–1908. Provincial activists, including merchants, peasants, students, degree-holders, and officials, insisted that Shanxi's coal was for the use of the community, the province, and the nation on terms established by and for the people of Shanxi. In their victory, localism, provincialism, and the national project, had come together.
Patients informing immunobiology: How disorders of IL-21 receptor signaling unravel pathways of CD8 T-cell function

The study of monogenic diseases of the immune system can help decipher fundamental mechanisms in immunobiology by identifying new immune pathways, clarifying the role of affected molecules in known pathways, and often highlighting differences in gene function between humans and non-human models. While extraordinarily rare, clinical entities caused by abnormal cytokine signaling are a group of such disorders, which can be highly instructive in this regard.
Tractable Analytic Expressions for the Wind Speed Probability Density Functions Using Expansions of Orthogonal Polynomials

AbstractThe use of the two-parameter Weibull function as an estimator of the wind speed probability density function (PDF) is known to be problematic when a high accuracy of fit is required, such as in the computation of the wind power density function. Various types of nonparametric kernels can provide excellent fits to wind speed histograms but cannot provide tractable analytical expressions. Analytic expressions for the wind speed PDF are needed for many applications, particularly in the downscaling of model or satellite wind speed estimates to the regional or point scale. It is demonstrated that the judicious use of an expansion of orthogonal polynomials can produce more accurate estimates of the wind speed PDF than relatively simply parametric functions, such as the commonly used Weibull function. This study examines four such expansions applied to two different surface wind speed datasets in Oklahoma. The results indicate that the accuracy of fit of a given expansion is strongly related to how close...
Corrosion product of the tantalum-interstitial oxygen-potassium system at 1800 °F (982 °C)

Abstract The isolation and identification of the corrosion product formed by the exposure of oxygen-doped tantalum to potassium are described. The corrosion of tantalum by liquid potassium appears to be quantitatively dependent on the oxygen impurity content and to occur by the formation of a ternary oxide. When tantalum containing oxygen in the range 1600–3800 p.p.m. is exposed to potassium at 1800 °F (982 °C), depletion of oxygen from tantalum occurs and the hygroscopic potassium tantalate, K 3 TaO 4 is isolated as the reaction product. Indications are that under the test conditions, the dissolution of tantalum is quantitatively governed by the equation: 3 K + Ta + 4 O ( Ta ) → K 3 TaO 4( K ) These results imply that the total amount of “oxygen-effect” corrosion can be predicted when the total amount of interstitial oxygen in tantalum is known ( i.e. , oxygen in solution in the metal initially, plus oxygen that enters the metal from the environment during the life of the system). Since oxygen-effect corrosion is the most serious type of corrosion encountered by tantalum alloys in contact with potassium at elevated temperatures, the present results are significant for the design and operation of advanced space power systems.
Herbaceous Biomass Estimation from SPOT 5 Imagery in Semiarid Rangelands of Idaho

Eight vegetation indices (VI) commonly used for above-ground biomass (AGB) estimation were derived from Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre 5 (SPOT 5) imagery and used to predict herbaceous AGB at a semiarid rangeland study site in southeastern Idaho. The relationship between herbaceous AGB and vegetation water content was also evaluated and as a result, a suite of water-sensitive vegetation indices (WSVI) were developed. Correlation coefficients between herbaceous AGB, VIs, and WSVIs were calculated, demonstrating that WSVIs were correlated (r 2 ≥ 0.51) with vegetation water content and performed better than standard VIs in herbaceous AGB estimates within the semiarid rangelands of Idaho.
Polarized Image Correlation for Large Deformation Fiber Kinematics

The underlying fiber architecture of soft tissues, like bat wing skin, plays an important role in the material’s overall mechanical behavior. The mesoscopic birefringent fiber architecture of the bat wing skin can be visualized directly under polarized light. This inherent property is the key to the new experimental technique developed in this work: polarized image correlation (PIC). PIC is a technique for determining full field material strains and fiber kinematics of mesoscopically resolved fibrous tissues during biaxial mechanical testing. Not only is the material birefringence used to determine fiber kinematics under finite deformations, but it is also used for image correlation and strain field computation. Pure translation tests performed with PIC verify the accuracy of the technique. A segmental image processing method was developed to solve an experimental issue of changing birefringent properties to construct accurate continuous deformation profiles. By integrating PIC with traditional digital image correlation, both surface and subsurface data give additional insight into through thickness tissue behavior. The PIC technique is applicable to semi-transparent tissues with birefringent mesosopic structures; incorporation of microscopy would resolve smaller fiber structures. Future work includes extending the techniques to three dimensions to analyze curved surfaces.
Convective flow and heat transfer in variable-porosity media

The present work analyses the effects of variable porosity and inertial forces on convective flow and heat transfer in porous media. Specific attention is given to forced convection in packed beds in the vicinity of an impermeable boundary. After establishing the governing equations, a thorough investigation of the channelling effect and its influence on flow and heat transfer through variable-porosity media is presented. Based on some analytical considerations, a numerical scheme for the solution of the governing equations is proposed to investigate the variable-porosity effects on the velocity and temperature fields inside the porous medium. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to show the qualitative aspects of variable porosity in producing the channelling effect. These qualitative features are also confirmed by the numerical solution. The qualitative effects of the controlling parameters on flow and heat transfer in variable-porosity media are discussed at length. The variable-porosity effects are shown to be significant for most cases. For the same conditions as the perturbation solution, the numerical results are in excellent agreement with the perturbation analysis. The numerical results are also in very good agreement with the available experimental data of previous studies.
Toward an Interpretive Criminal Justice

This paper presents the academic field of criminal justice as an interpretive social science. The opening section discusses academic criminal justice from scientific and interpretive perspectives, arguing that the terminology of “justice” is essentially contested. The second section presents the key implication of a contested core terminology: that an interpretive approach is the best way to develop the academic field of criminal justice. Section three reviews central elements of the Gadamerian tradition, with an eye towards its application to the field of criminal justice. The fourth section considers two issues pertinent to an interpretive criminal justice—the problem of interpretation in a field where professional practice is destructive to other normative systems, and the contribution of an interpretive criminal justice to public policy.
Scalable Cache Miss Handling for High Memory-Level Parallelism

Recently-proposed processor microarchitectures for high memory level parallelism (MLP) promise substantial performance gains. Unfortunately, current cache hierarchies have miss-handling architectures (MHAs) that are too limited to support the required MLP - they need to be redesigned to support 1-2 orders of magnitude more outstanding misses. Yet, designing scalable MHAs is challenging: designs must minimize cache lock-up time and deliver high bandwidth while keeping the area consumption reasonable. This paper presents a novel scalable MHA design for high-MLP processors. Our design introduces two main innovations. First, it is hierarchical, with a small MSHR file per cache bank, and a larger MSHR file shared by all banks. Second, it uses a Bloom filter to reduce searches in the larger MSHR file. The result is a high-performance, area-efficient design. Compared to a state-of-the-art MHA on a high-MLP processor, our design speeds-up some SPECint, SPECfp, and multiprogrammed workloads by a geometric mean of 32%, 50%, and 95%, respectively. Moreover, compared to two extrapolations of current MHA designs, namely a large monolithic MSHR file and a large banked MSHR file, all consuming the same area, our design speeds-up the workloads by a geometric mean of 1-18% and 10-21%, respectively. Finally, our design performs very close to an unlimited-size, ideal MHA
Inside an integrated MBA: an information systems view

This paper chronicles the evolution and content of an integrated MBA (IMBA) at the University of Denver and relates an IS-oriented view of the curriculum integration and teaching experience. The study emphasizes IS faculty efforts to integrate curricula from the traditional MIS course into three of the seven team-taught, interdisciplinary IMBA courses. Their teaching experiences illustrate pedagogy, and ensuing sections summarize student feedback and provide insights on what appears to work and what does not, as well as what remains to be done.A process is recommended to MIS faculty for infusing IS topics into an integrated curriculum. Gaining respect from other faculty for teaching the use and management of IT beyond its use for personal productivity, and incorporating IS into multiple class sections with scarce IS faculty resources are major problems. What appears to work best for MIS faculty is to attend curriculum discussions with (1) an appreciation of what IS/IT knowledge is essential for an MBA to (a) understand IS contributions to the solution of business problems and (b) participate in systems development activities to obtain (and later manage) IT applications; and (2) a willingness to look for opportunities to position IS/IT topics to complement other curricula.
How much outpatient care is provided for injuries

Objective—To estimate the average number of outpatient visits, emergency department visits,and hospitalizations for injured patients. Methods—The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component of 1996 is a weighted sample designed to represent the United States population. For each episode of injury the average number of oYce visits or outpatient contacts, emergency department visits,and hospitalizations were computed. Subsequently the ratio of outpatient to inpatient contacts for each type of injury was estimated. Results—When asked to report on their medical problems for the previous six months, the majority of respondents who recalled injuries did not report contact with emergency departments or hospitalization. The average injury is associated with only 0.2 to 0.3 emergency department visits. Sports related injuries were associated with 0.03 hospitalizations. Gun related injuries were associated with 0.12 hospitalizations. All types of injury were related with more than one episode of outpatient or oYce based care. The ratio of emergency department visits and outpatient visits to hospitalizations varies according to the nature of the injury. Conclusion—Policymakers interested in the cost of injury should account for the extensive outpatient utilization of injured patients. (Injury Prevention 2001;7:70‐73)
A Bivalent Typhoid Live Vector Vaccine Expressing both Chromosome- and Plasmid-Encoded Yersinia pestis Antigens Fully Protects against Murine Lethal Pulmonary Plague Infection

Live attenuated bacteria hold great promise as multivalent mucosal vaccines against a variety of pathogens. A major challenge of this approach has been the successful delivery of sufficient amounts of vaccine antigens to adequately prime the immune system without overattenuating the live vaccine. Here we used a live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strain to create a bivalent mucosal plague vaccine that produces both the protective F1 capsular antigen of Yersinia pestis and the LcrV protein required for secretion of virulence effector proteins. To reduce the metabolic burden associated with the coexpression of F1 and LcrV within the live vector, we balanced expression of both antigens by combining plasmid-based expression of F1 with chromosomal expression of LcrV from three independent loci. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this novel vaccine were assessed in mice by using a heterologous prime-boost immunization strategy and compared to those of a conventional strain in which F1 and LcrV were expressed from a single low-copy-number plasmid. The serum antibody responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced by the optimized bivalent vaccine were indistinguishable from those elicited by the parent strain, suggesting an adequate immunogenic capacity maintained through preservation of bacterial fitness; in contrast, LPS titers were 10-fold lower in mice immunized with the conventional vaccine strain. Importantly, mice receiving the optimized bivalent vaccine were fully protected against lethal pulmonary challenge. These results demonstrate the feasibility of distributing foreign antigen expression across both chromosomal and plasmid locations within a single vaccine organism for induction of protective immunity.
Cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells express basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptor

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been implicated in the maintenance of neuronal differentiation, the induction of neovascularization and intravitreal proliferative diseases. We have found ...
Time period directories: a metadata infrastructure for placing events in temporal and geographic context

Metadata is ordinarily used to describe documents, but it can also constitute a form of infrastructure for access to networked resources and for traversal of those resources. One problematic area for access to digital library resources has been the search for time periods or events. If there is a capability to search for time, it is usually a date search - a standardized and precise form but unfortunately rarely used in common chronological expressions. For example, a user interested in the "Vietnam war", "Clinton Administration" or the "Elizabethan Period" must either know the corresponding dates, or rely on simple keyword matching for those period names. We consider the ability to interpret user statements of periods or eras as ranges of dates and to associate them with particular locations an important feature of an information system. This paper describes the Time Period Directory, a metadata infrastructure for named time periods linking them with their geographic location as well as a canonical time period range.
Forest Area and Habitat Quality for Nesting Wood Thrushes

For Neotropical migrants, rates of nest survival and brood parasitism are thought to decline with the area of the forest fragment in which the birds nest. Using the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), we conducted the first test of the "area" hypothesis based on direct measures of annual production and related demographics of marked indi- viduals. We predicted that productivity per female and per ha, proportion of females nesting successfully each year, and return rates of adults would decrease and that rates of nest pre- dation and brood parasitism and the ratio of yearlings:older adults would increase with a decrease in area of forest. Intensive season-long banding, nest finding, and nest monitoring to determine the annual production of all residents yielded data for two annual (1991 and 1992) tests in which we compared mean results from 14 small fragments ( 2 young per year, were lower, and percent of nests lost to predation and percent of nests parasitized were higher, in small fragments than in the larger tract at UDW in both years. The ratio of yearlings:older adults was significantly higher in small fragments for males and tended to be so for females in 1991, but neither result oc- curred in 1992. Return rate for each sex was lower in small fragments in the only year tested. The 17.5 ha of small fragments collectively produced many fewer young per female and per ha than the 15-ha UDW. Three analyses indicated that the small fragments were population sinks, whereas UDW probably was a source of recruits. Although a few small fragments equaled the UDW in some measures of quality, our data support the area hypothesis in re- lation to quality of breeding habitat. Received 30 September 1997, accepted 18 February 1998.
Customizing a rangefinder for community-based wildlife conservation initiatives

Population size of many threatened and endangered species is relatively unknown because estimating animal abundance in remote parts of the world, without access to aircraft for surveying vast areas, is a scientific challenge with few proposed solutions. One option is to enlist local community members and train them in data collection for large line transect or point count surveys, but financial and sometimes technological constraints prevent access to the necessary equipment and training for accurately quantifying distance measurements. Such measurements are paramount for generating reliable estimates of animal density. This problem was overcome in a survey of Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus) in the Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area, Mongolia, by converting an inexpensive optical sporting rangefinder into a species-specific rangefinder with visual-based categorical labels. Accuracy trials concluded 96.86% of 350 distance measures matched those from a laser rangefinder. This simple customized optic subsequently allowed for a large group of minimally-trained observers to simultaneously record quantitative measures of distance, despite language, education, and skill differences among the diverse group. The large community-based effort actively engaged local residents in species conservation by including them as the foundation for collecting scientific data.
Interprofessional education: Partnerships in the educational proc

The curriculum for healthcare professionals is primarily dictated by the demands of the specific discipline. Detailed curricula are essential to develop professional healthcare providers such as nurses, physicians and pharmacists. Traditional educational methods created a system or process where professionals operate in isolation from each other. A siloed structure inhibits effective communication, patient-centered care and safety. Today the focus in healthcare has shifted towards a more patient-centeredness approach using interprofessional collaboration to achieve optimal patient outcomes. Nurses are at the forefront of patient care and play a key role in quality patient care and improved patient outcomes. Interprofessional education is one type of academic strategy that nursing educators can incorporate into educational curricula.
Maintenance Art, Architecture, and the Visibility of Time

No matter how well built, architecture is consumed in time. The only remedy against a building's degeneration is maintenance—fixing deterioration once it becomes visible. There are three human acts with physical consequences: to create, to destroy, and to maintain. Of these three, maintenance requires the greater vigilance, observational skill, and intimacy. Real buildings are unavoidably captive to time's transformations. Despite how hard architects try to reduce its effects, time refigures a building—which over its lifetime alternates between periods of shabbiness to moments of shine. Between a building's opening day and its demolition is the period of maintenance. Maintenance is seldom discussed by architectural theoreticians; perhaps because maintenance has long been associated with drudgery, menial tedium, and the non-heroic efforts of janitors, maids, and grounds keepers. In 1973, conceptual feminist artist Mierle Laderman Ukeles famously recast maintenance into art by washing down the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut with her performance pieces, "Maintenance Art—Washing, Tracks, Maintenance: Inside/Outside." Subsequently, many artists have imitated her event in various settings and situations. Maintenance is the slow and careful adoration of the built. Architects can recognize instantly the shades of neglect in a place not properly maintained. Architectural educators would do well to include the implications of maintenance and maintenance art in their classes. This essay seeks to spark critical discourse on the role of maintenance and maintenance art in architecture. Caretaking and upkeep are recast as thought- provoking acts of cultural intervention. Using examples from design theory, art, and literature, this essay describes the art of maintenance envisioned in intimate acts of cleaning, repairing, and renewing.
Selective Agonists and Antagonists of Vasopressin

Since the original synthesis of (arginine-) vasopressin (AVP) in 1954 (du Vig-neaud et al, 1954b), hundreds of analogues of VP and of oxytocin (OX) have been synthesized; their properties have been reported in numerous publications (see e.g., Berde and Boissonnas, 1968; Sawyer and Manning, 1973; Sawyer et al., 1981a; Manning et al., 1981a). Space considerations do not permit the inclusion of all the published analogues of VP and OX. Since the focus of this volume is on vasopressin, this chapter deals primarily with analogues—agonists and antagonists—of VP.
“Lo aceptó, pero con indiferencia”: Silencio, indiferencia y rebelión en Tristana de Pérez Galdós

A partir de la emergencia de un inusitado numero de sujetos femeninos que configuran su subjetividad en la narrativa espanola de finales del XIX a traves del lenguaje, el presente articulo explora el papel del silencio como acto de enunciacion en Tristana (1892) de Benito Perez Galdos, una novela repleta de elipsis, discontinuidades y omisiones en la que el silencio juega un papel fundamental. En su periplo narrativo, el personaje femenino desarrolla una habilidad linguistica excepcional estrechamente relacionada con la elaboracion de un discurso feminista y el deseo de vivir “libre y honrada”. Pero tras la amputacion de una pierna que la dejara mutilada e inmovil, el personaje se refugia en una actitud de indiferencia, expresion maxima del silencio que domina la novela. Dicha indiferencia responde sin duda a una tecnica aleccionadora para restaurar el orden alterado por el espiritu feminista del personaje. Sin embargo, propongo leerla como una forma de resistencia y un acto de poder a partir del cual cuestionar estructuras basicas del orden vigente y anular viejos valores tales como el matrimonio, el ideal de belleza femenina o las diferencias sexuales, todo ello en el marco de las transformaciones que consolidan la modernidad espanola.
On aspects of forced and free compound fluid drop behavior

Interest in spherical liquid systems such a8 a compound 'rop i s given added impetus by metallurgical experiments in a microgravity environment. Heretofore, w o r k on compound fluid drops has focussed primarily on the s tudy of natural frequencies of oscillation. This work considers the forcing of compound viscous liquid drops; and i s relevant to containerless processing systems which employ acoustic levitation techniques.