cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Artificial Light on Chicks Brooded During Hot Weather

Abstract IT IS well known by experienced poultrymen that the normal growth of young chicks hatched during the hot summer months is much slower than that of chicks hatched during cool weather. Experimental evidence that hot weather tends to retard the growth of young chicks is found in the report of Kempster and Parker (1936). This slower growth during hot weather may be due to more than one factor, but the decreased feed consumption by the chicks seems of major importance. Feed consumption by chicks is less during hot than during cool weather; and, all other factors being equal, the growth of chicks as measured by their weight is directly proportional to the quantity of feed they consume. It seemed to the writer that one of the ways to stimulate the growth of summer hatched chicks is to stimulate their feed consumption, and that artificial light might stimulate their feed consumption . . .
Unsung Heroes in the Battle Against Diabetes

This issue of ILAR Journal features diabetes as its subject material. Diabetes, including what is now divided into type 1 and type 2 diabetes, is a complex disease, and could not be covered in a single volume. Thus, this issue is focused largely on the subject of type 1 diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, but also includes material on type 2 diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, which represents an emerging epidemic with pressing need for animal models. The diversity of experimental models and modern research directions are protean, forcing a somewhat arbitrary selection of subjects that touch on this diversity. The various articles within this issue illustrate the international scope of diabetes research, the variety of animal models—mice, rats, pigs, nonhuman primates, and fish (among others not featured)—and the research directions and areas of inquiry that are being pursued by modern science. In this issue, an overview of the human clinical perspec
A comparison of air breakdown criteria for slightly divergent fields

The commonly used air breakdown criteria for slightly divergent fields are compared. The various criteria can be classified into two distinct groups with regard to the basic breakdown mechanism employed. The Townsend (1915) breakdown mechanism is described by a succession of developing electron avalanches between the electrodes. The streamer mechanism of breakdown is based on a single electron avalanche and its inherent exponential growth. The primary assumption in the majority of these breakdown criteria is that the integral of the effective ionization coefficient /spl alpha/ over the critical avalanche length Z/sub 0/, is equal to a constant K. It is shown that the value of K is not a constant even for gaps with uniform fields. Of the six breakdown criteria considered, the Pedersen (1967) criterion is shown to have the most solid basis in fundamental physics.
Feedback system testing

An analog method of servo system performance testing applicable to experimental analysis and system development and to go-no-go production and maintenance tesfiug has been devised. For a servo system with a forward transfer function G eo and a feedback transfer function G ou the loop actuating signal equals the loop input signal divided by 1+G_{eo}G_{ou} . The loop actuating signal becomes exactly equal to a test signal if the test signal is multiplied by the factor 1+G_{eo}G_{ou} before application to the servo system. The difference between the loop actuating signal of the closed-loop servo system and the arbitrary test signal is continuously zero for the system exactly meeting the specification G_{eo}G_{ou} function simulated in the signal generator. Sinusoidal testing methods are most effective with the servo system loop open. Transient testing (single-event time-domain input) is usually performed on servo systems with the loop closed. The analog method described, as distinguished from transient and sinusoidal methods, uses time-domain signals (a step-function signal generator input is found suitable) to obtain frequency-domain parameters in a method effectively making an open-loop test of a closed-loop servo system. The 1+G_{eo}G_{ou} signal generator is conveniently realized using an analog computer of the operational amplifier type. An alternative mechanization of the signal generator uses only passive elements. Nonlinear as well as linear servo systems may be tested by the method. Single-integrator, angle tracking, and range-tracking servo systems have been analyzed. The range-tracking transfer function was employed in an analog computer experiment. Recordings of both the loop actuating signal and the difference between the loop actuating signal and the signal generator input were made for 0, ± 6 db, and ± 12 db departures from correct gain and for 0, ± 1, and ± 2 octave departures from correct corner frequency. A study of these recordings revealed potentialities for control of adaptive servo systems.
For Whom the TEL Tolls: Can State Tax and Expenditure Limits Effectively Reduce Spending?

Can voters stop state governments from spending at high rates through the enactment of tax and expenditure limits (TELs), or do these laws become dead letters? We draw upon the principal-agent literature to theorize that TELs - one of the most frequent uses of the initiative process across the country - may be circumvented by the sorts of elected officials who would inspire their passage. In order to investigate our claim, we conduct an event study. First, we test for the effectiveness of TELs across states using a differences-in-differences model. Second, we dissect our treatment variable using different legal provisions of the limits to test whether there is a uniform effect across different types of TELs. Finally, we compare state fiscal patterns before and after adoption on a state-by-state basis. Using this simple approach and other methods, we show that TELs are largely ineffective, and that state officials can circumvent them by raising money through fees or borrowing. Our finding is consistent with recent studies showing that policies passed through direct democracy can often be thwarted by the politicians charged with implementing them.
Modeling TTL-based Internet caches

This paper presents a way of modeling the hit rates of caches that use a time-to-live (TTL)-based consistency policy. TTL-based consistency, as exemplified by DNS and Web caches, is a policy in which a data item, once retrieved, remains valid for a period known as the "time-to-live". Cache systems using large TTL periods are known to have high hit rates and scale well, but the effects of using shorter TTL periods are not well understood. We model hit rate as a function of request arrival times and the choice of TTL, enabling us to better understand cache behavior for shorter TTL periods. Our formula for the hit rate is closed form and relies upon a simplifying assumption about the interarrival times of requests for the data item in question: that these requests can be modeled as a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables. Analyzing extensive DNS traces, we find that the results of the formula match observed statistics surprisingly well; in particular, the analysis is able to adequately explain the somewhat counterintuitive empirical finding of Jung et al. that the cache hit rate for DNS accesses rapidly increases as a function of TTL, exceeding 80% for a TTL of 15 minutes.
Expression profiling of the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UbcM2 in murine brain reveals modest age-dependent decreases in specific neurons.

Background UbcM2 is a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme with roles in the turnover of damaged and misfolded proteins, cell cycle progression, development, and regulation of the antioxidant transcription factor, Nrf2. Recent screens have identified binding partners of the enzyme that are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases, and our previous studies have shown that UbcM2 is enriched in retina and brain.
Multi-site evaluation of SimSE

In this paper, we describe a multi-site evaluation of SimSE, an educational software engineering simulation game. This study was designed to build on our previous experience of evaluating SimSE in courses and controlled lab settings at UC Irvine, in order to validate our findings and discover any factors that come into play when SimSE is used in other institutions. The study consisted of three different universities using SimSE in their respective courses and reporting the results to us. The results confirmed several of our previous findings, as well as highlighted a number of critical considerations that must be taken into account when using SimSE in a course.
Flows: The ‘Invisible Hands’ on Hedge Fund Management

Hedge funds feature special compensation structure compared to traditional investments. Previous studies mainly focus on the provisions and incentive structure of hedge fund contract, such as 2/2'8 hurdle rates, and high-water mark. We develop an algorithm to empirically estimate the monthly fees, fund flows and gross asset values of individual hedge funds.We find that management fee is a major component in the dollar amount of hedge fund total fees, and fund flow is more important in determining the change in fund size compared to net returns, especially when fund is shrinking in size. We also find that best paid hedge funds concentrate in the largest hedge fund quintile. Large funds tend to perform better, earn more, and rely less on management fee for their managers' compensation. Further, we find that fund flow is an important determinant of hedge fund managerial incentives. Together with the "visible" hands of hedge fund management, i.e. the provisions of hedge fund incentive contracts, the "invisible" hands – fund flows enable investors to effectively impact hedge fund managerial compensation and incentives.
The prospects for transnational advocacy across the IBSA bloc – a view from Brazil

AbstractThe literature on transnational advocacy networks (TANs) suggests that they may be a valid option for activists in India, Brazil and South Africa (the members of the IBSA bloc) to coordinate efforts to influence their states’ foreign policy. Since its formation the IBSA bloc has formalised spaces for networking among governmental officials, business interests and academics. Yet there are no examples of TANs whose activism has occurred across IBSA, with the purpose of influencing the bloc’s policies. This case study of the challenges that Brazilian advocacy groups face in forging TANs with like-minded groups across IBSA sheds light on the challenges confronting activists and suggests ways of overcoming them.
Polyfluorene-sorted, carbon nanotube array field-effect transistors with increased current density and high on/off ratio.

Challenges in eliminating metallic from semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and in controlling their alignment have limited the development of high-performance SWCNT-based field-effect transistors (FETs). We recently pioneered an approach for depositing aligned arrays of ultra-high-purity semiconducting SWCNTs, isolated using polyfluorene derivatives, called dose-controlled floating evaporative self-assembly. Here, we tailor FETs fabricated from these arrays to achieve on-conductance (Gon) per width and an on–off ratio (Gon/Goff) of 261 μS/μm and 2 × 105, respectively, for a channel length (Lch) of 240 nm and 116 μS/μm and 1 × 106, respectively, for an Lch of 1 μm. We demonstrate 1400× greater Gon/Goff than SWCNT FETs fabricated by other methods, at comparable Gon per width of ∼250 μS/μm and 30–100× greater Gon per width at comparable Gon/Goff of 105–107. The average Gon per tube reaches 5.7 ± 1.4 μS at a packing density of 35 tubes/μm for Lch in the range 160–240 nm, limited by contact...
Structural dynamics of bacterial ribosomes. VI. Denaturation of active ribosomes by Mg2+ dependent conformational transitions.

Previous studies have shown that E. coli ribosomes may occur in several states that differ with respect to activity in protein synthesis and strength of subunit association. Both subunits may exist in the native a-state or one of the two denatured states b, c. For convenience small and capital letters are used to designate in couples the states of the small and large subunits respecitvely. Tight couples (aA) are stable on sucrose gradients at 6 mM Mg2+ and represent the most active states, whereas loose couples (aB) require 15 mM Mg2+ for stability. In the c-state neither subunit is capable of association with any partner. In the b-form 30S subunits cannot form couples; however, they can be reconverted to the a-form by thermal activation.
Vocalizations of the Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis) and the Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis)

ONE night in June, 25 years ago, a group of us were listening to the medley of sounds coming from a marsh about 28 km (about 17 miles) south of Ithaca, New York. Suddenly, from not more than 15 meters away, out in the marsh, came a sound that none of us had ever heard before. We paraphrased it, Tic-tic-tic-McGreer, recorded it on 35 mm sound film, which we were using at the time, and then began to speculate concerning its identity. Dr. Arthur A. Allen then led some of us into the marsh with flashlights. We caught the briefest glimpse of a bird, which might have been a rail, but we are still interested in identifying the bird. Some months after we recorded it, we played the sound to the assembled members of the A.O.U. No one offered any suggestions as to its identity. Several years earlier Dr. Allen had found a nest in the marsh at the head of Cayuga Lake that almost certainly was that of a Yellow Rail. Also there had been occasional reports of Yellow Rails in the Cayuga Lake basin during the fall and spring migrations. These observations gave us some reason to believe that the vocalization might be that of the Yellow Rail. About 1952 Mr. Aretas Saunders listened to the recording at Cornell and later wrote that he was quite satisfied that it was a Yellow Rail. In 1958 Dr. Harold Axtell, an able observer of bird song, was consulted concerning the identification and stated that he had heard this song in the field and was quite certain that it was a Yellow Rail. On one occasion, since making the original recording, Dr. Allen and I again heard what we believe to be the same call in a marsh near Paul Smiths, Franklin County, New York. We did not see this bird, nor did we record the call. In 1959 we published this call in the album, Field Guide to Bird Songs, designed to accompany Roger Peterson's Field Guide to the Birds, with reasonable confidence that we were correct that it was that of a Yellow Rail. On 13 February 1960 Mr. Chandler Robbins of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service wrote to Roger Peterson in part as follows:
DYNAMIC IN-SITU SYNCHROTRON X-RAY TOPOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS OF DISLOCATIONS IN NOTCHED ICE CRYSTALS

Experimental observations of ice single crystals strained under uniaxial tension using synchrotron X-ray topography have shown that there is far more dislocation activity around notches at high temperature, {minus}7.8 C, than at lower temperatures ({minus}40 C and {minus}60 C).
A Novel Small Molecule Modulator of Amyloid Pathology

Because traditional approaches to drug development for Alzheimer's disease are becoming increasingly expensive and in many cases disappointingly unsuccessful, alternative approaches are required to shift the paradigm. Following leads from investigations of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, we observed unique properties from a class of functionalized naphthyridines and sought to develop these as novel therapeutics that minimize amyloid pathology without the adverse effects associated with current therapeutics. Our data show methyl 2,4-dimethyl-5-oxo-5,6-dihydrobenzo[c][2,7]naphthyridine-1-carboxylate (BNC-1) significantly decreases amyloid burden in a well-established mouse model of amyloid pathology through a unique mechanism mediated by Elk-1, a transcriptional repressor of presenilin-1. Additionally, BNC-1 treatment leads to increased levels of synaptophysin and synapsin, markers of synaptic integrity, but does not adversely impact presenilin-2 or processing of Notch-1, thus avoiding negative off target effects associated with pan-gamma secretase inhibition. Overall, our data show BNC-1 significantly decreases amyloid burden and improves markers of synaptic integrity in a well-established mouse model of amyloid deposition by promoting phosphorylation and activation of Elk-1, a transcriptional repressor of presenilin-1 but not presenilin-2. These data suggest BNC-1 might be a novel, disease-modifying therapeutic that will alter the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Age and training alter collagen characteristics in fast- and slow-twitch rat limb muscle

This study evaluated the single and interactive effects of age and training status on selected collagen parameters in two rodent locomotor skeletal muscles contrasting in fiber type composition. Ga...
PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MK-801 IN THE RAT POSTERIOR CINGULATE/RETROSPLENIAL CORTEX

Many N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists cause vacuolization and necrosis in the posterior cingulate/retrosplenial (PC/RS) cortex of rats after single-dose administration. This article reviews a series of investigational studies that have characterized this effect. All the studies have used single doses of MK-801 in rats. Techniques employed were light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and cell counting. Our studies demonstrated: (1) formation of vacuoles within 30 minutes of treatment, (2) dose-dependent necrosis of susceptible PC/RS neurons, (3) increased glial fibrillary acidic protein in response to neuronal necrosis, (4) significantly greater necrosis in female than in male rats, and (5) increases in necrosis along a rostrocaudal gradient within the PC/RS cortex. In addition, these studies illustrate a number of variables that impact the expression and detection of neuronal vacuolization and necrosis in rats after treatment with MK-801.
Bronchogenic carcinoma located in the aortic window. The importance of the primary lesion as a determinant of survival.

Thirty-four patients with an aortic window lesion were carefully staged with gallium scans and mediastinoscopy according to the TNM classification system for carcinoma of the lung. All were in Stage III. Twenty-five patients had non-oat cell carcinomas (15 squamous cell, eight adeno-, two large cell) and nine had oat cell carcinomas. Quantitative ventilation-perfusion lung scans were particularly helpful in verifying the subaortic location of the tumor by showing a less than 20% interference with pulmonary blood flow or ventilation secondary to left mainstem bronchus or pulmonary artery invasion. Decision for resectability in 13 Stage III MO patients was based on the length of the uninvolved proximal left main pulmonary artery seen on pulmonary arteriogram. Eight patients (seven non-oat cell and one oat cell) had resection after radiation and prior to chemotherapy (after two cycles of chemotherapy and prior to radiation therapy for the oat cell) with a resultant survival rate better than those of M0 and M1 non-oat cell or oat cell patients without resection. The survival rates of nine non-oat cell M0 patients, nine non-oat cell M1 patients, and eight oat cell patients, all without resection, were not statistically different. This similarity in survival rates is explained by the observation that 38% of the non-oat cell Ml, 71% of the non-oat cell M0, and 63% of the oat cell patients died from complications of their primary tumor. Patients with aortic window lesions, irrespective of their histology, have an extremely poor prognosis due to the high incidence of lethal complications of their primary tumor. Complete resecton when feasible, as judged by pulmonary arteriography, provides the best control of the primary tumor and, as a consequence, gives longer survival.
Teaching Students Visual-Design Skills by Having Them Study and Design Posters

AbstractIn a college course about designing and producing presentation media, it was found that the students were quite motivated to study posters, particularly those that promoted rock concerts, and apply visual-design principles (such as balance, emphasis, contrast, and movement) when creating their own poster designs. Students not only learned to consider effective color combinations, type styles, and attention-getting visuals, but also how to appeal to target audiences successfully. It was stressed, in the course, that both poster designers and designers of presentation media have much in common, in that they both must get across their messages quickly and effectively.
Bending the carbon curve: fire management for carbon resilience under climate change

Forest landscapes are increasingly managed for fire resilience, particularly in the western US which has recently experienced drought and widespread, high-severity wildfires. Fuel reduction treatments have been effective where fires coincide with treated areas. Fuel treatments also have the potential to reduce drought-mortality if tree density is uncharacteristically high, and to increase long-term carbon storage by reducing high-severity fire probability. Assess whether fuel treatments reduce fire intensity and spread and increase carbon storage under climate change. We used a simulation modeling approach that couples a landscape model of forest disturbance and succession with an ecosystem model of carbon dynamics (Century), to quantify the interacting effects of climate change, fuel treatments and wildfire for carbon storage potential in a mixed-conifer forest in the western USA. Our results suggest that fuel treatments have the potential to ‘bend the C curve’, maintaining carbon resilience despite climate change and climate-related changes to the fire regime. Simulated fuel treatments resulted in reduced fire spread and severity. There was partial compensation of C lost during fuel treatments with increased growth of residual stock due to greater available soil water, as well as a shift in species composition to more drought- and fire-tolerant Pinus jeffreyi at the expense of shade-tolerant, fire-susceptible Abies concolor. Forest resilience to global change can be achieved through management that reduces drought stress and supports the establishment and dominance of tree species that are more fire- and drought-resistant, however, achieving a net C gain from fuel treatments may take decades.
PocketSUMMIT: Small-Footprint Continuous Speech Recognition

We present PocketSUMMIT, a small-footprint version of our SUMMIT continuous speech recognition system. With portable devices becoming smaller and more powerful, speech is increasingly becoming an important input modality on these devices. PocketSUMMIT is implemented as a variable-rate continuous density hidden Markov model with diphone context-dependent models. We explore various Gaussian parameter quantization schemes and find 8:1 compression or more is achievable with little reduction in accuracy. We also show how the quantized parameters can be used for rapid table lookup. We explore firstpass language model pruning in a finite-state transducer (FST) framework, as well as FST and n-gram weight quantization and bit packing, to further reduce memory usage. PocketSUMMIT is currently able to run a moderate vocabulary conversational speech recognition system in real time in a few MB on current PDAs and smart phones. Index Terms: speech recognition, small footprint, parameter quantization, finite-state transducer
Family-Based Behavioral Interventions for Childhood Obesity

Childhood obesity affects all systems of the body; it is associated with increased physical (e.g., diabetes) and psychosocial (e.g., depression, bullying) comorbidities and, for 80% of these children, tracking of obesity into adulthood. Early intervention is critical to prevent the onset of adult obesity, and effective treatments exist that have been shown to lead to sustainable weight changes in childhood. Family-based behavioral treatment (FBT) is a USPSTF guideline-based behavioral weight control intervention that concurrently targets children with obesity and their parents, intervening across all levels of influence, from the individual to the community environment. FBT focuses on successive changes using family support and utilizes strategies such as self-monitoring and reengineering the environment to facilitate behavior change. Basic social and behavioral science research can help us better understand the socioenvironmental factors that constrain or enhance energy balance behaviors, and with this information, we can create more potent and personalized interventions to treat childhood obesity. Additionally, national initiatives to speed the translation of basic science findings into clinical research and treatment development may also facilitate the creation of ever more potent and precise interventions to prevent and treat obesity across the life span.
Medical Countermeasure Comics: Visualizing a Public Health Emergency Response.

The article discusses the potential benefits that are associated with the use of medical countermeasure (MCM)-related comic strips (comics) to help individuals visualize public health emergency responses, and it mentions how comics combine dialogue, symbols, and images to provide clarity to medical issues. The illustration of an MCM-based point of dispensing (POD) is addressed, along with information for people with lower literacy and limited English language skills.
Anisotropic thermal conductivity of magnetocaloric AlFe2B2

Abstract The thermal conductivity (κ) and heat capacity (Cp) of the magnetocaloric AlFe2B2 compound were investigated to assess its room temperature heat transfer and thermal management potential relative to other magnetocaloric materials such as FeRh, Gd, Gd5(Si,Ge)4 La(Fe,Si)13 and (Mn,Fe) (P,As). The room temperature thermal conductivity was determined along the three principal crystallographic directions of AlFe2B2 using the time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) method on six randomly oriented AlFe2B2 grains, resulting in an observed anisotropic thermal conductivity with a 40% larger κ along the c-axis: κx = 4.7 ± 0.1 W/mK, κy= 4.4 ± 0.1 W/mK, and κz= 6.8 ± 0.3 W/mK.
Filling- in of strong lines in chromosphericlly active K dwarfs

We present observational results that show a filling- in of strong lines in chromospherically active K dwarfs. These results are interpretted in terms of a modified atmospheric structure in the active stars. If a homogeneous model is assumed we find that the active K dwarfs have boundary temperatures 200K to 300K higher than their quiescent counterparts.
Catalysis by Inverse Micelles in Non-Polar Solvents

The rates of numerous reactions are affected by the presence of micellar surfactants in aqueous solutions.1–4 Structural similarities between globular proteins and spherical micelles and the analogies between enzymatic and micellar catalysis have prompted recent investigations of micellar systems as possible models for the micro-environment of the active site of enzymes. Although the kinetics for micellar catalysis generally obeys the Michaelis-Menten equation and, in many cases, competitive inhibition has been observed, micelles in aqueous solutions rarely enhance the rates of reactions by factors greater than 102 and show relatively limited substrate specificity.1–3 Micelles, unlike enzymes, are in a dynamic equilibrium with the monomeric surfactant and have comparatively mobile structures in water,5 Additionally, micelles do not bind the substrate in a rigid configuration with a specific orientation. It appears, therefore, that the aqueous micellar systems investigated to-date provide somewhat poorer models for enzymatic interactions than originally anticipated. Since the active sites of many enzymes are in a relatively hydrophobic environment and since X-ray crystallographic studies have indicated ion pair and hydrogen bonding interactions in polar regions of some proteolytic enzymes,6,7 model studies in apolar solvents8 and at interfaces9 have provided a better understanding of the mechanisms involved. The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyldodecanoate has recently been examined in hexanol systems containing water and hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide under conditions where formation of micelles, “reverse” micelles, and liquid crystalline phases have been demonstrated.10,11 Rate accelerations of ca. 20-fold have been found in the regions where water is solubilized in the polar interior of the reversed micelle. This rate enhancement was analogous to that observed previously for the reaction of p-nitrophenyldodecanoate in aqueous micellar hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide solution12 indicating that solubilization of the hydrolyzing agent results in catalytic efficiency similar to that for substrate solubilization.
Food Is the New Jazz?: Jack Kerouac and Food Writing

“The apple pie was more than just ‘nutritious, man.’” Despite frequent critical fixation on the jazz aspects of Jack Kerouac9s oeuvre, this reconsideration of the author9s canon poses food as a central theme of the Duluoz Legend and analyzes the ways in which Kerouac thought and wrote about food as an object, literary motif, and cultural conduit—modes of thought that, despite previous tracing of contemporary food culture to the counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s, lead almost directly to many current food issues, practices, and debates. Grounded in Kerouac9s attentive engagement with the agricultural overtures of Oswald Spengler9s Decline of the West , this article discusses how Kerouac understood, played with, and utilized food as a means of cultural comprehension and then—via jazz—cultural subversion within the “decline” of the West, primarily through his novels The Town and the City (1950), On the Road (1957), and The Dharma Bums (1958).
BUILDING A LOAD CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM OF A SHIP’S MEDIUM-SPEED ENGINE DIESEL IN DYNAMIC TESTS CONDITIONS

The object of research in the work is hydrodynamic processes in the high pressure fuel system of the ship’s medium-speed engine on variable modes. Variable regimes constitute a significant part of the operational time of a number of types of ships (tugs, fishing vessels, etc.), and for transport fleets they are characteristic for maneuvering. In the latter case, reliability and environmental safety for sanitary control zones are of particular importance. Studies of fuel supply processes in variable modes are important, since they largely determine all the operating characteristics of a diesel engine and are not well studiedThe article presents an experiment in which the task is obtaining the load characteristics and the study of transients in the fuel equipment of the ship’s medium-speed diesel engine under dynamic testing conditions. In the course of the research, a developed hardware and software complex is used to ensure the implementation of the experiment plan, fixation, processing and oscillography of the obtained data. An electromechanical system is developed by rack displacement of a high-pressure fuel pump with programmed computer control. The experiment program provides for changing the rack position in the whole range covering the operational load characteristic. The discrete displacement includes five fixed rack positions with a step transition between them. During testing, the high-pressure fuel pump completes 80 injection cycles over 44 s. The transition time between the individual fixed positions of the racks is 0.44 s. The stabilization period of hydrodynamic processes in the fuel supply system is close to 0.22 s. In the investigated range of rack positions mr=25–5 mm the main parameters of the fuel injection are as follows: рn.с=474–232 bar; рn.i=457–222 bar; рp=445–162 bar.The possibility of obtaining load characteristics by dynamic tests is shown, which significantly reduces the test time and increases the reliability of the data, eliminating the influence of the time trend parameters.
Democratizing urban development: Community organizations for housing across the United States and Brazil

Democratizing Urban Development is a valuable contribution to the growing field of comparative urban politics (Post, 2018). In the study, Maureen M. Donaghy compares housing policies in cities in t...
The Need for OT in Promoting Sexual Health for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD): A Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Prevalence Study

Date Presented 04/04/19 A cross-sectional analysis of billing records for privately insured individuals with and without IDD from across the US was conducted to determine the prevalence of STI and STI testing among individuals with IDD. Our results speak to the need for increased STI testing in this population. OT practitioners have a unique role in promoting sexual and reproductive health and safety for this population. Primary Author and Speaker: Elizabeth Schmidt Additional Authors and Speakers: Brittany Hand Contributing Authors: Amy Darragh, Kit Simpson
Prevalence of Iron deficiency in Lebanese schoolchildren.

The prevalence of iron deficiency in the Lebanese pediatric population is unknown. The aim of this study is to estimate this prevalence in Lebanese schoolchildren and to assess the relation between iron status and related factors. A total of 903 children aged 8–18 years (466 boys and 437 girls) were included in the study. Recruitment was done from ten schools with different SES levels and located in the Great Beirut and Mount Lebanon areas. Serum ferritin was measured in all participants and testosterone was measured only in boys using Immulite chemiluminescent assays. For the entire sample, the median serum ferritin concentration was 30.0 [19.8–44.8] ng/mL and the prevalence of iron deficiency (ferritin < 15 ng/mL) was 14.2%. Iron deficiency was higher in girls compared with boys (respectively, 20.8% and 7.9%). This prevalence varied with the SES (respectively, 11.6%, 11.9%, and 16.8% in high, middle, and low SES, p = 0.09). Iron deficiency increased with age (9.5%, 15.7%, and 17.5%, respectively, for the age groups 8–11, 12–14, and 15–18, p = 0.014) and did not differ between normal, overweight, and obese groups (p = 0.07). In boys, a significant positive correlation was observed between ferritin and total testosterone (rho = 0.150, p = 0.001). The prevalence of iron deficiency is relatively low in Lebanon. Younger boys, menstruating girls, and children from low SES are more prone to iron deficiency, while BMI has no impact.
Occurrence rates of haemophilia among males in the United States based on surveillance conducted in specialized haemophilia treatment centres

Introduction Estimates of the size and characteristics of the US haemophilia population are needed for healthcare planning and resource needs assessment. A network of comprehensive haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs) located throughout the United States receives federal support for diagnosis and management of haemophilia and other rare bleeding disorders. Aim Estimate the incidence and prevalence of haemophilia among US males using the HTC network. Methods During the period 2012-2018, de-identified surveillance data were collected on all males who visited an HTC that included year of birth, gender, race, Hispanic ethnicity, residence zip code, haemophilia type and severity. Data from all patients were used to calculate period prevalence by haemophilia type, severity and state of residence. Data from a subset of patients born 1995-2014 were used to estimate incidence rates over the 20-year period. Results During the period, 21 748 males with haemophilia visited the HTCs resulting in an age-adjusted prevalence of 15.7 cases per 100 000 males (12 for haemophilia A and 3.7 for haemophilia B). Prevalence was higher among whites (15.1) than blacks (12.4) or Hispanics of either race (12.4). State-specific prevalence varied from 1.6 to 23.3 cases per 100 000. Based on 9587 males born during the index period, the average haemophilia incidence was 1 case per 4334 live male births. Conclusion Based on these data, we estimate that there are between 29 761 and 32 985 males with haemophilia living in the United States today, the majority of whom receive comprehensive care in specialized clinical centres.
A Snapshot of the World's Groundwater Challenges

Depletion and pollution of groundwater, Earth's largest and most accessible freshwater stock, is a global sustainability concern. A changing climate, marked by more frequent and intense hydrologic ...
Generation of Regionally Specified Human Brain Organoids Resembling Thalamus Development

Thalamus is a critical information relay hub in the cortex; its malfunction causes multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, there are no model systems to study the development and function of human thalamus. Here, we present a protocol to generate regionally specified human brain organoids that recapitulate the development of the thalamus using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Thalamic organoids can be used to study human thalamus development, to model related diseases, and to discover potential therapeutics. For complete information on human thalamic organoids and their application, please refer to the paper by Xiang et al. (2019).
Lifetime distribution of information diffusion on simultaneously growing networks

This paper studies information diffusion modeled by the SIS epidemic model on several classes of growing networks. It is shown through a thorough simulation study that there is a fundamental difference in the behavior of epidemic processes on growing temporal networks in comparison with the same processes on static networks. An infection under the SIS model tends to persist longer on a growing network than on a static network, and further, the empirical distribution of the lifetime of an infection on growing networks has a considerably heavier tail. In fact, evidence is provided that, under certain combinations of model parameters, it may be possible for an infection to survive for an infinite amount of time. These results are observed for the SIS model acting on growing temporal networks generated via the preferential attachment model and a uniform attachment model, as well as a real-world, time-stamped citation network.
Superharmonic instability for regularized long-wave models

We examine the spectral stability and instability of periodic traveling waves for regularized long-wave models. Examples include the regularized Boussinesq, Benney--Luke, and Benjamin--Bona--Mahony equations. Of particular interest is a striking new instability phenomenon -- spectrum off the imaginary axis extending into infinity. The spectrum of the linearized operator of the generalized Korteweg--de Vries equation, for instance, lies along the imaginary axis outside a bounded set. The spectrum for a regularized long-wave model, by contrast, can vary markedly with the parameters of the periodic traveling waves. We carry out asymptotic spectral analysis to short wavelength perturbations, distinguishing whether the spectrum tends to infinity along the imaginary axis or some curve whose real part is nonzero. We conduct numerical experiments to corroborate our analytical findings.
Large-scale social media language analysis reveals emotions and behaviours associated with nonmedical prescription drug use

Nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMPDU) is a global health concern. The extent of, behaviors and emotions associated with, and reasons for NMPDU are not well-captured through traditional instruments such as surveys, prescribing databases and insurance claims. Therefore, this study analyses [~]130 million public posts from 87,718 Twitter users in terms of expressed emotions, sentiments, concerns, and potential reasons for NMPDU via natural language processing. Our results show that users in the NMPDU group express more negative emotions and less positive emotions, more concerns about family, the past and body, and less concerns related to work, leisure, home, money, religion, health and achievement, compared to a control group (i.e., users who never reported NMPDU). NMPDU posts tend to be highly polarized, indicating potential emotional triggers. Gender-specific analysis shows that female users in the NMPDU group express more content related to positive emotions, anticipation, sadness, joy, concerns about family, friends, home, health and the past, and less about anger, compared to males. The findings of the study can enrich our understanding of NMPDU.
Asymptotic expansions of the non-central distribution of milks1 statistic in the complex gaussian case

In this paper, asymptotic expansions of the non-null distribution of the Wilks' statistic for Manova based on the complex multivariate Gaussian distribution is obtained for the cases (a) when the non-centrality parameter ω∼is constant and (b) when ∼Is of the same order as the sample size. No direct method is available for the case (b) and thus the partial differential equation approach considered in this paper Is particularly useful
Bidirectional convergence: A cognitive approach to generalisation

We present a cognitive approach to generalisation, Bidirectional Convergence. This is the implementation of a cognitive process we call concept crystallisation, whereby a concept is formed gradually from initially many possibilities which converge to a single possibility under the weight of a series of learning instances shown over a period of time. Bidirectional Convergence (BDC) is a form of concept crystallisation that represents the alternative possible concepts through. Boundary versions of the concept during learning. BDC is an abstraction of Mitchell's symbolic concept learning technique (1982). We describe how BDC is evolved from Mitchell's technique into a form suitable for incorporation into neural networks, BDC is shown to provide a best-fit to given problems. >
The question of stemlines in human acute leukemia: Comparison of cells isolated in vitro and in vivo from a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia☆

Abstract Mononuclear, lymphoblastoid (CCRF-SB) cells isolated in suspension culture from the peripheral blood buffy coat of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have been non-tumorigenic in untreated neonatal Syrian hamsters. This observation is in contrast to the previously reported serial transplantability of H-SB2, a tumor produced in newborn hamsters by the direct implantation of buffy coat cells from the identical blood specimen. Cells of the CCRF-SB culture are, however, tumorigenic in newborn hamsters treated with anti-hamster thymus lymphocyte serum (ALS). Unlike H-SB2, the tumor (H-SB9) produced in hamsters by implantation of the CCRF-SB cells is dependent upon treatment of the host with ALS for transplantation, does not undergo spontaneous conversion to leukemia in the hamster host, and actively synthesizes human immunoglobulins. These, together with karyotypic and certain biochemical differences (described elsewhere) raise the possibility of the existence of different “stemlines” in this patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the available evidence suggests that only the H-SB2 cell population represents a leukemic “stemline”. The CCRF-SB cell population more closely resembles previously described lymphoid cells derived from the peripheral blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis.
A rapidly moving hard x-ray source in a CME

A major flare occurring about two days beyond the solar west limb resulted in the Yohkoh detection of a hard X-ray source high in the corona (above about 8 × 104 km). The simultaneous observation of microwaves from this source allowed a determination of the plasma density of about 4 × 109 cm−3. The surprisingly high intensity of hard X-ray radiation from this event implies a non-thermal tail fraction greater than 0.2% above 20 keV in the electron distribution function. The simultaneous occurrence of a fast coronal mass ejection (CME) and major solar particle event suggests that non-thermal electrons may play a role in the energetics of CMEs.
Motivational interviewing by peer outreach workers: a pilot randomized clinical trial to retain adolescents and young adults in HIV care

Abstract Youth living with HIV (YLH) are at particularly high risk for poor retention in HIV primary care. This study utilized Motivational Interviewing (MI) to improve youth retention in primary care and compared the fidelity and outcomes of peer outreach workers (POW) to masters level staff (MLS). Eighty-seven YLH were randomized to receive two MI sessions from POW or MLS. YLH were aged 16–29 and 92% were African American. Thirty-seven audiotaped sessions were coded with the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) coding system. Retention in care was assessed by review of medical records. POW had higher fidelity on two MITI scales, and did not differ from MLS on remaining three scales. While both groups improved the regularity of primary care appointments, the effect size for POW on retention in care and intervention dose was larger than that of MLS. The results suggest that POW can provide MI with quality comparable to MLS with adequate training and supervision. MI provided by POW to impro...
A pictorial comparison of interplanetary magnetic field polarity, solar wind speed, and geomagnetic disturbance index during the sunspot cycle

Observations of interplanetary magnetic field polarity, solar wind speed, and geomagnetic disturbance index (C9) during the years 1962–1975 are compared in a 27-day pictorial format that emphasizes their associated variations during the sunspot cycle. This display accentuates graphically several recently reported features of solar wind streams including the fact that the streams were faster, wider, and longer-lived during 1962–1964 and 1973–1975 in the declining phase of the sunspot cycle than during intervening years (Bame et al., 1976; Gosling et al., 1976). The display reveals strikingly that these high-speed streams were associated with the major, recurrent patterns of geomagnetic activity that are characteristic of the declining phase of the sunspot cycle. Finally, the display shows that during 1962–1975 the association between long-lived solar wind streams and recurrent geomagnetic disturbances was modulated by the annual variation (Burch, 1973) of the response of the geomagnetic field to solar wind conditions. The phase of this annual variation depends on the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field in the sense that negative sectors of the interplanetary field have their greatest geomagnetic effect in northern hemisphere spring, and positive sectors have their greatest effect in the fall. During 1965–1972 when the solar wind streams were relatively slow (500 km s-1), the annual variation strongly influenced the visibility of the corresponding geomagnetic disturbance patterns.
It's Never Too Late! What Neuroscience Has To Offer High Schools:

Decades of educational banners have promoted “Early childhood,” “Prevention,” “Critical periods of development,” and a host of other phrases that have focused the resources of dollars, programs, and time on the youngest of our charges in public schools. It it really too late by the time youngsters get to high school? Don't bet your neurons on it!