cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Random Alarm Devices in Studying Scientists' Reading Behavior

An intensive study of the scientific journal reading behavior of chemists and physicists was made using almost exclusively the direct observation of behavior (rather than questionnaires, interviews, or diaries) to determine what they read, why they read what they do, and what differences in reading behavior exist between the groups. A device which generated an audible alarm at random moments of time was carried by scientists and used to signal the times at which observations were to be made.
Cutting Edge: Virus-Specific CD4+ Memory T Cells in Nonlymphoid Tissues Express a Highly Activated Phenotype

Recent studies have shown that CD4+ memory T cells persist in nonlymphoid organs following infections. However, the development and phenotype of these peripheral memory cells are poorly defined. In this study, multimerized MHC-Ig fusion proteins, with a covalently attached peptide sequence from the Sendai virus hemagglutinin/neuraminidase gene, have been used to identify virus-specific CD4+ T cells during Sendai virus infection and the establishment of peripheral CD4+ memory populations in the lungs. We show declining frequencies of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in the lungs over the course of ∼3 mo after infection. Like peripheral CD8+ T cells, the CD4+ have an acutely activated phenotype, suggesting that a high level of differentiation is required to reach the airways and persist as memory cells. Differences in CD25 and CD11a expression indicate that the CD4+ cells from the lung airways and parenchyma are distinct memory populations.
Enhancement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but not cytokine responses to stress challenges imposed during withdrawal from acute alcohol exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Rationale Alcohol withdrawal is associated with reduced activity, increased anxiety, and other signs of distress.
Status report on dental operating handpieces

The operation and uses for conventional speed and intermediateand high-speed handpieces are reviewed. Sterilization of handpieces and precautions against air contamination, handpiece sounds and noise, and eye and soft tissue injury are discussed.
Dichromatic color vision at high light levels: red/green discrimination using the blue-sensitive mechanism.

Three red/green blind observers (dichromats) performed a wavelength discrimination task over a wide range of intensity levels. As expected, discrimination failed in the entire red/green spectral range at the low intensities typically used in wavelength discrimination experiments, but at very high intensities (at or above 10 000 td) discrimination was well maintained into the red/green range. The following experiments demonstrate that dichromats are able to utilize signals from the blue-sensitive cones (S-cones) to mediate color discrimination throughout the spectrum at high intensities, and they provide an estimate of S-cone sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum.
Early Nucleation Events in the Biomineralization of Calcium Phosphates

Our work focuses on the earliest events of homo-/heterogeneous nucleation from an initial supersaturated solution to the subsequent growth of nuclei. The combined use of conductance, together with hydrogen and calcium ISEs has provided new insights into the mechanisms of crystal nucleation and phase stability. We propose that two types of ACP are formed during HAP nucleation. The initial subcritical calcium-phosphate ion clusters form an amorphous [CaHPO4·xH2O] phase (ACP-1), which transforms to amorphous [Ca3(PO4)2] (ACP-2), and subsequently to HAP. This study is a major step forward in our understanding of the earliest nucleation events in vitro and in vivo. Additives may influence HAP nucleation by interacting with ACP clusters during the early induction period.
Effects of Self-Instruction on Rule-Breaking Behavior:

Two experiments were conducted to analyze factors related to the control of motor behavior by self-instruction and to replicate O'Leary's (1968) finding on the effectiveness of self-instruction in reducing rule-breaking behavior. The length of the temporal interval between the self-instruction and the opportunity to break the rules, and the amount of prior training in self-instruction were the variables under study. The effectiveness of self-instruction in reducing rule-breaking behavior was demonstrated in Exp. I, but no differences were found between groups which instructed either 1 or 9 sec. before the opportunity to respond motorically. As assessed by group differences in Exp. II, there was no evidence for the effectiveness of self-instruction or for the amount of prior training in self-instruction. However, in Exp. II, as in Exp. I, there were strong and significant correlations between the frequency of self-instruction and the absence of rule-breaking behavior. In addition, a serendipitous finding i...
Performance analysis of recoverable flight control systems using hybrid dynamical models

The main goal of this paper is to describe and validate a specific hybrid dynamical model for NASA's recoverable computer system subjected to simulated random upsets. The system is closed-looped with a Boeing 737 simulation model which is flying at cruising altitude. The validation is based on a controlled experiment where the computer upsets are injected into the system at a desired rate, and the effects on the output tracking performance of a simulated aircraft are directly observed and quantified. The hybrid model consists of a jump-linear system driven by a finite-state machine with a Markov input. The jump-linear system models the switched dynamics of the closed-loop due to the presence of controller recoveries, the finite-state machine models the recovery logic, and the Markov input acts as an upset generator. Stability analysis is performed on the hybrid model using existing techniques. The paper supplies the additional performance theory for analyzing the tracking error mean output power. The results are compared against experimental data, showing good agreement.
Elongation factor-1 alpha is an overexpressed actin binding protein in metastatic rat mammary adenocarcinoma

Overexpression of elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1 alpha) mRNA has been correlated with increased metastatic potential in mammary adenocarcinoma; however, this relationship was not explored at the level of protein expression. As EF1 alpha has been shown in other cell types to be a component of the actin cytoskeleton, a likely effector in metastasis, the actin binding activity of EF1 alpha from metastatic and nonmetastatic rat breast tumors and cell lines was investigated. We have shown that EF1 alpha protein is overexpressed in metastatic compared to nonmetastatic cells and whole tumors. Similarly to other EF1 alpha s, both types of tumor EF1 alpha bind to F-actin, but EF1 alpha from metastatic cells has a reduced affinity for actin. In addition, there is a high correlation between the intracellular distribution of filamentous actin and EF1 alpha in those cytoskeletal structures thought to be important for supporting the cellular motility required for metastasis. Following stimulation with EGF, there is a parallel increase in the amount of F-actin and EF1 alpha associated with the cytoskeleton. The response to EGF can be blocked with cytochalasin D indicating that the binding of EF1 alpha to the cytoskeleton is mediated by F-actin. We propose that a weakened association of EF1 alpha with actin may be related to the metastatic process via an altered organization of the actin cytoskeleton and the differential translation of mRNAs associated with the cytoskeleton.
Relationships Between Weight and Body Dissatisfaction, Body Esteem, and Teasing in African American Girls

This study assessed the relation between weight and weight-related factors (i.e., body dissatisfaction, body esteem, teasing frequency, and the effects of teasing) in a community sample of prepubescent African American girls. African American girls (N = 97) in Grades 3 to 5 completed the McKnight Risk Factor Survey—Third Edition and had their heights and weights taken to calculate body mass index (BMI). Participants were from two public elementary schools with a predominantly African American student population in a Southern metropolitan city of the United States. Increased weight was associated with higher levels of body dissatisfaction and a greater frequency of weight teasing by peers. Weight was not associated with body esteem. These relationships between weight and related factors may be important for understanding how weight affects psychosocial functioning in a community sample of African American girls.
Isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from Swine

Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from the intestinal tract of a 2-month-old pig. This is the first reported isolation of Edwardsiella tarda from swine in the United States. Swine have been reported as potential carriers of Edwardsiella tarda, but pathogenicity of this organism for swine has not been determined. Although the pig had access to several farm ponds, the exact source of infection was not determined.
A Comparison of Walleye Fry and Fingerling Stockings in Three Rivers in Iowa

Abstract Ranking third in angler preference, walleye Stizostedion vitreum is one of the most important sport fish in Iowa, yet this species is rare in inland rivers. From 1986 through 1989, fry and fingerling walleyes were marked with coded wire tags and freeze brands, stocked in three Iowa rivers, sampled by seining, and electrophoretically analyzed to evaluate their survival 2–3 weeks after stocking. Two river strains and one lake strain of walleyes were stocked. Fall electroshocking provided annual survival and population estimates. No significant contribution resulted from stocked walleye fry; however, stocked fingerlings averaged 76% of young-of-year walleyes for each study reach, and they averaged more than 50% of the total populations. Actual fingerling contributions were 95–100%, but extensive tag loss prevented conclusive identification. Fingerling walleye growth was excellent initially, exceeding 20 cm the first year, but it decreased the following years under drought conditions and high populat...
Health Demography and Public Policy

The interface between demography and healthcare at the policy level is reflected in both population policies and health policies. In fact, it is difficult to separate population policies and health policies due the impact they have upon each other. The enactment of healthcare policies will inevitably have implications for the demographic processes of the society, affecting fertility levels (e.g., through abortion policies), morbidity patterns (e.g., through health insurance coverage), and mortality (e.g., through research funding priorities). Healthcare policies may even affect immigration patterns, as in the case of now-abolished policies prohibiting the immigration of people infected by AIDS.
Hypoxia and Mucosal Inflammation.

Sites of inflammation are defined by significant changes in metabolic activity. Recent studies have suggested that O2 metabolism and hypoxia play a prominent role in inflammation so-called “inflammatory hypoxia,” which results from a combination of recruited inflammatory cells (e.g., neutrophils and monocytes), the local proliferation of multiple cell types, and the activation of multiple O2-consuming enzymes during inflammation. These shifts in energy supply and demand result in localized regions of hypoxia and have revealed the important function off the transcription factor HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) in the regulation of key target genes that promote inflammatory resolution. Analysis of these pathways has provided multiple opportunities for understanding basic mechanisms of inflammation and has defined new targets for intervention. Here, we review recent work addressing tissue hypoxia and metabolic control of inflammation and immunity.
Apical right ventriculotomy for closure of apical ventricular septal defects

Abstract Background Apical ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are difficult to visualize through a transatrial approach, while the use of a left ventriculotomy may result in progressive ventricular dysfunction. Transcatheter closure has not been reliable, especially in small infants. Apical right ventriculotomy provides good exposure, preserves left ventricular function, and allows secure closure of apical VSDs. Methods From November 1994 through April 2002, nine children, median age 8 months (range, 74 days to 2.5 years) underwent 10 operations for VSD closure via apical right ventriculotomy (one patient with a residual defect underwent successful VSD closure via a second apical right ventriculotomy). Two patients were status post pulmonary artery banding and two patients had previous unsuccessful attempts at closure via a transatrial approach. Results There was no hospital mortality; there were 2 late deaths (78% survival; 95% confidence interval [CI], 45% to 94%), 3 months and 4 years postoperatively. Postoperative echocardiography demonstrated no residual VSDs in 3 and insignificant residual VSDs in 4 of the survivors. All survivors currently exhibit normal biventricular function during a median follow-up of 25 months (range, 11 to 104 months). Conclusions Apical right ventriculotomy provides excellent exposure allowing safe and effective closure of apical VSDs. The observed late morbidity and mortality reflects the complexity that often exists in these cases due to additional irreparable lesions.
Methadone Medical Maintenance: An Early 21st-Century Perspective

Methadone medical maintenance is the treatment of stable methadone-maintained patients in primary care physicians' offices under an exemption from federal methadone regulations. Reports from seven such programs in six states show high retention and low frequencies of illicit drug use. Patients and physicians indicate high levels of satisfaction. Although methadone maintenance has a long history of safety and efficacy, most methadone medical maintenance programs are no longer operating or accepting new patients. Federal regulations for standard methadone clinics allow some features of methadone medical maintenance, and advocacy for state approval of these changes is strongly recommended.
DISTRIBUTION OF BLUEGREEN ALGAE IN A MISSISSIPPI GULF COAST SALT MARSH1

Edaphic bluegreen algal communities were sampled from five menotypic angiosperm zones in Grvelline Bay Marsh near Ocean Spring. Mississippi. Samples and environmental data were taken on a quarterly basis from October 1976 to June 1977 beneath the following marsh angiosperms: Distichlis spicata (L.) Green, Scirpus olneyi gray, SPartina patens (Aiton) Muhl., Sp. alterniflora Loisel., and Juncus roemerianus Scheele. Communities in all five zones were dominated by Schizothrix calcicola (Ag.) Gom. (sensu Drauet) throughout the study, while the subdominant bluegreens varied according to season. The number of individuals in all zones was greatest in the summer and lowest in the winter. An examination of the structure of the five edaphic communities indicated a single, nearly homogeneous community exists over the entire surface of the marsh shaded by a angiosperm canopy. Light intensity appears to be the major factor affecting the distribution of bluegreen algae in this salt marsh.
Preference reversals in evaluations of cash versus non-cash incentives

Data are presented from six experiments that demonstrate preference reversals for cash versus non-cash incentives. When given a hypothetical choice between cash and non-cash incentives, participants chose the cash incentive (joint evaluation, JE). However when asked to evaluate them separately (separate evaluation, SE), participants gave higher ratings to the non-cash incentive; these findings were replicated with ‘‘real” monetary incentives. Preference reversals were partially dictated by the type of non-cash incentive offered: they were observed for hedonic non-cash incentives but not for utilitarian noncash incentives. Preference reversals were caused by two factors: a shift in the dominant attribute under consideration and the presence of a value-seeking attribute that provides information about the rational choice. Specifically, participants consider the affective characteristics of the incentives during SE and the fungibility of the incentives during JE. Additionally, employees receiving rewards from an incentive program reported that recipients of non-cash awards would enjoy their reward more and would be more likely to tell their friends about it.
Pulse-coded multiple access in space optical communications

There is interest in space-based wireless optical networks with nonsynchronous multiple access capability. Since space links are usually power-limited, pulsing is necessary to accomplish the multiple accessing and data transmission. In this paper, a nonsynchronous pulsed multiple-access optical-space system using code sequences for identifying stations is considered. Both OOK and PPM data encoding is considered and the link data rates and bit error probabilities (PE) are examined. It is shown that the achievable data rates are limited by the multiple access coding and the link SNR, while the PE can be either crosstalk or power-limited. It appears that moderate data rates (tens of Mb/s) are feasible with networks of about 5-20 stations even with low-link SNR. >
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF U.S. FOREIGN AID: AMERICAN LEGISLATORS AND THE DOMESTIC POLITICS OF AID

Are there systematic political economy factors that shape preferences for foreign aid, a key component of American foreign policy? We analyze votes in the House of Representatives from 1979 to 2003 that would increase or decrease foreign aid by considering the political, economic, and ideological characteristics of legislators and their districts. To understand who supports and opposes foreign aid, we utilize theories of foreign economic policy preferences. By examining different types of aid policy, we show that domestic politics and especially the distributional consequences of economic aid can matter. The economic characteristics of a district and its left–right ideological predispositions influence support for aid in a systematic fashion over the nearly 25-year period. Stolper–Samuelson models along with political ideology can help explain legislators’ preferences toward aid.
Business Ethics and the Return on Reputation

“Business ethics” as an oxymoron is a joke that has been around a long time. The joke builds on the business philosophy centering on the all-consuming economic mission of the business and the assum...
An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Steady-State Maintenance

Abstract Observations and numerical simulators of tropical cyclones show that evaporation from the sea surface is essential to the development of reasonably intense storms. On the other hand, the CISK hypothesis, in the form originally advanced by Charney and Eliassen, holds that initial development results from the organized release of preexisting conditional instability. In this series of papers, we explore the relative importance of ambient conditional instability and air-sea latent and sensible heat transfer in both the development and maintenance of tropical cyclones using highly idealized models. In particular, we advance the hypothesis that the intensification and maintenance of tropical cyclones depend exclusively on self-induced heat transfer from the ocean. In this sense, these storms may be regarded as resulting from a finite amplitude air-sea interaction instability rather than from a linear instability involving ambient potential buoyancy. In the present paper, we attempt to show that reasona...
Bone Stromal Cells As Therapeutic Targets In Osseous Metastasis

The dissemination of cancer from the primary site of growth to distant organs is an early event that leads to the random deposition of tumor cells throughout the organs of the body. Growth of these seeded cellular singularities into secondary, clinically manifest tumors is a notably non-random event. In addition to being the primary tumor site for multiple myeloma and several forms of bone cancer, the bone is the favored site for metastasis of breast, lung and prostate cancer. Once in the bone, these cancers interact with the bone microenvironment to become more aggressive and resistant to therapy. Therefore, the bone stroma is likely to play a major role in the support, growth and improved survival of the metastatic cancer cell. As such, therapeutic intervention targeting the bone stromal should enhance our ability to eliminate bone metastases.
Writing Efficient VHDL Descriptions

There are several ways of describing a design in VHDL which are functionally equivalent, yet are mapped to circuits of different sizes. Although certain transformation rules can be applied to optimize some “redundant descriptions”, it is generally a designer’s responsibility to develop a design description which will lead to an efficient circuit implementation. Take the following VHDL program as an example. TWO is declared as a signal in Process_A and a constant 2 is assigned to it. In Process_B, it is multiplied by signal B and the result is stored in signal C. Since TWO is assigned outside the process Mult_By_Two, the synthesizer may not able to recognize that TWO can be reduced to a constant. Thus, a regular multiplier will be synthesized to the assignment statement in Process_B. Fig. 13.1(a) shows a circuit using a regular multiplier for the operation.
The opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis resists phagosome acidification and autophagy to promote intracellular survival in macrophages.

While many strains of Enterococcus faecalis have been reported to be capable of surviving within macrophages for extended periods, the exact mechanisms involved are largely unknown. In this study, we found that after phagocytosis by macrophages, enterococci-containing vacuoles resist acidification, and E. faecalis is resistant to low pH. Ultrastructural examination of the enterococci-containing vacuole by transmission electron microscopy revealed a single membrane envelope, with no evidence of the classical double-membraned autophagosomes. Western blot analysis further confirmed that E. faecalis could trigger inhibition of the production of LC3-II during infection. By employing cells transfected with RFP-LC3 plasmid and infected with GFP-labelled E. faecalis, we also observed that E. faecalis was not delivered into autophagosomes during macrophage infection. While these observations indicated no role for autophagy in elimination of intracellular E. faecalis, enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide were keys to this process. Stimulation of autophagy suppressed the intracellular survival of E. faecalis in macrophages in vitro and decreased the burden of E. faecalis in vivo. In summary, the results from this study offer new insights into the interaction of E. faecalis with host cells and may provide a new approach to treatment of enterococcal infections.
Photolysis of Isoelectronic Ruthenium Nitrosyl and Diazonium Complexes in Frozen PVC Matrices: Retention of Dinitrogen on Ruthenium Following Photochemical Phenyl Radical Loss

Photolysis of RuCl3(1-NO)(PPh3)2 in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrices at 85 K results in reversible linkage isomerism of the nitrosyl ligand to form the isonitrosyl complex RuCl3(1-ON)(PPh3)2. Metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation of the isoelectronic phenylazo complex, RuCl3(1-N2Ph)(PPh3)2, has previously been shown to result in generation of the phenyl radical, presumably through decomposition a photogenerated diazenyl radical. Examination of this photolysis in a PVC matrix at cryogenic temperatures has permitted direct observation of an isotopically sensitive product band that may be assigned to a 17-electron ruthenium dinitrogen species, suggesting that this photochemical decomposition does not proceed through formation of a diazenyl intermediate but through homolytic cleavage of the parent diazonium complex to give the phenyl radical and the 17-electron RuCl3(1-N2)(PPh3)2.
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993: Does Twelve Weeks Really Mean Twelve Weeks?

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) entitles employees to twelve weeks of unpaid leave for reasons such as the birth of a baby or a serious health condition. The FMLA grants employers the discretion to require employees to count employer-provided paid leave towards the FMLA leave. The Department of Labor (DOL) has set forth regulations requiring an employer to notify an employee at the time the employee takes leave that the leave is being counted towards the FMLA twelve weeks. The regulations provide that if the employer fails to give such notice, the counting of the FMLA twelve weeks does not begin until notice is given. This can result in an employee taking several weeks of paid leave while preserving the twelve weeks of FMLA leave because the employer failed to mention the FMLA when the leave began. Since the passing of the FMLA, both the Eighth and Eleventh Circuit Courts of Appeals have invalidated these regulations so far as they allow for the possibility that an employee can end up receiving more than the intended twelve weeks of leave. The Sixth Circuit has upheld the regulations. This disagreement needs to be resolved by invalidating the DOL regulations to the extent they allow for this unfair result and amending the FMLA to reinstate Congress's intent that the FMLA entitlement of twelve weeks is both the minimum required and the maximum allowed under the statute.
Thermodynamic Stability of Transition‐Metal‐Substituted LiMn2−xMxO4 (M=Cr, Fe, Co, and Ni) Spinels

The formation enthalpies from binary oxides of LiMn2 O4 , LiMn2-x Crx O4 (x=0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1), LiMn2-x Fex O4 (x=0.25 and 0.5), LiMn2-x Cox O4 (x=0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) and LiMn1.75 Ni0.25 O4 at 25 °C were measured by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry and were found to be strongly exothermic. Increasing the Cr, Co, and Ni content leads to more thermodynamically stable spinels, but increasing the Fe content does not significantly affect the stability. The formation enthalpies from oxides of the fully substituted spinels, LiMnMO4 (M=Cr, Fe and Co), become more exothermic (implying increasing stability) with decreasing ionic radius of the metal and lattice parameters of the spinel. The trend in enthalpy versus metal content is roughly linear, suggesting a close-to-zero heat of mixing in LiMn2 O4 -LiMnMO4 solid solutions. These data confirm that transition-metal doping is beneficial for stabilizing these potential cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
Thromboelastography Parameter Predicts Outcome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: An Exploratory Analysis.

Objective Hypercoagulability after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is well described and may be platelet mediated. Thromboelastography (TEG) provides a global assessment of coagulation. We sought to determine whether the maximum amplitude (MA) parameter of TEG, a measure of platelet strength and function, is associated with outcome after SAH. Methods One hundred ten TEG analyses were performed for patients with moderate-to-severe SAH and compared with 6 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. TEG indices included MA, G value (G), alpha angle, and thrombus generation and were correlated to functional outcomes and laboratory tests including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and d-dimer, obtained on post-bleed days (PBDs) 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Results MA was significantly elevated compared with controls on PBD 3 (70.0 mm ± 4.5 mm vs. 64.1 mm ± 6.5 mm; P = 0.02), PBD 5 (72.6 mm ± 5.3 mm vs. 64.1 mm ± 6.5 mm; P = 0.003), PBD 7 (73.0 mm ± 5.4 mm vs. 64.1 mm ± 6.5 mm; P = 0.003), and PBD 10 (73.4 mm ± 6.0 mm vs. 64.1 mm ± 6.5 mm; P = 0.005). G was significantly elevated compared with controls on PBD 3 ( P = 0.03), PBD 5 ( P = 0.01), PBD 7 ( P = 0.01), and PBD 10 ( P = 0.02). The only biomarker associated with poor outcome was CRP. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated an association between elevated MA and outcome (odds ratio 39.1, P = 0.006) independent of CRP, age, Hunt Hess grade, and transfusion. Conclusions TEG indices are associated with poor outcome after SAH and may identify a platelet-mediated hypercoagulable state. The association between MA and outcome was stronger than that between traditional biomarkers and was independent of age and Hunt Hess grade.
Active Learning with Misspecified Beliefs

We study learning and information acquisition by a Bayesian agent who is misspecified in the sense that his prior belief assigns probability zero to the true state of the world. In our model, at each instant the agent takes an action and observes the corresponding payoff, which is the sum of the payoff generated by a fixed but unknown function and an additive error term. We provide a complete characterization of asymptotic actions and beliefs when the agent's subjective state space is a doubleton. A simple example with three actions shows that in a misspecified environment a myopic agent's beliefs converge while a sufficiently patient agent's beliefs do not. This shows that examples of myopic agents with non-converging beliefs in the prior literature require all myopically optimal actions to be informative, and illustrates a novel interaction between misspecification and the agent's subjective interest rate.
Exposure to rabies vaccination immune:An effects analysis of 160 cases

Objective To understand the immunity effect of rabies vaccine.Methods The data of 160 debunkers after inject ing rabies vaccine were analyzed retrospectively and used the rabies virus IgG antibody diagnostic kit.Results A total of 159 serum samples were tested(one died).of which 152 were antibody positive,with a total positive rate was 95.6%;different gender of serum antibody had no significant difference(P 0.05);the positive rates of different age groups had significant difference(P 0.05);there had difference between different illnesses after vaccination antibody detection.Conclusion There is no effective medication for rabies,enhancing the administration of local dogs and vagrant dogs,after a suspicious animal bite or scratch.the wound should be treated immediately by the medical department,inject rabies vaccine,at the same time when necessary to inject rabies people's immune globulin.
The 1961–62 Berlin Crisis: The Unraveling of a Relationship

The negotiations over Berlin continued as the US presidency changed hands. A distinct difference, however, between the Eisenhower approach to European security and the Kennedy approach was the latter’s desire to show “strength,” and also to provide a “flexible response” concept rather than an — at least articulated — “all-or-nothing” concept to meet a Soviet threat to Berlin.2 For both reasons, it was obvious to the Kennedy Administration that more planning, effort and resources should be given to a conventional military buildup in Europe, even while not neglecting the nuclear dimension.
Lubrication and Sliding Bearings

This chapter provides an overview of lubrication and sliding bearings. A lubricant is a substance that is inserted between the moving parts to reduce the friction, wear, and heating of machine parts in relative motion. Hydrodynamic lubrication is defined when the surfaces of the bearing are separated by a film of lubricant and does not depend upon the introduction of the lubricant under pressure. The pressure is created by the motion of the moving surface. Hydrostatic lubrication is defined when the lubricant is introduced at a sufficiently high pressure to separate the surfaces of the bearing. The Raimondi and Boyd charts give plots of dimensionless bearing parameters as functions of the bearing characteristic number, or Sommerfeld variable, S . The S scale on the charts is logarithmic except for a linear portion between 0 and 0.01.
Seamen over whom Consular Officers have Authority

The problem dealt with in this chapter is primarily the definition of the class of persons over whom a consular officer may exercise authority because they are seamen of his state.
MicroRNA-mediated target mRNA cleavage and 3′-uridylation in human cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in targeted gene silencing by facilitating posttranscriptional and translational repression. However, the precise mechanism of mammalian miRNA-mediated gene silencing remains to be elucidated. Here, we used a stem-loop array reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay to analyse miRNA-induced mRNA recognition, cleavage, posttranscriptional modification, and degradation. We detected endogenous let-7 miRNA-induced and Argonaute-catalysed endonucleolytic cleavage on target mRNAs at various sites within partially paired miRNA:mRNA sequences. Most of the cleaved mRNA 5'-fragments were 3'-oligouridylated by activities of terminal uridylyl transferases (TUTases) in miRNA-induced silencing complexes and temporarily accumulated in the cytosol for 5'-3' degradation or other molecular fates. Some 3'-5' decayed mRNA fragments could also be captured by the miRNA-induced silencing complex stationed at the specific miRNA:mRNA target site and oligouridylated by other TUTases at its proximity without involving Argonaute-mediated RNA cleavage. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanics of mammalian miRNA-mediated gene silencing by coordinated target mRNA recognition, cleavage, uridylation and degradation.
Unraveling the Design Principles of Black Widow’s Gumfoot Glue

Prey capture adhesives produced by web-building spiders have intrigued humans for many years and provide important insights to develop adhesives that work in humid environments. These humidity-responsive glues are laid down by spiders in various types of webs, primarily orb webs and cobwebs. The formation and function of viscid glue in the capture spirals of orb webs is well-studied compared to the vertically aligned gumfoot glue strands in cobwebs. While the glue droplets in cobwebs contain some peptides, they act as viscoelastic liquids, rather than viscoelastic solids, and the cause of glue stickiness is poorly understood. However, the recent discovery of glycoproteins and hygroscopic salts in the gumfoot adhesives brings a new perspective to explain the mechanism of adhesion of these microscopic droplets. In this chapter, we summarize the current state of our understanding of the chemical composition, morphology, and mechanism of adhesion of gumfoot glue threads. Additionally, we present molecular evidence that both salts and glycoproteins are important for strong adhesion in a humid environment and show how understanding the mechanism of cobweb spider adhesives will help in designing materials that are active and functional in high humidity.
A self-contained CMOS integrated pH sensor

The authors report the design and evaluation of a self-contained CMOS integrated ISFET (ion-sensitive field effect transistor) pH sensor. They demonstrate two technological solutions for the implementation of a microelectronic ISFET pH sensor: (1) a standard-CMOS-compatible process for fabricating the ISFET and CMOS analog circuits on the same chip has been developed and (2) the electrical reference contact to the electrolyte has been integrated on the same chip as the ISFET by a differential sensing circuit technique. >
Diffusion of Stack Gases in Very Stable Atmospheres

Smoke plumes emitted from elevated sources during inversion conditions and characterized by negligibly small settling rates remain aloft for many miles over fairly flat terrain. Photographs of oil-fog plumes taken at the Brookhaven National Laboratory are presented to show the non-isotropic character of diffusion during conditions of strong stability.
17β-Hydroxywithanolides as Sensitizers of Renal Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) Mediated Apoptosis: Structure-Activity Relationships.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a cancer with poor prognosis, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic RCC is 5–10%. Consequently, treatment of metastatic RCC represents an unmet clinical need. Screening of a 50 000-member library of natural and synthetic compounds for sensitizers of RCC cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis led to identification of the 17β-hydroxywithanolide (17-BHW), withanolide E (1), as a promising lead. To explore structure–activity relationships, we obtained natural and semisynthetic withanolides 1, 2a, 2c, and 3–36 and compared their ability to sensitize TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in a panel of renal carcinoma cells. Our findings revealed that 17-BHWs with a α-oriented side chain are superior to known TRAIL-sensitizing withanolides belonging to withaferin A class with a β-oriented side chain and demonstrated that the 17-BHW scaffold can be modified to enhance sensitization of RCCs to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, thereby assisting development of natural-product-inspired drugs t...
Implementing a Standardized Assessment Battery for Aphasia in Acute Care

In this article, the implementation of a standardized assessment battery for the evaluation of language in an acute care setting is described. Following an institutional shift to adopt electronic medical records, researchers and clinicians worked together to develop a technology-assisted evaluation of aphasia that would be used to assess all patients admitted to our facility with stroke. The project goal was to devise a clinical process to improve aphasia diagnosis and evaluation while remaining feasible within constraints imposed by the acute care setting and the electronic medical record. Utilizing frameworks from implementation science, the four key phases were: (1) initial considerations of the host setting, (2) creation of a structure for implementation, (3) maintenance of this structure once implementation began, and (4) improvement for future applications. A pilot implementation demonstrated that establishing and executing a minimum standardized assessment for aphasia in acute care is feasible. Retrospective medical record review of 50 aphasia evaluations in the setting of first incidence of left hemisphere stroke affecting the middle cerebral artery (25 preimplementation and 25 postimplementation) revealed that information content of medical notes was more consistent and complete postimplementation than preimplementation. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.
Justice across Real and Imagined Food Worlds: Rural Corn Growers, Urban Agriculture Activists, and the Political Ontologies They Live By

The article examines two seemingly disparate case studies, one involving conventional corn producers and agriculture professionals located in North Dakota, the other focusing on participants in a diverse urban agriculture cooperative in an anonymized U.S. city. Drawing on qualitative interviews and data-presenting devices known as “word clouds,” the article explores how, and to a lesser extent why, understandings of the terms “social justice” and “autonomy” varied between these spaces. While these imagined political ontologies differed greatly, the article describes each case as grounded in a shared neoliberal (“real”) world that negatively impacts both populations, a realization that could provide a source of recognition and reconciliation between groups. The article concludes by asking why those interviewed in the rural space failed to understand their marginalization to be an artifact of the neoliberal highly individualistic worldview that their articulated imaginaries appear to support, while also exploring how the divergent political ontologies between the groups can be brought into better conversation with each other.
Transformative, Systemic Learning in Agronomic Research and Education

Abstract A more holistic perspective concerning benefits of farms to society was envisioned for research and education relevant to current Science Frontiers of the American Society of Agronomy (ASA). A transformative approach in which interdisciplinary research contributed to productive and sustainable agricultural systems in the world was proposed. Career experiences of the author revealed both challenges and opportunities inherent to holistic approaches involving the contrasting worldviews represented among multiple research disciplines and diverse stakeholders. The objectives were (1) develop a learning system that accommodated diverse disciplinary knowledge and human values and affect in the context of agroecosystems and (2) relate a model of systemic learning to research and education relevant to the ASA Science Frontiers. The author's holistic perspective of learning emerged during a shift from purposive learning, which emphasized goal-oriented research and education focused on systems in the world, to purposeful and critical learning about learning itself. Models of systemic learning were developed to represent relationships among learner experiences and worldviews, affective phenomena, cognition, and action. Metalearning about systemic learning itself, including relationships of culture, ethics, and politics to worldviews of stakeholders, contributed to the transformative nature of the systemic learning models. Critical evaluations of the systemic learning models provided a seminal example of an epistemology for integrating human values, norms, and affective phenomena during research and education relevant to ASA Science Frontiers.
RoadNet: An 80-mW Hardware Accelerator for Road Detection

As a fundamental feature of intelligent vehicles, vision-based road detection must be executed on a real-time embedded platform with high accuracy. Road detection is often applied in conjunction with lane detection to determine the drivable regions. Although some existing research based on large deep learning models achieved high accuracy using the road detection dataset, they often did not consider the low power requirement of a typical embedded system. In this letter, an ultralow-power hardware accelerator for road detection is proposed. By adopting a top-down convolutional neural network (CNN) structure, a small CNN, namely RoadNet, is trained that can achieve near state-of-the-art detection accuracy. Furthermore, each CNN layer is trimmed to be computationally identical and every processing element in the architecture is fully utilized. When implemented using 32-nm process technology, the proposed hardware accelerator requires the chip area of 0.45 mm2 and the power consumption of only 80 mW, which results in an equivalent power efficiency of about 300 GOP/s/W. The RoadNet chip is capable of processing 241 frames/s at 1080P image resolution. It stands out as an ultralow-power hardware accelerator in an embedded system for road detection.
Breast MRI in elderly patients with breast cancer: Does breast density matter?

e11531 Background: MRI of the breast (BR) is useful in patients (pts) with dense BR in extent of disease evaluation (EOD) and high risk screening. The purpose of this study was to investigate wheth...
Hydroxy Ethyl Cellulose-Graft-Acrylamide Superabsorbant Hydrogel for Controlled Drug Delivery of Cetirizine

There has been considerable growing in recent years in the use of hydrogels as drug delivery systems because they can extend the duration of drug release and thus can reduce dose to be administrated improving patient compliance. Hydrogels are high-water content materials prepared from cross-linked polymers that are able of holding large amounts of water in their three-dimensional networks. Due their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and biodegradability, natural polymers are excellent candidates to develop new hydrogels.
Dynamic causality between the U.S. stock market, the Chinese stock market and the global gold market: implications for individual investors’ diversification strategies

This paper proposes a generalization of the prior VAR and EGARCH model to explore the linkage between returns and volatility transmissions in the U.S. stock market, the Chinese stock market, and th...
Isolation and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Strains

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects mammals and birds. Molecular epidemiology and population genetic studies have revealed widespread and distinct distribution of different T. gondii genotypes globally. Animals (domestic and wild) are the reservoirs for transmission of this parasite to humans. Recent development in molecular genotyping methods allowed us to identify parasite strains with high resolution and to dissect transmission patterns among different hosts. However, current data in the literature is still limited and fragmented. Here, we summarize a set of protocols that can be used to identify T. gondii infection in clinically normal animals, isolate the parasite by bioassay using animal tissues, extract parasite DNA from tissue samples, and finally identify the parasite by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping. We hope these protocols provide essential tools to study genetic diversity, population structure and transmission dynamics of T. gondii. Accumulation of the information will allow us to better understand, control, and prevent T. gondii infection in the future.
Shahid Kapoor: Multi-Platform Mediations of a Mid-Level Star

While Shahid Kapoor is still relegated to the second level of stardom in Bollywood compared to the dominant Khan trio, he has managed to establish himself as an actor willing to take on experimental film roles. His roles, especially in three of his most critically acclaimed and successful films, Kaminey (The Scoundrels, Bhardwaj 2009), Haider (Bhardwaj 2014), and Udta Punjab (Chaubey 2016) have, I argue, established his image as a spokesperson for the specific dreams and anxieties of millennial youth. His dancing skills and the success of his film songs help him project and build on his stardom through his live dance performances while his tightly curated body images on popular platforms such as Twitter and Instagram keep his stardom sharply in focus. Kapoor’s stardom circulates through the multiple screens of contemporary media that invariably fracture the production and the consumption of star images, which he has used to his advantage, particularly in his dance shows where he glamorizes and retrofits his experimental and more nuanced film roles to project the image of a successful star. I apply the classic stardom argument of Richard Dyer in Heavenly Bodies of the star as both a commodity produced by an industry and as articulating “the promise and the difficulty of the notion of individuality”, as I trace the career graph of Shahid Kapoor. Kapoor’s well-chosen and critically acclaimed film roles are clearly commodified even as they provide a sense of “authenticity” in articulating the contemporary anxieties and desires of millennial along with showcasing his dancing talent. This tension between commodification and individuality is amplified and glamorized in his stage dance shows and his social media presence. Shahid Kapoor as a mid-level star is a relevant example of this tension as his “star image” is not completely impenetrable being prone to fissures, and his aspirations toward superstardom in his social media presence provide glimpses of the process behind the establishment of a star image.