cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age and Suitability of Amorbia cuneana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Sabulodes aegrotata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Eggs for Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Abstract The relationship between different ages of Amorbia cuneana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Walsingham and Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) eggs and parasitism by Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was studied in the laboratory. T. platneri manifested low rates of larval mortality, high numbers of emerging adults per egg mass, and highly female-biased sex ratios, when T. platneri parasitized A. cuneana egg masses that were 1, 5, or 7 days old. No parasitoid larvae emerged when T. platneri parasitized 9-day-old egg masses. When T. platneri parasitized S. aegrotata eggs in an egg cluster, it had low rates of larval mortality and a highly female-biased sex ratio, but it only parasitized a few of the eggs in a 1- or 3-day-old egg cluster. No parasitoids emerged from the eggs in a 5-day-old egg cluster. In both species, embryos in the oldest eggs tested had well-developed head capsules. A few parasitoids emerged from singly laid, 9-day-old A. cuneana eggs, but those that emerged were smaller and less fecund than their counterparts from 1-, 5-, and 7-day-old egg masses. Acceptance of S. aegrotata eggs also depended on their physical properties. The thick chorion of S. aegrotata eggs and the sticky coating on recently laid eggs leads to fewer of the eggs being parasitized. These factors when coupled with the shorter developmental time of S. aegrotata eggs appear to explain the less frequent parasitism of S. aegrotata eggs when compared to those of A. cuneana. Acceptance of these eggs as hosts was also reflected in the percentage of the parasitoid's egg load retained after exposure to the hosts. Using this criterion, A. cuneana eggs were more readily accepted than those of S. aegrotata.
Oxovanadium(IV) complexes containing bidentate nitrogen-sulfur and oxygen-sulfur ligands

Abstract A number of oxovanadium(IV) complexes containing nitrogen-sulfur and oxygen-sulfur bidentate ligands have been synthesized. The ligands employed include 2-aminoethanethiol, N-n-decyl-2-aminoethanethiol o-aminobenzenethiol, and 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide. All the resulting oxovanadium(IV) complexes have the formula VOL2, where L is the bidentate ligand. At tempst to prepare the N,N,-dialkyl-2-aminoethanethiol complexes of oxovanadium(IV) resulted in failure. Pyridine adducts of bis(2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide) oxovanadium(IV) (VO(PTO)2Py) and the pyridine adduct of bis(o-aminobenethiolo)oxovanadium(IV) (VO-(ABT)2Py) have also been prepared. The stereochemistry of these complexese has been interpreted using chemical analyses and infrared and visible spectral data and all of these complexes appear to have square pyramidal geometries except bis(2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide)oxovanadium(IV). An attempt was made to correlate the specific Lewis base acceptor and infrared spectra. It was found that the reaction of VO(ABT)2Py with a variety of 4-substituted pyridine N-oxides (pyno) resulted in a systematic change in the visible spectra, and these changes were correlated to the Hammett σpyno values.
Second malignant neoplasms in long-term survivors of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.

Background. The occurrence of second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) in successfully treated pediatric patients with cancer has been an area of increasing concern because survival of these patients has improved with intensification of therapy. Therefore, the incidence of SMNs in long term survivors of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) was studied. Methods. From 1970 to 1989, 210 newly diagnosed patients (median age, 9.7 years; range, 1 month to 27 years) with RMS were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY). Multimodality treatment included chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, when indicated. There were 130 long term survivors (>2 years off therapy) with a median follow-up of 9 years (range, 2–20 years). The cumulative dose of each chemotherapeutic agent and the radiation doses each patient received were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed by comparison with the Connecticut Tumor Registry data. Results. Seven patients developed a SMN, including three with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) and four with solid tumors. Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia developed a median of 4.5 years after diagnosis. Of the solid tumors, 3 developed within the radiation field at a median of 10 years after diagnosis, whereas the fourth occurred 9.3 years after initial diagnosis in a patient who did not receive radiotherapy. All seven patients with SMNs received total dactinomycin doses higher than the median (9.6 mg/M2) for the group. All three patients with ANLL received total cyclophosphamide doses higher than the median (16.8 g/M2). Moreover, six of the seven patients received a dose of radiotherapy greater than 4000 cGy. The standardized incidence ratio was: 17.07 (95% confidence interval, 6.68–35.18; P < 0.0001). Conclusions. Multimodality therapy has improved long term survival for patients with childhood RMS. The combination of high dose radiotherapy and chemotherapy appears to increase the risk for developing a second malignancy. Cancer 1995:76:1860—7.
Prognostic usefulness of left ventricular thrombus by echocardiography in dilated cardiomyopathy in predicting stroke, transient ischemic attack, and death.

Echocardiograms of 290 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (ejection fraction ≤35%) were reviewed for the presence of left ventricular (LV) apical abnormalities; outcomes of stroke and death were then correlated with the presence of LV thrombus. During a follow-up of 31 months, 15 patients had a stroke or transient ischemic attack after the index echocardiogram (5.2%). Patients with LV thrombus on echocardiography had a significantly higher rate of stroke (adjusted odds ratio 3.4, p = 0.027) than those without echocardiographic evidence of thrombi. There was no difference in mortality between patients with and without thrombus (20.9% vs 21.1%, p = 0.726).
The Johns Hopkins University and Diffraction Gratings

Contributions to the history of the diffraction grating art are set forth in the form of quotations from Johns Hopkins records and other sources.
The Licensing of Marine Recreational Fishermen

Abstract This study provides an account of certain current marine recreational fishery issues including licensing in the coastal states in 1981. Only four states license their resident marine recreational fishermen on a continuing basis. These general licenses apply to all waters of the state and marine anglers cannot be separated from the general fishing population. This latter factor is important to using license files for data collection. Interviews with state officials disclosed that marine recreational fishery programs suffer from a lack of funding and data collection. Most of the officials acknowledge the advantages of implementing a saltwater fishing license. Alternatives to a saltwater fishing license mentioned by them included financing from state general funds as a source of revenue, and surveys, censuses, and voluntary reporting for data collection. However, most felt that other alternatives were not as equitable or beneficial as a separate saltwater fishing license. State officials also predic...
Effect of dexamethasone on de novo IgE synthesis by human blood lymphocytes

Abstract The effect of dexamethasone (DM) on de novo in vitro total IgE synthesis by blood mononuclear cells (MNC) was studied in atopic patients with eczema and in nonatopic control subjects. Unfractionated blood MNC were cultured at 1 × 10 6 cells per milliliter for 7 days in RPMI 1640 with 10% fetal calf serum with or without decreasing concentrations of DM (10 −7 to 10 −11 ). Net IgE synthesis was calculated by subtracting preformed (+ cycloheximide at day 0) from total IgE in 7-day supernatants. Supernatant IgE was measured by use of a modified PRIST assay. A significant increase in net IgE synthesis occurred in the presence of DM in 11 of 11 atopic patients with eczema (mean percent increase=68%; p p 0.05) but not in seven of seven nonatopic controls. This increase in de novo IgE synthesis could not be explained by a significant change in cell viability. In five of five experiments, a mean increase of 78% was still noted when DM was added to atopic blood MNCs depleted of T cells by sheep red blood cell rosetting. The addition of 10 −9 M of DM to eczema B + T cell recombinations enriched for suppressor cells (depleted of Leu 3a + helper T cells) resulted in a loss of suppressor-T cell activity and maximal augmentation of IgE synthesis. Enhancement of IgE synthesis was also noted when DM was added to ecema B + T cell recombinations enriched for helper T cells (depleted of suppressor Leu 2a + T cells). Furthermore, B cell cultures that were severely depleted of both T cells and monocytes synthesized higher amounts of IgE in the presence of DM. We conclude that the augmentation of spontaneous in vitro IgE synthesis by DM involves not only an ablation of suppressor-T cell function but may also- be due to a direct action on B cells.
The Myth of Free-Trade Britain and Fortress France: Tariffs and Trade in the Nineteenth Century

This examination of official commercial statistics suggests that the conventional wisdom regarding early free-trade efforts of Britain and France is wrong. French average tariff levels were, surprisingly, consistently below those of Britain throughout most of the nineteenth century, even after the abolition of the Corn Laws and before passage of the 1860 Treaty of Commerce. Previous scholarship has focused on French commercial policies covering a narrow range of items and has largely ignored the overall trade policies of both nations. This study moves us further away from stories of development and trade confined to a few "leading" sectors.
Carotid shunt provides cerebral protection during emergency coronary artery bypass grafting in a patient with bilateral high grade carotid stenosis: a case report

Background: Management of patients with co-existent coronary and carotid disease is a controversial and challenging issue. The risk for stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with hemodynamically significant carotid stenosis is up to 30%. In these patients a common practice is to proceed first with the restoration of cerebral perfusion and then perform the coronary revascularization. The rationale is that this strategy will reduce perioperative neurological morbidity and mortality. However, what happens when the carotid procedure is acutely complicated by cardiac instability which necessitates the interruption of the carotid procedure? Case report: We describe a case of a patient with unstable angina and high grade asymptomatic bilateral carotid stenosis who underwent emergency combined CABG and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Due to hemodynamic instability, ST-T changes, hypotension and bradycardia, upon completion of endarterectomy we placed a carotid shunt and the patient was put on cardiopulmonary bypass through median sternotomy. After triple CABG (duration of 90 minutes) we concluded the interrupted CEA procedure with primary closure of the carotid arteriotomy with the shunt in place. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged after a week. In extreme cases with bilateral severe carotid stenosis and coronary artery disease where the carotid procedure should be interrupted, we suggest the use of carotid shunt which can provide adequate cerebral perfusion giving time to cardiac surgeon to perform the life saving cardiac procedure first. Background Management of patients with co-existent coronary and carotid disease is a controversial and challenging issue [1]. The risk for stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), in patients with hemodynamically significant carotid stenosis is up to 30% [2]. Therefore, in these patients a common practice is to proceed first with the restoration of cerebral perfusion and then perform the coronary revascularization. The rationale is that this strategy will reduce perioperative neurological morbidity and mortality. However, according to our knowledge, there is no published data concerning combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and CABG where intraoperatively the carotid procedure was acutely complicated by cardiac instability necessitating the interruption of the carotid procedure. We describe our experience using a temporary carotid shunt in order to maintain cerebral perfusion until CABG was completed and then the operation was concluded with the closure of carotid arteriotomy. Case presentation Patient’s history and management A 80 year old male patient with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and severe left ventricular dysfunction was urgently admitted in our institution with unstable angina. Ejection fraction was 20%. Coronary angiography revealed severe triple vessel disease. Moreover, duplex
Pyelonephritis XIV. Effect of Immunization on Experimental Escherichia coli Pyelonephritis

Mice immunized subcutaneously with heat-killed Escherichia coli were protected from pyelonephritis produced by the intravenous route, but there was little or no protection from ascending infection. No significant protection from ascending or hematogenous pyelonephritis was demonstrated when immunization was accomplished by injecting heat-killed E. coli into the bladder. Heat-killed E. coli injected either subcutaneously or into the bladder protected mice from early endotoxic death after intravenous or bladder challenge.
Retropharyngeal Cellulitis in a 5-Week-Old Infant

An infant who presents with acute, unexplained crying requires a thorough examination to identify the source of distress. We report the case of a 5-week-old infant who had sudden irritability and was found to have retropharyngeal cellulitis caused by group B Streptococcus.
Reduced vasorelaxation to estradiol and G-1 in aged female and adult male rats is associated with GPR30 downregulation

Previously, we reported that chronic activation of the estrogen receptor GPR30 by its selective agonist G-1 decreases blood pressure in ovariectomized hypertensive mRen2.Lewis (mRen2) rats but not intact male littermates. Furthermore, G-1 relaxes female mesenteric resistance arteries via both endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Because of the lack of a blood pressure-lowering effect by G-1 in males and the potential influence of aging on estrogen receptor expression, we hypothesized that GPR30-dependent vasodilation and receptor expression are altered in males and aged females. Thus, we assessed the response to 17β-estradiol or G-1 in mesenteric arteries obtained from 15-wk-old normotensive Lewis and hypertensive mRen2 females and males as well as 52-wk-old Lewis females. Vasodilation to 17β-estradiol (E2) and G-1 was significantly attenuated in 15-wk-old Lewis and mRen2 males compared with age-matched females. Pretreatment of male vessels with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME had no significant effect on the estradiol or G-1 response. In aged females, E2 and G-1 vasorelaxation was also significantly blunted; however, l-NAME essentially abolished the response. Associated with the reduced vascular responses, GPR30 expression in mesenteric arteries was approximately 50% lower in males and aged females compared with young females. We conclude that alterations in GPR30 expression and signaling may contribute to vascular dysfunction in aging females and a greater blood pressure in hypertensive males.
Ion chemistry of VX surrogates and ion energetics properties of VX: new suggestions for VX chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection.

Room temperature rate constants and product ion branching ratios have been measured for the reactions of numerous positive and negative ions with VX chemical warfare agent surrogates representing the amine (triethylamine) and organophosphonate (diethyl methythiomethylphosphonate (DEMTMP)) portions of VX. The measurements have been supplemented by theoretical calculations of the proton affinity, fluoride affinity, and ionization potential of VX and the simulants. The results show that many proton transfer reactions are rapid and that the proton affinity of VX is near the top of the scale. Many proton transfer agents should detect VX selectively and sensitively in chemical ionization mass spectrometers. Charge transfer with NO+ should also be sensitive and selective since the ionization potential of VX is small. The surrogate studies confirm these trends. Limits of detection for commercial and research grade CIMS instruments are estimated at 80 pptv and 5 ppqv, respectively.
Measurements of the Hall dynamo in the reversed field pinch edge during reconnection events

The fluctuation induced electromotive force - 〈 j × B 〉 / ne, or the Hall dynamo, has been measured in the edge plasma of the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed-field pinch during global reconnection events, which are characterized by strong activity of the internally resonant resistive tearing modes. The Hall dynamo reaches its maximum in the vicinity of the reversal surface, where it drives the plasma current and balances the inductive electric field, but it is reduced away from the reversal surface.
Topotecan is anti-angiogenic in experimental hepatoblastoma.

Abstract Background: Advanced hepatoblastoma often is lethal despite current therapies, yet development of novel approaches has been hampered by the lack of biologically relevant models. One new strategy selectively targets endothelium rather than tumor cells using frequently administered, low-dose ("metronome") chemotherapy. Metronome topotecan has antiangiogenic activity in some experimental tumors. The authors developed a xenograft model of human hepatoblastoma to test the effect of metronome topotecan in this system. Methods: Xenografts resulted from intrarenal injection of cultured human hepatoblastoma cells in athymic mice. Topotecan (0.36 mg/kg/dose) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally 5 times per week. At week 6, 10 control/treated mice were killed, and remaining animals were maintained without treatment until week 8. Tumor weights were compared by Kruskal-Wallis analysis, and vascular alterations were ascertained by specific immunostaining. Results: Metronome topotecan affected tumor weights in a delayed fashion: weights were diminished significantly only at 8 weeks (treated v control: 6 weeks, 0.59 g v 82 g, P value, not significant; 8 weeks, 1.13 g v 3.82; P Conclusions: Metronome topotecan inhibits growth and neovascularization in experimental hepatoblastoma. The durability of this effect is novel and has not been observed in other xenograft tumor models. Cytotoxic targeting of endothelial cells may hold particular promise for therapy of children with advanced hepatoblastoma. J Pediatr Surg 37:857-861. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Immunology of Bats and Their Viruses: Challenges and Opportunities

Bats are reservoir hosts of several high-impact viruses that cause significant human diseases, including Nipah virus, Marburg virus and rabies virus. They also harbor many other viruses that are thought to have caused disease in humans after spillover into intermediate hosts, including SARS and MERS coronaviruses. As is usual with reservoir hosts, these viruses apparently cause little or no pathology in bats. Despite the importance of bats as reservoir hosts of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic agents, virtually nothing is known about the host/virus relationships; principally because few colonies of bats are available for experimental infections, a lack of reagents, methods and expertise for studying bat antiviral responses and immunology, and the difficulty of conducting meaningful field work. These challenges can be addressed, in part, with new technologies that are species-independent that can provide insight into the interactions of bats and viruses, which should clarify how the viruses persist in nature, and what risk factors might facilitate transmission to humans and livestock.
Discoveries of Nicotinamide Riboside as a Nutrient and Conserved NRK Genes Establish a Preiss-Handler Independent Route to NAD+ in Fungi and Humans

NAD+ is essential for life in all organisms, both as a coenzyme for oxidoreductases and as a source of ADPribosyl groups used in various reactions, including those that retard aging in experimental systems. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide were defined as the vitamin precursors of NAD+ in Elvehjem's classic discoveries of the 1930s. The accepted view of eukaryotic NAD+ biosynthesis, that all anabolism flows through nicotinic acid mononucleotide, was challenged experimentally and revealed that nicotinamide riboside is an unanticipated NAD+ precursor in yeast. Nicotinamide riboside kinases from yeast and humans essential for this pathway were identified and found to be highly specific for phosphorylation of nicotinamide riboside and the cancer drug tiazofurin. Nicotinamide riboside was discovered as a nutrient in milk, suggesting that nicotinamide riboside is a useful compound for elevation of NAD+ levels in humans.
The effects of alterations in nitric oxide levels in the paraventricular nucleus on copulatory behavior and reflexive erections in male rats.

Purpose: To examine the effects of altered nitric oxide (NO) levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on copulatory behavior and reflexive erections in male rats. Materials and Methods: Extracellular nitrite (NO 2 − ) and nitrate (NO 3 − ) levels were measured in the PVN following administration of the NO precursor L-arginine (L-arg, 10 mM), the NO synthase inhibitor N G -monomethyl L-arginine (L-NMMA, 10 mM), or Ringer's solution via a dialysis probe to the PVN. The effects of alterations in extracellular NO on reflexive erections and copulatory behavior were assessed. Results: L-arg administration was associated with significant elevations of extracellular NO 2 − and NO 3 − in the PVN, while L-NMMA significantly reduced NO 2 − and NO 3 − levels. A corresponding increase in reflexive erections was noted during infusion of L-arg in the PVN, with a corresponding decrease in reflexive erections observed during administration of L-NMMA into the PVN (Student's t test for paired samples, p Conclusions: Altered NO levels in the PVN affected the frequency of reflexive erections, but not the mount rate. These studies contrast with previous observations of the effects of altered NO levels in the MPOA, and support the hypothesis that physiological specificity in the actions of NO on discrete brain nuclei may have important implications to erectile physiology and dysfunction.
Phytoestrogens in the environment, II: microbiological degradation of phytoestrogens and the response of fathead minnows to degradate exposure.

Phytoestrogens are endocrine active compounds derived from plants, including the isoflavones genistein and daidzein, and their methylated derivatives biochanin A and formononetin. These compounds have been detected at the µg/L level in the effluents of plant-processing industries and municipal treatment plants and at the ng/L level in surface waters worldwide. The present study assessed the persistence of genistein and daidzein in natural aquatic systems, specifically riverine samples. Initial concentration, temperature, sample location, and time of sample collection varied. Genistein and daidzein were found to be readily biodegradable at all tested concentrations, at both 10 °C and 20 °C, in samples collected during different seasons, and in samples from 3 different rivers. In addition, organismal responses in larval and sexually mature fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were quantified following exposure to microbiologically degraded phytoestrogens (genistein, daidzein, and formononetin). Products of the microbiological degradation of parent phytoestrogens did not affect larval survival, growth, or predator avoidance. Female adult fathead minnows exposed to these degradation products produced significantly fewer eggs than those exposed to a control, but no other morphological, physiological, or behavioral changes were observed with male or female minnows. The present research suggests that although phytoestrogens are not likely to persist in aquatic systems, they may pseudo-persist if discharges are continuous; in addition, caution should be exercised with respect to high-concentration effluents because of the potentially antiestrogenic effects of phytoestrogen degradates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:560–566. © 2013 SETAC
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism and reduced bone density as a possible result of prolonged suppression of the pituitary-thyroid axis with L-Thyroxine

Abstract Spontaneous hyperthyroidism and that due to excessive administration of thyroid hormone result in osteopenia. Bone density was measured in 28 white premenopausal female patients who were taking commonly prescribed suppressive doses of l-thyroxine (mean dose 0.171 ± 0.035 mg) for five or more years. The thyroxine level was 13.5 ± 2.6 μg/dl (normal 8.0 ± 2.4 μg/dl), the free thyroxine index was 4.4 ± 1.0 (normal 2.4 ± 0.8), and the triiodothyronine value was 154 ± 26 ng/dl (normal 132 ± 32 ng/dl). Basal thyrotropin was undectable (less than 0.08 μIU/ml) in 23 patients, and thyrotropin measured 20 minutes after thyrotropin-releasing hormone administration was not demonstrable in 13 patients and subnormal in 10 patients. Women who had taken l-thyroxine for 10 or more years (n = 12, age 37 ± 4 years) had a 9 percent reduction in bone density (0.667 ± 0.044 g/cm 2 , p 2 ). It is concluded that prolonged suppressive L-thyroxine treatment may result in mild subclinical hyperthyroidism with adverse effects on bone. Patients requiring suppression of the pituitary-thyroid axis should be given the smallest dose of l-thyroxine necessary to achieve a satisfactory clinical response.
Modified Lateral Orbitotomy for Removal of Orbital Neoplasms in Two Dogs

A simplified lateral orbitotomy is described that decreases surgical time and lessens tissue dissection, yet maintains the exposure to the orbit provided by other orbitotomy techniques. The approach involves cutting the orbital ligament, incising the temporalis aponeurosis from the dorsal zygomatic arch, making parallel zygomatic arch osteotomies, and reflecting the zygomatic arch ventrally. Closure of the wound involves wiring the zygomatic arch back into place. This orbitotomy procedure provides excellent exposure for removal or biopsy of orbital masses. The use of this technique for surgical excision of orbital masses in two dogs, one with an adenoma of the third eyelid gland and one with an orbital fibrosarcoma, and their subsequent management is described.
The Competitive Role of Credit Unions in Small Local Financial Services Markets

Although there is a considerable literature on the role of market structure in banking markets, no attention has been given to the impact of the competitive discipline provided by credit unions on consumer credit rates offered by banks. After presenting a theoretical framework for understanding the impact credit unions should be expected to have, this article analyzes a pooled cross-sectional, time-series sample with roughly 1,000 observations on relatively small United States markets, with the focus on explaining bank rates for two types of consumer loans. Results confirm the previously observed role of market structure and suggest a significant role for credit unions in disciplining the exercise of market power by banks.
Preliminary checklist of the Orthoptera (Saltatoria) of Hispaniola

Abstract This work summarizes the preliminary taxonomic information available on the Orthoptera fauna of Hispaniola. Valid names, synonyms used in pertinent references, data on type specimens and species distributions are included. One hundred and three extant plus eight fossil species in Dominican amber are treated: Tridactylidae (1), Tetrigidae (12), Eumastacidae (10 + 1 fossil), Acrididae (20), Pyrgomorphidae (2), Tettigoniidae (22), Gryllidae (30 + 7 fossils), Anostostomatidae (3), Gryllacrididae (1), and Gryllotalpidae (2). Two genera of Tettigoniidae are recorded for the first time from the island.
Interoceptive Stimulus Control of Behavior

That behavior occurs differentially with respect to events occurring in the internal environment of organisms is well known. Investigations by neurophysiologists in the early 1800s left no doubt that afferent nerve fibers originating in blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract, and the mesentery and urogenital systems carry sensory information to the brain. The receptors excited by stimuli arising within the organism were called interoceptors. By the middle of that century, pulmonary interoceptors controlling breathing, aortal receptors regulating cardiovascular responses, and deep muscle receptors concerned with coordinating reflex muscle activity were isolated and their functions studied. In 1880 Pavlov concluded that all internal tissues contained interoceptors capable of controlling unconditioned (reflex) responses (Bykov, 1957). It was not until almost 50 years later that interoceptors were found to be capable of controlling conditioned (learned) behavior as well.
A portable library to support the SBML Layout Extension

The SBML layout extension enables SBML models to encode layout information which describes the graphical depiction of model elements. In this application note, we describe libSBNW, a portable library that supports the SBML layout extension and can automatically generate layout for SBML models. The library can be used to automatically generate layout information for SBML models lacking it, or to edit coordinate information already encoded in a model. We provide C and Python APIs to allow other applications to host the library or to use it directly from the Python console. We show that the library is sufficient for creating a graphical application for displaying and editing layout information. The library is open-source and licensed under the BSD 3-clause license. Project source code, downloads, documentation and binaries for Windows and Mac OS X are available at \href{https://github.com/sys-bio/sbnw}{https://github.com/sys-bio/sbnw}. The library is also included in Tellurium, available at http://tellurium.analogmachine.org/. Video tutorials are available at http://0u812.github.io/sbnw/tutorials/.
Patterns and Sequences of Molts in the Great Basin Pocket Mouse, Perognathus Parvus

The patterns and sequences of molt in the Great Basin pocket mouse, Perognathus parvus olivaceus Merriam, are described on the basis of 56 captives, repeated recaptures of market pocket mice at the National Reactor Testing Station near Idaho Falls, Idaho, and 491 museum specimens. This species molts twice each year, in late winter and in summer. Hair replacement follows the same definite topographic patterns in both molts, with individual variation in the time of inception and duration. The molt pattern and number of molts per year were found to be similar to those of Thomomys umbrinus. The molt pattern of juveniles is the same as for adults; however, juveniles can be segregated from adults on the basis of texture and color of hairs. Repeated examination of molts in live animals was found to be a more reliable indication of the molt pattern, and of the number of molts per year, than the study of museum specimens.
Experimental diabète gras

French authors, especially Lancereaux,1 have described two types of diabetes mellitus: diabete maigre and diabete gras. Lancereaux believed that the former was due to pancreatic disease; diabetes with obesity, according to him, was not of pancreatic origin. Although most clinicians maintain that it is impossible to recognize the sharp distinction between diabete maigre and diabete gras, yet the fact remains that the physician in the majority of cases sees either lean or stout diabetics.Diabetic children and young adults are usually lean, from the beginning of the disease until exitus. According to Joslin,2 obesity is a marked feature of diabetes in the fifth and sixth decade of life. One must admit that while diabete gras may ultimately turn into diabete maigre, the latter condition rarely is transformed to the former.Clinically three varieties of diabete gras may be distinguished:1. Obesity associated with excretion of sugar in the urine.2. Obesity with hyperglycemia in the absence of glycosuria.3. Obesi...
Leukocyte reduction of cellular blood components. Effectiveness, benefits, quality control, and costs.

Cellular blood components contain passenger donor leukocytes. Transfusion of passenger leukocytes may be associated with alloimmunization to leukocyte antigens, febrile transfusion reactions, refractoriness to platelet transfusion, severe pulmonary dysfunction, graft-vs-host disease, the transmission of infectious diseases, and immune modulation. Advanced leukocyte-reduction filters enable the removal of up to 99.9% of leukocytes from cellular blood components. Clinical trials suggest that the use of leukocyte-reduction filters may prevent or diminish the probability of febrile transfusion reactions, alloimmunization, and cytomegalovirus infection, but controversy exists regarding the effectiveness of leukocyte reduction in preventing immune modulation
Phase I study of the intratumoral administration of an oncolytic polio/rhinovirus recombinant (PVSRIPO) in recurrent glioblastoma (GBM).

TPS2106 Background: PVSRIPO is the live attenuated, oral (SABIN) serotype 1 poliovirus vaccine containing a heterologous internal ribosomal entry site stemming from human rhinovirus type 2. PVSRIPO...
Cryopreservation of Client Depositor Semen Aspirate

Therapeutic bank patients hereafter referred to as “client depositors” can address the risks of infertility with certain medical treatments and surgeries by taking advantage of semen cryopreservation procedure.
When does an easy task become hard? A systematic review of human task-evoked pupillary dynamics versus cognitive efforts

The amount of working memory recourses available (or required) to process a cognitive task (easy or hard) represents human cognitive effort. Working memory resources (visual or auditory) and cognitive efforts are interconnected with visual or auditory pathways. In this review, various facets of pupillary dynamics literature are compared in order to determine an optimal method of cognitive effort assessment. Some key categorical areas of interest are identified including the presented stimulus, observed response, comparisons and different methods of analysis. In details review, a set of predetermined evaluation criteria were used and a decision matrix is developed to outline the best practice in papillary dynamics. Based on the summery table in the form of the decision matrix, a quantitative model with artificial neural network (ANN) is selected for a best practice of cognitive effort estimation. The mental multiplication task is found an effective stimulus (cognitive task) to evoke the pupillary response for various level of task difficulty. In most cases, aural and visual are considered as two presentation modes, two sensory inputs, and two mental resources and greatly imparts in cognitive workload. Through this review, it is also explored that, linking together by transfer and error functions, a combination of an ANN and a multinomial processing tree can used in cognitive effort analysis. This research direction can further explored to estimate the relationship between cognitive task and cognitive effort, to facilitate in technology development for neurological disorders, such as narcolepsy, on the neural pathways involved in cognitive processing.
Shape aware quadratures

Abstract With Shape Aware Quadratures (SAQ), for a given set of quadrature nodes, order, and domain of integration, the quadrature weights are obtained by solving a system of suitable moment fitting equations in least square sense. The moments in the moment equations are approximated over a simplified domain ( Ω 0 ) that is a reasonable approximation of the original domain (Ω) that are then corrected for the deviation of the shape of Ω 0 from Ω via shape correction factors. This idea was already successfully utilized in the Adaptively Weighted Numerical Integration (AW) method [1] , [2] , [3] , where moments were computed over simplified but homeomorphic domain and then corrected using first-order shape sensitivity, allowing efficient and accurate integration of integrable functions over arbitrary domains. With SAQ, more general shape correction factors can be derived based on a variety of sensitivity analysis techniques such as shape sensitivity (SSA) and topological sensitivity (TSA). Using the right kind/order of shape correction factors for moment approximation enables the resulting quadrature (from the moment fitting equations) to efficiently adapt to the shape of the original domain even in the presence of thousands of small features. We derive shape correction factors based on SSA and TSA of moment integrals. We also demonstrate the efficacy of SAQ in integrating bivariate/trivariate polynomials over several 2D/3D domains in the presence of small features.
Shock Wave Reflections Over Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Wedges: Experimental Investigation

Shock wave reflections over Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid wedges were studied to find the transition angle between regular and irregular reflections. To find this transition angle, various experiments were performed for non-rigid wedges at different Mach numbers and incident angles. Newtonian (water) and non-Newtonian (cornstarch–water mixture) fluid wedges were tested and compared. Because the cornstarch–water mixture is a shear-thickening liquid, a different transition angle than for pure water was expected. Results show that the transition angle of water is 2° higher than that of cornstarch–water mixture. This difference is mainly caused by viscous effects.
THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR FREE WALL STRAIN AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH SCLERODERMA

Lung transplantation is important therapeutic option for scleroderma patients with end stage lung disease. The means to determine long term prognosis after transplantation remains unclear. We studied 59 scleroderma patients before lung transplantation with routine and speckle tracking echo. A
Updates in Primary Bone Tumors: Current Challenges and New Opportunities in Cytopathology.

The review summarizes the current diagnostic challenges in fine-needle aspiration of primary bone tumors, with focus on the application of new molecular and immunohistochemical techniques in the diagnosis of giant cell-rich neoplasms, chondrosarcomas, and notochordal tumors.
A Curriculum Model for IT Infrastructure Management in Undergraduate Business Schools.

As information technology infrastructure becomes strategic to organizations, the author examines business-school programs that educate future infrastructure analysts. Information systems (IS) 2010 ...
Tissue Mechanical Forces and Evolutionary Developmental Changes Act Through Space and Time to Shape Tooth Morphology and Function

Efforts from diverse disciplines, including evolutionary studies and biomechanical experiments, have yielded new insights into the genetic, signaling, and mechanical control of tooth formation and functions. Evidence from fossils and non-model organisms has revealed that a common set of genes underlie tooth-forming potential of epithelia, and changes in signaling environments subsequently result in specialized dentitions, maintenance of dental stem cells, and other phenotypic adaptations. In addition to chemical signaling, tissue forces generated through epithelial contraction, differential growth, and skeletal constraints act in parallel to shape the tooth throughout development. Here recent advances in understanding dental development from these studies are reviewed and important gaps that can be filled through continued application of evolutionary and biomechanical approaches are discussed.
Challenges and opportunities for improving patient safety through human factors and systems engineering

Despite progress on patient safety since the publication of the Institute of Medicine’s 1999 report, To Err Is Human, significant problems remain. Human factors and systems engineering (HF/SE) has ...
From an Acoustic Stream to a Phonological Representation: The Perception of Fluent Speech

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the perception of fluent speech. The perception of the phonological structure of fluent speech requires that the listener employ higher level sources of knowledge while making phonetic decisions. The chapter presents a survey of speech perception units and speech perception models, and illustrates the relationship between a perceiver—a listener—and his environment. The listener is not passive; rather his knowledge, which could be characterized as cognitive maps of the world and of its possibilities, guides his selection of the specific hypotheses that he brings to a particular task. He actively searches or explores his world for information. In turn, the information he obtains modifies his immediate hypotheses, his general knowledge, and his future explorations. In short, he is an active participant in an ongoing event
Start-up Inertia versus Flexibility: The Role of Founder Identity in a Nascent Industry:

Through an inductive, comparative study of four early entrants in the nascent air taxi market, we examine why start-ups, generally characterized as flexible, malleable entities, might instead exhib...
Hydrogel sealant to prevent recurrent epithelial ingrowth in the setting of a LASIK flap buttonhole.

Abstract Purpose To report the first case of hydrogel sealant to prevent the recurrence of epithelial ingrowth in a LASIK flap buttonhole. Observations A 67-year-old female presented ten years after undergoing bilateral LASIK with diffuse lamellar keratitis and flap dislodgement after blunt trauma to the right eye. She was found to have epithelial ingrowth with diffuse debris and striae, so her flap was lifted and the epithelial ingrowth was removed. However, a central buttonhole was noted intraoperatively. Once all the epithelium was removed, the flap was repositioned and hydrogel sealant (ReSure, Ocular Therapeutix, Bedford, MA) was used to fill the buttonhole as well as seal down the edges of the flap. Sixteen months postoperatively, the patient's uncorrected visual acuity was 20/50-2 and there was no recurrence of the epithelial ingrowth at the edges of the buttonhole. Conclusions and importance Preventing the recurrence of epithelial ingrowth is a challenging situation, especially in the setting of a LASIK flap buttonhole. The use of hydrogel sealant in the buttonhole and around the edges of the flap may offer an elegant and effective solution.
Validation of mother-infant linkage using Medicaid Case ID variable within the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) database.

PURPOSE The state-assigned Case ID number in the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) allows for potential linkage of mothers to infants. No validation of respective linkage algorithms is available. We established and validated an algorithm within MAX that links mothers to infants and to identify factors influencing successful mother-infant linkage. METHODS We identified all mother-infant pairs in FL and TX birth certificates records (BCR) that could be linked individually to MAX records (1999-2005 for FL and 1999-2010 for TX) based on Social Security Number (gold standard pairs). Case ID linkage performance was evaluated as the proportion of gold standard mother-infant pairs that were identified by the algorithm (sensitivity) and the proportion of algorithm defined mother-infant pairs that were correctly linked. Generalized estimating equations were used to calculate the probability for successful Case ID algorithm linkage versus non-linkage using maternal and infant characteristics. RESULTS We identified 323,160 gold standard pairs in FL BCR and MAX and 1,025,350 in TX BCR and MAX. Depending on Medicaid enrollment the algorithm sensitivity ranged from 85.51% to 87.96% in FL and 19.60% to 35.75% in TX. In both states, positive predictive value exceeded 99%, regardless of enrollment periods. Determinants for successful linkage varied across states, but suggested better results for younger mothers, minority women, and those with lower educational achievement. CONCLUSIONS Our algorithm can correctly link liveborn infants to their mothers. The algorithm's sensitivity in identifying pairs varied across states, but PPV was consistently high. Linkage performance was associated with certain characteristics that may affect representativeness of successfully linked pairs.
Early Development of Infant Brain Complex Network

The infant brain experiences explosive growth in the first few years of life. The developing topology of the functional network mirrors the emergence of complex cognitive functions. However, early development of brain topological properties in infants is still largely unclear due to the dearth of high-quality longitudinal infant functional MRI (fMRI) data. In this study, we employed advanced methods to investigate the developmental trajectories of various network features on high-resolution, longitudinal fMRI data of infants from birth to 2 years of age. The developmental trajectories of various global and nodal metrics were evaluated with linear mixed-effect modeling. We then investigated the association between these developmental trajectories and the visual reception ability, an important skill that could shape the future development of other cognitive functions. Four global metrics (shortest path length, global efficiency, local efficiency, and sigma (i.e., small-worldness)) showed significant developmental changes to facilitate more efficient information processing. Significant developmental changes were also found in the nodal characters with a prominent spatial specificity, and some brain regions showed increasing importance along the development. Most importantly, different associations between developmental trajectories in both global and nodal network characters and varied visual reception ability were revealed. This is the first longitudinal study on the early development of the brain functional connectome and its potential relationship to the individual variability of the visual abilities. These findings provide valuable knowledge for better understanding of normative and abnormal neurodevelopment in the first few years of life.
Collaborative Machine Learning Markets with Data-Replication-Robust Payments.

We study the problem of collaborative machine learning markets where multiple parties can achieve improved performance on their machine learning tasks by combining their training data. We discuss desired properties for these machine learning markets in terms of fair revenue distribution and potential threats, including data replication. We then instantiate a collaborative market for cases where parties share a common machine learning task and where parties' tasks are different. Our marketplace incentivizes parties to submit high quality training and true validation data. To this end, we introduce a novel payment division function that is robust-to-replication and customized output models that perform well only on requested machine learning tasks. In experiments, we validate the assumptions underlying our theoretical analysis and show that these are approximately satisfied for commonly used machine learning models.