cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequent Replenishment Sustains the Beneficial Microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster

We report that establishment and maintenance of the Drosophila melanogaster microbiome depend on ingestion of bacteria. Frequent transfer offlies to sterile food prevented establishment of the microbiome in newly emergedflies and reduced the predominant members, Acetobacter andLactobacillus spp., by 10- to 1,000-fold in olderflies. Flies with a normal microbiome were less susceptible than germfree flies to infection by Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Augmentation of the normal microbiome with higher populations of Lactobacillus plantarum ,a Drosophila commensal and probiotic used in hu- mans, further protected thefly from infection. Replenishment represents an unexplored strategy by which animals can sustain a gut microbial community. Moreover, the population behavior and health benefits of L. plantarum resemble features of certain probiotic bacteria administered to humans. As such, L. plantarum in the fly gut may serve as a simple model for dissecting the population dynamics and mode of action of probiotics in animal hosts. IMPORTANCE Previous studies have defined the composition of the Drosophila melanogaster microbiome in laboratory and wild- caughtflies. Our study advances current knowledge in thisfield by demonstrating that Drosophilamust consume bacteria to establish and maintain its microbiome. Thisfinding suggests that the dominant Drosophilasymbionts remain associated with their host because of repeated reintroduction rather than internal growth. Furthermore, our study shows that one member of the microbiome, Lactobacillus plantarum, protects the fly from intestinal pathogens. These results suggest that, although not always present, the microbiota can promote salubrious effects for the host. In sum, our work provides a previously unexplored mechanism of microbiome maintenance and an in vivo model system for investigating the mechanisms of action of probiotic bacteria.
Mortality risk in patients receiving drug regimens with theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Study Objective. To evaluate outcomes associated with six treatment regimens with theophylline versus each regimen without theophylline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. Veterans Affairs health care system. Patients. A total of 183,573 patients aged 45 years or older who had a diagnosis of COPD and were receiving respiratory drug therapy. Measurements and Main Results. Patients' treatment regimens were identified by using data from October 1, 2002-March 31, 2003, and patients were followed for events by using data from April 1, 2003-September 30, 2005. Data from October 1, 2001-September 30, 2002, were used to define the patients' baseline characteristics. Primary outcome measures were all-cause mortality, COPD exacerbations, and COPD-related hospitalizations. Two approaches were used: first, treatment assignment was based on drug therapy at baseline, and second, exposure was measured as a time-varying covariate. Treatment groups were stratified based on propensity to receive theophylline. Mortality was compared by using Cox proportional hazards models, and other outcomes were compared with use of negative binomial models. Comparisons were conducted within individual treatment regimens that were the same with the exception of theophylline. Patients treated with ipratropium plus theophylline (largest group) compared with those treated with ipratropium alone had a 1.11-fold increase in the risk of death (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.18). For each of the other regimens, the risk of mortality associated with theophylline was greater than that in the regimens without theophylline (hazard ratios [HRs] 1.17-1.31). In the time-varying exposure analysis, theophylline (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.09-1.39) was associated with an increased mortality risk. Conclusion. Patients receiving regimens that included theophylline had slightly increased risks of mortality, COPD exacerbations, and COPD hospitalizations compared with patients receiving the same regimens without theophylline. However, the benefits of theophylline on other factors, including symptoms, quality of life, and activities of daily living, were not measured. Clinicians should consider all of the potential benefits and harms associated with theophylline when making treatment recommendations.
Sex Differences in Attitudes toward Leaders' Display of Authoritarian Behavior:

Recent studies of differences in attitudes of men and women suggested that women might possess the “authoritarian” trait of ethnocentricism to a greater degree than men and might therefore exhibit ...
Research Methods and the Future

The two major concerns of the participants at the conference might be summarized as follows: (1) the lack of, and need for, a general integrative theory, and (2) the relevance of data generated in the traditional laboratory context to “real world” phenomena. On the surface, these might appear to be divergent foci of concern. The former maintains that more attention should be devoted to abstraction and theoretical refinement. A comprehensive theory would summarize existing knowledge into a coherent framework and provide direction for research aimed at further reclarification of the theory. The latter holds that research should be directed toward solving important social problems. The goal is not necessarily to advance knowledge in general but rather to provide practical advice on a specific problem. McGuire’s recent (1973) article eloquently expresses the ambivalence within the field as to which direction might ultimately prove to be more fruitful. At this conference, several of the papers (e.g., Keisler, 1974; Rommetveit, 1974) attempted to integrate the literature within broad areas, while others (e.g., Apfelbaum, 1974) used social events as the main source for research and thinking.
Development and advances in conventional high power RF systems

The development of RF systems capable of producing high peak power (hundreds of megawatts) at relatively short pulse lengths (0.1-5 microseconds) is currently being driven mainly by the requirements of future high energy linear colliders, although there may be applications to industrial, medical and research linacs as well. The production of high peak power RF typically involves four basic elements: a power supply to convert AC from the "wall plug" to DC; a modulator, or some sort of switching element, to produce pulsed DC power; an RF source to convert the pulsed DC to pulsed RF power; and possibly an RF pulse compression system to further enhance the peak RF power. Each element in this RF chain from wall plug to accelerating structure must perform with high efficiency in a linear collider application, such that the overall system efficiency is 30% or more. Basic design concepts are discussed for klystrons, modulators and RF pulse compression systems, and their present design status is summarized for applications to proposed linear colliders.
The Impact of Learning and Labor Attrition on Worker Flexibility in Dual Resource Constrained Job Shops

This study investigates the impact of worker learning, worker flexibility, and labor attrition on the system performance of a dual resource constrained (DRC) job-shop. The effects of learning and labor attrition have not been previously addressed in DRC literature. Results from the study, consistent with previous literature, show that the greatest benefits are achieved when inter-departmental worker flexibility is incrementally introduced into the system. In addition, the learning environment, which depends on the initial processing time of jobs and the learning rates of workers, is shown to impact the acquisition of flexibility. The study also shows that the impact of labor attrition on system performance under certain shop conditions may be significant.
BiRd MORTAliTy AT A WiNd-ENERgy FACiliTy NEAR A WETlANd OF iNTERNATiONAl iMPORTANCE

Abstract. Wind turbines provide a source of renewable energy to meet increasing human demand and offset the costs of fossil fuel usage and nuclear power generation. Birds are killed and displaced at wind facilities, so increased understanding of the drivers of mortality and displacement will assist planners considering the future placement and use of wind facilities. Our objectives were to assess the effect on birds of a wind facility in southeastern Wisconsin by (1) recording the species composition of recovered bird carcasses, (2) estimating mortality rates, and (3) identifying variables correlated with fatalities. We found 20 bird carcasses during scheduled searches. On this basis, we estimated that over two springs and two autumns of study from 2008 to 2010, 607 birds (0.026 per turbine per day, 0.017 per megawatt per day) were killed over 277 days of searching at this facility containing 86 turbines. Nocturnally migrating passerines accounted for 50% of the birds found killed. We found a significant ...
Homogeneous observers, iterative design, and global stabilization of high-order nonlinear systems by smooth output feedback

We study the problem of global stabilization by smooth output feedback, for a class of n-dimensional homogeneous systems whose Jacobian linearization is neither controllable nor observable. A new output feedback control scheme is proposed for the explicit design of both homogeneous observers and controllers. While the smooth state feedback control law is constructed based on the tool of adding a power integrator, the observer design is new and carried out by developing a machinery, which makes it possible to assign the observer gains one-by-one, in an iterative manner. Such design philosophy is fundamentally different from that of the traditional "Luenberger" observer in which the observer gain is determined by observability. In the case of linear systems, our design method provides not only a new insight but also an alternative solution to the output feedback stabilization problem. For a class of high-order nonhomogeneous systems, we further show how the proposed design method, with an appropriate modification, can still achieve global output feedback stabilization. Examples and simulations are given to demonstrate the main features and effectiveness of the proposed output feedback control schemes.
The effect of involuntary job loss on smoking intensity and relapse

Aims To assess the impact of involuntary job loss due to plant closure or layoff on relapse to smoking and smoking intensity among older workers. Design, participants, sample Data come from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of older Americans aged 51-61 in 1991 followed every 2 years beginning in 1992. The 3052 participants who were working at the initial wave and had any history of smoking comprise the main sample. Methods Primary outcomes are smoking relapse at wave 2 (1994) among baseline former smokers, and smoking quantity at wave 2 among baseline current smokers. As reported at the wave 2 follow-up, 6.8% of the sample experienced an involuntary job loss between waves 1 and 2. Findings Older workers have over two times greater odds of relapse subsequent to involuntary job loss than those who did not. Further, those who were current smokers prior to displacement that did not obtain new employment were found to be smoking more cigarettes, on average, post-job loss. Conclusions The stress of job loss, along with other significant changes associated with leaving one’s job, which would tend to increase cigarette consumption, must outweigh the financial hardship which would tend to reduce consumption. This highlights job loss as an important health risk factor for older smokers.
Use of nonradioactive cDNA probes to differentiate porcine respiratory coronavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus isolates

Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), a member of the family Coronaviridae, is antigenically related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine. PRCV, now thought to be a mutant of TGEV, was first isolated in 1984 from pigs in Belgium that were seropositive for TGEV but did not have a history of clinical transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE). Since the initial isolation of PRCV, it has been found that infections of swine in Europe with PRCV are widespread. PRCV has also been isolated in swine in the United States, 7,11,20,24 but its prevalence in herds within the United States is not known. There are several similarities between PRCV and TGEV. Both viruses have 3 major structural proteins: the surface spike (S) glycoprotein, the integral membrane glycoprotein, and an internal nucleoprotein. Nucleotide sequences of PRCV isolates thus far studied show that they are closely related to TGEV but that there are some striking differences. PRCV isolates have a characteristic deletion in the 5' end of the S gene when compared to TGEV, and PRCV has a different tissue tropism than TGEV. TGEV replicates in both the respiratory and intestinal tissues and causes gastroenteritis, 14 whereas PRCV replicates to high titers in lung tissue of swine and with little or no replication in the intestinal tissues and no evidence of gastroenteritis and villous atrophy. PRCV is antigenically related to TGEV in that polyclonal sera which neutralize TGEV also neutralize PRCV. Thus, conventional serologic methods are not useful in determining if a swine herd with anti-TGEV antibodies has been infected with PRCV or TGEV. Anti-TGEV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the S glycoprotein readily neutralize PRCV; however, there are some nonneutralizing anti-TGEV MAbs directed against the S glycoprotein that can be used to distinguish between PRCV and TGEV isolates in a competitive binding assay. Of the European PRCV isolates that have had their nucleotide sequences published, all have a 672-nucleotide deletion in the 5' end of the S gene. The US PRCV isolates Ind/89 and ISU-1 have a 681-nucleotide deletion present in the 5' end of the S gene. Recently the PRCV isolates AR310 and LEPP have been shown to have a smaller S gene deletion of 621 nucleotides present. Additionally, the PRCV isolate IA1894 has recently been shown to have a 678-nucleotide deletion in the 5' end of its S gene. Hence, a cDNA probe that encompasses the region of the TGEV S gene that is characteristically deleted from PRCV isolates can be used
A 0.5 V Receiver in 90 nm CMOS for 2.4 GHz Applications

We report an ultra-low voltage RF receiver for applications in the 2.4 GHz band, designed in a 90 nm CMOS technology. The sliding-IF receiver prototype includes an LNA, an image-reject LC filter with single-ended to differential conversion, an RF mixer, an LC IF filter, a quadrature IF mixer, RF and IF LO buffers, and an I/Q baseband section with a VGA and a low-pass channel-select filter in each path, all integrated on-chip. It has a programmable overall gain of 30 dB, noise figure of 18 dB, out-of-channel IIP3 of -22 dBm, and 26 dB of on-chip image rejection. The 3.4 mm2 chip consumes 8.5 mW from a 0.5 V supply.
Genetic location in Escherichia coli K-12 of the ultraviolet-sensitive mutation uvrD3.

A host cell reactivation-negative mutation, uvrD3, in Escherichia coli K-12 is located between ilv and metE.
Relationship between frailty and cognitive decline in older Mexican Americans.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between frailty status and change in cognitive function over time in older Mexican Americans. DESIGN: Data used were from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly. SETTING: Five southwestern states: Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and California. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand three hundred seventy noninstitutionalized Mexican-American men and women aged 65 and older with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 21 or higher at baseline (1995/96). MEASUREMENTS: Frailty, defined as three or more of the following components: unintentional weight loss of more than 10 pounds, weakness (lowest 20% in grip strength), self-reported exhaustion, slow walking speed (lowest 20% in 16-foot walk time in seconds), and low physical activity level (lowest 20% on Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly score). Information about sociodemographic factors, MMSE score, medical conditions (stroke, heart attack, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, cancer, and hypertension), depressive symptoms, and visual impairment was obtained. RESULTS: Of the 1,370 subjects, 684 (49.9%) were not frail, 626 (45.7%) were prefrail (1–2 components), and 60 (4.4%) were frail (≥3 components) in 1995/96. Using general linear mixed models, it was found that frail subjects had greater cognitive decline over 10 years than not frail subjects (estimate=−0.67, standard error=0.13; P<.001). This association remained statistically significant after controlling for potential confounding factors. CONCLUSION: Frail status in older Mexican Americans with MMSE scores of 21 or higher at baseline is an independent predictor of MMSE score decline over a 10-year period. Future research is needed to establish pathophysiological components that can clarify the relationship between frailty and cognitive decline.
Deep-space optical terminals: Ground laser receiver

Deep-space Optical Terminals (DOT) is a concept for providing bi-directional communication between a spacecraft at planetary distances and ground. The objective is a system that delivers 10 times the data-rate of a state-of-the-art Ka-band system while putting a comparable mass and power burden on the spacecraft. Here we give an overview of the concept for the Ground Laser Receiver (GLR) terminal. We discuss the selection of telescopes, receiver optics, detectors, and electronics.
Four-year prospective study of STAPH-IDENT system and conventional method for reference identification of Staphylococcus, Stomatococcus, and Micrococcus spp..

A 4-year prospective study compared the accuracy of the STAPH-IDENT system (bioMerieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, Mo.) with that of the reference procedure of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the identification of Staphylococcus species, Stomatococcus mucilaginosus, and Micrococcus species. The study compared the results from 1,106 cultures (500 eye cultures, 217 strains submitted for reference identification, and 389 known stock strains) representing 21 species of the family Micrococcaceae. The overall agreement of genus and species identifications was 81.1%. The percent agreement for the five most common clinical isolates was as follows: Staphylococcus epidermidis, 97.1% (517 isolates); Staphylococcus hominis, 82.5% (57 isolates); Staphylococcus aureus, 77.2% (162 isolates); Staphylococcus haemolyticus, 75.8% (61 isolates); and Staphylococcus warneri, 64.1% (39 isolates). The lowest percent agreement was with Staphylococcus cohnii (11.1%; (9 isolates). Of the 217 isolates sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for identification, 60.4% (131) were correctly identified by the STAPH-IDENT system. Of these, S. epidermidis accounted for 23.9%, S. aureus accounted for 15.6%, S. warneri accounted for 6.9%, Staphylococcus lugdunensis accounted for 6.5%, S. haemolyticus accounted for 5.5%, and S. hominis accounted for 4.1%. The STAPH-IDENT system did not perform adequately when dealing with commonly encountered organisms and is unsuitable for identifying uncommon isolates.
Light transfer in bubble sparged photobioreactors for H2 production and CO2 mitigation

This paper presents a parametric study simulating light transfer in a photobioreactor containing gas bubbles and filamentous cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis suspended in water. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents for the first time a model for such system (i) using a consistent set of radiation characteristics of the medium derived from experimental data and from Mie theory, (ii) accounting for anisotropic scattering by both the bubbles and the filamentous microorganisms, (iii) considering the spectral dependency of radiation characteristics in the spectral range from 400 to 700 nm using a box model, and (iv) evaluating light transfer in a photobioreactor containing genetically engineered microorganisms with reduced pigment content. The steady-state one-dimensional radiation transfer equation is solved using the modified method of characteristics and a quadrature with 24 directions per hemisphere adapted to forward scattering media. The parameters investigated include the bacteria concentration, the bubble radius and the void fraction, as well as the approximate scattering phase function. It was established that the strongly forward scattering by the bubbles must be accounted for and the truncated phase function is recommended. In the absence of bubbles, ignoring in-scattering by the bacteria leads to errors as high as 20%. On the other hand, accounting for in-scattering with isotropic phase function gives acceptable results. Finally, genetically reducing the pigment content of the microorganisms by an order of magnitude increases the significance of forward scattering of light by the microorganisms. This in turn, increases the penetration depth and can be accounted for by either the Henyey-Greenstein or the truncated phase function approximations.
First step in the nomination of a justice is a vacancy on the court

This magazine article, The First Step in the Nomination of a Justice is a Vacancy on the Court, is about the tendency of United States Supreme Court Justices to hang on to the job for dear life, and sometimes far too long.
Soy Protein Compared with Milk Protein in a Western Diet Increases Gut Microbial Diversity and Reduces Serum Lipids in Golden Syrian Hamsters

BACKGROUND Diet is a major factor influencing the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of soy compared with dairy protein on the gut microbiota of hamsters to determine whether changes in microbiota could account for soy protein's lipid lowering properties. METHODS Thirty-two 6- to 8-wk-old, male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a Western diet containing 22% (%wt) milk protein isolate (MPI) as the single protein source for 3 wk followed by 6 wk of one of 4 diets containing either [22% protein (%wt)]: MPI, soy protein concentrate (SPC), partially hydrolyzed soy protein isolate (SPI1), or intact soy protein isolate. Serum lipids, hepatic gene expression, and gut microbial populations were evaluated. RESULTS Serum total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were lower in the SPC-fed group (183 ± 9.0 and 50 ± 4.2 mg/dL, respectively) than in the MPI group (238 ± 8.7 and 72 ± 3.9 mg/dL, respectively) (P< 0.05). Triglyceride (TG) concentrations were lower (P< 0.05) in the SPI1-fed group (140 ± 20.8 mg/dL) than in the MPI-fed group (223 ± 14.2 mg/dL). VLDL and non-HDL-cholesterol concentrations were lower (by 40-49% and 17-33%, respectively) in all soy-fed groups than in the MPI-fed group (P< 0.05). Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed greater microbial diversity in each soy-fed group than in the MPI-fed group (P< 0.05). The cholesterol- and TG-lowering effect of soy protein was associated with higher expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (Hmgcr), lanosterol synthase (Lss), and farnesyl-diphosphosphate farnesyl-transferase 1 (Fdft1) (1.6-2.5-fold higher), and lower steroyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1) expression (37-46% lower) in all soy-fed groups (P< 0.05) compared with the MPI-fed group. Gut microbes that showed significant diet differences were significantly correlated (ρ = -0.68 to 0.65,P< 0.05) with plasma lipids and hepatic gene expression. CONCLUSION Dietary protein sources in male Golden Syrian hamsters fed a Western diet affect the gut microbiota, and soy protein may reduce lipogenesis through alterations of the gut microbial community.
The Nesting Habits of Several Species of Mexican Social Wasps

A short automobile trip by Mrs. Rau and myself to Mexico, February 10 to March 3, 1939, afforded the opportunity to make desultory observations on the nesting habits of social and solitary wasps.[1][1] Of these three weeks, two were spent south of the Rio Grande, and attention was centered upon the regions of the latitude of Mexico City. Explorations were made from time to time along the Pan-American Highway to Mexico City, and short trips from there southwest to Cuernavaca, Taxco and Iguala, and southeast to Orizaba and Cordoba. [1]: #fn-1
Application of Wavelet Transformation of Static Correction in Magnetotelluric Depth Measurement

ln consideration of the problems of static shift in processing magnetotelluric depth measurement date (MT), Mallat Algorithm of the wavelet transformation is used to statically correct the measured MT data. The result shows that the wavelet transformation would be used to constrain the static shift in MT, which is effective and potential method of static correction.
Relative Importance of Personal (Nonmarketer) and Nonpersonal (Marketer Dominated) Information Sources in Adopting a Service Product

Findings from a study of the relative importance of personal and nonpersonal sources of information in the decision process for one service product‐alternative long-distance telephone services are presented. In addition, the data were used to empirically test Ziethaml’s hypothesis that consumers seek and rely more on information from personal (nonmarketer) sources when evaluating services prior to purchase. The hypothesis was not supported. Further analysis of the data, however, renders a number of important findings that have implications for services marketers.
The Suprazygomatic (High SMAS) Facelift

The superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) has long been employed as the foundation for facial rejuvenation procedures. While a SMAS dissection has traditionally been confined to below the zygomatic arch, we believe that this does not adequately address changes associated with midfacial aging. Undertaking a SMAS dissection superior to the zygomatic arch allows for a higher arc of rotation of the midface resulting in a more successful midfacial rejuvenation. This chapter describes a high SMAS approach to facial rejuvenation in which the SMAS is elevated vertically and fixed to the deep temporal fascia. A discussion of the relevant anatomy of the frontal branch of the facial nerve is presented.
A portable impedance-based electrochemical measurement device

We present a low-cost, portable electrochemical analysis system using impedimetric measurements rather than more commonly used potentiometric techniques. The presented impedance spectroscopy (impedimetric) technique uses a small perturbation to obtain a linearized response without affecting the composition of the sample as opposed to cyclic voltammetry (potentiometric) which repeatedly reduces and oxidizes the sample. The presented system consists of an Arduino UNO microcontroller, a CMOS digital-to-analog converter (DAC) chip, a potentiostat, and data acquisition (DAQ) hardware. The Arduino UNO is loaded with a program we have written to generate sinusoidal excitation signals in conjunction with the CMOS DAC chip. The CMOS chip fabricated in a standard 0.5 micron CMOS process contains a DAC with a unity gain buffer circuit. The potentiostat is capable of carrying out impedance measurements with both the Randles model and a potassium chloride (KCl) solution. We describe a behavioral model of the op-amp used in the potentiostat using Verilog-A hardware description language. Verilog-A simulations reduced the error relative to standard Cadence simulations and compare well with known Randles RC values giving an error less than 1%. The impedance measurements for a KCl electrochemical solution were performed with our system and a commercial electrochemical workstation (Gamry) giving a relative error up to 16% for lower frequencies (below 37 Hz) and up to 31% at higher frequencies.
Current practice of hypoglycemia management in the ED

Abstract Purpose To characterize hypoglycemia management and identify characteristics associated with refractory (need for additional treatment following initial management) and recurrent (adequate initial treatment followed by blood glucose [BG] ≤50 mg/dL) hypoglycemia. Methods Retrospective review of adult emergency department (ED) patients who presented to a large academic medical center with hypoglycemia (BG ≤ 50 mg/dL) between January 2011 and July 2015. Data collection focused on BG measurements and treatment practices. Data are reported using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon rank sum, and χ 2 analysis as appropriate. Results Two hundred forty-four patients were included (mean age, 59 ± 18.7 years; weight, 85 ± 24.3 kg). Patients arriving via prehospital care (n = 124) were assessed faster in the ED (median, 25 minutes; interquartile range [IQR], 10-40 minutes) compared with ambulatory arrival (median, 43 minutes; IQR, 17-95 minutes; P = .0018). There were 174 patients with a BG ≤ 50 mg/dL in the ED. Of those, 108 (62.1%) were treated with intravascular bolus dextrose/intramuscular glucagon and 21 patients (12%) did not receive any treatment or food. The overall median time to treatment after identification of hypoglycemia was 12 minutes (IQR, 6-27.8 minutes); treatment was administered faster after bedside point-of-care testing assessment compared with when serum samples resulted (11 [IQR, 6-23.5] minutes vs 25 [IQR, 10.75-42.5] minutes, respectively; P = .015). The overall time to repeat BG was obtained 22 (IQR, 8-44) minutes after bolus treatment, but this interval increased with subsequent measurements. Refractory or recurrent hypoglycemia occurred in 30.3% of patients. Mean initial BG was lower in the subset of patients who developed refractory hypoglycemia compared with those who did not (35.1 ± 9.8 vs 37.6 ± 10.2 mg/dL, P = .079), although not statistically significant. Patients with recurrent hypoglycemia were also less likely to receive dextrose containing intravenous fluids compared with those without recurrent hypoglycemia ( P = .028). Infection was the only associated characteristic with refractory or recurrent hypoglycemia ( P = .021). Conclusions Overall, 12% of patients did not receive treatment for hypoglycemia in the ED with a BG ≤ 50 mg/dL. Time to treatment after identification was faster when identified by care testing vs serum sample result. Time to repeat BG in the ED was relatively quick, but did increase over time. About one-third of patients had refractory or recurrent hypoglycemia and infection was associated with this occurrence. Lack of dextrose containing intravenous fluid was associated with the incidence of recurrent hypoglycemia.
Effect of monensin on breakdown of protein by ruminal microorganisms in vitro.

The effects of monensin on N metabolism by ruminal microorganisms in a semicontinuous culture system were determined. Rumen fluid inoculum was obtained from steers fed a hay-concentrate diet (60:40 ratio on a dry matter basis) containing 33 ppm monensin. Treatments were 0, 1 and 4 mg monensin/kg of incubation mixture, with starch, glucose, cellulose and casein used as the energy and protein sources. Casein degradation decreased linearly (P less than .01) with increasing levels of monensin, as did production of ammonia-N (P less than .05) and microbial N (P less than .01). Increases were observed in nonammonia, nonmicrobial N (P less than .01), alpha-amino N (P less than .10) an total peptides (P less than .001). The culture supernatant was fractionated on a Sephadex G-10 column to separate peptides. With the 4 mg/kg treatment, the percentage of the total ninhydrin positive material eluted at an elution volume:void volume ratio of 1.5 or less was greater than the percentage eluted with the 0 or 1 mg/kg treatments (P less than .025). Acetate production and molar proportion decreased (P less than .001), while propionate production was unchanged. Methane production decreased slightly (P less than .10). Cellulose degradation was markedly inhibited (P less than .001) by monensin treatment.
Climate and Sustainability| The Roles of Social Media in Promoting Sustainability in Higher Education

University sustainability leaders can strategically employ social media tools to encourage the adoption of sustainability behaviors among students, faculty members, and staff. Their effectiveness and reach, however, are constrained by campus sustainability leaders’ interpretation of social media. We investigated the perceived functions of social media held by the top sustainable universities in the United States to engage stakeholders in sustainability matters using social media. Interviews with sustainability officers and student leaders at 21 universities revealed that leading U.S. sustainable universities do rely on social media channels to reach large audiences; however, sustainability leaders do not fully understand how to effectively use them. Sustainability leaders primarily perceive social media platforms as useful for encouraging action and disseminating information, but they rarely use it to build community around causes and groups.
Chapter 8 – The Lymphatic System

In this chapter, the lymphatic system’s anatomy, physiology, and function are discussed. The salient components of the lymphatic system are identified and then described. Comparisons are made between the lymphatic system vessels and the cardiovascular system vessels. The formation of lymph and how lymph relates to the interstitial fluid is described. Lymph movement through the lymphatic system, including the lymph nodes, is modeled. Lymph node structure and function is highlighted. The role of the lymphatic system during inflammatory reactions is also described. The primary cell types that play a role during inflammation are briefly discussed. Edema and the metastasis of cancerous cells are described. The role of the lymphatic system in both of these processes is highlighted.
Adolescence for Clinicians

Three major problems confront us in reporting research on adolescence to practicing clinicians.
Reconciling a Tradition of Testing with a New Learning Paradigm

The entrenchment of standardized assessment in America's schools reflects its emergence from the dual traditions of democratic school reform and scientific measurement. Within distinct sociohistorical contexts, ambitious testing pioneers persuaded educators and policymakers to embrace the standardized testing movement. Their efforts ushered in an era of unprecedented testing in schools, a practice that has escalated despite challenges from contemporary psychologists who endorse a more learner-centered approach to education. This article examines the historical rationale for testing and urges educators to accommodate the legacy of standardized assessment within a new learning paradigm.
Reducing Mortality for Diabetic Patients on Hemodialysis

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States, Japan, and most industrialized countries in Europe and Asia. The number of new diabetic patients accepted for renal replacement therapy (RRT) has been increasing steadily for the last decade. The United States Renal Data System (USRDS) reported in 1987 that the percentage of diabetics newly started on renal replacement therapy was 27%, but this number had increased to 44.5% by 1997 [1]. The great majority of diabetic patients starting RRT suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the increasing number of diabetic patients, particularly type 2, is explained by the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the general population, and partly because diabetic patients with nephropathy are now living long enough to develop end stage renal disease.
In Pursuit of Workflow Breakthroughs Using “Just Enough Process Management”

This chapter introduces the concept of “Just Enough Process Management” (JEPM). It is the gradual introduction and application of project and process management techniques into “low process maturity” organizations. Such organizations are less likely to have formal initiatives to monitor and manage critical work processes. Significantly, this form of process management is done by individuals at their own behest. Such efforts provide valuable incremental short-term gains and can help pave the way for significant productivity breakthroughs in the long term. This theory is explored through a case study that describes process management efforts conducted in the WebCampus Division of Stevens Institute of Technology. During the transition of WebCampus from a start-up mode to a more routine operation, essential workflow processes evolved from ad hoc procedures. The process goal for WebCampus was to leverage and improve existing cross-functional processes where possible and, in doing so, make it possible to achieve future productivity breakthroughs.
Recent progress in research on narcotic antagonists.

In Volume 8 of this series Archer and Harris [7] reviewed the chemistry and pharmacology of narcotic antagonists. Since that time research in this field has increased enormously as evidenced by the fact that in the decade 1962–72 over 500 references to pentazocine have appeared in the literature. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to review the field exhaustively. Instead, we have concentrated our attention on the major developments in the field. In 1965 nalorphine was the only narcotic antagonist available for clinical use which was limited to the treatment of opiate overdosage. Since that time pentazocine has been marketed as a parenteral and oral analgesic and naloxone has been introduced into clinical practice as an opiate antagonist. A number of other narcotic antagonists are undergoing clinical trials as analgesics and cyclazocine [51, 71, 102, 132], naloxone [45, 74, 161] and naltrexone [103, 135] are being investigated as modalities for the treatment of opiate abuse.
Receptor-Signaling Pathways in Heart Failure

Heart failure, a progressive disorder characterized by deterioration of cardiac function and premature myocardial cell death, results from several common heart diseases such as coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, and valvular diseases (1,2). With almost 550,000 new cases diagnosed each year, heart failure affects an estimated 4.7 million Americans, and costs associated with the disease range from $10 billion to $40 billion per year (3). The aggregate 5-year mortality of patients with heart failure is about 50%, while the 1-year mortality of patients with advanced disease may exceed 50% (3). To maintain adequate myocardial contractility in response to injury, the heart uses several mechanisms, including hypertrophy of myocardial cells, changing the energetics of myocardial cell contraction, and upregulating transcription of several genes (4,5).
Signs of the Naked and the Dressed

The main focus of this chapter is the relation between the concepts or signs of contract and of cause in law. We have ascertained that the concepts and methods of discovery and interpretation in law from the perspective of legal realism parallel and extend Peirce’s semiotic views on discovery and interpretation. In this chapter I will claim that not only is it in the history of the concepts of cause and contract that we find a cross-referential practice or definition and reinterpretation of these key ideas, but also in law, in philosophy, and in the physical sciences. In the particular case of the relation between Peirce’s evolving concepts of cause and contract and the use of these concepts in law, especially since the advent of legal realism, it is expected that we will find that the respective redefinitions of these terms have consequences that ramify throughout the entire structure of social, institutional organization in the modern world.
Evaluation of nuclear material accountability by the probability of detection for loss of Pu (LOPu) scenarios in pyroprocessing

Abstract A new methodology to analyze the nuclear material accountability for pyroprocessing system is developed. The Pu-to-244Cm ratio quantification is one of the methods for Pu accountancy in pyroprocessing. However, an uncertainty in the Pu-to-244Cm ratio due to the non-uniform composition in used fuel assemblies can affect the accountancy of Pu. A random variable, LOPu, is developed to analyze the probability of detection for Pu diversion of hypothetical scenarios at a pyroprocessing facility considering the uncertainty in Pu-to-244Cm ratio estimation. The analysis is carried out by the hypothesis testing and the event tree method. The probability of detection for diversion of 8 kg Pu is found to be less than 95% if a large size granule consisting of small size particles gets sampled for measurements. To increase the probability of detection more than 95%, first, a new Material Balance Area (MBA) structure consisting of more number of Key Measurement Points (KMPs) is designed. This multiple KMP-measurement for the MBA shows the probability of detection for 8 kg Pu diversion is greater than 96%. Increasing the granule sample number from one to ten also shows the probability of detection is greater than 95% in the most ranges for granule and powder sizes.
CH4 dissociation and C-C coupling on Mo-terminated MoC surfaces: A DFT study

Abstract Synthesizing high-value chemicals through C C coupling of the intermediates from CH4 dissociation is considered as the most promising pathway for efficient utilization of methane as a C1 resource. Herein, the elementary steps of CH4 dissociation and a possible mechanism for forming C2 species on the Mo-terminated MoC surfaces were studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results indicate that the Mo-terminated MoC surfaces derived from different bulk phases (α- and δ-) of MoC possess a similar mechanism to that on the noble-metal surfaces for methane dissociation, i.e., CH4 dissociates sequentially to (CH)ad with both kinetic and thermodynamic feasibililies while breaking the last C H bond in (CH)ad is highly activated. As such, C C coupling through dimerization of the (CH)ad species occurs more readily, resulting in (C2H2)ad on the Mo-terminated surfaces. Such (C2H2)ad species can dehydrogenate easily to other C2 adsorbates such as (C2H)ad and (C2)ad. Consequently, these C2 species from CH4 dissociation will likely be the precursor for producing long chain hydrocarbons or aromatics on molybdenum carbide based catalysts.
Ultra-high performance wearable thermoelectric coolers with less materials

Thermoelectric coolers are attracting significant attention for replacing age-old cooling and refrigeration devices. Localized cooling by wearable thermoelectric coolers will decrease the usage of traditional systems, thereby reducing global warming and providing savings on energy costs. Since human skin as well as ambient air is a poor conductor of heat, wearable thermoelectric coolers operate under huge thermally resistive environment. The external thermal resistances greatly influence thermoelectric material behavior, device design, and device performance, which presents a fundamental challenge in achieving high efficiency for on-body applications. Here, we examine the combined effect of heat source/sink thermal resistances and thermoelectric material properties on thermoelectric cooler performance. Efficient thermoelectric coolers demonstrated here can cool the human skin up to 8.2 °C below the ambient temperature (170% higher cooling than commercial modules). Cost-benefit analysis shows that cooling over material volume for our optimized thermoelectric cooler is 500% higher than that of the commercial modules. Wearable thermoelectric coolers (TECs), whose performance depends on optimal module design and environmental thermal resistance, are an attractive next-generation technology for on-body applications. Here, the authors report an optimized wearable TEC with 170% higher cooling than commercial devices.
The Effect of Public Insurance Expansions on Substance use Disorder Treatment Utilization: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act

We examine Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on substance use disorder (SUD) treatment utilization and financing. We couple administrative data on admissions to specialty SUD treatment and prescriptions for medications used to treat SUDs with a differences-in-differences design, comparing expanding and non-expanding states. Post-expansion, admissions did not significantly change in expanding states relative to non-expanding states. We find that in expanding states Medicaid insurance and use of Medicaid to pay for treatment increased by 13.9 percentage points (71%) and 12.9 percentage points (75%) following the expansion. Post expansion, Medicaid-reimbursed prescriptions for medications used to treat SUDs in outpatient settings increased by 43% in expanding states relative to non-expanding states. We find no statistically significant evidence that Medicaid expansions affected fatal alcohol poisonings or drug-related overdoses. Overall, our findings imply that ACA Medicaid expansion had a large impact on the financing of SUD treatment and medication receipt.
Development of a GPU-accelerated constrained reconstruction algorithm for compressed fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

We present a GPU-accelerated constrained reconstruction algorithm which improves image quality and reconstruction speed for compressed fluorescence lifetime microscopy.
Medullary Infarction Leading to Locked-In Syndrome Following Lumbar Puncture in a Patient with Basilar Invagination.

Background Lumbar puncture is a common procedure that can be safely performed in most patients. Certain populations may have increased risk for complications following lumbar puncture, but the significance of basilar invagination is often underappreciated. Case Description A 45-year-old woman with basilar invagination received multiple lumbar punctures in the workup of acute meningitis. Preprocedural computed tomography was obtained. Following lumbar puncture, the patient developed locked-in syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging obtained several days later demonstrated severe compression and infarction of the medulla and inferior cerebellum by the odontoid process and ectopic cerebellar tonsils. The patient was transferred but at this point, surgical decompression was not possible. She did not regain significant neurologic function. Conclusions Basilar invagination is a risk factor for devastating neurologic complications following lumbar puncture. Awareness of this complication and prompt recognition of its occurrence may prevent future morbidity of lumbar puncture in patients with basilar invagination.
Public Attitudes Towards Oral Arguments

We report the results of an April 2020 survey where we asked nearly 1500 individuals about their views toward oral argument. The results suggest that there is robust support for the actions recently taken by the US Supreme Court to hold live streamed teleconference arguments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. These results hold across the partisanship of the respondents, as well. Last, they reaffirm the idea that the public wants cameras to be allowed in the courtroom.
Exercise- and Cold-Induced Human PGC-1α mRNA Isoform Specific Responses

Cold exposure in conjunction with aerobic exercise stimulates gene expression of PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. PGC-1α can be expressed as multiple isoforms due to alternative splicing mechanisms. Among these isoforms is NT-PGC-1α, which produces a truncated form of the PGC-1α protein, as well as isoforms derived from the first exon of the transcript, PGC-1α-a, PGC-1α-b, and PGC-1α-c. Relatively little is known about the individual responses of these isoforms to exercise and environmental temperature. Therefore, we determined the expression of PGC-1α isoforms following an acute bout of cycling in cold (C) and room temperature (RT) conditions. Nine male participants cycled for 1h at 65% Wmax at -2 °C and 20 °C. A muscle biopsy was taken from the vastus lateralis before and 3h post-exercise. RT-qPCR was used to analyze gene expression of PGC-1α isoforms. Gene expression of all PGC-1α isoforms increased due to the exercise intervention (p < 0.05). Exercise and cold exposure induced a greater increase in gene expression for total PGC-1α (p = 0.028) and its truncated isoform, NT-PGC-1α (p = 0.034), but there was no temperature-dependent response in the other PGC-1α isoforms measured. It appears that NT-PGC-1α may have a significant contribution to the reported alterations in the exercise- and temperature-induced PGC-1α response.