cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Using Bipolar Electrode Arrays: Bi- and Trimetallic Combinations of Co, Fe, Ni, Mo, and W

Here, we report the development of a parallel electrocatalyst screening platform for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using bipolar electrodes (BPEs). Electrocatalyst candidates are subjected to screening in a N2-purged bipolar electrochemical cell where a pair of driving electrodes produce an electric field in the electrolyte solution. The HER occurring at the BPE cathodes is electrically coupled to the electrodissolution of an array of Cr microbands present at the BPE anodes. The readout of this device is simple, where the species that dissolve the most Cr microbands are identified as the most promising electrocatalyst candidates for further evaluation. We demonstrate the utility of this technique by comparing several bi- and trimetallic systems involving Co, Fe, Ni, Mo, and W, which are compared directly with pure Pt. Of all the compositions tested, Ni8–Mo2 is demonstrated to be the most active for the HER in a neutral electrolyte solution.
Improving COO on KLA-Tencor wafer fab reticle inspections by implementing pixel migration as new STARlight2+ capability

KLA-Tencor has introduced the new TeraFab reticle inspection systems for wafer fabs to address market demand for systems with high productivity and high sensitivity. The core inspection technology of the TeraFab systems is STARlight2+ (SL2+). STARlight is the industry accepted method for mask inspection in wafer fabs for reticle requalification. STARlight uses transmitted and reflected light images of a reticle to generate reference images of the reticle that are used to detect defects that have been added to the reticle while the reticle has was exposed or in storage. The improvements in reference generation in SL2+ relative to previous generations of STARlight is made possible, in part, by increases in computation resources for TeraFab systems. Improved modeling capability of SL2+ leads to increased usable sensitivity in dense geometries. Improved modeling capability also allows the user to optimize inspection cost of ownership (COO) if the maximum sensitivity of the TeraFab system is not required for a specific application. This paper describes an investigation of sensitivity versus throughput using SL2+ on multi-die production reticles with haze at the 65nm technology node. SL2+ data is also provided showing the feasibility of using larger inspection pixels (pixel migration) while retaining good sensitivity at the 45nm technology node.
Intermolecular spin relaxation by reorientation of off-center spins

Hubbard's theory of intermolecular dipole-dipole relaxation of off-center spins is generalized. The assumptions on translational and rotational diffusive motions are relaxed to include jumps of arbitrary magnitude. General equations are presented, and limiting cases are discussed. It is shown that the effect of off-center spins can be appreciable in certain cases; an increase of up to about 20% of the total relaxation if rotational motion is the same order of, or slower than, translational.
A 3D Predictive Cutting-Force Model for End Milling of Parts Having Sculptured Surfaces

A comprehensive, 3D mathematical model of desired/optimal cutting force for end milling of freeform surfaces is proposed in this paper. A closed-form predictive model is developed, based on a perceptive cutting approach, resulting in a cutting force model having a comprehensive set of essential cutting parameters. In particular, the normal rake angle, usually missing in most existing models of the same sort, is included in the developed model. The model also permits quantitative analyses of the effect of any parameters on the cutting performance of the tool, providing a guideline to improving the tool performance. Since the axial depth of cut varies with time when milling sculptured surface parts. an innovative axial depth of cut estimation scheme is proposed for the generation of 3D cutting forces. This estimation scheme improves on the practicality of most existing predictive cutting-force models for milling, in which the major attention has been focused on planar milling surface generation. In addition, the proposed model takes the rake surface on the flute of mills as an osculating plane to yield 3D cutting force expressions in only two steps. This approach greatly reduces the time-consuming mathematical work normally required for obtaining the cutting-force expressions. A series of milling simulations for machining freeform parts under specific cutting conditions have been performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed cutting-force model. The simulation results demonstrate the accurate estimating capability of the proposed method for axial depth of cut estimation. The cutting force responses from the simulation exhibit the same trends as can be obtained using the empirical mechanic's model referenced in the literature. Finally, from the simulation results it is also shown that designing a tool with a combination of different helix angles, having cutting force signatures similar to those of the single helix angle counterparts, is particularly advantageous.
Unexpected similarity of the dynamic magnetic susceptibilities of γ-cerium and β-cerium

Abstract Inelastic magnetic neutron scattering spectra were measured on polycrystalline β-Ce, γ-Ce and samples containing both phases. For fcc γ-Ce, a broad magnetic quasielastic response is observed with a crystal-field excitation at 16.7 meV. For dhcp β-Ce, a similar quasielastic response and a series of crystal-field excitations originating on both the cubic and the hexagonal site symmetries are expected. However, only the cubic site crystal-field excitation and broad quasielastic response are observed and, surprisingly, the magnetic spectrum of β-Ce is nearly identical with that of the γ phase. Such observations are entirely unexpected within a simple crystal-field model and probably arise from strong hybridization of the f states with the conduction band.
Ultrasonic imaging of corrosion and fatigue cracks in multilayered airplane structures

Application of ultrasonic imaging to the inspection of multilayered airplane structures can provide comprehensive information on possible defects such as corrosion and cracks. A quantitative assessment of defects in internal layers of airplane structures using this technique can be accomplished form an external surface of the airplane skin. No disassembly is required for component evaluation. Therefore this ultrasonic technique can be extremely useful for cost-effective maintenance of airplanes. Three different ultrasonic techniques developed for inspection of the DC-9 and DC-10 airplanes are discussed in this paper. One of the techniques was used for evaluation of corrosion and stress corrosion cracks in a DC-9 tee cap, other techniques have been developed for fatigue crack characterization in a DC-9 rear spar and a DC-10 spar-cap/strap connection, respectively. All three techniques were developed to be applied with the same type of data acquisition and imaging system. However for each kind of flaw and structural configuration substantial modifications of the scanning and the data acquisition procedures have been made. {Peculiarities of each ultrasonic technique will be discussed. The ultrasonic technique for the inspection of the DC-9 tee cap has been approved by the FAA as an alternate means of compliance to meet the requirements of the DC-9 Service Bulletin.
Selective Laser Sintering of Polymer-Coated Silicon Carbide Powders

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) produces three-dimensional objects directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) solid model, without part-specific tooling, by repeatedly depositing thin layers of fusible powder and selective sintering each layer to the next with a rastered, modulated, CO{sub 2} laser beam. This technology, originally intended to produce parts and patterns from powdered waxes and thermoplastics, can be extended through use of thermoplastic-coated inorganic powder to producing green shapes which contain metal or ceramic powder bound together with the thermoplastic. These shapes can be subsequently processed into metal, ceramic, or composite metal/ceramic parts by various methods. Generally, the strength of the green shape critically depends on the layer to layer fusion that is achieved. A model of the SLS process is presented that correctly estimates the sintering depths in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and coated silicon carbide (SiC) powders that result from operating parameters including laser power, beam scanning speed, beam diameter, scan spacing, and temperature. Green part densities and strengths are found to correlate with a combination of parameters, termed the energy density, that arise naturally from consideration of the energy input to the powder bed.
Low Velocity Quantum Reflection of Bose-Einstein Condensates

We study how interactions affect the quantum reflection of Bose-Einstein condensates. A patterned silicon surface with a square array of pillars resulted in high reflection probabilities. For incident velocities greater than 2.5 mm/s, our observations agreed with single-particle theory. At velocities below 2.5 mm/s, the measured reflection probability saturated near 60% rather than increasing towards unity as predicted by the accepted theoretical model. We extend the theory of quantum reflection to account for the mean-field interactions of a condensate which suppresses quantum reflection at low velocity. The reflected condensates show collective excitations as recently predicted.
Inventory models with general backorder costs

Abstract Under the prevalent assumption of linear inventory holding and backorder costs, important results have been established in many basic inventory models. However, the assumption is often too restrictive for many applications. In this paper, we study stochastic inventory models under more general backorder costs, namely, the penalty costs for each unit of backorder consisting of fixed and proportional components. Under this backorder cost structure, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the quasiconvexity of the one-step loss function. This condition is satisfied by a wide spectrum of demand distributions, but it is not distribution-free. Consequently, existing results based on quasiconvex loss functions are applicable in many, but not all, models with the above cost structure.
Diurnal variation in performance of free-operant avoidance behavior of rats.

Possible daily periodicity in experiments involving conditioned behaviors has not usually been investigated or controlled. The present experiment argues for such studies in that variation in the performance of a free-operant avoidance task by 30 rats was detected as a function of when during the 24-hr. day behavioral testing occurred. In terms of shocks avoided, performance was best in the middle of the dark phase of the day and worst late in the light phase. The absence of a similar rhythm in the operant response rate suggests the 24-hr. periodic change in efficacy of avoidance was not related to diurnal variation in general activity levels. Implications of daily periodicity are discussed in terms of experimental procedures and controls.
Capillary gas chromatography with two new moderately high temperature phases.

Gas chromatography test results are presented for two new moderately high-temperature phases of Dexsil 400-GC with free hydroxyl end groups (uncapped) and with end groups covered by trimethyl silyl groups (capped). The two Dexsil 400-GC phases were tested for their ability to resolve N-TFA-DL-(+)-2-butyl esters and n-butyl esters, as well as fatty acid methyl esters and hydrocarbon standards. Generally the more polar uncapped phase was superior to the capped phase in all separation comparisons, except for the hydrocarbons.
The effect of liquid structure on contact angle hysteresis

Abstract Contact angle hysteresis was measured for a variety of liquids on condensed monolayers of 17-(perfluoroheptyl)heptadecanoic acid adsorbed on polished chromium. The hysteresis was shown to be simply related to the molecular volume of the liquid and to result from the penetration of liquid molecules into the porous monolayer. However, contact angle hysteresis was negligible when the average diameter of the liquid molecules was larger than the average cross-sectional diameter of the intermolecular pores. It is shown that it is possible to estimate intermolecular pore dimensions of such adsorbed monolayers by contact angle hysteresis measurements on a series of liquids having gradations in molecular volume. The results of this investigation reveal that liquid penetration, even into pores of molecular dimensions, is a cause of significant contact angle hysteresis, and it is also shown how liquids can be selected for contact angle investigations on organic solid surfaces so that there will be freedom from this source of hysteresis. The results also suggest that under these experimental conditions, liquid water, on the average, behaves as if it were associated in clusters of about six water molecules. Similarly, both ethylene glycol and glycerol behave as associated clusters of about two molecules.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces systolic blood pressure in hypertensive adults: a pilot feasibility study.

Vitamin D has been reported to lower blood pressure in vivo by regulating the renin-angiotensin system; however, there are limited clinical studies to support this finding in humans. We investigated the effect of vitamin D treatment on hypertension in a three-arm randomized placebo controlled pilot and feasibility study. We tested placebo with two forms of vitamin D: cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol. Subjects were recruited from the Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Decatur, GA between April and August 2008. Subjects received 200,000 IU of vitamin D3 (n = 3) weekly for 3 weeks or matching placebo (n = 3) weekly for 3 weeks (n = 3) or 0.5 μg calcitriol (n = 2) taken twice daily for one week. Our primary endpoint was blood pressure measured by 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitor. Subjects receiving calcitriol experienced a 9% decrease in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) compared placebo (p < 0.001). One week after conclusion of calcitriol therapy SBP returned to pre-treatment levels. There was no reduction in blood pressure in the placebo or vitamin D3 groups. Results from this pilot study suggests that active vitamin D therapy may be an effective short-term intervention for reducing blood pressure and needs to be explored further in larger controlled studies.
Externalism and Marr's Theory of Vision

The internalism/externalism debate has been a major issue in the philosophy of psychology lately. This dispute concerns whether mental content should be considered solely as a function of what goes on within the organism, or whether it should be considered at least partly a function of facts about the organism's external environment. Quite apart from the issue of how folk psychology individuates mental content, there is the question as to how the science of psychology should individuate mental content. It is this latter issue that will be the focus of discussion here.
Dynamics of atomic ionization suppression and electron localization in an intense high-frequency radiation field

We present the results of high-frequency intense-laser numerical multiphoton experiments on a model atom. These results indicate both suppression of ionization and localization of the atomic electron even after a smooth laser turn on.
Utilitarian Liberalism: Between Gray and Mill

John Gray’s hostile reading of J.S. Mill’s utilitarian doctrine of individual liberty and social authority is rejected in favour of a more sympathetic reading. According to the latter, Mill’s doctr...
An evaluation of chemical methods for extracting zinc from soils

Abstract The quantity of Zn extracted from 25 samples of air‐dried soil was larger than that extracted from soils that were flooded for six weeks. The order of the quantity of Zn extracted from samples of air‐dried soils was: 0.1 N HCl > EDTA + 1 N NH4OAC > EDTA ‐ (NH4)2CO3 > 1 N NH4OAc, pH 4.8 > DTPA‐TEA, pH 7.30. The order of the quantity of Zn extracted from the flooded soils with four extracting solutions was: 0.1 N HCl > 1 N NH4OAc, pH 4.8 > EDTA‐(NH4)2CO3 > DTPA‐TEA, pH 7.30. Flooding with distilled water resulted in an increase in the pH of all of the soil samples. Among the five solutions used for extracting Zn from samples of air‐dried soil only the Zn extracted with 1 N NH4OAC, pH 4.8 was significantly related to the concentration of Zn in the rice‐plant tissue. No significant relationships were found between Zn extracted from the flooded soil samples with each of the four extracting solutions and either the concentration of Zn in the leaves or the uptake of Zn and the dry matter production by t...
Cloud condensation nucleus activity of the organic component of biomass smoke particles

Natural and anthropogenic water-soluble inorganic aerosol species are efficient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Biomass smoke particles, although composed mostly of organic material, are also known to be efficient CCN. However, because smoke particles consist of mixtures of organic and inorganic species, it has not been established whether the organic component is intrinsically CCN active or is intrinsically inactive and rendered CCN active only through association with water-soluble inorganic species. Here we report results of laboratory experiments on smoke particles produced by combustion of eucalyptus, redwood, and cellulose which show that their water-soluble organic fraction is principally derived from smoldering combustion of the cellulosic fuel content. Because cellulose smoke particles are entirely organic, water soluble, and CCN active (at 0.5% and 0.3% supersaturation), we conclude that the water-soluble organic species in smoke particles from smoldering biomass combustion are responsible for their intrinsic CCN activity.
Laser Photocoagulation Repair of Macula-sparing Cytomegalovirus-related Retinal Detachment

Objective: The purpose of the study is to investigate the role of laser photocoagulation in the treatment of macula-sparing cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related retinal detachment (CMVRD) in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Design: Seven macula-sparing CMVRD identified between July 1995 and February 1997 were managed with laser photocoagulation and observed prospectively (group I). Seven CMVRD reattached with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and silicone oil injection (group II) between January 1992 and June 1996 were analyzed retrospectively. Participants: Patients with AIDS with macula-sparing rhegmatogenous CMVRD with no proliferative vitreoretinopathy and visual acuity better than 20/30 were studied. Intervention: Demarcation laser photocoagulation (group I) or PPV with silicone oil injection (group II) was performed. Main Outcome Measures: Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), temporary or permanent visual loss, CMVRD progression or recurrence, and cataract were measured. Results: Follow-up ranged from 2 to 19 months (mean, 9 months) in group I. Post-treatment BCVA was unchanged in all eyes after laser. One retina redetached 9 months after laser treatment. Final visual acuity was less than 20/40 in one eye because of progressive CMV retinitis. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 24 months (mean, 10.4 months) in group II. All group II RDs were reattached successfully with PPV and silicone oil injection. Best-corrected visual acuity was an average of 1.6 lines worse after vitrectomy. Silicone-induced hyperopic shift caused temporary visual loss in all eyes (mean duration, 5.6 weeks). Delayed visual loss due to cataract formation occurred in five eyes. Three eyes had cataract extraction within 6 months. Two partial redetachments developed. One was repaired with repeat vitrectomy. Final visual acuity was less than 20/40 in five of seven eyes because of progressive CMV retinitis (1), dense cataract (2), uncorrected refractive error (2), and uncertain cause (1). Conclusions: Demarcation laser photocoagulation appears to be an effective treatment for many macula-sparing CMVRD. Loss of BCVA, temporary postoperative visual loss due to silicone-induced refractive error, and delayed visual loss due to cataract after vitrectomy with silicone oil injection may be avoided. Demarcation laser photocoagulation may be an effective alternative to vitrectomy in macula-sparing CMVRD.
Coping with warmer, large rivers: a field experiment on potential range expansion of northern quagga mussels (Dreissena bugensis)

SUMMARY 1. Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have established a much greater range in North America and Europe than quagga mussels (D. bugensis), which occupy a very similar niche. 2. We hypothesised that quaggas are physiologically capable of sustaining populations in warmer rivers currently occupied only by zebra mussels and that unidentified, non-physiological factors account for their more limited distribution. 3. Growth and survival of individually tagged mussels (976 D. bugensis from Lake Erie; 2625 D. polymorpha from Lake Erie and the Ohio River) were recorded monthly for up to 15 months in an outdoor stream mesocosm receiving unfiltered water from the Ohio River. 4. Extreme temperatures stressed both species; but in contrast to several previous laboratory studies, quaggas survived high temperatures better than zebra mussels. We suspect this was the result of species-specific differences in their ability to obtain, assimilate and/or catabolise food at high, sublethal temperatures. 5. A unimodal growth pattern was observed in both species, with the highest growth rates from late spring to early autumn. 6. Our survival and growth data suggest that quaggas are not physiologically limited from expanding southward. 7. While lacking definitive proof that dreissenid populations in rivers are ecologically sustainable without upstream lentic ecosystems and/or unintended human intervention, we suggest that complex river currents and upstream retentive and highly productive slackwater habitats in rivers may help sustain downstream populations of these meroplanktonic, dreissenid mussels.
Backward multiple imputation estimation of the conditional lifetime expectancy function with application to censored human longevity data

The conditional lifetime expectancy function (LEF) is the expected lifetime of a subject given survival past a certain time point and the values of a set of explanatory variables. This function is attractive to researchers because it summarizes the entire residual life distribution and has an easy interpretation compared with the popularly used hazard function. In this paper, we propose a general framework of backward multiple imputation for estimating the conditional LEF and the variance of the estimator in the right-censoring setting. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate the empirical properties of the proposed estimator and the corresponding variance estimator. We demonstrate the method on the Beaver Dam Eye Study data, where the expected human lifetime is modeled with smoothing-spline ANOVA given the covariates information including sex, lifestyle factors, and disease variables.
Cost-effective trauma implant selection: AAOS exhibit selection.

Today’s increasingly complex health-care landscape requires that physicians take an active role in minimizing health-care costs and expenditures. Judicious choice of implants, a fracture-driven treatment algorithm, capitation models, use of generic fracture implants, and reuse of external fixation constructs all represent mechanisms that can result in substantial savings. In some health-care environments, these cost savings programs may be directly linked to physician reimbursement in the form of gainsharing plans. Evidence-based critical evaluations of implant usage patterns are necessary to help control implant-related health-care spending but are lacking in the current literature. Physicians need to acknowledge their influence and responsibility in this realm and assume an active role to help reduce costs.
Classification of Protein-Protein Interaction Full-Text Documents Using Text and Citation Network Features

We participated (as Team 9) in the Article Classification Task of the Biocreative II.5 Challenge: binary classification of full-text documents relevant for protein-protein interaction. We used two distinct classifiers for the online and offline challenges: 1) the lightweight Variable Trigonometric Threshold (VTT) linear classifier we successfully introduced in BioCreative 2 for binary classification of abstracts and 2) a novel Naive Bayes classifier using features from the citation network of the relevant literature. We supplemented the supplied training data with full-text documents from the MIPS database. The lightweight VTT classifier was very competitive in this new full-text scenario: it was a top-performing submission in this task, taking into account the rank product of the Area Under the interpolated precision and recall Curve, Accuracy, Balanced F-Score, and Matthew's Correlation Coefficient performance measures. The novel citation network classifier for the biomedical text mining domain, while not a top performing classifier in the challenge, performed above the central tendency of all submissions, and therefore indicates a promising new avenue to investigate further in bibliome informatics.
Causal Reasoning with Neuron Diagrams

The principle of causation is fundamental to science and society and has remained an active topic of discourse in philosophy for over two millennia. Modern philosophers often rely on ``neuron diagrams'', a domain-specific visual language for discussing and reasoning about causal relationships and the concept of causation itself. In this paper we formalize the syntax and semantics of neuron diagrams. We discuss existing algorithms for identifying causes in neuron diagrams, show how these approaches are flawed, and propose solutions to these problems. We separate the standard representation of a dynamic execution of a neuron diagram from its static definition and define two separate, but related semantics, one for the causal effects of neuron diagrams and one for the identification of causes themselves. Most significantly, we propose a simple language extension that supports a clear, consistent, and comprehensive algorithm for automatic causal inference.
The effects of environmental factors on the migratory movement patterns of Sacramento River yearling late-fall run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Understanding smolt migration dynamics is a critical step in the preservation and conservation of imperiled salmonids in California's Sacramento River system. Late-fall run Chinook salmon yearling smolts were acoustically tagged and tracked during their out- migration through California's Sacramento River and San Francisco Estuary during 2007-2009. Migration rates were 14.3 km·day -1 (± 1.3 S.E.) to 23.5 km day -1 (± 3.6 S.E.), similar to rates published for other West Coast yearling Chinook salmon smolt emigrations. Region-specific movement rates were fastest through the upper river regions, and slowest in the Sacramento/ San Joaquin River Delta. River travel times were recorded for smolts travelling through a series of ten monitor-delimited reaches. Using these, a smolt travel time model determined by two parameters (movement rate and rate of population spreading) was then used to determine the influence of different factors on the model's fit, using model selection with Akaike's In- formation Criterion. The model that allowed for both year and reach to be expressed additively for both travel time and population spreading rate estimates, while accounting for a "release" effect, was the best supported model. Finally, several models incorporated environmental data as a linear predictor of movement rates. The addition of the environmental variables, in order of importance, river width to depth ratio, river flow, water turbidity, river flow to mean river flow ratio, and water velocity all resulted in improved mod- el fit. Water temperature did not improve model fit. These environmental associations are discussed and potential improvements on the travel time model are suggested.
A randomized clinical trial to compare diagnostic casts made using plastic and metal trays.

Statement of problem Virtually every prosthodontic rehabilitation involves making diagnostic casts for analysis and prosthesis fabrication. Frequently, these casts are produced using irreversible hydrocolloid (IH) impression materials in stock metal or plastic trays. However, it is unclear whether one technique produces a more accurate cast. Purpose The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the linear accuracy of diagnostic casts produced using IH with 1 of 3 different tray types: (1) perforated metal trays, (2) stock plastic trays, and (3) directed-flow stock plastic trays. All groups were compared to casts produced with custom trays and vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) impression materials, which were considered the control. Material and methods Seven subjects participated in this trial. IH impressions were made in a random order using 1 of 3 tray types: stock plastic, perforated metal, or plastic directed flow. These were compared to VPS impressions using custom trays (control group). Each impression technique was repeated 3 times per subject, for a total of 84 observations. Impressions were disinfected and poured in a type IV stone. Linear accuracy of casts was measured using computer software analysis of scanned images of the casts at x30 magnification. Three linear measurements were made on each cast: second molar to second molar, right second molar to left first premolar, and left second molar to right first premolar. Measurements were compared among techniques using mixed-model analysis of variance to account for correlation among the multiple measurements made on each subject. Dunnett's adjustment for multiple comparisons with control was used (α=.05). Results For molar-to-molar and right second molar to the left first premolar measurements, there were no significant differences in linear dimensions between casts made from different trays. However, linear measurements from the left second molar to the right first premolar demonstrated significant differences for casts made with stock metal, directed-flow, and stock plastic trays compared to custom trays. In this group, casts produced by stock metal, directed-flow, and stock plastic trays differed from controls by 102, 68, and 71 um, respectively. Generally, casts made with plastic trays (stock plastic and directed flow) had values closer to those of custom trays than did casts made with metal trays. Conclusions Impressions made with irreversible hydrocolloid produced casts that were significantly different in linear dimension than casts produced by custom trays and VPS impressions. These differences were not uniform, but varied by location on the cast.
Organization of Polysomes from Pre-existing Ribosomes in Chick Oviduct by a Secondary Administration of Either Estradiol or Progesterone

Abstract Estradiol stimulates the differentiation of tubular glands in the magnum portion of the chick oviduct. These glands synthesize egg white proteins, predominantly ovalbumin. When chicks are given estradiol daily for 10 days (primary stimulation) and are then withdrawn from hormonal treatment, there is a decrease in oviduct size, a decrease in protein concentration, and a reduction in protein and RNA synthesis. If estradiol or progesterone are administered again (secondary stimulation), protein and RNA synthesis are re-established within 12 to 24 hours. During this time, the rate of ovalbumin synthesis increases several hundred fold, without dependence on cell proliferation. Although the biochemical responses observed during secondary stimulation are similar with both estradiol and progesterone during the first 18 hours, at later times the rate of protein synthesis continues to rise with estradiol but not with progesterone. Biochemical and ultrastructural studies indicate that the increased rate of protein synthesis during secondary stimulation is associated with an organization of ribosomes into polysomes within gland cells. During the early stages of secondary stimulation the polysomes are assembled predominantly from pre-existing single ribosomes. Later, newly synthesized ribosomes enter the polysomes. Both new and old ribosomes seem to be in the same pool.
The role of explanation in categorization decisions

Research into the role of explanation on the categorization process has yielded conflicting conclusions. Some theorists stress the importance of explanation, arguing that explanations provide a causal structure necessary to the categorization process. Others discount its significance, arguing that explanation is neither necessary nor sufficient for categorization. Experimentally, explanation has shown modest success in accounting for some categories but not others. Across three experiments, we test whether the central features of a category are the ones that capture the most explanatory structure. The objectives of the current study are threefold: to determine the importance of explanation in natural kind and artifact categorization; to understand the implications of feature correlations as they relate to explanation; and to further delineate the benefit of explanation outside of a functional role. Experiment 1 demonstrates that explanation plays a more dominant role in artifact versus natural kind catego...
Immunotherapy for cutaneous malignancy.

BACKGROUND Immunotherapy for cutaneous malignancy involves manipulating the immune system to treat and prevent skin cancer. Although initial efforts were fraught with low success rates and technical challenges, more-recent endeavors have yielded response rates approaching 50% for treating metastatic melanoma. Many of these advances are a result of increasing knowledge of the immune system's intricacies and continued progress in laboratory techniques. OBJECTIVE To review our current understanding of the skin immune system and discuss how these factors contribute to the host response to malignancy and to report the current state of immunotherapeutic techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive PubMed literature search was conducted in topics involving immunotherapy with specific relevance to cutaneous malignancy using the MeSH terms “immunotherapy” and “skin cancer.” RESULTS Despite initially poor patient responses to these treatment modalities, recent gains in scientific knowledge and clinical intervention protocols have brought immunotherapy to the forefront of prospective skin cancer therapeutics, particularly for advanced melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Current treatment options for advanced cutaneous malignancies such as melanoma are low in efficacy. Immunotherapies have the potential to provide novel approaches to address this, particularly when used in combination. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
High-order finite element method for plasma modeling

High-order accurate finite element methods provide unique benefits for problems that have strong anisotropies and complicated geometries and for stiff equation systems that are coupled through large source terms, e.g. Lorentz force, collisions, or atomic reactions. Magnetized plasma simulations of realistic devices using the kinetic or the multi-fluid plasma models are examples that benefit from high-order accuracy. The multi-fluid plasma model only assumes local thermodynamic equilibrium within each fluid, e.g. ion and electron fluids for the two-fluid plasma model. The algorithm implements a discontinuous Galerkin method with an approximate Riemann solver to compute the fluxes of the fluids and electromagnetic fields at the computational cell interfaces. The multi-fluid plasma model has time scales on the order of the electron and ion cyclotron frequencies, the electron and ion plasma frequencies, the electron and ion sound speeds, and the speed of light. A general model for atomic reactions has been developed and is incorporated in the multi-fluid plasma model. The multi-fluid plasma algorithm is implemented in a flexible code framework (WARPX) that allows easy extension of the physical model to include multiple fluids and additional physics. The code runs on multi-processor machines and is being adapted with OpenCL to many-core systems, characteristic of the next generation of high performance computers. The algorithm is applicable to study advanced physics calculations of plasma dynamics including magnetic plasma confinement and astrophysical plasmas. The discontinuous Galerkin method has also been applied to solve the Vlasov-Poisson kinetic model. Recently, a blended finite element algorithm has been developed and implemented which exploits the expected physical behavior to apply either a discontinuous or continuous finite element representation, which improves computational efficiency without sacrificing accuracy.
6-Thioguanine Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative DNA Damage in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells

Thiopurines are among the most successful chemotherapeutic agents used for treating various human diseases, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic inflammation. Although metabolic conversion and the subsequent incorporation of 6-thioguanine (SG) nucleotides into nucleic acids are considered important for allowing the thiopurine drugs to induce their cytotoxic effects, alternative mechanisms may also exist. We hypothesized that an unbiased analysis of SG-induced perturbation of the entire proteome might uncover novel mechanism(s) of action of the drug. We performed a quantitative assessment of global protein expression in control and SG-treated Jurkat T cells by employing stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. LC-MS/MS quantification results uncovered substantially decreased expression of a large number of proteins in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the significantly altered proteins showed that SG treatment induced mitochondrial dysfunction. This was accompanied by diminished uptake of MitoTracker Deep Red and the elevated formation of oxidatively induced DNA lesions, including 8,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine and 8,5′-cyclo-2′-deoxyguanosine. Together, our results suggested that SG may exert its cytotoxic effect by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species formation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
Linear-phase aperture distribution antennas

Antennas with an aperture phase distribution described by functions representing stepped or continuous linear surfaces are considered. It is shown that by the use of a similar phase distribution, an antenna with a prescribed radiation pattern in one plane is easy to synthesize. Linear-phase distributions are given which permit patterns, with similar characteristics, to form in the two principal planes, simultaneously.
Canola response to boron and nitrogen grown on the southeastern coastal plain1

Abstract Canola has the potential for production in a doublecropping system in the southeastern Coastal Plain, but little information is known about its fertility reguirements when grown in this region. This two‐year field study was conducted to determine the effect of boron (B) and nitrogen (N) on canola growth and yield. Nine combinations of five N rates ranging from 45 to 225 kg/ha, with and without 1.68 kg B/ha, were evaluated at Blackville SC, on a Plinthic Paleudult. Canola plants receiving foliar B had a 6.5% higher yield than those receiving no B for the combined 1990 and 1991 data. Compared to plants which received no B, whole plant tissue analysis at beginning bloom detected a 50% higher B concentration for plants receiving B application 25 days earlier. Seed yield was affected by N rate both years, and there was a significant year by N interaction. In 1990 yields increased as the N rate increased, whereas in 1991 yields peaked at 135 kg/ha N and declined at higher N rates. These data suggest th...
Nafion-Bimevox Composite Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications

To suppress methanol crossover in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), a Nafion-Bi 2 V 0.75 Sb 0.25 O 5.4 composite membrane was prepared by recast method. Oxygen-ion conductive Bi 2 V 0.75 Sb 0.25 O 5.4 powders were highly dispersed in a Nafion 117 membrane to physically block methanol crossover and/or chemically oxidize the methanol, which was confirmed by the difference in the methanol diffusion coefficient between recast Nafion and Nafion-Bi 2 V 0.75 Sb 0.25 O 5.4 composite membranes. Interestingly, mixing 20 wt % Bi 2 V 0.75 Sb 0.25 O 5.4 into Nafion 117 membrane largely suppressed the methanol crossover, but only slightly decreased the proton conductivity of the membrane, resulting in a large improvement in the DMFC performance. The stabilities of Bi 2 V 0.75 Sb 0.25 O 5.4 in 5% Nafion solution, water, and 1 M H 2 SO 4 were measured using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer, and the electrochemical stability of Bi 2 V 0.75 Sb 0.25 O 5.4 in 1 M H 2 SO 4 solution was obtained using cyclic voltammetry. The oxygen-ion conductivities of Bi 2 V 0.75 Sb 0.25 O 5.4 at temperature ranges from 80 to 400°C were also measured.
Argon Laser-Assisted Peripheral Angioplasty

Pioneered several years ago by cardiologists and interventional radiologists, laser-assisted angioplasty for the ablation of occlusive atherosclerotic lesions in the peripheral and coronary circulations is now entering the domain of the vas cular surgeon, who has the ability to progress beyond the limitations of the percutaneous approach.In the initial 38 patients undergoing 51 lower extremity laser angioplasty/ balloon dilatation procedures for peripheral vascular occlusive disease, pedal pulses were restored in 32 (63%) limbs. The tandem procedure failed in 16 (31%); however, when improvement was assessed objectively by postoperative ankle/arm index evaluation, a positive outcome was achieved in 72 % of the patients. Three (6%) patients required femoral-popliteal bypass after balloon- related arterial dissection was identified.Although laser angioplasty can successfully open occluded arteries, new in traoperative angiographic equipment compatible with laser angioplasty and a variety of incrementally siz...
B7 family molecules: novel immunomodulators at the maternal-fetal interface.

Abstract The placenta utilizes both active and passive mechanisms to evade rejection by the maternal immune system. Recently, the mRNA for two newly cloned members of the B7 family of immunomodulatory cell-associated proteins have been identified in the human term placenta. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the B7 family member B7-H1, and discuss how it may participate in modulation of the maternal immune system at the maternal-fetal interface. B7-H1 has been found to possess immunostimulatory or immunoinhibitory properties, and immunohistological examination of first trimester and term placenta has revealed that this protein is abundant in the placenta. B7-H1 is highly expressed by both the syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous cytotrophoblast, both of which lie in direct contact with maternal blood and tissue. Further, treatment of the choriocarcinoma cell line, JEG-3, with recombinant human interferon (IFN)-γ resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the abundance of the message for B7-H1, suggesting that IFN-γ could regulate expression of B7-H1 by the trophoblast. These studies document that the positioning of B7-H1 at the maternal-fetal interface is such that it could participate in suppression of activated maternal leukocytes.
Subthalamic nucleus lesions increase impulsive action and decrease impulsive choice - mediation by enhanced incentive motivation?

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is traditionally thought of as part of a system involved in motor control but recent evidence suggests that it may also play a role in other psychological processes. Here we examined the effects of STN lesions on two measures of impulsivity and found that STN lesions increased ‘impulsive action’ (produced behavioral disinhibition), as measured by performance on a differential reinforcement of low rates of responding task, but decreased ‘impulsive choice’ (impulsive decision making), as measured by a delay discounting task. In addition, amphetamine and food restriction increased ‘impulsive action’ and decreased ‘impulsive choice’ to a greater extent in STN-lesioned animals than in sham controls. We speculate that these apparently discrepant effects may be because STN lesions enhance the incentive salience assigned to rewards. These findings suggest that the STN may serve as a novel target for the treatment of psychological disorders characterized by deficits in behavioral control, such as drug addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Investigation of High-Voltage MOSFET Reliability in $I_{\rm KIRK}$ Region

This paper evaluates the hot-carrier performance of the n-channel high-voltage (30 V) MOSFET device. This device is widely used in high-voltage linear products. It can withstand 30 V across any two terminals. This large voltage range requires thorough hot-carrier analysis, investigating potential hot-carrier mechanisms not believed to have been previously explored in the literature. It is established that two different hot-carrier generation mechanisms are occurring: one at ISUB(max) and another at IKIRK. These are investigated through combined device parametric, technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation, and hot-carrier reliability data.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants: a means of avoiding toxicity.

Therapeutic drug monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants has become a standard-of-care issue. The value of such monitoring has been a topic of discussion for almost 20 years, since the substantial interindividual differences in tricyclic antidepressant metabolism were first described (Hammer et al. 1967). Unfortunately, widespread acceptance of this tool in practice was delayed by an almost exclusive focus on the relationship between tricyclic antidepressant concentration in plasma and antidepressant efficacy. Debates abounded about whether such relationships were linear or curvilinear, to the exclusion of other important issues, particularly the relationship between tricyclic antidepressant concentration in plasma and toxicity.
The Efficiency of Organizational Forms

For a long time economists have been aware of the fact that certain ways of organizing firms are more efficient than others. Adam Smith, for example, knew that a firm producing pins in which employees specialized in straightening wire, cutting wire, making points, etc. would be more efficient than one in which each worker produced complete pins by himself alone.2 However, recent approaches to this problem (e.g., Beckmann [1], Calvo and Wellisz [2], Sah and Stiglitz [12], and Willamson [14], [15]) have tended to de-emphasize the technological aspects of production and centered instead on certain social relations among individuals in the firm. These social relations arise in that some workers are “above” other workers in the firm’s authority structure; they are significant because it is the social interactions between those above and those below which seem to be responsible for coordinating effort and seeing production through.