cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology of Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

Hyperkinetic movement disorders are phenotypically linked by the presence of excess unwanted movements. In addition, they share common, neural pathways involved in voluntary motor control including primary and secondary motor and sensory cortices, the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. The pathophysiology of these disorders appears to include similar alterations in physiological properties of neurons in these areas. Phenotypic differences in the hyperkinetic disorders, however, speak to the differing influence and degree of each of these changes and the various motor and, in some cases, non-motor pathways involved in mediating each disorder. In support of the commonality of neural pathways that underlie the development of different hyperkinetic disorders, surgical therapies may target common regions of the brain for the treatment of each of these disorders, and pharmacological therapies are aimed at receptors that regulate these same neural pathways. Much of our understanding of the physiological differences underlying hyperkinetic movement disorders has stemmed from comparisons to hypokinetic movement disorders as well as comparisons across the different hyperkinetic disorders. This chapter will detail (1) the anatomy of the basal ganglia and thalamocortical circuits and their role in the genesis of hyperkinetic disorders and (2) describe current knowledge of the neurophysiological changes that occur in each of these disorders. We will then present a general unified model of hyperkinetic movement disorders using hemiballism, dyskinesia, and dystonia as examples, outlining some of the differences that may occur in each. Tourette syndrome will be discussed separately since it would appear to have greater involvement of non-motor circuits. Finally, we will discuss myoclonus, a condition in which the anatomical areas involved are more diverse. While we often lose site of the role of non-motor and non-basal ganglia pathways in the development of these movement disorders, myoclonus serves as a reminder that many of these disorders have varying degrees of involvement of non-motor pathways and extra-basal ganglia pathology. As such, the presentation of each disorder and its response to the various treatment modalities may differ.
Neuromodulation of excitatory synaptogenesis in striatal development

The brain is composed of intricate circuits of connected neurons that communicate via a combination of electrical and chemical signals. Some signals (referred to as excitatory signals) increase the probability that the neuron receiving the chemical message will produce an electrical impulse. On the other hand, inhibitory messages decrease the likelihood of this activity. Both of these kinds of signals are fast, and act over milliseconds. There is also a diverse set of slower signals, referred to as neuromodulation, which regulates the faster signals. A signaling chemical called dopamine is involved in neuromodulation and is essential for rewarding behavior and complex motor actions. The importance of dopamine is clear from the profound lack of movement seen in individuals with Parkinson’s disease, which is caused by the death of dopamine producing brain cells. Many nerve endings from dopamine-releasing neurons connect to a part of the brain’s reward system called the striatum. The neurons in this region are organized into two pathways that have opposing impacts on behavior. Dopamine activates different kinds of receptors called “G protein-coupled dopamine receptors” on neurons from each pathway. This allows dopamine to alter the activity of a protein called Protein Kinase A (or PKA) and alter the signaling state of these neurons. The impact of dopamine on neural circuits in adults has been extensively studied. However it was unknown whether dopamine might influence how neural circuits are wired during brain development. Because the nerve endings from dopamine-releasing neurons reach the striatum before most excitatory connections between the neurons are formed, dopamine stands to influence the development of connections in the striatum. Kozorovitskiy et al. have now investigated the role of neuromodulation in brain development in young mice. This involved measuring the formation of excitatory connections or synapses and the electrical activity of different striatal neurons during the maturation of brain circuits that occurs after birth. This analysis revealed that turning on dopamine receptors that increase PKA activity rapidly enhances the number of excitatory synapses on the neurons that express this receptor. Kozorovitskiy et al. then used a variety of approaches to investigate whether there is cooperation between G protein-coupled receptors, PKA activity and a signaling molecule called glutamate in striatal development. This revealed a more general mechanism by which the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors interacts with glutamate (the primary excitatory signal sent between neurons) in order to produce new synapses. These results reveal a previously unknown role for neuromodulation in “wiring up” the brain and open the possibility of new therapies to treat neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
The Digital Scarlet Letter: The Effect of Online Criminal Records on Crime

How does public access to criminal records affect crime? Economic theory suggests that expanding access to criminal information may increase the cost of crime to potential criminals by endangering their future work prospects and thus act as a deterrent. However, increased provision of information could also obstruct ex-convicts from finding legal employment and lead to higher recidivism rates. I exploit the state and time variation in the introduction of state-maintained online criminal databases – which represent a sharp drop in the cost and effort of gaining criminal background information on another person – to empirically investigate the trade-off between deterrence and recidivism. I find that online criminal records lead to a small net reduction in property crime rates, but also a marked increase of approximately 11 percent in recidivism among ex-offenders.
Building Bridges: A Call for Greater Collaboration Between Legal Writing and Clinical Professors

Law schools are educational institutions. For most, our mission is to provide students with an outstanding legal education. To achieve this goal, all groups must share knowledge and information openly and collaborate in ways that will improve the education we offer our students. Two faculty groups that have much to share are legal writing professors and clinicians. While we have our differences, they pale in comparison to the complementary methods we use and the goals we set for our students. We want our students to understand how to apply the law to real-world situations. We want them to excel in analysis and synthesis. We want them to develop interdisciplinary problem-solving skills and the judgment necessary to represent clients competently. We want them to be professional, ethical, and civil. With these similarities in mind, below are several thoughts, from a decanal perspective, about how legal writing and clinical faculty might collaborate in ways that will improve students' educational experiences, advance both fields, and help law schools achieve their important missions.
Functional and operational requirements document : building 1012, Battery and Energy Storage Device Test Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico.

This report provides an overview of information, prior studies, and analyses relevant to the development of functional and operational requirements for electrochemical testing of batteries and energy storage devices carried out by Sandia Organization 2546, Advanced Power Sources R&D. Electrochemical operations for this group are scheduled to transition from Sandia Building 894 to a new Building located in Sandia TA-II referred to as Building 1012. This report also provides background on select design considerations and identifies the Safety Goals, Stakeholder Objectives, and Design Objectives required by the Sandia Design Team to develop the Performance Criteria necessary to the design of Building 1012. This document recognizes the Architecture-Engineering (A-E) Team as the primary design entity. Where safety considerations are identified, suggestions are provided to provide context for the corresponding operational requirement(s).
Correlated Imaging with Shaped Partially Coherent Light

Using a classical source with adjustable degree of coherence, we demonstrate that correlated imaging can be performed without scanning the detectors. This lensless Fourier transform procedure may be useful for sensing applications.
Effect of APF in supplying multiple factors for the pig.

SummaryThe data obtained show that B12 is beneficial for pigs which were previously depleted on a corn-peanut meal ration. They also show that alkali-treated APF contains a factor or factors which ...
A Model of Modern Administrative Organization: The German General Staff

Examines the application of the modern system of management in German military. Evolution of the Prussian military system into the German General Staff; Organic functions of modern administrative m...
Analysis of Ouners' Equity

Ouners' equity is a kind of qualification and comprehensive right and the right of ouners ounning an enterprise. The ouners' equity contains the ouners' equity in terms of asset amount, stockholders' equity in to the light of shares, inter ouners' equity, and cooperation enterprises equity.
Near-field microwave microscopy of one-dimensional nanostructures

With the ability to measure sample conductivity with nanometer spatial resolution, scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) is a powerful tool to study nanoscale electronic systems and devices. Here we demonstrate the general capability to image electronic variations within nanomaterials using nanowires of VO2 and Si as model systems. For VO2 we image the temperature-dependent metal-insulator domain coexistence that arises due to the built-in strain in substrate-clamped wires. In Si NWs integrated into a transistor device architecture we observe large increases in the source-drain current with the tip passing over the wire, correlated with variations in the SMM signal. We attribute this effect to local rectification of the microwave signal by the local tip-sample Schottky junction.
Deriving Private Information from Randomly Perturbed Ratings.

Collaborative filtering techniques have become popular in the past several years as an effective way to help people deal with information overload. An important security concern in traditional recommendation systems is that users disclose information that may compromise their individual privacy when providing ratings. Randomized perturbation schemes have been proposed to disguise user ratings while still producing accurate recommendations. However, recent research has suggested that perturbation schemes might not be able to preserve privacy as much as has been believed. We propose two data reconstruction methods that derive original private information from disguised data in existing perturbation collaborative filtering schemes. One method is based on k-means clustering and the other uses singular value decomposition (SVD). We have conducted theoretical and experimental analysis on the difference between original data and reconstructed data. Our experiments show that both methods can derive a considerable amount of original information. This study helps to determine an empirical trade-off between recommendation accuracy and user privacy in perturbation schemes.
Sounding Rocket Observations of Active Region Soft X-Ray Spectra Between 0.5 and 2.5 nm Using a Modified SDO/EVE Instrument

Spectrally resolved measurements of individual solar active regions (ARs) in the soft X-ray (SXR) range are important for studying dynamic processes in the solar corona and their associated effects on the Earth’s upper atmosphere. They are also a means of evaluating atomic data and elemental abundances used in physics-based solar spectral models. However, very few such measurements are available. We present spectral measurements of two individual ARs in the 0.5 to 2.5 nm range obtained on the NASA 36.290 sounding rocket flight of 21 October 2013 (at about 18:30 UT) using the Solar Aspect Monitor (SAM), a channel of the Extreme Ultaviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) payload designed for underflight calibrations of the orbital EVE on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The EVE rocket instrument is a duplicate of the EVE on SDO, except the SAM channel on the rocket version was modified in 2012 to include a freestanding transmission grating to provide spectrally resolved images of the solar disk with the best signal to noise ratio for the brightest features, such as ARs. Calibrations of the EVE sounding rocket instrument at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (NIST/SURF) have provided a measurement of the SAM absolute spectral response function and a mapping of wavelength separation in the grating diffraction pattern. We discuss techniques (incorporating the NIST/SURF data) for determining SXR spectra from the dispersed AR images as well as the resulting spectra for NOAA ARs 11877 and 11875 observed on the 2013 rocket flight. In comparisons with physics-based spectral models using the CHIANTI v8 atomic database we find that both AR spectra are in good agreement with isothermal spectra (4 MK), as well as spectra based on an AR differential emission measure (DEM) included with the CHIANTI distribution, with the exception of the relative intensities of strong Fe xvii lines associated with $2p^{6}$ – $2p^{5}3{s}$ and $2p^{6}$ – $2p^{5}3{d}$ transitions at about 1.7 nm and 1.5 nm, respectively. The ratio of the Fe xvii lines suggests that the AR 11877 is hotter than the AR 11875. This result is confirmed with analysis of the active regions imaged by X-ray Telescope (XRT) onboard Hinode.
Friedrich Schlegel and Romantic Concepts of the Symbol

(1959). Friedrich Schlegel and Romantic Concepts of the Symbol. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 276-283.
Abstract 130: Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling Plays a Role in High Blood Pressure Programmed by Intrauterine Growth Restriction in Mouse

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular (CV) disease in later life, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The bioactive sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is critically involved in CV development in the fetus, and plays a significant role in the regulation of CV health in adulthood. S1P receptor (S1PR) type 1, 2 and 3 are widely expressed in CV system which S1PR1 has a protective role against kidney injury, while S1PR3 is involved in controlling BP. Yet, the contribution of S1P on BP in IUGR is unknown. In the present studies, we tested the hypothesis that IUGR alters renal S1P receptors expression during- and post-nephrogenesis, which contributes to high BP in male IUGR mouse. C57bl/6J mice underwent sham or reduced uterine perfusion (RUP) at day 13 of gestation with delivery at full term. IUGR offspring (from RUP dam) had a lower birth weight than control (p<0.05). Kidneys were isolated from 2 day old male pups or adult 24 week old male control and IUGR. S1PR3 protein expression was increased in 2 day old IUGR kidneys (2.4 fold vs control, N=3, p< 0.01). At 24 weeks of age, S1PR3 mRNA levels were increased (1.2 fold vs control, N=4, p< 0.05) whereas S1PR3 protein levels were decreased (0.75 fold vs control, N=4, p< 0.05) in IUGR kidneys. mRNA and protein expression levels of S1PR1 and S1PR2 were not different between control and IUGR kidneys. Finally, we assessed the role of S1PRs agonist on BP of IUGR. Male IUGR offspring had a significantly higher BP compared to male control via carotid catheter in the conscious state (control: 112.1±2.1, IUGR: 125.0±3.7 mmHg; N=7, P <0.05). Acute administration of FTY720 (1 mg/kgBW i.p, Fingomod), a S1P receptor type 1, 3 agonist did not significantly alter BP in control (106.0 ± 5.7 mmHg) but significantly decreased BP in IUGR (105.7±2.3 mmHg, p< 0.05). A dose response to FTY720 (10 mg/kgBW) decreased BP in both control (94.0±2.0 mmHg, p< 0.05) and IUGR (99.3±2.3 mmHg, p< 0.05). Together our data suggest that IUGR programs an alteration of renal S1PR3 expression in both during- and post-nephrogenesis thereby contributing to an increase in sensitivity to S1PRs agonist. Thus, S1P signaling is a putative mechanism underlying the hypertension of IUGR offspring.
Existential Spirituality, Religiosity, and Symptoms of Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Study of Belief in Ultimate Truth and Meaning in Life

This study proposes a concept called “existential spirituality”–defined as the extent of a person's belief in ultimate truth and meaning in life—and explores the relationship between existential sp...
Outcomes of ERCC1 high locally advanced esophageal cancer patients treated with non-platinum vs platinum based CRT.

192Background: ERCC1 is a DNA excision repair enzyme which repairs the DNA adduct damage caused by platinum and hence high levels of ERCC1 has been associated with platinum resistance. Thus utility of platinum as a first line chemotherapy in esophageal cancers with high ERCC1 levels is controversial. SWOG S0356 trial noted a significantly low 2 year overall survival of 37% for platinum based CRT in ERCC1 high esophageal carcinomas, yet no studies have identified the alternative first line chemotherapy. Our Program utilized combined irinotecan 65mg/m2 on D1 and D8 and nab-paclitaxel 100mg/m2with concurrent radiation therapy of 50.4Gy for ERCC1 high esophageal cancers at the treating physician’s discretion. We compared the differences in survival with non-platinum versus platinum CRT. Methods: Retrospective analysis from 2011 to 2016 identified 25 locally advanced esophageal cancer patients in whom ERCC1 levels were checked. Out of this 25 patients 23 had high ERCC1 levels and 2 had low ERCC1 levels. Patien...
The New Communism: Reflections at the End of Capitalism and the Need for Engaging Minor Sciences

Along with Alain Badiou and Antonio Negri, for Vattimo and Zabala the idea of communism, after being pulverized, exorcised, and largely forgotten in the wake of the Cold War, is having a come-back. Of course at the popular level of American political discourse, the word socialism is a curse-word, and communism cannot even be invoked in any serious way. So communism remains marginalized and relegated to European and American academic Leftists, but Vattimo and Zabala raise the question anew in extraordinarily fresh, important and original theoretical terms. This chapter engages with and expands upon Vattimo and Zabala’s analysis to consider the stakes of their intervention as well as reflect on the “return of the Real” in terms of an ecology that would constitute an absolute limit for capitalist growth. If capitalist growth is unsustainable in absolute terms, because it is based on indefinite increase of products, production and profits, then it can only survive in relative terms, by allocating more and more resources to fewer and fewer people and corporations and impoverishing more and more people. Put simply, capitalism has metastatized, and it will kill us if we do not develop and implement an alternative. And any alternative to capitalism would have to be broadly communistic, in Vattimo and Zabala’s terms.
“I Felt Guilty for Being So Happy”: Narrative Expressions and Management of Postdivorce Ambivalence

Scholars have highlighted ambivalence as a central feature of experiences of divorce and its aftermath and discussed ambivalence as an important issue for divorcees in adjusting to their new status...
Causal effect study of high cholesterol on myopia

Estimating treatment effects with observational data is very difficult because of contextual confounding, imbalanced case and control group size and etc. In this paper, we present the causal inference methods (propensity score matching estimate and propensity score weighting estimate) that can help to address these problems, aiming at providing unbiased estimates of treatment effects by controlling other possible factors to perform a randomized experiment. Based on the data collected from 773 participants in Personal Genome Project database, we employ the causal inference methods to estimate the treatment effects of high cholesterol on myopia. In our approach, we first estimate the average treatment effect for treated group (high cholesterol participants) on myopia by conducting two causal inference methods. Afterwards, we verify our estimation by performing pseudo treatment and sensitivity analysis. Based on our research, participants with high cholesterol have a chance of getting myopia 10% higher than if they did not have high cholesterol. Our findings lead to a new path for biomedical researchers to discover the novel genome-wide causation, from which the causal effect of high cholesterol on myopia is derived.
INFLUENCE OF TEXTURE AND SLIP MODE ON CREEP CONSTITUTIVE BEHAVIOR OF HEXAGONAL METALS

Abstract Steady-state creep behavior in hexagonal metals is modeled using a uniform strain-rate upper-bound estimate for power-law behavior. Single crystal creep is assumed to occur on prismatic, basal, and pyramidal slip systems in proportion to the resolved shear stress raised to a power. Polycrystalline behavior is deduced from the range of crystallite behavior by averaging using the crystallite orientation distribution function (CODF). Two textures of engineering importance are modeled: a radial sheet rolling texture and a bimodal tubing texture. Predicted multiaxial creep behavior is mapped and compared with the isotropic idealization. Power-law behavior for stress exponents, n, in the range 1≤n≤6 are compared with the Taylor-Bishop-Hill bound for rigid/perfectly plastic material (n=∞). Results for the bimodal tube texture are compared with creep data obtained at 673°K for highly cold-worked Zircaloy tubing. Substantial creep anisotropy is predicted in non-isotropic polycrystals when one slip mode is preferred over the others. Comparisons of the model with 673°K cold-worked Zircaloy tube data suggest a high reliance on basal slip to maintain microcompatibility in low ĉ/â, hexagonal metals. This requirement is observed to relax in recrystallized Zircaloy tubing of nominally the same crystallographic texture, suggesting hardening of prismatic slip due to prior cold-working.
Finishing a Friendly Argument: The Jury and the Historical Origins of Diversity Jurisdiction

This Article argues that diversity jurisdiction was intended to funnel politically significant litigation into the federal courts principally because federal officials would have the power to dictate the composition of federal juries. All existing accounts for the origins of diversity jurisdiction ultimately rely upon putative differences between the state and federal benches for their explanations of the jurisdiction's origin. This emphasis on the bench is anachronistic, however, because the jury possessed far more power than the bench to decide cases in eighteenth-century American courts. American juries during this period customarily had the right to decide issues of law as well as fact and were largely beyond the control of the bench. The Framers saw state court juries - independent bodies of citizens with almost unfettered power to resolve legal disputes -as one of the greatest dangers in allo wing ordinary citizens too much control over the governance of the nation. By wresting adjudicative power out of the hands of state court juries and bestowing it upon federal juries whose compositions could be tightly controlled by federal officials, diversity jurisdiction accomplished the Constitution's overarching purpose of checking the operation of "unrestrained" democracy in the states.Once the federal courts were established, federal officials controlled the composition of federal juries in several ways. In most districts, federal marshals dictated the composition of federal juries by hand-selecting jurors of their choice. In addition, Congress ensured that the political, economic, and social characteristics of federal juries would differ dramatically from their state counterparts by providing that the federal courts would draw their juries overwhelmingly from the urban, commercial centers of the nation. The state courts, by contrast, drew their juries predominantly from the agrarian populations living outside those centers. It is highly unlikely that this pervasive control over the composition of federal juries was an unintended consequence of the Constitution. Instead, as this Article argues, the evidence strongly suggests that the federal officials' control over the composition of federal juries constituted the single most important impetus behind the creation of diversity jurisdiction and a significant rationale for the establishment of the lower federal courts.
Sobre mito e historia en las tradiciones nahuas

El pensamiento religioso y la mitologia han sido intereses dominantes en los estudios mexicanistas desde sus comien zos. Todo ello implica la relaci6n entre mito e historia. Las tradiciones sobre los toltecas y sobre el origen de los pueblos historicos, con sus peregrinaciones y su asentamiento defini tivo, se conectan con mitos cosmogonicos pero tambien con lugares de la historia, con caudillos fundadores de ciudades y con antepasados de las dinastias reinantes. Es decir, que combinan lo que estudiosos modernos distinguen como mito o historia, fiction o realidad. Ha habido interpretaciones muy distintas. Predomino en la mexicanistica de hace un siglo la idea de que esas tradi ciones eran mitos sin contenido historico. Autores como Eduard Seler y sus discipulos negaron la realidad historica de la Tollan y Aztlan de las tradiciones y la existencia de un Quetzalcoatl o un Moteuczoma como personajes historicos que hubieran gobernado en esas ciudades. Tambien se ex tendio la idea de que la base historica que pudiera haber en las leyendas sobre los toltecas se debia referir no a Tula, Hi dalgo, y su arido ambiente, hostil a un centro culto y popu loso, sino a Teotihuacan, cuyas ruinas gigantescas eran prueba palpable de la existencia de una gran civilization ya extinta. Los que nos formamos en los comienzos de la Es cuela Nacional de Antropologia vivimos una de esas revisio nes que tanto abundan en la investigacion historica. Wig
Is Altruism (Always) Good for Society?The Problem of Particularistic Giving in a Diverse Society

Altruism is regarded as worth encouragement by public policy. However, altruism is rarely universal, directed at people in general or to the needy in particular. The vast majority of donors give mo...
Fatigue analysis of the fiber reinforced additively manufactured objects

This research project analyzes the fatigue properties of fiber-reinforced additively manufactured (FRAM) specimens depending on the effect of fiber orientation, infill type, and composition of FRAM material. Testing specimens with several fiber orientation, infill type, and material compositions were printed using a 3D printer capable of printing with carbon fiber, fiberglass, and Kevlar. Specimens were tested in a tension-tension mode with a stress ratio, R = 0.1. The data collected was analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) to investigate the significance of the load, number of rings, and materials on the number of cycles to failure. A number of specimens were tested until they were broken. Highest resistance to failure were of the specimens made of “isotropic” infill carbon fiber with zero and one ring. From the ANOVA results, material, load, and the number of rings are all significant with regard to the number of cycles to failure. ANOVA also showed that load and material interaction were slightly significant to fatigue life. Fiber can be varied for each layer of the specimens, thus changing the mechanical properties of a part. Experiments like these can better the understanding of material properties to improve life of parts under cyclic loading.
Toward Joint Image Generation and Compression using Generative Adversarial Networks.

In this paper, we present a generative adversarial network framework that generates compressed images instead of synthesizing raw RGB images and compressing them separately. In the real world, most images and videos are stored and transferred in a compressed format to save storage capacity and data transfer bandwidth. However, since typical generative adversarial networks generate raw RGB images, those generated images need to be compressed by a post-processing stage to reduce the data size. Among image compression methods, JPEG has been one of the most commonly used lossy compression methods for still images. Hence, we propose a novel framework that generates JPEG compressed images using generative adversarial networks. The novel generator consists of the proposed locally connected layers, chroma subsampling layers, quantization layers, residual blocks, and convolution layers. The locally connected layer is proposed to enable block-based operations. We also discuss training strategies for the proposed architecture including the loss function and the transformation between its generator and its discriminator. The proposed method is evaluated using the publicly available CIFAR-10 dataset and LSUN bedroom dataset. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to generate compressed data with competitive qualities. The proposed method is a promising baseline method for joint image generation and compression using generative adversarial networks.
Cognitive and affective responses to political disinformation in Facebook

Abstract The epidemic of political disinformation in social media has in part triggered the transition to the post-truth era in which emotional and ideological appeals are more influential in shaping public opinion than objective facts. In this study we examined the cognitive and affective responses that political disinformation prompted in Facebook, as the most popular social media platform. Through text analysis of user comments corpora on nearly 2,100 political posts from popular sources in Facebook, we found that compared to true news, political disinformation received significantly less analytic responses from Facebook followers. While the results indicated greater anxiety in responses to true news, responses to political disinformation were filled with greater anger and incivility. We also found similar (low) levels of cognitive thinking in responses to extreme conservative and extreme liberal disinformation. Contrary to prior research findings, our results indicated that responses to extreme liberal disinformation in Facebook were filled with greater anger and incivility. This suggests that the incivility and outrage in online political discourses should not be attributed to a specific political party without considering the concurrent political events.
Study of caregivers regarding pediatric poisoning

The overall objective was to characterize action by caregivers when a potential poison exposure occurs and identify barriers to poison control center (PCC) utilization. A prospective survey of caregivers of pediatric patients who presented to an emergency department for a potential poison exposure was completed by each study participant. A total of 371 surveys were completed between August 2016 and August 2017. The majority of patients were 3 years or younger. Caucasians were more likely to have heard of the PCC, had the toll-free number available, and had previously called compared with other races and ethnicities. Caregivers with some government insurance were more likely to think that PCCs report child poisoning calls to authorities. Education efforts of nationwide PCCs focus on awareness of the PCC as well as poison prevention strategies. Understanding barriers to utilization of PCC and populations who are more likely to underutilize the PCC can help direct education efforts.
Coulomb bridge function and the pair-distribution functions of the two-dimensional electron liquid in the quantum regime

The electron-electron pair-distribution functions (PDFs) of the two-dimensional (2D) electron fluid in the quantum regime (at $T=0$) are calculated using a classical-map-hypernetted-chain scheme and compared with currently available quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations in the coupling range ${r}_{s}=1$ to 50. We iteratively extract the bridge function of the ``equivalent'' classical 2D liquid in the quantum regime. These bridge functions $B(r)$ are relatively insensitive to spin-polarization effects. The structure of the bridge functions changes significantly for ${r}_{s}g6$, suggesting the onset of strongly correlated clusters. The new $B(r)$, appropriate for the long-range Coulomb potential, can be used to replace the hard-sphere $B(r)$ previously used in these calculations. They provide accurate classical representations of the QMC-PDFs even at very strong coupling, and probably at finite-$T$ near $T=0$.
Crime and off-premise alcohol outlets: do characteristics matter?

Areas with higher off-premise alcohol outlet availability have higher rates of violent, property, and disorder crime. Less is known about the characteristics of off-premise outlets that can explain the alcohol outlets–crime relationship. This study examined the association between off-premise alcohol outlets and crime and identified the characteristics associated with crime occurring in off-premise environs (50-ft buffer around the outlet) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (N = 279). Violent, property, and disorder crime rates were 25, 19, and 17 times higher, respectively, in off-premise environs compared to anywhere else in Milwaukee. The immediate environment characteristics associated with crime in off-premise environs included security bars/gratings on the doors or windows of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, evidence of people drinking alcohol, painted over graffiti, and foot traffic in front of the outlet. The outlet characteristics associated with crime in off-premise environs included an alley bordering the outlet, security bars/gratings on doors or windows of the outlet, outlet type (i.e., grocery or convenience store), visible garbage or litter inside the outlet, outlet lighting and building condition, and the presence of security guard employees inside the outlet. This study provides practical information for situational crime prevention efforts and local alcohol policy.
Understanding Caregiver Strain and Related Constructs in Caregivers of Youth with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

There is evidence to suggest the level of caregiver strain experienced by parents and other caregivers may have implications for engagement in their child’s mental health and education services. This is particularly important for caregivers of youth with emotional and behavioral disorders in special education, as these caregivers tend to be less involved than other caregivers. The purpose of this study was to understand caregiver strain and theoretically-related constructs in caregivers of youth with emotional and behavioral disorders. The sample included 112 caregivers of youth receiving special education services for Emotional Disturbance (ED). Using structural equation modeling and the Modified Double ABCX Model as a theoretical framework, the relationships among caregiver strain, stressors, resources, and perceptions were examined. Consistent with findings from previous studies, results indicated that more problems with youth functioning were related to higher levels of caregiver strain. Resources were found to be positively related to both perceptions and caregiver strain. The strongest relationship was observed between caregiver perceptions and caregiver strain, with more negative perceptions associated with higher levels of caregiver strain. Findings reveal the nature of the relationships among caregiver strain and related constructs, as well as the potential importance of perceptions as a target for interventions for families and youth. An understanding of caregiver strain as it relates to stressors, resources, and perceptions provides insight into how we might leverage these factors in order to increase caregiver engagement in services, ultimately improving outcomes for youth and their families.
Kidney transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma: A word of caution:

Multiple myeloma is the most common hematologic malignancy to result in end-stage kidney disease. Due to frequent relapses and extensive renal involvement, it has historically been seen as a relati...
Pedodiversity of the Great Lakes Coastal Zone

Based on the density of soil series within 5 km of the shorelines, all five of the Great Lakes have a high level of pedodiversity.
Safety and feasibility of carotid revascularization in patients with cerebral embolic strokes associated with carotid webs and histopathology revisited

IntroductionCarotid web is increasingly recognized as the cause of ischemic embolic strokes in younger patients. The best way to treat carotid web is debatable and carotid artery stenting (CAS) has...
Conceptualizing and Measuring Binge Watching

Binge watching has risen in popularity, and thus is receiving increasing scholarly attention. Across the limited range of studies that have been conducted, there is a lack of uniform conceptualizat...
Institutional Investor Preferences: Evidence from Exchange-Traded Notes

We use the introduction of exchange-traded notes (ETNs) as a way to examine which characteristics of institutional investors’ preferences are generalizable across new types of security design, as well as to infer which of the novel characteristics of ETN are in demand from institutions. As with equities, we find that institutions are drawn to ETNs with higher levels of capitalization, liquidity, and risk. Unlike in equity markets, we find no association between past returns, representing either momentum of contrarian patterns, and institutional preferences for ETNs. Instead, institutions engage in contrarian behavior by chasing underpriced ETNs. Lastly, we find changes in institutional holdings to be positively associated with future ETN returns. Overall, our results suggest that preferences of institutional investors are robust across security types, but that inferences made only with regard to equities can be incomplete.
The value of car ownership and use in the United States

It is widely accepted that consumers underestimate the full cost of car ownership and that correcting this bias could meaningfully accelerate the adoption of shared mobility. Yet this argument fails to consider how much benefit consumers enjoy from owning their own vehicle. Here we estimate the value of private car ownership and use in four US metro areas—Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; Seattle, Washington; and Washington DC—using online discrete choice experiments. We find that, on average, people would need to be paid $11,197 to give up access to their privately owned vehicle for one year, which is at least as much as estimates of the average total private cost of vehicle ownership (~$9,000). Critically, we find that more than half of this value is non-use value—such as the option to travel whenever or wherever needed at a moment’s notice and the status that comes from owning one’s own vehicle—beyond the use value of getting from A to B. Further, this non-use value was found to be much higher during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings reframe the conversation around the transition away from private vehicle dependence, emphasizing the need to provide value and convenience if alternative mobility solutions are to be widely adopted. A choice experiment shows that perceived benefits of vehicle ownership, including non-use values such as schedule flexibility and status in addition to the transport value, are on average larger than their private costs.
Natural Selection of Interaction Structures in Communities with Many Populations

I now expand to communities of many populations the method of examining community interaction structure selection and evolution begun in Chapter 9. Required is the abstract view of system used in the previous chapter: $$ {\text{System = }}\left\langle \begin{gathered} populations{\text{ }} \hfill \\ and{\text{ direct , environment, }}_{{{\text{operator}}}}^{{ \circ ,{\text{ the followed - by}}}}{\text{ }} \hfill \\ effects\left( { + ,0, - } \right){\text{ }} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right\rangle {\text{.}} $$
Higher Mortality in registrants with sudden model for end-stage liver disease increase: Disadvantaged by the current allocation policy.

Liver allocation is based on current Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores, with priority in the case of a tie being given to those waiting the longest with a given MELD score. We hypothesized that this priority might not reflect risk: registrants whose MELD score has recently increased receive lower priority but might have higher wait-list mortality. We studied wait-list and posttransplant mortality in 69,643 adult registrants from 2002 to 2013. By likelihood maximization, we empirically defined a MELD spike as a MELD increase ≥ 30% over the previous 7 days. At any given time, only 0.6% of wait-list patients experienced a spike; however, these patients accounted for 25% of all wait-list deaths. Registrants who reached a given MELD score after a spike had higher wait-list mortality in the ensuing 7 days than those with the same resulting MELD score who did not spike, but they had no difference in posttransplant mortality. The spike-associated wait-list mortality increase was highest for registrants with medium MELD scores: specifically, 2.3-fold higher (spike versus no spike) for a MELD score of 10, 4.0-fold higher for a MELD score of 20, and 2.5-fold higher for a MELD score of 30. A model incorporating the MELD score and spikes predicted wait-list mortality risk much better than a model incorporating only the MELD score. Registrants with a sudden MELD increase have a higher risk of short-term wait-list mortality than is indicated by their current MELD score but have no increased risk of posttransplant mortality; allocation policy should be adjusted accordingly.
Perioral Dermatitis From a Flavored Lip Balm

Intrigue with scents and odors of cosmetics and other medicaments occasionally has resulted in injury to the user. Frequently, the popularity of these products is enhanced by fadism and eye-catching advertising. One recent fad is Bonne Bell Lip-Smackers, large, attractively packaged, semisolid sticks available in multiple flavors and marketed to protect the lips from sunburn and chapping. The case of an 11-year-old girl with a dermatitis of four months9 duration is presented to illustrate the insidious nature of sensitivity to this product. CASE REPORT An 11-year-old girl with an unremarkable medical history had swelling, erythema, and irritation of the lips in mid-January.
Chapter 24 Lateral variability of the estuarine turbidity maximum in a tidal strait

The behavior of the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) in response to freshwater flow, tidal forcing, and bed dynamics has been studied extensively by many researchers. However, the majority of investigations focus on the longitudinal position and strength of the ETM, which can vary over tidal, spring-neap, and seasonal timescales. ETMs may become longitudinally fixed due to bathymetric constraints, and thus the lateral position may vary significantly on differing timescales. Lateral dynamics of the ETM may affect contaminant uptake in biologically active regions, while local deposition patterns may be affected by the dominant lateral position. A longitudinally fixed ETM in Carquinez Strait, California, was studied to specifically investigate the dynamics of lateral ETM variability during April 2004. an abrupt topographical control on the north side restricts gravitational circulation resulting in convergence and particle trapping, creating the ETM. The cross-section was continuously monitored with two upward-looking velocity profilers and four optical backscatterance sensors. In addition, cross-sectional measurements over one tidal cycle were performed during a spring tide with boat-mounted velocity and water quality profilers. The lateral and vertical positions of the ETM center of mass varied by a maximum of 250 and 5 m, respectively (20% of width and 17% of depth) over the tidal timescale, while tidally averaged lateral and vertical positions varied substantially less (50 and 1 m, respectively). ETM position responded to tidal energy (Urms), with higher vertical position and a laterally centered position resulting from increased mixing during spring tides, and a northerly lateral position from decreased mixing during neap tides. Hydrodynamic and sediment transport modeling of this period reproduces the lateral and vertical movements of the ETM center of mass. Modeling results indicate increased gravitational circulation in the strait and enhanced particle trapping on the north side during neap tides, thus displacing the ETM center of mass to the north. The south side has no topographical control, and therefore no particle trapping mechanism exists on the south side. Secondary circulation is strengthened on spring tides, distributing near-bed sediment toward the south. The field and modeling results are in agreement with previous work in Carquinez Strait and further elucidate the strong lateral variation of the ETM, even in narrow, energetic tidal straits.
Locus of Control

Locus of control (LOC) is a personality variable that reflects people's generalized expectancies for control of reinforcements of rewards. Individuals who believe that they control rewards are internals and individuals who do not believe this are externals. LOC scales have been developed to be both general and domain specific, such as LOC in the workplace. Studies have shown that general scales are more strongly associated with general criteria, such as life satisfaction, whereas work LOC relates more strongly to work-relevant criteria, such as job attitudes or performance. Keywords: locus of control; motivation; work locus of control; expectancy theory; personality
Metallicities and α-Abundancesin Open Clusters

Galactic open clusters exhibit a range of properties that make them valuable probes of stellar and galactic chemical evolution. Metallicities have been determined for open clusters through a variety of photometric and spectroscopic techniques. The status of available data is reviewed and an overview of what these metallicities reveal about Galactic chemical evolution is given. Although many fewer determinations of elemental abundances in open clusters have been made, they serve as useful indicators of nucleosynthesis in previous generations. The available data suggest that the open clusters present a fairly uniform population similar to that of the disk field stars in the solar neighborhood, even to ages of 10 Gyr. There are intriguing indications that the outermost clusters in the disk deviate from the overall abundance gradient and show enhanced α-elements.