cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergistic sedative effects of noradrenergic α1- and β-receptor blockade on forebrain electroencephalographic and behavioral indices

Abstract The locus coeruleus–noradrenergic system exerts an activating influence on forebrain neuronal and behavioral activity states. For example, in the anesthetized rat, unilateral locus coeruleus stimulation elicits bilateral activation of forebrain electroencephalographic activity. Pretreatment with a noradrenergic β-antagonist blocks this effect, suggesting that β-receptors play a critical role in locus coeruleus-dependent activation of the forebrain. Consistent with this, stimulation of β-receptors located in certain basal forebrain structures evokes sustained periods of alert waking in the unanesthetized rat. Similar forebrain and behavioral activating effects are observed with α 1 -receptor stimulation within these basal forebrain regions. To assess the extent to which α 1 - and β-receptors contribute to the maintenance of behavioral and forebrain activation, we examined the electroencephalographic and behavioral effects of α 1 -, β- and combined α 1 /β-receptor blockade in the unanesthetized rat. Rats were treated individually or in combination with either varying doses of the α 1 -antagonist, prazosin (intraperitoneally), and/or the β-antagonist, timolol (intracerebroventricularly). Thirty minutes following treatment, animals were placed in a mildly-arousing novel environment, which has been demonstrated previously to elicit activation of central noradrenergic systems and sustained waking in vehicle-treated controls. Behavior and electroencephalographic activity were recorded and later scored. Electroencephalographic activity was analysed using power spectrum analysis. The following were observed: (i) β-receptor blockade alone does not alter behavioral or electroencephalographic indices of alert waking; (ii) α 1 -receptor blockade alone increases high-voltage spindle activity in cortical electroencephalographic activity that was associated with decreased behavioral activity; (iii) combined α 1 - and β-receptor blockade elicits a substantial increase in slow-wave activity (0.33–2.0 Hz), also in association with decreased behavioral activity. All of these effects were dependent on the dose administered and time following initiation of testing. These results indicate that the combined actions of α 1 - and β-receptors exert distinct and synergistic actions on cortical neuronal activity patterns that are essential elements of alert waking.
Quantitation of serum lipids by a simple TLC-charring method.

Abstract The thin layer chromatographic-charring technique of Marsh and Weinstein has been shown to provide a simple, rapid means for the estimation of serum lipids. The method involves separation of lipids by thin layer chromatography, scraping the spot into a test tube, charring with concentrated H2SO4 and determination of the absorbance at 375 nm. Results obtained by this method compare favorably with the Sperry-Webb and Van Handel-Zilversmit methods for cholesterol and triglycerides, respectively.
Initial stability measurement of dental implants placed in different anatomical regions of fresh human cadaver jawbone

Statement of problem Initial implant stability has been used as an indicator for future osseointegration and whether an immediate/early loading protocol should be applied. However, differences in initial stability in relation to anatomical regions of jawbone have not been studied extensively because of the risks involved with stability measurements. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether initial implant stability varies with anatomical regions of the jawbone. Material and methods Four pairs of edentulous maxillae and mandibles were retrieved from fresh human cadavers. Six implants (Biomet 3i) per pair were placed in different anatomical regions (maxillary anterior, right and left maxillary posterior, mandibular anterior, right and left mandibular posterior). Immediately after implant placement, initial implant stability was measured with a custom-made resonance frequency analyzer, a commercial resonance frequency analysis device (Osstell), and a mechanical tapping device (Periotest). All implant surgeries and initial stability measurements were performed within 72 hours of death to simulate a clinical setting. Repeated measures ANOVA (α=.05) and univariate correlation analyses were used to analyze the data. Results Mandibular implants had significantly higher initial stability than maxillary implants. Posterior maxillary implants were least stable. Stability was less buccolingually than mesiodistally. The measurements from 3 stability measuring devices were strongly associated with each other. Conclusions Initial implant stability varied among anatomical regions of jawbone. Rank of Periotest value and implant stability quotient (Osstell) had the highest correlation (r=-0.852). (J Prosthet Dent 2008;99:425-434)
Associative searching in multiple storage units

A file maintenance model, called the multiple random access storage units model, is introduced. Storage units can be accessed simultaneously, and the parallel processing of an associative query is achieved by distributing data evenly among the storage units. Maximum parallelism is obtained when data satisfying an associative query are evenly distributed for every possible query. An allocation scheme called M-cycle allocation is proposed to maintain large files of data on multiple random access storage units. The allocation scheme provides an efficient and straightforward indexing over multidimensional key spaces and supports the parallel processing of orthogonal range queries. Our analysis shows that M-cycle allocation achieves the near-optimum parallelism for processing the orthogonal range queries. Moreover, there is no duplication of records and no increase in insertion/deletion cost.
Mass transfer limitations in immobilized cells.

Article de synthese sur les transferts de masse interphase et intraphase; performance de reacteurs a cellules immobilisees
Cardiovascular endurance and heart rate variability in adolescents with type 1 or type 2 diabetes

Background Incidence rates of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are increasing in youth and may eventually contribute to premature heart disease in early adulthood. This investigation explored the influence of type of diabetes, gender, body mass index (BMI), metabolic control (HbA1c), exercise beliefs and physical activity on cardiovascular endurance (CE), and heart rate variability (HRV). Differences in exercise beliefs, physical activity, HRV, and CE in youth with type 1 versus type 2 DM were determined.
Preparation and properties of hydrogen storage alloy-copper microcapsules

Abstract Fine particles of hydrogen storage alloys such as LaNi5 and MmNi4.5-Mn0.5 (Mm  misch metal) were encapsulated in a thin layer of copper 1–2 μm thick by means of a special chemical plating method. This treatment prevented further disintegration of the metal and improved the thermal conductivity. The alloy-copper microcapsules, which had dimensions of less than 30 μm, were able to absorb hydrogen easily without special activation and exhibited no decrease in hydrogen storage capacity. Pellets obtained by compressing the microencapsulated powder under a pressure of 5–10 tf cm−2 did not show any visible cracks after 1000 hydrogen sorption cycles.
Arginase-mediated "field" defects in AML.

In this issue of Blood , Mussai et al report on the ability of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts to inhibit the immune system and hematopoiesis through aberrantly high levels of arginase II activity.[1][1] AML is a clinically, genetically, and epigenetically heterogeneous disease.[2][2] Both
Electron Microscopy and The Phylogeny of Green Algae and Land Plants

Electron microscopy of dividing green algal cells has demonstrated that there are two quite separate phyletic lines in the Ulotrichales and Chaetophorales, groups that are considered classically to have provided the progenitors of the green land plants. These groups are distinguished by whether their mitotic spindle is “open” or “closed,” and whether their cytokinetic apparatus at telophase contains a persistent interzonal spindle in which the microtubules are oriented perpendicular to the plane of cytokinesis (including the phragmoplast), or a “phycoplast,” in which the microtubules are coplanar with the plane of cytokinesis. The majority of genera of these two groups are related and have the closed spindle and phycoplast, and so they are allied with the Volvocales, Chlorococcales, and the Oedogoniales. A few genera from each group have the open spindle and the persistent interzonal telophase spindle or the phragmoplast (the derivative of the persistent spindle), as do the Conjugales (Zygnematales) and the Charales. That these latter plants are related phyletically to the land plants is clearly demonstrated by the structure of their motile cells (where formed): these are intrinsically asymmetric and possess a single band of cytoskeletal microtubules, just as do the sperm cells of bryophytes, ferns, cycads, and the gyninosperni tree, Gingko. In contrast, the motile cells of genera which have the phycoplast are derived from a much more symmetrical (Chlamydomonad) cell-type with 2–4 bands of cytoskeletal microlubules emanating from 2–4 basal bodies.
Structural determinants of substrates and inhibitors: probing glutamate transporters with 2,4-methanopyrroldidine-2,4-dicarboxylate

Using an intramolecular [2 + 2] photocyclization, 2,4-methanopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate was prepared as a conformationally locked analogue of glutamate. This compound, in combination with two other pyrrolidine dicarboxylates, has been used to define the structural elements that differentiate substrate and nonsubstrate inhibitors of a high-affinity, sodium-dependent glutamate transporter.
Gut chitin synthase and sterols from larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Gut chitin synthase was characterized and the sterols and ecdysteroids in the sugarcane rootstalk borer weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus, were identified. An in vitro cell-free chitin synthase assay was developed using larval gut tissues from D. abbreviatus. Subcellular fractionation experiments showed that the majority of chitin synthase activity was located in 10,000g pellets. The gut chitin synthase requires Mg2+ to be fully active: 7–8-fold increases in activity were obtained with 10 mM Mg2+ present in reaction mixture. Calcium also stimulated activity (4–5-fold with 10 mM Ca2+), while Cu+2 completely inhibited at 1 mM. Other monovalent and divalent cations had little or no effect on activity. The pH and temperature optima were 7 and 25°C, respectively. Gut chitin synthesis was activated ca. 50% by trypsin treatments. GlcNAc stimulated chitin synthase activity, but Glc, GlcN and glycerin did not. Polyoxin D, UDP, and ADP inhibited the chitin synthase reaction with I50's of 75 μM, 2.3 mM, and 3.6 mM, respectively. Nikkomycin Z was a potent inhibitor of chitin synthase (91% inhibition at 10 μM). Tunicamycin and diflubenzuron had no effect on the enzyme. The apparent Km and Vmax for the gut chitin synthase were, respectively, 122.5 ± 7.4 μM and 426 ± 19.7 pmol/h/mg protein utilizing UDP-GlcNAc as the substrate. Sterol analyses indicated that cholesterol was the major dietary and larval sterol. HPLC/RIA data indicated that 20-hydroxyecdysone was the major molting hormone.
Noise-resolution trade-off in projection algorithms for laser diffraction particle sizing

The size distribution of a particle suspension can be inferred from studying the diffracted light pattern produced by a laser beam that passes through the suspension. This involves solving an ill-posed linear system. Two previous versions of projection algorithms were tested by use of computer simulations and experiments. Both algorithms showed limitations in restoring the size distribution, because of either the shape of the size distribution or the presence of noise in the scattered light signal. The generalized projection algorithm presented in this work solves these difficulties by introducing a parameter that allows the user to adjust the noise-resolution trade-off, making it suitable for the analysis of natural suspensions.
Designing pipelined systems with a clock period approaching pipeline register delay

A novel mesochronous pipelining scheme is described in this paper. The clock period in the proposed pipeline scheme is determined by the pipeline stage with largest difference between its minimum and maximum delays. This is a significant performance gain compared to conventional pipeline scheme where clock period is determined by stage with the maximum delay. Also, in the proposed scheme the number of pipeline stages and pipeline registers is small and the clock distribution scheme is simpler. An 8 times 8-bit carry-save adder multiplier has been implemented in mesochronous pipeline architecture using modest TSMC 180 nm. The multiplier architecture and simulation results are described in detail in this paper. The pipelined multiplier is able to operate on a clock period of 350ps (2.86GHz), with fewer pipeline stages and pipeline registers
Comparative Aspects of Coccidioidomycosis in Animals and Humans

Coccidioides spp. appear capable of infecting all mammals and at least some reptiles. Development of disease as a result of infection is species-dependent. Dogs seem to have a susceptibility similar to that of humans, with subclinical infections, mild-to-severe primary pulmonary disease, and disseminated disease. Whereas central nervous system disease in humans is typically meningitis, brain disease in dogs and cats takes the form of granulomatous parenchymal masses. Osteomyelitis is the most common form of disseminated disease in the dog, while skin lesions predominate in the cat. Orally administered azole antifungal agents are the backbone of therapy in animals as they are in humans.
PSpice simulation of one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma (OAUGDP) reactor systems

The PSpice software has been used to simulate the electrical characteristics of a one atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma (OAUGDP) reactor system. An OAUGDP reactor system normally includes a power supply, a transformer, an impedance matching network, and the plasma reactor. The principal task in simulation is to develop a comprehensive PSpice model for the plasma discharge in an OAUGDP reactor, which may consist either of two parallel electrode plates with a small gap between them, or a planar plasma layer generated by coplanar parallel electrode strips. In an OAUGDP, at least one electrode is covered with a dielectric, which can be modeled as a capacitor, as can the gap containing the plasma. The plasma discharge itself is modeled as a voltage-controlled current source that is switched on when the voltage across the gap exceeds the plasma initiation voltage. The current source and its output current follow a power law of the applied voltage, an observed phenomenological characteristic of the voltage-current behavior of normal glow discharges. Simulation results agree well with experimental data from actual reactors. It has been found that in different operating regimes, the discharge current of the OAUGDP is described by voltage power laws with different exponents, and that the capacitance of the impedance matching network affects the shape of the modeled discharge current waveform in a manner consistent with experiment.
Interaction of nebulin SH3 domain with titin PEVK and myopalladin: implications for the signaling and assembly role of titin and nebulin

Skeletal muscle nebulin is thought to determine thin filament length and regulate actomyosin interaction in a calcium/calmodulin or S100 sensitive manner. We have investigated the binding of nebulin SH3 with proline-rich peptides derived from the 28-mer PEVK modules of titin and the Z-line protein myopalladin, using fluorescence, circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Of the six peptides studied, PR2 of titin (VPEKKAPVAPPK) and myopalladin MyoP2 (646VKEPPPVLAKPK657) bind to nebulin SH3 with micromolar affinity (∼31 and 3.4 μM, respectively), whereas the other four peptides bind weakly (>100 μM). Sequence analysis of titins reveals numerous SH3 binding motifs that are highly enriched in the PEVK segments of titin isoforms. Our findings suggest that titin PEVK and myopalladin may play signaling roles in targeting and orientating nebulin to the Z-line during sarcomere assembly.
Effectiveness of an optimizing compiler for arithmetic expressions

This paper defines the notion of effectiveness of an optimizing compiler and presents a proof that a simple optimizing compiler is effective. An optimizing compiler typically consists of a basic compiler and a set of optimizations for special cases. The fundamental notion of effectiveness is that the basic compiler is correct, all of the optimization transformations preserve correctness, and produce essentially equivalent programs which have a smaller value relative to a specified weighting function.
The mobot museum robot installations: a five year experiment

This paper summarizes a long-term project to install and maintain socially interactive, autonomous mobile robots in public spaces. We have deployed four robots over the past five years, accumulating a total operational time exceeding seven years. This document introduces the robots, then focuses on lessons learned from each deployment. Finally, this paper describes how this entire project came to a close, offering a cautionary tale for those who wish to embark on such an effort in the future.
Non-Equilibrium Theories of Electrolyte Solutions

Dynamic aspects of electrolyte solution theory are explored through a generalized Langevin approach as well as through a van Hove/Smoluchowski description. The classical theory of ion-ion dynamical interactions is presented at the Debye-Falkenhagen-Onsager level, while the non-equilibrium ion-solvent interaction is analyzed from both a microscopic and a continuum viewpoint. Emphasis is placed on understanding the physics of simple models on which explicit calculations can be performed. These include electrical conductance, ionic friction coefficients, space-time correlation functions, and laser light scattering spectra for simple electrolytes and charged macromolecules.
Gender Work in a Feminized Profession The Case of Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary medicine has undergone dramatic, rapid feminization while in many ways remaining gendered masculine. With women constituting approximately half of its practitioners and nearly 80 percent of students, veterinary medicine is the most feminized of the comparable health professions. Nevertheless, the culture of veterinary medicine glorifies stereotypically masculine actions and attitudes. This article examines how women veterinarians understand the gender dynamics within the profession. Our analysis reveals that the discursive strategies available to women sustain and justify the status quo, and thus preserve hegemonic masculinity. Women use strategies previously used toward female tokens in nontraditional jobs, such as role encapsulation, and strategies previously used by male tokens in traditionally female jobs, such as distancing from the feminine. Through this discursive “gender work,” women help to maintain the institutionalized inequality and the masculine ethic of the profession. Veterinary ...
AIDS susceptibility in a migrant population: perception and behavior.

Within the framework of the Health Belief Model, this paper examines correlates of perception of AIDS susceptibility among 846 drug-using migrant farm workers and their sex partners. Significant but relatively small differences by ethnicity and gender were found. The data showed a consistent significant statistical relationship between frequency of drug use, high-risk sexual behavior, and perception of AIDS susceptibility. Perception of AIDS susceptibility was significantly related to a subsequent reduction in sexual risk behaviors. Consistent with the Health Belief Model, the data suggest that increasing perception of AIDS susceptibility may be an important motivator in reducing high-risk behaviors. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]
Markov model based congestion control for TCP

The random early detection (RED) scheme for congestion control in TCP is well known over a decade. Due to a number of control parameters in RED, it cannot make acceptable packet-dropping decision, especially, under heavy network load and high delay to provide high throughput and low packet loss rate. We propose a solution to this problem using Markov chain based decision rule. We modeled the oscillation of the average queue size as a homogeneous Markov chain with three states and simulated the system using the network simulator software NS-2. The simulations show that the proposed scheme successfully estimates the maximum packet dropping probability for random early detection. It detects the congestion very early and adjusts the packet-dropping probability so that RED can make wise packet-dropping decisions. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides improved connection throughput and reduced packet loss rate.
The Viking Gas Exchange Experiment results from Chryse and Utopia surface samples

Immediate gas changes occurred when untreated Martian surface samples were humidified and/or wet by an aqueous nutrient medium in the Viking lander gas exchange experiment. The evolutions of N2, CO2, and Ar are mainly associated with soil surface desorption caused by water vapor, while O2 evolution is primarily associated with decomposition of superoxides inferred to be present on Mars. On recharges with fresh nutrient and test gas, only CO2 was given off, and its rate of evolution decreased with each recharge. This CO2 evolution is thought to come from the oxidation of organics present in the nutrient by gamma Fe2O3 in the surface samples. Atmospheric analyses were also performed at both sites. The mean atmospheric composition from four analyses is N2, 2.3%; O2, not greater than 0.15%; Ar, 1.5% and CO2, 96.2%.
Using Procedural Scaffolding to Support Online Learning Experiences

Constructing instructional content for online learning is a significant, demanding task. The instructional designer must understand the specific learners and their tasks to build a course that is effective, efficient, and enjoyable. Even more demanding is establishing an authentic learning community online. Designing how students will interact with each other, with the content, and with the instructor can foster connectedness and overcome isolation. Students can share their own experiences and knowledge, learning from each other as well as from the Web site and instructor. Procedural scaffolding creates effective learning experiences online by establishing a personalized learning environment, structuring group and individual communication, and creating work-based contexts.
Contemporary results of total aortic arch replacement.

Background and Aim: Aneurysmal dilatation of the aortic arch is uncommon, and the complex anatomy involved imposes unique technical challenges. The results of surgical intervention reported from large centers are improving; however, the degree to which these results are reproducible by other surgeons is less clear. We therefore reviewed our recent experience with total aortic arch replacement. Methods: Between July 1, 1997 and July 1, 2001 19 patients underwent complete aortic arch replacement, with or without concomitant procedures. We retrospectively reviewed perioperative results retrieved from the computerized database and clinical records. Results: The mean age of the study population was 68 ± 8.3 years (range 52 to 82), with women predominating (11 women, 8 men). All patients had hypertension. Patient history indicated active or past tobacco abuse in 16 patients (80%); cerebrovascular disease in 3, and peripheral vascular disease in 7 patients. Associated procedures included an elephant trunk in 12 (63%), replacement of the upper descending thoracic aorta in 5 (26%), concomitant coronary artery bypass in 5 (26%), and aortic root replacement in 3 (16%). One patient underwent replacement of the entire aorta from sinotubular ridge to iliac bifurcation in a single procedure. Brachiocephalic reconstruction with a “Y-graft” permitting early antegrade cerebral perfusion was performed in 12 patients. Retrograde cerebral perfusion was performed in ten patients (53%). Perioperatively, death occurred in two patients (11%) and stroke in two (11%). Conclusions: With cautious application, techniques developed in high-volume centers can also achieve satisfactory results when used at centers with a more modest case volume. (J Card Surg 2004;19:235-239)
Influenza virus variation in susceptibility to inactivation by pomegranate polyphenols is determined by envelope glycoproteins.

Pomegranates have high levels of polyphenols (PPs) and may be a rich source of compounds with antiviral activity. We evaluated the direct anti-influenza activity of three commercially available pomegranate extracts: pomegranate juice (PJ), a concentrated liquid extract (POMxl), and a 93% PP powder extract (POMxp). The acidity of PJ and POMxl solutions contributed to rapid anti-influenza activity, but this was not a factor with POMxp. Studies using POMxp showed that 5 min treatment at room temperature with 800 μg/ml PPs resulted in at least a 3 log reduction in the titers of influenza viruses PR8 (H1N1), X31 (H3N2), and a reassortant H5N1 virus derived from a human isolate. However, the antiviral activity was less against a coronavirus and reassortant H5N1 influenza viruses derived from avian isolates. The loss of influenza infectivity was frequently accompanied by loss of hemagglutinating activity. PP treatment decreased Ab binding to viral surface molecules, suggesting some coating of particles, but this did not always correlate with loss of infectivity. Electron microscopic analysis indicated that viral inactivation by PPs was primarily a consequence of virion structural damage. Our findings demonstrate that the direct anti-influenza activity of pomegranate PPs is substantially modulated by small changes in envelope glycoproteins.
The Pharmacology and Toxicology of Atypical Antipsychotic Agents

Recently, atypical antipsychotic agents have largely replaced traditional agents as first-line drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. It is likely that atypical agents will soon account for the majority of poisonings from antipsychotic agents that present to health care facilities in the US. This article reviews the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of atypical antipsychotic drugs, chiefly clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine. A descriptive summary of the human overdose experience with these agents is provided. Adverse effect and drug interaction data are reviewed. Based on the available pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and human overdose data, recommendations on management are provided.
Characterization of biological types of cattle (Cycle VI): carcass, yield, and longissimus palatability traits.

Carcass (n = 568) and longissimus thoracis palatability (n = 460) traits from F1 steers obtained from mating Hereford (H), Angus (A), and U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) III cows to H, A, Norwegian Red (NR), Swedish Red and White (RW), Friesian (F), or Wagyu (W) sires were compared. Data were adjusted to constant age (471 d), carcass weight (356 kg), fat thickness (1.0 cm), percentage of fat trim (24%), and marbling (Small35) end points. For Warner-Bratzler shear force and trained sensory panel traits, data were obtained on longissimus thoracis steaks stored at 2 degrees C for 14 d postmortem. The following comparisons were from the age-constant end point. Carcasses from H- and A-sired steers (377 and 374 kg, respectively) were the heaviest (P 0.05) among sire breeds (mean = 80.6 cm2). Carcass yield of boneless, totally trimmed retail product was least (P 0.05) for all other sire breeds (62.5 to 62.8%). Longissimus thoracis steaks from carcasses of A- (3.7 kg) and W-sired (3.7 kg) steers had lower (P 0.05) among the sire breeds. Sire breed comparisons were affected by adjusting data to other end points. Heritability estimates for various carcass, yield, and palatability traits ranged from very low (h2 = 0.06 for percentage of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat) to relatively high (h2 = 0.71 for percentage of retail product yield). Relative to the other sire breeds, W-sired steers had the highest percentage of USDA Choice, Yield grade 1 and 2 carcasses, but their carcasses were the lightest.
Architectural specification for massively parallel computers: an experience and measurement-based approach: Research Articles

In this paper, we describe the hardware and software architecture of the Red Storm system developed at Sandia National Laboratories. We discuss the evolution of this architecture and provide reasons for the different choices that have been made. We contrast our approach of leveraging high-volume, mass-market commodity processors to that taken for the Earth Simulator. We present a comparison of benchmarks and application performance that support our approach. We also project the performance of Red Storm and the Earth Simulator. This projection indicates that the Red Storm architecture is a much more cost-effective approach to massively parallel computing. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the U.S.A.
Accounting Disclosure and Real Effects

In this paper I advocate and illustrate a new approach to the study of accounting measurement and disclosure that is strikingly different from the usual studies of disclosure in pure exchange economies. This new approach studies the “real effects” of accounting disclosure, arguing that how accountants measure and report firms’ economic transactions, earnings and cash flows to capital markets has strong effects on firms’ real decisions and on resource allocation in the economy. I explicitly study the real effects of accounting for firms’ intangible investments and accounting for firms’ derivatives/hedge activities. I also shed new light on more fundamental accounting issues such as the real effects of imprecision in accounting measurement and the real effects of periodic performance reporting. Studies of real effects have the potential to inform accounting policy debates since they are built around very specific economic transactions and their accounting treatment.
Satisfaction at last: Evidence for the “satisfaction” hypothesis for multiple-target search errors

ABSTRACTMultiple-target visual searches are susceptible to Subsequent Search Miss (SSM) errors—a reduced accuracy for target detection after a previous target has already been detected. SSM errors occur in critical searches (e.g., evaluations of radiographs and airport luggage x-rays), and have proven to be a stubborn problem. A few SSM theories have been offered, and here we investigate the “satisfaction” account: failing to completely finish a search after having found a first target. Accuracy on a multiple-target search task was compared to both how long participants spent searching after finding a first target and their target sensitivity in a separate vigilance task. Less time spent searching and poor vigilance predicted higher SSM error rates. These results suggest that observers who are more likely to miss a second target are less likely to thoroughly search after finding a first target, thus offering some of the first evidence for the “satisfaction” account.
“Give Me the Stump Which Gives You the Right to Hold Your Head High” — A Homoerotics of Disability in Asian Americanist Critique

This essay performs a reading of John Okada's novel No-No Boy that examines the latent homoeroticism between the two main characters, one a disabled veteran and the other a draft resister. It shows how male-male desire may heal ruptures among Japanese American men in the wake of World War II. In doing so, this essay urges a rethinking of the terms on which Okada's novel was embraced by Asian American literary cultural nationalism in the 1970s.
Crystal structure of tetra­wickmanite, Mn2+Sn4+(OH)6

The crystal structure of tetra-wickmanite, ideally Mn(2+)Sn(4+)(OH)6 [mangan-ese(II) tin(IV) hexa-hydroxide], has been determined based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected from a natural sample from Langban, Sweden. Tetra-wickmanite belongs to the octa-hedral-framework group of hydroxide-perovskite minerals, described by the general formula BB'(OH)6 with a perovskite derivative structure. The structure differs from that of an ABO3 perovskite in that the A site is empty while each O atom is bonded to an H atom. The perovskite B-type cations split into ordered B and B' sites, which are occupied by Mn(2+) and Sn(4+), respectively. Tetra-wickmanite exhibits tetra-gonal symmetry and is topologically similar to its cubic polymorph, wickmanite. The tetra-wickmanite structure is characterized by a framework of alternating corner-linked [Mn(2+)(OH)6] and [Sn(4+)(OH)6] octa-hedra, both with point-group symmetry -1. Four of the five distinct H atoms in the structure are statistically disordered. The vacant A site is in a cavity in the centre of a distorted cube formed by eight octa-hedra at the corners. However, the hydrogen-atom positions and their hydrogen bonds are not equivalent in every cavity, resulting in two distinct environments. One of the cavities contains a ring of four hydrogen bonds, similar to that found in wickmanite, while the other cavity is more distorted and forms crankshaft-type chains of hydrogen bonds, as previously proposed for tetra-gonal stottite, Fe(2+)Ge(4+)(OH)6.
Intelligent Vehicle Fuel Saving Technologies: Comparing Three Primary Categories of Methods

In recent years, numerous control algorithms for connected and automated vehicles have emerged which focus on modifying driving strategy in order to reduce fuel usage. Referred to as “dynamic eco-driving,” these technologies have realized the possibility for additional fuel savings by utilizing information technologies rather than mechanics. The exact methodologies, however, are diverse. Three primary categories of dynamic eco-driving methodologies are identified and described: 1) ad-hoc methods, designed for the purpose of saving fuel but not considering optimality, 2) classical optimization methods, which use fuel usage modeling to solve an optimal control problem forwards in time, whether numerically or analytically, and 3) optimization by dynamic programming, in which a fuel usage-oriented cost function is minimized but solved backwards in time in discrete steps. Representatives from each of these categories are studied and implemented in simulation for comparison. Advantages and disadvantages of each relative to multiple performance measures are discussed.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Crossover design and its application in late-phase diabetes studies

Crossover design has been widely used in late-phase clinical studies, as well as in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic, bioequivalence, and medical device studies; however, its interpretability and applicability continue to be debated. Herein we provide discussions around a crossover design's scientific benefit, applicability, and how it can be implemented in late-phase diabetes studies by properly handling key issues: carryover effect, washout period, and baseline selection. Specifically, detailed considerations are provided about the validity and situations of having appropriate length of study duration to deal with carryover effects so that a washout period may not be needed. A simulation study and data mining results on 12 crossover late-phase insulin clinical trials are presented to examine the discussion points and proposals.
Clinical and drug-sensitivity study of Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia in children

Objective: To study the present situation of the sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumoniae to antibiotic, which is a common pathogen causing pneumonia among children to antibiotic and the administration in clinical. Methods: We analysed the clinical features and the sensitivity to 15 antibiotics among 40 cases of Klesiella pneumoniae who were isolated from the patients diagnosed as pneumonial and hospitalized in our hospital. Results: 40 patients were all less than 3 years old, mainly aged from 1 to 3 months old. Klesiella pneumoniae was most sensitive to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, amikacin, cefuroxime, and cefepime. 40 patients were treated effectively. Cefuroxime was most common used. Conclusions: Monitoring the drug-resistance of Klesiella pneumoniae should be carried on, which offered the basis on which Poper antibiotic could be chosen.
Andreev bound states. Some quasiclassical reflections

We discuss a very simple and essentially exactly solvable model problem which illustrates some nice features of Andreev bound states, namely, the trapping of a single Bogoliubov quasiparticle in a neutral s-wave BCS superfluid by a wide and shallow Zeeman trap. In the quasiclassical limit, the ground state is a doublet with a splitting which is proportional to the exponentially small amplitude for “normal” reflection by the edges of the trap. We comment briefly on a prima facie paradox concerning the continuity equation and conjecture a resolution to it.
Autonomous and Interdependent: Collaborative Privacy Management on Social Networking Sites

Although information sharing on social networking sites (SNSs) usually involves multiple stakeholders, limited attention has been paid so far to conceptualizing users' information practices as a collaborative process. To fill this gap in the literature, we develop a survey study to examine collaborative privacy management strategies involving co-owners of shared content. By conducting two online surveys (N = 304, 427) with different samples, our findings show how individuals protect online privacy collaboratively and how their autonomous decision making regarding privacy management is shaped by the interdependent use of SNSs with their social connections. We discuss theoretical implications to privacy research and suggest design guidelines for better supporting users' needs for collaborating with their social ties to achieve collective privacy goals.
Effect of chlorpromazine upon experimental hepatic injury.

Abstract The feeding of chlorpromazine to rats did not retard their growth, nor did it produce significant histologic or biochemical alterations. Administration of chlorpromazine to rats with hepatic injury produced by bile duct ligation, by high-fat, low-protein diet, or by carbon tetrachloride slightly depressed growth, but did not lead to significant enhancement of the hepatic, histologic, or biochemical changes. In contrast, its administration to rats with single cell hepatic necrosis from ethionine aggravated the histologic changes and also the drop of hepatic esterase and increase of hepatic alkaline phosphatase, as well as induced hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubinuria. The aggravation of the morphologic and functional manifestations of the ethionine-induced hepatic injury by chlorpromazine might serve to test the hepatotoxic activity of substances with pharmacologic action similar to chlorpromazine.
Further studies on the stimulation of L-(14C)-amino acid incorporation with cycloheximide.

The administration in vivo of cycloheximide increases the L-(14C)-amino acid incorporation in vitro in a rat liver microsomal system. A single injection of cycloheximide stimulates the in vitro system within the first hour. Two separate microsomal responses are recognized, which involve endogenous RNA and microsomal sensitivity to added messenger RNA, respectively. The former effect is more pronounced and prolonged; it persists for 5-6 days after a single injection of the drug, whereas the exogenous RNA effect returns to the level of the control in 2-3 days. The increased activity of the hepatic microsomal fraction isolated from cycloheximide-treated animals is not related to (a) changes in MgCl2, requirement of the system, (b) the stabilization of the endogenous messenger RNA, (c) factors present in the supernatant fraction of the cell. Injections of cycloheximide selectively inhibit the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes and prolong the hexobarbital sleeping time. Repeated daily injections of cycloheximide slow the overall growth rate of the treated rats relative to the controls. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was generously supported by Research Grants GM-13749 and CA-02978 from the U. S. Public Health Service. During the course of this work D. C. S. was the recipient of funds from Training Grant No. 5T1-GM-26 from the National Institute of General Medicine.
Can you hear me now

Based on the results of available literature, it appears that most NICU's are not adhering to the sound level recommendations as advised by the AAP. The excessive noise levels are placing infants at risk for both short-term and long-term negative health outcomes. NICU staff, hospital administrators, and visitors need to be educated on the deleterious effects of increased sound levels. Paying special attention to detail when designing and altering the NICU environment will also help to eliminate sources of increased noise. Eliminating excessive noise in the NICU environment is essential in promoting positive health outcomes for preterm and term infants.
mTORC2 Responds to Glutamine Catabolite Levels to Modulate the Hexosamine Biosynthesis Enzyme GFAT1

Highly proliferating cells are particularly dependent on glucose and glutamine for bioenergetics and macromolecule biosynthesis. The signals that respond to nutrient fluctuations to maintain metabolic homeostasis remain poorly understood. Here, we found that mTORC2 is activated by nutrient deprivation due to decreasing glutamine catabolites. We elucidate how mTORC2 modulates a glutamine-requiring biosynthetic pathway, the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) via regulation of expression of glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase 1 (GFAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the HBP. GFAT1 expression is dependent on sufficient amounts of glutaminolysis catabolites particularly α-ketoglutarate, which are generated in an mTORC2-dependent manner. Additionally, mTORC2 is essential for proper expression and nuclear accumulation of the GFAT1 transcriptional regulator, Xbp1s. Thus, while mTORC1 senses amino acid abundance to promote anabolism, mTORC2 responds to declining glutamine catabolites in order to restore metabolic homeostasis. Our findings uncover the role of mTORC2 in metabolic reprogramming and have implications for understanding insulin resistance and tumorigenesis.
Hyperexplexia or Hereditary Stiff Baby Syndrome

The stiff baby syndrome and its diagnostic distinction from epilepsy is reviewed from the Service de Neuronatologie, Pavillon de la Mere et l’Enfant, Nantes, France.
Pelvic Floor Anatomy and Neurovasculature Related to Urogenital Pain

Urogenital pain affects a significant portion of the world’s population. Prior to discussing treatment modalities, it will be beneficial to understand the framework of pain, the pain signal and pathway, the pelvic floor anatomy, and the neurovasculature involved. Due to the complex and multifaceted nature of pain, a multidisciplinary treatment approach offers more comprehensive palliation.
Hyperglycemia and Cancer: An Algorithm to Guide Oncology Nurses

Background A dual diagnosis of cancer and hyperglycemia has demonstrated untoward effects on patients' cancer treatment, prognosis, and survival. . Objectives The purpose of this evidence-based project is to improve knowledge and awareness of the consequences of hyperglycemia in patients with cancer, increasing nurses' capability to effectively intervene. In addition, a clinical algorithm based on current evidence was developed and is presented. . Methods An educational program was developed and pilot tested. The program addressed the etiology of hyperglycemia and its effects on patients with cancer. Knowledge of hyperglycemia in patients with cancer was assessed with a pre- and post-test. . Findings All participants found the educational program effective and deemed the clinical algorithm useful. Results improved significantly after participation in the educational intervention.
Monitoring peripheral edema of heart failure patients at home: Device, algorithm, and clinic study

Continuous monitoring of heart failure (HF) patients is desirable in order to better manage their illness and reduce unnecessary hospitalization. A comprehensive cloud-based HF patient management system is proposed to collect patients' health status information and provide just-in-time intervention. To date, an HF patient edema monitoring system prototype, including the device and its algorithm, has been developed. The hardware features multiple sensors whose data are fused using an edema classification algorithm based on a standard linear solid (SLS) edematous tissue model. Clinical data have been collected and analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the hardware and software. While the analysis results show some promise, full validation of the device and the algorithm warrant further study.
Paratuberculosis in Cattle

Paratuberculosis remains one of the most important diseases of cattle worldwide. In cattle, the disease is debilitating and is characterized by weight loss and chronic diarrhea in the later stages of infection. However, cattle in the subclinical stages of the disease often show decreased milk production and are at higher risk for development of other common production diseases. Infections with Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis are difficult to control because of long incubation periods, the absence of clinical signs until advanced stages of the disease, and the lack of completely reliable diagnostic methods in the preclinical stages of the disease.
Structures of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis GlpX protein (class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase): implications for the active oligomeric state, catalytic mechanism and citrate inhibition.

The crystal structures of native class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPaseII) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 2.6 A resolution and two active-site protein variants are presented. The variants were complexed with the reaction product fructose 6-phosphate (F6P). The Thr84Ala mutant is inactive, while the Thr84Ser mutant has a lower catalytic activity. The structures reveal the presence of a 222 tetramer, similar to those described for fructose-1,6/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase from Synechocystis (strain 6803) as well as the equivalent enzyme from Thermosynechococcus elongatus. This homo­tetramer corresponds to a homologous oligomer that is present but not described in the crystal structure of FBPaseII from Escherichia coli and is probably conserved in all FBPaseIIs. The constellation of amino-acid residues in the active site of FBPaseII from M. tuberculosis (MtFBPaseII) is conserved and is analogous to that described previously for the E. coli enzyme. Moreover, the structure of the active site of the partially active (Thr84Ser) variant and the analysis of the kinetics are consistent with the previously proposed catalytic mechanism. The presence of metabolites in the crystallization medium (for example citrate and malonate) and in the corresponding crystal structures of MtFBPaseII, combined with their observed inhibitory effect, could suggest the existence of an uncharacterized inhibition of this class of enzymes besides the allosteric inhibition by adenosine monophosphate observed for the Synechocystis enzyme. The structural and functional insights derived from the structure of MtFBPaseII will provide critical information for the design of lead inhibitors, which will be used to validate this target for future chemical intervention.
Emergence of neuromorphic photonics

Digital electronics are becoming the limiting factor in signal processing areas such as radio. Photonic integration offers new potential for moderate-scale photonic systems. Neuromorphic Photonics bridges integrated photonic physics and neural models of information processing.