cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Graded Bone Implant Material

A solid structure and porous core graded porosity materials were fabricated and characterized for potential bone replacements. Stainless steel is considered as a model material for generating graded porosity structure in this study. Powder metallurgy concepts were employed to generate constant porosity metallic implant materials and later they were sintered using a high temperature furnace with inert gas environment. Sintered materials were densified on the surface using a novel indentation tool. To verify the feasibility of our methodology, pure iron powder was used in preliminary studies. Preliminary results obtained using scanning electron microscopy images and image analysis of MATLAB indicated that the densification process generated gradation of porosity from the surface. The gradation of porosity is continuous and the gradient is high for higher densification depths. Preliminary results also indicated that hardness values changed gradually from the surface to certain depth. To control the process parameters of densification process in the fabrication, a numerical model is developed using a flow rule associated with porous materials. Micro-indentation tests will be conducted to study variation mechanical properties along the porosity gradation. Both quasi-static flexure and fracture experiments will also be conducted to understand the effect of gradation on fracture toughness and flexure strength.
Hyperthermic treatment of rabbit corneas.

Well defined heat doses (temperature X time) were applied to normal rabbit corneas in an effort to determine thermal tolerance, and to examine the effects of heat on this tissue. A purely conductive heater was chosen to minimize intraocular penetration, and avoid findings attributable to nonthermal effects of inductive sources. The etched element heater was sewn to 38 rabbit corneas. Thirty-six were treated to temperatures of 38, 45, 52 and/or 59 degrees centigrade for durations of 5,15, or 45 min. Three eyes were treated at each time-temperature interval and sacrificed at either time 0, 1 day or 1 week follow-up. Histologic examinations were performed on all corneas. A corneal haze was first noted at 45°C X 45 minutes X 1 day follow-up. This correlated with a mild stromal edema on light microscopy. Higher thermal doses produced a spectrum of damage, with complete destruction of all keratocytes and endothelial cells at 59°C X 45 min. At levels greater than 45°C X 45 min, heat damage was noted to be increased at 24 hr followup. Some recovery was noted by 1 week follow-up, with the exception of the 59 °C X 15 or 45 min groups. These two heat doses induced a drop-out of cellular elements with evidence of disintegration and fragmentation of collagen fibrils. Conductive heating of up to 45°C X 15 min appeared well tolerated by normal rabbit corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30:1778-1783,1989
Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of modified nucleosides in physiological fluids, tRNA, and DNA.

This chapter will deal with the development of new research on the quantitative analysis of modified nucleosides in physiological fluids, tRNA, and DNA, with emphasis on precision and accuracy of measurement, selectivity, rapidity, and simplicity.
An Experimental Study of Plastic Flow at Large Finite Strain

ABSTRACT Experimental data from uniaxial and biaxial compression loadings of rectangular block specimens of annealed 1100 aluminum at large finite strains are presented. Special attention is focused on the plastic incompressibility and existence of von Mises equivalent stress-strain curves under complex stress states, which are two of the basic assumptions implied in plasticity theories.
Alcohol consumption, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and hepatocarcinogenesis.

Alcohol is a well-established risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, and the mechanisms by which alcohol liver cancer is complex. It has been suggested that ethanol (EtOH) metabolism may enhance tumor progression by increasing hepatocyte proliferation. To test this hypothesis, ethanol (EtOH) feeding of male mice began 7 weeks post-injection of the chemical carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and continued for 16 weeks, with a final EtOH concentration of 28 % of total calories. As expected, EtOH increased the total number of cancerous foci and liver tumors identified in situ fixed livers from the EtOH + DEN group compared to corresponding pair-fed (PF) + DEN and chow + DEN control groups. In the EtOH + DEN group, tumor multiplicity corresponded to a 3- to 4-fold increase in proliferation and immunohistochemical staining of β-catenin in non-tumorigenic hepatocytes when compared to the PF + DEN and chow + DEN groups, p < 0.05. Analysis of EtOH-treated livers from a previously published rat model of chronic liver disease revealed increases in hepatocyte proliferation accompanied by a hepatic depletion of retinol and retinoic acid stores (p < 0.05), nuclear accumulation of β-catenin (p < 0.05), increased cytosolic expression p-GSK3β (p < 0.05), significant upregulation of soluble Wnts, Wnt2, and Wnt7a, and increased expression of several β-catenin targets involved in tumor promotion and progression, cyclin D1, c-myc, WISP1, and MMP7 (p < 0.05). These data suggest that chronic EtOH consumption activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which increases hepatocyte proliferation thus promoting tumorigenesis following an initiating insult in the liver.
Entre conflit et transaction sociale, une approche simmelienne aux défis des villes patrimonialisées:

Following the sociology of Georg Simmel, our aim is to clarify the conflicts of patrimony in heritage cities. We will focus on two cities whose historical centres are listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage, Strasbourg in France and Valparaiso in Chile. In that way we will apply some conceptions of Simmel’s sociology in order to develop an approach which is interested in the functional structure of the human space of heritage and in the socio-emotional elements of “historical” neighbourhoods. We will point out the presence of conflicts, exchanges, and mediation of social and economic interests about the patrimonial possessions pursuing Simmel’s notion of conflict described in a positive way in order to illustrate her function as a producer of social cohesion. In heritage city's financial public and private interests encourage the development of cultural activities, such as the cultural tourism and the improvement of historical buildings. Therefore Simmel’s notion of conflict allows us to understand the effects of the politics of development and improvement of the so-called “patrimonial” urban space. Indeed, new forms of power and transactional processes impact the local territorial areas through the valorization and de-valorization of urban space.
Effects of Strategically Placed Water Droplets on Monolayer Growth of Molybdenum Disulfide

Two-dimensional (2D) molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) films with a tunable bandgap hold great promise for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices. Synthesis of large areas of high-quality MoS2 monolayers lacks experimental reproducibility. Moreover, the outcome of MoS2 growth by chemical vapor deposition is dependent on several interconnected growth parameters. In this study, we present results of MoS2 monolayer growth by strategically placing water droplets on the growth substrate and/or in the source prior to its loading in the growth chamber. The volume and distribution of water on the growth substrate and in the source had a direct impact on the morphology of the as-grown MoS2. Characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the number and size of MoS2 layers as well as its distribution on the growth substrate were found to have a strong dependence on the positioning of the water droplet. This study on MoS2 monolayer growth using water droplets as a promoter provides a simple and reproducible experimental technique enabling growth with high reliability.
Community-based palliative care and end-of-life care in elderly patients with pancreatic cancer.

70Background: No population-based studies have evaluated the impact of community-based palliative care (CBPC) on aggressive end-of-life (EOL) care use and Medicare charges for elderly pancreatic ca...
The Aftermath of Flood Zone Remapping: The Asymmetric Impact of Flood Maps on Housing Prices

We propose a theoretical framework characterizing (1) the attenuation of flood risks revealed by the flood zone designation in flood insurance rate maps and (2) the asymmetric impacts of adding versus removing flood zone status on property values. We apply spatial fixed effects models to empirically investigate the impacts of flood zone status and test the proposed theory. The results indicate that housing values decrease by more than 11% when a property is assigned into a flood zone. However, property values do not rebound when flood zone status is removed.
The third Sandia Fracture Challenge: from theory to practice in a classroom setting

Three computational methods for modeling fracture are compared in the context of a class’ participation in the Third Sandia Fracture Challenge (SFC3). The SFC3 was issued to assess blind predictions of ductile fracture in a complex specimen geometry produced via additive manufacturing of stainless steel 316L powder. In this work, three finite-element-based methods are investigated: (1) adaptive remeshing, with or without material-state mapping; (2) element deletion; and (3) the extended finite element method. Each student team was tasked with learning about its respective method, calibrating model parameters, and performing blind prediction(s) of fracture/failure in the challenge-geometry specimen. Out of 21 teams who participated in the SFC3, three of the seven student teams from this class project ranked among the top five based on either global force-displacement or local strain predictions. Advantages and disadvantages of the three modeling approaches are identified in terms of mesh dependency, user-friendliness, and accuracy compared to experimental results. Recommendations regarding project management and organization are offered to facilitate future classroom participation in the Sandia Fracture Challenge or similar blind round-robin exercises.
The Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)

The Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA), currently under construction, is a staged project that uses the unique properties of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen to probe the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) and the preceding Dark Ages. During these epochs, roughly 0.3 – 1 Gyr after the Big Bang, the first stars and black holes heat and reionize the Universe following cosmic recombination. Direct observation of the large scale structure of reionization and its evolution with time will have a profound impact on our understanding of the birth of the first galaxies and black holes, their influence on the intergalactic medium (IGM), and cosmology.
Shear-Induced Microstructural Variations in Nanoemulsion-Laden Organohydrogel Fibers

We report the formation of solid composite hydrogel fibers with tunable mass transport kinetics using a continuous extrusion process, in which the length scales of hydrophobic microdomains are tune...
Patterns of Home Environmental Modification Use and Functional Health: The Women's Health Initiative.

Background We examined common patterns of home environmental modification (HEM) use and associated major (including disability-, cardiovascular-, and cancer-related) health conditions and events among older women. Methods Women, aged 78.6 ± 6.3 years (n = 71,257), self-reported utilization of nine types of HEMs (hand rails, grab bars, ramps, nonslip surfaces, tacking carpets/rugs, decreasing clutter, increasing lighting, raised sink/counter heights, other). Concurrent history of major health conditions and events was collected. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated based on overall HEM use and four latent classes (low HEM use [56%], rails/grab bars [20%], lighting/decluttering [18%], high HEM use [5%]), adjusted for age, marital status, race/ethnicity, education, depression, and obesity. Results Fifty-five percent of women reported using any HEM (overall), with strongest associations among disability-related conditions. Activities of daily living limitations were strongly associated with high HEM use (OR = 8.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.62-10.05), railing/grab bar use (OR = 4.02, 95% CI = 3.26-4.95), and lighting/declutter use (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.40-2.50) versus low HEM use. Recent falls were positively associated with overall HEM use (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.72-1.87); high HEM use (OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 2.64-3.16), railings/grab bars use (OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 2.18-2.48), and lighting/declutter use (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.79-2.08) were positively associated with recent falls. Modest associations were observed between HEM use and select (ie, atrial fibrillation, heart valve disease, stroke) cardiovascular outcomes. Conclusions Among older women, disability-related conditions, including functional limitations and recent falls, were strongly associated with overall HEM use, high HEM use, and railings/grab bar use.
The Effect of Partial Delegation and Information Proximity on Multi-tier Responsible Sourcing

Academic/Practical Relevance: Managing supplier responsibility risk is challenging in multi-tier supply chains for two reasons: one, risks often lie in higher-tier suppliers deep in the supply chain; two, buyers often delegate higher-tier supplier management to contract manufacturers, especially under information proximity, i.e., when middle-tier firms have more information about higher-tier suppliers than buyers do. Motivated by some business cases, in this study we aim to better understand the effect of a common partial delegation practice on buyers’ profit and supply chain’s responsibility risk in the presence of information proximity. Problem definition: We consider a three-tier supply chain consisting of a buying firm, a Tier-1 contract manufacturer, and Tier-2 suppliers, where risk stems from irresponsible Tier-2 suppliers. The buyer specifies an authorized Tier-2 supplier but the ultimate supplier selection and monitoring responsibility are delegated to Tier-1 manufacturer. The buyer only has a distributional knowledge about the unauthorized supplier’s risk level but the manufacturer can fully observe such information when selecting a Tier-2 supplier. Methodology: We formulate a Stackelberg game for the buyer’s contract design problem and the manufacturer’s subsequent supplier selection and auditing problem. Results: We show that under information proximity, partial delegation can cause increased risk for profit maximizing firms when the supply chain faces relatively low penalty for violation and significant cost difference between authorized and unauthorized suppliers. Influence by stakeholders may improve the effectiveness of delegation in managing risk, but we give cautions to frequent supplier inspection by NGOs since it may backfire when auditing cost is low. Our analysis also reveals that acquiring information about higher-tier suppliers does not help reduce risks. Managerial Implications: Our study provides useful guidelines for buying firms that operate multi-tier supply chains regarding when partial delegation can align profit objective with socially responsible goals and how to encourage this outcome. We also give cautions to external stakeholder under what conditions taking actions trying to encourage responsible sourcing may backfire.
Long-'Trm' protection of the CNS.

A new report finds that peripheral immunization generates tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in the central nervous system that provide robust protection against local infection.
Effects of Exposure and Context on Hedonics of Olfactory-Taste Mixtures

Twelve subjects judged the pleasantness of five concentrations of the tastant sodium chloride, five concentrations of the odorant citral, and of all 25 possible mixtures of these, prepared in aqueous solution and presented in the mouth. Subjects judged the set of stimuli twice in a 1-h session and twice again in a second session approximately two weeks later. The single massed exposure produced an immediate effect, that is, pleasantness judgments were significantly more negative on the second presentation. Pleasantness also shifted as a result of spaced exposure, namely, after the two week interval the same stimuli were judged as significantly less negative than on previous exposure. Ten of the original subjects were retested in a second experiment a year later. Pleasantness judgments had shifted back to initial levels. Finally, in a third experiment manipulating the context in which the citral stimulus was presented significantly altered both the degree of pleasantness and the shape of the hedonic function.
A case of perinephric abscess in a child with diabetes mellitus: A rare manifestation of group B Streptococcal infection

Perinephric abscess is an uncommon infection in children, but it is usually caused by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an uncommon cause of perinephric abscess or serious bacterial infections beyond the neonatal period. Comorbid conditions such as diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression can increase the risk of GBS invasive disease. We describe a 10-year-old female who presented with 1-month of right-sided flank pain and swelling with ultrasound showing large (>3 cm) right perinephric and subcutaneous abscesses. She was additionally diagnosed with new onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) during admission. Abscess cultures obtained after placement of two percutaneous drains and the initiation of broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics grew beta-hemolytic GBS . Here, we present to our knowledge, the first known documented case of GBS perinephric abscess in a school-aged child with DM. Much of the knowledge of perinephric abscess management is extrapolated from adults, therefore making optimal treatment in the pediatric population challenging. We propose that GBS be considered in the etiology of perinephric abscess in children with DM and other immunosuppressing conditions. In addition, percutaneous drainage of larger abscesses (>3 cm) in conjunction with antibiotic therapy is a reasonable management strategy.
A Modified Design Framework Based on Markov Decision Process for Operational Evaluation

It is well known that operational evaluation is an indispensable component of the ship design process. This paper outlines the development of an extension to the previously developed Ship-Centric Markov Decision Process (SC-MDP) framework to include the identification, evaluation and impact of seakeeping performance on operating vessels within early stage design. The results from previous SC-MDP development efforts at the University of Michigan validate the success and applicability of this framework towards furthering the evaluation of ship temporal operational events in early stage design. As an extension, the SC-MDP framework modification presented in this paper will provide a mechanism for the evaluation of the performance of a vessel operating across the ocean through the consideration of physical response, which is limited when using traditional seakeeping and Computational Fluid Dynamics methods. Traditional seakeeping analysis in the frequency domain analyzes the physical response of the vessel from a static perspective, though this perspective lacks the ability to evaluate the vessel in terms of its temporal behaviors. Additionally, the analysis in the time domain is limited by short time frames and high computational expenses. Therefore, the opportunity to incorporate the implications of the vessel’s physical response from a temporal perspective can provide great value if the constraints present in early stage design are mitigated. The formulation presented in this paper extends the SC-MDP framework to include the seakeeping performance of a vessel in early stage design context.
Abstract WP249: Association of Reduced FEV1 and Stroke Risk

Background: The systemic inflammation and oxidative stress of obstructive lung disease could promote cerebrovascular dysfunction and platelet hyperactivity, thereby increasing stroke risk1-2. There...
Effect of radio frequency glow-discharge treatment of titanium on human gingival fibroblasts as a function of distance.

The mechanical stability and long-term success of an implant depends on the early healing phase and osseointegration of the bone around it. In addition, a healthy gingival tissue around the implant acts as a barrier that prevents bacteria and pathological byproducts from reaching the implant site. This study investigated the in-vitro attachment and spreading of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) on bacterial grade polystyrene (PS) at different distances from radio-frequency glow-discharge (RFGD)-treated commercially pure titanium (cpTi) specimens. Controls included sterile cpTi specimens without RFGD treatment. A second set of experiments utilized media transferred to new bacterial grade polystyrene dishes (no cpTi) after the medium was conditioned by exposure to cpTi, either with or without RFGD treatment, for 24 hr. Surface characterization of the dishes was conducted through contact angle measurements and infrared spectroscopy. Cell numbers and surface areas were determined from Image J analysis of multiple microscopic images of fixed, stained cells. The results showed significantly greater numbers and surface areas on bacterial grade PS dishes at distances up to 15 mm from the RFGD-treated cpTi groups than for the controls. Moreover, a significant effect of the conditioned medium from RFGD-treated cpTi versus control cultures was shown on the numbers of fibroblasts attached to bacterial grade polystyrene dishes after 24 hr (p < 0.005) and 48 hr (p = 0.002) incubation. Surface areas of cells exposed to conditioned medium were not significantly different (p ≥ 0.05). Surface characterization of the PS dishes showed a higher value of the critical surface tensions of the treated group when compared to the control group.
Enhancing Student Learning by Integrating Anatomy in Pathology Teaching

Vertically integrating anatomy into pathology curricula is beneficial for student-centered learning. This study investigates the effectiveness of this approach on student learning outcomes. Learners received a vertically integrated pathology curriculum; their pre- and post-course test data were collected. Two-hundred thirty-two learners participated in the activity. Upon completing the activity, their average post-course performance was significantly better than that of a control group (P < 0.05), with significantly higher scores on solving pathology case problems (P < 0.05), as well as on retaining anatomy concepts (P < 0.05). Vertically integrating anatomy in pathology instruction is an effective educational approach.
Enriched Random Forest for High Dimensional Genomic Data.

Ensemble methods such as random forest works well on high-dimensional datasets. However, when the number of features is extremely large compared to the number of samples and the percentage of truly informative feature is very small, performance of traditional random forest decline significantly. To this end, we develop a novel approach that enhance the performance of traditional random forest by reducing the contribution of trees whose nodes are populated with less informative features. The proposed method selects eligible subsets at each node by weighted random sampling as opposed to simple random sampling in tradional random forest. We refer to this modifed random forest algorithm as "Enriched Random Forest". Using several high-dimensional micro-array datasets, we evaluate the performance of our approach in both regression and classification settings. In addition, we also demonstrate the effectiveness of balanced leave-one-out cross-validation to reduce computational load and decrease sample size while computing feature weights. Overall, the results indicate that enriched random forest improves the prediction accuracy of traditonal random forest, especially when relevant features are very few.
Fairness Deconstructed: A Sociotechnical View of 'Fair' Algorithms in Criminal Justice.

Early studies of risk assessment algorithms used in criminal justice revealed widespread racial biases. In response, machine learning researchers have developed methods for fairness, many of which rely on equalizing empirical metrics across protected attributes. Here, I recall sociotechnical perspectives to delineate the significant gap between fairness in theory and practice, focusing on criminal justice. I (1) illustrate how social context can undermine analyses that are restricted to an AI system's outputs, and (2) argue that much of the fair ML literature fails to account for epistemological issues with underlying crime data. Instead of building AI that reifies power imbalances, like risk assessment algorithms, I ask whether data science can be used to understand the root causes of structural marginalization.
Signal transduction pathways via guanylin and uroguanylin in stomach and intestine

Guanylin and uroguanylin are peptides that activate receptor guanylate cyclases (GCs) and elicit increased intestinal secretion. Bacteria that cause traveler's diarrhea produce heat-stable toxins (...
The Health Education Professoriate: Demographics and Projected Retirements

Abstract Several demographers have projected a significant turnover within the professoriate during the next ten years or so due to anticipated retirements. In order to determine the extent of retirements and related demographics within the health education faculty, a national survey was conducted among administrators of all health education programs (N = 280). Seventy-one percent of the administrators returned completed questionnaires. The faculty cohort identified in this study totaled 1,796. The majority (1,129 or 63 percent) taught on a full-time basis while 667 (37 percent) were employed on a part-time basis. The full-time faculty consisted of 40 percent female, 60 percent male. Ninety-four (8 percent) of this group represented ethnic minorities and 53 (4.6 percent) were African-American. This faculty cohort is not loaded with aging academics as some studies indicate, and projected retirements will be distributed fairly evenly over the next two decades. Institutions will respond differently to impend...
Pancreatic islet development.

Publisher Summary Appropriately, research with emphasis on the endocrine pancreas has grown; in fact, a virtual explosion of discoveries, regarding pancreas development, has occurred over the past few years. The goal in this field is to identify the molecular events that govern pancreas functionality and the genetic components that delineate these events. Ultimately, these findings will lead to the better treatment and prevention of pancreatic disease. This chapter discusses many of the recent findings related to the molecular and developmental biology of the pancreas. The emphasis of the most recent studies, and consequently this survey is the specification and differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells during ontogeny. In terms of gene regulation, much is now known about how pancreatic hormone genes are regulated. Many of the promoter elements that dictate islet-cell-specific gene expression have been characterized and many of the protein factors that mediate these activation and repression events have been identified. The chapter discusses a wide range of topics, ranging from pancreatic gene regulation to pancreatic islet development. Factors determined to influence islet-cell differentiation and the signaling factors that may specify the pancreatic cell fate have been discussed in the chapter. Pancreatic disorders can and do arise from the defects at all levels of pancreas development, involving inappropriate transcriptional regulation, cellular differentiation, and extracellular and intracellular signaling, as well as enzymatic dysfunction and organogenesis.
AN INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL IMAGES

One of the main application areas of wavelet transforms is image processing. Wavelet transforms can be used in processes designed to compress images, search for edges in images, or enhance image features. This chapter presents the basics of digital images. It explains how a grayscale (monochrome) image can be interpreted by computer software, how one can represent a grayscale image using a matrix, and how matrices can be used to manipulate images. The chapter also presents an introduction to some basic intensity transformations. It also deals with digital color images as well as some popular color spaces that are useful for image processing. An important step in image compression is that of data encoding. Huffman coding, introduced by David Huffman, is an example of lossless compression. The chapter also explains how to calculate the cumulative energy of a signal or image, and discusses the qualitative measures: entropy and peak signal‐to‐noise ratio.
A Key Molecular Ion in the Universe and in the Laboratory

The molecular ion His abundant in interstellar clouds and presents many interesting puzzles in the laboratory. A recent conference explored the current knowledge about this species and its implications for astrophysics.
Transfusion-related adverse reactions reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network Hemovigilance Module, United States, 2010 to 2012.

Background In 2010, health care facilities in the United States began voluntary enrollment in the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Hemovigilance Module. Participants report transfusion practices; red blood cell, platelet (PLT), plasma, and cryoprecipitate units transfused; and transfusion-related adverse reactions and process errors to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention through a secure, Internet-accessible surveillance application available to transfusing facilities. Study Design and Methods Facilities submitting at least 1 month of transfused components data and adverse reactions from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012, were included in this analysis. Adverse reaction rates for transfused components, stratified by component type and collection and modification methods, were calculated. Results In 2010 to 2012, a total of 77 facilities reported 5136 adverse reactions among 2,144,723 components transfused (239.5/100,000). Allergic (46.8%) and febrile nonhemolytic (36.1%) reactions were most frequent; 7.2% of all reactions were severe or life-threatening and 0.1% were fatal. PLT transfusions (421.7/100,000) had the highest adverse reaction rate. Conclusion Adverse transfusion reaction rates from the NHSN Hemovigilance Module in the United States are comparable to early hemovigilance reporting from other countries. Although severe reactions are infrequent, the numbers of transfusion reactions in US hospitals suggest that interventions to prevent these reactions are important for patient safety. Further investigation is needed to understand the apparent increased risk of reactions from apheresis-derived blood components. Comprehensive evaluation, including data validation, is important to continued refinement of the module.
A Critique of Philosophizing About Lawyers' Ethics

Philosophical theorizing about lawyers' ethics is too often irrelevant to the real-life concerns of lawyers, omitting reference to relevant legal authorities and to facts that are essential to moral analysis. Rules of lawyers' ethics are in serious need of reform from a moral perspective, and more practical moral criticism is badly needed. Philosophical ethicists should put their moral sensitivity and keen intellects to use to bring about much needed improvement in the ethics and practice of lawyers and judges.
Psychiatric Illness is a Disparity in the Surgical Management of Rectal Cancer

Psychiatric disorders are common in the US and represent a major health disparity but little is known about their impact on surgical management and outcomes in cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether rectal cancer patients with psychiatric diagnoses have fewer sphincter-preserving procedures and higher postoperative complications. Overall, 23,914 patients from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) who underwent surgery for rectal cancer from 2004 to 2011 were identified. Patients with comorbid common psychiatric diagnoses were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes. Main outcomes were measured by operation performed, length of stay (LOS), postoperative complications, and discharge disposition. Twenty percent of patients had a psychiatric diagnosis, with substance use being the most common psychiatric disorder (63 %). Patients with psychiatric diagnoses were more likely to be younger, White, have lower income, and have Medicaid insurance (p < 0.001) than those without. In a logistic regression model, patients with any psychiatric diagnosis were less likely to have sphincter-sparing surgery, controlling for patient sociodemographics, Charlson score, hospital procedure volume, and year (odds ratio 0.77; 95 % CI 0.72–0.83). LOS and postoperative complications were similar among the cohorts. Patients with psychiatric disorders were more likely to have home health care at discharge (p < 0.001). Fewer sphincter-sparing procedures were performed on rectal cancer patients with psychiatric diagnoses. However, no significant differences in postoperative complications were observed.
A vision research apparatus for broad luminance range displays

Lightness, the perceived gray shade of a surface, and the perception of self-luminous surfaces--that is, surfaces that appear to glow--have most often been studied with paper displays and computer-generated stimuli presented on CRT monitors. Although both methods are often effective, experiments that require a wide range of luminance values in the same display are often difficult to conduct with paper and computer displays alone. Also, color mode appearance is often an issue when surface color perception is the topic of research; CRT monitors are essentially light sources themselves and often appear in the luminous mode of color appearance. Here, we describe an apparatus in which the target is an undetected aperture whose luminance is adjustable. Whereas a typical CRT monitor offers a luminance range of about 100:1, much broader luminance ranges are possible with the described apparatus. Unlike a CRT monitor, the stimulus background will always appear in the surface mode of color perception, and the target(s) can appear as either surface colors or luminous colors. Apparatus modifications are possible, including the addition of a stereoscope or an embedded CRT for creating an adjustable region that is computer controlled.
Health Lifestyles in the United States and Canada: Are We Really So Different?*

There is an ongoing and contentious debate about the degree of similarity between the U.S. and Canada. Academic and popular literature is often characterized by opinion, folklore, misinformation, and stereotypes (Rosenau 2006). Some scholars posit that the differences between Canada and the U.S. are large and that the two countries are as unlike as “Fire and Ice” (Adams 2003), although such research often lacks analytical rigor, relies extensively on quotes from Updike or De Tocqueville, and focuses on a narrow set of opinions or consumption patterns (Smith 2005). We contribute to this debate by using a broad set of health lifestyle indicators for U.S. States (and Washington D.C.) and Canadian Provinces and Territories to empirically examine intra- and inter-national differences. Health lifestyles are important because they reflect the underlying social, cultural, economic, and policy environments of each area; exhibit marked variation across States, Provinces, and Territories; are important indicators of population health; and might be effectively modified by social policies.
Driven oscillations of a limit-cycle oscillator

When a chemical oscillator exhibiting a limit cycle is driven by harmonically modulating one of the rate constants, the oscillations may eventually synchronize with the driving frequency, or the two may beat. Near the transition from beating to phase locking, the oscillation frequency is pulled by the drive. The phase slips slowly during most of the beat cycle—almost phase-locked—then slips quickly for a brief time. General properties of a class of nonlinear oscillators predict this behavior. For a three-variable chemical-reaction scheme, stroboscopic equations have analytic solutions if these coupled differential equations are made separable by an additional approximation. This smooths the transition between the beating and phase-locked regimes and makes it.second order, with critical slowing-down of the transients. Computer results for the Tomita-Kitahara model give a weakly first-order transition. Driven biological clocks, including membranes in a.c. fields, should show the predicted behavior. Near the transition, the slow beat frequencies and the long damping times of transients complicate interpretation of experiments in which only a few beat cycles can be monitored.
Emerging Treatment Options for Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Oritavancin

Oritavancin is a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide with in vitro activity against a variety of aerobic Gram-positive pathogens (including drug-resistant forms of staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci) and select anaerobic organisms. Available published clinical efficacy and safety studies in humans to date focus primarily in the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections. While oritavancin doses in these studies varied, single daily doses of 200 mg (300 mg in patients >100 kg) for 3–7 days have demonstrated efficacy similar to comparators (such as vancomycin followed by cephalexin). The most frequent adverse events reported to date include gastrointestinal complaints, insomnia, dizziness, itching, and rash. Further safety and efficacy data are needed to better define its potential place in therapy.
Explanation of the apparent sublinear photoconductivity of photorefractive barium titanate.

We explain the apparent sublinear intensity dependence of photoconductivity in barium titanate. In our model shallow acceptors act as a reservoir for charges optically excited from the donors. As this reservoir fills, the fraction of occupied donors changes appreciably, changing the lifetime of the free carriers. We identify two types of barium titanate crystals having quite different photorefractive characteristics, depending on their relative density of donors and acceptors, and we find that the depth of the shallow acceptor level is \ensuremath{\sim}0.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV in both types of crystals.
Hyperhomocysteinemia in ischemic stroke

Abstract In the past decade, elevated levels of plasma homocysteine have emerged as a potential risk factor for vascular disease. Homocysteine is central in the metabolism of multiple vitamins, including cobalamin and folic acid. There are many reasons for elevated homocysteine levels, but folate deficiency is the most common, even in developed countries. Prospective studies correlating risk of heart disease and homocysteine have provided conflicting data. Data are stronger for the risk of cerebrovascular disease being related to high homocysteine concentrations. Therapy for most patients involves vitamin replacement. Early trial data indicate that lowering of homocysteine may reduce vascular complications.
Young Adults' Use of the Salk Vaccine

By the end of July 1958, three years and three months after the beginning of the national program of vaccinating the population against polio, approximately 50 million adult Americans under 40 years of age had received the full series of three shots; another 20 million had received one or two shots; and a total of 40 million had received no shots at all. In percentage terms, about 45 per cent of the young adult population had received full protection.** Whether these figures reflect a remarkable degree of acceptance of the Salk vaccine on the part of the public or an alarmingly high level of apathy is a question that survey research cannot answer. What is certain is the
RHAMNOCHRYSIS AESTUARINAE, A NEW MONOTYPIC GENUS OF BENTHIC MARINE CHRYSOPHYTES1

SUMMARY Rhamnochrysis aestuarinae from Ipswich, Massachusetts, is a new species of benthic marine chrysophyta. Details are given describing its gross and fine structure morphology, its reproductive life history as understood from, both field and culture studies, and its ecology and probable systematic position in the Chrysomeridaceae (Sarcinochrysidales).
Radiation Effects in Diamond Lattice Semiconductors

Developments in the study of diamond-lattice semiconductors are reviewed and basic results that may contribute to the development or choice of devices for use in radiation environments are pointed out. Special attention is given to radiation effects in germanium and silicon. It was concluded that the annealing stages in high-purity n-type germanium can be understood on the basis of defectimpurity interactions of a nature similar to those known to occur in silicon. The formation of D-V and D-V/sub 2/ complexes can be inferred from the behavior of the various annealing stages. (P.C.H.)
Characterization of a Potent and Specific Class of Antisense Oligonucleotide Inhibitor of Human Protein Kinase C-α Expression

The use of antisense oligonucleotides to inhibit the expression of targeted mRNA sequences is becoming increasingly commonplace. Although effective, the most widely used oligonucleotide modification (phosphorothioate) has some limitations. In previous studies we have described a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide inhibitor of human protein kinase C-α expression. In an effort to identify improved antisense inhibitors of protein kinase C expression, a series of 2′ modifications have been incorporated into the protein kinase C-α targeting oligonucleotide, and the effects on oligonucleotide biophysical characteristics and pharmacology evaluated. The incorporation of 2′-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl chemistry resulted in a number of significant improvements in oligonucleotide characteristics. These include an increase in hybridization affinity toward a complementary RNA (1.5° C per modification) and an increase in resistance toward both 3′-exonuclease and intracellular nucleases. These improvements result in a substantial increase in oligonucleotide potency (>20-fold after 72 h). The most active compound identified was used to examine the role played by protein kinase C-α in mediating the phorbol ester-induced changes in c-fos,c-jun, and junB expression in A549 lung epithelial cells. Depletion of protein kinase C-α protein expression by this oligonucleotide lead to a reduction in c-jun expression but not c-fos orjunB. These results demonstrate that 2′-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl-modified antisense oligonucleotides are 1) effective inhibitors of protein kinase C-α expression, and 2) represent a class of antisense oligonucleotide which are much more effective inhibitors of gene expression than the widely used phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.
Re-irradiation for salvage of prostate cancer failures after primary radiotherapy

Purpose To review the literature on use of radiation as a salvage option after local-only failure following initial treatment with radiation.
“Will You Join Us?” Use of the Partake-in-Our-Cause (PIOC) Message in Light of Negative News

This study examines the effects of a partake-in-our-cause (PIOC) message in CSR communication on reducing negative evaluations for a company experiencing negative news. In Experiment 1, we tested the effects of PIOC on individuals’ attention to the message, cognitive responses, and company evaluations. Results show that participants exposed to a PIOC message demonstrate fewer negative company-related thoughts and more positive company evaluations than participants exposed to a non-PIOC message. Experiment 2 was conducted to corroborate the results in an international setting and in comparison with the deliberate silence strategy. Results show that a PIOC message condition induced more positive company evaluations, while also reducing negative cognitive responses relative to a non-PIOC message and a nonresponse condition.
Theory of Mind for Learning and Teaching: The Nature and Role of Explanation.

Abstract The relationship between “theory of mind” and teaching is deep and complex. We focus on one particularly powerful link that is based on the role of children's psychological explanations in their learning. Psychological explanations involve explaining persons’ actions and lives as the causes and consequences of their mental states. We begin by showing that psychological explanations are central to children's developing theories of mind—they are part of the mechanism for development in this domain. We then review theory and data suggesting that psychological explanations are also critically important for learning and being taught more generally.
Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane substitution in PhCCo3(CO)9: Synthesis and X-ray structure of the phosphine-bridged cluster PhCCo3(CO)7(dmpe)

Abstract The bidentate phosphine ligand bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (dmpe) reacts with PhCCo 3 (CO) 9 ( 1 ) to initially yield PhCCo 3 (CO) 7 (dmpe) ( 2 ). The dmpe ligand in 2 bridges adjacent cobalt centers in the equatorial plane as shown by FT-IR and 31 P NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The phosphine-bridged cluster PhCCo 3 (CO) 7 (dmpe) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P 2 1 2 1 2 1 with a = 9.142(1), b = 16.140(2) c = 16.903(3) A, V = 2494.7(5) A 3 and Z = 4. Blockcascade least-squares refinement yielded R = 0.0702 for 2151 reflections. Reaction of 2 with additional dmpe is shown to yield the known cluster PhCCo 3 (CO) 5 (dmpe) 2 ( 3 ) as a result of dmpe chelation at the unsubstituted cobalt center in 2 . 31 P NMR analysis reveals that bridging dmpe in 2 undergoes an equatorial → axial rearrangement during the formation of 3 in agreement with the solid-state structure.
Exhalant air temperatures in the Virginia opossum

Abstract 1. 1.Nasal exhalant air temperature in the adult Virginia opossum averages 20.9°C at ambient temperatures near 20.8°C (relative humidity: 47%) and 15.1°C at ambient temperatures near 9.2°C (RH: 78%). Exhalant air temperature is well below deep body temperature (34.5–35.6°C), indicating counterecurrent cooling of the exhalant air in the nasal passages. 2. 2.The extent of cooling of exhalant air is similar in juvenile (15-week-old) and adult opossums. 3. 3.As judged from exhalant air temperature, the effectiveness of countercurrent cooling is similar in the opossum to that seen in small and medium-sized placental mammals. The question is discussed of whether cooling of the exhalant air in these animals represents an adaptation or a physically inevitable, fortuitous effect.