cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preface: On the Eradication of Smallpox and the Beginning of a Public Health Career

When I was a medical student, there were few lectures on public health at our university and such was true at most. The focus was on the treatment of individual patients with limited regard for the problems of the community. But as time has passed, there has been increasing concern about the population as a whole and approaches that might be appropriate for prevention of both acute and chronic diseases, for containing the spread of infection and for fostering healthy lifestyles. Many disciplines are involved but epidemiology, being the primary discipline of public health, lends itself well to serving as a common platform in joining all the disciplinary fields. Such was the case with the smallpox eradication program. The lessons learned from this experience are very relevant to current and future issues in public health. This is undoubtedly the most exciting time in history to enter the field of public health—so much is changing and so many new opportunities are presenting as the importance of population-based public health is increasingly perceived by governments, universities, and the community as a whole. The experience of working on the eradication of smallpox was a major development in my career as it was for many colleagues who served with me. I am pleased to be able to share this experience with a new generation, which faces both enormous challenges and opportunities in disease control and health promotion.
Artifact Correction in Temperature-Dependent Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared (ATR-IR) Spectra.

A spectral processing method was developed and tested for analyzing temperature-dependent attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectra of aliphatic polyesters. Spectra of a bio-based, biod...
Precision Medicine: Functional Advancements

Precision medicine was conceptualized on the strength of genomic sequence analysis. High-throughput functional metrics have enhanced sequence interpretation and clinical precision. These technologies include metabolomics, magnetic resonance imaging, and I rhythm (cardiac monitoring), among others. These technologies are discussed and placed in clinical context for the medical specialties of internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics, and gynecology. Publications in these fields support the concept of a higher level of precision in identifying disease risk. Precise disease risk identification has the potential to enable intervention with greater specificity, resulting in disease prevention—an important goal of precision medicine.
Energy Gains from Lattice-Enabled Nuclear Reactions

The energy gain of a system is defined as the ratio of its output energy divided by the energy provided to operate the system. Most familiar systems have energy gains less than one due to various inefficiencies. By contrast, lattice-enabled nuclear reactions (LENR) offer high energy gains. Theoretical values in excess of 1000 are possible. Energy gains over 100 have already been reported. But, they have not yet been sustained for commercially significant durations. This article summarizes the current status of LENR energy gains.
Eradication of spontaneous malignancy by local immunotherapy

It has recently become apparent that the immune system can cure cancer. In some of these strategies, the antigen targets are preidentified and therapies are custom-made against these targets. In others, antibodies are used to remove the brakes of the immune system, allowing preexisting T cells to attack cancer cells. We have used another noncustomized approach called in situ vaccination. Immunoenhancing agents are injected locally into one site of tumor, thereby triggering a T cell immune response locally that then attacks cancer throughout the body. We have used a screening strategy in which the same syngeneic tumor is implanted at two separate sites in the body. One tumor is then injected with the test agents, and the resulting immune response is detected by the regression of the distant, untreated tumor. Using this assay, the combination of unmethylated CG–enriched oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG)—a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand—and anti-OX40 antibody provided the most impressive results. TLRs are components of the innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns on pathogens. Low doses of CpG injected into a tumor induce the expression of OX40 on CD4 + T cells in the microenvironment in mouse or human tumors. An agonistic anti-OX40 antibody can then trigger a T cell immune response, which is specific to the antigens of the injected tumor. Remarkably, this combination of a TLR ligand and an anti-OX40 antibody can cure multiple types of cancer and prevent spontaneous genetically driven cancers.
Uric acid is an independent predictor of cardiac allograft vasculopathy after heart transplantation

BACKGROUND Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major complication after heart transplantation (HT). Uric acid (UA) may play a role in CAV due to its role in stimulating T-cell-mediated immunity. Sirolimus is associated with CAV attenuation through a number of mechanisms, including immune-mediated effects. We aimed to determine whether UA is an independent predictor of CAV and whether conversion to sirolimus as primary immunosuppression modulates UA levels. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 224 patients who underwent HT between 2004 and 2015 and had serial coronary intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies. Serum UA levels were measured at baseline and last follow-up IVUS in all participants. CAV progression was assessed by measuring the change in plaque volume (ΔPV) and plaque index (ratio of plaque volume to vessel volume [ΔPI]) between last follow-up and baseline IVUS after correction for time of follow-up. RESULTS Patients with high (≥7 mg/dl) compared with low ( 0.50 mm3/mm) (hazard ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 4.6; p = 0.037). Sirolimus resulted in decreased UA levels (5.8 ± 1.4 vs 5.2 ± 1.5; p = 0.002) and patients converted to sirolimus and had low UA levels had the least CAV progression (p < 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, change in UA level was also an independent predictor of CAV progression. CONCLUSIONS UA is an independent predictor of CAV after HT. Sirolimus is associated with decreased UA levels and may explain one of the mechanisms by which sirolimus attenuates CAV progression.
Allergic rhinitis: assessing the triggers and treatments

As hay fever season approaches again, Hetal Dhruve explains its causes and most effective treatments
THE EFFECTS OF LOTTO GAME CHANGES AND LARGE JACKPOTS ON INCOME ELASTICITIES AND SALES

Using daily lottery data from Washington State by zip code from January 2011 through mid‐March 2016, we estimate that Powerball income elasticities range from −0.16 to 0.16 as the Powerball jackpot increases from its minimum to $1.5 billion, while Mega Millions income elasticities range from −0.08 to 0.03 as the Mega Millions jackpot increases from its minimum to $640 million. Controlling for jackpot size, each of three major game changes during this time period has a significant effect on own‐game and cross‐game sales. Despite these significant game changes, however, these lotto games are a highly regressive source of revenue for Washington State. (JEL H22, H71, L83)
THUE SYSTEMS AND THE CHURCH-ROSSER PROPERTY: REPLACEMENT SYSTEMS, SPECIFICATION OF FORMAL LANGUAGES, AND PRESENTATIONS OF MONOIDS†

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Thue systems and the Church–Rosser property. In the study of formula-manipulation systems—such as theorem provers, program optimizers, or algebraic simplifiers—replacement systems take the form of term rewriting systems and graph grammars. In formal language theory, semi-Thue systems are used as the basis for formal grammars, and the various syntactic structures of Chomsky depend on the notion of a semi-Thue system. Thue systems are presentations of monoids. The Thue congruence induced on a free monoid by a given Thue system gives rise to a quotient monoid, so the Thue system presents that monoid. Any presentation of a monoid is a Thue system. The definition of a regular or context-free Thue system requires that every rule should be length-decreasing. Reduction and replacement systems arise in the study of formula manipulation systems such as theorem provers, program optimizers, and algebraic simplifiers.
The Power of Tax Deductible Debt

The relationship (VL=Vu+tcB) is very powerful and provides useful insights, even though it unrealistically implicitly assumes zero tax investors or the equivalent and zero costs of financial distress. But now in order to stress the power of tax deductible debt we will switch to an internal rate of return (IRR) analysis of the benefits of debt. We will assume that tc = .35 and the debt is purchased by zero tax investors and the common stock is purchased by investors where tp = .36 and tg = .18.
Capital Regulation, Efficiency, and Risk Taking: A Spatial Panel Analysis of US Banks

Abstract In this study, we empirically assess the impact of capital regulations on capital adequacy ratios, portfolio risk levels, and cost efficiency for US banks. Using a large panel data of US banks from 2001 to 2016, we first estimate the model using two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators. After obtaining residuals from the regressions, we propose a method to construct the network based on the clustering of these residuals. The residuals capture the unobserved heterogeneity that goes beyond systematic factors and banks’ business decisions that affect its level of capital, risk, and cost efficiency and therefore represent unobserved network heterogeneity across banks. We then estimate the model in a spatial error framework. The comparisons of fixed effects, GMM fixed effect models with spatial fixed effects models provide clear evidence of the existence of unobserved spatial effects in the interbank network. We have found that a stricter capital requirement causes banks to reduce investments in risk-weighted assets, but, at the same time, increase holdings of nonperforming loans, suggesting the unintended effects of higher capital requirements on credit risks. We also find the amount of capital buffers has an important impact on banks’ management practices even when regulatory capital requirements are not binding.
Managing the Forest Landscape: Exploring the Quantitative Interplay Between Forestland Patches, Areas and Landowner Numbers in Counties from Alabama, USA

Forestlands provide timber resources and valuable ecosystem services. To better manage forest landscape and develop policies, it is important to quantify the relationships between the number of forestland patches, patch areas, and landowner numbers. By using integrated analysis of information about the forestlands in 17 counties in Alabama, USA, similar scaling relationships are determined in the forestland patch quantity, areas, and owner numbers across various patch-size classes. Forestlands on individual properties of up to 50 acres cover about 59% of patch number and 21% of total area, encompassing 77% of landowner numbers. In Alabama, few private landowners have more than 500 acres of forestland. Similar relationships between different sizes of forestlands and the accumulated percentages of patch quantity, areas, and landowner numbers exist. These distribution relationships can be described by quadratic and power functions. A significant correlation exists between forestland prices and the exponents of these scaling relationships in forest patch numbers, total areas, and landowner numbers across counties. These results provide a new understanding of the distribution of forestland in Alabama. The implication is that an economic approach (e.g., adjusting forestland prices or taxes) may help to better manage the remaining forest landscape and develop conservation policy in this region that could be used to reduce forest fragmentation.
644 Ocular adverse events associated with programmed death-1 and programmed death ligand-1 immunotherapy

Background The programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors are increasingly studied and are known to have unique inflammatory side effects due to non-specific immune system activation.1 While rare, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors can cause ocular toxicities, including inflammatory eye disease.2 However, these ocular adverse events are less well-studied. Methods This was a retrospective review of two adverse event (AE) monitoring databases maintained by the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP), one of the largest public sponsors of clinical trials worldwide. One database (CTEP-AERS) is used for study sites to expeditiously report serious AEs for potential FDA review, while the other database (CDUS) is updated quarterly to reflect all the adverse events from the Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials in the CTEP network. Results The two adverse event databases were queried for ocular adverse events up to May 19, 2020. A total of 331 adverse events from 259 patients were found. 73 patients (28%) were exposed to nivolumab, 117 patients (45%) were exposed to combination nivolumab and ipilimumab, 41 (16%) were exposed to pembrolizumab, 26 (10%) were exposed to atezolizumab, and 2 (0.8%) were exposed to durvalumab. 59 adverse events from 47 patients were reported by the study site as serious AEs and had more detailed clinical information available. Ocular AEs occurred within several months of initiating the study treatment (all ocular AEs: median 6 weeks, IQR 0–18, ocular AEs reported as serious: median 12 weeks, IQR 6–20). CTCAE grade for ocular AEs was generally mild to moderate (all ocular AEs: grade 1, IQR 1-2, ocular AEs reported as serious: grade 2, IQR 2-3). Clinical workup and treatment varied for the ocular AEs reported as serious. 30/47 patients (64%) receiving ophthalmologic evaluation.16/47 (34%) of patients with serious ocular AEs had to delay or discontinue study drug treatment. However, 14/47 (30%) had improvement in their ocular AE and 16/47 patients (34%) had resolution of their ocular AE. The most common ocular AE treatments in our dataset were steroids (intravenous, oral, and steroid eye drops). Conclusions Ocular adverse events are rare complications of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy, can be severe enough to cause PD-1/PD-L1 treatment discontinuation or delay, but patients may not always be referred to eye specialists. Future PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor studies would benefit from standardized plans for ophthalmologic evaluation of ocular toxicities. References Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade. Longo DL, ed. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(2):158–168. Dalvin LA, Shields CL, Orloff M, Sato T, Shields JA. Checkpoint inhibitor immune therapy. Retina 2018;38(6):1063–1078.
How predictive is body weight on fluid intake in rats? It depends on sex.

Abstract The assumption that body weight is a predictor of fluid intake is often used as rationale for normalizing intake to body weight when examining sex differences in drinking behavior. Nonuniform application of this body weight correction likely contributes to discrepancies in the literature. We, however, previously demonstrated sex differences in the relationship between body weight and angiotensin II (AngII)-stimulated water intake. Only after a pharmacological dose of AngII did water intake correlate with body weight, and only in males. Here we investigated whether body weight correlated with fluid intake stimulated by additional dipsogenic agents in male and female rats. We found that intake stimulated by either water deprivation or furosemide correlated with body weight in male rats. We found no relationship between intake and body weight after water deprivation, furosemide treatment, or isoproterenol treatment in females, nor did we find a relationship between intake and body weight after hypertonic saline treatment in either males or females. Finally, we report that daily water intake correlated with body weight in females. This effect, however, is likely the result of a relationship between body weight and food intake because when food was absent or reduced, the correlation between body weight and intake disappeared. These results demonstrate that multiple factors need to be considered when determining the best way to compare fluid intake between males and females and provides insight to help explain the discrepancies in the literature regarding sex differences in fluid intake.
Plasma and serum oxylipin, endocannabinoid, bile acid, steroid, fatty acid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug quantification in a 96-well plate format.

Abstract The goal of this research was to develop a high-throughput, cost-effective method for metabolic profiling of lipid mediators and hormones involved in the regulation of inflammation and energy metabolism, along with polyunsaturated fatty acids and common over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We describe a 96-well plate protein precipitation and filtration procedure for 50 μL of plasma or serum in the presence of 37 deuterated analogs and 2 instrument internal standards. Data is acquired in two back-to-back UPLC-MS/MS analyses using electrospray ionization with positive/negative switching and scheduled multiple reaction monitoring for the determination of 145 compounds, including oxylipins, endocannabinoids and like compounds, bile acids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 3 NSAIDs. Intra- and inter-batch variability was 70% of metabolites above the LOQ in both matrices, but higher inter-batch variability was observed for serum oxylipins and some bile acids. Results for NIST Standard Reference Material 1950, compared favorably with the 20 certified metabolite values covered by this assay, and we provide new data for oxylipins, N-acylethanolamides, glucocorticoids, and 17-hydroxy-progesterone in this material. Application to two independent cohorts of elderly men and women showed the routine detection of 86 metabolites, identified fasting state influences on essential fatty acid-derived oxylipins, N-acylethanolamides and conjugated bile acids, identified rare presence of high and low testosterone levels and the presence of NSAIDs in ∼10% of these populations. The described method appears valuable for investigations in large cohort studies to provide insight into metabolic cross-talk between the array of mediators assessed here.
Effects of acute neurologic disease on the heart.

Abstract Patients with acute neurologic disease often also have evidence of cardiac dysfunction. The cardiac dysfunction may result in a number of clinical signs including abnormal EKG changes, variations in blood pressure, development of cardiac arrhythmias, release of cardiac biomarkers, and reduced ventricular function. Although typically reversible, these cardiac complications are important to recognize as they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In this chapter, we discuss the suspected pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of the cardiac dysfunction that occur as a consequence of different types of acute neurologic illness.
Labore et Constantia: Data-Inspired Book History and the Plantin-Moretus Press, 1555–1655: Un siècle d’excellence typographique: Christophe Plantin & son officine (1555–1655) / A Century of Typographical Excellence: Christophe Plantin & the Officina Plantiniana (1555–1655), edited by Goran Proot, Yann Sordet, and Christophe Vellet, Bibliothèque Mazarine, Cultura Fonds Library, and Éditions des Cendres, 2020, 499 pp., €48 (hardback: bilingual, English and French), ISBN 9791090853164

If ever there were an academic discipline that perfectly captures the scholarly attributes of “labor and constancy” enshrined as the motto of the storied Plantin-Moretus Press of early modern Antwe...
Acute and Chronic Hyponatremia

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in clinical practice. Catastrophic complications can occur from severe acute hyponatremia and from inappropriate management of acute and chronic hyponatremia. It is essential to define the hypotonic state associated with hyponatremia in order to plan therapy. Understanding cerebral defense mechanisms to hyponatremia are key factors to its manifestations and classification and subsequently to its management. Hypotonic hyponatremia is differentiated on the basis of urine osmolality, urine electrolytes and volume status and its treatment is decided based on chronicity and the presence or absence of central nervous (CNS) symptoms. Proper knowledge of sodium and water homeostasis is essential in individualizing therapeutic plans and avoid iatrogenic complications while managing this disorder.
Unilateral Retinal Arteritis and Macroaneurysm in Sarcoidosis.

Background: Sarcoidosis, an idiopathic systemic disorder characterized by noncaseating granulomas, is often associated with granulomatous uveitis. Anterior segment involvement can present with mutton-fat keratic precipitates, anterior chamber cell, and iris nodules. Sarcoid associated posterior uveitis may present with vitritis, retinal vasculitis, and choroidal lesions.Case summary: Sarcoid-associated retinal vasculitis is classically thought of as predominantly involving veins, but in this case report we describe a 76-year-old Caucasian woman presenting with bilateral posterior uveitis, unilateral optic nerve head granuloma, and retinal arteritis as the first manifestation of ocular involvement in systemic sarcoidosis.Conclusion: This case describes the uncommon first manifestation of ocular involvement in systemic sarcoidosis presenting with unilateral retinal arteritis, macroaneurysms and optic nerve head granuloma.
Viral adventitious agent detection using laser force cytology: Intrinsic cell property changes with infection and comparison to in vitro testing.

Adventitious agent testing in biomanufacturing requires assays of broad detection capability in order to screen for as many infectious agents as possible. The current gold standard for general infectious adventitious virus screening is the in vitro assay in which test articles are cultured onto a panel of different cell lines and observed for cytopathic effect (CPE). However, this assay is inherently subjective due to the nature of visual observation of cell morphology and labor and time intensive, requiring highly trained personnel to identify CPE. Laser Force Cytology (LFC) is an alternative, automated analytical method that uses a combination of optical and fluidic forces along with imaging to objectively and quantitatively assess CPE in cell culture. Importantly, because LFC uses no labels or antibodies, the assay is appropriate for general adventitious agent testing. Using LFC, changes in cellular features associated with virally infected cells were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Using these features of infected cells, the sensitivity and earliness of detection with LFC was directly compared with the in vitro assay for a diverse panel of viruses incubated with CHO, Vero, and MRC-5 cells. LFC detected viral infection with a sensitivity equal to the in vitro assay on average, but in certain virus and cell combinations including mouse minute virus (MMV) and reovirus 3 in CHO cells, detection was 4 days earlier and for MMV, the limit of detection was 10-fold lower. Overall, these results demonstrate the ability of LFC to serve as a biopharmaceutical adventitious agent testing methodology with sensitivity equivalent to the in vitro assay, but in an objective and automated manner. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Strong-form meshfree collocation method for multibody thermomechanical contact

This study presents a strong form-based meshfree point collocation method for thermomechanical contact between two deformable bodies. The proposed method, based on Taylor approximation and the method of moving least squares, is implemented in a staggered Newton–Raphson framework to directly discretize and solve the governing nonlinear system of partial differential equations. Following the formulation of the proposed method and the discretization of the governing equations, four numerical examples are presented to verify the computational framework described. The first two examples, involving frictional contact along an inclined surface and Hertzian contact between two half-cylinders, verify the method’s ability to simulate two-body mechanical contact. The next two examples, involving coupled mechanical and thermal contact between rectangular blocks for two loading conditions, verify the ability of the method to simulate thermomechanical contact.
On the Implementation of a Class of Stochastic Search Algorithms

We propose a stochastic approximation approach for implementing a class of random search-based optimization algorithms called the model-based methods. The approach makes efficient use of the past sampling information as the search progresses and can significantly reduce the number of function evaluations needed to obtain high quality solutions. We illustrate our approach through a specific algorithm called Model-based Annealing Random Search with Stochastic Averaging (MARS-SA), which maintains the per-iteration sample size at a small constant value. We present the global convergence property of MARS-SA and report on numerical results.
Sites on the Landscape: Henauhof Nordwest

This site lies on a sand and gravel ridge connected to the solid shore approximately 200 meters west-southwest of Henauhof Nordwest During periods of low water this ridge would have been a corridor of dry ground surrounded on three sides by marsh, and with higher water it would have been a narrow spit jutting out into open water. The site was discovered by test trenches in 1987, at the suggestion of the landowner, who knew about the solid ridge in the midst of the spongy ground of his field. Excavations carried out in 1989 investigated a total of 83 square meters in a large contiguous block together with a few dispersed trenches.
Energy Conservation with Increased Compression Ratio and Electronic Knock Control

This paper discusses the application of an electronic closed loop knock control system to a higher compression ratio engine to allow operation on 91 Research Octane Number fuel. Two cars with different compression ratios are compared with both oxidizing converter - EGR and 3-way oxidizing-reducing converter-EGR closed loop carburetor emission control systems.
An Internet of Things for Healthcare

Mobile health technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) could provide automatic approaches to diagnosing health concerns, taking a step beyond information retrieval.
Rough Asymptotics of Forward-Backward Stochastic Differential Equations

This note is concerned with the asymptotic behavior of adapted solutions to forward-backward SDEs when the forward diffusion contains small noises. We prove the sample path Large Deviation Principle (LDP) for the adapted solutions to the FBSDEs under appropriate conditions stated in terms of a certain type of convergence of the solutions to the associated quasilinear PDEs. As an application we apply the LDP results to a problem of rare event simulation. We provide a necessary condition for the existence of an asymptotically efficient estimator amongst the class of importance sampling estimators.
Genetic mapping of a second myotonic dystrophy locus

We report the mapping of a second myotonic dystrophy locus, myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2). Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a multi-system disease and the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults. In 1992, DM was shown to be caused by an expanded CTG repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase gene (DMPK) on chromosome 19 (refs 2-6). Although several theories have been put forth to explain how the CTG expansion causes the broad spectrum of clinical features associated with DM, it is not understood how this mutation, which does not alter the protein-coding region of a gene, causes an affect at the cellular level. We have identified a five-generation family (MN1) with a genetically distinct form of myotonic dystrophy. Affected members exhibit remarkable clinical similarity to DM (myotonia, proximal and distal limb weakness, frontal balding, cataracts and cardiac arrhythmias) but do not have the chromosome-19 D CTG expansion. We have mapped the disease locus (DM2) of the MN1 family to a 10-cM region of chromosome 3q. Understanding the common molecular features of two different forms of the disease should shed light on the mechanisms responsible for the broad constellation of seemingly unrelated clinical features present in both diseases.
Iso Observations of the Galactic Center Black Hole Candidates IE 1740.7-2942 and GRS 1758-258

The Galactic Center black hole candidates IE 1740.7-2942 and GRS 1758 are luminous hard X-ray sources, with L x > 1037 erg s−1. It has been suggested that both of these sources are powered by Bondi-Hoyle accretion from the ambient dense interstellar medium. If this is the case, luminous far-infrared fine-structure line emission should be detectable from both sources. We have obtained Infrared Space Observatory observations of both sources and failed to detect emission at the predicted levels, implying that either (1) the hard X-ray luminosities averaged over the last ∼ century are considerably lower (by factors of ≳ 2, 3 – 5) than presently, or (2) the mass of gas in immediate proximity to the sources is smaller than in the models (which assumed the X-ray sources were embedded in dense ISM) by about the same factor. Option (2) seems more likely, implying that these sources are not fueled by Bondi-Hoyle accretion.
Predictive queueing multiple access-a wireless ATM protocol for multimedia communication

PQMA (predictive queueing multiple access) is a media access protocol for transporting speech, data, and video via indoor wireless channels. The 5-byte ATM header is modified to accommodate a multi-rate packet access protocol with ARQ capability. Similar to ATM, flexible bandwidth assignment is achieved by the use of virtual circuit identifiers. The ATM header contains a prediction field for the base station to schedule subsequent transmission from the mobile. Packet queues are maintained at both the base station and the mobile station. The protocol also has a built in capability for retransmission required for fading channels. Slow frequency hopping is also employed for combating frequency selective fading. The queueing and error performance of PQMA is analyzed and simulated, which demonstrates that PQMA can support multimedia communication for PCS.
Marketplace Interaction Styles and Consumer Free-Riding

Abstract Individuals approach consumer decision making through several styles. The consumption-related decisions made by individuals are hypothesized to vary by their marketplace interaction styles. This study examines the relationship between the marketplace interaction styles of assertiveness and aggressiveness and attitudes toward consumer free-riding (accessing the pre-purchase services offered by traditional retailers at no cost, while making product purchases at lower priced limitedservice retailers). The findings support the contention that individuals with differing marketplace interaction styles possess differing attitudes toward consumer free-riding. The differences observed, however, were not all consistent with those hypothesized.
Implementation and Transition to Operations

Publisher Summary The success of a system conversion and the transition to operations involves careful planning of rollouts and their impact, attention to the details which support a smoothly running production system, and understanding and preparing for impact to business during times when the system is unavailable. Conversion is the process of bringing the fully configured software live and available for use. The operations phase entails the day-to-day running, maintenance, enhancement, and safeguarding of the system to meet the availability and reliability requirements. As with the project phases, the conversion and operations phases can be carefully managed with clear, well-thought-out strategies that help the users, the system, and the organization avoid problems. Information technology (IT) systems are a necessary tool and resource for delivery of care in many organizations; as healthcare moves persistently to clinical computing, this primary dependency only increases. How and when to convert to new software depends on several factors, including number of users to be trained and who will be impacted, current state, and organizational tolerance for change. Careful thought must be given to staging of applications. It is likely that along with personnel and facilities, IT will be viewed as a fundamental piece of the organizational infrastructure and must be managed as such.
A review of amnestic MCI screening in east/southeast Asian older adults with low education: implications for early informant-clinician collaboration.

Objective The aim of this study is to review the recent literature on established cognitive tests and appropriate screening methods for amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in East/Southeast Asian older adults with a focus on those with low education. Design Peer-reviewed empirical studies conducted in Asia (China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan) were identified using databases in psychology and medicine with combinations of the search terms “mild cognitive impairment,” “dementia,” “screening,” “literacy,” “illiteracy,” “low education,” “informant,” “family,” “cognitive test,” “memory complaints,” “activities of daily living,” and “clinical dementia rating,” limiting articles to those published in English since 1 January 2002. Of note, is that the term “amnestic mild cognitive impairment” was not used for searching the articles because the related cognitive impairment were often categorized non-specifically as MCI, but participants included those with amnestic cognitive challenges. Hence, the general term “MCI” has been used often throughout the text. Results Twelve studies that examined MCI screens were identified. An integrative approach using a combination of cognitive test and informant-based measure may be more sensitive or accurate than using any single screening method alone. Conclusion MCI misdiagnosis may be prevalent, highlighting the need for early collaborative work between informants and clinicians to improve the accuracy of this diagnosis in older Asian adults with low education. Findings were suggestive, although restricted in generalizability even within similar cultural groups or neighboring regions. Clinical application is limited, but some findings provide guidance for future research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Misregulation of homeotic gene expression in Drosophila larvae resulting from mutations at the extra sex combs locus

Abstract Using monoclonal antibodies specific for their protein products, the expression of the Ubx, Antp, and Scr genes was examined in imaginal discs and central nervous systems of esc − Drosophila larvae. In esc − mutants, both the Ubx and Scr proteins are expressed at increased levels or in new locations in the leg discs. Ubx also is expressed in new locations in the posterior wing disc and in small groups of cells in the antenna disc. The Antp protein is expressed ectopically in the eye-antenna disc; however, obvious abnormal expression of Antp was not found in the thoracic imaginal discs. Particularly striking is the fact that a single disc, such as the mesothoracic leg, can show increased expression of both a more “anterior” homeotic gene ( Scr ) and a more “posterior” gene ( Ubx ). Ectopic expression of Ubx and Antp , but not of Scr , is seen in the central nervous system of mutant larvae. These results are discussed with respect to the adult esc − phenotype and the differential effects of esc mutations on early and late development.
Effective query expansion with the resistance distance based term similarity metric

In this paper, we define a new query expansion method that relies on term similarity metric derived from the electric resistance network. This proposed metric lets us measure the mutual relevancy in between terms and between their groups. This paper shows how to define this metric automatically from the document collection, and then apply it in query expansion for document retrieval tasks. The experiments show this method can be used to find good expansion terms of search queries and improve document retrieval performance on two TREC genomic track datasets.
Spontaneous generation of selectable variation in the brain

Selection models of behavior presuppose "selectable variation", diversity in the brain that is stable over time. Diversity can arise spontaneously through the mutual interactions of cell assemblies, which are postulated to align or disalign their neighbors into processing modes conforming to or opposite from their own. These processes are similar to magnetization and crystallization. If aligning and disaligning influences are distributed at random, a state resembling a spin glass can arise, where processing modes are highly varied in space but stable in time. If disalignment occurs regularly at the points of a two-dimensional lattice, and elsewhere the interactions are aligning, a pattern emerges with properties remarkably similar to visual orientation columns. These patterns are maintained dynamically, and emerge statistically without detailed genetic specification.
Sharing knowledge in the public sector: two case studies

In important areas of the public sector, client service depends on cooperation and collaboration among workers in different organizations or agencies. Examples include social services, education and health care. By sharing knowledge across organizations, workers can improve the quality of the service they provide. Technology to facilitate this knowledge sharing is widely available and a number of businesses have demonstrated how to put it to productive use. But the diffuse nature of many public sector settings imposes particular demands on knowledge management. Here I recount two experiments to promote knowledge sharing in the public sector: an early, unsuccessful effort to link social services workers; and a recent, substantially more successful undertaking to interconnect a large number of public school teachers. These experiences suggest the considerable potential of knowledge sharing in the public sector and underscore some of the challenges faced in that arena.
Effects of Within-Activity Choices on the Challenging Behavior of Children with Severe Developmental Disabilities

This study compared the effects of using verbal directives or choice questions within instructional routines on the challenging behaviors of students with developmental disabilities. Two children w...
Supporting Community-Oriented Educational Change

A study of a federally funded program to develop and implement community-oriented social studies curricula and curriculum-based assessments grounds cautions for educational change initiatives. In this case, despite the project director's stated intent to support teachers' desire for instruction regarding local culture and history, top-down support for classroom-level change evidenced insensitivity. Production and implementation of the planned curricula and assessments was obstructed by teacher's lack of cultural identification with the targeted community groups, workload, competing instructional priorities, inadequate communication, and organizational politics. Professional development was sometimes beneficial but more often ineffective—either perfunctory, unnecessary, or disregarded. The findings offer insight regarding educational change and a systemic analysis.
HiGeoM: A symbolic framework for a unified function space representation of trivariate solids for isogeometric analysis ☆

Abstract In this paper, a procedural description of solids is proposed with representational domain that encompasses the needs in Computer Aided Design (CAD), heterogeneous object modeling and Computer Aided Engineering (CAE). Specifically, a function space formalism, that unifies the representation of geometry and physical attributes, is proposed along with an algebra that operates on elements in those spaces. A declarative programming language is provided, which accepts a subset of mathematical semantics specified using the Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) as well as a fortran-like syntax. The language enables a high-level definition of the geometric model using continuous affine transformation and boolean operators leading to a mixed-dimensional representation. Thus, it is possible to construct analytically defined shapes as well as spline representation of complex geometry. The framework is demonstrated by constructing complex engineered solids and isogeometrically solving boundary value problems on the constructed solid.
Autochthonous and Allochthonous Carbon Cycling in a Eutrophic Flow-Through Wetland

Wetland environments are important sites for the cycling and retention of terrestrially derived organic matter and nutrients. Wetland treatment of agricultural runoff has been shown to improve water quality and promote carbon sequestration. However, the potential role of eutrophic wet- lands as a source of algal loading contributing to downstream hypoxia has prompted interest in understanding algal produc- tivity and export from these systems. This study, in the San Joaquin Valley, California, quantified a mass balance of car- bon and nutrients within a seasonally-saturated constructed wetland receiving agricultural runoff, as well as quantifying autochthonous carbon production on four sampling dates during a year with minimal emergent vegetation. Results from this study show that the wetland was a net-sink for nutrients and particulate/dissolved organic carbon. Despite high con- centrations of inflowing nutrients and high rates of primary productivity, high respiration rates limited net organic C pro- duction and export due to high heterotrophic activity. The addition of high C loads in inflowing water and moderate retention efficiencies, however, resulted in a positive C reten- tion during most sampling dates. This study provides valuable insight into the connection between elevated carbon and nu- trient inflows, their effects on autochthonous carbon produc- tion, and resulting carbon and nutrient outflows.
Practical guide to dietary management of cow's milk allergy

Cow’smilk protein allergy is one of themost common food allergies in infants and young children, with a prevalence of 2%e7%. NICE guidelines were recently published to assist the management of food allergy in primary care; aiming to help healthcare professionals increase their expertise in its diagnosis. This article aims to complement the NICE guidelines, highlighting the practical issues in following a cow’s milk protein free diet after diagnosis is made.
Radiolysis of DNA and other biopolymers.

Abstract Studies of radiolysis of biopolymers serve the dual purposes of giving information on (a) chemical mechanisms by which radiation modifies life processes and (b) structure-function relationships in macromolecules. Conditions in living cells are such that both direct and indirect depositions of energy in biopolymers are possible. Direct effects in chromatin components result in formation of specific radical products, many highly reactive. In irradiated DNA the cationic radical, ·Gua + , and the anionic radical, -Thy , make large contributions to the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum. Secondary reactions of the cationic radicals are largely unknown. Indirect effects occur when energy is deposited in water or other components in a solution, and radiolysis products such as e aq − and ·OH react with the biopolymer under investigation. Studies carried out half a century ago show that this process is effective in inactivating enzymes. Conversion of ·OH to the less reactive inorganic radical-anion ·Br 2 − has made it possible to determine the role of tyrosine in functional and structural integrity of several proteinase inhibitors. Both e aq − and -OR react rapidly with DNA, but only ·OH initiates reactions which damage DNA. Radiolysis of double-stranded DNA leads to an increase in optical absorption. The ·OH is believed to attack the deoxyribose moiety, causing strand breaks and partial denaturation, thus reducing the hypochromic effect. After the DNA is partially denatured, or single-stranded, ·OH attacks the bases also. Three kinds of strand breaks have been observed; (1) immediate, (2) those appearing post irradiation, and (3) those appearing on post-irradiation treatment with alkali. Radiolysis of chromatin results in DNA strand breaks, base damage, and protein-DNA cross links. Yields for strand breaks and base damage are lower in chromatin than in purified DNA, and lower still in intact cells. A general hypothesis for radiation damage of chromatin is outlined.
An elementary proof of the Macdonald identities for A(1)l

Abstract In this paper it is shown that the Macdonald identities for A(1)l are a natural consequence of the recent multivariable generalization of classical basic hypergeometric series known as basic hypergeometric series in U(n). More precisely, a U(n) multiple series generalization of the q-binomial theorem is derived and used to generalize Cauchy's elegant proof of Jacobi's triple product identity and to give a direct, elementary proof of the Macdonald identities for A(1)l.
High mortality early reinfarction with first nontransmural myocardial infarction

Abstract Thirty-eight patients with first nontransmural myocardial infarction were studied to determine prognosis and clinical markers of a high-risk subgroup. We found a high incidence of reinfarction (18%) at a median time of 16 days post nontransmural infarction (seven patients). Reinfarction was uniformly associated with death within 24 hours. A total of 14 patients (37%) either died (eight patients) or required urgent revascularization (six patients). Predominant ST segment depression with presenting nontransmural infarction and a history of prior angina were associated with increased mortality (p
A Numerical Investigation of Internal and External Two-Phase Flows of a Rotating Disk Atomizer

In this paper, a numerical study has been carried out to model and simulate the air-water two-phase flows in and around a rotating disk atomizer, which uses multiple nozzles to breakout the water and forms droplets. The physical problem was simulated with an Eulerian multiphase model. The realizable two-equation turbulence model was used for the turbulent flow. The governing equations were solved with a finite volume based numerical method. The rotary frame approach was used to deal with the spinning disk. Numerical simulation was conducted in a disk rotational speed range of 1000 to 10000 rpm, a liquid feed flow rate range of 100 to 150 gpm. Both uniform and non-uniform liquid distribution conditions were considered. Detailed results about flow velocity and volume fraction fields inside and outside of the atomizer are presented and discussed. It was found that when liquid is nonuniformly distributed through the distributors, some of the nozzles could reach flooding conditions at lower rotational disk speed and liquid feed volume flow rates, as compared to uniform distribution cases.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment to accounting organizations

This paper evaluates the utility of a multidimensional conceptualization of organizational commitment in the public accounting environment. Also examines a wide range of antecedent variables for each of the three dimensions of organizational commitment, as well as the consequence of intention to leave the public accounting organization. Results suggest that organizational commitment in the public accounting environment can be conceptualized in terms of affective, moral and economic attachment to the firm. Each of these kinds of commitment develops as a result of distinct antecedent experiences and has different implications for accountants' intentions to leave. The results suggest that affective commitment is the best predictor of intention to leave.