cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of paper spray ionization high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry for forensic applications.

Rationale Paper spray ionization (PSI) is an attractive ambient ionization source for mass spectrometry (MS) since it allows the combination of surface sampling and ionization. The minimal sample preparation inherent in this approach greatly reduces the time needed for analysis. However, the ions generated from interfering compounds in the sample and the paper substrate may interfere with the analyte ions. Therefore, the integration of PSI with high-field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is of significant interest since it should reduce the background ions entering the mass analyzer without complicating the analysis or increasing analysis time. Here we demonstrate the integration of PSI with FAIMS/MS and its potential for analysis of samples of forensic interest. Methods In this work, the parameters that can influence the integration, including sampling and ionization by paper spray, the FAIMS separation of analytes from each other and background interferences, and the length of time that a usable signal can be observed for explosives on paper, were evaluated with the integrated system. Results In the negative ion analysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), amounts as low as 1 ng on paper were readily observed. The successful positive ion separation of a set of illicit drugs including heroin, methamphetamine, and cocaine was also achieved. In addition, the positive ion analysis of the chemical warfare agent simulants dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) was evaluated. Conclusions The integration of PSI-FAIMS/MS was demonstrated for the analyses of explosives in negative ion mode and for illicit drugs and CW simulants in positive mode. Paper background ions that could interfere with these analyses were separated by FAIMS. The compensation voltage of an ion obtained by FAIMS provided an additional identification parameter to be combined with the mass spectrum for each analyte.
Spectroscopic Analysis with a Monolithic Micro-structured Microsphere-Fiber Probe

Micro-structured fiber-optic probes are convenient means for delivering laser light in in vivo applications but are not used for light collection. We demonstrate bidirectional utilization through spectroscopic analysis of cancerous tissue and captured particulate matter.
Racial Isolation and Student Achievement

Achievement data of African American, Hispanic American, and Caucasian students from racially segregated and racially integrated settings in an urban, Midwestern school district were analyzed to determine the e ect of racial isolation on achievement within each racial group. In the district studied, achievement of students from segregated schools was not signi cantly di erent from the achievement of same race students from integrated schools. The study's results should encourage district o cials and instructional leaders to look at those factors that have a positive impact on student achievement regardless of the level of racial isolation. note: This manuscript has been peer-reviewed, accepted, and sanctioned by the National Council of Professors of Educational Administration (NCPEA) as a signi cant contribution to the scholarship and practice of education administration. In addition to publication in the Connexions Content Commons, this module is published in the International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 1 Volume 4, Number 4 (October December 2009). Formatted and edited in Connexions by Theodore Creighton, Virginia Tech.
Limits of Traditional Approaches for Understanding Adult Logical Development

In this chapter, I will try to summarize some of the limits of current approaches that in some way describe or address the development of thought and logic in adulthood and old age. I regret that I will not be able to give a thorough overview of specific theories themselves, or even of general types of theories; space does not permit my doing them justice. My main goal in this chapter is to describe the critical gaps in the approaches that exist in order to suggest ways to fill those gaps. My second goal is to give theoretical reasons for the need to create and explore a new theory, namely, my Theory of Postformal Thought.
Hageman factor activation by polysaccharides: effect of molecular weight.

Hageman factor dependent generation of bradykinin in human plasma is initiated by the contact of human plasma with substances bearing fixed negative charges1 2. Activation occurs in vivo in several situations including hereditary angioedema and gram negative sepsis. Also, blood or plasma in contact with nonphysiological surfaces may generate significant quantities of bradykinin if contact activation occurs. The proteins involved in the initial reactions at the surface are Hageman factor (factor XII), prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen. Both prekallikrein and Hageman factor circulate as zymogens but are converted to active proteases upon contact with a surface in the presence of high molecular weight kininogen3.
The Emergence of Engineering Science

This chapter traces the development of new areas of knowledge that would later be seen to comprise engineering science. Topics covered in this chapter include: the history of applied mechanics, which includes the strength of materials, theories of elasticity, and theories of mechanisms and machines; the history of fluid mechanics, which includes the study of waterwheels, turbines, naval architecture, ballistics and aeronautics; and the history of thermodynamics.
Calibration of Alligator Fatigue Cracking Model for 2002 Design Guide

In AASHTO’s 2002 design guide, the classic fatigue cracking mechanism, which normally initiates at the bottom of the asphalt layer and propagates to the surface (bottom-up cracking), was studied. The prediction of bottom-up alligator fatigue cracking was based on a mechanistic approach to calculate stress and strain. An empirical approach then related these strains to fatigue damage in pavement caused by traffic loads. To provide credibility to the new design procedure, the theoretically predicted distress models must be calibrated to “real-world” performance. In fact, calibration of these distress models is considered to be the most important activity to facilitate implementation, acceptance, and adoption of the design procedure and to establish confidence in the entire procedure. The procedure followed for the national calibration of the alligator fatigue-cracking model used in the AASHTO 2002 design guide is discussed. This calibration study used data from all over the United States, with different environments, material, and traffic. A total of 82 pavement sections from 24 different states were used in the calibration. Tensile strain at the bottom of each asphalt layer was calculated using a linear layer elastic analysis procedure. The initial (base) reference model used in the calibration was the Asphalt Institute MS-1 model. This model was used to compute the damage caused by traffic loads and pavement structure. Predicted damage was then correlated to the measured fatigue cracking in the field, and a transfer function was obtained for the alligator fatigue-cracking distress.
Dynamic aspects of phycobilisome structure

In exponentially growing cells of Synechococcus sp. 6301, over 95% of the phycobiliproteins are located in phycobilisomes, and the remainder is present in the form of low molecular weight aggregates. In addition to the subunits of the phycobiliproteins (C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, allophycocyanin B), the phycobilisomes of this unicellular cyanobacterium contain five non-pigmented polypeptides. During the initial phase of starvation (24 h after removal of combined nitrogen from the growth medium), the phycobiliproteins in the low molecular weight fraction largely disappeared. Phycocyanin was lost more rapidly from this fraction than allophycocyanin. Simultaneous changes in the phycobilisome were (1) a decrease in sedimentation coefficient, (2) a decrease in phycocyanin: allophycocyanin ratio, (3) a shift in the fluorescence emission maximum from 673 to 676 nm, and (4) a selective complete loss of a 30,000 dalton non-pigmented polypeptide. Upon extensive nitrogen starvation (72 h), the intracellular level of phycocyanin decreased by over 30-fold. These results indicate that in the early stage of nitrogen starvation, the free phycobiliproteins of the cell are degraded, as well as a significant proportion of the phycocyanin from the periphery of the phycobilisome. However, the structures partially depleted of phycocyanin still function efficiently in energy transfer. On extended starvation, total degradation of residual phycobilisomes takes place, possibly in conjunction with the detachment of these structures from the thylakoids. None of the effects of the absence of combined nitrogen were seen when cells were starved in the presence of chloramphenicol, or in a methionine auxotroph starved for methionine.
Applications, Open Problems and Concluding Remarks

In this last chapter, we shall make use of the techniques of duality for various problems arising from plastic limit analysis, contact problems of elastoplastic beams and the large deformation structures. All these problems can be formulated in terms of the canonical potential Π(u) = Φ(u,Λ(u)). However, some problems, which do not have such a formulation, are listed for the future research topics.
Thinking Institutionally About Business: Seeing Its Nature as a Community of Persons and Its Purpose as the Common Good

We are increasingly facing in contemporary society significant debates over the nature and purpose of our institutions. In business, its purpose is often pitted between a shareholder maximization or stakeholder balance principle. This purpose discussion, however, too often fails to get to the underlying nature of the business institution itself, which entails how we understand who is in the business (individual vs. person) and its communal character (association vs. community). This essay describes the nature of a business on a continuum between an “association of individuals” and a “community of persons” and the various shadings in between. It is accepted as compelling that the nature of business is a “community of persons” and then lays out the principle of the common good as its purpose. Recognizing the various obstacles of the principle in relationship to business, we explain how the common good views the institutional goods that are particular to a business (good goods, good work, good wealth), and how these goods are ordered to human development (ordering principles, goods held in common, virtues).
Factors to be considered for location selection for affordable housing

Due to the rise in population in metro cities, there has been a substantial rise in the demand for houses. This demand, however, is more from the service-going employees which majorly falls under lower and medium income group. To fulfill this increasing demand and meet these uprising challenges, affordable housing has more or less become the necessity of our developing country. Affordable housing is a challenge that many countries are currently dealing with. “Affordable housing refers to any housing that meets some form of affordability criterion, which could be income level of the family, size of the dwelling unit or affordability in terms of EMI size or a ratio of house price to annual income.” Along with constructing the right number of houses, constructing it within the right budget is also equally necessary. With an increase in the rate of land parcels in and around the metro cities, selection of appropriate land parcel plays an important role in keeping the project within the desired budget. Budget is the most crucial constraint of the project and not much buffer is available for the same. Undertaking an affordable housing project should be such that the profitability of the developer company is achieved as well as the financial needs of the consumer are complimented. It should be a win-win situation for both parties. To execute such a project, the location for the project should be well planned. This is especially important for targeting the pricing sensitivity to locational advantage. Selecting the appropriate location will solemnly solve the budgetary restriction for the developer and the tenements. In this research paper, we will discuss the factors to be considered while selecting an appropriate location to execute a successful affordable housing project.
A Gaussian mixture method for specific differential phase retrieval at X-band frequency

Abstract. The specific differential phase Kdp is one of the most important polarimetric radar variables, but the variance σ2(Kdp) , regarding the errors in the calculation of the range derivative of the differential phase shift Φdp , is not well characterized due to the lack of a data generation model. This paper presents a probabilistic method based on the Gaussian mixture model for Kdp estimation at X-band frequency. The Gaussian mixture method can not only estimate the expected values of Kdp by differentiating the expected values of Φdp , but also obtain σ2(Kdp) from the product of the square of the first derivative of Kdp and the variance of Φdp . Additionally, the ambiguous phase and backscattering differential phase shift are corrected via the mixture model. The method is qualitatively evaluated with a convective event of a bow echo observed by the X-band dual-polarization radar in the University of Missouri. It is concluded that Kdp estimates are highly consistent with the gradients of Φdp in the leading edge of the bow echo, and large σ2(Kdp) occurs with high variation of Kdp . Furthermore, the performance is quantitatively assessed by 2-year radar–gauge data, and the results are compared to linear regression model. It is clear that Kdp -based rain amounts have good agreement with the rain gauge data, while the Gaussian mixture method gives improvements over the linear regression model, particularly for far ranges.
Weakness, Anemia, and Neutropenia in a 9-Year-Old Girl With Influenza

A previously healthy 9-year-old immigrant girl from Mexico was evaluated in the emergency department (ED) with one week of fatigue, fevers, rhinorrhea, and cough. She initially presented to her primary pediatrician, where a complete blood count revealed neutropenia, prompting referral to the ED. In the ED, she was found to be influenza A-positive. Because of dehydration, she received intravenous fluids and was admitted to the pediatric hospital medicine service. After 2 days, influenza symptoms improved, and oral intake increased. However, she was noted to have decreased bilateral lower-extremity strength, absent Achilles reflexes, decreased lower-extremity sensation and proprioception, a positive result on the Romberg sign, and abnormal heel-to-shin testing results. These findings prompted an urgent neurology consultation. After extensive imaging, laboratory evaluation, and further consultations, a diagnosis was established.
Window of Opportunity: Targeting ANGPTL4 Improves Triglyceride Levels in Maternal Obesity During Pregnancy

During pregnancy, maternal dyslipidemia is a physiological response that provides fuel and nutrients for both the placenta and the developing fetus (1). Although less appreciated than glucose and amino acids, maternal lipids promote fetal growth and are essential for normal development (2). During the first and second trimester of pregnancy, fat accumulates in maternal tissues, and by the third trimester of pregnancy, maternal hyperlipidemia, defined here as increased serum triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), is significantly elevated due to moderately increased maternal insulin resistance and lipolysis of lipids in adipose tissues as well as attenuated lipid uptake by peripheral tissues (Fig. 1 A ). Both TG and TC are taken up by the placenta, and placental lipases can hydrolyze TG to free fatty acids for fetal-placental availability (3). It is important to note that while both TG and TC levels rise throughout pregnancy, the TG increase is disproportionately higher in comparison with other lipid fractions and subsequently falls precipitously to prepregnancy levels following delivery (4). Figure 1 Physiological elevation in maternal blood TG in pregnancy is regulated by increased ANGPTL4 expression in mice. A : During normal pregnancy, maternal blood TG concentrations are increased in part by insulin resistance in peripheral tissues to ensure TG supply for the placenta and fetus. These alterations result in increased adipose tissue lipolysis, increasing the release of free fatty acids (FAs) and glycerol from adipose tissue and their transfer to the liver and the placenta. During pregnancy, increased expression of ANGPTL4 inhibits LPL, regulating TG clearance from the blood serum. ANGPTL4 expression is increased during pregnancy in inguinal …
Prioritize Fast and Accurate Diagnostic Testing in the Short Term

It’s commendable that lawmakers, governors, and mayors around the country, including in Pennsylvania, are prioritizing public health in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Using contact tracing apps like the one proposed for Pennsylvania should be voluntary, lawmakers should know how they function, and users should know what information is collected and who will use it. That said, caution is warranted: the public is skeptical of using these apps. While the app under consideration doesn’t track user location, the public is reasonably quite skeptical of new public health surveillance, and acclimating residents to public health surveillance has long-term social effects that are difficult to assess.
Entry Regulation and the Effect of Public Reporting: Evidence from Home Health Compare

Economic theory suggests that competition and information are complementary tools for promoting healthcare quality. The existing empirical literature has documented this effect only in the context of competition among existing firms. Extending this literature, we examine competition driven by the entry of new firms into the home health care industry. In particular, we use the Certificate of Need (CON) law as a proxy for the entry of firms to avoid potential endogeneity of entry. We find that home health agencies in non-CON states improved quality under public reporting significantly more than agencies in CON states. Since home health care is a labor-intensive, capital-light industry, the state CON law is a major barrier for new firms to enter. Our findings suggest that policymakers may jointly consider information disclosure and entry regulation to achieve better quality in home health care.
Teaching Scientific Computing

We consider the wide scale use of computers in scientific research and the implications for the educational curriculum. We examine the practice of scientific computing from the perspective of obtaining robust numerical results. We explore the philosophy underlying this process and isolate the essential elements. We discuss in detail practices that are designed to minimize the likelihood of errors and also survey a set of supporting skills. Throughout, examples are used to illustrate the key ideas.
Bounds for the computation of the free distance of codes based on convolution

This paper presents new bounds to be used in the search for the free distance (D/sub free/) of infinite response codes based on filtering a PAM modulated signal. The bounds extend the two main criteria used to prune paths with trellis codes, namely: path weight comparisons: from each state only the path with the smallest weight is extended; and bounding: if the weight is larger than an upper bound on D/sub free/ then no path is extended. If a PAM signal is filtered with an IIR filter, then we have a linear tree code, and the paths do not merge. In addition, the weight D/sub free/ is reached only in the limit. We show that, by using more powerful bounds, it is possible to compare paths in the cases of "near merges," and to find when a path corresponds to D/sub free/ in early stages of the search. The new bounds are useful for several types of convolutional coding, and for that reason we present a quite general approach, and exemplify the solutions for filtered PAM and also for binary convolutional codes (BCC). >
Electrical properties of TiO/sub 2/ nanocomposites

The incorporation of 38 nm titanium dioxide nanoparticles into an epoxy matrix to form a nanocomposite structure is described. The practical use of such materials has been evaluated through careful measurements of their electric strength made using recessed specimens as a function of particulate loading in comparison with an equivalent conventional resin formulated with micro-scale TiO/sub 2/ filler. The results would suggest that significant advantages accrue from the nano-formulated material in keeping with the known reduction in internal space charge accumulation earlier determined by pulse electroacoustic measurements. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that an optimum loading is indicated at about 10% (by weight). Based on additional thermally stimulated current and electroluminescence data, some suggestions are advanced which explain the improved performance in terms of the mitigating effects of trapped entanglement on the Maxwell-Wagner effect.
Magnetic Energy Relationships in the Magnetosphere

Using a more physical method of calculating magnetic energy changes, various theorems relating to geomagnetic processes have been reformulated. In particular, we have determined : (a) the energy of confinement of a magnetic dipole field by a perfectly conducting surface (e.g., the steady state containment of the Earth’s field by the solar wind); (b) the energy of transient compression of a shielded dipole field by a diamagnetic medium (such as the sudden commencement of a magnetic storm); and (c) the zero order energy of trapped particles in an undistorted dipole field (e.g., the energy of the radiation belts during quiet times or the main phase in a weak magnetic storm). In all three instances the magnetic and kinetic energies are directly proportional to M·b(0), where b(0) is the total perturbation field at the position of the dipole moment M due to sources exterior to the shielding volume (if any). A new result shows that (c) follows directly from a more general theorem which phenomenologically includes the non-linear effects of particle interactions within the belt. A simple model is developed which demonstrates that the zero order theorem (c) leads to an overestimate of the kinetic energy of the particle distribution when the non-linear magnetic distortions of the particles are important.
Distinct Expression Patterns of the p53-Homologue p73 in Malignant and Normal Hematopoiesis Assessed by a Novel Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay and Protein Analysis

The role of the recently identified first p53-homologue, p73, in neoplastic transformation is unknown. To elucidate p73 gene expression in hematopoiesis, we investigated samples from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia patients, leukemia cell lines, as well as mature and immature normal hematopoietic cells by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. We found a distinct p73 expression profile with highest p73 mRNA transcript levels in hematopoietic malignancies such as CML blast crisis and acute myelogenous leukemia versus CML chronic phase and normal controls. Mono- and biallelic p73 expression was found in both normal and malignant hematopoiesis. p73 protein was expressed at various levels in leukemia samples and cell lines but could not be detected in any normal controls tested. Our results point to a distinct yet undefined role of p73 in the pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms.
MavN is a Legionella pneumophila vacuole-associated protein required for efficient iron acquisition during intracellular growth

Iron is essential for the growth and virulence of most intravacuolar pathogens. The mechanisms by which microbes bypass host iron restriction to gain access to this metal across the host vacuolar membrane are poorly characterized. In this work, we identify a unique intracellular iron acquisition strategy used by Legionella pneumophila. The bacterial Icm/Dot (intracellular multiplication/defect in organelle trafficking) type IV secretion system targets the bacterial-derived MavN (more regions allowing vacuolar colocalization N) protein to the surface of the Legionella-containing vacuole where this putative transmembrane protein facilitates intravacuolar iron acquisition. The ΔmavN mutant exhibits a transcriptional iron-starvation signature before its growth is arrested during the very early stages of macrophage infection. This intracellular growth defect is rescued only by the addition of excess exogenous iron to the culture medium and not a variety of other metals. Consistent with MavN being a translocated substrate that plays an exclusive role during intracellular growth, the mutant shows no defect for growth in broth culture, even under severe iron-limiting conditions. Putative iron-binding residues within the MavN protein were identified, and point mutations in these residues resulted in defects specific for intracellular growth that are indistinguishable from the ΔmavN mutant. This model of a bacterial protein inserting into host membranes to mediate iron transport provides a paradigm for how intravacuolar pathogens can use virulence-associated secretion systems to manipulate and acquire host iron.
Simultaneous isolation of preparative amounts of RNA and DNA from Trichinella spiralis by cesium trifluoroacetate isopycnic centrifugation

A rapid method for simultaneously banding preparative amounts of RNA and DNA from Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae by isopycnic centrifugation in cesium trifluoroacetate (CsTFA) is described. Larvae were homogenized in guanidinium isothiocyanate and the DNA, RNA, glycogen, and denatured protein components were isopycnically separated without prior purification. This procedure resulted in the isolation of nucleic acids suitable for molecular biological application. Agarose gel electrophoresis of gradient fractions indicated the separation of undegraded RNA and DNA where total RNA was of sufficient purity to efficiently direct in vitro translation of parasite protein and total DNA was greater than 20 kb in size and sensitive to restriction endonuclease digestion. Oligo (dT)-purified poly(A)+ mRNA was 3.6% of total RNA with greater than 18% conversion to cDNA.
Acute thallium poisoning: Toxicological and morphological studies of the nervous system

Nine days following ingestion of 5 to 10 gm of thallium nitrate, a young man died with severe cranial and peripheral neuropathy, anuria, and heart failure. Ultrastructural examination of nerves obtained on days 7 and 9 demonstrated axonal degeneration with secondary myelin loss. Axons were swollen and contained distended mitochondria and vacuoles. Thallium levels in more than twenty organs and body fluids ranged from below 1.0 to 178 microgram/gm; concentrations in twenty areas of the nervous system ranged from 29 to 140 microgram/gm. The highest brain levels of thallium were found in gray matter. In the thalamus, 87% of the thallium was present in cell sap. Tissue concentrations of thallium did not parallel those reported for potassium, suggesting that thallium distribution differs from potassium distribution in human beings.
Crystal structure and fluorescence lifetime of a laser material NdNa5(WO4)4

Abstract The structure of NdNa5(WO4)4, determined by single-crystal x-ray analysis, is tetragonal with space group I 41/a and cell parameters a = 11.559(2) A , b = 11.453(2) A , z = 4. A full-matrix, least-squares refinement gives R = 0.077. The W atoms and the Nd atoms occupy isolated tetrahedra and dodecahedra, respectively. These polyhedra are connected by the Na atoms, which are located at two different sites, tetrahedral and octahedral. The fluorescence lifetime of the 4 F 3 2 → 4 I 11 2 transition of Nd+3 is reported for the system La1−xNdxNa5(WO4)4. The lifetime of NdNa5(WO4)4 is 85 ± 5 μsec, which is comparable to NdP5O14. Concentration quenching is considerably reduced in both host structures, which we conclude is due to the isolation of the rare-earth polyhedra.
Cell-substratum adhesion of neurite growth cones, and its role in neurite elongation.

Abstract The adhesion of chick embryo sensory neurons to glass coverslips was examined with interference reflection optics. On untreated glass, adhesive contacts are common only beneath growth cones and are small. On polylysine-treated glass growth cones are highly spread, microspikes reach treat lengths and extensive adhesive contacts underlie growth cones, microspikes and nerve fibers. Veils, expanded from the growth cone, are adherent to the substratum either centrally or laterally, while the extending edge of the cell margin is non-adherent. Linear adhesions are frequent beneath microspikes and pass centrally beneath the growth cone margin. The distribution of linear adhesions resembles that of microfilament bundles seen within whole mounts of growth cones. Adhesive contacts stabilize extensions of the growth cone margin and may influence the organization of the microfilamentous network within the growth cone. Regulation of microfilament organization by adhesion may influence microfilament functions in growth cone mobility and the assembly of neurite structures.
Identification of Amino Acid Residues of Gsα Critical to Repression of Adipogenesis

Abstract Gsα regulates the differentiation of 3T3-L1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts to adipocytes, a process termed adipogenesis. Through the expression of chimera created by substituting regions of Gsα with corresponding regions of the G protein Giα2, the domain of Gsα involved in repression of adipogenesis was localized to sequence 146–235 of the molecule (Wang, H-y., Johnson, G. L., Liu, X., Malbon, C. C. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22022–22029). As a prelude to alanine-scanning mutagenesis, chimeras in Gsα constructed from trisection of the sequence 125–213 of Giα2 were expressed stably, and clones were evaluated for the ability of the chimera to repress adipogenesis in response to the inducers, dexamethasone and methylisobutylxanthine, in combination. The chimera containing sequence 150–177 of Giα2 repressed adipogenesis, whereas the chimeras with either sequence 125–149 or 178–213 of Giα2 failed to repress induction of adipogenesis. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of these two critical domains was performed first in clusters and then confirmed by analysis of single mutations. Six residues unique to Gsα were identified as critical to repression of adipogenesis, Asn167, Cys200, Leu203, Ser205, Val214, and Lys216. Leu203 and Ser205 are required in tandem, as mutagenesis to alanine of either one alone was without effect on repressor activity. The remaining four residues are required for repressor activity; mutation of any one of these abolishes the ability of Gsα to repress adipogenesis, although not affecting the ability of the mutant form of Gsα to regulate adenylylcyclase. Using conserved landmarks found in the crystal structures of Giα1 and Gsα, the Leu203 and Ser205 cluster appears to be exposed, closely aligned and located in switch I region. Asn167, Val214, and Lys216 project to regions on Gsα that are exposed in the GTPγS-liganded state of the α subunit. We speculate that these residues constitute an important contact domain between Gsα and the effector controlling adipogenesis, which is yet to be identified.
Composition of milk from the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata

Abstract Milk was collected from brood sacs with filter paper embryo surrogates, dried, and found to contain 45% protein, 5% amino acids, 25% carbohydrate, and 16 to 22% lipid. The protein fraction contained 12% carbohydrate, predominantly mannose, and, after carbohydrate removal, was resolved by SDS-gel electrophoresis into two bands with molecular weights of about 13,000 and 16,000 daltons. All the common amino acids were found in hydrolyzed protein and as free amino acids; glutamic and aspartic acids were the most abundant. Of the total carbohydrate, 26% was incorporated into protein; the remainder consisted of 4 free sugars, the most abundant of which was mannose. Electrolyte concentrations in the secretion differed from those in the maternal haemolymph in that sodium and chloride were lower and potassium was higher. Lipids consisted of phospholipids, cholesterol, and minor amounts of other lipids, together with a waxy substance which coats the embryos. Gut contents from embryos receiving secretory nourishment contained protein in liquid and crystalline form, and only trace amounts of carbohydrates.
Comparative Study of Factor Patterns, Physiologically and Psychologically Determined

(1952). Comparative Study of Factor Patterns, Physiologically and Psychologically Determined. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 105-128.
Cervical aortic arch with a new twist.

We report a case of cervical aortic arch (CAA) with unusual tortuosity in the mid thoracic descending aorta. The presentation of this case involving a 6-year-old girl with CAA reinforces clinical clues and associations. She was referred for catheterization to evaluate prominent right sided neck pulsations attributed to mild coarctation of the aorta with inability to image a normal aorta on an echocardiogram. At examination, the girl had intermittent arm–leg blood pressure discrepancies (e.g., right arm, 115/76; right leg, 98/67). When sitting, she had hyperdynamic neck pulsations in the right neck and a continuous murmur louder than a typical venous hum. Her small stature, dysmorphic features, and hypernasal speech were not shared by her twin brother. Chest X-ray did not confirm arch laterality or rib notching. Probable abnormal aortic arch development was diagnosed, and suspicion of velocardiofacial syndrome was supported with genetic testing, which confirmed 22q11 deletion. At catheterization, a patent foramen ovale facilitated catheter entry into the left ventricle. After left ventricular injection, the elongated ascending aorta with the right aortic arch and cervical extent plus the characteristic origin of the arch vessels was identified (Figs.1 and 2) [3]. Unique to this case was the ‘‘twist’’ seen in the mid thoracic descending aorta to the right of the spine before the aorta took a retroesophageal course and crossed to descend on the left. There was a mild gradient between the left ventricle (112/0, 10) and femoral artery (100/70; mean, 98). However, no discrete area of obstruction in the course of the aorta was identified. The congenital anomaly of CAA characterized by the cervical extent of the aortic arch with the apex positioned in the neck above the clavicle was first reported in 1914. Approximately 150 cases have been reported to date [1–3]. One proposal is that CAA develops during weeks 4 to 6 of fetal life from abnormal persistence of the third arch with involution of the left fourth arch, which locates the aortic arch to a more cervical position. This explanation also allows for the expected separate origins of the carotid arteries. There is no true innominate artery, and the last vessel off the aorta is the subclavian artery arising from the descending aorta contralateral to the arch. This is the pattern of CAA identified in patients with 22q11.2 deletion [1]. Clinically unifying to the diagnosis of the cervical aortic arch is the recognition of prominent pulsations in the neck and a cardiac murmur. Our patient should be followed for symptoms of vascular ring, aortic arch obstruction, aortic aneurysm, and anticipation of problems related to her confirmed 22q11.2 deletion. The unusual tortuosity of the aorta may be a new finding in the CAA complex.
Controversies in mycosis fungoides

Most clinicians agree that mycosis fungoides is the prototypic cutaneous T cell lymphoma, However, certain clinical characteristics indicate that this disorder may begin as a reactive rather than a neoplastic process. The concept of a nonneoplastic etiopathogenesis of mycosis fungoides is further supported by recent data on the function of Langerhans cells, a population of epidermal cells known to play a critical role in immune surveillance and the development of contact sensitivity. It has been suggested that chronic occupational exposure to environmental allergens results in persistent antigenic stimulation, leading to a breakdown in immune surveillance and, eventually, malignancy. Modern laboratory technics have enhanced the clinician's ability to diagnose and stage mycosis fungoides. Data obtained from such studies have indicated that systemic spread may occur much earlier in the course of disease than has previously been appreciated. The therapeutic implications of such knowledge are as yet uncertain.
Two mutations that alter the regulatory activity of E. coli recA protein.

The Escherichia coli recA gene product is both a direct participant and a central regulatory element in important processes of DNA repair, including one that is probably responsible for all radiation mutagenesis and some chemical mutagenesis. It has the direct function of catalysing pairing of single-stranded DNA to a homologous region in duplex DNA1,2, a reaction thought to be fundamental to genetic recombination. This activity of recA protein probably contributes to DNA repair by promoting recombination between damaged DNA molecules3. We have shown that recA protein also has a regulatory function, mediated by its ability to destroy repressers and possibly other proteins by proteolytic cleavage, leading to the induction of certain genes4–6; these include recA itself, regulated by the lexA gene product7–9, other genes probably involved in DNA repair, some of which are also regulated by the lexA gene product10, and the early genes of temperate bacteriophages, which are regulated by their repressers. recA protein is activated to cleave repressers in vitro by interaction with ATP (or the ATP analogue ATP-γS) and a polynucleotide such as single-stranded DNA4, probably the same interaction that initiates the strand-pairing reaction11. We have proposed that recA protein is also activated to attack repressers in vivo when it interacts with single-stranded DNA; DNA-damaging treatments such as UV-ray irradiation would thereby invoke the recA-dependent functions of recombination, repair, mutagenesis and prophage induction4. As further evidence that the proteolytic activity of recA protein is responsible for its regulatory function, we show here that the ability of two mutationally altered recA proteins to cleave phage λ repressor correlates with the ability of the mutant cells to induce prophage.
Channel erosion along the Carmel river, Monterey county, California

Historic maps, photographs, and channel cross-sections show that the channel of the Carmel River underwent massive bank erosion, channel migration, and aggradation in a major flood in 1911, then narrowed and incised by 1939. The channel was stable until 1978 and 1980, when bank erosion affected some reaches but not others. The narrowing and incision were in response to a lack of major floods after 1914 and construction in 1921 of a dam that cut off sediment supply from the most actively eroding half of the basin. Localized erosion in 1978 and 1980 occurred during low magnitude events along reaches whose bank strength had been reduced by devegetation. These events illustrate that the stability of a fluvial system can be disrupted either by application of a large erosive force in a high magnitude event (the 1911 flood) or in a low magnitude event, by reducing the resistance to erosion (bank devegetation). The Carmel River is a potentially unstable system. Its discharge and slope characteristics place it near the threshold between meandering and braided. On the Lower Carmel, the presence of bank vegetation can make the difference between a narrow, stable meandering channel and a wide shifting channel with braided reaches.
The topology of texts

Abstract This paper is a study of the formal structure of the semantic coherence of texts. It consists of a review and critique of previous studies of the topological structure of texts, and a re‐working of those proposals into linguistic topologies detailed in a previous paper by the author: i.e., into tolerance spaces. Analyses of certain literary texts in terms of these topologies are given, and such structures are considered in light of what they suggest about the linguistic autonomy of texts.
Comparison of whole liver and small region-of-interest measurements of MRI liver R2* in children with iron overload.

Background Measurement of liver MRI T2* and R2* is emerging as a reliable alternative to liver biopsy for the quantitation of liver iron content. A systematic investigation of the influence of the region-of-interest size and placement has not been conducted.
An Evaluation of Ploughing Models for Orthogonal Machining

An analytical comparison is made between two basic models of the flow of workpiece material around the edge ofan orthogonal cutting tool during steady-state metal removal. Each has been the basis for assumptions in previous studies which attempt to model the machining process, but no direct comparison had been made to determine which, if either, is an appropriate model. One model assumes that a separation point exists on the rounded cutting edge while the other includes a stable build-up adhered to the edge and assumes a separation point at the outer extreme of the build-up. Theories of elastic-plastic deformation are employed to develop force predictions based on each model, and experiments are performed on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy to evaluate modeling success. The experiments utilize unusually large cutting edge radii to isolate the edge component of the total cutting forces. Results suggest that a material separation point on the tool itself does not exist and that the model that includes a stable build-up works better to describe the experimental observations.
Intrepid's last deception: Documenting the career of Sir William Stephenson

(1993). Intrepid's last deception: Documenting the career of Sir William Stephenson. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 8, Espionage: Past, Present, Future?, pp. 72-99.
The sequence of the reovirus serotype 3 L3 genome segment which encodes the major core protein λ1

Abstract We present the sequence of reovirus serotype 3 (strain Dearing) genome segment L3 which encodes protein λ1, one of the two major components of the core shell. The genome segment is 3896 nucleotides long, with 5′- and 3′-noncoding regions of 13 and 181 nucleotides, respectively. Protein λ1 is 1233 amino acids long. It is a slightly acidic protein, with a predicted α-helix and β-sheet content of 23.6 and 28.3%, respectively. Its rather low predicted α-helix contact is consistent with its being a structural protein. The 123 amino acid long region at its amino terminus is very hydrophilic and contains three α-helical regions, one being 26 amino acids long. Protein λ1 contains two functional motifs. The first is a nucleotide binding site -TKGKSSG- starting at residue 8, the other is a “zinc finger” motif centered around amino acid residue 194. This suggests that protein λ1 functions during the transcription of either dsRNA into plus strands or of plus strands into minus strands, or during both. It displays no significant sequence similarity to any protein sequence in the GenBank database.
Embedded Atom Contributions to the Magnetic EXAFS

Measurements at the L 2/3 -edges of Rare-Earth (RE) metallic systems show a smooth low-frequent background on which the magnetic EXAFS are superimposed. While this background is rather strong at the L 2/3 -edges it is vanishing at the L 1 -edge. It is also not observed at the K-edge of Transition Metals and only very weak in RE oxides. It is shown that the oscillating contribution to the magnetic EXAFS does only depend on the spin-polarization of the neighboring atoms. But the ratio of this low-frequent background at the L2- and L 3 -edges reflect the existence of an orbital momentum similar as it is found in the corresponding near-edge X-MCD.
Lightwave centralized WDM-OFDM-PON

We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated, for the first time, a novel WDM-OFDM-PON using centralized lightwave to provide downstream 16-QAM phase-modulated OFDM signals at 10 Gbit/s and upstream OOK at 1.75 Gbit/s.
Failure of atrial natriuretic peptide to induce natriuresis in aortocaval fistula dogs.

Failure of atrial natriuretic peptide to induce natriuresis in aortocaval fistula dogs. Creation of an aortocaval fistula (ACF) in dogs induces salt and water retention, activation of the renin-angiotensin and adrenergic nervous systems and renal papillary ischemia associated with high levels of circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). The effects of intrarenal ANP (1.2 µg/min) infusion on systemic and renal hemodynamics, renal excretory function, renal output of renin and norepinephrine (NE) and papillary plasma flow (PPF) were studied in both normal and ACF dogs. ANP did not alter systemic hemodynamics in either group, but led to a significant increase in renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine flow rate (V), sodium excretion (U Na V) and fractional excretion of sodium (FE Na ), and a significant decrease in renal vascular resistance (RVR) and urine osmolality (U Osm ) in normal dogs. GFR, RBF, RVR, V, U Na V, FE Na and U Osm remained unchanged, however, in ACF dogs. In ACF dogs, both renal renin and NE output were significantly greater during baseline and remained significantly greater following ANP infusion, associated with a significantly lower PPF compared with normal dogs. These data suggest that ACF dogs are resistant to the renal effects of ANP, which can neither mitigate the hormonal mediators of sodium retention nor reverse the papillary ischemia observed in this model.
Beyond peptidoglycan for Nod2

Nod2 is a cytoplasmic Nod-like receptor protein that detects the peptidoglycan subfragment muramyl dipeptide. New work shows that Nod2 also has an important role in recognizing viruses and in triggering interferon production during viral infection.
Developmental study of the structure of sea urchin embryo and sperm chromatin using micrococcal nuclease

Abstract Sea urchin embryo chromatin is hydrolyzed by micrococcal nuclease into a series of oligomers which are multiples of a monomer (repeating unit) containing 220 ± 22 nucleotide pairs of DNA which accumulates during the initial phase of the digestion. Although the size of the chromatin monomers remains the same throughout early development, from the morula through the pluteus stage of embryogenesis, the rate and extent of solubilization of chromatin DNA by micrococcal nuclease decrease as development proceeds. Sea urchin sperm chromatin is hydrolyzed by micrococcal nuclease into a series of oligomers which are multiples of a monomer containing 260 ± 26 nucleotide pairs of DNA which accumulates during the initial phase of the digestion. Analysis of the sizes of oligomers which result from micrococcal nuclease digestion of mouse liver, sea urchin embryo, and sea urchin sperm chromatin in situ, suggests that the oligomers are nearly exact multiples of the respective monomers. These results are discussed in relation to those studies which have shown that the histone complement of the sea urchin embryo and sperm changes during development.