cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of Injection and Non-Injection Opioid Use among Black People in Methadone Treatment: A Pilot Study in Detroit

Abstract Rates of injection drug use (IDU) of opioids have been consistently lower among Black people relative to Non-Hispanic White people despite rising IDU estimates. While explanations have been proposed, no study has explored differences within a clinical sample of Black people in treatment who prefer IDU to non-IDU opioid administration. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore these differences guided by a seminal framework (e.g., market force, social network, and risk-taking characteristics), along with mental health symptoms, needle phobia, and injection perception variables. A purposive sample of 50 Black participants (58.0% male) were recruited from an opioid treatment program in Detroit by their preference for IDU (n = 16) versus non-IDU. The IDU group was younger, less educated, and younger at first treatment episode. They were more likely to report having been told they had bipolar disorder, PTSD, or anxiety, receiving mental health services as adults, and have a spouse/partner and close friends who injected opioids. The non-IDU group endorsed more symptoms of needle phobia. The non-IDU group also agreed more with statements that family and friends believe police mistreat people who inject drugs, and that people who inject opioids have a harder time quitting, are more likely to die from overdose, and have a harder time hiding it from family. These initial findings provide a rationale for a larger study with sex-specific analysis on factors associated with IDU among Black to inform harm reduction efforts.
Digital Storytelling with DINAH: Dynamic, Interactive, Narrative Authoring Heuristic

We present a novel method for defining and assembling interactive narrative while operating under an optimized constraint-based system. DINAH is a dynamic, interactive, narrative authoring heuristic that constructs textual stories from a database of short story components. Similar to video game techniques that blend short motion capture segments to construct interactive graphical characters, DINAH builds entire narratives from a database of indexed story segments. The narrative DINAH builds dynamically adjusts to a user’s interaction while run-time algorithms ensure that the essential ingredients of a compelling narrative are preserved. We use DINAH to further explore the potential and utility of interactive, computer-generated narrative, both as a learning tool and an entertainment technology.
The relative renal safety of iodixanol compared with low-osmolar contrast media: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Objectives We sought to compare the nephrotoxicity of the iso-osmolar contrast medium, iodixanol, to low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM). Background Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a common cause of in-hospital renal failure. A prior meta-analysis suggested that iodixanol (Visipaque, GE Healthcare, Princeton, New Jersey) was associated with less CI-AKI than LOCM, but this study was limited by ascertainment bias and did not include the most recent randomized controlled trials. Methods We searched Medline, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, Current Contents, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1980 to November 30, 2008, for randomized controlled trials that compared the incidence of CI-AKI with either iodixanol or LOCM. Random-effects models were used to calculate summary risk ratios (RR) for CI-AKI, need for hemodialysis, and death. Results A total of 16 trials including 2,763 subjects were pooled. There was no significant difference in the incidence of CI-AKI in the iodixanol group than in the LOCM group overall (summary RR: 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56 to 1.12, p = 0.19). There was no significant difference in the rates of post-procedure hemodialysis or death. There was a reduction in CI-AKI when iodixanol was compared with ioxaglate (RR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.92; p = 0.022) and iohexol (RR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.56; p = 0.002), but no difference when compared with iopamidol (RR: 1.20, 95% CI: 0.66 to 2.18; p = 0.55), iopromide (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.47 to 1.85; p = 0.84), or ioversol (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.39; p = 0.68). Conclusions This meta-analysis including 2,763 subjects suggests that iodixanol, when compared with LOCM overall, is not associated with less CI-AKI. The relative renal safety of LOCM compared with iodixanol may vary based on the specific type of LOCM.
On the impact of surface heterogeneity on a realistic convective boundary layer

[1] Turbulent interactions of momentum and scalars within the convective boundary layer (CBL) over a heterogeneous surface can have a strong influence on both local flow properties and regional weather and climate. Using realistic heterogeneous surface flux data as well as mean vertical soundings obtained from the Soil-Moisture Atmosphere Coupling Experiment 2002 (SMACEX) as boundary and initial conditions in a large-eddy simulation (LES) model, this research attempts to further our understanding of the impact of surface heterogeneity on a growing CBL in a realistic environment. On the basis of a newly proposed method, a set of realizations precisely replicating the basic statistics (mean and variance) and cross correlation of surface flux boundary conditions (relative to the actual fields at the SMACEX) are used for a series of LES experiments. The impacts of heterogeneity on two aspects of the CBL are discussed in this study: (1) the characteristic vertical profiles of CBL properties and (2) the vertical mixing scales of the CBL. Within the set of conditions examined in this study, the potential temperature is more sensitive to the surface heterogeneity scale than to specific humidity, and the variation of velocity (both horizontal and vertical) clearly reflects the impact of surface organization. The vertical profile of the coefficient of variation calculated from the potential temperature field is introduced to identify the thermal blending height, and a good agreement is obtained compared to the predicted values using formulations from the literature. A commonly used formulation for the momentum blending height was found to inadequately represent the vertical mixing. Another stability-dependent formulation combining both shear and convective characteristics is shown to provide more reasonable results.
Life Limiting Behavior in Interlaminar Shear of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites at Elevated Temperatures

Interlaminar shear strength of four different fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites was determined with doublenotch shear test specimens as a function of test rate at elevated temperatures ranging from 1100 to 1316 C in air. Life limiting behavior, represented as interlaminar shear strength degradation with decreasing test rate, was significant for 2-D crossplied SiC/MAS-5 and 2-D plain-woven C/SiC composites, but insignificant for 2-D plain-woven SiC/SiC and 2-D woven Sylramic (Dow Corning, Midland, Michigan) SiC/SiC composites. A phenomenological, power-law delayed failure model was proposed to account for and to quantify the rate dependency of interlaminar shear strength of the composites. Additional stress rupture testing in interlaminar shear was conducted at elevated temperatures to validate the proposed model. The model was in good agreement with SiC/MAS-5 and C/SiC composites, but in poor to reasonable agreement with Sylramic SiC/SiC. Constant shear stress-rate testing was proposed as a possible means of life prediction testing methodology for ceramic matrix composites subjected to interlaminar shear at elevated temperatures when short lifetimes are expected.
International Legal Collections at U.S. Academic Law School Libraries

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/slissrj Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Acknowledgements This article originated as a final research project for Professor Jean Bedord's fall semester 2011 graduate course, Information and Society (LIBR 200-05). I would like to thank Prof. Bedord for her suggestions, insights, and criticism. I am also grateful to the other students in the course for sharing their own research and thoughts via on-line discussion boards over the course of the semester.
Putting Together the Pieces: Reconstructing Mortuary Practices from Commingled Ossuary Cremains

Publisher Summary This chapter provides the results of an analysis of commingled cremated remains from a prehistoric ossuary to elucidate the mortuary practices at the site. Several studies of mortuary practices involving cremated remains have focused on distinguishing between fleshed, green, and dry cremated bones by analyzing coloration and patterns of burning and fragmentation. This chapter draws on the earlier works but adds an additional dimension to the analysis: the spatial patterning of burned bone fragments. The burials appear to have been surface interments in crevices and caves formed beneath and between the fallen rocks. When first discovered, the burials were assumed to be late prehistoric or protohistoric in age, based on the current understanding of mortuary practices in this region. The role of cremation in the broader realm of mortuary practices needs to be elucidated. Burned human remains are an unusual occurrence in prehistoric midden sites on the Northwest Coast (although occasional examples have been reported from at least eight sites in the region) but become increasingly common in the late prehistoric period, particularly in association with large earthen burial mounds/cairns. In most cases, whether ancient or protohistoric, the burned bones have not been subjected to careful analysis, so it is difficult to determine not only the demographic characteristics of the cremated individuals, but also the context (deliberate or incidental to other activities), nature (fleshed, green, or dry bone), and extent of burning.
Measurement of the glass transition temperature of elastomer systems

The glass transition temperature of polymers depends on both the experimental procedures and the experimental techniques used for its evaluation. However, the value of the published data is often diminished because these details are omitted. Examples are cited to show how the magnitude of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) T{sub g} depends on the T{sub g} location and different calibration methods. Some comments are also made about thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) methods, although these are treated only briefly. The factors that are unique to elastomer glass transition temperatures are: (1) the difficulties of calibration of the instruments at subambient temperature, (2) increase of T{sub g} by the extent of vulcanization and filler loading, (3) differences due to microstructure and microphase separation, and (4) the availability of different grades of the same elastomer with different composition or added components, which alter their T{sub g}. Thus, the literature value of T{sub g} should include not only the calibration and procedure for the experiment, but also the exact name and description of the elastomer with the number index, the recipe used, and the cure conditions.
On Perceived Conceptual and Methodological Divergences in Linguistic Theory and Cognitive Science: Distributional Analyses, Universal Grammar, and Language Acquisition

Many of the theoretical innovations in linguistic theory and cognitive science due to Noam Chomsky, and now considered to be cornerstones of the biolinguistic/Ilanguage approach, are often viewed as radical replacements of earlier views in structural linguistics and psychology. In particular, the story often goes that Chomsky abandoned the structuralist tradition, along with “discovery procedures” and distributional analyses as a means toward understanding linguistic structure, in his development of transformational generative grammar. The position is also assigned to Chomsky that the study of language should consist of the elucidation of the innate component of the human mind and brain that allows for the acquisition of the rule systems of natural language and the real-time parsing of linguistic data. Both of these supposed truisms, however, require a serious reevaluation if the foundations of biolinguistics are to guide future research in the proper direction. Any divergences of generative grammar in linguistic theory and of universal grammar (UG) in cognitive science from previous conceptions of language and the mind have been too exaggerated. A careful consideration of the history and subsequent development of generative grammar and the biolinguistic/I-language approach will show, first, that distributional analyses were never abandoned in Chomsky’s program and, second, that external linguistic data are integral to a theory of UG. These clarifications are absolutely essential if one is to make progress in biolinguistics. Transformational generative grammar, as outlined in Chomsky (1957), detailed in Chomsky (1955, 1975a), and modified and refined several times throughout the second half of the last century (Chomsky 1965, 1972, 1975b, 1981, 1995) constituted a major departure from the structuralist tradition in linguistics. The aim of linguistic analysis from the structuralist, or distributionalist perspective, as exemplified in the work of Leonard Bloomfield (1933), Zellig Harris (1951), and others is to extract structure and constraints on linguistic representation from the distribution of formal objects such as phonemes. That is, the focus
Acid-Base Balance in Cerebral Fluids

The sections in this article are: 1 Structural and Functional Considerations 1.1 Turnover Rate of Cerebral Fluids 1.2 Barriers Between Cerebral Fluids and Blood 1.3 Exchanges Between CSF and Cerebral ISF 1.4 Ionic Composition of Cerebral Fluids 2 Acid-Base Balance in Cerebral Fluids 2.1 Normal Acid-Base Balance 2.2 Acid-Base Disturbances 2.3 Relationships Between CSF and ISF in Acid-Base Disturbances 2.4 Conclusions
The Epidemiology of Global Micronutrient Deficiencies

Micronutrients are essential to sustain life and for optimal physiological function. Widespread global micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) exist, with pregnant women and their children under 5 years at the highest risk. Iron, iodine, folate, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies are the most widespread MNDs, and all these MNDs are common contributors to poor growth, intellectual impairments, perinatal complications, and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Iron deficiency is the most common MND worldwide and leads to microcytic anemia, decreased capacity for work, as well as impaired immune and endocrine function. Iodine deficiency disorder is also widespread and results in goiter, mental retardation, or reduced cognitive function. Adequate zinc is necessary for optimal immune function, and deficiency is associated with an increased incidence of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections, major causes of death in those <5 years of age. Folic acid taken in early pregnancy can prevent neural tube defects. Folate is essential for DNA synthesis and repair, and deficiency results in macrocytic anemia. Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of blindness worldwide and also impairs immune function and cell differentiation. Single MNDs rarely occur alone; often, multiple MNDs coexist. The long-term consequences of MNDs are not only seen at the individual level but also have deleterious impacts on the economic development and human capital at the country level. Perhaps of greatest concern is the cycle of MNDs that persists over generations and the intergenerational consequences of MNDs that we are only beginning to understand. Prevention of MNDs is critical and traditionally has been accomplished through supplementation, fortification, and food-based approaches including diversification. It is widely accepted that intervention in the first 1,000 days is critical to break the cycle of malnutrition; however, a coordinated, sustainable commitment to scaling up nutrition at the global level is still needed. Understanding the epidemiology of MNDs is critical to understand what intervention strategies will work best under different conditions.
SU-D-18A-04: Quantifying the Ability of Tumor Tracking to Spare Normal Tissue

Purpose: Tumor tracking allows for smaller tissue volumes to be treated, potentially reducing normal tissue damage. However, tumor tracking is a more complex treatment and has little benefit in some scenarios. Here we quantify the benefit of tumor tracking for a range of patients by estimating the dose of radiation to organs at risk and the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for both standard and tracking treatment plans. This comparison is performed using both patient 4DCT data and extended Cardiac-Torso (XCAT) digital phantoms. Methods: We use 4DCT data for 10 patients. Additionally, we generate digital phantoms with motion derived from measured patient long tumor trajectories to compare standard and tracking treatment plans. The standard treatment is based on the average intensity projection (AIP) of 4DCT images taken over a breath cycle. The tracking treatment is based on doses calculated on images representing the anatomy at each time point. It is assumed that there are no errors in tracking the target. The NTCP values are calculated based on RTOG guidelines. Results: The mean reduction in the mean dose delivered was 5.5% to the lungs (from 7.3 Gy to 6.9 Gy) and 4.0% to the heart (from 12.5 Gy to 12.0 Gy).more » The mean reduction in the max dose delivered was 13% to the spinal cord (from 27.6 Gy to 24.0 Gy), 2.5% to the carina (from 31.7 Gy to 30.9 Gy), and 15% to the esophagus (from 69.6 Gy to 58.9 Gy). The mean reduction in the probability of 2nd degree radiation pneumonitis (RP) was 8.7% (3.1% to 2.8%) and the mean reduction in the effective volume was 6.8% (10.8% to 10.2%). Conclusions: Tumor tracking has the potential to reduce irradiation of organs at risk, and consequentially reduce the normal tissue complication probability. The benefits vary based on the clinical scenario. This study is supported by Varian Medical Systems, Inc.« less
Stigma, Self-Esteem, and Depression: Psycho-Social Responses to Risk of AIDS

AIDS creates a new source of stigma and affects the entire spectrum of a PWA's (person with AIDS) social being, both his family and peer relationships. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part combines ethnography with psychometric scales in an effort to understand the lives of gay men with different levels of personal and medical impairment from the AIDS virus. The second provides six case histories of individuals from the various categories who are affected negatively to different degrees.
Splenic and portal vein thrombosis following laparoscopic splenectomy in a pediatric patient with chronic myeloid leukemia

CONTEXT: Splenic or portal vein thrombosis is a rare complication following splenectomy. CASE REPORT: We report a case of splenic and portal venous thrombosis in a 10-year-old girl with chronic myeloid leukemia who underwent laparoscopic splenectomy prior to bone marrow transplant. Clinical suspicion of such thrombosis should be high for patients who have had splenectomy. The diagnosis is confirmed by Doppler ultrasound or contrast-enhanced computed tomography; magnetic resonance imaging magnetic resonance angiography or arteriography can also be used. Proposals for postoperative screening protocols are discussed. Patients with primary myeloproliferative disorders are at increased risk of portal vein thrombosis, independent of surgical intervention, perhaps due to platelet dysfunction resulting from abnormalities of pluripotent stem cells. Marked splenomegaly (with larger draining veins) is thought to increase the risk of thrombosis.
Persistent organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish from coastal waters off Savannah, GA, USA

Contamination profiles of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in six fish species from three selected regions along coastal waters off Savannah, GA, USA. Concentrations of PCBs were predominant (12–493 ng g−1 lw) followed by PBDEs (10–337 ng g−1 lw), OCPs such as DDTs (2.7–153 ng g−1 lw), chlordanes (3.8–34 ng g−1 lw), cyclodienes (<0.1–35 ng g−1 lw), mirex (<0.1–8.6 ng g−1 lw), γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (<0.1–1.4 ng g−1 lw), and hexachlorobenzene (<0.1–0.68 ng g−1 lw). The results indicated no region-specific difference in the contaminants however inter-species as well as intra-species differences were evident. Comparison of DDTs, PCBs, and PBDEs profiles in fish with those from other countries revealed that fish from coastal waters off Savannah contained relatively less concentrations of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides, while PBDE concentrations were comparable or even higher than fish samples from other regions. Po...
Biopolymer composites of wheat gluten with silica and alumina

Two composite systems were explored to assess the effect of particle dispersion on the properties of filled wheat gluten composites. Nanosilica particles and micro-alumina particles were combined with several silane coupling agents by various methods to perform a broad brush survey of chemical and physical interactions. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to assess surface coverage on coated particles. Electron microscopy (scanning and transmission) techniques were used to assess particle dispersion and surface interactions. Producing the silica particles in the wheat gluten matrix led to better physical properties, as measured by 3-point bending, than producing the silica particles first, and then mixing them into the wheat gluten. Similarly, coating the alumina particles with silane coupling agents in the wheat gluten matrix led to better mechanical properties than first coating the alumina with silane and then mixing the coated particles into the wheat gluten.
Estimating temporal multipath via spatial selectivity: Building environmental knowledge into waveform design for radar-embedded communications

We consider the problem of embedding a communications signal into the backscatter induced at an RF tag/transponder by pulsed radar illumination given the competing constraints of high data rate and low probability of intercept (LPI). In this work spatial selectivity is addressed as a means to provide lower intercept probability without sacrificing data rate or receiver error performance. Here spatial selectivity is achieved by incorporating the forward scatter (i.e. multipath) effects between the radar and tag into the information-bearing embedded communication waveform intended for reception at the radar. The multipath is incorporated via a time reversal framework thereby enabling spatial focusing which inhibits interception by an eavesdropper. The focus of this paper is upon the accurate estimation of the multipath given that prior knowledge of the transmitted radar waveform may not be available.
Cellular migration through the cardiac jelly matrix: a stereoanalysis by high-voltage electron microscopy.

Abstract Formation and migration of cushion tissue in the developing chick heart was analyzed by scanning and high-voltage electron microscopic stereoanalysis. Two methods of fixation which enhance the preservation of water-soluble components of the extracellular matrix (cardiac jelly) were employed: 1% tannic acid in 3% glutaraldehyde (TAG) and 1% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in 3% glutaraldehyde. Our results indicated that the preservation of the cell: matrix interaction exhibited by endocardial cells and migrating cushion tissue is dependent upon the method of fixation. In TAG-fixed embryos, filopodial extensions from the endocardium as well as filopodia of pioneering cells are most often associated with microfibrillar components of the matrix, whereas in CPC-fixed material these same cellular extensions are found in association with pleomorphic anastomosing strands rich in hyaluronate. Following these initial cell:matrix interactions by both the endocardium and pioneering cells, trailing cells invade the extracellular matrical region and clearly encounter in both types of fixation a different microenvironment in which to engage in cell:matrical associations. These observations support the hypothesis that filopodial probing by endocardial cells and pioneering cells results in macromolecular reorderings of the matrix and thus suggest an additional function for filopodia beyond translocation of the cells.
Antiarrhythmic Action of Ambonestyl

The antiarrhythmic activity of Ambonestyl in dogs with persistent ventricular tachycardia is compared with that of procaine amide. The data indicate that Ambonestyl is as effective in suppressing the arrhythmia as procaine amide, but is pharmacologically more specific since it does not depress cardiac conduction, or elevate ventricular electrical threshold, and produces less hypotension.
A novel fluorescent silica tracer for biological silicification studies

Abstract Background: Biological silica production has drawn intense attention and several molecules involved in biosilicification have been identified. Cellular mechanisms, however, remain unknown mainly due to the lack of probes required for obtaining information on live specimens. Results: The fluorescence spectra of the compound 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-((4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl)methoxy)phenyl)oxazole (PDMPO) are affected by the presence of >3.2 mM silicic acid. Increase in intensity and shift in the fluorescence coincide with the polymerization of Si. The unique PDMPO–silica fluorescence is explored here to visualize Si deposition in living diatoms. The fluorophore is selectively incorporated and co-deposited with Si into the newly synthesized frustules (the outer silica shells) showing an intense green fluorescence. Conclusions: We suggest that a fluorescence shift is due to an interaction between PDMPO and polymeric silicic acid. PDMPO is an excellent probe for imaging newly deposited silica in living cells and has also a potential for a wide range of applications in various Si-related disciplines, including biology of living organisms as diatoms, sponges, and higher plants, clinical research (e.g. lung fibrosis and cancer, bone development, artificial bone implantation), and chemistry and physics of materials research.
LEEping into the future of labor economics: the research potential of linking employer and employee data

Abstract Linked employer–employee (LEE) data sets are a new and increasingly available tool for research in labor economics. This study indicates a variety of areas in which this tool might be useful and offers a large number of research questions that can be studied with LEE data. Any area where we believe that outcomes are generated by interactions of employers and workers can be profitably analyzed using such data. The answers generated by these studies can enhance our understanding of nearly every labor-market policy.
Impact of varying electron donors on the molecular microbial ecology and biokinetics of methylotrophic denitrifying bacteria

The goal of this study was to identify bacterial populations that assimilated methanol in a denitrifying sequencing batch reactor (SBR), using stable isotope probing (SIP) of (13)C labeled DNA and quantitatively track changes in these populations upon changing the electron donor from methanol to ethanol in the SBR feed. Based on SIP derived (13)C 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, dominant SBR methylotrophic bacteria were related to Methyloversatilis spp. and Hyphomicrobium spp. These methylotrophic populations were quantified via newly developed real-time PCR assays. Upon switching the electron donor from methanol to ethanol, Hyphomicrobium spp. concentrations decreased significantly in accordance with their obligately methylotrophic nutritional mode. In contrast, Methyloversatilis spp. concentrations were relatively unchanged, in accordance with their ability to assimilate both methanol and ethanol. Direct assimilation of ethanol by Methyloversatilis spp. but not Hyphomicrobium spp. was also confirmed via SIP. The reduction in methylotrophic bacterial concentration upon switching to ethanol was paralleled by a significant decrease in the methanol supported denitrification biokinetics of the SBR on nitrate. In sum, the results of this study demonstrate that the metabolic capabilities (methanol assimilation and metabolism) and substrate specificity (obligately or facultatively methylotrophic) of two distinct methylotrophic bacterial populations contributed to their survival or washout in denitrifying bioreactors.
Mechanisms of the alkali metal catalysed gasification of carbon

Abstract The catalytic effects of alkali metal salts in the gasification of carbonaceous materials by oxygen, steam and carbon dioxide are described. The most effective catalysts are generally the carbonates, oxides and hydroxides; other active salts tend to convert to these species under gasification conditions. Current theories of the mechanism of this type of catalysis are reviewed. Thermodynamic considerations, the results of thermal analysis and the magnitude of kinetic isotope effects suggest that cyclic sequences of elementary reactions are responsible for the catalytic phenomena.
Sunglasses: their effectiveness

Sunglasses are widely sold for visual comfort in bright sunlight and for cosmetic purposes. Few people select sunglasses with any thought of protection of their eyes and vision. Nevertheless, standards organizations attempt to provide certain optical requirements to minimize risk from excessive UV exposure. Many sunglass manufacturers claim certain benefits of UV protection. However, these standards focus on the spectral properties of the filter lenses and generally ignore the frame. Recent research has shown that the design of the sunglass frame plays an important role in solar protection of the eyes.
Resistance to Extrinsic Stains by Hydrophobic Composite Resin Systems

Measurement of color parameters demonstrated that hydrophobic composites had less staining capacity and greater ease of stain removal when compared with conventional composite materials. Accelerated aging of samples is important in staining tests.
Friendship and Adultery

The objective of this paper is to identify and explain a generally unidentified source of problems which affects married people. Whereas friendship is, in most cases, a socially accepted and highly valued relationship, there is a form of friendship which appears to be, if not unacceptable, at least discouraged and ignored– opposite-sex friendship with a married person. Because it is discouraged, the role remains undefined. The reason for the lack of a socially accepted and defined role of friend of the opposite sex to a married person seems to be related to society's negative evaluation of adultery and its fear that this type of close relationship may become adulterous. It is ironic, however, that society's lack of definition of this role may actually be causally related to at least some adultery.
Artificial polyploidy improves bacterial single cell genome recovery.

Background Single cell genomics (SCG) is a combination of methods whose goal is to decipher the complete genomic sequence from a single cell and has been applied mostly to organisms with smaller genomes, such as bacteria and archaea. Prior single cell studies showed that a significant portion of a genome could be obtained. However, breakages of genomic DNA and amplification bias have made it very challenging to acquire a complete genome with single cells. We investigated an artificial method to induce polyploidy in Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 by blocking cell division and have shown that we can significantly improve the performance of genomic sequencing from a single cell. Methodology/Principal Findings We inhibited the bacterial cytoskeleton protein FtsZ in B. subtilis with an FtsZ-inhibiting compound, PC190723, resulting in larger undivided single cells with multiple copies of its genome. qPCR assays of these larger, sorted cells showed higher DNA content, have less amplification bias, and greater genomic recovery than untreated cells. Significance The method presented here shows the potential to obtain a nearly complete genome sequence from a single bacterial cell. With millions of uncultured bacterial species in nature, this method holds tremendous promise to provide insight into the genomic novelty of yet-to-be discovered species, and given the temporary effects of artificial polyploidy coupled with the ability to sort and distinguish differences in cell size and genomic DNA content, may allow recovery of specific organisms in addition to their genomes.
Why Journal Editors Have Other and More Pressing Concerns

Perceptions of open access depend on where you sit. As an individual scholar, I welcome full access to any and all material in which I might be interested. As an author, I welcome full access for any readers to anything I have written—acknowledging that one never makes much money on royalties anyway. If I were a publisher, I would view the open access movement as an obvious threat to one's livelihood. As a journal editor at International Studies Quarterly , my reaction falls somewhere in between what I imagine the modal individual and publisher reactions might be. Like authors, editors want their journal's audience to be as large as possible. Open access could well optimize a journal's potential audience. But journals require resources to keep them in operation and the journal I edit is subsidized by a combination of university and professional organization resources. The professional organization, in turn, receives some one-third of its annual operating capital from publisher payments for the exclusive right to publish the organization's journals. In this respect, open access potentially threatens to undercut some portion of the resource platform on which the journal I edit depends. Faced with a trade-off between optimizing audience and minimizing resource base, I would have to lean toward maintaining the resource base over expanding the audience.1 It helps that structural changes in journal packaging and library subscriptions already have expanded the audience. When I began my academic career, we were dependent on access either to large libraries with substantial journal holdings or personal subscriptions to the journals that seemed most likely to publish something of professional interest. If a library to which one had access subscribed to a journal with articles of interest, you could physically copy the article after tracking down the journal in the stacks. Specific articles …
The Effects of Goal Difficulty on Performance: A Field Experiment

Abstract : Perceptions of a goal in an area as challenging, easy, and impossible did not produce performance improvement in that order in the area; nor did performance in the other area follow the reverse order. Sample size was insufficient to test the greater effect to two difficult goals on production of impossible perceptions. Support was provided for the proposition that difficult goals perceived as impossible produced poorer performance improvement than goals perceived either as easy or challenging. Further analysis of the data revealed that, had the performance hypotheses been stated in the absence of perception -- i.e., difficult goals will produce either very good or very poor performance relative to normal goals -- confirmation would have been obtained. Futhermore, difficult goals in an area appeared to be associated with extremes in performance when the other area had a difficult goal, but this effect was not observed with a normal goal in the second area. Finally, although perceptions were not successful in predicting performance in one area, the combined performance in the two areas could be represented quite well as a linear function of the goal perceptions in the two areas. (Author)
Clustered and non-clustered GABAA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Abstract In cultured hippocampal neurons, γ 2 subunit-containing GABA A Rs form large postsynaptic clusters at GABAergic synapses and small clusters outside GABAergic synapses. We now show that a pool of non-clustered γ 2 subunit-containing GABA A Rs are also present at the cell surface. We also demonstrate that myc - or EGFP-tagged γ 2 , α 2 , β 3 or α 1 subunits expressed in these neurons assemble with endogenous subunits, forming GABA A Rs that target large postsynaptic clusters, small clusters outside GABAergic synapses or a pool of non-clustered surface GABA A Rs. In contrast, myc - or EGFP-tagged δ subunits only form non-clustered GABA A Rs, which can be induced to form clusters by antibody capping. A myc -tagged chimeric γ 2 subunit possessing the large intracellular loop (IL) of the δ-subunit IL ( myc γ 2 S/δ-IL) assembled into GABA A Rs, but it did not form clusters, therefore behaving like the δ subunit. Thus, the large intracellular loops of γ 2 and δ play an important role in determining the synaptic clustering/non-clustering capacity of the GABA A Rs.
Spectral studies on normal and cataractous intact human lenses

Abstract Spectral characteristics are presented for intact normal and cataractous human lenses. By comparison with healthy intact lenses, no new spectral features (and therefore pigmentous species) are observed in brunescent cataract. However, in this cataract, a buildup in the components giving rise to high wavelength absorption (400–500 nm) is observed relative to that at lower wavelengths (∼ 300 nm). A model of protein tryptophan depletion via oxidation, resulting in protein pigmentation is considered, based on spectral evidence.
Childbirth Stress An Immunologic Study

The study examined salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations during pregnancy and at parturition. A significant drop in salivary IgA (p
De Gaulle and the RPF—A Post-Mortem

The history of France from the defeat of the French armies in the summer of 1940 until May, 1953, can be written in terms of the activities of Charles de Gaulle. No one can complain that the record lacks drama. The declaration of June 18, 1940, was an appeal to surviving elements of French patriotism that will forever stand as a monument of French national honor. The postwar semi-dictatorship contributed to the re-building of a shattered nation that might conceivably have succumbed to Communism had it not been for the stern presence of the general. The resignation of January, 1946, carried the impact of the abrupt and unexplained. The creation of the Rassemblement du Peuple Franfais (RPF) rocked the foundations of French politics and provoked reactions ranging from excessive vilification to insincere flattery. The passing of the RPF deviates from the same dramatic tradition only in that it could be foreseen. De Gaulle's announcement in May, 1953, that he would no longer permit any member of Parliament to act in the name of the RPF1 culminated an internal party crisis that had been growing increasingly severe since March, 1952, and it consecrated the general's defeat. But the crisis in the RPF was no ordinary party quarrel: it was a struggle between a revolutionary doctrine, expounded by De Gaulle, and the forces of traditional French parliamentarism. And if the latter triumphed over the general (who believes that representative democracy in France has failed)2 because they rested on popular sentiments which de Gaulle had been able momentarily to shake but which he could not destroy, their victory did not come until the very moment when De Gaulle himself had good reason to believe that his own victory was in sight. The phase of De Gaulle's activities which saw him in the r6le of leader of a political party has now ended. De Gaulle retains the name of his movement for whatever use he may choose for it, but the severance of the party and its leaders from the members of Par-
Two-parameter extended Hubbard Hamiltonian with gl(2,1) supersymmetry

We investigate under which circumstances extended Hubbard models, including bond-charge, exchange, and pair-hopping terms, are invariant under gl (2,1) superalgebra. This happens for a two-parameter Hamiltonian which includes as particular cases the t - J, the EKS and the one-parameter BGLZ Hamiltonians, all integrable in one dimension. We show that the two parameter Hamiltonian can be recasted as the sum of the BGLZ Hamiltonian plus the graded permutation operator of electronic states on neighbouring sites. The integrability of the corresponding one-dimensional model is discussed.
Indirect addressing techniques in the design and implementation of an on-line file access program

This paper considers design criteria for generalized file access program and describes implementation of such a program using indirect addressing techniques in a higher level language. The implementation discussed is an on-line program to create and maintain herbarium records written in PL/I. The author shows that the indirect addressing techniques yield a concise, easily modifiable program which can be used on an arbitrary file by simply modifying initialization parameters.
Effects of divalent‐cation chelators and chloramphenicol on the spatial relationship of the nuclear envelope to chromatin in micronuclei of chinese hamster cells

In the presence of the spindle poison Colcemid in the culture medium to prevent anaphase, approximately 20% of Chinese hamster metaphase cell were converted to micronucleated cells during 7 h. In the micronuclei the chromosome had become enclosed by a nuclear envelope (NE). In the light-microscope the micronuclei were of two kinds: with either visible chromatids or with decondensed chromosomes. In the electron microscope (EM) the spatial relationship of the NE to the chromatin was of two kinds only in the presence of Colcemid. In about 90% of the micronucleated cells the spatial relationship was normal, ie, the NE was immediately adjacent to the chromatin. In the remaining cells, the NE was distended so that the outer NE was separated from the inner one. In the presence of the divalent cation chelator, (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or the Ca2+-chelator [ethylenebis (oxyethylenenitrilo)] tetraacetic acid (EGTA) in addition to Colcemid, the amount of cells with micronuclei increased to 40%. The light-microscope appearance was the same as that found in the absence of the chelating agents. However, after Colcemid plus EGTA, EM revealed that only about 50% of the micronucleated cells had NE that was immediately adjacent to the chromatin and about 10% of them had distended outer NE. In the remaining 40% a third kind of spatial relationship was seen: the NE was intact but most of it was not adjacent to the chromatin. Furthermore, this type of micronucleus often contained mitochondria within the confines of NE. Thus, Ca2+ and possibly Mg2+ may regulate the rate of formation of the NE and also its ultrastructural relation to the chromatin. Mitochondrial function also appears to be involved in this relationship. In the presence of chloramphenicol (CAP), an inhibitor of mitochondrial protein synthesis, in addition to Colcemid, only about 50% of the micronucleated cells exhibited the normal relationship. The outer NE was separated from the inner NE in about 46% of the micronucleated cells and the third kind of NE-chromatin relationship was observed only in 2%. In the case of the third kind of relationship produced by CAP, inclusion of mitochondria within the micronuclei was not observed, in contrast to the finding with EGTA.
Non-fatal burden of maternal conditions: country-level results from the GBD 2010 Study

Abstract Background Maternal conditions are a major cause of global burden of disease among women of reproductive age, accounting for 4·2% of disability-adjusted life-years for this group at risk. Global progress has been observed for maternal mortality, but morbidity due to these causes has increased since 1990. Our objective was to quantify the burden of maternal morbidity by country, age, and cause for 1990 and 2010. Methods We calculated incidence and point prevalence of each cause of maternal morbidity using a negative binomial Bayesian meta-regression analysis of a total of 6586 data points obtained from systematic literature reviews of each of the following causes: haemorrhage, sepsis, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, obstructed labour, and abortion. Once estimates of disease point prevalence were generated, we applied Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 disability weights to determine non-fatal burden. Findings Years lived with disability have increased globally since 1990, from 1·4 million to 1·8 million. Obstructed labour accounts for the largest proportion of this burden, 65·0% (95% CI 55·1–74·1), due largely to the burden of fistula globally. South and southeast Asia experienced the highest incident rates of maternal haemorrhage, 353 and 214 cases per 1000 livebirths, respectively. Sub-Saharan Africa and south and southeast Asia all had rates of sepsis higher than 12 per 1000 livebirths, with south Asia rates exceeding 40 per 1000 live births. Over one-fourth of the estimated 43 million cases of spontaneous and induced abortion globally occur in east Asia. Interpretation There is a large burden due to maternal conditions globally, and this burden varies considerably across countries and regions. These results can be used to inform policy and intervention strategies at the national level in order to improve maternal health. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders.
Physiological effects of 1,3-butanediol fed to cattle.

Abstract In four trials with growing cattle we observed effects of 1,3-butanediol on rumen fermentation end products, blood components, growth rates, feed efficiency, and body composition. Diets A and C contained 80% grain:20% alfalfa pellets and 40% grain:60% alfalfa pellets; in diets B and D, 1,3-butanediol replaced 4% of diets A and C. Feeding 4% 1,3-butanediol caused no significant differences in rumen pH, volatile fatty acid ratios, blood glucose, or blood ketones. Cattle fed 4% 1,3-butanediol had rates of gain and feed efficiency equivalent to and often better than cattle fed the same diet without butanediol. Body composition was not affected by feeding 4% 1,3-butanediol. Results indicate 4% 1,3-butanediol can be fed to cattle without adverse physiological effects and may improve performance. When 6% or more 1,3-butanediol was fed, blood ketones were elevated considerably, animals were hyperactive, gained less weight, and feed efficiency was lower.
Dynamics of tip-substrate interactions in atomic force microscopy☆

Abstract Dynamical interactions between a scanning tip and a silicon substrate are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations of both the constant-height and constant-force scan modes. Localized temporary and permanent modifications of the substrate occur, depending on tip-substrate-strate separation and scan geometry. Implications for resolving structural and force characteristics in scanning tip spectroscopies, employing atomically sharp as well as large ordered of disordered tips are discussed.