cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid and tri-n-octylamine as liquid ion-exchangers for the study of Fe(III) and In(III)-chloride complexes

Abstract The stability constant of the 1:1 Fe(III)-chloride complex at ionic strengths varying from 0·20 to 1·00 is independent of whether H+ or Na+ is the cation of the perchlorate ion. The specific ion effect on the stability of the FeCl2+ complex found by Coll et al., above 5 M, therefore is absent at these lower ionic strengths. For In(III), substitution of Na+ for H+ as cation of the perchlorate ion decreases the log K1 of InCl2+ by about 0·3 at ionic strengths of one and two. The presence of the specific ion effect on the InCl system at ionic strengths one and two and the absence of the effect on FeCl system is not surprising since In(III) forms much more stable complexes with Cl− than Fe(III). No extraction of the Fe(III) and In(III) by the anionic exchanger, tri-n-octylamine hydrochloride, in perchloric acid solutions, less than 2 M, has occurred. This indicates that perchlorate ion does not form negatively charged complex with Fe(III) or In(III) in the organic phase. The distribution coefficients of Fe(III) and In(III) are directly second power dependent upon the tri-n-octylamine hydrochloride concentration in the benzene phase, suggesting that the negatively-charged complexes FeCl52− and InCl52− complexes are formed in the organic phase.
On the analogy between thermally and irradiation induced creep

Abstract Employing an analogy between thermally induced and irradiation induced creep, physical arguments are used first to deduce a one-dimensional constitutive relation for metals under stress in a high temperature and high neutron flux field. This constitutive relation contains modified superposition integrals in which the temperature and flux dependence of the material parameters is included via the use of two reduced time scales; linear elastic, thermal expansion and swelling terms are also included. A systematic development based on thermodynamics, with the stress, temperature increment and defect density increment as independent variables in the Gibbs free energy, is then employed to obtain general three-dimensional memory integrals for strain; the entropy and coupled energy equation are also obtained. Modified superposition integrals similar to those previously obtained by physical argument are then obtained by substituting special functions into the results of the thermodynamic analysis, and the special case of an isotropic stress power law is examined in detail.
Tribological Investigation of Porcine Articular Cartilage

This poster examines the tribological properties and effective elastic modulus of porcine articular cartilage plugs. Two methods of obtaining an effective elastic modulus are explored for the different initial material conditions during the indentation loading and unloading. The average values of coefficient of friction varied from 0.04–0.14, but ended with a steady-state average of 0.06. It was validated that increasing pressure during sliding produces an increase in friction coefficient. From a contact model fit to the loading region of the indentation curve, effective elastic modulus had an average value of 300 MPa, which agrees with existing literature. From an examination of the linear portion of the unloading region of the indentation curve, the effective elastic modulus was an average of 8.9 MPa. A preliminary explanation for this is that before loading, a bulk material is present, but pressure effects could evacuate some of the interstitial fluid, leaving in the unloading curve an effective matrix without fluid.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Risky business: Covering slow‐onset hazards as rapidly developing news

Abstract The emerging field of risk communication has yet to thoroughly grapple with how the mass media report risk. Through a content analysis of five newspapers noted for their science reporting, newspaper coverage of four environmental hazards is compared to media coverage of more traditional risky events. In general, these slow‐to‐develop stories are reported in much the same way as more traditional disaster stories. News accounts emphasized an event orientation, framed risks in terms of human activity rather than social and political contexts, described risk in terms of harms and benefits, and relied on traditional sources. The authors then explore how this version of mass‐mediated risk might change current definitions of risk communication and how a mediated construction of risk may influence public perception of the political choices these issues raise.
Differential expression of Alpha, Mu, and Pi classes of glutathione S-transferases in chemosensory mucosae of rats during development

The expression of three classes of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), Alpha, Mu, and Pi was investigated in the nasal mucosae of rats during development using immunohistochemical methods. GST Alpha and Mu were first detected in the supranuclear region of sustentacular cells on embryonic days 16. The Bowman's glands expressed differential patterns of immunoreactivity during development, beginning at postnatal day (P) 2 and P6 for Alpha and Mu classes, respectively and being greatest at P11 for both. The acinar cells of vomeronasal glands in the vomeronasal organ expressed Alpha and Mu classes of GSTs from P11 onwards. In the septal organ of Masera, the supranuclear region of sustentacular cells expressed GSTs from P11 with little or no variation during development. In the respiratory mucosa, Alpha and Mu classes of GSTs were detected at the brush borders of ciliated cells and in the acinar cells of posterior septal glands, but not in anterior septal or respiratory glands located on the turbinates. Compared to olfactory mucosa, the changes in immunoreactivity for GSTs were less pronounced in the respiratory mucosa during development. Specific GST Pi immunoreactivity was not detected in the nasal mucosae at any stage of development studied. The occurrence of GSTs in the nasal mucosa, including olfactory, vomeronasal, septal, and respiratory epithelia, suggests that the GSTs are actively involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics including odorants and pheromones, and may also participate in perireceptor processes such as odorant clearance. In addition, we have developed a working model describing the cellular localization of certain phase I (e.g., cytochrome P-450s) and phase II (e.g., GSTs, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) biotransformation enzymes in the olfactory mucosa and their proposed roles in xenobiotic metabolism.
How Similar are Youth and Adult Alcohol Behaviors? Panel Results for Excise Taxes and Outlet Density

This paper estimates linear probability models for drinking prevalence and binge drinking by youth, young adults, and adults by using state-level estimates for 1999–2003 from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The regression models contain explanatory variables for economic influences (alcohol taxes, outlet density, income), demographics, and regulatory variables. The main results are, first, a positive relationship exists among youth and adult alcohol behaviors. Second, state-to-state variation in real beer taxes does not negatively affect youth behaviors. Third, higher outlet densities positively affect behaviors by young adults and adults, but do not affect youth. Fourth, several regulatory variables have a negative effect on drinking prevalence and bingeing by youth and young adults, including state liquor monopolies, Sunday closing laws, and 0.08 BAC laws for drunk driving. Fifth, attendance at sports events does not increase drinking prevalence or bingeing.
Synthesis and Solution Phase Characterization of Strongly Photooxidizing Heteroleptic Cr(III) Tris-Dipyridyl Complexes

We report the preparation and characterization of Cr(III) coordination complexes featuring the dimethyl 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylate (4-dmcbpy) ligand: [(phen)2Cr(4-dmcbpy)](OTf)3 (1), [(Ph2phen)2Cr(4-dmcbpy)](OTf)3 (4), [(Me2bpy)2Cr(4-dmcbpy)](OTf)3 (7), and [Cr(4-dmcbpy)3](BF4)3 (8), where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, Ph2phen is 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and Me2bpy is 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine. Static and nanosecond time-resolved absorption and emission properties of these complexes dissolved in acidic aqueous (1 M HCl) solutions are reported. Emission spectra collected at 297 K show a narrow spectrum with an emission maximum ranging from 732 nm (1) to 742 nm (4). The emissive state is thermally activated and decays via first order kinetics at all temperatures explored (283 to 353 K). At 297 K the observed lifetime ranges from 7.7 μs (8) to 108 μs (4). The photophysical data suggest that in these acidic aqueous environments these complexes store ∼1.7 eV for multiple microseconds at roo...
Friction measurement in precision glass molding: An experimental study

Abstract Understanding the frictional behavior between glass and metals at elevated temperatures is necessary for accurate modeling and simulation of the state of the art applications such as the PGM process, pressing of micro lens arrays, hot embossing, and extrusion or drawing of glass fiber. In this research, the frictional behavior of N-BK7, an oxide glass, at elevated temperatures in contact with polished and coated tungsten carbide (WC) material and under conditions similar to the PGM process has been studied. The experimental results show that the friction coefficient between a polished and coated WC mold and N-BK7, which is a typical material for glass molding, and in conditions similar to those used in the PGM process ramps up to 0.7 and then levels off around 0.6 with a smooth transition, meaning that there is not a specific point to differentiate between static and dynamic friction. The friction coefficient of 0.6 is reported in literature for best fitting in micro lens molding simulation. Moreover, increasing the temperature in the transition regime in the mold/glass interface causes the friction force to increase which is in good agreement with the data published for the friction between soft polymeric material and metal in the transition regime.
APERIODIC BEHAVIOUR OF A NON-LINEAR OSCILLATOR

The aperiodic behavior of the solution of the equation of motion derived previously (1966) when considering a model thermomechanical oscillator is examined. Periodic solutions of this equation are studied numerically and analytically. Conditions for the instability of the solutions are determined. This instability seems to be the cause of the observed aperiodicity.
C-element multiplexing for fault-tolerant logic circuits

A novel approach to von Neumann multiplexing is considered, in which NAND gates are replaced by Muller C-elements. The new method is developed as an application of maximum a-posteriori (MAP) estimation, and is shown to be superior to NAND multiplexing in systems where transient upsets are the dominant fault species.
Rapid ion-exchange displacement chromatography of proteins on perfusive chromatographic supports

Abstract Displacement chromatography is an extremely powerful separation technique. However, it has not been widely accepted as a preparative technique due to the creeping flow-rates at which displacement separations have been demonstrated. In this work, the enhanced mass transport of perfusive chromatographic particles enabled displacement separations to be dramatically scaled-up with respect to flow-rate. At a flow-rate of 4 ml/min (1440 cm/h) on an analytical-scale column, crude β-lactoglobulin was displaced in only 90 s to yield ca. 18 mg each of pure β-lactoglobulin A and B. This represents an order of magnitude decrease in the time required for displacement separations. Thus, the operation of perfusive columns in the displacement mode offers an ultra-high throughput separation technique with outstanding resolving power even under heavily overloaded conditions.
The Effects of Modeling and Instructions on High and Low Verbal Family Members

This study attempts to generalize the findings of laboratory studies of modeling and instructions by comparing their effects for modifying verbal behavior of actual clients referred to a family service agency. The findings suggest that in a population with less homogeneous verbal skills than found in a typical college population, verbal fluency will influence response to these interventions. Specifically, when a rule is supplemented by either verbal examples (instructions) or behavioral examples (modeling), both interventions have utility. However, for highly verbal clients, verbal examples are appropriate. For less verbal clients, more elaborate audiotape or videotape examples represent the more useful strategy.
Synthetic Antigens: Synthesis of 4-Aminophenyl O-α-D-Mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-α-D-Mannopyranoside and A Related Di- and A Trisaccharide

Abstract 4-Nitrophenyl 2,3-O-isopropylidine-α-D-mannopyranoside 2 was condensed with O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl)-(1→2)-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl bromide 1 and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl bromide 11 in the presence of mercuric cyanide. Products were deprotected to yield, respectively, 4-nitrophenyl O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranoside 6 and 4-nitrophenyl O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranoside 14. The 4-nitrophenyl group of 6 was reduced to give title trisaccharide. Bromide 1 was also condensed with methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-manopyranoside 3 in the presence of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and tetramethylurea to give protected trisaccharide derivative which was deprotected to furnish, methyl O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranoside 10. The identities of all protected and deprotected compounds were supported by 1H and 13C NMR spectral data.
Internet Pornography use and Sexual Body Image in a Dutch Sample

ABSTRACTObjectives: A commonly attributed cause of sexual body image dissatisfaction is pornography use. This relationship has received little verification. Methods: The relationship between sexual body image dissatisfaction and Internet pornography use was tested using a large-N sample of Dutch respondents. Results/Conclusion: Penis-size dissatisfaction is associated with pornography use. The relationship between pornography use and breast-size dissatisfaction is null. These results support prior speculation and self-reports about the relationship between pornography use and sexual body image among men. These results also support a prior null finding of the relationship between breast-size satisfaction for women and pornography use.
Carcinoma of the superior pulmonary sulcus treated with surgery and /or radiation therapy

This is a retrospective analysis of 50 patients with carcinoma of the superior pulmonary sulcus, treated with curative intent at the University of Florida between October 1964 and October 1981. Treatment groups included preoperative radiation therapy and surgery (40 patients), radiation therapy alone (7 patients), and surgery with postoperative radiation therapy (3 patients). There was a minimum 2-year follow-up. Local control was obtained in 8 of 26 evaluable patients (31%) treated with preoperative radiation therapy and surgery, 2 of 6 patients treated with radiation therapy alone, and 0 of 2 patients treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. Twelve (30%) of 40 patients receiving planned preoperative radiation therapy did not undergo definitive surgery. Absolute survival free of disease at 5 years by treatment group for patients at risk was 3 of 30 (10%) with preoperative radiation therapy and surgery, 0 of 3 with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy, and 2 of 7 with radiation therapy alone. Since one third of the patients who received low- to moderate-dose preoperative radiation therapy did not undergo definitive surgery, and since there is a small but significant survival with radiation therapy alone, it seems unwise to give moderate-dose preoperative radiation therapy, which implies an unfavorable radiation technique for the unresectable cases. The recommendation is to treat patients with lesions believed to be resectable by initial surgical resection followed by high-dose radiation therapy in selected patients with questionable margins or positive lymph nodes. Those patients with borderline or apparently unresectable lesions are recommended to be treated with radiation therapy alone.
In vivo assessment of the tolerance dose of small liver volumes after single-fraction HDR irradiation.

Purpose: To prospectively assess a dose-response relationship for small volumes of liver parenchyma after single-fraction irradiation. Methods and Materials: Twenty-five liver metastases were treated by computed tomography (CT)-guided interstitial brachytherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed 1 day before and 3 days and 6, 12, and 24 weeks after therapy. MR sequences included T1-w gradient echo (GRE) enhanced by hepatocyte-targeted gadobenate dimeglumine. All MRI data sets were merged with 3D dosimetry data and evaluated by two radiologists. The reviewers indicated the border of hyperintensity on T2-w images (edema) or hypointensity on T1-w images (loss of hepatocyte function). Based on the total 3D data, a dose-volume histogram was calculated. We estimated the threshold dose for either edema or function loss as the D 90 , i.e., the dose achieved in at least 90% of the pseudolesion volume. Results: Between 3 days and 6 weeks, the extension of the edema increased significantly from the 12.9 Gy isosurface to 9.9 Gy (standard deviation [SD], 3.3 and 2.6). No significant change was detected between 6 and 12 weeks. After 24 weeks, the edematous tissue had shrunk significantly to 14.7 Gy (SD, 4.2). Three days postbrachytherapy, the D 90 for hepatocyte function loss reached the 14.9 Gy isosurface (SD, 3.9). At 6 weeks, the respective zone had increased significantly to 9.9 Gy (SD, 2.3). After 12 and 24 weeks, the dysfunction volume had decreased significantly to the 11.9 Gy and 15.2 Gy isosurface, respectively (SD, 3 and 4.1). Conclusions: The 95% interval from 7.6 to 12.2 Gy found as the minimal hepatocyte tolerance after 6 weeks accounts for the radiobiologic variations found in CT-guided brachytherapy, including heterogeneous dose rates by variable catheter arrays.
The use of carbamylated charge standards for testing batches of ampholytes used in two- dimensional electrophoresis

A method of testing batches of ampholytes is presented. By using carbamylated charges standards to co-electrophorese with the protein sample in the first-dimension isoelectric focusing gel, one can monitor, after running and staining the second-dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) slabs gel, the continuity of the pH gradient. Charge standards can also be used to check the reproducibility of the pH gradient among batches of ampholytes and to modify the new batch with a small amount of a narrow range ampholyte to assure reproducibility of experiments. Ampholytes for comparison were obtained from three major manufacturers.
Contact vs. noncontact cell electroporation

Cell electroporation using fields radiated or broadcast from an antenna is very attractive for both clinical and research applications. Experiments were performed to establish the basics of coupling a radiated field capacitively to a sample of cells in order to determine if electroporation can occur. Experiments have been performed using sub-nanosecond rise time pulses. Cells immobilized in agarose gel were exposed to electric fields either by direct connection with electrodes or capacitive coupling. The differences between these two cases as determined from experiment and simulations will be discussed. The addition of bleomycin to the cell suspension leads to in an increase in the percentage of cells killed due to uptake being increased as a result of pores in the cells 1. The chemotherapeutic enhancement effect of bleomycin under specified electroporation conditions was determined at various times after electroporation. In addition, the use of fluorescent dye binding to DNA allowed for estimation of immediate killing of treated cells.
Solution properties of association colloids of twelve aluminum monohydroxy disoaps in nonaqueous solutions

Abstract This paper reports the micellar properties of 12 aluminum disoaps in nonaqueous solutions, many of which have not been synthesized previously. Measurements of light scattering, sedimentation velocity in an ultracentrifuge, and viscosity were made on various concentrations of six straight-chain and six branched monohydroxy aluminum disoaps in toluene or trichloroethylene. All these soaps formed association colloids in toluene solutions. Molecular weights of the micelles formed by these soaps ranged from 3 million to 45 million. Sedimentation velocity experiments showed that each soap forms a monodisperse micelle. Light mattering measurements pointed out the importance of the structure of the organic soap molecule in establishing micellar properties. The two most stable soaps prepared were the aluminum dioctoate and the di-2-methylundecanoate, which formed elongated micelles. Soaps with methyl groups near the tail were less asymmetric and less stable. For example, di-3-ethylheptanoate was less stable than the dioctoate (di-2-ethylhexanoate). The micellar molecular weight and CMC for solutions of the six straight chain disoaps increased gradually as the number of carbon atoms increased. Viscosity measurements of aluminum distearate in toluene were used to determine the relative strength of peptizing agents and to quantify time-dependent behavior. Amines were the strongest peptizing agents, followed by alcohols and acids. The presence of water decreased the solution viscosity over several days throughout the concentration range investigated.
Drinking, alcohol problems and the five-year recurrence and incidence of male to female and female to male partner violence.

BACKGROUND:: This study examined the 5-year incidence and recurrence of male to female (MFPV) and female to male partner violence (FMPV) as well as their relationship with drinking and alcohol problems among intact couples in the United States. METHODS:: A national sample of couples 18 years of age or older were interviewed in 1995 and again in 2000. RESULTS:: Recurrence is slightly higher for FMPV (44%) than MFPV (39%), whereas incidence rates are similar for these two types of violence (MFPV, 5.7%; FMPV, 6%). Cross-tabulations show that a higher frequency of drinking five or more drinks on occasion is positively associated with the overall occurrence of MFPV and with both the recurrence and the overall occurrence of FMPV. Male alcohol problems are associated with a higher recurrence of MFPV and higher overall MFPV. Female alcohol problems are associated with incidence of FMPV. In multivariate analysis, black ethnicity, male unemployment, and severe physical abuse during childhood are associated with recurrence of MFPV. Black ethnicity, male unemployment, male employment status as "retired/other," female age, and couples in which the female drinks more are associated with recurrence of FMPV. Incidence of MFPV is associated with cohabitation, Hispanic ethnicity, and man's observation of violence between parents. Male unemployment, male observation of violence between parents, and man's drinking volume predict incidence of FMPV. CONCLUSIONS:: Volume of drinking is the only alcohol indicator associated with intimate partner violence once the effects of other factors are controlled in multivariate analysis. Both MFPV and FMPV are areas of health disparity across whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Factors of risk that predict recurrence and incidence can be identified and used in prevention efforts.
A REVIEW OF LICHENOMETRIC DATING OF GLACIAL MORAINES IN ALASKA

In Alaska, lichenometry continues to be an important technique for dating late Holocene moraines. Research completed during the 1970s through the early 1990s developed lichen dating curves for five...
Organizational and Individual Attributes Influencing Patient Risk Detection

This study examined organizational and individual variables impacting patient risk detection by Intensive Care Unit nurses and their decision to reduce the risk of failure to rescue. Thirty-four nurses were randomly assigned to two groups. A video of a manager and staff nurse patient safety discussion was used to prime one group to prioritize patient safety. Participants provided demographic information, received end-of-shift report on two fictional patients, experienced 52 alarm trials during a medication preparation scenario, and completed the Safety Attitude Questionnaire. No difference existed in risk detection; however, nurses who perceived their work environment quality to be good correctly ignored a clinically irrelevant alarm more often and were more apt to classify an alarm as irrelevant. They chose to reduce the risk of medication error rather than that of failure to rescue. This information can assist nurses to balance disregarding distractions with responding to potential patient risk signals.
Role of Quorum Sensing in Sinorhizobium meliloti-Alfalfa Symbiosis

The ExpR/Sin quorum-sensing system of the gram-negative soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti plays an important role in the establishment of symbiosis with its host plant Medicago sativa. A mutant unable to produce autoinducer signal molecules (sinI) is deficient in its ability to invade the host, but paradoxically, a strain lacking the quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator ExpR is as efficient as the wild type. We compared the whole-genome expression profile of the wild-type strain with strains missing one of the quorum-sensing regulatory components to identify genes controlled by the ExpR/Sin system throughout the different phases of the bacterial growth cycle, as well as in planta. Our analyses revealed that ExpR is a highly versatile regulator with a unique ability to show different regulatory capabilities in the presence or absence of an autoinducer. In addition, this study provided us with insight into the plant invasion defect displayed by the autoinducer mutant. We also discovered that the ExpR/Sin quorum-sensing system is repressed after plant invasion. Therefore, quorum sensing plays a crucial role in the regulation of many cell functions that ensures the successful invasion of the host and is inactivated once symbiosis is established.
Efficient multiclass object detection by a hierarchy of classifiers

We consider detecting object instances from multiple classes on grayscale images. Traditional approaches learn a classifier for each class separately and apply each of them in an exhaustive search over positions and scales. We achieve an efficient detection by organizing the search coarse-to-fine based on a hierarchical partitioning of the entire hypothesis space, the set of all possible object instances, so that groups of hypotheses can be pruned simultaneously without evaluating each one individually. In this paper, we develop an algorithm to jointly learn the hierarchy along with a classifier at each node by exploring the common parts shared among a group of object instances at all levels in the hierarchy. We also show how the confusions of the initial coarse-to-fine search can be resolved by comparing pairs of conflicting detections using cheap binary classifiers. The whole process is illustrated by detecting and recognizing handwritten digits.
The IQ Controversy and Academic Performance

Since 1950, psychologists and educational researchers have devoted immense investigative energy to research on factors hypothesized to enhance the academic performance of black students. This research represents an offshoot of a general interest on the part of psychologists and educational researchers in theories of learning and ways to optimize learning and achievement. The impetus for specific research on black student achievement has arisen from two overriding and pervasive facts: (a) it is generally acknowledged by the scientific community and by the public that the everyday conditions of the typical minority youngster’s life are not conducive to high academic performance, and (b) the usual measures of academic achievement (i.e., standardized aptitude and achievement tests) indicate that black students are significantly behind their white counterparts in academic achievement. Before we consider research on the academic performance of black students, we will briefly review both the long and controversial history of the race/intelligence controversy and the recent renewed interest in this controversy resulting from the writings of Arthur Jensen.
Mechanical thrombectomy as first-line treatment for venous sinus thrombosis: technical considerations and preliminary results using the AngioJet device

Background Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon cause of stroke that is usually treated medically with intravenous heparin therapy followed by long-term anticoagulation therapy. A series of patients with CVT who underwent rheolytic thrombectomy with the AngioJet as a first-line adjunctive treatment in addition to standard anticoagulation therapy is presented. Methods Prospectively maintained endovascular databases at two institutions were retrospectively reviewed. The available clinical and imaging data were compiled at each institution and combined for analysis. Results Over 18 months, 13 patients (seven women and six men; age range 17–73 years, median age 45 years) with CVT were treated with rheolytic thrombectomy. Immediate (partial or complete) recanalization of the thrombosed intracranial sinuses was achieved in all patients. At a median radiographic follow-up of 7 months there was continued patency of all recanalized sinuses. Clinical follow-up was available on nine patients: modified Rankin score of 0 in four patients, 1 in three patients and 6 in two patients. Conclusion This series demonstrates the feasibility of performing mechanical thrombectomy as a first-line treatment for acute CVT. This technique facilitates the prompt restoration of intracranial venous outflow, which may result in rapid neurological and symptomatic improvement.
Impacts of Projected Climate Change over the Lake Champlain Basin in Vermont

The Lake Champlain basin is a critical ecological and socioeconomic resource of the northeastern United States and southern Quebec, Canada. While general circulation models (GCMs) provide an overview of climate change in the region, they lack the spatial and temporal resolution necessary to fully anticipate the effects of rising global temperatures associated with increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Observed trends in precipitation and temperature were assessed across the Lake Champlain basin to bridge the gap between global climate change and local impacts. Future shifts in precipitation and temperature were evaluated as well as derived indices, including maple syrup production, days above 32.28C (908F), and snowfall, relevant to managing the natural and human environments in the region. Four statistically downscaled, biascorrected GCM simulations were evaluated from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) forced by two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) to sample the uncertainty in future climate simulations. Precipitation is projected to increase by between 9.1 and 12.8mmyr 21 decade 21 during the twenty-first century while daily temperatures are projected to increase between 0.438 and 0.498C decade 21 . Annual snowfall at six major ski resorts in the region is projected to decrease between 46.9% and 52.4% by the late twenty-first century. In the month of July, the number of days above 32.28C in Burlington, Vermont, is projected to increase by over 10 days during the twenty-first century.
Copolymerization of trialkyl aconitates with vinylidene chloride

Reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of trimethyl aconitate and vinylidene chloride have been determined. Some copolymers of vinylidene chloride with trimethyl, triethyl, and tri-n-butyl aconitate have been reported. The stabilizing effect of aconitic esters on the color of polyvinylidene chloride has been confirmed.
Advances in perioperative pacing

Cardiac resynchronization therapy with biventricular pacing has become a significant management tool in adults with heart failure. In children, right rather than just left ventricular failure, is a key problem in the postoperative period. Also, congenital heart defects vary widely in their nature and prognosis. There are now preliminary reports in the literature of the use of multiple temporary pacing sites after congenital heart surgery and acute comparison of the effects of unsynchronized versus synchronized pacing in the postoperative period. These studies support the use of cardiac resynchronization pacing at least as a temporary measure in cases of acute heart failure after surgery in patients with congenital heart disease.
The Middle Atmosphere after the Middle Atmosphere Programme (MAP)[Abstract Only and Discussion]

The Middle Atmosphere Programme (MAP) took place in the period 1 January 1982-31 December 1985. It was a period designated by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) for an international cooperative programme of study of the atmospheric region from about 10 to 100 km above the Earth’s surface. It was administered by a steering committee under the Scientific Committee on Solar Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), made up of representatives of ten international scientific unions and committees. The main work of MAP was done by 17 projects, each proposed, developed and coordinated by an individual scientist. In this paper, the main achievements of these projects are outlined, and the status of our understanding of the middle atmosphere in 1986 is compared with that in 1976, when the original planning conference of MAP was held.
Anti-IL-8 autoantibody:IL-8 immune complexes suppress spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils

Our previous studies demonstrated that a significant fraction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in lung fluids from patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with anti-IL-8 autoantibodies (anti-IL-8:IL-8 immune complexes). Neutrophils have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS, and moreover, it is well-established that apoptosis of neutrophils is delayed in patients with ALI/ARDS. The aim of this study was, therefore, to examine the role of anti-IL-8:IL-8 immune complexes in modulating spontaneous apoptosis of normal human neutrophils. Apoptosis was assessed by evaluating morphological changes, measuring enzymatic activity of caspase-3, and determining the extent of DNA degradation. We found that samples containing anti-IL-8:IL-8 immune complexes but not samples from which these complexes were removed inhibited neutrophil apoptosis. Furthermore, the former samples or effectively anti-IL-8:IL-8 complexes induced an increase in the level of antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-X(L). In contrast, levels of proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak were decreased in the same conditions. Activity of both caspase-3 and caspase-9 was also suppressed by anti-IL-8:IL-8 complex-containing samples. Finally, we established that IgG receptor, FcgammaRIIa, mediates antiapoptotic activity of anti-IL-8:IL-8 complexes and that the key components of the FcgammaRIIa signaling pathway, Src, Syk, PI3 kinase, and ERK, may be involved in regulation of neutrophil apoptosis by the complexes. These studies demonstrate for the first time that anti-IL-8:IL-8 immune complexes have the ability to prolong neutrophil life.
Novel protein kinase D inhibitors cause potent arrest in prostate cancer cell growth and motility

Protein kinase D (PKD) has been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes and pathological conditions including cancer. However, targeting PKD therapeutically and dissecting PKD-mediated cellular responses remains difficult due to lack of a potent and selective inhibitor. Previously, we identified a novel pan-PKD inhibitor, CID755673, with potency in the upper nanomolar range and high selectivity for PKD. In an effort to further enhance its selectivity and potency for potential in vivo application, small molecule analogs of CID755673 were generated by modifying both the core structure and side-chains. After initial activity screening, five analogs with equal or greater potencies as CID755673 were chosen for further analysis: kb-NB142-70, kb-NB165-09, kb-NB165-31, kb-NB165-92, and kb-NB184-02. Our data showed that modifications to the aromatic core structure in particular significantly increased potency while retaining high specificity for PKD. When tested in prostate cancer cells, all compounds inhibited PMA-induced autophosphorylation of PKD1, with kb-NB142-70 being most active. Importantly, these analogs caused a dramatic arrest in cell proliferation accompanying elevated cytotoxicity when applied to prostate cancer cells. Cell migration and invasion were also inhibited by these analogs with varying potencies that correlated to their cellular activity. Throughout the battery of experiments, the compounds kb-NB142-70 and kb-NB165-09 emerged as the most potent and specific analogs in vitro and in cells. These compounds are undergoing further testing for their effectiveness as pharmacological tools for dissecting PKD function and as potential anti-cancer agents in the treatment of prostate cancer.
α-Synuclein Blocks ER-Golgi Traffic and Rab1 Rescues Neuron Loss in Parkinson's Models

Alpha-synuclein (αSyn) misfolding is associated with several devastating neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson9s disease (PD). In yeast cells and in neurons αSyn accumulation is cytotoxic, but little is known about its normal function or pathobiology. The earliest defect following αSyn expression in yeast was a block in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–to–Golgi vesicular trafficking. In a genomewide screen, the largest class of toxicity modifiers were proteins functioning at this same step, including the Rab guanosine triphosphatase Ypt1p, which associated with cytoplasmic αSyn inclusions. Elevated expression of Rab1, the mammalian YPT1 homolog, protected against αSyn-induced dopaminergic neuron loss in animal models of PD. Thus, synucleinopathies may result from disruptions in basic cellular functions that interface with the unique biology of particular neurons to make them especially vulnerable.
Microarterial synthetic graft repair: Interstitial cellular components

Although the histologic changes occurring during healing on the lumen surface of large vessel synthetic vascular grafts have been well characterized, the cells populating the interstices of microvascular grafts have not been examined in detail. Since microvascular grafts are required to provide vascular continuity under quite different physiological and hemodynamic conditions as compared with large vessel grafts, these interstitial cells within the synthetic graft material may also vary as a function of graft size. Monoclonal antibodies, light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used in this study to identify the cells present within the 30-microns pores of 1-mm diameter polytetrafluoroethylene and replamineform silicone rubber grafts. Identified cells included few capillary endothelial cells enclosing erythrocytes, rare proliferating endothelial cells, few macrophages, rare foreign body giant cells, and a majority of fibroblasts. There was no evidence of smooth muscle cells or myofibroblasts within the interstices of these microvascular prostheses 12 weeks after implantation in the rabbit central ear artery. The graft types differed by the presence of foreign body giant cells and more densely packed collagen between cells in the replamineform silicone rubber graft interstices.
Red cell volume with changes in plasma osmolarity during maximal exercise.

The volume of the red cell in vivo was measured during acute changes in plasma osmolarity evoked through short (6 to 8 min) maximal exercise in six male volunteer subjects. Simultaneous measurements of mean corpuscular red cell volume (MCV), hematocrit, blood hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and plasma osmolarity showed that there was no change in the MCV or MCHC with a concomitant rise of nearly 6% in plasma osmolarity. Apparently, in vivo, the volume of the red cell in exercising healthy human subjects does not change measurably, in spite of significant changes in osmotic pressure of the surrounding medium. Consequently, it is not justified to correct postexercise hematocrit measurements for changes in plasma osmolarity.
Intersectional Mobilization, Social Movement Spillover, and Queer Youth Leadership in the Immigrant Rights Movement

Through an examination of LGBTQ (Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender and Queer) participation in the undocumented immigrant youth movement, this research offers a theoretical framework for understanding how social movements can promote the attainment of leadership roles by members of disadvantaged subgroups contained within a larger constituency. Empirical analyses utilize data from web surveys and semi-structured interviews collected from undocumented youth activists in California in 2011-2012. Findings indicate that LGBTQ activists encountered significant challenges to disclosing their sexual orientation. Yet these youth comprised a significant proportion of movement participants and they were more civically engaged than their straight peers. I argue that LGBTQ prominence among undocumented youth activists can, in part, be attributed to identity processes within this movement. Specifically, the recognition and activation of multiply marginalized identities at various levels of collective identity formation—at the broader movement, organizational, and individual levels—catalyzed intersectional mobilization, meaning high levels of activism and commitment among a disadvantaged subgroup within an already marginalized constituency. At the movement level, I show how the immigrant youth movement’s adoption of the LGBTQ rights “coming out” strategy empowered undocumented youth around both their legal status and sexual orientation. This case of social movement spillover produced a boomerang effect by promoting LGBTQ inclusivity among immigrants. At the organizational level, multi-identity work that addressed activists’ overlapping identities created inclusive environments for LGBTQ members. Finally, at the individual level, LGBTQ undocumented youth exhibited an intersectional consciousness regarding the multiple forms of oppression they experienced; this, in turn, intensified their activism.
Measuring and Localizing Homology Classes

We develop a method for measuring and localizing homology classes. This involves two problems. First, we dene relevant notions of size for both a homology class and a homology group basis, using ideas from relative homology. Second, we propose an algorithm to compute the optimal homology basis, using techniques from persistent homology and nite eld algebra. Classes of the computed optimal basis are localized with cycles conveying their sizes. The algorithm runs in O( 4 n 3 log 2 n) time, where n is the size of the simplicial complex and is the Betti number of the homology group.
Getting Tumor Dendritic Cells to Engage the Dead

The immunogenic effects of chemotherapy rely on effective activation of dendritic cells to present antigen to tumor-specific T cells. However, the signals that govern how dendritic cells seek out dying cancer cells to initiate this process are poorly understood. A recent study by Vacchelli et al. provides important insight.
California Dreaming? The Golden State's Restless Approach to Newly Discovered Evidence of Innocence

The emergence of DNA testing since 1989 has jolted the criminal justice system, resulting in the exoneration of 175 innocent defendants nationwide and causing many observers to reassess their views of the system's effectiveness. Even so, only an estimated 10-20% of criminal cases have biological evidence suitable for DNA testing, suggesting that documented DNA exonerations are just the tip of the innocence iceberg and that state treatment of other types of innocence claims must be critically examined. California has a somewhat unique - and draconian - approach to newly discovered non-DNA evidence of innocence. Although newly discovered evidence is currently recognized as a ground for relief under the state's habeas corpus remedy, obtaining such relief is difficult in practice given the existence of onerous legal and evidentiary requirements. In addition to habeas corpus, California offers other potential avenues for litigating claims of innocence predicated on new evidence - including ordinary new trial motions and the common law writ of error coram nobis - that boast obstacles in their own right. The presence of high hurdles for proving innocence through newly discovered evidence in California derives in part from the state courts' historic skepticism to the validity of such evidence. Still, the lessons learned from the DNA revolution indicate that wrongful convictions occur with greater frequency than previously imagined and that courts should put aside their traditional wariness and display greater openness to the potential legitimacy of innocence claims, whether based on scientific or non-scientific evidence. After all, justice for an innocent prisoner should not depend on the off-chance the actual perpetrator left biological evidence at the crime scene that was found by the investigating officers and properly inventoried and preserved over time. The treatment of non-scientific newly discovered evidence of innocence is an issue of critical importance in California. The state's criminal justice system has recently faced attack for its perceived propensity to convict the innocent at a startling rate. What is more, California annually vies with Texas for the dubious honor of leading the nation in the size of its state prison population, with some commentators speculating that its penal system comprises the third largest in the world. Part I of this Article explores the full range of possible remedies concerning newly discovered evidence claims in California state courts. Next, Part II describes the flaws with the current approach, and Part III then proposes several reforms designed to achieve greater access to the courts and thereby better effectuate the goal of freeing the wrongfully convicted in California.
INTERFERENCE OF THIOURACIL IN THE FERRIC CHLORIDE-SULFURIC ACID CHOLESTEROL REACTION.

Thiouracil, previously recommended as a preservative to be added to serum for butanol-extractable iodine determinations, inhibits the ferric chloride-sulfuric acid color reaction for cholesterol. The color inhibition may be eliminated by shaking the serum for about 5 min. with solid silver iodate prior to cholesterol analysis.
Social problems clusters as contexts for claimsmaking: implications for the study of off-campus housing

ABSTRACTMany social problems claims occur in a context that involves (1) actors’ recognition of other stakeholders, (2) relationships among those actors, and (3) varying temporal frameworks that influence how each claimsmaker views the current collection of issues. We call actors’ involvement in overlapping issues a social problems cluster, a set of claimsmaking efforts that involve many of the same people and groups as advocates, or opponents. Using a case study of local student housing issues as an example, we suggest the following regarding the social problems cluster. First, we consider how the interactions among social problems cluster members shape what happens with a particular issue. Second, we consider the way participants within one social problems cluster recognize links may reflect participants’ biographies, interests, ideologies, and so forth. Attending to how the social problems cluster’s members interact and link issues helps to locate a particular claim within its broader context.