cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A feasibility study of a diffusion barrier between Ni-Cr-Al coatings and nickel-based eutectic alloys

Abstract Coating systems have been proposed for potential use on eutectic alloy components in high temperature gas turbine engines. In a study to prevent the deterioration of such systems by diffusion, a tungsten sheet 25 μm thick was placed between eutectic alloys and an Ni-Cr-Al layer. Layered test specimens were aged at 1100°C for as long as 500 h. Without the tungsten barrier the δ phase of the eutectic deteriorated by diffusion of niobium into the Ni-Cr-Al. Insertion of the tungsten barrier stopped the diffusion of niobium from the δ phase. Chromium diffusion from the Ni-Cr-Al into the γ/γ' phase of the eutectic was greatly reduced by the barrier. However, the barrier thickness decreased with time, and tungsten diffused into both the Ni-Cr-Al and the eutectic. When the δ platelets were aligned parallel rather than perpendicular to the Ni-Cr-Al layer, diffusion into the eutectic was reduced.
Optimal Site Selection of Watershed Hydrological Monitoring Stations Using Remote Sensing and Grey Integer Programming

Precipitation, infiltration and percolation, stream flow, plant transpiration, soil moisture changes, and groundwater recharge are all intimately related with each other to form water balance dynamics on the surface of the Earth. To monitor change in hydrological systems with minimum effort, however, hydrological monitoring networks at the watershed scale should be deployed at critical locations to advance the monitoring and sensing capability. One of the science questions is how to develop an optimum arrangement/distribution strategy of those monitoring platforms with respect to hydrological components subject to technical and resources constraints. While the complexities arise from the integration of highly heterogeneous data streams in the hydrological cycle under uncertainty, there is an acute need to develop a site screening and sequencing procedure permitting a cost-effective search for final site selection. This paper purports to develop such an approach to address the optimal site selection strategy by integrating satellite remote sensing images with a grey integer programming (GIP) model. The approach uses spatial information on the range of likely values temporally encountered for a number of biophysical descriptors in support of the optimization analysis under uncertainty. Practical implementation was assessed by a case study in a semi-arid watershed—the Choke Canyon Reservoir watershed, south Texas. GIS-based GIP modeling technique successfully supports the screening and sequencing mechanism based on the composite satellite images, which smoothly prioritizes the relative importance and provides the rank order scores across all candidate sites. With the aid of such a synergistic approach, seven locations out of 563 candidate sites were eventually selected and confirmed by a field investigation.
Evaluation of plasmid DNA removal from lentiviral vectors by benzonase treatment.

To improve the purity of lentiviral vector supernatants for clinical studies we have evaluated plasmid DNA removal from lentiviral vectors and also the extent of plasmid DNA associated with transduced CD34 cells in an ex vivo transduction protocol. Optimal conditions of plasmid DNA removal by benzonase treatment were established by varying the temperature, time, and benzonase concentrations in the reaction mix and were determined to be 50 units of benzonase per milliliter of vector supernatant at 37°C, for 15 min. No plasmid DNA was detected, suggesting efficient plasmid degradation was achieved under these experimental conditions. The infectious titer of benzonase-treated lentiviral vector (RRL-CMV-GFP) was nearly identical to the titer of untreated vector (2.3 ± 0.3 × 106 transduction units per milliliter (TU/ml) and 2.7 ± 0.3 × 106 TU/ml, respectively). Analysis of plasmid DNA in concentrated lentiviral vectors shows that concentration substantially decreases the amount of DNA per TU. Analysis of the e...
Optical Absorption Spectra of Charge-Doped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from First-Principles Calculations

We calculated the optical absorption spectrum response of single-walled carbon nanotubes under charge doping by using density functional theory. We find that the spectrum responses can be generally divided into two categories: one is similar to those obtained from the graphene zone-folding and rigid-band model, while the other deviates from the expectation and shows several special features. Our analysis reveals that the doping type and curvature effects play the primary role. Finally, we argue that the present results will probably prevail in more elaborate methods and other similar nanotubes.
Segmented Binary Control of Shape Memory Alloy Actuators — Feedforward Servo Control

A new approach to the design and control of shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators, called Segmented Binary Control (SBC), is extended from previous work. The transient response of SBC is examined and is discovered to be inadequate in real time servo control because of significant latency times. A dramatic improvement is shown using a feedforward method in which a predetermined path is known and appropriate actions are calculated beforehand. In addition, this feedforward servo control of SMA is accomplished with only internal local feedback loops and no global feedback of position.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
First-Time Inversion Ankle Ligament Trauma The Effects of Sex, Level of Competition, and Sport on the Incidence of Injury

BackgroundInversion ankle trauma is disabling, yet little is known regarding the incidence rate of first-time ankle sprains and how it is influenced by factors including sex, level of competition, and sport.HypothesisThe incidence rates of first-time ankle ligament sprains are influenced by sex, level of competition (high school vs college), and type of sports participation (basketball, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey).Study DesignCohort study; Level of evidence, 2.MethodsBetween 1999 and 2003, high school and college athletes were evaluated before participation in their sports. Subjects were included in the study if they had not experienced a prior ankle or lower extremity injury and were then followed during participation in soccer, basketball, lacrosse, or field hockey to document their days of exposure to sport and injuries sustained. The relative risk associated with sex, level of competition, and sport was estimated by Cox regression.ResultsA total of 901 athletes had 50 680 person-days of exposu...
Abstract 517: Ectopic expression of an obscurin signaling cassette decreases migration and invasion of metastatic breast cancer cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The obscurins (∼70-820 kDa) are a family of proteins expressed from the 150 kb OBSCN gene, located on human chromosome 1. Sequencing analysis of breast and colorectal cancers, as well as melanoma and glioblastoma, revealed that obscurins are mutated at a substantial frequency and these mutations may be driving tumor formation. Our work has recently demonstrated that obscurins are present in normal breast, skin, and colon cells, but absent in their cancerous counterparts. Downregulation of obscurins’ expression is sufficient to allow non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells to evade apoptosis induced by etoposide. Furthermore, absence of obscurins allows increased migration and invasion of breast epithelial cells. Remarkably though, we observed that ectopic expression of a fragment of obscurin composed of tandem src homology 3-Rho guanine exchange factor-pleckstrin homology (SH3-RhoGEF-PH) motifs was sufficient to decrease monolayer migration and invasion of metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, which are naturally deficient in obscurins, by >20% and >70%, respectively. Based on our observations that 1) absence of obscurins allows increased migration and invasion of breast cells, and 2) expression of an obscurin cassette mitigates this migratory and invasive behavior of metastatic breast cancer cells, we postulate that obscurins may act as metastasis suppressors in breast epithelium. We have therefore begun to investigate how the tripartite obscurin fragment, SH3-RhoGEF-PH, can influence the behavior of the cytoskeleton and therefore affect migration and invasion. We have found that the RhoGEF domain directly induces guanine nucleotide exchange in RhoA, but not Rac1 or Cdc42. This activity may be allosterically regulated by the adjacent SH3 domain, which interacts with the RhoGEF domain in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Furthermore, the PH domain binds to 3’-phosphorylated inositol lipid headgroups, providing a mechanism for the obscurins to respond to signals generated at the plasma membrane. Together, this evidence suggests that the tripartite signaling cassette can recapitulate the full-length obscurins’ metastasis-suppressing activity, and may merit development as a therapy for advanced breast cancer. Citation Format: Nicole A. Perry, Aikaterini Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos. Ectopic expression of an obscurin signaling cassette decreases migration and invasion of metastatic breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 517. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-517
Electrical properties of neutron-transmutation-doped GaAs below 450 K

Various concentrations of Ge and Se donors were introduced into GaAs crystals by means of neutron transmutation doping. Three kinds of GaAs crystals were used: undoped, Cr-doped crystals, and a high-purity epitaxial layer. Hall coefficient $R$, resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$, and low-field magnetoresistance $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ were measured between 1.4 and 450 K. Good agreement was found between the measured concentrations of added donors and the values expected from the neutron-capture cross sections and the neutron fluences used. The analysis of the temperature dependence of the carrier concentration of the epitaxial sample gave somewhat smaller values for ${N}_{D}$ and ${N}_{A}$, the concentration of donors and acceptors, than the analysis of the $T$ dependence of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{H}$, but ${N}_{D}\ensuremath{-}{N}_{A}$ was the same; this indicates that some deep-lying centers are present in this sample. At low $T$ the magnetic field dependence of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ of this sample was in good agreement with the theory of impurity conduction modified by Shklovskii. $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ of this sample was positive to the lowest $T$ (1.4 K) and had two peaks; one at about 50 K corresponds to a maximum of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{H}$ and the second one at about 4.2 K corresponds to the temperature at which band conduction and impurity conduction are of equal magnitude. At low $T$ all the undoped and Cr-doped crystals had a negative magnetoresistance whose magnitude increases with decreasing $T$. At low $T$, $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ changes from positive to negative as the room-temperature carrier concentration ${n}_{0}$ reaches 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Above this carrier concentration $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ is negative and reaches a maximum value at ${n}_{0}\ensuremath{\simeq}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ disappears when ${n}_{0}$ exceeds the concentration of the true metallic state ${n}_{\mathrm{cb}}\ensuremath{\simeq}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The closeness of the ${n}_{0}$ value at which the negative $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ has its maximum value and the critical concentration ${N}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}(3\ensuremath{-}4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at which the metal-nonmetal transition is observed indicates that these two phenomena are related.
New Horizons Alice ultraviolet observations of a stellar occultation by Jupiter’s atmosphere

Abstract The Alice ultraviolet spectrograph onboard the New Horizons spacecraft observed two occultations of the bright star χ Ophiucus by Jupiter’s atmosphere on February 22 and 23, 2007 during the approach phase of the Jupiter flyby. The ingress occultation probed the atmosphere at 32°N latitude near the dawn terminator, while egress probed 18°N latitude near the dusk terminator. A detailed analysis of both the ingress and egress occultations, including the effects of molecular hydrogen, methane, acetylene, ethylene, and ethane absorptions in the far ultraviolet (FUV), constrains the eddy diffusion coefficient at the homopause level to be 3.4 - 2.8 + 9.0 × 10 6 cm2 s−1, consistent with Voyager measurements and other analyses (Festou, M.C., Atreya, S.K., Donahue, T.M., Sandel, B.R., Shemansky, D.E., Broadfoot, A.L. [1981]. J. Geophys. Res. 86, 5717–5725; Vervack Jr., R.J., Sandel, B.R., Gladstone, G.R., McConnell, J.C., Parkinson, C.D. [1995]. Icarus 114, 163–173; Yelle, R.V., Young, L.A., Vervack Jr., R.J., Young, R., Pfister, L., Sandel, B.R. [1996]. J. Geophys. Res. 101 (E1), 2149–2162). However, the actual derived pressure level of the methane homopause for both occultations differs from that derived by Festou et al., 1981 , Yelle et al., 1996 from the Voyager ultraviolet occultations, suggesting possible changes in the strength of atmospheric mixing with time. We find that at 32°N latitude, the methane concentration is 3.1 - 0.5 + 0.5 × 10 8 cm−3 at 70,397 km, the methane concentration is 1.2 - 0.3 + 0.3 × 10 9 cm−3 at 70,383 km, the acetylene concentration is 1.4 - 0.2 + 0.4 × 10 8 cm−3 at 70,364 km, and the ethane concentration is 6.8 - 0.8 + 1.1 × 10 8 cm−3 at 70,360 km. At 18°N latitude, the methane concentration is 3.2 - 0.7 + 0.7 × 10 8 cm−3 at 71,345 km, the methane concentration is 1.2 - 0.2 + 0.6 × 10 9 cm−3 at 71,332 km, the acetylene concentration is 1.6 - 0.6 + 0.3 × 10 8 cm−3 at 71,318 km, and the ethane concentration is 7.0 - 2.5 + 2.4 × 10 8 cm−3 at 71,315 km. We also find that the H2 occultation light curve is best reproduced if the atmosphere remains cold in the microbar region such that the base of the thermosphere is located at a lower pressure level than that determined by in situ instruments aboard the Galileo probe (Seiff, A., Kirk, D.B., Knight, T.C.D., Young, R.E., Mihalov, J.D., Young, L.A., Milos, F.S., Schubert, G., Blanchard, R.C., Atkinson, D. [1998]. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (E10), 22857–22889) – the Sieff et al. temperature profile leads to too much absorption from H2 at high altitudes. However, this result is highly model dependent and non-unique. The observations and analysis help constrain photochemical models of Jupiter’s atmosphere.
Advancing E-Government performance in the United States through enhanced usability benchmarks

Abstract Several E-Government website usability studies in the United States employ content analysis as their research methodology. They use either dichotomous measures or a generic scale to construct indexes to conduct comparative reviews. Building on those studies, this article suggests a content-analysis methodology utilizing Guttman-type scales wherever possible to refine usability assessments. This methodology advances E-Government performance through enhanced usability benchmarks to stimulate the organizational dynamics that drive performance improvement.
Professional athletes and charitable foundations: an exploratory investigation

Sport and philanthropy are becoming entwined. As professional athletes garner increasing attention beyond what they do on the field of play, a corresponding stakeholder expectation of athletes' charitable involvement has followed. By identifying trends in players who have private charities, we can evaluate the extent to which philanthropy promotes benefits to the player, team and league. Using the lenses of pro-social behaviour and corporate social responsibility, the purpose of this research is twofold. First, we provide an empirical analysis to profile athletes with charitable foundations, finding a connection between firms and athletes engaging in charitable behaviours. Second, we provide a theoretical framework for understanding professional athletes' connection to participate in socially responsible behaviour including the potential impact of their work on the firms they represent. Our regression analysis suggests older, higher paid athletes are more likely to create foundations and association with a charitable team also predicts athlete philanthropy.
Complexation of penicillins and penicilloic acids by cupric ion

A kinetic method was developed to study the interactions between cupric ion and penicillins G and V. Complexation was found to occur with the intact penicillins, followed by rapid hydrolysis of the complex into the corresponding penicilloic acid-cupric ion complex. The logarithmic stability constants for the interaction between cupric ion and penicillins G and V were found to be 2·61 and 2·24, respectively. In addition, the method of continuous variation was used to determine the logarithmic stability constants for the cupric ion-penicilloic acid complexes. These were found to be 4·20 and 4·50, for penicilloic V and G acids respectively.
Analytical solutions for Euler parameters

Two new analytical solutions for Poinsot motion in terms of Euler parameters are derived. The first solution is a straightforward ‘universal’ (no branches) time series practical for short time motion calculations or as a basis for analytical continuation. The second, more involved solution is also universal but is not restricted to short times; it is in terms of circular, hyperbolic, and elliptic functions and elliptic integrals.
Evaluation of storm-water wetlands in series in piedmont North Carolina.

Three storm-water wetlands in series were monitored in a heavily urbanized 12.5 ha watershed in Mooresville, North Carolina. Monitoring of this system allowed an examination of the diminishing returns provided by three successive best management practices (BMPs) of a similar type. At least 80% of the total concentration reduction for all pollutants occurred within the first wetland cell. Only the first wetland cell significantly ( p<0.05 ) reduced all pollutants tested. No pollutant was significantly reduced from the outlet of Wetland Cell 2 to the outlet of Wetland Cell 3 ( p<0.05 ) . Median complete system (outlet of Wetland Cell 3) effluent concentrations for total suspended solids, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and turbidity were 8, 0.09, 0.73 mg/L, and 10 NTU, respectively, which compared favorably to published results. Organic nitrogen generated from wetland vegetation seemed to result in a background source of nitrogen in the wetlands, supporting the idea of an irreducible concentration for nit...
Considerations on computing real logarithms of matrices, hamiltonian logarithms, and skew-symmetric logarithms

Abstract The issue of computing a real logarithm of a real matrix is addressed. After a brief review of some known methods, more attention is paid to three: (1) Pade approximation techniques, (2) Newton's method, and (3) a series expansion method. Newton's method has not been previously treated in the literature; we address commutativity issues, and simplify the algorithmic formulation. We also address general structure-preserving issues for two applications in which we are interested: finding the real Hamiltonian logarithm of a symplectic matrix, and finding the skew-symmetric logarithm of an orthogonal matrix. The diagonal Pade approximants and the proposed series expansion technique are proven to be structure-preserving. Some algorithmic issues are discussed.
Hexachlorophene poisoning and the ineffectiveness of peritoneal dialysis.

(1979). Hexachlorophene Poisoning and the Ineffectiveness of Peritoneal Dialysis. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 257-262.
How Much SSD Is Useful for Resilience in Supercomputers

We consider the use of non-volatile memories in the form of burst buffers for resilience in supercomputers. Their cost and limited lifetime demand effective use and appropriate provisioning. We develop an analytic model for the behavior of workloads on systems with burst buffers, and use it to explore questions of cost-effective provisioning, and mission-directed allocation of burst-buffer (SSD) lifetime.First, our results show that system efficiency can be increased by as much as 14% by considering a global perspective (workload mix, job size) for SSD lifetime allocation. Second, with size-based and system-efficiency based lifetime allocation, large jobs suffer as much as 40% job efficiency loss; job-efficiency based allocation must increase their allocations by 50% to eliminate this disparity. Finally, further results suggest that under provisioning SSD lifetime (only 10-20% of the "optimum" as defined by per-job requirements without resource constraint) is sufficient to produce 90% system efficiency at failure rates three times that of current systems.
Tradition and modernity at the workplace: A field study of women in the pharmaceutical industry of Lahore☆

Abstract Women working in industry for the first time are trying to reconcile their old roles with the new economic context. This paper provides an inside view of the changes in some women's lives as a result of new work experiences.
Some consequences of Duhamel's formula for weak solutions of time-dependent Schrödinger equations

On montre que les propagateurs unitaires pour l'equation de Schrodinger dependante du temps u'(r)=iH I (t)U(t), ou H I (t)=exp(itH 0 )•V•exp(itH 0 ), H 0 =(d/idx) m sur L 2 (R 1 ), et V une forme sesquilineaire definie sur Q(H 0 ), satisfont l'equation integrale correspondante en un sens faible
Reduction of urinary sodium and potassium produced by hypophyseal growth hormone in normal female rats.

ConclusionThe administration of hypophyseal GH to normal female rats produces retention of both sodium and potassium.
Indeterminate acute liver failure: A riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma

Fulminant hepatitis of unknown origin remains a significant cause of mortality, for which liver transplantation is often considered as the only therapeutic option. In retrospective studies, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infections have been associated with such diseases, but the diagnosis of HHV-6 infection of the liver is rarely established during the acute phase of liver failure. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we diagnosed two cases of severe acute liver failure (ALF) related to HHV-6 occurring in immunocompetent young adults. Both cases had a favourable outcome, one after valganciclovir therapy and one after liver transplantation associated with ganciclovir. Viral origin was evidenced in each case by the detection of high amounts of HHV-6 DNA in liver tissue by the PCR assay. The decrease of intrahepatic viral load after therapeutic intervention was also monitored by quantitative PCR and paralleled in the two cases the clinical improvement. Diagnosis of HHV-6 infection must be systematically evoked in case of unexplained ALF, since it might lead to specific therapeutic interventions, in addition to liver transplantation.
Quantitation and localization of immunoglobulin E containing cells in bovine lymphoid tissues

Although recent studies have begun to describe and quantify IgE responses in bovine serum and secretions, little is known about the distribution and quantity of IgE containing cells in cattle. In the present study, cells with cytoplasmic IgE were quantitated in bovine lymphoid tissues, using immunoperoxidase staining and evaluation by an image analysing computer (Quantimet). Frozen sections from retropharyngeal, bronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes, tonsil and spleen were stained from 11 calves, some of which had been exposed to antigen by aerosol or injection. Although individual variability was considerable, bronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes generally contained the greatest percentage of IgE containing cells, while retropharyngeal lymph node, tonsil, and spleen had less. Parenteral immunization with ovalbumin appeared to increase the splenic percentage, while aerosol exposure to ovalbumin was associated with a greater percentage of IgE containing cells in bronchial lymph nodes. Comparison of the present results with those reported for other species shows some similar trends in IgE localization.
High-reflective multilayers as narrowband VUV filters

A novel coating has been developed for the 120-230 nm wavelength VUV region which yields significantly higher reflectivity over selectable bandwidths and can be used to fabricate high-performance narrowband reflection filters; the spectral properties of such filters are greatly enhanced through their use in tandem. The coating uses a combination of high and low refractive index dielectric pairs. The proper choice of high-low ratio reduces the effects of VUV absorption for high refractive index films whose extinction coefficient is much higher than for a low-index material.
Structures of Human Microsomal Cytochrome P450 2A6 Complexed With Coumarin And Methoxsalen

Human microsomal cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) contributes extensively to nicotine detoxication but also activates tobacco-specific procarcinogens to mutagenic products. The CYP2A6 structure shows a compact, hydrophobic active site with one hydrogen bond donor, Asn297, that orients coumarin for regioselective oxidation. The inhibitor methoxsalen effectively fills the active site cavity without substantially perturbing the structure. The structure should aid the design of inhibitors to reduce smoking and tobacco-related cancers.
Monoglucosylated oligomannosides are released during the degradation process of newly synthesized glycoproteins.

Abstract The Chinese hamster ovary mutant MI8–5 is known to synthesize Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol rather than the fully glucosylated lipid intermediate Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol. This nonglucosylated oligosaccharide lipid precursor is used as donor forN-glycosylation. In this paper we demonstrate that a significant part of the glycans bound to the newly synthesized glycoproteins in MI8–5 cells are monoglucosylated. The presence of monoglucosylated glycans on glycoproteins determines their binding to calnexin as part of the quality control machinery. Furthermore, we point out the presence of Glc1Man5GlcNAc1 in the cytosol of MI8–5 cells. This indicates that part of the monoglucosylated glycoproteins can be directed toward a deglycosylation process that occurs in the cytosol. Besides studies on glycoprotein degradation based on the disappearance of protein moieties, MI8–5 cells can be used as a tool to elucidate the various step leading to glycoprotein degradation by studying the fate of the glycan moieties.
Procollagenase from bovine gingiva.

Abstract 1. 1.|Collagenase (EC 3.4.24.3) is released from bovine gingival explants in vitro as a zymogen. The zymogen does not hydrolyze collagen and does not form a complex with α 2 -macroglobulin (α 2 -M). It elutes in gel filtration with an apparent molecular weight of approx. 80 000. 2. 2.|Incubation of the zymogen with trypsin results in a 15 000–20 000 dalton decrease in molecular weight and imparts to the enzyme the ability to hydrolyze collagen and to form a complex with α 2 -M. 3. 3.|The zymogen can be completely separated from the active enzyme by gel filtration, after binding of the active enzyme to α 2 -M. Likewise, the zymogen can be harvested from cultures supplemented with serum.
PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS ORIGINS OF THE PRIVATE INNER SELF

. The modern concept of the inner self containing a private inner world has ancient philosophical and religious roots. These begin with Plato's intelligible world of ideas. In Plotinus, the intelligible world becomes the inner world of the divine Mind and its ideas, which the soul sees by turning “into the inside.” Augustine made the inner world into something merely human, not a world of divine ideas, so that the soul seeking for God must turn in, then up: entering into itself and then looking above itself at the intelligible light of God. In modernity, “ideas” become the immediate object of every act of mental perception, the essential inner objects of the mind's eye. Locke makes the inner space inescapably private, excluding the divine inner light. Postmodern attempts to reconceive the relation of mind and world, rejecting the modern conception of a private inner self, will need to deal with lingering Platonist intuitions about the immediacy of the mind's vision.
Service-Learning's Impact on Developmental Reading/Writing and Student Life Skills Courses.

Designed to investigate the impact of service-learning on developmental-level students' success and retention, this study reports the results of pre-and postcourse surveys with service-learning and nonservice-learning sections of developmental courses at Miami-Dade College. Knowledge gained, course pass rates, and both in-class and semester-to-semester retention are reported.
On the origin of cytotoxicity of the natural product varacin. A novel example of a pentathiepin reaction that provides evidence for a triatomic sulfur intermediate.

A density functional theoretical study is presented, which implicates a novel S3-cleavage in the decomposition of a pentathiepin. This study predicts an interconversion between a pentathiepin and an open-chain polysulfur ion intermediate from which a key determinant in the chemistry then follows. Expulsion of diatomic sulfur, S2, is unlikely from the unimolecular collapse of the open-chain polysulfur ion. Instead, S3 can dissociate due to an unusually long and weak sulfur−sulfur (S4−S5) bond. A mechanistic picture now emerges which predicts that the novel S−S cleavage reaction and the unanticipated S3 fragmentation are a result of delocalization of the negative charge within the remaining carbon−sulfur fragment. The computed results presented here reveal a new aspect to the chemistry of pentathiepins, that of S3 unit transfer, which is proposed to have significance in the mechanism of cytotoxicity of the natural product varacin, 1.
Tissue lipide relationships from their composition and acetate incorporation.

Abstract Groups of male “miniature” swine were reared on diets very low in fat or containing 20% myristoyllaurin or 20% cottonseed oil. After approximately 11 months on the test diets they were injected intraperitoneally with acetate-1-C 14 . Twenty-four hours later they were sacrificed by exsanguination through the femoral artery, and blood plasma, liver, and adipose tissue lipide fatty acids were examined for fatty acid composition and C 14 incorporation.
The 5′ ends of RNA oligonucleotides in Escherichia coli and mRNA degradation

The 5' ends of RNA oligonucleotides in Escherichia coli were identified to assess the contributions of specific endoribonucleases to the cleaving of bulk mRNA. About 60% of the total 5' ends have a 5' OH, and 40% a phosphate. Of those oligonucleotides with a 5'-OH end, 55% of the larger-sized molecules started with 5'-OH-A. With decreasing size there was a progressive decrease in its relative abundance, reaching 33% for the mononucleotide pool, close to its content in E. coli mRNA. In a mutant lacking RNase I* (a form of RNase I), the fraction starting with 5'-OH-A was even higher; 65-70% for oligonucleotides of any size, as well as the mononucleotides, whereas only 3-5% started with 5'-OH-U. Oligonucleotides with a 5'-P end were analyzed after pulse-labeling growing cells with 32Pi. Virtually all of them had a 5'-ppp-purine end which would result from transcription initiations, and there were four-times more G than A starts. The fraction of 5' ends with a monophosphate (5'-pN) was too low to measure. The known degradative enzymes of E. coli (RNases I, I*, M and R) release a 5'-OH oligonucleotide upon cleavage, whereas known processing endoribonucleases, e.g. RNases E, H, P and III, generate 5'-P oligonucleotides. Among these enzymes, RNase M is the only one known to enrich for 5'-OH-A ends, since its preference is for pyrimidine-A bonds [Cannistraro, V. J. & Kennell, D. (1989) Eur. J. Biochem. 181, 363-370]. It also gives a very low level of 5'-OH-U ends. These results are consistent with generalizations derived from our previous studies [Cannistraro, V. J., Subbaro, M. N. & Kennell, D. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 192, 257-274] and suggest that RNase M is a primary endoribonuclease for mRNA degradation in E. coli. The results also indicate that RNase I* contributes a smaller fraction of cleavages to larger RNA oligonucleotides and accounts for most of the degradation of the very small oligonucleotides and almost all degradation of dinucleotide to mononucleotide.
Composition and size of Apollo asteroid 1984 KB

The Class S object-typifying spectral signatures of olivine, pyroxene, and NiFe metal are noted in the present reflection spectra and thermal-emission radiometric data for the earth orbit-crossing Apollo object, 1984KB; a surface material akin to the rare lodranite meteorites. While the Class S object identification is strengthened by standard asteroid thermal model's indication of an about 0.7-km radius, and albedo of about 0.16, which is inconsistent with the IR spectrum, is obtained by an analysis of the same thermal data with a bare-rock thermal model. The object must have a significant regolith despite its small size.
Demographic Profiles of Certified Nurse–Midwives, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists, and Nurse Practitioners: Reflections on Implications for Uniform Education and Regulation

Topic There is wide variability in regulatory authority, basic education requirements, and titling for nurses in advanced practice roles, that is, certified nurse–midwives (CNMs), certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), and nurse practitioners (NPs). There is current advocacy for a common identity for advanced practice nurses (APNs), including uniform entry into practice requirements (the doctor of nursing practice [DNP]). Methods Membership survey data were extracted to generate a contemporary profile of characteristics of these categories of practitioners. Results The APN groups are similar in age ( M = 47–48 years) and race (predominantly Caucasian), with the largest proportions of all groups clustering in the age range of 51–54 years. There are more men in the CRNA group (45%). CNMs have the highest proportion of doctoral degrees (4.7%). CRNAs command the highest annual average salary ($140,000). Conclusions Membership survey data can monitor progress toward implementation of proposed educational and regulatory changes. The effect of these proposals on the availability of an experienced APN mentor workforce for DPN students and the availability of an APN workforce for clients remains largely unknown. Standardized indicators of performance and client outcomes may enhance current data collection of membership demographics and enable precise evaluation of outcomes and impact of APN care.
Electric and magnetic fields — A double jeopardy

This paper describes a project that makes the students read and comprehend electromagnetic concepts and surprisingly it turned out to be enjoyable to them. It is based on the TV game, Jeopardy. It proved to be a huge success.
Effects of improvements of poorly fitting dentures and new dentures on masticatory performance

The effect of four modifications to improve the fit and maxillomandibular relationships of poorly fitting dentures and the insertion of new dentures on masticatory performance was assessed in 21 denture wearers. A 2-week adaptation period was allowed for each of the four modifications and 3 weeks and 12 weeks of adaptation for new dentures. The preferred side masticatory performances were not appreciably affected by either the modifications to improve the fit of the original dentures or the new dentures. In most instances there was a slight decline in performance. Three denture modifications caused significant declines in the carrot-swallowing threshold performances and the new dentures in the peanut-swallowing threshold performance. In other words, the denture wearers had a greater percentage of coarse particles in their bolus ready for ingestion when they chewed with altered or new dentures compared with original dentures. However, they chewed faster and applied fewer chewing strokes with their modified and new dentures. A steady but gradual improvement in the mean performance score with carrots was noted with time after the insertion of new dentures. Dentists and patients need to understand that adaptation to new or modified old dentures may be a long, drawn-out process for some patients.
PREDICTING COLLEGE GRADES IN PREDOMINANTLY NEGRO COLLEGES

A list of predominantly Negro colleges was obtained from the College Entrance Counselor (Wechsler, Blum, and Friedman, 1961). Institutions on this list were checked against a list of ACT Research Service participating schools. Five had participated in the 1964 Research Service. All were state schools, three were four-year colleges, and two offered graduate programs leading to a master's degree in addition to four years of college. They were located in four different southern states.
How infant appearance informs: Child care providers' responses to babies varying in appearance of age and attractiveness

Abstract Research suggests that an infant's attractiveness influences adult's judgments of its developmental competence, such that less attractive infants are considered to look older than more attractive infants. To assess the effects of knowledge of age on these attractiveness-based attributions, 90 staff members of licensed child care centers judged specific developmental skills and rated the global developmental competence of 6-month-olds, based on the infants' facial appearance. Knowing an infant's actual age modified relations between attractiveness and expectations of maturity. Caregivers who knew the infants' ages estimated that unattractive infants were capable of relatively few specific skills in some areas of development, but they nevertheless rated those infants to be relatively competent in their development. Without information about age, caregivers often rated less attractive infants to be lower in competence, although they judged these babies to be older, with a larger number of specific skills. Training implications for improving caregivers' judgments are discussed.
Normative Beliefs Regarding the Maintenance of Intimate Relationships Among Abused and Nonabused Women

This study examined the normative beliefs regarding how women act in maintaining intimate relationships. A convenience sample of 53 abused and 52 nonabused women completed self-report measures related to physical and emotional abuse by an intimate partner (Index of Spouse Abuse), normative beliefs regarding relationships (Silencing the Self), and their self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem). Results indicated that abused and nonabused women with low self-esteem tended to have higher levels of belief in societal norms and gender-specific socializations regarding how women should maintain relationships. Abused women exhibited significantly higher levels of externalized self-perception, self-sacrifice, silence, and disconnection in intimate relationships when compared to nonabused women.
Ionic polymer-metal composites: I. Fundamentals

This paper, the first in a series of four review papers, presents a brief summary of the fundamental properties and characteristics of ionic polymeric-metal composites (IPMCs) as biomimetic sensors, actuators and artificial muscles. The forthcoming three review papers, to follow this paper, will address in detail such fundamentals and, in particular, manufacturing techniques and the electronic and electromechanical characteristics of IPMCs (part II), the phenomenological modelling of the underlying sensing and actuation mechanisms in IPMCs (part III) and the potential application areas for IPMCs (part IV). This paper is a summary of all recent findings and current state-of-the art manufacturing techniques, phenomenological laws and mechanical and electrical characteristics. A number of methodologies in developing high-force-density IPMCs are also reported.
Semi-supervised learning based object detection in aerial imagery

Object detection in aerial imagery has been well studied in computer vision for years. However, given the complexity of large variations of the appearance of the object and the background in a typical aerial image, a robust and efficient detection is still considered as an open and challenging problem. In this paper, we have developed a theoretic foundation for aerial imagery object detection using semi-supervised learning algorithms. Based on this theory, we have proposed a context-based object detection methodology. Both theoretic analyses and experimental evaluations have successfully demonstrated the great promise of the developed theory and the related detection methodology.
Lexicon modeling for query understanding

Lexicons are important resources for semantic tagging. However, commonly used lexicons collected from entity databases suffer from multiple problems, such as ambiguity, limited coverage and lack of relative importance. In this work we present a lexicon modeling technique that automatically expands the lexicon and assigns weights to its elements. For lexicon expansion, we use a generative model to extract patterns from query logs using known lexicon seeds, and discover new lexicon elements using the learned patterns. For lexicon weighting, we propose two approaches based on generative and discriminative models to learn the relative importance of lexicon elements from user click statistics. Experiments on text queries in multiple domains show that our lexicon modeling technique can significantly improve semantic tagging performance.
Targeting aggregation in the development of therapeutics for the treatment of Huntington's disease and other polyglutamine repeat diseases.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is one of a number of familial polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat diseases. These neurodegenerative disorders are caused by expression of otherwise unrelated proteins that contain an expansion of a polyQ tract, rendering them toxic to specific subsets of vulnerable neurons. These expanded repeats have an inherent propensity to aggregate; insoluble neuronal nuclear and cytoplasmic polyQ aggregates or inclusions are hallmarks of the disorders [1,2]. In HD, inclusions in diseased brains often precede onset of symptoms, and have been proposed to be involved in pathogenicity [3-5]. Various strategies to block the process of aggregation have been developed in an effort to create drugs that decrease neurotoxicity. A discussion of the effect of antibodies, caspase inhibitors, chemical inhibitors, heat-shock proteins, suppressor peptides and transglutaminase inhibitors upon aggregation and disease is presented.
Coping with shrub secondary metabolites by ruminants.

Abstract Rangelands throughout the world contain varying but often substantial proportions of shrubs. Shrubs are generally heavily chemically defended, and herbivores must either contend with their plant secondary metabolites (PSM) or avoid a significant component of the available forage. Browsing ruminants are exposed to thousands of chemicals in infinite combinations and concentrations that are constantly changing both temporally and spatially. The success with which a herbivore navigates this complex environment is in part attributed to its ability to cope with PSM. Plant secondary metabolites can affect a number of physiological and metabolic processes (e.g., altered microbial activity, reduced digestion, compromised acid/base balance, toxicity), although negative consequences to the herbivore range from harmless to lethal, depending factors such as dose, animal species, plane of nutrition, and physiological state. Herbivores have a variety of intertwined mechanisms to cope with consumption of PSM, ranging from physiological (e.g., salivary proteins, detoxification pathways) to behavioral (e.g., avoidance, regulation of intake below critical threshold, cautious sampling, altering size and pattern of feeding bouts, diet switching, consuming diverse and/or complementary diets). Secondary compounds may affect requirements for nutrients (e.g., protein, minerals, and glucose) and water, and may alter basal metabolic rate. Energy requirements may also increase to accommodate increased travel to water and supplementation sites to counter these negative effects, particularly on arid rangelands. A number of management strategies exist for minimizing the negative effects of PSM consumption on livestock. Supplementation to replace nutrients depleted during detoxification (e.g., amino acids and glucose), additives such as PEG and charcoal to reduce absorption and increase excretion of PSM, maintaining animals in good body condition, and behavioral modifications (e.g., diet training) are among the potential management options for enhancing the ability of ruminants to cope with PSM when browsing shrubby ecosystems.
A STUDY OF SPACE IN MUMBAI'S SLUMS

The urban slum in the less developed world has an overwhelming significance of place for its dwellers: it determines who they are, what they do, where they go, and whom they know. Unlike most Western cities where the different realms of life (residential, work, religious, public, etc.) are spatially segregated, here they are all functionally and spatially integrated. A close examination of slum spaces in Dharavi, Mumbai, reveals such overlapping spatial patterns and raises some fundamental questions. Is there a proper definition of the slum? How should we conceive of the slum community and its spatial features? How useful or problematic are Western concepts of residential segregation, ghettos and enclaves? It is argued that the historical persistence of urban slums points to their indispensability, with the tacit (if inconsistent) approval of the state. Slums not only provide shelter to a large urban labour force but also a milieu that is conducive to intense social organisation and economic production.
Rigidification and attitudes

Scott Soames has argued that Rigidified Descriptivism wrongly predicts that one cannot believe, say, that Joe Strummer was born in 1952 without having a belief about the actual world. Soames suggests that agents in other possible worlds may have this belief, but may lack any beliefs about the actual world, a world that they do not occupy and have no contact with. I respond that this argument extends to other popular actuality-involving analyses. In order for Soames to hold on to his argument against Rigidified Descriptivism, he must provide alternatives to these analyses. I argue that there is reason to think that these alternatives are not forthcoming, so Soames should surrender his argument against Rigidified Descriptivism.
Using differential introgression in hybrid zones to identify genomic regions involved in speciation

Hybrids between species provide information about the evolutionary processes involved in divergence. In addition to creating hybrids in the laboratory, biologists can take advantage of natural hybrid zones to understand the factors that shape gene flow between divergent lineages. In the early stages of speciation, most regions of the genome continue to flow freely between populations. Alternatively, the subset of the genome that confers reproductive barriers between nascent species is expected to reject introgression. Now enabled by advances in genomics, this perspective is motivating detailed comparisons of gene flow across genomic regions in hybrid zones. Here, I review methods for measuring and interpreting introgression at multiple loci in hybrid zones, focusing on the problem of identifying loci that contribute to reproductive isolation. Emerging patterns from multi-locus studies of hybrid zones are highlighted, including remarkable variance in introgression across the genome. Although existing methods have been useful, there is scope for development of new analytical approaches that better connect differential patterns of gene flow in hybrid zones with current knowledge of speciation mechanisms. I outline future prospects for differential introgression studies on a genomic scale.