cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of the 2008–2009 crisis on the automotive industry: global trends and firm-level effects in Central Europe

This article examines the impact of the 2008–2009 economic crisis on the automotive industry. The uneven nature of the crisis contributed to the gradual shift in production from traditional core areas of the global automobile industry to selected less developed economies. In this context, the paper analyses the firm-level effects of the economic crisis in the Czech and Slovak automotive industries as two examples of automotive industry peripheries that were integrated in the European automobile production system and experienced rapid production increases after 1990. The analysis draws on unique data collected during a survey of 274 Czech-based and 133 Slovak-based automotive firms conducted in autumn 2009 and spring 2010, 98 company interviews conducted with automotive firms in Czechia in 2010 and 2011, and 30 interviews conducted in Slovakia in 2011. Changes in revenues, production and employment during the economic crisis are compared between Czechia and Slovakia, and are analysed according to ownership...
Patterns of Adoption of Tort Law Innovations: An Application of Diffusion Theory to Judicial Doctrines

Social scientists have given increasing attention to the diffusion of policy innovations among the American states, focusing on the legislative and administrative sectors. This study is an effort to expand our understanding of policy diffusion by analyzing the diffusion of 23 innovative tort doctrines among state court systems between 1876 and 1975. This analysis examines the innovativeness of state judicial systems, the correlates of innovativeness, and the pattern of diffusion. The findings suggest that the diffusion of judicial doctrines is a very different process from the diffusion of legislation. A major reason for the difference appears to be the courts' dependence on litigants to provide opportunities for innovation.
In Good Company: How Social Capital Makes Organizations Work

The article reviews the book “In Good Company: How Social Capital Makes Organizations Work,” by Don Cohen and Laurence Prusak.
High-pressure instrumentation at CHESS

Diamond anvil cells have been used to generate a wide range of pressures, from 0.1 to over 400 GPa (for reference, the center of Earth is about 360 GPa). Samples are squeezed between two diamond anvils and studied using infrared, visible, and x‐ray probes. Recently a bending magnet station at CHESS has become available for the general user for diamond anvil cell work using x rays. This has opened up new areas of research as the experimenters need only to bring a sample in a diamond anvil cell and can leave with the x‐ray data mostly analyzed. Although most of the work has been with energy dispersive x‐ray diffraction, some Laue work has been performed as well. Performing Laue diffraction studies with a station equipped for energy dispersive diffraction has the advantage that, with the addition of a rotation stage, the energy of a Laue diffracted spot can be analyzed.
Review of triaxial crack border stress and energy behavior

Abstract Despite the exhaustive amount of work done on analyzing the crack configuration in three-dimensions, there remains much to be understood in identifying the approximate nature of the solution due to inherent shortcomings in the continuum mechanics theory and finite element numerical procedure. The former is idealized for a continuum whose element size vanishes in the limit, while the latter considers elements with finite size that can vary without restriction throughout the system. Such an inconsistency can lead to incompatibility of the local rate change of volume to surface area ΔV/ΔA , and has gone unnoticed for more than two decades. Peculiarities in the stress and energy quantities around the crack border will arise as changes in the geometric dimension of the solid tend to alter ΔV/ΔA of each local element. The problem of a central crack in a finite thickness plate subjected to unidirectional extension is obtained and compared with previously published results. Fundamental character of the idealized theoretical continuum mechanics solution can be measured by the finite element discretization process. Presented are the variations of the stress intensity factor and strain energy density factor along the crack front with the plate thickness coordinate. They altered according to the crack length to plate thickness ratio. Results contrary to physical intuition are observed when ΔV/ΔA attained high local oscillation, a physical effect that is not accounted for in the theory of elasticity.
Preclinical evaluation method for total knees designed to restore normal knee mechanics.

Abstract The objective was to develop a simple, rapid, and low-cost method for evaluating proposed new total knee arthroplasty (TKA) models and then to evaluate 3 different TKA models with different kinematic characteristics. A “desktop” knee testing rig was used to apply forces and moments over a full flexion range, representing a spectrum of positions and activities; and the positions of the femur on the tibia were measured. The average neutral path of motion (for compressive force only) and the laxities about the neutral path (for superimposed shear and torque) were determined from 8 knee specimens to be used as a benchmark for the TKA evaluations. A typical posterior-stabilized TKA did not display the normal external femoral rotation with flexion and also showed abnormal anterior sliding on the medial side. A medial-pivot type of guided-motion design showed medial stability comparable to anatomical but still did not produce external femoral rotation and posterior lateral displacement with flexion. The addition of a central cam-post produced the rotation and displacement but only after 75° of flexion. It was concluded that the test method satisfied the objective and could be used as a design tool for evaluating new and existing designs, as well as for formulating a TKA with anatomical characteristics.
Subcortical white matter lesions and functional impairment in geriatric depression.

Geriatric depression is associated with significant functional impairment. There is also growing evidence linking vascular brain changes to depression in late life. We sought to examine the relationship between cerebrovascular disease and impairment in basic activities of daily living (BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in a group of older depressives. The sample consisted of 224 depressed adults aged 60 years and above enrolled in Duke's Mental Health Clinical Research Center. All subjects had unipolar major depression and were free of other major psychiatric and neurological illness, including dementia. In a structured interview, subjects reported their medical history and ability to perform both BADL and IADL. Geriatric psychiatrists assessed cognition using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and depression severity using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Subjects had a standardized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan. MRI scans were processed using a semi-automated method to determine volumes of subcortical white matter lesions (WML) and subcortical gray matter lesions (GML). Logistic regression was used to examine effects of WML and GML controlling for demographic and clinical factors. Greater volume of WML was associated with impairment in both BADL and IADL, while GML was associated with IADL impairment. In logistic models, WML remained significantly associated with IADL after controlling for the effects of age, gender, depression severity, and medical comorbidity. We concluded that white matter lesions are independently associated with functional impairment. Further studies are needed to understand how these lesions affect function, e.g., through effects on cognition or motor skills.
Higher oxidation states of silver—II reaction of ozone with silver (I) complexes in non-aqueous solvents☆

Abstract The ozonization of bis(orthophenanthroline)-silver(I) nitrate has been investigated in thirteen non-aqueous solvents both with and without the addition of several Lewis acids. The solvents included (1) dimethylsulphoxide, (2) dimethylformamide, (3) chloroform, (4) carbon tetrachloride, (5) benzene, (6) acetonitrile, (7) n-heptane, (8) ethyl acetate, (9) tetrahydrofuran, (10) acetic anhydride, (11) glacial acetic acid, (12) nitromethane, (13) nitroethane. The Lewis acids included anhydrous aluminium chloride, anhydrous iron(III) chloride, boron trifluoride and silver(I) ion. The oxidation of the silver(I) complex to the silver(II) complex occurred only in the protonic acid solvents, (11), (12) and (13), but the silver(II) complex could be isolated only from acetic acid. Mechanisms of ozonization are proposed which involve the enhancement of the electrophilic character of the ozone molecule by the proton of the particular solvent.
Prenatal alcohol exposure retards the migration and development of serotonin neurons in fetal C57BL mice

Abstract Incomplete neural tube fusion (iNTF), induced by alcohol, in midline floor and roof plates was found in our recent study. In this study, serotonin (5-HT) neurons, known to be born entirely in the midline raphe at brainstem, were examined during their development with fetal alcohol exposure. Weight-matched C57BL mice pregnant dams were divided into three groups on E8: one received ethanol via a chocolate Sustacal liquid diet providing 20% ethanol-derived calories as the sole source of nutrients (ALC); the second received an isocaloric Sustacal liquid diet and was pair-fed to individual dams in the ethanol-fed group (PF); the third was fed ad lib rat chow (Chow). Fetal brains were obtained on E15 and were processed for immunostaining of 5-HT and its trophic factor, S100β. The ascending 5-HT neurons, in normal development, appear bilaterally near midline on E12, and by E15, as seen in chow and PF groups, migrate from the midline germinal zone laterally and dorsally to their final position with rich fibers. In contrast, in the E15 ALC group, many 5-HT-im neurons were found remaining in the midline germinal region or had migrated, but with under-differentiated, sparse fibers. There were 20–30% fewer 5-HT-im neurons in ALC as compared to PF and Chow. In addition, the number of S100β cells was less in ALC as compared with PF and Chow groups. No difference was found between PF and Chow in number of 5-HT-im or S100β-im cells. The 5-HT neurons found compromised in migration and differentiation may, in part, stem from failure of access to floor plate or midline tissue induction and the insufficient support by S100β. As 5-HT neurons have been implicated for signaling brain maturation, fewer 5-HT neurons may have lasting effects on the development of brain or, if persistent in the adult, profoundly affect adult brain function.
A Fungus on Lace Bugs.

In March of 1935 specimens of lace bugs (Leptopharsa Heveae Drake & Poor) on Hevea brasiliensis from Para, Brazil, were sent by Dr. C. H. T. Townsend through the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine to the Division of Mycology and Disease Survey, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, for the determination of a fungus thought to be parasitic on the insects. Observations made by Dr. Townsend indicated that the fungus had been fairly effective in controlling the lace bug which had been causing some concern as a rubber plant pest. He stated that a considerable percentage of the immature stages of the insect had been attacked and killed. Later, Dr. J. R. Weir sent additional specimens of the same insects attacked by this fungus, with the information that the fungus had practically destroyed the bugs over wide areas in certain of the localities where rubber plantings had been made. Additional specimens have been received from time to time from Dr. Weir who has made extensive field observations.
Regularized reconstruction of dynamic gated cardiac SPECT images

In this work we propose a spatio-temporal approach for reconstruction of dynamic gated cardiac SPECT images. As in traditional gated cardiac SPECT, the cardiac cycle is divided into a number of gate intervals, but the tracer distribution is treated as a time-varying signal for each gate. Our goal is to produce a dynamic image sequence that shows both cardiac motion and time-varying tracer distribution. To combat the ill-conditioned nature of the problem, we use B-spline basis functions to regulate the time activities curves, and apply a joint MAP estimation approach based on motion compensation for reconstruction of all the different gates. We also explore the benefit of using a time-varying regularization prior for the gated dynamic images. The proposed approach is evaluated using a dynamic version of the 4D gated mathematical cardiac torso phantom (gMCAT) simulating a gated SPECT perfusion acquisition with Technitium-99m labeled Teboroxime.
Fate and the Fortune of the Categories: Kant on the Usurpation and Schematization of Concepts

In the early steps of the Transcendental Deduction in the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant briefly addresses the threat posed by usurpatory concepts such as ‘fate’ and ‘fortune’. Commentators have largely passed over these remarks, but in this paper I argue that a careful analysis of the reasons why ‘fate’ and ‘fortune’ are usurpatory reveals an important point about the relation between the Deduction and the Principles chapters of the Critique. In particular, I argue that ‘fate’ and ‘fortune’ are usurpatory because they are unable to discriminate between the particular contents of experience, and that this requires that Kant provide an account of how the categories are able to accomplish this task. And this in turn shows that the justificatory work begun in the Deduction can be completed only in the Schematism and Principles.
Selective Digestive Decontamination and its Use in Patients with Liver Disease

Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) involves the use of antibiotics to enhance the colonisation resistance of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This eradicates the Gram-negative organisms and fungi, if antifungals are used, which colonise the GI tract and subsequently cause infections in susceptible hosts. It has been used in patients who are critically ill and in intensive care units, in those who have multiple trauma or neutropenia and in bone marrow transplant recipients.
Escaping Distressed Neighborhoods: Individual, Community, and Metropolitan Influences

This article links longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with information on respondents' census tracts to examine patterns of annual residential mobility between poor and nonpoor neighborhoods. Education and marriage increase the likelihood of leaving poor tracts, while age, home ownership, and receiving public assistance reduce it. Blacks are substantially less likely than whites to escape poor tracts and substantially more likely to move into them, even after socioeconomic status is controlled. Residential segregation by race and poverty status and the supply of new housing in the metropolis also influence the likelihood of moving between distressed and nondistressed neighborhoods.
What happened to anti-CD33 therapy for acute myeloid leukemia?

CD33, a 67-kDa glycoprotein expressed on the majority of myeloid leukemia cells as well as on normal myeloid and monocytic precursors, has been an attractive target for monoclonal antibody (mAb)–based therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Lintuzumab, an unconjugated, humanized anti-CD33 mAb, has modest single-agent activity against AML but failed to improve patient outcomes in two randomized trials when combined with conventional chemotherapy. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, an anti-CD33 mAb conjugated to the antitumor antibiotic calicheamicin, improved survival in a subset of AML patients when combined with standard chemotherapy, but safety concerns led to US marketing withdrawal. The activity of these agents confirms that CD33 remains a viable therapeutic target for AML. Strategies to improve the results of mAb-based therapies for AML include antibody engineering to enhance effector function, use of alternative drugs and chemical linkers to develop safer and more effective drug conjugates, and radioimmunotherapeutic approaches.
Design of isoform-selective inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase

Nitric oxide synthase, the mammalian enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide, is present in three isoforms that have distinct physiological roles. Overstimulation or overexpression of individual nitric oxide synthase isoforms plays a role in a wide range of disorders including septic shock, arthritis, diabetes, ischemia-reperfusion injury, pain and various neurodegenerative diseases. Animal studies and early clinical trials suggest that nitric oxide synthase inhibitors could be therapeutic in many of these disorders, but preservation of physiologically important nitric oxide synthase functions might require use of isoform-selective inhibitors. Within the past few years both amino acid and nonamino acid nitric oxide synthase inhibitors with pharmacologically useful isoform selectivity have been reported. Selectivity has been achieved on the basis of initial binding affinity and, for mechanism-based inactivators, on the basis of isoform-dependent catalytic activation; particularly interesting are N5-(1-imino-3-butenyl)-L-ornithine, ARL 17477, 1400W and S-(2-aminoethyl)isothiourea.
Transient diffusion, adsorption and reaction in porous catalysts: the reaction controlled, quasi-steady catalytic surface

The process of transient diffusion, adsorption and heterogeneous reaction in porous catalysts is analysed using the method of volume averaging. The analysis illustrates under what circumstances the effective diffusivity tensor is independent of the adsorption and reaction process, and thus indicates when effective diffusivities determined in passive systems can be used in the analysis of active systems. Normal mode analysis is used to determine under what conditions the process can be described in terms of a reaction controlled, quasi-steady catalytic surface.
Evaluation of the BD Phoenix Automated Microbiology System for Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Enterobacteriaceae

We evaluated the accuracy of the BD Phoenix system for the identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of 251 isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae representing 31 species. Organisms were inoculated onto the Phoenix panel according to the manufacturer's instructions. The results from conventional biochemical tests were used for the reference method for ID. Agar dilution, performed according to the CLSI guidelines, was the reference AST method. Essential and categorical agreements were determined. The overall levels of agreement for the genus- and species-level identifications were 95.6% and 94.4%, respectively. Fourteen isolates were incorrectly identified by the Phoenix system; 10 of these were incorrectly identified to the species level. Three of these were Enterobacter (Pantoea) species and four of these were Shigella spp. misidentified as Escherichia coli. For AST results, the essential and categorical agreements were 98.7% and 97.9%, respectively. The very major error, major error, and minor error rates were 0.38%, 0.33%, and 1.8%, respectively. Six isolates (three E. coli isolates and three Klebsiella isolates) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. All six were flagged by the Phoenix system expert rules. The Phoenix system compares favorably to traditional methods for ID and AST of Enterobacteriaceae.
Integrated hybrid nanophotonics

Based on a hybrid-plasmon (HPP) platform, we report the first demonstrations of low-loss, deep-subwavelength waveguiding and plasmon semiconductor Nanolaser with room temperature operating, towards wavelength-scale photonic integrated circuits.
A Review of Concussion Evaluation and Management

Background: Concussions are a form of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), and are a common problem in the United States (U.S.). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that 1.4 million people suffer TBI’s yearly, and approximately 200,000 people die or are permanently disabled. Concussions lead to 1.1 million emergency department visits across the U.S. every year. Although most concussions are self-limited, they can lead to long-term disabilities. Objectives: The objective of this review is to examine the literature for various resources available to medical providers regarding the evaluation and management of concussion. Discussion: The definition for concussion has been refined over the years and the current focus is on the complex pathophysiologic processes that are induced by direct or indirect traumatic forces to the head. Public Health Strategies for the management of concussion related injuries include the CDC’s Heads Up: Concussion in High School Sports program that helps outline definitions of concussions and provides coaches, parents, athletes and physicians with much needed education about the appropriate evaluation and management of concussions. Clinical guidelines have come from particular consensus statements like the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport. Summary: Consensus documents like these help define concussions and provide medical professionals with “on field” and “in the Emergency Department” tools meant to appropriately gauge the severity of a particular concussion and make further recommendations on management and return to play considerations. These types of guidelines help ensure proper care of patients and prevention of further injury.
Oscillopsia, retinal image stabilization and congenital nystagmus.

Most individuals with congenital nystagmus (CN) do not complain of oscillopsia (visual inconstancy) even though the amount of retinal image slip varies considerably according to gaze angle and CN waveform. We induced oscillopsia in four subjects with CN by artificially stabilizing images upon the retina under several conditions. Every subject reported oscillopsia during retinal image stabilization, but the condition of stabilization varied from one individual to another. Our results indicate that a variety of mechanisms operate to maintain spatial constancy in congenital nystagmus; some individuals appear to use one mechanism more than another. Possible mechanisms include use of extra-retinal signals, elevated threshold for motion detection and "suppression" of visual input except during foveation periods. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:279-282,1988 Ordinarily, eye movements prevent slip of images upon the retina from exceeding about 4 degrees per second. If retinal image velocity (RIV), commonly called, "retinal slip," exceeds 4 degrees per second, then visual acuity begins to decline 1 ' 2 and oscillopsia —an illusory movement of the stationary world— may result. 3 Impaired vision and oscillopsia are common consequences of acquired nystagmus. While the relationship between RIV and visual acuity is a direct one, this is not the case for retinal slip and oscillopsia. Thus, the magnitude of oscillopsia cannot be directly related to RIV; for example, in acquired downbeat nystagmus the magnitude of oscillopsia was found to be 0.37 of the nystagmus magnitude. 4 Another example of this is congenital nystagmus (CN) in which oscillopsia is seldom a complaint despite slow phase RIV that may exceed 100° per second. By studying the mechanisms that maintain visual constancy in CN it may be possible to elucidate the relationship between RIV and oscillopsia in acquired nystagmus. Several possible mechanisms may account for the absence of oscillopsia in association with CN. First,
Observation of UV surface plasmon interference

We present the first direct observation of the UV SPPs using a UV compatible near field scanning optical microscope system. Subwavelength interference phenomenon in 1D and 2D are both observed.
Milrinone in congestive heart failure: observations on ambulatory ventricular arrhythmias.

Abstract Milrinone is a potent non-catecholamine, non-glycoside inotropic agent that can improve hemodynamic performance and functional capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. However, the potential effect of chronic inotropic stimulation on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure requires evaluation. We compared 24-hour ambulatory ECGs before and 2 to 4 weeks after initiation of chronic milrinone therapy in 20 patients with severe congestive heart failure (mean cardiac index 1.79 ± 0.43 L/min/m 2 ). A > tenfold increase in simple ventricular premature complex (VPC) density, a > tenfold increase in complex VPC form density, or an increase from 0 to >5 episodes per 24 hours of any complex VPC form occurred in 35% (7 of 20) of patients. A > tenfold reduction in simple VPC density was noted in 5% (1 of 20), while 60% (12 of 20) of the study group had no significant change in ventricular arrhythmia profile on milrinone. The hemodynamic and functional response to milrinone, as well as entry hemodynamic profiles, were unrelated to the change in frequency or complexity of ventricular arrhythmias during therapy. Thus, milrinone therapy in congestive heart failure may be associated with the development of VPC complexity and with a significantly increased density of complex VPC forms.
Quantifying the Trade-off Between IMRT Treatment Plan Quality and Delivery Efficiency Using Direct Aperture Optimization

Beam-on time is an important measure of the delivery efficiency in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Traditionally, minimizing beam-on time has been postponed until the leaf sequencing stage, where the treatment plan quality is already determined and fixed. However, there is a trade-off between the beam-on time and the treatment plan quality. The aim of this study is to incorporate the beam-on time into the treatment plan optimization stage using a direct aperture optimization approach that allows for explicitly quantifying the trade-off. The proposed approach can provide clinicians with valuable information for each patient case so that they can design clinically attractive yet efficient treatment plans. Using the special structure of the problem, we propose an exact solution approach that sequentially characterizes segments of the Pareto-efficient frontier. In addition, an approximate solution technique that is applicable to more classes of evaluation criteria is developed. Our approximate technique is tested on clinical cancer cases, and its performance is compared with the general approximation techniques that are available for convex bicriteria optimization problems. The results of our experiments validate that our approach can achieve a more accurate representation of the Pareto-efficient frontier with less computational effort.
Using the acoustic peak to measure cosmological parameters

Recent measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation by the Boomerang and Maxima experiments indicate that the universe is spatially flat. Here some simple back-of-the-envelope calculations are used to explain the result. The main result is a simple formula for the angular scale of the acoustic peak in terms of the standard cosmological parameters: $l\ensuremath{\approx}193[1+\frac{3}{5}(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{0})+\frac{1}{5}(1\ensuremath{-}h)+\frac{1}{35}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}].$
Auctions, development, and privatization: Efficient auctions with liquidity-constrained buyers

Abstract We exhibit an efficient auction – an auction for which the winner is the buyer with the highest valuation – subject to the constraint that buyers may be budget- or liquidity-constrained.
"New" audiences: The role of technological innovation in audience definition

It is argued that the traditional demographic approach to audience analysis is too narrow. It is suggested that, under conditions of rapid technological change, technical writers must expand their analytical horizon to include the underlying assumptions and contingent factors which shape both technological innovation and audiences.
An audit of acupuncture in a single-handed general practice over one year.

Summary An audit was performed over one year on all patients undergoing acupuncture for a variety of conditions in a single-handed GP practice. The patients were observed for a further year to assess the effectiveness and duration of the treatment effect. Using the ‘measure yourself medical outcome profile’ (MYMOP) questionnaire, the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment was measured, and patients were categorised into no effect , improved or much improved . A total of 140 patients were audited over the one-year period. No effect was seen in 31% of patients, a further 31% were improved , and 38% were much improved . Those with a shorter duration of symptoms appeared to show the most benefit. During the one-year post-treatment observation period 50% of patients required further treatment. In conclusion, acupuncture appears to have been an effective treatment in the author’s General Practice population. In this audit acupuncture seems to have had a short duration of effect. It is believed that this has lead to an increase in workload, not only as a result of patient demand, but also due to recurrence of symptoms following the initial success of treatment.
Exploring the discourse between genetic counselors and Orthodox Jewish community members related to reproductive genetic technology.

Abstract Objective Genetic technology is complex, relatively new and involves sensitive issues pertaining to personhood and reproduction. While ethno cultural barriers to genetic care are well documented, little attention has been devoted to understanding religious beliefs pertaining to genetic services. This study evaluated the discourse between genetic counselors and Orthodox Jewish community members’ perceptions of reproductive genetic technology. Methods A cross section of the Orthodox Jewish community was sampled through purposeful and snowball recruitment for in-depth interviews with key informants. Results Genetic counselors felt apprehensive about serving the Orthodox Jewish population and were unaware of social norms, religious and cultural practices unique to this population. Similarly, Orthodox Jewish consumers exhibited major misgivings about genetic testing. Importantly, stereotypic expectations by both counselors and consumers exacerbated existing communication difficulties. Conclusion Cultural differences and poor communication between genetic counselors and Orthodox Jewish community members impeded the ability of the Orthodox Jewish community to utilize genetic services. Practice implications This work illuminates complex issues pertaining to medical encounters between providers and patients with ideological, social and cultural differences. In particular, issues of access to care and transcultural competence in serving religious minority groups, such as Orthodox Jews are presented. On the whole, this group is largely unrecognized in the minority health literature in spite of barriers and challenges that they face. Findings of this study may have application to other cloistered and highly observant religious groups when dealing with reproductive technology and other populations with diverse values, beliefs and behaviors pertaining to reproductive health.
UNNATURAL SELF- SACRIFICE

In this essay I explore Trollope9s challenge to traditional Victorian valorizations of sacriÞce. A wide range of Victorian writings, from novels to sermons to economic and sociological treatises, suggests that sacriÞce is virtuous only when it comes without personal reward. In an era of unprecedented personal and national prosperity, Trollope rejected this purist standard for sacriÞce. The Þrst and last novels of his Barsetshire series do away with the attempt to retain a sphere of sacriÞce beyond a capitalistic circuit of exchange where theft and questionably gained surplus consistently threaten ethical life. Instead, the novels allow morally desirable acts to reap reward for their agents, to generate various forms of surplus that can then be fed back into a circuit of sympathetic human relations. In rejecting a sacriÞcial ideal, Trollope poses an everyday communal ethic of beneÞt in place of the idealized, highly individualistic model of self-denial that so many of his contemporaries endorsed.
Limited Datasets and Data Use Agreements

Under regulations promulgated under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), a covered entity may use and disclose a limited dataset for research,[1][1] public health, or healthcare operations if it obtains an assurance, in the form of a data use agreement, that the
Magnetic resonance-guided laser ablation improves local control for postradiosurgery recurrence and/or radiation necrosis.

BACKGROUND Enhancing lesions that progress after stereotactic radiosurgery are often tumor recurrence or radiation necrosis. Magnetic resonance-guided laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT) is currently being explored for minimally invasive treatment of intracranial neoplasms. OBJECTIVE To report the largest series to date of local control with LITT for the treatment of recurrent enhancing lesions after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. METHODS Patients with recurrent metastatic intracranial tumors or radiation necrosis who had previously undergone radiosurgery and had a Karnofsky performance status of >70 were eligible for LITT. Sixteen patients underwent a total of 17 procedures. The primary end point was local control using magnetic resonance imaging scans at intervals of >4 weeks. Radiographic outcomes were followed up prospectively until death or local recurrence (defined as >25% increase in volume compared with the 24-hour postprocedural scan). RESULTS Fifteen patients (age, 46-82 years) were available for follow-up. Primary tumor histology was non-small-cell lung cancer (n = 12) and adenocarcinoma (n = 3). On average, the lesion size measured 3.66 cm (range, 0.46-25.45 cm); there were 3.3 ablations per treatment (range, 2-6), with 7.73-cm depth to target (range, 5.5-14.1 cm), ablation dose of 9.85 W (range, 8.2-12.0 W), and total ablation time of 7.43 minutes (range, 2-15 minutes). At a median follow-up of 24 weeks (range, 4-84 weeks), local control was 75.8% (13 of 15 lesions), median progression-free survival was 37 weeks, and overall survival was 57% (8 of 14 patients). Two patients experience recurrence at 6 and 18 weeks after the procedure. Five patients died of extracranial disease progression; 1 patient died of neurological progression elsewhere in the brain. CONCLUSION Magnetic resonance imaging-guided LITT is a well-tolerated procedure and may be effective in treating tumor recurrence/radiation necrosis.
A Modular Product Design Method to Improve Product Social Sustainability Performance

Sustainability has been the emphasis of intense discussion over recent decades, but mostly focused on addressing critical aspects of environmental issues. An increasing awareness of social responsibilities and ever-shifting customer requirements have led manufacturers to consider social sustainability during the design phase in tandem with addressing environmental concerns; thus, design for social sustainability has evolved as a new product design direction. Modular product design (MPD), has been widely used in both academia and industry because of its significant benefits in design engineering. Because of the potential synergy, investigating design for social sustainability in association with MPD holds promise as a field of investigation. In this paper, we introduce a novel MPD approach that uses the elements of key component specification and product impact on social sustainability. The key components carry core technologies or have the highest sustainability effects in a product (i.e., the most costly or environmentally polluting parts). Product competitiveness strongly relies on a few key components that should be a focal point during product development. However, to the best of our knowledge, key components have not been well addressed in modular product design. In this paper, we employ labor time as an indicator to measure social sustainability. A heuristic-based clustering algorithm with labor time optimization is developed to categorize components into modules. A coffee-maker case study is conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of First-Brood European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Effect on Silage Yield in South Dakota

Field studies were conducted in 1981 and 1982 to evaluate several granular and liquid formulations of insecticides for control of first-brood Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Treatments consisted of permethrin EC, cypermethrin EC, fonofos G, carbofuran G, phorate G, and chlorpyrifos G. All treatments significantly reduced com borer damage as measured by cavity counts within the stalk. Liquid treatments proved to be as effective as granular formulations where both were applied over the row. The impact of first-brood O. nubilalis on silage yield was evaluated in two tests. In each case, dry-matter yield was reduced by first-brood infestation. The yield in untreated checks was 14.1 and 14.7% lower than in plots treated with cypermethrin at 0.11 kg of AI/ha in the two tests.
Severe ovarian hyperstimulation despite prophylactic albumin at the time of oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer

Objective To report two cases of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) despite the administration of 50g IV albumin at the time of oocyte retrieval. Two previous published series failed to observe OHSS in patients receiving prophylactic IV albumin. Design Case reports of two women undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with E 2 >4,500pg/mL (conversion factor to SI unit, 3.671) on the day of hCG administration who developed OHSS despite prophylactic albumin administration. Setting The division of reproductive endocrinology at the Mount Sinai Medical Center. Interventions Fifty grams IV albumin (200mL of a 25% albumin solution) were administered over 30minutes at the time of oocyte retrieval. Main Outcome Measures Prevention of interstitial fluid accumulation such as ascites, pleural effusions, and generalized edema. The other goals of albumin administration included avoiding hemoconcentration, renal insufficiency, and thrombotic complications. Results The patients developed sequelae of severe OHSS requiring hospitalization, despite administration of IV albumin. Conclusion Albumin is a promising agent in the prevention of OHSS. However, until the basic pathophysiology of this disorder can be elucidated, the mechanism of its action will remain elusive. Attempts to quantify and report clinical outcomes and the ultimate completion of a prospective randomized study will assist in the prevention and management of this enigmatic disorder.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN AVIAN A1 ADENOSINE RECEPTOR GENE AND A RELATED CDNA CLONE

Abstract We have isolated the gene for a chick A1 adenosine receptor along with a cDNA that codes for the same adenosine receptor. The cDNA clone was isolated from both adipose tissue and heart cDNA libraries and encodes a 324-amino acid protein with 80% identity with mammalian A1 adenosine receptors. Transient expression of the cDNA in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells shows that it encodes a protein that binds [3H]CCPA (2-chloro-N6-[cyclopentyl-2,3,4,5-3H]cyclopentyladenosine, a specific agonist radioligand, with a KD of 5.6 +/- 2.4 nM. Cyclic AMP measurements in HEK 293 cells co-transfected with the chick cDNA and a cDNA for a luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor shows that A1 adenosine receptor agonists antagonize the cyclic AMP-elevating effect of bovine luteinizing hormone. Two partial genomic clones were isolated. The first contains 5'-untranslated sequence including a putative promoter region which does not contain a TATA box, an intron and the first third of the coding sequence of the A1 adenosine receptor cDNA. The coding sequence of this partial genomic clone terminates at a second intron. The second partial genomic clone contains the rest of the coding sequence and the 3'-untranslated elements in a single exon. Thus the chick A1 adenosine receptor gene contains one intron in the 5'-untranslated region and a minimum of one intron in the coding sequence.
The Charge Properties of Phospholipid Nanodiscs.

Phospholipids (PLs) are a major, diverse constituent of cell membranes. PL diversity arises from the nature of the fatty acid chains, as well as the headgroup structure. The headgroup charge is thought to contribute to both the strength and specificity of protein-membrane interactions. Because it has been difficult to measure membrane charge, ascertaining the role charge plays in these interactions has been challenging. Presented here are charge measurements on lipid Nanodiscs at 20°C in 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, at pH 7.4. Values are also reported for measurements made in the presence of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) as a function of NaCl concentration, pH, and temperature, and in solvents containing other types of cations and anions. Measurements were made for neutral (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine) and anionic (phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)) PLs containing palmitoyl-oleoyl and dimyristoyl fatty acid chains. In addition, charge measurements were made on Nanodiscs containing an Escherichia coli lipid extract. The data collected reveal that 1) POPE is anionic and not neutral at pH 7.4; 2) high-anionic-content Nanodiscs exhibit polyelectrolyte behavior; 3) 3 mM Ca(2+) neutralizes a constant fraction of the charge, but not a constant amount of charge, for POPS and POPC Nanodiscs; 4) in contrast to some previous work, POPC only interacts weakly with Ca(2+); 5) divalent cations interact with lipids in a lipid- and ion-specific manner for POPA and PIP2 lipids; and 6) the monovalent anion type has little influence on the lipid charge. These results should help eliminate inconsistencies among data obtained using different techniques, membrane systems, and experimental conditions, and they provide foundational data for developing an accurate view of membranes and membrane-protein interactions.
Misguided Responses to Public Health Emergencies

This chapter considers some misguided responses to public health emergencies, or perceived emergencies. At one extreme was the arrest and lifetime confinement in Hawaii and elsewhere of sufferers from leprosy, or Hansen’s disease. This, of course, was not an example of presidential policy, but is included as an example of horrible overreach.
In-context query reformulation for failing SPARQL queries

Knowledge bases for decision support systems are growing increasingly complex, through continued advances in data ingest and management approaches. However, humans do not possess the cognitive capabilities to retain a bird’s-eyeview of such knowledge bases, and may end up issuing unsatisfiable queries to such systems. This work focuses on the implementation of a query reformulation approach for graph-based knowledge bases, specifically designed to support the Resource Description Framework (RDF). The reformulation approach presented is instance-and schema-aware. Thus, in contrast to relaxation techniques found in the state-of-the-art, the presented approach produces in-context query reformulation.
Human Issues in New Manufacturing Technology

Abstract Two technologies – computer-based processes and telecommunications – will provide the major impetus for manufacturing change in the coming decade. Because of their widespread applicability, the human impacts of these technologies will be felt throughout industrialized societies. The issues raised by technological displacement, skills changes and changes in the nature of work require the attention of managers, technologists, workers and public policymakers to solve problems that threaten to slow the acceptance of these technologies. Of particular importance will be the creation of a receptive attitude toward change through policies that assure personal employment security. Alternative policies are discussed, and ways that the technologies themselves can aid in ameliorating the problems is described.
Factors associated with high cardiovascular risk in a primarily African American, urban HIV-infected population.

Objective:To determine factors associated with increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease in a high-risk patient population.Design:Cross-sectional analysis of a retrospective cohort study....
Determinants and Predictive Value of Clinician Assessment of Short-Term Suicide Risk.

We examine the interrelations among clinicians' judgment of patients' suicide risk, clinicians' emotional responses, and standard risk factors in the short-term prediction of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Psychiatric outpatients (n = 153) with a lifetime history of suicide ideation/attempt and their treating clinicians (n = 67) were evaluated at intake. Clinicians completed a standard suicide risk instrument (modified SAD PERSONS scale), a 10-point Likert scale assessment of judgment of patient suicide risk (Clinician Prediction Scale), and a measure of their emotional responses to the patient (Therapist Response Questionnaire-Suicide Form). The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation were administered at a one-month follow-up assessment (n = 114, 74.5%). Clinician judgment of risk significantly predicted suicidal thoughts and behaviors at follow-up. Both the standard suicide risk instrument and clinician emotional responses contributed independently to the clinician assessment of risk, which, in turn, mediated their relationships with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Our findings validate the importance of clinical judgment in assessing suicide risk. Clinical judgment appears to be informed both by concrete risk factors and clinicians' emotional responses to suicidal patients, highlighting emotional awareness as a promising area for research and training.
Editor's Introduction: Special Section on Quality of Care and Schizophrenia

There's good news and bad news from the field of schizophrenia quality-of-care research. The good news is that the field is now born. The bad news is that it's still very much in its infancy and its initial findings point to serious deficiencies in the care of persons with this disorder. This issue presents a sampling of studies reflecting the current state of schizophrenia quality-of-care research. Certainly concerns about the quality of care afforded persons with schizophrenia are not new. What has changed recently is the advent of standards against which to judge the quality of schizophrenia care and the growing expectation that quality be an essential feature of the care provided to these patients. We seem to have entered an era of renewed hope in the treatment of persons with schizophrenia. This era is being shaped by at least three forces. First, recent and on-going advances in the neurosciences are yielding a better understanding of how the brain functions and are offering many new opportunities to design treatments for psychosis and other disorders of the brain. These scientific advances have instilled renewed interest and hope for treatment of patients who have lived with disability for many years and have spurred a new activism in efforts to intervene early with patients at the beginnings of this disorder to try to avert disabilities. The most visible manifestations of these new treatment efforts are the new antipsychotic agents, but with them has come renewed interest in psychosocial programs that enable patients to take adventege of the clinical gains made with new medication. A second phenomenon contributing to this 1Center for Mental Health Policy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. 2Correspondence should be directed to Anthony F. Lehman, M.D.,
Violência doméstica e segredo médico: o papel do médico de família

Domestic violence has been gaining increasing visibility, both nationally and internationally; however, it remains undervalued and underdiagnosed, particularly in the healthcare setting. It is therefore imperative that all healthcare professionals, especially physicians, know how to approach, diagnose and intervene in this context, safeguarding their duty of medical secrecy and confidentiality.