cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Biological Basis of Aging

It is indeed a privilege to participate in the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the University of Rochester Medical Center. I am even more gratified by the recognition of the importance of aging and the impact it will have on health and, especially, the quality of human life in the future. I would not, however, have identified the later years of life in the human with the stereotype of senility described by Shakespeare in “As You Like It” as the Seventh Age of Man.
Energy spectrum of quasigeostrophic turbulence.

We consider the energy spectrum of a quasigeostrophic model of forced, rotating turbulent flow. We provide a rigorous a priori bound $E(k)\ensuremath{\le}C{k}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ valid for wave numbers that are smaller than a wave number associated with the forcing injection scale. This upper bound separates this spectrum from the Kolmogorov-Kraichnan ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{5}{3}}$ energy spectrum that is expected in a two-dimensional Navier-Stokes inverse cascade. Our bound provides theoretical support for the ${k}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ spectrum observed in recent experiments.
Scope of Marketing Communication in a Developing Nation: An Empirical Analysis of Managerial Practices and Perceptions

Despite the growing importance of marketing and marketing communication, there is a dearth of information on the state of marketing communication practices in India-both in the Western and Indian literature. This study attempts to augment and enhance our understanding and knowledge in this neglected area of international marketing. It is likely that greater insight into the characteristics of Indian marketing communication and promotional practices will enable multinational and local marketers to use more effective and competitive communication programs.
Toward Accurate Theoretical Thermochemistry of First Row Transition Metal Complexes

The recently developed correlation consistent Composite Approach for transition metals (ccCA-TM) was utilized to compute the thermochemical properties for a collection of 225 inorganic molecules containing first row (3d) transition metals, ranging from the monohydrides to larger organometallics such as Sc(C5H5)3 and clusters such as (CrO3)3. Ostentatiously large deviations of ccCA-TM predictions stem mainly from aging and unreliable experimental data. For a subset of 70 molecules with reported experimental uncertainties less than or equal to 2.0 kcal mol–1, regardless of the presence of moderate multireference character in some molecules, ccCA-TM achieves transition metal chemical accuracy of ±3.0 kcal mol–1 as defined in our earlier work [J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 11269–11277] by giving a mean absolute deviation of 2.90 kcal mol–1 and a root-mean-square deviation of 3.91 kcal mol–1. As subsets are constructed with decreasing upper limits of reported experimental uncertainties (5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0, and 1...
Arylated versus cyclometalated platinum(II) polypyridines: photoluminescence from Pt(4'-R-trpy)Ph+ systems (R = NMe2, N-pyrrolidinyl, or 1-pyrenyl).

Many platinum(II) polypyridine complexes are good luminophores, an enigmatic exception being Pt(trpy)Ph+, where trpy denotes 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine. A new analysis suggests the complex is nonemissive due to 3SBLCT (sigma-bond-to-ligand charge transfer) character in the lowest energy excited state. Bases for two distinct strategies for inducing emission from aryl derivatives become clear. The standard approach of incorporating a phenyl group into a (N/\N/\C) cyclometalating ligand relies in part on the rigidity of the ligand framework. An alternative strategy, which involves expanding the chromophore and altering the orbital parentage of the emitting state, is capable of suppressing radiationless decay even further. Indeed, the Pt(4′-pyren-1-yl-trpy)Ph+ system emits from a low-lying 3π–π*(pyrene) excited state that has a lifetime of 45 μs in fluid solution.
Using Multigene Tests to Select Treatment for Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Oncotype DX, PAM50, and MammaPrint are multigene tests that are being used clinically for early-stage breast cancer to predict recurrence risk and guide adjuvant chemotherapy decisions. These tests have been validated in multiple retrospective studies, and prospective clinical trials are in progress. The TAILORx trial uses the Oncotype DX recurrence score to assign estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), node-negative patients to chemotherapy plus hormonal therapy versus hormonal therapy alone. The RxPONDER (SWOG S1007) trial uses Oncotype DX in a similar approach but on node-positive patients, and it includes the PAM50 test as a secondary analysis. The MINDACT trial uses Mamma-Print and Adjuvant! Online for treatment arm assignments. MINDACT has very broad eligibility criteria and 2 secondary randomizations for selecting chemotherapy and hormonal therapy regimens. This article discusses how the latest results on cancer genome sequencing apply to early-stage breast cancer. Several hundred breast cancers have already undergone genome sequencing, and the somatic DNA changes found in the tumor, compared with the patient's normal DNA, have been identified. Higher rates of point mutations and chromosomal translocations are found in aromatase inhibitor-resistant ER+ cancers and in the basal-like and HER2-enriched breast cancer subtypes. Correlations of somatic mutations with neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitor response are discussed. Genome sequencing can potentially identify the molecular abnormalities that underlie the poor risk identified by multigene tests and provide potential new targets for therapy, but more clinical trials correlating clinical outcome and somatic DNA changes are needed.
Challenger Quality and the Incumbency Advantage

Most estimates of the incumbency advantage and the electoral benefits of previous officeholding experience do not account for strategic entry by high-quality challengers. We address this issue by using term limits as an instrument for challenger quality. Studying US state legislatures, we find strong evidence of strategic behavior by experienced challengers. However, we also find that such behavior does not appear to significantly bias the estimated effect of challenger experience or the estimated incumbency advantage. More tentatively, using our estimates, we find that 30–40% of the incumbency advantage in state legislative races is the result of “scaring off” experienced challengers.
Surgical Infections of the Female Genital Tract

Infections of the female genital tract are almost always caused by many bacteria rather than by a single species. An antibiotic regimen started early in the course of a potentially serious infection will yield the best results. In established infections, even with the use of appropriate antibiotics, operative intervention will often be necessary for cure.
New positive inotropic agents: Advantages and disadvantages

Heart failure secondary to ischemic heart or primary myocardial disease is a major health problem the world over. In the United States, for example, over 2 million Americans have heart failure; 400,000 new cases will be seen each year (13). The prognosis of the patient with heart failure is dismal in comparison to the normal population. This is true despite standard medical therapy with digoxin, diuretics and now more recently the vasodilator agents: 50 % are dead at one year, 25–30 % by year 2 (5).
Learning from those we serve: Piloting a culture competence intervention co-developed by university faculty and persons in recovery.

Objective This article describes the development and piloting of a bilevel intervention codeveloped by persons in recovery from mental illness and addiction and university faculty with expertise in cultural competence to improve the cultural competence of a community mental health center in the northeastern United States. Method Two faculty and 5 persons in recovery met for 6 months to develop the bilevel training intervention. They discussed experiences of culturally responsive care and developed experiential activities and case examples for the 2-day training. Forty-five community mental health service providers attended the 2-day training. Trainees' self-reported awareness, knowledge, and skills in cultural competence were measured pre and post training and analyzed with repeated measure t tests. Next, faculty and persons in recovery provided follow-up training and helped to establish an infrastructure supported to support the agency cultural competence plan. One hundred twenty-five providers completed the Organizational Multicultural Competence Survey and between-subjects t tests measured increases in organizational cultural competence. Results Significant increases were found in providers' multicultural knowledge, awareness, and skills. Qualitative responses demonstrated the contribution of the experiences of persons in recovery to the training. Ratings of the organizational-level cultural competence intervention showed significant improvements in the agency's cultural competence policies (e.g., implementation of strategies to hire and retain a diverse workforce). Conclusions and implications for practice These data suggest that bilevel interventions codeveloped by persons in recovery and researchers may be effective in increasing provider and organizational-level cultural competence. Future research should evaluate the effect of these interventions on consumers and health outcomes.
Lecture 29 Employment of the Handicapped

Enabling handicapped persons to compete for employment on the open market is the ultimate objective of vocational rehabilitation. Training toward this goal is provided by federally supported state agencies, but securing employment for the handicapped is often difficult. The most helpful factor in job placement is often the handicapped person's own initiative.
Prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in women with infertility and/or randomly elevated serum prolactin levels

Infertile women with normal serum prolactin (PRL) levels have been known to establish a pregnancy after the use of bromocriptine, a dopamine agonist. These data imply that there may be a group of women with a slight but significant increase in PRL secretion that may have resulted in their infertility. This study evaluates the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced PRL and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response in normal women (NL, n=6), women with anovulation and/or in-phase endometrial biopsies (AN/IN, n=12), and women with histologic evidence of luteal phase deficiency (LPD, n=12). Most of these women were found to have elevated serum PRL values on random testing. There was a statistically significant increase in PRL response at all time intervals after TRH between the NL and AN/IN groups compared with the group with LPD on the basis of repeated measures analysis ( P =0.0013). There was no statistical difference in the TSH response between these three groups. Although the PRL response was statistically different, individual PRL response patterns were not diagnostic. It appears from these data that there is an increased PRL secretion in infertile women who have histological evidence of a LPD.
A Framework for Managing VLSI CAD Data

This paper presents a frame-based scheme for managing VLSI CAD data. The knowledge base for VLSI CAD is composed of a collection of design frames. The framework and inheritance algorithms are integrated into a frame manager (FAME). FAME has clear advantages over a relational schema in terms of speed, efficiency, and flexibility. The program is coded in C language and runs on a VAX-11/780 computer.
Strategic Significance of Border Conflicts

The lands which Halford Mackinder called the heartland of the world have also been described as the Asian vortex, where five states — the Soviet Union (and now the Central Asian states), the People’s Republic of China, Pakistan, Afghanistan and India meet. Iran, Nepal, Bhutan and the former states of Sikkim and Tibet also converge on this land-mass. In ancient times, this vast Asian vortex drew to its core the great empire builders, including the Persians, the Greeks, the Kushanas, the Scythians and the Mongols. Zaheer-ud-Din Babur, the founder (1526) of the Mughal empire in India, hailed from the Ferghana Valley, which is today part of Uzbekistan, and stretches into Tajikistan and Kirghizistan. In the nineteenth century, on the decline of the Mughal Empire, the expanding empires of Russia and Britain met in the Asian vortex in confrontation. Here in the twentieth century, the Soviet Union, China and the exogenous United States once again played the great game of the nineteenth century, while India and Pakistan tugged along in subsidiary roles.
Challenges with Navigating the Precarious Hemostatic Balance during Extracorporeal Life Support: Implications for Coagulation and Transfusion Management

Abstract For the past four decades, extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has been used to treat critically ill adult and pediatric patients with cardiac and/or respiratory failure, and there are increasingly numbers of centers worldwide performing ECLS for numerous indications. Despite the progress with advancing the technology, hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications are frequently reported and associated with worse outcomes, but the exact cause is often elusive or multifactorial. As a result of the interaction between blood and an artificial circuit, anticoagulation is necessary and there is resultant activation of coagulation, fibrinolysis, as well as, an increased inflammatory response. While unfractionated heparin (UFH) remains the mainstay anticoagulant used during ECLS, there is a paucity of published data to develop a universal anticoagulation guideline and centers are forced to create individualized protocols to guide anticoagulation management while lacking expertise. From an international survey, centers often use a combination of tests, which in turn result in discordant results and confused management. Studies are urgently needed to investigate optimization of current anticoagulation strategies with UFH, as well as, use of alternative anticoagulants and non-thrombogenic biomaterials. Blood transfusion during extracorporeal support typically occurs for several reasons, which includes circuit priming, restoration of oxygen carrying capacity, maintenance of a hemostatic balance, and treatment of hemorrhagic complications. As a result, the majority of patients will have been exposed to at least one blood product during extracorporeal support and transfusion utilization is high. ECLS Centers have adopted transfusion thresholds based upon practice rather than evidence as there have been no prospective studies investigating the efficacy of red cell (RBC) transfusion in patients receiving extracorporeal support. In addition, RBC transfusion has been associated with increased mortality in ECLS in several retrospective studies. Additional studies are needed to establish evidence based thresholds for transfusion support and diagnostics to guide transfusion therapy to assess efficacy of transfusion in this population, as well as, exploration of alternatives to transfusion.
Analysis of mixed finite element methods for the standard linear solid model in viscoelasticity

We propose mixed finite element methods for the standard linear solid model in viscoelasticity and prove a priori error estimates. In our mixed formulation the governing equations of the problem become a symmetric hyperbolic system, so we can use standard techniques for a priori error estimates and time discretization. Numerical results illustrating our theoretical analysis are included.
Scholar: a campus HPC resource to enable computational literacy

To teach the computational science necessary to prepare STEM students for positions in both research and industry, faculty need HPC resources specifically tailored for their classrooms. Scholar was developed as a large-scale computing tool that faculty can use in their classrooms to teach HPC as well as scientific principles and experimentation. In this paper, we discuss the pedagogical need for a campus-wide HPC teaching resource and outline how such a resource was implemented at Purdue University.
Large-scale short-term urban taxi demand forecasting using deep learning

The world has seen in recent years great successes in applying deep learning (DL) for many application domains. Though powerful, DL is not easy to be used well. In this invited paper, we study an urban taxi demand forecast problem using DL, and we show a number of key insights in modeling a domain problem as a suitable DL task. We also conduct a systematic comparison of two recent deep neural networks (DNNs) for taxi demand prediction, i.s., the ST-ResNet and FLC-Net, on New York city taxi record dataset. Our experimental results show DNNs indeed outperform most traditional machine learning techniques, but such superior results can only be achieved with proper design of the right DNN architecture, where domain knowledge plays a key role.
Psychiatric Residents’ Knowledge as a Function of Training Level

Nine psychiatric residents took multiple choice tests based on the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology certification examinations annually for each of three years while in training at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center. Analysis of variance techniques was used to study both the test scores and the residents’ numerical rankings among their colleagues. While the actual scores varied from year to year, the rankings consistently improved as the residents progressed through the training program.
Bariatric procedures in adolescents are safe in accredited centers.

Abstract Background With the rise of obesity in adolescents, there is an exponential increase in bariatric procedures in this patient population. Objectives The purpose of our study was to examine perioperative outcomes after bariatric surgery in this cohort. Setting University hospital, involving a large database in New York State. Methods The Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation Quality and Improvement Program public use file was queried to identify all adolescent patients (age Results We identified 1072 patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n = 279) or SG (n = 793). The majority were Caucasian (n = 790) and female (n = 857) with mean body mass index and age of 47.9 ± 8.1 kg/m 2 and 18.2 ± 1 years, respectively, preoperative hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obstructive sleep apnea were present in 90 (8.4%), 139 (13%), and 165 (15.4%) of patients, respectively. There was significant difference in preoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease (18.6% versus 13.4%, P = .033), obstructive sleep apnea (19.7% versus 13.9%, P = .02), and body mass index (48.6 ± 7.9 versus 47.6 ± 8.2 kg/m 2 , P = .03) between patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and SG, respectively. Thirty-day reoperation, readmission, and reintervention were reported in 1.5%, 3.3%, and 1.6% of the adolescent cohort, respectively. Four patients (.4%) developed a staple line/anastomotic leak, and 1 patient (.09%) died within 30 days; 93.9% of all adolescent patients experienced an uneventful 30-day recovery. Uneventful recovery was significantly more likely for patients undergoing SG (95.3% versus 90%, P = .001; adjusted odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence interval 1.31–3.69). Conclusion Perioperative safety of bariatric surgery in adolescents in accredited centers is safer than previously reported with low rate of 30-day events. SG is a safer procedure in this patient population.
Survival outcomes and end of life use of immunotherapy (IO) supplied free of charge for cancer patients.

62Background: IO has increased both hope and uncertainty for patients (pts) with cancer. Many pts who do not qualify for trials have received IO from manufacturers free of charge (“compassionate us...
Do All Black Lives Matter Equally to Black People? Respectability Politics and the Limitations of Linked Fate

Cathy Cohen’s (1999) theory of secondary marginalization helps to explain why the needs of some members of Black communities are not prioritized on “the” Black political agenda; indeed, some groups are ignored altogether as mainstream Black public opinion shifts to the right (Tate 2010). However, the contemporary movement for Black Lives calls for an intersectional approach to Black politics. Its platform requires participants to take seriously the notion that since Black communities are diverse, so are the needs of its members. To what extent are Blacks likely to believe that those who face secondary marginalization should be prioritized on the Black political agenda? What is the role of linked fate in galvanizing support around these marginalized Blacks? To what extent does respectability politics serve to hinder a broader embrace of Blacks who face different sets of interlocking systems of oppression, such as Black women, formerly incarcerated Blacks, undocumented Black people, and Black members of LBGTQ communities in an era marked by Black social movements? We analyze data from the 2016 Collaborative Multi-Racial Post-Election Survey (CMPS) to assess whether all Black lives matter to Black Americans.
Social Justice Leadership for Academic, Organisational and Community Sustainability in High-Needs Schools: Evidence from New Zealand, Belize and the USA

Since 2001 I have been engaged in a research agenda that has examined the practices of educational leaders who have successfully improved schools in high need, economically disadvantaged communities in different nations and educational contexts. The initial studies (Giles et al. 2005; Jacobson et al. 2005, 2007) examined the leadership practices of elementary principals in the United States (US), using the core practices for successful leadership identified by Leithwood and Riehl (2005) as its conceptual framework as well as the multi-perspective case study methodology and semi-structured interview protocol developed by the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP) (Jacobson and Day 2007). The US team was the only national team in the ISSPP to look exclusively at high-needs schools (HNS). This focus was due to the fact that while they are often the most in need of improvement, such schools are the most challenging in terms of school improvement initiatives in the US. (Details about the ISSPP can be found at: www.uv.uio.no/ils/english/research/projects/isspp/.)
Photolysis Enhancement by Excitation of Si(2p) Core Level Electrons in SiF4/Ge(100)

Valence level photoemission was used to monitor the photolysis of SiF4 adsorbed on Ge(100) at 30 K by resonant excitation of Si(2p) core electrons. The photolysis cross section was compared to the total electron yield at photon energies above and below the Si(2p) absorption threshold. It was found that the photolysis rate was 1–4 times the pre-edge value while the total yield increased at most by a factor of 1.2, thus showing that the photolysis is significantly enhanced by direct core excitation of the adsorbate.
Must shrinking cities be distressed cities? A historical and conceptual critique

Regardless of the fast-growing popularity of shrinking cities in the literature, certain misconceptions persist. Urban shrinkage is often assumed to be near-synonymous with urban distress, and shri...
Characterization of the internal translation initiation region in monoclonal antibodies expressed in Escherichia coli

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent an important platform for the development of biotherapeutic products. Most mAbs are produced in mammalian cells, but several mAbs are made in Escherichia coli, including therapeutic fragments. The NISTmAb is a well-characterized reference material made widely available to facilitate the development of both originator biologics and biosimilars. Here, when expressing NISTmAb from codon-optimized constructs in E. coli (eNISTmAb), a truncated variant of its heavy chain was observed. N-terminal protein sequencing and mutagenesis analyses indicated that the truncation resulted from an internal translation initiation from a GTG codon (encoding Val) within eNISTmAb. Using computational and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that this translation initiates from a weak Shine–Dalgarno sequence and is facilitated by a putative ribosomal protein S1-binding site. We also observed similar internal initiation in the mAb adalimumab (the amino acid sequence of the drug Humira) when expressed in E. coli. Of note, these internal initiation regions were likely an unintended result of the codon optimization for E. coli expression, and the amino acid pattern from which it is derived was identified as a Pro-Ser-X-X-X-Val motif. We discuss the implications of our findings for E. coli protein expression and codon optimization and outline possible strategies for reducing the likelihood of internal translation initiation and truncated product formation.
Isolated right pulmonary artery discontinuity: An uncommon presentation and reperfusion complications

Abstract Isolated unilateral pulmonary artery discontinuity is a rare diagnosis, estimated to occur in 1 in 200,000 to 1 in 300,000 individuals. The affected pulmonary artery is typically discontinuous from the main pulmonary artery, rather than entirely absent. It may present symptomatically in the neonatal period with respiratory distress and pulmonary hypertension, but oftentimes is diagnosed incidentally in adulthood. Isolated unilateral pulmonary artery discontinuity can lead to pulmonary hypoplasia of the affected lung, increased blood flow to the contralateral pulmonary artery, and high risk for pulmonary hypertension in the neonatal period. Only one case in the literature has reported a neonatal spontaneous pneumothorax in the setting of isolated right pulmonary artery discontinuity. We report a second case, which was also complicated by pulmonary hypoplasia of the ipsilateral lung and pulmonary hypertension. We also review the complex medical and surgical management in this case, given the lack of a consensus treatment for isolated right pulmonary artery discontinuity.
Systematic angular biases in the representation of visual space

Representing spatial information is one of our most foundational abilities. Yet in the present work we find that even the simplest possible spatial tasks reveal surprising, systematic misrepresentations of space-such as biases wherein objects are perceived and remembered as being nearer to the centers of their surrounding quadrants. We employed both a placement task (in which observers see two differently sized shapes, one of which has a dot in it, and then must place a second dot in the other shape so that their relative locations are equated) and a matching task (in which observers see two dots, each inside a separate shape, and must simply report whether their relative locations are matched). Some of the resulting biases were shape specific. For example, when dots appeared in a triangle during the placement task, the dots placed by observers were biased away from certain parts of the symmetry axes. But other systematic biases were not shape specific, and seemed instead to reflect differences in the grain of resolution for different regions of space. For example, with both a circle and even a shapeless configuration (with only a central landmark) in the matching task, observers were better at discriminating angular differences (when a dot changed positions around the circle, as opposed to inward/outward changes) in cardinal versus oblique sectors. These data reveal a powerful angular spatial bias, and highlight how the resolution of spatial representation differs for different regions and dimensions of space itself.
Non‐native species have multiple abundance–impact curves

The abundance-impact curve is helpful for understanding and managing the impacts of non-native species. Abundance-impact curves can have a wide range of shapes (e.g., linear, threshold, sigmoid), each with its own implications for scientific understanding and management. Sometimes, the abundance-impact curve has been viewed as a property of the species, with a single curve for a species. I argue that the abundance-impact curve is determined jointly by a non-native species and the ecosystem it invades, so that a species may have multiple abundance-impact curves. Models of the impacts of the invasive mussel Dreissena show how a single species can have multiple, noninterchangeable abundance-impact curves. To the extent that ecosystem characteristics determine the abundance-impact curve, abundance-impact curves based on horizontal designs (space-for-time substitution) may be misleading and should be used with great caution, it at all. It is important for scientists and managers to correctly specify the abundance-impact curve when considering the impacts of non-native species. Diverting attention from the invading species to the invaded ecosystem, and especially to the interaction between species and ecosystem, could improve our understanding of how non-native species affect ecosystems and reduce uncertainty around the effects of management of populations of non-native species.
Affects, Attunements and the Intersubjective Self: Perspectives from Early Development

This paper conceptualizes the self and related concepts so as to emphasize interrelatedness rather than autonomy. From this view of a subject embedded in relationships as a point of departure, it then critiques and restates certain analyticallyoriented concepts so as to render them in a more fully intersubjective frame: “affect attunement” (Stern, 1985), “mirroring” (Kohut, 1977), empathy, and projective identification. This approach draws on drawing on the infant observation research that has emerged in recent decades.
Measuring parent positive support of social communication among toddlers with autism: a systematic review

There are no systematic reviews of the use of parent-child interaction measures employed within studies examining the effects of parent-mediated intervention on toddlers with autism. Best practices recommend using parent-child interaction measures to assess whether interventions aimed at strengthening parent-child interactions are functioning as intended. A systematic review of parent-mediated early intervention studies of toddlers with autism was conducted. The purpose was to examine the use of parent-child interaction measures to assess parent positive support of toddler social communication and report feasibility characteristics for early interventionist practitioners. Experimental parent-mediated intervention studies of social communication among children with autism younger than 36 months were identified. Measurement approaches to parent support of social communication were quantified. Of 25 studies, only 7 studies reported parent and child outcomes using an instrument designed to measure the construct of parent support of child social communication during observed parent-child interaction. Measures reported are of limited relevance for early intervention practitioners due to administration burden and lack of feasibility for repeated measurement of progress toward increasing parent support of toddler social communication. This study highlights the need for feasible practitioner tools for monitoring progress of parent support of social communication for toddlers with autism.
How Research Software Engineers Can Support Scientific Software.

We are research software engineers and team members in the Department of Software Engineering and Research at Sandia National Laboratories, an organization which aims to advance software engineering in the domain of computational science. Our team hopes to promote processes and principles that lead to quality, rigor, correctness, and repeatability in the implementation of algorithms and applications in scientific software for high consequence applications. We use our experience to argue that there is a readily achievable set of software tools and best practices with a large return on investment that can be imparted upon scientific researchers that will remarkably improve the quality of software and, as a result, the quality of research.
Desalination of deep groundwater for freshwater supplies

Abstract Groundwater depletion is becoming a global problem with increasing populations and industrialization coupled with changing climate and hydrologic cycles. Deep groundwater sources are increasingly being considered for water supply sources as they are readily available on-site and are treated with minimum specific energy consumption. However, these deep groundwater sources are often high in total dissolved solids content requiring additional treatment. This chapter presents an overview and consideration for groundwater desalination. Potential environmental, technological, and management issues associated with desalination of deep groundwater reserves are discussed briefly. Finally, a decision framework tool to assess and determine the need for brackish groundwater desalination plants is presented.
Caregiver autonomy support: A systematic review of interventions for adults with chronic illness and their caregivers with narrative synthesis.

Chronic illnesses cause significant mortality in adults. Caregivers (spouses, adult children, friends) support adults with chronic illness in multiple ways, for instance through support of their autonomous decisions about how and why to engage in self-care. Aim To examine interventions designed to improve the health and well-being of adults with chronic illness by enhancing the autonomy supportive behaviours of caregivers. Design Systematic review of randomized controlled trials with narrative synthesis. Data sources All available dates of publication through August 2020 conducted in PubMed, Medline, Ageline, PsychInfo, and CINAHL. Methods Randomized controlled interventions of adults with chronic illness and their caregivers with content to enhance caregiver autonomy support were included. Interventions involving healthcare personnel, adults without self-care capacity, or not published in English were excluded. Quality was appraised using Joanna Briggs Institute recommendations. Common themes in autonomy support and associated outcomes (e.g., self-care, social support) were synthesized. Results Search identified 1,426 studies with 16 included in review (N = 2,486 dyads). Methodological quality was moderate. Successful interventions were skills-based, targeted various communication styles, contained in-person elements, and involved nurses. Half of the interventions assessed autonomy support outcomes; 63% (5 of 8) of these improved autonomy support. Results were generally positive for social support, mixed for self-care, and null for caregiver burden. Heterogeneity and complexity of studies limited attribution of effects. Conclusion Behavioural interventions designed to enhance dyadic caregiver interpersonal communication to be autonomy supportive may positively influence caregiver skills and chronic illness outcomes. Future studies of autonomy support are needed to identify core intervention components. Impact This is the first systematic review examining interventions promoting caregiver to care-receiver autonomy support. Modifying interpersonal communication to be autonomy supportive has potential to improve chronic illness outcomes. Findings can inform how clinicians and investigators enlist caregiver autonomy support to encourage behaviour change.
Metformin Use and Risk of Asthma Exacerbation Among Asthma Patients with Glycemic Dysfunction.

Background Diabetes is associated with worse asthma morbidity. Metformin, which treats diabetes, may have a role among patients with asthma and glycemic dysfunction. Objective To determine the association between metformin use and asthma exacerbations among patients with diabetes. Methods We queried the Johns Hopkins electronic health record from April 1, 2013, to May 31, 2018. Adults with asthma and diabetes were followed from first hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test to an asthma-related systemic corticosteroid prescription, emergency department (ED) visit, or hospitalization. Multivariable Cox models estimated time to each outcome associated with metformin use, modeled as either time-invariant (status at HbA1c testing) or time-dependent (based on fill data). Mediation of results by HbA1c was assessed. Sensitivity analysis was performed by propensity score matching. Results The cohort comprised 1749 adults with asthma and diabetes. Metformin use at entry was associated with a lower hazard of asthma-related ED visits (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22-0.75) but not steroid prescription (aHR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.70-1.13) or hospitalization (aHR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.13-1.12). HbA1c did not mediate the association with ED visits. With metformin exposure modeled as time-dependent, metformin use was additionally associated with lower hazard of asthma-related hospitalization (aHR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09-0.93). Results were consistent within a subcohort of 698 metformin users matched 1:1 to nonusers by propensity score. Conclusions Metformin use, independent of glycemic control and obesity, was associated with lower hazard of asthma-related ED visits and hospitalizations. Metformin may have benefit in patients with asthma and glycemic dysfunction.
Self-reported Access to Firearms Among Patients Receiving Care for Mental Health and Substance Use

Importance Firearms are the most common method of suicide, one of the “diseases of despair” driving increased mortality in the US over the past decade. However, routine standardized questions about firearm access are uncommon, particularly among adult populations, who are more often asked at the discretion of health care clinicians. Because standard questions are rare, patterns of patient-reported access are unknown. Objective To evaluate whether and how patients self-report firearm access information on a routine mental health monitoring questionnaire and additionally to examine sociodemographic and clinical associations of reported access. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study of patients receiving care for mental health and/or substance use in primary care or outpatient mental health specialty clinics of Kaiser Permanente Washington, an integrated health insurance provider and care delivery system. Main Outcomes and Measures Electronic health records were used to identify patients who completed a standardized self-reported mental health monitoring questionnaire after a single question about firearm access was added from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2019. Primary analyses evaluated response (answered vs not answered) and reported access (yes vs no) among those who answered, separately for patients seen in primary care and mental health. These analyses also evaluated associations between patient characteristics and reported firearm access. Data analysis took place from February 2020 through May 2021. Results Among patients (n = 128 802) who completed a mental health monitoring questionnaire during the study period, 74.4% (n = 95 875) saw a primary care clinician and 39.3% (n = 50 631) saw a mental health specialty clinician. The primary care and mental health samples were predominantly female (63.1% and 64.9%, respectively) and White (75.7% and 77.0%), with a mean age of 42.8 and 51.1 years. In primary care, 83.4% of patients answered the question about firearm access, and 20.9% of patients who responded to the firearm question reported having access. In mental health, 91.8% of patients answered the question, and 15.3% reported having access. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study of adult patients receiving care for mental health and substance use, most patients answered a question about firearm access on a standardized mental health questionnaire. These findings provide a critical foundation to help advance understanding of the utility of standardized firearm access assessment and to inform development of practice guidelines and recommendations. Responses to standard firearm access questions used in combination with dialogue and decision-making resources about firearm access and storage may improve suicide prevention practices and outcomes.
Contraceptive Management of Women with Cardiac Disease

Cardiac disease, both congenital and acquired, is increasing in reproductive-aged women, resulting in rising rates of maternal, perinatal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Contraceptive care for women with cardiac conditions is complicated by increased risks of thrombogenic alterations, the potential for fluid retention, blood pressure changes, pro-arrhythmic tendency, potential changes in glucose metabolism and lipid profiles, bleeding on warfarin, bacteremia/endocarditis risk, and vasovagal reactions. Contraceptive risks must be weighed against both pregnancy risk and contraceptive efficacy. Fortunately, clinicians who counsel women with cardiac disease have two excellent resources for guidance: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s US Medical Eligibility Criteria and publications from a multidisciplinary working group of experts on the contraceptive management of women with cardiac disease. Due to the increased risks associated with pregnancy for women with many cardiac conditions and the general safety of long-acting reversible contraception for most of these conditions, providers should consider these methods as a first line for women with cardiac disease.
Conformational changes in oxyhemoglobin C (Gluβ6 → Lys) detected by spectroscopic probing.

Hemoglobin C (Gluβ6→ Lys) shares with hemoglobin S (Gluβ6→ Val) the site of mutation, but with different consequences: deoxyHbS forms polymers, whereas oxyHbC readily forms crystals. The molecular mechanism for this property of oxyHbC is unknown. Since no detailed oxyHbC crystal structural information exists, spectroscopic probing is used in this study to investigate possible solution-phase conformational changes in HbC compared with HbA. Intrinsic fluorescence combined with UV resonance Raman data demonstrate a weakening of the Trpβ15-Serβ72 hydrogen bond that most likely leads to a displacement of the A helix away from the E helix.
Relative Importance of Online Versus Offline Information for Internet Purchases: The Effect of Product Category and Internet Experience

Across three studies we examine the relative importance of online versus offline information for internet purchases. Study 1 reveals that the relative importance of online information is higher for utilitarian products (computer hardware and software) than for hedonic products (books, music, and movies). Study 2 shows that, in the case of online purchases, the relative importance of online information decreases with increasing consumer internet experience. Consequently, offline information becomes relatively more important for consumers with high levels of internet experience. In addition, the relative importance of online information is higher for utilitarian products than for hedonic products, supporting study 1 results. Study 3 suggests a possible mechanism for the effect of internet experience on decreasing importance of online information, showing that consumers' trust of online search engine information decreases with increasing internet experience. We conclude with implications of our results for firms that sell products on the internet.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE BY SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE I. Adenine and Methionine Requirements

Yall, Irving (University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.). Biosynthesis of S-adenosylmethionine by Saccharomyces cerevisiae . I. Adenine and methionine requirements. J. Bacteriol. 83: 1336–1340. 1962.—Both a parent strain (SC-10) and an adenineless mutant strain (SC-10-80-3-5) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulated S-adenosylmethionine (AM) in the presence of “excess” l-methionine (400 μmoles/100 ml of medium). Relatively small amounts of AM were found when the organisms were grown in the absence of methionine, in the presence of “normal” amounts of l-methionine (3.35 μmoles/100 ml of medium), or in the presence of 400 μmoles of d-methionine. Adenine and hypoxanthine were equally effective in promoting cell growth and AM production in the mutant. S-adenosylmethionine permitted some cell growth. Other purines (guanine and xanthine) and nucleosides such as adenosine and methylthioadenosine did not serve as growth factors. The cell permeability to adenosine was tested by growing the parent strain in the presence of adenosine-8-C 14 and the mutant in adenine and the labeled nucleoside. Both of these experiments were performed in the absence and presence of “excess” l-methionine. Under all conditions, more than 25% of the radioactivity introduced as adenosine-8-C 14 was found in the cells. About 40% of the radioactivity taken up by the mutant cells in the prescene of “excess” l-methionine was fixed in AM. Adenine-8-C 14 was readily taken up by cells of both strains when grown in the absence and presence of “excess” l-methionine. About 17% of the radioactivity taken up by the mutant cells in the presence of “excess” l-methionine was found in the AM fraction.
Prioritizing Patient Safety Interventions in Small and Rural Hospitals

Article-at-a-Glance Background A study was conducted in 2004 to determine if 26 interventions—distributed among nine patient safety areas and as recommended by an expert panel as relevant to rural hospitals—would be validated in terms of relevance and implementability for small and rural facilities. Methods The chief executive officers (CEOs) and/or key managers responsible for patient safety activities in a diverse group of 29 small and rural hospitals assessed the potential effectiveness and feasibility of the 26 interventions. Representatives of 25 hospitals participated in structured, follow-up phone discussions. Results Adverse drug events were the highest-priority area for 14 hospitals, followed by patient falls (selected by 5 hospitals). Some hospitals had already implemented intervention 1 (use at least two patient identifiers) and intervention 6 (read back of verbal orders) and thus ranked them highly, especially for implementability. Intervention 3 (24-hour pharmacist coverage) was ranked low, especially on implementability. Interventions involving health information technology were ranked lower by the hospitals than by the expert panel. Discussion Safety interventions should reflect the general state of the science of safe practices while incorporating relevant contextual issues unique to rural hospitals. The results have important implications for survey and accreditation activity, and the focus of technical assistance and research efforts.
Silicate petrography, classification, and origin of the mesosiderites: Review and new observations.

A classification of mesosiderites proposed by Powell (1971) is modified and expanded to include impact melts. A petrographic study of all 20 mesosiderites reveals that most contain a complex assemblage of mineral, lithic, and metal clasts. The occurrence of lithic fragments in most mesosiderites and the subsequent metamorphism of the group indicate that they are highly evolved meteorites. A comparison with inferred lunar analogs indicates that the bulk of the mesosiderites can be considered annealed crystalline matrix breccias and may be meteoritic equivalents of granulitic impactites described by Warner et al. (1977).