cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Newborn Behavior

As a newborn lies undressed and uncovered immediately after delivery, his color begins to change, with mottled uneven acrocyanosis of his trunk and extremities as the autonomic nervous system attempts to control the loss of body heat. The infant begins to shiver, and then to cry and flail his limbs in jerky, thrusting movements in an effort to maintain his own body temperature. In spite of the enormous demands of a new uncontrolled environment, if one speaks gently and insistently into one ear, his movements become smoother, and slower, and the infant gradually quiets completely. His color improves as his face softens and brightens; his eyes widen and, with an alert look, both eyes turn smoothly to the side from which the voice is coming. His head follows with a sudden smooth turn toward the voice, and he searches for the face of the speaker. His face brightens as he fixes on the eyes of the examiner and listens intently for several minutes. If the examiner moves his face slowly to the baby’s midline and then across to the other side, the newborn will track the examiner’s face, head, and eyes, smoothly turning in an 180° arc.
The Impact of Banality, Risky Shift and Escalating Commitment on Ethical Decision Making

This paper posits that organizational variables are the factors that lead to the moral decline of companies like Enron and Worldcom. The individuals involved created environments within the organizations that precipitated a spiral of unethical decision-making. It is proposed that at the executive level, it is the organizational factors associated with “power” and decision-making that have the critical influence on moral and ethical behavior. The study has used variables that were deemed to be surrogate measures of the ethical violations (OSHA and EPA violations), the risky shift phenomenon (executive team size), banality of wrong-doing (reputation score for firms) and escalating commitment (tenure with the firm/change in revenue for declining firms). The research found that there were small correlations between ethical violations and the three organizational variables.
The usefulness of urinary cytology testing in the evaluation of irritative voiding symptoms

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of urinary cytology testing for the evaluation of urothelial cancer in women with irritative voiding symptoms who were examined at a urogynecology service. Study design Urinary cytology studies results that were obtained from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2002, were cross-matched with the Rhode Island Department of Health Cancer Registry to identify those women who were diagnosed with urinary tract malignancies. The prevalence of urothelial cancer was determined, and the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of urinary cytologic testing were calculated for 2 common classification strategies: (1) consideration of atypical cytologic test results to be normal and (2) consideration of atypical cytologic test results to be abnormal. Results Among 1516 cross-matched cytologic test results from 1324 patients, 5 urothelial cancers were identified. Two of the 5 malignancies were associated with positive cytology results. The prevalence of urothelial cancer was 0.38% (95% CI, 0.1%, 0.9%). When atypical cytology studies were classified as normal, the sensitivity of urinary cytology was 40% (95% CI, 7.2%, 83.0%); the specificity was 99.9% (95% CI, 99.5%, 100%); the positive predictive value was 66.7% (95% CI, 12.5%, 98.2%), and negative predictive value was 99.8% (95% CI, 99.2%, 100%). In contrast, when atypical cytology results were classified as abnormal, the sensitivity and negative predictive value remained the same, but the specificity declined to 93.6% (95% CI, 92.1%, 94.8%), and the positive predictive value decreased to 2.3% (95% CI, 0.4%, 8.8%). Conclusion The low prevalence of urothelial cancers and low sensitivity of urinary cytology studies severely limit the usefulness of this test in the evaluation of women with irritative voiding symptoms.
On the Joint Decisions of R&D and Technology Adoption

This paper attempts to bridge the gap between R&D models that do not consider technology adoption decisions and technology adoption models that do not consider R&D decisions. It develops and analyzes a decision-theoretic model on the joint decisions of R&D and technology adoption of a firm. Two interesting comparative statics results are obtained. First, an increase in the cost of R&D reduces the incentive for a firm to do R&D. Secondly, an increase in the cost of technology adoption or an increase in the market interest rate reduces the incentive for a firm to adopt new technology and also reduces the incentive for a firm to do R&D. Under certain conditions, an increase in the cost of R&D increases the incentive for a firm to adopt new technology.
Attitudes of volunteer coaches toward significant youth sport issues.

Abstract A questionnaire consisting of 20 positive and negative statements frequently made about youth sports was completed by 423 nonschool youth sport coaches from Illinois and Missouri. The coaches indicated to what degree they agreed with the statements for the sport in general, and for the particular program in which they coached. Coaches from eight sports were sampled: baseball/softball, basketball, football, gymnastics, hockey, soccer, swimming, and wrestling. The results revealed that coaches have generally favorable attitudes toward youth sports, supporting the value of participation for the well-being of children. One exception to the coaches' generally favorable attitudes was their moderate agreement that too much emphasis is placed on winning. It also was found that the coaches' 20 specific agreement ratings could be reduced to 4 interpretable factors—“positive attitudes,” “negative facets of youth sports programs,” “negative consequences for participants,” and “equipment and facilities not ad...
Decreased 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate and Reduced Oxygen Delivery Following Massive Transfusion and Septicemic Shock

Oxygen delivery has been demonstrated to be inadequate in patients in septicemic shock as manifested by an elevated mixed venous O2 saturation (1). The subsequent narrow arterio-venous (A-V) O2 content difference has been attributed to pre-capillary A-V shunting (2). Other possible causes could be decreased mitochondrial utilization of O2 (3) and decreased release of O2 from hemoglobin (4).
The pathology of ununited fractures of the neck of the femur.

1. The incidence of non-union is disproportionately high in intracapsular fractures of the neck of the femur, except in those which are either impacted or treated by accurate reduction and internal fixation. Factors entering into this high incidence are the frequent occurence of death of the head fragment from disruption of the blood vessels of the neck, displacement of fragment ends, poor immobilization, and failure of peripheral callus formation due to absence of a cambium layer on the neck. 2. If time head fragment survives, it undergoes atrophy of disuse of the same degree that of time distal fragmnent, and the two fragments are of equal density on the roentgenogram. Treatment to produce union is usually successful and extensive degenerative changes in the joint do not occur. 3. If the blood supply to the proximal fragment is severed, so that the head dies, disuse atrophy cannot occur, and the head eventually appears on the roentgenogram to be more dense than time surrounding atrophic, living bone. As slow invasion of the head by vascular fibrous tissue occurs, with absorption of the necrotic bone and replacement by canceilous new bone, the roentgenogram shows areas of reduced density. 4. The necrotic articular cartilage remains relatively unaltered until a blood supply reaches it, when it is replaced either by an imperfect type of fibrocartilage or in part by bone. 5. Transformation of a dead head takes place first at the margins of the fracture and at the fovea, and the advancing replacement zone is the weakest part of the bone. Pathological fracture between the dead and living portions may result in collapse and delayed union or non-union. 6. If union has occurred, either primarily or as the result of surgical intervention in the presence of a dead head, and if weight-bearing is begun before replacement is complete, the head will probably collapse, and degenerative changes will be severe on both sides of the joint. If time head is adequately protected, it may be transformed without any collapse; the degenerative changes in the joint are minimal; and a good functional result is obtained.
Museums Connect: Teaching Public History through Transnational Museum Partnerships

Museums Connect is a program funded by the US Department of State and administered by the American Alliance of Museums that sponsors transnational museum partnerships. This program provides one model for teaching public history in a transnational context, and this article analyzes the experiences of two university-museums—the Museum of History and Holocaust Education (MHHE) in the United States and the Ben M’sik Community Museum (BMCM) in Morocco—during two grants between 2009 and 2012. In exploring the impact of the program on the staff, faculty, and students involved and by analyzing the experiences and reflections of participants, I argue that this program can generate positive pedagogical experiences. However, in addition to the successes of the MHHE and BMCM during their two grants, the participants encountered significant power differentials that manifested themselves in both the processes and products of the grants. It is the conclusion of this article that both partners in a public history project need to address and confront potential power issues at the outset in order to achieve a more balanced, collaborative partnership.
Leukämieentstehung nach Benzol und Phenylbutazon

Die Atiologie der Leukamie des Menschen ist nach wie vor nicht geklart. Bei einem Teil der Falle werden exogene Faktoren als Ursache gefunden. So ist allgemein bekannt, das ionisierende Strahlen und Benzol nach langerer Expositionszeit eine akute Leukamie hervorrufen konnen. Haufig entwickelt sich die Leukamie uber ein aplastisches Vorstadium, das uber Jahre bestehen kann. Dieses praleukamische Stadium verdient besondere Beachtung, da alle Substanzen, die eine Knochenmarksdepression bewirken konnen, als potentielle leukamogene Stoffe anzusehen sind. Unklar ist, ob das aplastische Knochenmark vermehrt zur Entwicklung einer akuten Leukose neigt, oder ob Panmyelopathie und akute Leukose im Gunde Exponenten derselben Krankheit sind.
Robotic Mitral Valve Repair for Degenerative Mitral Valve Regurgitation Is It for Everyone

Historically, the standard approach for all mitral valve surgery has been the mediasternotomy. Although initially developed for cosmesis, minimally invasive techniques for mitral valve surgery use a limited right anterior thoracotomy with and without endoscopic techniques, which have resulted in outcomes comparable to the traditional mediasternotomy incision.1,2 Article see p 1961 Advances in robotic technology, including 3-dimensional visualization and improved dexterity have facilitated the introduction of robotic surgery for mitral valve repairs. In a Food and Drug Administration safety and efficacy trial in 2000 involving 20 patients, Nifong and coworkers3 used robotic technology to perform a wide spectrum of mitral valve repair procedures. Although cross-clamp and operative times were longer in comparison with the conventional mediasternotomy approach, the morbidity and mortality was similar and the mean hospital length of stay (LOS) was only 4 days. A follow-up study involving 112 patients showed a 30-day mortality of 0.7% and no conversions to a mediasternotomy.4 The mean hospital LOS was 5 days and the 5-year freedom from reoperation was 90%. More recent series using robotic techniques for mitral valve repairs have duplicated these excellent outcomes.5,6 Although cross-clamp, cardiopulmonary bypass, and total operative times are significantly longer, there are no differences in morbidity or mortality between robotic and nonrobotic repairs. In general, patients undergoing robotic mitral surgery spend 1 less day in the hospital. Follow-up from 1 to 3 years shows that >90% of patients are free of moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation (MR) and the need for another mitral valve …
Native Oxide Transport and Removal During Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2 Films on GaAs(100) Surfaces.

In this work, we studied the evolution and transport of the native oxides during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 on GaAs(100) from tetrakis dimethyl amino titanium and H2O. Arsenic oxide transport through the TiO2 film and removal during the ALD process was investigated using transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Experiments were designed to decouple these processes by utilizing their temperature dependence. A 4 nm TiO2 layer was initially deposited on a native oxide surface at 100 °C. Ex situ XPS confirmed that this step disturbed the interface minimally. An additional 3 nm TiO2 film was subsequently deposited at 150 to 250 °C with and without an intermediate thermal treatment step at 250 °C. Arsenic and gallium oxide removal was confirmed during this second deposition, leading to the inevitable conclusion that these oxides traversed at least 4 nm of film so as to react with the precursor and its surface reaction/decomposition by...
ONTOGENY OF SUBTLE SKELETAL ASYMMETRIES IN INDIVIDUAL LARVAE OF THE SAND DOLLAR DENDRASTER EXCENTRICUS.

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as the distribution of small random deviations from bilateral symmetry in a sample of organisms, has received considerable attention in recent evolutionary and behavioral literature (Markow 1994). The degree of asymmetry exhibited by a single organism presumably results from small independent disruptions of normal development caused by random differences of internal and external environment on each side. FA is used in evolutionary studies as a measure of genetic quality, developmental robustness, and environmental tolerance. FA may reflect genetic quality because individual asymmetry is often inversely correlated with heterozygosity (Mulvey et al. 1994), and hybrids are often more asymmetrical than either of their parent species (Graham 1992). Behavioral studies of the "good genes" model of mate choice commonly assume individual asymmetry is inversely correlated with genetic quality. These studies have also extended the association between genotypic and phenotypic quality, and asymmetry by showing that females often prefer symmetrical males and that symmetrical males, may be more successful foragers (M0ller 1992, 1994; and reviewed in M0ller and Pomiankowski 1994). Asymmetry is also associated with environmental stress such as pollution and thermal stress (Graham et al. 1993). Paleontological studies have attempted to apply these results to fossil groups. Smith (1994) measured FA in trilobite species throughout the Cambrian and early Ordovician, in an attempt to determine if developmental robustness increased after the Cambrian explosion. Finally, Palmer et al. (1994) have looked to random asymmetries for clues to the origin of large genetically determined asymmetries like those seen in fiddler-crab claws and gastropod torsion. Although FA and other patterns of asymmetry are assumed to result from developmental processes, few studies have directly addressed changes in asymmetry during ontogeny (but see Chippindale and Palmer 1993; and for an indirect approach see Hallgrimson 1993). Such studies are of interest because associations between deviations from symmetry among traits and within traits through time may yield insights into both the causes of asymmetries and mechanisms controlling the development of bilaterally symmetrical characters. The way asymmetries vary during ontogeny can be used to determine the relative contributions of intrinsic and ex-
The cultural politics of obeah: religion, colonialism and modernity in the Caribbean world

In November 2015, two men in Antigua were arrested for ‘the practicing of Obeah’. The Attorney General praised the country’s ‘Christian community’ for its help identifying the alleged obeah practit...
Cause and identification of deep fungal infection

Objective: To study the cause and identification of deep fungal infection.Methods:We collect the specimen of midstream urine,hydrothorax,ascites,throat swab,dejecta,excreta of wound,expectoration and then make morphology identification.Results:102 of 390 specimen were identified with fungal infection and the infectious rate was 26.1%(102/390).Candida was the major pathogen and counted for 52.9%(54/102)in fungal infection,of which candida albicans counted for 77.8%(42/54)in candida infection.Conclusion:1.Candida is the major factor for fungal infection and candida albicans is the prevailing fungus.2.According to investigation,deep fungal infection is mainly found in pneumology department.
Analysis of the clarity of the change statement of owner's equity

In order to analyze the problem of the clarity of the change statement of owner's equity,the problems that exist in the change statement of owner's equity are analyzed,the concept of comprehensive income is put forward indefinitely and the classification for listed contents is not clear.The assumptions of establishing an additional statement of comprehensive income and improving the listed format of the change statement of owner's equity are proposed,in order to reflect the position of comprehensive income of the enterprise fully,enhance the understandability and acceptability of the change statement of owner's equity and achieve the objective of financial statements.
Race, Politics, and Religion in Civil Religion Among Blacks

The priestly type of American civil religion legitimates state authority and symbols as God ordained. Black Americans 'political and religious history, and Durkheim 's and Simmel 's theories, suggest that Blacks would be more skeptical of ultimate governmental legitimations than Whites. Alternatively, prior research suggests Blacks are slightly more supportive of priestly civil religion that Whites. These issues are studied with new survey data. Race is a significant multivariate predictor of civil religion suppressed in bivariate analysis. Blacks are less civil religious than Whites, controlling for other correlates. Race interacts with other variables affecting civil religion. Different predictors of civil religion operate among Blacks and Whites. Conventional religion positively influences Whites' but negatively influences Blacks' civil religion. These findings are interpreted in view of Black
Serotonin binding protein: role in transmitter storage in central and peripheral serotonergic neurons.

Serotonin binding protein was first found in the brain in 1974 (Tamir and Huang, 1974). The regional distribution of SBP in the brain (Tamir and Kuhar, 1975) and spinal cord (Tamir and Gershon, 1979) was shown to parallel that of serotonin (5-HT). Since, in addition, the amount of SBP in the forebrain is decreased by lesioning the nuceli of the median raphe it seems likely that the protein is an intrinsic component of serotonergic neurons (Tamir and Kuhar, 1975). This conclusion is supported by the observation that SBP accumulates above, and decreases below, lesions of the spinal cord (Tamir and Gershon, 1979). Although SBP has only partially been purified, the unusually high affinity of the protein for 5-HT, the inhibition of 5-HT bindin by reserpine, and the characteristic dependence of SBP on Fe+2 for 5-HT binding enable SBP to be recognized (Tamir et al., 1976). The 5-HT-Fe+2-SBP complex has a mobility on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels corresponding to 60,000 daltons (figure 1).
Wind Turbine Blade Design for Subscale Testing

Two different inverse design approaches are proposed for developing wind turbine blades for sub-scale wake testing. In the first approach, dimensionless circulation is matched for full scale and sub-scale wind turbine blades for equal shed vorticity in the wake. In the second approach, the normalized normal and tangential force distributions are matched for large scale and small scale wind turbine blades, as these forces determine the wake dynamics and stability. The two approaches are applied for the same target full scale turbine blade, and the shape of the blades are compared. The results show that the two approaches have been successfully implemented, and the designed blades are able to produce the target circulation and target normal and tangential force distributions.
Inelastic Neutron Scattering Studies of Natural Silkworm Proteins

Understanding the interaction of water with biological materials is of fundamental importance. One of main driving forces behind the renewed activity of biomimetic materials involves the dramatic physical properties that many of them exhibit. Two main factors that are critical for understanding silks: the nanoscale semi-crystalline folding structure, and the degree of hydration of the disordered fraction. We describe our investigation of the preparation, characterization and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) studies of the microscopic dynamics of natural Bombyx mori silk fibroin proteins derived from silkworm cocoons. An in situ quartz microbalance is used for monitoring/controlling the hydration and solvent levels of the proteins electrospun onto neutron sample holders. By employing these novel methods our INS investigation facilitated a snapshot of the microscopic silk protein dynamics heretofore not investigated or reported. Preliminary INS measurements illustrate the effect of water and methanol interaction on the dynamics of the fibroin β-pleated sheet component. Evidence of what appears to be a water component (intersheet) distinct from bulk water is clearly apparent in the INS spectrum when the dynamical response from the dry silk is subtracted away.
Rapid Conversion of Added Nitrate to Nitrous Oxide and Dinitrogen in Northern Forest Soil

ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were to simulate wet deposition of atmospheric nitrate (NO3−) onto forest soils and trace its fate via conversion spatially and temporally into gaseous products nitrous oxide (N2O) and dinitrogen (N2). The most likely mechanism is microbial denitrification, but an intermediate product nitrite (NO2−) can fuel N2O production via a chemical pathway involving reactions with iron and/or organic matter referred to as chemodenitrification. During summer months, we applied tracer amounts of 15N-labeled NO3− onto forest soils (pH ∼ 4) at three sites in the White Mountain Region of New Hampshire, USA. We recovered 15N as N2O in 210 of 504 measurements (42%) versus 15N as N2 in 51 of 504 measurements (10%), suggesting partial microbial denitrification and/or chemodenitrification. When recovery occurred, the mean percent recovery of added 15N was just 1.1% as N2O, although N2 recovery was 33%. A site with old-growth trees had a larger percentage recovery as N2 (48%), whereas a site that...
The effect of continuum model on the stability of feedback control of thermal systems

In this paper, we study the stability of a thermal system with feedback control in which the sensor is modeled by a partial differential equation. The problem is motivated by the thermal management requirement in energy systems such as lithium ion batteries where the heating information must pass through a finite distance through conduction. The focus of this paper is to examine the stability issue of the feedback control system when different modeling methods are used for the heat conduction process. Two models are investigated: the commonly used lumped-parameter model and a more realistic distributed-parameter model. It is shown that the lumped-parameter model is stable with arbitrary feedback gains, whereas the distributed-parameter model exhibits instability when the feedback gains exceed the critical values. The instabilities exhibit as Hopf bifurcations. The closed-loop system is simulated using a finite difference method. We conclude that care must be taken in modeling the sensor to avoid controller instability.
Characterization of the transient behavior of an AC/DC conversion system for a notional all-electric ship simulation using sequential experimental design methodology

Experimental design methodology is applied to the characterization of a transient simulation of the AC/DC conversion system of a notional all-electric ship in terms of parameters of the simulation. The process of constructing the surrogate models describing the behavior of the system during a load rejection transient scenario is presented and selected results from predictions from the surrogate models are presented.
In Patients Who Have Undergone a Lower Extremity Bypass for PAD, Does Dual Anti-platelet Therapy Improve Outcomes?

Failure of lower extremity bypass for patients with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease in the first 30 days is felt to be a technical complication and results in occlusion of the bypass. Thrombosis can result in devastating complications such as limb loss. In order to prevent these complications, surgeons will frequently treat patients with dual anti-platelet therapy in the perioperative period. The evidence behind such a strategy of dual-antiplatelet therapy in the post-operative period has yet to define what the best practices are. Very few head to head randomized controlled trials comparing dual anti-platelet therapy to monotherapy exist. However, data can be gathered from these and other reliable sources to begin to create a paradigm for optimal anti-platelet therapy following lower extremity bypass. The use of antiplatelet monotherapy with aspirin for lower extremity vein bypasses is the most widely accepted strategy at present. Based on current literature, there is not enough evidence to support routine use of dual anti-platelet therapy for lower extremity vein bypass. Dual anti-platelet therapy should be considered for prosthetic lower extremity bypass based on current data. Dual anti-platelet therapy post-operatively is safe and does not result in an increased risk of bleeding. Optimizing lower extremity bypass patency rates can be challenging but ideal post-operative anti-platelet strategies have emerged.
Performance assessment of an adaptive beamformer for the submillimeter array

The Sub millimeter Array (SMA) was recently upgraded with a new wideband correlator that features a built-in beamforming system. This functionality enables the array to participate in a wider range of astronomical observations, such as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) experiments, which require coherent combination of the signal-of-interest received by each element in the array. At millimeter and sub millimeter frequencies the propagation delay through the atmosphere varies significantly over time and across the array, and if not properly accounted for, it could severely degrade the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the beam formed output. An adaptive beamformer is therefore needed to properly phase the array. Herein we describe such a beamforming system employed at the SMA and present results obtained through measurement and simulation to determine its efficacy.
Virus-Based Devices: Prospects for Allopoiesis

The assembly line is a commonly invoked example of allopoiesis, the process whereby a system produces a different system than itself. In this sense, virus production in plants is an instance of bio-enabled bottom-up allopoiesis because the plant host can be regarded as a programmable assembly line for the virus. Reprogramming this assembly line and integrating it into a larger lineup of chemical manipulations has seen a flurry of activity recently, with more sophisticated systems emerging every year. The field of virus nanomaterials now has several subdisciplines that focus on virus shells as assemblers, scaffolds for molecular circuitry, chemical reactors, magnetic and photonic beacons, and therapeutic carriers. A case in point is the work reported by Brillault et al. in this issue of ACS Nano. They show how two types of animal virus coat proteins can be simultaneously expressed and efficiently assembled in plants into a complex virus-like particle of well-defined stoichiometry and composition. Such adva...
Venous Thromboembolism and Pregnancy

Pregnancy is associated with a significant increase in risk of venous thromboembolism compared to that of non-pregnant patients of comparable age. Anticoagulation therapy is challenging as guideline recommendations are largely based on observational studies and extrapolations from non-pregnant patients. Low molecular weight heparin is the therapy of choice in these patients, but treatment plans including dosing, peripartum plans, and length of therapy must be individualized based on risk assessment and patient characteristics.
Practical Tips for Developing Your Staff

This work, part of the Practical Tips for Library and Information Professionals series, was developed to provide creative tips-based approaches and best-practice ideas supporting innovation and adaptation in the constantly changing library environment.
Impacts of Red Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Striped Pine Scale (Homoptera: Coccidae) Populations

Loblolly pines, Pinus taeda L., were banded in three seed orchards in Georgia to prevent the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Buren), from tending infestations of striped pine scales, Toumeyella pini (King). Ant activity had no effect on female scale insect survival as numbers per shoot were never significantly different between check and banded trees in any of the orchards. Parasitism of females rarely differed between treatments, with higher rates twice in one orchard on unbanded trees and once in another orchard on banded trees. There also appeared to be no treatment effects on predator numbers. Coincident populations of the mealybug Oracella acuta (Lobdell) and the woolly pine scale, Pseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell, on the shoots also were unaffected by the presence of fire ants.
Entrepreneurial Responses to Co-Optation of the Recycling Movement by the Packaging Industry

Existing research has demonstrated that co-optation strategies are often effective in forestalling organizational and technological innovations that threaten the status of incumbent firms. However, little is known about how co-optation emerges, why it persists and whether or not constructive responses exist to overcome its stymieing effects. This is of critical importance to the achievement of sustainability, where there is a high degree of reliance on consensus-building and an inherent susceptibility to the ill-effects of co-optation traps. In addressing these gaps, I develop and test a new theory examining when and how entrepreneurial action has the potential to neutralize the adverse effects of co-optation strategies that are undertaken by firms to undermine sustainability efforts. The focal context of this inquiry involves household recycling of packaging material. My investigation combines textual analysis of documents drawn from 1965 – 2015, together with an assessment of firm-level entrepreneurial ...
Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens

Abstract Resistance of human pathogens to currently used antimicrobial drugs is an increasing health and economic problem worldwide. Bacteria may possess innate resistance to an antimicrobial or they may acquire resistance from other bacteria. Acquired resistance arises from: (1) mutations in cell genes (chromosomal mutation) leading to cross-resistance and (2) gene transfer from one microorganism to other by plasmids (conjugation or transformation), transposons (conjugation), integrons, and bacteriophages (transduction). Bacteria use different biochemical types of resistance mechanisms: antibiotic inactivation, target modification, or active removal of the antibiotic from the cell by efflux pumps. This continual concern about evolving antibiotic resistance requires that new strategies must be developed to combat antimicrobial resistance in bacteria of public health significance.
Social Foundations in Teacher Education: A Contemporary Snapshot

Over the past several decades, changes in the nature of the teacher training and the expectations of schools have resulted in changes to the curriculum at the university level. Within the scope of pre-service training, there have historically been courses in social foundations, methods and assessment, and finally field experience. An increased emphasis on pedagogy and assessment has meant the decrease of study within the social foundations areas and an increase in the specific pedagogical courses. The aim of this study was to better understand the current status of social foundations study in teacher education programs. The results show that social foundations courses at the undergraduate level are substantially diminished and that this important sub-discipline primarily mostly lives at the graduate level now. The results of this research are discussed for the professional implications it holds for teachers and the profession of teaching. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.17.1.10
The m-Machine Flow Shop

Considered to be a very general case of flow shop systems, the m-machine flow shop is the most researched system in all of flow shop theory. Beyond solving the problem under a variety of objectives and side constraints, the m-machine flow shop serves as a test bed for new methodological tools. Regarding solutions, the research presented in this chapter is rich in lower bounding schemes, dominance properties, heuristic algorithms and computational experiments measuring their success. The models considered not only deal with all the standard regular performance measures, but also application-specific objective functions. A lot of work is also available on problems with multiple objectives. We find that the most successful solutions on problems of practical size are due to metaheuristic implementations including simulated annealing, tabu search and genetic algorithms. In contrast, branch-and-bound algorithms are mostly inadequate.
Data on iron and turbidity in a drip irrigation system in New Jersey, USA

Abstract The dataset contains irrigation water quality parameters including iron concentrations (ferrous, ferric, and total) and turbidity measurements from a blueberry farm in southern New Jersey. Data was collected from May through June for 14 weeks in 2015 using a SMART3 Colorimeter™. Water samples were taken from the pump at the irrigation well and compared to samples taken from driplines at individual fields. All samples were analyzed in the field following the equipment׳s manual, except for ferric iron, which was calculated from the ferrous iron and total iron concentrations. Statistical analyses were performed on the dataset to understand the data. This data is being made available to increase the understanding of clogging in drip irrigation systems and to assist in the management of drip irrigation systems.
Estimating the Effects of Universal Free School Meal Enrollment on Child Health: Evidence from the Community Eligibility Provision in Georgia Schools

We estimate the effect of providing universal free school meals through the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) on the percentage of healthy weight students attending a school and average Body Mass Index (BMI) score among the population of K-12 schools in the state of Georgia. Different specifications of school CEP eligibility are used as instruments for CEP participation in our analysis. We find that CEP participation leads to an increase in the percentage of healthy weight students attending a school and a decrease in average student BMI. Furthermore, we find no statistically significant evidence to support a deleterious effect from CEP participation on our aggregate measures of child weight. Subsample analyses suggest that the effect of CEP participation varies by school grade and location type, with smaller overall effects for schools serving older students and schools in suburbs/towns. We also show that our results are generally robust to different modeling specifications and key variable assumptions. Overall, the beneficial aggregate weight effects caused by CEP participation indicate that providing universal free meals in low-income schools may be a valuable tool in the fight against increasing rates of childhood overweight and obesity.
DNA-binding properties, genomic organization and expression pattern of TGA6, a new member of the TGA family of bZIP transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana

The TGA genes encode a family of basic domain-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors that are conserved in higher plants. We have continued to unravel the complexity of this gene family by using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach. Taking advantage of the conserved amino acid sequence in the bZIP domain found in all members of this gene family, two degenerate oligonucleotides were synthesized based on the sequence of this region in order to amplify by PCR the analogous genomic fragments from the various TGA loci in Arabidopsis. This approach has led us to the finding of a new member of the TGA gene family, and subsequently the isolation of a gene designated as TGA6. Further characterization of the TGA6 locus confirmed our prediction that the gene structure of this family is remarkably conserved. Genomic Southern blot analysis revealed that TGA6 is a single-copy gene in Arabidopsis. Based on the genomic sequence information, gene-specific primers were synthesized for isolating the cDNA that corresponds to the coding region. Subsequently, the cDNA for TGA6 was cloned and sequenced. Gel mobility shift assays with in vitro translated TGA6 protein showed that TGA6 is more like TGA5 in terms of its in vitro DNA-binding properties. The expression of TGA6 in different tissues was estimated by using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and further analyzed in transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing a TGA6 promoter-GUS fusion. TGA6 promoter activity is found primarily in roots of young seedlings. As seedlings develop, TGA6 is expressed in aging cotyledons, mesophyll cells of hydathodes on leaf margins, vascular tissue and trichomes of senescing rosette leaves, but is very low in primary roots of mature plants. High levels of expression persist in young lateral roots and in regions of the primary root where lateral roots are emerging. In flowers, the activity is localized predominantly to mature pollen grains. The expression pattern of TGA6 reported here is strikingly similar to that of an Arabidopsis acidic chitinase gene. Possible biological significance of TGA6 in cellular defense against pathogens and abiotic stress is discussed.
Comparison of probabilistic post-processing approaches for improving NWP-based daily and weekly reference evapotranspiration forecasts

Abstract. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) forecasts play an important role in agricultural, environmental, and water management. This study evaluated probabilistic post-processing approaches, including the nonhomogeneous Gaussian regression (NGR), affine kernel dressing (AKD), and Bayesian model averaging (BMA) techniques, for improving daily and weekly ETo forecasting based on single or multiple numerical weather predictions (NWP) from The International Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE), including the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (NCEP), and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office forecasts (UKMO). We found that the NGR, the AKD and the BMA methods greatly improved the skill and reliability of the ETo forecasts compared to a linear regression bias correction method, due to the considerable adjustments on the spread of ensemble forecasts. The methods were especially effective when applied over the weekly NCEP forecasts, followed by UKMO forecasts. The post-processed weekly forecasts had much lower rRMSE (between 8 %–11 %) than the persistence-based weekly forecasts (22 %), and the post-processed daily forecasts (13 %–20 %). Compared with the single model ETo forecasts based on ECMWF, multi-model ensemble ETo forecasts showed higher skill at short lead times (1 or 2 days) and over the southern and western regions of the United States. The improvement was higher at the daily timescale than at the weekly timescale. The NGR and AKD methods performed the best, but the NGR method is more flexible and computationally efficient than the other methods. In summary, the study demonstrated that the three probabilistic approaches generally outperform conventional procedures based on the simple bias correction of single model forecasts, with the NGR post-processing of the ECMWF and ECMWF-UKMO forecasts providing the most efficient ETo forecasting.
Ground-Level Falls at Skilled Nursing Facilities Are Associated With More Serious Lower Extremity Injuries Compared With Home

Ground-level falls (GLFs) are the number one cause of injury and death in the older adult population. We compared injury profiles of GLFs at SNFs to those at homes, hypothesizing that GLFs at SNFs would lead to higher risks for serious (AIS ≥ 3) traumatic brain injury (TBI) and lower extremity (LE) injuries compared to GLFs at home. The 2015-2016 Trauma Quality Improvement Program was used to compare patients sustaining GLFs at home and SNFs. From 15,873 patients sustaining GLFs, 14,306 (90.1%) occurred at home while 1,567 (9.9%) at SNFs. More patients with GLFs at SNFs were female, older, and had greater incidence of congestive heart failure, end-stage renal disease, and dementia (p < 0.001) compared to those at home. Although, GLF SNF patients had lower injury severity scores (9 vs. 10, p < 0.001) and incidence for TBI (28.0% vs 33.4%, p < 0.001), they had a higher rate of femur fractures (55.1% vs. 38.9%, p < 0.001). After controlling for female, end stage renal disease, smoking, dementia, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and stroke, patients falling at SNFs had an increased risk of sustaining serious LE injury AIS (OR 1.64, p < 0.001), but not serious TBI AIS (OR 0.89, p = 0.073). In conclusion, compared to GLFs at home, those at SNFs have a higher risk for serious LE injury, with femur fractures being the most common. However, GLFs at SNFs and homes had no significant difference in risk for serious TBI. Future studies are warranted to evaluate preventative measures to reduce LE injuries at SNFs.
Reflux-Aspiration in Chronic Lung Disease

Microaspiration, or silent aspiration, is commonly suspected in patients with refractory respiratory symptoms, including unexplained chronic cough, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This suspicion is driven by the high prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in these otherwise disparate disorders. Frequently, patients receive aggressive treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease as a means of treating their underlying respiratory conditions, even in the absence of overt symptoms of reflux. However, clinical trials have not demonstrated a clear impact on outcomes with this strategy, and in some instances there may be potential for harm. Mechanistic studies have increasingly used gastric biomarkers obtained directly from the airways to confirm the association between reflux and respiratory disease, but results are limited by methodologic flaws and correlation. The best evidence of aspiration directly causing respiratory disorders is the histopathologic detection of foreign bodies. For most of the other chronic respiratory disorders, microaspiration may be uncommon or a secondary aggravating factor, as in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In some cases, microaspiration is probably not a significant factor at all, such as in unexplained chronic cough. It is important to distinguish between conditions in which aspiration is primarily or directly causal and conditions in which aspiration may be indirectly aggravating, to help identify whether interventions targeting reflux and aspiration precautions should be recommended to patients. Our clinical review examines some of the evidence supporting reflux-aspiration as a mechanism for several chronic respiratory disorders and offers some management considerations when reflux-aspiration is suspected.
The Internal Transmitter Model for Visual Excitation: Some Quantitative Implications

Fuortes and his co-workers (1–3) have suggested that rhodopsin, in both vertebrate and invertebrate photoreceptors, may excite the cell by releasing a transmitter substance which diffuses internally to other regions of the receptor membrane and there modulates ionic conductance. This suggestion has been based primarily on theoretical models which accurately describe the amplitude and time-course of the photo-response. More recently, Hagins and his co-workers have reported some persuasive evidence which implies vertebrate receptors may employ an internal transmitter (4, 5), and Yoshikami and Hagins (6, 7) have proposed that the transmitter is Ca++.
Risicogedrag via asfyxie (‘the choking game’)

Al decennialang vertonen adolescenten risicogedrag. Een type risicogedrag dat de laatste vijf jaar opnieuw lijkt te zijn opgekomen is the choking game (het wurgspel). Hoewel de naam impliceert dat het hier om een goedaardige en plezierige activiteit gaat, kan het gedrag ernstige consequenties hebben en zelfs tot de dood lijden. In recente publicaties, met name uit de medische wereld, worden onderzoekers en behandelaars opgeroepen om deze activiteit een andere naam te geven. De voorkeursterm is: ‘zelfverstikkend risicogedrag’. Adolescenten ondernemen deze activiteit doorgaans in groepen. Ze gebruiken verschillende manieren om de zuurstoftoevoer naar de hersenen bij zichzelf of bij elkaar af te snijden, waardoor ze doelbewust duizelig of ‘high’ worden. Deze activiteit kan meer gevaar opleveren dan bewustzijnsverlies alleen. Veel adolescenten die aan zelfverstikking doen, krijgen hypoxische toevallen; sommigen lopen hersenbeschadiging op en anderen overlijden er zelfs onbedoeld aan.
Impact of corn stover particle size and C/N ratio on reactor performance in solid-state Anaerobic co-digestion with dairy manure

Green energy generation from agricultural waste has the potential to minimize dependency on fossil and reduce the resultant environmental impact of this fuel provided anaerobic reactor performance ...
Introduction and Historical Perspective

During our combined 35 plus years of operating confocal microscopes and managing core microscopy facilities, and through teaching our Basic Confocal Microscopy Workshop at several venues, we have found that students and technicians who are novice users of confocal microscopes are often instructed by their mentors to go to the confocal system and collect some images. Often the implied message is that it should be easy and quick since it is only a microscope. Unfortunately, all too often the advisor of the student or supervisor of the technician does not have a full understanding of the complexity of a confocal microscope. Unless these novice users are in a situation where others have the time and knowledge to properly train them, their initial efforts often amount to an exercise in futility because key parameters are not properly considered. This leads to specimens that are not prepared properly and a lack of understanding of how to operate the confocal microscope in a way that maintains the fidelity of the specimen information. In too many instances, this lack of user training is exacerbated further because there is little or no daily oversight of the setup and maintenance of the microscope. In this combined scenario, neither the experimental preparation nor the microscopes are capable of producing the highest quality information.