cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial and Sensory Assessment of Milk with an Electronic Nose

An electronic nose (e-nose) was used to assess milk oder inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens or Bacillus coagulans, and odors were correlated with microbial loads and sensory scores, Sterile whole, reduced-fat, and fat-free milk were Inoculated, stored at 1.7, 7.2, and 12.8 °C, and evaluated at d 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10 by e-nose and sensory panel. Aerobic plate counts were performed. E-nose readings, microbial counts, and sensory data were analyzed using discriminant function analysis. The e-nose discriminated differences in odor due to microbial load and sensory data. This may lead to a rapid method for determining sensory evaluation and microbial loads of milk. Le nez electronique offre une nouvelle alternative pour la detection et l'identification de la contamination biologique dans les aliments. Dans cette etude, des echantillons de lait entier, allege en matiere grasse, et ecreme sont inocules avec des souches de Pseudomonas fluorescens et Bacillus coagulans et entreposes a 1,7, 7,2, et 12,8°C. Elle mesure la reponse a un nez electronique et a un panel sensoriel olfactif a 0, 3, 5, 7 et 10 jours d'entreposage pour determiner la correlation entre les resultats par le nez electronique, le denombrement microbiologique et l'evaluation sensorielle de ces echantillons de lait.
Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946

The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 directed and authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to carry out a number of programs which are importantly related to the food industry, not the least of which are the inspecting and grading of raw and processed foods, providing marketing information and assistance, and conducting research and development related to processed foods. The legislation, as amended, is presented as Chapter 38—Distribution and Marketing of Agricultural Products in Title 7 of the United States Code.
The Dialectics of the Exit Interview: A Fresh Look at Conversations About Organizational Disengagement

Despite being a staple of human resource management since the 1920s, the exit interview (EI) has contributed information about employee turnover that has produced as much skepticism as confidence r...
Dielectric dispersion in solutions of copper-cellulose nitrate complex

The dielectric dispersion of solutions of cellulose nitrate has been reaffirmed; however, the dispersion has been attributed to the formation of a copper-cellulose nitrate complex. The phenomena can be explained in the light of present theories as a resonance phenomena and occurs in the unusual frequency region of 100 to 500 kc. The variation in the dispersion frequency can be explained in terms of a “lumped constant”, oscillating, polymer aggregate. The general properties of a stiffened random coil are experimentally confirmed.
Coaches' Assessment of Their Coaching Efficacy Compared to Athletes' Perceptions

This study compared coaches' assessments of their own coaching efficacy with their athletes' perceptions of the coaches' efficacy. Coaching efficacy was measured with the Coaching Efficacy Scale. Participants were 9 football coaches and 76 football players from the same team. Analysis indicated coaches were confident in their coaching abilities (range 6.5 to 9.0 on a 9-point scale). For 7 of the 9 coaches the coaches' ratings of themselves were higher than the athletes' ratings. For the other 2 coaches, athletes' ratings of coaches' efficacy were higher than the coaches' ratings of themselves. All coaches' ratings fell within the 95% confidence interval based on the athletes' ratings of the coaches' efficacy. Results are discussed in terms of the interplay between athletes and coaches efficacy beliefs and its influence on behavior.
Network coding for three unicast sessions: Interference alignment approaches

We propose interference alignment techniques, originally developed for wireless interference channels, for the problem of network coding across unicast sessions. We describe two general approaches (namely, coding at the edge or in the middle of the network) and one specific example of each approach (namely, symbol extension method and ergodic alignment, respectively). We discuss the conditions for feasibility of alignment and their relation to network structure. We also compare alignment to alternative approaches. For three unicast sessions with min-cut one, we show that whenever alignment is possible, alternative approaches can also achieve half the min-cut. However, for more than three sessions and/or for min-cut per session greater than one, we show examples where alignment is necessary.
Regulation of the seed to seedling developmental phase transition by the LAFL and VAL transcription factor networks

In the seed, a fundamental transition between embryo and vegetative phases of plant development is coordinated by the interaction between the AFL and VAL sub-clades of the plant specific B3 domain transcription factor family. The AFL B3 factors together with LEC1-type HAP3 transcription factors promote embryo maturation; whereas the VAL B3 factors repress the LEC1/AFL (LAFL) network during seed germination. Recent advances reveal that genes in key developmental programs and hormone signaling pathways are downstream targets of the LAFL network highlighting the central role of the LAFL network in integration of intrinsic developmental and hormonal signals during plant development. The VAL B3 proteins are proposed to mediate repression by recruiting a histone deacetylase complex (HDAC) to LAFL genes that contain the Sph/RY cis-element recognized by AFL and VAL B3-DNA-binding domains. In addition to VAL B3 factors, epigenetic mechanisms are implicated in maintaining repression of LAFL network during vegetative development. WIREs Dev Biol 2014, 3:135–145. doi: 10.1002/wdev.126
Bayesian parentage analysis reliably controls the number of false assignments in natural populations.

Parentage analysis in natural populations is a powerful tool for addressing a wide range of ecological and evolutionary questions. However, identifying parent-offspring pairs in samples collected from natural populations is often more challenging than simply resolving the Mendelian pattern of shared alleles. For example, large numbers of pairwise comparisons and limited numbers of genetic markers can contribute to incorrect assignments, whereby unrelated individuals are falsely identified as parent-offspring pairs. Determining which parentage methods are the least susceptible to making false assignments is an important challenge facing molecular ecologists. In a recent paper, Harrison et al. (2013a) address this challenge by comparing three commonly used parentage methods, including a Bayesian approach, in order to explore the effects of varied proportions of sampled parents on the accuracy of parentage assignments. Unfortunately, Harrison et al. made a simple error in using the Bayesian approach, which led them to incorrectly conclude that this method could not control the rate of false assignment. Here, I briefly outline the basic principles behind the Bayesian approach, identify the error made by Harrison et al., and provide detailed guidelines as to how the method should be correctly applied. Furthermore, using the exact data from Harrison et al., I show that the Bayesian approach actually provides greater control over the number of false assignments than either of the other tested methods. Lastly, I conclude with a brief introduction to solomon, a recently updated version of the Bayesian approach that can account for genotyping error, missing data and false matching.
Economic Analysis of Legal History

This essay surveys economic analyses of legal history. In order to make sense of the field and to provide examples that might guide and inspire future research, it identifies and discusses five genres of scholarship.Law as the dependent variable. This genre tries to explain why societies have the laws they do and why laws change over time. Early economic analysis tended to assume that law was efficient, while later scholars have usually adopted more realistic models of judicial and legislative behavior that take into account interest groups, institutions, and transactions costs. Law as an independent variable. Studies of this kind look at the effect of law and legal change on human behavior. Examples include analyses of the Glorious Revolution, legal origin, and nineteenth-century women’s rights legislation.Bidirectional histories. Studies in the first two genres analyze law as either cause or effect. In contrast, bidirectional histories view law and society as interacting in dynamic ways over time. Laws change society, but change in society in turn leads to pressure to change the law, which starts the cycle over again. So, for example, the medieval communal responsibility system fostered international trade by holding traders from the same city or region collectively responsible. Nevertheless, the increase in commerce fostered by the system undermined the effectiveness of collective responsibility and put pressure on cities and nations to develop alternative enforcement institutions.Private ordering. A significant body of historical work investigates the ability of groups to develop norms and practices partly or wholly independently of the state. Such norms include rules relating whaling, the governance of pirate ships, and, more controversially, medieval commercial law (the “law merchant”).Litigation and Contracts. Law and economics has developed an impressive body of theories relating to litigation and the structure of contracts. These theories often shed light on legal behavior in former times, including contracts between slave ship owners and captains, and the suit and settlement decisions of medieval private prosecutors.
Activity participation and well-being among older people with arthritis

This study tests the hypotheses that (a) severity of arthritis is inversely associated with frequency of activity participation, and (b) arthritis sufferers who maintain higher levels of participation, particularly in activities which are social in nature, are less likely to experience a decline in well-being. Three activity types are considered: social, physical, and solitary. Results indicate that well-being is influenced by social activity, whereas solitary and physical activity have minimal impact. This suggests that elders with arthritis need not remove themselves from the pursuit of activity and should be encouraged to develop new interests when physical functioning fails. The study also demonstrates the utility of considering activity as multidimensional.
A Coworking Project in the Campus Library: Supporting and Modeling Entrepreneurial Activity in the Academic Library

Advances in technology, changes in demographics, and the increasingly global nature of the economy indicate that many jobs lost during the recent global recession will not be returning. Regardless of their major field of study, college students would benefit greatly from becoming more entrepreneurial in their thinking, yet opportunities for developing entrepreneurial behaviors on campus, especially for non-business majors, are few. This article describes a coworking project, from creation to follow-up survey, which aimed to create a space within the campus academic library to encourage student, faculty, and entrepreneur collaboration and interaction while demonstrating the economic value of the library.
THE ROLE OF PHYLLOTACTIC PATTERN AS A "DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRAINT" ON THE INTERCEPTION OF LIGHT BY LEAF SURFACES.

Computer simulations of model plants are used to assess the influence of leaf shape, size, and pattern of arrangement (= phyllotaxy) on the direct solar radiation intercepted by leaf surfaces. Changes in phyllotaxy significantly influence light interception (and, by inference, net assimilation rate) for rosette growth habits. However, changes in leaf shape and orientation and in stem length can compensate for the negative effects of leaf overlap produced by phyllotactic patterns. Phyllotaxy is viewed as a developmental limiting factor in photobiology that may necessitate compensatory changes in other morphological features not directly controlled by patterns of leaf initiation. This distinguishes it from functioning as a "developmental constraint" sensu stricto and may provide a paradigm for other features in plant evolution.
Myalgic phenotype and preserved muscle strength in adult-onset acid maltase deficiency

Adult-onset acid maltase deficiency is a rare disorder characterized by progressive proximal muscle weakness and early respiratory insufficiency. We present a case of a 53-year-old woman who presented with several years of severe, diffuse myalgia and no evidence of weakness on examination. Further testing revealed a mildly elevated serum creatine kinase, a subtle vacuolar myopathy, decreased skeletal muscle α-glucosidase activity, and causative mutations in the responsible GAA gene. While likely very uncommon, adult-onset acid maltase deficiency may present with diffuse strength-sparing myalgia.
Does accounting conservatism pay

We investigate whether or not there is a link between conservative accounting practices and the sensitivity of executive pay to accounting performance. Using several accrual-based measures of accounting conservatism as well as alternative measures of accounting performance, we estimate an econometric model of CEO compensation that incorporates the interaction of accounting conservatism and accounting performance. Consistent with optimal contracting theory, we find that the sensitivity of executive pay to accounting performance is higher for firms that report conservative accounting earnings. These results support the hypothesis that accounting conservatism, by limiting earnings management opportunities and improving the reliability of accounting performance measures, allows firms to formulate contracts that tie executive compensation more closely to accounting performance.
Crisis and Democracy in Latin America

Democratization in Latin America took place throughout the 1980s within a context of acute economic crisis, thus posing a sharp challenge to established theory. This essay examines alternative explanations-economic, political, institutional, international-for this paradoxical outcome. It is argued that the political impact of the debt crisis differs for the short, medium, and long terms. The analysis also devotes considerable attention to the concept of “democratization” and to the quality of Latin American democracies, which tend to contain pervasive authoritarian features. Careful reading of these phenomena can lay the foundation for new and enduring theoretical frameworks about the relationship between macroeco-nomic transformation and political change.
The Triangle Technique: A New Evidence-Based Educational Tool for Pediatric Medication Calculations

Abstract Many nursing student verbalize an aversion to mathematical concepts and experience math anxiety whenever a mathematical problem is confronted. Since nurses confront mathematical problems on a daily basis, they must learn to feel comfortable with their ability to perform these calculations correctly. The Triangle Technique, a new educational tool available to nurse educators, incorporates evidence-based concepts within a graphic model using visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles to demonstrate pediatric medication calculations of normal therapeutic ranges. The theoretical framework for the technique is presented, as is a pilot study examining the efficacy of the educational tool. Statistically significant results obtained by Pearson's product-moment correlation indicate that students are better able to calculate accurate pediatric therapeutic dosage ranges after participation in the educational intervention of learning the Triangle Technique.
The Fundamental Group

The first functor we have constructed on Top (actually, on hTop), namely, π0 takes values in Sets; it is of limited use because it merely counts the number of path components. The functor to be constructed in this chapter takes values in Groups, the category of (not necessarily abelian) groups. The basic idea is that one can “multiply” two paths f and g if f ends where g begins.
Case report: manualized trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy with an unaccompanied refugee minor girl

Background : There is uncertainty whether young traumatized refugees should be treated with culturally adapted psychotherapy or with an evidence-based western approach. As yet, empirical studies on culturally adapted treatments for unaccompanied young refugees in industrialized host countries are not available. Studies do, however, suggest that trauma-focused treatment is promising for this group. Objective : We describe the treatment of an unaccompanied refugee minor girl with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who underwent manualized trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT; Cohen, Mannarino, & Deblinger, 2006). Methods : A 17-year-old girl from East Africa, who came to Germany without a caregiver, was treated for PTSD resulting from several traumatic experiences and losses in her home country and while fleeing. She lived in a group home for adolescents. Baseline, post, and follow-up data are reported. Results : The girl participated in 12 sessions of manualized TF-CBT. Her caregiver from the youth services received another 12 sessions in line with the treatment manual. Symptoms decreased in a clinically significant manner; at the end of the treatment, the girl was deemed to have recovered from PTSD. Treatment success remained stable over 6 months. Conclusions : Manualized TF-CBT is feasible for young refugees without significant cultural adaptations. It can, however, be seen as culturally sensitive. Keywords: refugee; asylum-seeking; separated; adolescent; PTSD; trauma-focused; treatment; psychotherapy; manualized (Published: 14 January 2016) Responsible Editor: Jane Herlihy, Centre for the Study of Emotion and Law, UK. For the abstract or full text in other languages, please see Supplementary files in the column to the right (under ‘Article Tools’). Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2016, 7 : 29246 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.29246
Recognition of Libya's Revolutionary National Transitional Council - Diplomatic Policy Variations of Nigeria and South Africa

Variations in diplomatic policy approaches of Nigeria and South Africa in recognizing the Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC) as Africa’s major geo-strategic powers emerged to be an interesting political dynamic in the study of contemporary African diplomacy. With the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR 1973) imposing a no-fly zone to protect civilians, Nigeria and twenty-two (22) African countries supported the international multilateral efforts to recognize the NTC, whilst South Africa and thirty (30) African nations acted unilaterally in failing to support United Nations Multilateral efforts. These foreign policy variations provide several interesting paradigms in the study of transformations taking shape across Africa. On one hand it has strengthened debates around “sovereignty as responsibility,” and changing notions of threats from the frontiers of a nation to one within a nation or one driven by "freedom from pervasive threats to people's rights, safety or lives,” from the other. On another hand it shows the changing dimensions of leadership and a growing consensus on defining policy to meet global norms and challenges of the century. Similarly, the unilateral and multilateral approach seen across the African continent in recognizing the Libyan National Transitional Council (NTC) shows the balance of power dynamics between two African power houses – Nigeria and South Africa. Such divisions across Africa with Nigeria and twenty-two (22) countries recognizing Libya’s National Transitional Council (NTC) as the legitimate governing body, and South Africa with thirty (30) nations not recognizing the NTC brings to light the struggle for prominence between two powers on the African political stage. The paper provides theoretical, empirical and complimentary evidence around Nigerian multilateral action and South Africa’s unilateral action in recognizing the Libyan National Transition Council during the revolution that ended the regime of former Libyan leader Muhammad Gaddafi.
Judging Facts Like Law: The Courts versus Congress in Social Fact-Finding

This article analyzes how the Court should treat legislative views of social facts when such facts provide an essential foundation for the constitutionality of legislation. We reject the notion, which the Court often but inconsistently deploys, that it should treat legislative views of the facts more deferentially than legislative views of the law.Displacing the judiciary from an independent, de novo fact-finding role must depend either on the argument that law is inherently different from fact or that Congress has a greater comparative advantage vis-a-vis the judiciary in finding social facts than in assessing the law. Neither is supportable. There is no analytic dichotomy between law and fact. Law is a social fact.Thus, the key question about whether the judiciary should defer to Congress' fact-finding or rely on its own assessment of social facts is functional. If Congress had a superior ability to find facts, deference might make sense. But we show that Congress' fact-finding abilities are less capacious and more biased than those in the judiciary. As an elected body, Congress is designed to respond to its constituents' subjective desires, not to the objective facts of the world. In contrast, the judiciary is insulated from the preferences of constituents and less subject to partisan bias. Its salient institutional structure is the adversarial proceeding where each side has incentives to scrutinize relentlessly the factual claims of its opponent. Accordingly, the judiciary would appear to be a superior fact-finder both because of its institutional capacity and in its relative lack of bias.The separation of powers also supports a de novo judicial role in fact-finding. It is now well established that each branch of government has the responsibility to measure the text of legislation against the Constitution. By similar logic, each branch has the independent obligation to determine whether facts support the constitutionality of legislation.
Polyclonal Gamma Globulin Suppression and Risk Of MGUS Progression Into Multiple Myeloma

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common form of plasma cell dyscrasia, with a prevalence of 3% in the general population above age of fifty. MGUS has a malignant evolution rate of 1% per year. Large longitudinal studies have suggested that virtually all patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma (MM) had a preceding MGUS, with 75 % having detectible Monoclonal (M) protein ≥8 years prior to diagnosis. It is important to identify the features at diagnosis that can predict neoplastic transformation to MM. Purpose We identified 239 patients at our institute in whom MGUS was diagnosed between 2000 and 2010. The presenting clinico-hematologic features were correlated with the frequency of evolution into MM to identify early predictors of evolution. The primary end point was progression to MM. Results The patients' mean age was 70.7 years. The Male/Female ratio was 0.7. The mean concentration of the M component (MC) was 0.7 g/dL. IgG was the most frequent MC (77%), followed by IgA (13%). The median ratio of MC protein to total protein was 0.5. Single or multiple background polyclonal (PC) suppression was noted in 36% of patients. PC suppression of 50% or more was noted in 20.1% of patients, 49.8% had < 50% and 30.1% had no suppression. Mean bone marrow plasma cell percentage was 4.5 percent and mean hemoglobin was 12.4 g/dL. Eighteen of the 239 patients with MGUS progressed into MM over ten years of follow up. Univariate comparisons of all variables between those who progressed and those who did not, showed that the initial concentration of the serum M protein, ratio of M protein to the total protein, number of PC gamma globulins suppressed, degree of PC suppression and IgM gamma globulin suppression were statistically significant risk factors that correlated with progression into MM. Fourteen out of eighteen patients with progressive disease had either PC suppression or background IgM suppression. Conclusions Monoclonal protein concentration, ratio of M protein to the total protein and abnormal serum free light chain ratio are simple variables that have been shown in multiple previous studies to predict the progression of MGUS into MM. In our study, we additionally found that number of PC suppressed, degree of suppression and IgM suppression are also key risk factors that can predict progression. We believe that these variables can be potentially applied into an approach that uses a detailed risk stratification system to predict which cases of MGUS will progress into MM and to provide more intensive monitoring for patients more likely to progress. View this table: Table 1 descriptive statistics on all variables View this table: Table 2 Univariate comparisons of all variables between those who progressed and those who did not. Bold p-value is statistically significant. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
In Praise of Community Organizers

Community organizing was an issue of discussion during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign. Rather than celebrate its rich history of advocating for labor reform and community revitalization, noted opponents of former community organizer Barack Obama, including Republican vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin, decided to make grassroots community organizing the target of their ridicule and scorn. Given group work's close association with community organizing, in this article in the Social Work with Groups journal, the author aims to set the record straight.
Photomask design method for pattern-integrated interference lithography

Pattern-integrated interference lithography (PIIL) combines multibeam interference lithography and projection lithography simultaneously to produce two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) periodic-lattice-based microstructures in a rapid, single-exposure step. Using a comprehensive PIIL vector model and realistic photolithographic conditions, PIIL exposures for a representative photonic-crystal (PhC) 90 deg bend waveguide are simulated in the volume of the photoresist film. The etched structures in the underlying substrate are estimated as well. Due to the imperfect integration of the photomask within the interference pattern, the interference pattern is locally distorted, thereby impacting the PhC periodic lattice and potentially the device performance. To mitigate these distortions, a photomask optimization method for PIIL is presented in this work. With an improved photomask, pillar-area and pillar-displacement errors in the vicinity of the waveguide are reduced by factors of 3.3 and 2.7, respectively. Furthermore, calculated transmission spectra show that the performance of the PIIL-produced PhC device is as good as that of its idealized equivalent.
Blaming Machismo: How the Social Imaginary is Failing Men with HIV in Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Drawing from an ethnography of HIV care in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, in this article I explore how the social imaginary surrounding gender relations shapes men's experiences of seeking care for and living with HIV. Popular understandings of gender relations, which draw heavily on the machismo concept, intersect with a global health master narrative that frames women as victims in the AIDS epidemic in a way that generates a strong sentiment of blaming machismo within local HIV/AIDS-related services. Statements such as, "it's because of machismo" are used to explain away epidemiological trends. Participant observation in the context of HIV care, coupled with illness narrative interviews, illuminate how blaming machismo shapes men's experiences of care and the ways that they feel excluded from various forms of support. Thus, the illness experiences of men with HIV problematize the machismo concept and how it is drawn upon in the context of care.
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH DUE TO CORONARY VASOSPASM

Coronary vasospasm may result in myocardial infarct (MI), ventricular arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. Survivors of cardiac arrest from this condition are at increased risk for recurrent spasm, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD), despite normal cardiac function and medical
Commercial fishers' perceptions of jellyfish interference in the Northern California Current

Jellyfish disruption of fisheries has been described in some coastal systems, but few thorough investigations have been conducted. To ascertain the economic impact and trend of jellyfish blooms in the Northern California Current (NCC), we mailed surveys to resident commercial shrimpers, salmon trollers, rockfish (blue, black), and groundfish fishers (n 1⁄4 872). We asked fishers to estimate the damages caused by jellyfish—including costs of relocating to avoid blooms, lost fishing time, time lost to bycatch sorting, fish depreciation, and gear damage. Of the total respondents (n 1⁄4 111), 67% reported that jellyfish reduce their seasonal revenue, but the degree of impact ranged considerably by fishery and location. Highest jellyfish nuisance corresponded to regions with the most salmon trolling effort. Using the mean revenue losses provided by respondents, we estimate that the combined economic impact of jellyfish onOregon’s salmon and pink shrimp fishers was over $650 000 in peak jellyfish season (June–September) in 2012. Fishers reported that jellyfish biomass varies annually, butmost respondents (51%) reported observing no appreciable change in jellyfish populations in the last 5 years. Since economic impact analyses have been conducted primarily in areas with anomalous, highdensity blooms, data from the NCC, which is not known to be experiencing increases in jellyfish abundance, provides baseline information on the socio-economic impact of jellyfish blooms in this region. In addition, the finding that jellyfish impact hook and line fisheries—not solely net fisheries—has implications for many other regions where fishers employ this gear type.
Flushing under Source Uncertainties

Upon determination of a possible contamination threat in a water distribution network, a variety of response actions (e.g., public notification and operational changes) can be pursued in order to minimize public health and economic impacts and ultimately return the utility to normal operations. Flushing is a relatively common operational response option employed by utilities to address water quality concerns. Previously, an optimal hydraulic response tool was developed to help identify the best hydrant locations to flush. However, in order to apply this tool the contaminant injection location needs to be known. In previous research efforts, either the injection location was assumed to be known, or a sensor coverage map, which displays all contamination incidents potentially detected by a sensor, was employed to identify all possible injection locations. While the flushing locations selected for a known source location were effective in reducing impacts, the locations selected based on sensor coverage maps were not as effective. Therefore, in this study, a source location algorithm based on an event backtracking analysis is used to identify the most likely source locations. An example network model and multiple injection locations are used to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach. In addition, the reduction in impacts between the three different source identification approaches (i.e., known, sensor coverage map, backtracking) were compared. Overall, knowing the contaminant injection location greatly influences the effectiveness of the flushing response. For this study, the smaller amount of possible source locations, the greater the reduction in impacts. If only one source location is identified, the impact reduction could be as high as 98%. However, when 18 possible sources were identified from the sensor coverage map approach, only a reduction of 2% was achieved.
Income Inequality Among LDCs: A Comparative Analysis of Alternative Perspectives

This paper empirically examines several alternative explanations of income inequality among sixty-three less developed countries (LDCs). It finds substantial evidence relating the stock of foreign capital and the rate of economic growth to income distribution in the manner predicted by the newer dependency school and the modernization school, respectively. On the other hand, it fails to find support for the statist perspective, the democracy perspective, and the perspective on distributional coalitions. Instead, military participation and population density are found to exercise a more robust and significant influence in curtailing the income share of the wealthy and in raising the income share of the poor. The implications of these results for the various theoretical traditions are explored. The phenomenon of socioeconomic equality or inequality has been an enduring research concern for economists, sociologists, and political scientists. Cross-national empirical analyses of this phenomenon have focused primarily on income distribution and have been approached from a variety of theoretical and methodological perspectives. Given the diversity of data samples, methods employed, and substantive concerns, the collective research output often appears confusing and, in some cases, downright contradictory. In particular, much of the empirical work tends to relate only to other studies following the same theoretical tradition and thus fails to speak to those belonging to a different school. This paper, therefore, attempts to summarize and compare empirically several leading alternative explanations of cross-national differences in income equality among a sample of sixty-three less developed countries (LDCs). It considers a relatively broad array of perspectives and factors in order to offer a more comprehensive account of income inequality among the LDCs and in order to identify areas of convergence and divergence among the various theoretical traditions treated. The paper has four sections. I first review major alternative explanations of income inequality suggested by the pertinent literature. I then discuss the operational indicators used in the data analyses. I present and discuss the results of these analy
Current concepts and controversies in meniscal imaging.

SUMMARY For diagnosing meniscal pathology, MR imaging remains the most powerful noninvasive tool available. The radiologist must pay careful attention to the technical aspects of the examination to achieve the best results. Short-TE spin-echo imaging is the mainstay for meniscal imaging, and any newly proposed techniques must be critically compared with this standard. Although the accuracy of MR imaging meets or exceeds that of clinical examination, the accuracy decreases in knees with concomitant ligament tears. In these circumstances, however, the superiority of MR imaging over physical examination is even greater, making imaging even more valuable. Meniscal imaging will not realize its full potential until the critical details that determine treatment can be reliably and completely demonstrated noninvasively. The authors eagerly await further studies examining the MR imaging signs of meniscal tear morphology, stability, and reparability.
Primary Closure or T-Tube Drainage After Open or Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration?

Common bile duct exploration (CBDE) is an operation that can be performed either laparoscopically or open in order to treat choledocholithiasis by removing stones from the common bile duct. CBDE can be performing via either a transcystic approach or a transcholedochal one, in which an incision (or choledochotomy) is made directly into the common bile duct in order to access the stones within it. Traditionally this cholecdochotomy have been closed around an external drain, or “T-tube”, at the end of CBDE operations, in order to drain the biliary system and allow access for future interventions should the need arise. However, recent data suggesting that primary closure of the choledochotomy may in fact be a superior technique have challenged the surgical dogma of routine T-tube placement after CBDE.
The Shaping of the First Republic: an Introduction

The outstanding fact in Brazilian nineteenth century economic history was the great development of coffee production from the 1830s. On the one hand the rapid spread of coffee plantations in the hinterland of the state of Rio de Janeiro consolidated the southward drift of the dynamic nucleus of economic activity begun with the gold rush of the eighteenth century and gave birth to a class of wealthy slave-owning planters who became the political mainstay of the imperial regime established after Brazil’s political independence from Portugal in 1822. On the other hand it defined the pattern in which the country was to be integrated in the new international division of labour emerging during the Pax Britannica. Its main characteristics were the growth of the new staple’s exports to the United States — which towards the end of the century would become Brazil’s largest market — and other dynamic coffee-consuming countries such as the German States; a great dependence on industrial imports, especially from the United Kingdom, until the decline of British competition and import substitution in cotton textiles and other British industrial staples substantially reduced her share in Brazilian imports in the last decades of the century; and a growing foreign long-term debt in the form of both government loans issued in London for fiscal reasons since political independence through Rothschilds — who became the sole agent for the Brazilian government by the middle of the century — and, later, of public utility company loans, mostly railway loans, which increased substantially from the late 1860s.
Relation of intelligence quotient and body mass index in Iranian children: A community-based cross-sectional study

O and obesity in the children is a global problem. Besides physical effects, obesity has harmful psychological effects on children. We conducted a cross-sectional community-based study to investigate the relationship of Body Mass Index (BMI) with cognitive functioning in preschool children. Thirteen socio-economical elements of 1151 children was measured and analyzed based on their intelligence quantities (IQ) test results. Thirteen out of 33 provinces were selected randomly and schools selected as the clusters in rural and urban areas. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and regression were used when appropriate. Our analysis showed that IQwas associated with, Household income, Place of Residence, Previous, Delivery Type, Infant Feeding, Father’s educational level and Mother’s educational level (P< 0.001 for all). With using penalized linear regression for eliminating the impact of confounding factor, our study shows, living in Metropolitan (β=2.411) and urban area (β=2.761), level of participants’ fathers education (β=5.251) was positively and BMI (β=-0.594) was negatively related with IQ test results. The findings of present study showed that a lower IQ score is associated with higher BMI. Although this relation appears to be largely mediated when socioeconomic, status considered.
Innovation and Artistry in Phaedrus’ Morals

In his creative and original deployment of the ‘morals’ attached to his fables, Phaedrus boldly asserts his independence from the prosaic fable tradition and embeds his work within the framework of a broadly fictionalized poetic career. While pro- and epimythia in Phaedrus have attracted scholarly attention as aides in calculating his chronology or deciphering his perspective on life in Rome, Phaedrian ‘morals’ do more than express a particular historical or socio-political outlook. Indeed, in his morals Phaedrus repeatedly challenges the idea that fables carry any universal or even coherent meaning, and in so doing he transforms the traditional framing devices into sites for the development of his complex poetic persona.
Real-time anomaly detection in side-scan sonar imagery for adaptive AUV missions

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) operations are inherently bandwidth limited but increasingly data intensive. This leads to large latencies between the capture of image data and the time at which operators are able to make informed decisions using the results of a survey. As AUV endurance and reliability continue to improve, there is a greater need for real-time data processing to inform on-board adaptive mission planning. In this paper, we present an anomaly detection framework based on saliency and rarity and demonstrate it using existing side-scan sonar datasets collected by an AUV. Salient regions are first identified using a novel method with analogies to keypoint detection in traditional image processing. Models of these regions are then learned to determine rarity using an online approach for real-time use during a mission. The algorithm we present will be implemented in field trials later this year. This approach to adaptive mission planning enables an AUV to both resurvey anomalies at higher resolutions and selectively transmit imagery for operator analysis and feedback within the scope of a single deployment.
70 – Sex Differences in Autoimmune Diseases

For decades it has been known that females are more susceptible than males to most autoimmune diseases. These include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, to name a few. This increased susceptibility in females, as compared to males, has also been observed in animal models of autoimmune diseases, such as spontaneous SLE in (NZB×NZW)F1 and NZM.2328 mice, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice, thyroiditis, Sjogren's syndrome in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice, and diabetes in NOD mice. Sex hormones and/or sex-linked gene inheritance may be responsible for the enhanced susceptibility of females to these autoimmune diseases. In general, it has been documented that females have more robust immune responses than males (Whitacre et al., 1999). This difference in immune response is thought to be responsible, at least in part, for the greater susceptibility of females to a variety of autoimmune diseases. An effect of sex on the immune response does not, however, preclude additional effects of sex on the target organs of these autoimmune diseases, such as the CNS in MS (Cerghet et al., 2006; Spring et al., 2007). In this chapter, we consider the sex bias in autoimmune disease with respect to pathophysiologic processes in both the immune system and in the target organ.
Dialogue or proclamation? Communication ethics and the problem of persuasion in mission:

This article utilizes the field of communication ethics to sharpen a critique of a form of interreligious dialogue that de-emphasizes the necessity of proclamation, as well as to provide helpful to...
E-cigarette awareness, perceived harmfulness, and ever use among U.S. adults

The overarching aims of this study are to (a) estimate and update knowledge on rates and predictors of awareness, perceived harmfulness, and ever use of e-cigarettes among U.S. adults and (b) to utilize that information to identify risk-factor profiles associated with ever use. Data were collected from the 2015 Health Information National Trends Survey (N=3738). Logistic regression was used to explore relationships between sociodemographics (gender, age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, educational attainment, income, and census region), current use of other tobacco products (conventional cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco), ever use of alternative products (hookah, pipes, roll-your-own cigarettes, and snus) and e-cigarette awareness, perceived harm, and ever use. Classification and regression tree (CART) modeling was used to examine risk-factor profiles of e-cigarette ever use. Results showed that most respondents were aware of e-cigarettes (83.6%) and perceived them to be not at all or moderately harmful (54.7%). Prevalence of e-cigarette ever use was 22.4%. Current cigarette smoking and ever use of alternative tobacco products were powerful predictors of use. Other predictors of use of e-cigarettes were age, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment. Awareness and perceived harm were significant predictors among particular smoker subgroups. Fifteen risk profiles were identified across which prevalence of e-cigarette use varied from 6 to 94%. These results underscore the need to continue monitoring patterns of e-cigarette use. They also provide new knowledge regarding risk-profiles associated with striking differences in prevalence of e-cigarette use that have the potential to be helpful when considering the need for or impact of e-cigarette regulatory policies.
Exploring Reinforcement Learning for Mobile Percussive Collaboration.

This paper presents a system for mobile percussive collaboration. We show that reinforcement learning can incrementally learn percussive beat patterns played by humans and supports real-time collaborative performance in the absence of one or more performers. This work leverages an existing integration between urMus and Soar and addresses multiple challenges involved in the deployment of machine-learning algorithms for mobile music expression, including tradeoffs between learning speed & quality; interface design for human collaborators; and real-time performance and improvisation.
Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and Risk of Community-Acquired Sepsis

While air pollution has been associated with health complications, its effect on sepsis risk is unknown. We examined the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and risk of sepsis hospitalization. We analyzed data from the 30,239 community-dwelling adults in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort linked with satellite-derived measures of PM2.5 data. We defined sepsis as a hospital admission for a serious infection with ≥2 systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) criteria. We performed incidence density sampling to match sepsis cases with 4 controls by age (±5 years), sex, and race. For each matched group we calculated mean daily PM2.5 exposures for short-term (30-day) and long-term (one-year) periods preceding the sepsis event. We used conditional logistic regression to evaluate the association between PM2.5 exposure and sepsis, adjusting for education, income, region, temperature, urbanicity, tobacco and alcohol use, and medical conditions. We matched 1386 sepsis cases with 5544 non-sepsis controls. Mean 30-day PM2.5 exposure levels (Cases 12.44 vs. Controls 12.34 µg/m3; p = 0.28) and mean one-year PM2.5 exposure levels (Cases 12.53 vs. Controls 12.50 µg/m3; p = 0.66) were similar between cases and controls. In adjusted models, there were no associations between 30-day PM2.5 exposure levels and sepsis (4th vs. 1st quartiles OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.85–1.32). Similarly, there were no associations between one-year PM2.5 exposure levels and sepsis risk (4th vs. 1st quartiles OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.78–1.18). In the REGARDS cohort, PM2.5 air pollution exposure was not associated with risk of sepsis.
Association Between Immigration History and Inflammatory Marker Profiles Among Older Adult Mexican Americans.

ABSTRACTForeign-born Hispanics have better cardiometabolic health upon arrival in the US than their US-born counterparts, yet this advantage diminishes as duration of residence in the US increases. Underlying mechanisms explaining this paradox have been understudied. Using data from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA), this study examined immigration history (immigrant generation and duration of US residence) in relation to biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble forms of type 1 and 2 receptors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2), C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, adiponectin) in a sample of 1,290 predominantly Mexican-origin immigrants. Second and ≥3rd generation immigrants had higher IL-6 and leptin levels than 1st generation immigrants living in the US for less than 15 years (2nd generation percent difference = 45.9; 95% CI: 24.7, 70.7 and 3rd generation percent difference = 41.8; 95% CI: 17.7, 70.4). CRP and sTNF-R1 levels were higher among ≥3rd generat...