cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detonation Performance of Ten Forms of 5,5′-Dinitro-2H,2H′-3,3′-bi-1,2,4-triazole (DNBT)

Hydrate formation is a common mechanism by which the energetic performance of explosives can be degraded; the reason for this performance reduction has been difficult to tie to any physical parameter because typically only one solvate of a given energetic is known. A deep investigation into the effects of hydration and density on detonation performance is presented here, made possible by the discovery of numerous crystalline forms of the energetic 5,5′-dinitro-2H,2H′-3,3′-bi-1,2,4-triazole (DNBT). The detonation velocities and pressures of DNBT and its hydrates are reported and compared, revealing that the primary way in which hydration depresses detonation velocity and pressure is through a decrease in crystallographic density. The specific impulses for DNBT and its hydrates are also reported and indicate that hydration decreases the specific impulse by diluting the propellant with molecules that do not productively contribute to energy release. In order to produce a high-performing phase-pure form of DN...
Identification of a Salt Blend: Application of the Electronic Tongue, Consumer Evaluation, and Mixture Design Methodology

Replacement of NaCl with other salts is becoming increasingly common as part of a salt reduction strategy, but these salts may confer unwanted sensory changes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between consumer perception and electronic tongue detection of different salts and their mixtures currently used in salt reduction. NaCl and replacement salts (KCl and CaCl2 ) were identified, and using mixture design methodology, mixtures (n = 10) were prepared in aqueous solutions and validated in tomato soup. A potentiometric electronic tongue, panelists with orientation (n = 30), and a consumer panel (n = 94 - solutions; n = 100 - soups) were used to evaluate the samples. Significant differences were found between salt mixtures in solutions and soups by both panelists and consumers (P 0.90) were found between sensory and electronic tongue data. Upon application of contour plots and desirability function analysis, an optimal replacement value was identified as one containing 96.4% NaCl, 1.6% KCl, and 2.0% CaCl2 . Additional salt blends could be created to continue to reduce NaCl and increase the other two salts, for further potential health benefits, without significantly impacting predicted acceptance scores. Results from this study indicate the potential for the electronic tongue, sensory evaluation, and mixture design methodology to work together during product reformulations to achieve salt reduction targets. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results show that salt mixtures vary in perception and acceptance in different matrices, and thus should be evaluated on a product by product basis. With its ability to discriminate among various salts, the application of the electronic tongue could be useful for industry in the development of products with different salt formulations to reduce NaCl within processed foods. Additionally, mixture design can help find a predicted optimum mixture for the product under investigation.
Aerobic Pushups: Cutaneous Ventilation in Overwintering Smooth Softshell Turtles, Apalone mutica

We observed the behavior of overwintering Smooth Softshell Turtles, Apalone mutica, in an outdoor simulated pond with remote cameras. Submerged overwintering turtles partially buried themselves in a sand/mud substrate where they periodically raised and lowered the posterior portion of their body into the water column in a “push-up” fashion. Push-ups occurred with variable frequency and were similar in appearance and amplitude within and among individual turtles. Push-up frequency was positively correlated with water temperature and was paused more often at lower water temperatures. We also observed push-up behavior of A. mutica under simulated winter conditions in laboratory aquaria. Turtles maintained in water with 95–100% dissolved oxygen content executed pushups less frequently than turtles in water with lower oxygen content. Our observations of push-up behavior in A. mutica in an outdoor enclosure and laboratory are consistent with a respiratory ventilation function. Softshell turtles, known to be highly intolerant of anoxia, ostensibly sustain aerobic metabolism by creating currents that replenish the oxygen-depleted boundary layer between the turtle's thin vascularized skin and oxygenated water.
Quantum phase transition and sliding Luttinger liquid in coupled t-J chains

Using a recently proposed perturbative numerical renormalization-group algorithm, we explore the connection between quantum criticality and the emergence of Luttinger liquid physics in $t-J$ chains coupled by frustrated interactions. This study is built on an earlier finding that at the maximally frustrated point, the ground state of weakly-coupled Heisenberg chains is disordered, the transverse exchanges being irrelevant. This result is extended here to transverse couplings up to $J_{\perp}=0.6$, and we argue that it may also be valid at the isotropic point. A finite size analysis of coupled Heisenberg chains in the vicinity of the maximally frustrated point confirms that the transverse spin-spin correlations decay exponentially while the longitudinal ones revert to those of decoupled chains. We find that this behavior persists upon moderate hole doping $x \alt 0.75$. For larger doping, the frustration becomes inactive and the quantum critical point is suppressed.
Cultivating Capital for High School Newcomers: A Case Study of an Urban Newcomer Classroom

This qualitative case study examines how students in a high school newcomer program experience the development of social and cultural capital. Newcomer programs are created by K-12 schools with large influxes of refugees and immigrants. This case study data stems from a larger ethnographic study of a newcomer program at Georgetown High, an urban secondary school in the Northeast region of the United States. Using Bourdieu’s (1986) social and cultural capital theory as a framework for the study we provide an overview of the literature on the importance of helping newcomers build social and cultural capital. Themes arising from the data as representations of the experiences of newcomers building capital and the role of the teacher in that development is explored further. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications of the case for research, policy, and practice.
Can CDK4/6 inhibitors cause fatal lung injury?

The CDK4/6 inhibitors – palbociclib, abemaciclib, and ribociclib – have been approved to be used with aromatase inhibitors/fulvestrant in the setting of advanced, hormone receptor-positive breast c...
Grounded Coplanar Waveguide-Fed Millimeter Wave Volumetric Pyramidal Horn on LTCC

There is a strong interest to implement antenna-in-package (AiP) systems for a variety of applications such as imaging, beamforming, integrated transceivers, and radars. Substrate integrated horn antennas are valuable AiP candidates due to their small form factor, ease of integration, and high gain. Alternatively, a volumetric packaging approach can significantly reduce the antenna’s form factor and enhance the gain. For the first time, in this paper, we present a 94GHz low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) integrated volumetric pyramidal horn antenna. Using a vertical LTCC approach, a GCPW-fed single horn antenna was designed. Results show that the antenna operates from 91.6GHz to 95.6GHz for S 11 < 10dB, with a realized gain of 8.7dBi.
Conclusions from the Financial Industry

This chapter compares and contrasts the banks’ diversity communication and the users’ interactions in order to ascertain the most effective ways to communicate (about) diversity in the financial sector. In addition, it proposes a model with practical applications.
Strain-Level Identification of Bacterial Tomato Pathogens Directly from Metagenomic Sequences

Routine strain-level identification of plant pathogens directly from symptomatic tissue could significantly improve plant disease control and prevention. Here we tested the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION sequencer for metagenomic sequencing of tomato plants either artificially inoculated with a known strain of the bacterial speck pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato or collected in the field and showing bacterial spot symptoms caused by one of four Xanthomonas species. After species-level identification via ONT's WIMP software and the third-party tools Sourmash and MetaMaps, we used Sourmash and MetaMaps with a custom database of representative genomes of bacterial tomato pathogens to attempt strain-level identification. In parallel, each metagenome was assembled and the longest contigs were used as query with the genome-based microbial identification Web service LINbase. Both the read-based and assembly-based approaches correctly identified P. syringae pv. tomato strain T1 in the artificially inoculated samples. The pathogen strain in most field samples was identified as a member of Xanthomonas perforans group 2. This result was confirmed by whole genome sequencing of colonies isolated from one of the samples. Although in our case metagenome-based pathogen identification at the strain level was achieved, caution still must be exercised in interpreting strain-level results because of the challenges inherent to assigning reads to specific strains and the error rate of nanopore sequencing.
Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans.

Summary Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread rapidly across the USA, causing extensive morbidity and mortality, particularly in the African American community. Autopsy can considerably contribute to our understanding of many disease processes and could provide crucial information to guide management of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We report on the relevant cardiopulmonary findings in, to our knowledge, the first autopsy series of ten African American decedents, with the cause of death attributed to COVID-19. Methods Autopsies were performed on ten African American decedents aged 44–78 years with cause of death attributed to COVID-19, reflective of the dominant demographic of deaths following COVID-19 diagnosis in New Orleans. Autopsies were done with consent of the decedents' next of kin. Pulmonary and cardiac features were examined, with relevant immunostains to characterise the inflammatory response, and RNA labelling and electron microscopy on representative sections. Findings Important findings include the presence of thrombosis and microangiopathy in the small vessels and capillaries of the lungs, with associated haemorrhage, that significantly contributed to death. Features of diffuse alveolar damage, including hyaline membranes, were present, even in patients who had not been ventilated. Cardiac findings included individual cell necrosis without lymphocytic myocarditis. There was no evidence of secondary pulmonary infection by microorganisms. Interpretation We identify key pathological states, including thrombotic and microangiopathic pathology in the lungs, that contributed to death in patients with severe COVID-19 and decompensation in this demographic. Management of these patients should include treatment to target these pathological mechanisms. Funding None.
Differences Between U.S. Workers With Asthma by Paid Sick Leave Status: An Analysis of the 2018 National Health Interview Survey:

Having asthma is a chronic condition that requires both acute and preventive care as a vital component of asthma action plans. This study looks at how having access to paid sick leave days may be i...
Emotional Eating Mediates the Relationship Between Food Insecurity and Obesity in Latina Women.

Abstract Objective To examine the mediating role of emotional eating (EE) in the association between food insecurity (FI) and obesity in Latina women. Design A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study. Participants Women (n = 297) were recruited from a community health center in Lawrence, MA. Variables measured The 6-item US Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Scale was used to measure FI. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised 18-item, version 2 was used to measure EE. Measured height and weight were used to calculate body mass index. Covariates included: age, education, marital status, number of children in the house, physical activity, and country of birth. Analysis Multivariable logistic and linear regressions. Mediation was tested and the mediated proportion was calculated. Results Overall, 36.7% of women experienced FI. In adjusted regression models, FI was positively associated with obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–2.97; P = 0.02) and EE (β = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.001–0.44; P = 0.05), and EE was positively associated with obesity (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.37–2.42; P Conclusions and Implications Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the findings. If the findings are confirmed, future studies can explore interventions to ameliorate EE among Latina women experiencing FI, and providers can screen for EE in Latinas experiencing FI.
Modeling, estimation, and analysis of epidemics over networks: An overview

Abstract We present and discuss a variety of mathematical models that have been proposed to capture the dynamic behavior of epidemic processes. We first present traditional group models for which no underlying graph structures are assumed, thus implying that instantaneous mixing between all members of a population occurs. Then we consider models driven by similar principles, but involving non-trivial networks where spreading occurs between connected nodes. We present stability analysis results for selected models from both classes, as well as simple least squares approaches for estimating the spreading parameters of the virus from data for each basic networked model structure. We also provide some simulation models. The paper should serve as a succinct, accessible guide for systems and control research efforts toward understanding and combating COVID-19 and future pandemics.
Crosslinguistic influence on L2 implicature computation for determiners

Abstract This paper explores the extent to which L1-Korean L2-English speakers’ L1 influences the computation of conversational implicatures for the definite and demonstrative determiners the and that in English. Both the and that denote unique referents, but that carries implication of contrast ( Roberts, 2002 ). Following Submaxim 2 of the Gricean Quantity Maxim, using that instead of unmarked the implicates that the referent is being implicitly contrasted with other members of the same noun. Korean has no equivalent for the and the demonstrative ku ‘that’ is situated on the semantic scale between the and that. This partial overlap could influence L1-Korean L2-English speakers’ implicature computation even though ku also carries implication of contrast. Acceptability judgment data indicate that unlike native speakers, L2 speakers did not show sensitivity to infelicitous use of that, indicating difficulty computing implicatures. Results are discussed in terms of crosslinguistic influence at the semantics-pragmatics interface in L2 acquisition.
Abstract LB226: Maternal microbiome protects host against clonal de novo transformation, early onset systemic metastasis, and sudden death

The role of maternal microbiome transmitted at birth in cancer control is poorly understood. We have developed the first germfree B6 mouse model of breast cancer to investigate the role of the maternal microbiome in controlling oncogenic/metastatic frequencies of pro-oncogenic mammary cells. In this model, a DNA barcoded, primitive normal mouse mammary epithelial cell encoding MMTV-PyMT oncogene, was transplanted in large numbers into conventional or germfree B6 mice. Next-gen sequencing analysis of the DNA barcodes in tissues enabled us to clonally track millions of cells and measure the frequency and growth dynamics of clones at the primary site and their systemic distribution in circulation and all vital organs, generating an unprecedented high-definition map of cancer progression. Our results show that in conventional B6 mice with maternal microbial transmission at-birth, a small fraction (~0.01%) of transplanted cells transform de novo and produce slow growing, late-onset benign tumors (mouse median survival of > 1 year). In contrast, in germfree B6 mice, a >10-fold higher frequency of cells transform de novo and generate early-onset, highly aggressive metastatic clones, and are frequently associated with features leading to early euthanasia or endpoint (i.e. sudden death, intracardiac metastasis, paralysis, swollen abdomen, early multiorgan aggressive metastasis) (median survival of ~4 months; p 1 year; p Citation Format: Nagarajan Kannan, Syed Mohammed Musheer Aalam, Xiaojia Tang, Krishna Kalari, Purna Kashyap, Jun Chen, Stephen Johnson, Anguraj Sadanandam, Mark Sherman. Maternal microbiome protects host against clonal de novo transformation, early onset systemic metastasis, and sudden death [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB226.
Effect of Graph Structure on the Limit Sets of Threshold Dynamical Systems

We study the attractor structure of standard block-sequential threshold dynamical systems. In a block-sequential update, the vertex set of the graph is partitioned into blocks, and the blocks are updated sequentially while the vertices within each block are updated in parallel. There are several notable previous results concerning the two extreme cases of block-sequential update: (i) sequential and (ii) parallel. While parallel threshold systems can have limit cycles of length at most two, sequential systems can have only fixed points. However, Goles and Montealegre [5] showed the existence of block-sequential threshold systems that have arbitrarily long limit cycles. Motivated by this result, we study how the underlying graph structure influences the limit cycle structure of block-sequential systems. We derive a sufficient condition on the graph structure so that the system has only fixed points as limit cycles. We also identify several well-known graph families that satisfy this condition.
Drugs and Cancer Propagation

Cancer is one of the most significant healthcare issues in both the developed and undeveloped world. The American Cancer Society projects that over 1,638,910 new cancer cases and over 577,190 cancer-related deaths will occur in the United States alone this year. The most prevalent cancers in the United States are breast, prostate, lung, and gastrointestinal, respectively.
Assay methods for retroviral proteases.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the assay methods for retroviral proteases; most have been closely tailored to match specific experimental requirements. A variety of assay methods for retroviral proteases have been developed in response to different experimental requirements, such as initial identification of a protease, subsequent enzymatic characterization, and high-capacity automated screening of potential inhibitors. These assays can be divided into two major groups: the first involving (discontinuous) analysis of samples withdrawn at various times and the second allowing continuous analysis. In the first group, cleavage of polypeptide or polyprotein substrates can be evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in conjunction with either autoradiography or immunoblotting, whereas cleavage of peptide substrates can be evaluated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), radiometry, or colorimetric assay. The choice of assay method is thus dependent both on the nature of the substrate to be tested and on the requirements for speed, sensitivity, and potential for quantitation and automation.
Foreign Ownership and Firm Value in Japan

I examine the relation between Tobin's Q and the structure of foreign equity ownership for a sample of 945 industrial firms listed in the 1st Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. I find evidence of significant curvilinear relation between Q and the fraction of common stocks owned by foreigners in Japan. Q rises until foreign ownership reaches approximately 40% to 45%, then falls back. It appears that, in Japan, foreign institutional investors are good monitors, and foreign industrial firms increase their stakes after firms showing poor operating performance. I also find that R&D intensity and foreign ownership have weaker but a similar pattern of concave nonlinear relationship in Japan. Future research will add variables like foreign CEO appointments and the fraction of foreign members serving in the board, and examine how these variables can affect firm value in Japan.
Measuring computer performance : A practitioner's guide

Measuring Computer Performance sets out the fundamental techniques used in analyzing and understanding the performance of computer systems. Throughout the book, the emphasis is on practical methods of measurement, simulation, and analytical modeling. The author discusses performance metrics and provides detailed coverage of the strategies used in benchmark programmes. He gives intuitive explanations of the key statistical tools needed to interpret measured performance data. He also describes the general 'design of experiments' technique, and shows how the maximum amount of information can be obtained for the minimum effort. The book closes with a chapter on the technique of queueing analysis. Appendices listing common probability distributions and statistical tables are included, along with a glossary of important technical terms. This practically-oriented book will be of great interest to anyone who wants a detailed, yet intuitive, understanding of computer systems performance analysis.
Violent Externalities and Electoral Incentives: Understanding the Political Basis for 'Mexico's War on Drugs'

In recent years, Mexican President Felipe Calderon has declared “war” on the Mexican drug-trafficking organizations (DTOs). Over 10,000 individuals have been killed in drug related violence between January 2007 and June 2009, with many of the violent deaths concentrated in a few states such as Chihuahua and Sinaloa. I argue that the concentrated nature of the drug related violence is partially shaped by electoral politics. Furthermore, I theorize that the concentrated costs of the anti-narco campaign can be explained by the continued struggle between Calderon's PAN party and the once dominant PRI party. Using regression analysis and after controlling for the number of DTOs that operate in a given state, I ﬁnd that the level of support that the PRI enjoyed in the July 2, 2006 Chamber of Deputies general election is positively correlated with the amount of drug related deaths subsequently experienced in that state between January 2007 through July 2009.
Virus-Like Vesicle-Based Therapeutic Vaccine Vectors for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection.

More than 500,000 people die each year from the liver diseases that result from chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Therapeutic vaccines, which aim to elicit an immune response capable of controlling the virus, offer a potential new treatment strategy for chronic hepatitis B. Recently, an evolved, high-titer vaccine platform consisting of Semliki Forest virus RNA replicons that express the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) has been described. This platform generates virus-like vesicles (VLVs) that contain VSV G but no other viral structural proteins. We report here that the evolved VLV vector engineered to additionally express the HBV middle surface envelope glycoprotein (MHBs) induces functional CD8 T cell responses in mice. These responses were greater in magnitude and broader in specificity than those obtained with other immunization strategies, including recombinant protein and DNA. Additionally, a single immunization with VLV-MHBs protected mice from HBV hydrodynamic challenge, and this protection correlated with the elicitation of a CD8 T cell recall response. In contrast to MHBs, a VLV expressing HBV core protein (HBcAg) neither induced a CD8 T cell response in mice nor protected against challenge. Finally, combining DNA and VLV-MHBs immunization led to induction of HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses in a transgenic mouse model of chronic HBV infection. The ability of VLV-MHBs to induce a multispecific T cell response capable of controlling HBV replication, and to generate immune responses in a tolerogenic model of chronic infection, indicates that VLV vaccine platforms may offer a unique strategy for HBV therapeutic vaccination. IMPORTANCE HBV infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, treatments for chronic infection are suboptimal and rarely result in complete elimination of the virus. Therapeutic vaccines represent a unique approach to HBV treatment and have the potential to induce long-term control of infection. Recently, a virus-based vector system that combines the nonstructural proteins of Semliki Forest virus with the VSV glycoprotein has been described. In this study, we used this system to construct a novel HBV vaccine and demonstrated that the vaccine is capable of inducing virus-specific immune responses in mouse models of acute and chronic HBV replication. These findings highlight the potential of this new vaccine system and support the idea that highly immunogenic vaccines, such as viral vectors, may be useful in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
Localization of a gene which complements branched-chain amino acid transaminase deficiency to the short arm of human chromosome 12

A humanxChinese hamster somatic cell hybrid (J1) containing only one human chromosome (number 11) does not express branched-chain amino acid transaminase and, therefore, cannot grow if the branched-α-keto acids are substituted for the branched-chain amino acids in the growth medium. J1 cells, which are glycine auxotrophs (Gly A), were fused with normal human lymphocytes and the resulting hybrids selectively isolated in glycine-free medium. A total of 16 primary and 46 secondary clones were analyzed for isozymic and nutritional markers. Cytogenetic analysis with chromosome banding was also performed on selected hybrid clones. The results provide evidence that branched-chain amino acid transaminase is syntenic with lactic dehydrogenase B and is located on the short arm of human chromosome 12.
Mitosis in the hemoflagellate Trypanosoma cyclops.

SYNOPSIS. The ultrastructure of interphase and mitotic nuclei of the epimastigote form of Trypanosoma cyclops Weinman is described. In the interphase nucleus the nucleolus is located centrally while at the periphery of the nucleus condensed chromatin is in contact with the nuclear envelope. The nucleolus fragments at the onset of mitosis, but granular material of presumptive nucleolar origin is often recognizable in the mitotic nucleus. Peripheral chromatin is in contact with the nuclear envelope throughout mitosis, and it seems reasonable to assume that the nuclear envelope is involved in its segregation to the daughter nuclei. Spindle microtubules extend between the poles of the dividing nucleus and terminate close to the nuclear envelope. The basal body and kinetoplast divide before the onset of mitosis and do not appear to have any morphologic involvement in that process. Spindle pole bodies, kinetochores, and chromosomal microtubules have not been observed.
Advection-radiation fog near lake Michigan

Abstract Two years of visibility measurements made about 1 and 19 km from Lake Michigan are analyzed to determine occurrences of advection-radiation fog. Occurrences at both stations are most frequent in the summer months, and the 1-km station has about twice as many hours of fog as the 19-km station. The reason is that a combination of onshore gradient winds and lake breezes acts to maintain higher average relative humidities at the 1-km station, with terrain differences of secondary importance.
Opiate antagonists overcome the learned helplessness effect but impair competent escape performance

Rats exposed to inescapable shocks exhibited deficiencies in learning to escape shock in a novel situation 24 hours later (learned helplessness). Opiate antagonists (naloxone or naltrexone) blocked the learned helplessness effect, allowing efficient escape performance on the subsequent test. In contrast, these drugs impaired the performance of rats pretrained with escapable shocks and animals with no previous exposure to shock. Both effects occurred at small doses and increased substantially with higher doses. The results suggest a significant role for endogenous opiates in the induction of learned helplessness as well as in the acquisition of efficient escape behavior.
Meteoritic Impact and Deformation of Quartz

Quartz deformation lamellae parallel to c{OOO1} and planar features parallel to ω{10ī3} appear to be both characteristic of and reliable criteria for quartz deformed by shock due to impact by meteorite or comet. These features are readily distinguished from microstructures, induced during tectonic deformation, by differences in optical properties or spatial and crystallographic orientations of statistically sound populations, or in both.
Ganienkeh: Symbol and Politics in an Indian/White Conflict

A land dispute following the “repossession” of territory in upstate New York by a group of Traditionalist Mohawk Indians is examined. Each side placed the dispute within the context of preexisting conflicts that served as “interpretive frameworks” for political actors. The process of change and manipulation of symbols that publicly represented these frameworks is traced. Research findings suggest that an answer for how symbols work in mobilizing groups to action can be found in the concurrence of change in symbols and meanings with continuity of interpretive framework.
Forward and reverse genetic approaches to behavior in the mouse

Modern molecular genetic and genomic approaches are revolutionizing the study of behavior in the mouse. "Reverse genetics" (from gene to phenotype) with targeted gene transfer provides a powerful tool to dissect behavior and has been used successfully to study the effects of null mutations in genes implicated in the regulation of long-term potentiation and spatial learning in mice. In addition, "forward genetics" (from phenotype to gene) with high-efficiency mutagenesis in the mouse can uncover unknown genes and has been used to isolate a behavioral mutant of the circadian system. With the recent availability of high-density genetic maps and physical mapping resources, positional cloning of virtually any mutation is now feasible in the mouse. Together, these approaches permit a molecular analysis of both known and previously unknown genes regulating behavior.
Placement of a 16-French voice prosthesis at the time of secondary tracheoesophageal voice restoration

Abstract Purpose Tracheoesophageal voice restoration (TEVR) has traditionally been described with fistula tract creation, catheter placement, and prosthesis placement. Prosthesis placement at the time of tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) utilizing 20-French prostheses has been previously described. Smaller initial prostheses may allow fluent speech with reduced long-term complications, such as widening of the fistula and peri-prosthesis leakage. This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of the 16-French prostheses placement at the time of secondary TEP. Methods All cases of 16-French tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis (TEVP) placement at the time of secondary TEP were reviewed from 1/2011 through 12/2013 at a large academic medical center. Perioperative complications attributable to device placement were recorded, including inability to place prosthesis, intraoperative complications, post-operative infection, prosthesis dislodgement, prosthesis leakage, and inability to obtain voice. Results Twenty-one patients received placement of a 16-French TEVP at the time of secondary TEP. All prostheses were placed without intraoperative complications. The proportion of patients who had minor complications within the first postoperative month was 23.8%, including leakage through the prosthesis (3 of 21), granulation tissue near the prosthesis (1 of 21), retained sheath (1 of 21) and prosthesis displacement (1 of 21). Leakage and displacement were addressed with change and replacement, respectively. Fluent voicing was achieved in 85.7% patients, with a median time to voicing of 18.5 days. Conclusions Placement of 16-French TEVPs is effective and safe, with an acceptable rate of minor complications attributable to the prosthesis. Therefore, a smaller prosthesis may be primarily placed at the time of secondary TEP and is our preference.
Stability of coconut oil in food products

The active oxygen method (AOM) stability of refined coconut oil is generally 250 hr; however, samples with as low a stability as 30 hr have been obtained. The addition of BHA, BHT and citrate increased the AOM stability to about 350 hr even though the initial stability was 30 or 250 hr. Refined coconut oil samples which hydrolyzed from 2 to 10 times as rapidly as normal oils have been encountered. Such samples are undesirable for food production as soapy off-flavors may be produced. The rate of hydrolysis of coconut oil samples was evaluated by a simple laboratory test. Coconut oil free fatty acids produced a soapy off-flavor at a lower level in sweet foods than in salty ones. Soapy off-flavors were produced in a low moisture food containing coconut oil by the lipase activity of cinnamon.
Dura mater secretes soluble heparin-binding factors required for cranial suture morphogenesis

Cranial sutures play a critical role in calvarial morphogenesis, serving as bone growth centers during skull enlargement. Defective suture morphogenesis, resulting in premature osseous obliteration of sutures and their failure to function appropriately, causes severe craniofacial anomalies. Previously published data demonstrated osseous obliteration of coronal suturesin vitro in the absence of dura mater and the rescue of sutures from osseous obliteration in rudiments cocultured with dura mater on the opposite sides of 0.45-μm polycarbonate filters. With thisin vitro culture system, experiments were designed to examine the nature of the soluble signal secreted by dura mater, required for maintaining intact sutures. The signal remained active in conditioned medium produced from dura mater, which was capable of rescuing coronal sutures from osseous obliteration in calvaria cultured without dura mater. When conditioned medium was segregated into heparin-binding and non-heparin-binding fractions, the signal capable of maintaining intact coronal sutures cosegregated with the heparin-binding component and remained functional in the absence of the non-heparin-binding component of conditioned medium. Evidence indicates that soluble, heparin-binding factors secreted by the dura mater act as osteoinhibitory signals at the suture site.
Love and expansion of the self: The state of the model

The self-expansion model of love developed out of a confluence of research on attraction and arousal, Eastern psychology, motivation theory, and the social psychology of personal relationships. The model treats love (the desire for a relationship with a particular other) as arising from a desire to expand the self by including that other in the self, as well as by associating expansion with that particular other. First, the model is described, including its function as a source of heuristically important metaphors for common human experiences of love and its unique focus in relation to other approaches to love. The remainder of the article examines its application, including supporting research, to predictors of falling in love, motivations for unrequited love, consequences of falling in love, love as including each other in each other's self, and how love changes (and how it can be maintained) in long-term relationships. The conclusion examines current trends in which the model serves as both a very general integration of useful perspectives and as a set of precise mini-theories.
A simple, sensitive method for measuring 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in rat brain tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

Abstract A sensitive, specific, and very simple method, using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrochemical detection, measured 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in small areas of rat brain. The dopamine metabolites were extracted with diethyl ether and a known amount of vanillic acid as internal standard, and were separated on a micro-particulate reverse-phase column using a sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) as mobile phase.
Development of Composite Porous Scaffolds Based on Collagen and Biodegradable Poly(ester urethane)urea

Our objective in this work was to develop a flexible, biodegradable scaffold for cell transplantation that would incorporate a synthetic component for strength and flexibility and type I collagen for enzymatic lability and cytocompatibility. A biodegradable poly(ester urethane)urea was synthesized from poly(caprolactone), 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, and putrescine. Using a thermally induced phase separation process, porous scaffolds were created from a mixture containing this polyurethane and 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% type I collagen. The resulting scaffolds were found to have open, interconnected pores (from 7 to >100 um) and porosities from 58% to 86% depending on the polyurethane/collagen ratio. The scaffolds were also flexible with breaking strains of 82–443% and tensile strengths of 0.97–4.11 MPa depending on preparation conditions. Scaffold degradation was significantly increased when collagenase was introduced into an incubating buffer in a manner that was dependent on the mass fraction of collagen present in the scaffold. Mass losses could be varied from 15% to 59% over 8 weeks. When culturing umbilical artery smooth muscle cells on these scaffolds higher cell numbers were observed over a 4-week culture period in scaffolds containing collagen. In summary, a strong and flexible scaffold system has been developed that can degrade by both hydrolysis and collagenase degradation pathways, as well as support cell growth. This scaffold possesses properties that would make it attractive for future use in soft tissue applications where such mechanical and biological features would be advantageous.
Environmental Degradation, Disproportionality, and the Double Diversion: Reaching Out, Reaching Ahead, and Reaching Beyond

Rather than seeking ivory-tower isolation, members of the Rural Sociological Society have always been distinguished by a willingness to work with specialists from a broad range of disciplines, and to work on some of the world's most challenging problems. What is less commonly recognized is that the willingness to reach beyond disciplinary boundaries can contribute not just to the solution of real-world problems, but also to the advancement of the discipline itself. This point is increasingly being illustrated in studies of environment-society relationships. Most past discussions of humans' roles in environmental problems have focused on overall or average human impacts, but rural sociologists have played leading roles in identifying what I have come to call “the double diversion.” First, rather than being well-represented by averages, environmental damages are often characterized by high levels of disproportionality, with much or most of the harm being created by the diversion of environmental rights and resources to a surprisingly small fraction of the relevant social actors. The dispropor-tionality appears to be made possible in part through the second diversion, namely distraction—the diversion of attention, largely through the taken-for-granted but generally erroneous assumption that the environmental harm “must” be for the benefit of us all. There are good reasons why rural sociologists would have been among the first to notice both of these “diversions”— and why they will give even greater attention to both in the future.
5.3: Presentation session: Keynote speaker and making a difference: Identifying and closing the knowledge gaps discussion/forum: “An engineer's view of neuroscience”

The neuroscience-related challenges facing civilian and military communities are significant. From nervous system trauma to neurodegenerative diseases, the burden of neurological problems is large. Engineering and computation are poised to make major contributions to understanding nervous system dynamics in health and disease, as well as offer innovative solutions to pressing neurological problems. This presentation will address these challenges, offer a view over the research and development horizon of emergent technologies, and address cultural issues involved with cross-cutting research.
Only the tip of the iceberg: Who understands what about metaphor?

Abstract In recent years there has been an upsurge of interest in figurative language. Much of this work has focussed on tests of the ‘standard pragmatic model of metaphor’ in which metaphor is seen as a special process which can only occur after a defect is found in the default literal processing. This view has been largely refuted, and current thinking sees metaphor as much more central to language and cognition. This paper explores how the characteristics of metaphor may interact with the characteristics of the comprehender in metaphor understanding.
Inhibition of erythrocyte plasma membrane NADH dehydrogenase by nucleotides and uncouplers.

Erythrocyte ghost NADH dehydrogenase is inhibited in a competitive fashion by ATP and ADP whereas other nucleoside di- and triphosphates, cyclic nucleosides, as well as non-phosphorylating ATP analogs are relatively ineffective. In addition, this enzyme, measured with ferricyanide as electron acceptor, is inhibited by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (proton-conducting reagents), the inhibition being competitive in character (i.e., the uncouplers were without influence upon maximum velocity). The effectiveness of the uncouplers was in the order of their hydrophobic character with the presence of the alkyl side chain rendering nonyl-dinitrophenol much more active than 2,6-dinitrophenol itself. Hydrophobic compounds that are not protonophores (e.g., eosin, proflavin or valinomycin) were not inhibitory. Whereas adenine nucleotides probably inhibit NADH oxidation competitively through structural similarity with the substrate, it appears unlikely that uncouplers compete at the NADH site directly. Rather, the apparently-competitive inhibition in the latter case may reflect competition for proton transfer to an acceptor residing in a hydrophobic region of the enzyme complex.
Strange star model with Tolmann IV type potential

We report a general solution in one of the gravitational potentials to the Einstein system in static spherically symmetric spacetime, modeling anisotropic strange quark matter by imposing a linear barotropic equation of state. The model generated by choosing Tolmann IV form for the gravitational potential is shown to contain the previously known anisotropic dark energy star model of Lobo (Class. Quantum Gravity 23:1525, 2006) and isotropic models of de Sitter and Einstein. Moreover, the model is shown to be physically admissible and corroborate with experimental observations on strange star candidates such as SAX J1808.4-3658 and 4U 1820-30.
Observation of a Charge-Density Wave in α-U at Low Temperature

The discovery of a charge-density wave (CDW) in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-U at \ensuremath{\sim}43 K is reported. The mode corresponds to the condensation of a longitudinal-optic phonon near $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}=[\frac{1}{2}, 0, 0]$ in which the atoms are displaced by \ensuremath{\sim}0.006 \AA{}A from their special positions. Large precursor effects are seen in the phonon spectra. The wave vector of the CDW is related to that of the fundamental lattice in a rather complex way, which is discussed in terms of discommensurations between the CDW (${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase) and the primary $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ phase.
Angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of GaAs surfaces

Abstract Angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ADXPS) provides a method for investigating thin native oxides without the need for destructive depth profiling. In addition, surface chemical environments can be identified and their chemical shifts monitored as a function of angle. The ability to examine samples at very small angles is important if the types and extents of surface coverage are to be distinguished between. A study of the growth of native oxide on a GaAs surface by ADXPS shows the oxide to be gallium rich at the outermost surface. Comparison of the data with theoretical models for thickness and extent of coverage indicates that the oxides grow as patches of variable thickness.
Independent and collaborative contributions of the cerebral hemispheres to emotional processing.

Presented is a model suggesting that the RH directly mediates the identification and comprehension of positive and negative emotional stimuli, whereas the LH contributes to higher level processing of emotional information that has been shared via the corpus callosum. RH subcortical connections provide initial processing of emotional stimuli, and their innervation to cortical structures provides a secondary pathway by which the hemispheres process emotional information more fully. It is suggested that the LH contribution to emotion processing is in emotional regulation, social well-being and adaptation, and transforming the RH emotional experience into propositional and verbal codes. Lastly, it is proposed that the LH has little ability at the level of emotion identification, having a default positive bias and no ability to identify a stimulus as negative. Instead, the LH must rely on the transfer of emotional information from the RH to engage higher order emotional processing. As such, either hemisphere can identify positive emotions, but they must collaborate for complete processing of negative emotions. Evidence presented draws from behavioral, neurological, and clinical research, including discussions of subcortical and cortical pathways, callosal agenesis, commissurototomy, emotion regulation, mood disorders, interpersonal interaction, language, and handedness. Directions for future research are offered.
Productivity growth patterns in US dairy products manufacturing plants

We analyse the productivity growth patterns in the US dairy products industry using the Census Bureau's plant-level data set. We decompose Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth into the scale and technical change components and analyse variability of plants’ productivity by constructing transition matrices. We observe a cross-sectional dispersion in plant-level productivity growth in the industry. Even though the industry aggregate shows a small TFP growth rate −0.3%, quartile rank analysis shows that while the lowest productivity quartile plants average 1.9% loss in productivity, the highest productivity quartile plants average 1.1% growth annually. Our results show considerable movements of plants in their productivity rank categories overall and across age groups, and we find that the scale effect contribution to TFP growth accounts for about 90% of TFP growth on average in the industry. These plants extract scale efficiencies over technological progress to fuel TFP growth. The youngest plants start w...