cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security issues in collaborative computing

Even though collaborative computing can yield substantial economic, social, and scientific benefits, a serious impediment to fully achieving that potential is a reluctance to share data, for fear of losing control over its subsequent dissemination and usage. An organization’s most valuable and useful data is often proprietary/ confidential, or the law may forbid its disclosure or regulate the form of that disclosure. We survey security technologies that mitigate this problem, and discuss research directions towards enforcing the data owner’s approved purposes on the data used in collaborative computing. These include techniques for cooperatively computing answers without revealing any private data, even though the computed answers depend on all the participants’ private data. They also include computational outsourcing, where computationally weak entities use computationally powerful entities to carry out intensive computing tasks without revealing to them either their inputs or the computed outputs.
Residual Elements Have Significant Effects on the Elevated-Temperature Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds

The influence of various residual elements on the elevated-temperature properties of austenitic stainless steel welds has been investigated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Included in this investigation are the effects of boron, phosphorus, titanium, carbon, sulfur, and silicon. This work is aimed at developing austenitic stainless steel weld materials with enhanced elevated-temperature properties. The materials investigated include types 308, 316, and 16-8-2 stainless steel weld metals. Processes investigated include shielded metal-arc (SMA), gas tungsten-arc (GTA), and submerged-arc (SA) welding. Early work was done with Types 308 and 316 SMA weld metals, where the greatest enhancement of properties resulted from controlled additions of boron, phosphorus, and titanium to the deposits. Significant improvements in the properties of GTA and SA welds also result from the addition of these residual elements. The optimum residual element compositions were determined to be nominally 0.05Ti-0.04P-0.006B for SMA welds and 0.5Ti-0.04P-0.006B for GTA welds. Submerged-arc welds with 0.2Ti have exhibited improved creep strengths for all three materials.
Sharing Personal Health Information at Work: What is Appropriate and Expected in Organizations?

Managing private health information in the workplace has become a salient communication issue for employees, supervisors, and organizations. The primary objective of this investigation is to explore employees’ perceptions of and preferences for communicating about health information in the workplace. A qualitative focus group study was conducted using Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) as a framework to organize the questions employees face about sharing personal health information. Forty-nine workers were recruited to participate in nine focus groups. The results demonstrate a variety of contextual influences and behaviors relating to employees’ preferences for discussing health information at work. Specifically, the researchers identified five emergent themes in the data: rules for sharing private information, boundary coordination, reasons for permeable boundaries, reasons for impermeable boundaries, and organizational environment and conditions. The data parallel CPM and have practical impl...
Intravascular Coagulation in Acute Leukemia: Clinical and Subclinical Abnormalities

Fifteen patients with acute leukemia were found to have evidence of a generalized hemostatic disorder. These patients could be divided into three groups. The first group consisted of three patients with increased fibrinogen catabolism without clinical or laboratory evidence of intravascular coagulation. The second group of five patients had laboratory evidence of intravascular coagulation without clinically evident bleeding or thrombosis. The third group of seven patients developed symptomatic intravascular coagulation characterized by bleeding, renal failure, and poor response to platelet transfusions. Laboratory evidence for intravascular coagulation in these patients included falling plasma fibrinogen and factor V levels and elevated serum levels of fibrinogen degradation products. Heparin therapy resulted in clinical improvement in all seven patients. Rising plasma fibrinogen and factor V levels correlated with a beneficial clinical response to heparin. Increased fibrinogen catabolism, asymptomatic intravascular coagulation, and symptomatic intravascular coagulation form part of a spectrum of generalized hemostatic disorders in acute leukemia.
Design of limiter/divertor first-wall components for Alcator C-MOD

A molybdenum first-wall heat shield will be used during the first phase of Alcator C-MOD operation. The heat shield is composed of approximately 7000 tiles (2-cm thick by approximately 2.5 cm*3.5 cm) and extends over three plasma-wall interaction zones: inner limiter, shaped-divertor, and flat-plate divertor. The heat shield and its support hardware are designed to withstand plasma disruption forces and, for the case of the shaped-divertor, to spread plasma exhaust of heat and particle fluxes over a large first-wall surface area. Peak surface heat fluxes are conservatively estimated (assuming no edge radiation) to be in the ranged of 6 MW/m/sup 2/ for the limiter and shaped-divertor tile surfaces with total input powers in the range of 6 MW. Flat-plate divertor surfaces are projected to experience the highest heat loads, exceeding 40 MW/m/sup 2/. The first-wall armor features a regular pattern of poloidal and toroidal 'tunnels' which are used to run cabling for magnetic pick-up loops and thermocouple wires. The present design allows the outer shaped-divertor tiles to be electrically isolated from the vacuum vessel. >
New results from the RD52 project

Abstract Simultaneous detection of the Cerenkov light and scintillation light produced in hadron showers makes it possible to measure the electromagnetic shower fraction event by event and thus eliminate the detrimental effects of fluctuations in this fraction on the performance of calorimeters. In the RD52 (DREAM) project, the possibilities of this dual-readout calorimetry are investigated and optimized. In this talk, the latest results of this project will be presented. These results concern tests of a dual-readout fiber calorimeter with electrons at very small angles of incidence, detailed measurements of the time structure of hadron showers in this detector, as well as elaborate comparisons of various aspects of the calorimeter performance with GEANT4 simulations.
Towards an automatic synthesis system for real-time software

An automatic synthesis system for real-time software is described. It is argued that the presence of strict operation requirements, such as task-level timing constraints and compiler and target platform constraints, guides synthesis. An automatic software synthesis system, RT-SYN, integrates platform characteristics to synthesize real-time software which meets hard deadline design requirements. The RT-SYN system has four key features. First, a visual graphical user interface captures application algorithms without implementation specifications. Second, RT-SYN analyzes the task-level data and control flows to produce worst-case timing and space predictions. Third, RT-SYN uses these predictions to choose abstract representations of data structure and algorithm implementations to meet required timing and space constraints. Fourth, RT-SYN synthesizes C code from the selected implementations. Experimental results are given to illustrate these four features. >
Regulation of integration by coliphage λ: Activation of int transcription by the cII and cIII proteins☆

Abstract Transcription of the int-xis region of Coliphage λ was studied both in the intact phage and in the Eco RI λ C fragment carried by a ColE1 plasmid. This study shows that two species of RNA are transcribed from the int-xis region: a short one, about 3 S, transcribed constitutively and designated lin ( l eader of int ) RNA, and a long one, about 15 S, which is designated int RNA. Synthesis of the 15 S RNA requires the products of genes c II and c III. Both species of RNA are initiated at about 60.4 %λ on the physical phage λ map, indicating that the p 1 promoter must be located just outside the right boundary of gene xis . The c II and c III proteins are not required for the transcription of gene int in the λ int-c mutants. Based on the present data and the previous findings on the role of the c II and c III proteins in the regulation of c I transcription, we propose the c II/ c III-mediated antitermination of the RNA leader sequences as the main regulatory mechanism for the establishment of lysogeny by bacteriophage λ. However, the observed stimulation of lin RNA synthesis, most probably mediated by the c II and c III products, may also play an important regulatory role.
Quantum physics: Strongly correlated transport

The field-effect transistor underlies microprocessor technology. A version of it has been demonstrated that tunes particle transport from an incoherent regime to a strongly correlated superfluid one. See Letter p.736 This paper reports the first observation in a strongly interacting Fermi gas of the drop in resistance that is associated with the onset of superfluidity. The ability of particles to flow with very low resistance is characteristic of superfluid and superconducting states. Although the particle flow in liquid helium and superconducting materials is essential to identifying superfluidity or superconductivity, no analogous measurement had been performed for superfluids based on ultracold Fermi gases. The authors describe direct measurements of the conduction properties of fermionic lithium atoms in an experiment that mimics the operation of a solid-state field-effect transistor. The results show that measurements of current and resistance in quantum gases provide a sensitive probe with which to explore many-body physics.
Multi-Unit Ownership in Franchising: Evidence from the Fast-Food Industry in Texas

Using data on all restaurants opened in Texas between 1980 and 1995 by seven large U.S. fast-food chains, we examine the extent of multi-unit ownership among franchisees and analyze how franchisors allocate the ownership of new units. We show that franchisees with nearby units are much more likely to be assigned ownership of a new unit. Further, controlling for distance, franchisees are more likely to obtain a new unit whose market is contiguous and demographically similar to those surrounding their existing units. Finally, franchisors use these same criteria to select those units to retain as company owned.
Arginyl-tRNA transferase activity as a maker of cellular aging in peripheral rat tissues

Abstract Arginyl- t RNA transfers arginine from arginyl- t -RNA to the amino-terminus of acceptor proteins in the absence of ribosomes, and is considered to function in the modification of proteins at the post-translational level. Correlation of the enzyme activity and the arginine accepting capacity of endogenous proteins in relation to aging was studied. The distribution of arginyl- t -RNA transferase in peripheral rat tissues showed a high degree of tissue specificity. This was apparent not only in the quantitative measure of the enzyme, but also in the comparison of basal levels of activity to saturated substrate activities. Each tissue exhibited a characteristic response to exogenously applied acceptor protein. Significant age-dependent decreases in arginyl- t -RNA transferase activity were noted in rat kidney and liver preparations. These decreases were associated with a corresponding increase in unmodified endogenous acceptor proteins. No such alterations in enzyme activity or modification of endogenous acceptor proteins were observed in aging brain preparations. Brain, liver and kidney chromatin also exhibited characteristic age-associated alterations in arginine acceptor capacity which were unrelated to the changes in cytoplasmic arginyl- t -RNA transferase activity.
Some Philosophical Consequences of Wittgenstein's Aeronautical Research

Before he studied philosophy under Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein was trained as an engineer at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin. He then worked as a graduate research engineer at the University of Manchester, where he designed a variable volume combustion chamber and received a patent for an innovative propeller design in 1911. I argue that the methodology of contemporary aeronautical engineering research, involving the systematic use of experiments and scale models, affected the Bild theory of language in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. The principle of similitude, underlying the mathematical resolution of scale effect problems associated with wind tunnel research on models, is reoected in the law of projection in the Tractatus.
Effects of forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP and H89 on Ca2+ mobilization in submandibular salivary cells of newborn rats

Abstract The effects of substances which affect cAMP or the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) on the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) and Ca 2+ responses to acetylcholine or thapsigargin were investigated in submandibular gland cells of newborn rats. Exposure to forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP or the PKA inhibitor H89 did not affect the formation of IP 3 or the release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores elicited by acetylcholine. However, the thapsigargin-induced Ca 2+ release was reduced by dibutyryl cAMP and enhanced by H89 in immature cells. Ca 2+ influx activated by acetylcholine and thapsigargin was additive in immature cells but not in mature cells, suggesting the presence of a separate Ca 2+ entry pathway in immature cells. Moreover, the acetylcholine-stimulated Ca 2+ influx was significantly potentiated by forskolin and dibutyrylcAMP, but not by H89 in immature cells. In contrast, the thapsigargin-activated Ca 2+ influx was dramatically enhanced by H89, but not by forskolin and dibutyrylcAMP in these cells. This modulation of Ca 2+ mobilization by the test substances is different from that observed in mature submandibular cells in which forskolin, dibutyrylcAMP and H89 affected both IP 3 formation and Ca 2+ release in response to acetylcholine. Therefore, these results suggest differences in the interaction between the cAMP–PKA and the phosphoinositide–Ca 2+ signalling pathways of mature and immature salivary cells. The modulation of Ca 2+ influx by the cAMP–PKA pathway in immature cells is likely to play a part in the maturation of salivary cells.
PLATO'S PHILOSOPHY OF LISTENING

In the article, Sophie Haroutunian-Gordon asks, Did Plato have a philosophy of listening, and if so, what was it? Listening is the counterpart of speaking in a dialogue, and it is no less important. Indeed, learning from the dialogue is less likely to occur as people participate unless listening as well as speaking takes place. Haroutunian-Gordon defines a philosophy of listening as a set of beliefs that fall into four categories: (1) the aim of listening; (2) the nature of listening; (3) the role of the listener; and (4) the relation between the listener and the speaker. The beliefs, as they fall into these four categories, have implications for one another, and, because they are logically related, constitute a philosophy of listening. In the article, Haroutunian-Gordon argues that Plato had a philosophy of listening and describes its components.
Message framing: A communication strategy for the medical encounter

Abstract As the focus of medicine has changed from acute to chronic care, prevention and health promotion counselling has become increasingly important for healthcare providers and their patients. Research has shown that patients want and value such health education and counselling from their healthcare professionals, but still may not comply with such recommendations. Further, health professionals may not feel adequately trained in health behaviour counselling and/or may feel constrained in spending time on such issues within the brief context of the medical encounter. Health communication offers useful strategies, through persuasion theory, that may assist health professionals in addressing counselling within the medical encounter to optimal effect. This paper will present one typology for addressing both prevention and detection behaviours in the health context through message framing. The theoretical basis for framing, as well as practical applications and tips for implementation within the healthcare...
Like a Girl's Name: The Adolescent Drag of Amber Hawk Swanson, Kate Gilmore, and Ann Liv Young

What if the future of feminist art lay not in images of self-mastery, dignity, and maturity but rather in performances of teen regression? Adolescent drag designates a performance of irony, awkwardness, and equivocality that expands the identificatory repertoire available to a generation of women are said to have inherited from Western feminism.
Master symmetries and R-matrices for the Toda lattice

A hierarchy of vector fields (master symmetries) and homogeneous nonlinear Poisson structures associated with the Toda lattice are constructed and the various connections between them are investigated. These brackets may also be obtained by using r-matrices.
Moduli Stabilization in Non-Geometric Backgrounds

Abstract Type II orientifolds based on Landau–Ginzburg models are used to describe moduli stabilization for flux compactifications of type II theories from the world-sheet CFT point of view. We show that for certain types of type IIB orientifolds which have no Kahler moduli and are therefore intrinsically non-geometric, all moduli can be explicitly stabilized in terms of fluxes. The resulting four-dimensional theories can describe Minkowski as well as anti-de Sitter vacua. This construction provides the first string vacuum with all moduli frozen and leading to a 4D Minkowski background.
Infrared Signature Analysis: Real Time Monitoring Of Manufacturing Processes

The ability to monitor manufacturing processes in an adaptive control mode and perform an inspection in real time is of interest to fabricators in the pressure vessel, aerospace, automotive, nuclear and shipbuilding industries. Results of a series of experiments using infrared thermography as the principal sensing mode are presented to show how artificial intelligence contained in infrared isotherm, contains vast critical process variables. Image processing computer software development has demonstrated in a spot welding application how the process can be monitored and controlled in real time. The IR vision sensor program is now under way. Research thus far has focused on fusion welding, resistance spot welding and metal removal.
WAIS-IV administration errors: effects of altered response requirements on Symbol Search and violation of standard surface-variety patterns on Block Design.

This study utilized a sample of 50 college students to assess the possibility that responding to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Symbol Search subtest items with an “x” instead of a “single slash mark” would affect performance. A second sample of 50 college students was used to assess the impact on WAIS-IV Block Design performance of presenting all the items with only red surfaces facing up. The modified Symbol Search and Block Design administrations yielded mean scaled scores and raw scores that did not differ significantly from mean scores obtained with standard administrations. Findings should not be generalized beyond healthy, well-educated young adults.
Functional impairment of dendritic cells caused by murine hepatocellular carcinoma.

Immuosuppression in tumor-bearing hosts may be a major obstacle in eradicating tumors. This study investigated whether hepatocellular carcinoma suppressed the functions of dendritic cells to escape tumor surveillance. Dendritic cells (DC), propagated from C57BL/10J mice, were cocultured with or without murine hepatoma Hepa1-6 cells to examine the influence of hepatocellular carcinoma on dendritic cells. The results revealed that dendritic cells cocultured with hepatoma cells expressed low levels of costimulatory molecules, and the stimulatory capacity was decreased. The antigen-specific cytotoxic effects of T cells activated by the DC cocultured with hepatoma cells were also decreased. In ex vivo studies, the maturation and function of dendritic cells propagated from tumor-bearing mice were suppressed. The suppressive effect of Hepa1-6 cells on dendritic cells could be partially reversed by neutralizing IL-10. In conclusion, the maturation and stimulatory function of DC are suppressed by hepatocellular carcinoma. IL-10 release may be one of the mechanisms employed by hepatocellular carcinoma to suppress dendritic cells.
The Kappa network with fault-tolerant destination tag algorithm

The design of the Gamma network is analyzed in terms of block structure. The analysis reveals the asymmetry of its duplicate links, and an alternate design in the form of the Kappa network is proposed. Its novel feature is the symmetry of duplicate links at the block level. This symmetry results in a simple control algorithm and enhanced fault tolerance. The relationship between the Kappa network and other existing fault-tolerant networks is briefly discussed. >
Navigation with foraging

We propose and study the navigation with foraging problem, where an agent with a limited sensor range must simultaneously: (1) navigate to a global goal and (2) forage en route as opportunities to forage are detected. Each foraging act causes a deviation from the shortest path to the long-term goal, with consequences for path length, mission duration, and fuel usage. We analytically calculate and/or bound the expected distance the robot actually travels, given the initial distance to the the global goal. In particular, for either of two non-trivial greedy strategies: (A) forage the point that minimizes goal-heading deviation. (B) forage the closest point ahead of the robot. Our results generalize to problems in higher dimensions.
Enzymatic degradability of poly(lactide) : Effects of chain stereochemistry and material crystallinity

Polylactide (PLA) stereocopolymers with (l) repeat unit contents of 75%, 80%, 82%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 94%, and 95% were prepared from mixtures of (l)-/(d)-lactide and (l)-/meso-lactide. Compression molding of these products gave amorphous films which, for (l) contents ≥90%, were also annealed above Tg to crystallize. Analyses by differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X-ray scattering gave information on the crystalline order of PLA films. For identical (l) contents, stereocopolymers of (l)-/(d)-lactide had higher crystallinities than those from (l)-/meso-lactide. PLA films were incubated with proteinase K (from Tritirachium album), and the enzyme-catalyzed film weight loss rates were measured. Film crystallinity, chain stereochemical composition, and repeat unit sequence distribution were analyzed as independent variables affecting film enzymatic hydrolysis. Amorphous films from (l)/(d)-lactide copolymerizations with (l) compositions ranging from 80% to 95% exhibited film weight loss rates that...
EEG Pattern Analysis for Physiological Indicators of Mental Fatigue in Simulated Air Traffic Control Tasks

Objective: This study was designed to identify potential neurophysiologic markers and patterns of mental fatigue among air traffic controllers in their work environment.Background: The monitoring of mental fatigue in air traffic controllers has been of interest as their tasks involve high cognitive workload and are also critical to the safety of the public.Method: High-density electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to record 2-hour long air traffic control studies in eleven participants. Participants were asked to perform realistic tasks in a simulation, to operate a virtual air traffic control system. Fourier Transforms were used to estimate EEG power spectrum, statistical tests were implemented to reveal EEG spatial pattern changes caused by the time-on-task. The concept of mental state transition was introduced to study the development of certain mental states which are related to the mental fatigue. Results: The observation of EEG spectral data over a period of time revealed statistically significant changes spatially localized to central and parietal cortices. Rhythmic EEG activity within theta, alpha, and beta bands indicates transitions among mental states, which appear to be promising indicators for the development of mental fatigue. Mental fatigue indicated by the transition of mental states was estimated to approximately 70 minutes after the time on task. Application: This study can build the foundation to develop promising technologies for real time monitoring of mental fatigue, which will increase public safety and proper human resource planning. Language: en
Spectrum of quasistable states in a strong microwave field

When atoms are exposed to intense laser or microwave pulses, $\ensuremath{\sim}10%$ of the atoms are found in Rydberg states subsequent to the pulse, even if it is far more intense than required for static field ionization. The optical spectra of the surviving Li atoms in the presence of a 38-GHz microwave field suggest how atoms survive an intense pulse. The spectra exhibit a periodic train of peaks 38 GHz apart. One peak is just below the limit, and with a 90-V/cm field amplitude the train extends from 300 GHz above the limit to 3000 GHz below it. The spectra and quantum-mechanical calculations imply that the atoms survive in quasistable states in which the Rydberg electron is in a weakly bound orbit infrequently returning to the ionic core during the intense pulse.
A comparative study of invariant imbedding and superposition

A comparison is made between a certain version of invariant imbedding and the method of superposition, as represented by the Goodman-Lance method of complementary functions, with regard to their computational efficiency and effectiveness for linear two-point boundary-value problems. The comparison is most complete for the class of problems termed normal. For such problems superposition appears to be preferable for problems with a sufficiently short underlying interval, on grounds of lesser effort, but the accuracy of super position degenerates more rapidly than that of invariant imbedding as the interval length increases, and consequently the latter method seems preferable for long problems. General areas of possible future investigation are identified.
Roles of spleen and liver in development of the murine hematopoietic system

Abstract Objective Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and colony-forming progenitor cells (CFCs) are believed to migrate from liver to bone marrow (BM) around the time of birth, where they remain throughout the animal's life. Although in mice the spleen is also a hematopoietic organ, neither the origin nor the contribution of spleen HSCs to hematopoietic homeostasis has been assessed relative to that of BM HSCs. To investigate these issues we quantitated CFC and HSC activity in the spleen, BM, peripheral blood, and liver of the mouse during ontogeny. Methods CFCs were assessed by clonogenic colony formation, and HSCs by long-term reconstituting ability. Results CFCs gradually increased in the BM and decreased in the liver with age. Increased prevalence of CFCs in fetal and pup blood occurred at day (d) 12 postcoitus (pc) and during the period of d16 pc to 4d postbirth, corresponding to the times when hematopoietic cells migrate from the yolk sac and/or aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) to the fetal liver and from the neonatal liver to the BM, respectively. In the spleen, CFCs displayed two peaks of activity at 2d and 14d–15d postbirth. Spleen HSCs also fluctuated during this time period. Neonatal splenectomy did not alter CFC or HSC frequencies in the BM, but CFCs increased in the livers of splenectomized mice. Conclusion These data demonstrate that the liver may act as a site of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the neonate, especially in the absence of the spleen, and imply that the spleen, BM, and liver cooperatively contribute to hematopoietic homeostasis.
Pubertal Development, Choice of Friends, and Smoking Initiation among Adolescent Males

Prior research has indicated that pubertal development and peer associations are important determinants of adolescent smoking behavior. However, more remains to be learned about why these variables matter or how they may be related to one another in ways that lead to the initiation of smoking. Using contractual data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we consider the relationship between early pubertal development and associations with close friends who smoke, and smoking initiation among male youths. The results of the study reveal a link between advanced pubertal development and the initiation of smoking among boys, but we discover that the effect is indirect, mediated by a greater propensity of sexually mature males to forge friendships with peers who smoke. We also find that this propensity is greatest among the youngest adolescents in the sample, suggesting that the age of the respondent conditions the effects of pubertal development on the formation of friendships with peers who smoke.
Agricultural Chemicals in Groundwater of the Midwestern United States: Relations to Land Use

To determine the relations between land use and concentrations of selected agricultural chemicals (nitrate, atrazine residue [atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) + deethylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) + deisopropylatrazine (2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine)], and alachlor residue [alachlor, [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] + alachlor ethanesulfonic acid (alachlor-ESA; 2-[(2,6-diethylphenyl)(methoxymethyl)amino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid)] in groundwater, detailed land use information based on accurate measurements from aerial photographs for the 1991 growing season was obtained within a 2-km radius surrounding 100 wells completed in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers in the midwestern USA. The most significant land use factors to the agricultural chemicals examined were: nitrate (amount of irrigated crop production, positive relation), atrazine residue (amount of irrigated crop production, positive relation), and alachlor residue (amount of highly erodible land, inverse relation). The investigation of smaller buffer sizes (size of circular area around sampled wells) proved insightful for this study. Additional land use factors having significant relations to all three agricultural chemicals were identified using these smaller buffer radii. The most significant correlations (correlation maxima) generally occurred at ≤500-m for nitrate and ≥1000-m for atrazine residue and alachlor residue. An attempt to improve the statistical relations to land use by taking hydrologic considerations into account (removing land outside the estimated most probable recharge area from the statistical analysis) was not as successful as anticipated. Only 45% of the nitrate, 32% of the atrazine residue, and 20% of the alachlor residue correlations were improved by a consideration of the estimated most probable recharge area.
Molecular thermodynamics of liquids containing supercritical compounds

Abstract The changes of pressure and activity coefficients with component densities are expressed in terms of statistical mechanical direct correlation function
Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of meso- and dl-1,2-Divinylethylene Carbonate

The palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of a 1:1 mixture of dl- and meso-1,2-divinylethylene carbonate is reported. For the first time, both the ionization and nucleophilic addition steps of the catalytic cycle act as enantiodiscriminating steps to give a single product in high enantiomeric excess. The reactions proceed in >98% ee to efficiently generate useful chiral building blocks from acrolein. The absolute and relative configurations of iso-cladospolide B and 11-epi-iso-cladospolide B were verified by total synthesis, solving an apparent discrepancy in the literature.
Facies architecture of a Lower Cretaceous coral-rudist patch reef, Arizona

Abstract The Lower Cretaceous Mural Limestone marks the maximum marine incursion into southeast Arizona during Aptian-Albian time and records the middle Cretaceous transition from coral-dominated to rudist-bivalve dominated reefs. Upper Mural Limestone facies are most often dominated by corals. However, rudists form significant frameworks at some localities, one of which is described in this paper. The paleoenvironmental distribution of three potential reef-builders (corals, rudists, and ‘oysters’) were studied at this patch reef locality. Corals built the framework of the inner reef core. The rudist Petalodontia initially gained a foothold in sheltered areas among corals and subsequently built a framework in the outer reef core. Caprinid rudists formed mounds in the outer reef to back reef areas. The rudists Toucasia and Monopleura and the oyster-like bivalve Chondrodonta formed beds or were scattered in the reef-flank and shelf lagoon sediments and did not contribute to the reef framework. Upper Mural Limestone reefs are important examples of the coexistence of corals and rudists during this middle Cretaceous faunal transition period. This study supports the idea that rudist-bivalves initially colonized protected back-reef areas early in the Cretaceous and only later in the Cretaceous did rudists dominate reef frameworks.
U.S. trends in feminine beauty and overadaptation

Men place more importance on the physical attractiveness of women than women do on the physical attractiveness of men. As a result, women's social opportunities are more affected by their physical beauty than are men's, so that women are under more pressure to conform to an ideal of beauty. Although standards of female beauty are not as arbitrary as is sometimes claimed, they do vary greatly over time and across cultures. Modern institutions of advertising, retailing, and entertainment now produce vivid notions of beauty that change from year to year, placing stress upon women to conform to the body image currently in vogue. The best known of these beauty standards are the “bosom mania” of the 1950s and 1960s and the current trend toward slenderization. As women attempt to adapt to each of these changes, a minority overadapt, sometimes to the point of incapacitation. Among these over‐adaptations have been hysteria, early in the century, which was an exaggeration of the fragile feminine ideal of that time;...
Control of cytochrome c redox reactivity through off-pathway modifications in the protein hydrogen-bonding network

Measurements of photoinduced Fe2+-to-Ru3+ electron transfer (ET), supported by theoretical analysis, demonstrate that mutations off the dominant ET pathways can strongly influence the redox reactivity of cytochrome c. The effects arise from the change in the protein dynamics mediated by the intraprotein hydrogen-bonding network.
Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders

Tic symptoms, the hallmark of Tourette's syndrome (TS), may simply be fragments of innate behavior. As such, the sensory urges that precede tics may illuminate some of the normal internal cues that are intimately involved in the assembly of behavioral sequences. The occurrence of tics in time appears to have fractal characteristics that may help to explain the waxing and waning course of tic disorders. Longitudinal studies are currently underway that should permit a close examination of the natural fluctuations in tic severity using valid and reliable clinician-rated scales of tic severity. The natural history of tics typically shows a marked decline during the course of adolescence. However, TS can also be associated with social, emotional, and academic difficulties in early adulthood. Comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder are likely to influence the long-term adaptive outcomes of individuals with TS. Future progress may also be expected as endophenotypes, and possibly genetic markers, are identified that are associated with specific comorbid conditions and etiologically distinct forms of TS.
Performance of a far-IR TES bolometer on monolithic sapphire membrane

The performance of a high Tc (~90 K) transition-edge superconducting (TES) bolometer on a monolithic sapphire membrane is presented and discussed. It is compared to the performance of a previous TES bolometer on non-monolithic sapphire substrate. The development and optimization of monolithic sapphire membranes is critical for the fabrication of 1 and 2-D arrays of TES bolometers. Moderately cooled and optimized TES bolometers are expected to be the replacements of choice for thermopiles and other room temperature thermal sensors on far IR instruments on future planetary missions.
Longslowburn: Sexuality and Social Science

Longslowburn: sexuality and social science. Kath Weston. New York: Routledge Press, 1998. 265 pp., notes, references, index.
Optimization-based remap and transport: A divide and conquer strategy for feature-preserving discretizations

This paper examines the application of optimization and control ideas to the formulation of feature-preserving numerical methods, with particular emphasis on the conservative and bound-preserving remap (constrained interpolation) and transport (advection) of a single scalar quantity. We present a general optimization framework for the preservation of physical properties and specialize it to a generic optimization-based remap (OBR) of mass density. The latter casts remap as a quadratic program whose optimal solution minimizes the distance to a suitable target quantity, subject to a system of linear inequality constraints. The approximation of an exact mass update operator defines the target quantity, which provides the best possible accuracy of the new masses without regard to any physical constraints such as conservation of mass or local bounds. The latter are enforced by the system of linear inequalities. In so doing, the generic OBR formulation separates accuracy considerations from the enforcement of physical properties. We proceed to show how the generic OBR formulation yields the recently introduced flux-variable flux-target (FVFT) [1] and mass-variable mass-target (MVMT) [2] formulations of remap and then follow with a formal examination of their relationship. Using an intermediate flux-variable mass-target (FVMT) formulation we show the equivalence of FVFT and MVMT optimal solutions. To underscore the scope and the versatility of the generic OBR formulation we introduce the notion of adaptable targets, i.e., target quantities that reflect local solution properties, extend FVFT and MVMT to remap on the sphere, and use OBR to formulate adaptable, conservative and bound-preserving optimization-based transport algorithms for Cartesian and latitude/longitude coordinate systems. A selection of representative numerical examples on two-dimensional grids demonstrates the computational properties of our approach.
Simulation of carbon and nitrogen cycling in an alpine tundra.

Simulations of an alpine tundra ecosystem using the CENTURY ecosystem model were conducted to test model descriptions of carbon and nitrogen cycling and to explore the alpine ecosystem response to physical and chemical components of global change. The parameterization of the alpine tundra for CENTURY was updated to reflect current knowledge of the site, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Verification of results from a 6-yr fertilization experiment in the alpine tested the predictive capabilities of the parameterization. Simulations with increased winter precipitation and with the climate predicted under doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were then conducted. Modifications to the parameterization necessary to describe carbon and nitrogen cycling included decreasing the C:N ratios of plant tissues, increasing the amount of nitrogen retranslocated at the end of the growing season, extending the length of the growing season, and lowering the rate of decomposition. The updated parameterization requires 30% greater than observed inputs of net primary productivity to simulate observed levels of total soil carbon suggesting that soil carbon sequestration is not well represented in the model. Carbon and nitrogen cycling showed greatest sensitivity to the length of the growing season and to the temperature regulation of decomposition. Simulation of the nitrogen fertilization experiment resulted in 11% greater productivity than observed empirically, a reasonable verification of the updated parameterization. The major impact from increasing winter precipitation was a 30% increase in the amount of nitrogen in stream flow. Simulation with the climate predicted for a doubling of current carbon dioxide levels reduced production 10% while total soil carbon remained constant. This response was largely controlled by reduced soil moisture during the growing season.
Clean water, ecological benefits, and benefits transfer: A work in progress at the U.S. EPA

Abstract Economists at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are regularly called upon to assess the anticipated benefits and costs of rules proposed to implement environmental legislation. These laws reflect a concern for both human and ecological health, and the increased flow of ecosystem services is a significant source of benefit. This is particularly true for the Clean Water Act (CWA), one goal of which is to safeguard aquatic habitat. Because the benefit–cost analyses must be completed within mandated deadlines, the approaches taken to assess benefits are often expedient ones that have already survived the gauntlet of review both within and outside the agency. This engenders a strong bias toward the benefits transfer approach and particular variants of it. In this paper, we review how ecological benefits have been assessed for and benefits transfer applied to seven EPA rules issued under the CWA. We highlight common themes and point out recurring concerns. Some concerns relate to agency decisions regarding the treatment of a particular benefit category and could be dealt with relatively easily. Other concerns will require the support of an engaged research community to improve the fit of valuation studies to policy contexts and to ensure that the changes in ecological response to which benefit estimates are being transferred are accurately measured.
Measurements of substrate carrier lifetimes in silicon-on-insulator wafers by a contactless dual-beam optical modulation technique

Abstract A contactless dual-beam optical modulation (DBOM) technique has been applied to measure substrate carrier lifetimes in SIMOX (Separation by IMplantation of OXygen) wafers with different oxygen implant doses, annealing temperatures and film thicknesses. Substrate carrier lifetimes ranging from 5 to 20 μs were observed in these wafers. The DBOM method is based on the modulation of the transmission intensity of an infrared (IR) probe-beam by a visible pump-beam ( hν ⩾ E g ) via free carrier absorption in the SIMOX wafer. A theoretical model is developed to deduce the excess carrier lifetimes in the SIMOX substrate by the DBOM technique. Mappings of the substrate carrier lifetimes in these SIMOX wafers were carried out, and the results are in good agreement with values determined by the surface photovoltage (SPV) method.
Small barium rail gun for plasma injection.

A small rail gun with a barium electrode can be operated at higher than one shot per second to produce more than 2×1016 barium ions with energy 10–20 eV. The operation of the gun takes advantage of the external magnetic field for cross‐field plasma injection into a trap. Up to 7 kG of the magnetic field examined, the gun performance improves with the increased magnetic field strength.
Inversion of both gating polarity and CO2 sensitivity of voltage gating with D3N mutation of Cx50

The effect of CO2-induced acidification on transjunctional voltage (Vj) gating was studied by dual voltage-clamp in oocytes expressing mouse connexin 50 (Cx50) or a Cx50 mutant (Cx50-D3N), in which...
Domestication process of maize continues in guatemala

The early Amerind, prescientific farmer, without the knowledge of sexual reproduction in plants, improved maize from a wild ancestor, and modem plant breeders are continuing to improve it in a similar continuum. I consider domestication to be a process, not an act. The domestication process is defined here as the continuing, human-controlled, evolutionary process of the modification of the genotype that has been operative since cultivation began (Johannessen, 1970, p. 689). The domestication process involves the farmer's perception of the food potential of the maize plant and its variations, the recognition that the plant can be reproduced, the selection of seed desired for planting, the reproduction of the selected seed in such a way as to maintain or improve its quality, and the dispersal of the maintained and improved varieties to other agricultural people. Natural hybridization probably occurred in the past. In this paper I will address only the prescientific methodologies of the Indians, not scientific agricultural systems. In order to investigate the domestication process, I selected the location for field study on the basis of information given in the Races of Maize (Wellhausen et al., 1952; Wellhausen et al., 1957) about distribution of the largest ears of maize in Guatemala. I asked Guatemalan agronomists and geographers in which districts with large maize were the Indians the most traditional in their agricultural practices. Because of the reverence with which the local folk still hold maize, the agronomists and geographers suggested that I concentrate in the Coban-Huehuetenango axis of the country; this I did. Research in the field was carried out in July 1966, from June-September 1968, July 1970, and each summer from 19741977, mainly in Alta Verapaz. The literature search on which this present research is based is included in an earlier ethnographic publication (Johannessen et al., 1970).
Theory Ain't Practice: Four Novice Researchers Navigate Dilemmas of Representation Within Immigrant Populations

This article illuminates instances in which four graduate students have struggled with issues of representation—of themselves and of immigrant participants—at their research sites and in their writing. These dilemmas are situated within the literature on the politics of representation in qualitative research. Although these dilemmas are not unique to novice researchers, how graduate students experience and work through the ethical grey spaces of ethnographic research is impacted by their status as emerging researchers—that is, as ethnographers transitioning from research in theory (idealism) to research in practice (reality). Although this paper does not offer hard and fast solutions to these dilemmas, it points to ways in which novice researchers may benefit from mentors when participating in reflexive communities.
Preparation of extracts from Juniper leaves for electrophoresis

Abstract The action of phenolase and subsequent reaction; in plant tissues with a high phenol to protein ratio causes a reduction in enzyme activity during extraction. To overcome the action of phenolases in Juniper leaves, an extraction buffer was developed which contained sodium tetraborate, sodium ascorbate, sodium meta-bisulfite, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, and germanium dioxide. This extraction buffer was used in combination with an extraction procedure using liquid nitrogen, polyvinylpyrrolidone, n-butanol, and diethyl ether. Modifications in the buffer or extraction procedure resulted in a reduction in both the quality and number of isoenzymes obtained. Differences obtained in isoesterase banding by changing the extraction procedures should caution the systematic botanist that extraction methods may have critical effects in isoenzyme studies.