cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brucellosis of the Central Nervous System A Case Report of an Infected Infant

Brucellosis in early infancy is unusual and reports of congenitally acquired infection are extremely rare. The patient presented at the age of 8 months with high fever and signs of meningitis. He had a previous history of hydrocephalus undergoing shunt alleviation at I month of age. A diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) brucellosis was subsequently made. Trans-placental transmission is offered as a possible explanation for the acquisition of this child's brucellosis infection.
Model theory of algebraically closed fields

We give a survey of the model-theoretic approach to algebraically closed fields, algebraic varieties and algebraic groups. Much of what we say is taken quite directly from other sources, specifically [Po 89], [Po 87, Chapter 4], [Bousl 89], and [Pi 89], as well as from basic textbooks on algebraic geometry and algebraic groups ([Sh], [Bor]). As we tend to be brief with our proofs, the reader is advised to look at these other sources for additional details, where appropriate. Also all relevant attributions of results can be found there. The reader should see [Zie] in this volume for ω-stability, imaginaries, canonical bases etc. The present paper can serve as an introduction to naive algebraic geometry for model-theorists, as all the basic notions will be defined.
Modeling and Optimization of Terminal Area Utilization by Assigning Arrival and Departure Fixes

Terminal area is very important airspace resource due to the limited capacity. Because several arrival traffics from different origin airport merge at arrival fix, the queue for arrival stream generally is formed at arrival fix and the inherent delay is propagated further out. Moreover it leads that arrivals do path stretching and speed adjustment to absorb that delay with consuming much more fuel than it was required. However this developed delay is often not distributed evenly, therefore some fixes experience unbearable delays while other fixes might idle. In this paper, we suggest a new approach to assign fix to resolve this issue while minimizing total consumed fuel and environmental impact in terminal airspace. The proposed model assigns arrival and departure fix for each arrival and departure respectively, considering the fix and runway capacity constraints. The proposed optimization model is beneficial to improve terminal area efficiency and local environment. In addition, this model functions more effectively at severe weather condition when existing unbalanced traffic demand.
Partial-Wave Spectroscopy to Detect The Initial Stage of Colon Carcinogenesis

We developed partial-wave spectroscopy that is sensitive to nano-structural alterations in living cells and provides information beyond what conventional light microscopy reveals. It enables detection of the earliest pre-neoplastic changes in rat colonic epithelial cells.
What about Reader Service Cards

Is the reader service card an effective aid to marketing effort? Advertisers, advertising agencies, inquiry users, and publishers have different views regarding this question. This article presents those views, as well as some evidence on effectiveness. READER service cards are controversial marketing aids. Their purpose is to facilitate the initiation, processing, and answering of inquiries in response to advertisements placed in various periodicals. A reader service card is generally the size of a post card and may be either an actual post card insert in the periodical, or comprise part of one of the pages. The reader is provided several blanks for the information such as his name, address, occupation, or title. The remainder of the card is devoted to an array of numbers, similar to a bingo card, with each number representing an advertisement contained in the periodical. The major variation on this form replaces the array of numbers with several blank lines, so that the reader can write in the items about which he is inquiring. Publishers, advertisers, agencies, and ultimate users are divided in opinion as to the value of reader service cards, but continue to use them. Few facts regarding their effectiveness are available, due to lack of research and secrecy of the figures. The mixed feelings concerning the worth of reader service cards extend to publishers, advertisers, and other users. Publishers are concerned with the time, talent, and money required to process the cards to their advertisers. Advertisers in turn, aside from the processing costs, have questioned the worthwhileness, both quantitatively and qualitatively, of the leads generated from them. Where advertisers have channeled the cards to dealers, distributors, manufacturers' agents, and retailers, they have been bothered both by the internal processing costs and the quality and quantity of business generated from the use of the cards. A survey was carried out by one of the present writers as a byproduct of working with an industry group in which this means of generating inquiries is in widespread use. The present article provides a selective summary of the findings and a digest of the
MALIGNANT HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA : A CASE OF SUDDEN UNEXPECTED DEATH IN INFANCY

A case is reported in which an unsuspected multifocal malignant hemangioendothelioma indirectly caused the sudden, unexpected death of a 5-month-old girl because of its location. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of sudden, unexpected death associated with this type of tumor. The findings of this unusual case are presented along with a review of relevant literature.
Note on the Homogeneity of Census Tracts: A Methodological Problem in Urban Ecological Research

In this paper the probability logic underlying the Shevky-Williams index of isolation and group segregation ratio was explicated. These measures allow the conception of ecological segregation as a function of the probable interaction within and between members of racial, nationality, and cultural groups. The probable interaction scores themselves, P*, Q*, and R*, are subject to direct interpretation and seem to represent meaningful measures of one aspect of the social isolation of ethnic groups. However, minor modifications in the original indexes were suggested which will increase their utility as measures of residential concentration. The final indexes, I1, 12, and I3, represent the probable interaction scores after the latter have been made relative to their possible limits given the proportions of the groups in a particular city. The properties of the revised indexes were specified, and concrete examples of the analytic utility of the revised indexes were given for groups in the Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Region as of 1940.
Porosity, mineralogy, and pore fluid from simultaneous impedance inversion

We find that in a quartz/clay system, P- and S-wave impedances (IP and IS, respectively) each uniquely depend on a different linear combination of the total porosity and clay content. This implies that if the pore fluid is known, we can resolve these two seismically derived impedances for porosity and clay content. Key to such interpretation is rock-physics diagnostics that provide a theoretical rock-physics model to quantitatively explain well data by relating IP and IS to porosity, clay content, and pore fluid. The well data conditioned according to this model serve as input to simultaneous impedance inversion. Poisson's or the IP/IS ratio serves as the pore-fluid identifier. We give an example of such rock-physics-based interpretation of seismically derived impedances for rock properties based on well and seismic data from an offshore oil field.
Apical proton secretion by the inner stripe of the outer medullary collecting duct.

The inner stripe of outer medullary collecting duct (OMCDis) is unique among collecting duct segments because both intercalated cells and principal cells secrete protons and reabsorb luminal bicarb...
Fabrication of complex biomaterial scaffolds for soft tissue engineering by electrospinning

Abstract Mammalian cells are dynamic, continuously probing their microenvironment and changing their morphology and phenotype in response to local stimuli. Consequently, critical to the achievement of functional engineered tissues is the fabrication of biomaterial scaffolds that incorporate the appropriate topographical, mechanical, and biochemical stimuli to guide cell proliferation, differentiation and assembly into tissue-like structures. This is easier said than done. Although a plethora of approaches to generate functional scaffolds have been described, many fall short of achieving this goal. Fibrous scaffolds—which are strong in tension and compliant in bending and compression—have been developed for the repair (e.g., abdominal hernias) or replacement of various soft tissue structures (e.g., vascular grafts, ligament). To date, these braided or knitted fiber scaffolds are formed from wet- or melt-spun fibers and possess diameter of ≥15 μm. On the other hand, scaffolds that incorporate micro-fibers (i.e., diameters of 0.1 to 10 μm) can introduce mechanical anisotropy and provide topographic features to guide cell alignment. Importantly, these materials may be able to organize cells into oriented tissue-like structures. In this chapter we discuss the fabrication of such micro-fiber meshes through solution electrospinning, and describe how changing the fiber properties can influence cell behavior through contact guidance and mechanical effects. Next, we describe techniques for incorporating chemical and biochemical cues to guide cell phenotype. Lastly, we describe methods to form complex fibrous meshes that incorporate multiple material types and phases, and when arranged in a graded or laminated manner may be utilized for the generation of complex tissue structures.
Experimental study of second-harmonic generation dynamics in fibers by phase modulation between the fundamental and second-harmonic writing beams

The saturation of photoinduced χ(2) gratings in optical fibers can be studied by a controlled modulation of the relative phase (ΔΦ) between the fundamental and second-harmonic (SH) writing beams,1 We present measurements of the SH intensity after changes of π in the relative phase of the seeding beams. We can relate features in the measured SH intensity to different kinds of saturation.
Snake’s Eye and Obsidian Knife: Art, Ideology, and ‘The Woman Who Rode Away’

For several years it has been difficult to find a good word written about ‘The Woman Who Rode Away’. Today’s established opinion might date from Julian Moynahan’s belief in The Deed of Life (1963) that it is ‘a heartless tale au fond’, its central action ‘neither excusable nor interesting’.1 Frank Kermode, in D. H. Lawrence (1973), virtually dismisses the story entirely, claiming that ‘the end of the tale is naked doctrine, racial mastery’.2 Still, Kermode’s dismissal at least follows some treatment of ‘The Woman Who Rode Away’; if his concern only amounts to a short paragraph, several critical studies of Lawrence’s fiction bypass any discussion of this tale on the implicit understanding that it is an embarrassment not worthy of extended analysis.3 Feminist criticism is virtually unanimous in condemning the alleged doctrine in the work. Perhaps the most outspoken attack on the story is expressed through Kate Millett’s vituperations in Sexual Politics (1970), when she closes her chapter on Lawrence with a roll-call assault on the reputed ‘ethics’ in ‘The Woman Who Rode Away’; she concludes with the charge that the work is merely ‘pandering to pornographic dream’, and that it ‘would reward a careful comparative reading with The Story of O; in a number of ways it resembles commercial hard-core’.4
Non-Rhythmic Sensory Inputs: Influence on Locomotory Outputs in Arthropods

Locomotory rhythms have several variable parameters. Of these, variations in frequency and in the amplitude of some or all of the component movements are consistent with known interactions between command fibers and central oscillators. Variation in phase relations among rhythmic motor neurons often cannot be explained by such interactions. Phase changes suggest complexities of central oscillators which have not yet been demonstrated empirically. In one model system for studying the control of locomotion, the cercal giant fibers of the cockroach evoke depolarizing psp’s, which may be mono-synaptic epsp’s, in at least one depressor motor neuron of the leg. Different giant fibers encode different information about wind direction, and perhaps wind velocity.
Decentralization and efficiency of subsidy targeting: Evidence from chiefs in rural Malawi

Lower-income countries spend vast sums on subsidies. Beneficiaries are typically selected via either a proxy-means test (PMT) or through a decentralized identification process led by local leaders. A decentralized allocation may offer informational advantages, but may be prone to elite capture. We study this trade-off in the context of two large-scale subsidy programs in Malawi (for agricultural inputs and food) decentralized to traditional leaders ("chiefs") who are asked to target the needy. Using household panel data, we find that nepotism exists but has only limited mistargeting consequences. Importantly, we find that chiefs target households with higher returns to farm inputs, generating an allocation that is more productively efficient than what could be achieved through strict poverty-targeting. This could be welfare improving, since within-village redistribution is common. Productive efficiency targeting is concentrated in villages with above-median levels of redistribution.
Previously Unknown Interactions Between AML1 and MLL Provide Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression in Normal Hematopoiesis and in Leukemia

In all organisms, the fundamental process of transcriptional regulation requires transcription factors, which bind to DNA in response to extra-cellular signals and regulate transcription of target genes. In eukaryotes, this process also involves epigenetic regulation, which includes DNA and histone modifications. Hematopoiesis and leukemia are excellent model systems for studying the higher eukaryotic regulations of gene expression and for identifying important molecules involved in genetic and epigenetic transcriptional regulation. The Mixed-Lineage Leukemia (MLL) protein, a Set1-like H3K4 methyltransferase, and the heterodimeric transcriptional factor AML1/CBFβ are critical for definitive and adult hematopoiesis. They are required for the generation of all hematopoietic lineages and act as tumor suppressors in human leukemia. We have previously shown that the regulation of PU.1 by AML1 is mediated by 3 AML1 binding sites in the PU.1 upstream regulatory element (URE), located −14 kb relative to the transcription start site in mice (Huang et al. Nat Genet . 2008). To understand whether AML1 plays a critical role in regulating the PU.1 locus at the chromatin level, we have utilized this PU.1 regulation system as a model to study the potential interplay between AML1/CBFβ and MLL. We found that MLL binds to the evolutionarily conserved Runt-domain of AML1, enhances the formation of the AML1/CBFβ heterodimer, and blocks the ubiquitin-proteasome mediated degradation of AML1. We also found that AML1/CBFβ is required for maintenance of the H3K4-me3 histone mark at the PU.1 upstream regulatory element (URE) and promoter region, and that MLL is required for AML1 to regulate PU.1 expression. In contrast, we found that several leukemia-associated MLL fusion proteins, including MLL-AF4, MLL-AF9, MLL-ENL, and MLL-AF10, no longer stabilize AML1 but rather induce AML1 degradation and downregulate PU.1 expression. Taken together, our data indicate that MLL and some of its leukemia-associated fusion proteins physically and functionally interact with AML1. Their effects on target genes, particularly PU.1, may be critical for the normal regulation of hematopoiesis and for the aberrant regulation that underlies acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).
Mathematical Structures: Answering the "Why" Questions.

nderstanding the answers to "why" questions is an important part of secondary school mathematics. Over the past few years, we have taught naturally curious high school and college students who have asked these questions as they learned mathematics. Attempting to answer the "why" questions has been fruitful, and often challenging, for us as teachers; however, as O'Daffer and Thornquist (1993, 41-42) report, "[Rjesearch evidence indicates that high school students have difficulty thinking critically." Whereas a synthesis of the research on teachers' knowledge reveals that teachers who have a deep understanding of mathematics tend to teach more conceptually, many mathematics teachers, especial ly preservice teachers, do not know the answers to these kinds of questions (Fennema and Franke 1992; Shulman 1988). For students and teachers to ask?and more important, to answer?such "why" questions, they must understand mathematical structure. In this article we offer (1) a workable definition of mathe matical structure, (2) a rationale for teaching math ematical structure in the secondary school, (3) mathematical structure appropriate for secondary mathematics teachers and students, and (4) sugges tions for teaching mathematical structure in the secondary school.
Abstract A67: Addressing rural disparities: Community outreach to assess the need for cancer prevention, screening, and access to treatment in rural Utah

Background/Purpose The purpose of this study is to collect community health needs assessment data specific to rural Utah as part of designing tailored prevention and education programs. Cancer prevention, screening, and access to treatment in Rural Utah presents a unique set of challenges. Utah is a large state with vast and sparsely populated areas. More than 96% of the state is defined as either rural ( Since 1999, Community Outreach and Prevention Education (COPE) at Huntsman Cancer Institute (HCI) has successfully disseminated information about cancer prevention to >1 million people. With funding from the National Cancer Institute, HCI has expanded COPE efforts to address known cancer disparities in 4 identified Utah health districts via a Community Health Educator (CHE). The first phase of the three-year grant is underway. Data collection methods, and findings will be described. Methods The COPE program expansion targets Tooele, Tri-County, Central, and Southeastern Utah health districts. Each have poor rankings in cancer mortality, early detection, and health behaviors, with limited contact from HCI9s research, clinical, and education programs. The 3 phases of expansion include: • Year 1: partnership building, community health needs assessment (CHNA) • Year 2: evidence-based intervention strategies, program implementation • Year 3: program evaluation, sustainability During year 1, knowledge, beliefs, intentions, and behaviors related to cancer prevention and screening were collected via stakeholder interviews, focus groups with community members, short surveys, and follow-up e-mail/telephone questionnaires. The CDCynergy Lite planning model and theory of planned behavior guided the CHNA instruments. Results/Findings Rural data and outcomes from community members and key stakeholders will be shared. Discussion The results of the CHNA will contribute to evidence-based intervention strategies and will be used to implement tailored and culturally appropriate programs to improve these needs and evaluate effectiveness. Results/findings from year 1 also provide opportunities for HCI researchers and other community organizations to expand their work in the targeted districts. Citation Format: Jennyffer Morales, Ana Maria Lopez, Garrett Harding, Jeff Yancy, Donna Branson. Addressing rural disparities: Community outreach to assess the need for cancer prevention, screening, and access to treatment in rural Utah. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Ninth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2016 Sep 25-28; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A67.
Solution combustion synthesized lithium cobalt oxide as a catalytic precursor for the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride

Abstract Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) has recently been explored as one method to synthesize metal oxides (e.g. Co3O4) that can serve as catalytic precursors for the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). In this work, SCS is used to produce the mixed metal oxide lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) from a solution of cobalt nitrate, lithium acetate, and glycine. Its subsequent use as an effective catalyst precursor for NaBH4 hydrolysis is characterized and compared to commercially available LiCoO2. To remove residual impurities from the SCS material the materials were heated at a rate of 10 °C min−1 and held for 2 h at temperatures ranging from 500 to 800 °C and subsequently characterized. It was found that the layered phase of LiCoO2 results at heat treat temperatures above 700 °C. Using a 0.6 wt.% aqueous solution of NaBH4 at 25 °C and a 1 wt.% catalyst precursor loading, an optimized HGR of 2.09 L min−1 gcat−1 was achieved for the solution combustion synthesized LiCoO2. In contrast, at the same conditions, a HGR of 0.29 L min−1 gcat−1 was obtained for commercial materials even though the specific surface area was much higher.
Thick ideals in Deligne's category Re_p(Oδ)

Abstract We describe indecomposable objects in Deligne's category Re _ p ( O δ ) and explain how to decompose their tensor products. We then classify thick ideals in Re _ p ( O δ ) . As an application we classify the indecomposable summands of tensor powers of the standard representation of the orthosymplectic supergroup up to isomorphism.
Outcomes of Endoscopic Balloon Dilation vs Surgical Resection for Primary Ileocolic Strictures in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

Background & Aims Few studies have compared endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) with ileocolic resection (ICR) in the treatment of primary ileocolic strictures in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Methods We performed a retrospective study to compare postprocedure morbidity and surgery-free survival among 258 patients with primary stricturing ileo(colic) CD (B2, L1, or L3) initially treated with primary EBD (n = 117) or ICR (n = 258) from 2000 through 2016. Patients with penetrating disease were excluded from the study. We performed multivariate analyses to evaluate factors associated with surgery-free survival. Results Postprocedural complications occurred in 4.7% of patients treated with EBD and salvage surgery was required in 44.4% of patients. Factors associated with reduced surgery-free survival among patients who underwent EBD included increased stricture length (hazard ratio, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3–3.3), ileocolonic vs ileal disease (hazard ratio, 10.9; 95% CI, 2.6–45.4), and decreased interval between EBD procedures (hazard ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.4). There were no significant differences in sex, age, race, or CD duration between EBD and ICR groups. Patients treated with ICR were associated with more common postoperative adverse events (32.2%; P P P Conclusions In this retrospective study, we found that although EBD is initially successful with minimal adverse events, there is a high frequency of salvage surgery. Initial ICR is associated with a higher morbidity but a longer surgery-free interval. The risks and benefits should be balanced in selecting treatments for individual patients.
Baking Bittersweet: Mothers’ Dessert-Making Behind Bars:

Food is a significant component of life; its preparation is gendered and associated with caregiving roles. For incarcerated women, food is especially salient. Inmate-created recipes can assist with...
Health Policy and Management, Religion, and Spirituality

This chapter reviews theories and empirical evidence on relations between religion and spirituality (R/S) and variables of interest to health policy and management, a public health subfield of concentration for about one-fifth of public health students nationwide. R/S factors may affect health through pathways including health behaviors, social support, psycholog ical states, and religious/spiritual coping, either favorably or adversely.
Far-red radiation and photosynthetic photon flux density independently regulate seedling growth but interactively regulate flowering

Abstract Shade-avoidance responses can be triggered by a decrease in the red (R, 600–700 nm) to far-red (FR, 700–800 nm) radiation ratio, by a decrease in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), or both. The effects of decreased PPFD on plant responses are often confounded with the effects of reduced blue (B, 400–500 nm) photon flux density, which is another signaling factor for shade-avoidance responses. We postulated that PPFD would not influence R:FR-mediated shade-avoidance responses if B photon flux density was constant. We grew seedlings of petunia (Petunia ×hybrida), geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum), and coleus (Solenostemon scutellariodes) under three R:FR (1:0, 2:1, and 1:1) at two PPFDs (96 and 288 μmol m–2 s–1), all with a B photon flux density of 32 μmol m–2 s–1. As R:FR decreased, stem length in all species increased. Decreasing R:FR increased individual leaf area of petunia, and shoot dry weight of petunia and coleus. Increasing PPFD decreased chlorophyll concentration and increased leaf mass per area, net CO2 assimilation, whole-plant net assimilation, and dry weight in at least two species, independent of R:FR. In petunia, a long day plant, decreasing R:FR promoted subsequent flowering at both PPFDs, but to a greater extent under the lower PPFD. In day-neutral geranium, the addition of FR had no effect on flowering, irrespective of PPFD. We conclude that with a constant B photon flux density, decreases in R:FR promote stem elongation and leaf expansion, and subsequent dry mass accumulation, independent of PPFD. However, for flowering of long-day plant petunia, the promotive effect of low R:FR is greater under lower PPFD.
Does this patient need to be evaluated today? Designing a guideline-driven triage process to determine the timing of care for adults with respiratory infection symptoms.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Physicians and nurses often make judgments about the urgency with which patients require evaluation, yet few explicit process-of-care criteria are available to guide these decisions. Using a multidisciplinary expert physician panel and explicit, quantitative group judgment methods, standardized, clinically detailed deferred care criteria were developed to guide emergency department and ambulatory care triage decisions for same-day versus deferred care for patients with respiratory infection symptoms. Methods Using a modified Delphi process, an eight-member multidisciplinary expert physician panel rated the safety of deferred care for standardized clinical scenarios. The ratings were converted into explicit criteria and then compared with usual implicit judgment in terms of nurse triage times. Results The panel achieved 100% consensus on 36 critical clinical factors, each of which precludes deferring care for a patient with respiratory infection symptoms. Based on combinations of 12 additional clinical factors, 48 clinical scenarios were created that the panel rated for deferred care safety. Panelists' ratings agreed for 90% of clinical scenarios. These were formatted into screening criteria. Near-perfect interrater agreement (kappa = 0.9) was found in reproducibility testing. The difference in mean nurse triage times using the criteria compared with implicit nurse judgment was 0.4 minutes (95% confidence interval=−2.1 to 2.9 minutes). Conclusions Application of explicit criteria for deferring care of patients with respiratory infection symptoms did not lengthen triage time. This approach may facilitate more efficient resource management for ambulatory settings. However, prior to their widespread use, our systematic criteria-based triage should be validated in multicenter clinical trials against an outcome standard and the more common implicit approach.
The Residential Environment: Housing and Health

The home environment is considered by most people to be a safe haven and a refuge from the hazards encountered in the world at large. It is also the place where people spend the majority of their time, and for the elderly and infirm, almost all of their time. In this chapter I will review the myriad ways in which that home environment can pose hazards to one’s health and some of the intractable societal problems involved in providing decent housing to the economically underprivileged among us.
One massless particle equals two Dirac singletons

The ‘remarkable representations of the 3+2 de Sitter group’, discovered by Dirac, later called singleton representations and here denoted Di and Rac, are shown to possess the following truly remarkable property: Each of the direct products Di ⊗ Di, Di ⊗ Rac, and Rac ⊗ Rac decomposes into a direct sum of unitary, irreducible representations, each of which admits an extension to a unitary, irreducible representation of the conformal group SO(4, 2). Therefore, in de Sitter space, every state of a free, ‘massless’ particle may be interpreted as a state of two free singletons — and vice versa. The term ‘massless’ is associated with a set of particle-like representations of SO(3, 2) that, besides the noted conformal extension, exhibit other phenomena typical of masslessness, especially gauge invariance.
Halocarbons in the Arctic and Antarctic Atmosphere

A wide range of halocarbon gases (those containing one or more of the halogens chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine) have been identified in the polar atmosphere. Their origins are various, from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Although much is known about the transformations of halocarbons in the stratosphere, and their apparent involvement in Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion in particular, much less is know about their potential impact on tropospheric ozone chemistry. Nevertheless, the Arctic spring bromine “pulse” and negative correlation between particulate bromine and ozone is compelling evidence for halogen-ozone reactions in the polar troposphere. In the Antarctic, the progressive decline in free tropospheric ozone in austral summer has been attributed to greater UV penetration through the ozone-depleted stratosphere; a possible example of an indirect effect of halocarbons on tropospheric ozone.
Case 1: Hemoptysis in a Healthy 13-year-old Boy

1. Grace Winningham, MD* 2. Wendy Estrellado-Cruz, MD† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO 2. †Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Disorders Center, Children’s Mercy Hospital and Clinics, and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO A previously healthy 13-year-old boy presents with cough and hemoptysis of 1 week duration. His cough is nonproductive and he describes a small amount of hemoptysis every day. There is no history of fever, changes in appetite, weight loss, exercise intolerance, orthopnea, or chest pain. His mother does report that he has had occasional night sweats. Vital signs at the time of hospital admission are as follows: temperature, 100.8°F (38.2°C); heart rate, 100 beats/min; blood pressure, 109/55 mm Hg; respiratory rate, 22 breaths/min; and oxygen saturation, 98% on room air. His weight is 76 lb (34.4 kg) (<1st percentile). Physical examination findings are normal. Laboratory studies include the following: white blood cell count, 7,400/μL (7.40×109/L); hemoglobin level, 7.9 g/dL (79 g/L); red blood cell count, 7.04×103/μL; mean corpuscular volume, 79.7 μm3 (79.7 fL); reticulocyte count, 1.7% (0.017); platelet count, 420×103/μL (420×109/L); and elevated inflammatory markers, with an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 92 mm/hour and a C-reactive protein level of 4.9 mg/dL (49 mgL). His serum electrolyte levels and liver function test results are normal. His initial chest radiograph shows consolidation in the right upper lobe. Due to concern for tuberculosis (TB), quadruple anti-TB medications (rifampim, ethambutol, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide) are started on admission. Additional evaluation includes QuantiFERON-TB Gold (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), sputum acid-fast bacillus stain and culture, aerobic respiratory culture, human immunodeficiency virus antibody screen, and histoplasma antibody and mycoplasma immunoglobulin (Ig) M and …
Asthma is associated with carotid arterial injury in children: The Childhood Origins of Asthma (COAST) Cohort

Background Asthma is associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in adults, but the impact of asthma and atopic conditions on CVD risk in children is less well established. We hypothesized that children in the Childhood Origins of Asthma (COAST) Cohort with asthma and atopic conditions would have early carotid arterial injury. Methods The COAST study is a longitudinal birth cohort of children at increased risk of developing asthma. Children underwent ultrasonography measuring far wall right carotid bifurcation (RCB) and common carotid artery (RCCA) intima-media thickness (IMT; a measure of arterial injury). Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, gender, race, blood pressure, and body-mass index were used to assess associations of asthma and markers of arterial injury. Results The 89 participants were a mean (standard deviation) 15.3 (0.6) years old and 42% were female; 28 asthmatics had atopic disease, 34 asthmatics were without other atopic disease, and 15 non-asthmatics had atopic disease. This study population was compared to 12 controls (participants free of asthma or atopic disease). Compared to controls (589 μm), those with atopic disease (653 μm, p = 0.07), asthma (649 μm, p = 0.05), or both (677 μm, p = 0.005) had progressively higher RCB IMT values (ptrend = 0.011). In adjusted models, asthmatic and/or atopic participants had significantly higher RCB IMT than those without asthma or atopic disease (all p≤0.03). Similar relationships were found for RCCA IMT. Conclusion Adolescents with asthma and other atopic diseases have an increased risk of subclinical arterial injury compared to children without asthma or other atopic disease.
Diagnosis and Management of an Adenomatoid Uterine Tumor: Ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Surgical Appearance, and Pathology Correlation.

Abstract Adenomatoid uterine tumors are rare, and their appearance on medical imaging modalities is not well established. We present a case of an adenomatoid uterine tumor reviewing a unique sonogr...
A dichotomy between model responses of tropical ascent and descent to surface warming

Simulations of tropical atmospheric circulation response to surface warming vary substantially across models, causing large uncertainties in projections of regional precipitation change. Understanding the physical processes that drive the model spread in tropical circulation changes is critically needed. Here we employ the basic mass balance and energetic constraints on tropical circulation to identify the dominant factors that determine multidecadal circulation strength and area changes in climate models. We show that the models produce a robust weakening of descent rate under warming regardless of surface warming patterns; however, ascent rate change exhibits inter-model spread twice as large as descent rate because of diverse model responses in the radiative effects of clouds, water vapor, and aerosols. As ascent area change is dictated by the disparate descent and ascent rate changes due to the mass budget and the inter-model spread in descent rate change is small, the model spread in ascent area change is dominated by that of ascent rate change, resulting in a strong anti-correlation of –0.85 between the fractional changes of ascent strength and area across 77 climate model simulations. This anti-correlation leads to a corresponding inverse relationship between the rates of precipitation intensifying and narrowing of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ), suggesting tropical ascent area change can be potentially used to constrain the ITCZ precipitation change. Longwave cloud radiative effect at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) in the convective region is identified to be a major source of uncertainties for tropical ascent rate change and thus for regional precipitation change. Tropical precipitation in the future will be influenced by the balance between changes in the area and rate of atmospheric ascent and descent. Hui Su from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, together with a multidisciplinary team, probe several climate modeling experiments and show that models consistently simulate a lower descent rate in a warming climate. But changes in ascent rate range from strongly positive to strongly negative, a diversity that is dominated by variations in both the simulated longwave energy fluxes at the top of the atmosphere and the absorption of shortwave energy. Because mass must be conserved and the descent rate change is approximately constant, ascent rate change is anticorrelated with the ascending area change. Consequently, models with a major increase in ascent rate also show a narrowing of the ascending area, leading to a “wetter get narrower” environment. Robust observations are critically needed to constrain the simulated ascent rates and controlling processes.
Dislocation core structures and Peierls stresses of the high-entropy alloy NiCoFeCrMn and its subsystems

Abstract High entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as promising next-generation structural materials. In order to understand the strengthening mechanism in these multicomponent alloys, a theoretical investigation is presented here in the framework of the Peierls-Nabarro (PN) model, which we consider would be appropriate for FCC HEAs due to their homogeneous feature, small lattice distortions and wide dislocation core structures. More importantly, there is no need to differentiate solutes and solvents in this model, which avoids the conceptual difficulties for such alloys. Using PN model, we calculate the dislocation core structures and Peierls stresses of the prototypical NiCoFeCrMn HEA and its six subsystems using the averaged gamma surfaces. The calculated stacking fault widths are in good agreement with available experimental data, and the obtained core structures are important for the future evaluation of the solute-dislocation interaction energies. The Peierls stresses in these multicomponent alloys are found to be much larger than pure FCC metals, and are generally in the same order of magnitude as the critical resolved shear stresses (CRSSs) extrapolated to zero temperature. The results indicate that in contrast to conventional FCC metals, the increased Peierls stresses in MEAs and HEAs could be responsible for their high yield stresses.
Discharge regimes and emission characteristics of capacitively coupled radio frequency argon plasma with a square wave input

This work presents a computational and experimental investigation of capacitively coupled radio frequency argon plasma in a roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition system for carbon nanostructure growth. The system operates at moderate pressures (less than 30 mbar) with an 80 kHz square wave voltage input. The computational model aids the understanding of plasma properties and α– γ transition parameters which strongly influence the nanostructure deposition characteristics in the system. A 1D plasma model is developed to characterize the effects of input voltage, gas pressure, frequency, and waveform on the plasma properties. A hybrid mode which displays the characteristics of both α and γ discharges is found to exist for the low cycle frequency 80 kHz square wave voltage input due to the high frequency harmonics associated with a square waveform. The modeled gas temperatures are 22.5% higher than the experimentally measured values due to the presence of molecular species in the experiments. Collision radiative modeling is performed to predict the argon emission intensity in the discharge gap. The results are found to lie within 16% of the optical emission spectroscopy measurements with better agreement at the center of the discharge, where the measurement uncertainty is low and the emission by ions is not significant.
Solid-state photoswitching molecules: structural design for isomerization in condensed phase

Abstract Photoswitching dynamics of common organic photoisomers in solid state are often reduced compared to the solution state due to the close packing of molecules that limits structural changes. The facile solid-state switching of photoisomers has implications in developing novel light-controlled devices such as actuator, field-effect transistor, and photodetector, as well as photon energy storage materials that can be charged by light and release thermal energy upon triggering. Thus, the solid-state photoswitching of organic molecules has been studied in relation to the structural characteristics, and various effective methods to enhance the switching in condensed phases have been developed. This review highlights isomerization dynamics of common photoswitches in solid and then introduces important strategies for facilitating the switching dynamics, including the covalent functionalization methods for small-molecule photoswitches as well as the incorporation of various templates such as porous medium, nanoparticle, and host-guest structure. Furthermore, the solid-state switching of molecules at the interface with inorganic substrates including 2D materials and the microscopy techniques for the characterization will be further described.
Plantar Flexor Function in Adults with and without Prader-Willi Syndrome.

PURPOSE Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a form of congenital obesity characterized by excessive body fat, hypotonia, muscle weakness, and physical/cognitive disability. However, the sources of muscle dysfunction and their contribution to mobility are unclear. The purposes of this study were to 1) compare plantar flexor function between adults with and without PWS; and 2) to examine the relationship between plantar flexor function and gait speed in adults with PWS. METHODS Participants included 10 adults with PWS, 10 adults without PWS and with obesity, and 10 adults without PWS and without obesity (matched on age and sex). Plantar flexor function was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry (peak torque [PT], early/late rate of torque development [RTD]), Hoffman reflex (H/M ratio), ultrasound imaging (cross-sectional area [CSA], echo intensity, pennation angle, and fascicle length), and peak propulsive force and plantar flexor moment during gait. Outcomes were compared between groups using one-way MANOVA. Associations between plantar flexor outcomes and gait speed were assessed using Pearson correlation in the PWS group. RESULTS Adults with PWS had lower absolute and normalized early RTD, and lower H/M ratio than controls with and without obesity; lower absolute PT and late RTD than controls with obesity (all P < 0.05). Cross-sectional area, propulsive force, and plantarflexor moment were lower, and echo intensity was higher, in adults with PWS compared with controls without obesity (all P < 0.05). Greater absolute PT (r = 0.64), absolute early RTD (r = 0.62), absolute late RTD (r = 0.64), gastrocnemii CSA (r = 0.55), and propulsive force (r = 0.58) were associated with faster gait speed (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Adults with PWS have impaired plantar flexor function likely attributable to reduced neuromuscular function and altered muscle morphology, which are associated with slower gait speeds.
The Evolution of Nonoperative Management of Abdominal Gunshot Wounds in the United States.

Abstract Background Surgical exploration for gunshot wounds to the abdomen has been a surgical standard for the greater part of the past century. Recently, nonoperative management (NOM) has been deemed as a safe option for abdominal gunshot wounds (AGWs). The aim of this analysis was to review the utilization of NOM and mortality after AGWs. Methods We performed a 2010-2014 retrospective analysis of the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality and Improvement Program. We included all adult (aged 18 and older) patients with AGWs. NOM was defined as nonsurgical intervention within the first 6 h. Outcome measures were trends of utilization of NOM and mortality. Cochrane-Armitage trend analysis was performed. Results A total of 808,272 trauma patients were identified, and 16,866 patients with AGWs were included. During the study period, the incidence of AGWs increased, whereas the proportion of bowel injury (P = 0.75) and solid organ injury (P = 0.44) did not change. The NOM rate of AGW increased (2010: 19.5% versus 2014: 27%, P Conclusions NOM of AGW is more prevalent and is associated with a decrease in mortality rate. Selective NOM may be practiced safely after AGWs.
Hematopoietic Cell and Solid Organ Transplantation in the Same Patient: Long-Term Experience at the University of Minnesota

ABSTRACT There is a growing population of transplant survivors receiving both a solid organ transplantation (SOT) and a hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). This group remains underreported and not well described. We conducted a single-center retrospective study aimed at assessing safety and long-term survival outcomes of 40 patients receiving both HCT and SOT at the University of Minnesota. Twenty-seven patients underwent HCT followed by SOT (13 kidney, 10 lung, 2 liver, 1 heart, 1 heart/kidney) with a median age of 40 years (range, 5 to 72) at the time of SOT at a median of 88 months (range, 24 to 302) following the HCT. The 1-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival (OS) from the SOT was 93%, 76%, and 49%, respectively, with only 4 organ failures reported. Thirteen other patients received a HCT following a prior kidney (n = 8), liver (n = 4), or pancreas/kidney (n = 1) SOT with a median age of 42 years (range, 3 to 66) at the time of the HCT and a median 154 months (range, 1 to 304) from the SOT. The 1-, 5-, and 10-year OS from HCT were 46%, 46%, and 17% respectively. In patients receiving SOT followed by HCT, survival outcomes were better in kidney transplant recipients and patients subsequently requiring an autologous rather than an allogeneic HCT. There were no HCT engraftment failures. Our findings show that in a select patient population, undergoing a second transplant at a specialized center can lead to favorable outcomes with long-term survival and low incidence of graft rejection, organ failure, and malignant disease relapse. A large-scale study is needed to determine the incidence and risk factors preferred for a successful subsequent SOT or HCT. Those studies are crucial to further guide selection and management of patients who would benefit most from a second transplant.
Agreement of Gait Events Detection during Treadmill Backward Walking by Kinematic Data and Inertial Motion Units

Backward walking (BW) is being increasingly used in neurologic and orthopedic rehabilitation as well as in sports to promote balance control as it provides a unique challenge to the sensorimotor control system. The identification of initial foot contact (IC) and terminal foot contact (TC) events is crucial for gait analysis. Data of optical motion capture (OMC) kinematics and inertial motion units (IMUs) are commonly used to detect gait events during forward walking (FW). However, the agreement between such methods during BW has not been investigated. In this study, the OMC kinematics and inertial data of 10 healthy young adults were recorded during BW and FW on a treadmill at different speeds. Gait events were measured using both kinematics and inertial data and then evaluated for agreement. Excellent reliability (Interclass Correlation > 0.9) was achieved for the identification of both IC and TC. The absolute differences between methods during BW were 18.5 ± 18.3 and 20.4 ± 15.2 ms for IC and TC, respectively, compared to 9.1 ± 9.6 and 10.0 ± 14.9 for IC and TC, respectively, during FW. The high levels of agreement between methods indicate that both may be used for some applications of BW gait analysis.