cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When two is too many: Collaborative encoding impairs memory

Humans routinely encode and retrieve experiences in interactive, collaborative contexts. Yet much of what we know about human memory comes from research on individuals working in isolation. Some recent research has examined collaboration during retrieval, but not much is known about how collaboration during encoding affects memory. We examined this issue. Participants created episodes by elaborating on study materials alone or collaboratively, and they later performed a cued-recall task alone, with the study partner, or with a different partner (Experiment 1). Collaborative encoding impaired recall. This counterintuitive outcome was found for both individual and group recall, even when the same partners collaborated across encoding and retrieval. This impairment was significantly reduced, but persisted, when the encoding instructions encouraged free-flowing collaboration (Experiment 2). Thus, the collaborative-encoding deficit is robust in nature and likely occurs because collaborative encoding produces less effective cues for later retrieval.
GPS Satellite Surveying

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the most recent entry into the field that has become known as “space geodesy.” GPS holds great promise for obtaining inexpensive, high-accuracy terrestrial surveys with applications in a number of diverse geophysical disciplines. This wide applicability makes GPS surveying of interest to researchers throughout the geophysical and geodetic spectrum. Because GPS is perceived as a “hands-on” technique, the actual surveying and subsequent data analysis are often left to the geoscientists interested in interpreting the results. This has led to some unexpected difficulties, for the analysis of GPS data is really two quite separate tasks. On the one hand, there is the problem of modeling time-series of three-dimensional intersite vectors in terms of geophysically interesting quantities. Before this, however, one must solve for the intersite vectors themselves using the “raw” GPS phase observables, a nontrivial operation.
Investigation of Silver Salt Metathesis: Preparation of Cationic Germanium(II) and Tin(II) Complexes, and Silver Adducts Containing Unsupported Silver−Germanium and Silver−Tin Bonds

Syntheses of halide derivatives of germanium(II) and tin(II) aminotroponiminate (ATI) complexes and their silver salt metathesis reactions have been investigated. The treatment of GeCl(2) x (1,4-dioxane), SnCl(2), or SnI(2) with [(n-Pr)(2)ATI]Li in a 1:1 molar ratio affords the corresponding germanium(II) or tin(II) halide complex [(n-Pr)(2)ATI]MX (where [(n-Pr)(2)ATI](-) = N-(n-propyl)-2-(n-propylamino)troponiminate; M = Ge or Sn; X = Cl or I). As usually expected, [(n-Pr)(2)ATI]GeCl and [(n-Pr)(2)ATI]SnCl undergo rapid metathesis with CF(3)SO(3)Ag, leading to trifluoromethanesulfonate salts, [[(n-Pr)(2)ATI]Ge][SO(3)CF(3)] and [[(n-Pr)(2)ATI]Sn][SO(3)CF(3)], and silver chloride. However, when the silver source [HB(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(3)]Ag(eta(2)-toluene) is used, rather than undergoing metathesis, very stable 1:1 adducts [HB(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(3)]Ag<--Ge(Cl)[(n-Pr)(2)ATI] and [HB(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(3)]Ag<--Sn(Cl)[(n-Pr)(2)ATI] are formed (where [HB(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(3)](-) = hydrotris(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolyl)borate). The use of the iodide derivative [(n-Pr)(2)ATI]SnI did not change the outcome either. All new compounds have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The Ag-Ge and Ag-Sn bond distances of [HB(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(3)]Ag<-- Ge(Cl)[(n-Pr)(2)ATI], [HB(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(3)]Ag<--Sn(Cl)[(n-Pr)(2)ATI], and [HB(3,5-(CF(3))(2)Pz)(3)]Ag<--Sn(I)[(n-Pr)(2)ATI] are 2.4142(6), 2.5863(6), and 2.5880(10) A, respectively. A convenient route to [(n-Pr)(2)ATI]H is also reported.
Chimera Veil of “Iranian Woman” and Processes of U.S. Textual Commodification: How U.S. Print Media Represent Iran

This research explores how U.S. print media construct a specific commodified version and vision of Iran by using consistent and iconic images of Iranian women. The text for analysis comprises print media reports from 1995 to 1998, including a range of stories from serious news to fashion and other entertainment. The method, critical textual analysis, uses verbal and visual evidence to interrogate the social, ideological practices involved. Findings suggest that almost without exception, stories, whatever their actual content, are anchored by the graphic illustrations of Iranian women, veiled in the apparently impenetrable black chador. These visuals help fund a new ideological perspective, one that has been recovered and refurbished from the rich past of Orientalist discourse. But this version is a finely polished pastiche that relies on visually ambiguous veiled women seemingly indistinguishable from the familiar and yet unmistakably new: Iran itself is gendered female. That veil, prolific of meaning, pa...
DOES PRENATAL CARE IMPROVE BIRTH OUTCOMES? A CRITICAL REVIEW

Objective: To evaluate evidence that prenatal care improves birth outcomes. Data Sources: The MEDLINE data base was searched for appropriate studies for the years 1966–1994; a review of published studies was also conducted. Methods of Study Selection: Published observational and experimental studies of prenatal care that met specified criteria were selected. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Studies were graded based on the system used by the United States Preventive Services Task Force. Data were assessed using established criteria for the evaluation of prenatal interventions: temporal relationship, biologic plausibility, consistency, alternative explanations, dose-response, strength of association, and cessation effects. Current evidence did not satisfy the criteria. Conclusion: Prenatal care has not been demonstrated to improve birth outcomes conclusively. However, policymakers deciding on funding for prenatal care must consider these findings in the context of prenatal care's overall benefits and potential cost-effectiveness. Cost-effective reductions in low birth weight deliveries may be beyond the statistical powers of detection of current studies.
The Distributive Impacts of Financial Development: Evidence from Mortgage Markets during US Bank Branch Deregulation

Well-functioning credit markets play a key role in boosting overall economic growth, but their impact on distributional outcomes is much less clear. I use a quasi-experimental setting provided by branch banking deregulation, an important episode of US financial development, to study the distributive impacts of finance. Following removal of geographic restrictions on banks in the 1980s and early 1990s, mortgage access increased for lower-middle income groups, young, and also black households. These effects were driven by commercial banks, the only financial institutions subject to the policy. Banks' new screening technologies may have been responsible for this expansion of credit.
Pro-inflammatory effect of freshly solubilized β-amyloid peptides in the brain

Abstract It has recently been shown that the level of soluble β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides correlates well with the severity of synaptic loss and the density of neurofibrillary tangles observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain. However, the biological activity of soluble forms of Aβ peptides in the brain remains to be determined. We have investigated ex vivo the effect of freshly solubilized Aβ 1–40 peptides (fsAβ) on prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production in rat brain slices. PGE 2 levels increased rapidly following treatment with fsAβ, an effect that was prevented by SB202190, a selective inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and by NS-398, which preferentially inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) compared to COX-1. In an attempt to determine the cellular systems of the brain responsible for prostaglandin production in response to fsAβ, the effect of fsAβ was tested on isolated brain microvessels, primary cultures of brain smooth muscle cells/pericytes and endothelial cells, and a human neuron-like cell line (IMR32). Our data show that fsAβ ex vivo can stimulate prostaglandin accumulation in incubates of isolated rat brain microvessels. In addition, fsAβ appears to cause a concentration-dependent enhancement of prostaglandin accumulation in primary cultures of brain microvessel-derived smooth muscle cells/pericytes but not of brain endothelial cells. Finally, fsAβ also stimulated PGF 2α accumulation in cultures of differentiated IMR32 cells, but to a lesser extent than in brain smooth muscle cell/pericyte cultures. Deposition of aggregated forms of Aβ in the brain has been thought to trigger an inflammatory response which accompanies the neuropathologic events of AD. Our data provide evidence that fsAβ triggers a pro-inflammatory reaction in rat brain, and suggest that the cerebrovasculature may constitute an important source of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids.
Competition and rural primary care programs.

: Rural primary care programs were established in areas where there was thought to be no competition for patients. However, evidence from site visits and surveys of a national sample of subsidized programs revealed a pattern of competitive responses by the clinics. In this study of 193 rural primary care programs, mail and telephone surveys produced uniform data on the organization, operation, finances, and utilization of a representative sample of clinics. The programs were found to compete in terms of: (1) price, (2) service mix, (3) staff availability, (4) structural accessibility, (5) outreach, and (6) targeting a segment of the market. The competitive strategies employed by the clinics had consequences that affected their productivity and financial stability. The strategies were related to the perceived missions of the programs, and depended heavily upon the degree of isolation of the program and the targeting of the services. The competitive strategy chosen by a particular program could not be predicted based on service area population and apparent competitors in the service area. The goals and objectives of the programs had more to do with their competitive responses than with market characteristics. Moreover, the chosen strategies may not meet the demands of those markets.
On the range of validity of the Mori-Tanaka method

Abstract The range of validity is displayed for results predicted by the Mori-Tanaka micro-mechanics model. The general model type is that of spherical inclusions in a continuous matrix phase, for a polydisperse (size) suspension. The elastic shear modulus is the quantity of evaluation, using the generalized self-consistent method to give a rigorous result.
Mutations that allow human Ad2 and Ad5 to express late genes in monkey cells map in the viral gene encoding the 72K DNA binding protein.

Abstract Five host-range mutants (Ad2hr400–hr403, Ad5hr404) of human adenovirus serotype 2 and 5 (Ad2 and Ad5) which overcome the block to growth of wild-type adenovirus in monkey cells have been isolated. They form plaques and multiply efficiently in both monkey and human cells. The alteration in each of these mutants allows the full expression of all viral late genes, in marked contrast to the depressed synthesis of many late proteins in monkey cells infected with the parental Ad2 or Ad5. The altered gene encodes a diffusible product, since the mutation acts in trans to enhance the synthesis of wild-type Ad3 late proteins during co-infections of monkey cells with Ad2hr400 and Ad3. Restriction enzyme analysis of the genomes of all the host-range mutants show that none of them contain major alterations. In addition, an earlier report (Klessig and Hassell, 1978) indicated that Ad2hr400 does not contain SV40 sequences, which in some adenovirus-SV40 hybrid viruses allows efficient multiplication in monkey cells. The mutation responsible for the extended host range has been physically mapped by marker rescue experiments using isolated restriction enzyme fragments of the mutants to transfer the new phenotype to wild-type adenovirus. The alteration in each of the five mutants is located in a region (coordinates 62–70.7; coordinates 62–68 for Ad5hr404) which encodes predominantly the 72K DNA binding protein. More detailed mapping using Ad2hr400 fragments places the mutation (coordinates 62.9–65.6) entirely within the 72K gene. The multifunctional nature of the 72K protein and some of its similarities to SV40 T antigen are discussed.
Preferential initiation of PC12 neurites in directions of changing substrate adhesivity.

When PC12 cells are grown on substrates showing a gradient of nonspecific adhesion, they preferentially initiate neurites in directions of changing adhesivity, whether that change is in the direction of increasing or decreasing adhesivity. This preference for changing adhesivity is ablated both by C. difficile toxin A, which inhibits all Rho-family GTPases, and by C. botulinum C3 exoenzyme, which specifically inhibits Rho.
A new approach to account for the medium-dependent effect in model-based dose calculations for kilovoltage x-rays

This study presents a new approach to accurately account for the medium-dependent effect in model-based dose calculations for kilovoltage (kV) x-rays. This approach is based on the hypothesis that the correction factors needed to convert dose from model-based dose calculations to absorbed dose-to-medium depend on both the attenuation characteristics of the absorbing media and the changes to the energy spectrum of the incident x-rays as they traverse media with an effective atomic number different than that of water. Using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, we obtained empirical medium-dependent correction factors that take both effects into account. We found that the correction factors can be expressed as a function of a single quantity, called the effective bone depth, which is a measure of the amount of bone that an x-ray beam must penetrate to reach a voxel. Since the effective bone depth can be calculated from volumetric patient CT images, the medium-dependent correction factors can be obtained for model-based dose calculations based on patient CT images. We tested the accuracy of this new approach on 14 patients for the case of calculating imaging dose from kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography used for patient setup in radiotherapy, and compared it with the Monte Carlo method, which is regarded as the 'gold standard'. For all patients studied, the new approach resulted in mean dose errors of less than 3%. This is in contrast to current available inhomogeneity corrected methods, which have been shown to result in mean errors of up to −103% for bone and 8% for soft tissue. Since there is a huge gain in the calculation speed relative to the Monte Carlo method (~two orders of magnitude) with an acceptable loss of accuracy, this approach provides an alternative accurate dose calculation method for kV x-rays.
Validity of a Competing Food Choice Construct Regarding Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Urban College Freshmen

Abstract Objective This paper presents the reliability and validity of a "competing food choice" construct designed to assess whether factors related to consumption of less-healthful food were perceived to be barriers to fruit and vegetable consumption in college freshmen. Design Cross-sectional, self-administered survey. Setting An urban public college with a large, diverse student population. Participants A convenience sample of 408 college freshmen. Variables Measured A "competing food choice" construct and fruit and vegetable intake. Analyses Factor analysis, Cronbach α, and correlation coefficients were used to determine the reliability and validity of the construct. Results Three factors were produced from the factor analysis of the 11-item competing food choice construct: "competitive food" barriers (Cronbach α = 0.73), fruit and vegetable–related "time" barriers (Cronbach α = 0.67), and "quality" barriers (Cronbach α = 0.64). Construct validity assessments revealed significant inverse correlations between fruit and vegetable consumption and competitive food barriers ( r = -0.15, P r = -0.25, P r = -0.12, P r = -0.10, P Conclusions and Implications This "competing food choice" construct demonstrated satisfactory reliability and construct validity among college freshmen.
Trends in levels of academic achievement of blacks and other minorities

Abstract Race and ethnic differences in measures of achievement, information, and award of educational credentials are reviewed starting with 1960 Project Talent data. Data are more consistently available for blacks and whites than for other minorities, while accurate identification of the latter groups is made difficult by variability in terminology. Nevertheless, blacks, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and American Indians today still have substantial deficits in basic academic skills and information although small gains have been made. Asian Americans have small deficits in verbal skills and small advantages in quantitative skills in comparison to the white majority. Several kinds of evidence converge to support a description of the deficits as the inadequate learning syndrome (ILS). The ILS social epidemic is as serious in its way as the AIDS epidemic. Targeted support of at least the same magnitude as with AIDS is required for research and development with respect to ILS. Remedies that are typically discussed are superficial and ineffective.
In vitro analysis of proliferating epithelial cell populations from the mouse mammary gland: fibroblast-free growth and serial passage.

Normal and neoplastic mouse mammary epithelial cells were cultured in nutrient medium containing D-valine substituted for L-valine. Fibroblast overgrowth was prevented and epithelial cell functions and morphology were retained in cultures maintained in, D-valine medium up to 2 months. A nonenzymatic technique was devised to dissociate epithelial cell monolayers. The combined use of this dissociation buffer and D-valine nutrient medium made it possible to passage serially normal and neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. Normal cells were derived from mammary glands of animals stimulated with exogenous hormones for various periods. The period of in vivo hormonal stimulation influenced the ability of normal mammary epithelial cells to attach and proliferate in primary and serially passaged cultures. A greater proportion of cells derived from glands following 2 to 4 weeks of hormonal stimulation were recovered after replating and showed higher labeling indices during serial passage than cells from unstimulated or 5- to 7-week stimulated groups.
Unlikely allies against factory farms: animal rights advocates and environmentalists

I examine the risks and opportunities associated with social movement coalition building in attempts to block or curtail the rise of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) in the United States. As producers have scaled up animal production facilities, environmentalists and animal rights activists, along with numerous other social actors, have begun anti-CAFO campaigns. I argue that while the CAFO has mobilized a diverse group of social actors, these individuals and organizations do not all have the same interests (aside from resistance to CAFOs), leading to some unlikely allies. These odd alliances provide opportunities for agrifood scholars to study the relationship between the coalitions that social movement organizations form and the support they receive from their respective constituencies. Lastly, I argue that the need for agrifood scholars to address the pitfalls associated with single-issue coalition building extends beyond the unlikely alliance between environmentalists and animal rights activists, as agrifood related crises have led to a proliferation of such coalitions.
Patterns and Associations of Body Weight Among Older Adults in Two Asian Societies

Body weight has important health implications across the lifespan. Most recent attention has focused on the obesity epidemic that is occurring in many parts of the world. However, underweight is also a concern, particularly in less developed countries. For most health outcomes there is a curvilinear association with body weight, with underweight and overweight (compared to normal weight) being associated with a higher prevalence of chronic debilitating and life-threatening conditions and ultimately mortality. This paper uses data from two nationally-representative surveys of older adults (aged 60 and older) in the Philippines (1996) and Taiwan (1999) to assess the prevalence of underweight and overweight and examine associations between body weight and demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics in these populations. Older Filipinos have a modest prevalence of underweight (29.9%) and low prevalence of overweight (12.2%), whereas the reverse is observed in Taiwan (6.4 and 29.3%, respectively). Results show generally expected associations between body weight and demographic characteristics, health conditions and behaviors. We find little evidence of socioeconomic differences in body weight, except in the Philippines where higher SES is associated with a lower risk of being underweight. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of healthy weight maintenance among critical subgroups to potentially reduce the prevalence of disease and improve quality of life.
Supercritical fluid chromatograph for studies of retention and efficiency with a brief study of n-alkanes showing evidence of significant temperature drop with pressure drop

Abstract An instrument designed specifically to examine retention and efficiency in packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography is described. Built on a gas chromatograph, it incorporates a syringe pump, helium-actuated injector, flame ionization detector, two outlet restrictors, and direct control of column inlet and outlet pressures. A supercritical fluid solvent injection system provides chromatograms with no solvent peak or solvent-induced effects on retention and efficiency. Mass flow-rates obtained by reading the volumetric displacement at the syringe pump are accurate to within 1.4%, and the repeatability of retention times and plate numbers with the pump operated in constant pressure and constant flow modes is examined. Isopycnic plate height curves for elution of n-dodecane, n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane, and n-octadecane with carbon dioxide at 50°C and a reduced density of 1.0 on a 150×2.0-mm I.D. column packed with 10-μm Spherisorb C8 show a broad minimum with reduced plate heights of about 2 at reduced velocities from 3 to 7, with sharp increases at higher velocities for the heavier solutes. Retention volumes decrease with pressure drop, which is attributed to a significant temperature drop from the inlet to the outlet of the column.
TROMBONE: T1-relaxation-oblivious mapping of transmit radio-frequency field (B1) for MRI at high magnetic fields

Fast, 3D radio-frequency transmit field (B1) mapping is important for parallel transmission, spatially selective pulse design and quantitative MRI applications. It has been shown that actual flip angle imaging—two interleaved spoiled gradient recalled echo images acquired in steady state with two very short time delays (TR1, TR2)—is an attractive method of B1 mapping. Herein, we describe the TROMBONE method that efficiently integrates actual flip angle imaging with EPI imaging, alleviates very short TR requirement of actual flip angle imaging and through their synergy yields up to 16 times higher precision in B1 estimation in the same experimental time. High precision of TROMBONE can be traded for faster scans. The map of B1 reconstructed from the ratio of intensities of two images is insensitive to longitudinal relaxation time (T1) in the physiologically relevant range. A table of the optimal acquisition protocol parameters for various target experimental conditions is provided. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Flaring dies to suppress die drool

Die lip build-up is the unwanted material accumulation on extrusion die lips. Here, flared dies are shown experimentally to suppress die lip build-up. A semiempirical method for flared die design is also provided. Nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive equations are used to calculate the wall shear stress and first normal stress difference in flared dies. By incorporating melt memory, a promising design method for die flaring is presented. The stress history upstream of the die exit governs the die design. The upstream gap is selected to maximize undershoot of the first normal stress difference N 1 at the die wall caused by flaring. The flare length, on the other hand, is selected to ensure a steady N 1 at the die lips.
An evaluation of evidence supporting fact-retrieval models

Abstract This literature review compares fact-retrieval models with a schema-based view, which proposes that relational knowledge is a critical component in learning and representing basic number facts such as 8 × 3 = 24. It then critically analyzes evidence adduced to support fact-retrieval models and points out plausible alternative explanations for these results. For example, data collected on mental-arithmetic errors frequently confound retrieved responses with nonretrieved responses. Thus, factor-related errors (e.g., 8 × 3 = 21) and close-miss errors (e.g., 8 × 3 = 23) may, at least in part, be the by-product of fast back-up strategies and may not accurately reflect the mental representation of number facts. Moreover, contrary to Siegler's (1988) fact-retrieval model and consistent with the schema-based view, such errors may increase on unpracticed combinations. The article concludes with recommendations for more clearly determining how the basic number facts are learned and represented.
Network Change, Deregulation, and Access in the Global Airline Industry*

This research evaluates changes in the centrality of hubs in the international airline industry from 1984 to 1996 and examines the relationship between those changes and uneven patterns of airline ...
Blending Sea Surface Temperatures from Multiple Satellites and In Situ Observations for Coastal Oceans

Abstract A two-dimensional variational data assimilation (2DVAR) method for blending sea surface temperature (SST) data from multiple observing platforms is presented. This method produces continuous fields and has the capability of blending multiple satellite and in situ observations. In addition, it allows specification of inhomogeneous and anisotropic background correlations, which are common features of coastal ocean flows. High-resolution (6 km in space and 6 h in time) blended SST fields for August 2003 are produced for a region off the California coast to demonstrate and evaluate the methodology. A comparison of these fields with independent observations showed root-mean-square errors of less than 1°C, comparable to the errors in conventional SST observations. The blended SST fields also clearly reveal the finescale spatial and temporal structures associated with coastal upwelling, demonstrating their utility in the analysis of finescale flows. With the high temporal resolution, the blended SST fie...
The resonance of twin supersonic jets

This paper presents an analytical study of the resonant interaction between twin supersonic jets. An instability wave model is used to describe the large scale coherent structures in the jet mixing layers. A linearized shock cell model is also given for the jets when operating off design. The problem's geometry admits four types of normal modes associated with each azimuthal mode number in the single jet. The stability of these modes is examined for both a vortex sheet model of the jet and a jet flow represented by realistic profiles. The growth rates of each mode number and type are found to vary with jet separation and mixing layer thickness and Strouhal number. Contours of equal pressure level are obtained for each mode. The region close to the symmetry axis is found to have the greatest pressure fluctuation amplitude.
A newly recognized entity: intraductal “oncocytic” papillary neoplasm of the pancreas

Intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors of the pancreas are increasingly recognized, and their characteristic endoscopic and radiological features are well reported in the literature in recent years. Oncocytic features in these tumors are uncommon and unrecognized. Intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm is a distinct pancreatic tumor and is a recently recognized entity. We report a case of a 69-yr-old patient who presented with symptoms mimicking pancreatitis, resulting in delay in the diagnosis of her pancreatic tumor. She underwent a successful Whipple's procedure and subsequently has remained well. The resected specimen showed an intraductal oncocytic papillary-mucinous neoplasm. The entity is new and the literature information is inadequate at present to judge the biological behavior of this tumor. We discuss this recently recognized entity.
Enhanced end-of-life care associated with deploying a rapid response team: a pilot study.

HYPOTHESIS: Institution of a rapid response team (RRT) improves patients' quality of death (QOD). SETTING: A 425-bed community teaching hospital. PATIENTS: All medical-surgical patients whose end-of-life care was initiated on the hospital wards during the 8 months before (pre-RRT) and after (post-RRT) actuation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Medical records of all patients were reviewed using a uniform data abstraction tool. Demographic information, diagnoses, physiologic and laboratory data, and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 197 patients died in both the pre-RRT and post-RRT periods. There were no differences in age, sex, advance directives, ethnicity, or religion between groups. Restorative outcomes, including in-hospital mortality (27 vs. 30/1000 admissions), unexpected transfers to intensive care (17 vs. 19/1000 admissions) and cardiac arrests (3 vs. 2.5/1000 admissions) were similar during the 2 periods. Outcomes, including formal comfort care only orders (68 vs. 46%), administration of opioids (68 vs. 43%), pain scores (3.0 ± 3.5 vs. 3.7 ± 3.2), patient distress (26 vs. 62%), and chaplain visits (72 vs. 60%), were significantly better in the post-RRT period compared to the pre-RRT period (all P < 0.05). During the post-RRT period, 61 patients died with RRT care and 136 died without RRT care. End-of-life care outcomes were similar for these groups except more RRT patients had chaplain visits proximate to their deaths (80% vs. 68%; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Institution of an RRT in our hospital had negligible impact on outcomes of patients whose goal was restorative care. Deployment of the RRT was associated with generally improved end-of-life pain management and psychosocial care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:449–452. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Charge overlap results for lattice mesons

Abstract Methods for the evaluation of electric and magnetic properties of lattice hadrons are presented in terms of charge-charge and charge-current overlap distribution functions. The continuum and lattice formalisms are briefly discussed and some illustrative results for SU (3) pion and rho mesons are presented. A short discussion of the applicability of these methods to direct evaluation of hadron structure functions is also given.
Cryogenic Correction Coil Testing

The lattice of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory's Energy Saver/Doubler contains a group of superconducting correction windings with each quadrupole which are housed in an element referred to as a "spool". There are 192 spools in the ring plus 12 special power spools which contain the main buss 5000 ampere power as well as correction elements. There will be constructed and tested 260 spools including spares of each of the eight different types. There have been 243 individual spools tested to date. During last fiscal year 188 spool tests were conducted at the test facility . The spools were tested for a) high voltage integrity, b) critical transport current, c) cryogenic heat load, d) cryogenic operating characteristics, e) thermometry calibration and at another facility, magnetic field quality. Data are summarized for 288 cryogenic tests of the 246 different spools, 488 coil sets, and 1464 correction magnets.
Dissolved oxygen and dietary phosphorus modulate utilization and effluent partitioning of phosphorus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture

Phosphorus (P) is the limiting nutrient in freshwater primary production, and excessive levels cause premature eutrophication. P levels in aquaculture effluents are now tightly regulated. Increasing our understanding of waste P partitioning into soluble, particulate, and settleable fractions is important in the management of effluent P. When water supply is limited, dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) decreases below the optimum levels. Therefore, we studied effects of DO (6 and 10mg/L) and dietary P (0.7 and 1.0% P) on rainbow trout growth, P utilization, and effluent P partitioning. Biomass increased by 40% after 3 weeks. DO at 10mg/L significantly increased fish growth and feed efficiency, and increased the amount of P in the soluble fraction of the effluent. Soluble effluent P was greater in fish fed 1.0% P. DO increases fish growth and modulates P partitioning in aquaculture effluent.
“Dinoflagellate Sterols” in marine diatoms

Sterol compositions for three diatom species, recently shown to contain sterols with side chains typically found in dinoflagellates, were determined by HPLC and ¹H NMR spectroscopic analyses. The centric diatom Triceratium dubium (=Biddulphia sp., CCMP 147) contained the highest percentage of 23-methylated sterols (37.2% (24R)-23-methylergosta-5,22-dienol), whereas the pennate diatom Delphineis sp. (CCMP 1095) contained the cyclopropyl sterol gorgosterol, as well as the 27-norsterol occelasterol. The sterol composition of Ditylum brightwellii (CCMP 358) was the most complex, containing Δ⁰- and Δ⁷-sterols, in addition to the predominant Δ⁵-sterols. A pair of previously unknown sterols, stigmasta-5,24,28-trienol and stigmasta-24,28-dienol, were detected in D. brightwellii and their structures were determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis and by synthesis of the former sterol from saringosterol. Also detected in D. brightwellii was the previously unknown 23-methylcholesta-7,22-dienol.
Leaching of selenium from cement-based matrices

Abstract Twenty-seven cementitious formulations containing three levels of water content (w/s ratios of 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55), three levels of silica fume content (0%, 10% and 20%), and three levels of clay content (0%, 3% and 5%) were evaluated for their ability to effectively immobilize selenium. Triplicate cement specimens from each formulation were spiked with a known amount of 75 Se and subjected to the ANSI/ANS 16.1 leaching procedure for 90 days. Cumulative fractional release data suggest that reducing the w/s ratio of a cement formulation plays a somewhat limited role in its ability to immobilize selenium. However, there is a substantial decrease in 75 Se leachability of a cement formulation concomitant with an increase in its silica fume and clay content. This effect is especially pronounced in mixes with low water content.
Relative Configuration of Natural Products Using NMR Chemical Shifts

We have measured and quantum chemically computed NMR chemical shifts for three monoterpene diastereomers produced by the walkingstick, Anisomorpha buprestoides. By taking into account the Boltzmann distribution of conformers, the combined RMSDs between experimental and calculated 1H and 13C NMR shifts were able to determine the correct isomer, especially when only aliphatic nuclei were used. The calculated relative energies and interproton distances were also consistent with chemical isomerization experiments and NOE-based interproton distance calculations. Complementary to the NOE-based method, a comparison between experimental and calculated NMR chemical shifts can provide an efficient method to assign the relative configuration of natural products.
From the contribution to the action approach: White teachers' experiences influencing the development of multicultural science curricula

In this exploratory case study, we sought to understand teacher's integration of multicultural curricula in science curriculum units, and how personal experiences influenced the level of integration in light of Bank's typology of ethnic content integration into school curricula. Five research participants volunteered and were selected so as to be representative of the demographic of pre-service and in-service teachers in the southern United States. The aim was to explore teachers' personal experiences with cultural others that either facilitated or impeded their adoption of multicultural curricula strategies in science curricula units. Case narratives present and discuss interview data and assigned curricula projects. Findings suggest that participants who had transformative cultural experiences and who identified as the marginalized cultural other, transformed science curricula at higher levels of Bank's typology for curricula' multicultural approaches. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 1271–1295, 2012
Linear Stochastic Estimation of the Velocity Field from a High-Bypass Nozzle with and without Mixing Devices

Linear Stochastic estimation (LSE) is employed to compare the large-scale structure of a jet exhausted through a coaxial nozzle configuration with and without mixing devices on the coaxial stream. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure the streamwise and radial velocity components on a 2D streamwise plane over the first 11 equivalent jet diameters. A comparison of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) for these two cases show that the streamwise vortices generated by the mixing devices result in high turbulence levels near the nozzle and reduced turbulence levels downstream. Reconstruction of the TKE profiles using LSE also captured these trends. An in-depth-analysis into number and placement of sensors was performed by correlating the raw data set to the data set formed by reconstructing the field using LSE. LSE was most successful when the reference signals were at the peak amplitude of the TKE radial profiles, and the correlation levels increased as the number of sensors was increased. It was shown that a jet with mixing devices lowered the correlation levels at the downstream positions by breaking up the large-scale structures.
Cyclic nucleotides in rabbit corneal endothelial cells: fresh tissue vs. tissue culture.

Abstract Quantities of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate were measured in rabbit corneal endothelial cells taken from fresh tissue and tissue culture. Higher levels of both nucleotides were observed when the cells were initially frozen in liquid nitrogen compared with those that were not. Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate was 14 times lower in the primary cultures compared to the fresh tissues while subcultures were about two-thirds that of the fresh tissue amount. Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate was four times higher in the primary cultures compared to the fresh tissue while subcultures were about two-thirds that of the fresh tissue amount. It is emphasized that the ratios of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate to guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate were similarly high in both fresh tissue and subcultured cells approaching confluency, but quite low in primary outgrowths.
A longitudinal study of somesthetic perceptual disorders in an individual with a unilateral thalamic lesion.

Several aspects of tactile, thermal and pain perception were evaluated in an individual (R.S.) with a hemorrhagic lesion centered in her left lateral thalamus. Over a 4-year period, psychophysical evaluations were undertaken every 6-8 months, and five magnetic resonance (MR) studies were conducted. Early tests (1991-1992) revealed large contralateral deficits in R.S.'s perception of touch, innocuous temperature, and mechanically evoked cutaneous pain--more so for the upper versus the lower extremity. R.S. showed a similar pattern for heat pain sensitivity, but a more modest deficit than for mechanically evoked pain. She showed a deficit for cold pain sensitivity on her foot, but not for her hand. Thresholds for all types of stimuli ipsilateral to the lesion were within a normative range. Late in 1993, R.S. demonstrated improvements in sensory capacity for touch and mechanically evoked pain contralaterally, although deficits were still evident. During the same period, heat pain sensitivity improved contralaterally, and strikingly, a permanent, ipsilateral hypersensitivity to heat pain developed in her hand. Throughout the entire testing period, R.S.'s ratings of perceived unpleasantness matched the patterns of perceived pain intensity. Thus, the discriminative and the affective dimensions of her pain would change in tandem. However, perceptible innocuous thermal stimuli evoked no affective response when applied contralaterally, despite being described as pleasant when presented ipsilaterally. Throughout the testing period, R.S. reported a persistent numbness on her right hemi-body. Only during a 3-month period in 1995 did she experience spontaneous pain, which was referred to her right foot. The only change in psychophysical performance related to her right foot was a transient but intense thermal allodynia several months prior to her spontaneous pain. The MR studies over this 4-year period showed changes in the extent of edema, gliosis and/or ischemia that could be related to perceptual changes. Thus, the conspicuous observations in this thalamic lesion case were: (i) differential effects upon the various pain modalities (mechanical, heat and cold); (ii) development of thermal allodynia without mechanical allodynia, including an ipsilateral effect; (iii) a deficit in positive affective responses to temperature; and (iv) the different time courses for changes in evoked somesthetic capacity versus spontaneous paresthesias and pathological pain.
Nucleation and growth of twins in Zr: A statistical study

Abstract An in-depth statistical analysis using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is carried out to expose statistical correlations between { 10 1 ¯ 2 } twinning and grain size, crystallographic orientation, grain boundary length, and neighbor misorientation in high-purity polycrystalline zirconium strained to 5% and 10% at 77 K. A strong correlation was found between the active twin variant and crystallographic orientation. The propensity of a grain to twin or not was found to be only weakly dependent on grain area and diameter. Within the population of grains containing twins the number of twins per grain noticeably increases with grain area, and twin thickness is found to be rather insensitive to grain size and orientation. A weak preference for twinning was found for smaller grain boundary misorientation angles. These and the other statistical results reported can improve theoretical treatments for twin nucleation in polycrystal models. The statistical methodology presented has general applicability for all twin types in a wide range of metals.
Esophageal achalasia secondary to mesothelioma

Achalasia secondary to malignancy is rare, with most cases associated with gastric adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. This report describes the clinicopathologic features of a 64-year-old man found to have mesothelioma as the cause of secondary achalasia. To our knowledge, this is the first case of secondary achalasia produced by a mesothelioma. We reviewed the English literature in regard to achalasia induced by tumors.
An investigation of the interaction of carbonyl compounds with the snowpack

Measurements of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone in ambient and snowpack air were conducted as a part of the SNOW99 study in northern Michigan. Vertical profiles of ambient and snowpack air illustrate large concentration gradients through the top ∼10 cm of the snowpack, implying a positive flux of these species from the surface. Snow chamber experiments that involved flushing a snow-filled 34L Teflon-lined chamber with zero air at 20 slpm indicated that release from the snow followed first order kinetics, with decay constants of 0.19, 0.44, and 0.34 hr−1 for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone, respectively. Although it is likely that temperature dependent adsorption/desorption processes play a role, the data are not inconsistent with loss from the snowpack via snow grain metamorphism. The data also imply that formaldehyde is not hydrated in the snow grain surface layer.
Social Capacity and the Styles of Group Life Some Inconvenient Wellsprings of Democracy

This article introduces a concept of social capacity and offers a method of studying it. Social capacity is people's ability to work together to organize public relationships, rather than give responsibility for those relationships wholly to state actors or the flux of market exchange. The article proposes that to study social capacity, we examine the everyday group styles of civic life. Those culturally patterned styles enable and constrain a group's ability to imagine and organize its public relationships with the wider social world. The article applies this approach to the “networking” style of a church alliance in a Midwestern U.S. city, whose members were responding to the welfare policy reforms of 1996. Investigating group style allows a focus on civic relationships, or potential civic relationships, across “sectoral” domains and avoids reifying “civil society,” “state,” or “market.” This analytic approach also avoids the elisions and silences that the popular social capital concept often invites.
Alternative Base-Pairing and Conformational Sampling in Loop a of the Hairpin Ribozyme

The catalytic cycle of the hairpin ribozyme begins with the ‘docking’ between loops A and B and the consideration of this step as the rate limiting step for the nucleolytic catalysis presents an intriguing question. The kinetic rates of docking previously reported by ourselves and others indicate that conformational sampling may be a factor that limits the docking transition rates. To assess conformational sampling in the pre-docking form of the hairpin ribozyme, we have run several explicit solvent Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations of hairpin ribozyme loop A domain totaling 2.4 µs. We observed three dominant conformers and other minor states identified using hydrogen bonding and base stacking in the loop region. Targeted Molecular Dynamics (TMD) was used to model the pathway between a pair of conformations using CHARMM36/NAMD. The Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPB/SA) approximation was applied to predict conformational free energy and energy differences between various conformations. MMPB/SA correctly predicted the major conformations to be lower in free energy than the minor conformations. The observation of multiple conformations with different energies seem to underscore the formation of a rugged energy landscape with multiple accessible shallow energy minima for loop A of the hairpin ribozyme, consistent with a possible role for conformational sampling in the observed slow rates of docking.