cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardioprotective effects of chocolate and almond consumption in healthy women

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to identify potentially synergistic or additive effects of combining consumption of dark chocolate with almonds as part of a low-fat diet on circulating levels of serum lipids and inflammatory markers: intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), vascular adhesion molecule, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. A 6-week, 4-armed parallel design was used; 49 healthy normocholesterolemic women participated. Subjects were randomized to 1 of 3 treatments: chocolate (41 g/d), almonds (60 g/d), chocolate and almonds, or control (no chocolate or almonds). All subjects followed the National Cholesterol Education Program Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet. All subjects improved dietary intakes in accordance with guidelines, and no subjects gained or lost weight. Serum cholesterol concentrations showed no changes after 6 weeks; however, triacylglycerol levels were reduced by approximately 21%, 13%, 19%, and 11% ( P P = .027). No significant changes were observed for vascular adhesion molecule and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in any treatment group. No synergistic or additive effects were observed when both products were consumed. In conclusion, consumption of chocolate and almonds as part of the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet for 6 weeks showed no harmful effects in healthy women; all dietary modifications improved serum triacylglycerol levels, and consumption of chocolate reduced levels of circulating ICAM.
Se75-selenomethionine incorporation into human plasma proteins and erythrocytes.

Abstract The disappearance of Se75-selenomethionine from blood following its i.v. injection and its reappearance in total plasma proteins, albumin, fibrinogen, and hemoglobin has been studied over 25 days in 2 groups of subjects: (1) a group of 8 normal volunteers, (2) a group of patients on whom parathyroid scanning with Se75-selenomethionine was performed. These patients were premedicated with triiodothyronine for 4 days before the isotope administration. The free selenomethionine disappears rapidly from blood. By the tenth hour, virtually very little cold TCA soluble radioactivity could be detected. (1) There is gradual build-up of plasma protein bound radioactivity, reaching a maximum in 8 hours in the first group, and in 6 hours in the second group. It could be shown that a small fraction of the TCA insoluble fraction is bound to protein through a reducible seleno-sulfur bond. This reducible fraction practically disappears after the twelfth hour. The plasma protein activity at its maximum total value accounts for 14 to 22 per cent of the injected isotope in normal subjects, and 21 to 32 per cent in T3-treated patients. (2) The fall of the total plasma protein specific activity over the first 25 days followed a multiexponential pattern. The albumin specific activity build-up and decay curves could be defined. As with I131 labeled albumin, a multiexponential disappearance curve could be demonstrated. The terminal slope was, however, less steep with the Se75-selenomethionine label than has been shown by using an I131 label. The mean T 1 2 was 21.8 days. The fibrinogen specific activity build-up and decay curves were defined. The disappearance curve could be fitted to a single exponential with a mean T 1 2 of 7.0 days. Triiodothyronine pretreatment markedly increased the uptake of radioactivity into this component. (3) The incorporation of Se75-selenomethionine into hemoglobin was demonstrated to follow a pattern which strongly suggests that the label was incorporated into red cells during their early development. Ninty-five per cent of the red cell activity could be accounted for by Hb; 0.5 per cent of the red cell activity was associated with the red cell membrane. In 1 normal subject, the Hb specific activity dropped between the 100th and the 140th day to low levels. It is felt, therefore, that this represents the life span distribution range of normal erythrocytes.
EFFECTS OF EVENING ACTIVITY ON EARLY NIGHT SLEEP

This study was designed to determine the effects of presleep activity on a variety of physiological variables during 3½ hrs of subsequent sleep. Three presleep conditions were investigated for each of 15 Ss:6 hrs of strenuous physical exercise, 6 hrs of concentrated studying, and 6 hrs of relaxation, i.e. watching TV, listening to records, and reading magazines. The following variables were recorded during a 3½ hr sleep period: EEG, EOG, body movements, heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral pulse voltime, phasic vasoconstrictions, rectal temperature, and rapid variations in skin potential. None of the experimental presleep activities influenced the EEG cycle during the 3½ hrs of sleep. In particular, there were no significant differences in the following measurements as a result of presleep condition: amount of REMP time, time to first REMP, amount of delta sleep, time to first delta sleep, amount of stage 2 sleep, or number of sleep stage changes. These findings indicate a surprising stability of the sleep stage cycle vis a vis the markedly different evening activities. Physiological arousal after exercise decreased rapidly until it was no longer distinguishable from the base levels following studying or relaxation. A tendency to approach these base levels was observed even in heart rate, a variable which remained elevated after exercise throughout the 3½ hrs of sleep. For none of the physiological variables was the level of physiological arousal during sleep inversely related to the level of physiological arousal during wakefulness. Relating EEG sleep stages to the other variables of this study, it was observed that on nights when respiratory rate was high there was more delta sleep and less stage 2 sleep. Also, respiratory minima were most often found during stage 2 sleep immediately following a REMP, and respiratory maxima during NREM sleep were significantly associated with delta sleep. These results support Bulow's (1963) proposal that a close coupling exists between respiratory centers and those neural structures that regulate EEG arousal.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Near Infrared Fluorescent Multimeric RGD Peptides for Targeting Tumors

Molecular interactions between RGD peptides and integrins are known to mediate many biological and pathological processes. This has led to an increased interest in the development of RGD compounds with high affinity and improved selectivity for integrin receptors. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated a series of multimeric RGD compounds constructed on a dicarboxylic acid-containing near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye (cypate) for tumor targeting. An array of NIR fluorescent RGD compounds was prepared efficiently, including one RGD monomer (cypate-(RGD)(2)-NH(2)), two RGD dimers (cypate-(RGD)(2)-NH(2) and cypate-(RGD-NH(2))(2)), one trimer (cypate-(RGD)(3)-NH(2)), two tetramers (cypate-(RGD)(4)-NH(2) and cypate-[(RGD)(2)-NH(2)](2)), one hexamer (cypate-[(RGD)(3)-NH(2)](2)), and one octamer (cypate-[(RGD)(4)-NH(2)](2)). The binding affinity of the multimeric RGD compounds for alpha(v)beta(3) integrin receptor (ABIR) showed a remarkable increase relative to the monomer cypate-RGD-NH(2). Generally, the divalent linear arrays of the multimeric RGD units bound the ABIR with slightly higher affinity than their monovalent analogues. These results suggest that the receptor binding affinity was not only dependent on the number of RGD moieties but also on the spatial alignments of the pendant peptides. Internalization of the compounds by ABIR-positive tumor cells (A549) was monitored by NIR fluorescence microscopy. The data showed that endocytosis of the octameric RGD derivative was significantly higher by comparison to other compounds in this study. In vivo noninvasive optical imaging and biodistribution data showed that the compounds were retained in A549 tumor tissue. These results clearly demonstrated that an array of simple RGD tripeptides on a NIR fluorescent dye core can be recognized by ABIR. Optimization of the spatial alignment of the RGD moieties through careful molecular design and library construction could induce multivalent ligand-receptor interactions useful for in vivo tumor imaging and tumor-targeted therapy.
God’s Melancholia

Donald Capps’s (Capps 1997, 2001, 2002a, b) male melancholia theory has been of interest to me during the past few years (Carlin 2003, 2006, 2007), and Capps (2004, 2007a, b) himself has been publishing more on the topic. In his psychobiographical book on Jesus, Capps (2000) notes that psychologists of religion have been reluctant to psychoanalyze Jesus, and here I note that even fewer have been willing to diagnose God, one recent exception being J. Harold Ellens (2007). In this article, I explore the melancholia issue further, this time applying the theory to God by means of theological concepts that deal with the Trinity and the passion of God. And while this article is playful (Pruyser 1974; cf. Dykstra 2001), the upshot is more serious: If men are incurably religious and melancholic, as Capps argues, and if men, by and large, are the creators of religion, wouldn’t one expect to find traces of this melancholy in religion, particularly in its sacred texts and doctrines? By identifying these tendencies in religion, especially in God, the pastoral psychologist, I believe, is helping contemporary Christian men—especially fathers and sons—recognize their own melancholy selves and, perhaps, helping them get along a little better.
How (and why) Congress twists its own arm: The political economy of tax-funded politics

We do not claim to have provided a comprehensive view of tax-funded politics, but only to suggest that it is an important political phenomenon. There are hundreds of taxpayer-financed lobbying organizations, many of them so well organized that they have published books on ‘networking.’ The importance of tax-funded politics is also evident in the creation of the Washington, D.C.-based ‘OMB Watch.’ During the early 1980s, when the federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) made an effort to enforce federal laws against tax-funded politics, the tax-funded political network responded with strong opposition. The Washington Post reported: ‘OMB Watch was... started by a coalition of anxiety-ridden nonprofit groups concerned about an OMB proposal to ensure that government-funded organizations did not lobby with government funds.’ Reportedly, OMB Watch has over 1,000 member-organizations; according to one of its directors, ‘If not 100 percent, at least 90 percent of our members are federal grantees’ (Barringer, 1984).
Effect of modeling method on prediction of cortical bone strength adaptation under various loading conditions

The ability to numerically simulate the effects of different loading conditions on the strength adaptation of a bone can be a valuable tool in understanding the relationship between the strength of a bone and its mechanical environment. Because significant strength changes may result from alterations in the profile of the surface of cortical bone, many computational models of bone strength adaptation have been developed to predict load-induced shape modifications. To gain insight into the effects of the modeling methods used for these predictions, the resulting changes to the surface profile of an initially circular cylinder were compared for a number of computational modeling methods. Models based on strain tensor, von Mises stress, and strain energy density were examined under various loading conditions including axial, bending, torsional, and surface forces as well as combinations of these basic loading modes. The differences between the use of a singular reference value and the use of a range of reference values to drive the magnitude of the local shape changes were investigated. Trends in the strain distributions were analyzed. The comparisons performed indicated that, despite the high sensitivity to the values of the model parameters used under the applied loading modes, with the proper selection of these parameters, the diverse methods studied yielded quite similar predictions of the bone’s shape changes, and thus, strength adaptations.
Stream of Variation Modeling and Analysis of Serial-Parallel Multistage Manufacturing Systems

In a Serial-Parallel Multistage Manufacturing System (SP-MMS), identical work-stations are utilized at each stage to meet the productivity and line balance requirements. In such a system, parts could go through different process routes and some routes may merge at certain stage(s). Due to the existence of multiple variation streams, it is challenging to model and analyze variation propagation in a system. This paper extends the state space modeling approach from single process route to the SP-MMS with multiple routes. Several model dimension reduction techniques are proposed to reduce model complexity. Properties of these techniques are studied from the perspectives of system representation and diagnosability. Furthermore, these techniques are applied to analyze system measurement strategies.
Community structure and scale-free collections of Erdős-Rényi graphs.

Community structure plays a significant role in the analysis of social networks and similar graphs, yet this structure is little understood and not well captured by most models. We formally define a community to be a subgraph that is internally highly connected and has no deeper substructure. We use tools of combinatorics to show that any such community must contain a dense Erd\ifmmode \mbox{\H{o}}\else \H{o}\fi{}s-R\'enyi (ER) subgraph. Based on mathematical arguments, we hypothesize that any graph with a heavy-tailed degree distribution and community structure must contain a scale-free collection of dense ER subgraphs. These theoretical observations corroborate well with empirical evidence. From this, we propose the Block Two-Level Erd\ifmmode \mbox{\H{o}}\else \H{o}\fi{}s-R\'enyi (BTER) model, and demonstrate that it accurately captures the observable properties of many real-world social networks.
Ultrafiltration of Guayule Resin

Abstract The ability of ultrafiltration membranes to effect a separation of the volatle essential oil fraction of guayule resin from other volatile constituents is experimentally demonstrated. For a methanol extraction of guayule resin, 200 and 500 molecular weight cut-off cellulose triacetate ultrafiltration membranes produced a permeate rich in volatile essential oils, evidenced by gas chromatographic analyses. The filtration process was not influenced by concentration polarization up to a transmembrane pressure gradient of about 400 kPa, or permeate flux rates of 13 × 10−7 m/s and 18 × 10−7 m/s fro the 200 and the 500 molecular weight cut-off membranes respectively.
Effects of a magnetic field on the optical transmission in cholesteric liquid crystals

The wave equation for light traveling along the helical axis of a cholesteric liquid crystal is solved numerically with boundary conditions appropriate for light perpendicularly incident on a plane sample. The wavelength-dependent transmission coefficient is obtained for perturbed helical structure arising from the application of magnetic fields of different strengths, and the results are compared with those obtained without a magnetic field. When the helical structure is significantly perturbed, we find for linearly polarized incident light a region of partial reflection centered at half the wavelength of the primary reflection peak. For both left and right handed circularly polarized incident light, partial reflection also occurs at the same wavelength region. The polarization of the transmitted wave in each case is described.
Effects of butyltins and inorganic tin on chemotaxis of aquatic bacteria

Tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT) and SnIV were toxic toPseudomonas fluorescens SHC-6 andSerratia sp. Gil-1 with EC50 values in the range of 10−3 to 10−4M. These four compounds were negative chemotactic agents forP. fluorescens, and the butyltins were negatively chemotactic forSerratia sp. at concentrations over four orders of magnitude lower than the EC50 values.l-Aspartate was a positive chemotactic agent for both organisms. TBT, DBT and MBT negated the effect ofl-aspartate onP. fluorescens but not onSerratia sp. Thus, TBT has the potential to affect microbial populations at concentrations much lower than those which prevent growth, and degradation of TBT does not always detoxify it. SnCl4 was less toxic than TBT or DBT to these organisms and it was not chemotactic forSerratia sp. Gil-1. Tributylamine and tributylphosphate were less than 1/10th as toxic as TBT and they did not have a chemotactic effect on either organism at concentrations at which TBT had a significant effect. Therefore, both the Sn-and butyl-moieties contribute to the toxic and chemotactic properties of TBT.
Preamble to the Profile of Dr Abboud and Reflections on the Future of American Medical Education

See Profile, p 421 I hope that you will enjoy reading this Profile of Francois Abboud. What an amazing person he is. His illustrious career is a testament to the amazing results that the talent, energy, and vision of a man can produce. Francois is an extraordinary role model for all of us, an inspiration for his trainees, and a living epitome of the ideal academic physician. His energy and passion are equally divided among the 3 classic facets of academic medicine: patient care, research, and teaching. As he readily admits, he cannot tell you which of these 3 domains has priority over the other. It is like a 3-legged stool, where all 3 legs are equally important. Obviously, such a philosophy requires an enormous amount of energy, but that is not a problem for Francois; he has an infinite supply of it. Francois Abboud I want to relate a personal experience that illustrates this point. On February 11, 2004, Francois was in Louisville as my guest (I had invited him to deliver an endowed lecture). I took him to lunch to a prominent downtown restaurant, but when we got there, we found that it was closed, so I decided to walk with him to another restaurant 3 blocks down the road. It was a clear, sunny, but cold day, with a temperature of ≈10°F, exacerbated by a strong wind that drove the wind chill factor to subzero values. That’s when I saw first-hand the legendary energy of this man, as he walked briskly in the cold ahead of me and I could not keep up with his pace! A description of all of Francois’ achievements would require more space than I have, and so I will focus on few accomplishments that I regard as particularly salient. First and foremost, …
RUNS OF AMINO ACIDS ARE LONGER THAN EXPECTED IN PROTEINS BASED ON A GRAPH THEORY REPRESENTATION OF THE GENETIC CODE

An in silico study of mRNA secondary structure has found a bias within the coding sequences of genes that favors "in-frame" pairing of nucleotides. This pairing of codons, each with its reverse-complement, partitions the 20 amino acids into three subsets. The genetic code can therefore be represented by a three-component graph. The composition of proteins in terms of amino acid membership in the three subgroups has been measured, and sequence runs of members within the same subgroup have been analyzed using a runs statistic based on Z-scores. In a GENBANK database of over 416,000 protein sequences, the distribution of this runs-test statistic is negatively skewed. To assess whether this statistical bias was due to a chance grouping of the amino acids in the real genetic code, several alternate partitions of the genetic code were examined by permuting the assignment of amino acids to groups. A metric was constructed to define the difference, or "distance", between any two such partitions, and an exhaustive search was conducted among alternate partitions maximally distant from the natural partition of the genetic code, to select sets of partitions that were also maximally distant from one another. The statistical skewness of the runs statistic distribution for native protein sequences were significantly more negative under the natural partition than they were under all of the maximally different partition of codons, although for all partitions, including the natural one, the randomized sequences had quite similar skewness. Hence under the natural graph theory partition of the genetic code there is a preference for more protein sequences to contain fewer runs of amino acids, than they do under the other partitions, meaning that the average run must be longer under the natural partition. This suggests that a corresponding bias may exist in the coding sequences of the actual genes that code for these proteins.
Assessment of the contribution of differential polarization to improved rainfall measurements

A measurement technique employing the differential reflectivity factor Z(DR) and the horizontal polarization reflectivity factor Z(H) is the basis of the present study of the effects of variations in the shape or breadth of the drop size distribution (DSD) on rainfall parameters. Theoretical expressions are derived for rainfall rate, liquid water content W, and median volume diameter D(O) in terms of Z(DR), Z(H), and size distribution-dependent factors. The latter calculations assume backscattering cross sections for oblate, nonoscillating raindrops falling in still air with equilibrium shapes. These expressions are used to quantitatively assess the effects of changes in DSD breadth on values of R, W, and D(O) deduced from Z(DR) and Z(H).
Divining the Past: The Linguistic Reconstruction of 'African' Roots in Diasporic Ritual Registers and Songs

I examine the assumptions underlying scholars' use of etymological reconstruction to connect ritual registers in African diasporic religions with African 'sources', and to thereby reclaim African diasporic history by recovering 'lost' or hidden meanings. I compare these efforts to the interpretive practices of practitioners of Cuban Santeria, who engage in textual and performative 'divinations' of hidden or lost meanings in Lucumi and in ritual modes of 'temporal telescoping' through which an African past becomes transcendent and ritually immanent. I suggest that religiously informed modes of historical subjectivity can illuminate the efforts of linguists and other scholars of the African diaspora who are engaged in seeking 'lost' or hidden memories and meanings and in 'temporal telescoping'. I argue that scholars of African diasporic religion and language must attend more carefully to issues of time, historical consciousness and historicity, especially as they are embedded in our own language ideologies and historiographic interpretive practices.
Noninvasive doppler echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with cardiomyopathies: a simultaneous Doppler echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization study.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of the mitral flow velocity curves to left ventricular filling pressures in patients with two different types of myocardial problems: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Background. Previous studies have suggested that assessment of Doppler-derived mitral flow velocity curves can be used to predict left ventricular filling pressures in specific disease entities. However, it is unclear whether information derived from specific mitral flow velocity curves obtained from one disease entity can be valid in other disease states. Methods. The study group consisted of 42 patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (group A) and 55 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (group B); both groups underwent simultaneous cardiac catheterization and were studied by Doppler echocardiography. High fidelity measures of left atrial and left ventricular pressures were obtained simultaneously with mitral flow velocity curves. Results. There was a significant relation between the Doppler echocardiographic variables and mean left atrial pressure in group A patients. The left atrial pressure was directly related to the E/A ratio (r = 0.49, p = 0.004) and inversely related to the deceleration time (r = 0.73, p Conclusions. Doppler echocardiographic mitral flow velocity curves are useful in predicting and estimating left ventricular filling pressures in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. However, because of the complexity of the multiple interrelated factors that determine diastolic filling of the left ventricle, these flow velocity curves cannot be used in patients with other disease entities, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Future studies of different disease states are necessary to fully understand the role of Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of diastolic filling.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: A question of a neurologic lesion

Abstract The author reviews published reports which link obsessive-compulsive disorder to neurologic illness. Data which associate EEG changes consistent with temporal lobe epilepsy (complex partial seizure) and the cingulum with obsessive-compulsive disorder are discussed. There is mounting evidence that this severely disabling disorder may be associated with brain disease. A “lesion” in the limbic system is theorized.
The Gold Standard: A Critique of Friedman, Mundell, Hayek, Greenspan from the Free Enterprise Perspective

This is an essay which takes as its jumping off point the free enterprise system. It then attempts to evaluate the contributions of four distinguished scholars to monetary theory in general, and to an evaluation of the gold standard in particular. I take for granted the general case for markets, competition, economic freedom. The four individuals mentioned in the title have been chosen be cause they are widely believed to be exemplars of this limited government, free market, political philosophy – and are also opponents of the gold standard. It is one of the purposes of the present contribution to test that very proposition. To wit, it is an attempt to see how consistent with their otherwise expressed principles of free enterprise are their contributions to monetary theory.
An improved method for chronic catheterization of the rat spinal subarachnoid space

Abstract A method for chronic catheterization of the rat spinal subarachnoid space is described. The catheters are simple to make and the catheterization procedure circumvents many of the problems associated with earlier published technics.
Electrical activity-dependent regulation of the acetylcholine receptor delta-subunit gene, MyoD, and myogenin in primary myotubes.

Abstract Expression of the skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) is regulated by nerve-evoked muscle activity. Studies using transgenic mice have shown that this regulation is controlled largely by transcriptional mechanisms because responsiveness to electrical activity can be conferred by transgenes containing cis-acting sequences from the AChR subunit genes. The lack of a convenient muscle cell culture system for studying electrical activity-dependent gene regulation, however, has made it difficult to identify the important cis-acting sequences and to characterize an electrical activity-dependent signaling pathway. We developed a muscle culture system to study the mechanisms of electrical activity-dependent gene expression. Gene fusions between the murine AChR delta-subunit gene and the human growth hormone gene were transfected into primary myoblasts, and the amount of growth hormone secreted into the culture medium from either spontaneously electrically active or inactive myotube cultures was measured. We show that 181 bp of 5'-flanking DNA from the AChR delta-subunit gene are sufficient to confer electrical activity-dependent gene expression. In addition, we show that the rate of AChR delta-subunit gene expression differs among individual nuclei in a single myotube but that highly expressing nuclei are not necessarily colocalized with AChR clusters. We also show that expression of MyoD and myogenin are regulated by electrical activity in primary myotube cultures and that all nuclei within a myotube express similar levels of MyoD and similar levels of myogenin.
Does CO2 cause partial melting in the low-velocity layer of the mantle?

Recent analyses of fluid inclusions in peridotite minerals suggest that CO 2 is a dominant volatile species in the upper mantle. In a CO 2 -bearing oceanic mantle, the low-velocity zone (LVZ) can be explained by a large decrease in the peridotite solidus temperature at a depth of about 90 km, causing melting by intersection with a geotherm. This decrease in the solidus temperature has been found in the system CaO-MgO-SiO 2 -CO 2 and results from a change in partial melt composition along the solidus from enstatite-normative at pressures less than 26 kb to larnite-normative (melilititic) at greater pressure. Although these liquids dissolve up to 20 wt percent CO 2 , they are silicate liquids containing at least 30 percent SiO 2 . These silica levels are appropriate for kimberlitic liquids, but the liquids are more calcic than typical kimberlites. At depths of less than 90 km in suboceanic mantle, CO 2 may be present in carbonate minerals or in vapor, depending upon the geotherm, but cannot be in solution in silicate peridotite minerals. Beneath continents, CO 2 will be present in carbonate minerals, and the mantle will not melt at least to depths of 120 km.
Prospective study of the elder self-neglect and ED use in a community population.

Purpose This study aims to quantify the relation between elder self-neglect and rate of emergency department utilization in a community-dwelling population.
In Situ Observations of Diurnal Variability in Rainfall over the Tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

Abstract In this study, the diurnal cycles in rain accumulation, intensity, and frequency are investigated for the 1997– 2001 time period using measurements from self-siphoning rain gauges on moored buoys within the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. These measurements are unique in that they provide in situ, quantitative information on both the amplitude and phase of diurnal variability in tropical oceanic precipitation over an extended period of time at selected locations. Results indicate that the diurnal and semidiurnal harmonics explain a significant portion of the diurnal variance for all three rainfall parameters at the buoys. The diurnal harmonic in particular dominates the composite diurnal cycle in hourly rain accumulation, with a maximum from 0400 to 0700 local time (LT) and a minimum around 1800 LT. An early morning maximum and evening minimum are also observed in the composite diurnal cycles of rain intensity and frequency, indicating that both are contributing to the diurnal cycle in accu...
Existence of a generalized solitary wave solution for water with positive bond number less than 13

Abstract The objective of this paper is to give a rigorous answer to the question whether there exists a generalized solitary wave of elevation on water when the nondimensional surface tension coefficient, the so-called Bond number, is positive but less than 1 3 and the Froude number is near 1 but greater than 1. The main difficulties to overcome are the small amplitude oscillations at infinity and the choice of appropriate Banach spaces for the solution of the problem. It is shown that an asymptotic expansion developed for this problem indeed yields an approximate solitary wave solution to the exact equations.
Phenotype of Maternal Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 6 (UPD6mat) Revealed by 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) • 736

Phenotype of Maternal Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 6 (UPD6mat) Revealed by 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) • 736
Perspectives for psychopharmacologic research in gerontology.

A contribution to gerontologic research is offered by the study of aging as a series of alterations in the efficiency of body processes in response to the administration of drugs. Geriatric pharmacology involves the use of drugs for: 1) preventive therapy and rejuvenation, 2) the treatment of disease, and 3) ascertaining the pathologic and physiologic status of the patient. Only rarely do gerontologic studies entail the manipulation of particular factors in order to reveal their effects in altering the aging process (which should be the dependent variable). Aging offers a fascinating panorama of phenomena for research. Scientists from other fields could well be persuaded put their knowledge and skills to work in this field.
Female Peacekeepers and Gender Balancing: Token Gestures or Informed Policymaking?

Since the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 (2000), which is referenced in most of the mandates for peacekeeping authorizations and renewals as of its adoption, UN peacekeepin...
Preparation and characterization of the superconducting system Bi 1− x Pb x SrCaCu 2 O y

The superconducting properties of the system Bi 1− x Pb x SrCaCu 2 O y have been studied as a function of lead concentration and preparation conditions. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis indicates the nominal stoichiometry is preserved up to x = 0.2 and for this concentration, zero resistance occurs at 97 K. Magnetically modulated microwave absorption measurements provide a global probe of the samples and show that resistance measurements alone can give a false impression of the quality of the materials.
The spatio-temporal modeling for criminal incidents

Law enforcement agencies monitor criminal incidents. With additional geographic and demographic data, law enforcement analysts look for spatio-temporal patterns in these incidents in order to predict future criminal activity. When done correctly these predictions can inform actions that can improve security and reduce the impact of crime. Effective prediction requires the development of models that can find and incorporate the important associative and causative variables available in the data. This paper describes a new approach that uses spatio-temporal generalized additive models (ST-GAMs) to discover underlying factors related to crimes and predict future incidents. In addition, the paper shows extensions of the ST-GAM approach to produce local spatio-temporal generalized additive models (LST-GAMs). These local models can better predict criminal incidents conditioned on regions. Both models can fully utilize a variety of data types, such as spatial, temporal, geographic, and demographic data, to make predictions. We describe how to estimate the parameters for ST-GAM using iteratively re-weighted least squares and maximum likelihood and show that the resulting estimates provide for model interpretability. This paper also discusses methods to generate regions for LST-GAM. Lastly the paper discusses the evaluation of LST-GAM and ST-GAM with actual criminal incident data from Charlottesville, Virginia. The evaluation results show that both models from this new approach outperform previous spatial models in predicting future criminal incidents.
Factors associated with site of death: a national study of where people die.

Objectives. Recent public attention has focused on quality of care for the dying. Where one dies is an important individual and public health concern.Materials and methods. The 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey (NMFS) was used to estimate the proportion of deaths occurring at home, in a hosp
Amyloidosis Induced in Mice by Escherichia coli Endotoxin

Amyloidosis was produced in mice by repeated subcutaneous injections of 0.5-or 0.005-milligram amounts of Escherichia coli endotoxin. Of the two strains of mice examined, amyloidosis was induced more readily in one than in the other. The ability of endotoxin to induce amyloidosis lends support to the view that stimulation of reticuloendothelial cells leads to amyloid formation.
Growth and Ordering of Si-Ge Quantum Dots on Strain Patterned Substrates

Manipulating the strain distribution along the surface of' a substrate has been shown experimentally to promote spatial ordering of self-assembled nanostructures in heleroepitaxial film growth without having to resort to expensive nanolithographic techniques. We present here numerical studies of three-dimensional modeling of self-assembly in Si-Ge systems with the aim of understanding the effect of spatially varying mismatch strainfields on the growth and ordering of quantum dots. We use a continuum model based on the underlying physics of crystallographic surface steps in our calculations. Using appropriate parameters from atomistic studies, the (100) orientation is found to be unstable under compressive strain; the surface energy now develops a new minimum at an orientation that may he interpreted as the (105) facet observed in SiGe/Si systems. This form of surface energy allows for the nucleationless growth of quantum dots which start off via a surface instability as shallow stepped mounds whose sidewalls evolve continuously toward their low-energy orientations. The interaction of the surface instability with one-and two-dimensional strain modulations is considered in detail as a function of the growth rate. One-dimensional strain modulations lead to the formation of rows of dots in regions of low mismatch-there is some ordering within these rows owing to elastic interactions between dots but this is found to depend strongly upon the kinetics of the growth process. Two-dimensional strain modulations are found to provide excellent ordering within the island array, the growth kinetics being less influential in this case. For purposes of comparison, we also consider self-assembly of dots for an isotropic surface energy. While the results do not differ significantly from those for the anisotropic surface energy with the two-dimensional strain variation, the one-dimensional strain variation produces profoundly different behavior. The surface instability is seen to start off initially as stripes in regions of low mismatch. However, since stripes are less effective at relaxing the mismatch strain they eventually break up into islands. The spacing of these islands is determined by the wavelength of the fastest growing mode of the Asaro-Tiller-Crinfeld instability. However, the fact that such a growth mode is not observed experimentally indicates the importance of accounting for surface energy anisotropy in growth models.
Annular pancreas: Radiologic features of a case with recurrent acute pancreatitis

A 67-year-old female presented to the emergency department with epigastric and left-upper-quadrant abdominal pain. The patient reported history of multiple episodes of abdominal pain similar in nature over the last 2 years. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the abdomen demonstrated acute pancreatitis along with the presence of pancreatic tissue around the descending portion of the duodenum (a characteristic feature of annular pancreas). The findings on different imaging modalities are described.
Alkali Vapor Lasers

In this paper we present a review of our main results and recent achievements in high power alkali laser development, discuss some possible applications of these lasers.
Body-Image and Body-Beautification among Female College Students:

Women's body-image has social and personal implications. Judgments about the body can be based on appearance (public body-consciousness), internal sensations (private body-consciousness) or body-effectiveness (body-competence). The correlates of body-image and beautification were studied in a group of 245 female undergraduates who completed a body-beautification questionnaire, the Body-consciousness Inventory, the Body-cathexis/Self-cathexis Scale, and questions on feminist identification. Significant correlations were found between public body-consciousness and beautification. Body-cathexis was also correlated with body-competence. For feminists, a competent body was correlated with awareness of internal sensations, while nonfeminists connect a competent body with appearance. Results were discussed in relation to the social and cultural pressures for women to focus on appearance.
The effect of dacomitinib (PF-00299804) on CYP2D6 activity in healthy volunteers who are extensive or intermediate metabolizers

This study evaluated the effect of a single 45-mg dose of dacomitinib (PF-00299804), an irreversible small-molecule inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptors-1, -2, and -4, on CYP2D6 activity in healthy volunteers (HV) using dextromethorphan (DM), a selective CYP2D6 probe. Fourteen male HVs were enrolled in this open-label, randomized, cross-over, single-dose study of DM alone or with dacomitinib. Each HV received both treatments separated by a 14-day washout period. The pharmacokinetics of DM, dextrorphan (DX; the major DM metabolite), dacomitinib and PF-05199265 (an active metabolite of dacomitinib) were calculated. When combined with dacomitinib, the ratio of adjusted geometric means (90% CI) of DM area under the concentration–time curve (AUC)last was 955% (90% CI: 560%, 1,630%) and maximum plasma concentration (C max) was 973% (90% CI: 590%, 1,606%), compared with DM alone. For dacomitinib plus DM, exposures were consistent with those in patients receiving single-dose dacomitinib. Terminal elimination half-life (t 1/2) was 51.4 h. Mild and moderate treatment-related adverse events were reported. No HV withdrew from the study. Single-dose administration of dacomitinib plus DM was safe and well tolerated in HVs and resulted in a significant increase in systemic exposures of DM in extensive metabolizers. No effect was observed on the pharmacokinetics of dacomitinib. Drug–drug interaction may occur when dacomitinib is concomitantly administered with therapeutic agents metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6. Administration of drugs which are highly dependent on CYP2D6 metabolism may require dose adjustment, or substitution with an alternative medication.
Bitcoin: The Economic Case for a Global, Virtual Currency Operating in an Unexplored Legal Framework

Bitcoin is a virtual currency created by programmers, which is produced at a predetermined and knowable rate to simulate a limited resource. Its value is derived from the trust of its users and is protected by its limited nature and the cryptography by which the currency is secured and authenticated. Bitcoin has been, and continues to be, used by some for the purchase of illegal substances and in furtherance of crimes. Because Bitcoin is not issued by a central bank or government, its use entails risks, both legal and otherwise, that have not previously been explored. Nonetheless, Bitcoin possesses significant economic upside over traditional currencies and methods of transaction online. As a result, governments should further study Bitcoin and regulate businesses that exchange in Bitcoin, but without attempting to stop or slow the growth of the currency itself and without attacking otherwise law-abiding citizens who transact in Bitcoins.
Scavenging amphipods from under the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

Amphipods in the genus Orchomene were collected from under the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, 400 km from the shelf edge at a depth of 600 m. A study of 992 individuals of the 3500 captured revealed that the population is dominated by the larger size classes. Two-thirds of the population is composed of males. Ovigerous females will approach and consume bait and females are multiply brooded. The source of nutrition for this population is not definitely known. Identifiable gut contents were bacteria mixed with sediment, pieces of crustacean carapaces, and tissue from apparently cannibalized conspecifics. It is an open question as to whether the population sampled is persistent over time and whether amphipods are common under all of the Ross Ice Shelf.
Female Childhood Orgasms: Findings From Adult Analysis

Four women in analysis who experienced childhood orgasm are described, providing a contribution where sparse clinical data exist to date. My observations support the likelihood that childhood orgasm is a normal female potential, occurring spontaneously in some girls. Such experiences and associated fantasies may contribute to healthy female self-esteem and body image, to character development, and to pleasurable adult sexual functioning. In other girls, childhood orgasm precipitated by abuse, overstimulation, or severe conflict may result in rigid psychopathological defenses, sexual dysfunctions, or avoidance.
Oxidants as stimulators of signal transduction

Redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions regulate signal transduction. Oxidants such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid hydroperoxides (i.e., reactive oxygen species) are now realized as signaling molecules under subtoxic conditions. Nitric oxide is also an example of a redox mediator. Reactive oxygen species induce various biological processes such as gene expression by stimulating signal transduction components such as Ca(2+)-signaling and protein phosphorylation. Various oxidants increase cytosolic Ca2+; however, the exact origin of Ca2+ is controversial. Ca2+ may be released from the endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular space, or mitochondria in response to oxidant-influence on Ca2+ pumps, channels, and transporters. Alternatively, oxidants may release Ca2+ from Ca2+ binding proteins. Various oxidants stimulate tyrosine as well as serine/threonine phosphorylation, and direct stimulation of protein kinases and inhibition of protein phosphatases by oxidants have been proposed as mechanisms. The oxidant-stimulation of the effector molecules such as phospholipase A2 as well as the activation of oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors may also depend on the oxidant-mediated activation of Ca(2+)-signaling and/or protein phosphorylation. In addition to the stimulation of signal transduction by oxidants, the observations that ligand-receptor interactions produce reactive oxygen species and that antioxidants block receptor-mediated signal transduction led to a proposal that reactive oxygen species may be second messengers for transcription factor activation, apoptosis, bone resorption, cell growth, and chemotaxis. Physiological significance of the role of biological oxidants in the regulation of signal transduction as well as the mechanisms of the oxidant-stimulation of signal transduction are discussed.
Scaling Properties of Common Statistical Operators for Gridded Datasets

An accurate cost model that accounts for dataset size and structure can help optimize geoscience data analysis. We develop and apply a computational model to estimate data analysis costs for arithmetic operations on gridded datasets typical of satellite- or climate model-origin. For these dataset geometries our model predicts data reduction scalings that agree with measurements of widely used geoscience data processing software, the netCDF Operators (NCO). I/O performance and library design dominate throughput for simple analysis (e.g. dataset differencing). Dataset structure can reduce analysis throughput ten-fold relative to same-sized unstructured datasets. We demonstrate algorithmic optimizations which substantially increase throughput for more complex, arithmetic-dominated analysis such as weighted-averaging of multi-dimensional data. These scaling properties can help to estimate costs of distribution strategies for data reduction in cluster and grid environments.
Reducing the classical multipliers ℓ∞, C0 and bv0

For R ∈ { bv 0 , c 0 , l ∞ } a multiplier of FK spaces, the classical sectional convergence theorems permit the reduction of R to any of its dense barrelled subspaces as a simple consequence of the Closed Graph Theorem. (Cf. the Bachelis/Rosenthal reduction of R = l ∞ to its dense barrelled subspace m 0 .) A natural modern setting permits the reduction of R to any of the larger class of dense βφ subspaces. Bennett and Kalton's FK setting remarkably reduced R = l ∞ to any of its dense subspaces. This extreme reduction also obtains in the modern βφ setting since, surprisingly, every dense subspace of l ∞ is a βφ subspace. Moreover, the standard results, including the Bennett/Kalton reduction, easily follow from their βφ versions and the Closed Graph Theorem. Our two supporting papers find relevant “Non-barrelled dense βφ subspaces” and study “Generalized sectional convergence and multipliers”. Here we specialize the βφ approach to ordinary, particularly unconditional, sectional convergence.