cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of 5-Fluoro-2′-Deoxyuridine on [3H]Thymidine Incorporation by Bacterioplankton in the Waters of Southwest Florida

The effect of 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) on [methyl-3H] thymidine incorporation by bacterioplankton populations in subtropical freshwater, estuarine, and oceanic environments was examined. In estuarine waters, intracellular isotope dilution was inhibited by FdUrd, which enabled us to estimate both intracellular and extracellular isotope dilution. In 2 of 10 cases, extracellular isotope dilution was significant. At low concentrations of [methyl-3H]thymidine or [6-3H]thymidine, FdUrd completely inhibited incorporation of radioactivity into protein and RNA. At high concentrations of [3H]thymidine, however, FdUrd had little effect on labeling patterns. The dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors amethopterin and trimethoprim had no effect on macromolecular labeling patterns. These results suggest that thymidylate synthase is not involved in nonspecific labeling and that FdUrd inhibits nonspecific labeling by blocking some other enzyme involved in thymidine catabolism. In oligotrophic oceanic and freshwater samples, FdUrd did not inhibit intracellular isotope dilution or [3H]thymidine labeling of protein and RNA, but caused some inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. The ability of FdUrd to inhibit nonspecific macromolecular labeling during [3H]thymidine incorporation was significantly correlated (r = 0.84) with total thymidine incorporation (in picomoles per liter per hour). The results are discussed in terms of applications of FdUrd to routine bacterial production measurements and the general assumptions of [3H]thymidine incorporation.
Task-dependent impedance improves user performance with a virtual prosthetic arm

Recent studies of neuromotor control have shown that humans modulate the impedance of their arms for different tasks, motivating the development of a prosthetic arm with user-selectable impedance characteristics. While impedance control has been extensively studied in robotics, prosthetic arms present a unique combination of human and robotic control, in which human capabilities and preferences play an important role. To understand the desirable impedance characteristics of prosthetic arms, we studied human control of a one-degree-of-freedom virtual prosthetic limb with variable stiffness and damping in tasks involving (1) force minimization and (2) trajectory tracking. Subjects performed best with different patterns of impedance modulation depending on task goals and available feedback, suggesting that the ability to modulate the impedance of a prosthetic limb may be beneficial to the wearer. The results of this study inform the future design of prosthetic limbs in which the wearer can vary limb impedance to improve performance in a variety of manipulation tasks.
A Tribute and BioBibliometric Study of Ellis Mount, the First Editor-in-Chief of Science & Technology Libraries

This paper is a memorial tribute and a biobibliometric analysis of the contributions of Ellis Mount to science, engineering, and technology librarianship. It starts with a biographical section, followed by three sections related to his work. An analysis is made of his contributions to the profession as an editor; as a bibliographer; and as an author. Ellis Mount edited several hundred articles, authored or edited at least fifty-eight monographs, oversaw the production of hundreds of other documents, and published an unnumbered amount of book reviews.
The cost of government: How taxes affect economic health and social well-being

All government services require funding through taxes, but not all taxes have the same effect on the economy. Even when the amount raised is equal, taxes may have very different distortionary impacts on economic decisions. This thesis estimates this cost in the context of a dynamic general equilibrium model, which is fitted to a panel data set covering the 48 contiguous United States over the period 1977 to 2004. Taxes on wealth (property), income, consumption (sales), and capital gains are all compared in terms of their impacts on labor productivity, gross state product, and household welfare.Elasticities are estimated for labor productivity, gross state product, and household welfare. The theoretical model is calibrated using estimates for model parameters found in the state growth literature. Tax rates are not found to be on the wrong side of the Laffer curve, but state tax policies are estimated to rely too heavily on property tax revenues and too little on income and consumption taxes.The empirical model regresses state labor productivity, defined as output per worker, on state tax policy, six control groups, fixed state effects, and between year effects. The average state is estimated to lose 9.49% of its labor productivity annually because of its tax policy. Taxes on property are estimated to have the most disruptive effect on the economy, while taxes on consumption are found to have little effect if any.State tax policies are ranked according to their support for economic productivity using historical tax rates and estimates from the empirical model. Nevada, Tennessee, and Washington are found to have the least costly tax policies while Nebraska, Iowa, and Vermont are found to have the most costly. A state's tax policy is found to account for 10% of the variation in productivity from state to state.
Monopoly Unions and Corporatism: Implications for Strategic Trade Policy

This paper analyzes the effects of corporatism on wage, employment, and optimal trade policy in the context of international market share rivalry. A Striking result of the paper is that when an optimal (Nash)subsidy is in place, wages, employment and the level of the optimal export subsidy itself become independent of the degree of corporatism. This result breaks down under free trade or when domestic policy makers endogenize the foreign wage, yielding in the familiar negative relationship between the degree of corporatism and wages. [F13, J51]
The CYP2D6B allele is associated with a milder synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease

Both genetic and environmental factors affect the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The presence of cortical Lewy bodies in AD patients is associated with an altered presentation of AD pathology suggestive of an interaction between the pathogenesis of Lewy bodies and AD lesions. Since the CYP2D6B mutant allele is often present in patients with Lewy body diseases (Parkinson's disease and Lewy body variant of AD), we extended these prior observations by studying the neuropathology associated with the presence of the CYP2D6B mutant allele in a pure AD population without Lewy bodies. AD patients who possessed the CYP2D6B mutant allele, in comparison with those without the CYP2D6B allele, were found to have a smaller decline in two synaptic markers, choline acetyltransferase and synaptophysin, in the frontal cortex relative to normal control values. On the other hand, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were not significantly affected by the presence of the CYP2D6B mutant allele in the frontal cortex of AD patients. Association of the CYP2D6B mutant allele with Lewy body formation in both Parkinson's disease and the Lewy body variant of AD and with the milder synaptic pathology in pure AD without Lewy bodies suggest that depending on the contribution of other genetic and environmental factors, this mutant allele may be involved with different aspects of neurodegeneration.
A small, structural, quarterly model for monetary policy evaluation

This paper develops a small, structural model of the United States economy and estimates that model with quarterly data on output, prices, and money from 1959 through 1995. The estimates reveal that the Federal Reserve has successfully insulated the economy from the effects of exogenous demand-side disturbances, so that most of the observed variation in aggregate output reflects the impact of supply-side shocks. Indeed, the model suggests that during the sample period, Federal Reserve policy has responded efficiently to these shocks, although the rate of inflation has been, on average, too high.
Theoretical investigation of the conduction band carrier density in InSb under carrier multiplication conditions

Abstract The dependence of the conduction band carrier density on the applied d.c. field strength in a bulk InSb crystal under carrier multiplication conditions is investigated. The carrier density is found to increase rapidly near a critical value of the electric field.
What Sexuality Is This Place? Building a Framework for Evaluating Sexualized Space: The Case of Kansas City, Missouri

ABSTRACT:We intend to build on previous work in planning and geography to develop a new framework for characterizing the everyday spaces that queer people move through and to capture their experiences of the city. Our hypothesis is that all spaces reflect social norms around gender identity and sexual orientation. We will explore how these norms play out in urban spaces by adapting a Lynchian framework that characterizes space by performance characteristics, such as fit, access, and control, using Kansas City, Missouri as a case study. Our results show that queer people read most spaces as heteronormative. They also show that there is a set of spaces with common performance characteristics that are preferred by queer people in Kansas City. We conclude with recommendations for future research and suggest connections to planning practice.
IMPACT OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER FRESHWATER REINTRODUCTION ON SPARTINA PATENS MARSHES: RESPONSES TO NUTRIENT INPUT AND LOWERING OF SALINITY

Abstract Greenhouse studies using soil-plant plugs extracted from a Spartina patens marsh receiving diverted Mississippi River water shows that lowering of salinity and increased nutrient input associated with freshwater reintroduction into Louisiana estuaries will enhance nutrient uptake and biomass production of wiregrass (Spartina patens). Biomass production doubled in response to the addition of 10g N m−2. A salinity-nutrient interaction was shown. Plants grown in fertilized treatments at 0 ppt had significantly greater biomass production than plants grown under fertilized treatment and 8 ppt salinity. However, a significantly greater amount of biomass was measured in both fertilized treatments (0 and 8 ppt) as compared to control. Lowering of salinity alone also stimulated plant growth. Results demonstrated that proposed reintroduction of Mississippi River water into Spartina patens marshes of Breton Sound should enhance plant growth and improve marsh stability.
Temperamental Contributions to the Development of Psychological Profiles: I. Basic Issues

Abstract This chapter considers the concept of temperamental biases and the conditions that contribute to their development. These include the infant's genes and prenatal environment, which create a very large number of neurochemical profiles that are the more proximal bases for a large number of temperaments. The evidence used to posit a temperament bias is a critical issue. Although parental report remains the most popular source of data, this information is flawed because of parental distortions in their perception and description of the infant. Direct behavioral observations of the child should therefore always be a component of a claim for the presence of a temperamental bias.
Rod Stacking: Designing with Functions

A number of cylindrical steel rods of various radii are stacked in a bin. The rods on the bottom are lying on the floor and braced by the sides of the bin. Every other rod is supported from below by exactly two rods. Assuming that we know the radii of each rod as well as the center coordinates of the rods on the bottom, what are the center coordinates of the remaining rods?
Regulators, Iwasawa Modules, and the Main Conjecture for p = 2

This paper surveys work, some of it joint with Benedict Gross, which is detailed in my thesis [2] and in [3].
Genealogy: Inaugural Editorial

Genealogy is an open-access, quarterly journal that publishes original research and theory online immediately after it has completed the review process. The journal will serve as a venue for cutting edge contributions to the field of genealogy studies; making this scholarly work available to the broadest possible reading audience in a timely manner. [...]
Optical measures of thermally induced chain ordering and oxidative damage in polythiophene films.

Thermally induced chain ordering (aggregation) and oxidative damage in neat poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films were assessed using multiple optical metrics (low-temperature photoluminescence (LT-PL), Raman, absorbance, and IR spectroscopies) and NMR through quantitative analysis of exciton/chromophore bandwidths, emission, vibronic line shapes, and changes in film chemistry. Polymer morphology is discussed in light of how absorbance and PL provide complementary information about physically and chemically related changes in conjugation due to chain alignment (kinking and torsion), π-stacking, crystallite domain growth, and photo-oxidation. LT-PL is shown to be sensitive to oxidation phenomena, while absorbance and Raman are not; in contrast, aggregation can be most easily evaluated via absorbance using a Franck–Condon-like model of vibronic excitation. IR and NMR reveal how hexyl side chains and thiophene units are attacked during annealing in O2. We also demonstrate that competition exists between the “d...
Stabilization of Plutonium Nano-Colloids by Epitaxial Distortion on Mineral Surfaces

The subsurface migration of Pu may be enhanced by the presence of colloidal forms of Pu. Therefore, complete evaluation of the risk posed by subsurface Pu contamination needs to include a detailed physical/chemical understanding of Pu colloid formation and interactions of Pu colloids with environmentally relevant solid phases. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize Pu nanocolloids and interactions of Pu nanocolloids with goethite and quartz. We report that intrinsic Pu nanocolloids generated in the absence of goethite or quartz were 2-5 nm in diameter, and both electron diffraction analysis and HRTEM confirm the expected Fm3m space group with the fcc, PuO2 structure. Plutonium nanocolloids formed on goethite have undergone a lattice distortion relative to the ideal fluorite-type structure, fcc, PuO2, resulting in the formation of a bcc, Pu4O7 structure. This structural distortion results from an epitaxial growth of the plutonium colloid on goethite, leading to stronger binding of plutonium to goethite compared with other minerals such as quartz, where the distortion was not observed. This finding provides new insight for understanding how molecular-scale behavior at the mineral-water interface may facilitate transport of plutonium at the field scale.
Antagonization of Anesthetic Effect of Magnesium Sulphate by Chlorides of Potassium, Rubidium and Sodium

Meltzer and Auer in 1905 reported that subcutaneous or intravenous injections of magnesium sulphate would completely anesthetize animals, and that they could be instantly and completely aroused from this anesthesia by intravenous injections of CaCl2 but not by SrCl2. They made no mention of the effects of the monovalent cations. In this series of experiments we have anesthetized rabbits intravenously with m/6 MgSO4 (5.5 to 11.6 cc. per kg.) solution. The controls recover equilibrium and voluntary movements in 7 to 12 minutes. Eleven rabbits completely anesthetized with MgSO4 recovered equilibrium and power of voluntary movement in from 30 seconds to 2 minutes when injected with a mixture of 9 volumes m/6 NaCl + 1 volume m/6 KCl; and 2 rabbits recovered in 30 seconds and 11/4 minutes respectively after receiving 20 cc. m/30 KCl alone. Two rabbits which received 20 and 25 cc. m/30 RbCl recovered in 1 minute and 13/4 minutes respectively. Rabbits also recovered when NaCl alone was used, but much larger amoun...
Decision Making in Spinal Care

Edited by D Greg Anderson, Alexander R Vaccaro. 2nd Edn, 2013. Published by Thieme, Paperback/Electronic 638 Pages. Language: English. This is a review of the second edition of Decision Making in Spinal Care , which was updated for 2013. The intended audience is practitioners caring for patients with spine related issues, which are often complex problems requiring a detailed workup. This book provides a synthesis of current best practice and relevant evidence to provide decision making support for specific clinical scenarios. It does not provide instruction on operative technique. The impressive list of 121 expert contributors has been updated and expanded by the editors, who are recognized by their peers as world class leaders in the field of spine care. Updated reference lists of essential literature on each topic are provided with brief summaries of each article of suggested reading. The focus on the decision making process is achieved by providing a plan of care algorithm as the first page of each chapter. The overall organization is by anatomic region and diagnosis. Busy practitioners encountering patients exhibiting the breadth of spine disease during busy workdays will especially appreciate the quick reference format of the book. We used the digital version for this review. …
Conformational Studies of Stereoisomeric Tetrols Derived from syn- and anti-Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene Diol Epoxides

An understanding of the conformational behavior of the stereoisomeric tetrols at the 11,12,13,14-positions of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) is essential for the spectroscopic identification of DNA adducts derived from the biologically highly active fjord region syn- and anti-DB[a,l]P-11,12-diol 13,14-epoxides. Conformational effects are expected to play an important role in DNA-DB[a,l]P diol epoxide reactivity, base-sequence specificity, and conformation dependent repair. The results of conformational studies on trans-anti-, cis-anti-, and cis-syn-DB[a,l]P tetrol isomers are presented and compared to the results obtained previously for trans-syn-DB[a,l]P tetrol (Carcinogenesis 17, 829-837, 1996). Molecular mechanics, dynamical simulations, and semiempirical calculations of electronic transitions are used to interpret the low-temperature fluorescence spectra and 1H NMR data. Molecular dynamics simulations (in vacuo) identified two conformers (I and II) for each of the tetrol isomers; in all conformations the aromatic ring system is severely distorted. Fluorescence line-narrowing (FLN) spectroscopy identified two distinct conformational species for the trans-anti isomer, one occurring in ethanol and the other occurring in a glycerol/water matrix. The corresponding structures are assigned based on the S1<--S0 transition energies calculated for conformers I and II, respectively. 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the structure of conformer I at room temperature. In contrast to trans-syn-DB[a,l]P tetrol (where the major conformation was identified as a boat structure), both conformations of trans-anti-DB[a,l]P tetrol feature a half-chair structure for the cyclohexenyl ring with different orientations of the hydroxyl groups. For cis-anti- and cis-syn-DB[a,l]P tetrols, only a single conformer is detected by FLN spectroscopy. The NMR results for the latter appear to be most consistent with a mixture of two half-chair conformers I and II, while for the cis-anti isomer a flattened, boatlike conformation was observed. The generally good agreement between the NMR coupling constants and those estimated theoretically indicates that these structures should serve as good starting points for spectroscopic or computational studies of DNA adducts derived from DB[a,l]P diol epoxides.
An efficient fully integrated miniature rectenna in a standard CMOS SOI technology

A fully-integrated rectenna operating at around 1 GHz with a total chip area of 0.43 mm is implemented in Global Foundries 45 nm CMOS SOI technology. The design is based on a miniaturized slot antenna integrated with a novel full-wave cross-coupled bridge rectifier, with very low leakage current. When excited by a 1.1 GHz horn antenna with an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of ∼ 30 dBm, the rectenna provides more than 50 μW of DC power and a rectified DC voltage of higher than 1 V at distances below 2 cm. Given the ample generated DC power, GHz operating frequency and small size of the circuit, this on-chip rectenna is suitable for miniaturized low-cost and battery-less implantable electronics and RFID tags.
Including higher-order Inverse Scattering Series terms to address a serious shortcoming/problem of the internal-multiple attenuator: exemplifying the problem and its resolution

The Inverse Scattering Series (ISS) internal-multiple-attenuation algorithm is often called upon due to its unique and unmatched ability to attenuate internal multiples. It can predict internal multiples (accurately in time and approximately in amplitude) that are generated by any reflectors below the free surface without needing sub-surface information. While this algorithm is the most capable algorithm currently available for attenuating internal multiples, there are an increasing number of offshore and onshore circumstances where the problem of removing internal multiples is beyond the current ISS internal-multiples-attenuation algorithm’s ability to address. For example, an open issue and specific problem is removing internal multiples which are proximal to or interfering with the primaries (Weglein et al., 2011). This invites us to pursue solutions that can address this type of challenge. Recent work by Herrera and Weglein (2013) and Zou and Weglein (2013) extend the current ISS internal-multiple-attenuation algorithm to the ISS first-order internal-multiple-elimination algorithm. Ma et al. (2011) and Liang et al. (2013) show the spurious predictions (events that do not exist in the data) that the current ISS internal-multiple-attenuation algorithm can produce when the input data are generated by three or more reflectors, and internal multiples in the input data are treated as subevents. That spurious event issue is only a problem for the ISS leading-order term (the term used to derive the current ISS internal-multiple-attenuation algorithm), specific higher-order terms from ISS will remove those spurious events. We develop the new higher-order ISS internal-multiple-attenuation algorithm and show examples of how it can effectively address that limitation (spurious predictions) of the current ISS internal-multiple-attenuation algorithm while at the same time retaining the current algorithm’s recognized strengths.
Nerve Crossover Techniques for Urinary Bladder Reinnvervation: Animal and Human Cadaver Studies

Interruption of spinal pathways integrating central and peripheral bladder control mechanisms will result in neurogenic bladder dysfunction. If central pathways could be restored to the decentralized bladder through a microneural reconstructive technique a return of useful function might be achieved. This anatomical study describes the nerve crossover techniques used in human cadaver dissections for connecting intercostal nerves to sacral roots intraspinally. The techniques were modified from and compared to similar procedures used in an animal model where adjacent extradural roots were connected through a nerve graft. We have shown previously that the unilaterally decentralized bladder of the cat can be recentralized after a nerve crossover procedure. If additional laboratory studies can document return of useful bladder function we anticipate that selected patients may benefit from similar nerve crossover techniques to bypass a spinal cord lesion to recentralize the bladder.
Absence of breast cancer cells in a single-day peripheral blood progenitor cell collection after priming with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

The effect of priming on occult tumor cell involvement of peripheral blood (PB) and PB progenitor cell (PBPC) collections is poorly characterized. Using sensitive immunocytochemistry (ICC) and tumor clonogenic assays (TCA) specific for epithelial-derived tumor cells, hematopoietic specimens were analyzed for PBPC and occult tumor cell involvement in 28 patients with chemotherapy-sensitive stage IIIB or IV breast cancer. Before PBPC priming, tumor was detected by ICC in PB of 1 of 23 (4%) patients and in bone marrow (BM) harvests of 4 of 27 (15%) patients. Fifteen days after cyclophosphamide and granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) priming, 2 of 28 (7%) patients had ICC-positive PBPC collections. The median amplification of CD34+ PBPC during this time was over 19-fold (range,
Revising the Referee System

The referee system reflects standards accepted by the profession, yet ecnomic and social factors are no less decisive in determining the success or failure of an attempt to publish a (seeming) contribution to learning. If we want to improve the referee system, we may wish to propose the improvement of both standards of publication and the economic and social means of their implementation.
Process–structure–property relationship of melt spun poly(lactic acid) fibers produced in the spunbond process

We report on the process–structure–property relationships for Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments produced through the spunbond process. The influence of spinning speed, polymer throughput, and draw ratio on crystallinity and birefringence of fibers were evaluated. We established that increasing spinning speed increases crystallinity and birefringence of fibers. We also investigate the role of fiber structures on fiber tensile properties—breaking tensile strength, strain at break, initial modulus, and natural draw ratio. An increase in spinning speed leads to a higher breaking tensile strength, higher initial modulus and lower strain at break. We have shown an almost linear relationship between breaking tensile strength of PLA fibers and birefringence. This indicates that improved tensile properties at high spinning speeds can be attributed to enhanced molecular orientation. The dependency of fiber breaking tensile strength and strain at break on spun orientation were explained with natural draw ratio, as a measure of spun orientation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44225.
Factors Affecting Online Consumer's Behavior: An Investigation Across Gender

Gender effects remain poorly understood in the E-commerce setting. Using social roles theory, this research further investigates gender differences in consumer Web-based purchase decisions. Specifically, gender differences in the effects of interactivity, vividness, diagnosticity, and perceived risk on subsequent consumer attitude and online purchase intentions are investigated and explained. An empirical survey-based research study in the e-commerce context found that gender differences exist in the relative influence of each antecedent. Specifically, interactivity and perceived risk influenced attitude formation more for males than females, while vividness and diagnosticity influenced attitude formation more for females than males. In addition, attitude toward online product presentation influenced purchase intention more strongly for males than females. For e-Commerce web-site designers and brand managers, our results highlight the importance of being gender aware when developing their web presence. While some sites may benefit from a gender-neutral design, others may benefit from a design based on results reported here.
Cytomegalovirus and Other β-Herpesviruses

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus (HHV)-6, and HHV-7 are ubiquitous β-herpesviruses that can cause opportunistic infection and disease in kidney transplant recipients. Active CMV infection and disease are associated with acute allograft failure and death, and HHV-6 and HHV-7 replication are associated with CMV disease. CMV prevention strategies are used commonly after kidney transplantation, and include prophylaxis with antiviral medications and preemptive treatment upon the detection of asymptomatic viral replication in blood. Both approaches decrease CMV disease and allograft rejection, but CMV prophylaxis is preferred for high-risk patients because it is easy to administer and may be more effective in real-world settings. CMV disease commonly occurs even with current preventive strategies, whereas HHV-6 and HHV-7 diseases are rare. The clinical manifestations of CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-7 are nonspecific, and laboratory confirmation is essential to establishing diagnoses. Although nucleic acid testing has supplanted other diagnostic modalities given its high sensitivity and specificity, histopathologic examination sometimes is necessary to identify disease definitively. Ganciclovir and valganciclovir are the treatments of choice for CMV and HHV-6, and foscarnet can be used to treat HHV-7. Treatment duration should be informed by the initial severity of disease, and subsequent clinical and virologic responses.
The qualitative paradox of non-conglomerability

A probability function is non-conglomerable just in case there is some proposition E and partition $$\pi $$ of the space of possible outcomes such that the probability of E conditional on any member of $$\pi $$ is bounded by two values yet the unconditional probability of E is not bounded by those values. The paradox of non-conglomerability is the counterintuitive—and controversial—claim that a rational agent’s subjective probability function can be non-conglomerable. In this paper, I present a qualitative analogue of the paradox. I show that, under antecedently plausible assumptions, an analogue of the paradox arises for rational comparative confidence. As I show, the qualitative paradox raises its own distinctive set of philosophical issues.
Attention flexibly trades off across points in time

Sensory signals continuously enter the brain, raising the question of how perceptual systems handle this constant flow of input. Attention to an anticipated point in time can prioritize visual information at that time. However, how we voluntarily attend across time when there are successive task-relevant stimuli has been barely investigated. We developed a novel experimental protocol that allowed us to assess, for the first time, both the benefits and costs of voluntary temporal attention when perceiving a short sequence of two or three visual targets with predictable timing. We found that when humans directed attention to a cued point in time, their ability to perceive orientation was better at that time but also worse earlier and later. These perceptual tradeoffs across time are analogous to those found across space for spatial attention. We concluded that voluntary attention is limited, and selective, across time.
Low serum high density lipoprotein is associated with the greatest risk of metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults

Abstract Aims Better understanding risk factors for metabolic syndrome (MetS) will allow early targeted intervention to mitigate long term risk. We aim to determine the disparate impact of each individual MetS component on overall risk of developing MetS, stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and age. Methods Using data from the 2003–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), MetS prevalence among adults (age ≥18) was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, age, and by individual MetS components (e.g. hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), waist circumference, serum high density lipoprotein (HDL), serum triglycerides (TG). Mutlivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the disparate impact of each risk factor on MetS risk. Results Overall MetS prevalence was 33.3%, with the highest prevalence among older individuals, among women, and among Hispanics. When stratified by each individual component of MetS, low serum HDL was the strongest predictor of MetS risk overall and among both men and women, among all race/ethnic groups, and among all age groups (overall: OR 20.1, 95% CI 18.6–21.7). While presence of DM also increased an individual’s risk of MetS, DM was the weakest predictor of MetS. Conclusions Among U.S. adults, low serum HDL carries the strongest risk in predicting development of MetS. This effect was seen among men and women, among all race/ethnic groups, and among all age groups, highlighting the importance of low serum HDL as a marker of MetS risk.
A Network Model for the Utility Domain

The existing network models in geographic information systems that are used to support the utility domain (e.g., water, wastewater, sewer, gas, electric, and telecommunications) have limitations and constraints that restrict the ability of these utility companies to effectively and accurately model the rapidly increasing complexity and sophistication of their networks. This is caused by the fact that utility domain places a very different set of requirements on a network model and the associated analytic operations compared to those, commonly found in transportation and social networks. Although many utilities have succeeded in implementing production systems on top of simple graph models, the solutions have often involved either having to author considerable amounts of custom application code to go with the model (an expensive and cumbersome proposition), or modifying their workflows in order to compensate for the limitations of the underlying graph model. This paper introduces a new utility-centric graph information model that is designed to directly support the complex modeling of utility infrastructures. The model is focused on supporting additional requirements for improved performance and scalability (by optimized data storage layouts), efficiency and productivity (by modeling of real-world concepts like devices with multiple terminals, inside-plant, etc.), data quality (by enforcing a business rule-based framework which prevents bad data from entering the system), real-time data acquisition (by supporting for field-based telemetry such as Advanced Meter Infrastructure -- AMI, and Supervisory Control
AN INVASIVE STRATEGY IS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROVED SURVIVAL IN MEDICARE PATIENTS WITH NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Despite previous studies and trials, controversy continues to exist as to the benefit of an invasive strategy for patients with Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI). We sought to determine the potential impact on survival for in-hospital invasive evaluation of patients admitted for NSTEMI
Mass Upstream Dispersal of Pelagic-Broadcast Spawning Cyprinids in the Rio Grande and Pecos River, New Mexico

Pelagic-broadcast spawning minnows are a reproductive guild of fishes, of which several species occur in the American Great Plains and Southwest. The eggs and larvae of these species drift laterally and downstream, with drift distances varying depending on channel conditions and flow. Persistence or recolonization of these species in upstream reaches must depend on retention of eggs and larvae or upstream dispersal of later life stages, otherwise net downstream displacement of eggs and larvae would result in upstream extirpations. However, only a few individuals of several species have been observed dispersing. Here, we describe 2 direct visual observations of the young-of-year of 4 species of pelagic-broadcast spawning minnows dispersing upstream en masse. In August 2009, we observed Plains Minnow (Hybognathus placitus), Speckled Chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), and Rio Grande Shiner (Notropis jemezanus) dispersing upstream. The continuous shoal of fish was >200 m in length and was dispersing upstream at a rate of >1000 fish/min. In July 2017, we observed a continuous shoal of Rio Grande Silvery Minnow (Hybognathus amarus) approximately 1.9 km in length dispersing upstream at a rate between 350 and 1500 fish/min. While such dispersal events are rarely observed, they may be important for maintenance of populations in upstream areas.
Does This Schlank Make Me Look Fat

Chaurasia and colleagues discuss the provocative new finding that some enzymes in the de novo sphingolipid synthesis pathway have dual roles as transcriptional regulators.
Katharine Hepburn 1907–2003

The iconic twentieth-century American stage, film, radio, and television actress, Katharine Hepburn, worked to master her craft throughout her long career. By the time she was 20, she chose excellence in acting as her life's goal. Even during her first years in acting, authoritative professionals recognized her creative talent. Hepburn considered acting an ever-challenging and intrinsically rewarding way of life. Her roles ranged from serious drama to comedy. She strove to make the characters she played real to herself and to her audience. Hepburn became best known and highly acclaimed as a screen actress who encouraged women, who struggled to achieve equality with men, to explore fresh ways of life. She won more Academy Awards as Best Actress than anyone else in the twentieth century. Great Britain, France, and Italy also honored her with best actress awards. Hepburn's originality, imagination, and skill, along with her shrewd practicality and understanding of all aspects of her field make her a woman for the ages.
NADPH oxidase is a target for (-)-epicatechin in the prevention of fatty acid-induced insulin resistance

While diets rich in fruit and vegetables can decrease the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), diets rich in fat and carbohydrates can increase it. The flavanol-3-ol (-)-epicatechin (EC) can improve insulin sensitivity both in humans and animal models of T2D. NADPH oxidases and oxidative stress can contribute to the development of insulin resistance. This study investigated the capacity of EC and EC metabolites (ECM) to downregulate NADPH oxidases and oxidative stress, and its association to an improvement of insulin sensitivity. This was studied in in vivo (high fat-fed mice) and in vitro (HepG2 cells) conditions of hepatic lipid overload. EC decreased NOX3/NOX4 liver expression and mitigated oxidative stress in high fat-fed mice. In HepG2 cells, incubation with palmitate increased: i) lipid deposition, ii) NOX3/NOX4 expression, iii) NADPH oxidase activity, and iv) oxidative stress; promoting v) the activation of redox-sensitive kinases (JNK and IKK), and vi) impaired insulin responses. Physiological concentrations of EC and ECM, and NADPH oxidase inhibitors (apocynin, VAS2870) prevented all those deleterious effects of palmitate. The obtained results points to NADPH oxidases as an important target in the capacity of EC to prevent Western style diet-induced insulin resistance.
Applications of Attachment Theory to Group Interventions: A Secure Base in Adulthood

Attachment theory is at heart a theory of intimacy. The developmental accomplishment of attachment security depends on a relational context of deep understanding and love between the growing child and his/her attachment figures, the specific individuals who are consistently involved in providing for the child’s most basic needs (Ainsworth, 1989). Qualities first established in childhood attachment relationships become characteristic of the ways in which individuals engage in intimate relationships in later life, particularly those relationships where the partner assumes the function of attachment figure, which is usually the case in sexual pair bonds, between parents and children, and often in friendships (Ainsworth, 1989). This chapter explores applications of attachment theory to group interventions with adults, focusing especially on interventions directed at problems concerning the experience of intimacy in the two major relational domains of sexual pair bonds and parenting.
Does Nature Abhor a Vacuum

Pascal now concludes his Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids and the Weight of the Mass of the Air by marshaling all of his rhetorical skill to make a case against those who would claim that nature abhors a vacuum. Do you find his arguments fair and convincing?
Rescuing Corrupted Gel Files from Model 377 and 373 DNA Sequencers

Automated DNA sequencing requires the intensive use of computers to handle the large amount of data taken. When a computer failure occurs and the data are no longer accessible, all the expense and effort that went into the sequencing experiment is lost. By using the data storage architecture of Macintosh computers to our advantage, we may prevent this loss in the case of automatic sequencers from PE Applied Biosystems. The software required to allow the experimenter to do this has been written and is available free of charge.
Correlation between maternal meal and fetal motion during fetal MRI

Motion remains a major limitation of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Some centers have required mothers to fast before MRI in an effort to reduce motion; however, there is no current literature that describes the effect of maternal diet on fetal activity. The objective is to define associations between specific foods and beverages consumed before and the severity of fetal motion during fetal MRI. Patients were asked to recall the specific foods or drinks consumed before their scan. An experienced technologist rated the level of fetal activity on a 3-point scale, from much less motion than normal (1) to much more (3). Two hundred twenty-eight patients were included. A non-inferiority test was used to establish statistical equivalence between the MR scores of those having a particular food item and those not. For items not shown to be equivalent, an additional superiority analysis evaluated for the presence of any significant difference. Additional data on time from meal to MRI and amniotic fluid index were also analyzed. Eleven of 15 comparisons were statistically significant for equivalence (P<0.05). In the remaining four categories, a superiority analysis revealed no significant differences. Analysis of meal-to-scan times showed no significant association with mean MR score (P=0.57). Amniotic fluid index correlated positively with scores, but the association was not statistically significant (P=0.39). Neither fasting nor a specific consumption was associated with a significant difference in fetal motion on MR. It is therefore likely unnecessary for mothers to alter their diets on the day of an MRI study.
Supporting Implementation of Program-Level Changes to Increase Learning About Earth

InTeGrate partnered with teams of educators to develop new models of ways to bring geoscience to a diverse range of disciplines, institutions, and networks. These program models consisted of institutions, or clusters of institutions, that applied for grants to develop and evaluate programs demonstrating innovative ways of (1) increasing the diversity of students developing Earth literacy and/or (2) teaching students to bring the geosciences to bear on societal issues. The 16 teams that were selected to be a part of the project all sought to use InTeGrate materials to effect change on their campuses or regions. These programs made use of, and built upon, information on effective practices compiled by InTeGrate and particularly the InTeGrate-developed teaching materials and/or the materials design rubric. The teams produced detailed program descriptions designed to serve as guides for implementing similar programs in new settings and also synthesized their experience across projects in making changes at the program scale.
The invention of radical reactions. Part XXVII. Modified Julia Synthesis of Olefins Using radical deoxygenation.

Abstract Xanthate derivatives of β-hydroxy sulfones react with methyl radicals generated from the photolysis of N-acetyloxy-2-thiopyridone to give the corresponding olefin. Under identical conditions a secondary alcohol is transformed into its thiopyridyl derivative.
Brain Metastasis From Renal-Cell Carcinoma: An Institutional Study.

Abstract Background Brain metastases (BM) are frequently observed in advanced renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). Historically these individuals have been excluded from clinical trials, but recently, with better local control, many can receive aggressive therapy after treatment. We evaluate our single-institution experience over various treatment eras. Patients and Methods Patients undergoing evaluation for RCC BM from 2001 to 2018 were identified from our institutional database. Clinical notes, demographics, comorbidities, histology, central nervous system (CNS) treatments, systemic therapy, and outcomes were reviewed. Overall survival (OS) and CNS recurrence-free survival (RFS) were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cumulative incidence was evaluated using a competing risk model. Results We identified 158 patients with RCC BM, of whom 94.4% had clear-cell RCC, and 90.6% had extracranial metastases at diagnosis. Of these patients, 94 (60%) developed RCC BM over time, while 46 (29.1%) had RCC BM at initial presentation. Clinical symptoms were noted in 81.9% of patients. The median OS after diagnosis of RCC BM was 8.4 months, with a 3-year OS of 28.2%. The median CNS RFS was 8.5 months overall; however, those with one and more than one lesion had median CNS RFS of 12.4 and 6 months, respectively (P Conclusion The majority of RCC patients with BM are symptomatic and had prior metastatic disease that progressed to the brain. Those with a solitary RCC BM are less likely to develop CNS recurrence after local therapy and are ideal candidates for enrollment onto clinical trials.
Cardiac complications and failure to rescue after injury in a mature state trauma system: Towards identifying opportunities for improvement.

Abstract Introduction Cardiac complications (CC) after injury are rare but contribute disproportionately to mortality. Variability in rates of CC and failure to rescue (FTR) after CC (FTR-C) within trauma systems may suggest opportunities for improvement, but we have not yet demonstrated the ability to identify high and low performers. We examined center-level rates of CC and FTR-C in a mature trauma system with the hypothesis that high-performing centers for each of these outcomes could be identified. Methods Using a statewide trauma registry from 2007–2015, we developed multivariable logistic regression models on CC and FTR-C including patient demographics, physiology, comorbidity, and injury data. Predicted probabilities of each outcome were summed to generate expected event rates, which were compared to observed event rates to generate centerlevel observed-to-expected (O:E) ratios. We measured internal consistency between CC and FTR-C for centers using Cronbach's alpha. Results Cardiac complications occurred in 5,079/278,042 (1.8%; center-level range: 0.9–3.8%) of included patients (median age 55 (IQR 34–76), 84% Caucasian, 60% male, 92% blunt, median ISS 9 (IQR5-16)). Death after CC occurred in 982/5,097 patients for an FTR-C rate of 19.3% (center-level range: 7.8–30.4%). 10/27 centers were high-performers (95% confidence interval for O:E ratio Conclusion Rates of CC and FTR-C vary significantly between hospitals in mature trauma systems but high-performing centers can be identified. Inconsistent performance between metrics suggests unknown institutional factors underlie performance for CC and FTR.
Chapter 8 – Cannabinoids

Marijuana is a mixture of the flowers, stems, seeds and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis, the primary psychoactive ingredient of which is Δ9-THC. Cannabinoids have two accepted medical uses in the United States, although many other potential medical uses are being considered. Marijuana is also the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. It produces intoxicating effects when ingested, and higher doses are associated with psychedelic-like effects, such as an increased sensitivity to sound and a keener appreciation of rhythm and timing. Following ingestion, Δ9-THC has a peculiar distribution in the body, initially sequestering in vascularized tissue and later in fat-rich tissues. There are a number of pathological effects of intoxication or chronic high-dose use. The behavioral mechanism of the action of cannabinoids is hypothesized to include perceptual disinhibition of both external and internal cues or states without motivational disinhibition. Marijuana produces a substance use disorder (DSM-5 criteria) or Substance Dependence (DSM-IV criteria) with many characteristics similar to other drugs of abuse. The discovery of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors and high-potency ligands in the brain led to the identification of anandamide and 2-AG. These endocannabinoids act as neuromodulators in the central nervous system and regulate brain excitability through local actions on presynaptic GABA and glutamate neurons.