cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Reduction in Inactive Renin after Stimulation of Active Renin by Converting Enzyme Inhibition (CEI) in Man

1. Administration of a single dose of captopril, 50 mg, to normal man (n = 7) on a low salt intake induced a 12.5 ± 0.9-fold rise in active renin. The rise in active renin was associated with a reciprocal decrease in circulating inactive renin to 10% or less of control levels. 2. Repeated administration of captopril (50 mg p.o. q 6 h × 3 days) to normal man resulted in increases in both active and inactive renin concentration in plasma. 3. When a single dose of captopril was administered to three patients with hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism, no changes in their circulating levels of active or inactive renin occurred. 4. These observations suggest that renal conversion of inactive to active renin may be important in active renin production.
Introduction to the Invited Essays by David John Farmer

David John Farmer stands as one of the most significant theorists of public administration. In groundbreaking books such as The Language of Public Administration: Bureaucracy, Modernity, and Postmo...
The Role of Surface Drag in Mesocyclone Intensification Leading to Tornadogenesis within an Idealized Supercell Simulation

AbstractThe idealized supercell simulations from our previous study are further analyzed to clarify the physical mechanisms leading to differences in mesocyclone intensification between an experiment with surface friction applied to the full wind (FWFRIC) and an experiment with friction applied to the environmental wind only (EnvFRIC). The low-level mesocyclone intensifies rapidly during the 3 minutes preceding tornadogenesis in FWFRIC, while the intensification during the same period is much weaker in EnvFRIC, which fails to produce a tornado. To quantify the mechanisms responsible for this discrepancy in mesocyclone evolution, material circuits enclosing the low-level mesocyclone are initialized and traced back in time, and circulation budgets for these circuits are analyzed. The results show that in FWFRIC, surface drag directly generates a substantial proportion of the final circulation around the mesocyclone, especially below 1 km AGL; in EnvFRIC, circulation budgets indicate the mesocyclone circulat...
Identification of compounds that decrease numbers of Mycobacteria in human macrophages in the presence of serum amyloid P

Mϕs are a heterogeneous population of cells and include classically activated Mϕs (M1) and alternatively activated Mϕs (M2). Mϕs can change from M1 to M2 and vice versa in response to environmental stimuli. Serum amyloid P (SAP) is a constitutive plasma protein that polarizes Mϕs to an M2 phenotype, and part of this effect is mediated through FcγRI receptors. In an effort to find ways to alter Mϕs phenotypes, we screened for compounds that can block the SAP-FcγRI interaction. From a screen of 3000 compounds, we found 12 compounds that reduced the ability of fluorescently labeled human SAP to bind cells expressing human FcγRI. Based on cell surface marker expression, 8 of the compounds inhibited the effect of SAP on skewing human Mϕs to an M2 phenotype and in the presence of SAP polarized Mϕs to an M1 phenotype. In diseases, such as tuberculosis, M1s are more effective at killing bacteria than M2s. SAP potentiated the numbers of the mycobacterial strains Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mϕs. When added along with SAP, 2 of the compounds reduced intracellular Mycobacterium numbers. Together, these results indicate that the blocking of SAP effects on Mϕs can skew these cells toward an M1 phenotype, and this may be useful in treating diseases, such as tuberculosis.
Inferring Unmet Human Mobility Demand with Multi-source Urban Data

As the sharing economy has been increasing dramatically in the world, the mobile-hailed ridesharing companies like Uber and Lyft in the US, Didi Chuxing in China has begun to challenge traditional public transportation providers such as bus, subway or taxis. Ridesharing companies have shown their ability to provide the mobility services where public transit has failed. The human mobility demand that cannot be satisfied by traditional transportation modes (unmet human mobility demand) can be served by the ridesharing companies. In this paper, we provide a ‘hydrological’ perspective for inferring unmet mobility demand patterns in cities with multi-source urban data. We observe that the unmet human mobility demand is proportional to the met mobility demand by examining the yellow taxi and the Uber data in New York City. Based on this observation, a Single Linear Reservoir (SLR) model has been proposed for modeling unmet human mobility demand from multi-source urban data.
Descontextualización, espectacularización y machismo en las narrativas mediáticas sobre violencia hacia las mujeres en Argentina. ¿Con la visibilización alcanza?

El presente trabajo ofrece un analisis desde una perspectiva de genero de los modos en que aparece representada la violencia hacia las mujeres en un conjunto acotado de medios graficos de la Republica de Argentina. En este sentido, nos preguntamos: ?que hechos son nombrados como violencia? ?Como se los interpreta? ?Como se caracteriza a los sujetos intervinientes? ?Que recursos narrativos se emplean? ?Cuales son las voces autorizadas, los datos estadisticos y las agendas programaticas plasmadas en estos relatos? ?Que elementos intervinientes en la problematica son ocultados, ignorados o solapados? Y al mismo tiempo: ?es posible advertir grietas, disensos, tensiones entre los distintos articulos periodisticos relevados? Estos son los principales interrogantes que intentaremos desandar a lo largo de estas paginas, procurando situarlos en su contexto legal y socio-politico nacional, con el fin de contribuir a la imaginacion de politicas publicas y practicas sociales tendentes a lograr la igualdad de genero.
Brain Controlled Interface Log Analysis in Real Time Strategy Game Matches

Emotions are an important aspect that affects human interaction with systems and applications. The correlation of emotional and affective state with game interaction data is a relevant issue since it can explain player behavior and the outcome of a digital game match. In this work, we present an initial exploratory study to analyze interaction log data and its correlation with an off-the-shelf Brain Controlled Interface (BCI) that collected excitement in a RTS (Real Time Strategy game). Our results shown moderate correlations with player’s preferences and amount of interactions. Additionally, we also found in the interaction and game logs that character’s choice significantly impacts the time spent in data-driven levels of excitement. We did not find statistically significant differences of excitement for other factors such as player ranking and game style, map, and opponent character.
Systemic therapy for lung cancer

The benefit of systemic chemotherapy for lung cancer was recognized in the 1980s through multiple trials comparing chemotherapy to best supportive care. The meta-analysis by the Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cooperative Group demonstrated the benefit of cisplatin-based chemotherapy over best supportive care. Not only response rate and overall survival but also quality of life (QOL) was improved with chemotherapy compared to best supportive care. Based on these experiences, platinum-based doublet chemotherapy has been the standard of care for non-small cell lung cancer. Currently cancer chemotherapy is administered in an outpatient setting for patients’ convenience, QOL, and economical reasons.
AC conductivity of the blue bronze K 0.3 MoO 3

We have measured the low field ac conductivity of the blue bronze K0.3 MoO3 in the charge density wave (CDW) state. For temperatures 70K and over an extended frequency range, our results are consistent with the model proposed by Cava et. al. Below 70K, however, there appears at high frequencies an additional relaxation mechanism. Associated with this new mode are unusual hysteresis effects and an ac conductivity similar to that found in TaS3.
The tyranny of choice: reproductive selection in the future.

This article explores the enormous challenges to reproductive decision making that could result from two emerging technologies: the potential capacity to create vast numbers of embryos for preimplantation genetic diagnosis and the ability to obtain ever more predictive information about the embryo. Together these technologies could change our reproductive experience, exacerbate existing inequities, and profoundly affect reproductive decision making. Simply comprehending the dizzying amounts of predictive information about the health and traits of future children will overwhelm future parents. But trying to choose embryos with the ‘best’ combination of genetic variants could be paralyzing. Nevertheless, numerous pressures will make this technology alluring, compelling providers to develop remedies to assist future parents with these difficult reproductive decisions. The remedies, however, will create their own challenges. Some might test the limits of reproductive autonomy and heighten social inequities. A particularly vexing remedy would be the development of algorithms for embryo selection, which could routinize reproductive decisions, reduce societal diversity, exacerbate ‘choice overload’ effects, challenge professional norms, and raise the specter of eugenics. Ultimately, this article is a cautionary tale urging circumspection as technological advancements seem to propel us inevitably toward a reproductive future that could create a tyranny of choice.
Fluoroquinolone Prophylaxis Is Highly Effective for the Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Autologous Stem Cell Transplant Patients.

Abstract Patients undergoing stem cell transplant (SCT) for the treatment of hematologic malignancy are at increased risk for central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). The use of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent CLABSIs in the setting of autologous SCT is of unclear benefit. We aimed to evaluate the impact of levofloxacin prophylaxis on reducing CLABSIs in this high-risk population. Patients undergoing autologous SCT at a tertiary care hospital received levofloxacin prophylaxis from January 13, 2016 to January 12, 2017. Levofloxacin was administered from autologous SCT (day 0) until day 13, absolute neutrophil count > 500/mm3, or neutropenic fever, whichever occurred first. Clinical outcomes were compared with a baseline group who underwent autologous SCT but did not receive antibacterial prophylaxis during the previous year. The primary endpoint was incidence of CLABSIs assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression. A total of 324 patients underwent autologous SCT during the entire study period, with 150 receiving levofloxacin prophylaxis during the intervention period. The rate of CLABSIs was reduced from 18.4% during the baseline period to 6.0% during the intervention period. On multivariable analysis levofloxacin prophylaxis significantly reduced CLABSI incidence (hazard ratio, .33; 95% confidence interval [CI], .16 to .69; P = .003). There was also a reduction in the risk of neutropenic fever (odds ratio [OR], .23; 95% CI, .14 to .39; P
Use of Multigene Prognostic Indices to Guide Clinical Decision-Making Regarding Adjuvant Systemic Therapy

Several multigene assays have been developed to guide adjuvant therapy decisions for early-stage invasive breast cancer, including the 21-gene recurrence score, 70-gene assay, EndoPredict, PAM50 Risk of Recurrence, and Breast Cancer Index. Each assay has varying levels of evidence to support the analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility in providing prognostic information complementary to conventional clinical characteristics. While each test is able to identify patients at low risk of distant recurrence, understanding the differences in development and studies used for clinical validation is important for guiding test selection for each unique patient. We provide an in depth analysis on each of these commercially available multigene tests to help providers determine which test may be most useful in a particular clinical context.
Late-onset Stevens–Johnson syndrome due to nivolumab use for hepatocellular carcinoma:

Nivolumab is a fully human immunoglobulin G4 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody approved for use in the treatment of several malignancies. Severe side effects such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) have only extremely rarely been reported with this drug. We present herein a patient who developed SJS after 16 weeks of therapy with nivolumab. A week prior to this event, he developed a pruriginous papulo-erythematous rash. Prompt recognition of this phenomenon, immune checkpoint inhibitor discontinuation and steroid therapy are necessary steps in order to avoid dismal outcomes.
Benzyladenine (BA) Promotes Ramet Formation in Hemerocallis

Abstract In 2000 and 2004, cultivars of Hemerocallis were treated with foliar applications of 2500 or 5000 ppm benzyladenine (BA) for 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 consecutive weeks. In both years, BA increased ...
Oxylipins in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of dyslipidemic subjects promote endothelial inflammation following a high fat meal

Elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) in circulation is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. TGRL from subjects consuming a high saturated fat test meal elicited a variable inflammatory response in TNFα-stimulated endothelial cells (EC) that correlated strongly with the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content. This study investigates how the relative abundance of oxygenated metabolites of PUFA, oxylipins, is altered in TGRL postprandially, and how these changes promote endothelial inflammation. Human aortic EC were stimulated with TNFα and treated with TGRL, isolated from subjects' plasma at fasting and 3.5 hrs postprandial to a test meal high in saturated fat. Endothelial VCAM-1 surface expression stimulated by TNFα provided a readout for atherogenic inflammation. Concentrations of esterified and non-esterified fatty acids and oxylipins in TGRL were quantified by mass spectrometry. Dyslipidemic subjects produced TGRL that increased endothelial VCAM-1 expression by ≥35%, and exhibited impaired fasting lipogenesis activity and a shift in soluble epoxide hydrolase and lipoxygenase activity. Pro-atherogenic TGRL were enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid metabolites and depleted in esterified C18-PUFA-derived diols. Abundance of these metabolites was strongly predictive of VCAM-1 expression. We conclude the altered metabolism in dyslipidemic subjects produces TGRL with a unique oxylipin signature that promotes a pro-atherogenic endothelial phenotype.
Government contracts and US bond yield spreads: A study on costs and benefits of materialized political connections

In a 1991–2013 sample of bonds issued by US public firms, we find that the cost of debt (yield spread relative to comparable Treasuries) of suppliers to government agencies is contingent on the strategic importance of the supplier's industry. The yield spreads for strategically unimportant government suppliers are higher than for firms that are not government suppliers. If government contracts serve as tangible evidence of political connections, these higher yield spreads indicate that weaker corporate governance as a cost of political connections outweighs the benefits of said connections. For the subsample of government suppliers from strategically important industries, where the benefits of implicit bailout guarantees and revenue stability outweigh the corporate governance problems, the cost of debt is lower than for firms that are not government suppliers. The higher (lower) cost of debt for strategically unimportant (strategically important) suppliers is confined to contracting with the federal government. Our findings are robust to alternative variable and sample specifications, and to endogeneity concerns.
Jesus’s Social Network and the Four Gospels: Exploring the Relational Dynamics of the Gospels Using Social Network Analysis:

Building on recent studies of Jesus’s social network, this article seeks to explore how the relational dynamics surrounding Jesus’s life and ministry are depicted differently in the canonical Gospe...
New Architecture Elements for 5G RF Front End Modules

The global smartphone shipments has reached more than 1.4 billion units each year and is one of the main driving engine behind semiconductor industry. The transition from 3G/4G to 5G is expected to bring higher data rates, low latency and new user applications in areas such as traffic safety, control and industrial application. These new applications will require faster multi-connectivity for smartphones and other 5G wireless devices. The progress in power computing for 4G/5G modems and applications processors has been possible due to lower features CMOS nodes such as 7nm/14nm FinFET and the use of ARM processor architectures. These provide also digital signal processing and digital calibration for RF circuitry. 5G will require more RF bandwidth and due to this reason many RF, analogue, switch and acoustic filter blocks are integrated with other components in multiple RF front end modules. This paper presents RF front end architectures for LTE 5G with new elements which will provide faster access and low latency. Circuit details and measurements are also presented for 5G n7/n41 bands.
Gastrointestinal Surgical Aspects of Cystic Fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations to the CFTR chloride channel protein that results in increased viscosity of epithelial secretions throughout multiple organ systems. While the effects on the lung are most detrimental, there are a multitude of manifestations throughout the gastrointestinal tract of particular interest to the pediatric surgeon, including meconium ileus, distal intestinal obstruction, biliary disease, pancreatic insufficiency and rectal prolapse. Although there is currently no cure for cystic fibrosis, there are many effective medical and surgical treatments for combating the complications of the disease.
Water mediated growth of oriented single crystalline SrCO3 nanorod arrays on strontium compounds.

Morphology-controlled strontianite nanostructures have attracted interest in various fields, such as electrocatalyst and photocatalysts. Basic additives in aqueous strontium solutions is commonly used in controlling strontianite nanostructures. Here, we show that trace water also serves an important role in forming and structuring vertically oriented strontianite nanorod arrays on strontium compounds. Using in situ Raman spectroscopy, we monitored the structural evolution from hydrated strontium to strontianite nanorods, demonstrating the epitaxial growth by vapor–liquid–solid mechanism. Water molecules cause not only the exsolution of Sr liquid droplets on the surface but also the uptake of airborne CO2 followed by its ionization to CO32−. The existence of intermediate SrHO+–OCO22− phase indicates the interaction of CO32− with SrOH+ in Sr(OH)x(H2O)y cluster to orient strontianite crystals. X-ray diffraction simulation and transmission electron microscopy identify the preferred-orientation plane of the 1D nanostructures as the (002) plane, i.e., the growth along the c-axis. The anisotropic growth habit is found to be affected by the kinetics of carbonation. This study paves the way for designing and developing 1D architecture of alkaline earth metal carbonates by a simple method without external additives at room temperature.
Fellowship Training Is a Significant Predictor of Sports Medicine Physician Social Media Presence.

Purpose To quantify social media use of professional sports team physicians on popular platforms and analyze differences between users and nonusers. Methods Team physicians for professional sports teams in the National Football League, National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, and National Basketball Association were identified and characterized based on training background, practice setting, and geographic location. Rates of social media presence on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, and ResearchGate were determined. Differences between social media users and nonusers were analyzed. Results In total, 505 professional team physicians were identified across 4 major professional sports; 64.6% of physicians were orthopaedic surgeons. Of 505 physicians, 65.7% had a social media presence. More specifically, 21.8% had a professional Facebook page, 22.6% a professional Twitter page, 52.1% a LinkedIn profile, 21.4% a ResearchGate profile, and 9.1% an Instagram account. Fellowship-trained physicians (P = .008) had greater odds of having a social media presence. Conclusions Nearly two-thirds of professional team physicians have a social media presence, most commonly LinkedIn. Fellowship training is a significant predictor of sports medicine physician social media presence. Sports league affiliation, training background, practice setting, and geographic location are unrelated to social media presence. Level of Evidence IV, cross-sectional study.
On Disinvention: Dr. Ersula Ore and the Rhetorics of Race at the US–Mexico Border

This article investigates how the grounds of American rhetorical studies shift when scholars address the Black subjects and bodies that dwell in the space of the US/Mexico border. I argue that when...
Entrepreneurship and Regional Growth Regimes in the United States

We investigate regional growth regimes in the US states from 1980 to 2014. Based on start-up rates and employment growth as suggested by Audretsch and Fritsch (2002), we classify states into routinized, entrepreneurial, revolving door, and downsizing regimes. The results indicate that there was no significant association between start-up rates and employment growth in the 1980s, but a positive relationship in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. Further, we document that the entrepreneurial and the downsizing regimes are attractor regimes that tend to stick, whereas the routinized and revolving door regimes are transitionary regimes. Importantly, states in the routinized regime predominantly move to the downsizing regime, suggesting that an over-reliance on established companies relative to start-ups in the state may threaten employment growth in the long run.
Endocrine and Metabolic Problems in the Elderly

Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by lack of mineral in the axial skeleton as well as in the peripheral bones. Bones are structurally weak and easily prone to fracture. Approximately 200,000 hip fractures are diagnosed each year, primarily in elderly osteoporotic women.
Limits, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and Numerical Methods

Our treatment of limits up to this point has been rather casual. Now, having learned some differential and integral calculus, you should be prepared to appreciate a more detailed study of limits.
DEMAC: an adaptive power control MAC protocol for ad-hoc networks

Transmit power control (TPC) protocols have been proposed to address the limited power supplies in ad hoc networks. However, most of the previous work minimizes the transmit power without considering both the energy wasted in collisions and the energy used to overcome the interference from all the interfering nodes existing in the network. Our previous work shows the optimal transmit power for the maximum throughput and per frame minimum consumed energy exists and occurs when the power level is sufficient to avoid the interference, and causes the least contention between nodes. In this paper, we propose a novel per-frame-based TPC protocol, DEM AC, in ad hoc networks using IEEE 802.11 at low PHY rate. To avoid interference, improve throughput, and save energy, DEMAC adaptively looks for the optimal transmit power based on the network interference and data payload. DEMAC is validated via simulations and is shown to outperform several existing TPC protocols
Reflexivity and Eigenform: The Shape of Process

Purpose: The paper discusses the concept of a reflexive domain, an arena where the apparent objects as entities of the domain are actually processes and transformations of the domain as a whole. …
Diel activity of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon in a northwest Florida bay

Summary In this paper, we assess patterns in activity of Gulf of Mexico sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi over a 24-h period in the Pensacola bay system, Florida. Although seasonal migration of sturgeon is well documented, little information is available pertaining to daily variation in activity. We surgically implanted 58 Gulf sturgeon with acoustic transmitters in the Escambia (n = 26), Yellow (n = 8), Blackwater (n = 12) and Choctawhatchee rivers (n = 12) in June, July, September and October 2005. Gulf sturgeon location was monitored using an array of 56 fixed-station acoustic receivers. The relationship between frequency of Gulf sturgeon observations recorded on all acoustic receivers and time of day for all seasons combined indicated a strong diel activity pattern. Gulf sturgeon were frequently detected at night in all seasons with the exception of summer. Consecutive hourly observations indicated lateral movement of Gulf sturgeon between independent acoustic receivers on 15% of all observations of individuals. The use of an acoustic receiver array not only provides continuous data within a defined area, but also provides insight into nocturnal behavior of Gulf sturgeon not previously identified.
A performance study of general grid structures for replicated data

Recently, there has been considerable interest in the study of replica-control protocols which are based on organizing several copies of an object into logical structures, such as rectangular grids. In addition to high availability, another objective in exploiting such structures is to improve the degree of load sharing in a system. The authors extend the scope of grid structures to general grids, which allow holes in various positions of a rectangular structure and are useful to consider because they often produce availabilities that are higher than solid grids, where every position must be occupied by a node. In addition to proposing an improvement to the existing grid protocol, new insights are offered into the performance of the grids, from both availability and load sharing points of view. Algorithms for designing grids to maximize availability independently and also in conjunction with a load sharing constraint are given. >
Factors contributing to the survival of self-help groups.

Despite the growing utilization of self-help groups, there have been only a handful of studies that have examined the factors that contribute to their survival. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors that contribute to self-help group survival by examining their relationship with external sources (i.e., national and local self-help organizations, professionals) and group organizational characteristics (i.e., leadership diversification, recruitment, attendance at group meetings). Representatives from 245 active and 94 recently disbanded self-help groups were included in the analysis. Results indicated that the primary factors that discriminated between active and disbanded groups were the number of new people to attend a meeting, average group meeting attendance, length of existence, leadership diversification, outreach to potential group members, and support from national and local organizations. Results are discussed in terms of what national self-help organizations, self-help clearinghouses, and others who interact with self-help groups can do to empower and support them.
Early and late histones during sea urchin development.

Abstract During cleavage of sea urchin embryos, replication of the chromosomes occurs at about hourly intervals whereas at later stages of development the cells divide at a much slower rate. A single slightly lysine-rich histone predominates in the rapidly dividing chromosomes. When cell division slows, lysine-rich and argininerich histones become the major components.
Use of butterfly needles to draw blood is independently associated with marked reduction in hemolysis compared to intravenous catheter

Objectives Hemolysis of blood samples drawn in the emergency department (ED) is a common problem that can interfere with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The objective of this study was to identify the smallest number of remediable factors that independently increases the risk of hemolysis to design an effective strategy to address this issue. Methods This was a prospective, observational, cross-sectional study of blood specimens obtained by ED staff in an urban, academic, adult ED in a tertiary care center. The staff member who drew the specimen recorded data on a standardized data collection instrument about device (intravenous [IV] catheter or butterfly needle), needle size, anatomic site, fullness of collection tube, tourniquet time, and difficulty of venipuncture. Specimens were sent to the laboratory by a vacuum-powered tube system. A standard automated process that measures free hemoglobin was used to identify hemolysis. A multivariable logistic regression and a tabular analysis stratified by device were performed. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated around the odds ratios (ORs) and around the difference between hemolysis rates. Results Data were collected on 5,118 blood specimens. There were 4,513 specimens with complete data on all characteristics of the blood draw included in the analyses. The overall hemolysis rate was 12.5% (95% CI = 11.6% to 13.5%), 14.6% in blood drawn from IV catheters and 2.7% from butterfly needles (difference = 11.9%; 95% CI = 10.2% to 13.4%). Device was the strongest independent predictor of hemolysis (OR = 7.7; 95% CI = 4.9 to 12.0). In specimens drawn by IV catheter, hemolysis was significantly higher when blood was drawn from locations other than the antecubital fossa, with small-gauge catheters, collection tubes ≤ half full, tourniquet time ≥ 1 minute, and difficult venipuncture. In contrast, none of these factors was associated with hemolysis when blood was drawn by butterfly needle. Conclusions The device used to collect blood was the strongest independent predictor of hemolysis in blood samples drawn in the ED in this study. This finding suggests that the most effective strategy to reduce the rate of hemolysis in the ED is to use butterfly needles for phlebotomy rather than IV catheters.
The Iowa 500: Precipitating factors in schizophrenia and primary affective disorder

Summary A sample of 200 schizophrenics and 225 primary affective disorders was selected on the basis of rigid diagnostic criteria, from hospital records. An attempt was made to find associations between precipitating factors, diagnostic groups, and certain patient and clinical characteristics. Our findings indicate that precipitating events can be found in 35% of primary affective disorders and 11% of schizophrenics. There is a trend for precipitants to be seen most frequently in unipolar affective disorder and least frequently in schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorders falling in between. Precipitating events, however, seem to have little relationship to personal or social characteristics of patients or to the clinical picture of the diseases studied.
How Policy Rules Shape the Structure and Performance of Collaborative Governance Arrangements

Local food system governance increasingly occurs in collaborative venues at the local, state, and regional levels. Prominent examples of such are food policy councils (FPCs). FPCs take a systemic approach to improve local food systems by including diverse stakeholders to advise on policy development. The authors study public FPCs to understand how policies structure the stakeholder composition and goals of FPCs and how FPCs’ stakeholder composition facilitates and/or impedes performance. Data come from a content analysis of policies that mandate the structure and functions of public FPCs and interviews with FPC representatives. Findings indicate that FPCs connected to a broader array of food policy actors in their communities produce more diverse policy outputs, but this outcome is tempered by whether council members represent personal or organizational interests.
Does It Cost Less to Live in Rural Areas? Evidence from New Data on Food Security and Hunger*

Abstract Rural-urban differences in the association of food insecurity and hunger with income suggest that the cost of living is substantially lower in rural than in urban areas. This implies that the official poverty rate overstates rural economic hardship compared with that in urban areas. Geographic differences in cost of living implied by the association between food insecurity and income provide some validation of the cost of housing adjustment proposed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) panel on improving the measurement of poverty, but suggest that the NAS adjustment generally overcorrects for cost of living and would be seriously problematic in some regions.
Enhancement of "Reducing the Risk" for the 21st Century: Improvement to a Curriculum Developed to Prevent Teen Pregnancy and STI Transmission.

To ensure that Reducing the Risk, a successful teen pregnancy prevention education curriculum, remains relevant for today's youth, covers all information youth need to know in order to make better choices, and is delivered in a standardized way, adaptations were made and enhancements were added. This article describes results of a pilot execution of initial adaptations to Reducing the Risk with 13 youth from impoverished neighborhoods between the ages of 14 and 18. After each pilot day, a focus group was held with these 13 youth and further adaptations and enhancements were added to the curriculum. The full adapted and enhanced version of Reducing the Risk was then tested as part of a larger efficacy study utilizing a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial comparing the enhanced Reducing the Risk curriculum version with another curriculum that embeds sex education in the context of healthy relationship skill building, Love Notes, and a control condition curriculum. In order for other sites to repli...
Failure of nicotinamide in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract Hemorrhagic shock in rats was produced by bleeding the animals to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg which was maintained for 1.5 hr. ATP, ADP, and NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) levels decreased and NADH (reduced pyridine nucleotide) levels increased significantly in liver and kidney of such animals. Infusion of NAD, nicotinamide, or nicotinic acid following shock increased the tissue NAD and decreased the NADH levels. Under ideal conditions, the oxidation of NADH to NAD should result in phosphorylation of ADP. Thus more ATP would be expected to be present. However, infusion of the above compounds failed to affect the tissue ATP levels after shock. Failure of animals to survive shock despite increases in tissue NAD levels following NAD, nicotinamide, or nicotinic acid infusion suggests that these infusions have no salutary effect in hemorrhagic shock.
Remembering Malthus: a preliminary argument for a significant reduction in global human numbers

It has become increasingly apparent over the past several decades that there is a growing tension between two seemingly irreconcilable trends. On one hand moderate-to-conservative demographic projections indicate that global human numbers will almost certainly reach 9 billion (or more) by the mid-to-late 21st century. On the other prudent and increasingly reliable scientific estimates suggest that the Earths long-term sustainable carrying capacity (at what might be defined as an "adequate to comfortable" standard of living) may not be much greater than 2--3 billion. (excerpt)
A dynamic transmitter-jammer game with asymmetric information

We consider a jamming attack on a transmitter-receiver pair, in which the transmitter wants to transmit the state of an i.i.d. Gaussian process across an unsecured communication channel to the receiver while minimizing its cost functional. The transmitter decides whether or not to transmit the current state of the random process. The jammer disrupts the transmission on the channel strategically in order to increase the total cost to the transmitter, but can do this only a limited number of times over the entire horizon. The jammer only detects whether or not a transmission is happening over the channel, but does not observe the state of the random process being transmitted. This leads to a dynamic zero-sum game with asymmetric information between the transmitter and the jammer. We prove that the saddle-point strategy of the transmitter is threshold-based and that under certain conditions, the jammer plays a mixed strategy.
A Color Camera for In Situ Photography of Cloud Particles

Abstract A technique is described for photographing airborne particles using small forward-scattering angles. The sample volume is defined as the region where collimated light beams of two different primary colors overlap. Images of particles within that volume are identified as those having the additive color of the two beams. The technique has the advantage of providing significantly more scattered light toward the camera lens than with 90° scattering commonly used in cloud chamber photography.
Organic matter in the water column: future research challenges

Abstract Recent research has greatly changed our knowledge of processes affecting organic matter in the water column. Here we review some of this recent research and suggest several areas which are particularly challenging for future studies. Major areas discussed are newly developed methods of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis and the implications of the results, and the potential significance of organic colloids in seawater. Recent advances in techniques for the analysis of small, labile organic molecules and in radiotracer techniques used to follow rates and mechanisms of biological consumption are also discussed. Ocean-atmosphere transport and photochemical processes can act as both sources and sinks of organic matter in the sea. This is an area where significant progress has been made recently. Finally, we discuss current knowledge of river transport to the oceans and particle sedimentation in the sea as well as some of the limitations on this knowledge.
Alternate method of onion storage without the application of a growth regulator

Abstract The effect of relative humidity on keeping quality of onions (Allium cepa cv. Downing Yellow Globe) was investigated as an alternative to the application of growth inhibitor, maleic hydrazide. Eleven months after storage at 40% or lower relative humidity and 3±1 °C temperature about 70 to 81% of the onions remained in good marketing quality and 80 to 97% in good eating quality. Data presented show that a considerable potential exists for successful storage of onions without the use of maleic hydrazide.
Prevention of chronic radiation enteropathy by dietary glutamine.

Background: Nearly 50% of all cancer patients receive therapeutic radiation during the course of their disease. The risk of late complications is the main dose-limiting factor in the delivery of radiation therapy. The small intestine, the major site of chronic radiation enteropathy, is also the principal organ of glutamine consumption. We therefore hypothesized that the provision of supplemental glutamine may have a protective effect on the development of chronic radiation enteropathy.
The Impact of the American Indian on American Culture

T HE global expansion of European peoples, beginning in the fifteenth century, initiated a series of events whose fateful character for modern history scarcely can be overestimated. Among other things, the historical setting was provided in which Europeans came into contact with the primitive cultures of the world, which led, in time, to the accumulation of the kind of empirical knowledge on which a science of man could be soundly based. If we look at anthropology today, we find increasing attention being paid to the changes taking place in the primitive cultures which still flourish in the contemporary world. What we now observe are later stages in processes that began during the great age of exploration and colonization. As cultural anthropologists we have been concerned with only one side of this continuing process of social interaction, cultural readjustment, and transformation. For the most part we have ignored what happened to European culture as a consequence of contacts with primitive cultures. Attention has been focused on the effects upon them of contact with Europeans. Yet we know that Europe itself was profoundly affected by the discoveries overseas, particularly by the discovery, exploration, and settlement of the New World. Besides new dreams of wealth and power there were many other effects: new food plants, new drugs, new dyes, tobacco, unheard-of languages, novel modes of life that provoked moral and political disputation and challenged the authority of old traditions, fresh subject matter for original themes in literature. Yet a comprehensive history and appraisal of the total effects of this impact upon European culture, in all its aspects, remains to be written. Only a few highly specialized studies of selected topics by a handful of scholars come to mind.' Across the ocean in the Americas, where Europeans met the Indians face to face and direct social interaction took place, a more complex culture-historical situation developed. Settlement and conquest did not eliminate the indigenous populations. They remained as potential sources of influence during the period when the nations of the Americas were achieving political maturity and differentiation. Aboriginal populations varying in racial composition and in the retention of native languages and cultures have persisted down to the present in almost all the nations of the New World. What, then, have been the cultural consequences in the Americas of both the initial and the continuing presence of these native populations upon the European cultural tradition in the New World? How have these influences varied from nation to nation? Can we explain the differential effects? The picture presented is complex, but an unusual opportunity is afforded for the analysis of the impact of the New World aborigines upon the European heritage transplanted here because so many phases of it can be documented from written sources.
Results of Intraaortic Balloon Pumping after Cardiac Surgery: Experience with the Percor Balloon Catheter

One hundred thirty-eight patients undergoing an open-heart procedure required an intraaortic balloon pump (IAPB) postoperatively. In Group I (N = 45), the AVCO femoral conduit surgical technique was used; in Group II (N = 93), the Percor balloon was inserted either in the operating room after groin cutdown (open insertion) or percutaneously in the intensive care unit (percutaneous insertion). IABP usage increased in Group II (3% versus 1.6%; p less than 0.001). Immediate mortality was 40% (55/138). Use of the Percor balloon in Group II resulted in lower immediate mortality (32/93 or 34% versus 23/45 or 51%; p less than 0.06). Delayed mortality from multiorgan failure was 11.6% (16/138). Immediate percutaneous insertion at the bedside rather than a return to the operating room for open insertion yielded lower mortality (2/8 or 25% versus 6/7 or 86%; p less than 0.05). Open insertion of the Percor balloon decreases the failure rate of insertion compared with both the AVCO femoral conduit technique (7/85 or 8.2% versus 5/45 or 11%) and percutaneous insertion. It has more complications than the AVCO femoral conduit technique (7/85 or 8.2% versus 2/45 or 4.4%) and less than percutaneous insertion.
Changes in specific photosynthetic rate of oceanic phytoplankton from the northeast Pacific Ocean

The study is based on data (n=244) from light-saturation experiments utilizing artificial incubation under fluorescent light. Values of maximum photosynthetic rate,Pmax, and the light intensity at which it takes place,Imax, are estimated by non-linear regression using stepwise Gauss-Newton iterations. Estimated values ofPmax ranged from 0.85 to 5.48 mg C (mg Chla·h)−1;Imax varied from 2.35 to 5.52 cal (cm2·h)−1. The effects of time (months) and depth (illumination levels) and their interaction are evaluated by analysis of covariance using a linear model. A significant time-depth interaction is noted: The maximum specific primary productivity occurred in the surface layers during March, at the 50% light level during April, and at 1% level during May. Estimates ofPmax from simulated in situ primary productivity experiments for the same period are lower than those from light-saturation experiments. A comparison of data from light-saturation and simulated in situ experiments indicated that effects of duration of experiments and the quality of available light may affect primary productivity data considerably.
SENSITIVITY OF RADIOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF LUNG METASTASES IN THE DOG

Thoracic radiographs were taken in right lateral recumbent (RLR), left lateral recumbent (LLR), and ventrodorsal (VD) projections in 80 dogs with known or suspected malignant tumors. Radiographs in each projection were interpreted, independently of those in the other two projections, by four veterinary radiologists, and classified as positive or negative for one or more lung metastases. The four radiologists then met, to agree on a diagnosis for each patient by simultaneously reviewing all three views. This panel diagnosis became the standard for subsequently classifying individual views as either true positive or true negative. As determined by a consensus of the panel, 25 dogs had at least one positive thoracic radiograph. The three radiographic projections differed in sensitivity for the detection of lung metastases. In this study, the RLR view was the most sensitive, and the VD view the least sensitive. The sensitivity of detection improved significantly with multiple readers. From these data we recommend that, for detection of lung metastases in the dog, the RLR view be included in any diagnostic protocol; a minimum of two readers be used; and a three-view protocol be used if only one reader is available.
Radiant heating of an absorbing and scattering slab

Abstract An analytical solution for the transient temperature distribution in a semi-transparent slab, which absorbs and scatters radiant energy, is presented for the case where re-radiation is negligible. The equation of transfer, whose solution appears as a radiant source term in the conduction equation, is approximated by a polynomial. A generalized solution is developed for a slab exposed on one side to a convective environment and diffuse radiant heating. The opposite side abuts an insulator, whose radiative properties are accounted for in the solution. The results show that the effect of scattering within the slab and the radiative properties of the insulator are important since they affect predicted temperature profiles greatly.
Devolatilization of large coal particles in fluidized beds

Abstract Analysis of devolatilization of predried large coal particles in fluidized beds requires consideration of both the chemical kinetics of coal decomposition and transport processes. Models available either assume the devolatilization particle to be isothermal (whereas it may be shown that, in general, large temperature gradients may exist within the particle) or require extensive numerical integration procedures. This Paper describes a model which permits formulation of analytical and easy-to-use equations for the estimation of the devolatilization history of a large predried coal particle in a fluidized bed. The model predictions are compared with experimental data collected for Mississippi lignite. A correlation is proposed for the estimation of the total devolatilization time. The analytical solutions presented may be used with ease in coupling the devolatilization process to the other phenomena, such as drying and/or combustion of volatiles and residual char, occuring during fluidized bed combustion of coal.