cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of calcium and vitamin D in bone loss.

Questions remain about the role of diet and skeletal bone loss. There is some indication from studies in premenopausal women that increased dietary calcium intake may be influential in promoting greater peak bone mass, although the evidence is inconsistent. A number of these studies have been reviewed recently. The findings from the clinical trials suggest that calcium supplementation as an effective intervention agent for bone loss in postmenopausal women must be more carefully investigated to identify at-risk women who will benefit from supplementation. The baseline levels of calcium intake and years since menopause should be considered
The Impact of Social Policy on the Gendered Division of Housework

In an effort to better understand how women and men divide paid and unpaid labor in the family, researchers have begun to move beyond individual-level explanations toward structural-level explanations. In this article, I review empirical research that conceptualizes social structure as the availability of work-family policies, at both the national and the employer level. The article has three sections. First, I provide an overview of the ways in which macrolevel, work-family policies are theorized to shape the gendered division of labor in the home. Next, I review the theory and empirical research associated with each specific work-family policy. I conclude with suggestions for future research in this area.
Formation of spectral lines in planetary atmospheres. V - Collision narrowed profiles of quadrupole lines in hydrogen atmospheres.

Abstract The interpretation of a hydrogen quadrupole spectrum is complicated by the collision narrowing phenomenon exhibited by these lines. The profile must be accurately computed for use within any interpretative technique since the spectroscopic features of line profile and center to limb variation of the equivalent width are sensitive to the quadrupole line shape. The Dicke profile, which assumes that the quadrupole line shape is Lorentzian with a half-width that varies inversely as the pressure has been suggested as a simple alternative to the Galatry profile. In this paper, we present comparisons of the line profile, equivalent width and center-to-limb variation of the equivalent width of quadrupole lines for a characteristic scattering and nonscattering hydrogen atmosphere, where the line profile has been computed by the Dicke and Galatry shapes. Our computations show that the results produced by the Dicke profile may be very different from the features predicted by the Galatry profile, which has been shown to give results in good agreement with experiment. We therefore conclude that it is invalid to use the Dicke approximation for computing collision-narrowed profiles of hydrogen quadrupole lines at visible and near infrared spectroscopic wavelengths in any hydrogen atmosphere.
Whole-body protein metabolism in chronic heart failure : Relationship to anabolic and catabolic hormones

Background: Patients with chronic heart failure frequently experience profound wasting during the course of the disease, a condition termed cardiac cachexia. Although protein is the primary structural and functional component of most tissues, few studies have examined the effect of heart failure on protein metabolism. Moreover, no study has assessed the relationship of protein turnover to hormonal alterations thought to promote cachexia. Thus, our goal was to determine if whole-body protein metabolism is altered in heart failure patients and to assess the relationship of protein kinetics to circulating levels of anabolic and catabolic hormones. Methods:We measured whole-body protein metabolism using 13C-leucine, body composition, and circulating anabolic and catabolic hormone levels in 10 patients with chronic heart failure and 11 elderly controls. Results: No differences in leucine rate of appearance, oxidation, or nonoxidative disposal were noted between heart failure patients and controls. However, in ...
Transpersonal Psychology and Jesus's Kingdom of God:

The emphases of transpersonal psychology and of Jesus's concept of the Kingdom of God are compared both for similarities and differences. They converge in that (a) entering the Kingdom entailed a c...
The homologous restriction factor is immunologically related to complement components C8 and C9 and to lymphocyte pore-forming protein perforin through cysteine-rich domains.

Abstract The 65 kDa C8-binding protein or homologous restriction factor ( C8bp HRF ) protects cells from complement (C)-mediated lysis by binding to C8 and abrogating lytic channel formation. Human C8bp HRF is shown here to be immunologically related to human C8 and C9 and to murine lymphocyte poreforming protein (PFP, perforin). Polyclonal antibodies raised against purified C8, C9 and perforin react with C8bp HRF . The antigenic epitopes shared by these four proteins are limited to cysteine-rich or disulfide bridge-masked domains. Only complement proteins or perforin that have been disulfide-reduced elicit the production of cross-reactive antibodies when used as immunogens. Analogously, only C8bp HRF that has been disulfide-reduced reacts with these antibodies. These results suggest that C8bp HRF may belong to the complement/perforin supergene family. The function of homologous domains shared by these four proteins remains to be elucidated.
Weyl points and line nodes in 3D photonic crystals

We present theoretical discoveries of frequency-isolated Weyl points and line nodes, 3D linear point- and line-degeneracies, in gyroid photonic crystals. The associated surface states exhibit topological-protection and flat bands realizable from microwave to optical frequencies.
Structure of wiggly-cosmic-string wakes.

We investigate the structure of wiggly-cosmic-string wakes by solving the fluid equations of motion under some simplifying assumptions. The flow of collisionless matter is treated first. Then the flow of a non-self-gravitating, nonrelativistic, ideal fluid is studied and the density structure of the wake is found. For typical values of the string tension, strong shocks are formed in the wakes after the epoch of recombination. It is shown that the post-shock fluid flow in these wakes will be vortical and the vorticity will lead to the generation of a magnetic field. A potential problem in the cosmic-string scenario for structure formation and its possible resolutions are discussed.
Basic communication fidelity: An extension

The concept of Basic Communication Fidelity represents the degree of congruity between cognitions of two or more individuals following a communication event. Measurement of the concept is expanded beyond source/receiver comparison of cognitions implanted in a communication source in the form of geometric forms to include self‐oriented cognitions generated by an individual communicator in an environment reflecting stability of self‐oriented cognitions over the duration of the interaction. Results increase potential application, precision and explanatory value of the construct.
Mortality patterns by occupation in a cohort of electric utility workers.

Background Mortality patterns were examined in a United States cohort of 138,905 male electric utility workers from five companies to help interpret previous studies of health effects in this industry. Methods Using Poisson regression techniques, internal cohort analyses examined total mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in relation to duration of employment in each of nineteen occupational categories which comprise utility operations. Results Relative to workers who were never involved in utility operations (e.g., administrative workers), mortality rate ratios among operations workers were higher for total mortality, cardiovascular disease, and total cancer. Lung cancer risk was consistently elevated, whereas increased mortality for other cancers was less consistent. Conclusions The results of this study indicate excess risk of total mortality, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers among electric utility workers, which could be related to both occupational and non-occupational risk factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:667–673, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Relative Advantages of Interventional Radiology - Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Performed in Conjunction with Core Needle Biopsy of Solid Tumors

Introduction: The retention of tissue architecture and ability to immunophenotype the tumor has led to preference of core needle biopsy (CNB) to fine needle aspiration (FNA).We sought to evaluate the advantages of performing Interventional Radiology (IR)-guided FNA concurrently with CNB. Materials and Methods: We studied IR-guided FNA and CNB where CNB alone was used for molecular testing. Immediate assessment of FNA was performed. The tumor cellularity (TC) in FNA and CNB was scored: 1-4 scale (FNA: 0, 300 cells; CNB : 0, 50%). Optimal (OL) TC in FNA and CNB was defined as scores 3 or 4 and suboptimal(SOL) TC as scores of 1 or 2. The degree of agreement of TC between FNA and CNB was tested by Cohen’s Kappa statistic. Results:We studied 71 IR-guided FNA and CNBs from deep sites (median tumor size3.5 cm). The TC of FNA was SOL in 26 (37%) and OL in 45 (63%); TC of CNB was SOL in 43 (61%) and OL in 28 (39%). Both FNA and CNB showed OL TC in 18 (26%) cases and SOL TC in 17(24%) cases. In 9 (13%) cases, an FNA with SOL TC was associated with a CNB with OL TC and in 26(37%), an FNA with OL TC was associated with a CNB with SOL TC. There was fair agreement in TC between FNA and CNB( Kappa coefficientZ 0.23). Conclusion: FNA performed concurrently with CNB can guide the IR in accurate needle placement and can be used as a surrogate of TC in CNB. OL TC suitable formolecular testing can be encountered in FNAevenwhenCNB shows SOLTC. FNAperformed concurrentlywith CNB can obviate the need to repeat the biopsy when CNB has SOL TC that may fail molecular testing.
Submicron heat transport model in silicon accounting for phonon dispersion and polarization

In recent years, the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) has begun to be used for predicting thermal transport in dielectrics and semiconductors at the submicron scale. However, most published studies make a gray assumption and do not account for either dispersion or polarization. In this study, we propose a model based on the BTE, accounting for transverse acoustic and longitudinal acoustic phonons as well as optical phonons. This model incorporates realistic phonon dispersion curves for silicon. The interactions among the different phonon branches and different phonon frequencies are considered, and the proposed model satisfies energy conservation. Frequency-dependent relaxation times, obtained from perturbation theory, and accounting for phonon interaction rules, are used. In the present study, the BTE is numerically solved using a structured finite volume approach. For a problem involving a film with two boundaries at different temperatures, the numerical results match the analogous exact solutions from radiative transport literature for various acoustic thicknesses. For the same problem, the transient thermal response in the acoustically thick limit matches results from the solution to the parabolic Fourier diffusion equation. In the acoustically thick limit, the bulk experimental value of thermal conductivity of silicon at different temperatures is recovered from the model. Experimental in-plane thermal conductivity data for silicon thin films over a wide range of temperatures are also matched satisfactorily.
Management of depression induced by interferon hepatitis therapies.

Objective: Treatment with interferon therapy for hepatitis can induce depression and/or recurrence of affective illness, which could result in cessation of interferon treatment. This article reviews treatment for interferon-induced depression, including antidepressant drugs that may diminish associated symptoms. Data Sources: English-language literature with no date restrictions on the treatment of interferon-induced depression was reviewed via PubMed and MEDLINE using the key words hepatitis, interferon, hepatitis C, interferon-induced depression, pharmacotherapy of interferon-induced depression, and depression prevention. Fourteen of the most pertinent references are cited. Data Extraction: Escitalopram is the most prominently noted pharmaceutical prescribed for treating mood symptoms in hepatitis patients with interferon-induced depression. Other antidepressant medicines may have utility as well. Results: Antidepressant drugs can be efficacious in diminishing mood disorders during hepatitis therapies. It remains controversial as to whether antidepressant medications can provide prophylaxis against newly developing interferon-induced depressions in individuals with no past history of a mood disorder. Conclusions: Antidepressant medicines can be effective at improving mood in patients undergoing interferon treatment for hepatitis.
Speech to Infants as Hyperspeech: Knowledge-Driven Processes in Early Word Recognition

The intelligibility of a word in continuous speech depends on the clarity of the word and on linguistic and nonlinguistic contextual information available to the listener. Despite limited knowledge of
Analysis Of Three-Dimensional Time Varying Scene

We present some of the highlights of the recent advancements in the uniqueness and estimation of 3-D motion parameters and object surface structure from perspective views, a key issue in the analysis of 3-D time varying scene. For estimating planar patch motion from two views, there are two solutions in general, unless the 3 x 3 matrix containing the canonical coordinates of a Lie group has multiple singular values. Closed form solutions are derived analytically. The solutions would be unique if three views are given. For curved surface motion, two theorems, one lemma and a collection of corollaries on the conditions of uniqueness of solution are given. Closed form solutions for the nonlinear motion equations are derived. Results of simulation and real experiments are discussed.
In vitro activity and rodent efficacy of clinafloxacin for bovine and swine respiratory disease.

Clinafloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone that was originally developed and subsequently abandoned in the late 1990s as a human health antibiotic for respiratory diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of clinafloxacin as a possible treatment for respiratory disease in cattle and pigs. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommended procedures with recent strains from the Zoetis culture collection. Rodent efficacy was determined in CD-1 mice infected systemically or intranasally with bovine Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida, or swine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and administered clinafloxacin for determination of ED50 (efficacious dose-50%) values. The MIC90 values for clinafloxacin against bovine P. multocida, M. haemolytica, Histophilus somni, and M. bovis were 0.125, 0.5, 0.125, and 1 μg/ml, respectively, and the MIC90 values against swine P. multocida, A. pleuropneumoniae, S. suis, and M. hyopneumoniae were i0.03, i0.03, 0.125, and i0.008 μg/ml, respectively. Efficacy in mouse models showed average ED50 values of 0.019 mg/kg/dose in the bovine M. haemolytica systemic infection model, 0.55 mg/kg in the bovine P. multocida intranasal lung challenge model, 0.08 mg/kg/dose in the bovine P. multocida systemic infection model, and 0.7 mg/kg/dose in the swine A. pleuropneumoniae systemic infection model. Clinafloxacin shows good in vitro activity and efficacy in mouse models and may be a novel treatment alternative for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle and pigs.
Sexually dimorphic response of the mouse submandibular gland to fasting

The submandibular gland of male mice contained 18% more DNA, 34% more RNA and 63% more protein than that of female mice. After a 48-h fasting, the percent loss of gland weight, protein, RNA and DNA was greater in the female than in the male.
Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides: Functions and chemistry

Abstract Sex pheromones are critical for reproductive success in most species of Lepidoptera and their production is regulated by the action of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptides (PBAN). These peptides, composed of 33–34 amino acids, have approximately 80% sequence homology and share the C -terminal sequence FSPRL-NH 2 , which has been shown to be the minimum sequence required for pheromonotropic activity. This pentamer is structurally similar to the active core (FXPRL-NH 2 , X = V, T, or G) of the insect myotropic pyrokinins. Structure-activity studies have shown that all of the pyrokinins have various degrees of pheromonotropic activity and that some have a superagonistic effect. Peptides that only have sequence homology with PBAN in the C -terminal pentapeptide region, but that are pheromonotropic, also have been identified from moths. These findings suggest that induction of pheromone biosynthesis may be regulated by more than one peptide, that PBAN may have a number of physiological functions, and that these peptides regulate induction of pheromone production in a variety of ways.
Phase-sensitive multimodal optical parametric amplifier for beam angle amplification

The single-mode phase-sensitive parametric amplifier has been proposed as an approximation to an ideal quantum phase amplifier. We demonstrate numerically that a real, multimode parametric amplifier operated in the spatial domain, and realized by the use of three-wave mixing in nonlinear media, behaves similar to a single-mode quantum phase amplifier, but exhibits smaller phase gain. Constraints for operation in this regime are found to be consistent with small departures of phase from the ideal deamplification condition.
Female crime in the United States: A woman of color's theoretical perspectives on Marxism and related conceptual frameworks

This article discusses several theories and concepts (e.g., Marxism, patriarchal analysis, power, social control, social change) which are relevant to understanding female crime in the United States. The author focuses on Marxism and the dialectic to demonstrate the interrelationships between sexism and racism. Contemporary theorists have expanded Marxism (beyond materialism) to include sexism. The author attempts to analyze power relationships and how power is utilized to control women and to maintain women in a subordinate status.
Personal view: adequate relief as a primary endpoint in irritable bowel syndrome

The success of a clinical trial is judged by achieving statistical and clinical significance on the primary endpoint. This is particularly relevant in those trials that are initiated to achieve regulatory approval of a new therapeutic agent. Selection of an endpoint for which statistical significance will be too difficult to achieve can result in clinical trial data that fails to meet regulatory requirements for product approval. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in development and refinement of the study design for evaluating new therapeutic agents targeted for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. One aspect of trial design that has been advanced is recognition of the endpoint of 'Adequate Relief.' Adequate relief has been used as a primary endpoint in treatment trials with alosetron, cilansetron and dextofisopam. With each of these agents, statistically significant benefit was seen when compared to placebo. As an endpoint, adequate relief is responsive, reproducible and moves in the same direction as other meaningful measures, and, therefore, displays properties of a validated endpoint. Adequate relief should be considered an acceptable primary endpoint by regulatory agencies for use in clinical trials of novel therapeutic agents for irritable bowel syndrome.
Public vs. professional conceptions of schizophrenia.

The beliefs of several lay groups about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of schizophrenia were examined and compared with those of mental health professionals. Lay groups were similar to one another in viewing schizophrenia as being characterized by emotional symptoms, psychosocial causes, and psychosocial treatments. Professionals, on the other hand, tended to stress cognitive symptoms, biological/hereditary origins, and pharmacological treatment. It is suggested that there exist common misconceptions about schizophrenia that need to be better addressed by mental health educators.
Tiny instruction caches for low power embedded systems

Instruction caches have traditionally been used to improve software performance. Recently, several tiny instruction cache designs, including filter caches and dynamic loop caches, have been proposed to instead reduce software power. We propose several new tiny instruction cache designs, including preloaded loop caches, and one-level and two-level hybrid dynamic/preloaded loop caches. We evaluate the existing and proposed designs on embedded system software benchmarks from both the Powerstone and MediaBench suites, on two different processor architectures, for a variety of different technologies. We show on average that filter caching achieves the best instruction fetch energy reductions of 60--80p, but at the cost of about 20p performance degradation, which could also affect overall energy savings. We show that dynamic loop caching gives good instruction fetch energy savings of about 30p, but that if a designer is able to profile a program, preloaded loop caching can more than double the savings. We describe automated methods for quickly determining the best loop cache configuration, methods useful in a core-based design flow.
Effects of Gender and Age on Motor Exam in Typically Developing Children

Few studies have contrasted performance of typically developing boys and girls on standardized motor assessment. In the present study, developmental status of the motor system was assessed in 144 typically developing children (72 boys, 72 girls, ages 7-14), using the Physical and Neurological Examination for Subtle Signs (PANESS, Denckla, 1985). Four summary variables were examined: (1) Gaits and Stations, (2) Overflow, (3) Dysrythmia, and (4) Timed Movements. For most variables, gender differences were not significant; however significant gender effects were observed for some subtle signs (involuntary movements), gaits and stations, and timed patterned movements. In all instances, girls showed fewer subtle signs and were faster and more proficient than boys. Significant age-related changes were observed for some subtle signs (dysrythmia and overflow), and for timed movements. In contrast, by age 7, many of the skills assessed by the PANESS have reached "adult" level in typically developing children. Motor development appears to follow a different developmental course in girls than in boys; separate gender and age norms should be used in clinical assessment of motor function in children.
Lawful systems dynamics in how poets choose their words

This paper presents a quantified study of the use of words by seven famous male poets. The key measures are the waiting times between the invocation of new words and the complexity or informational entropy of word usage as the poem unfolds. The main stochastic finding is that the emergence of new words is a Poisson process. Each poet thus has a distinctive rate constant reflecting his likelihood of introducing new words. In all cases cumulative entropy was a logarithmic function of 1+time (i.e., number of words) into a poem. Each poet is therefore also distinguished by the slope of his entropy curve and final entropy value. These findings and a series of statistical results were used to generate a mathematical profile of the creative qualities of each poet. The results bring an aspect of human language and creativity into two families of curves found throughout physical and mental nature and indicate adherence to stochastic and deterministic laws, including the second law of thermodynamics. These findings point to the existence of deep and lawful mental structures governing human cognitive and emotional functioning.
Selective impairment of declarative memory following stimulation of dentate gyrus granule cells: a naloxone-sensitive effect

Albino rats received 10 s of sub-seizure electrical stimulation applied to the dentate gyrus granule cells immediately after acquisition of information on trial 1 of a 2-trial radial maze spatial memory task. Granule cell stimulation selectively reduced the probability of accessing information held in declarative memory ('knowing that' a particular maze location contains food) while leaving procedural memory intact ('knowing how' to search for food in the maze). This specific memory impairment was prevented by pretreatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone. Naloxone also improved memory performance when given to non-stimulated subjects.
Stability of tylosin in honey at elevated temperatures

SummaryHoney containing tylosin has been studied to determine the stability of this antibiotic over time at various temperatures. Tylosin and desmycosin, the latter a hydrolysis product of tylosin, were isolated from diluted honey samples by solid-phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography. Tylosin converted to desmycosin exponentially with half-lives of about 102 days at 34°C, 9 days at 50°, 9 hours at 80°, and 48 minutes at 110°. The desmycosin then decayed to unknown products. The sum of tylosin and desmycosin also decayed exponentially, with half-lives of 3–5 times the tylosin half life at that temperature. The honey used in this study itself deteriorated at these temperatures and times, darkening in color and eventually acquiring insoluble material which required filtration to enable the analysis. Therefore, storage of honey containing tylosin at elevated temperatures is not a feasible method of reducing levels of any tylosin that might be present.
Optimization of Surface preparation and Surface Passivant for the InAs/GaSb Strain Layer Superlattice (SLS) for Mid-wavelength Infrared (MWIR) Photodetectors

This article addresses the problems encountered during surface preparation and surface passivation of the InAs-GaSb strain layer superlattice. An analysis of the surface preparation techniques along with the effect on the performance characteristics for different passivants is presented. The passivants and surface preparation techniques are compared on the basis of their insulation properties, capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics, minority carrier lifetime, and 1/f flicker noise characteristics.
Modificationsto the postanesthesia score for use in ambulatory surgery

The Aldrete Score has withstood the changes in anesthesia and surgical carethat have developed in the past three decades. Nevertheless, it is imperative that (1) a modification is made to incorporate the most effective monitor of the respiratory and hemodynamic functions, eg, pulse oximetry; and (2) the five indices previously used be expanded by incorporating five more indices including dressing, pain, ambulation, fasting/feeding, and urine output to evaluate patients undergoing ambulatory surgery and anesthesia. A patient's recovery from anesthesia and surgery, using 10 indices graded 0, 1, or 2, would provide criteria for street fitness and discharge to home when the patient reaches a postanesthesia recovery score of 18 or higher.
Distributional constraints on the speed of privatization

Abstract This paper argues that adverse distributional effects may prevent speedy privatization in former command economies. An imbalanced structure of the work force, combined with a politically motivated subsistence consumption constraint, may necessitate gradual privatization. This possibility is illustrated by a numerical example, and a model of gradual privatization is suggested.
Head-on collisions of boson stars

We study head-on collisions of boson stars in three dimensions. We consider evolutions of two boson stars which may differ in their phase or have opposite frequencies but are otherwise identical. Our studies show that these phase differences result in different late time behavior and gravitational wave output.
Pathway-Selective Adjustment of Prefrontal-Amygdala Transmission during Fear Encoding

Conditioned fear requires neural activity in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), structures that are densely interconnected at the synaptic level. Previous work has suggested that anatomical subdivisions of mPFC make distinct contributions to fear expression and inhibition, and that the functional output of this processing is relayed to the BLA complex. However, it remains unknown whether synaptic plasticity in mPFC-BLA networks contributes to fear memory encoding. Here we use optogenetics and ex vivo electrophysiology to reveal the impact of fear conditioning on BLA excitatory and feedforward inhibitory circuits formed by projections from infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortices. In naive mice, these pathways recruit equivalent excitation and feedforward inhibition in BLA principal neurons. However, fear learning leads to a selective decrease in inhibition:excitation balance in PL circuits that is attributable to a postsynaptic increase in AMPA receptor function. These data suggest a pathway-specific mechanism for fear memory encoding by adjustment of mPFC-BLA transmission. Upon reengagement of PL by conditioned cues, these modifications may serve to amplify emotional responses.
The effects of contrastive encoding of semantic information on children's memory for words

Abstract The effect of context-sensitive contrastive encoding of semantic item information at input on children's memory for words is examined. In two experiments, second and fifth graders and college adults were presented with word triplets varying in categorical relatedness. Each triplet contained a target item (eg., canary ) that was highly related (hawk, eagle, canary), moderately related (goose, swan, canary), or unrelated (river, lake, canary) to the other triplet members. Subjects were required to either isolate and remember the odd target word (oddity encoding) or simply read and remember the word identified by the experimenter (read encoding). Both recall and recognition were tested. The results showed that recall and recognition varied as a function of decision difficulty in isolating the target members. Developmental differences in both absolute retention levels and the patterns associated with decision difficulty were maximized in the read and minimized in the oddity encoding condition. This suggests that children differ from adults in the degree to which they perform distinctive contrastive encoding of item specific information at input, and that retention varies as a result.
Real options: applications to logistics and transportation

Purpose – Changes over the last 30 years have given companies increased flexibility and control over their logistics activities. During this same period of time, financial markets have embraced stock options, which allow buyers the right but not the obligation to purchase a stock at a specified price in the future. Recent technological developments could enable the trading of formalized options around transportation and logistics services. This paper aims to propose a framework for enabling managers to extend the use of options to the future use of logistics resources.Design/methodology/approach – Presents a conceptual model that is based on research within the field.Findings – This paper presents a framework for using transportation options in a similar manner to stock or commodity options: a shipper would buy a transportation option from a carrier, or a carrier's agent, which would give the shipper the right but not the obligation to send a shipment in a particular freight lane at a specified future tim...
Induction of palate epithelial mesenchymal transition by transforming growth factor β3 signaling

Transforming growth factor (TGFβ)3 is essential for palate development, particularly during the late phase of palatogenesis when the disintegration of the palatal medial edge seam (MES) occurs resulting in mesenchymal confluence. The MES is composed of medial-edge epithelium (MEE) of opposite palatal shelves; its complete disintegration is essential for mediating correct craniofacial morphogenesis. This phenomenon is initiated by TGFβ3 upon adherence of opposing palatal shelves, and subsequently epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) instigates the loss of E-Cadherin, causing the MES to break into small epithelial islands forming confluent palatal mesenchyme; however, apoptosis and cell migration or in combination of all are other established mechanisms of seam disintegration. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that cause this E-Cadherin loss, we isolated and cultured murine embryonic primary MES cells from adhered palates and employed several biological approaches to explore the mechanism by which TGFβ3 facilitates palatal seam disintegration. Here, we demonstrate that TGFβ3 signals by activating both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways. However, activation of the two most common EMT related transcription factors, Snail and SIP, was facilitated by Smad-independent pathways, contrary to the commonly accepted Smad-dependent pathway. Finally, we provide the first evidence that TGFβ3-activated Snail and SIP1, combined with Smad4, bind to the E-Cadherin promoter to repress its transcription in response to TGFβ3 signaling. These results suggest that TGFβ3 uses multiple pathways to activate Snail and SIP1 and these transcription factors repress the cell-cell adhesion protein, E-Cadherin, to induce palatal epithelial seam EMT. Manipulation and intervention of the pathways stimulated by TGFβ3 during palate development may have a significant therapeutic potential.
BRCA1 Augments Transcription by the NF-κB Transcription Factor by Binding to the Rel Domain of the p65/RelA Subunit

BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in cases of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1 protein is involved in apoptosis and growth/tumor suppression. In this study, we present evidence that p65/RelA, one of the two subunits of the transcription factor NF-κB, binds to the BRCA1 protein. Treatment of 293T cells with the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α induces an interaction between endogenous p65/RelA and BRCA1. GST-protein affinity assay experiments reveal that the Rel homology domain of the p65/RelA subunit of NF-κB interacts with multiple sites within the N-terminal region of BRCA1. Transient transfection of BRCA1 significantly enhances the ability of the tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin-1β to activate transcription from the promoters of NF-κB target genes. Mutation of the NF-κB-binding sites in the NF-κB reporter blocks the effect of BRCA1 on transcription. Also the ability of BRCA1 to activate NF-κB target genes is inhibited by a super-stable inhibitor of NF-κB and by the chemical inhibitor SN-50. These data indicate that BRCA1 acts as a co-activator with NF-κB. In addition, we show that cells infected with an adenovirus expressing BRCA1 up-regulate the endogenous expression of NF-κB target genes Fas and interferon-β. Together, this information suggests that BRCA1 may play a role in cell life-death decisions following cell stress by modulation of the activity of NF-κB.
Properties of vestibular neurones projecting to neck segments of the cat spinal cord

1. Vestibular neurones projecting to the upper cervical grey matter (vestibulocollic neurones) were identified by localized microstimulation in the C3 segment of the cat spinal cord. 2. The neurones were found in the lateral (Deiters'), medial and descending nuclei bilaterally and projected to the spinal cord in the lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts (LVST and MVST). Ipsilateral axons of Deiters' neurones were mostly in the LVST, axons of medial and descending neurones in the MVST; a few Deiters' neurones had axons in the MVST; some descending neurones had axons in the LVST. Most axons of contralateral neurones were in the MVST. 3. The axons of 62% of ipsilateral vestibulocollic Deiters' neurones not only gave off a collateral to C3, but also extended as far as the cervical enlargement (`branching'); some of these neurones projected as far as the upper thoracic cord, almost none to the lumbar cord. Ipsilateral descending nucleus neurones branch in the same fashion, but there is no branching in the relatively small medial nucleus population. 4. A large majority of vestibulocollic neurones receive monosynaptic excitation from the ipsilateral labyrinth and a number are inhibited by stimulation of the contralateral labyrinth (commissural inhibition). It is possible that commissural inhibition acts on a broad population of vestibular neurones involved in the control of eye, head and trunk movement. 5. Vestibulocollic neurones do not make up a homogeneous population acting only on the neck. Instead it is likely that subpopulations, for example branching and non-branching neurones, have different functions.
Possible involvement of serotonergic neurons in the reduction of locomotor hyperactivity caused by amphetamine in neonatal rats depleted of brain dopamine.

Abstract This experiment attempted to determine the mechanism by which amphetamine reduces locomotor hyperactivity in neonatal rats given brain dopamine (DA)-depleting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections. Brain DA neurons were destroyed selectively in neonatal rats by intraventricular (i.v.t.) injections of 6-OHDA following desmethylimipramine (DMI) pretreatment. Control rats received DMI and i.v.t. injections of the 6-OHDA vehicle solution. Rats given the 6-OHDA treatment displayed 7-fold increases in locomotor activity compared to controls during days 16–55 of life. Throughout this period, amphetamine (1 mg/kg) reduced locomotor hyperactivity in 6-OHDA-treated rats but increased locomotor activity in control rats. The reduction of hyperactivity caused by amphetamine (0.5–4 mg/kg) was dose-related and was not accompanied by stereotyped behavior. Like amphetamine, methylphenidate (4 mg/kg) reduced locomotor hyperactivity in rats given 6-OHDA. The DA antagonist, spiroperidol (50–200 μg/kg) failed to attenuate the hyperactivity-reducing effect of amphetamine in 6-OHDA-treated rats at doses which abolished the stimulant effect of amphetamine in control rats. However, the serotonin antagonist methysergide (0.5–4 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent antagonism of the effect of amphetamine in 6-OHDA-treated rats. Pretreatment with propranolol (5 mg/kg), phentolamine (5 mg/kg), atropine (0.5 mg/kg) or naloxone (10 mg/kg) failed to alter the reduction in locomotor hyperactivity caused by amphetamine. The serotonin releasing agent, fenfluramine (3 mg/kg), and the serotonin agonist, quipazine (0.5–4 mg/kg), both reduced locomotor hyperactivity in 6-OHDA-treated rats while not altering locomotion in control rats. These results confirm previous observations that amphetamine reduces locomotor hyperactivity caused by neonatal 6-OHDA administration and suggest that this effect is mediated by increased serotonergic neurotransmission.
Bayesian segmentation for damage image using MRF prior

Image segmentation for quantifying damage based on Bayesian updating scheme is proposed for diagnosis and prognosis in structural health monitoring. This scheme enables taking into account the prior information of the state of the structures, such as spatial constraints and image smoothness. Bayes' law is employed to update the segmentation with the spatial constraint described as Markov Random Field and the current observed image acting as a likelihood function. Segmentation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm holds promise of searching a crack area in the SHM image and focusing on the real damage area by eliminating the pseudo-shadow area. Thus more precise crack estimation can be obtained than the conventional K-means segmentation by shrinking the fuzzy tails which often exist on both sides of the crack tips.
Characterization and analysis of the 4f-electronic states of trivalent holmium in yttrium scandium gallium garnet

Abstract The electronic energy-level structure of Ho 3+ -doped yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Ho: YSGG) is examined over the 0–41,600cm −1 spectral range. Data obtained from a combination of optical absorption, emission and emission excitation spectra measurements are used to locate and assign 232 of the 465 crystal-field (Stark) levels predicted to be split out of the 45 lowest-energy 4 f 10 [SL]J multiplet manifolds of Ho 3+ in Ho: YSGG. The experimentally characterized energy-level structure is analyzed in terms of a model Hamiltonian defined to represent the major atomic-like (isotropic) interactions that contribute to the LS(term) and J(multiplet) structure of 4 f 10 (Ho 3+ ), as well as the anisotropic crystal-field interactions that determine the splittings between Stark levels within the [SL]J multiplet manifolds of 4 f 10 (Ho 3+ ). A parameterized form of the model Hamiltonian is used to perform parametric fits of calculated to observed energy-level data, and the results obtained from these data fits show a root-mean-square deviation of −1 between the calculated and experimentally determined energies. The crystal-field interaction strengths and anisotropies determined in the present study for Ho 3+ in YSGG are compared to those determined previously for Ho 3+ in YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet, Y 3 Al 5 O 12 ) and for Er 3+ in both YSGG and YAG. These comparisons show small but clearly measurable differences between the crystal-field interactions operative in YSGG vs YAG (for both Ho 3+ and Er 3+ dopant ions). The most significant differences between the results obtained from comparative crystal-field analyses of the Ho 3+ vs Er 3+ systems are seen in the two-electron correlation-crystal-field (CCF) contributions to energy-level structure. Whereas CCF interactions appear to play a very important role in determining the energy-level structures of several 4 f 11 (Er 3+ ) multiplet manifolds, no evidence is found for strong CCF effects on the energy-level structures of 4 f 10 (Ho 3+ ) multiplet manifolds.
The Effects of Companion Animals During Conjugal Bereavement

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a companion animal on the grief experienced from conjugal bereavement. It was proposed that bonded dog owners with strong social support would adju...
Ficoll density gradient separation of extracellular DDT from Chlorella.

DDT, when used at concentrations exceeding its water solubility, forms heterogeneous particles which are not separable from phytoplankton by normal centrifugation or by filtration. Accurate and complete kinetic studies of DDT-phytoplankton interactions therefore, have not been possible. We have found that extracellular DDT particles are separable fromChlorella cells by centrifugation in a discontinuous Ficoll density gradient. The DDT is retained by an 11.5 percent Ficoll layer while theChlorella cells sediment on a 30 percent layer. By the use of this technique, approximately 99 percent of extracellular DDT particles can be removed from a suspension ofChlorella.
Parameterized processes in the surface boundary layer of an atmospheric circulation model

A general circulation model is modified successively by adding five new features in the lower boundary layer; namely, (i) a different roughness parameter over land and sea, (ii) a Monin-Obukhov type treatment of the turbulent transfer process in the constant-flux layer, (iii) a Richardson number dependent parameterization for Ekman layer process, (iv) a diurnal variation of insolation, and (v) heat conduction into the soil. To assess the effect of each, the experiments are repeated by gradually increasing the complexity of the model. The circulation model has relatively low horizontal grid resolution and 9 vertical levels, and it is applied to a winter case for 14 day predictions. The results indicate that the sophistication of the boundary layer physics does not produce a particularly large effect on the synoptic scale prediction until about 7 days. Its effect may become large after 10 days. One noteworthy result is that the effect of the diurnal variation of insolation is not great for the free atmosphere but an influence is effectively transferred in the vertical, if the Richardson number dependent parameterization for the Ekman layer process is incorporated. The entire study is a preliminary test, the purpose of which is to determine the relative magnitude of each effect. A detailed comparison with observed data was not attempted.
A phase II study of intravenous carboplatin for the treatment of recurrent gliomas

Thirty-two patients with recurrent glioma who had previously received radiation therapy and chemotherapy with nitrosoureas were treated with intravenous carboplatin every 3 weeks, starting at a dose of 350 mg/m2, with a dose escalation of 25 mg/m2 every 6 weeks until a level 4 hematologic toxicity was reached. Of the 28 patients who could be evaluated for a response, 50% demonstrated a response or had stabilization of their disease after two infusions of carboplatin. Their median time to tumor progression and median duration of survival were 19 weeks and 38 weeks. Thrombocytopenia was the major toxicity and was severe in one-third of the patients. No neurologic or renal toxicities were noted. Carboplatin has demonstrated activity against recurrent gliomas in patients who have already had extensive chemotherapy. Increasing the dose of carboplatin may improve the rate of response and the duration of progression-free survival in patients with recurrent glioma.
Translocation breakpoint in t(11;14) in B-cell leukemia is not at the rare fragile site at 11q13.3

The cloned breakpoint at 11q13.3 of the t(11;14)(q13.3;q32.3) in a B-cell lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) was used to analyze DNA from individuals with and without the rare folate-sensitive fragile site at 11q13.3. On Southern blots there were no discernible differences. Subclones of the ends of the leukemia breakpoint clone were prepared and used for in situ hybridization to chromosomes expressing fra(11)(q13.3). Both subclones hybridized distal to the fragile site. These experiments indicate that the breakpoints at 11q13.3 in B-CLL (and in a B-cell lymphoma) are not at the fragile site at 11q13.3.
The Use of Remote Sensing to Map the Areal Distribution of Cladophora Glomerata at a Site in Lake Huron

The areal distribution of the benthic alga Cladophora glomerata and the percent areal coverage of Cladophora within 45.8 m (150 ft) by 15.3 m (50 ft) model cells for a 2.8 km length of Lake Huron shoreline at Harbor Beach, Michigan, are determined by remote sensing techniques. Data were acquired on 21 July 1979, a calm, clear day over Lake Huron at an altitude of 305 m with an eleven-channel modular multispectral scanner mounted in a NASA C-131 aircraft. Cladophora is determined by a conventional maximum likelihood statistical supervised classification technique employing three of the scanner bands. An intensive field survey of the study site indicated that the computer classified imagery is representative of the Cladophora distribution at Harbor Beach. Classification accuracy is not determined because the site was not mapped by ground surveys. The percent of areal coverage of model cells by Cladophora ranges from 0% to 93%. Calculations based on these percentages indicate that the alga occupies an area of 38,704 m2 at the study site. Overlapping flight lines resulted in duplicate measurements of many model cells. The reproducibility of results for these areas is good (R = 0.86 and standard error of estimate of 9.9%) when suitable well-defined Cladophora training sites are common to adjacent data sets. The reproducibility decreases in the absence of this condition.