cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wall Shear Stress and Differential Pressure in Large-Diameter Horizontal Multiphase Pipelines

When a slug is formed a mixing vortex is created which contains pulses of bubbles which are shot toward the bottom of the pipe where they may impact and collapse. Bubble collapse creates high localized pressure, temperature, and wall shear stress, which cause a reduction in corrosion inhibitor efficiency. The average wall shear stress can be calculated using a conventional equation. However, using a conventional equation will not give the fluctuations in wall shear stress, which can be significant for slug flow conditions. Wall shear stress instruments are generally not accurate for fluids other than water, therefore, it would be beneficial to develop a relationship between the fluctuations in wall shear stress and the fluctuations in differential pressure. A differential pressure transducer, which can be used with any fluid, can be used to measure the fluctuations in differential pressure and then translate those values to fluctuations in wall shear stress. This study shows that wall shear stress fluctuations are related to differential pressure fluctuations to the 1.16 power.
Comparison of igg subclasses and complement binding activity of autoantibodies from patients with bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus

Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus are autoimmune disorders of skin of unknown etiology and are characterized by the presence of immunoreactants in the skin and circulating autoantibodies to skin components. The distribution of IgG subclass antibodies to intercellular substance (ICS) of pemphigus and basement membrane zone substance (BMZ) of bullous pemphigoid was analyzed by using monoclonal antibodies to human IgG subclasses. IgG, type anti-BMZ antibody was found in the majority of patients with bullous pemphigoid (88% in skin and 96% in serum). One third to one half of bullous pemphigoid patients had lgG, and IgG, anti-BMZ antibodies. The majority of bullous pemphigoid skin (92%) had complement in skin, however only one third of their sera had complement binding activity in vitro. lgG, anti-ICS antibody was the predominant one in patients with pemphigus (86% in skin and 80% in circulation). IgG4 anti-ICS antibody was seen in two thirds of specimens from pemphigus patients. IgG, subclass antibody was more frequently seen in pemphigus than in bullous pemphigoid patients. Two-thirds of pemphigus sera were capable of activating complement in vitro. The complement binding activity was directly associated with IgG1 and/or IgG3 subclass antibodies. The possible mechanisms for the restricted IgG4 subclass antibodies in bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus are discussed.
Comparative aspects of animal oogenesis.

All metazoans that reproduce sexually have the ability to form gametes. Both types of gametes, the egg and the sperm, arise from germ cells, undergo a unique program of differentiation, and are destined to unite. The outcome of their union, the zygote, is a cell possessing the tremendous potential to build a new individual that expresses, maintains, and propagates characteristics of the species.The focus of this review is the development of the egg in animals, beginning with the formation of primordial germ cells in embryos. This process, known as oogenesis, has long captivated the attention of developmental biologists who have come to realize that the zygote inherits from the egg not only genetic material but also its cytoplasm. This maternal cytoplasm supports to varying degrees the development of the early embryo and is the basis for the conclusion that embryogenesis actually begins during oogenesis. A wealth of experimental evidence shows that mechanisms for establishing the germline and carrying out oogenesis in evolutionarily distant animals follow certain common themes. Several conserved principles and the known molecular mechanisms behind them are discussed below.
The TpsB Translocator HMW1B of Haemophilus influenzae Forms a Large Conductance Channel

The Haemophilus influenzae HMW1 adhesin is secreted via the two-partner secretion pathway and requires HMW1B for translocation across the outer membrane. HMW1B belongs to the Omp85-TpsB superfamily of transporters and consists of two structural domains, a C-terminal transmembrane β-barrel and an N-terminal periplasmic domain. We investigated the electrophysiological properties of the purified full-length HMW1B and the C-terminal domain using planar lipid bilayers. Both the full-length and the truncated proteins formed conductive pores with a low open probability, two well defined conductance states, and other substates. The kinetic patterns of the two conductance states were distinct, with rapid and frequent transitions to the small conductance state and occasional and more prolonged openings to the large conductance state. The channel formed by the full-length HMW1B showed selectivity for cations, which decreased when measured at pH 5.2, suggesting the presence of acidic residues in the pore. The C-terminal domain of HMW1B was less stable and required reconstitution into liposomes prior to insertion in the bilayer. It formed a channel of smaller conductance but a similar gating pattern as the full-length protein, demonstrating the ability of the last 312 C-terminal amino acids to form a pore and suggesting that the periplasmic domain is not involved in occluding the pore, nor in controlling the inherent basal kinetics of the channel. The HMW1 pro-piece containing the secretion domain, although binding to the channel with high affinity, did not induce channel opening.
Correcting spurious resolution in defocused images

Optical modeling suggests that levels of retinal defocus routinely caused by presbyopia should produce phase reversals (spurious resolution-SR) for spatial frequencies in the 2 cycles/letter range known to be critical for reading. Simulations show that such reversals can have a decisive impact on character legibility, and that correcting only this feature of defocused images (by re-reversing contrast sign errors created by defocus) can make unrecognizably blurred letters completely legible. This deblurring impact of SR correction is remarkably unaffected by the magnitude of defocus, as determined by blur-circle size. Both the deblurrring itself and its robustness can be understood from the effect that SR correction has on the defocused pointspread function, which changes from a broad flat cake to a sharply pointed cone. This SR-corrected pointspread acts like a delta function, preserving image shape during convolution regardless of blur-disk size. Curiously, such pointspread functions always contain a narrow annulus of negative light-intensity values whose radius equals the diameter of the blur circle. We show that these properties of SR-correction all stem from the mathematical nature of the Fourier transform of the sign of the optical transfer function, which also accounts for the inevitable low contrast of images pre-corrected for SR.
Discrete/Continuous Contingent Valuation of Private Hunting Access in Kansas

In a recent paper in this Journal, Halstead et al. (1991, Journal of Environmental Management33, 79-89) discuss the use to Tobit analysis in the evaluation of open-ended contingent valuation surveys with zero bids. This paper generalizes their analysis of the willingness to pay of a sample of 568 Kansas hunters for private hunting access. Because of declining real budgets for public wildlife provisions and limited hunting opportunities for non-landowners, considerable attention has been focused on the potential for user access fees to supply private hunting opportunities. As we note in this paper, Tobit analysis techniques implicitly require the use/non-use censoring rule reflected in zero bids to be generated by the same process as that underlying the continuous level of non-zero bids. An alternative empirical approach that allows a distinction between the use/non-use rule and the process generating the continuous bids of the sub-sample of users is described and applied to a consideration of willingness to pay for private hunting access. The restrictions implicit in the Tobit model are tested empirically and strongly rejected in favor of the alternative model. The empirical analysis demonstrates that variables may influence the discrete use/non-use decision implicit in zero bids in a manner that is significantly different from their effect on continuous, positive bid levels. This distinction suggests that zero bids may reveal statistically significant differences in the tastes and preferences of users and non-users. The results suggest that imposing the restrictions implicit in the Tobit model may induce specification biases and misleading inferences.
Unloading Java classes that contain static fields

In Java, the definition of a "program" is a bit fuzzy. A Java applet is essentially a Java application (i.e. program) that can be executed by a Java enabled Web browser (i.e. an OS). An applet running inside of a browser was intended to be analogous to a conventional application running under on OS, hence the netcentric "browser is your OS" model. However, as currently implemented, this analogy breaks down with regard to the system resources allocated for classes and in particular for static fields in classes (i.e. class variables) when the class was loaded as part of an applet.Without class unloading, a long running Java application such as a browser is like an OS that does not release memory resources allocated for application code space when the application terminates. With class unloading, as currently implemented, the semantics of static fields in classes are broken. In this paper we detail the problem and provide a solution. The solution combines restricting when classes can be unloaded, with a greater use of non-default class loaders.
Neutron-proton scattering observables at 325 MeV, the epsilon 1 parameter, and the tensor force.

The sensitivity of neutron-proton elastic scattering observables to variations in the low angular momentum T=0 phase shifts is studied at ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}=325}$ MeV. It is found that the J=1 coupling parameter ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ is not well determined by existing data. This uncertainty in ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ permits models with quite different tensor forces to describe the extant data. Implications and possible experimental resolution of such ambiguities are discussed.
Differential regulation of locomotor activity to acute and chronic cocaine administration by acid-sensing ion channel 1a and 2 in adult mice.

Abstract Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are densely expressed in the brain with ASIC1a and ASIC2 channels being the predominant subtypes. These channels are enriched at synaptic sites and are central for the regulation of normal synaptic transmission. Moreover, increasing evidence links ASICs to the pathogenesis of various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we explore the putative role of ASIC1a and ASIC2 in the regulation of behavioral sensitivity to the psychostimulant cocaine by utilizing ASIC1a or ASIC2 knockout mice. Acute cocaine injection induced a typical dose-dependent increase in locomotor activities in wild-type (WT) mice. However, in ASIC1a and ASIC2 mutant mice, different motor responses to cocaine were observed. In ASIC1a −/− mice, cocaine induced a significantly less motor response at all doses (5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg), while in ASIC2 −/− mice, cocaine (5–20 mg/kg) stimulated locomotor activity to an extent comparable to WT mice. Only at 30 mg/kg, the cocaine-stimulated motor activity was reduced in ASIC2 −/− mice. In a chronic cocaine administration model (20 mg/kg, once daily for 5 days), a challenge injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg, after 2-week withdrawal) caused an evident behavioral sensitization in the cocaine-pretreated WT mice. This behavioral sensitization to challenge cocaine was also displayed in ASIC1a −/− and ASIC2 −/− mice. However, ASIC2 −/− mice showed less sensitization to challenge cocaine when compared to WT and ASIC1a −/− mice. Our results demonstrate the important role of ASIC1a and ASIC2 channels in the modulation of behavioral sensitivity to cocaine. The two synapse-enriched ASIC subtypes are believed to play distinguishable roles in the regulation of behavioral responses to acute and chronic cocaine administration.
High T/sub c/ superconductor in an AC field

The microwave properties of the high-T/sub c/ oxides are studied. The frequency and temperature dependences of the impedance are obtained. Short coherence length leads to large losses. The effects of impurities and multigap structures are discussed, and the impedance of the proximity system is calculated. The presence of the acoustic plasmon branch leads to intrinsic residual losses.
Precision calibration of phase meters

Using the calibration of a phase meter with a nominally linear response as an example, a statistical approach is discussed for predicting worst-case offsets of the meter response characteristic from the value of the reference standard. A linear calibration curve is used to model the meter response, and statistical tests are described which test the appropriateness of the model and whether the calculated calibration curve differs significantly from the ideal. Various levels of corrections to be applied can then be determined on the basis of these tests, and limits to offsets are calculated for each of the levels. By extending this approach, it is possible to predict limits of uncertainty when using the calibrated meter to make measurements.
Neuroanatomical dissociation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone induced shaking behavior and thermogenic mechanisms.

Abstract To more clearly characterize the neuroanatomical substrates mediating thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) induced shaking and antagonism of pentobarbital hypothermia, TRH was microinjected into 140 individual sites of the rat forebrain and brainstem. Previously determined threshold dosages of 10 ng TRH for the temperature response and 50 ng TRH for the shaking response were used. A clear distinction in regional sensitivity between the two TRH-induced effects was observed. The shaking response was most consistently observed with microinjection of TRH into the floor of the 4th ventricle and the periventricular posterior diencephalon, including the posterior hypothalamus and rostral periventricular grey. In contrast, the temperature response was most effectively induced by TRH administered in the interpeduncular nucleus and the rostral preoptic region located medial to, and including the diagonal band of Broca. The sensitivity of some brain areas to nanogram doses of TRH supports the possibility that TRH may have a physiological function in the initiation of shaking behavior and/or thermogenesis. If such a function does exist, the brain regions identified in this study as most sensitive to exogenous TRH are likely neuroanatomical substrates for endogenous TRH.
Polygonal cracks in bedrock on Earth and Mars: Implications for weathering

Polygonal crack systems with domal microrelief imaged by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Opportunity show remarkable similarity to terrestrial crack systems developed on outcrop surfaces. Study of Jurassic Navajo Sandstone surfaces show development of crack systems in relatively isotropic host rock as a result of tensile weathering stresses. These terrestrial analogs are utilized to understand potential weathering processes on Mars.
Effects of forage plant and field legume species on soil selenium redistribution, leaching, and bioextraction in soils contaminated by agricultural drain water sediment

A study was undertaken to assess the potential of two plant species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb., a forage plant) and yellow sour clover (Melilotus indica L., a naturally occuring legume species) for bioremediation of selenium laden soils. Using soil columns under simulated field soil conditions, the effects of these two species were studied on soil selenium (Se) redistribution, leaching, and Se bioextraction. Both leachate volume and Se concentration in the leachate were greatly influenced by presence of vegetation. The volume of leachate was considerably lower for columns having either tall fescue or yellow sour clover plantings. Tall fescue had a higher water use rate and greater rooting density than did in yellow sour clover, indicating the tall fescue will be more practical for bioremediation of Se laden soils. Soil Se distribution analysis yielded the following patterns: (1) contamination of the lower soil profile of uncontaminated soil occurred at the first harvest, but Se concentrations at these depths were not at high levels; (2) except for selenite, all forms of water-extractable soil Se concentrations showed a clear reduction over time of vegetation harvest; and (3) the reductions of total soil Se were significant, but the difference was relatively small between the forage planting and bare soil treatments. This is due to the fact that only a relatively small fraction of total Se inventory was water soluble and available to plants at any one time. A large reduction may become apparent after a longer period of forage plant management.
Properties and cellular distribution of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from thymus

A protein kinase that catalyzes the phosphorylation of histone was partially purified from rat thymus, and the rate of histone phosphorylation was stimulated three- to fourfold by 1 × 10−6M adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Thymic protein kinase was more active than the enzyme from spleen. Histone fractions f1, f2a, f2b, and f3 were all capable of serving as phosphate acceptors for the thymic protein kinase, and the rate of phosphorylation of each fraction was stimulated by cyclic AMP. The ability of various 3′,5′-mononucleotides to stimulate protein kinase activity was compared. Inosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic IMP) was the most effective substitute for cyclic AMP. The cellular distribution of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and adenylate cyclase activities in the thymus was determined. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity is present in both small thymocytes and residual thymic tissue. The specific activity of protein kinase from residual tissue, both for basal and cyclic AMP-stimulated enzyme, was greater than that of enzyme from small thymocytes. In contrast to this, adenylate cyclase activity is predominately localized in the thymocytes.
GaAsSb/GaAs band alignment evaluation for long-wave photonic applications

Abstract The GaAsSb/GaAs conduction band alignment is determined to be almost flat (weak type-I) in the 0.3 Sb mole fraction neighborhood where 1300 nm emission is observed. Based on photoluminescence measurements and modeling the bandgap bowing parameter of pseudomorphic GaAsSb on GaAs is determined to be −2.0 eV with the bowing distributed 45% to the conduction band. Using these parameters the GaAsSb band edge energies are determined over the 0.0 to 0.5 Sb mole fraction range. The effect of band alignment on electron–hole overlap and wavelength extension is discussed.
HEAT TRANSFER TO A FALLING VISCOELASTIC FLUID FILM

Steady heat transfer to water and viscoelastic fluid films falling down a vertical tube, for the case of uniform wall heat flux thermal boundary condition, was measured experimentally. The viscoelastic fluids studied were aqueous solutions ofPraestol at 100, 200, and 500 ppm (by weight) concentration. The heat transfer to viscoelastic film was lower than the Newtonian prediction, at any given Prandtl number. A new correlation is proposed for dimensionless laminar and turbulent heat transfer coefficient in terms of ike Weissenberg number, over a range of 300 ≤ Reo ≤ 6,500, and 6 ≤Pro ≤ 30.
Gated SSA-based demand-driven symbolic analysis for parallelizing compilers

In this paper, we present a GSA-based technique that performs more efficient and more precise symbolic analysis of predicated assignments, recurrences and index arrays. The efficiency is improved by using a backward substitution scheme that performs resolution of assertions on-demand and uses heuristics to limit the number of substitution. The precision is increased by utilizing the gating predicate information embedded in the GSA and the control dependence information in the program flow graph. Examples from array privatization are used to illustrate how the technique aids loop parallelization.
Surgeon Volume Metrics in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Numerous reports in the 1990s pointed to a learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), critical in achieving excellent outcomes. As LC is now standard therapy for acute cholecystitis (AC), we aimed to determine if surgeon volume is still vital to patient outcomes. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to query 80,149 emergent/urgent cholecystectomies performed for AC from 1999 to 2005 in 12 states with available surgeon/hospital identifiers. Volume groups were determined based on thirds of number of cholecystectomies performed per year for AC; two groups were created [low volume (LV): ≤15/year; high volume (HV): >15/year]. Primary endpoints were the rate of open conversion, bile duct injury (BDI), in-hospital mortality, and prolonged length of stay (LOS). Propensity scores were used to create a matched cohort analysis. Logistic regression models were created to further assess the effect of surgeon volume on primary endpoints. The number of cases performed by HV surgeons increased from 24% to 44% from 1999 to 2005. HV surgeons were more likely to perform LC, had fewer conversions, lower incidence of prolonged LOS, lower BDI, and lower in-hospital mortality. After matching the volume cohorts to create a case-controlled analysis, multivariate analysis confirmed that surgeon volume was an independent predictor of open conversion and prolonged LOS but not BDI and in-hospital mortality. Increasing surgical volume remains associated with improved outcomes after surgery during emergent/urgent admission for AC with fewer open conversions and prolonged LOS. Our results suggest that referral to HV surgeons has improved outcomes after LC for AC.
Structural requirements for a lipoamino acid in modulating the anticonvulsant activities of systemically active galanin analogues.

Introduction of lipoamino acid (LAA), Lys-palmitoyl, and cationization into a series of galanin analogs yielded systemically-active anticonvulsant compounds. To study the relationship between the LAA structure and anticonvulsant activity, orthogonally protected LAAs were synthesized in which the Lys side chain was coupled to fatty acids varying in length from C8 to C18, or to a monodispersed polyethylene glycol, PEG4. Galanin receptor affinity, serum stability, lipophilicity (logD) and activity in the 6 Hz mouse model of epilepsy of each of the newly synthesized analogs was determined following systemic administration. The presence of various LAAs or Lys(MPEG4) did not affect the receptor binding properties of the modified peptides, but their anticonvulsant activities varied substantially, and were generally correlated with their lipophilicity. Our results suggest that varying the length or polarity of the LAA residue adjacent to positively-charged amino acid residues may effectively modulate the antiepileptic activity of the galanin analogs.
5-HT and cAMP induce the formation of coated pits and vesicles and increase the expression of clathrin light chain in sensory neurons of aplysia

In the course of studying proteins involved in long-term facilitation in Aplysia, we found that 5-HT and cAMP, a second messenger activated by 5-HT, lead to the removal of a set of N-CAM-related cell adhesion molecules (apCAMs) from the surface membrane of sensory neurons by means of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here we describe that, as part of this coordinated program for endocytosis, 5-HT and cAMP also induce in the sensory neurons an increase in the density of coated pits and coated vesicles and an increase in the expression of the light chain of Aplysia clathrin (apClathrin). The clathrin-related endocytosis seems designed to internalize and redistribute apCAMs and other surface membrane proteins in the sensory neurons, and thus it appears to constitute one of the initial steps in the growth of new synaptic connections that accompanies long-term facilitation.
Determining the importance of US convention destination attributes

This paper examines meeting planners’ rating of seven US convention cities not only as overall destinations but also on specific city attributes that are important in site selection. Regression analysis showed that promotional appeal of the city had a significant effect in the overall ratings of destinations. In addition, results suggested that different attributes are significant for different cities in explaining their convention, exposition and meeting-site attractiveness.
Modified hemoglobins produce venular interendothelial gaps and albumin leakage in the rat mesentery.

Cross-linked hemoglobin (αα-Hb) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated Hb have both been considered as possible “blood substitutes.” Previously, we showed that PEG-Hb extravasates rapidly in the ...
Synthesis and evaluation of pyridyl analogs of L-735,524: Potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors

Abstract Two series of HIV protease inhibitors possessing a hydroxyaminopentanamide transition state isostere were prepared and evaluated in peptide cleavage and whole cell assays. These were found to be effective in low concentrations at halting the spread of the AIDS virus, and a number of these inhibitors were also found to provide reasonable plasma levels after oral dosing in animal models. The most promising, L-748,496 is potent (IC50 = 0.12 nM and IC95 = 6-12 nM) and comparable to L-735,524, which is currently in phase II human clinical trials.
Developmental Stereo: Emergence of Disparity Preference in Models of the Visual Cortex

How our brains develop disparity tuned V1 and V2 cells and then integrate binocular disparity into 3-D perception of the visual world is still largely a mystery. Moreover, computational models that take into account the role of the 6-layer architecture of the laminar cortex and temporal aspects of visual stimuli are elusive for stereo. In this paper, we present cortex-inspired computational models that simulate the development of stereo receptive fields, and use developed disparity sensitive neurons to estimate binocular disparity. Not only do the results show that the use of top-down signals in the form of supervision or temporal context greatly improves the performance of the networks, but also results in biologically compatible cortical maps-the representation of disparity selectivity is grouped, and changes gradually along the cortex. To our knowledge, this work is the first neuromorphic, end-to-end model of laminar cortex that integrates temporal context to develop internal representation, and generates accurate motor actions in the challenging problem of detecting disparity in binocular natural images. The networks reach a subpixel average error in regression, and 0.90 success rate in classification, given limited resources.
Negligence and Ignorance

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and to relate to each other two topics: (a) the admissibility of ignorance and mistake of fact as defences against negligence in crime; and (b) the inadmissibility of ignorance and mistake of law as defences against criminal charges. I am in (a) not concerned at all with torts negligence, only with criminal offences (whether common law or statutory) which can be committed negligently, where negligence suffices for liability, as in the law of homicide. This produces an untidy classification of elements, one or other of which is needed to provide the required mens rea (the exception of strict liability offences is here ignored): intention ( = purpose or aim), knowledge (or belief), recklessness and negligence. It is untidy, because the last does not belong on the same list as the other three, each of which can appropriately be called a state of mind in what we might say to be a positive sense, for each of them includes some degree of awareness of and/or attitude to relevant facts. If negligence is to be called (partly) a state of mind, it is so in a very stretched and negative way: to be told that a person was not attending to, thinking of or noticing something that he should have been is to be given some information, of a negative sort, about his state of mind, but it tells us very little, for it eliminates only one of an unlimited range of states of mind (in the positive sense). His not attending, noticing, etc., is equally compatible with his daydreaming (not attending to or noticing anything) and with his concentrating hard on something else. If negligence requires inadvertence, as is commonly maintained, then there was a state of mind which the agent should have been in but was not; if, as I would argue, it does not require inadvertence, then there was a state of mind which the agent should have been in, and maybe he was not in it, maybe he was in it. (In the present state of English law most offences of criminal negligence do require inadvertence, the notable exceptions being traffic offences such as careless driving. On the other hand, the proposal in the Law Commission Working Paper, No. 31 (1970) would not require it; the definition runs, ‘a person is negligent if he fails to exercise such care, skill or foresight as a reasonable man in his situation would exercise’. However, that is only a proposal; at present advertent negligence is rare in criminal law, although common in torts.) On this view, the questions are (1) whether his performance fell below scratch, (2) what are to be the excusing conditions for such a performance, and (3) if the answer to (1) is yes, whether his performance was covered by the excusing conditions.
Effect of high-fat and low-fat diets on voluntary energy intake and substrate oxidation: studies in identical twins consuming diets matched for energy density, fiber, and palatability

There remains controversy over the effects of dietary fat content on voluntary energy intake. Additionally, the question of whether there is a genetic susceptibility to overeating high-fat diets has not been resolved. To address these issues, we designed two diets: a low-fat diet providing approximately 20% of energy as fat and a high-fat diet with approximately 40% of energy as fat. The diets were matched for energy density, fiber, and palatability. In a two-phase, 18-d intervention study, voluntary energy intakes and macronutrient oxidation rates during the fasting and fed states were determined in seven pairs of identical male twins. In contrast with results of previous intervention studies, in which low-fat and high-fat diets were not matched for energy density and other associated variables, we observed no significant difference in voluntary energy intake between the low-fat and high-fat phases, and mean daily intakes were similar (10.3 and 10.7 MJ/d, respectively). Postprandial rates of fat oxidation tended to reflect fat intakes in the two dietary phases, thus helping to explain the lack of a difference in mean energy intakes. There was also a significant twin-pair similarity in differences in energy intakes between dietary phases (P = 0.013). These results suggest that dietary fat content does not have a major influence on voluntary energy intake when dietary variables usually associated with fat are controlled for and that there may be a familial influence on the effects of dietary fat content on energy intake.
Inquiry as Intervention: Employing Action Research to Surface Intersubjective Theories-in-Use and Support an Organization’s Capacity to Learn

Social science can be practiced as a decidedly action-oriented and applied phenomenon, in particular within the context of organizational change and development. These practices are often prefaced by assumptions concerning the social construction of reality, the role of the researcher as an active agent for change, and the capacity of organizations to learn. This article recounts the attempts of social science researchers to employ an action research process to promote and support organizational learning within a public school setting. Addressing concerns with regard to the methodological challenges of translating individual perceptions into organizational themes or problems, the authors discuss the use of intersubjectively constructed accounts to support organizational learning.
Cross-pollination of research findings, although uncommon, may accelerate discovery of human disease genes.

Background: Technological leaps in genome sequencing have resulted in a surge in discovery of human disease genes. These discoveries have led to increased clarity on the molecular pathology of disease and have also demonstrated considerable overlap in the genetic roots of human diseases. In light of this large genetic overlap, we tested whether cross-disease research approaches lead to faster, more impactful discoveries. Methods: We leveraged several gene-disease association databases to calculate a Mutual Citation Score (MCS) for 10,853 pairs of genetically related diseases to measure the frequency of cross-citation between research fields. To assess the importance of cooperative research, we computed an Individual Disease Cooperation Score (ICS) and the average publication rate for each disease. Results: For all disease pairs with one gene in common, we found that the degree of genetic overlap was a poor predictor of cooperation (r 2 =0.3198) and that the vast majority of disease pairs (89.56%) never cited previous discoveries of the same gene in a different disease, irrespective of the level of genetic similarity between the diseases. A fraction (0.25%) of the pairs demonstrated cross-citation in greater than 5% of their published genetic discoveries and 0.037% cross-referenced discoveries more than 10% of the time. We found strong positive correlations between ICS and publication rate (r 2 =0.7931), and an even stronger correlation between the publication rate and the number of cross-referenced diseases (r 2 =0.8585). These results suggested that cross-disease research may have the potential to yield novel discoveries at a faster pace than singular disease research. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the frequency of cross-disease study is low despite the high level of genetic similarity among many human diseases, and that collaborative methods may accelerate and increase the impact of new genetic discoveries. Until we have a better understanding of the taxonomy of human diseases, cross-disease research approaches should become the rule rather than the exception.
Cultural Accommodation: The Effect of Language on the Responses of Bilingual Hong Kong Chinese Managers

This research examines the influence of language on the responses of bilingual Hong Kong Chinese managers. Subjects responded to either a Chinese or an English version of the Schwartz Values Survey instrument. The results suggest that the language in which an instrument is administered may produce "culturally accommodating" responses that can affect the results of a cross-cultural study.
Methodology for three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle from transesophageal echocardiograms

A technique is presented for three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of the left-ventricular endocardial surface from multiplanar transesophageal echocardiograms, using both commercial software and investigator written Fortran programs for Intel 80286 and 80386 microcomputers. The approach provides quantitative global and regional cardiac performance measures and allows viewing the endocardial surface, at end-diastole and end-systole, from chosen perspectives. Anatomical landmarks are incorporated to aid in orientation. For regional calculation, the surface is divided into equal angular elements with each conceptually connected to the left-ventricular end-diastole centroid, forming a pyramidal volume element. This angular division automatically normalizes for heart size. The fractional change of these elements over the cardiac cycle provides a regional ejection fraction measure which is color-coded on the reconstructed endocardial surface. Composite perspective views, regional ejection fraction histograms and calculations of global end-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volumes, are all performed by the method.
Response to: The Ongoing Debate about the Impact of the 150-Hour Education Requirement on the Supply of Certified Public Accountants

ABSTRACT : In an earlier paper in this journal, Allen and Woodland (2006; hereafter AW) provided evidence that the 150-hour education requirement for licensure significantly reduced the number of candidates taking and passing the CPA exam, but had little effect on pass rates. Gramling and Rosman (2009; hereafter GR) extended AW by examining the number of candidates based on whether the 150-hour requirement applies to the exam or for licensure, concluding that the 150-hour requirement does not reduce the number of candidates taking and passing the exam. In this paper, we reopen the discussion of whether the 150-hour education requirement affects entrants into the accounting profession by comparing the AW and GR research designs and conclusions. We conclude that the GR research design yields results about whether differences in 150-hour implementation methods affect the number of candidates taking and passing the exam, but does not directly provide evidence about whether the 150-hour education requirement ...
Deposition of Franciscan Complex cherts along the paleoequator and accretion to the American margin at tropical paleolatitudes

Red radiolarian cherts from three localities within the Franciscan subduction complex of northern California contain three components of remanent magnetization which are best isolated by progressive thermal demagnetization. The first component, usually removed by 300 °C, has an in situ direction similar to the present axial-dipole field and is probably a recently acquired thermoviscous overprint. A second component, generally removed between 300 and 630 °C, has constant (normal) polarity and direction within each section and is interpreted to have been acquired by low-temperature chemical alteration during subduction and accretion at the continental margin. The third component, isolated between ∼560 and 680 °C, has both normal and reversed polarities, passes a fold test, and is inferred to have been acquired during or soon after deposition. The available paleomagnetic, biostratigraphic, and geochemical data indicate deposition of these cherts along the paleoequator (0°-2°N or S paleolatitude) between Pliensbachian and Oxfordian time as the oceanic plate moved eastward, relative to North America, beneath the equatorial zone of high biologic productivity. Between Bathonian and Cenomanian time, the chert sequences apparently moved progressively away from the paleoequator (2°-15°N or S), and were soon after accreted to the American continental margin. Plate reconstruction models for the Farallon plate corroborate low-paleolatitude trajectories from ridge crest to subduction zone (for example, from 3°S to 11°N), and they imply subsequent northward translation of the Franciscan Complex (> 4,000 km) by strike-slip faulting related to relative motions between the Farallon, Kula, Pacific, and North American plates.
Positive technological and negative pre-test-score effects in a four-year assessment of low socioeconomic status K-8 student learning in computer-based Math and Language Arts courses

Motivated by the Federal Title I program to improve the Math and Language Arts learning of underachieving students of low socioeconomic status, the Education Program for Gifted Youth (EPGY) at Stanford University has developed computer-based online Math and Language Arts courses for such students in elementary and middle schools. Using several large student samples, the four-year statistical assessment of state test performance is the focus of this report. The main statistical conclusion is that sustained and careful computer-based work, guided by motivated teachers, can be done by many, when taught on an individualized basis, at their current level of competence. The gains made by individual students are, to a large extent, monotonically increasing in their amount of net correct computer-based course work, and to an even larger extent monotonically decreasing as pre-test scores rise, a result that favors technological support of the more underachieving students.
Viruses and Vestibular Neuritis: Review of Human and Animal Studies

There is increasing evidence in man and animals that several human viruses can damage the vestibular labyrinth. Clinical and serologic studies of patients with vestibular neuritis suggest that the viruses may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Temporal bone studies of patients dying after vestibular neuritis have found maximal damage in the distal branches of the vestibular nerve. These changes are felt to be consistent with a viral etiology. No satisfactory animal viral model of vestibular neuritis currently exists. However, animal studies have demonstrated that several human viruses including rubeola, herpes simplex, reovirus, mouse and guinea pig cytomegalovirus, and neurotropic strains of influenza A and mumps virus, can infect the vestibular nerve and the vestibular membranous labyrinth.
Simulation of processes with nonseparable covariances

The problem of simulating a class of nonstationary processes with nonseparable covariances is considered. When a process covariance function vanishes outside a finite interval, standard techniques of shaping filter realization fail because the covariance function is no longer separable. In this correspondence a finite-memory moving-average (FMMA) structure is proposed as a method of handling this class of processes. Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the existence of a factorization, and two illustrative examples are presented.
Topology partitioning with fault-tolerant mapping

While partitioning a network for scalability and manageability purposes, we identify the significance of survivability of individual partitions. We formulate and solve “2-SRLG-connected” topology partitioning using a flexible mapping onto the physical topology.
Atypical cases of Angelman syndrome.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a profound disorder notable for mental retardation and severe language deficits that results from lack of function of the maternally inherited copy of the UBE3A gene. Chromosome deletions of 15q11q13, paternal uniparental disomy (UPD), UBE3A gene mutations, and imprinting center defects are all commonly recognized mechanisms that disrupt the function of the maternal copy of the UBE3A gene. We report here two patients with different atypical etiologies of AS. The first patient is a 3-year-old boy with global developmental delay, severe speech deficits, seizures, and very happy disposition. Southern blot analysis for the maternal and paternal chromosome 15 methylation products showed a mosaic methylation pattern, suggesting an imprinting center defect. The second patient is a 4½-year-old boy with global developmental delay, no expressive language, microcephaly, seizures, and ataxic gait. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) demonstrated a loss in copy number for two overlapping clones encompassing the UBE3A gene, indicating a partial deletion within UBE3A. His mother, who was adopted, had an identical pattern, suggesting that her deletion was probably on her paternally imprinted allele. These patients illustrate the expanding spectrum of molecular findings in AS, reinforce the need to maintain suspicion when clinical features suggest AS but initial testing is normal, and show the power of CGH as a tool to uncover partial UBE3A deletions. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New test method and apparatus for measuring galling resistance

Galling is a severe type of wear that can occur when relative motion exists between contacting surfaces. It is characterized by surface protrusions and an increase in surface roughness of one or both components. Galling can occur vary rapidly; under certain mating conditions it can occur in as little as one cycle and can even lead to the eventual seizure of mating components. In this study, a new test method and apparatus for measuring the galling resistance of mated materials was developed. Tests were conducted on self-mated stainless steel to determine the threshold galling stress. The new test method requires the use of two specimens, namely a stationary button and a rotating cylinder. The end of the stationary button contacted the rotating cylinder along the cylinder's length, thereby creating line contact. Galling occurred along the line of contact when the cylinder was rotated and the load between the specimens was increased. The threshold galling stress was calculated using force measurements from a load cell on the stationary button. In addition to measuring the force between the specimens, the torque required to rotate the cylindrical specimen was measured in order to determine the frictional force between the cylinder and button.
The determinants of migrating with a pre-arranged job and of the initial duration of urban unemployment: an analysis based on Indian data on rural-to-urban migrants.

Abstract Based on survey data on 1,400 rural migrants in Delhi, this paper examines within a multivariate context the determinants of migrating with a pre-arranged job and of the initial duration of urban unemployment. The results show that the probability of moving with a prearranged job increases with education and with age, and is higher for those who seek non-manual jobs. For migrants who arrive in the city without a pre-arranged job, unemployment duration depends on marital status, premigration information on urban employment opportunities, and on the reliance on contacts for job search.
Review of The New U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual

Stephen Biddle on The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual. By the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. Forward by David H. Petraeus, James F. Amos, and John A. Nagl. Introduction by Sarah Sewall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 472p. $15.00.