cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender and Generation: The University Reform Movement in Argentina, 1918

In March 1918, students at the National University of Cordoba (UNC), Argentina, rebelled against the university system, accusing professors of being authoritarian, inefficient, clerically oriented, and obscurantist. Through strikes, rallies, petitions to the national authorities, and the seizure of the UNC in September 1918, the students successfully forced the national government to carry out the University Reform, thus serving as an inspiration to university students all over Argentina and Latin America. This is an analysis of the collective self-representation of the reformists—the young, male, and socially privileged students who participated in the University Reform Movement. The essay examines the two interrelated meanings of the reformist identity: that of a distinct generation with a specific historical mission, and of a particular masculinity that embodied the ideals of science, intellectualism, morality, and heroism. The study of the reformists' agenda, corporate organization, and collective action reveals the simultaneity of student identity formation and student politics as well as the way in which the reformist identity was instrumental to the movement's political goals. Equally important, it demonstrates how an identity constructed on ideals of a distinct masculinity and generation was the product of complex relations of identification, differentiation, and opposition that the reformists established with workers, women, Catholic students, and especially, with their professors.
Amperometric Determination of Picomolar Levels of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide by Cyclic Oxidation-Reduction in Apo-Glucose Oxidase System

Abstract Acidification of a solution of glucose oxidase in 35 percent glycerol with 10 percent sulfuric acid and a gel filtration of this acidified glucose oxidase solution yielded apo-glucose oxidase with low residual enzyme activity. Further treatment with charcoal gave apo-glucose oxidase which is devoid of enzyme activity. Using this apo-glucose oxidase, it was possible to measure flavin adenine dinucleotide amperometrically at extremely low concentrations (10−12 M) with ease, rapidity, and convenience.
Some Considerations of the Nation of “Otherness” in Octavio Paz' Posdata

(1977). Some Considerations of the Nation of “Otherness” in Octavio Paz' Posdata. Kentucky Romance Quarterly: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 163-174.
Structure determination using X-ray fluorescence interferometry

Abstract The possibility of structure determination using the interference of fluorescence X-rays excited with monochromatic X-rays is investigated. The principle of this technique is the resonant inelastic scattering approach to the X-ray absorption-emission problem. Using a model calculation, we found that it is possible to determine the interatomic distances between two interacting identical atoms to a few percent of the wavelength of the X-ray. This technique can be applied to randomly oriented samples due to alignment by the polarization of the photons.
Neural fold formation at newly created boundaries between neural plate and epidermis in the axolotl.

Abstract According to a recent model, the cortical tractor model, neural fold and neural crest formation occurs at the boundary between neural plate and epidermis because random cell movements become organized at this site. If this is correct, then a fold should form at any boundary between epidermis and neural plate. To test that proposition, we created new boundaries in axolotl embryos by juxtaposing pieces of neural plate and epidermis that would not normally participate in fold formation. These boundaries were examined superficially and histologically for the presence of folds, permitting the following observations. Folds form at each newly created boundary, and as many folds form as there are boundaries. When two folds meet they fuse into a hollow “tube” of neural tissue covered by epidermis. Sections reveal that these ectopic folds and “tubes” are morphologically similar to their natural counterparts. Transplanting neural plate into epidermis produces nodules of neural tissue with central lumens and peripheral nerve fibers, and transplanting epidermis into neural plate causes the neural tube and the dorsal fin to bifurcate in the region of the graft. Tissue transplanted homotypically as a control integrates into the host tissue without forming folds. When tissue from a pigmented embryo is transplanted into an albino host, the presence of pigment allows the donor cells to be distinguished from those of the host. Mesenchymal cells and melanocytes originating from neural plate transplants indicate that neural crest cells form at these new boundaries. Thus, any boundary between neural plate and epidermis denotes the site of a neural fold, and the behavior of cells at this boundary appears to help fold the epithelium. Since folds can form in ectopic locations on an embryo, local interactions rather than classical neural induction appear to be responsible for the formation of neural folds and neural crest.
Fixation and Staining Milkfat Globules in Cream for Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Three methods were evaluated for fixing and staining milkfat globule (MFG) specimens from dairy cream (CREAM) for examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CREAM-agarose gel mixtures were fixed in glutaraldehyde and OsO4 vapors; treated with a mordant; fixed and stained with imidazole-buffered OsO4, ferricyanide OsO4, or tricomplex OsO4; partially dehydrated; en bloc stained; and embedded and thin-sectioned for TEM, or critical point-dried and mounted on stubs for SEM without metal coating. The three methods exhibited varing degrees of presenting MFG and MFG membranes for visualization by thin-section TEM and SEM.
Is Mycoplasma pneumoniae adherence to erythrocytes a factor in extrapulmonary dissemination

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide [1], [2]. This bacterial pathogen is estimated to be responsible for at least one case of pneumonia per 1,000 persons and >100,000 adult hospitalizations per year in the United States alone [1]–[3]. The infection is mostly mild, but all age groups can experience more severe disease, and fatal cases occasionally occur.
Verification of fracture parameter for uncoupled thermoinelasticity

Abstract The path domain independent integral, S, characterizes fracture within a thermoinelastic material response region. A limited experimental program and associated computational investigation verify that S characterizes fracture for uncoupled thermoplasticity. Thermomechanical fracture resistance experiments on 2024 aluminum demonstrate that S equals the crack driving force. The fracture resistance experiments consider two specimen geometries and two specimen thicknesses. The experiments demonstrate that a 1.4°C/mm thermal gradient across the specimen width significantly reduces the applied tension necessary to initiate crack extension. Finite element computations model eight selected fracture toughness experiments showing that the S integral characterizes fracture under thermomechanical loading. The S integrals computed from the finite element analyses match those estimated from the experimental force displacement trace for the isothermal cases, thereby verifying the S calculation. Furthermore, the S integrals calculated for the thermomechanical loading cases agree with the values from the isothermal cases suggesting that S characterizes incipient fracture.
Knowledge management as a decision support method: a diagnostic workup strategy application

We have explored the potential of a computer-based approach called "knowledge management" to aid in clinical problem solving and education. The major features of the approach are its ability to support flexible and immediate access by a user to relevant knowledge and annotation and organization of the knowledge for personal use and subsequent retrieval. We illustrate this approach with its application to diagnostic workup strategy problems. In this application, knowledge may be in the form of static narrative text, diagrams, pictures, graphs, tables, flow charts, or bibliographic citations. Other more dynamic forms of knowledge may be the result of simulations, "what if" analyses or modeling, quantitative mathematical or statistical calculation, or heuristic inference. User assessment has demonstrated the system's ease of use and user perception of its desirability, but underscores the need for a "critical mass" of knowledge before such an approach will be widely utilized.
Fatigue in soda-lime silica glass: influence of surface treatment

The influence of surface treatment on fatigue of soda-lime glass has not been previously explained. An explanation based on different distributions of crack tip radii for different treatments is proposed. Fatigue is considered to occur as a result of crack tip sharpening. Freshly abraded glass has crack tips of a minimum radius that cannot sharpen, so such glass has longer fatigue life. Glass aged in water after abrasion has blunter crack tips, and consequently shorter life. Chemical conditions at the crack tip are the same over a wide range of external pH, and also influence the effect of surface treatment on fatigue times.
The Morphological Evolution of Low Volume Fraction Tin Dendrites During Coarsening

Tin dendrites tend to grow in closely spaced, parallel sheets; thus, within a certain range of solid volume fraction, it is possible to obtain samples with both dense dendritic regions and dendrite-free regions of liquid. Such samples were produced by directionally solidifying Pb-69.1 wt pct Sn, allowing us to compare tin dendrite structure and coarsening in a traditional dense mushy zone with the same dendrites in much lower volume fraction solid regions. The morphology of the dendrites, both in the dense and less-dense regions is analyzed using three-dimensional reconstructions obtained by serial sectioning. Quantitative measurements of these complex structures were obtained by calculating interfacial curvature and interfacial normal distributions, and the spatial correlations of interfacial curvature. We find that the spatial correlation measurement can be used to determine average secondary or tertiary arm length. We find also that coarsening proceeds in this system by both welding of secondary arms and dissolution and growth via long-range diffusional interactions and that the microstructure becomes more morphologically anisotropic as coarsening proceeds.
Is Networking Always the Answer? Networking among Community Colleges to Increase their Capacity in Business Outreach:

This article examines how community colleges can become more proactive partners in local economic development. It focuses on how networking can help community colleges in building their capacity in this relatively new area of intervention. Three community colleges that are members of such a network—the Consortium for Manufacturing Competitiveness—are examined. The author concludes that the preexisting capacity and local and state government support of the two successful colleges were as important as the network in determining their success. The barriers to effective business outreach are discussed, and recommendations for community colleges conclude the article.
Use of an integrative soil health test for evaluation of soil management impacts.

Understanding the response of soil quality indicators to changes in management practices is essential for sustainable land management. Soil quality indicators were measured for 2 years under established experiments with varying management histories and durations at four locations in New York State. The Willsboro (clay loam) and Aurora (silt loam) experiments were established in 1992, comparing no-till (NT) to plow-till (PT) management under corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation. The Chazy (silt loam) trial was established in 1973 as a factorial experiment comparing NT versus PT and the crop harvesting method (corn silage versus corn grain). The Geneva (silt loam) experiment was established in 2003 with vegetable rotations with and without intervening soil building crops, each under three tillage methods (NT, PT and zone-till (ZT)) and three cover cropping systems (none, rye and vetch). Physical indicators measured were wet aggregate stability (WAS), available water capacity (AWC) and surface hardness (SH) and subsurface hardness (SSH). Soil biological indicators included organic matter (OM), active carbon (AC), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) and root disease potential (RDP). Chemical indicators included pH, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn. Results from the Willsboro and Aurora sites showed significant tillage effects for several indicators including WAS, AWC, OM, AC, pH, P, K, Mg, Fe and Mn. Generally, the NT treatment had better indicator values than the PT treatments. At the Chazy site, WAS, AWC, OM, AC, pH, K and Mg showed significant differences for tillage and/or harvest method, also with NT showing better indicator values compared to PT and corn grain better than corn silage. Aggregate stability was on average 2.5 times higher in NT compared to PT treatments at Willsboro, Aurora and Chazy sites. OM was also 1.2, 1.1 and 1.5 times higher in NT compared to PT treatments at Willsboro, Aurora and Chazy sites, respectively. At the Geneva site WAS, SH, AC, PMN, pH, P, K and Zn showed significant tillage effects. The cover crop effect was only significant for SH and PMN measurements. Indicators that gave consistent performance across locations included WAS, OM and AC, while PMN and RDP were site and management dependent. The composite soil health index (CSHI) significantly differentiated between contrasting management practices. The CSHI for the Willsboro site was 71% for NT and 59% for PT, while at the Aurora site it was 61% for NT and 48% for PT after 15 years of tillage treatments.
Performance of Tripod Antivortex Injection Holes on Vane Film Cooling

Film cooling performance of a tripod hole anti-vortex geometry is evaluated on cascade vane pressure and suction surfaces with steady-state IR (infrared thermography) technique and compared to a baseline cylindrical hole geometry performance. The base geometry is a simple cylindrical hole design inclined at 30° from the surface with pitch-to-diameter ratio of 3.0. The tripod hole geometry, also called an anti-vortex design, is where two side holes, also of the same diameter, branch out from the root at 15° angle. The pitch-to-diameter ratio between the main holes for this design is 6.0. Two secondary fluids — air and carbon-dioxide — were used to study the effects of coolant-to-mainstream density ratio (DR = 0.95 and 1.45) on film cooling effectiveness. Several blowing ratios in the range 0.5 –4.0 were investigated independently at the two density ratios. Results show that the tripod hole design clearly provides higher film cooling effectiveness the baseline case with overall reduced coolant usage on both pressure and suction side of the airfoil. Additional testing was also conducted to measure the aerodynamic effects of injecting coolant through the cylindrical and tripod hole designs. Results show that the coolant issued from a tripod hole design has a significantly smaller effect on the overall aerodynamic performance of the vane.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Korean reunification: an annotated bibliography of selected English‐language resources

The issue of the reunification of North and South Korea attracted worldwide attention in June 2000, when the historic summit meeting between the two top Korean leaders was held in North Korea. Although recently the two Koreas have stepped up their efforts toward reconciliation, international scholars and researchers in Korean studies seem to agree that Korean reunification will be slow and difficult. For this reason, they are researching possible solutions to the critical problems involved, and thus there has been an upsurge of published materials on reunification. This annotated bibliography aims to serve as a guide to these materials. Although this bibliography is selective in that it is limited to literature published in English since 1996, it has wide content coverage and includes books, journals, government publications, special reports, research papers, and Websites. Given the complicated and dynamic situation in Korea, this bibliography will be of use to those who are concerned with Korean reunification.
Tracing endocrine disrupting chemicals in a coastal lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Italy): sediment contamination and bioaccumulation in Manila clams.

Abstract The Water Framework Directive, recently amended with new priority substances (2013/39/EU), is meant to regulate the health status of European aquatic environments, including transitional waters. Despite the ecological and economic importance of transitional water bodies and, in particular, of coastal lagoons, a relevant example of this type of environments, little is known about their contamination by priority substances, particularly by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In this study, a wide array of priority substances, all with recognised disrupting properties, was investigated in the Sacca di Goro Lagoon (Adriatic Sea, Italy), which receives freshwater from the Po River after draining the most urbanised and industrialised Italian regions. Flame retardants, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, natural and synthetic steroids, personal care products and legacy pollutants were investigated both in sediments and in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum collected from three sites in the lagoon. Sediments showed that most of the chemicals analysed could reach the lagoon ecosystem but their concentrations were below existing quality guidelines. Clams essentially reflected this condition although some concern was raised by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): the limit for the sum of six congeners set for biota in the European Directive (2013/39/EU) to protect human health was exceeded 4–5 times. No significant biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were calculated. Nonylphenol, tonalide, PBDE, polychlorinated biphenyls and bisphenol A were the most abundant chemicals in clam tissues.
Rapid formation kinetics of a long-lived electron-hole drop in Ge under pulsed excitation

Abstract The buildup of a large long-lived electron-hole drop in stressed Ge is studied using its Alfven wave resonances. This microwave method permits rapid time resolution of the formation process after a short intense (100 nsec, 7 W) laser excitation pulse. A delay of about 1 μsec is observed before the drop radius rapidly increases from zero to ∼ 100 μm within the next μsec. This is consistent with the interpretation that the photo-produced electron-hole pairs are quickly accelerated to the strain-induced potential minimum which is well within the crystal.
Responsibility as Answerability

ABSTRACTIt has recently become fashionable among those who write on questions of moral responsibility to distinguish two different concepts, or senses, of moral responsibility via the labels ‘responsibility as attributability’ and ‘responsibility as accountability’. Gary Watson was perhaps the first to introduce this distinction in his influential 1996 article ‘Two Faces of Responsibility’ (in Agency and Answerability, 260–86. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), but it has since been taken up by many other philosophers. My aim in this study is to raise some questions and doubts about this distinction and to argue that it has led to confusion rather than clarification in debates over moral responsibility. In place of the attributability/accountability distinction, I propose that there is a single (and unified) concept of moral responsibility underlying our actual moral practices. This core notion of moral responsibility, which I call ‘responsibility as answerability’, is well positioned to explain thos...
The infant's free entry into a new environment.

Abstract The 10-month-old infant's free entry into a new environment was investigated by varying the number and location of objects (toys) in it, as well as the time when they appeared. Each infant was placed with his mother in a small room and allowed access to a larger room (the new environment). In Exp. 1, the effect of a toy in the larger room was compared with that of no toy on the infant's leaving his mother and entering the room. All Ss entered the larger room whether it was empty or contained a toy. Those without a toy spent more time with the mother and incidental objects; in contrast, the other Ss played with the toy. In Exp. 2, with the same Ss, the effect of one toy was compared with that of three toys on the behavior of infants who previously had a toy and those who previously had none. Those who were given toys for the first time entered sooner, stayed in the larger room longer, and played with the toys more than Ss who had previously had a toy. Three toys increased the time Ss spent away from the mother, the distance they traveled, and the time they played with the toys in the larger room. The findings show that the number and location of objects, as well as the time of their appearance, controlled the infant's behavior in the new environment and call attention to stimuli that lead the infant from his mother.
A method for separating cells from early sea urchin embryos.

Abstract A method is described for obtaining in quantity preparations of micromeres, mesomeres, and macromeres from 16-cell sea urchin embryos. The rates of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis in each cell class are examined by incorporation of radioactive precursors. No marked differences exist between the cells in these activities.
Calmodulin transit via gap junctions is reduced in the absence of an electric field.

Abstract Gap junctional transport of Calmodulin (CaM) from epithelial cells to insect oocytes is enhanced by alignment of the molecules via an electric field. It has recently been shown that CaM is needed for uptake of vitellogenins, is produced in the epithelial cells and reaches oocytes via gap junctions. For CaM to transit the gap junctions something must align these elongated molecules with the lumina of the gap junctions. This might be accomplished by the electric field that exists at the membrane of any cell with an Em of >0 mV. Fluorescently labeled CaM was injected into oocytes. At t = 0 , the epithelial cell/oocyte “fluorescence” ratio showed epithelial cells to be 24%±1.5% as bright as the injected oocyte. In follicles which maintained an electric field for one hour the epithelial cell/oocyte fluorescence ratio had risen to 79%±1.4%, while for follicles in which the field was cancelled by holding Em at 0 mV the ratio was only 45%±1.7%. After termination of the holding current follicles regained their original Em and their original electric field. At the end of a second hour of incubation the ratio had risen to 76%±1.2%, very close to what was observed in the untreated control follicles.
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disorders : Définition of Terms and Concepts

Lower urinary tract disorders of male and female cats may be caused by a variety of fundamentally different causes. The term Feline urologic syndrome should be abandoned and substituted with descriptive etiopathogenic terms whenever possible. If the underlying cause cannot be identified, the term Idiopathic lower urinary tract disease is recommended.
A Kinetic Window Constricts the T Cell Receptor Repertoire in the Thymus

To characterize the ligand binding properties of a naive T cell repertoire capable of responding to a foreign antigen, we analyzed T cell populations from T cell receptor (TCR) beta transgenic mice using a novel, single cell peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer dissociation assay. The largely CD4+CD8(-/low) antigen-specific thymocyte repertoire exhibited a broad, bimodal distribution of tetramer binding half-lives (t(1/2)s), with a significant underrepresentation in the intermediate half-life range in which the majority of the peripheral repertoire lies. Thus, cells with the potential to bind foreign antigen with the lowest and highest stability are likely to be selectively removed from the repertoire prior to their establishment in the periphery. These studies provide direct evidence that thymic selection biases the naive peripheral T cell repertoire toward TCR-ligand interactions that fall within a moderate half-life "window."
A study of the Colle‐Salvetti functional for ρ2 via an exactly soluble problem

The Colle-Salvetti functional for correlation energy has given remarkably good results. It is based on approximating the second order density matrix with a particularly judicious form and using the constraining equation between the first order and second order reduced density matrices. We have used an exactly soluble N-body problem to study some aspects of the functional approximation. This has been done by calculating the reduced density matrices exactly and comparing them to the approximate form proposed by Colle and Salvetti and by comparing the expectation values of physical quantities using the approximate and exact density matrices.
Optical design of a dynamic focus catheter for high-resolution endoscopic optical coherence tomography.

The optical system design of a dynamic focus endoscopic probe for optical coherence tomography is reported. The dynamic focus capability is based on a liquid lens technology that provides variable focus by changing its curvatures in response to an electric field variation. The effects of a cylindrical exit window present, in practice, for a catheter were accounted for. Degradation in image quality caused by this window was corrected to get diffraction limited imaging performance. As a result, the dynamically focusing catheter with a lateral resolution ranging from 4 to 6 μm through an ~5 mm imaging distance was designed without mechanically refocusing the system.
Selling Cut-Over Lands in Wisconsin

In 1906, nine important lumber firms set up a jointly owned company to sell their cut-over lands in northwestern Wisconsin to potential farmers. The land company learned, from its experience with various classes of buyers, that the most reliable was the owner-occupant who had made a substantial down payment. Even when a settler fell behind in his payments, the company did not foreclose unless the debtor left his land or was obviously making no effort to pay. Competition from other land companies tended to lower the price of land and also to inflate sales costs, but at its dissolution in 1940 the company showed a moderate profit. Thus the policy adopted by the nine lumber firms, of holding the cut-overs for sale to settlers rather than letting the land revert to the state for taxes, found a commercial justification.
List scheduling: alone, with foresight, and with lookahead

List scheduling is a popular method of scheduling. It has the benefits of being a relatively fast technique and producing good results. It has weaknesses when dealing with restricted timing. Two ancillary methods, foresight and lookahead, have been developed to help mitigate this weakness. This paper compares the effectiveness of list scheduling alone, with foresight, and with lookahead. It also shows the benefits of lookahead are accrued with no time overhead. >
Urinary Retention and Incontinence after Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer

Low dose rate permanent prostate brachytherapy is an excellent choice for men with localized prostate cancer. We review the contemporary understanding of genitourinary toxicity after prostate brachytherapy with particular attention directed toward urinary retention and incontinence. Urinary retention, though typically transient, has been reported in 1.5-34 % of patients, and significantly impacts health-related quality of life. Pre-treatment predictors include prostate size and high pre-treatment urinary symptom score. Validated nomograms have recently been developed to prospectively identify those at risk for urinary retention. In patients with refractory bladder outlet obstruction, a minimal transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is employed following a time interval sufficient for delivery of the full prescribed radiation dose. Urinary incontinence is uncommon following brachytherapy but is strongly associated with prior or subsequent TURP, where published incidence reports range from 0-19 %. Ongoing research seeks to identify genetic polymorphisms that may select individuals at greater risk of developing radiation related toxicities.
Attribute support for inter-domain use

This paper describes the user attribute service (UAS), a tool providing the storage and management of application-specific per-user security attributes for applications running in a distributed environment. The UAS provides for the security and integrity of attribute-to-user bindings, as well as the secrecy of those bindings, if the application or user requests it. Four goals of the UAS are support of least privilege, local control and autonomy, instantiation of trust relationships, and psychological acceptability. Mechanisms to group and enable privilege attributes support the least privilege principal at the user request level. Functions are designed to enhance the usability of the UAS within and across domains by attribute holders and security managers. >
How to barter bits for chronons: compression and bandwidth trade offs for database scans

Two trends are converging to make the CPU cost of a table scan a more important component of database performance. First, table scans are becoming a larger fraction of the query processing workload, and second, large memories and compression are making table scans CPU, rather than disk bandwidth, bound. Data warehouse systems have found that they can avoid the unpredictability of joins and indexing and achieve good performance by using massive parallel processing to perform scans over compressed vertical partitions of a denormalized schema. In this paper we present a study of how to make such scans faster by the use of a scan code generator that produces code tuned to the database schema, the compression dictionaries, the queries being evaluated and the target CPU architecture. We investigate a variety of compression formats and propose two novel optimizations: tuple length quantization and a field length lookup table, for efficiently processing variable length fields and tuples. We present a detailed experimental study of the performance of generated scans against these compression formats, and use this to explore the trade off between compression quality and scan speed. We also introduce new strategies for removing instruction-level dependencies and increasing instruction-level parallelism, allowing for greater exploitation of multi-issue processors.
A generalized multiple objective corrective measure for power system operation

A multiple objective function for handling voltage deviations, production cost, losses, flows, and their combinations is developed. It is formulated using a quadratic model of power systems, and exploits a nonlinear optimization method which satisfies necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimum. The algorithm is based on the simplex-like algorithm which selects the constraints that are binding and the ones which are not. Critical contingencies causing overloads and voltage deviations are corrected. The capability of the method is demonstrated using several medium- and large-scale systems. The effects of various contingencies and their corrective measures are discussed. The method is flexible and general enough to assist dispatchers and operators for effective operation of power systems. >
Optical methods for measuring nucleoprotein and nucleic acid concentrations.

A discussion of the use of a differential refractometer to measure nucleoprotein concentration and of the Beckman spectrophotometer to measure nucleic acid concentration suggests that the measurements may be made with an accuracy and sensitivity comparable to those of the standard biochemical methods. Nucleoprotein concentrations are obtained by dividing the refractive-index increment by 0.00180. The optical density at 260 mμ, corrected for scattering and for protein absorption, is divided by 25.3 sq. cm./mg. to give RNA concentration at pH 5.7, and is divided by 20 sq. cm./mg. to give DNA concentration at pH 7.0. These methods are rapid and do not involve destruction of samples. The methods were applied to solutions of coliphage T2 and plant viruses TMV and SBMV. The nucleic acid contents were, respectively, 50, 5.6, and 21 %, all in good agreement with values in the literature.
Modeling of stress effects on magnetic hysteresis and Barkhausen emission using an integrated hysteretic-stochastic model

Summary form only given. An integrated magnetic hysteresis and Barkhausen effect (BE) model has been developed which provides a coherent description of the effects of stress on hysteresis loop and BE signals. To verify the model predictions hysteresis loops and BE signals were measured and simulated for steel under various tensile and compressive stresses within the elastic limit. BE signal was calculated based on the hysteretic-stochastic process model of domain wall dynamics, which has been recently developed for description of BE signal over the entire hysteresis cycle in which the permeability varies with applied field and stress. The BE signal voltage, which corresponds to the rate of irreversible changes in magnetization I/spl dot//sub irr/ is governed by d I/spl dot//sub 1rr//dt = /spl chi//sub 1rr///spl tau/ ((dH/sub a//dt) - (dH/sub o//dt)) /spl dot//sub 1rr///spl tau/, where H/sub a/ is the applied field, H/sub C/ is the local pinning field, /spl chi/'/sub 1rr/ is the irreversible susceptibility and /spl tau/ is proportional to /spl chi/'/sub 1rr/. An applied stress /spl sigma/ was treated as an effective field operating through the magnetostriction /spl lambda/. In this approach the stress effect on BE signal can be described via /spl chi/'/sub 1rr/ which is given by /spl chi/'/sub 1rr/ = /spl chi//sub 0/ (1 + (M/sub a/ - M/sub 1rr/)/(k/spl delta///spl mu//sub 0/) [/spl alpha/ + (3/spl sigma//2/spl mu//sub 0/)(/spl part//sup 2/ /spl lambda///spl part/M/sup 2/)](M/sub a/ - M/sub 1rr/)). The simulated hysteresis loop parameters such as the coercivity and remanence and the rms BE signal voltage were found to exhibit a stress dependence consistent with that of the experimental data, indicating that the integrated model can be used to describe the trends in the behavior of both hysteresis loop and BE signal as a function of stress.
Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of an unusual case of acute promyelocytic leukemia with a t(15;17; 17 )(q22;q23;q21)

Abstract We present a 52-year-old female with a clinical history of acute myelocytic leukemia, probable acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Flow cytometry results were somewhat unusual. Specifically, the promyelocytic population showed partial positivity for antigens not usually expressed in APL (HLA-DR and CD117). The interpretation of these results was that the abnormal population contained a proportion of very early promyeolocytes that had not completely lost all their "precursor" antigens. Cytogenetic analysis of a bone marrow aspirate showed a t(15:17;17)(q22;q23;q21) in all cells analyzed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using the PML-RARA DNA probe showed a positive signal pattern (fusion) in 100% of 200 total interphase and metaphase cells examined, confirming the presence of the PML-RARA rearrangement. Multicolor FISH, which produces 24 colors to differentiate all chromosomes in a single hybridization, was applied. This study confirmed the cytogenetic interpretation of the rearrangement. No material from any other chromosome was detected on the second smaller derivative chromosome 17. Additional studies using the RARA(17q21) break-apart DNA FISH probe showed that 17q21 (RARA) was not rearranged on the derivative chromosome 17 that received the q22→qter segment from chromosome 15. The RARA locus on the smaller derivative 17 was the allele involved in the fusion in this three-way rearrangement. The signal pattern was consistent in 100% of interphase and metaphase cells scored. This unusual t(15;17;17) prompted us to investigate further using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction with primers from the 3′ and 5′ regions of both the RARA and PML loci. These studies showed that the PML-RARA fusion was present, but the complementary fusion RARA-PML, which is usually detectable, was absent. The patient is responding well to standard treatment protocols.
A study of automatic code generation for safety-critical software: preliminary report

Modern safety-critical systems (e.g., combined pacemaker/deliberator devices, distributed patient therapy delivery systems) incorporate more functionality than similar devices of the past. The development of these complex systems challenges existing quality assurance techniques; results in significantly longer development times; and demands greater staffing resources to ensure quality and timely product completion. This is an interim report on a case study of the efficacy and viability of automatic code generation (ACG) techniques applied in the development of real-time, safety-critical software-dependent systems (Whalen, 1997). The research uses model-based software engineering (MBSE) practices that incorporate integrated analysis and design iterations throughout the development process. The focus of these investigations is the application of automated code generation tools that embody various methodologies, in the development of safety critical systems. There was no attempt to embark on explicit tool comparisons or evaluations.
Aggregation behaviour of carbon nanotubes in aqueous and physiological media and its influence on toxicity

Extensive use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in industry and in the consumer market including drug delivery will increase the likelihood of human exposure and the contamination of the ecosystems. The aggregation state of CNTs has a strong influence on their fate and transport in the environment, as well as their bioavailability. Studies on their colloidal behaviour suggest that they can be relatively stable in aqueous and biological medium, and the presence of surfactants and macromolecules may enhance their dispersibility and persistence. This paper is a review of the aggregation behaviour of CNTs as well as their functional analogues, and the possible role of the dispersal state on toxicity.
Philippe Lefevre-Witier Obituary

Philippe Lefevre-Witier was born in Reims, France, on November 11, 1934, and died on November 15, 2011. A few years ago, he retired from CNRS in Toulouse but continued teaching Ecology at Toulouse University. After his primary and secondary education in northern France, Philippe received his M.D. degree in Paris in 1963. From 1963 1964, he served as the head of a department of clinical medicine in a hospital in Annaba, Algeria. In 1965, he became the head of the laboratory of physical anthropology in the Institute of Human Sciences at the University of Alger. He returned to France in 1968 as a Research Fellow (research on genetic polymorphisms of the blood) in the Center of Hemotypology at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in Toulouse. In 1977 he became Maitre de Recherches (equivalent to assistant professor), followed by a promotion to Directeur de Recherches (Professor) in 1982. Philippe Lefevre-Witier conducted a series of long-term, inter-disciplinary field investigations on four different continents: Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe. From 1976 to 1987 he studied human adaptation, development, and ecology in the Algerian Sahara (in Hoggar and Tassili n’Ajjer). He also focused on Tuareg populations of Niger and Mali. He investigated the genetics and population dynamics in the village of Ideles in the Hoggar region of North Africa, and published a highly acclaimed volume on the Isseqqamaren genetic structure. Lefevre-Witier organized and conducted a joint research project with UNAM on an assortment of biocultural studies involving DNA analyses, serology, and parasitology (1983 1988) in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, with the Mixteca Alta. He led field investigations on the hemotypology of Nepalese populations and Tibetan refugees in the Takhola Valley of Nepal. His research experience in Europe was limited to the population of the Capcir plateau in the French of eastern Pyrenees. He traced the contemporary gene pool through genealogies back to 1740. The dominant themes that appear throughout his research included bio-cultural adaptation, ecology, disease, and genetic markers. I first met Philippe during the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in Chicago in 1974. I had contracted a particularly virulent form of the flu, and during most of the Congress was confined to my bed at the hotel. However, on learning about my condition, Philippe was extremely kind, and he organized visits by groups of colleagues bearing good cheer and appropriate libations. In 1979, when James Mielke and I organized a seminar
The downstream solution for steady viscous flow past a paraboloid

The flow of a viscous incompressible fluid past a paraboloid of revolution is described by matching a series of boundary-layer approximations valid far downstream to a series of potential flow solutions valid far from the solid surface. The development parallels that of Goldstein (3) and Murray (10) for the flat plate, becoming identical for infinitely large Reynolds number; it is found that logarithmic terms must be introduced at the third stage of the matching, and that these produce constants in the downstream solution which remain indeterminate. These terms result from interaction between inner and outer solutions, rather than from appearance of a complementary function of the inner equation.
Engagement of Gab1 and Gab2 in Erythropoietin Signaling

Abstract Several signaling cascades are activated during engagement of the erythropoietin receptor to mediate the biological effects of erythropoietin. The members of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) family of proteins play a central role in signaling for various growth factor receptors and cytokines by acting as docking proteins for the SH2 domains of signaling elements, linking cytokine receptors to diverse downstream pathways. In the present study we provide evidence that the recently cloned IRS-related proteins, Gab1 and Gab2, of the Gab family of proteins, are rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine during erythropoietin treatment of erythropoietin-responsive cells and provide docking sites for the engagement of the SHP2 phosphatase and the p85 subunit of the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase. Furthermore, our data show that Gab1 is the primary IRS-related protein activated by erythropoietin in primary erythroid progenitor cells. In studies to identify the erythropoietin receptor domains required for activation of Gab proteins, we found that tyrosines 425 and 367 in the cytoplasmic domain of the erythropoietin receptor are required for the phosphorylation of Gab2. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Gab proteins are engaged in erythropoietin signaling to mediate downstream activation of the SHP2 and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase pathways and possibly participate in the generation of the erythropoietin-induced mitogenic responses.
An Echo of Supernova 2008bk

I have discovered a prominent light echo around the low-luminosity Type II-Plateau Supernova (SN) 2008bk in NGC 7793, seen in archival images obtained with the Wide Field Channel of the Advanced Camera for Surveys on-board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The echo is a partial ring, brighter to the north and east than to the south and west. The analysis of the echo I present suggests that it is due to the SN light pulse scattered by a sheet, or sheets, of dust located ~15 pc from the SN. The composition of the dust is assumed to be of standard Galactic diffuse interstellar grains. The visual extinction of the dust responsible for the echo is A_V ~ 0.05 mag, in addition to the extinction due to the Galactic foreground toward the host galaxy. That the SN experienced much less overall extinction implies that it is seen through a less dense portion of the interstellar medium in its environment. The late-time HST photometry of SN 2008bk also clearly demonstrates that the progenitor star has vanished.
Superconducting quantum interference device detection of magnetically tagged micro-organisms

A fast and versatile technique has been developed for detecting small quantities of specific microorganisms or molecules with high specificity. The target analytes are bound to a substrate and placed in the measurement cell of a microscope based on a high-transition temperature Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID). A solution containing nanometer-size magnetite particles, coated with antibodies specific to the target, is added. The particles, which bind to the target via the antibody- antigen interaction, are superparamagnetic with a Neel relaxation time of ~1s. A pulsed magnetic field aligns the dipole moments, and the SQUID measures the magnetic relaxation signal when the field is turned off. Unbound magnetic particles relax rapidly (~15microsecond(s) ) by Brownian rotation and are not detected. On the other hand, particles bound to targets cannot rotate and instead relax slowly by the Neel mechanism. As a result, only bound particles contribute to the signal, allowing for quantification of the number of targets present without the need for a wash step. The current system can detect as few as 2000 magnetic particles. This technique could be used to detect a wide range of bacteria, viruses, and molecules, with potential applications in the food industry, clinical settings, or research laboratories.
The role of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the association between verbal ability and conduct disorder

Although there is clear evidence that low verbal ability is a risk factor for conduct disorder (CD), some researchers have questioned whether this association is due to the common comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and CD. The present study examined the association among verbal ability, ADHD, and CD in a genetically informative sample in order to examine the role of genes and/or environmental influences shared in common with ADHD on the covariation between verbal ability and CD. Participants were 2744 adolescents from the Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD), and included 360 MZ female twin pairs, 221 DZ female twin pairs, 297 MZ male twin pairs, 220 DZ male twin pairs, and 274 opposite-sex DZ twin pairs. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV) was used to assess lifetime symptoms of ADHD and CD. Verbal ability was assessed via the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for individuals over the age of 16 and the Vocabulary subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for individuals under the age of 16. There was a small but significant negative covariance between verbal ability and CD and between verbal ability and ADHD. Results also suggest that the covariation between verbal ability and CD is due to influences shared in common with ADHD.
Singular cubature over triangles

Integration over triangles where the integrand contains a singularity at one of the vertices is considered in this paper. The applications for such problems arise in using the boundary element method. Low order formulae are presented and compared to previous methods where the singularity was not considered.
Carbon-13 depletion in a hydrothermal vent mussel: suggestion of a chemosynthetic food source.

Tissues of a mytilid mussel from the Clambake I hydrothermal vent in the Galapagos Rift zone are strikingly depleted in carbon-13 relative to the tissues of other marine organisms. The stable carbon isotope composition of this mussel suggests that chemoautotrophic bacteria present in the hydrothermal waters are a major food source for filter-feeding organisms in this abyssal environment.