cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Attitudes toward Aging and Their Effects on Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an understanding of the nature of attitudes about aging and the mechanisms through which they influence the behavior of older adults. Negative attitudes about aging are pervasive in the culture and are reflected in affective, cognitive, and behavioral responses of individuals and groups of all ages. Evidence shows that implicit attitudes may be even more strongly negative than explicit ones. People do not view old age as a homogeneous category. Stereotypes of old age contain several different subtypes of older adults, many of which are negative, but also some of which are positive. However, most of the positive subtypes of old age have a subtle, negative evaluative component. Individual and situational factors affect the nature of aging attitudes and the probability that they will influence behavior.
The Experience of Menarche from a Developmental Perspective

Although just one of a series of physical events that marks the attainment of adult reproductive status, menarche may be the most important pubertal change that a young woman experiences. Being a discontinuous event embedded in a more gradual process may make it even more salient to the young girl. Examining the social, psychological, and physical meaning of menarche is important for several reasons.
zCare: Designing a Mobile Application to Support Caregivers of Patients with Congenital Zika Syndrome

Since the first case of Zika virus infection was reported in Brazil in 2015, more than 3000 cases of microcephaly have been diagnosed. Microcephaly caused by the Zika virus infection leads to Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS), a condition that results in developmental, motor, and visual impairments. CZS is a lifelong condition that requires continuous care and specialized assistance. Multiple healthcare services are necessary to provide patients with the multidisciplinary support needed. In addition to that, caregivers must receive information and training. The medical services in the regions affected by CZS are neither sufficient nor qualified to properly serve all patients. Besides this, healthcare services are expensive, and most patients live in economically-disadvantaged contexts. Still, the access to mobile phones is widespread across socio-economic classes in Brazil. Thus, to assist the patients, we designed zCare – a mobile health application that provides a low-cost informational tool to assist and instruct caregivers of patients with CZS. A human-centered mixed-method approach was employed in the design phase, combining social media analytics, interviews, surveys, observation and participatory design.
A Distance Metric for Modeling the Quality of Administrative Records for Use in the 2020 U.S. Census

The U.S. Census Bureau is conducting research on using administrative records to reduce the cost while maintaining the quality of the 2020 Census Nonresponse Followup (NRFU). Previous census tests have implemented approaches that use predictive models and optimization procedures to identify vacant and occupied housing units using administrative records. This article details a modification to previous approaches, introducing a simple distance metric to define a quality ranking of housing units to enumerate using administrative records. The distance approach is illustrated, assessed, and compared to a previous approach via a retrospective study of the 2010 U.S. Census.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) induce HIF-1 transcriptional activity.

5730 Combined deletions of 1p and 19q are associated with gliomas of oligodendroglial lineage. Gliomas with these deletions have a significantly better prognosis and often have a better response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. By LOH and CGH analysis the deletions usually involve the whole 1p and 19q arms. Because oligodendrogliomas have been difficult to culture in vitro, there have been very few accurate cytogenetic studies of these tumors. Using modifications of various stem cell media we have been able to perform short-term culture and recovery of metaphases from a small number of these tumors. In one oligodendroglioma we observed an unbalanced 45,XX,-1,-19,+t(1;19)(q10;p10) karyotype in all abnormal metaphases. We developed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) FISH probe for proximal 19p12 in green and combined it with a chromosome 1 alpha satellite probe (CEP1) in orange. We applied this probe mixture to metaphase cells and interphase nuclei from this glioma. Fusion of the CEP1 and 19p12 probes was observed in all abnormal metaphases as well as 74% of interphase nuclei. We then applied the probe set to sections from 89 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gliomas. The prevalence of interphase CEP1/19p12 fusion was 72% among 54 oligodendrogliomas, 50% among 16 mixed oligoastrocytomas, and 10% among 19 astrocytomas. 96% of 27 gliomas with and 13% of 30 gliomas without 1p/19q deletion had fusion of the CEP1 and 19p12 probes. Two of five gliomas with solitary 19q or 1p deletions also had evidence of CEP1/19q12 fusion. Gliomas from patients enrolled on two NCCTG low-grade glioma trials were included in the above prevalence studies. Combined 1p and 19q deletion predict a significantly better prognosis in these prospectively-collected patients (Buckner et al. ASCO 2005). We are currently evaluating whether interphase fusion of CEP1 and 19p12 FISH probes also predict a better prognosis in this population of patients. In summary, our results strongly suggest that a t(1;19)(q10;p10) mediates the combined deletion of 1p and 19q in human gliomas. Because the translocation likely involves the centromere of both chromosomes it is possible that the deletion of more than one gene on both 1p and 19q mediates the development of gliomas of oligodendroglial lineage. (Supported in part by CA85799, CA108961 and NCCTG grants CA25224 and CA114740)
Prática de ioga como terapia complementar ou alternativa em crianças e adolescentes com perturbação de hiperatividade e défice de atenção: uma revisão baseada na evidência

Objetivo: Rever a evidencia disponivel acerca do efeito da pratica de ioga na diminuicao dos sintomas de PHDA em criancas e adolescentes. Fontes de dados: MEDLINE/PubMed e bases de dados de medicina baseada na evidencia ( National Guideline Clearinghouse, Canadian Medical Association Practice Guidelines InfoBase, Guidelines Finder da National Electronic Library for Health do NHS britânico, DARE, Bandolier e The Cochrane Library). Metodos de revisao: Pesquisa de artigos (normas de orientacao clinica, meta-analises, revisoes sistematicas e estudos originais) publicados entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2017 nas linguas portuguesa e inglesa, utilizando os termos MeSH attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, yoga, child e adolescent. O nivel de evidencia e a forca de recomendacao foram atribuidos de acordo com os criterios da escala Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT), da American Family Physician. Resultados: Foram encontrados 48 artigos no total, dos quais se selecionaram cinco de acordo com os criterios de inclusao: uma revisao sistematica e quatro artigos originais, entre os quais tres ensaios clinicos controlados e aleatorizados e um ensaio quase-experimental. Apesar de alguns estudos apresentarem resultados positivos, nao ha evidencia suficiente que demonstre efeito benefico da pratica de ioga na diminuicao dos sintomas de PHDA (nivel de evidencia 2). Conclusao: A evidencia disponivel nao permite suportar com robustez a recomendacao da pratica de ioga em criancas e adolescentes com PHDA, como terapia alternativa ou complementar as estrategias ja implementadas (Forca de Recomendacao B). Os estudos que atribuem efeito benefico a modalidade levantam preocupacoes quanto a metodologia, limitando a qualidade da evidencia. Sugere-se a realizacao de mais estudos prospetivos e de larga escala, com amostras homogeneas e follow-up adequado, que a longo prazo permitam validar a evidencia encontrada e auxiliar na formulacao de recomendacoes.
Pedagogy and Profit? Efforts to Develop and Sell Digital Courseware Products for Higher Education:

The individual economic benefits of higher education are largely determined by what students learn in the process of obtaining their degrees. Increasingly, for-profit companies that develop and sel...
Increasing and Evolving Role of Smart Devices in Modern Medicine

Today is an age of rapid digital integration, yet the capabilities of modern-day smartphones and smartwatches are underappreciated in daily clinical practice. Smartphones are ubiquitous, and smartwatches are very common and on the rise. This creates a wealth of information simply waiting to be accessed, studied and applied clinically, ranging from activity level to various heart rate metrics. This review considers commonly used devices, the validity and accuracy of the data they obtain and potential clinical application of the data.
Functionalized Polymer Thin Films for Plutonium Capture and Isotopic Screening from Aqueous Sources.

The rapid screening of plutonium from aqueous sources remains a critical challenge for nuclear nonproliferation efforts. The determination of trace-level Pu isotopes in water requires offsite sampl...
Organizational Readiness for Change: What We Know, What We Think We Know, and What We Need to Know

This chapter takes stock of what we know, what we think we know, and what we need to know about organizational readiness for change. Based on a review of the literature in health and other fields, the chapter critically appraises how organizational readiness has been conceptualized and measured and synthesizes research findings on the determinants and outcomes of readiness. Directions for future theory and research are suggested.
Dynamic genome evolution and complex virocell metabolism of globally-distributed giant viruses

The discovery of eukaryotic giant viruses has transformed our understanding of the limits of viral complexity, but the extent of their encoded metabolic diversity remains unclear. Here we generate 501 metagenome-assembled genomes of Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) from environments around the globe, and analyze their encoded functional capacity. We report a remarkable diversity of metabolic genes in widespread giant viruses, including many involved in nutrient uptake, light harvesting, and nitrogen metabolism. Surprisingly, numerous NCLDV encode the components of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, suggesting that they can re-program fundamental aspects of their host’s central carbon metabolism. Our phylogenetic analysis of NCLDV metabolic genes and their cellular homologs reveals distinct clustering of viral sequences into divergent clades, indicating that these genes are virus-specific and were acquired in the distant past. Overall our findings reveal that giant viruses encode complex metabolic capabilities with evolutionary histories largely independent of cellular life, strongly implicating them as important drivers of global biogeochemical cycles. Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) exhibit a large genomic repertoire and complex evolutionary history. Here, the authors generate 501 metagenome-assembled genomes from diverse environments and show NCLDVs to harbor a wide range of potential metabolic capabilities.
Diagnostic Performance of Pulmonary Embolism Imaging in Patients with History of Asthma.

Asthma and pulmonary embolism (PE) can present with overlapping symptoms, and distinguishing between these two conditions can be challenging. Asthma may limit imaging for PE due to either worsened ventilation defects on ventilation/perfusion scan (VQ) or increased motion artifact on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Methods: We identified adults evaluated for PE with VQ or CTPA from 2012-2016. Patients with chronic lung disease (other than asthma) were excluded. Studies were classified as negative, positive, or non-diagnostic. Follow-up of negative cases were reviewed to determine rate of repeat exam (within one week) and false-negative rate (defined as diagnosis of venous thromboembolism within 90 days). Results: We reviewed 19,412 adults (age 52 ±18 years, 70% women) evaluated for PE (60% with VQ, 40% with CTPA); 23% had history of asthma. Non-diagnostic results were comparable for those with and without asthma for both VQ (asthma 3.3%; non-asthma 3.8%; P = 0.223) and CTPA (asthma 1.6%; non-asthma 1.5%; P = 0.891). History of asthma was not associated with higher repeat exam after negative imaging for VQ (asthma 1.9%; non-asthma 2.1%; P = 0.547) or CTPA (asthma 0.6%; non-asthma 0.6%; P = 0.796), nor was history of asthma associated with higher false negative rate for VQ (asthma 0.4%; non-asthma 0.9%; P = 0.015) or CTPA (asthma 1.9%; non-asthma 1.5%; P = 0.347). Conclusion: History of asthma in the preceding ten years was not associated with impaired diagnostic performance of PE imaging for either VQ or CTPA.
Experimental determination of ferric iron partitioning between pyroxene and melt at 100KPa

Pyroxene is the principal host of Fe$^{3+}$ in basalt source regions, hosting 79 and 81% of the Fe$^{3+}$ in spinel and garnet lherzolite, respectively, with opx and cpx hosting 48% and 31%, respectively, of the total Fe$^{3+}$ in spinel peridotite. To better understand partitioning of Fe$^{3+}$ between pyroxene and melt we conducted experiments at 100 KPa with f$_{O2}$ controlled by CO-CO$_2$ gas mixes between $\Delta$QFM -1.19 to +2.06 in a system containing andesitic melt saturated with opx or cpx only. To produce large (100-150 $\mu$m), homogeneous pyroxenes, we employed a dynamic cooling technique with a 5-10$°$C/h cooling rate, and initial and final dwell temperatures 5-10$°$C and 20-30$^\circ$C super and sub-liquidus, respectively. Resulting pyroxene crystals have absolute variation in Al$_2$O$_3$ and TiO$_2$ <0.05 wt.% and <0.02 wt.%, respectively. Fe$^{3+}$/Fe$^T$ in pyroxenes and quenched glass were measured by XANES. We used a newly developed XANES calibration for cpx and opx by only selecting spectra with X-ray vibrating on the optic axial plane at $50 \pm 5^\circ$ to the crystallographic c axis. Values of DFe$^{3+}$ cpx/melt increase from 0.03 to 0.53 as fO2 increases from $\Delta$QFM -0.44 to 2.06, while DFe$^{3+}$ opx/melt remains unchanged at 0.26 between $\Delta$QFM -1.19 to +1.37. In comparison to natural peridotitic pyroxenes, Fe$^{3+}$/FeT in pyroxenes crystallized in this study are lower at similar f$_{O2}$, presumably owing to lower Al$^{3+}$ contents. This study shows that the existing thermodynamic models implemented in pMELTS and Perple_X over-predict the stability of Fe$^{3+}$ in pyroxenes, causing an anomalous reduced character to spinel peridotites at calculated conditions of MORB genesis.
Cryptic Sulfur Incorporation in Thioangucycline Biosynthesis

Sulfur incorporation into natural products is a critical area of biosynthetic studies. Recently, a subset of sulfur-containing angucyclines has been discovered, and yet, the sulfur incorporation step is poorly understood. In this work, a series of thioether-bridged angucyclines were discovered, and a cryptic epoxide Michael acceptor intermediate was revealed en route to thioangucyclines (TACs) A and B. However, systematic gene deletion of the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) by CRISPR/Cas9 could not identify any gene responsible for the conversion of the epoxide intermediate to TACs. Instead, a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments conclusively showed that the conversion is the result of two non-enzymatic steps, possibly mediated by endogenous hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, the TACs are proposed to derive from a detoxification process. These results are expected to contribute to the study of both angucyclines and the utilization of inorganic sulfur in natural product biosynthesis.
Knowing the Law

One important prerequisite to state compliance with higher-order legal rules is a convergence of public opinion on the existence and nature of those rules. We present original data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents that captures knowledge of higher-order legal norms, allowing us to explore the plausibility of the hypothesis that people have sufficient knowledge of higher-order law to enforce it. To do so, we polled U.S. residents about their positive and normative views on the existence of sixteen rights and government powers, experimentally manipulating whether the duty or power flowed from constitutional or international law. We also asked respondents to state how certain they were about their positive knowledge. Our key finding is that knowledge on both constitutional and international law is limited, and, relatedly, that there is not much agreement among respondents on what either requires. Yet constitutional knowledge is higher than international legal knowledge, especially for some provisions, like the right to bear arms and the right to a jury trial. These findings underscore and provide an explanation for why coordinating to deter and punish constitutional violations is difficult.
Evaluation of Renal Anatomy, Structure and Nephrolithiasis in Living Donor Candidates

Anatomic and structural considerations of the kidney must be taken into consideration in the evaluation of living kidney donor candidates. Advances in imaging techniques and recent histologic and epidemiologic studies of living donors have shed new light on risk stratification for the long-term safety of living donors. New data have also introduced controversies for donor selection and counseling of potential living donors, as well as the care of those who proceed with donation. This chapter reviews anatomic and structural considerations in the donor candidate evaluation with a focus on the “gray zones” of minor abnormalities and subclinical findings such as imperfect histology and incidental nephrolithiasis. We review current practices as well as emerging thoughts on how such findings may shape future practices.
Outcomes of Patients Bridged to Cardiac Transplant with Subclavian Access Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumps: A Single Center Experience and Matched UNOS Analysis

Purpose To describe adverse events associated with subclavian access intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) before and after cardiac transplant utilizing high level, single center data. In order to assess morbidity associated with IABP use, a matched United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) cohort without IABP support was created as a comparison group. Methods The study included two patient groups: 1) patients bridged to cardiac transplant as Status 2 with subclavian access IABP at single center and 2) a UNOS cohort of transplant recipients (between 2014-2018) matched on hemodynamic Status 2 requirements and wait times. Patient characteristics and post-transplant outcomes were compared. Complications specific to the subclavian IABP using the single center data were collected and reported. Results The single center subclavian access IABP cohort included 28 patients and was compared to the matched UNOS cohort of 202 patients. There was no significant difference in age, ischemic cardiomyopathy diagnosis, or wait times between the two cohorts (Table 1). Post-transplant length of stay and need for post-transplant dialysis was higher in the IABP supported patients. The one-year survival probabilities were similar (subclavian IABP: 96%, matched UNOS cohort: 93%, log rank p = 0.97). Balloon pump repositioning (36%) and replacement (21%) were common. Post-operative infections attributable to the graft site occurred in 17% of patients. Conclusion Patients transplanted on subclavian access IABP had comparable survival at 1 year to a UNOS matched cohort, however IABP re-positioning, replacement and post-operative infections were common. The matched cohort analysis suggests the IABP itself may be associated with longer length of stay and higher rates of post-transplant dialysis, although patient acuity may have accounted for this difference despite hemodynamic matching.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been defined as “the sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age which remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of an autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical history.” SIDS is therefore a diagnosis of exclusion; suffocation, nonaccidental trauma, metabolic disorders, and congenital anomalies must be ruled out. Recent studies have identified defects in the brainstem serotonergic pathways in vulnerable infants. Other risk factors include prematurity, low birth weight, male sex, and smoke exposure. Current preventative recommendations include sleeping in supine position, avoiding overbundling, using a pacifier, and putting babies to sleep alone in empty cribs.
Disordered Eating, Body Image Dissatisfaction, and Associated Healthcare Utilization Patterns for Sexual Minority Youth.

Abstract Purpose To determine the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and body image dissatisfaction (BID) according to sexual minority youth (SMY) status and describe healthcare utilization patterns by SMY status. Methods Retrospective data from 107,528 adolescents, who had a Well Check in Kaiser Permanente Northern California in 2016, were used to compare DEB and BID by SMY status. Multivariate logistic models were used to examine the associations of SMY, birth-assigned sex, age, race/ethnicity, and body mass index on DEB and BID. The utilization of specialized eating disorder (ED) medical and mental health services and general mental health services was described at one Kaiser Permanente Northern California facility. Results BID was reported in 20,763 (19.3%) adolescents, DEB in 1,458 (1.7%) adolescents, and 5,363 (5%) adolescents identified as SMY. SMY had higher odds of having DEB and BID than non-SMY, respectively (adjusted odds ratio 2.0 95% confidence interval [1.9–2.2] and adjusted odds ratio 3.8 [3.4–4.2]). Regardless of SMY status, adolescents with older age, female sex, nonwhite race, and elevated body mass index had higher odds of ED risk factors. SMY with ED risk factors had higher ED medical utilization than non-SMY with ED risk factors (4.6% vs. 1.6%). However, SMY status was not associated with utilization of specialized ED mental health services. Conclusions SMY had increased rates of DEB and BID but had underutilization of specialized ED mental health services. Future targeted efforts to prevent eating disorder-related mortality and morbidity for SMY should include targeted eating disorder screening and referral to specialized ED medical and mental health services.
Military Aid and Innovation

Can military aid to developing countries trigger innovation in the recipient economy? This question emanates from a puzzle in the literature and policymakers’ inclination to make aid more effective. Studies focused on military expenditure in the developed world show a positive relationship between military expenditure and innovation. Conversely, studies centered on military expenditure in developing countries often note the unintended, negative consequences of such expenditure. Borrowing from literature on innovation that examines diffusion channels from the military to the national economy, this research seeks to identify a similar process in developing countries. Using a congruence test on a least-likely case, this study finds that military aid—effectively a military expenditure subsidy—can indeed trigger innovation in a recipient economy. In Jordan, this is reflected by the emergence of an innovative domestic arms industry after its peace agreement with Israel and a major influx of U.S. military aid. Further, by dividing military aid into different sub-types and tracing and comparing their different effects, this study shows that military aid can lead to the emergence of new economic sectors when it supports the domestic government’s industrial vision and local economic priorities.
Product and market development for subsistence marketplaces

This volume provides a more detailed and profound understanding of an important and, until recently ignored, global phenomenon marketplaces where individuals living in poverty buy/sell products and services. It is estimated that as many as 4 billion people with buying power exceeding $14 trillion fall into this market segment. Historically, the research in this area was conducted among consumers from industrialized economies. This research is rooted in fundamental assumptions about literacy and numeracy skills, life stability, cognitive predilections, and consumer access to basic resources such as education, water, and sanitation that often do not hold for poverty-stricken marketplaces.This volume presents a collection of articles that describe this particular group of consumers and entrepreneurs, and inform us on better ways to understand, reach, and empower them. The potential to do well by doing good in these impoverished marketplaces is very high, it is the hope of the editors that this reference will jumpstart the development of new theories, frameworks, and models that address both consumption and entrepreneurship in this particular market. This series publishes conceptual and empirical papers that deal with international topics from all areas within the management field. The organizations studied can be domestic or multinational, and the level of analysis can be macro or micro. Through new theoretical insights, managerial application, methodology, or data, the papers make a significant contribution to advancing knowledge about international management.
Calculating cross-orthogonality with expanded test data

Compatibility In general, math model dynamic degrees-of-freedom (DOF) will not be uniquely one-for-one with accelerometers placed upon the prototypes. Consequently, reduction of the math model will be required. If all accelerometers do not lie directly at math model DOF, this reduction will require more than one step. Following the standard force-free reduction, a second calculation must kinematically transform to juxtaposition. Once developed, of course, the double transformation may be combined into one. This total transformation, applied to the math model mass matrix in a Guyan reduction, satisfies compatibility requirements. The purpose of this Note is primarily to point out that more detailed information is retained if the mass matrix reduced in the above manner is not employed. Rather, the transformation (applied to the test modes) essentially provides for their expansion to math model size. Then the c/o computations will employ as independent quantities all DOF in the analytical modal vectors.
Nonstationary normal forms and rigidity of group actions

We develop a proper “nonstationary” generalization of the classical theory of normal forms for local contractions. In particular, it is shown under some assumptions that the centralizer of a contraction in an extension is a particular Lie group, determined by the spectrum of the linear part of the contractions. We show that most homogeneous Anosov actions of higher rank abelian groups are locally C∞ rigid (up to an automorphism). This result is the main part in the proof of local C∞ rigidity for two very different types of algebraic actions of irreducible lattices in higher rank semisimple Lie groups: (i) the actions of cocompact lattices on Furstenberg boundaries, in particular projective spaces, and (ii) the actions by automorphisms of tori and nilmanifolds. The main new technical ingredient in the proofs is the centralizer result
A double-blind trial of corticosteroid therapy in status asthmaticus.

Initial treatment of status asthmaticus with corticosteroids caused significant improvement in arterial hypoxemia that did not occur in the control group. This improvement was not dependent upon changes in ventilatory function (FVC, FEV1). Betamethasone, hydrocortisone, and dexamethasone all appeared to have this beneficial effect. Both betamethasone and dexamethasone appeared to have the added advantage of higher unbound (pharmacologically active) corticosteroid levels. No toxic or adverse reactions were noted in this 24-hour study. Thus, corticosteroid therapy is indicated early in treatment of status asthmaticus, as withholding it needlessly exposes the patient to the risks of prolonged hypoxemia.
The 25 October 2010 Sumatra tsunami earthquake: Slip in a slow patch

[1] Various models for the generation of tsunami earthquakes have been proposed, including shallow earthquake slip through low strength materials. Because these physical fault conditions would likely affect other earthquakes in the same rupture zone, source properties of other events may provide a guide to locations of tsunami earthquakes. The 25 October 2010 Mw = 7.8 Mentawai tsunami earthquake and surrounding events provide a test of this hypothesis. We determine slip patterns for the mainshock and relocate aftershocks, with the majority occurring in the near trench region. The two largest magnitude aftershocks occurred within the downdip end of the mainshock rupture area and have long moment-normalized rupture duration, likely related to fault zone conditions. Several older relocated earthquakes at the northern edge of the 2010 rupture area also have long duration character, suggesting both spatial and temporal consistency in the conditions needed to produce slow seismic processes along this margin.
Eshelby generalization for the dynamic integrals

Abstract The dynamic generalization—in the presence of inertia forces—of Eshelby's force on an elastic singularity is presented, where the total change of the energy of the system in two different defect motions, differing by an infinitesimal displacement throughout the history of the motion, is computed by considering the difference in the work of the tractions (with inertia forces considered as body forces) on a cut-out surface in Eshelby's thought ‘cut and re-insert’ experiment needed to realize the shift of the defect in the different motions. This expression, which coincides with a surface-independent obtained by Fletcher (1976) by applying Noether's theorem applied on the Lagrangian, is defined as the dynamic J integral. Changes of the energy of the system as computed by the changes in the work of the tractions (by the same thought experiment) needed to realize the rotation of the defect yield an expression that coincides with another expression obtained by Fletcher, and is defined as the dynamic L integral with meaning of a moment on an elastic singularity, while changes in the work of the tractions with respect to a self-similar scaling parameter coincide with another conserved expression in Fletcher, which is defined as the dynamic M integral. To cite this article: X. Markenscoff, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).
A Direct Syntax-Driven Reordering Model for Phrase-Based Machine Translation

This paper presents a direct word reordering model with novel syntax-based features for statistical machine translation. Reordering models address the problem of reordering source language into the word order of the target language. IBM Models 3 through 5 have reordering components that use surface word information but very little context information to determine the traversal order of the source sentence. Since the late 1990s, phrase-based machine translation solves much of the local reorderings by using phrasal translations. The problem of long-distance reordering has become a central research topic in modeling distortions. We present a syntax driven maximum entropy reordering model that directly predicts the source traversal order and is able to model arbitrarily long distance word movement. We show that this model significantly improves machine translation quality.
Optical scanning holography: a review of fundamentals

In this invited paper, I will first review some of the fundamentals of optical scanning holography. I will then include some of the recent publications on optical scanning holography.
An Interactive Treadmill Under a Novel Control Scheme for Simulating Overground Walking by Reducing Anomalous Force

Since the purpose of treadmill-based locomotor training is to transfer lower extremity coordinative skill to overground walking (OW), it needs to simulate OW as closely as possible for optimal skill transfer. Typical treadmill walking at a preset constant speed is different from realistic overground walking because it is less engaging and more automatic. As a remedy for the limitation, this paper investigates a novel treadmill control scheme that allows users to change walking speed freely. It further simulates natural walking by reducing anomalous force (AF) due to acceleration of the treadmill belt. Adding an attenuator in the scheme effectively diminishes the AF when changing walking speed. The proposed scheme, which requires real-time measurement of pelvic and swing foot motion, was developed for a treadmill with a typical belt length (1.5m). A clinical test was conducted with nine healthy subjects in order to quantitatively evaluate the proposed scheme by comparing it with the two existing control schemes in the literature.
The κ-opioid receptor expressed on the mouse lymphoma cell line R1.1 contains a sulfhydryl group at the binding site

Studies were directed at determining whether the kappa-opioid receptor expressed on the mouse R1.1 thymoma cell line contained either a disulfide bond or a sulfhydryl group at the opioid binding site. The binding of the kappa-opioid receptor agonist [3H](-)-bremazocine to R1.1 cell membranes was unchanged following treatment with the disulfide bond-reducing reagent dithiothreitol at concentrations up to 130 mM. However, treatment of membranes with the sulfhydryl-alkylating reagent N-ethylmaleimide, followed by extensive washing, reduced [3H](-)-bremazocine binding by as much as 90%. Inhibition of [3H](-)-bremazocine binding by N-ethylmaleimide was concentration- and time-dependent. When R1.1 cell membranes were treated with 1 mM N-ethylmaleimide for 10 min at 24 degrees C, the Bmax value for [3H](-)-bremazocine binding decreased by 50%, with no change in receptor affinity. N-Ethylmaleimide-induced reduction of [3H](-)-bremazocine binding was attenuated by pretreatment of membranes with the kappa-selective opioids U50,488 and U69,593. The results indicate that a sulfhydryl group is present at or near the binding site on the kappa-opioid receptor expressed by the R1.1 thymoma cell line.
The relationship between gross biochemical composition of cultured algal foods and growth of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.)

Under controlled laboratory conditions, young, post-set hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.), were reared for at least 12 weeks on 19 axenically-cultured unialgal diets; unfed controls were included. Daily algal rations were adjusted to have equivalent packed cell volumes but varied considerably in cell number (inversely related to cell size), dry weight, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate. Growth rates of hard clams fed experimental diets were calculated from weekly live-weight determinations; large differences in clam growth were observed. Of all algal ration characteristics measured, protein and lipid were the only two to show significant correlations (Spearman rank procedure, P < 0.05) with clam growth rate. A multiple linear regression model relating dietary protein, lipid, and carbohydrate with clam growth rate was highly significant (P < 0.0001), and explained 69% of the differences in clam growth on the 19 algal diets. Three algal species were cultured in different media to alter gross biochemical composition; results of feeding these algal strains confirmed that both dietary protein and lipid must be present in sufficient quantities to support rapid growth of hard clams. These findings have direct application to experimental and commercial clam rearing, and also further our understanding of the role of nutrition in population biology of clams in the field.
Contractile properties of the denervated external anal sphincter.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of denervation on contractile properties of the external anal sphincter (EAS) of the female rat. Study Design Sham operation, pudendal nerve transection, pelvic neurectomy, or combined pudendal nerve transection/pelvic neurectomy was performed in young female rats. Contractile function of the EAS was determined after 2 weeks. Results Maximal force-generating capacity of the EAS was not impaired by bilateral pudendal denervation or pelvic neurectomy. Twitch tension, however, was decreased, and fatigability increased after pelvic neurectomy. Combined bilateral pudendal nerve-transection plus pelvic neurectomy resulted in compromised force-generating capacity, decreased twitch tension, and increased fatigability of the anal sphincter. Conclusion Subtle changes in EAS function are detectable after pelvic neurectomy, but not pudendal denervation. In contrast, combination pudendal and pelvic neurectomy resulted in severe compromise of EAS function. These data suggest that EAS function is relatively preserved unless injury occurs to > 1 source of innervation.
Severe right heart failure in a patient with grave's disease

This brief report presents a patient with isolated right heart failure and two rare underlying causes, hyperthyroidism and dysplastic tricuspid valve. Repair of the tricuspid valve and treatment of the hyperthyroidism were both essential for successful treatment of the right heart failure. Most important, recrudescence of hyperthyroidism in this patient was associated with reappearance of florid right heart failure. This report provides further information about a potential linkage of hyperthyroidism and severe right heart failure.
Response to tyramine after administration of octopamine or metaraminol

Abstract (i) In the normal spinal cats response to tyramine or amphetamine were reduced after administration of octopamine or metaraminol. (ii) In the isolated atria from guinea pig pretreated with metaraminol 2 to 6 hours prior to the experiment response of the atrial pacemaker to tyramine was significantly diminished. (iii) In the atria from the normal guinea pigs response of the atrial pacemaker to tyramine was reduced when they were exposed to metaraminol 20 – 30 minutes and washed.
Generation and maintenance of epithelial cell polarity.

Epithelia are tissues that form selective permeability barriers and regulate the exchange of substances between the external milieu and the internal environment of an organism. In order to perform these functions, epithelial cells are highly polarized. The expression of the polarized state depends not only on the autonomous properties of the individual epithelial cell, but also on interactions between the cells. This review will focus on Endings published in the past year that have begun to reveal the ways in which cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions contribute to the development of the polarized epithelium. The polarity of epithelial cells is manifest at many levels of organization (Fig. 1). Functionally, the most important attribute of epithelial polarity is the division of the plasma membrane into biochemically distinct apical and basolateral domains. The asymmetric distribution of surface enzymes, ion channels and solute transporter proteins endows the epithelium with its primary function: the vectorial transport of substances between luminal and serosal compartments of a tissue. This asymmetry must be maintained despite the continuity of the plasma membrane and the continual internalization, recycling, and turnover of membrane proteins. The process of polarization begins within the intraceUular membrane compartments, as the epithelial cells require a mechanism to sort continually plasma membrane proteins destined to one or other of the two membrane domains [ 11. Epithelial cells are also polarized morphologically. Typically, the apical ceU surface faces an open space or lumen and is frequently covered with microvilli. The basolateral membrane makes extensive contacts, having attachments to the basal lamina at the basal surface and to a junctional complex at the most apical edge of the lateral surface. Normally, all these features of the epithelial ceU operate in concert to give rise to the functional polarized state, although they can be manipulated and observed independently, allowing an experimental dissection of the mechanisms that contribute to the generation and maintenance of the final polarized state.
Spontaneous calcium transients are required for neuronal differentiation of murine neural crest.

We have shown that cultured mouse neural crest (NC) cells exhibit transient increases in intracellular calcium. Up to 50% of the cultured NC-derived cells exhibited calcium transients during the period of neuronal differentiation. As neurogenic activity declined, so did the percentage of active NC-derived cells and their calcium spiking frequency. The decrease in calcium transient activity correlated with a decreased sensitivity to thimerosal, which sensitizes inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors. Thimerosal increased the frequency of oscillations in active NC-derived cells and induced them in a subpopulation of quiescent cells. As neurogenesis ended, NC-derived cells became nonresponsive to thimerosal. Using the expression of time-dependent neuronal traits, we determined that neurons exhibited spontaneous calcium transients as early as a neuronal phenotype could be detected and continued through the acquisition of caffeine sensitivity, soon after which calcium transient activity stopped. A subpopulation of nonneuronal NC-derived cells exhibited calcium transient activity within the same time frame as neurogenesis in culture. Exposing NC-derived cells to 20 mM Mg(2+) blocked calcium transient activity and reduced neuronal number without affecting the survival of differentiated neurons. Using lineage-tracing analysis, we found that 50% of active NC-derived cells gave rise to clones containing neurons, while inactive cells did not. We hypothesize that calcium transient activity establishes a neuronal competence for undifferentiated NC cells.
Measuring Ultrashort Pulses with Time-Bandwidth Products Exceeding 250,000 Using Multiple-Delay Crossed-Beam Spectral Interferometry

We introduce a new interferometric pulse-measurement technique, MUD TADPOLE, for measuring the full temporal field of very complex arbitrary optical waveforms and, using it, measure waveforms with ~40 fs temporal resolution and time-bandwidth products >250,000.
Chemotherapeutic Evaluation of Some N1- and N4-Heterocyclic Derivatives of Sulfanilamide

Conclusions2-(Sulfanilamido)-5-ethyl-4-thiazolone (sulfaethyl-thiazolone) has less antistreptococcic activity and approximately the same antipneumococcic activity as sulfapyridine. Its antistaphylococcic activity is of the same order as that of sulfathiazole and sulfadiazine.Sulfadiazine produces urolithiasis medicamentosa capable of causing death by acute suppression of urine in mice and rats, whereas sulfaethylthiazolone is free of this defect, but may cause fatal anemia.
Some Aspects of the Quasi-Geostrophic Flow over Mountains

Abstract Previous models of quasi-geostrophic airflow over mountains have used one or more of the following assumptions: 1) the Boussinesq approximation, 2) a rigid lid upper boundary condition, and 3) the idealization of an infinitely long ridge and two-dimensional flow. To investigate the physical nature of these assumptions, the flow of an unbounded, slightly compressible fluid over an isolated mountain is considered. In this case, the mountain feels a strong “lift” force acting to the left of the stream (in the Northern Hemisphere) due to the cross-stream pressure gradient, while the airstream receives an equally strong impulse to the right. Using the Kutta-Joukowski formula, the rightward impulse given to the airstream can be represented in terms of a far-field barotropic circulation which in turn is associated with the production of vorticity by volume expansion as the air parcels rise over the mountain.
Parametric Effects on Particle Deposition in Abrasive Waterjet Surface Treatments

Abstract The abrasive waterjet (AWJ) has primarily been used for net-shape sectioning of engineering materials. In this study an AWJ was adopted for the surface treatment of commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and the contribution of treatment parameters to material removal and the deposition of particles within the substrate were examined. The surface texture and material removal rate were analyzed using conventional techniques whereas the quantity of abrasive particles embedded within the cpTi surfaces was determined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). Parametric effects related to particle hardness were distinguished from a comparison of surfaces treated with Aluminum oxide, garnet, and crushed glass abrasives. According to an analysis of variance (ANOVA), treatment responses were found to be primarily dependent on the abrasive size, abrasive hardness, angle of incidence, and jet pressure. The minimum and maximum concentration of particles embedded in the AWJ treated cpTi (in percent surface a...
An Interpretation of Atmospheric Low-Order Models

Abstract Low-order models (LOMs) arising in various popular fluid dynamic and atmospheric problems are shown to be equivalent to coupled three-mode nonlinear systems known in mechanics as Volterra gyrostats. The Volterra equations of the gyrostat differ from the Euler equations of the gyroscope by the presence of linear terms, which, unlike ordinary viscous terms, do not affect the energy or the phase volume conservation. In atmospheric LOMs such linear terms, exerting considerable influence on the dynamics, are caused by various factors peculiar to geophysical fluid dynamics (e.g., stratification, rotation, and topography). The simplest Volterra gyrostat in the forced regime is equivalent to the celebrated Lorenz model. Systems of coupled gyrostats also inherently possess fundamental properties of the hydrodynamic equations. Therefore, gyrostats are proposed as elementary modules for developing LOMs of nonlinear fluid dynamic and atmospheric phenomena.
Health-related quality of life among early-stage, non-small cell, lung cancer survivors.

Abstract Background Limited data are available about the physical and mental functioning of individuals diagnosed and treated for early-stage lung cancer. To develop post-treatment guidelines and targeted resources for the growing number of lung cancer survivors, clinically relevant information about longer term health-related quality of life (HQOL) is needed. The current study examines lung cancer survivors’ HQOL and identifies associations between HQOL and demographic, disease and medical risk factors. Methods A total of 359 individuals diagnosed and surgically treated for stage IA or IB non-small cell lung cancer completed a post-treatment survey via mail or telephone that included the SF-36v2 as well as questions regarding demographic and medical factors. To better understand the impact of lung cancer treatment, we examined age- and gender-adjusted differences in HQOL as compared to a demographically matched sample of older adults, most with a significant smoking history, who participated in a lung cancer screening trial. Risk factors for impairments in HQOL were also identified. Results Compared to the screening sample, lung cancer survivors reported lower physical health scores, but did not differ in terms of mental health status. Dyspnea and distressed mood were most associated with HQOL impairments. Conclusions Early-stage lung cancer survivors are likely to experience mild impairment in physical functioning. They may benefit from management of distressed mood and referral to physical activity and pulmonary rehabilitation programs to promote HQOL outcomes.
PE RATIOS, EARNINGS EXPECTATIONS, AND ABNORMAL RETURNS

This study provides evidence that the price-earnings (PE) ratio effect is not homogeneous across firms with similar PE ratios. Instead, firms with the lowest PE ratios and those with the lowest expected annual earnings per share outperform all other groups in January. These results can be partially attributed to security analysts consistently underestimating reported earnings of firms with the lowest level of expected earnings and the lowest PE ratios. A negative October effect is also found for the same-firms, which appears to be caused by downward revisions in analysts' forecasts between September 16 and November 16.