cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gravity effects on steady two-dimensional partially premixed methane–air flames

Under normal-gravity conditions the flame heat release produces both flow dilatation and buoyancy effects. While it may be possible to minimize gravitational effects in a fully premixed flame by isolating buoyancy effects to the lower-density postflame region or plume, this cannot be accomplished in nonpremixed flames. It is known that partially premixed flames can contain two reaction zones, one with a premixed-like structure and the other consisting of a transport-limited nonpremixed zone (in which mixing and entrainment effects are significant). For these reasons it is important to understand the fundamental interaction between flow dilatation and buoyancy effects in partially premixed flames. A detailed numerical study is conducted to characterize the effect of buoyancy on the structure of two-dimensional partially premixed methane‐air flames. The computational model is validated by comparison with the experimentally obtained chemiluminescent emission from excited-C* free radical species as well as with velocity vectors obtained using particle image velocimetry. Both the experiments and simulations indicate the presence of two reaction zones that are synergistically coupled, with each region providing heat and/or chemical species for the other. While the inner premixed flame is only weakly affected by gravity, the outer flame shows significant spatial differences for the two cases due to buoyancyinduced entrainment, since advection of air into the outer reaction zone increases in the presence of gravity. The presence of gravity induces more compact flames, influences the velocity profiles in the post‐inner flame region, and increases the normal strain rate. Although the spatial differences between the 0- and 1-g flames are more significant on the lean side, the state relationships in that region are relatively unaffected by gravity. On the other hand, the inner (rich-side) reaction zone shifts toward less-rich locations in the presence of gravity, possibly due to the enhanced buoyant mixing. The 1-g flames exhibit a larger energy loss in the form of CO and H2 emissions. © 1999 by The Combustion Institute
Modified binding of proteins from calcitonin-negative tumor cells to the neuroendocrine-specific CANNTG motif of the calcitonin gene

Transcription of the calcitonin (CT) gene in the medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cell line TT is modulated by a neuroendocrine-specific enhancer fragment (nucleotides -965 to -905) containing two CANNTG motifs (E2 and E3) and an ETs-like response element. To determine the cell-specific component of this fragment, oligonucleotides containing the individual elements were inserted in front of a minimal CT promoter and tested for reporter protein production in CT-positive (TT) and -negative (RO-D81 and HeLa) cells. In TT cells, using two copies of E2 or four copies of Ets increased minimal promoter activity a 20-40 fold. Using two copies of E3 had no effect on minimal promoter activity. In CT-negative MTC cells (RO-D81), the Ets response element was active but the two copies of E2 were not. Similar results were obtained with the non-neuroendocrine cell-line HeLa. I therefore concluded that E2 was the cell-type-specific component of the enhancer. An E2-specific binding protein was detected in both MTC cell lines but not in HeLa. This protein had different mobility and DNA-binding specificity in CT-positive TT cells and CT-negative RO-D81 cells. In conclusion, the CAGCTG motif of E2 modulated the cell-specific transcription of the CT gene, and its inactivation in CT-negative MTC cells correlated with modifications in its binding proteins.
A note on Kronecker's approximation theorem

(1986). Homomorphisms on C(R). The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 7, pp. 555-555.
Transport and biogeochemical reaction of metals in a physically and chemically heterogeneous aquifer

Biologically mediated reductive dissolution and precipitation of metals and radionuclides play key roles in their subsurface transport. Physical and chemical properties of natural aquifer systems, such as reactive iron-oxide surface area and hydraulic conductivity, are often highly heterogeneous in complex ways that can exert significant control on transport, natural attenuation, and active remediation processes. Typically, however, few data on the detailed distribution of these properties are available for incorporation into predictive models. In this study, we integrate field-scale geophysical, hydrologic, and geochemical data from a well-characterized site with the results of laboratory batch-reaction studies to formulate two-dimensional numerical models of reactive transport in a heterogeneous granular aquifer. The models incorporate several levels of coupling, including effects of ferrous iron sorption onto (and associated reduction of reactive surface area of) ferric iron surfaces, microbial growth and transport dynamics, and cross-correlation between hydraulic conductivity and initial ferric iron surface area. These models are then used to evaluate the impacts of physical and chemical heterogeneity on transport of trace levels of uranium under natural conditions, as well as the effectiveness of uranium reduction and immobilization upon introduction of a soluble electron donor (a potential biostimulation remedial strategy).
TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INFERRING SEXUAL INTEREST

Research has shown that, after brief opposite-gender interactions, men perceive women more sexually than women perceive men (e.g., Abbey, 1982). This study examined interpersonal perceptions following dyadic cross-gender interactions between unacquainted individuals. Of particular concern were perceptions of sexual traits, interaction qualities, and physical attractiveness. The influence of being gender schematic on sexual judgments was examined. The results provide further support for Abbey's finding that men oversexualize women following brief interactions but failed to support the hypothesized gender schema effects. Additional analyses suggest the presence of another gender difference in judging attraction. Women who rated their partners as physically attractive also attributed more positive qualities to their partner and the interaction. By contrast, men's ratings of women revealed more limited associations with perceived physical attractiveness. Results are discussed in terms of gender differences in judging sexual attraction, the correlates of physical attractiveness, and continuing efforts to explain oversexualization.
Measures of Quality in Online Education: An Investigation of the Community of Inquiry Model and the Net Generation

The goal of this article is to present and validate an instrument that reflects the Community of Inquiry Model (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000, 2001) and inquire into whether the instrument and...
A 700uA, 405MHz fractional-N All digital frequency-locked loop for MICS band applications

An all-digital frequency-locked loop (ADFLL) based frequency synthesizer with a built-in FSK modulator for medical implants communication systems (MICS) band applications is presented. The ADFLL uses a high resolution single-bit digital ΣΔ frequency discriminator in the feedback path and a ΣΔ phase accumulator in the reference path, achieving fractional resolution. The ADFLL uses a digital IIR-based loop filter followed by a digital-intensive ΣΔ current-steering DAC and a first-order-hold filter. The ADFLL achieves 9.5Hz frequency resolution, spanning the ISM 400MHz-410MHz band. The worst-case near-integer spur of −55dBc and a phase noise of −83dBc/Hz at 300kHz offset is measured. The ADFLL is fabricated on a 0.18um CMOS process, occupying 0.14mm2 die area, with a quiescent current consumption of 700uA.
High-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography Using Enhanced-Fluidity Liquid Mobile Phases

One of the most effective ways to improve the resolution of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is to decrease band broadening by lowering the mobile phase viscosity. In this study, the use of enhanced-fluidity liquid mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF)-liquid CO2 for the separation of polystyrene standards by SEC under room temperature and moderate pressure conditions was investigated. By adding low viscosity liquid CO2 to THF, the mixtures had markedly lower viscosities than THF. As a result, higher efficiency and a shorter analysis time were obtained. When a mixture with 40 mol % CO 2 and 60 mol % THF was used as the mobile phase, the pressure drop across the column decreased by 38% compared with the drop obtained using 100% THF as the mobile phase. KamletTaft solvatochromic parameters π* and β were used to measure the solvent strength of the THF-CO 2 mixtures. A solvent strength similar to that of pure THF was observed when up to 50 mol % CO2 was added to THF. No notable deviation in the SEC calibration curve was observed when up to 40 mol % CO 2 was used. However, as a consequence of diminished solvent strength, significant adsorption of solutes to the stationary phase was detected when more than 50 mol % CO 2 was used.
A bipolar structure with semi-dielectric device isolation by selective epitaxial growth

A bipolar structure with an estimated f/sub T/ of 5 GHz was fabricated on a selective epitaxial layer. A shallow buried layer (0.25 mu m approximately 0.50 mu m) was formed by diffusing arsenic atoms from an arsenic-implanted polysilicon layer. The polysilicon layer was removed by converting it to oxide and etching the oxide. The defective regions at the edges of the selective epitaxial layer were removed by a plasma etch step to form defect-free base-collector junctions; the junctions can be placed less than 2 mu m from the edges without degrading the device characteristics. Using the selective epitaxial growth, LOCOS isolation and the shallow buried layer, semi-dielectric transistor isolation was achieved. >
Preventive Health Care in the Elderly Population: A Guide for Practicing Physicians

Preventive medicine provides important benefits to all persons, including older adults; however, these benefits may be seen more clearly in younger adults than in older persons. Smoking cessation, proper nutrition, exercise, and immunizations are important regardless of age. The prevalence of illness increases as we age; at the same time, life expectancy decreases. All physicians and patients should consider the potential benefits of screening and treatment vs conservative management. We discuss lifestyle recommendations such as smoking cessation, exercise, and good nutrition, as well as the role of screening for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and sensory and other disorders. These recommendations are derived from evidence-based guidelines when available; issues not associated with established guidelines are discussed on the basis of best current thinking.
Negative Ternary Set-Sharing

The Set-Sharing domain has been widely used to infer at compile-time interesting properties of logic programs such as occurs-check reduction, automatic parallelization, and finite-tree analysis. However, performing abstract unification in this domain requires a closure operation that increases the number of sharing groups exponentially. Much attention has been given to mitigating this key inefficiency in this otherwise very useful domain. In this paper we present a novel approach to Set-Sharing: we define a new representation that leverages the complement (or negative) sharing relationships of the original sharing set, without loss of accuracy. Intuitively, given an abstract state $sh_{\mathcal{V}}$ over the finite set of variables of interest $\mathcal{V}$, its negative representation is $\wp(\mathcal{V}) \setminus sh_{\mathcal{V}}$. Using this encoding during analysis dramatically reduces the number of elements that need to be represented in the abstract states and during abstract unification as the cardinality of the original set grows toward $2^{|\mathcal{V}|}$. To further compress the number of elements, we express the set-sharing relationships through a set of ternary strings that compacts the representation by eliminating redundancies among the sharing sets. Our experiments show that our approach can compress the number of relationships, reducing significantly the memory usage and running time of all abstract operations, including abstract unification.
The real homotopy-based method for computing solutions of electric power systems

Presents a real homotopy-based method to calculate the roots of any system of polynomial equations in n real variables. This method eliminates some of the computational effort required in the existing homotopy- and imbedding-based continuation methods. The method allows for the computation of real solutions of even large-sized deficient polynomial systems. As an example, the method is applied to the load flow analysis of power systems. >
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION ASPECTS IN THE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASES

▪ Abstract Research on the biological roles of nitric oxide has revealed that it functions as an important signal and effector molecule in a variety of physiologic and pathologic settings. In animals, nitric oxide is synthesized enzymatically from l-arginine through the actions of the nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). The three known NOS isoforms are all dimeric, bi-domain enzymes that contain iron protoporphyrin IX, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and tetrahydrobiopterin as bound prosthetic groups. This chapter summarizes information regarding the structure-function aspects of the NOSs, which includes composition of the domains, the protein residues and regions involved in prosthetic group binding, catalytic properties of the domains, the relationship between dimeric structure and prosthetic group binding and function, and factors that control assembly of NOS in cells. A general model for NOS structure and assembly is presented.
Influence of Fiber Geometry on the Mechanical Properties of Assemblies During Processing: Part II: Polyester-Rayon Blends in Slivers

Sixteen samples of polyester-rayon blends, as well as a 100% rayon, and eight 100% polyester samples have been processed on the worsted system from raw stock through the 3rd pin-drafting stage. The blends in which 3-in. (nominal) staple was used were 65% polyester and 35% viscose rayon. The polyester samples provided all combinations of the following fiber variables, each represented by two contrasting levels: (a) surface roughness, (b) cross-sectional shape, (c) linear density, and (d) crimp. A single rayon sample of 3-den, bright, crimped staple was used in the blends.The total of 25 sliver samples from the card and first and third pin-drafting stages were evaluated for static-cohesion properties, as represented by maximum cohesive tenacity, textile modulus, and extension to maximum force. It was found that, generally, in blended slivers from all three stages of processing, fiber crimp in the polyester component had a statistically very significant effect on the three parameters measured. The rayon in t...
Electrostatic Contributions to T4 Lysozyme Stability: Solvent-Exposed Charges versus Semi-Buried Salt Bridges

We carried our Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) calculations for the effects of charge reversal at five exposed sites (K16E, R119E, K135E, K147E, and R154E) and charge neutralization and proton titration of the H31-D70 semi-buried salt bridge on the stability of T4 lysozyme. Instead of the widely used solvent-exclusion (SE) surface, we used the van der Waals (vdW) surface as the boundary between the protein and solvent dielectrics (a protocol established in our earlier study on charge mutations in barnase). By including residual charge-charge interactions in the unfolded state, the five charge reversal mutations were found to have G unfold from 1.6 to 1.3 kcal/mol. This indicates that the variable effects of charge reversal observed by Matthews and co-workers are not unexpected. The H31N, D70N, and H31N/D70N mutations were found to destabilize the protein by 2.9, 1.3, and 1.6 kcal/mol, and the pK a values of H31 and D70 were shifted to 9.4 and 0.6, respectively. These results are in good accord with experimental data of Dahlquist and co-workers. In contrast, if the SE surface were used, the H31N/D70N mutant would be more stable than the wild-type protein by 1.3 kcal/mol. From these and additional results for 27 charge mutations on five other proteins, we conclude that 1) the popular view that electrostatic interactions are generally destabilizing may have been based on overestimated desolvation cost as a result of using the SE surface as the dielectric boundary; and 2) while solvent-exposed charges may not reliably contribute to protein stability, semi-buried salt bridges can provide significant stabilization.
Computer help at home: methods and motivations for informal technical support

Prior research suggests that people may ask their family and friends for computer help. But what influences whether and how a "helper" will provide help? To answer this question, we conducted a qualitative investigation of people who participated in computer support activities with family and friends in the past year. We describe how factors including maintenance of one's personal identity as a computer expert and accountability to one's social network determine who receives help and the quality of help provided. We also discuss the complex, fractured relationship between the numerous stakeholders involved in the upkeep of home computing infrastructures. Based on our findings, we provide implications for the design of systems to support informal help-giving in residential settings.
Selective and heteronuclear ROESY relaxation theory

Abstract The intramolecular dipole-dipole relaxation of weakly coupled AMX spin systems is analyzed for an expanded class of rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy experiments. In these experiments, the three nuclei may be locked in frames rotating at different frequencies, two nuclei may be locked at one frequency and the third at a second, or some of the nuclei may not be spin locked. The experiments can be carried out on chemically shifted homonuclear systems, heteronuclear systems, or combinations of both. These selectively locked (and heteronuclear) Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy experiments restrict the relaxation pathways available to the spin system in various, well-defined ways. This provides additional flexibility in tailoring experiments to (1) extract specific types of structural and other information contained in relaxation data and (2) preclude various indirect relaxation pathways that may complicate or compromise data analysis.
Perceived Suffering of the Victim as an Inhibitor of Attack-Induced Aggression

(1970). Perceived Suffering of the Victim as an Inhibitor of Attack-Induced Aggression. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 209-215.
NASA replanning efforts continue

A task force of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is producing new launch schedules for NASA's three remaining space shuttle orbiters, possibly supplemented by expendable launch vehicles. In the wake of the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger on January 28, 1986, the task force is assuming a delay of 12–18 months before resumption of shuttle flights. NASA's Headquarters Replanning Task Force, which meets daily, is separate from the agency's Data and Design Analysis Task Force, which collects and analyzes information about the accident for the use of the investigative commission appointed by President Ronald Reagan.
Successful endoscopic retrieval of a cocaine packet from the stomach

9. Martini GA, Dolle W. Menetrier-Syndrom. Polyadenomatosis des Margens mit Eiweissverlust in den Magen-Darm-Kanal. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1961;86:2524. 10. Rubin M, Tuthill RJ, Rosato EF, Chen S. Cronkhite Canada syndrome: report of unusual case. Gastroenterology 1980;79:737. 11. Yokoi I, Haschimoto K. An autopsy case of Cronkhite Canada syndrome with scleroderma. Trans Soc Pathol Jap 1974;63:263. 12. Johnson GK, Soergel K, Hensley GT, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ. Cronkhite Canada syndrome: gastrointestinal pathophysiology and morphology. Gastroenterology 1972;63:140. 13. Borody I, Noonan S, Cole P, et al. Triple therapy of C. pylori
The Impact of Social Support on Mortality: A Seven-Year Follow-Up of Older Men and Women:

This study examined the impact of health and social support on 7-year survival among a probability sample of older people living in the community. The analysis confirms the importance of separating...
Low sensitivity of periprosthetic tissue PCR for prosthetic knee infection diagnosis

We previously described a rapid PCR panel targeting bacteria associated with prosthetic joint infection (PJI) for use on biofilms dislodged from explanted hip and knee arthroplasties. Herein, we tested the PCR panel on periprosthetic tissues from 95 subjects undergoing resection knee arthroplasty, all of whom had had tissue cultures performed. A subset also had synovial fluid culture (n=89) and/or device vortexing and sonication with culture (n=58), and a subset of these PCR (n=36) of resulting sonicate fluid, performed. Of the 64 subjects with PJI, 10 and 44 had positive tissue PCR and cultures, respectively, one of whom had a positive tissue PCR with negative tissue cultures. The overall sensitivity of tissue PCR (16%) was much lower than that of tissue (69%), synovial fluid (72%) and sonicate fluid (77%) culture as well as sonicate fluid PCR (78%) (P < 0.00001, P < 0.00001, P < 0.00001, and P=0.0003, respectively). Periprosthetic tissue PCR, as performed herein, has poor sensitivity for PJI diagnosis.
Cancer Survivors at Work: A Generation of Progress

Before the 1970s, a substantial percentage of cancer survivors faced blatant employment discrimination with little legal recourse, a paucity of support services, and limited medical options for curative treatment. Since then, survivors have benefited from improvements in cancer treatment, the passage of state and federal antidiscrimination laws, and a sea change in perceptions about living with and beyond cancer. Consequently, cancer survivors now face fewer barriers to employment opportunities. Because millions of cancer survivors, more than ever before, are now working age adults, advocacy efforts should shift from expanding legal protection from cancer-based discrimination to providing resources to help survivors meet their individual employment-related concerns.
Dynamic spectral shape features for speaker-independent automatic recognition of stop consonants

Several acoustic feature sets and automatic classifiers were investigated to determine a combination of features and classifiers which would permit accurate bottom-up speaker- and vowel-independent automatic recognition of initial stop consonants in English. The features evaluated included a form of cepstral coefficients and formants, each computed both for one static frame and as spectral trajectories over various segments of the speech signal. The classifiers investigated included Bayesian maximum-likelihood (BML), artificial neural network (NN), and K-nearest-neighbor (KNN) classifiers. The most accurate results, over 93% of the six stops correctly identified with a speaker-independent classifier, were obtained with the BML classifier using cepstral coefficient trajectories as a 20-dimensional feature vector. These results for stop recognition are higher than any results previously reported for a database of similar diversity. >
Cell type-specific regulation of transcription by cyclic adenosine 3,'5'-monophosphate-responsive elements within the calcitonin promoter.

A cAMP-induced enhancer was previously mapped to nucleotides -255 to -85 of the calcitonin (CT) gene 5'-flanking DNA. To determine the functional cis-acting elements within this region, we transfected medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cells with CT 5'-flanking DNA/GH fusion genes containing potential cAMP-responsive elements and assessed their transcriptional activities with and without cAMP. In CT-expressing MTC cells (the TT line), we identified by deletions and point mutations three transcriptionally active motifs: a cAMP-responsive element (CRE), TGACGTCA, at -253 to -246, and a hybrid site containing a CRE-like element (CREL; TGACCTCA, -169 to -162) adjacent to an equally transcriptionally active octamer (O) sequence (ATG-CAAAT, -161 to -154). These three motifs acted synergistically and their transcriptional activity was completely dependent on cAMP. In HeLa cells their synergistic activity was more constitutive than cAMP induced, whereas in CT-negative MTC cells (the RO-D81-1 line) these motifs wer...
Optical characterization of a reference instrument for gloss measurements in both a collimated and a converging beam geometry

A reference instrument has been developed at the National Research Council of Canada for rapid, reproducible specular gloss measurements. The design and validation of this instrument for specular gloss measurements in accordance with standard methods for paints and plastics at 20°, 60°, and 85° geometries [American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D523 and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) 2813] have been recently reported. These standard methods require a collimated beam geometry. Here we present the optical design considerations and characterization of this instrument to extend its gloss measurement capabilities to specular gloss measurements of paper samples at 75° geometry in accordance with standard test methods requiring a converging beam geometry (ASTM D1223 and TAPPI T480). This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported reference instrument that provides direct traceability for both types of standard gloss method and applications. The design challenge was to convert from a collimated beam to converging beam geometry while meeting the rigorous requirements of beam uniformity at the sample and receptor apertures specified in the 75° geometry test methods. We describe the innovative design to achieve this degree of functionality and reference instrument performance. The instrument's optical performance has been characterized theoretically and by comparison with measurement results. The light collection and detection systems have been analyzed via Monte Carlo simulation and ray tracing. The instrument validation includes comparison of the measurement results with theoretical gloss values for quartz, black glass, Vitrolite, and mirror gloss working standards, giving agreement of better than 0.32%. Measurement validation also involved participation in the Collaborative Testing Services program interlaboratory comparison measurements of 75° gloss for white papers.
Implementation challenges in real-time middleware for distributed autonomous systems

Exploration missions will achieve a sustainable human-robotic presence in space and on the surface of the Moon and of Mars. Sustained operations require higher performance, which in turn implies a higher degree of asset autonomy. For example, construction, maintenance, or in-situ resource utilization will be accomplished by efficiently executing complex tasks in the absence of long-haul teleoperation from Earth. The distributed autonomous systems will include assets that operate in real-time: examples are surface robots, rovers, CEV on-board actuation units, or space construction robots. In this paper, we describe the transversal challenges in implementing real-time middleware components for distributed autonomous systems. The emphasis is on reusable components that address issues that are shared among distributed autonomous real-time systems. Specific applications are not the focus of this paper.
Dexmedetomidine for anesthetic management of anterior mediastinal mass

Anesthetic management of anterior mediastinal masses (AMM) is challenging. We describe the successful anesthetic management of two patients with AMM in which dexmedetomidine was used at supra-sedative doses. Our first case was a 41-year-old man who presented with a 10 × 9 × 11 cm AMM, a pericardial effusion, compression of the right atrium, and superior vena cava syndrome. He had severe obstruction of the right mainstem bronchus, distal trachea with tumor compression, and endobronchial tumor invasion. Our second case was a 62-year-old man with tracheal and bronchial obstruction secondary to a recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer mediastinal mass. Both patients were scheduled for laser tumor debulking and treatment of the tracheal compression with a Y-stent placed through a rigid bronchoscope. Both patients were fiberoptically intubated awake under sedation using a dexmedetomidine infusion, followed by general anesthesia (mainly using higher doses of dexmedetomidine), thus maintaining spontaneous ventilation and avoiding muscle relaxation during a very stimulating procedure. The amnestic and analgesic properties of dexmedetomidine were particularly helpful. Maintaining spontaneous ventilation with dexmedetomidine as almost the sole anesthetic could be very advantageous and may reduce the risk of complete airway obstruction in the anesthetic management of AMMs.
CO-oxidizing Microorganisms

CO is metabolized by a wide variety of microorganisms. A sharp division exists between aerobic and anaerobic species, as they contain fundamentally different enzyme systems for CO biotransformation. Aerobic CO-oxidizing bacteria may be divided in two groups: metabolic, in which CO oxidation provides energy for growth, and co-metabolic, in which CO is used as pseudo-substrate for the enzyme system, but does not provide a nutritional value (Colby et al. Trends Biotechnol 3:12–17, 1985). The latter is observed during aerobic CO oxidation by methane-oxidizing bacteria employing the methane monooxygenase complex, which is rather unspecific with respect to its substrate (Higgins et al. Nature 286:561–564, 1980; Daniels et al. J Bacteriol 132:118–126, 1977). Aerobic metabolic CO-oxidizing bacteria or aerobic carboxydotrophs use CO as a source of energy, which is oxidized with O2 as terminal electron acceptor. These bacteria contain a specific CO-tolerant cytochrome b1 oxidase and O2-insensitive Mo–Fe-flavin carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. The diversity and ecology of bacteria that grow aerobically with CO has been intensively studied and reviewed (Zavarzin and Nozhevnikova Microb Ecol 3:305–326, 1977; Meyer et al. FEMS Microbiol Rev 87:253–260, 1990; Conrad Microbiol Rev 60:609–640, 1996; King and Webber Nat Rev Microbiol 5:107–118, 2007). Aerobic carboxydotrophs include CO-utilizing microorganisms that belong to α-proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria (Table 3.1).
Overview: biostatistician's role in oncology clinical trials-strive for sound, efficient and practical studies.

In this article, we highlight the role and achievement of an under-recognized group: biostatisticians who center their research and collaboration in cancer therapeutic development. By organizing a special series of invited papers from distinguished statisticians who have made significant contributions to the area of oncology clinical trials, we hope to raise the recognition of the critical roles of biostatisticians, strengthen the communication between oncologists and statisticians, stimulate more innovative research in clinical trial designs, and ultimately discover revolutionary anti-cancer treatment in the near future.
Introduction to the PMAC 2016 Special Issue: “Priority Setting for Universal Health Coverage”

This issue of Health Systems & Reform presents articles prepared for the Prince Mahidol Award Conference (PMAC) in Bangkok, Thailand, from 26 to 31 January 2016, on the theme of “Priority Setting f...
Recognizing Anger in Clinical Research and Practice

Cassiello-Robbins and Barlow (2016) offer a long-overdue critical analysis of the nature and function of anger in emotional disorders and their treatment. If not unrecognized, the basic emotion of anger has certainly been underemphasized in the prevailing diagnostic classification system and focus on diagnosis-specific treatments for single disorders. In this commentary, I briefly highlight a few examples of complementary clinical resources where anger is more consistently and explicitly addressed. The chosen examples are intentionally selected from multiple theoretical orientations to demonstrate that anger has been unrecognized primarily within a specific context, and that there is considerable convergence in how anger is being considered across seemingly divergent approaches. Finally, I offer some of my own recommendations for practice and training.
The design of 8-hydroxyquinoline tetracyclic lactams as HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors

A novel series of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors were designed using the venerable two-metal binding pharmacophore model and incorporating structural elements from two different literature scaffolds. This manuscript describes a number of 8-hydroxyquinoline tetracyclic lactams with exceptional antiviral activity against HIV-1 and little loss of potency against the IN signature resistance mutations Q148K and G140S/Q148H.
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Intrinsically Cationized Nanoparticles, [Au144/146(SC11H22N(CH2CH3)3+)x(S(CH2)5CH3)y]x+

Electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry of ca. 1.6 nm diameter thiolate-protected gold nanoparticles has been achieved at higher resolution than in previous reports. The results reveal the presence of nanoparticles with formulas Au144L60 and Au146L59, present in the sample as a mixture. The improved resolution is based on lowering m/z by exchanging multiple [−SC11H22N(CH2CH3)3+] ligands into the original [−S(CH2)5CH3] ligand shell. The nanoparticles are thus intrinsically cationized and appear as a series of 10+ to 15+ mass spectral peaks. The assigned state of charge was confirmed by a collision-induced dissociation measurement.
Catching the seizure culprit: drugs on the differential.

Seizure activity occurring in hospitalized patients can be multifactorial, and discerning the underlying cause from a multitude of potential factors can pose a diagnostic dilemma. Seizure activity, although a rare complication, has been associated with commonly used medications.
Metrology Issues in Cu-Low-K Chemical Mechanical Planarization

Ultra low-k materials used in Cu damascene process are inherently soft and weak in nature; hence the evaluation of tribological properties of these materials is an issue of paramount importance in the field of semiconductor fabrication. Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) of these films is a major challenge due to their reduced modulus and cohesive strength. The objective of this research is to develop a strong understanding of the tribological properties of Cu ultra low-k dielectric materials for successful implementation in the semiconductor devices. The Cu ultra low-k systems are polished at different conditions of load and platen rotation and their polishing behavior is compared with the standard Cu-SiO2 system. The polishing behavior of Cu and the barrier Ta material is studied in order to effectively detect the end point of the Cu CMP process. Delamination studies, post process surface characterization using scanning electron microscopy and the reliability issues of these materials also come within the scope of this study.
Preparation of TiN Thin Films by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

TiN thin films are plated by DC(direct current,DC) reactive magnetron sputtering on glass substrate.The relationships between the technical conditions of manufacture and the properties of the thin films are studied.The transmittance of TiN thin films with different deposition times and N2 flow is analyzed by using visible spectrophotometer and ultraviolet radiation.The crystal structure of TiN thin films with different N2 flow and sputtering power is studied by XRD,and the corrosion surface morphologyof TiN thin films is observed by SEM.Finally,the corrosion resistance is analyzed by controlled rectifier.Experiment shows that there is a high transmittance in visible region and a low transmittance in infrared region when the deposition time is 2 min and the N2 flow are 15 mL/min;the crystal of TiN thin films is very compact and well-proportioned when the sputtering power is 4 kW and the N2 flow is 15 mL/min;the films show good corrosion resistance when the sputtering power is 4 kW.
Analysis of a Small Gear in Reducer of the Revolving Excavating Machine With COSMOS/ Works

A part model of the small gear in reducer of the revolving excavating machine is created with the Solid Works mechanic design software. Linear static analysis is conducted with the finite element analysis software COSMOS/ Works. And it analyzes the stress, displacement ,strain and so on in working order in theory. Intensity analyse is put up by the result. The key points in revolving excavating machine are put forward and all the things provide the valuable reference for the structure design oi the small gear.
Anatomic Eponyms in Neuroradiology: Head and Neck

In medicine, an eponym is a word—typically referring to an anatomic structure, disease, or syndrome—that is derived from a person's name. Medical eponyms are ubiquitous and numerous. They are also at times controversial. Eponyms reflect medicine's rich and colorful history and can be useful for concisely conveying complex concepts. Familiarity with eponyms facilitates correct usage and accurate communication. In this article, 22 eponyms used to describe anatomic structures of the head and neck are discussed. For each structure, the author first provides a biographical account of the individual for whom the structure is named. An anatomic description and brief discussion of the structure's clinical relevance follow.
The Role of Ocean Heat Transport in the Global Climate Response to Projected Arctic Sea Ice Loss

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to elucidate the individual and combined roles of thermodynamic and dynamic ocean–atmosphere coupling in the equilibrium global climate response to projected Arctic sea ice loss using a suite of experiments conducted with Community Climate System Model, version 4, at 1° latitude–longitude spatial resolution. The results highlight the contrasting spatial structures and partially compensating effects of thermodynamic and dynamic coupling. In combination, thermodynamic and dynamic coupling produce a response pattern that is largely symmetric about the equator, whereas thermodynamic coupling alone yields an antisymmetric response. The latter is characterized by an interhemispheric sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, with maximum warming at high northern latitudes decreasing toward the equator, which displaces the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and Hadley circulation northward. In contrast, the fully coupled response shows enhanced warming at high latitudes of bo...
E.Coli RNA Polymerase Activity under Crowding

Biological reactions in the cellular environment differ physicochemically from those performed in dilute buffer solutions due to the high viscosity and crowding effects associated with the high density of macromolecules in the cell. Earlier work has shown that in vivo bacterial transcription is affected by the cellular environment, involving slower diffusion of various components in the cellular milieu (due to high viscosity), increase in their local concentrations, and modulation of their binding affinities. However, since most studies are focused on multiple cycles of either transcription or association of DNA and RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to make RNAP open complex (RPo), the effect of the crowded environment on a single transcription run is still poorly understood. Here, we have developed and applied a novel transcription quenched-kinetics assay using single-molecule detection to investigate the size/concentration effects of various osmolytes and macromolecular crowding agents, which mimic the crowded cellular environment, on actively-transcribing RNAP. Our results demonstrate an expected slowdown of transcription kinetics due to increased viscosity, and unexpected enhancement in transcription activity by larger crowding agents at the same viscosity. These findings suggest that crowding agents affect the transcription reaction after RPo formation through volume exclusion.
Love in the Time of Consequentialism

There are several powerful motivations for neutral value-based deontic theories such as Act Consequentialism. Traditionally, such theories have had great difficulty accounting for partiality towards one's personal relationships and projects. This paper presents a neutral value-based theory that preserves the motivations for Act Consequentialism while vindicating some crucial intuitions about reasons to be partial. There are two central ideas. The first is that when it comes to working out what you ought to do, your friends’ interests, the needs of your family, the significance of your own projects and ideals, etc. have more weight than the interests and needs of strangers. Your friends’ interests are not (thereby) more neutrally valuable than the interests of others. So there is a difference between the value of an outcome and its deontic significance. The second familiar idea is that reasons are modifiable. Reasons of partiality are reasons the weights of which are a function of the value of the relevant outcome modified by facts about the value of caring about the outcome in question. The resulting principle has various further explanatory advantages; in particular, it accounts for project- and relationship-specific permissions and requirements, both at a time and across time.
Hypothalamic input to supraoptic neurons.

Publisher Summary The supraoptic neurons receive a diverse input from neural, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and vascular routes. These magnocellular neuroendocrine cells lie strategically positioned in the anterolateral hypothalamus to receive synaptic input from ascending and descending pathways, as well as intrahypothalamic connections. The CSF of the third ventricle is intimately connected with the extracellular fluid space of the supraoptic neurons, which plays a crucial but poorly understood role in regulation of these neuroendocrine cells. A dual set of forebrain osmoreceptors—the osmoreceptors of Verney and the osmoreceptors of Sawyer—are involved in the regulation of osmotic input to supraoptic neurons. The osmoreceptors of Sawyer, located in the olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, preoptic area, and amygdala, relate to nonspecific and behaviorally related factors of supraoptic neurons. The osmoreceptors of Verney, located in the perinuclear zone of the supraoptic nucleus, provide the major osmotic input to supraoptic neurons. Of the adjunctive nonosmotic factors regulating supraoptic neuronal activity, blood volume, blood temperature, and blood hormone levels are important.
Wikum: Bridging Discussion Forums and Wikis Using Recursive Summarization

Large-scale discussions between many participants abound on the internet today, on topics ranging from political arguments to group coordination. But as these discussions grow to tens of thousands of posts, they become ever more difficult for a reader to digest. In this article, we describe a workflow called recursive summarization, implemented in our Wikum prototype, that enables a large population of readers or editors to work in small doses to refine out the main points of the discussion. More than just a single summary, our workflow produces a summary tree that enables a reader to explore distinct subtopics at multiple levels of detail based on their interests. We describe lab evaluations showing that (i) Wikum can be used more effectively than a control to quickly construct a summary tree and (ii) the summary tree is more effective than the original discussion in helping readers identify and explore the main topics.
Output, Growth, and Convergence in a Creative Region: An Analysis of Some Measurement Issues

We study some measurement issues that arise when analyzing the long run behavior of the jth creative region’s time t log output per creative class member (yj(t)) when this region is part of an aggregate economy of j = 1, …, N creative regions. We focus first (second) on absolute (relative) convergence. In the absolute (relative) convergence case, the N creative regions are similar (dissimilar) in that they all have the same (different) balanced growth path (BGP) level of log output per creative class member denoted by yBGP (yjBGP). In the absolute convergence case, we analyze how to estimate the speed of convergence parameter (σ) and then discuss the relationship between the variance of yj(t) and that of yj(0). In the relative convergence case, we study the error associated with estimating σ using the methodology of the absolute convergence case. Finally, suppose yjBGP=a bXj where Xj is an explanatory variable such as creative capital and a and b are positive constants. Here, we study how to estimate b from our knowledge of the coefficients of a related cross-region growth regression.
Brief Report: Mapping Systems of Support and Psychological Well-Being of Mothers of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders are generally known to experience elevated levels of stress and poorer psychological well-being. To provide treatments and resources that most effectively support parent mental health, it is critical to understand how parents’ connections with various networks and systems impact their well-being. This study examined the relationship between the psychological well-being of mothers of adolescents with ASD (n = 20) and their systems of support from an ecological systems theoretical framework. Findings indicated that most connections across mothers’ ecosystems were strong in nature. However, the presence of strong connections was not significantly related to psychological well-being. In contrast, stressful/weak connections were significantly related to elevated levels of depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and sense of burden.
Efficient conditional expectation algorithms for constructing hash families

Greedy methods for solving set cover problems provide a guarantee on how close the solution is to optimal. Consequently they have been widely explored to solve set cover problems arising in the construction of various combinatorial arrays, such as covering arrays and hash families. In these applications, however, a naive set cover formulation lists a number of candidate sets that is exponential in the size of the array to be produced. Worse yet, even if candidate sets are not listed, finding the ‘best' candidate set is NP-hard. In this paper, it is observed that one does not need a best candidate set to obtain the guarantee — an average candidate set will do. Finding an average candidate set can be accomplished using a technique employing the method of conditional expectations for a wide range of set cover problems arising in the construction of hash families. This yields a technique for constructing hash families, with a wide variety of properties, in time polynomial in the size of the array produced.
Food Selection by Consumers

In the last chapter we focused on the importance of food quantity. It turns out, however, that not only abundance but quality of food items must be considered. Moreover, even though there may be sufficient abundance of food items of adequate quality, they may not be easily vulnerable to predators. In this chapter we take up the quality and availability of food particles. First, we need to consider the cues used by consumers in finding and selecting food of appropriate quality and the role of properties of the food and consumer, particularly size and chemical makeup, in food choice. We then consider the relative vulnerability of food items, mainly in reference to the morphology of prey and the physical structure of the habitat. Last, we consider consequences of food selection, especially in regard to stability of prey populations.