cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early commitment facilitates optimal choice by pigeons

Prior commitment has been found to facilitate choice of a larger later reward (e.g., healthy living) and avoid the impulsive choice of the smaller immediate reward (e.g., smoking, drug taking). In this research with pigeons, we investigated the ephemeral choice task in which pigeons are given a choice between two alternatives, A and B, with similar reinforcement provided for each; however, if they choose A, they can also choose B, whereas if they choose B, A is removed. Thus, choosing A gives them two rewards, whereas choosing B gives them only one. Paradoxically, pigeons actually show a preference for B, the suboptimal alternative. We tested the hypothesis that pigeons made suboptimal choices because they were impulsive. To reduce impulsivity, we required the pigeons to make their initial choice 20 s before receiving the first reward. We found that requiring the pigeons to make a prior commitment encouraged them to choose optimally. The control group, for which the reward was provided immediately following initial choice, continued to choose suboptimally. The results confirm that requiring animals to make a prior commitment can facilitate the development of optimal choice. Furthermore, they may help explain why, without prior commitment, impulsive species, such as primates and pigeons have difficulty with this task, whereas presumably less impulsive species, such as wrasse fish and under some conditions parrots, are able to choose optimally even without prior commitment.
A Capacity to Get Things Right: Gilbert Ryle on Knowledge

Gilbert Ryle's distinction between knowledge-how and knowledge-that faces a significant challenge: accounting for the unity of knowledge. Jason Stanley, an ‘intellectualist’ opponent of Ryle's, brings out this problem by arguing that Ryleans must treat ‘know’ as an ambiguous word and must distinguish knowledge proper from knowledge-how, which is ‘knowledge’ only so-called. I develop the challenge and show that underlying Ryle's distinction is a unified vision of knowledge as ‘a capacity to get things right’, covering both knowledge-how and knowledge-that. I show how Ryle specifies the general notion into knowledge-how and knowledge-that and discuss the mutual interdependence exhibited by the two forms of knowledge. Ryle's positive view of knowledge, properly understood, emerges as an important, neglected, alternative which should be brought back into the ongoing conversation about practical and theoretical knowledge.
Production and Stability of Hemolysin, Phospholipase C, and Lethal Toxin of Bacillus cereus in Foods.

Production of hemolysin, phospholipase C, and (mouse) lethal toxin by two strains of Bacillus cereus in beef, pea, and banana was assayed. Both strains produced hemolysin, phospholipase C, and lethal toxin in beef, hemolysin and phospholipase C in pea, and only lethal toxin in banana, although growth was excellent in each food. In each instance the metabolites were produced at characteristic levels for the food in which the organism was grown and the time of incubation. Foods containing these products were subjected to heating, refrigeration, and freezing. At 65 C lethal toxin in beef was substantially inactivated in 3 min, but hemolysin and phospholipase C retained 50% of their activities after 30 min and about 13% after 120 min. Activity of the three substances in the different foods was decreased by approximately 50% at 4 C after 24 h, but in several instances was still substantially retained after 48 h. Freezing, holding at -37 C, and then thawing generally was less destructive of the activity of the three metabolites in the different foods although decreases of 50% or slightly more occurred in 48 h in most instances. Stability of the different metabolites was much the same with both strains of B. cereus . The influence of particular foods upon stability of hemolysin and phospholipase C was greater than upon lethal toxin.
Setaria viridis as a Model for C 4 Photosynthesis

Climate change compounded with dwindling arable lands, and population growth has presented a grand challenge for plant science to develop higher yielding varieties grown on fewer acres with fewer inputs. The most productive and photosynthetically efficient crops are C4 grasses that have evolved mechanisms to concentrate CO2 and reduce photorespiration in hot and dry environments. This improved biochemistry is most often achieved through compartmentalization of photosynthetic activities into two cell types, the bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) cells. BS and M cells are arranged in files of concentric rings around the vasculature, in a pattern known as Kranz anatomy. Ambitious efforts to engineer C4 traits into C3 crops have the potential to increase the yield of rice by up to 50 %, improve nitrogen use efficiency, and reduce water loss (Hibberd et al., Curr Opin Plant Biol 11: 228–31, 2008). To accelerate these engineering efforts, a better understanding is needed of the developmental and regulatory mechanisms underlying C4 photosynthesis. Here, we discuss the many advantages of using Setaria viridis as a model system for dissecting C4 photosynthesis (Brutnell et al., Plant Cell 22:2537–44, 2010; Annu Rev Plant Biol 66:465–85, 2015), particularly as a platform for gene discovery and to unravel the complex genetic basis underlying the anatomical and biochemical innovations of this trait.
Moments of impact: injury, racialized memory, and reconciliation in college football

This is an excellent book.The design of research is creative and controlled. There is an embodiment of historical and sociological mandates for painstaking and thorough description of cases and the...
ALARA: What to do when badge readings are too low.

2601 Objectives As low as reasonably achievable is a standard of practice that Nuclear Medicine Departments strive for. While low badge readings are desirable, badge readings must reflect the actual exposure to the staff. The annual review of Nuclear Medicine Technologist badge readings revealed conflicting data. Body badge readings were reasonable compared to the workload and historical data. Ring badge readings however, fell below the level of the body badge. Extremities tend to experience a higher exposure in Nuclear Medicine due to the handling of radiopharmaceuticals. The objective was to have ring badge readings more accurately reflect occupational exposure. Methods The low ring badge readings were first discussed with technologist staff during the annual Radiation Safety review. The decision was made by leadership to enact an educated, watchful waiting approach. The staff was reminded at a technologist meeting to comply with the badge policy. Nuclear Medicine leadership reviewed results after the first two quarters to evaluate compliance. The technologist staff was provided with anonymized results and individuals still not in compliance were counseled. Results were reviewed again once again after the third quarter and individuals once again counseled. Results The quarterly average for ring badge readings in 2014 was 60 mrem versus the quarterly average for body badges of 76 mrem. For first quarter 2015, ring badge readings rose to 119 mrem. By second quarter, the badge readings were 333 mrem. After repeat education and individual counseling, third quarter badge readings were 449 mrem. Individual results in the third quarter demonstrated two technologists with readings lower than expected. Badge readings will continue to be monitored for appropriateness. Conclusions An increase in badge readings would typically not be desirable, unless the readings are a more accurate reflection of practice. Body and ring badges should be worn when preparing or handling radiopharmaceuticals in order to ensure compliance with exposure limits set forth by the NRC. If badges are provided, they must be worn and worn properly to ensure an appropriate reflection of occupational exposure. Exposures are reasonably low in this department and staff had become indifferent to complying with the badge policy. This evaluation helped to support the principle of remaining vigilant, not only to abide by regulations but also to ensure a more accurate representation of extremity exposure. This is particularly important as patient volumes increase in areas such as PET/CT, especially with the introduction of very short-lived isotopes with higher activities. Accurate exposure results will help ensure that proper workflows and shielding designs have been created and adjustments to do not need to be made. Re-educating the staff and providing updates was sufficient to correct the behavior and return badge readings to a more expected range.
Gender Dimensions and Training Needs of Farm Women in System of Rice Intensification in Selected Districts of Bihar State

The system of rice intensification (SRI) has been introduced as an alternative system for growing rice with lesser inputs and water. Labour is one of the most crucial concerns in the adoption of SRI by farmers. SRI requires intensive labour inputs for land preparation, crop care, and water management, especially at the early phase of adoption. According to the latest census of Government of India (2011) 53 per cent of all male workers but 75 per cent of all female workers, and 85 per cent of all rural female workers, are in agriculture. The present study was, therefore, undertaken, to identify training needs of farm women in SRI cultivation and to analyze the drudgery perceived by farm women in traditional and SRI cultivation methods. Line sowing was felt as a new skill to be acquired and rated as highly skilful as farm women had to be careful and systematically plant within the square. There is immense scope of harnessing the potential of training members of women's self-help groups (SHG) to form a SRI task force to help in the wide spread adoption of SRI by farmers.
Green concrete partially comprised of rice husk ash as a supplementary cementitious material – A comprehensive review

Abstract The production of cement depletes natural resources, consumes high energy and emits huge amounts of green house gases. It accounts for almost 7% of the global carbon dioxide emissions, as the production of one ton of ordinary Portland cement releases approximately one ton of carbon dioxide. Due to the severe environmental pollution and health hazards associated with the cement and construction industries, they are under the strict scrutiny from the governments and environmentalists. Rice husk is an agricultural waste, whose natural degradation is restricted due to the irregular abrasive surface and high siliceous composition. It is not appropriate to be used as a feed for animals due to the low nutritional values. If dumped as landfill, they can take a lot of area and become a major challenge to the environment. If they are disposed by burning, the ashes can spread to the surrounding areas, create pollution and destroy the natural beauty. One of the possible solutions for the disposal of rice husk is to convert them into rice husk ash and incorporate them into cement based materials. The partial inclusion of rice husk ash (RHA) for cement is found to be durable, environmental friendly and economically viable. This paper presents an overview of some of the published results on the successful utilization of rice husk ash as a supplementary cementitious material and the properties of such concrete at fresh and hardened stages. Studies indicate that there is a promising future for the use of rice husk ash in normal, high strength and self compacting concrete as it shows high strength, low shrinkage and permeability, high resistance to carbonation, chloride, sulfate and acidic environments. The summery and discussions provided in this paper should provide new information and knowledge on the applications of greener and sustainable rice husk ash concrete.
Promoting Shop Local Movement via Digital Platforms

Small business retailers are struggling to survive in this economic downturn and intense competition with the national chains by highlighting their "localness" as a way to promote their services and products to customers in the competitive business environment. The “shop local” or locavore movement seeks local residents’ commitments for a sustainable community and examines the way to promote the socially responsible action. In examining a venue that promotes the shop local movement, the growing popularity of digital platforms (i.e., social and mobile media) can provide a great opportunity for promoting locavore products regardless of temporal and spatial constraints. However, there is a lack of study regarding the development and fostering of the “shop local” movement utilizing the capabilities of the digital platforms. Thus, this study aims to identify contextual variables of the digital media that can foster users’ intrinsic motivations for socially responsible action to support local vendors and businesses, based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT).
What Risks Does Lean Six Sigma Introduce

This research attempts to identify and analyze the different risks associated with deploying and sustaining Lean Six Sigma. Lean Six Sigma is a set of tools utilized by organizations to reduce cost and waste. The risks associated with deploying and sustaining Six Sigma vary at each stage of the process and must be identified and mitigated to ensure success. From an organizational standpoint, companies need to understand the differences between Lean Six Sigma deployment and sustainment to perform the necessary risk analysis. The risk factors discussed in this paper include leadership, human resource, data quality, and project selection. This study presents recommendations based on an analysis of collected information.
A correlation-based binaural localization model with reflection identification using neural networks

This model identifies a lateralized direct sound and single reflection. Anechoic speech is lateralized using a head-related transfer function. The speech is then time-delayed and lateralized to a different angle. The model then utilizes a binaurally-integrated cross-correlation/auto-correlation mechanism (BICAM) to analyze the lead/lag stimulus and generate a band-limited binaural activity pattern. This output is analyzed to calculate the time delay of the reflection, and the model then uses a neural network to estimate the lateralization of both the direct and reflected sound. From here, the model can remove the reflected copy of the sound, and extract the original raw, anechoic speech. [This work was supported by the HASS Fellowship at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the National Science Foundation Grant No. NSF BCS-1539276.]
Targeting ion channel TRPM7 promotes the thymic development of Regulatory T cells by increasing IL-2-dependent STAT5 activation

The thymic development of regulatory T cells (Treg), the crucial suppressors of the effector T cells (Teff), is governed by the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the clinical significance of Treg cells, there is a dearth of druggable molecular targets capable of increasing Treg numbers in vivo. We report a surprising discovery that TRPM7 restrains Treg development by negatively regulating STAT5-dependent Foxp3 expression. The deletion of Trpm7 potentiates the thymic development of Treg cells, leads to a significantly higher frequency of functional Treg cells in the periphery and renders the mice highly resistant to T cell-dependent hepatitis. The deletion of Trpm7 or the inhibition of TRPM7 channel activity by the FDA-approved prodrug FTY720, increases IL-2 sensitivity through a feed forward positive feedback loop involving high IL-2Ra expression and STAT5 activation. Enhanced IL-2 signaling increases the expression of Foxp3 in thymocytes and promotes the development of Treg cells. Thus, TRPM7 emerges as the first ion channel that can be drugged to increase Treg numbers, revealing a novel pharmacological path toward the induction of immune tolerance.
Stochastic Demography and Life Histories

Stochastic demography deals with populations whose vital rates change randomly over time, and is an extension of classical demography. Cohen (1979) and Tuljapurkar (1990) review the subject. Here I discuss key problems and prospects in applications of stochastic demography, focusing on life history questions and the role of singularities. My discussion is deliberately thin on references; you can trace them starting with the citations, especially the related paper by Orzack (1992), or write me.
Provider Characteristics Associated With Outpatient Opioid Prescribing After Surgery.

OBJECTIVE To characterize differences in postoperative opioid prescribing across surgical, nonsurgical, and advanced practice providers. BACKGROUND There is a critical need to identify best practices around perioperative opioid prescribing. To date, differences in postoperative prescribing among providers are poorly understood. METHODS This is a retrospective multicenter analysis of commercial insurance claims from a statewide quality collaborative. We identified 15,657 opioid-naive patients who underwent a range of surgical procedures between January 2012 and October 2015 and filled an opioid prescription within 30 days postoperatively. Our primary outcome was total amount of opioid filled per prescription within 30 days postoperatively [in oral morphine equivalents (OME)]. Hierarchical linear regression was used to determine the association between provider characteristics [specialty, advanced practice providers (nurse practitioners and physician assistants) vs. physician, and gender] and outcome while adjusting for patient factors. RESULTS Average postoperative opioid prescription amount was 326 ± 285 OME (equivalent: 65 tablets of 5 mg hydrocodone). Advanced practice providers accounted for 19% of all prescriptions, and amount per prescription was 18% larger in this group compared with physicians (315 vs. 268, P < 0.001). Primary care providers accounted for 13% of all prescriptions and prescribed on average 279 OME per prescription. The amount of opioid prescribed varied by surgical specialty and ranged from 178 OME (urology) to 454 OME (neurosurgery). CONCLUSIONS Advanced practice providers account for 1-in-5 postoperative opioid prescriptions and prescribe larger amounts per prescription relative to surgeons. Engaging all providers involved in postoperative care is necessary to understand prescribing practices, identify barriers to reducing prescribing, and tailor interventions accordingly.
Notch Signaling in Estrogen-Dependent Cancers

Prolonged lifetime estrogen exposure due to early puberty, delayed menopause, environmental estrogen/phytoestrogen exposure, and/or exogenous hormone therapy has been correlated with an increased risk of estrogen-responsive cancers including breast, endometrial, and ovarian carcinomas. Accumulating evidence links aberrant Notch signaling with these estrogen-responsive cancers, and mechanisms of cross talk between the estrogen signaling pathway and Notch are beginning to emerge. Notch signaling is a tightly regulated process that is controlled temporally and spatially by the cellular environment, and Notch can behave as an oncogene or as a tumor suppressor in a cell-, tissue-, and timing-specific manner. The role played by Notch in cancer stem cells as a mediator of hormone therapy resistance is becoming increasingly clear, most notably in breast cancer, wherein combinatorial therapeutic strategies are being designed to target not only the bulk of tumor cells but also endocrine-resistant cancer stem cells. This chapter seeks to outline the recent history and current state of the estrogen-Notch interaction in estrogen-dependent cancers.
Search for Electroweak Production of Single Top Quarks at DØ

This paper discusses a search for electroweak production of single top quarks in the electron+jets and muon+jets decay channels. The measurements use ≈ 90 pb-1 of data from Run 1 of the Fermilab Tevatron collider, collected at 1.8 TeV with DO detector. We use events that include a tagging muon, implying the presence of a b jet, to set an upper limit at the 95% confidence level on the cross section for the s-channel process of 39 pb. The upper limit for the t-channel process is 58 pb.
Mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle’s resistance to metastases.

5139 Metastases to skeletal muscle (SM) are extremely rare. SM is highly perfused and the lack of hematogenous metastases to SM suggests that SM-derived factors may exert anti-tumorogenic and/or antimetastatic activity. To test this hypothesis, mouse C2C12 pre-myoblasts were cultured and differentiated into skeletal myotubes. Conditioned medium (CM) was collected and examined for its effects on mouse breast cancer cell proliferation and invasive/migratory potential. CM from C2C12 cells maintained in an undifferentiated, myoblastic state with TGF-β and C2C12 cells induced to differentiate into osteoblasts with BMP-2 were collected as controls. CM was heat inactivated and its effects on tumor cell proliferation and metastatic potential tested. Preliminary data suggest that myotube-conditioned medium inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation whereas myoblast-conditioned medium stimulates cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner. We also performed a matrigel migration assay as an in vitro model of metastases. In preliminary experiments, myotube-CM exhibited an inhibitory effect on the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. This effect was partially relieved by heat inactivation, suggesting that a heat-labile factor may be partially responsible for this inhibitory activity. Anti-tumorogenic and anti-metastatic compounds in SM could potentially represent promising reagents for the treatment of metastatic tumors.
Infants and Adults Use Visual Cues to Improve Detection and Discrimination of Speech in Noise.

Purpose This study assessed the extent to which 6- to 8.5-month-old infants and 18- to 30-year-old adults detect and discriminate auditory syllables in noise better in the presence of visual speech...
Must Evolution Education that Aims at Belief Be Indoctrinating

Can a teacher aim for students to believe evolution without indoctrinating them? Recent discussions of indoctrination in evolution education suggest that such teaching must inevitably indoctrinate but is “warranted” in some cases; while science educators concerned about teaching for belief argue that such teaching is indoctrinating and is thus to be avoided. In this paper, we consider the argument for the inevitability of indoctrination and for “warranted indoctrination,” argue that the main cost of the latter is the abandonment of the commonly understood negative connotation of “indoctrination,” and offer an account that honors the strengths of that argument but avoids that cost. Assuming that aiming for belief change in students is valuable at least in part because it is more likely than understanding alone to lead to action, we then offer and defend a model of such evolution teaching that is non-indoctrinating and contrast it with two others that are problematically indoctrinating.
Fine-Needle Aspiration of Cysts and Other Fluid Collections

This chapter describes the technique of ultrasound (US)-guided aspiration of cysts and other fluid collections. In addition to its use on simple cysts, which are rarely aspirated today except when they cause symptoms, US-guided aspiration can be performed on non-simple cysts, including inspissated cysts, septated cysts, cysts with an intracystic neoplasm, oil cysts, and galactoceles. Other fluid collections that can be aspirated and drained include postoperative hematomas and seromas, lymphoceles, periprosthetic collections, and abscesses.
Risk Factors for Returning to the Operating Room for a Second Surgery After Midurethral Sling for Stress Urinary Incontinence.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for having to return to the operating room for a second surgery after midurethral sling (MUS). METHODS We used a case-control design. Cases return to operating room were a composite of 6 surgical complications or recurrent stress urinary incontinence because we believed that women would consider return to the operating room (OR) a similar MUS-related complication regardless of indication. Cases were obtained from Cerner Health Facts database, including 213 hospitals, using current procedural technology codes 57288 (repeat sling), 57287 (sling revision), and 53500 (urethrolysis) for procedures after index MUS. Controls no return to OR were randomly selected in 4:1 ratio from the remaining slings without these procedures. Multivariable regression analysis included all variables with P < 0.10 on univariable analysis. RESULTS Between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016, 1247 patients returned to the OR of 17,953 patients who underwent initial MUS (6.9%). After adjusting for confounders, white race (OR, 1.47 [1.20-1.81]), lack of concomitant prolapse surgery (OR, 1.37 [1.18-1.59]), immunosuppressant drugs (OR, 1.27 [1.12-1.45]), and blood thinner use (OR, 1.38 [1.18-1.62]) significantly impacted the odds for returning to the OR. Anticholinergic use and smoking tobacco or marijuana, although significant on univariable analysis, were no longer significant after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS The rate of a second surgery after MUS using a composite outcome, over a 7-year period including multiple diagnoses, is 6.9%. White race, using immunosuppressant drugs, using blood thinners, and not having concomitant prolapse surgery are all risk factors for having second surgery after MUS.
KCDC risk assessments on the initial phase of the COViD-19 outbreak in Korea

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the risk assessments of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), from the point of detection to the provision of basic information to the relevant public health authorities. Methods To estimate the overall risk of specific public health events, probability, and impact at the country-level were evaluated using available information. To determine the probability of particular public health events, the risk of importation and risk of transmission were taken into consideration. KCDC used 5 levels ("very low," "low," "moderate," "high," and "very high") for each category and overall risk was eventually decided. Results A total of 8 risk assessments were performed on 8 separate occasions between January 8th to February 28th, 2020, depending on the detection and report of COVID-19 cases in other countries. The overall risk of the situation in each assessment increased in severity over this period: "low" (first), "moderate" (second), "high" (third), "high" (fourth), "high" (fifth), "high" (sixth), "high" (seventh), and "very high" (eighth). Conclusion The KCDC's 8 risk assessments were utilized to activate national emergency response mechanisms and eventually prepare for the pandemic to ensure the containment and mitigation of COVID-19 with non-pharmaceutical public health measures.
National Culture and Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Resilient Cities

As climate change, population growth, and globalization create new challenges for cities around the world, it is imperative that urban areas take steps to increase their resilience. Previous research has shown that national culture, or the beliefs and attitudes that guide behavior, can play a significant role in shaping the values of a nation’s citizens. With more and more cities designing urban resilience plans, it is highly relevant to assess the role that national culture plays in the creation of these plans. Through a qualitative content analysis of 71 urban resilience plans from 27 countries around the world using Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, this research assesses whether and how national culture influences urban resilience efforts. The results of the analysis show that, for many cities, urban resilience efforts are not strongly influenced by national culture, but instead share a common thread of being inclusive, future-oriented, and prioritizing quality of life over profits.
Electromechanical transient simulation of LCC HVDC

The line commutated converter based high-voltage direct current (LCC HVDC) is widely used in power system to transmit a large amount of power for a long distance, which may have a great effect on the whole power system's stability. The LCC HVDC model has been modeled and simulated in detail in the electromagnetic simulation software [4-8] to ensure the accuracy of LCC HVDC itself. However, because of the great impact on the large scale of power system stability, the LCC HVDC should also be involved in the simulation of the whole system with an electromechanical model. The power system is always in three phases and symmetric in steady state. When the disturbance has happened, the electromagnetic process is usually finished in short term and the focus is changed to the power system stability, then the electromechanical simulation is employed. The electromechanical transient simulation [3] is focused on the reaction between electrics and mechanics, and is usually used for large-scale power system simulation, which is based on the hypothesis that the electric power system is symmetric, and the harmonics are not considered. The time step may be several mil-liseconds and the dynamic process may be extended to several seconds or minutes.
Consumer Mending and Online Retailer Fit-Uncertainty Mitigating Strategies

This study examines how online retailers operating in consumer markets characterized by consumer fit uncertainty such as apparel and accessories can mitigate such uncertainty through effective designs of return policies. We find that when consumers have the option to self-mend a product to assure a proper fit, an online retailer can devise its return policy to encourage or suppress consumer mending as a fit-uncertainty mitigating mechanism. First, our analysis shows that an online retailer benefits from easing the return policy and lowering the consumer return cost if the value of a good fit product is low, but benefits from tightening the return policy and maintaining a reasonable return cost for consumers if the value of a good fit product is high. Second, we find that in the parameter region where the value of a good fit product is high but not too high, a tightened return policy leads to a greater consumer surplus in addition to an increased retailer profit, suggesting a win-win situation and improved social efficiency. And even beyond this win-win region, the social welfare may still increase with tightened return policy when the gains in retailer profit or consumer surplus exceeds the loss of the other party. Finally, we show that when the value of a good fit product is sufficiently high, the capability of manipulating consumer mending as a fit-uncertainty mitigating mechanism allows a pure online retailer to earn a greater profit than a dual channel retailer that sells the product through both the online and the offline channels. Our theoretical insights provide explanations to many interesting practices in the online retailing industry.
Healing Through History: a qualitative evaluation of a social medicine consultation curriculum for internal medicine residents

Social context guides care; stories sustain meaning; neither is routinely prioritized in residency training. Healing Through History (HTH) is a social medicine consultation curriculum integrating social determinants of health narrative into clinical care for medically and socially complex patients. The curriculum is part of an internal medicine (IM) residency outpatient clinical rotation at a Veterans Health Administration hospital. Our aim was to explore how in-depth social medicine consultations may impact resident clinical practice and foster meaning in work. From 2017 to 2019, 49 categorical and preliminary residents in their first year of IM training were given two half-day sessions to identify and interview a patient; develop a co-produced social medicine narrative; review it with patient and faculty; and share it in the electronic health record (EHR). Medical anthropologists conducted separate 90-min focus groups of first- and second-year IM residents in 2019, 1–15 months from the experience. 46 (94%) completed HTH consultations, of which 40 (87%) were approved by patients and published in the EHR. 12 (46%) categorical IM residents participated in focus groups; 6 PGY1, and 6 PGY2. Qualitative analysis yielded 3 themes: patient connection, insight, and clinical impact; clinical skill development; and structural barriers to the practice of social medicine. HTH offers a model for teaching co-production through social and narrative medicine consultation in complex clinical care, while fostering meaning in work. Integration throughout training may further enhance impact.
The Incidence of Psychologic Stress following a Fall and Surgical Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures.

Background and Purpose Experiencing a fall and a subsequent distal radius fracture can have a major impact not only on patients' physical function, but also on their emotional state. The purpose of this project was to describe the prevalence of fear of falling (FoF) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following surgically managed distal radius fractures due to a fall. Methods Patients who underwent surgery for a distal radius fracture due to a fall were identified by a database query. Patients were divided into three groups based on time from surgery: 0 to 2 weeks (acute), 3 to 6 months (mid-term), and 12 to 15 months (long-term). FoF was measured using the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) questionnaire. PTSD was measured using the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Text Revision-5 (PCL-5) questionnaire. A total of 239 patients who met inclusion criteria were consented via phone and completed the emailed surveys. Results FES-I scores were significantly higher in the acute group versus the long-term group (p = 0.04). High concern for FoF was observed in 63% (19/30) of patients in the acute group, in 35% (14/40) in the mid-term group (p = 0.019 vs. acute), and in 19% (8/42) in the long-term group (p Conclusion Patients who undergo surgical fixation of a distal radius fracture due to a fall are subject to FoF and PTSD symptoms. To maximize postoperative outcomes, it is important for surgeons to be aware of these psychological effects and know how to screen for them. Level of Evidence This is a Level III study.
Trends and correlates of cocaine use among adults in the United States, 2006-2019

Abstract Background Cocaine is the most commonly reported illicit stimulant used in the U.S., yet limited research has examined recent changes in cocaine use patterns and co-occurring substance use and mental health characteristics among adults using cocaine. Methods Self-report data from adults (age 18 years or older) participating in the 2006 to 2019 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were used to estimate trends in prevalence of past-year cocaine use by demographic characteristics, cocaine use disorder, cocaine injection, frequency of use. For 2018–2019, prevalence of co-occurring past-year use of other illicit and prescription substances and mental health characteristics were estimated. Multivariable logistic regression examined demographic, substance use, and mental health characteristics associated with past-year cocaine use in 2018–2019. Results The annual average estimated prevalence of past-year cocaine use among adults was highest in 2006–2007 (2.51%), declined to 1.72% in 2010–2011, and then increased to 2.14% in 2018–2019. The annual average estimated prevalence of past-year cocaine use disorder was highest in 2006–2007 (0.71%) and declined to 0.37% in 2018–2019. Characteristics associated with higher adjusted odds of past-year cocaine use included: males; ages 18–49; Hispanic ethnicity; income Conclusion Additional efforts to support prevention and response capacity in communities, expand linkages to care and retention for substance use and mental health, and enhance collaborations between public health and public safety are needed.
64 Feeding elite equine athletes: Perspectives from high-goal polo and endurance riding competitors

Knowing equine stakeholder feeding practices can better inform research, extension, and education programs. The objective of this exploratory survey was to describe feeding management and activity of horses performing at elite levels in polo and endurance riding. High-goal polo participants were targeted for survey distribution through a polo magazine publication during the winter of 2018. A researcher recruited endurance riders to participate at an American Endurance Ride Conference sanctioned event held in Florida during March 2018. Participants were contacted 3 times to complete a questionnaire to describe horse management practices, dietary information, and preferences with regards to equine nutrition. Eight of 11 (72.7%) polo players and 9 of 22 (40.9%) endurance riders completed the survey. Seventy-six percent of barns (13/17) were located in Florida at the time of survey completion. To compare disciplines, continuous data were analyzed using t-test and categorical data using a Mann-Whitney U-Test. Polo ponies were fed alfalfa hay, with 50% (4/8) of respondents predominately feeding alfalfa hay, and the remaining feeding alfalfa/grass hay mixtures. Endurance horses were more likely (P = 0.056) to have ad libitum access (7/9) to forage than polo ponies (2/8), likely because most endurance horses were housed on pasture (6/9). For hay, nutritional value was extremely important in forage selection decisions for both polo and endurance sports. Polo respondents were more likely to value (P = 0.018) forage color and smell than endurance participants. All respondents reported feeding their horses grain or concentrate, a typical recommendation for feeding horses with elevated nutrient requirements due to increased workload. Nutritional value was the most important factor for selection of grain or concentrate, followed by feed availability, veterinarian or nutritionist recommendation, feed manufacturer reputation, cost, or industry professional recommendation, in order of preference. Polo ponies worked an average of 51 ± 24 min/d (STD DEV) 6 times per week. Endurance horses worked longer (115 ± 52 min/d, P = 0.007) but less frequently (4 times per week, P = 0.001) than polo ponies. Polo ponies tended to compete more frequently (3.9 ± 2.3 times per month, P = 0.101) than endurance horses (1.8 ± 0.7). During a race, endurance horses were fed more frequently and offered different feeds than the typical ration. These data indicate feeding management preferences are specific to athletic activities. Widespread use of this questionnaire could help target equine educational programs to the needs of the industry.
Bilateral labor agreements and the migration of Filipinos: An instrumental variable approach

Bilateral labor agreements (BLAs) are preferred policy models for regulating migration by many governments around the world. The Philippines has been a leader in both agreement conclusion and exporting labor. A recent Congressional evocation is pushing bureaucrats and academics alike to investigate this policy strategy for outcomes and effectiveness. The following analysis answers the question “Do BLAs affect the migration outflows of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)?” using a plausibly exogenous variation to isolate a causal effect. I test for effects of BLAs using two instrumental variables (IVs), such as Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and Formal Alliances, and an original dataset of land-based and sea-based Filipino BLAs and migrant stock in 213 unique areas from 1960 to 2018. I do not find any empirical evidence that these treaties drive migration. However, BLAs have statistically significant effects on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and exports, suggesting other important channels through which these agreements affect economic outcomes. These null results are critically important for policymakers and diplomats because the resources spent on negotiation are wasted if the primary goal is to increase migration.
Direct and indirect activation of the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel to induce spinal cord ischemic metabolic tolerance.

OBJECTIVES The mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel is central to pharmacologically induced tolerance to spinal cord injury. We hypothesized that both direct and nitric oxide-dependent indirect activation of the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel contribute to the induction of ischemic metabolic tolerance. METHODS Spinal cord injury was induced in adult male C57BL/6 mice through 7 minutes of thoracic aortic crossclamping. Pretreatment consisted of intraperitoneal injection 3 consecutive days before injury. Experimental groups were sham (no pretreatment or ischemia, n = 10), spinal cord injury control (pretreatment with normal saline, n = 27), Nicorandil 1.0 mg/kg (direct and indirect adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener, n = 20), Nicorandil 1 mg/kg + carboxy-PTIO 1 mg/kg (nitric oxide scavenger, n = 21), carboxy-PTIO (n = 12), diazoxide 5 mg/kg (selective direct adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener, n = 25), and DZ 5 mg/kg+ carboxy-PTIO 1 mg/kg, carboxy-PTIO (n = 23). Limb motor function was assessed using the Basso Mouse Score (0-9) at 12-hour intervals for 48 hours after ischemia. RESULTS Motor function was significantly preserved at all time points after ischemia in the Nicorandil pretreatment group compared with ischemic control. The addition of carboxy-PTIO partially attenuated Nicorandil's motor-preserving effect. Motor function in the Nicorandil + carboxy-PTIO group was significantly preserved compared with the spinal cord injury control group (P < .001), but worse than in the Nicorandil group (P = .078). Motor preservation in the diazoxide group was similar to the Nicorandil + carboxy-PTIO group. There was no significant difference between the diazoxide and diazoxide + carboxy-PTIO groups. CONCLUSIONS Both direct and nitric oxide-dependent indirect activation of the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel play an important role in pharmacologically induced motor function preservation.
Clearance of maternal isohemagglutinins from infant circulation (CME).

BACKGROUND: Non–group O neonates require testing for passively acquired maternal isohemagglutinins for them to receive type-specific red blood cells (RBCs), according to the latest edition of the AABB Standards. A neonate is defined as an infant up to 4 months old in the AABB Standards, and many blood banks tend to stop testing for maternal anti-A and/or anti-B after 4 months of age. In lieu of such testing, group O RBCs are usually transfused to infants up to 4 months of age. This practice can limit the overall supply of group O RBCs available to other patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 1309 infants up to 4 months of age was performed, to assess the age by which passively acquired maternal isohemagglutinins are cleared from infant circulation. Detection of isohemagglutinins was performed by mixing sample sera and observing agglutination, followed by incubation and addition of anti-immunoglobulin anti-human globulin (antiglobulin test phase). RESULTS: The data show that 6.4% of infants up to 1 month of age had maternal isohemagglutinins, while none of the infants ranging from 2 to 4 months of age had maternal isohemagglutinins in their sera. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal isohemagglutinins are rare after the first month of life and patients who are at least 2 months old can safely receive ABO type–compatible RBC units without testing for passively acquired maternal anti-A and/or anti-B.
Hyposensitivity to vasopressin in a hemorrhaged-transfused rat model of portal hypertension

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the hemodynamic response to vasopressin infusion during hemorrhage and blood transfusion in a rat model of portal hypertension. Portal pressure, arterial pressure, and regional and systemic blood flows were measured in a rat model of portal hypertension receiving placebo or vasopressin infusion. Effects of the drugs were compared in control rats and rats subjected to hemorrhage and blood transfusion. In a stable portal hypertensive rat group (no hemorrhage or transfusion) a standard vasopressin dose, 2.5 mU · kg −1 · min −1 , resulted in a significantly lower portal pressure (11.5 ± 0.7 vs. 14.4 ± 0.6 mmHg) with a concomitantly lower portal venous inflow (8.5 ± 0.3 vs. 11.1 ± 0.6 ml · min −1 · 100 g body wt −1 ) when compared with rats receiving placebo. These findings are in contrast to the effects obtained with the same dose of vasopressin given during blood transfusion to hemorrhaged portal hypertensive rats. The standard dose of vasopressin had no effect on any of the splanchnic or systemic circulatory parameters. Only when a dose of vasopressin 10 times larger was used in the hemorrhaged-transfused animals were hemodynamic effects noted. A significant decrease in portal flow and pressure was noted. These findings suggest that vasopressin given during hemorrhage may be less effective than when given during a stable state. Larger doses of vasopressin may be needed during hemorrhage to produce the same effect as seen during a controlled stable state. Caution should be used in extrapolating the results of pharmacologic studies in stable portalhypertensive models to hypovolemic states in humans.
Minimizing Space Usage in Evaluation of Expression Trees

An important issue in the evaluation of expression trees (and more generally, directed acyclic graphs (dags)) is the order in which the nodes of the graph are evaluated. In the register sufficiency problem, the evaluation begins with none of the nodes of the dag being placed in registers. On the other hand, if an expression dag, containing variables, is being evaluated in an environment then the nodes of the graph, with out-degree zero, are variables, whose values are contained in the environment. Hence space occupied before the evaluation begins equals the size of the environment. Thus, the strategy to minimize space usage during the evaluation of the dag has to take into account the initial space occupied by the nodes of out-degree zero.
Effect of Pig Age at Slaughter on Fresh Pork Quality

Differences in pork quality were observed between the three age groups defined by age at 275 pounds. Faster growing pigs had pork loins with higher marbling scores and greater lipid content than slower growing pigs. Loins from faster growing pigs had lower juiciness and tenderness scores than loins from slower growing pigs. Differences in pork quality could not be attributed to lower ultimate pH, but could be due to variations in postmortem proteolysis associated with growth.
RATIONALLY CHOOSING BELIEFS: SOME OPEN QUESTIONS

Carlos Alchourron, Peter Gardenfors and David Makinson published in 1985 a seminal article on belief change in the Journal of Symbolic Logic (Alchourron et al., 1985). Researchers from various disciplines, from computer science to mathematical economics to philosophical logic, have continued the work first presented in this seminal paper during the last two decades. This paper explores some salient foundational trends that interpret the act of changing view as a decision. We will argue that some of these foundational trends are already present, although only tacitly, in the original article by the AGM trio. Other accounts decidedly depart from the view of contraction and revision presented in this seminal paper. I shall survey various types of theories that progressively depart form the axiomatic treatment defended by AGM. First, I consider theories where rational agents are considered as maximizers as opposed to optimizers (in the sense of (Sen, 1997a)). Second, I consider which feasible set to use in contraction understood as a cognitive decision. This leads to rethink the very notion of what minimal change in contraction is. I shall conclude with some philosophical reflections concerning the sort of epistemological voluntarism that is tacit in seeing change in view as a rational choice.