cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slab fragmentation, edge flow and the origin of the Yellowstone hotspot track

Abstract The Snake River Plain/Yellowstone (SRP/Y) volcanic province is widely considered a classic example of a plume generated continental hotspot. Here we present new S-wave and P-wave tomographic images that suggest an alternative subduction-related process by which volcanism along the SRP/Y hotspot track results from slab fragmentation, trench retreat, and mantle upwelling at the tip and around the truncated edges of the descending plate. Our seismic images of the upper mantle in the depth range 300–600 km show that the subducted oceanic plate extends locally eastward well into the mantle beneath stable North America. The break-up and along-strike fragmentation of the descending plate is related in both time and space to the onset of flood volcanism and the formation of the SRP/Y hotspot. A sub-horizontal branch of the subducting oceanic plate, orphaned from the descending plate by the northward migration of the Mendocino triple junction, resides in the mantle transition zone (400–600 km) directly beneath the SRP/Y track. Its truncated northern edge is parallel to the northwestern margin of the hotspot track and marks the southern edge of a slab gap. A number of recent numerical and physical tank model studies suggest that a rapidly retreating and severely fragmented downgoing plate drives mantle flow around both the tip and the edges of the descending slab. Our seismic results show that the morphology of the subducting slab is appropriate for generating large-scale poloidal flow (producing flood volcanism) in the upper mantle during the re-initiation phase of slab descent ca 20 Ma and for generating smaller-scale toroidal and poloidal upwellings (producing hotspot volcanism) around both the leading tip and northern edge of the slab as it descends into the deeper upper mantle. Plate reconstructions are consistent with the timing and position of both flood and hotspot volcanism.
Luminescence polarization anisotropy in (Al,Ga)As serpentine quantum wire arrays

Serpentine superlattices (SSL) with a parabolic-crescent cross section defining the wells and barriers, have been grown on vicinal GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The SSL structures have been studied by photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) measurements at 1.4 K, showing a strong polarization anisotropy in both PL and PLE. The carrier confinement has been characterized by measuring the linear polarization dependence of the PL from the surface as well as from the cleaved edges by using a photoelastic modulation technique. Calculations of the conduction band and valence band electronic structure describe the polarization dependence as a function of segregation into lateral wells and barriers. We find that about 30% of the Al intended for the barriers end up in the well giving AlxGa1-xAs wells and barriers of x equals 0.12 and 0.21, instead of the nominally intended values of 0.00 and 0.33, corresponding to a lateral conduction band barrier of 70 meV. Linear polarized PLE has been used to reveal the laterally induced heavy-light hole splitting. PL decay time measurements of the serpentine emission, shows a longer decay time than for a reference alloy-well structure, indicating a reduced carrier relaxation in the serpentine structure. The linear polarization of the PL is found to be rather constant over large areas of the wafer indicating uniform quantum wire like states, showing the intended advantage of the serpentine structure over tilted superlattices.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Regulator of G-protein signaling-2 mediates vascular smooth muscle relaxation and blood pressure

Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits vascular contraction by activating cGMP-dependent protein kinase I-alpha (PKGI-alpha), which causes dephosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) and vascular smooth muscle relaxation. Here we show that PKGI-alpha attenuates signaling by the thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) through direct activation of regulator of G-protein signaling-2 (RGS-2). NO donors and cGMP cause cGMP-mediated inhibition of PAR-1 and membrane localization of RGS-2. PKGI-alpha binds directly to and phosphorylates RGS-2, which significantly increases GTPase activity of G(q), terminating PAR-1 signaling. Disruption of the RGS-2-PKGI-alpha interaction reverses inhibition of PAR-1 signaling by nitrovasodilators and cGMP. Rgs2-/- mice develop marked hypertension, and their blood vessels show enhanced contraction and decreased cGMP-mediated relaxation. Thus, PKGI-alpha binds to, phosphorylates and activates RGS-2, attenuating receptor-mediated vascular contraction. Our study shows that RGS-2 is required for normal vascular function and blood pressure and is a new drug development target for hypertension.
Sunk costs and travel cancellation: focusing on temporal cost.

Abstract Tourism products differ from ordinary retail products in terms of the spatial and temporal separation between the purchase and experiencing the product. Despite its importance, temporal separation has not drawn much attention in tourism research. The main objective of this study is to understand the effects of temporal sunk costs on potential travelers' cancellation intentions, in addition to monetary sunk costs. The results of this study suggested the possibility that temporal costs can be converted into monetary costs, but the conversion relationship may not be linear. This study also indicated that travelers' intentions to cancel a travel product decreased as the temporal and monetary sunk costs increased. Further, prior experience moderated the relationship when temporal sunk costs were involved, suggesting that repeat visitors' intentions to cancel their reservations are more influenced by temporal sunk costs than first-time visitors. Further discussion and implications are provided in the main body of this paper.
Lithium-induced diabetes insipidus in a surgical patient: report of a case and review of the literature.

2. Jones LR, Toth BB, Cangir A: Treatment for solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the mandible by steroid injection: Report of a case. .I Oral Maxillofac Surg 47:306, 1989 3. Regezi JA, Sciubba J: Oral Pathology: Clinical-Pathologic Correlations (ed 2). Philadelphia, PA, Saunders, 1993, pp 413436 4. Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM: A Textbook of Oral Pathology (ed 4). Philadelphia, PA, Saunders, 1983, pp 632-635 -5. Landrito .I. Sakurai K. Ohshima K: Use of the ultrasonic surgical aspirator in the treatment of a solitary eosinophilic granuloma of the mandible: A case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48:855, 1990 6. Lynch MA, Brightman VJ, Greenberg MS: Burket’s Oral Medicine, Diagnosis and Treatment (ed 9). Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott, 1994, pp 179-180 7. Kitano M, Landini G, Semba I, et al: Eosinophilic granuloma showing rapid regression: Report of a mandibular case with application of a modified PNA staining method for demonstration of Langerhans-type histiocytosis. Acta Path01 Jpn 40:588, 1990 8. Pringle GA, Daley TD, Veinot LA, et al: Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis in association with periapical granulomas and cysts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path01 74:186, 1992 9. Rose LF, Kaye D: Internal Medicine for Dentistry (ed 1). St. Louis, MO, Mosby, 1983, pp 397-398 10. Roper M, Kelly D, Parmley RT, et al: Eosinophilic granuloma of the palatal mucosa in a nine week old infant. Med Pediatr Oncol 9:153, 1981 11. Dagenais M, Pharoah MJ, Sikorski PA: The radiographic characteristics of histiocytosis X: A study of 29 cases that involve the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Path01 74:230, 1992 12. Donoff RB: Manual of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (ed 2). St. Louis, MO, Mosby, 1992, p 331 13. Nicopoulou KK, Mombelli A, Lang NP: Diagnostic problems of periodontitis-like lesions caused by eosinophilic granuloma. .I Clin Periodontol 16505, 1989 14. Osenbach RK, Youngblood LA, Menezes AH: Atlanta-axial instability secondary to solitary eosinophilic granuloma of C2 in a 12 year old girl. J Spinal Disord 3:408, 1990 15. Quinn JH, Graves LR, Leonard GL: Unusual histiocytic lesion of the mandible: Report of case. J Oral Surg 28:528, 1970
Management and communicator style: A correlational analysis

This investigation associated several approaches to management with varying dimensions of communication style. Subjects used in the study were employees of a midwestern hospital (N = 151). Results indicated that democratic management was characterized by relaxation, animation, attentiveness, and friendliness in communication style, laissez‐faire leadership was similar, except for a lack of animation, and autocratic managers were characterized primarily by dominant communication behavior.
A two-year followup study of male and female caregivers

A two year followup study was conducted on 20 male caregivers, 20 female caregivers, and 20 male engineers. A telephone interview revealed a higher job turnover rate among male caregivers than the female or the male engineers. It was also found that 79 percent of the men in day care relocated in human service jobs. This trend was interpreted within Holland's (1973) theory of vocational choice which states that men and women choose their occupational environments congruent with their personality types. Additional analyses regarding job satisfaction, reasons for job change, and nature of new employment regarding the caregivers are included. Implications of the study are made for making the child care field more palatable and rewarding for current and future caregivers.
Region segmentation based on 3D geometry from range images

Region segmentation provides a valid information check point and background knowledge for higher level machine vision tasks that rely on the fundamental image processing and analysis results such as segmentations. Our study of segmenting regions of interest on range images shows that knowing local surface geometries becomes the key to successfully solving segmentation problems. In this paper, three topics are presented and the experiments are shown: (1) segmentation based on morphological watershed algorithm; (2) a multiscale approach using morphology; and (3) a segmentation method based on surface normals. The examples used in this study are from the range images taken by a laser radar imager. The applications are focused in the area of manufacturing automation and inspection.
Management of the pregnant woman with Marfan syndrome complicated by ascending aorta dilation

Marfan syndrome is a disorder of connective tissue associated with progressive dilation of the aorta and potential risk for aortic dissection. Women with Marfan syndrome who are, or wish to become, pregnant represent a unique and challenging patient population due to a risk for accelerated aortic growth and aortic dissection during pregnancy. Risk for aortic complications during pregnancy is related to the dimensions of the ascending aorta. Women with an aortic diameter ≥4.5 cm at the start of pregnancy are at higher risk for aortic dissection, and an aortic dimension >4.0 cm is considered a relative contraindication to pregnancy in the setting of Marfan syndrome. Multidisciplinary care involving specialists familiar with Marfan syndrome should be emphasized before, during, and after pregnancy with the involvement of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Genetics, Cardiology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Anesthesia, and other specialties on a case-by-case basis. We review the important aspects of the evaluation and management of pregnant women with Marfan syndrome.
Neural Inhibitory Units of the Eye and Skin. Quantitative Description of Contrast Phenomena

Experiments on the skin show that it is convenient to use a “neural unit” for the description of some phenomena of sensation magnitude that have been observed. The neural unit consists of an area of sensation surrounded by a refractory area of inhibition. The paper tries to show how the numerical values for the unit can be determined for the eye and the skin and how they can be used in the description of Mach bands. In addition, step functions are described from which it is possible to deduce two simple formulas for the calculation of Mach bands. This procedure is very similar to the method used in telecommunication theory for the calculation of transients.
Blabericola rhyparobiae n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae), parasitizing the Madeira cockroach, Rhyparobia maderae (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae).

Abstract: Blabericola rhyparobiae n. comb. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Blabericolidae) is redescribed from the Madeira cockroach, Rhyparobia maderae (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae: Oxyhaloinae: Nauphoetini). Oocysts within the genus are typically dolioform with nonprojecting polar plates. Those of B. rhyparobiae differ from all other species of Blabericola in being oblong rather than dolioform. Morphometrically, the oocysts of B. rhyparobiae are significantly narrower than those of any other known species in the genus; they are significantly longer than those of Blabericola haasi, Blabericola migrator, and Blabericola princisi, but they are significantly shorter than those of Blabericola cubensis (oocyst width 4.47 μm vs. 4.74 μm, 4.70 μm, 5.06 μm, 5.21 μm, respectively; oocyst length 8.98 μm vs. 7.94 μm, 7.93 μm, 8.85 μm, 9.26 μm, respectively). All 5 species are also distinguished by unique sporozoite-bearing cavity sizes and morphometric ratios. Gametocysts of Blabericola species are either orbicular (B. c...
Mothers' perceptions of child care assistance: the impact of a child's disability.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined and compared mothers' perceptions of child care assistance provided by fathers and other caregivers. Awareness of child care division of labor will assist occupational therapists in addressing the needs of children with disabilities within the family context. METHOD: One hundred and thirty-five mothers living in two-parent households kept a time diary of their daily activities for 7 consecutive days using the Caregiver's Activity and Recording of Events Inventory and estimated the percentage of child care their partners performed, the amount of child care their partners performed, and their satisfaction with this division of labor. One third of the women had children with multiple disabilities, one third had children with Down syndrome, and one third had children who were typically developing. RESULTS: The majority of mothers in all three groups perceived that they were responsible for the majority of child care. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of mothers' perceptions of the amount of child care provided by fathers and other caregivers, including relatives, childsitters, nurses, school personnel, and neighbors. However, there were wide variations among families concerning child care arrangements and division of labor. Seventy-five percent of mothers indicated that they were satisfied with the division of child care labor between mothers and fathers, and no significant correlation was found between perceived percentage of child care performed and satisfaction with the division of labor. CONCLUSION: Mothers in this study were responsible for the majority of child care whether their child had a disability. The variation in number of hours that others spent performing child care activities within individual families suggests that there is no "best" or typical pattern. Occupational therapists need to collaborate with families to determine a system of accommodations to manage their daily routine that most effectively meets the family's needs.
Thermomechanical behavior of uncrosslinked 1,5-polypentenamers

Abstract : The thermomechanical transitions (<1 Hz) of linear 1,5-polypentenamers with characterized cis/trans ratios are reported using a fully automated torsional pendulum in the temperature sequence: 200C to -180C to 200C (one degree/minute). (Author)
DEFECATION BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY OF INSECTS

Whereas foraging has been a major focus of ecological and entomological research, its obligate partner, defecation, has been comparatively neglected. Insects exhibit a range of intriguing behavioral and morphological adaptations related to waste disposal in a range of contexts, including predator-prey interactions, hygiene, habitat location, reproduction, feeding, and shelter construction. Some insects, for example, make use of their own excrement as a physical or chemical defense against natural enemies, while others actively distance themselves from their waste material. Internally feeding insects, fluid-feeders, and social insects face particular challenges because their feeding behavior and/or site fidelity makes them especially vulnerable to problems associated with waste accumulation. As is true for foraging, ecological interactions involving defecation may have far-reaching evolutionary consequences and merit further study.
Biochemical effects of chlorpyrifos on two developmental stages of Xenopus laevis.

The effects of a 96-h static exposure to chlorpyrifos were examined in two developmental stages of larval Xenopus laevis (premetamorph and metamorph). Measures of effect included mortality, deformity, cholinesterase (ChE) activity, and DNA and protein concentration. All parameters indicated that metamorphs were more sensitive than were premetamorphs. For larvae exposed as premetamorphs, the median lethal concentration and median effective concentration were 14.6 mg/L and 1.71 mg/L; for those exposed as metamorphs, values were 0.56 mg/L and 0.24 mg/L, respectively. Cholinesterase activity was the most sensitive biochemical parameter. Exposure to chlorpyrifos at 0.01 mg/L caused significant decreases in the ChE activity of metamorphs; 0.1 mg/L significantly decreased premetamorph ChE activity. Metamorph DNA was significantly decreased at 0.1 mg/L; premetamorph DNA was not reduced until exposure to 1.0 mg/L. Whole-body protein was the least sensitive biochemical measure of effect. Premetamorphs did not experience a reduction in protein concentrations. Metamorph protein concentration was significantly decreased at 1.0 mg/L. Based on current surface water data, the most sensitive effect would not have a high probability (≤4.2%) of occurring in the environment.
Temperature dependence of flexoelectricity in BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 perovskite nanostructures

Abstract Piezoelectricity is a property of non-centrosymmetric crystals. In most typically used ferroelectrics, this property is lost as the temperature is increased beyond the Curie point thus strongly reducing the availability of efficient materials that can be used for high temperature energy harvesting. Flexoelectricity, as can be shown from simple symmetry arguments, is a universal and linear electromechanical coupling that dictates the development of polarization upon application of inhomogeneous strains. The implications of this phenomenon become amplified at the nanoscale. In this communication, we develop a molecular dynamics approach predicated on a specially tailored interatomic force-field to extract the temperature dependence of flexoelectricity. Surprisingly, we find that it, at least for Barium Titanate and Strontium Titanate nano structures, increases with temperature. Apart from cataloging this interesting observation for the future use in high temperature energy harvesting, we also examine the physical mechanisms that lead to the observed temperature dependence.
Quasiparticle self-consistent GW theory.

In past decades the scientific community has been looking for a reliable first-principles method to predict the electronic structure of solids with high accuracy. Here we present an approach which we call the quasiparticle self-consistent $GW$ approximation. It is based on a kind of self-consistent perturbation theory, where the self-consistency is constructed to minimize the perturbation. We apply it to selections from different classes of materials, including alkali metals, semiconductors, wide band gap insulators, transition metals, transition metal oxides, magnetic insulators, and rare earth compounds. Apart from some mild exceptions, the properties are very well described, particularly in weakly correlated cases. Self-consistency dramatically improves agreement with experiment, and is sometimes essential. Discrepancies with experiment are systematic, and can be explained in terms of approximations made.
Model replication: transformations to address model scalability

In model-driven engineering, it is often desirable to evaluate different design alternatives as they relate to scalability issues of the modeled system. A typical approach to address scalability is model replication, which starts by creating base models that capture the key entities as model elements and their relationships as model connections. A collection of base models can be adorned with necessary information to characterize a specific scalability concern as it relates to how the base modeling elements are replicated and connected together. In current modeling practice, such a model replication is usually accomplished by scaling the base model manually. This is a time-consuming process that represents a source of error, especially when there are deep interactions between model components. As an alternative to the manual process, this paper presents the idea of automated model replication through a model transformation process that expands the number of elements from the base model and makes the correct connections among the generated modeling elements. The paper motivates the need for model replication through case studies taken from models supporting different domains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disaster-related fatalities among US citizens traveling abroad.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the locations and risk of death associated with natural disaster fatalities for US citizens traveling abroad. Design, setting, and participants: A retrospective database review of US citizen disaster deaths occurring worldwide. Interventions: None. Main outcome measures: Information on fatalities due to disasters was abstracted from the US Department of State Web site reporting deaths of US citizens abroad by non-natural causes from October 2002 through June 2012. The main outcome measures were the frequency of disaster deaths and countries where disasters occurred. Descriptive statistics and rates were used to evaluate the study data. RESULTS: There were 7,963 total non-natural deaths of US citizens traveling abroad during the study period. Of these, 163 (2.0 percent) were disaster-related deaths, involving 19 disaster events in 15 countries. Only two disaster-related events resulted in more than two deaths of US travelers-the 2010 earthquake in Haiti causing 121 fatalities (74.2 percent of disaster deaths), and the 2004 tsunami in Thailand causing 22 fatalities (13.5 percent of disaster deaths). The approximate annual mean death rate for US citizen travelers as a result of disaster events is 0.27 deaths/1 million travelers, compared with 1.4 deaths/1 million residents due to disaster annually within the United States. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of disaster-related fatality is low for US citizens traveling abroad. Although disaster-related death among travelers is unpredictable, during a period of almost 10 years, there was only one reported death due to disaster in the five countries most frequently visited by US travelers. Further investigation may identify population-, seasonal-, country-, or location-specific risks from which prevention strategies can be developed. Language: en
Waveguide branches in photonic crystals

Theoretical and numerical analyses of waveguide branches in a photonic crystal are presented. Conditions for perfect transmission and zero reflection are discussed. Based upon these conditions, numerical simulations of electromagnetic-wave propagation in photonic crystals are performed to identify structures with near-complete transmission.
Systems integration of large scale autonomic systems using multiple domain specific modeling languages

Software design, development and maintenance for large scale systems has been one of the most difficult and expensive phases of the software development life cycle. Design and maintenance is especially difficult when the system includes autonomic features. As the system size and variety of autonomic behaviors scale up, it increases the chance of many unexpected and unwanted interactions. Separate design tools can hide these potential interactions. To face these challenges, we propose an autonomic system integration platform where holistic design models capture system structure, target system resources, and autonomic behavior. The fault mitigative, autonomic behavior can be explicitly coupled to the components and underlying resources of the system. System generation technology is used to create the software that implements these coupled specifications, including communication between components with custom data type marshalling and demarshalling, system startup and configuration, fault tolerant behavior, and autonomic procedures for self-correction. This modeling schema, along with the tools to generate the various system components are described in this paper.
FastQuery: a general indexing and querying system for scientific data

Modern scientific applications are producing vast amounts of data[2]. In many cases, the essential information needed for understanding scientific processes is stored in a relatively small number of data records. Efficiently locating the interesting data records is indispensable to the overall analysis procedure. The data structures most effective at performing these search operations is known as indices [2]. This work implements a flexible way of applying such an index to a range of different scientific data.
Program for Monitoring Potential Contamination in the Laboratory Following the Handling and Analyses of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans

A program of safety wiping has been established to monitor the workplace for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. The procedure uses isooctaine wetted wipes to obtain the samples followed by a simple alumina column cleanup procedure and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the samples. A quality control program has been set up as a check on the effectiveness of the procedure. Detection limits of five nanograms per wipe are routinely obtained for the tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and tetrachlorodibenzofurans.
Buprenorphine's effects on self-administration of smoked cocaine base and orally delivered phencyclidine, ethanol and saccharin in rhesus monkeys.

The effects of buprenorphine on behavior reinforced by smoked cocaine base and orally delivered phencyclidine (PCP), ethanol and saccharin were compared. There were six groups of four to five rhesus monkeys. Group 1 contained four monkeys that had been trained to smoke cocaine base under progressive ratio (PR) or fixed ratio (FR) schedules. Up to eight smoke deliveries (2 mg/kg) were available during daily 3-hr sessions. Each delivery was separated by a 15-min timeout. The remaining groups received concurrent access to different combinations of orally delivered liquids as follows: group 2, PCP (0.25 mg/ml) and water; group 3, saccharin (0.03% w/v) and water; group 4, PCP and saccharin; group 5, ethanol (8% w/v) and water; and group 6, ethanol and PCP. Saline or buprenorphine (0.003, 0.012, 0.05, 0.2 and 0.8 mg/kg) injections were given i.m. 30 min before each session for 5 consecutive days. Buprenorphine produced a dose-dependent reduction in behavior maintained by PCP, ethanol or saccharin in all of the six groups. In group 1, the suppressant effects of buprenorphine on cocaine base smoking were greater in the two monkeys that responded under FR 5 schedules than in the two that responded under PR schedules. When PCP and saccharin were concurrently available (group 4), buprenorphine had a greater suppressant effect on PCP than when water was concurrently present (group 2). Buprenorphine produced nearly a complete suppression in saccharin-maintained responding at doses of 0.012 mg/kg and higher in groups 3 and 4. Buprenorphine reduced ethanol deliveries to about 50% at doses of 0.012 mg/kg and higher in group 5. When PCP and ethanol were concurrently available (group 6), buprenorphine had an effect on PCP and ethanol that was similar to that found when the drugs were available concurrently with water. These results suggest that buprenorphine suppresses behavior maintained by several drug and nondrug substances, and it further suppresses PCP-maintained behavior that is already reduced by a nondrug alternative reinforcer.
An investigation on influenza A (H1N1) infection status in Haojiang district of Shantou city

Objective To investigate the infection rate of H1N1 influenza in Haojiang,a district of Shantou city,in order to provide scientific information for H1N1 prevention and control.Methods Three cross-sectional studies were carried out between January and September 2010.Blood samples were taken for the identification of H1N1 virus.Results A total of 480 people were participated in the three studies.15% were found positive to have H1N1 influenza virus infection.The rate of positive findings decreased with time:20% in January,15.2% in March and 9.4% in September.This rate of infection also varied in different age groups:with children aged 6～ (30.2%),people aged 16～ (15.1%),baby aged 0～ (8.3%) and elderly aged 60 or above(6.3%).Conclusions The infection rate of H1N1 influenza virus was low in the area of Haojiang.However,many people had no immunity to the virus.Therefore,H1N1 vaccination is still recommended.
Interrelations between Glucose and Alanine Catabolism, Ammonia Production, and the D-Lactate Pathway in Leishmania Braziliensis

L. braziliensis promastigotes catabolize glucose to CO2 and release several incompletely oxidized products. These products, identified by NMR spectroscopy, include succinate, alanine, pyruvate, acetate, and lactate (Darling et al, 1987). Under anaerobic conditions, glycerol becomes a major product and lactate production increases, but glucose consumption decreases (“reverse” Pasteur effect). Enzymatic assays showed that the lactate formed is the D-stereoisomer, and that it is formed via methylglyoxal synthase and glyoxalases I and II (Darling and Blum, submitted for publication). D-lactate dehydrogenase does not appear to be present. The regulation and function of the methylglyoxal pathway in Leishmania are not yet known.
A Compact Telemanipulated Retinal-Surgery System that Uses Commercially Available Instruments with a Quick-Change Adapter

We present a telemanipulation system for retinal surgery that uses a full range of unmodified commercially available instruments. The system is compact and light enough that it could reasonably be made head-mounted to passively compensate for head movements. Two mechanisms are presented that enable the system to use commercial actuated instruments, and an instrument adapter enables quick-change of instruments during surgery. A custom stylus for a haptic interface enables intuitive and ergonomic telemanipulation of actuated instruments. Experimental results with a force-sensitive phantom eye show that telemanipulated surgery results in reduced forces on the retina compared to manual surgery, and training with the system results in improved performance.
NSGS Mice Develop a Progressive, Myeloid Cell Dependent Aplastic Anemia and Bone Marrow Failure Upon Engraftment With Human Umbilical Cord Blood CD34+ Cells

One key limitation of hematopoietic xenograft mouse models is the relative lack of effective myelopoiesis compared with human hematopoiesis. NSGS mice expressing human myelo-supportive cytokines allow for improved myeloid cell output upon human hematopoietic cell transfer. Surprisingly, we found that NSGS mice developed a severe, eventually fatal anemia upon humanization with umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ cells. Anemia was characterized by a consistent, progressive drop in red blood cell numbers and hemoglobin that was correlated with higher MCV and an increased reticulocyte production at early time points. Eventually total white blood cell and platelet counts were also affected and reticulocyte numbers declined to or below normal. These effects were only apparent in mice with human grafts, and were also not observed in NSG mice with human grafts. Bone marrow cellularity was 40% of control humanized NSG mice and spleens were significantly larger, implying bone marrow dysfunction and extra medullary hematopoiesis. Bone marrow sections from anemic mice clearly showed a general hypocellularity with abundant fatty tissue filling the majority of the intramedullary space. We were able to recover red blood cell counts and hemoglobin to some degree upon transfusion of non-humanized mouse blood, however, the effect lasted only 7 days. CFSE labeling of anemic blood allowed us to detect a decreased half-life of red blood cells of 20 days compared to 30 days for humanized NSG mice. Treatment of mice with Campath, a CD52 antibody, completely reversed the phenotype at the expense of the entire human graft, demonstrating clearly that this was a graft-mediated process. However, specific ablation of B and T cells with rituximab and OKT3 did not alter the phenotype, even when administered soon after CD34+ cell transplant to suppress development of lymphocytes. Additionally, dexamethasone and IV/IG were ineffective in reversing the disease. These data, coupled with negative findings from tests to detect mouse reactive human antibodies, point towards myeloid cell involvement. Indeed, further experiments revealed that specific ablation of human myeloid cells effectively reversed the anemia. In summary, these data highlight a potential pitfall for effective myelopoiesis in the xenograft setting. More broadly, these findings demonstrate the possibility for myeloid driven bone marrow dysfunction and may warrant investigation of myeloid cells in cases of idiopathic aplastic anemia that fail to respond to therapies directed at autoimmune lymphocyte activity. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
In the wake of dark giants: new signatures of dark matter self-interactions in equal-mass mergers of galaxy clusters

Author(s): Kim, SY; Peter, AHG; Wittman, D | Abstract: Merging galaxy clusters have been touted as one of the best probes for constraining selfinteracting darkmatter, but fewsimulations exist to back up this claim. We simulate equal-mass mergers of 1015 M⊙ haloes, like the El Gordo and Sausage clusters, with cosmologically motivated halo and merger parameters, and with velocity-independent dark-matter self-interactions. Although the standard lore for merging clusters is that self-interactions lead to large separations between the galaxy and dark-matter distributions, we find that maximal galaxy-dark matter offsets of ≲20 kpc form for a self-interaction cross-section of σSI/mχ = 1 cm2 g-1. This is an order of magnitude smaller than those measured in observed equal-mass and near-equalmass mergers, and is likely to be even smaller for lower mass systems. While competitive cross-section constraints are thus unlikely to emerge from offsets, we find other signatures of self-interactions that are more promising. Intriguingly, we find that after dark-matter haloes coalesce, the collisionless galaxies [and especially the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG)] oscillate around the centre of the merger remnant on stable orbits of 100 kpc for σSI/mχ =1 cm2 g-1 for at least several Gyr, well after the clusters have relaxed. If BCG miscentring in relaxed clusters remains a robust prediction of self-interacting dark matter under the addition of gas physics, substructure, merger mass ratios (e.g. 10:1 like the Bullet Cluster) and complex cosmological merger histories, the observed BCG offsets may constrain σSI/mχ to ≲0.1 cm2 g-1 - the tightest constraint yet.
The Exceptional Art of Gendered Utopias, 1970–1973

This chapter is situated during Salvador Allende’s UP government, which accelerated progressive reforms under the auspices of uniquely democratic socialism. The works discussed in this chapter are about this period but they were all made public after it was over, thus combining the utopian hopes for the future of the UP with nostalgic idealizations of it after its fall. La batalla de Chile, the documentary by Patricio Guzman (1975–1979), Persona non grata, Jorge Edwards’ 1974 memoir, and “La noche de los visones,” a chronicle from Pedro Lemebel’s 1996 collection Loco afan, all examine the nostalgia and utopia of this exceptional period using “models” of masculinities—locas, revolutionary guerrilleros and workers, disciplined soldiers—that embody multiple futures and pasts for Chile.
Political/Nationalistic Concerns Relative to Female Olympians

Politics, Allen Guttmann (2002: 1) reminds us, “has always been a part of the Olympics. The modern games were, in fact, revived to propagate a political message; in the eyes of Pierre de Coubertin and the men who succeeded him as president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the political purpose of the games—the reconciliation of warring nations—was more important than the sports.” This chapter begins by deconstructing the notion of Olympism, discusses the politics of gender using case studies of uniforms and sex testing for female Olympians, and then concludes with an analysis of ideology and the IOC.
Genesys: Automatically generating representative training sets for predictive benchmarking

Fast and efficient design space exploration is a critical requirement for designing computer systems, however, the growing complexity of hardware/software systems and significantly long run-times of detailed simulators often makes it challenging. Machine learning (ML) models have been proposed as popular alternatives that enable fast exploratory studies. The accuracy of any ML model depends heavily on the re-presentativeness of applications used for training the predictive models. While prior studies have used standard benchmarks or hand-tuned micro-benchmarks to train their predictive models, in this paper, we argue that it is often sub-optimal because of their limited coverage of the program state-space and their inability to be representative of the larger suite of real-world applications. In order to overcome challenges in creating representative training sets, we propose Genesys, an automatic workload generation methodology and framework, which builds upon key low-level application characteristics and enables systematic generation of applications covering a broad range of program behavior state-space without increasing the training time. We demonstrate that the automatically generated training sets improve upon the state-space coverage provided by applications from popular benchmarking suites like SPEC-CPU2006, MiBench, Media Bench, TPC-H by over llx and improve the accuracy of two machine learning based power and performance prediction systems by over 2.5x and 3.6x respectively.
Disparities in the Upfront Use of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Among Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Background: The incidence for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is on the rise in the United States (US). Roughly 20,000 new AML patients are expected to occur in 2016 in the US (data from Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program). It is mainly a disease of older individuals with median age of 67 years. Unfortunately, most patients are not cured. Recent data suggest that early referral for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) leads to more favorable outcomes, particularly those with non-good risk cytogenetics compared to alternate therapies. The objective of our study was to assess the use of upfront HSCT among AML patients with a focus on patients with non-good risk cytogenetics and determine disparity in its access based on sociodemographic and regional considerations. Methods: We analyzed data obtained from National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) Participant User Files for patients diagnosed with AML between 2004 and 2013 using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology version 3 (ICD-O-3) codes 9840-9861, 9865-9874, 9891-9931. The data is collected prospectively by joint program of Commission on Cancer (CoC) and American Cancer Society. It covers nationwide oncology outcome from more than 1,500 CoC-accredited hospitals. Over 70% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases in the US are captured by NCDB. Since unique ICD-O-3 codes exist for the good-risk but not for intermediate- or poor-risk AML, we categorized the AML subtypes as good risk or non-good risk for analytic purposes. We considered patients with t(15;17), inv(16) and t(8;21) with corresponding ICD-O codes of 9871, 9896, and 9866, as good-risk patients. All others were considered non-good risk. Proportion of HSCT usage was estimated in various subgroups with 95% confidence intervals calculated using robust estimates of standard error. Results: We identified 80,087 patients who were diagnosed with AML between 2004 and 2013. Majority of these patients were Whites (85.9%), males (53.8%) and between the ages of 40 and 79 years (71.5%). The overall use of upfront HSCT increased consistently over time. This occurred predominantly among the non-good risk AML from a rate of 6.5% in 2004 to 12.5% in 2013 (Figure). Non-good risk patients who were Black, had Medicare insurance, with lower annual household income, and treated at facilities located in the East, South and Central parts of US ( AL, KY, MS, TN) had less access to HSCT (Table). Conclusion: The use of upfront HSCT in AML has almost doubled in the past decade, predominantly among those with non-good risk cytogenetics. Nevertheless, we found substantial disparity among sociodemographic and geographic subgroups. Future studies should try to understand and address how to bridge this gap. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Roman Catholic Priests as Referral Sources and Treatment Aides for Hispanics with Substance Misuse/Abuse Problems.

This self-administered mail survey study, conducted along the USA–Mexico border, examines Roman Catholic Priests’ involvement in aiding Hispanic individuals with substance abuse problems. The Priests were found to be highly involved or willing to be involved in: (1) participating in juramentos (pledge usually to Virgin of Guadalupe, with Priest as witness, to temporarily abstain from substance use), (2) providing referrals, and (3) working with family and/or treatment resources in the community in order to help the person seeking their help. Fluency in Spanish, regardless of Hispanic ethnicity, was found to positively impact involvement in juramentos, providing referrals, and willingness to work with community resources.
Effects of forest harvesting, logging debris, and herbicides on the composition, diversity and assembly of a western Washington, USA plant community.

Abstract We examined plant community organization over the first five growing seasons after clearcut harvesting with retention of two levels of logging debris (light and heavy) and application of four vegetation control treatments (non-sprayed control, aminopyralid (A), triclopyr (T), and A + T). Our study site was 44 km northwest of Olympia, WA., USA, and before forest harvesting it was dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii. We used a randomized split plot experimental design replicated in 6 blocks (each debris-treatment main plot had four herbicide-treatment split plots). We estimated percent canopy cover by species before forest harvesting and in post-harvest seasons 1–3 and 5 on 100 m2 plots centered in each split plot. We analyzed species composition and diversity and report the response of 10 species groups and several major species to the treatments over five seasons. We used ANOVA to examine annual treatment effects on abundance of major species and species groups as well as ordination and graphical methods to examine succession. Abundance of ruderal species, especially exotics and graminoids, was lower but abundance of native woody shrubs and vines was higher in heavy debris than in light debris. The vines developed higher cover in heavy debris where they used debris as a scaffold to gain a competitive advantage over other species. Heavy debris controlled Cytisus scoparius better than the herbicide treatments. Triclopyr reduced woody dicot, vine and native herb covers, while aminopyralid reduced these groups and Cytisus scoparius, but aminopyralid had less effect on total canopy cover. The combination herbicide treatment reduced woody dicots, vines and Cytisus scoparius, and had the biggest impact on total canopy cover. By year 5 there was little difference in total canopy cover among the herbicide treatments; however, for some species, both debris and herbicide treatment effects were still apparent. The ordination indicated that, by the fifth season, the floristic characteristics distinguishing the debris treatments were still distinct, but not for the herbicide treatments. We conclude that heavy debris is a viable treatment alternative to prevent aggressive exotic species from competing with planted conifers and the native plant community on edaphically dry western Washington sites.
Production of Hymenolepis diminuta in the Laboratory: An Old Research Tool with New Clinical Applications

Hymenolepis diminuta, the rat tapeworm, was first described in 1819 by Rudolphi and was studied extensively in several laboratories during the mid to latter part of the twentieth century. More recently, the primary use of the organism had been for educational purposes. The organisms require an intermediate insect host to complete their life cycle, making them non-transmissible to other rats or to humans under typical laboratory or educational environments. The organisms effectively colonize rats, but not humans or mice, and are easily maintained in laboratory. They are, with exceedingly rare exceptions, benign (e.g., nonparasitic) in humans, mice, and laboratory rats. Although the benign character of the helminth makes it ideal for educational purposes, the fact that no pathology is associated with colonization has led to decreased interest in the H. diminuta as a model for modern research where efforts are largely motivated by interests in medicine and health. However, more recently work with the "biota alteration" model of inflammatory disease has established that reintroduction of helminths into Western society, a practice often referred to as "helminthic therapy," is potentially a way of lowering inflammation without compromising immune function. For this effort, the lack of pathology and benign nature of the organism makes H. diminuta an ideal subject for study. In this chapter, we describe production of H. diminuta using laboratory rats and introduction of the organisms into laboratory mice as a model for their effects in humans.
Nuclear Radiation Fields on the Mars Surface: Risk Analysis for Long-term Living Environment

Mars, our nearest planet outward from the sun, has been targeted for several decades as a prospective site for expanded human habitation. Background space radiation exposures on Mars are expected to be orders of magnitude higher than on Earth. Recent risk analysis procedures based on detailed dosimetric techniques applicable to sensitive human organs have been developed along with experimental data regarding cell mutation rates resulting from exposures to a broad range of particle types and energy spectra. In this context, simulated exposure and subsequent risk for humans in residence on Mars are examined. A conceptual habitat structure, CAD-modeled with duly considered inherent shielding properties, has been implemented. Body self-shielding is evaluated using NASA standard computerized male and female models. The background environment is taken to consist not only of exposure from incident cosmic ray ions and their secondaries, but also include the contribution from secondary neutron fields produced in the tenuous atmosphere and the underlying regolith.