cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of youth percent body fat standards using receiver operating characteristic curves.

Background: Few studies have identified health-related criterion standards of percent body fat (%BF) in U.S. youth. Further, existing standards are static thresholds (e.g., 25%, 30%) and do not account for normal growth and maturation. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify thresholds of %BF in youth linked to metabolic syndrome in a large sample of U.S. children and adolescents. Methods: Percent fat was derived from the skinfold thicknesses of those aged 12-18 years, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES (1999 -2004, N1966)). Metabolic syndrome was classified using previously published standards based on the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III adult values at age 20 years. Using %BF z-scores as the test and metabolic syndrome as the criterion, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify %BF thresholds. Results: ROC analysis indicated that %BF can be used with moderate accuracy to identify metabolic syndrome in adolescents. %BF thresholds of 22.3% and 35.1% in boys and 31.4% and 38.6% in girls (at age 18 years) were found to be indicative of "low" and "high" metabolic syndrome risk. Conclusions: Age- and gender-specific %BF thresholds for creating separate risk groups were identified in relation to metabolic syndrome status. The selected thresholds identify adolescents with unfavorable metabolic profiles. These values could be extrapolated to younger children using previ- ously created %BF centiles, which potentially allows for earlier identification and intervention of at-risk youth if tracking of current %BF was maintained. (Am J Prev Med 2011;41(4S2):S93-S99) © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Concealing negative evaluations of a romantic partner's physical attractiveness

Two studies provided evidence that people hide their negative evaluations of their romantic partner's physical attractiveness. This pattern was found using self-reports of concealment (Study 1) and a behavioral observation measure (Study 2). Participants who engaged in this deception also exhibited elevated speech disfluencies, which is a deception cue. Moderators of concealment were examined. Concealment was especially pronounced for participants high in care for the partner's welfare (Studies 1 and 2), low in commitment (Studies 1 and 2), and high in attractiveness ideals (Study 2). Results suggest that people use deception to regulate their romantic partner's feelings, but that long-term orientation or desire to maintain closeness may curtail use of this strategy.
Seeds of Change: Hybrid Corn, Monopoly, and the Hunt for Superprofits

Hybrid corn is widely acknowledged to be the cornerstone of twentieth century breakthroughs in agricultural technology, an essential step toward achieving the “pushbutton cornucopia” to which modern agriculture aspires. This paper challenges this view by examining the social causes and consequences of technical change in corn production, and shows how the development and adoption of hybrid technologies has contributed to the perpetual crisis of corn farming, while sustaining the expansion of the seed corn industry.JEL classification: B51, Q16, O33
Prepupal regulation of juvenile hormone esterase through direct induction by juvenile hormone

Abstract The regulation of the prepupal peak of juvenile hormorne esterase activity was investigated and found to be directly induced by juvenile hormone. Allatectomy and reimplanation as well as juvenile hormone application experiments all indicated that the appearance of prepupal juvenile hormone esterase activity was in response to a prepupal burst of juvenile hormone. Implantation experiments indicated that the effect of juvenile hormone is not mediated through the isolated brain or subesophageal ganglion.
A Quantitative Approach to Software Development Using IEEE 982.1

Although software's complexity and scope have increased tremendously over the past few decades, advances in software engineering techniques have been only moderate at best. Software measurement has remained primarily a labor-intensive effort and thus subject to human limitations. The Space Shuttle's avionics software is an excellent example of how applying standards such as IEEE 982.1 can help alleviate human limitations by providing a quantitative roadmap to answer key questions
Bis Monitor Findings During Self-Hypnosis

Objective: We describe BIS values for a patient undergoing breast surgery under self-hypnosis in order to access the value of global surface EEG measures occurring during this process. Methods: Following verbal consent, a BISTM monitor (Aspect Medical, Newton MA) was placed and values measured while the patient performed self-hypnosis for a simple mastectomy and sentinel node biopsy. Results: Thirty-nine minutes after incision the BIS value decreased transiently to 72 followed by several other transient decreases, the lowest of which was 59. Values remained at approximately 90 throughout most of the operative period. The BIS value returned to baseline after completion of the operation. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that hypnosis is a dynamic cerebral process incorporating many changes within brain activation centers and one distinct from dissociative patterns seen under anesthesia. Current algorithms employed by the BISTM monitor add little to the management of patients utilizing hypnosis for analgesia.
A Survey of Neural Repair in Invertebrates

The aim of this chapter is to provide a comparative overview of neural regeneration in invertebrates. Many phyla covered in an invertebrate zoology text are not mentioned in this overview because little is known, and I hope that the adventurous with access to such animals will be inspired to explore their regeneration potential.
Genetics and Other Mechanisms Affecting Behavior

Innate behavior, e.g., behavior that is genetically programmed, enables certain organisms, such as spiders to spin a web (some species in the order Araneae). Use of highly inbred white mice, which are actually are inbred strains of the wild house mice (Mus musculus), by comparative psychologists is important as models of human disease or to demonstrate the effects of genetic versus the environment on behavior. However, even if a specific gene or set of genes for a given behavior is present in an organism, that behavior may not necessarily be shown. For instance, male birds usually do not sing outside the breeding season, because certain genes may not be turned on by hormones or nerve activity (Gill 1990).
Attachment Factors in Cell Culture

Cells in vivo are subject to several classes of environmental factors that affect proliferative and differentiative potential. Among these are nutrients, hormones, binding proteins that modulate the actions of nutrients and hormones, extracellular enzymes, and extracellular matrix, stroma or basement membranes (Barnes and Sato, 1980b,c). Although the importance of the extracellular substratum in vivo in the regulation of cellular growth and differentiation has been recognized for some time (Hay, 1981), only recently has it become possible to explore in vitro the complicated and often subtle relationships between cells and substrata and to examine the effects of cell-substratum interactions. Several important insights led to improved experimental design of investigations into the role of the cell substratum in culture. First, it was recognized that components of the serum supplement to conventional culture media provided a substratum for cells in culture, and that the nature and effects of these and other factors affecting cell differentiation and proliferation could best be examined in serum-free cell culture (Fisher et al., 1958; Grinnell, 1978; Barnes and Sato, 1980b,c). Secondly, cells in culture were discovered to synthesize and deposit extracellular matrix components that sometimes are organized in elaborate and complex simulations in vitro of basement membrane or interstitial stroma in vivo (Hay, 1981; Kleinman et al., 1981).
Craniofacial shape in children with and without a positive otitis media history

Abstract Objectives Past studies using traditional morphometric approaches have reported a handful of differences in craniofacial dimensions between individuals with and without otitis media (OM). In this study, a geometric morphometry (GM) approach was used to determine if craniofacial shape is different among children with no history of OM and a history of recurrent acute OM (RAOM) at two different ages. Methods Nineteen standard landmarks were identified on lateral cephalometric radiographs from 79 children (41 Control, 38 RAOM) at 4 years and 52 children (27 Control, 25 RAOM) at 6 years of age. Following Procrustes superimposition of the landmark coordinate data, comparisons of group differences in overall size and shape were performed. Discriminant function analysis and principal component analysis were used to determine which, if any, aspects of shape variation distinguished RAOM from Control groups. Results At 4 years of age, craniofacial size and shape were significantly different between RAOM and Control groups ( p Conclusions At 4 years of age, the RAOM and Control groups have distinct craniofacial morphologies, but by 6 years of age these differences have largely disappeared. This is consistent with the clinical observation that excess RAOM risk resolves around 6 years of age and the hypothesis that this resolution is partially a result of age-related craniofacial changes.
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPOSITE FEEDLINE FOR THE CLIPPER GRAHAM VEHICLE

In an effort to make a Single-Stage-to-Orbit (SSTO) vehicle a reality, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been exploring methods to reduce component weight. In 1994, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) teamed up with McDonnell Douglas Aerospace (MDA) to develop and demonstrate a lightweight composite feedline for use in flowing liquid hydrogen (LHa). This feedline was successfully built, tested, and flown aboard the Clipper Graham vehicle. There were five advanced technology features included in the design of the feedline. The feedline was manufactured by hand lay-up of the material. The feedline design successfully passed a rigorous test program which included such tests as thermal cycle, pressure cycle, vibration, hydrogen permeability, and damage tolerance.
Zwitterionic Polymerization to Generate High Molecular Weight Cyclic Poly(Carbosiloxane)s

The zwitterionic ring-opening of 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-2,5-disila-1-oxacyclopentane (TMOSC) with N-heterocyclic carbenes generates high molecular weight cyclic p(TMOSC). The NHC-mediated polymerization of TMOSC with 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IMes, 1) generates the poly(carbosiloxane) p(TMOSC) with molecular weights from 27,000 < Mn < 80,000 Da (1.4 < Mw/Mn < 2.2) within 30 min at room temp. With the more nucleophilic carbene 1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazol-2-ylidene (4), the ring-opening polymerization occurs within minutes at room temperature to generate cyclic p(TMOSC) with molecular weights up to Mn = 940,000 Da (Mw/Mn = 3.2). The resulting p(TMOSC)s are predominantly cyclic as evidenced by dilute solution viscosity studies and MALDI-TOF MS. DFT calculations provide support for both zwitterionic and neutral, cyclic intermediates.
Hyaluronan synthase assembles chitin oligomers with -GlcNAc(α1→)UDP at the reducing end

Class I hyaluronan synthases (HASs) assemble a polysaccharide containing the repeating disaccharide [GlcNAc(β1,4)GlcUA(β1,3)]n-UDP and vertebrate HASs also assemble (GlcNAc-β1,4)n homo-oligomers (chitin) in the absence of GlcUA-UDP. This multi-membrane domain CAZy GT2 family glycosyltransferase, which couples HA synthesis and translocation across the cell membrane, is atypical in that monosaccharides are incrementally assembled at the reducing, rather than the non-reducing, end of the growing polymer. Using Escherichia coli membranes containing recombinant Streptococcus equisimilis HAS, we demonstrate that a prokaryotic Class I HAS also synthesizes chitin oligomers (up to 15-mers, based on MS and MS/MS analyses of permethylated products). Furthermore, chitin oligomers were found attached at their reducing end to -4GlcNAc(α1→)UDP [i.e. (GlcNAcβ1,4)nGlcNAc(α1→)UDP]. These oligomers, which contained up to at least seven HexNAc residues, consisted of β4-linked GlcNAc residues, based on the sensitivity of the native products to jack bean β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Interestingly, these oligomers exhibited mass defects of -2, or -4 for longer oligomers, that strictly depended on conjugation to UDP, but MS/MS analyses indicate that these species result from chemical dehydrogenations occurring in the gas phase. Identification of (GlcNAc-β1,4)n-GlcNAc(α1→)UDP as HAS reaction products, made in the presence of GlcNAc(α1→)UDP only, provides strong independent confirmation for the reducing terminal addition mechanism. We conclude that chitin oligomer products made by HAS are derived from the cleavage of these novel activated oligo-chitosyl-UDP oligomers. Furthermore, it is possible that these UDP-activated chitin oligomers could serve as self-assembled primers for initiating HA synthesis and ultimately modify the non-reducing terminus of HA with a chitin cap.
Performance of a Subscale CPAS Conical Ribbon Drogue Parachute in a Turbulent Wake

Ten percent scale Orion conical ribbon drogue parachutes were tested in the wake of a 10% Orion crew module in a 3x2.1 m (10’x7’) subsonic wind tunnel. The motivation behind the test program was to provide a cost-efficient aerodynamic performance database that captured the “wake-effect” of the crew module on the parachute. A secondary purpose was to provide a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics validation dataset. The subscale parachutes were geometrically scaled to the full-scale configuration in terms of geometric porosity, number of gores and ribbons, and trailing distance. The program explored the aerodynamic parametric space, including crew module angle of attack, Reynolds number, and dynamic pressure. The test program also allowed comparison of the performance of various parachute configurations including reefing and clustering. Non-intrusive diagnostics were utilized including a three-axis load cell, force balance, high speed imaging, and particle image velocimetry. Data to be presented include average and time varying drag and parachute shape.
ADHERENCE TO PUBLISHED GUIDELINES IN PRESCRIBING ANTI-ARRHYTHMIC MEDICATIONS AND ITS IMPACT ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Although guidelines for antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy in atrial fibrillation (AF) were published in 2006, it remains uncertain whether adherence to these guidelines affects patient outcome. We evaluated the records of 5,976 AF patients who were prescribed at least one AAD between 2006 and 2013
Homeopathy in the light of modern pharmacology.

In the light of modern pharmacology, homeopathy presents two positive aspects. It offers (1) an empirical challenge: the elaboration of the phenomenon of the inverse reaction of drugs and of a pharmacologic constitutional typology, and (2) an axiomatic reminder: the dual nature of clinical and clinical pharmacologic research.
324 CONTINUITY OF CARE AND USE OF HIGH-RISK PSYCHOACTIVE MEDICATIONS BY PERSONS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES.

Objective Studies have found that high-risk psychotropic medication combinations are commonly prescribed to the developmentally disabled; however, causal factors for this observed phenomena are poorly understood. Our study explores the relationship between continuity of primary and psychiatric care and the receipt of high-risk psychoactive medications (two antipsychotics concurrently) by persons with MR/DD. Design Administrative files from Florida9s Program for Persons with Disabilities, which contains demographic and clinical information, from years 2000-2004 were used to identify 18,159 persons living in Florida with developmental disabilities. We merged these files with the Florida Medicaid Claims database for outpatient services and pharmacy claims and identified all primary care and psychiatric care visits over the 2-year prior to starting the high-risk medication regimen. We calculated the Modified Modified Continuity Index (MMCI) separately for primary and psychiatric care visits for 2 consecutive years. We used two-tailed t-tests, unbalanced ANOVA, and multivariable models tests to test the association between receiving prescriptions for high-risk psychoactive medications and demographic and clinical population characteristics and measures of primary care and psychiatric care continuity. Results Over 10% (10.82%) of the 18,159 individuals (1,964 individuals) were on two antipsychotic medications concurrently (high-risk regimen). The use of two antipsychotic medications varied by gender, race, and age, as well as by geographic and clinical characteristics of the population. Multivariate analyses controlling for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics showed that each primary care visit was associated with a 5% decrease, and each psychiatry visit was associated with a 5% increase in the likelihood of being on two antipsychotics. The Continuity Index for psychiatric care was a significant negative predictor of being on two antipsychotic medications. Persons with high continuity (seeing the same psychiatrist across visits) were eight times less likely (12.6% as likely) to be on two antipsychotic medications compared with persons with low continuity (seeing a different psychiatrist at each visit). Conclusion Our study shows that both primary and specialty care is associated the use of high-risk psychotropic medications for person with developmental disabilities. Continuity in psychiatric care is particularly important in preventing use of high-risk psychotropic medications in the developmentally disabled population.
Antimicrobial prophylaxis for infective endocarditis.

Endocarditis prophylaxis remains somewhat empiric, and somewhat controversial. Most authorities agree that it is advisable for patients whose cardiovascular status places them at increased risk and who are undergoing procedures that have been associated with endocarditis. New information that may affect future revisions of American Heart Association criteria is discussed.
Inhibition of bilirubin excretion in man during dehydrocholate choleresis.

Sodium dehydrocholate (Decholin, Dome Laboratories, West Haven, Conn.) was given intravenously to 5 fasting patients with external biliary drainage to determine its effect on bilirubin excretion. The range of bile flow for these patients during control periods was 0.31 to 0.44 ml per min, and for bile bilirubin concentrations was 25.9 to 57.6 mg per 100 ml. Bile bilirubin concentrations decreased to levels that were 8 to 18% of control values during the 60- to 70-min period after Decholin administration. In each patient the decrease in bile bilirubin concentration was greater than could be accounted for by the dilutional effect of increased bile water formation, and the rate of bilirubin excretion in bile diminished after Decholin administration. Studies with intravenously administered bilirubin-3H in 2 patients demonstrated that the cumulative recovery of label in bile was slower after giving Decholin, and the plasma disappearance rate of unconjugated bilirubin-3H was delayed. These data indicate that Decholin inhibits bilirubin excretion in man despite its choleretic effect.
Spontaneous mutation of RNA tumour viruses

There are 2 categories of spontaneously occurring avian and mammalian RNA tumour virus mutants: conditional and non-conditional. 1) Conditional mutants are able to replicate in or transform cells only under certain physiological conditions or in certain cells. RNA tumour virus temperature-sensitive mutants, focus-morphology mutants, and host range mutants are spontaneously formed. Some of these conditional mutants probably arise by point mutations in the viral genome. 2) Non-conditional mutants have genetic lesions that render them inactive under all conditions. There are non-conditional spontaneous RNA tumour virus mutants that are missing either the virion envelope glycoprotein or both the envelope glycoprotein and the virion DNA polymerase. These mutants cannot replicate or transform cells. Other spontaneous non-conditional mutants can replicate but are defective in their ability to transform fibroblastoid cells. These spontaneous transformation-defective mutants can have deletions in 10-20% of the genomic RNA. Conditional mutants with an altered host range occur at a high rate of approximately 1 mutation/50 infected cell generations during DNA-to-DNA information transfer. This type of conditional mutation requires cell replication but does not occur frequently either during the original synthesis of viral DNA (RNA-to-DNA information transfer) or during the transcription of progeny viral RNA from the (RNA-to-DNA information transfer) or during the transcription of progeny viral RNA from the DNA (DNA-to-RNA information transfer). Temperature-sensitive and focus-morphology mutants also have a high rate of spontaneous formation. Non-conditional mutants missing the viral envelope glycoprotein, DNA polymerase, or transformation gene, also appear to be spontaneously formed at a high rate. Normal avian and mammalian cells contain RNA tumour virus-related genes in their DNA. It is hypothesized that these endogenous RNA tumour virus-related genes in normal cells also have a high rate of spontaneous mutation and are involved in neoplastic processes.
Feelings of familiarity and false memory for specific associations resulting from mugshot exposure

This research reveals that mugshot viewing accompanied by questions about an action can cause young adults to associate the pictured person and the queried action, leading to later false recollection of having seen that person perform that action. In contrast, mugshot viewing in older adults can lead to vague feelings of familiarity for the pictured person, encouraging older adults to later falsely recognize the pictured person performing any familiar action. Participants viewed events involving actors performing different actions and then were asked verbal questions about which actor had performed each action, with each question accompanied by mugshots of potential "perpetrators" of the action. In a later recognition test, older adults were more likely to falsely recognize a novel conjunction of a familiar actor and action if they had seen a mugshot of that actor, regardless of whether the mugshot had accompanied a question about that action. In contrast, young adults were more likely to falsely recognize a conjunction event only if it involved an actor whose mugshot had accompanied a question about that particular action. This effect remained when the analysis was limited to trials involving actors whose mugshots had not been previously selected, implicating false recollection rather than commitment effects.
The Bretton Woods Institutions

The economistic age was ushered in at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in 1944. While most of the world’s attention was directed to the establishment of the United Nations, the actions taken at Bretton Woods would prove, in the long run, more fateful. These actions were about the organization of the global economic order.
Staff Responses When Parents Hit Children in a Hospital Setting.

Objective Physical punishment of children is a prevalent practice that is condemned by most medical professionals given its link with increased risk of child physical abuse and other adverse child outcomes. This study examined the prevalence of parent-to-child hitting in medical settings and the intervention behaviors of staff who witness it. Method Staff at a children's medical center and a general medical center completed a voluntary, anonymous survey. We used descriptive statistics to examine differences in the experiences of physicians, nurses, and other medical staff. We used logistic regression to predict intervention behaviors among staff who witnessed parent-to-child hitting. Results Of the hospital staff who completed the survey (N = 2863), we found that 50% of physicians, 24% of nurses, 27% of other direct care staff, and 17% of nondirect care staff witnessed parent-to-child hitting at their medical center in the past year. A majority of physicians, nurses, and other direct care staff reported intervening sometimes or always. Nondirect care staff rarely intervened. Believing staff have the responsibility to intervene, and having comfortable strategies with which to intervene were strongly predictive of intervention behavior. Staff who did not intervene commonly reported that they did not know how to respond. Conclusion Many medical center staff witness parent-to-child hitting. Although some of the staff reported that they intervened when they witnessed this behavior, the findings indicate that staff may need training to identify when and how they should respond.
Reliable Hardware Architectures for Cryptographic Block Ciphers LED and HIGHT

Cryptographic architectures provide different security properties to sensitive usage models. However, unless reliability of architectures is guaranteed, such security properties can be undermined through natural or malicious faults. In this paper, two underlying block ciphers which can be used in authenticated encryption algorithms are considered, i.e., light encryption device and high security and lightweight block ciphers. The former is of the Advanced Encryption Standard type and has been considered area-efficient, while the latter constitutes a Feistel network structure and is suitable for low-complexity and low-power embedded security applications. In this paper, we propose efficient error detection architectures including variants of recomputing with encoded operands and signature-based schemes to detect both transient and permanent faults. Authenticated encryption is applied in cryptography to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity simultaneously to the message sent in a communication channel. In this paper, we show that the proposed schemes are applicable to the case study of simple lightweight CFB for providing authenticated encryption with associated data. The error simulations are performed using Xilinx Integrated Synthesis Environment tool and the results are benchmarked for the Xilinx FPGA family Virtex-7 to assess the reliability capability and efficiency of the proposed architectures.
Measurements of the OH radical yield from the ozonolysis of biogenic alkenes: A potential interference with laser-induced fluorescence measurements of ambient OH

Reactions of the hydroxyl radical (OH) play a central role in the chemistry of the atmosphere, and measurements of its concentration can provide a rigorous test of our understanding of atmospheric oxidation. Several recent studies have shown large discrepancies between measured and modeled OH concentrations in forested areas impacted by emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), where modeled concentrations were significantly lower than measurements. A potential reason for some of these discrepancies involves interferences associated with the measurement of OH using the Laser-Induced Fluorescence – Fluorescence Assay with Gas Expansion (LIF-FAGE) technique in these environments. In this study, a turbulent flow reactor operating at atmospheric pressure was coupled to a LIF-FAGE cell and the OH signal produced from the ozonolysis of several BVOCs was measured. To distinguish between OH produced from the ozonolysis reactions and any OH artefact produced inside the LIF-FAGE cell, an external chemical scrubbing technique was used, allowing for the direct measurement of any interference. An interference under high ozone and BVOC concentrations was observed that was not laser generated and was independent of the ozonolysis reaction time. Addition of acetic acid to the reactor eliminated the interference, suggesting that the source of the interference in these experiments involved the decomposition of stabilized Criegee intermediates inside the FAGE detection cell.
High growth temperatures and high soil nitrogen do not alter differences in CO2 assimilation between invasive Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) and Carex stricta (tussock sedge).

Premise of the study Global change in temperature and soil nitrogen availability could affect plant community composition, potentially giving an advantage to invasive species compared to native species. We addressed how high temperatures affected CO2 assimilation parameters for invasive Phalaris arundinacea and a sedge, Carex stricta, it displaces, in natural and controlled environments. Methods Photosynthetic parameters were measured in a wetland in Indiana, USA during the abnormally warm year of 2012. In a growth chamber, photosynthetic parameters were measured on the plants grown under three levels of nitrogen and exposed to optimum temperatures followed by 2012-like summer conditions and then hot temperatures with an autumn-like photoperiod. Key results In the wetland, C. stricta exhibited signs of midsummer leaf senescence, whereas P. arundinacea maintained CO2 assimilation at ambient pCO2 (Aamb ) through mid-October. In the chamber, 2012-like conditions reduced Aamb for both species through reductions in maximum carboxylation (Vcmax ) and electron transport (Jmax ) without further change during subsequent hot, autumn-like conditions, whereas the quantum efficiency of carbon assimilation (qe) declined throughout the experiment. However, P. arundinacea had higher values of Aamb , Jmax , and qe than C. stricta. A general, the positive effect of increasing nitrogen availability occurred for photosynthetic processes for both species in hot conditions. Conclusions Our data suggest that C. stricta is more susceptible to excessive light stress than P. arundinacea during hot, sunny periods, leading to leaf senescence. Field confirmation of this idea is needed, but frequent heat waves should favor P. arundinacea over C. stricta with or without eutrophication.
Thrombospondin-1, Free Radicals, and the Coronary Microcirculation: The Aging Conundrum.

Abstract Significance: Successful matching of cardiac metabolism to perfusion is accomplished primarily through vasodilation of the coronary resistance arterioles, but the mechanism that achieves this effect changes significantly as aging progresses and involves the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent Advances: A matricellular protein, thrombospondin-1 (Thbs-1), has been shown to be a prolific contributor to the production and modulation of ROS in large conductance vessels and in the peripheral circulation. Recently, the presence of physiologically relevant circulating Thbs-1 levels was proven to also disrupt vasodilation to nitric oxide (NO) in coronary arterioles from aged animals, negatively impacting coronary blood flow reserve. Critical Issues: This review seeks to reconcile how ROS can be successfully utilized as a substrate to mediate vasoreactivity in the coronary microcirculation as “normal” aging progresses, but will also examine how Thbs-1-induced ROS production leads to dysfu...
The growth of AKI: half empty or half full, it's the size of the glass that matters.

Previous data suggest rapid growth in the population incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, Kashani et al. report data from the Mayo Clinic Hospital indicating slowing to stabilization of AKI rates in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 2006 through 2014. More studies are needed to confirm this trend, and if this trend exists, reasons behind it. Further, strategies to optimally care for vulnerable populations in which AKI rates remain high, including the elderly, are warranted.
Perceived Risk of Intimate Partner Violence Among STI Clinic Patients: Implications for Partner Notification and Patient-Delivered Partner Therapy

Patient-delivered partner therapy (PDPT) is the practice of providing patients diagnosed with a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) medication to give directly to their partner for treatment without requiring the partner to participate in diagnostic testing and counseling. Despite a growing body of evidence in support of PDPT, literature is limited to date on the influence of perceived risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) on PDPT use. We analyzed mixed-method data from 196 quantitative surveys (61% male, M age = 31.2, 92% Black or African-American) and 25 qualitative interviews to better understand the barriers and facilitators associated with PDPT delivery for patients attending a Midwestern, publicly funded STI clinic in the U.S. Nearly a third of surveyed patients (29; 34% of women, 26% of men) expressed worry about IPV when delivering PDPT. Patients had concerns about infidelity worry, embarrassment, and anxiety (referred to as IWEA hereafter) associated with partner notification and PDPT delivery. We found IWEA was highly correlated with IPV concerns in a fully adjusted logistic regression model. Women had 2.43 (95% CI = 1.09–5.42) times greater odds of worrying about IPV than men; other significant factors associated with IPV worry included higher condom use, no prior STI diagnosis, and being uninsured (as compared to having Medicare/Medicaid insurance). Encouraging communication between healthcare providers and their patients about the potential for IPV could facilitate patient triaging that results in the consideration of alternative partner referral mechanisms for patients or partners at risk of harm and better outcomes for patients and their partners.
Religion-specific resources for meaning-making from suffering: defining the territory

The purpose of this review paper is to present a case for more proximal and emic approaches to the study of religious meaning-making in suffering. Meaning-making is an important way in which religi...
A diachronic evolutionary biologic perspective: Reconsidering the role of the eukaryotic unicell offers a 'Timeless' biology

Abstract Biology has remained descriptive since its formalization by Linnaeus in the 18th Century. Dobzhansky has challenged us to think mechanistically by stating that ‘Nothing in Biology makes sense except in the light of evolution’, but NeoDarwinian evolution remains untestable or refutable. The physicist Bohm has encouraged us to recognize that our perception of ‘reality’ is mediated by our evolved, subjective senses, though there is a coherent Implicate Order just out of reach. Only recently has a novel understanding of physiologic evolution based on cell-cell communication for embryonic development and phylogeny offered the opportunity to mechanistically merge Quantum Mechanics with Evolutionary Biology.
Seeing Is Believing: Headway27 as a Highly Visible and Versatile Microcatheter with Ideal Dimensions for Stroke Thrombectomy.

Introduction Microcatheter selection is an infrequent focus of stroke thrombectomy technique evaluation. The Headway27 microcatheter strikes an excellent balance of microcatheter dimensions (156 cm length, 2.6 Fr distal OD, ID 0.027 inches) and visibility, making it ideal for stroke thrombectomy. Methods We evaluated a prospectively maintained acute stroke thrombectomy database containing 50 consecutive cases using the Headway27 microcatheter. From the database, patient demographics, clinical and angiographic information as well as procedural technical details and complications were extracted. Results Manual aspiration thrombectomy (MAT) was performed alone in 72% of cases, stentriever-assisted MAT was performed in 6% of cases, and a combination was used in 22% of cases. Median groin puncture to final recanalization time was 27 min and mTICI 2B/3 recanalization was achieved in 94% of cases. There were 2 intra-procedural complications, neither related to the microcatheter. In all cases, the Headway27 reached the intended target vessel: M1 (n = 4), M2 (n = 26), M3 (n = 13), P2 (n = 3), P3 (n = 1), and basilar artery (n = 3). There were no cases requiring usage of an additional or alternative microcatheter. In 45/47 cases of MAT, the reperfusion catheter tracked over the Headway to the clot/intended target; in two cases, the microcatheter was used to deploy a stentriever that then allowed the reperfusion catheter to track to the clot. Conclusion The Headway27 microcatheter reliably facilitated rapid clot access in anterior and posterior circulation acute large vessel occlusions with no microcatheter-associated complications.
Confronting Wicked Problems in the Metropolis

These problems facing many metropolitan regions in the U.S. are complex, open-ended and seemingly intractable. The obstacles to regional governance created by these “wicked” problems are the root of the criticisms of the consensus-based “self-organizing” strategies described by frameworks such as New Regionalism and Institutional Collective Action. The self-organized solutions described by these frameworks require substantial consensus exist among the participants and this creates a bias toward solving low-conflict problems where consensus already exists. We discuss the limitations of these two influential research programs in the context of wicked problems and draw on the concept of nested institutional action situations to suggest a research agenda for studying intergovernmental collaboration on problems requiring the development of consensus about the nature of the problem and acceptable solutions. The Advocacy Coalitions and Institutional Analysis and Development frameworks have been effectively used to explain regional collaboration on wicked environmental problems and likely have insights for confronting the wicked fiscal and social problems of regional governance. The implications are that wicked problems are tamed through iterated games and that institution-making at the collective-choice level can then be scaled up to achieve agreement at the constitutional level of analysis.
The Public Health Approach to the Prevention of Child Maltreatment

Child maltreatment is a serious public health problem because it is disruptive to the healthy development of a child and a pathway to poor health. Historically, many complex issues seen as social and safety issues have achieved great progress from public health’s contributions. With infrastructure existing in every state and territory within the United States, public health can and should lead an effort to prevent child maltreatment before it occurs. This chapter discusses the public health approach to the prevention of child maltreatment which differs from the child welfare or criminal justice perspectives that have often predominated the efforts to address child maltreatment.
Sustainable Cities, Policies and Healthy Cities

By now, there is a robust literature examining the wide array of public policies and programs that cities pursue in order to try to become more sustainable. Whether the focus of such programs is explicitly on improving the biophysical environment, climate protection and adaptation, energy efficiency, land use regulation, bicycle ridership, expanded mass transit, open space, or any other targets, such programs often carry with them an expectation that these will contribute to improved public health outcomes. While there is significant attention to asserting that such a relationship exists, or ought to exist, there have been no efforts to explicitly and empirically link city policies to public health outcomes. This paper tackles this issue head-on, investigating the extent to which US cities that have the most aggressive sustainability initiatives exhibit better public health outcomes than cities with less aggressive sustainability initiatives. Using US Census, public health, and original sustainable policy data from the 55 largest cities in the US, this paper presents evidence concerning the strength of this relationship, discusses the foundations for the relationship, and provides a discussion of the implications for urban planning, sustainability policies and for improved health outcomes.
Initial Results from a New Measurement of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant

The Newtonian gravitational constant, G, remains the least well-known of the fundamental constants of physics in spite of several recent and current efforts. One of these is underway at the National Bureau of Standards in cooperation with people from the University of Virginia. Our experiment is of the type originated by Beams et al.l In such an experiment gravitational force is balanced against the force of inertial reaction in an accelerated rotating reference frame. It is this acceleration which is measured to yield a value for G. In its present incarnation, we feel that the measurement has a potential accuracy of about 10 ppm. The principle of the measurement is recalled in Fig. 1. The small mass system (first a cylindrical bob and later a dumbbell), the large masses, the auto-collimator, the fiber which supports the small mass and an encoder disc are mounted on the rotating table. The auto-collimator senses the tendency of the small mass system to rotate toward alignment with a line joining centers of the large masses in response to the gravitational attraction. The torquer accelerates the rotating table so as to cancel the gravitational attraction, thus keeping the small mass stationary in the rotating frame. As seen in a laboratory-based frame the table accelerates uniformly over some (tolerable) number of revolutions. Clock readings at various table positions indicated by the disc encoder are the raw data of the measurement. The entire apparatus is enclosed in an acoustic chamber about 2.5 meters on an edge and mounted on a reinforced concrete slab of about 5000 kilograms.
What’s Wrong with Designing People to Serve?

In this paper I argue, contrary to recent literature, that it is unethical to create artificial agents possessing human-level intelligence that are programmed to be human beings’ obedient servants. In developing the argument, I concede that there are possible scenarios in which building such artificial servants is, on net, beneficial. I also concede that, on some conceptions of autonomy, it is possible to build human-level AI servants that will enjoy full-blown autonomy. Nonetheless, the main thrust of my argument is that, in building such artificial agents, their creators cannot help but evince an objectionable attitude akin to the Aristotelian vice of manipulativeness.
A flexible-molecule force field to model and study hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) – polymorphism under extreme conditions

The quantum-chemistry based force field (FF) developed for HMX by Smith and Bharadwaj (SB) [G. D. Smith and R. K. Bharadwaj, J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999, 103(18), 3570–3575] is transferred to another nitramine of different stoichiometry: hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20 or HNIW). The modification of a single parameter alongside a very small number of add-ons related to carbon–carbon bonds, angles and dihedrals lead to two SB FF variants denoted SB-CL20 and SB-CL20 + CCNN. These flexible-molecule FFs should inherit the predictive capabilities of SB FF. For this purpose, we perform Molecular Dynamics simulations at ambient temperature and selected pressures. The modeled structures of the various CL-20 polymorphs are consistent with experimental data. Focusing on the e-polymorph, we determine an equation of state which consolidates the general trend underpinned by most published results, and we confirm the increasing stiffness of the crystal under pressures up to 90 GPa. Moreover, we link some subtle pressure-induced changes of the elastic and structural properties to the flexibility and mobility of well-identified nitro groups. Finally, the simulations of the γ ↔ ζ phase transition suggest different multiple-step direct and reverse thermodynamic paths.
Polysubstance Use: A Broader Understanding of Substance Use During the Opioid Crisis

Objectives. To understand important changes in co-occurring opioid and nonopioid drug use (i.e., polysubstance use) within the opioid epidemic in the United States.Methods. We analyzed survey data ...
Impact of Engine Pressure-Temperature Trajectory on Autoignition for Varying Fuel Properties

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy's Co-Optimization of Engines and Fuels (Co-Optima) initiative is pursuing higher efficiency engines on the basis of fuel properties, and in particular, using fuels that enable multimode combustion strategies that include both boosted spark ignited (SI) and advanced compression ignition (ACI) operation. Despite the fact that autoignition plays a central role in both, a limiting factor in boosted SI and a requirement for ACI, conventional autoignition metrics do not adequately describe fuel behavior under these combustion modes: research octane number (RON), motor octane number (MON), and antiknock index (AKI). The octane index (OI), which is an emerging autoignition metric, has gained significant acceptance as a superior autoignition metric to describe fuel performance under engine operating conditions that are outside of the thermodynamic pressure-temperature (PT) constraints of RON and MON tests. However, there are questions about whether OI is adequate for the unconventional fuels being investigated and developed within the Co-Optima initiative. This experimental investigation studies the performance of 19 different fuels, including several with unconventional chemistries relative to petroleum-derived gasoline, across a range of PT trajectory conditions, including both boosted SI and ACI operating conditions. It is found that the fuels with unconventional chemistry perform in accordance with OI, while the largest deviations in performance can be attributed to high concentrations of aromatics and olefins, which are chemical families ubiquitous to petroleum-derived gasoline.
Underreporting of Dietary Intake: Key Issues for Weight Management Clinicians

Underreporting of dietary intake is common in obesity treatment programs. Accurate reporting through daily food diaries is essential for organizing and personalizing treatment. This review explores key concerns for clinicians, summarizes the state of research on causes of underreporting and ways to promote consistency and accuracy, and identifies areas of need for future research. Dietary underreporting is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and obesity is the most consistent correlate. The association with BMI may be mediated by factors like socioeconomic status, gender, and body image. People with obesity—particularly women—tend to underreport high energy foods and those considered socially undesirable. Underreporting may be due to conscious or unconscious processes and is also influenced by literacy issues and the features of reporting tools. Perceived social pressure plays a role in underreporting, as does inconvenience of reporting. Web- and smartphone-based reporting options offer alternatives to paper-based reporting, but are prone to the same underreporting issues and may not accurately capture energy and micronutrient content. Some evidence indicates frequency and consistency of reporting are more important for weight loss than accuracy. Dietary underreporting remains a major issue in weight management for obesity. The majority of studies are descriptive, identifying associations but not incorporating psychometric tests or qualitative methods like interviews or focus groups to explore underlying issues. Multidisciplinary research is needed to better understand why people underreport and inform strategies to improve quality and consistency of reporting and aid patients with obesity in adhering to dietary goals.
Tokenism in Criminology and Criminal Justice Departments: Problems and Solutions:

In this article, I argue that criminology and criminal justice programs exhibit racial “tokenism,” in that the majority of such programs employ no more than one Black tenured/tenure track professor...