cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shouting the People: Authorship and Audience in Copyright

In gospel music they say, “If you ain’t shouted the people, you ain’t done shit.” If someone in the audience doesn’t scream, dance, or faint, then the singer has failed. Shouting the people — how good someone is at making an audience react — is the essence of authorship. Authorship, at its core, is self-expression. Why do we express ourselves? We do it to elicit a reaction, even if it’s just from the audience within. Shouting the people is also the reason for copyright. If not for a hungry audience, law would have little reason to grant authors the right to control copying of their works. Without demand, why protect supply? This notion of audience as the reason for copyright has deep roots in the law’s origins. And courts have long looked to the “reasonable audience member” in disputes over infringement and fair use to help define the proper scope of copyright protection. But in 2000, in the case of Aalmuhammed v. Lee, the Ninth Circuit injected “audience appeal” into the test for deciding if a contributor to a work is one of its authors. Given that legal recognition as an author is (absent a contract, gift, or inheritance) the only way a person gets a copyright, courts following Lee have effectively begun using the audience to decide whether someone is entitled to a copyright at all. Offered little guidance by Lee, these courts have groped for a way to properly evaluate and use audience appeal in determining authorship. Legal scholars, moreover, have thus far paid scant attention. Despite this judicial confusion and dearth of commentary, the concept’s potential impact on copyright is far-reaching. In sum, using audience appeal to judge authorship injects uncertainty and manipulability into authorship’s definition, thereby increasing subjectivity in the courts, decreasing the incentive to innovate, and eroding creators’ deeply personal connections to their expression. In other words, shouting the people may be the essence of authorship, but the audience is fickle, and rights — including copyright — should be more stable.
The Revelatory Nature of COVID-19 Compassionate Release in an Age of Mass Incarceration, Crime Victim Rights, and Mental Health Reform

The crime victim rights movement and mass incarceration grew side-by-side in the United States, and in many ways they deal with similar questions about the purposes, benefits, and effectiveness of the criminal justice system. The COVID-19 worldwide pandemic in 2020 tested the value attributed to retribution, rehabilitation, and other criminal justice goals in sentencing and incarceration. Specifically, the First Step Act of 2018 enhanced discretionary compassionate release from prison due to illness and disability, requiring a post-sentencing balance of interests between perceived risks to the prisoner while in prison and risks to the public if release were granted. Early COVID-19 compassionate release decisions reveal that courts continue to base early release decisions primarily on an assessment of public safety risk from crime, not community impact, crime victim impact, or even prisoner health. In so doing, judges and prosecutors usurp and marginalize the role of the community and those most affected by crime.
Large Scale Science on NSF's Frontera System

In 2019 the National Science Foundation in the United States began operation of its Frontera supercomputer at the Texas Advanced Computing Center, debuting at number 5 on the TOP500 list. Unlike more general purpose supercomputers, Frontera was designed for the focused community of users doing computational science at the largest scale. This special issue features articles from Frontera's science users spanning the sciences from climate change to tornadoes and organic solar cells. We also include two computational science articles highlighting the tools and techniques that are needed to enable users running single jobs beyond 8,000 nodes.
BHLHE40 Regulates IL-10 and IFN-γ Production in T Cells but Does Not Interfere With Human Type 1 Regulatory T Cell Differentiation.

Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells are subset of peripherally induced antigen-specific regulatory T cells. IL-10 signaling has been shown to be indispensable for polarization and function of Tr1 cells. However, the transcriptional machinery underlying human Tr1 cell differentiation and function is not yet elucidated. To this end, we performed RNA sequencing on ex vivo human CD49b+LAG3+ Tr1 cells. We identified the transcription factor, BHLHE40, to be highly expressed in Tr1 cells. Even though Tr1 cells characteristically produce high levels of IL-10, we found that BHLHE40 represses IL-10 and increases IFN-γ secretion in naive CD4+ T cells. Through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout, we determined that IL10 significantly increased in the sgBHLHE40-edited cells and BHLHE40 is dispensable for naive CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Tr1 cells in vitro. Interestingly, BHLHE40 overexpression induces the surface expression of CD49b and LAG3, co-expressed surface molecules attributed to Tr1 cells, but promotes IFN-γ production. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism whereby BHLHE40 acts as a regulator of IL-10 and IFN-γ in human CD4+ T cells.
Microlearning in the Higher Education Hospitality Classroom

Due to ever-changing student engagement and shifting industry demands the classroom environment is being impacted. Though quality has always been at the heart of the university’s education mission,...
Flexible sigmoidoscopy may be sufficient for initial evaluation of suspected immunotherapy-mediated colitis: A cross-sectional study.

Background and aim Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promise in treating a variety of cancers. Their increased use coincides with increased incidence of immunotherapy-mediated colitis (IMC), a common adverse effect. Optimal strategy for endoscopic evaluation of IMC (full colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy) is not well-defined. Methods Retrospective review of all patients at City of Hope referred to gastroenterology for evaluation of IMC due to gastrointestinal symptoms was performed. Patients with an existing histologic diagnosis of IMC established at an outside hospital or a diagnosis of infectious or chronic colitis were excluded. Results We identified 51 symptomatic patients on ICIs prompting evaluation for IMC with colonoscopy (47/51) or flexible sigmoidoscopy (4/51). All distal rectosigmoid biopsies during flexible sigmoidoscopy demonstrated histologic evidence of IMC. In full colonoscopy, IMC was either present in all segments of colon simultaneously (35/47) or absent from all segments (12/47). No isolated proximal colonic biopsies demonstrated IMC. Endoscopically normal mucosa demonstrated histologic evidence of IMC up to 68.6% of the time. Endoscopically abnormal right, transverse, and left colon had low sensitivity (35.3%, 34.3%, and 41.7% respectively) and high specificity (100.0%, 100.0%, and 91.7% respectively) for histological presence of IMC. Conclusions Distal colon biopsies in patients on ICI therapy with diarrhea and suspected IMC were sufficient for diagnosing IMC in our cohort. Further, we found histologic evidence of IMC in biopsies taken from normal-appearing mucosa in a number of patients, suggesting that a normal endoscopic appearance does not preclude the presence of IMC and biopsies should be taken from both normal and abnormal-appearing mucosa.
Combustion of Methanol in an Automotive Gas Turbine

Analytical and experimental studies were carried out to assess the effects of methanol as fuel for the GT-225 experimental passenger-car gas-turbine engine. The thermodynamic analyses indicated that the engine performance with methanol would not be changed significantly from that observed with kerosene. After the engine fuel handling system was suitably modified for methanol, dynamometer engine testing confirmed that the engine performed as well on methanol as on kerosene. Using a conventional diffusion flame combustor, oxides of nitrogen emissions were reduced by about 70% for all conditions. Carbon monoxide emissions were reduced by about 25% over the normal engine operating range, but were increased by up to 165% at high engine loads when using methanol. The emissions of hydrocarbons and aldehydes were low for both fuels, but methanol operation produced somewhat more of both. Tests of the engine installed in a chassis rig in the chassis dynamometer and operated on the 1975 Federal Test Procedure Emission Schedule and Highway Fuel Economy Schedule confirmed that the energy consumption of the vehicle operating on methanol was about the same as with kerosene. At low mileage, the vehicle easily passed the 1978 Federal emission standards for HC and CO (0.25 g/km and 2.1 g/km) with either fuel, and also passed the 1977 California standard for NOx (0.93 g/km) with methanol. No attempt was made to determine emission deterioration factors. The driveability with methanol was at least as good as with kerosene.
Abstract 14884: Patients with Renal Impairment Derive Long-Term Benefit from Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Results from the MADIT-CRT Long-Term Follow-Up

Background: Whether patients with renal impairment experience benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy plus an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (CRT-ICD) during long-term follow-up is unknown. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that baseline renal function affects long-term risk of all-cause mortality and heart-failure events (HFEs) as well as benefit derived from CRT-ICD. Methods: We evaluated the impact of renal function in 1274 patients with mild heart failure and left-bundle branch block enrolled in MADIT-CRT. Patients with BUN>70 mg/dl or creatinine>3.0 mg/dl were excluded from the trial. Two subgroups were created based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR): GFR Results: There were 413 patients with baseline GFR Conclusion: In conclusion, in mild heart failure patients, moderate renal dysfunction is associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality and HFEs relative to mildly impaired-to-normal renal function. While patients in both groups derive long-term benefit from CRT-ICD with similar relative reductions in all-cause mortality and HFEs, the greater absolute benefit occurs in patients with moderate renal disease.
An Information Exploration and Visualization Approach for Direct Manipulation of Databases

This research argues that providing a graphical visualization of the databases, queries, and search results will empower users with the complex task of information exploration. To provide and enhance graphical visualization, a new widget called dynamic slider (multiple attributes presentation slider) is introduced. The dynamic slider enables the user to present multiple value ranges rather than a single or anchored value to minimum or maximum points. The Preliminary results of the pilot studies so far are very encouraging, and users' feedback has been positive.
Debating Somali Identity in a British Tribunal: The Case of the BBC Somali Service

Some scholarly works and policy writings have conflated the old notion of cultural identity with the more recent politicization of ethnicity. One of the best cases where cultural traditions have been confounded with political dispositions is Somalia. The country that was once considered Africa's nation-state par excellence is now dubbed a society deeply divided along clan lines. Genealogy is said to determine any Somali's political orientation. Political ethnicity appears triumphant in Somalia, as a coalition of warlords and donors have agreed to restructure the country into a federation of clans. This essay challenges this stream of thought and practice by arguing that blood alone has not been the only factor defining Somali identity. Instead, language, religion, custom, genealogy, and mode of livelihood mutually constitute identity. The article reports on a British court case that considered the nature of Somali identity. Advocates of political ethnicity argued that a Somali's political outlook is deter...
Extreme Model Checking

One of the central axioms of extreme programming is the disciplined use of regression testing during stepwise software development. Due to recent progress in software model checking, it has become possible to supplement this process with automatic checks for behavioral safety properties of programs, such as conformance with locking idioms and other programming protocols and patterns. For efficiency reasons, all checks must be incremental, i. e., they must reuse partial results from previous checks in order to avoid all unnecessary repetition of expensive verification tasks. We show that the lazy-abstraction algorithm, and its implementation in Blast, can be extended to support the fully automatic and incremental checking of temporal safety properties during software development.
Acute Kidney Injury in the Surgical Patient

Perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common, morbid, and costly surgical complication. Current efforts to understand and manage AKI in surgical patients focus on prevention, mitigation of further injury when AKI has occurred, treatment of associated conditions, and facilitation of renal recovery. Lesser severity AKI is now understood to be much more common, and more morbid, than was previously thought. The ability to detect AKI within hours of onset would be helpful in protecting the kidney and in preserving renal function, and several imaging and biomarker modalities are currently being evaluated.
Specific inhibitors of ammonia oxidation in Nitrosomonas.

The following compounds or treatments have been shown to inhibit the oxidation of ammonia, but not the oxidation of hydroxylamine in cells of Nitrosomonas: (i) metal-binding agents such as allylthiourea or potassium cyanide; (ii) compounds such as SKF 525 which interact with cytochrome P-450 of mammalian microsomes; (iii) carbon monoxide; (iv) inhibitors of catalase, peroxidase, and amine oxidases such as thiosemicarbazide, ethylxanthate, and iproniazid, respectively; (v) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation such as m-chlorocarbonylcyanidephenylhydrazone; (vi) electron acceptors such as phenazine methosulfate; (vii) compounds such as methanol or N2O which react with free radicals; and (viii) illumination with 420 lux (5,000 foot candles) of light.
Nación, coleccionismo y tecnologías visuales en el viaje a Veracruz de Manuel Payno

Se estudia aqui la cronica “Un viaje a Veracruz en el invierno de1843” (1844) de Manuel Payno en el contexto de una creciente inestabilidadpolitica por las disputas territoriales con Estados Unidos, pero sobre todo enel contexto de la emergencia de una cultura visual que promovia no solo la reproduccionde imagenes (litografias, dioramas, panoramas, cosmoramas), sinotambien de las instituciones dedicadas a su exhibicion (revistas, museos, exposicionesuniversales). Examino la manera en que la cronica recurre a ciertas metaforascentrales en el siglo xix, provenientes de las tecnologias opticas, el museoy el coleccionismo, para proponerse como un repositorio de imagenes en tornoa las cuales se quiere organizar el proyecto nacional.
Survival of Salmonellae During Pepperoni Manufacture

Survival of salmonellae in artificially contaminated beef-pork mixtures (approximately 104 salmonellae/g) was studied in pepperoni prepared by either a natural flora or lactic starter culture fermentation or in nonfermented sausages. The pepperoni did not become salmonellae free during the usual commercial 15 to 30-day drying period. Salmonella dublin was present in all products, fermented or unfermented, after 42 to 43 days of drying. At a lower level of contamination, 103/g, S. dublin could not be recovered from started culture fermented pepperoni after 14 days of drying but persisted in the natural florafermented sausage. S. typhimurium (initial count, 104/g) was absent after 42 days of drying when starter culture was used to ferment the pepperoni, but was still present in the natural flora-fermented and unfermented products. S. dublin, host adapted to cattle, or S. choleraesuis, host adapted to swine, had similar survival patterns in beef, pork, or beef-pork pepperoni. Heating salmonellaecontaminated beef-pork pepperoni (after fermentation but before drying) to an internal temperature of 60 C (trichinae inactivating) eliminated the food-borne pathogen from the sausage product.
Groups and Plane Geometry

We show that the first-order theory of a large class of plane geometries and the first-order theory of their groups of motions, understood both as groups with a unary predicate singling out line-reflections, and as groups acting on sets, are mutually inter-pretable.
The clinical value of direct magnification radiography in orthopedics

Over 700 macroradiographic examinations have been carried out using a microfocus tube with a stationary anode and a tungsten target. Several of these patients were under the direct care of the orthopedic service and the value of magnification both to the orthopedic surgeon and radiologist is discussed. It's value in trauma, tumors, infections, and in arthrography are discussed with illustrations. Erosive arthropathies, metabolic bone disease, and other osseous problems are not discussed although experience indicates that magnification has a very significant role to play in all of these entities. No technical problems have been encountered with endurance and quality of the microfocus tube. Technologic ease, any desired screen film combination and automatic processing all make direct magnification radiography a very practical and valuable complementary tool. Short exposure time is reflected by the high resolution obtained in pediatric patients.
Factors Influencing Indoor Air Quality, Immunity and Health

AbstractThe recent conference on Indoor Air Quality, Immunity and Health (June 1995) held at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, and cosponsored by the Cornell University Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, the Cornell Center for the Environment, and North Carolina State University provided an opportunity to examine a significant societal inhalation toxicology issue with appropriate scientific expertise from across the relevant disciplines. The program, which brought together leading national scientists as well as policy formulators, also included important policy perspectives for the discussion of scientific data application. This conference review by the organizing committee provides an overview of the proceedings and serves to introduce the following abstracts contributed by the presenters.
Contraception, attitude-practice, and fertility differentials among US Hispanic, African–American and white women

Hispanic fertility (primarily among nationals from Mexico, Central and South America in the US) is higher today than it is in Mexico and the other nations of origin (Frank and Heuveline 2005). It persists into the second and third generations, with only moderate signs of declining to replacement. Meanwhile, the fertility rates of African–Americans, American Indians Cubans, and Puerto Ricans have all declined to replacement, only slightly above the non-Hispanic white population. This study attempts to clarify the question why African–American fertility has declined to replacement, but Hispanic fertility has not. The data used are from Cycle 6 of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) of 2002. Differences in physiological or marital-status factors are found not to explain these fertility differences; however, there are significant differences in the practice of contraception during early childbearing years. Slightly less effective methods if contraception is used, and less recourse to abortion if a pregnancy is undesired, all imply higher fertility for Hispanic women. Underlying contraceptive behaviour are sets of attitudes and motives that favour, permit, or seek childbearing. A much higher percentage of Hispanic than African–American women report that they wanted their last birth and intend to have another in the future. Hispanic women of all socio-economic statuses are considerably more pronatal in their attitudes, particularly with respect to the births of first and second children.
Modeling the Brownian relaxation of nanoparticle ferrofluids: Comparison with experiment

We obtain good agreement between the calculated and measured ratio of harmonics only when the model includes nanoparticles which have a distribution in the hydrodynamic diameter - that is polydisperse. We are unable to find good agreement if the diameter of the nanoparticles is constrained to only one value - that is monodisperse. In Fig. 1 we plot the measured [3] ratios of 5th/3rd harmonics of the magnetization for samples using “100 nm” iron oxide particles (top plot) and “40 nm” iron oxide particles (bottom plot). The measurements were collected with the nanoparticles in ferrofluid solutions with a range of water/glycerol ratios corresponding to different viscosities (and therefore different Brownian relaxation times.) As described in [3] the data are plotted as a function of ωτB. Also shown in Fig. 1 are the calculations of the ratios of 5th/3rd harmonics assuming both monodisperse and polydisperse ferrofluids. Details of the calculations and parameters used in the models can be found in [5].
Social Anxiety and Aggression in Behaviorally Disordered Children.

Thirty‐nine boys (M = 10 years) attending classes for the behaviorally disturbed were given questionnaires on trait anxiety, social anxiety, empathy, depression and self esteem, and teachers rated them on aggression to test the hypothesis that anxiety and empathy attenuate aggression. Contrary to the hypothesis, anxiety and empathy scores were not correlated with aggression. However, scores on all of these measures were higher than those for normative samples suggesting that this sample had a limited range. A second important finding was that social anxiety was positively correlated with trait anxiety and depression, lending discriminant and concurrent validity, respectively, for the use of a relatively new Social Anxiety Scale with behaviorally disturbed children.
Taking of Rights for Natural Resource Conservation: A Discussion About Compensation

Protected areas are the defined spaces where human societies seek to ensure the persistence of those parts of nature that they value. As such, they have changed through time, evolving and expanding from early origins where local resource users sought to prevent outsider access and use, to imperial hunting reserves and sacred forests where local elites metered use of natural resources by nonelites, through the Yellowstone parks for “all” people model, to more recent sustainable use reserves and cultural landscapes. Different categories of protected areas provide different balance points between biodiversity conservation and human use, all require that norms are established and enforced to control access to and meter use of natural resources, and each offers both opportunities and constraints on the active involvement of local people in resource management.
A 100 watt TWT power conditioning system

The transponder high voltage power supply for the Japanese Broadcast Satellite for Experimental Purpose (BSE) will be described. The power supply provides the appropriate voltages and currents required by a high power multi-stage depressed collector Traveling Wave Tube (TWT) with one hundred watts of RF output. The system requirements will be presented with a description of the selected design approach; the primary high voltage power circuits; high voltage component selection; high voltage packaging concept; grounding and isolation criteria; and performance characteristics including fault protection, efficiency, weight, and prototype test data.
Words for the Wordless

I first heard the poem “Morning Song” from the pulpit of my synagogue, woven into my rabbi’s weekly message. The words, spoken in a hush, felt sacred and I distinctly sensed that this was not only about hearing them within a holy sanctuary. I too was struck, to echo Brown’s poignant verse, “by what becomes holy”—the comforting routines of life and love, the haunting, unexplained realities. This reached, for me, an emotional space and truth. “One of the mysteries of poetry,” Brown observed, “is the very unique and sacred communion which occurs between a reader and a poem that is (happily) completely independent and out of the hands of the poet.” “Morning Song” had entered my world, conveying messages that I hope may be of value to the medical students I teach. We enter this poem with the repetition of “here,” summoning presence in the here and now. Within soft hues of blue and white, the reader is absorbed in ritual and finds comfort in the familiar, predictable and orderly. Sensually alive in the moment, “on wet blades,” the nurturer attends to the fragile birds, compassionately nourishing the tiny ones with thistle seed before nourishing the self. Published online March 26, 2011 JGIM
Real-Time PCR for Chlamydia pneumoniae Utilizing the Roche Lightcycler and a 16S rRNA Gene Target

Chlamydia pneumoniae (CPN) causes pneumonia in humans, and has emerged as an important respiratory pathogen. There are also established links between CPN infection and coronary artery disease. Traditional culture methods for CPN detection can be time consuming and difficult. There are a variety of molecular-based amplification methods for CPN detection. These methods are more sensitive than culture, but have the disadvantage of being inconsistent and non-comparable across studies. In this paper, we describe the adaptation of the existing primer set CPN 90/CPN91 for use in a real-time PCR assay using the Roche Lightcycler and a Taqman probe. This assay had an analytical sensitivity of between 4 and 0.4 infection-forming units (IFUs)/PCR reaction. A total of 355 samples were tested for validation of the assay. Tested samples included two standardized panels of blinded samples from culture (N = 70), archived specimens consisting of a CPN dilution series, CPN-spiked porcine aortal tissue and endarterectomy specimens (N = 87). The third group consisted of prospectively collected PBMCs from clinical samples (N = 198). Results were compared to nested PCR, which targets the ompA gene of CPN; TETR PCR, which targets the 16S rRNA gene of CPN; or the known result for the sample. Overall, the assay had a sensitivity of 88.5% (69 of 78) and a specificity of 99.3% (275 of 277). This method should prove useful for accurate, high throughput detection of CPN.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Confocal Microscopy Studies of Magnetically Labeled Endothelial Progenitor Cells Trafficking to Sites of Tumor Angiogenesis

AC133 cells, a subpopulation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, can transform into endothelial cells that may integrate into the neovasculature of tumors or ischemic tissue. Most current imaging modalities do not allow monitoring of early migration and incorporation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) into tumor neovasculature. The goals of this study were to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to track the migration and incorporation of intravenously injected, magnetically labeled EPCs into the blood vessels in a rapidly growing flank tumor model and to determine whether the pattern of EPC incorporation is related to the time of injection or tumor size. Materials and Methods: EPCs labeled with ferumoxide–protamine sulfate (FePro) complexes were injected into mice bearing xenografted glioma, and MRI was obtained at different stages of tumor development and size. Results: Migration and incorporation of labeled EPCs into tumor neovasculature were detected as low signal intensity on MRI at the tumor periphery as early as 3 days after EPC administration in preformed tumors. However, low signal intensities were not observed in tumors implanted at the time of EPC administration until tumor size reached 1 cm at 12 to 14 days. Prussian blue staining showed iron-positive cells at the sites corresponding to low signal intensity on MRI. Confocal microcopy showed incorporation into the neovasculature, and immunohistochemistry clearly demonstrated the transformation of the administered EPCs into endothelial cells. Conclusion: MRI demonstrated the incorporation of FePro-labeled human CD34+/AC133+ EPCs into the neovasculature of implanted flank tumors.
Determinants of central nervous system adult neurogenesis are sex, hormones, mouse strain, age, and brain region.

Multiple sclerosis is a sexually dimorphic (SD) disease that causes oligodendrocyte death, but SD of glial cells is poorly studied. Here, we analyze SD of neural progenitors in 6–8 weeks and 6–8 months normal C57BL/6, SJL/J, and BALB/c mice in the subventricular zone (SVZ), dorsolateral horn (DLC), corpus callosum (CC), and parenchyma. With a short 2-h bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse, no gender and strain differences are present at 6–8 weeks. At 6–8 months, the number of BrdU+ cells decreases twofold in each sex, strain, and region, indicating that a common aging mechanism regulates BrdU incorporation. Strikingly, 2× more BrdU+ cells are found in all brain regions in 6–8 months C57BL/6 females versus males, no gender differences in 6–8 months SJL/J, and fewer BrdU+ cells in females versus males in BALB/cs. The number of BrdU+ cells modestly fluctuates throughout the estrous cycle in C57BL/6 and SJLs. Castration causes a dramatic increase in BrdU+ cells in SVZ and DLC. These findings indicate that testosterone is a major regulator of adult neural proliferation. At 6–8 months, the ratio of PDGFRα+ cells in the CC to BrdU+ cells in the DLC of both strains, sexes, estrous cycle, and castrated mice was essentially the same, suggesting that BrdU+ cells in the DLC differentiate into CC oligodendrocytes. The ratio of TUNEL+ to BrdU+ cells does not match proliferation, indicating that these events are differentially regulated. Differential regulation of these two processes leads to the variation in glial numbers between gender and strain. Explanations of neural proliferation based upon data from one sex or strain may be very misleading. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HIV-1 Nef Association with Cellular Serine Kinase Correlates with Enhanced Virion Infectivity and Efficient Proviral DNA Synthesis

Abstract We previously reported on the association of Nef with a cellular serine kinase (E. T. Sawai et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 1539–1543, 1994). In the present study, we further define the Nef sequence requirements for this kinase association and investigate the effect of this kinase association on functions of HIV-1 Nef. We observe that, in addition to the membrane targeting signal and the conserved arg–arg residues within the core region, mutations in the proline-rich domain of Nef also affect its ability to associate with the serine kinase activity. The region encompassing the arg–arg residues of Nef is shown to be important for Nef-mediated cell-surface CD4 down-modulation as well as enhancement of viral growth properties. This is similar to what has previously been observed for the membrane targeting site at the N-terminus of Nef. In contrast, the proline-rich region of Nef is found to be involved in mediating efficient proviral DNA synthesis and the enhanced virion-infectivity function, but is not necessary for CD4 down-modulation by Nef. Thus, it appears that serine kinase association of Nef is necessary for efficient proviral DNA synthesis and for promotion of virion infectivity of Nef + viruses, but is dispensable for down-regulation of the CD4 receptor by Nef. These findings define three functional domains of Nef that are required for its interaction with the serine kinase activity and suggest that the cellular interaction events via the myristoylation and arg–arg regions of Nef lie upstream of the interaction event via the proline-rich domain.
The prognostic contribution of clinical breast cancer subtype, age, and race among patients with breast cancer brain metastases.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastases (BM) arising from triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) portend a poor prognosis. TNBC is more common in premenopausal and African-American (AA) patients; both of these characteristics also confer a poor prognosis. In a single-institution cohort study, the authors attempted to determine whether the inferior outcome noted with TNBC brain metastases is more reflective of a higher risk population or the subtype itself. METHODS: The University of North Carolina Breast Cancer Database identified patients with BC brain metastases who were diagnosed between 1988 and 2008. BC subtype was assigned by immunohistochemistry: hormone receptor (HR) positive (+);(HR, estrogen receptor [ER]+ and/or progesterone receptor [PR]+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative (-), HR+/HER2+, HR-/HER2+, and TN (ER-/PR-/HER2-). Survival and disease recurrence patterns were evaluated by subtype, patient age (<40 years vs ≥40 years), and race (AA vs non-AA) using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 119 patients with BC brain metastases, 33% were AA and 31% were aged .1). The receipt of systemic therapy after BC brain metastases was found to be an important predictor of survival after BC brain metastases (hazard ratio, 0.29; P = .002) when adjusted for race, age, number of central nervous system lesions, and BC subtype. CONCLUSIONS: TNBC confers a high risk of death after brain metastases regardless of patient race and age, supporting the need for novel agents capable of controlling both intracranial and extracranial TNBC across all races and ages. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Resistance and localization in thin films and wires

Abstract The zero temperature resistance of a container gives a measure of the degree of localization of the electrons within the container. At very low temperatures hopping between localized states occurs, but at higher temperatures electrons may diffuse as if they were in a metal until their motion is limited by their localization. A recent scaling theory of conductance suggests that conductance is a smoothly varying function of a length scale that is set by the distance an electron travels before it suffers inelastic scattering by a phonon. In this theory all states are localized in one and two dimensions, and there is no minimum metallic conductivity in three dimensions. There is other evidence that all states are localized in two dimensions. Recent experiments on low temperature conduction in thin wires and thin films are discussed. The question of whether which are supposed to demonstrate a minimum metallic conductivity at the mobility edge must be faced.
The management of software engineering: part ii: software engineering program

Software engineering may be defined as the systematic design and development of software products and the management of the software process. Software engineering has as one of its primary objectives the production of programs that meet specifications, and are demonstrably accurate, produced on time, and within budget. This paper in five parts discusses the principles and practices used by the IBM Federal Systems Division for the design, development, and management of software. Part II, on the software engineering program, deals with the architecture of the new discipline. Discussed is the underlying concept of the software development life cycle. Based upon this foundation are a series of formally documented practices that set forth the specifics of software design, development, and management methods, which are presented in this paper. Also presented is an educational program whereby this discipline with its principles and practices has been made teachable.
Design of Amplified Structural Damping Using Optimal Considerations

A method is suggested to reduce the structural seismic response using viscous dampers with their effect magnified with mechanical levers (lever arms). The lever arms are used to magnify the drift and the drift velocities transferred from the structure to the dampers thus producing larger energy dissipation in smaller devices. The increase of energy dissipation in each unit results in a reduction of the number of units necessary to achieve the same reduction in structural response, or it results in a reduction of the size of dampers required for the same purpose. The use of the proposed technique permits one to reduce the number of frame bays obstructed by diagonal or Chevron bracing elements. An optimal design procedure, based on the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) technique, is proposed in this study to obtain the initial properties of the viscous dampers. The study presents the amplification and the contribution of the construction details to such amplification. A seven-story structure model with the proposed system was simulated numerically in order to check the damping efficiency. The numerical example shows that using the lever arms for dampers’ connection, it yields significant reduction in the structural response, very close to that designed according to the LQR strategy.
Legacy for Children TM : a pair of randomized controlled trials of a public health model to improve developmental outcomes among children in poverty

One in five Americans under age 18 lives in a family below the Federal poverty threshold. These more than 15 million children are at increased risk of a wide variety of adverse long-term health and developmental outcomes. The early years of life are critical to short- and long-term health and well-being. The Legacy for Children TM model was developed in response to this need and marries the perspectives of epidemiology and public health to developmental psychology theory in order to better address the needs of children at environmental risk for poor developmental outcomes. The Legacy for Children TM group-based parenting intervention model was evaluated as a pair of randomized controlled trials among low-income families in Miami and Los Angeles. The study was designed to allow for site-stratified analysis in order to evaluate each model implementation separately. Evaluation domains include comprehensive assessments of family, maternal, and child characteristics, process outcomes, and prospective programmatic cost. Data collection began prenatally or at birth and continues into school-age. The societal costs of poor developmental outcomes are substantial. A concerted effort from multiple sectors and disciplines, including public health, is necessary to address these societal concerns. Legacy uses a public health model to engage parents and promote overall child well-being in families in poverty through rigorous evaluation methodologies and evidence-based intervention strategies. This study collects rich and modular information on maternal and child outcomes, process, and cost that will enable a detailed understanding of how Legacy works, how it can be refined and improved, and how it can be translated and disseminated. Taken together, these results will inform public policy and help to address issues of health disparities among at-risk populations. NCT00164697
Experimental and Numerical Study of Single Bubble Dynamics on a Hydrophobic Surface

The growth and departure of single bubbles on two surfaces with very different wettability is studied using high-speed video microscopy and numerical simulation. Isolated artificial cavities of approximately 10μm diameter are microfabricated on a bare and a Teflon-coated silicon substrate to serve as nucleation sites. The bubble departure diameter is observed to be almost three times larger and the growth period almost 60 times longer for the hydrophobic surface than for the hydrophilic surface. The waiting period is practically zero for the hydrophobic surface because a small residual bubble nucleus is left behind on the cavity from the previous ebullition cycle. The experimental results are consistent with our numerical simulations. Bubble nucleation occurs on nominally smooth hydrophobic regions with root mean square roughness (Rq ) less than 1 nm even at superheat as small as 3 °C. Liquid subcooling significantly affects bubble growth on the hydrophobic surface due to increased bubble surface area. Fundamental understanding of bubble dynamics on heated hydrophobic surfaces will help to develop chemically patterned surfaces with enhanced boiling heat transfer and novel phase-change based micro-actuators and energy harvesters.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
T wave inversions in leads with ST elevations in patients with acute anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction is associated with patency of the infarct related artery

Abstract Objectives Following reperfusion therapy, early T wave inversions (TWI) have been shown to be a marker of successful reperfusion. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of TWI on the presenting ECG with spontaneous reperfusion as assessed by coronary angiography in patients with ST elevation (STE) myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods Data of 146 consecutive patients presenting to the St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital Emergency Department with acute STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI) between January, 2007 and October, 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical data, ECG and angiographic data were reviewed. Patients were dichotomized based on T wave morphology on the presenting ECG into 2 groups – those with TWI and those with positive T waves (PTW). Results Thirty-one patients (21.2%) had TWI, while 115 (78.8%) had PTW. Sixty-four (43.8%) patients had anterior STE and 75 (51.3%) had inferior STE. Anterior STE was more likely to have TWI than non-anterior (29.7% vs. 14.6; p = 0.014). By angiography, infarct related artery (IRA) patency (TIMI 2–3 flow) was seen in 45 (30.8%). TWI was more likely to be associated with IRA patency compared to PTW (51.6% vs. 25.2%; p = 0.008). In patients with anterior STEMI and TWI, patent IRA was seen more frequently compared to those with PTW (68.4% vs. 20%; p Conclusions In anterior STEMI patients, TWI on the presenting ECG is associated with spontaneous reperfusion. This relationship was not found among patients with non-anterior STEMI.
Dynamics of the Extratropical Response to a Tropical Atlantic SST Anomaly

Abstract Previous atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments revealed that atmospheric responses to a tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) were asymmetric with respect to the sign of the SSTA. A positive SSTA produced a south–north dipole in geopotential heights, much like the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), while a negative SSTA yielded an eastward-propagating wave train, with the northern lobe of the NAO absent. Here these height responses are decomposed into components that are symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to the sign of the SSTA. The symmetric, or notionally linear, component is a nearly south–north dipole projecting on the NAO, while the antisymmetric, or notionally nonlinear, component is a different dipole. Experiments with a diagnostic linear baroclinic model (LBM) suggest that both components are maintained primarily by transient-eddy forcing. Dynamical mechanisms for the formation of the two components are explored using the LBM and a nonlinear baro...
The Right to Privacy

The question that I address in this paper is whether there is a right to privacy. It is not the question whether in the United States there is a legal right to privacy or, more particularly, a constitutional right to privacy. There are any number of ordinary legal rights and specific constitutional rights that might be so described, and the U.S. Supreme Court has referred also to a generic “right to privacy” that is implicit in the U.S. Constitution. Nor is the question that I address whether persons have a moral claim to privacy that others ought to respect. I assume that in many circumstances, respecting a person's claim to privacy is productive of the good and, if so, that the claim ought to be respected. Rather, my question is whether persons have a right to privacy not dependent on positive law, such that it ought ordinarily to be respected without regard to the consequences, good or bad, simply because it is right.
Dielectric elastomer actuators for active microfluidic control

Dielectric elastomers with low modulus and large actuation strain have been investigated for applications in which they serve as “active” microfluidic channel walls. Anisotropically prestrained acrylic elastomer membranes are bonded to cover open trenches formed on a silicone elastomer substrate. Actuation of the elastomer membranes increases the cross-sectional area of the resulting channels, in turn controlling hydraulic flow rate and pressure. Bias voltage increases the active area of the membranes, allowing intrachannel pressure to alter channel geometry. The channels have also demonstrated the ability to actively clear a blockage. Applications may include adaptive microfilters, micro-peristaltic pumps, and reduced-complexity lab-on-a-chip devices.
Density fluctuation spectrum in whistler turbulence

Abstract We develop a nonlinear two-dimensional fluid model of whistler turbulence that includes effect of electron fluid density perturbations. The latter is coupled nonlinearly with wave magnetic field. This coupling leads essentially to finite compressibility effects in whistler turbulence model. We find from our simulations that despite strong compressibility effects, the density fluctuations follow the evolution of the wave magnetic field fluctuations. In a characteristic regime where large scale whistlers are predominant, the coupled density fluctuations are found to follow a Kolmogorov-like phenomenology in the inertial range turbulence. Consequently, the turbulent energy is dominated by the large scale (compared to electron inertial length) eddies and it follows a Kolmogorov-like k − 7 / 3 spectrum, where k is a characteristic wavenumber.
The effects of weather, household assets, and safety-net programs on household food security in Ethiopia using rural household panel data

This study explores whether household assets, safety-net programs, or weather influence household food security over time. Based on literature review, Ethiopia became the focus of this study, as its population is vulnerable to weather fluctuations for its livelihoods and food security. To carry out this study, longitudinal panel data from the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey were used. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to assess the influence of these variables at the household, village, and regional levels over time. Results indicate that household location and its geographic setting, which correlate with amount of rainfall received, are the most important predictors of household food-security status. Time was another important predictor of food security, demonstrating a secular linear trend toward worse food-security status over time. Households that have irrigation demonstrated increased food security where there was also sufficient rainfall. According to the results of this study, social safety-net programs such as free-food distribution did not have an impact on food-security status. The results of this study point to a secular trend that food security in rural Ethiopia may be decreasing with time and that current safety-net programs and household assets may not be sufficient to prevent the decline. In sum, this study raises additional questions for future research.
Effects of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on the phosphorus metabolism of lymphoid tissue.

The subcutaneous injection of a single dose of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in mice of the CBA strain produced a series of histological changes in lymphoid tissues characterized by three phases: degenerative, repair, and recovery (Dougherty and White, 1945). The degenerative phase was apparent in one hour and persisted for a six hour period. This phase was characterized by pycnosis of medium sized and small lymphocytes, shedding of cytoplasm of lymphocytes, decreased number of lymphocytes, marked edema, and cessation of mitosis. The repair phase which began at six hours following hormone injection included phagocytosis of nuclear debris and deposition of basophilic material in the cytoplasm of reticular cells. The recovery changes started at approximately nine hours after ACTH administration and were characterized by mitoses in the remaining lymphocytes of lymphoid tissue, maturation of reticular lymphocytes and differentiation of reticular lymphocytes from reticular cells. Within 24 hours after AC...