cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Susceptibility and EPR Studies of Reduced Titanium Phosphate Glass

The magnetic properties of Ti3+ in glass has not been extensively investigated. There has been little reported research on the magnetic properties of glasses high in Ti3+ ions. Most papers report on glasses in which the Ti3+ ions are induced by irradation, produced by preparing the glass under a reducing atmosphere, or due to the slight reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ at the melt temperature. Arafa and Bishay [1] were among the first to study the nature of radiation induced Ti3+ ions in borate glass using EPR techniques. Kim and Bray [2] also reported on gamma-irradated alkali titanate glasses. EPR studies of Ti3+ ions in silicate and phosphate glasses have been reported by Yafaev and Yablokov [3]. Ti3+ was induced in these glasses by melting the batch materials in a strongly reducing atmosphere.
Generalized Predictive Control of Dynamic Systems with Rigid-Body Modes

Numerical simulations to assess the effectiveness of Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) for active control of dynamic systems having rigid-body modes are presented. GPC is a linear, time-invariant, multi-input/multi-output predictive control method that uses an ARX model to characterize the system and to design the controller. Although the method can accommodate both embedded (implicit) and explicit feedforward paths for incorporation of disturbance effects, only the case of embedded feedforward in which the disturbances are assumed to be unknown is considered here. Results from numerical simulations using mathematical models of both a free-free three-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-dashpot system and the XV-15 tiltrotor research aircraft are presented. In regulation mode operation, which calls for zero system response in the presence of disturbances, the simulations showed reductions of nearly 100%. In tracking mode operations, where the system is commanded to follow a specified path, the GPC controllers produced the desired responses, even in the presence of disturbances.
Neurotransmitter and Growth Factor Alterations in Functional Deficits and Recovery Following Traumatic Brain Injury

It is well established that traumatic brain injury (TBI), regardless of level of severity, may result in significant disability due to its attendant neurobehavioral deficits. Neuropsychological studies of outcome following TBI have indicated that the most enduring deficits include impaired learning and memory (Parker et al., 1976; Levin et al., 1979). Impairment in memory specifically involves reduced ability to learn new information, which is greater following severe TBI, although it is present even after mild TBI (Levin et al., 1987). This chapter will cover recent developments in the roles of neurotransmitter and growth factor alterations in long-term functional deficits and recovery following TBI. The neurotransmitter section will focus on the cholinergic, catecholaminergic, and serotonergic systems as prototypic neurotransmitter systems for memory and frontal lobe function. Neuronal survival and/or regeneration may be influenced by changes in growth factors following TBI. Therefore, this chapter will also review studies of growth factor responses to TBI and the therapeutic efficacy of exogeneously administered growth factors.
A discrete chromatin loop in the mouse Tcra - Tcrd locus shapes the TCRδ and TCRα repertoires

The locus encoding the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) α-chain and δ-chain (Tcra-Tcrd) undergoes recombination of its variable-diversity-joining (V(D)J) segments in CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative thymocytes and CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes to generate diverse TCRδ repertoires and TCRα repertoires, respectively. Here we identified a chromatin-interaction network in the Tcra-Tcrd locus in double-negative thymocytes that was formed by interactions between binding elements for the transcription factor CTCF. Disruption of a discrete chromatin loop encompassing the D, J and constant (C) segments of Tcrd allowed a single V segment to frequently contact and rearrange to D and J segments and dominate the adult TCRδ repertoire. Disruption of this loop also narrowed the TCRα repertoire, which, we believe, followed as a consequence of the restricted TCRδ repertoire. Hence, a single CTCF-mediated chromatin loop directly regulated TCRδ diversity and indirectly regulated TCRα diversity.
On asymptotic eigenstructure design for LQR with amplitude constraint

In many circumstances, especially for structure systems, it is important to bound the oscillation amplitude. For a system subject to external disturbances, when the oscillation amplitude is small and well below the tolerance limit of the system, an ordinary controller with small control effort might be adequate for the purpose of stabilization or adding additional damping. However, in some extreme situations, the oscillation amplitude may approach the limit of system tolerance. Then, more powerful control effort must be applied to the system to guarantee that the oscillation amplitude is below a prescribed limit. There are many works on vibration control with amplitude constraints against external disturbances. Chuang and Wang (1992) proposed a two-stage LQR control scheme for the control of oscillation amplitude and the scheme has been further studied for more general MIMO cases. When the amplitude is below a prescribed threshold, a low-gain LQR is used. When the amplitude is crossing the threshold, a high-gain LQR is activated to make the oscillation amplitude below system tolerance limit. The asymptotic eigenstructure of the closed-loop system determines uniquely linear quadratic optimal control, and then can be used to design the two-stage LQR controller. In this paper, an optimization procedure is proposed for the design of the asymptotic eigenstructure of the closed-loop system such that the two-stage LQR controller is more efficient and less conservative.
Micellar effect on the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide

Abstract Photolysis experiments were performed to quantify the effect of three anionic surfactants on the photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) at the ambient laboratory temperature of 22±1°C. H 2 O 2 photolysis in water, methanol, and surfactant monomeric solution was also conducted to compare the photochemical reactivity of H 2 O 2 in different media. Photolysis rates were highest for water, followed by micellar solutions, and lowest for methanol. The results show that the photochemical reactivity of H 2 O 2 is less favorable in organic solvent than in water and surfactant micelles affect H 2 O 2 photolysis. Retarded photolysis of H 2 O 2 in micellar solutions implies that a fraction of H 2 O 2 dissolved in water partitions into micellar pseudophase of surfactant. H 2 O 2 partitioned into micelles has less photochemical reactivity and thus photolysis rate was retarded in the presence of micelles. Photolysis inhibitory level by micelles was shown to be dependent on the kinds of surfactants used in this study. In addition, the inhibitory effect by surfactant monomers was negligible due to the absence of micelles.
The Human Impact

The fundamental role of climate for the fate of mankind is increasingly being recognized at both the international and national levels (World Meteorological Organization, 1980, pp. 7–10, 28–37; World Meteorological Organization-ICSU, 1975, pp. 1–3; United Nations Environment Programme, 1979, pp. 1–16; National Climate Program Office NOAA, 1980, pp. 1–4, 55–58). There is a two-way interaction between the climatic environment and human activities. The climatic disasters discussed in Chapters 8 and 9 are part of the ‘natural’ interannual variability of the atmosphere ocean system, and can have serious consequences for agriculture, fisheries, economy, and society. In turn, humanity has taken it upon itself to modify its environment, albeit in part inadvertently and without rational control. The purpose of this chapter is to raise the awareness for both the impact of climate variations on human activities, and the impact of man on the climatic environment. A comprehensive treatment is precluded not only by the vast scope of this subject, but also because various aspects of this problem complex have so far been insufficiently studied. The selected bibliography to this chapter is meant to provide a preliminary orientation. Sections 10.1 to 10.4 deal mainly with man’s impact on the climatic environment and are process-oriented, while Sections 10.5 to 10.8 are primarily concerned with the impact of climate variations on human activities and have regional focus. The practical use of climate prediction is considered in Section 10.9, and a synopsis is presented in Section 10.10..
An e-textile system for motion analysis.

Electronic textiles (e-textiles) offer the promise of home health care devices that integrate seamlessly into the wearer’s everyday lifestyle while providing a higher level of functionality than current devices. Existing gait analysis systems are cumbersome laboratory-based systems that, while providing valuable information, would be difficult or impossible to deploy in the home. Yet gait analysis systems offer the promise of preventing and/or mitigating the serious effects of falls in the elderly population. This paper proposes an e-textile solution to this problem along with a design approach for realizing a solution that is inexpensive and usable across the elderly population. Preliminary results are given to demonstrate the promise of the proposed system.
Exploring EO vehicle recognition performance using manifolds as a function of lighting condition variability

Novel techniques are necessary in order to improve the current state-of-the-art for Aided Target Recognition (AiTR) especially for persistent intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). A fundamental assumption that current AiTR systems make is that operating conditions remain semi-consistent between the training samples and the testing samples. Today’s electro-optical AiTR systems are still not robust to common occurrences such as changes in lighting conditions. In this work, we explore the effect of systemic variation in lighting conditions on vehicle recognition performance. In addition, we explore the use of low-dimensional nonlinear representations of high-dimensional data derived from electro-optical synthetic vehicle images using Manifold Learning - specifically Diffusion Maps on recognition. Diffusion maps have been shown to be a valuable tool for extraction of the inherent underlying structure in high-dimensional data.
Assessment of Bovine Leukemia Virus Transcripts In Vivo

Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) consistently detected bovine leukemia virus transcripts in fresh cells, and competitive RT-PCR enumerated these transcripts. The detection of transcripts in limited numbers of tumor cells indicated that expression occurs in a minority of cells. The data suggest that individual cells contain hundreds of copies of the tax/rex transcript in vivo.
Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice

The Theory Of Multiple Intelligences In a Nutshell A Rounded Version (with Joseph Walters) Questions and Answers About Multiple Intelligences Theory (with Joseph Walters) The Relation of Intelligence to Other Valued Human Capacities Educating The Intelligences A School of the Future (with Tina Blythe) Interlude: The Two Rhetorics of School Reform: Complex Theories versus the Quick Fix The Emergence and Nurturance of Multiple Intelligences in Early Childhood: The Project Spectrum Approach (with Mara Krechevsky) The Elementary Years: The Project Approach in the Key School Setting Approaching School Intelligently: Practical Intelligence at the Middle School Level (with Mara Krechevsky) Disciplined Inquiry in the High School: An Introduction to Arts PROPEL Interlude: On Implementing Educational Programs: Obstacles and Opportunities Assessment And Beyond: The Components Of An MI Education Assessment in Context: The Alternative to Standardized Testing Interlude: A Portfolio Approach to College Admissions Beyond Assessment: The Aims and Means of Education The Future of Work on Multiple Intelligences Intelligences in Seven Phases Engaging Intelligence (with Mindy Kornhaber and Mara Krechevsky) Epilogue: Multiple Intelligences Theory in 2013.
Nietzsche Against the Philosophical Canon

Nietzsche views the Western philosophical tradition as organized around a conception of philosophy deriving from Socrates. According to this (loosely) Socratic philosophical canon: (1) Philosophy, as the “love of wisdom,” aims for knowledge of timeless and non-empirical truths, including truths about the good and the right; (2) Knowledge of the truth is the overriding value in philosophy and is also essential for living well; and (3) Philosophical knowledge is acquired through the exercise of reason, understood as a faculty that can operate independently, in whole or in part, of a posteriori evidence. This paper explores Nietzsche's reasons for rejecting this conception of philosophy on each count, especially as developed in his book, Twilight of the Idols. Nietzsche's replacement of metaphysical speculation with psychological diagnosis is compared to Carnap's own critique of metaphysics, and helps explain Carnap's high appraisal of Nietzsche compared to other major figures in post-Kantian German philosophy. Nietzsche's rejection of the traditional philosophical canon is contrasted with that of other critics of the tradition, including Marx, Quine, Heidegger, and Wittgenstein. The reaction against naturalism in recent Anglophone philosophy is offered, finally, as a case study in support of Nietzsche's skepticism about the philosophical canon.
Initiation of Bacillus subtilis Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase on Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Bacteriophages 2C, φ29, T4, and Lambda

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis primed by bacteriophage T4 or λ deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase is severely inhibited by high ionic strength. In contrast, RNA synthesis on B. subtilis bacteriophage 2C, SPO1, or φ29 DNA is only moderately affected under similar conditions. The basis of this inhibition lies in the inability of the enzyme to initiate RNA chains with adenosine triphosphate or guanosine triphosphate (ATP, GTP). Binding to templates and the rate of catalysis in high salt after initiation do not seem to be affected. Incorporation of γ-32P-ATP and GTP under a variety of conditions suggests that the specificity of B. subtilis RNA polymerase is different from that of the Escherichia coli enzyme and that it recognizes few promoters on T4 and λ DNA. Although B. subtilis RNA polymerase initiates RNA chains primarily with ATP or GTP, initiations with pyrimidines can occur on DNA molecules in which hydroxymethyluracil replaces thymine. RNA synthesis on denatured DNA does not seem to be inhibited by high ionic strength, and on native T4 or λ DNA the inhibition of initiation at constant ionic strength is inversely but not linearly proportional to the ionic radii of cations used to stabilize bihelical DNA to denaturation.
Application of functional genomics to primate endometrium: insights into biological processes

Endometrium is a dynamic tissue that responds on a cyclic basis to circulating levels of the ovarian-derived steroid hormones, estradiol and progesterone. Functional genomics has enabled a global approach to understanding gene regulation in whole endometrial tissue in the setting of a changing hormonal milieu. The proliferative phase of the cycle, under the influence of estradiol, has a preponderance of genes involved in DNA synthesis and cell cycle regulation. Interestingly, genes encoding ion channels and cell adhesion, as well as angiogenic factors, are also highly regulated in this phase of the cycle. After the LH surge, different gene expression profiles are uniquely observed in the early secretory, mid-secretory (window of implantation), and late secretory phases. The early secretory phase is notable for up-regulation of multiple genes and gene families involved in cellular metabolism, steroid hormone metabolism, as well as some secreted glycoproteins. The mid-secretory phase is characterized by multiple biological processes, including up-regulation of genes encoding secreted glycoproteins, immune response genes with a focus on innate immunity, and genes involved in detoxification mechanisms. In the late secretory phase, as the tissue prepares for desquamation, there is a marked up-regulation of an inflammatory response, along with matrix degrading enzymes, and genes involved in hemostasis, among others. This monograph reviews hormonal regulation of gene expression in this tissue and the molecular events occurring therein throughout the cycle derived from functional genomics analysis. It also highlights challenges encountered in using human endometrial tissue in translational research in this context.
X-ray and neutron scattering density profiles of the intact human red blood cell membrane

Hemoglobin-free human red blood cell membranes have been prepared with glutaraldehyde to maintain an intact structure on partial dehydration. Treatment of resealed ghosts with poly(L-lysine) produced an essentially constant structural unit and permitted correlation of electron microscopy results with x-ray and neutron diffraction profiles. These profiles provide detailed information, for the intact membrane, on the location and relative distribution of lipids and proteins.
Fundamental Characteristics of Electronic Oscillations

THE precise nature of the electronic oscillations produced by thermionic valves is still, fifteen years after their discovery in the three-electrode valve by Barkhausen and Kurz, imperfectly understood. The characteristic feature of these oscillations is that their period bears some more or less definite relation to a time of electron transit in the valve. It has often been suggested that such oscillations can be maintained without the co-operation of a resonant circuit external to the cloud of moving electrons, but a recent survey of the literature1 led me to conclude that this view was not supported by unambiguous experimental evidence. While many workers have tacitly assumed that only a single frequency, or a harmonically related series of frequencies, is present when electronic oscillations are generated, the conclusion2 that the Maxwellian distribution of initial electron velocities, apart from other causes of variation in transit time, leads necessarily to the production of a band of frequencies, has recently found wide acceptance. Experimental evidence has now been obtained which shows quite definitely that electronic oscillations can be produced without any external resonant circuit and that they can have a single frequency.
Radiotherapy for nasolacrimal tract epithelial cancer.

Abstract Purpose :Tumors of the lacrimal sac are rare and have traditionally been treated surgically. We investigated the use of irradiation for treatment. Methods and Materials : Three consecutive patients with primary epithelial cancer of the nasolacrimal apparatus were treated with irradiation. A tumor dose of 52–66 Gy was delivered with conventional fractionation to fields limited to the primary site and immediately surrounding tissues. Results : Local tumor control was achieved in all three patients. Two patients subsequently developed metastatic cervical adenopathy; both were controlled with irradiation to the neck. One of these two died of distant metastases. Two patients are alive and well at 13 years and at 26 months. Conclusion : We conclude that epithelial lacrimal sac tumors are controllable by radiation therapy and with a good cosmetic result. Poorly differentiated lesions require elective cervical nodal irradiation.
A prospective study assessing the utility of Cogan's lid twitch sign in patients with isolated unilateral or bilateral ptosis.

Abstract Objective Cogan's lid twitch is thought to suggest myasthenia gravis in patients with unexplained ptosis. The validity of this clinical test has not been established. We conducted a prospective study to ascertain the sensitivity and specificity of this finding. Methods 35 patients with isolated, symptomatic ptosis, referred to a neuro-ophthalmologist or oculoplastics specialist were enrolled. The presence or absence of Cogan's lid twitch was noted, according to standard technique. Further testing was performed, and the final diagnosis for each patient was recorded. Results Four patients were found to have a Cogan's lid twitch. Two patients had ocular myasthenia gravis as the final diagnosis, and of those, only one had a twitch. Conclusions The sensitivity and specificity of Cogan's lid twitch is relatively low. Other conditions may cause a lid twitch as well. The presence of a Cogan's lid twitch may increase suspicion of myasthenia, but is not diagnostic, and does not exclude alternate etiologies of ptosis.
High-density polyethylene damage at extreme tensile conditions

In-situ and postmortem observations of the dynamic tensile failure and damage evolution of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) are made during Dynamic-Tensile-Extrusion (Dyn-Ten-Ext) loading. The Dyn-Ten-Ext technique probes the tensile response of materials at large strains (>1) and high strain-rates (>105 s−1) by firing projectiles through a conical die. Postmortem sectioning elucidates a mechanism of internal damage inception and progression. X-ray computed tomography corroborates shear damage with cracks nearly aligned with the extrusion axis but separated by unfailed internal bridges of material. In-situ measurements of damage are made with the impact system for ultrafast synchrotron experiments (IMPULSE) using the advanced imaging X-ray methods available at the Advanced Photon Source. Multiple frame phase-contrast imaging (PCI) elucidates the evolution of damage features in HDPE during Dyn-Ten-Ext loading that is observed in postmortem sectioning and X-ray tomography.
Pilgrimella, a primitive Asiatic perissodactyl

The genus Pilgnmella, known from the medial Eocene of Pakistan and northwest India, is a primitive perissodactyl, not an artiodactyl as previously identified. Upper cheek teeth of Pilgrimella, when compared with those of primitive representatives of the Equoidea, Brontotherioidea, Chalicotherioidea, Tapirioidea and Rhinocerotoidea, suggest, however, that Pilgnmella cannot on present evidence be referred to any of the five accepted perissodactyl superfamilies. Pilgrimella may represent a short-lived and hitherto unknown perissodactyl lineage.
STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN BASE-PAIRED REGION 28 IN 16 S RRNA CLOSE TO THE DECODING REGION OF THE 30 S RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT ARE CORRELATED TO CHANGES IN TRNA BINDING

Escherichia coli30 S ribosomal subunits undergo a reversible change under low monovalent or divalent cation concentration and become inactive in tRNA binding and 50 S subunit association. In the inactive form, 16 S rRNA base-pairs (921–922)·(1395–1396) and (923–925)·(1391–1393), which are part of region 28, are unstable and an alternate arrangement, (921–923)·(1532–1534), is detected by psoralen photochemical crosslinking. Site-directed mutagenesis has been used to investigate whether changes in base-paired region 28 or the alternate secondary structure is responsible for the inactivity of the subunit. 30 S subunits with the substitution C1533A or with deletion of nucleotides 1534 to 1542 can still be inactivated like the wild-type 30 S subunit. On the other hand, 30 S subunits that contain sequence changes in the 920 to 926 region show moderate to severe decreases in tRNA binding even under activating conditions. When 30 S subunits containing these mutations were subjected to chemical probing, they failed to show the normal hyper-reactivity of nucleotide G926 and, instead, reactivity was shifted to G925 or to G928, and G929. Two mutations in the 920 region result in structures in which A1394 is base-paired rather than being unpaired as normal; deletion but not substitution of A1394 resulted in loss of tRNA binding activity and depression of the reactivity of G926. Mutations were made to insert or delete a nucleotide at position 920. The deletion mutant but not the insertion mutant has decreased tRNA binding activity and also low reactivity of G926. We conclude that structural changes in region 28 account for the active/inactive difference in tRNA binding. Molecular models of region 28 were made using the program MC-SYM. Models that include a hydrogen bond interaction between A1394 and G1392 account for the G926 reactivity in the wild-type sequence and account for the effects of most of the mutations in changing the G926 reactivity.
Soap from oxidized fats

The oxidation of fats for soap making greatly decreases the time required for saponification, but does not influence the cleaning properties of the soap. However, the color of the soap is impaired and the yield decreased.
Improving the Clostridium acetobutylicum butanol fermentation by engineering the strain for co-production of riboflavin

Solvent-producing clostridia are well known for their capacity to use a wide variety of renewable biomass and agricultural waste materials for biobutanol production. To investigate the possibility of co-production of a high value chemical during biobutanol production, the Clostridium acetobutylicum riboflavin operon ribGBAH was over-expressed in C. acetobutylicum on Escherichia coli-Clostridium shuttle vector pJIR750. Constructs that either maintained the original C. acetobutylicum translational start codon or modified the start codons of ribG and ribB from TTG to ATG were designed. Riboflavin was successfully produced in both E. coli and C. acetobutylicum using these plasmids, and riboflavin could accumulate up to 27 mg/l in Clostridium culture. Furthermore, the C. acetobutylicum purine pathway was modified by over-expression of the Clostridium purF gene, which encodes the enzyme PRPP amidotransferase. The function of the plasmid pJaF bearing C. acetobutylicum purF was verified by its ability to complement an E. coli purF mutation. However, co-production of riboflavin with biobutanol by use of the purF over-expression plasmid was not improved under the experimental conditions examined. Further rational mutation of the purF gene was conducted by replacement of amino acid codons D302 V and K325Q to make it similar to the feedback-resistant enzymes of other species. However, the co-expression of ribGBAH and purFC in C. acetobutylicum also did not improve riboflavin production. By buffering the culture pH, C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824(pJpGN) could accumulate more than 70 mg/l riboflavin while producing 190 mM butanol in static cultures. Riboflavin production was shown to exert no effect on solvent production at these levels.
Robot Motion Planning in Dynamic, Uncertain Environments

This paper presents a strategy for planning robot motions in dynamic, uncertain environments (DUEs). Successful and efficient robot operation in such environments requires reasoning about the future evolution and uncertainties of the states of the moving agents and obstacles. A novel procedure to account for future information gathering (and the quality of that information) in the planning process is presented. To approximately solve the stochastic dynamic programming problem that is associated with DUE planning, we present a partially closed-loop receding horizon control algorithm whose solution integrates prediction, estimation, and planning while also accounting for chance constraints that arise from the uncertain locations of the robot and obstacles. Simulation results in simple static and dynamic scenarios illustrate the benefit of the algorithm over classical approaches. The approach is also applied to more complicated scenarios, including agents with complex, multimodal behaviors, basic robot-agent interaction, and agent information gathering.
The impact of parameter selection on the performance of an automatic adaptive code for solving reaction–diffusion equations in three dimensions

The performance of automatic codes for solving reaction–diffusion systems is controlled by a variety of parameters. Some of them are invisible to the user while others can be modified. For the latter default values are available. The effects of four such parameters are studied for a code that couples the method-of-lines in time with a high-order h-refinement finite element strategy in space. The key parameters considered are the ratio of the temporal error tolerance to the spatial error tolerance, two parameters governing convergence of the iterative methods for the linear and nonlinear systems, and the number of time steps between regridding. These parameters are typical in method-of-lines based codes. Computations on a model problem demonstrate that both small and large temporal to spatial error ratios lead to performance degradation as does less frequent regridding. They also show that insufficient convergence in the nonlinear solver can reduce the reliability of the spatial error estimates.
Therapeutic Strategies in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage is a devastating disease, and no specific therapy has been proven to reduce mortality in a randomized controlled trial. However, management in a neuroscience intensive care unit does appear to improve outcomes, suggesting that many available therapies do in fact provide benefit. In the acute phase of intracerebral hemorrhage care, strategies aimed at minimizing ongoing bleeding include reversal of anticoagulation and modest blood pressure reduction. In addition, the monitoring and regulation of glucose levels, temperature, and, in selected cases, intracranial pressure are recommended by many groups. Selected patients may benefit from hematoma evacuation or external ventricular drainage. Ongoing clinical trials are examining aggressive blood pressure management, hemostatic therapy, platelet transfusion, stereotactic hematoma evacuation, and intraventricular thrombolysis. Finally, preventing recurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage is of pivotal importance, and tight blood pressure management is paramount.
Multi-view adaptive disagreement based active learning for hyperspectral image classification

A multi-view based active learning method (AMD WVE ) is proposed as a means to optimally construct the training set for supervised classification of hyperspectral data, thereby reducing the effort required to acquire ground reference data. The method explores the intrinsic multi-view information embedded in hyperspectral data. By adaptively and quantitatively measuring the disagreement level of different views, the learner focuses on samples with higher confusion, rapidly reducing the version space and improving the learning speed. Classification confidence of each view towards each class is also obtained in the learning process and used to compensate for view insufficiency. Experiments show excellent performance on both unlabeled and unseen data from two sets of hyperspectral image data with 10 classes acquired by AVIRIS, as compared to random sampling and the state-of-the-art SVM SIMPLE .
ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME RESPONSE STUDIES IN H2O2‐STRESSED PORCINE MUSCLE TISSUE FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH FAVA BEAN SPROUT EXTRACT AND L‐DOPA

Readily absorbed fava bean sprout extract (FSE), rich in levo-dihydroxy phenylalanine (L-DOPA) and a high total phenolic content, as well as synthetic L-DOPA countered oxidative stress caused by H 2 O 2 through stimulation of an antioxidant enzyme response in porcine muscle tissue. Evidence suggests that the phenolic treatments such as FSE had a protective effect on the stressed porcine muscle by maintaining the cellular redox homeostasis, through modulation of the cellular antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and total peroxidase via enhanced pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) through stimulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) resulting in higher NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). A marked increase in proline content was observed in the case of FSE and L-DOPA treatments both under stressed and unstressed conditions indicating an interface to proline-linked PPP. The major implication from this study is the evidence that FSE and L-DOPA have direct roles as quenchers of free radicals and also as potential modulators of the endogenous cellular antioxidant enzyme response with L-DOPA in a natural fava bean background being more protective and stable.
Performance of chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration creatinine-cystatin C equation for estimating kidney function in cirrhosis.

Conventional creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) equations are insufficiently accurate for estimating GFR in cirrhosis. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) recently proposed an equation to estimate GFR in subjects without cirrhosis using both serum creatinine and cystatin C levels. Performance of the new CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation (2012) was superior to previous creatinine- or cystatin C-based GFR equations. To evaluate the performance of the CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation in subjects with cirrhosis, we compared it to GFR measured by non-radiolabeled iothalamate plasma clearance (mGFR) in 72 subjects with cirrhosis. We compared the “bias”, “precision” and “accuracy” of the new CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation to that of 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance (CrCl), Cockcroft-Gault (CG) and previously reported creatinine- and/or cystatin C-based GFR-estimating equations. Accuracy of CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation as quantified by root mean squared error of difference scores [differences between mGFR and estimated GFR (eGFR) or between mGFR and CrCl, or between mGFR and CG equation for each subject] (RMSE=23.56) was significantly better than that of CrCl (37.69, P=0.001), CG (RMSE=36.12, P=0.002) and GFR-estimating equations based on cystatin C only. Its accuracy as quantified by percentage of eGFRs that differed by greater than 30% with respect to mGFR was significantly better compared to CrCl (P=0.024), CG (P=0.0001), 4-variable MDRD (P=0.027) and CKD-EPI creatinine 2009 (P=0.012) equations. However, for 23.61% of the subjects, GFR estimated by CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation differed from the mGFR by more than 30%. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic performance of CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation (2012) in patients with cirrhosis was superior to conventional equations in clinical practice for estimating GFR. However, its diagnostic performance was substantially worse than reported in subjects without cirrhosis.
Presidential Physiognomies: Altered Images, Altered Perceptions

Digitized facial images of Presidents Clinton, Reagan, and Kennedy were manipulated to test whether subtle feature alterations were powerful enough to shift social perceptions of them. It was expected that exaggeration of facial maturity cues would lead to shifts in perceptions of power (dominance, strength, and cunning) and warmth (honesty, attractiveness, and compassion). Each familiar face was made more neotenous by enlarging eyes and lips, and made more mature by reducing the sizes of these features. Undergraduate perceivers rated one version of each face. Though unaware of feature changes, perceivers were affected by them. In Study 1, neotenous features made Clinton seem more honest and attractive, even to perceivers who did not support him in the 1996 election. In Study 2, mature features made Kennedy, the youngest U.S. president, seem more cunning and made Reagan, the oldest president, appear less powerful and less warm; neotenous features reduced ratings of both Kennedy's and Reagan's power, whereas neotenizing the familiar face of Clinton increased ratings of his honesty and attractiveness without diminishing perceptions of his power. Overall, the results suggested that subtle alterations of proximate physiognomic cues can be used to manipulate perceivers' social perceptions of familiar political leaders.
A survey on peer-to-peer video streaming systems

Video-over-IP applications have recently attracted a large number of users on the Internet. Traditional client-server based video streaming solutions incur expensive bandwidth provision cost on the server. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networking is a new paradigm to build distributed network applications. Recently, several P2P streaming systems have been deployed to provide live and on-demand video streaming services on the Internet at low server cost. In this paper, we provide a survey on the existing P2P solutions for live and on-demand video streaming. Representative P2P streaming systems, including tree, multi-tree and mesh based systems are introduced. We describe the challenges and solutions of providing live and on-demand video streaming in P2P environment. Open research issues on P2P video streaming are also discussed.
Absolute Raman pair cross-section for the πu mode in supercritical carbon dioxide

The absolute Raman cross-section was measured for the π u mode of supercritical carbon dioxide at 50 and 75°C over five densities. These measurements clearly show that a dimeric species is responsible for the quadrupole-induced (QPID) Raman spectral activity of the π u (v 2 ) transition in carbon dioxide. This resualt is in accord with earlier predictions by Amos et al.
The Relationship Between Enophthalmos, Linear Displacement, and Volume Change in Experimentally Recreated Orbital Fractures

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to establish the relationship between enophthalmos, linear displacement, and volume change for various patterns of experimentally recreated orbital fractures. Materials and Methods We fabricated an experimental apparatus that permitted uniform displacement of simulated orbital wall fractures. Measurements of linear displacement, volume change, and degree of simulated enophthalmos were taken for 1- and 2-walled displacements. Means and standard deviations were derived, and analysis of variance was used to compare means for statistically significant differences ( P Results No statistically significant differences were found for any uniform displacement caused by 1-walled defects or for any given displacement caused by 2-walled defects The linear coefficient for displacement and enophthalmos or for displacement and volume change approached 1.0 for all groups (range, 0.9802 to 0.9999). However, statistically significant differences in mean enophthalmos and mean volume change at uniform displacements were found between 1- and 2-walled defects. Conclusions Displacement of 1- and 2-walled orbital defects results in a direct and linear change in both orbital volume and enophthalmos, regardless of the location of the defect.
A Socio‐Political and ‐Cultural Model of the War in Afghanistan1

We present a simulation model of current conflict-torn Afghanistan in which a system-dynamics model is coupled with an agent-based model. Agent-based modeling techniques are applied to model individual cognition and behavior as well as group formation processes. System-dynamics modeling is used for representing macro conflict processes, such as duration of violence and combat success ratio. The cognitive and behavioral processes are couched in a socio-cultural context and feed into the system dynamics processes. This affords us exploring the relationship between local socio-culturally-driven cognition and behavior and (dynamic) macro properties of armed conflict. We demonstrate the importance of analyzing conflict-torn Afghanistan from an interplay of adapting “traditional” socio-cultural mechanisms, political culture and power structures, and politico-economic macro-processes. We find that variations in the conflict's superstructure can be explained through variations in socio-culturally dependent structures. The model indicates limitations with regard to classical prediction, but is promising with regard to explanatory-driven pattern forecasting.
Human papillomavirus, cervical cancer and women's knowledge

Abstract Background : Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the major risk factor for cervical cancer. Methods : We implemented a retrospective case-series study to discern HPV knowledge accuracy among women diagnosed with and treated for cervical cancer. Cases ( n =1174), identified from the Pathology database, were diagnosed and treated for cervical cancer at the same institution. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and by reviewing medical records. Results : A total of 328 (27.9%) women returned the completed forms. Only 19% of the respondents had identified HPV as the primary risk factor for cervical cancer. Environmental pollutants, radiation exposure, poor dietary habits, excessive physical activity and family history of cervical cancer were listed as risk factors among many others. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine variables that were best associated with HPV knowledge accuracy. Age and education were the two variables that were statistically associated with the outcome. Younger and more educated women who participated in this study were more likely to know about the association between HPV infection and the risk of cervical cancer. Conclusions : Cervical cancer risk factor knowledge, especially knowledge about HPV is low, even among women with the history of cervical cancer. Younger and more educated women are more likely to have HPV and cervical cancer knowledge accuracy. The importance of personal health practices and the focus on health education should be equally emphasized to achieve successful cancer prevention through vaccination.
Free-Drifting Icebergs as Sources of Iron to the Weddell Sea

Abstract In recent years glaciers on the Antarctic Peninsula have retreated, resulting in loss of mass from ice shelves and increased supply of icebergs to the Southern Ocean. Free-drifting icebergs may serve as an important source of Fe to surrounding waters. We measured concentrations of dissolved Fe and Fe content of suspended particulate material (via flow injection-chemiluminescence and ICP-MS, respectively) in the waters surrounding several icebergs during cruises to the Scotia and Weddell Seas in June 2008 and March 2009. Surface dissolved Fe (DFe) concentrations varied from 0.58 to 2.92 nM and were elevated up to 60% at some stations 10 km from the icebergs, indicating general Fe enrichment in the lower-salinity surface layer. However surface DFe within 1 km of the iceberg was similar to that measured at depths below the draft of the iceberg, a feature that may result from upwelling of circumpolar deep water caused by basal melting at the face of the iceberg. Iron concentrations in ice collected following calving events were highly variable (4-600 nM) but were elevated above concentrations in seawater. Particulate Fe (normalized to particulate P) in suspended particulate material was up to 20-fold higher within 0.6 km of two large tabular icebergs, but no enrichment was observed at two smaller icebergs. Iron:phosphorus ratios of suspended particulate material were also higher in deeper (40 m) waters compared to shallow (ca. 15 m) waters at the iceberg face. Iron release appeared to be episodic, producing a spatially heterogeneous environment around icebergs. This source term may increase in coming years as Antarctic ice shelves degrade further, potentially impacting the ecology and biogeochemistry of low-Fe waters of the Southern Ocean.
Integrating technology in a field-based teacher training program: The PT3@ASU project

The Preparing Tomorrow’s Teachers to Use Technology (PT3) initiative has funded various efforts to improve and enhance the technology preparation of preservice teachers. At Arizona State University, these efforts have focused on providing preservice teachers with opportunities to develop, implement, and evaluate their own instructional activities that utilize technology effectively and appropriately in authentic situations, to give them the myriad of tools necessary to integrate technology into teaching and learning activities. This paper focuses on the integration of these efforts into the field-based elementary education program, and discusses our formative evaluation of the field-based technology integration model, through the following questions: What are the preliminary successes of the model with regard to student perceptions, attitudes, and integration of technology into instructional activities? and What components of the model require additions or modifications?
Detection and localization of avian alphaherpesviruses in embryonic tissues following in ovo exposure

Abstract We investigated whether chicken embryonic tissues are susceptible to infection with virulent Marek’s disease virus (MDV). Groups of embryonic day (ED) 17 chicken embryos and 1-day-old chicks were compared for tissue sites of viral persistence of MDV and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) in lungs, thymuses, bursae of Fabricius and spleens. MDV DNA was detectable in the lungs and thymuses of embryos at 3 days post-inoculation (DPI) by in situ hybridization, while HVT DNA was only present in embryonic lungs. The target cells in lungs and thymuses appeared non-lymphoid and lymphoid, respectively. By 5 days post-inoculation, both viruses were detectable in all organs examined and persisted after hatch. Although MDV DNA was present in the embryo, there was little evidence of viral replication. These findings demonstrate the differences in pathogenesis of embryonic infection with MDV and HVT and provide evidence that the chicken embryo is susceptible to infection with a virulent avian herpesvirus.
Minor losses in rectangular xurographic microchannels

Xurography is a novel manufacturing process for microfluidic systems, providing rapid prototyping capability at low cost compared to traditional microfabrication technologies. An experimental study of flow characteristics in rectangular xurographic microchannels is reported. Mean microchannel depth, defined by the thickness of the double-sided adhesive kapton tape that forms the channel pattern, is 105–110 μm. The microchannels are capped with glass and mechanically reinforced to withstand the high operating pressures that accompany high Reynolds number Re flow (250–3500). Channel aspect ratios range from 0.45 to 0.074. Width and length measurements are performed using optical microscopy. Microchannel height is measured using a unique nondestructive laser interferometry technique, capable of accurate measurement of the enclosed, compressed microchannels. Data are reported for friction factor, critical Reynolds number, and minor losses in expansions, contractions, and 90° miter bends. Expansion and contraction area ratios are 2, 3, and 5. The experimental Poissuille number in laminar flow for all aspect ratios is in good agreement with theoretical values. Critical Reynolds number ranges from 1800 to 2300, and is found to be dependent on channel defects, such as adhesive droplets and edge imperfections, inherent to xurography. Expansion and contraction losses decrease gradually with increasing Re in the range 250–4000 and increase for decreasing area ratio. Loss coefficients in the 90° miter bends increase with modified aspect ratio and are nearly invariant for 1200 < Re < 2100. Loss coefficients increase nearly linearly with Re for Re < 1200 and decrease significantly for Re greater than the critical Reynolds number.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Separatedness and Connectedness in the Parent-Adolescent Relationship as Predictors of Adolescent Self-Esteem in US and Chinese Samples

SUMMARY This study examined the impact of relationship connectedness (i.e., conformity to parents) and relationship separatedness (i.e., parental autonomy granting) on the self-esteem of mainland Chinese and European-American adolescents. The findings indicate that adolescent autonomy from parents is a consistent positive predictor of adolescent self-esteem among both Chinese and US samples regardless of gender. However, conformity to parents revealed a more complex series of relationships that varied across gender and cultural group. Adolescent conformity to parents predicted self-esteem most consistently among European-American sons, while only daughters' conformity to mothers predicted self-esteem among the Chinese sample. Contrary to hypotheses, the relationship between autonomy from parents and adolescent self-esteem was not stronger and more consistent within the European-American sample (i.e., the individualistic society) than in the sample from mainland China (i.e., the collectivistic society). Si...