cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of the pressure distribution on an aircraft tire-wheel interface

The pressure distribution at the tire-wheel interface is not presently well understood, despite the need for using this load distribution to design fail-safe wheels. To investigate this boundary condition, methodologies for accurately measuring the distribution were investigated using an F-16 main wheel subjected to the inflationpressure condition. A purely experimental approach using piezoelectric film measured the interface pressure at eight discrete points in the tubewell, beadseat, and flange regions of the wheel. A hybrid technique used the experimental method of holographic interferometry to measure the wheel displacements and a three-dimensional finite element method was used to backcalculate the pressure distribution based on these experimental displacements. A comparison of the two methodologies is given. Areas of high stress are determined and discussed with respect to ensuring a fail-safe design.
Angle-resolved photoemission studies of the cuprate superconductors

The last decade witnessed significant progress in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and its applications. Today, ARPES experiments with 2-meV energy resolution and $0.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ angular resolution are a reality even for photoemission on solids. These technological advances and the improved sample quality have enabled ARPES to emerge as a leading tool in the investigation of the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors. This paper reviews the most recent ARPES results on the cuprate superconductors and their insulating parent and sister compounds, with the purpose of providing an updated summary of the extensive literature. The low-energy excitations are discussed with emphasis on some of the most relevant issues, such as the Fermi surface and remnant Fermi surface, the superconducting gap, the pseudogap and $d$-wave-like dispersion, evidence of electronic inhomogeneity and nanoscale phase separation, the emergence of coherent quasiparticles through the superconducting transition, and many-body effects in the one-particle spectral function due to the interaction of the charge with magnetic and/or lattice degrees of freedom. Given the dynamic nature of the field, we chose to focus mainly on reviewing the experimental data, as on the experimental side a general consensus has been reached, whereas interpretations and related theoretical models can vary significantly. The first part of the paper introduces photoemission spectroscopy in the context of strongly interacting systems, along with an update on the state-of-the-art instrumentation. The second part provides an overview of the scientific issues relevant to the investigation of the low-energy electronic structure by ARPES. The rest of the paper is devoted to the experimental results from the cuprates, and the discussion is organized along conceptual lines: normal-state electronic structure, interlayer interaction, superconducting gap, coherent superconducting peak, pseudogap, electron self-energy, and collective modes. Within each topic, ARPES data from the various copper oxides are presented.
Thermodynamik der Färbevorgänge. I. Absorptionsmodelle

A brief discussion is given of the selection of the reference states for defining the relative activity of a desperse dye in the fibre phase and in the solution phase. Contrary to recent findings2), it is suggested that the application of the Flory-uggins equations for polymer solutions to desperse dyeing equilibria leads to the prediction that the adsorption isotherm will be linear for concentrations expressed in molalities. Furthermore, the partition coefficient should not vary with the molecular weight of the polymer or fibre phase.
Effects of climate variability and disturbances on the Amazonian terrestrial ecosystems dynamics

[1] This article examines how climate variability and ecological disturbances affect ecosystem composition and functioning in the Amazon region. We use a terrestrial ecosystem model, IBIS, and vary the treatment of climate (using either long-term average climate, or actual historical variations in climate) and disturbances (with uniform disturbance rates applied through the region). Interannual climate variability and frequent disturbances both favor grasses over trees, causing large increases in the geographic extent of savanna in the south and east of the region. A more constant climate and less frequent disturbances both favor trees over grasses, causing forest to dominate most of the study area. While climate variability and disturbances have a major impact on ecosystem structure, we find that compensating processes between herbaceous and woody plants damp the simulated response of carbon and water fluxes. Nevertheless, the cumulative impact of these changes in vegetation structure results in significant changes in soil and vegetation carbon stocks (up to 36%).
Efficacy of Intra-articular Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review

Purpose: To determine (1) whether platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection significantly improves validated patient-reported outcomes in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) at 6 and 12 months postinjection, (2) differences in outcomes between PRP and corticosteroid injections or viscosupplementation or placebo injections at 6 and 12 months postinjection, and (3) similarities and differences in outcomes based on the PRP formulations used in the analyzed studies. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SCOPUS, and Sport Discus were searched for Englishlanguage, level I evidence, human in vivo studies on the treatment of symptomatic knee OA with intra-articular PRP compared with other options, with a minimum of 6 months of follow-up. A quality assessment of all articles was performed using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score (average, 83.3/100), and outcomes were analyzed using 2-proportion z-tests. Results: Six articles (739 patients, 817 knees, 39% males, mean age of 59.9 years, with 38 weeks average follow-up) were analyzed. All studies met minimal clinical important difference criteria and showed significant improvements in statistical and clinical outcomes, including pain, physical function, and stiffness, with PRP. All but one study showed significant differences in clinical outcomes between PRP and hyaluronic acid (HA) or PRP and placebo in pain and function. Average pretreatment Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores were 52.36 and 52.05 for the PRP and HA groups, respectively (P ¼ .420). Mean post-treatment WOMAC scores for PRP were significantly better than for HA at 3 to 6 months (28.5 and 43.4, respectively; P ¼ .0008) and at 6 to 12 months (22.8 and 38.1, respectively; P ¼ .0062). None of the included studies used corticosteroids. Conclusions: In patients with symptomatic knee OA, PRP injection results in significant clinical improvements up to 12 months postinjection. Clinical outcomes and WOMAC scores are significantly better after PRP versus HA at 3 to 12 months postinjection. There is limited evidence for comparing leukocyte-rich versus leukocyte-poor PRP or PRP versus steroids in this study. Level of Evidence: Level I, systematic review of Level I studies.
Computational Simulation of Cylindrical Film Hole with Jet Pulsation on Flat Plates

Film cooling of flat plates with pulsation were simulated using FLUENT ™ commercial code with realizable k-e turbulence model. The simulations were done for nominal blowing ratios 0.5 and 1.5, duty cycle = 50%, and Strouhal number ranging from 0.0119 to 1.0. Pulsation helps to lower the amount of cool air from the compressor, which is desirable for film-cooling applications. Pulsed jets performance significantly depends on geometry and blowing ratio. From the cases studied and for steady flow with attached jets, pulsation considerably decreases the film-cooling effectiveness. On the other hand, for steady flow cases where jet liftoff occurs (e.g., higher blowing ratios), pulsation helps to increase the film-cooling effectiveness.
AMPICILLIN-RESISTANT HÆMOPHILUS INFLUENZÆ TYPE B POSSESSING A TEM-TYPE β-LACTAMASE BUT LITTLE PERMEABILITY BARRIER TO AMPICILLIN

Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type B have been reported only during the past year. Five clinical isolates from the U.S. and Germany all had the TEM-type beta-lactamase which is known to be transferred widely among other gram-negative bacilli. Unlike those bacilli, however, the H. influenzae cell had very little barrier to entry of penicillins. This greater permeability of the H. influenzae cell to penicillins appeared to reduce the protective effect of its beta-lactamase, in that acquisition of the TEM-type beta-lactamase increased levels of resistance to penicillins much less for individual cells of H. influenzae than for those of Escherichia coli. Large inocula of either species appeared highly resistant. The unusually low level of resistance of individual cells of H. influenzae containing the TEM-type beta-lactamase may have delayed their emergence or recognition, and has unresolved clinical implications.
Delegated portfolio management

Abstract A problem of screening agents with privately known forecasting abilities and reservation utilities and then eliciting truthful information from these agents once they are employed is considered. For the case of risk averse agents and large principals, an approximately optimal solution is constructively characterized under the assumption that payoffs are normally distributed. A significant extension of the deFinnetti-Savage probability elicitation result is developed. Under this extension knowledge of agent preferences is not required (when the underlying conditional distributions are symmetric) and this fact is exploited to solve the screening problem in a mean-variance formulation.
Equilibrium criterion and effective spin models for finite temperature gauge theories

Using the example of the SU(2) gauge theory in 3+1 dimensions we consider the construction of a 3-dimensional effective model in terms of Polyakov loops. We demonstrate the application of an equilibrium self-consistency condition to the systematic analysis of the contribution of various [global Z(2) symmetric] terms in the effective model action. We apply this analysis to the construction of a simple effective action with the minimum necessary number of operators. Such an action is shown to be capable of reproducing relevant observables, e.g. the Polyakov loop ensemble average, within the desired accuracy.
The unintended effects of political party affirmative action policies on female candidates’ nomination chances

Some state political party organizations that hold nominating conventions implement affirmative action (AA) policies to encourage the nomination of women and minority candidates. This paper assesses whether these policies help or hinder female candidates seeking statewide office. On the one hand, these policies could benefit female candidates since they demonstrate an organization's commitment to diversity. On the other hand, diversity and AA policies may have negative, unintended consequences for female candidates such as promoting gender stereotype activation or creating a stigma of incompetence for female candidates. I examine whether and how delegates’ awareness of these policies shapes candidate evaluations, gender stereotypes, and nominee choice. I test this by analyzing unique survey data from Democratic state nominating convention delegates who evaluate candidates in statewide nominations in four states. The results suggest that while evaluations of the female candidate are not downgraded, focus o...
Optimization of single-phase induction motor design. II. The maximum efficiency and minimum cost of an optimal design

For pt.I see ibid., vol.3, no.2, p.349-56 (1988). Emphasis on energy conservation demands an improvement of the efficiency of single-phase induction motors. The optimization techniques formulated in part I are used to compute the optimal design parameters of a commercially available 2 HP, 115 V single-phase induction motor, resulting in maximum efficiency and minimum cost. Based on the optimization results due to four optimization components, the relationships between efficiency, power factor, cost, active materials, and the values of the capacitance of the run capacitor are studied and the limited validity of the model law is discussed. The method of boundary search along active constraints and the Han-Powell method are applied to the above single-phase induction motor and the optimization results are compared. A hybrid method incorporating the advantages of both above-mentioned methods yields the best numerical optimization results. >
Sequential bond energies of Ag+(H2O)n and Ag+(dimethyl ether)n, n = 1–4, determined by threshold collision-induced dissociation

Abstract Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the Ag+(H2O)n and Ag+(dimethyl ether)n complexes for n=1–4 is studied using kinetic energy-dependent guided ion beam mass spectrometry. In all cases, the primary products are endothermic loss of an intact neutral ligand from the complex. The cross-section thresholds are interpreted to yield 0 and 298 K bond energies after accounting for the effects of multiple ion–molecule collisions, internal energy of the complexes, and unimolecular decay rates. These values are compared favorably with previous experimental values for the water complexes and with ab initio theoretical values for all eight complexes. Our results are also compared with the analogous copper and alkali metal ion complexes, previously studied. Although Ag+ and Cu+ both have 1 S (3d10) ground state electronic configurations, the comparison shows different trends for Ag+ because of its larger ionic size.
Hanford atmospheric dispersion data: 1959–1974

Abstract More than 300 atmospheric dispersion experiments were conducted at the Hanford site, near Richland, Washington from 1959 to 1974. This letter briefly describes the diffusion grid, the tracers, and the experiments, and lists the documents in which the experimental data are contained.
Multimodal sono-contrast NIR spectroscopy for breast cancer diagnosis: Cancer characterization modeling and subgroup study

A noninvasive multimodal spectroscopy system was developed for breast cancer diagnosis. It includes three modules: diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), ultrasonography and low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU). An IRB approved clinical trial was conducted to evaluate its diagnostic power. Fourteen patients with histopathologically-proven cancer and 26 with benign masses were enrolled with informed consent. Using histopathology as the gold standard, a cancer characterization model was developed to differentiate breast cancer from benign masses. Considering the small dataset, bootstrap resampling method was used to resample the dataset with replacement to create 1000 patient data. Trade-off between sensitivity and specificity was obtained by varying the threshold value in increments of 0.01, from which the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to be 0.87. With threshold RMAD 2.28, sensitivity of 84.6% and specificity of 88.0% can be achieved. A sub-group study was also performed to investigate the detection capability of the system for different racial groups. By characterizing the patient population into different racial groups, the diagnostic power of the system can be improved. Current clinical results demonstrated the effectiveness of this promising technique in characterizing cancer from the benign masses. Combining this system with breast ultrasound has the potential to increase the specificity of sonographic breast cancer detection, and to reduce unnecessary invasive procedures.
Monitoring cooperative binding using electrochemical DNA-based sensors.

Electrochemical DNA-based (E-DNA) sensors are utilized to detect a variety of targets including complementary DNA, small molecules, and proteins. These sensors typically employ surface-bound single-stranded oligonucleotides that are modified with a redox-active molecule on the distal 3′ terminus. Target-induced flexibility changes of the DNA probe alter the efficiency of electron transfer between the redox active methylene blue and the electrode surface, allowing for quantitative detection of target concentration. While numerous studies have utilized the specific and sensitive abilities of E-DNA sensors to quantify target concentration, no studies to date have demonstrated the ability of this class of collision-based sensors to elucidate biochemical-binding mechanisms such as cooperativity. In this study, we demonstrate that E-DNA sensors fabricated with various lengths of surface-bound oligodeoxythymidylate [(dT)n] sensing probes are able to quantitatively distinguish between cooperative and noncooperati...
X-Ray Diffraction Pattern of Non-Uniformly Stretched Actin Filament

Helical structures within living cells are exposed to mechanical forces and are consequently deformed. However, interpretations of X-ray fiber diffraction patterns of such structures assume Fourier transform of helices with fixed periodicities. Huxley et al. and Wakabayashi et al. (Biophys. J. 67: 2422-2435 and 2411-2421, 1994) calculated the extensibility of actin filaments in contracting muscle fibers from the X-ray diffraction patterns using mean values of strain. Single value of strain corresponds to symmetric, narrow meridional peak profile, while, non-uniform deformation of actin filament provides profile similar to the observations, noticeably changing elastic constant for actin filament. Due to discrete, stochastic attachments of myosin heads to actin filaments the strain along the filament increases stepwise from the free end of the actin filament to the Z-line. We have developed a methodology for predicting X-ray diffraction patterns with stepwise increases of strain along actin filament. Using PDB data for the crystal structures of G-actin and rules for constructing actin fibers we reconstructed the geometry of actual deformed fibers. Fiber deformations are determined by Monte Carlo calculations using the computational platform, MUSICO. Predicted X-ray diffraction patterns show smeared layer lines, caused by different pitch of helices, in contrast to distinct layer lines originating from constant pitch of undeformed helices. Calculated meridional X-ray diffraction peak profiles from deformed helices are skewed and closely resemble the observed profiles by Huxley et al. and Wakabayashi et al. The proposed methodology for analyzing deformed helices provides realistic intensity profiles and spacing values of molecular structures in inverse space. This enables the extraction of much more information concerning molecular structure from the X-ray diffraction data from any helical structures in living cells.Supported by: NIH 9 P41 GM103622, R01 AR048776 and R01 DC 011528.
Causes of reduced clutch size in a tidal marsh endemic

We tested three hypotheses of clutch size variation in two subspecies of the swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana georgiana and M. g. nigrescens). Swamp sparrows follow the pattern of other estuarine endemics, where clutch size is smaller among tidal salt marsh populations (M. g. nigrescens) than their closest inland relatives (M. g. georgiana). Our results support predation risk and temperature, but not adult survival, as explanations of this pattern in swamp sparrows. Coastal nests were twice as likely to fail as inland nests, and parental activity around the nest site was positively related to clutch size at both sites. When brood size was controlled for, coastal adults visited nests less often and females vocalized less frequently during visits than inland birds, which may decrease nest detectability to predators. Coastal parents waited longer than inland birds to feed offspring in the presence of a model nest predator, but there was no difference in their response to models of predators of adults, as would be expected if coastal birds possessed increased longevity. Additionally, coastal females laid more eggs than inland females over a single season, following a within-season bet-hedging strategy rather than reducing within-season investment. Coastal territories experienced ambient air temperatures above the physiological zero of egg development more often, and higher temperatures during laying correlated with smaller clutches and increased egg inviability among coastal birds. Similar effects were not seen among inland nests, where laying temperatures were generally below physiological zero. Both subspecies showed an increase in hatching asynchrony and a decrease in apparent incubation length under high temperatures. Coastal individuals, however, showed less hatching asynchrony overall despite higher temperatures. Both air temperatures during laying and predation risk could potentially explain reduced clutch size in not only coastal plain swamp sparrows, but also other tidal marsh endemics.
Nursing case management. Does it pay

Hospitals can realize substantial savings from nursing case management. The author describes an investigation assessing the cost-effectiveness of this mode of patient care delivery. The results showed an overall decrease in length of stay, an increase in patient turnover, and a potential increase in patient revenues generated for the hospital. The author provides several general and socioeconomic implications relating to the importance of nursing case management to patient care and institutions' profitability.
The Effect of 12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-Acetate on the Ribormclease Activity of Circulating Human Lymphocytes

12-O-Tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate is a very effective tumor promotor and inflammatory agent and can act as a mitogen for a subset of T lymphocytes. We report here that even short exposure of lymphocytes to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate changes the balance between the levels of neutral ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor. The most dramatic change occurs in a B-lymphocyte-enriched population. We find that most, if not all, of the neutral ribonuclease activity in circulating lymphocytes is associated with this population and that this activity is lost with exposure to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate. Both 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-acetate and phytohaemagglutinin increase the level of ribonuclease inhibitor in T cells. However, phytohaemagglutinin has no effect on the ribonuclease or inhibitor level of the B-cell-enriched population.
Electronic-Recording, Time-Resolving Spectrometer*

A photoelectric means for recording an extended spectral region as a function of time has been developed. With this method, the recording procedure imposes no limitations on the time resolution other than that defined by the minimum detectable energy. The optical portion of the device, which includes the time-resolving mechanism, is very similar to a conventional photographic time-resolving spectrograph. However, the photographic plate has been replaced by a television camera which is used in much the same way. In fact, direct analogies can be drawn between the photographic plate and the storage surface of the television camera tube and also between the photographic developer and the scanning electron beam in the camera tube. The method is capable of sensitivities of the order of 103 times those available with Tri-X film in the visible. In addition, the usual cumbersome photographic calibration procedures are avoided since intensities are recorded as vertical deflections, yielding records similar in appearance to those obtained from strip chart recorders.
Justice, management, and governance

Purpose – The object of this paper is to examine the debate in business ethics over extending insights from political philosophy (e.g. theories of distributive justice) to address questions about the management and governance of economic enterprises.Design/methodology/approach – The paper engages in a philosophical argument.Findings – Even if justice does not matter in a direct manner for questions about economic enterprises, current debate overlooks the possibility that justice matters in an indirect manner for questions about the management and governance of economic enterprises. The paper illustrates two ways in which justice matters for such questions. The first concerns the promotion of stakeholder interests by multinational corporations. The second concerns the claims of workers to participate in the governance of economic enterprises.Originality/value – The paper is offered as a contribution to the literature on normative theories of managerial responsibility and corporate governance.
Lymphatic Endothelial Differentiation in Pulmonary Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Cells

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, low-grade neoplasm affecting almost exclusively women of childbearing age. LAM belongs to the family of perivascular epithelioid cell tumors, characterized by spindle and epithelioid cells with smooth muscle and melanocytic differentiation. LAM cells infiltrate the lungs, producing multiple, bilateral lesions rich in lymphatic channels and forming cysts, leading to respiratory insufficiency. Here we used antibodies against four lymphatic endothelial markers—podoplanin (detected by D2-40), prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3), and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE1)—to determine whether LAM cells show lymphatic differentiation. Twelve of 12 diagnostic biopsy specimens (early-stage LAM) and 19 of 19 explants (late-stage LAM) showed immunopositivity for D2-40 in most neoplastic cells. PROX1, VEGFR-3, and LYVE1 immunoreactivity varied from scarce in the early stage to abundant in the late...
Estrogen receptors as mediators of gene transcription

Abstract Three high affinity estrogen binding proteins which bind estradiol with equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) of 0.1 nM, 4nM and 30 nM have been quantitated in chick oviduct cytosol. The two highest affinity binding proteins with Kds of 0.1 nM and 4 nM have the characteristics of extrogen receptors. The concentration of these receptors in isolated nuclei is highly correlated with ovalbumin mRNA sequences synthesized in vitro in these same nuclei. The two receptors have been separated using a low capacity estrogen affinity resin and the steroid binding specificities of each was determined. When the higher affinity receptor (Kd 0.1 nM) is highly purified and added to nuclei from estrogen withdrawn oviducts RNA polymerase II activity is increased 2–3-fold, but selective transcription of the ovalbumin gene is only observed when nuclei from short term estrogen withdrawn oviducts (24 hr) are utilized. The administration ofDanazol (17α-pregn-4-en-20-yno-[2,3-disoxazol-17-ol) to estrogen stimulated chicks blocks the formation of the lower affinity receptor (Kd, 4 nM). Upon stimulation with estrogen the nuclei from the Oanazol treated oviducts have the same RNA polymerase activity as control nuclei but ovalbumin mRNA synthesis is inhibited. It would appear that both receptors are required for estrogen mediation of ovalbumin gene transcription.
Electron microscopical studies of gonads in primary and secondary males of protogynous hermaphroditic fishCoris julis L. (Labridae, Teleostei)

Electron microscopical examinations ofCoris julis (L.) showed that Leydig cells are definitely present in the gonads of primary, as well as of secondary males. During sex change the Leydig cells develop from the remnants of the overy in the newly organized testes.
Preclinical complete dentures curriculum survey.

Purpose A survey of U.S. dental schools was conducted in 2001 to determine the curricular structure, teaching philosophies, and techniques used in preclinical complete denture courses. Materials and Methods The questionnaire was mailed to the chairperson of the prosthodontic/restorative departments of 54 U.S. dental schools. Of these, 43 schools returned the completed survey, a response rate of 80%. The mean, median, and range of responses were computed where applicable. Results Results from this survey show that the mean student-to-faculty ratio in the preclinical course was 12:1, with a median of 12:1 and a range of 6:1 to 27:1. The mean number of laboratory hours was 74, with a median of 70.5 and a range of 31.5 to 160. The mean number of lecture hours reported was 28, with a median of 25 and a range 12 to 80. The mean number of practical examinations was 3, with a median of 3 and a range of 0 to 11. Eighty-four percent of the schools have prosthodontists teaching the course. The mean number of months that this course is taught is 5 months, with a median of 5 and a range of 2 to 13. Fifty-eight percent of the schools use the Hanau semiadjustable articulator. Sixty-five percent of the schools use protrusive records to set the articulator. The facebow preservation record is used by 84% of the schools. Conclusions Preclinical complete denture educational programs vary from school to school, yet a large percentage of schools agree on certain topics. Only 28% of dental schools are incorporating new technologies, such as the internet, in their preclinical complete denture curriculum. Nineteen percent of dental schools are using only the Portrait denture teeth, which are newer than the Bioblend and Bioform teeth.
Depletion of GR-1-Positive Cells Is Associated with Reduced Neutrophil Inflammation and Astrocyte Reactivity after Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the stroke subtype with the highest mortality and morbidity with 25% of patients dying within the first 48 h and a high incidence of poor outcomes. Because of high early mortality rates, an understanding of acute brain injury mechanisms is essential. In this study, we have investigated the putative role of acute inflammation in brain injury after experimental ICH. We depleted GR-1+ cells in mice by intraperitoneal administration of anti-GR-1 antibody or normal rat serum (control). We then induced ICH by infusion of autologous whole blood into the striatum and compared functional outcome and brain injury markers between the two groups. We found that administration of anti-GR-1 antibody led to a profound decrease in circulating GR-1+ cells (1.5 ± 0.34% vs. 50.3 ± 8.3% of CD45+ cells, p ≤ 0.01) and that brain neutrophils decreased by approximately 50% (p ≤ 0.05). We observed a reduction in astrocyte immunoreactivity in the GR-1+ cell-depleted group (p ≤ 0.05). Conversely, we did not find attenuation of brain edema or differences in behavioral deficits between the two groups. In summary, our results are promising and suggest that larger studies or different neutrophil manipulations may produce greater attenuation of injury after ICH.
Applications of GaAs grown at a low temperature by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract GaAs based semiconductors grown at low temperature by molecular beam epitaxy have several interesting properties which can be exploited for a variety of applications, both electronic and opto-electronic. The material exhibits a range of resistivity from highly conductive to highly resistive based on the growth temperature and subsequent annealing temperature. The most important applications of low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs and AlGaAs use the highly resistive form of the material. This paper summarizes the applications of LTG (Al)GaAs in microelectronics.
Long term sorption studies of benzene and toluene onto soils.

Although the basic mass transfer of dissolved substances in water to a solid phase is often considered as a simple, partitioning process, in reality, several processes may indeed be taking place. Three consecutive steps in the adsorption of materials from solution by porous adsorbents have been described: film diffusion, pore diffusion, and adsorption on the interior surface of the pore. A simple partitioning model does not account for these rate limiting processes; it is essentially an instantaneous transfer occurring upon the molecular contact with the solid. Hence, an equilibrium expression is used to describe this process. The simple partitioning model often breaks down when the question of desorption is raised. This study focuses on an aspect of the two process sorption mechanism model, experimentation to delineate the two process. The experiments show that biological uptake can past the secondary phase. The paper describes how the effects of biological uptake can be minimized in long-term experiments. 8 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
N-acetyltransferase is not the rate-limiting enzyme of melatonin synthesis at night

Circadian melatonin production in the pineal gland and retina is under the control of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase. Because NAT activity varies diurnally, it has been considered both the melatonin rhythm-generating enzyme and the rate-limiting enzyme of melatonin synthesis. In rats with dramatically reduced NAT activity due to a H28Y mutation in NAT, melatonin levels remained the same as in wildtype controls, suggesting that NAT does not determine the rate of melatonin production at night. Using a combination of molecular approaches with a sensitive in vivo measurement of pineal diurnal melatonin production, we demonstrate that (i) N-acetylserotonin (NAS), the enzymatic product of NAT, is present in vast excess in the night pineals compared with melatonin; (ii) the continuous increase in NAT protein levels at late night does not produce a proportional increase in melatonin; and (iii) an increase in NAS in the same animal over several circadian cycles do not result in corresponding increase in melatonin output. These results strongly suggest that NAT is not the rate-limiting enzyme of melatonin formation at night.
Effect of preimplantation histologic assessment on long-term outcomes of kidneys from older donors

Effect of preimplantation histologic assessment on long-term outcomes of kidneys from older donors
Study of Electronically Excited Iodine Atoms I(5 2 P 1/2 ) by Time Resolved Emission

Donovan and Husain1–7 have recently carried out a number of investigations on electronically excited iodine and bromine atoms, I(52P1/2) and Br(42P1/2), by kinetic spectroscopy in absorption in the vacuum ultra-violet after flash photolysis of a number of gaseous halides. The long mean radiative life-times of these excited atoms8 arising out of the electric dipole forbidden transitions to the ground states, I(52P3/2) and Br(42P3/2), have facilitated such studies in absorption. This communication describes the study of the time resolved emission I(52P1/2) → I(52P3/2) + hv (1.315μ) following the flash photolysis of gaseous trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), monitored by means of a lead sulphide photoconductive cell placed at the exit slit of a high aperture grating monochromator (Bausch and Lomb, f 4.4) and displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope. The concentrations of excited iodine atoms produced on photolysis2 are sufficiently high to overcome the low value of the Einstein coefficient for spontaneous emission, and adequate intensities are thus obtained. A typical trace for the decay of the emission is shown in Fig. 1. The decay is slower for increasing pressures of argon in accordance with a process primarily controlled by diffusion to the walls of the reaction vessel2–4.
Estimating the ground-water contribution in wetlands using modeling and digital terrain analysis.

Wetland classification and management often requires information on the contribution of ground water to a wetland’s water budget. Direct estimation of this parameter, however, is time-consuming, expensive, and can typically only be accomplished for small areas. Thus, a method to characterize ground-water flow in wetland areas and regions may be useful in many applications. The estimation technique described combines the use of a digital elevation model (DEM) with transient numerical modeling and assumes that the water table reflects the general pattern of surface topography. The DEM grid elevations are used as initial heads in the model. Stepwise ground-water drainage from the flow domain is simulated until a reasonable match is obtained between the observed and model water tables. By knowing or assuming hydraulic conductivity and using the model water-table configuration, an estimate for ground-water flow to and from each discretized grid node can be estimated from Darcy’s Law and the Dupuit approximation. The net result, when mapped, shows the simulated distribution of recharge and discharge within and surrounding the wetland. Two examples from the Shingobee River headwaters in central Minnesota indicate how the method may be used. Geologically recent development of glacial landforms has led to numerous lakes, ponds, and wetlands in the region. Using a 30-m, 1∶24,000 scale DEM grid in combination with data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife National Wetlands Inventory, the model predicts the most likely areas of ground-water interaction in and near wetlands and lakes. More quantitative results can be obtained by applying observed water budget and soil/aquifer parameter data.
Circular planar electrical networks

Following de Verdiere-Gitler-Vertigan and Curtis-Ingerman-Morrow, we prove a host of new results on circular planar electrical networks. We first construct a poset EP n of electrical networks with n boundary vertices, and prove that it is graded by number of edges of critical representatives. We then answer various enumerative questions related to EP n , adapting methods of Callan and Stein-Everett. Finally, we study certain positivity phenomena of the response matrices arising from circular planar electrical networks. In doing so, we introduce electrical positroids, extending work of Postnikov, and discuss a naturally arising example of a Laurent phenomenon algebra, as studied by Lam-Pylyavskyy.
Potential vorticity inversion and balanced equations of motion for rotating and stratified flows

Balanced equations of motion based on potential vorticity evolution and inversion for the shallow water and stratified primitive equations are derived and, in some shallow-water cases, numerically tested. The schemes are based on asymptotic expansions in Rossby or Froude number, or rational scaling-based truncations of the equations of motion, assuming that the dynamics are determined by the advection of potential vorticity. Thus, regimes of validity are rapidly rotating and/or highly stratified flow. Both new and familiar results are straightforwardly obtained, in a unified framework in both height and isentropic coordinates. For both shallow-water and stratified equations, Rossby number expansions schemes give quasi-geostrophy at lowest order. Both gradient-wind balance and the nonlinear terms in the potential vorticity enter at next order. A low Froude number expansion for non-rotating flow gives two-dimensional flow, uncoupled in the vertical at lowest order. A single consistent inversion scheme can be derived that is valid at lowest order in Froude number for all Rossby numbers, for both shallow-water and the stratified equations. It may be a particularly appropriate model for the atmospheric mesoscale and oceanic submesoscale, where rotation and stratification can both be important in defining balanced motion. A model is also proposed that is valid at both planetary and synoptic scales, combining the familiar planetary geostrophic and quasi-geostrophic equations. Most of the models derived require the solution only of linear or near linear elliptic equations, possibly with varying coefficients. Numerical experiments indicate that a higher-order inversion can be quantitatively better than quasigeostrophy, if Rossby number and divergence are sufficiently small. In some other cases, no noticeable improvement over quasi-geostrophy is found, even when the Rossby number is quite small. However, the balanced model valid for both planetary and synoptic scales shows a significant qualitative and quantitative improvement over both planetary geostrophy and quasi-geostrophy for large-scale flows, and its evolution is in good agreement with a primitive equation model.
Vitamin C Requirements of the Angelfish Pterophylum scalare

.— Despite a large economical value of the ornamental fish trade, little information is available on the dietary ascorbic acid requirements of these species. Ascorbic acid requirements of fishes of the cichlid family appear to vary widely. Juvenile angelfish, a widely produced ornamental cichlid, were maintained on diets containing graded levels of ascorbyl monophosphate. Liver ascorbic acid concentrations after 96 d of feeding were significantly reduced in groups receiving 120 mg or less ascorbic acid equivalents/kg diet. However, no differences in growth or mortality between groups were found, and no external signs of ascorbic acid deficiency were observed, indicating a high resistance of this species against prolonged ascorbic acid deficiency. Based on the long possible life span of angelfish in the aquarium, we proposed a conservative dietary ascorbic acid requirement of 360 mg/ kg diet, necessary to maintain maximum tissue storage of this vitamin.
Composición de las capturas de la langosta de Juan Fernández (Jasus frontalis) y determinación de parámetros biológico-pesqueros durante la temporada de pesca 1996-1997

Resumen es: Se analizan la composicion de las capturas y los principales parametros biologico-pesqueros de la langosta de Juan Fernandez (Jasus frontalis), durante l...
GOLD NANOROD PHOTOTHERMAL THERAPY IN A GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MOUSE MODEL OF SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA

Plasmonic nanomaterials are poised to impact the clinical management of cancer through their ability to convert externally applied energy into localized heat at sites of diseased tissue. However, characterization of plasmonic nanomaterials as cancer therapeutics has been limited to xenograft models, creating a need to extend these findings to more clinically relevant models of cancer. Here, we evaluate the method of photothermal ablation therapy in a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of sarcoma, which more accurately recapitulates the human disease in terms of structure and biology than subcutaneous xenograft models. Using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanorods (PEG-NRs), we quantitatively evaluate the ability of nanoparticles to penetrate and accumulate in sarcomas through passive targeting mechanisms. We demonstrate that PEG-NR–mediated photothermal heating results in significant delays in tumor growth with no progression in some instances. Lastly, by evaluating our photothermal ablation protocol in a GEMM, we observe off-target heating effects that are not detectable in xenograft models and which may be of future clinical interest.
Two-Pulse Temporal Integration Functions in the Fovea and Peripheral Retina

The temporal integration of luminous energy was compared in the fovea and at 7 degrees eccentricity using two-pulse stimuli and two methodologies. The two-pulse stimuli consisted of two 1-msec. light pulses separated by intervals of darkness ranging from 1 to 400 msec.; they were provided by a glow modulator tube transilluminating a 21.8' opal glass target. In Exp. 1 (equal-performance design), integration functions were generated using a forced-choice staircase procedure to estimate threshold luminance. The data for two Os showed that the critical duration (CD), and thus the period of complete integration, was briefer in the fovea than at 7 degrees. Beyond the CD, integration continued to differ for the two retinal locations. In the fovea, two-pulse stimuli beyond CD evidenced partial integration and at the longest stimulus durations no integration or inhibition. In contrast, at 7 degrees stimuli beyond CD appeared to evidence probability summation. In Exp. 2 (equal-energy design), integration functions were generated by measuring the detectability of two-pulse stimuli of different durations but equal in total luminous energy. A signal-detection procedure yielded measures of both response frequency and signal detectability, P(A). The data for two Os showed that for both measures CD was briefer in the fovea than at 7 degrees. Also, in the fovea, long two-pulse stimuli appeared to show no integration or inhibition. Both experiments then showed a foveal-peripheral difference in two-pulse measures of visual temporal integration, with the fovea evidencing less integration. In addition, the forced-choice and signal-detection procedures showed that these loci differences in integration were independent of the Os' response criterion.
Dynamic modeling of a bidirectional magnetoelastic rotary micro-motor

Abstract A dynamic model is presented for a novel magnetoelastic rotary micro-motor. Magnetoelastic excitation results in a rotary motor with comparatively large payload even under direct wireless actuation, but the resulting stator behavior is significantly different from that of prior micro-scale rotary motors. A parametric modal model is developed from conservation of momentum, a second order linear distributed stator and ballistic rotor motion. The modes and a pre-stressed finite element model are also described to support the parametric modal model. The typical simulated model output and parametric analyses are presented with important trends and behaviors of the micro-motor motion, including stochastic features of rotary and vertical motion, and experimental validation. The dynamics of the micro-motor under certain inputs and design parameters are also estimated by the model.
Probabilistic and multiple regression modeling of the biologist's decision processes and its implications for medical diagnosis.

Current psychological research into the inference (diagnostic) process is briefly reviewed, using as a vehicle an investigation of the prediction of the probability of success of hypothetical applicants to a graduate program in biology. Brunswik’s lens model and multiple regression analysis are used, as is a Bayesian approach. Four judges’ (biologists’) predictions are analyzed. Some general conclusions about inference, drawn from the current data in psychology, are presented.
Student evaluations and the university professor: Caveat Professor

Research evaluating student ratings of professors reveals continued controversy. Interpretations of student ratings of professors in terms of face validity are marred by halo affects, the apparent inability of even skilled raters to judge complex behaviors adequately, the salience of personality features in judging tasks, and a host of other variables. Research shows student ratings to be reliable, but design flaws for simple, first order, predictions usually omit the teacher as a cause. Interpretations of research are confusing because of justifications that indiscriminately involve nomological and applied models. Rating scale peculiarities, questionable validity, and scholastic homogeneity lead to diverse professional attitudes towards student opinions of professors, with a learner or consumer emphasis occupying the extremes. Several evaluation schemes are noted along with behaviors that tend to produce favorable student opinions.
Effects of Gendered Language on Gender Stereotyping in Computer‐Mediated Communication: The Moderating Role of Depersonalization and Gender‐Role Orientation

This experiment examined what situational and dispositional features moderate the effects of linguistic gender cues on gender stereotyping in anonymous, text-based computer-mediated communication. Participants played a trivia game with an ostensible partner via computer, whose comments represented either prototypically masculine or feminine language styles. Consistent with the social identity model of deindividuation effects, those who did not exchange brief personal profiles with their partner (i.e., depersonalization) were more likely to infer their partner’s gender from the language cues than those who did. Depersonalization, however, facilitated stereotype-consistent conformity behaviors only among gender-typed individuals; that is, participants conformed more to their masculine- than feminine-comment partners, and men were less conforming than were women, only when they were both gender-typed and depersonalized.