cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychology, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science: Reflections on the History and Philosophy of Experimental Psychology

This article critically examines the views that psychology first came into existence as a discipline ca. 1879, that philosophy and psychology were estranged in the ensuing decades, that psychology finally became scientific through the influence of logical empiricism, and that it should now disappear in favor of cognitive science and neuroscience. It argues that psychology had a natural philosophical phase (from antiquity) that waxed in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, that this psychology transformed into experimental psychology ca. 1900, that philosophers and psychologists collaboratively discussed the subject matter and methods of psychology in the first two decades of the twentieth century, that the neobehaviorists were not substantively influenced by the Vienna Circle, that the study of perception and cognition in psychology did not disappear in the behaviorist period and so did not reemerge as a result of artificial intelligence, linguistics, and the computer analogy, that although some psychologists adopted the language-of-thought approach of traditional cognitive science, many did not, and that psychology will not go away because it contributes independently of cognitive science and neuroscience.
Responses of a Marl Lake to Fertilization

Abstract A shallow marl lake was fertilized during three consecutive years with inorganic fertilizer. Application was made in midsummer and evaluation of its effect was made by comparing data gathered in a pretreatment and a posttreatment period each year. Fertilization brought about an immediate increase in suspended solids and a decrease in transparency. These changes appeared to be caused by a coalescence of suspended marl rather than by chemical precipitation or by an increase in phytoplankton. A large fraction of the added phosphorus disappeared from the water along with the suspended marl. When solids were separated from the water with a centrifuge, we were unable to detect an increase in the organic fraction of the solids after fertilization. However, during the third year of the study a small increase was noted when a Millipore filter was employed. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus remained in the water for a very short period; however, an organic phosphorus fraction persisted 25 days or more. In ...
Characterization of two fluorescent tryptophans in recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor: comparison of native sequence protein and tryptophan-deficient mutants.

In order to probe the role of the individual tryptophans of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) inpH and guanidine HCl-induced fluorescence changes, site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate mutants replacing Trp118, Trp58, or both with phenylalanine. Neither Trp to Phe mutation affected the folding or activity of the recombinant G-CSF, and the material expressed in yeast behaved identically to that expressed inEscherichia coli. All of the G-CSF species responded topH and guanidine HCl in qualitatively the same manner. Trp58 has a fluorescence maximum at 350 nm and is quenched to a greater extent by the addition of guanidine HCl, indicating that it is fully solvent-exposed. Trp118 has a fluorescence maximum at 344 nm, and is less solvent-accessible than Trp58. The analog in which both tryptophans have been replaced with phenylalanine shows only tyrosine fluorescence, with a peak at 304 nm which decreases with increasingpH. The intensity of the tyrosine fluorescence in this analog is much greater than that of the native sequence protein or single tryptophan mutants, indicating that energy transfer is taking place from tyrosine to tryptophan in these molecules. Below neutralpH the tyrosine fluorescence is much greater in the [Phe58]G-CSF than in the [Phe118]G-CSF, indicating that Trp58 might be a more efficient recipient of energy transfer from the tyrosine(s).
Functional Glycomic Analysis of Human Milk Glycans Reveals the Presence of Virus Receptors and Embryonic Stem Cell Biomarkers

Human milk contains a large diversity of free glycans beyond lactose, but their functions are not well understood. To explore their functional recognition, here we describe a shotgun glycan microarray prepared from isolated human milk glycans (HMGs), and our studies on their recognition by viruses, antibodies, and glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), including lectins. The total neutral and sialylated HMGs were derivatized with a bifunctional fluorescent tag, separated by multidimensional HPLC, and archived in a tagged glycan library, which was then used to print a shotgun glycan microarray (SGM). This SGM was first interrogated with well defined GBPs and antibodies. These data demonstrated both the utility of the array and provided preliminary structural information (metadata) about this complex glycome. Anti-TRA-1 antibodies that recognize human pluripotent stem cells specifically recognized several HMGs that were then further structurally defined as novel epitopes for these antibodies. Human influenza viruses and Parvovirus Minute Viruses of Mice also specifically recognized several HMGs. For glycan sequencing, we used a novel approach termed metadata-assisted glycan sequencing (MAGS), in which we combine information from analyses of glycans by mass spectrometry with glycan interactions with defined GBPs and antibodies before and after exoglycosidase treatments on the microarray. Together, these results provide novel insights into diverse recognition functions of HMGs and show the utility of the SGM approach and MAGS as resources for defining novel glycan recognition by GBPs, antibodies, and pathogens.
Fermion Monte Carlo

Abstract We review the fundamental challenge of fermion Monte Carlo for continuous systems, the “sign problem”. We seek that eigenfunction of the many-body Schrodinger equation that is antisymmetric under interchange of the coordinates of pairs of particles. We describe methods that depend upon the use of correlated dynamics for pairs of correlated walkers that carry opposite signs. There is an algorithmic symmetry between such walkers that must be broken to create a method that is both exact and as effective as for symmetric functions. In our new method, it is broken by using different “guiding” functions for walkers of opposite signs, and a geometric correlation between steps of their walks. With a specific process of cancellation of the walkers, overlaps with antisymmetric test functions are preserved. Finally, we describe the progress in treating free-fermion systems and a fermion fluid with 14 3 He atoms.
Fumigation with methyl bromide plus refrigeration to control infestations of fruit flies in agricultural commodities.

The minimum doses of methyl bromide (administered at the optimum temperature after a period of low-temperature storage), the minimum period of low-temperature storage, and the most effective combination of the 2 treatments were established for quarantine treatment of papayas, Carica papaya L., and avocados, Persea americana Mill., infested with the 3 Hawaiian tephritids, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; and the melon fly, D. cucurbitae Coquillett. Equations were used to approximate the separate effects of each of the subtreatments and of the combined treatments. The effective treatments projected about 32 survivors from a million eggs and larvae of the 3 species. Also, residues were determined in papayas and avocados after fumigation with methyl bromide, and tests were made with the minimum treatments to establish tolerance levels for residues in these commodities.
Dynamic Testing of an Inflatable, Self-Supporting, Unpressurized Thin-Film Torus

Dynamic testing of an inflatable thin-film torus structure with regular formed convex dome surface features has been performed to evaluate structural natural frequencies, mode shapes, and modal damping ratios. The structure presented two unique challenges with respect to modal testing. First, it is extremely lightweight, flexible, and highly damped. Second, the thin film that provides the integrity to the structure is not smooth and flat, but has a pattern of hexagonal dome structures formed into it that increases the local stiffness of the thin film to the point that the structure is self-supporting in the gravity environment of Earth when the internal pressure is released. The dynamic testing was performed in this self-supporting state. In the modal test a loudspeaker provided acoustic excitation, and a laser displacement sensor was used to measure the vibration response at various points on the torus surface. The acoustic excitation and the laser displacement measuring technique were chosen because they are all noncontact methods that avoid mass loading of the structure as would happen if accelerometers and a shaker were used. Three in-plane and three out-of-plane modes were extracted using this approach. The experimental results indicate that the noncontact modal data-acquisition approach for extremely lightweight structures is suitable and effective. The modal identification procedure found modes that are analogous to elastic ring modes as well as widely spaced repeated modes.
Semantic factors in conservation of weight

The performance of first- and second-grade Ss was analyzed on eight con nota five-denotative discrimination problems and seven conservation-of-weight problems, each of which represented physical dimensions that are highly correlated on the semantic differential potency factor. The results indicated that Ss who made correct denotative discriminations performed significantly better on the conservation of weight problems than Ss who were unable to discriminate connotative from denotative meaning. The ability to make correct denotative discriminations is acquired prior to weight conservation and is perhaps a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for conservation of weight.
Chemisorption of H2S on clean and S-, D- and O-covered Ni(100)

The adsorption and decomposition of H2S on clean and on S-, D- and O-covered Ni(100) surfaces have been studied by AES and TPD. For low exposures on clean Ni at 110 K, no molecular H2S, only H2, desorbs in TPD. At large exposures, there is competition between molecular desorption and dissociation. In the presence of S(a), H2S dissociation is inhibited and the H2 desorption shifts to lower temperature. Predosed D(a) also inhibits H2S dissociation, but does not alter the desorption energetics. There is a small amount of D-for-H exchange into the molecularly desorbing H2S. Predosed O reacts readily with H2S to form water.
Self-diffusion of cadmium and tellurium in cadmium telluride

Abstract The high temperature defect equilibria in CdTe have been investigated by measuring the ratiotracer self-diffusion coefficients of Cd109 and Te123 as functions of temperature, component partial pressure, and added impurity content. Profiles of the radiotracer concentration vs. distance were determined by sectioning and counting techniques. Radiotracer self-diffusion coefficients were obtained by fitting the nonreplenished source solution of the diffusion equation to the radiotracer concentration profile. The experimental results show that the self-diffusion of Cd is not significantly influenced by partial pressure, but is enhanced by the presence of both an impurity donor, Al, and an impurity acceptor, Au, at low temperatures. The self-diffusion of Te was found to increase with increasing Te2 pressure. The interpretation of the experimental results leads to the conclusion that the self-diffusion of Cd occurs by the motion of both ionized Cd vacancy acceptors and interstitial Cd donors. The self-diffusion of Te has been interpreted on the basis of a neutral interstitial defect. It is concluded that an ionized Frenkel disorder on the Cd sublattice represents the dominant high temperature electrically active defect equilibria in CdTe.
Application of collinear laser spectroscopy on fast atom beams to measure nuclear properties

Abstract A laser spectroscopy system has been developed to observe on-line the atomic hyperfine structure of nuclides produced by heavy-ion collisions and formed into a monoenergetic beam with an isotope separator. The system has been used to observe the hyperfine structure and isotope shifts of 189–194,201,203,205 Tl. We present here a brief description of the system and discuss its performance characteristics in these initial experiments.
A probabilistic algorithm for verifying matrix products using O(n 2 ) time and log 2 n + O (1) random bits

L'article presente un algorithme permettant de verifier le produit de matrices de dimensions nxn. Cet algorithme a une complexite de l'ordre de o(log n); il est plus simple et plus direct que les precedents. En plus, il peut etre etendu de facon probabiliste de maniere a majorer la probabilite d'erreur
The Importance of Alternate Foods for the Mite Homeopronematus anconai (Acari: Tydeidae)

Population parameters of the tydeid mite Homeopronematus anconai (Baker) utilizing various food materials were determined. Mite densities increased rapidly when fed cattail pollen provided on a grape leaf substrate. On pollen in the absence of the leaf substrate, the population first declined and then slowly increased. Fungal spores were a poor food source, with or without leaf tissue. On grape leaf alone, mite numbers failed to increase. After 20 d of exposure to tomato russet mites (TRM), Aculops lycopersici (Massee), plus pollen, pollen alone, TRM alone, and with no food, H. anconai adult females had 39, 19, 10, and 0% survival, respectively, and the cumulative number of eggs per female was 8.1, 6.8, 1.5, and 0, respectively. Significantly more TRM were consumed per female H. anconai in the absence of pollen, which suggests pollen is of high nutritive value.
Cryogenic Texture and Strength Aspects of Artificially Frozen Soils

Abstract This paper elucidates some factors affecting the formation of soil cryogenic textures upon artificial active and passive soil freezing to form a soil-ice wall cofferdam. Depending upon the soil type, the thermal regimen of the stages of active and passive freezing of the soil-ice wall brings about various kinds of cryogenic textures. The cryogenic textures, in thier turn, affect the strength of the artificially frozen soil-ice wall. It is shown that upon loading, the variously oriented hexagonally crystallized ice crystals, upon application of externally applied loads, may become subjected to compression or bending or shear stresses, and/or to a combination of such stresses. Also, sustained loads on a frozen soil may bring about time-dependent, long-term deformation of the ice, viz., frozen soil, known as the rheological phenomenon creep. It is postulated that the strength and performance of the composite frozen soil—the ice wall—is a function of its components, such as the soil cryogenic texture, its thermal regimen and the strength of the ice. It is also pointed out that the performance of the ice wall should be evaluated in terms of its strength and strains.
Effective thermoelastic and thermal properties of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites and their sensitivity coefficients

Three-dimensional finite element models are used to assess the accuracy of the thermoelastic and thermal properties of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites predicted by six different micromechanical models. The six models are: simple mechanics of materials type equations, fiber substructuring model, vanishing fiber diameter model, self-consistent model, Mori-Tanaka model, and method of cells. In addition, the finite element models are used to assess the accuracy of derivatives of the effective properties, with respect to each of the constituent material properties and fiber-volume ratio, computed using the six micromechanical models. The predictions of the micromechanical and finite element models for four advanced composite material systems are compared with experimental data. The results obtained in the present study show that the predictions of the Mori-Tanaka model and the method of cells are closer to those of the finite element models than those of all the other micromechanical models.
Maximal sized antichains in partial orders

The following general theorem is proven: Given a partially ordered set and a group of permutations among its elements which preserves the order relation, there is a set of elements no two ordered (called an independent set, or an antichain) of maximal size which consists of complete orbits under the group. The result is applied to several examples including the lattice of partitions of a set. The maximal size of an antichain is also shown to be the solution of a certain linear progra de- fined by the partial order. Some generalizations of the main result are also described.
Diffraction characteristics of photoresist surface-relief gratings

Theoretical results from rigorous coupled-wave analysis are compared with experimental diffraction characteristics for holographically formed dielectric photoresist surface-relief gratings with deep grooves (greater than a grating period) and high diffraction efficiency (>85%). The angular selectivity (at a fixed wavelength) and the wavelength selectivity (at a fixed angle of incidence) are presented for both TE and TM incident polarizations. Modeling the gratings as a surface-relief modulated half-space and using rigorous coupled-wave analysis are shown to produce good general agreement with the experimentally measured diffraction characteristics.
Quantified non-destructive dispersion assessment via macrodispersion and AC/DC ratio analyses for hybrid polycarbonate/graphite nanoplatelet/carbon nanotube composites

Abstract New quantitative image analysis methods are presented for non-destructive characterization of nanocomposite macrodispersion. The first method employs spherical contact distribution functions allowing macrodispersion analysis for micrographs with thick sections or films previously requiring modification for analysis. Additionally, a promising quantitative approach utilizing the AC/DC conductivity ratio was demonstrated for the study of dispersion within hybrid polycarbonate/carbon nanotube/graphite nanoplatelet nanocomposites. For the first time, a mechanism for the correlation between the AC/DC ratio and nanofiller dispersion level is theorized. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the AC/DC ratio method has the potential to be used with metrics for quality assurance and performance assessment of nanocomposites.
Cation activation of desoxyribonuclease.

Abstract The activation of desoxyribonuclease on desoxyribonucleate, known to occur with Mg++ and Mn++, has been shown to occur equally well with Co++, to nearly the same extent with Fe++, and to a lesser extent with Ca++, Ba++, Sr++, Ni++, Cd++, and Zn++. The conditions under which the optimal activation is revealed vary among these ions. Thus, Mg++, Mn++, and Co++ may show marked activation under conditions in which Fe++ is nearly ineffective. Since too high a concentration of an ion may be as ineffective as too little, concentration-activation curves were determined for each ion. Per micromole of nucleic acid phosphorus, the optimal effective amount of each ion in micromoles is as follows: Mg++ 3, Mn++ 3, Co++ 3, Fe++ 0.3, Ni++ 0.3, Ba++ 1.7, Ca++ 3, Sr++ 3, Zn++ 0.3, and Cd++ 0.3. The optimum pH for the activation with Mg++, Co++, and Ca++ is about 6.5, that with Fe++ is at 5.7, while Mn++ shows two optima at pH 6.8 and 8.0. Experiments conducted in Pyrex and in quartz vessels showed the same results, and indicated that there was no activation of desoxy-ribonuclease in the absence of added salts.
Overview no. 42 Texture development and strain hardening in rate dependent polycrystals

Abstract A new rate dependent constitutive model is developed for polycrystals subjected to arbitrarily large strains. The model is used to predict deformation textures and large-strain strain hardening behavior following various stress-strain histories for single phase f.c.c. aggregates that deform by crystallographic slip. Examples involving uniaxial and plane strain tension and compression are presented which illustrate how texture influences polycrystalline strain hardening, in particular these examples demonstrate both textural strengthening and softening effects. Input to the model includes the description of single crystal strain hardening and latent hardening along with strain rate sensitivity, all properties described on the individual slip system level. The constitutive formulation used for the individual grains is essentially that developed by Peirce et al . [6, Acta metall . 31, 1951 (1983)] to solve rate dependent boundary value problems for finitely deformed single crystals. Inclusion of rate dependence is shown to overcome the long standing problem of nonuniqueness in the choice of active slip systems which is inherent in the rate independent theory. Because the slipping rates on all slip systems within each grain are unique in the rate dependent theory, the lattice rotations and thus the textures that develop are unique. In addition, the model makes it possible to study how strain rate sensitivity on the slip system, and single grain, levels is manifested in polycrystalline strain rate sensitivity. The model is also used to predict “constant offset plastic strain yield surfaces” for materials that are nearly rate insensitive—these calculations describe the development of rounded “yield surface vertices” and the resulting softening of material stiffness to a change in loading path that vertices imply. For our rate dependent solid this reduction in stiffness occurs after small but finite loading increments. Finally the model is used to carry out an imperfection-based sheet necking analysis both for isotropic and strongly textured sheets. The results show that larger strain hardening rates, and strain rate sensitivity, on the slip system level both increase the failure strains, as expected, but also demonstrate a strong influence of texture on localized necking.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Does not Produce Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

It has been widely assumed that patients who sustain mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) or post-concussive syndrome develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in response to their cognitive diff...
Teaching Business Ethics during the Global Economic Crisis: A Post-Foundational Approach

Facing a near-death experience naturally pushes people to re-examine their basic moral values. During the recent global economic melt-down, calls to solve the concomitant ‘moral’ crisis come in from all fronts. The presumption is that we need business ethics courses to teach our business students to learn to take the moral high-road; we need ethics pledges and codes of ethics to teach business students to do the right thing. But in reality, what impact can a business ethics class have on business people in the real world of tough choices and intense competition? It is my contention that if we look at the teaching of business ethics from the traditional Foundational Platonic perspective, we over-promise and under-deliver. By contrast, a Post- Foundational perspective gives us a pragmatic and viable picture of business ethics pedagogy that can make a real difference.
Self-assembled GaInAs quantum wire heterostructure design for temperature stabilized emission wavelength

Abstract The strain-induced lateral-layer ordering process is used to fabricate GaInAs quantum wire (QWR) heterostructures on (1 0 0)-InP via molecular beam epitaxy. Using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, the effect of the barrier material between QWR layers on the peak PL behavior with respect to temperature is investigated. In addition, two types of growth interrupt schemes were used to optimize the PL characteristics of the QWR heterostructure. Growth pauses during the deposition of the QWR layer were explored as well as growth pauses in between the QWR layer and barrier material. Consequently, peak PL wavelengths stabilized to less than 1 A/°C above room temperature have been obtained for GaInAs QWR heterostructures using nominally lattice-matched AlGaInAs barriers and QWR-barrier growth interrupts to improve PL intensity. It is shown that strain is the main factor behind this PL behavior with respect to temperature.
Soil Chemical Analysis Applied as an Interpretive Tool for Ancient Human Activities in Piedras Negras, Guatemala

The applicability of soil chemical analysis to the interpretation of ancient human activity areas in the Maya region was studied for potential implications in anthropogenically modified soils. We studied chemical signatures associated with a horizontally excavated site in Piedras Negras, Guatemala. The focus of this study is on soil phosphate and trace metals as indicators of ancient activity. We compared total phosphate with Mehlich extractable phosphate to see which method was superior. We also compared total (nitric-perchloric) digestion with the DTPA extraction procedure of heavy metal determination to resolve which method most accurately indicates ancient activity areas. We used principal component analysis to compare the metals and give probable locations of ancient activities. Statistical analysis of chemical patterns indicated possible areas of food preparation and craft production as well as sweeping patterns. We found that elevated phosphate, barium and manganese levels indicate areas of organic refuse disposal. Mercury and lead concentrations indicate areas of craft production. These observations are compared with the artifact data. We were also able to determine areas associated with similar activities using chemical analysis. The comparison of the total and extractable element analysis demonstrated that both methods yield important information regarding activity areas. However, because of the resolution obtained, convenience, economy, and safety, we suggest the extractable DTPA and Mehlich methods.
Selective dopamine D2 receptor reduction enhances a D1-mediated oral dyskinesia in rats.

We have previously shown, through the use of selective D1 and D2 dopamine receptor interactive drugs, that repetitive jaw movements in rats can be produced by activation of the D1 system or blockade of the D2 system. In the present study we have shown that genetic or developmental factors resulting in a lesser number of D2 - relative to D1 - receptors is associated with repetitive jaw movements. We have found in two strains of rats with different striatal D2 to D1 ratios, the strain with fewer D2 sites had more jaw movements. We also found that experimental reduction of D2 receptors via prenatal intervention resulted in an increase in spontaneous jaw movements, as did aging, which is accompanied by a decrease in the number of D2 receptors. The findings of these studies carried out in rats, parallel, in a number of ways, findings in human oral dyskinesia associated with either aging or neuroleptic treatment.
The absence and the presence of fixed point combinators

Abstract In this article we give some classes of fragments of weak combinatory logic and show that they fail to admit various fixed point properties. We also present the results of a new technique, the kernel strategy, for using an automated theorem-proving program to search for fixed point combinators within a given fragment. A key aspect of the work is that experimentation with the kernel strategy led indirectly to proofs of theorems concerning the absence of the fixed point properties.
SHIP HULL BOTTOM SLAMMING

A method is presented to evaluate the hull bending moment due to bottom slamming. Theoretical explanations and updates are given to the commonly used empirical results, and some observations are made on slamming. An energy approach combined with a strip theory is used to obtain the hydrodynamic load, and to analyze the effects of the forward velocity. Impacts of simple bodies are simulated numerically to describe these loads. The ship hull is represented as a non-uniform free-free beam, and its response is decomposed into normal modes; only the contribution of the first one is kept. In a numerical example, the bending moment during the impact is determined. It is shown that its value when the impact is over is much harder to predict. The maximum value of the bending moment, however, occurs during the impact, and is an increasing function of the vertical velocity, as expected. A simple expression is given for it.
Enhanced activity of cloned hamster TERT gene promoter in transformed cells.

Abstract In 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-treated hamster pouch epithelial cells, telomerase activity increased within 1 week of treatment and reached a 6–7-fold increase within 3 weeks. To investigate this phenomenon, we have cloned and sequenced the hamster telomerase catalytic subunit (hamTERT) promoter. Transient transfection with different genomic segments upstream of the ATG translation initiation codon linked to the luciferase reporter gene mapped the core promoter within a 250 bp region. Three major transcription initiation sites and several minor sites were found between −42 and −140 bp relative to the ATG site. Like the human and murine TERT promoters, the hamTERT promoter lacks TATA and CAT boxes and all three promoters share similar regulatory factor binding sites. DNase I footprint analysis revealed six protected regions which contain sequences homologous with known transcription factor binding sites. Three protein binding regions (I, II, and III) were essential for the promoter activity. Regions I and III bound to Sp1 and Sp3 transcriptional factors, whereas region II bound to an unknown factor. Transient transfection of a promoter-luciferase plasmid into Drosophila SL2 cells showed that Sp1 and Sp3 regulated the hamster TERT promoter in a concentration-dependent and synergistic manner. Telomerase activity showed a 2–4-fold and 8–10-fold increase in immortalized cells and tumor cells, respectively, but hamTERT expression was only increased 1.7-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively, in the same cells.
Algebraic, multi-zoned radiation model for a two-zoned zero-dimensional cylindrical furnace

A simple two-zone zero-dimensional combustion model which estimates the influence of impurities in the fuel on the radiative energy transport has previously been developed based on an overall energy balance coupled with a multi-zoned radiation model. This paper presents the equations of the model, illustrates the method of calculating the radiative exchange areas for the two-zone system, and presents predictions for pulverized-coal and fluidized-bed combustion. The model predicts thermal performance as a function of coal input and furnace operational parameters, steam mass flow rates, and superheated steam temperatures leading to the high pressure turbine. Two wall ash deposit parameters, thermal conductivity and maximum deposit thickness, have been determined by a sensitivity analysis to be critical to furnace performance. These parameters have been obtained experimentally by others. The predictions from the two-zone model have been compared with predictions from an earlier single-zone model. The general trends from both models were the same, although the two-zone model predictions were closer to expected values.
Generalized functional observer

A functional observer and state feedback are proposed for singular systems in the polynomial fraction form that requires no impulsive mode elimination. The order of the compensator is determined by the newly defined generalized observability index that is associated with the McMillan degree of the system. A new generalized Lyapunov equation is also proposed through a realization scheme that can be applied to both ordinary and singular systems. The solution to the equation provides an algebraic approach to the observer of singular systems in the generalized state-space form. >
A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF TRICHOMONADS AND RELATED FLAGELLATES FROM THE BOVINE DIGESTIVE TRACT.

SYNOPSIS. Of 45 cattle sampled, 30 and 31 were found to have trichomonads in the rumen and cecum, respectively. No trichomonads were found in the abomasum or small intestine of these cattle. Trichomonads were found in the cecum of 16 of 21 calves. Of 17 sheep sampled, trichomonads were found in the rumen of 8 and in the cecum of 7. Trichomonads were found in all of 14 cecal samples from pigs; 12 had Tritrichomonas suis, 7 had Tetratrichomonas buttreyi and 4 had Trichomitus rotunda. Media used in attempting to cultivate trichomonads included Diamond's, modified Plastridge, thioglycolate, cecal extract, rumen extract, and CPLM. Protargol, Giemsa, and iron hematoxylin techniques, as well as phase-contrast observation of living and osmic acid-fixed specimens, were used in the study of morphology. A pentatrichomonad was found to have the highest incidence of any flagellate in the bovine rumen and cecum; it was easily cultivated in several different media. Two strains from the rumen were found to have similar growth curves, but in 2 clones from the cecum and 2 strains of Pentatrichomonas hominis of human and canine origin, the growth curves were distinctly different. The bovine pentatrichomonad was closely similar in cultural characteristics and morphology to P. hominis and was considered to belong to this species. Another trichomonad occurring in the cecum and rumen of cattle closely resembled Tetratrichomonas buttreyi from the cecum of swine in morphology and response to cultivation; these were considered conspecific. Monocercomonas ruminantium was found in the rumen of cattle and redescribed. An organism with 4 flagella arising in pairs was found in the cecum and feces of cattle, and described as Monocercomonoides bovis n. sp. Other flagellates observed in samples from the rumen were Callimastix frontalis and Chilomastix sp.; Giardia bovis was seen in samples from the small intestine, and a species resembling Retortamonas ovis in samples from the cecum.
Genetic Factors Modulating Outcome After Neurotrauma

Wide variation in outcomes after neurotrauma, despite apparently similar injury severity, suggests that host factors may influence the recovery process. Genetically determined individual differences might be one such factor. The study of the genetic modulation of outcome after neurotrauma is at an early stage. Nevertheless, several important components of the response to neurotrauma can be identified in which genetic differences contribute to variability in outcome. These components include genetic modulators of pre- and postinjury cognitive reserve and behavioral homeostasis, and processes that modulate cytotoxic injury cascades (extent of injury) and injury repair. This work reviews what is known of the role of genetic variation in outcome after neurotrauma with a focus on clinical outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Polymorphisms reported to influence outcome after traumatic brain injury that illustrate important underlying mechanisms are emphasized.
Integrated decision support for sustainable forest management in the United States: Fact or fiction?

Decision support systems have played a prominent role in the implementation of forest management since the early 1980s. However, whereas early systems were typically designed to address relatively simple management questions, more modern systems are increasingly being called upon to address the challenges posed by issues surrounding forest ecosystem management, sustainable forest management, and adaptive management. This paper considers some of the key requirements as they apply to forestry in the United States, and reviews recent decision support system designs in the United States, considering the extent to which they are satisfying the requirements, and opportunities for their continued evolution. The three systems discussed, NED, LMS, and EMDS, are typical of recent approaches to system design insofar as each has taken an evolutionary approach to system implementation in order to develop effective, integrated decision support for forest management in this new, complex problem domain. On considering the current state of system development for the three systems, it is concluded that significant progress has, in fact, been made in the last few years in providing support for evaluation and planning, although it is equally true that substantial opportunities remain for continued development to support plan implementation and forest ecosystem monitoring.
Coming of age

Abstract Those of us who study aging have the unique opportunity to live their subject matter. Whether we learn any personal lessons is a matter of our own reflectivity, but personal experience can make us far better scholars than can scholarship alone. As one ponders the life course, it is clear that a number of institutional influences, temporal patterning, and unexpected intervening variables are involved in the unfolding of one's life. Life-long institutional memberships furnish social capital that helps establish parameters for our personal experience, for how we view our personal trajectories and for our ability to cope with the aging process itself. But how to come to terms with unexpected occurrences that alter the anticipated futures we had in mind? Do our scholarly efforts and our experience come together in ways that enrich one or the other? These are the questions I explore in this personal essay.
Automated recognition and extraction of tabular fields for the indexing of census records

We describe a system for indexing of census records in tabular documents with the goal of recognizing the content of each cell, including both headers and handwritten entries. Each document is automatically rectified, registered and scaled to a known template following which lines and fields are detected and delimited as cells in a tabular form. Whole-word or whole-phrase recognition of noisy machine-printed text is performed using a glyph library, providing greatly increased efficiency and accuracy (approaching 100%), while avoiding the problems inherent with traditional OCR approaches. Constrained handwriting recognition results for a single author reach as high as 98% and 94.5% for the Gender field and Birthplace respectively. Multi-author accuracy (currently 82%) can be improved through an increased training set. Active integration of user feedback in the system will accelerate the indexing of records while providing a tightly coupled learning mechanism for system improvement.
Pediatric Specialized Transport Teams Are Associated With Improved Outcomes

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to test the hypothesis that interfacility transport performed by a pediatric critical care specialized team, compared with nonspecialized teams, would be associated with improved survival rates and fewer unplanned events during the transport process. METHODS: A single-center, prospective, cohort study was performed between January 2001 and September 2002. A total of 1085 infants and children at referral community hospitals with requests for retrieval by the Children9s Hospital of Pittsburgh transport team were studied; 1021(94%) were transported by a specialty team and 64 (6%) by nonspecialized teams. Unplanned events during the transport process and 28-day mortality rates were assessed. RESULTS: Unplanned events occurred for 55 patients (5%) and were more common among patients transported by nonspecialized teams (61% vs 1.5%). Airway-related events were most common, followed by cardiopulmonary arrest, sustained hypotension, and loss of crucial intravenous access. After adjustment for illness severity, only the use of a nonspecialized team was independently associated with an unplanned event, and death was more common among patients transported by nonspecialized teams (23% vs 9%). CONCLUSION: Transport of critically ill children to a pediatric tertiary care center can be conducted more safely with a pediatric critical care specialized team than with teams lacking specific training and expertise in pediatric critical care and pediatric transport medicine.
Accessible integration of agriculture, groundwater, and economic models using the Open Modeling Interface (OpenMI): methodology and initial results

Abstract. Policy for water resources impacts not only hydrological processes, but the closely intertwined economic and social processes dependent on them. Understanding these process interactions across domains is an important step in establishing effective and sustainable policy. Multidisciplinary integrated models can provide insight to inform this understanding, though the extent of software development necessary is often prohibitive, particularly for small teams of researchers. Thus there is a need for practical methods for building interdisciplinary integrated models that do not incur a substantial development effort. In this work we adopt the strategy of linking individual domain models together to build a multidisciplinary integrated model. The software development effort is minimized through the reuse of existing models and existing model-linking tools without requiring any changes to the model source codes, and linking these components through the use of the Open Modeling Interface (OpenMI). This was found to be an effective approach to building an agricultural-groundwater-economic integrated model for studying the effects of water policy in irrigated agricultural systems. The construction of the integrated model provided a means to evaluate the impacts of two alternative water-use policies aimed at reducing irrigated water use to sustainable levels in the semi-arid grasslands overlying the Ogallala Aquifer of the Central US. The results show how both the economic impact in terms of yield and revenue and the environmental impact in terms of groundwater level vary spatially throughout the study region for each policy. Accessible integration strategies are necessary if the practice of interdisciplinary integrated simulation is to become widely adopted.
Quantitative shape analysis of left ventricular reconstruction

The shape of the endocardial and epicardial borders of an excised dog heart digitized and traced from cine computed tomography (CT) images are compared with those obtained from actual dissected cross sections digitized and traced with a video camera. A measure for comparing these images that identifies specific areas in the image where the shapes do not match is described. The results obtained from this technique are compared with those from three traditional shape analysis measures: the Fourier mean-square error distance, the Hausdorff distance, and the boundary matching descriptor. The comparison shows that the shape of the LV images from cine-CT closely agrees with the actual cross sections. >
Principal tangent data reduction

There is a need to be able to find patterns in high dimensional data sets. Often these patterns are described as lower dimensional manifolds possibly of varying dimension that more or less fit the data. We present a new algorithm for doing this. It is a form of nonlinear principle component analysis.
PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN LARVAL AND JUVENILE ANURANS INHABITING FARM PONDS IN TENNESSEE, USA

Amphibian populations are declining globally, yet general pathologic surveys for free-ranging amphibians are uncommon. Pathologic surveys are necessary to provide insight into the impacts of humans on emergence of pathogens in amphibian populations. During 2005, 104 American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and 80 green frog (Rana clamitans) larvae and 40 green frog juveniles were collected from farm ponds in Tennessee, and complete necropsies were performed. Diagnostic testing included bacterial culture, virus testing, fecal parasite analysis, and histologic examination. Gross and histologic examination revealed that all individuals, except one bullfrog tadpole, could be classified as clinically normal. The clinically abnormal tadpole had swollen erythemic legs, and was positive for Aeromonas hydrophila but negative for Ranavirus. Parasites were common (43%) among specimens, with myxosporidium and trematodes most often noted. Commensal and opportunistic microorganisms were cultured from the tissues. Ranavirus...
Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed ANOVAs demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L )1 PO4. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro TM water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll-a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.
Students' Perspective on the Impact of a Web-based Discussion Forum on Student Learning

It is often said that students learn best from their peers, thus it is beneficial to promote student-to-student interactions inside and outside of the classroom. A Web-based discussion forum is one way of facilitating these interactions. At Rochester Institute of Technology, every oncampus course has a website, which includes e-mail and discussion forum sections, and areas where the course syllabus, homework, and grades can be posted. The level of usage of these course websites varies across RIT, with many instructors using the websites solely for posting course syllabus and grades, and few using the discussion forum. The authors conducted a survey of students in the structural analysis and structural loads courses to determine the impact of online discussion forums on student learning in engineering technology on-campus courses. The survey results and correlation of students' participation rates with course grades indicate a positive impact on student learning in these oncampus courses.
Numerical studies on rib & channel dimension of flow-field on PEMFC performance

Distributions in reactant species concentration in a PEMFC cause distributions in local current density, temperature and water over the area of a PEMFC. These can lead to effects such as flooding or drying of the membrane and cause stresses in different regions of the fuel cell. Changing flow-field configuration, including channel path length, width, or height to distribute the gas more evenly, is one method of minimizing these stresses. This work numerically investigated how serpentine flow-fields with different channel/rib's cross section areas affect performance and species distributions for both automotive and stationary conditions. Further, the influence of flow direction to performance and its distribution was also reported. The prediction revealed that for stationary condition, narrower channel with wider rib spacing gives higher performance but opposite results when automotive condition is applied.
Comparing Methods For Refining Certainty Factor Rule-Bases

This paper compares two methods for refining uncertain knowledge bases using propositional certainty-factor rules. The first method, implemented in the RAPTURE system, employs neural-network training to refine the certainties of existing rules but uses a symbolic technique to add new rules. The second method, based on the one used in the KBANN system, initially adds a complete set of potential new rules with very low certainty and allows neural-network training to filter and adjust these rules. Experimental results indicate that the former method results in significantly faster training and produces much simpler refined rule bases with slightly greater accuracy.