cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WDM Networks with Limited or no Wavelength Conversion for Worst Case Traffic

WDM networks are considered that have limited or no wavelength conversion, and they accommodate all traffic as long as the offered load on any link does not exceed some parameter L. Wavelength requirements W are given that are functions of L for static and dynamic traffic. It is shown that wavelength requirements can be decreased significantly by small amounts of wavelength conversion.
Case selection for spine surgery in the ambulatory setting

Abstract Advances in modern anesthetic and surgical technique as well as multimodal pain management have contributed to the ease and feasibility of performing spine surgery on an outpatient basis. Multiple considerations impact a surgeon's ability to successfully perform spine procedures outside of the traditional inpatient setting. While the expertise of the surgeon and perioperative staff plays important roles, case/patient selection is arguably the most important factor driving outcomes in ambulatory spine surgery. A standardized, multidisciplinary approach to preoperative patient evaluation and education is paramount for any spine surgeon performing outpatient procedures.
Word-level prosodic measures and the differential diagnosis of apraxia of speech.

Impaired production of prosody is considered a primary diagnostic criterion for apraxia of speech. In this study, we examined diagnostic relevance for five word-level prosody measures. Seven speake...
Cross-talk Among Kupffer Cells and Hepatic Stellate Cells is Critical for Kupffer Cell Activation during Liver Injury

The mechanisms that regulate Kupffer cell activation in the liver after injury are not fully understood. Our recent studies demonstrated that activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1α) in h...
Review on NOx emissions from using biodiesel blends in diesel engines

Environmental pollution is a major problem in all countries around the world. Internal combustion engine (ICE) is considered one of the main sources of emissions, thus most countries are interested in using biodiesel as alternative fuel. Scientists, researchers, and manufacturers are facing the challenge of reducing fuel burning emissions and at the same time achieving the main technological requirements such as increasing vehicle performance, decreasing fuel consumption, etc. Some of recent studies indicate that many vehicles and movable equipments accepted to use of biodiesel blends (Bb). Mainly, the new engines can be operated with Bb of 20%, 30% and B100 (Pure Biodiesel). Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) represents one of the exhaust gases that have a great impact on environmental conditions. This work presents an analytical study of NOx emissions summarising the practical solutions to reduce NOx emitted from diesel engine burning Biodiesel blends (Bb).
Exploration of Low Numeric Precision Deep Learning Inference Using Intel® FPGAs

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been shown to maintain reasonable classification accuracy when quantized to lower precisions, however, quantizing to sub 8-bit activations and weights can result in classification accuracy falling below an acceptable threshold. Techniques exist for closing the accuracy gap of limited numeric precision networks typically by means of increasing computation. This results in a trade-off between throughput and accuracy and can be tailored for different networks through various combinations of activation and weight data widths. Customizable hardware architectures like FPGAs provide the opportunity for data width specific computation through unique logic configurations leading to highly optimized processing that is unattainable by full precision networks. Specifically, ternary and binary weighted networks offer an efficient method of inference for 2-bit and 1-bit data respectively. Most hardware architectures can take advantage of the memory storage and bandwidth savings that come along with a smaller datapath, but very few architectures can take full advantage of limited numeric precision at the computation level. In this paper, we present a hardware design for FPGAs that takes advantage of the bandwidth, memory, power, and computation savings of limited numerical precision data. We provide insights into the trade-offs between throughput and accuracy for various networks and how they map to our framework. Further, we show how limited numeric precision computation can be efficiently mapped onto FPGAs for both ternary and binary cases. Starting with Arria 10, we show a 2-bit activation and ternary weighted AlexNet running in hardware that achieves 3,700 images per second on the ImageNet dataset with a top-1 accuracy of 0.49. Using a hardware modeler designed for our low numeric precision framework we project performance most notably for a 55.5 TOPS Stratix 10 device running a modified ResNet-34 with only 3.7% accuracy degradation compared with single precision.
U.S. Pharmaceutical Markets: Expenditures, Health Insurance, New Products and Generic Prescribing from 1960 to 2016

Between 1960 and 2016 per capita expenditures on retail pharmaceuticals increased from $85.12 to $922.50 in 2009 prices, while the share of spending covered by insurance programs grew to 86%. The i...
Abstract P396: Association of Subjective Social Status With Allostatic Load in The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Introduction: Subjective social status (SSS) is inversely related to allostatic load (AL) markers, but little is known in Hispanics/Latinos. We assessed the hypotheses that SSS would be inversely a...
Invasive Cutaneous Verruco-Cystic Squamous Cell Carcinoma

To determine whether certain histologic features are more common in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (CSCCs) arising in transplant recipients than in others, we assessed several features of CSCCs from 23 patients who had not undergone transplantation and 25 transplant recipients (size, depth of invasion, sun damage, nuclear atypia, keratinization, epidermal inclusion cyst [EIC]-like features, verrucous features [VFs], shape, and mitoses per 10 high-power fields). We analyzed relationships by using χ2 and t tests and logistic regression analysis. Transplant recipients tended to be younger than control subjects (mean [SD] age, 56.2 [14.3]; 74.1 [10.6], respectively; P < .0001) and less likely to show severe sun damage ( P = .0455; χ2). CSCCs with VFs and EIC-like features were associated strongly with transplantation: odds ratio, 12.57 (95% confidence interval, 1.28–123.47; P = .0162). No other features were associated significantly with transplant status. Posttransplant tumors commonly showed verrucous and EIC-like features mimicking benign conditions. The younger age of these patients, the frequent absence of solar elastosis, and the infrequent occurrence of well-differentiated verruco-cystic CSCC in the nontransplant population suggest a different pathogenesis in the development of these neoplasms. Pathologists should be aware of this pattern, especially when diagnosing small biopsy specimens from transplant recipients.
Political imagination and its limits

In social and political theory, the imagination is often used in accounting both for creativity, innovation, and change and for sociopolitical stagnation and the inability to promote innovation and change. To what extent, however, can we attribute such seemingly contradictory outcomes to the same mental faculty? To address this question, this paper develops a comprehensive account of the political imagination, one that explains the various roles played by imagination in politics and thus accounts for the promises and limits of the political imagination. This conceptualization of the political imagination allows us to account for the simultaneous presence of its seemingly contradictory roles—such as promoting stability and order on the one hand while generating creativity and critical innovation on the other.
Best Practices for Modeling Egocentric Social Network Data and Health Outcomes.

Objective/Aim:We describe best practices for modeling egocentric networks and health outcomes using a five-step guide.Background:Social network analysis (SNA) is common in social science fields and...
Optimized two-layer motheye structures for MgAl 2 O 4 spinel ceramic windows

We computationally study two-layer motheye nanostructures fabricated on MgAl2O4 spinel ceramic windows. We investigated the parameters of the structure, including height, width, and shape, in order to optimize its power transmission efficiency over a broad bandwidth. We found a two-layer motheye structure in which the cones of the upper structure have a concave shape that can theoretically achieve more than 99.8% transmission at normal incidence in the wavelength range between 0.4 μm and 5.0 μm.
Stuck on UUUU: New splicing inhibitors enhance U2AF2-RNA binding.

In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Chatrikhi et al. (2021) identify a small molecule that enhances U2AF2 association with RNA to block pre-mRNA splicing during early stages of spliceosome assembly. This provides a mechanism of splicing inhibition and a molecular tool for elucidating intron recognition and spliceosome assembly.
On the effects of hierarchical self-assembly for reducing program-size complexity

Abstract In this paper we present a series of results which show separations between the standard seeded model of self-assembly, Winfree's abstract Tile Assembly Model (aTAM), and the “seedless” 2-Handed Assembly Model (2HAM), which incorporates the dynamics of hierarchical self-assembly. In particular, we focus on the problem of self-assembling various shapes while minimizing the sizes of tile sets, or “programs”, in each of these models in order to compare and contrast the models. A high-level overview of a subset of these results was presented in a paper by the authors in STACS 2013, but in this version we expand and improve the set of results related to showing separations between the two models according to their abilities to self-assemble various shapes. We exhibit classes of finite shapes that can be self-assembled more efficiently in each model. We also demonstrate infinite shapes that can self-assemble in one model but not in the other, as well as a shape which cannot self-assemble in either model.
U.S. International Investment Agreements

Introduction Investment Treaties in American Foreign Policy The Development of the BIT Program The Scope of BIT Protections The General Treatment Provisions The Specific Treatment Provisions The Expropriation Provision The Currency Transfers Provision The Investor-State Disputes Provision The State-State Disputes Provision Other Standard Provisions Special Provisions
Academic and Pedagogical Issues: The Impact of Digital Imaging on Photographic Education

In the fall of 1993, after 20 years of working with a variety of traditional photographic media, I enrolled in the first of four courses in digital photography at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). I was between teaching positions at the time. Previously, I had taught photography courses in two separate photography degree programs, using traditional materials, processes, and creative methods. Increasingly, teaching position announcements were calling for knowledge of or experience with electronic imaging. My enrollment at RIT was an effort to prepare myself for one of these new positions. I was the oldest person in all of my classes.
On the phase-locked polarization variations in Cygnus X-1

The paper presents data on the accumulated V-band orbital phase curves of polarization in Cygnus X-1 which disagree with the analysis of Simmons, Aspin, and Brown (1980). No curves which conform to the canonical model were observed, and a noncanonical structure is indicated by F tests on third, fourth, and fifth harmonics, which have a probability of 0.85 as a group. The fifth harmonic has a probability of 0.99; in contrast, the fundamental harmonic has a probability of only 0.6, which is below the detection threshold. Therefore, major conclusions of Simmons et al based on a nonsymmetrical canonical model assuming that fundamental harmonics are present, but harmonics with n greater than 2 are absent, are unacceptable. Analysis of the author's data by Simmons et al is criticized on the grounds that he did not take into account the cumulative aspects of the data and did not recognize the need to average out the random noise generated by Cygnus X-1 over many orbital cycles.
The cloning and sequencing of alpha 1(VIII) collagen cDNAs demonstrate that type VIII collagen is a short chain collagen and contains triple-helical and carboxyl-terminal non-triple-helical domains similar to those of type X collagen.

Abstract We have isolated two overlapping cDNA clones covering 2425 base pairs encoding a short type VIII collagen chain synthesized by rabbit corneal endothelial cells. The cDNAs encode an open reading frame of 744 amino acid residues containing a triple-helical domain of 454 residues flanked by 117- and 173-residue amino and carboxyl non-triple-helical domains (called NC2 and NC1, respectively). Based on the identity between the DNA-derived amino acid sequence and the amino acid sequence of a type VIII collagen CNBr peptide obtained from rabbit corneal Descemet's membrane, we conclude that the cDNAs code for a type VIII collagen chain. We give this chain the designation alpha 1(VIII). The alpha 1(VIII) triple-helical domain contains eight imperfections in the Gly-X-Y repeated structure with Gly-X instead of a full triplet. The length of the triple-helical domain and number and relative locations of these imperfections are remarkably similar to those of chicken alpha 1(X) collagen. The amino acid sequence of the carboxyl three-quarters of the NC1 domain has high sequence similarity to that of alpha 1(X) collagen. These data suggest that the triple-helix coding portions and carboxyl three-quarters of the NC1 domains of the alpha 1(VIII) and alpha 1(X) genes have a common evolutionary origin.
Relation to solar activity of intense aurorae in sunlight and darkness

The oldest documented1,2 relationship between the number of sunspots (the solar cycle) and terrestrial effects is the increased frequency of aurorae in the period immediately after the solar maximum (the peak of the number of sunspots). This correlation is, however, based only on observations of the relatively rare events of ‘great aurorae’, which are those that reach mid-latitudes or lower. The overwhelming majority of intense aurorae, and therefore most of the energy put into the ionosphere, occurs at high latitudes, where aurorae appear nightly. Here we report the global frequency of aurorae as a function of solar cycle, determined by data from the US Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. We find that, contrary to expectations, the total number of intense aurorae is uncorrelated with solar activity in darkness, and is negatively correlated with solar activity in sunlit conditions. These findings imply a causal relationship between aurorae and ionospheric conductivity (the latter is maximal at solar maximum) and therefore indicate that the occurrence of intense aurorae is a discharge phenomenon, similar to lightning.
Dynamic and Quasi-static Measurements of C-4 and Primasheet P1000 Explosives

We have measured dynamic and quasi-static mechanical properties of C-4 and Primasheet P1000 explosive materials to provide input data for modeling efforts. Primasheet P1000 is a pentaerythritol tetranitrate-based rubberized explosive. C-4 is a RDX-based moldable explosive. Dynamic measurements included acoustic and split-Hopkinson pressure bar tests. Quasi-static testing was done in compression on a load frame and on a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Split-Hopkinson and quasi-static tests were done at five temperatures from -50°C to 50°C. Acoustic velocities were measured at, above, and below room temperature.
Mining longest repeating subsequences to predict world wide web surfing

Modeling and predicting user surfing paths involves tradeoffs between model complexity and predictive accuracy. In this paper we explore predictive modeling techniques that attempt to reduce model complexity while retaining predictive accuracy. We show that compared to various Markov models, longest repeating subsequence models are able to significantly reduce model size while retaining the ability to make accurate predictions. In addition, sharp increases in the overall predictive capabilities of these models are achievable by modest increases to the number of predictions made.
Compliments will get you nowhere : Benign stereotypes, prejudice and anti-semitism

Benign stereotypes of Jews are widespread, but whether they are genuinely complimentary remains unresolved. This study addresses the question using data from the 1990 General Social Survey. There a...
Do canal‐cutting behaviours facilitate host‐range expansion by insect herbivores?

According to the escalation–radiation model of co-evolution, insect herbivores that acquire the ability to circumvent a plant defence enter a new adaptive zone and increase in species. How herbivore counter-adaptations to plant defences might lead to speciation is poorly understood. Studies of nymphalid butterflies suggest that the evolution of a broadened host range may be a critical step. This paper examines if leaf-feeding insects capable of deactivating defensive plant canals with canal cutting often have broad host ranges. A total of 94 species of canal-cutting insects were identified from the literature, including eight new canal cutters described in this paper. Only 27% of canal cutters with known host ranges are generalists that feed on plants in multiple families. The proportion of generalist canal cutters is similar or lower than estimates of generalists among phytophagous insects overall. Only five species, at most, of the canal-cutting generalists feed exclusively on plants with secretory canals. The paucity of generalists can be attributed in part to the considerable taxonomic distance separating canal-bearing plant families and to their corresponding chemical distinctiveness. The dependence of many canal-cutting species on host chemicals for defence would also favour specialization. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 96, 715–731.
An RCT to Treat Learning Impairment in Traumatic Brain Injury: The TBI-MEM Trial.

Objective. To examine the efficacy of the modified Story Memory Technique (mSMT) to improve learning (ie, acquisition) and memory in participants with TBI. The mSMT is a behavioral intervention tha...
In Vitro Interactions of Water-Soluble Garlic Components with Human Cytochromes P450

Eight water-soluble components of aged garlic extract were evaluated to assess their potential to inhibit the activity of human cytochrome-P450 (CYP) enzymes. The in vitro model consisted of human liver microsomes with index reactions chosen to profile the activity of the following six CYP isoforms: CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A. With only 2 exceptions, none of the 8 garlic components produced >50% inhibition even at high concentrations (100 micromol/L). S-methyl-L-cysteine and S-allyl-L-cysteine at 100 micromol/L produced modest inhibition of CYP3A, reducing activity to 20-40% of control. However available clinical evidence does not indicate CYP3A inhibition in vivo. The findings suggest that drug interactions involving inhibition of CYP3A enzymes by aged garlic extract are very unlikely.
Pick's disease caused by a novel MAPT mutation (P1.216)

OBJECTIVE: Pick9s disease is mostly a sporadic tauopathy. It is microscopically defined by the presence of Pick bodies: argyrophilic spherical well-circumscribed cytoplasmic inclusions in neuronal cell bodies that are negative for Gallyas silver stain and show predominance of 3-repeat isoform (3R) over 4-repeat isoform (4R) on tau immunohistochemistry. BACKGROUND: Nine mutations in exons 9-13 of the microtubule-associated protein tau gene (MAPT) have been reported to lead to formation of Pick bodies or Pick body-like inclusions. DESIGN/METHODS: A patient with neuropathologically-confirmed Pick9s disease was screened for mutations in MAPT using Sanger sequencing. Genealogical, clinical, neuropathological, and genetic data were collected. Functional studies included Western blot, microtubule assembly, and tau filament formation. RESULTS: This man was 67 years at death. His illness was slowly progressive for 8 years. Genetic studies revealed a novel MAPT mutation (c.1008 G>C, p.Q336H) in exon 12. He was homozygous for the H1 MAPT haplotype. Clinical symptoms included behavioral changes, primary progressive aphasia, parkinsonism, and double incontinence. His mother and a maternal uncle reportedly had dementia. Recombinant p.Q336H accelerated microtubule formation and also tau filaments formation both in 3R and 4R. The banding pattern of 3R in p.Q336H and idiopathic Pick9s disease was similar [~64kDa vs. ~60kDa, respectively]. Fixed brain weighed 1120 grams and demonstrated frontal and temporal lobar atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: MAPT sequencing should be considered in patients with Pick9s disease, particularly those with a positive family history. The novel MAPT p.Q336H mutation leads to acceleration of both tau filament and microtubule formation. The novel MAPT p.Q336H mutation causes the formation of Pick bodies and not Pick body-like inclusions. Study Supported by: NIH/NINDS P50 NS072187 and R01 NS078086, the NIH/NINDSP50 NS072187, the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson9s Research, and a gift from Carl Edward Bolch, Jr., and Susan Bass Bolch and the Max Kade Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Wszolek has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Parkinsonism & Related Disorders and the European Journal of Neurology. Dr. Tacik has nothing to disclose. Dr. DeTure has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ross has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sanchez Contreras has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wojtas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Baker has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carlomango has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brown has nothing to disclose. Dr. Strongosky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Labbe has nothing to disclose. Dr. Fujioka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kouri has nothing to disclose. Dr. Murray has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rademakers has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ross has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dickson has nothing to disclose.
Community-based aquatic exercise and quality of life in persons with osteoarthritis

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a community-based aquatic exercise program for improved quality of life among persons with osteoarthritis. Method: Two hundred forty-nine adults with osteoarthritis were enrolled in a 20-wk randomized controlled trial of a preexisting community-based aquatic exercise program versus control. Intervention group participants (n = 125) were asked to attend at least two aquatic exercise sessions per week. Control group participants (n = 124) were asked to maintain their usual activity levels. Demographics were collected at baseline, and patient-reported outcomes were collected at baseline and after 10 and 20 wk. Depressive symptoms, self-efficacy for pain and symptom control, physical impairment, and activity limitation were tested as potential mediators of the relationship between aquatic exercise and perceived quality of life (PQOL). Body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, self-rated health, and comorbidity were tested as possible moderators. Results: Aquatic exercise had a positive impact on PQOL scores (P = 30), but not among normal weight or overweight participants. None of the tested variables were found to mediate the relationship between aquatic exercise and PQOL scores. Conclusions: Given the availability of existing community aquatics programs, aquatic exercise offers a therapeutic and pragmatic option to promote quality of life among individuals who are living with both obesity and osteoarthritis. Future investigation is needed to replicate these findings and develop strategies to increase long-term participation in aquatics programs.
Shape matching with medial curves and 1-D group-wise registration

We present a method for shape matching that approximates group-wise shape registration by reducing the problem to a 1-D registration. First, a novel medial curve method is proposed for computing a 1-D description of the shape. Second, a group-wise registration of the geometric descriptor is performed by directly minimizing the group variance. The resulting registration is used to adjust a global shape feature used to compute the final correspondence. Thus, the problems of description, registration, and statistical analysis are solved in one framework, while reducing the computational problem of group-wise registration of shapes substantially. We validate our method on 620 lateral ventricles extracted from the ADNI MRI dataset and 19 lateral ventricles from patients with HIV/AIDS and matched controls, also scanned with MRI. We show that our group-wise approach leads to improved statistical results, and also compare it to the SPHARM method.
Correlation and the Isotope Effect for Diffusion in Crystalline Solids

It is suggested that the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the isotopic mass of the diffusant is a function of the correlation between the directions of consecutive jumps of a diffusing atom. (W.D.M.)
Computational perspective and evaluation of plausible catalytic mechanisms of peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerases

Abstract Background Peptidyl prolyl cis–trans isomerization of the protein backbone is involved in the regulation of many biological processes. Cis–trans isomerization is notoriously slow and is catalyzed by a family of cis–trans peptidyl prolyl isomerases (PPIases) that have been implicated in many diseases. A general consensus on how these enzymes speed up prolyl isomerization has not been reached after decades of both experimental and computational studies. Scope of review Computational studies carried out to understand the catalytic mechanism of the prototypical FK506 binding protein 12, Cyclophilin A and peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1) are reviewed. A summary and an evaluation of the implications of the proposed mechanisms from computational studies are presented. Major conclusions The analysis of computational studies and evaluation of the proposed mechanisms provide a general consensus and a better understanding of PPIase catalysis. The speedup of the rate of peptidyl-prolyl isomerization by PPIases can be best described by a catalytic mechanism in which the substrate in transition state configuration is stabilized. The enzymes preferentially bind the transition state configuration of the substrate relative to the cis conformation, which in most cases is bound better than the trans conformation of the substrate. Stabilization of the transition state configuration of the substrate leads to a lower free energy barrier and a faster rate of isomerization when compared to the uncatalyzed isomerization reaction. General significance Fully understanding the catalytic mechanism of PPIases has broad implications for drug design, elucidation of the molecular basis of many diseases, protein engineering, and enzyme catalysis in general. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
A comparison of the responses to recombinant human erythropoietin in normal and uremic subjects.

A comparison of the responses to recombinant human erythropoietin in normal and uremic subjects. The erythropoietic response to graded doses of recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) was assessed in 24 hemodialysis patients by quantitative ferrokinetic studies, and measurement of the reticulocyte count and plasma levels of transferrin receptor protein. These responses were compared to those of 22 normal subjects. Epoetin alfa was given intravenously at 15, 50 or 150 U/kg every other day for four injections. Three patients with chronic renal failure were restudied after renal function was restored following renal transplantation. The results of these three different measurements of erythroid function showed that the acute response to recombinant human erythropoietin was similar in normal subjects and patients with renal failure. We conclude that chronic uremia does not alter the responsiveness to erythropoietin in vivo.
Retarded dispersion forces in periodic dielectric media.

We show that periodic dielectric composite media such as ordered colloidal suspensions exhibit enhanced dispersion forces. In an fcc structure with a full photonic band gap these forces can produce a nearly isotropic pressure on the structure due to the vacuum field fluctuations. This pressure is shown to significantly alter the phase diagram of the Kirkwood-Alder hard-sphere transition for systems with micron-size dimensions. The calculations predict that aqueous solutions of ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ particles of the order of 0.35 \ensuremath{\mu}m in diameter should be ideal of observing these effects.
Predicting the b-helix fold from protein sequence data

A method is presented that uses b-strand interactions to predict the right-handed b-helix super-secondary structural motif in protein sequences. A program called BetaWrap implements this method, and is shown to score known b-helices above non-b-helices in the Protein Data Bank in cross-validation. It is demonstrated that BetaWrap learns each of the seven known SCOP b-helix families, when trained on the the known b-helices from outside the family. BetaWrap also predicts many bacterial proteins of unknown structure that play a role in human infectious disease to b-helices; in particular, these proteins serve as virulence factors, adhesins and toxins in bacterial pathogenesis, and include cell surface proteins from Chlamydia and the intestinal bacterium Helicobacter pylori. The computational method used here may generalize to other b structures for which strand topology and profiles of residue accessibility are well conserved.
A role for a single-stranded junction in RNA binding and specificity by the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme

We have investigated the role of a single- stranded RNA junction, J1/2, that connects the substrate- containing P1 duplex to the remainder of the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme. Single-turnover kinetics, fluorescence anisotropy, and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies of a series of J1/2 mutants were used to probe the sequence dependence of the catalytic activity, the P1 dynamics, and the thermodynamics of docking of the P1 duplex into the ribozyme's catalytic core. We found that A29, the center A of three adenosine residues in J1/2, contributes 2 orders of magnitude to the overall ribozyme activity, and double-mutant cycles suggested that J1/2 stabilizes the docked state of P1 over the undocked state via a tertiary interaction involving A29 and the first base pair in helix P2 of the ribozyme, A31·U56. Comparative sequence analysis of this group I intron subclass suggests that the A29 interaction sets one end of a molecular ruler whose other end specifies the 5'- splice site and that this molecular ruler is conserved among a subclass of group I introns related to the Tetrahymena intron. Our results reveal substantial functional effects from a seemingly simple single-stranded RNA junction and suggest that junction sequences may evolve rapidly to provide important interactions in functional RNAs.
Cooley revisited: The treatment of Cooley's sociological orientation in introductory textbooks

Despite wide recognition as a major figure in sociology, Charles Horton Cooley has been remembered chiefly for the coining of phrases and not for his understanding of social processes. The present research reviews the treatment of Cooley's theoretical orientation in introductory textbooks. Data consisting of citations in 70 textbooks are examined and coded for references to six themes. Findings include the following: (1) frequent references to Cooley as a founding father of American sociology and to his concepts of “primary group” and “looking glass self” (2) partial and fragmentary treatment of Cooley's underlying theoretical orientation; and (3) a distorted presentation of key concepts and neglect of some of the most insightful aspects of Cooley's social thought.
Localization and actions of nitric oxide in the cat carotid body

Abstract An extensive plexus of nerve fibers capable of synthesizing nitric oxide was demonstrated in the cat carotid body by immunocytochemical and biochemical studies of nitric oxide synthase. Denervation experiments indicated that the axons originate from: (i) microganglial neurons located within the carotid body and along the glossopharyngeal and carotid sinus nerves, whose ramifications primarily innervate carotid body blood vessels. (ii) sensory neurons in the petrosal ganglion, whose terminals end in association with lobules of type I cells. In the in vitro superfused cat carotid body, the nitric oxide synthase substrate, l -arginine, induced a dose-dependent inhibition of carotid sinus nerve discharge evoked by hypoxia. In contrast, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, l - N G -nitroarginine methylester, augmented the chemoreceptor response to hypoxia, and this effect was markedly enhanced when the preparation was both perfused and superfused in vitro . The nitric oxide donor, nitroglycerine, inhibited carotid sinus nerve discharge, and immunocytochemistry revealed that this drug stimulated the formation of cyclic 3', 5'-guanosine monophosphate in both type I cells and blood vessels. Our data indicate that nitric oxide is an inhibitory neuronal messenger in the carotid body, which affects the process of chemoreceptor transduction/transmission via actions on both the receptor elements and their associated blood vessels.
Abuse experiences, substance use and reproductive health in women seeking care at an emergency department

Introduction Abuse experiences can have negative health consequences for women. Many women present to the emergency department for episodic, nonemergent care and may have unique needs as survivors of abuse. The purpose of this study was to describe child sexual abuse experiences, intimate partner violence, substance use, and reproductive health outcomes in a sample of adult women who were seeking care from a rural emergency department to better understand the health care needs of this unique population. Methods One hundred forty-five adult women (18-45 years old) were recruited at an emergency department in the southeastern United States. Questionnaires were used to assess for demographic characteristics, history of child sexual abuse (CSA), intimate partner violence, reproductive health, and substance use. Results In the sample, 42.8% of women (n = 62) reported a positive history of CSA and 34.7% of women (n = 49) experienced intimate partner physical violence during the past year. More than 46% of the women (n = 65) had harmful drinking patterns in the past year and more than 50% reported some type of substance use in the past 3 months. Women who experienced CSA had a significantly greater number of lifetime sexual partners, were more likely to report pain with sexual intercourse, and were more likely to report a medical history of an abnormal Papanicolaou smear. Discussion The women in this sample had high rates of abuse, harmful drinking patterns, and substance use and were at risk for sexually transmitted infections. Through screening for lifetime violence, including sexual violence, emergency nurses can be an important liaison between women who have experienced CSA and appropriate referrals within the health care system.
Class II MHC antigen presentation defect in neonatal monocytes is not correlated with decreased MHC-II expression

Neonates are at increased risk of infections compared to adults. To dissect the mechanisms that contribute to neonatal immune deficiency, we compared MHC-II antigen processing and presentation by monocytes from umbilical cord blood and unrelated adult controls. Antigen-specific, co-stimulation-independent murine T hybridoma cells were used to detect peptide:HLA-DR complexes. Relative to adult monocytes, neonatal monocytes were significantly defective in processing and presentation of protein antigens and presentation of exogenous peptide. Defects in responses to protein antigens and exogenous peptide were of similar magnitude (56-81% decrease), indicating that the defect lies in antigen presentation as opposed to intracellular antigen processing. Average surface MHC-II levels on neonatal monocytes were 38% less than on adult monocytes. However, there was no correlation between decreased MHC-II expression on individual neonatal monocyte samples and reduced T cell responses. We demonstrate for the first time that neonatal monocytes are defective in MHC-II antigen presentation by a mechanism not correlated with decreased MHC-II expression.
Mechanical Oscillations Induced by Penetrating Particles

Investigations into the production of mechanical oscillations in aluminum cylinders by high energy electrons reveal that the mechanism of excitation is a "hot rod model" in which the shower deposits heat in the bar and the hot zone expands causing mechanical vibrations. The conversion efficiency of this process is evaluated in these experiments. The hot rod mechanism does not present a significant background for gravitational events from cosmic rays in room temperature gravitational radiation detectors.
Discrimination of epimeric disaccharides by templated polymers

Abstract Efficient differentiation of epimeric disaccharides with templated poly(acrylates) is achieved. The rebinding event of the sugar epimers d -lactulose ( 1 ) and d -lactose ( 2 ) is based on shape recognition in unbuffered aqueous solution at neutral pH. A high-fidelity imprint of the disaccharide structures and functionality during material preparation has been demonstrated to be only achievable in a very narrow space around the immobilized binding site. Selectivity factors of 4.3 are observed in saturation competition experiments applying equimolar amounts of 1 and 2. Investigation of the coordination behavior of a copper(II) complex as functional monomer reveals defined 1:1 complex formation with both disaccharides in solution.
Water-Mass Distributions at Intermediate Layers off the Somali Coast during the Onset of the Southwest Monsoon, 1979

Abstract Hydrographic observations at intermediate depth in the Somali Basin have been made during and after the transition from the northeast monsoon to the southwest monsoon, 1979. The data are discussed in relation to measurements of absolute currents during the same time period. Earlier water-mass identification by Warren et al. (1966) is confirmed and extended by introducing a well-defined Equatorial Water Mass. The distribution of water masses and its temporal evolution with the changing monsoonal wind field is analyzed on three different spatial scales. Equatorial and near-coastal undercurrents are an important factor in the large-scale redistribution of water masses in the intermediate layers. Cross-equatorial exchange of water, in particular highly saline Red Sea water, is largely confined to a narrow region off the East African Coast. No obvious response of these currents to the onset of the southwest monsoon is detected. In the mesoscale range anticyclonic subsurface eddies containing Equatoria...
The impact of confidence interval information on probability judgements

Abstract Previous efforts to demonstrate the value of confidence interval financial statements for credit evaluation and investment decisions have met with limited success. The present study examined the impact of nonfinancial confidence interval reports on predecisional behavior. A Bayesian revision task was used to investigate the impact of report type, information system uncertainty and decision problem uncertainty on the accuracy of probability judgements. All three variables influenced task performance. Moreover, subjects given confidence interval reports outperformed those who were given single-figure reports when significant information system and decision problem uncertainties were present. The results obtained here suggest several facets of the decision setting which may influence the value of confidence interval financial statements.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new opioid agonist and neurokinin-1 antagonist bivalent ligands.

Abstract Newly designed bivalent ligands—opioid agonist/NK1-antagonists have been synthesized. The synthesis of new starting materials—carboxy-derivatives of Fentanyl ( 1a – 1c ) was developed. These products have been transformed to ‘isoimidium perchlorates’ ( 2a – c ). The new isoimidium perchlorates have been successfully implemented in nucleophilic addition reactions, with l -tryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl ester to give the target compounds—amides ( 3a – c ). Perchlorates ( 2a – c ) successfully undergo reactions with other nucleophiles such as alcohols, amines or hydrazines. The obtained compound 3b exhibited μ-opioid agonist activity and NK1-antagonist activity and may serve as a useful lead compound for the further design of a new series of opioid agonist/NK1-antagonist compounds.
The three-dimensional hydrodynamic interaction of a finite sphere with a circular orifice at low Reynolds number

This paper proposes a combined multipole-series representation and integral-equation method for solving the low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamic interaction of a finite sphere at the entrance of a circular orifice. This method combines the flexibility of the intergral-equation method in treating complicated geometries and the accuracy and computational efficiency of the multipole-series-representation technique. For the axisymmetric case, the hydrodynamic force has been solved for the difficult case where the sphere intersects the plane of the orifice opening, which could not be treated by previous methods. For the three-dimensional case, the first numerical solutions have been obtained for the spatial variation of the twelve force and torque correction factors describing the translation or rotation of the sphere in a quiescent fluid at a pore entrance or the Sampson flow past a fixed sphere. Restricted by excessive computation time, accurate three-dimensional solutions are presented only for a sphere which is one-half the orifice diameter. However, based on an analysis of the behaviour of the force and torque correction factors for this case, approximate interpolation formulas utilizing the results on or near the orifice axis and in the far field are proposed for other diameter ratios, thus greatly extending the usefulness of the present solution.
Homeless Persons with Mental Illness and Their Families: Emerging Issues from Clinical Work

The authors draw on their clinical work with homeless persons with mental illness to outline three family-related issues that seem common to many homeless persons with mental illness: (a) conflict or structural changes in the family that may increase individuals' risk of homelessness; (b) the emotional connection individuals have to their families, and the relationship between this connection and their homelessness; and (c) the ways in which individuals' relationships with their families influence their transition from homelessness to independent living. The authors explore these issues and give case examples. The authors recommend that clinicians and case managers in homeless outreach projects offer a family-focused clinical treatment approach, regardless of the current level of contact that clients have with their families. It is critical that staff understand the relationship between homeless persons with mental illness and their families in order to best assist these individuals in their transition fr...
Engineering mechanics for successive states in canine left ventricular myocardium. I. Cavity and wall geometry.

The relations between end-diastolic ( D ) and end-systolic (S) cavitary volumes ( V c ), wall volumes ( V 10 ), and cavitary dimensions have been studied in the canine and human left ventricle. However, the models selected for left ventricular myocardium do not represent the real heart adequately for a fiber-by-fiber analysis of fiber orientation and sarcomere length during successive states of the ejection cycle. In this study, the endocardial and epicardial surfaces were postulated to be a nested set of truncated ellipsoidal shells of revolution where wall volumes were preserved from D to S. Shell dimensions on the semiminor and semimajor axes, R and Z , respectively, were related to V c and V w by two representations: confocal and nonconfocal. If the focal length C = ) 1/2 and C is the same for each shell, then the shells are confocal, otherwise they are nonconfocal. From measured V c , V w , and epicardial Z in D , shell dimensions were calculated for states D and S, using both confocal and nonconfocal representations, and compared with the measured dimensions. When no empirical corrections were made, the calculated endocardial R in S underestimated the measured R in S by 12%; moreover, the calculated epicardial R in S overestimated the measured R in S by 4%. Endocardial and epicardial C measured 3.73 ± 0.33 (SE) cm and 3.79 ±0.34 cm, respectively, in D and 3.77±0.11 cm and 3.71 ±0.10 cm, respectively, in S.
The Principle of Uncertainty in Weyl's System

Using Weyl's geometrical interpretation of quantum mechanics the fundamental relations of the transformation theory can be treated without making use of Dirac's $\ensuremath{\delta}$ function. The principle of uncertainty is particularly clear in this system. It is shown that in the discrete representation for a definite axis of the coordinate $q$ all Eigenwerte of the conjugate momentum $p$ are equally probable. It is also shown how in the limit of very fine subdivision the results of Heisenberg and Bohr are obtained. The whole treatment receives an easy interpretation by applying it to the problem of the diffraction of waves by a grating. Weyl's method of discussing quantities with continuous ranges of values is found to be equivalent to investigating diffraction phenomena in the limiting case of an infinitesimal grating space. The quantum condition $i(PQ\ensuremath{-}QP)=1$ is shown to be correct in a purely operational sense in spite of the fact that as a matrix equation it is untrue.
Motion dependence of myocardial transverse relaxation time in magnetic resonance imaging

We discuss the effects of motion on the computation of the myocardial transverse relaxation time by use of magnetic resonance imaging. Equations describing its behavior are derived and illustrated graphically under different conditions. It is shown that the myocardial transverse relaxation time calculated from magnetic resonance images depends on the actual myocardial transverse relaxation time ex vivo (T2) as well as the phase of the cardiac cycle in which it is computed, heart rate, cardiac wall velocity, choice of spin-echoes used in the calculation, and the spinecho times employed. In particular, the error in T2 decreases when both the first and third echoes are employed in the calculation, rather than only the first two echoes. However, the myocardial transverse relaxation time is more strongly dependent on heart rate in the former case rather than in the latter. Furthermore, the error in T2, when both the first and second spin echoes are used in the calculation, is seen to increase as the spin-echo time shortens. On the other hand, the error in T2 decreases for shorter spin-echo times when both the first and third spin echoes are used instead. The results are relevant to the noninvasive assessment of ischemia, cardiac transplantation rejection, and other myocardial disorders.