cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective distribution of kainate receptor subunit immunoreactivity in monkey neocortex revealed by a monoclonal antibody that recognizes glutamate receptor subunits GluR5/6/7

A monoclonal antibody (4F5) was generated against a portion of the putative extracellular domain of glutamate receptor subunit GluR5. Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry of transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells confirmed that monoclonal antibody 4F5 was specific for GluR5, -6, and -7 (the three identified members of the kainate receptor subunit class), but did not recognize GluR1, -2, or -3 (the AMPA/kainate receptor subunit class). The antibody was subsequently used to examine immunocytochemically the regional, laminar, and cellular distribution of GluR5/6/7 receptor subunits at the light and electron microscopic levels in monkey neocortex. Receptor subunit immunoreactivity was present throughout all cortical areas examined, but exhibited marked cellular, laminar, and regional specificity. Typically, pyramidal cell somata and apical dendrites were well stained. Electron microscopy revealed an extensive cytoplasmic localization of GluR5/6/7 immunoprecipitate, with intense staining of many postsynaptic densities, all of which were associated with asymmetric synapses located on dendritic shafts or dendritic spines. There was no evidence of stained glial cells or presynaptic axon terminals. In most areas, labeled cells and dendrites were concentrated in layers II, III, and V while layers I, IV, and VI typically possessed the fewest and/or least intensely stained elements. A consistent feature in many areas was groups of clustered layer V pyramidal cells and bundles of ascending apical dendrites. Regionally, motor areas and higher-order association areas of the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes were more densely stained than primary sensory areas (somatic sensory and visual cortex), which was confirmed quantitatively. These data indicate a high degree of selectivity in the distribution of kainate receptors composed of GluR5/6/7 subunits, and suggest that functional specificity and diversity in the ubiquitous excitatory amino acid-utilizing axonal systems in neocortex are achieved in part by the differential association of particular glutamate receptor subunits with specific cortical circuits. In addition, the regional, laminar, and morphological characteristics of GluR5/6/7-immunoreactive neurons bear a strong similarity to those of the neocortical neurons with heightened vulnerability in certain neurodegenerative disorders.
Implementation aspects for successive interference cancellation in DS/CDMA systems

This paper addresses the practical implementation of Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) for DS/CDMA systems. The practical aspects of such an implementation are discussed and a convenient pipelined architecture is presented. An important aspect is the integration of power control (PC) and interference cancellation which has synergistic effects of optimizing the SIC, reducing intercell interference, and facilitating the implementation.
Mercury-in-glass thermometers for precise temperature measurements near 0°C

Experience with the calibration and field use of mercury-in-glass calorimeter thermometers provides an indication of the accuracy attainable and the necessary corrections to obtain that accuracy. Secular changes as large as 57 mK have been observed during the first three years of thermometer use. Light physical tapping is found to reduce the thermometer readings by 3–6 mK. Corrections for variations in the external and internal bulb pressure and care to avoid parallax are necessary to obtain the best accuracy in field measurements. The best accuracy obtainable with these thermometers for temperature measurements near 0°C is approximately ±4 mK for laboratory measurements and ±5 mK for field measurements.
Mechanical fastening of polymer composites

In structures composed of polymer materials and polymer matrix composite materials, components must be joined such that the overall structure retains its structural integrity while it is performing its intended function which can include both mechanical loads (static and dynamic) and environmental loads (temperature and humidity). The use of composite materials in complex structures almost always reduces the number of components in the structures compared to the use of metallic alloys for the same structure. Thus, using composite materials not only results in great savings in weight, but also through a reduced number of joining operations, results in significant savings In assembly, inspection, parts storage, and movement, resulting in increased reliability and lower cost. Yet joining is still required. Joining metallic structures is a mature technology involving riveting, bolting, welding, glueing, brazing, soldering, and other methods. However, for most polymer matrix composites only adhesive bonding and mechanical fastening can be utilized. Attention has been given recently, however, to localized welding of thermoplastic polymer matrix composites. Inherently, adhesive bonding is preferable to mechanical fastening because of the continuous connection, whereas in drilling holes for bolts or rivets, fiber or other reinforcements are cut, and large stress concentrations occur at each discrete fastener hole. However, in many structures, it is necessary to employ mechanical fasteners in order to remove components or to have access to the interior of the structure. Hence, both adhesive bonding and mechanical fastening are important in joining structural components of polymer or polymer matrix materials. The following is a review of much of the literature dealing with mechanical fastening of polymer matrix composite structures. Hopefully, it provides an overall introduction for detailed study of the referenced documents as well as others, and a catalyst for further research.
The Rise and Fall of μ Velorum: A Remarkable Flare on a Yellow Giant Star Observed with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

The close visual double μ Velorum (HD 93497; G6 III+dF) consists of a yellow giant and a fainter companion currently 2'' apart. Recently μ Vel was the source of a large flare recorded by the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer. The long 1.5 day decay phase was like the extremes seen on hyperactive RS CVn-type binaries. The primary, μ Vel A is a 3 M☉ star, in the "rapid braking zone" redward of G0 III. Yellow giants are not commonly reported as flare stars, perhaps because the first-crossers are relatively rare and not well represented in the observational samples. The secondary star is classified G2 V, but the 1700 A energy distribution places it earlier on the main sequence, probably F4 or F5 V, in a class also not usually known for coronal variability. The long duration of the μ Vel event suggests that it occurred in a significantly elongated structure of moderate density, ne 109 cm-3. If it was a magnetic plasmoid, like a coronal mass ejection on the Sun, then such events might play a role in shedding angular momentum from active evolved stars. The associated spin-down could control the activity survival time of red giants (in later stages of evolution than the first-crosser μ Vel) whose dynamos were rejunvenated by dredge-up of angular momentum from the interior, or more exotic sources, such as cannibalism of close-in substellar companions during the first or second ascent.
Domain Walls in a FRW Universe

We solve the equations of motion for a scalar field with domain wall boundary conditions in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) spacetime. We find (in agreement with Basu and Vilenkin) that no domain wall solutions exist in de Sitter spacetime for {ital H}{equivalent_to}{ital H}/{ital m}{ge}1/2, where {ital H} is the Hubble parameter and {ital m} is the scalar mass. In the general FRW case we develop a systematic perturbative expansion in {ital h} to arrive at an approximate solution to the field equations. We calculate the energy-momentum tensor of the domain wall configuration, and show that the energy density can become {ital negative} at the core of the defect for some values of the nonminimal coupling parameter {xi}. We develop a translationally invariant theory for fluctuations of the wall, obtain the effective Lagrangian for these fluctuations, and quantize them using the Bunch-Davies vacuum in the de Sitter case. Unlike previous analyses, we find that the fluctuations act as zero-mass (as opposed to tachyonic) modes. This allows us to calculate the distortion and the normal-normal correlators for the surface. The normal-normal correlator decreases logarithmically with the distance between points for large times and distances, indicating that the interface becomes rougher than in Minkowskimore » spacetime.« less
Adsorbed layer and multilayer materials: The energetics and bonding of Pd and Ag on Nb(001) and Nb(110).

The energetics of transition-metal--transition-metal adlayer adhesion and the heats of formation for competing ordered compounds have been investigated using total-energy calculations in order to disentangle the factors controlling adlayer behavior. The calculated energies are used to estimate interface energies, distortion energies associated with requiring an adlayer to be commensurate with its substrate, the surface energies of the bare metal surfaces of Nb(110), Nb(001), Ag(110), Ag(001), Pd(110), and Pd(001), and the surface energies associated with the presence of an adlayer. The results provide a picture consistent with the experimentally known adlayer behavior for Pd-Nb(001), Pd-Nb(110), and Ag-Nb(110) and have implications for the growth of artificial multilayer (superlattice) materials. While Pd adsorption on Nb can already be understood in terms of bulk interface energetics, for Ag on Nb the surface contributions are essential. Densities of states obtained for bulk multilayers display markedly different bonding at the Pd-Nb and Ag-Nb interfaces, although all show a pronounced interface state \ensuremath{\sim}1.5 eV above the Fermi level. The intensity of this peak, which also exists at the surface, reflects the strength of bonding at the interface.
The photolysis of bis(acetonitrile)tetrachlorotungsten in acetonitrile

When WCl6 is dissolved in CH3CN it is reduced to WCl4(CH3CN)2 in a first-order process with a half-life of 52 s. Irradiation of the WCl4(CH3CN)2 solution at 365 nm yields WO2Cl2(CH3CN)2. Further irradiation of this solution with access to air yields a blue, partially reduced form of WO3 · 2H2O, which eventually precipitates.
Strichartz estimates and maximal operators for the wave equation in R3

Abstract We prove sharp Strichartz-type estimates in three dimensions, including some which hold in reverse space–time norms, for the wave equation with potential. These results are also tied to maximal operator estimates studied by Rogers–Villarroya, of which we prove a sharper version. As a sample application, we use these results to prove the local well-posedness and the global well-posedness for small initial data of semilinear wave equations in R 3 with quintic or higher monomial nonlinearities.
Full speckle pattern of diffusive and localized waves

We present measurements of the full speckle pattern for two perpendicular polarization components of the field transmitted through a random quasi-one dimensional sample as a function of incident frequency in ensembles of sample realizations for both diffusive and localized microwave radiation.
Are uterine leiomyoma a consequence of a chronically inflammatory immune system

The cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma at age 50 is ≈ 70% in White women and >80% in Black women. Although risk factor research is limited, increasing age, and being premenopausal, nulliparous or Black are risk factors for leiomyomas. Black women tend to have larger leiomyomas and be younger at diagnosis. Surprisingly little is known about the etiology or pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas. Women with diagnosed uterine leiomyomas have higher healthcare costs - more than 2.5 times that of women without a diagnosis. In the United States, leiomyomas are the leading indication for hysterectomy. The proposed hypothesis is that leiomyomas are caused in part by a systemic immune milieu that is chronically inflammatory - one that predominates in T helper 17 (Th17) cytokines. Inflammation can be problematic if it is not well regulated. Should an inflammatory imbalance be demonstrated to be associated with leiomyoma development and growth, this would provide an avenue for development of preventative treatments (e.g., focus on anti-inflammatory pathways), which would substantially reduce the morbidity costs of these tumors and reduce a known health disparity.
Rigid linear binary codes

Abstract We prove that the proportion of d-dimensional subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space over GF(2) having a nontrivial automorphism group goes to 0 as n goes to infinity as long as (2 + e) log2 n ⩽ d ⩽ n − (2 + e) log2 n, for any e > 0. On the other hand, we also prove that if d ⩽2 log2 n (or d ⩾ n − 2 log2 n) then the proportion of d-dimensional subspaces having a nontrivial automorphism group is at least 1 2 − e .
Diastereoselective manipulations of bicyclo[m.1.0]alkane derivatives. 3. Nucleophilic additions to the carbonyl carbon of (1R,8R)-bicyclo[6.1.0]nonan-2,6-dione2-(2S,3S)-1,4-di-O-methyl-1,2,3,4-butanetetrol ketal

Abstract Conformations of the title compound were studied using a Monte Carlo search technique. Two principal conformational motifs were observed for the bicyclic carbocycle in which both faces of the carbonyl appear susceptible to nucleophilic attack. The title compound was synthesized in eight steps from cis-1,5-cyclooctanediol. Additions of nucleophiles (e.g., CH3Li) to the title compound gave adducts in good yields, but with low levels of diastereoselectivity, in agreement with computational prediction.
Cuticular hydrocarbons of Tribolium castaneum: Effects of the food additive tricalcium phosphate

Two groups of hydrocarbons were isolated from surface extracts of adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). A group of seven unsaturated hydrocarbons with chain lengths of C14 to C17 associated with the defence glands of this species was identified using gas chromatography and gas chromatographny-mass spectrometry. The principal component was identified as 1-pentadecene which amounted to 75% of the unsaturated fraction. Two alkadienes, pentadeca-1,6-diene and heptadeca-1,8-diene, were also identified. Normal and branched-chain alkanes associated with the cuticular lipids constituted the higher boiling components whose equivalent chain lengths ranged from C25C35. n-Heptacosane and n-nonacosane were the predominant n-alkanes. There were two main mixtures of branched-chain alkanes with equivalent chain lengths of C27.4 (11-and 13-methylheptacosanes) and C27.7 (11,15-dimethylheptacosane and 3-methylheptacosane). When tricalcium phosphate (TCP) was used as a 24-hr contact desiccant dust on adults, the unsaturated hydrocarbon fraction was significantly reduced, apparently as a result of direct absorption by the TCP. The saturated branched alkanes at C27.4 and C27.7 were also significantly reduced. When TCP was incorporated as a nutrient in wheat-soy blend, desiccation of T. castaneum also occurred and the unsaturated hydrocarbon fraction was reduced by 74%; however, the saturated fraction, particularly n-heptacosane, had a significant increase. Desiccation itself did not alter the ratio of cuticular hydrocarbons, indicating that dietary TCP somehow causes the observed changes either through direct contact or some metabolic aberration.
Validation of Methods for Computational Catalyst Design: Geometries, Structures, and Energies of Neutral and Charged Silver Clusters

We report a systematic study of small silver clusters, Agn, Agn+, and Agn–, n = 1–7. We studied all possible isomers of clusters with n = 5–7. We tested 42 exchange–correlation functionals, and we assess these functionals for their accuracy in three respects: geometries (quantitative prediction of internuclear distances), structures (the nature of the lowest-energy structure, for example, whether it is planar or nonplanar), and energies. We find that the ingredients of exchange–correlation functionals are indicators of their success in predicting geometries and structures: local exchange–correlation functionals are generally better than hybrid functionals for geometries; functionals depending on kinetic energy density are the best for predicting the lowest-energy isomer correctly, especially for predicting two-dimensional to three-dimenstional transitions correctly. The accuracy for energies is less sensitive to the ingredient list. Our findings could be useful for guiding the selection of methods for com...
CRITICAL THINKING WITH COMPUTERS: DRAWINGS AND GRAPHICS

Graphics and drawings promote visual thinking, a long neglected aspect of the curriculum. We know that critical thinking and higher level thinking, involving such abilities as analysis, reasoning, decision‐making, problem solving, and evaluation, occur as a function of reanalyzing and restructuring information. A highly efficient strategy for such restructuring can be achieved with graphics, graphic organizers, and pictures, focusing on visual presentations more than verbal ones. Software for students and teachers is presented to handle such knowledge restructuring, particularly as it is presented in multimedia contexts.
Collection and Analysis of Chicken Urine

Abstract In connection with experimental nutrition work with chickens it was thought that an analysis of the urine, in the form in which it is excreted by the kidneys, would aid in solving some of the problems, such as the high concentration of uric acid in the blood in the last stages of avitaminosis A. In order to secure such urine it was necessary to provide some means of separation of the urine and fecal material and also to prevent reabsorption of the soluble part of the urine in the cloaca. In most of the work reported on the analysis of hen urine the separation has been accomplished by operation methods, essentially of two types. In one method an artificial anus is formed in the anterior abdominal wall and the urine and feces are then collected in rubber bags. (Minkowski1, Milroy2, Katayama4, and others.) The other operative procedure consists of insertions . . .
Commentary: Autonomy and relatedness reconsidered: Learning from Indian families

The relationships between individuals and between individuals and contexts have been studied extensively in cultural psychology as well as in several other disciplines. This commentary attempts to discuss the roles of autonomy and relatedness in these relationships while preserving meaning in the cultural context. It explores further the nature of the constructs as domain-specific, situational, and relative, as well as the concept of choice in terms of the process of choosing and limitations. The potential disparities in events as they are experienced and as they are explained are both considered, together with the construction of meaning. Situational behaviors as related to varying circumstances and social contexts are also reflected on. Finally, autonomy and relatedness are reconsidered within the sociological network, in which the individual systems at the psycho-logics level interact with the functions at the socio-logics level.
Improvements in daily functioning after deep brain stimulation of the thalamus for intractable tremor

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamus reduces tremor in patients with essential tremor (ET). However, few studies have determined the degree of improvement in daily functioning associated with DBS. We developed a self-report Tremor Activities of Daily Living Scale (TADLS) to compare daily functioning with the stimulator turned on and off. Patients rated their performance on the 30 items of the TADLS with the stimulator turned off and then on. They also performed 10 activities under the supervision of a clinician who rated their functional ability with stimulation off and then on. There was a 58% improvement in self-rated TADLS scores in patients with DBS with the stimulator on compared with stimulation off. When activities were rated by the clinician, the average improvement in functioning with the stimulator on was 54%. There were reasonably high correlations between patient and clinician ratings of functioning. ET patients have a marked improvement in daily functioning with thalamic DBS.
Structural brain variation, age, and response time

Response time (RT) generally slows with aging, but the contribution of structural brain changes to this slowing is unknown. We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to determine gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) brain volumes in 9 middle-aged adults (38–58 years old) and 9 seniors (66–82 years old). We correlated brain volumes with RT assessed in both a simple visual stimulus-response task and a visual continuous recognition memory task. No GM correlations with simple RT were significant; there was one WM correlation in the right fusiform gyrus. In the memory task, faster RT was correlated (p<.05, corrected) with less GM in the globus pallidus, the parahippocampus, and the thalamus for both groups. Several Brodmann areas (BA) differed between the groups such that in each area, less GM was correlated with slower RTs in the middle-aged group but with faster RTs in the senior group (BAs 19, 37, 46, 9, 8, 6, 13, 10, 41, and 7). The results suggest that individual differences in specific brain structure volumes should be considered as potential moderating factors in cognitive brain imaging studies.
Fermion Fields in Accelerated States

The massless spin $-\frac{1}{2}$ and spin $-\frac{3}{2}$ fields are quantized in the 'Rindler wedge.' The vacuum expectation value of the stress-energy tensor is calculated for the spin $-\frac{1}{2}$ field and is found to correspond to the absence from the vacuum of black body radiation. Though thermal, the spectrum of the stress tensor has a non-Planckian form.
Contributions to the work function of crystals

We consider a simple model of the work function based on the overlapping spherical atomic charge-density approximation to the potential (the so-called Mattheiss construct). We show analytically that the dipole barrier of nonpolar crystals is simply related to a moment of the spherical densities, and hence there is no face dependence of the work function in this model. For the polar faces of polar crystals there is an additional face-dependent term that was found previously by different means. We calculate the bulk contributions to the work function for the metals with atomic number less than 50. The dipole barriers obtained from free-atomic densities result in work functions which are on the average \ensuremath{\sim}80% too large. The use of contracted atomic densities, while leaving the bulk density virtually unchanged, decreases the dipole barriers and yields work functions in reasonable agreement with experiment. Some implications for surface calculations, electronegativity scales, and charge-transfer and bonding trends are briefly discussed.
Assessing the user-perceived quality of packet voice in networks with mobile users

As the Internet becomes the medium of choice for transporting integrated data, voice and video traffic, it is crucial that the quality of service approaches the level seen in networks traditionally employed for carrying these various traffic types. For example, the quality of voice communication in the Internet should approach the toll-quality levels experienced in the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Mobile wireless users have become a common sight across the world, and have motivated the need for further evolving the Internet protocols and infrastructures, originally intended for fixed users, into new realizations capable of supporting portable and even mobile users at various speeds and across many geographical areas [10]. In particular, with mobile users comes the need for user tracking protocols that work seamlessly for all roaming needs and application characteristics.In this paper, we show that existing explicit and implicit schemes for user tracking in packet networks with mobile users can lead to poor quality of voice streaming applications. Implicit tracking schemes, such as the transparent learning protocol employed by layer-2 switches employ timeout-based caches which can lead to voice clips and/or echo and other delay impairments for interactive applications such as packet voice. Explicit tracking schemes such as binding updates employed by Mobile IP [9] or the tracking protocol used in HAWAII [8] are plagued by control overhead, delayed updates and large tracking databases which also degrade voice call quality and increase the cost of the network.To resolve these challenges we propose a number of techniques to improve user tracking in packet networks with the goal of attaining toll-quality. First, we propose an optimization which limits the propagation of explicit tracking information to entities that can receive them in a timely manner. Second, the lifetime value used by the implicit protocol is jointly tuned to account not only for the user mobility rate but also for the impact of packet loss on voice call performance. Finally, an adaptive tracking strategy is proposed that dynamically alternates between explicit and implicit tracking according to the load in the network. While other hybrid implicit and explicit protocols have been proposed in the past, this work is the first to target packet voice traffic. We demonstrate the benefits of these techniques by simulating a large network carrying many packet voice calls and measuring the user perceived quality of the voice calls.
Antagonism of lidocaine inhibition by open-channel blockers that generate resurgent Na current

Na channels that generate resurgent current express an intracellular endogenous open-channel blocking protein, whose rapid binding upon depolarization and unbinding upon repolarization minimizes fast and slow inactivation. Na channels also bind exogenous compounds, such as lidocaine, which functionally stabilize inactivation. Like the endogenous blocking protein, these use-dependent inhibitors bind most effectively at depolarized potentials, raising the question of how lidocaine-like compounds affect neurons with resurgent Na current. We therefore recorded lidocaine inhibition of voltage-clamped, tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na currents in mouse Purkinje neurons, which express a native blocking protein, and in mouse hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons with and without a peptide from the cytoplasmic tail of NaVβ4 (the β4 peptide), which mimics endogenous open-channel block. To control channel states during drug exposure, lidocaine was applied with rapid-solution exchange techniques during steps to specific voltages. Inhibition of Na currents by lidocaine was diminished by either the β4 peptide or the native blocking protein. In peptide-free CA3 cells, prolonging channel opening with a site-3 toxin, anemone toxin II, reduced lidocaine inhibition; this effect was largely occluded by open-channel blockers, suggesting that lidocaine binding is favored by inactivation but prevented by open-channel block. In constant 100 μm lidocaine, current-clamped Purkinje cells continued to fire spontaneously. Similarly, the β4 peptide reduced lidocaine-dependent suppression of spiking in CA3 neurons in slices. Thus, the open-channel blocking protein responsible for resurgent current acts as a natural antagonist of lidocaine. Neurons with resurgent current may therefore be less susceptible to use-dependent Na channel inhibitors used as local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, and anticonvulsant drugs.
A rail-to-rail amplifier input stage with /spl plusmn/0.35%g/sub m/ fluctuation

A new scheme for achieving rail-to-rail input to an amplifier is introduced. Constant g/sub m/ is obtained by using tunable level shifters and a single differential pair. Feedback circuitry controls the level shifters in a manner that fixes the common-mode input of the differential pair, resulting in consistent and stable operation for rail-to-rail inputs. As the new technique avoids using complimentary input differential pairs, this method overcomes problems such as common-mode rejection ratio and gain-bandwidth product degradation that exist in many other designs. The circuit was fabricated in 0.5-/spl mu/m process. The resulting differential pair had a constant transconductance that varied by only /spl plusmn/0.35% for rail-to-rail input common-mode levels. The input common-mode range extended well past the supply levels of /spl plusmn/1.5V, resulting in only /spl plusmn/1% fluctuation in g/sub m/ for input common modes from -2 to 2 V.
Effects of Single-Band Syllabic Amplitude Compression on Temporal Speech Information in Nonsense Syllables and in Sentences

The effects of single-band amplitude compression on the use by subjects with normal hearing of temporal speech information were assessed using speech stimuli that had been processed to remove most ...
On Mod-2 Sums of Products

An algorithm is provided for obtaining any Boolean function as a modulo-2 sum of products containing only uncomplemented variables. The proofs, which verify the algorithm and show the uniqueness of the results, are simple and free of special mathematical notation.
Differential tolerance to the effects of chlordiazepoxide on unpunished and punished operant responding following chronic treatment

Differential development of tolerance to the effects of benzodiazepines (BZs) is a common clinical phenomenon. To examine whether the development of tolerance to the response-suppressant and antipunishment effects of BZs were differentially regulated in animals, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated chronically with either the BZ receptor agonist chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 25 mg/kg, IP, b.i.d.) or saline for 15 weeks and examined under a multiple schedule of operant behavior. Chronic administration of CDP produced tolerance to its suppressive effects on unpunished responding (RI 80 s) but no tolerance to its enhancing effects on punished responding. This conclusion is supported by three observations. First, repeated priming with CDP produced tolerance to its response-suppressive effects in the RI 80-s schedule and revealed increases in punished responding. Second, baseline levels for punished responding remained elevated over the 15-week treatment period. Third, tolerance developed to the response-suppressant effects of CDP under the RI 80-s schedule, as indicated by a sixfold shift to the right in the dose-response curves for rats treated chronically with CDP when compared to saline-treated controls. However, tolerance did not develop to the antipunishment effects of CDP, as indicated by no differences in the dose-response curves for punished responding. Discontinuation of chronic treatment disrupted unpunished responding only on the first day, and reversed the increase in punished responding. Taken together, these results indicate that differential regulation occurs for the development of tolerance to the response-suppressant and antipunishment effects of BZs.
Structure-function relationships for analogues ofl-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid on the quisqualic acid-sensitive AP4 receptor of the rat hippocampus

Abstract Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell neurons are sensitized to depolarization by l -2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid ( l -AP4) following exposure to l -quisqualic acid (QUIS). We have examined the interaction of 43 structural analogues of l -AP4 with both the ‘induction’ site and the QUIS-sensitive AP4 site in rat hippocampus. The synthesis ofcis- andtrans-4-phosphonoxyl- l -proline, 3-(RS)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid and 2(RS)-amino-5-phenyl-4(RS)-phosphonopentanoic acid (γ-benzyl AP4) are described. None of the test compounds interact with the induction site; thus l -QUIS remains the only compound known to induce this effect. However, one compound ( l -2-amino-3-(5-tetrazolyl) -propanoic acid ( l -aspartate tetrazole) ‘pre-blocked’ and reversed the effects of QUIS. In addition, the potency of 16 analogues increased more than 4-fold following exposure of slices to l -QUIS. Among these, l -AP4, l -AP5, 2-amino-4-(methylphosphino) butanoic acid (AMPB), andE-1(RS)-amino-3(RS)-phosphonocyclopentanecar☐ylic acid (E-cyclopentyl AP4) diplayed IC50 values of less than 0.100mM after QUIS. The results presented here suggest that the QUIS-sensitive AP4 site requires a spatial configuration of functional groups similar to that present inE-cyclopentyl AP4. The presence of a primary amino group and a phosphorus-containing group (either monoanionic or dianionic) appear to be required, however, a car☐yl group is not essential for interaction. The pharmacology of the QUIS-sensitive AP4 site suggest that it is distinct from other known binding sites for l -AP4 in the central nervous system (CNS).
Eye disorders in newborn infants (excluding retinopathy of prematurity)

A screening eye examination is an essential part of the newborn assessment. The detection of many ocular disorders in newborn infants can be achieved through careful observation of the infant's visual behaviour and the use of a direct ophthalmoscope to assess the ocular structures and check the red reflex. Early diagnosis and subspecialty referral can have a critical impact on the prognosis for many ocular conditions, including potentially blinding but treatable conditions such as congenital cataracts, life-threatening malignancies such as retinoblastoma and harbingers of disease elsewhere such as sporadic aniridia and its association with the development of Wilms tumour.
The NAL Computer Control System

Equipment associated with the accelerator and experimental areas at the National Accelerator Laboratory is distributed throughout some ten miles of beam paths. The computer control system, which utilizes fifteen interconnected computers to control and monitor this equipment, is described. The clock, closed-circuit television, beam abort, and fire and utility monitoring systems are also reviewed.
Comparison of two models for delivery of services in psychiatric emergencies

Abstract Objective To evaluate the benefits of the psychiatric emergency service (PES) model, in comparison to the model of the psychiatric consultant to the emergency department (the consultation model). Methods A retrospective chart review of 100 involuntary PES patients and 100 involuntary patients of the consultation model were matched for age, sex, ethnicity and primary diagnosis. Baseline characteristics, demographics and various outcomes of the two groups were compared. Results After establishment of the psychiatric emergency service, there were improvements in the following categories: (1) timely rendering of psychiatric emergency care (330 vs. 639 min, P P P P P Conclusion The PES is a multidisciplinary system that can be beneficial to psychiatric emergency patients by providing timely rendering of care, improving access to care, and ensuring safety and better assessment.
In-vitro evaluation of three lasers for the potential treatment of equine pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia

Three medical lasers, Argon, CO 2 , and Nd:YAG, were studied at power outputs of 5 watts, 5 watts, and 40 watts respectively. Laser irradiation was directed at the pharyngeal mucosa of sagittally split horses heads in a randomized fashion. Areas irradiated were measured immediately using hand held calipers, and after being prepared for microscopic examination to determine width and depth of penetration into the mucosa. The results indicated that tissue destruction produced by the CO 2 laser was predictable compared to the Nd:YAG laser. The Argon laser, between 1 and 6 seconds of exposure, produced only superficial photoablation of mucosal tissue which did not extend into the muscular layer. The conclusion of this in vitro investigation was that the Argon laser irradiation applied transendoscopically may be a reasonable substitute for surgery and electrocautery commonly used to treat follicular lymphoid hyperplasia, a respiratory disease of young horses.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of zinc protoporphyrin and porphyrin carboxylic acids in urine.

Abstract A method for the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of zinc protoporphyrin and porphyrin carboxylic acids with fluorescence detection and its application are described. A μBondapak C18 column was employed for all the experiments in this study. The method required a pretreatment of the column with a two-component mobile phase containing 0.1 m NaH2PO4 in acetonitrile (28:15, v v , pH 5.3) for 10 min prior to sample injection. Separation was achieved isocratically by increasing the concentration of acetonitrile in the mobile phase (0.1 m NaH2PO4: acetonitrile, 18:130, v v , pH 5.3) 4 min after injection to complete the elution. The flow rates and the period of pretreatment of the column were studied to optimize the separation. The method was applied to determining zinc protoporphyrin and porphyrin carboxylic acids of heme biosynthesis in urine.
Variations in the water column photosynthetic cross section for Antarctic coastal waters

Using a highly resolved LTER database collected near Palmer Station, Antarctica, from 1991-1994, the variability in the column photosynthetic cross section ((Psi) , m2, g Chl a-1) was analyzed. For the whole dataset, (Psi) had an average value of 0.0695 m2 g Chl a-1 but extreme values extended over a 50-fold range. A six-fold variation in (Psi) was observed with time of year and was strongly associated with the high seasonality in incident irradiance characteristic of these polar sampling sties. Variability in daily incident irradiance as influenced by cloudiness and variation in chlorophyll content were responsible for an additional two-fold variation in (Psi) . Finally, the taxonomic dependency of (Psi) was demonstrated for the first time. For identical chlorophyll content and surface irradiance, mean (Psi) value of 0.114 +/- 0.051 m2 g Chl a-1 were recorded for diatom blooms and 0.052 +/- 0.011 m2 g Chl a-1 for cryptophyte- dominated populations. Results illustrate the validity of (Psi) -based approaches for estimating primary production for the Southern Ocean but emphasize the need to address taxon- specific photophysiology to better estimate primary production on smaller spatio-temporal scales.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The detection, accumulation and stabilization of a tetrahedral intermediate in trypsin catalysis

The reaction of trypsin with Nα-carbobenzoxy-L-lysine p-nitroanilide has been studied in the 0 to −60°C temperature region, over a wide range of pH★ values, using aqueous-dimethyl sulfoxide cryosolvent. Spectrophotometric and kinetic evidence for the detection and stabilization of a tetrahedral intermediate is presented. The rate of formation of this intermediate, and the concentration accumulated, were pH★-dependent. At pH★ ≤ 6 (< −40°C) essentially no tetrahedral adduct is formed or accumulated. Instead another intermediate, resembling the substrate in its spectral properties, is detected.
Adverse Reactions to the Rapid Treatment of Sexual Problems

• The past decade has witnessed the development of techniques which are often drama­ tically effective in rapidly relieving such sex­ ual disorders as premature ejaculation, re­ tarded ejaculation, impotence, frigidity, vag­ inismus, fetishes and problems related to sex­ ual incompatibility. This remarkable progress was stimulated by the pioneering work of Masters and Johnson!, and also by advances in behavior therapy. The effects of rapid symptomatic treat­ ment on the global psychological status of pa­ tients is a matter of some controversy. Ac­ cording to the psychoanalytic model, sexual symptoms are manifestations of serious psy­ chopathology, and their direct and rapid re­ moval is predicted to result in an increase in anxiety and/or the formation of substitute symptoms. On the other hand, alternative formulations, such as learning theory, hold that the symptom is the disorder. Hence, relief of symptoms equals cure and is expected to result in an increase in the patient's well-being. In the author's experience, most patients behave as predicted by learning theory: char­ acteristically both symptomatic patient and partner experience great relief and increased feelings of self-esteem after the rapid amelio­ ration of a sexual problem, and often there is also a marked improvement in the quality of the couple's communication and in their rela­ tionship. Clinical evidence suggests that anxi­ ety, depression and hostility towards the
The Use of Coherence Techniques to Predict the Effect of Engine Operating Parameters on Diesel Engine Noise

A technique is presented in which the effects on noise of changing diesel engine operating parameters can be predicted. Traditionally, the effects have been determined by experiment. The technique presented in this paper utilizes experimentally determined frequency response functions between each cylinder pressure input and the engine noise. Once the frequency response are measured, the engine noise can be calculated for an arbitrary cylinder pressure input. The effect of injection timing, engine load, and engine speed are predicted using cylinder pressure histories obtained from a single cylinder research engine.
Why do we Eat? Children's and Adults’ Understanding of Why we Eat Different Meals

ABSTRACT In this study the author examined why children and adults think they need to eat. Preschoolers through adults were provided with physiological, social, psychological, and routine causes for eating breakfast, lunch, snack, and dinner, and were asked to either agree or disagree with the causal responses provided. A 4 Reason × 4 Meal repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant main effects for meals and reasons, as well as significant Meal × Reason and Meal × Reason × Grade interactions. The effect sizes ranged from 0.1 to 0.7. Across all age groups, participants acknowledged physiological needs and desires (fulfilling hunger and needs to stay healthy) and routine (e.g., it is dinner time) as the primary causes for eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner. However, for snack physiological needs were the primary reason. Second-grade students onward spontaneously produced biological justifications such as the need for energy and nutrition as important reasons for food consumption. These res...
External Anal Sphincter Response to Rectal Distention: Learned Response or Reflex

Three experiments were conducted to determine whether the external anal sphincter contraction which typically follows rectal distention is a reflex or a voluntary response. Experiment I compared 15 chronically constipated patients to 10 normal subjects. A reflex should be reliably elicited by its unconditional stimulus; but if this response is voluntary, chronically constipated patients would be less likely to show it because they have had fewer opportunities to practice it. Only half of chronically constipated patients showed the response compared to 100% of normals. Experiment II investigated whether the response is elicited by rectal distention during sleep in 10 healthy subjects. The response was significantly less likely to occur during sleep. Experiment III in 6 normal subjects revealed that this response can be voluntarily omitted. These experiments indicate that external anal sphincter contraction following rectal distention is a voluntary response, not a reflex.
Three types of early word: the emergence of social words, names and cognitive-relational words in the one-word stage and their relation to cognitive development

The early words that 27 children produced between the ages of 12 and 20 months were analysed. Social words, such as that used to point out objects or no used to refuse suggestions, were consistently among the first words to appear. A small number of names also appeared in the very early period. Cognitive-relational words, such as gone used to indicate disappearance or no used to indicate failure consistently appeared after some social words had been acquired. The cognitive development of 18 of these children was also recorded. Social words and names, though not cognitive-relational words, appeared before children solved 'early stage 6' cognitive problems. These results suggest that children move from using language communicatively to using it to sort out their cognitive problems early in the one-word stage and that this shift is related to 'stage 6' cognitive developments.
An algorithm to generate prime implicants and its application to the selection problem

In this paper, the algorithm to generate prime implicants presented in Ref. 5 is extended to a new algorithm. The new algorithm does not require the Boolean function to be in conjunctive normal form and is complete in the sense that it generates all the prime implicants. The author also shows that this new algorithm can be used to efficiently solve the selection problem ^[^4^]. By using this algorithm, the original selection problem can be solved by a branch-and-bound approach ^[^1^] which avoids an exhaustive search of the solution space and reduces the amount of necessary calculations.
Aspects of antiepileptic treatment in children.

About 75% of patients with epilepsy have seizures during childhood, often requiring antiepileptic therapy. Children possess all the drug-specific pharmacokinetic features of adults (e.g., nonlinearity of phenytoin elimination and autoinduction of carbamazepine metabolism), plus other factors (e.g., age, intercurrent illness, comedication) that influence dosage. Kinetic differences are maximal in newborns and infants, with limited drug elimination in premature and full-term babies, soon followed by accelerated elimination during infancy and childhood, before lower adult elimination rates develop during late childhood or early adolescence. Most children with epilepsy require two- to fourfold larger doses relative to bodyweight than adults, to achieve comparable drug levels and therapeutic effects. Although rapid growth may require increased dosage, the need is limited as relative clearance declines with age. Children of any age, but particularly premature and newborn babies, show greater individual variability in drug handling and therefore in dose requirements than adults. Clinical response and antiepileptic drug concentrations should both be monitored carefully in children.
Selective suppressive effects of anti-allotype antibodies on spleen cells of adult rabbits

Abstract Spleen cells from adult b 4 b 4 rabbits were used to investigate the effects of anti-allotype antibodies on the immunoglobulin-synthesizing capacity of these cells in vitro . Treatment of 2 × 10 7 splenic lymphocytes with as little as 10 μg of anti-b4/ml for 2 hr caused complete loss of membrane b4, while 30 μg of anti-b4/ml was needed to bring about the same result following a 24-hr pulse. However, substantial to complete recovery of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) expression occurred on subsequent culture of cells exposed to anti-b4 concentrations of up to 300 μg/ml, while at the same time the ability of treated cells to secrete b4 Ig into the culture fluid and to mount a primary response against a bacteriophage antigen was severely impaired. Inhibition of Ig secretion and of antibody formation was dependent on the concentration of anti-b4 used and was more pronounced following a 24-hr antibody pulse than one for 2 hr. Such cells showing selective suppression of Ig secretion but not of membrane Ig expression may provide an in vitro analog for mIg + lymphocytes demonstrable in allotype-suppressed rabbits at a time when secretion of that allotype is still severely impaired.