cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Improved Approach to Diagnosing and Treating Conjunctival Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

The current case of conjunctival mucoepidermoid carcinoma offers features that expand the biologic spectrum afforded by this tumor. More focused strategies should be developed for its earlier histopathologic diagnosis and improved management (historical recurrence rate of 85%). A 63-year-old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis and idiopathic sclerosing cholangitis developed scleral thinning, anterior chamber cells and flare, and uveal prolapse. Biopsies of the epibulbar lesion were initially misinterpreted as a squamous cell carcinoma but on review harbored CK7-positive cells and contained rare goblet cells brought out with Alcian blue and mucicarmine staining. Intraocular extension exhibited micro-and macrocysts with minimal goblet cells. Focal CK7 immunopositivity in any epibulbar squamous dysplasia or in invasive carcinoma should lead to suspicion of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Behaviorally aggressive or rapidly recurrent epithelial squamous tumors with "inflammatory" features or unusual clinical characteristics should be initially stained at multiple levels for the detection of parsimonious mucus secretion. Surgical options include wide excision and partial sclerectomy with cryotherapy for superficial invasion and/or interferon therapy. Results with radiotherapy and cryotherapy for deep scleral invasion have been unpredictable or unacceptable compared with surgery.
An improved eigensolver for quantum-dot cellular automata simulations

The work in this paper describes the applicati on of an optimized eigensolver algorithm to produce the kernel calculations for simulating quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) circuits, an emerging implementation of quantum computing The application of the locally optimal block preconditioned conjugate gradient (LOBPCG) method to calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for this simulation was shown to exhibit a 15.6 speedup over the commonly used QR-method for a representative simulation and has specific advantages for the Hermitian, positive-definite, sparse matrices commonly encountered in simulating the Time-Independent Schrodinger equation. We present the computational savings for a simulation analyzing the effect of stray charges near a four-cell line of QCA cells with a single driver cell, and we discuss implications for wider application. We further discuss issues of problem preconditioning which are specific to QCA simulation when utilizing the LOBPCG method.
EMI sources from mode conversion in a Telco system high-speed SERDES

Prediction of signal integrity (SI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) from multilayer circuit boards is an important problem which is of interest to high speed digital system designers. SI and EMI control should be treated as a design problem from the start and it should be given the necessary resources throughout the design process. This can only be accomplished with accurate and effective electrical modeling of the complex interconnection structures. In this paper, electrical modeling methods are described where both differential-mode and common-mode effects and their conversions are accurately captured. Common-mode imbalances degrade the signal integrity margins making the system more susceptible to failure with increased EMI radiation. Simulation models are developed to properly quantify mode conversion mechanisms. A high speed blade system is chosen as a test bench to demonstrate the characterization methodology. The blade chassis is a compact, modular, rack mount scalable server system with support for twelve single-wide server blades. All high-speed communication occurs through a backplane using four sets of redundant fabrics, yielding a total of eight network connections per blade. This architecture allows for communication between any blade server and the chassis management units, the I/O switch modules, the highspeed switch modules, and the I/O bridge modules [1]. In the high speed differential serial channel design process it is important to model differential to common mode conversion. In order to minimize the differential insertion loss, increase the signal to noise ratio at the receiver to improve bit-error rate (BER) and minimize EMI, careful analysis of sources of loss, imbalance, and skew within the channel is needed. In this work, we demonstrate the importance of common-mode noise to radiation from a PCB. We then focus on mode conversion due to proximity of transmission lines to plane edges, impedance mismatch, current return path variation, trace loading to due coupling, and AC coupling components. Measured results were shown that highlight the significant variability in mode conversion that can result from the various mechanisms simulated in this study.
Floating-point implementation of complex multiplication

This paper extends the consideration of fused floating-point arithmetic to complex multiplication, an operation that is frequently used in DSP. There are two basic approaches to complex multiplication: (1) the conventional method that uses 4 real multiplies and 2 real adds and (2) Golub's method that uses 3 real multiplies and 5 real additions. This paper compares discrete implementations using individual floating-point adders and multipliers with implementations that use fused operations (fused dot product, fused add-subtract and combinations of the two).
Non-polar extracts of serum from males contain covert radioimmunoassayable testosterone.

Abstract Non-polar extracts of sera from human males contain immunoreactive testosterone in a form that is released by mild alkaline hydrolysis. The non-polar derivative shows no immunoreactivity with testosterone antibody prior to hydrolysis. Hydrolyzed non-polar serum extracts from ten adult male volunteers contained 2.0 ± 0.8 (SD) ng/mL of testosterone. Neither non-polar serum extracts of normal females nor a water blank substituted for non-polar extract of serum yields any immunoreactive testosterone after alkaline hydrolysis. Testosterone palmitate hydrolyzed alone or after addition to non-polar extract of serum yields the expected quantities of radioimmunoassayable testosterone. Previously described conjugates of testosterone are polar and are neither extractable by petroleum ether nor hydrolyzable by alkali. These observations suggest that fatty acid esters of testosterone may be present in serum of human males.
Heterogeneous Reactions of GaAs Quantum Dots with Organometallic Precursors

We report recent results on the homogeneous nucleation of GaAs quantum dots from organometallic precursors and subsequent heterogeneous nucleation of epitaxial regrowth of GaAs on the clusters. We find that clusters onto which we have regrown GaAs exhibit a much higher degree of faceting, whereas particles subject to the same thermal cycles but onto which no new GaAs has been grown, though crystalline, have highly irregular shapes. These results suggest that epitaxial regrowth exhibits selectivity in the growth rates on the various crystal facets akin to that found in bulk samples.
The prognostic and predictive values of ECD-HER-2.

The search for a simple, sensitive test to reliably determine prognosis and predict response to therapy in patients with cancer is an important area of translational research. In this issue of Clinical Cancer Research , Hayes et al. (Clin. Cancer Res., 7: 601–604, 2001) report the results of an ancillary Cancer and Leukemia Group B protocol designed to determine whether the circulating extracellular domain of HER-2/neu (ECD-HER-2) was indicative of prognosis or predictive of response to therapy in women with metastatic breast cancer. Results were drawn from a sample of 242 patients of whom 89 had elevated values of the protein. These women had been enrolled in a variety of Cancer and Leukemia Group B protocols evaluating either the efficacy of dose in the use of megestrol acetate as second-line hormonal treatment or in patients enrolled into several chemotherapeutic protocols, many containing doxorubicin. They report that patients with pretreatment elevation of ECD-HER-2 had a worse prognosis than those who did not, but that there was no convincing correlation of elevated ECD-HER-2 with response to either endocrine or chemotherapy. Although the small number of patients and the retrospective study design allows one to draw only tentative conclusions, this report raises several important issues for the conduct of translational research and points to several new hypotheses for future testing.
On the Suitability of a High- $k$ Gate Dielectric in Nanoscale FinFET CMOS Technology

The impact of a high-k gate dielectric on the device and circuit performances of nanoscale double-gate (DG) FinFET CMOS technology is examined via physics-based device/circuit simulations. DG FinFETs are designed with high k at the high- performance 45-nm node of the 2005 Semiconductor Industry Association International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS; Lg = 18 nm), and are compared with a pragmatic design in which the traditional SiON (or SiO2) gate dielectric is retained and kept relatively thick to avoid excessive gate tunneling current. Whereas it is presumed that a high-k dielectric, if and when adequately integrated, will significantly enhance CMOS scalability and performance, we show that there are heretofore unacknowledged compromising effects associated with it that undermine this enhancement. In fact, our results show that for DG FinFET CMOS, a high-k gate dielectric actually undermines speed performance while giving little improvement in scalability relative to the pragmatic design, whereas the latter can be scaled, with good performance, to the end of the ITRS.
Unbiased Estimation of Gene Diversity in Samples Containing Related Individuals: Exact Variance and Arbitrary Ploidy

Gene diversity, a commonly used measure of genetic variation, evaluates the proportion of heterozygous individuals expected at a locus in a population, under the assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. When using the standard estimator of gene diversity, the inclusion of related or inbred individuals in a sample produces a downward bias. Here, we extend a recently developed estimator shown to be unbiased in a diploid autosomal sample that includes known related or inbred individuals to the general case of arbitrary ploidy. We derive an exact formula for the variance of the new estimator, \({\tilde{H}}\) , and present an approximation to facilitate evaluation of the variance when each individual is related to at most one other individual in a sample. When examining samples from the human X chromosome, which represent a mixture of haploid and diploid individuals, we find that \({\tilde{H}}\) performs favorably compared to the standard estimator, both in theoretical computations of mean squared error and in data analysis. We thus propose that \({\tilde{H}}\) is a useful tool in characterizing gene diversity in samples of arbitrary ploidy that contain related or inbred individuals.
DESIGN OF SPACE TRUSSES USING BIG BANG–BIG CRUNCH OPTIMIZATION

A procedure for designing low-weight space trusses based on the innovative Big Bang–Big Crunch (BB–BC) optimization method is developed for both discrete and continuous variable optimization. BB-BC optimization is a population-based heuristic search consisting of two parts: The Big Bang where candidate solutions are randomly distributed over the search space; and a Big Crunch where a contraction operation estimates a weighted average or center of mass for the population. Each sequential Big Bang is then randomly distributed about the center of mass. The objective of the optimization is to minimize the total weight (or cost) of the structure subjected to material and performance constraints in the form of stress and deflection limits. Designs are evaluated for fitness based on their penalized structural weight, which represents the actual truss weight and the degree to which the design constraints are violated. BB-BC optimization has several advantages over other evolutionary methods: Most significantly, a...
Road Density Models Describing Habitat Effectiveness for Elk

Models depicting elk response to changes in the density of forest roads are discussed. The technique described produces a model that coincides with actual elk behavior. This model can be used to predict habitat effectiveness for elk at road densities up to six miles per square mile.
Months between rejuvenation and volcanic eruption at Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming

Rejuvenation of previously intruded silicic magma is an important process leading to effusive rhyolite, which is the most common product of volcanism at calderas with protracted histories of eruption and unrest such as Yellowstone caldera (Wyoming), Long Valley caldera (California), and Valles caldera (New Mexico) in the United States. Although orders of magnitude smaller in volume than rare caldera-forming supereruptions, these relatively frequent effusions of rhyolite are comparable to the largest eruptions of the 20th century, and pose a considerable volcanic hazard. However, the physical pathway from rejuvenation to eruption of silicic magma is unclear, particularly because the time between reheating of a subvolcanic intrusion and eruption is poorly quantified. This study uses nanometer-scale trace element diffusion in sanidine crystals to reveal that rejuvenation of a near-solidus or subsolidus silicic intrusion occurred in ∼10 mo or less following a protracted period (220 k.y.) of volcanic repose, and resulted in effusion of ∼3 km3 of high-silica rhyolite lava at the onset of Yellowstone’s last volcanic interval. The future renewal of effusive silicic volcanism at Yellowstone will likely require a comparable energetic intrusion of magma that remelts the shallow subvolcanic reservoir and generates eruptible rhyolite on month to annual time scales.
Nortriptyline E-10-Hydroxylation in Vitro Is Mediated by Human CYP2D6 (High Affinity) and CYP3A4 (Low Affinity): Implications for Interactions with Enzyme-Inducing Drugs

The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms mediating nortriptyline 10-hydroxylation have been identified using kinetic studies on heterologously expressed human CYPs and chemical inhibition studies on human liver microsomes. Nortriptyline was metabolized to E-10-hydroxynortriptyline by human lymphoblast-expressed CYPs 2D6 (Km 2.1 microM) and 3A4 (Km 37.4 microM) with high and low affinity, respectively, whereas CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, and 2E1 had no detectable activity. Human liver microsomal nortriptyline E-10-hydroxylation displayed biphasic kinetics. The high-affinity component (Km 1.3 +/- 0.4 microM, n = 11 livers) was selectively inhibited by the CYP 2D6 inhibitor quinidine, whereas the CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole selectively inhibited the low-affinity component (K(m) 24.4 +/- 7 microM, n = 11 livers). Inhibition by ketoconazole increased with increasing substrate concentration, whereas the reverse was true for quinidine. The Vmax of the low-affinity component in human liver microsomes was significantly correlated (r2 = 0.84) with the relative activity factor for CYP3A4, a measure of the amount of catalytically active enzyme. A simulation of the relative contribution of CYPs 2D6 and 3A4 to net nortriptyline hydroxylation rate suggested that the relative contribution of CYP3A4 is only 20% even at the higher end of the therapeutic range. Induction of CYP3A4 will increase its importance and increase the net metabolic rate, whereas inhibition of CYP3A4 will be of little importance due to its minimal relative contribution under uninduced conditions. The identification of CYP3A4 as a low-affinity nortriptyline E-10-hydroxylase explains the ability of poor metabolizers of debrisoquin to hydroxylate nortriptyline, as well as the increased in vivo clearance via this pathway caused by CYP3A4-inducing drugs such as pentobarbital, carbamazepine, and rifampin.
Post-Soviet Russian Foreign Policy Toward The Middle East

Since the breakup of the USSR in 1991, there has been significant change in Moscow's Middle East policy. During much of the Cold War, Moscow sought to project Soviet influence throughout even the far off Arab region of the Middle East. In the post-Cold War era, though, Russian foreign policy has focused on that part of the Middle East closest to the former USSR-the Northern Tier. This article will examine the major aspects of post-Cold War Russian foreign policy toward the Middle East in order to identify Moscow's multiple goals in the region and discuss Moscow's capacity for achieving them. First, though, a brief review of the different stages of Imperial and Soviet foreign policy toward the region is necessary in order to show the extent to which post-Cold War Russian foreign policy toward the Middle East has and has not changed.
A system for aircraft recognition in perspective aerial images

Recognition of aircraft in complex, perspective aerial imagery has to be accomplished in presence of clutter, occlusion, shadow, and various forms of image degradation. This paper presents a system for aircraft recognition under real-world conditions that is based on the use of a hierarchical database of object models. The particular approach involves three key processes: (a) The qualitative object recognition process performs model-based symbolic feature extraction and generic object recognition; (b) The refocused matching and evaluation process refines the extracted features for more specific classification with input from (a); and (c) The primitive feature extraction process regulates the extracted features based on their saliency and interacts with (a) and (b). Experimental results showing the qualitative recognition of aircraft in perspective, aerial images are presented. >
Homogeneously catalyzed amination of alkenes

Abstract This review assesses the challenges facing the development of catalysts for the amination of alkenes. Short sections are included summarizing the use of both ammonium ion and amide ion as catalysts. The principal transition metal systems that have been used as homogeneous catalysts are discussed in terms of their mechanistic features. The use of organolanthanide complexes as amination catalysts is also discussed in terms of their reaction mechanism. The review also includes enzymic amination catalysts and the use of mercury photosensitization for alkene amination via hydrogen atom abstraction. A section covering allylic amination is also included.
Where To Find Nutritional Science Journals on the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a burgeoning information resource that can be utilized for current awareness and assistance in manuscript preparation and submission. The ever changing and expanding nature of the WWW allows it to provide up to the minute information, but this inherent changeability often makes information access difficult. To assist nutrition scientists in locating useful information about nutritional science journals on the WWW, this article critically reviews and describes the WWW sites for seventeen highly ranked nutrition and dietetics journals. Included in each annotation are the site's title, web address or Universal Resource Locator (URL), journal ranking and site authorship. Also listed is whether or not the site makes available the guidelines for authors, tables of contents, abstracts, online ordering, as well as information about the editorial board. This critical survey illustrates that the information on the web, regardless of its authority, is not of equal quality.
Combining phased array and hamming sound apodization techniques to improve the acousto-optic diffraction bandwidth

Four acousto-optic (AO) transducer designs have had their electronic operation bandwidths (BW) for the first order diffraction efficiency compared. The four designs are: (A) simple uniform sound field, (B) Hamming apodization, (C) uniform sound field with phased array (D) Hamming apodization of the sound field combined with a phased array. A Strong-AO-interaction two-order numerical analysis is applied to the four AO designs. Design (D) demonstrated superiority in the first order acousto-optic bandwidth over a three-cell phased array or Hamming apodization. Specifically the improvements in BW performance for design (D) using 1.0dB bandwidth rule was approximately 12% over design (C) and approximately 34% over design (B).
La intercomprensión de lenguas latinas: una herramienta para el desarrollo del plurilingüismo en Chile

En el marco de la integracion de Chile en el mundo globalizado posmoderno, los avances en el desarrollo del plurilinguismo cobran una real importancia, especialmente en el desarrollo de los enfoques plurales, dentro de los cuales destaca la intercomprension de lenguas. En este sentido, se ha desarrollado un conjunto de iniciativas conducentes a la realizacion de materiales en ensenanza/aprendizaje de lenguas latinas, en la que cabe destacar el Manual INTERLAT: Comprension escrita en portugues, espanol y frances, elaborado por academicos de universidades chilenas regionales, cuya aplicacion en dos instituciones de educacion superior de Valparaiso resulta cada vez mas promisoria. Es de nuestro interes presentar los resultados obtenidos con la aplicacion de este Manual a estudiantes de las universidades ya senaladas, en el que se exponen estrategias metodologicas propias del enfoque intercomprensivo, los materiales, textos, ayudas linguisticas y culturales, fichas gramaticales contrastivas y tests de evaluaciones. Se completa esta presentacion con la entrega de los resultados del estudio de la percepcion que los estudiantes tienen de este nuevo enfoque luego de haber participado en los respectivos cursos.
Cutting Edge: Itk-Dependent Signals Required for CD4+ T Cells to Exert, but Not Gain, Th2 Effector Function

The TCR signals for the release of CD4 effector function are poorly understood. Itk plays an essential role in Th2, but not Th1, responses. However, when Itk is required during Th2 development is unclear. We followed the fate of Itk-deficient T cells during Th2 development in vitro and in vivo using an IL-4/GFP reporter. Surprisingly, a similar frequency of itk(-/-) CD4(+) cells differentiated and committed to the Th2 lineage as wild-type cells. However, Itk-deficient Th2 cells failed to exert effector function upon TCR triggering. Loss of function was marked by defective transcriptional enhancement of Th2 cytokines and GATA3. IL-4 production in itk(-/-) Th2s could be rescued by the expression of kinase-active Itk. Thus, Itk is necessary for the release, but not gain, of Th2 function. We suggest that the liberation of effector function is tightly controlled through qualitative changes in TCR signals, facilitating postdifferentiation regulation of cytokine responses.
Introduction: Neural and Mechanical Contributions to Upper Limb Movement

Section VI contains the largest number of chapters and represents an extension of an important and lively area of research. The common theme is a consideration of principles underlying movements of the upper limb. In many ways, these nine chapters represent a continuation of the twelve chapters in Section III “Principles underlying movement organization: Upper limb” of the book Multiple Muscle Systems: Biomechanics and Movement Organization (Winters and Woo 1990). For that reason, these chapters are repeated within the reference list on this page; they can be obtained as a unit (196 pages total) from the editors, at cost (~$10; contact winters@cua.edu).
Filariasis Traumatic Chyluria as Displayed by Lymphangiography

INTRODUCTION Chyluria is the presence of chyle in the urine, giving it a milky appearance. Chyle is the milky fluid taken up by the lacteals from the food in the intestine after digestion. It consists of lymph and emulsified fat that passes into the thoracic duct and subclavian veins. When there is extravasation of chyle into the thorax, it is called chylothorax and in the abdomen, chylous ascites. Chyluria is most often caused by filarial parasites (Wuchereria bancrofti), aortoiliac grafting, and trauma. Bipedal lymphangiography of the foot/hand is the radiologic special procedure where Ethiodol contrast is injected into the dorsal lymphatics to visualize flow to and from lymph nodes. It is used as a diagnostic as well as therapeutic procedure. Fluoroscopic control allows extravasation and circumvention of the Ethiodol into the abnormal communication of lymphatics into the pelvis, kidney, and/or bladder. Surgical correction may consist of tying off the thoracic duct and/or embolization. If not corrected, the patient develops protein-losing enteropathy. Two patients with chyluria were selected for this presentation with filariasis and traumatic chyluria (football injury to the abdomen). The traumatic chyluria displayed considerable loss of weight and was not corrected at surgery. The lymphatic vascular system develops at the end of the fifth week. This is about 2 weeks later than the development of the cardiovascular system. The current view is that the earliest lymph vessels arise as capillary offshoots of the endothelium of veins. The development of the pulmonary lymphatics parallel veins and appear at the hilum in the 6th to 7th week, and by the end of the 10th week they are found in the lung. Therefore, by the end of the 18th to 20th week, they are well developed in the lung and the separate distinct pulmonary lobules. Historically, lymphatics were first recognized in 300 BC by Herophilus. They were rediscovered some 2000 years later by Aselli in 1622. Bartholin coined the term lymphatics in 1653, and Rudbeck in that same year described pulmonary lymphatics. Pulmonary lymphatic bicuspid valves were first discussed in 1675. In 1952, the first lymphangiogram was performed by Kinmot. This was first accomplished by identifying the lymphatics with blue dye for accurate placement. The senior author has performed this procedure for more than 40 years as a routine diagnostic procedure. The purpose of this presentation was to demonstrate how the procedure is used in teaching anatomy of the lymphatic system to anatomists, medical students, and other health professionals and to localize sites of lymphatic extravasation. The plain x-ray films, normal lymphatics, and lymph nodes (Figures 1 and 2) are displayed within the pelvis and abdomen, fistulous communication within the right kidney—filariasis (Figure 3) (Wuchereria bancrofti), and traumatic fistulous communications within the left kidney (Figure 4).
A comparative hospital-based observational study of mono- and co-infections of malaria, dengue virus and scrub typhus causing acute undifferentiated fever

Positive serology for dengue and/or scrub typhus infection with/without positive malarial smear (designated as mixed or co-infection) is being increasingly observed during epidemics of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses (AUFIs). We planned to study the clinical and biochemical spectrum of co-infections with Plasmodium sp., dengue virus and scrub typhus and compare these with mono-infection by the same organisms. During the period from December 2012 to December 2013, all cases presenting with AUFIs to a single medical unit of a referral centre in Garhwal region of the north Indian state of Uttarakhand were retrospectively selected and categorised aetiologically as co-infections, malaria, dengue or scrub typhus. The groups thus created were compared in terms of demographic, clinical, biochemical and outcome parameters. The co-infection group (n = 49) was associated with milder clinical manifestations, fewer, milder and non-progressive organ dysfunction, and lesser need for intensive care, mechanical ventilation and dialysis as compared to mono-infections. When co-infections were sub-grouped and compared with the relevant mono-infections, there were differences in certain haematological and biochemical parameters; however, this difference did not translate into differential outcomes. Scrub typhus mono-infection was associated with severe disease in terms of both morbidity and mortality. Malaria, dengue and scrub typhus should be routinely tested in all patients with AUFIs. Co-infections, whether true or due to serological cross-reactivity, appear to be a separate entity so far as presentation and morbidity is concerned. Further insight is needed into the mechanism and identification of the protective infection.
Surveillance of IBD Using High Definition Colonoscopes Does Not Miss Adenocarcinoma in Patients with Low-grade Dysplasia

Background:Historically, limits to the ability to detect dysplasia in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated colitis resulted in the recommendation that neoplasia of any grade be treated by proctocolectomy. We hypothesized that with improved optical technologies, most neoplasia in colit
Theoretical analysis of resolution and noise properties of PET image reconstruction with and without sinogram blurring modeling

The detector response due to inter-crystal scatter, penetration and non-colinearity in PET can be modeled using blurring point spread functions (PSFs) in sinogram or image space. Incorporating PSFs into image reconstruction is expected to provide better image quality because of accurate system modeling. It has been widely observed that PSF-based reconstruction produces better spatial resolution with more pronounced overshoot/undershoot near edges and yields lower variance and more correlated image noise than non-PSF reconstruction. These findings have been mostly empirically made and there has not been much of rigorous explanation about the reason for the behaviors. In this study, we investigate the underlying mathematical structure of PSF-based and non-PSF image reconstruction and attempt to provide a mathematical explanation about the distinct behaviors they show. The local impulse response and the covariance of PSF-based and non-PSF penalized-likelihood image reconstruction are analyzed in continuous space to obtain useful insights. From the continuous-space analysis, we address why PSF-based reconstruction produces pronounced overshoot/undershoot near edges and what is the limitation of non-PSF reconstruction in achievable image resolution. In addition, it is analytically shown that PSF-based reconstruction results in spatially more correlated noise than non-PSF reconstruction at matched ensemble pixel variance. Finally, it is demonstrated that PSF-based reconstruction not only produces a lower pixel variance than non-PSF reconstruction at matched spatial resolution but also nearly achieves the minimum pixel variance for given spatial resolution.
Photoelectrochemical Etching of GaN Thin Films With Varying Carrier Concentrations

The evolution of the surface morphology of unintentionally doped and Si-doped GaN samples subjected to photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching in the carrier-limited regime in aqueous KOH is reported. It was found that a nanoporous structure precedes whisker formation in samples in which high densities of whiskers ultimately form. Increasing the light intensity accelerated the rate of change of the surface morphology, but increasing the molarity of the KOH had no effect on the etching. Applying biases to the samples during etching also accelerated or decelerated the rates of change of the surface morphology. Thus, the surface morphology in the carrier-limited regime tends to only depend on parameters of the starting layers, as well as how much etching in total has occurred. The identification of variations in surface morphology at different times during PEC etching of GaN may have utility in that assorted nanopatterning of the GaN surface can be intentionally achieved in a controllable, large-scale, and inexpensive manner.
HIV disease and pregnancy. Part 3. Postpartum care of the HIV-positive woman and her newborn.

For women with HIV infection, physical and psychosocial adaptation during the postpartum period is fraught with ambivalence. On the one hand, there is the joy of parenthood, but on the other, the burden of a chronic, terminal illness and the possibility of having an infected newborn. The nursing care of the HIV‐positive woman and her newborn is discussed. Guidelines for hospital discharge teaching are included.
Hybrid Feedback Control Methods for Robust and Global Power Conversion

In this paper, the applicability and importance of hybrid system tools for the design of control algorithms for energy conversion in power systems is illustrated in two hybrid control designs, one pertaining to DC/DC conversion and the other to DC/AC inversion. In particular, the mathematical models considered consist of constrained switched differential equations/inclusions that include all possible modes of operation of the systems. Furthermore, the obtained models can be analyzed and their algorithms designed using hybrid system tools so as to attain key desired properties, such as stability, forward invariance, global convergence, and robustness. We argue that hybrid system tools provide a systematic approach for analysis and controller design of power systems. In particular, hybrid system tools usually leads to power quantities that have better performance and robustness to state perturbations. Furthermore, they provide guidelines on how to tune the controller parameters based on design requirements. These factors motivate the implementation of the proposed hybrid controllers in modern power conversion systems that use renewable energy sources. Simulations illustrating the main results and benchmark tests are included.
Executive Agreements Plus

Can President Obama join the Paris climate change agreement without seeking the approval of the Senate or Congress? According to the conventional, tripartite paradigm for analyzing the president’s treaty-making power, this question is conceptualized as an issue of the president’s independent constitutional power. If the Paris Agreement is not approved by the Senate as an Article II treaty or by Congress as a congressional-executive agreement, then it must be a sole executive agreement.This article challenges the conventional, tripartite paradigm as both conceptually inadequate and historically inaccurate, and proposes a fourth category of international agreements, which it christens “executive agreements plus” (EA-plus). EA-plus are neither congressional-executive agreements nor sole executive agreements; they fall somewhere in between. They are supported, but not specifically authorized, by congressional action. The article argues that EA-plus have a long, heretofore undiscovered pedigree. It explores the Obama Administration deployment of the concept, applies it to the Paris Agreement, and argues that, if President Obama accepts the Paris Agreement, it will be as an EA-plus rather than as a sole executive agreement.
Volair blok als alternatief voor Oberst bij verdoving vinger

Vraagstelling Doorgaans verdooft de huisarts een vinger met anesthesie volgens Oberst (hierna ‘Oberst’). Het volaire blok is een mogelijk alternatief: een injectie aan de volaire zijde van de vinger [foto] verdooft de hele vinger met uitzondering van de dorsale zijde van de proximale falanx. De vraag is wat de effectiviteit en injectie-geassocieerde pijn zijn van het volaire blok vergeleken met Oberst.
Atrial-focused views improve the accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of the left and right atrial volumes: a contribution to the increase in normal values in the guidelines update

Current guidelines recommend that the atria be measured in 2D echocardiographic (2DE) apical views using the method-of-disks (MOD) or area-length (AL) technique as an alternative, although no definitive data exists that these are interchangeable. However, standard apical views maximize the long-axis of the left ventricle, rather than the dimensions of the atria, resulting in atrial foreshortening. We hypothesized that the increase in normal values of atrial volumes in the recent guidelines update was driven by data obtained using either the AL technique or dedicated atrial-focused views, which maximize the longitudinal dimension of the atria and thus provide larger volumes than the MOD measurements in standard apical views. We prospectively studied 30 patients (Philips iE33) to compare 2DE measurements of left and right atrial volumes (LAV, RAV) using the MOD and AL techniques in standard and atrial-focused views, against 3D echocardiography (3DE) derived volumes (QLab) as a reference. Compared to standard views, atrial-focused views provided significantly larger MOD volumes for both atria, which were in better agreement with 3DE, as reflected by higher correlation coefficients (LAV: r = 0.95 vs. 0.89; RAV: r = 0.89 vs. 0.84), smaller biases (LAV: −1 ml vs. 7 ml; RAV: 3 ml vs. 7 ml) and tighter limits of agreement. This was also the case for the AL measurements, which were minimally larger than the MOD values (NS) for both atria. In conclusion, atrial-focused views are a more accurate alternative to standard apical views, which provides larger volumes. This finding can explain the increase in the normal values in the recent guidelines update, which was mostly driven by the use of atrial-focused views, rather than by the differences between MOD and AL techniques. This understanding is essential in order to correctly integrate the revised normal values into clinical practice.
Erratum to: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling modifies Toll-like receptor-regulated responses in human dendritic cells

Currently, it is not well understood how ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) modify inflammatory responses triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in human dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we show that AhR ligands 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the tryptophan derivatives 6-formylindolo[3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ), kynurenine (kyn), and the natural dietary compound indole-3-carbinol (I3C) differentially modify cytokine expression in human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs). The results show that TLR-activated MoDCs express higher levels of AhR and are more sensitive toward the effects of AhR ligands. Depending on the cytokine, treatment with AhR ligands led to a synergistic or antagonistic effect of the TLR-triggered response in MoDCs. Thus, activation of AhR increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, but decreased the expression of IL-12A in TLR-activated MoDCs. Furthermore, TCDD and FICZ may have opposite effects on the expression of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) in TLR8-activated MoDCs indicating that the effect of the specific AhR ligand may depend on the presence of the specific TLR agonist. Gene silencing showed that synergistic effects of AhR ligands on TLR-induced expression of IL-1β require a functional AhR and the expression of NF-κB RelB. On the other hand, repression of IL-12A by TCDD and FICZ involved the induction of the caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) transcription factor. Additionally, the levels of DC surface markers were decreased in MoDCs by TCDD, FICZ and I3C, but not by kyn. Overall, these data demonstrate that AhR modulates TLR-induced expression of cytokines and DC-specific surface markers in MoDCs involving NFκB RelB and the immune regulatory factor CDX2.
Evaluating the relationship between explicit and implicit drinking identity centrality and hazardous drinking

Abstract Introduction Drinking identity strength (how strongly one views oneself as a drinker) is a promising risk factor for hazardous drinking. A critical next step is to investigate whether the centrality of drinking identity (i.e., the relative importance of drinking vs. other identity domains, like well-being, relationships, education) also plays a role. Thus, we developed explicit and implicit measures of drinking identity centrality and evaluated them as predictors of hazardous drinking after controlling for explicit drinking identity strength. Methods Two studies were conducted ( N s = 360 and 450, respectively). Participants, who self-identified as full-time students, completed measures of explicit identity strength, explicit and implicit centrality, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Study 1a evaluated two variants of the implicit measure (short- vs. long-format of the Multi-category Implicit Association Test); Study 1b only included the long form and also assessed alcohol consumption. Results In Study 1a, implicit and explicit centrality measures were positively and significantly associated with AUDIT scores after controlling for explicit drinking identity strength. There were no significant differences in the implicit measure variants, but the long format had slightly higher internal consistency. In Study 1b, results replicated for explicit, but not implicit, centrality. Conclusions These studies provide preliminary evidence that drinking identity centrality may be an important factor for predicting hazardous drinking. Future research should improve its measurement and evaluate implicit and explicit centrality in experimental and longitudinal studies.
Rebranding Rule: The Restoration and Revolution Monarchy, 1660–1714. By Kevin Sharpe. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013. Pp. xxi, 849. $85.00.)

This volume marks the final installment of Kevin Sharpe's magisterial triumvirate on British royal imagery that began with Selling the Tudor Monarchy [2009] and continued with Image Wars [2010]. He...
The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt: Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States. By Elliot A. Rosen. (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2014. Pp. xiv, 229. $39.50.)

This concise volume tells the fascinating story of internal conflict in the Republican Party: How best could the formerly dominant Republicans respond to the electoral success of Franklin Roosevelt...
A General Construction for PMDS Codes

Partial MDS [(PMDS) also known as maximally recoverable] codes allow for local erasure recovery by utilizing row-wise parities and additional erasure correction through global parities. Recent works on PMDS codes focus on special case parameter settings, and a general construction for PMDS codes is stated as an open problem. This letter provides an explicit construction for PMDS codes for all parameters utilizing concatenation of Gabidulin and MDS codes, a technique originally proposed by Rawat et al. for constructing optimal locally repairable codes. This approach allows for PMDS constructions for any parameters albeit with large field sizes. To lower the field size, a relaxation on the rate requirement is considered, and PMDS codes based on combinatorial designs are constructed.
Responses of native plant populations on an unprotected beach to disturbance by storm-induced overwash events

Extreme climatic events disturb plant communities, altering species composition, and abundance. For herbaceous populations on coastal beaches, responses to disturbance are often spatially heterogeneous and depend on species’ life history. This study documents the effects of two overwash events, caused by Hurricane Irene in August 2011 and Superstorm Sandy in October 2012, on the abundance of native species on a low-lying, unprotected beach on Staten Island, New York, USA. Temporary plots (33 cm diameter) spaced at 3-m intervals along 30-m transects perpendicular to shoreline, were used in September 2007, 2011, 2012, and 2013 to survey lower (0–9 m), middle (12–21 m), and upper (24–30 m) regions of the same beach. The same procedure was used to quantify seedling recruitment in spring (May) after each overwash. Complex changes in density the year after each overwash were specific for distinct beach regions and depended on species’ life history. Rhizomatous perennial grasses (Ammophila breviligulata and Panicum amarum) maintained or increased ramet populations, possibly stimulated by sand deposition on the middle and upper beach. The first overwash was early enough in the growing season to permit subsequent seed production during autumn, and seedling recruitment occurred for three native annuals (Cenchrus tribuloides, Heterotheca subaxillaris, and Triplasis purpurea), and the tall perennial Solidago sempervirens the next spring. The second overwash was later in autumn and probably removed seeds from the site and/or deeply buried the seeds of two annuals (Cenchrus and Heterotheca) which did not recruit seedlings the next spring. Triplasis seedlings were abundant in a blowout on the lower beach. Given more frequent storms and sea-level rise in the future, it becomes imperative to maintain an assemblage of native plant species with diverse life histories when restoring coastal beaches.
Cross-fostering: Elucidating the effects of gene×environment interactions on phenotypic development.

Abstract Cross-fostering of litters from soon after birth until weaning is a valuable tool to study the ways in which gene × environment interactions program the development of neural, physiological and behavioral characteristics of mammalian species. In laboratory mice and rats, the primary focus of this review, cross-fostering of litters between mothers of different strains or treatment groups (intraspecific) or between mothers of different species (interspecific) has been conducted over the past 9 decades. Areas of particular interest have included maternal effects on emotionality, social preferences, responses to stressful stimulation, nutrition and growth, blood pressure regulation, and epigenetic effects on brain development and behavior. Results from these areas of research highlight the critical role of the postnatal maternal environment in programming the development of offspring phenotypic characteristics. In addition, experimental paradigms that have included cross-fostering have permitted investigators to tease apart prenatal versus postnatal effects of various treatments on offspring development and behavior.
On the inverse determination of displacements, strains, and stresses in a carbon nanofiber/polyurethane nanocomposite from conductivity data obtained via electrical impedance tomography:

Carbon nanofiller-modified composites possess extraordinary potential for structural health monitoring because they are piezoresistive and therefore self-sensing. To date, considerable work has bee...
Interaction of nitrate and sulfate reduction in tobacco: 2. Influence of apical meristem removal 1 Contribution from Dep. of Agronomy, Kentucky Agric. Exp. Stn. This paper No. 85–3–17 is published with approval of the Director of the Kentucky Agric. Exp. Stn.

A series of experiments was conducted to study the effects of apical meristem removal on sulfate and nitrate reduction in ‘Ky14’ tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Apical meristem removal is expected to modify N metabolism since it causes an increase in the synthesis of nicotine in the roots and its accumulation in shoots. There may not be any such complementary effect on S metabolism. Further, the experiments were designed to study the effects of apical meristem removal on the interaction of nitrate (NO3) and sulfate (SO4) reduction. Activities of ATP sulfurylase and NO3 reductase, the first steps of SO4 and NO3 reduction, respectively, have been considered indicators of the state of regulation of the assimilatory pathways of SO4 and NO3. The effect of apical meristem removal on the activities of the above enzymes in the leaf tissue and the interrelationship between them was examined. Removal of the apical meristem resulted in a large increase in nicotine concentration, a large increase in t...