cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternancia y variación de formas verbales tuteantes y voseantes en el español de santiaguinos: estudio de caso basado en un corpus conversacional

espanolEsta ampliamente aceptado que, en intercambios orales con, por ejemplo, familiares, amigos y colegas de trabajo, los hablantes de la modalidad chilena del espanol alternan entre formas verbales tuteantes y formas verbales voseantes. En este trabajo, basandome en un corpus de interacciones conversacionales entre familiares y amigos oriundos de Santiago, examino, primero, la frecuencia relativa con la que estas personas recurren al voseo verbal en relacion con el tuteo verbal y, segundo, los posibles factores de tipo social y linguistico que condicionan la variacion, prestando particular atencion a los parametros que inciden en el uso del voseo. Igualmente, comparo las distribuciones observadas aqui con las que se observan en estudios previos a este que basan sus corpus en contextos comunicativos menos naturales. Los resultados indican que, en interacciones conversacionales espontaneas, los hablantes recurren al voseo verbal con una frecuencia mucho mayor que con la que recurren al tuteo verbal y que las frecuencias observadas en estudios previos. Esto, y el hecho de que el voseo este condicionado por una interaccion entre el genero y la edad de los hablantes, asi como por la especificidad de sus interlocutores, pone en evidencia que los hablantes del espanol chileno originarios de Santiago asignan al voseo verbal un prestigio encubierto. EnglishIt is widely accepted that in oral exchanges with, for example, family members, friends, and co-workers, speakers of Chilean Spanish alternate between verbal tuteo and verbal voseo. In this paper, drawing on a corpus of conversational interactions between relatives and friends from Santiago, I examine the relative frequency with which these speakers use verbal voseo in relation to verbal tuteo, and I explore the social and linguistic factors that determine the variation, paying particular attention to the parameters that affect the use of verbal voseo. In addition, I compare the distributions observed here with those observed in previous studies that base their analyses on corpora that contain less natural communicative contexts. The results indicate that, in spontaneous conversational interactions, the speakers use verbal voseo with a frequency much greater than the frequency with which they use verbal tuteo as well as the frequencies observed in previous studies. This, and the fact that verbal voseo is conditioned by an interaction between the gender and the age of the speakers, as well as by the specificity of their interlocutors, shows that speakers of Chilean Spanish born in Santiago assign covert prestige to verbal voseo.
Female Reproductive Structures and Embryogenesis

As biologists, we can highly appreciate the events leading up to the formation of new generations of individuals through the process of reproduction. It is even possible to see similarities between our own human anatomical events in the process and that of flowering plants. In both cases, an embryo is initiated by union of egg and sperm cells, the embryo is housed in a protective and ripening organ, and nutrition is provided by specialized nearby tissue. Of course, plants also have their own unique developmental procedures including double fertilization, formation of endosperm, seed development, and most young plant formation taking place outside of the maternal structures. This chapter focuses on the female parts of flowers, the gynoecium, and guides the reader in the development of megaspores, leading to the formation of the megagametophyte. The chapter includes the concepts of double fertilization and embryo development.
Molecular testing of borderline cutaneous melanocytic lesions: SNP array is more sensitive and specific than FISH.

Summary Melanocytic lesions with borderline features are diagnostically challenging. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, which detect genomic copy number alterations (CNAs), can be helpful in distinguishing between nevi and melanoma. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used as a more rapid, less expensive alternative to SNP array, using a panel of probes that are often gained or lost in melanoma. We used SNP array data from 63 borderline cutaneous melanocytic lesions and 44 definitive melanomas to predict the performance of FISH testing. Lesions were considered positive by “virtual FISH” if 1 or more of the 5 FISH-probed loci demonstrated appropriate CNAs by SNP array. Cases were classified as positive by SNP array if ≥3 CNAs were present, based on internal validation studies, or if FISH criteria were met. Conventional FISH was performed in 33 cases (17 borderline lesions, 16 melanomas). Of the 63 borderline cases, 44 (70%) were positive by SNP array and 30 (48%) were positive by virtual FISH. A higher proportion of melanomas were positive by SNP array (41/44, 93% sensitivity) and virtual FISH (36/44, 82% sensitivity). Virtual FISH had 61% sensitivity in the borderline group using SNP array as the gold standard, whereas specificity was 84%. There was good correlation between conventional and virtual FISH, with agreement in 30 of 33 (91%) cases. Although FISH is highly effective in distinguishing between nevi and melanoma in cases where the histological diagnosis is straightforward, it is not nearly as sensitive or specific as SNP array when applied to borderline lesions.
Relationship between oral intake, patient perceived swallowing impairment, and objective videofluoroscopic measures of swallowing in patients with head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND We aimed to: (1) examine relationships between the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10), and objective measures of swallowing (Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile [MBSImP©] and penetration-aspiration scale [PAS]) in patients with head and neck cancer, (2) compare outcomes between oral intake vs tube-dependent patients, and (3) compare outcomes across time points. METHODS A total of 58 patients with head and neck cancer completed the FOIS, EAT-10, and underwent a standardized videofluoroscopy (VFSS). VFSS were analyzed using the PAS and MBSImP©. Nonparametric analyses were performed. RESULTS A relationship between the FOIS and EAT-10 (r = -0.46; P < .001) was revealed. No other associations were observed (P < .05). Feeding status did not impact PAS or MBSImP©; however, patients with head and neck cancer who were tube dependent demonstrated higher (worse) EAT-10 scores (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, a relationship between patient-perceived swallowing impairment and functional oral intake was revealed; however, no associations were observed between the FOIS and objective measures of swallowing impairment or swallowing safety.
Estimation of emigration, return migration, and transit migration between all pairs of countries.

We propose a method for estimating migration flows between all pairs of countries that allows for decomposition of migration into emigration, return, and transit components. Current state-of-the-art estimates of bilateral migration flows rely on the assumption that the number of global migrants is as small as possible. We relax this assumption, producing complete estimates of all between-country migration flows with genuine estimates of total global migration. We find that the total number of individuals migrating internationally has oscillated between 1.13 and 1.29% of the global population per 5-year period since 1990. Return migration and transit migration are big parts of total migration; roughly one of four migration events is a return to an individual’s country of birth. In the most recent time period, we estimate particularly large return migration flows from the United States to Central and South America and from the Persian Gulf to south Asia.
Making the Case for Critical Q Methodology

Q methodology combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to measure subjectivity by identifying shared worldviews among participants. Since Q methodology was first introduced to human geograp...
A constructive critique of the draft ICH E9 Addendum

In this article, I review the key elements of the proposed International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use E9 Addendum, present a constructive critique, and provide recommendations of how it can be improved. To highlight ideas, I present a case study involving a confirmatory trial for a chronic pain medication.
Reoperation in the Treatment of Recurrent Intracranial Malignant Astrocytomas

Fifty-five consecutive patients with recurrent intracranial malignant astrocytomas were reoperated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1972 to 1983. The median survival after reoperation was 36 weeks. Prereoperation Karnofsky rating and extent of surgical resection were the most important independent factors related to survival after reoperation (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively). Twenty-five patients (45%) had improved Karnofsky ratings after reoperation, and 32 patients (58%) who were independent after reoperation were able to stay so for more than 6 months of their survival time (median value). A patient who does better after reoperation is one with a prereoperation Karnofsky rating of ≥ 70 in whom extensive resection of the tumor is accomplished.
Global Services, Systems, and Policy

This chapter integrates current trends in global behavioral health policy, systems, and services, examining the magnitude of the problem, from definitional and operational perspectives, with a focus on child and adolescent behavioral health. This includes a look at the ambiguity of behavioral health policymaking, as a policy problem, from numerous frames, perspectives, populations, and disciplines to the difficulties in integrating global and national priorities across disparate cultures, economies, and infrastructures.
Teaching about Learning: The Effects of Instruction on Metacognition in a Sociological Theory Course:

This article investigates the effects of teaching about metacognition in a sociological theory course. I created a series of teaching interventions to introduce students to the science of learning, including an interactive lecture on metacognition, a discussion that models metacognitive strategies, and activities for students to practice metacognition. This article describes those teaching interventions and assesses whether direct instruction led to greater use of metacognitive and cognitive strategies, confidence, and motivation to learn. Data were collected over seven semesters using a pretest–posttest approach. Comparison of means showed that students who received metacognitive instruction did not differ significantly from a control group on strategy use, confidence, or motivation. Regression analyses show that metacognitive instruction did lead to greater use of metacognitive.
Role of Berry Bioactive Compounds on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

Blood lipids are an important biomarker of cardiovascular health and disease. Among the lipid biomarkers that have been widely used to monitor and predict cardiovascular diseases (CVD), elevated LDL and low HDL cholesterol (C), as well as elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, deserve special attention in their predictive abilities, and thus have been the targets of several therapeutic and dietary approaches to improving lipid profiles. Among natural foods and nutraceuticals, dietary berries are a rich source of nutrients, fiber, and various types of phytochemicals. Berries as whole fruits, juices, and purified extracts have been shown to lower total and LDL-C, and increase HDL-C in clinical studies in participants with elevated blood lipids, type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome. This short review aimed to further discuss the mechanisms and magnitude of the lipid-lowering effects of dietary berries, with emphasis on reported clinical studies. Based on the emerging evidence, colorful berry fruits may thus be included in a healthy diet for the prevention and management of CVD.
An Empirical Study of Class-Action Appeals

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f) allows parties in a class action to petition the court of appeals for immediate review of class-certification decisions. Criticisms of the rule are common. Some see Rule 23(f) as a defendant-favoring tool for dragging out litigation and ensuring that no class is certified. Others contend that the rule is inconsistently applied among the circuits and should be replaced with a right to appeal. Yet there is little reliable data on how the courts have applied Rule 23(f). To bring some hard data to this discussion, I collected all petitions to appeal from class-certification decisions under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f) that parties filed from 2013 through 2017. The data revealed three insights on Rule 23(f) and class actions generally. First are the basic findings—the number of petitions the rate at which different courts grant them, and what those courts do (affirm or reverse) after granting a petition. Second, empirical testing found little support for either of the above-mentioned criticisms. And third, the data shows one corner of the class-action universe in which plaintiffs are not predominantly losing: in the Rule 23(f) context, the courts of appeals reached a plaintiff-favorable outcome over 50% of the time.
Network Analysis for Prioritizing Biodegradation Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a diverse group of environmental contaminants released during the combustion of organic materials and the production and utilization of fossil fuels. Onc...
Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Repeat Testing to Control Spread in Residential College Populations

Abstract Universities have turned to SARS-CoV-2 models to examine campus reopening strategies 1–9. While these studies have explored a variety of modeling techniques, all have relied on simulated data. Here, we use an empirical proximity network of college freshmen 10, ascertained using smartphone Bluetooth, to simulate the spread of the virus. We investigate the role of testing, isolation, mask wearing, and social distancing in the presence of implementation challenges and imperfect compliance. Here we show that while frequent testing can drastically reduce spread if mask wearing and social distancing are not widely adopted, testing has limited impact if they are ubiquitous. Furthermore, even moderate levels of immunity can significantly reduce new infections, especially when combined with other interventions. Our findings suggest that while testing and isolation are powerful tools, they have limited benefit if other interventions are widely adopted. If universities can attain high levels of masking and social distancing, they may be able to relax testing frequency to once every two to four weeks.
Embodied Minds: Hearts and Brains in Psychiatry and Chinese Medicine.

This article explores a debate that emerged within the Chinese medical community in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The debate, which centered on the respective roles played by the heart and brain in functions related to thinking, movement, and the onset of psychiatric disorders, concluded that neuropsychiatry’s overriding emphasis on the brain was shortsighted. Instead, participants resolved that the brain and heart, alongside other organs and systems, were inextricably entwined, with many thought processes being governed by the heart. Although the discussion only lasted a few years, the insights it generated offer valuable theoretical contributions to contemporary conceptualizations of the mind/body duality. By highlighting alternative ways of understanding “mental” malfunction – theories that go beyond a narrow focus on the brain itself – Chinese medicine might provide a model for rethinking the relationships among the brain, the body, and different organs, systems, and physiological processes. The article ends by drawing a parallel between the heart vs. brain debate and recent research that seeks to show how gut health and heart health affect psychological and emotional wellbeing.
Response to: "Left-lobe living donor graft could be a good choice for liver transplantation".

We appreciate the comments of Ikegami et al. in regards to our recent study. Ikegami et al. pointed out that the use of left liver graft (LLG) in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) could be a good option with portal inflow modulation (PFM). First of all, there is no doubt that donor safety should be most prioritized in LDLT (1). Therefore, the use of LLG should always be taken into account during pre-transplant evaluations. As Ikegami et al. described, the improvements in surgical techniques and patient selection have successfully expanded the indications of LLG in LDLT.
Modeling neutronic transients with Galerkin projection onto a greedy-sampled, POD subspace

Abstract Presented here is an application of POD-Galerkin projection to develop a reduced-order-model (ROM) that approximates the solution of the multi-group, time-dependent, diffusion equation with a lower computational cost. Such reduced models are often sought in the context of parametric studies and uncertainty quantification, which require successive evaluation of the full-order model (FOM). To construct the ROM efficiently, greedy sampling was used to generate a reduced subspace that represents the entire parameter (here, cross-sections) domain. By using this subspace, the ROM is expected to yield accurate predictions when used in place of the FOM for uncertainty quantification conducted, e.g., with direct Monte-Carlo sampling. The TWIGL benchmark was used here for illustration. A ROM constructed with a POD basis of rank 10 was able to reproduce the core power with a maximum RMS error on the order of 10–6, and for the precursors concentration it was 10–9. Moreover, the statistical moments obtained from the ROM were in good agreement with those of the full-order-model. The mean relative error of the power sample mean prediction was about 4 ×10–6 for both the ramp and the step perturbations. In terms of the computational efficiency, the ROM time, including the projection, is approximately four-times faster than the full-order-model.
Prevention of Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Within a North Carolina Hospital System.

Purpose Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major contributor to liver-related disease globally. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B can lead to devastating outcomes in neonates, making prevention of transmission essential. Fortunately, prevention is possible with evidence-based interventions via guidelines from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). The purpose of this study was to assess compliance with AASLD guidelines at a tertiary referral hospital in North Carolina, and to suggest future quality improvement initiatives to improve care for this population. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review, including data from all HBV-positive birthing persons at the tertiary referral hospital from April 1, 2014 through December 31, 2019. Data was then compared to AASLD guidelines. Findings We identified 99 birthing persons who were hepatitis B positive at time of birth. Of the 99 birthing person/neonate dyads, nearly all infants received appropriate and timely HBV birth dose vaccination and HBIG administration. Risk status of HBV-infected birthing persons was completed in only 58% of this population. Of the individuals who were found to be high risk for vertical transmission of HBV, 75% received antiviral prophylaxis. Implications This study provides a current assessment of prevention practices in vertical transmission of HBV compared to published guidelines. The tertiary hospital studied generally implemented AASLD recommendations for prevention of vertical transmission. However, our data revealed that appropriate risk status testing could be improved. With improvement in risk status testing, antiviral prophylaxis can be provided, decreasing the likelihood of breakthrough HBV vertical transmission. Follow-up for HBV-infected birthing persons and HBV-exposed neonates is also a priority. Achieving full compliance with AASLD guidelines to prevent vertical transmission of HBV is possible, and we provide structure for quality improvement initiatives that aim to accomplish this.
Mathematics and Engineering Innovation Inspired by Nature

Observation of nature and design of experiments inspires new mathematical investigations often resulting in new computer algorithms and constructions of new devices. This paper attempts to collect many cases where mathematics is inspired by the nature, and leads to direct applications in engineering. Contents: Introduction; My Approach; Numbers and Measures; Geometry and Shapes; Motion and Time; Energy and Forces; Life on Earth; Eyes, Optics and Imaging; Processes; Cooperation and Conflicts; Conclusions; References.
Collagen-binding streptococcal surface proteins influence the susceptibility of biofilm cells to endodontic antimicrobial solutions.

Abstract Introduction Previous studies have indicated that the antimicrobial efficacy of endodontic irrigants may be diminished in the presence of patient tissues and fluids. With Streptococcus gordonii as a model microorganism, we used a genetic approach to investigate the hypothesis that bacterial surface proteins with collagen-binding abilities may function to protect biofilm cells from antiseptics commonly used in root canal treatment. Methods S. gordonii strain DL1 or isogenic mutant strains with deletions of genes encoding collagen-binding surface proteins were grown in microtiter plates to form 8-hour biofilms. Planktonic cells were aspirated, and the remaining biofilm cells were buffer-washed and then incubated with either pH-adjusted buffer or potentially protective solutions of type I collagen, serum, or saliva. Biofilms were rewashed, pulsed with sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine digluconate, or BioPure MTAD, and then rewashed. Fresh medium was added, and survivor cell growth was monitored for 24 hours. Results Buffer-treated biofilm cells of all 3 strains were similarly killed by sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine digluconate, and MTAD. Collagen, serum, and saliva significantly protected strain DL1 from all 3 antiseptics compared with buffer-treated cells ( P ≤ .0004). However, preincubation with collagen, serum, or saliva left both mutant strain biofilms significantly more susceptible to all 3 antiseptics than were respectively treated strain DL1 biofilms ( P ≤ .005). Conclusions Interactions of S. gordonii surface proteins with collagen or similar components in serum and saliva may play roles in protecting biofilm cells from endodontic antiseptics. Elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial resistance to antimicrobials may facilitate the development of more effective treatments.
Molecular Architecture and Subunit Organization of TRPA1 Ion Channel Revealed by Electron Microscopy

Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a non-selective ion channel, which is expressed in nociceptor sensory neurons and transduces chemical, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain signals. Numerous non-reactive compounds and electrophilic compounds, such as endogenous inflammatory mediators and exogenous pungent chemicals, can activate TRPA1. Here we report a 16-Å resolution structure of purified, functional, amphipol-stabilized TRPA1 analyzed by single-particle EM. Molecular models of the N and C termini of the channel were generated using the I-TASSER protein structure prediction server and docked into the EM density to provide insight into the TRPA1 subunit organization. This structural analysis suggests a location for critical N-terminal cysteine residues involved in electrophilic activation at the interface between neighboring subunits. Our results indicate that covalent modifications within this pocket may alter interactions between subunits and promote conformational changes that lead to channel activation.
Aggregates of saturated phospholipids at the air-water interface.

Abstract Surface viscosities of phospholipid/steroid mixtures at the air-water interface were measured by means of an oscillating pendulum. Phospholipids studied included 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC); 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphodimethylethanolamine (DPPDME); 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphomonomethylethanolamine (DPPMME); 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE); 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (DPPG); 1-palmitoyl-2-elaidyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-palmitoyl-2-linelaidyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Each saturated phospholipid was studied in the presence of cholesterol. DPPC was also investigated in the presence of 5-androsten-3β-ol; cholestanol; 5-cholestene; 5α-cholesten-3β-ol methyl ether; coprostanol; 7,(5α)-cholesten-3β-ol; desmosterol; epicholestanol; lanosterol and lophenol. The surface viscosities of the trans-unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PC) were undetectable by this method and in this respect they resembled cis-unsaturated PC. The surface viscosities of saturated phospholipids were very high but were reduced by low concentrations of steroids. Interpretation of the results for DPPC/cholesterol mixtures indicates that DPPC functions at the air-water interface as a one-dimensional linear aggregate. At 50 mN/m and 22°C the average structure contains approximately 300 DPPC molecules. DPPDME acts similarly but DPPMME, DPPE and DPPG differ from DPPC in their response to cholesterol. All of the steroids examined except 5-androsten-3β-ol and the lanosterol mixture paralleled cholesterol in their interaction with DPPC an indication that phospholipid/steroid interactions modifying surface viscosity have less stringent requirements for the steroid structure than interactions measured as condensation in surface area.
Progression of cardiac potassium current modification after brief exposure to reactive oxygen.

Abstract We reported previously that singlet oxygen (1O2), generated by illuminating the photosensitizer rose bengal (RB), suppressed the delayed rectifier potassium current (IK) in single frog atrial cells. Considering the brief lifetime of 1O2, one might expect IK modification to reach a steady-state soon after a brief exposure to RB-generated 1O2. Here we report that, contrary to expectations, tens of seconds can be required for IK to reach a new steady-state. We will use the term “progression” to refer to the component of current modification which occurs after cessation of illumination. To gain insight into the mechanism of progression, we investigated how its time course and magnitude were affected by (1) membrane potential during and following RB illumination, and (2) the level of IK activation during illumination. We found that conditions which favored the open state of the potassium channel also favored progression, increasing both its time course and magnitude. Illumination while IK was activated produced significant progression having a very slow time course (tens of seconds). By comparison, illumination when IK was not activated produced no progression; IK modification was completed during the 2 s illumination period. These findings suggest progression results from the kinetics of potassium channel state transitions rather than from a long-lived reactive intermediate produced during the initial 1O2 exposure.
Beyond the literal: Metaphors and why they matter

As our language of evaluation changes, so do the metaphors we use to describe our work. In this chapter, the author discusses how examining metaphors in language of individuals and groups offers insight into how people frame and resolve problems.
A one-pot multicomponent coupling/cyclization for natural product herbicide (±)-thaxtomin A

Herbicide (±)-thaxtomin A has been synthesized in a one-pot process with a 32% isolated yield. A multicomponent coupling reaction was utilized to prepare in situ a dipeptide precursor which then sequentially underwent an alkaline mediated keto-amide cyclization to provide the target molecule. Adjustment of diastereoselectivity was achieved using microwave-induced irradiation. The approach incorporates atom economy and reaction efficiency and allows for facile library development.
Weave analysis of paintings on canvas from radiographs

A spectral algorithm is described for measuring from radiographs the weaving densities of the horizontal and vertical threads that comprise a painting's canvas. A framework for relating spectra to canvas weave type is presented. The so-called thread density and angle maps obtained from the algorithm reveal the canvas's distinctive density variations and provide insights into how the canvas was prepared. Applying a two-stage correlation procedure to the density variations allowed determination of which paintings' support could have been cut from the same piece of canvas. The first stage uses a nonparametric test of the similarity of the probability distributions of two painting's thread counts. The second stage is a new correlation procedure more stringent than the usual cross-correlation function. Examples drawn from the paintings by Vincent van Gogh illustrate the algorithms.
On the galactic number of a hypercube

A galaxy is a union of vertex disjoint stars. The galactic number of a graph is the minimum number of galaxies which partition the edge set. The galactic number of complete graphs is determined. This result is used to give bounds on the galactic number of binary cube graphs. The problem of determining the galactic number of a graph is shown to be NP-complete.
Diurnal patterns of behaviour and group membership of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) wintering in Hawaiian waters

We examined the behaviour of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Hawaiian waters in relation to time of day using visual observations from shore platforms and acoustic observations using hydrophones. As humpbacks are not observed to feed in Hawaiian waters, we assumed that the data were free from the influence of diel cycles of prey availability. The majority of mothers with calves were likely to be escorted by one or more male consorts only after 0700 h. The percentage of pods with three or more adults increased across the day and the rates of male-male agonistic behaviour typical of multiple-adult pods also increased. Noon observations were characterized by high rates of behaviour such as breaching that may serve as visual and/or acoustic signals. No diel variation in the number of singers was observed, suggesting that the number of singers was independent of the late afternoon peak in male-male competition within surface-active groups. The results suggest that the whales were resting in the dawn hours, behaviour related to mating begins shortly after sunrise, and that male-male competition peaked in the afternoon.
Empirical significance values for linkage analysis: trait simulation using posterior model distributions from MCMC oligogenic segregation analysis.

Variance-components (VC) linkage analysis is a powerful model-free method for assessing linkage, but the distribution of VC logarithm of the odds ratio (LOD) scores may deviate substantially from the assumed asymptotic distribution. Typically, the null distribution of the VC-LOD score and other linkage statistics has been estimated by generating new genotype data independently of the trait data, and computing a linkage statistic for many such marker-simulated data sets. However, marker simulation is susceptible to errors in the assumed marker and map model and is computationally intensive. Here, we describe a method for generating posterior distributions of linkage statistics through simulation of trait data based on the original sample and on results from an initial scan using a Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach for oligogenic segregation analysis. We use samples of oligogenic trait models taken from the posterior distribution to generate new samples of trait data, which were paired with the original marker data for analysis. Empirical P-values obtained from trait and marker simulation were similar when derived for several strong linkage signals from published linkage scans, and for analysis of data with a known, simulated, trait model. Furthermore, trait simulation produces the expected null distribution of VC-LOD scores and is computationally fast when marker identity-by-descent estimates from the original data could be reused. These results suggest that trait simulation gives valid estimates of statistical significance of linkage signals. Finally, these results also demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining empirical significance levels for evaluating Bayesian oligogenic linkage signals with either marker or trait simulation. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2007 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
A modeling framework for the study of protein glycosylation

The key step in the asparagine-linked glycosylation of secretory proteins is the transfer of oligosaccharide from a dolichol precursor to the polypeptide at an Asp-X-Ser/Thr (NXS/T) consensus sequence. It is often the case, both in cultured cells and in vivo, that this reaction does not occur for every molecule of a given protein. Thus, the cell may create two protein populations, one bearing and one lacking oligosaccharide, for each potential glycosylation site. We present a structured kinetic modeling framework of the initial glycosylation event based on a balance of available glycosylation sites through the region of endoplasmic reticulum lumen proximal to the membrane. Oligosaccharyltransferase, a multimeric protein complex, catalyzes the sugar transfer. This enzyme is integral to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and it is thought to act cotranslationally. The nascent polypeptide may also fold in such a way as to prevent glycosylation from occurring. The net result is a potentially complex spatial and temporal relationship among translation, glycosylation, and other cotranslational events. Model results predict how fractional glycosylation site occupancy may depend on protein synthesis rate, oligosaccharyldolichol availability, and mRNA elongation rate. Although we are currently unable to quantitatively compare predicted to experimentally obtained fractional site occupancy, we are able to determine qualitative trends which may be confirmed experimentally.
Effect of field of view on MR diagnosis of rotator cuff tears.

Purpose. To determine the effect of decreasing the field of view (FOV) on the accuracy of MR for diagnosing rotator cuff tears. Material and methods. One hundred shoulder MR scans with surgical correlation were evaluated for the presence or absence of a cuff tear. The sensitivity and specificity of MR relative to the surgical results were determined for the 59 patients scanned with a 24-cm FOV, and the 41 patients scanned with an 18-cm FOV. All other imaging parameters including acquisition time were identical. The sensitivity and specificity of the two groups were compared using a t-test. Results. The specificity of MR for diagnosing a rotator cuff tear improved from 0.65 for the 24-cm FOV group to 0.89 for the 18-cm FOV group (P = 0.04). The sensitivity changed from 0.91 to 0.96 (P = 0.25). Conclusion. Reducing the FOV from 24 cm to 18 cm results in a statistically significant improvement in specificity of MR for diagnosing rotator cuff tears.
Exploring Interactive Writing as an Effective Practice for Increasing Head Start Students’ Alphabet Knowledge Skills

The current study used a pretest–posttest randomized control group design with 73 Head Start students, ages 3–5 years. The researcher served as the interactive writing teacher for the treatment group, rotating to five different classrooms in one Head Start center 3–4 days a week for 13 weeks. Children in the treatment group received a 10–15 min interactive writing lesson each day in small groups within their own classroom settings. Children in the control group received standard literacy instruction in small groups with their own classroom teachers. Child outcome data on upper case, lower case, and letter sound identification were collected before and after the intervention for both groups. Based on the large frequency of zeros on outcomes, zero-inflated Poisson regression analyses were performed. The results of the study showed that children receiving interactive writing identified more lower case and upper case letters at the end of the study relative to children in the control, but no differences were observed on letter sounds. While continued evaluation of the interactive writing strategy is needed in the preschool setting, the evidence from the current study shows encouraging trends in alphabet knowledge skill development as a result of this strategy.
The State of GLBT Family Research: An Opportunity to Critically Reflect

abstractIt has been well established that there exists a severe need for family researchers, family professionals, and therapists that serve families to have training and competency in issues that affect the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) community. Given this need, this study was created to examine and reflect upon the scholarship productivity, relative to GLBT family issues, in some of the most highly respected and top-tier family journals. This study identified 10 of the most prominent journals that involve family issues, and the thousands of articles within (N = 6,003). After a thorough content analysis, GLBT scholarship made up 2.2% of total scholarship (N = 130). Journals, researchers, and institutions that published the most GLBT family research in the articles selected are also reported as well as possible directions for future research.
Temporal Variability of Bacterial Diversity in a Chlorinated Drinking Water Distribution System

AbstractThe present work is the first to examine temporal variability of bacterial diversity in a free-chlorinated drinking water distribution system over multiple years. The authors examined seasonal and monthly bacterial diversity by using three different molecular methods. 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis identified the bacteria in Pittsburgh seasonal water samples, collected in fall 2006, and winter, spring, and summer 2007 and an event sample collected following a major pipe break, as primarily members of the alpha-, beta-, and gammaproteobacteria classes, which agrees with previous studies of smaller numbers of bulk water samples over shorter durations. However, in this study, seasonal shifts in relative populations were observed with decreased alphaproteobacteria and increased betaproteobacteria diversity in the winter sample compared to the other seasonal samples, which may be caused by changes in chlorine dosing. Further, in 11 monthly samples collected at the same location from September 200...
Ringo/Cyclin-dependent Kinase and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways Regulate the Activity of the Cell Fate Determinant Musashi to Promote Cell Cycle Re-entry in Xenopus Oocytes

Cell cycle re-entry during vertebrate oocyte maturation is mediated through translational activation of select target mRNAs, culminating in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclin B/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) signaling. The temporal order of targeted mRNA translation is crucial for cell cycle progression and is determined by the timing of activation of distinct mRNA-binding proteins. We have previously shown in oocytes from Xenopus laevis that the mRNA-binding protein Musashi targets translational activation of early class mRNAs including the mRNA encoding the Mos proto-oncogene. However, the molecular mechanism by which Musashi function is activated is unknown. We report here that activation of Musashi1 is mediated by Ringo/CDK signaling, revealing a novel role for early Ringo/CDK function. Interestingly, Musashi1 activation is subsequently sustained through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, the downstream effector of Mos mRNA translation, thus establishing a positive feedback loop to amplify Musashi function. The identified regulatory sites are present in mammalian Musashi proteins, and our data suggest that phosphorylation may represent an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to control Musashi-dependent target mRNA translation.
Ecological Correlates of Neglect in Infants and Toddlers

Infants and toddlers are more likely to be victims of neglect than any other form of maltreatment. Infants and toddlers are at highest risk of fatality because of maltreatment and experience behavioral, social, academic, medical, and cognitive consequences of neglect during their most formative years. Within an ecological framework, this study examines the correlates of the substantiation of neglect in children 0 to 36 months of age. Using an ex post facto design and a random sample of 148 child protective services cases, bivariate analysis revealed significant differences in families who were substantiated for neglect in the areas of child characteristics, home environment, social environment, caregiver, and maltreatment situations. Multivariate analysis found children who were substantiated for neglect were exposed to greater environmental dangers and had caregivers who had poor parenting skills. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Break-down of a planar liquid-solid interface during directional solidification; influence of convection

The influence of convection on the development of morphological instability at the liquid-solid interface during directional solidification in a positive thermal gradient has been examined in Pb-10 wt pct Sn and succinonitrile-1.9 wt pct acetone. The onset of interfacial breakdown occurs at higher growth speeds in the presence of convection. The linear stability analysis due to Favier and Rouzaud which uses the 'deformable' mass flow boundary layer concept shows a good agreement with the experimentally observed behavior.
Identification of a polypeptide DNA polymerase inhibitor responsible for ribonuclease inhibition of an endogenous DNA polymerase reaction

The microsomal fraction from rabbit lymph node and thymus cells contains endogenous DNA polymerase activity that is inhibited by ribonuclease. The template for the endogenous reaction was shown to be DNA and the enzyme has the general characteristics of cellular DNA dependent DNA polymerase. The ribonuclease inhibition of the reaction was found to be due to a polypeptide inhibitor of the DNA polymerase enzyme. This inhibitor is in turn inhibited by RNA and becomes active when RNA is destroyed by ribonuclease or micrococcal nuclease.
Bonding of Se and ZnSe to the Si(100) surface

The interfaces formed when films of Se and ZnSe are deposited on Si(100) substrates have been studied with photoemission core-level spectroscopy. For Se films deposited at room temperature and annealed, the presence of Si atoms with chemical shifts of $\ensuremath{\delta}$, $2\ensuremath{\delta}$, $3\ensuremath{\delta}$, and $4\ensuremath{\delta}$ where $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is 0.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 eV were found, suggesting the formation of Si${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$. At higher annealing temperatures, the results are consistent with the presence of a submonolayer of Se atoms in bridge sites on the Si(100) surface. ZnSe films were deposited at room temperature and at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C on Si(100) and the primary bonding at the interface was found to be between Si and Se. Island formation occurred in the initial stages of growth at the higher temperature.
Nucleosome core particle-catalyzed strand scission at abasic sites.

The reactivity of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites at different locations within nucleosome core particles was examined. AP sites are greatly destabilized in nucleosome core particles compared to free DNA. Their reactivity varied ∼5-fold with respect to the location within the nucleosome core particles but followed a common mechanism involving formation of a Schiff base between histone proteins and the lesion. The identity of the histone protein(s) involved in the reaction and the reactivity of the corresponding DNA–protein cross-links varied with the location of the abasic site, indicating that while the relative rate constants for individual steps varied in a complex manner, the overall mechanism remained the same. The source of the accelerated reactivity was probed using nucleosomes containing AP89 and histone H3 and H4 variants. Mutating the five lysine residues in the amino tail region of histone H4 to arginines reduced the rate constant for disappearance almost 15-fold. Replacing histidine 18 with a...
Evaluation of dementia in the cardiovascular health cognition study.

Objective: To describe a methodology to evaluate dementia and frequency of different types of dementia and prevalence of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Methods:<
PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN WILD MAMMALS OF MISSOURI AND EAST CENTRAL KANSAS: BIOLOGIC AND ECOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS OF TRANSMISSION

Sera from 273 wild mammals from Missouri and Kansas (USA), collected between December 1974 and December 1987, were tested for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the Sabin-Feldman dye test. Sixty-five (24%) had antibodies at titers of ≥ 1:8, including 38 (66%) of 58 carnivores, 14 (15%) of 94 omnivores, 13 (11%) of 117 herbivores, and none of four insectivores. The prevalence of antibodies in mice (Mus musculus and Peromyscus spp.) and rats (Rattus norvegicus and Sigmodon hispidus) was low (3%), while medium sized herbivores such as squirrels (Sciurus spp.), rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus), and muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) had prevalences of about 18%. Red foxes (Vulpes fulva) and mink (Mustela vison) had the highest prevalence of antibodies with frequencies of 90 and 66%, respectively. In 32 attempts to isolate Toxoplasma gondii from wild mammals with positive (≥1:4) titers, only six (19%) were successful: a gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), a beaver (Castor canadensis), an opossum...
The relative proportions of lysosomal enzyme activities in bovine retinal pigment epithelium

The lysosome fractions from bovine retina, liver and retinal pigment epithelium were isolated by subcellular fractionation and compared with regard to the relative proportions of several hydrolytic enzyme activities. It was found that the lysosome fraction of the retinal pigment epithelium is more than three times as active as the lysosome fractions from other tissues in degrading the rhodopsin of photoreceptor (rod) cell outer segments. This proteolytic activity is attributable to a cathepsin D-like proteinase, and the possible biochemical bases for its increased activity in the pigment epithelium are discussed, including interaction with phospholipase A. It is suggested that the lysosomes of the retinal pigment epithelium are specialized in their content of hydrolytic enzymes for the degradation of photoreceptor cell outer segments.
Ab initio kinetics for the decomposition of monomethylhydrazine (CH3NHNH2)

The decomposition kinetics of CH{sub 3}NHNH{sub 2} (monomethylhydrazine) is studied with ab initio transition state theory-based master equation analyses. The simple NN and CN bond fissions to produce the radicals CH{sub 3}NH + NH{sub 2} or CH{sub 3} + NHNH{sub 2} are expected to dominate the decomposition kinetics. The transition states for these two bond fissions are studied with variable reaction coordinate transition state theory employing directly determined CASPT2/aug-cc-pVDZ interaction energies. Orientation independent corrections for limitations in the basis set and for the effects of conserved mode geometry relaxation are included. The bond dissociation energies are evaluated at the QCISD(T)/CBS//B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. The transition state theory analysis directly provides high pressure dissociation and recombination rate coefficients. Predictions for the pressure dependence and product branching in the dissociation of CH{sub 3}NHNH{sub 2} are obtained by solving the master equation.