cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incentive Compensation for Outside Directors and CEO Turnover

As monitors of management, independent outside directors play an important oversight and monitoring role in corporate governance. By providing directors with a financial stake in the performance of the firm through incentive-based compensation, firms can align the interests of directors and shareholders. In this paper, I examine whether the structure of director compensation affects CEO turnover, a specific corporate event where directors play a crucial role. I document a substantial increase in the use of incentive-based compensation for directors. I also find that incentive compensation for directors influences the level of monitoring by the board. When directors of independent boards receive incentive compensation, the like lihood of CEO turnover following poor performance increases. I also find that the likelihood of a firm adopting a stock-based incentive plan for directors is positively related to the fraction of independent directors on the board and institutional ownership of the firm, which is consistent with firms adopting option and stock plans for directors to provide financial incentives for directors to monitor management.
On the Absorption of Slow Neutrons by Rhodium

The absorption of neutrons in rhodium as a function of their time of flight was studied with the Cornell slow neutron velocity spectrometer in the energy range of 0.0044 to 330 ev. A resonance was observed at an energy of 1.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 ev. No other resonances were observed. Values of the Breit-Wigner parameters, which best seem to fit the experimental results for a resonance energy of 1.21 ev, are 2750\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}200 barns for the cross section at resonance (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{r}$) and 0.21\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 ev for the level width ($\ensuremath{\Gamma}$). The Breit-Wigner formula fits the experimental data in the low energy region. The coefficient of the $\frac{1}{v}$ term is 0.295\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005 barn/ \ensuremath{\mu}sec./m and the constant term (taken as the scattering cross section) is 6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 barns. Values for the strength of the resonance (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{r}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{2}$) were computed from the minimum cross section on the low energy side of the resonance, from the $\frac{1}{v}$ slope, from an activity plot, and from the chosen Breit-Wigner parameters. The average of these values of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{r}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}^{2}$ is 117\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8 barn-${\mathrm{ev}}^{2}$. Self-absorption measurements were made to check the results of the time-of-flight measurements. The resonance cross section obtained from the self-absorption measurements is 3120\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50 barns, which is in closer agreement with the results of the spectrometer measurements than with those of previous investigators.
First-Grade Entry Age in a Sample of Children Labeled Learning Disabled

First-grade entry ages were determined for all LD children in grades one through twelve in a large special education cooperative. The children were classified as early, medium, or late entering. U.S. Census data were consulted to determine the expected frequencies in each of these categories. It was found that there were more early-entering and fewer late-entering children in this sample than would be expected if entry age were a chance variable. Though more research is needed, the results of this study suggest the possibility that children who enter first grade early may be more likely to be labeled LD than children who enter when they are older.
What superconducts in sulfur hydrides under pressure and why

The recent discovery of superconductivity at 190 K in highly compressed ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ is spectacular not only because it sets a record high critical temperature, but because it does so in a material that appears to be, and we argue here that it is, a conventional strong-coupling BCS superconductor. Intriguingly, superconductivity in the observed pressure and temperature range was predicted theoretically in a similar compound, ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}.$ Several important questions about this remarkable result, however, are left unanswered: (1) Does the stoichiometry of the superconducting compound differ from the nominal composition, and could it be the predicted ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}$ compound? (2) Is the physical origin of the anomalously high critical temperature related only to the high H phonon frequencies, or does strong electron-ion coupling play a role? We show that at experimentally relevant pressures ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{S}$ is unstable, decomposing into ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}$ and S, and that ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}\mathrm{S}$ has a record high ${T}_{c}$ due to its covalent bonds driven metallic, which make this compound rather similar to ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$, but unlike most other good conventional superconductors.
DNA recognition and wrapping by Escherichia coli RcnR.

Abstract Escherichia coli RcnR is a founding member of a recently discovered large and widespread structural family of bacterial transcription factors that are predicted to respond to a variety of environmental stresses. RcnR directly regulates transcription of the gene encoding the RcnA nickel and cobalt efflux protein by coordination of DNA-binding and metal-binding activities. A crystal structure of a Cu(I)-sensing homolog from Mycobacterium tuberculosis did not reveal how the novel all-α-helical fold of this protein family interacts with DNA because it lacks a well-characterized DNA-binding motif. In this study, we investigated the biophysical properties of the RcnR–DNA interaction using isothermal titration calorimetry and footprinting techniques. We found that an RcnR tetramer recognizes a TACT-G 6 -N-AGTA motif, of which there are two in the rcnA – rcnR intergenic region. G-tracts are found in many predicted binding sites of other RcnR/CsoR proteins, and here we show that they endow A-form DNA characteristics to the RcnR operator sites. Interestingly, RcnR also interacts nonspecifically with the ∼ 50 base pairs flanking the core binding site, resulting in DNA wrapping and the introduction of a single negative supercoil into plasmid DNA. Comparisons with other RcnR/CsoR proteins reveal likely key differences in DNA binding among members of this family that result from variations in the number and sequence of operator sites.
A multielectrode array for intrafascicular recording and stimulation in sciatic nerve of cats.

The feasibility of implanting an array of penetrating electrodes into peripheral nerves is studied in acute experiments in the cat sciatic nerve. A novel, silicon-based array of microelectrodes, the Utah Electrode Array, was used, which contains 25 or 100 1-mm long electrodes that project out from a silicon substrate. Electrode arrays of this complexity, when inserted in the peripheral nerve, could cause significant compression of the nerve and block the conduction of action potentials. Using a high velocity insertion technique, the electrode array was implanted into the sciatic nerve. Compound action potentials were evoked by and recorded with cuff electrodes. Compound action potentials recorded 1 h after insertion were only slightly altered from those recorded before insertion. Single units were readily extracted from evoked multiunit neural recordings in response to cutaneous stimulation and limb rotation around joints. Current injections into the nerve through the electrodes evoked muscle twitches with currents in the 10 μA range. Recording and stimulation stability were demonstrated for periods of up to 60 h. We have shown that high density arrays of electrodes can be inserted into the peripheral nerve and can provide a stable recording and stimulating interface to individual peripheral nerve axons. Such an array may be useful in future neuroscience research and potential neuroprosthetic applications.
CAN ONLINE GROCERS DELIVER? SOME LOGISTICS CONSIDERATIONS

The logistics and distribution factors that play a role in the commercial viability of online grocers, and the level of service delivered to customers, are considered. The two business operation models studied are the pureplay model in which the grocer handles the entire shopping experience, and the multichannel model, in which the grocer combines the convenience of online shopping with the stability and leverage of brick-and-mortar stores. The trade-offs that exist for specific delivery policies associated with each type of model are examined. Factors that influence trade-offs are highlighted and include number of demands, number of depots, number of vehicles at each depot, duration of time windows, and road network topology. The commercial viability of each model is examined, and sensitivity analysis to the total demand under different logistical factors is performed. The results illustrate the root causes for the difficult times experienced by this segment of the business-to-consumer electronic commerc...
The Culture of Economic Security: National Identity and Politico-Economic Ideas in the Post-Soviet World

To move beyond traditional accounts of economic security, this article examines economic security dilemmas that emerged in the former Soviet region after the empire. Despite vulnerability to Russia's potential pressures, the ex-Soviet states adopted dramatically different attitudes toward solving their dependencies. Ex-republics' views of the Commonwealth of Independent States, monetary and commercial independence, and preferred geo-economic partners and models of economic reform over the 1990-1998 period were selected to illustrate the ample variation among the states' economic attitudes. The approach taken in the article differs from traditional neorealist and neoliberal accounts in two ways. First, it studies state attitudes (rather than policies), a discursive dimension that is either neglected or taken as exogenous of states policies in traditional scholarship. Second, rather than looking at international political, economic, and military factors, this article highlights domestic cultural factors as responsible for the observed attitudinal variation.
Amorfrutin A and B, bibenzyl antimicrobial agents from Amorpha fruticosa

Abstract Bioassay directed fractionation of the waxy fractions derived from the fruit of Amorpha fruticosa resulted in the isolation of amorfrutin A and B, active new antimicrobial agents. Spectroscopic studies, chemical degradation and synthesis showed them to be new bibenzyl metabolites.
Analysis of airframe/engine interactions in integrated flight and propulsion control

An analysis framework for the assessment of dynamic cross-coupling between airframe and engine systems from the perspective of integrated flight/propulsion control is presented. This analysis involves to determining the significance of the interactions with respect to deterioration in stability robustness and performance, as well as critical frequency ranges where problems may occur due to these interactions. The analysis illustrated here investigates both the airframe's effects on the engine control loops and the engine's effects on the airframe control loops in two case studies. The second case study involves a multi-input/multi-output analysis of the airframe. Sensitivity studies are performed on critical interactions to examine the degradations in the system's stability robustness and performance. Magnitudes of the interactions required to cause instabilities, as well as the frequencies at which the instabilities occur are recorded. Finally, the analysis framework is expanded to include control laws which contain cross-feeds between the airframe and engine systems.
Assessment of right ventricular performance by pulsed doppler echocardiography in patients after intraatrial repair of aortopulmonary transposition in infancy or childhood

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether measurement of aortic blood flow velocity and acceleration by pulsed Doppler ultrasound can be used to assess the global performance of the systemic right ventricle noninvasively in young patients who have undergone intraatrial repair of aortopulmonary transposition. The effect of age at surgery on right ventricular performance in these patients was also studied. Pulsed Doppler velocity profiles of aortic blood flow were analyzed at a mean age of 5.5 years in 24 patients who had undergone intraatrial repair of aortopulmonary transposition either in early infancy (mean age 3.4 ± 1.3 weeks) or later (mean age 8.5 ± 6.5 months). Velocity and acceleration variables in these patients were compared with the same variables in 24 age-matched normal subjects and with the performance of their own right ventricle as assessed by two-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of ejection fraction. The 12 patients who underwent early repair had a higher ejection fraction than did the 12 who underwent later repair (mean ± SD 0.60 ± 0.07 versus 0.42 ± 0.10; p 2 ), but was abnormally slow in patients after late repair (11.1 ± 1.8 m/s 2 ; p These findings indicate that measurement of aortic blood flow acceleration by pulsed Doppler ultrasound can be used to assess right ventricular performance noninvasively in patients after intraatrial repair of aortopulmonary transposition. The data also suggest that early intraatrial repair may promote better right ventricular performance.
Numerical simulation of aerated powder consolidation

When a fine powder is dumped into a silo, the gas trapped by the particles will slowly escape by diffusing through the material. The corresponding uneven gas pressure distribution creates a body force that is taken into account through Darcy's law. By using spatial averaging, the formulation, even though essentially one-dimensional in space, includes effects due the geometry of the container. An efficient and robust numerical scheme based on a differential algebraic equation formulation is proposed and implemented. Various computational results are presented and discussed to establish the validity of the approach.
Object-oriented visualization

Feature based techniques incorporated into standard visualization algorithms can greatly enhance the quantification and visualization of observed phenomena, as described in the article. The methods to isolate and recognize coherent 3D structures are analogous to 2D vision techniques. The overall goals are the same in both fields, namely, to interpret an image (data) and construct a model to describe it. Although the article uses data sets from numerical simulations of fluid flow, the concepts are applicable to other domains where scientists study the evolution and morphologies of 4D space time vector and scalar fields. More work is needed to explore complex features based upon domain specific knowledge and to define the parameters for classification and tracking. Sophisticated databases for storage and retrieval of feature based data sets are also an interesting area of study. The ultimate goal of visualization is to aid in the understanding and analysis of data. With faster parallel computers and more sophisticated laboratory equipment, information is being produced in ever greater amounts. This information must be presented to the scientist in a form suitable for cogent assimilation and manipulation. The article presents issues and algorithms for an object oriented approach to this problem and demonstrates its usefulness for visualization. >
Thermal Dynamic Problems of Reinforced Composite Cylinders

Thermal dynamic problems of circular cylindrical composite shells reinforced in the axial and circumferential directions and subject to variations of temperature are considered. Nonlinear governing equations are formulated based on the extension of Donnell shell theory
Tick-borne disease: A review of the more common entities found in the northeastern United States

Borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis are three tick-borne diseases found in the northeastern United States. This article reviews the causative agents, clinical symptoms, and transmission of these entities, as well as how they are diagnosed in the clinical laboratory. These diseases can have similar and overlapping symptoms, and cases of coinfection continue to be reported in the literature. Age-tested techniques, such as serological studies, and peripheral blood evaluation, as well as relatively new techniques, such as PCR, all play an important role in laboratory diagnosis.
Evolving asymmetric hypertrophic pyloric stenosis associated with histologic evidence of eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

The most frequently occurring and important cause of gastric outlet obstruction in the neonate and young infant is infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). A reported association of IHPS and eosinophilic gastroenteritis [1] raises interesting questions about the possible etiologic relatioship between the two entities. It is plausible that the observed sonographic pyloric muscular wall thickness in IHPS may in part be dependent on the degree and duration of an allergic gastroenteropathy. A recent report suggests that endoscopy may be a more reliable diagnostic method than sonography in the patient with evolving IHPS [2]. Our recent experience with a patient with evolving IHPS supports the findings described in these prior reports.
Dispersion Characteristics of an Open Interdigital-Line Structure

The dispersion characteristics of an open interdigital-line structure were obtained by treating the structure as a radiator. Good agreement between the theoretical solution and the experimental measurements was observed.
Analysis of variance and analysing variation

Easily accessible tests for homogeneity of variance are compared to ANOVA procedures for the problem of deciding whether significant differences exist among independent samples. Frequently an analysis of variance is performed to detect such differences assuming the data are similar in shape and variability. This paper argues that analysis of variance performed on the data transformed to the squares of the corresponding ranks is preferable for detecting general differences in distributions. In business and economic decision‐making, the assumptions of similar shape and variability are rarely justified, but ironically the question of interest is usually that of general differences.
Challenges in Predicting New Firm Performance

Abstract Research examining predictors of new firm performance is clearly of interest to entrepreneurs and to those who provide advice and funds for their ventures. A growing body of research has examined the influence upon performance of such variables as entrepreneurs' characteristics, processes of founding, venture attributes, and environmental characteristics. However, considered as a whole, this research has shown mixed results and limited findings to date. This paper considers some of the challenges that arise in attempting to predict new firm performance. A key factor is the heavy dependence of new ventures upon environmental developments, many of which may be very difficult to predict. All firms are impacted by the environment, but new ventures have a concentration of risk upon a few products or services, narrow markets, and a few key resources. Thus, well-conceived ventures can fail because of unforeseen environmental shocks and the lack of “deep pockets” to ride out hard times. These same factors can cause new firm performance to swing widely, confounding attempts to identify predictors of good or poor performance. There are also challenges because many entrepreneurs pursue personal goals, some of which are noneconomic in nature. Thus, decisions about whether to found ventures, about how vigorously to grow them, or about whether or not to close down marginal businesses are all influenced by the personal values of entrepreneurs. The diversity of ventures, encompassing firms that differ greatly in scale and potential, complicates the task of determining predictors of performance. It may be that the influence of a particular variable, such as management experience, varies by type of venture. Previous research has also used a variety of performance measures, making comparisons across studies more difficult. Little has been done to determine whether the factors that enhance one measure of performance, such as survival, are the same as those that lead to others, such as growth or profitability. Previous research has been hampered by inadequate theoretical frameworks and, in some cases, by inappropriate methods of analysis. In addition, past research often could have been characterized by a tendency to examine variables that were easy to study, rather than those that were important. Despite limited success to date, we should not forsake research on predictors of new venture performance. The challenges discussed probably put limits on our ability to predict performance of individual ventures. However, the field of study is young and there is much that can be done to add to our understanding. The paper then develops recommendations for future research, noting that each of the challenges considered raises specific research opportunities.
Adaptive regulation of uncertain nonlinear systems by output feedback: A universal control approach ☆

The problem of global state regulation via output feedback is investigated for uncertain nonlinear systems. The class of uncertain systems under consideration is assumed to be dominated by a bounding system which is linear growth in the unmeasurable states but can be a polynomial function of the system output, with unknown growth rates. To achieve global state regulation in the presence of parametric uncertainty, we propose a non-identifier based output feedback control scheme by employing the idea of universal control integrated with the design of a linear high-gain observer, whose gains are composed of two components, both of them are not constant and need to be dynamically updated. In particular, we explicitly design a universal output feedback controller which globally regulates all the states of the uncertain system while maintaining global boundedness of the closed-loop system.
Infectivity of single-stranded rings of bacteriophage lambda DNA

Upon injection of bacteriophage lambda DNA into either a sensitive or immune bacterium some of the DNA becomes circular (Young & Sinsheimer, 1964; Bode & Kaiser, 1965; Ogawa & Tomizawa, 1967). Two forms of circular lambda DNA are known to exist: I, a twisted circular DNA in which both strands are covalently closed, and II, an open circular DNA in which one or more single-strand breaks are present. A third component, III, identical to linear phage DNA, is also present in the infected bacterium.
Methane fermentation of selected lignocellulosic materials.

Abstract Seven lignocellulosic materials: corn stover, napier grass, wood grass, newspaper, white fir and wheat straw from two different crops; two pure cellulosics: Solka Floc BW200 and Whatman No. 5 filter paper; and glucose, propionic and acetic acids were subjected to long-term batch methane fermentation. Ninety per cent of the original COD was recovered as methane gas from the two pure cellulosics and glucose. For the lignocellulosics, depending on the material, variations from over 80% conversion efficiency to methane for corn stover to less than 10% for white fir were observed. Generally, herbaceous materials were degraded faster and more extensively than woody biomass. A first-order rate model described well the methane fermentation process for the lignocellulosics tested, but was a poor model for the soluble substrates. It was not possible to predict either the biodegradability or the rate of methane fermentation with a reasonable degree of accuracy based solely on the lignin content of the lignocellulosic materials.
Interactive scientific visualization of fluid flow

Examples of scientific visualization techniques used for the interactive exploration of very large data sets from supercomputer simulations of fluid flow are presented. Interactive rendering of images from simulations of grids of 2 million or more computational zones are required to drive high-end graphics workstations to their limits with 2-D data. The author presents one such image and discusses interactive steering of 2-D flow simulations, a phenomenon now possible with grids of half a million computational zones. He uses a simulation of compressible turbulence on a grid of 134 million computational zones to set the scale for discussing interactive 3-D visualization techniques. A concept for a gigapixel-per-second video wall, or gigawall, which could be built with present technology to meet the demands of interactive visualization of the data sets that will be produced by the next generation of supercomputers, is discussed. >
Brain mapping project: clinical aspects and role of neuroradiology.

SUMMARY: As experts in the realm of applying brain imaging technology for meaningful information on an individual patient9s medical care, neuroradiologists can provide a physiologic, pathophysiologic, and clinical context for the advances achieved from brain-mapping. Precise identification of the abnormalities involved in brain conditions resulting from a multidisciplinary effort including neuroradiology will help to further define the nature of the pathology, evaluate the results of therapy, and improve health care.
Barrett's oesophagus: Treatment with surgery

Barrett's oesophagus develops as a consequence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and may progress to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Antireflux surgery is an option for patients with reflux disease, but the efficacy and impact on the natural history of disease in patients with Barrett's oesophagus is controversial. This review addresses the existing data on these important issues.
Green tea constituent (--)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits topoisomerase I activity in human colon carcinoma cells.

DNA topoisomerases I and II are essential for cell survival and play critical roles in DNA metabolism and structure. Inhibitors of topoisomerase constitute a novel family of antitumor agents with demonstrated clinical activity in human malignancies. The clinical use of these agents is limited due to severe toxic effects on normal cells. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel, nontoxic topoisomerase inhibitors that have the ability to spare normal cells. Recent studies have shown that green tea and its major polyphenolic constituent, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), impart growth inhibitory responses to cancer cells but not to normal cells. Based on the knowledge that EGCG induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, we considered the possibility of the involvement of topoisomerase in the antiproliferative response of EGCG. Here, for the first time, we show that EGCG inhibits topoisomerase I, but not topoisomerase II in several human colon carcinoma cell lines. Based on this study it is tempting to suggest that combination of EGCG with other conventional topoisomerase inhibitors could be an improved strategy for treatment of colon cancer. The possible role of EGCG as a chemotherapeutic agent needs to be investigated.
Coupled Thermal and Water Management in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Thermal and water management are intricately coupled in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. In this paper, we simulate fuel-cell performance and account for nonisothermal phenomena. The transport of water due to a temperature gradient and its associated effects on performance are described, with the increase of reactant dilution by the water-vapor partial pressure being the most dominant. In addition, simulations are undergone to find the optimum operating temperature and maximum power density as a function of external heat-transfer coefficient. The shape of the optimization curves and the magnitudes of the nonisothermal phenomena are also detailed and explained.
Children's analysis of spatial patterns: An assessment of their “errors” in copying geometric forms

Abstract This study examined young children's understanding of part-whole relations using a drawing task that required children to copy simple geometric forms. The forms were divided into two classes based on their overall configurational properties: closed forms (e.g., square) and open forms (e.g., cross). Forty children participated in the study, 10 in each of four age groups: 3–3.5 years, 3.5–4 years, 4–4.5 years, 4.5–5 years. A detailed analysis of their errors in copying indicated that children attended to both the parts of the form and the overall configuration of the form. Children's attention to the relations between parts and wholes was evident in the systematic differences in errors made with the different pattern configurations. These findings were consistent across the age range tested. While younger children tended to make more errors overall, the pattern of errors was the same across the ages.
What can ants tell us about collective behavior during a natural catastrophe

The fire ant, Solenipsis invicta, has successfully invaded and colonized ecosystems worldwide. Like humans, fire ants build permanent domiciles to house family members, establish well-defined territories for foraging and fight to the death when invading neighbors breach the borders. One of the more striking behaviors of fire ants is their ability to form a living raft when springtime rains flood their domiciles. What are the survival benefits, if any, to collective behavior during a flood? To address this question, we quantified the survival of individuals as solitary swimmers compared to cooperative rafters. We found that large workers and matriarchs survived equally well as solitary swimmers or rafters. In contrast, small workers drowned whether they were solitary swimmers or rafters. However, when rafting with large workers or matriarchs, the mortality of small workers declined three-fold. We propose a behavior phenotype classification scheme to catalog the diverse behaviors observed in this series of experiments. Although the ultimate goal of rafting behavior by fire ant workers is to protect their matriarch, the proximate goal for the vast majority of fire ants is to save themselves first and to save others if the opportunity arises.
Ruthenium tetroxide catalysed oxidation of illinois no.6 coal and some representative hydrocarbons

Abstract The use of ruthenium tetroxide for the catalytic oxidation of coal molecules under mild conditions has been examined. The selectivity of the reagent for aromatic nuclei has been assessed by a study of the oxidation of selected benzene, naphthalene and phenanthrene derivatives. The catalysed oxidation of Illinois No.6 coal has been studied. The preliminary results described in this report suggest that this oxidant is effective for the selective oxidation of the aromatic structures in this coal.
Binding of Myristoylated Alanine-Rich Protein Kinase C Substrate to Phosphoinositides Attenuates the Phosphorylation by Protein Kinase C

Abstract The myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) is a peripheral membrane protein that undergoes phosphorylation-dependent translocation between membrane and cytosol. MARCKS binds to acidic phospholipids with high affinity (Kdless than 0.5 μ M ) but binds poorly to neutral phospholipids. Although interaction of MARCKS with acidic phospholipids lacks specificity when determined by binding assay, these phospholipids exert distinctive effects on the phosphorylation of this protein by protein kinase C (PKC). Preincubation of MARCKS with phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidylglycerol enhanced the phosphorylation; whereas with phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, or phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate inhibited the phosphorylation of this substrate by PKC. Phosphoinositide inhibition of MARCKS phosphorylation was apparently directed at the substrate rather than at the kinase as the phosphorylation of two other phospholipid-binding PKC substrates, neuromodulin and neurogranin, exhibited different responses from those of MARCKS. Furthermore, the inhibition of phosphoinositides on MARCKS phosphorylation was seen with PKC isozymes α, β, γ, and δ and with the catalytic fragment of PKC, protein kinase M. A 25-amino-acid synthetic peptide corresponding to the phosphorylation site domain (PSD) of MARCKS, but not to the myristoylated N-terminal peptide, competed equally effectively with MARCKS in binding to either PS- or PI-containing vesicles, suggesting that both phospholipids bind to the PSD of MARCKS. Binding of PI to MARCKS inhibited PKC phosphorylation of all three phosphorylation sites. These results suggest that phosphoinositides and PS bind at different residues within the MARCKS PSD, so that the resulting phospholipid/MARCKS complexes are differentially phosphorylated by PKC.
Impact ionization in p-type InSb

Abstract Impact ionization in p -InSb is shown to be initiated by injected electrons. At sufficiently high average electric field strength. 1 kV/cm, impact ionization begins next to the cathode. An impact ionization wavefront forms there and propagates along the sample with a velocity ν ii =3·2×10 8 cm/sec at 77 K. At moderate field strengths an impact ionization wavefront is initiated at some plane between the cathode and anode. Before its initiation in such a case, injected electrons exclusively propagate in a well defined front at 10 7 cm/sec, then when the field ahead of the injected front reaches ∼490 V/cm, impact ionization is initiated and the impact ionization wavefront propagates to the anode with ν ii . After the impact ionization wavefront reaches the anode, carrier density grows exponentially to a steady-state magnitude. The growth rate dependence on field strength is best expressed by g(E) φ exp (0·8×10 6 / E 2 ). Thus the energy dependence of the electrons during impact ionization in p -InSb at 77 K appears to be Maxwellian.
In vacuo thermal decomposition of cadmium silicon diarsenide, CdSiAs2

Abstract The thermal decomposition of CdSiAs 2 in vacuum was undertaken in order to deposit this film of potential photovoltaic and other electronics applications. A model for the evaporation process is presented which predicts a cubic time dependence of the film deposition process. The experimental deposition process approximated the cubic law. Deviations from it are attributed to the stepwise nature of the process: a film of SiAs is deposited, followed by the deposited of silicon.
SU-GG-J-151: Potential Lung Dose Reduction for Minimally-Moving Lung Lesions

Purpose: To evaluate the potential of lung sparing with IMRT for patients whose lungtumor motion range is less than 0.5 cm treated with respiratory gating at inhale. Method and Materials: A retrospective investigation on 8 patients with 4DCT scans was performed. For each patient a maximum intensity projection (MIP) data set, over 10 uniformly distributed breathing phases, was generated. The MIPs were used in contouring of GTVs, heart, and spinal cord. IMRT optimization was performed on a single phase CT data set (Average Phase or APh), representing an average mid‐ventilation phase. An average phase CT data set within 30% gating window (Average Inhale Phase or AInPh) in the proximity of the full inhale was also generated. GTVs, heart and spinal cord contours were kept the same for the APh and AInPh, while the lungs were independently contoured. The IMRT plans consist of 5‐to‐11 coplanar and/or non‐coplanar 6MV and/or 18MV beams. The dose was escalated to the maximum allowed by the organs at risk, which are spinal cord, heart and lungs. The APh optimized plan was transferred to the AInPh and dose was recomputed. Dose indices (DI) and generalized equivalent uniform doses (gEUDs) between APh and AInPh were cross‐compared. The DIs are D 98% GTVs , D 95% PTVs , D 20% lungs and D 30% lungs , D 33% heart , and D 1% spinal cord . Results: All DIs and gEUDs over the APh and AInPh for the targets, the spinal cord, and the heart are within ±1%. The DI differences in the lungs show a dose reduction ranging from 1% to over 9% for the gated plans. Conclusion: A reduction in lung dose of up to 9% is possible when gating at inhale is utilized for treatment of lungtumors with less than 0.5cm motion as seen on 4DCT. Alternatively, 9% target dose escalation shows an increase in TCP in excess of 30%.
Alternative uses for the subgaleal shunt in pediatric neurosurgery.

The subgaleal shunt has been used for the temporary bypass of the normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways. We retrospectively reviewed all subgaleal shunts placed at the Children's Hospital, Birmingham, Ala., USA, from 1997 to the present and examined all uses (e.g. indication, length of follow-up) of the subgaleal shunt outside its use for temporary CSF diversion in premature infants with intraventricular hemorrhage and subsequent hydrocephalus. The average length of survival of the primary subgaleal shunt in this population was 32.2 days. We have had good success with subgaleal shunts in children with malignant brain tumors, intraventricular abscesses, chronic truncal wounds, chronic subdural hygromas and meningitis. However, the greatest utility has been in those scenarios in which the peritoneal cavities were not currently, but with time would be, candidates for distal shunt implantation. Examples of these instances are patients with hydrocephalus and necrotizing enterocolitis or hydrocephalus and preoperative abdominal wall pathology such as omphalocele.
Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy using synchrontron radiation

The technique of Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) is described and illustrated with a case study of the Cu(100) 3p and M23VV spectra. APECS offers many advantages over the conventional singles spectroscopy such as isolating overlapping spectral features, reducing secondary electron background, and revealing new decay modes. In the coincidence Cu Auger spectra discussed here, the multiplet structure of the quasi-atomic 3d8 Auger final state is clearly observed, as well as different intensities for the multiplet components for the p12 and p32 transitions. Furthermore, the spectra reveal evidence for a Coster-Kronig decay channel for 3p12 core holes, and illustrate that the sum of the Auger electron and photoelectron kinetic energies is conserved. Possible technical improvements that can increase the counting efficiency are also discussed.
Targeting the Epigenome for the Treatment and Prevention of Lung Cancer

Alterations in chromatin structure resulting from aberrant DNA methylation and perturbations of the histone code profoundly influence gene expression during pulmonary carcinogenesis. Recent studies indicate that DNA demethylating agents and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors synergistically induce gene expression and apoptosis in cultured lung cancer cells, and prevent lung cancer development in animals following exposure to tobacco carcinogens. Preliminary clinical trials have established proof of principle regarding the use of DNA demethylating agents and HDAC inhibitors for enhancing immunogenicity and apoptosis of lung cancer cells, and have revealed the complexities concerning the mechanisms by which chromatin remodeling agents mediate antitumor effects in vivo. These data support additional investigations pertaining to the epigenetics of lung cancer, and the evaluation of chromatin remodeling agents for the treatment and prevention of this disease.
The Politics of Electricity Restructuring Across the American States: Power Failure and Policy Failure

While the broad purpose of this research is to provide an improved understanding of general state policy innovation, we develop and test a model of policy innovation which examines the factors that influence the probability of a state restructuring its electric utility policies. The results of our model of electric restructuring generally support our hypotheses and more broadly the literature regarding policy innovation. Our findings indicate economic interests continue to represent a key factor in understanding the policy choices of state legislatures. States which faced high energy costs were most likely to look for opportunities to reduce those costs. Second, we find state legislatures with the greatest resources and expertise were quickest to explore and adopt policy innovations in response to their high energy costs. Third, states where the general policy preferences of those in power favored deregulation (Republicans) were also more likely to restructure. Finally, we note it is interesting that a policy innovation which many believe to have failed so miserably was most likely to be adopted by the most professional (sophisticated) legislatures.
The earth's ring current - Present situation and future thrusts

Particle distributions, currents, and the ring current situation prior to the August 1984 launch of the AMPTE Charge Composition Explorer (CCE) are discussed. CCE results which demonstrate the capability of these new measurements to pursue questions of ring current sources, energization, and transport are presented. Consideration is given to various ring current generation mechanisms which have been discussed in the literature, and a two-step generation process which to a certain extent unifies the previous mechanisms is presented. The first in-situ global observations of ring current decay as obtained through the detection of energetic neutral atoms generated by charge exchange interactions between the ring current and hydrogen geocorona are discussed, as well as the possibility of using the detection of energetic neutral atoms to obtain global images of the earth's ring current.
Adaptive evolution of the Streptococcus pyogenes regulatory aldolase LacD.1

In the human-pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, the tagatose bisphosphate aldolase LacD.1 likely originated through a gene duplication event and was adapted to a role as a metabolic sensor for regulation of virulence gene transcription. Although LacD.1 retains enzymatic activity, its ancestral metabolic function resides in the LacD.2 aldolase, which is required for the catabolism of galactose. In this study, we compared these paralogous proteins to identify characteristics correlated with divergence and novel function. Surprisingly, despite the fact that these proteins have identical active sites and 82% similarity in amino acid sequence, LacD.1 was less efficient at cleaving both fructose and tagatose bisphosphates. Analysis of kinetic properties revealed that LacD.1's adaptation was associated with a decrease in k(cat) and an increase in K(m). Construction and analysis of enzyme chimeras indicated that non-active-site residues previously associated with the variable activities of human aldolase isoenzymes modulated LacD.1's affinity for substrate. Mutant LacD.1 proteins engineered to have LacD.2-like levels of enzymatic efficiency lost the ability to function as regulators, suggesting that an alteration in efficiency was required for adaptation. In competition under growth conditions that mimic a deep-tissue environment, LacD.1 conferred a significant gain in fitness that was associated with its regulatory activity. Taken together, these data suggest that LacD.1's adaptation represents a form of neofunctionalization in which duplication facilitated the gain of regulatory function important for growth in tissue and pathogenesis.
Cruising Twelfth-Century Pilgrims

When taken together, the Moissac Luxuria, a miracle story from the Book of St. James, and the twelfth-century pilgrims who experienced them seem to show that sexual energy and an instability of gender characterized certain encounters among male pilgrims. I believe that this influenced what people saw when they looked at the Luxuria, and I try to situate this thesis in the context of Lesbian and Gay Studies. At the outset I adopt a "performative" view of homosexual relationships, and I close by relating the word "cruising" to the structural homology between myself and the people I study.
Net-Centric Information Management

The U.S. Department of Defense is pursuing a transformation which seeks to improve mission effectiveness through greatly improved information sharing. The nature of this transformation, the large size of the DoD, and the presence of allied and coalition partners all result in an enterprise with information management needs that cannot be completely satisfied either through top-down direction or by a bottom-up market approach. The difficulties faced by this enterprise may be common to others in which a common purpose requires coordination, but in which the large scale or absence of a sovereign preclude the possibility of effective centralized control. In this paper we discuss this situation and describe the essential architecture of an IM process that fits.
Permanence of the Log-Normal Distribution*

The distribution of the sum of log-normal variates is shown for most cases of interest to be very accurately represented by a log-normal distribution instead of a normal or Rayleigh distribution that might be expected from the central-limit theorem. As a result, observation of the log-normal distribution for the fluctuations of flux received after propagation through a random medium can be readily explained, regardless of the size of the receiving aperture.In every case, the log-normal distribution is a better representation than the normal for the distribution of the sum of log-normal variates. However, in some cases not even the log-normal distribution is very accurate. The questions of convergence and accuracy are examined in detail.
Effect of cropping systems on nitrification in soils

Abstract Limited information is available about the effect of cropping systems and N application on nitrification potential of soils. This study was conducted to evaluate nitrification rates of soils that have been under long‐term cropping systems at three sites in Iowa. Each experiment consisted of three cropping systems (continuous corn, corn‐soybean‐corn‐soybean, and corn‐oats‐meadow‐meadow) and two fertilizer treatments: untreated (0 N) and treated (+ N) with ammonium or ammonium‐forming fertilizers (180 or 200 kg ha/yr) before corn. The rate of nitrification was studied at 30°C. Results showed that, although soil pH decreased in the plots treated with ammoniacal fertilizers before corn in the cropping system, the rate of nitrification was significantly greater in N‐treated than in untreated plots, suggesting that fertilization with ammonium or ammonium‐forming fertilizers either increased the microbial populations responsible for nitrification in soils and/or that such treatments increased the effici...