cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Knowledge extraction using content analysis

Expert knowledge elicited by manual knowledge acquisition techniques does not constitute an adequate model of expert behavior until it has been further analysed, decomposed and synthesized. This paper argues that there are two distinct tasks that constitute the knowledge acquisition exercise: information acquisition and knowledge extraction. The extraction of knowledge from documented information (interview transcripts, texts etc.) requires a precise specification of the form of expert knowledge. A model of the decision making process is utilized as a theoretical basis for developing knowledge constructs used in expert decision making and the data reduction methodology of content analysis is applied to perform the task of knowledge extraction. Content analysis exhibits the desirable characteristic of independence from both information acquisition and subsequent knowledge representation. The application of the methodology to a resource allocation domain is demonstrated.
Electron-impact ionization of all ionization stages of beryllium

Efforts to provide accurate atomic collisional data for use in fusion plasma models have been extended to provide electron-impact ionization cross sections for all stages of beryllium. Ionization cross sections are presented from the ground and first excited states of Be, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+},$ ${\mathrm{Be}}^{2+},$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{3+}.$ For all cases, two perturbative distorted-wave methods are used to calculate the ionization cross section. For Be, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+},$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{2+},$ the nonperturbative time-dependent close-coupling and the R matrix with pseudostates methods are used to calculate the ionization cross sections. R matrix with pseudostates calculations are also presented for ${\mathrm{Be}}^{3+}.$ In general, the two nonperturbative methods are in good agreement with each other for electron-impact ionization of Be, ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+},$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{2+}.$ Furthermore, for ionization from the ground and the first excited states of Be and the first excited state of ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+},$ the perturbative distorted-wave calculations are significantly higher than the nonperturbative calculations. The atomic level resolved rate coefficients generated in this work have been archived and will be used to increase the accuracy of collisional-radiative modeling for beryllium.
Slipstream Formed by a Supersonic Source in a Hypersonic Stream

These results may now be applied to that disturbance gen- erated by a viscous boundary layer. The displacement thickness in a compressible fluid is a function of several parameters. Since we only wish to illustrate the theory, the displacement thickness for an incompressible flow is used. For an external flow with a Reynolds number of 10 5/cm, the displacement thickness corresponding to an incompressible laminar boundary layer is 6* = 6 X 10-V2 (x -cm) Similarly, the displacement thickness for a turbulent boundary layer is: 6* = 4 X 10-3(z)°-86 The density perturbations behind a shock attenuated by laminar and turbulent boundary layers in a Mach 4 flow are illustrated in Fig. 2. A schematic diagram of the shock waves is also presented. The laminar results are applicable beyond the boundary-layer transition length because the waves from the boundary layer require a finite time to reach the shock. The origin of the waves striking the shock at xs is indicated in Fig. 3.f Transition to turbulence at a Reynolds number of 10 5 would correspond to xw = 1 cm. Figure 3 indicates that this would be felt by the shock about 2 m downstream. Thus, the laminar results in Fig. 2 are appro- priate for xs «> and it is not an accurate description of the flow just downstream of the point where the two shocks coalesce. Conclusions Whitham's "area rule" has been applied to disturbances generated by power law bodies in an otherwise uniform two- dimensional flow. It has been shown that the shocks pro- duced by such bodies decay more slowly than those from bodies of finite extent. The results have been applied to disturbances generated by a viscous boundary layer. For the case cited previously, the application of acoustics is valid for xs > 1 cm (Ap/p|» < 0.1) and density disturbances of the order of a few percent are shown to exist for several meters. References
Observational error covariance matrices for radar data assimilation

Abstract Optimal assimilation of meteorological radar data into numerical models requires knowledge of the observation error covariance matrix, i.e., the error variance magnitude at each data point and its correlation to adjacent data points. We use knowledge of basic reflectivity, radial velocity and spectrum width measurements obtainable from most weather radars to determine the instrumentation error component of the complete observation error covariance matrix. Specifically, the technique will be used to ingest radar data into mesoscale numerical weather prediction models. We perform an experimental validation of the predicted errors from the Memphis, Tennessee NEXRAD (WSR-88D) data.
Psychoanalytic perspectives on child abuse

This paper examines the application of selected concepts from classical psychoanalysis, ego psychology, object relations theory, and self psychology to the assessment and treatment of child abuse. Child maltreatment is conceptualized as deriving, in part, from impaired symbiotic and separation-individuation experiences. The role of certain defense mechanisms employed by the formerly abused parent in perpetuating intergenerational cycles of abuse is explored. Disturbances in the development of the “nuclear self” (as postulated by Kohut) in abusive parents are considered. Fairbairn's model of the inner object world is used to illuminate scapegoating processes. The concept of “protectiveness” is discussed in relation to the abused child's use of primitive defenses and inhibition of autonomy. Countertransference issues are viewed in relation to the problem of workers' “burnout.”
Extra and intracellular metabolite concentrations for murine hybridoma cells

Intra- and extracellular metabolite concentrations were determined for hybridoma cells grown in tissue culture flasks in batch culture. Significant differences were found for intracellular lactate and amino acid concentrations depending on the culture medium. AB2-143.2 cells cultivated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's (DME) medium supplemented with 50 mm lactate exhibited intracellular lactate and glutamine levels of 40 mm and 4 mm, respectively, whereas cells grown in standard DME medium had low intracellular glutamine and 20 mm lactate concentrations. For cells cultivated in medium supplemented with 6 mm pyruvate, intracellular lactate levels were estimated at approx. 40 mm, but these cells also showed an increased intracellular alanine concentration of 22 mm. The higher alanine pools probably result from increased transamination of pyruvate under these conditions.
FPGA acceleration of mean variance framework for optimal asset allocation

Asset classes respond differently to shifts in financial markets, thus an investor can minimize the risk of loss and maximize return of his portfolio by diversification of assets. Increasing the number of diversified assets in a financial portfolio significantly improves the optimal allocation of different assets giving better investment opportunities. However, a large number of assets require a significant amount of computation that only high performance computing can currently provide. Because of the highly parallel nature of Markowitzpsila mean variance framework (the most popular approximation approach for optimal asset allocation) an FPGA implementation of the framework can also provide the performance necessary to compute the optimal asset allocation with a large number of assets. In this work, we propose an FPGA implementation of Markowitzpsila mean variance framework and show it has a potential performance ratio of 221 times over a software implementation.
The effects of H-bonding and sterics on the photoreactivity of a trimethyl butyrophenone derivative

The irradiation of ester 1 in methanol and chloroform does not yield any photoproducts, whereas the photolysis of 1 in dry argon-saturated benzene produces cyclobutanol 4, which is converted to lactone 5 by the addition of HCl. Laser-flash photolysis of ester 1 demonstrates that 1 undergoes intramolecular H-atom abstraction to form the biradical 2 (λmax ∼ 310 nm, τ = 200 ns, benzene), which intersystem crosses to photoenols, Z-3 (λmax ∼ 380 nm, τ = 30–60 μs, benzene) and E-3 (λmax ∼ 380 nm, τ = 11 ms, benzene). Density functional theory calculations were performed to support the proposed mechanism for forming cyclobutanol 4 and to explain how steric demand facilitates photoenol E-3 to form cyclobutanol 4 rather than lactone 5.
Design and implementation of a randomized controlled social and mobile weight loss trial for young adults (project SMART).

Purpose To describe the theoretical rationale, intervention design, and clinical trial of a two-year weight control intervention for young adults deployed via social and mobile media.
On the tangibility of letters and braille

Braille characters and letters were presented to the senses of touch and vision of sighted observers. The optical stimuli were subjected to low-pass spatial filtering to the degree that visual spatial resolution closely matched tactile spatial resolution(re the size of characters presented). In one experiment, three sets of braille characters and five sets of Roman letters, varying in typography, were presented as stimuli. The variations in tangibility and legibility across the eight character sets were highly correlated (r =.98). In a second experiment, braille characters and letters were varied in size. The psychometric functions relating tangibility and legibility to character size were similar in both shape and position along the abscissa. The congruence of tangibility and legibility for these conditions, in which the senses were matched in spatial resolution, supports the idea that braille characters are more tangible by virtue of their greater distinctiveness after the low-pass spatial filtering of cutaneous processing.
Disagreement between parent and adolescent reports of functional impairment.

Objective: Adolescents’ functional impairment has become increasingly important as a criterion for diagnosis and service eligibility as well as a target of therapeutic intervention in mental health settings. This study examines three critical issues in measuring functioning: 1) agreement between parent and adolescent reports of functioning, 2) explanations for disagreement, and 3) clinicians’ ratings of functioning compared with parent and adolescent reports. Methods: Agreement between parent and adolescent reports of functioning was estimated using the kappa statistic and conditional agreement in a sample of 258 adolescents. Rates of and reasons for expected disagreements between informants were explored in semi-structured interviews (n = 43). ANOVA was calculated for clinician ratings for parent–adolescent pairs categorized on the basis of their agreement or disagreement on impairment. Finally, the independent contribution of parents’ or adolescents’ reports of impairment on clinician ratings of functioning was examined. Results: From 12% to 97% of problems reported by one informant were denied by the other. Agreement was particularly poor for questions about relationships with friends, peers’ delinquent behaviors, and leisure activities. On average, parents and adolescents were more likely to expect the other would agree with their ratings rather than disagree. Reasons for disagreement included: 1) differences in how parents and adolescents interpreted questions; 2) lack of parental awareness of adolescents’ behaviors; and 3) different thresholds for what is considered problematic. Results also demonstrated that clinicians perceive problems reported only by parents as somewhat more serious than problems reported only by adolescents. Conclusions: Implications for diagnosis, treatment planning and outcomes measurement are discussed.
Correlation of pre-pharmacy work experience in a pharmacy setting with performance in a Top 200 Drugs course

Abstract Background Students that enter pharmacy school have varying pre-pharmacy work experiences in a pharmacy setting. Pharmacy students often take a course that requires them to learn basic drug information on the Top 200 Drugs dispensed in the United States. Objective To examine the correlation between pre-pharmacy work experience and performance in a Top 200 Drugs course. Methods Pre-pharmacy student data were collected from a questionnaire that students completed the summer before their entrance into pharmacy school. Student grades were collected from a Top 200 Drugs course. This course is taken during the first and second semesters of the first professional year in pharmacy school. Correlation analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between pre-pharmacy work experience and course grades in a Top 200 Drugs course. Results Previous work experience is not a strong predictor of a student's grade in a Top 200 Drugs course. A significant correlation, however, was found between little or no pre-pharmacy work experience and receiving lower grades in a Top 200 Drugs course (α = 0.01, r = 0.284, t = 5.23). The lowest grades in the course were correlated to students who have little to no pre-pharmacy work experience. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that students who received the lowest final grades in the Top 200 Drugs course had little to no pre-pharmacy work experience.
Surgical and Mammographic Follow‐Up of Papillary Lesions and Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia Diagnosed With Stereotactic Vacuum‐Assisted Biopsy

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of stereotactic vacuum-assisted biopsy (SVAB) for the diagnosis of high-risk lesions, which include papillary lesions and atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH). Retrospective review was performed of 212 consecutive SVABs at our institution between May 1, 2000 and February 28, 2001. Biopsies were performed using an 8-gauge SVAB probe, with the patient prone on a dedicated stereotactic table. Eleven to 17 cores (mean 12.4) were harvested from each lesion. Radiography of core specimens was performed in cases in which the targeted lesion contained microcalcifications. Six of the lesions (2.8%) demonstrated intraductal papilloma, 1 (16.7%) of which had features suggestive of a radial scar, and 7 (3.3%) demonstrated ALH. Surgical excision was performed on 3 of the 6 (50%) papillomas and all 7 (100%) cases of ALH. Histopathologic analysis at surgical excision demonstrated benign breast tissue in 1 of the papillomas (33.3%), radial scar in 1 (33.3%), and atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) in 1 (33.3%). One papilloma not surgically excised underwent repeat mammography at 6 months and demonstrated no change. Of the surgically excised lesions with ALH, 4 (57.1%) retained the diagnosis of ALH, though one of these (25%) also demonstrated a coexisting radial scar. One lesion (14.3%) demonstrated ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 1 (14.3%) demonstrated lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and 1 (14.3%) demonstrated fibrocystic change. Lesions diagnosed as papillomas at SVAB did not demonstrate malignancy, but 2 (66.7%) were found to contain high-risk lesions that may impact surveillance or prophylactic therapy (i.e., tamoxifen). Because of the relatively small series reported, additional studies are necessary to further assess the accuracy of SVAB in the diagnosis of benign papillary lesions. ALH diagnosed with SVAB that underwent subsequent surgical excision demonstrated cancer in 1 of 7 lesions (14.3%). This rate of cancer underestimation is similar to that seen with ADH diagnosed with SVAB, which warrants surgical excision to rule out malignancy. Therefore we recommend that lesions demonstrating ALH at SVAB be considered for surgical excision to rule out malignancy.
Interfacial properties of phosphatidylcholine bilayers containing vitamin E derivatives.

Abstract α-Tocopherol and α-tocopheryl succinate are biologically active lipids. The activity of these lipids may be related to how they affect membrane physical–chemical properties. Utilizing fluorescence methods, we have investigated the effect of α-tocopherol, α-tocopheryl succinate, and α-tocopheryl acetate on the properties of model membranes consisting of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine. In liquid–crystalline phase phospholipid bilayers, α-tocopherol decreased acyl chain mobility and decreased the interfacial polarity, but had no effect on the interfacial surface charge. In contrast, α-tocopheryl succinate had little effect on acyl chain motion or interfacial hydration, but increased the interfacial surface charge. α-Tocopheryl acetate had very little effect on any of the measurements of these bilayer properties. In a gel phase bilayer, α-tocopherol decreased acyl chain order, whereas α-tocopheryl succinate and α-tocopheryl acetate did not. Each α-tocopheryl derivative had a different effect on interfacial polarity, however, only α-tocopheryl succinate increased the interfacial surface charge. The acylation of α-tocopherol abolishes its antioxidant activity and generates molecules with different membrane physical properties. The non-polar acetate group of α-tocopheryl acetate locates this compound in a region of the bilayer where it has little effect on bilayer interfacial properties. The free carboxyl group of α-tocopheryl succinate is located in the interfacial region of the bilayer where it increases the membrane surface charge.
On collineation groups of finite projective spaces

Let V be a vector space of finite dimension n over a finite field GF(q). Let Lk(V ) denote the set of k-dimensional subspaces of V. Several authors have studied groups acting on Lk(V ) for various k. Wagner [9] considered groups which act doubly transitively on LI(V ). Recently Kantor [6] has shown that most groups which act transitively on L2(V) also act doubly transitively on LI(V ). This paper considers groups which act transitively on Lk(V ) for 3<_k<_n-3. The main result is the following theorem.
Renal toxicity of the carcinogen δ-aminolevulinic acid: antioxidant effects of melatonin

Abstract An increased incidence of cancer in patients suffering from acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is thought to be related to δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) accumulation. Chronic treatment with ALA augmented 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine levels, decreased microsomal and mitochondrial membrane fluidity and increased lipid peroxidation in blood serum. Co-treatment with melatonin completely counteracted the effects of ALA. Melatonin effectively protects DNA and microsomal and mitochondrial membranes in rat kidney from oxidative damage due to ALA. Because of its low toxicity and anticarcinogenic properties, melatonin could be tested as an agent to reduce oxidative damage in patients with AIP.
President's Column Libraries and the Telephone: A Look Back and a Look Around

ACRL-LA President Karen Niemla takes an historical look at the telephone in the context of libraries.
Electron Transfer Processes Between Hydroquinone and Hausmannite (Mn3O4)

A kinetic study of the oxidation of hydroquinone by aqueous suspensions of hausmannite at pH 6 was conducted using an on-line analysis system. Electron transfer between hydroquinone and the oxide was monitored by ultraviolet and electron spin resonance spectroscopy to measure the loss of hydroquinone and the appearance of oxidation products. Although hydroquinone oxidized on the surface of the oxide and the oxide surface was altered after the reduction, hydroquinone and its oxidation products did not adsorb strongly on the surface. At a high concentration of hydroquinone, p-benzosemiquinone free radicals persisted in aqueous solution and were oxidized by dissolved 02. Calculations based on the thermodynamic stabilities of the oxide and the organic species involved show that the formation of p-benzosemiquinone radical by Mn reduction is feasible. The presence of the radicals indicates that the oxidation of hydroquinone by the oxide proceeded by a one-electron transfer process. At high organic/ oxide ratios, an increase in the amount of hausmannite dissolved with increasing hydroquinone concen- tration suggests that the reduction of the oxide by the organic was not limited to the surface layer of the oxide. At a high concentration of hydroquinone, polymers were detected in solution, suggesting that radical-mediated reactions played a role in the polymerization process. A reaction scheme is proposed to explain the effect of the Mn oxide to hydroquinone ratio on the consumption of O2 and the appearance of quinone, p-benzosemiquinone, and polymers in solution.
Measured alveolar volume is a marker for mortality risk after acquiring bronchiolitis obliterans following stem-cell transplantation

Intro: 5% of stem cell transplantations (SCT) are complicated by bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), possibly leading to severe, irreversible airway obstruction. Identifying risk factors for adverse outcome after acquiring BO enhances efficiency of patient monitoring. Measured alveolar volume (VA) in single breath measurement of carbon-monoxide transfer factor (TLCO) is affected by lung volume and obstruction. An early, strong decline in VA after SCT might be a risk factor for mortality in BO. Aim: To assess measured VA as risk factor for mortality in BO. Method: Pulmonary function (PFT) data of 37 patients with extensive pulmonary chronic graft vs. host disease after SCT was used. PFT-data consisted of spirometry, TLCO measurements performed according to ATS/ERS-criteria (Vmax-Spectra PFT-equipment by Carefusion). Association between measured VA one year (359 d; SD 44) after SCT and mortality (on day 1600) was evaluated by constructing an ROC-curve. A VA-cutoff value of 70.5%-predicted was used to split the group in high- and low-VA subgroups. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was done on resulting data. (Statistical analyses: SPSS 20.0.) Result: Survival between groups was significantly different (p=0.016). High-VA group had a median survival of 3095 (SE 908) days and low-VA group of 1346 (SE 444). Conclusion: Lower measured VA one year after SCT is associated with higher mortality in BO.
Endogenous N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) inhibits synaptic plasticity/transmission in the amygdala in a mouse inflammatory pain model

Background The peptide neurotransmitter N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is widely expressed throughout the vertebrate nervous system, including the pain processing neuraxis. Inhibitors of NAAG peptidases are analgesic in animal models of pain. However, the brain regions involved in NAAG's analgesic action have not been rigorously defined. Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) play a role in pain processing in the laterocapsular part of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeLC). Given the high concentration of NAAG in the amygdala and its activation of group II mGluRs (mGluR3 > mGluR2), this study was undertaken using the mouse formalin model of inflammatory pain to test the hypothesis that NAAG influences pain processing in the amygdala. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) were studied in neurons in the CeLC of mouse brain slices following stimulation of the spinoparabrachial amygdaloid afferents.
Incrementally maintaining classification using an RDBMS

The proliferation of imprecise data has motivated both researchers and the database industry to push statistical techniques into relational database management systems (RDBMSes). We study strategies to maintain model-based views for a popular statistical technique, classification, inside an RDBMS in the presence of updates (to the set of training examples). We make three technical contributions: (1) A strategy that incrementally maintains classification inside an RDBMS. (2) An analysis of the above algorithm that shows that our algorithm is optimal among all deterministic algorithms (and asymptotically within a factor of 2 of a non-deterministic optimal strategy). (3) A novel hybrid-architecture based on the technical ideas that underlie the above algorithm which allows us to store only a fraction of the entities in memory. We apply our techniques to text processing, and we demonstrate that our algorithms provide an order of magnitude improvement over non-incremental approaches to classification on a variety of data sets, such as the Citeseer and DBLife.
ALPHA1-FETOPROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS DURING THE GROWTH CYCLE OF DIFFERENTIATED FETAL RAT HEPATOCYTES IN PRIMARY MONOLAYER CULTURE

INTRODUCTION pregnant and growing (neonatal) rats (18, 19) as well as in the serum of adult rats induced by partial Serum proteins associated with malignancies ("onhepatectomy to regenerate their liver (20, 21) . coproteins") have attracted considerable attention, These observations imply that biosynthesis and especially because of their possible use in the early release of a 1 F are related to the cell cycle . In the clinical detection of cancer (1, 2) . Perhaps the most studies described here, in which a well-characterintensively studied of these oncoproteins are the ized monolayer culture system of fetal rat hepatoembryonal carcinogenic antigen (3), associated cytes is used (22-24), direct evidence is presented mainly with gastrointestinal malignancies (4-6), which supports this hypothesis . and alpha s -fetoprotein (a 1 F) (l, 2), associated with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (I, 7-10), and MATERIALS AND METHODS teratoblastomas of gonadal origin (I l, 12) . However, oncoproteins may also be found in Reagents nonmalignant states (5, 13-18) . This is especially Tissue culture media and supplies required to grow the case of the a 1 F, which appears in the serum of fetal rat hepatocytes have been described in detail
Fibrin Targeting of Echogenic Liposomes with Inactivated Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Fibrin-specific molecular targeting strategies are desirable for site-specific imaging and treatment of late stage atheroma, but fibrin-specific antibodies are difficult to produce and present immunogenicity problems. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is an endogenous protein that has been shown to bind fibrin with high affinity and may circumvent antibody difficulties. Use of tPA-derived proteins or peptides, however, requires that the plasminogen-activating proteolytic activity be neutralized or removed. As an initial step in determining the feasibility of this targeting strategy, human recombinant tPA (Activase®) was irreversibly inhibited with D-phe-L-pro-L-arg-chloromethyl ketone (PPACK) and conjugated to intrinsically echogenic liposomes (ELIP) by a thioether coupling protocol. Fibrin-binding affinities were assessed with a novel two‐stage fibrin pad ELISA. We achieved 95–99% inactivation, while retaining both tPA fibrin-binding activities of KD ∼ 2 nM and 33 nM. Thermodynamic analysis of the PPACK...
Fabrication, electrical and optical properties of silver, indium tin oxide (ITO), and indium zinc oxide (IZO) nanostructure arrays

In thin film devices such as light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells and field-effect transistors, the processes of charge injection, charge transport, charge recombination, separation and collection are critical to performance. Most of these processes are relevant to nanoscale metal and metal oxide electrode–organic material interfacial phenomena. In this report we present a unique method for creating tailored one-dimensional nanostructured silver, tin and/or zinc substituted indium oxide electrode structures over large areas. The method allows production of high aspect ratio nanoscale structures with feature sizes below 100 nm and a large range of dimensional tunability. We observed that both the electronic and optical properties of these electrodes are closely correlated to the nanostructure dimensions and can be easily tuned by control of the feature size. Surface area enhancement accurately describes the conductivity studies, while nanostructure dependent optical properties highlight the quasi-plasmonic nature of the electrodes. Optimization of the nanostructured electrode transparency and conductivity for specific opto-electronic systems is expected to provide improvement in device performance.
“You Have to Cut it off at the Knee”: Dangerous Masculinity and Security inside a Men’s Prison

This article focuses on the prison as a gendered organization and examines the consequences for treating the male prisoner as the generic prisoner. In order to simplify security protocols and manag...
Synapses: Sites of Cell Recognition, Adhesion, and Functional Specification

AbstractSynapses are specialized adhesive contacts characteristic of many types of cell-cell interactions involving neurons, immune cells, epithelial cells, and even pathogens and host cells. Cell-cell adhesion is mediated by structurally diverse classes of cell-surface glycoproteins, which form homophilic or heterophilic interactions across the intercellular space. Adhesion proteins bind to a cytoplasmic network of scaffolding proteins, regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, and signal transduction pathways that control the structural and functional organization of synapses. The themes of this review are to compare the organization of synapses in different cell types and to understand how different classes of cell adhesion proteins and cytoplasmic protein networks specify the assembly of functionally distinct synapses in different cell contexts.
Relationship orientation, jealousy, and equity: An examination of jealousy evoking and positive communicative responses

The intentional evoking of jealousy has received little attention in interpersonal research, yet eliciting jealousy in another may perform critical functions in relationships such as meeting personal needs and relational goals. The purposes of these two studies were to examine how evoking jealousy may be used as a communicative strategy in relationships, and to develop the Evoking Jealousy Scale. Two studies examined evoking jealousy, relationship orientation (exchange versus communal), positive responses to jealousy, and equity in relationships. Results from study one indicated both exchange oriented and communal oriented individuals make attempts to evoke jealousy from their partners. Results from study two indicate the only variable in this study related to the active strategy of evoking jealousy was being exchange oriented. Feelings of equity, being overbenefited, and communal orientation each were related to positive responses to feeling jealous. The Evoking Jealousy Scale was developed and tested in...
Developmental Expression of Interstitial Collagen Genes In Fetal Bladders

AbstractBovine bladders at 3 stages during fetal development were examined for expression of collagens by immunohistochemistry as well as by measurement of steady state mRNA levels. Expression of type I and type III collagens during the fetal period was compared with that of adult cows as well as young animal (heifer). Each bladder was separated into a detrusor and a urothelial-lamina propria sample which were then analyzed separately. Distribution and fiber arrangement of types I and III collagens were different depending upon the region of the bladder wall examined. Type III collagen, in particular, has a “coiled” appearance which is especially prominent within the lamina propria. Collagen gene expression showed a distinctive pattern which was different for both type I and type III collagen. While type I collagen gene expression peaked during the late second to early third trimester, type III collagen expression progressively decreased throughout the fetal period. In addition, expression of both collage...
Case-Based Reasoning Tomorrow: Provenance, the Web, and Cases in the Future of Intelligent Information Processing

The World Wide Web and grid computing provide new opportunities and challenges for artificial intelligence. This talk examines how case-based reasoning can respond to these challenges by leveraging large-scale information sources. It highlights opportunities for exploiting naturally arising cases and augmenting them with additional open sources, to enable robust support for human reasoning. It illustrates with examples from current research, focusing especially on how CBR can leverage frameworks being developed in burgeoning research activity in provenance capture and storage.
A class of variational strain‐localization finite elements

We present a class of finite elements for capturing sub-grid localization processes such as shear bands and void sheets. The elements take the form of a double surface and deform in accordance with an arbitrary constitutive law. In particular they allow for the development of displacement and velocity jumps across volume element boundaries. The thickness of the localized zone is set by an additional field variable which is determined variationally. The localization elements are inserted, and become active, only when localized deformations become energetically favourable. The implementation presented in this work is three-dimensional and allows for finite deformations. The versatility and predictive ability of the method are demonstrated through a simple shear test and the simulation of the dynamic impact of a pre-notched C300 steel sample by a steel projectile.
Advances in Power Conversion and Drives for Shipboard Systems

This paper presents some of the key advances in power electronics pertaining to shipboard electric power system applications. The focus is on the emerging wide bandgap semiconductor devices, i.e., silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) devices, and their potential impact on future shipboard power conversion and drives. Their benefits on power converter efficiency and power density are explained through a case study of a medium-voltage (MV) class motor drive system. SiC and GaN also enable new applications, including solid-state transformers, while posing new design and application challenges such as gate drive, protection, and interaction with loads. In addition to device related topics, this paper also overviews other important advances in power electronics, including topology, control, passive components, thermal management, filters, and packaging. The significance of power electronics building blocks (PEBBs) concept for shipboard power system development is discussed. Recognizing the growing complexity of shipboard power systems, some system-level technologies related to future MV direct current (dc) system architecture are highlighted.
Flight-Test Evaluation of Flutter Prediction Methods

Several methods have been formulated to predict the onset of e utter during e ight testing. These methods have been demonstrated using data from simulations; however, a rigorous evaluation that includes data from e ight testing must be performed. The ability of several methods to predict the onset of e utter by analyzing data from e ight tests of the aerostructures test wing is evaluated. The evaluated methods include data-based approaches that use damping extrapolation, an envelope function, the Zimmerman‐ Weissenburger e utter margin, and a discretetime autoregressive moving-average model. Also, a model-based approach that uses the π-method e utterometer is evaluated. The data-based methods are demonstrated to be unable to predict e utter accurately using data from low-speed test points, but converge to the accurate solution as airspeed is increased. Conversely, the e utterometer isdemonstrated tobeimmediatelyconservativeusing data from low-speed testpoints,butthesepredictionsremain conservative and do not converge to the true e utter speed as the envelope is expanded. The operation of a e ight test should note theproperties of each method to perhaps adjust test points based on the predicted e utter margins.
New member of the herpesvirus group isolated from wild cottontail rabbits.

A viral agent has been isolated from naturally infected wild cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). The virus appears to have the general physical, chemical, and biological properties of the herpesvirus group. It differs significantly in host range and antigenic structure from the previously recognized herpesviruses and is proposed as a new member of this group of viruses. The name of Herpesvirus sylvilagus is suggested for the agent. Images
Evaluating the indirect effect of self-compassion on binge eating severity through cognitive-affective self-regulatory pathways.

Abstract Current theory and evidence point to disruptions in self-concept and difficulties with emotion regulation as contributing to the severity of binge eating. Alternatively, contemporary perspectives on self-compassion suggest that individual differences in this adaptive approach to self-regulation may serve to counteract these cognitive–affective triggers presumably resulting in reductions in binge eating severity. Accordingly, the present cross-sectional analysis examined an indirect effect model of positive dimensions of self-compassion on binge eating severity through both emotional tolerance and unconditional self-acceptance pathways. Two hundred fifteen undergraduate students (78% female) completed self-report measures of the variables of interest; BMI was calculated from self-reported heights and weights. Pearson's correlations revealed a positive linear association between self-compassion and unconditional self-acceptance; negative links were observed between self-compassion and emotional intolerance along with the severity of binge eating symptoms. A subsequent multiple mediator analysis utilizing both normal test theory and robust non-parametric bootstrap resampling procedures confirmed the presence of a significant total indirect effect of self-compassion on binge eating severity (− .15, p
Time: A New Research Lens

The article discusses the issue of time as it pertains to organizational research. The author believes that looking at research in terms of time is a powerful tool in assessing organizational phenomena. According to the author, temporal research allows researchers to gain more perspective when looking at organizational issues such as decision making, group performance and organizational transformation. The author notes that the field of temporal research is translated into concepts including pacing, timing and sequencing.
Small molecule screen reveals regulation of survival motor neuron protein abundance by Ras proteins.

Small molecule modulators of protein activity have proven invaluable in the study of protein function and regulation. While inhibitors of protein activity are relatively common, small molecules that can increase protein abundance are rare. Small molecule protein upregulators with targeted activities would be of value in the study of the mechanisms underlying loss-of-function diseases. We developed a high-throughput screening approach to identify small molecule upregulators of the Survival of Motor Neuron protein (SMN), whose decreased levels cause the neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). We screened 69,189 compounds for SMN upregulators and performed mechanistic studies on the most active compound, a bromobenzophenone analogue designated cuspin-1. Mechanistic studies of cuspin-1 revealed that increasing Ras signaling upregulates SMN protein abundance via an increase in translation rate. These findings suggest that controlled modulation of the Ras signaling pathway may benefit patients ...
To Learn or Not do Learn

Multiagent systems in which agents interact with each other are now being proposed as a solution to many problems which can be grouped together under the “distributed problem solving” umbrella. For such systems to work properly, it is necessary that agents learn from their environment and adapt their behaviour accordingly. In this paper we present a system which uses a combination of neuro-fuzzy learning and static adaptation to coordinate the activity of multiple agents. An epistemic utility based formulation is used to automatically generate the exemplars for learning, making the process unsupervised. The system has been developed in the context of a scientific computing scenario.
DISCUSSION: ALTMAN AND SAUNDERS ON RELATIVE CREDIT RISK &: CAREY ON ABSOLUTE CREDIT RISK

Each of these excellent papers makes imaginative use of data reflecting actual credit loss experience to illuminate different features of the Basel Committee’s new proposal for risk-adjusted capital requirements (Basel II). Altman and Saunders (A&S, 2002) use default data on publicly traded bonds to investigate the relative risk weights for credit risk. Carey (2002) uses similar data over historical credit cycles to calibrate a model that can gauge whether absolute level of capital requirements is appropriate. I will review each contribution in turn and conclude with some additional questions about the new Basel proposal. But first, a bit of background about how international capital requirements have evolved.
Model Networks of End-Linked Polydimethylsiloxane Chains. X. Bimodal Networks Prepared in Two-Stage Reactions Designed to Give High Spatial Heterogeneity

Abstract End-linking mixtures of very short and relatively long polydimethylsiloxane chains with a multi-functional alkoxy silane yields model elastomeric networks having a bimodal chain length distributions, and earlier studies have shown that this compositional heterogeneity increases the ultimate properties of the networks. The present investigation focuses on possible additional effects of the spatial heterogeneity introduced by the prereaction of some of the very short chains into tightly crosslinked domains. Increasing the extent of prereaction did not give any significant increases in modulus or ultimate strength. Thus, it is indicated that the unusual ultimate properties of bimodal networks are due to limited chain extensibilities, rather than to reinforcing effects.
The Impact of Incongruous Lake Temperatures on Regional Climate Extremes Downscaled from the CMIP5 Archive Using the WRF Model

AbstractThe impact of incongruous lake temperatures is demonstrated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to downscale global climate fields. Unrealistic lake temperatures prescribed by the default WRF configuration cause obvious biases near the lakes and also affect predicted extremes hundreds of kilometers from the lakes, especially during winter. Using these default temperatures for the Great Lakes in winter creates a thermally induced wave in the modeled monthly average sea level pressure field, which reaches southern Florida. Differences of more than 0.5 K in monthly average daily maximum 2-m temperature occur along that wave during winter. Noteworthy changes to temperature variability, precipitation, and mesoscale circulation also occur when the default method is used for downscaling. Consequently, improperly setting lake temperatures for downscaling could result in misinterpreting changes in regional climate and adversely affect applications reliant on downscaled data, even in area...
Alteration of Maize Kernel Phytic Acid Levels by Recurrent Selection for Protein and Oil

Eighty-three generations of divergent selection for maize kernel protein concentration resulted in a twofold divergence in the concentration of kernel phytic acid (myoinositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate), revealing a positive and quantitative relationship between selection for kernel protein and the level of phytic acid
Reaction Path Force Matching: A New Strategy of Fitting Specific Reaction Parameters for Semiempirical Methods in Combined QM/MM Simulations.

We present a general strategy of reparametrizing semiempirical (SE) methods against ab initio (AI) methods for combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) simulations of specific chemical reactions in condensed phases. The resulting approach, designated Reaction Path Force Matching (RP-FM), features cycles of sampling configurations along a reaction path on an efficient SE/MM potential energy surface (PES) and adjusting specific reaction parameters (SRPs) in the SE method such that the atomic forces computed at the target AI/MM level are reproduced. Iterative applications of the RP-FM cycle make possible achieving the accuracy of AI/MM simulations without explicitly sampling the computationally expensive AI/MM PES. The bypassed sampling, nevertheless, is implicitly accomplished through the aid of the efficient SE-SRP/MM PES, on which the target-level reaction path is expected to be obtained upon convergence. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the RP-FM procedure for a symmetric proton tr...
Creative Interactivity: Customizing and Creating Game Content

This chapter conceptualizes the customization and creation of game content as a particularly creative dimension of video game interactivity. It describes how game customization and co-creation of video game content contribute to entertainment experiences.
Perfluoroalkyl substance serum concentrations and immune response to FluMist vaccination among healthy adults

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were shown to be immunotoxic in laboratory animals. There is some epidemiological evidence that PFAS exposure is inversely associated with vaccine-induced antibody concentration. We examined immune response to vaccination with FluMist intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine in relation to four PFAS (perfluorooctanoate, perfluorononanoate, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate) serum concentrations among 78 healthy adults vaccinated during the 2010-2011 influenza season. We measured anti-A H1N1 antibody response and cytokine and chemokine concentrations in serum pre-vaccination, 3 days post-vaccination, and 30 days post-vaccination. We measured cytokine, chemokine, and mucosal IgA concentration in nasal secretions 3 days post-vaccination and 30 days post-vaccination. Adults with higher PFAS concentrations were more likely to seroconvert after FluMist vaccination as compared to adults with lower PFAS concentrations. The associations, however, were imprecise and few participants seroconverted as measured either by hemagglutination inhibition (9%) or immunohistochemical staining (25%). We observed no readily discernable or consistent pattern between PFAS concentration and baseline cytokine, chemokine, or mucosal IgA concentration, or between PFAS concentration and change in these immune markers between baseline and FluMist-response states. The results of this study do not support a reduced immune response to FluMist vaccination among healthy adults in relation to serum PFAS concentration. Given the study's many limitations, however, it does not rule out impaired vaccine response to other vaccines or vaccine components in either children or adults.
A Preliminary Study Examining Relationships Between Nano-Patterns and Software Security Vulnerabilities

Software security plays a significant role in ensuring software quality. The goal of this study is to conduct a preliminary analysis to find hidden relationships between source code patterns and security defects. We describe a study in which we focus on evaluating software security using nano-patterns to reduce security risks during the development lifecycle. Nano-patterns are simple properties of Java methods. In our research, we investigate the correlation between software vulnerabilities and nano-patterns using data mining techniques. Identifying these relationships can assist developers to quickly assess the likelihood that they are writing vulnerable code and recommend tests to uncover the vulnerability. The goal of this research is to reduce the amount of vulnerable code developers write. We successfully apply data mining techniques to identify vulnerable code characteristics and apply hypothesis testing to validate the findings. This preliminary study shows that certain nano-patterns localReader, jdkClient, tailCaller are significantly present in vulnerable methods. These findings can be used to recommend security test patterns to improve vulnerability testing and reduce the number of vulnerabilities in released code.