cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature, function, and performance of indirect discourse in prose fiction

Indirect discourse is one style of address used by narrators of prose fiction to condition the reader's response to characters. Through this mode of speech, thoughts and conversations are rendered through circuitous rather than direct means, and both narrative and character points of view are represented simultaneously. This paper discusses what the oral interpreter discovers about the nature, functions, and effects of two basic types of indirect discourse (indirect speech and free indirect speech) during his voicing of the literary text and suggests ways in which the interpreter can reflect the characteristics of indirect discourse during solo and group performance.
The ratio of human X chromosome to autosome diversity is positively correlated with genetic distance from genes

The ratio of X-linked to autosomal diversity was estimated from an analysis of six human genome sequences and found to deviate from the expected value of 0.75. However, the direction of this deviation depends on whether a particular sequence is close to or far from the nearest gene. This pattern may be explained by stronger locally acting selection on X-linked genes compared with autosomal genes, combined with larger effective population sizes for females than for males.
Potassium currents in rat colonic smooth muscle cells and changes during development and aging.

In a previous study on freshly isolated single smooth muscle cells from the circular layer of the rat distal colon, we reported that the L-type Ca2+ current density increased during development and gradually declined with further aging [ZI Xiong, N Sperelakis, N Noffsinger, C Fenoglio-Preiser (1993) Am J Physiol 265: C617–C625]. Since K+ current plays a key role in controlling excitability of the cells and hence the motility of the colon, in the present study the voltage-gated K+ channel currents, (I K) were investigated using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique in colonic myocytes from rats of different ages. A Ca2+-sensitive K+ current [I K(Ca)] and two kinds of Ca2+-insensitive outward K+ currents were identified and characterized. I K(Ca) was recorded at potentials more positive than −40 mV in Ca2+-containing bath solution, and was blocked by Ca2+ channel antagonists and tetraethylammonium ion (TEA+). After removing Ca2+ from the bath solution and using a high ethylenebis(oxonitrilo)tetraacetate (EGTA, 4 mM) concentration in the pipette, two types of Ca2+-insensitive I K were recorded. The first and faster component was usually activated at potentials more positive than −50 mV, and was more sensitive to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). In contrast, the second and slower (delayed) component was activated at potentials more positive than −30 mV, and was more sensitive to TEA. The total density of the Ca2+-insensitive I K component decreased dramatically during the neonatal period: from 32.2±3.2 pA/pF in 3-day-old rats to 17.8±2.6 pA/pF in 40-day-old rats; there was no further decline during aging (up to 480 days). This total I K decline was due primarily to a decline in the 4-AP-sensitive component; the TEA-sensitive component remained unchanged at all ages. The possible physiological implications of the decline in density of the 4-AP-sensitive I K component during neonatal development are discussed.
The treatment of the positional plagiocephaly with a new thermoplastic orthotic device

Abstract Introduction. An increasing number of infants presenting with posterior cranial asymmetry are referred to the paediatric neurosurgeon for clinical evaluation. Most of these cranial dysmorphisms cannot be due to lambdoidal sinostosis, since they originate from pre- (intrauterine constraint) or postnatal (prematurity, torticollis, sleeping position) predisposing factors that have deformed the cranial vault. In the literature there is broad consensus about the conservative management of this nonsynostotic plagiocephaly by means of "positional therapy" or "orthoplasty moulding" with cranial helmets or bands. Some reports can be found about the effectiveness of so-called dynamic orthotic cranioplasty (DOC) to improve the cranial asymmetry. Technical note. In order to simplify the manufacturing procedure and improve the modulation of the corrective forces, we have designed a new orthotic device (thermoplastic orthotic device, TOD) using thermoplastic materials that can be moulded directly on the infant's head. Conclusion. With this technique it is no longer necessary to take any cranial impressions and the orthotic device can be easily remodelled, ensuring perfect adaptability of the device to the cranial vault throughout the entire treatment. Moreover, the superior flexibility of this orthosis allows modulation of the corrective forces.
Dielectric properties of zinc oxide/low density polyethylene nanocomposites

ZnO/low density polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites with either homogeneous or controlled inhomogeneous dispersions of ZnO nanoparticles were prepared. The dielectric constants of the composites with filler concentrations up to 40 vol.% were measured and compared with the dielectric constants of conventional submicron size ZnO filled LDPE composite. The filler particles were coated with silane coupling agents and mixed with LDPE to take advantage of the high surface area of nanoparticles for the introduction of high dipole moment molecules to the composite. The effect of filler distribution on the dielectric constant was also examined and the observed differences are attributed to the differences in the two kinds of interfaces present: one formed between the touching ZnO particles and the other formed between LDPE and ZnO.
Nutritional factors affecting nitrate accumulation in spinach

Abstract Moderate deficiencies of P, K, Ca, and Mg had no effect on nitrate accumulation in Spinaoea oleracea cv. America, a savoyed‐leaf type of spinach. Nitrogen supply had a marked effect on nitrate concentration in spinach leaves, but deficiencies of the other nutrients did not interact with N deficiency. Length of exposure of plants to nitrate nutrition was an important factor governing nitrate accumulation in the leaves.
Speed of convergence for estimators of finite translation mixture distributions

A suitably tapered Fourier transform is used to obtain a simple and explicit construction of estimators for the c.d.f.'s of finite translation mixtures. An a.s. speed of L 1-convergence is derived for these c.d.f.'s which corroborates the lower bound for such rates recently derived in Chen (1995) for arbitrary mixtures. In the translation case the rates are determined by the tail behavior of theFourier transform of the kernel of the given location family, i.e., by the degree of ill-posedness of the mixture problem.
Accuracy of Electronic Health Record-Derived Data for the Identification of Incident ADHD.

Objective: To assess the accuracy of electronic health record (EHR)–derived diagnoses in identifying children with incident (i.e., newly diagnosed) ADHD. Method: In 10 large health care organizations, electronic diagnoses data were used to identify all potential cases of incident ADHD among 3- through 9-year-old children. A random sample of records was manually reviewed to determine whether a diagnosis of ADHD was documented in clinician notes. Results: From electronic diagnoses data, a total of 7,362 children with incident ADHD were identified. Upon manual review of 500 records, the diagnosis of incident ADHD was confirmed in clinician notes for 71.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [56.5, 86.4]) of records for 3- through 5-year-old children and 73.6% (95% CI = [65.6, 81.6]) of records for 6- through 9-year-old children. Conclusion: Studies predicated on the identification of incident ADHD cases will need to carefully consider study designs that minimize the likelihood of case misclassification.
Reviving a dead enzyme: cytosine deaminations promoted by an inactive DNA methyltransferase and an S-adenosylmethionine analogue.

The enzymes that transfer a methyl group to C5 of cytosine within specific sequences (C5 Mtases) deaminate the target cytosine to uracil if the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is omitted from the reaction. Recently, it was shown that cytosine deamination caused by C5 Mtases M.HpaII, M.SssI and M.MspI is enhanced in the presence of several analogues of SAM, and a mechanism for this analogue-promoted deamination was proposed. According to this mechanism, the analogues protonate C5 of the target cytosine, creating a dihydrocytosine intermediate that is susceptible to deamination. We show here that one of these analogues, 5'-aminoadenosine (AA), enhances cytosine deamination by the Mtase M. EcoRII, but it does so without enhancing protonation of C5. Further, we show that uracil is an intermediate in the mutational pathway and propose an alternate mechanism for the analogue-promoted deamination. The new mechanism involves a facilitated water attack at C4 but does not require attack at C6 by the enzyme. The latter feature of the mechanism was tested by using M.EcoRII mutants defective in the nucleophilic attack at C6 in the deamination assay. We find that although these proteins are defective in methyl transfer and cytosine deamination, they cause cytosine deaminations in the presence of AA in the reaction. Our results point to a possible connection between the catalytic mechanism of C5 Mtases and of enzymes that transfer methyl groups to N(4) of cytosine. Further, they provide an unusual example where a coenzyme activates an otherwise "dead" enzyme to perform catalysis by a new reaction pathway.
Ionization of Molecular Hydrogen

A general model, based on a theoretically calculated ionization oscillator strength and an experimentally determined excitation shape function, has been obtained for calculating the molecular hydrogen electron-impact ionization cross section of a transition between any discrete vibrational levels of the neutral X 1Σ state and ionic X 2Σ state. Specifically, the excitation shape function and ionization oscillator strength for transitions from the vi = 0 level of the X 1Σ neutral state to the discrete levels of the X 2Σ ionic state are derived from analyzing several experimental measurements. The derived oscillator strength is found to be consistent with the 1994 photoabsorption measurements of Samson & Haddad and the 1977 theoretical cross sections of Flannery and coworkers. The derived excitation function, along with the oscillator strengths for transitions involving the vi > 0 level calculated from the data of Flannery and coworkers, permits an accurate calculation of the nondissociative cross sections of H2 between any discrete vibrational levels over a wide energy range.
OCULAR MOTOR ABNORMALITIES IN HEREDITARY CEREBELLAR ATAXIA

Twelve members of a family with hereditary cerebellar ataxia of late onset were examined and, in 5, quantitative recording of eye movements were obtained. The initial and most severe symptom in all patients was ataxia of gait, followed by dysarthria and later by dysmetria of the limbs. Clinical examination did not reveal involvement of structures other than the cerebellum. Ocular motor examination showed: (1) inability to hold eccentric gaze resulting in gaze-paretic nystagmus; (2) downward beating nystagmus, accentuated on lateral gaze; (3) defective smooth pursuit, with relative preservation of optokinetic nystagmus induced by full-field stimulation; (4) rebound nystagmus; (5) enhanced gain (eye velocity/head velocity) of the vestibulo-ocular reflex during rotation in darkness; (6) decreased ability to suppress the vestibulo-ocular reflex during fixation of an object rotating with the patient; (7) saccadic dysmetria, especially downward overshoot; and (8) square wave-jerks. Although each of these signs can probably occur with lesions elsewhere in the brain, in combination they are highly suggestive of cerebellar involvement. With the reservation that we do not yet have pathological confirmation of the location of our patients' lesions, our results support the suggestion that the cerebellum specifically: (1) helps maintain eccentric gaze; (2) produces smooth pursuit eye movements; and (3) modulates the amplitude of saccadic eye movements. Many of the characteristics of the altered vestibulo-ocular responses and rebound nystagmus could be explained by the underlying anomaly in the smooth pursuit system.
A Separable Median Filter for Image Noise Smoothing

This paper investigates some properties of the separable filter resulting from successive applications of a one-dimensional median filter on the rows and columns of an image. Although the output of this separable filter is not identical to the corresponding nonseparable two-dimensional median filter with a square window, its performance in image noise smoothing is close. In particular, its effectiveness in smoothing noise and its behavior with edges are characterized and compared with those of the two-dimensional median filter. It is shown that the separable filter has a much simpler implementation in real-time hardware (at video rates, for example).
An example of O2 binding in a cobalt(II) corrole system and high-valent cobalt-cyano and cobalt-alkynyl complexes.

The novel cobalt corrolazine (Cz) complexes (TBP)(8)CzCoCN (1) and (TBP)(8)CzCo(CCSiPh(3)) (2) have been synthesized and examined in light of the recent intense interest regarding the role of corrole ligands in stabilizing high oxidation states. In the case of 2, the molecular structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography, revealing a short Co[bond]C distance of 1.831(4) A and an intermolecular pi-stacking interaction between Cz ring planes, and this structure has been analyzed in regards to the electronic configuration. By a combination of spectroscopic techniques it has been shown that 1 is best described as a cobalt(III)[bond]pi-cation-radical complex, whereas 2 is likely best represented as the resonance hybrid (Cz)Co(IV)(CCSiPh(3)) (Cz+*)Co(III)(CCSiPh(3)). The reduced cobalt(II) complex, [(TBP)(8)CzCo(II)(py)](-), has been generated in situ and shown to bind dioxygen at low temperature to give [(TBP)(8)CzCo(III)(py)(O(2))](-). For the reduced complex [(TBP)(8)CzCo(II)(py)](-), the EPR spectrum in frozen solution is indicative of a low-spin cobalt(II) complex with a d(z)2 ground state. Exposure of [(TBP)(8)CzCo(II)(py)](-) to O(2) leads to the reversible formation of the cobalt(III)-superoxo complex [(TBP)(8)CzCo(III)(py)(O(2))](-), which has been characterized by EPR spectroscopy. VT-EPR measurements show that the dioxygen adduct is stable up to T approximately 240 K. This work is the first observation, to our knowledge, of O(2) binding to a cobalt(II) corrole.
Mental Health Performance Measurement in Corrections

Correctional facilities have become, by default, one of the largest providers of mental health care for patients with serious mental illness. In its 2002 Report to Congress, the National Commission on Correctional Health Care has reported that most facilities do not provide quality mental health care, nor do they conform to nationally accepted guidelines for mental health screening and treatment. This article describes the product of a consensus panel of correctional health care experts, charged to develop performance measures, based on nationally accepted standards, for selected elements of psychiatric treatment behind bars, aimed to improve the quality of care. Performance measures were developed for medication adherence, suicide prevention, mental health treatment planning, and sleep medication usage.
Super-Resolution Imaging of Live Anaerobic Bacteria: Assembly and Dynamics of the B. Theta Starch Utilization System

The human gut hosts trillions of bacteria that directly influence human health. The majority of these gut microbiota play an important role in nutrition by metabolizing host-indigestible complex glycans into short-chain fatty acids. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt), a prominent bacterial symbiont in the distal gut, metabolizes over a dozen complex glycans using membrane-associated protein complexes. The Starch Utilization System (Sus) is the first recognized multi-protein complex in Bt cells that is essential for growth on starch. Bt-Sus uses eight proteins (SusRABCDEFG) to process starch; though, only SusD and SusG are vital for cellular proliferation in the presence of starch. SusCDEFG localize in the outer membrane and likely form a complex to facilitate starch binding, degradation and import. However, conventional biochemical methods have been unable to completely reveal the assembly and dynamics of these proteins in response to starch. We have applied single-molecule super-resolution imaging to characterize the Sus complex response to different sugars in live Bt cells under anaerobic conditions. HaloTag-labeled SusG was tracked concurrently with other fluorescent antibody-labeled Sus proteins. Our initial protein correlation studies demonstrated that simple sugars such as glucose or maltose do not induce Sus complex assembly. On the other hand, incubation of Bt cells with amylopectin, a constituent of starch, enhanced the colocalization of Sus proteins suggesting starch-mediated assembly of the Sus complex. Furthermore, we have used single-molecule tracking experiments to quantify Sus protein movement in the presence and absence of starch in live cells. We have discovered two distinct modes of SusG: a diffusing population and a stationary population. This latter group is mainly observed for cells on amylose-coated beads and is consistent with starch-bound SusG.
Ecosystem modeling and analysis: a tutorial

The ecosystem, within which a software product line resides, is a network of organizations producing and consuming software assets and the linkages among those assets. The complexity of the relationships among the elements in the ecosystem requires analytic techniques to predict the effects of strategic decisions on the network of suppliers, buyers, collaborators, and ecosystem. The STRategic Ecosystem Analysis Method (STREAM) guides the collection of data and structures a model that can be queried.
Budgeting in Historical and Comparative Perspective

The researcher who wishes to say something meaningful about budgeting must avoid the twin pitfalls of assuming that budget functions may be prescribed in identical and unchanging terms whatever the context, or of losing himself or herself in a morass of bewildering and idiosyncratic detail of scant interest beyond the moment. Aaron Wildavsky steered between these two traps by generating theories relating budgeting to time and place—from ideas, politics, economics, and social milieus. The Politics of the Budgetary Process appeared in 1964, and its appeal lay in its transformation from a restricted, somewhat technical study into a much broader inquiry into the reality of how budgeting was actually conducted. He expanded the conventional boundaries of discussion of public budgeting by expanding the functions of the budget. As an all-encompassing general theory, which would enable comparisons across time and space, Budgeting failed to measure up.
Numerical simulation of a coal-fuelled compression-ignition engine

Abstract A numerical simulation of a coal-fuelled, reciprocating, internal combustion engine was developed and was used to: 1. (1) investigate the details of the combustion process; 2. (2) identify process controlling phenomena; 3. (3) evaluate the engine performance characteristics with a coal fuel; and 4. (4) establish directions for future coalfuelled engine research. The simulation utilized models for coal particle combustion and devolatilization, liquid droplet vaporization, fuel vapour combustion, cylinder heat transfer and mass flow rates through intake and exhaust valves. Results from the simulation showed that the cylinder conditions at the point of fuel injection were important parameters that could significantly affect the ignition and combustion characteristics of the fuel. Cylinder conditions could be such that misfire in the engine would occur. For the engine conditions studied, the ignition delay time for the coal fuels were longer than those for diesel fuel. Once ignited, the coal fuel exhibited good combustion characteristics with relatively short combustion durations. The combustion process was primarily mixing limited, although the coal fuel exhibited a longer kinetic burning period than the diesel fuel. At the engine operating conditions investigated, the overall engine performance was similar for coal and diesel fuels.
Restricted range polynomial interpolation

Let f be a real-valued continuous function with 0≤f(x)≤1 for all x in [0,1]. We show that, for each positive integer n, there is a polynomial p of degree ≤n that interpolates f at n+1 distinct points in [0,1], and such that 0≤p(x)1 for all x in [0,1]. (For certain f there is a restriction on the parity of n.). We use a perturbation of p*, the best restricted range approximation to f in the uniform norm on [0,1], combined with an alternation theorem. It follows easily that if f is differentiable on (0,1), then p* is a Hermite interpolant to f
Nitrogen atom recombination on surfaces

Abstract The efficiencies with which platinum, lithium chloride and lead monoxide surfaces catalyse the recombination of nitrogen atoms were determined. Energy due to nitrogen atom recombination was measured using commercial glass-bead thermistors placed in the stream of nitrogen atoms. Thermistors were coated with each of the test materials by vacuum evaporation. In addition, lithium chloride was coated on a thermistor by crystallization from a saturated solution. The total number of nitrogen atoms reaching the vicinity of the thermistor probes was determined by a gas titration using the reaction of nitrogen atoms with nitric oxide. The atoms were generated in a 1 in, diameter quartz tube by an electrodeless discharge at a pressure of 0·3 mm of mercury. The discharge was produced with a 125 W microwave diathermy generator, which has a frequency of 2450 Mc/sec. Of the three test surface materials, lead monoxide was the best catalyst. Platinum was found to poison upon standing; however, several hours of atom bombardment would “clean up” this poisoning. Slightly more than 1 hr of atom bombardment of the lithium chloride surface was needed to remove water and to obtain a constant recombination coefficient. The results obtained are compared with those reported for oxygen in the recent literature.
Influence of pH, Salinity, Calcium, and Ammonia Source on Acute Ammonia Toxicity to Golden Shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas

Holding fish at elevated densities with limited water exchange can produce situations where ammonia concentrations are acutely elevated. Ammonia accumulation is considered a major density-limiting factor during transport and holding of golden shiners, Notemigonus crysoleucas, but unionized ammonia (UIA) toxicity to golden shiners has not been studied in detail. Studies were undertaken to examine 48- and 72-h UIA toxicity to golden shiners in response to ammonia source, pH, calcium concentration, and salinity. Shiners were exposed to geometrically increasing increments of UIA under selective environmental conditions, and monitored for mortality within 48 and 72 h. Probit regression was used to calculate median and 1% lethal concentrations of UIA to golden shiners. No difference in toxicity of ammonium chloride salt or aqueous ammonia hydroxide to golden shiners was found. UIA toxicity to golden shiners was much greater than previously reported, and increased as pH increased (72-h LC50: 1.26 mg/L UIA at pH 7; 0.75 mg/L UIA at pH 8; 0.71 mg/L UIA at pH 9). An increase in environmental calcium (75 mg/L) decreased the toxicity of UIA to shiners by 21.7% at pH 8, whereas salinity had no effect on UIA toxicity. To limit golden shiner losses caused by UIA toxicity, calcium chloride should be added to water sources that contain <100 mg/L hardness, and vats and holding tanks should be flushed if UIA concentrations approach 0.13 (pH 7), 0.11 (pH 8), or 0.10 (pH 9) mg/L at 48 h or 0.12 (pH 7), 0.08 (pH 8), or 0.07 (pH 9) mg/L after 72 h.
Identification of N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase as the enzyme involved in the 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate-dependent formation of a β-carboline derivative of 5-hydroxytryptamine in human platelets

Abstract An enzyme in human platelets or rat brain incubated with 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (5MeH 4 folate) yields formaldehyde (4, 13), which will combine with biogenic amines to form β-carbolines (5) or tetrahydroisoquinolines. This activity was purified 500-fold from human platelets which are the main storage site for 5-hydroxytryptamine in man. This enzyme was identical to N 5 , N 10 -methylene tetrahydrofolate ( N 5 , N 10 -methylene H 4 folate) reductase by the following criteria: (i) co-purification, (ii) heat denaturation, (iii) pH response, (iv) molecular weight, (5) cofactor requirements. A mechanism involving the enzymatic generation of formaldehyde followed by adduct formation with a biogenic amine is proposed.
Genotype and Environment Influence on Protein Components of Soybean

The quality of some soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] food products has been associated with the content of some components of the protein fraction of the seed. The objective of this study was to determine the role of genotype, environment, and genotype x environment interactions on the components of β-conglycinin (βc) and glycinin (G). The traits were measured on 14 cultivars of Maturity Group II grown in three replications at each of eight locations throughout Iowa in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Cultivars were significantly different for all traits, except the A 3 subunit of G. No significant interactions were found for cultivars with years or locations for βc, G, or the G/βc ratio, which indicated that the relative performance of cultivars across environments was consistent. No significant differences were expressed among years or locations for βc, G, and the G/βc ratio; however, there were significant differences for the three traits among the 24 environments. There was a significant phenotypic correlation of -0.92 between the βc and G contents of the 14 cultivars averaged across environments, but no significant correlations of pc, G, or the G/βe ratio with protein and oil content. It should be possible to breed for desired levels of the protein components in a cultivar development program and to select among cultivars for the traits in commercial grain production.
Visibility That Demystifies: Gays, Gender, and Sex on Television

A content analysis of 98 episodes of primetime entertainment programs on commercial broadcast and cable television stations from the 2005–2006 season showed that gay characters on television were more likely to be shown in sexual situations than straight characters, and women were more likely to be shown in same-sex sexual situations than men. In addition, gay characters were more likely to be depicted as sexually active on cable television than they were on commercial broadcast television, and they were more likely to be relegated to guest star status on commercial broadcast television than on cable television. The study also showed that gay characters made up 7.5% of all the characters studied. This study discusses the implications of these findings for gay and straight audiences.
DNA alterations in tumor scrapes vs. biopsies of squamous‐cell carcinomas of the head and neck

Genetic abnormalities in SCCHNs are frequent and may be useful for screening, follow-up and prognosis. A biopsy or resection generally is utilized to identify these alterations but analysis of scraped or exfoliated tumor cells has been proposed as simpler and more versatile. It is unknown how well genetic abnormalities in scrapes reflect those in the tumor. Therefore, we compared DNA alterations in tumor scrapes obtained prior to treatment with alterations in microdissected tumor biopsies. Eight primary squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHNs) were examined at 14 loci to determine loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at sites on 3p, 9p, 11p, 11q and 17p and amplification of cyclin D1 (CCND1). All biopsies contained DNA alterations, but only 3/8 scrapes contained unequivocal abnormalities; 4/8 contained subtle alterations that could not have been definitively identified without comparison to the paired biopsies. Overall, 22 alterations were detected in the biopsies: 8/22 were found unequivocally in the scrapes; 7/22 were identifiable in scrapes only after the biopsy alterations were defined and 7/22 were absent from scrapes. One LOH in scrape, but not biopsy, DNA was found. Discrepancies between scrapes and tumors tended to increase if multiple tumor samples were examined. We conclude that DNA alterations can be detected in scrapes of SCCHNs but may inaccurately reflect the tumor's complex genetic abnormalities. This may be due to contamination of scrapes with normal cells or to genetic heterogeneity within the tumor not represented in the scrape. Although examining scrapes of SCCHNs is an attractive technique, its clinical utility may have limitations.
Metabolism of DEHP: effects of prefeeding and dose variation, and comparative studies in rodents and the cynomolgus monkey (CMA studies).

AbstractThe studies reviewed in this article were carried out for the Chemical Manufacturers Association Phthalate Esters Panel in response to a number of questions raised by the National Toxicology Program Bioassay on DEHP [1]. They have been discussed previously in part [2, 3]. The experimental work was performed by Arthur D. Little Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, and by the British Industries Biological Research Carshalton, Surrey, United Kingdom. The studies were supervised for the Chemical Manufacturers Phthalate Esters Panel by the author and Eugene D. Barber (Eastman Kodak Company), Arthur Lington (Exxon Corporation), Ann Mulholland (Ethyl Corporation), Elizabeth J. Moran (Chemical Manufacturers Association), Ellen Robinson (Monsanto Company), and Bernard F. Schneider (U.S. Steel Corporation).
The Grüneisen constant for the hydrogen mode in the PdH system

Abstract The recently proposed three square well interaction potential model of superconductivity in conjunction with recent experimental data on the pressure dependence of Tc provides a unique prescription for calculating the Gruneisen constant for the high-frequency hydrogen mode. The alternative procedure for calculating the above Gruneisen constant based on anharmonic effects must await experimental determination of certain physical parameters of PdH.
Interrelationships Between Cardiac Effects of Ouabain, Hypocalcemia and Hyperkalemia

In dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, ventricular arrhythmias induced by ouabain were consistently reverted to sinus rhythm by acute lowering of the serum calcium. In ouabain-in-toxicated dogs, the depressed and shortened S-T segment was elevated and lengthened by induced hypocalcemia. Potassium administered concomitantly with ouabain exerted a protective effect against ouabain intoxication. Lowering of the serum calcium in animals showing moderately advanced potassium effects in their ECG precipitated acute, fatal potassium poisoning. Ouabain was capable of reversing the tachycardia and pulsus alternans due to hypocalcemia in the face of persistent hypocalcemic tetany.
Beam shapes in a three-frequency upconverter

The transverse beam shape of the signal output from a three-frequency parametric upconverter was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A Green's function approach was used to predict the near- and far-field signal profiles in an upconverter where Poynting vector walkoff is significant. The measured output beam profiles from a lithium iodate-argon intracavity upconverter agreed well with those predicted. In the near field, walkoff caused an elongation of the beam profile. In the far field, walkoff was observed to limit the angular acceptance of the upconversion process.
Influence of dentine on the pulpward release of eugenol or acids from restorative materials

The diffusion gradient which develops across dentine and the clearance into the capillary circulation at the pulpal side of the tissue both reduce the concentration of potential toxins applied to dentine, thus protecting pulpal cells. The data presented on eugenol indicates that when release of a potential toxin from a solid material is hydrolytic the limited wetness of dentine, i.e. the limited availability of water for hydrolysis, contributes to the protective effect of the tissue. The data on strong acids indicates that a third protective mechanism, buffering by hydroxyapatite, can contribute to dentine's protective effect in situations where the potential toxin is strongly acid. There may be other mechanisms by which dentine protects the pulp against chemical toxins from restorative materials. However, the three described: diffusion limitation; limited wetness for hydrolysis; and buffering by dentinal hydroxyapatite, appear to allow the relatively safe use of a wide range of tooth restorative materials.
Relativistic harmonic oscillator with spin symmetry

The eigenfunctions and eigenenergies for a Dirac Hamiltonian with equal scalar and vector harmonic oscillator potentials are derived. Equal scalar and vector potentials may be applicable to the spectrum of an antinucleon embedded in a nucleus. Triaxial, axially deformed, and spherical oscillator potentials are considered. The spectrum has a spin symmetry for all cases and, for the spherical harmonic oscillator potential, a higher symmetry analogous to the SU(3) symmetry of the nonrelativistic harmonic oscillator is discussed.
The stability of the laminar natural convection boundary layer

This paper concerns the stability characteristics of laminar natural convection in external flows. Until recently, very little was known about such stability because of the inherent complexity of temperature-coupled flows and because of the complicated mechanisms of disturbance propagation. In this work the stability of the laminar natural convection boundary layer is examined more closely in an attempt to predict the experimental results recently obtained. In particular, it is shown that an important thermal capacity coupling exists between the fluid and the wall which generates the flow. This thermal capacity coupling is shown to have a first-order effect for particular Grashof-number wave-number products. Solutions are obtained for a Prandtl number of 0·733 and several values of relative wall thermal capacity. These solutions indicate the important role of this wall coupling. In particular, the results predict the experimental data previously obtained.In addition, solutions with ‘zero wall storage’ are obtained for a range of Prandtl numbers from 0·733 to 6·9. The relative disturbance u-velocity and temperature amplitudes and their phases are shown for Pr = 0·733 and several wall-storage parameters, and for Pr = 6·9 with zero wall storage. A comparison between the disturbance temperature distribution and the data obtained from a recent experimental investigation shows close agreement when the thermal capacity of the wall is taken into account.In the appendix, it is shown that for temperature-coupled flows and wall-coupled boundary conditions the flow is unstable at a lower Grashof number for two-dimensional disturbances than it is for three-dimensional disturbances. This result has been supported by the recent experimental observations.
A Mission of Civic Engagement: Undergraduate Students Working with Nonprofit Organizations and Public Sector Agencies to Enhance Societal Wellbeing

Universities in the U.S. have been criticized for not contributing enough to the social well-being of the communities within which they operate, and business schools have been accused of failing to prepare students adequately for careers in business. These criticisms have led to increased focus on service learning, a form of experiential learning that aids students in the application of theoretical knowledge to “real-life” situations—including problems and opportunities—faced by local as well as international communities. Even though service-learning has become fairly popular in business schools throughout the U.S., there is relatively little literature that illuminates its application. Thus, the present article describes a service-learning project in a marketing research course and how this project supports the university’s mission of civic engagement. Included are also a discussion of course-specific objectives as well as learning goals, objectives, and assessments as commonly required by regional and national accreditation agencies.
Dual-pulse laser induced breakdown spectroscopy: Time-resolved transmission and spectral measurements

Abstract Spectral analysis of laser-induced plasmas for surface ablation has demonstrated the possibility of analyte signal enhancement with dual-pulse configurations as compared with traditional single-pulse LIBS. Using an orthogonal dual-pulse arrangement, measurements were performed using glass microscope slides to allow both spectral analysis as well as optical transmission measurements. Order of magnitude enhancements in Mg and Si atomic emission signal peak intensities were recorded along with similar enhancements of the continuum emission for dual-pulse LIBS as compared to single-pulse. Peak-to-base measurements showed a roughly 50% increase, while signal-to-noise ratios were enhanced by a factor of 2–3. Temporal analysis of the measured transmitted laser pulse waveforms showed no significant differences between dual-pulse and single-pulse LIBS configurations, providing additional insight into the possible laser coupling processes for the dual-pulse configuration.
Attitude Controller for the Atmospheric Entry of the Mars Science Laboratory

This paper describes the attitude controller for the atmospheric entry of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). The controller will command 8 RCS thrusters to control the 3- axis attitude of the entry capsule. The Entry Controller is formulated as three independent channels in the control frame, which is nominally aligned with the stability frame. Each channel has a feedfoward and a feedback path. The feedforward path enables fast response to large bank commands. The feedback path stabilizes the vehicle angle of attack and sideslip around its trim position, and tracks bank commands. The feedback path has a PD/D control structure with deadbands that minimizes fuel usage. The performance of this design is demonstrated via computer simulations.
Plasma parathyroid hormone during the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats

Plasma parathyroid hormone levels (pPTH) have been measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar–Kyoto controls (WKY) aged from 6 to 16 weeks to assess the possible role of PTH during the development of hypertension. Three antisera were used in the RIAs. One antiserum was directed toward the inactive C-terminal fragment of PTH, another toward the bioactive N-terrninal fragment (PTH 1–34), and a third was obtained by immunization against intact PTH 1–84. Blood pressures were measured by tail-cuff plethysmography with prewarming. Blood ionized calcium and sodium concentrations (b[Ca2+] and b[Na+]) were determined by ion-selective electrolyte analysis. No significant differences were observed between pPTH in the SHR compared with WKY during the development of hypertension. Neither were significant differences in b[Ca2+] or b[Na+] present at any age. The expected progression of hypertension in SHRs was observed and blood pressure was significantly gr...
Clinical and biochemical heterogeneity in females of a large pedigree with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency due to the R141Q mutation

A large family with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency due to mutation R141Q was ascertained through a propositus who presented with acute neonatal hyperammonemic coma. Of 13 females at risk, 11 were evaluated clinically and had laboratory studies performed. Seven were found to be heterozygous for the mutation. Of these seven, five had chronic clinical symptoms and two were asymptomatic. None of the heterozygotes had elevated plasma ammonia on random testing. Of the five symptomatic females, three had markedly elevated plasma glutamine levels on random testing, while two had levels in the upper range of normal. Plasma citrulline and arginine levels were somewhat lower in the symptomatic individuals but still within the normal range. Five heterozygotes who were tested had either spontaneous orotic aciduria or elevated orotic acid following ingestion of allopurinol, whereas one unaffected female and one unaffected male had normal allopurinol tests. A higher than expected proportion of female heterozygous for the R141Q mutation were clinically and biochemically symptomatic but remained undiagnosed for many years. Plasma glutamine determination and allopurinol testing should be performed in females who present with a combination of relatively non-specific symptoms detailed in this report.
Large a.c. motors

This review covers the range of basic large a.c. motors, comprising squirrel-cage and slip-ring induction, synchronous and a.c.-commutator motors, in the output range of 1–20/30 MW, and the size range of 0.5–30 kW per rev/min, with centre heights ranging from 450 to 1250 mm. The underlying theme may be described in general terms as ‘system design’ in the widest sense; i.e. the effect of the environment on motor design and application, and vice versa. Thus, amongst the major topics covered are stator-insulation requirements and techniques, with particular reference to the surge voltages encountered in modern supply systems that have high short-circuit capacities. This leads to the consideration of system-stability problems on the one hand, and the choice of enclosures on the other. Conversely, the effect of motors on the environment, e.g. noise and the problems of heat removal (again affecting the choice of enclosures) are dealt with as complementary problems. With respect to motor design proper, emphasis is placed on aerodynamic and thermodynamic problems, and the importance of 2nd-order electromagnetic phenomena and reliability. To allow the reader to obtain detailed information (which cannot be covered in a broad survey of this type) on specific subjects, a carefully selected list of relevant references is given.
On nonparametric T-method of multiple comparisons for randomized blocks

Some nonparametric generalizations of Tukey’s [9]T-method of multiple comparisons are considered for randomized blocks and the allied efficiency results are studied. For this, the distribution theory of aligned rank order statistics developed in [6], [7] is extended for multiple comparisons along the lines of [5] which deals with one-way layouts.
Careers in translational clinical research-historical perspectives, future challenges.

ARECENT SURVEY REVEALS THAT ONLY ABOUT 11% OF medical school graduates plan careers that are exclusively or significantly devoted to research. This small but vital group of nearly 1600 graduates each year holds the future of medicine in its hands. Some are badly needed to replenish the ranks of patient-oriented translational clinical researchers, who apply findings derived in basic science to the development of new understanding of disease mechanisms, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Herein I propose several improved approaches to the recruitment and retention of patient-oriented translational clinical researchers. The task is not simple because ample evidence indicates that the professional career pathways of all classes of clinical researchers have been uncertain and seriously troubled. In fact, clinical researchers are considered such an “endangered species” that many leaders of training programs across the United States have expressed serious doubts about whether such careers will be viable in the future. Before proposing a new approach to career development for patient-oriented translational clinical investigators, it is important to review the short history of the field and recent efforts to improve the morale of its researchers. Important policy improvements have been made in recent years, and the total impact of these changes is not yet fully apparent. But I believe that more fundamental changes must be made now to encourage this important group of medical scientists to continue their efforts to learn biology from patients and to apply basic medical science for their benefit.
THE ROLE OF CHARGED RESIDUES IN DETERMINING TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN INSERTION ORIENTATION IN YEAST

The first 79 residues of the yeast Ste2p G protein-coupled pheromone receptor, including the negatively charged N-terminal domain, the first transmembrane segment, and the following positively charged cytoplasmic loop, has been fused to a Kex2p-cleavable beta-lactamase reporter. Insertion orientation was determined by analysis of cell-associated and secreted beta-lactamase activities and independently corroborated by analysis of membrane association and glycosylation patterns. This fusion inserts with exclusively N terminus exofacial (Nexo) topology, serving as a model type III membrane protein. Orientation is unaffected by removal of all three positively charged residues in the cytoplasmic loop or by deletion of all but 12 residues from the N-terminal domain. The residual -2 N-terminal charge apparently provides a signal sufficient to determine Nexo topology. This is entirely consistent with the statistically derived rule in which the charge difference, Delta(C-N), counted for the 15 immediately flanking residues, is the primary topology determinant. Mutations altering Delta(C-N) to zero favors Nexo insertion by 3 to 1, whereas increasingly negative values cause increasing inversion of orientation. All results are consistent with the charge difference rule and indicate that whereas positive charges promote cytoplasmic retention, negative charges promote translocation.
Isolation and structure of the human cancer cell growth inhibitory cyclodepsipeptide dolastatin 16

An investigation of the sea hare Dolabella auricularia from Papua New Guinea has led to discovery of the new cyclodepsipeptide dolastatin 16 (3) containing two new amino acid units designated dolamethylleuine (Dml) and dolaphenvaline (Dpv). The structural elucidation was achieved by means of high-field (500 MHz) NMR and tandem MS/MS mass spectral interpretations and allowed the assignment of cyclo-(Pro-Dpv-Pro-Dml-O-Lac-Pro-O-Hiv-MeVal). The new depsipeptide exhibited strong inhibition of growth against a variety of human cancer cell lines.
In vitro human cell-free expression system for synthesis of malaria proteins

In this study, we performed cell-free expression of Plasmodium proteins using the in vitro human cell-free protein expression systems for DNA and mRNA. Malaria rhoptry genes (PFc14_0344, PFc0120w, PY01759, PY00763, PY07482, and PY04666) and a Maurer’s cleft gene (PfA0680c) identified from proteome analysis studies were cloned into the pT7CFE1-CHis expression vector. Following a coupled transcription–translation procedure, expressed proteins were analyzed by His-tag staining and by western blotting using protein specific antibodies and nickel–horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for histidine detection. Antibodies against whole rhoptries of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium yoelii merozoites and antibodies specific for the PfMC-2TM protein identified translated proteins. The rhoptry specific antibodies exhibited cross reactivity among the expressed proteins of P. falciparum and P. yoelii. The results demonstrate that the in vitro human cell-free protein expression system is suitable for rapid expression and screening of malaria vaccine candidates and diagnostic biomarkers.