cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating bioenergetics and conservation biology: thermal sensitivity of digestive performance in Eastern Collared Lizards (Crotaphytus collaris) may affect population persistence.

Information on bioenergetics can provide valuable insight into the ecology, life history and population dynamics of organisms. For ectothermic animals, thermal sensitivity of digestion is an important determinant of net assimilated energy budgets. A recent study in the Ozark Mountains indicated that eastern collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris) restricted to encroached glades (characterized by woody vegetation encroachment) experience reduced environmental heat loads and have reduced age-specific growth and reproductive rates compared to populations in intact glades. To assess the potential impact of reduced body temperatures on assimilation rates of C. collaris in encroached glades, we conducted feeding trials across four temperature treatments (28, 31, 34 and 37°C). We tested for temperature effects on voluntary feeding rates, passage times, apparent assimilated energy (AE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Passage times decreased and voluntary feeding rates increased significantly with increasing temperature. Consumption explained the majority of variance in AE and ME, followed by the effect of temperature treatments. Using data on voluntary feeding rates, passage times and ME as a function of temperature, we estimated over a 10-fold increase in predicted daily assimilated energy across temperature treatments (28°C = 0.58 kJ/day, 31°C = 1.20 kJ/day, 34°C = 4.30 kJ/day, 37°C = 7.95 kJ/day). Thus, lower heat loads in encroached glades may cause reduced body temperature and result in restricted energy assimilation rates. Our study provides a novel approach to the integration of bioenergetics and conservation and shows the efficacy of using information on digestive performance to investigate underlying mechanisms in a conservation context.
Peer Actors and Theater Techniques Play Pivotal Roles in Improving Social Play and Anxiety for Children With Autism

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have significant difficulty in social functioning to include engaging in natural play with peers. Many children with ASD exhibit significantly less interactive play and more physiological stress during benign social encounters with same-age peers on a playground. Theatrical role-playing and performance with expert role models may provide a unique opportunity for children with ASD to learn to engage with other children in a safe, supportive environment. SENSE Theatre® is a peer-mediated, theater-based program aimed at improving social competence in youth with ASD. Previous studies have shown significant improvements in social and communication skills following SENSE Theatre® intervention. The current project examined play with novel peers and self-reported anxiety before and after participation in SENSE Theatre®. Participants included 77 children between 8 and 16 years with high-functioning (IQ ≥ 70) ASD. The combined sample of three cohorts was randomized to the experimental (EXP, N = 44) or waitlist control (WLC, N = 33) group. Participants in the EXP group received 40 h (10, 4-h sessions) of SENSE Theatre®. The Peer Interaction Paradigm (PIP), an ecologically valid measure of natural play, was administered before and after the intervention. Group Play and Self Play on the playground equipment during solicited (T4) and unsolicited (T1) play were used in the current study. The State Trait Anxiety Scale for Children (STAIC; Spielberger et al., 1983) was used to measure self-reported current and persistent anxiety, respectively. Following treatment, children in the EXP group engaged in significantly more Group Play with novel peers [F(2,73) = 7.78, p = 0.007] and much less Self Play [F(2,73) = 6.70, p = 0.01] during solicited play compared to the WLC group. Regression analysis revealed that pretreatment play and group status were significant predictors of solicited Group Play. Children in the EXP group reported significantly less Trait anxiety following intervention [F(2,71) = 6.87, p = 0.01]; however, State anxiety was comparable. Results corroborate previous findings of significant changes in social and play behavior in children with ASD following the peer-mediated, theater-based intervention. Acting and theatrical performance with supportive role models facilitates social engagement in everyday settings with novel peers and reductions in self-reported anxiety.
Factors Influencing Low Rates of Breastfeeding Continuance in Mothers on the U.S.-Mexico Border

Breast milk is the optimal nutrition for infants and the superiority of breast milk over infant formula has been well documented. However, in El Paso, Texas, a U.S.-Mexico border town, low-income mothers choose to breastfeed, but most don’t breastfeed exclusively and stop within hours after birth. This study aims to investigate the reason why low-income mothers stop breastfeeding early focusing on the mother’s breastfeeding behavior, knowledge, and influence. This study is …
IFOHAM-A Generalization of the Picard-Lindelöff Iteration Method

IFOHAM (Iterative First order HAM) is an iterative technique based on the first order equation of the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). It can be shown that IFOHAM generalizes Picard-Lindeloff’s iteration algorithm and can be used to solve nonlinear differential equations. In this work IFOHAM will be implemented in an symbolic computer environment and we will analyze and test its applicability to find series solutions of second order nonlinear differential equations with periodic solutions. In particular, we will show that the IFOHAM method is able to identify the fundamental frequencies as well as the amplitudes of such periodic solutions. Knowledge of these parameters is of particular importance in design and maintenance activities as it characterizes the oscillatory behavior of many real systems with nonlinear responses. The results of tests performed using the IFOHAM method will be compared with results available in the literature using the HAM as well as with results obtained using classical numerical techniques to solve differential equations.
Statistical Modeling for Practical Pooled Testing During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pooled testing offers an efficient solution to the unprecedented testing demands of the COVID-19 pandemic, although with potentially lower sensitivity and increased costs to implementation in some settings. Assessments of this trade-off typically assume pooled specimens are independent and identically distributed. Yet, in the context of COVID-19, these assumptions are often violated: testing done on networks (housemates, spouses, co-workers) captures correlated individuals, while infection risk varies substantially across time, place and individuals. Neglecting dependencies and heterogeneity may bias established optimality grids and induce a sub-optimal implementation of the procedure. As a lesson learned from this pandemic, this paper highlights the necessity of integrating field sampling information with statistical modeling to efficiently optimize pooled testing. Using real data, we show that (a) greater gains can be achieved at low logistical cost by exploiting natural correlations (non-independence) between samples -- allowing improvements in sensitivity and efficiency of up to 30% and 90% respectively; and (b) these gains are robust despite substantial heterogeneity across pools (non-identical). Our modeling results complement and extend the observations of Barak et al (2021) who report an empirical sensitivity well beyond expectations. Finally, we provide an interactive tool for selecting an optimal pool size using contextual information
A Morphologically Stable Li/Electrolyte Interface for All-Solid-State Batteries Enabled by 3D-Micropatterned Garnet.

Morphological degradation at the Li/solid-state electrolyte (SSE) interface is a prevalent issue causing performance fading of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). To maintain the interfacial integrity, most ASSBs are operated under low current density with considerable stack pressure, which significantly limits their widespread usage. Herein, a novel 3D-micropatterned SSE (3D-SSE) that can stabilize the morphology of the Li/SSE interface even under relatively high current density and limited stack pressure is reported. Under the pressure of 1.0 MPa, the Li symmetric cell using a garnet-type 3D-SSE fabricated by laser machining shows a high critical current density of 0.7 mA cm-2 and stable cycling over 500 h under 0.5 mA cm-2 . This excellent performance is attributed to the reduced local current density and amplified mechanical stress at the Li/3D-SSE interface. These two effects can benefit the flux balance between Li stripping and creep at the interface, thereby preventing interfacial degradation such as void formation and dendrite growth.
Spinal Cord Injury: Functional Index/Capacity: Responsiveness to Change Over Time.

Objective To establish responsiveness of 3 Spinal Cord Injury – Functional Index/Capacity (SCI-FI/C) item banks in the first year following SCI. Design Longitudinal patient-reported outcomes assessment replicated through secondary analysis of an independent data set. Setting 8 SCI Model Systems rehabilitation hospitals in the US. Participants Study 1 participants included 184 adults with recent (≤4 months) traumatic SCI and 221 community-dwelling adults (>1 year post injury). Study 2 participants were 418 individuals with recent SCI (≤4 months). Interventions In Study 1, SCI-FI/C computer adaptive tests were presented in a standardized interview format either in person or by phone call at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Responsiveness was examined by comparing 6-month changes in SCI-FI scores within and across samples (recently-injured vs. community-dwelling), as only the recent injury sample was expected to exhibit change over time. Effect sizes were also computed. In Study 2, the Study 1 results were cross-validated in a second recent SCI sample 1 year after baseline measurement. Study 2 also compared the SCI-FI/C measures’ responsiveness to that of the Self Report Functional Measure (SRFM) and stratified results by injury diagnosis and completeness. Main Outcome Measures The SCI-FI Basic Mobility/C, Self-Care/C and Fine Motor/C item banks (Study 1 and Study 2); Self Report Functional Measure (SRFM; Study 2 only). Results In Study 1, changes in SCI-FI/C scores between baseline and 6-month follow-up were statistically significant (p Conclusion The SCI-FI Basic Mobility/C and Self-Care/C banks demonstrate adequate sensitivity to change at 6 months and 1 year for all individuals with SCI, while the SCI-FI/C Fine Motor item bank is sensitive to change in individuals with tetraplegia or incomplete paraplegia. All SCI-FI/C banks demonstrate stability in a sample not expected to change. Results provide support for the use of these measures for research or clinical use.
Observations of Comets, Minor Planets and Meteors in Japan

In the early period of this century, some comets were discovered by Japanese amateur astronomers. Just fifty years ago, in 1937, Minoru Honda began to search for systematically comets with his 15-cm reflector. He observed Comet Encke without an ephemeris in November, 1937, and made his firts discovery of a comet in 1940. This comet was also discovered independently by Shigeki Okabayashi (Comet Okabayashi-Honda, 1940e). Subsequently, Honda discovered Comet Friend-Reese-Honda (1941a) in 1941. Unfortunately, Okabayashi was killed at the Second World War in 1945.
Indole-diterpene synthetic studies: 4. A stereocontrolled, second generation synthesis of (−)-paspaline

Abstract A Stereocontrolled, second generation synthesis of (−)-paspaline (1) has been achieved exploiting tricyclic enone 4, a common advanced intermediate for construction of the indole-diterpene tremorgenic alkaloids.
Abstract MP92: Sedentary Behavior: Do Television-viewing and Total Time Sitting Measure the Same Component?

Background: Sedentary behaviors (SB) are activities associated with prolonged time periods of sitting, reclining, or laying down during waking hours. While the relation between SB and physical activity is complex, the common consensus is that SB is not the absence of physical activity and consists of its own determinants posing distinct health outcomes. These behaviors are of significant public health importance as the majority of Americans spend much of their days in SB and due to the increased risks of morbidity and mortality associated with SB. Adverse health outcomes associated with SB include cardiovascular disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension and mortality. Television-viewing time and total sitting time have both been used widely to assess time spent in SB and therefore we hypothesize that TV-viewing time and total hours sitting will have high concordance and can be used interchangeably to represent sedentary behaviors. Methods: Using a sample (n = 2858) from the Images of a Healthy Worksite study, a group-randomized control trial involving nutrition and physical activity, the current study assessed how two different tools measured time spent in SB. Tertiles were created based upon the distribution of hours sitting and hours spent TV-vewing. Weighted Kappa statistics were used to measure concordance between hours of TV-viewing and total hours of time spent sitting for the entire sample and for subgroup analyses. Results: Weighted Kappa statistics for tertiles of hours sitting and tv hours were 0.0046, indicating little agreement on the television and the sitting items. Kappa w statistics for BMI categories also showed poor agreement (obese Kappa w = 0.02, overweight Kappa w = 0.002, and healthy subjects Kappa w = 0.006. The Kappa w statistics for males and females were -0.006 and 0.02, respectively. Kappa w statistics for the intervention group (Kappa w = 0.007) and for the control group (Kappa w = 0.0005) also showed little agreement. Conclusions: These results suggest that although commonly used, using television viewing time and total time spent sitting as interchangeable markers of SB, is not a valid assumption. We propose that total time spent sitting and hours spent television-viewing represent different domains within the construct of sedentary behavior. It is important for future researchers to use measures of sedentary behavior that capture the numerous domains involved in measuring SB to allow for the most sensitive measurement of this high-risk behavior.
The One with a Wriggly Worm

In his delightful little book Letters to a Young Novelist Mario Vargas Llosa describes the writer as someone afflicted with a “tapeworm.” His own life—why, even his own will— is forfeit to this creature; whatever he does is for the sake of this grisly monster. What about his themes? Well, he feeds off of himself, like the mythical “catoblepas.” So writing is a calling and one writes from an inexorable inner compulsion, unlike the “graphomaniacs” Kundera deplores. The compulsion arises from what some might call the wayward desire to see a different world in place of the real, with its inherited values and mores and certainties that admit of no contradiction and stifle questioning. Seen from this vantage, the fictional landscape of Urdu would appear hauntingly bleak, with only a few occasional lights shining palely in the gathering gloom, and out there, somewhere in the distance, suddenly a relentless, single spectacular starburst—Saadat Hasan Manto.
Pyrogenic Responses to Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A and B in Cats

Pyrogenic responses, ranging up to 4.8 F, were induced in cats by oral administration of highly purified staphylococcal enterotoxin B in doses from 10 to 100 μg/kg. Fever was a more sensitive indicator of intoxication than was emesis. Highly purified preparations of enterotoxin A, whether administered intravenously (0.01 to 1.0 μg/kg), orally (10 to 25 μg/kg), or into the cerebral ventricles (0.005 to 0.020 μg in 0.20 ml), were also pyrogenic in cats. Tolerance to the pyrogenic activity was produced by repeated intravenous injection of a given dose of enterotoxin A but not by repeated intracerebroventricular injection. Enterotoxin A was more potent than enterotoxin B after intravenous injection in causing both fever and emesis. Cross-tolerance could not be demonstrated between enterotoxin A and enterotoxin B or Salmonella typhosa endotoxin. This lack of cross-tolerance plus the inability of large oral doses (100 to 4,700 μg/kg) of endotoxin to cause fever or emesis indicate that the reported responses were attributable to the specific toxins administered and not to contamination by other pyrogens.
Jerome on Sinlessness: a Via Media between Augustine and Pelagius

This article will explore Jerome's understanding of sinlessness and will argue that he saw himself just as opposed to Augustine as to Pelagius. I begin by exposing Jerome's context in the Pelagian Controversy. I then expose his understanding of sinlessness. Next, I turn to his arguments in Ep. 133 and the first two books of his Dialogi contra Pelagianos. In book three of that text, we notice a change in his arguments which indicates that Jerome is no longer arguing only against Pelagius; he now disagrees with Augustine as well. I then examine a variety of issues besides sinlessness in the third book of the Dialogi that reveal that Jerome disagreed with Augustine on multiple topics, showing that his opposition to Augustine's position on sinlessness was not exceptional. Finally I turn to statements by Jerome that seem to indicate a positive appreciation for the Bishop of Hippo, but which on closer inspection are seen to contain latent criticisms.
The effect of type of delivery upon neonatal outcome in premature twins.

Abstract A retrospective study from January 1, 1976, through July 31, 1981, was performed to evaluate the relationship between type of delivery and perinatal morbidity and mortality in twins of birth weight less than 2,000 gm. Vaginally delivered second twins who weighed 601 to 999 gm had increased risk of neonatal mortality when compared to their siblings. Among twins who weighed 1,000 to 1,499 gm, vaginally delivered second twins had significantly lower Apgar scores and inceased risks of neonatal morbidity in comparison to their siblings, whereas second twins who were delivered by cesarean section had no difference in Apgar score or neonatal morbidity from those of their siblings. In twins who weighed 1,500 to 1,999 gm. a significant increase in neonatal complications in vaginally delivered second twins was not found, although the majority of neonatal complications did occur in vaginally delivered second twins. Cesarean section is proposed as the optimal route of delivery for all twins expected to have a birth weight less than 1,500 gm.
Commentary on Alexander (1993)

This commentary on Alexander's article concerning civil commitment of sex offenders concludes that the failure of the mental health sciences to define the psychosexual pathology of sexually violent adults has resulted in an inability to address these disturbances in the criminal justice system. This situation will likely contribute to the social threats posed by sexual offenders. It is suggested that researchers work to establish the mental illness parameters of sexual violence. Language: en
Cycle-minors and subdivisions of wheels

In this paper we prove two results. The first is an extension of a result of Dirac which says that any set of n vertices of an n-connected graph lies in a cycle. We prove that if V′ is a set of at most 2n vertices in an n-connected graph G, then G has, as a minor, a cycle using all of the vertices of V′. The second result says that if G is an n+1-connected graph with maximum vertex degree Δ then G contains a subgraph that is a subdivision of W2n if and only if Δ≥2n. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 62: 100–108, 2009
the sounds of silence: cross‐world communication and the auditory arts in African societies

The prominence of the auditory world for African peoples requires attuning our study of their cultures more directly to the phenomena of sound. Cross-world communication, which establishes and validates the basis for human action, occurs when the normally inaudible otherworld beings reveal themselves in distinct acoustic fashion. This study reviews those otherworld voices, heard through divine kings and divination, and in the auditory arts of musical instruments, masquerades and narratives. Careful listening to African peoples' auditory arts reveals previously unheard dimensions of their cultures, how they acoustically manifest and validate the spirit world. [Africa, masquerades, music, performance, sound and silence, spirit beings, verbal arts.]
Immune globulin and vaccine therapy to prevent hepatitis a infection

Abstract The hepatitis A virus is usually transmitted person-to-person due to fecal–oral exchange of virus. Approximately 30,000 infections are reported each year in the United States, with the actual incidence being much greater. Prophylaxis with immune globulin has had a minimal impact on the overall incidence of hepatitis A. The recent availability and proven efficacy of a hepatitis A vaccine offers the hope that the incidence of infection may be substantially reduced. Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis should be targeted to individuals at increased risk of either acquiring infection, transmitting infection, or developing fulminant hepatitis, or to help control epidemics. This article reviews the current literature and discusses recommendations for pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against hepatitis A virus.
Comparative study of delta wings with blunt leading edges and vortex flaps

'Hanff, E. S., and Jenkins, S. B., "Large Amplitude High-Rate Roll Experiments on a Delta and Double Delta Wing," AIAA Paper 900224, Jan. 1990. Jenkins, J. E., Myatt, J. H., and Hanff, E. S., "Body-Axis Rolling Motion Critical States of a 65-Degree Delta Wing," AIAA Paper 930621, Jan. 1993. Stephen, E. J., "Analysis of Rolled Delta Wing Flows Using Effective Sweep and Attack Angles," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1995, pp. 978-984. Ericsson, L. E., "Flow Physics of Critical States for Rolling Delta Wings," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 32, No. 3, 1995, pp. 603-610. Ericsson, L., and Hanff, E., "Further Analysis of High-Rate Rolling Experiments of a 65 Deg Delta Wing," AIAA Paper 93-0620, Jan. 1993. 'Thompson, S., Batill, S., and Nelson, R., "Unsteady Surface Pressure Distributions on a Delta Wing Undergoing Large Amplitude Pitching Motions," AIAA Paper 90-0311, Jan. 1990. Soltani, M. R., Bragg, M. B., and Brandon, J. M., "Measurements on an Oscillating 70-Deg Delta Wing in Subsonic Flow," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 27, No. 3, 1990, pp. 211-217. Gad-el-Hak, M., and Ho, C.-M., "The Pitching Delta Wing," AIAA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 11, 1985, pp. 1660-1665. LeMay, S. P., Batill, S. M., and Nelson, R. C., "Vortex Dynamics on a Pitching Delta Wing," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1990, pp. 131-138.
Planar Towing and Hydroelastic Stability of Faired Underwater Cables

Etude de la configuration d'equilibre plane et de la stabilite sous des perturbations laterales et de torsion d'un câble sous-marin de remorquage. Exemple du câble composite de la compagnie Boeing. On utilise la methode de Galerkin pour analyser la stabilite du câble. Les resultats montrent des instabilites sous forme de divergence aux basses vitesses et de flottement aux grandes vitesses avec un remorquage stable aux vitesses intermediaires
Effect of Surface Oxygen Vacancy on Pt Cluster Adsorption and Growth on the Defective Anatase TiO2(101) Surface

The effect of surface oxygen vacancies on the adsorption and clustering of the Pt adatoms over the defective anatase TiO2(101) surface has been studied using density functional theory slab calculations. The surface oxygen vacancy site was found to be the most active site for a single Pt adatom with an adsorption energy of 4.87 eV. As such, this site may act as a nucleation center for particle growth on the defective anatase TiO2(101) surface. The pathways for forming the two stable Pt2 adsorption configurations from a single Pt adatom in the oxygen vacancy site and another from the neighboring bridging 2cO sites involve the diffusion of the second Pt adatom out of the bridging 2cO site. The transition states for the dimer formation were located at Pt adatom diffusing out of the bridging 2cO site. Furthermore, we found that the bond-breaking step determines the barrier height for the Pt adatom diffusion, which is ∼1 eV. Among five stable Pt3 adsorption structures at the oxygen vacancy site on the defective...
Relationship between measures of psychological differentiation and intellectual ability.

This study was concerned with the nature of the relationship between measures of psychological differentiation and intellectual ability. Significant correlations ranging from –.21 to –.56 (N = 143) were obtained between field-independence measures and diverse measures of intellectual achievement many of which ostensibly have little or no relationship to embedding contexts, spatial-perceptual skills or non-verbal organization. The adequacy of Witkin's notion that significant relationships between measures of field-independence and intelligence can be explained on the basis of a common requirement for overcoming embedded contexts was questioned. An alternative interpretation was proposed and other lines of evidence consistent with this viewpoint were presented.
Clinical cartilage imaging of the knee and hip joints.

OBJECTIVE. MRI is commonly used to evaluate the articular cartilage of the knee and hip joints in clinical practice. This article will discuss the advantages and limitations of currently available MRI techniques for evaluating articular cartilage.CONCLUSION. Because of its high spatial resolution, multiplanar capability, and excellent tissue contrast, MRI is the imaging technique of choice for evaluating the articular cartilage of the knee and hip joints.
Relationship between canine transthoracic impedance and defibrillation threshold. Evidence for current-based defibrillation.

The electrical parameter used to define defibrillation strength is energy. Peak current, however, may more accurately reflect the field quantities (i.e., electric field strength and current density) that mediate defibrillation and therefore should be a better clinical descriptor of threshold than energy. Though transthoracic impedance is a major determinant of energy-based threshold and is sensitive to operator-dependent changes in impedance (electrode-subject interface), an ideal threshold descriptor should be invariant with respect to these changes in impedance. We therefore compared the relative invariance of energy- and current-based thresholds when transthoracic impedance was altered by one of two methods: (a) change in electrode size (protocol A) or (b) change in electrode force (protocol B). In protocol A, impedance was altered in each dog by a mean of 95%. Energy thresholds determined at both low and high impedance were 44 +/- 21 J (mean +/- SD) and 105 +/- 35 J, respectively, P less than 0.0001. In contrast, peak current (A) thresholds were independent of transthoracic impedance, 22 +/- 5 A (low impedance) vs. 24 +/- 6 A (high impedance), P = NS. Energy and current thresholds showed a similar relationship for animals tested in protocol B. Therefore, current-based thresholds, in contrast to energy thresholds are independent of operator-dependent variables of transthoracic impedance and are invariant for a given animal. These results suggest that redefining defibrillation threshold in terms of peak current rather than energy provides a superior method of defibrillation.
Selective inhibition of herpesvirus DNA synthesis at elevated temperature.

Abstract Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus destroys bovine kidney cells incubated at either 37 ° or 42 °. The virus replicates at 37 °, but an abortive infection develops at 42 ° since no newly synthesized virus can be found. The elevated temperature appears to affect virus replication specifically since uninfected cells survive and multiply at 42 °. Further investigation showed that viral specific proteins were made at 42 °, but synthesis of viral deoxyribonucleic acid could not be detected. Thus, the blocking of a temperature-sensitive step precludes the synthesis of viral deoxyribonucleic acid and, therefore, the formation of mature virus. The possible sites for the block in viral deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in this system are presented and discussed.
Probable involvement of sulfhydryl groups and a metal as essential components of the cellulase of Clostridium thermocellum

The crude extracellular cellulase from Clostridium thermocellum was oxidatively inactivated by air and inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents. Activity-loss was prevented and reversed by the addition of a high concentration (10 mM) dithiothreitol (DDT) at zero time and up to 24 h respectively. In the presence of a low concentration (0.4 mM) of DTT, the enzyme was more rapidly inactivated than in air alone. This was probably due to autoxidation of the low DTT concentration to H2O2 as shown by its prevention by a high DTT concentration, exclusion of air, or catalase; and by the oxidative inactivation of the enzyme by H2O2. The inactivation by H2O2 could be prevented by a high concentration of DTT but not by air exclusion. EDTA protected the enzyme from inactivation in air by a low concentration of DTT or by H2O2. This is presumably due to the role of metals in oxidation of SH groups. Furthermore, copper (5 μM) also caused inactivation and this was prevented by the presence of a high DTT concentration. Even in the protective atmosphere of a high DTT concentration, cellulase was inactivated by certain apolar chelating agents such as o-phenanthroline and α-α1-dipyridyl, such inactivation being preventable by the prior incubation of the chelator with a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+. These data suggest that the clostridial cellulase, unlike the enzyme from aerobic fungi, contains essential sulfhydryl groups and is stimulated by iron. The endo-β-glucanase component of the cellulase complex was not susceptible to oxidative inactivation.
Purification of a Mannan from Candida albicans which Activates Serum Complement

Candida species activate complement by the alternative pathway, induce leukocyte migration and, when applied epicutaneously, cause epidermal microabscesses of neutrophils in man and experimental animals. Complement activation by C. albicans appears to be a property of the cell wall. To biochemically identify the complement-activating constituent(s) of C. albicans, an ethyleneglycol extract of growth phase blastospores was prepared. Acid hydrolysis and neutral sugar analysis revealed mannose (82%), fucose (7%), and glucose (11%). The soluble, mannose-rich cell wall polysaceharide of C. albicans activates serum complement via the alternative pathway, induces neutrophil chemotaxis and is antigenically reactive with antisera to C. albicans. This constituent exhibits in vitro endotoxin-like activity as measured by Limulus lysate gelation, but is nonpyrogenie in rabbits. The extract produced precipitin lines in double immunodiffusion studies against serum from patients with invasive candidiasis and rabbit antisera to mycelial and blastospore preparations of C. albicans, but not against normal serum. Thus, pathogenic properties and reactive phenomenon of C. albicans are in part attributable to a cell wall polysaccharide, mannan.
Ultrasound, what every trauma surgeon should know.

The use of ultrasonography by surgeons to detect hemoperitoneum following abdominal trauma has, in the past two decades, become an accepted practice in Europe and the Far East. Surgeons in the United States, however, have not as readily adopted ultrasound as a diagnostic modality. There appear to be
Evidence for long-lived components in developing mouse tissues labeled with leucine.

Abstract 1. 1. Four mice were injected at 15 days of age with 14 C leucine; 10–22 weeks later they were injected with 3 H leucine. After the lapse of an additional 4–7 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and ten of their tissues were fractionated into mitochondria, microsomes, supernatant, nuclear histones, globulins and residues. These fractions were counted, and ratios of the two labels obtained. 2. 2. High ratios of 14 C to 3 H counts indicated the presence of long-lived components synthesized early in life; such substances were consistently found as prominent components in all fractions obtained from brain and muscles, but occured only occasionally in fractions obtained from other tissues. 3. 3. Analysis of brain and muscle fractions established that the long-lived components contain proteins. However, in the case of the brain, lipids derived from leucine label were also among such fractions. 4. 4. The relationships of long-lived protein components to developmental and ageing processes are discussed.
International graduate training, digital inequality and professional network structure: An ego-centric social network analysis of knowledge producers at the “Global South”

Abstract Based on a face-to-face survey of 312 scientists from government research institutes and state universities in two Philippine locations — Los Banos, Laguna and Munoz, Nueva Ecija — we examine how graduate training and digital factors shape the professional network of scientists at the “Global South.” Results suggest that scientists prefer face-to-face interaction; there is no compelling evidence that digitally-mediated interaction will replace meaningful face-to-face interaction. What is evident is that among none face-to-face modes of communication a reordering maybe in progress. The effect of digital factors — expressed through advance hardware-software-user interaction skills — lies on network features pertaining to size, proportion of male and of core-based alters, and locational diversity. International graduate training and ascribed factors (gender and number of children) also configure the professional network of scientists — actors traditionally viewed as the epitome of rationality and o...
Universal‐Diverse Orientation, Cognitive Complexity, and Sociopolitical Advocacy in Counselor Trainees

The authors investigated counselor trainees' levels of cognitive complexity and sociopolitical advocacy as predictors of universal-diverse orientation (UDO). Participants included 120 master's- and doctoral-level trainees from 4 midwestern counseling psychology programs. Results revealed that, after accounting for multicultural social desirability and training experience, actual time spent engaging in sociopolitical advocacy activities uniquely predicted 1 subscale of UDO. Los autores investigaron los niveles de complejidad cognitiva y defensoria sociopolitica de los consejeros en formacion como indicadores de prediccion de su orientacion universal-diversa (UDO, por sus siglas en ingles). Entre los participantes habia 120 estudiantes de maestriay doctorado de 4 programas de psicologia clinica en el Medio Oeste de EE.UU. Los resultados revelaron que, despues de tomar en cuenta el atractivo social multicultural y la experiencia en formacion, el tiempo real dedicado a la participacion en actividades de defensoria sociopolitica solo predijo 1 sub-escala de UDO.
Optimal determination of heart tissue 26S-proteasome activity requires maximal stimulating ATP concentrations.

Abstract The ubiquitin–proteasome system has been implicated in both cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. Research in this area has been hampered by the lack of a simple, reproducible method to assess 26S-proteasome peptidase activities. The current report demonstrates that one reason for lack of reproducibility is the myriad of ATP concentrations, many of them excessive, which have been used to stimulate peptidase activity. The chymotrypsin-like or caspase-like activities of 26S-proteasome in cardiac tissue isolates were determined using Suc-LLVY-AMC or Z-LLE-AMC, respectively, over a range of ATP concentrations up to 2 mmol/L. The optimal ATP concentration to assess both peptidase activities was found to be in the low micromolar range (from 6 to 100 μmol/L) depending on the cardiac tissue isolate protein (10 to 90 μg protein) contained in the reaction. Increasing ATP beyond the optimal range was inhibitory. In general, chymotrypsin-like and caspase-like activities could be stimulated 2- to 2.5-fold and 1.4- to 1.8-fold, respectively, over basal (ATP, 0 μmol/L), and could be effectively inhibited with lactacystin or Z-Pro-Nle-Asp-CHO, respectively. Based on these observations, an optimized method is presented for ex vivo determination of cardiac 26S-proteasome peptidase activities which was used to confirm inactivation of this complex by myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.
Sex as an algal antiviral strategy.

Emiliana huxleyi is a tiny eukaryotic alga that plays a huge role in the ecology and biogeochemistry of the world's oceans. Under favorable conditions it forms extensive blooms that are visible to mariners as milky-colored ocean waters, and that appear from space in LANDSAT images as chalky swirls that can cover thousands of square kilometers. The white color is caused by light scattered by numerous calcareous plates, called coccoliths, that armor the cell surface of E. huxleyi and give members of this group of algae their common name, the coccolithophores. The enormous amount of calcium carbonate sequestered in coccoliths during extensive algal blooms makes these algae important carbon pumps in the global carbon cycle. In this issue of PNAS, Frada et al. (1) describe a novel strategy used by E. huxleyi to evade viruses that contribute to the alga's boom-and-bust population cycles.
Radial Tire Cord-Rubber Composites

Abstract Experimental and theoretical results are presented in terms of the elements of the compliance matrix for the material properties which are needed to characterize a calendered ply of various cord-rubber composites commonly used in the body and belt of radial tires. It is shown that a single ply can be represented as a linear, elastic, homogeneous, orthotropic material to a level of accuracy sufficient for modeling inflated, but otherwise unloaded, radial tires. Cord load distributions in the body, belt, and turnup ply endings are predicted and plotted from the bead to the crown of inflated radial tires using principles of structural mechanics to represent the laminated material properties of the tire and finite element techniques to calculate the stresses in the cords. Predictions are also made for rubber strains and tire growth at the crown due to inflation pressure loading. The effects of changing various tire construction and/or material property parameters on such responses are assessed; these...
Cold Spray Fabrication of Refractory Materials for Gun Barrel Liner Applications

The use of refractory materials is currently being developed for gun barrel coatings and liners. Explosive cladding has been shown to be a successful method for bonding liners into 25-mm M242 Bushmaster barrels. The process relies on commercially available tube products that serve as the liner materials, which are often difficult to manufacture. Cold spray is a novel process used to consolidate metal powders into both thin coatings and large bulk materials that is being investigated as a cost effective alternative to conventional processing techniques. This work examines the use of cold spray as it pertains to the consolidation of Ta donor tubes for explosively bonded gun liners. Ta tubes were consolidated and annealed to increase the ductility of the material from 0.2% strain to 35% strain as determined by tensile testing. Ta donor tube was successfully explosively clad to 25 mm gun barrel forging. Bond strength testing results of explosively clad cold spray tube were found to be comparable to commercial...
The Marine-Derived Sipholenol A-4-O-3′,4′-Dichlorobenzoate Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth and Motility in Vitro and in Vivo through the Suppression of Brk and FAK Signaling

Sipholenol A is a natural sipholane triterpenoid isolated from the Red Sea sponge, Callyspongia siphonella. Previous studies showed the antimigratory and antiproliferative activities of the semisynthetic sipholenol A esters against breast cancer cell lines. This study investigated the effects of sipholenol A-4-O-3′,4′-dichlorobenzoate (SPA) on the growth, migration and invasion of diverse human breast cancer cells. Results showed that SPA inhibited the growth of the human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, BT-474 and T-47D, in a dose-dependent manner. Immunofluorescent analysis showed that SPA significantly reduced Ki-67-positive cells in MDA-MB-231 cells. Flow cytometry and Western blot analyses revealed that SPA treatment suppressed MDA-MB-231 cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. In addition, SPA suppressed breast cancer cell migration, invasion and decreased Brk and FAK activation in a dose-dependent manner. Molecular docking study suggested a perfect fitting at the FAK’s FERM domain, inhibiting the main autophosphorylation site, Y397, which was further confirmed by Western blot analysis. Most known small molecule FAK inhibitors target the kinase domain, creating several off-target side effects. The in vivo studies showed that SPA treatment suppressed breast tumor growth and Ki-67, CD31, p-Brk and p-FAK expression in orthotopic breast cancer in nude mice. In conclusion, SPA inhibited the growth, invasion and migration of breast cancer cells possibly via deactivating Brk and FAK signaling, suggesting good potential for therapeutic use to control invasive breast cancer.
An evaluation of strontium isotopic dating of ferromanganese oxides in a marine hydrogenous ferromanganese crust

Abstract In order to assess the utility of dating marine, hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts with strontium isotopes, we conducted a series of leaching experiments on samples selected from several stratigraphic layers of a well-preserved 9.5-cm-thick crust from the Pacific Ocean. Initially, using a method similar to that of previous studies, acetic-acid-leached residues of twelve subsamples were leached with HCl and the leachates analyzed for their isotopic composition. The results did not make stratigraphic sense, so we carried out two sequences of more detailed leaches on subsamples from four layers representing the chemical and textural spectrum observed in the crust. In one sequence, mineral-specific leaches were selected for optimal extraction of strontium associated with the respective manganese and iron oxide phases, the main compositional endmembers within ferromanganese crusts. Strontium isotopic ratios for these leaches were compared with those from the other sequence, involving acetic acid plus HCl leaches on the same material. Residues remaining at the end of each leaching sequence were also analyzed. It is evident from the results that HCl extracts strontium associated with both phosphatic material and aluminosilicate detritus present within the ferromanganese layers. 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios obtained on the manganese oxides indicate that the strontium within the oxides exchanges with seawater strontium throughout the history of the deposit, regardless of the porosity of the layer. Assuming that this crust is representative of other marine, hydrogenous crusts, strontium isotopes appear to be of little value for the direct dating of ferromanganese oxide deposits.
Inference of the angular velocity of plasma in the Jovian magnetosphere from the sweepback of magnetic field

The averaged angular velocity of plasma from magnetic observations is evaluated using plasma outflow rate as a parameter. New techniques are developed to calculate the normal and azimuthal components of the magnetic field in and near to the plasma sheet in a plasma sheet coordinate system. The revised field components differ substantially from the quantities used in previous analyses. With the revised field values, it appears that during the Voyager 2 flyby for an outflow rate of 2.5 x 10 exp 29 amu/s, the observed magnetic torque may be sufficient to keep the plasma in corotation to radial distances of 50 Rj in the postmidnight quadrant.
901-116 Coronary Vascular Relaxation Induced by Testosterone In Vivo is Gender Independent

To assess coronary vasoreactive response of testosterone and its relation to gender, we examined the effect of intracoronary testosterone (10-10to 10-6 M) on epicardial and resistance coronary arteries in vivo in both male (5) and female (5) dogs. Changes in average peak flow velocity (APV) were assessed using a 0.014” Doppler guidewire (Cardiometrics), and epicardial cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured using a 4.3 F, 30 MHz ultrasound imaging catheter (CVIS). Guidewire and imaging catheter were positioned in the left circumflex artery. Testosterone induced a significant increase in both CSA, APV and calculated volumetric coronary blood flow (CBFI at the 10-7and 10-6 M concentrations (CSA: 15.2 ± 10.2% increase at 10-6 M (p = 0.05); APV: 36.4 ± 12.8 increase at 10-7(p l 0,01) and 73.8 ± 66.8% increase at 10-6 M (p = 0.004); CBF: 205% increase at 10-6 M (p = 0.04)). Coronary vasorelaxation was equal in both males and females. No significant changes in heart rate or systemic pressure were noted. Download : Download high-res image (68KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusion We conclude that acute testosterone administration induces epicardial and resistance coronary artery dilation in vivo and coronary vasorelaxation is independent of gender.
Cognition in marriage: Current status and future challenges

Abstract Research on cognition in marriage is examined by posing two questions. The first asks what has been learned about marital distress from research on cognitive variables. It is addressed by examining data on (a) associations between cognitive variables and marital distress, (b) artifactual explanations for such associations, and (c) the causal impact of cognitive variables on spouse satisfaction and spouse behavior. This analysis identifies the study of knowledge structures as a theme that unifies existing research and illustrates how explicit recognition of this theme can advance future inquiry. The second question asks what has been learned from research on cognitive interventions with couples and leads to a number of suggestions for maximizing the informativeness of outcome studies. It is argued that future progress requires expanding the conception of cognition that informs marital research and integrating the study of marriage with both broader efforts to understand close relationships and to understand cognition.
Exodus: toward automatic migration of enterprise network configurations to SDNs

We present the design and a prototype of Exodus, a system that consumes a collection of router configurations (e.g., in Cisco IOS), compiles these into a common, intermediate semantic form, and then produces corresponding SDN controller software in a high-level language. Exodus generates networks that are functionally similar to the original networks, with the advantage of having centralized programs that are verifiable and evolvable. Exodus supports a wide array of IOS features, including non-trivial kinds of packet-filtering, reflexive access-lists, NAT, VLANs, static and dynamic routing. Implementing Exodus has exposed several limitations in both today's languages for SDN programming and in OpenFlow itself. We briefly discuss these lessons learned and provide guidance for future SDN migration efforts.