cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The genus Myriangium in North America

The plant body consists of a black pseudoparenchymatous stroma, which later gives rise to a peculiar type of apothecium with an apically delimited fertile region, consisting of asci at different levels embedded in coalesced 'fungous tissue. The ascospores are liberated by the gelatinization of the surface layer followed by the elongation of the asci, a transverse splitting of the ascal wall, and a forceable expulsion of the spores. There is apparently no conidial stage. The development of the fruiting body has previously been described by the writer (6). The stroma is superficial on the bark and no mycelium has been found in live tissue. Directly under each stroma are several dead scales, penetrated and covered by mycelium. There is a definite relationship between the death of the scale and that of the limb and the Myriangium. No live stromata have been discovered on dead branches.
A century plus of fossil insects

Progress in palaeoentomology is reviewed since Goss (1878–80) with special reference to the British fauna and including the geological histories of the major insect and hexapod groups and of social insects. Other types of information provided by insect remains including environment, adaptation and stratigraphy are briefly discussed. A selected bibliography is provided (including all references to fossil insects in the Proceedings ) and some hopes expressed for future work. Two lepidopteran leaf mines are named, Stigmellites? gossi and S.? centennis spp. nov. and a new insect ichnotaxon, Foliofossor cranei ichnogen. et sp. nov. is described.
Modulation of calcium-activated potassium small conductance (SK) current in rat dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area

Block of calcium-sensitive potassium SK current (gKCa([SK])) by apamin or bicuculline methiodide potentiates burst firing in dopamine neurons in the presence of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that calcium entry through NMDA-gated channels can potentiate gKCa([SK]) in dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. We used microelectrodes to record an outward tail current that was evoked by membrane depolarization under single-electrode voltage-clamp. Using bicuculline methiodide (50 microM) as a reversible inhibitor of gKCa([SK]), we found that NMDA (15 microM) reduced the peak amplitude of the outward tail current by 39%. Contrary to expectations, our results suggest that stimulation of NMDA receptors reduces the calcium-activated potassium gKCa([SK]), an effect that could facilitate NMDA-dependent burst firing.
Further aspects of the structure and magnetism of the layered compound Fe(III)ClMoO4: Mössbauer spectroscopy, susceptibility, and powder neutron diffraction studies

Abstract Aspects of the nuclear and magnetic structure of the three-dimensionally ordered state of the layered system Fe(III)ClMoO4 are elucidated primarily on the basis of single crystal and powder Mossbauer spectroscopy and neutron powder diffraction refinements at various temperatures. The antiferromagnetically coupled spins and easy axis of magnetization for Fe(III)ClMoO4 are indicated to lie in the tetragonal layers (ab planes) perpendicular to the c axis, which is parallel to the FeCl bond vector of a local C4v FeO4Cl chromophore. Additionally, the neutron diffraction data indicate a very significant c-axis contraction with decreasing temperature (2.7% between 295 and 5 K), with the rate of contraction being highest in the vicinity of the Neel temperature, TN (∼70 K). The structural changes that occur in the temperature range 300 to 5 K are discussed. Powder and single crystal magnetic susceptibility results to ∼1.6 K as well as high field Mossbauer spectra to ∼9 T are also presented. The latter indicate a s pin f lop transition with Hsf ∼1 T. Alternate views of the low-dimensional magnetism of FeClMoO4, evident as a broad maximum in its molar susceptibility at ∼105 K, are discussed.
The Role Of Phospholipase C In The Ca2+-induced Inactivation Of Trpv6

TRPV6 is a member of the transient receptor potential superfamily of ion channels that facilitates Ca2+ absorption in the intestines, especially the duodenum. TRPV6 channels have been shown to be inactivated by increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations. We studied the mechanism of this Ca2+-induced inactivation. Monovalent currents through TRPV6 substantially decreased after one minute application of Ca2+, but not Ba2+. We also show that Ca2+, but not Ba2+ influx via TRPV6 activates phospholipase C (PLC) that leads to depletion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Dialysis of DiC8 PI(4,5)P2 through the patch pipette inhibited Ca2+ dependent inactivation of TRPV6 currents in whole-cell patch clamp experiments. PI(4,5)P2 also activated TRPV6 currents in excised patches. PI(4)P, the precursor of PI(4,5)P2 neither activated TRPV6 in excised patches, nor had any effect on Ca2+-induced inactivation in whole-cell experiments. The PLC inhibitors U73122 and edelfosine inhibited Ca2+ induced PI(4,5)P2 depletion and IP3 formation, indicating effective inhibition of PLC. Both PLC inhibitors also inhibited Ca2+-induced inactivation of TRPV6 and rendered Ca2+ signals more sustained in TRPV6 expressing cells. Inhibiting PLC with edelfosine enhanced 45Ca2+ uptake in the everted duodenal gut sac assay. Our data demonstrate that PLC is involved in Ca2+-induced inactivation of TRPV6 and that PLC inhibitors can be used to enhance intestinal Ca2+ uptake.
Performance of Block Space-Time Code in Wireless Channel Dynamics

In this work, we observe the behavior of block space-time code in wireless channel dynamics. The block space-time code is optimally constructed in slow fading. The block code in quasistatic fading channels provides affordable complexity in design and construction. Our results show that the performance of the block space-time code may not be as good as conventionally convolutional coding with serial transmission for some channel features. As channel approaches fast fading, a coded single antenna scheme can collect as much diversity as desired by correctly choosing the free distance of code. The results also point to the need for robust space-time code in dynamic wireless fading channels. We expect that self-encoded spread spec-trum with block space-time code will provide a robust performance in dynamic wireless fading channels.
Variation in Educational Services Receipt Among US Children With Developmental Conditions

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between ease of access to needed community-based services (ease of access) and educational services receipt, and variation in educational services receipt by sociodemographic and need factors among a nationally representative sample of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay (DD), and/or intellectual disability (ID). Methods Data from the 2009–2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs were linked to the 2011 Survey of Pathways to Diagnosis and Services on a sample of 3502 US children aged 6 to 17 years with ASD, DD, and/or ID. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine associations of educational services receipt with ease of access and sociodemographic and need factors. Results Among children with developmental conditions, nearly half (49.7%) lacked easy access to services, and 16.9% did not have an individualized education program (IEP). Among children with an IEP, those with ease of access were more likely to have an IEP that addressed parent concerns about the child's development and education than those unable to easily access services (adjusted odds ratio 2.77; 95% confidence interval 1.71–4.49). Need factors, including functional limitations status, care coordination need, developmental condition type, and early intervention receipt, were significantly associated with educational services receipt. Conclusions Cross-systems initiatives facilitating service access remain important to ensuring the developmental needs of children with ASD, DD, and/or ID are met. Increased interprofessional collaboration promoting quality educational services receipt for children diagnosed with developmental conditions may further reduce disparities.
Hypertext, CAI, Paper, or Program Control: Do Learners Benefit From Choices?

AbstractThe development of authoring tools for hypertext has generated interest in its instructional use, yet there is little research on the conditions under which learners benefit from choices available during learning. This study compared education undergraduates with high or low spatial-skill scores in four conditions: hypertext, CAI, paper, and program control. Dependent variables were: score on misconceptions test, number of problems correct, time on lesson, enjoyment rating, number of screens viewed, and number of nonsequential choices. Significant findings indicated that hypertext subjects took the least amount of time, paper subjects solved the most problems, and CAI subjects made the most nonsequential choices. High spatial subjects took more time than low spatial subjects in hypertext, paper, and program control conditions, but less time in CAI. Low spatial CAI and hypertext subjects viewed more screens than did high spatial subjects; the opposite was true for program control subjects. There wa...
Embedding Secondary Tasks in Video Games to Measure Real-Time Cognitive Load: An Approach to Developing Adaptive Video Games

The goal of this study was to evaluate the use of an embedded secondary task in a video game as a measure of real-time cognitive load. Results show that performance in the secondary task was negati...
The Education of Pain Physicians

It has been my good fortune to have played a variety of roles both in medical education and in the evolution of the pain movement; I feel qualified to talk about how we should educate physicians who wish to focus their careers on chronic pain management. The plans for education and certification in chronic pain medicine that have been proposed and often implemented by various professional organizations do not adequately address the most pressing issues. I am acutely discomforted by the increasing prices chronic pain medicine and our patients have paid to be included in the domain of anesthesiology. Radical restructuring of the education and training of all physicians for the management of chronic pain patients is required if we are to effectively alleviate the burden of chronic pain and its accompanying excessive health care costs. I urge that chronic pain medicine should be considered an aspect of primary care, with specialist consultants available when needed, roughly analogous to subspecialties in internal medicine. The recent Institute of Medicine report on pain makes it abundantly clear that chronic pain is a prevalent and expensive problem in our country, to say nothing of the human suffering that it causes [1]. Addressing the education of pain medicine physicians is not only an academic debate; it is an issue for the practicing community and the public as well. Although we live in the era of evidence-based medicine, there are few controlled trials on how to educate pain providers, nor are there likely to be many in the future. Asking those who are involved in interdisciplinary struggles for turf is not the optimal source of information on these issues. All that one can do is look carefully at the past, assess what is happening now, and attempt to design systems that will improve things …
Opto-electronic generation of low-jitter pulsed signals

Summary form only given. In an actively mode-locked laser, the pulse-to-pulse jitter is ultimately limited by the phase noise of the mode-locking microwave source. On the other hand, opto-electronic oscillators (OEO) using fiber delay lines have been shown capable of generating microwave frequency with extremely low phase noise. Therefore, one can take advantage of the low phase noise of an OEO for ultra-low jitter pulse generation. In this paper, we describe the development of a new low-jitter pulse generator by combing the two technologies. In this approach, the optical oscillator (mode-locked EDFL) and the microwave oscillator (OEO) are coupled through a common Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator as an integrated pulse generator, thus named a coupled opto-electronic oscillator.
Viscosity relaxation in molten HgZnTe

Rotating cup measurements of the viscosity of the pseudo-binary melt, HgZnTe have shown that the isothermal liquid with zinc mole fraction 0.16 requires tens of hours of equilibration time before a steady viscous state can be achieved. Over this relaxation period, the viscosity at 790 C increases by a factor of two, while the viscosity at 810 C increases by 40%. Noting that the Group VI elements tend to polymerize when molten, we suggest that the viscosity of the melt is enhanced by the slow formation of Te atom chains. To explain the build-up of linear Te n-mers, we propose a scheme, which contains formation reactions with second order kinetics that increase the molecular weight, and decomposition reactions with first order kinetics that inactivate the chains. The resulting rate equations can be solved for the time dependence of each molecular weight fraction. Using these molecular weight fractions, we calculate the time dependence of the average molecular weight. Using the standard semi-empirical relation between polymer average molecular weight and viscosity, we then calculate the viscosity relaxation curve. By curve fitting, we find that the data imply that the rate constant for n-mer formation is much smaller than the rate constant for n-mer deactivation, suggesting that Te atoms only weakly polymerize in molten HgZnTe. The steady state toward which the melt relaxes occurs as the rate of formation of an n-mer becomes exactly balanced by the sum of the rate for its deactivation and the rate for its polymerization to form an (n+1)-mer.
Multisite haplotype on cattle chromosome 3 is associated with quantitative trait locus effects on lactation traits.

The goal of this study was to identify candidate genes and DNA polymorphisms for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), and protein yield (PY) previously mapped to...
Power, Accountability, and Inappropriate Actions

Les problemes de pouvoir, l'abus de pouvoir et le fait d'avoir a repondre de ses decisions, constituent des preoccupations majeures pour les organisations et les gouvernements a travers le monde. Les histoires d'escroquerie, d'erreurs de gestion et de conduites deontologiquement douteuses sont courantes dans la litterature specialisee, ainsi que dans les publications touchant le grand public. Cet article a pour objet d'aborder certains aspects theoriques et de presenter un ensemble d'etudes empiriques que nous avons menees aux Etats-Unis sur ces questions. Ce que nous pensons essentiel, au moins pour les USA, c'est que le pouvoir favorise l'arbitraire, et l'arbitraire est la porte ouverte aux exces. Les systemes de controle peuvent limiter les abus, mais aussi entraver la creativite et nuire a l'implication. Ce resultat presente-t-il de l'interet pour les relations internationales?
Nonlinear contribution of eye velocity to motion perception.

Abstract The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that an extra-retinal signal combines with retinal velocity in a linear manner as described by existing models to determine perceived velocity. To do so, we utilized a method that allowed the determination of the relative contributions of the retinal-velocity and the extra-retinal signals for the perception of stimulus velocity. We determined the velocity (speed and direction) of a stimulus viewed with stationary eyes that was perceptually the same as the velocity of the stimulus viewed with moving eyes. Eye movements were governed by the tracking (or pursuit) of a separate pursuit target. The velocity-matching data were unable to be fit with a model that linearly combined a retinal-velocity signal and an extra-retinal signal. A model that was successful in explaining the data was one that takes the difference between two simple saturating non-linear functions, g and f, each symmetric about the origin, but one having an interaction term. That is, the function g has two arguments: retinal velocity, Ṙ, and eye velocity, Ė. The only argument to f is retinal velocity, Ṙ. Each argument has a scaling parameter. A comparison of the goodness of fits between models demonstrated that the success of the model is the interaction term, i.e. the modification of the compensating eye velocity signal by the retinal velocity prior to combination.
The development of the lamprey pattern generator for locomotion

The life cycle of the lamprey includes a larval stage that can last for several years. The motor behavior of the larval lamprey, the ammocoete, has been only minimally studied and little is known of the neural correlates of that behavior. Comparison of known larval behavior to that of adults leaves unclear whether there are large or small changes in the spinal nervous system during transformation. The motor output of isolated larval and transforming spinal cords when stimulated to "swim" with D-glutamate has some differences from that of comparable adult preparations, but shares many important features with adults. Primarily, the fictive swimming is less well regulated and less stable than adults of the same species. We propose that a major difference in the structure and organization of the central pattern generator for locomotion between adults and ammocoetes is a relative lack or immaturity of some cell types that participate in the coordination of the segments and the generation of the rhythm of the periodic bursting.
Subcellular localization of PTEN is regulated by LKB1 with or without the AMPK/TSC2/mTOR signaling intermediates

2774 The tumor suppressor PTEN plays distinct growth-regulatory roles in the cytoplasm and nucleus. It has been shown to be preferentially localized to the nucleus in differentiated or resting cells, but to the cytoplasm in advanced tumor cells. Thus the regulation of PTEN’s subcellular localization appears to be critical to its tumor suppressing functions. Our group has been focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in PTEN’s nuclear export. We found that activation of the PI3K cascade triggers PTEN’s Crm1-dependent nuclear export during the G1/S transition. This scenario indicates the existence of a reciprocal regulation between PI3K and PTEN during cell cycle progression. It has been well documented that mTOR can be alternatively downregulated by AMPK-mediated TSC2 activation. We reasoned that the activation of AMPK would also block PTEN’s nuclear export during the G1/S transition the same way as inhibitors of PI3K, mTOR and S6K do. AMPK is mainly activated by LKB1, or by CaMKK. To test our hypothesis, we analyzed the effects of a panel of AMPK activators on several cell lines with different genetic backgrounds. In LKB1-null A549 cells, AICAR and metformin failed to block the nuclear export of PTEN, since AMPK was not activated in the absence of LKB1. In contrast, PTEN’s nuclear export was inhibited in cells treated with the CaMKK activator 2-DG, and this inhibition was reversed by the addition of inhibitors for AMPK (compound C) or CaMKK (STO-609). Further, the reintroduction of functional LKB1 into A549 cells restored the AICAR- or metformin-mediated inhibition of PTEN’s nuclear export. In contrast, although PTEN’s nuclear export is blocked by AICAR and metformin in MDA-MB-468 or MCF-7 cells carrying wild-type LKB1, this inhibition could not be reversed by an AMPK inhibitor, suggesting that LKB1 regulates PTEN’s nuclear export, thereby bypassing AMPK. Compared to AMPK +/+ or TSC2 +/+ MEFs, however, the CaMKK activator could not block PTEN’s nuclear export in AMPK -/- or TSC2 -/- MEFs because of the absence of AMPK or TSC2 in these cells. However, AICAR and metformin were still able to induce an LKB1-mediated inhibition of PTEN’s nuclear export in these cells. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that while CaMKK mainly mediates PTEN’s nuclear retention through activation of AMPK; LKB1 can regulate PTEN’s nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking with or without the AMPK/TSC2/mTOR-signaling intermediatesr. Further identification of LKB1’s novel substrates involved in blocking PTEN’s nuclear export will lead to drug discovery of pharmaceutical agents that facilitate PTEN’s nuclear retention as a novel therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and other advanced tumors expressing PTEN in the cytoplasm.
Emerging Innovative Consumer Medical Technologies and Mobile Medical Applications

On April 24, 2015, the Apple Watch joined a growing list of wearable consumer products designed with imbedded technology that can be used to promote general wellness and healthy lifestyles. Intended to prevent disease by encouraging healthy lifestyles, these technologies blur the lines between
History of Nitrite and Nitrate in Food

Saltpeter (potassium nitrate), a natural contaminant of salt, contributed historically to the pinkish-red color in salted meats Nitric oxide, derived from nitrate/nitrite reduction, when combined with myoglobin produces as the color pigment in cured meat products Nitrite prevents sporulation of Clostridium boutlinum in cured meats In 1925, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) approved nitrite’s use in curing brines and formulas at a maximum ingoing level of 200 ppm Residual nitrite declined in cured meats from 1930s to 1970s and has remained low since the 1980s mitigating the formation of N-nitrosamines USDA regulations restrict ingoing levels of nitrite and nitrate (if allowed) to specific levels in meat product categories Residual nitrite levels in conventional and “organic” cured meats is <10 ppm in the United States Naturally occurring nitrate in raw vegetables at retail in the United States ranges from 200 to 3,000 ppm Nitrates in the municipal water supply of 25 metropolitan U.S. cities is <5 mg/L Nitrite contributes to the safety of cured meats and currently no suitable alternative is available
BP Amoco (a): Policy Statement on the Use of Project Finance; BP Amoco (B): Financing Development of the Caspian Oil Fields

SUBJECT AREAS: project finance, emerging markets, risk management, CASE SETTING: March 1999, petroleum industry, $4 billion investment Following the BP Amoco (hereafter "BPA") merger in December 1998, the new CFO, David Watson, asked Bill Young to create a policy statement recommending when the firm should use project finance instead of corporate finance for new capital investments. Young and his team created a new policy statement recommending that BPA always use corporate finance with three exceptions: mega projects, projects in politically volatile areas, and joint ventures (JV's) with heterogeneous partners. Essentially project finance would be a tool for managing project risk. In the A case, students must assess the economic rationale for the policy and the exceptions. The B case presents an interesting natural experiment involving two firms from the same industry financing the same asset in two different ways. Prior to their merger, BP and Amoco joined the Azerbaijan International Oil Consortium (AIOC), an 11-firm consortium that was developing oil fields in the Caspian Sea at a cost of $10 billion. As of March 1999, AIOC had completed the $1.9 billion Early Oil Project. BP used internal corporate funds to finance its share of the project while Amoco was one of five AIOC partners that raised $400 million of project finance. The managers in BPA's newly merged Finance Group must reassess the Early Oil financing strategy in light of the new policy statement and determine the best way to finance its share of the remaining $8 billion Full Field Development Project. Should it use corporate finance, project finance, or a combination of the two? While these cases were written for a course on project finance, they make an effective introduction to the field of project finance for advanced corporate finance, international finance, or emerging markets courses. The cases have four pedagogical objectives. First, the cases describe what project finance is and why it creates value-project finance reduces the net cost of financing certain assets. For BP Amoco, separate incorporation for investment purposes (project finance) reduces expected distress costs. For other firms in the consortium, project finance allows them to raise capital when they otherwise could not (it solves a debt overhang problem). Second, in conjunction with the teaching note, the cases present a framework based on portfolio theory that explains why large, risky, tangible assets are the best candidates for project finance. Third, the B case not only gives students an opportunity to apply the new policy statement in a real investment decision, it also illustrates the benefits of staged investment and multi-lateral support. Finally, the cases build appreciation for the complexity of merger integration, particularly horizontal mergers between former competitors.
Visualization techniques for topic model checking

Topic models remain a black box both for modelers and for end users in many respects. From the modelers' perspective, many decisions must be made which lack clear rationales and whose interactions are unclear - for example, how many topics the algorithms should find (K), which words to ignore (aka the "stop list"), and whether it is adequate to run the modeling process once or multiple times, producing different results due to the algorithms that approximate the Bayesian priors. Furthermore, the results of different parameter settings are hard to analyze, summarize, and visualize, making model comparison difficult. From the end users' perspective, it is hard to understand why the models perform as they do, and information-theoretic similarity measures do not fully align with humanistic interpretation of the topics. We present the Topic Explorer, which advances the state-of-the-art in topic model visualization for document-document and topic-document relations. It brings topic models to life in a way that fosters deep understanding of both corpus and models, allowing users to generate interpretive hypotheses and to suggest further experiments. Such tools are an essential step toward assessing whether topic modeling is a suitable technique for AI and cognitive modeling applications.
Culture Versus Women'' Rights Conflicts and Multicultural Compromises

This paper develops a framework for explaining why the implementation of culture versus women’s rights policies vary by drawing upon claims from the comparative politics, public policy, and political theory literature. I begin by explaining positive outcomes. I argue that the types of justice multicultural compromises deliver, to what extent, for whom, and why, vary according to political will and state capacity. I hypothesize that the strength of social movements, the openness of the public sphere, and the position of influential leaders in civil society shape the political will of policymakers to pressure the bureaucracy to implement the policy. Bureaucratic quality and performance, judicial independence, and the strength of institutions in the state are also crucial, as they constitute the state’s capacity to enact the policy. I also discuss negative outcomes. I hypothesize that when intense collective action is necessary for passage a decline in collective action will occur. When the policy targets a specific group, state regulatory power and group reification will increase. When policymakers ignore inequalities within the group, I hypothesize that implementation of the policy will increase group inequality. If these outcomes are pervasive, I expect increased intergroup tensions and violence against women. The paper concludes with some preliminary findings from Canada, India, and South Africa that investigate these hypotheses.
Benign chondroblastoma of the temporal bone.

Benign chondroblastoma is a rare tumor in the temporal bone. It occurs preponderantly in middle-aged men as a mass in the posterosuperior region of the ear canal and is accompanied by hearing loss. On pathologic examination, giant cells and focal regions of chondroid differentiation are noted. After the extent of the tumor has been determined, the treatment is surgical removal. Preoperative irradiation may be helpful. Long-term follow-up is essential.
On the Relationship Between the Harmonic Amplitudes of the Output Motion of Closed-Loop Linkage Mechanisms

It is well known that due to the nonlinearity of the kinematics of linkage mechanisms, their output motion contains harmonics of the input motion. In most mechanisms, the generated high harmonic components in the output motion are the main source of vibration excitation that the mechanism imparts on the overall system, including its own structure. For simple linkage mechanisms such as slider-cranks and four-bar linkage mechanisms, the amplitudes of the harmonics of the output motion for constant input rotation have been derived. In the present study, it is shown that certain relationships exist between the amplitudes of the harmonic of the output motions. In particular, odd and even harmonic amplitudes are shown to be related through an inequality relationship. These relationships are due to the basic characteristics of the linkage mechanisms motions, which are significantly simplified for certain linkage geometries. The relationships between the amplitudes of the output velocity harmonics are derived for slider-crank and four-bar linkage mechanisms.© 2008 ASME
Effects of Commercial Fruit Storage on Stages of the Codling Moth

Diapausing larvae of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) survived 133 days of standard-cold or controlled-atmosphere Also, a few pupae survived storage of either type for 60 days, and some mature nondiapausing larvae (14-18 days old at initiation of exposure) survived 30 days. No white-stage eggs, black-head-stage eggs, immature larvae, or adults survived storage. Adults developing from the surviving pupae and larvae exhibited decreased longevity and fecundity and an altered sex ratio that was weighted in favor of females.
Enteritis cystica profunda in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature.

The hereditary condition known as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is characterized by mucosal pigmentation and gastrointestinal polyps. The polyps, usually pedunculated hamartomas, are significant only for the symtoms they cause. Intramural lesions also have been described with gross microscopic features that are often interpreted as malignant. Careful evaluation may show most of these lesions to be enteritis cystica profunda. These rarely diagnosed but benign tumors have very different implications for treatment and prognosis.
Mitigating Meal-Related Glycemic Excursions in an Insulin-Sparing Manner During Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery: The Beneficial Effects of Adjunctive Pramlintide and Liraglutide

OBJECTIVE Closed-loop (CL) insulin delivery effectively maintains glucose overnight but struggles when challenged with meals. Use of single-day, 30-μg/meal pramlintide lowers meal excursions during CL. We sought to further elucidate the potential benefits of adjunctive agents after 3–4 weeks of outpatient dose titration. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two CL studies were conducted: one evaluating adjunctive pramlintide and the other liraglutide. Ten subjects (age 16–23 years; A1C 7.2 ± 0.6% [55 ± 6.6 mmol/mol]) completed two 24-h sessions: one on CL alone and one on CL plus 60-μg pramlintide (CL + P), after a 3–4-week outpatient dose escalation. Eleven subjects (age 18–27 years; A1C 7.5 ± 0.9% [58 ± 9.8 mmol/mol]) were studied before and after treatment with 1.8 mg liraglutide (CL + L) after a similar 3–4-week dose escalation period. Timing and content of meals during CL were identical within experiments; meals were not announced. RESULTS Pramlintide delayed the time to peak plasma glucose (PG) excursion (CL 1.6 ± 0.5 h vs. CL + P 2.6 ± 0.9 h, P P P = 0.0002). CL + L also led to reductions in PG excursions ( P = 0.05) and incremental PG AUC ( P = 0.004), with a 28% reduction in prandial insulin delivery. Outpatient liraglutide therapy led to a weight loss of 3.2 ± 1.8 kg, with a 26% reduction in total daily insulin dose. CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive pramlintide and liraglutide treatment mitigated postprandial hyperglycemia during CL control; liraglutide demonstrated the additional benefit of weight loss in an insulin-sparing manner. Further investigations of these and other adjunctive agents in long-term outpatient CL studies are needed.
Study on Key Technology of Quick-point Grinding Wheels

The development and the characteristics of quick-point grinding were introduced, based on the characteristics of quick-point grinding wheels,the selection principle of abrasives and binders of quick-point grinding wheels are discussed.Emphasis is laid on the importance of the shape selection and design requirement of quick-point grinding wheels.
Privacy-Preserving Isolated-Word Recognition

In this chapter we present a privacy-preserving framework for isolated word recognition based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). Classification based on HMMs is common in machine learning and is nearly ubiquitous in applications related to speech processing. We consider a multi-party scenario in which the data and the HMMs belong to different individuals and cannot be shared. For example, Alice wants to analyze speech data from telephone calls. She outsources the speech recognition task to Bob, who possesses accurate HMMs obtained via extensive training. Alice cannot share the speech data with Bob owing to privacy concerns while Bob cannot disclose the HMM parameters because this might leak valuable information about his own training database.
Correcting Behaviors and Policing Emotions: How Behavioral Infractions Become Feeling‐Rule Violations

This study examines interactions surrounding the transmission, enforcement, and assessment of compliance with feeling rules. Using ethnographic data, I investigate how actors within an organization that prepares low-income black and Latino students to attend elite boarding schools serve as both emotional socializers, transmitting particular feeling rules, and emotional gatekeepers, enforcing and assessing compliance with those rules. I find that it was the interactional process surrounding rule reminders—rather than differences in students' behavioral infractions or in the feeling rules themselves—that was most consequential in shaping evaluations of students' compliance with the program's feeling rules. Gendered patterns in these interactions often resulted in male students being treated as behaviorally deviant and female students being treated as emotionally deviant.
Block copolymer thin films: Characterizing nanostructure evolution with in situ X-ray and neutron scattering

Abstract Block copolymer (BCP) thin films have attracted significant attention as lithographic templates, separation membranes, and organic photovoltaic active layers for emerging nanotechnologies due to their ability to self-assembly into nanoscale features. To direct the self-assembly of BCP thin film nanostructures, a suite of annealing techniques has been developed (e.g. thermal annealing, solvent vapor annealing, magnetic/electrical field alignment), each with its own set of controllable parameters and mechanisms for nanostructure reorganization. In this Review, we discuss the importance of in situ X-ray and neutron scattering for the study of BCP thin films subjected to different annealing protocols. These scattering approaches have become vital for understanding the complex nanostructure reorganization processes inherent in thin film fabrication and for establishing more consistent control over the morphology, ordering, and orientation. A major advantage of in situ X-ray and neutron scattering characterization is the ability to link the thermodynamic and kinetic pathways of nanostructure evolution over macroscopic (several cm2) areas during annealing or processing. This feature has made in situ X-ray and neutron scattering ideal for refining annealing techniques, fostering robust assembly protocols, and developing the next-generation of directed assemblies. As the toolbox of viable processing methods continues to grow, we highlight potential opportunities to enhance current X-ray and neutron scattering capabilities through the improvement of scattering facilities, techniques, sample chambers, scattering/annealing protocols, and model development to establish universal control over BCP thin film self-assembly.
Reduced-order harmonic modeling and analysis of droop-controlled distributed generation networks

This work describes the development of a reduced-order nonlinear dynamic phasor modeling tool for distribution networks containing a large number of P-f and Q-v droop-controlled inverters. Attention is focused on constructing reduced-order models that accurately predict the nonlinear behavior of coherent clusters of droop-controlled inverters in response to a large disturbance, such as an asymmetric fault. In such a scenario, dynamic phasor models are shown to offer valuable insights into how the signal conditioning associated with local power measurement can have a significant effect on the large-signal stability of a droop-controlled inverter or inverter cluster. An algorithm conventionally used to identify coherent groups of synchronous generators is adopted for the investigation of coherency between large numbers of droop-controlled inverters within a distribution network. The coherency results help guide the aggregation of droop-controlled inverters and enable nonlinear reduced-order dynamic phasor modeling. For large disturbances, a reduced-order dynamic phasor simulation of a 50-inverter system is validated against full-order simulation results obtained using an OPAL-RT power system simulator.
Decontaminating anesthesia and respiratory therapy equipment

Summary This article reviews the history and documents the role played by anesthesia and respiratory therapy equipment in infection control. The role of the anesthesia machine in cross-infection is controversial. There is no question that the machine may become contaminated; however, infection has been traced only to contaminated equipment that directly contacts patients. Therefore, the machine poses a small risk for cross-infection. Respiratory therapy equipment has been implicated in numerous cases of cross-infection. Sterile, disposable, or sterilized reusable equipment for each patient has reduced the cross-infection incidence. Despite current recommendations by the CDC, current state of adult practice supports changing breathing circuits on ventilators every 48 hours. The possibility of viral infection remains a concern despite the absence of any documented transmission of viral infections related to the anesthesia machine or respiratory therapy equipment. Major questions remain unanswered regarding appropriate safeguards.
Accelerating construction of roadway bridges using alternative techniques and procurement methods

Approximately a quarter of the bridges in the United States are classified as either functionally obsolete or structurally deficient by the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT). As such, transportation agencies are challenged to handle the increasing need of upgrades with limited resources. Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) can reduce the construction duration and can decrease the environmental and socio-economic impacts of repair and upgrade activities by minimizing traffic disruptions. As several states are using accelerated construction techniques, a standard guideline would be highly beneficial for these agencies in developing or improving the ABC decision-making process. As problems are often project specific, a decision tool can assist in determining the viability of ABC over traditional construction methods and in selecting appropriate construction and contracting strategies on a case-by-case basis. This paper presents findings of a recent survey with regards to utilization of ABC strategies by state Departments of Transportation (DOTs), and a decision support framework which consists of three models: (1) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based ABC vs. traditional construction decision-making model; (2) ABC alternatives selection model; and (3) procurement method and contract selection model. The paper also discusses the use of ABC in New York State and describes a New York State bridge project to validate the AHP model. First published online 02 May 2017
Parasocial Interaction and Narrative Involvement as Predictors of Attitude Change

Parasocial interaction and the concept of entertainment education create a framework to explore how people react to persuasive messages from political commentators. The role parasocial interaction and narrative involvement play in attitude change are assessed in this essay. After considering the impact of parasocial interactions, assessments are made concerning viewers’ likelihood of elaboration, attitude change, and likelihood of behavior change. Findings suggest higher PSI generates stronger support for the advocated position, and increased likelihood for attitude and likelihood of behavior change.
A focus group study of privacy concerns about telepresence robots

The advent of robotics technology raises new privacy concerns, but preliminary research in this area has not included members of the general public in the conversation. This study used three focus groups to see what types of privacy concerns would be mentioned by typical users and to see what other topics were deemed important by the participants. The conversations were based around three concrete scenarios involving telepresence robots: an in-home tele-maid, a boss attending a meeting via telepresence, and a medical robo-ceptionist. Codings of our transcripts yielded privacy-relevant concerns not yet categorized by the literature such as hacking, theft, embarrassment, and marketing. These findings will give privacy-sensitive robotics researchers (1) a more complete list of privacy categories to measure, (2) new research questions to pursue, and (3) privacy-enhancing design suggestions to test.
Baby on Board: Managing Occupational Radiation Exposure During Pregnancy

This article reviews the issue of occupational radiation exposure as a deterrent to recruitment of women into the field of interventional radiology and provides the reader with three strategies to optimize radiation protection during fluoroscopically guided procedures. These include personal protective shielding, use of ancillary shielding, and techniques that limit fluoroscopy x-ray tube output. When optimal radiation safety practices are implemented as the norm in the IR suite, very little extra needs to be done to ensure that fetal dose of a pregnant interventionalist is negligible.
Using the Association of American Medical Colleges Standardized Video Interview in a Holistic Residency Application Review.

Each year, residency programs work diligently to identify the best applicants for their respective programs, given the increasing volume of applications. Interview offers are often based on a mix of subjective and objective measures, with different programs relying more or less on each. A holistic application review involves a flexible and individualized way of assessing an applicant’s capabilities through a balanced consideration of experiences, attributes, and academic metrics. When considered collectively, these attributes may define how an individual may perform as a physician. One particular tool developed by the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC), the Standardized Video Interview (SVI), provides an objective measure of an applicant's professional behavior and interpersonal communication skills. The SVI may provide applicants with a chance to showcase the intangibles about themselves that are neither entered on their application nor reflected by their standardized examination scores.
Effect of treatment center volume on outcomes in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor patients.

502Background: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are relatively rare tumors, where patients seek care at medical centers with varying levels of expertise. While treatment cent...
Development of emotional cascades in borderline personality disorder

Turbulent emotional experience and engaging in a wide variety of dysregulated behaviors are essential symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD). A new model of BPD, called the Emotional Cascade Model, aims to increase our understanding of the fundamental connection between emotional and behavioral dysregulation in this disorder, by highlight the phenomena of emotional cascades. Emotional cascades do not occur in isolation, however, and are likely influenced by a number of developmental factors, eventually contributing to the emergence of BPD. Furthermore, the experience of emotional cascades is likely to negatively influence developmental trajectory over time, resulting in additional exacerbation of symptoms. Theoretical and empirical considerations for the role of the Emotional Cascade Model in BPD will be discussed, as will important developmental factors that are likely to influence and interact with emotional cascades.
Information Resources in Toxicology

This article covers the various resources of toxicology information that are available to professionals and the lay public, including textbooks, periodicals, newsletters, series publications, national and international databases, and local, federal and tribal government resources. The use of computerized resources for finding toxicology information is also covered, including a short guide to evaluate the credibility of web-based toxicology and health information.
Structuralism, Theories of

Structuralism is an intellectual tendency that seeks to understand and explain social reality in terms of social structures. Structures are defined as the patterns and forms of social relations and combinations among a set of constituent social elements or component parts such as positions, units, levels, regions and locations, and social formations. Structuralism tends to proceed on two different analytic levels, as a method of analysis or procedure of knowing (epistemology), and as an ontology or metaphysical design of social reality. It also tends to approach its subject matter under the auspices of two different meta-theoretical perspectives on social reality: social structure as an empirical and historical reality, and social structure as a model or representation of reality. The conceptual property space generated by these analytic dimensions accommodates the major theories of structuralism existing today, viz. sociological structuralism, symbolic structuralism, historical structuralism, and orthodox structuralism. Major figures relevant to understanding structuralism are Marx, Durkheim, Saussure, Piaget, Levi-Strauss, and Althusser.
A family of rare earth uranium oxides, RE6UO12-δ, (RE = Rare Earth). Synthesis, structure and magnetic behavior

Abstract A series of rare earth uranates, RE6UO12-δ (RE = La, Nd, Sm – Dy, Er and Yb), were synthesized via the solid state method and their structures were determined using the Rietveld method. These compounds crystallize in the rhombohedral space group R-3H with the lattice parameters a = 10.47005(3) A and c = 9.98034(3) A for the La analogue. The temperature and field dependent magnetization are reported for each analogue. Antiferromagnetic ordering is observed for RE = Gd, Tb, and Dy with Neel temperatures of 2.1 K, 5.8 K, and 2.8 K, respectively. Magnetic measurements on the La6UO12 analogue indicate the presence of some U5+, and therefore, oxygen vacancies in the structure. The variability of the U valence is examined.