cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of inhibition of sickling by dimethyl adipimidate. Effects of intertetramer cross-linking.

Abstract Dimethyl adipimidate (DMA), an effective antisickling agent in vitro, reacts with free amino groups producing chemically modified and cross-linked molecules. In this report, we have investigated the effect of cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers on sickle hemoglobin polymerization. Since the extent of cross-linking is pH-dependent, we first compared the solubilities of deoxygenated hemolysates prepared from sickle cells previously treated with dimethyl adipimidate at either pH 7.4 or 8.4. The solubility of the hemolysates increased from 18.6 ± 0.8 g/dl in the untreated sample to 20.9 ± 1.5 g/dl (pH 7.4) and to 25.4 ± 3.0 g/dl (pH 84) after dimethyl adipimidate treatment. Removal of cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers from hemolysate obtained from dimethyl adipimidate-treated cells abolished part of this effect; at pH 7.4, the solubility decreased from 20.9 ± 1.5 to 19.4 ± 0.2 and at pH 8.4 from 25.4 ± 3.0 to 21.0 ± 1.5. However, the ratio of [14C]DMA-labelled hemoglobin in the sol phase to that in the gel phase in the unfractionated hemolysate was 1.17 at pH 7.4 and 1.25 at pH 8.4, suggesting that part of the cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers was incorporated into the gel. In order to further investigate the effect of cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers on sickle hemoglobin polymerization, we separated cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers on a gel-filtration column, prepared mixtures of untreated sickle hemoglobin and cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers and studied the polymerization of these mixtures. The Csat of the untreated hemolysate increased progressively from 18.6 ± 0.8 to 22.5 ± 0.8 g/dl with 33% cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers. The hemoglobin concentration in the gel decreased from 43 ± 1.0 to 33.8 ± 1.0 g/dl with 33% cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers, while the pellet volume fraction, φp, increased with and almost approached 1 at 50% cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers. In addition, the sol phase contained a higher molecular weight distribution of cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers than the gel phase. These observations suggest that a loose polymer was formed in the gel phase with a hemoglobin concentration much lower than that of the control. Thus, polymerization of sickle hemoglobin is inhibited by: (1) exclusion of higher molecular weight cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers from the gel, and (2) loose incorporation of cross-linked hemoglobin tetramers into the gel, perhaps preventing lateral packing and formation of tightly ordered fibers.
Panel studies of acute health effects of air pollution. I. Cardiopulmonary symptoms in adults, New York, 1971-1972.

Over 300 elderly panelists, either well or with reported cardiopulmonary symptoms, participated in a study linking aggravation of symptoms to fluctuations in ambient air pollutants and daily temperature in New York City. Increasing temperatures aggravated symptoms in heart disease panelists; clear and consistent relationships of temperature to symptoms in the well, lung disease, or combined heart and lung disease panelists were not apparent. Elevated levels of suspended nitrates, suspended sulfates, sulfur dioxide, and respirable suspended particulates were associated with exacerbations of symptoms in the well elderly panel; a similar but much weaker pattern of effects on the lung disease panel appeared. It was not possible to identify more precisely the responsible pollutants. Symptoms of heart disease appeared to be related only to suspended nitrate and total suspended particulate levels in addition to temperature. The data did not suggest a threshold for these health effects nor did the data support the hypothesis that those panelists more severely afflicted with cardiopulmonary conditions would be more sensitive to air pollution. The effect of method of panel selection on the estimation of dose-response relationships, and the concept of day-to-day fluctuations in symptom rates were discussed.
Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia due to Anti‐HPA‐1b (PLA2) (Zwb)

Background: Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia is a rare condition due to passively acquired maternal antibodies directed against paternal platelet antigens inherited by the infant. Only 5 cases have been reported due to antibodies against HPA-lb (PLA2) (Zwb). Case Report: We report a case of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-HPA-lb in the second pregnancy of a 26-year-old Caucasian female. The male infant was treated with a 5-day course of intravenous immunoglobulin without complications. We report the HLA phenotype of the infant's mother and summarize the previous case reports due to anti-HPA-lb. Conclusion: Based on this case and a review of the literature, intravenous immunoglobulin as well as random donor exchange transfusion and random donor platelet transfusions are effective in the treatment of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-HPA-lb. Obvious associations between HLA alleles and sensitization to HPA-lb have not been elucidated.
Super-resolution Fourier microscopy for Mid-IR

We propose a novel scheme for subwavelength-resolved imaging in the mid-IR. Our approach relies on scattering from an acoustic grating and allows far-field detection of high spatial frequency Fourier components of the object under study.
Limits for cold, heat and humidity in underground shelters.

In the light of information available, underground fall-out shelters can be designed to maintain acceptable thermal conditions in temperate or arctic regions for isolation periods of about 2 weeks, with little or no artificial heating or cooling, and with only minimal ventilation. Mechanical cooling of shelters is essential in desert regions and in many hot-humid areas of the south, where soil temperatures at shelter depths are of the order of 75 to 85 ts F, compared with 45 to 55 ts F in the Temperate Zone, and 10 to 30 ts F in subarctic or arctic areas. (auth)
Positive Genetic Correlation between Forage Yield and Fiber of Smooth Bromegrass

Voluntary intake potential of a forage crop is generally considered to be the most important feed characteristic regulating animal performance. Efforts to develop forage crops with reduced bulk volume, measured by neutral detergent fi ber (NDF) concentration, have been associated with reduced plant fi tness. The objective of this study was to evaluate a second cycle of divergent selection for NDF in four smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pedigrees and to determine if concomitant selection for spaced-plant vigor could counteract the loss in forage yield associated with selection for low NDF. In both high and low directions of Cycle-2, populations were created with and without concomitant selection for plant vigor. Selection responses for NDF and forage yield were linear through both cycles of selection in both directions. Although responses were not uniform across the four pedigrees, changes in NDF were refl ected in changes in forage yield on all levels evaluated: selection direction (high vs. low NDF), individual cycles, and vigor selections. Although combined selection for low NDF and high vigor improved forage yield in the low-NDF direction for one of four pedigrees, it did not alter the strong positive relationship between NDF and forage yield across all populations and cycles. The genetic correlation between NDF and forage yield appears to be physiological in origin, caused largely by overlapping genic specifi cities (i.e., pleiotropy).
Patient-physician racial and ethnic concordance and perceived medical errors.

Abstract In this paper, I use nationally representative survey data to examine the relationship between patient–physician racial/ethnic concordance and perceived medical errors in the USA. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we find that White patients treated by White physicians have 33% lower odds of reporting medical errors than White patients treated by non-White physicians. In contrast, patient–physician racial/ethnic concordance has no effect on perceived medical errors among non-White patients. The results suggest that the role of racial/ethnic concordance in perceptions of health care safety varies by patients’ racial/ethnic background.
A localized ensemble Kalman smoother

Numerous geophysical inverse problems prove difficult because the available measurements are indirectly related to the underlying unknown dynamic state and the physics governing the system may involve imperfect models or unobserved parameters. Data assimilation addresses these difficulties by combining the measurements and physical knowledge. The main challenge in such problems usually involves their high dimensionality and the standard statistical methods prove computationally intractable. This paper develops and addresses the theoretical convergence of a new high-dimensional Monte Carlo approach called the localized ensemble Kalman smoother.
Effects of feedback and complexity on repeated decisions from description

Abstract Recent evidence from research in risky choice shows that decisions from experience differ significantly from decisions from description, particularly when problems include a small-probability event and when samples from experience are small. Little is known, however, about the cognitive processes behind repeated decisions where both descriptive and experiential information are available for the decision maker. While previous findings suggest that feedback makes choices “deviate” from the predictions of prospect theory ( Jessup, Bishara, & Busemeyer, 2008 ), we find a stronger effect: Our results suggest that information from description is neglected in the presence of feedback. Moreover, we find that in the presence of feedback, descriptions are overlooked irrespective of the level of complexity of the decision scenario. We show that an instance-based learning model and a reinforcement learning model account for the observed decisions by solely relying on observed outcomes. We discuss our findings in the context of organizational behavior.
Disruption of SLP-76 Interaction with Gads Inhibits Dynamic Clustering of SLP-76 and FcεRI Signaling in Mast Cells

We developed a confocal real-time imaging approach that allows direct observation of the subcellular localization pattern of proteins involved in proximal FcepsilonRI signaling in RBL cells and primary bone marrow-derived mast cells. The adaptor protein Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) is critical for FcepsilonRI-induced calcium flux, degranulation, and cytokine secretion. In this study, we imaged SLP-76 and found it in the cytosol of unstimulated cells. Upon FcepsilonRI cross-linking, SLP-76 translocates to the cell membrane, forming clusters that colocalize with the FcepsilonRI, the tyrosine kinase Syk, the adaptor LAT, and phosphotyrosine. The disruption of the SLP-76 interaction with its constitutive binding partner, Gads, through the mutation of SLP-76 or the expression of the Gads-binding region of SLP-76, inhibits the translocation and clustering of SLP-76, suggesting that the interaction of SLP-76 with Gads is critical for appropriate subcellular localization of SLP-76. We further demonstrated that the expression of the Gads-binding region of SLP-76 in bone marrow-derived mast cells inhibits FcepsilonRI-induced calcium flux, degranulation, and cytokine secretion. These studies revealed, for the first time, that SLP-76 forms signaling clusters following FcepsilonRI stimulation and demonstrated that the Gads-binding region of SLP-76 regulates clustering of SLP-76 and FcepsilonRI-induced mast cell responses.
Psychosocial Predictors and Correlates of Suicidality in Teenage Latino Males

Multiple ecodevelopmental factors were tested as they influence suicidality in a community sample of Latino adolescent males. Risk factors tested included childhood maltreatment, parental alcohol-related problems, and polysubstance problems. Protective factors included general self-efficacy, social conformity, and family bonding. Male participants (N = 349) were recruited from the Los Angeles area. About 80% of the sample reported some suicidal ideation, and 26% reported a history of at least one suicide attempt. The strongest protective factor for suicidality was problem-solving confidence, followed by a good relationship with parents and being law abiding. The strongest risk factor for suicidality was emotional abuse, followed by hard drug use, mother’s alcohol-related problems, and sexual abuse. Broad-based theories, research, treatment, and prevention efforts are critical to implement with this population.
Spatial indeterminacy and the construction of environmental knowledge

As concern about the sustainability of industrialised economies has increased, analysts have developed various indicator-based methodologies to explore environmental policy implications of human consumption and production activities. Critical and social constructivist theorists have challenged the presumption of objectivity underlying such research, however, by highlighting the role that social process and tacit assumptions play in accounts of human–environment interactions. While the ‘science wars’ hostility between realists and constructivists has abated and many in both camps agree that environmental analysts should be more open and reflexive about the empirical limitations of their work and its potential to encode social, political and cultural bias, practical guidance and clear examples for doing so remain rare. This paper is situated within this gap: it is at once an attempt by an environmental analyst to show what a ‘self-reflexive’ approach to environmental assessment might look like and a rumination on the opportunities and challenges that such an undertaking entails. At the same time, the paper makes traditional scientific claims to creating new knowledge and advancing methodological sophistication by identifying a general problem of spatial indeterminacy that limits the empirical basis of all manner of place-based environmental assessment. The paper uses a climate change-related case study regarding the attribution of carbon emissions from electricity use to various US states to show the strong, though generally unrecognised, representational and political implications that can be introduced through the common methodological responses to spatial indeterminacy. I argue that in such cases both positivist and constructivist approaches to understanding human–environmental relations are needed to thoughtfully navigate options for constructing indicators and analysing policy options.
Energy partitioning in {sup 1}S-wave electron-impact ionization of atomic hydrogen

Results of calculations of the integrated cross section and the energy distribution for ionization of ground-state hydrogen by $^{1}\mathit{S}$-wave electron impact are presented. The breakup amplitude is expressed as a volume integral that contains an approximate final-state wave function which accounts for postcollision dynamic screening. The error in this wave function is accounted for by the response function, which is represented on a real discrete (Sturmian) basis, with its physical branch specified by the arrow of time. It is found that the energy distribution is primarily convex for impact energies from about $2$ to $10$ eV above threshold, and primarily flat from about $10$ to $20$ eV above threshold. The shape of the energy distribution appears to reflect both the competition between escape and recapture, and the substantial postcollision exchange of energy between the electrons. A rough, nonclassical criterion for predicting the curvature of the energy distribution is derived.
A point mutation is responsible for the acquisition of transforming properties by the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene

The genetic change that leads to the activation of the oncogene in T24 human bladder carcinoma cells is shown to be a single point mutation of guanosine into thymidine. This substitution results in the incorporation of valine instead of glycine as the twelfth amino acid residue of the T24 oncogene-encoded p21 protein. Thus, a single amino acid substitution appears to be sufficient to confer transforming properties on the gene product of the T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene.
A theory of entrepreneurial learning from performance errors

This paper develops a theory of entrepreneurial learning from performance errors. The paper explains how entrepreneurs generate outcomes, and based on these, detect and correct errors in their own knowledge about the activities involved in creating and operating a new venture. The model developed in this paper reflects the major cognitive functions leading to outcome generation, error detection and error correction. We draw testable propositions about the effects of entrepreneurs’ domain-specific knowledge and cognitive ability on each stage of the learning process, which ultimately determine how much the entrepreneurs can learn from a given performance error.
Ethanol-induced changes in the intralobular oxygen gradient of perfused rat liver

A new tissue fluorometric method was developed to estimate the intralobular oxygen gradient in hemoglobin-free perfused rat liver. The method employs a two-branch micro-light guide with a tip diameter of 170 mu. With this light guide, it was possible to measure pyridine nucleotide fluorescence (366 nm leads to 450 nm) from periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule. By measuring inflow PO2 values at which pyridine nucleotide fluorescence increased in the pericentral regions of the liver lobule, the mean intralobular oxygen gradient was estimated. The measured gradient was approximately 180 torr in livers from sucrose-treated control rats. Chronic treatment with ethanol increased both the mean intralobular oxygen gradient and the rate of hepatic oxygen uptake by 30%. The antithyroid drug, 6-propyl-2-thiouracil, completely reversed the effects of ethanol on both the intralobular oxygen gradient and the rate of oxygen uptake. These data present direct physical evidence that the increased tissue respiration induced by chronic ethanol treatment indeed accentuates the intralobular oxygen gradient and thus support the hypothesis that selective depletion of oxygen in the pericentral region of the liver lobule may underlie ethanol-induced cellular injury confined to this site.
Modeling of energy demands for residential buildings with HTML interface

Abstract This paper presents the package for calculation of energy and cost demands for heating, cooling and hot water. The package represents a new kind of approach to developing software, employing user (client) and server (program provider) computers connected by Internet. It is mounted on the owner server and is available to the whole world through the Web browser. The package was developed as a simplified tool for estimating energy use in four types of new and old houses, located in 900 US cities. The computing engine utilizes the database that was compiled by LBL in support of the `Affordable Housing through Energy Conservation' Project [1] with over 10 000 DOE-2.1 simulations. The package consists of 69 routines and scripts coded in four languages: HTML, Perl, C, and FORTRAN. The modeling, the programming, and the future perspectives of the new kind of computational tool are presented. The paper discusses further technical limitations, as well as suggestions for further improvements and development. Especially important is the problem of multi-user access; ways for its solution are proposed.
Asymptotically invariant sampling and averaging from stationary-like processes

Given a process X on Rd or Zd, we may form a random sequence ξ1,ξ2,… by sampling from X at some independent points τ1,τ2,…. If X is stationary up to shifts (which holds for broad classes of Markov and Palm processes) and the distribution of (τn) is asymptotically invariant (as in the case of Poisson or Bernoulli sampling, respectively) then (ξn) is asymptotically exchangeable, and the associated empirical distribution converges to the corresponding product random measure.
Secondary health conditions in individuals aging with SCI: Terminology, concepts and analytic approaches

Literature review. Utilizing individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) as a representative population for physical disability, this paper: (1) reviews the history of the concept of secondary conditions as it applies to the health of individuals aging with long-term disabilities; (2) proposes a definition of secondary health conditions (SHCs) and a conceptual model for understanding the factors that are related to SHCs as individuals age with a disability; and (3) discusses the implications of the model for the assessment of SHCs and for developing interventions that minimize their frequency, severity and negative effects on the quality of life of individuals aging with SCI and other disabilities. Key findings from research articles, reviews and book chapters addressing the concept of SHCs in individuals with SCI and other disabilities were summarized to inform the development of a conceptual approach for measuring SCI-related SHCs. Terms used to describe health conditions secondary to SCI and other physical disabilities are used inconsistently throughout the literature. This inconsistency represents a barrier to improvement, measurement and for the development of effective interventions to reduce or prevent these health conditions and mitigate their effects on participation and quality of life. A working definition of the term SHCs is proposed for use in research with individuals aging with SCI, with the goal of facilitating stronger evidence and increased knowledge upon which policy and practice can improve the health and well-being of individuals aging with a disability.
Vaginal high-pressure zone assessed by dynamic 3-dimensional ultrasound images of the pelvic floor.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the shape and characteristics of the vaginal high-pressure zone (HPZ) by imaging a compliant fluid-filled bag that had been placed in the vaginal HPZ with the 3-dimensional ultrasound system. Study Design Nine nulliparous asymptomatic women underwent 3-dimensional ultrasound imaging and vaginal pressure measurements. A compliant bag was placed in the vagina and filled with various volumes of water. Three-dimensional ultrasound volumes of the pelvic floor were obtained at each bag volume while the subjects were at rest and during pelvic floor contraction. Results At low volumes, the bag was collapsed for a longitudinal extent of approximately 3.3 ± 0.2 cm (length of vaginal HPZ). With increasing bag volume, there was opening of the vaginal HPZ in the lateral dimension before the anteroposterior dimension. Pelvic floor contraction produced a decrease in the anteroposterior dimension but not the lateral dimension of the bag in the region of the vaginal HPZ. Conclusion We propose that the shape and characteristics of the vaginal HPZ are consistent with the hypothesis that the puborectalis muscle is responsible for the genesis of the vaginal HPZ.
Atomistic mechanisms of lithium insertion in amorphous silicon

Abstract Understanding the lithium–silicon alloying behavior is essential for achieving maximum charge capacity in the negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. Our atomistic simulations show that in amorphous silicon with a disordered network structure, inserted lithium atoms can find equilibrium positions in the interstices of big rings. Alternatively, lithium is incorporated into the network by the destruction and reformation of smaller rings. These atomic-level mechanisms are characterized by using the network topology measure of ring statistics, which are correlated to the lithiation responses of silicon electrodes. The results reveal the influence of lithium concentrations on the electro-chemical–mechanical behavior of silicon. Implications on the reversibility and dynamics of the lithiation process are discussed.
The role of prospective randomized clinical trials in pediatric surgery: state of the art?

Abstract Purpose: This study sought to determine the role of randomized controlled trials (RCT) in the evolution of pediatric surgical practice. Methods: The authors used a computer-assisted literature search to identify all clinical trials related to pediatric surgery published in the English-language literature from 1966 through 1999. Each article was reviewed in detail for purpose, content, conduct, and quality of the trial. The authors assessed quality with a previously validated instrument (Chalmers Qualitative Assessment). Results: The authors identified 134 RCTs related to pediatric surgery over the past 33 years. This accounts for 0.17% of 80,377 articles published in the field. The areas of surgery studied were analgesia 65 (49%), antibiotics 17 (13%), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) 9 (7%), gastrointestinal, burns, oncology, minimally invasive surgery, vascular access, congenital anomalies, and trauma (each Conclusions: Clinical trials are used infrequently to answer questions related to pediatric surgery. When RCTs are utilized, they often suffer from poor trial design, inadequate statistical analysis, and incomplete reporting. Pediatric surgery could benefit from increased expertise, funding, and participation in clinical trials. J Pediatr Surg 36:1182-1186. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
A Mother With Glandular Hypoplasia and a Late Preterm Infant

This case study presents a maternal-infant dyad, both of whom bring risk factors to the breastfeeding relationship. The mother had true glandular hypoplasia that was not detected in the antenatal period or during her hospital stay. In addition, the infant was a late preterm infant, bringing the risks of poor feeding behavior and ineffective removal of milk from the breast as well as limited body reserves. Through the use of breastfeeding technology, including test weights, use of a hospital grade double electric breast pump and use of a nipple shield, in addition to a pharmacologic intervention, in which Domperidone was administered, this mother was able to maximize her milk yield and the infant was able to receive human milk for 6 months. This case report highlights the need for a thorough assessment of the breasts as well as the breastfeeding process in all breastfeeding dyads.
Abstract 3896: Non-canonical regulation of the Hedgehog mediator GLI1 by c-MYC in Burkitt lymphoma cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Aberrant activation of the oncogene GLI1, a key mediator of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, is observed in a wide variety of human cancers. Although HH plays a major role in GLI1 transcription and activation via Patched (PTCH) and Smoothened (SMO), there is increasing evidence suggesting that other pathways also regulate GLI1 expression. A recent study suggested that upregulation of c-MYC by the EWS/FLI1 fusion protein in Ewing Sarcoma may play a role in upregulating GLI1. To determine the role of c-MYC in the regulation of GLI1 and whether c-MYC regulates GLI1 independently of the HH signaling pathway, we initiated studies in Burkitt lymphoma cells, which constitutively overexpress c-MYC due to a chromosomal translocation. Using RT-PCR, we showed that BL1647, BL1648, BL2392 and BL2625 Burkitt lymphoma cell lines express c-MYC and HH pathway components, including PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1. Using Western blot analysis, we showed that GLI1 protein levels varied among the different cell lines. We demonstrated a sequence-specific interaction between c-MYC protein and E-boxes in the GLI1 promoter with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). This interaction resulted in transcriptional activation of a luciferase reporter gene in NIH3T3 and HeLa cells. Treating Burkitt lymphoma cells with the c-MYC inhibitor 10058-F4 downregulated GLI1 mRNA and protein and reduced cell viability as measured by MTT assays. In contrast, inhibition of HH-signaling by cyclopamine did not affect GLI1 expression in Burkitt lymphoma cells and only reduced viability of cells when used at high concentrations, possibly representing non-specific cytotoxic effects. Inhibition of GLI1 by GANT61 suggests that GLI1 functions as an anti-apoptotic factor as measured by Caspase3/7 activity in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Collectively, our data provide evidence that c-MYC may function independently of the HH pathway in Burkitt lymphoma to directly regulate GLI1 in a non-canonical manner and support an anti-apoptotic role for GLI1 in Burkitt lymphoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3896.
The effect of abrupt salinity changes on the osmoregulatory abilities of the Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus

1. 1. Juvenile Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, were acclimated to high (35‰) and low (3.5‰) salinity water and then exposed to an abrupt salinity change to either 3.5 or 35‰. 2. 2. Changes in osmotic pressure and concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and free amino acids in blood serum and axial muscle were measured for up to a week following the abrupt salinity changes. 3. 3. The greatest immediate changes occurred in the serum taken from fish transferred from 35 to 3.5‰. 4. 4. Changes in the osmotic components of muscle paralleled those in the serum, but involved primarily potassium. 5. 5. Changes in the individual free amino acids and ninhydrin-positive substance in the muscle were minor, and were relevant only in those fish transferred from 35 to 3.5‰.
Norm internalization and the cognitive mechanism of cultural consonance

Human societies are unique in that our behavior is regulated by learned norms and influenced by cultural standards. The present article addresses one of the aspects of how normative culture affects individual's mental life. This study specifically examined the role of norm internalization in cultural consonance and individual psychological flourishing. The data, collected in New England in the winter of 2012, contained measures of individual's (n = 189) knowledge about a cultural model of a good, worthy life, the degree of internalization of the corresponding normative ideas, and self-reported information about each informant's lifestyle and individual mental health status. The results suggest that while stronger internalizers tend to have slightly better levels of psychological flourishing on average, they also suffer greater losses in positive mental health when they think that they are not conforming to the norms embedded in a cultural model.
Learning Cultured Neuronal Network Evolution Using False Discovery Rate Analysis

Despite numerous studies carried out using Multi Electrode Arrays (MEAs), there are no quantitative studies that assess how the development of dissociated rat cortical neurons can be affected by chronic external stimulation. Furthermore, there is a lack of quantitative analysis tools in use for processing spike data sets recorded from large neuronal populations. With this work, we want to emphasize the importance of using statistical analysis as a mathematical tool to identify functional and significant electrical connections, to quantify the temporal evolution and the early development of dissociated cortical neurons when presented with external stimulation. The False Discovery Rate technique we propose guarantees that when analyzing the neuronal evoked responses, we are accounting for the natural variability and randomness that are typical characteristics of the nervous system. Our preliminary findings suggest that electrical stimulation has significant effects on neuron electrical activity.
Efficient estimation of the reciprocal of the density quantile function at a point

Abstract Consistent estimators for the reciprocal of the density at a quantile point are considered. Optimal rates of convergence of these estimators, depending on the smoothness properties of the density, are obtained. An symptotically efficient estimator sequence, in the mean square error sense, is found from among this class; unlike density estimators, these density quantile estimators do not require knowledge of the actual values of the density and its derivatives.
Voltage-dependent calcium current in dissociated smooth muscle cells of the buccal mass of Aplysia.

Isolated smooth muscle cells of the buccal mass of Aplysia contracted in response to depolarization elicited by a patch electrode in whole-cell configuration. With cesium-containing pipet solution and tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine in the external solution depolarization elicited inward current. The voltage-dependent inward current was blocked completely by lanthanum (10 mmol·1-1), inhibited 80–90% by nifedipine (1 μmol·l-1), and was dependent upon extracellular calcium. These results showed that the voltage-dependent inward current was due to activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCaCH). Minimal depolarization to begin activating VDCaCH was-60 to-30 mV. Inward current peaked within 8 ms and then decreased rapidly to a lower level of relatively non-inactivating current. The initial peak current could be mostly inactivated by a depolarization to-20 mV for 500 ms. Nifedipine reduced both the peak current and the relatively non-inactivating current. Nifedipine inhibited high potassium-elicited contractions of both intact and dissociated muscle. These results suggested that VDCaCH mediates calcium influx which triggers contraction in molluscan smooth muscle fibers.
Observations of the 4000 Å break strength in the spectra of elliptical and S0 galaxies

Spectrophotometric observations of the 4000 A break strength in a large sample of nearby E and S0 galaxies are described. A tight relationship between luminosity and break strength is found, though it is too shallow at the bright end to serve as a useful distance indicator. Correlations are found between the break strength and various metal lines, Balmer lines, and the Greenwich gradient, which demonstrate the sensitivity of the break to both metallicity and composite temperature effects.
Examination of automated polypeptide sequencing using standard phenyl isothiocyanate reagent and subpicomole high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis

Abstract The feasibility of accurate protein sequencing at the subpicomole level, using automated Edman chemistry and “on-line” HPLC analysis, was studied. Several modifications of the standard system were first introduced. A larger portion of the phenylthiohydantoin amino acids (70%) is analyzed. Dissolution in 10% acetonitrile is improved by short periodic bursts of argon. Losses on the column of subpicomole amounts of analytes, in the presence and absence of scavengers, were quantitated; they are related to destruction rather than to unspecific sticking to the stationary phase. Baseline drift, for a large part caused by the presence of ultraviolet absorbing N,N-dimethylphenylthiourea in solvent B, is completely eliminated by the addition of a twofold molar excess of tryptophan to solvent A. This allows real time recording of the 269-nm absorption detector signal at 0.0005 absorption unit full scale. The combined modifications result in an eightfold increase in sensitivity over standard methods. Sequence calling at the 2 to 10 pmol level, through visual inspection of chromatograms, becomes increasingly simple this way. Once the sequenceable signal drops below the 1 pmol level in the course of a run, meticulous comparison and matching of the preliminary calls with a spreadsheet of peak integration data are necessary for accurate assignments. Reliable sequencing, with signals at the subpicomole level, is now feasible for stretches of over 10 residues. Contaminating amino acids and polypeptides and incompletely removed reaction by-products constitute a major problem for analysis at this level. Future limits to sensitivity of Edman sequencing will primarily depend on improved micropreparations of proteins in cleaner environments, higher purity reagents and solvents, instrument miniaturization, and solid-phase techniques.
Indications and Efficacy of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine

In the United States, there are 11,150 cases and 3670 deaths projected due to invasive cervical cancer for 2007. Approximately 500,000 new cases and 274,000 deaths will occur in women throughout the world. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a “necessary cause” of cervical cancer. There are 6.2 million new cases of HPV diagnosed each year. In addition to cervical cancer, the virus has also been implicated in vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and head and neck cancers. Current methods for prevention of cervical cancer include Pap smears, HPV testing, ablative procedures, cervical conization, and hysterectomy. These are costly as well as invasive. The HPV vaccine is the most recent breakthrough for the prevention of cervical cancer. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine (GardasilTM) covers types 6, 11, 16, & 18. The bivalent vaccine (CervarixTM) covers types 16 & 18, and is expected to come out in the early part of 2007. Approximately 70% of cervical cancer is caused by HPV types 16 & 18. HPV types 6 &11 are responsible for 90% of anogenital warts. Females of ages 11–12 and those prior to their sexual debut should be vaccinated, with all females in the age range of 9–26 also eligible. This vaccination strategy can prevent the above HPV infections, cervical dysplasia, and possibly cervical cancer.
Study of primary networks at pittsburgh

THE 4-KV PRIMARY NETWORK type of distribution system has been used successfully in the Pittsburgh area since 1931, when the Verona-Oakmont network was placed in service. A new 4-kv primary network installation for the Squirrel Hill area has been installed utilizing the modern equipment that is now offered by manufacturers.
Reflection of Electrons from Metal Surfaces

A beam of electrons from a hot-lime cathode was introduced into the space between two parallel plates so as to be incident against one of them at a large angle. Then the velocity distribution among the resulting secondary electrons was studied by observing the number of electrons which, overcoming different retarding potentials reached a Faraday cylinder. The experimental results obtained tend to show that the number of secondary electrons having velocities between zero and a given velocity $v$ may be expressed as the sum of two numbers one of which is proportional to the number of electrons having the velocity $v$ and the other of which is proportional to the energy of X-rays in the space between the two plates having the wave length which according to the quantum theory corresponds to the velocity $v$.
Risk of Nitrate in Groundwaters of the United StatesA National Perspective

Nitrate contamination of groundwater occurs in predictable patterns, based on findings of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The NAWQA Program wa...
An evaluation of containment inerting and air dilution systems as methods for post-accident hydrogen control in BWRS

Abstract Hydrogen control is important in post-accident situations because of possibilities for containment rupture due to hydrogen deflagration or detonation. Post-accident hydrogen generation in BWR containments is analyzed as a function of engineered hydrogen control system, assumed either nitrogen inerting or air dilution. Fault tree analysis was applied to assess the failure probability per demand of each system. These failure rates were then combined with the probability of accidents producing various hydrogen generation rates to calculate the overall system hydrogen control probability. Results indicate that both systems render approximately the same overall hydrogen control failure rate (air dilution: 8.3 × 10 −2 −1.1 × 10 −2 ; nitrogen inerting: 1.3 × 10 −2 −2 × 10 −3 ). Drywell entries and unscheduled shutdowns were also analyzed to determine the impact on the total BWR accident risk as it relates to the decay heat removal system. Results indicate that inerting may increase the overall risk due to a possible increase in the number of unscheduled shutdowns due to a lessened operator ability to correct and identify ‘unidentified’ leakage from the primary coolant system. Further, possible benefits of inerting due to reduced torus corrosion and fire risk in containment appear to be dominated by the possible operations-related disadvantages.
Scavenger effects in the recoil tritium reactions of cyclohexene

Abstract The comparative efficiency of H2S, butadiene-d5, O2 and SO2 as radical scavengers has been determined in the T + cyclohexene gas phase system. The T was produced by recoil in the 3He(n, p)T reaction. Direct tritium substitution on cyclohexene yields cyclohexene-t which may undergo unimolecular decomposition to produce butadiene-t. In unscavenged samples butadiene-t is selectively depleted by reactions with H atoms produced by radiolysis. Neither SO2 nor H2S is sufficiently reactive with H atoms to protect butadiene-t from such depletion. The “hot” butadiene-t yield can only be determined by means of O2 or butadiene-d6 scavenging. All products except butadiene-t exhibit normal behavior with O2, SO2 or H2S scavenging.
Problem of the redshifts

The observational evidence concerning the nature of the redshifts in quasistellar objects and some peculiar galaxies is reviewed. On balance it seems probable that large intrinsic redshift components are present in some objects.
What is a collection

Advances in information technology have dramatically changed information seeking, and necessitate an examination of traditional conceptions of library collection. This article addresses the task and reveals four major presumptions associated with collections: tangibility, ownership, a user community, and an integrated retrieval mechanism. Some of these presumptions have served only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection. Others seem to have become more relevant in the current information environment. The emergence of nontraditional media, such as the World Wide Web (WWW), poses two specific challenges: to question the necessity of finite collections, and contest the boundaries of a collection. A critical analysis of these issues results in a proposal for an expanded concept of collection that considers the perspectives of both the user and the collection developer, invites rigorous user-centered research, and looks at the collection as an information-seeking context.
Src family kinase-mediated negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization involves both intrinsic and microenvironmental factors.

Objective The intracellular signals that contribute to granulocyte colony–stimulating factor (G-CSF) receptor induced stem cell mobilization are poorly characterized. Methods We show enhanced G-CSF induced mobilization of stem cells in mice deficient in expression of Src family kinases ( SFK −/− ), which is associated with hypersensitivity of SFK −/− bone marrow cells to G-CSF as well as sustained activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3. Results A proteome map of the bone marrow fluid derived from wild-type and SFK −/− mice revealed a significant global reduction in the number of proteins in SFK −/− mice compared to controls, which was associated with elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels, reduced stromal-derived factor-1 expression, and enhanced breakdown of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Transplantation of wild-type or SFK −/− stem cells into wild-type mice and treatment with G-CSF recapitulated the G-CSF–induced increase in stem cell mobilization noted in SFK −/− nontransplanted mice; however, the increase was significantly less. G-CSF treatment of SFK −/− mice engrafted with wild-type stem cells also demonstrated a modest increase in stem cell mobilization compared to controls, however, the observed increase was greatest in mice completely devoid of SFKs. Conclusions These data suggest an involvement of both hematopoietic intrinsic and microenvironmental factors in Src kinase–mediated mobilization of stem cells and identify Src kinases as potential targets for modulating stem cell mobilization.
Age-Related Changes on a Children's Test of Sensory-Level Speech Perception Capacity

Normative data, as a function of age, were obtained on a test designed to assess sensory-level speech perception capacity, the Three-Interval Forced-Choice Test of Speech Pattern Contrast Perception, otherwise known as THRIFTSPAC (or THRIFT for short). Performance under the input modalities of hearing alone, speech-reading alone, and the two combined was measured in 44 normally developing children between the ages of 5 years 7 months and 10 years 9 months. Results revealed that within each condition there were significant influences of age on performance for children below age 7 years. These changes appeared to be related to cognitive and, possibly, to phonological development. Implications for the clinical implementation of THRIFT are discussed.
Clustering Coefficients in Protein Interaction Hypernetworks

Modeling protein interaction data with graphs (networks) is insufficient for some common types of experimentally generated interaction data. For example, in affinity purification experiments, one protein is pulled out of the cell along with other proteins that are bound to it. This data is not intrinsically binary, so we lose information when we model it with a graph, which can only associate pairs of proteins. Hypergraphs, an extension of graphs which allows relationships among sets of arbitrary size, have been proposed to model this type of data. However, there is no consensus for appropriate measures for these "protein interaction hypernetworks" that are meaningful in both their interpretation and in their correspondence to a biological question (e.g., predicting the function of uncharacterized proteins, identifying new biological modules). The clustering coefficient is a measure commonly used in binary networks for biological insights. While multiple analogs of the clustering coefficient have been proposed for hypernetworks, the usefulness of these for generating biological hypotheses has not been established. We present several new definitions for a hypergraph clustering coefficient that pertain specifically to the biology of interacting proteins. We evaluate the biological meaning of these and previously proposed definitions in protein interaction hypernetworks and test their correlation with protein complexes. We conclude that hypergraph analysis offers important advantages over graph measures for non-binary data, and we discuss the clustering coefficient measures that perform best. Our work suggests a paradigm shift is needed to best gain insights from affinity purification assays and other non-binary data.
Isolation of active ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase from glanded cotton (G. hirsutum)

Ribulose, 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase has been isolated from leaves of glanded cotton, (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. TM1), by techniques described. A yield exceeding 4.5 mg enzyme per gram leaf tissue has been obtained by utilizing a sodium homogenizing buffer without the addition of any reducing agent. Sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis of the enzyme shows the fraction to be relatively free of contaminants. Enzymic assays of the isolate give a specific activity of 1.1 μmol CO2 fixed (min-mg protein)−1 at 30°C.