cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Warming Enhances Effects of Eelgrass Genetic Diversity Via Temperature-Induced Niche Differentiation

Genetic diversity within coastal foundation species can enhance species and ecosystem resilience to ocean warming and marine heatwaves. However, the effects of diversity on ecosystem function are often context-dependent and mechanisms underpinning, such contingency, remain poorly understood. To test the relationship between genetic diversity and resilience to warming in a coastal foundation species, we planted eelgrass (Zostera marina) pots at two levels of genotypic richness (1 genotype monocultures or 4 genotype mixtures) and exposed these pots to warming events of different frequencies (sustained or alternating) in mesocosms for four months (mid-summer to late fall). Our results revealed that in monocultures warming reduced pot biomass by 15.8% but warming led to overyielding in mixtures by 33.3%. In contrast, mixture biomass at control temperatures underyielded by 13.2%. Overyielding of mixtures during sustained warming was driven by positive complementarity, which appears to be the result of warming-induced shifts in the relative performance of genotypes over time. We propose that high temperature stress created a tradeoff, such that some genotypes experienced greater photoinhibiton during mid-summer while other genotypes were light limited during the late fall. Thus, seasonal differences in temperature and light conditions in the warming treatment generated asynchrony in genotype peak performance, freed genotypes from competitive interactions, and allowed overyielding via complementarity to occur. While we demonstrate that the effects of diversity on ecosystem function depend on environmental context as well as trait variation among genotypes, our results underscore that maintaining or restoring genetic diversity could dramatically improve the resilience of coastal foundation species to future ocean warming.
3152 – GENOMICS OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA DICTATES THE EXPRESSION OF CAR T-CELL TARGETS

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease, with a particularly poor prognosis for patients with refractory/relapsed MM (RRMM) or high-risk cytogenetics. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy targeting BCMA can induce deep responses in highly pretreated RRMM; however, remissions are not sustained, and the majority of patients eventually relapse. We hypothesized that genomic determinants of MM dictate the expression of surface targets that can be of use for immune-targeting. We analyzed the gene expression of 24 immunotherapeutic targets in 1900 MM patients. In patients with t(14;16), we found that IGF1R, ITGB7, GPRC5D, CD70, TACI and ICAM1 were overexpressed compared to the t(11;14) group. In patients with t(14;20), ITGB7, GPRC5D and TACI were overexpressed, and in patients with t(4;14), IGF1R, GPRC5D, CD70, CD44, BCMA, CD138, FUT3, SLAMF7, CD56 and CD200 were overexpressed compared to the standard risk group. We found that ITGB7, CD86, CD81 and IGF1R were overexpressed in non-hyperdiploid (NHRD) and IGKC, CD138, BCMA, CD74, CD47, BST2, LY9, CD200, CD56, CD1D, ICAM1 and CD19 were overexpressed in hyperdiploid (HRD) patient samples. By stratifying patients using mutated genes, copy number events and chromosomal level changes, we found that GPRC5D, ITGB7, IGF1R and CD70 expression were increased in patients bearing 5-9 and/or 10+ drivers compared to 0-4 drivers. A gene co-expression network analysis enabled the identification of 30 gene modules highly correlating with our targets, suggesting mechanistic insights. Our results provide a means for target selection for precision CAR therapy, by considering both the patient's genomic backgrounds and cancer cell surface profiles. The quest for novel MM targets for immunotherapies remains open, and CAR target discovery driven by specific genetic events remains an active area of investigation.
Novel admixtures for mitigation of alkali-silica reaction in concrete

Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a new generation of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) inhibiting powder additives or liquid chemical admixtures for concrete. Throughout the paper, the word additive primarily refers to a powder while admixture primarily refers to liquid (pre-dissolved powder); otherwise, the two terms are used interchangeably. These additives are cheaper and more abundant than lithium admixtures, yet provide more consistency in terms of quality, supply, and performance in comparison with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). A methodical approach was developed to identify such additives that primarily mitigate ASR by reducing the pH of concrete pore solution. The mechanism of pH reduction was identified and the set of criteria that a potential additive must meet were developed. The suitable additives were screened using ASTM C1293 as well as mortar tests to estimate their impact on the performance of concrete. A final list of seven promising additives was identified.
Antenna Aperture Synthesis Using Mode-Converting Metasurfaces

Mode-converting metasurfaces are passive, lossless devices that can be designed to transform a set of incident modes to a desired set of transmitted modes. In this paper, mode-converting metasurfaces are utilized to synthesize arbitrary, azimuthally-invariant TM apertures. The methods presented in this work can be used to design antennas that can meet specific near-field and far-field criteria unlike most metasurfaces which solely manipulate the far field. The proposed antennas consist of a coaxially-excited, radial cavity topped by the mode-converting metasurface. The main role of the mode-converting metasurface is to establish the desired aperture by converting the modal distribution of the excitation to that of desired aperture. Its secondary role is to impedance match the coaxial feed to the radial cavity. Using modal network theory, an optimization-based design procedure is developed to synthesize the proposed metasurface antennas. The admittance profiles of the electric sheets that comprise the metasurface are optimized to establish the desired aperture profile. To illustrate the design procedure, a radial Gaussian beam antenna is synthesized at 10 GHz and its performance is verified using a full wave electromagnetic solver. The proposed antenna has a height and weight advantage over Gaussian beam horn antennas.
App Stores, Aftermarkets & Antitrust

App stores have become the subject of controversy and criticism within antitrust. For instance, app developers such as Spotify and Epic Games (creator of Fortnite) allege that Apple’s 30 percent cut of all sales in the App Store violates the antitrust laws and is indicative of monopoly power. The idea is that iPhone users are locked into Apple’s walled garden iOS platform, which frees Apple to engage in misconduct in the App Store “aftermarket” to the detriment of users and app developers. This Article challenges the recent economic and legal characterizations of app stores and the nature of the alleged harm. First, this Article builds an accessible, economic framework to illustrate how app stores do not represent the same type of aftermarkets that were condemned in the Supreme Court’s landmark Kodak case. Importantly, the differences between Kodak-like aftermarkets and app store aftermarkets raise serious questions whether the digital revival of the aftermarket doctrine conforms with the economic realities of these markets. Second, the complexity of the commercial relationships found in app stores has raised questions regarding who has standing to seek antitrust damages in this type of market setting. This Article provides an overview of the development of the current doctrine of antitrust standing—focusing on Illinois Brick and Apple v. Pepper. Further, this Article contends that Justice Kavanaugh’s opinion in Pepper, which gave iPhone users the right to sue Apple over the 30 percent commission, was right for the wrong reason. Instead, Justice Gorsuch’s dissent offers a much more economically sound approach to antitrust standing—as his “proximate cause” standard does not artificially focus on identifying the “direct purchaser,” which is unnecessarily limiting for more complex commercial relationships. As the number of antitrust claims against various app stores proliferate, the consequences of faulty characterizations of app stores will only grow.
Scrotal Lipoblastoma with Radiological and Histological Correlation

Lipoblastomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumors comprised primarily mature adipocytes, which are most commonly found in infants and children younger than 3 years. They are usually found in the extremities, trunk, head, neck, and retroperitoneum, although cases occurring in the scrotum have been reported. Due to its rarity, there is a relative paucity of literature describing its imaging and management. We present a rare case of a scrotal lipoblastoma, and discuss the current imaging strategies to differentiate this adipocytic tumor from other more common paratesticular masses, including aggressive neoplasms such as rhabdomyosarcomas. Knowledge of the radiological appearance of lipoblastoma can provide the correct diagnosis and prevent unnecessary orchiectomy.
Chapter 11. Antiviral Agents

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the methods of studying the in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of antiviral agents. Work continues to confirm the prophylactic and therapeutic activity of adamantanamine and α-methyl-1-adamantanemethylamine in reducing the severity of influenza A2 infections in humans. A controlled double-blind study utilizing contacts in a family environment indicated that adamantanamine reduced the spread of infection. The incidence of clinical influenza, as well as serological evidence of infection, was reduced by treatment. The animal toxicological and pharmacological properties of adamantanamine have been described in detail. Both cyclooctylarnine and adamantanamine inhibited the growth of a 1969 clinical isolate of influenza A2 in tissue culture when the drug was present before infection. Rous and Esh sarcoma virus multiplication in tissue culture is inhibited by α-methyl-l-adamantanemethylamine. Adamantanamine and Rec.15/0209 in combination had synergistic anti-influenza activity in eggs but not in mice. A series of N -acyl and N -acyloxymethyl isatin thiosemicarbazones was synthesized in an attempt to expand the spectrum. These compounds were not inhibitors of influenza WSN or rhinovirus strains. N-methylisatin-β-4':4'-dibutyl-thiosemicarbazone was shown to be an inhibitor of poliovirus RNA synthesis. The therapeutic activity of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine against herpes simplex virus mouse infections was also demonstrated.
Functional roles of alternative splicing factors in human disease

Alternative splicing (AS) is an important mechanism used to generate greater transcriptomic and proteomic diversity from a finite genome. Nearly all human gene transcripts are alternatively spliced and can produce protein isoforms with divergent and even antagonistic properties that impact cell functions. Many AS events are tightly regulated in a cell-type or tissue-specific manner, and at different developmental stages. AS is regulated by RNA-binding proteins, including cell- or tissue-specific splicing factors. In the past few years, technological advances have defined genome-wide programs of AS regulated by increasing numbers of splicing factors. These splicing regulatory networks (SRNs) consist of transcripts that encode proteins that function in coordinated and related processes that impact the development and phenotypes of different cell types. As such, it is increasingly recognized that disruption of normal programs of splicing regulated by different splicing factors can lead to human diseases. We will summarize examples of diseases in which altered expression or function of splicing regulatory proteins has been implicated in human disease pathophysiology. As the role of AS continues to be unveiled in human disease and disease risk, it is hoped that further investigations into the functions of numerous splicing factors and their regulated targets will enable the development of novel therapies that are directed at specific AS events as well as the biological pathways they impact. WIREs RNA 2015, 6:311–326. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1276 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Granulopoiesis in Neutropenic Disorders

Owing to printers’ errors, the following errata appeared in the June 1973 issue of Blood (Vol. 41, No. 6). "Granulopoiesis in Neutropenic Disorders" by Peter L. Greenberg and Stanley L. Schrier (pp. 753-769). On page 753, line 3 of text, the footnote for reference I should be deleted and placed after the footnote at the bottom of the page that says "Presented in part at the American Society of Hematology Meeting, San Francisco, Calif., December 7, 1971." On page 759, in the footnote to Table 4, third line, "22-cell" should read "200-cell." On page 763, the second sentence of the first complete paragraph should read "CFC values could have been altered by processing causing cell selection."
METRICAL STRUCTURE AND TONE: EVIDENCE FROM MANDARIN AND SHANGHAI*

A well-known problem in Chinese phonology is that in some dialects most regular syllables keep their underlying tones, but in others the initial syllable determines the tonal pattern of a multisyllabic domain. Mandarin and Shanghai, two of the most studied dialects, best represent the contrast. Duanmu (1993) proposes that the two dialects differ in syllable structure but otherwise obey the same phonological constraints, including moraic trochee. However, a number of problems remain, such as questions regarding the metrical counting units, the predicted weight of a syllable and its phonetic duration, the economy of underlying tones, the mechanism of tone deletion, and the relation between weight and stress. This article offers a solution to the problems. The main proposal is that Chinese is both mora-counting and syllable-counting, in that a heavy syllable forms a bimoraic trochee, which I call M-foot, yet a minimal word must be a disyllabic trochee, which I call S-foot. In addition, both Mandarin and Shanghai are subject to tonal polarity, which is independently found in African languages. I also discuss the implication of the S-foot for metrical theory and other consequences of the present analysis.
Multidimensional Inverse Scattering Problems in Deterministic and Random Media

Suppose that a medium with slowly changing spatial properties is enclosed in a bounded 3-dimensional domain and it is subjected to a scattering by plane waves of a fixed frequency. Let measurements of the wave scattering field induced by this medium be available in the region outside of this domain. We study how to extract the properties of the medium from the information contained in the measurements. We are concerned with the weak scattering case of the above inverse scattering problem (ISP). That is, the unknown spatial variations of the medium are assumed to be close to a constant. Examples can be found in studies of wave propagation in oceans, in the atmosphere and in some biological media.
Case report of a patient with a true unicornuate uterus with unilateral renal agenesis.

Abstract Three cases of true unicornuate uterus have been reported in the literature. A new case associated with unilateral renal agenesis is described.
Methionine Deficiency Decreases Protein Accretion and Synthesis but Not tRNA Acylation in Muscles of Chicks

The effect of supplementing a methionine-deficient, isolated soy protein diet (0.5% total sulfur amino acids) with 0.2% D,L-methionine (DL-MET) or a molar equivalent of D,L-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (DL-HMB) was assessed in chicks over an 8-d feeding study. Chicks consumed DL-HMB diet ad libitum (HIGH) or were restricted to the level consumed ad libitum by chicks fed the basal diet. The DL-MET diet was fed at the same two levels as the DL-HMB diet. Supplementing with either methionine source resulted in significantly greater growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion, and accretion and synthesis of protein in the gastrocnemius and pectoralis muscles. These increases were greater for chicks consuming feed ad libitum as compared with feed-restricted chicks and were not affected by methionine source. Rate of muscle protein degradation appeared to increase with supplementation of either methionine source, but only when feed intake was permitted to increase. The relative in vivo conversion of DL-HMB vs. D-MET to L-MET was similar in all groups as indicated by pool sizes of methionine, tRNA(met), and tRNA(cys), and rates of protein accretion and synthesis. These data demonstrate that dietary DL-HMB and DL-MET are used with similar efficacy to support skeletal muscle protein accretion and rates of protein synthesis when feed intake is equalized.
Enhancement, by Two Carboxylic Acid Interferon Inducers, of Resistance Stimulated in Mice by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine

Simultaneous injection of divinyl ether-maleic amhydride (DVE/MA) or itaconic-acrylic acid and foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine enhanced the survival of infant mice to subsequent injections of virus. This enhanced resistance was obtained even with doses of interferon inducers which, when administered alone, failed to protect the mice. There was some increase in serum-neutralizing antibody in mice 7 days after injection of DVE/MA and vaccine, as compared with mice given vaccine alone, but there was no clear connection between antibody level and amount of DVE/MA administered.
NMR relaxation and protein mobility

Abstract The increased availability of isotope-enriched proteins and the high sensitivity of proton-detected heteronuclear experiments have stimulated studies of protein mobility via 15N and 13C relaxation. Developments during the past few years include new pulse sequences that yield more reliable values for relaxation rates, and pulse sequences that enable the measurement of new types of relaxation parameters. Methods with which to map distribution functions of motional frequencies (spectral density functions) from combinations of relaxation parameters have been suggested. Extensive measurements of 15N and 13C relaxation parameters have been made for a number of proteins and interpreted on the basis of the so-called ‘model-free’ approach; often, active sites of proteins are found to be mobile. In a few cases, molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to simulate relaxation parameters.
Simple reliable low power liquid helium level monitor for continuous operation

Abstract We describe a simple reliable liquid helium level monitor using readily available construction materials and integrated circuit components. The total power dissipation delivered to the helium bath is typically 2 mW, allowing for continuous operation without excessive additional boil-off rates.
EARTHQUAKE SIGNALS IN TREE-RING DATA FROM THE NEW MADRID SEISMIC ZONE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOSEISMICITY

Severe ground shaking and the formation of Reelfoot Lake during the great New Madrid earthquakes of a.d. 1811–1812 had a profound effect on baldcypress trees that still survive in Reelfoot Lake of northwestern Tennessee. Inundation greatly increased baldcypress radial growth from 1812 to 1819 and permanently decreased wood density after 1811. Ground shaking fractured the baldcypress stems that were present during the 1811–1812 event, but fractures are absent in the post-1811 growth. In contrast, the growth of old baldcypress trees in the St. Francis sunkland of northeastern Arkansas was severely suppressed for almost 50 yr following the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes. Thus, there are two opposite but profound growth responses to the same earthquake events preserved in baldcypress trees of the New Madrid seismic zone. The tree-ring chronology at Reelfoot Lake extends from a.d. 1682 to 1990, but the 1812–1819 growth surge was the only extreme growth anomaly in this 309 yr period. The St. Francis sunkland chronology extends from a.d. 1321 to 1990, and the 1812–1857 growth suppression is the most severe and prolonged growth anomaly of this entire 670 year period. Thus, the tree-ring record indicates that there was not a great earthquake during the 129 yr prior to 1811 in the Reelfoot Lake basin, nor during the 490 yr prior to 1811 in the St. Francis sunkland.
Human multiple information task behavior on the web

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the general nature of human multiple information task behavior in Web information seeking and retrieval contexts and identify the factors that influence the processes of prioritizing mul.tiple information tasks. Design/methodology/approach – Experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting to collect data from multiple sources including search logs, think aloud reports during the searches and interviews, questionnaires, and post-search interviews. Quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques were both used. Findings – The findings of this study reveal that effort, time and perception may all be necessary factors in producing good performance in dynamic and complex information situations, but how the author effectively manages the emotions ultimately yields successful performance. High mental effort, even when accompanied by productive time management, is not sufficient to produce high performance unless the author effectively deal with the emotions a...
Spreading-rate dependence of melt extraction at mid-ocean ridges from mantle seismic refraction data

A variety of observations indicate that mid-ocean ridges produce less crust at spreading rates below 20 mm yr(-1) (refs 1-3), reflecting changes in fundamental ridge processes with decreasing spreading rate. The nature of these changes, however, remains uncertain, with end-member explanations being decreasing shallow melting or incomplete melt extraction, each due to the influence of a thicker thermal lid. Here we present results of a seismic refraction experiment designed to study mid-ocean ridge processes by imaging residual mantle structure. Our results reveal an abrupt lateral change in bulk mantle seismic properties associated with a change from slow to ultraslow palaeo-spreading rate. Changes in mantle velocity gradient, basement topography and crustal thickness all correlate with this spreading-rate change. These observations can be explained by variations in melt extraction at the ridge, with a gabbroic phase preferentially retained in the mantle at slower spreading rates. The estimated volume of retained melt balances the approximately 1.5-km difference in crustal thickness, suggesting that changes in spreading rate affect melt-extraction processes rather than total melting.
A new test for chaos

Abstract Whether certain financial and economic time series are better described by linear stochastic models or are appropriately characterized by deterministic chaos is an issue of great current interest. Empirical research to detect the presence of chaos in such time series has been hampered by lack of an adequate test for chaotic behavior in small, noisy data sets. This paper presents a new, topological test for chaos, demonstrates its advantages over current testing methodology, and compares the results with earlier analyses based on metric tests of economic and financial series. A short-term forecasting approach for chaotic processes is also described.
Ab initio calculations of S1 excited state vibrational spectra of benzene, naphthalene and anthracene

Abstract Normal-mode calculations are presented for the lowest singlet excited states S1 of benzene, naphthalene and anthracene. Optimized geometries and Cartesian harmonic force constants of the excited states are obtained from ab initio calculations at the CIS/6-31G, CIS/6-31G∗, CIS/6-311G and CIS/6-311G∗ levels for benzene, and at CIS/6-31G and CIS/6-31G∗ levels for naphthalene and anthracene. Normal-mode analysis is performed in internal coordinates, yielding vibrational frequencies and forms of normal modes for the parent molecules and their perdeuterated derivatives. The results are compared with corresponding properties of the ground state S0 calculated at the Hartree-Fock level and with available experimental data. The overall changes in molecular geometry and vibrational spectra upon S0 → S1 excitation are small. For benzene we find excellent agreement of the entire calculated S1 vibrational spectrum with experimental results. For naphthalene and anthracene the calculated vibrational frequencies are in good agreement with the limited available experimental data. Our calculations provide predictions of frequencies and types of normal modes for the complete S1 vibrational spectra of these molecules, and suggest reassignments of several normal-mode frequencies compared to the limited experimental results that are currently available.
Impact of endoscopic mucosal resection in patients referred for endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus

Abstract Background Barrett's esophagus (BE) may be managed by radiofrequency ablation, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), and surgical resection for advanced lesions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of EMR in patients referred for management of BE. Methods All patients referred to a tertiary center for management of BE between January 1, 2009 and August 7, 2012 were reviewed and stratified according to dysplasia, Barrett's-related neoplasm, and nodularity. Endpoints included histopathologic characterization of esophageal tissue biopsies and EMR specimens, discrepancy between diagnoses, and subsequent change in management following EMR. Results In total, 2648 endoscopies were reviewed. Thirty-five patients having a total of 38 EMRs were included. Mucosal tissue biopsy and EMR specimens were discordant in 24 of 38 specimens (63%). Of these, 20 biopsy results were upstaged (53%) and four downstaged (10.5%) following EMR. The most common change was upstaging to invasive adenocarcinoma. EMR diagnosed 13 cases of invasive carcinoma, 12 of which were upstaged (92%). Based on EMR results, management was changed in 13 cases (34%), primarily to surgery. Conclusion Mucosal biopsies and EMR results were discrepant in 63% of cases, with 53% resulting in an upstaged diagnosis. Approximately one-third of these patients had a change in management. In patients referred for BE, EMR was found to be fundamental to accurate grading and should be a component in the evaluation and management of Barrett-related lesions.
Angiotensin II stimulates epithelial sodium channels in the cortical collecting duct of the rat kidney

We examined the effect of angiotensin II (ANG II) on epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) in the rat cortical collecting duct (CCD) with single-channel and the perforated whole cell patch-clamp recording....
Supersingular parameters of the Deuring normal form

It is proved that the supersingular parameters α of the elliptic curve E 3(α): Y 2+αXY+Y=X 3 in Deuring normal form satisfy α=3+γ 3, where γ lies in the finite field $\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}}$ . This is accomplished by finding explicit generators for the normal closure N of the finite extension k(α)/k(j(α)), where α is an indeterminate over $k=\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}}$ , and j(α) is the j-invariant of E 3(α). Computing an explicit algebraic form for the elements of the Galois group of the extension N/k(j) leads to some new relationships between supersingular parameters for the Deuring normal form. The function field N, which contains the function field of the cubic Fermat curve, is then used to show how the results of Fleckinger for the Deuring normal form are related to cubic theta functions.
On the Genealogy of a Duplicated Microsatellite

When a microsatellite locus is duplicated in a diploid organism, a single pair of PCR primers may amplify as many as four distinct alleles. To study the evolution of a duplicated microsatellite, we consider a coalescent model with symmetric stepwise mutation. Conditional on the time of duplication and a mutation rate, both in a model of completely unlinked loci and in a model of completely linked loci, we compute the probabilities for a sampled diploid individual to amplify one, two, three, or four distinct alleles with one pair of microsatellite PCR primers. These probabilities are then studied to examine the nature of their dependence on the duplication time and the mutation rate. The mutation rate is observed to have a stronger effect than the duplication time on the four probabilities, and the unlinked and linked cases are seen to behave similarly. Our results can be useful for helping to interpret genetic variation at microsatellite loci in species with a very recent history of gene and genome duplication.
Use of Shallow Lagoon Habitats by Nekton of the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico

We compared nekton use of prominent habitat types within a lagoonal system of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). These habitat types were defined by combinations of structure (cover type) and location (distance from shore) as: Spartina edge (≤1 m from shore), Spartina (3 m from shore); Juncus edge (≤1 m from shore); seagrass located 3, 5, and 20 m from shore; and shallow non-vegetated bottom at various distances from shore. Although seagrass and Spartina edge sites differed little in environmental characteristics, the density and biomass of most abundant taxa, including pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum), were higher in seagrass. Most species within seagrass and Spartina did not differ in abundance or biomass with distance from shore. Our study revealed a shift in peak habitat use in the northeastern GoM to seagrass beds from the pattern observed to the west where nekton is concentrated within shoreline emergent vegetation.
Core-level binding-energy shifts, thermodynamic predictions, and morphologies for metal-Si and metal-Ge interfaces.

High-resolution core-level photoemission results show two or more distinct reacted chemical species for a wide variety of metal-Si and metal-Ge interfaces. Assuming that the first reacted species at the interface have \ensuremath{\sim}50 at. % Si (or Ge) and the second species are solid solutions of Si (or Ge) in metal matrices, we find reasonable agreement between calculated and experimental chemical shifts. These analyses allow correlation between the reaction products observed at metal-semiconductor interfaces and the bulk thermodynamic properties of the constituents. These results are in agreement with those obtained from a morphological model for evolving interfaces developed by Butera, del Giudice, and Weaver.
Alfred Wegener and the Origin of Lunar Craters

Alfred Wegener is universally known for his work on continental drift, but Wegener also made an interesting contribution, just after the First World War, to the study of lunar craters. Wegener reviewed the various hypotheses for lunar cratering, evaluated them from the standpoint of physics, and then performed a series of simple but ingenious experiments from which he concluded that the craters were impact phenomena, occasionally accompanied by secondary melting. This work was probably more important for the theory of scale models in geophysical experiments than it was to the history of selenology, but Wegener's view that lunar craters were impact phenomena and (perhaps more significantly) the reasoning on which he based this conclusion are now generally accepted, along with his once-scorned ideas on continental mobility.
Regional cerebral blood flow estimates in newborn lamb using amplitude-mode color Doppler ultrasound.

Purpose. To establish the feasibility of determining changes in regional cerebral blood flow using amplitude-mode color Doppler ultrasound in the newborn lamb.Methods. Regional cerebral blood flow was modified by intrastriatal injection ofN-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) in two newborn lambs and compared with that in a control animal receiving only intrastriatal saline. Serial color Doppler ultrasound energy images were obtained in coronal projection at the level of the foramen of Monro, before and at 20, 40, and 60 min after NMDA or saline injection using a 7.0-MHz linear transducer. Real-time images were obtained and transferred onto a computer workstation. Regions of interest were drawn over each striatum and cerebral hemisphere and were analyzed for mean pixel intensity (MPI) at each interval. Paired regional cerebral blood flow (r-CBF) determinations (radiolabeled microsphere technique) were also obtained in every animal. MPI and r-CBF for each anatomic region were compared using linear regression.Results. Mean color pixel intensities increased significantly in the ipsilateral basal ganglia and cerebral hemisphere (p < 0.0001) in both animals injected with NMDA, but not in the animal injected with normal saline (p < 0.63). A strong and significant linear correlation was found between MPI and r-CBF for striatum (r = 0.89,p < 0.0001) and cerebral hemisphere (r = 0.85,p < 0.0001).Conclusions. Amplitude-mode color Doppler ultrasound shows potential for technically simple determination of serial changes in regional cerebral blood flow in infants.
Predictors of Asthma in Young Children: Does Reporting Source Affect Our Conclusions?

Both the size and statistical significance of sociodemographic and early health risk factors on childhood asthma vary across studies, in part because some studies rely on parents' retrospective reports of health conditions while others are based on medical records. The authors compare predictors of asthma alternately using maternal reports and medical records for the same set of children. Data are from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey and 1991 Longitudinal Follow-up, which collected information from birth certificates, medical records, and mothers of a nationally representative, population-based cohort, allowing comparison across data sources for a consistent sample of young children in the United States. Concordance between maternal reports and medical records on asthma is moderate (kappa = 0.48). The authors find considerable discrepancies in both the estimated prevalence of asthma and the distribution across children with different sociodemographic and health characteristics, depending on the source of asthma data. Black race, male gender, and preterm birth are found to be risk factors for asthma regardless of data source. Poverty, large family size, urban residence, maternal smoking, and breastfeeding are significantly associated with asthma based on maternal reports but not medical records. Lower health care utilization among poor, uninsured, and urban children may account for part of the discrepancy.
The multi-functional role of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in bone.

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is an important regulator of bone formation. The IGFs (IGF-I and IGF-II) are the most abundant growth factors produced by bone, and are regulated by their six high affinity binding proteins (IGFBPs). The IGFBPs are produced by osteoblasts and are responsible for transporting the IGFs and extending their half-lives. In general, IGFBP-1, -2, -4, and -6 inhibit and IGFBP-3 and –5 stimulate osteoblast function. IGFBP-4 and -5 are the most abundant IGFBPs produced by osteoblasts, and therefore they are the primary focus of this review. IGFBP-5 is an important stimulator of bone formation and may also function independently of IGFs. IGFBP-4 inhibits osteoblast function by sequestering IGF and preventing it from binding to its receptor. This review focuses on the specific IGF-dependent and IGF-independent roles of the IGFBPs in bone formation, as well as their potential mechanisms of action. In addition, discussion of the regulation of the IGFBPs by post-translational modification (i.e., proteolysis) has been included. Studies on the regulation of production and actions of IGFBPs suggest that the IGFBP system in bone is pleiotropic and capable of serving multiple effector inputs from systemic and local sources.
Atmospheric soundings from a geostationary satellite

The accuracy of the soundings from a geostationary platform with the visible infrared spin-scan radiometer atmospheric sounder (VAS) on GOES-5 is evaluated. It is shown that the VAS radiances for the case under investigation are consistent with those obtained by the polar orbiting high resolution infrared radiation sounders. VAS temperature profile retrievals are found to agree well with those observed by radiosonde. An improved product can be obtained by initializing the retrieval process with ground-based Profiler data. It is found that time variations in the atmospheric state are readily discernible from VAS soundings at approximately 2 hr intervals. The results of this case study show that merging ground Profiler and satellite VAS observations can provide temperature soundings of comparable accuracy to those of the radiosonde, although the VAS-Profiler sounding can be achieved much more frequently.
Investigation of Layered and Periodic Pattern Material Structures for Automotive Vibro-Acoustic Abatement

The reduction of vibration and noise in and across several components and modules of the automotive, such as the panels, doors, engine covers, seats, and others, is of primary importance. The NVH performance may be a crucial factor in the purchase decisions of numerous buyers. In this work, experimental and other investigations are made on monolayer, composite and periodic material constructions to assess their suitability for minimal transmission of noise and vibration. The results give some suggestions for design directions to follow in order to achieve better performances.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Abstract IA9-1: Is taxol resistance related to tubulin isotypes?

Microtubules are an important component of the euraryotic cytoskeleton and are essential for normal cell division. They are also a validated target for antitumor drugs, such as taxol, that bind to the – tubulin subunit in the microtubule polymer. Endogenous resistance or the development of drug resistance during treatment with taxol is a serious clinical problem. Understanding the emergence of taxol resistance and being able to predict patient response would enhance the efficacy of the drug. A number of mechanisms, such as overexpression of P-glycoprotein that acts as an ATP-dependent drug-efflux pump, or mutations in the drug-binding site in tubulin, have been described. Of particular interest to our research, is the aberrant expression of β-tubulin isotypes in cancer. Tubulin is composed of α- and β-tubulin subunits that exist as heterodimers. In humans, there are seven β-tubulins and eight β-tubulins, each the product of a distinct gene located on different chromosomes. Each isotype can undergo extensive posttranslational modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, polyglutamylation, polyglycylation and reversible tyrosination, all of which add to the complexity of the tubulin/microtubule system. Most of the divergence between the isotypes is found in the last 15-20 amino acids at the carboxyl end of tubulin and in addition, most posttranslational modifications of tubulin occur in this region. For the most part, tubulin isotypes have been detected at the mRNA level or at the protein level with isotype-specific antibodies. Our laboratory has developed proteomic methods, including highresolution isoelectrofocusing, CNBr cleavage and mass spectrometry that allow us to determine the isotype content and posttranslational modifications of tubulin in cells and tissues in a single experiment. We have utilized taxol, which enhances tubulin polymerization, to isolate sufficient tubulin from cells and are developing methods to quantify tubulin isotype expression by mass spectrometry. The overexpression of βIII-tubulin has been associated with resistance to taxanes in a range of tumor types and in taxol-resistant cells generated in our laboratory. βIII-tubulin is normally expressed only in neuronal cells. However, it is aberrantly expressed in numerous malignant tissues and could be a meaningful prognostic factor for treatment outcome. As has been shown by others in different tumors, in our laboratory an immunohistochemical analysis of 47 tumor specimens from head and neck patients determined that overexpression of β-III tubulin was highly prognostic of survival. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):IA9-1.
The antigenic use of periodate-treated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Abstract Periodate-treated porcine ACTH, which is biologically inactive but retains its immunologic activity, was used to induce antibodies in rabbits. One such antiserum obtained after 10 months of immunization has been characterized. It differs from antisera to unmodified ACTH in several important ways: it is of higher titer than obtained previously by the use of unmodified ACTH, shows species specificity, reacts well with biologically active short-chain ACTH peptides, and neutralizes the steroidogenic effect of natural ACTH. As little as 0.2 μg of human ACTH can be detected with a radioimmunoassay using this antiserum. Periodate treatment of ACTH appears to be a promising method for producing ACTH antisera for immunoassay.
Continuous and Robust Measures of the Overweight Epidemic: 1971-2000

This article considers alternate measures of the overweight epidemic that are more robust to measurement error, continuous in the body-mass index (BMI) at the overweight threshold, and sensitive to changes in the BMI distribution. The measures suggest that prevalence rates may understate the severity of the overweight problem. Since 1971, the prevalence of overweight has increased by 37%, while the distribution-sensitive measure has increased by 173%. Furthermore, although Hispanics have the highest prevalence of overweight, the distribution-sensitive measures reveal that overweight Hispanics exceed the overweight threshold by the smallest proportion (21%), whereas overweight non-Hispanic blacks exceed the threshold by 33%, on average.
Abstract C51: c-Abl and Arg are activated in human primary melanomas, promote melanoma cell invasion, proliferation, survival, and drive metastatic progression

Despite 40 years of clinical trials, there has been little improvement in one-year survival rates for patients with metastatic melanoma, and the disease is essentially untreatable if not cured surgically. The paucity of chemotherapeutic agents that are effective for treating metastatic melanoma indicates a dire need to develop new therapies. Here, we found a previously unrecognized role for Abl kinases in melanoma progression. We demonstrate that Abl kinases (c-Abl, Arg) are activated in human melanoma cell lines, in primary melanomas (60%), and in a subset of benign nevi (33%). Using siRNA and pharmacological approaches, we show that c-Abl/Arg activation is functionally relevant because it is required for melanoma cell proliferation, survival, matrigel-invasion and single-cell 3D invasion. Moreover, active c-Abl transcriptionally upregulates MMP-1, and using rescue approaches we show that c-Abl promotes invasion via a STAT3-MMP-1 pathway. Conversely, active Arg drives invasion in a STAT3-independent manner, and upregulates MMP-3 and MT1-MMP, in addition to MMP-1. Paradoxically, c-Abl and Arg also increase expression of TIMP-1, a negative regulator of MMPs, both at the transcript and protein level via a STAT3-dependent pathway. In addition to negatively regulating MMPs, TIMPs also have anti-apoptotic functions, and high TIMP-1 expression is correlated with decreased survival and a poor clinical outcome in breast and colon cancer patients. Currently, we are in the process of testing whether c-Abl and Arg promote survival via induction of TIMP-1. Most importantly, we found that Abl kinases not only promote in vitro processes important for melanoma progression, but also promote metastasis in vivo, as inhibition of c-Abl/Arg with nilotinib dramatically inhibits lung colonization/metastasis in a mouse model using two different melanoma cell lines. Taken together, these data identify Abl kinases as critical, novel, drug targets in metastatic melanoma, and indicate that nilotinib may useful in preventing metastasis in patients with melanomas harboring active Abl kinases. Citation Format: Sourik S. Ganguly, Leann S. Fiore, Jonathan T. Sims, J Woodrow Friend, DivyaMani Srinivasan, Matthew Thacker, Michael L. Cibull, Wang Chi, Rina Plattner. c-Abl and Arg are activated in human primary melanomas, promote melanoma cell invasion, proliferation, survival, and drive metastatic progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr C51.
Assembly language for a three dimensional computer

Abstract An interpreter-simulator called SIM3D has been developed to interpret and execute three dimensional (3-D) machine instructions. FORTRAN was used to write SIM3D. The 3-D instructions have a five-field fixed format and are strongly correlated with the actual hardware structure and capability. Ordinary sequential (non-parallel) instructions are also implemented and may be intermixed in the instruction stream although they are executed by a supervisory machine. The most elementary operations described in SIM3D are macro operations from the standpoint of hardware execution. The following 3-D instructions are presently implemented: input, output, conductive (interplane) transfer, direct (incell) transfer, non-conductive (interplance) transfer, conditional and unconditional branch, and stop.
From an enhanceosome to a repressosome: Molecular antagonism between glucocorticoids and EGF leads to inhibition of wound healing

Wound healing in its complexity depends on the concerted activity of many signaling pathways. Here, we analyzed how the simultaneous presence of glucocorticoids (GC), retinoic acid (RA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) affect wound healing at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. We found that GC inhibit wound healing by inhibiting keratinocyte migration, whereas RA does not. Furthermore, GC block EGF-mediated migration, whereas RA does not. On the molecular level, these compounds target expression of one of the earliest markers of wound healing, cytoskeletal components, keratins K6 and K16. Both GC and RA repress their transcription, whereas EGF induces it. Interestingly, the GC inhibition is mediated by a repressosome complex consisting of four monomers of the GC receptor, beta-catenin and coactivator-associated-arginine-methyltransferase-1. GC are dominant, EGF cannot rescue GC-mediated inhibition. Pre-treatment of keratinocytes with GC shifts the balance towards the repressosome, allowing for dominant inhibition of K6 even in the presence of EGF or c-fos/c-jun. Although RA receptor gamma and glucocorticoid receptor bind to the same response element repressing transcription of keratins K6/K16, RA receptor interacts with the components of the EGF-enhanceosome (co-activators: glucocorticoid-receptor-interactive protein-1(GRIP-1)/steroid-receptors coactivator-1 (SRC-1)) without breaking it. Consequently, RA has a co-dominant effect with EGF: when present simultaneously, their effects balance each other. When keratinocytes are pre-treated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, thus blocking EGF, the balance is shifted towards the RA repression. Similar to clinical findings, pre-treatment of keratinocytes with RA blocks GC-mediated inhibition. In summary, our results identify complex molecular mechanisms through which RA alleviates GC-mediated inhibition of wound healing.