cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Pur protein family: clues to function from recent studies on cancer and AIDS.

The Pur protein family consists of four known members in humans, the prototype gene for which is strongly conserved throughout evolution. Several investigations have now implicated Purα in pathways of inhibition of oncogenic transformation. Clues to the potential importance of Pur family members in cancer are derived from observations of genetic alterations of both Purα and Purβ in myelodysplastic syndrome progressing to acute myelogenous leukemia. A role for newly-discovered Pury in neoplasia is also beginning to emerge as studies have indicated that cellular levels of two Pury isoforms are elevated in certain tumors. A variety of studies have now implicated Purα in development of blood cells and cells of the central nervous system. Clues to the functions of Purα, a key family member, have recently been derived from studies of the interactions of HIV-1 and JC virus (JCV) in AIDS. JCV causes an opportunistic infection in the brains of certain HIV-1-infected individuals. Purα can influence this viral interaction through functional associations with the Tat protein and TAR RNA of HIV-1, and with large T-antigen and DNA regulatory regions of JCV. Evidence is now strong that Purα interacts with both DNA and RNA and that an important aspect of its function is to recruit regulatory proteins to specific nucleic acid sequences in processes as diverse as DNA replication, gene transcription, RNA transport in the cytoplasm and compartmentalized mRNA translation.
Use of thermal-neutron time-correlated counting to analyze multiplying assemblies of HEU

A series of experiments and numerical simulations using thermal-neutron time-correlated measurements has been performed to determine the neutron multiplication, M, of assemblies of highly-enriched uranium available at Idaho National Laboratory. The experiments used up to 14.4 kg of highly-enriched uranium, including bare assemblies and assemblies reflected with high-density polyethylene, carbon steel, and tungsten. A small 252Cf source was used to initiate fission chains within the assembly. Both the experiments and the simulations used 6-channel and 8-channel detector systems, each consisting of 3He proportional counters moderated with polyethylene; data was recorded in list mode for analysis. ‘True’ multiplication values for each assembly were empirically derived using basic neutron production and loss values determined through simulation. A total of one-hundred sixteen separate measurements were performed using fifty-seven unique measurement scenarios, the multiplication varied from 1.75 to 10.90. This paper presents the results of these comparisons and discusses differences among the various cases.
The end of ‘small biology’? Some thoughts about biomedicine and big science

In biology—as in other scientific fields—there is a lively opposition between big and small science projects. In this commentary, I try to contextualize this opposition in the field of biomedicine, and I argue that, at least in this context, big science projects should come first.
Impact of cefazolin co-administration with vancomycin to reduce development of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Objective Development of antimicrobial resistance during monotherapy of complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is problematic due to cross-resistance between vancomycin (VAN) and daptomycin, the only approved agents for this condition. Our objective was to demonstrate that development of resistance under conditions of suboptimal VAN (200 mg q 12 h) exposure in S. aureus can be attenuated by addition of cefazolin (CFZ). Methods Two strains of S. aureus, 1 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (RN9120) and 1 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (JH1), were evaluated. The organisms were exposed to subtherapeutic VAN concentrations in a 1-compartment pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model combined with recycling in the presence and absence of CFZ. Changes in MIC to glyco/lipopeptides and β-lactams along with susceptibility to human cathelicidin LL-37 killing were studied. Population analysis profiles (PAPs) were performed to detect changes in VAN heteroresistance. Results VAN MIC of both organisms increased from 1 to 4 mg/L within 144 h under subtherapeutic VAN exposure. Increase in VAN MIC was associated with increased glyco/lipopeptides MICs. Additionally, increased survival in LL-37 killing assays from 40% to >90% accompanied the increase in VAN MIC. Addition of CFZ prevented the emergence of VAN-intermediate S. aureus. PAPs demonstrated an attenuation of VAN area under the curve shift (reduced organism selection with higher MICs values) when suboptimal VAN exposure was accompanied with CFZ compared to VAN alone (MSSA 17.81 versus 36.027, MRSA −0.35 versus 17.92, respectively). Given the emerging data on the clinical benefits of β-lactam adjunctive therapy in refractory MRSA bacteremia, additional studies on a larger collection of clinical isolates are needed to establish the utility of VAN plus CFZ for treatment of MRSA bacteremia.
Diazepam in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Alcohol Withdrawal.

Benzodiazepines ameliorate or prevent the symptoms and complications of moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal, which can include autonomic hyperactivity, agitation, combativeness, hallucinations, seizures, delirium, and death. The benzodiazepines most commonly used for this purpose are lorazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, and diazepam. It is widely asserted that no member of this group is superior to the others for treatment of alcohol withdrawal. However, of these, diazepam has the shortest time to peak effect, which facilitates both rapid control of symptoms and accurate titration to avoid over-sedation. Furthermore, diazepam and its active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam, have the longest elimination half-lives, so their levels decrease in a gradual, self-tapering manner, resulting in a smoother withdrawal, i.e., a lower incidence and severity of both breakthrough symptoms and rebound phenomena, including a possibly decreased seizure risk. Importantly, the fear of increased risk of over-sedation with diazepam compared with other benzodiazepines is based on a misunderstanding of its pharmacokinetics and is unfounded. Similarly, the notion that diazepam should be avoided in patients with liver disease and elderly patients to avoid prolonged over-sedation is based on no more than conjecture. In fact, there is clinical evidence that diazepam is safe for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal in these patients when administered using a simple symptom-based approach. There is one instance in which diazepam should not be used: when intramuscular administration is the only option, the lipophilicity of diazepam can result in slow absorption—either lorazepam or, when rapid control of symptoms is required, midazolam should be used. The comparative pharmacokinetics of the benzodiazepines used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal together with a comprehensive review of the literature on their use strongly suggest that diazepam should be the preferred benzodiazepine for the treatment of patients experiencing moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal under most circumstances.
The Paradoxes of Market Economics

For Adam Smith and his contemporary followers, an economy is comprised almost solely of individual transactions. This idea is called “methodological individualism”. For the theory based on this to be supportable, those transactions must be both price-competitive and be fully completed within instants of time, as if at an auction. But both these “system” requirements are strongly belied by the facts, as is shown.
DUNIA SOSIAL POLITIK RIIL HEGELIAN: DOMAIN REKONSILIASI KEBAIKAN SUBYEKTIF DAN OBYEKTIF

The old polarity between hyper-liberalism and hypercollectivism is in fact still very much alive until now. This article seeks to do justice to both poles by utilizing Hegel's “Philosophy of Mind”. The concept of 'worldconsciousness' is elaborated as Absolute Reason in which individual and society are united without losing themselves, without letting one be swallowed by the other. The ethical life developed by Hegel is a process in which individual comes to find her/himself through the dialectic between subjective and objective good. Society is viewed as an organism by which individual finds her/his dignity as a person.
Tongue-type calcaneus fractures

Tongue-type calcaneus fractures present a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. Due to the potential for soft-tissue compromise these injuries can be a true orthopedic emergency. Percutaneous and open reduction techniques can aid in treating this injury. Along with the reduction techniques there is a variety of fixation methods to help stabilize this fracture pattern.
A New Era of Enforceable Rights? Recent EU Initiatives to Combat Violence Against Women

Most EU initiatives addressing gendered violence have come in the form of normative soft law policy or capacity building measures. In the last few years, however, there has been growing momentum in support for more binding measures. The Treaty of Lisbon, put into effect in December 2009, expanded EU jurisdictional authority and institutional strength to address issues related to gender equality and violence against women. The 2010 Spanish Presidency of the European Council introduced a number of initiatives outlining a more active role for EU institutions. At the same time, however, the continued economic crises in EU countries threaten the funding of important anti-violence programs already in existence. This paper evaluates the future prospects for eradicating violence against women at the juxtaposition of these trends.
Redox conduction in biofilms: From respiration to living electronics

Summary Recent studies of electrochemically active bacteria paint a mechanistic picture where multistep hopping of electrons can be driven by redox gradients, allowing electron conduction over length scales previously thought impossible in biological systems. This review explores these observations from an electrochemical and biophysical perspective, with emphasis on the role of metalloproteins such as the multiheme extracellular electron transport conduits thought to mediate this transport. Since these conduits naturally evolved to interact with external surfaces, a fundamental understanding has special implications for a new generation of bioelectrochemical technologies and living electronics that wire bacteria to electrodes.
Dressing the Part: Ethics of Insider/Outsider Attire for the Ethnography of American-Jewish 'Niddah'

A researcher with conservative clothing style could potentially confuse the women with whom she conducts research on contemporary Niddah practices, inviting accusations of unethically misrepresenting oneself to both the liberal and Orthodox communities in the Greater Phoenix Valley of Arizona, USA where the research will be conducted. This article reflects three years of wrestling with this dilemma, which has enabled the author to articulate and refine her current stance regarding researcher attire and broader ethical issues concerning power and representation in ethnographic research, as informed by her studies in critical ethnography and feminist methodologies. Drawing on Dwight Conquergood’s and D. Soyini Madison’s articulations of critical ethnography, the quality of the author’s ethnographic engagement leading up to the interviews should decode one’s attire and clarify questions about the researcher’s position, bias, and integrity. This methodology expresses itself through ethnographic strategies and interpersonal interactions with members of the communities. Additionally, this methodology requires the author and the community members to be mutually candid concerning their questions about their own menstrual practices, sex life, marital histories, and religious perspectives. More than establishing trust in the author’s emotional honesty and integrity as an academic, such candour levels the interviewer–interviewee playing field, critical for research touching on marital dynamics and sex lives. This integrates critical ethnography and interactive interview processes in terms of collaborative knowledge construction. These critical ethnographic and feminist methodologies further demand that this same degree of candour in academic communications, trust and interpersonal integrity should determine the matrix that produces the research and the researcher’s relationship with the Greater Phoenix Jewish community.
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Implementation of a Quality Improvement Intervention Using Real-Time Feedback and an Electronic Order Set for the Management of Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia

Antimicrobial stewardship programs can optimize the management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia by integrating information technology and microbiology laboratory resources. This study describes our experience implementing an intervention consisting of real-time feedback and the use of an electronic order set for the management of S. aureus bacteremia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:346-349.
Exploring invasibility with species distribution modeling: How does fire promote cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) invasion within lower montane forests?

AIM: Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is notorious for creating positive feedbacks that facilitate vegetation type conversion within sagebrush steppe ecosystems in the western United States. Similar dynamics may exist in adjacent lower montane forest. However, fire‐forest‐cheatgrass dynamics have not been examined. We used species distribution modeling to answer three questions about fire and invasibility in lower montane forests: (Q1) Does fire create more suitable habitat for cheatgrass? (Q2) If so, which site attributes are altered to increase site suitability? (Q3) Does fire increase connectivity among suitable habitat and enhance spread? LOCATION: Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, USA. METHODS: We measured cheatgrass presence–absence in 93 plots within Interior Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) forests. Random Forests predicted cheatgrass distribution with and without fire using nine site attributes: elevation, slope, aspect, solar radiation, annual precipitation, maximum temperature in July, minimum temperature in January, forest canopy cover and distance to nearest trail or road. Additionally, invasion pathways and spread were mapped using Circuitscape. RESULTS: Cheatgrass distribution was controlled by topographic and climate variables in the absence of fire. In particular, cheatgrass was most likely to occur at low elevation along dry, south‐ and east‐facing slopes. High‐severity fire increased potential cheatgrass distribution when forest canopy cover was reduced to below 30%. This process created new invasion pathways, which enhanced cheatgrass spread when modelled in Circuitscape. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that in the absence of fire, drier south‐ and east‐facing slopes at low elevation are most susceptible to cheatgrass invasion. However, high‐severity fire increased the total area susceptible to invasion—allowing cheatgrass to expand into previously unsuitable sites within lower montane forests in the western United States. These results are important for present day management and reflect that integrating responses to disturbance in species distribution models can be critical for making predictions about dynamically changing systems.
Mapping Out the Sustainability and Resilience Process for Organizations and Communities

Building on the first chapter, the second chapter outlines and defines processes in determining the appropriate steps and resources in sustainability and resilience planning for organizations. The second chapter is intended to provide answers to the primary potentials and queries related to existing strategies plan, long-term goals, vision, values, and core mission of an organization pursuing sustainability and resilience planning. It enables the readers to understand the external and internal dynamic of organizational commitment to sustainability and resilience, threats, opportunities and to evaluate them in the context of budgetary and financial circumstances surrounding the organization. Chapter 2 maps out the sustainability and resilience planning process for organizations and communities, determining the appropriate steps to be taken at each level of sustainability and resilience planning. The sustainability planning process includes the environmental scan, mapping out the current conditions and available internal resources, and the capacity of the organization, and an analysis of opportunities that may exist in the community, region, state, and the nation.
Brain Science: A Meta-Discipline for Education

Our conference calls attention to and acknowledges the remarkable discoveries about how the human brain works and their potential for improving social harmony in our troubled world. Of course, the process of education is a prominent theme throughout our sessions, and mine in particular. When we think about the role of brain processes in education and even more ambitiously, in social harmony, we are acknowledging that we are thinking about the process of thinking and learning-which take place within each of us individually, as well as how this learning affects our social behavior that comprises societal norms. It is in this sense that I refer to “meta-discipline” in my title.
Genetics workforce: distribution of genetics services and challenges to health care in California.

Access to genetics health-care services is often complicated by the distance to hospitals, workforce shortages, and insurance coverage. Despite technological advances and decreasing costs of genetic sequencing, the benefits of personalized medicine may be inaccessible to many patients. To assess potential disparities in care, we examined the genetics workforce in California and geographical issues that people encounter in seeking care. Data on all board-certified genetics providers were analyzed including medical geneticists (MGs) and genetic counselors (GCs) in California. To assess distance traveled for care, we computed the distance patients traveled for n = 288 visits to University of California–San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Genetics. We performed geographic optimization to minimize the distance to genetics providers. The provider-to-patient ratio in California is 1:330,000 for MGs, 1:100,000 for GCs, and 1:1,520,000 for biochemical MGs. Genetics providers are concentrated in major metropolitan areas in California. People travel up to 386 miles for genetics care within the state (mean = 76.6 miles). There are substantial geographic barriers to genetics care that could increase disparities. Our findings highlight a challenging genetics workforce shortage. The shortage may be even greater due to care subspecialization or lack of full-time equivalency and staffing. We are currently promoting efforts to increase remote health-care options, training, and modified models of care.
Bounds on Triangle Anomalies in (3+1)d

How many charged degrees of freedom are necessary to accommodate a certain amount of 't Hooft anomaly? Using the conformal bootstrap for the four-point function of flavor current multiplets, we show that in all $(3+1)\mathrm{D}$ superconformal field theories the 't Hooft anomaly of a continuous flavor symmetry is bounded from above by the $3/2$ power of the current two-point function coefficient, which can be thought of as a measure for the amount of charged degrees of freedom. We check our bounds against free fields and supersymmetric quantum chromodynamics in the conformal window.
A Model for Integrating Deterministic and Asynchronous Events in Reactive Multimedia Internet Based Languages.

Current Internet based multimedia modeling systems and languages lack visualization based upon integration of asynchronous events and deterministic synchronization and triggering based upon such integration. Modeling interactive and real world systems needs such in tegration. The paper introduces a modeling technique for reactive distributed multimedia system based on triggers, active events and transformers. A scalable system of multimedia clocks (time bases) associated with streams is defined to control the synchronization of streams. Context-related reactions to context-related situations are detected with the use of an active persistent repository to take care of asynchronous events, as well as reactions to the external world.
What's in a shape? Evidence of gender category associations with basic forms

Abstract Five experiments tested the possibility that basic shapes – squares, circles, and equilateral triangles – are gendered. Based on morphological, evolutionary, and socialization considerations, we hypothesized that square shapes would be associated with the male gender category and circles with the female gender category. Results on both direct (self-report) and indirect (IAT, priming) measures were consistent with the hypothesized associations. Squares and circles were strongly and consistently associated with gender concepts including masculinity/femininity, gendered terms, and traits. When these shapes appeared in a naturalistic environment, their presence served as a belongingness cue for both men and women. These results attest to the existence of gender associations in responses to some basic shapes and, more broadly, raise the possibility that social cognitive processes might play a central role in perception and judgment of social and non-social entities alike.
Chapter 17 – Airway Mucus Hypersecretion in Asthma and COPD: Not the Same?

Publisher Summary The chapter addresses the above issues by discussion of similarities and differences in the pulmonary inflammatory “profile” between asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and how these may relate to the generation of the airway mucus hypersecretory state in the two conditions. It begins with consideration of sputum, airway mucus, and mucins, followed by an outline of the characteristics of mucus hypersecretion in asthma and COPD, emphasizing differences between the two conditions and the theoretical requirements for drugs aimed at effectively inhibiting airway mucus hypersecretion. Patients with asthma or COPD invariably exhibit characteristics of airway mucus hypersecretion, comprising sputum production, excessive mucus in the airway lumen, goblet cell hyperplasia, and submucosal gland hypertrophy. The pathophysiological sequelae of mucus hypersecretion are airway obstruction, airflow limitation, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and impairment of gas exchange. The association of airway mucus hypersecretion with asthma and COPD is not necessarily cause and effect. The excess mucus may merely be a result of the inflammatory processes causing the disease. Consequently, treating the mucus problem will not inevitably treat the disease, especially if the changes that have led to increased mucus production are irreversible. Production of airway mucus is a vital homeostatic mechanism that protects the respiratory tract from a barrage of inhaled insult. However, abnormal production of mucus can contribute to respiratory disease. Airway obstruction by mucus is a common feature of a number of severe respiratory conditions, including asthma and COPD. At present, there is considerable interest in inhibitors of EGF receptor tyrosine kinases, MEK/ERK, and CLCA channels to suppress goblet cell hyperplasia, and in molecules to selectively interfere with mucin exocytosis and thereby inhibit airway mucus hypersecretion.
Capturing Changes in Social Media Content: A Multiple Latent Changepoint Topic Model

We develop a topic model with multiple latent changepoints and demonstrate an approach to detect changes in the topics mentioned in brand-related social media posts.
MULTIMODALITY CARDIAC IMAGING APPROACH FOR MANAGEMENT OF UNUSUAL CASE OF MISSED SINUS VENOSUS ASD

Atrial septal defects (ASDs) are the second most common congenital lesion in adults after bicuspid aortic valves. Precise diagnosis of ASD extent and type warrants multimodality imaging for optimal management. 74-year-old female presented with persistent dyspnea 6 months after transcatheter closure
An Algorithm to Design Redundant Manipulators of Optimally Fault-Tolerant Kinematic Structure

One measure of the global fault tolerance of a redundant robot is the size of its self-motion manifold. If this size is defined as the range of its joint angles, then the optimal self-motion manifold size for an n-degree-of-freedom (DoF) robot is n × 2π, which is not typical for existing robot designs. This letter presents a novel two-step algorithm to optimize the kinematic structure of a redundant manipulator to have an optimal self-motion manifold size. The algorithm exploits the fact that singularities occur on large self-motion manifolds by optimizing the robots kinematic parameters around a singularity. Because a gradient for the self-motion manifold size does not exist, the kinematic parameter optimization uses a coordinate descent procedure. The algorithm was used to design 4-DoF, 7-DoF, and 8-DoF manipulators to illustrate its efficacy at generating optimally fault-tolerant robots of any kinematic structure.
Estimating energy expenditure of head-hauling water and grain grinding from heart rate monitor measurements in northern Mozambique.

Objective: Even though sub-Saharan African women spend millions of person-hours per day fetching water and pounding grain, to date, few studies have rigorously assessed the energy expenditure costs of such domestic activities. As a result, most analyses that consider head-hauling water or hand pounding of grain with a mortar and pestle (pilao use) employ energy expenditure values derived from limited research. The current paper compares estimated energy expenditure values from heart rate monitors v. indirect calorimetry in order to understand some of the limitations with using such monitors to measure domestic activities. Design: This confirmation study estimates the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) value for head-hauling water and hand-pounding grain using both indirect calorimetry and heart rate monitors under laboratory conditions. Setting: The study was conducted in Nampula, Mozambique. Participants: Forty university students in Nampula city who recurrently engaged in water-fetching activities. Results: Including all participants, the mean MET value for head hauling 20 litres (20·5 kg, including container) of water (2·7 km/h, 0 % slope) was 4·3 (sd 0·9) and 3·7 (sd 1·2) for pilao use. Estimated energy expenditure predictions from a mixed model were found to correlate with observed energy expenditure (r2 0·68, r 0·82). Re-estimating the model with pilao use data excluded improved the fit substantially (r2 0·83, r 0·91). Conclusions: The current study finds that heart rate monitors are suitable instruments for providing accurate quantification of energy expenditure for some domestic activities, such as head-hauling water, but are not appropriate for quantifying expenditures of other activities, such as hand-pounding grain.
Voluntary pursuit of negatively valenced stimuli from childhood to early adulthood.

Although common sense suggests that we are motivated to pursue positive and avoid negative experiences, previous research shows that people regularly seek out negative experiences. In the current study, we characterized this tendency from childhood to young adulthood. Due to the known increases in risky behavior and sensation seeking in adolescence, we hypothesized that adolescents would show an increased engagement with negatively valenced stimuli compared to children and adults. Participants aged 4-25 (N = 192) completed a behavioral task assessing motivation to engage with negative, positive, and neutral images. On each trial, participants viewed two small images and selected one to view at a larger size for up to 10s. Trials were organized into three valence conditions: negative versus positive images (matched on arousal), negative versus neutral images, and positive versus neutral images. Although participants chose positive images more than neutral or negative images, participants selected negative images frequently, even when given a positive (28% of trials) or neutral (42% of trials) alternative. Contrary to expectations, the tendency to choose negative images was highest in early childhood and decreased linearly with increasing age, and the tendency to choose positive images increased linearly with age. These results provide insight into how motivation to engage with emotional stimuli varies across age. It is possible that the novelty and rarity of negative experiences drives children to pursue these stimuli. Alternatively, children may find negative images less aversive, which would caution against assuming that these stimuli elicit the same motivational states in individuals of all ages.
Local Abundance of Macular Xanthophyll Pigment Is Associated with Rod- and Cone-Mediated Vision in Aging and Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose We assessed the association between the abundance of macular xanthophyll carotenoid pigment using dual-wavelength autofluorescence and multimodal vision testing including rod-mediated dark adaptation (RMDA), a measure of retinoid re-supply, in adults ≥60 years old with and without age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods AMD severity was determined using the nine-step Age-Related Eye Disease Study grading. Tests probed cones (best-corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity), cones and rods (low-luminance visual acuity, low-luminance deficit, mesopic light sensitivity), or rods only (scotopic light sensitivity, RMDA). Signal attenuation by macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was estimated using a ratio of blue and green autofluorescence signal to yield mean MPOD in a 1°-diameter fovea-centered disk, mean MPOD in a 2°-diameter disk centered on a perifoveal RMDA test location, and macular pigment optical volume (MPOV, or integrated MPOD) in a 4°-diameter fovea-centered disk. Age-adjusted associations between vision and imaging measures were determined. Results In 88 eyes of 88 subjects (age, 74.9 ± 5.8 years) with normal eyes (n = 32), early AMD (n = 23), or intermediate AMD (n = 33), foveal and perifoveal MPOD and MPOV were higher in the AMD eyes than in the normal eyes. At the RMDA test location, higher MPOD was unrelated to AMD severity but was associated with faster RMDA. Conclusions In older adults with and without AMD, higher macular xanthophyll concentrations are associated with better best-corrected visual acuity and RMDA. Data are consistent with a model of cone resilience and rod vulnerability in aging and AMD and can be further explored in a larger sample study.
Adaptations and well-being: Gulf of Alaska fishing families in a changing landscape.

Abstract Over the last three decades, fishing families in the Gulf of Alaska have adapted to numerous multifaceted conditions in response to near constant flux in stocks, markets, governance regimes, and broader sociocultural and environmental changes. Based on an analysis of seven focus groups held across Gulf of Alaska fishing communities, this study explores the variety of strategies that families across the Gulf have employed to adapt to changing conditions from the 1980s to the present day. Furthermore, the study examines how those strategies have evolved over time to accommodate cumulative effects and synergisms. While families continue to employ long-standing adaptation strategies of fisheries portfolio diversification and increasing effort, they are also integrating new adaptations into their framework as changing management systems, demographics, and technologies shift how choices about adaptations are made. This study also demonstrates how adaptations have implicit intra- and inter-personal well-being tradeoffs within families that, while potentially allowing for sustained livelihoods, may undermine other values that individuals and families derive from fishing.
Unintended Spillovers of Targeted Health Insurance on Intra-household Resource Allocations

The last three decades have seen an increase in the number of targeted health insurance programmes being implemented in developing countries. However, little is known about their intra-household im...
Gene Regulation and Cellular Metabolism: An Essential Partnership

It is recognized that cell metabolism is tightly connected to other cellular processes such as regulation of gene expression. Metabolic pathways not only provide the precursor molecules necessary for gene expression, but they also provide ATP, the primary fuel driving gene expression. However, metabolic conditions are highly variable since nutrient uptake is not a uniform process. Thus, cells must continually calibrate gene expression to their changing metabolite and energy budgets. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the molecular and biophysical mechanisms that connect metabolism and gene regulation as cells navigate their growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Particular focus is given to these mechanisms in the context of organismal development.
Using retinal function to define ischemic exclusion criteria for animal models of glaucoma

Abstract Most animal models of glaucoma rely on induction of ocular hypertension (OHT), yet such models can suffer from high IOPs leading to undesirable retinal ischemia. Thus, animals with IOPs exceeding a threshold (e.g. > 60 mmHg) are often excluded from studies. However, due to the intermittent nature of IOP measurements, this approach may fail to detect ischemia. Conversely, it may also inappropriately eliminate animals with IOP spikes that do not induce ischemic damage. It is known that acute ischemia selectively impairs inner retinal function, which results in a reduced b-wave amplitude. Here, we explore the potential of using electroretinography (ERG) to detect ischemic damage in OHT eyes. 74 Brown Norway rats received a unilateral injection of magnetic microbeads to induce OHT, while contralateral eyes served as controls. IOP was measured every 2–3 days for 14 days after microbead injection. Retinal function was evaluated using dark-adapted bright flash ERG (2.1 log cd•s/m2) prior to, and at 7 and 14 days after, injection. We investigated two criteria for excluding animals: (IOP Criterion) a single IOP measurement > 60 mmHg; or (ERG Criterion) a b-wave amplitude below the 99.5% confidence interval for naive eyes. 49 of 74 rats passed both criteria, 7 of 74 failed both, and 18 passed one criterion but not the other. We suggest that ERG testing can detect unwelcome ischemic damage in animal models of OHT. Since brief IOP spikes do not necessarily lead to ischemic retinal damage, and because extended periods of elevated IOP can be missed, such ERG-based criteria may provide more objective and robust exclusion criteria in future glaucoma studies.
Amazon floodplain hydrology and implications for aquatic conservation

The amplitude, duration, frequency, and predictability of runoff and inundation of aquatic habitats are key hydrological characteristics linked to aquatic ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, but they are seldom integrated into analyses of Amazon floodplain ecology. Remote sensing approaches, measurements and modelling of floodplain hydrology provide a basis for this integration. Effective legislation to protect floodplains and other wetlands depends on operational definitions that require application of hydrological data. Extent and changes of flooded areas are linked to fish diversity and to presence and growth of flooded forests and floating plants. Dam construction reduces river system connectivity and modifies the flood pulse, with major negative implications for floodplain ecosystems adapted to and dependent on a natural flood regime. Trends and variability in climate plus deforestation are altering the Amazon's hydrological cycle, causing changes in discharge and flooded area with concomitant ecological impacts.
Effect of carrier oil on the properties of sodium caseinate stabilized O/W nanoemulsions containing Trans-cinnamaldehyde

Abstract In this study, the impact of different contents of medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) and long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) as carrier oils mixed with trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA) on the properties of sodium caseinate-stabilized nanoemulsions was investigated. The obtained results showed that the use of a carrier oil improves significantly the TCA emulsion stability, which can be attributed to a reduction of TCA solubility in the aqueous phase followed by a decrease of Ostwald ripening. This stability improvement was observed at different pHs (3, 7 and 11), salt concentrations (0–300 mmol/L), and temperature (4, 25, 60, and 80 °C). However, the carrier oil type (MCT or LCT) did not show any significant effect on the nanoemulsions properties whatever the environmental conditions. Antibacterial testing revealed that the addition of carrier oil increased the antibacterial activity of TCA against Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua. These results are useful for expanding the application of TCA as food preservative in food industry.
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted mmWave UAV Wireless Cellular Networks

In this paper, we consider a RIS-assisted mmWave UAV wireless cellular network, where a UAV is serving several users with the help of multiple RIS. We jointly optimize the deployment, user scheduling, beamforming vector and RIS phases to maximize the sum-rate, with the constraints of the minimum rate, the UAV movement, the analog beamforming and the RIS phases. To solve this complex problem, we use an iterative method, in which when we optimize one variable, we fix the other three variables. When optimizing the deployment, we find the optimal position for the UAV by a sphere search. Then, we formulate an integer linear programming to find the best scheduling. We also design the analog beamforming vector by compensating the phases of the channel which combines the direct path and the RIS paths. When optimizing the RIS phases, we formulate a semi-definite programming to find the best phases. The proposed joint optimization outperforms the system without RIS assistance and the system without deployment optimization.
Eosinophilia and fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels in chronic obstructive lung disease.

INTRODUCTION: COPD is a heterogeneous disorder with varied phenotypes. We aimed to determine the prevalence of asthma history, peripheral eosinophilia and elevated FeNO levels along with the diagnostic utility of peripheral eosinophilia in identifying airway eosinophilic inflammation. METHODS: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were analysed for the study period 2007-2010. Subjects aged ≥40 years with postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio <0.70 were included. Receiver operator curve analysis was performed for sensitivity analysis. A p value of <0.001 is considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 3 110 617 weighted COPD cases were identified; predominantly male (64.4%) and non-Hispanic whites (86.1%). Among our COPD subjects, 14.6% had a history of doctor diagnosed asthma, highest among females and other race Americans. The overall prevalence of peripheral eosinophilia is 36%, 38.3% among COPD subjects with asthma history, and 35.6% among COPD without asthma history. The overall prevalence of elevated FeNO ≥25 ppb is 14.3%; 28.7% among COPD subjects with asthma history and 13.0% among COPD without asthma history. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of FeNO levels ≥25 ppb and peripheral eosinophilia was significantly higher among COPD subjects with asthma compared with COPD without asthma history. Not all COPD subjects with peripheral eosinophilia and elevated FeNO levels have a reported history of asthma. Our study supports clinically phenotyping COPD subjects with eosinophilic inflammation be independent of their asthma history and peripheral eosinophilia can be used as a surrogate marker in resource-limited settings.
A Novel Data Encryption Method Inspired by Adversarial Attacks

Due to the advances of sensing and storage technologies, a tremendous amount of data becomes available and, it supports the phenomenal growth of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques especially, deep learning (DL), in various application domains. While the data sources become valuable assets for enabling the success of autonomous decision-making, they also lead to critical vulnerabilities in privacy and security. For example, data leakage can be exploited via querying and eavesdropping in the exploratory phase for black-box attacks against DL-based autonomous decision-making systems. To address this issue, in this work, we propose a novel data encryption method, called AdvEncryption, by exploiting the principle of adversarial attacks. Different from existing encryption technologies, the AdvEncryption method is not developed to prevent attackers from exploiting the dataset. Instead, our proposed method aims to trap the attackers in a misleading feature distillation of the data. To achieve this goal, our AdvEncryption method consists of two essential components: 1) an adversarial attack-inspired encryption mechanism to encrypt the data with stealthy adversarial perturbation, and 2) a decryption mechanism that minimizes the impact of the perturbations on the effectiveness of autonomous decision making. In the performance evaluation section, we evaluate the performance of our proposed AdvEncryption method through case studies considering different scenarios.
In vivo diffusion tensor imaging of amyloid-β-induced white matter damage in mice.

Background Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) suggests the presence of white matter abnormality at the prodromal stage in human Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective To use a mouse model of AD to determine whether the white matter abnormality detected by in vivo DTI is associated with functional deficits and axon damage. Methods Amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) was injected into the left lateral ventricle in mice. Two months after the injection, in vivo DTI and visual evoked potential (VEP) recordings were performed, followed by immunohistochemistry of phosphorylated neurofilament and myelin basic protein. Results DTI of Aβ1-42-treated mice showed a significant increase of radial diffusivity in white matter including the optic nerves and tracts. The abnormality was associated with decreased amplitude and increased latency of VEP. Immunohistochemistry confirmed a significant loss of axons and myelin integrity. Conclusion White matter damage induced by Aβ1-42 in mice can be detected non-invasively by DTI.
Multiphase transport model for relativistic nuclear collisions

To study heavy ion collisions at energies available from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), we have developed a multiphase transport model that includes both initial partonic and final hadronic interactions. Specifically, the Zhang's parton cascade (ZPC) model, which uses as input the parton distribution from the heavy ion jet interaction generator (HIJING) model, is extended to include the quark-gluon--to--hadronic-matter transition and also final-state hadronic interactions based on a relativistic transport (ART) model. Predictions of the model for central Au on Au collisions at RHIC are reported.
The impact of seizures on developing hippocampal networks.

Publisher Summary Infants and children with severe epileptic syndromes commonly have brief but recurring seizures. In many instances, such difficult-to-control seizures have been suspected to contribute to concurrent cognitive difficulties. The study of the effects of seizures in normal animals has the advantage that experiments are undertaken in the absence of anticonvulsant drugs and neuropathology, eliminating the confounding issues present in clinical settings. Recent results from three different animal models all suggest that recurrent seizures in early-life can produce chronic deficits in spatial learning. As the hippocampus is established to play a critical role in the formation of spatial memories, many studies are now focused on understanding the effects recurrent seizures have on hippocampal development. The developing hippocampal networks are likely to be important substrates upon which recurrent seizures act to produce cognitive deficits.
TCP over micro mobility protocols: a systematic ripple effect analysis

With the increasing popularity of powerful handheld/mobile computing devices and ubiquitous availability of wireless connectivity, protocols that support mobility are becoming increasingly important. It is critically important to explore and understand the design space, so that appropriate mechanisms are incorporated into the design to provide the required performance under the varied environments and services provided by the lower layers. The mechanisms incorporated into the design may interact in subtle ways with the mechanisms of the higher layer to produce unintended effects. We study how the different mechanisms of the lower layers (IP and MAC) that support mobility affect the performance of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). We use the building block framework to capture and study the wide variety in the IP layer handover optimization mechanisms. We use detailed 802.11 models to study the effect of MAC layer mobility support on TCP. We show by simulation how different mechanisms affect TCP differently in different scenarios. We also show results that are very counter intuitive, like buffering packets does not always improve TCP throughput and TCP-Tahoe performs better than its more sophisticated counterparts.
The variety of intraspecific misacylations carried out by isoleucyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The variety of tRNAs (Escherichia coli) misisoleucylated by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase in normal and mixed solvents is examined. The method employs microscale amino acid radioanalysis, used to detect release of cognate amino acids from tRNAs which have been previously protected from periodate by misisoleucylation. In the presence of unresolved acceptor tRNAs highly purified isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase simultaneously misacylates several E. coli B species in addition to those previously studied (tRNAPhe (Yarus, M. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 2352) and tRNAMet (Mertes, M., Peters, M.A., Mahoney, W., and Yarus, M. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 71, 671)). There is a tendency for tRNAs cognate to chemically similar amino acids to be more easily misacylated. Some reactions are detectable in both normal and mixed solvents (20% methanol). In contrast to tRNAPhe and tRNAMet, the misacylation of some tRNAs is not responsive to addition of methanol. Thus, some intercognate barriers are lowered in mixed solvents, and some are not. This suggests that isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase distinguishes tRNAs by at least two molecular mechanisms. Comparison of these data with the experiments of other laboratories enables one to descry a "family" of tRNAs, defined as that set of acceptor species most easily misacylated by several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases cognate to hydrophobic amino acids.
Metabolic fate of [13N]ammonia in human and canine blood.

Nitrogen-13- (({sup 13}N)) ammonia is a widely used tracer for PET myocardial blood flow studies. Quantification of blood flow using tracer kinetic principles requires accurate determination of ({sup 13}N)ammonia activity in blood. Since (13N) ammonia is rapidly metabolized, the arterial input function may be contaminated by labeled metabolites. We, therefore, characterized the {sup 13}N-labeled metabolites in blood after intravenous (i.v.) injection of 20 mCi ({sup 13}N)ammonia in nine healthy volunteers. Utilizing a series of ion exchange resins, {sup 13}N-labeled compounds were separated into four groups: ammonia, neutral amino acids, acidic amino acids, and urea. Analysis of the metabolic fate of ({sup 13}N)ammonia indicates that over 90% of the blood activity within the first two minutes after injection is present as ({sup 13}N)ammonia. However, there is considerable contamination of the blood activity at 3-5 min by ({sup 13}N)glutamine (amide) and urea, which collectively represent 18%-50% of the blood activity. Thus, correction of the arterial input function for {sup 13}N-metabolites is required to accurately quantify the arterial input function of ({sup 13}N)ammonia in myocardial blood flow studies.