cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermodal Freight Transportation and Regional Accessibility in the United States

The authors investigate how the intermodal freight-transportation network affects the ability of regions to position themselves more effectively in the national space economy. The case of domestic ...
Teaching hydrogels how to move like an earthworm

Breaking of symmetry is an important principle employed in nature to achieve directional movement in systems of various dimensional scales. The same principle can be utilized in engineered devices. Here we highlight recent work on directed motion and transport capacity of environmentally sensitive polymer gels. The directional motion of cylindrical hydrogels is driven by spatially and temporally controlled propagation of volume phase transitions along their length. This system could potentially be used in a wide variety of areas including biochemical test systems, targeted drug delivery and “soft” medical tools.
Determination of Waterwheel Alternator Transient Reactances from Flux Plots

In the transient analysis of salient pole alternators, the reactances X'd and X'q are assumed to be constants. In saturated machines, however, these reactances are functions of the pre-transient load of the alternator. For more exact analyses saturated reactances should be used. The expression of rotor quantities in stator terms, or vice versa, at nonlinear condition is explained. The operational impedances Xd(p), Xq(p) and the various time constants of alternators without amortisseur windings are developed from leakage reactance concepts. After a first approximation of the transient reactances is obtained from the operational impedances, a step-by-step correction procedure is used for finding the operationally dependent direct transient reactance. This is obtained from a simulated dynamical test. Only a few step-by-step corrections are necessary to yield good values for the transient reactances. Since there is a slight difference between Xq and X'q, the analysis will concentrate only to X'd. Notations not explained here are the same as in Concordia [1]. The analysis is applied to a General Electric alternator with nameplate data 82.5 MVA, 16.5 kV, wye-connected, 40 poles and 60 Hz, described in [2].
Some petrological aspects of Imbrium stratigraphy

Descriptions are given of the petrochemistry of two Apennine Front breccias, both ejected to the surface during excavation of Spur Crater. The first clast type is breccia number 15445, a spinel pyroxenite whose mineralogy and petrochemistry are consistent with the original rock type being a garnet pyroxenite. The second rock, breccia 15459, is plutonic norite, in which coarsely exsolved inverted pigeonite is associated with anorthitic plagioclase. Application of mineral geothermometers indicates crystallization of these rocks below 1100 C; hence their textures probably developed largely by solid state recrystallization during impact-metamorphism.
The Dimensions of 1 X 1 Rib Fabrics Part II. Blend and Treatment Interactions

Rib fabrics from cotton and cotton-blend yarns were treated to a variety of relaxation treatments. Cotton fabrics undergo greater wet relaxation shrinkage than synthetic fiber fabrics, while hot dry treatments have the opposite effect. Blends of cotton and synthetic fibers produce "u" values between high and low values of the 100% fabrics, while relaxation shrinkage is very fiber-sensitive. Consolidation shrinkage appears to be independent of the blend constitution of cotton polyester fabrics. Cotton rib fabrics attain similar "u" values to those reported for wool fabrics.
Prethrombin as a New Sub-unit of Prothrombin

PROTHROMBIN is one of the important molecules concerned with the clotting of blood. It has been isolated from bovine plasma and characterized as a single molecular entity by means of ultracentrifugation1, electrophoresis2, electronmicroscopy3 and N-terminal amino-acid analysis4–6. Under appropriate conditions of activation, this molecule yields two enzymes, namely, thrombin and autoprothrombin C (ref. 7). Other sub-units have been obtained by degrading the molecule with autoprothrombin C or thrombin, to obtain autoprothrombin I (ref. 8), or autoprothrombin II (ref. 9), respectively. Each of these functions as an accelerator in the conversion of pro thrombin to thrombin. Another derivative called autoprothrombin III is inert10, but is the precursor of the enzyme autoprothrombin C, which can be derived from autoprothrombin III with the use of tissue thromboplastin and calcium ions, or by activating with Russell's viper venom (‘Stypven’)11.
Mössbauer spectroscopy of iron in coal

Abstract Fe 57 Mossbauer spectra of coal samples were measured in order to obtain information about the so-called “organically-bound” iron in coal. Nine vitrain or whole-coal samples of rank from lignite (72 % C) to anthracite (93 % C) have been investigated. Five coals which were known from chemical analysis to contain sulfide iron yielded the symmetric two-line spectrum of pyrite, with a room-temperature isomer shift relative to sodium nitroprusside of δ = +0.54 mm / sec and a quadrupole splitting of Δ = 0.58 mm / sec . Five coals which were believed from chemical analysis to contain “organic” iron yielded a symmetric two-line spectrum with δ = + 1.38 mm / sec and Δ = 2.62 mm / sec . These parameters, including the equality of line intensities, differ from those of any known iron Mossbauer spectrum; they indicate high-spin iron (II) in sixfold co-ordination.
Combination therapy: New treatment paradigm for locally advanced cervical cancer?

Despite the improved progression-free survival and overall survival demonstrated by cisplatin–gemcitabine chemoradiation in a phase III randomized trial in patients with stage IIB to IVA cervical cancer, the acute and chronic toxic effects urge caution before embracing this as a new treatment paradigm.
Evidence for General and Domain‐Specific Elements of Teacher–Child Interactions: Associations With Preschool Children's Development

This study evaluates a model for considering domain-general and domain-specific associations between teacher-child interactions and children's development, using a bifactor analytic strategy. Among a sample of 325 early childhood classrooms there was evidence for both general elements of teacher-child interaction (responsive teaching) and domain-specific elements related to positive management and routines and cognitive facilitation. Among a diverse population of 4-year-old children (n = 1,407) responsive teaching was modestly associated with development across social and cognitive domains, whereas positive management and routines was modestly associated with increases in inhibitory control and cognitive facilitation was associated with gains in early language and literacy skills. The conceptual and methodological contributions and challenges of this approach are discussed.
A 100 nanometer scale resistive heater–thermometer on a silicon cantilever

This paper reports a method for fabricating a 100?nm scale heater?thermometer into a silicon microcantilever based on contact photolithography and a controlled annealing process. The heater is formed during a photolithography process that can achieve a minimum feature size of about 1??m, while careful control of doping and annealing parameters allows the heater size to be further decreased, to a width of 100?nm. The heater is fabricated onto the free end of a silicon cantilever suitable for scanning probe microscopy, and can be integrated into cantilevers with or without sharp tips. The fabricated heater has a maximum temperature of over 700??C, and a heating time of 56??s to reach 500??C.
Effect of heart rate on centerline velocities of pulsatile intracardiac jets: an in vitro study with laser Doppler anemometry and pulsed Doppler ultrasound.

This article confirms a recently developed distal jet centerline technique for noninvasively quantifying regurgitant cardiac valve flows. The basic principle that allows flow rate to be calculated is conservation of momentum. As the jet entrains more mass, its centerline velocity decays inversely with distance from the orifice. Under pulsatile flow conditions, it has been shown that this technique remains applicable at peak flow for a normal resting adult heart rate of 60 to 70 beats/min. It is, however, conceivable that at higher heart rates, the same inverse relation between centerline velocity and distance is never fully established, because there is a finite time interval required for the jet to penetrate the receiving chamber. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the inverse relationship of centerline velocity to distance develops sufficiently rapidly so that quantitative techniques based on that decay would be applicable over a wide range of heart rates. Two different techniques, an engineering tool, laser Doppler anemometry, and a clinical tool, Doppler ultrasound, were used for measuring jet centerline velocities (averaged over multiple beats). Physiologic pulsatile flows were pumped through two circular orifices, 4 and 6 mm in diameter, at 60 to 150 beats/min; peak orifice velocities ranged from 2 to 5 m/sec. Steady flow experiments were also performed with the same orifice diameters and over the same velocity range. Peak centerline velocities in the fully developed turbulent jet region decayed inversely with distance at all heart rates studied. With laser Doppler anemometry, the proportionality constant of the decay curve was found to be in the range 6.4 ± 0.5. The pulsed Doppler results provided a jet constant in the range 6.7 ± 0.3 with the 4-mm orifice diameter, whereas the constant was 6.5 ± 0.3 with the 6-mm orifice diameter. In steady flow, the proportionality constant was found to be 6.1 ± 0.2. Therefore, within a wide range of physiologic heart rates, full jet development occurs with sufficient speed so that the expected centerline velocity decay is established (jet empirical constant of 6.3). The conservation of momentum technique for calculating orifice flow rate on the basis of these centerline velocities is thus applicable under physiologic conditions.
Activity-Based Probes That Target Functional Subclasses of Phospholipases in Proteomes

Phospholipases are a large and diverse set of enzymes that metabolize the phospholipid components of cell membranes and function in key lipid-signaling pathways. The molecular characterization of novel phospholipases would benefit from chemical probes that selectively target these enzymes on the basis of their distinct substrate specificities and catalytic properties. Here we present the synthesis and characterization of a set of activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probes that contain key recognition and reactivity elements for targeting phospholipases of the serine hydrolase superfamily. We show that these probes accurately report on the sn-1 and sn-2 substrate specificities of phospholipases in cell and tissue proteomes, including the sn-1-selective phospholipase DDHD1 and a calcium-dependent transacylase activity implicated in endocannabinoid biosynthesis. We anticipate that these phospholipase-directed ABPP probes will facilitate the discovery of new lipid-metabolizing enzymes and provide valuable insights into their substrate preferences.
HYPOGONADOTROPIC EUNUCHOIDISM: REPORT OF CASE WITH FAILURE TO RESPOND TO CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIC HORMONE DUE TO ANTIHORMONES

THE therapeutic efficacy of most of the available gonadotropic hormone preparations is limited by the rapid development of neutralizing substances generally termed antihormones. Pregnant mare's serum is particularly prone to call forth the development of these antihormones, thereby restricting the possible usefulness of this therapeutic agent to brief periods. On the other hand, there are available preparations of the chorionic gonadotropic hormone from human pregnancy urine which have appeared to be singularly free of this complicating reaction in man. However, it has been possible to produce neutralizing substances against this human chorionic gonadotropic hormone in various species of animals. This subject has been reviewed by Leathern (5) and Thompson (8). Despite the lack of demonstrable titers of antihormone against chorionic gonadotropic hormone in man, speculation about its existence has been extensive. A pregnancy test based on the concept that in women antihormones would regularly develop agains...
“Killing Spree”: Exploring the Connection Between Competitive Game Play and Aggressive Cognition

Although scholars have repeatedly linked video games to aggression, little research has investigated how specific game characteristics might generate such effects. In this study, we consider how game mode—cooperative, competitive, or solo—shapes aggressive cognition. Using experimental data, we find partial support for the idea that cooperative play modes prompt less aggressive cognition. Further analysis of potential mediating variables along with the influence of gender suggests the effect is primarily explained by social learning rather than frustration.
Sensor Technology For Microhole Seismic Applications

Los Alamos engineering, laboratory and field studies are exploring the integration of drilling and instrumentation requirements for the most economic means for deployment of borehole seismic sensors. The minimum hole-diameter requirement for the installation of borehole seismic sensors and associated electronics, is compatible with holes of greatly reduced size in comparison with typical wells drilled for the purpose of producing fluids. Reduction in hole size makes possible a corresponding decrease in the cost of drilling. Increased use of instrumented boreholes for rock mass characterization can be expected in the future as cost reductions are achieved. Wells dedicated to instrumentation and rock mass interrogation also promise a significantly reduced earth-noise environment and optimum anchoring for seismic monitoring instrumentation.
Quality in Family Child Care Settings: The Relationship between Provider Educational Experiences and Global Quality Scores in a Statewide Quality Rating and Improvement System.

This study is a secondary analysis of a statewide sample of licensed family child care providers in the Tennessee Child Care Evaluation and Report Card Program (N = 1,145) that describes the general quality of family child care programs in the state and examines the relationships between provider education and global quality. Study findings suggest that state-sponsored, coordinated professional development linked to program quality standards is the strongest predictor of quality when compared to general educational level or higher education in early childhood. As many states are developing new professional development systems to improve child care quality, building infrastructures to support coordinated professional development is recommended to improve family child care quality.
MO‐E‐211‐01: Breast MRI: Pulse Sequences, Acquisition Protocols, and Analysis

Breast MRI is becoming an increasingly important diagnostic tool for evaluating breast cancer disease extent, monitoring therapy response and for screening women that are at high risk. The most common imaging protocol includes initial T2‐weighted bright‐fluid and pre‐contrast T1‐weighted 3D gradient‐echo (GE)sequences, followed by the injection of a gadolinium (Gd) contrast agent and a series of 3D‐GE images: dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI). Because of the high background signal in T1‐weighted images due to fatty tissues, it is preferred that all sequences be acquired with fat‐suppression. For images acquired without fat‐suppression, it is essential that image subtraction (post‐injection minus pre‐injection) be used to assure adequate contrast‐enhancement sensitivity. The sensitivity of DCE‐MRI for detecting cancerous lesions is determined by the degree of contrast enhancement that can be achieved relative to the surrounding normal tissues. The specificity of DCE‐MRI, for distinguishing malignant from benign lesions, relies upon the DCE‐MRI kinetic data. Malignant lesions generally exhibit rapid uptake and washout while benign lesions typically have a slower uptake that gradually increases with time. In an effort to achieve both the high sensitivity and specifically, breast MRI pulse sequences should be optimized to achieve high gadoliniumcontrast enhancement, high three‐dimensional spatial resolution (< 1 mm in‐plane) as well as adequate temporal resolution. The evolution of breast MR imaging has lead to the general use of fat‐suppressed, 3D T1‐weighted GE pulse sequences that can be acquired with a temporal resolution of approximately 60–90 seconds. Learning Objectives 1. Review protocols and pulse sequences used for breast MR imaging. 2. Review the MRI timing diagram used for T1‐weighted, fat‐suppressed, 3D gradient echo‐pulse sequences. 3. Understand how k‐space sampling and parallel imaging affect temporal resolution. 4. Review how parallel imaging can be used to help achieve the temporal resolution needed for breast DCE‐MRI. 5. Discuss issues related to data acquisition and post‐acquisition image processing.
Pulsed‐field gradient NMR measurements of diffusion of oil in rubber

The pulsed-gradient NMR method of Stejskal and Tanner was used to measure the diffusion of oil in synthetic cis-polyisoprene. The diffusion encounters no barriers with spacings at least up to several μm and generally displays free-volume behavior, obeying the WLF temperature dependence between −10°C and +130°C, and the Fujita-Doolittle concentration dependence between 10 and 90 vol-% oil.
Conidial Biomass and Desiccation Tolerance of Trichoderma harzianum Produced at Different Medium Water Potentials

Abstract Fungal biomass to be used for biological control of plant pathogens must be economical to produce, able to withstand desiccation, and stable under storage conditions. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200 was added to modified Richard's medium (RMS) to create different medium water potentials for producing Trichoderma harzianum. Water potentials of RM8 and RM8 with 6% (v/v) PEG 200 were −0.82 and −1.88 MPa, respectively. As medium water potentials were lowered with increasing concentrations of PEG 200 in RM8, the biomass dry weights decreased. However, conidial density and colony forming units (cfu) in the dry biomass were significantly improved to a maximum at −1.88 MPa. The total cfu number (biomass dry weight × cfu/g) in the dry biomass produced in RM8 at −1.88 MPa was increased on the average about 14-fold over that produced in RM8 alone. Although the cultivation temperatures did not affect the yield of the biomass, raising the cultivation temperature to 30°C and lowering the medium water potential to −1.88 MPa at 24 h of fungal growth enhanced conidial formation and cfu numbers after drying. Under these growth conditions, conidiophores were formed within 12 h after PEG 200 was added; intensive conidiation occurred within 48 h and reached the maximum level in 84 h of incubation. Trehalose levels have been correlated with desiccation tolerance of T. harzianum. The concentration of trehalose in the dried conidial biomass produced in this manner was higher than that produced in RM8 alone, and the germination percentage of the dried conidia was 65%.
Anselm, Defensor Fidei

: Recently, Anselm's treatise on the atonement of Christ, Cur Deus Homo, has come in for sharp criticism as a ‘model of the atonement’ which teaches and subserves morbid, oppressive suffering, and ignores the particular deeds and words of Christ. A close reading of Anselm's treatise suggests another interpretation of Anselm's doctrine, in which ‘restoration’ is the central note, and the exemplary course of Christ's whole life is accented.
From Bloodless Revolution to Bloody Counterrevolution: The Adana Massacres of 1909

The historiography of the Adana Massacres of 1909 is represented by two diverging views. While some Turkish scholars deny the involvement of the local government officials in the massacres by putting all of the blame on the Armenians who revolted as part of a conspiracy to establish a kingdom in Cilicia, some Armenian scholars, whose work is overshadowed by the Armenian genocide, accuse the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) of acting behind the scenes to destroy the Armenian economic infrastructure in Adana in order to curb any future political and economic development in the area. By deviating from the existing historiography, the present article contends that the Adana Massacres should be viewed as part of the revolutionary process which led to the erosion of social and political stability in the region, the creation of weak public-sphere institutions, and intensification of the existing economic anxieties, all of which led to the enactment of violence against the vulnerable Armenian population of A...
The retention of state governors

In this paper, we have provided some support for several hypotheses about the determinants of which governors get reelected. The benefit from being a member of a particular party varies from state to state and from year to year. Personal characteristics such as age are also important. The logits give some support to the importance of coalition formation; reelection is easier in states with low voter turnout and in farm states. The paper is most concerned with the connection between the economic performance and the electoral success of incumbent candidates for governor, and we find support for a model of electoral acountability, in which governors are powerful in state governments and state governments have the ability to differentially tax fixed factors relative to neighboring states. This paper raises some important issues regarding the measurement of variables in political economy, which have wide applicability to other studies in the economics of politics. Peltzman (1988) finds that the difference between the growth rate in state personal income and the national growth rate over a one to four year period prior to the election does not affect gubernatorial electoral outcomes. Concurrently, we find that the current year's growth rate in state personal income and its difference from the national growth rate are not significantly related to electoral success but that the average deviation from predicted state personal income during the governor's tenure in office is significantly related to the odds of getting reelected. That is, the data reject simplistic views of voter behavior and support a sophisticated model of voter behavior. Similarly, Peltzman (1988) has greater success using more sophisticated, cumulative measures of national economic performance. This suggests that great care must sometimes be taken to create variables that are capable of giving our economic models a fair hearing. Voting studies often find that only current period effects matter, which is attributed either to voter myopia or — and this is the more popular explanation nowadays — to the confinement of effects by rational expectations to current period, ‘white noise’ effects. The specifications in these voter studies ignore the cumulative information generated in political economy. Both our results and Peltzman's (1988) results suggest that variables that reflect this cumulative information may be more successful than variables that are based only on the current year.
Exploring a coarse-grained distributive strategy for finite-difference Poisson–Boltzmann calculations

We have implemented and evaluated a coarse-grained distributive method for finite-difference Poisson–Boltzmann (FDPB) calculations of large biomolecular systems. This method is based on the electrostatic focusing principle of decomposing a large fine-grid FDPB calculation into multiple independent FDPB calculations, each of which focuses on only a small and a specific portion (block) of the large fine grid. We first analyzed the impact of the focusing approximation upon the accuracy of the numerical reaction field energies and found that a reasonable relative accuracy of 10−3 can be achieved when the buffering space is set to be 16 grid points and the block dimension is set to be at least (1/6)3 of the fine-grid dimension, as in the one-block focusing method. The impact upon efficiency of the use of buffering space to maintain enough accuracy was also studied. It was found that an “optimal” multi-block dimension exists for a given computer hardware setup, and this dimension is more or less independent of the solute geometries. A parallel version of thedistributive focusing method was also implemented. Given the proper settings, the distributive method was able to achieve respectable parallel efficiency with tested biomolecular systems on a loosely connected computer cluster.
Progress on the CESR phase III and CLEO III upgrades at Cornell

The Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) has embarked on a staged luminosity upgrade program with a goal in excess of 10 fb−1 per year. The new focusing scheme at the interaction region will require replacing the CLEO tracking chambers. The CLEO collaboration will take advantage of this rebuilding of the inner detector to improve the capability for high momentum particle identification, while maintaining the excellent charged particle momentum resolution and electromagnetic calorimeter resolution of the present detector.
Outcome of coronary revascularization in patients on renal dialysis

Previous retrospective studies showed high periprocedure mortality rate and poor outcome after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) among renal dialysis patients. The purpose of this study was to compare mortality and clinical event rates in renal dialysis patients after PTCA or CABG. We identified 252 patients from the Emory Cardiovascular Database who were on dialysis and who received PTCA (122 patients) or CABG (130 patients) at Emory University Hospital and Crawford W. Long Hospital between March 1987 and December 1997. Baseline and angiographic characteristics, in-hospital, and 1-year outcome were compared between the 2 groups. Left main disease and 3-vessel coronary artery disease were significantly more common in the CABG group. There was a higher periprocedure and in-hospital mortality in the CABG group (6.9% vs 1.6%, p = 0.04). Patients in the PTCA group underwent repeat revascularization 11 times more frequently within 1 year (22% vs 2%). At 1 year, mortality was 23% in the PTCA group and 27% in the CABG group, with no statistical difference between the 2 groups. This nonrandomized comparison reveals that PTCA and CABG can be performed in selected renal dialysis patients with an acceptable in-hospital major complication rate; however, 1-year mortality remains high in dialysis patients after coronary revascularization. Therefore, attempts at improving outcome in dialysis patients should focus on the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease before they require coronary revascularization.
Impact of electronic warnings on online personality scores and test-taker reactions in an applicant simulation

Electronic warnings produce changes in test responses in an applicant simulation.Impact of warnings on test responses varies with level of pre-warning distortion.Positively worded warnings can increase test taker motivation.Warnings reduced fairness perceptions among test-takers engaging in distortion. This study investigates the impact of different types of electronic warnings during a simulated job application assessment. Results indicated that negatively worded warnings and accusations worked better than positively worded warnings at blunting faking. Although there was some evidence that test-takers engaging in higher levels of faking heeded warnings more, warnings tended to decrease scores for all test-takers. While positive warnings motivated test-takers to perform well, negative warnings and accusations increased test-taking anxiety. Whereas past research has failed to find a relationship between warnings and perceived fairness, current results suggest that this relationship depends on the level of test-taker distortion.
Analyzing Student Work as a Professional Development Activity

When worthwhile mathematical tasks are used in classrooms, they should also become a crucial element of assessment. For teachers, using these tasks in classrooms requires a different way to analyze student thinking than the traditional assessment model. Looking carefully at students' written work on worthwhile mathematical tasks and listening carefully while students explore these worthwhile tasks can contribute to a teacher's professional development. This paper reports on a professional development activity in which teachers analyzed mathematical tasks, predicted students' achievement on tasks, evaluated students' written work, listened to students' reasoning, and assessed students' understanding. Teachers' engagement in this way can help them develop flexibility and proficiency in the evaluation of their own students' work. These experiences allow teachers the opportunity to recognize students' potential, strengthen their own mathematical understanding, and engage in conversations with peers about assessment and instruction.
Management of a broken needle in the pterygomandibular space: report of case

The management of a broken short 30-gauge hypodermic needle after an inferior alveolar dental nerve block in a 3-year-old child is discussed. Because of the possibility of the needle migrating toward vital structures, and because of the psychologic and medicolegal implications that could arise, we believed that the needle should be immediately removed with surgical procedures.
THE IMPACT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS RELEASE FROM A SILICEOUS SEDIMENT ON THE OVERLYING WATER

The release (+) or uptake (-) of ammonia (NH/sub 4//sup +/), nitrite (NO/sub 2//sup -/), nitrate (NO/sub 3//sup +/), phosphate (PO/sub 4//sup -3/) and dissolved organic phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon (DOP, DON, DOC) from a subtidal (18.3 m depth) siliceous sediment off La Jolla, California was studied over two years. The mean net exchange values (and the total range of rates obtained) were: NH/sub 4//sup +/ +872 ..mu.. mol m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ (-47 to +3290); NO/sub 2//sup -/ +34 ..mu.. mol m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ (-5 to +97); NO/sub 3//sup -/ -77 ..mu.. mol m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ (-720 to +647); PO/sub 4//sup -3/ +77 ..mu.. mol m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ (-438 to +502); DOP +12 ..mu.. mol m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ (-28 to +59); DON -75 ..mu.. mol m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ (-1326 to +1280); and DOC -583 ..mu.. mol m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ (-30,800 to +23,800). Using published primary production rates and C:N:P ratios it was calculated that 15,000 ..mu.. mol N m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ and 935 ..mu.. mol P m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ were taken up by the phytoplankton. The benthos released 786 ..mu.. mol N m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ and 90 ..mu.. mol P m/sup -2/d/sup -1/ or 5 percent and 10 percent ofmore » the required N and P. It was shown, however, that sediment exchange released only an insignificant fraction of both N (0.4 percent) and P (0.5 percent) already contained in the water. By using a conservative mean net advection rate of 1.5 km d/sup -1/ it must be presumed that the N and P released into the water at this site was superfluous to the needs of the phytoplankton and was, therefore, exported from the area.« less
Data layout transformation exploiting memory-level parallelism in structured grid many-core applications

We present automatic data layout transformation as an effective compiler performance optimization for memory-bound structured grid applications. Structured grid applications include stencil codes and other code structures using a dense, regular grid as the primary data structure. Fluid dynamics and heat distribution, which both solve partial differential equations on a discretized representation of space, are representative of many important structured grid applications. Using the information available through variable-length array syntax, standardized in C99 and other modern languages, we enable automatic data layout transformations for structured grid codes with dynamically allocated arrays. We also present how a tool can guide these transformations to statically choose a good layout given a model of the memory system, using a modern GPU as an example. A transformed layout that distributes concurrent memory requests among parallel memory system components provides substantial speedup for structured grid applications by improving their achieved memory-level parallelism. Even with the overhead of more complex address calculations, we observe up to 10.94X speedup over the original layout, and a 1.16X performance gain in the worst case.
Spatial Distribution and Habitat Use of Pacific Lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) Ammocoetes in a Western Washington Stream

ABSTRACT We investigated the spatial distribution and habitat associations of Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) ammocoetes in a southwest Washington stream. The ammocoetes exhibited a highly aggregated, non-random spatial distribution pattern. Conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and gradient influenced ammocoete distribution at the large scale (across 50 m reaches), whereas wetted width, percent fines, canopy density, and velocity influenced distribution at the small scale (1 m2 quadrats). We observed optimum water depths of 70 cm and current velocities of 0 to 10 cm/sec. In general, ammocoetes preferred fine substrates though larger ammocoetes were found at low densities in large gravel substrates. Our findings illustrate the importance of slow water environments for the rearing stage of Pacific lamprey. Restoration activities should be designed to restore watershed function and process in a way that naturally allows systems to retain these critical habitats. Additionally, when considering ammocoete habi...
Higher order technological learning as determinant of market success in the multimedia arena; a success story, a failure, and a question mark: AGFA/BAYER AG, Enable Software, and Sun Microsystems

Abstract The case studies of three players in the multimedia arena focused on instances and patterns of technological learning — technical and administrative learning as it occurs within and across technology-driven organizations — are compared and contrasted. Success and failure to learn from customer, competitor, and supplier feedback and to integrate lessons learned in shaping entrepreneurial decision making and marketing strategy are highlighted. These case studies were all composed through triangulation of multiple field interviews with several company principals, of publicly available information, and of company documents made available to the author by the companies studied. The first story is about AGFA Electronic Preprint Systems, a subsidiary of BAYER AG, based in Wilmington, Mass., and a leader in the high end desk top publishing and reproduction business. The company successfully reinvented itself driving its transformation by a vigorous focus at lower, middle, and top management levels on employee, customer, competitor, and supplier feedback and by integrating lessons learned into a very entrepreneurial manufacturing and marketing strategy. The second story is about Enable Software, an upstate New York software venture that was among the pioneers of software integration but failed to capitalize on the niche it carved for itself, lost its strategic focus, and recently transferred its customer base to Microsoft through a strategic alliance with the software giant. The third story is about Sun Microsystems, a Silicon Valley producer of engineering workstations currently faced with major challenges to redefine its worldviews and reinvent itself, as its market niche comes under increasing pressure from higher and lower end original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).
Negotiating Community and Landscape in the Peruvian Andes: A Transconquest View

This article explores how constructs of “community” and “landscape” mediate power relations between households and colonial states. I analyze archaeological and documentary data in a common spatial framework to reconstruct the local-scale negotiation of community and land-use organization during successive colonial occupations by the Inka and Spanish states in the Colca Valley of southern highland Peru. Using GIS-based analytical tools, I present a detailed reconstruction of the land-tenure patterns of Andean corporate descent groups (ayllus) registered in colonial visitas from the heartland of the Collagua Province. I then compare these land-tenure patterns to archaeological settlement patterns from the Inka occupation (C.E. 1450–C.E. 1532) and subsequent early Colonial Period occupation up to the forced resettlement of the local populace into compact, European-style reduccion villages in the 1570s. This analysis reveals how both Inka and Spanish colonialist projects for reordering and rationalizing local community and land-use organization were met by local understandings and interests that emerged from patterns of land tenure, residence, and the features of the built environment.
Harmonic oscillator tensors. I, The nondegenerate case

It is shown that the Heisenberg Lie algebra of the nondegenerate harmonic oscillator leads to a basis {J+, J0, J−} of LASU(2). The Hamiltonian of the system is proportional to J0, and the basis elements give rise to irreducible tensors in the associative enveloping algebra of the Heisenberg Lie algebra. The construction of these irreducible tensors is studied with special attention being paid to the case in which they act upon a single vector space spanned by the harmonic oscillator basis functions. A tensor coupling rule is developed, and useful application is made of it in the calculation of general expressions for vibrational operators and their matrix elements. Throughout, the value of the additional algebraic quantum numbers (l, m) is emphasized.
Ratings of experimental pain and pain-related negative affect predict clinical pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome

Patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) report chronic pain related to abnormal sensitivity of muscles that is reflected by so-called tender points (TP). TP represent areas of abnormal mechanical pain thresholds that have only shown a minor correlation with clinical pain of FMS patients and seem to be better suited for predicting distress. Pain-related negative affect (PRNA), abnormal temporal summation of second pain (termed wind-up or WU), and abnormal WU decay are frequently present in FMS patients. WU and WU decay can provide measures of central sensitization, which may contribute to clinical FMS pain. We therefore investigated the role of WU, WU decay, TP count, and PRNA as predictors of clinical pain in FMS subjects.Fifty-five FMS subjects rated their clinical pain at entry into the study using a visual analogue scale (VAS). After a TP evaluation, all subjects received two trials of thermal WU and WU decay testing. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the combination of PRNA ratings, TP count, and WU decay ratings predicted 49.7% of the variance of clinical pain in FMS. This model demonstrates independent relationships of biological and psychological factors to clinical pain and underscores the important role of abnormal peripheral and central pain mechanisms for FMS. Therefore, the combination of PRNA, TP count, and WU decay may provide an excellent measure for future clinical studies of FMS patients.
Synthesis of Dithio-Diphosphine (P2S2COOH)-Based Bifunctional Chelating Agent. Its Coupling Reactions with Peptide Analogs and Steroids

Abstract Bifunctional chelating agents are important in the development of site-specific radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Recently. our Laboratory has developed a new dithio-diphosphine (P2S2COOH)-based bifunctional chelating agent [1]. Its coupling to biologically important molecules such as peptide analogs and steroids have been investigated in detail (Scheme I). The intermediate compound P2S2 phosphine hydride 3 was synthesized as described in scheme 1 [1]. The coupling of 3 with steroids such as 2/4 amino estrone/estrodiol and the peptide analog GlyGlyOEt was undertaken using peptide the coupling reagent HBTU in the presence of triethylamine. Furthermore. the P2S2GlyGlyOEt phosphine hydride was formylated using formaldehyde in ethanol and then complexed with a Re(V) precursor to yield the new Re(V) bioconjugate 5. This offers a potential mute to label biologically active peptides with radionuclides such as Tc-99m and Re-186/188 for use in cancm diagnosis and/or therapy.
Plural acquisition in children with specific language impairment.

A plural elicitation task and a nominal compounding task were administered to a group of children with SLI and two groups of normally developing children, an age-equivalent group (CA) and a languag...
Beatus Quid Est and the Study of Grammar in Late Anglo-Saxon England

SUMMARYBeatus quid est, a Latin grammar of English origin, found in an eleventh-century manuscript, has much to tell us about the pedagogy of elementary grammar in the classroom. The text is assembled from a number of grammmatical authorities, foremost among them Donatus and Priscian, uses the framework of a parsing-grammar, and attempts to forge these contradictory authorities into a coherent practical teaching-text. In particular elaborate glosses, annotations and conventions of capitalization and layout reflect the practices of the classroom. The text emphasizes morphology and supplies illustrations of grammatical points from verse. Glosses suggest paraphrases and serve as a reference-tool for many points not formally discussed in the main text. These features most likely reflect standard pedagogical practice in the classroom; the chief innovation of the manuscript is that such practices appear in written form.RESUMEBeatus quid est, un texte de grammaire latine d'origine anglaise, trouve dans un manuscrit du onzieme siecle, nous revele beaucoup sur la pedago-gie de la grammaire elementaire utilisee dans la salle de classe. Cette oeu-vre, assemblee d'un certain nombre de grammairiens de renom, parmi lesquels Donat et Priscien, est structure autour de l'analyse grammaticale. Certains aspects de ce texte, notamment les gloses, les annotations, et l'usage des lettres majuscules refletent les methodes d'enseignement. Le texte traite particulierement de la morphologie et fournit des examples pris de vers pour eclairer les points grammaticaux. Les annotations suggerent des paraphrases et renvoient ainsi a plusiers points que le texte principal ne traite pas. Ce sont ces aspects qui semblent refleter la norme d'usage pedagogique dans la salle de classe; l'innovation principale de ce texte reste dans le fait que ces usages ont ete mis par ecrit.
Numerical simulation of three-dimensional supersonic inlet flow fields

Supersonic inlet flows with mixed external-internal compressions of an axisymmetric inlet model were computed using a combined implicit-explicit (Beam-Warming-Steger/MacCormack) method for solving the three-dimensional unsteady, compressible Navier-Stokes equations in conservation form. Numerical calculations were made of various flows typically found in supersonic inlets such as shock-wave intersections, flow spillage around the cowl lip, shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions, control of shock-induced flow separation by means of boundary layer bleed, internal normal (terminal) shocks, and the effects of flow incidence. Computed results were compared with available wind tunnel data.
Hypertension in Children

The pathogenesis of primary hypertension remains unknown despite extensive investigative contributions. Evidence is mounting that the disease may have its inception in childhood or possibly in infancy. What is needed are long-term longitudinal studies to determine whether the child with primary hypertension eventually becomes the adult hypertensive. A method for the identification of the hypertensive either by specific chemical or physiologic characteristics is very much needed. Nonpharmacologic therapeutic intervention needs careful evaluation, especially in the pediatric patient, to determine whether the disease can be arrested. A thorough study of pediatric patients with primary hypertension should be strongly encouraged. It may be that the solution to the complex puzzle of primary hypertension may have a higher probability of being solved at the inception of the disease in infancy or childhood rather than in the later irreversible stage in adulthood.
Ab initio dynamics with wave-packets and density matrices

Efficient methodologies to conduct simultaneous dynamics of electrons and nuclei are discussed. Particularly, attention is directed to a recent development that combines quantum dynamics with ab initio molecular dynamics. The two components of the methodology, namely, quantum dynamics and ab initio molecular dynamics, are harnessed together using a time-dependent self-consistent field-like coupling procedure. An approach to conduct quantum dynamics using an accurate banded, sparse and Toeplitz representation for the discrete free propagator is highlighted with suitable review of other related approaches. One notable feature of the method is that all important quantum dynamical effects including zero-point effects, tunneling as well as over-barrier reflections are accurately treated. Computational methodologies for improved efficiency of the quantum dynamics are also discussed. There exists a number of ways to carry out simultaneous ab initio molecular dynamics (such as Born–Oppenheimer dynamics and extended Lagrangian dynamics, Car–Parrinello dynamics being a prime example of the latter); our prime focus remains on atom-centered density-matrix propagation and Born–Oppenheimer dynamics. The electronic degrees of freedom are handled at accurate levels of density functional theory, using hybrid or gradient corrected approximations. Benchmark calculations are provided for a prototypical proton transfer system. Future generalizations and goals are discussed.
Stenting for superior vena cava obstruction in pediatric heart transplant recipients.

Background: Superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction can be a complication in heart transplant recipients. We reviewed our experience with relief of SVC obstruction using endovascular stents in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Methods: Study cohort included pediatric heart transplant recipients, followed at our institution, who required endovascular stent placement for SVC obstruction. Data retrieved retrospectively included cardiac diagnosis, age, and weight at transplant, surgical technique of transplant (bicaval vs. biatrial anastomosis), previous cardiovascular surgeries, presenting symptoms, date of SVC stent placement, and need for reintervention. Results: From March 1990 to June 2006, 5.1% (7/138) pediatric heart transplant recipients who were followed at our institution had SVC obstruction requiring stent placement. Median age and weight at transplant was 9 months and 8.7 kg, respectively. Four patients previously had a cavopulmonary anastomosis. Transplant surgery involved bicaval anastomosis in 6 and biatrial in 1. Of the 7 patients included in the study, 2 were asymptomatic, 2 were symptomatic (1 with chylothorax, 1 with headache), and 3 were identified at the time of transplant surgery. Median time from transplant surgery to SVC stent placement was 2 months (0–14 months). Three patients required reintervention as redilation of SVC stent (n = 1) or additional SVC stent (n = 2). In one patient the stent migrated to the pulmonary artery but was retrieved. Conclusion: SVC obstruction can be an important complication following heart transplantation, especially in infants with previous cavopulmonary anastomosis, undergoing heart transplant using bicaval technique. SVC obstruction can be safely and effectively treated using endovascular stents. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intersections of fermionic paths and four-fermion interactions

Abstract We extend the continuum version of Symanzik's polymer gas representation to fermionic field theories. Assuming the same type of regularization as in o 4 theories, we find that theories with repulsive four-fermion interactions are free in D >2 dimensions, since two generic fermionic paths, of Hausdorff dimension 1, do not intersect in this case.