cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Propositional Logic Applied to Three Contradictory Definitions of the Zeta Function, and to Conditionally Convergent Series

The paper discusses the following contradictions: (1) Contradictory definitions of the Zeta function. These three definitions of the Zeta function contradict each other: the Dirichlet series, Riemann’s Zeta function, and a third definition that is conditionally convergent throughout the critical strip and divergent throughout half-plane Re(s)≤0. If the Dirichlet series definition and one of the other two definitions are both true, then there is a contradiction regarding convergence/divergence of Zeta in the critical strip. If Riemann’s Zeta function and the third definition are both true, then there is a contradiction regarding convergence/divergence of Zeta in half-plane Re(s)≤0. And if only the Dirichlet series definition is true, than all theories that falsely assume that the other definitions are true are rendered logically unsound. (2) The Hankel contour’s contradiction of the preconditions of Cauchy’s integral theorem. The derivation of the Riemann Zeta function uses both of these,but the contradiction between the two renders the Riemann Zeta function invalid. (3) Conditionally convergent series. According to the Riemann series theorem, any conditionally convergent series can be rearranged to be divergent. This contradicts the associative and commutative properties of addition. It also means that all conditionally convergent series are paradoxes, and that any argument that uses a conditionally convergent series (e.g. the third definition of the Zeta function, and the definition of the Euler-Mascheroni constant) violates the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC) in logic, and triggers Ex Contradictione Quodlibet (ECQ), also called the "Principle of Explosion".
Suspended particulate air pollution. Relationship to mortality from cirrhosis of the liver.

The disease effects of suspended particulate air pollution have been under study in Buffalo and its environs for several years. The community was classified into four pollutant areas by means of measurements obtained from high-volume samplers located at 21 stations and operated over a two-year period. Economic classification was achieved by grouping of census tracts into five levels on the basis of median family income. Age and sex specific death rates among whites for cirrhosis of the liver for the pericensal period, 1959 to 1961, showed a graded positive association with suspended particulate air pollution level when economic status was controlled. The association was strongest in the lowest economic groupings. The findings indicate that urban particulate air pollution may contain toxic agents capable of acting directly or synergistically to cause cirrhosis of the liver.
Unilateral orbital lacrimal gland abscess in a horse

A 20-year-old Thoroughbred gelding presented for evaluation of a periorbital dorsal swelling of the left eye that had been intermittently present for 3 months. Upon ocular examination, a firm, non-painful swelling was identified under the upper eyelid in the region of the orbital lacrimal gland, and was noted to extend anteriorly from underneath the dorsal orbital rim. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a mixed echogenic mass along the dorsal orbital rim that followed the contour of the globe. CT scan showed a moderately contrast enhancing mass that was contiguous with the eyelid. Differential diagnoses included neoplasia, inflammatory lesions such as a granuloma, foreign body or abscess. Surgical exploration and excision of the mass revealed a lobular structure with a purulent center. Histopathology identified the mass as the orbital lacrimal gland with concurrent severe dacryoadenitis. Culture of the purulent center of the mass revealed beta-hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was maintained on supportive care and antibiotic treatment based on sensitivity postoperatively. No recurrence was reported 40 months later. This paper aims to identify bacterial dacryoadenitis as a cause for unilateral periorbital swelling in the horse. Differential diagnoses for this presentation, as well as successful surgical management are discussed. To the author's knowledge, this is the first case of bacterial dacryoadenitis and subsequent abscessation of the orbital lacrimal gland in the horse.
Kinematics at the intersection of the Garlock and Death Valley fault zones, California: Integration of TM data and field studies. LANDSAT TM investigation proposal TM-019

Processing and interpretation of Thematic Mapper (TM) data, extensive field work, and processing of SPOT data were continued. Results of these analyses led to the testing and rejecting of several of the geologic/tectonic hypotheses concerning the continuation of the Garlock Fault Zone (GFZ). It was determined that the Death Valley Fault Zone (DVFZ) is the major through-going feature, extending at least 60 km SW of the Avawatz Mountains. Two 5 km wide fault zones were identified and characterized in the Soda and Bristol Mountains, forming a continuous zone of NW trending faulting. Geophysical measurements indicate a buried connection between the Avawatz and the Soda Mountains Fault Zone. Future work will involve continued field work and mapping at key locations, further analyses of TM data, and conclusion of the project.
Inelastic Dark Matter at the LHC

We argue that dark matter particles which have strong interactions with the Standard Model particles are not excluded by current astrophysical constraints. These dark matter particles have unique signatures at colliders; instead of missing energy, the dark matter particles produce jets. We propose a new search strategy for such strongly interacting particles by looking for a signal of two trackless jets. We show that suitable cuts can plausibly allow us to find these signals at the LHC even in early data.
Multicenter Survey of Attitudes and Perceptions of Pain Medicine Fellows Toward the Use of Lateral Versus Contralateral‐Oblique Fluoroscopic View for Interlaminar Cervical Epidural Injection

Objective For interlaminar cervical epidural steroid injections (CESI) the lateral fluoroscopic view (LAT) is often considered to improve needle localization. However, the contralateral-oblique view (CLO) is a useful alternative with potential advantages to improve identification of cervical anatomy and needle depth assessment. The authors explored the attitudes and perceptions of pain medicine fellows currently training in two ACGME-accredited pain medicine fellowship programs regarding the use of these two types of fluoroscopic views. Methods The survey was conducted online following a request by e-mail. Of a total of 20 fellows who were contacted, there were 17 respondents who had experience with both techniques, and they were included for analysis. Results The response rate for participation was 95%. Whereas 70.6% respondents reported they were very certain about the assessment of anatomy with the CLO view, only 17.6% felt very certain with the LAT view. Compared with learning to perform interlaminar CESI using the LAT view only, the majority of fellows thought that using the CLO technique was easier to learn (P < 0.01) and offered better visualization of contrast dye spread pattern to confirm the cervical epidural space (P = 0.013). All respondents perceived that the likelihood of interlaminar CESI complications would be lower with CLO technique. Overall, 82.4% of respondents considered CLO visualization as a preferred technique for interlaminar CESI. Respondents stated that the likelihood of using the CLO technique as an independent physician was significantly higher than using only the LAT technique (P < 0.001), particularly for patients who are obese and have short necks. Conclusions For interlaminar CESI, using the CLO is perceived to provide better definition of anatomy and yet is easier to learn. Trainees may become more confident in performing interlaminar CESI with the CLO. We encourage all fellowship programs to include the CLO technique for interlaminar CESI as part of the training.
The Effects of Faculty Characteristics on Computer Applications in Instruction.

AbstractDemographic characteristics of faculty who require and who do not require computer utilization in courses they teach are investigated. Also studied are relationships between individual faculty traits and: (a) utilization of computers in instruction for specific purposes, (b) perceived obstacles to computer infusion in the classroom, (c) types of materials used in instruction with computers. Subjects (N=118) were faculty of one of the liberal arts universities who responded to a questionnaire. Results showed that differences exist between: (a) faculty traits and utilization of computers for specific purposes; (b) sex, and age, and utilization of instruction materials while teaching with computers; (c) perceived obstacles and purposes for which computers are used in the classroom.
Toward Self-Motivated, Cognitive, Continually Planning Agents

We present a flexible initial framework for defining self-motivated, self-aware agents in simulated worlds, planning continuously so as to maximize long-term rewards. While such agents employ reasoned exploration of feasible sequences of actions and corresponding states, they also behave opportunistically and recover from failure, thanks to their continual plan updates and quest for rewards. Our framework allows for both specific and general quantified knowledge and for epistemic predicates such as knowing-that and knowing-whether. Because realistic agents have only partial knowledge of their world, the reasoning of the proposed agents uses a weakened closed-world assumption; this has consequences for epistemic reasoning, in particular introspection. The planning operators allow for quantitative, gradual change and side effects such as the passage of time, changes in distances and rewards, and language production, using a uniform procedural attachment method. Question answering involving introspection and experimental runs are shown for our particular agent ME in a simple world, demonstrating the value of continual deliberate, reward-driven planning. Though the primary merit of agents definable in our framework is that they combine all of the aforementioned features, they can also be configured as single or multiple goal-seeking agents and as such perform comparably with some recent experimental agents.
The phorbol derivatives thymeleatoxin and 12-deoxyphorbol-13-O-phenylacetate-10-acetate cause translocation and down-regulation of multiple protein kinase C isozymes

Phorbol esters such as phorbol 12-myristate,13-acetate (PMA) are potent activators of protein kinase C (PKC), and activate all PKC isozymes except ζ, and λ. Recently, 12-deoxyphorbol-13-O-phenylacetate-20-acetate (dPPA) and thymeleatoxin (Tx) were reported to selectively activate PKCβ1 (dPPA) and PKCα, -β, and -γ (Tx), but not PKCδ or PKCϵ in vitro. We examined the ability of these phorbol derivatives to translocate and down-regulate PKC isozymes in intact cells. Our findings demonstrate that dPPA and Tx cause translocation and down-regulation of multiple PKC isozymes, including δ and ϵ.
INTESTINAL DISACCHARIDASES IN EXPERIMENTAL OSMOTIC DIARRHEA

The effects of osmotic diarrhea on jejunal disaccharidases were studied. Wistar male rats, 60-80 g, were daily forced fed 5 ml/100 g body weight of 20% (w/v) mannitol (Mtl) for 2 to 14 days. Water and a diet containing 69% of either glucose (Glc), sucrose (Suc) or starch (Sta) plus 18% protein, 8% fat, vitamins and minerals were given adlibitum. Pair fed control rats received saline instead of Mtl. Another group was forced fed twice daily 5 ml/100 g of a 50% suspension of the basal diet, but with 45% lactose (Lac) and 24% Glc or 45% Sta and 24% Glc. All rats given Mtl or Lac developed diarrhea within the first 24 hr and this condition persisted throughout the experimental period. In rats on a Sta diet, Mtl induced lactose (L) and sucrase (S) deficiencies after 7 and 14 days of diarrhea (means, in lU/mg protein), L: .0390 vs .0135 (p<.05); S: .1592 vs .1030 (p<.05); maltase (M): 1.1563 vs 1.1539 (N.S.). Similarly, rats on Suc showed a drop in L and M, but not in S. In contrast, Lac induced an increase in all disaccharidases after 4 days which was sustained only for L up to 14 days, but not for S and M; L: .0996 vs .2037 (p<.01); S: .3867 vs .3687 (N.S.); M: 1.0290 vs 1.8790 (N.S.). The results indicated that changes in jejunal disaccharidases after osmotic diarrhea were directly related to intake of the corresponding carbohydrate. (Supported in part by a grant of Ross Labs.)
Superposition of electrical properties in temperature-sensing wire composed of thermosensitive polyamide-phenol compounds at various temperatures and humidities

The relationship between the DC conductance (G) and the capacitance (C) in temperaturesensing wire composed of thermosensitive polyamide–phenol compounds has been studied. The G–C characteristics at various temperatures and humidities are approximately plotted on a same line, and the log G–log C plots draw a straight line with time. This implies that when the temperature-sensing wire is in equilibrium under the constant temperature and humidity, if either one of them has been known, the other value is determined from the characteristics. These characteristics will be available properties, e.g., for the temperature and humidity sensing material. These also show that the electrical behaviors due to an absorbed water cannot be distinguished from that due to the amide and phenol groups. This is because that both of them constitute the similar dielectric segments composed of hydrogen bonds, and proton carriers for conduction also generate from them. It also shows that the behaviors of protons from amide, phenol group, and absorbed water cannot be electrically distinguished from one another. It is deduced that the absorbed water mainly contributes to the number of proton carriers and the increase in moisture content contributes more to the DC conductance instead of less than the increase of mobility due to thermal activation of the proton carriers generating from amide, phenol, and absorbed water.
Studies of dirhodium(II) tetrakis(trifluoroacetate).

The interaction of benzene, p-xylene, and naphthalene with a strong two-ended Lewis acid, Rh2(O2CCF3)4, led to one-dimensional linear polymers of 1:1 composition, [Rh2(O2CCF3)4·L], where L C6H6 (1), p-(CH3)2C6H4 (2), and C10H8 (3). Compounds 1‐3 have been characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy and their structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction. In the crystal structures of the compounds the alternating arrangement of the dirhodium(II) tetrakis(trifluoroacetate) units with the aromatic ligands coordinated to their axial positions forms infinite chains extended along one direction of the unit cell. The rare bridging off-centered, h 2 :h 2 coordination of arene groups by the Rh(II) centers was found to be preferred in all three cases with the two closest RhCarene distances averaged to 2.662(6) A, in the benzene complex (1), to 2.684(7) A, in the p-xylene analogue (2), and to 2.588(9) A, in the naphthalene product (3). © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Consumption taxes in the internet world

The evolution of e-commerce raises serious issues concerning the current and future viability of consumption taxes. The dimensions of e-commerce (product, process, and agent) are shown to significantly impact the characteristics of taxes. The key issue addressed is whether the sales and use tax or the VAT is better positioned to evolve and handle the consequences of e-commerce. The conclusion deduced is that the United States with the sales and use tax is further ahead in addressing the problems but that the European Union with the VAT is likely to solve the problems first due to uniformity and cooperation.
Enzymichromism: Determination of the dielectric properties of an enzyme active site

Abstract The negative solvatochromic and enzymichromic properties of 4-carbamidopyridinium cyclopentadienylide, 3 , are presented. The 78 nm bathochromic shift of the long wavelength absorption band of 3 upon going from water to the horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH)-NADH ternary complex is consistent with a low dielectric for the hydrophobic binding pocket of this enzyme.
Synthesis of ion conducting polymer protected nanometer size platinum colloids

Abstract Pt particles have been prepared by reduction of hexachloroplatinic acid with ethylene glycol in the presence of a negatively charged polymer poly( n -sulfonatopropyl p -benzamide). The average size of platinum particles was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and found to be in the nanometer size range. The effects of the polymer content on the average particle size were studied. The average particle size of the Pt colloid prepared from solutions containing a polymer/Pt weight ratio of 20 and 0.2, respectively, varied from 2.45 to 5.9 nm.
Higher Education as Empowerment The Case of Palestinian Universities

Palestinian universities have been a dynamic force across Palestinian communities since their inception under Israeli occupation in the early 1970s. What began as initiatives of private families or religious foundations to provide local access to higher education soon grew into a widespread presence across Palestinian communities that has had a profound impact on Palestinian national identity and the persistence of Palestine as a nation. This study specifically argues that Palestinian universities have provided Palestinian communities with the physical and conceptual space to sustain the nation of Palestine by enabling Palestinians to define and articulate a Palestinian national identity, engage in resistance to the Israeli occupation of Palestine, and build the nation of Palestine in the absence of a Palestinian state. This study considers the case of Palestinian universities in an effort to shed light on what enables the university to consistently contribute to the human experience over time and across ...
Geographical variability in ecophysiological traits controlling dormancy in Chrysopa oculata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Abstract Dormancy in Chrysopa oculata, a multivoltine species, is controlled by reponses to photoperiod and temperature. Variation in both the critical photoperiod for diapause induction and the duration of diapause is positively related to the latitudianl origin of the population. The incidence of photoperiodically induced diapause also varies geographically; at 24°C the southern-most population is more variable for diapause induction than the northern populations. By contrast, there is little interpopulation variation in thermally determined rates of post-diapause development. The results suggest that the lower threshold for development and the thermal requirements above the threshold may be functionally correlated.
Density functionals beyond the local density approximation

A series of recent work done in collaboration with Schluter and Lannoo is reviewed here. Exact expressions of the density functionals of the exchange-correlation energy and potential are given in perturbation series of the Coulomb interaction. For insulators, the exchange-correlation potential has an interesting discontinuity which gives an important contribution to the band gap. Computational results for a model semiconductor are discussed.
Interfacial effects in the electrical conductivity and viscous deformation of multiwall carbon nanotube–epoxy composites prepared by sonication

Multiwall carbon nanotube composites with epoxy matrix were prepared by sonication followed by long curing. The electrical conductivity of the composite samples was measured and found to follow percolation behavior with low threshold mass fraction of multiwall carbon nanotubes and smaller value of critical exponent. The lower values of threshold and exponent are associated with higher purity and better interfacial contact between the multiwall carbon nanotubes and with the epoxy. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity showed that both variable range hopping and fluctuation-induced tunneling mechanisms are followed. The dependence of conductivity on the width of the epoxy barrier film between multiwall carbon nanotubes is used to establish that fluctuation-induced tunneling through interfacial regions is the appropriate mechanism of conduction in the composites. The activation energy for viscous deformation of the composites was evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis and found to increa...
Phosphorylation and Progesterone Receptor Function

The progesterone receptor is a member of a superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors which includes the steroid receptors, thyroid hormone, retinoic acid and vitamin D receptors as well as a large number of proteins which are termed orphans because their ligands and/or their functions are unknown (Evans,1988; Wang et al, 1989). A variety of studies have shown that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation plays a major role in the regulation of the activity of numerous transcription factors. Phosphorylation can alter DNA binding, either by enhancing or inhibiting the activity, by changing DNA binding specificity or by altering interactions with other transcription factors (Englander et al, 1991; Prywes et al, 1988; Raychaudri et al, 1989; Boyle et al, 1991). In addition, phosphorylation is often important for transcriptional activation of the factors (Binetruy et al, 1991; Jackson et al, 1991). Moreover, transcription factors are frequently multiply phosphorylated and these phosphorylations may play different roles (Barber and Verma, 1987; Boyle et al, 1991). In some cases, both specific phosphorylations as well as specific dephosphorylations are required for full activity (Boyle et al, 1991).
Information and exhaustible resources: A Bayesian analysis☆

Abstract We develop a continuous-time, Bayesian model of investment in information about an exhaustible resource. Because of the way that information affects expectations, the deterministic Hotelling rule turns out to be more appropriate as a description of how resource owners forecast the value of their stocks than as a predictor of observed changes in the resource price. A flow of information generates both unanticipated changes in expectations, which cause the mean rate of change in the resource price to deviate systematically from the deterministic Hotelling rule, and reductions in uncertainty, which do not affect the Hotelling prediction.
Post-implantation thermal desorption of helium from poly- and single-crystalline iron

Abstract Helium desorption is studied on both poly- (PC) and single-crystalline (SC) iron during constant rate heating following room temperature He ion implantations. A sharp desorption peak due to the BCC–FCC phase transformation is observed for both PC and SC specimens under all examined implantation conditions, which provides precise temperature calibration. Within the BCC structural range, three groups (I: below 300 °C; II: 300–600 °C; III: 600–900 °C) of desorption signal are identified for PC specimens while only two groups (I: below 300 °C; II: 550–900 °C) are identified for SC specimens. The low T group generally appears broader in PC specimens. PC and SC desorption spectra show similar dependence on implantation energy and fluence, namely that the relative intensity at low and intermediate temperatures decreases with increasing implantation energy or fluence, while the fluence effect is much more pronounced than the energy effect. Simple first order dissociation kinetics are used to estimate the average activation energies associated with the desorption groups. The present data for SC iron are expected to provide an appropriate experimental reference for future rate-theory or kinetic Monte–Carlo modeling of helium defect evolution in BCC iron.
Insect Behavior and Ecology in Conservation: Preserving Functional Species Interactions

Conservationists are becoming increasingly aware of the value of insects and the need to include them in programs to preserve diversity. Most current endeavors emphasize individual species or specific taxa with little emphasis on preserving species interactions or processes. Insects exhibit spectacular and diverse behaviors and ecological interactions that should be preserved in their own right, and, more importantly, they provide essential processes for the long-term survival of populations and species assemblages in preserved landscapes. As habitats are increasingly fragmented and disturbed, vital insect-driven interactions may be disrupted, greatly diminishing the survival of the community. Research is needed to evaluate the effect of habitat change on insect interactions, in addition to the presence or absence of insects. The presence of a species does not indicate anything about its behavior; insect behavior is the key to participation in interactions, the lock binding communities together. Mutualisms such as pollination systems, and parasitisms such as bird-ectoparasite or parasitoid-herbivore systems, have been shown to be affected by fragmentation of habitats. Conservation management directed at ensuring the survival of functional flagship species interactions will preserve other codependent and coexisting species and interactions. Entomologists are the most competent at recognizing, understanding, and manipulating insect interactions and should apply this knowledge and these skills to the needs of conservation. Lessons from applied entomology, including integrated pest management, clearly show the importance of preserving interactions.
Illuminating trajectories of adolescent thriving and contribution through the words of youth: qualitative findings from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development

Theory and research in adolescent development have emphasized that contributing to self, others, and community is important to the success of society and predictive of positive youth and later adult development. Despite this emphasis, there is a lack of qualitative and youth-centered research exploring whether adolescents themselves value contribution as part of their daily lives or future goals. Understandings of contribution are, thus, limited in their generalizability. To lessen this gap, we implemented qualitative analyses of open-ended responses from youth in the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. We addressed questions about what is meaningful to youth and about their future goals through descriptive and thematic analyses of responses from 56 youth (66 % female) who participated in the 4-H Study in each of three grades (6, 9, and 12). Findings indicated that most youth in this study valued acts and/or ideologies of contribution at some point in their adolescence, and several were committed to facets of contribution across grades. The analyses also identified other aspects of these youth experiences (e.g., athletics, family relationships, and academic competencies) that were described as meaningful across adolescence. Findings are discussed in relationship to youth programming aimed at encouraging well-being and contribution in adolescence.
A Method of Obtaining a Smooth Pattern on Circular Arrays of Large Diameters with cos n Φ Elements

There are many applications on which one would want to obtain an omnidirectional pattern by mounting many directional antennas around a large structure. If the structure is many wave-lengths in size and if the directional antennas are mounted pointing radially out, then the resulting pattern will usually present very rapid excursions in amplitude with very deep nulls. If one assumes that the directional antennas are of the type cosn ϕ(-π/2⩽ϕ⩽π/2 and zero elsewhere), which are closely approximated by many practical anteunas, then it is possible to smooth out considerably the resulting pattern by pointing the directional antennas tangentially to a circle circumscribing the structure and by properly choosing the radius of the circle. The number of antennas to be uesd determines the value of n.
The effects of copper on the fine structure of the kelp Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour

Abstract The effects of copper on the fine structure of Laminaria saccharina were examined by incubating plants in 50, 100 and 500 μg Cu per liter of filtered and uv-treated seawater media. Copper treatment after fertilization in gametophytes yielded sporophytes that showed abnormal growth patterns, haptera-like protuburances, giant cells and abnormal branching patterns in 50 μg liter-1 and 100 μg liter-1copper additions. Ultrastructural examination of the plants which showed abnormality and chlorosis indicated the presence of denatured chloroplasts with swollen thylakoid membranes, detachment of thylakoid lamellae and diffused matrices.
Measures of concordance determined by ₄-invariant measures on (0,1)²

A measure, μ, on (0,1) 2 is said to be D 4 -invariant if its value for any Borel set is invariant with respect to the symmetries of the unit square. A function, K, generated in a certain way by a measure, μ, on (0,1) 2 is shown to be a measure of concordance if and only if the generating measure is positive, regular, D 4 -invariant, and satisfies certain inequalities. The construction examined here includes Blomqvist's beta as a special case.
Toward a functional interpretation of scent marking in the beaver (Castor canadensis)

Scent marking by the beaver (Castor canadensis) has commonly been ascribed a function in territorial maintenance. This study examined the placement of scent mounds by beaver colonies, the frequency of scent mounds constructed by colonies with a low probability of encountering conspecifics versus colonies with a high probability of such encounters, and the responses of individual animals to castor gland homogenate from donor animals of known sex and age. Scent mounds are constructed most often in areas of high colony activity, and colonies with a high probability of encountering transient conspecifics construct significantly more mounds. Behavioral data suggest that information regarding sexual status may be transmitted by scent mounds. The data do not support a territorial maintenance function for scent marking in the beaver.
China's Economic Linkages and Financial Markets: Editor's Introduction

(2009). China's Economic Linkages and Financial Markets: Editor's Introduction. The Chinese Economy: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 3-4.
Small leptomeric organelles in intrafusal muscle fibers of the frog as revealed by electron microscopy.

By means of serial sectioning for electron microscopy, the general shape and dimensions were described for two types of small cross-striated organelles (leptomeric organelles of types I and II) from frog intrafusal muscle fibers. They consisted of regularly spaced, interconnected disks, which showed periodicities of about 1870 A and 300 A, respectively. A structural relationship was proved to exist between the end of the filaments of the type I organelle and the Z-disk of the sarcomere, thus coupling it in series with the sarcomeres. In stretch experiments it was possible to indicate that the type I periodicity changed in the same direction as the periodicity of surrounding sarcomeres. The possible role of the type I organelle is discussed. Another cross-striated organelle (leptomeric organelle of type II) is described for the first time. Structurally it resembled the type I organelle except for the shorter spacing of its granulated disks. The occurrence of the type II organelles was less frequent and less defined with respect to localization than that of type I. Its function remains obscure.
A sleep-promoting role for the Drosophila serotonin receptor 1A.

Summary Background Although sleep is an important process essential for life, its regulation is poorly understood. The recently developed Drosophila model for sleep provides a powerful system to genetically and pharmacologically identify molecules that regulate sleep. Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter known to affect many behaviors, but its role in sleep remains controversial. Results We generated or obtained flies with genetically altered expression of each of three Drosophila serotonin receptor subtypes (d5-HT1A, d5-HT1B, and d5-HT2) and assayed them for baseline sleep phenotypes. The data indicated a sleep-regulating role for the d5-HT1A receptor. d5-HT1A mutant flies had short and fragmented sleep, which was rescued by expressing the receptor in adult mushroom bodies, a structure associated with learning and memory in Drosophila . Neither the d5-HT2 receptor nor the d5-HT1B receptor, which was previously implicated in circadian regulation, had any effect on baseline sleep, indicating that serotonin affects sleep and circadian rhythms through distinct receptors. Elevating serotonin levels, either pharmacologically or genetically, enhanced sleep in wild-type flies. In addition, serotonin promoted sleep in some short-sleep mutants, suggesting that it can compensate for some sleep deficits. Conclusions These data show that serotonin promotes baseline sleep in Drosophila . They also link the regulation of sleep behavior by serotonin to a specific receptor in a distinct region of the fly brain.
Awareness training in the treatment of head and facial tics

The effectiveness of awareness training alone in treating multiple tics in a young adult was assessed using a multiple baseline across behaviors design. The results showed that the awareness training was very effective in suppressing both head and facial tics and that the treatment effects generalized to a nonclinic situation. Follow-up data showed that both tics were still at low levels one, two, four and eight months after treatment. Treatment satisfaction ratings by the subject and social validation ratings by independent observers are also reported.
Age-related changes in transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the dopaminergic system

Loss of striatal dopamine receptors is a major cause of decreased motor control and a robust biomarker of aging. Mechanisms of receptor loss include both neuronal death and decreased expression of receptor genes at the transcriptional and translational levels.
A Simple Formula for Duration: An Extension

This paper extends a recent algorithm to calculate Macaulay's duration for the case of intra-period coupon bonds. The extended algorithm overcomes errors introduced by bond-price formulae that incorrectly compound yields to maturity. These results simplify the computation of Macaulay's duration.
“Yo soy indígena”: identifying and using traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to make the teaching of science culturally responsive for Maya girls

This study examines how traditional ecological knowledge—TEK—can be identified and utilized to create culturally responsive science learning opportunities for Maya girls from a community in the Guatemalan highlands. Maya girls are situated in a complex socio-historical and political context rooted in racism and sexism. This study contextualizes the current situation of Maya women and girls in Guatemala and emphasizes the important need for educators to create science-learning opportunities that are culturally congruent. The author posits that when considering how to make the teaching and learning of science culturally responsive for Maya girls, educators must begin with the scientific knowledge inherent within Maya communities. Indigenous communities have a wealth of TEK that can be used to contextualize science curricula that can be purposely designed to meet the nuanced cultural needs of traditional Maya girls within and outside Guatemala.
In Vitro Evaluation of Skin Absorption and Metabolism

AbstractIn vitro methods using human and animal skin have frequently been used to measure the absorption/diffusion of chemicals through skin. Since some compounds have recently been shown to be metabolized during the percutaneous absorption process, we are examining the importance and feasibility of determining metabolic activity in skin when making absorption measurements. The viability of skin can be readily maintained for at least 24 hr in flow-through diffusion cells. A Hepes-buffered Hank's balanced salt solution is, in some cases, superior as a receptor fluid to minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The balanced salt solution is sufficient to maintain viability as assessed by glucose metabolism and electron microscopy and it does not interfere with quantitation of metabolites. We have found enzyme activity in skin to be 10-100 times less than that in liver and insufficient for detectable metabolism of caffeine, salicylic acid, or chlorophenothane (DDT) during absorption studies...
Non-Euler–Lagrangian Pareto-optimality Conditions for Dynamic Multiple Criterion Decision Problems

In this paper the problem of verifying the Pareto-optimality of a given solution to a dynamic multiple-criterion decision (DMCD) problem is investigated. For this purpose, some new conditions are derived for Pareto-optimality of DMCD problems. In the literature, Pareto-optimality is characterized by means of Euler-Lagrangian differential equations. There exist problems in production and inventory control to which these conditions cannot be applied directly (Song 1997). Thus, it is necessary to explore new conditions for Pareto-optimality of DMCD problems. With some mild assumptions on the objective functionals, we develop necessary and/or sufficient conditions for Pareto-optimality in the sprit of optimization theory. Both linear and non-linear cases are considered.
Mature olfactory receptor neurons express connexin 43

The expression of the gap junction subunit connexin 43 was studied in the olfactory epithelium of adult mice. In agreement with conclusions from previous immunohistochemical studies, we observed expression of mRNA encoding for connexin 43 in layers of the epithelium containing nuclei belonging to sustentacular cells. However, we also observed expression of connexin 43 mRNA in the layers containing nuclei belonging to mature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), immature ORNs, and basal cells. Connexin 43 mRNA expression was low in dorsomedial regions of the nasal cavity but higher ventrally. This differential regional distribution was consistent with expression in a transgenic mouse of a LacZ reporter gene driven by the proximal 6.5 kb of the connexin 43 promoter. LacZ was expressed in cells colabeled with antibody against olfactory marker protein (OMP), corroborating that mature ORNs express connexin 43. LacZ staining also was observed in sustentacular and basal cells and in immature ORNs. Double-label studies with antibodies against connexin 43 and OMP and expression of connexin 43 in the epithelium of bulbectomized mice were also consistent with expression of connexin 43 in mature ORNs. This is the first report of expression of a connexin subunit in mature ORNs. Our findings of connexin subunits in mature ORNs raise the novel possibility that gap junctions may play a fundamental role in information processing in the olfactory epithelium.
Developing an Institutional Informational Base and Bibliographical Clearinghouse.

Successful management and implementation of the diverse functions of the International Network of Person-Centered Medicine (INPCM) require a comprehensive and efficient informational base to advance quality of patient care though timely and rapid distribution of knowledge via publications, conferences, and education programs in concert with catalyzing research through systematic efficient data acquisition, storage, retrieval, and analysis. This study describes the structure and functions of the proposed INPCM’s information system.
Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 4 Isolated from Joint Tissue

We report the isolation of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 4 from synovial tissue obtained from an 80-year-old female with chronic swelling of her right metacarpophalangeal joint. Synovial tissue infections caused by L. pneumophila are rare. Interestingly, this isolate was recovered from chocolate agar after 5 days of incubation.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN PROPERTY CRIME RATES: A TEST OF OPPORTUNITY THEORY

ABSTRACT For more than two decades sociologists have suggested that variations in property crime rates in the U.S. are largely explained by opportunities for theft. Although well developed theoretically, existing aggregate level research has been constrained in its ability to operationalize the central components of the opportunity perspective. In this analysis, we attempt to improve on prior research in several ways. First, we introduce multiple measures for each of the central concepts of opportunity theory (motivated offenders, lack of guardianship, and suitable targets). Second, we demonstrate that our measures cleanly factor along the expected conceptual dimensions. Third, we test the ability of these factors to explain cross-sectional variation in county level rates of various property crimes. These models generally fit the data well, explaining between 66% and 75% of the variance for the more serious crimes of robbery, burglary and motor vehicle theft, and for the most part performing as expected.
Selective use of two-dimensional echocardiography in stroke syndromes

Excerpt A comparison of the chapter on cerebrovascular diseases in the first edition ofPrinciples of Internal Medicinewith chapters in subsequent editions shows the increasingly sophisticated devic...
READING AND TELEVISION Predictors of Reading Achievement at Different Age Levels

How does television affect children's reading skill development? The relationship between television behavior and reading achievement is examined within a conceptual framework of television and reading constructs such as media availability and parental media behavior, children's use of print and broadcast media, and measures of their attitudes and orientations toward television and print. The framework is examined for children at three different stages of reading development. Five principal constructs—socioeconomic status, print and television home environment, amount of media use, orientations toward print and television, and involvement with print and television—are used to predict reading achievement in regression analyses performed separately for each grade cohort.
MOBILITY AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT

Relations of students' mobility to school achievement for Grades K-6 in 72 elementary schools serving 39,362 students were strong and negative: for reading – 0.63, language – 0.49, and mathematics – 0.52.
Increased clonogenic (CFU-C, PFU-C) populations from bone marrow and spleen of nude mice

Abstract Clonogenic populations from bone marrow and spleen of nude mice and their normal littermates were enumerated in vitro using a methylcellulose supported culture system. This technique allows for the simultaneous quantitation of progenitors of granulocyte-monocyte pathways (colony forming units in culture, CFU-C) and for progenitors of “mesenchymal” elements (plaque-forming units in culture or PFU-C). These populations were distinguished in culture by their growth characteristics and morphology. CFU-C gave rise to suspended colonies of granulocyte-monocyte composition while PFU-C formed surface-adherent colonies of mesenchymal morphological features (fibroblastic and reticuloendothelial morphology). Significant elevations in the relative and absolute numbers of CFU-C and PFU-C were observed in the bone marrow and spleen of 6 wk old nu/nu mice relative to heterozygous littermates. The results are discussed in terms of non-T cell components involved in cell-mediated immunity against neoplastic development.
Interactive Modeling of Ground‐Water Vulnerability Within a Geographic Information System Environmenta

During the last several years, the geographic information system (GIS) technology has emerged as an extremely effective tool for analyzing and prioritizing natural resource management alternatives. Because natural resource management problems are spatial in nature, the GIS technology provides a tool for defining the extent of the problem, and facilitates the design and implementation of alternative management strategies. The flexible design of a GIS coupled with the ability to integrate models with spatial data gives resource managers and planners the tools to effectively manage natural resources and to assess the implementation of regulatory policies before they are implemented. This paper describes an interactive modeling system developed within a GIS environment to facilitate rapid appraisal of the susceptibility of ground water to contamination by pesticides. The interactive system combines three widely used screening models with the ARC/INFO GIS software and a graphical user interface. Implemented on a color-graphic engineering workstation, the interactive modeling system can be used to visualize the spatial distribution of model inputs and outputs. The advantage of this system is that instead of ad-hoc linkage between GIS software and a simulation model, a fully integrated and interactive system in which the model equations are programmed within the GIS was developed. The impetus for developing the interactive ground-water modeling system was the relative lack of tools that fully integrate models with GIS and the potential benefits to the resource manager in developing such integrated environmental modeling systems. There is an increasing demand, from the GIS perspective, for tools that perform functions other than organization and display of spatial data. From the ground-water modeling perspective, several advantages can be derived from fully integrating process-based models with the data management, analysis, and display capabilities of the GIS.
ONCOGENIC EFFECT OF HUMAN ADENOVIRUS TYPE 12, IN MICE.

Undifferentiated malignant tumors were induced at the site of injection of human adenovirus type 12 into newborn mice of the C3Hf/ G8. strain, but not of the DBAf, or Af strains. The tumors were grossly and histologically similar to those induced by this virus in hamsters, but appeared in a smaller percentage of injected mice than hamsters.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Characterization of Hydrogen−Deuterium Exchange in β-Phase Palladium

A Sieverts' apparatus coupled with a residual gas analyzer (RGA) is an effective method to detect composition variations during isotopic exchange. This experimental setup provides a tool for the thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of H-D isotope exchange on Pd. The H or D concentrations in the gas and solid phases during the exchanges starting from (H(2) + Pd(x)D) and (D(2) + Pd(x)H) in beta-phase Pd were monitored over a temperature range from 173 to 298 K. The equilibrium properties, i.e., the H-D separation factors alpha and equilibrium constants K(HD), were obtained and found to be very close to those in the literature. The values of equilibrium constant reported here are the only experimental K(HD) data for H-D-Pd system. The H-D exchange rates on beta-Pd were measured for both exchange directions. A comprehensive kinetic model is proposed that correlates the exchange rate and the driving force composed of the reactant concentrations and the extent of deviation from equilibrium. The rate constants were obtained using this model for two exchange directions. The rates for the two exchange directions were found to be close to each other at 173 K, but they differ with temperature increase in such a way that the (D(2) + Pd(x)H) has a higher rate than (H(2) + Pd(x)D). The exchange activation energies obtained are 2.0 and 3.5 kJ/mol for the (H(2) + Pd(x)D) and (D(2) + Pd(x)H) directions, respectively. The difference in activation energies results from the difference in the energy states of (H(2) + Pd(x)D) and (D(2) + Pd(x)D). The calculated exchange profiles using this model agree with the experimental values reasonably well.
A Practical Charge-Coupled Device Filter for the Separation of Luminance and Chrominance Signals in a Television Receiver

The traditional method of separating the luminance and chrominance signal components of a composite video signal in a conventional television receiver involves the use of tuned trap and bandpass circuits. The disadvantages tages of this method are that the separation is by no means perfect, and the full bandwidth of the luminance and chrominance signals cannot be utilized.