cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Algorithm that Adapts one of Two Packet Sizes in a Wireless ARQ Protocol

A recent algorithm of Modiano selects packet sizes in a selective repeat ARQ protocol based on the acknowledgement history of the most recently transmitted packets. In this paper we modify this algorithm so that the choice of packet size is restricted to one of two pre-specified values. We provide a strategy for switching between these packet sizes and show that is optimal in the sense of maximizing the one step efficiency. The throughput efficiency of the proposed adaptive scheme is analyzed for a constant bit-error-rate channel and for two state Gilbert-Elliot channel. The results show that the throughput efficiencies of this scheme under high and moderate bit-error-rates are slightly less than that of Modiano's algorithm. However the scheme is attractive because of its simplicity.
Efficient Quality Specialization and Tariffs in General Equilibrium

This paper examines the effect of a tariff which is uniformly applied to a set of quality-differentiated goods. A Ricardian model of two countries in general equilibrium is developed to describe th...
Cortical excitability, perseveration, and stuttering.

Twenty-three male stutterers were compared with 25 male nonstutterers on measures of speech behavior, perseveration, and neurologic function. Flicker fusion threshold was determined as the single m...
Maintaining Control of a Feebate System

This article explains an application of computer simulation tostudy the impact of a feebate proposal in which fees would be imposed on dirty vehicles to finance rebates for clean vehicles. Feebates are examined for the case of the south coast air basin in southern California which suffers from dangerously high levels of ozone concentration. The article describes a system dynamics model designed to simulate the impact of a variety of incentiveprograms that could lead togreatersales and use of electric vehicles. Simulation results are presen ted when the model is opera ted in a s tep-by- step manner from a special cockpit designed with theMicroWorlds Creator. The simulations address the question of whether a feebate system could be con trolled by the state official who would be charged with running the program in a financially prudent manner. The simulations demonstrate that feebates can be controlled by a backward looking strategy despite the many uncertainties in the system. The feebate strategy is then t...
Design of a Portable Wireless EEG System Using a Fully Integrated Analog Front End

This paper describes the design of a wireless Electroencephalograph (EEG) system using a new generation of high resolution Analog Front End circuits that minimize signal acquisition hardware and are aimed at simplifying recordings from patients by not requiring them to be tied down with current bulky recording hardware. Such a modality opens up EEG monitoring to more ambulatory themed studies, and further solidifies the future of EEG for diagnostic applications by providing a way for investigators to easily record from active subjects and be less intrusive while doing so. Design was validated with Alpha Band monitoring when eyes are open vs. closed and observing a 40dB increases in 12Hz RMS power when eyes are closed.
Ab initio study of the phase diagram of epitaxial BaTiO 3

Using a combination of first-principles and effective-Hamiltonian approaches, we map out the structure of ${\text{BaTiO}}_{3}$ under epitaxial constraints applicable to growth on perovskite substrates. We obtain a phase diagram in temperature and misfit strain that is qualitatively different from that reported by Pertsev, Zembilgotov, and Tagantsev [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1988 (1998)], who based their results on an empirical thermodynamic potential with parameters fitted at temperatures in the vicinity of the bulk phase transitions. In particular, we find a region of ``$r$ phase'' at low temperature where Pertsev et al. have reported an ``$ac$ phase.'' We expect our results to be relevant to thin epitaxial films of ${\text{BaTiO}}_{3}$ at low temperatures and experimentally achievable strains.
Mirror-reading in right- and left-handers.

Abstract In mirror-reading, words are read from right to left and letters are read in a reverse right-to-left orientation. In one experiment we compared the ability of normal right- and left-handed subjects to mirror-read and found that the left-handers made fewer errors and could read mirror print more rapidly. In a second experiment we attempted to learn whether there is a hemifield superiority for reading mirror words and whether there are any differences between left- and right-handers in a hemifield. We found that although both right- and left-handers more rapidly detected mirror words projected to the left visual half-field, there were no differences between groups. However, in the right visual half-field, the performance of left-handers was superior to that of the right-handers. The results of the hemifield study suggest that left-handers may be superior at reading mirror words because they can more easily reverse their scanning pattern.
Risk Limiting Dispatch in congested networks

Increased penetration of renewables requires improved power dispatch processes to limit integration cost. Existing Monte Carlo sample based approaches are difficult to implement in practice and result in difficult to interpret solutions. Recently, a two-stage dispatch procedure called Risk Limiting Dispatch (RLD) was proposed, and analytical solution was derived for uncongested networks. In this paper we extend RLD to a network with multiple congested links. We show that the network size can be reduced tremendously by carefully considering the possible congestions in the network. The key insight is to use first stage forecast values of renewables to predict the likely real-time congestions. Once the real-time congestions are predicted, we derive an equivalent second stage problem with dimension one greater than the number of congested lines in the original network. The detailed dispatch algorithm is given and illustrated with example networks.
Diversity of Envelope Genes from an Uncloned Stock of SIVmac251

AIDS vaccine and pathogenesis research will benefit from a more diverse array of cloned SIV challenge stocks from which to choose. Toward this end, 20 envelope genes were cloned from an extensively used, primary stock of uncloned SIVmac251. Each of the 20 clones had a unique sequence. Their translated sequences differed by as many as 26 amino acids from one another and by as many as 45 amino acids from the commonly used clone SIVmac239. Envelope sequences up to and including the membrane-spanning domain were exchanged into the infectious pathogenic SIVmac239 clone and virus stocks were produced by HEK293T cell transfection. Seventeen of the 20 recombinants were replication competent. The infectivities per ng p27 of the 17 new replication-competent recombinants in C8166-SEAP cells and in TZM-bl cells ranged from minus 32-fold to plus 7.6-fold relative to SIVmac239. A range of sensitivities to neutralization by sCD4 and by sera from SIV-infected macaques was observed but none was as sensitive to these neutralizing agents as SIVmac316, the highly macrophage-competent derivative of SIVmac239. Four strains that were most sensitive to sCD4 inhibition were also among the most sensitive to antibody-mediated neutralization. None of the new recombinant viruses replicated as well as SIVmac316 in primary alveolar macrophage cultures from rhesus monkeys but three of the strains did exhibit significant levels of delayed replication in these primary macrophages, reaching peak levels of virus production of ≥50 ng/ml p27 compared to 600–800 ng/ml p27 with SIVmac316. These new SIV clones are being contributed to the NIH AIDS Reagent Repository and are available to the scientific community.
Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography and CT After Talc Pleurodesis

Background Talc pleurodesis is widely performed for the management of persistent pneumothorax or pleural effusion, particularly malignant effusions. However, there are very few data characterizing fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) and CT findings after treatment. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the FDG-PET and CT studies of nine patients who underwent talc pleurodesis for the treatment of malignant pleural effusions or persistent air leak. Results FDG-PET studies were performed on average 22 months after talc pleurodesis, and the mean CT follow-up period was 25 months. There was moderate-to-intense plaque-like or focal nodular-increased FDG uptake in the pleura on PET with mean standardized uptake value of 5.4 (SEM, 1.2; range, 2.0 to 16.3). The FDG uptake was either diffuse (two patients) or focal (seven patients), and most commonly occurred in the posterior costophrenic angles (five patients), followed by the apical regions (three patients), anterior costophrenic angle (one patient), and the anterior chest wall (one patient). On CT, high-density areas of pleural thickening or nodularity (mean, 230 Hounsfield units [HU]; SEM, 23 HU; range, 140 to 380 HU) corresponded to regions of increased FDG uptake. These pleural foci had an average thickness of 1.2 cm and measured up to 8.2 cm (mean, 7.1 cm) in length. Rounded pleural nodules were as large as 3.1 cm (mean, 1.5 cm). Conclusions: Talc pleurodesis produces increased FDG uptake on PET and high-density areas of pleural thickening on CT that remain unchanged on serial imaging. When PET detects increased uptake in the pleural space, correlation with CT is recommended to detect the presence of pleural thickening of increased attenuation that suggests talc deposits rather than tumor.
A T‐Cell Marker in Mouse Fibroblast × T‐Lymphocyte Somatic Cell Hybrids

Continuous hybrid cell lines have been generated by the fusion of allogeneically primed murine T lymphocytes with mouse L-cell-derived fibroblasts of the line 613. The resulting hybrid clones express one or more T-cell-specific surface components identifiable by radioiodination of intact cells followed by NP-40 solubilization of membrane proteins and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These markers are stably expressed by the hybrid lines after several months of passage.
Digital Microfluidic Biochips: Towards Functional Diversity, More than Moore, and Cyberphysical Integration

Advances in droplet-based "digital" microfluidics have led to the emergence of biochip devices for automating laboratory procedures in biochemistry and molecular biology. These devices enable the precise control of nanoliter-volume droplets of biochemical samples and reagents. Therefore, integrated circuit (IC) technology can be used to transport and transport "chemical payload" in the form of micro/nanofluidic droplets. As a result, non-traditional biomedical applications and markets (e.g., high-throughout DNA sequencing, portable and point-of-care clinical diagnostics, protein crystallization for drug discovery), and fundamentally new uses are opening up for ICs and systems.However, continued growth depends on advances in chip integration and design-automation tools. Design automation is needed to ensure that biochips are as versatile as the macro-labs that they are intended to replace, and researchers can thereby envision an automated design flow for biochips, in the same way as design automation revolutionized IC design in the 80s and 90s.This talk will first provide an overview of market drivers such as immunoassays, DNA sequencing, clinical chemistry, etc., and electrowetting-based digital microfludic biochips. The audience will next learn about design automation, design-for-testability, and reconfiguration aspects of digital microfluidic biochips. Synthesis tools will be described to map assay protocols from the lab bench to a droplet-based microfluidic platform and generate an optimized schedule of bioassay operations, the binding of assay operations to functional units, and the layout and droplet-flow paths for the biochip. The role of the digital microfluidic platform as a "programmable and reconfigurable processor" for biochemical applications will be highlighted. Finally, the speaker will demonstrate dynamic adaptation of bioassays through cyberphysical system integration and sensor-driven on-chip error recovery.
Test and treat or treat and test in reflux disease

The role of diagnostic testing in reflux disease is in evolution. There is little question that patients with dysphagia, bleeding or other 'alarm' symptoms, should undergo early endoscopy. A substantial proportion of patients presenting with reflux symptoms have endoscopy negative reflux disease. pH testing is both inconvenient and lacks the sensitivity and specificity required for a 'gold standard'. Empirical trials of therapy using proton pump inhibitors have shown that a trial of treatment may be the most accurate way of diagnosing gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and may the optimal strategy from a cost-effectiveness standpoint. On the other hand, the increasing rate of oesophageal adenocarcinoma has raised questions about the possible value of screening endoscopy to determine if Barrett's oesophagus is present. The role of endoscopic testing in the average patient is therefore shifting from a diagnostic modality to one that helps manage risk by identifying Barrett's oesophagus.
Population history of native groups in pre- and postcontact Spanish Florida: aggregation, gene flow, and genetic drift on the Southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast.

Evolutionary trends and population history and structure are discussed for a series of late prehistoric and historic-period skeletal samples from the Georgia coast and interior (the Guale). Phenotypic dental measurement data were collected for nine samples from the late prehistoric (AD 1200–1400) and historic (AD 1608–1702) periods and subjected to population genetic and statistical analyses. The primary trends were for an increase in tooth size through time, and for an initial increase in dental variability in the early historic period, followed by a subsequent decline in dental variability in the late historic period. Given the increasing stress levels, evidenced by previous bioarchaeological analyses (Larsen [2001] Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida, Gainesville: University Press of Florida), an environmental explanation for the increase in tooth size is unlikely. It is proposed that the early historic period witnessed aggregation and gene flow with extraregional populations, possibly African slaves or nonlocal Native American population groups. The late historic period may have experienced significant loss of phenotypic variability due to genetic drift. In both time periods, the evolutionary mechanism increased average tooth size, with independent variance effects. Because microevolutionary trends obscure patterns of gene flow and population ancestry, the data were detrended following Konigsberg ([1990a] Hum. Biol. 62:49–70), and submitted to standard population genetic analyses (Relethford et al. [1997] Hum. Biol. 69:443–465). Analysis of the precontact samples in isolation (Irene Mound, Irene Mortuary, and an aggregate coastal sample) indicated little genetic microdifferentiation (FST = 0.008), limited extralocal gene flow, and a small distinction between interior and coastal samples. The inclusion of the historic data dramatically increased variability levels (FST = 0.019). The analysis of extralocal gene flow indicates that the late mission period experienced significantly less external gene flow, which is consistent with historic models that suggest the social organization of the Guale during this time period may have been significantly altered. Genetic distances also indicate a primary division between inland and coastal precontact samples and a maintenance of biological populations along the coast. In other words, the coastal, early historic, and late historic period samples are phenotypically homogenous, supporting the notion that the mission populations were drawn from the local population base. The late mission period sample was also, however, more closely related to the interior samples. This may suggest that the late mission period population was an aggregate sample composed of both remnant interior and coastal population groups. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Disease progression and outcomes in type 1 diabetic kidney transplant recipients based on posttransplantation CKD staging.

Background Disease progression rates and outcomes per stage of kidney disease in kidney transplant recipients with type 1 diabetes mellitus are unknown. Study Design Single-center retrospective cohort study. Settings & Participants 276 kidney transplant recipients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and a functioning graft at 1 year posttransplantation. Predictors Stage of chronic kidney disease at 1 year posttransplantation, donor source, and other clinical characteristics (covariates). Outcomes & Measurements Slope of creatinine clearance, weighted average slopes of creatinine clearance in a subgroup of 60 patients, death-censored allograft and patient survival rates. Results The median rate of creatinine clearance decrease after the first posttransplantation year was −1.6 mL/min/y (95% confidence interval [CI], −1.97 to −1.30) during a median follow-up of 8.4 years (95% CI, 8.13 to 8.84). The slope was significantly greater in stages 1 to 2 (−1.7 mL/min/y; 95% CI, −2.2 to −1.4) than stage 3 (−1.2 mL/min/y; 95% CI, −1.9 to −0.6; P = 0.0003). However, chronic kidney disease stage and donor source had no significant effect on death-censored allograft survival and patient survival rates. There were 23 deaths and 31 allograft losses in patients with stages 1 to 2 compared with 19 deaths and 18 allograft losses in those with stage 3. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses showed that semiquantitative proteinuria of 1 or greater, mean arterial pressure, hematocrit of 33% or less, and calcineurin-inhibitor use were associated with decreased allograft survival, and age and hemoglobin A 1c level of 7% or greater were significant risk factors for patient death regardless of donor type and stage of kidney function. Limitations Generalizability to other settings; study power. Conclusion All forms of kidney transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus progressed at similar rates regardless of chronic kidney disease stage at 1 year posttransplantation. Age, anemia, hemoglobin A 1c level, proteinuria, hypertension, and calcineurin-inhibitor use were associated with decreased allograft and patient outcomes.
The insulin requirement of man after total pancreatectomy.

THE INSULIN requirement of a man after total pancreatectomy, always a matter of physiological interest, has become a problem of clinical importance with the development of modern pancreatic surgery (1, 2). So far, only theoretical calculations could be made as to the amount of insulin necessary to maintain, in the absence of the pancreas, normal carbohydrate metabolism in man. They were based mainly on experiences with depancreatized animals and their results vary over a wide range. Root (3) estimated that a man of 70 kg. weight would require 200 to 300 units of insulin daily; others (4) arrived at somewhat lower values (70 to 100 units per day). Holm (5) calculated that a starving man would need not more than 10 units per day and that 50 units per day would be sufficient when this man's basal caloric requirement was covered by carbodydrates exclusively. His conclusions were drawn from animal experiments with constant infusions of insulin and glucose.
The Characterization of Generalized Wreath Products

The main USC’ of wreath products in group theory has been to supply examples of groups with special properties, and applications of this sort are too numerous and well known to be listed here. It is well known that the wreath product has a certain universal property, which we may describe in the following way. If G is a transitive permutation group on a set S, if C is a G-congruence on S, and if x E S, then G induces, in a natural way, a permutation group
Reading disability and hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for a common genetic etiology

In order to assess the genetic etiology of comorbid reading disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), reading performance and hyperactivity data (Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents [DICA]; Herjanic, Campbell, & Reich, 1982) from 61 identical and 43 same‐sex fraternal twin pairs tested in the Colorado Reading Project were subjected to multiple‐regression analysis (DeFries & Fulker, 1985, 1988). Results suggest that approximately 45% of the proband deficit in reading is due to genetic factors that also influence hyperactivity. Moreover, heritable variation accounted for 70% of the observed covariance between the reading and hyperactivity measures. Thus, comorbid reading disability and ADHD (as measured by parental ratings on the DICA) is due, at least in part, to heritable influences.
Learning in High-Tech and Multimedia Environments:

When do high-tech environments promote learning? The goal of this article is to offer one answer to this question by examining the classic distinction between media and method, in terms of their roles in promoting learning with technology. To this end, I first propose a cognitive theory of learning with media, from which a set of instructional design principles are derived. Then I review research in which the relative learning contributions of method and media are investigated, and I offer final reflections for future research.
β-Vinoxyäthylamino-1.3.5-triazine. II

Es werden Umsetzungen von Cyanurchlorid mit Aminoathylvinylather beschrieben. Die erhaltenen Substanzen werden hydrolysiert und mit Reaktionsprodukten aus Cyanurchlorid und Aminoathylalkohol verglichen.
Grain‐Size Dependence of Strength

The potential for stable crack growth preceding fracture in poly crystalline ceramics depends upon the functional relation between the local toughness and the crack length. The existence of a single crystal region of crack growth resistance is conducive to the occurrence of stable crack growth or crack arrest. If stable crack growth or crack arrest does occur, the strength will be independent of the initial crack size.
Oxytocin secretion by cells from bovine corpora lutea destined to be normal or short-lived

The working hypothesis for this study was that oxytocin (OT) production is greater in bovine luteal cells destined to be short-lived compared with cells from corpora lutea (CL) of a normal estrous cycle, and that OT secretion is dependent on the lipoprotein environment. Cultures of luteal cells were established from CL obtained on Day 4 or 10 of a normal estrous cycle (Day 0, day of behavioral estrus), and from CL destined to be short-lived, 4 days after ovulation induction. Mixed luteal cells and enriched cultures of large luteal cells (LLC) were incubated in control medium or medium containing (1) low-density lipoproteins (LDL), (2) high-density lipoproteins (HDL), or (3) both LDL and HDL. Addition of lipoproteins had no effect on OT secretion, regardless of stage of estrous cycle or cell type. Mixed luteal cell cultures obtained from Day 4 short-lived and Day 4 normal CL secreted similar quantities of OT, and both secreted less (P < 0.01) OT than mixed luteal cells from Day 10 normal CL. At 48 h in culture, Day 10 mixed luteal cells secreted more (P < 0.01) OT than Day 4 mixed cells from both short-lived and normal CL. Similarly, enriched cultures of LLC obtained from Day 4 normal CL secreted less (P < 0.01) OT than enriched cultures of LLC from Day 10 normal CL. Accumulation of OT at 48 h was greater (P < 0.01) from Day 10 than from Day 4 enriched cultures of LLC; however, Day 4 large cells secreted more OT late in the culture period (day × time, P < 0.001). The similar secretion profiles exhibited by mixed luteal cells obtained from short-lived and normal CL provide evidence that increased basal oxytocin secretion in vitro is not associated with CL destined to be short-lived; however, an increased capacity to secrete oxytocin by Day 4 enriched cultures of LLC late in the culture period suggests involvement of OT in the luteinization process.
Is “Atikokania lawsoni” a Concretion

WHEN your letter of November 23, 1914, enclosing a note by Mr. George Abbott on the silicified structures described in Memoir No. 28 of the Geological Survey of Canada as Atikokania lawsoni, reached me on December 8, I had on my table a copy of NATURE of January 29, 1914, containing the note on “Zonal Structure in Colloids,” by Mr. Abbott. Prior to meeting with this article, I did not know of the remarkable structure of the Sunderland Magnesian Limestone, or I should have certainly directed attention to it.
Depleting Fish Resources, Declining Fishing Communities, and the State Revitalization Project in Korea

This paper reviews recent declines in fish resources and fishing communities in Korea, evaluates major factors of declines, and examines a subsequent community-based revitalization project. Factors leading to depleting fish resources include global regulations, technological advances in fishing, national economic development policies, land reclamation projects, and pollution. The negative economic and societal impact of depleting fish resources is addressed using demographic and income levels of the communities. In response, the state initiated revitalization projects and invested in local fishing cooperatives promoting community-based management. The result has been less than effective as it led to mismanagement of investment and created an attitude of dependence on the government for financial assistance.
cDNA approaches to isolation of the mouse mutant weaver gene

The mouse autosomal recessive mutant gene weaver (wv) results in abnormalities in cerebellum, substantia nigra and testis. Although a subtracted cDNA library prepared by removing P31 (wv/wv) sequences from a P1 (wv/+) library should contain mainly nonrepetitive neonatal sequences, unfortunately, repetitive sequences still appear during screening. Two clones, one repetitive, the other not, are used to illustrate the problems encountered in attempting to isolate the weaver gene from a subtracted cDNA library.
Diurnal and Seasonal Effects on the Taxane Content of the Clippings of CertainTaxus Cultivars

Clippings of ornamental cultivars of Taxus were collected at different times of the day, and monthly for two growing seasons (June to October 1993 and March to October 1994). Uniformly dried samples were extracted and analysed for their content of six taxanes, namely 10-desacetyl baccatin III (1), baccatin III (2), 10-desacetyl taxol (3), cephalomannine (4), 10-desacetyl-7-epi-taxol (5) and taxol (6). Clippings harvested between noon and 8.00 p.m. provided biomass with a high total taxane content (0.099–0.102%) without sacrificing the yield of any of the individual taxanes. Data obtained from a seasonal study showed that the best time to harvest Taxus clippings for the production of taxanes (especially 1 and 6) is approximately one month from the beginning of new growth (flush). The date of harvest could vary depending on the geographic location and weather conditions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Information-Theoretic Method in Combinatorial Theory

Abstract Two examples are given showing the utility of Shannon's concepts of entropy and mutual information in combinatorial theory.
Regulatory roles of human OKT4/OKT8 subsetsin polyclonal immunoglobulin production induced by herpes simplex type 1 virus

Abstract T cells, OKT4 cells and OKT8 cells from the peripheral blood of normal individualsseropositive for herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV) were studied for their capacity to regulate in vitro polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) production induced by inactivated HSV. Polyclonal Ig production induced by HSV has been demonstrated to be T-cell dependent. T cells, OKT4 cells and OKT8 cells were co-cultured with autologous non-T cells in the presence of HSV or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) was measured with an hemolytic plaque assay after 6 days of culture. The results in the HSV system show that the OKT4 cells provided significantly more helper activity than OKT8 cells (p = 0.002); and the OKT8 cells exhibited more suppressor activity than OKT4 cells for Ig production (p = 0.02). The helper activity of OKT4 cells after HSV stimulation was significantly less than that obtained after pokeweed mitogen stimulation (p = 0.01). The in vitro polyclonal immunoglobulin response to HSV antigen is regulated by the balance of helper/suppressor activity exerted by OKT4 and OKT8 cell subsets.
Microbially catalyzed dissolution of iron and aluminum oxyhydroxide mineral surface coatings

Abstract This experimental study investigated the processes by which microbes interact with oxyhydroxide mineral surface coatings using an approach designed to better represent the conditions of natural subsurface environments. The interactions of Shewanella putrefaciens, a facultative anaerobe capable of dissimilatory iron reduction, with coatings of Fe3+ and Al3+ oxyhydroxides on natural quartz and silica glass surfaces were examined. Using synthetic groundwater solutions having- compositions that simulated a typical aquifer, bacteria were seeded onto mineral surfaces (and coatings) and incubated in parallel with abiotic controls for up to 96 h under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Microbial-mineral surface interactions were determined using the direct observational technique, Fluid Tapping Mode™ Atomic Force Microscopy (TMAFM) in combination with measurements of ferrous iron concentrations and pH of the incubating solutions. Observations of live bacteria-surface interactions exposed to aerobic conditions showed localized pitting on Fe3+ oxyhydroxide coated quartz surfaces within 72 h of incubation. These pits corresponded directly to sites of bacterial surface adhesion and the extent of pitting was accompanied by the accumulation of ferrous iron to low but steady-state concentrations. Localized pitting was not observed on any Al3+ oxyhydroxide coated surfaces. In contrast, iron coated surfaces exposed to bacteria under anaerobic conditions revealed progressive, nonlocalized Fe loss over 96 h. This correlated with a temporal increase in ferrous iron concentrations in the bacteria-exposed solutions compared to the abiotic controls. Aqueous chemical measurements combined with the Fluid TMAFM observations indicate biologically-catalyzed iron reduction under both aerobic and anaerobic incubation. The pitting mechanism observed under aerobic conditions is proposed to result from a redox reaction at the bacteria-iron interface followed by the reoxidation of Fe2+ onto the surface. The evidence suggests that bacteria under anaerobic conditions maximize rates of dissimilatory reduction by remaining passively mobile on the surface. The weaker bacterial adhesion under anaerobic conditions enhances opportunities for bacteria-iron mineral surface contact. These findings may improve our understanding of relationships between the redox environment and bacterial mobility in the subsurface.
On the logarithm of the minimizing integrand for certain variational problems in two dimensions

Let f be a smooth convex homogeneous function of degreep, 1 2, p < 2, or p = 2) to L where $$L \zeta=\sum_{k,j=1}^{2}\frac{\partial}{\partial x_k}\left( f_{\eta_k \eta_j}(\nabla u(z)) \frac{\partial \zeta }{ \partial x_j }\right),$$ we then indicate the importance of this fact in previous work of the authors when f(η) = |η|p and indicate possible future generalizations of this work in which this fact will play a fundamental role.
Diffusion-limited quasi Fermi level near a semiconductor grain boundary

The spatial variation of the quasi Fermi level near a semiconductor grain boundary in steady state is calculated for the case of diffusion-limited conductivity. For an $n$-type semiconductor this level changes only slightly on the negative-voltage side. On the positive-voltage side, the largest variation is near the boundary, and is closely parallel to the parabolic band bending there. The level at the grain boundary calculated here is compared to that for the thermionic emission case. Although the functional form is different, the value of the Fermi level is nearly the same for either case.
Algebraic graph theory without orientation

Abstract Let G be an undirected graph with vertices {v 1 ,v 2 ,…,>;v ⋎ } and edges {e1,e2, …,eϵ}. Let M be the ⋎ × ϵ matrix whose ijth entry is 1 if ej is a link incident with vi, 2 if ej is a loop at vi, and 0 otherwise. The matrix obtained by orienting the edges of a loopless graph G (i.e., changing one of the 1's to a − 1 in each column of M) has been studied extensively in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to explore the substructures of G and the vector spaces associated with the matrix M without imposing such an orientation. We describe explicitly bases for the kernel and range of the linear transformation from Rϵ to R⋎ defined by M. Our main results are determinantal formulas, using the unoriented Laplacian matrix MMt, to count certain spanning substructures of G. These formulas may be viewed as generalizations of the matrix tree theorem. The point of view adopted in this paper also gives rise to a matroid structure on the edges of G analogous to the cycle matroid and its dual. In this setting, the analogue of a spanning forest can have components with one odd cycle, and the analogue of an edge cut has the property that its removal creates a new bipartite component.
Frequency compounding for speckle contrast reduction in phased array images

Frequency compounding is investigated as one technique for reducing the speckle contrast in phased array ultrasonic images. The degree of speckle contrast reduction was found to be inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the transmitted acoustic burst. The speckle pattern was also found to be anisotropic in its response to frequency compounding. Increases in the speckle pattern signal-to-noise ratios of 26 percent were found in B-mode images and increases as high as 84 percent were found in A-mode images.
Vietnamese Immigrant and Refugee Women's Mental Health: An Examination of Age of Arrival, Length of Stay, Income, and English Language Proficiency

Vietnamese immigrant and refugee women (N = 83) were surveyed regarding their mental health, English language proficiency, age of arrival, length of stay, and income. English language proficiency and age of arrival correlated with reduced symptomatology. Moreover, English language proficiency was the sole predictor of somatic distress. Se realizo una encuesta a un grupo de mujeres inmigrantes y refugiadas vietnamitas (N = 83) con respecto a su salud mental, nivel de ingles, edad de llegada, tiempo de estancia y nivel de ingresos. Su nivel de ingles y la edad de llegada mostraron correlacion con una sintomatologia reducida. Ademas, el nivel de conocimiento de ingles fue el unico elemento capaz de predecir el malestar somatico.
An experimental investigation of the combustion process of a heavy-duty diesel engine enriched with H2

This paper investigated the effect of hydrogen (H2) addition on the combustion process of a heavy-duty diesel engine. The addition of a small amount of H2 was shown to have a mild effect on the cylinder pressure and combustion process. When operated at high load, the addition of a relatively large amount of H2 substantially increased the peak cylinder pressure and the peak heat release rate. Compared to the two-stage combustion process of diesel engines, a featured three-stage combustion process of the H2–diesel dual fuel engine was observed. The extremely high peak heat release rate represented a combination of diesel diffusion combustion and the premixed combustion of H2 consumed by multiple turbulent flames, which substantially enhanced the combustion process of H2–diesel dual fuel engine. However, the addition of a relatively large amount of H2 at low load did not change the two-stage heat release process pattern. The premixed combustion was dramatically inhibited while the diffusion combustion was slightly enhanced and elongated. The substantially reduced peak cylinder pressure at low load was due to the deteriorated premixed combustion.
Variables associated with peripartum traits in dairy cows. III. Effect of diets and disorders on certain blood traits.

Abstract BLood samples were collected from 89 Holstein cows on days 220 and 250 of gestation, within 24 hr prepartum and postpartum and on day 30 postpartum. Balanced diets which contained either chopped hay (29 cows), hay crop silage (HCS; 30 cows) or corn silage (CS; 30 cows) were fed from day 220 of gestation to day 30 postpartum. The purpose was to determine if variations in certain blood traits were indicative of peripartum and postpartum disorders. The blood traits evaluated were concentrations of plasma total protein, whole blood hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and white blood cells, and serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), glucose, urea nitrogen, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and sodium. No blood trait was useful to predict a disorder prior to its visual signs with one possible exception. Serum glucose and calcium were lower and SGOT and magnesium were higher peripartum which was prior to death of three cows from fat cow syndrome.
Carpramid as a Nutrient Absorption Enhancer Did Not Improve Growth, Yield or Photosynthesis of Muskmelon or Bell Pepper

ABSTRACT The active ingredient of a product known as ‘AmiSorb’ is carpramid, a long-chained polyaspartate polymer. This product is currently being marketed as a soil or irrigation water applied nutrient absorption enhancer for vegetable crops. Our objective was to evaluate the growth, yield and leaf photosynthetic responses of muskmelon ((Cucumis melo L., ‘Caravelle’) and bell pepper (Capsicum annum L., ‘Enterprise’) to a range of carpramid application rates under irrigated and fertilized conditions. Carpramid solutions were applied at concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 ml · L−1 (0 to 0.18 ml carpramid plant−1) in both greenhouse and field experiments. Biomass of individual plant parts and leaf area were measured at weekly intervals during the greenhouse experiment by destructive sampling. The field experiment used the same concentrations and rates of application as the greenhouse experiment but also evaluated method of application as either starter solution at transplanting or band application pr...
A retrospective study of the incidence and the classification of bone marrow disorders in the dog at a veterinary teaching hospital (1996-2004).

Background: An 8-year retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and the classification of canine bone marrow disorders in a clinical pathology service at a university referral hospital. Animals: Dogs evaluated for bone marrow disorders at a veterinary teaching hospital. Hypothesis: A better understanding of the spectrum and the prevalence of canine bone marrow disorders can be achieved with a multiyear retrospective study. Methods: Bone marrow aspirate smears, core biopsy specimens, and case records from 717 dogs were reviewed. Results: Bone marrow specimens were first categorized based on the presence or the absence of a primary bone marrow disorder. Nondysplastic and nonmalignant pathologic changes were placed into 14 subcategories. Frequently observed pathologic disorders included nonregenerative immune-mediated anemia, pure red cell aplasia, bone marrow necrosis, myelofibrosis, and hemophagocytic syndrome. Dysmyelopoiesis (n = 61) was subcategorized into myelodysplastic syndromes (n = 27), and congenital (n = 1) and secondary (n = 33) dysmyelopoiesis. One hundred twenty-six cases of neoplasia were divided into acute leukemia (n = 46), chronic leukemia (n = 7), stage 5 malignant lymphoma (n = 28), multiple myeloma (n = 25), malignant histiocytosis (n = 11), metastatic mast-cell tumor (n = 3), sarcoma (n = 5), and carcinoma (n = 1). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study provides a general indication of the spectrum and the prevalence of canine bone marrow disorders at a referral center in North America.
Terahertz transmission of a Ba1-xKxBiO3 film probed by coherent time-domain spectroscopy

The complex transmission coefficient for millimeter and submillimeter waves incident on a ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{0.6}$${\mathrm{K}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$ thin film (82 nm) has been measured over a frequency range of 200\char21{}1200 GHz at temperatures above and below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ using coherent time-domain spectroscopy. We observe a dramatic change in both the magnitude and phase of the terahertz transmission in the superconducting state caused by a rapid carrier condensation. Both the real (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{1}$) and imaginary (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{2}$) parts of the complex conductivity are determined directly from the amplitude and phase of the transmitted electric field without the need for a Kramers-Kr\"onig analysis. By fitting ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{2}$ in the framework of BCS theory, a superconducting gap 2\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)=6.9 meV=3.8${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}$${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ is obtained. Below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{1}$ is rapidly enhanced for \ensuremath{\omega}/2\ensuremath{\pi}500 GHz, which is attributed to the BCS coherence effects. However, the conductivity exhibits monotonic temperature dependence and no clear ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}_{1}$(T) peak is observed throughout the frequency range measured. The high-frequency penetration depth (\ensuremath{\sim}600 nm) is also extracted and discussed. Our results are consistent with a picture of BCS moderate coupling superconductivity in an intermediate to dirty limit.
Manipulation planning using model-based belief dynamics

Planning in partially-observable domains require an agent to fuse prior knowledge with observations to update belief and to search for optimal plans that reduce uncertainty with respect to the task. This requires a knowledge organization that captures the underlying dynamics of the belief space and its probabilistic dependency on actions. In this paper, we present a functional representation for organizing knowledge about the environment in terms of interaction statistics. The representation utilizes a uniform, domain-general description of state that applies to a wide variety of tasks. We show how a planning algorithm can exploit this knowledge representation to build plans directly in the space of control actions. Given incomplete state information, the planner interacts with the task to acquire the information required to solve it. We illustrate the approach in multiple demonstrations of an object recognition task.
The ontogeny of [3H]γ-hydroxybutyrate and [3H]GABAB binding sites: relation to the development of experimental absence seizures

Abstract γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a naturally occurring compound which has the ability to induce generalized absence seizures when given to animals. There is growing evidence that both γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B- and GHB-mediated mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of this phenomenon. Because of the fact that absence seizures are a disorder of children the ontogeny of [3H]GHB and [3H]GABA B binding and the developmental appearance of absence seizures in the GHB model of absence was ascertained and compared in developing rats. [3H]GABA B binding was present within the first 3 days of postnatal life and rose to levels which exceeded those found in adults, peaking between the 3rd and 5th postnatal week. [3H]GHB binding on the other hand did not appear until postnatal day 17 when it was detectable in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. There was a steady increase in [3H]GHB binding until adult levels were reached by postnatal day 40. Comparison of [3H]GABA B and [3H]GHB binding revealed that both sites were common to layer I–III of cortex, but otherwise differed in their regional distribution. There was an absolute concordance of the ontogeny of GHB-induced absence seizures with the developmental appearance of [3H]GHB binding in the superficial laminae of cortex; both appeared at postnatal day 18. These data support the hypotheses that the [3H]GHB and [3H]GABA B binding sites are separate from one another and suggest that maturational events in thalamus and cortex in the 3rd postnatal week are involved in the expression of GHB-induced absence seizures.
Easy web interfaces to IDL code for NSTX Data Analysis

Abstract Reusing code is a well-known Software Engineering practice to substantially increase the efficiency of code production, as well as to reduce errors and debugging time. A variety of “Web Tools” for the analysis and display of raw and analyzed physics data are in use on NSTX [1] , and new ones can be produced quickly from existing IDL [2] code. A Web Tool with only a few inputs, and which calls an IDL routine written in the proper style, can be created in less than an hour; more typical Web Tools with dozens of inputs, and the need for some adaptation of existing IDL code, can be working in a day or so. Efficiency is also increased for users of Web Tools because of the familiar interface of the web browser, and not needing X-windows, or accounts and passwords, when used within our firewall. Web Tools were adapted for use by PPPL physicists accessing EAST data stored in MDSplus with only a few man-weeks of effort; adapting to additional sites should now be even easier. An overview of Web Tools in use on NSTX, and a list of the most useful features, is also presented.
Performance evaluation of path splicing on the GÉANT and the Sprint networks

Path splicing is a proposed routing architecture for the Internet in which end-hosts could change the path their traffic uses by changing a number of bits in the packet header. Path splicing improves the reliability of the network against link failures since it ensures that physically connected links can be discovered and used. To that end, this paper evaluates the performance of path splicing in non-adversarial and adversarial environments. In a non-adversarial setting, we investigate the implications behind giving the end-hosts the power to select routes in the absence/presence of errors in the probing mechanisms they are employing to infer the state of the network. In an adversarial setting, we examine the extent to which attackers can exploit path splicing to mount attacks that cause a series of path changes preventing the network from converging. Our results are derived from real traffic matrices obtained from the GEANT network and from synthetic traffic matrices generated from the Sprint topology.
Subsequent Production and Egg Quality of Forced Molted Hens

Abstract PHYSIOLOGISTS studying the mechanism of molting in birds have associated the activity of the thyroid and pituitary with the cessation of lay and feather loss (Tanabe et al., 1957; Perek et al., 1957). Data from these and other studies (Adams, 1955; Harris and Shaffner, 1957; and Himeno and Tanabe, 1957) would indicate that compounds such as progesterone, Enheptin and thyroxine can be used to effectively induce a cessation of lay and feather drop in the commercial layer. While the use of these compounds has been reported to be generally more effective than feed and/or water restriction in initiating a feather drop, Edmondson (1958) and Hansen (1960) have shown that a severe restriction of feed and water is as effective for inducing a cessation of lay. Subsequent production of birds that have been forced out of production by a removal or restriction of feed and/or water was found by Hansen (1960) …
Dynamic storage routines for Fortran programs

This paper describes a set of list processing routines which augment the capabilities of FORTRAN by providing the programmer with the ability to dynamically allocate arbitrarily complicated data structures. The basic structure provided is a two dimensional array.
Effects of freezing on Young’s modulus for twigs of coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs

The mechanical behavior of frozen twigs may be important in understanding twig breakage during winter owing to wind or snow loading. While below 0 °C temperatures are known to increase the stiffnes...