cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of comprehensive 3D microCT and signaling analysis reveals differential regulatory mechanisms of craniofacial bone development

Growth factor signaling regulates tissue-tissue interactions to control organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Specifically, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling plays a crucial role in the development of cranial neural crest (CNC) cell-derived bone, and loss of Tgfbr2 in CNC cells results in craniofacial skeletal malformations. Our recent studies indicate that non-canonical TGFβ signaling is activated whereas canonical TGFβ signaling is compromised in the absence of Tgfbr2 (in Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre mice). A haploinsufficiency of Tgfbr1 (aka Alk5) (Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre;Alk5(fl/+)) largely rescues craniofacial deformities in Tgfbr2 mutant mice by reducing ectopic non-canonical TGFβ signaling. However, the relative involvement of canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling in regulating specific craniofacial bone formation remains unclear. We compared the size and volume of CNC-derived craniofacial bones (frontal bone, premaxilla, maxilla, palatine bone, and mandible) from E18.5 control, Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre, and Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre;Alk5(fl/+)mice. By analyzing three dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (microCT) images, we found that different craniofacial bones were restored to different degrees in Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre;Alk5(fl/+) mice. Our study provides comprehensive information on anatomical landmarks and the size and volume of each craniofacial bone, as well as insights into the extent that canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling cascades contribute to the formation of each CNC-derived bone. Our data will serve as an important resource for developmental biologists who are interested in craniofacial morphogenesis.
Thiophen induced granule cell necrosis in the rat cerebellum. An electron microscopic study.

Granule cell necrosis was produced in rats by thiophen injection. The earliest detectable change was the formation of blebs in the perinuclear cisternae. This was followed by precipitation of the nuclear chromatin and rupture of the cell membrane. Removal of the cell debris was accomplished by phagocytic cells in the walls of small blood vessels, hematogenous macrophages and astrocytes. Many of the mossy fiber endings and some of the Golgi II cells degenerated secondarily. The degenerated presynaptic contacts of the parallel fibers were replaced by processes of the Bergmann glia which completely surrounded the Purkinje cell spines. These spines retained their usual appearance including the usual thickening of the post synaptic membrane.
Simultaneous determination of nitroglycerin and its dinitrate metabolites by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.

Abstract A sensitive gas chromatographic—electron-capture detection method for the simultaneous determination of the antianginal drug nitroglycerin (GTN) and its dinitrate metabolites (1,2-GDN and 1,3-GDN) was developed. Human plasma samples (1 ml) spiked with 2,6-dinitrotoluene as the internal standard were extracted once with 10 ml of a methylene chloride—pentane mixture (3:7, v/v). Using this solvent system, less contaminants are extracted into the organic phase from plasma, resulting in cleaner chromatograms and prolonged column life. A break point was observed on the standard curves of GTN and GDNs. The two linear regions for the detectable concentrations of GTN are 0.025–0.3 and 0.3–3 ng/ml and for 1,2-GDN and 1,3-GDN they are 0.1–1 and 1–10 ng/ml. The limits of detection by this method for GTN, 1,2-GDN and 1,3-GDN in plasma are 0.025, 0.1 and 0.1 ng/ml, respectively.
Learning tolearn: Step one for survival in the new paradigm

New challenges require new approachesand many of the suggested solutions are in conflict with how we were taught in our formative years. Team work in high school and college was mostly found in sports-related activities. Collaboration in a classroom was not encouraged and could be viewed as cheating. We did not learn to share knowledge in a group nor to group problem solving, yet we are told that those are the very skills we need to have to survive in today's workplace. The first step to success is to look at how we were taught to learn and make the shift to learning in a different manner.
Collinear-infrared factorization and asymptotic evolution

Abstract We study collinear and infrared divergences in relation to asymptotic dynamics. After discussing collinear singularities in φ(6)3, we break down the asymptotic hamiltonians of gauge theories into collinear and infrared parts, and show that the commutator of these parts is suppressed. This enables us to give an operator formulation of the factorization of the infrared from collinear divergences as a property of the asymptotic evolution operator.
A 7 T/M 3D X-space MPI mouse and rat scanner

This prototype system has already produced high quality images with spatial resolutions very similar to the theoretically predicted resolution across mouse and rat sized FOVs. We have imaged both plastic and biological imaging phantoms, as well as ex vivo mice (not shown). Some early images are shown below in Fig. 1b-c. Imaging times are comparable to micro-MRI: full mouse and rat images (up to 12 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm) require between 2-5 minutes per image.
Collaboration on a large-scale, multi-touch display: asynchronous interaction and multiple-input use

This research explores two aspects of collaborative use on a large-scale multi-touch display: asynchronous access and multiple-input use in group work. We conducted a user test in an experimental setting to study group interactions on a shared display. We discuss how asynchronous touch interactions could support collaborative performance on the display, as well as how the type and number of input impact collaboration.
Field ionization and field desorption mass spectra of polymeric sulfur nitride

Abstract Field ionization and field desorption mass spectra of polymeric sulfur nitride, (SN) x , are reported. The results show that (SN) x vaporizes as a (SN) 4 species isomeric in structure to cyclic S 4 N 4 . Field desorption spectra, obtained by subliming a sample of (SN) x on to the field emitter, contain only the (SN) 4 + ion. In this communication we report the field ionization and field desorption mass spectra obtained for polymeric sulfur nitride, (SN) x . The polymer (SN) x has a number of unusual properties [1–4]. It is highly anisotropic; it is a conductor and becomes a superconductor at 0.3°K; and it may be sublimed to form (SN) x films of structure identical to the crystals from which it is sublimed. This unique set of properties has made (SN) x the subject of intensive study [1–5]. The vapor-phase species are of particular interest because of their role in the production of (SN) x films. While the chemical and physical properties of the (SN) x crystals and films have been documented [1–4], the vapor phase species, which repolymerize as (SN) x films on cool surfaces, have been a subject of speculation. Recently, however, we used phase-angle mass spectrometry [5] to determine that an (SN) 4 species is the major gas-phase component of (SN) x vapors. Analysis of electron-impact mass spectra and appearance potential measurements of (SN) x vapors, cyclic S 4 N 4 , and S 2 N 2 suggested that the (SN) 4 species sublimed from (SN) x is a structural isomer of cyclic S 4 N 4 .
The effect of intravenous lidoflazine on whole blood-induced basilar artery contraction. An in vivo study

Lidoflazine, a piperazine derivative of known selectivity for vascular smooth muscle, was evaluated as a possible agent for prophylaxis of cerebral vascular contraction induced by subarachnoid perfusion with whole blood. Previous studies from this laboratory have indicated its efficacy in preventing basilar artery contraction induced by serotonin. The animals treated with a subarachnoid perfusion of whole blood had a mean 30% reduction in vessel diameter over the control value. Groups that were treated with 0.5 mg/kg of lidoflazine and 1.0 mg/kg of lidoflazine and then perfused with whole blood in the subarachnoid space had reductions in control diameter of 2.8% and 6.8%, respectively. One group treated with 2.0 mg/kg of lidoflazine and then perfused with whole blood actually had an increase in diameter of 6.8% over the control value. Lidoflazine, when administered intravenously at a slow rate, will not adversely lower systemic blood pressure and can prevent the contraction of cerebral vessels when the stimulus for contraction is whole blood within the subarachnoid space.
Stacking fault energies of fcc fe-Ni alloys by x-ray diffraction line profile analysis

The stacking fault energies of the fee alloy series Fe-28 Ni to pure Ni were investigated using X-ray diffraction line profile analysis. A minimum stacking fault energy of about 70 mJ/m2 occurs at the approximate composition of Fe-40 pct Ni. From this point, the lower nickel alloys rapidly increase to a very high stacking fault energy, estimated to be 200 mJ/m2, while the energies of the high Ni alloys rise linearly to the Ni value of 214 mJ/m2. Anomalous reductions of the lattice parameter after cold work were found for the low nickel alloys; this was interpreted as evidence for Fe3Ni ordering and corrections to the stacking fault energy were made.
Spatial coding of odorant features in the glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb.

In order to determine whether molecular features of odorants are represented spatially in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, we used metabolic mapping of [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake in rats exposed to equal vapor concentrations of odorants differing systematically in chemical structure. The odorants were ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, isoamyl acetate, and isoamyl butyrate. Statistical analysis of anatomically standardized arrays of uptake revealed that each ester produced a characteristic spatial pattern of activity in the glomerular layer. The patterns were similar in different rats exposed to the same odorant, and their complexity increased with increasing odorant carbon number. This finding suggests that the presence of more potentially recognized molecular features is associated with a greater number of activated receptors. Individual regions of the glomerular layer responded specifically to isoamyl esters, and other regions preferred ethyl esters. Regions of similar specificity occurred in lateral and medial aspects of the bulb, the medial representation being more caudal and ventral than the lateral one. This pattern correlates with projections of olfactory sensory neurons expressing the same putative olfactory receptor gene. The patterns overlapped greatly in the posterolateral and posteromedial glomerular layer, a finding one should predict, given the large overlap in chemical structure across the aliphatic esters. Thus, molecular features appear to be encoded spatially in the glomerular layer, and the identity of the odorant may be determined by a subsequent decoding of the combination of molecular features represented in the glomerular layer. J. Comp. Neurol. 393:457–471, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maternal and paternal periods in the development of infant Callimico goeldii.

The paternal-maternal-infant interactions of contact and nursing are reported from extensive longitudinal observations on two successive Callimico births in one family. For the first two weeks, the maternal period, the infant clings exclusively to the female. In the third week the infant shifts abruptly to the male. Subsequently, during the paternal period most of the maternal-infant contact involves nursing. The infant Callimico remains almost totally dependent until week 6, but even in week 11 it spends less than 50% of the time off a parent.
Photoionization/dissociation of alkyl substituted benzene molecules using intense near-infrared radiation

Abstract The photoionization products for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene are measured using time-of-flight methods upon interaction with 780 nm radiation pulses of duration 170 fs and intensity 10 13-13.6 W cm −2 . The relative ionization yields scale as 1, 1.2, 1.4, and 0.35 for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene at maximum laser intensity. Limited dissociation was observed for benzene and toluene at all laser power densities. A significant (>5%) dissociation/ionization yield was observed for ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene at the lowest laser power densities. The dissociation increased as 11th order and 9th order processes for ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene, respectively to a maximum of 70% dissociation/ionization for n-propylbenzene at 3.8 × 10 13 W cm −2 . At 3.8 × 10 13 W cm −2 the dissociation yield increases quadratically with alkyl chain length for the series. The observed ionization/dissociation trends are consistent with a model which incorporates both field ionization and energy redistribution concepts.
Food Intakes of US Children and Adolescents Compared With Recommendations

Objectives. To determine the proportion of youth meeting national recommendations for food group intake and to identify food intake patterns. Design. The US Department of Agriculture9s 1989–1991 Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals were used to estimate food intake. Intake was determined from 3 days of diet by disaggregating foods into their component ingredients and using weights that correspond to servings. Participants. The sample included 3307 youth, 2 to 19 years of age, living in the 48 conterminous United States. Main Outcome Measures. Mean number of servings and percentage of individuals meeting national recommendations for food group intake according to demographic characteristics, patterns of intake, and nutrient profiles associated with each pattern. Results. Mean numbers of servings per day were below minimum recommendations for all food groups except the dairy group (ages 2 to 11). Percentages of youth meeting recommendations ranged from ∼30% for fruit, grain, meat, and dairy to 36% for vegetables. Sixteen percent of youth did not meet any recommendations, and 1% met all recommendations. The pattern of meeting all recommendations resulted in nutrient intakes above the recommended dietary allowances and was high in fat. Conversely, meeting none of the recommendations resulted in intakes well below the recommended dietary allowances for some nutrients. Total fat and added sugars averaged 35% and 15% of energy, respectively, and levels were similar among most demographic groups. Conclusion. Children and teens in the United States follow eating patterns that do not meet national recommendations. Nutrition education and intervention are needed among US children.
Calcified thrombus in the right atrium: A rare complication of long-term parenteral nutrition in a child

A 5-year-old boy with short-bowel syndrome who receives home parenteral nutrition developed a calcified thrombus that involved the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the right atrium. Symptoms included 3 to 4 months of intermittent fever and 2 months of vague chest pain. Blood could not be aspirated from the IVC catheter and an IVC contrast study demonstrated the calcified thrombus. The intracardiac portion of the mass was removed surgically, but the IVC mass could not be completely excised. The boy developed a pericardial effusion 6 weeks after surgery. He was treated for this and 6 months after the initial surgery the patient was asymptomatic.
Schistosoma mansoni: Molecular Cloning and Sequencing of the 200-kDa Chemotherapeutic Target Antigen

Praziquantel is the drug of choice for human schistosomiasis. The efficacy of this drug is impaired in immune-deficient mice. However, transfer to B cell-depleted mice of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 200-kDa GPI-anchored glycoprotein of S. mansoni restores the effectiveness of praziquantel. In order to characterize this target antigen, we have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones encoding the 200-kDa protein. Three overlapping cDNA clones contained the complete nucleotide sequence. The sequences of five tryptic peptides from the native 200-kDa protein could be matched with regions in the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the isolated clones. This deduced amino acid sequence differed from sequences available in six databases. Praziquantel exposes epitopes on the worm surface that are normally not exposed, and we have shown by immunofluorescent staining that the fusion protein encoded by one of our cDNA clones expresses epitopes that are exposed on the surface of praziquantel-treated worms.
Human papillomavirus, smoking, and cancer.

Background: The effect of smoking on human papillomavirus (HPV) activity and subsequent dysplasia and neoplasia remains controversial Objective: To determine any reported effects of smoking on either HPV activity or HPV-related dysplasia/cancer using retrospective analysis of the literature from 1966 through 1998 via Toxline and PubMed to search for "smoking," "papillomavirus," and "cancer." Conclusion: Several recent large studies demonstrated that smoking was associated with a greater incidence of cervical, vulvar, penile, anal, oral, and head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion, while other studies did not show any correlation between smoking and cervical dysplasia after multivariate adjustment. Recent studies have also indicated that smoking may be more closely related to high-grade lesions of the cervix and vulva. These data provide evidence of an association between HPV, smoking, and cancer. Progression of dysplasia likewise seems to be associated with smoking. Several groups have attempted to discern whether the connection between smoking and cervical cancer is from local immunosuppression and/or from direct carcinogenic effects.
Monolayer-Protected Cluster Growth Dynamics

With the objective of better understanding the Brust synthesis reaction, this paper examines the evolution of the core sizes of hexanethiolate monolayer-protected Au clusters (MPCs) in a typical synthesis reaction mixture, at time intervals over the course of 125 h. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the average MPC core diameter gradually increases over the first 60 h of reaction and then remains largely unchanged afterward at ∼3.0 nm. Differential pulse voltammetry of purified MPC aliquots removed from the synthesis reaction exhibit quantized double-layer (QDL) charging peaks. QDL charging peaks have been previously shown to be a strong function of MPC core size and dispersity and reveal (i) the presence of several discernible core sizes in each sample and (ii) an increase in cluster capacitance (CCLU) with longer reaction times, consistent with the electron microscopy results.
A large deviation principle with queueing applications

In this paper, we present a large deviation principle for partial sums processes indexed by the half line, which is particularly suited to queueing applications. The large deviation principle is established in a topology that is finer than the topology of uniform convergence on compacts and in which the queueing map is continuous. Consequently, a large deviation principle for steady-state queue lengths can be obtained immediately via the contraction principle.
Design considerations for microprocessor-based systems

The use of the microprocessor as a system element requires an understanding of electronics, computer architecture and software. This paper describes a course designed not only to provide this background but also to give the student an appreciation for the strengths and limitations of the new LSI devices. By providing a deeper understanding of the architecture of the various modules and a comparison of the underlying technologies, the course enables the student to integrate the new LSI elements into systems in innovative and economical ways. Some appropriate applications are system control, data acquisition and signal processing.
Toward a Concept of a Migrant Personality

In this article we argue that individuals who want to emigrate possess a syndrome of personality characteristics that differentiates them from those who want to stay in their country of origin. Based on our own research, as well as other research findings, we show that those who want to resettle in another country tend to be more work-oriented and to have higher achievement and power motivation, but lower affiliation motivation and family centrality, than those who do not want to leave their country of origin. This migrant personality syndrome is seen as only one of the variety of factors that determine migratory behavior. We further discuss some of the possible implications of our findings for the receiving and the sending countries and possible psychological interventions that can ease the acculturation of immigrants.
High-energy NdFeB magnets and their applications

In sintered NdFeB magnets, additive elements for increasing coercivity decrease residual magnetization. Also, fine magnetic powder oxidization prevents identification of the stoichiometry composition (Nd2Fei14B).To improve the magnetic properties of a sintered NdFeB magnet, the authors have developed a method involving two alloys. Magnetic Nd2Fei14Balloy and a rare- earth- rich alloy (including richer dysprosium content) are melted individually and mixed together after coarse pulverization. After the sintering process, dysprosium in the sintered body is enriched in each grain region near the grain boundary. The two- alloy method minimizes the liquid phase necessary to keep the coercive force at a useful level, and thus results in compositions closer to stoichiometry. The energy product of magnets having an inhomogeneous dysprosium distribution is typically 360 kj - m- 3(45 MG.Oe) at production level. The corrosion characteristics of cobalt- substituted NdFeB magnets also were investigated. These magnets are now used in voice coil motors for hard disk drives and contribute to shortening access time and hard- drive downsizing.
Empirical Analysis of the Size Distribution of Farms: Discussion

As an outsider in the field of agricultural economics but one who has studied the size distribution of firms, I find that the most notable feature of the three papers in question is the qualitative similarity of farm size distributions to firm size distributions, particularly those of smaller firms (Evans, Hall). These similarities may be summarized as (a) relatively small deviations from Gibrat's law, with smaller farms growing faster than larger but not enough to have a significant effect on concentration in the periods examined. (b) A higher rate of exit and higher variance of growth rates among the smaller farms in the sample. (c) Considerable residual randomness of growth rates after controlling for exogenous or predetermined factors [such as investment in the case of firms or the human capital of the farmer in the case of farms (Sumner and Leiby)]. (d) Evidence of a small negative serial correlation in growth rates, which suggests either measurement error in the size variable or some kind of lagged adjustment process (Shapiro, Bollman, and Ehrensaft). Because of lack of space, I will not discuss the econometric problems in estimating the size-growth relationship in detail here but will refer the reader to my paper for a fuller discussion of them (Hall). They can be summarized under three headings. (a) Selection or sample attrition: estimates based on a sample of farms which exist in two different periods are typically biased, owing to the omission of those farms which exit during the period. The sign and magnitude of the bias depend on the reasons for exit. (b) Serially uncorrelated measurement error in the size variable used can induce spurious negative serial correlation in the measured growth rates as well biasing the coefficient of size downward in a growth-size regression. (c) Size-related heteroscedasticity in growth rates is likely to result in inconsistent estimates of the standard errors of a growth regression, usually biasing them downward from the true estimates.
Effects of substituting rare-earth elements for scandium in a precipitation-strengthened Al-0.08 at. %Sc alloy

The microhardness of Al–0.06 Sc–0.02 RE alloys (at.%, with RE (rare-earth) = Dy, Er, Gd, Sm, Y, or Yb) is measured as a function of aging time at 300 °C. As compared to Al–0.08 Sc, the ternary alloys exhibit: (i) the same incubation time, except for Al–0.06 Sc–0.02 Yb which hardens much faster; (ii) the same or reduced peak microhardnesses (which are higher than for Al–0.06 Sc); and (iii) the same over-aging behavior. All REs segregate to the core of Al3(Sc1−xREx) precipitates.
Three-Dimensional Quantized Time in Cosmology

Starting from a model of 3-d time in units of the Planck energy, it is possible to model fundamental particles and forces. Masses are associated with 3-d volumes of time; forces are related to 4-d space-time structures from which the fine structure constant can be derived. Fundamental particles may then be assembled into larger objects, up to galaxies, within which special relativity is satisfied. The component parts of an object retain a common quantized temporal structure which appears to link the spatially distributed parts together. The flow of time is associated with a flow of the common temporal structure within a general 3-d temporal space. Each galaxy evolves along a 1-d timeline such that within a given galaxy standard 4-d space-time physics is satisfied. The model deviates from ordinary physics by associating different galaxies with independent timelines within a general 3-d temporal space. These timelines diverge from a common origin and can have different flow rates for different classes of objects. The common origin is consistent with standard cosmology. The radius of temporal space replaces the standard radius of curvature in describing redshifts seen when photons transfer between objects on different timelines. Redshift quantization, discordant redshifts, and other observed cosmological phenomena are natural consequences of this type of model.
Retinoic acid prevents accumulation of a mesoderm-specific mRNA in the amphibian embryo

Abstract Our greatest progress in understanding mechanisms of germ layer specification in vertebrates has come from studies of mesoderm induction in amphibian embryos. A key early observation was that transcriptional activation of the muscle actin gene and accumulation of its mRNA can be used as molecular markers of mesoderm induction. Recent studies of putative amphibian morphogens have shown that exposure to all- trans retionoicacid (RA) can perturb both neural and mesodermal patterning in the Xenopus embryo, and that RA can, under certain conditions, induce the synthesis of mRNA for a gene whose product is able to influence the patterning of the embryo. To characterize further the mechanism of mesoderm induction, the effect of RA exposure on the transcriptional properties of the muscle actin gene has been investigated. Interestingly, prior exposure of embryos to RA appears to inhibit accumulation, rather than initial activation, of the mesoderm-specific muscle actin transcript. This effect is concentration-dependent and is not observed with the ubiquitously expressed genes for cytoskeletal actin and translation elongation factor 1α, nor with a neural-specific β-tubulin gene. Thus, the molecular mechanism of mesoderm induction may include, in addition to transcriptional activation of specific genes, processes involved in maintenance of mRNA accumulation for those gene products.
The Osteoblast: A Sophisticated Fibroblast under Central Surveillance

The study of the biology of osteoblasts, or bone-forming cells, illustrates how mammalian genetics has profoundly modified our understanding of cell differentiation and physiologic processes. Indeed, genetic-based studies over the past 5 years have revealed how osteoblast differentiation is controlled through growth and transcription factors. Likewise, the recent identification, using mutant mouse models, of a central component in the regulation of bone formation expands our understanding of the control of bone remodeling. This regulatory loop, which involves the hormone leptin, may help to explain the protective effect of obesity on bone mass in humans. In addition, it provides a novel physiologic concept that may shed light on the etiology of osteoporosis and help to identify new therapeutic targets.
A Probabilistic Interpretation of the Exponential Mixture

The exponential mixture of probability mass functions arises in many fields. Although straightforward to characterize and utilize, it does not lead to a simple probabilistic interpretation as does the linear mixture. We remedy this by giving a general probabilistic problem whereby the exponential mixture describes the probabilities involved.
Effectiveness and Safety of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Infantile Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infants <1 year of age.Data Sources:A literature search was conducted through PubMed (up to December 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–December 2009), and The Cochrane Library (up to December 2009) using combinations of the following key search terms: proton pump inhibitor, GERD, infant, children, pediatric, omeprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole, esomeprazole, and pantoprazole. Reference citations from identified articles were also reviewed.Study Selection And Data Extraction:All double-blind, placebc-controlled trials published in English that evaluated the safety and efficacy of PPIs in infants with GERD were included in this review. Trials involving children older than 12 months were not included.Data Synthesis:GERD is a source of pain and discomfort in adults; yet, in infants, symptoms that are thought to be indicative of painful stimuli have no...
Remaking Body Politics: Dilemmas Over Female Fatness as Symbolic Capital in Two Rural Tuareg Communities

This essay explores nuanced, debated and changing meanings of female fatness as a bodily aesthetic ideal in rural Tuareg communities in northern Niger and Mali. I compare two communities—one where nomadic herding, of longstanding importance among the Tuareg, remains prevalent, and intermarriage is rare between aristocratic and formerly servile persons, and the other where residents have become more settled in hamlets, now garden, and where intermarriage between social categories is frequent. Both communities have experienced conflict with colonial and postcolonial nation-states, but the more nomadic herders have had especially tense relations with French colonial and postcolonial state regimes. Although many oasis residents express greater ambivalence toward female fatness, these communities do not express neatly polarized attitudes but admire it to varying degrees, for different reasons, and attach different meanings to it from their experience of different double-binds over achieving it. Fundamental to understanding these meanings, I argue, are psychosocial dilemmas arising from historical change and regional variation affecting power relationships between persons of aristocratic and those of servile origins, between husbands and wives and between nomadic herders and the nation-state. More broadly, these data show the importance of reversals of power in symbolic capital and suggest more nuanced processes surrounding body politics.
Determination of debris sizes and masses using radar and optical data

This paper proposes a methodology for combining optical and radar observations to determine material types of debris objects. Determining the material types of debris objects will in turn allow more accurate estimates of the sizes and masses of debris objects. In order to estimate the capabilities of this technique, simulated optical and radar data is used to determine the material types and object sizes of simulated debris objects. Laboratory test data measuring the radar and optical responses of several common spacecraft materials are presented and are used in the simulations. Albedo data and a set of radar response curves for several materials commonly used in spacecraft construction are presented. The capabilities of this method are discussed, and conclusions are reached.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Primary Human Mammary Epithelial Cells Endocytose HIV-1 and Facilitate Viral Infection of CD4+ T Lymphocytes

The contribution of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in breast milk remains largely unknown. While breast milk contains CD4+ cells throughout the breast-feeding period, it is not known whether MEC directly support HIV-1 infection or facilitate infection of CD4+ cells in the breast compartment. This study evaluated primary human MEC for direct infection with HIV-1 and for indirect transfer of infection to CD4+ target cells. Primary human MEC were isolated and assessed for expression of HIV-1 receptors. MEC were exposed to CCR5-, CXCR4- and dual-tropic strains of HIV-1 and evaluated for viral reverse transcription and integration and productive viral infection. MEC were also tested for the ability to transfer HIV to CD4+ target cells and to activate resting CD4+ T cells. Our results demonstrate that MEC express HIV-1 receptor proteins CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, and galactosyl ceramide (GalCer). While no evidence for direct infection of MEC was found, HIV-1 virions were observed in MEC endosomal compartments. Coculture of HIV-exposed MEC resulted in productive infection of activated CD4+ T cells. In addition, MEC secretions increased HIV-1 replication and proliferation of infected target cells. Overall, our results indicate that MEC are capable of endosomal uptake of HIV-1 and can facilitate virus infection and replication in CD4+ target cells. These findings suggest that MEC may serve as a viral reservoir for HIV-1 and may enhance infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes in vivo.
Abstract 2412: Sorafenib can be effectively combined with GM-CSF secreting cellular immunotherapy in a mouse model of HER-2+ breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Due to the complexities of the tumor microenvironment and the frequent emergence of drug resistance with treatment, it is increasingly evident that cancer therapy will have to hit multiple host and tumor targets simultaneously. We previously reported that DC101, an antiangiogenic monoclonal antibody specific for the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), can enhance tumor immunity by a T cell-dependent mechanism. Sorafenib, a small molecule that also disrupts angiogenesis, blocks signaling through multiple kinases that control tumor growth and progression. It has also been reported to inhibit both dendritic cell (DC) and T cell function. To further explore the intrinsic tumor- and host-based effects of sorafenib, we tested it against murine HER-2+ breast tumor cells (NT) in vitro, and in NT-tumor-bearing FVB/N (immune-competent) and neu-N (immune tolerant to HER-2) mice in vivo. Sorafenib inhibited the growth of NT tumor cells in vitro, inducing apoptosis. Western blot analysis revealed that Sorafenib interfered with ERK/MAPK, but not AKT, signaling pathways, both of which are constitutively activated when HER-2 is over-expressed. Single agent sorafenib effectively controlled the growth of established tumors in immune competent FVB/N mice, but did not result in complete tumor clearance. In contrast, sorafenib alone did not significantly impact the outgrowth of established tumors in neu-N mice, where tumor-specific immune tolerance is in play. Consistent with this observation, depletion studies conducted in immune competent FVB/N mice revealed that the control of tumor growth is in part dependent on T cells, but not macrophages or NK cells. While sorafenib treatment alone did not induce immunity specific for RNEU420–429 (the immunodominant HER-2 epitope), it did accelerate tumor clearance induced by vaccination with a granulocyte-macrophage colony-simulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting, HER-2+ cellular vaccine in tumor-bearing FVB/N mice compared to either drug treatment or vaccination alone. Finally, sorafenib neither augmented nor inhibited the vaccine-induced T cell response specific for RNEU420–429 as measured by ELISPOT and intracellular cytokine staining. Overall, these findings suggest that vaccine-based immunotherapy can interact with kinase inhibitors by distinct mechanisms for enhanced therapeutic response. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2412.
Are real estate markets becoming more efficient

This paper compares real rates of return to housing capital with returns to other forms of fixed reproducible capital. All data are from the national income and capital accounts and are gross of taxes and depreciation. Returns to housing capital have been consistently lower than those to other capital during the fifty-five year period for which data are available. Since 1950, the disparity between returns to housing and other capital has narrowed steadily and substantially. The paper presents speculations as to the reasons for the improvement in capital market efficiency.
Multiple Exchange in the Quantum Crystals

We develop the generalization of the Heisenberg near-neighbor-exchange Hamiltonian necessary to incorporate the effects of multiple-exchange processes. Many-body expressions for the multiple-exchange constants (pair exchange, triple exchange, and quadruple exchange) are derived. The physics that enters these exchange constants is discussed. For the most important of the pair and triple cases, these expressions are carefully evaluated using a Monte Carlo integration scheme. We show that the exchange Hamiltonian for solid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ is rapidly convergent, and that the near-neighbor pair, next-near-neighbor pair, and triple-exchange processes (involving two near neighbors and a next-near neighbor) are likely to be the only important exchange processes to the low-temperature thermodynamics of bcc $^{3}\mathrm{He}$. The magnitude of the triple-exchange process is such that the "effective" next-near-neighbor pair-exchange interaction in bcc $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ is ferromagnetic. This result provides qualitative and quantitative support to the explanation of the data of Kirk and Adams made by Zane.
Insulin receptor substrate 3 (IRS-3) and IRS-4 impair IRS-1- and IRS-2-mediated signaling.

To investigate the roles of insulin receptor substrate 3 (IRS-3) and IRS-4 in the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling cascade, we introduced these proteins into 3T3 embryonic fibroblast cell lines prepared from wild-type (WT) and IRS-1 knockout (KO) mice by using a retroviral system. Following transduction of IRS-3 or IRS-4, the cells showed a significant decrease in IRS-2 mRNA and protein levels without any change in the IRS-1 protein level. In these cell lines, IGF-1 caused the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of all four IRS proteins. However, IRS-3- or IRS-4-expressing cells also showed a marked decrease in IRS-1 and IRS-2 phosphorylation compared to the host cells. This decrease was accounted for in part by a decrease in the level of IRS-2 protein but occurred with no significant change in the IRS-1 protein level. IRS-3- or IRS-4-overexpressing cells showed an increase in basal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and basal Akt phosphorylation, while the IGF-1-stimulated levels correlated well with total tyrosine phosphorylation level of all IRS proteins in each cell line. IRS-3 expression in WT cells also caused an increase in IGF-1-induced mitogenactivated protein kinase phosphorylation and egr-1 expression (;1.8- and ;2.4-fold with respect to WT). In the IRS-1 KO cells, the impaired mitogenic response to IGF-1 was reconstituted with IRS-1 to supranormal levels and was returned to almost normal by IRS-2 or IRS-3 but was not improved by overexpression of IRS-4. These data suggest that IRS-3 and IRS-4 may act as negative regulators of the IGF-1 signaling pathway by suppressing the function of other IRS proteins at several steps.
Predicted postoperative lung function is associated with all-cause long-term mortality after major lung resection for cancer.

Objectives Preoperative lung function is an independent predictor of long-term survival after lung resection for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The extent of resection has an impact on operative mortality, determines postoperative lung function and may influence both overall- and cancer-specific survival. We sought to determine the impact of predicted postoperative (ppo) lung function on long-term survival after lung cancer resection. Methods We previously reported long-term survival analyses for patients who underwent major lung resection for NSCLC 1980-2006. For this study, we calculated ppo spirometry (forced expiratory volume in the first second, FEV1) and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in the same cohort using the functional segment technique or quantitative perfusion scans when available, and updated survival data; missing data were imputed. We assessed the relationship of ppoFEV1 and ppoDLCO to long-term survival using Cox regression. Results Of 854 patients, 471 (55%) were men, the mean age was 63 years and median survival was 42 months. At the time of analysis, 70% of patients had died. On regression analysis, all-cause mortality was related to age, stage, performance status, renal function and prior myocardial infarction. Preoperative lung function was marginally associated with mortality [DLCO (10-percentage point decrease): HR (hazard ratio) 1.04, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.00-1.08, P = 0.056; FEV1 (10-percentage point decrease): HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00-1.09, P = 0.067]. In contrast, ppo lung function was strongly associated with mortality (ppoDLCO: HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12, P = 0.024; ppoFEV1: HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12, P = 0.031). Conclusions Ppo lung function is strongly associated with long-term survival after major lung resection and is more strongly related to survival than preoperative lung function. Surgeons struggle with challenging decisions about the appropriate extent of resection for early-stage cancer, balancing factors such as operative morbidity/mortality, local recurrence and postoperative quality of life. Ppo lung function and its relation to survival also should be taken into consideration during such deliberations.
Effect of grape seed extract on descriptive sensory analysis of ground chicken during refrigerated storage.

Descriptive sensory analysis, instrumental color, yield, pH, water activity, and binding strength were determined on ground chicken breast and thigh with or without grape seed extract (GSE) during refrigerated storage. In chicken breast, GSE inhibited the intensity of musty and rancid odor, and rancid flavor compared to control patties, but GSE caused significantly darker (L∗), redder (a∗), and less yellow (b∗) patties. No differences were observed for pH, water activity, or yield, though differences were observed for binding strength. In chicken thigh, sensory scores were significantly different for 14 of 15 sensory attributes, although the differences were due to storage time or precooking, not the presence of GSE. GSE caused significantly darker sensory scores and L∗ values, and redder (a∗) and less yellow (b∗) patties. Differences in binding strength and yield were attributable to precooking, not the presence of GSE. GSE may be an effective antioxidant in precooked chicken breast systems.
From Big Sticks to Talking Sticks: Family, Work, and Masculinity in Stephen King's The Shining

The article reads Stephen King's The Shining as a story of anxiety about family, work, and masculinity in twentieth-century America. It is Jack Torrance's emotional life as a man and the sticks, big and talking, that he can choose from to express in life the answers—in 1977, during the heyday of post-WWII feminism and the birth of the men's movement—to the basic questions: how and where to be a man? The kinds of work available to Jack—caregiver to his son, caretaker of the hotel, husband-provider, teacher, and the always-suspect occupation of imaginative writer—direct his life as a man and organize the overarching narrative of wounded and wounding masculinity at the heart of this haunted-house story.
Informational Asymmetry and Market Imperfections: Another Solution to the Equity Premium Puzzle

This paper develops an equilibrium asset pricing model to explain the equity premium puzzle and the risk-free rate puzzle by allowing for both market frictions and informa? tional asymmetry. The paper argues that much of the high equity premium in the Mehra and Prescott (1985) sample period can be explained by informational asymmetry among investors and the inability of many investors to diversify their portfolios. With admissible relative risk aversion coefficient 7, the model matches various key statistics quite well. The paper implies that with the development of mutual funds, the equity premium should decline as has been the case since the 1950s.
Finite element analysis of the piezoelectric stacked-HYBATS transducer

Finite element modeling (FEM) of a piezoelectric multilayer-stacked hybrid actuation/transduction system (stacked-HYBATS) is investigated in this paper using ANSYS software. This transducer consists of two positive strain components operating in d33 mode and one negative strain component operating in d31 mode to generate large displacements. FEM results are compared with experimental and analytical results to provide insight into the actuation mechanisms, verify the device’s three displacement components, and estimate its blocking force. FEM calculations found the effective piezoelectric coefficient to be exceptional, about 3:11 10 6 pm V 1 at resonance. Stacked-HYBATS was quantitatively compared to commercially available flextensional actuators using finite element analysis. It was found that under the same electric field the yielded displacement of a stacked-HYBATS is about 200% and 15% larger than that of a same-sized d31 and d33 flextensional actuator, respectively. These findings suggest that stacked-HYBATS is promising for precision positioning, vibration control, and acoustic applications. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Antifungal Lock Therapy With Liposomal Amphotericin B: A Prospective Trial

We conducted a prospective pilot study to evaluate the potential role of combined systemic antifungal and liposomal amphotericin B lock therapy in children with intestinal insufficiency with fungal catheter-related bloodstream infections whose central venous catheters had not been removed. Our results provide supportive evidence for the conduct of larger clinical trials to confirm the efficacy and safety of this approach.