cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symbiotic seed germination of Habenaria macroceratitis (Orchidaceae), a rare Florida terrestrial orchid

The rapid loss of native orchid habitat throughout ecologically important areas (e.g., Florida) has prompted researchers to develop appropriate plans for the propagation and reintroduction of many native orchid species. Ideally, symbiotic orchid seed germination methods are utilized in the production of orchid seedlings to be used in plant reintroduction programs. In the current study we (1) describe an efficient symbiotic seed germination protocol to germinate seeds of the rare sub-tropical terrestrial orchid Habenaria macroceratitis; (2) discuss the in vitro fungal specificity demonstrated by this species; and (3) describe the effects of three photoperiods (0/24 h, 16/8 h, 24/0 h L/D) on in vitro symbiotic seed germination of H. macroceratitis. Six fungal mycobionts were isolated from both vegetative and flowering plants of H. macroceratitis from two geographically distinct sites. Symbiotic seed germination percent was highest (65.7%) and protocorm development was most advanced (Stage 2) when seeds were cultured with fungal mycobiont Hmac-310. Seeds of H. macroceratitis demonstrated a degree of specificity toward fungal mycobionts isolated from plants originating from the same site where seed was collected. Continual darkness (0/24 h L/D) inhibited initial seed germination (Stage 1; 17.1%), but stimulated subsequent protocorm development (Stage 2; 53.5%). These findings will aid in developing an efficient symbiotic seed germination protocol for the conservation of this rare Florida terrestrial orchid, and may prove useful in the conservation of other sub-tropical terrestrial orchid species.
Optimum plans for step-stress accelerated life tests at higher usage rates

The life of some products is measured by usage, e.g., mileage and cycles. In accelerated testing, these products are usually run at elevated stress levels and higher usage rates to shorten test length. The increase in usage rate may prolong or shorten usage to failure. In this paper, a model that relates life to stress and usage rate is described. For the model, this paper develops 3-step step-stress optimum test plans, which choose the optimal step-change times by minimizing the asymptotic variance of the estimate of the log mean life at a design stress and usual usage rate. The sensitivity of the test plans to preestimates is evaluated, and the results show that the plans are robust. This paper also presents the maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters and the mean life at the design stress and usual usage rate, and their confidence intervals. The proposed method is applied to estimate the reliability of a compact solenoid valve.
Site-Specific Risk Assessment of Sulfate Induced Heave in Lime-Stabilized Clay Soils

Practicing engineers are at times required to ameliorate or stabilize sulfate-bearing soils that exhibit sulfate-induced heave when treated with lime. Cost effectiveness of stabilization and amelioration techniques can be improved by using geologic models that identify the factors and processes that control the distribution of sulfate through the landscape. The paper describes the use of geospatial data sets, direct measurements of soil conductivity, and geochemical modeling to develop a geologic model of sulfate distribution along the SH-130 corridor in Texas. These geologic models can effectively be used to define the risk associated with sulfate-induced heave in soils that are encountered during construction. The technique can also be used to focus sampling and testing to the high-risk locations and thereby contributing to the economic success of the project. The sensitivity of soils to form ettringite/thaumasite with increasing sulfate concentration can also be evaluated using these geologic models.
Globalization and the Revalorizing of Ethnic Places in Immigration Gateway Cities

Immigration cities have counterbalanced deindustrialization and urban decline by acting as gateways of labor, capital, commodity, and cultural exchange in the new global economy. Ethnic places are emblematic transnational spaces that both constitute and convey broader processes of economic and cultural globalization. Ethnic entrepreneurs, community activists, and artists have revalorized spaces in the zone-in-transition, places from which they were historically restricted, evicted, or displaced. These rejuvenated ethnic places serve as "polyglot honeypots" for urban managers pursuing growth machine strategies in the postindustrial symbolic economy. Contradictions and conflicts are presented by globalization as much as opportunities.
Comparison of ambulatory left ventricular ejection fraction and blood pressure in systemic hypertension in patients with and without increased left ventricular mass.

Abstract To evaluate the effects of long-standing systemic hypertension on left ventricular (LV) function during daily activities, ambulatory radionuclide monitoring of LV ejection fraction (EF) and blood pressure was performed during exercise and other structured activities in 31 hypertensive patients. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the absence of LV hypertrophy (group 1 [n = 16], LV mass 107 ± 12 g/m 2 ), presence of LV hypertrophy without electrocardiographic changes (group 2 [n = 10], LV mass 141 ± 8 g/m 2 ) and LV hypertrophy with associated electrocardiographic changes (group 3 [n = 5], LV mass 158 ± 9 g/m 2 ). The groups were similar with respect to age, baseline medication, treated and untreated blood pressure, resting EF and treadmill exercise time. Patients in group 3 had the longest history of hypertension. Peak filling rate was normal in group 1 (2.9 ± 0.4 end-diastolic volume/s), but reduced at rest in groups 2 (2.4 ± 0.4) and 3 (2.1 ± 0.3). Patients in group 1 had normal EF responses to exercise and mental stress testing, as well as during routine ambulatory activities. Patients in group 2 had a blunted EF response to exercise, and those in group 3 had a significantly abnormal response. Both group 2 and 3 patients demonstrated abnormal EF responses to mental stress, as well as cold pressor testing in association with significant increases in mean arterial pressure and marked reduction in diastolic filling rate. Decreases in EF were also observed during routine patient monitoring in 3 group 3 patients and 4 group 2 patients. These events were associated with significantly increased blood pressure. The present study demonstrates that transient LV dysfunctions may accompany excursions of blood pressure that occur during activities when LV hypertrophy complicates hypertension.
The Market and Massachusetts Farmers, 1750–1855

This paper attempts to make a contribution, both in method and in substance, to the debate about the timing and extent of market orientation in pre-industrial New England agriculture. The method consists in testing five quantifiable hypotheses, with data from manuscript account books and daybooks. The results, in repeated trials, confirm the influence of the market on the rural economy of Massachusetts from very early on.
Ion Chromatography and Membrane Separations Using Macrocyclic Ligands

The selectivity of macrocyclic ligand hosts in binding ionic and neutral guests was recognized early and has been applied to separations science in a number of ways. Prominent among these applications are ion chromatography (IC) and liquid membranes. This chapter summarizes the various ways by which macrocyclic ligands have been incorporated into these two separations techniques. It begins with a description of the intrinsic selectivities of the macrocyclic hosts used in these applications to date. The next section describes the basic elements of IC and the chemical features of standard ion chromatographic separations. It then proceeds to describe how macrocycles such as crown ethers, cryptands, resorcinarenes, and others have been incorporated into both the mobile and stationary phases of ion chromatographic systems to effect novel separations of both cations and anions. The development of capacity gradient chromatography of anions, unique to macrocycle-based IC, is described. The application to both analytical separations and preconcentration/matrix elimination is also included. The next section introduces the various types of liquid membranes, including bulk liquid membranes, solid supported liquid membranes, emulsion liquid membranes, and polymer inclusion membranes. This section then proceeds to describe the various studies conducted to characterize the use of macrocyclic ligands as selective carriers of cations, anions, and neutral species across these membranes for separations purposes. Keywords: ion chromatography; liquid membranes; cation separations; anion separations; macrocycle-based separations
Successful delivery of adjuvant external beam radiotherapy for ependymoma in a patient with Ondine׳s curse.

Abstract Ondine׳s curse is a rare, potentially life-threatening disorder characterized by loss of automatic breathing during sleep and preserved voluntary breathing. It is seldom encountered in the radiotherapy clinic but can pose significant technical challenges and safety concerns in the delivery of a prescribed radiation course. We report a unique case of successful delivery of radiotherapy for ependymoma in a patient with Ondine׳s curse. A 53-year-old gentleman presented with vertigo when lying down. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhancing mass in the floor of the fourth ventricle. He underwent maximal safe resection. Pathology revealed ependymoma. The patient was referred for radiotherapy. Computed tomography simulation was performed in supine position with 3-point thermoplastic mask immobilization. Sequential TomoTherapy plans were developed. At first scheduled treatment, shortly after mask placement, his arms went limp and he was unresponsive. Vitals showed oxygen saturation 83%, pulse 127, and blood pressure 172/97 mm Hg. He was diagnosed with Ondine׳s curse thought secondary to previous brainstem damage; the combination of lying flat and pressure from the mask was causing him to go into respiratory arrest. As supine positioning did not seem clinically advisable, he was simulated in prone position. A RapidArc plan and a back-up conformal plan were developed. Prescriptions were modified to meet conservative organs-at-risk constraints. Several strategies were used to minimize uncertainties in set-up reproducibility associated with prone positioning. He tolerated prone RapidArc treatments well. The report highlights the importance of applying practical patient safety and treatment planning/delivery strategies in the management of this challenging case.
1,25-Dihydr oxyvitamin D3 Treatment Results in Increased Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Specific Brain Nuclei*

To better understand the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] in brain function, the level of calcium- binding protein (CaBP) and the activities of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and monoamine oxidase were measured in discrete brain nuclei of vitamin D-deficient and -replete male rats. The nuclei sampled were those in which receptors for 1,25- (OH)2D3 and/or vitamin D-dependent CaBP have been localized. Significant elevations in CAT activity were found in the arcuatemedian eminence and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of rats made vitamin D replete by eight daily ip injections of 100 or 200 ng l,25-(OH)2b3 as well as by constant intraventricular (ivi) infusion of 25 ng 1,25-(OH)2D3 for 7 days. The percent increase ranged from 12-45% and was related to the ip dose administered. Constant ivi of 2 mM Ca2+ or 125 ng 25-hydroxyvitamin D3/day for 7 days did not alter CAT activity. No significant changes in monoamine oxidase or CaBP in discrete brain nuclei were observed with vitamin D repl...
Beyond Pair Potentials in Elemental Transition Metals and Semiconductors

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a review that describes the main approaches to transcending pair potential descriptions of transition metals and semiconductors. The chapter discusses the technologically important materials, because the desire to understand their materials properties has led to a large number of atomistic simulation studies, and, consequently, a great need for simplified energy functionals. At first glance, the bonding mechanisms in these two classes of materials seem to be quite distinct. One naively thinks of metallic atoms as closely packed hard balls with relatively weak attractive forces. In semiconductors, one generally focuses on strong bonds with charge accumulations between the atoms. The open structures of diamond structure semiconductors immediately suggest the presence of strong angular forces; if radial pair forces dominated, one would expect that the energy could be lowered by filling in the holes in the structure, thereby increasing the coordination number. In contrast, the closely packed structures of transition metals are at least consistent with a description based on radial forces. However, to obtain a more sophisticated picture of transition metals, including structural energy differences, the chapter mentions that angular forces are necessary, Furthermore, much of the understanding that has recently been gained of transition metal bonding is also applicable to semiconductors, and is being incorporated in the most recent semiconductor energy functionals.
Aldosterone production in chronic renal failure.

SummaryWhen renal mass is reduced, sodium excretion per remaining nephron increases so that normal sodium balance is maintained. Since this adjustment might be expected to involve changes in the secretion of sodium-retaining hormones, the rate of production of aldosterone was estimated in rats with azotemia and in control rats. The rate of production of aldosterone, in vitro, was 0.85 ± 0.05 mg/100 g of adrenal/hour in rats with azotemia and 0.96 ± 0.08 mg/100 g of adrenal/hr in their paired controls. The similar rate of production in both groups indicates that changes in aldosterone secretion are not primarily responsible for the adjustments in sodium excretion in renal failure.
Photochemical Control of RNA Structure by Disrupting π-Stacking

Photolabile nucleotides that disrupt nucleic acid structure are useful mechanistic probes and can be used as tools for regulating biochemical processes. Previous probes can be limited by the need to incorporate multiple modified nucleotides into oligonucleotides and in kinetic studies by the rate-limiting step in the conversion to the native nucleotide. Photolysis of aryl sulfide 1 produces high yields of 5-methyluridine, and product formation is complete in less than a microsecond. Aryl sulfide 1 prevents RNA hairpin formation and complete folding of the preQ1 class I riboswitch. Proper folding is achieved in each instance upon photolysis at 350 nm. Aryl sulfide 1 is a novel tool for modulating RNA structure, and formation of 5-methyluridine within a radical cage suggests that it will be useful in kinetic studies.
Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. Disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract (first of two parts).

THE interstitial lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders of the lower respiratory tract characterized by derangements of the alveolar walls and loss of functional alveolar capillary un...
Metabolism of Choline and Related Compounds by Hepatic Tissue From Several Species Including Man.

Summary1. Data on the activity of choline oxidase, succinoxidase, tributyrinase and the enzymes concerned in the formation of methionine from choline, betaine or dimethylthetin and homocysteine are presented for liver tissue from the rat, mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, chicken, dog and man. 2. Analysis of 3 samples of fresh human liver indicate that man resembles rabbit and guinea pig in that choline oxidase activity and capacity to utilize choline to methylate homocysteine are low or absent. 3. Livers of all species examined were capable of utilizing betaine and its sulfur analog dimethylthetin to methylate homocysteine to form methionine. 4. Succinoxidase activity of 4 samples of fresh human liver were markedly lower than that of other species examined. Tributyrinase activity of two samples examined was of the same order of magnitude as that found in livers from the rat and the mouse.
California dreaming pays off with Nobel prizes

Back in the 1930s Caltech was little known outside the scientific community. Asked where he taught, physicist Carl Anderson once had to explain that Caltech was not affiliated with either the University of Southern California nor UCLA, and had to resort to dropping the name of Robert Millikan to make any impression at all. Nowadays, it is the school everyone knows, with Millikan best remembered by physicists and historians. Though small in size (just 300 faculty and 2000 students), Caltech stands with its larger rivals in quality of research and teaching, and in its impact on American science. Among Caltech's faculty and graduates are some two dozen Nobel laureates. By any measure, it would rank among the world's pre-eminent science and engineering schools.
Humanized Mouse Models of Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Staphylococcus aureus is a successful human pathogen that has adapted itself in response to selection pressure by the human immune system. A commensal of the human skin and nose, it is a leading cause of several conditions: skin and soft tissue infection, pneumonia, septicemia, peritonitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis. Mice have been used extensively in all these conditions to identify virulence factors and host components important for pathogenesis. Although significant effort has gone toward development of an anti-staphylococcal vaccine, antibodies have proven ineffective in preventing infection in humans after successful studies in mice. These results have raised questions as to the utility of mice to predict patient outcome and suggest that humanized mice might prove useful in modeling infection. The development of humanized mouse models of S. aureus infection will allow us to assess the contribution of several human-specific virulence factors, in addition to exploring components of the human immune system in protection against S. aureus infection. Their use is discussed in light of several recently reported studies.
Self-consistent calculation of the effects of RF injection in the HHFW heating regimes on the evolution of fast ions in toroidal plasmas

A critical question for the use of ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating in the ITER device and beyond is interaction of fast waves with energetic ion populations from neutral beam injection (NBI), fusion reactions, and minority ions accelerated by the RF waves themselves. Several experiments have demonstrated that the interaction between fast waves and fast ions can indeed be strong enough to significantly modify the NB ion population. To model the RF/fast ion interaction and the resulting fast ion distribution, a recent extension of the full wave solver TORIC v.5 that includes non-Maxwellian effects has been combined with the Monte Carlo NUBEAM code through an RF “kick” operator. In this work, we present an initial verification of the NUBEAM RF “kick” operator for high harmonic fast wave (HHFW) heating regime in NSTX plasma.
Looking for the Movie Seven or Sven from the Movie Frozen?: A Multi-perspective Strategy for Recommending Queries for Children

Popular search engines are usually tuned to satisfy the information needs of a general audience. As a result, non-traditional, yet active groups of users, such as children, experience challenges composing queries that can lead them to the retrieval of adequate results. To aid young users in formulating keyword queries that can facilitate their information-seeking process, we introduce ReQuIK, a multi-perspective query suggestion system for children. ReQuIK informs its suggestion process by applying (i) a strategy based on search intent to capture the purpose of a query, (ii) a ranking strategy based on a wide and deep neural network that considers both raw text and traits commonly associated with kid-related queries, (iii) a filtering strategy based on the readability levels of documents potentially retrieved by a query to favor suggestions that trigger the retrieval of documents matching children»s reading skills, and (iv) a content-similarity strategy to ensure diversity among suggestions. For assessing the quality of the system, we conducted initial offline and online experiments based on 591 queries written by 97 children, ages 6 to 13. The results of this assessment verified the correctness of ReQuIK»s recommendation strategy, the fact that it provides suggestions that appeal to children and ReQuIK»s ability to recommend queries that lead to the retrieval of materials with readability levels that correlate with children»s reading skills.
Doggy bags and downsizing: Packaging uneaten food to go after a meal attenuates the portion size effect in women.

Abstract Serving larger portions leads to increased food and energy intake, but little is known about strategies to moderate this response. This study tested how the effect of portion size on meal intake was influenced by providing the option to take away uneaten food in a “doggy bag” (to-go container). Women were randomly assigned to one of two subject groups: a To-Go Group (n = 27) that was informed before each meal that their leftover food would be packaged to take away after the meal, and a Control Group (n = 26) that was not given this option. In a crossover design, subjects came to the lab once a week for four weeks to eat a dinner composed of five foods. Across meals, the portion size of all foods was varied (100%, 125%, 150%, and 175% of baseline). Results showed that the portion size effect, defined as the trajectory of intake across the weight of food served, differed significantly by subject group (P ≤ 0.025). In the Control Group, increasing the portion size of all foods led to substantial increases in intake (P 0.15). Thus, the effect of portion size on intake was attenuated in the To-Go Group compared to the Control Group. These data indicate that packaging uneaten food after a meal could be an effective strategy to reduce overconsumption from large portions.
Space and Salience in Parietal Cortex

The parietal cortex has long been thought to participate in the neural mechanisms underlying visual attention, spatial perception, and eye movements (Critchley 1953). This review will begin by describing the attentional and spatial aspects of saccadic performance in a patient with a frontoparietal deficit, and then show how single neuron activity in one particular area, the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) renders the clinical deficits understandable in neurophysiological terms.
18-P : CHARACTERIZATION OF A NON-EXPRESSED HLA B62 VARIANT AND ITS IMPACT IN RENAL TRANSPLANT

Aim We identified a mutation in the B∗15:01:01:01 allele during a routine new patient kidney workup, resulting in a non-expressed allele. Methods HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1 and -DRB345 loci were typed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes on Luminex Platform (rPCR-SSOP) (One Lambda, Canoga Park, CA). Confirmatory typing was performed by a combination of sequencing based typing (SBT) using SBT engine software and Gendx SBT Excellerator Kits (Netherlands), and complement-dependant cytotoxicity methods to confirm absence of B62 molecules on the cell surface. Results During a routine kidney recipient workup, a patient was typed as B∗15 (62) and B∗40 (60) by rPCR-SSOP with an ambiguous assignment, B∗46 and B∗40 (60). SBT was used to resolve the ambiguity and revealed that the typing is similar to B∗15:01:01:01 and B∗40:01:01 with a mutation in exon 4, codon 204, nucleotide position 683. Using gSSP primer, we further confirmed the mutation belongs to B∗15:01:01:01, changing codon TGG (Tryptophan) to TAG (stop codon). An Exon 4 premature stop codon can result in a non-expressed allele. A new sample was sent to an independent laboratory for serological typing, and was confirmed as B62 “blank”. To properly list this patient on UNET, the patient’s B62 was removed. Conclusions Low-intermediate resolution HLA typing is routinely used for renal patients, but non-expressed alleles are often not being ruled out. Null alleles have important implications in donor selections of 0 antigen mismatched transplant and in defining an allo antibody appearing to be against self null allele. Characterization of a variant allele with mutations affecting antigen expression is very important in renal transplant HLA typing.
On Volterra Boundary Integral Equations of the First Kind for Nonstationary Stokes Equations

We are concerned here with slow viscous incompressible flow in a container or around a rigid body. The physical situation is described mathematically by the initial- boundary value problem for the nonstationary Stokes equations: $$\upsilon _t - \nu \Delta \upsilon + \nabla _p = f\,\,{\rm in}\,\Omega _T \,{\rm or}\,\Omega _T^c ,$$ (1.1) $${\rm div}\,\upsilon = 0\,\,{\rm in}\,\Omega _T \,{\rm or}\,\Omega _T^c ,$$ (1.2) $$\upsilon = - \upsilon _\infty \,\,{\rm on}\,\partial \Omega _T ,$$ (1.3) $$\upsilon ,p \to 0\,\,{\rm as}\left| x \right| \to \infty ,t > 0,$$ (1.4) $$\upsilon = \upsilon _0 \,\,{\rm as}\,t = 0,x \in \Omega \,\,{\rm or}\,x \in \Omega ^c $$ (1.5) Here denotes υ∞(t) the vector of uniform onset flow at infinity, w = υ∞ + υ the velocity field, and p the scalar pressure field of the flow, which evolves from an initial state υ0. Further, \(\nu \sim {1 \over { R}e}\) is the dynamic viscosity of the medium. In a body-fixed frame, the flow region is Ω ⊂ ℝ 3 or \(\Omega ^C = \mathbb{R}^3 /\bar \Omega\), the boundary ∂Ω of which is assumed as sufficiently smooth (∂Ω ∈ C ∞, e.g.). Further, Ω T = Ω × (0, T) (and so Ω T c , ∂ΩT) where (0, T) denotes a fixed finite time interval. The vector field ƒ includes the exterior forces (and virtually some small convective terms).
Modular Controls and Instrumentation Software for Icefin ROV

Icefin is a hybrid ROV/AUV, designed to function as a robotic oceanographer in Antarctic under-ice waters. Autonomous command, control, and navigation of robotic platforms in remote sub-ice environments is highly challenging, as well as a sufficiently specialized application such that it does not benefit from the foundation of a wide community of opensource research. Here we present our approach and lessons learned in addressing this challenge through the integration of commercial off-the-shelf and open-source tool sets while working inside a framework that supports rapid, modular expansion of the vehicle’s command and control software.
An Examination of Federal Highway Administration Awards to Disadvantaged Business Enterprises in California from Fiscal Years 1985 to 2007: The Impact of Implementing and Removing Race- and Gender-Conscious Remedies

For over a decade, California applied race- and gender-conscious remedies for state and federal transportation construction awards. Passed in 1996, Proposition 209 â014 entitled the California Civil Rights Initiative - ended these remedies for all but federal awards. We examined the longitudinal trends for Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) awards from Fiscal Year 1985 through Fiscal Year 2007 to certified Disadvantaged Business Enterprises (DBEs). Regression analyses examined the influence of time on the percentage of awards to DBEs owned by people of color and women of all racial groups. Results indicated increased awards to businesses owned by men of color and white women during the time when race- and gender-conscious remedies were in effect and a reduction when these remedies were removed. After a period of receiving no awards, certified DBEs owned by women of color evidenced a slight increase unaffected by the removal of remedies. Our results suggest that race- and gender-conscious remedies were effective and that their removal reduced the relative level of awards to DBEs.
Facilitation of speech processing by both expected and unexpected talker continuity

Speech processing is faster for one continuous talker than mixed talkers. However, it is unknown whether listeners’ expectations about talker continuity affect this facilitation. We measured response times during three speeded word identification experiments that manipulated listeners’ expectations about talker continuity. First, we manipulated expectations about talker continuity by presenting words in pairs where both words were frequently produced by the same talker (talker-repeat trials) and rarely by different talkers (talker-change trials), or vice-versa. Word identification was faster in talker-repeat trials than talker-change trials, with equal facilitation from both expected and unexpected talker continuity. Unexpected talker changes did not slow processing more than expected changes. Second, a control experiment demonstrated that listeners’ expectations about repetitions of the word itself did affect word identification speed. Third, listeners identified words in conditions with one talker, two talkers presented randomly, or two alternating talkers. Word identification was faster whenever the talker was repeated compared to when the talker switched between trials, even if listeners could perfectly predict the talker switch (i.e., alternating-talker condition); talker continuity also facilitated word identification in the random condition. These results provide converging evidence that talker continuity facilitates speech processing in an automatic, feed-forward way, irrespective of listeners’ expectations.Speech processing is faster for one continuous talker than mixed talkers. However, it is unknown whether listeners’ expectations about talker continuity affect this facilitation. We measured response times during three speeded word identification experiments that manipulated listeners’ expectations about talker continuity. First, we manipulated expectations about talker continuity by presenting words in pairs where both words were frequently produced by the same talker (talker-repeat trials) and rarely by different talkers (talker-change trials), or vice-versa. Word identification was faster in talker-repeat trials than talker-change trials, with equal facilitation from both expected and unexpected talker continuity. Unexpected talker changes did not slow processing more than expected changes. Second, a control experiment demonstrated that listeners’ expectations about repetitions of the word itself did affect word identification speed. Third, listeners identified words in conditions with one talker, two ...
Going Ape: Animacy and affect in Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)

ABSTRACTWhen it was released in 2011, few thought that the film Rise of the Planet of the Apes would be a success. To the surprise of many, however, Rupert Wyatt’s take on the mythology garnered both box office success and critical praise. Most critics agreed that Caesar, more than any of the film’s human characters, stood as the star of the film. This character drew viewers into a sometimes uncomfortable and disconcerting identification with a non-human protagonist. Such a critical response points to the film’s critique of what Mel Y. Chen has referred to as the hierarchy of animacy, which enables humanity to both classify and oppress nonhuman animals and, simultaneously, privileges and reinforces the centrality of human subjectivity. However, Rise of the Planet of the Apes challenges this hierarchy in part by encouraging spectators to affectively identify with Caesar as he develops his revolutionary consciousness. Further, by showcasing Caesar’s linguistic ability and his self-actualization, and through...
Exploring Student Ideas about Biological Variation.

ABSTRACTAn understanding of biological variation is important for understanding ecological interactions, ecosystem function, and species’ response to environmental change. Biological variation is e...
A 50-year analysis of gender differences in United States authorship of original research articles in two major anesthesiology journals

Underrepresentation of women in academic medicine is strongly linked to differences in men’s and women’s scholarship and has been shown to substantially reduce the overall quality of research. An authorship “gender gap” exists in most medical specialties, but differences in research article authorship have only been recently suggested in anesthesiology. We analyzed authorship of US research articles published in Anesthesiology and Anesthesia and Analgesia (journals that publish two-thirds of all anesthesiology-related articles) from 1967 to 2017 to test the hypothesis that publication of anesthesiology research articles by women authors has progressively increased over time along with greater involvement in first, last, and corresponding author roles. Research articles appearing in Anesthesiology and Anesthesia and Analgesia in 1967, 1977, 1987, 1997, 2007, and 2017 were identified. The corresponding author was used to determine the country of origin of each article; only articles originating from the US were included in the analysis. Each author’s gender was determined by inspection of the first name and verified using the author’s institutional website or an internet search if necessary. First, last, and corresponding authors as well as co-authors were noted for each article. Federal grant support was also identified if present. Gender was identified in 98.2% of authors. A total of 1350 research articles with 6165 authors (1319 female; 21.4%) originated from the US. The percentage of women authors increased in a time-dependent manner in Anesthesiology from 6.2% in 1967 to 31.3% in 2017. The proportion of women who were first, last, and corresponding authors increased from 5.1%, 8.9%, and 2.5%, respectively, in 1967 to 37.0%, 22.2%, and 25.9% in 2017, respectively. The number of women co-authors per article also increased over time. Similar results were observed in Anesthesia and Analgesia. The percentage of articles that included at least one woman rose progressively over time in both journals (e.g., Anesthesiology, 12.6% in 1967 versus 90.7% in 2017). Articles published in Anesthesiology were more likely to be supported by a federal grant than those in Anesthesia and Analgesia. The percentage of women first authors of US research articles in Anesthesiology and Anesthesia and Analgesia increased from 1967 to 2017 and approaches the proportion who currently hold academic appointments. Women’s last and corresponding authorship also increased during the past 50 years, but women continue to be relatively underrepresented in these roles.
Variability of Sea Level and Upper-Ocean Heat Content in the Indian Ocean: Effects of Subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole and ENSO

AbstractIn this study, the Indian Ocean upper-ocean variability associated with the subtropical Indian Ocean dipole (SIOD) is investigated. We find that the SIOD is associated with a prominent sout...
Differential Utilization of Palliative Care Consultation Between Medical and Surgical Services

There is a paucity of data regarding the utilization of palliative care consultation (PCC) in surgical specialties. We conducted a retrospective review of 2321 adult patients (age ≥18) who died within 6 months of admission to Boston Medical Center from 2012 to 2017. Patients were included for analysis if their length of stay was more than 48 hours and if, based on their diagnoses as determined by literature review and expert consensus, they would have benefited from PCC. Bayesian regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 99% credible intervals (CrI) of receiving PCC adjusted for age, sex, race, insurance status, median income, and comorbidity status. Among the 739 patients who fit the inclusion criteria, only 30% (n = 222) received PCC even though 664 (90%) and 75 (10%) of these patients were identified as warranting PCC on medical and surgical services, respectively. Of the 222 patients who received PCC, 214 (96%) were cared for by medical services and 8 (4%) were cared for by surgical services. Patients cared for primarily by surgical were significantly less likely to receive PCC than primary patients of medical service providers (OR, 0.19, 99% CrI, 0.056-0.48). At our institution, many surgical patients appropriate for PCC are unable to benefit from this service due to low consultation numbers. Further investigation is warranted to examine if this phenomenon is observed at other institutions, elucidate the reasons for this disparity, and develop interventions to increase the appropriate use of PCC throughout all medical specialties.
Building persistence through failure: the role of challenge in video games

Some video games create challenging environments that presume that players will often fail as part of developing the skills and knowledge they need to progress through the game. Psychology has a rich history of studying the ways that individuals react towards failure, including mastery orientation. Mastery oriented individuals are characterized by positive reactions to failure, such as renewed effort, heightened affect, and positive, affirming language. However, the challenging environments of which these video games are comprised have not yet been investigated fully in their potential impact on how players react to failure. In an initial exploration, we surveyed 928 undergraduates at a major university in the Pacific United States on their gameplay experience and attitudes towards challenge and failure. Analyses partially replicate previous findings and show that players who are more attracted to challenge in video games report higher mastery orientation. While this suggests that challenge in video games has some association with positive reactions to failure, further analyses are warranted to understand how challenge in video games influence player reactions and the impact this may have beyond of the game.
Alterations in Chromatin Folding Patterns in Cancer Variant-Enriched Loci

In this study, we focus on the following question: do genomic regions enriched in cancer variant mutations have significantly different chromatin folding patterns? We utilize publicly available Hi-C data to characterize chromatin folding patterns in healthy (GM12878) and cancer (K562) cells based on status of A/B compartmentalization and random vs non-random chromatin physical interactions. We then perform statistical testing to assess if chromatin folding patterns in cancer variant-enriched loci are significantly different from non-enriched loci. Our results indicate that loci with cancer variant status have significantly altered ( $\mathbf{FDR} ) chromatin folding patterns. Source code is available via git repository https://bitbucket.org/aperezrathke/chr-loc-cancer-bhi.
Politically-relevant fisheries science: Reflections on the work of Henry Regier, or, lessons from the sassy scientist

Throughout his career, Dr. Henry Regier’s science and scholarship includes numerous contributions that cross disciplines and inform policy. This review of examples of his politically-relevant scien...
The Moderating Role Of Top Executives' Sex, Level Of Education And Knowledge On Adoption Of Mobile Health Applications By Hospitals In Kenya.

Background Kenya lags behind other countries in adoption of mobile health (m-health) applications. Understanding factors affecting adoption of m-health by hospitals is required to inform strategic scale up and leverage m-health for sustainable development goals. This study investigated the moderating effects of Top Executives' (TEs) traits, namely sex, level of education and knowledge of m-health, on adoption of Patient Centered (PC) and Facility-Centered (FC) m-health applications. Methods This study applied the Technological, Organizational and Environmental (TOE) framework and the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory to test hypotheses that TEs' traits individually or combined had no statistically significant moderating effect on adoption of PC and FC m-health applications. Primary data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from a representative sample size of 211 TEs from level 4 to 6 hospitals. The Logit Regression Model was used to determine the significance of each predictor. Results Most TEs of hospitals are predominantly male (75.3%). Most TEs (65%) rated their knowledge of m-health at medium level. Most TEs reported having completed undergraduate (46%) or post-graduate (38.4%) degrees. At 5% level of significance, the study found that being a male TE (p=0.041) and having higher level of knowledge of m-health (p=0.009) were statistically significant moderators of adoption of PC m-health applications by hospitals in Kenya. However, all TEs' traits combined or individually were not statistically significant moderators of FC m-health applications. The moderating effect of TEs' traits is thus affected by the focus, level of complexity of the technology, and by the required organizational change management. For PC scale-up, there is an urgent need to integrate digital health training in the medical education curricula and in the professional development programs and to develop policy incentives that remove any gender-related barriers to adoption of m-health. However, scale up of FC m-health may require other strategies such as pre-existence of systems and infrastructure and a cohesive change management strategy. Conclusion This study recommends a differentiated approach to introduction, scale up, and investigation of PC and FC m-health applications.
An evidence for surface expression of an immunogenic epitope of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase2a on antigen-presenting cells from naive mice in the mediation of autoimmune myocarditis.

Abstract We recently reported identification of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase2a (SERCA2a) 971-990, which induces atrial myocarditis by generating autoreactive T cells in A/J mice. However, it was unknown how antigen-sensitized T cells could recognize SERCA2a 971-990, since SERCA2a-expression is confined to an intracellular compartment. In this report, we present evidence that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs in naive animals present SERCA2a 971-990 and stimulate antigen-specific T cells. Using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II dextramers for SERCA2a 971-990, we created a panel of T cell hybridomas and demonstrated that splenocytes from naive A/J mice stimulated the hybridoma cells without exogenous supplementation of SERCA2a 971-990. We then recapitulated this phenomenon by using SERCA2a 971-990 -specific primary T cells, verifying that the T cell responses were MHC-restricted. Furthermore, SERCA2a 971-990 -sensitzed T cells exposed to APCs from naive mice were found to produce the inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, and interleukin-17A, which are implicated in the induction of myocarditis. Finally, while T cells exposed to mononuclear cells (MNCs) obtained from heart and liver also responded similarly to splenocytes, endothelial cells (ECs) generated from the corresponding organs displayed opposing effects, in that the proliferative responses were suppressed with the heart ECs, but not with the liver ECs. Taken together, our data suggest that the surface expression of SERCA2a 971-990 by naive APCs can potentially trigger pathogenic autoreactive T cell responses under conditions of autoimmunity, which may have implications in endothelial dysfunction.
Ocular Trauma: Trends and Considerations for Resident Education

Objective Ocular trauma is a mendable cause of morbidity and preventable blindness. Our goal is to confirm the relationship between ocular trauma and seasonality, to establish an association between ocular trauma and temperature, and to discuss implications on resident education. Methods Consults for the University of Tennessee Health Science Center Hamilton Eye Institute Ophthalmology residency (Memphis, TN) were recorded in the New Innovations database from 2006 to 2016 and analyzed retrospectively. International Classification of Diseases-9 diagnosis codes were used to identify all cases of ocular trauma. Temperature data were obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association. The main outcome measures were the monthly, seasonal, annual, and temperature trends in ocular trauma in an emergency department setting, necessitating an ophthalmology consultation. Results A total of 8,400 patients were screened by ophthalmology residents in Memphis, TN from 2006 to 2016, 3,540 carried a diagnosis of ocular trauma, out of which 2,290 were male (64.7%) with a mean age of 34.6 years and 1,250 were female (35.3%) with a mean age of 34.9 years. The most common diagnoses were orbital fracture (36.6%), eyelid laceration (20.2%), and nonpenetrating corneal/conjunctival injury (13.6%). Peak months were July (37.3 cases/year) and September (36.6 cases/year) with trauma more likely to occur in nonwinter months (p = 0.0069). Trauma was more likely to occur in the summer/fall seasons (p = 0.0014) corresponding to mean temperatures 82.8 and 64.6°F, respectively. Conclusion Ocular trauma exhibits an annual and temperature cycle, peaking in the summer and fall months, and coinciding with the beginning of the academic year. Special attention should be taken in July to prepare residents for the proper management of ocular trauma to prevent blindness as traumatic cases are more likely to require surgical intervention.
Black holes to white holes I. A complete quasi-classical model

This is the first of two papers presenting different versions of quasi-classical toy models for the non-singular evolution of the geometry and the associated effective stress-energy tensor for a spherically symmetric black hole that evolves into a white hole and eventually disappears after evaporating down to the Planck scale. The ansatz for the geometry is inspired by calculations of the semi-classical stress-energy tensor in the Schwarzschild background and ideas from loop quantum gravity for a nonsingular transition to the white hole. In this paper the main emphasis is on the evolution of the black hole, and the evolution of the white hole is assumed to be essentially the time reverse of that of the black hole. The negative energy of the Hawking "partners" flows out of the white hole to future null infinity. The white hole disappears when the matter and radiation that collapsed to form the black hole emerges. I discuss the compatibility of the model with some of the quantum energy conditions proposed in the literature, and, briefly, the implications for the interpretation of black hole entropy. The second paper considers how the evolution of the white hole can be modified to avoid prolonged emission of negative energy.
Quantifying overexpression of p53 and MDM2 by flow cytometry identified multi-drug resistant neuroblastoma cell lines, including those retaining p53 function

523 Loss-of-function of p53 (p53-LOF), often due to mutation, is associated with high-level multidrug resistance (MDR) in neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines. As high p53/MDM2 expression could be an indication of p53-LOF, we analyzed p53 and MDM2 expression with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry in 21 human NB cell lines (6 drug-sensitive, 15 MDR). We assessed p53 function by measuring induction of p53, MDM2, and p21 proteins (immunobloting) 16 hrs after a melphlan challenge. All 6 drug-sensitive and 6 MDR lines had functional p53. Using flow cytometry, expression levels of p53 and MDM2 were quantified as a binding index (BI = % positive cells/100 × mean fluorescence intensity), with 104 cells analyzed. Expression of p53 and MDM2 in MDR cell lines with p53-LOF (p53 BI=66.3+36.9, MDM2 BI=24.6+10.3) or those with functional p53 (p53 BI=13.0+10.4, MDM2 BI=20.7+13.9) was significantly higher (P