cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collision efficiency of water in the unimolecular reaction CH4 (+H2O) ⇆ CH3 + H (+H2O): one-dimensional and two-dimensional solutions of the low-pressure-limit master equation.

The low-pressure-limit unimolecular decomposition of methane, CH4 (+M) ⇆ CH3 + H (+M), is characterized via low-order moments of the total energy, E, and angular momentum, J, transferred due to collisions. The low-order moments are calculated using ensembles of classical trajectories, with new direct dynamics results for M = H2O and new results for M = O2 compared with previous results for several typical atomic (M = He, Ne, Ar, Kr) and diatomic (M = H2 and N2) bath gases and one polyatomic bath gas, M = CH4. The calculated moments are used to parametrize three different models of the energy transfer function, from which low-pressure-limit rate coefficients for dissociation, k0, are calculated. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional collisional energy transfer models are considered. The collision efficiency for M = H2O relative to the other bath gases (defined as the ratio of low-pressure limit rate coefficients) is found to depend on temperature, with, e.g., k0(H2O)/k0(Ar) = 7 at 2000 K but only 3 at 3...
Influence of Muscle Pain on Electrical Resistance of the Human Skin.

SummaryMuscle or cutaneous pain induced by movements of muscles in ischemia or immersion of ischemic fingers in hot water increases the area of low resistance of hand, forearm, and face, reversibly. The effects indicate increased sympathetic discharges. The pattern suggests the involvement of supraspinal mechanisms.
Wallingford Poliomyelitis Virus : Another Strain of the Lansing Type, Infective in Rodents.

SummaryThe Wallingford virus, isolated from the nervous system of a fatal poliomyelitis case in California in 1934, has been successfully passaged in cotton rats and in mice. Material from each of 2 paralysed cotton rats produced typical poliomyelitis in one rhesus monkey. The virus has been tested for immunological relationships by inoculation in monkeys vaccinated with, and shown to be immune to, the Lansing and the Brunhilde viruses, respectively. These two viruses are representatives of 2 distinct types of poliomyelitis virus. The Wallingford virus is indistinguishable from the Lansing virus by the vaccination-immunity test, and unrelated to the Brunhilde virus by the same test.A relationship between the property of rodent infectivity and the immunological specificity of the Lansing group of poliomyelitis viruses is suggested, in view of evidence for the existence of three distinct immunological groups of poliomyelitis viruses, only one of which has thus far been shown to be infective in rodents.
DSMC Simulation of Vibrational Excitation and Reaction for Molecular Nitrogen in Shock Tube Flows

This work studies the interaction of the DSMC vibrational relaxation models and reaction models of molecular nitrogen at different Mach numbers where such processes are important. The V-T transition models assessed include the discrete Larson-Borgnakke model and Forced Harmonic Oscillator (FHO). The total collision energy (TCE) and QCT models for the NO formation reaction were considered and the reaction from different N2 vibrational excited states was included in the simulations. It was found the vibrational temperature is higher with the FHO model compared to the LB approach since the FHO model has the higher effective vibrational relaxation rates. Furthermore the use of the QCT rates compared to the usual, TCE model gave a substantially higher NO concentration and smaller shock width.
Study of the thermal stress development of asphalt mixtures using the Asphalt Concrete Cracking Device (ACCD)

Abstract Asphalt pavements exposed to colder temperatures may crack when higher thermal stresses are induced in them. The Asphalt Concrete Cracking Device (ACCD) is a test method developed as a simpler alternative to the thermal stress retrained specimen test (TSRST) for cracking temperature determination. This study was conducted to investigate asphalt mixture properties influencing thermal stress development within the ACCD. Asphalt mixture properties investigated included: asphalt binder grade, the addition of recycled materials (RAP and RAS), air void content, aggregate/mixture thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) and binder content. The aforementioned mixture properties investigated were all found to influence thermal stress development.
Reliability Model and Indices of Distributed Photovoltaic Power System

In recent years,the photovoltaic(PV) power system has gradually attracted widespread public attention.The rational reliability evaluation of PV power system is very important because of its volatility and intermittence.Based on an analysis of its structure and output characteristics,a six-state reliability model is developed with the energy constraints and the characteristics of system structure of the distributed PV power system taken into account.In addition,an index system is developed for comprehensively evaluating system reliability with respect to the timing,the output,and the system.Test results of an actual PV power system show that the reliability model and index system are rational and feasible and capable of reflecting the operation characteristics of the distributed PV power system,its output,fault characteristics and the reliability of its actual operation.
Disparities and Diversity in Biomedical Research

There is convincing evidence that not all segments of the population have benefited equally from the scientific advances of the past several decades. Persistent differences exist in health status and health care outcomes as a function of race, ethnicity, English language proficiency, insurance status, and other social, economic, and demographic characteristics. Achieving health equity across all population groups is a national priority that will require vision and commitment from all sectors; however, the research community is central to attaining this goal. This undertaking involves significant conceptual, methodological, and practical challenges, as well as consideration of the current scientific context within which research on minority populations occurs. The elimination of health disparities will require the engagement of the entire spectrum of basic, clinical, health services and behavioral research to inform our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that cause disparities and the development of evidence-based interventions to eliminate them. The collection of granular data on individual demographic and social characteristics in all research studies and in all health care settings is an essential component to meeting these challenges. Development of a culturally competent and diverse research workforce is also critical to the elimination of health disparities. Innovative pipeline programs are needed to engage Black, Latino, Native American, and disadvantaged youth in research exposure and training activities to increase the diversity of the research workforce.
Cultural Simulation Agent Creation for the Masses.

There is a general need for a better understanding of other cultures, and we feel that widely available simulation experiences to help people interact in order to learn and understand cultures could be a very powerful tool in this regard. This approach could be particularly effective if users from across the world could create these cultural sims and allow them to be collected into an accessible global cultural experience exchange. The advances in computer game technology and readily available tools for creating environments can easily provide such playgrounds for cultural exchange; however, the largest impasse currently exists in the lack of easily accessible and usable tools for creating interactive characters— especially ones that can reflect the desired culture. The current state of the art in developing agents for simulations involves complex programming, advanced graphical building interfaces, and leveraging an information poor environment to produce canned, specialized interactions targeting usually narrowly defined scenarios with few potential outcomes. The DASSIEs (Dynamic Adaptable Super-Scalable Intelligent Entities) project aims to change this by presenting a new agent development tool and highly configurable agent core aimed for use by the common person—one that everyone would be able to use effectively. We leverage a Behaviorbased Architecture defined within Brookian-based Subsumption as a base for layered and hierarchical behavior descriptions with an agent description language that translates under its defined framework these concepts for use in simulation based agents. We present our pilot work on the CULTURE (Culture Understanding and Learning Tool Using Real-world Examples) project that provides a framework for developing cultural scenarios leveraging the agent builder and agent core from the DASSIEs Project. Results from our initial user trials, and an in-lab case study modeling the culture of a Parisian Cafe will be presented with the lessons learned from the process. For more information Please visit us on the web at http://playground.uncc.edu/ GameIntelligenceGroup/Projects/CULTURE Copyright c © 2008, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved.
Prolonged thrombocytosis in mice after 5-fluorouracil results from failure to down-regulate megakaryocyte concentration. An experimental model that dissociates regulation of megakaryocyte size and DNA content from megakaryocyte concentration

Rodents treated with 150 mg/kg of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) exhibit a marked and prolonged rebound thrombocytosis, suggesting that feedback control of one or more megakaryocyte characteristics (size, polyploidy, or concentration) is altered. To determine the changes in megakaryocytes that lead to such a profound thrombocytosis, C3H mice were injected with 150 mg/kg 5-FU, and platelet and megakaryocyte responses were examined at frequent intervals from days 1 through 25. After 5-FU injection, all megakaryocyte indices decreased, as did platelet number. However, the decrease in platelets to one third of control was greater than the decreases in megakaryocyte indices, suggesting that thrombocytopoiesis was ineffective from days 3 through 7 post 5-FU. Megakaryocyte size began to recover on day 4, followed by polyploid DNA content on day 5, and megakaryocyte concentration and platelets at 7.5 days. Megakaryocyte size peaked on days 6 through 8 (1.25 x normal), followed by megakaryocyte polyploid DNA content on day 8, megakaryocyte concentration on days 9 through 12 (2 1/2 to 3x normal), and platelets on days 12 through 15 (2x normal). Platelet levels are thought to be important in the feedback regulation of megakaryocytes; however, only polyploid DNA content distributions showed a close inverse relationship to platelet counts during both the recovery and rebound thrombocytosis phases after 5-FU. In contrast, megakaryocyte size peaked before platelet recovery commenced, while megakaryocyte concentration increased in parallel with platelets from 7.5 to 10 days post 5-FU and continued to be maintained at 2 to 3 times normal through day 13, despite platelet levels that were more than twice normal. Both megakaryocyte size and polyploid DNA content distributions shifted toward lower values in response to the rebound thrombocytosis (DNA content on day 10 and size on days 12 and 13). Splenectomy did not substantially alter the pattern of post 5-FU rebound thrombocytosis or megakaryocyte response from that seen in intact mice, indicating that splenic megakaryocytes are not responsible for the prolonged thrombocytosis seen after this drug. In summary, the prolonged thrombocytosis after 5-FU administration results from failure to down-regulate the number of precursors entering the differentiating megakaryocyte compartment. These data indicate that megakaryocyte size and DNA content are responsive to different feedback controls than megakaryocyte concentration in this model system.
On Shermer on morality

This is my critical commentary on Michael Shermer's paper "Morality is real, objective, and natural." Shermer and I agree that morality is both real and objective. Here I raise serious reservations about both Shermer's account of where morality comes from and his account of what morality tells us to do. His approach to the foundations of morality would allow some very disturbing behaviors to count as moral, and his approach to what morality says does not provide the action guidance we need from a moral theory.
Organization of the connections between claustrum and cortex in the mouse

The connections between the claustrum and the cortex in mouse are systematically investigated with adeno-associated virus (AAV), an anterograde viral tracer. We first define the boundary and the three-dimensional structure of the claustrum based on a variety of molecular and anatomical data. From AAV injections into 42 neocortical and allocortical areas, we conclude that most cortical areas send bilateral projections to the claustrum, the majority being denser on the ipsilateral side. This includes prelimbic, infralimbic, medial, ventrolateral and lateral orbital, ventral retrosplenial, dorsal and posterior agranular insular, visceral, temporal association, dorsal and ventral auditory, ectorhinal, perirhinal, lateral entorhinal, and anteromedial, posteromedial, lateroposterior, laterointermediate, and postrhinal visual areas. In contrast, the cingulate and the secondary motor areas send denser projections to the contralateral claustrum than to the ipsilateral one. The gustatory, primary auditory, primary visual, rostrolateral visual, and medial entorhinal cortices send projections only to the ipsilateral claustrum. Primary motor, primary somatosensory and subicular areas barely send projections to either ipsi- or contralateral claustrum. Corticoclaustral projections are organized in a rough topographic manner, with variable projection strengths. We find that the claustrum, in turn, sends widespread projections preferentially to ipsilateral cortical areas with different projection strengths and laminar distribution patterns and to certain contralateral cortical areas. Our quantitative results show that the claustrum has strong reciprocal and bilateral connections with prefrontal and cingulate areas as well as strong reciprocal connections with the ipsilateral temporal and retrohippocampal areas, suggesting that it may play a crucial role in a variety of cognitive processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1317-1346, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of the community hospital in a regional program of obstetrics and neonatal care

A regionalized system of perinatal care, which draws on the strengths of individual hospitals and corrects any weaknesses, can enhance the level of performance of the community hospital. Although the care of high risk infants takes priority in this system, concern is expressed that routine perinatal care should also receive additional attention.
Changes in liking for sweet and fatty foods following weight loss in women are related to prop phenotype but not to diet.

Objective Changes in perceived intensity and liking of tasted foods have not been studied during weight loss from dieting. These outcomes were examined during a 6-month lifestyle intervention in women who had been classified by sensitivity to the bitter taste marker, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), and then randomized to a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet. Methods Sixty-nine women (BMI = 34.4 kg/m2; age = 44.2 years) followed the low-fat diet (n = 31) or low-carbohydrate diet (n = 38). At baseline and at 3, and 6 months, they rated overall liking and intensity of attributes in strawberry milk and salad dressing varying in sucrose (0%, 15%, and 30% wt/vol) or fat (10%, 30%, 50% wt/vol) content, respectively. Results Perceived intensity of the attributes did not change. For all participants, the 15% and 30% sucrose milk samples were equally liked at baseline and 3 months, but by 6 months, the 15% sucrose sample was highest liked (P < 0.007). Also, the 50% fat sample was most liked at baseline and least liked by 6 months (P = 0.04), and this effect was most pronounced in the nontasters (P < 0.02). There were no effects of diet prescription on liking. Conclusions Weight loss from dieting resulted in a hedonic shift for foods with lower sucrose and fat content.
Una literatura transatlántica (personalmente) malograda: el teatro de Paulino Masip antes y después del exilio

Dado el creciente interes en la llamada literatura transatlantica, la produccion del exilio espanol republicano ha sido el blanco de muchas e interesantes aproximaciones criticas. Fuente de los mas variados topicos, la literatura de aquellos individuos o de aquellos grupos que por las condiciones historicas derivadas de la Guerra Civil produjeron en dos o mas espacios nacionales sirve como punto de partida para criticos interesados en cuestiones relacionadas con lo nacional, lo cultural o lo transnacional. La gran mayoria de los estudios lidia, sin embargo, con experiencias exitosas, en las cuales el exilio no interrumpio y muchas veces hasta alimento la creacion autoral. Asi, son comunes los textos sobre escritores que gozaron de exito fuera de Espana. Estos forman parte de un revisionismo postransicion, cuyo objetivo es rescatar la memoria de aquellos que se querian olvidados. Sin embargo, hay escritores que no han logrado sobrevivir impunes a la tragedia del exilio, y que han experimentado un cambio sensible en su obra artistica y, sobre todo, en su recepcion critica. Tal es el caso del escritor espanol Paulino Masip, quien pasa de la condicion de dramaturgo reconocido en el mundo intelectual de los anos treinta, a la de escritor de un sinfin de guiones comerciales para el emergente cine mexicano. Tal vez, sea esta la razon por la que su produccion teatral en Mexico quedo ensombrecida e, incluso, ignorada.
A Comparison of Methods for Assessing Situation Awareness in Current Day and Future Air Traffic Management Operations: Graphics-Based vs Text-Based Online Probe Systems

Abstract: Operator situation awareness can be measured by examining operator response time and accuracy to online queries or probes. We compared an existing, text-based query method with a new graphics-based method. The text-based method presented multiple-choice queries to air traffic controllers (ATCos) on a display next to the DSR. Responses were entered by selecting one of the response alternatives presented with the query. The graphics-based method presented the query along with a screen shot of ATCo’s current traffic on the DSR. The ATCo responded by touching the symbol of the aircraft that was the subject of the question. These methods were compared in a simulation involving student ATCos currently enrolled in an Aviation Sciences program.
Strain-induced structural defects and their effects on the electrochemical performances of silicon core/germanium shell nanowire heterostructures

We report on strain-induced structural defect formation in core Si nanowires of a Si/Ge core/shell nanowire heterostructure and the influence of the structural defects on the electrochemical performances in lithium-ion battery anodes based on Si/Ge core/shell nanowire heterostructures. The induced structural defects consisting of stacking faults and dislocations in the core Si nanowire were observed for the first time. The generation of stacking faults in the Si/Ge core/shell nanowire heterostructure is observed to prefer settling in either only the Ge shell region or in both the Ge shell and Si core regions and is associated with the increase of the shell volume fraction. The relaxation of the misfit strain in the [112] oriented core/shell nanowire heterostructure leads to subsequent gliding of Shockley partial dislocations, preferentially forming the twins. The observation of crossover of defect formation is of great importance for understanding heteroepitaxy in radial heterostructures at the nanoscale and for building three dimensional heterostructures for the various applications. Furthermore, the effect of the defect formation on the nanomaterial's functionality is investigated using electrochemical performance tests. The Si/Ge core/shell nanowire heterostructures enhance the gravimetric capacity of lithium ion battery anodes under fast charging/discharging rates compared to Si nanowires. However, the induced structural defects hamper lithiation of the Si/Ge core/shell nanowire heterostructure.
The Perceived Environment in Personality Variation

This chapter advances an argument in favor of psychological concepts that have meaning for persons rather than concepts like stimulus and response that are derived from physics and biology. Phenomenological theories of personality engage the perspective of the person and, thereby, the meaning that situations may have for individuals. Since this position raises issues in the philosophy of science, seven topics are considered in support of the phenomenological approach: experience as subject matter in psychology; experience and the problem of objectivity; reductionism and the problem of objectivity; meaning in the definition of variables; invariance and the level of psychological analysis; the conceptual status of the individual; and the role of naturalistic observation.
Direct Comparison of C–H Bond Amination Efficacy through Manipulation of Nitrogen-Valence Centered Redox: Imido versus Iminyl

Reduction of previously reported iminyl radical (ArL)FeCl(•N(C6H4-p-tBu)) (2) with potassium graphite furnished the corresponding high-spin (S = 5/2) imido (ArL)Fe(N(C6H4-p-tBu)) (3) (ArL = 5-mesityl-1,9-(2,4,6-Ph3C6H2)dipyrrin). Oxidation of the three-coordinate imido (ArL)Fe(NAd) (5) with chlorotriphenylmethane afforded (ArL)FeCl(•NAd) (6) with concomitant expulsion of Ph3C(C6H5)CPh2. The respective aryl/alkyl imido/iminyl pairs (3, 2; 5, 6) have been characterized by EPR, zero-field 57Fe Mossbauer, magnetometry, single crystal X-ray diffraction, XAS, and EXAFS for 6. The high-spin (S = 5/2) imidos exhibit characteristically short Fe–N bonds (3: 1.708(4) A; 5: 1.674(11) A), whereas the corresponding iminyls exhibit elongated Fe–N bonds (2: 1.768(2) A; 6: 1.761(6) A). Comparison of the pre-edge absorption feature (1s → 3d) in the X-ray absorption spectra reveals that the four imido/iminyl complexes share a common iron oxidation level consistent with a ferric formulation (3: 7111.5 eV, 2: 7111.5 eV; 5: 71...
Novel Assessment of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics by Time-Spatial Labeling Inversion Pulse Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Chiari Malformation Type I.

Objective We investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics at the craniocervical junction (CCJ) using Time-SLIP magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate the significance of ventral and dorsal combined CSF dynamics in assessing CSF flow disturbance in patients with Chiari malformation type I. Methods Fifteen examinations were performed in 9 cases of CM-I (3 female patients; mean age, 24.7 years; age range, 11–46 years) before or after craniocervical decompression. The longitudinal maximum movement of the caudal edge of tagged midsagittal CSF at the CCJ was measured as length of motion (LOM), and total on the ventral and dorsal sides was defined as total LOM. Results In 8 conditions, where it was concluded that no craniocervical decompression was necessary or where symptoms improved following craniocervical decompression based on the clinical symptoms, total LOM was 49.8 ± 13.1 mm. In contrast, in the 7 cases where craniocervical decompression was mandatory, total LOM was 23.2 ± 9.2 mm. Significant differences were identified between the 2 groups. Total LOM Conclusions Time-SLIP MRI enabled clinicians to use novel dynamic indices, such as CSF motions, in addition to the conventional findings acquired by MRI. In particular, it was essential to examine combined ventral and dorsal CSF dynamics in assessing CSF patency at the CCJ in patients with CM-I.
Adoptive Immunotherapy of Spontaneous Leukemia-Lymphoma in AKR Mice

Barnes, et al, (3) first proposed that the transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow might serve as an aggressive antileukemic treatment. They reasoned that following lethal irradiation, residual leukemia cells might be eliminated through a “reaction of immunity” carried out by the transplanted cells. Mathe proposed the term adoptive immunotherapy to describe this effect (10). New insights in immunobiology have caused a resurgence of interest in immunotherapy as an adjunct to currently available therapy of cancer. Many reasons exist which make it difficult to manipulate a patient’s own immune system so that it can become decisively effective against his own tumor. Transplantation of immunocompetent cells from a normal individual to the tumor-bearing patient offers an alternative immunotherapeutic approach. Unfortunately, transplanted immunocompetent cells also recognize and react against histocompatibility antigens present on the normal tissues of the host, causing potentially lethal graft-versus-host (GVH) disease, the major complication of adoptive immunotherapy.
Orbital-Flop Transition of Angular Momentum in a Topological Superfluid

The direction of the orbital angular momentum of the $B$ phase of superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ can be controlled by engineering the anisotropy of the silica aerogel framework within which it is imbibed. In this work, we report our discovery of an unusual and abrupt ``orbital-flop'' transition of the superfluid angular momentum between orientations perpendicular and parallel to the anisotropy axis. The transition has no hysteresis, warming or cooling, as expected for a continuous thermodynamic transition, and is not the result of a competition between strain and magnetic field. This demonstrates the spontaneous reorientation of the order parameter of an unconventional BCS condensate.
Discriminating between C3, C4, and mixed C3/C4 pasture grasses of a grazed landscape using multi-temporal sentinel-1a data

In livestock grazing environments, the knowledge of C3/C4 species composition of a pasture field is invaluable, since such information assists graziers in making decisions around fertilizer application and stocking rates. The general aim of this research was to explore the potential of multi-temporal Sentinel-1 (S1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to discriminate between C3, C4, and mixed-C3/C4 compositions. In this study, three Random Forest (RF) classification models were created using features derived from polarimetric SAR (polSAR) and grey-level co-occurrence textural metrics (glcmTEX). The first RF model involved only polSAR features and produced a prediction accuracy of 68% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.49. The second RF model used glcmTEX features and produced prediction accuracies of 76%, 62%, and 75% for C3, C4, and mixed C3/C4 grasses, respectively. The glcmTEX model achieved an overall prediction accuracy of 73% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.57. The polSAR and glcmTEX features were then combined (COMB model) to improve upon their individual classification performances. The COMB model produced prediction accuracies of 89%, 81%, and 84% for C3, C4, and mixed C3/C4 pasture grasses, and an overall prediction accuracy of 86% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.77. The contribution of the various model features could be attributed to the changes in dominant species between sampling sites through time, not only because of climatic variability but also because of preferential grazing.
Synthesis of PtSn/Carbon Nanocomposites Using trans-PtCl(PEt3)2(SnCl3) as the Source of Metal

Five Pt−Sn/Vulcan carbon nanocomposites containing metal nanoclusters highly dispersed on a carbon powder support have been prepared using trans-PtCl(PEt3)2(SnCl3) as the source of metal. Thermal gravimetric analysis of the decomposition of this complex in air reveals a single-step loss of all nonmetallic elements centered at 243 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms formation of PtSn (niggliite) nanocrystals as the only crystalline phase present in the nanocomposite products, excluding trace contamination by Pt metal in one sample. Pt/Sn atomic ratios determined from on-particle high-resolution energy-dispersive spectroscopy (HR-EDS) measurements are consistent with the formation of PtSn nanocrystals and provide no evidence for the formation of phase-separated compositions. Metal nanoclusters are formed using single or multiple depositions of precursor with average sizes of 7−26 nm even at metal loadings as high as 40 wt %.
Food, Acid Supplementation and Drug Absorption - a Complicated Gastric Mix: a Randomized Control Trial.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of food on gastric pH and the ability of over the counter betaine hydrochloride (BHCl) acid to reacidify gastric pH after food-induced elevations in gastric pH. This open-label cross over clinical study (NCT02758015) included 9 subjects who were randomly assigned to one of 16 possible, 4-period cross-over sequences to determine the impact and relationship of food and gastric pH with acid supplementation. Subjects were administered various doses (1500 mg, 3000 mg and 4500 mg) of betaine hydrochloride (BHCl) to determine the ability of acid supplementation to reacidify gastric pH after the elevation of gastric pH caused by the ingestion of food. Following the administration of food and the resulting elevation in gastric pH, time to return to baseline gastric pH levels without acid supplementation was 49.7 ± 14.0 min. Administering 4500 mg of BHCl acid in capsules was able to reacidify gastric pH levels back to baseline following the administration of food in approximately 17.3 ± 5.9 min. AUCpH of each treatment were similar and not statistically different. Mean max pH following the administration of food was 3.20 ± 0.55. The ability of food to elevate and maintain gastric pH levels in the presence of acid supplementation was made evident throughout the study. A 4500 mg dose of BHCl was required to reacidify gastric pH after the administration of food. This study details the difficulty faced by clinicians in dosing a poorly soluble, weakly basic drug to patients receiving acid reducing agents where administration with food is recommended to avoid gastric side effects. Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02758015
China Embraces Capitalism and the Prospect of Bankruptcy of State-Owned and Private Companies: Can Provisions for Individual Bankruptcy Be Far Behind?

As part of its economic transformation, China has adopted several of the core elements of capitalism, and in the process, has recognized the possibility of bankruptcy for both state-owned-enterprises and private companies. Part I of this paper outlines the main characteristics of the Chinese economy, especially focusing on export and import activities. Part II of the paper outlines in detail the procedures identified as part of the Chinese bankruptcy regulatory environment in order to understand the role that bankruptcy plays in the capitalist model in assuring that decision-making will be conducted on the basis of financial data and will not based on political considerations. At the same time, however, the paper underscores that the prospect of bankruptcy must also be viewed from the prism of internal Chinese politics and traditions relating to socialism. The Chinese government must take into account the prospect of social unrest that the possible bankruptcy of an enterprise would have on Chinese workers, perhaps further weakening the role of the Communist Party in Chinese society. Information is provided regarding bankruptcies that have taken place under the new law. Finally, the paper discusses the possibility of creating a system of bankruptcy for individuals in China which was not a part of the original legislative scheme.
Physical vapor deposition of zinc phthalocyanine nanostructures on oxidized silicon and graphene substrates

Abstract Conventional evaporation techniques for zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) processing have been a preferred method for the fabrication of nanostructured films. We present a new growth methodology with independent and precise control of the growth flux and substrate temperature. This provides a consistent and well controlled growth, critical for the growth mechanism studies. ZnPc nanostructures are synthesized on single layer graphene coated silicon substrates, under a wide range of growth conditions, using this new approach. The structural features of ZnPc were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and compared against previous studies of metal-phthalocyanine interactions with graphitic substrates. The observations over a wide range of evaporation conditions and substrate temperatures illustrate the ability to control film structure.
E‐cigarette regulation: a delicate balance for public health

To address youth vaping, a regulatory strategy is required that includes removal of flavors from all tobacco products, closing the cartridge loophole, and an e-cigarette liquid product standard that decreases palatability to naive users. Lawmakers, public health officials, and scientists need to collaborate, utilizing evidence-based approaches, to rigorously evaluate tobacco regulation policy.
The use of radiocalcium to study the distribution of calcium between molten slags and iron saturated with carbon

Radioactive calcium has been used to learn whether calcium can be detected in iron saturated with carbon after it has been melted under CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags similar to those used in the iron blast furnace. It was hoped that the radioactive, tracer technique might make possible a general study of steelmaking reactions in which calcium or calcium oxide are involved. No calcium could be found in the metal under conditions which were favorable for the reduction of calcium, and it has been concluded that the calcium content of the iron was less than 6×10−5 pct. Some of the problems encountered have been instructive with regard to pitfalls and limitations of tracer methods.
‘Good American citizens’: a text-as-data analysis of citizenship manuals for immigrants, 1921–1996

What does it mean to be a ‘good American’? Immigrants to the United States have obtained civic knowledge in a variety of ways, including federal textbooks and independent learning, and in different...
Seeking Patterns in Chaos: Transactional Federalism in the Trump Administration’s Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The federal government’s response the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been marked by a series of apparently disjointed, chaotic, and confusing statements and actions on the part of both the White House and federal agencies charged with coordinating the federal response. These actions have left many state governors (and citizens) in a position to address the effects of the pandemic in a haphazard and atomistic manner. In this essay, we contend that the actions of the Trump administration, and its relationships with states and local governments, can best be understood through a lens of what we refer to as “transactional federalism,” in which federalism relationships are governed by a set of exchanges between the president and states, and between states. We conclude by discussing the ramifications of this form of federalism.
Intrauterine device use, sexually transmitted infections, and fertility: a prospective cohort study.

Background In the 1970s, numerous medical reports, media coverage, and litigation around the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device led to a perception that all intrauterine devices cause upper genital tract infection and infertility. Objective This study aimed to assess the association between intrauterine device use and time to conception. Study Design The Fertility After Contraceptive Termination Study is a multicenter, prospective cohort study of women stopping their contraceptive method to attempt conception. We recruited participants between 2011 and 2017. Participants were a convenience sample of women recruited from academic centers in Philadelphia, PA; Los Angeles, CA; St. Louis, MO; Indianapolis, IN; Aurora, CO; and Salt Lake City, UT. Women were eligible if they stopped their contraceptive method within the past 120 days before enrollment, were between 18 and 35 years of age, had no history of infertility or sterilization, and had at least 6 months of follow-up. Baseline data included demographic and reproductive characteristics, past contraceptive use, nucleic acid amplification testing for sexually transmitted infections, and serology for past infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. The primary exposure was intrauterine device use (ever); the primary outcome was time to conception. All participants were observed longitudinally for up to 24 months. We used piecewise exponential proportional hazards models with multiple imputation to provide hazard ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals. Results Of the 461 participants, mean age was 28.2 years, 178 (38.7%) were Black, 157 (34.1%) were considered as low socioeconomic status, and 275 (59.7%) had a history of intrauterine device use. Without adjusting for any covariates, the median time to conception was shorter for participants who had a history of intrauterine device use (5.1 months) than participants who never used an intrauterine device (7.5 months). After controlling for potential confounders, the association of past intrauterine device use with time to conception was not statistically significant (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.58). In our multivariable model, age, nulligravidity, Black race, low socioeconomic status, and past Mycoplasma genitalium infection were associated with longer times to conception (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–0.99). Conception by 12 months was lower in participants with past Mycoplasma genitalium infection (68% vs 80% without past infection; P=.019). Conclusion We found no impairment of fertility with ever use of an intrauterine device. Serologic evidence of past Mycoplasma genitalium infection was associated with longer times to conception and higher rates of infertility. Mycoplasma genitalium infection is a potential modifiable cause of infertility.
High resolution electron energy loss studies of O2, H, N, NO, and N2O adsorption on germanium surfaces

The first high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) studies of the oxidation and nitridation of germanium surfaces are reported. Both single crystal Ge(lll) and disordered surfaces were studied. Surfaces were exposed to H, O2, NO, N2O, and N, after cleaning in ultra-high vacuum. The Ge surfaces were found to be non-reactive to molecular hydrogen (H2) at room temperature. Exposure to atomic hydrogen (H) resulted hydrogen adsorption as demonstrated by the presence of Ge-H vibrational modes. The HREEL spectrum of the native oxide of Ge characteristic of v-Ge02 was obtained by heating the oxide to 200*C. Three peaks were observed at 33, 62, and 106 meV for molecular oxygen (O2) adsorbed on clean Ge(lll) at room temperature. These peaks are indicative of dissociative bonding and a dominant Ge-O-Ge bridge structure. Subsequent hydrogen exposure resulted in a shift of the Ge-H stretch from its isolated value of 247 meV to 267 meV, indicative of a dominant +3 oxidation state. A high density of dangling bonds and defects and deeper oxygen penetration at the amorphous Ge surface result in a dilute bridge structure with a predominant +1 oxidation state for similar exposures. Molecules of N2O decompose at the surfaces to desorbed N2 molecules and chemisorbed oxygen atoms. In contrast, both oxygen and nitrogen are detected at the surfaces following exposure to NO molecules. Both NO and N2O appear to dissociate and bond at the top surface layer. Molecular nitrogen (N2) does not react with the Ge surfaces, however, a precursor Ge nitride is observed at room temperature
New records of Alaskan marine Crustacea, with descriptions of two new gammaridean Amphipoda

Abstract Range extensions of 17 gammaridean amphipods, six isopods, and two decapods are recorded for Alaskan waters. In addition, two new amphipod species, Metopelloides erythrophthalmus and Neohela intermedia are described and illustrated. N. intermedia seems to be an intermediate form between N. monstrosa and N. pacifica. It has a small rostrum and long dactyls on pereopods 2, 6, and 7, characters reminescent of N. pacifica, and it has bulbous eyes, a swelling on the outer ramus of uropod 1 of the males and a distally expanded peduncle of uropod 3, characters in common with N. pacifica. Although Metopelloides erythrophthalmus is superficially similar to Metopella nasuta and Parametopella stelleri in that all three have prominent keels on the dorsal side of article 1 of antenna 1 and on urosome 1, M. erythrophthalmus differs from M. nasuta and P. stelleri not only by the generic characters, but also in the structure of pereopods 1 and 2, coxa 3 and 4, and the armature of the uropods and telson.
Electric sector capacity planning under uncertainty: Climate policy and natural gas in the US

Abstract This research investigates the dynamics of capacity planning and dispatch in the US electric power sector under a range of technological, economic, and policy-related uncertainties. Using a two-stage stochastic programming approach, model results suggest that the two most critical risks in the near-term planning process of the uncertainties considered here are natural gas prices and the stringency of climate policy. Stochastic strategies indicate that some near-term hedging from lower-cost wind and nuclear may occur but robustly demonstrate that delaying investment and waiting for more information can be optimal to avoid stranding capital-intensive assets. Hedging strategies protect against downside losses while retaining the option value of deferring irreversible commitments until more information is available about potentially lucrative market opportunities. These results are explained in terms of the optionality of investments in the electric power sector, leading to more general insights about uncertainty, learning, and irreversibility. The stochastic solution is especially valuable if decision-makers do not sufficiently account for the potential of climate constraints in future decades or if fuel price projections are outdated.
Safety nets in transition economics : toward a reform strategy

This paper reviews the role of safety nets in transition economies within the context of a social risk management framework. The report discusses the objectives of safety nets, the legacy of pre-transition programs, developments during the transition period, strategic choices facing countries, and the operational experience and strategy of the World Bank. The report finds that across the region, further dialogue and analysis is needed. Effective safety net programs that meet the changing needs of vulnerable groups are critical for the success of the transition in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia. While important changes have taken place, there is a need to raise the profile of safety net policies both within ECA countries and at the World Bank.
Prozac and the Post-human Politics of Cyborgs

Working through the lens of Donna Haraway's cyborg theory and directed at the example of Prozac, I address the dramatic rise of new technoscience in medicine and psychiatry. Haraway's cyborg theory insists on a conceptualization and a politics of technoscience that does not rely on universal “Truths” or universal “Goods” and does not attempt to return to the “pure” or the “natural.” Instead, Haraway helps us mix politics, ethics, and aesthetics with science and scientific recommendations, and she helps us understand that (without recourse to universal truth or universal good) questions of legitimacy in science come down to local questions of effect and inclusion. What, in the case of my example, are the effects of Prozac? And for whom? Who is included and empowered to create legitimate psychiatric knowledge? Who is excluded and why? And, what political strategies will increase the democratic health of psychiatric science and practice?
Suppressive effect of X-irradiated tumor cell presensitization on the induction of syngeneic tumor immunity: II. Opposite effects of intravenous administration of TNP-conjugated tumor cells on the development of antitumor and anti-TNP-self cytotoxic effector cells

Abstract A comparison was made of the effects of iv inoculation of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-conjugated syngeneic X5563 tumor cells on the development of anti-TNP-modified self (TNP-self) and anti-X5563 tumor-specific T-cell-mediated cytotoxic responses. Administration of syngeneic TNP-conjugated spleen cells or X-irradiated TNP-conjugated X5563 cells resulted in an appreciable augmentation in the generation of TNP-reactive cytotoxic effector cell activity as measured by subsequent in vitro sensitization with TNP-self. In contrast, iv inoculation with either TNP-modified or unmodified X-irradiated X5563 tumor cells did not prime mice for antitumor cytotoxic responses, but abolished the ability of mice to develop antitumor cytotoxic effector cells even after effective in vivo immunization with tumor cells. The possible mechanisms by which the suppression of antitumor cytotoxic response was induced by conditions which simultaneously induced an enhanced anti-TNP-self cytotoxic response are discussed.
Antenna aperture size reduction using subbeam concept in multiple spot beam cellular satellite systems

[1] Multiple beam configurations in satellite systems enable the reuse of frequency in beams separated by a sufficient distance to address bandwidth limitation issues. Phased array antennas can simultaneously produce a large number of spot beams directed toward specific areas and therefore are a natural platform for multiple-beam satellite communications. This paper discusses a method to generate a large number of spot or cellular beams for multiple-beam satellite systems using smaller apertures. The basic spot beam is divided into a number of smaller subbeams with lower crossover levels that operate within the same bandwidth as the spot beam. The frequency reuse configuration can be maintained, while the overall aperture size is reduced. The aperture reduction is shown to have little or no effect on the cochannel interference. The technique is applicable to all satellite orbits as well as high-altitude platforms.
Induction of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women occurs at a threshold of energy availability

To investigate the relationship between energy availability (dietary energy intake minus energy expended during exercise) and thyroid metabolism, we studied 27 untrained, regularly menstruating women who performed approximately 30 kcal.kg lean body mass (LBM)-1.day-1 of supervised ergometer exercise at 70% of aerobic capacity for 4 days in the early follicular phase. A clinical dietary product was used to set energy availability in four groups (10.8, 19.0, 25.0, 40.4 kcal.kg LBM-1.day-1). For 9 days beginning 3 days before treatments, blood was sampled once daily at 8 A.M. Initially, thyroxine (T4) and free T4 (fT4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and free T3 (fT3), and reverse T3 (rT3) were in the normal range for all subjects. Repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance followed by one-sided, two-sample post hoc Fischer's least significant difference tests of changes by treatment day 4 revealed that reductions in T3 (16%, P < 0.00001) and fT3 (9%, P < 0.01) occurred abruptly between 19.0 and 25.0 kcal.kg LBM-1.day-1 and that increases in fT4 (11%, P < 0.05) and rT3 (22%, P < 0.01) occurred abruptly between 10.8 and 19.0 kcal.kg LBM-1.day-1. Changes in T4 could not be distinguished. If energy deficiency suppresses reproductive as well as thyroid function, athletic amenorrhea might be prevented or reversed by increasing energy availability through dietary reform to 25 kcal.kg LBM-1.day-1, without moderating the exercise regimen.