cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WikiPathways for plants: a community pathway curation portal and a case study in rice and arabidopsis seed development networks

Background Next-generation sequencing and ‘omics’ platforms are used extensively in plant biology research to unravel new genomes and study their interactions with abiotic and biotic agents in the growth environment. Despite the availability of a large and growing number of genomic data sets, there are only limited resources providing highly-curated and up-to-date metabolic and regulatory networks for plant pathways.
Metamorphism of thought about igneous rock textures

The standard interpretation of textures in igneous rocks was largely set over a century ago, when pioneering petrographers such as H.C. Sorby (1858) and L.V. Pirsson (1909) systematized the study o...
Denial of Chronic Illness and Disability: Part I. Theoretical, Functional, and Dynamic Perspectives.

Denial has been an integral part of the psychological and disability literature for more than 100 years. Yet, denial is an elusive concept and has been associated with mixed, indeed conflicting, theoretical perspectives, clinical strategies, and empirical findings. In this two-part article, the author provides an overview of the existing literature on denial that addresses the most prominent and rehabilitation-relevant features of it. Part I provides a generic yet clinically based discussion of denial and focuses on the following: historical perspective of denial, the definitions of denial, the types or forms of denial most often encountered in the literature, the functions served by denial, the indicators or markers most frequently associated with denial, the dynamics and processes inherent in the operation of denial, and the costs and benefits of denial.
Further exploration of the relationship between medical education and moral development.

In the wake of a pilot study that indicated that the experience of medical education appears to Inhibit moral development In medical students, increased attention needs to be given to the structure of medical education and the Influence it has on medical students. Interest in ethics and moral reasoning has become widespread in many aspects of professional and public life. Society has exhibited great interest in the ethical issues confronting physicians today. Considerable effort has been undertaken to train medical students, interns, and residents In how to reason through medical-ethical dilemmas. Media attention has focused on Issues such as abortion, euthanasia, care of severely handicapped infants, organ transplantation, and so forth, producing heated debates in both the professional and lay literature over the morality of the various positions. The curriculum of medical education has paralleled and reflected this general Interest in medical ethics. Most medical schools now offer, and frequently require, course work in ethics. However, further research Is needed to better characterize and understand the relationship of medical education to moral development.
Using partitioning to help convergence in the standard-cell design automation methodology

This paper explores a standard-cell design methodology based on netlist partitioning as a solution for the problem of lack of convergence in the conventional methodology in deep submicron technologies. A synthesized design block is partitioned along unpredictable nets that are identified from the netlist structure. The size of each partition is restricted so that the longest possible local net in a partition can be sufficiently driven by an average library gate, hence allowing statistical wire-load modeling for the local nets. The block is resynthesized using a hybrid wire-load model that takes into account accurate wire-load information on the unpredictable nets derived after floorplanning the partitions, and uses custom statistical wire-load models within each partition. Final placement is restricted to respect the initial floorplan. The methodology was implemented using existing commercial tools for synthesis and layout. Experimental results show high correlation between synthesis estimates and post-placement measurements of wire-loads and gate delays with the new methodology. The trade-offs of partitioning, current limitations of the methodology and future work to overcome these limitations are also discussed.
Preoperative use of atropine to prevent intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome in patients taking tamsulosin

Intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome (IFIS) is a recently identified condition associated with phacoemulsification in patients using the α 1 -antagonist tamsulosin (Flomax). Patients with IFIS manifest a triad of symptoms during cataract surgery: fluttering and billowing of iris stroma due to normal fluid movement, propensity of iris prolapse to phaco and side-port incisions, and progressive constriction of the pupil. Prevention of IFIS by withdrawing tamsulosin preoperatively has not shown consistent benefit. We describe the preoperative administration of atropine, which effectively prevented the occurrence of IFIS in patients receiving tamsulosin.
Conversion of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Activity to NAD- Glycohydrolase During Retinoic Acid Induced Differentiation of HL60 Cells

Cells of the promyelocytic leukemia line HL60 can be induced to differentiate to mature granulocytes by polar-planar compounds (e.g.,DMSO)(1), or by retinoic acid (RA)(2). Involvement of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (ADPRT) in this process had been suggested by work from different Iaboratories; notably, it was observed (3) that during DMSO induced differentiation the cellular endogenous (ADPR)n polymer content increased sharply in the final stages of differentiation while simultaneously and in apparent contradiction ADPRT activity (with or without added DNAase I) declined and remained very low in the differentiated state. We now studied the changes of the ADPRT system that occur upon RA induced differentiation of HL60 cells (4).
Diurnal adjustment in ultraviolet sunscreen protection is widespread among higher plants

The accumulation of ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds (flavonoids and related phenylpropanoids) in the epidermis of higher plants reduces the penetration of solar UV radiation to underlying tissues and is a primary mechanism of acclimation to changing UV conditions resulting from ozone depletion and climate change. Previously we reported that several herbaceous plant species were capable of rapid, diurnal adjustments in epidermal UV transmittance (T UV), but how widespread this phenomenon is among plants has been unknown. In the present study, we tested the generality of this response by screening 37 species of various cultivated and wild plants growing in four locations spanning a gradient of ambient solar UV and climate (Hawaii, Utah, Idaho and Louisiana). Non-destructive measurements of adaxial T UV indicated that statistically significant midday decreases in T UV occurred in 49 % of the species tested, including both herbaceous and woody growth forms, and there was substantial interspecific variation in the magnitude of these changes. In general, plants in Louisiana exhibited larger diurnal changes in T UV than those in the other locations. Moreover, across all taxa, the magnitude of these changes was positively correlated with minimum daily air temperatures but not daily UV irradiances. Results indicate that diurnal changes in UV shielding are widespread among higher plants, vary both within and among species and tend to be greatest in herbaceous plants growing in warm environments. These findings suggest that plant species differ in their UV protection "strategies" though the functional and ecological significance of this variation in UV sunscreen protection remains unclear at present.
Risk and Return in Equity and Options Markets.

I examine the role of a market-wide volatility factor in the pricing of the cross-section of returns on individual stock options. While it is commonly accepted that option prices depend upon the volatility of the underlying asset, recent evidence in the literature suggests that it is not clear whether market-wide volatility is a priced factor in individual options. While some studies have found a volatility risk premium implicit in index option prices, efforts to document the same type of premium using individual stock options have uncovered little supporting evidence. Applying an improved test design, I show that market-wide volatility is an economically and statistically important priced risk factor in the cross-section of stock option returns. This evidence supports recent theories of market-wide volatility as a state factor. ∗I am very grateful to the members of my dissertation committee: Tyler Shumway (chair), Robert Dittmar and Stefan Nagel for their tremendous support. I have also benefited from conversations with Taylor Begley and Sophie Shive and participants at the University of Michigan Finance Brown Bag Seminar. All errors are my own. †University of Michigan Ross School of Business; linnm@umich.edu
Double-beta decay

We review recent developments in double-beta decay, focusing on what can be learned about the three light neutrinos in future experiments. We examine the effects of uncertainties in already measured neutrino parameters and in calculated nuclear matrix elements on the interpretation of upcoming double-beta decay measurements. We then review a number of proposed experiments.
The Complete Cycle To Achieve Industrial Energy Efficiency Concept, Resources, And Application

This paper discusses some of the keyissues related to the institutionalization of best practice in industrialenergy efficiency. It presents the structure and functionality of an integratedand computer-aided framework that logically supports the complete cycle ofcontinuous energy efficiency improvement, the requirements of ISO 50001, andoutlines some useful resources and tools developed to support the framework.Results of real life application involving over 100 manufacturing companies arealso outlined.
Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Development of Depressive Symptoms in a Population-Based Cohort of Older Mexican Americans.

Objectives To determine whether diabetes mellitus increases depressive symptoms in older Latinos in a population-based cohort. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants Individuals from the Sacramento Latino Study on Aging aged 60 and older in 1998–99 and followed annually until 2008 (N = 1,586). Measurements Diabetes mellitus was defined according to self-report, fasting blood glucose of 126 mg/dL or greater, glycosylated hemoglobin of 6.5% or greater, or diabetic medication use. Depressive symptoms were defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score of 16 or greater or use of antidepressant medication. Multistate Markov modeling was used to assess the effects of time-dependent diabetes mellitus on transitions between three states over time: low CES-D score (normal), high CES-D score or treated (depressed), and death. Bivariate analyses identified covariates significantly associated with any transition, including sex and baseline measures of age, education, body mass index, hypertension, and stroke. Results In a fully adjusted model, participants with diabetes mellitus had a 35% higher rate of developing depressive symptoms or starting treatment with an antidepressant (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–1.62). Time-dependent diabetes mellitus was associated with a lower rate of regression from depressed to normal (HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.59–0.88) and a 2.3 greater rate pf progression from depressed to death (HR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.57–3.40). Conclusion Diabetes mellitus increased the risk of developing depressive symptoms in older Mexican Americans. Older Latinos with diabetes mellitus should be screened for depressive symptoms and prioritized for close follow-up, potentially through greater reliance on team-based models of care.
Design of Dynamic Experiments: A Data-Driven Methodology for the Optimization of Time-Varying Processes

A new methodology for the design of experiments is presented that provides a way to optimize the operation of a variety of batch and semibatch or fed-batch processes without the use of a knowledge-driven or fundamental model describing the inner workings of the process, when one or more time-varying decision variables must be selected. The types of processes that can benefit from this approach include those producing specialty chemical, pharmaceutical, or food products whose production rate is not high enough to justify the development of a knowledge-driven model. The approach generalizes the classical and widely used Design of Experiments (DoE), which considers only decision variables, or factors, which are constant with time. The new approach, called the Design of Dynamic Experiments (DoDE), systematically designs experiments that explore a considerable number of dynamic signatures, called dynamic subfactors (DSFs), in the time dependency of the unknown decision variables or factors. Two example process...
Global Stability and Control Derivative Modeling Using Design of Experiments

In this paper, applicability of modeling aircraft nondimensional aerodynamic-propulsive coefficients using a design of experiments technique based on a linear parameter variation model is investigated. A case study is conducted to estimate the stability and control derivatives from the aircraft response. For demonstrating technique feasibility, a nonlinear simulator for an F-16 was used to assess the proposed approach. A set of multiple orthogonal phase-optimized multi-sine inputs (elevator, aileron, rudder, and throttle) is initially executed at different locations over the operational flight envelope. These inputs are designed as optimization problems using a genetic algorithm search technique. The aircraft response is used in identifying the stability and control derivative variations with velocity, altitude, aircraft mass, and center of gravity position. A sequential experiment using a factorial design and augmented face central axial points was employed to model the variation. The validity of the proposed method was evaluated by comparing the estimated and actual variation of stability and control derivatives. The proposed approach is generally applicable for wind tunnel and flight test.
Bone strength statistical distribution functions for broilers.

Abstract Shear and three-point bending tests were conducted on the femur and tibia bones from Hubbard broilers to establish the type of statistical distribution function that best fits bone strength data. In the past it was assumed that these types of data followed a normal distribution. The results of this investigation indicate that a log-normal function best describes the mechanical properties of the tibia and a normal function describes the properties of the femur. Overall the results of the distribution analysis indicate that the mechanical properties of bone tend to follow a log-normal distribution.
Basis of Negative Cooperativity in Two-Sided Monobody Block of Fluc

Fluc type fluoride channels are constructed as anti-parallel homo-dimers with two-fold symmetry parallel to the membrane plane. They are blocked by a set of nanomolar-affinity fibronectin-domain monobodies originally selected from phage-display libraries that bind chemically equivalent epitopes present on both ends of the channel. Kinetic analysis of single-channel recordings made with monobody on both sides of the membrane shows substantial negative cooperativity (∼1.7 kcal/mol) between the two blocking sites. The nature of this negative cooperativity is not known. Direct monobody-binding assays, single-channel recordings of a Fluc channel homolog and mutagenesis of charged residues E27Q and E79Q indicate that the basis of negative cooperativity is electrostatic repulsion across the channel between neighboring monobodies. The charge-reduced monobody exhibits a novel trimolecular blocking behavior and independent blocking in the doubly occupied state.
Facebook, Twitter, and Blogs: The Adoption and Utilization of Social Media in Nonprofit Human Service Organizations

ABSTRACTThe following study examined how and why nonprofit human service organizations (HSOs) are using social media. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, HSOs answered questions that illustrate the adoption and utilization of social media across five dimensions: reasons for using social media, social media practices, frequency, general satisfaction, and future plans. Results indicate that HSOs are generally satisfied with social media, use it primarily to promote their organization and services, and despite limited resources, organizations plan to continue to use social media in the future. A discussion of the findings is given along with implications for future research and practice.
Mood Effects Upon Measures of Price Sensitivity: An Experimental Analysis

A study was conducted to investigate the effect that mood has upon price sensitivity. Eighty-four subjects were induced into one of three moods (positive, neutral, or negative), 72 hours after they were exposed to five fictitious advertisements. Questions were asked concerning a projected price and a price that subjects would be willing to pay for each item. Although results were in the predicted direction, induced mood states had no statistically significant effect on either of two measures of price sensitivity.
Reactivity Trends of Thermal Cycloadditions

In this chapter, we compare specific predictions or general implications of the theoretical analysis of Chapt. 4 with the results of experiments. Since these experiments were carried out with aims other than testing the theory presented in this book, certain key pieces of information often are missing. Nonetheless, the available evidence is sufficient to delineate gross mechanistic trends.
Cohort analysis of generic survivorship

Cohort analysis provides an effective method of analysing taxonomic survivorship in the fossil record where large data sets are available. An analysis of the stratigraphic ranges of about 8,500 fossil genera and subgenera shows that survivorship patterns are substantially the same throughout the Phanerozoic. These patterns are used to calculate an average value for mean species duration among fossil invertebrates (11.1 Myr.). Also, the extra extinctions near the Permo-Triassic boundary are shown to be equivalent to about 85 Myr of normal, background extinction.
Sociobiology and Evil: Ultimate Reality and Meaning Through Biology

La sociobiologie peut constituer une source d'idees en ce qui concerne la theodicee. La sociobiologie est l'application de la theorie de l'evolution au champ social. Elle theorise les raisons inconscientes qui amenent les hommes a projeter leur morale sur une realite ultime. Les hommes interpretent la morale comme une demande qui s'adresse a eux et ceci en raison d'une impulsion biologique qui tend vers l'accroissement des chances de survie genetique. A travers des regles epigenetiques, les chretiens sont donc portes vers la foi en un Dieu omnipotent et transcendant
The secret of fire: triggered star formation

Let us turn back to fundamentals now, to keep our focus, avoiding the distractions along the many byways of the world of galaxies that we have wandered through in the last few chapters. The first of the two most important effects of galaxy collisions is that they build bigger galaxies from the small ones that formed first. They do this because mergers are inevitable, unless the collision happens to occur at very high relative velocity, e.g., in a dense galaxy cluster. The second important effect is that collisions and mergers evidently drive high rates of star formation, and increased nuclear activity in at least some cases. A major part of the meaning of the term “galaxy evolution” is the process of turning interstellar gas into stars, and increasing the heavy element abundance of gas and stars as a result of nuclear processing in successive stellar generations. Thus, collisions and mergers affect galaxy evolution, sometimes by a large factor. Induced star formation is also responsible for the beautiful imagery of colliding galaxies, with young star clusters scattered like jewels in some cases.
On friendship development and the Big Five personality traits

In this paper, we argue that friendship should receive more attention in social/personality research. Here, we focus on our area of expertise, personality traits, and review the literature on how personality traits influence friendship formation, maintenance, and dissolution. Specifically, we examine how personality traits of the actor and partner influence friendship development (i.e., who is more likely to initiate and end friendships, and who is more likely to be the target of friendship initiation and termination). We also discuss dyadic effects, such as personality similarity, on friendship development. Throughout this review, we draw on the literature on personality and romantic relationships to identify the most important gaps in the literature on personality and friendships. Our review suggests that agreeableness has the most consistent effects on both romantic relationships and friendships, followed by neuroticism. Extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience have all been shown to influence relationship development, but their effects are inconsistent. We end with a call for more research on friendship beyond the role of personality traits and suggestions for specific future directions.
Response by Liu and Sun to Letter Regarding Article, “Plasma Levels of Fatty Acid–Binding Protein 4, Retinol-Binding Protein 4, High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin, and Cardiovascular Mortality Among Men With Type 2 Diabetes: A 22-Year Prospective Study”

We appreciate Menzaghi et al comments on our prospective cohort analysis on high-molecular-weight adiponectin and cardiovascular disease mortality among diabetic patients.1 Menzaghi et al proposed some possible reasons for interpreting the discrepancy between his and our studies. In the Mendelian randomization analysis in Menzaghi et al2 study, a single-nucleotide …
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition and acidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a review of US FDA data and possible conclusions.

Objective To evaluate whether adverse event reports to the US Food and Drug Administration on incidents of ketoacidosis from use of sodium glucose cotransport inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) provide insight into ways this new class of drugs is being prescribed with other antihyperglycemic agents; to examine possible mechanisms to explain ketoacidosis. Design and methods Reports of adverse events concerned to SGLT2 inhibitors, namely, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and canagliflozin were obtained under the Freedom of Information Act for 5 years ending in August 31, 2015. The data were evaluated for incidents of ketoacidosis by looking for keywords such as diabetic ketoacidosis, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, acidosis, and metabolic acidosis. Results were tabulated individually for empagliflozin (n=260 adverse event reports), dapagliflozin (n=520), and canagliflozin (n=2159). Adverse events were categorized according to age, gender, and insulin use. Results There were 46, 144, and 450 reports of ketoacidosis concerned with the use of empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and canagliflozin, respectively. The use of SGLT2 inhibitors was not strictly limited to patients with type 2 diabetes but was cut across categories of insulin use, including a total of 172 cases of SGLT2-related ketoacidosis in individuals above the age of 40 who were not on insulin. Conclusion Further studies should focus to detect pleiotropic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, particularly with other oral antihyperglycemic drugs or insulin. A review of the literature suggests that patients with type 2 diabetes with low C-peptide level may be at increased risk of ketoacidosis, particularly if they are on statins and diuretics due to hypokalemia and impaired release of insulin. More studies are warranted to further clarify these mechanisms.
Ethical Aspects, Expectations, and Outcomes Associated with PEG in Dementia

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes are often placed as a means of feeding patients with terminal dementia who eat poorly. The decision to place a PEG involves ethical dilemmas and has become controversial, as data demonstrate that PEGs do not improve life expectancy, quality of life, or nutritional status in dementia, nor has it reduced the tendency to aspirate or heal pressure ulcers. Often, PEGs are placed prior to full evaluation for reversible factors. A multidisciplinary approach to evaluate the patient for reversible factors and alternate means of feeding should be utilized along with a meaningful discussion with the caregiver prior to using PEGs as a last resort. Undue expectations should not be put forth; a reasonable understanding of the process and outcomes by the providers and caregiver would be in the best interests of the patient.
Immunopharmacology and Immunotherapy of Human Cancer

Immunoregulatory and hematoaugmenting cytokines have come into their own as novel therapeutic compounds for diverse indications including oncology and infectious, iatrogenic, and congenital diseases. Immunopharmacologic analyses of structureactivity relationships, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and immunopharmacodynamics have yielded information contributing to the more effective use of these agents in disease models, as well as in the clinic. Current strategies for cytokine therapy suggest that the ultimate use of these drugs will be as adjuvants in combination with other therapeutics for immunodeficiencies, myeloid aplasia, cancer, and infectious diseases. This chapter briefly reviews the cytokines relevant to these indications, discusses the prioritization of these compounds for clinical entry, and emphasizes the recombinant biologics that are currently either licensed or in active clinical trials in the United States, Europe, and Asia. In addition to providing a compendium of immunologically active agents we have addressed some of the strategies used for the development of these pharmacophores as well as the difficulties and scientificclinical challenges for their development.
Unplanned Robotic-Assisted Conversion-to-Open Colorectal Surgery is Associated with Adverse Outcomes.

Laparoscopic conversion-to-open colorectal surgery is associated with worse outcomes when compared to operations completed without conversion. Consequences of robotic conversion have not yet been determined. The purpose of this study is to compare short-term outcomes of converted robotic colorectal cases with those that are completed without conversion, as well as with cases done by the open approach. The ACS-NSQIP database was queried for patients who underwent robotic completed, robotic converted-to-open, and open colorectal resection between 2012 and 2015. Propensity scores were estimated using gradient-boosted machines and converted to weights. Generalized linear models were fit using propensity score-weighted data. A total of 25,253 patients met inclusion criteria—21,356 (84.5%) open, 3663 (14.5%) robotic completed, and 234 (0.9%) conversions. Conversion rate was 6.0%. Converted cases had significantly higher 30-day mortality rate, higher complication rate, and longer hospital length of stay than completed cases. Converted patients also had significantly higher rates of the following complications: surgical site infections, cardiac complications, deep venous thrombosis, postoperative ileus, postoperative re-intubation, renal failure, and 30-day reoperation. Compared to the open approach, converted patients had significantly more cardiac complications, postoperative reintubation, and longer operating times with no significant difference in 30-day mortality. Unplanned robotic conversion-to-open is associated with worse outcomes than completed cases and outcomes that more closely resemble traditional open colorectal surgery. Patients should be counseled with regard to minimally invasive conversion rates and outcomes. The continued pursuit of technological advancements that decrease the risk for conversion in minimally invasive colorectal surgery is clearly warranted.
Long Noncoding RNAs in the Immune Response

Abstract It has long been appreciated that differences in protein-coding genes cannot account for the evolutionary complexity observed across species. Large-scale RNA-sequencing studies have uncovered thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that have now been implicated in the regulation of gene expression in many biological contexts. The immune system is critical for defense against pathogens; however, it needs to be tightly regulated to prevent excess inflammation that can lead to diseases, such as autoimmunity. This chapter summarize the role of lncRNAs in the regulation of the immune system. The major pathways and cell types involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses are highlighted, and numerous examples are provided to highlight the broad spectrum of mechanisms used by lncRNAs to regulate the immune response. The known roles of lncRNAs in epigenetic gene regulation are discussed, and their contribution to autoimmune diseases are examined. A general guide and discussion on the tools used to study lncRNA biology are also provided. Finally, potential strategies for targeting lncRNAs for the therapeutic treatment of autoimmune diseases are described.
Social Work in a College Mental Health Program

Casework services aid students who grew up in racial ghettos and poverty areas, handicapped by different linguistic and cultural backgrounds
University Students' Willingness to Assist Fellow Students Who Experience Alcohol-Related Facial Flushing to Reduce Their Drinking

This study explored bystanders’ willingness to help a friend who flushes when drinking to reduce his/her drinking. Alcohol-related facial flushing is an indicator of an inherited variant enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), that impairs alcohol metabolism and increases drinkers’ lifetime risk of certain aerodigestive cancers. Individuals who flush should reduce their alcohol exposure, but they may continue to drink if social pressures and rules of etiquette make not drinking socially risky. The analysis used data from 2912 undergraduate students from 13 universities in southwestern, central and northeastern China from a survey asking how they respond to someone’s flushing in various scenarios. Latent class analysis grouped students by similar responses to flushing. A multinomial logistic regression explored how class membership was associated with knowledge, drinking status, and reactions to one’s own flushing. Five classes were derived from the latent class analysis, ranging from always intervene to mostly hesitate to help; in between were classes of students who were willing to help in some scenarios and hesitant in other scenarios. Only 11.6% students knew the connection between facial flushing and impaired alcohol metabolism, and knowledgeable students were somewhat more likely to assist when they saw someone flushing. In the absence of knowledge, other factors—such as drinking status, the gender of the bystander, the gender of the person who flushed, and degree of friendship with the person who flushed—determined how willing a person was to help someone reduce or stop drinking. Class membership was predicted by knowledge, gender, drinking status, and reactions to one’s own flushing. Of these 4 factors, knowledge and reactions to one’s own flushing could be influenced through alcohol education programs. It will take some time for alcohol education to catch up to and change social and cultural patterns of drinking. Meanwhile, motivational strategies should be developed to increase the willingness of bystanders to assist friends and to create a social expectation that flushers should stop or reduce their drinking.
Traditional Knowledge and the Public Domain

Legal protection for traditional knowledge raises difficult questions at the intersection of innovation policy and knowledge governance, with important implications for Indigenous peoples’ rights. A significant source of tension has been the difficulty in delineating entitlement interests in traditional knowledge consistent with prevailing doctrinal limits to intellectual property rights, such as the public domain. This paper advances the idea that, properly applied, the public domain does not constitute a barrier to the effective protection of traditional knowledge, and that a thoughtfully designed, custom-built public domain for traditional knowledge would align traditional knowledge protection with the overall architecture of the global innovation framework.
Reaction. pi. /sup -/p. -->. phiphin and evidence for glueballs

The authors have detected 1203 events of the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\phi}n$ at 22 GeV/c, and have performed a partial-wave analysis of the $\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\phi}$ system. The results are well represented by two resonances, both with quantum numbers ${I}^{G}={0}^{+}$, ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={2}^{++}$. The breakdown of the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka suppression observed in this reaction is naturally explained in the context of QCD if these states are considered to be glueball candidates.
Nutraceuticals in Human Urinary Bladder Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Bladder cancer is a major public health burden. Tumor resection with possible intravesical treatments for superficial disease, and cystectomy or chemotherapy with radiation protocols for invasive bladder cancer have associated limitations and large costs. In addition, exposure to carcinogens contributes to the majority of bladder cancer risk. All of these represent profound opportunities to use nutraceuticals for improvement of current bladder cancer prevention and treatment. We discuss the clinical opportunities for use of nutraceuticals in bladder cancer prevention and treatment, including preventing the first occurrence of bladder cancer in high risk populations, delaying progression of the disease, use in combination with existing intravesical agents, and delaying or preventing radical cystectomy. We review randomized controlled trials of nutraceuticals in bladder cancer, current promising chemopreventive agents under preclinical development for bladder cancer prevention, and future directions of bladder cancer chemoprevention, including the concept of individualized bladder cancer chemoprevention.
Physical Plasticity of the Nucleus and its Manipulation

The genome is virtually identical in all cells within an organism, with epigenetic changes contributing largely to the plasticity in gene expression during both development and aging. These changes include covalent modifications of chromatin components and altered chromatin organization as well as changes in other nuclear components, such as nuclear envelope lamins. Given that DNA in each chromosome is centimeters long and dozens of chromosomes are compacted into a microns-diameter nucleus through non-trivial interactions with the bounding envelope, the polymer physics of such a structure under stress can be complex but perhaps systematic. We summarize micromanipulation methods for measuring the physical plasticity of the nucleus, with recent studies documenting the extreme flexibility of human embryonic stem cells and the rigidification in model aging of progerin-type nuclei. Lamin-A/C is a common molecular factor, and methods are presented for its knockdown and measurement.
Management of Head and Neck Vascular Malformations: an Overview

Head and neck vascular malformations (HNVM) arise from different types of vessels. All can adversely affect function, depending on their size and location. A primary concern is preserving or restoring normal breathing, vision, speech and eating. After the impact of the HNVM on function has been determined, an accurate diagnosis of the lesion must be obtained with history, exam and imaging studies; occasionally, a biopsy is necessary to solidify the diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is established, a variety of intradisciplinary treatment modalities are necessary for HNVM management, as often HNVM can be recalcitrant to cure. Paramount in any treatment is the need to preserve function and not induce further morbidity (i.e., motor nerve injury, etc.). In general, localized HNVM can be treated successfully, whereas more extensive lesions need long-term management.
CD44H localization in primary open-angle glaucoma

PURPOSE. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is associated with a decreased content of hyaluronan in the trabecular meshwork and in the juxtacanalicular connective tissue. In this study, the authors examined selected regions of the anterior segment to localize and determine the content of CD44H, a transmembrane multifunctional glycoprotein and the principal receptor of hyaluronan. METHODS. Sections of ethanol-fixed anterior segments of six POAG and six normal postmortem eyes were analyzed by immunostaining with and without the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, using the CD44H monoclonal antibody, and the avidin/biotin complex. They were visualized by Vector VIP substrate and were quantitated by computer-aided color image analysis. RESULTS. CD44H was expressed in all regions. Statistically significant decreased content of CD44H was observed in the POAG regions compared with normal regions-ciliary muscle (P < 0.001), ciliary stroma (P < 0.001), anterior iris (P < 0.05), iris root (P < 0.05), and trabecular meshwork (P < 0.05)-and in a subgroup of nonlaser POAG juxtacanalicular connective tissue (P < 0.05) and trabecular meshwork (P < 0.01). In sections treated with Triton X-100 a further increase in immunostaining was observed in normal eyes. As evidenced by scattergram plots of the ciliary body stroma region of the change in the optical density, of CD44H between pretreatment with Triton X-100 and without Triton X-100 (γ axis) versus the optical density of CD44H without Triton X-100 (x axis), individual cases of POAG were separated from normals. CONCLUSIONS. These results indicate that CD44H may represent a marker of POAG and an etiologic factor in the POAG disease process.
Prosocial Behavior and Aggression

This chapter examines the causes and consequences of prosocial and aggressive behavior. The chapter begins with a discussion of prosocial behavior, then religion and spirituality. Aggression, violence, and sexual victimization are also discussed. The chapter concludes with “Recommendations and Resources” for increasing prosocial behavior and decreasing aggression by and against girls.
A Roadmap for Value-Based Payment Models Among Patients With Cirrhosis

Healthcare reimbursement is shifting from fee-for-service to fee-for-value. Cirrhosis, which costs the U.S. healthcare system as much as heart failure, is a prime target for value-based care. This article describes models in which physician groups or health systems are paid for improving quality and lowering costs for a given population of patients with cirrhosis. If done correctly, we believe that such frameworks, once adopted, could help reduce burnout by freeing physicians of the burden of checking boxes in the electronic medical record so that they can devote their energies to managing populations. Conclusion: Value-based payment models for cirrhosis have the potential to benefit patients, physicians, and healthcare insurers.
Simple Constraint Embedding for Quantum Annealers

Quantum annealers such as the D-Wave 2X computer are designed to natively solve Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) problems to optimality or near optimality. Most NP-hard problems, which are hard for classical computers, can be naturally described as quadratic binary problems that contain a quadratic binary objective function and one or more constraints. Since a QUBO cannot have constraints, each such constraint has to be added to the objective function as a penalty, in order to solve on D-Wave. For a minimization problem, for instance, such penalty can be a quadratic term that gets a value zero, if the constraint is satisfied, and a large value, if it is not. In many cases, however, the penalty can significantly increase the number of quadratic terms in the resulting QUBO and make it too large to embed into the D-Wave hardware. In this paper, we develop an alternative method for formulating and embedding constraints of the type $\sum_{i=1}^{s}x_{i}=1$ , which is much more scalable than the existing ones, and analyze the properties of the resulting embeddings.
Biopharmacologic and Neurophysiologic Basis of Addiction

Addiction, or “substance use disorder (SUD),” is characterized by maladaptive substance use that is associated with adverse consequences in term of mental, physical, and social functioning. The state of addiction is associated with predictable alterations of central nervous system (CNS) function and neurobiology that, in turn, are predictive of behavioral patterns and functional declines. As such, SUDs are accurately characterized as a chronic relapsing disease of the brain.
Reducing Pseudoaneurysm and Urine Leak After Robotic Partial Nephrectomy: Results Using the Early Unclamping Technique.

ABSTRACT Objective To present our experience using the early unclamping technique for robotic partial nephrectomy with particular attention to delayed complications, namely pseudoaneurysm and urine leak. We hypothesized that early hilar unclamping allows for improved control of end arteries and renorrhaphy after tumor resection, reducing overall delayed complications after partial nephrectomy with no increased risk of blood transfusion. Methods This single institution retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database includes patients undergoing robotic partial nephrectomy with early unclamping technique for presumed renal malignancy between 2009 and 2018. Patient demographics and perioperative parameters are described, particularly rates of pseudoaneurysm and urine leak. Results are compared to previously published partial nephrectomy studies using various clamping and renorrhaphy techniques. Results Four hundred and sixty three patients were included in the study. Mean operative time and warm ischemia time were 186 and 14.7 minutes, respectively. Mean estimated blood loss was 242 cc. Thirty-day postoperative complication rate was 14.7%, with 88% of these Clavien I-II. Urine leak occurred in 1 patient (0.2%) undergoing a simultaneous partial nephrectomy and pyelothitotomy for partial staghorn stone. Postoperative transfusion rate was 1.33% and our pseudoaneurysm rate was 0%. Conclusion The early unclamping technique for robotic partial nephrectomy is reliable and safe, with low pseudoaneurysm and urine leak rates which compare favorably to other published techniques.
MIXING FOR PROGRESSIONS IN NONABELIAN GROUPS

We study the mixing properties of progressions , of length three and four in a model class of finite nonabelian groups, namely the special linear groups over a finite field , with bounded. For length three progressions , we establish a strong mixing property (with an error term that decays polynomially in the order of ), which among other things counts the number of such progressions in any given dense subset of , answering a question of Gowers for this class of groups. For length four progressions , we establish a partial result in the case if the shift is restricted to be diagonalizable over , although in this case we do not recover polynomial bounds in the error term. Our methods include the use of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, the abelian Fourier transform, the Lang–Weil bound for the number of points in an algebraic variety over a finite field, some algebraic geometry, and (in the case of length four progressions) the multidimensional Szemeredi theorem.
Future epidemiological and economic impacts of universal influenza vaccines

The efficacy of influenza vaccines, currently at 44%, is limited by the rapid antigenic evolution of the virus and a manufacturing process that can lead to vaccine mismatch. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) recently identified the development of a universal influenza vaccine with an efficacy of at least 75% as a high scientific priority. The US Congress approved $130 million funding for the 2019 fiscal year to support the development of a universal vaccine, and another $1 billion over 5 y has been proposed in the Flu Vaccine Act. Using a model of influenza transmission, we evaluated the population-level impacts of universal influenza vaccines distributed according to empirical age-specific coverage at multiple scales in the United States. We estimate that replacing just 10% of typical seasonal vaccines with 75% efficacious universal vaccines would avert ∼5.3 million cases, 81,000 hospitalizations, and 6,300 influenza-related deaths per year. This would prevent over $1.1 billion in direct health care costs compared to a typical season, based on average data from the 2010–11 to 2018–19 seasons. A complete replacement of seasonal vaccines with universal vaccines is projected to prevent 17 million cases, 251,000 hospitalizations, 19,500 deaths, and $3.5 billion in direct health care costs. States with high per-hospitalization medical expenses along with a large proportion of elderly residents are expected to receive the maximum economic benefit. Replacing even a fraction of seasonal vaccines with universal vaccines justifies the substantial cost of vaccine development.
The PAF Complex Synergizes with MLL Fusion Proteins at .Hox Loci to Promote Leukemogenesis.

Abstract 1277 Poster Board I-299 Mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) is a histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase that is required to maintain a normal hematopoietic stem cell compartment. MLL functions to maintain expression of HOX genes as well as the HOX co-factor MEIS1, which play significant roles in regulating hematopoiesis. MLL is involved in chromosomal translocations with up to sixty different partners in both acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). HOXA9 and MEIS1, are directly regulated by MLL fusion proteins and are crucial for MLL fusion protein mediated transformation. The deregulated expression of target genes in AML is dependent on specific protein-protein interactions and functional domains of MLL. For example, the tumor suppressor Menin bridges LEDGF to the extreme N-terminus of MLL and both of these interactions are necessary for transformation. Furthermore, a DNA methyltransferase homology region (CxxC domain) of MLL is essential for binding to non-methylated CpG islands and MLL-fusion protein oncogenesis. We have found that sequences downstream of the CxxC domain, termed the RD2 region, that interact with the Polymerase Associated Factor (PAF) complex are also required for MLL fusion protein mediated transformation. The PAF complex interacts with RNA polymerase II and is required for H2B mono-ubiquitination and subsequent histone H3K4 and H3K79 methylation. Together the PAF complex has been shown to be involved in transcriptional initiation, elongation and termination. Interaction of MLL with the PAF complex is mediated through direct contacts with two subunits: Ctr9 and PAF1. The PAF complex synergizes with MLL-AF9 to augment transcriptional activation of the Hoxa9 promoter. Furthermore, MLL fusion proteins recruit high levels of the PAF complex to the Hoxa9 promoter. Importantly, deletions of the MLL RD2 region that abolish interactions with the PAF complex eliminate MLL-AF9 mediated transformation of mouse bone marrow cells. Transcription of PAF components is dramatically downregulated during differentiation of hematopoietic cells, consistent with recent data showing a requirement for the PAF complex to maintain an embryonic stem cell phenotype. Knock down and transplantation experiments are underway to further define how the PAF complex regulates normal MLL function and cooperates with MLL fusion proteins to promote leukemogenesis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.