cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of lectin-like substances recognizing galactosyl residues of glycoconjugates on the plasma membrane of marrow sinus endothelium.

Plasma membrane components capable of specific binding to the sugar residues of glycoproteins have recently been identified in several cell systems and implicated in the recognition and specific uptake of soluble or membrane-bound glycoproteins. Because the endothelium of bone marrow sinuses is the site of massive cellular and molecular traffic that is often specific, we studied the surface of sinus endothelium for the presence of sugar-recognizing systems. Neoglycoprotein probes were synthesized by covalently binding bovine serum albumin (BSA) to activated pyrannose form of galactose, fucose, or mannose. The probe was then labeled with colloidal gold. Galactosyl- BSA gold bound to endothelial membrane at 4 degrees C and was internalized at 37 degrees C. Both the binding and the internalization were inhibited in the presence of excess unlabeled galactosyl-BSA. Gold- labeled mannosyl-BSA and fucosyl-BSA did not bind to the endothelium. Nor did BSA-gold without galactosyl residues bind to endothelial membrane, confirming that galactosyl moiety was responsible for the binding. The uptake of galactosyl-BSA was further confirmed by perfusion of 125I-galactosyl-BSA into the abdominal aorta. Small but highly specific uptake was noted in tibias and femurs. These data provide evidence for the presence of a lectin-like substance on the luminal surface of marrow endothelial membrane capable of specific interaction with galactosyl residues of circulating and cell-bound glycoproteins and may provide a mechanism for specific recognition of these glycoproteins.
Non-negative and sparsity constrained inverse problems in damage identification - Application to a full-scale 3D truss

Abstract Non-negative constrained least squares and l 1 -norm optimization are sometimes viable inverse-based methods used to quantify and locate damage described by local stiffness reductions using measured changes in natural frequencies. Although the two methods provide meaningful solutions to the associated underdetermined inverse problem when the physically correct solution is sufficiently sparse, each method is disadvantaged in terms of either solution uniqueness, regularization, or forced sparsity. This paper addresses these challenges and argues that combining the non-negative constraint and l 1 -norm optimization improves performance and abates or improves upon the deficiencies of the standalone methods. This paper demonstrates that the optimal set of solutions satisfying the non-negative least squares is bounded and that estimating these bounds provides a novel measure for interpreting the validity of the sparse solution recovered from the proposed non-negative constrained l 1 -norm optimization method. The proposed method is numerically verified and experimentally tested on vibration data taken from a 17.24 m × 1.98 m × 1.83 m full-scale three-dimensional truss subjected to three progressive local damage cases.
A Second Ultraviolet “Light Bulb” behind the Supernova Remnant SN 1006

A point X-ray source located 9' NE of the center of SN 1006 has been spectroscopically identified as a background QSO, with a redshift of 0.335. The object is moderately bright, with magnitude V = 18.3. If its ultraviolet spectrum is typical of low-z quasars, this object will be a second source (after the Schweizer-Middleditch star) to use for absorption spectroscopy of material within SN 1006. Absorption spectra provide a unique probe for unshocked ejecta within this supernova remnant and can possibly solve the long-standing problem of "missing" iron in the remnants of Type Ia supernovae.
Clinical Syndromic Phenotypes and the Potential Role of Genetics in Pulmonary Vein Stenosis.

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a rare, frequently lethal disease with heterogeneous phenotypes and an unclear etiology. Limited studies have reported associations between PVS and congenital heart disease (CHD), chronic lung disease (CLD), and/or prematurity; however, to date, there have been no studies that report detailed clinical syndromic phenotypes and the potential role of genetics in PVS. An existing registry of multivessel PVS patients seen at Boston Children’s Hospital (BCH) was queried between August 2006 and January 2017 for all existing genetic testing data on these patients. PVS was defined as an intraluminal pulmonary venous obstruction in ≥2 vessels with mean pressure gradients > 4 mmHg. One-hundred-and-fifty-seven patients (46% female, with a median age at PVS diagnosis of 3 months) formed the cohort. Seventy-one (45%) patients had available genetic testing information. Of the 71 patients, a likely genetic diagnosis was found in 23 (32%) patients: 13 (57%) were diagnosed with Trisomy 21 (T21), five (22%) with Smith–Lemli–Opitz Syndrome, five (22%) had other pathologic genetic disease, and 24 (33%) had variants of unknown significance. The majority of 13 patients with T21 and PVS had common atrioventricular canal (CAVC) (10, 77%) and all had severe pulmonary hypertension (PHTN), which led to their PVS diagnosis. In our study, PVS was associated with T21, the majority of whom also had CAVC and PHTN. Therefore, complete assessment of the pulmonary veins should be considered for all T21 patients, especially those with CAVC presenting with PHTN. Furthermore, prospective standardized genetic testing with detailed clinical phenotyping may prove informative about potential genetic etiologies of PVS.
Classification of Wines Using Principal Component Analysis

Classification of wines with a large number of correlated covariates may lead to classification results that are difficult to interpret. In this study, we use a publicly available dataset on wines from three known cultivars, where there are 13 highly correlated variables measuring chemical compounds of wines. The goal is to produce an efficient classifier with straightforward interpretation to shed light on the important features of wines in the classification. To achieve the goal, we incorporate principal component analysis (PCA) in the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classification to deal with the serious multicollinearity among the explanatory variables. PCA can identify the underlying dominant features and provide a more succinct and straightforward summary over the correlated covariates. The study shows that kNN combined with PCA yields a much simpler and interpretable classifier that has comparable performance with kNN based on all the 13 variables. The appropriate number of principal components is chosen to strike a balance between predictive accuracy and simplicity of interpretation. Our final classifier is based on only two principal components, which can be interpreted as the strength of taste and level of alcohol and fermentation in wines, respectively. (JEL Classifications: C10, Cl4, D83)
Long-term biosolids land application influences soil health.

Abstract Soil health assessments associated with organic amendment applications have primarily focused attention on manure or composts. Yet, quantifying specific changes in soil health associated with biosolids land applications has yet to be determined. Our objectives were to evaluate the changes in various soil indicators, and utilizing the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF), quantify changes in soil indicator scores and soil health indices as affected by either increasing inorganic N fertilizer (0 up to 112 kg N ha−1) or biosolids (0 up to 11.2 dry Mg ha−1) applied every other year over 22 years. Soils were sampled (0 to 20 cm depth) following 22 years of N fertilizer or biosolids inputs to a dryland wheat-fallow (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation, 11 soil health indicators were monitored under SMAF guidelines, and indicators, indicator scores, and soil health indices were analyzed statistically. In general, increasing N fertilizer application rates had little effect on soil indicators, SMAF indicator scores or soil health indices. Increasing biosolids application rates increased soil organic C (SOC) and potentially mineralizable N (PMN). The SMAF indicator scores showed upward trends for soil pH, SOC, PMN, and microbial biomass C (MBC) associated with increasing biosolids application rates; discussing trends are important as these indicator scores are combined to provide soil health indices. Indeed, increasing biosolids application rates increased soil chemical and biological health indices, leading to an improvement in the overall soil health index. When comparing the overall N fertilizer to biosolids effect, biosolids applications significantly improved the soil biological health index. Results indicate that long-term biosolids land application to semi-arid, dryland wheat fallow rotations, similar to those studied, improve various aspects of soil health. These findings suggest that biosolids may play a pivotal role in dryland agroecosystem sustainability.
Association Between Pharmacy Benefit Restrictions and Disease-Modifying Therapy Use in the Medicare Part D Program

Abstract Objective: To determine the association between Medicare Part D Plan disease-modifying therapy (DMT) restrictiveness and adherence and outcomes among people with multiple sclerosis (MS) Methods: We used Medicare claims data from 2010 to 2014 to identify individuals with a full year enrollment (Part A, B, D), an MS diagnosis, and one or more self-administered DMT prescription. Plans were considered restrictive if all available DMTs required a prior authorization or step therapy restriction; otherwise they were considered permissive. We compared DMT adherence, defined as a medication possession ratio (MPR) >=80%, MS-related emergency department (ED) or inpatient admissions, and outpatient visits by Part D plan restrictiveness. We used multivariate regression models to control for patient demographics and comorbidities. Results: There were 37,713 Medicare beneficiaries with MS who were enrolled in either restrictive (n=29,901) or permissive (n=7812) Part D plans during the study period. Patients enrolled in restrictive plans were older (60 versus 58 years; p Conclusions: Medicare beneficiaries with MS enrolled in restrictive Part D plans were less adherent to their DMT and had higher rates of MS-related outpatient visits.
Tract-based analysis of white matter degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

Although much prior work has focused on the known cortical pathology that defines Alzheimer’s disease (AD) histologically, recent work has additionally demonstrated substantial damage to the cerebral white matter in this condition. While there is large evidence of diffuse damage to the white matter in AD, it is unclear whether specific white matter tracts exhibit a more accelerated pattern of damage and whether the damage is associated with the classical neurodegenerative changes of AD. In this study, we investigated microstructural differences in the large fascicular bundles of the cerebral white matter of individuals with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), using recently developed automated diffusion tractography procedures in the Alzheimer’s disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. Eighteen major fiber bundles in a total of 36 individuals with AD, 81 MCI and 60 control participants were examined with the TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy (TRACULA) procedure available as part of the FreeSurfer image processing software package. For each fiber bundle, the mean fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean, radial and axial diffusivities were calculated. Individuals with AD had increased diffusivities in both left and right cingulum-angular bundles compared to control participants (p < 0.001). Individuals with MCI also had increased axial and mean diffusivities and increased FA in both cingulum-angular bundles compared to control participants (p < 0.05) and decreased radial diffusivity compared to individuals with AD (p < 0.05). We additionally examined how white matter deterioration relates to hippocampal volume, a traditional imaging measure of AD pathology, and found the strongest negative correlations in AD patients between hippocampal volume and the diffusivities of the cingulum-angular and cingulum-cingulate gyrus bundles and of the corticospinal tracts (p < 0.05). However, statistically controlling for hippocampal volume did not remove all group differences in white matter measures, suggesting a unique contribution of white matter damage to AD unexplained by this disease biomarker. These results suggest that (1) AD-associated deterioration of white matter fibers is greatest in tracts known to be connected to areas of pathology in AD and (2) lower white matter tract integrity is more diffusely associated with lower hippocampal volume indicating that the pathology in the white matter follows to some degree the neurodegenerative staging and progression of this condition.
Electron-microscopic observations on developing chick embryo liver. The Golgi complex and its possible role in the formation of glycogen.

Thin sections of livers of chick embryos incubated for 6–8 days have been studied in the electron microscope, and thick (½ to 1 μ ) sections stained according to the periodic acid Schiff method (PAS) have been examined under phase contrast. In livers of embryos about 6½ days old the Golgi complex starts to expand, and granular or homogeneous material forms inside the Golgi vacuoles. In the same livers small areas of cytoplasm appear to be composed of small vacuoles (resembling Golgi vacuoles) and dense small granules lying mostly between the vacuoles. It is believed that these areas correspond to small PAS-positive dots as seen in thick, stained sections, and that they contain glycogen. It appears probable that the Golgi complex is instrumental in the formation of these areas. Hence it seems that the Golgi complex might play a role in the formation of glycogen within these embryonic liver cells.
Static Single Assignment Form for Message-Passing Programs

This paper presents a novel scheme for maintaining accurate information about distributed data in message-passing programs. We describe static single assignment (SSA) based algorithms to build up an intermediate representation of a sequential program while targeting code generation for distributed memory machines employing the single program multiple data (SPMD) model of programming. This SSA-based intermediate representation helps in a variety of optimizations performed by our automatic parallelizing compiler, PARADIGM, which generates message passing programs and targets distributed memory machines. In this paper, we concentrate on the semantics and implementation of this SSA-form for message-passing programs while giving some examples of the kind of optimizations they enable. We describe in detail the need for various kinds of merge functions to maintain the single assignment property of distributed data. We give algorithms for placement and semantics of these merge functions and show how the requirements are substantially different owing to the presence of distributed data and arbitrary array addressing functions. This scheme has been incorporated in our compiler framework which can use uniform methods to compile, parallelize, and optimize a sequential program irrespective of the subscripts used in array addressing functions. Experimental results for a number of benchmarks on an IBM SP-2 show a significant improvement in the total runtimes owing to some of the optimizations enabled by the SSA-based intermediate representation. We have observed up to around 10–25% reduction in total runtimes in our SSA-based schemes compared to non-SSA-based schemes on 16 processors.
AUTOMATED HIGHWAYS AND THE FREE AGENT DEMONSTRATION

In August of 1997, The US National Automated Highway System Consortium (NAHSC) presented a proof of technical feasibility demonstration of automated driving. The 97 Demo took place on car-pool lanes on I–15 in San Diego, California. Members of the Consortium demonstrated many different functions, including: Vision-based road following Lane departure warning Magnetic nail following Radar reflective strip following Radar-based headway maintenance Ladar-based headway maintenance Partial automation and evolutionary systems Close vehicle following (platooning) Cooperative maneuvering Obstacle detection and avoidance Mixed automated and manual driving Mixed automated cars and buses Semi-automated maintenance operations
Thermochemical investigations of gas liquid chromatography : III. Retention behavior of alkane solutes on binary liquid crystalline solvent mixtures

Abstract Retention volumes have been determined for n -heptane, n -octane, and n -nonane on binary butyl p -( p -ethoxyphenoxycarbonyl)phenyl carbonate and p -( p -ethyoxyphenylazo)phenyl undecylenate liquid crystalline stationary phases from 60 to 90°C. Results of these measurements are used to calculate enthalpies, entropies, and free energies of solution at the six solvent compositions studied. The three enthalpy and entropy of solution curves show pronounced minimum values near an equimolar mixture of the two stationary phases. The Gibbs free energies of solution, in comparison, are linear or nearly linear with solvent composition.
Continuous-flow leaching studies of crushed and cored SYNROC

Both crushed (150- to 300- ..mu..m) and cored (1,8- mm-diam) samples of SYNROC have been leached with single-pass continuous-flow leaching equipment. Crushed samples of cesium-hollandite were also leached in a similar experiment. Temperatures used were 25/sup 0/ and 75/sup 0/C and leachates were 0.03 N NaHCO/sub 3/ and distilled water. Leaching rates from SYNROC-C were ranked cesium > strontium greater than or equal to calcium > barium > zirconium. A comparison of leaching rates is made between crushed SYNROC, cored SYNROC, and Pacific Northwest Laboratory 76-68 glass beads. This comparison depends on how the surface areas are determined for each sample. Based on geometric surface areas for SYNROC cores and glass beads, cesium leach rates from SYNROC compare well with both sodium and neptunium leached from the glass. The other elements leached from SYNROC are lower than sodium and neptunium leached from glass. They also vary for each element, while glass shows nearly the same leach rate for both sodium and neptunium.
Probing Nucleon Structure via High Energy Elastic Scattering

Analyses of high energy elastic pp andscattering data from CERN ISR and SPS Collider seem to provide strong evidence in favor of the gauged nonlinear �-model of the nucleon. This model describes the nucleon as a topological soliton and introduces the vector mesons !,�,a1 as gauge bosons. The model, however, needs to be extended to include an explicit quark sector, where left and right quarks interact via a scalar field. A critical behavior of the scalar field results in a phase transition to a condensed quark-antiquark ground state. The latter can provide the outer cloud of the nucleon, which is responsible for diffraction scattering. If the nucleon is probed deeper via high energy elastic scattering, then evidence for the phase transition may emerge from a rapid change in the behavior of d�/dt.
A genetic algorithm for energy minimization in bio-molecular systems

Energy minimization algorithms for bio-molecular systems are critical to applications such as the prediction of protein folding. Conventional energy minimization methods such as the steepest descent method and conjugate gradient method suffer from the drawback that they can only locate energy minima that are extremely dependent on the initial parameter settings of the computation. We present an energy minimization algorithm based on genetic algorithms that largely overcomes this drawback of conventional methods because it provides an effective mechanism, through crossover and mutation, to explore new regions of the parameter space without being dependent on a single, preselected parameter setting. This allows the algorithm to cross local energy barriers not surmountable by conventional methods. The algorithm significantly increases the probability of reaching deeper energy minima. Tests show that the genetic algorithm based approach can achieve much lower final energy than conventional methods. Our genetic algorithm approach differs from other genetic algorithm based approaches in that we do not use the genetic algorithm to directly compute molecular conformations but instead compute a set of parameters to be used in conjunction with the molecular dynamics simulation package GROMOS96
Proinflammatory Cytokines Increase Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Alveolar Epithelial Cells

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial permeability mediator that is highly expressed in lung epithelium. In nonlung cells proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to increase VEGF expression, but their effects on lung epithelium remain unclear. We hypothesized that increases in alveolar epithelial cell VEGF RNA and protein expression occur after exposure to proinflammatory cytokines. We tested this using human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) stimulated with 5 proinflammatory cytokines. VEGF RNA expression was increased 1.4–2.7-fold in response to IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, or TGF-β over 6 hours, with TGF-β having the largest response. TNF-α increased VEGF RNA as early as 1 hour. A mix of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 had effects similar to IL-1. TNF-α increased protein expression as early as 4 hours and had a sustained effect at 16 hours, whereas IL-1 did not increase protein expression. Only VEGF165 was present in cultured A549 cells, yet other isoforms were seen in human lung tissue. Increased expression of VEGF in alveolar epithelial cells occurs in response to proinflammatory cytokines. Increased VEGF expression likely contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung diseases and to the angiogenic phenotype of lung cancer, a disease typically preceded by chronic inflammation.
Kinetics of intracellular iron in rabbit reticulocytes.

The kinetics of the intracellular iron were studied in an invitro system using reticulocyte-rich rabbit red cells incubated with Fe 59 -labeled plasma. The incubation was stopped at intervals of a few seconds to 70 minutes, and the cells were fractionated by differential centrifugation and by chemical means. In being selectively taken up by reticulocytes, Fe 59 is first associated with particulate fractions and then gradually released to the soluble cytoplasm, when the iron is incorporated into hemoglobin and into a transient nonhemoglobin protein phase. The entire process from the initial binding of iron by cell surfaces receptors until the incorporation of iron into hemoglobin requires only 6 to 8 minutes at 37 C. It is probable that in suitable concentrations, lead allows Fe 59 to accumulate in stroma but blocks its entry into the nonhemoglobin protein iron phase and into hemoglobin.
The catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) is not required for indole-3-acetic acid to activate transcription of the araBAD operon of Escherichia coli K-12.

Kline et al. (1980) have reported that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and four other indole derivatives are able to substitute for cAMP in activating expression of the ara regulon of E. coli. We have examined this phenomenon in detail, utilizing fusions between the structural gene for β-galactosidase and the promoters for the araBAD, araE, and araFG operons. We confirm that IAA potently stimulates transcription from the araBAD promoter. The effect is highly specific to araBAD, as IAA has no, or only slight, effects on the araE and araFG operons. However, contrary to the results of Kline et al., we find that the action of IAA does not require CAP. Thus, IAA fully stimulates the transcription of araBAD in a strain which bears a complete deletion of the crp gene.
Evolving models for global medical technology education

The application of advanced technology in the field of medicine, especially for imaging, is expanding rapidly in the developing countries of the world. The effective and safe use of this technology requires up-to- date knowledge of science and engineering characteristics at the local level. Projects providing open shared resources have been developed that utilize digital technology to create high-quality educational media and materials and make them available in the developing countries as free and open resources. The Physical Principles of Medical Imaging Online provided by the Sprawls Educational Foundation (SEF) at http://www.sprawls.org/resources, combines visuals for classroom discussions, self-study modules, online textbook, and a curriculum guide with outlines and learning objectives. It is designed to be incorporated into courses in local institutions and to be used by individual practicing professionals. The Virtual Library of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) is available to engineers and scientists in developing countries as an open resource through the web site http://www.aapm.org/international, providing over 100 courses on the latest applications of radiation oncology, medical imaging, and related topics. These two programs are examples of evolving models designed to enhance health care in the developing countries with effective and affordable learning opportunities.
Sintering and Performance of MgO-CaO Materials with Nano-Sized ZrO2 Addition

MgO-CaO materials is one type of the refractories for substitution of MgO-Cr2O3 refractories that has been widely used in metallurgy and cement industries, but the application of MgO-CaO materials has been inhibited for its poor thermal shock resistance that is often improved by addition of ZrO2 but it results in increase of the cost. The present work investigated preparation of MgO-CaO materials by addition of nano-sized ZrO2. The results showed that the densification of the MgO-CaO refractories was promoted and the direct bonding rate of the materials was increased by addition of nano-sized ZrO2. The thermal shock resistance of the MgO-CaO refractories was appreciably improved by modification of the microstructure due to the formed fine CaZrO3 crystallines homogenously locating on the grain boundaries and triple points of the whole microstructure. The critical amount of ZrO2 addition for the purpose to improve thermal shock resistance was effective decreased.
The effect of imagery perspectives on the psychophysiological responses to imagined exercise.

The effect of imagery perspectives, i.e. internal imagery vs. external imagery, on the psychophysiological responses to imagined exercise was investigated in the present study. Thirty male and female college students were randomly assigned to perform either internal imagery, external imagery or simple rest in addition to actual exercise. Metabolic, cardiovascular and perceptual responses were recorded before, during and after imagined exercise, actual exercise and rest. The results indicated that internal imagery resulted in a significant increase in ventilation and this response differed from the control condition. Effort sense was higher with internal imagery compared with external imagery. However, both internal and external imagery produced significant elevations in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from pre-to post-imagery, and these values were identical to those observed with actual exercise. Therefore, some responses to imagery were like those seen during actual exercise. Oxygen consumption (V˙O2), respiratory rate (RR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were similar between internal and external imagery. It is concluded that the psychophysiological responses to internal imagery resemble actual exercise more than external imagery.
Evaluating an Agglutinative Segmentation Model for ParaMor

This paper describes and evaluates a modification to the segmentation model used in the unsupervised morphology induction system, ParaMor. Our improved segmentation model permits multiple morpheme boundaries in a single word. To prepare ParaMor to effectively apply the new agglutinative segmentation model, two heuristics improve ParaMor's precision. These precision-enhancing heuristics are adaptations of those used in other unsupervised morphology induction systems, including work by Hafer and Weiss (1974) and Goldsmith (2006). By reformulating the segmentation model used in ParaMor, we significantly improve ParaMor's performance in all language tracks and in both the linguistic evaluation as well as in the task based information retrieval (IR) evaluation of the peer operated competition Morpho Challenge 2007. ParaMor's improved morpheme recall in the linguistic evaluations of German, Finnish, and Turkish is higher than that of any system which competed in the Challenge. In the three languages of the IR evaluation, our enhanced ParaMor significantly outperforms, at average precision over newswire queries, a morphologically naive baseline; scoring just behind the leading system from Morpho Challenge 2007 in English and ahead of the first place system in German.
String Theory and the Scientific Method

Richard Dawid's new book, String Theory and the Scientific Method, is an interesting and sophisticated analysis of the conceptual novelties introduced in the traditional methodology of science by s...
Carbon accumulation and storage in semi-arid sagebrush steppe: Effects of long-term grazing exclusion

Abstract The potential of grazing lands to sequester carbon has been investigated in different terrestrial environments but the results are often inconclusive. Our study examined the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) contents inside and outside four grazing exclosures that had been established more than four decades ago in the semi-arid sagebrush steppe of Wyoming. Non-grazed soil carbon parameters were compared to those of the adjacent grazed soils to examine the effects of long-term grazing exclusion on the soil carbon accumulation and storage of this particular ecological region. Soil organic carbon concentration in these soils ranged from 3.67 to 53.8 mg g −1 dry soil. There was no significant difference in SOC due to treatment (grazing exclusion) in three of the four sites. Carbon to nitrogen ratios ranged from 10 to 11 with only one site exhibiting greater C:N ratio in ungrazed soil than in grazed soil. Microbial biomass carbon concentrations ranged from 99 to 1011 μg g −1 dry soil in the study sites. All pairwise comparisons (with correlation coefficients from 0 to 1 at α = 0.05 level) between MBC and SOC were significantly positive and strong for ungrazed soil in all four sites. Greater MBC was observed in the ungrazed soil than in the grazed soil at two sites, demonstrating that long-term grazing exclusion promoted enrichment of the labile soil carbon pool.
Documentation evaluation model for social science data

Information technology and data sharing policies have made more and more social science data available for secondary analysis. In secondary data analysis, documentation plays a critical role in transferring knowledge about data from data producers to secondary users. Despite its importance, documentation of social science data has rarely been the focus of existing studies. In this paper, based on an introduction of the concept of documentation and its role in secondary data analysis, the authors proposed the Documentation Evaluation Model(DEM) for social science data. In the model, two indicators are used to evaluate the documentation for social science data: sufficiency and ease-of-use. Then the authors review the sufficiency problems of documentation, identify three factors that affect the sufficiency of documentation: users, data, and the ease-of-use of documentation, and formulate hypotheses about how those factors affect the sufficiency of documentation. In future research, a survey instrument will be created based on the model and the factors affecting the sufficiency of documentation. The survey instrument will then be applied to the secondary users of social science data. Hypotheses will be tested based on the survey data.
Expression of CD9 antigen on normal activated human B cells

The expression of the CD9 pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)-associated antigen was studied. CD9-positive B cells were enriched in the in vivo-activated buoyant B cell population isolated from tonsils. Small tonsil B cells activated in vitro with either PWM, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA), or anti-Ig plus low Mr B cell growth factor (BCGF) also demonstrated increased CD9 expression. The peak of CD9 expression (30-40% positive cells) occurred after 4-6 days of activation. The kinetics of increased CD9 expression was similar to that of the 4F2 activation antigen. CD9 antigen expression on tonsillar B cells as well as on pre-B leukemic cell lines was associated with protein kinase C activation. Two phorbols that activate protein kinase C (TPA; phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate) induced expression of the CD9 antigen whereas a phorbol analogue that does not activate C kinase (4-alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate) and an analogue that is a very weak agonist (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-4-0-methyl ether) were unable to induce CD9 expression on tonsil B cells or on the cell lines. The effect of the anti-CD9 monoclonal antibody, DU-ALL-1, on B cell mitogenesis was studied. Dense or buoyant tonsillar B cells were cultured in the presence or absence of DU-ALL-1 antibody plus PWM, anti-Ig, and BCGF, DU-ALL-1 antibody did not inhibit or augment the mitogenic response of resting or activated B cells. These results indicate that the CD9 pre-B ALL antigen is present on a population of normal activated tonsillar B cells and that its induction of expression is associated with protein kinase C activation.
Planetary landing-zone reconnaissance using ice-penetrating radar data: Concept validation in Antarctica

Abstract The potential for a nadir-looking radar sounder to retrieve significant surface roughness/permittivity information valuable for planetary landing site selection is demonstrated using data from an airborne survey of the Thwaites Glacier Catchment, West Antarctica using the High Capability Airborne Radar Sounder (HiCARS). The statistical method introduced by Grima et al. (2012. Icarus 220, 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-012-9916-y ) for surface characterization is applied systematically along the survey flights. The coherent and incoherent components of the surface signal, along with an internally generated confidence factor, are extracted and mapped in order to show how a radar sounder can be used as both a reflectometer and a scatterometer to identify regions of low surface roughness compatible with a planetary lander. These signal components are used with a backscattering model to produce a landing risk assessment map by considering the following surface properties: Root mean square (RMS) heights, RMS slopes, roughness homogeneity/stationarity over the landing ellipse, and soil porosity. Comparing these radar-derived surface properties with simultaneously acquired nadir-looking imagery and laser-altimetry validates this method. The ability to assess all of these parameters with an ice penetrating radar expands the demonstrated capability of a principle instrument in icy planet satellite science to include statistical reconnaissance of the surface roughness to identify suitable sites for a follow-on lander mission.
Identification of cyclophilin-40-interacting proteins reveals potential cellular function of cyclophilin-40

Abstract Cyclophilin-40 (CyP40) is part of the immunophilin family and is found in Hsp90-containing protein complexes. We were interested in identifying proteins that interact with CyP40. CyP40-interacting proteins in HeLa cells were identified using the tandem affinity purification approach. Adenovirus expressing human CyP40 protein (Ad–CyP40), fused with streptavidin and calmodulin binding peptides at the N terminus, was generated. Proteins were separated on a sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel after tandem affinity purification. Here 10 silver-stained protein bands that were enriched in the Ad–CyP40-infected lysate and the corresponding regions in the control lysate were excised, digested by trypsin, and identified by tandem mass spectrometric analysis. Of 11 interacting proteins that were identified, 4 (RACK1, Ku70, RPS3, and NF45) were expressed in rabbit reticulocyte lysate, bacteria, and MCF-7 cells. We confirmed that these proteins interact with CyP40. We observed that RACK1 suppressed the cobalt chloride-induced, hypoxia response element-dependent luciferase activity in MCF-7 cells but not in MCF-7 stable cells expressing approximately 10% of the cellular CyP40 content. In addition, RACK1 reduced the HIF-1α protein accumulation after cobalt chloride treatment, which was not observed when the CyP40 content was down-regulated. Collectively, we conclude that reduction of the HIF-1α protein by RACK1 is CyP40-mediated.
OKT3 rescue for steroid-resistant rejection in adult liver transplantation.

The results of OKT3 use for steroid-resistant rejection rescue in adult liver transplantation were analyzed retrospectively from a single transplant center. Comparison was made with concurrent patients who had no rejection (NR) or steroid-responsive rejections (SR). The records of 290 patients who underwent 323 liver transplants from April 1985 to December 1989 were examined. The first technically successful grafts were used for this analysis (265 grafts). Follow-up was a minimum of 1 year, or until death or loss of graft. All patients received triple-drug induction immunosuppression (CsA, Aza, steroids). Initial rejection was treated with 1 g methylprednisolone bolus i.v., followed by a 5-day taper of steroids from 200 mg to 20 mg. No rejection occurred in 108 (40.8%) and SR in 86 (32.4%), and OKT3 was given for persistent rejection in 71 (26.8%). The age, sex distribution, mean follow-up, and preoperative status were similar in all three groups. The preoperative diagnoses were similar, except for fulminant liver failure, in which 19 of 20 patients experienced rejection (P < 0.0001). The median hospitalization stay was 37 days for OKT3, 27 days for SR, and 21 days for NR (P < 0.0001). The median ICU stay was similar in the three groups (OKT3, 4; SR, 4; NR, 3). Infections in the first 6 weeks, and in the period of 6 weeks to 1 year posttransplant, were of similar frequency for all three groups. By the Kaplan-Meier estimation, the graft and patient actuarial survival rates were comparable. At 1 year, the graft survival rate was 79.6% for NR, 79.8% for SR, and 67.6% for OKT3. The 1-year patient survival rate was 85.2% for NR, 83.7% for SR, and 84.5% for OKT3. Following treatment by OKT3, rejection was permanently reversed in 42 patients. A temporary response occurred in 12 patients, 16 patients failed to respond to OKT3, 2 patients died during therapy, and 6 of the nonresponders died within 12 months. Additional OKT3 treatment was attempted in 6 patients for persistent rejection within a 1-month interval from the previous OKT3 course. Of these 6, 4 developed lymphoproliferative disorder, and only 1 survived in response to drastic reduction of immunosuppression. In conclusion, OKT3 was effective as rescue therapy for adult liver transplant steroid-resistant rejection. Because of the associated morbidity and expense, OKT3 should be used in a selective fashion. Failure to respond to OKT3 is a serious complication, and should not be managed by prolonged or repeated courses, but rather by alternative means.
Review of ward ethics: dilemmas for medical students and doctors in training.

(2002). Review of Ward Ethics: Dilemmas for Medical Students and Doctors in Training. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 70-71.
Transperineal ultrasound-guided implantation of electromagnetic transponders in the prostatic fossa for localization and tracking during external beam radiation therapy.

Abstract Purpose To describe a transperineal ultrasound-guided technique for implantation of electromagnetic transponders into the prostatic fossa. Methods and Materials Patients were placed in the dorsal lithotomy position, and local anesthetic was administered. On ultrasound, the bladder, urethra, vesicourethral anastomosis, rectum, and the prostatic fossa were carefully identified. Three transponders were implanted into the prostatic fossa under ultrasound guidance in a triangular configuration and implantation was verified by fluoroscopy. Patients underwent computed tomography (CT) simulation approximately 1 week later. All patients in this study were subsequently treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to the prostatic fossa. Results From 2008 to 2012, 180 patients received transperineal implantation of electromagnetic transponders into the prostatic fossa and subsequently received IMRT. There were no cases of severe hematuria or rectal bleeding requiring intervention. There were no grade 3 or 4 toxicities. Three patients (1.7%) had a transponder missing on the subsequent CT simulation. Thirteen patients (7.3%) had transponder migration with a geometric residual that exceeded 2 mm for 3 consecutive days (5.6%) or rotation that exceeded 10 degrees for 5 consecutive days (1.7%). These patients underwent a resimulation CT scan to identify the new transponder coordinates. Conclusions A transperineal technique for implantation of electromagnetic transponders into the prostatic fossa is safe and well tolerated, with no severe toxicity after implantation. There is a low rate of transponder loss or migration.
Enabling decentralized microblogging through P2PVPNs

In the past few years, many peer-to-peer microblogging solutions have been proposed and/or implemented utilizing various technologies such as DHTs, multicast trees, and/or gossip protocols. These previous works address the issue of privacy and performance in a variety of ways including the use of session keys for message encryption or direct connections for low latency communication. We propose a decentralized microblogging service which takes advantage of available peer-to-peer virtual private networking (P2PVPN) technologies which provide privacy and low-latency communication in the common case of P2P messaging among social peers. Leveraging the private IP connectivity of P2PVPNs, our design utilizes both IP multicasting and random walks to ensure that peers are able to publish messages with varying degree of scope (i.e. friends, friends of friends, and/or the public). We study the implications of our data dissemination mechanism for a decentralized microblogging service through simulation-based analysis based on synthetic social graphs. Overall, our experimental results show that peers can effectively follow each other's updates with acceptable overhead. Through the use of our pseudo-random-walk algorithm, we estimate that, in a 900K social graph, with a TTL of 100, a user can retreive updates from anyone in the social graph 55% of the time, but by increasing the TTL to 400 that hit rate increases to 95%.
Assimilation to Anchors for Damage Awards in a Mock Civil Trial1

Some judicial reforms propose that limits on damage awards in civil trials will lower the amounts awarded while still maintaining perceptions of justice. This article describes research that examines the impact of damage award limits on mock juror judgments. Existing theory suggests that limits will serve as anchors for the mock jurors' j]udgments. Predictions that damage awards would move toward the anchor introduced by a limit were supported. This research suggests that depending on the location of the anchor on the response scale, limits may not have the intended effects. Instead, limits may actually increase damage awards, and may also reduce jurors' p]erceptions of fairness of the damage award judgments.
Separateness as a relation: The iconicity, univocality and creativity of Korowai mother-in-law avoidance

A Korowai mother-in-law and son-in-law avoid seeing and touching each other, sharing food, speaking of each other in the singular, and uttering each other's names. I argue that these different avoided actions are understood as analogous forms of contact and impingement, and that the avoidances embody a qualitatively distinctive vision of social existence, according to which separateness, obligation, and uncertainty can be conjoined as positive bases of social connection. Avoidance practices epitomize and shape the broader institutional character of affinity as a relation of contingent accommodation and obligation. Korowai register these aspects of avoidance practice explicitly in their ideas about the consequences of transgression, and in their creative adjustment of the degrees of avoidance that they uphold. 'Mother-in-law avoidance' is an old anthropological topic, but one about which there are new and worthwhile things still to say. In this article, I examine the avoidance practices of mother-in-law/son-in-law pairs among Korowai-speakers of West Papua, the Indonesian-controlled western half of New Guinea. My findings bear not only on our understanding of avoidance institutions as such, but also on two very broad social theoretical problems. The first is whether there are qualitatively different human conceptions of what a 'social relationship' is and, if so, what might the important lines of variation then be. Examples of anthropologically canonical (if also controversial) statements on this problem include, to name just a few, Durkheim's famous typification of two kinds of solidarity, Dumont's studies of European individualism and South Asian holism, Sahlins's related proposals in writings about the historical agency of Polynesian and Fijian political leaders (1985; 1991), and Strathern's model of a distinctive Melanesian sociality (1988). In this article, I argue that Korowai mother-in-law avoidance does indeed embody a qualitatively distinctive vision of what a social relationship can be. In particular, these avoidance practices enact a vision of social life as being built out of gripping, uncertain engagement with persons markedly strange to oneself. Korowai mother-in-law avoidance offers an instructive case study of how some people make 'difference' a positive basis of social connection. The second theoretical problem addressed here is whether people are reflexively conscious of the logic and effects of their social practices and, if so,
“Of What Use is a Gold Key?” Unlocking Discourses in Rhetorical Pedagogy

ABSTRACT Applying a theory of homology to rhetorical pedagogy, this article suggests that Plato's and Augustine's discursive methods—dialectic and hermeneutics/homiletics respectively—function as unlocking devices via their formal structures. Dialectics unlock the discourses produced in/about the sensory world to reveal a higher level of material reality; hermeneutics/homiletics unlock Biblical ambiguities to produce a truer level of insight. Unlocking discourses, thus, give access to knowledge that would otherwise lie beyond reach for the untrained. The attention to form permits a different perspective on interpretation and pedagogy than more traditional approaches because it emphasizes audience's cognitive and “erotic” response to form and style.