cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scopolamine disrupts maintenance of attention rather than memory processes

Memory of a novel stimulus was demonstrated in scopolamine-treated gerbils following a 60-sec, nonreinforced exposure. On a second trial, 60 sec or 24 hr later, gerbils that received 0.01–10 mg/kg scopolamine showed shorter durations of investigation, indicating normal habituation. The frequency of approaching an object, however, did not decrease significantly in gerbils given 0.1–10 mg/kg. The duration per approach was shorter in scopolamine-treated gerbils suggesting a deficit in maintenance of attention. The loss of habituation of frequency, but not duration, occurred in the same animals during the same responses to novel objects or odors, and also occurred in gerbils habituated to the object before drug treatment. This effect was not present in physostigmine-treated gerbils or in gerbils given methylscopolamine. The data indicate the inadequacy of hypotheses that scopolamine disrupts memory, disinhibits responses, or prevents appropriate selection of stimuli. It is proposed that acetylcholine pathways are present in neural areas strategic for modulation of the interaction of sensory, limbic, and motor systems.
Human insoluble lens protein. II. Isolation and characterization of a 9600 dalton polypeptide.

Abstract A polypeptide fraction of 9600 daltons has been isolated from human insoluble protein. Although this fraction is homogeneous in size, it is heterogeneous in charge. The isolated fraction self aggregates to soluble macromolecules of approximately 4 × 105 daltons indicating that it requires interaction with other polypeptides to form the insoluble protein. By DE52 chromatography this polypeptide fraction can be separated into 12 fractions. They have very similar amino acid compositions, blocked amino termini and the same carboxy terminal residues. The unfractionated material and most of the isolated fractions have a high non-tryptophan fluorescence ( 320 405 nm , uncorrected). Sequence analyses of tryptic peptides isolated from this material indicate that the major portion of the polypeptides including residues 1–70 is identical to the amino terminal sequence of the alpha crystallin A chain. The remaining sequence representing approximately 1200 daltons remains to be determined. However, no other A chain peptide has been isolated.
Remarks on computing e^{At}

Some points which have arisen in the author's attempts to teach Kirchner's method of computing eAt, where A is a real square matrix, to a class of undergraduate engineering students are discussed. These points include 1) how to avoid the one matrix inversion required, 2) how to handle pairs of complex eigenvalues, and 3) simplifications in the important case in which the eigenvalues are distinct.
Historical seismicity near Chagos - A complex deformation zone in the equatorial Indian Ocean

The historical seismicity of the Chagos region of the Indian Ocean is analyzed, using earthquake relocation methods and a moment variance technique to determine the focal mechanisms of quakes occurring before 1964. Moment variance analysis showed a thrust faulting mechanism associated with the earthquake of 1944 near the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge; a strike-slip mechanism was associated with a smaller 1957 event occurring west of the Chagos Bank. The location of the 1944 event, one of the largest intraplate earthquakes known (1.4 x 10 to the 27th dyne/cm), would imply that the Chagos seismicity is due to a zone of tectonic deformation stretching across the equatorial Indian Ocean. The possibility of a slow diffuse boundary extending west of the Central Indian Ridge is also discussed. This boundary is confirmed by recent plate motion studies which suggest that it separates the Australian plate from a single Indo-Arabian plate.
An appraisal of the Great Lakes advanced hydrologic prediction system

Abstract Great Lakes water level forecasts are used to inform decisions ranging from personal choices of recreational activities to corporate evaluations of alternative cargo transport options. For effective decision-making it is important that these model-based forecasts include an accurate expression of the forecast uncertainty, as well as information regarding the model forecasting skill. We provide an assessment of water level forecasts from 1997 through 2009 that were made using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System (AHPS). A visual comparison between observed and forecast water levels suggests that AHPS generally captures seasonal and inter-annual patterns. A more quantitative assessment based on the percentage of observations within 90% prediction intervals, however, indicates that AHPS generally underestimates the observed variability of Great Lakes water levels. This assessment provides a benchmark for forecast performance against which alternative model structures (including future evolutions of AHPS) can be tested, and a basis to identify and prioritize the implementation of those alternatives. Including a calibrated model error term into the AHPS framework, to accommodate the underestimated variability, is a priority for short-term development and research, and represents one step toward more accurately quantifying forecast uncertainty. Our results also underscore the importance of storing historical forecasts and the data from which they were derived to serve as a basis for assessing model performance and prioritizing future model improvements.
Interactional Patterns and Marital Satisfaction Among Dual-Career Couples

The relationships of interactional patterns to the marital satisfaction of dual-career cou~lews ere exolored. Greater marital satisfaction was related to create; equality and reciprocity in the relationships. Couples experiencing reater marital satisfaction were apt to both give and ta e supports, to be involved in each other's careers, have equal commitment to the relationship, and to practice equal decision making. Holding non-traditional sex-role attitudes. and the husbands' approving of their wives' careers were related to higher marital satisfaction. Women who began their career after their marriages were apt to experience less marital satisfaction, less job satisfaction, fewer spouse supports, and greater inequality in decision making. Implications for clinicians are included.
Quantitative hair form variation in seven populations

Although hair form has received much attention in the past, it has rarely been studied systematically, and never using direct curling variables. In the present study, seven groups were scored on eight variables, including four newly-devised curling variables. These data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques to give information about the population relations and mechanisms of hair form. “Racial” groups were separated using a principal components analysis. African and Melanesian populations were shown to have significantly different quantitative hair form traits, especially in regard to their regularity of curvature. The physiological, environmental, and genetic factors contributing to hair form variation are discussed.
Incremental Forwarding Table Aggregation

The global routing table size has been increasing rapidly, outpacing the upgrade cycle of router hardware. Recently aggregating the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) emerges as a promising solution since it reduces FIB size significantly in the short term and it is compatible with any long-term architectural solutions.Because FIB entries change dynamically with routing updates, an important component of any FIB aggregation scheme is to handle routing updates efficiently while shrinking FIB size as much as possible. In this paper, we first propose two incremental FIB aggregation algorithms based on the ORTC scheme. We then quantify the tradeoffs of the proposed algorithms, which will help operators choose the algorithms best suited for their networks.
Human Pyrogeography: A New Synergy of Fire, Climate and People is Reshaping Ecosystems across the Globe

Climate and fire have shaped global ecosystems for millennia. Today human influence on both of these components is causing changes to ecosystems at a scale and pace not previously seen. This article reviews trends in pyrogeography research, through the lens of interactions between fire, climate and society. We synthesize research on the occurrence and extent of wildland fire, the historic role of climate as a driver of fire regimes, the increasing role of humans in shaping ecosystems and accelerating fire ignitions, and projections of future interactions among these factors. We emphasize an ongoing evolution in the roles that humans play in mediating fire occurrence, behavior and feedbacks to the climate system. We outline the necessary elements for the development of a mechanistic model of human, fire and climate interactions, and discuss the role geographers can play in the development of sound theoretical underpinnings for a new paradigm of human pyrogeography. Disciplines such as geography that encourage science-society research can contribute significantly to policy discussions and the development of frameworks for adapting fire management for the preservation of societal and natural system priorities.
Encoding and classification in a model of olfactory cortex

It is observed that the computational model of the olfactory cortex given by J. Ambros-Ingerson et al. (1990) is closely related to multistage vector quantization. Variations of the architecture and learning rules are given. The authors evaluate the performance of the various models applied to encode and classify vowels extracted from spoken letters. The efficacy of neural implementation of multistage and tree-search quantization is demonstrated. For fixed branching ratio it is seen that the tree-search quantizer consistently outperforms the multistage structure, though at considerable resource cost. For networks with equal neural resources, the multistage architecture returns significantly lower MSE than the flat and tree-search architectures. Experiments show that pattern rescaling offers a degree of noise immunity. >
Understanding the cost of thread migration for multi-threaded Java applications running on a multicore platform

Multicore systems increase the complexity of performance analysis by introducing a new source of additional costs: thread migration between cores. This paper explores the cost of thread migration for Java applications. We first present a detailed analysis of the sources of migration overhead and show that they result from a combination of several factors including application behavior (working set size), OS behavior (migration frequency) and hardware characteristics (nonuniform cache sharing among cores). We also present a performance characterization of several multi-threaded Java applications. Surprisingly, our analysis shows that, although significant migration penalizes can be produced in controlled environments, the set of Java applications that we examined do not suffer noticeably from migration overhead when run in a realistic operating environment on an actual multicore platform.
Keeping Objects in the Field of View: An Underdetermined Task Function Approach to Visual Servoing

This paper introduces a novel visual servo controller designed to keep multiple objects in the camera field-of-view. In contrast to other visual servo controllers, there is no goal pose or goal image. In this paper, a set of underdetermined task functions are developed to regulate the mean and variance of a set of image features. Regulating these task functions will keep feature points in the camera field-of-view. An additional task function is used to maintain a high level of motion perceptibility, which ensures that desired feature point velocities can be achieved. Simulations of several object tracking tasks have verified the performance of the proposed method.
A time-shared, in-line numeric plasma display

This paper describes the construction and operation of a numeric line display which employs a capacitively coupled plasma (1). The flat display panel consists of a gas, normally a mixture of noble and/or molecular gases, encapsulated within a glass structure in a six character configuration with each character formed by seven segment bars.
Glycine uptake by microvillous and basal plasma membrane vesicles from term human placentae

Summary Like most amino acids, glycine is present in higher concentrations in the fetus than in the mother. Unlike most amino acids, animal studies suggest fetal concentrations of glycine are minimally in excess of those required for protein synthesis. Abnormal glycine utilization has also been demonstrated in small-for-gestational age human fetuses. The mechanism(s) of glycine uptake in the human placenta are unknown. In other mammalian cells glycine is a substrate for the A, ASC and Gly amino acid transport systems. In this study human placental glycine uptake was characterized using microvillous and basal plasma membrane vesicles each prepared from the same placenta. In both membranes glycine uptake was mediated predominantly by the sodium-dependent A system. Competitive inhibition studies suggest that in microvillous vesicles the small percentage of sodium-dependent glycine uptake not inhibited by methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) shares a transport system with glycine methyl ester and sarcosine, substrates of the Gly system in other tissues. In addition there are mediated sodium-independent and non-selective transport mechanisms in both plasma membranes. If fetal glycine availability is primarily contingent upon the common and highly regulated A system, glycine must compete with many other substrates potentially resulting in marginal fetal reserves, abnormal utilization and impaired growth.
Directors’ and Officers’ Legal Liability Insurance, Audit Pricing, and Litigation Risk

Directors’ and Officers’ (D&O) legal liability insurance is a common component of CEO compensation packages. We expect managers are more willing to engage in opportunistic behaviors when their personal assets are protected from litigation risk. Therefore, information about D&O policy details is potentially useful in assessing the degree of managerial opportunism. However, US firms are not required to disclose this information. We provide evidence on this issue by first examining the association between excess D&O coverage limits and audit fees. We hypothesize that external auditors charge higher fees for audit clients with excessively high legal liability insurance coverage. Using excess Directors’ and Officers’ (D&O) insurance coverage for Canadian firms as a composite measure of managerial opportunism, we find a positive association between excess D&O coverage limits and audit fees after controlling for numerous other audit fee determinants. Additional analyses indicate that auditors are more concerned about managerial opportunism in those firms where the potential costs (to the auditor) of opportunism are expected to be higher. Second, we find a positive association between excess D&O coverage limits and the likelihood of shareholder litigation. Our findings suggest that D&O insurance disclosures convey useful information to shareholders and other capital market participants.
Standard karyotype of Triticum searsii and its relationship with other S-genome species and common wheat.

C-banding polymorphism was analyzed in 14 accessions of Triticum searsii from Israel, and a generalized idiogram of the species was established. One accession was homozygous for whole arm translocations T1SsS·4SsS and T1SsL·4SsL. C-banding analysis was also used to identify 7 T. aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’-T. searsii disomic chromosome addition lines, 14 ditelosomic chromosome addition lines, 21 disomic whole chromosome, and 31 ditelosomic chromosome substitution lines. The identity of these lines was further confirmed by meiotic pairing analysis. Sporophytic and gametophytic compensation tests were used to determine the homoeologous relationships of the T. searsii chromosomes. The results show that the T. searsii chromosomes do not compensate well for their wheat homoeologues. The C-banding patterns of T. searsii chromosomes are distinct from those of other S-genome species and from the B-genome chromosomes of wheat, indicating that T. searsii is not a direct B-genome donor species of T. turgidum and T. aestivum.
Reduction of bleomycin induced lung fibrosis by transforming growth factor β soluble receptor in hamsters

BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key mediator of collagen synthesis in the development of lung fibrosis. It has previously been shown that the administration of TGF-β antibody and TGF-β binding proteoglycan, decorin, reduced bleomycin (BL) induced lung fibrosis in animals. The present study was carried out to investigate whether intratracheal instillation of TGF-β soluble receptor (TR) would minimise the BL induced lung fibrosis in hamsters. METHODS The effect of a recombinant TR (TGFβRII) on the lung collagen accumulation was evaluated in a BL hamster model of pulmonary fibrosis. Animals were divided into four groups and intratracheally injected with saline or BL at 6.5 U/4 ml/kg followed by intratracheal instillation of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or 4 nmol TR in 0.3 ml twice a week. Twenty days after the first intratracheal instillation the hamsters were killed for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, biochemical, and histopathological analyses. RESULTS Treatment of hamsters with TR after intratracheal instillation of BL significantly reduced BL induced lung fibrosis as shown by decreases in the lung hydroxyproline level and prolyl hydroxylase activity, although they were still significantly higher than those of the saline control. Histopathological examination showed a considerable decrease in BL induced fibrotic lesions by TR treatment. However, TR did not prevent the BL induced increases in total cells and protein in the BAL fluid. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that TR has antifibrotic potential in vivo and may be useful in the treatment of fibrotic diseases where increased TGF-β is associated with excess collagen accumulation.
17β-estradiol is necessary for extinction of cocaine seeking in female rats.

Human and preclinical models of addiction demonstrate that gonadal hormones modulate acquisition of drug seeking. Little is known, however, about the effects of these hormones on extinction of drug-seeking behavior. Here, we investigated how 17b-estradiol (E2) affects expression and extinction of cocaine seeking in female rats. Using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm, ovariectomized rats were maintained throughout conditioning with 2 d of E2 treatment followed by 2 d of vehicle treatment, or were injected with E2 daily. Hormone injections were paired or explicitly unpaired with place conditioning sessions. Expression of a cocaine CPP was of equal magnitude regardless of conditioning protocol, suggesting that E2 levels during conditioning did not affect subsequent CPP expression. During extinction, daily E2 administration initially enhanced expression of the cocaine CPP, but resulted in significantly faster extinction compared to controls. Whereas E2-treated rats were extinguished within 8 d, vehicle-treated rats maintained CPP expression for more than a month, indicative of perseveration. To determine whether E2 could rescue extinction in these rats, half were given daily E2 treatment and half were given vehicle. E2-treated rats showed rapid extinction, whereas vehicle-treated rats continued to perseverate. These data demonstrate for the first time that E2 is necessary for extinction of cocaine seeking in female rats, and that it promotes rapid extinction when administered daily. Clinically, these findings suggest that monitoring and maintaining optimal E2 levels during exposure therapy would facilitate therapeutic interventions for female cocaine addicts. Gonadal hormones render women more susceptible than men to developing compulsive patterns of psychostimulant use. Natural fluctuations in levels of the primary ovarian hormones, estrogens and progesterone, account for this increased abuse liability.
Electrochemical Characteristics of ZnO -Nanowire/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Composite as a Cathode for SOFCs

We report electrical characteristics of a porous composite cathode for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) consisting of ZnO nanowires (ZnO-NW) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) particles. This composite cathode significantly reduces concerns about chemical and mechanical compatibility with the YSZ electrolyte, which has remained one of the main challenges for practical utilization of the SOFC. The area-specific polarization resistivity of this composite electrode was comparable to, if not lower than, that of conventional cathodes. The results demonstrate that, with size and material optimization, the ZnO-NW/YSZ porous composite cathode can be a viable alternative to conventional cathodes for SOFCs.
Screening, Surveillance, and Prevention for Esophageal Cancer

The incidence of esophageal cancer, especially esophageal adenocarcinoma, is increasing and its high mortality rate is a notable fact. Improving survival rates of this disease depend on earlier detection through screening and surveillance; however, standard diagnostic modalities, such as endoscopy with biopsy, have several limitations as screening tools, including low negative predictive value and relatively high cost. Recently developed biomarkers such as FISH and improved imaging techniques, may help overcome current problems and provide improved screening and surveillance for esophageal cancer.
An Investigation of Prognosis in German

AGENERAL review of the field of prognostic investigation in Foreign Languages reveals that there have been very few such experiments related to German. In studies related to languages, it is asserted that intelligence is not the only factor involved in the learning of a Foreign Language. There are, indeed, a great many factors which must be considered for the greatest reliability in the results. Even then, the results of one study can hardly be compared with those of another, since in each case diverse conditions must be taken into consideration. W. V. Kaulfers, after an extensive investigation of Prognosis in Foreign Languages, states:
Association between serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between serum methylmalonic acid (MMA), a proposed marker of cellular cobalamin deficiency, and serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs. Serum samples from 555 dogs were grouped according to their serum cobalamin concentrations (<150 ng/L to 1000 ng/L). Additionally, serum samples were collected from 43 healthy dogs to calculate a reference interval for canine serum MMA. MMA was measured using a GC/MS method. Groups were compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post test. Proportions of dogs above the upper limit of the reference interval were calculated and a χ2-test for trend was performed to evaluate the association between serum cobalamin and MMA concentrations. The reference interval for serum MMA was calculated to be 414.7-1192.5 nmol/L. Dogs with serum cobalamin concentrations <251 ng/L had significantly higher MMA concentrations (P<0.05) and the χ2-test for trend showed a trend for increasing serum MMA concentrations with decreasing serum cobalamin concentrations (P<0.0001). Additionally, a number of dogs with normal serum cobalamin concentrations had increased serum MMA concentrations, suggesting that some of these dogs may have cobalamin deficiency on a cellular level. Further studies are warranted to determine if these dogs should receive cobalamin supplementation.
Substance Misuse Treatment for High Risk Chronic Pain Patients on Opioid Therapy: A Randomized Trial

Chronic pain patients who show aberrant drug-related behavior often are discontinued from treatment when they are noncompliant with their use of opioids for pain. The purpose of this study was to conduct a randomized trial in patients who were prescribed opioids for noncancer back pain and who showed risk potential for or demonstration of opioid misuse to see if close monitoring and cognitive behavioral substance misuse counseling could increase overall compliance with opioids. Forty-two patients meeting criteria for high-risk for opioid misuse were randomized to either standard control (High-Risk Control; N=21) or experimental compliance treatment consisting of monthly urine screens, compliance checklists, and individual and group motivational counseling (High-Risk Experimental; N=21). Twenty patients who met criteria indicating low potential for misuse were recruited to a low-risk control group (Low-Risk Control). Patients were followed for 6 months and completed pre- and post-study questionnaires and monthly electronic diaries. Outcomes consisted of the percent with a positive Drug Misuse Index (DMI), which was a composite score of self-reported drug misuse (Prescription Drug Use Questionnaire), physician-reported abuse behavior (Addiction Behavior Checklist), and abnormal urine toxicology results. Significant differences were found between groups with 73.7% of the High-Risk Control patients demonstrating positive scores on the DMI compared with 26.3% from the High-Risk Experimental group and 25.0% from the Low-Risk Controls (p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrate support for the benefits of a brief behavioral intervention in the management of opioid compliance among chronic back pain patient at high-risk for prescription opioid misuse.
The Mediating Effect of Team Engagement between Team Cognitions and Team Outcomes in Service-Management Teams

Prior research has focused more on employee engagement than team engagement. The current work presents a theoretical framework proposing the antecedents and consequences of team engagement. Antecedents of team engagement include two types of team cognitions (shared mental models and transactive memory systems). Consequences of team engagement include team performance and team satisfaction. A longitudinal study was conducted with 27 service-management teams involving 178 students in a restaurant setting. Hierarchical linear modeling results indicate the (a) direct relationships between team cognitions and team engagement, and between team engagement and team outcomes, and (b) mediation effects of team engagement.
An interesting anatomic variant of inferior vena cava duplication: case report and review of the literature

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC) occur in roughly 4% of the population. We report an interesting case of an atypical variant of duplicated IVC. A 20-year-old man presented with orthopedic injuries and intracranial hemorrhage following a motorcycle accident. He was taken to the fluoroscopy suite for IVC filter placement; duplication of the IVC was noted. The right and left iliac veins shared a normal confluence but two IVCs drained independently into renal veins before reuniting into a single structure. Both IVC filters were placed via a single puncture in the groin. We performed a search of the PubMed database using‘ inferior vena cava duplication’ and reviewed common anomalies of the IVC. Several variants of duplicated IVC exist; the most common of which is two distinct IVCs that arise from each iliac vein without a normal confluence. Our patient had a unique anomaly which allowed filter placements from a single puncture.
Political economy analysis for tobacco control in low- and middle-income countries.

Tobacco is already the world’s leading cause of preventable death, claiming over 5 million lives annually, and this toll is rising. Even though effective tobacco control policies are well researched and widely disseminated, they remain largely unimplemented in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). For the most part, control attempts by advocates and government regulators have been frustrated by transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) and their supporters. One reason tobacco is so difficult to control is that its political economy has yet to be adequately understood and addressed. We conducted a review of the literature on tobacco control in LMICs using the databases PubMed, EconLit, PsychInfo and AGRICOLA. Among the over 2500 papers and reports we identified, very few explicitly applied political economy analysis to tobacco control in an LMIC setting. The vast majority of papers characterized important aspects of the tobacco epidemic, including who smokes, the effects of smoking on health, the effectiveness of advertising bans, and the activities of TTCs and their allies. But the political and economic dynamics of policy adoption and implementation were not discussed in any but a handful of papers. To help control advocates better understand and manage the process of policy implementation, we identify how political economy analysis would differ from the traditional public health approaches that dominate the literature. We focus on five important problem areas: information problems and the risks of smoking; the roles of domestic producers; multinational corporations and trade disputes in consumption; smuggling; the barriers to raising taxes and establishing spatial restrictions on smoking; and incentive conflicts between government branches. We conclude by discussing the political economy of tobacco and its implications for control strategies.
Low dose, limited energy spectroscopic x-ray microscopy

In order to achieve high quality in situ spectroscopic X-ray microscopy of complex systems far from equilibrium, such as lithium ion batteries under standard electrochemical cycling, careful consideration of the total number of energy points is required. Enough energy points are need to accurately determine the per pixel chemical information; however, total radiation dose needs to be limited to avoid damaging the system which would produce misleading results. Here we consider the number of energy points need to accurately reproduce the state of charge maps of a LiFePO 2 electrode recorded during electrochemical cycling. We observe very good per pixel agreement using only 13 energy points. Additionally, we find the quality of the agreement is heavily dependent on the number of energy points used in the post edge fit during normalization of the spectra rather than the total number of energies used. Finally, we suggest a straightforward protocol for determining the minimum number of energy points needed prior to initiating any in situ spectroscopic X-ray microscopy experiment.
Telephone CPR Instructions in Emergency Dispatch Systems: Qualitative Survey of 911 Call Centers

Introduction: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a leading cause of death. The 2010 American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care (ECC) Guidelines recognize emergency dispatch as an integral component of emergency medical service response to OHCA and call for all dispatchers to be trained to provide telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation (T-CPR) pre-arrival instructions. To begin to measure and improve this critical intervention, this study describes a nationwide survey of public safety answering points (PSAPs) focusing on the current practices and resources available to provide T-CPR to callers with the overall goal of improving survival from OHCA. Methods: We conducted this survey in 2010, identifying 5,686 PSAPs; 3,555 had valid e-mail addresses and were contacted. Each received a preliminary e-mail announcing the survey, an e-mail with a link to the survey, and up to three follow-up e-mails for non-responders. The survey contained 23 primary questions with sub-questions depending on the response selected. Results: Of the 5,686 identified PSAPs in the United States, 3,555 (63%) received the survey, with 1,924/3,555 (54%) responding. Nearly all were public agencies (n=1,888, 98%). Eight hundred seventy-eight (46%) responding agencies reported that they provide no instructions for medical emergencies, and 273 (14%) reported that they are unable to transfer callers to another facility to provide T-CPR. Of the 1,924 respondents, 975 (51%) reported that they provide pre-arrival instructions for OHCA: 67 (3%) provide compression-only CPR instructions, 699 (36%) reported traditional CPR instructions (chest compressions with rescue breathing), 166 (9%) reported some other instructions incorporating ventilations and compressions, and 92 (5%) did not specify the type of instructions provided. A validation follow up showed no substantial difference in the provision of instructions for OHCA by non-responders to the survey. Conclusion: This is the first large-scale, nationwide assessment of the practices of PSAPs in the United States regarding T-CPR for OHCA. These data showing that nearly half of the nation’s PSAPs do not provide T-CPR for OHCA, and very few PSAPs provide compression-only instructions, suggest that there is significant potential to improve the implementation of this critical link in the chain of survival for OHCA.
Validity and Clinical Utility of Subtyping by the Beck Depression Inventory in Women Seeking Gastric Bypass Surgery

Background The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is commonly used in the screening and evaluation process with bariatric surgery candidates despite relatively limited psychometric evidence in this patient group. We examined the validity of the BDI and its clinical utility for subtyping women seeking gastric bypass surgery.
Modeling and Estimating Time-Varying Systematic Risk: A Conditional Three-Moment Asset Pricing Model

Most empirical studies of the asset pricing model assume that only first two moments matter in asset valuation and systematic risk remains constant over time. There is a general consensus that the static CAPM is unable to capture the time-varying risk premium and explain cross-sectional returns. Our study incorporates the effect of higher moments on valuation with a conditional three-moment asset pricing model. We also proposed an econometric methodology to estimate time-varying and asymmetric risk factors under a conditional framework. The model is applied to daily stock return data and our results show that time variation and asymmetry in higher moments are relevant to asset pricing.
Episodic ice velocity fluctuations triggered by a subglacial flood in West Antarctica

Height change anomalies in satellite altimeter data have been interpreted as the surface expressions of basal water moving into and out of subglacial lakes. These signals have been mapped throughout Antarctica on timescales of months to years, but only broad connections have been made between active lakes and ice dynamics. We present the first high-frequency observations of ice velocity evolution due to a cascading subglacial lake drainage event, collected over 5 years (2010–2015) using Global Positioning System data on Whillans and Mercer ice streams, West Antarctica. We observed three episodic ice velocity changes over 2 years, where flow speed increased by up to 4%, as well as an 11 month disruption of the tidally modulated stick-slip cycle that dominates regional ice motion. Our observations reveal that basal conditions of an Antarctic ice stream can rapidly evolve and drive a dynamic ice response on subannual timescales, which can bias observations used to infer long-term ice sheet changes.
Pharmacodynamically Guided Levofloxacin Dosing for Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia.

Background. Oral levofloxacin is recommended as a preferred treatment for infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae with a penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≥4 µg/mL and as an alternative for infection with S pneumoniae with a penicillin MIC of ≤2 µg/mL. To investigate the current dosing recommendations and create a pharmacodynamically guided regimen, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed. Methods. The simulation included a previously published 1-compartment model, and incorporated a formula that takes into account age-appropriate weights for hospitalized patients. Three different dosing regimens, including community-acquired pneumonia guideline dosing, inhalational anthrax dosing, and a pharmacodynamically guided regimen, were assessed. The probability of target attainment was described as the proportion of patients who achieve an unbound-drug area under the concentration-time curve over 24 hours divided by the MIC above 33.7 µg/mL per hour. Microbiologic data from 2 stand-alone pediatric tertiary care centers were included. Results. Guideline-recommended doses of levofloxacin seem to produce suboptimal exposure in patients aged 5-14 years for pneumococci with an MIC of 1 µg/mL. Anthrax dosing was suboptimal in patients aged 15 years. The pharmacodynamically guided regimen maintained a probability of target attainment of >90% for all age groups without producing peak concentrations higher than those previously described. None of the regimens attained the pharmacodynamic targets for a levofloxacin MIC of 2 µg/mL. Conclusions. Current dosing recommendations were found to be suboptimal for specific age groups. A pharmacodynamically guided levofloxacin dosing regimen was determined, but it will need to be studied clinically for safety and tolerability.
Comparison of Diesel Pilot Ignition (DPI) and Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) in a Heavy-Duty Engine

Due to growing interest in utilizing natural gas as an alternative fuel in internal combustion engines, a study on the use of natural gas for dual-fuel combustion strategies in a heavy-duty engine was performed to examine the diesel pilot ignition (DPI) and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion strategies. In Part 1 of this work, the transition between the DPI and RCCI combustion regimes was studied via the direct control of the SOI timing. At the relatively rich condition of ϕ = 0.72, the performance of both combustion strategies was comparable. In Part 2 of this work, the effect of the equivalence ratio on each combustion regime was examined. It was observed that at richer conditions the performance of each combustion regime was similar. However as the conditions became leaner, the performance improved for RCCI combustion and was degraded for DPI combustion. In Part 3 of this work, the effect of fueling rate was explored at a relatively lean operating condition (ϕ = 0.52). It was seen that the fueling rate has little effect on the combustion performance as the engine load was increased. The strong influence of the equivalence ratio on the combustion performance of the RCCI and DPI combustion strategies indicates the both combustion regimes are recommended to engine applications with air handling systems which generate relatively rich in-cylinder conditions; for engine applications with air handling systems which allow for relatively lean in-cylinder conditions, the RCCI combustion regime is recommended.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
80 ARE CASES OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH DISTINGUISHABLE BY SEVERITY OR REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF CORONARY ARTERY LESIONS

Background Coronary artery disease is the most common condition associated with sudden cardiac death. However, the determinants of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among patients with coronary artery disease remain poorly defined. Methods The Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study (Ore-SUDS) is a prospective, multiple-source population-based study of SCD among all residents of Multnomah County OR (pop. 660,486). We evaluated severity and regional distribution of coronary artery lesions in consecutively ascertained adult cases of SCD that underwent coronary angiograms prior to death. Comparisons were conducted with a geographically matched control group of patients with coronary artery disease and no history of SCD, also using findings from coronary angiography. All patients were required to have significant coronary artery disease (> 50% stenosis in at least one major coronary artery). Results Mean age of SCD cases (n = 88) and controls (n = 195) was 66.1 yrs (30.6% female) and 65.0 yrs (32.8% female; age p = .48 and gender p = .71), respectively. Overall there was no statistically significant difference between severity of coronary artery disease when comparing the cases and controls. There were a similar number of cases and controls who had 1-, 2-, or 3-vessel disease. Furthermore, the distribution of lesions was very similar when comparing the cases and controls. Lastly, over 90% of both the cases and controls had at least 1 artery that had a lesion that resulted in at least a 70% obstruction of the vessel. This is true when both comparing the native and the grafted vessels of the individual cases and controls. Conclusions When compared to controls, SCD cases were not distinguishable by either coronary artery lesion severity or regional distribution of coronary stenoses/occlusions. Determinants of sudden cardiac death in subjects with coronary artery disease may have to be sought by a detailed and comprehensive evaluation of potential genetic and environmental factors.
Nanostructured Layered Cathode for Rechargeable Mg-Ion Batteries.

Nanostructured bilayered V2O5 was electrochemically deposited within a carbon nanofoam conductive support. As-prepared electrochemically synthesized bilayered V2O5 incorporates structural water and hydroxyl groups, which effectively stabilizes the interlayers and provides coordinative preference to the Mg2+ cation in reversible cycling. This open-framework electrode shows reversible intercalation/deintercalation of Mg2+ ions in common electrolytes such as acetonitrile. Using a scanning transmission electron microscope we demonstrate that Mg2+ ions can be effectively intercalated into the interlayer spacing of nanostructured V2O5, enabling electrochemical magnesiation against a Mg anode with a specific capacity of 240 mAh/g. We employ HRTEM and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging to understand the role of environment in the intercalation processes. A rebuilt full cell was tested by employing a high-energy ball-milled Sn alloy anode in acetonitrile with Mg(ClO4)2 salt. XRF microscopy reveals effective insertio...
Detecting hashtag hijacking from Twitter

Twitter hashtags are typically used to categorize a tweet, to monitor ongoing conversations, and to facilitate accurate retrieval of posts. Hashtag hijacking occurs when a group of users starts using a trending hashtag to promote a topic that is substantially different from its recent context. Most of the prior research on hashtag hijacking has focused on manual monitoring of specific hashtags. We present a general framework based on multi-modal matrix factorization for automatically detecting hashtag hijacking from Twitter data, where the compromised hashtags and their underlying topics were unknown a priori.
Could this happen to you

Some EMTs risk losing their lives by failing to protect themselves when responding to hazmat incidents.
Abstract 640: Probing the tumorigenic properties of two pore potassium channels using inhibitory anti-KCNK9 mAbs

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Ion channels are important portals that facilitate ionic passage across membranes in all organisms. KCNK9, a member of the family of two-pore domain potassium K+ channels, mediates “leak” currents critical to maintaining cell resting membrane potentials. Since its identification, KCNK9 has been implicated in various human disorders including cancer. KCNK9 overexpression has been observed in melanoma, colorectal, breast and lung tumors and KCNK9 has been found to promote tumor survival and growth, by increasing resistance to hypoxia and apoptosis. However, KCNK9's underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms have been elusive due to the absence of specific inhibitors. Here, we describe the development of novel monoclonal antibodies directed against the KCNK9 extracellular domain and their molecular/cellular effects on KCNK9-expressing cells. Murine monoclonal IgG1 antibodies were raised against recombinant KCNK9 extracellular domains expressed in a mammalian system. 40 monoclonal antibodies were generated and demonstrated channel subtype-specific recognition of human KCNK9. Among them, 1 antibody designated Y4-mAb displayed sub-nanomolar binding affinity and inhibited KCNK9 channel conductance by up to 30% when tested in a fluorescent ion-influx assay. Through confocal microscopic analysis, channel inhibition was found to result from antibody-induced internalization and endocytosis of cell-surface channels. Y4-mAb induced up to 30∼40% reduction in cell viability and increased cell death in BEN non-small cell lung carcinoma cells and BT-549 and 410.4 breast cancer cells. In addition to “direct cell killing”, this antibody activated complement, resulting in complement-dependent cancer cell cytotoxicity in vitro. Initial experiments in vivo showed that systemic Y4-mAb inhibited the capacity of BEN non-small cell lung carcinoma cells to propagate subcutaneous tumor xenografts in nude mice (p<0.05). In conclusion, we have generated a high affinity KCNK9-specific monoclonal antibody that perturbs KCNK9 function and inhibits tumor cell survival and xenograft formation. Anti-KCNK9 antibodies have the potential to be valuable research tools and may lead to novel therapeutics. Moreover, our strategies should be generally applicable to studying the functions of other ion channels in cancer. Citation Format: Han Sun, Liqun Luo, Bachchu Lal, John Laterra, Min Li. Probing the tumorigenic properties of two pore potassium channels using inhibitory anti-KCNK9 mAbs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 640. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-640
INTRODUCTION: SOCIAL WORK THEORY AND THE INDIVIDUAL

This chapter provides an overview of social work theory. In 1970, the British government established a public social service program designed to provide a comprehensive, integrated family service at the local government level. There are two reasons why the history of this development is important to an American audience. The British experience demonstrates the relationship between social work theory and social service policy and administration. This relationship has both a theoretical and practical significance. Public social services involve the distribution of goods and services to people; social work theory, in particular the theory underlying the public, comprehensive, integrated family service, does make a difference in how the social service programs are structured, how they are administered, and how they affect the consumer. Social welfare programs start with legislation and administration, and these are conscious efforts to deal with particular problems. Particular social welfare programs reflect only part of society's conception of the poverty problem. The system therefore reflects fundamental values and attitudes toward work, family relationships and responsibilities, and moral behavior. The social work profession has an important influence on the public welfare workers. There are also sociological conditions that affect the exercise of legal rights and the considerations concerning the exercise of legal rights are also relevant to the administration of social services. The major reform in social services currently underway is the separation of social services from the income maintenance part of welfare.
The Science of Waking and Public Policy

Waking and the reticular activating system (RAS) as described in this book has much wider scientific and societal implications than at first sight. The RAS mediates preconscious awareness, which represents the context of our lives, and is responsible for our survival. This information has significant impact on ideas related to altered states of consciousness; to volition and the concept of peak athletic performance; to the concept of volition, free will, and criminal intent; and to public safety. The potential clinical applications of controlling preconscious awareness are limitless.