cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bank Fragility and International Capital Mobility

The paper presents a model of a small open economy with a fragile banking sector and imperfect international capital mobility. In this model, increased international integration of the market for bank deposits makes bank runs more likely, resulting in a welfare loss for the business sector. Bank depositors may gain or lose depending on the parameters. When depositors gain, whether the gains exceed the losses to the business sector depends on the size of the holdings of foreign assets relative to the deadweight costs of bank runs. Thus, limited international financial integration may not be desirable.
Social networks and non‐market strategy

To date, the field of non-market strategy has little to offer in the way of an integrated perspective on the simultaneous management of strategic issues and corporate stakeholders. This paper employs social network analysis to make a number of theoretically grounded conjectures about the delicate relationships between stakeholder behaviour and issue evolution. It is found that social network analysis has the potential to enrich and integrate theoretical perspectives in the field of non-market strategy, offering solutions to a set of previously unresolved puzzles. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Effects of Social Networks on Prediction Markets: Examination in a Controlled Experiment

This paper examines the effect of a social network on prediction markets using a controlled laboratory experiment that allows us to identify causal relationships between a social network and the performance of an individual participant, as well as the performance of the prediction market as a whole. Through a randomized experiment, we first confirm the theoretical predictions that participants with more social connections are less likely to invest in information acquisition from outside information sources, but perform significantly better than other participants in prediction markets. We further show that when the cost of information acquisition is low, a social network-embedded prediction market outperforms a nonnetworked prediction market. We find strong support for peer effects in prediction accuracy among participants. These results have direct managerial implications for the business practice of prediction markets and are critical to understanding how to use social networks to improve the performanc...
Product quality and firm heterogeneity in international trade

This paper quantifies the separate contributions of product quality and technical efficiency in explaining variation in export outcomes across US manufacturing plants. Unlike previous studies that rely on unit values, I estimate idiosyncratic demand from price and quantity information. I find substantial across-plant heterogeneity in demand, and consistent with the quality interpretation, demand is positively correlated with advertising expenditures, wage rates and material costs. I use this variation to explain across-plant heterogeneity in export outcomes. The results show that, in addition to productivity, idiosyncratic demand is an important determinant of selection into exporting and the levels of foreign sales.
Forward and inverse design of kirigami via supervised autoencoder

The authors develop a supervised autoencoder to perform forward and inverse design of graphene kirigami. By interpolating in the latent space of kirigami structures, the supervised autoencoder generates designs that mix parallel and orthogonal cuts.
Economic and Welfare Effects of the Abolition of Health User Fees : Evidence from Uganda

The authors use household level data for Uganda for 1999-2000 and 2002-03, before and after the abolition of user fees for public health services, to explore the effect of this policy on different groups' ability to access health services and morbidity outcomes. They find that the policy change improved access and reduced the probability of sickness in a way that was particularly beneficial to the poor. Although the challenge of maintaining service quality remains, aggregate benefits are estimated to be significantly larger than the estimated shortfalls from the abolition of user fees.
Drugs in a Curative Combination Therapy for Lymphoma Exhibit Low Cross-Resistance But Not Pharmacological Synergy

Almost all curative cancer therapies involve multi-drug combinations. The development of new combinations currently focuses on identifying instances of synergistic pharmacological interaction. Historically successful curative therapies were developed by experimentation in humans using different criteria but the mechanistic basis of these successful combinations has not been investigated in detail. Here we use isobologram analysis to score pharmacological interaction and clone-tracing and CRISPR screening to measure cross-resistance among the five drugs comprising R-CHOP, a combination therapy that frequently cures Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas. We find that R-CHOP drugs exhibit very low cross-resistance but no synergy; some two-way interactions are even antagonistic. These data provide direct evidence for the 50-year old hypothesis that a curative cancer therapy can be constructed on the basis of non-overlapping drug resistance rather than pharmacological interaction.
The Inviolate Home: Housing Exceptionalism in the Fourth Amendment

The ideal of the inviolate home dominates the Fourth Amendment. The case law accords stricter protection to residential search and seizure than to many other privacy incursions. The focus on protection of the physical home has decreased doctrinal efficiency and coherence and derailed Fourth Amendment residential privacy from the core principle of intimate association. This Article challenges Fourth Amendment housing exceptionalism. Specifically, I critique two hallmarks of housing exceptionalism: first, the extension of protection to residential spaces unlikely to shelter intimate association or implicate other key privacy interests; and second, the prohibition of searches that impinge on core living spaces but do not harm interpersonal and domestic privacy. Contrary to claims in the case law and commentary, there is little evidence to support the broad territorial conception of privacy inherent to the “sanctity of the home,” a vital personhood interest in the physical home, or even uniformly robust subjective privacy expectations in varying residential contexts. Similarly, closer examination of the political and historical rationales for housing exceptionalism reveals a nuanced, and equivocal, view of common justifications for privileging the home. This Article advocates replacing the broad sweep of housing exceptionalism, and its emphasis on the physical home, with a narrower set of residential privacy interests that are more attentive to substantive privacy and intimate association.
Exchange-rate dynamics under stochastic regime shifts A unified approach

Abstract Simple techniques of regulated Brownian motion are used to analyze the behavior of the exchange rate when official policy reaction functions are subject to future stochastic changes. We examine exchange-rate dynamics in cases where the authorities promise (i) to confine a floating rate within a predetermined range, (ii) to peg the currency once it reaches a predetermined future level, and (iii) to unify a system of dual exchange rates. Similarities among these and several related examples of regime switching are stressed. We also discuss how stochastic regime changes can affect some standard statistical tests of hypotheses about exchange rates.
Comparing DSGE-VAR forecasting models: How big are the differences?

Abstract I generate priors for a vector autoregression (VAR) from a standard real business cycle (RBC) model, an RBC model with capital-adjustment costs and habit formation, and a sticky-price model with an unaccommodating monetary authority. The response of hours worked to a TFP shock differs sharply across these models. I compare the accuracy of forecasts made from each of the resulting dynamic stochastic general equilibrium vector autoregression (DSGE-VAR) models. Despite having different structural characteristics, the DSGE-VARs are comparable in terms of forecasting performance. As in previous work, DSGE-VARs compare favorably with atheoretical VARs.
Corporate Strategy, Analyst Coverage, and the Uniqueness Paradox

In this paper, we argue that managers confront a paradox in selecting strategy. On one hand, capital markets systematically discount uniqueness in the strategy choices of firms. Uniqueness in strategy heightens the cost of collecting and analyzing information to evaluate a firm's future value. These greater costs in strategy evaluation discourage the collection and analysis of information regarding the firm, and result in a valuation discount. On the other hand, uniqueness in strategy is a necessary condition for creating economic rents and should, except for this information cost, be positively associated with firm value. We find empirical support for both propositions using a novel measure of strategy uniqueness in a firm panel data set between 1985 and 2007. This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Housing busts and household mobility

Using two decades of American Housing Survey data from 1985 to 2007, we revisit the literature on lock-in effects and provide new estimates of the impacts of negative equity and rising interest rates on the mobility of owners. Both lead to substantially lower mobility rates. Owners suffering from negative equity are one-third less mobile, and every added $1000 in real annual mortgage costs lowers mobility by about 12%. Our results cannot simply be extrapolated to the future, but they do have potentially important implications for policy makers concerned about the consequences of the housing bust that began as our data series ended. In particular, they indicate that we need to begin considering the consequences of lock-in and reduced household mobility because they are quite different from those associated with default and higher mobility.
Legitimacy signals and family IPO performances

Abstract The objective of this research is to examine the relationship between signals including governance and management practices and the performance of family firms IPOs. Using IPO data of 129 family firms and 129 comparable non-family firms from the Taiwan Stock Exchange, our findings highlighted the role of non-family insiders, or non-family affiliated directors in the IPOs of family firms. Our comparison between family and non-family IPOs shows hiring prestigious underwriters significantly improves the performance of family firm IPOs. Finally, we found the industries of IPO firms moderate the relationship between corporate governance characteristics and IPO performances, as non-family firms in technology industries are perceived to be more legitimate than their family counterparts. This paper makes three contributions to existing research. Firstly, we contribute to the legitimacy theory by suggesting an interaction effect between internal (organizational) and external (environmental) factors. Secon...
The Fault of Not Knowing: A Comment

In a recent paper, George Fletcher points out a surface anomaly in the tort system's adherence to a fault standard (under the banner of negligence), and its correlative refusal to excuse, under ordinary circumstances, the individual who in good faith attempts to exercise reasonable care but simply falls short of the mark. If an actor injures another through inadvertence, Fletcher observes, the situation appears on its face to be one in which tort, in the guise of negligence and contrary to its grounding in fault, is assigning liability in the absence of personal culpability. The objective standard universally recognized in obeisance to "the reasonable person" seems to weave a strand of strict liability into the tapestry of negligence. The central theme in Fletcher's paper is to show how negligence, in the sense of "the fault of not knowing," remains centered on a foundation of personal blameworthiness, despite its surface appearance of adhering to an external standard of conduct that the risk-imposing individual may be incapable of satisfying. In this comment, I begin by indicating where I find common ground with Fletcher. In fact, I will suggest that his "fault of not knowing" rests on a well-established notion of the role of custom in tort law. But I then indicate through discussion of leading tort scholarship and cases that his broader thesis - that once acknowledging the fault of not knowing, negligence can be squared with personal blameworthiness - cannot withstand sustained analysis. In a final section, I open the inquiry still further by briefly commenting on the constraining effect of addressing the problem of remedies for accidental harm exclusively in terms of fault and strict liability.
FEMALE DUAL LABOUR MARKETS AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS

The American workforce and the role of employee benefits have changed dramatically since the 1980s when economists seriously considered dual labour market models to describe pay and employment patterns. Then, dual labour market models described men's labour markets, but not women's and the tests applied to wages and salaries, not total compensation including employee benefits. Applying a switching regression technique using the 2000 Current Population Survey and including women workers and employee benefits, we find that the dual labour market hypothesis is consistent with both female and male labour market structures, especially when total compensation is considered.
The uncertainty multiplier and business cycles

Abstract I study a business cycle model where agents learn about the fundamentals by accumulating capital. During recessions, agents invest less, and this generates noisier estimates of macroeconomic conditions and an increase in uncertainty. The endogenous increase in aggregate uncertainty further reduces economic activity and thus gives rise to a multiplier effect that amplifies aggregate fluctuations. To discipline learning dynamics, I parametrize the model so that it matches not only standard business cycle moments but also survey data on macroeconomic forecasts. I find that the uncertainty multiplier amplifies output standard deviation by 16%.
Pursuing Over-Criminalization at the Expense of Islamic Law

In a short essay, Adnan A. Zulfiqar takes a more critical approach to aspects of Brunei’s criminal laws that have garnered less attention but that he finds more troubling. The international community has, rightly in his view, protested against and condemned the law’s potential violations of human rights norms against torture and individual freedom. Most condemnations have focused on provisions for capital punishment, whipping, and amputation for the new Code’s crimes of liwāṭ (sodomy), zinā (unlawful sexual intercourse between heterosexuals), and theft. But little attention has been paid to the Code’s departures from “classical Islamic law’s substantive and procedural constraints” thus allowing legislators and prosecutors to “criminalize more conduct.” For example, the Code permits punishment of offenders who lack legal capacity, requires four eyewitnesses to prove rape, and prosecutes beliefs through punishing attempted apostasy. For these reasons, despite the procedural protections and heightened standards of doubt jurisprudence to which Mohamed and Muller point, the new Code entails many other provisions that signal the need for greater caution and perhaps further modification. Zulfiqar argues that Brunei codified Islamic criminal law in a way that creates novel crimes and disregards defendant rights, thus diverging from norms of fairness and cultural accommodation present in the precedents and mores of the very Islamic system which it seeks to reinterpret for its society today.
Intellectual Property and the Firm

Intellectual Property and the Firm Dan L. Burkt Since its articulation by Ronald Coase, the economic theory of the firm has generated an enormous body of literature in corporate law and related fields.' That literature has become increasingly domi- nated by property-based theories of the firm that consider the alloca- tion and disposition of institutional assets. Given this influence and di- rection, it is curious that the theory of the firm has received relatively little attention in intellectual property scholarship. In a so-called in- formation age, where the most important assets of firms increasingly are intangible assets, one might expect that property-based theories of the firm would be readily applied to intellectual property. While the dearth of such analysis might suggest that theories of the firm have little to tell us regarding intellectual property, this sup- position is not only counterintuitive, but belied by scholarship employ- ing these theories in the intellectual property context, which is now beginning to emerge. Some work in this regard has already been done by Robert Merges, considering the law of ownership applicable to in- ventions created by employees.' Although Merges does not explicitly invoke the theory of the firm, his analysis has elements common to such theories. Merges has also explicitly applied the theory of the firm to consider the control of innovators over inputs into their produc- tion.' More recently, David McGowan has considered theories of the firm in relation to the licensing of copyrighted open-source soft- ware. He suggests that the purportedly decentralized open-source programming community operates more as an economic firm than romanticized visions of this community might suggest. 4 McGowan's t Oppenheimer, Wolff & Donnelly Professor of Law, University of Minnesota.The author thanks Brett McDonnell, David McGowan, D. Gordon Smith, and participants in the University of Chicago Intellectual Property Colloquium for helpful comments in the formulation of this Es- say. I See generally Jason Scott Johnston, The Influence of The Nature of the Firm on the The- ory of Corporate Law, 18 J Corp L 213 (1993). Robert P. Merges. The Law and Economics of Employee Inventions, 13 Harv J L & Tech 1 (1999) (arguing that economic theory justifies the legal rule denying employees ownership of innovations developed while on the job). 3 Robert P. Merges. Intellectual Property Rights, Input Markets and the Value of Intangible Assets (draft Feb 9. 1999), online at http:llwww.law.berkeley.edulinstituteslbcltlpubslmergesl iprights.pdf (visited Dec 16, 2003). David McGowan, Legal Implications of Open-Source Software, 2001 U Ill L Rev 241,
Suspected terrorists' rights between the fragmentation and merger of legal orders: reflections in the margin of the Kadi ECJ appeal judgment

This Article briefly describes the human rights challenges entailed by the U.N. and EU individual financial sanctions, particularly from the viewpoint of access to justice. It then explores the early tendencies of the Court of First Instance ("CFI") in dealing with complaints from individuals included on EU-incorporated U.N. lists, as opposed to autonomous EU proscription lists. It discusses the two parallel sets of cases and the double standards in the protection of suspects‘ rights resulting from excessive deference to the Security Council. Against this background, the article subsequently analyzes the recent judgment of the European Court of Justice ("ECJ") on the Kadi appeal case of 3 September 2008. The significant shift in jurisprudence signaled by the Kadi judgment is the starting point for new reflections on the fragmentation and merger of the legal phenomena in the post-modern world, and on the place of human rights and the rule of law principle in the value system of the international community.
Growth Convergence and Spillovers among Indian States; What Matters? What Does Not?

Convergence and spillovers across countries and within countries are old, but recurrent policy concerns, and India is no exception to this rule. This paper examines convergence and spillovers across Indian states using non-stationary panel data techniques. Results on convergence among Indian states are generally found to be similar, but more nuanced, than previous studies. Generally speaking, there is evidence of divergence over the entire sample period, convergence during sub-periods corresponding to structural breaks, and club convergence. There is strong evidence of club convergence among the high- and low-income states; the evidence for middle-income states is mixed. Dynamic spillover effects among states are small.
Analyzing ozone concentration by Bayesian spatio-temporal quantile regression

Ground-level ozone is 1 of the 6 common air pollutants on which the Environmental Protection Agency has set national air quality standards. In order to capture the spatio-temporal trend of 1- and 8-hr average ozone concentration in the United States, we develop a method for spatio-temporal simultaneous quantile regression. Unlike existing procedures, in the proposed method, smoothing across different sites is incorporated within modeling assumptions. This allows borrowing of information across locations, which is an essential step when the number of samples in each location is low. The quantile function has been assumed to be linear in time and smooth over space, and at any given site is given by a convex combination of 2 monotone increasing functions ξ1 and ξ2 not depending on time. A B-spline basis expansion with increasing coefficients varying smoothly over the space is used to put a prior and a Bayesian analysis is performed. We analyze the average daily 1-hr maximum and 8-hr maximum ozone concentration level data of the United States and the state of California during 2006–2015 using the proposed method. It is noted that in the last 10 years, there is an overall decreasing trend in both 1-hr maximum and 8-hr maximum ozone concentration level over most parts of the US. In California, an overall a decreasing trend of 1-hr maximum ozone level is observed whereas no particular overall trend has been observed in 8-hr maximum ozone level.
Have North-South growth linkages changed?

Abstract This paper provides econometric evidence suggesting that the traditional tradebased business cycle linkages between the North and the South have changed. Many countries in the South, particularly in Asia, appear to have become more resilient to cyclical movements in the North, and play a more significant role in sustaining global activity. A number of factors may have contributed to these changes: improved domestic policies and more open trade and exchange regimes; closer financial linkages with the North and a substantial increase in capital flows; a marked rise in intraregional trade; and greater diversification of the exports of the South.
Jurisdiction to Adjudicate: A Revised Analysis

Personal jurisdiction doctrine as articulated by the Supreme Court is in disarray. As a constitutional doctrine whose contours remain imprecise, the law of personal jurisdiction has generated confusion, unpredictability, and extensive satellite litigation over what should be an uncomplicated preliminary issue. Many commentators have long lamented these defects, making suggestions for how the doctrine could be improved. Although many of these proposals have had much to offer, they generally have failed to articulate (or adequately justify or explain) a simple and sound approach to jurisdiction that the Supreme Court can embrace. This Article revises the law of personal jurisdiction by reconceiving the proper role of due process within the doctrine—which is to ensure that defendants receive adequate notice of an action and are protected against arbitrary assertions of governmental power—and reasserting the role of state sovereignty and interstate federalism as concepts that permit jurisdiction over all disputes in which a state has a legitimate interest. The doctrines of venue and forum non conveniens are left to redress any meaningful burdens on defendants arising out of having to litigate in inconvenient fora. The result is a coherent analysis that will provide litigants and courts clear guidance regarding the scope of a court’s jurisdiction to adjudicate.
Seven Deadly Sins: Reflections on Donor Failings

In the face of continuing development challenges in the world's poorest countries, there have been new calls throughout the donor community to increase the volume of development aid. Equal attention should be given to the reform of the aid business itself, that is, the practices and processes and procedures and politics of aid. This paper sets out the shortcomings of that business on which new research has recently shed light, but which have not been adequately or explicitly incorporated into the donor community's reform agenda. It outlines seven of the worst "sins" or failings of donors, including impatience with institution building, collusion and coordination failures, failure to evaluate the results of their support, and financing that is volatile and unpredictable. It suggests possible short-term practical fixes and notes the need ultimately for more ambitious and structural changes in the overall aid architecture.
Ni Chicha ni Limoná Party Nationalization in Pre- and Post-Authoritarian Chile

Chile’s parties have been characterized as ‘European’ in their development and institutionalization, but ‘Latin American’ in their high degree of political localism. Yet the specialized literature has not tested these tendencies nor developed a theory as to how they may coexist. Using the concept of party nationalization, we establish the veracity of the claims in the literature and propose a theory of static and dynamic nationalization development. We show that, as in Western European systems, Chile’s political parties exhibited progressive static nationalization until 1973. Since re-democratization, parties have demonstrated low levels of static nationalization, while the coalitions are highly nationalized. Concurrently, both parties and the coalitions have exhibited low levels of dynamic nationalization like parties throughout Latin America. We argue that these conflicting patterns are due to the interactive effect of functional cleavages and electoral institutions.
Who Crossed the Border? Self-Selection of Mexican Migrants in the Early Twentieth Century

We estimate the self-selection of Mexican migrants into and out of the United States in the 1920s. Officials recorded migrant height on border crossing manifests, which we use to proxy migrant quality and to measure self-selection into migration in 1920. Migrants were positively selected on height compared to the Mexican population. We link these migrants to the 1930 U.S. and Mexican censuses to obtain samples of permanent and return migrants and to estimate the selection into return migration. Return migrants were not differentially self-selected on height relative to permanent migrants.
A Theoretical Analysis of Alcohol Regulation and Drinking-Related Economic Crime

Alcohol consumption is widely believed to influence criminal activity, and numerous sociological, criminological, and psychological studies demonstrate an apparent positive correlation between drinking and crime. Using a multiattribute model of offender and victim behavior, this study examines the theoretical effects of changes in the price of alcohol on the incidence of crimes committed for economic gain. It is shown that in the general case price effects do not result in an unambiguous decrease in the rates of crime or victimization even when the models are constructed to impose a bias towards the finding of a causal negative price effect. Using a modified model of the drinking offender that imposes even further structure on the model, it is shown that the realization and magnitude of a negative equilibrium alcohol price effect will likely depend upon the implementation of complementary alcohol control policies. The implications of the theoretical analysis to policy implementation and empirical research are also considered.
A Reconsideration of Tax Shield Valuation

A quarter-century ago, Miles and Ezzell (1980) solved the valuation problem of a firm that follows a constant leverage ratio L = D/S. However, to this day, the proper discounting of free cash flows and the computation of WACC are often misunderstood by scholars and practitioners alike. For example, it is common for textbooks and fairness opinions to discount free cash flows at WACC with beta input βS = [1 + (1 − τ)L]βu, although the latter is not consistent with the assumption of constant leverage. This confusion extends to the valuation of tax shields and the proper implementation of adjusted present value procedures. In this paper, we derive a general result on the value of tax shields, obtain the correct value of tax shields for perpetuities, and state the correct valuation formulas for arbitrary cash flows under a constant leverage financial policy.
Go ahead and let him try: A plea for egonomic laissez‐faire

Thomas Schelling has described how each of us is made up of conflicting impulses. The art of managing these impulses Schelling dubs ‘egonomics’. The idea of egonomic calamity underlies paternalism (or, breaking convention, what I call ‘parentalism'). The paper argues for laissez‐faire in matters egonomic. The rationalizations I give for this libertarian sentiment are old ones, such as accentuating the dignity of the individual and letting the individual learn from example and from his own experience. Also I note, as H. L. Mencken did, that parentalist measures often have unhappy unintended consequences, sometimes are counter‐productive, and rarely are borne of sincere good‐will.
Beyond Equality and Discrimination

I believe that one of the most significant questions for the twenty-first century for those concerned with “the disadvantaged” has to be whether and to what extent this equality/antidiscrimination logic has lost its effectiveness as a critical tool and what, if anything, should be the foundation of the rationale that supplements or even replaces it. To raise questions about the current dominant paradigm is not to argue that equality and antidiscrimination are not important or necessary concepts. Equality and antidiscrimination were unarguably essential steps in the evolution of a just society. Prior to the mid-twentieth century, formal rules, as well as functioning norms, were built on assertions of fundamental differences among groups defined by gender, race, and other characteristics. These distinctive group categories also established a world of hierarchical, legalized identities in which some were susceptible to different, often demeaning treatment. However, with the formal distinctions now removed and equal access the norm, it becomes apparent that the problems in society often transcend discrimination and exclusion from social institutions. Indeed, there may be substantial problems with those institutions and their organization not revealed by the jurisprudential logic that flows from an equality/antidiscrimination paradigm, which may place obstacles on the ability to remedy (or even address) existing inequalities.
Victimless Conduct and the Volenti Maxim: How Consent Works

This article examines the normative force of consent, explaining how consent works its “moral magic” in transforming the moral quality of conduct that would otherwise constitute a wrong against the consenting person. Dempsey offers an original account of the normative force of consent, according to which consent (when valid) creates an exclusionary permission. When this permission is taken up, the moral quality of the consented-to conduct is transformed, such that it no longer constitutes a wrong against the consenting person. Building on this account of how consent works, Dempsey identifies two sets of cases in which consent fails to transform the moral quality of one’s conduct: cases in which one is consent-insensitive to the rational force of another’s consent, and cases in which one acts for sadistic reasons.
The Effect of Labor Market Demand on U.S. CEO Pay Since 1980

This paper shows that the rise in U.S. chief executive officer (CEO) pay from 1980 to 2003 is only partially explained by competition for profit-producing talent in the labor market. This conclusion is obtained by removing unintended data biases from tests of the only theoretical model in the literature that relates labor market competition (measured by large firm size) to CEO pay level. When the biases are removed or minimized, no more than 33% of the 600+ percentage rise in large-firm CEO pay since 1980 is explained by a corresponding increase in large firm size.
Rent Concessions and Illegal Contract Penalties in Texas

.... ..... Rent concessions—in theory a foregoing of money—have ironically become a new income source for Texas landlords. Although there is nothing wrong with discounting prices, there is something wrong with reimposing that discount on a breaching tenant. The reimposed rent concession is a penalty that the landlord would not have collected in the routine performance of the contract, and as a penalty, violates one of the oldest edicts in Anglo-American contract law. This article arose from advice given and brief services rendered to clients in a landlordtenant matter. Using the facts and documents from that dispute, this article reviews the history of contract penalties and their distinction from liquidated damages, and analyze that rule’s application to rent concessions. This analysis demonstrates that rent concessions, when reimposed on the breaching tenant, are clear violations of a centuries-old Anglo-American ban on contract penalties. The article concludes with a short speculation into the reasons that these issues are not being litigated. I. RENT CONCESSIONS AND THE BREACHING TENANT
Dynamic Cholinergic Tone in the Basal Forebrain Reflects Reward-Seeking and Reinforcement During Olfactory Behavior

Sensory perception underlies how we internalize and interact with the external world. In order to adapt to changing circumstances and interpret signals in a variety of contexts, sensation needs to be reliable, but perception of sensory input needs to be flexible. An important mediator of this flexibility is top-down regulation from the cholinergic basal forebrain. Basal forebrain projection neurons serve as pacemakers and gatekeepers for downstream neural networks, modulating circuit activity across diverse neuronal populations. This top-down control is necessary for sensory cue detection, learning, and memory, and is disproportionately disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases associated with cognitive decline. Intriguingly, cholinergic signaling acts locally within the basal forebrain to sculpt the activity of basal forebrain output neurons. To determine how local cholinergic signaling impacts basal forebrain output pathways that participate in top-down regulation, we sought to define the dynamics of cholinergic signaling within the basal forebrain during motivated behavior and learning. Toward this, we utilized fiber photometry and the genetically encoded acetylcholine indicator GAChR2.0 to define temporal patterns of cholinergic signaling in the basal forebrain during olfactory-guided, motivated behaviors and learning. We show that cholinergic signaling reliably increased during reward seeking behaviors, but was strongly suppressed by reward delivery in a go/no-go olfactory-cued discrimination task. The observed transient reduction in cholinergic tone was mirrored by a suppression in basal forebrain GABAergic neuronal activity. Together, these findings suggest that cholinergic tone in the basal forebrain changes rapidly to reflect reward-seeking behavior and positive reinforcement and may impact downstream circuitry that modulates olfaction.
Physical security in the post-quantum era: A survey on side-channel analysis, random number generators, and physically unclonable functions

Over the past decades, quantum technology has seen consistent progress, with notable recent developments in the field of quantum computers. Traditionally, this trend has been primarily seen as a serious risk for cryptography; however, a positive aspect of quantum technology should also be stressed. In this regard, viewing this technology as a resource for honest parties rather than adversaries, it may enhance not only the security, but also the performance of specific cryptographic schemes. While considerable effort has been devoted to the design of quantum-resistant and quantum-enhanced schemes, little effort has been made to understanding their physical security. Physical security deals with the design and implementation of security measures fulfilling the practical requirements of cryptographic primitives, which are equally essential for classic and quantum ones. This survey aims to draw greater attention to the importance of physical security, with a focus on secure key generation and storage as well as secure execution. More specifically, the possibility of performing side-channel analysis in the quantum world is discussed and compared to attacks launched in the classic world. Besides, proposals for quantum random number generation and quantum physically unclonable functions are compared to their classic counterparts and further analyzed to give a better understanding of their features, advantages, and shortcomings. Finally, seen from these three perspectives, this survey provides an outlook for future research in this direction.
Autonomous Vehicle Benchmarking using Unbiased Metrics

With the recent development of autonomous vehicle technology, there have been active efforts on the deployment of this technology at different scales that include urban and highway driving. While many of the prototypes showcased have been shown to operate under specific cases, little effort has been made to better understand their shortcomings and generalizability to new areas. Distance, uptime and number of manual disengagements performed during autonomous driving provide a high-level idea on the performance of an autonomous system but without proper data normalization, testing location information, and the number of vehicles involved in testing, the disengagement reports alone do not fully encompass system performance and robustness. Thus, in this study a complete set of metrics are applied for benchmarking autonomous vehicle systems in a variety of scenarios that can be extended for comparison with human drivers and other autonomous vehicle systems. These metrics have been used to benchmark UC San Diego’s autonomous vehicle platforms during early deployments for micro-transit and autonomous mail delivery applications.
Addressing the Pandemic's Medium-Term Fallout in Australia and New Zealand

While the world is focused on addressing the near-term ramifications of the COVID-19 shock, we turn attention to another important aspect of the pandemic: its fallout on medium-term potential output through scarring. Taking Australia and New Zealand as examples, we show that the pandemic will likely have a large and persistent impact on potential output, broadly in line with the experience of advanced economies from past recessions. The impact is driven by employment, capital stock, and productivity losses in the wake of an unprecedented sectoral reallocation, hightened uncertainty, and reduced migration. Maintaining fiscal and monetary policy support until the recovery is firmly entrenched and putting in place a strong structural policy agenda to counter the pandemic's adverse effects on medium-term potential output will be important to support standards of living and strengthen economic resilience in case of renewed shocks.
The Arakelov-Zhang pairing and Julia sets

The Arakelov-Zhang pairing $\langle\psi,\phi\rangle$ is a measure of the "dynamical distance" between two rational maps $\psi$ and $\phi$ defined over a number field $K$. It is defined in terms of local integrals on Berkovich space at each completion of $K$. We obtain a simple expression for the important case of the pairing with a power map, written in terms of integrals over Julia sets. Under certain disjointness conditions on Julia sets, our expression simplifies to a single canonical height term; in general, this term is a lower bound. As applications of our method, we give bounds on the difference between the canonical height $h_\phi$ and the standard Weil height $h$, and we prove a rigidity statement about polynomials that satisfy a strong form of good reduction.
WIYN Open Cluster Study. LXXXV. Li in NGC 2243: Implications for Stellar and Galactic Evolution

High-dispersion spectra in the Li 6708 Angstrom region have been obtained and analyzed in the old, metal-deficient cluster, NGC 2243. From Hydra spectra for 29 astrometric and radial-velocity members, we derive rotational velocities, as well as [Fe/H], [Ca/H], [Si/H], and [Ni/H] based on 17, 1, 1, and 3 lines, respectively. Using ROBOSPECT, an automatic equivalent width measurement program, we derive [Fe/H] = -0.54 +/- 0.11 (MAD), for an internal precision for the cluster [Fe/H] below 0.03 dex. Given the more restricted line set, comparable values for [Ca/H], [Si/H], and [Ni/H] are -0.48 +/- 0.19, -0.44 +/- 0.11, and -0.61 +/- 0.06, respectively. With E(B-V) = 0.055, appropriate isochrones imply (m-M) = 13.2 +/- 0.1 and an age of 3.6 +/- 0.2 Gyr. Using available VLT spectra and published Li abundances, we construct a Li sample of over 100 stars extending from the tip of the giant branch to 0.5 mag below the Li-dip. The Li-dip is well populated and, when combined with results for NGC 6819 and Hyades/Praesepe, implies a mass/metallicity slope of 0.4 solar-mass/dex for the high mass edge of the Li-dip. The A(Li) distribution among giants reflects the degree of Li variation among the turnoff stars above the Li-dip, itself a function of stellar mass and metallicity and strongly anticorrelated with a v_rot distribution that dramatically narrows with age. Potential implications of these patterns for the interpretation of Li among dwarf and giant field populations, especially selection biases tied to age and metallicity, are discussed.
Semi-insulating 4H-SiC lateral bulk acoustic wave resonators

Silicon carbide (SiC) excels in its outstanding mechanical properties, which are widely studied in microelectromechanical systems. Recently, the mechanical tuning of color centers in 4H-SiC has been demonstrated, broadening its application in quantum spintronics. The strain generated in a mechanical resonator can be used to manipulate the quantum state of the color center qubit. This work reports a lateral overtone mechanical resonator fabricated from a semi-insulating bulk 4H-SiC wafer. An aluminum nitride piezoelectric transducer on SiC is used to drive the resonance. The resonator shows a series of modes with quality factors (Q) above 3000. An acoustic reflector positioned at the anchor shows a 22% improvement in Q at 300 MHz resonance and suppresses the overtone modes away from it. This monolithic SiC resonator allows optical access to the SiC color centers from both sides of the wafer, enabling a convenient setup in quantum measurements.
Condensates and anomaly cascade in vector-like theories

We study the bilinear and higher-order fermion condensates in 4-dimensional SU(N) gauge theories with a single Dirac fermion in a general representation. Augmented with a mixed anomaly between the 0-form discrete chiral, 1-form center, and 0-form baryon number symmetries (BC anomaly), we sort out theories that admit higher-order condensates and vanishing fermion bilinears. Then, the BC anomaly is utilized to prove, in the absence of a topological quantum field theory, that nonvanishing fermion bilinears are inevitable in infrared-gapped theories with 2-index (anti)symmetric fermions. We also contrast the BC anomaly with the 0-form anomalies and show that it is the former anomaly that determines the infrared physics; we argue that the BC anomaly lurks deep to the infrared while the 0-form anomalies are just variations of local terms. We provide evidence of this assertion by studying the BC anomaly in vector-like theories compactified on a small spacial circle. These theories are weakly-coupled, under analytical control, and they admit a dual description in terms of abelian photons that determine the deep infrared dynamics. We show that the dual photons talk directly to the 1-form center symmetry in order to match the BC anomaly, while the 0-form anomalies are variations of local terms and are matched by fiat. Finally, we study the fate of the BC anomaly in the compactified theories when they are held at a finite temperature. The effective field theory that describes the low-energy physics is 2-dimensional. We show that the BC anomaly cascades from 4 to 2 dimensions.
Bricklayer: An authentic introduction to the functional programming language SML

Functional programming languages are seen by many as instrumental to effectively utilizing the computational power of multi-core platforms. As a result, there is growing interest to introduce functional programming and functional thinking as early as possible within the computer science curriculum. Bricklayer is an API, written in SML, that provides a set of abstractions for creating LEGO artifacts which can be viewed using LEGO Digital Designer. The goal of Bricklayer is to create a problem space (i.e., a set of LEGO artifacts) that is accessible and engaging to programmers (especially novice programmers) while providing an authentic introduction to the functional programming language SML.
Finite continuum quasi distributions from lattice QCD

We present a new approach to extracting continuum quasi distributions from lattice QCD. Quasi distributions are defined by matrix elements of a Wilson-line operator extended in a spatial direction, evaluated between nucleon states at finite momentum. We propose smearing this extended operator with the gradient flow to render the corresponding matrix elements finite in the continuum limit. This procedure provides a nonperturbative method to remove the power-divergence associated with the Wilson line and the resulting matrix elements can be directly matched to light-front distributions via perturbation theory.
Absolute parallelism for 2-nondegenerate CR structures via bigraded Tanaka prolongation

An absolute parallelism for $2$-nondegenerate CR manifolds $M$ of hypersurface type was recently constructed independently by Isaev-Zaitsev, Medori-Spiro, and Pocchiola in the minimal possible dimension ($\dim M=5$), and for $\dim M=7$ in certain cases by the first author. We develop a bigraded analog of Tanaka's prolongation procedure to construct a canonical absolute parallelism for these CR structures in arbitrary (odd) dimension with Levi kernel of arbitrary admissible dimension. We introduce the notion of a bigraded Tanaka symbol. Under regularity assumption that the symbol is a Lie algebra, we define a bigraded analog of the Tanaka universal algebraic prolongation and prove that for any CR structure with a given regular symbol there exists a canonical absolute parallelism on a bundle whose dimension is that of this bigraded prolongation. We show that there is a unique (up to local equivalence) such CR structure whose algebra of infinitesimal symmetries has maximal possible dimension, and the latter algebra is isomorphic to the real part of the bigraded prolongation of the symbol. In the case of $1$-dimensional Levi kernel we classify all regular symbols and calculate their bigraded prolongations. In this case the regular symbols can be subdivided into nilpotent, strongly non-nilpotent and weakly non-nilpotent. The bigraded prolongation of strongly non-nilpotent symbols is isomorphic to $\mathfrak{so}\left(m,\mathbb C\right)$ where $m=\tfrac{1}{2}(\dim M+5)$. Any real form of this algebra, except $\mathfrak{so}\left(m\right)$ and $\mathfrak{so}\left(m-1,1\right)$, corresponds to the real part of the bigraded prolongation of exactly one strongly non-nilpotent symbol. However, for a fixed $\dim M\geq 7$ the dimension of the bigraded prolongations achieves its maximum on one of the nilpotent regular symbols, and this maximal dimension is equal to $\tfrac{1}{4}(\dim M-1)^2+7$.