cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strongly anisotropic electrical properties of single-crystal YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x

Crystals of orthorhombic, superconducting ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ have been prepared. They are twinned in the nearly tetragonal $\mathrm{ab}$ plane. The resistivity and Hall effect have been measured in the normal state in the $\mathrm{ab}$ plane, the highly conducting plane of the Cu-O layers. We find that the resistivity in the $\mathrm{ab}$ plane, measured with currents exclusively in the plane, is strictly linear in temperature from room temperature down to the fluctuation regime near the superconducting transition. This result confirms previous less direct measurements in which the currents flowed in the much more resistive $c$ direction as well. We find the Hall constant for the magnetic field parallel to $c$ and the currents in the $\mathrm{ab}$ plane, to be $p$ type and inversely proportional to temperature. This latter behavior is extremely unusual and unexplained, but similar to that found in polycrystalline ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ material. It is in contrast to our previous result for the magnetic field in the $\mathrm{ab}$ plane. In that case, the Hall constant is $n$ type and nearly temperature independent. Both the Hall effect and the resistivity demonstrate the extremely anisotropic nature of this system.
THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND ARTIFICALLY EXTENDED PHOTOPERIOD UPON INFECTION AND SPORULATION OF GLOMUS FASCICULATUS ON SUDAN GRASS AND ON ROOT EXUDATION OF SUDAN GRASS

SUMMARY Mycorrhizal inoculum of Glomus faciculatus, as measured by root infection and sporulation on sudan grass, increased with increasing light intensity. Compared to natural glasshouse daylight, spore numbers of G. fasciculatus also increased dramatically when mycorrhizal sudan grass was exposed to extended photoperiods with mercury vapour or metal halide lamps of high intensity. Results from both light experiments indicate that the level of sugars, but not amino acids, in root exudates from 2-month-old sudan grass plants was correlated with the spore production of G. fasciculatus. It appears that growing sudan grass at greater light intensities and under extended photoperiods will increase the quantity and quality of commercial G. fasciculatus inoculum.
Localized intestinal radiation and liquid diet enhance survival and permit evaluation of long-term intestinal responses to high dose radiation in mice.

Background In vivo studies of high dose radiation-induced crypt and intestinal stem cell (ISC) loss and subsequent regeneration are typically restricted to 5–8 days after radiation due to high mortality and immune failure. This study aimed to develop murine radiation models of complete crypt loss that permit longer-term studies of ISC and crypt regeneration, repair and normalization of the intestinal epithelium.
Measurements of energy integrated cross sections for reactions producing relatively short-lived radionuclides using neutron beams with an energy range of 0.1–750 MeV

Abstract Energy integrated cross sections for neutron-induced reactions producing relatively short lived radionuclides were measured using ‘white’ neutron beams with an energy range of 0.1–750 MeV at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). Cross sections for neutron-induced reactions are needed as input to the theoretical models used to understand the production of the radionuclide and stable isotopes produced by cosmic ray interactions with extraterrestrial bodies. Although most primary cosmic rays are protons, significant quantities of short- and long-lived radionuclides and stable isotopes are produced by spallation reactions initiated by secondary neutrons produced in primary cosmic ray interactions. Materials irradiated contained the elements commonly found in lunar rocks and meteorites, including SiO2 (for O), Si, CaCO3 (for Ca), Al, Mg, Fe, Ni and KNO3 (for K).
Accommodation of mouse DRG growth cones to electrically induced collapse: Kinetic analysis of calcium transients and set-point theory

Electrical stimulation causes growth cones of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons to collapse. During chronic stimulation, however, growth cones resume motility. In addition, these growth cones are now resistant to the collapsing effects of subsequent stimulation, a process we term accommodation. We compared the kinetics of electrically induced Ca2+ transients in naive and accommodated growth cones in order to determine whether the accommodation process results from a change in the Ca2+ transient, or a change in the Ca2+ sensitivity of the growth cones. Three kinetics were determined: (1) the initial increase to peak Ca2+ levels produced by 10 Hz stimulation; (2) recovery from peak Ca2+ levels during stimulus trains lasting 15 min; and (3) clearing of Ca2+ from growth cones after terminating the stimulus. These kinetics were analyzed using single exponential fits to changes in fura-2 fluorescence ratios. The electrically evoked increase in Ca2+ was significantly slower in accommodated growth cones (tau = 6.0 s) compared to naive growth cones (tau = 1.4 s). Despite the slower increase of [Ca2+]i in accommodated growth cones, peak [Ca2+]i was similar to that reached in naive growth cones, and the steady-state Ca2+ level was significantly elevated after chronic stimulation. Thus, accommodated growth cones maintained outgrowth at [Ca2+]i that caused collapse initially. Time course experiments show that accommodation is a slow process (t 1/2 = about 3 h). Accommodation did not induce measurable changes in the rates of Ca2+ homeostasis during or after stimulus trains. The kinetics of Ca2+ recovery during (tau = 90 s) and after 15 min of stimulation (tau = 8.5 s) was not significantly different in accommodated versus naive growth cones. Rates of 45Ca2+ efflux were also similar in both types of growth cones. These results suggest two regulatory processes contributing to growth cone motility during chronic stimulation: (1) recovery of [Ca2+]i to levels permissive to neurite outgrowth, and (2) an increase in the range of optimal [Ca2+]i for growth cone motility. These adaptive responses of mammalian growth cones to chronic stimulation could be involved in the modulation of CNS development by electrical activity of neurons.
Quantifying social consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses: state of the art and research agenda.

Background Quantitative methods for describing the social effects of occupational injury and illness are evaluated including surveys of prevalence and ratings of severity of social role disability. Methods The reliability and validity for the injured worker population of the most commonly used general and condition-specific role disability measures is reviewed and summarized. This review is used to support the development of a prototype strategy for quantifying the social consequences of occupational injuries and to identify areas of need for further research and development Conclusions Research is needed to: (a) determine which of existing measures is most precise in describing the severity of dysfunction due to a specific illness or injury, (b) expand the development of measures of specific role functioning (including paid work), and (c) develop item banks to support the construction of computer adaptive assessments of role functioning.
Impact of Hepatitis B Core Antibody (HBcAb) Seropositivity on the Outcome of High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma

Background Hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) seropositivity has been associated with a higher rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation after chemotherapy, even in patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative. We evaluated the incidence of hepatitis B reactivation and liver toxicity in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who received high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT) at our institution.
Parametric ultrasound imaging from backscatter coefficient measurements: image formation and interpretation

A broadband method for measuring backscatter coefficients sigma b and other acoustic parameters is described. From the sigma b measurements, using a commercially-available imaging system, four high-resolution parametric ultrasound images are formed in a C-scan image plane. Scatterer size images are computed from the frequency dependence of sigma b and a correlation model function that describes the structure and elastic properties of the medium. Scattering strength images are computed from the absolute magnitude of sigma b. Chi-square images are generated to display how well the correlation model represents the interrogated medium. Integrated backscatter coefficient images are formed over the transducer bandwidth. All four images are generated simultaneously and compared with the corresponding B-mode image. Test samples with known physical properties were used to demonstrate experimentally that accurate parametric images are possible if an accurate correlation model is used. Local variations in attenuation, the center frequency and bandwidth of the transducer, and the distribution of scatterer sizes greatly influence the accuracy of estimates and the appearance of the image, thus demonstrating the importance of these factors in parametric image interpretation.
Lattice Theories and Simulation Studies of Polymer Solutions on BCC and FCC Lattices

The basic theoretical structure of all lattice theories for polymer solutions suggests that they will become increasingly accurate as the coordination number of the lattice is increased. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed for polymer chains of length 10 and 40 with monomeric solvent on three-dimensional body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) lattices. The energies of mixing and radii of gyration have been obtained and compared with standard lattice theories. The simulation data show that higher-order energetic terms are more significant on the high coordination number lattices than on the simple cubic lattice, in apparent contradiction to conventional wisdom. For the quantities considered, common lattice theories are shown to be no better for BCC and FCC lattices than was established in previous tests against simulations conducted on simple cubic lattices.
Automated textile tensile testing

Alternative computer systems used in the automation of tensile testing of textile materials are examined. Typical dedicated and time-shared systems are described. The relative merits of the two types of systems for various applications are discussed. A system that is being designed to fit a specific application is also described.
Depth-resolved optic axis orientation in multiple layered anisotropic tissues measured with enhanced polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (EPS-OCT).

Enhanced polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (EPS-OCT) is a noninvasive cross-sectional imaging technique capable of quantifying with high sensitivity the optically anisotropic properties of fibrous tissues. We present a method to measure the depth-resolved optic axis orientations in superficial and deep regions of multiple-layered form-birefringent tissue. Additionally, the bulk-optic EPS-OCT instrument provides anatomical fiber direction referenced absolutely to the laboratory frame, in contrast with fiber-based PS-OCT instruments which provide relative optic axis orientation measurements. Results presented on ex vivo murine tail tendon and porcine annulus fibrosis indicate that the method is capable of characterizing depth-resolved fiber direction [θ(z)], form-birefringence [Δn(z)], and form-biattenuance [Δχ(z)] for at least 10 successive lamellae and a depth of 0.52 mm into the intervertebral disc. Noninvasive assessment of optic axis orientation by EPS-OCT provides increased contrast in images of multiple-layered media and may improve the understanding of fibrous tissue ultrastructure and the diseases or traumas that affect fibrous tissues.
Graphic and relational data base support for problem solving

This paper describes a general purpose 'picture building system'. The main purpose of the system is to provide an environment wherein an application programmer can interactively create and modify applications. In addition to a graphics software package the picture building system provides high-level application building tools and a relational data base as integral parts of the system. An interpreter is provided to draw pictures from data stored in relations. A correlation handler is provided to allow a user to identify and manipulate displayed items. A relations editor is provided to interactively create, edit, and display relations. The picture building system works on a variety of graphic and nongraphic terminals.
Bounds on self-interacting fermion dark matter from observations of old neutron stars

The existence of old neutron stars deeply constrains self-interacting fermion dark matter, which can form star-killing black holes. We quantify this constraint on dark matter-nucleon scattering, considering collapse scenarios that broaden bounds over intermediate masses. We then find the self-annihilation and coannihilation rates necessary to lift these dark matter-nucleon scattering bounds. For Yukawa-coupled dark matter that fits dwarf galaxy halo profiles with a coupling $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}1}--1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, a scalar mediator mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}=1--500\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$, and dark matter mass ${m}_{X}=0.1--1{0}^{7}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, we show that fermion dark matter is unconstrained if it self-annihilates at a rate greater than $1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}40}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$ or coannihilates with baryons at a rate greater than $1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}50}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}$.
Substrate modulus directs neural stem cell behavior.

Although biochemical signals that modulate stem cell self-renewal and differentiation were extensively studied, only recently were the mechanical properties of a stem cell's microenvironment shown to regulate its behavior. It would be desirable to have independent control over biochemical and mechanical cues, to analyze their relative and combined effects on stem-cell function. We developed a synthetic, interfacial hydrogel culture system, termed variable moduli interpenetrating polymer networks (vmIPNs), to assess the effects of soluble signals, adhesion ligand presentation, and material moduli from 10-10,000 Pa on adult neural stem-cell (aNSC) behavior. The aNSCs proliferated when cultured in serum-free growth media on peptide-modified vmIPNs with moduli of $100 Pa. In serum-free neuronal differentiation media, a peak level of the neuronal marker, b-tubulin III, was observed on vmIPNs of 500 Pa, near the physiological stiffness of brain tissue. Furthermore, under mixed differentiation conditions with serum, softer gels (;100-500 Pa) greatly favored neurons, whereas harder gels (;1,000- 10,000 Pa) promoted glial cultures. In contrast, cell spreading, self-renewal, and differentiation were inhibited on substrata with moduli of ;10 Pa. This work demonstrates that the mechanical and biochemical properties of an aNSC microenvironment can be tuned to regulate the self-renewal and differentiation of aNSCs.
Mapping odorant receptors in neural space

The olfactory system represents chemical information as spatial and temporal activity patterns across glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. The degree to which chemical features are mapped systematically in the glomerular array has remained controversial. Using mouse genetics, we have begun to elucidate the factors influencing the organization of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. We find that the three broad classes of olfactory receptor genes (Class I, Class II, and TAARs) are roughly organized into distinct domains of the dorsal olfactory bulb. Despite the fact that odorant receptors are involved in axon guidance, this mechanism is receptor-independent and derives from the axon guidance identities of sensory neurons in the epithelium. Consequently, the same receptor (i.e. a given response specificity) can be mapped to different bulb domains when the receptor is expressed by different cell types. Our overall results show that odorant responsiveness can be decoupled from glomerular position, and that glomerular position is not necessarily determined by stimulus specificity. In this view, the glomerular map may be shaped by the selection of receptor coding sequences (which determine receptor identity) and their corresponding promoters (which determines cell type expression) over evolutionary time. The precision of potential chemotopic maps that could form in the glomerular array is limited by the precision of this “evolutionary mapping” mechanism.
Hydroxyzine inhibits neurogenic bladder mast cell activation

Abstract Increased numbers of activated mast cells have been documented close to substance P (SP) containing nerve endings in the bladders of patients with interstitial cystitis (IC), a painful, sterile bladder disorder occurring primarily in females. Many of these patients also suffer from allergies, but common antihistamines do not help. In line with the fact that IC symptoms worsen under stress, we recently showed that bladder mast cells could be activated by the stable acetylcholine (Ach) analogue carbachol and by immobilization stress. Preliminary data from open label studies indicated that the heterocyclic histamine-1 receptor antagonist (H-1r α ) hydroxyzine reduces IC symptoms. We, therefore, investigated whether hydroxyzine could inhibit carbachol-induced bladder mast cell activation. Methods: Bladder pieces from male Sprague–Dawley rats were perfused with 10 −5 M carbachol, 10 −5 M SP, or 100 μ g\ml compound 48\80 (C48\80), with or without preincubation with the designated concentrations of the H-1r α . Mast cell activation was assessed by release of exogenous 3 H-serotonin and morphological evidence of secretion by light microscopy. Results: Carbachol at 10 −5 M triggered rat bladder mast cell serotonin release which represented a 65% increase over control. Equimolar concentrations of SP caused a 32% increase, while C48\80 had no effect. The heterocyclic piperazine H-1r α hydroxyzine reduced carbachol-induced serotonin release by 25% at 10 −6 M and 34% at 10 −5 M, both of which were statistically significant ( P α diphenhydramine had no inhibitory effect, while the mixed H-1r α and 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor antagonist (5-HTr α ) azatadine actually caused an 11% increase. Conclusion: Hydroxyzine reduced carbachol-induced serotonin release from rat bladder in vitro through a mechanism which was unrelated to its H-1 receptor antagonistic properties. The ability of hydroxyzine to inhibit bladder mast cell activation by neurogenic stimuli along with its anticholinergic, anxiolytic and analgesic properties, may explain the clinical efficacy of this drug in reducing IC symptoms. Other, non-sedating, hydroxyzine analogues able to inhibit bladder mast cell activation may provide potentially new therapeutic approaches for IC.
Beginning Struggles with Families

Beginning treatment with families is marked by a sense of struggle between the family and the therapist. The family is seen as testing the therapist and as asking through their behavior questions about the therapeutic process. The therapist is advised to focus intently on the beginning interviews, working toward the point where the family relaxes and decides on an intuitive level to enter therapy. The major hurdle is in dealing with the family's anxiety as the therapist attempts to shift the focus from the individual patient to the family as a whole. Strategy in establishing this shift is outlined
Organization Design for Facilitating Satisfying Work‐Family Linkages Through a Better Understanding of Couple Dynamics

This paper examines the types of structural design and career path changes that organizations have to make in order to maintain and increase their productivity in the future in the context of increasing numbers of dual career family members participating in the workforce. Within a developmental perspective, the paper examines the fit among the family life cycle stages, the career stages, and the personal needs of the partners for self enhancement. The current dysfunctional organizational practices are discussed and recommendations for changes are made. Resume La presente etude envisage les changements que les organismes doivent apporter aux categories de conception structurale et de cheminements de carriere afin de maintenir et d'accroitre leur productivite dans I'avenir dans le contexte des nombres croissants de doubles carrieres chez les membres de families qui participent a la main-d'oeuvre active. Dans une perspective de developpement, le present document etudie I'agencement des etapes dans le cycle de la vie familiale, les etapes de la carriere et les besoins d'epanouissement personnel des partenaires. Les pratiques organisationnelles dysfonctionnelles qui ont cours actuellement font I'objet d'une discussion et de recommandations en vue de changements.
Enhancing children's communication skills : idioms 'fill the bill':

This paper discusses the importance of idioms to communicative competence, and their comprehension among unimpaired children. It also deals with systems for differentiating idioms, and suggests activities for teaching idioms to language-impaired children.
Chromatography of N-methylcarbamates in the gaseous phase.

Abstract Gas-liquid chromatography was used to successfully separate certain pesticidal phenyl N-methylcarbamates from their phenolic moieties. A slightly polar 3% OV-17 liquid phase was utilized and compared with a mixed liquid phase polarity column, 1.5% SE-30 and 2% Carbowax 20M. Retention times, carbamate to phenol ratios, peak symmetry values and height equivalent to a theoretical plate values are reported as functions dependent on temperature. Small amount of breakdown products were observed with a majority of the compounds at 180° on the OV-17 column.
Evaluation of developmental toxicity studies of glyphosate with attention to cardiovascular development

The herbicide glyphosate has undergone multiple safety tests for developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits. The European Commission’s 2002 review of available glyphosate data discusses specific he...
INTRATHORACIC SARCOIDOSIS. A REVIEW OF 69 CASES.

In a series of 69 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis diagnosed between 1955 and 1961, the diagnosis was generally made on the basis of a consistent clinical picture, roentgenographic findings of hilar lymph node enlargement and/or pulmonary involvement and the finding of noncaseating epithelioid tubercles in biopsied tissue. The most common symptoms were cough, fatigue, dyspnea, weight loss, and fever or sweats. One-fifth had no symptom at the time of diagnosis. Elevation of serum globulin, particularly the gamma fraction was the most consistent laboratory abnormality. Eight subjects had a close relative who had had tuberculosis. In 17 per cent of 64 cases, the tuberculin test was positive. In only three of 47 was the histoplasmin skin test positive. Ninety-one biopsies were made in 68 subjects. Scalene node biopsy revealed epithelioid tubercles in 40 of 44 cases in which it was done. A variety of pulmonary involvement was seen, including local and widespread disease, ranging from fine to coarse shadows. Evidence of no change or progression of disease was noted in 21 of 32 with a two-year or more follow-up. Five of the 69 subjects had erythema nodosum. Pulmonary function abnormalities included both restrictive and obstructive phenomena and blood gas abnormalities. Extrathoracic sarcoidosis (exclusive of liver or lymph nodes) was demonstrated in nearly one-fourth of the subjects, more often in Negroes. Five persons are known to have died, four from cardiopulmonary causes.
Advances in Direct Biomass Liquefaction by the Extruder-Feeder Method

Biomass including wood could provide liquid fuels on a regional basis if an economic liquefaction process can be developed. Through research sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), under its Thermochemical Conversion Program managed by Batteile PNL, the University of Arizona has developed a unique method of pumping concentrated, viscous biomass slurries, characteristic in biomass direct liquefaction systems. A modified single-screw extruder has now been shown to be capable of pumping solid slurries as high as 60 wt. % wood flour in wood oil derived vacuum bottoms, as compared to only 10–20 wt. % wood flour in wood oil in conventional systems.
TRP channels in mechanosensation

Channels of the TRP superfamily have sensory roles in a wide variety of receptor cells, especially in mechanosensation. In some cases, the channels appear to be directly activated by mechanical force; in others, they appear to be downstream of a messenger pathway initiated by force on a non-channel sensor. A remaining challenge for most of these mechanosensory TRPs is to clarify the specific mechanism of activation.
Board Diversity, Stakeholder Representation, and Collaborative Performance in Community Mediation Centers

Does board diversity or representativeness influence organizational performance? Though it is understudied in both the public and the nonprofit sectors, learning more about this critical subject can enhance organizational performance within highly collaborative settings. Community mediation centers, which rely on multiple public and private resources to meet their programmatic objectives, provide excellent case studies for analyzing the impact of different kinds of interorganizational linkages on organizational performance. A multitheoretic view incorporating agency, resource dependence, and stakeholder perspectives is employed through a national sample and a two-stage analysis using a logic model to test the cumulative impact of board characteristics and interorganizational relationships on organizational outcomes. Organizations’ collaborative capacity depends on several kinds of boundary-spanning activities, including network ties, revenue sources, and the number of stakeholder groups represented on the board.
Shapes of flux domains in the intermediate state of type-I superconductors

In the intermediate state of a thin type-I superconductor magnetic flux penetrates in a disordered set of highly branched and fingered macroscopic domains. To understand these shapes, we study in detail a recently proposed ‘‘current-loop’’ model @R. E. Goldstein, D. P. Jackson, and A. T. Dorsey, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3818 ~1996!# that models the intermediate state as a collection of tense current ribbons flowing along the superconducting-normal interfaces and subject to the constraint of global flux conservation. The validity of this model is tested through a detailed reanalysis of Landau’s original conformal mapping treatment of the laminar state, in which the superconductor-normal interfaces are flared within the slab, and of a closely related straightlamina model. A simplified dynamical model is described that elucidates the nature of possible shape instabilities of flux stripes and stripe arrays, and numerical studies of the highly nonlinear regime of those instabilities demonstrate patterns like those seen experimentally. Of particular interest is the buckling instability commonly seen in the intermediate state. The free-boundary approach further allows for a calculation of the elastic properties of the laminar state, which closely resembles that of smectic liquid crystals. We suggest several experiments to explore flux domain shape instabilities, including an Eckhaus instability induced by changing the out-of-plane magnetic field and an analog of the Helfrich-Hurault instability of smectics induced by an in-plane field. @S0163-1829~98!01005-4#
Categories of digital investigation analysis techniques based on the computer history model

Several digital forensic frameworks have been proposed, yet no conclusions have been reached about which are more appropriate. This is partly because each framework may work well for different types of investigations, but it hasn't been shown if any are sufficient for all types of investigations. To address this problem, this work uses a model based on the history of a computer to define categories and classes of analysis techniques. The model is more lower-level than existing frameworks and the categories and classes of analysis techniques that are defined support the existing higher-level frameworks. Therefore, they can be used to more clearly compare the frameworks. Proofs can be given to show the completeness of the analysis techniques and therefore the completeness of the frameworks can also be addressed.
Psychophysiological response patterns in panic disorder

To determine whether panic disorder patients exhibit physiological hyperarousal during rest or during mild, non-panic-inducing stress, 18 patients who experienced frequent panic attacks were compared with nonanxious controls on a battery of physiological assessments. During baseline, patients with panic disorder exhibited higher forehead electromyographic activity, higher systolic blood pressure and higher heart rates than non-anxious volunteers. During psychological stress, heart rate and systolic blood pressure rose more in patients with panic disorder than in nonanxious controls. The skin conductance response, however, was greater and more variable in the nonanxious controls. The results suggest that panic disorder patients with frequent panic attacks exhibit heightened cardiovascular arousal and decreased electrodermal flexibility than nonanxious people, even in nonthreatening situations. Language: en
Loss of integrin α1β1 ameliorates Kras-induced lung cancer

The collagen IV binding receptor integrin alpha1beta1 has been shown to regulate lung cancer due to its proangiogenic properties; however, it is unclear whether this receptor also plays a direct role in promoting primary lung tumors. To investigate this possibility, integrin alpha1-null mice were crossed with KrasLA2 mice that carry an oncogenic mutation of the Kras gene (G12D) and develop spontaneous primary tumors with features of non-small cell lung cancer. We provide evidence that KrasLA2/alpha1-null mice have a decreased incidence of primary lung tumors and longer survival compared with KrasLA2/alpha1 wild-type controls. Tumors from KrasLA2/alpha1-null mice were also smaller, less vascularized, and exhibited reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end staining, respectively. Moreover, tumors from the KrasLA2/alpha1-null mice showed diminished extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but enhanced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Primary lung tumor epithelial cells isolated from KrasLA2/alpha1-null mice showed a significant decrease in anchorage-independent colony formation, collagen-mediated cell proliferation, ERK activation, and, most importantly, tumorigenicity when injected into nude mice compared with KrasLA2/alpha1 wild-type tumor cells. These results indicate that loss of the integrin alpha1 subunit decreases the incidence and growth of lung epithelial tumors initiated by oncogenic Kras, suggesting that both Kras and integrin alpha1beta1 cooperate to drive the growth of non-small cell lung cancer in vivo.
Results from SNO and Other Solar Neutrino Experiments

Solar neutrino experiments have produced a wealth of new information about the properties of neutrinos and about the sun. We present a status report and devote particular attention to new results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. Data obtained over the past two years with salt dissolved in the heavy water to enhance the neutral-current signal have now been analyzed and are presented.
Mutational analysis of highly conserved aspartate residues essential to the catalytic core of the piggyBac transposase

The piggyBac mobile element is quickly gaining popularity as a tool for the transgenesis of many eukaryotic organisms. By studying the transposase which catalyzes the movement of piggyBac, we may be able to modify this vector system to make it a more effective transgenesis tool. In a previous publication, Sarkar A, Sim C, Hong YS, Hogan JR, Fraser MJ, Robertson HM, and Collins FH have proposed the presence of the widespread 'DDE/DDD' motif for piggyBac at amino acid positions D268, D346, and D447. This study utilizes directed mutagenesis and plasmid-based mobility assays to assess the importance of these residues as the catalytic core of the piggyBac transposase. We have functionally analyzed individual point-mutations with respect to charge and physical size in all three proposed residues of the 'DDD' motif as well as another nearby, highly conserved aspartate at D450. All of our mutations had a significant effect on excision frequency in S2 cell cultures. We have also aligned the piggyBac transposase to other close family members, both functional and non-functional, in an attempt to identify the most highly conserved regions and position a number of interesting features. We found all the designated DDD aspartates reside in clusters of amino acids that conserved among piggyBac family transposase members. Our results indicate that all four aspartates are necessary, to one degree or another, for excision to occur in a cellular environment, but D450 seems to have a tolerance for a glutamate substitution. All mutants tested significantly decreased excision frequency in cell cultures when compared with the wild-type transposase.
Integrating natural language, knowledge representation and reasoning, and analogical processing to learn by reading

Learning by reading requires integrating several strands of AI research. We describe a prototype system, Learning Reader, which combines natural language processing, a large-scale knowledge base, and analogical processing to learn by reading simplified language texts. We outline the architecture of Learning Reader and some of system-level results, then explain how these results arise from the components. Specifically, we describe the design, implementation, and performance characteristics of a natural language understanding model (DMAP) that is tightly coupled to a knowledge base three orders of magnitude larger than previous attempts. We show that knowing the kinds of questions being asked and what might be learned can help provide more relevant, efficient reasoning. Finally, we show that analogical processing provides a means of generating useful new questions and conjectures when the system ruminates off-line about what it has read.
Recursive algorithms for information fusion using belief functions with applications to target identification

Recursive centralized and distributed algorithms for fusing temporal and spatial information are developed for joint and disjoint measurement data structures using the belief function approach. The algorithms have strong capability for handling information uncertainty. The effectiveness of the algorithms is demonstrated by a target identification problem. >
Perceptions of Quality of Health Care Among Veterans With Psychiatric Disorders

Objective:An estimated 37% to 40% of veterans treated by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) have a psychiatric disorder, and many of them have comorbid general medical problems. This study examined the impact of demographic and clinical characteristics on perceptions of outpatient health care experiences among veterans with psychiatric disorders. Methods:Responses from the Survey of Health Care Experiences (SHEP) administered by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and administrative data from the VA were collected for 55,578 patients aged 18 and older with a psychiatric disorder surveyed in fiscal year 2005. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were used to examine the associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and patients' responses about providers' attentiveness, collaboration in health care decisions, confidence in providers, and overall quality of care. Results:Most veterans with psychiatric disorders perceived their health care experiences positively. However, those...
Exploiting relational structure to understand publication patterns in high-energy physics

We analyze publication patterns in theoretical high-energy physics using a relational learning approach. We focus on four related areas: understanding and identifying patterns of citations, examining publication patterns at the author level, predicting whether a paper will be accepted by specific journals, and identifying research communities from the citation patterns and paper text. Each of these analyses contributes to an overall understanding of theoretical high-energy physics.
A mathematical model for RNA bacteriophage production in batch culture

The interaction between male-specific RNA phages and bacterial cells as well as the complete life cycle of RNA phages in the host cells are complicated phenomena. In this study, a mathematical model is proposed to describe the kinetics of RNA phage production in batch culture. The model consists of several important considerations: (1) adsorption and desorption of phages on cell pili, (2) injection and transport of viral RNA, (3) viral protein synthesis, (4) phage maturation, and (5) cell lysis. Experimental data of MS2 RNA phage production in E. coli C 300o bacteria culture were used to evaiuate the model parameters. Reasonably good fit was obtained between the model and one set of data. However, simulation study based on the estimated parameter values revealed a discrepancy between experimental observation and model prediction. It seems that variation both in F-piliation and in the competence of cells to be infected by phages through different phasae of growth must be taken into account in order to make the model useful.
Investigation in Reuse of Decommissioned Wastewater Facility and Reclaimed Water for Culturing Paddlefish Fingerlings

Reclaimed water is treated wastewater that has received at least secondary treatment and basic disinfection and is reused for beneficial purposes. The goal of this study was to develop a safe and reliable sustainable aquaculture system for producing stocker fish using reclaimed water in decommissioned wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Kentucky. The specific objectives were (1) to monitor paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, growth and survival and water quality in experimental tanks with static or flow-through reclaimed water, (2) to evaluate the use of decommissioned tanks for large-scale production of phase II paddlefish, and (3) to biomonitor paddlefish grown in reclaimed water for contaminants. Phase I paddlefish (11 ± 2.6 g) were produced by feeding live Daphnia collected daily from the clarifier tanks with hand-pulled nets for 27 d. Phase II paddlefish were produced in four replicated 5600-L experimental tanks with static and flow-through reclaimed water. Paddlefish from the flow-through system were significantly larger (199.2 ± 61 g) and had better feed conversion ratios (2.8 ± 2.1) than those from the static system (135.5 ± 51 g; 4.1 ± 1.6). For the large-scale trial, two 1125 m3 decommissioned digester tanks were stocked with 50,000 paddlefish larvae per tank. One tank was treated as a flow-through system with reclaimed water flowing at a rate of 280 L/min, while the other tank was treated as a static system where water was just added to replace that lost by evaporation. Survival rate (40%) and weight (194.1 ± 25.4 g) from the flow-through system were significantly different from those of the static system (31%; 147.1 ± 6.5 g). This difference could be linked to better water quality in the flow-through systems. Analyses for 38 contaminants were conducted on Daphnia, prepared diets, and paddlefish. All the concentration levels detected were at levels well below the FDA action limits and their permissible limits in edible food. The result from this project showed that paddlefish can be successfully produced in large-scale as stocker fish using reclaimed water in decommissioned tanks at WWTP.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMONIC EXUDATE : II. THE PRESENCE OF ENZYME AND ANTIENZYME IN THE PNEUMONIC LUNG. LOCAL FERMENT-ANTIFERMENT BALANCE.

The purulent sputum obtained during life and the exudate at autopsy from the later stages of lobar pneumonia commonly erode the surface of Looffler's blood serum. Cellular material obtained from the pneumonic lung in an early stage of lobar pneumonia failed to erode the surface until washed with normal saline solution. Mixtures of washed pneumonic cellular material and normal human serum fail to erode Loffler's blood serum when the amount of cellular material is less than one part of cells to approximately three parts of serum. Erosion occurs when the cellular material exceeds this amount in the ratio.
Twenty years of document image analysis in PAMI

The contributions to document image analysis of 99 papers published in the IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI) are clustered, summarized, interpolated, interpreted, and evaluated.
Functional role of IL-22 in psoriatic arthritis

Introduction: Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine of IL-10 family with significant proliferative effect on different cell lines. Immunopathological role of IL-22 has been studied in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis. Here we are reporting the functional role of IL-22 in the inflammatory and proliferative cascades of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Method: From peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) of PsA (n = 15), RA (n = 15) and osteoarthritis (OA, n = 15) patients, mononuclear cells were obtained and magnetically sorted for CD3 + T cells. Fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated from the synovial tissue of PsA (n = 5), RA (n = 5) and OA (n = 5) patients. IL-22 levels in SF and serum were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Proliferative effect of human recombinant IL-22 (rIL-22) on FLS was assessed by MTT (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a yellow tetrazole) and CFSE dilution (Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester) assays. Expression of IL22Ra1 in FLS was determined by western blot. Results: IL-22 levels were significantly elevated in SF of PsA patients (17.75 ± 3.46 pg/ml) compared to SF of OA (5.03 ± 0.39 pg/ml), p < 0.001. In MTT and CFSE dilution assays, rIL-22 (MTT, OD: 1.27 ± 0.06) induced significant proliferation of FLS derived from PsA patients compared to media (OD: 0.53 ± 0.02), p < 0.001. In addition, rIL-22 induced significantly more proliferation of FLS in presence of TNF-a. IL-22Ra1 was expressed in FLS of PsA, RA and OA patients. Anti IL-22R antibody significantly inhibited the proliferative effect of rIL-22. Further we demonstrated that activated synovial T cells of PsA and RA patients produced significantly more IL-22 than those of OA patients. Conclusion: SF of PsA patients have higher concentration of IL-22 and rIL-22 induced marked proliferation of PsA derived FLS. Moreover combination of rIL-22 and TNF-a showed significantly more proliferative effect on FLS. IL22Ra1 was expressed in FLS. Successful inhibition of IL-22 induced FLS proliferation by anti IL-22R antibody suggests that blocking of IL-22/IL-22R interaction may be considered as a novel therapeutic target for PsA.
An Evi1-C/EBPβ Complex Controls Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ2 Gene Expression To Initiate White Fat Cell Differentiation

Fibroblastic preadipocyte cells are recruited to differentiate into new adipocytes during the formation and hyperplastic growth of white adipose tissue. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), the master regulator of adipogenesis, is expressed at low levels in preadipocytes, and its levels increase dramatically and rapidly during the differentiation process. However, the mechanisms controlling the dynamic and selective expression of PPARγ in the adipocyte lineage remain largely unknown. We show here that the zinc finger protein Evi1 increases in preadipocytes at the onset of differentiation prior to increases in PPARγ levels. Evi1 expression converts nonadipogenic cells into adipocytes via an increase in the predifferentiation levels of PPARγ2, the adipose-selective isoform of PPARγ. Conversely, loss of Evi1 in preadipocytes blocks the induction of PPARγ2 and suppresses adipocyte differentiation. Evi1 binds with C/EBPβ to regulatory sites in the Pparγ locus at early stages of adipocyte differentiation, coincident with the induction of Pparγ2 expression. These results indicate that Evi1 is a key regulator of adipogenic competency.
A spatiotemporal data model for dynamic transit networks

A transit network is a spatiotemporally dynamic system whose topology, components, and services all change over time. The complexity and dynamic nature of transit networks make it difficult to model by traditional transportation models. This paper presents an object-oriented data model that coherently represents space, time, and dynamics of transit networks and supports schedule-based pathfinding. In this data model, a transit network and its components are modelled as spatiotemporal objects that have properties and behaviours. Unlike traditional roadway transportation network models that define topology as connectivity between geometric elements such as edges and nodes, this data model uniquely defines topology as sequences and collections of transit features which are application domain objects. Moreover, this data model supports the generation of active network topologies based on given times to represent real-time network states as well as to reduce topological redundancy. Implementations of the data model in two Internet transit trip planners have demonstrated that it can effectively reduce computation complexity of schedule-based pathfinding algorithms and enhance pathfinding performance.
A quantum-mechanically informed continuum model of hydrogen embrittlement

We present a model of hydrogen embrittlement based upon: (i) a cohesive law dependent on impurity coverage that is calculated from first principles; (ii) a stress-assisted diffusion equation with appropriate boundary conditions accounting for the environment; (iii) a static continuum analysis of crack growth including plasticity; and (iv) the Langmuir relation determining the impurity coverage from its bulk concentration. We consider the effect of the following parameters: yield strength, stress intensity factor, hydrogen concentration in the environment, and temperature. The calculations reproduce the following experimental trends: (i) time to initiation and its dependence on yield strength and stress intensity factor; (ii) finite crack jump at initiation; (iii) intermittent crack growth; (iv) stages I and II of crack growth and their dependence on yield strength; (v) the effect of the environmental impurity concentration on the threshold stress intensity factor; and (vi) the effect of temperature on stage II crack velocity in the low-temperature range. In addition, the theoretically and experimentally observed intermittent cracking may be understood as being due to a time lag in the diffusion of hydrogen towards the cohesive zone, since a buildup of hydrogen is necessary in order for the crack to advance. The predictions of the model are in good quantitative agreement with available measurements, suggesting that hydrogen-induced degradation of cohesion is a likely mechanism for hydrogen-assisted cracking.