cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 14 Vertical Mergers and the Pricing-Techniques, Contract-of-Sale Provisions, and Sales/Consignment Policies That Are Surrogates for Vertical Integration

Business integration is said to be vertical when the integrators are in a supplier-supplied relationship to each other. Vertical integration can be initiated or carried out by producers, distributors, or buyers. However, for expositional reasons, this chapter will assume that the vertical-integration initiator is a final-goods producer. Such a firm can vertically integrate either backward or forward—backward into the production of inputs and forward into distribution and/or final-good consumption. Firms can execute vertical integration through merger, acquisition, or internal growth. As we shall see, firms can also achieve some of the benefits that vertical integration can generate by using complicated pricing-techniques, contract-of-sale provisions, and sales and consignment policies all of which I call “surrogates for vertical integration.”
Electrostatic charge generation on material surfaces from the evaporation of liquids

Abstract Electrostatic charging is a ubiquitous but poorly understood phenomenon. One of the difficulties with studying electrostatics is separating the different types of charging (triboelectric, inductive, or gas phase ion adsorption). We constructed an experiment to test how liquid film evaporation affects the charge on an insulator surface. Our results showed that when a liquid evaporates in an electric field, it leaves a charge on the substrate surface. It was also determined that the magnitude and polarity of the charge depends on the local electrostatic potential of the substrate and sufficient charge buildup leads to a dielectric breakdown of air, a potential source of hazardous sparks. We reveal through careful experiments that the charge is transferred via induction from electrical ground through the liquid film and onto the substrate's surface. Ambient fields were shown to be able to cause this type of charging, suggesting that failing to account for this phenomenon may explain the lack of reproducibility in previous electrostatic charging studies.
Franchising in the Hospitality Industry: Accounting Aspects

Franchised businesses are a powerful factor in the American economy. The author provides a general overview of the area, citing statistics supporting its growth in the industry. Attention will be focused on accounting aspects of franchising, placing major emphasis on issues associated with the recognition of franchise fee revenue.
Resilience and technological diversity in smart homes

This article introduces our abstract modeling strategy to represent the general features and topology of the kinds of integrated and technologically diverse networks that feature in IoT systems. We begin with smart home networks. We generate instances of our model and analyze their graph-theoretic properties with an emphasis on the resilience of critical services and connections to the Global Internet. In addition to considering the network connectivity graph of nodes and links in the model, we explain our technology interdependence graph techniques. Technology interdependence graphs allow us to illuminate critical interactions in multi-technology systems such as smart homes. Using relatively simple examples we show how our approach permits the exploration of the resilience properties of various instances of smart systems involving complex technological interdependency. We describe a practical way of approaching the graphs of systems with a wide variety of integrated technologies and we discuss properties such as connectedness and other metrics. This approach can serve as the basis for tackling the challenge of designing resilient IoT-based smart-cities from the point of view of network topologies. We also study smart home resilience through path redundancy and heterogeneity of network technologies with graph centrality metrics.
RF losses in selective laser melted GRCop-84 copper waveguide for an additively manufactured lower hybrid current drive launcher

Abstract Recent advances in selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printing technology allow additive manufacture of lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) RF launchers from a new material, Glenn Research Copper 84 (GRCop-84), a Cr2Nb (8 at.% Cr, 4 at.% Nb) precipitation hardened alloy, in configurations unachievable with conventional machining. Rough surfaces in additively manufactured components are a limiting factor that increases RF losses. Surface roughness was found to be the dominant loss mechanism in SLM printed waveguide components. Wet blasting removes adhered powder grains from SLM printed GRCop-84 while vibratory mass finishing smooth’s and flattens waveguide surfaces. Mechanical polishing produced surfaces with low RF loss, however a further mass finishing step is recommended for the interiors of waveguides where polishing is not possible. Power loss in the upcoming LHCD launcher system for DIII-D is used to predict driven current in the plasma.
The role of place attachment in diminishing compassion fade in the time donation context

Abstract This study conducted an experiment in the time donation context to test whether place attachment moderates the impact of compassion fade on intention to donate time for helping other people in need. In the experiment, a two-way ANCOVA considering altruistic values as a covariate revealed that the negative impact of the number of people in need (i.e., compassion fade) on time donation was significantly weaker in an emotionally attached place condition than in a general place condition. This study suggests that a greater understanding of the interaction between place attachment and compassion fade is critical in the time donation context.
On the Front Lines of Pediatric Complex Care: Are We Preparing Emergency Medicine Residents?

On another typical call night at the hospital, I open up the emergency department (ED) board and recognize a familiar name: “Emma, 4-year-old female in respiratory distress.” A moment later, my pager buzzes: “Please call back regarding a consultation and potential admission.” Emma, well-known to our institution, is a 4-year-old girl with methylmalonic acidemia who is tracheostomy-dependent, ventilator-dependent, and gastrostomy tube–dependent, and nights like tonight are all too familiar for her and her mother. Emma’s story began not here with us, but rather, 4 years ago and 50 miles away in a community hospital ED, as 2 frightened first-time parents stood in the waiting room holding their four-day-old infant girl. All had been well during the pregnancy and nursery stay, but by her third day of life, Emma had become more and more difficult to rouse to feed. Her breathing had begun to appear labored, and her body seemed limp. This family, who had never had occasion to visit their local ED, found themselves suddenly surrounded by a team of physicians and nurses with worried expressions. The team had worked earnestly to stabilize her, first treating her glucose level of 24 mg/dL and bicarbonate level of 5 mmol/L and ultimately intubating her when her breathing became too rapid to support oxygenation. After she failed to improve despite the initial resuscitation, the ED physicians had consulted the in-house pediatric hospitalist, who had requested an ammonia level, which returned at 480 μg/dL. The hospitalist had recommended changing the fluids to include dextrose 10%, increasing the rate to suppress catabolism, and finally transferring Emma to the quaternary care pediatric …
Improving Seismic Wave Simulation and Inversion Using Deep Learning

Accurate simulation of wave motion for the modeling and inversion of seismic wave propagation is a classical high-performance computing (HPC) application using the finite difference, the finite element methods and spectral element methods to solve the wave equations numerically. The paper presents a new method to improve the performance of the seismic wave simulation and inversion by integrating the deep learning software platform and deep learning models with the HPC application. The paper has three contributions: 1) Instead of using traditional HPC software, the authors implement the numerical solutions for the wave equation employing recently developed tensor processing capabilities widely used in the deep learning software platform of PyTorch. By using PyTorch, the classical HPC application is reformulated as a deep learning recurrent neural network (RNN) framework; 2) The authors customize the automatic differentiation of PyTorch to integrate the adjoint state method for an efficient gradient calculation; 3) The authors build a deep learning model to reduce the physical model dimensions to improve the accuracy and performance of seismic inversion. The authors use the automatic differentiation functionality and a variety of optimizers provided by PyTorch to enhance the performance of the classical HPC application. Additionally, methods developed in the paper can be extended into other physics-based scientific computing applications such as computational fluid dynamics, medical imaging, nondestructive testing, as well as the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the earth.
Clocks, cancer, and chronochemotherapy

The circadian clock coordinates daily rhythmicity of biochemical, physiologic, and behavioral functions in humans. Gene expression, cell division, and DNA repair are modulated by the clock, which gives rise to the hypothesis that clock dysfunction may predispose individuals to cancer. Although the results of many epidemiologic and animal studies are consistent with there being a role for the clock in the genesis and progression of tumors, available data are insufficient to conclude that clock disruption is generally carcinogenic. Similarly, studies have suggested a circadian time-dependent efficacy of chemotherapy, but clinical trials of chronochemotherapy have not demonstrated improved outcomes compared with conventional regimens. Future hypothesis-driven and discovery-oriented research should focus on specific interactions between clock components and carcinogenic mechanisms to realize the full clinical potential of the relationship between clocks and cancer.
Baudrillard and Viral Rhetoric

Baudrillard’s work offers an important insight into the way that a viral mode of rhetoric has been used to represent viruses and other aspects of biology, culture, and psychology. However, what if this entire way of seeing nature, culture, and psychology is simply the result of a mass delusion based on rhetorical manipulation? In other words, what if genetic codes and digital codes are two completely different things, and the reason why we are now thinking about these distinct domains through the same set of concepts and words is that our societies seek to bridge the gap between nature and culture by seeing culture as natural and nature as cultural.
regentrans: a framework and R package for using genomics to study regional pathogen transmission

Increasing evidence of regional pathogen transmission networks highlights the importance of investigating the dissemination of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) across a region to identify where transmission is occurring and how pathogens move across regions. We developed a framework for investigating MDRO regional transmission dynamics using whole-genome sequencing data and created regentrans, an easy-to-use, open source R package that implements these methods (https://github.com/Snitkin-Lab-Umich/regentrans). Using a dataset of over 400 carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates collected from patients in 21 long-term acute care hospitals over a one-year period, we demonstrate how to use our framework to gain insights into differences in inter- and intra-facility transmission across different facilities and over time. This framework and corresponding R package will allow investigators to better understand the origins and transmission patterns of MDROs, which is the first step in understanding how to stop transmission at the regional level.
The Case for a Bankruptcy Shareholder Ombudsman

When a publicly-traded company files for bankruptcy protection, its smallest investors — typically individual retail shareholders — may struggle to understand the nature of the proceedings and whether and to what extent they may participate in the case. Although shareholders increasingly come together and form ad hoc groups to defend their interests, these efforts are often expensive and highly inefficient, from both the shareholders’ perspective and from a case management perspective. This Article proposes a novel solution: a new, mandatory court-appointed shareholder ombudsman, modeled after both the patient care ombudsman that is typically appointed in health care bankruptcies and the consumer privacy ombudsman that is typically appointed in cases involving personally identifiable consumer information. After making the case for this new position, the balance of the Article provides the statutory text and related doctrine, commentary, and practical guidance necessary for Congress and the courts to implement this much-needed reform.
Recent Developments in Hypersonic Flow1

Our understanding of hypersonic flow over blunt-nosed bodies has progressed considerably during the last two years. Hayes showed that the lateral flow over a nearly flat-faced body is governed by a choking m e c h a n i s m at the shoulder, and recent experiments at t h e Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory, California Inst i tute of Technology, at Moo = 5.8 confirm the qualitative aspects of Hayes' analysis. These experiments, covering a wide range of b lunt-nose shapes, also show that the bow shock shape is determined mainly by the body geometry in t h e sonic region, while the surface pressures are influenced both by the sonic region and by the local body shape. Some of the "forward integrat ion" procedures that have been developed for the flow in the nose region could possibly be modified to include these essential features. At hypersonic velocity the transverse flow field produced by a b lunt nosed slender body in a fixed plane normal to the flight direction is analogous to the flow generated by an expanding blast wave. The "strong" blast wave analogy has been applied to two problems tha t exhibit flow similarity: 1. Unyawed hemisphere-cyl inder (or b lunt-nosed "slab"); 2. "Power" bodies of the form r& ^ x. Here flow s imilarity is possible only when m' < m ^ 1, where m ' = V2 for bodies of revolution, and m' — \ for two-dimensional bodies. Experimental results on such bodies obtained in air at MOT = 7.7 and in he l ium at M^ = 18.4 show good agreement wi th the theoretically predicted shock shapes and surface pressures. Now tha t some features of the i n viscid pressure field generated by a b lunt nose are becoming clearer, the history of the boundary layer can be properly incorporated in to the treatment of hypersonic viscous interactions downstream of the nose-dominated region. A brief discussion of the "power" body and the hemisphere cylinder shows that two important problems require careful a t tent ion: 1. Emergence of the boundary layer from the "blanket" of low Mach number gas generated by the strong portion of the bow shock; 2. Effects of transverse curvature on the viscous layer in the presence of axial pressure gradients tha t may be partially selfinduced. At "low" Reynolds numbers the dist inction between shock layer and viscous layer in the nose region will probably have to be abandoned. B u t i t appears that sl ipflow effects are postponed to m u c h lower Reynolds numbers t h a n had been supposed at one t ime , largely because viscous interactions raise the local pressure level. This area of low Reynolds number hypersonic flow is a fruitful one for future research.
The American Liberal Tradition Reconsidered: The Contested Legacy of Louis Hartz – Edited by Mark Hulliung

Most readers of The Historian are probably well acquainted with the famed political scientist and historian Louis Hartz. For over half a century, his seminal text The Liberal Tradition in America h...
An Evaluation of Quality Improvement Project Selection Alternatives

The success of a quality program is usually determined by its positive effect on the organization's performance. Since not all quality improvement (QI) projects are created equal, their sequence of...
Trackable interactive multimodal manipulatives: towards a tangible user environment for the blind

This paper presents the development of Trackable Interactive Multi-modal Manipulatives (TIMM). This system provides a multimodal tangible user environment (TUE), enabling people with visual impairments to create, modify and naturally interact with graphical representations on a multitouch surface. The system supports a novel notion of active position, proximity, stacking, and orientation tracking of manipulatives. The platform has been developed and it is undergoing formal evaluation.
System event triggered latch-up in IC chips: test issues and chip level protection design

A growing trend in the industry today is for IC manufacturers to provide components with protection against system level events. Such events may be system level ESD, surge/lightning tests, or any other system level tests that may apply a transient stress to IC pins. Recent studies show IC devices that pass regular DC latch-up testing can still be triggered to latch-up and lock-up modes by system level events. Providing components with built-in latch-up/lock-up immunity to system events requires both careful test methodology development and extra design effort. This paper discusses efforts to set up an IC level test environments for system events and IC level design efforts to enhance interface IC devices with latch-up immunity to system events.
MDDPro: Model-Driven Dependability Provisioning in Enterprise Distributed Real-Time and Embedded Systems

Service oriented architecture (SOA) design principles are increasingly being adopted to develop distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems, such as avionics mission computing, due to the availability of real-time component middleware platforms. Traditional approaches to fault tolerance that rely on replication and recovery of a single server or a single host do not work in this paradigm since the fault management schemes must now account for the timely and simultaneous failover of groups of entities while improving system availability by minimizing the risk of simultaneous failures of replicated entities. This paper describes MDDPro, a model-driven dependability provisioning tool for DRE systems. MDDPro provides intuitive modeling abstractions to specify failover requirements of DRE systems at different granularities. MDDPro enables plugging in different replica placement algorithms to improve system availability. Finally, its generative capabilities automate the deployment and configuration of the DRE system on the underlying platforms.
A CLUSTER OF THREE GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR ALLANTOIN DEGRADATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae unable to utilize allantoin as sole nitrogen source were isolated and divided into three groups on the basis of their biochemical and genetic characteristics. The three loci associated with these mutant classes were designated dal1 (allantoinase minus), dal2 (allantoicase minus) and dal4 (allantoin transport minus). All three loci are located in a cluster that is proximal to the lys1 locus on the right arm of chromosome IX. The gene order and intergenic distances were estimated to be: dal1—2.5 cM—dal4—1.9 cM—dal2—4.6 cM—lys1.
Combined echocardiographic and Doppler assessment of fetal congenital atrioventricular block.

Summary. Fetal heart rate monitoring was combined with fetal echocardiography for examination of atrial reactivity during labour in five fetuses with second or third degree heart block. Alterations in vagal tone accompanying uterine contraction influence atrial rate, even when the ventricle is not under atrial‘control’. Fetal echocardiography enabled diagnosis of the underlying basis of the arrhythmia and located the optimal position for recording atrial activity with an external heart rate monitor. External and internal monitoring of atrial activity demonstrated reactivity during labour. Two patients were delivered vaginally after monitoring throughout labour. One mother preferred elective caesarean delivery. Caesarean section was required in another for cephalopelvic disproportion and in the remaining woman for late decelerations. These monitoring techniques provide an assessment of fetal well-being in the presence of fetal bradycardia due to variable degrees of heart block.
Arch height index normative values of college-aged women using the arch height index measurement system.

Background: The arch height index measurement system (AHIMS) device has been found to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the arch height index (AHI) of the feet of individuals; however, normative data for the AHI are lacking for various populations. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to establish population normative AHI values for college-aged females and to compare the observed AHI data across right and left feet. Methods: Seventy-nine college-aged females served as study participants, and both feet were measured using the AHIMS in the seated and standing positions. The AHI was calculated as the ratio of the dorsum height of the foot at half the total foot length to the length of the foot from the heel to the base of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Results: The mean ± SD AHI values for the left and right feet in the seated position were 0.355 ± 0.031 and 0.369 ± 0.034, respectively. The mean ± SD AHI values for the left and right feet in the standing position were 0.338 ± 0.03...
Pin-pull adhesion measurements of copper films on ion-bombarded alumina

Abstract Copper films were deposited by evaporation onto aluminal substrates that had been sputtered to various doses with 500 eV ions. The adhesion strength of the films was measured with a pull-type adhesion tester. The adhesion of Cu to solvent-cleaned surfaces was low, but argon ion sputter cleaning produced adhesion near 80 MPa, and adhesion after oxygen ion bombardment was even better. Exposing the alumina to argon-oxygen plasma discharge (≈40 eV ions) from the Kaufman-type ion source increased the adhesion beyond ≈55 MPa. The applicability of Weibull statistical analysis to the distribution of pull test data for solvent-cleaned rough alumina was investigated. A good fit of the data to the Weibull expression was observed, with zero apparent threshold strength and a low Weibull modulus of ≈2.9.
GABAergic neurons in cultures derived from three-, six- or eight-day-old chick embryo: a biochemical and immunocytochemical study.

Abstract Cultures were prepared from 3-, 6- and 8-day-old chick embryos. Whole chick embryos were dissociated by sieving through a nylon mesh for E3 cultures and cerebral hemispheres for E6 and E8 cultures. The dispersed cells were plated onto poly- l -lysine coated culture dishes in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, containing 10% fetal bovine calf serum. Growth patterns in these cultures have been previously described. Biochemical and immunocytochemical markers were used to identify GABAergic neurons in culture. Neurons exhibiting GABA-like immunoreactivity were present in all 3 types of cultures as early as 4–6 days in culture. The developmental profile of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) derived from 3-day-old whole chick embryo cultures showed low activities whereas the enzyme activity markedly rose in cultures derived from 6- or 8-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres during the first two weeks. The changes in GAD activity observed in these cultures are interpreted to reflect the maturational state of GABAergic neurons and also their responsiveness to microenvironmental factors.
Setting up a microneurosurgical skull base lab: technical and operational considerations

Microneurosurgical cadaveric dissections have become popular due to their usefulness in obtaining a working knowledge of the microneurosurgical anatomy in a controlled environment. This same controlled environment is also conducive to experiment with new surgical approaches. These factors have increased the number of microneurosurgical anatomic laboratories. Despite the increase in microneurosurgical laboratories, there is very little literature regarding the logistics of starting and maintaining a new neurosurgical laboratory. The aim of this paper is to provide a general road map and basic guidelines in starting and running a microneurosurgical dissection laboratory. The information in this paper is based on a review of the literature and on the experience we gained in organizing and managing the Dardinger Microneurosurgical Skull Base Laboratory at The Ohio State University.
Effects of incubation on solubility and mobility of trace metals in two contaminated soils

Much research has focused on changes in solubility and mobility of trace metals in soils under incubation. In this experiment, changes in solubility and mobility of trace metals (Pb, Cu and As) and Fe in two contaminated soils from Tampa, Florida and Montreal, Canada were examined. Soils of 30 g were packed in columns and were incubated for 3–80 days under water-flooding incubation. Following incubation, metal concentrations in pore water (water soluble) and in 0.01 M CaCl2 leachates (exchangeable+water soluble) were determined. While both soils were contaminated with Pb (1600–2500 mg kg−1), Tampa soil was also contaminated with As (230 mg kg−1). Contrast to the low pH (3.8) of Tampa soil, Montreal soil had an alkaline pH of 7.7 and high Ca of 1.6%. Concentrations of Fe(II) increased with incubation time in the Tampa soil mainly due to reductive Fe dissolution, but decreased in the Montreal soil possibly due to formation of FeCO3. The inverse relationship between concentrations of Pb and Fe(II) in pore water coupled with the fact that Fe(II) concentrations were much greater than those of Pb in pore water may suggest the importance of Fe(II) in controlling Pb solubility in soils. However, changes in concentrations of Fe(II), Pb, Cu and As in pore water with incubation time were similar to those in leachate, i.e. water soluble metals were positively related to exchangeable metals in the two contaminated soils. This research suggests the importance of Fe in controlling metal solubility and mobility in soils under water-flooded incubation.
On-line computerized entry and display of nerve fiber cross-sections using single or segmented histological records.

Abstract A computer program was developed to measure rapidly the diameters of large numbers of single nerve fibers, to retain their spatial position within the nerve bundle, and to accept photomicrographs whose areas were larger than that of the active input tablet area. The diameters were calculated as circles of best fit based upon the mean of two measured diameters. The position of each fiber within its parent bundle was stored as XY center coordinates which were computed from the mean input diameters. The XY offset for each segment of an oversized photomicrograph was computed from the difference between two pairs of specific translation points. These values were added to the XY values in subsequent segments with the result that fiber measurements from the entire bundle were dimensionally correct within a single logical file.
Short Range Order Structure Around Oxygen Atoms in the Superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O

Spectra of the oxygen K-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the superconducting compound Y-Ba-Cu-O were obtained by measuring the total electron yield as a function of incident x-ray energy at temperatures between 77K and 300K. This technique affords a convenient way for probing the local environment around the oxygen atoms and soft modes in the lattice.
MHD models of stellar core collapse with GenASiS

We present magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models of stellar core collapse computed with our astrophysical MHD code GenASiS. Microphysics in the models include a realistic equation of state and a simple parametrization of deleptionization during collapse. We give a brief description of some numerical results, and discuss requirements for capturing the physics of the magnetorotational instability in the context of core collapse supernovae.
Shorelines: In Memory of Édouard Glissant

Edouard Glissant passed away on 4 February 2011 at the age of 82. A few words of memory. As a person and thinker, Glissant lived through, then reflected with meditative patience and profundity upon some of the most critical years in the black Atlantic: the aesthetics and politics of anti-colonial struggle, the civil rights movement in the United States, postcolonial cultural anxiety and explosion, the vicissitudes of an emerging cultural globalism, and all of the accompanying intellectual movements from surrealism to negritude to existentialism to those varieties of high modernism and postmodernism for which Glissant himself is such a generative, founding resource. His life bears witness to those years, events, and movements with a poet’s word and a philosopher’s eye. And so Glissant, like all important thinkers, leaves for us an enormous gift – in his case, a new, enigmatic vocabulary of and for the Americas.
Tm-doped alkaline earth aluminate glass for optical amplification at 1460 nm

Abstract The applicability of aluminate glasses as the active material in a thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) was examined. Spectroscopy of Tm-doped glasses indicated a large bandwidth of ∼150 nm for the 3 H 4 → 3 F 4 S band emission of Tm 3+ and a corresponding quantum efficiency of ∼35%. The potential for fiberization was evaluated by differential thermal analysis and parallel plate viscometry. The results demonstrated that Mg-stabilized CaBa aluminate glasses have greater resistance to devitrification and, as such, are promising host glasses for TDFAs.
The role of metal–support interactions in CO2 reforming of CH4

Abstract Prior investigations of CO2 reforming of CH4 have indicated that when TiO2 is used as a support, TiOx species formed during reduction decorate the metal particle surfaces, thereby geometrically destroying large ensembles of metal atoms necessary for carbon deposition. In addition, it has been suggested that sites at the metal–TiOx interface are created which promote catalyst activity. To further elucidate the role of metal–support interactions, CO2 reforming of CH4 has been investigated over a series of SiO2- and TiO2-supported transition metals. Turnover frequencies for CO formation were found to depend on both the support and the %-d character of the metal. In situ DRIFT spectra of CH4 and CO2 adsorption indicate that oxygen from the support can participate in the activation of both CH4 and CO2, and that CHxO species can be formed during CH4 adsorption on TiO2-supported transition metals after reduction in H2 at 773 K.
Helical and Incommensurate Spin-Density Waves in Fe / Cr Multilayers with Interfacial Steps

Although absent in bulk transition metals, a noncollinear, helical (H) spin-density wave (SDW) is stabilized by steps at the interfaces in Fe/Cr multilayers. Using the random-phase approximation, we evaluate the phase boundary between the H SDW and the collinear, incommensurate (I) SDW found in bulk Cr. In agreement with neutron-scattering results, the I-to-H transition temperature T{sub IH} is always lower than the bulk N{acute e}el temperature T{sub N} and the nodes of the I SDW lie near the Fe-Cr interfaces. While a H SDW with a single {plus_minus}{pi}/2 twist has lower free energy than a I SDW above T{sub N} , H SDW{close_quote}s with larger twists are stable between T{sub IH} and T{sub N} . {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society }
The Efficiency of the Tube Counter

The efficiency of counting ionizing particles by the tube counter is investigated, taking account of the electrical behavior of the counter and the random nature of the arrival of the particles. Expressions are obtained for the efficiency of counting, average recovery time, average voltage impulse delivered to the amplifier, and the average number of particles counted per unit time, $N$, in terms of the number of particles arriving per unit time, ${N}_{0}$, the time constant of the counter, and one other parameter, $d$, which is constant for a given counter. Methods for measuring $d$ (which for most counters will lie between 1.3 and five) are indicated. The efficiency of counting decreases with an increase of ${N}_{0}$, rapidly at first, then more slowly, so as to have the asymptotic value $\frac{1}{d}$. The determination of ${N}_{0}$ from $N$, and the general question of counter efficiency are discussed.
Comparison of Rayleigh-Sommerfeld and Fresnel solutions for axial points

The Rayleigh–Sommerfeld and Fresnel solutions are compared for the case of on-axis diffraction from a circular aperture that is illuminated by a monochromatic spherical wave. The solutions are compared by modeling them as sinusoids and then comparing the parameters of the sinusoids.
615: Impact of maternal and fetal characteristics on fetal acidosis in preterm infants

cases. The table demonstrates the tracing parameters and readings for cases and controls. CONCLUSION: Review of the last hour of electronic fetal monitoring prior to delivery by 3 maternal-fetal medicine specialists using the 2008 NICHD guidelines was unable to distinguish neonates begun on hypothermia within 6 hours of birth. In this population with a high incidence of nonreassuring fetal heart rate tracings for both cases and controls only a significant decrease in early decelerations in the cases were found.
Nitrate reductase activity of nonmycorrhizal Douglas-fir rootlets and of some associated mycorrhizal fungi.

Douglas-fir root tips reduced nitrate at much higher rates than seven mycorrhizal fungi, which also differed between species in rate of nitrate reduction. Results are related to nitrogen nutrition of Douglas-fir.
"Actually, I Don't Feel That Bad": Managing Diabetes and the Clinical Encounter

A major issue for persons treating and managing adult-onset diabetes (NIDDM) is the "problem of compliance." I consider the clinical encounter in the overall context of diabetes management as a punctuated experience focused on the cultivation of an ideal self whose "technologies" and "ethics of self-care" mimic a capitalist logic that links self-discipline, productivity, and health. Both clinicians and their patients share and identify with many of the cultural referents and social values that circulate through medical advice and practice. However, using individual examples, I show how this shared logic can produce idiosyncratic regimes of self-care and clinical practice that result in hybrid medical practices incorporating differing objectives and emphases concerned with a tolerable present or an ideal future. Rather than organizing principles for research and medical practice, I suggest that medical compliance and noncompliance should be considered part of the rhetoric to be explained within the regimes of a pursuit of health.
Calcium dependent protein kinase (CDPK) expression during fruit development in cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) under Ca2+-sufficient and -deficient growth regimens

Abstract Adequate soil calcium (Ca 2+ ) levels are crucial for sustained reproductive development of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ). A role for calcium dependent protein kinase was evaluated during peanut fruit development under sufficient and deficient soil Ca 2+ conditions. Quantitative RT-PCR and protein gel blot analyses confirmed transcriptional upregulation of CDPK in seeds developing under inadequate soil Ca 2+ regimen, as well as spatiotemporal regulation of CDPK expression during early mitotic growth and later during the storage phase of seed development. However, a consistent basal level of CDPK was present during similar developmental stages of pod tissue, irrespective of the soil Ca 2+ status. Immunolocalization data showed CDPK decoration primarily in the outer most cell layers of the pericarp and around vascular bundles linked by lateral connections in developing pods, as well as the single vascular trace supplying nutrients to the developing seed. Finally, carbohydrate analyses and qRT-PCR data are provided for peanut genes encoding enzymes involved in sucrose cleavage (orthologs of Vicia faba , VfCWI1 and VfCWI2 ) and utilization ( AhSuSy and AhSpS ), and oleosin gene transcripts ( AhOleo17.8 and AhOleo18.5 ) validating a role for CDPK in the establishment and maintenance of sink strength, and subsequent onset of storage product biosynthetic phase during seed maturation.
Mixed convection transport from an isolated heat source module on a horizontal plate

An experimental study of the mixed convective heat transfer from an isolated source of finite thickness, located on a horizontal surface in an externally induced forced flow, has been carried out. This problem is of particular interest in the cooling of electronic components and also in the thermal transport associated with various manufacturing systems, such as ovens and furnaces. The temperature distribution in the flow as well as the surface temperature variation are studied in detail. The dependence of the heat transfer rate on the mixed convection parameter and on the thickness of the heated element or source, particularly in the vicinity of the source, is investigated. The results obtained indicate that the heat transfer rate and fluid flow characteristics vary strongly with the mixed convection variables. The transition from a natural convection dominated flow to a forced convection dominated flow is studied experimentally and the basic characteristics of the two regimes determined. This transition has a strong influence on the temperature of the surface and on the heat transfer rate. As expected, the forced convection dominated flow is seen to be significantly more effective in the cooling of a heat dissipating component than a natural convection dominated flow. Themore » location of the maximum temperature on the module surface, which corresponds to the minimum local heat transfer coefficient, is determined and discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms. The results obtained are also compared with these for an element of negligible thickness and the effect of a significant module thickness on the transport is determined. Several other important aspects of fundamental and applied interest are studied in this investigation.« less
Fock currents for concave surfaces

The concept of a negative radius of curvature is used to show that the Fock currents can be extended to cover the case of a concave parabola, as well as a convex one. A simple analytic continuation of a parameter in the expression for the Fock currents leads to a residue series representation. The residue series is compared with an integral equation solution for a specific parabola.
Geoheritage and geodiversity management – the questions for tomorrow

Abstract Geodiversity is an important term for future geoheritage management strategies. It is modelled on the term biodiversity that today dominates the work of nature conservation. It describes a complexity of natural attributes in all scales and represents both opportunities and challenges for management strategies. Drawing on experience of geoconservation from across Europe this article focusses on three major issues important to the future geoheritage work: (1) geodiversity as a comprehensive framework for management, (2) the importance of legislation and strategies and (3) practical conservation, management and land use. In focussing on these issues it should not be forgotten however that the very need for conservation of the geological heritage is still not well developed and accepted in many countries and needs to be promoted as a priority. It is argued here that the term geodiversity should be used flexibly to retain relevance across different aspects of geoscience, natural terrains, countries and aspects. Cooperation between institutions and countries is necessary to maintain and develop geoconservation strategies and should be given higher priority, defined scientifically to promote the scientific and educational status, promoted and shared internationally. National legislation is also very important and should be backed by international conventions and international organisations. In Europe geoheritage, geoconservation and geodiversity should be accepted as EU policy and integrated into EU directives.
Addition of glycerol plasticizer to seaweeds derived alginates : Influence of microstructure on chemical-physical properties

A study of the interaction among sodium alginates of different molecular compositions, water and glycerol was carried out, in order to weigh up the influence of different polymeric microstructures on the chemical-physical properties of films obtained by water soluble blends of sodium alginates and increasing amounts of glycerol. Thermal, mechanical and morphological analyses performed on the films confirmed the existence of specific interactions between sodium alginates and glycerol; it was as well demonstrated that only at specific mass ratio between the single polymers and glycerol it is possible to obtain the correct plasticizing effect induced by glycerol.
Optimization of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-ion mobility-surface-induced dissociation-orthogonal-time-of-flight mass spectrometer: simultaneous acquisition of multiple correlated MS1 and MS2 spectra

Abstract Optimization of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-ion mobility-surface-induced dissociation-o-time-of-flight mass spectrometer for peptide sequencing is discussed. Surface-induced dissociation (SID) spectra obtained by using stainless steel, Au grids, and fluorinated self-assembled monolayers (F-SAM) on Au are compared. The F-SAM surfaces yield similar fragment ions to those obtained using an adventitious hydrocarbon coated stainless steel surface; however, optimum collision energies differ for the two surfaces. The advantage of ion mobility-time-of-flight (TOF) is the ability to simultaneously acquire MS 1 and MS 2 spectra, which greatly facilitates high-throughput sequencing of peptides and mixtures of peptides resulting form the proteolytic digest of proteins. Simultaneous acquisition of ion mobility and TOF spectra introduces a time element to SID experiments that can be used as a probe of ion/surface interactions.
Use of a 13C tracer to investigate lutein as a ligand for plasma transthyretin in humans

The selective accumulation of lutein in the macula of the human retina is likely to be mediated by specific transport and/or binding proteins. Our objective was to determine whether transthyretin (TTR) is a plasma transport protein for lutein. We used a biosynthetic 13C-lutein tracer and GC-combustion interfaced-isotope ratio MS to gain the requisite sensitivity to detect the minute amounts of lutein expected as a physiological ligand for TTR. Subjects (n=4) each ingested 1 mg of 13C-lutein daily for 3 d and donated blood 24 h after the final dose. For three subjects, the plasma TTR-retinol-binding protein (RBP) complex was partially purified by anion-exchange (diethylaminoethyl, DEAE) chromatography and then dissociated by hydrophobic-interaction chromatography to yield the TTR component. For subject 4, the initial DEAE purification step was omitted and total plsma TTR (RBP-bound and free) was isolated by hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. In each case, the crude TTR fractions were then purified to homogeneity by RBP-sepharose affinity chromatography. Pure TTR was extracted with chloroform, and unlabeled lutein was added to the extract as a carrier. The mean 13C/12C ratio (expressed in delta notation, δ13C) of the lutein fraction isolated from the plasma TTR extracts of the four subjects was −30.53±3.29‰. The δ13C value of the unlabeled lutein carrier was −30.97±0.27‰. Thus, no 13C enrichment was detected in association with TTR. We conclude that lutein is not associated with TTR in human plasma after being ingested in physiological amounts.
Gap junctions in the outer plexiform layer of the chick retina: thin section and freeze-fracture studies

Previous studies have established that gap junctions between presumptive retinal neurons of the chick retina disappear during the course of embryogenesis. The present study examines the 2–3-week-old chick retina to determine if gap junctions are present in the outer plexiform layer of the more mature animal as would be in accordance with evidence from morphological and physiological studies on a variety of other vertebrates. Thin section and freeze-fracture techniques are used in a complementary manner to demonstrate that gap junctions are present between horizontal cell processes in the distal regions of the outer plexiform layer. These junctions appear to be between axon terminals and between spines that project from axon terminals to rods and double cones. Gap junctions are also observed between photoreceptors. They are seen on the synaptic terminals of all classes of cones and are located between the cone synaptic terminals and cone basal processes. Gap junctions are also seen between unidentified photoreceptor basal processes within the neuropil of both distal and proximal parts of the outer plexiform layer. Gap junctions are also present between cone synaptic terminals and deeply invaginated, vesicle-containing processes the origin of which remains to be determined.
Illuminating gap junctions

An imaging method termed LAMP, based on a newly described photo-activatable fluorophore, promises to illuminate how gap junctions mediate intercellular coupling.
STAT: Spatio-Temporal Analytics Toolkit

Most of the defense and security applications involve various types of spatial temporal data coming from multiple data source layers. How to analyze the large amount of cross layer geospatial temporal data to get actionable insights is an increasingly important challenge to these applications. There are a lot of research work in the area of spatial data model and management, spatial query and spatial data mining. However, applying these technologies to create a cross cutting analytics solutions is very time consuming and challenging. There is lack of framework and mechanism to plug in reusable spatio-temporal analytics assets. In this paper, we discuss a spatio-temporal analytics toolkit that provides a common underlying information fusion infrastructure, and a plug-in mechanism to support reusable cross domain spatiotemporal analytics.
How would behavioral strategy scholarship lead to prescription

While a substantial literature demonstrates that the assumption of bounded rationality and its related implications help understand strategic behavior, behaviorists have been slow to offer prescriptions. This paper outlines the fundamentals of the behavioral perspective, and lays out an approach to developing prescriptions based on behavioral scholarship. It discusses both what we currently may prescribe, and directions of research that might lead to additional prescriptions.
Contextual understanding by computers

A further development of a computer program (ELIZA) capable of conversing in natural language is discussed. The importance of context to both human and machine understanding is stressed. It is argued that the adequacy of the level of understanding achieved in a particular conversation depends on the purpose of that conversation, and that absolute understanding on the part of either humans or machines is impossible.