cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation on granular-nanocomposite-based giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor fabrication

The magnetoresistance behavior of the polyurethane composites reinforced with iron nanoparticles which has been heat treated was reported. The flexible nanocomposites were fabricated by the surface-initiated-polymerization (SIP) method. The uniformly distributed nanoparticles within the polymer matrix, well characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, favor a continuous carbon matrix formation after annealing, rendering the transition from insulating to conductive composites. The coercive forces reflect strong particle loading and matrix dependent magnetic properties. The obtained nanocomposites possess fairly good giant magnetoresistance (MR), with a MR of 7.3 % at room temperature and 14 % at 130 K. Furthermore, the formed carbon matrix has a 7 wt.% argon adsorption potential for fuel cell applications.
Master Sintering Curve: A Practical Approach to Sintering

One of the ultimate objectives for sintering studies is to be able to predict densification results under different thermal histories for a given processing method. It has been reported that the geometric parameters related to sintering often are functions only of density for a given powder and green-body process, provided that one diffusion mechanism dominates in the sintering process. Based on this report, the concept of a master sintering curve has been developed that characterizes the sintering behavior for a given powder and green-body process regardless of the heating profiles. The formulation and construction of the master sintering curve are given in this paper. A model experiment on sintering of alumina is used and analyzed to demonstrate this new concept. Examples of the master sintering curves obtained from other powder systems (ZnO, nickel, Al 2 O 3 (5 vol% TiO 2 ), and Al 2 O 3 (5 vol% ZrO 2 )) are presented. When this new method is used, densification behavior can be predicted under arbitrary temperature-time excursions following a minimal set of preliminary experiments, and these predictions can be used in planning sintering strategies. Moreover, deviations from the assumption of a single mechanism can be observed readily.
Absence of Detectable HIV-1 Viremia after Treatment Cessation in an Infant

An infant born to a woman with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection began receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) 30 hours after birth owing to high-risk exposure. ART was continued when detection of HIV-1 DNA and RNA on repeat testing met the standard diagnostic criteria for infection. After therapy was discontinued (when the child was 18 months of age), levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA, proviral DNA in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells, and HIV-1 antibodies, as assessed by means of clinical assays, remained undetectable in the child through 30 months of age. This case suggests that very early ART in infants may alter the establishment and long-term persistence of HIV-1 infection.
Nonperturbative theory of inhomogeneous effects in gas lasers

The self-consistent field approximation (SCFA)[1]-[4] is used to calculate the steady-state mode energies and frequency shifts for a gas laser. The SCFA is a statistical approximation which was shown[3] to be accurate for small values of a parameter ( \gamma^{2}N ), which is always small for gas lasers. The SCFA is simpler and more convenient for studying the complicated dynamical effects that occur in gas lasers than the more recent[5]-[8] quantum theoretical models. It does not, of course, give any new description of the laser photon statistics, since the approximation treats the field as a pure coherent state[9] and is, therefore, equivalent to the semiclassical theory. The main results of this paper are to show how dynamical effects can be calculated nonperturbatively for arbitrary values of the field strength, and to analyze the different roles played by different kinds of inhomogeneous effects in gas lasers. These inhomogeneous effects are due to the dependence of the atomic inversion density on the atomic positions and velocities. Some numerical results are given which show that the nonperturbative theory can explain some effects not previously explained by perturbation theories. [1], [2].
Voicing contrast in consonant clusters: evidence against sonorant transparency to voice assimilation in Russian*

Obstruents in Russian have been claimed to assimilate in voicing in clusters when a sonorant consonant intervenes, e.g. ot mgly [dmg] ‘from the haze’. This phenomenon (‘sonorant transparency to voice assimilation’) is controversial: it is claimed to be a phonological rule of fast speech by some linguists, while its existence is denied by others. Previous studies have shown that voicing in presonorant obstruents (C1) in Russian is consistent with that of prevocalic obstruents in slow speech; however, no research has examined whether voicing in presonorant obstruents changes either as a function of the voicing of the rightmost (C2) obstruent in a cluster or in faster speech. This paper presents experimental results supporting the claim that the voicing of C2 obstruents does not affect voicing in presonorant C1 obstruents in slow or fast speech. The results suggest that obstruents do not assimilate through a sonorant in obstruent–sonorant–obstruent clusters in Russian.
Comparative single-dose kinetics and dynamics of lorazepam, alprazolam, prazepam, and placebo

Thirty-nine healthy volunteers received single oral doses of either alprazolam (1 mg), lorazepam (2 mg), prazepam (20 mg), or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, parallel group study. Plasma drug concentrations, subjective self-ratings, and the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) were evaluated during 24 hours after dosage. Alprazolam was absorbed rapidly and produced correspondingly rapid sedation and impaired DSST performance. These effects also resolved rapidly, being similar to placebo by 4 to 6 hours after dosage. Sedative and DSST-impairing effects of lorazepam were of slower onset but longer duration than those of alprazolam. After oral prazepam, appearance of desmethyldiazepam in plasma was slow, with minimal sedative and DSST-impairing effects. Twenty-four hours after dosage, both alprazolam and lorazepam significantly impaired recall of a list of 16 words learned previously 3 hours after dosage. Thus benzodiazepines with approximately equivalent clinical anxiolytic properties may have different sedative, performance-impairing, and amnesic profiles after single doses in healthy volunteers; these differences are explained at least in part by pharmacokinetic variations. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 44, 326–334; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.158
Politiques économiques et destructuration industrielle dans les pays développés depuis les années quatre-vingt

Cet article analyse, en les evaluant, les politiques economiques en vigueur dans les pays developpes du debut des annees 80 a l’epoque actuelle. Il examine en outre les consequences de ces politiques sur l’industrie et les structures de production de ces pays. Plus precisement, la premiere partie de l’article presente brievement les politiques economiques que l’on commence a appliquer dans la presque totalite des pays industriellement developpes des le debut des annees 80. La deuxieme partie opere une confrontation comparative entre les objectifs economiques decides et les performances des economies dans les annees 80 et au debut des annees 90. La troisieme partie etudie les consequences des recettes monetaristes appliquees sur les structures industrielles (investissements, productivite, profits, formation de capital, flexibilite). On s’attache aussi a montrer ici comment les activites industrielles reculent au profit d’activites lucratives, limitant ainsi l’exploitation productive des possibilites que la technologie de pointe leur offre. On procede a l’analyse des structures industrielles nouvelles qui semblent prevaloir, toujours dans le cadre d’un environnement economique en recession, lequel non seulement persiste, mais parait s’accompagner d’une rupture inquietante des toiles sociales cohesives a l’echelle mondiale. Enfin, a la lumiere de l’image de l’evolution parallele des structures economiques et des structures industrielles dans les annees qui viennent de s’ecouler, universellement dominees par le neoliberalisme et la politique economique monetariste, la conclusion evalue la situation actuelle et les perspectives de l’economie internationale.
Elastic-Plastic Seismic Response of Chimney

An analytic investigation of the elastic and inelastic response behaviors of an 823-ft (251-m) chimney to a realistic earthquake record is conducted. The chimney is modeled by using eight pipe-type beam finite elements. Equations of motion are solved numerically by direct integration method. For the pure elastic analysis, cracks developed in the chimney are considered. Several assumed percentages of the critical damping are also considered. For the inelastic analysis, the material of the chimney is assumed to be an idealized equivalent homogeneous material with the same Young’s modulus, mass density, and elastic limit as concrete. Equations for the determination of the depths of elastic-plastic boundaries in the finite elements are derived. The time-history response results obtained from the inelastic analysis are compared with those obtained from the purely elastic analysis. The present method may be applied to the analysis of practical designs of slender reinforced concrete chimneys.
The Cities Take the Initiative: Public Nuisance Lawsuits against Handgun Manufacturers

For most of our large cities, armed criminal violence is the most devastating and persistent danger to public health and safety over the past few decades. Much would seem to be at stake: extraordinary levels of loss of life and injury, startling financial costs, and a serious undermining of the quality and tenor of everyday life. Yet it has an aura of regrettable normalcy, a deplorable but inevitable fact of life in urban America. This book chapter challenges the notion that nothing can be done about this with a particular focus: the role of manufacturers and dealers in the handgun market that yields notoriously easy access to handguns by criminals and youth, and the city handgun lawsuits based on the marketing practices of certain manufacturers and dealers, which were conceived by the author.
Assessing Phosphine−Chalcogen Bond Energetics from Calculations

Phosphine chalcogenides are useful reagents in chalcogen atom transfer reactions and nanocrystal syntheses. Understanding the strength and electronic structure of these bonds is key to optimizing their use, but a limited number of experimental and computational studies probe these issues. Using density functional theory (DFT), we computationally screen multiple series of trisubstituted phosphine chalcogenide molecules with a variety of phosphorus substituents and examine how these affect the strength of the phosphorus–chalcogen bond. DFT provides valuable data on these compounds including P–E bond dissociation energies, P–E bond order, Lowdin charge on phosphorus and chalcogen atoms, and molecular geometries. Experimentally monitoring the 31P and 77Se NMR chemical shifts and published Hammett constants provides good estimates and confirmation of the relative magnitude of electronic shielding around these nuclei and confirms the predictive value of the computational results.
Dubinin-Astakhov model for acetylene adsorption on metal-organic frameworks

Abstract Acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) is explosive at a pressure above 29 psi, causing a safety issue for its storage and applications. C 2 H 2 adsorption on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been explored to solve the issue. However, a suitable isotherm equation for C 2 H 2 adsorption on various MOFs has not been found. In this paper, it was demonstrated that Dubinin-Astakhov equation can be exploited as a general isotherm model to depict C 2 H 2 adsorption on MOF-5, ZIF-8, HKUST-1, and MIL-53. In contrast, commonly used Langmuir and BET models exhibited their inapplicability for C 2 H 2 adsorption on those MOFs.
Approximation by radial bases and neural networks

In this paper, we study approximation by radial basis functions including Gaussian, multiquadric, and thin plate spline functions, and derive order of approximation under certain conditions. Moreover, neural networks are also constructed by wavelet recovery formula and wavelet frames.
SOOT ANALYSIS IN COMBUSTION ENVIRONMENTS BY LASER-INDUCED INCANDESCENCE

The dependence of laser-induced incandescence (LII) on soot primary particle size is examined. Theory and LII models are shown to predict that large particles achieve higher temperatures, and therefore should have a larger fraction of their emission in the blue, compared to small particles. Experiments using a long-pulse (1.6 us), low intensity dye laser and short pulse (7 ns), high intensity Nd:YAG lasers produce the opposite trend in an ethylene-air diffusion flame. In addition, standard LII models are shown to overpredict the signal decay rate after the laser pulse. The implications of these results on suggested particle sizing techniques are discussed.
Computers in Health Science Education: Communication and Management

An automated health science university is characterized through a description of a teaching physician's interaction with his networked microcomputer. Progress towards instructional automation is explored at Rush University and the University of Illinois with an emphasis on an electronic logbook and evaluation system for medical clerkship and residency programs. This joint development project is presented as an intermediate stage in automation. Its use is contrasted to traditional computer based education, and shown to fill pressing needs in medical education.
Serological Distinctions Between the Viruses of Encephalitis in St. Louis, 1933, Equine Encephalomyelitis, and Vesicular Stomatitis.∗:

The problem of the immunological relationship of the viruses of the encephalitis prevailing in St. Louis and Kansas City in 1933 and the viruses of equine encephalomyelitis and vesicular stomatitis has been studied by a series of cross-protection tests with the viruses associated with these diseases and their respective immune sera. A mouse strain of encephalitis virus obtained from Webster and Fite,1 a neurotropic guinea pig strain of equine encephalomyelitis virus of the western type,2 as well as similar mouse strains of the New Jersey and Indiana types3 of vesicular stomatitis virus were employed, together with antisera from a monkey convalescent from experimental encephalitis, antisera from a rabbit and a horse convalescent from encephalomyelitis of the eastern type,4 serum from a rabbit immunized against the western type of encephalomyelitis virus, and similar sera from rabbits immunized against the 2 strains of vesicular stomatitis virus.Hormone broth suspensions of the stomatitis and encephalitis m...
Kinetic Studies of the Alternating Copolymerization of Cyclic Acid Anhydrides and Epoxides, and the Terpolymerization of Cyclic Acid Anhydrides, Epoxides, and CO2 Catalyzed by (salen)CrIIICl

Copolymerization of a series of cyclic acid anhydrides with several epoxides using (salen)CrCl/onium salt catalysts has afforded polyesters with high molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The (salen)CrCl catalyst in the presence of the onium salts with formula PPNX (X = Cl–, N3–) for the copolymerization of the anhydrides, maleic (MA), succinic (SA), phthalic (PA), cyclohexene (CHE), and cyclohexane (CHA) with the epoxides, cyclohexene oxide (CHO), propylene oxide (PO), and styrene oxide (SO) resulted in completely alternating enchainment of monomers to provide pure polyesters. Temperature dependent studies of the ring-opening copolymerization of phthalic anhydride and cyclohexene oxide monomers in toluene solution have yielded activation parameters of ΔH‡ = 67.5 kJ mol–1 and ΔS‡ = −95.3 J mol–1, where the rate limiting step was ring-opening of the epoxide by the enchained anhydride. For the cyclic acid anhydride (CHA), the relative order of reactivity with epoxides decreased PO > C...
Reagan, Star Wars, and American Culture

No one can understand the attraction and momentum of the star Wars program without understanding its reliance on such metaphysical terms as “dreams” and “vision.” The program fuses president Reagan's belief in America as the trustee of history and in technology as a benign force.
Regioselective Oxidation of Strained Graphene for Controllable Synthesis of Nanoribbons

We propose a regioselective unzipping and cutting of strained graphene by oxidation to form graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) of controllable width with well-defined and smooth edges at low temperature. The proposed process is based on first-principles calculations involving a uniaxial external compressive strain along the armchair direction. The process consists of three steps: (i) compressive strain engineering of graphene into periodic 1D sinusoidal ripple patterns, (ii) oxidation of a strained ripple, which leads to the unzipped graphene ripple with curvature-directed linear alignment of ether chains along the zigzag (ZZ) directions perpendicular to the strain, and (iii) subsequent further oxidation of the highly ordered unzipped ripple, which cuts it into uniform-width ZZ-GNRs. This method offers a potentially high level of control of the ZZ-GNRs width at low temperature.
Conjugated Polymers with Repeated Sequences of Group 16 Heterocycles Synthesized through Catalyst-Transfer Polycondensation

Periodic π-conjugated polymers of the group 16 heterocycles (furan, thiophene, and selenophene) were synthesized with controlled chain lengths and relatively low dispersities using catalyst-transfer polycondensation. The optical gap and redox potentials of these copolymers were fine-tuned by altering the heterocycle sequence, and atomic force microscopy revealed nanofibrillar morphologies for all the materials. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering of the thiophene-selenophene copolymers indicated that the π-stacking distance increased with incorporation of the larger heteroatom (from ∼3.7–4.0 A), while the lamellar spacing decreased (from ∼15.8–15.2 A). The study also revealed that periodic sequences allow electronic properties to be tuned while retaining nanofibrillar morphologies similar to those observed for poly(3-hexylthiophene).
A comparison of five forest interception models using global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis

Summary Interception by the forest canopy plays a critical role in the hydrologic cycle by removing a significant portion of incoming precipitation from the terrestrial component. While there are a number of existing physical models of forest interception, few studies have summarized or compared these models. The objective of this work is to use global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis to compare five mechanistic interception models including the Rutter, Rutter Sparse, Gash, Sparse Gash, and Liu models. Using parameter probability distribution functions of values from the literature, our results show that on average storm duration [Dur], gross precipitation [PG], canopy storage [S] and solar radiation [Rn] are the most important model parameters. On the other hand, empirical parameters used in calculating evaporation and drip (i.e. trunk evaporation as a proportion of evaporation from the saturated canopy [∊], the empirical drainage parameter [b], the drainage partitioning coefficient [pd], and the rate of water dripping from the canopy when canopy storage has been reached [Ds]) have relatively low levels of importance in interception modeling. As such, future modeling efforts should aim to decompose parameters that are the most influential in determining model outputs into easily measurable physical components. Because this study compares models, the choices regarding the parameter probability distribution functions are applied across models, which enables a more definitive ranking of model uncertainty.
A New Branch-and-Bound Solver for the Quadratic Assignment Problem Based on the Level-3 Reformulation-Linearization Technique.

We report on the implementation of a level-3 reformulation linearization technique (RLT-3)-based bound calculation in a branch-and-bound algorithm. The RLT-3-based bound calculation method is not guaranteed to calculate the RLT-3 lower bound exactly, but approximates it very closely and reaches it in some instances. We tested the new branch-andbound solver on six Nugent instances, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 25. The computational results indicate that the new technique should be effective in solving problem sizes larger than had been possible to date. Solving QAP problems sizes larger than size 25 with this new exact solution technique still presents a challenge due to the large memory needed to implement the RLT-3 formulation. We discuss our plans to improve the implementation of the algorithm.
Chapter 9 – Basics of Clinical Trials

Potential therapeutic agents identified in the discovery phase must be assessed for clinical utility and safety in order to obtain marketing authorization. Numerous issues such as formulation, dosing method, and compound supply must be addressed before an Investigational New Drug application can be submitted. Once a clinical plan is approved, human trials are initiated. Phase I trials generally focus on safety using healthy volunteers. In phase II trials, a small set of patients are studied to determine if the candidate compound has efficacy in a small, controlled population and to set the doses that will be used in pivotal phase III trials. If the candidate compound meets the desired endpoints in the large patient population of a phase III trial, regulatory approval for marketing may be granted. Post-marketing surveillance, also referred to as phase IV trials may be required to ensure patient safety and drug efficacy.
Introduction: Financial Intermediation in the Age of Global Capital

In order to assess the likely nature of financial intermediation in the twenty-first century, it is necessary to begin by describing the state of financial intermediation at the close of the twentieth century and the challenges facing it. I suggest we focus on matters of risk rather than on the associated businesses of aggregating funds, processing payments and so on.
Do Class Action Filings Affect Stock Prices? The Stock Market Reaction to Securities Class Actions Post PSLRA

Using a substantially larger sample than has been used before, and a sample that includes the Great Financial Crisis and its ensuing recession, I investigate the stock market reaction to securities class action filings following the enactment of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act through the first quarter of 2012. I find that, on average, even after adjusting for market downturns, there is a statistically significant negative abnormal return at the time of filing. There is also a statistically significant negative abnormal return during the weeks preceding the filing indicating that the market partially, but not fully, anticipates these filings. Additionally I find the following: filings that include a § 10(b) claim have a more adverse impact than those that do not; filings that are subsequently dismissed have a smaller adverse impact than those that are not, indicating that the market has some ability to distinguish between claims with different degrees of merit; filings in the Ninth Circuit have a more adverse impact than others, especially when compared with the Second Circuit; and finally, filings against nonservice sector firms have a more adverse impact than those against service sector firms, and financial firms in the service sector suffer more when claims are filed than non-financial service firms.
Vascular Anomalies of the Head and Neck: Diagnosis, Imaging, and Treatment

Vascular anomalies are congenital errors in vascular developments frequently involving the head and neck. Imaging often plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis requiring familiarity by the interpreting radiologist in order to best guide management. Multidisciplinary teams are essential in managing this group of pathologies. In a community setting, the radiologist may be the first encounter wherein the patient has the best chance of being appropriately referred to the dedicated team of specialists. Divided into malformations and tumors, we review their presentation with imaging correlation, natural history, and discussion of current treatment strategies focusing on the more common subcategories. Taking into consideration the physical and psychosocial effects of these diseases, swift diagnosis and appropriate treatment significantly improves quality of care and prognosis.
FORMATION OF METHANE DURING COALIFICATION AND PYROLYSIS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a study in which methane yield on pyrolysis is compared with the methane content in the coalbed and structural properties of the coals. Methane content was measured in two mines for three seams of the Book Cliffs, Utah coal field, one seam in the Wasatch Plateau, Utah coal field, and one mine of the Coal Basin, Colorado coal field. Coalbed gases accumulate as a result of flow into or from the seam and by generation of gases by coalification processes. The methane yields on pyrolysis were plotted versus the methane content of the coal seam. The structural parameters determined by dipolar-dephasing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were measured. The accumulation of methane in a coal seam depends on the rate of formation by coalification processes and the rate of loss by diffusion from the bed.
Bayesian Wavelet Analysis Using Nonlocal Priors with an Application to fMRI Analysis

We propose a Bayesian hierarchical wavelet methodology for nonparametric regression based on nonlocal priors. Our methodology assumes for the wavelet coefficients a prior that is a mixture of a point mass at zero and a Johnson-Rossell nonlocal prior. We consider two choices of Johnson-Rossell nonlocal priors: the moment prior and the inverse moment prior. To borrow strength across wavelet coefficients, in addition to more traditional specifications from the wavelet literature, we consider a logit specification for the mixture probability and a polynomial decay specification for the scale parameter. To estimate these specifications’ hyperparameters, we propose an empirical Bayes methodology based on Laplace approximation that allows fast analytic posterior inference for the wavelet coefficients. To assess performance, we perform a simulation study to compare our methodology to several other wavelet-based methods available in the literature. In terms of mean squared error, our methodology with the inverse moment prior yields superior results for cases of low signal-to-noise ratio, as well as for moderate to large sample sizes. Finally, we illustrate the flexibility of our novel methodology with an application to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dataset from a study of brain activations associated with working memory.
Information Sources for Genomics

The ultimate goal of genome analysis is understanding the biology of each particular organism in both functional and evolutionary terms, which requires combining disparate data from a variety of sources. Reliable information resources, compiling data on sequenced genomes and linking it to the wealth of associated functional data, are indispensable for comparative genomics. The amount of genome-related information stored in public databases and freely available to anyone with an Internet access is enormous. It has been our experience, however, that many researchers who should benefit the most from this information are not comfortable navigating these databases, let alone assessing the reliability of the data. This chapter is an attempt to bring the genomic databases closer to their principal users, molecular biologists and biochemists.
Damage and elasticity in metals

A coupled theory of elasticity and continuum damage mechanics is formulated for metals in this chapter. It is assumed that the material undergoes damage with small elastic strains. The hypothesis of elastic energy equivalence is used to produce the proposed coupling. The damage variable used represents average material degradation that reflects the various types of damage at the microscale level such as nucleation and growth of voids, cavities, microcracks, and other microscopic defects. The constitutive model is numerically implemented using finite elements with an updated Lagrangian description. This chapter also explains how the model can be applied to the problems of ductile fracture. The problem of crack initiation in a thin plate with a center crack that is subjected to uniaxial tension is analyzed using the constitutive model. Damage variable has been shown to be tensorial in nature in the general case of anisotropic damage. This damage tensor was shown to be an irreducible even-rank tensor. Several other properties of the damage tensor have been outlined in a rigorous mathematical treatment using the theory of tensor functions.
Wiring the Tunnel to Replace a Tunneled Dialysis Catheter

This chapter discusses a case in which a tunneled dialysis catheter came out inadvertently. In this cases, if the catheter has been in place long enough for a well-developed subcutaneous tract to develop, the catheter can be replaced using the old site. This avoids the neccessity of a new cannulation.
Don't Play with Your Nodule: Case Report of Tachycardia and Other Adverse Reactions from Manipulation of an Exenatide Injection Site Nodule

Abstract Background Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increasingly prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among U.S. adults, with increasing prevalence in emergency department (ED) visits. Multiple medications, such as exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, have been developed in the past decade to combat this growing problem. This medication is well documented to cause gastrointestinal upset and skin nodules at the injection site. However, currently no documented cases exist regarding manipulation of injection nodules causing increased absorption or reports demonstrating an increase in adverse drug reactions. Case Report We report an interesting case of an adult male patient who likely experienced increased systemic absorption of exenatide by manipulating an injection nodule, which ultimately resulted in nausea, retching, diarrhea, and a tachycardic heart rate of 130–140 beats/min. These symptoms are known side effects of exenatide. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Given the high frequency of DM patients presenting to the ED, emergency physicians should be familiar with diabetic maintenance medications and their adverse reactions. Treating these side effects and properly educating patients can alleviate discomfort, prevent future adverse reactions, and decrease return visits to the ED.
Thermo-inelastic analysis of functionally graded materials: inapplicability of the classical micromechanics approach

Abstract The standard micromechanical approach used to analyse the response of functionally graded materials is to decouple the local and global effects by assuming the existence of a representative volume element (RVE) at every point within the composite. In this paper, a new higher order micromechanical theory for the inelastic response of functionally graded materials (HOTFGM), which couples the local and global effects, is used to assess the limits of applicability of the standard uncoupled approach. Comparison of local stresses in the fiber and matrix phases of composites with a finite number of uniformly and nonuniformly spaced fibers in the through-thickness direction subjected to uniform and nonuniform temperature fields, obtained with HOTFGM and the standard RVE-based approach, illustrates the inaccuracy of the standard analysis in the presence of temperature-dependent and inelastic behavior of the matrix phase.
Compliant substrate technology for heterogeneous integration

The recent encouraging results on compliant substrates have made them a promising technology for innovative optoelectronic devices and circuits involving lattice mismatched semiconductors. Different from traditional bulk semiconductor substrates, compliant substrates are flexible templates that can accommodate the lattice strain produced during heteroepitaxial growth. This article discusses one special class of compliant substrates, namely twist-bonded compliant substrates. A twist-bonded compliant substrate contains a 30-100A thin layer bonded to a bulk crystal with a high-angle twist boundary at the interface. Experiment has shown that the twist-bonded thin layer functions as a compliant template to absorb the mismatch strain through elastic and plastic deformation. We have fabricated twist-bonded GaAs and Si compliant substrates and grown InGaAs (1.5% mismatch) and InSb (14.7% mismatch) layers on GaAs compliant substrates and Ge layers (4% mismatch) on Si compliant substrates. Cross sectional TEM results have shown a significant reduction in threading dislocation density for all these films. The crosshatch free InGaAs surface indicates that substrate compliance indeed provides a new strain release mechanism than forming dislocation half loops in the heteroepitaxial layers. The photoluminescence data from InGaAs multiquantum- wells also confirm the superior quality of heteroepitaxial layers grown on compliant substrates. Future research is directed to enhancement of our understanding of substrate compliance mechanisms, improvement of processing technology, and demonstration of critical photonic devices on compliant substrates.
Low temperature elastic constants of polycrystalline MgB2

We have used a resonant ultrasound spectroscopy technique to measure the bulk and shear modulus of fully dense, polycrystalline MgB2 between 4 and 300 K. Both moduli show good agreement with published first principle calculations. The internal friction shows a broad maximum around 40 K.
Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp Recording

Signaling in the nervous system is mediated by changes in voltage across the membranes of individual neurons. Understanding these bioelectrical signals—their ionic basis, modulation, information content, contributions to intercellular communication, and ways in which they encode sensory input and behavioral output—is one of the fundamental tasks of contemporary neuroscience research. A variety of approaches have been developed that enable researchers to measure and manipulate bioelectricity of individual neurons and networks of neurons—a family of experimental approaches collectively termed “electrophysiology.” In this chapter, we describe whole-cell patch-clamp recording, an electrophysiological technique that enables researchers to record membrane voltages and, by using voltage-clamp techniques, the ionic currents underlying those voltages. We provide an overview of the background and principles of whole-cell recording as well as a discussion of the basic complement of equipment including air tables, microscopes, Faraday cages, micromanipulators, recording electrodes, amplifiers and other electronics, solutions, and recording pipettes needed for these experiments. We also describe techniques for successful whole-cell recording, including a discussion of perforated patch techniques, and note potential pitfalls and issues of quality control that are key for obtaining high-quality publishable data.
Birth Weight and Development: Bias or Heterogeneity by Polygenic Risk Factors?

Birth weight has long been known to be a proxy for prenatal nutrition as well as social stress during pregnancy and, in this vein, has important associations with life outcomes ranging from infant mortality to cognition to adult stature. However, since birth weight and such developmental outcomes may share a genetic etiology, here we compare estimates of the effect of birth weight on traits with and without controls for genotype. Moreover, a recent literature has suggested that the effects of birth weight on later outcomes may be moderated by genotype. Namely, a handful of studies have assessed whether alleles putatively associated with neural plasticity interact with birth weight in twin and sibling models and have come to conflicting results. This confusion may result from the fact that these researchers have used only candidate gene markers—that is single alleles or a combination of a few alleles. Candidate gene studies, in turn, have failed to replicate and the general consensus in the genetics of behavior literature is that most published associations are false positives. To improve on this prior work, the present study uses well-validated, replicated polygenic scores that combine information across the entire genome by summarizing the effects of over one million individual alleles. Specifically, we use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health and the UK Biobank to assess whether the effects birth weight on cognitive functioning, educational attainment, height, body mass index, smoking, and depression are biased by or moderated by each phenotype’s respective polygenic score. Results do not show any robustly significant interactions in cross-sectional models or in sibling and/or twin fixed effects models. Implications for future research are discussed.
Development and Initial Validation of a Multidimensional Acne Global Grading System Integrating Primary Lesions and Secondary Changes.

Importance The qualitative grading of acne is important for routine clinical care and clinical trials, and although many useful systems exist, no single acne global grading system has had universal acceptance. In addition, many current instruments focus primarily on evaluating primary lesions (eg, comedones, papules, and nodules) or exclusively on signs of secondary change (eg, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, scarring). Objectives To develop and validate an acne global grading system that provides a comprehensive evaluation of primary lesions and secondary changes due to acne. Design, Setting, and Participants This diagnostic study created a multidimensional acne severity feature space by analyzing decision patterns of pediatric dermatologists evaluating acne. Modeling acne severity patterns based on visual image features was then performed to reduce dimensionality of the feature space to a novel 2-dimensional grading system, in which severity levels are functions of multidimensional acne cues. The system was validated by 6 clinicians on a new set of images. All images used in this study were taken from a retrospective, longitudinal data set of 150 patients diagnosed with acne, ranging across the entire pediatric population (aged 0-21 years), excluding images with any disagreement on their diagnosis, and selected to adequately span the range of acne types encountered in the clinic. Data were collected from July 1, 2001, through June 30, 2013, and analyzed from March 1, 2015, through December 31, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Prediction performance was evaluated as the mean square error (MSE) with the clinicians’ scores. Results The scale was constructed using acne visual features and treatment decisions of 6 pediatric dermatologists evaluating 145 images of patients with acne ranging in age from 0 to 21 years. Using the proposed scale to predict the severity scores on a new set of 40 images achieved an overall MSE of 0.821, which is smaller than the mean within-clinician differences (MSE of 0.998). Conclusions and Relevance By integrating primary lesions and secondary changes, this novel acne global grading scale provides a more clinically relevant evaluation of acne that may be used for routine clinical care and clinical trials. Because the severity scores are based on actual clinical practice, this scoring system is also highly correlated with appropriate treatment choices.
Morison’s pouch: anatomical review and evaluation of pathologies and disease spread on cross-sectional imaging

The peritoneum is a complex structure. Having a better understanding of this complex anatomy will enable the radiologist to accurately assess and diagnose the wide range of intra-abdominal pathologies. In this article, we review the anatomy, boundaries, and connections of Morison's pouch. In addition, we discuss the incidence and development of common pathological conditions within Morison's pouch and the role of multiple imaging modalities in assessment and diagnosis of these conditions.
Anatomy of a Paleozoic basin: the Permian Basin, USA, Volumes 1 and 2: edited by Stephen C. Ruppel, Austin, Texas, The University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology (Report of Investigations 285) and The American Association of Petroleum Geologists (Memoir 118), 399 pp., ISBN: 978-1-970007-40-4; 526 pp., ISBN: 978-1-970007-35-0

The University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG), in conjunction with the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, has recently published an important two-volume set summarizing much o...
Using the eRm Package for Rasch Modeling

The “extended Rasch modeling” (eRm) package in R provides users with a comprehensive set of tools for Rasch modeling for scale evaluation and general modeling. We provide a brief introduction to Ra...
The Power of Equality? Polarization and Collective Mis-representation on Gay Rights in Congress, 1989–2019:

The U.S. Supreme Court’s recent application of employment protections to gays and lesbians in Bostock v. Clayton County highlights the striking absence of policy produced by the U.S. Congress despi...
Advancing Medical Education Through Innovations in Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Medicine relies on education of trainees for growth of the field. Medical education has benefitted from a rapid pace of innovation, but due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many paradigms underpinning the medical education of trainees shifted-rendering numerous teaching modalities unusable. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, accelerated the development of novel teaching methodologies, which our trainees are now adapting to. We sought to examine emerging teaching methodologies to understand the opportunities available for medical education to innovate our teaching practices for learners in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In this narrative review, we drew upon the experiences of the authors as both life-long learners and educators. We then reviewed literature pertaining to novel teaching methodologies developed in medical education since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Several medical specialties have employed novel teaching methodologies including use of telemedicine, remote teaching, online curricula, virtual rotations, virtual conferences, simulations, and learning consortia to continue engaging trainees during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a paucity of literature that addresses efficacy of novel teaching methodologies compared to more traditional teaching methodologies. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity for medical education to combine new and innovative teaching methodologies to create novel, accessible, and engaging learning opportunities for our trainees.
A distributional approach to understanding generational differences: What do you mean they vary?

Abstract Research on generational differences has typically focused on how the current generation is different than those in the past and the implications of such differences for work and non-work outcomes. This research is often based on the assumption that experiences shared by individuals at particular ages and points in time create distinct generational cohorts. However, most studies have only looked at mean differences while ignoring differences in the extent to which variability within the generation represents the shared experiences mechanism and changes in within-generation variability reflecting shared experiences have not been tested. In this paper, we used Bayesian non-parametric modeling techniques to simultaneously model changes in both means and variances over time on a measure commonly used to characterize generations, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Results showed that there were no systematic changes in NPI variances during the last 35 years and some evidence of small, non-linear changes in NPI means. These results differ from previous studies that did not address variability but did find mean generational differences in narcissism, raising questions about those studies as well as about research on generational differences and the methods used to assess change over time.
State of the Nation's Cardiovascular Health and Targeting Health Equity in the United States: A Narrative Review.

Importance Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the US. The burden of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority groups, who now compose almost 40% of the US population in aggregate. As part of the 2010 American Heart Association (AHA) Strategic Impact Goal, the AHA established 7 cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics (also known as Life’s Simple 7) with the goal to improve the CVH of all individuals in the US by 20% by 2020. National estimates of CVH are important to track and monitor at the population level but may mask important differences across and within racial/ethnic minority groups. It is critical to understand how CVH may differ between racial/ethnic minority groups and consider how these differences in CVH may contribute to disparities in cardiovascular disease burden and overall longevity. Observations This narrative review summarizes the available literature on individual CVH metrics and composite CVH scores across different race/ethnic minority groups (specifically Hispanic/Latino, Asian, and non-Hispanic Black individuals) in the US. Disparities in CVH persist among racial/ethnic groups, but key gaps in knowledge exist, in part, owing to underrepresentation of these racial/ethnic groups in research or misrepresentation of CVH because of aggregation of race/ethnicity subgroups. A comprehensive, multilevel approach is needed to target health equity and should include (1) access to high-quality health care, (2) community-engaged approaches to adapt disruptive health care delivery innovations, (3) equitable economic investment in the social and built environment, and (4) increasing funding for research in racial/ethnic minority populations. Conclusions and Relevance Significant differences in CVH exist within racial/ethnic groups. Given the rapid growth of diverse, minority populations in the US, focused investigation is needed to identify strategies to optimize CVH. Opportunities exist to address inequities in CVH and to successfully achieve both the interim (AHA 2024) and longer-term (AHA 2030) Impact Goals in the coming years.
Contagion Effects from the 1994 Mexican Peso Crisis: Evidence from Chilean Stocks

The contagion, or informational spillover, effects of the 1994 peso crisis from the Mexican market to the Chilean market, and to the Chilean American Depository Receipts (ADRs) trading in the U.S., are examined. Significant excess returns are observed for Chilean stocks for the event dates of the Mexican Peso crisis, providing evidence of contagion effects. Significant excess returns on the Chilean ADRs are also observed for each of the five event dates associated with the Peso crisis, suggesting that the contagion effects spilled over to the ADRs. A multiple regression model shows that the spillover contagion effects were very efficiently transmitted from the Mexican market to the Chilean market to the Chilean ADRs. Multifactor regressions show that the most significant influence on the pricing of Chilean ADRs is the raw Chilean Index, rather than the Chilean Index expressed in U.S. dollars.