cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Psychophysical Connection Between Exercise, Hunger, and Energy Intake

Exercise is vitally important in the prevention of weight gain or maintaining weight status, as well as weight loss. High-intensity exercise causes a short-term suppression of hunger of approximately 15 to 60 minutes. Although there is evidence for compensatory food consumption, it usually does not make up for the energy deficit created by exercise. The exception occurs when individuals consume or reward themselves with energy-dense foods or drink. Because people tend to eat the same volume of food each day, on days when they exercise, they will remain in an energy deficit. However, on sedentary days, a positive energy balance is likely if caloric restriction is not imposed, which could result in weight gain. Caloric restriction alone leads to loss of lean body mass, while the inclusion of exercise with an energy deficit helps conserve lean tissue. There are a myriad physiological factors such as the concentration of hormones (GLP-1, PYY3-36, leptin, and ghrelin) and metabolites (free fatty acids and gluc...
Cysteine-Mediated Redox Signaling: Chemistry, Biology, and Tools for Discovery

Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species, referred to as ROS, RNS, and RSS, respectively, are produced during normal cell function and in response to various stimuli. An imbalance in the metabolism of these reactive intermediates results in the phenomenon known as oxidative stress. If left unchecked, oxidative molecules can inflict damage on all classes of biological macromolecules and eventually lead to cell death. Indeed, sustained elevated levels of reactive species have been implicated in the etiology (e.g., atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes) or the progression (e.g., stroke, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders) of a number of human diseases.1 Over the past several decades, however, a new paradigm has emerged in which the aforementioned species have also been shown to function as targeted, intracellular second messengers with regulatory roles in an array of physiological processes.2 Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that considerable ongoing efforts are aimed at elucidating the role that these reactive intermediates play in health and disease. Site-specific, covalent modification of proteins represents a prominent molecular mechanism for transforming an oxidant signal into a biological response. Amino acids that are candidates for reversible modification include cysteines whose thiol (i.e., sulfhydryl) side chain is deprotonated at physiological pH, which is an important attribute for enhancing reactivity. While reactive species can modify other amino acids (e.g., histidine, methionine, tryptophan, and tyrosine), this Review will focus exclusively on cysteine, whose identity as cellular target or “sensor” of reactive intermediates is most prevalent and established.3 Oxidation of thiols results in a range of sulfur-containing products, not just disulfide bridges, as typically presented in biochemistry textbooks. An overview of the most relevant forms of oxidized sulfur species found in vivo is presented in Chart 1. Open in a separate window Chart 1 Biologically Relevant Cysteine Chemotypesa aRed, irreversible modifications. Green, unique enzyme intermediates. Note: Additional modifications can form as enzyme intermediates including thiyl radicals, disulfides, and persulfides.
Night Through the Lens: A Visual Reflection on the All Souls Parade, November 8th 2015

Rituals, steeped in the flavors of a culture, have long been a source of intrigue for anthropologists. Rituals come in many shapes, from the small, seemingly insignificant personal and everyday acts that help bring meaning and order to our lives, to orchestrated social events, ceremonies or happenings, time out of time, for reflecting on the past, the present and the future. The All Souls Procession has been a Tucsonan tradition since 1990; an annual ritual that invites the collective celebration of love and loss through creative means. The procession draws thousands of people to walk amongst and witness this moving meditation on life after death, an open space for shared contemplation and artistic expression. Whether they choose to craft the characteristic skull makeup associated with the Mexican Dia le los Muertos festival upon their faces, to carry a photo or placard of the deceased or hold a mantra throughout the procession, each participant contributes to the mutual commemoration of those who have passed. The All Souls Procession is both carnival and tragedy, darkness and levity, personal, impersonal, small and large. It is hope, laughter, solidarity and pain. It is in thanks to those who went before, who touched our lives and shaped our souls. The photos in this collection were taken during the 2015 All Souls Procession. They were intended to provide a snapshot of the event through my eyes, a taste of the rich diversity that Tucson has to offer. The captions accompanying the photos feature both snippets of conversations that I overheard or was engaged in with participants, and my own reflections on the procession.
Replacement of prosthetic heart valves: A fifteen-year experience

During a 15 year period from January, 1962, through March, 1977, 74 patients have had operations for problems of periprosthetic leak, infection, wear, or thrombosis of a prosthetic heart valve. Fifty-eight patients had replacement of the prosthesis, three of whom had had a previous attempt at repair of a periprosthetic leak. Analysis revealed that the frequency of reoperation has increased of late because of valve wear, whereas the frequency of reoperation for surgically related periprosthetic leak and endocarditis has decreased. Fifty-four percent of patients appeared within the first year after valve replacement. Leak was most often associated with a mitral prosthesis. Worn prostheses most often removed in this study were the Beall (16) and the Starr-Edwards aortic 2300 series (four). Thrombosis of a prosthetic valve was seen least frequently (eight valves). Three of the seven patients had no effective anticoagulation. The surgically related mortality rate (early and late) was 42 percent, which did not change statistically with regard to time, number of cases per year, or with the introduction of adjunctive myocardial preservation and support measures. The mortality rate was related to diagnosis but not to valve position. The relationships between surgery, patient, and valve as a cause for the complications were equally divided. This experience demonstrates the need for prevention of complication(s) in contrast to palliative or secondary curative procedures. It is recommended that strict attention be paid to exacting aseptic and replacement technique, improved operative and long-term antibiotic prophylaxis, careful follow-up with respect to anticoagulation, especially during the first year, and continued efforts in the quest for more durable and thromboresistant prosthetic heart valves.
The Origins of American Religious Nationalism

The Origins of American Religious Nationalism contains some important gems about how the forceful ‘removal’ of Native Americans in the nineteenth century functioned to consolidate a particular inte...
Recognizing the rising impact of diabetes in seniors and implications for its management.

Abstract To identify the incidence and symptoms of type 2 diabetes in older adult patients, review appropriate glycemic targets for older adults with type 2 diabetes, and consider the rationale for managing hyperglycemia in this patient population. Live symposium presentation based on clinical practice and research, medical literature, and studies published between January 1993 and November 2008 on managing diabetes in older adults, government statistics, and medical society guidelines. Thirty-five articles were identified from various data sources and were evaluated. The following search terms were used: Complications, Diabetes, Glucose Tolerance, Goals, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS), Long-term Care, Management, Obesity, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Screening, Senior, and Symptoms. All information deemed relevant to recognizing the rising impact of diabetes in seniors and its implications for management were included. Data were extracted independently of the author by the librarians of the University of Pittsburgh. As a result of the aging of the U.S. population, the increasing prevalence of diabetes, and the considerable impact of this disease among older adults, it is only logical to assume that the number of older individuals with diabetes and its impact on older adults will continue to rise. Uncontrolled diabetes has significant risks in the elderly beyond the typical microvascular and macrovascular complications commonly associated with diabetes: cognitive impairment, depression, excessive skin problems, and an increased risk of falls. However, glycemic control reduces the development of these complications and can lead to improvements in dementia, memory, energy, physical activity, mood, and quality of life. Because many older adults may benefit from intensive, long-term glycemic control, consultant pharmacists should understand the importance of individualizing glycemic targets, management strategies, and pharmacotherapy in older adults.
English Ivy (Hedera helix) Response to Postemergence Herbicides

Abstract One application of Roundup at 2.2 or 4.5 kg ai/ha (2.0 or 4.0 lb/A) with or without surfactant, Weedar 64 (2.4-D amine) at 1.1 kg ae/ha (1.0 lb/A), Banvel at 0.6 kg ae/ha (0.5 lb/A), or Garlon 3A at 0.6 kg ae/ha (0.5 lb/A) reduced new shoot growth of English ivy 10 weeks after treatment by 46 to 80%. Roundup at 4.5 kg/ha plus non-ionic surfactant was the only single application treatment that reduced older shoot growth of English ivy (41% reduction) 19 weeks after treatment. English ivy outgrew injury from all other single application treatments. Two applications of Weedar 64 completely controlled English ivy. Two applications of Roundup at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A), with or without surfactant, eliminated new shoot growth 11 weeks after treatment, and reduced total shoot weight by approximately 60% 15 weeks after treatment. English ivy shoot weight decreased when the rate of Roundup was increased from 2.2. to 4.5 kg/ha (74 versus 92% reduction) 7 weeks after treatment, but adding a non-ionic surfactan...
This Changes Everything: The Role of Music Labels’ Knowledge in the Adoption of the MP3 Technology

Breaking from the tradition of the research on technological change focused on the setting of R&D, this study investigated the cultural industry where technologies are tools to execute given tasks ...
mEEC: A novel error estimation code with multi-dimensional feature

Error estimation code estimates the bit error ratio of the received data bits with low overhead. It has many applications, especially in estimating the number of errors in a packet transmitted over a wireless link. In this paper, we propose a novel error estimation code, mEEC, that outperforms the existing code by more than 10%–20% depending on the packet sizes, at the same time being less biased. mEEC is mainly based on the idea of grouping multiple blocks of sampled data bits into a super-block, thus creating a multi-dimensional feature. It then compresses these features into a single number, called the color, as the coded bits. Through an intelligent coloring scheme, the blocks in a super-block share the cost of covering low probability events, which allows the decoder to recover the actual feature values from the color even in the presence of error. mEEC also adopts a lightweight redistribution step, which is guided by the solution of an optimization problem and further reduces the estimation errors and bias. We also show that mEEC can be implemented with reasonable storage sizes and low time complexity.
Rethinking Durkheim and His Tradition: Historical Background: Aristotle and Kant

The history of philosophical theories of the categories is nearly coextensive with the history of philosophy itself. Even if I were able to, I would not want to tell all of this history, but only those parts of it that are relevant to making sense of the sociological theories of the categories that arose in France at the turn of the twentieth century. As I mentioned in Chapter 1 and will explain more fully in the following chapters, Durkheim's theory of the categories was proposed in response to a French academic philosophical tradition in which theories of the origins and causes of the categories played a fundamental role. To appreciate Durkheim's arguments for reestablishing philosophy on the basis of a sociological theory of the categories, we need to understand this tradition. But to understand the tradition that Durkheim was rejecting, it would help first to survey briefly the prior history of philosophical accounts of the categories. Our history should start with Aristotle. Not only did Aristotle dominate philosophical thinking about the categories until Kant, but Durkheim and Mauss themselves suggested that this is where we ought to begin. As we saw in Chapter 1, Durkheim in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life traced the concept of the categories back to Aristotle: “There exist, at the root of our judgments, a certain number of essential notions that dominate all of our intellectual life; these are those that the philosophers, since Aristotle, call the categories of the understanding” (1912a: 12–13, t. 1995: 8).
Lead Technology for Superconducting Resonant Cavities

This paper reports on the superconducting lead technology developed and implemented on the linear particle accelerator (linac) at the State University of New York, Stony Brook.1
Searching for the Sources of Arch Behavior: Testing the Mixture of Distributions Model

Over the past decade, a large body of literature has evolved documenting changing volatility (ARCH) in financial data. For a review, see Bollerslev, Chou, Kroner (1992) and Bollerslev, Engle, Nelson (1994). This literature has generated numerous statistical methods for volatility forecasting, which are widely used in both the financial and the policy making sectors.
Low-Penetrance Genotypes, Pigmentation Phenotypes, and Melanoma Etiology

The etiology of melanoma involves the interplay of numerous factors, including sun exposure and genetic predisposition. This chapter highlights the current state of knowledge about the impact of genomic sequence variation in genes involved in cutaneous pigmentation. A brief background of the pigmentation pathway is presented in the context of candidate susceptibility genes in molecular epidemiological studies. Candidate genes include the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), agouti-signaling protein (ASIP), and P gene. For each gene, known associations with pigmentation phenotypes and melanoma etiology are presented. Other candidate susceptibility genes considered are tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT; or, alternatively, tyrosinase-related protein 2 [TYRP2]).
Why do Americans believe in economic mobility? Economic inequality, external attributions of wealth and poverty, and the belief in economic mobility

Abstract Although the rates of economic inequality in the United States are at their highest since the onset of The Great Depression, many Americans do not seem as concerned as may be expected. This apparent lack of concern has been attributed to people's deeply-entrenched belief in economic mobility – the belief that through hard work, determination, and skill people are able to rise up the economic ladder. Little is known, however, about why Americans so strongly believe in economic mobility. In five studies (N = 3112, including two pre-registered studies, one with a large, income-stratified sample), I examine the relationship between economic inequality and the belief in economic mobility. I find that people (accurately) perceive a negative relationship between economic inequality and economic mobility, and that this is due to the attributions they make about wealth and poverty. As economic inequality rises, people increasingly attribute economic success and failure to external factors that are beyond a person's control (vs. internal dispositions), and therefore expect economic mobility to drop. As a consequence, people's tendency to underestimate economic inequality reinforces their belief in economic mobility. I discuss how these findings contribute to our understanding of lay beliefs about the economic system and public opinion regarding inequality.
The Role of Closed Incision Negative Pressure Therapy in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Current Review of the Evidence.

BACKGROUND Complex ventral hernia repairs (VHRs) are often complicated by surgical-site occurrences such as infection, seroma, hematoma, dehiscence, necrosis, as well as hernia recurrence and mesh contamination. A review of current literature was conducted to determine whether the application of negative pressure therapy to closed incisions post abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR)/VHR reduces the risk of postoperative wound complications and hernia recurrence. METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE databases were searched for studies published through January 2018. Higher quality publications that met the following criteria were included: adult patients undergoing AWR/VHR; comparison of closed incision negative pressure therapy with conventional dressings; and documentation of wound complications and/or hernia recurrence. RESULTS Six clinical articles including case report, retrospective controlled review, technique modification papers, systematic review, and meta-analysis are discussed. Scientific mechanism of action and economic analysis are also included. There are no level 1 randomized prospective controlled trials directly looking at closed incision negative pressure therapy dressings in AWR/VHR patients. CONCLUSION For patients undergoing AWR/VHR, overall current evidence supports a decreased incidence in wound complications when using closed incision negative pressure therapy dressings compared with conventional dressings such as gauze.
Collapse of the electron gas from three to two dimensions in Kohn-Sham density functional theory

Under pressure, a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas can collapse toward the true two-dimensional (2D) limit. In this limit, the exact exchange-correlation energy per electron has a known finite limit, but general-purpose semilocal approximate density functionals, such as the local density approximation (LDA) and the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation (PBE GGA), are known to diverge to minus infinity. Here we consider a model density for a noninteracting electron gas confined to a thickness $L$ by infinite-barrier walls, with a fixed 2D density $1/[\ensuremath{\pi}{({r}_{s}^{\text{2D}})}^{2}]$ and ${r}_{s}^{\text{2D}}=4$ Bohr. We estimate that LDA, PBE, and the strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) meta-GGA are accurate for the exchange-correlation energy over a wide quasi-2D range, $1.5lL/{r}_{s}^{\text{2D}}l3.85$, but not for smaller $L$. Of these functionals, only SCAN tends to a finite limit when $L$ tends to 0. Since the noninteracting kinetic energy, treated exactly in Kohn-Sham theory, dominates in this limit within a deformable jellium model, all of the general-purpose functionals can estimate the pressure required to achieve any thickness (with SCAN and LDA better than PBE). This pressure vanishes around $L/{r}_{s}^{\text{2D}}=3.85$, where the 3D electron density is roughly that of the valence electrons in metallic potassium, and it reaches about 20 GPa at $L/{r}_{s}^{\text{2D}}=1.5$ and 400 GPa at $L/{r}_{s}^{\text{2D}}=0.6$.
Concurrent photoacoustic and ultrasound microscopy with a coaxial dual-element ultrasonic transducer.

Simultaneous photoacoustic and ultrasound (PAUS) imaging has attracted increasing attention in biomedical research to probe the optical and mechanical properties of tissue. However, the resolution for majority of the existing PAUS systems is on the order of 1 mm as the majority are designed for clinical use with low-frequency US detection. Here we developed a concurrent PAUS microscopy that consists of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) and high-frequency US pulse-echo imaging. This dual-modality system utilizes a novel coaxial dual-element ultrasonic transducer (DE-UST) and provides anatomical and functional information with complementary contrast mechanisms, achieving a spatial resolution of 7 μm for PA imaging and 106 μm for US imaging. We performed phantom studies to validate the system’s performance. The vasculature of a mouse’s hind paw was imaged to demonstrate the potential of this hybrid system for biomedical applications.
Teaching Molecular Microbiology: Next Generation Sequencing vs. Multiplex PCR

Experience in Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a highly desirable skill for molecular technologists. Previously, our Molecular Pathology program partnered with a local laboratory affiliate to develop a hands-on NGS educational protocol. Recently, we expanded this instructional laboratory to include the BioFire FilmArray instrument, a sample-to-answer multiplex PCR platform. We used these two methods to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of each technology and to reinforce the principles of molecular microbiology. After several classroom lectures, 18 students were given a protocol to prepare an NGS DNA library from unknown bacterial isolates. Each student performed DNA isolation, PCR of 16S rRNA, and magnetic bead PCR purification. The samples were given to the affiliate laboratory for loading and analysis on the Life Technologies Ion Torrent NGS platform. Meanwhile, the students were paired up to perform the FilmArray gastrointestinal assay on their pooled bacterial isolates. Students compared the quantitative results of NGS with the qualitative results of the FilmArray, and they were able to determine which bacteria were detected by each method as compared to the key. There was high correlation between the two methods, although some false negatives and false positives were observed for each assay. These observations were used for classroom discussions about differences in microbial DNA isolation efficiencies, test menus, analytical sensitivities, and procedural limitations of each method. In sum, the integration of the NGS and multiplex PCR methods into a unified laboratory unit provided valuable hands-on technical experience while simultaneously illustrating the concepts of molecular microbiology.
Birth Outcomes and Disease Activity During Pregnancy in a Prospective Cohort of Women With Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis

Objective To add to data on adverse birth outcomes accounting for disease activity in women with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods Data were analyzed from women enrolled in the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists Autoimmune Disease Project from 2004 to 2018. Disease activity was measured according to the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3) scores. Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for selected adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results Compared to healthy controls (n = 717), women with PsA (n = 117) were at increased risk for moderate preterm delivery (32-36 weeks' gestation) (ARR 1.81, 95% CI 1.01-3.26), oligohydramnios (ARR 3.79, 95% CI 1.34-10.74), and cesarean delivery (ARR 1.63, 95% CI 1.26-2.12). Women with AS (n = 129) had an increased risk of delivering infants requiring intensive care (ARR 1.67, 95% CI 1.05-2.67). A high HAQ score at 32 weeks was associated with preterm delivery in women with PsA (ARR 3.82, 95% CI 1.51-9.67). In women with AS, a high RAPID3 score was associated with cesarean delivery (ARR 5.82, 95% 1.06-31.78), and second trimester glucocorticoid use was associated with preterm delivery (ARR 4.41, 95% CI 1.57-12.41). Conclusion Women with PsA and AS have increased risk for selected adverse pregnancy outcomes. Active disease and use of glucocorticoids may increase the risk for some adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with these conditions.
Biochemical Studies on Brain Explants and Fibroblast Cultures in Batten’s Disease

Batten’s disease is a syndrome of mental, motor, and visual deterioration having its onset between the second and fifth year of life. Through combined ultrastructural and biochemical examinations at least five different entities are currently known to assume a clinical course corresponding to that described by Batten in 1914 (1).
Bilateral acetabular fractures treated with delayed total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Acetabular fractures after seizures are uncommon, and fewer than 30 cases are described in the literature. We present a patient with bilateral acetabular fractures after a seizure, with bilateral quadrilateral plate destruction and protrusio deformity. The patient underwent delayed staggered bilateral total hip arthroplasty 3 months after initial injury, with use of the femoral head as autograft for the protrusio deformities.
Association of Childhood Trauma Exposure with Inflammatory Biomarkers Among Midlife Women.

Background: Childhood abuse has been associated with poor health outcomes in adulthood. However, the physiologic pathways by which abuse is linked to health are not fully elucidated. Inflammation p...
Elemental Connections: Concinnity’s Romantic Aftermath

This essay considers the conceptual aftermath of concinnitas—roughly, an agreeable interplay of parts—from the point of view of Early German Romanticism. In the Renaissance, concinnitas plays a cen...
Absorption of 1535-nm Laser Pulses in Insulating Oils

The Applied Pulsed Energy, Ionization, and Discharge Center (APERIODIC) research group at The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA, has been investigating the use of low-energy diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) passively q-switched lasers operating at a wavelength of 1535 nm to trigger gas switches. This wavelength was chosen due to the improved eye safety and ready supply of commercial microlasers at this wavelength. Laser triggering of switches in a pulsed power system often presents challenges in beam transport from the laser to the switch optics. In many cases, it is most convenient if the beam transport can be accomplished directly through the insulating medium of the device. It is also possible that this laser wavelength could be used to trigger an oil-insulated spark gap switch. Thus, the absorption of the laser wavelength in insulating oils is of interest. In this work, the absorption coefficient of the 1535-nm laser pulses has been measured for various common insulating oils. The results indicate that beam transport through oil at this wavelength will likely be impractical due to relatively high absorption. However, the absorption is low enough that the use of this wavelength to trigger an oil-insulated gap could be possible.
Radiative double electron capture for 2.11 MeV/u F 9+,8+ + N 2 , Ne

The first successful observation of radiative double electron capture for gas targets is reported. RDEC has been observed for 2.11 MeV/u F9+,8++N2, Ne collisions. Cross sections for both projectile charge states and targets were determined and compared with previous results and theory. This abstract gives an overview of the results found for both gas targets.
iCellSpeed: increasing cellular data speed with device-assisted cell selection

In this paper, we propose iCellSpeed, an on-device solution to increase data access speed by substantiating unrealized performance potentials. We find that performance potentials are missed in today's mobile networks, as the data speed a user device gets is much lower than what the device could get. The issue is rooted in the current cell selection practice, which misses good candidate cells that offer faster access speed, thus under-utilizing the available capabilities in mobile networks. We design iCellSpeed to facilitate network-controlled cell selection with proactive device-side assistance towards more desirable cells. Our evaluation over AT&T and Verizon confirms its effectiveness. iCellSpeed increases data access speed by more than 10 Mbps at 79% of test locations (> 25Mbps at 29% of locations, up to 80.6 Mbps). It doubles access speed at 62.5% of locations with the gain up to 28.4x. Datasets are available at [9].
The effect of ocean warming on black sea bass (Centropristis striata) aerobic scope and hypoxia tolerance: Ocean warming and C. striata physiology

Abstract Over the last decade, ocean temperature in the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf (U.S. NES) has warmed faster than the global average and is associated with observed distribution changes of the northern stock of black sea bass (Centropristis striata). Mechanistic models based on physiological responses to environmental conditions can improve future habitat suitability projections. We measured maximum (MMR), resting metabolic rate (RMR), and hypoxia tolerance (Scrit) of the northern adult black sea bass stock to assess performance across the known temperature range of the species. A subset of individuals was held at 30°C for one month (30chronic°C) prior to experiments to test acclimation potential. MMR and absolute aerobic scope (AAS = MMR-RMR) reached a maximum at 24.4°C (AS: 367.21 mgO2 kg-1 hr-1) while Scrit continued to increase in proportion to RMR up to 30°C. The 30chronic°C group had a significant decrease in MMR and AAS but RMR or Scrit were not affected. This suggests a decline in performance of oxygen demand processes (e.g. muscle contraction) beyond 24°C despite maintenance of oxygen supply. The Metabolic Index, calculated from Scrit as an estimate of potential aerobic scope, closely matched the measured factorial aerobic scope (FAS = MMR/RMR) and declined with increasing temperature to a minimum below 3. This may represent a critical value for the species. Temperature in the U.S. NES is projected to increase above 24°C in the southern portion of the northern stock’s range. Therefore, these black sea bass will likely continue to shift north as the ocean continues to warm. Summary Statement Laboratory-based physiological studies focused on aerobic scope and hypoxia tolerance of black sea bass presented here support the recently observed poleward shift of their range on the U.S. Northeast Shelf.
Clinical Experience With Machine Learning-Based Automated Treatment Planning for Whole Breast Radiation Therapy

Purpose The machine learning-based automated treatment planning (MLAP) tool has been developed and evaluated for breast radiation therapy planning at our institution. We implemented MLAP for patient treatment and assessed our clinical experience for its performance. Methods and Materials A total of 102 patients of breast or chest wall treatment plans were prospectively evaluated with institutional review board approval. A human planner executed MLAP to create an auto-plan via automation of fluence maps generation. If judged necessary, a planner further fine-tuned the fluence maps to reach a final plan. Planners recorded the time required for auto-planning and manual modification. Target (ie, breast or chest wall and nodes) coverage and dose homogeneity were compared between the auto-plan and final plan. Results Cases without nodes (n = 71) showed negligible (<1%) differences for target coverage and dose homogeneity between the auto-plan and final plan. Cases with nodes (n = 31) also showed negligible difference for target coverage. However, mean ± standard deviation of volume receiving 105% of the prescribed dose and maximum dose were reduced from 43.0% ± 26.3% to 39.4% ± 23.7% and 119.7% ± 9.5% to 114.4% ± 8.8% from auto-plan to final plan, respectively, all with P ≤ .01 for cases with nodes (n = 31). Mean ± standard deviation time spent for auto-plans and additional fluence modification for final plans were 12.1 ± 9.3 and 13.1 ± 12.9 minutes, respectively, for cases without nodes, and 16.4 ± 9.7 and 26.4 ± 16.4 minutes, respectively, for cases with nodes. Conclusions The MLAP tool has been successfully implemented for routine clinical practice and has significantly improved planning efficiency. Clinical experience indicates that auto-plans are sufficient for target coverage, but improvement is warranted to reduce high dose volume for cases with nodal irradiation. This study demonstrates the clinical implementation of auto-planning for patient treatment and the significant importance of integrating human experience and feedback to improve MLAP for better clinical translation.
Clinical Trial of Early Ketosis Detection and Therapy in Fresh Cows

Postparturient (type II) ketosis, mostly subclinical in degree, is a common disease associated with decreased milk production, decreased reproductive performance, and increased risk of displaced abomasum (DA) in dairy cattle. Based on the assumption that early treatment of ketosis will prevent the anticipated losses, it is often recommended to perform ketosis screen-and-treat programs in fresh cows. However, secondary prevention trials using cowside tests have yet to be published. Therefore, the extent of losses that may really be prevented by such intervention is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of treating ketosis cases found with a fresh cow screening program.
Large volume freezing in experimental hepatic cryosurgery. Avoidance of bleeding in hepatic freezing by an improvement in the technique.

Abstract In experiments on the dog's liver, large volumes of tissue were frozen by pouring liquid nitrogen onto the liver surface. There were no complications and no death from the procedure. Safety was produced by covering the liver surface with one to three layers of dacron velour cloth impregnated with a water-soluble jelly. The protective action of the gel-cloth was due to splinting of the liver capsule and to a more uniform and slower rate of freezing. The tissue became necrotic and over several months was replaced by dense fibrous tissue and ultimately resorbed. Although bleeding has been prevented, the problem of limitation of depth penetration remains as a hindrance to utilization in the treatment of hepatic tumors.
Closed-laboratory courses as an introduction to the uniformation science curriculum

The Information Science department at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UALR) is just two years old. The challenges and choices of implementing a new curriculum are many. The department has chosen closed-lab courses to introduce its curriculum. Early indications are that this approach will be a successful one for both students and the university.
"A Vast Machine": Standards as Social Technology

Universal standards for measuring, recording, and transmitting data are crucial components of the global meteorological observing system, allowing data collected at one place and time to be compared meaningfully with data collected elsewhere and/or at other times. Without these standards, we would be unable to detect global climate change. In his essay, Edwards charts the evolution of global weather data standards since the 1850s. Many standards have gradually been embodied in automatic instruments and computer programs, but enforcing standards nevertheless requires substantial discipline on the part of humans and institutions. Since the 1980s, climate politics have provoked much controversy over data quality, sometimes resurrecting debates that these standards were intended to settle.
Persistence and Expression of the Herpes Simplex Virus Genome in the Absence of Immediate-Early Proteins

The immediate-early (IE) proteins of herpes simplex virus (HSV) function on input genomes and affect many aspects of host cell metabolism to ensure the efficient expression and regulation of the remainder of the genome and, subsequently, the production of progeny virions. Due to the many and varied effects of IE proteins on host cell metabolism, their expression is not conducive to normal cell function and viability. This presents a major impediment to the use of HSV as a vector system. In this study, we describe a series of ICP4 mutants that are defective in different subsets of the remaining IE genes. One mutant, d109, does not express any of the IE proteins and carries a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus IE promoter (HCMVIEp). d109 was nontoxic to Vero and human embryonic lung (HEL) cells at all multiplicities of infection tested and was capable of establishing persistent infections in both of these cell types. Paradoxically, the genetic manipulations that were required to eliminate toxicity and allow the genome to persist in cells for long periods of time also dramatically lowered the level of transgene expression. Efficient expression of the HCMVIEp-GFP transgene in the absence of ICP4 was dependent on the ICP0 protein. In d109-infected cells, the level of transgene expression was very low in most cells but abundant in a small subpopulation of cells. However, expression of the transgene could be induced in cells containing quiescent d109 genomes weeks after the initial infection, demonstrating the functionality of the persisting genomes.
Relativistic Effects in Solids

Because a solid can be viewed as a collection of interacting atoms, it will exhibit all the relativistic effects known to occur in atoms. In fact, the relativistic contributions in solids arise exclusively from the atomic-like regions of space near the nucleii with the interstitial region being quite well described in a non-relativistic approximation. Thus, for those band structure techniques such as the APW, KKR and related methods which partition space into atomic like spheres and an interstitial region, it is actually possible to “switch kinematics” at the boundary as well. Such a procedural step not only tells one how to include the relativistic contributions but also how to predict their effects: they will be the atomic results only slightly modified by the differing boundary conditions. We will discuss this using simplified views of the APW and LCAO methods as examples.
Method for Assessing Heterogeneity in Turnover Rates within Microbial Communities.

A method is presented for determining both the average turnover rate and the standard deviation of the average turnover rate of the adenine nucleotide (AN) pool within a population of microorganisms. The method requires the calculation of the initial slope and curvature of a plot of AN specific activity versus time following the introduction of [3H]adenine. An analysis of noise-corrupted data indicated that the method is capable of detecting a lack of uniformity in the turnover rate when the coefficient of variation of the turnover rate exceeds 39%. An analysis of field data revealed a significant lack of uniformity in the turnover rates of microbial communities in a marine sediment sample and freshwater pond but no significant nonuniformity in the turnover rates of microbial communities in a seawater sample and in a second freshwater pond. Although the method has been applied only to the analysis of AN turnover rates, it is applicable to any intracellular pool for which a suitable radioactive precursor exists.
The contact hypothesis and attitudes toward latinos in the United States

Objectives Although the contact hypothesis occupies an important place in the study of intergroup relations, several important questions remain understudied. We contribute to the literature by examining the associations between multiple aspects of contact with Latinos and several types of attitudes toward U.S. Latinos, including attitudes toward immigration restrictions. Methods We use OLS and logistic regression techniques to analyze the opinions of Anglo (non-Hispanic white) and African-American respondents from the 2000 NORCGeneral Social Survey (GSS), which contained a special module on attitudes regarding ethnicity and diversity issues. Results Our findings reveal a clear association between close nonkin Latino ties, that is, friendship, and more favorable or empathetic attitudes toward Latinos as well as less restrictive or punitive views concerning immigration policy. Having Latino relatives is also linked with several of these attitudes. Most other dimensions of contact (e.g., attending high schools with significant Latino populations, having Latino acquaintances, Spanish-language fluency, and residing in areas with relatively high Latino populations) have at least some association with the attitudes under study, although for most of these contact measures the significance of the effects is inconsistent across outcomes. Conclusions The findings reinforce the significance of intergroup friendships and underscore the importance of understanding their social origins, patterning, and consequences for diverse groups. It is also important to probe the differential effects of specific types and arenas of intergroup contact on specific attitudinal and policy outcomes.
Resident and Fellow Participation in Breast Surgery: An American College of Surgeons NSQIP Clinical Outcomes Analysis

Background In our present health and medical education system, participation of residents and fellows is under increasing scrutiny regarding their role in surgery and the outcomes of the procedure. Our goal was to perform a clinical outcomes analysis investigating resident and fellow participation in breast surgery. Study Design Early postoperative complication rates and total operation times for partial and simple mastectomy cases were gathered from the ACS-NSQIP database. The cases were divided based on the training level of the participating resident surgeon: junior (post-graduate year [PGY] 1 to 2), senior (PGY 3 to 5), fellow (PGY > 5), as well as an attending only group (no resident present). We compared the clinical outcomes of each group with the attending only group. Statistical analysis included odds ratios and regression analysis that analyzed the correlation between years in training vs complication rate, and years in training vs total operation time. Results A total of 13,254 cases were identified, and residents participated in 64% of them. There was no statistically significant difference in rate of complications between any of the trainee groups when compared with the attending only group. However, total operative times were correlated with training year levels and found to be significantly lower with each year of training (R 2 = 0.53, p = 0.025 for partial mastectomy; R 2 = 0.45, p = 0.046 for complete mastectomy). Conclusions Resident/fellow participation does not negatively affect early postoperative breast surgery outcomes, and complication rates are unrelated to the training level of the participating resident/fellow surgeon.
Adaptive design in regression and control.

Abstract When y = M(x) + e, where M may be nonlinear, adaptive regression designs of the levels x1, x2,... at which y1, y2,... are observed lead to asymptotically efficient estimates of the value θ of x for which M(θ) is equal to any desired value y*. More importantly, these designs also make the “cost” of the observations, defined at the nth stage to be Σ1n (xi — θ)2, to be of the order of log n instead of n, an obvious advantage in medical and other applications.
Home Ownership, Minorities, and Urban Areas: The American Dream Writ Local

This article focuses on home ownership changes since 1990, particularly by minority or low-income populations—known colloquially as the American dream. This longtime centerpiece of U.S. policy has been primarily viewed in terms of national outcomes. Here, we address differences in a spatial context, focusing on the forty-nine Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA/CMSAs) with greater than 1 million population in 2000. The central question is how ownership change differed among urban areas. Following the annual State of the Nation's Housing report, we spotlight the percentage point change (PPC) of home ownership by all, white, black, Hispanic, Asian, and minority (as-a-group) households—as these vary among urban areas for 1990–2000, 2000–2007, and 1990–2007. Statistically, we find that PPCs for each racial and ethnic group tend to move in tandem; that there are considerable differences among MSAs in PPC performance; that these differences tend to cluster spatially in a manner that reflects regional dynamics b...
Species comparison of adenosine A1 receptors in isolated mammalian atrial and ventricular myocardium.

Abstract Various species have been used as models to study the effects of adenosine (ADO) on atrial and ventricular myocardium, but few direct tissue comparisons between species have been made. This study further characterizes adenosine A 1 receptor binding, adenylate cyclase activity and direct and indirect A 1 receptor-mediated functional activity in atrial and ventricular tissue from Sprague-Dawley rats and Hartley guinea pigs. Rat right atria (RA) were found to be significantly more sensitive to cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), while guinea pig left atria (LA) were more sensitive to CPA. After the addition of isoproterenol (ISO), the reduction of CPA response in rat RA was significantly greater than in guinea pig; however, after ISO treatment, the guinea pig LA was more sensitive to CPA than the rat. Adenylate cyclase inhibition by CPA was significantly greater in atria and ventricles obtained from guinea pig than rat. In competition binding experiments, guinea pig RA had significantly more high affinity sites than rat, but the K i s were not significantly different. There were no significant differences between guinea pig LA and rat LA. Guinea pig ventricular tissue had fewer high affinity sites than rat without any differences in their K i values. In antagonist saturation experiments, the density and affinity of A 1 receptors in guinea pig cardiac membranes were significantly greater than in rat. Our results indicate definite species differences as well as tissue differences between rat and guinea pig. These differences must be considered when interpreting studies using rat and guinea pig tissue as models for cardiac function.
Charge-e bosons, neutral fermions, and h/2e flux-field theory models

We study some (1+2)-dimensional field-theory models with charge-e fermions. The topological solitons in the models are charge-e bosons and neutral fermions. There are two kinds of the magnetic vortex in the condensed state of the charge-e bosons. One carries h/e flux and another carries h/2e flux plus a neutral fermion. Charge-e boson condensation and h/2e fluxoids may coexist in our models. The h/e vortex is a boson, while the h/2e vortex is a fermion in two dimensions. Our models provide a nontrivial check of a general assertion, i.e., the h/2e flux always has a finite energy in the superconducting state of a charge-e fermion system.
The Energy Flux Number and Three Types of Planetary Dynamo

It is proposed that the existence and nature of a planetary dynamo can be characterized by a dimensionless number Φ ≡ F_eR/ϱλ^2Ω, called the energy flux number, where F_e is the energy flux available for dynamo generation, R is the core radius (or thickness of the dynamo generating region), ϱ is the fluid density, λ is the magnetic diffusivity and Ω is the angular velocity. For Φ ≲ 1, there is no dynamo. For 1 ≲ Φ ≲ 10^(2.5) there is an “energy-limited dynamo”, in which F_e is insufficient to enable the dynamo to reach the dynamically desirable state Λ ≡ B^2/8πϱλΩ ∼ 1, where B is a typical field amplitude (in Gauss). For 10^(2.5) ≲ Φ ≲ 10^5, there is a dynamically determined dynamo (Λ ∼ 1) in which the magnetic Reynolds number of turbulent eddies is small. For Φ ≳ 10^5, there is a turbulent dynamo. Probable planetary examples of these three dynamo states are Mercury (Φ ∼ 10^2-10^3), Earth (Φ ∼ 10^4) and Jupiter (Φ ∼ 10^(11)), respectively.