cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Receipt of prescribed controlled substances by adolescents and young adults prior to presenting for opiate dependence treatment.

Purpose. The objective of this study was to document the number of controlled substance prescriptions filled by adolescents and young adult patients in the 2 years prior to presentation for opiate dependence treatment. Methods. Opiate-dependent youth () presenting to our Medication-Assisted Treatment for Addiction program from January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2010 were identified via electronic medical record. Subjects were further classified based on their opiate use as dependent to heroin-only, prescription (Rx) opiate-only, or combined heroin
The crystal structure of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol at 123 K.

At 123 K, the crystal structure of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (C35H68O5, M(r) = 568.9) is monoclinic with space group P2(1), a = 5.480(1), b = 7.301(1), c = 43.145(7) A, beta = 92.91(1) degrees, V = 1724 A3, Dc = 1.0960 g cm-3 and Z = 2. Integrated X-ray intensities for 3574 independent reflections were measured with Ni-filtered Cu-K alpha radiation (lambda = 1.5418 A, mu = 0.56 mm-1), and these were all used in a full-matrix least-squares refinement which gave R(F2) = 0.142. Bond lengths and angles have e.s.d.s less than 0.01 A and 0.1 degrees for non-hydrogen atoms. Comparison with a previously reported study of the room temperature structure shows a very similar orthorhombic mode of chain packing but significant conformational differences in the polar headgroup. These changes may occur in conjunction with small changes in enthalpy (less than 1 kJ/mol) observed at 202, 193 and 136 K and with a discontinuity in the unit cell volume observed in the range 200-190 K. Analysis of the atomic mean square displacements at 123 K indicates the presence of internal torsional vibrations in the headgroup region that involve the carbonyl and hydroxyl O-atoms.
An O(n) algorithm for least squares quasi-convex approximation

Abstract This article is concerned with the approximation problem of fitting n data points by a quasi-convex function using the least squares distance function. An algorithm of O(n) worst-case time complexity for computing a best fit is developed. This problem arises in the context of curve fitting or statistical estimation.
Characteristics of CMOS/Bulk and SOS Memories in a Transient Environment

SOS and bulk silicon memories were exposed to 18 and 100 nanosecond pulses of 10 MeV electrons from a linac generator. Dose rates for upset, data scrambling, and latch-up were determined. The SOS devices did not scramble data when exposed to dose rates greater than 2×1010 rads(Si)/sec for the 18 nanosecond pulse. The upset dose rate in SOS devices during the read operation is dependent on the time of occurrence of the radiation pulse relative to the switching waveform during the operation. It varied from a low of 6×109 rads(Si)/sec to a high of >2.7 × 1010 rads(Si)/sec. depending on conditions of operation. Bulk silicon memories of equal size and similar design to the SOS devices latch-up at dose rates of 108 rads (Si)/sec, a smaller bulk memory (the CD4061) was shown to be capable of exposure to dose rates of 1011 rads(Si)/ sec with a limited number of samples latching-up when operated a 5 volts. All of these smaller memory samples latched-up when the voltage was increased to 10 volts and the dose rate was in the range of 2 to 6×109 rads (Si)/sec.
A review of the feasibility, costs, and benefits of platform-based open ocean aquaculture in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Platform-based open ocean aquaculture (or mariculture) is a fledgling industry with a unique set of risks and uncertainties. In the past two decades, several commercial and experimental platform-based mariculture projects have been launched in the United States, however, all these projects failed or were abandoned because of operational problems or legal issues. The oil and gas infrastructure in the Gulf of Mexico is well suited for mariculture systems as these platforms are large, sturdy and long lasting, and designed to operate in the offshore environment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the costs and benefits of a open ocean aquaculture industry in the Gulf of Mexico with particular focus on platform-based aquaculture. The opportunities for the use of idle oil and gas structures for open ocean aquaculture are limited, but the reuse of previously removed structures may have more promise.
Can Depression be Diagnosed by Response to Mother's Face? A Personalized Attachment-Based Paradigm for Diagnostic fMRI

Objective Objective measurement of depression remains elusive. Depression has been associated with insecure attachment, and both have been associated with changes in brain reactivity in response to viewing standard emotional and neutral faces. In this study, we developed a method to calculate predicted scores for the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) using personalized stimuli: fMRI imaging of subjects viewing pictures of their own mothers. Methods 28 female subjects ages 18–30 (14 healthy controls and 14 unipolar depressed diagnosed by MINI psychiatric interview) were scored on the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) coherence of mind scale of global attachment security. Subjects viewed pictures of Mother (M), Friend (F) and Stranger (S), during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using a principal component regression method (PCR), a predicted Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) score was obtained from activity patterns in the paracingulate gyrus (Brodmann area 32) and compared to clinical diagnosis and the measured BDI-II score. The same procedure was performed for AAI coherence of mind scores. Results Activity patterns in BA-32 identified depressed subjects. The categorical agreement between the derived BDI-II score (using the standard clinical cut-score of 14 on the BDI-II) and depression diagnosis by MINI psychiatric interview was 89%, with sensitivity 85.7% and specificity 92.8%. Predicted and measured BDI-II scores had a correlation of 0.55. Prediction of attachment security was not statistically significant. Conclusions Brain activity in response to viewing one's mother may be diagnostic of depression. Functional magnetic resonance imaging using personalized paradigms has the potential to provide objective assessments, even when behavioral measures are not informative. Further, fMRI based diagnostic algorithms may enhance our understanding of the neural mechanisms of depression by identifying distinctive neural features of the illness.
Determination of trace amounts of Eastman 910 adhesive in certain plastic-bonded explosives

Abstract A pyrolytic gas chromatographic method for determining small amounts of Eastman 910 polymer in certain plastic-bonded explosives is described. The Eastman 910 polymer is separated from the plastic-bonded explosives by solution in nitromethane-chloroform, and an aliquot of the solution is converted to the monomer, methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, by controlled pyrolysis for gas chromatographic analysis. The peak area of the monomer is related to polymer concentration by means of a calibration curve. It is shown how the method may be used to study the penetration of the adhesive into glued pellets of the explosive.
Reserpine induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in paraplegia

Reserpine induction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity reflects the biochemical adaptability of sympathetic neurons. Midthoracic spinal cord transection in adult animals precludes TH induction in the sixth lumbar (L6) ganglion, a ganglion innervated by spinal segments caudal to the lesion. However, in animals receiving lesions as neonates, an elevation in L6 ganglion TH activity occurred after reserpine. This retained biochemical adaptability indicates an increased recuperative capacity of developing neurons.
Information About TS-1 and TS-2 Double Ionization Mechanisms for Positron and Electron Impact Ionization of Argon

Ejected electron angular distributions are measured for single and double ionization of argon by 500 eV positron and electron impact. Double to single ionization ratios show marked differences as a function of projectile charge. Combinations of the positron and electron data and a simple double ionization model are used to obtain differential information about the TS-1 and TS-2 mechanisms. Our analysis suggests that both mechanisms contribute roughly equally to the emission of two electrons and that interference between the two mechanisms significantly alters the ejected electron spectra.
Mental comparisons for ordered information on abstract and concrete dimensions.

Subjects compared pairs of animal, country, and car names, which had been ranked along concrete (perceptual) and abstract (nonperceptual) dimensions by an independent group (e.g., animals were rated for size and ferocity). For judgments based on abstract and concrete dimensions, comparison time decreased as the difference between the rated scale values of the items increased. Furthermore, comparison time was better predicted by the interval than by the ordinal distance between test pairs. This finding suggests that judgments are based on some kind of long-term memory representation which has analog characteristics, in that it preserves more than rank-order information. The question of whether one common memory code or two separate codes are involved in comparisons based on abstract and concrete dimensions is discussed. Three alternative models are proposed and the role of visual imagery in memorial comparisons is considered.
Efficiency and equity tradeoffs in voting machine allocation problems

Efficiency and equity are the two crucial factors to be considered when allocating public resources such as voting machines. Existing allocation models are all single-objective, focusing on maximizing either efficiency or equity despite the fact that the actual decision-making process involves both issues simultaneously. We propose a bi-objective integer program to analyse the tradeoff between the two competing objectives. The new model quantifies the sacrifice in efficiency in order to achieve a certain improvement in equity and vice versa. Using data from the 2008 United States Presidential election in Franklin County, Ohio, we demonstrate that our model is capable of producing significantly more balanced allocation plans, in terms of efficiency and equity, than current practice or other competing methods.
Influence of Male Presence on Sexual Maturation in Female Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The presence of males was shown to affect the rate of female ovarian development in the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). Virgin females were maintained either in the absence or presence of males. Those sharing a common space with males had either visual contact with the opposite sex or no visual contact. Three strains of Caribbean fruit fly were tested: mass reared strain (flies in colony for more than 20 years); semi-wild strain, flies recently adapted to the laboratory conditions (ca. 12 months); and a wild strain collected in the field. We found that: (1) Mass reared, semi-wild, and wild strains had different female maturation rates, as measured by the presence of mature oocytes, regardless of male presence. (2) Male presence accelerated maturation in wild females and to a lesser extent in semi-wild flies, but had no effect on the long-domesticated mass reared strain. (3) A barrier between female and male cages removed any possibility of visual communication but had no effect on the males’ effect on female maturation. We discuss the adaptive significance of facultative ovarian maturation and the use of male-produced cues to regulate sexual development, and comment on the rapid rate of selection on female maturation under mass-rearing conditions.
Genome Sequence Databases (Overview): Sequencing and Assembly

From the date its role in heredity was discovered, DNA has been generating interest among scientists from different fields of knowledge: physicists have studied the three dimensional structure of the DNA molecule, biologists tried to decode the secrets of life hidden within these long molecules, and technologists invent and improve methods of DNA analysis. The analysis of the nucleotide sequence of DNA occupies a special place among the methods developed. Thanks to the variety of sequencing technologies available, the process of decoding the sequence of genomic DNA (or whole genome sequencing) has become robust and inexpensive. Meanwhile the assembly of whole genome sequences remains a challenging task. In addition to the need to assemble millions of DNA fragments of different length (from 35 bp (Solexa) to 800 bp (Sanger)), great interest in analysis of microbial communities (metagenomes) of different complexities raises new problems and pushes some new requirements for sequence assembly tools to the forefront. The genome assembly process can be divided into two steps: draft assembly and assembly improvement (finishing). Despite the fact that automatically performed assembly (or draft assembly) is capable of covering up to 98% of the genome, in most cases, it still contains incorrectly assembled reads.more » The error rate of the consensus sequence produced at this stage is about 1/2000 bp. A finished genome represents the genome assembly of much higher accuracy (with no gaps or incorrectly assembled areas) and quality ({approx}1 error/10,000 bp), validated through a number of computer and laboratory experiments.« less
The land surface climatology of the community land model coupled to the NCAR community climate model

The land surface parameterization used with the community climate model (CCM3) and the climate system model (CSM1), the National Center for Atmospheric Research land surface model (NCAR LSM1), has been modified as part of the development of the next version of these climate models. This new model is known as the community land model (CLM2). In CLM2, the surface is represented by five primary subgrid land cover types (glacier, lake, wetland, urban, vegetated) in each grid cell. The vegetated portion of a grid cell is further divided into patches of up to 4 of 16 plant functional types, each with its own leaf and stem area index and canopy height. The relative area of each subgrid unit, the plant functional type, and leaf area index are obtained from 1-km satellite data. The soil texture dataset allows vertical profiles of sand and clay. Most of the physical parameterizations in the model were also updated. Major model differences include: 10 layers for soil temperature and soil water with explicit treatment of liquid water and ice; a multilayer snowpack; runoff based on the TOPMODEL concept; new formulation of ground and vegetation fluxes; and vertical root profiles from a global synthesis of ecological studies. Simulations with CCM3 show significant improvements in surface air temperature, snow cover, and runoff for CLM2 compared to LSM1. CLM2 generally warms surface air temperature in all seasons compared to LSM1, reducing or eliminating many cold biases. Annual precipitation over land is reduced from 2.35 mm day21 in LSM1 to 2.14 mm day21 in CLM2. The hydrologic cycle is also different. Transpiration and ground evaporation are reduced. Leaves and stems evaporate more intercepted water annually in CLM2 than LSM1. Global runoff from land increases from 0.75 mm day21 in LSM1 to 0.84 mm day21 in CLM2. The annual cycle of runoff is greatly improved in CLM2, especially in arctic and boreal regions where the model has low runoff in cold seasons when the soil is frozen and high runoff during the snowmelt season. Most of the differences between CLM2 and LSM1 are attributed to particular parameterizations rather than to different surface datasets. Important processes include: multilayer snow, frozen water, interception, soil water limitation to latent heat, and higher aerodynamic resistances to heat exchange from ground.
Occupational PAH Exposures during Prescribed Pile Burns

Wildland firefighters are exposed to particulate matter and gases containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are known carcinogens. Our objective was to evaluate the extent of firefighter exposure to particulate and PAHs during prescribed pile burns of mainly ponderosa pine slash and determine whether these exposures were correlated with changes in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP), a PAH metabolite. Personal and area sampling for particulate and PAH exposures were conducted on the White Mountain Apache Tribe reservation, working with 21 Bureau of Indian Affairs/Fort Apache Agency wildland firefighters during the fall of 2006. Urine samples were collected pre- and post-exposure and pulmonary function was measured. Personal PAH exposures were detectable for only 3 of 16 PAHs analyzed: naphthalene, phenanthrene, and fluorene, all of which were identified only in vapor-phase samples. Condensed-phase PAHs were detected in PM2.5 area samples (20 of 21 PAHs analyzed were detected, all but naphthalene) at concentrations below 1 μg m−3. The total PAH/PM2.5 mass fractions were roughly a factor of two higher during smoldering (1.06 ± 0.15) than ignition (0.55 ± 0.04 μg mg−1). There were no significant changes in urinary 1-HP or pulmonary function following exposure to pile burning. In summary, PAH exposures were low in pile burns, and urinary testing for a PAH metabolite failed to show a significant difference between baseline and post-exposure measurements.
Thermal isolation of high-temperature superconducting thin films using silicon wafer bonding and micromachining

Using a new micromachining technology, thermally isolated thin films of high-temperature superconductor have been microfabricated. The intended application for these structures is in infrared bolometers. A silicon wafer bonding process produces a low thermal mass island of single-crystal silicon on a silicon nitride membrane which provides thermal isolation. The silicon can act as a seed for the epitaxial growth of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ on a yttria-stabilized zirconia buffer layer. This paper describes the overall concept of the thermally isolated device, and demonstrates that the micromachined structure can be fabricated with high-quality superconducting films. >
Heteroface bipolar transistor based on bandgap narrowing in p/sup +/-GaAs

A n-p-n bipolar transistor that will be comparable in performance to conventional heterostructure bipolar transistors, but will be far easier to manufacture, is described. The device features an n-GaAs:p/sup +/-GaAs emitter-base junction and makes use of bandgap shrinkage in the p/sup +/-GaAs to maintain high emitter injection efficiency. Measurements of bandgap shrinkage in p/sup +/-GaAs are reviewed. The DC performance of the new device, in terms of the current gain, is expected to be excellent. >
Accumulation of ppGpp in three streptococci during periods of amino acid starvation

The accumulation of ppGpp in three streptococci starved for isoleucine was studied via HPLC analysis of cell extracts prepared from mechanically disrupted bacteria. Starvation was achieved either by reduction of isoleucine in the growth medium or the addition of pseudomonic acid. The results indicate that while both treatments produced a physiological response similar to that described for stringent strains of other bacteria, in the streptococci, stringency was not necessarily coupled with ppGpp.
Electroconvective enhancement of mass or heat exchange between a drop or bubble and surroundings in the presence of an interfacial tension gradient

Resultats montrant que la presence d'agents de surface n'altere pas de facon significative l'augmentation de transfert de chaleur ou de matiere en presence d'un champ electrique
Psychological Implications of Motherhood and Fatherhood in Midlife: Evidence from Sibling Models.

Using data from 4,744 full, twin, half-, adopted, and stepsiblings in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, I examine psychological consequences of motherhood and fatherhood in midlife. My analysis includes between-family models that compare individuals across families and within-family models comparing siblings from the same family to account for unobserved genetic and environmental endowments that may confound the relationship between parenthood and mental health. Further, I examine whether the psychological effect of parenthood varies among different types of sibling dyads. The findings reveal that parenthood has similar psychological implications for middle-aged mothers and fathers. Main differences arise from specific configurations of the parental role. The association between parenthood and mental health partly reflects genetic influences but not shared early-life environment.
Downregulation of APOBEC3G by xenotropic murine leukemia-virus related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer cells.

Background Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) is a gammaretrovirus that was discovered in prostate cancer tissues. Recently, it has been proposed that XMRV is a laboratory contaminant and may have originated via a rare recombination event. Host restriction factor APOBEC3G (A3G) has been reported to severely restrict XMRV replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, XMRV infects and replicates efficiently in prostate cancer cells of epithelial origin. It has been proposed that due to lack off or very low levels of A3G protein XMRV is able to productively replicate in these cells.
Neurosurgical practice in the current regulatory environment

The practice of neurosurgery has been complicated over the last 25 years by the enactment of a series of statutes that have significantly altered the time-honored means by which neurosurgeons manage their work. These laws deal with issues that neurosurgeons have not customarily had to consider. The author outlines some of the socioeconomic and political matters that led to the passage of these statutes. An assortment of the laws is then surveyed, to foster an appreciation for the variety and depth of health care law that affects neurosurgeons' practice and the delivery of care to their patients. Statutes discussed include the fraud and abuse laws, self-referral laws, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and Employee Retirement Income Security Act.
Mechanochemistry of Protein 4.1's Spectrin-Actin-Binding Domain: Ternary Complex Interactions, Membrane Binding, Network Integration, Structural Strengthening

Mechanical strength of the red cell membrane is dependent on ternary interactions among the skeletal proteins, spectrin, actin, and protein 4.1. Protein 4.1's spectrin-actin-binding (SAB) domain is specified by an alternatively spliced exon encoding 21 amino acid (aa) and a constitutive exon encoding 59 aa. A series of truncated SAB peptides were engineered to define the sequences involved in spectrin-actin interactions, and also membrane strength. Analysis of in vitro supramolecular assemblies showed that gelation activity of SAB peptides correlates with their ability to recruit a critical amount of spectrin into the complex to cross-link actin filaments. Also, several SAB peptides appeared to exhibit a weak, cooperative actin-binding activity which mapped to the first 26 residues of the constitutive 59 aa. Fluorescence-imaged microdeformation was used to show SAB peptide integration into the elastic skeletal network of spectrin, actin, and protein 4.1. In situ membrane-binding and membrane-strengthening abilities of the SAB peptides correlated with their in vitro gelation activity. The findings imply that sites for strong spectrin binding include both the alternative 21-aa cassette and a conserved region near the middle of the 59 aa. However, it is shown that only weak SAB affinity is necessary for physiologically relevant action. Alternatively spliced exons can thus translate into strong modulation of specific protein interactions, economizing protein function in the cell without, in and of themselves, imparting unique function.
A New Computational Tool for the Post Session Analysis of the Prepulse Inhibition Test in Neural Science

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) refers to the reduction in startle reaction towards a startle-eliciting “pulse” stimulus when it is shortly preceded by a sub-threshold “prepulse” stimulus. PPI deficits have been seen in various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, Tourette’s syndrome, and Huntington’s disease. Recent animal studies have employed PPI test to address issues relevant to mental disorders. Measuring the acoustic startle reflex and calculating PPI in small animals produces myriads of numeral data. These raw data need to be justified and organized properly before being analyzed statistically. Therefore, organizing and analyzing these raw data without a computer software is time consuming and tedious. The software we created is useful and powerful in the post session data analysis of PPI test as it has the following three advantages: (1) grouping data under different chambers and trials; (2) eliminating questionable data; (3) batch processing data, which enable researchers to finish the post session data analysis for a number of PPI tests in a few seconds.
Comorbidity and the use of primary care and specialist care in the elderly.

PURPOSE The impact of comorbidity on use of primary care and specialty services is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between morbidity burden, comorbid conditions, and use of primary care and specialist services METHODS The study population was a 5% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries, taken from 1999 Medicare files. We analyzed the number of ambulatory face-to-face patient visits to primary care physicians and specialists for each diagnosis, with each one first considered as the “main” one and then as a comorbid diagnosis to another. Each patient was categorized by extent of total morbidity burden using the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Group case-mix system. RESULTS Higher morbidity burden was associated with more visits to specialists, but not to primary care physicians. Patients with most diagnoses had more visits, both to primary care and specialist physicians for comorbid diagnoses than for the main diagnosis itself. Although patients, especially those with high morbidity burdens, generally made more visits to specialists than to primary care physicians, this finding was not always the case. For patients with 66 diagnoses, primary care visits for those diagnoses exceeded specialist visits in all morbidity burden groups; for patients with 87 diagnoses, specialty visits exceeded primary care visits in all morbidity burden groups. CONCLUSION In the elderly, a high morbidity burden leads to higher use of specialist physicians, but not primary care physicians, even for patients with common diagnoses not generally considered to require specialist care. This finding calls for a better understanding of the relative roles of generalists and specialists in the US health services system.
Iha: a novel Escherichia coli O157:H7 adherence-conferring molecule encoded on a recently acquired chromosomal Island of conserved structure

The mechanisms used by Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli to adhere to epithelial cells are incompletely understood. Two cosmids from an E. coli O157:H7 DNA library contain an adherence-conferring chromosomal gene encoding a protein similar to iron-regulated gene A (IrgA) of Vibrio cholerae (M. B. Goldberg, S. A. Boyko, J. R. Butterton, J. A. Stoebner, S. M. Payne, and S. B. Calderwood, Mol. Microbiol. 6:2407-2418, 1992). We have termed the product of this gene the IrgA homologue adhesin (Iha), which is encoded by iha. Iha is 67 kDa in E. coli O157:H7 and 78 kDa in laboratory E. coli and is structurally unlike other known adhesins. DNA adjacent to iha contains tellurite resistance loci and is conserved in structure in distantly related pathogenic E. coli, but it is absent from nontoxigenic E. coli O55:H7, sorbitol-fermenting Stx-producing E. coli O157:H-, and laboratory E. coli. We have termed this region the tellurite resistance- and adherence-conferring island. We conclude that Iha is a novel bacterial adherence-conferring protein and is contained within an E. coli chromosomal island of conserved structure. Pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 has only recently acquired this island.
Rock dissolution patterns and geochemical shutdown of -brine-carbonate reactions during convective mixing in porous media

Motivated by the process of CO 2 convective mixing in porous media, here we study the formation of rock-dissolution patterns that arise from geochemical reactions during Rayleigh‐Benard‐Darcy convection. Under the assumption of instantaneous chemical equilibrium, we adopt a formulation of the local reaction rate as a function of scalar dissipation rate, a measure that depends solely on flow and transport, and chemical speciation, which is a measure that depends only on the equilibrium thermodynamics of the chemical system. We use high-resolution simulations to examine the interplay between the density-driven hydrodynamic instability and the rock dissolution reactions, and analyse the impact of geochemical reactions on the macroscopic mass exchange rate. We find that dissolution of carbonate rock initiates in regions of locally high mixing, but that the geochemical reaction shuts down significantly earlier than shutdown of convective mixing. This early shutdown feature reflects the important role that chemical speciation plays in this hydrodynamics‐reaction coupled process. Finally, we extend our analysis to three dimensions and explore the morphology of dissolution patterns in three dimensions.
A Closer Look at Preschoolers' Freely Produced Labels for Facial Expressions

Children's performance on free labeling of prototypical facial expressions of basic emotions is modest and improves only gradually. In 3 data sets (N = 80, ages 4 or 5 years; N = 160, ages 2 to 5 years; N = 80, ages 3 to 4 years), errors remained even when method factors (poor stimuli, unavailability of an appropriate label, or the difficulty of a production task) were controlled. Children's use of emotion labels increased with age in a systematic order: Happy, angry, and sad emerged early and in that order, were more accessible, and were applied broadly (overgeneralized) but systematically. Scared, surprised, and disgusted emerged later and often in that order, were less accessible, and were applied narrowly.
Solving Stochastic Transportation Network Protection Problems Using the Progressive Hedging-based Method

This research focuses on pre-disaster transportation network protection against uncertain future disasters. Given limited resources, the goal of the central planner is to choose the best set of network components to protect while allowing the network users to follow their own best-perceived routes in any resultant network configuration. This problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic programming problem with equilibrium constraints, where the objective is to minimize the total expected physical and social losses caused by potential disasters. Developing efficient solution methods for such a problem can be challenging. In this work, we will demonstrate the applicability of progressive hedging-based method for solving large scale stochastic network optimization problems with equilibrium constraints. In the proposed solution procedure, we solve each modified scenario sub-problem as a mathematical program with complementary constraints and then gradually aggregate scenario-dependent solutions to the final optimal solution.
Live from DC: Saturday Night Live political parody references in presidential rhetoric

ABSTRACTFrom content analyses to effects studies to rhetorical and critical analyses, we have a growing body of scholarship exploring political humor on United States late night television. The growing body of political humor scholarship reveals how late night comedy characterizes politics and politicians. What has not yet been explored, however, is how United States' politicians characterize late night television humor. Recognizing Saturday Night Live (SNL) as a unique type of late night television political humor in the USA, this essay turns to SNL mentions in United States' presidential remarks, including mentions by Presidents George Bush, George W. Bush, Gerald Ford, and Bill Clinton. Directions for future scholarship in this area are also proposed.
Basic health condition of some rural small-scaled centralized water supplies in Dalian

Objective To know the basic health condition of the rural small-scaled centralized water supplies in Dalian.Methods Random sampling was used to investigate the hygienic status of the 16 rural small-scaled centralized water supply works.After investigation and data collection,a unified questionnaire was filled in.Results Water resource was mainly from the deep groundwater,accounting for 62.50%;Water supply which mainly adopted the mode of high pool(tower) water supply,accounting for 56.25%;Hygienic license holding rate was 18.75%;The holding rate of health certificate was 56.00%;68.75% of the water plants wasn't treated by purification and disinfection.Conclusion There is a serious problem in disinfection of drinking water in rural areas.The hidden danger of health in drinking water may result in the outbreak of water-borne diseases and poisoning incidents.The control in rural environmental pollution should be strengthened and the water source should be protected.The health sector should participate in the checks acceptance.Thus the construction of water plant in the rural will well be carried out.Rural drinking water security funds should be implemented.Some comprehensive measures should be taken to inspect the management of drinking water in rural areas and water should be sterilized regularly.
Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of Hepatitis A in Lianyungang City from 1997 to 2008

[Objective]To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis A during the past 12 years so as to provide reference for hepatitis A control in future.[Methods]The epidemic data of Lianyungang City from the information system for disease control and prevention during 1997—2008 were collected and analyzed.[Results]The incidence of hepatitis A showed a lower trend(χ2=1559.35,P=0.00),2 peaks of cases appeared in spring and fall,but no obvious ones showed in recent years;the incidence of hepatitis A was highest in Guanyun county;more than 50% of all cases were peasants,the incidence among children under 15 years had gradually dropped to below 7%,while that among adults showed increasing trend,the sex ratio of male to female was 2.55 ∶1.[Conclusion]Through the incidence of hepatitis A shows downward trend,applying the immunization of hepatitis A in rural areas is the major measurement to prevent and control hepatitis A in Lianyungang city.
Overview of on-line voltage analysis methods and optimal reactive power configuration

These years,power system has gradually grown into the era of large generator units,large-scale grid,high voltage unit and long-distance power transmission.These factors make it much more difficult to maintain the voltage stability of power system.As the problems in voltage stability are gradually obvious,study on the on-line monitoring and voltage stability judgment to realize the dynamic reactive power optimization is necessary.Nowadays there is not a mature method to judge the on-line voltage stability,neither a reasonable reactive power configuration strategy.So it is important to establish a new method to realize them.The rapid development and widespread application of Wide-Area Measurement System(WAMS)laid a necessary foundation for on-line voltage stability analysis.The aspects of analysis of on-line voltage stability and dynamic reactive power configuration are summarized,the strengths and weaknesses of existing analysis methods are demonstrated,and some key issues which need to be solved urgently in this area are also put forward.At last,it has a positive outlook for the application of on-line voltage stability and reactive power configuration.
Sequence Effect in Parkinson's Disease Is Related to Motor Energetic Cost.

Bradykinesia is the most disabling motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The sequence effect, a feature of bradykinesia, refers to the rapid decrement in amplitude and speed of repetitive movements (e.g., gait, handwriting) and is a major cause of morbidity in PD. Previous research has revealed mixed results regarding the role of dopaminergic treatment in the sequence effect. However, external cueing has been shown to improve it. In this study, we aimed to characterize the sequence effect systematically and relate this phenomenon to the energetic cost of movement within the context of cost-benefit framework of motor control. We used a dynamic isometric motor task with auditory pacing to assess the sequence effect in motor output during a 15 s task segment in PD patients and matched controls. All participants performed the task with both hands, and without and with visual feedback. Patients were also tested in “on”- and “off”-dopaminergic states. Patients in the “off” state did not show higher sequence effect compared to controls, partly due to large variance in their performance. However, patients in the “on” state and in the absence of visual feedback, showed significantly higher sequence effect compared to controls. Patients expended higher total motor energy compared to controls in all conditions and regardless of their medication status. In this experimental situation, the sequence effect in PD is associated with the cumulative energetic cost of movement. Dopaminergic treatment, critical for internal triggering of movement, fails to maintain the motor vigor across responses. The high motor cost may be related to failure to incorporate limbic/motivational cues into the motor plan. Visual feedback may facilitate performance by shifting the driving of movement from internal to external, or, alternatively, by functioning as a motivational cue.
Inhibition by sodium nitroprusside or PGE1 of tyrosine phosphorylation induced in platelets by thrombin or ADP.

Upon platelet activation, numerous proteins are known to be tyrosine phosphorylated. To investigate the mechanisms of the regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and its physiological significance, the effects on tyrosine phosphorylation of agents that elevate the platelet level of the cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP were examined in aspirin-treated gel-filtered platelets by Western blotting with a specific antiphosphotyrosine antibody. The effects of these agents on other aspects of platelet activation, i.e., aggregation, secretion, and elevation of the concentration of cytosolic ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i), were also examined in parallel experiments. Tyrosine phosphorylation in platelets activated by alpha-thrombin (1 nM) was inhibited by prostaglandin (PG) E1 (2 microM) or by sodium nitroprusside (100 microM). Elevation of [Ca2+]i, aggregation, and serotonin secretion was also strongly inhibited. On the other hand, a higher concentration of alpha-thrombin (10 nM) induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the same proteins, elevation of [Ca2+]i, platelet aggregation, and serotonin secretion, irrespective of pretreatment of platelets by either PGE1 or sodium nitroprusside. Inhibition by sodium nitroprusside of tyrosine phosphorylation induced by alpha-thrombin (1 nM) was accompanied by an increased concentration of cGMP. 8-BrcGMP (2 mM) also inhibited tyrosine phosphorylation and aggregation, although less than sodium nitroprusside. ADP (20 microM) induced platelet shape change and tyrosine phosphorylation of only a few proteins; these effects were also inhibited by either PGE1 or sodium nitroprusside. Thus tyrosine phosphorylation in platelets can be inhibited by elevation of either cAMP or cGMP, an effect that is overcome by a high concentration of thrombin, resulting in granule secretion and aggregation. Some of the proteins that are tyrosine phosphorylated may be important in the regulation of platelet functions.
Respectable Servitors, Obedient Men, and the Autocracy’s Administrative Ideal

In the 1835 ‘Instructions to the University Student Inspector,’ the Russian university administration defined its educational priorities: A good moral sense for student youth is the most loyal and singular pledge [necessary] not only for success in studies, but also for the achievement of the Government’s goals in education: to be true sons of the Church, faithful servants of the Throne, and useful citizens of the Fatherland.3
What May Have Triggered or Sustained the Housing Bubble (1997–2006)?

As home prices rose and hunger for high-yield investments grew, Sadek [founder of Quick Loan Funding] found his niche pushing mortgages to borrowers with poor credit. Such subprime home loans grew to $600 billion, or 21 percent, of all U.S. mortgages last year from $160 billion, or 7 percent, in 2001, according to Inside Mortgage Finance , an industry newsletter. Banks drove that growth because they could bundle subprime loans into securities…“I never made a loan that Wall Street wouldn’t buy,” Sadek says. He worked hard to build the business, he says, and the company did nothing illegal…with the support of Citigroup, which funded the loans, he pioneered lending to homebuyers with credit scores of less than 450. Citigroup spokesman Stephen Cohen said the bank doesn’t comment on its relationships with clients. “We made most of our money from selling loans to banks,” Sadek says…like many subprime companies, [he] specialized in…thirty-year mortgages that start with lower “teaser” interest rates and ratchet higher after two years. A key selling point was the 50 percent rise in home prices nationally from 2001 to 2006. Bob Ivry, Bloomberg News , December 18, 2007 Since late 1997, more than $2 billion worth of community reinvestment loans have been packaged and marketed into securities…Every dollar taken off the originator’s books through securitization is a dollar available for new loans…securitization reflects a growing confidence among secondary market investors – many of whom, after all, are under no CRA obligation of their own – in the quality of these loans. I think that it proves we’re on the right track. John D. Hawke, Jr.; Comptroller of the Currency; May 5, 1999
Trends in Urological Direct-to-Consumer Advertising during Prime-Time Television News Programs

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study is to characterize contemporary trends in direct-to-consumer advertising of urological pharmaceutical products on American prime-time television programs. Television is the highest expenditure segment of the consumer drug marketing industry. The extent of advertising in urology and its potential impact on patients are not well understood. Methods We retrospectively analyzed an indexed database of prime-time news broadcasts on 5 national networks in the United States. The database was queried with the names of 77 urological pharmaceutical products to identify all commercials that aired during a 36-month period between 2010 and 2013. Noncommercial segments were excluded. Descriptive and linear regression analysis was performed. Results We analyzed 4,574 broadcasts, representing 3,067.5 hours of prime-time television. A total of 2,068 commercials for 8 products and 4 urological indications were aired, including sildenafil and tadalafil for erectile dysfunction; 2 testosterone products for hypogonadism; fesoterodine, oxybutynin and solifenacin for overactive bladder; and sipuleucel-T for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Commercials for male oriented indications accounted for 90% of the sample. At least 1 urological advertisement was contained in 1,744 broadcasts (38%). The introduction of television marketing for newly approved testosterone supplementation products in 2012 corresponded to strongly linear growth in overall urological advertising, reaching peak levels in 2013. Conclusions Urological pharmaceutical products have been consistently advertised on television. Commercials have extensively targeted male oriented indications. Viewers of national news programs were exposed to urological advertising during about 40% of broadcasts with steadily increasing exposure since 2012. Providers should be aware of these trends to contextualize demand and monitor prescribing patterns.
Multi-Person Interaction: Enhancing Practices for Interactive Group Participation

As the availability of interactions between online social networking increases, traditional social networking is vanishing in different ways. This research will try to figure out and define how the development of media art and interaction techniques can fill those gaps. We propose a media installation that enhances pleasure and intimacy between people physically right next to them in public space. The collaborative mixed-reality media installation, 'RPG 2.0', explores the dynamic relation between participant's presence and responsive narratives in different interaction levels. The purpose of this study will be to understand the effect of multiple layers of interaction on participants and spectators in multi-person interaction in co-located space.
A Pilot Study Examining a School-Based Parent Engagement Intervention Following School Mental Health Screening

In this pilot study, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of a school-based engagement intervention on parent adherence to recommendations for children screened for social, emotional, behavioral, and adaptive problems at kindergarten entry. The aims were to evaluate the impact of an enhanced feedback session on parents’ adherence to service-engagement recommendations, compared to a standard feedback session, and to examine predictors of adherence to recommendations. Parent and teacher reports of the behavior assessment system for children, second edition, were used to screen children (N = 597). Parents of children identified as at risk for social, emotional, behavioral, and adaptive problems were randomized to the standard or enhanced feedback condition. Results offer preliminary evidence that the school-based engagement strategy following the screening resulted in increased parent adherence to sharing screening results with medical doctors. Analyses also revealed that after controlling for feedback condition, parents’ previous service use predicted adherence to the recommendation of sharing screening results with the teachers. These findings highlight the importance of continued examination of school-based engagement interventions for families in the early stages of seeking mental health services.