cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiochemical conditions of Folsomia candida occurrence in a shallow coastal Lake Michigan aquifer

An insect, Folsomia candida, was found in a shallow aquifer along the southwestern coast of Michigan. F. candida is a standard organism for soil toxicity testing but its occurrence in groundwater is uncommon to rare, or has been under-reported in the literature. Attempts to correlate the presence of F. candida to water and soil parameters yielded: (1) F. candida is present in the upper 15–25 cm of topsoil, but absent in the underlying vadose zone except directly above the water table, regardless of the presence in groundwater; (2) F. candida is most abundant in groundwater 4.3–5.0 m below land surface; (3) Most F. candida occur in wells with dissolved oxygen ranging from 4 to 5 ppm; (4) F. candida is most abundant in water between about 14 and 18°C; (5) F. candida is abundant in groundwater with high concentrations of Cl−, Na+, and K+; and, (6) Small differences in pore space volume determine the feasibility of F. candida occupancy, but not the presence of F. candida in the study area.
The Wind Field in the Western Indian Ocean and the Related Ocean Circulation

Abstract Monthly wind stress contoured for the western Indian Ocean clearly shows the southwest monsoon from May through September (with values over 4 dyn cm−2 during July) to be considerably stronger than the northeast monsoon with a maximum in January. Maps of wind stress curl during the southwest monsoon show a large region of negative curl (over −4 × 10−8 dyn cm−3) to the northeast off the Somali coast, whereas a region of high positive curl occurs off the Arabian coast and in a small band off the Somali east coast north of 5°N. Sverdrup mass transports of up to 40 × 10−12 g s−1 to the north off the Somali coast are in rough agreement with observed values.
Modeling the spatial and temporal variability in climate and primary productivity across the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico

Abstract There are few studies that have examined the spatial variability of forest productivity over an entire tropical forested landscape. In this study, we used a spatially-explicit forest productivity model, TOPOPROD, which is based on the FOREST-BGC model, to simulate spatial patterns of gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP), and respiration over the entire Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) in the mountains of northeastern Puerto Rico. We modeled climate variables (e.g. solar insolation, temperature, rainfall and transpiration) using a topography-based climate model, TOPOCLIM. The simulated GPP ranged from 8 to 92 t C/ha per year with a mean of 51 t C/ha per year. The simulated NPP ranged from 0.5 to 24 t C/ha per year with a mean of 9.4 t C/ha per year. The simulated plant respiration ranged from 31 to 68 with a mean of 42 t C/ha per year. Simulated GPP and respiration declined with increased elevation whereas simulated NPP increased from low to middle elevation but decreased from middle to high elevations. Statistical analyses indicate that variation in solar insolation, which decreases with increase in elevation, is the most important factor controlling the spatial variation of forest productivity in the LEF. Validation with the limited spatial empirical data indicated that our simulations overestimated GPP by 2% for a middle elevation test site, and by 43% for a mountain peak site. Our simulations also overestimated NPP in the middle elevation Colorado forest and higher elevation Dwarf forest by 32 and 36%, respectively, but underestimated NPP in the Tabonuco and Palm forests at low to middle elevations by 9–15% and 18%, respectively. Simulated GPP and NPP would decrease under CO 2 doubling as projected temperatures increase and precipitation decreases. Different forest types respond differently to potential climate change and CO 2 doubling. Comparison with other tropical forests suggests that the LEF as a whole has higher GPP (51 t C/ha per year versus 40 t C/ha per year) but lower NPP (9.4 t C/ha per year versus 11 t C/ha per year) than other tropical rain forests.
Immune responses to some proteins and synthetic polypeptides in inbred strains of rats.

Summary The antibody responses to DNP-bovine gamma globulin, bovine gamma globulin, human serum albumin, ovalbumin, pepsin and five synthetic polypeptides were examined in strains of inbred rats representative of eight common major histocompatibility complex (RT1) haplotypes. With each antigen the antibody response varied considerably among strains, and the data provide many potential strain and antigen combinations with which to study the genetic control of the immune response.
Thermal stability and ligand-binding properties of human plasma α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) as determined with fluorescent probes

Abstract The fluorescence of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate is enhanced and blue-shifted upon binding to α1-acid glycoprotein, a human plasma protein of uncertain function. Fluorescence titrations of delipidated protein indicate at least two classes of binding sites having dissociation constants of 0.33 μM and 12 μM at 25°C in 0.02 M potassium phosphate/0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4. Exclusion chromatography measurements indicate only 1 binding site per mol protein, suggesting that the heterogeneity is due to differences between protein molecules, the origin of which remains unclear. The fluorescence of a mixture of dye and protein is progressively diminished upon addition of ethanol and other organic solvents whose presence could be detected at concentrations as low as 100 mM. Addition of the adrenergic drug propranolol to a mixture of α1-acid glycoprotein (2.5 μM) and 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate (4 μM) caused a hyperbolic decrease in dye fluorescence to 30% of the initial value, with half-maximal response near 1 μM propranolol. When the protein-dye mixture was heated, the fluorescence of the dye exhibited a reversible downward transition with midpoint near 65°C, compared to a midpoint of 58.5°C obtained by intrinsic fluorescence in the absence of dye. This stabilization was confirmed with fluorescein-labeled protein, whose fluorescence polarization revealed a melting transition at 58.8°C in the absence of ligands which increased by 5–6 Cdeg in the presence of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate or propranolol. The sensitivity of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate fluorescence to changes in the conformation and ligand environment of α1-acid glycoprotein should facilitate efforts to understand the structure and function of this acute-phase reactant.
Monte Carlo simulations: Hidden errors from "good" random number generators.

The Wolff algorithm is now accepted as the best cluster-flipping Monte Carlo algorithm for beating ``critical slowing down.'' We show how this method can yield incorrect answers due to subtle correlations in ``high quality'' random number generators.
Surface fractal characteristics of preferential flow patterns in field soils: evaluation and effect of image processing

Abstract In the last few decades, preferential flow has become recognized as a process of great practical significance for the transport of water and contaminants in field soils. Dyes are frequently used to visualize preferential flow pathways, and fractal geometry is increasingly applied to the characterization of these pathways via image analysis, leading to the determination of ‘mass’ and ‘surface’ fractal dimensions. Recent work by the authors has shown the first of these dimensions to be strongly dependent on operator choices (related to image resolution, thresholding algorithm, and fractal dimension definition), and to tend asymptotically to 2.0 for decreasing pixel size. A similar analysis is carried out in the present article in the case of the surface fractal dimension of the same stained preferential flow pathway, observed in an orchard soil. The results indicate that when the box-counting, information, and correlation dimensions of the stain pattern are evaluated via non-linear regression, they vary anywhere between 1.31 and 1.64, depending on choices made at different stages in the evaluation. Among the parameters subject to choice, image resolution does not appear to exert a significant influence on dimension estimates. A similar lack of dependency on image resolution is found in the case of a textbook surface fractal, the quadratic von Koch island. These parallel observations suggest that the observed stain pattern exhibits characteristics similar to those of a surface fractal. The high statistical significance ( R >0.99) associated with each dimension estimate lends further credence to the fractality of the stain pattern. However, when proper attention is given to the fact that the theoretical definition of the surface ‘fractal’ dimension, in any one of its embodiments, involves the passage to a limit, the fractal character of the stain pattern appears more doubtful. Depending on the relative weight given to the available pieces of evidence, one may conclude that the stain pattern is or is not a surface fractal. However, this conundrum may or may not have practical significance. Indeed, whether or not the stain pattern is a surface fractal, the averaging method proposed in the present article to calculate surface dimensions yields relatively robust estimates, in the sense that they are independent of image resolution. These dimensions, even if they are not ‘fractal’, may eventually play an important role in future dynamical theories of preferential flow in field soils.
The application of theory and its relationship to program effectiveness in nutrition education research

Abstract The current focus in nutrition education research is not only on whether nutrition education is effective, but on what makes it work. Basing programs on theory might help clarify the factors that mediate their effectiveness. The main question addressed in this research was whether there were associations between theory use and measured differences in knowledge, attitude, and behavior. One hundred and five research reports in nutrition education were sampled. Of the studies that involved program design, implementation, and evaluation (n = 63), 71% included learning theory or principles. Of those, 29% applied theory explicitly and 71% used it implicitly. The theories applied were cognitive (38%), social-psychological (31%), behavioral (15.5%), and combinations of those traditions (15.5%). There were no significant associations between theory application and program effectiveness using Chi-square. However, there were relationships between mode of program delivery and the behavior outcome (p = .01), and between program duration and knowledge outcome (p = .04). The published research in nutrition education has used theory more than previously suggested. However, that use has been largely implicit and focused on only one learning outcome. Along with differences in application and evaluation, the features of implicitness and unidimensionality may have negatively confounded any potential relationship between theory use and program effectiveness.
Molecular and quantitative genetic divergence among populations of house mice with known evolutionary histories

Evolutionary biologists have long been interested in the processes influencing population differentiation, but separating the effects of neutral and adaptive evolution has been an obstacle for studies of population subdivision. A recently developed method allows tests of whether disruptive (ie, spatially variable) or stabilizing (ie, spatially uniform) selection is influencing phenotypic differentiation among subpopulations. This method, referred to as the FST vs QST comparison, separates the total additive genetic variance into within- and among-population components and evaluates this level of differentiation against a neutral hypothesis. Thus, levels of neutral molecular (FST) and quantitative genetic (QST) divergence are compared to evaluate the effects of selection and genetic drift on phenotypic differentiation. Although the utility of such comparisons appears great, its accuracy has not yet been evaluated in populations with known evolutionary histories. In this study, FST vs QST comparisons were evaluated using laboratory populations of house mice with known evolutionary histories. In this model system, the FST vs QST comparisons between the selection groups should reveal quantitative trait differentiation consistent with disruptive selection, while the FST vs QST comparisons among lines within the selection groups should suggest quantitative trait differentiation in agreement with drift. We find that FST vs QST comparisons generally produce the correct evolutionary inference at each level in the population hierarchy. Additionally, we demonstrate that when strong selection is applied between populations QST increases relative to QST among populations diverging by drift. Finally, we show that the statistical properties of QST, a variance component ratio, need further investigation. Heredity (2005) 94, 518‐525. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800652 Published online 2 March 2005
The Combined Slope in Comparative Tests of Tibia and Toe Ash in the Chick Assay for Vitamin D

Abstract CALCIFICATION in the skeleton of chicks used for the A.O.A.C. assay of vitamin D has been measured successfully from the ash of toes instead of tibiae by Baird and MacMillan (1942). They observed a somewhat smaller deviation in the ash percentages of toes than of tibiae from the same chicks. These findings have been confirmed by Evans and St. John (1944), who reported in addition that unextracted toes gave as good results as those extracted by the usual A.O.A.C. procedure. More recently, Campbell, Migicovsky and Emslie (1945) reached a similar conclusion following statistical analysis of their data. As opportunity arose in this laboratory, the ashing of toes has been added to that of tibiae in routine vitamin D assays with chicks. Dr. R. B. Hubbell, who is in charge of the vitamin D assays, has submitted these results to the author for statistical analysis. They confirm the conclusions cited above . . .
Is It Valid to Calculate the 3-Kilohertz Threshold by Averaging 2 and 4 Kilohertz?

Many guidelines for reporting hearing results use the threshold at 3 kilohertz (kHz), a frequency not measured routinely. This study assessed the validity of estimating the missing 3-kHz threshold by averaging the measured thresholds at 2 and 4 kHz. The estimated threshold was compared to the measured threshold at 3 kHz individually and when used in the pure-tone average (PTA) of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 kHz in audiometric data from 2170 patients. The difference between the estimated and measured thresholds for 3 kHz was within ±5 dB in 72% of audiograms, ±10 dB in 91%, and within ±20 dB in 99% (correlation coefficient r = 0.965). The difference between the PTA threshold using the estimated threshold compared with using the measured threshold at 3 kHz was within ±5 dB in 99% of audiograms (r = 0.997). The estimated threshold accurately approximates the measured threshold at 3 kHz, especially when incorporated into the PTA.
Implications of rail straightness for EM-launched projectiles

Kaman Sciences experienced an in-bore projectile failure of its Rodman cone design in the SSG railgun at Maxwell Laboratories as part of the SLEKE projectile program. This projectile had been successfully launched from a conventional powder gun at axial acceleration levels exceeding those encountered during the EM launch which resulted in the failure. As part of the investigation into this failure, an in-bore dynamics code, RASCAL, was utilized to determine the magnitude of the lateral loads encountered. While RASCAL does not determine the structural response of the projectile, it did show that for this case the lateral loads were ten times greater than those typical of conventional gun systems and may have contributed to the cause of failure. A kink in the rail centerline profile was found to initiate large transverse and pitching accelerations of the projectile. Details of the analysis and the ramifications of bore straightness and projectile design are presented in this paper. >
Calculation of the electric field distribution on ADSS fiber optic Ccable

The electric field is responsible for starting an arc across the dry band formed on ADSS (All Dielectric Self-Supporting) fiber optic cable installed below high voltage transmission line and may favor its extension along the electrolytic surface. Knowledge of electric field distribution can deepen the understanding of the behavior of dry-band arcing phenomena on ADSS fiber optic cable. In this paper, the electric field distribution is calculated and compared. It is found that the dry-band arcing is initiated by cascaded breakdown of the dry band. The models to implement the calculation of electric field with and without presence of arc are proposed. When there is arc, the authors proposed a new model, in which the arc column is modeled as space charge, to implement the calculation. The methods for calculating the necessary parameters are proposed. The criteria for the arc to extend along the electrolyte surface is discussed and it is concluded that electric field is not high enough to have significant effect on the expansion. The field calculation is implemented using boundary element method in commercial software Coulomb/spl reg/.
RapidCaP, a Novel GEM Model for Metastatic Prostate Cancer Analysis and Therapy, Reveals Myc as a Driver of Pten-Mutant Metastasis

Genetically Engineered Mouse (GEM) models are a pillar of functional cancer research. Here we developed RapidCaP, a GEM modeling system that uses surgical injection for viral gene delivery to prostate. We show that in Pten-deficiency, loss of p53 suffices to trigger metastasis to distant sites at greater than 50% penetrance by 4 months, consistent with results from human prostate cancer genome analysis. Live bioluminescence tracking showed that endogenous primary and metastatic disease responds to castration before developing lethal castration resistance. To our surprise, the resulting lesions showed no activation of Akt but activation of the Myc oncogene., Using RapidCaP, we show that Myc drives local prostate metastasis and is critical for maintenance of metastasis, as shown by using the Brd4 inhibitor JQ1. Taken together, our data suggest that a 'MYC-switch' away from AKT forms a critical and druggable event in PTEN-mutant prostate cancer metastasis and castration resistance.
BioHealthBase: informatics support in the elucidation of influenza virus host–pathogen interactions and virulence

The BioHealthBase Bioinformatics Resource Center (BRC) (http://www.biohealthbase.org) is a public bioinformatics database and analysis resource for the study of specific biodefense and public health pathogens-Influenza virus, Francisella tularensis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Microsporidia species and ricin toxin. The BioHealthBase serves as an extensive integrated repository of data imported from public databases, data derived from various computational algorithms and information curated from the scientific literature. The goal of the BioHealthBase is to facilitate the development of therapeutics, diagnostics and vaccines by integrating all available data in the context of host-pathogen interactions, thus allowing researchers to understand the root causes of virulence and pathogenicity. Genome and protein annotations can be viewed either as formatted text or graphically through a genome browser. 3D visualization capabilities allow researchers to view proteins with key structural and functional features highlighted. Influenza virus host-pathogen interactions at the molecular/cellular and systemic levels are represented. Host immune response to influenza infection is conveyed through the display of experimentally determined antibody and T-cell epitopes curated from the scientific literature or as derived from computational predictions. At the molecular/cellular level, the BioHealthBase BRC has developed biological pathway representations relevant to influenza virus host-pathogen interaction in collaboration with the Reactome database (http://www.reactome.org).
China's Government Debt: How Serious?

This paper analyses China's foreign and domestic debt. Foreign debt poses no threat to China. Although China ranks high in terms of total foreign debt, the relative size of its foreign debt to GDP is small, and all its risk exposures are low. Also, China's foreign exchange reserves are much higher than total foreign debt outstanding. As for its domestic government debt, the figure is large but manageable. There are four major types: explicit fiscal debt which is the result of expansionary fiscal policy, unreported local government debt caused by the 1994 tax reform, state banks' bad loans resulting from fiscal and SOE reforms and which may become the largest fiscal liability, and finally, fiscal subsidies made to social security pension funds. Despite its debts, the Chinese government still has massive assets.
Multiwave-mixing-mediated optical bandpass filter with a thin Kerr medium

A theory for a phase-conjugate bandpass filter based on multiwave-mixing effects in a thin Kerr medium is presented. As a result of the presence of side diffractions, several new features are observed in the power reflectivity, the bandpass, and the central frequency. Aside from a strong dependence on the wave-mixing angle, it is shown that components of different frequencies are generated at different reflected angles; at small input angles the filter can have a wide frequency bandpass with amplified output, and the central frequency is equal to the pump frequency regardless of the ratio of the pump beams.
The 21 June 1997 Flood: Storm-Scale Simulations and Implications for Operational Forecasting

Abstract On 20–21 June 1997, a convective outbreak in Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin resulted in two fatalities, eight injuries, and approximately $104 million in damage. The majority of the damage ($92 million) was the result of flooding in southeastern Wisconsin owing to nearly 250 mm of rain produced by training convection and to a lesser extent the passage of a persistent, elongated convective system. The flood event is analyzed and storm-scale (5- and 1.67-km grid spacing) resolution model simulations at 0–24-, 12–36-, and 24–48-h ranges are produced to study the evolution and predictability of the rainfall. Synoptic conditions corresponded closely to the mesohigh pattern frequently associated with heavy rainfall events. Despite the recognition by National Weather Service forecasters of the potential for heavy rainfall, uncertainty concerning event magnitude and affected areas, exacerbated by poor operational model guidance, resulted in a failure to issue flash flood watches prior to the ons...
Incidence and severity of acute allograft rejection in liver transplant recipients treated with alfa interferon.

Interferon alfa-2b (IFN-alpha) therapy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of viral hepatitis B (HBV) or viral hepatitis C (HCV) in patients who did not undergo transplantation. However, in allograft recipients, treatment with IFN-alpha often leads to allograft rejection. The aim of the present study was to determine if IFN-alpha therapy increases the incidence or severity of acute rejection in human liver allograft recipients. One hundred five orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients with HBV (n = 32), HCV (n = 58), or Non A Non B Non C (n = 15) viral infections were treated with a 6-month course of IFN-alpha, 5 million U subcutaneously three times a week, which began 2 to 97 months after transplantation. The mean hepatitis activity index (HAI) at the beginning of the therapy was 10.1 +/- 3.0. The baseline immunosuppression was achieved by tacrolimus in 77 patients and by cyclosporine A (CyA) in 28 patients. Contemporaneous controls consisted of 132 OLT patients (100 who received tacrolimus and 32 who received CyA) who did not receive IFN-alpha. A retrospective analysis was performed on this group of patients. The incidence of rejection and the baseline immunosuppression were compared. All biopsies were reviewed without knowledge of clinical data and scored for HAI and for rejection activity index (RAI). The biochemical response to IFN-alpha was also examined. The mean baseline maintenance dose of prednisone was greater by 2 mg daily in patients who received IFN-alpha with tacrolimus compared with control patients who did not receive IFN-alpha with tacrolimus (IFN-alpha 5. 3 +/- 5.2 mg daily v controls 3.3 +/- 4.9 mg daily; P </= .05). Similarly, the mean maintenance dose of prednisone was greater by 2.5 mg daily in patients who received IFN-alpha compared with controls who received CyA-based immunosuppression (IFN-alpha 9.8 +/- 3.1 mg daily v controls 7.3 +/- 3.3 mg daily; P = .01). Acute rejection episodes were detected in 10.5% (n = 11) of IFN-alpha-treated patients compared with 8.8% of controls for the similar time period from OLT and period of exposure to risk of rejection. Mean RAI was 2.0 +/- 2.4 for the IFN-alpha-treated group and 2.1 +/- 1.7 for controls. Rejection episodes with IFN-alpha treatment were mild and responded to steroid therapy. In OLT recipients, the risk of acute rejection was not increased by the introduction of IFN-alpha. However, in this study, patients were exposed to greater levels of immunosuppression.
Anticarcinogenic Responses in Rodent Cancer Bioassays Are Not Explained by Random Effects

Abstract Anticarcinogenicity in a long-term rodent bioassay is defined as a statistically significant decrease of a specific tumor type in a dosed group following chemical exposure. About 92% of chemicals tested by the National Toxicology Program prior to 1983 reveal at least one site with a significant ( p ≤ 0.05) tumor rate decrease in one or more tested groups, a result consistent with those of J. K. Haseman and F. M. Johnson (1996, Mutat. Res. 350, 131–141) for a database of recently tested chemicals. Detection of tumor decreases in a specific site can be explained not only by biological effects, but also as a result of random variability in the background tumor rates, decreases in body weight, or decreases in survival of treated animals. This paper evaluates the rate of false-positive anticarcinogenic findings due to random effects (variations in tumor rates and the multiple comparisons undertaken in evaluating a bioassay), while a companion paper addresses the influence of weight and survival depression. Monte-Carlo simulation was conducted to assess the contribution of random effects. This contribution was found to be important even when a statistical significance cutoff of p 0 ≤ 0.05 was chosen. If a more stringent statistical criterion was used ( p 0 ≤ 0.01 or p ≤ 0.005), the proportion of false positive determinations diminishes. The number of anticarcinogens in the database remains substantially higher than predicted by the simulations. An examination of the distribution of all p values (T. Schweder and E. Spjotvoll, 1982, Biometrika 69, 493–502) also indicates that statistically significant anticarcinogenic responses are found in the database at a higher rate than would result from purely random responses. Finally, the cross-species prediction of anticarcinogenic responses was examined in a manner similar to a study of cross-species prediction of carcinogenic responses (G. M. Gray et al., 1995, Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 20, 281–301). The analyses show that anticarcinogenic effects in one rodent species predict well anticarcinogenic effect in another rodent species. It seems likely that biological factors are involved in anticarcinogenic responses observed in rodent cancer bioassays.
Now or later: an initial exploration into user perception of mathematical expression recognition feedback

Mathematical handwriting recognition is an important method of mathematics input for computers. While strides in recognition have been made in recent years, recognition is still at a level where mistakes are common and often inexplicable from the user's point-of-view. As a result, recognition mistakes can cause user distraction and frustration. We examine how user preference for real-time or batch recognition mode is affected by recognition accuracy and the number of expressions entered. Our results show that users prefer real-time recognition when working with multiple expressions; however, with high accuracy recognition, users did not prefer one recognition mode over the other.
The value of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography in the management of pancreatic ascites

A case of pancreatic ascites is presented in which the preoperative use of endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the ampulla of Vater (ERCP) precisely located the site of pancreatic duct disruption and thus directed the choice of operation best suited to this patient. We suggest that in this form of ascites preoperative ERCP may aid in the selection of those patients whose lesions are surgically correctable.
Isomer-specific vibronic structure of the 9-, 1-, and 2-anthracenyl radicals via slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in various charge and protonation states, are key compounds relevant to combustion chemistry and astrochemistry. Here, we probe the vibrational and electronic spectroscopy of gas-phase 9-, 1-, and 2-anthracenyl radicals (C14H9) by photodetachment of the corresponding cryogenically cooled anions via slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging (cryo-SEVI). The use of a newly designed velocity-map imaging lens in combination with ion cooling yields photoelectron spectra with <2 cm(-1) resolution. Isomer selection of the anions is achieved using gas-phase synthesis techniques, resulting in observation and interpretation of detailed vibronic structure of the ground and lowest excited states for the three anthracenyl radical isomers. The ground-state bands yield electron affinities and vibrational frequencies for several Franck-Condon active modes of the 9-, 1-, and 2-anthracenyl radicals; term energies of the first excited states of these species are also measured. Spectra are interpreted through comparison with ab initio quantum chemistry calculations, Franck-Condon simulations, and calculations of threshold photodetachment cross sections and anisotropies. Experimental measures of the subtle differences in energetics and relative stabilities of these radical isomers are of interest from the perspective of fundamental physical organic chemistry and aid in understanding their behavior and reactivity in interstellar and combustion environments. Additionally, spectroscopic characterization of these species in the laboratory is essential for their potential identification in astrochemical data.
The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis

Abstract Background Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have reduced pulmonary function and exercise tolerance. Additionally, these individuals may develop abnormal cardiac function. The implications of abnormal cardiac function on exercise tolerance are unclear in CF. Objective Study relationships between exercise cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in CF. Methods 17 CF and 25 controls participated in cardiopulmonary exercise testing to measure exercise duration and peak workload (PW). Cardiac index (Q I ) was measured using acetylene rebreathe and oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) breath-by-breath. Forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV 1 ) was performed at rest. Results Peak Q I was 6.7 ± 0.5 vs. 9.1 ± 0.3 mL/min/m 2 , CF vs. controls, respectively ( P I ( R 2 = 0.63 and 0.51) and exercise duration or PW were stronger than VO 2 ( R 2 = 0.35 and 0.37) or FEV 1 ( R 2 = 0.34 and 0.36) in CF, respectively ( P Conclusion These data are clinically relevant suggesting attenuated cardiac function in addition to low airway function relate to exercise tolerance in CF.
Garcia: Of Federalism and Constitutional Values

In Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985), a majority of the U.S. Supreme Court's justices did violence to the principles of the U.S. Constitution by leaving the states to take their Tenth Amendment complaints to the Congress. In abdicating their proper constitutional role, the majority of justices ignored history, political realities, and constitutional principle. The Constitution 's institutional arrangements, of which federalism is a key component, are an intrinsic part of the constitutional scheme by which government power is limited and individual rights are protected.
Management of diabetic ketoacidosis.

Any condition which reduces available insulin activity in the diabetic may precipitate diabetic ketoacidosis.Important factors in prognosis include duration of ketoacidosis and coma, patient's age and vascular status, and associated complications.The incidence of serious complications and the mortality in this condition have been reduced by earlier and individualized treatment and improved management of late complications of therapy.
Action of protein kinase C in endothelin-induced contractions in rat aortic rings

Endothelin (ET) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that induces characteristically long-lasting contractions. We used both intact and endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in ET-induced contractions. ET (10(-9) M) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), a PKC activator, produced a gradual and sustained contraction of greater magnitude in denuded aortic rings than in intact rings. When aortic rings were pretreated with graded concentrations of different PKC inhibitors, inhibition of ET-induced contractions began at 10(-9)M and was nearly complete at 10(-3)M, and the reduction was greater in intact than in denuded rings. Pretreatment of aortic rings with PDBu or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, potentiated ET-induced contractions. PKC enzyme assay showed activation of PKC in aortic rings that were treated with either ET or PDBu, inhibition after pretreatment with PKC inhibitors, and no change with 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (PDD), an inactive phorbol ester. ET significantly increased nitrate and nitrite production, which was further increased by pretreatment with PKC inhibitors. PDBu prevented ET-induced nitrate/nitrite production, and PDD had no effect. These results strongly suggest that PKC mediates, in part, ET-induced contractions in rat aortic rings and that an intact endothelium is required for maximum inhibition by PKC inhibitors because PKC stimulated by ET inhibits nitric oxide release.
Ultimate Value in Psychology

One of the most important distinctions in philosophy is between means and ends. Means are valued as tools for the improvement of life, whereas we find ends inherently valuable, making any improvements to which they might lead irrelevant. For example, working is often viewed as a means of making money, leading to the end of buying things we like. Sometimes what we buy improves our lives down the road, but those who enjoy shopping as an end know that eventual outcomes are beside the point. They do not shop for the sake of a better tomorrow but for the sheer enjoyment of the present. Another important difference is that means and ends stand in opposite relations to satisfaction. While means lead to satisfaction, ends supposedly yield the satisfaction we seek when we engage in means. Eating right and exercising, for instance, are often viewed as means of achieving good health, which is supposed to bring satisfaction in and of itself.
The Problem Of Self-Knowledge

This article develops a constitutive account of self-knowledgethat is able to avoid certain shortcomings of the standard response to the perceived prima facieincompatibility between privileged self-knowledge and externalism. It argues that ifone conceives of linguistic action as voluntary behavior in a minimal sense, one cannot conceive ofbelief content to be externalistically constituted without simultaneously assuming that the agent hasknowledge of his beliefs. Accepting such a constitutive account of self-knowledge does not, however,preclude the conceptual possibility of being mistaken about one’s mental states. Rather, self-knowledgehas to be seen as only a general constraint or as the default assumption of interpreting somebodyas a rational and intentional agent. This is compatible with the diagnosis of a localized lack of self-transparency.
Reading Disability and Behavior Problems

The early characteristics of groups of children, aged 7 to 8 years, identified with reading disability (RD) only, behavior problem (BP) only, RD and BP, and neither RD nor BP, were compared by temperament and behavior indices, gathered in 5 periods between infancy and 6 years of age, at the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Australia.
Who Uses Financial Statements? A Demographic Analysis of Financial Statement Downloads from EDGAR

SYNOPSIS We link EDGAR requests for financial statements originating from a particular U.S. ZIP code to demographic characteristics of that ZIP code. We focus on four demographics: income, household characteristics, education, and local conditions. Overall, we find each of the four demographics explain significant cross-sectional variation in EDGAR financial statement use. On a relative basis, we find that education has significantly more explanatory power for financial statement usage than does income or household characteristics. In our examination of specific demographic factors, we find that EDGAR financial statement usage is higher in areas with major cities, more accounting and finance jobs, higher capital gains and dividend income, greater access to broadband internet, a top 100 business school, or higher rates of college-educated residents. Usage is lower in ZIP codes with more fixed income, business income, retirees, unemployed workers, homeowners, or households with children. Overall, these resu...
The influence of gender on early adverse events, hospital charges and length of stay after shoulder arthroplasty

To identify differences in demographics, diagnosis, arthroplasty type, early adverse events, length of stay, and hospital costs between men and women undergoing shoulder arthroplasty. We used a nationally representative U.S. population database to determine annual rates of shoulder arthroplasty (SA) in patients (2002–2011). Early adverse events, length-of-stay and hospitalization costs were determined, and compared between patient genders. A cohort of 372,753 patients underwent total-SA (TSA) (59.7% females). Females were significantly older, more often had Medicare insurance, had a higher proportion of fracture diagnosis, more often underwent hemiarthroplasty (HA), and had significantly lower odds of any adverse event, MI, and sepsis, but higher odds of peripheral nerve injury. Females had significantly greater hospital lengths of stay for all combined procedures, and isolated TSA, reverse-TSA, and HA. Hospital costs were significantly lower in females for all combined procedures and HA. Male patients had significantly higher odds of adverse events, death, MI, and sepsis following SA. Female patients had significantly longer lengths of stay but lower hospital charges following SA.
Study of antenna systems located on complex platforms by using characteristic mode analysis and related techniques

The paper investigates the problems of excitation of Characteristic modes on a complex platform and the realization of desired radiation patterns using the Characteristic mode analysis (CMA) and related techniques. The excitation issue is examined theoretically and an analytical approach to deriving the excitation fields needed to obtain a specified CM is presented. The problem of placing user-specified antennas on a complex platform to realize a desired pattern is also discussed.
Development and validation of a stochastic molecular model of cellulose hydrolysis by action of multiple cellulase enzymes

Cellulose is hydrolyzed to sugar monomers by the synergistic action of multiple cellulase enzymes: endo-β-1,4-glucanase, exo-β-1,4 cellobiohydrolase, and β-glucosidase. Realistic modeling of this process for various substrates, enzyme combinations, and operating conditions poses severe challenges. A mechanistic hydrolysis model was developed using stochastic molecular modeling approach. Cellulose structure was modeled as a cluster of microfibrils, where each microfibril consisted of several elementary fibrils, and each elementary fibril was represented as three-dimensional matrices of glucose molecules. Using this in-silico model of cellulose substrate, multiple enzyme actions represented by discrete hydrolysis events were modeled using Monte Carlo simulation technique. In this work, the previous model was modified, mainly to incorporate simultaneous action enzymes from multiple classes at any instant of time to account for the enzyme crowding effect, a critical phenomenon during hydrolysis process. Some other modifications were made to capture more realistic expected interactions during hydrolysis. The results were validated with experimental data of pure cellulose (Avicel, filter paper, and cotton) hydrolysis using purified enzymes from Trichoderma reesei for various hydrolysis conditions. Hydrolysis results predicted by model simulations showed a good fit with the experimental data under all hydrolysis conditions. Current model resulted in more accurate predictions of sugar concentrations compared to previous version of the model. Model results also successfully simulated experimentally observed trends, such as product inhibition, low cellobiohydrolase activity on high DP substrates, low endoglucanases activity on a crystalline substrate, and inverse relationship between the degree of synergism and substrate degree of polymerization emerged naturally from the model. Model simulations were in qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental data from hydrolysis of various pure cellulose substrates by action of individual as well as multiple cellulases.
Balanced blood product transfusion during liver transplantation.

INTRODUCTION This study was conducted to determine whether an intra-operative ratio of at least 1:1:2 of fresh frozen plasma (FFP):platelets (PLTs):packed red blood cells (pRBCs) improves outcomes in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). METHODS A single-center, retrospective study of deceased donor OLT recipients (MELD ≥15) requiring intra-operative pRBC transfusion (years 2013-2016). Patients were grouped into those receiving an intra-operative ratio of ≥1:1:2 of FFP:PLTs:pRBCs vs ratios .05). Patients in the ≥1:1:2 group had lower pRBC and intra-operative blood product requirements (11 ± 0.5 vs 19 ± 1.4 units, P < .001, and 33 ± 1.3 vs 43 ± 3.3 units, P = .006, respectively), improved 1-month mortality (0 vs 8%, P = .002), improved 1-year survival (P = .004), less intra-operative cardiac arrest (3% vs 10%, P = .03), and shorter operating room time (389 ± 7.2 vs 431 ± 17.2 minutes, P = .03). After multivariate adjustment for baseline and intra-operative variables, balanced blood product transfusion (BBPT) was significantly associated with less intra-operative pRBC transfusion (95% confidence interval: 0.60-0.72). CONCLUSION Balanced blood product transfusion is associated with reduced transfusion requirements in OLT.
Case 71: A Request to Provide Isoflurane Anesthesia for Treatment of Status Epilepticus

You are the anesthesiologist on call. It is late at night. An attending ICU physician requests that you provide an isoflurane general anesthetic to an ICU patient in refractory status epilepticus (RSE). Volatile anesthetic reliably induces burst suppression within minutes and is considered a reasonable treatment option for RSE [1–3].
A variation of the proximal infinite game

Abstract A variation of the proximal infinite game and a class of spaces more general than the proximal spaces are introduced. If the first player has a winning strategy in this variation then the space is pseudonormal. If the second player does not have a winning strategy then the space is an Arhangel'skii α 2 space. This new version of the proximal game is used to show that a Σ-product of ω -bounded topological manifolds is pseudonormal.
Management of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in the Hospital Setting

Diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia are frequently encountered in hospitalized patients and present complex management problems. This issue will continue to stress the health-care system in the United States as an increase in the overall diabetes prevalence is anticipated over the coming decades.1 Since diabetic patients are hospitalized more often than their non-diabetic peers, hyperglycemia in the hospital will become an increasingly common scenario. Hospitalizations can relate directly to uncontrolled diabetes, such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmotic hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS), or severe hypoglycemia; or to the complications of diabetes including cardiac disease, stroke, foot infections, amputations, and kidney disease; or to the variety of general medical conditions to which the diabetic patient is predisposed (community acquired pneumonia, influenza, etc.). National hospital discharge data from 2004 estimate that 609,000 admissions to the hospital involved a primary diagnosis of diabetes, while 5.2 million admissions carried a non-diabetic principal diagnostic code (i.e., diabetes as a “secondary diagnosis”).2 Trends toward monitoring patients more closely in an outpatient setting, with adherence to new practice guidelines concerning glucose management, may potentially decrease hospitalization rates related to metabolic control.
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA AT THE LIQUID–VAPOR INTERFACE OF MERCURY USING A RADIOACTIVE TRACER

From international synaposium on two-phase systems; Haifa, Israel (29 Aug 1971). See CONF-710836-. A unique experimental procedure is described which individually provides a determination of the condensation and evaporation coefficient under non-isothermnal conditions of the liquid-vapor phases. Employing a radioactive mercury tracer it is demonstrated that the condensation and evaporation coefficients associated with a net condensation of a tagged mercury on the surface of its flowing (initially non-radioactive) liquid phase are equal and may be less than unity. Under the non-isothermal condition, examination of the liquid and vapor temperatures with a movable thermocouple probe demonstrated that the bulk vapor temperatures exist to within less than ten mean free path lengths of the liquid surface.
Problems in Ileal Conduit Surgery

The ileal conduit as a means of supravesical urinary diversion has been widely employed since 1950. The first operations of this nature were performed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1955. All patients at the State University of Iowa Hospitals subjected to ileal diversion from 1961 through 1969 have been reviewed; many of the findings form the basis of this report.
Cinacalcet therapy in an infant with an R185Q calcium-sensing receptor mutation causing hyperparathyroidism: a case report and review of the literature

Background Neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) is commonly treated with either parathyroidectomy or pharmacologic agents with varying efficacy and numerous side effects. Reports of using cinacalcet for NSHPT have increased, however, the effective dose for pediatric patients from the onset of symptoms through infancy has not been established. Case presentation We describe the clinical course of a newborn with a de novo R185Q mutation in the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) gene, causing NSHPT. The infant received cinacalcet from the first days of life until 1 year of age. Conclusions Cinacalcet therapy effectively controlled the patient's serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels without side effects.
From objects to acting: Repopulating psychology with people who act:

This article builds on Billig’s (2013) claim that psychologists use too many nouns, which leads to inappropriately objectifying human beings and human functioning. Rather than treating human beings...