cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature-dependent reaction between trimethylaluminum and poly(methyl methacrylate) during sequential vapor infiltration: experimental and ab initio analysis

Vapor-phase, metal-containing organic compounds can diffuse into polymers and modify the material composition and structure. In this work, using a sequential vapor infiltration process based on atomic layer deposition chemistry, we combine in situ Fourier transform infrared transmission and quartz crystal microbalance experiments with ab initio quantum chemical modeling analysis to evaluate and identify likely reaction mechanisms when poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films are exposed to trimethylaluminum (TMA) vapor. We find that TMA readily diffuses into the PMMA, where it physisorbs to ester carbonyl units (CO) to form a metastable CO⋯Al(CH3)3 adduct structure that desorbs at moderate temperatures ( 100 °C, TMA reacts with PMMA to form covalent resonant CO⋯Al–O–C bonding units, and does not form –O–C–O–Al(CH3) as previously hypothesized. This mechanistic insight will help elucidate other polymer/Lewis-acid vapor reactions and could enable new applications for sequential vapor infiltration processes.
Strict diagonal dominance and a Geršgorin type theorem in Euclidean Jordan algebras

Abstract For complex square matrices, the Levy–Desplanques theorem asserts that a strictly diagonally dominant matrix is invertible. The well-known Gersgorin theorem on the location of eigenvalues is equivalent to this. In this article, we extend the Levy–Desplanques theorem to an object in a Euclidean Jordan algebra when its Peirce decomposition with respect to a Jordan frame is given. As a consequence, we prove a Gersgorin type theorem for the spectral eigenvalues of an object in a Euclidean Jordan algebra.
The Antiangiogenic Effects of a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Decoy Receptor Can Be Monitored In Vivo Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging

The development of antiangiogenic therapies has stimulated interest in noninvasive imaging methods to monitor response. We investigated whether the effects of a vascular endothelial growth factor decoy receptor (VEGF Trap, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY) could be monitored in vivo using contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Twenty nude mice (in two groups) were implanted with a human melanoma cell line (DB-1). The active group received VEGF Trap (4 3 25 mg/kg over 2 weeks), whereas the control group received an inactive protein. An ultrasound contrast agent was injected followed by power Doppler imaging (PDI) and pulse inversion harmonic imaging (PIHI; regular and intermittent). Specimens were sectioned in the same planes as the images and stained for endothelial cells (CD31), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), VEGF, and hypoxia (Glut1). Measures of tumor vascularity obtained with the different imaging modes were compared to immunohistochemical markers of angiogenesis. Mean tumor volume was smaller in the active group than in the control group (656 6 225 vs 1,160 6 605 mm 3 ). Overall, PDI and VEGF correlated (r 5 .34; p 5 .037). Vascularity decreased from control to treated mice with intermittent PIHI, as did the expression of CD31 and COX-2 (p # .02), whereas VEGF increased (p 5 .05). CEUS appears to allow in vivo monitoring of the antiangiogenic effects of VEGF Trap in the DB-1 human melanoma xenograft model.
Remedying Trademark Infringement: The Role of Bad Faith in Awarding an Accounting of Defendant’s Profits

The Trademark Act of 1946 (“Lanham Act”) has a recent history as a federal law enacted to protect the power of a trademark from infringement. One of the remedies for infringement under the Lanham Act is disgorging the defendant’s profits. Unfortunately, federal courts have muddied the waters in determining when a trademark owner will be entitled to an accounting of defendant’s profits as a remedy for trademark infringement. The judicially created limitation on the accounting of profits remedy appears in the form of a bad faith requirement. Although the Supreme Court appeared to render the definitive answer regarding whether bad faith is required for this remedy, nearly five decades of circuit and district court decisions have resulted in a schizophrenic view of the remedy of an accounting of profits and the bad faith requirement. This article proposes that Congress did not intend a bad faith requirement be met before an owner of an infringed mark is able to recover a defendant’s profits collected on the back of the infringed mark. This thesis, although seemingly simplistic, must travel a circuitous route through judicial precedent, statutory construction, and general empirical data to be proved.
Uncertainty in the Housing Market: A Learning Model and Evidence from Household Survey Data

This paper argues that uncertainty in the housing market can lead to higher price volatility and persistent estimation errors. Empirically, I construct a Household Sentiment Index (HSI) by applying the Case-Shiller repeat-sales estimation method to the households’ survey responses in the Panel Studies of Income Dynamics (PSID). I find that compared to the actual housing prices in the same state, the HSI consistently overestimated the growth rate after mid-1990s and exhibited more volatility over the entire period from 1968 to 2011. Theoretically, I show that these facts can result from the households’ uncertainty regarding whether a recent change in the market is temporary or permanent. A housing model incorporating this assumption and a Bayesian learning mechanism is able to match the volatility of housing prices. As a proxy for the sentiment index, the one-period forecast from the model shows persistent underestimation and over-estimation of housing prices, resembling the behavior of the PSID responses.
The Information Content of Forgoing Tax Refunds: Evidence from Private Debt Contracts

A puzzle is why a large proportion of firms eligible for income tax refunds do not file claims for such refunds on a timely basis. I hypothesize that firms with private information about higher future profitability and seeking debt financing forgo immediate use of provisions that allow the carryback of net operating losses as a signaling device to separate from firms with lower future profitability in order to obtain more favorable borrowing terms. Firms expecting lower profitability are deterred from mimicking because carrying net operating losses forward is less valuable to them. Consistent with this hypothesis, firms that do not file claims for refunds on a timely basis display higher future profitability and receive lower debt financing costs than firms that file when they first become eligible. These results are stronger when the level of information asymmetry about the borrower’s type is greater. This study is the first to offer a rational explanation for the low take-up rate of tax refunds. As a result, the evidence presented in this study could be relevant to academics and fiscal policy makers that seek to better understand how tax policies affect real decisions.
Xylaria cubensis and its anamorph Xylocoremium flabelliforme, Xylaria allantoidea, and Xylaria poitei in continental United States.

Biological, taxonomic, and nomenclatural aspects of Xylaria cubensis, X. allantoidea, and X. poitei are discussed, with particular reference to their occurrence and activities in continental United...
Socioeconomic Status, Social Capital, and Partisan Polarity as Predictors of Political Incivility on Twitter

Using 414,322 tweets drawn from 143,404 individual Twitter users located in all 435 U.S. congressional districts, this study employed big data and automated content analysis techniques to explore the degree to which socioeconomic status SES, social capital potential the degree to which a congressional district has the potential for interconnected citizen networks, and in-district partisan polarization were associated with incivility on Twitter during the 2012 presidential election. Broadly speaking, and with some exceptions, the results indicated that election oriented incivility on Twitter was highest in districts that had low SES indicators, low levels of social capital potential, and low levels of partisan polarity. In its sum, this study shows how large social data sets i.e., the Census can be combined with big data to explain social phenomena.
Janus Reversal and Coulomb Blockade in Ferrocene-Perylenebisimide and N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-para-phenylenediamine-Perylenebisimide D-σ-A Rectifiers.

Sandwiches “EGaIn|Ga2O3|LB monolayer of 2|Au” and “EGaIn|Ga2O3|LB monolayer of 3|Au” rectify. They are formed from a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) monolayer of 2 or 3 transferred onto thermally evaporated gold. Molecules 2 and 3 are of the donor-sigma-acceptor (D-σ-A) type and have the same perylenebisimide (PBI) acceptor as previously studied molecule 1. Molecule 1 has the weak donor pyrene, 2 has the good donor ferrocene, and 3 has the very strong donor N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD). All three molecules have a long swallowtail ending in a thioacetyl group, which ensures slow chemisorption onto the Au electrode. These molecules were contacted directly by a gallium indium eutectic (EGaIn) drop, covered by a defective oxide Ga2O3 layer. As before for 1, the direction of rectification for 2 is bias-dependent. In the ±1.0 V range, the rectification is at positive V, with a rectification ratio (RR) that is initially greater than 5 and then decreases on successive scans to 2, while the currents decr...
Health impact of chest binding among transgender adults: a community-engaged, cross-sectional study

Chest binding involves the compression of chest tissue for masculine gender expression among people assigned a female sex at birth, particularly transgender and gender non-conforming individuals. There are no peer-reviewed studies that directly assess the health impacts of chest binding, yet transgender community resources commonly discuss symptoms such as pain and scarring. A cross-sectional 32-item survey was administered online to an anonymous, non-random sample of adults who were assigned a female sex at birth and had had experience of binding (n = 1800). Multivariate regression models were used to identify practices associated with self-reported health outcomes. Of participants, 51.5% reported daily binding. Over 97% reported at least one of 28 negative outcomes attributed to binding. Frequency (days/week) was consistently associated with negative outcomes (22/28 outcomes). Compression methods associated with symptoms were commercial binders (20/28), elastic bandages (14/28) and duct tape or plastic wrap (13/28). Larger chest size was primarily associated with dermatological problems. Binding is a frequent activity for many transmasculine individuals, despite associated symptoms. Study findings offer evidence of how binding practices may enhance or reduce risk. Clinicians caring for transmasculine patients should assess binding practices and help patients manage risk.
Fractal Electronics as a Generic Interface to Neurons

Imagine a world in which damaged parts of the body – an arm, or an eye, and ultimately a region of the brain – can be replaced by artificial implants capable of restoring or even enhancing human performance. The associated improvements in the quality of human life would revolutionise the medical world and produce sweeping changes across society. Biotechnology has the potential to transform this imagined world from science fiction into science fact. The use of implants to interface with the body is growing rapidly and represents the brave new world of electronics. However, today’s electronic implants are based on the commercial electronics employed in computers and communications technology. Consequently, their performance is limited severely by the interface between the artificial and biological systems. In this chapter, we will discuss the optimal solution of establishing a bio-inspired interface using ‘interconnects’ that mimic the biological circuitry employed by the body – neurons. Neurons are fractal, featuring dendritic branches that repeat at increasingly fine sizes. We will discuss the construction of fractal interconnects and their fundamental functions – inducing and detecting electrical signals in the neurons. We will outline their enhanced performance, which includes their electrical, optical and physical properties.
Deterritorializing Voices: Staging the Middle East in American Theatre

In their book A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism & Schizophrenia, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari describe a network of interlinking and mutual unfolding in which two entities, in their metaphor, the orchid and the wasp, define each other, reflecting their interconnectedness and mutual dependence. Deleuze and Guattari use the terms “deterritorialization” and “reterritorialization” within a complex continuum of relationality. The wasp and orchid suggest a nexus that has meaning only when wasp and orchid are considered in their rhizomatic relation to one another. On the one hand, the rhizome constitutes the dynamics between deterritorialization and reterritorialization in which orchid and wasp deceptively appear to form a hybrid. On the other hand, the terms used by Deleuze and Guattari, in relation to “territory”, suggest conquest and colonization, which rule out hybridity as a possibility. A relational approach to cultural studies and an emphasis on hybridity in identity and culture gained currency in the 1990s initiated by Homi Bhabha, who argued for the connection between globalization and cultural hybridization.2
Adapting extracellular matrix proteomics for clinical studies on cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction

Following myocardial infarction (MI), the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a series of cardiac wound healing responses that involve stimulation of robust inflammation to clear necrotic myocytes and tissue debris and induction of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein synthesis to generate a scar. Proteomic strategies provide us with a means to index the ECM proteins expressed in the LV, quantify amounts, determine functions, and explore interactions. This review will focus on the efforts taken in the proteomics research field that have expanded our understanding of post-MI LV remodeling, concentrating on the strengths and limitations of different proteomic approaches to glean information that is specific to ECM turnover in the post-MI setting. We will discuss how recent advances in sample preparation and labeling protocols increase our successes at detecting components of the cardiac ECM proteome. We will summarize how proteomic approaches, focusing on the ECM compartment, have progressed over time to current gel-free methods using decellularized fractions or labeling strategies that will be useful for clinical applications. This review will provide an overview of how cardiac ECM proteomics has evolved over the last decade and will provide insight into future directions that will drive forward our understanding of cardiac ECM turnover in the post-MI LV.
Mesalamine-induced Pneumonitis and Serum Sickness-like Reaction.

Sulfasalazine and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) analogues are used as mainstays for treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) and mild or moderately active ulcerative colitis (UC) and to maintain remission in these disease entities.1 Although these drugs are effective in treating CD and UC,2,3 sulfasalazine has been associated with complications, including pancreatitis, hepatitis, skin abnormalities, and hematologic consequences.4 In fact, up to 30% of patients taking 4 g of sulfasalazine daily are intolerant, experiencing side effects such as nausea or myalgias. Sulfasalazine, the archetypal azo-bonded 5-ASA drug, is engineered to release free 5-ASA (mesalamine) in the colon, after bacterial azoreductase cleavage of the 5-ASA sulfapyridine diazo bond. Dose escalation is limited by intolerance and hypersensitivity to the sulfapyridine moiety, resulting in bone-marrow suppression, folic-acid deficiency, anemia, pancreatitis, headaches, and gastrointestinal intolerance. Like sulfasalazine, the conjugated 5-ASA preparations with azo-bonds release active 5-ASA in the colon. Unlike sulfasalazine, dose escalation is allowed because there is no sulfapyridine-associated toxicity. Oral mesalamine preparations—unconjugated, free 5-ASA—have been formulated as either delayed-release preparations (Asacol, Procter & Gamble) with a resin (Eudragit) coating that is degraded at pH 6 or 7 (the approximate pH of the ileum and proximal colon) or as sustained-release preparations (Pentasa, Shire) that are encapsulated in ethyl cellulose microgranules and released in solution throughout the entire small bowel and proximal colon.5 The novel 5-ASA 1.2 g delayed- and sustained-release MMX mesalamine formulation (Lialda, Shire) has recently been studied and found to be well tolerated.6,7 Topicalized mesalamine (Canasa suppositories, Axcan; Rowasa enemas, Alaven) deliver 5-ASA directly to the distal rectum and sigmoid colon.
Taxation and Human Rights: A Delicate Balance

The intersection of tax law and human rights can be viewed from two opposing perspectives. On the one hand, the ability of rich residents of developing countries and multinational corporations operating in those countries to evade or avoid taxation is directly linked to violations of human rights in those countries, especially from the perspective of social and economic rights like health and education. Providing such countries with the means to fight back and collect adequate revenues is essential in advancing such rights. On the other hand, some of the techniques used to achieve adequate revenue collection, like automatic exchange of information (AEoI) and country by country reporting, risk violating other human rights like privacy and the legitimate protection of trade secrets. This paper seeks to discuss both aspects and the need to find a reasonable balance between them.
Aqueous History of Mars as Inferred From Landed Mission Measurements of Rocks, Soils, and Water Ice

The missions that have operated on the surface of Mars acquired data that complement observations acquired from orbit and provide information that would not have been acquired without surface measurements. Data from the Viking Landers demonstrated that soils have basaltic compositions, containing minor amounts of salts and one or more strong oxidants. Pathfinder with its rover confirmed that the distal portion of Ares Vallis is the site of flood-deposited boulders. Spirit found evidence for hydrothermal deposits surrounding the Home Plate volcanoclastic feature. Opportunity discovered that the hematite signature on Meridiani Planum as seen from orbit is due to hematitic concretions concentrated on the surface as winds eroded sulfate-rich sandstones that dominate the Burns formation. The sandstones originated as playa muds that were subsequently reworked by wind and rising ground water. Opportunity also found evidence on the rim of the Noachian Endurance Crater for smectites, with extensive leaching along fractures. Curiosity acquired data at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater that allow reconstruction of a sustained fluvial-deltaic-lacustrine system prograding into the crater. Smectites and low concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons have been identified in the lacustrine deposits. Phoenix, landing above the Arctic Circle, found icy soils, along with low concentrations of perchlorate salt. Perchlorate is considered to be a strong candidate for the oxidant found by the Viking Landers. It is also a freezing point depressant and may play a role in allowing brines to exist at and beneath the surface in more modern periods of time on Mars.
SHARE: Spreading Health Awareness with Resources and Education -- Librarians' role in patient education, a case study.

The Spreading Health Awareness with Resources and Education (SHARE) program was an outreach effort, funded by National Library of Medicine (NLM), to increase awareness of health information resourc...
Role of Near Substrate and Bulk Polymer Morphology on Out-of-Plane Space-Charge Limited Hole Mobility

Charge transport is a central issue in all types of organic electronic devices. In organic films, charge transport is crucially limited by film microstructure and the nature of the substrate/organic interface interactions. In this report, we discuss the influence of active layer thickness on space-charge limited hole transport in pristine polymer and polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction thin films (∼15–300 nm) in a diode structure. According to the results, the out-of-plane hole mobility in pristine polymers is sensitive to the degree of polymer chain aggregation. Blending the polymers with a fullerene molecule does not change the trend of hole mobility if the polymer tends to make an amorphous structure. However, employing an aggregating polymer in a bulk heterojunction blend gives rise to a marked difference in charge carrier transport behavior compared to the pristine polymer and this difference is sensitive to active layer thickness. In aggregating polymer films, the thickness-dependent interchain in...
Pulmonary Signet-Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma Metastatic to the Skin.

Abstract:Internal malignancies occasionally metastasize to the skin, usually imparting a poor prognosis. In men, pulmonary malignancies are the second most common offending tumor. Roughly, half such lesions are adenocarcinomas. A small subset of pulmonary adenocarcinomas exhibits signet-ring morphol
Caring for Refugee Youth in the School Setting.

Annually, over 80,000 refugees enter the United States as a result of political or religious persecution. Of these, approximately 35% to 40% are children and adolescents. Refugees are faced with challenges associated with living conditions, cultural and social norms, and socioeconomic status due to problems occurring in their homelands. These challenges include but are not limited to malnutrition, communicable disease, questionable immunization status, lack of formal education, sexual abuse, violence, torture, human trafficking, homelessness, poverty, and a lack of access to health care. Moreover, the psychological impact of relocation and the stress of acculturation may perpetuate many of these existing challenges, particularly for refugee youth, with limited or underdeveloped coping skills. School nurses are uniquely poised to support refugee youth in the transition process, improve overall health, and facilitate access to primary health services. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of...
Brad Paisley—a different kind of cowboy before “Accidental Racist”?

Brad Paisley released his ninth studio album, Wheelhouse, on April 9, 2013. The album begins with the nineteen second outro from the 1919 recording of “How Ya Gonna Keep ’Em Down On The Farm (After They've Seen Paree),” musically suggesting a departure from a traditional country style and directly related to the topic of the next track, “Southern Comfort Zones,” a song extolling the importance of travel to places unlike those of one's upbringing. While most of the songs on this album fit within topics traditionally found in country music, Paisley includes two controversial tracks on the album—“Those Crazy Christians” and “Accidental Racist.” Both of these songs have thematic precedents on Paisley's earlier albums, but the prior songs did not generate the type of controversy seen after the release of Wheelhouse. In this article, I examine the two controversial tracks on Wheelhouse and two songs from an earlier album, American Saturday Night (“No!” and “Back to the Future”), that serve as stylistic and thematic precedents to the songs on Wheelhouse. I then address the narrative perspective in both the controversial tracks and the earlier noncontroversial tracks as a possible source of the controversy.
Low-voltage three-terminal avalanche photodiodes

We demonstrate a novel three-terminal avalanche photodiode detector with a measured breakdown voltage of only −6V, a 3dB bandwidth of 18.6GHz, a DC gain of 15.6 and an open eye diagram at 10Gbps.
Fast anatomy segmentation by combining low resolution multi-atlas label fusion with high resolution corrective learning: An experimental study

Deformable registration based multi-atlas segmentation has been successfully applied in a broad range of anatomy segmentation applications. However, the excellent performance comes with a high computational burden due to the requirement for deformable image registration and voxel-wise label fusion. To address this problem, we conduct an experimental study to investigate trade-off between computational cost and performance by first applying multi-atlas segmentation in coarse spatial resolution and then refining the results by learning-based error correction in the native image space. In a cardiac CT segmentation application, our experiments show that the new combination scheme can significantly reduce computational cost without losing accuracy.
Discovery of Oligonucleotide Signaling Mediated by CRISPR-Associated Polymerases Solves Two Puzzles but Leaves an Enigma.

The signature component of type III CRISPR-Cas systems is the Cas10 protein that consists of two Palm domains homologous to those of DNA and RNA polymerases and nucleotide cyclases and an HD nuclease domain. However, until very recently, the activity of the Palm domains and their role in CRISPR function have not been experimentally established. Most of the type III CRISPR-Cas systems and some type I systems also encompass proteins containing the CARF (CRISPR-associated Rossmann fold) domain that has been predicted to regulate CRISPR functions via nucleotide binding, but its function in CRISPR-Cas remained obscure. Two independent recent studies show that the Palm domain of Cas10 catalyzes synthesis of oligoadenylates, which bind the CARF domain of the Csm6 protein and activate its RNase domain that cleaves foreign transcripts enabling interference by type III CRISPR-Cas. In one coup, these findings resolved two long-standing puzzles of CRISPR biology and reveal a new regulatory pathway that governs the CR...
ACTR-44. AUTOPSY STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF TUMOR TREATMENT FIELDS IN RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA: PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND TRIAL DESIGN

BACKGROUND Optune therapy with tumor treatment fields (TTFields) is approved for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma due to a recent clinical trial that showed better quality of life and comparable overall survival to conventional therapy. In the newly diagnosed setting, the addition of TTFields to standard therapy consisting of surgery, radiation and temozolomide has also been shown to prolong tumor progression and improve overall survival. TTFields are low-intensity, alternating frequency electric fields that have been shown to disrupt cell division and subsequently tumor growth. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest have been seen in vitro, and shown in mice and rabbit tumor models. Though preclinical studies are ongoing, glioblastoma patients who have undergone TTFields therapy have not yet been assessed at autopsy to determine both the pathological signature of TTFields therapy, and the pattern of failure.
Pediatric Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation offers potentially life-saving portal decompression regardless of patient age or size, but has been underutilized in pediatric patients to date. Experience has therefore been limited, and the full clinical benefit in this population is yet to be realized. Those wishing to embark on pediatric TIPSs would benefit not only from significant experience in adult TIPSs, but also from an awareness of challenges posed by the unique pediatric population. We herein review the etiologies and manifestations of portal hypertension more common in children, highlight some of the technical nuances of creating TIPSs in smaller anatomy, and summarize the existing literature on the topic. As extrahepatic portal vein occlusion (EHPVO) occurs with greater frequency in pediatric patients, special attention is paid to this condition and its associated challenges.
Supersymmetric Properties of Hadron Physics from Light-Front Holography and Superconformal Algebra and other Advances in Light-Front QCD

Light-front holography, together with superconformal algebra, have provided new insights into the physics of color confinement and the spectroscopy and dynamics of hadrons. As shown by de Alfaro, Fubini and Furlan, a mass scale can appear in the equations of motion without affecting the conformal invariance of the action if one adds a term to the Hamiltonian proportional to the dilatation operator or the special conformal operator. If one applies the procedure of de Alfaro et al. to the frame-independent light-front Hamiltonian, it leads uniquely to a confining $$q \bar{q}$$ potential $$\kappa ^4 \zeta ^2$$ , where $$\zeta ^2$$ is the light-front radial variable related in momentum space to the $$q \bar{q}$$ invariant mass. The same result, including spin terms, is obtained using light-front holography—the duality between the front form and AdS $$_5$$ , the space of isometries of the conformal group—if one modifies the action of AdS $$_5$$ by the dilaton $$e^{\kappa ^2 z^2}$$ in the fifth dimension z. When one generalizes this procedure using superconformal algebra, the resulting light-front eigensolutions lead to a a unified Regge spectroscopy of meson, baryon, and tetraquarks, including supersymmetric relations between their masses and their wavefunctions. One also predicts hadronic light-front wavefunctions and observables such as structure functions, transverse momentum distributions, and the distribution amplitudes. The mass scale $$\kappa $$ underlying confinement and hadron masses can be connected to the parameter $$\varLambda _{\overline{MS}}$$ in the QCD running coupling by matching the nonperturbative dynamics to the perturbative QCD regime. The result is an effective coupling $$\alpha _s(Q^2)$$ defined at all momenta. The matching of the high and low momentum transfer regimes determines a scale $$Q_0$$ which sets the interface between perturbative and nonperturbative hadron dynamics. I also discuss a number of applications of light-front phenomenology.
Are good reasoners more incest-friendly? Trait cognitive reflection predicts selective moralization in a sample of American adults.

Two studies examined the relationship between individual differences in cognitive reflection (CRT) and the tendency to accord genuinely moral (non-conventional) status to a range of counter-normative acts — that is, to treat such acts as wrong regardless of existing social opinion or norms. We contrasted social violations that are intrinsically harmful to others (e.g., fraud, thievery) with those that are not (e.g., wearing pajamas to work and engaging in consensual acts of sexual intimacy with an adult sibling). Our key hypothesis was that more reflective (higher CRT) individuals would tend to moralize selectively — treating only intrinsically harmful acts as genuinely morally wrong — whereas less reflective (lower CRT) individuals would moralize more indiscriminately. We found clear support for this hypothesis in a large and ideologically diverse sample of American adults. The predicted associations were not fully accounted for by the subjects’ political orientation, sensitivity to gut feelings, gender, age, educational attainment, or their placement on a sexual moralsspecific measure of social conservatism. Our studies are thefirst to demonstrate that, in addition to modulating the intensity of moral condemnation, reflection may also play a key role in setting the boundaries of the moral domain as such.
Pharmacology of Prescription Hypnotics

The hypnotics are a class of drugs whose common feature is a subjective effect—relief from a sensation of poor quality or inadequate quantity of sleep. There drugs possess a variety of chemical structures and have been introduced into medicine over many years. They include the chloral derivatives, introduced in the mid-19th century; the barbiturates, first used medically at the beginning of this century; several classes of heterocyclic compounds introduced since the 1950s; and the benzodiazepines, which have had a meteoric rise in use since the 1960s.
A Family-Oriented Supportive Approach to Dialysis and Renal Transplantation in Children

Comprehensive pediatric care provided by an interdisciplinary team is often recommended to help families cope with the considerable stresses involved in dialysis and renal transplantation.1 The various functions of comprehensive care include emotional support of families through the course of treatment, attention to the child’s psychosocial adjustment, and facilitation of patient-physician communications. The structure and emphasis of comprehensive care program vary considerably from setting to setting. This report describes the role of one comprehensive care team in aiding family coping and helping families with treatment decisions, with particular reference to renal transplantation.
Partial Differential Equations in Space

At last we have ascended to the ultimate rung of the dimensional ladder (at least for those of us living in a three-dimensional universe): partial differential equations in physical space. As in the one- and two-dimensional settings developed in the preceding chapters, the main protagonists are the Laplace and Poisson equations, modeling equilibrium configurations of solid bodies; the three-dimensional wave equation, governing vibrations of solids, liquids, and electromagnetic waves; and the three-dimensional heat equation, modeling spatial diffusion processes.
Potential Complications of Thyroid Cancer Surgery

The close proximity of important normal structures makes removal of the thyroid a technically demanding operation in the best of circumstances (Fig. 1). When tumor extends beyond the thyroid gland, cancer removal may require resection of normal structures in a way that is sure to result in permanent functional loss (Weissler 1995; Zarnegar 2003). In our opinion, a gross total tumor resection is such an important goal in thyroid cancer that predictable functional problems should be viewed as expected outcomes rather than unexpected complications in patients with locally advanced disease. The location of the thyroid gland explains the problems that may develop as a result of thyroid cancer surgery (Table 1).
Discourse and power: Implementation of a funds of knowledge curriculum:

A curriculum redesign rooted in a funds of knowledge framework breaks down the power dynamics among all participants, creating a flow of information and value for parents, students, and teachers. T...
Atomic Layer Deposition of Space-Efficient SnO2 Underlayers for BiVO4 Host-Guest Architectures for Photoassisted Water Splitting

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4 ) is promising for solar-assisted water splitting. The performance of BiVO4 is limited by charge separation for >70 nm films or by light harvesting for <700 nm films. To resolve this mismatch, host-guest architectures use thin film coatings on 3D scaffolds. Recombination, however, is exacerbated at the extended host-guest interface. Underlayers are used to limit this recombination with a host-underlayer-guest series. Such underlayers consume precious pore volume where typical SnO2 underlayers are optimized with 65-80 nm. In this study, conformal and ultrathin SnO2 underlayers with low defect density are produced by atomic layer deposition (ALD). This shifts the optimized thickness to just 8 nm with significantly improved space efficiency. The materials chemistry thus determines the dimension optimization. Lastly, host-guest architectures are shown to have an applied bias photon-to-charge efficiency of 0.71 %, a new record for a photoanode absorber prepared by ALD.
Resilience of Pruned Neural Network Against Poisoning Attack

In the past several years, machine learning, especially deep learning, has achieved remarkable success in various fields. However, it has been shown recently that machine learning algorithms are vulnerable to well-crafted attacks. For instance, poisoning attack is effective in manipulating the results of a predictive model by deliberately contaminating the training data. In this paper, we investigate the implication of network pruning on the resilience against poisoning attacks. Our experimental results show that pruning can effectively increase the difficulty of poisoning attack, possibly due to the reduced degrees of freedom in the pruned network. For example, in order to degrade the test accuracy below 60% for the MNIST-1-7 dataset, only less than 10 retraining epochs with poisoning data are needed for the original network, while about 16 and 40 epochs are required for the 90% and 99% pruned networks, respectively.
Characterization of Zea mays endosperm C-24 sterol methyltransferase: one of two types of sterol methyltransferase in higher plants.

We report the characterization of a higher-plant C-24 sterol methyltransferase by yeast complementation. A Zea mays endosperm expressed sequence tag (EST) was identified which, upon complete sequencing, showed 46% identity to the yeast C-24 methyltransferase gene (ERG6) and 75% and 37% amino acid identity to recently isolated higher-plant sterol methyltransferases from soybean and Arabidopsis, respectively. When placed under GAL4 regulation, the Z. mays cDNA functionally complemented the erg6 mutation, restoring ergosterol production and conferring resistance to cycloheximide. Complementation was both plasmid-dependent and galactose-inducible. The Z. mays cDNA clone contains an open reading frame encoding a 40 kDa protein containing motifs common to a large number of S-adenosyl-L-methionine methyltransferases (SMTs). Sequence comparisons and functional studies of the maize, soybean and Arabidopsis cDNAs indicates two types of C-24 SMTs exist in higher plants.
Evaluation of suture reinforcement for stapled intestinal anastomoses: 77 dogs (2008-2018).

Objective To determine the influence of oversewing a transverse staple line in functional end-to-end stapled intestinal anastomoses (FEESA) in dogs. Study design Retrospective observational study. Sample population Seventy-seven client-owned dogs that underwent 78 FEESA reinforced (n = 30) or not reinforced (n = 48) with suture at the transverse staple line. Methods The medical records database was searched and reviewed for dogs that had undergone a FEESA between January 2008 and September 2018. Data were collected regarding signalment, body weight, clinical presentation, indication for surgery, serum albumin, presence of septic peritonitis, previous surgeries, surgical techniques (ie, oversew, crotch suture, omental wrap, omental patch, serosal patch), histopathology results, and postoperative outcome. Results The only differences identified between groups consisted of higher preoperative albumin (2.89 ± 0.56 vs 2.34 ± 0.62 g/dL; P = .006) and lower postoperative dehiscence rate (0/30 vs 7/48; P = .028) in dogs with an oversewn FEESA. Oversewing the FEESA was identified as the significant factor in a model with oversewing and preoperative albumin fit to the outcome of dehiscence (oversew P = .010, albumin P = .761). The location of the dehiscence was specified in four of seven dogs, all along the transverse staple line. Patterns used for oversew were unspecified (n = 11), simple continuous (8), Cushing (4), simple interrupted (2), cruciate (1), interrupted horizontal mattress (1), and Lembert (1). Conclusion Oversewing the transverse staple line in FEESA was associated with a reduced occurrence of postoperative dehiscence. Clinical significance Our results provide evidence to support additional investigation of suture reinforcement (oversewing) at the transverse staple line of FEESA to reduce postoperative dehiscence.
Increased fructose consumption has sex-specific effects on fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in humans.

Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a primarily hepatic hormone with pleotropic metabolic effects, is regulated by fructose in humans. Recent work has established that 75 g of oral fructose robustly stimulates FGF21 levels in humans with peak levels occurring 2 h following ingestion; this has been termed an oral fructose tolerance test (OFTT). It is unknown whether prolonged high-fructose consumption influences the FGF21 response to acute fructose or whether biological sex influences FGF21-fructose dynamics. Methods Thirty-nine healthy adults underwent baseline OFTT following an overnight fast. For the high-fructose exposure protocol, 20 subjects ingested 75 g of fructose daily for 14 ± 3 d, followed by repeat OFTT. For the control group, an OFTT was repeated following 14 ± 3 d of ad lib diet. For all subjects, FGF21 levels, glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids and triglyceride levels were measured at baseline and 2 h following OFTT. All subjects maintained 3-d food logs prior to OFTT testing. Results Women demonstrated significantly higher baseline and peak stimulated total and intact FGF21 levels compared with men both before and after high-fructose exposure. Baseline total and intact FGF21 levels decreased following ongoing fructose exposure, maintaining a stable ratio. This decrease was sex specific, with only women demonstrating decreased baseline FGF21 levels. There were no changes in metabolic or anthropometric parameters following the high-fructose exposure. Conclusions Daily ingestion of 75 g of fructose for 2 weeks results in a sex-specific decrease in baseline FGF21 levels without change in body weight or biochemical evidence of metabolic injury. There were also sex-specific differences in peak fructose-stimulated FGF21 levels, which do not change with high-fructose consumption. The role of FGF21 in the development of metabolic disease caused by fructose consumption may differ based on biological sex. Future long-term studies should consider sex differences in FGF21-fructose dynamics.
Evaluation of Efficiency-Shifting Permanent Magnet Motor in Electric Vehicle

We have designed an efficiency-shifting radial-axial hybrid permanent magnet synchronous machine (ES-RA-HPMSM) for use in an electric vehicle (EV) and compared the maximum driving distance $(d_{max})$ and ratio of the d max to the cost of the motor system with transmission $(d_{max}/M_{cost})$ of the conventional non-efficiency-shifting motor (ES-M) used in current EVs with either a single-or two-gear transmission (TR). An EV model, comprising a driver, motor and inverter, battery pack, TR, wheel, and chassis model, was constructed using MATLAB software. The proposed ES-RA-HPMSM with single-gear TR and four non-ES-M with either single-or two-gear TR were evaluated under typical city, highway, and city+highway drive cycles. The results show that the proposed ES-RA-HPMSM not only extends the $d_{max}$ by 25.4 and 46.8 miles in the city, 30.4 and 44.9 miles in the highway, and 37.8 and 19.5 miles in city+highway drive cycles but also exhibits higher $d_{max}/M_{cost}$ by 4 and 97 % in the city, 21 and 86 % in the highway, and 20 and 92 % in the city+highway drive cycles, compared to the conventional motor with single-or two-gear TR, respectively.
CUDA-DTM: Distributed Transactional Memory for GPU Clusters

We present CUDA-DTM, the first ever Distributed Transactional Memory framework written in CUDA for large scale GPU clusters. Transactional Memory has become an attractive auto-coherence scheme for GPU applications with irregular memory access patterns due to its ability to avoid serializing threads while still maintaining programmability. We extend GPU Software Transactional Memory to allow threads across many GPUs to access a coherent distributed shared memory space and propose a scheme for GPU-to-GPU communication using CUDA-Aware MPI. The performance of CUDA-DTM is evaluated using a suite of seven irregular memory access benchmarks with varying degrees of compute intensity, contention, and node-to-node communication frequency. Using a cluster of 256 devices, our experiments show that GPU clusters using CUDA-DTM can be up to 115x faster than CPU clusters.
CASCADE: Connecting RRAMs to Extend Analog Dataflow In An End-To-End In-Memory Processing Paradigm

Processing in memory (PIM) is a concept to enable massively parallel dot products while keeping one set of operands in memory. PIM is ideal for computationally demanding deep neural networks (DNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). Processing in resistive RAM (RRAM) is particularly appealing due to RRAM's high density and low energy. A key limitation of PIM is the cost of multibit analog-to-digital (A/D) conversions that can defeat the efficiency and performance benefits of PIM. In this work, we demonstrate the CASCADE architecture that connects multiply-accumulate (MAC) RRAM arrays with buffer RRAM arrays to extend the processing in analog and in memory: dot products are followed by partial-sum buffering and accumulation to implement a complete DNN or RNN layer. Design choices are made and the interface is designed to enable a variation-tolerant, robust analog dataflow. A new memory mapping scheme named R-Mapping is devised to enable the in-RRAM accumulation of partial sums; and an analog summation scheme is used to reduce the number of A/D conversions required to obtain the final sum. CASCADE is compared with recent in-RRAM computation architectures using state-of-the-art DNN and RNN benchmarks. The results demonstrate that CASCADE improves the energy efficiency by 3.5× while maintaining a competitive throughput.
Fundamental Study on Three-dimensional Display Using Water

Holograms and computer graphics (CG) are used for presenting three-dimensional shapes. However, these are based on video technology and cannot actually form an object. Therefore, we develop a display device using a water column formed by water jet. By using a liquid, the displayed object can be changed to an arbitrary shape and one can touch those objects. By increasing the number of nozzles, the device can reproduce the object in details. However, the number of nozzles that can be used depends on the performance of the pump. If the outflow shape can be changed for each nozzle, various displays can be made. In this paper, we numerically analyze the shape of the outflow formed by the water jet of the nozzle.
The analysis of truncated vocatives in Taviano (Salentino) Italian

Aquest article documenta i discuteix diverses generalitzacions descriptives i analisis alternatives del truncament vocatiu en tavia, un dialecte del sud d’Italia, que es pot il·lustrar amb exemples com Filomena>Filome. Es demostra que el limit superior en relacio a la mida maxima del truncat no es restringeix al peu binari ni als peus minimament recursius: Addolorata > Addolora. El limit inferior del truncat pot arribar a una sola sil·laba CV, amb violacio del requisit de binarietat: Cesare > Ce, tot i que es rebutja el truncament quan el resultat es una vocal tonica: Elena > *E. L’analisi del truncament vocatiu se situa en el context de la gramatica general del salenti i demostra que, mentre algunes propietats com la perdua de consonants en posicio de coda es poden atribuir als ranquings imposats per la gramatica del salenti, altres son especifiques d’aquesta construccio. L’analisi de l’accent en l’adaptacio de manlleus constitueix un aspecte prominent de la proposta. La seccio final examina algunes de les propietats morfologiques i sintactiques del vocatiu del tavia.
Development and implementation of an electrolyte replacement protocol in the outpatient oncology infusion centers of a large academic healthcare system

BackgroundPatients receiving chemotherapy frequently experience electrolyte imbalances. Electrolyte replacement is, therefore, a necessity as patients may experience life-threatening symptoms.Study...