cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Clamping on the Laser Forming Process

Although considerable effort has gone into characterizing the laser forming process in terms of process parameters and conditions, there has been little emphasis on the effects of the mechanical and thermal constraints introduced by the clamping method utilized for a desired application. This research suggests means for investigating and predicting the resulting geometry of a specimen due to laser operation in close proximity to an array of imposed thermo-mechanical constraints for both the single and multiple scan cases; specifically, the resulting average bending angle as well as bending angle variations throughout the part. This is accomplished by initially only considering these effects on the thermal field. Conclusions are then drawn about the nature of the mechanical effects. These conclusions are validated through numerical simulation as well as physical experimentation. An analytical solution of the thermal problem is also presented for further validation of the temperature field as a constrained edge is approached.
Enhanced expression of resident leukocyte interferon γ mRNA in endometriosis

PROBLEM Previous studies have shown that the endometrial epithelial/stromal cell proliferative activity of endometriosis is significantly less than that of normal endometrium and that the concentration of resident stromal leukocytes is significantly greater in ectopic than in eutopic endometrium. Other work has shown that interferon gamma (IFN gamma), secreted by resident leukocytes, inhibits endometrial cell proliferation in vitro. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the lower proliferative activity of endometriosis may be related to enhanced resident leukocyte IFN gamma production. This study was designed to assess whether resident leukocytes in endometriosis express IFN gamma mRNA and to compare this expression to that of normal endometrium. METHODS Biopsies of ectopic endometrium (N = 16) from women in the follicular phase and normal proliferative (N = 9) and secretory (N = 8) endometria were examined for IFN gamma expression. Using monoclonal antibodies specific for CD45 (leukocyte common antigen), CD3 (a T-cell marker) and CD11c (a macrophage marker), leukocyte types were identified immunocytochemically, followed by in situ hybridization to examine expression of IFN gamma mRNA. RESULTS Results demonstrated that (1) the overall concentration of T cells and macrophages expressing IFN gamma mRNA is significantly greater in endometriosis as compared to eutopic endometrium, and (2) the percent of each leukocyte type expressing IFN gamma mRNA is greater in endometriosis than in normal endometrium. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a possible paracrine role for resident leukocytes in regulating cell proliferation in endometriosis.
Terbium replacement of calcium in carp muscle calcium-binding parvalbumin: an x-ray crystallographic study.

Abstract Two calcium ions are bound by carp muscle calcium-binding parvalbumin. One is completely surrounded by protein ligands and not exposed to the solvent. The second has one water molecule in the primary co-ordination sphere. The latter, solvent accessible calcium ion, can be replaced by terbium in conditions where the internal ion is not replaced.
Refraction and absorption of light in bacterial suspensions

The apparent average refractive indices of three types of microorganism in liquid suspension have been estimated by two methods. In the first, the refractive index of the aqueous suspension is measured in an interferometer, the bacterial cell volume fraction is estimated from the dilution of an added inert solute, and the refractive index of the disperse phase is calculated with the aid of a mixture rule. In the second method, optical density spectra of suspensions in several concentrated solutions of nonpenetrating solutes are measured as a function of the refractive index,n1, of the solution. The value ofn1 when the optical density,E, has its smallest value is equated to the average cell refractive index and the constants of the parabolaE (n1) are related to the heterogeneity of the cell population in respect to refractive index. The preliminary results obtained by the two methods are in satisfactory agreement and are consistent with the specific refractive increments of protein and nucleic acid and their concentrations in the cell. It is pointed out that measurements of optical density spectra can also give useful information concerning the number and size of cells in a suspension and their optical dispersion constants. To obtain such information, however, a spectrophotometer specially designed to exclude forward-scattered light must be used and an acceptable theory must be available. Finally, the apparent spectral absorption of “clarified” cell suspensions is presented and compared with spectra obtained by other methods. It is pointed out that because of refractive heterodispersity even “clarified” suspensions are turbid, so that this method does not provide a completely satisfactory technique for cell spectrophotometry.
IL-4 Function Can Be Transferred to the IL-2 Receptor by Tyrosine Containing Sequences Found in the IL-4 Receptor α Chain

Abstract IL-4 binds to a cell surface receptor complex that consists of the IL-4-binding protein (IL-4Rα) and the γ chain of the IL-2 receptor complex (γc). The receptors for IL-4 and IL-2 have several features in common; both use the γc as a receptor component, and both activate the Janus kinases JAK-1 and JAK-3. In spite of these similarities, IL-4 evokes specific responses, including the tyrosine phosphorylation of 4PS/IRS-2 and the induction of CD23. To determine whether sequences within the cytoplasmic domain of the IL-4Rα specify these IL-4-specific responses, we transplanted the insulin IL-4 receptor motif (I4R motif) of the huIL-4Rα to the cytoplasmic domain of a truncated IL-2Rβ. In addition, we transplanted a region that contains peptide sequences shown to block Stat6 binding to DNA. We analyzed the ability of cells expressing these IL-2R–IL-4R chimeric constructs to respond to IL-2. We found that IL-4 function could be transplanted to the IL-2 receptor by these regions and that proliferative and differentiative functions can be induced by different receptor sequences.
Fractal analysis of the roughness and size distribution of granular materials

The roughness, i.e. general shape and surface irregularity, of particulate soil is an important characteristic that affects the mass behavior of the soil. Characterization of roughness has typically been limited to visual comparison of particles to standard charts, although other more quantitative methods such as Fourier analysis have also been used. Particle size distribution is another important mass-behavioral characteristic of granular soils, and similar to roughness, is defined within limited boundaries. Fractal geometry can be applied to irregular or fragmented patterns such as roughness and grain size distribution to provide quantifying and unique numerical values. This paper presents an evaluation of the applicability of fractal dimensioning techniques to the quantification of both physical particle roughness and grain size distribution of granular soil. The divider and the area-perimeter fractal dimensioning techniques are used to quantify roughness of planar profiles of individual sand grains. The characterization of the size distribution of granular material using fractal geometry is evaluated through Korcak's fragmentation theory. As shown herein, both the divider and the area-perimeter fractal dimensioning techniques are useful in characterizing soil particle roughness, and the results confirm the importance of differentiating between textural and structural aspects of roughness. Fractal geometry can also be used to quantify the size distribution of granular soils with relatively well-graded size distributions.
2008 Paul Hanly Furfey LecturePrinciple: The Hummingbird and the Sloth

"The elders remind us of the importance of the long view when they say, 'pin Peyeh Obi' look to the mountain. They use this phrase to remind us that we need to look at things as if we are looking out from the top of a mountain, seeing things in the much broader perspective of the generations that are to come. They remind us that in dealing with the landscape, we must think in terms of a ten-thousand-, twenty-thousand-, or thirty-thousand-year relationship.".
Astra: Bottom-up Construction of Structured Artifact Repositories

Structured artifact repositories, such as Java's Maven Central Repository, provide developers with the ability to easily locate and manage their programs' external dependencies. Unfortunately, these artifact repositories are often missing popular libraries, dramatically decreasing their usefulness. Our investigation of the scope of the Maven Central Repository showed that it is missing over 60% of externally referenced types in a large collection of open source Java projects. Artifact repositories, such as the Maven Central Repository, are manually curated, and constructed in a top-down manner. This makes expanding their scope, and keeping them up to date, a time consuming process. To address this issue, we present Astra, an algorithm for the automated bottom-up construction of structured artifact repositories. Astra takes as input a collection of unknown library artifacts, such as jar files, and returns a structured artifact repository. The resulting repository contains libraries, which are divided into versions and associated with individual artifacts. This bottom-up construction is accomplished by analyzing the co-occurrence of types between the library artifacts. Astra was implemented for Java as part of the Sourcerer Infrastructure. Our evaluation demonstrates that Astra generates a repository with 77% similarity to the Maven Central Repository when provided the same base artifacts. An examination of the differences between the manually curated and generated repositories indicates that in many cases the generated structure has significant merit.
Never-Ending Conflicts? Territorial Changes as Potential Solutions for Territorial Disputes:

This study examines how territorial changes - which are defined as any alterations of international boundaries - influence the prospects of future armed conflict between countries gaining and losing land through the change. The losing country is motivated to use force by the value of the lost land, while the winner is motivated by the value of additional land it desires but which the loser still controls. Relative power and the change process (i.e., peaceful, overwhelming victory, and violent but short of an overwhelming victory) condition whether these motivations are turned into the post-change use of force. The findings based on all non-colonial territorial changes in the period 1900-92 offer these insights: (1) peaceful; and (2) overwhelming victory changes are significantly better in terms of future conflict prevention than their violent counterparts; and (3) the importance of tangible (strategic, economic) versus intangible (ethnic) value of the land in future conflict onset varies according to the ...
The lattice energetics of some polypeptide chains.

The interchain energetics of alpha, beta, and PGII conformations of polyglycine, the PPII and left-handed 3.30 fold helical conformations of trans poly-L-proline, and the Yonath and Traub triple helix and left-handed three fold helices of poly(gly-pro-pro) were investigated. Intra- and inter-chain stabilization energies appear to be inversely related, and the interchain stabilization energy can be as large its the intrachain energy. The minimization of the interchain energy can be described by the simultaneous optimization of interchain hydrogen bonding and intermolecular-sidechain digitation. The stability of the poly(gly-pro-pro) triple helix can be readily explained in terms of these two factors. In all cases the experimentally observed lattice packing is predicted, although the calculated lattice constants are slightly larger than those observed. The small differences between observed and predicted lattice constants probably reflect small errors in present conformational potential functions. Homopolymers are probably the best systems to use in the refinement of conformational potential functions because solvent effects arc minimized and the experimentally observed lattice constants provide a check on the configurational calculations.
Periovulatory Expression of Hyaluronan and Proteoglycan Link Protein 1 (Hapln1) in the Rat Ovary: Hormonal Regulation and Potential Function

Periovulatory follicular matrix plays an important role in cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) expansion, ovulation, and luteal formation. Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1), a component of follicular matrix, was shown to enhance COC expansion in vitro. However, the regulatory mechanisms of periovulatory expression of Hapln1 and its role in periovulatory granulosa cells have not been elucidated. We first determined the periovulatory expression pattern of Hapln1 using pregnant mare serum gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin (PMSG/hCG)-primed immature rat ovaries. Hapln1 expression was transiently induced both in intact ovaries and granulosa cells at 8 h and 12 h after hCG injection. This in vivo expression of Hapln1 was recapitulated by culturing preovulatory granulosa cells with hCG. The stimulatory effect of hCG was blocked by inhibition of protein kinase A, phosphatidylinositol-dependent kinase, p38 MAPK, epidermal growth factor signaling, and prostaglandin synthesis, revealing key mediators involved in LH-induced Hapln1 expression. In addition, knockdown of Runx1 and Runx2 expression by small interfering RNA or inhibition of RUNX activities by dominant-negative RUNX decreased hCG or agonist-induced Hapln1 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays verified the in vivo binding of RUNX1 and RUNX2 to the Hapln1 promoter in periovulatory granulosa cells. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that mutation of the RUNX binding sites completely obliterated the agonist-induced activity of the Hapln1 promoter. These data conclusively identified RUNX proteins as the crucial transcription regulators for LH-induced Hapln1 expression. Functionally, treatment with HAPLN1 increased the viability of cultured granulosa cells and decreased the number of the cells undergoing apoptosis, whereas knockdown of Hapln1 expression decreased granulosa cells viability. This novel finding indicates that HAPLN1 may promote periovulatory granulosa cell survival, which would facilitate their differentiation into luteal cells.
Preparation of Relatively Clean Carbon Backings Used in Charged Particle Induced X-Ray Studies for X Rays below 4 keV

In a recent series of studies of M-shell ionization induced by protons, alpha particles, and fluorine ions, an unmanageable background of low energy contaminant x rays was observed. These K-shell x rays were primarily from Ca, K, Cl, S, P, Si and Na. The energy range of these contaminants is from 3.691 to 1.041 keV. The M-shell x rays being studied were for various elements from U (~ 3.5 keV) down to Eu (1.5 keV). In order to evaluate and reduce the problem, the contaminants for carbon foils from a number of different manufacturers and a wide variety of foil float-off procedures have been studied. Carbon foils have been produced in our laboratory using carbon rods from several different manufacturers. In this paper, techniques will be described that are most appropriate to reduce the above contaminants to a reasonable level. These techniques should be useful in trace element analysis (PIXE) studies and fundamental ionization measurements for low x-ray energies.
A ceRNA Hypothesis: The Rosetta Stone of a Hidden RNA Language?

Here, we present a unifying hypothesis about how messenger RNAs, transcribed pseudogenes, and long noncoding RNAs "talk" to each other using microRNA response elements (MREs) as letters of a new language. We propose that this "competing endogenous RNA" (ceRNA) activity forms a large-scale regulatory network across the transcriptome, greatly expanding the functional genetic information in the human genome and playing important roles in pathological conditions, such as cancer.
Luminescence of charge transfer sensitizers anchored to metal oxide nanoparticles

Abstract The photoluminescence (PL) properties of inorganic charge transfer sensitizers anchored to nanometer sized metal oxide particles are presented. The charge transfer sensitizers are inorganic coordination compounds such as ruthenium tribipyridine, Ru(bpy) 2+ 3 , which have long lived metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states. The metal oxides are insulators or semiconductor materials in the form of powders, colloidal solutions, and porous nanocrystalline films. Time resolved PL decays from this and related sensitizers anchored to metal oxide surfaces are highly non-exponential. The MLCT excited states are quenched on semiconducting metal oxide particles by an apparent electron transfer mechanism. With some assumptions electron transfer rates from the MLCT excited states to the nanostructured surface are calculated. The PL properties of sensitizers bound to porous nanocrystalline TiO 2 films can be controlled electrochemically.
"Good Science Gets Funded...": The Historical Evolution of Grant Making at the National Science Foundation

This article presents a historical view of the development of the system used at the National Science Foundation for judging proposals sent to the agency for financial support for fundamental resea...
Molecular pathogenesis of human prolactinomas identified by gene expression profiling, RT-qPCR, and proteomic analyses

The molecular pathogenesis of prolactinomas has resisted elucidation; with the exception of a RAS mutation in a single aggressive prolactinoma, no mutational changes have been identified. In prolactinomas, a further obstacle has been the paucity of surgical specimens suitable for molecular analysis since prolactionomas are infrequently removed due to the availability and effectiveness of medical therapy. In the absence of mutational events, gene expression changes have been sought and detected. Using high-throughput analysis from a large bank of human pituitary adenomas, we examined these tumors according to their molecular profiles rather than traditional immunohistochemistry. We examined six prolactinomas and eight normal pituitary glands using oligonucleotide GeneChip microarrays, reverse transcription-real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using 10 prolactinomas, and proteomic analysis to examine protein expression in four prolactinomas. Microarray analyses identified 726 unique genes that were statistically significantly different between prolactinomas and normal glands, whereas proteomic analysis identified four differently up-regulated and 19 down-regulated proteins. Several components of the Notch pathway were altered in prolactinomas, and there was an increased expression of the Pit-1 transcription factor, and the survival factor BAG1 but decreased E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression. Taken together, expression profiling and proteomic analyses have identified molecular features unique to prolactinomas that may contribute to their pathogenesis. In the current era of molecular medicine, these findings greatly enhance our understanding and supercede immunohistochemical diagnosis.
Effects of contact metals on minority carrier diffusion lengths in GaAs

Contact technology for GaAs involves optimizing such factors as contact resistance or Schottky barrier height, alloy cycle conditions, thermal ageing, adhesion, and ease of high resolution processing. Minority carrier properties may be significantly degraded by in-diffusing contact metals. At typical alloying conditions of 10 sec at 500° C, Ni diffuses at least 10 μm and reduces the hole diffusion length (Lp) in vapor phase epitaxial GaAs from 4.4 to 1.7 ym. At 600°C, Lp becomes 1.0 μm. Other metals, such as Fe, Pt, and Cr, significantly improve Lp in VPE GaAs. Lp increases from 3.0 to 5.0 μm for an Fe diffusion of 5 minutes at 500°C. These improvements may be due to interaction of in-diffused Fe with recombination centers, such as Ga vacancy complexes or Ni. Fe causes increases in minority carrier diffusion lengths also in n and p type ingot GaAs, though 800 – 900°C diffusions are required and at these temperatures the doping is significantly changed by Fe acceptors.
Interpreting Effect Sizes in Contrast Analysis

Sensitivity and specificity summarize the performance of a diagnostic test with a positive/negative outcome determined by a gold standard. When the test is quantitative, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to display the performance of all possible cutpoints of the quantitative diagnostic marker. The ROC curve offers a graphical interpretation of the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity of the range of possible cutpoints. Various methods are used to estimate the ROC curve including empirical, parametric, semiparametric, and regression methods. Similarly, various software packages provide ROC curve estimation. Regression methods based on using generalized linear models are discussed as well as their implementation with the SAS procedures PROC LOGISTIC and PROC GENMOD. Recent attention has been given to determining the optimal decision rule, also called the optimal operating point (OOP). Similar to the ROC curve, the OOP provides a graphical interpretation for decision making. T...
Learning to spell while reading: a follow-up study

Eight pseudowords were presented to 29 undergraduate students within the context of four brief passages. Students were instructed to do one of three things: (a) learn the details of the stories, (b) learn both the story details (high priority) and the spellings of the pseudowords, or (c) learn both the word spellings (high priority) and the story details. Instructions to learn word spellings led to significantly better spelling performance without significantly affecting passage comprehension; however, even those students instructed to make the learning of word spelling a higher priority spelled only a mean of 4.9 of the 8 words correctly. The need for determining why students have such difficulty in learning to spell new words is discussed.
Some Consequences for Helpers Who Deliver “Cold Comfort”: Why it's Worse for Women than Men to be Inept When Providing Emotional Support

Two experiments were conducted to assess whether responses to helpers who used insensitive emotional support vary as a function of the interaction between sex of participant and helper. We hypothesized that women would evaluate an insensitive female helper and her behavior more negatively than they would an insensitive male helper. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 137) read conversations in which male or female helpers sought to comfort emotionally distressed friends. In Experiment 2, participants (N = 87) engaged in face-to-face interactions in which they were comforted by either a male or female helper who used insensitive comforting messages. Overall, the results imply that women with deficient emotional support skills may be at high risk of rejection by same-sex peers.
Abstract 5484: Simultaneous targeting of EGFR and MET pathways using nanotechnology improves the treatment outcomes of photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Pancreatic Cancer (PanCa) is difficult to treat due to its inherent resistance to most therapies. First line chemotherapy only has a 5% response rate that yields a dismal prognosis of 6-month median survival and <4% 5-year survival. Combination therapies only showed modest benefits and there are still vital unmet needs for alternative treatment that improve overall patient survival. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), a light-regulated cytotoxic therapy, showed promise as a new treatment modality for PanCa which improved median survival from 6 to 9.5 months in a pilot clinical trial. This result triggered our preclinical development of PDT combination regimen targeting proliferative pathways to further enhance treatment outcome. Using nanotechnology, we designed and synthesized nano-constructs co-encapsulating multiple therapeutic agents that can simultaneously target EGFR and MET-regulated proliferative pathways in combination with cytotoxic PDT treatment. We tested these nano-constructs in orthotopic pancreatic cancer models for treatment efficacy and our major findings include: 1) The nanoscale multidrug delivery system allows simultaneous targeting of EGFR and MET-regulated proliferative pathways and offered the best reduction of local tumor burden and metastatic burden to lymph nodes, lung and liver. With only one time of treatment, the local tumor burden is reduced to 10% of that of non-treated, and significant reductions of organ metastasis were also achieved. 2) The nanoscale multidrug delivery system delivers PDT agent and MET inhibitor PHA-665752 with higher payload and reduces their systemic toxicity. The EGFR inhibitor Cetuximab is delivered intracellularly into cancer cells, which targets both intracellular and cell surface EGFR. Intracellular delivery of Cetuximab increased treatment efficacy compared to naked Cetuximab. We are continuing optimizing the scheduling of individual treatments to further improve treatment outcomes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5484.
Speed of neuron conduction is not the basis of the IQ-RT correlation: Results from a simple neural model

Abstract Using a simple neural model comprising between two to four neurons, it is concluded that speed of neuron conduction is not the probable basis of the IQ-RT correlation. This result illustrates that neural modeling can be applied to evaluating biological theories of individual differences in intelligence.
First-principles kinetic theory of precipitate evolution in Al-Zn alloys

The time evolution of the distribution of precipitate shapes and sizes in Al-Zn alloys is studied via a mixed-space cluster expansion and kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations. We find that the growth of precipitates in Al-rich Al-Zn alloys follows classical Ostwald ripening already after ageing times of a few seconds. Moreover, the distribution of the precipitates is temperature-dependent: the higher the ageing temperature, the smaller the distribution width of the precipitate size. We discuss the time evolution of the precipitates in terms of short-range order parameters and compare them with experimental data.
Compensatory Proliferation in Drosophila Imaginal Discs Requires Dronc-Dependent p53 Activity

Summary Background The p53 transcription factor directs a transcriptional program that determines whether a cell lives or dies after DNA damage. Animal survival after extensive cellular damage often requires that lost tissue be replaced through compensatory growth or regeneration. In Drosophila , damaged imaginal disc cells can induce the proliferation of neighboring viable cells, but how this is controlled is not clear. Here we provide evidence that Drosophila p53 (dp53) has a previously unidentified role in coordinating the compensatory growth response to tissue damage. Results We find that dp53, the sole p53 ortholog in Drosophila , is required for each component of the response to cellular damage, including two separate cell-cycle arrests, changes in patterning gene expression, cell proliferation, and growth. We demonstrate that these processes are regulated by dp53 in a manner that is independent of DNA-damage sensing but that requires the initiator caspase Dronc. Our results indicate that once induced, dp53 amplifies and sustains the response through a positive feedback loop with Dronc and the apoptosis-inducing factors Hid and Reaper. Conclusions How cell death and cell proliferation are coordinated during development and after stress is a fundamental question that is critical for an understanding of growth regulation. Our data suggest that dp53 may carry out an ancestral function that promotes animal survival through the coordination of responses leading to compensatory growth after tissue damage.
Detection of endometrial lesions by degree of linear polarization maps

Endometriosis is one of the most common causes of chronic pelvic pain and infertility and is characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of the uterine cavity. A novel laparoscopic polarization imaging system was designed to detect endometriosis by imaging endometrial lesions. Linearly polarized light with varying incident polarization angles illuminated endometrial lesions. Degree of linear polarization image maps of endometrial lesions were constructed by using remitted polarized light. The image maps were compared with regular laparoscopy image. The degree of linear polarization map contributed to the detection of endometriosis by revealing structures inside the lesion. The utilization of rotating incident polarization angle (IPA) for the linearly polarized light provides extended understanding of endometrial lesions. The developed polarization system with varying IPA and the collected image maps could provide improved characterization of endometrial lesions via higher visibility of the structure of the lesions and thereby improve diagnosis of endometriosis.
Structure of a novel lipid from the antibiotic diumycin

Abstract The structures of diumycinol (1), isodiumycinol (2), and diumycene (3), the nonisoprenoid C25 lipids obtained by acid hydrolysis of the antibiotic diumycin, have been determined by analysis of spectral data and the identification of a number of degradation products. Examination of the ORD of a degradation product gave the absolute configuration of the asymmetric center in these compounds.
Reconstitution of transmitter secretion

Molecular mechanisms involved in the various stages of transmitter secretion have been studied by perturbing the composition of secretory cells using pharmacological and biochemical agents. An emerging approach is to reconstitute individual steps or the entire sequence of secretion mechanisms in non-secretory cells by loading the cell with presynaptic components or their mRNAs.
Formation and chemistry of the fullerenes

Abstract The yield of the truncated icosahedron molecule C60 in the initial carbon clustering laser vaporization supersonic molecular beam mass spectrometer experiments was believed to be quite low. The formation or c60 in this system could be explained in terms of quite chaotic growth of spiraling graphitic sheets which occasionally closed into the buckminsterfullerene structure. Much higher yields of c60 (up to 20% of carbon) have been obtained in arc vaporization and other experiments. The original model of cluster growth proposed must be modified or discarded to account for these high yields. Two reasonable modifications which have been proposed are discussed.
Elastic Scattering and Single-Pion Production in K + p Reactions at 4.27 GeV/ c

Elastic ${K}^{+}p$ scattering at a beam momentum of 4.27 GeV/c is studied and compared with elastic ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ scattering in order to extract the imaginary part of the non-Pomeranchukon-exchange amplitude. The single-pion-production cross sections are presented as well as production cross sections and resonance parameters for the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1236)$, the ${K}^{*+}(890)$, and the ${K}^{*+}(1420)$. Production and decay distributions for the ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}(1236)$ and the ${K}^{*+}(890)$ are presented and compared with the absorptive particle-exchange model and with Regge-pole-exchange models.
Heat transfer within a concrete slab with a finite microwave heating source

Abstract In the present paper, the concrete decontamination and decommissioning process with a finite microwave heating source is investigated theoretically. For the microwave induced heating pattern, a multilayer concrete slab, which includes steel reinforcement mesh, is assumed to be exposed to a finite plane microwave source at normal incidence. Two-dimensional heat transport within the concrete is also considered to evaluate the variations of temperature with heating time at different frequencies with and without the presence of the reinforcement bars. Four commonly used industrial microwave frequencies of 0.896, 2.45, 10.6 and 18.0 GHz have been selected. The results revealed that as the microwave frequency increases to, or higher than 10.6 GHz, the maximum temperature shifts toward the front surface of the concrete. It was found that the presence of a steel reinforcement mesh causes part of the microwave energy to be blocked and reflected. Furthermore, it was observed that the temperature distribution is nearly uniform within the dimensions of the microwave applicator for a high microwave power intensity ( Q 0 , ave ≈× 8.0 × 10 5 W m −2 ) and a short heating time ( t ≈ 60 s ).
A Convex Optimization Approach for Solving the Robust Strictly Positive Real (SPR) Problem

In system identification and adaptive control, the problem of designing strictly positive real (SPR) transfer functions in the presence of uncertain adaptation parameters is essential for stability and convergence in a group of parameter adaptation algorithms. This paper proposes a convex optimization approach to address the robust SPR problem. Besides achieving the robust SPR condition, the presented solution is optimal in the sense of minimizing the distance from the transfer function to unity. Such consideration is important for parameter convergence in practical applications. New topics such as minimum-order compensator and minimum high-frequency magnitude design are also introduced.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Faecal microbiota transplant

Faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is the term used when stool is taken from a healthy individual and instilled into a sick person to cure a certain disease such as recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). The rationale for FMT lies in the belief that CDI results from an imbalance or disruption of the community of organisms residing in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and that persisting imbalance explains the high
Therapeutic boundaries in a prison setting: A dialogue between an intern and her supervisor

Abstract A prison setting, with its numerous clinical issues, is a valuable learning experience for the graduate art therapy student. Oftentimes, they see the correctional facility as a dangerous challenge and an intriguing unknown. However, confusion and ambiguity often emerge while providing art therapy services. A graduate art therapy program in a major university in the Southeast instituted an internship/research site in a prison setting for its graduates. Ongoing dialogue between the intern placed at this facility and her faculty supervisor revealed unique boundary issues, specifically those that involve time, space, materials, self-disclosure, and transferential issues. Through supervision, the intern gained further insight into different approaches to addressing these boundary concerns. This essay focuses on the intern's struggles with certain boundary transgressions and the supervisor's responses to her inquiries.
Situating gender and professional identity in American child study, 1880-1910.

The boundaries of psychological expertise in modern America were often imagined in gendered terms. Studies of child development served as one area where dominant notions of masculinity and femininity collided at a historical moment in which women were increasingly present in the traditionally male worlds of science and higher education. Attributes that many female authors regarded as necessary qualifications for understanding child development (such as patience, sympathy, and maternal care) were routinely dismissed by male writers as contrary to an authentic scientific disposition. Thus, disputes over the meaning of child development (and the methods of studying it) indicate some of the ways that women's labor was both acknowledged and demoted during the formative years of American social science.
Clinical Decision Making and Views About Psychiatric Advance Directives

OBJECTIVES: Psychiatric advance directives allow competent persons to document advance instructions or designate a health care agent to communicate their preferences for future mental health treatment in the event of an incapacitating crisis. Although laws authorizing psychiatric advance directives have proliferated, little is known about clinicians' understanding and perceptions of these legal tools. METHODS: A total of 597 mental health professionals (psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers) completed a survey about their attitudes toward psychiatric advance directives and decision making about following such directives. RESULTS: Approximately half the sample (47 percent) agreed that advance instructions would be helpful to consumers with severe mental illnesses, and a majority (57 percent) endorsed health care agents as beneficial. Regardless of profession, clinicians had more positive attitudes about psychiatric advance directives when they correctly recognized that they were not required by ...
The Cultural Approach to the Formation of Organizational Climate

This paper examines approaches to the formation of organizational climate. Three perspectives appearing in the literature the structural, the perceptual, and the interactive are identified and examined. Additionally, a perspective termed the "cultural approach" is developed. This approach posits that organizational climate arises from the intersubjectivity of members as they interact within a context established by an organization's culture. A definition of organizational climate, informed by this approach, is presented. Finally, distinctions between organizational climate and organizational culture are examined.
CtBP2 Promotes Human Cancer Cell Migration by Transcriptional Activation of Tiam1

The mammalian COOH-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) CtBP1 and CtBP2 are metabolically regulated transcriptional co-repressors that are degraded upon acute exposure to the alternative reading frame (ARF) tumor suppressor. We reported previously that CtBP stimulates cell migration in certain contexts via repression of PTEN transcription and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. We have now identified an additional and direct mechanism for CtBP stimulation of cell migration via regulation of T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 (Tiam1) protein. Tiam1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac GTPase that plays a critical role in regulating cell adhesion, invasion, and migration and has been directly implicated in the promotion of cancer progression and metastasis. We noted a strict positive correlation between CtBP2 and Tiam1 expression levels and that CtBP promotion of cell migration required CtBP-dependent transcriptional activation of Tiam1. RNA interference (RNAi)–mediated knockdown of CtBP2 in human colon or lung carcinoma cells led to decreased Tiam1 protein and mRNA expression, while overexpression of CtBP2 increased Tiam1 expression levels. RNAi and overexpression studies also demonstrated that Tiam1 is a key downstream mediator of CtBP2-mediated cell migration. An analysis of the Tiam1 promoter revealed binding sites for the CtBP-interacting Kruppel-like factor 8 (KLF8), and a Tiam1 promoter luciferase reporter was induced in the presence of both KLF8 and CtBP2, consistent with KLF8-dependent CtBP transactivation of Tiam1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated CtBP2 occupancy of the Tiam1 promoter that was dependent on the presence of KLF8. Our results indicate that Tiam1 is a transcriptional activation target of CtBP2 and that this interaction promotes the pro-oncogenic function of CtBP2 leading to cancer cell migration. Transcriptional activation thus plays a role in CtBP pro-oncogenic functions along with the previously characterized CtBP co-repressor function.
CAVITATION RESISTANCE AMONG 26 CHAPARRAL SPECIES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Resistance to xylem cavitation depends on the size of xylem pit membrane pores and the strength of vessels to resist collapse or, in the case of freezing-induced cavitation, conduit diameter. Altering these traits may impact plant biomechanics or water transport efficiency. The evergreen sclerophyllous shrub species, collectively referred to as chaparral, which dominate much of the mediterranean-type climate region of southern California, have been shown to display high cavitation resistance (pressure potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity; P50). We examined xylem functional and structural traits associated with more negative P50 in stems of 26 chaparral species. We correlated raw-trait values, without phylogenetic consideration, to examine current relationships between P50 and these xylem traits. Additionally, correlations were examined using phylogenetic independent contrasts (PICs) to determine whether evolutionary changes in these xylem traits correlate with changes in P50. Co-occurring chaparral species widely differ in their P50 (� 0.9 to � 11.0 MPa). Species experiencing the most negative seasonal pressure potential (Pmin) had the highest resistance to xylem cavitation (lowest P50). Decreased P50 was associated with increased xylem density, stem mechanical strength (modulus of rupture), and transverse fiber wall area when both raw values and PICs were analyzed. These results support a functional and evolutionary relationship among these xylem traits and cavitation resistance. Chaparral species that do not sprout following fire but instead recruit post-fire from seed had the greatest resistance to cavitation, presumably because they rely on post-fire survival of seedlings during the summer dry period to persist in the landscape. Raw values of hydraulic vessel diameter (dh), maximum vessel length, and xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were correlated to P50; however, dh, maximum vessel length, and Ks were not correlated to P50 when analyzed using PICs, suggesting that these traits have not undergone correlated evolutionary change. We found no difference in xylem traits between species occurring at freezing vs. nonfreezing sites, although freezing has been shown to affect the survival and distributions of some chaparral species. Stem mechanical strength, fiber properties, and post-fire regeneration type appear to be key factors in the evolution of cavitation resistance among chaparral shrubs.
Evaluators’ Reflections on the Ethical Implications of Their Early Experiences

What kinds of ethical dilemmas do people who are new to the profession of evaluation face? Are they different from the challenges faced by more experienced evaluators? What strategies do they use to resolve them? These questions were the starting point for the essays included in this issue of the Ethical Challenges section. The essays were written by people who responded to information sent to them by faculty who were in turn responding to the following request from the section editor: ‘‘As part of the American Journal of Evaluation’s continued effort to help young professionals publish, I am putting together an Ethical Challenges section that will feature challenges faced by new evaluators. I am writing to ask for your help in soliciting essays from advanced graduate students or recent graduates about ethical challenges that they have faced. Ideally, the author will describe a specific dilemma (using the American Evaluation Association’s [AEA] Guiding Principles as a reference point) and then discuss how...
Experimentally-Elicited Articulatory Behaviour:

One hundred and six English-speaking young children attempted to learn the production of three non-English phones. In their struggles to learn difficult new articulations, these children revealed i...
Influence of Uncultivated Habitats and Native Host Plants on Cluster Infestation by Grape Berry Moth, Endopiza viteana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Michigan Vineyards

Abstract Vitis grapevines are the native host of the grape berry moth, Endopiza viteana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and are found in uncultivated habitats throughout eastern North America. Levels of infestation by grape berry moth larvae at vineyard borders and interiors were compared among vineyards adjacent to four types of uncultivated habitats: deciduous woods, coniferous woods, a single row of trees, and grasses. Adult male moths were monitored at these same positions and inside uncultivated habitats using sex pheromone-baited traps. Wild grapevines were surveyed at each site for their presence or absence, abundance, and whether they bore fruit. Infestation of grape clusters at vineyard borders was greater when adjacent to deciduous woods than grasses, but infestation near grasses was not significantly different from infestation near coniferous woods. Captures of moths inside vineyards were similar irrespective of nearby uncultivated habitat type. In uncultivated habitats, significantly fewer...
Apparent negative electrical resistance in carbon fiber composites

Abstract Apparent negative electrical resistance was observed, quantified, and controlled through composite engineering. Its mechanism involves electrons traveling in the unexpected direction relative to the applied voltage gradient, due to backflow across a composite interface. The observation was made in the through-thickness direction of a continuous carbon fiber epoxy–matrix two-lamina composite, such that the fibers in the adjacent laminae were not in the same direction and that the curing pressure during composite fabrication was unusually high (1.4 MPa). At a usual curing pressure (0.13 MPa), the resistance was positive. At an intermediate curing pressure (0.33 MPa), the apparent resistance was either positive or negative, depending on the current direction, due to non-uniformity in the thickness within a junction. The magnitude of the apparent negative resistance decreased with increasing temperature. Appropriate apparent negative and positive resistances in series, as provided by more than two laminae, allowed tailoring of the total apparent resistance. Apparent negative resistance was also observed in carbon fiber cement-matrix composites and in bare carbon fibers held together by pressure. Relevant applications are electrical, optical, structural and electrochemical.
Innovative Techniques for Advanced Writing Classes: Modification of Point of View.

Changing narrators in a literary passage is a pedagogical technique that can enliven composition, yet which still presents a challenge to students. Assuming the original narrator to be omniscient, any new narrator's perception of a situation can only be fragmentary. The challenge lies in giving that new narrator total awareness of events, and in doing so logically. This means rearranging events, modifying the text, and essentially recreating it. The degree of difficulty can be increased by selecting as narrator a character with limited perception of a situation, or one totally absent from the story. For an added dimension of novelty and challenge, the passage can be narrated from the perspective of an inanimate object.
Can lifelong learners be identified during the selection process for professional schools

This study describes those qualities that may be used to predict medical school applicants' level of interest in continuing learning once they are professionals. These interests include general adult and professional learning activities. A great deal of work has been done to assess predictors for medical student academic success and some effort has been devoted to examining personal characteristics that may be related to effective clinical performance. No research, to date, has explored factors that may measure one's proclivity toward lifelong learning. The findings from this investigation suggests that strong relationships exist between one's level of involvement in continuous learning and factors such as high school class rank, parents' level of education, and a tendency toward change. This study demonstrates that it may be feasible for admissions committees to develop criteria for predicting involvement in continuing professional education and to incorporate these standards into their admissions procedures.