cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scaling, multiscaling, and nontrivial exponents in inelastic collision processes.

We investigate velocity statistics of homogeneous inelastic gases using the Boltzmann equation. Employing an approximate uniform collision rate, we obtain analytic results valid in arbitrary dimension. In the freely evolving case, the velocity distribution is characterized by an algebraic large-velocity tail, $P(v,t)\ensuremath{\sim}{v}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\sigma}}.$ The exponent $\ensuremath{\sigma}(d,\ensuremath{\epsilon}),$ a nontrivial root of an integral equation, varies continuously with the spatial dimension d and the dissipation coefficient $\ensuremath{\epsilon}.$ Although the velocity distribution follows a scaling form, its moments exhibit multiscaling asymptotic behavior. Furthermore, the velocity autocorrelation function decays algebraically with time, $A(t)=〈\mathbf{v}(0)\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathbf{v}(t)〉\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}},$ with a nonuniversal dissipation-dependent exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1/\ensuremath{\epsilon}.$ In the forced case, the steady state Fourier transform is obtained via a cumulant expansion. Even in this case, velocity correlations develop and the velocity distribution is non-Maxwellian.
Roots Appear in Quanta

We start with a special case. Consider an irreducible quintic polynomial f(X) = X + a1X + a2X + a3X + a4X + a5 with rational coefficients and with three real roots and one pair of complex conjugate roots. For example, f(X) could be X − 10X + 5. Question. If α is a root of f , then how many roots of f lie in the field Q(α)? The field Q(α) is obtained by adjoining the root α to Q. Thus Q(α) contains at least one root of f , and of course it can contain at most five roots of f . Answer. The number r(f) of roots of f in Q(α) is 1. We prove that, for an arbitrary irreducible polynomial f and root α, r(f) divides the degree of f . For the quintic under discussion, adjoining one of the real roots cannot possibly produce the nonreal roots, so r(f), being a divisor of 5, must be 1. An informal survey of books and colleagues indicates that the divisibility result “r(f) divides the degree” is not well known. In what follows, K is a field and, unless stated otherwise, all roots and field extensions are taken in a fixed algebraic closure K of K. When K = Q, we always take K inside the complex numbers so that we can speak of real roots and nonreal roots. Theorem 1. Let f(X) in K[X] be an irreducible polynomial, and let α be a root of f . Set
Retropseudogenes for human chromosomal protein HMG-17

Abstract The human genome contains multiple copies of sequences homologous to the cDNA coding for non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-17. To study the mechanism of generation and dispersion of the HMG-17 multigene family a human genomic library was screened and 70 clones isolated and studied by Southern transfer and restriction site analysis. The results suggest that most of the clones contain unique sequences. Sequence analysis of two genomic clones indicates that they contain elements typical of processed retropseudogenes. Even though both sequences contained open reading frames the sequences lacked introns, were flanked by short, direct repeats and lacked elements associated with functional genes. The sequences of the two pseudogenes were 85 % homologous to each other and each was 90% homologous to the human cDNA. Based on the sequence difference in the open reading frame between the pseudogenes and the cDNA it can be estimated that the sequences arose approximately ten million years ago from a common precursor. The present paper, which is the first study on genes coding for this nucleosomal binding protein, indicates that the HMG-17 multigene family is the largest known human retropseudogene family.
Application-Oriented Design of Smart Camera Networks

System design aspects must be considered to effectively map an application onto the constraints of a smart camera network. Therefore, we propose an application-driven design methodology that enables the determination of an output set of operation parameters given an input set of application requirements. We illustrate this approach utilizing distributed, sequential Bayesian estimation for several applications including target tracking, occupancy sensing and multi-object tracking. Observation models for single camera and stereo vision systems are introduced with a particular focus on low-resolution image sensors. Early simulation results indicate that (i) stereo vision can increase tracking accuracy by about a factor of five over single camera vision and (ii) doubling camera resolution can result in more than twice the accuracy.
The effects of social interaction, exercise, and test stress on positive and negative affect

The effects of social interaction, exercise, and test stress on positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) were investigated using the 20-item positive affect and negative affect schedule (PANAS). Eighteen undergraduate subjects completed a PANAS at the beginning of a 1-week period to establish baseline levels of PA and NA. Three other PANASs were completed within the week by each subject: one after social interaction, one after exercise, and one prior to a stressful test. The resulting PA and NA scores were compared with the baseline PA and NA scores obtained for each subject. Within-subjects analyses of variance and subsequent multiple comparison tests revealed that PA was increased significantly by social interaction and exercise, but not affected by test stress, and that NA was not affected by social interaction and exercise, but was increased significantly by test stress. The implications of these results are discussed.
A pathway-based analysis on the effects of obstructive sleep apnea in modulating visceral fat transcriptome.

RATIONALE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with metabolic dysregulation and systemic inflammation. This may be due to pathophysiologic effects of OSA on visceral adipose tissue. We sought to assess the transcriptional consequences of OSA on adipocytes by utilizing pathway-focused analyses. METHODS Patients scheduled to undergo ventral hernia repair surgery were recruited to wear a portable home sleep monitor for 2 nights prior to surgery. Visceral fat biopsies were obtained intraoperatively. RNA was extracted and whole-genome expression profiling was performed. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to identify curated gene sets that were differentially enriched in OSA subjects. Network analysis was applied to a select set of highly enriched pathways. RESULTS Ten patients with OSA and 8 control subjects were recruited. There were no differences in age, gender, or body mass index between the 2 groups, but the OSA subjects had a significantly higher respiratory disturbance index (19.2 vs. 0.6, P = 0.05) and worse hypoxemia (minimum oxygen saturation 79.7% vs. 87.8%, P < 0.001). GSEA identified a number of gene sets up-regulated in adipose tissue of OSA patients, including the pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway and the proteolytic ubiquitin/proteasome module. A critical metabolic pathway, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), was down-regulated in subjects with OSA. Network analysis linked members of these modules together and identified regulatory hubs. CONCLUSIONS OSA is associated with alterations in visceral fat gene expression. Pathway-based network analysis highlighted perturbations in several key pathways whose coordinated interactions may contribute to the metabolic dysregulation observed in this complex disorder.
Opposition Movements, Liberalization, and Civil War: Evidence from Algeria and Chile

When does bargaining between government and opposition groups turn violent? In this article, I argue that groups with cohesive, developed organizational structures are less likely to engage in conflictual behavior. Opposition movements are often divided into moderate and radical challengers, and groups without developed organizational structures cannot limit radicals' demands. The argument is supported in a comparative analysis of bargaining processes in Algeria and Chile in the late 1980s. In Algeria, the primary opposition group was marred by internal divisions and tensions between radical and moderate elements. When the party emerged victorious in democratic elections, the government feared that radical elements would soon take over, canceled election results and attempted to reestablish control by using force. Opposition parties in Chile, however, presented a cohesive and unified alternative to the Pinochet regime, which contributed to a peaceful transfer of power.
How RNA Junctions Contribute To Folded Stability

RNA Junctions are flexible regions that join helical elements of secondary structure in RNA. In this poster, we discuss how these elements may contribute to folded RNA stability by promoting tertiary contact formation.
THE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF TEACHER AND PEER ATTENTION ON THE DISRUPTIVE CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR OF THREE CHILDREN WITH A DIAGNOSIS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

We conducted functional analyses of classroom disruption during contingent teacher and peer attention conditions for 3 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention provided by peer confederates appeared to function as a distinct form of positive reinforcement for all 3 children.
Sex-specific findings from a genome-wide linkage analysis of human fatness in non-Hispanic whites and African Americans: The HyperGEN Study

To conduct a full genome search for genes potentially influencing two related phenotypes: body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and percent body fat (PBF) from bioelectric impedance in men and women. A total of 3383 participants, 1348 men and 2035 women; recruitment was initiated with hypertensive sibpairs and expanded to first-degree relatives in a multicenter study of hypertension genetics. Genotypes for 387 highly polymorphic markers spaced to provide a 10 cM map (CHLC-8) were generated by the NHLBI Mammalian Genotyping Service (Marshfield, WI, USA). Quantitative trait loci for obesity phenotypes, BMI and PBF, were examined with a variance components method using SOLAR, adjusting for hypertensive status, ethnicity, center, age, age2, sex, and age2 × sex. As we detected a significant genotype-by-sex interaction in initial models and because of the importance of sex effects in the expression of these phenotypes, models thereafter were stratified by sex. No genotype-by-ethnicity interactions were found. A QTL influencing PBF in women was detected on chromosome12q (12q24.3–12q24.32, maximum empirical LOD score=3.8); a QTL influencing this phenotype in men was found on chromosome 15q (15q25.3, maximum empirical LOD score=3.0). These QTLs were detected in African-American and white women (12q) and men (15q). QTLs influencing both BMI and PBF were found over a broad region on chromosome 3 in men. QTLs on chromosomes 3 and 12 were found in the combined sample of men and women, but with weaker significance. The locations with highest LOD scores have been previously reported for obesity phenotypes, indicating that at least two genomic regions influence obesity-related traits. Furthermore, our results indicate the importance of considering context-dependent effects in the search for obesity QTLs.
DELETION OF THYMIDINE KINASE ACTIVITY FROM L CELLS RESISTANT TO BROMODEOXYURIDINE.

Abstract Mouse fibroblasts (strain L-M) cultivated in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine (BUDr) incorporated the thymidine (TDr) analogue into DNA. After about 90 weeks of growth in medium containing 25 μg/ml BUDr, a resistant subline has been selected which failed to incorporate BUDr into DNA, as shown by CsCl density gradient centrifugation experiments. Biochemical and radioautograhic experiments indicate that this subline [L-M (TK − )]also does not incorporate 3 H-TDr into DNA. The enzyme, thymidine kinase, is not detectable in sonicates of these cells. However, thymidylate kinase and uridine kinase activities are present and the L-M (TK − ) cells can convert 3 H-uridine and 3 H-deoxycytidine to DNA-thymine and DNA-cytosine. 3 H-uridine is also incorporated into RNA. L-M (TK − ) cells have 4 to 5 less chromosomes than L-M or L-M (BU-25) cells. When L-M (TK − ) cells are infected with vaccinia, thymidine kinase is induced. The infected cells are capable of incorporating 3 H-thymidine into DNA. The radioactivity is principally found in the cytoplasmic DNA of the virus.
The influence of diet, consumption and lipid use on recruitment of white bass

The abundance of white bass (Morone chrysops) in Lake Erie has declined in recent years, sparking interest in mechanisms influencing its recruitment. We evaluate two mechanisms affecting recruitment: diet and the potential for competition, and storage of lipid energy reserves and the relationship to overwinter survival. The fish in our study were characteristic of white bass in the northern portion of their range, feeding predominantly on zooplankton. Only the largest age-0 white bass ate fish as a significant portion of their diet. Over the summer sampling period, we found decreasing ration sizes, expressed as a percentage of maximum ration, as the summer progressed with a concomitant decrease in the relative amount of lipid storage. In laboratory experiments, age-0 white bass held at 5°C and given food ad libitum did feed, but at rates that were insufficient to maintain body weight. Loss in weight was accompanied with a loss in lipids at a rate of 2.8 mg of lipids per gram of body weight per day. Based on our data, we concluded that age-0 white bass in Lake Erie were food-limited. Food limitation resulted in reduced growth rates, presumably related to competition with other planktivorous fishes. Reduced growth results in increased mortality and, ultimately, low recruitment through increased risk of predation by larger piscivorous fishes, reduced ability for white bass to switch to more energetically profitable piscivory and the increased likelihood of higher overwinter mortality because of reduced lipid stores.
A mid-crustal contractional stepover zone in a major strike-slip system, North Cascades, Washington

Abstract The segmentation of strike-slip faults at the Earth's surface is well known, but the geometry of these faults in the mid-crust is poorly understood, as are the intervening stepover zones. A mid-crustal example of a segmented strike-slip fault is present within the > 500-km-long Ross Lake fault system where the NW-striking Twisp River fault zone and Gabriel Peak tectonic belt occur as overlapping, left-stepping, dextral strike-slip shear zones. The contractional stepover between these structures is occupied by the Black Peak batholith, which is riddled by ductile shear zones that are typically 0.5–1.5-m thick and are restricted to the stepover. Gently to moderately NW-dipping, reverse-slip ductile shear zones in the center of the stepover strike at a high angle to the Twisp River fault zone and Gabriel Peak tectonic belt and lie in an appropriate position to transfer most of the displacement between the strike-slip segments. The orientation of the reverse-slip ductile shear zones relative to the strike-slip segments is broadly similar to that of folds and thrusts in upper-crustal stepovers. The stepover width is relatively large, however, in comparison to many active stepovers. Emplacement of the Black Peak batholith across an originally narrower stepover or bend in the fault system may have created a rigid buttress and subsequent deformation jumped to the mechanically weak southwest margin of the body. Because plutons are commonly intruded into strike-slip zones, such partitioning of later displacements may be widespread.
Banishing the Rule of Substitution for Functional Variables

Let and be (well-formed) formulas of the functional calculus, let c be an n-adic functional variable, and let a1, …, an be distinct individual variables. Church has defined the metalogical notation to indicate the formula resulting from when each part of of the form c{1, …, n) (such that the occurrence of c is free in ) is replaced by the formula which arises from by replacing every free occurrence of ai by i, i, = 1, …, n. (Here 1, …, n may be any individual variables or constants, not necessarily all distinct.) The notation is not defined for all , , c, a1, …, an, however, but only for those cases (specified in detail by Church) when the resulting formula constitutes a valid substitution instance of the formula according to the standard interpretation of the functional calculus.The full and correct syntactical statement of the conditions (under which this type of substitution is permissible) has proved so arduous, that it seems to have been rendered in error more often than not. Unfortunately the functional calculi are often set up as deductive systems in which this type of substitution occurs as one of the primitive rules of inference, or in one of the axiom schemata. Thus the beginning student who is introduced to the calculi through such a formulation is forced to cope from the outset with details which have proved treacherous even to the initiate. For this reason it is desirable to seek alternative formulations of the functional calculi in which this type of substitution is not mentioned.
Prospective study of coding practices for cesarean deliveries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess consistency of hospital coding for patients with cesarean delivery-related admissions. METHODS: Hospital coders from 11 participating institutions received a brief questionnaire and a standardized, inpatient record that was developed for nine hypothetical patients who delivered by cesarean delivery. They were asked to assign a diagnosis-related group (DRG) for each case and to submit the DRG, assigned International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes, and any relevant Physicians’ Current Procedural Terminology Coding System codes used in their coding for each case. These responses were analyzed by mean analysis and analysis of variance tests to evaluate variation in coding practices submitted. RESULTS: Each participating academic hospital has a level III nursery, takes maternal transports, and has a residency and maternal–fetal medicine staff. Consensus in DRG coding was found in only two thirds of cases. Variation in use of ICD-9 codes existed, with 13.7% of ICD-9 codes assigned by all of the coding departments and 24.2% of ICD-9 codes uniquely used by a single institution. Variation in use of Physicians’ Current Procedural Terminology Coding System codes also occurred, with 16.3% of the procedure codes used in the same case by all institutions and 28.6% used by a single institution. CONCLUSION: Documenting providers, coders, and institutions should exercise caution in the use of DRG codes, procedure codes, and ICD-9 codes for cesarean deliveries. The variability noted reflects the difficulty of the coding process and judgments that need to be made by the coders in assigning the codes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III
Comodulation of cellular polyamines and proliferation: Biomarker application to colorectal mucosa

Polyamines are low molecular weight aliphatic amines required for normal cellular growth which are ubiquitously found in all living tissues. Polyamine biosynthesis is known to increase with mitogenesis, and elevated polyamine concentrations are found in hyperproliferative tissue. Quantitation of tissue of polyamine content may thus provide a biochemical measure of proliferation, with potential biomarker application to the colonic mucosa where dysregulated epithelial proliferation is associated with cancer risk. This study was performed to validate polyamine analyses as a measure of cellular proliferation, and to preliminarily assess polyamine assay characteristics when applied to clinical samples. Using FHC, a human colonic epithelial cell line, for in vitro experimentation, deoxycholic acid or retinol was added to freshly passaged cultures to either stimulate or inhibit proliferation, respectively. Parallel cultures were then assayed for (1) proliferation by sulforhodamine B staining; and (2) polyamine content by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Deoxycholic acid stimulated, and retinol inhibited proliferation in dose-dependent fashion. Polyamine content, specifically the spermidine content and the spermidine/spermine ratio, also increased or decreased in response to culture with deoxycholic acid or retinol, respectively. Significant linear correlations between proliferation and spermidine (r = 0.858, P < 0.001), and with the spermidine/spermine ratio (r = 0.574, P < 0.05) were observed. When quantitative polyamine analyses were applied to human colonic specimens, replicate mucosal sampling revealed a high degree of intra-individual variability, indicating a heterogeneous distribution of polyamines within anatomically confined colonic segments. The results support a role for quantitative polyamine analyses as a correlative measure of colonic epithelial proliferation; however, intraindividual variability may limit the utility of colorectal biomarker measurements.
The kinetics of photooxidation of c-type cytochromes by Rhodospirillum rubrum reaction centers.

Abstract The kinetics of photooxidation of c -type cytochromes from horse heart, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and Rhodopseudomonas capsulata by purified reaction centers from R. rubrum have been investigated. The kinetic mechanism was found to be complex with a second-order step (complex formation) followed by a rate limiting first-order step. Based on studies of the reaction as a function of pH, ionic strength, and detergent concentration, it appears that the complex formation step is largely electrostatically controlled with only portions of the surfaces of the interacting molecules participating. Further, the first-order process observed at high cytochrome concentration appears to result from solvent reorganization and/or a conformational change following complex formation. Based on data analysis in terms of outersphere electron transfer, it is proposed that another first-order process exists which is not rate limiting and is the electron transfer step. Finally, it was found that the detergent concentration can have a profound effect on both the oxidation-reduction potential of the cytochromes and the kinetics of photooxidation. These results limit the detergent concentration range over which experiments can be conducted and interpreted.
Bayesians Should Not Resample a Prior Sample to Learn about the Posterior

Abstract It is argued in a Bayesian context in which a set of parameter values is simulated from a prior distribution, that the sampling importance resampling algorithm should not be used to resample these values so as to obtain an approximate sample from the posterior. Rather, the whole set of prior values, along with their appropriate weights, can be more gainfully employed.
Lower bounds on entropy for polymer chains on a square and a cubic lattice

Rigorous lower bounds on the entropy per particle as a function of the fractiong of thegauche bonds of a system of semiflexible polymer chains is obtained in the thermodynamic limit. Only square and cubic lattices are considered. For the case of a single chain havingl monomers, the bound is obtained for all g⩽g=2/3. For the case of p>1 chains, each havingl monomers, wherel is a multiple of 4, the bound is obtained for all g⩽g′=13/90. In both cases, it is shown that the entropy is alwaysnonzero for all 0<g<gm(l), whereg m(l) =(l-2)/l. Thiscontradicts the prediction from the Flory-Huggins approximations that the entropy is zero for allg⩽g0, whereg 0 is some finite nonzero number. It is also pointed out that it isnot impossible to pack a lattice with “disordered” configurations of rodlike chains with finite entropy, again contradicting an assertion by Flory that it is impossible to do so. Finally, it is concluded that onecannot trust the Flory-Huggins approximations at least at low temperatures. The study also casts doubts on the validity of the Gibbs-DiMarzio theory of glass transitions in polymeric systems.
Multinational Corporations and Industrial Employment

The paper is to present a theory consistent with the stylised facts that employment and wages in the manufacturing sectors of the developed nations decline. It focuses on a world of multinational corporations where capital and technology are increasingly mobil.
Use of Androgens for the Production of All-Male Tilapia aurea (Steindachner)

Abstract An all-male population of Tilapia aurea was produced with 17 α-ethynyltestosterone at 60 μg/g diet. Heterogamety of T. aurea females was determined. A relationship between the percentage of males and the total weight of fish indicated the faster growth of androgen-treated fish. The feeding of 1-dehydrotestosterone acetate, 17 α-ethynyltestosterone, and 17 α-methyltestosterone at various dosage levels for 18 days to sexually undifferentiated T. aurea fry in tanks neither affected survival nor altered growth of fry. No difference was observed in survival between androgen-treated and untreated fish in plastic pools for 120 days. Some androgen-treated groups were significantly heavier than the control. Treatment with ethynyltestosterone and methyltestosterone at all dosage levels resulted in significantly higher percentages of males than the control. Degeneration of testes was observed with treatment of methyltestosterone at 60 μg/g diet. No ovotestis condition was found. Sex ratios of the progenies ...
Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Machining-Induced White Layer during Rolling Contact

It is well known that a thin phase-transformed white layer can be formed on component surfaces produced by hard machining. However, it is not clear as to how the white layer affects component performance, for example, in rolling contact fatigue. This study aims to determine the effects of white layer and associated residual stress on rolling contact stresses and strains. It is nearly impossible for an experimental study to identify the effects of white layer alone on rolling contact. Furthermore, small-scale contact stresses and strains (less than 30 μm) of the phase-transformed region are difficult to measure using the current experimental techniques. Therefore, a finite element analysis simulation model of rolling contact incorporating machining-induced surface integrity has been developed in this study. Three cases were investigated to decouple the effects of surface integrity factors: surface with white layer only, surface with residual stress only, and surface with white layer and residual stress. Th...
Free upper regular bands

Abstract In universal domains, the retractions form a fundamental notion of ‘data type’. We define a partial order on the retractions of Scott's domain Pω and completely describe the set of data types which can be generated by an arbitrary chain of such retractions. This set is precisely the free upper regular band over the chain, and is a lattice-ordered semigroup.
Functional Robust Support Vector Machines for Sparse and Irregular Longitudinal Data

Functional and longitudinal data are becoming more and more common in practice. This article focuses on sparse and irregular longitudinal data with a multicategory response. The predictor consists of sparse and irregular observations, potentially contaminated with measurement errors, on the predictor trajectory. To deal with this type of complicated predictor, we borrow the strength of large-margin classifiers in statistical learning for classification of sparse and irregular longitudinal data. In particular, we propose functional robust truncated-hinge-loss support vector machines to perform multicategory classification with the aid of functional principal component analysis. This article has online supplementary material.
GAD levels and muscimol binding in rat inferior colliculus following acoustic trauma.

Pharmacological studies of the inferior colliculus (IC) suggest that the inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in shaping responses to simple and complex acoustic stimuli. Several models of auditory dysfunction, including age-related hearing loss, tinnitus, and peripheral deafferentation, suggest an alteration of normal GABA neurotransmission in central auditory pathways. The present study attempts to further characterize noise-induced changes in GABA markers in the IC. Four groups (unexposed control, 0 h post-exposure, 42 h post-exposure, and 30 days post-exposure) of 3-month-old male Fischer 344 rats were exposed to a high intensity sound (12 kHz, 106 dB) for 10 h. Observed hair cell damage was primarily confined to the basal half of the cochlea. There was a significant decrease in glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD 65 ) immunoreactivity in the IC membrane fraction compared to controls (P 0.98). Observed decreases in cytosolic levels of GAD 65 were not significant. Quantitative muscimol receptor binding revealed a significant increase (+20%) in IC 30 days after sound exposure (P<0.05). These data suggest that changes in GABA neurotransmission occur in the IC of animals exposed to intense sound. Additional studies are needed to determine whether these changes are a result of protective/compensatory mechanisms or merely peripheral differentiation, as well as whether these changes preserve or diminish central auditory system function.
Interaction of citrinin and ochratoxin A

The mycotoxins citrinin and ochratoxin A are produced in common by some molds and have been found together in a number of foods and animal feeds. We used in vitro tests to determine if the same effects are produced by these two mycotoxins when they act both independently and together. Renal cortical cubes prepared from kidneys of young adult Hormel-Hanford miniature swine were cultured in the presence or absence of the toxins for 1 h at 37 degrees C. The concentration of the toxins both singly and in combination ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-3) M. The tissues were incubated, removed, rinsed, and reincubated to measure transport of either tetraethylammonium (TEA) or paraminohippurate (PAH) ions and protein synthesis, using 3H-leucine. The transport data were analyzed by a recently developed logistic function test to ascertain whether the effects were additive, synergistic, or antagonistic. The significance of deviation was tested after a potency multiplier was added to the mixture. Data for three of the five experiments measuring TEA transport indicated a synergistic effect; for the other two, the results were not significantly different from additivity. The same was true for PAH transport. For protein synthesis, one experiment showed synergism; for the other, nonadditivity was not significant. None of the measurements showed antagonism between the two toxins. As with several other systems, tests of biochemical effects showed that administration of citrinin and ochratoxin A together did not elicit either consistent or strong synergistic responses.
Norepinephrine Release and Left Ventricular Pressure in the Isolated Heart

In an isolated dog heart, perfused with blood from an anesthetized donor, left ventricular performance was observed during periods in which the left ventricle either contracted isovolumically or was allowed to eject saline. Heart rate and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were comparable in both. Ventricular performance, as judged by peak systolic ventricular pressure, declined relatively rapidly during isovolumic loading when initial systolic pressures were higher. The efflux of norepinephrine (NE) from the heart was directly related to the systolic pressure of the left ventricle both when the NE concentration of the perfusing blood was normal and when it was reduced to undetectable levels by dialysis. Changes in heart rate did not affect NE efflux nor was NE efflux increased by isobaric loading when the ventricle was distended in diastole without developing pressure in systole. A pathway is described whereby ventricles developing a high systolic pressure may be depleted of NE.
In situ X-ray diffraction of diacetylene monolayers

Abstract The in situ surface crystalline parameters of two diacetylene, 12-8 and 16-8 monolayers on a LiOH H 2 O substrate, were measured by glancing incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The monolayers were formed in an ultra-clean quartz trough by the addition method and further compressed by a pivot barrier. Diffraction scans were measured on non-polymerized and pre-polymerized monolayers. Surface pressure was monitored by Whilhelmy plate, which was then removed before polymerization and exposure to the X-ray beam. The monolayers were illuminated by low-angle (0.098° off of the surface plane) incident X-rays (7600 eV, 1.63 A) from the NRL Materials Research Line, X-23B, at NSLS, Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Public anemone: an organic robot creature

We have created an articulated robotic creature and situated it within an interactive terrarium to explore the aesthetic, expressive, and interactive qualities that give robots an organic and engaging presence to people.
Absence of delayed neurotoxicity and increased plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity in triallate-treated hens

Triallate (S-2,3,3-trichloroallyl diisopropylthiocarbamate) was tested for the potential to produce delayed neurotoxicity. Hens were given single oral doses ranging from 312.5 to 2500 mg/kg of triallate, 750 mg/kg tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), or empty gelatin capsules on Days 1 and 21 and were killed on Day 42. In a second experiment, animals were administered daily oral doses of 25-300 mg/kg triallate or 10 mg/kg TOCP for 90 days. In a third experiment, animals were given single oral doses of 2500 mg/kg triallate, 750 mg/kg TOCP, or empty gelatin capsules and killed after 24 hr. Delayed neurotoxicity was observed only in TOCP-treated animals. Animals given daily doses of 300 mg/kg triallate became moribund after 30 days; however, histological examination revealed no lesions characteristic of organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Neurotoxic esterase was not significantly altered in triallate-treated animals while it was 95% inhibited in TOCP-treated animals. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase increased significantly 24 hr after treatment with triallate in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, triallate, a thiocarbamate, did not produce neurotoxicity which has been previously reported for some dithiocarbamates.
Pilot study of postoperative reirradiation, chemotherapy, and amifostine after surgical salvage for recurrent head-and-neck cancer

Abstract Purpose Salvage surgery alone after radiotherapy (RT) failure for locally advanced head-and-neck cancer is frequently unsuccessful because of subsequent recurrence. We designed a prospective protocol to determine the feasibility, toxicity, and preliminary efficacy of a regimen of postoperative reirradiation, chemotherapy and the radioprotector amifostine after salvage head-and-neck surgery. Methods and materials Eligible patients had biopsy-proven locally advanced, but resectable, recurrence without distant metastases >6 months after previous RT. After adequate healing from surgery, patients underwent RT to 54–66 Gy within 5–5.5 weeks to the resection bed (lifetime RT dose, 100–130 Gy). The fractionation was 1.5 Gy b.i.d. within 2 weeks, followed by a 1-week break, followed by 1.5 Gy b.i.d. to a total of 54–66 Gy. Chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin 25 mg/m 2 /d three times and 5-fluorouracil 500 mg/m 2 /d continuous infusion for 4 days, for two cycles (Weeks 1 and 5). Amifostine (500 mg i.v.) was administered daily, 30 min before either the morning or the afternoon RT. Results Between 1998 and 2001, 16 patients were enrolled and studied. Two patients had gross residual disease after surgery; all other patients underwent complete surgical resection but had high-risk features (rT3-T4 and/or N+ disease). Three patients (19%) had serious acute toxicity events (nonneutropenic infections) that were reversible. The median follow-up was 35 months. The actuarial locoregional control rate was 81% at 3 years. Three patients developed isolated distant metastases and one developed a fatal second primary cancer (hepatoma). The 2- and 3-year actuarial event-free survival rate was 81% and 50%, respectively. The 2- and 3-year actuarial overall survival rate was 81% and 63%, respectively. Both patients who had gross residual disease after surgery had early recurrence; if these patients were excluded from analysis, the 3-year actuarial survival and event-free survival rate was 67% and 59%, respectively. Of the 16 patients, 6 (38%) developed Grade 3+ late toxicity, including one fatal stroke and two life-threatening major vessel necrosis and/or bleeding events. Conclusion This regimen of postoperative reirradiation/chemotherapy plus amifostine is feasible and was well tolerated acutely, with encouraging oncologic efficacy. However, the incidence and severity of late effects was significant and suggests that modifications are necessary for future studies in this patient population.
Intermittent dystonia in Hartnup disease

A 6-month-old girl developed intermittent dystonic posture of the legs and eczematous dermatitis without ataxia. Qualitative and quantitative urine amino acid testing confirmed the diagnosis of Hartnup disease. Cranial computed tomography, electroencephalogram, electromyogram/nerve conduction study, posterior tibial somatosensory evoked potentials, 24-hour electroencephalographic telemetry, and metrizamide myelogram were normal. Spinal fluid hydroxy-indoleacetic acid concentration was less than or equal to 2 S.D. of normal; oral tryptophan loading (70 mg/kg) resulted in a two-fold rise in cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid concentration. Tryptophan administered alone or with nicotinic acid failed to improve the dystonia; however, trihexyphenidyl (1-2 mg/kg/day) dramatically improved it. Hartnup disease should be considered in children with unexplained dystonia.
Children’s reading skills: A comparison of traditional and computerized assessment

Student’s ability to read computer text was investigated by comparing reading performance on decoding and phonetics tests of the Woodcock-Johnson (Revised) Tests of Achievement, Forms A and B. Fifty-one students completed one form of the reading tests through the traditional administration method and a second form using computer administration. Initial form and administration order were counterbalanced. Coefficients of equivalence of .91 and .86 were obtained for traditional and computer administration methods of the two tests. The results are interpreted as indicating that computer-administered reading tests can assess the same domains as traditional measures, and that they may become increasingly important in the complete assessment of functional reading skills.
GENETICS OF SORDARIA FIMICOLA. I. ASCOSPORE COLOR MUTANTS

SORDARIA FIMICOLA is a homothallic pyrenomycete which, like 8-spored species of Neurospora, produces asci, each with eight dark ascospores in a single orderly series. No other type of spore is produced by this species. Recently the writer (1954) obtained a gray-spored mutant by means of ultraviolet irradiation. When the mutant culture was paired with a wild-type culture, some perithecia were produced which contained asci with four wild-type and four gray ascospores, thus making possible a direct analysis of segregation of the spore color locus in the ascus. Zickler (1934) studied a similar phenomenon in the asci of the heterothallic pyrenomycete Bombardia lunata, and Bistis and Olive (1954) reported on the segregation of two different loci affecting spore color in the heterothallic discomycete Ascobolus stercorarz us.
Rocking to the beat: Effects of music and partner's movements on spontaneous interpersonal coordination.

People move to music and coordinate their movements with others spontaneously. Does music enhance spontaneous coordination? We compared the influence of visual information (seeing or not seeing another person) and auditory information (hearing movement or music or hearing no sound) on spontaneous coordination. Pairs of participants were seated side by side in rocking chairs, told a cover story, and asked to rock at a comfortable rate. Both seeing and hearing the other person rock elicited spontaneous coordination, and effects of hearing amplified those of seeing. Coupling with the music was weaker than with the partner, and the music competed with the partner's influence, reducing coordination. Music did, however, function as a kind of social glue: participants who synchronized more with the music felt more connected.
Repetition and dual coding in procedural multimedia presentations

SUMMARY Students learned toy assembly sequences presented in picture, text, or one of three multimedia formats, and completed order verification, recall, and object assembly tasks. Experiment 1 compared repetitious (i.e. dual format presentations each conveying similar information) with complementary (i.e. dual format presentations each conveying different information) multimedia presentations. Repetitious presentations appear to provide learning benefits as a function of their inherent redundancy; complementary presentations provide benefits as a result of users actively integrating picture and text elements into a cohesive mental model. Experiment 2 compared repetitious with interleaved (i.e. assembly steps presented in alternating picture-text formats) multimedia presentations. Again, multimedia presentations led to overall learning advantages relative to single-format presentations, with an emphasis on both repetition and integrative working memory processes. Object assembly performance consistently demonstrated the utility of picture learning, with or without accompanying text. Results are considered relative to classic and contemporary learning theory, and inform educational design. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition and cycling of dissolved organic matter in the Mid-Atlantic Bight

Abstract This study focuses on the chemical characterization of high molecular-weight dissolved organic matter (HMW DOM) isolated from the Middle Atlantic Bight in April 1994 and March 1996. Using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) and monosaccharide analysis we compared both spatial and temporal variations in the chemical structure of HMW DOM across this region. Our analyses support the presence of at least two compositionally distinct components to HMW DOM. The major component is acyl polysaccharide (APS), a biopolymer rich in carbohydrates, acetate and lipid, accounting for between 50% and 80% of the total high molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon (HMW DOC) in surface samples. APS is most abundant in fully marine, surface-water samples, and is a product of autochthonous production. Organic matter with spectral properties characteristic of humic substances is the second major component of HMW DOM. Humic substances are most abundant (up to 49% of the total carbon) in samples collected from estuaries, near the coast, and in deep water, suggesting both marine and perhaps terrestrial sources. Radiocarbon analyses of neutral monosaccharides released by the hydrolysis of APS have similar and modern (average 71‰) Δ14C values. Radiocarbon data support our suggestion that these sugars occur as part of a common macromolecule, with an origin via recent biosynthesis. Preliminary radiocarbon data for total neutral monosaccharides isolated from APS at 300 and 750 m show this fraction to be substantially enriched relative to total HMW DOC and DOC. The relatively enriched radiocarbon values of APS at depth suggest APS is rapidly transported into the deep ocean.
On the decoder error probability of bounded rank distance decoders for rank metric codes

In this paper we investigate the decoder error probability (DEP) of bounded rank distance decoders for rank metric codes over two types of channels motivated by network coding. The first channel is a rank symmetric channel where additive errors with the same rank are equiprobable, and for the second and more general channel, errors with the same row or column space are equiprobable. For arbitrary rank metric codes, we first derive analytical expressions of as well as upper bounds on DEPs of bounded distance decoders over the rank symmetric channel, and then establish upper bounds on DEP of bounded distance decoders over the equal row (or column) space channel. Our results show that DEP of bounded distance decoders for any rank metric code with error correction capability t decreases exponentially with t2. For maximum rank distance (MRD) codes, we determine the exact DEP of bounded distance decoders over equal row (or column) space channels as long as MRD codes or their transpose exist, and show that MRD codes have the highest DEP up to a scalar. These results provide insights on the error performance of rank metric codes used for error correction in random linear network coding.
Time scale combining of conservative parallel discrete event simulations

Very often many parameterized trials of a simulation are required. Modifying parameters of a simulation will often only modify a fraction of the work. This paper proposes time scale combining (TSC) to combine multiple independent simulation trials by sharing common events and inter-processor communication messages across distinct simulations. As a result, some of the overhead experienced in parallel computation can be amortized across these multiple simulations, reducing the total time required to execute all of the simulations. The results from an experimental evaluation on both asynchronous and synchronous parallel architectures are presented. >
On equivalence checking and logic synthesis of circuits with a common specification

In this paper we develop a theory of equivalence checking (EC) and logic synthesis of circuits with a common specification (CS). We show that two combinational circuits N1 N2 have a CS iff they can be partitioned into subcircuits that are connected "in the same way" and are toggle equivalent. This fact allows one to represent a specification of a circuit implicitly as a partitioning into subcircuits. We give an efficient procedure for checking if circuits N1, N2 have the same predefined specification. As a "by-product", this procedure performs EC of N1 and N2. We show how, given a circuit N1 with a predefined specification, one can efficiently build a circuit N2 satisfying the same specification. We give experimental evidence that EC of N1 N2 is hard if their CS is unknown.
Perceptions of Orthognathic Surgery Patient's Change in Profile

Abstract Objectives: To compare pairs of silhouettes generated from presurgical and 5-year postsurgical cephalometric radiographs to evaluate whether orthodontists, oral surgeons, and lay persons perceive changes in profile resulting from orthodontics and mandibular advancement surgical treatment. Materials and Methods: A survey-based method of data collection was used to evaluate 15 pairs of silhouettes. These silhouettes included 1 control pair and 14 surgically treated pairs representing mandibular advancements ranging from 0.11 mm to 10.13 mm. Collected data were analyzed to determine whether changes can be perceived and whether these changes were esthetically pleasing. Results: The control silhouette pair was identified by 104 of 127 evaluators. For the 14 surgical treated silhouette pairs, the vast majority of evaluators (N = 127; 53 orthodontists, 32 oral surgeons, and 42 lay persons) were able to identify changes in profile and individual features. At least one group of evaluators was able to perc...
International business strategy: the complete environment for technology

Internationalization of business is engaged by companies in varied industries: auto; oil; food; tobacco; electronics. The environment in each country has both unique and common characteristics, providing a multidimensional challenge. A systematic approach to successfully implant an international business is provided by the strategic management process, which provides analysis of opportunities and needs, risks and planning of implementation across countries.