cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the impact of long-term evaporation on the relationship between capillary pressure and water saturation in unsaturated porous media

Abstract The focus of this work was on understanding the impact of evaporation on the capillary pressure-saturation (Pc-S) state of a porous medium. Evaporation is ubiquitous near the ground surface in the vadose zone, but little is known about how evaporation impacts the relationship between capillary pressure and saturation. The hypothesis driving the work was that the Pc-S relationship is the result of an equilibrium between evaporative water loss, capillary forces, and the upward flow of water to replenish evaporated water. Experiments were conducted using two different porous media, a coarse sand and a nylon membrane with a 20 μm pore size. Long-term evaporation experiments were conducted using different configurations to control evaporation within the media. Results found that increased accessibility to evaporation caused saturation in drainage Pc-S curves to decrease over time, causing the curves to become closer to imbibition Pc-S curves. In the membrane, the high external surface area to pore volume ratio caused changes in evaporative flux to produce rapid changes in the Pc-S state of the medium. One implication of the work is that results suggest that long-term drainage experiments in vented columns may not necessarily provide a meaningful measurement of static Pc-S curve, but rather may be impacted by evaporation.
174 The enforcement of texting while driving laws: a national survey of police

Statement of Purpose While virtually all states have passed testing while driving (TWD) legislation, there is evidence that these laws may be difficult for police to enforce. Thus, a national survey of police was conducted to determine if barriers to cellphone law enforcement exist. Methods/Approach A web-based survey was developed using Qualtrics software. The survey was assessed for content validity, pilot-tested, and verified for test-retest reliability prior to its release. Police departments from all 50 states were randomly selected and sent an electronic link to the survey via the department’s email or social media pages beginning in mid-November 2019. Frequencies and percentages of responses were assessed. Results Despite its recent release, several officers (N=27) from numerous states (N=9) have responded. Among respondents, 85% (N=23) claimed that TWD is a serious threat to road user safety. Several officers (44%) report that they issue citations for TWD less than they issue speeding tickets. Nearly 48% reported that TWD citations are difficult to adjudicate (N=13). The largest barriers to enforcement are: narrowly focused laws (56%), laws which permit drivers to engage in some behaviors but not others (85%; e.g. driver is not permitted to text, but allowed to dial a phone number). Many officers (70%) felt drivers do not understand current distracted driving laws. The officers felt that making laws applicable to all licensed drivers (96%), a primary offense (93%), eliminating legal loop holes which permit some behaviors but not others (85%), and making one general law that eliminates any type of hand-held cell phone use could improve TWD enforcement (89%). Conclusions Numerous barriers to TWD enforcement exist among police. Current legislation could be improved to facilitate enforcement. Significance and Contribution to Injury and Prevention Science These findings may help direct future policy or interventional efforts to mitigate TWD.
SMARCB1 (Integrase Interactor 1)-Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma of the Maxillary Sinus: A Newly Described Sinonasal Neoplasm.

SMARCB1 (integrase interactor 1) is a tumor suppressor gene encoded on chromosome 22q11.2 that encodes a core subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes and plays a critical role in regulating gene expression and chromatin structure. We describe a case of SMARCB1 (integrase interactor 1)–deficient sinonasal carcinoma of the left maxillary sinus in a 63-year-old woman with an initial presentation of numbness of the maxillary teeth and facial swelling.
A 19 GHz Lithium Niobate Acoustic Filter with FBW of 2.4

This paper presents the first demonstration of a wideband hybrid monolithic acoustic filter in the K-band which exceeds the limitation of electromechanical coupling on the fractional bandwidth (FBW) of acoustic filters. The hybrid filter utilizes the co-design of EM and acoustic to attain wide bandwidth while keeping the advantages of small sizes and high $Q$ in the acoustic domain. The fabricated filter built with resonators having an electromechanical coupling of 0.7% based on the seventh-order antisymmetric Lamb wave mode (A7) has a 3 dB FBW of 2.4% at 19 GHz, and a compact footprint of 1.4 mm2.
The Strategy of Judging: Evidence from Administrative Law

Recent theories of judicial decision making suggest that federal judges are likely to exploit the structure of law to protect decisions which implement their policy preferences. One perspective asserts that judges, when making decisions that move policy toward their preferred policy outcomes, will be more likely to choose legal grounds -- or judicial instruments -- that are difficult for other political actors to reverse than when making decisions that move policy away from the judges' preferred outcomes. We test this "strategic instrument" perspective and compare our results with those expected from other models of judicial decision making. Using federal circuit court cases reviewing the Environmental Protection Agency from 1981 to 1993, we conduct both bivariate analysis and multinomial logit regression to measure the effect of policy goals on the legal instruments chosen by judges. Our results support the conclusion that strategic considerations systematically influence judicial decision making.
CYP46A1 Activation by Efavirenz as an Amyloid-Independent Model for Behavioral Improvements in a Preclinical Study on 5XFAD Mice

Efavirenz, the FDA-approved anti-retroviral medication, will soon be evaluated in the clinical trial in patients with mild cognitive impairment or early dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. Efavirenz will be assessed for activation of cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), a CNS-specific enzyme that converts cholesterol to 24-hydroxycholesterol. Cholesterol 24-hydroxylation is the major pathway for brain cholesterol removal, and a mechanism that controls brain cholesterol turnover. This clinical trial is based on our previous study, in which efavirenz was administered to 5XFAD mice (an Alzheimer's model) at a very low daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. Efavirenz treatment started from one month of age, before amyloid plague appearance, and continued for 8 months (the 1st treatment paradigm). This treatment led to CYP46A1 activation in the brain, enhancement of brain cholesterol turnover, reduction in microglia activation, behavioral improvements, as well as a decrease in amyloid beta load in the brain. Herein, we tested another, 2nd, treatment paradigm, in which the same mouse model and efavirenz dose were used except the treatment began at three months of age, after amyloid beta deposition. The treatment continued for 6 months and led to similar beneficial effects as the 1st treatment paradigm, except no reduction in the brain total amyloid beta burden was observed. Mechanistic studies were carried out and suggested efavirenz effect on synaptic glutamatergic transmission. Efavirenz treatment in the present work represents a new model of amyloid-independent behavioral and other improvements and provides insight into potential outcomes of the future clinical trial. Funding Statement: This work was supported in part in by National Institute of General Medical Sciences grant GM062882 (IAP). The funding source did not have any involvement in study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the paper; and in the decision to responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. submit the paper for publication. IAP had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: All animal experiments were approved by the Case Western Reserve University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conformed to recommendations of the American Veterinary Association Panel on Euthanasia.
Groundwater affects the geomorphic and hydrologic properties of coevolved landscapes

The hydrologic dynamics and geomorphic evolution of watersheds are intimately coupled -- runoff generation and water storage are controlled by topography and properties of the surface and subsurfac...
PERINATAL RISK FACTORS AND MORTALITY IN CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA (CDH) INFANTS

Background Since the introduction of new therapeutic approaches, the survival rate in CDH infants has dramatically increased, however mortality is still reported up to 40%. Aim of our study is to evaluate the role of different perinatal risk factors, possibly related to higher mortality rate. Patients and Methods All patients treated for CDH between 2000 and 2007 were included. Risk factors evaluated were gestational age ( Results Overall mortality rate was 35%, 38 newborns died before surgery and 12 after operation. Table summarized the results. Conclusion In our population all risk factors considered were significantly associated with a higher mortality. The need of patch repair was the most predictive factor for patients died after surgery. The identification of risk factors highly related to worse survival rate is a primary goal to better understand the patho-physiology of CDH and to improve the care given.
The Ottoman road to war in 1914 : the Ottoman Empire and the First World War

Introduction: pursuing sovereignty in the age of imperialism 1. The intellectual and emotional climate after the Balkan wars 2. 1914: war with Greece? 3. The Ottomans within the international order 4. The Great War as great opportunity: the Ottoman July crisis 5. Tug of war: Penelope's game 6. Salvation through war? Conclusion: the decision for war remembered.
Permeability and compression of fibrous porous media generated from dilute suspensions of fiberglass debris during a loss of coolant accident

Abstract Permeability of fibrous porous media has been studied for decades in various engineering applications, including liquid purifications, air filters, and textiles. In nuclear engineering, fiberglass has been found to be a hazard during a Loss-of-Coolant Accident. The high energy steam jet from a break impinges on surrounding fiberglass insulation materials, producing a large amount of fibrous debris. The fibrous debris is then transported through the reactor containment and reaches the sump strainers. Accumulation of such debris on the surface of the strainers produces a fibrous bed, which is a fibrous porous medium that can undermine reactor core cooling. The present study investigated the buildup of fibrous porous media on two types of perforated plate and the pressure drop through the fibrous porous media without chemical effect. The development of the fibrous bed was visually recorded in order to correlate the pressure drop, the approach velocity, and the thickness of the fibrous porous media. The experimental results were compared to semi-theoretical models and theoretical models proposed by other researchers. Additionally, a compression model was developed to predict the thickness and the local porosity of a fibrous bed as a function of pressure.
Weak interactions between water and clathrate-forming gases at low pressures

Using scanning probe microscopy and temperature programed desorption we examined the interaction between water and two common clathrate-forming gases, methane and isobutane, at low temperature and low pressure. Water co-deposited with up to 10–1 mbar methane or 10–5 mbar isobutane at 140 K onto a Pt(111) substrate yielded pure crystalline ice, i.e., the exposure to up to ~ 107 gas molecules for each deposited water molecule did not have any detectable effect on the growing films. Exposing metastable, less than 2 molecular layers thick, water films to 10–5 mbar methane does not alter their morphology, suggesting that the presence of the Pt(111) surface is not a strong driver for hydrate formation. This weak water–gas interaction at low pressures is supported by our thermal desorption measurements from amorphous solid water and crystalline ice where 1 ML of methane desorbs near ~ 43 K and isobutane desorbs near ~ 100 K. As a result, similar desorption temperatures were observed for desorption from amorphous solid water.
The Compositional Order of Art

We have now considered in a general manner that will permit application to particular arts the nature of the material with which the artist works. This exposition has covered the intrinsic order of art; we have said little about what the artist can do to realize this structure. Before we do so, we may review the argument so far.
A beta-tubulin gene of Naegleria encodes a carboxy-terminal tyrosine: aromatic amino acids are conserved at carboxy termini

A gene that directs the programmed synthesis of flagellar β -tubulin during the rapid differentiation of Naegleria gruberi from amoebae to flagellates has been cloned and sequenced. The intronless gene is one of 8 to 10 similar but non-identical genes that are dispersed in the genome. β -Tubulin mRNA homologous to this gene family is expressed transiently during differentiation, and has not been detected in amoebae. The encoded β -tubulin is strongly conserved, with features that closely resemble the β -tubulins of diverse organisms, especially organisms that, like Naegleria , use tubulin to assemble flagellar axonemes. In most sequenced α -tubulins, the encoded carboxy-terminal amino acid is tyrosine, which undergoes post-translational removal and readdition, conserved processes of unknown function. In N. gruberi , unusually, the terminus of α -tubulin is encoded as glutamine while that of β -tubulin is tyrosine. The presence of these divergent termini on subunits of a conserved tubulin provoked us to re-examine aromatic amino acids at the termini of α - and β -tubulins. Although evolution has tinkered extensively with the carboxyterminal domains of tubulin subunits, we find an unexpected conservation. In every organism or cell type for which both tubulin subunits have been sequenced, except the ciliate Stylonychia lemnae , at least one tubulin subunit of some or all tubullin heterodimers terminates in an aromatic amino acid, either tyrosine or phenylalanine. This remarkable conservation of carboxy-terminal aromatic amino acids suggests that these residues serve some crucial function.
From Mean Variance Space to Mean Skewness Space - Implications for Simultaneous Risk Seeking and Risk Averting Behavior

I propose that the utility function of an economic agent will be concave for wealth below the current wealth and will be convex for wealth above the current wealth. This utility function allows the agent to display simultaneous risk averse and risk seeking behaviour. The cubic utility function and the inverse hyperbolic tangent utility function are examples of such utility functions. For an agent with such an utility function, the expected utility of wealth is independent of the second moment about the current wealth. For such agents, the mean-skewness space is relevant in understanding behaviour. In equilibrium, the efficient frontier in the mean skewness space is either concave and downward sloping or there are at best two portfolios in equilibrium.
210Pb and 210Po determination in environmental samples

Abstract Sequential separation of 210 Pb and 210 Po in environmental samples allows the determination of these naturally occurring radionuclides with good chemical yields and low detection limits. After sample mineralization, part of the leaching solution is used for 210 Po determination which does not require any further treatment and essentially quantitative recoveries are obtained, using a standard 209 Po tracer. The remaining part of the leaching solution is used for 210 Pb determination. Starting from 3 g sediment (30 l water), the lower limits of detection of the method are 1.4 Bq kg−1 (0.14 mBq 1−1) for 210 Pb and 0.25 Bq kg−1 (0.016 mBq 1−1) for 210 Po . The procedure has been checked by analysing two certified reference materials, supplied by IAEA, and reliable results have been obtained.
Safety of cochlear implantation before 12 months of age: Medical University of South Carolina and Pediatric American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality improvement program outcomes.

Objectives/Hypothesis The primary objective of this study was to determine the safety profile of cochlear implantation (CI) in infants <12 months old. Study Design Retrospective review of institutional (Medical University of South Carolina [MUSC]) and national data (Pediatric American College of Surgeons–National Surgical Quality Improvement Program [ACS-NSQIP]). Methods Cases were subdivided into two groups according to age at CI: <12 months and 12 to 18 months. The primary outcome measure of interest was occurrence of a postoperative medical or surgical complication. Operative time, anesthesia time, time in the postoperative anesthesia care unit, and length of stay were also assessed. Results In infants <12 months of age, the incidence of a 30-day postoperative surgical complication using the ACS-NSQIP database was 3.6%; this did not differ from the rate observed in the 12- to 18-month-old group (3.2%, P = 1.0). In the MUSC series, the occurrence of a 30-day postoperative complication in children <12 months old was comparable (2.7%). At longer-term follow-up (mean = 3.7 years), the incidence of a postoperative surgical complication in infants <12 months old using MUSC data was 13.5%. When compared to older children at longer-term follow-up, no difference was noted (12.7%, P = 1.0). The incidence of a postoperative medical or anesthetic complication in children <12 months of age was extremely rare in both MUSC and ACS-NSQIP series (0% and 1.3%, respectively). Conclusions Institutional and national data demonstrate that CI in children <12 months of age is a safe procedure. Although infants <12 months old are at risk for postoperative complications, the rates of surgical and medical complications were no different compared to children 12 to 18 months of age. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope, 126:707–712, 2016
Dynamic labor supply and saving incentives under a privatized pension system: Evidence from Chile

government can increase total household savings by 14% by increasing the required contribution rate by 5 percentage points. However, it also lowers pension system coverage by 5 percentage points as people leave the covered sector for the uncovered sector.
X-Ray Excitation of Molecular Hydrogen and [Fe II] Emission in NGC 1068

NGC 1068 is a source of luminous emission in the near-infrared lines of molecular hydrogen and [Fe II]. Although these emission lines are commonly attributed to shocks, I show that in NGC 1068 it is quite plausible that they arise in the X-Ray Dissociation Region (XDR) produced by X-ray irradiation of the gas in the disk by the powerful active nucleus. This mechanism naturally produces the observed size scale of the H2 emission. I will also briefly discuss the implications of the observations of the pure rotation lines of H2 with ISO (Lutz, this workshop).
A novel control model for elucidating human postural balance

In this paper, the authors devised a control system to be integrated as a new framework for examining human postural control. The control model is partially based on the proven mathematical concept of systems with impulse effect. The authors contend the use of impulse effect along with a learning procedure, a linear quadratic regulator, and state estimation as a control system provides insight on the strategies used by the human body's lower extremities. The model simulates the control of upright balance following an external perturbation and produces stable responses, which reasonably matches experimental data.
Adjuvant therapy with escalating doses of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide with or without leukocyte alpha-interferon for stage II or III breast cancer.

PURPOSEA prospective study in breast cancer patients was undertaken to determine whether escalating doses of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide would result in a higher fraction of patients free of disease, and to evaluate the role of leukocyte alpha-interferon.PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween 1982 and 1986, 319 consecutive patients with stage II or III breast cancer with one or more positive nodes were assigned randomly to receive adjuvant chemotherapy that consisted of escalating doses of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in combination with vincristine and prednisone or the same chemotherapy regimen followed by 1 year of leukocyte alpha-interferon. Doxorubicin was administered by 72-hour continuous infusion through a central venous catheter (maximum total cumulative dose, 430 mg/m2). All patients with positive or unknown estrogen receptor status were also given tamoxifen for 1 year.RESULTSThe median follow-up was 71 months (range, 35 to 99 months). Correlation of disease-free survival (DFS) with dose-intensity...
Free jejunal autograft combined with extensive esophagogastrectomy for unshuntable extrahepatic portal hypertension

Abstract This is the first report of the use of a free jejunal autograft vascularized by the internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery and vein to restore continuity of the digestive tract after total gastrectomy and distal 65% esophagectomy for recurrent bleeding esophagogastric varices caused by unshuntable extrahepatic portal hypertension. The procedure was used in two young adults who, because of numerous previous abdominal operations, had a severely scarred and contracted intestinal mesentery that precluded conventional use of the small or large intestine with an intact blood supply to bridge the gap between the upper thoracic esophagus and the abdominal jejunum. Before referral, the two patients had 21 and eight bouts of variceal hemorrhage, respectively, that necessitated a cumulative total of 108 and 74 units of blood transfusion, necessitated 17 and 12 admissions to the hospital, and failed to respond to four and five operations and 14 and 18 sessions of endoscopic sclerotherapy. After extensive esophagogastrectomy combined with a free jejunal autograft, both patients have done well during follow-up of 9 and 3 years, respectively. Both have been in good to excellent health with stable weight, freedom from digestive tract bleeding, normal liver function, and no encephalopathy. These results confirm our recently reported conclusions regarding the uniform long-term effectiveness of extensive esophagogastrectomy in the treatment of unshuntable extrahepatic portal hypertension and suggest that thoracic and general surgeons familiar with microvascular techniques may find the free jejunal autograft to be useful in various circumstances in which it is necessary to replace all or a substantial part of the thoracic esophagus. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1994;108:346-53)
Are Adjustments Insufficient

Many judgmental biases are thought to be the product of insufficient adjustment from an initial anchor value. Nearly all existing evidence of insufficient adjustment, however, comes from an experimental paradigm that evidence indicates does not involve adjustment at all. In this article, the authors first provide further evidence that some kinds of anchors (those that are self-generated and known to be incorrect but close to the correct answer) activate processes of adjustment, whereas others (uncertain anchors provided by an external source) do not. It is then shown that adjustment from self-generated anchors does indeed tend to be insufficient, both by comparing the estimates of participants starting from different anchor values and by comparing estimates with actual answers. Thus, evidence is provided of adjustment-based anchoring effects similar to the accessibility-based anchoring effects observed in the traditional anchoring paradigm, supporting theories of social judgment that rely on mechanisms of insufficient adjustment.
Dermatologic side effects of thalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma

Abstract Background: Thalidomide, an antiangiogenic agent, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1998 for the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum. Although its teratogenic and neurologic side effects are well known, its dermatologic side effects continue to be defined. Objective: We report the dermatologic side effects in 87 patients with multiple myeloma enrolled in a comparative, open-label, clinical trial treated with thalidomide alone (50 patients) or thalidomide and dexamethasone (37 patients). Method: We reviewed the records of all patients enrolled in the clinical trial. The frequency, type, severity, and time of onset of all skin eruptions that were temporally related to thalidomide treatment were recorded. Results: Minor to moderate skin eruptions were noted in 46% of patients taking thalidomide alone and in 43% of those taking thalidomide and dexamethasone. These included morbilliform, seborrheic, maculopapular, or nonspecific dermatitis. Severe skin reactions (exfoliative erythroderma, erythema multiforme, and toxic epidermal necrolysis) that required hospitalization and withdrawal of thalidomide developed in 3 patients receiving thalidomide and dexamethasone. Conclusion: The prevalence of dermatologic side effects of thalidomide appear to be higher than previously reported. Although in most patients they were minor, in a few patients they were quite severe, particularly when given in conjunction with dexamethasone for newly diagnosed myeloma. Further studies are needed to verify the extent of the interaction between thalidomide and dexamethasone in this group of patients. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:548-52.)
Standard Software for CAMAC

The NIM Committee and ESONE have formed working groups to study the problems of CAMAC software. This paper summarizes the results which have been obtained to date. The NIM Software Working Group has endorsed six FORTRAN-compatible subroutines for CAMAC software interface, and the ESONE Software Working Group has proposed a high-level CAMAC language.
Performance of two linearly-polarized broadband horns on a small circular platform

The patterns and fundamental-mode port-to-port isolation of a pair of linearly-polarized 18–40 GHz horn antennas mounted in a cross-polarized configuration on a circular platform is studied, and compared to the case of a single aperture center-mounted. The first configuration is one where the apertures are mounted along the platform centerline, and the apertures are moved off the centerline in the second configuration. It is found that despite fabrication errors near the radiating aperture causing a break in symmetry, the centerline-mounted configuration has over 50 dB isolation, which is an acceptable level when both apertures are transmit-only. The broadside gain and WoW of the two configurations were found to differ by less than 1 dB.
Microcomputer Models for the Design of Hydraulic Fractures

This paper describes approximate models which yield credible descriptions of hydraulic fracturing processes and are amenable to microprocessing calculation. Two levels of analysis are presented, lumped models, in which spatial variation is represented by integral coefficients; and more complex pseudo-threedimensional models, the main feature of which is a refined mesh that moves with the fracture. These models can compute such significant design evaluation quantities as length, height, width, and pressure variation with specified injection rate.
The structure of hexafluoroacetone azine bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum

Abstract The crystal structure of hexafluoroacetone azine bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum, C42H30F12N2P2Pt, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a 31.155(3), b 13.091(1), c 21.828(2) A, β 109.23(1)° and Z = 8. Manual diffractometer methods (Cu radiation, λ 1.54050 A) were used to obtain 5046 reflections with Inet ⩾ 8 counts sec−1 at 21°C. The structure was solved by the heavy atom method and was refined, including CH2Cl2 at occupancy 0.4 on a crystallographic 2-fold axis, by block-diagonal least-squares methods to R = 0.056. Location of the phenyl hydrogen atoms was not attempted. The platinum atom is σ-bonded to one CN of the azine ligand forming a PtCN three-membered ring. Coordination about platinum consists of a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement of the phosphorus atoms and the bonded carbon and nitrogen atoms of the unsaturated ligand. The observed difference in PtP bond lengths is rationalized in terms of the trans-influence.
Validation of Fault Rupture-Response Spectrum Analysis Method for Curved Bridges Crossing Strike-Slip Fault Rupture Zones

AbstractIn response to the bridge damages observed in past earthquakes and the absence of practical analysis methods, a simplified analysis procedure named the fault rupture-response spectrum analysis (FR-RSA) method was developed in this research as an alternative to the onerous nonlinear response history analysis (RHA) method for bridges crossing strike-slip earthquake fault rupture zones. For validation of the FR-RSA method, this research investigated seismic responses of two representative curved bridges in California, including one three-span bridge and one four-span bridge. The selected bridges were analyzed using both the FR-RSA method and the nonlinear RHA method. Ground motion, earthquake fault rupture location, and fault orientation were varied in the analyses to expand the validation work under a broad range of the parameters. Result comparisons show that the FR-RSA method provides estimates of peak bridge displacement response that are close enough to the exact nonlinear RHA results in all con...
Personality Matters: The Effect of Defiant Individualism on both Deviant Associations and Normative Behaviors among Juveniles in Rural North Carolina

The role of defiant individualism in the production of deviant behavior has not been extensively explored within Criminology. This study used data from a juvenile gang assessment of two rural counties in North Carolina to examine the effect of defiant individualism on association with deviant peers, association with gang members, school engagement and grade point average. The researchers developed a proprietary scale with which to measure defiant individualism. Additionally, an integrated defiance continuum was constructed in which to better contextualize the findings. Findings suggested that defiant individualism had positive relationships with both deviant peer associations and association with gang members. Furthermore, there were inverse relationships between defiant individualism and school engagement as well as grade point average. These statistics suggested that besides promoting deviant associations, defiant individualism also inhibited normative behaviors like school engagement and academic achievement which may actually ameliorate deviant behavior in juveniles.
Improvement of Orographic Gravity Wave Parameterization Using a Mesoscale Gravity Wave Model

Abstract Parameterization of gravity waves due to subgrid-scale orography is now included in most existing large-scale models of the atmosphere. Parameterization schemes, however, have so far been evaluated mainly in view of the overall performance of the large-scale models. This may lead to an inappropriate assessment of the schemes since errors from various sources may interact with one another. To avoid this situation, an approach is taken in which a numerical model that explicitly resolves gravity waves is used to evaluate the performance of the schemes. For this purpose, a mesoscale two-dimensional nonlinear anelastic nonhydrostatic model is developed and used to numerically simulate gravity waves for a variety of orographic conditions. Regarding a subdomain of the mesoseale model as the horizontal grid interval of a large-scale model, two vertical profiles of gravity wave drag are compared–one for the subdomain-averaged values of the drag simulated by the mesoseale model and the other for the drag c...
Influence of Dietary Electrolytes on Digestive Tract pH and Acid-Base Status of Chicks

The nutritional interaction of lysine and arginine is affected by the electrolyte balance of the diet. Because the ionization and, therefore, the transport and metabolism of these amino acids may be affected by the pH of fluids in which they are dissolved, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary electrolytes on the pH of the digestive tract and the acid-base status of the chicken. A purified casein diet deficient in arginine was modified by addition of either KHCO3 or CaCl2 X 2H2O at levels sufficient either to alleviate or to exacerbate the lysine-arginine antagonism. Addition of KHCO3 led to a more alkaline diet than the arginine-deficient control while CaCl2 X 2H2O resulted in a more acidic diet. Varying the electrolyte balance had little effect on digestive tract pH. The pH of the crop was depressed (P less than .05) by dietary Cl-, but neither Cl- nor K+ had an effect on the pH of the proventriculus, duodenum, or middle and distal portions of the small intestine (P greater than .05). Dietary Cl- significantly depressed plasma bicarbonate, base excess, and PCO2 (P less than .05) but did not significantly decrease plasma pH (P greater than .05). These same acid-base parameters were unaffected by addition of K+ to the control diet. It is concluded that variations in dietary electrolytes affect the acid-base balance of the chicken and alter the pH of the crop. However, the pH of the digestive tract from the proventriculus to the distal small intestine is unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Perceptions of the Future of Cataloging: Is the Sky Really Falling?

Cataloging procedures have evolved in many academic research libraries over the past 10 years. Some predicted trends—outsourcing, original cataloging by paraprofessionals, more digital material—have been borne out. Others, such as a decline in the amount of material to catalog or in the number of professional catalogers, have not. Changes have been mostly procedural and have not affected the catalog itself. Recently, however, the emergence of powerful Internet search engines has allowed researchers to bypass the catalog. This has led some to question the wisdom of continuing it and others to vigorously defend current practice. In 2005–2007 this debate became especially heated, but a consensus appears to be emerging that although the character of the professional cataloger's job will continue to evolve over the next 5 to 10 years there will not be a revolution. The cataloger's basic skills will still be needed and the fundamental nature of cataloging will remain much as we know it.
An improved acoustic clutter model and direct in vivo assessment of off-axis and multipath clutter energy in the liver

The role of multipath and off-axis scattering induced clutter has recently received renewed attention. In order to address these clutter sources and preserve the ultrasound channel data, we proposed a model based approach. The original model had some shortcomings and did not preserve the expected speckle SNR. Here we present a new model and decomposition scheme that preserves the expected speckle statistics of B-mode images. The new speckle statistics are 1.90±0.057 compared to 1.32±0.047 for the old model. The recovery of speckle SNR also results in improvements in contrast-to-noise ratio compared to both normal B-mode and the previous method.
Natural Breast Augmentation or Fat Transfer: The Mammographic and Sonographic Correlation

Natural breast augmentation, or fat transfer, involves taking fat cells from one area of the body and injecting them into another area, such as the breast. This can be done for cosmetic reasons after a lumpectomy or other surgical procedures that affect the shape of the breast. Breast augmentation is also being used electively by some women to enhance the appearance of their breasts. Defects such as asymmetry, sagging, or indentations have been improved with fat transfers. The changes of the breast tissue from the reaction to the new fat can also change the outcome of mammograms and sonograms. The interpreting radiologist might recommend a biopsy to exclude the possibility of missing a malignant lesion. These two case reports give sonographers an idea of what additional questions they may need to ask patients to clarify their history.
Trying to beat the system: Misuse of the Internet to assist in avoiding the detection of psychological symptom dissimulation

Although the Internet may be beneficial to clinical practice, its potential for misuse cannot be overlooked. The current probe identified Internet Web sites that contained information that violated the test security of psychological assessment instruments. Five individuals, using multiple search engines, conducted Internet searches to evaluate samples of Web sites. Sites were classified into 1 of 3 levels according to the degree of threat they posed to test security. A small number (2-5%) appeared to be a direct threat to test security. The findings are discussed and recommendations for promoting more ethical use of the Internet are made.
Chronic injections of saline produce subsensitivity to nicotine

The routine handling of rats and the injection of saline is a stressor. The authors report that chronic twice daily injections of normal saline (1 ml/kg IP) for 14 days produced subsensitivity to the hypothermic effects of nicotine (1 ml/kg IP). The weekly injection of nicotine (1 mg/kg IP) does not produce this effect. The investigators propose that their findings reflect the effect of chronic stress on a nicotinic mechanism. Lithium, desipramine, fluoxetine, and amitriptyline also alter the thermic response to systemically injected nicotine. A nicotinic mechanism(s) may be involved in the neurobiology of chronic stress, actions of antidepressants, and conceivably the pathophysiology of depression.
Mechanisms underlying the inhibitory interaction between the nitrovasodilator SIN-1 and the endothelium

Experiments were designed to determine the influence of the endothelium on the relaxing potency of the nitrovasodilator SIN-1. Rings of coronary arteries were suspended for isometric-tension recording in organ chambers filled with modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution, aerated with 95% O2-5% CO2 and warmed to 37 degrees C. The experiments were performed in the presence of indomethacin and propranolol in order to inhibit cyclooxygenase and beta-adrenoceptors, respectively. In rings contracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha, SIN-1 caused concentration-dependent relaxations that were increased following endothelium removal. In rings denuded of endothelium, the relaxations evoked by SIN-1 were not affected by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, which inhibits the production of endothelium-derived relaxing factor), or by superoxide dismutase and catalase (scavengers of oxygen-derived free radicals), or by L-NMMA plus superoxide dismutase and catalase. In rings with endothelium, relaxations evoked by SIN-1 were increased significantly by L-NMMA or by superoxide dismutase and catalase, and were increased further by the combination of L-NMMA plus superoxide dismutase and catalase. The difference in potency of SIN-1 between arterial rings with and without endothelium was reduced by either L-NMMA or by superoxide dismutase and catalase, and was abolished by the combination of L-NMMA plus superoxide dismutase and catalase. Therefore, the inhibitory interaction between SIN-1 and the endothelium may result from an endothelium-dependent production of oxygen-derived free radicals that may inactivate the nitric oxide generated by SIN-1, and from an inhibitory interaction between SIN-1 and endothelium-derived relaxing factor, released under basal conditions.
A comparative study of stress timing of stutterers and nonstutterers

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to provide a preliminary description and comparison of the temporal parameters of fluent speech production of adult stutterers and nonstutterers as represented within the electroglottographic and acoustic waveform. Subjects were 12 male stutterers (mean age = 30 years, 3 months) and a like number of male age-matched normally fluent spakers (mean age = 30 years, 2 months). Measured durational variables consisted of stopgap duration and voice onset time (VOT) during stressed and unstressed syllables near the end of metronome-timed syllabic utterances. Results indicated that VOT but not stopgap duration was significantly different between the groups. Correlational analyses indicated that for stressed productions a significant negative relation between stopgap duration and VOT existed among the nonstutterers. Stutterers did not demonstrate a clear reciprocal relationship between these durational variables in either speech context. The findings of a protracted VOT and the absence of a “reciprocal” relationship between stopgap duration and VOT among stutterers seem to reflect a failure to achieve coordinated timing between supralaryngeal and laryngeal movements necessary for smooth ongoing fluent speech production.
“Twilight is so anti-feminist that I want to cry:” Twilight fans finding and defining feminism on the World Wide Web

Abstract In this article, I study a discussion thread started in February 2009 on the “official” Twilight series web site entitled “Twilight is so Anti-Feminist that I want to Cry.” As of April 2009, the thread contained over 490 posts and had consistently been among the 15 most popular discussion threads about the novels. In light of sometimes conflicting scholarship about what kind of Internet spaces are available to and constructive for women, this discussion thread provides an interesting case study of ways that a group comprised predominantly of girls and young women negotiates not only what it means to be feminist but simultaneously what it means to be young women on the World Wide Web. Through a review of recent scholarship of women on the Web followed by an analysis of the rhetorical and interpersonal strategies employed on the discussion board, I argue that because of the agency encouraged by transmedia narratives and the possibilities for dialogue created by online discussion forums, this discussion thread reveals the practices that make it possible for young women to negotiate feminism in a space that simultaneously enacts a feminist vision for online environments.
Evaluation of panoramic dental radiographs taken in private practice

Five hundred panoramic radiographs submitted to Delta Dental Plan of Michigan for preauthorization or claim processing were evaluated for frequency of occurrence of 15 categories of technical errors in patient positioning, film processing, and general film handling. Only one radiograph showed no errors. The average radiograph contained 2.2 positioning errors, 1.0 processing errors, and 1.5 miscellaneous errors, for a total of 4.7 errors. Of the 500 radiographs, 467 had positioning errors, 441 had processing errors, and 424 had miscellaneous errors. Diagnostic quality was judged to be adequate in 365 radiographs, inadequate in 91 radiographs and marginal in 44 radiographs. The severity of error was of more importance than the number of errors in the determination of diagnostic adequacy.
Color and chemistry on Triton

The surface of Triton is very bright but shows subtle yellow to peach hues which probably arise from the production of colored organic compounds from CH4 + N2 and other simple species. In order to investigate possible relationships between chemical processes and the observed surface distribution of chromophores, the surface units are classified according to color/albedo properties, the rates of production of organic chromophores by the action of ultraviolet light and high-energy charged particles is estimated, and rates, spectral properties, and expected seasonal redistribution processes are compared to suggest possible origins of the colors seen on Triton's surface.
Bowel Obstruction and Hernia

Bowel obstruction and abdominal hernia are commonly observed in patients seeking emergency care for abdominal pain. This article discusses bowel obstruction, adynamic ileus, acute colonic pseudo-obstruction, and abdominal hernias, with particular emphasis on the management of patients in the emergency department (ED). Although the diagnostic approach to bowel obstruction often requires imaging, abdominal hernia may be identified in most circumstances by history and physical examination alone. Urgent surgical consultation is indicated when there is a concern for bowel ischemia, strangulation, or complete obstruction. This article reviews an ED-based approach to the patient presenting with symptoms of bowel obstruction or hernia.
Mitochondrial pharmacology: Electron transport chain bypass as strategies to treat mitochondrial dysfunction

Mitochondrial dysfunction (primary or secondary) is detrimental to intermediary metabolism. Therapeutic strategies to treat/prevent mitochondrial dysfunction could be valuable for managing metabolic and age-related disorders. Here, we review strategies proposed to treat mitochondrial impairment. We then concentrate on redox-active agents, with mild-redox potential, who shuttle electrons among specific cytosolic or mitochondrial redox-centers. We propose that specific redox agents with mild redox potential (-0.1 V; 0.1 V) improve mitochondrial function because they can readily donate or accept electrons in biological systems, thus they enhance metabolic activity and prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These agents are likely to lack toxic effects because they lack the risk of inhibiting electron transfer in redox centers. This is different from redox agents with strong negative (-0.4 V; -0.2 V) or positive (0.2 V; 0.4 V) redox potentials who alter the redox status of redox-centers (i.e., become permanently reduced or oxidized). This view has been demonstrated by testing the effect of several redox active agents on cellular senescence. Methylene blue (MB, redox potential ≅10 mV) appears to readily cycle between the oxidized and reduced forms using specific mitochondrial and cytosolic redox centers. MB is most effective in delaying cell senescence and enhancing mitochondrial function in vivo and in vitro. Mild-redox agents can alter the biochemical activity of specific mitochondrial components, which then in response alters the expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. We present the concept of mitochondrial electron-carrier bypass as a potential result of mild-redox agents, a method to prevent ROS production, improve mitochondrial function, and delay cellular aging. Thus, mild-redox agents may prevent/delay mitochondria-driven disorders.