cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dilution enhancement of COS cell expression cloning.

To search for an efficient expression cloning method, we mixed plasmid pmDATsv, which contains the mouse dopamine transporter (mDAT) cDNA, with a large amount of another plasmid prGlyTsv to mimic the situation of a cDNA library and examined COS cell expression. Both plasmids have an SV40 replication origin and thus will be replicated to high copy numbers in COS cells. After transfecting COS-7 cells with pmDATsv/prGlyTsv mixture at 1/1000 ratio, we could not detect any cells expressing strong mDAT activity. In contrast, when prGlyTsv was replaced by prSERTsk (no SV40 origin) in the transfection mixture, we observed hundreds of cells expressing strong mDAT activity. The results suggested that in many cells low mDAT expression was not due to the lack of pmDATsv plasmid but due to the presence of large numbers of replicable prGlyTsv. Analysis with a mathematical model suggests that diluting cDNA libraries with other plasmids without the SV40 origin should improve the detection of COS cells expressing target cDNAs. We tested this conclusion with pmDATsv/prGlyTsv mixture. When the mixture at 1/1000 ratio was diluted with prSERTsk and used for transfection, we could now easily detect cells expressing strong mDAT activity.
The Role of Auditory Feedback in Birdsong

Young songbirds memorize a tutor song and use the memory trace as a template to shape their own song by auditory feedback. Major issues in birdsong research include the neural sites and mechanisms for song memory and auditory feedback. The brain song control system contains neurons with both premotor and auditory function. Yet no evidence so far shows that they respond to the bird's own song during singing. Also, no neurons have been found to respond to perturbation of auditory feedback in the brain area that is thought to be involved in the feedback control of song. The phenomenon of gating in which neurons respond to playback of the bird's own song only during sleep or under anesthesia is the sole known evidence for control of auditory input to the song system. It is, however, not known whether the gating is involved in switching between the premotor and auditory function of neurons in the song control system.
Negative priming depends on probe-trial conflict: where has all the inhibition gone?

Responses to recently ignored stimuli are often slower than responses to new stimuli. This slowing— referred to asnegative priming—has been cited as evidence that selective attention occurs, in part, through inhibition of the processing of irrelevant information, and that selection can occur at postcategorical levels of processing. While negative priming has been observed under a variety of conditions, the slowing can fail to occur if there is no information present that conflicts directly with the correct response. The failure of negative priming to occur under these conditions could provide insight into the specific source of the slowing. In five experiments, the effects of conflicting and nonconflicting information on negative priming were investigated. The results suggest that negative priming will fail to occur under nonconflict conditions only if it is quite apparent that no conflicting information is present. It is suggested that negative priming may be associated with a specific part of the selection process that is involved in protecting the person from making a response based on incorrect information, and that this process only sometimes contributes to reaction time.
OH Reactivity and UV Spectra of Propane, n-Propyl Bromide, and Isopropyl Bromide

The rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with the 1-bromopropane, 2-bromopropane, and propane were measured using the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique over the temperature range between 210 and 480 K. Arrhenius plots exhibit a noticeable curvature, and the rate constants can be represented using a three-parameter modified Arrhenius expression over the temperature range of the experiments with ca. 2% precision. Such a fit also describes the available high-temperature data for propane quite well. The best three-parameter fits to the data are: kC3H8 (T) ) 1.96 10 -12 (T/298) 1.83 exp{-167/T} cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 ; knPB(T) ) 2.99 10 -13 (T/298) 2.79 exp{+369/T} cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 ; and kiPB(T) ) 1.66 10 -13 (T/298) 2.95 exp{+461/T} cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 . For the low temperature range of atmospheric interest, the reaction rate constants can be accurately presented by standard Arrhenius expressions. Based on the available low-temperature data the following rate constants can be recommended for the purpose of atmospheric modeling: kC3H8(T < 300 K) ) 8.66 10 -12 exp{-615/T} cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 ; knPB(T < 300 K) ) 3.03 10 -12 exp{-330/T} cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 ; kiPB(T < 300 K) ) 1.77 10 -12 exp{-260/T} cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 . Atmospheric lifetimes were estimated to be ca. 14, 14, and 19 days for CH3CH2CH3 ,C H 2BrCH2CH3, and CH3CHBrCH3, respectively. The ultraviolet absorption spectra of these bromopropanes were measured between 164 and 270 nm.
Migration of interstitial cells and their derivatives in a hydrozoan planula

Abstract Hydrozoan planulae of Pennaria tiarella contain a population of interstitial cells which either divide to maintain the interstitial cell population or differentiate to form ganglionic nerve cells or nematocytes. Interstitial cells of this planula arise as a central core of cells in the endoderm and eventually migrate through the mesoglea to the ectoderm. Differentiation of interstitial cells may begin in the endoderm or in the ectoderm. Interstitial cells and nematoblasts of planulae undergo extensive long-distance migration. Nematoblasts exhibit a specific regional distribution both in the endoderm and in the ectoderm suggesting directed instead of random migration. Interstitial cells destined to form ganglionic cells and interstitial cells that remain as interstitial cells have different locations in the ectoderm. The observed patterns of differentiation of interstitial cells in planulae may be the result of selective migration of predetermined cells to their correct site.
Neural regulation of acetylcholine sensitivity in embryonic sympathetic neurons.

Abstract The development of transmitter sensitivity is an important component of synaptic differentiation. Despite a wealth of information about the appearance of acetylcholine (AcCho) sensitivity at the neuromuscular junction, the onset and regulation of this critical aspect of synaptogenesis has not previously been examined for synapse formation between neurons. To determine whether there is a role of presynaptic input in the induction of AcCho sensitivity at interneuronal synapses, AcCho-induced currents were measured in embryonic sympathetic neurons before and after synapse formation in vitro. The total AcCho sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons was increased nearly 10-fold after innervation. The effects of innervation are mimicked by medium conditioned by preganglionic neurons, suggesting that presynaptic neurons regulate postsynaptic AcCho sensitivity by release of a soluble factor. These observations provide evidence that presynaptic input regulates neuronal sensitivity to an identified synaptic transmitter.
On ‘what is said to be’

L'A. etudie et presente la pensee ontologique de I. Scheffler dans son oeuvre semantique et dans son article co-ecrit avec N. Chomsky «What is Said To Be», article qui souleve les problemes d'interpretation du critere ontologique de Quine
Fine-tuning of GPCR activity by receptor-interacting proteins

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate physiological responses to various ligands, such as hormones, neurotransmitters and sensory stimuli. The signalling and trafficking properties of GPCRs are often highly malleable depending on the cellular context. Such fine-tuning of GPCR function can be attributed in many cases to receptor-interacting proteins that are differentially expressed in distinct cell types. In some cases these GPCR-interacting partners directly mediate receptor signalling, whereas in other cases they act mainly as scaffolds to modulate G protein-mediated signalling. Furthermore, GPCR-interacting proteins can have a big impact on the regulation of GPCR trafficking, localization and/or pharmacological properties.
Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering in hexagonal boron nitride observed by soft-x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.

Photon-excited B K fluorescence spectra were measured for hexagonal boron nitride using tunable synchrotron radiation below and above the B K edge. We report Raman-like resonant inelastic scattering of soft x rays involving excitation of delocalized valence-band electrons. The inelastic scattering features track with the excitation energy below threshold, go through a resonance as the excitation is tuned to the B(1s) core-exciton energy, and evolve into incoherent fluorescence as the excitation is raised further. The energy loss is identified as equivalent to an electronic transition of valence $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ electrons to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ conduction-band states.
Designing and Testing of Ribozymes as Therapeutic Agents

Abstract Ribozymes have become important tools for inhibiting gene expression in many biological systems. These catalytic RNAs also hold promise as potential anti-viral therapeutic agents. This article reviews the elements necessary for the design, construction, and testing of anti-viral ribozymes in vitro and in vivo . This article also describes some of the elements that must be considered in designing a ribozyme as a potential anti-viral. These include appropriate viral gene target selection, where within that gene to target, and expression of the ribozyme gene in vivo or delivery of the ribozyme (or a chemically modified form) directly, and finally future directions in ribozyme development.
On usual values in commonsense reasoning

Abstract In many cases commonsense knowledge consists of knowledge of what is usual. In this paper we develop a system for reasoning with usual information. This system is based upon the fact that these pieces of commonsense information involve both a probabilistic aspect and a granular aspect. We implement this system with the aid of probabilistic-possibilistic granules.
‘Never use I’: So whose voice speaks for me?

L'A. examine la notion de personne qui se degage des conversations de futurs enseignants charges de lire plusieurs fois un poeme et de dire ce qu'ils y trouvent de signifiant et d'interessant. Les discussions ayant suivi la premiere lecture indiquent que les etudiants ont tendance a garder des distances et sont peu disposes a s'investir dans l'interpretation. Afin de preparer la seconde lecture, l'A. les encourage a trouver de nouvelles voies de signification et a negocier l'espace entre eux et le poeme. La encore les etudiants preferent rester dans le monde de l'analyse textuelle et evitent l'insertion du je. L'A. interprete cet evitement comme la preuve que les connections personnelles des etudiants ont ete marginalisees dans les textes precedents qu'ils ont crees a propos de la litterature, et argumente en faveur d'un espace de mediation entre les attentes de l'enseignant sur le discours litteraire et la capacite des etudiants a donner leur voix a leur propre pensee et a leurs experiences. L'objectif de la pedagogie est donc un repertoire de voix
Total synthesis and evaluation of lamellarin α 20-Sulfate analogues

Abstract In order to explore the influence of sulfate groups on the bioactivity profiles of marine alkaloids of the lamellarin class, three such alkaloids, lamellarin α, lamellarin α 13,20-disulfate and lamellarin H, were synthesized and their activities against HIV-1 integrase and cancer cell lines were compared with those of lamellarin α 20-sulfate, which is a selective inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase. Lamellarin α does not inhibit HIV-1 integrase but shows moderate cytotoxicity with good cell line selectivity. Lamellarin α 13,20-disulfate is a moderate inhibitor of both HIV-1 integrase and cancer cell lines. Lamellarin H is a more potent inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase but lacked the specificity required to be medicinally useful.
Re-considering the Range of Reciprocity in Community-Based Research and Service Learning: You Don't Have to be an Activist to Give Back

This essay presents perspectives on the range of potential reciprocity in literacy research and service learning, focusing attention on opportunities for individualized and institutional reciprocation, as observed by Takayoshi and Powell. Researchers and students involved in community-based research or service programs have several opportunities to give back to their research participants and service organizations. The more they are aware of these opportunities or can make these entities aware of these benefits and act upon them, the more productive such research and service can be to the field of literacy studies as well as to those who participate. "Reciprocity includes an open and conscious negotiation of the power structures reproduced during the give-and-take interactions of the people involved in both sides of the (research) relationship. A theory of reciprocity, then, frames this activist agenda with a self-critical, conscious navigation of this intervention." (16)
Effect of injecting primary myoblasts versus putative muscle-derived stem cells on mass and force generation in mdx mice.

It is well established that the injection of normal myoblasts or of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) into the muscle of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice results in the incorporation of a number of donor myoblasts into the host muscle. However, the effect of the injected exogenous cells on mdx muscle mass and functional capacity has not been evaluated. This study evaluates the mass and functional capacity of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of adult, male mdx mice that received intramuscular injections of primary myoblasts or of MDSCs (isolated by a preplating technique; Qu, Z., Balkir, L., van Deutekom, J.C., Robbins, P.D., Pruchnic, R., and Huard, J., J. Cell Biol. 1998;142:1257-1267) derived from normal mice. Evaluations were made 9 weeks after cell transplantation. Uninjected mdx EDL muscles have a mass 50% greater than that of age-matched C57BL/10J (normal) EDL muscles. Injections of either primary myoblasts or MDSCs have no effect on the mass of mdx EDL muscles. EDL muscles of mdx mice gener...
Umbilical vein catheter tip – slight rightward or anterior shift and trajectory can indicate liver penetration

Sir, Although passage of an umbilical vein catheter into a newborn is a frequent and usually helpful procedure, the catheter can go astray in ways harmful to the infant. Recent experience with a poorly known malposition that should be recognizable on plain radiographs prompts this cautionary letter. We emphasize recognition of a subtle shift of the tip a few mm from the expected location of the inferior vena cava just below the right atrium or from uppermost ductus venosus as a sign of dangerous misplacement. Moreover, if the projected trajectory of the catheter does not intersect the heart, one should question an improper tip location. A 32-week gestation girl received an umbilical vein catheter (UVC) on the first day of life, stated to be without complication. On a frontal chest image the next day, the UVC tip lay at least 6 mm to the right of the expected location below the inferior vena cava and the trajectory of the UVC was not directed toward the right atrium. Investigation with US after UVC removal showed extensive sonolucent lesions in the liver, being intraparenchymal fluid. The second infant, a 25 1⁄2-week gestation boy with meconium peritonitis, received an umbilical vein catheter on the first day of life, reportedly without difficulty. At 2 days, the tip of the umbilical vein catheter was seen shifted about 2 mm to the right of the expected inferior vena cava position on the frontal image (Fig. 1) and about 7 mm anterior to the expected inferior vena cava/right hemidiaphragm site on the lateral image (Fig. 2). An 8.5-mm diameter collection of gas was evident in the liver to the right of the UVC on the frontal view and anterior to the UVC on the lateral. After removal of the UVC, the focus of lucency in the liver on radiographs diminished and within 3 days resolved. To provide further confidence in recognition of aberrant UVC tip position, 30 other infants with UVC in place on frontal radiographs were reviewed as a control series, each with tip in the right atrium or at the junction of inferior vena cava with the right atrium. In the control series, the UVC course in the superior abdomen lay inferior to the right atrium during its course in the liver; in two cases, part of that intrahepatic course reached a position parallel to the most rightward margin of the right atrium.
Teacher ratings of problem behaviors: Which student behaviors “concern” and “disturb” teachers?

Fifty elementary teachers rated the problem behaviors of students to indicate both how much the behaviors “disturbed” them and how much they were “concerned” about the behaviors. The results suggest that teachers are more concerned about behaviors than disturbed by them. However, teachers were both disturbed and concerned about aggressive interaction with and between students. The implications of the findings are discussed.
STEROID HORMONE LEVELS ARE RELATED TO CHOICE OF COLONY SIZE IN CLIFF SWALLOWS

One hypothesis to explain the extensive variation in colony size seen in most taxa is that individuals sort themselves among groups based on phenotypic characteristics that correlate with their performance in groups of different sizes. We investigated how baseline levels of the steroid hormones, corticosterone and testosterone, were associated with choice of colony size and the likelihood of moving to a different site in later years in colonially nesting Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in southwestern Nebraska, USA, in 2000-2004. We sampled hormone levels of birds caught at colonies and, using mark-recapture, monitored their movement and choice of colony size through subsequent years in the study area. Maximum likelihood estimation and multistate model fitting (with program MARK) revealed that birds with baseline corticosterone levels above the average for the colony and time of sampling were less likely to choose a colony of the same size or larger in a later year than were birds with corticosterone levels below the average. This result held for Cliff Swallows in both fumigated (parasite-free) sites and colonies naturally infested with ectoparasites. Relative baseline corticosterone level was unrelated to the likelihood of movement between different colony sites, and corticosterone level measured after birds were held for 60 minutes was unrelated to either colony-size choice or the probability of movement. Males whose testosterone levels were above the average for the colony and time of sampling were more likely to choose a colony of the same size or larger in a later year than were ones whose testosterone levels were below the average, but the opposite pattern was found for females. The results indicate that steroid hormone level is a predictor of whether a Cliff Swallow will settle in a relatively small or large colony, and support the hypothesis that variation in colony size reflects, in part, a distribution of birds
Pathological gambling and substance use disorders.

Background: Pathological gambling (CPG) has been considered as a behavioral addiction having similarities with substance use disorders (SUDs). Objectives and Methods: Current conceptualizations of addiction, as well as experimental studies of PG and SUDs, are reviewed in order to provide a perspective on tbe areas of convergence between addictive behaviors in PG and SUDs. Results: Shared features exist in diagnostic, clinical, physiological, and behavioral domains. Conclusions and Scielltific Significance: Similarities between PG and SUDs have important implicatiol1s for categorizing, assessing, preventing and treating both PO and SUDs.
An adaptive algorithm for hammerstein filter system identification

This paper develops an affine projection-based variable stepsize adaptive algorithm for updating the coefficients of a Hammerstein nonlinear system. The variable step-size adaptive Hammerstein algorithm, recursively updates the stepsize using a new criterion that provides a measure of how close the Hammerstein filter is to optimum performance. Experimental results show that the algorithm converges to the true unknown system in the mean square sense. Results also show the superior convergence of our proposed algorithm in comparison to existing adaptive Hammerstein algorithms.
Temperature dependent halogen activation by N 2 O 5 reactions on halide-doped ice surfaces

Abstract. We examined the reaction of N 2 O 5 on frozen halide salt solutions as a function of temperature and composition using a coated wall flow tube technique coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). The molar yield of photo-labile halogen compounds was near unity for almost all conditions studied, with the observed reaction products being nitryl chloride (ClNO 2 ) and/or molecular bromine (Br 2 ). The relative yield of ClNO 2 and Br 2 depended on the ratio of bromide to chloride ions in the solutions used to form the ice. At a bromide to chloride ion molar ratio greater than 1/30 in the starting solution, Br 2 was the dominant product otherwise ClNO 2 was primarily produced on these near pH-neutral brines. We demonstrate that the competition between chlorine and bromine activation is a function of the ice/brine temperature presumably due to the preferential precipitation of NaCl hydrates from the brine below 250 K. Our results provide new experimental confirmation that the chemical environment of the brine layer changes with temperature and that these changes can directly affect multiphase chemistry. These findings have implications for modeling air-snow-ice interactions in polar regions and likely in polluted mid-latitude regions during winter as well.
Grounding in Instant Messaging

In two experiments, we investigated predictions of the collaborative theory of language use (Clark, 1996) as applied to instant messaging (IM). This theory describes how the presence and absence of different grounding constraints causes people to interact differently across different communicative media (Clark & Brennan, 1991). In Study 1, we document how IM changes as users increase in expertise. In Study 2, we compare adaptations across telephoning and IM with a focus on multitasking.
Aboveground and Belowground Carbon Pools After Fire in Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe

Postfire succession in mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) ecosystems results in a gradual shift from herbaceous dominance to dominance by shrubs. Determining the quality, quantity, and distribution of carbon (C) in rangelands at all stages of succession provides critical baseline data for improving predictions about how C cycling will change at all stages of succession under altered climate conditions. This study quantified the mass and distribution of above- and belowground (to 1.8-m depth) biomass at four successional stages (2, 6, 20, and 39 yr since fire) in Wyoming to estimate rates of C pool accumulation and to quantify changes in ecosystem carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios of the pools during recovery after fire. We hypothesized that biomass C pools would increase over time after fire and that C:N ratios would vary more between pools than during succession. Aboveground and live coarse roots (CR) biomass increased to 310 and 17 g C ? m 22 , but live fine roots (FR) mass was static at about 225 g C ? m 22 . Fine litter (# 1-cm diameter) accounted for about 70% of ecosystem C accumulation rate, suggesting that sagebrush leaves decompose slowly and contribute to a substantial soil organic carbon (SOC) pool that did not change during the 40 yr studied. Total ecosystem C (not including SOC) increased 16 g ? m 22 ? yr 21 over 39 yr to a maximum of 1 100 g ? m 22 ; the fastest accumulation occurred during the first 20 yr. C:N ratios ranged from 11 for forb leaves to 110 for large sagebrush wood and from 85 for live CR to 12 for bulk soil and were constant across growth stages. These systems may be resilient to grazing after fire because of vigorous regrowth of persistent bunchgrasses and stable pools of live FR and SOC.
Rapid context-based identification of target sounds in an auditory scene

To make sense of our dynamic and complex auditory environment, we must be able to parse the sensory input into usable parts and pick out relevant sounds from all the potentially distracting auditory information. Although it is unclear exactly how we accomplish this difficult task, Gamble and Woldorff [Gamble, M. L., & Woldorff, M. G. The temporal cascade of neural processes underlying target detection and attentional processing during auditory search. Cerebral Cortex New York, N.Y.: 1991, 2014] recently reported an ERP study of an auditory target-search task in a temporally and spatially distributed, rapidly presented, auditory scene. They reported an early, differential, bilateral activation beginning at 60 msec between feature-deviating target stimuli and physically equivalent feature-deviating nontargets, reflecting a rapid target detection process. This was followed shortly later at 130 msec by the lateralized N2ac ERP activation, that reflects the focusing of auditory spatial attention toward the target sound and parallels the attentional-shifting processes widely studied in vision. Here we directly examined the early, bilateral, target-selective effect to better understand its nature and functional role. Participants listened to midline-presented sounds that included target and nontarget stimuli that were randomly either embedded in a brief rapid stream or presented alone. The results indicate that this early bilateral effect results from a template for the target that utilizes its feature deviancy within a stream to enable rapid identification. Moreover, individual-differences analysis showed that the size of this effect was larger for participants with faster RTs. The findings support the hypothesis that our auditory attentional systems can implement and utilize a context-based relational template for a target sound, making use of additional auditory information in the environment when needing to rapidly detect a relevant sound.
Flexible modeling of longitudinal highly skewed outcomes

The analysis of data from epidemiologic and environmental studies presents challenges such as skewness of distribution, rounding and multiple measurements over time. To model trends over time based on repeated measurements, we propose a general latent model suitable for highly skewed data. The model assumes that the observed outcome is determined by an unobservable outcome that follows a Weibull distribution. To accommodate correlations among repeated responses over time, we introduce a general random effect from the power variance function (PVF) family of distributions, including the gamma distribution often employed in the literature. The resulting marginal likelihood has a closed form without resorting to numerical or approximation methods. We study estimation and hypothesis testing under these models, with different choices of random effect distributions. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate their performance. Finally, we apply the proposed method to exposure data collected from the Michigan polybrominated biphenyl (MIPBB) study.
The Fate of Testosterone in the Human.

SummaryThe conversion of testosterone to etiocholan-3(α)-ol-17-one in addition to androsterone in the human has been confirmed. It has been demonstrated that the conversion of testosterone to androsterone may take place in the complete absence of the testis.
Architectures and compilers for multimedia

Summary form only given. The article covers architectures and compilers for multimedia systems. Multimedia applications impose real-time constraints on continuous media; they also include a surprisingly wide variety of algorithms. Many multimedia systems also operate under power/energy constraints. As such, multimedia computing systems are an important area of interest for ISPASS. This tutorial targets individuals with experience in hardware and software but who have limited expertise in multimedia. We start with an introduction to multimedia algorithms such as video and audio compression since the characteristics of these algorithms help to shape measurement strategies and architectural decisions. We then cover modern multimedia architectures and compilation techniques relevant to those architectures. We conclude with a case study drawn from our own research - the design of a multiprocessor system-on-chip for real-time gesture recognition.
Sensitivity analysis of experimental parameters on 1D HYADES output

The Center for Radiative Shock Hydrodynamics (CRASH) at the University of Michigan is a focused effort to do predictive science in the regime of radiative hydrodynamics. The current plan with CRASH is to use 2D HYADES (or H2D) to model the laser-energy-deposition portion of the experiment, before passing the results to the CRASH code to be used as its initial conditions. HYADES is a Lagrangian Radiation Hydrodynamics code in either 1D or 2D with 3D laser ray-tracing in 2D. It is written and developed by Jon Larsen at Cascade Sciences Inc. Data from radiating shock experiments, carried out on the Omega Laser at LLE, will be used to assess the predictive capability of the CRASH code. We will show results of a series of 1D simulations using HYADES, performed to examine the sensitivity of various physical quantities to the variability of experimental parameters. Code results are analyzed at 1.1 ns and 13 ns to correspond to the time that the data are exchanged between the two codes and the time at which data were collected for the radiative shock experiments. Conducting the initial sensitivity study in 1D will allow for a more directed approach to sensitivity studies in 2D and 3D, and will stimulate further analysis of the experimental data.
Barred Owl Occupancy Surveys Within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl

The range expansion by barred owls (Strix varia) into western North America has raised considerable concern regarding their potential effects on declining northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) populations, yet most information on the occurrence of barred owls in the region is limited to incidental detections during surveys for spotted owls. To address this shortcoming we investigated response behavior, detection probabilities, and landscape occupancy patterns of barred owls in western Oregon, USA, during conspecific versus spotted owl call-broadcast surveys. Subtle differences in barred owl response behavior to conspecific versus spotted owl vocalizations combined with minor procedural differences between species-specific survey protocols led to a sizeable difference in estimated detection probabilities during conspecific (0.66, 95% CI ¼ 0.61-0.71) versus spotted owl (0.48, 95% CI ¼ 0.39-0.56) surveys. We identified 61 territorial pairs of barred owls during repeated surveys of a multi-ownership study area with the probability of occupancy being highest in the structurally diverse mixture of mature and old forests that occurred almost entirely on public lands. Our findings suggest that research and management strategies to address potential competitive interactions between spotted owls and barred owls will require carefully designed, species-specific survey methods that account for erratic response behaviors and imperfect detection of both species. Our sampling methods can be used by forest managers to determine the occurrence and distribution of barred owls with high confidence. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
pVHL Acts as an Adaptor to Promote the Inhibitory Phosphorylation of the NF-κB Agonist Card9 by CK2

The VHL tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) is part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets HIF for destruction. pVHL-defective renal carcinoma cells exhibit increased NF-kappaB activity but the mechanism is unclear. NF-kappaB affects tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance in some settings. We found that pVHL associates with the NF-kappaB agonist Card9 but does not target Card9 for destruction. Instead, pVHL serves as an adaptor that promotes the phosphorylation of the Card9 C terminus by CK2. Elimination of these sites markedly enhanced Card9's ability to activate NF-kappaB in VHL(+/+) cells, and Card9 siRNA normalized NF-kappaB activity in VHL(-/-) cells and restored their sensitivity to cytokine-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, downregulation of Card9 in VHL(-/-) cancer cells reduced their tumorigenic potential. Therefore pVHL can serve as an adaptor for both a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and a kinase. The latter activity, which promotes Card9 phosphorylation, links pVHL to control of NF-kappaB activity and tumorigenesis.
Physiologic deformational loading does not counteract the catabolic effects of interleukin-1 in long-term culture of chondrocyte-seeded agarose constructs

An interplay of mechanical and chemical factors is integral to cartilage maintenance and/or degeneration. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is present at elevated concentrations in osteoarthritic joints and initiates the rapid degradation of cartilage when cultured in vitro. Several short-term studies have suggested that applied dynamic deformational loading may have a protective effect against the catabolic actions of IL-1. In the current study, we examine whether the long-term (42 days) application of dynamic deformational loading on chondrocyte-seeded agarose constructs can mitigate these catabolic effects. Three studies were carried out using two IL-1 isoforms (IL-1α and IL-1β) in chemically defined medium supplemented with a broad range of cytokine concentrations and durations. Physiologic loading was unable to counteract the long-term catabolic effects of IL-1 under any of the conditions tested, and in some cases led to further degeneration over unloaded controls.
Response Patterns of Children with Learning Disabilities: Is Impulsivity a Stable Response Style?

A correlational analysis was conducted to assess the relationship among various assessment instruments, including Kagan, Rosman, Day, Albert, and Phillips's (1964) Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT), and actual classroom performance vis-a-vis impulsive responding. Subjects were 22 children (16 male, 6 female), ages 5 to 11 years, enrolled in an academic remediation program. The results do not support a relationship between impulsivity, as measured by the MFFT, and academic progress in a classroom setting. Implications for task-specific measures of impulsivity and remediation are discussed.
Increasing Cultural Sensitivity Through Traditional Methodology And Via A Simulation Enhancement

Globalization of business and the breakdown of national frontiers, particularly in services industries, has been a highlight of the beginning of the 21 st Century. Explosively growing economic activity in previously “developing” regions such as India and China can be linked to acceptance and incorporation of foreign ideas and influences. In contrast, economic stagnation continues to persist in areas where reluctance to adopt change and support for authoritarianism and tradition prevail. These current trends underscore the importance of preparing our future managers in cultural awareness and sensitivity. This study seeks to measure if cultural sensitivity can be increased through traditional academic methodology and, secondly, consider if cultural sensitivity can be further enhanced via a cultural simulation (of attempting to achieve goals when encountering a foreign culture).
Beyond the graphs: Semi-parametric semi-supervised discriminant analysis

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a popular feature extraction method that has aroused considerable interests in computer vision and pattern recognition fields. The projection vectors of LDA is usually achieved by maximizing the between-class scatter and simultaneously minimizing the within-class scatter of the data set. However, in practice, there is usually a lack of sufficient labeled data, which makes the estimated projection direction inaccurate. To address the above limitations, in this paper, we propose a novel semi-supervised discriminant analysis approach. Unlike traditional graph based methods, our algorithm incorporates the geometric information revealed by both labeled and unlabeled data points in a semi-parametric way. Specifically, the final projections of the data points will contain two parts: a discriminant part learned by traditional LDA (or KDA) on the labeled points and a geometrical part learned by kernel PCA on the whole data set. Therefore we call our algorithm semi-parametric semi-supervised discriminant analysis (SSDA). Experimental results on face recognition and image retrieval tasks are presented to show the effectiveness of our method.
Diagnosis of Infantile Spasms, Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, and Progressive Myoclonic Epilepsy

The epilepsies of childhood are distinguished by an interesting dichotomy between the benign and catastrophic disorders. Approximately 50% of children outgrow childhood epilepsy as they mature; although the disorder is disruptive for children and families alike, it is not considered a medical disaster. The catastrophic epilepsies of childhood, in contrast, are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and the progressive myoclonic epilepsies are correlated with significant disability and a multiplicity of underlying etiologies. Accurate diagnosis of both the syndrome and the etiology is very important for treatment purposes, as well as for family education, since many of the disorders have a significant genetic component.
The National Ignition Facility and the golden age of high energy density science

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a 192-beam Nd:glass laser facility being constructed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to conduct research in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density (HED) science. When completed, NIF will produce 1.8 MJ, 500 TW of ultraviolet light, making it the world’s largest and highest-energy laser system. The NIF is poised to become the world’s preeminent facility for conducting ICF and fusion energy research and for studying matter at extreme densities and temperatures.
Rigid body target modeling for tracking and identification

In this paper, two novel approaches for 2D rigid body target modeling are proposed. Equipped with ground moving target indicator (GMTI) and high resolution range (HRR) sensors, the new approaches effectively explore the concepts of local and global motions of a rigid body.
Error and bias in under-5 mortality estimates derived from birth histories with small sample sizes

Estimates of under-5 mortality at the national level for countries without high-quality vital registration systems are routinely derived from birth history data in censuses and surveys. Subnational or stratified analyses of under-5 mortality could also be valuable, but the usefulness of under-5 mortality estimates derived from birth histories from relatively small samples of women is not known. We aim to assess the magnitude and direction of error that can be expected for estimates derived from birth histories with small samples of women using various analysis methods. We perform a data-based simulation study using Demographic and Health Surveys. Surveys are treated as populations with known under-5 mortality, and samples of women are drawn from each population to mimic surveys with small sample sizes. A variety of methods for analyzing complete birth histories and one method for analyzing summary birth histories are used on these samples, and the results are compared to corresponding true under-5 mortality. We quantify the expected magnitude and direction of error by calculating the mean error, mean relative error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute relative error. All methods are prone to high levels of error at the smallest sample size with no method performing better than 73% error on average when the sample contains 10 women. There is a high degree of variation in performance between the methods at each sample size, with methods that contain considerable pooling of information generally performing better overall. Additional stratified analyses suggest that performance varies for most methods according to the true level of mortality and the time prior to survey. This is particularly true of the summary birth history method as well as complete birth history methods that contain considerable pooling of information across time. Performance of all birth history analysis methods is extremely poor when used on very small samples of women, both in terms of magnitude of expected error and bias in the estimates. Even with larger samples there is no clear best method to choose for analyzing birth history data. The methods that perform best overall are the same methods where performance is noticeably different at different levels of mortality and lengths of time prior to survey. At the same time, methods that perform more uniformly across levels of mortality and lengths of time prior to survey also tend to be among the worst performing overall.
Inhibition of IL-18 reduces myeloperoxidase activity and prevents edema in intestine following alcohol and burn injury

Previous studies have shown that alcohol (EtOH) ingestion before burn injury impaired intestinal barrier and immune function. This study determined whether EtOH and burn injury up-regulate interleukin (IL)-18 and whether IL-18 up-regulation following EtOH and burn injury is a cause for neutrophil recruitment and increased intestinal edema. Rats (250 g) were gavaged with EtOH to achieve a blood EtOH level in the range of 100 mg/dL prior to burn or sham injury (25% total body surface area). A group of rats was treated with Ac-YVAD-CHO (5 mg/kg), an inhibitor of caspase-1 (an enzyme that converts pro-IL-18, an inactive form of IL-18, to mature IL-18), at the time of injury. One day after injury, rats were killed. IL-18 production was determined in circulation and in the supernatants harvested from spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer's patch cell cultures as well as in intestinal tissue homogenates. Neutrophil accumulation in intestine was determined by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. We found a significant increase in IL-18 levels in the lymphoid cell supernatants and intestinal tissue homogenates obtained from EtOH and burn-injured rats compared with the rats receiving burn or sham injury. This was accompanied by an increase in intestinal MPO and edema. No demonstrable change in intestinal morphology was observed in any group. Treatment of rats with caspase-1 inhibitor significantly attenuated the increase in IL-18 levels and intestinal MPO activity in EtOH and burn-injured rats. Inhibition of IL-18 also prevented an increase in intestinal tissue water content. As MPO is considered an index of neutrophil infiltration, results presented in this manuscript collectively suggest that IL-18 up-regulation is likely to contribute to the increased neutrophil infiltration and edema in intestinal tissue observed following EtOH and burn injury.
Katz out of the bag: the broader privacy ramifications of using facebook

As the social networking site Facebook has grown in popularity, some scholars have worried about the seemingly nonchalant attitude toward privacy fostered by the website. Privacy attitudes, engendered at Facebook, have implications that stretch far beyond that website. To understand the possible ramifications of these changing attitudes toward privacy, we must examine legal conceptions of privacy, particularly the 1967 Katz v. United States case. With Katz, the Supreme Court created a formal definition of how much privacy a citizen could reasonably expect in the U.S. Privacy became dependent upon individual personhood, not a physical place. Privacy, according to the Supreme Court, is contingent upon the amount of privacy one expects to have. Thus, a site like Facebook, which reduces its users' privacy and creates lowered expectations for privacy, could have serious implications for the offline world. By reducing the level of privacy we expect from a business and within social relationships, Facebook may permanently lower the privacy available to us both online and offline.
Alignment in Syntax: Quotative Inversion in English

This paper explores the idea that many languages have a phonological Align(ment) constraint that requires alignment between the tensed verb and C. This Align constraint is what is behind verb-second and many types of inversion phenomena generally. Numerous facts about English subject-auxiliary inversion and French stylistic inversion fall out from the way this Ali gn constraint is stated in each language. The paper arrives at the Align constraint by way of a detailed re-examination of English quotative inversion. The syntactic literature has overwhelmingly accepted Collins and Branigan’s (1997) conclusion that the subject in quotative inversion is low, within the VP. This paper re-examines the properties of quotative inversion and shows that Collins and Branigan’s analysis is incorrect: quotative inversion subjects are high, in Spec-TP, and what moves is a full phrase, not just the verb. The constraints on quotative inversion, including the famous transitivity constraint, fall o ut from two independently necessary constraints: (1) a constraint on what can be stranded by phrasal movement like VP fronting, and (2) the aforementioned Align constraint which requires alignment between V and C. This constraint can then be seen to derive numerous seemingly unrelated facts in a single language, as well as across languages.
Imaging MAO-A Levels by PET Using the Deuterium Isotope Effect

The measurement of enzyme levels by noninvasive imaging is of great value, similar to results from imaging cell surface–bound receptors, such as dopamine, serotonin, and so on, which have shone light on many disorders ([1][1]–[3][2]). Unlike receptor targets for imaging, however, enzymes consume
Band gap tuning of epitaxial SrTiO3-δ/Si(001) thin films through strain engineering

We investigate the effect of strain and oxygen vacancies (VO) on the crystal and optical properties of oxygen deficient, ultra-thin (4–30 nm) films of SrTiO3-δ (STO) grown heteroepitaxially on p-Si(001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. We demonstrate that STO band gap tuning can be achieved through strain engineering and show that the energy shift of the direct energy gap transition of SrTiO3-δ/Si films has a quantifiable dimensional and doping dependence that correlates well with the changes in crystal structure.
Deferential Review of Tax Court Decisions of Law: Promoting Expertise, Uniformity, and Impartiality

This Article continues the debate over whether the federal circuit courts of appeal should deferentially review U.S. Tax Court decisions of law. Some fault this country's tax adjudication system for its nonuniformity. Others criticize it for promoting or allowing bias in favor of the government. Least mentioned is the system's failure to utilize tax experts. All three of these concerns relate to the legitimacy of the tax adjudication system. This article seeks to prove that deferentially reviewing Tax Court decisions of law better addresses these concerns than either the present system, or an oft-proposed national court of tax appeals.
S. Pine Beams from E-Rated and Proof Loaded Lumber

Prior publications have reported the development of an E -rating and tension proof loading method for selecting material for placement in glued-laminated timber beams. This method generally results in beams with higher stiffness and strength properties than beams fabricated from visually graded lumber. This paper report results of experiment duplicating that first southern pine experiment in every respect, except that the tension proof load of the critical tensile laminations constituted a fiber stress of 1.5 times the expected F b for the beams.