cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of hydrogen addition to fuel on temperature field and soot formation in diffusion flames

Overventilated, coflowing axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames of ethylene, propane, and butane were used to study the influence on soot of hydrogen addition to the fuel. The flame temperatures were measured by CARS along the flame axis as well as at off-axis radial locations. CARS spectra taken in heavily sooting regions exhibited poor fits due to C 2 absorbtion of part of the fundamental band of the nitrogen spectrum. It was found that C 2 absorbtion was confined to frequencies greater than 2313 cm −1 . We, therefore, implemented a strategy that fitted only the CARS spectra in the frequency range smaller than 2313 cm −1 . Measured soot concentrations and the flame temperature data with and without hydrogen and helium dilution were evaluated and the relative influences of dilution and direct chemical interaction on soot formation, as a result of hydrogen addition, are presented. It is shown that when hydrogen or helium is added to the fuel as a diluent in moderate quantities, the changes in the temperature field of the coflow diffusion flames are negligible. When allowance is made for the influence of dilution, addition of hydrogen to the fuel side of an ethylene diffusion flame reduces the soot formation. For propane and butane flames, hydrogen addition does not show any influence on soot formation apart from the dilution effect.
Experimental and computational studies of phase shift lithography with binary elastomeric masks

This article presents experimental and computational studies of a phase shifting photolithographic technique that uses binary elastomeric phase masks in conformal contact with layers of photoresist. The work incorporates optimized masks formed by casting and curing prepolymers to the elastomer poly(dimethylsiloxane) against anisotropically etched structures of single crystal silicon on SiO2∕Si. Scanning optical microscopy and full-vector finite element computations reveal the important near field and proximity optical effects. Representative structures fabricated with this technique, including several that exploit subtle features in the intensity distributions, illustrate some of the capabilities.
Effect of Tacticity on Chain Entanglement in Poly(methyl methacrylate)

It is shown that the plateau modulus G N and entanglement molecular weight M e of poly(methyl methacrylate) are strongly dependent on tacticity, although they are independent of molecular weight and its distribution (in the absence of fractions with molecular weights below the entanglement value). Thje dependency on tacticity follows the geometric-mean (semilogarithmic) relationship with respect to diad fractions. The plateau modulus G 0 N and entanglement molecular weight M e vary from 2.4x10 6 dyn cm -2 and 16400 for pure isotactic chains to 5.3x10 6 dyn cm -2 and 7800 for pure syndiotactic chains
Single-ion spectroscopy

Spectroscopy of ions in electromagnetic traps using laser-cooling and detection has reached a sensitivity where it is now possible to unambiguously monitor state changes in a single ion. While these techniques may not be generally applicable, the sensitivity and precision that is obtained for laser-cooled ions give broad opportunities for experiments in many areas of fundamental physics and-high resolution spectroscopy. In this paper, the authors describe two experiments with a single laser-cooled Hg+ ion. In one they achieve the highest fractional resolution (highest Q) in atomic or molecular spectroscopy, and in the second they cool the ion to its zero-point energy.
Magnetic resonance imaging of a deep peroneal intraneural ganglion cyst originating from the second metatarsophalangeal joint: a pattern of propagation supporting the unified articular (synovial) theory for the formation of intraneural ganglia.

A deep peroneal intraneural cyst of the first web space of the foot is presented. Analysis of the magnetic resonance image scans revealed not only a connection with the medial aspect of the second metatarsophalangeal joint, but also the presence of an interconnected cyst within the lateral digital branch of the hallux. These characteristic magnetic resonance image findings are consistent with those previously described for a peroneal intraneural ganglion cyst that arose from the superior tibiofibular joint, and include (1) origin (ascent) from the second metatarsophalangeal joint with propagation along the articular branch and into the dorsal digital branch of the second toe, (2) cross-over within the shared epineurial sheath of the deep peroneal nerve, and (3) further propagation (descent) within the dorsal digital branch of the hallux. The analogous features between intraneural ganglion cysts affecting small and large-caliber nerves support the fundamental principles of the unified articular (synovial) theory for the formation of intraneural ganglia, including (1) a connection to a synovial joint, (2) dissection of joint fluid through a capsular rent along the articular branch into the parent nerve, and (3) intra-epineurial, pressure-dependent propagation of cyst fluid along paths of least resistance. Level of Clinical Evidence: 4
Clinically Useful Method for the Isolation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A simple method for the isolation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is reported; it is relatively rapid and results in a high frequency of recovery of virus. A nasal secretion specimen with high titers of virus is inoculated at the bedside onto susceptible cell lines to avoid loss of viral infectivity due to liability of the virus. During an outbreak of RSV, viral specimens were obtained by this method from all young children admitted to the hospital with lower respiratory tract disease. RSV or influenza A virus was recovered from 89% of these 45 children. RSV was isolated from 87% of those with pneumonia. RSV was recovered 60% less often from specimens obtained simultaneously by conventional nasopharyngeal swabs. Identification of RSV cytopathic effect was more rapid with use of the bedside nasal wash method and was accomplished in an average of four days. Hence, this information was available to the clinicician when it was still useful in the management of the patient's illness.
Recent Heidegger Translations and Their German Originals: A Grassroots Archival Perspective

This survey seeks to delineate the present situation and climate for translating Heidegger into English after the disastrous translation in 1999 of the Beitrage, Heidegger's second magnum opus after Sein und Zeit. The 13 translations that have appeared since then tend to handle Heidegger's neologisms in less ludicrous and more lucid ways and continue to find ways to bend the highly restrictive rules imposed on translations by Heidegger's literary executor. There are still errors of omission and commission in the German originals that carry over into the translations. A few of the English translators add to the errors of omission and commission but the majority tends to be competent and conscientious, generally producing good results. Yet even the best translators slack off in their production of the permitted glossaries, which are indispensable for demarcating Heidegger's terminology in the time period involved and provide the reader with a starting basis for an index, which is prohibited.
Combined endovascular and open repair of a penetrating innominate artery and tracheal injury

Endovascular therapy affords the opportunity to decrease surgical morbidity and improve operative planning in complex penetrating injuries of the chest. In this case report we describe a hemodynamically stable patient with a single gunshot wound to the base of the neck (zone I), with combined vascular and tracheal injuries. We present a novel approach to the repair of this type of injury using combined endovascular and open techniques.
Interim analysis of a phase II trial of cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil (CEF) followed by docetaxel as preoperative chemotherapy for early stage breast carcinoma.

Purpose A single-arm phase II multicenter trial of the combination of cyclophosphamide (C), epirubicin (E), and 5-fluorouracil (F) followed by docetaxel as neoadjuvant chemotherapy is being conducted by the Japan Breast Cancer Research Group. This report describes an interim analysis of the clinical response and safety of 79 patients who finished preoperative chemotherapy and surgery.
Calculations of the effect of emitter compensation on β and f T of bipolar devices

Significant increases in bipolar device β and fT are predicted when emitter compensation is reduced. The prediction was made after accurately calculating all room temperature device parameters with a bipolar device program. The use of empirical concentration-dependent energy gap values allowed the accurate device calculation.
Clay swelling inhibition mechanism of α,ω-diaminoalkanes in Portland Brownstone

Many clay-bearing sedimentary stones such as Portland Brownstone will swell when exposed to water, and this can generate damaging stresses as differential strains evolve during a wetting cycle. Current swelling inhibitors, consisting of α,ω-diaminoalkanes, can reduce swelling in Portland Brownstone up to 50%. In this study, through x-ray diffraction and swelling strain experiments, we demonstrate that the a,o-diaminoalkanes inhibit swelling by substituting for interlayer cations and partially hydrophobicizing the interlayer, then rehydrating on subsequent wetting cycles. We also introduce the copper (II) ethylenediamine complex as a potential treatment for swelling inhibition.
Phase aberration measurements in medical ultrasound: Human studies

Using a modified real-time phased array sector scanner, phase aberrations and amplitude fluctuations across the imaging aperture have been measured in a number of human subjects. Data from these subjects were classified into two categories based on the quality of conventional longitudinal images of the liver. Measured phase aberrations were very small in all subjects exhibiting high quality images. In contrast, large phase aberrations were measured in subjects producing low quality images. However, there were no significant amplitude variations across the array for all subjects studied. These results suggest that the absence of significant phase aberrations is a necessary condition for high quality phased array imaging. If so, improvements in clinical image quality in such subjects may be possible.
An adaptive and deterministic method for initializing the Lloyd-Max algorithm

Gray-level quantization (reduction) is an important operation in image processing and analysis. The Lloyd- Max algorithm (LMA) is a classic scalar quantization algorithm that can be used for gray-level reduction with minimal mean squared distortion. However, the algorithm is known to be very sensitive to the choice of initial centers. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive and deterministic algorithm to initialize the LMA for gray-level quantization. Experiments on a diverse set of publicly available test images demonstrate that the presented method outperforms the commonly used uniform initialization method.
A General Strategy for the Synthesis of Cladiellin Diterpenes: Enantioselective Total Syntheses of 6-Acetoxycladiell-7(16),11-dien-3-ol (Deacetoxyalcyonin Acetate), Cladiell-11-ene-3,6,7-triol, Sclerophytin A, and the Initially Purported Structure of Sclerophytin A

Enantioselective total syntheses of the cladiellin diterpenes, 6-acetoxycladiell-7(16),11-dien-3-ol (deacetoxyalcyonin acetate, 6), cladiell-11-ene-3,6,7-triol (1), sclerophytin A (8), and tetracyclic diether 7, have been achieved by differential elaboration of tricyclic allylic alcohol 57. The central step in these syntheses is acid-promoted condensation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes 45, 69 or 87, and cyclohexadienyl diol 44 to form, with complete stereocontrol, the hexahydroisobenzofuran core and five stereocenters of these cladiellin diterpenes. These syntheses also feature stereospecific photolytic deformylation of β,γ-unsaturated aldehydes 46, 70, and 71 to remove the extraneous carbon introduced in the Prins−pinacol step; chemo- and stereoselective hydroxyl-directed epoxidation of 49, 72, and 90 followed by regioselective reductive opening with hydride to install the C3 tertiary hydroxyl group; and a diastereoselective Nozaki−Hiyama−Kishi cyclization of iodoaldehyde 56 to forge the oxacyclononane rin...
Europeans Test Pesticide Models

This column focuses on recent work in Europe. The intent is to present to American readers relevant studies they would not normally see. Much of the following was presented at the 9th International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry last summer in London. The congress was jointly sponsored by the International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry and the Royal Society of Chemistry.
68.2: 3.5 Inch QCIF+ AM-OLED Panel Based on Oxide TFT Backplane

IGZO TFTs were fabricated on a glass substrate by conventional photo-lithography and wet-etching processes. The real mobility of our device was about 95 cm2/Vs and had very low dependence on the variation of W/L, channel length and channel width. An IGZO TFT array was also fabricated and a top emission OLED device was successfully driven by it. Therefore, the oxide TFT could be one of the promising candidates as a backplane for the OLED device.
‘You're Like Yourself': Multimodal Literacies in a Reading Support Class

This article explores the experiences and literacy practices of an adolescent boy enrolled in an academic support class, in which students received an open-ended invitation to respond to S.E. Hinton's novel The Outsiders with the software programme Comic Life. In constructing this ‘telling case', we highlight how traditional print literacies associated with English instruction can construct school as a ‘contradictory symbolic space' for many students, but also how the introduction of the multimodalities can provide opportunities for adolescents to experience in-school literacies as social, performative and creative. We argue for re-envisioning literacy curricula and assessment not only to incorporate multimodalities, but also to provide students with instruction in writing conventions and practice with print in ways that serve larger purposes beyond remediation and test preparation. We posit the possibility for ‘complementary symbolic spaces' that are connected to the landscape of adolescent literacies th...
Microsolvation of Cl anion by water clusters: Pertubative Monte Carlo simulations using a hybrid HF/MM potential

Abstract We present a study of micro-solvation of Cl anion by water clusters of the size up to seven molecules using a perturbative Monte Carlo approach with a hybrid HF/MM potential. In this approach, a perturbation theory was used to avoid performing full SCF calculations at every Monte Carlo step. In this study, the anion is treated quantum mechanically at the HF/6-31G∗ level of theory while interactions between solvent waters are presented by the TIP3P potential force field. Analysis on the solvent induced dipole moment of the ion indicates that the Cl anion resides most of the time on the surface of the clusters. Accuracy of the perturbative MC approach is also discussed.
Low-palmitic, low-linolenic soybean development

Plant breeding research efforts are currently focused on developing breeding procedures to decrease the saturated FA palmitic acid (16∶0) and the PUFA linolenic acid (18∶3) in U.S. soybean cultivars. Soybean oil with lower 16∶0 may provide cardiovascular benefits to health-conscious consumers, and lower 18∶3 could contribute to better flavor and stability of the oil. The purpose of this study was to determine genetic parameters that indicate the potential for breeding success and to characterize the correlated effect of the incorporation of the modified oil traits on the agronomic and seed quality traits of a soybean breeding population formed from a cross between the soybean cultivar Anand (normal) and germplasm N97-3708-13 (low 16∶0, low 18∶3). Although lines with only one modified oil quality trait (low 16∶0 or 18∶3) are useful as parents, commercial utilization requires productive cultivars with the combination of both oil traits. This paper shows the ease with which they may be combined with seed yield and other traits. Measurements were obtained from 179 F2 single plants grown in 1999 and 121 F2∶4 lines grown in replicated plots in 2000. Modified FA lines were developed with ca. 4% 16∶0 and 18∶3, respectively. Very weak positive correlations were found between 16∶0 concentration and seed yield (r=0.12) and between 16∶0 and seed oil concentration (r=0.13). No correlation was found between 18∶3 levels and seed yield, or between 18∶3 levels and seed oil concentration. These results indicate that breeding for reduced 16∶0 and 18∶3 should not have a negative impact on seed yield or oil concentration. 16∶0 and 18∶3 had moderately high heritabilities of 0.65 and 0.73, respectively. This indicates that breeders using low 16∶0, low 18∶3 germplasm in crosses with normal, elite lines can expect to recover low 16∶0 and low 18∶3 in pure line progenies via selection and generation advancement of F2 individuals that express low levels of these FA.
Southern Cone maritime security after the 1984 Argentine‐Chilean treaty of peace and friendship

Abstract The Southern Cone of South America and the adjacent regions of the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans, as well as the opposite regions of the Antarctic, present some difficult legal, political, economic, and military problems. As the tip of the Southern Cone has been conflict prone, the political and military interests of Argentina and Chile have tended to predominate. The 1984 Argentine‐Chilean Treaty of Peace and Friendship was a significant achievement in conflict resolution, and could lead to greater economic, political and even military cooperation between the two states. Nonetheless, the general area at the tip of the Southern Cone remains conflict prone as evidenced in part by the conflicts over the Falklands/Malvinas Islands, the Beagle Channel, the Drake Passage, and the Antarctic.
Regulation of task differentiation in wasp societies: a bottom-up model of the "common stomach".

Abstract Metapolybia wasps live in small societies (around one hundred adults) and rear their young in nests they construct on flat surfaces from plant materials. For processing nest paper, they must gather plant materials and process it into pulp with water. The water is collected by water foragers and is transferred to pulp foragers indirectly via a “common stomach.” The common stomach, or social crop, is formed by generalist wasps called laborers. These wasps can engage in water exchange, store water in their crops, and may become specialist foragers or builders. We provide an alternative model for regulating task partitioning in construction behavior by using an agent based modeling framework parameterized by our field observations. Our model predicts that assessing colony needs via individual interactions with the common stomach leads to a robust regulation of task partitioning in construction behavior. By using perturbation experiments in our simulations, we show that this emergent task allocation is able to dynamically adapt to perturbations of the environment and to changes in colony-level demands or population structure. The robustness of our model stems from the fact that the common stomach is both a strong buffer and a source of several feedback mechanisms that affect the individual wasps. We show that both the efficiency and the task fidelity of these colonies are dependent upon colony size. We also demonstrate that the emergence of specialist wasps (individuals with high task fidelity) does not require any special initial conditions or reinforcement at the individual level, but it is rather a consequence of colony-level workflow stability. Our model closely mimics the behavior of Metapolybia wasps, demonstrating that a regulation mechanism based on simple pair-wise interactions through a common stomach is a plausible hypothesis for the organization of collective behavior.
The presentation of visual stimuli: An inexpensive microcomputer-based system

The presentation of visual stimuli and subject response recording are integral to many experimental paradigms. A microcomputer-based video display system is described that is extremely versatile and less expensive than slide projector systems.
Inhibition of Proinflammatory Activities of Major Periodontal Pathogens by Aqueous Extracts From Elder Flower (Sambucus nigra)

Background: Prolonged induction of excessive levels of inflammatory mediators contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic disease states, such as periodontitis. It is thus important to develop safe and effective anti-inflammatory strategies for therapeutic reasons. In this study, we determined the ability of aqueous extracts from elder flower (Sambucus nigra) to inhibit the proinflammatory activity of major virulence factors from the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.Methods: Monocytes/macrophages or neutrophils were incubated with whole cells of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, or purified components thereof (lipopolysaccharide and fimbriae) in the absence or presence of elder flower extract and were assayed for cytokine production, integrin activation, or induction of the oxidative burst.Results: The elder flower extract was found to potently inhibit all proinflammatory activities tested. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms revealed tha...
Multilingual people search

People Search is an important search service with multiple applications (eg. looking up a friend on Facebook, finding colleagues in corporate email directories etc). With the proportion of non-English users on a steady rise, people search services are being used by users from diverse language demographics. Users may issue name search queries against these directories in languages other than the language of the directory, in which case the present monolingual name search approaches will not work. In this demo, we present a Multilingual People Search system capable of performing fast name lookups on large user directories, independent of the directory language. Our system has applications in areas like social networking, enterprise search and email address book search.
Enhancement of multispectral images using histogram explosion

Enhancement of both multispectral and true-color images is often performed by histogram modification, usually by separately adjusting the color components within a selected color coordinate system. When preservation of certain perceptual qualities is important, a perceptually based coordinate system is employed. However, independent modification of the color components seldom results in full use of the RGB display gamut unless some color values are clipped at the RGB boundaries. Preserving perceptual attributes is sometimes less important than obtaining greater displayable color contrast. This is especially true for color composites derived from multispectral images, such as those obtained by remote sensing. `Histogram explosion' is a new, multivariate enhancement method able to exploit nearly the full RGB extent without causing clipping. It functions by deriving and adjusting a set of one- dimensional histograms which lie along rays emanating from a common point in RGB space. While not generally based upon a perceptual model, histogram explosion is capable of preserving original hue values when parameters are chosen properly. Wide flexibility in the algorithm's parameter choices allows much freedom in tailoring the enhancement process. A description of these parameter dependencies and an analysis of the computational complexity are presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Effect of Cyanophages on the Mortality of Synechococcus spp. and Selection for UV Resistant Viral Communities.

Viruses that cause lysis of Synechococcus spp. are present throughout the year in the western Gulf of Mexico. The effect of sunlight on loss rates of cyanophage infectivity was determined by incubating natural cyanophage communities and cyanophage isolates (strains S-PWM1 and S-PWM3) in UV-transparent bags at the surface, and at depth, on several occasions throughout the year. Decay rates of infectivity of natural cyanophage communities at the surface, at Port Aransas, Texas, USA, ranged from undetectable to 0.335 h−1, with the highest rates occurring during the summer. During the spring and winter, decay rates of cyanophage isolates and natural cyanophage communities were generally similar, but during summer, decay rates of isolates were as much as twofold higher than the natural communities. In situ incubations at two offshore stations during a bloom of Synechococcus spp. produced decay rates of 0.53 and 0.75 d−1, integrated over the mixed layer and averaged over 24 h. Based on a burst size of 81 viruses produced per lysed cell (measured for natural cyanobacterial communities in the Gulf of Mexico), cyanophages imposed mortality rates of 1 and 8%, respectively, on Synechococcus spp. In contrast, in nearshore incubations in the winter and spring, cyanophages were responsible for removing <1% of the Synechococcus cells on a daily basis. Only an estimated 2 to 3% of contacts led to viral infections (based on theoretical contact rates between host cells and cyanophages, and estimates of cyanophage mortality), regardless of the time of year or concentrations of viruses and hosts. These results indicate that natural cyanophage communities tolerate damage by solar radiation better in summer than in winter. Moreover, net decay rates of cyanophage infectivity in sunlight were similar, whether host cells were present or not, indicating that detectable cyanophage production did not occur during daytime in situ incubations.
Social and Moral Vision in Great Expectations and Huckleberry Finn

With the exception of Sir Walter Scott and Fenimore Cooper, no two British and American writers of the nineteenth century are compared as frequently as Charles Dickens and Mark Twain. Yet, despite the far greater literary importance of Dickens and Twain, we are without a thorough understanding of the parallels in their work. Why does this problem exist? There are two basic reasons. The first lies in the thinness of Twain's comments on Dickens. If, to a modern critic like Ellen Moers, it is clear that Twain resembled Dickens in ‘the theatricality of his prose, the conception of the public as an audience of responsive listeners rather than as solitary readers, the episodic nature of his fiction cut to an oral rather than a literary measure’, to Twain himself it seemed unnecessary to make such an acknowledgement. In his fiction, as well as in his correspondence, Dickens's specific influence is at best marginal, and in his Autobiography he relegates Dickens to the position of the artist-innovator of the public reading.
Comet solutions to the 3-D C5G7 MOX benchmark problem

This paper presents the solutions obtained with the coarse mesh transport code COMET to the 3-D C5G7 MOX benchmark problem. The coarse mesh transport method uses precomputed heterogeneous response functions for unique coarse meshes in the core to generate the detailed whole core solution such as the fuel pin power distribution. This is achieved by converging on the coarse mesh interface incident fluxes that are approximated by truncated Legendre polynomials in angular and spatial variables. The solutions to all three configurations of the benchmark problem are obtained by using 2nd order expansions in all variables on the interface. The precomputed response functions, generated (tallied) by Monte Carlo means (a modified version of MCNP4C), are responses to a set of coarse mesh interface incident fluxes given in terms of the normalize Legendre polynomials in polar, azimuthal and spatial variables. As compared to the MCNP reference solutions, the unrodded and rodded A and rodded B cases have an eigenvalue relative error of 0.06% with a standard deviation of 0.02%. The average relative errors for the pin power in all configurations are 1.0%, 1.0% and 1.1%, respectively. The maximum errors are all located in the low power region of axial slice 3 with values 10.3%, 10.9% and 11.2% for the unrodded, rodded A and B configurations, respectively.
Phylogenetic development of myelin glycosphingolipids.

Abstract Myelin is a highly specialized membrane, which enwraps axons and facilitates saltatory nerve conduction in vertebrates. Galactocerebroside and its sulfate ester, sulfatide, are highly localized in myelin. To understand the role played by these galactosphingolipids we investigated the changes of these myelin-specific compounds during the course of the evolution of myelin. We found that urodele nerve myelin lacks alpha-hydroxy fatty acid-containing galactosphingolipids. Our morphological and physiological studies of urodele nerves indicated that these hydroxy fatty acid-containing galactosphingolipids probably contribute to fast nerve conduction. Also it is suspected that they are involved in the regulation of the thickness of myelin in relation to the size of the axon. In another study, we discovered that glucocerebroside, which has glucose instead of galactose as its carbohydrate component, is abundantly present in the myelin-like sheath membrane of crustacean nerves. Subsequently the phylogenetic studyindicated that galactocerebrosides were limited to the nervous system of deuterostomes, while all protostome nerves contain glucocerebrosides. The role of glucocerebrosides in multilayered membranes and in the conduction velocity of the protostome nervous system is discussed.
Role of sediment resuspension in the remobilization of particulate-phase metals from coastal sediments.

The release of particulate-phase trace metals due to sediment resuspension has been investigated by combining erosion chamber experiments that apply a range of shear stresses typically encountered in coastal environments with a shear stress record simulated by a hydrodynamic model. Two sites with contrasting sediment chemistry were investigated. Sediment particles enriched in silver, copper, and lead, 4−50 times greater than the bulk surface-sediment content, were the first particles to be eroded. As the shear-stress level was increased in the chamber, the total mass eroded increased, but the enrichment of these trace metals fell, approaching the bulk-sediment content. From the temporal distribution of shear stress generated by the hydrodynamic model for a site in Boston Harbor, resuspension fluxes were estimated. The erosion threshold of this site is exceeded during spring tides, releasing the particles enriched in trace metals into the water column. Due to the higher trace metal content and the regulari...
A follicle-stimulating hormone receptor ecto-domain epitope that is a target for receptor immunoneutralization yet does not affect ligand contact and activation.

The follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) large extracellular domain suggests that interaction of ligand with receptor is likely to be complex. Residues 265–296 of the FSHR are part of a sequence primarily nonhomologous with other glycoprotein hormone receptors. A reasonable hypothesis is that this sequence of the FSHR plays a role in binding FSH. Flow cytometry studies of this region revealed that antibody x179 against peptide R265–S296 bins to humans FSHR expressed by CHO cells and can be competed against by preincubating the cells with hFSH. These results suggested that the region corresponding to residues 265–296 in the extracellular domain of the FSHR is involved in binding to hormone. To test this hypothesis 10 scanning alanine mutants of rFSH at the 265–296 epitope were generated, and the binding characteristics of these mutants were studied. Their affinity constants for 125I-hFSH did not deviate greatly from that of wild-type FSHR, in which some mutants exhibited an approximately two- to threefold reduction in K a compared to wild-type receptor, and no mutation abolished signal transduction. These results lead to rejection of the hypothesis that this region contains residues critical for conveying hormone specificity and receptor-dependent hormone action.
Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation via Paramagnetic Centers

The theory of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation via paramagnetic centers in diamagnetic crystals is investigated in terms of both the single-relaxation-center and the multirelaxation-center models. In this theory, the distances between centers are allowed to be finite. A new case is found for which the theory predicts a new dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation time upon the applied magnetic field, the concentration of the paramagnetic centers, and the magnitude of the diffusion constant. An adaptation of the theory to the rotating reference frame shows that under certain conditions the spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame can be larger than in the laboratory frame.
An Interview with Robert N. Bellah, July 8, 2013

In this interview, the late Robert Bellah outlines his thoughts on and academic contributions to the study of religion in Chinese Society. Drawing on his extensive experience and knowledge, Dr. Bellah answers a wide range of questions from the role China played in his intellectual endeavors to the role of Confucianism in China, to Sheilaism and civil religion as universal phenomena.
Devonian palaeogeography and palaeobiogeography of the Central Andes

Abstract During Devonian time, western Gondwana (northern Chile, Bolivia, and Peru) witnessed a period of thick clastic rock deposition. The sialic Arequipa Massif, apparently a stable terrane since Precambrian time, supplied the bulk of the Bolivian intracratonic basinal sediments. Late Ordovician orogeny in northern Chile-northwestern Argentina included the emplacement of the Puna magmatic arc, with attendant plutonism. The resulting highland supplied coarsegrained sediments to northern Chile. Late Devonian(?) orogenesis deformed Early to Middle Devonian rocks in northern to central Peru. It is suggested that mid-Palaeozoic convergence was 9buffered9 by the Arequipa Massif, giving little evidence of orogeny in the Bolivian Devonian-Carboniferous sequence. A highly endemic (Malvinokaffric) shelly fauna, indicative of high palaeolatitudes, occupied the region in Early Devonian (Emsian) time, while allochthonous (Eastern Americas Realm) faunas entered southern Peru. During Middle Devonian time a much lower diversity 9post-Malvinokaffric9 fauna (consisting of the brachiopods Tropidoleptus, Globithyris , and other taxa) arrived, although a Malvinokaffric stock remained. These taxa arrived via the Amazonas and other eastern basins during a rotation of the region to lower latitudes and presumably warmer waters in Middle Devonian time.
Job candidate attributes: a comparison of Chinese and US employer evaluations and the perceptions of Chinese students

Successful staffing in organizations requires that job applicant qualifications be properly matched with job requirements and corporate culture. With rapid economic expansion in China and predictions for continued growth, there has been a substantial increase in the staffing needs of companies operating in China or servicing this market from afar. Working with university placement offices and/or actively recruiting on campuses, many organizations are looking to undergraduate and graduate business programs in China as a source of job candidates.
Sexual responses of the male rat medial preoptic area and medial amygdala to estrogen II: Site specific effects of selective estrogenic drugs

Abstract In the medial preoptic area (MPO) and medial amygdala (MEA), estradiol (E 2 ) aromatized from testosterone (T) may act via either estrogen receptor (ER) α or ERβ to mediate mating in male rats. We tested the hypothesis that, in the MPO, ERα exclusively mediates sexual responses to E 2 by monitoring mating in four groups of castrated male rats administered dihydrotestosterone (DHT) subcutaneously and MPO implants delivering either: cholesterol, E 2 , propyl pyrazole triol (PPT, ERα-agonist) or diarylpropionitrile (DPN, ER β-agonist); a fifth group of intact males served as DPN toxicity control, receiving DPN MPO implants. In a follow-up study, either 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyridinium (MPP, ERα-antagonist) or blank MPO cannulae were implanted in castrated male rats receiving T subcutaneously, whereas intact MPP toxicity controls received MPP MEA implants. PPT or E 2 MPO implants maintained mating, but cholesterol or DPN MPO implants did not. Moreover, MPP MPO implants interfered with T reinstatement of mating suggesting that, in the MPO, ERα is necessary and sufficient for mating in androgen-maintained male rats and ERβ is not sufficient. Because it is unknown which ER subtype(s) mediate sexual responses of the MEA to E 2 , we examined mating following MEA implants of cholesterol, E 2 , PPT or DPN in four groups of castrated male rats administered DHT subcutaneously. E 2 MEA implants maintained mounting but mating was significantly decreased in groups receiving PPT, DPN or cholesterol MEA implants suggesting that, unlike the MPO where ERα alone is essential, sexual responses of the MEA to E 2 require simultaneous interactions among multiple ER subtypes.
An Extensible Software Design Applied to Rapid Thermal Processing

The next five to ten years will show a dramatic increase in the number of sensors and actuators in use. Several advances in technology, namely integrated sensors, fast reliable communications, and powerful computers, are making such changes possible. Coordinating the complex interactions of multiple sensors and control settings can be too confusing for an ad-hoc approach. Applying modern model-based control theory to multi-input/multi-output systems has the potential of improving the yield and throughput in a computer integrated manufacturing environment. Our expectation is that as more sensors and actuators become available, it will be important to handle internal communications between processing subsystems in a uniform manner to allow for incremental expansions to the processing equipment. Because of the wide assortment of physical sensors available for control equipment, an architecture is presented which attempts to unify the communications and control in a multiprocessor environment. The focus of this paper will be to explain one method of controlling a Rapid Thermal Multiprocessing chamber and how it is designed to handle future growth. The implementation and experimentation are being performed on the Rapid Thermal Multiprocessor (RTM) at the Center for Integrated Systems (CIS) at Stanford University.
Vesicular release of glutamate mediates bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons

The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, glutamate, can be released exocytotically by neurons and astrocytes. Glutamate released from neurons can affect adjacent astrocytes by changing their intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics and, vice versa, glutamate released from astrocytes can cause a variety of responses in neurons such as: an elevation of [Ca(2+)](i), a slow inward current, an increase of excitability, modulation of synaptic transmission, synchronization of synaptic events, or some combination of these. This astrocyte-neuron signaling pathway might be a widespread phenomenon throughout the brain with astrocytes possessing the means to be active participants in many functions of the CNS. Thus, it appears that the vesicular release of glutamate can serve as a common denominator for two of the major cellular components of the CNS, astrocytes and neurons, in brain function.
Flu channel drug resistance: a tale of two sites

The M2 proteins of influenza A and B virus, AM2 and BM2, respectively, are transmembrane proteins that oligomerize in the viral membrane to form proton-selective channels. Proton conductance of the M2 proteins is required for viral replication; it is believed to equilibrate pH across the viral membrane during cell entry and across the trans-Golgi membrane of infected cells during viral maturation. In addition to the role of M2 in proton conductance, recent mutagenesis and structural studies suggest that the cytoplasmic domains of the M2 proteins also play a role in recruiting the matrix proteins to the cell surface during virus budding. As viral ion channels of minimalist architecture, the membrane-embedded channel domain of M2 has been a model system for investigating the mechanism of proton conduction. Moreover, as a proven drug target for the treatment of influenza A infection, M2 has been the subject of intense research for developing new anti-flu therapeutics. AM2 is the target of two anti-influenza A drugs, amantadine and rimantadine, both belonging to the adamantane class of compounds. However, resistance of influenza A to adamantane is now widespread due to mutations in the channel domain of AM2. This review summarizes the structure and function of both AM2 and BM2 channels, the mechanism of drug inhibition and drug resistance of AM2, as well as the development of new M2 inhibitors as potential anti-flu drugs.
Miocene extensional tectonics explain ancient patterns of diversification among turret‐building tarantulas (Aphonopelma mojave group) in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts

Aim Phylogeographical studies in the Mojave and Sonoran deserts often find genetic discontinuities that pre-date the Pleistocene. A recent synthesis of phylogeographical data, called the Mojave Assembly Model, provides a hypothesis for the historical assembly of these desert biotas but does not adequately capture the complexity of pre-Pleistocene vicariance events. We tested this model and assessed pre-Pleistocene divergences by exploring the phylogeography of the Aphonopelma mojave group, which is composed of turret-building tarantula species from the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. Location Mojave and Sonoran deserts, south-western USA. Methods We augmented the sampling from a previous study by sequencing mitochondrial DNA (COI) from new material of the A. mojave group. We used phylogenetic and network analyses to identify clades and a molecular clock and lineages-through-time plots (LTT plots) to explore the timing and tempo of diversification. We tested for demographic expansion using neutrality tests and mismatch distributions. Species distribution models (SDMs) were constructed to compare current suitable habitat to that at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Results Phylogenetic, network and molecular-clock analyses identified six major clades that probably diverged during the late Miocene. The rate of diversification appears to have slowed during the Pliocene. Most clades exhibit signals of recent demographic expansion. SDMs predicted that suitable habitat shifted south and to lower elevations during the LGM. Main conclusions Phylogeographical analyses suggest that the A. mojave group experienced a burst of diversification in the late Miocene, followed by population expansions during the Pleistocene. Six major clades with origins in the late Miocene cannot be adequately explained by the Mojave Assembly Model. We propose the novel hypothesis that Miocene extensional tectonics caused populations to diverge in allopatry by producing low-elevation habitat barriers. Geological models, such as kinematic reconstructions, provide an ideal but underutilized framework for testing biogeographical hypotheses in these deserts and the wider Basin and Range Province.
Antigen-bearing langerhans cells in skin, dermal lymphatics and in lymph nodes.

Abstract Ferritin-challenged skin sites and draining lymph nodes were studied in normal guinea pigs and in guinea pigs which had been passively sensitized to ferritin or peroxidase by lymphoid cell transfer to ascertain whether Langerhans cells can bind antigen in skin and carry it to lymph nodes. After intradermal challenge with amounts of ferritin as small at 5 μg, ferritin-containing Langerhans cells were seen by electron microscopy in the marginal sinus and cortex of draining lymph nodes in ferritinscnsitized animals and, to an apparently lesser degree, in control animals. Lymph nodes from unchallenged normal guinea pigs contained rare Langerhans cells, none of which had ferritin. The findings indicate that Langerhans cells may pick up antigen in skin and from there circulate to draining lymph nodes, thus carrying out a function analogous to macrophages. In this way they may exhibit antigen to lymphocytes both in skin and in lymph nodes.
Ablation of advanced tongue or base of tongue cancer and reconstruction with free flap: functional outcomes.

Abstract Aim To evaluate the functional outcomes of patients who underwent total or nearly total glossectomy for advanced tongue or base of tongue cancer. Material and methods We used the radial forearm free flap (RFFF), anterior lateral thigh flap (ALTF) or fibular osteocutaneous flap (FOCF) to reconstruct the oral defect after radical resection in 39 patients undergoing total or nearly total glossectomy with laryngeal preservation. Results Good functional outcomes, measured by independent feeding, speech and swallowing were achieved in 35, 36 and 35 patients, respectively. The cumulative 4-year survival rates were 63.8% for tongue cancer and 42.9% for base of tongue cancer. Conclusion Reconstruction with free flaps is a feasible method to restore the functional outcomes in speech and deglutition among patients who undergo total or nearly total glossectomy with laryngeal preservation.
An Improved Separator for the Developmental Stages, Sexes, and Species of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)

A mechanical device, modified from a previous design, is described for separating the developmental stages, sexes, and species of mosquitoes.
Sex role flexibility and prosocial behavior among preschool children

The relationship between sex role flexibility and prosocial behavior among preschool children was investigated. Subjects included 16 boys and 18 girls, ranging in age from 36 to 60 months, from intact families of the upper middle class. A nonhierarchical multiple regression analysis was undertaken to determine the contributions of the predictor variables of sex, age, IQ, and sex role flexibility, as well as their interactions with prosocial behavior (criterion variable). Results indicated that while the overall regression model was not significant, the variable of Sex × Sex Role Flexibility did contribute significantly to the model. Inspection of the correlation coefficients associated with this variable revealed that while sex role flexibility and prosocial behavior among boys were significantly and positively related, among girls no significant relationship was found.
Gastroesophageal reflux during anesthetic induction with thiopental and succinylcholine

Abstract The effects of patient physiology and the prior administration of a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant on the frequency of gastroesophageal refux during induction with thiopental sodium and succinylcholine were investigated. Forty patients underwent anesthetic induction during continuous esophageal pH monitoring. Twenty patients had preoperative symptoms of gastroesophageal refux, and 20 asymptomatic patients served as controls. Half the patients in each group received a small dose of nondepolarizing muscle relaxant prior to induction. Five patients (25%) with gastroesophageal reflux and none of the control patients showed significant decreases in esophageal pH during induction. Two of these patients received prior administration of a nondepolarizing drug. In all five patients, refux occurred during laryngoscopy and intubation, suggesting the possibility that succinylcholine did not play a role in the generation of reflux. Preoperative gastroesophageal reflux symptomatology is associated with an increased frequency of reflux during induction, and the vulnerable period seems to occur after the achievement of neuromuscular blockade during laryngoscopy. Preinduction administration of a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant prior to succinylcholine use had no demonstrable effect on the frequency of refux during induction, although the numbers studied were too small to be conclusive.