cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Hardening of Titanium Articles With Titanium Boride Layers and its Effects on Substrate Shape and Surface Texture

There is widespread interest in engineering improved properties into the surface layer of manufactured articles. One method for doing so involves a novel boriding process that creates hardened surface layers by the growth of a dual layer TiB 2 + TiB coating on titanium articles. The objective of the present work was to demonstrate the fundamental feasibility of this process by producing uniform thick boride coating layers on titanium articles and to polish them to a very fine surface texture suitable for biomedical implant bearing surfaces. A powder pack diffusion boriding process was used to grow dual layer TiB 2 + TiB coatings on simple shapes. Lapping processes were used to polish the borided articles. Evaluation was carried out using measurements of surface texture, geometric form, and hardness, and by metallurgical analysis. Boriding on as-received titanium articles resulted in shape distortion that hampered the subsequent polishing efforts. Hence, further articles were treated with stress-relief annealing prior to boriding, at temperatures below and above the β-transus of the substrate article. Annealing itself caused some form distortion, which was eliminated by lapping. Then, after boriding the annealed articles, varying surface textures and shape distortions were observed. Articles annealed above the β-transus had surface textures with significant peak-to-valley roughness (14―55 μm), and the texture appeared to be patterned upon the substrate microstructure. However, form distortion seemed to be alleviated. For articles annealed below the β-transus, form distortion was not alleviated, and the articles exhibited wavy surface textures with a high peak-to-valley roughness (up to 50 μm). Whether combined or independent, the surface texture changes and shape distortion that occurred during boriding thwarted the polishing processes; the articles could not be uniformly polished to a roughness less than 0.05 μm within the coating thickness. To achieve uniformly polished dual layer TiB 2 + TiB surfaces on titanium articles using the pack boriding technique, it appears that the substrate raw materials should be free of residual stresses and consist of a fine microstructure.
Modeling hydraulic redistribution and ecosystem response to droughts over the Amazon basin using Community Land Model 4.0 (CLM4)

Hydraulic redistribution is the process of soil water transport through the low-resistance pathway provided by plant roots. It has been observed in field studies and proposed to be one of the processes that enable the Amazon rainforest to resist periodical dry spells without experiencing water limitations. How and to what extent hydraulic redistribution may increase vegetation resistance to longer or more severe droughts than seasonal dryness have not been investigated yet, which is the focus of this study. The artificially prolonged drought produced by the rainfall exclusion experiment is used as an example of long drought, and the 2005 drought is used as a severe drought. The parameterization of hydraulic redistribution proposed by Ryel et al. (2002) was incorporated into the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4). Three paired numerical experiments were conducted, one set using the default model (CTL) and the other using the model with considerations of hydraulic redistribution (HR). Results show that the vegetation response (including evapotranspiration, biomass, and leaf area index (LAI)) to dryness of all the three types is better captured with hydraulic redistribution incorporated. Plants are more resistant to dryness when hydraulic redistribution increases plant water availability and thus facilitates their growth. When a drought is long lasting, the vegetation response is delayed by hydraulic redistribution. Therefore, if a drought ends earlier than permanent damage is made, the magnitude of vegetation response will be lowered by this mechanism, i.e., the vegetation will be more resistant to dryness.
Performance Test of the Allgemeine Elektricitats Gesellschaft Free-Jet Air-Blast 220-Kv 2,500-Megavolt-Ampere Reclosing Circuit Breaker

Tests of a representative sample of this circuit breaker were made on the system of the Bonneville Power Administration in order to provide an opportunity for American manufacturers and operating engineers to study the operation of this circuit breaker in interrupting faults and line charging currents. A single pair of interrupting contacts in open air, ease of contacts visual inspection, maintenance and replacement attracted much attention and favorable comment, particularly from operating engineers. The circuit breaker successfully interrupted fault currents in about six cycles (average) as compared with three cycles of fast oil circuit breakers of American manufacture. Interruption of line charging current, although successful, was accompanied by many restrikes. It is hoped that these tests and the analysis of the test data will facilitate development of an American circuit breaker which will retain the favored features of the European prototype but will be faster in interrupting fault currents and practically free from restrikes in interrupting line charging currents.
LinkSelector: A Web mining approach to hyperlink selection for Web portals

As the size and complexity of Web sites expands dramatically, it has become increasingly challenging to design Web sites where Web surfers can easily find the information they seek. In this article, we address the design of the portal page of a Web site, which serves as the homepage of a Web site or a default Web portal. We define an important research problem---hyperlink selection: selecting from a large set of hyperlinks in a given Web site, a limited number of hyperlinks for inclusion in a portal page. The objective of hyperlink selection is to maximize the efficiency, effectiveness, and usage of a Web site's portal page. We propose a heuristic approach to hyperlink selection, LinkSelector, which is based on relationships among hyperlinks---structural relationships that can be extracted from an existing Web site and access relationships that can be discovered from a Web log. We compared the performance of LinkSelector with that of the current practice of hyperlink selection (i.e., manual hyperlink selection by domain experts), using data obtained from the University of Arizona Web site. Results showed that LinkSelector outperformed the current manual selection method.
Behavioral thermoregulation in hypophysectomized and sham-operated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.

A double-yoked control procedure was used to investigate the thermoregulatory behavior of hypophysectomized and sham-operated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Each experimental and yoked control triad was tested simultaneously over a 20-min period on each of 5 successive days. A significant increase in response rate occurred over days resulting in a significant decrease in the mean environmental water temperature. However, an increase in temperature variability was observed over days. No significant differences were found between the hypophysectomized and sham-operated trout with respect to response rate, number of reinforcements, mean temperature, or temperature variability. The findings suggested an apparent neutrality of the hypophysis in the temperature regulation of trout, and supported the contention that trout will learn to regulate water temperature when given the opportunity to do so.
Adult Male Daydreaming Across the Life Span: A Replication, Further Analyses, and Tentative Norms Based Upon Retrospective Reports.

Using the Imaginal Processes Inventory, aspects of daydreaming and related mental activity were examined in a replication sample of males aged seventeen to ninety-one years. The characteristics of ...
Effect of heavy concentrate feeding before calving upon lactation and mammary gland edema.

Summary Heavy grain-feeding before calving resulted in no increase in the yield of fat-corrected milk during the first 84 days of lactation. Nine cows and nine heifers received, in addition to a basal roughage ration, a supplement of 378 and 273 lb. grain, respectively, during a 6-wk. prepartum period. A similar number of controls received no grain. During lactation all animals were fed roughage and grain according to maintenance and production requirements. Supplemented animals made significantly greater (P =
Imaging characteristics of the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer microchannel plate detectors

The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) satellite will conduct an all-sky survey over the wavelength range from 70 AA 760 AA using four grazing-incidence telescopes and seven microchannel-plate (MCP) detectors. The imaging photon-counting MCP detectors have active areas of 19.6 cm/sup 2/. Photon arrival position is determined using a wedge-and-strip anode and associated pulse-encoding electronics. The imaging characteristics of the EUVE flight detectors are presented including image distortion, flat-field response and spatial differential nonlinearity. Also included is a detailed discussion of image distortions due to the detector mechanical assembly, the wedge-and-strip anode, and the electronics. Model predictions of these distortions are compared to preflight calibration images which show distortions less than 1.3% RMS of the detector diameter of 50 mm before correction. The plans for correcting these residual detector image distortions to less than 0.1% RMS are also presented. >
Longitudinal microleakage evaluation of super-EBA as a root-end sealing material

This study evaluated the sealing ability of fast and regular set Super-EBA with different powder-toliquid ratios as a root-end filling material. Fifty extracted maxillary central incisors were uniformly cleaned and shaped using a crown-down technique with Gates-Glidden drills and Profile series 29.04 taper rotary instruments. After root-end resection and ultrasonic preparation, 48 root sections were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 12 teeth each and filled with a thick or thin mix of fast or regular set Super-EBA. Fast and regular set Super-EBA were mixed to a thick (1 scoop powder:1 drop liquid) or a thin (1 scoop powder:2 drops liquid) consistency. Positive and negative controls were used. Microleakage was assessed at 24 h, 72 h, 1 wk, 2 wk, 4 wk, 6 wk, and 8 wk using a fluid filtration system. There were no significant differences in the microleakage measured for any group at any of the time points evaluated. These results suggest that either fast or regular set Super-EBA mixed to various consistencies may be acceptable for root-end filling.
Use of Infliximab in the Treatment of Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis in Crohn Disease

Purpose To report the effectiveness of infliximab in the treatment of peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) associated with Crohn disease. Design Retrospective, interventional case series. Methods setting: Institutional, academic referral setting. patient or study population: Six eyes of 3 patients with PUK associated with Crohn disease that failed or were intolerant to traditional immunosuppression such as oral prednisone and cyclophosphamide. intervention or observation procedure(s): Infliximab intravenous infusion 5 mg/kg every 2 to 8 weeks. main outcome measure(s): Subjective outcome such as pain improvement and objective outcomes such as visual acuity, signs of inflammation, and progression of corneal thinning. Results Symptom of pain improved in all patients. Visual acuity remained stable in 4 of 6 eyes, improved in 1 of 6 eyes, and worsened in 1 of 6 eyes (secondary to stromal scar). Rapid resolution of inflammation and arrest of further thinning were observed in all 6 eyes. Similar effects were observed on recurrence treated with repeat dosing of infliximab in 5 of 6 eyes. Conclusions Infliximab produced a rapid, dramatic, repeatable suppression of corneal inflammation, pain, and keratolysis in PUK associated with Crohn disease. Although the effect of long-term therapy with these agents is unknown, infliximab should be considered in patients with Crohn-associated PUK not amenable to traditional therapy. Larger prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of infliximab in this aggressive disease entity.
Chronic medical problems and distressful thoughts of suicide in primary care patients: mitigating role of happiness

Objective Chronic medical problems might amplify suicide risk in later life. Feelings of happiness may reduce this risk. We tested the hypothesis that happiness attenuates the association between number of self-reported chronic diseases and suicidal distress. Methods A sample of 1,801 depressed, primary care patients, 60 years of age or older, entering a clinical trial, were assessed for the presence of positive emotion, suicidal distress and self-reported chronic medical problems. Results Chronic medical problems are associated with suicide ideation and, as hypothesized, happiness attenuates the relationship between self-reported diseases and suicidal distress. Conclusions Decreased risk for distressing thoughts of suicide in the context of medical illness is predicted by the presence of positive emotions. Our results suggest that treatments designed to help older primary care patients identify sources of joy and enhance happiness might decrease suicide risk. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Augmenting sensory-motor conflict promotes adaptation of postural behaviors in a virtual environment

We present results from a series of studies that investigated how multimodal mismatches in a virtual environment modified postural response organization. Adaptation of motor commands to functional circumstances is driven directly by error signals. Thus, motor relearning should increase when performing in environments containing sensory mismatch. We hypothesized that kinematics of the response would be linked to specific characteristics of the sensory array. Sensory weighting was varied by: 1) rotating the visual field about the talo-crural joint or the interaural axis, 2) adding stochastic vibrations at the sole of the foot, and 3) combining galvanic vestibular stimulation with rotations of the visual field. Results indicated that postural responses are shaped by the location of a sensory disturbance and also by the processing demands of the environmental array. Sensory-motor demands need to be structured when developing therapeutic interventions for patients with balance disorders.
The Multimedia Finite Element Modeling and Analysis Tutor

This prototype interactive software system can help teach upper level undergraduate and graduate students in mechanical engineering fundamental concepts and offer guidelines for finite element modeling and analysis (herein referred to as FEA). In lieu of a mathematical treatment of the subject commonly found in textbooks, this FEA tutoring system employs rich animations for conveying highly visual concepts and offers the user a set of experiential modules for exploratory learning. The system has been developed initially for the domain of linear structural analysis, but it can be expanded to include other engineering analysis domains, such as vibration, heat transfer, and nonlinear finite element analysis. Initial formative testing of the tutor on junior mechanical engineering students indicates that a 45-minute session with the tutor was at least as effective as a one-hour introductory lecture by an FEA expeI.
Direct renin inhibition modulates insulin resistance in caveolin-1-deficient mice

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that aliskiren improves the metabolic phenotype in a genetic mouse model of the metabolic syndrome (the caveolin-1 (cav-1) knock out (KO) mouse). Materials/Methods Eleven-week-old cav-1 KO and genetically matched wild-type (WT) mice were randomized to three treatment groups: placebo (n = 8/group), amlodipine (6 mg/kg/day, n = 18/ group), and aliskiren (50 mg/kg/day, n = 18/ group). After three weeks of treatment, all treatment groups were assessed for several measures of insulin resistance (fasting insulin and glucose, HOMA-IR, and the response to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT)) as well as for triglyceride levels and the blood pressure response to treatment. Results Treatment with aliskiren did not affect the ipGTT response but significantly lowered the HOMA-IR and insulin levels in cav-1 KO mice. However, treatment with amlodipine significantly degraded the ipGTT response, as well as the HOMA-IR and insulin levels in the cav-1 KO mice. Aliskiren also significantly lowered triglyceride levels in the cav-1 KO but not in the WT mice. Moreover, aliskiren treatment had a significantly greater effect on blood pressure readings in the cav-1 KO vs. WT mice, and was marginally more effective than amlodipine. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that aliskiren reduces insulin resistance as indicated by improved HOMA-IR in cav-1 KO mice whereas amlodipine treatment resulted in changes consistent with increased insulin resistance. In addition, aliskiren was substantially more effective in lowering blood pressure in the cav-1 KO mouse model than in WT mice and marginally more effective than amlodipine.
Novel Longitudinal Mode in the Coupled Quantum Chain Compound KCuF 3

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements are reported that show a new longitudinal mode in the antiferromagnetically ordered phase of the spin- $1/2$ quasi-one-dimensional antiferromagnet ${\mathrm{KCuF}}_{3}$. This mode signals the crossover from one-dimensional to three-dimensional behavior and indicates a reduction in the ordered spin moment of a spin- $1/2$ antiferromagnet. The measurements are compared with recent quantum field theory calculations and are found to be in excellent agreement. A feature of the data not predicted by theory is a damping of the mode by decay processes to the transverse spin-wave branches.
1648 VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO HYPERCAPNEA AND INSPIRATORY RESISTIVE LOADING IN INFANTS RECOVERED FROM RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)

The effect of inspiratory resistance (RI) on the carbon dioxide response curves was studied in 6 infants recovering from RDS. Mean ± SEM birthwt.=1.46±0.21 kg, estimated gestational age = 32±0.6 wks., wt. at study=1.76±0.1 kg, and age at study=5.9±1.4 wks. Control data consisting of lung compliance (CL), minute ventilation (MV), tidal volume (TV), frequency (f), inspiratory time/total respiratory time (TI/TTot) and alveolar carbon dioxide (PACO2) were obtained in room air. After a control period, carbon dioxide (CO2) response curves without loading were obtained with a CO2 gas mixture sufficient to produce hypercapnea (mean ± SEM maximum PACO2=61±1.7 mmHg) for 5 mins. RI=250 cm H2O/L/min was subsequently placed in line with inspiratory CO2 gas mixture and CO2 response curves were obtained for 5 mins. Control CL=3.46±0.6 m1/cm H2O, MV=869.5±116.1 ml/min, TV=18.3±2.9 ml, f=51±4.6 breaths/min, TI/TTot=0.45±0.02, PACO2=36.8±4.4 mmHg. Hypercapnea produced a significant increase (p<0.02) in MV. RI significantly decreased the slopes of the CO2 response curves from mean ± SEM 36.82+8.43 ml/min/mmHg CO2 to 11.25+4.51 ml/min/mmHg CO2 (p<0.02). These data demonstrate that preterm infants recovering from RDS significantly decrease their hypercapnea response when challenged with an inspiratory resistive load over time. This may be important in neonatal obstructive apnea.
Using Constructivist Self-Development Theory to Understand Judges' Reactions to a Courthouse Shooting: An Exploratory Study

In 2006 Judge Chuck Weller was shot through his office window. Nine judges who work with Weller were interviewed using the framework of constructivist self-development theory (CSDT), which proposes that trauma can interfere with safety, esteem, intimacy, trust and control needs. CSDT has been used to study trauma victims and counselors but has yet to be used with judges. Judges' responses were generally consistent with CSDT, because every judge experienced distortions in at least one CSDT need. Each need was distorted in at least five judges. Distortions were generally mild to moderate, except in a few judges, who had more extreme safety needs distortions. Additionally, judges relied on past experiences (e.g., prosecutors, lawyers, soldiers) to help them cope. Finally, many judges distanced themselves from Weller by reasoning that they work in different buildings or are not family court judges like Weller. Further research is needed to fully understand judges' reactions to trauma.
Implications of maturation for viral gene delivery to skeletal muscle

Different viral vectors have been analyzed as gene delivery vehicles to skeletal muscle for potentially therapeutic purposes. In this review, we evaluate the application of retroviral, adenoviral, and herpes simplex viral vectors to deliver genes to skeletal muscle and focus on the dramatic loss of viral transduction detected throughout muscle maturation. Recent results suggested that there are several factors involved in the reduced viral transducibility of mature skeletal muscle: muscle cells become post-mitotic in an early stage, the extracellular matrix develops into a physical barrier, and a loss of myoblast mediation occurs since myoblasts progressively become quiescent. Approaches to improve viral gene delivery to mature skeletal muscle may include the use of particular enzymes to increase the permeability of the extracellular matrix, the pre-treatment of the muscle with a myonecrotic agent to induce myoblast mediation, or the application of the myoblast-mediated ex vivo gene transfer.
Theoretical calculations on layered perovskites: implications for photocatalysis

The application of first-principles calculations to the study of layered perovskites is reviewed here, with an emphasis on properties relevant to the use of these materials in photocatalysis. First, the accuracies of the theoretical methods in common use for the study of layered perovskites are compared. The main body of the article then reviews studies of the bulk atomic and electronic structures of pure and doped perovskites; first-principles thermodynamics studies; studies of surfaces and studies of adsorption on surfaces.
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high-dose paclitaxel monotherapy (825 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 24 h) with hematopoietic support in women with metastatic breast cancer.

Purpose: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high-dose paclitaxel (HDP) monotherapy (825 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 24 h) with peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) and G-CSF support in 17 women with metastatic breast cancer. Methods: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data were collected in 17 women entered in a phase II trial of sequential HDP, and high-dose melphalan and cyclophosphamide/thiotepa/carboplatin. Results: The maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC), apparent clearance (Clapp), duration of plasma concentration above 0.05 µM (t>0.05 µM) for paclitaxel were (means±SD): 9.11±7.45 µM, 145±88 µM·h, 8.06±2.90 l/h per m2 and 82.4±31.2 h, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the plasma paclitaxel concentration at 1 h (r2=0.87), 12 h (r2=0.85)and 23 h (r2=0.92)and the AUC (P 0.05 µM) and time to neutropenic nadir, duration of neutropenia, platelet count nadir and grades of neuropathy or mucositis. In ten patients in whom detailed neurologic and nerve conduction studies were performed, linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between pre- and post-HDP treatment total neuropathy scores (r2=0.46, P=0.03). Conclusions: HDP (825 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 24 h) did not appear to be myeloablative. The degree of neurotoxicity subsequent to HDP was associated with the degree of baseline neuropathy but was not predictable from pharmacokinetic parameters.
Random induced graphs

Given a monotone graphical property Q, how large should d(n) be to ensure that if (Hn) is any sequence of graphs satisfying |Hn| = n and δ(Hn) ≥ d(n), then almost every induced subgraph of Hn has property Q? We prove essentially best possible results for the following monotone properties: (i) k-connected for fixed k, (ii) Hamiltonian.
Vaginorectal Streptococcus porcinus in pregnancy: an emerging pathogen?

OBJECTIVE: Streptococcus porcinus has previously been isolated from the genitourinary tract of reproductive-aged women. However, very little is known about the pathogenicity of this microorganism in pregnancy. The study aimed to report pregnancies complicated by vaginorectal S. porcinus and associated adverse outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present 2 patients with 3 pregnancies complicated by vaginorectal S. porcinus and preterm cervical change. RESULTS: The first patient lost a twin pregnancy to previable preterm rupture of membranes. During her subsequent pregnancy, again positive for S. porcinus, cervical shortening prompted antibiotic treatment and cerclage. The second patient delivered preterm despite cerclage placed for sonographic indications. CONCLUSIONS: Our cases suggest that S. porcinus may contribute to the pathogenesis of preterm rupture of membranes and cervical insufficiency.
Cribra orbitalia in the aborigines of Hawaii and Australia.

Cranii of 53 Hawaiian aboriginal infants and children, and 45 from Australian aboriginal children were inspected. Cribra orbitalia was present in 22.8% of the former and 26.6% of the latter; osteoporotic pitting (symmetrical osteoporosis; porotic hyperostosis) was also present in the latter. The frequency compares favorably with that found in pre-Columbian North American Pueblo Indians, 24.7%. It is associated with a widespread skeletal involvement suggestive of an active bone marrow. The findings support the concept that cribra orbitalia is related to symmetrical osteoporosis and that it may be associated with a blood disorder.
Dried Lactating Cow Manure in the Ration of Growing Chickens

Abstract SINCE the pioneer work of Bechdel et al. (1928) indicating that vitamin B was synthesized in the rumen of the cow, a series of experiments have been reported confirming this observation with data on the extent of synthesis and amounts of several members of the B-complex in ruminant animals (McElroy and Goss, 1939-40-41; Wegner et al., 1940–41; Hunt et al., 1941–43; Lardinois et al., 1944; Hammond, 1944; Frey and Kratzer, 1945). Recently several reports have appeared indicating that part of the B-vitamins synthesized in the rumen and also in the digestive tract (Lampen et al., 1942) pass through the digestive system. Hammond (1942) reported that dried cow manure had a marked beneficial effect on growth in chicks if added to a diet deficient in riboflavin. Later, Hammond (1944) reported that summer cow manure contained about 5.7 γ/gm. and winter manure about 4.3 γ/gm. of riboflavin when dried at 47°C. This . . .
A model of the detection of warmth and cold by cutaneous sensors through effects on voltage-gated membrane channels.

Warmth and cold sensations are known to derive from separate warm and cold cutaneous thermoreceptors in the form of differentiated afferent nerves. The firing rate of warm-sensing nerves increases as the temperature increases; the firing rate of cold-sensing nerves increases if the temperature is reduced. I postulate that the primary sensitivity of the warm sensors derives from voltage-gated Ca2+ membrane channels configured such that an increase in temperature opens channels and increases the ion influx while a reduction in temperature increases the ion influx through voltage-gated Na+ channels in the cold sensory nerve ends. In either case, the initial cation influx causes a small cellular depolarization that further opens Ca2+ channels, admitting more cations in a positive feedback process that leads to the depolarization of the membrane, thus initiating an action potential pulse. Monte Carlo calculations based on a well defined model of such processes, which include effects of noise, demonstrate quantitative agreement of the model with an extensive body of data.
Characterization of a murine high-affinity thiamine transporter, Slc19a2.

Abstract Thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia with deafness and diabetes (TRMA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of thiamine transport. Previous studies have demonstrated that the disease is caused by mutations in the SLC19A2 gene encoding a high-affinity thiamine transporter. We hypothesize that thiamine transport, mediated by SLC19A2, plays a role in the development and or maintenance of several organ systems, in particular the erythropoietic, auditory, and glucose homeostasis systems. To investigate the transporter further, we cloned the murine Slc19a2 locus and characterized the resulting protein. Murine Slc19a2 is a 498 amino acid protein, with 12 predicted transmembrane domains. The gene spans ∼13kb with 6 exons, structurally identical to that of the human homolog. We localized the Slc19a2 gene to mouse chromosome 1, a region syntenic to human chromosome 1q23 that contains the TRMA locus. Transient expression of Slc19a2 in HEK293T cells resulted in specific uptake of [ 3 H] thiamine, confirming a thiamine transporter function. Western blot analysis of mouse tissues reveals a wide distribution of Slc19a2 protein. Immunohistochemistry studies indicate that Slc19a2 is expressed on the cell surface and intracellularly, and is specifically localized to a subpopulation of cells in cochlea, small intestine, and pancreas.
Chromosome structure and DNA replication in nurse and follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster.

In the nurse cells of Drosophila, nuclear DNA is replicated many times without nuclear division. Nurse cells differ from salivary gland cells, another type of endoreplicated Drosophila cell, in that banded polytene chromosomes are not seen in large nurse cells. Cytophotometry of Feulgen stained nurse cell nuclei that have also been labeled with 3H-thymidine shows that the DNA contents between S-phases are not doublings of the diploid value. In situ hybridization of cloned probes for 28S+18S ribosomal RNA, 5S RNA, and histone genes, and for satellite, copia, and telomere sequences shows that satellite and histone sequences replicate only partially during nurse cell growth, while 5S sequences fully replicate. However, during the last nurse cell endoreplication cycle, all sequences including the previously under-replicated satellite sequences replicate fully. In situ hybridization experiments also demonstrate that the loci for the multiple copies of histone and 5S RNA genes are clustered into a small number of sites. In contrast, 28S+18S rRNA genes are dispersed. We discuss the implications of the observed distribution of sequences within nurse cell nuclei for interphase nuclear organization. — In the ovarian follicle cells, which undergo only two or three endoreplication cycles, satellite, histone and ribosomal DNA sequences are also found by in situ hybridization to be underrepresented; satellite sequences may not replicate beyond their level in 2C cells. Hence the pathways of endoreplication in three cell types, salivary gland, nurse, and follicle cells, share basic features of DNA replication, and differ primarily in the extent of association of the duplicated chromatids.
Routine Absorbance Spectroscopy at the Air/Water Interface

A Langmuir-Blodgett instrument has been assembled that is capable of providing side-by-side comparisons of two separate monolayers in a true double-beam absorption geometry with no moving parts. Absorbance spectra of two different films are monitored at the air/water interface, with the use of fiber optics in conjunction with a charge-coupled-device detector and a single-stage spectrograph. The utility of this instrument is demonstrated by simultaneous measurement of monomer, dimer, and aggregate components in a single-component carbocyanine dye monolayer and a mixed carbocyanine dye/phospholipid monolayer, as the isotherm of each of these films is generated. A linear relationship between number density and the carbocyanine monomer/dimer ratio is observed.
Prehension synergies: effects of object geometry and prescribed torques.

We studied the coordination of forces and moments exerted by individual digits in static tasks that required balancing an external load and torque. Subjects (n=10) stabilized a handle with an attachment that allowed for change of external torque. Thumb position and handle width systematically varied among the trials. Each subject performed 63 tasks (7 torque values × 3 thumb locations × 3 widths). Forces and moments exerted by the digit tips on the object were recorded. Although direction and magnitude of finger forces varied among subjects, each subject used a similar multidigit synergy: a single eigenvalue accounted for 95.2–98.5% of the total variance. When task parameters were varied, regular conjoint digital force changes (prehension synergies) were observed. Synergies represent preferential solutions used by the subjects to satisfy mechanical requirements of the tasks. In particular, chain effects in force adjustments to changes in the handle geometry were documented. An increased handle width induced the following effects: (a) tangential forces remained unchanged, (b) the same tangential forces produced a larger moment Tt, (c) the increased Tt was compensated by a smaller moment of the normal forces Tn, and (d) normal finger forces were rearranged to generate a smaller moment. Torque control is a core component of prehension synergies. Observed prehension synergies are only mechanically necessitated in part. The data support a theory of hierarchical organization of prehension synergies.
Inverting nonlinear differential systems with initial conditions

The perturbation method has been applied widely for approximating solutions of differential equations. In a paper by Frank and McFee [1], the concept of analytic function from one Banach space to another was used to justify this method when the initial conditions are zero. In this paper, convergence of an analogous method is discussed when the initial conditions are nonzcro but small. This method has been used in special casts by Pipes [2] and Cunningham [3], but no justification is presented. In the solution of nonlinear equations by the perturbation method, it is customary to place the initial conditions in the zeroth order (or “generating”) solution and to require that the initial conditions of higher order perturbations be zero. A rigorous justification of this procedure (which does not seem to have been given before) is given in this paper. In addition, as a consequence of Theorem 1, the stability of nonlinear systems is shown to be a consequence of the stability of the linear approximation.
Bubble, Rubble, Finance in Trouble?

In this talk, I review the implications of the recent rise and fall of internet sector for traditional financial theories and their behavioral alternatives. Although critics of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis argue that markets are driven by fear and greed, not fundamentals, recent research in the cognitive neurosciences suggest that these two perspectives are opposite sides of the same coin. I propose a new paradigm for financial economics that focuses more on the evolutionary biology and ecology of markets rather than the more traditional physicists' view. By marrying the principles of evolution to Herbert Simon's notion of “satisficing”, I argue that much of what behavioralists cite as counter-examples to economic rationality—loss aversion, overconfidence, overreaction, mental accounting, and other behavioral biases—are, in fact, consistent with an evolutionary model of rational agents learning to adapt to their environment via satisficing heuristics.
Coupling capillary electrochromatography with electrospray Fourier transform mass spectrometry for characterizing complex oligosaccharide pools.

To deal with the complexity of the glycan mixtures released from glycoproteins, an efficient form of microcolumn separations, capillary electrochromatography, has been combined with high-performance mass spectrometry (Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance). Contour plots have been generated from the mixtures of O-linked oligosaccharides originated from bovine mucin and bile salt-stimulated lipase, a large glycoprotein enzyme.
Forbidden indicators in flow measurement using the saline dilution method

When using the saline conductivity method for measuring flow, the concentration of the indicator (saline), with respect to the resistivity of the flowing fluid (e.g. blood), is an important consideration. Indicators with resistivities that are close to the resistivity of the flowing fluid yield incorrect flow measurements. This ‘forbidden indicator’ is one that has the same resistivity as the flowing fluid, and yields an infinite value for flow. Indicators having greater than ten times, or less than one tenth of, the resistivity of the flowing stream should be used to obtain accuracy.
The evaluation of nitrogen containing bond dissociation energies using the ab initio and density functional methods

The NH, NN, and CN bond dissociation energies of amines and hydrazines are computed using the ab initio (ROHF and MP2) and the density functional theory (DFT) methods (BHandH, BHandHLYP, Becke3LYP, Becke3P86, BLYP and BP86) with the 6-31 + G(d) basis set. The computed energies are compared to the experimental results and the suitability of the DFT methods, for the computational study of these systems, is discussed.
Effects of preparation method on reversible conformational changes induced by neutral salts in spin-labeled erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract Addition of “chaotropic” neutral salts to spin-labeled erythrocyte membranes produced changes in membrane conformation proportional to the known activities of the salts: KSCN > CaCl 2 ≥ KNO 3 ⪢ NaCl. The effects had a threshold of about 0.10 m and increased through 0.60 m for all salts. Above 0.6 m other changes due to dielectric effects and/or protein loss began. The chaotropic effects were reversible on removal of the chaotropic ion, for human (or bovine) membranes prepared with a buffer ionic strength of 0.02. For membranes prepared with a buffer ionic strength of 0.005 the changes were irreversible. Exposure to salt concentration greater than 1 m also produced irreversible changes, probably due to solubilization. The results appear to show that the water-soluble membrane proteins are essential to maintain the “native” membrane conformation.
“When I Wake Up in the Morning, It All Depends on What I Want to Do”: An Ethnography of Leisure in the Lives of Elderly Women

This article is derived from a two-and-a-half year ethnographic inquiry into the nature of literacy development at the end of the life span, inspired by Barbara Myerhoff's 1978 classic Number Our Days, a study of elderly Jewish immigrant women at a senior center in Venice, California. In this research, I examined the relationship between the past and the present literacies of elderly women. The setting, the Peter Cooper Village/Stuyvesant Town (PCV/ST) Senior Lounge, is a recreation center in a private apartment complex in downtown Manhattan. PCV/ST (often called simply, StuyTown) was built by the insurance company Metropolitan Life as housing for returning servicemen after World War II and is one of the last enclaves of the white middle and working class in Manhattan—although due to gentrification, that is rapidly changing. The participants are all second generation Irish or Eastern European Jewish women in their 80s, who self-selected to first learn how to use the Internet in individual lessons, and the...
One-dimensional diffusion-limited relaxation of photoexcitations in suspensions of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Itis unclear whether this relaxation involves defects and/or in-teraction with external species, or is due to the relaxation ofphotoexcitations into intrinsic dark excited states.These observations are stimulating various studies ofSWNTs via transient optical spectroscopies using one colorand two color pump-probe experiments on surfactant suspen-sions of SWNTs.
Melperone, an aytpical antipsychotic drug with clozapine-like effect on plasma prolactin: contrast with typical neuroleptics.

Objective To evaluate the effect of melperone, a butyrophenone with atypical antipsychotic properties, on plasma prolactin (PRL) concentrations compared with clozapine and typical neuroleptics. Methods Analysis of pre- and post-treatment PRL levels collected prospectively per protocol in a non-randomized study of 26 melperone-, 76 clozapine-, and 66 neuroleptic-treated patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Cross-sectional analysis of a larger sample of patients with PRL data was also performed. Results For males, post-treatment PRL levels were significantly higher in the typical neuroleptic group compared with the melperone (p = 0.0001) and clozapine (p = 0.0001) groups, with no significant difference between clozapine and melperone. For females, post-treatment PRL levels were significantly higher in the melperone group as compared to the clozapine group (p = 0.004). There were too few typical neuroleptic-treated females to permit analysis of this sample. However, the cross-sectional analysis of PRL data confirmed the results for melperone- and clozapine-treated females, and showed higher PRL levels in typical neuroleptic-treated females as compared with those who received melperone and clozapine. Conclusion Melperone did not significantly increase PRL levels in male patients. However, melperone and typical neuroleptics caused increase in PRL levels in females. Further study of melperone's effects on PRL concentration is warranted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Humic’ Matter in the Bitumen of Ancient Sediments: Variations through Geologic Time

“Humic” matter was isolated from bitumen extracted from suites of sedimentary rocks varying in lithology and depositional environment and ranging in age from Archean (Onverwacht) to Miocene, the majority of the samples being of pre-Paleozoic age. The molecular properties of the humic matter, as determined by quantitative ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrophotometry, vary systematically through geologic time. The secular variations are interpreted as representing major events in the evolutionary history of pre-Paleozoic algae.
Effects of oxidants and reductants on the efficiency of excitation transfer in green photosynthetic bacteria

The efficiency of energy transfer in chlorosome antennas in the green sulfur bacteria Chlorobium vibrioforme and Chlorobium limicola was found to be highly sensitive to the redox potential of the suspension. Energy transfer efficiencies were measured by comparing the absorption spectrum of the bacteriochlorophyll c or d pigments in the chlorosome to the excitation spectrum for fluorescence arising from the chlorosome baseplate and membrane-bound antenna complexes. The efficiency of energy transfer approaches 100% at low redox potentials induced by addition of sodium dithionite or other strong reductants, and is lowered to 10-20% under aerobic conditions or after addition of a variety of membrane-permeable oxidizing agents. The redox effect on energy transfer is observed in whole cells, isolated membranes and purified chlorosomes, indicating that the modulation of energy transfer efficiency arises within the antenna complexes and is not directly mediated by the redox state of the reaction center. It is proposed that chlorosomes contain a component that acts as a highly quenching center in its oxidized state, but is an inefficient quencher when reduced by endogenous or exogenous reductants. This effect may be a control mechanism that prevents cellular damage resulting from reaction of oxygen with reduced low-potential electron acceptors found in the green sulfur bacteria. The redox modulation effect is not observed in the green gliding bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, which contains chlorosomes but does not contain low-potential electron acceptors.
Sedation Confounds Outcome Prediction in Cardiac Arrest Survivors Treated with Hypothermia

Background Therapeutic hypothermia is commonly used in comatose survivors’ post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It is unknown whether outcome predictors perform accurately after hypothermia treatment.
Psychoecological Model of Alcohol Use in Mexican American Adolescents

In this study, we proposed and tested a structural model based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory in order to further understand alcohol use among Hispanic adolescents, who are at greater risk of alcohol use than adolescents of other racial/ethnic groups. Family cohesion, school connectedness, and peer influence were conceptualized as three primary process factors, while psychological distress was used as a mediating factor and Mexican culture orientation as a cultural factor. The sample comprised 444 Mexican American adolescents (aged 16-20) living along the U.S./Mexico border. The proposed model explained 33 % of the variance in alcohol use. Most of the hypothesized relationships in the proposed model were supported: (a) low family cohesion had significant indirect effects mediated through psychological distress, poor school connectedness, and negative peer influence; (b) poor school connectedness had significant indirect effects mediated through psychological distress and negative peer influence; (c) psychological distress had a significant direct effect as well as a significant indirect effect mediated through negative peer influence; and (d) negative peer influence had the strongest direct effect. However, contrary to the hypothesis, Mexican culture orientation was not a protective factor, but rather had a significant positive relationship with negative peer influence. Lastly, it was found that gender, school status, Anglo cultural orientation, and severity of alcohol use did not have any moderating effects. Based on the collective findings, suggestions for primary prevention programs designed to reduce underage drinking among Mexican American youth were given.
Reforming Service Delivery in China: The Emergence of a Social Innovation Model

In this paper, I find that the political economy of public goods provision by the local government in Shanghai influenced the decision to transition from the existing public service delivery model based on residency, to a social innovation model where the government contracts with non-profits and private firms to provide services at lower costs and experiment with different levels of provision (购买服务). Contracting also forms a bridge between old governance models and new ones, which potentially allow for a process of administrative modernization without social instability. Contracting for public-goods provision is increasing in prevalence not only in Shanghai but also in many other provinces, and is professionalizing participating organizations and providing public goods to vulnerable populations. While this practice is not yet increasing non-profit participation in the policy process, the creation of access channels that are currently operating solely in one direction may at some future date allow groups to participate in relevant policy areas. Contracting public goods might have the potential of significant effects beyond the term of the contract by increasing pluralism in local public policy and generating more demand for transparency and accountability of government services. As such, this is an interesting bellwether for future political change in China.
Hyperoxia and red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate☆

Abstract Elevated oxygen tensions were shown to result in the decline of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) in 3- and 4-week-old rats. A decrease in 2,3-DPG was observed after 6 hr of exposure to 100% oxygen and was maximal at 24–36 hr. The effect persisted throughout a 7-day exposure period. Recovery of red cell 2,3-DPG to normal values occurred within 10 hr of removal from hyperoxic exposure. Concentrations of 40, 60, and 80% oxygen also induced a decline in 2,3-DPG. The effect of hyperoxia on 2,3-DPG was found to change with age. No decline in red cell concentrations of 2,3-DPG was observed in rats older than 4 weeks. The older animals were also shown to be less tolerant to the toxic effects of oxygen.
Sylvilagus nuttallii: A Semiarboreal Lagomorph

Notes sur le comportement grimpeur, le regime alimentaire, la densite de population suivant les annees (1972-1981) et les precipitations atmospheriques, les besoins en eau