cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Olanzapine-induced electroencephalographic changes reversed by lamotrigine

The atypical neuroleptic, olanzapine (OLZ), may induce electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities. The anticonvulsant, lamotrigine (LMG), reduces interictal epileptiform discharges and is effective in seizures in patients with both primary and partial epilepsy syndromes. The effect of LMG on neuroleptic-induced EEG abnormalities has not been previously reported. We describe the case of a 13-year-old male with paroxysmal nonepileptic spells who underwent diagnostic video-EEG telemetry, whose abnormal OLZ-induced EEG findings were strikingly affected by LTG withdrawal and reintroduction. The effect of LTG in normalizing EEG changes in suspected epilepsy caused by atypical neuroleptics is discussed.
Fiber-Optic Enzyme Biosensor for Direct Determination of Organophosphate Nerve Agents

A fiber-optic enzyme biosensor for the direct measurement of organophosphate nerve agents was developed. The basic element of this biosensor is organophosphorus hydrolase immobilized on a nylon membrane and attached to the common end of a bifurcated optical fiber bundle. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphate compounds to form stoichiometric amounts of chromophoric products that absorb light at specific wavelengths. The back-scattered radiation of the specific incident radiation was measured using a photomultiplier detector and correlated to the organophosphate concentration. The effects of buffer pH, temperature, and the units of enzyme immobilized on the steady-state and kinetic response of the biosensor were investigated to optimize the operating conditions for the fiber-optic enzyme biosensor. These conditions were then used to measure parathion, paraoxon, and coumaphos selectively without interference from carbamates and triazines. Concentrations as low as 2 μM can be measured in less than 2 min using the kinetic response. When stored in buffer at 4 °C the biosensor shows long-term stability.
CONVERTIBLE BOND VALUATION: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

This research applies the options pricing model to the valuation of convertible bonds. A numeric algorithm is used to obtain theoretical values for a sample of 103 convertible bond issues. When market prices are compared with model valuations, the means are not significantly different, and 90 percent of model predictions are within 10 percent of market values. As a further test, the sample is divided on the basis of whether the model prices are (1) greater or (2) less than market prices. Returns are compared over a subsequent three-year holding period. The results indicate that without risk adjustment, the returns for the subsample identified by the model as “undervalued” (model prices exceed market prices) are significantly greater than returns for the subsample identified by the model as “overvalued” (market prices exceed model prices).
Electoral cycles and international policy cooperation

Abstract This paper analyzes the interaction between domestic politics and international policy coope-ration as a two-level repeated prisoners' dilemma. At the domestic level, two-party competition generates an electoral cycle in monetary growth, inflation and real output. At the international level, the policymakers' desire to promote domestic expansion by depreciating the currency gives rise to an inflationary bias in monetary growth. A move towards international cooperation reduces the inflationary bias but may increase the amplitude of the electoral cycle. Moreover, international cooperation may not be desirable for one of the domestic parties. Nevertheless, domestic and international cooperation may be jointly sustained by the credible threat of a reversion to the regime under which the destabilizing effect of domestic politics is at a maximum.
Compact external-cavity semiconductor mode-locked laser with quantum-well-intermixed modulator and saturable absorber

We demonstrate a slab-coupled optical waveguide external-cavity mode-locked laser having unique bandedges for the amplifier, modulator and saturable absorber elements. An average output power of 50mW and timing jitter of 254fs is achieved at 1.5-GHz.
Work Commitment and Job Satisfaction over Three Career Stages.

Abstract Four measures of work commitment (job involvement, organizational commitment, work ethic endorsement, and intention to remain), five job satisfaction facets, and six personal characteristics were examined under three career stage operationalizations: age, organizational tenure, and positional tenure. Results from a sample of 2200 public agency employees indicated that the selection of a career stage operationalization influences findings related to organizational commitment and intention to remain while job involvement, work ethic endorsement, job satisfaction, and personal characteristics are relatively unaffected by the operationalization chosen. Age was observed to explain more variation in the variables studied, when compared to the tenure measures. However, the overall levels of explained variation are low. Additional research designed to validate the concept of career stage is advocated.
Role of Extracellular Hemoglobin in Thrombosis and Vascular Occlusion in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a common hemolytic disorder caused by a gene mutation in the β-globin subunit of hemoglobin (Hb) and affects millions of people. The intravascular hemolysis releases excessive amount of extracellular hemoglobin (ECHb) into plasma that causes many cellular dysfunctions in patients with SCA. ECHb scavenges NO which promotes crisis events such as vasoconstriction, thrombosis and hypercoagulation. ECHb and its degradation product, heme, are known to cause oxidative damage to the vessel wall and stimulate the expression of adhesive protein ligands on vascular endothelium. Our study shows that ECHb binds potently to VWF—largest multimeric glycoprotein in circulation—through the A2-domain, and significantly inhibits its cleavage by the metalloprotease ADAMTS13. Furthermore, a subpopulation of VWF multimers bound to ECHb exists in significant amount, accounting for about 14% of total plasma VWF, in SCD patients. The Hb-bound VWF multimers are resistant to ADAMTS13, and are hyperactive in aggregating platelets. Thus, the data suggest that Hb-bound VWF multimers are ultralarge and hyperactive because they are resistant to the protease. The Hb-bound VWF multimers are elevated parallely with the level of ECHb in patients' plasma, and is associated with the pathogenesis of thrombosis and vascular occlusion in SCA.
Bit Error Rate for Narrowband Pulse Delay Binary Laser Communication System

The probability of error in a pulse delay binary modulation optical communication system is determined in the limit of small time-bandwidth product. The results show that it is considerably larger than the corresponding probability of error in the limit of large time-bandwidth product.
A modified thermal conductivity for low density plasma magnetic flux tubes

In response to inconsistencies which have arisen in results from a hydrodynamic model in simulation of high ion temperature (1-2 eV) observed in low density, outer plasmasphere flux tubes, we postulate a reduced thermal conductivity coefficient in which only particles in the loss cone of the quasi-collisionless plasma contribute to the thermal conduction. Other particles are assumed to magnetically mirror before they reach the topside ionosphere and therefore not to remove thermal energy from the plasmasphere. This concept is used to formulate a mathematically simple, but physically limiting model for a modified thermal conductivity coefficient. When this modified coefficient is employed in the hydrodynamic model in a case study, the inconsistencies between simulation results and observations are largely resolved. The high simulated ion temperatures are achieved with significantly lower ion temperatures in the topside ionosphere. We suggest that this mechanism may be operative under the limited low density, refilling conditions in which high ion temperatures are observed.
Interaction of nicotine and a H2-receptor antagonist, famotidine, on gastrin and chromogranin A expression

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of nicotine on famotidine-induced hypergastrinemia in the rat. In addition, the effects of nicotine on gene expression for gastrin and chromogranin A (CGA) in the stomach were examined. Famotidine treatment alone (20 mg/kg, 2×/day for 14 days) increased serum gastrin levels significantly (P
Wave function engineering for normal incidence intersubband infrared detection

Abstract We propose a new intersubband infrared photodetector concept, the island insertion infrared detector (I 3 D ), with the aim of achieving improved normal incidence absorption characteristics over the quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). The lack of normal incidence absorption in typical QWIP structures is the direct consequence of the in-plane translational symmetry of the quantum well. The active region of our proposed detector structure consists of a quantum well as in QWIPs, but inserted with submonolayers (SMLs) of a lattice mismatched semiconductor. The insertion of SMLs should not disrupt epitaxial growth, while the presence of strain would promote the formation of embedded islands. The embedded islands introduce lateral (in-plane) variations in the quantum well wave function, which in turn enhance inter-conduction-subband absorption of normal incidence radiation. Specific implementations include the insertion of SMLs of InAs, InSb, GaSb, AlSb, or AlAs in GaAs quantum wells. Results of preliminary model calculations show that InAs island insertions can indeed induce substantial lateral variations in GaAs quantum well wave functions, provided that the island sizes are comparable to or larger than the electron deBroglie wavelength. Our results also suggest that optimization of normal incidence absorption would likely require the use of multiple SML insertions at different positions along the quantum well. These promising initial results suggest that the island insertion infrared detector concept merits further theoretical and experimental investigations.
A linear-quadratic-Gaussian control problem with innovations-feedthrough solution

The structure of the separation-theorem solution to the standard linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) control problem does not involve direct output feedback as a consequence of the form of the performance index. It is shown here that the performance index may be generalized in a natural fashion so that the optimal control law involves output feedback [or equivalently, innovations feedthrough (IF)]. Applications where this formulation may be advantageous are indicated through an examination of properties of the IF control law.
Effect of collagen and chloride additions on electrolytic copper deposits

Abstract The effects of collagen concentration and molecular weight on the morphology and crystal orientation of electrolytic copper deposits have been determined and compared. The effect of chlorides in the presence of collagen on the above properties has also been investigated. Three different molecular weight collagens were studied and the consumption rate of each was determined by chemical analysis of the electrolyte before and after electrodeposition. Two-hour deposits were made in an electrolyte containing the subject collagens in concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 38.4 mg 1 −1 . Scanning electron and light microscopes and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the electrodeposits.
Determination of barbiturates by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and ion trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in conjunction with quadrupole ion trap GC–MS was applied to the determination of a series of barbiturates. A 65 μ m Carbowax–divinylbenzene (DVB) SPME fiber was used to successfully extract a series of eight barbiturates from aqueous solution. Absorption kinetics and distribution coefficients for the 65 μ m Carbowax–DVB SPME fiber were determined for the compounds. In addition the method was evaluated with respect to linearity, limit of detection, precision, desorption time, and the effect of salt. Limits of detection reached 1 ng/ml for the barbiturates. Linearity was established for the barbiturates over a concentration range of 10–1000 ng/ml, with coefficients of correlation 0.99. Overall, the precision of the method fell between 2.2%–6.5%, depending on the barbiturate. SPME was applied to the identification and quantitation of the barbiturates in a urine matrix. The method was validated by analyzing a reference standard pentobarbital-spiked urine sample. Both standard addition and internal standard with [ 2 H 5 ]-pentobarbital techniques were evaluated, with recoveries found to be 93% and 104%, respectively. SPME was then used to rapidly screen a urine specimen tested positive for barbiturates, and butalbital was detected and quantified.
Beyond a Christian Commonwealth: The Protestant Quarrel with the American Republic, 1830-1860

Antebellum mainline Protestant ministers are often portrayed as heralds of a national "faith" in republican progress that reached its high point in the three decades before the Civil War. Mark Hanley argues, however, that the liberal culture that emerged in America between 1830 and 1860 seriously eroded mainstream Protestant confidence in the spiritual yield of republican liberty and faith. Through their "religious jeremiads, " the vast body of sermons and sermonic literature that reached inward to the exclusive world of believers rather than outward to the nation at large, troubled ministers responded to the growing distance between their hopes for spiritual community and an emergent liberal culture marked by acquisitive materialism and social and intellectual diversity. By tapping neglected sources that give fuller focus to Protestant religious interests, Hanley challenges the notion that enthusiastic endorsements of millennialism and material progress had effectively silenced mainstream Protestant dissent in the late antebellum period. He locates this dissent within a transdenominational struggle to secure Protestantism's spiritual claims from the materialism, cultural claims from the materialism, cultural arrogance, and radical freedom of a new liberal order.
Effects of methylphenidate on subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effects of methylphenidate on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes. Method: Nineteen ADHD/inattentive (ADHD/I) and 22 ADHD/combined (ADHD/C) 6- to 12-year-old children entered a 6-week, double-blind trial of placebo and methylphenidate in divided doses (0.94 ± 0.02 mg/kg/day = 33.06 ± 1.40 mg/day). ADHD children received a restricted arithmetic task without medication before the trial and after their noon dose on the last day of each phase. Thirty-four unmedicated controls were tested at comparable time points. Parents and teachers rated ADHD children before and after each phase of the trial; parents rated controls before the study. Results: Controls had marginally better arithmetic performance than children with ADHD/C who outperformed ADHD/I children. Unmedicated children with ADHD exceeded controls in task-incompatible behaviors during restricted arithmetic. Under methylphenidate, both ADHD subtypes reached control levels of arithmetic performance and task-incompatible behavior. Before the trial, parents rated children with both ADHD subtypes higher than controls on inattention, hyperactivity, and oppositionality/aggression and parents and teachers rated ADHD/C children higher than ADHD/I children on hyperactivity and oppositionality/aggression but not inattention. Methylphenidate lowered parent and teacher ratings of inattention and hyperactivity for those with both ADHD subtypes, but ratings of children with ADHD/C decreased more in hyperactivity and aggression. Conclusions: Methylphenidate ameliorated task-incompatible behavior, arithmetic performance, and inattention comparably in both ADHD subtypes, whereas medication reduced hyperactivity and aggression largely in children with ADHD/C.
A comprehensive evaluation of language for early behavioral intervention programs: The reliability of the SKILLS Language Index

Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) is a well-established treatment for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and is thus widely recommended. However, the content of EIBI programs presumably varies considerably and may not always be tailored to the individual strengths and deficits of each child. Few assessment tools exist (and none have been psychometrically evaluated) which attempt to identify appropriate targets for treatment in EIBI programs. The current study evaluated the reliability of the subscales of the SKILLS Language Index, an assessment tool for EIBI programs. Results demonstrated excellent internal consistency, inter-rater, and test-retest reliability.
Digital subtraction angiography in the evaluation of right heart tumors.

11. preoperatively by echocardiography. Radiology 111:71, 1974. Warren SG, Waugh RA, Kisslo J. Johnson ML: Echocardiographic abnormalities in ruptured right coronary sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (abstr). Circulation (suppl IID60:249, 1974. Nishimura K, Hibi N, Kato T, Fukui Y, Arakawa T, Tatematsu H, Miwa A, Tada H, Kambe T, Sakamoto N: Real-time observation of ruptured right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm by high speed ultrasonocardiotomography: Report of a case. Circulation 53:732, 1976. Nishimura K, Hibi N, Kato T, Fukui Y, Arakawa T, Tatematsu H, Miwa A, Tade H, Kambe T: High speed ultrasonocardiotomography: Echographic manifestation of right sinus of Valsalva aneurysm ruptured into the left ventricle. J Cardiogr 6:149, 1976. Matsumoto M, Matsuo H, Beppu S, Yoshioka Y. Kawashima Y, Nimura Y, Abe H: Echocardiographic diagnosis of ruptured aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva: Report of two cases. Circulation 53:382, 1976. Haraoka S, Ueda M, Saito D, Ogino Y. Yoshida H, Kusuhara S: Echocardiographic findings of a case of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm ruptured into the left ventricle: Abnormal echoes in the left ventricular outflow tract. J Cardiogr 8:293, 1978. De Sa’Neto A. Padnick MB. Desser KB. Steinhoff NL: Right sinus of Valsalva-right atria1 fistula secondary to nonpenetrating chest trauma: A case report with description of noninvasive diagnostic features. Circulation 60:205. 1975. Perloff JK: The clinical recognition of congenital heart disease. Philadelphia, 1978, W.B. Saunders Co, p. 591. Chandraratra PAN, First J, Lang&n E, O’Dell R: Echocardiographic contrast studies during pericardiocentesis. Ann Intern Med 87:199, 1977. French JW, Popp RL, Pitlick PT: Cardiac localization of transvascular bioptome using 2-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 51:219, 1983. Tei C, Sakamaki T, Shah PM, Meerbaum S, Shimoura K, Kondo S. Corday E: Myocardial contrast echo-cardiography. A reproducible technique of myocardial opacification for identifying regional perfusion deficits. Circulation 67:585, 1983.
Two-dimensional infrared spectral signatures of 310-and α-helical peptides

Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectra of Cα-alkylated model octapeptides Z-(Aib)8-OtBu, Z-(Aib)5-l-Leu-(Aib)2-OMe, and Z-[l-(αMeVal)]8-OtBu have been measured in the amide I region to acquire 2D spectral signatures characteristic of 310- and α-helical conformations. Phase-adjusted 2D absorptive spectra recorded with parallel polarizations are dominated by intense diagonal peaks, whereas 2D rephasing spectra obtained at the double-crossed polarization configuration reveal cross-peak patterns that are essential for structure determination. In CDCl3, all three peptides are of the 310-helix conformation and exhibit a doublet cross-peak pattern. In 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol, Z-[l-(αMeVal)]8-OtBu undergoes slow acidolysis and 310-to-α-helix transition. In the course of this conformational change, its 2D rephasing spectrum evolves from an elongated doublet, characteristic of a distorted 310-helix, to a multiple-peak pattern, after becoming an α-helix. The linear IR and 2D absorptive spectra are much l...
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of morphological subtypes by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hcm) can be defined as myocardial hypertrophy in the absence of a causative condition and is thought to emanate from genetic mutations that result in alterations in the cardiac myofilament. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by marked genotypic, phenotypic, and
CCAAT box enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP-alpha) stimulates kappaB element-mediated transcription in transfected cells.

A construct comprising three tandemly repeated copies of the κB element from the interleukin-8 gene linked to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) (3xNF-κBCAT) was transcriptionally activated in normal human FS-4 fibroblasts by co-transfection with expression vectors for NF-κB p50, p65, or p52. Unexpectedly, a significant activation of 3xNF-κBCAT was also seen upon its co-transfection with the expression vector for CCAAT box enhancer binding protein α (C/EBP-α) (but not C/EBP-β or C/EBP-ẟ). Stimulation by C/EBP-α required some other factor(s) present in FS-4 cells because no transcriptional activation of 3xNF-κBCAT was seen after co-transfection with C/EBP-α in F9 mouse embryonic carcinoma cells, known to be deficient in several transcription factors. To determine whether transcriptional activation was the result of interaction with one of the major NF-κB proteins, we co-transfected C/EBP-α with NF-κB p50, p65, p50 + p65, or p52 into F9 or FS-4 cells. No cooperative interaction was seen; in fact, C/EBP-α reduced p65-stimulated transcription, especially in F9 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay with a κB probe revealed that the addition of recombinant C/EBP-α protein to nuclear extracts from untreated FS-4 cells resulted in the appearance of four bands. Only one of these bands was supershifted by antibody to p50, whereas antibodies to p65 or other NF-κB proteins had no effect. Our findings show that C/EBP-α may cause activation of some κB element-containing genes lacking C/EBP binding sites.
Biosynthesis of Indoleacetic Acid from Tryptophan-14C in Cell-free Extracts of Pea Shoot Tips

A 2-step, 1-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic procedure for isolating indoleacetic acid (IAA) was developed and utilized in investigations of the biosynthesis of IAA from tryptophan-(14)C in cell-free extracts of pea (Pisum sativum L.) shoot tips. Identification of a (14)C-product as IAA was by (a) co-chromatography of authentic IAA and (14)C-product on thin-layer chromatography, and (b) gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography of authentic and presumptive IAA methyl esters. Dialysis of enzyme extracts and addition of alpha-ketoglutaric acid and pyridoxal phosphate to reaction mixtures resulted in approximately 2- to 3-fold increases in net yields of IAA over yields in non-dialyzed reaction mixtures which did not contain additives essential to a transaminase reaction of tryptophan. Addition of thiamine pyrophosphate to reaction mixtures further enhanced net biosynthesis of IAA. It is concluded that the formation of indolepyruvic acid and its subsequent decarboxylation probably are sequential reactions in the major pathway of IAA biosynthesis from tryptophan in cell-free extracts of Pisum shoot tips. Comparison of maximum net IAA biosynthesis in extracts of shoot tips of etiolated and light-grown dwarf and tall pea seedlings revealed an order, on a unit protein N basis, of: light-grown tall > light-grown dwarf > etiolated tall congruent with etiolated dwarf. It is concluded that the different rates of stem elongation among etiolated and light-grown dwarf and tall pea seedlings are correlated, in general, with differences in net IAA biosynthesis and sensitivity of the tissues to IAA.
Determination of the occurrence of gold in an unoxidized Carlin-type ore sample using synchrotron radiation

Abstract The occurrence of the so-called invisible gold in two unoxidized Carlin-type gold samples from Nevada has been determined using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) analysis at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory. A bedded sample from the East ore zone of the Carlin deposit and a breccia sample from Horse Canyon were analyzed. Preliminary results show that gold is found only in the Horse Canyon breccia sample. Experimental details including other X-ray line and diffraction peak interferences, standards used, and minimum detection limits (MDLs) are discussed. Gold, with a MDL range of 0.8 to 3 ppm, was not detected in euhedral pyrite crystals except in the interior porous portion of one grain. Gold was detected in some parts of the matrix. The phase which contains gold has not yet been identified. The highest content of gold so far analyzed is about 40 ppm. There are interesting implications of these new findings.
Two-phase flow structure in large diameter pipes

Abstract Flow in large pipes is important in a wide variety of applications. In the nuclear industry in particular, understanding of flow in large diameter pipes is essential in predicting the behavior of reactor systems. This is especially true of natural circulation Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) designs, where a large-diameter chimney above the core provides the gravity head to drive circulation of the coolant through the reactor. The behavior of such reactors during transients and during normal operation will be predicted using advanced thermal–hydraulics analysis codes utilizing the two-fluid model. Essential to accurate two-fluid model calculations is reliable and accurate computation of the interfacial transfer terms. These interfacial transfer terms can be expressed as the product of one term describing the potential driving the transfer and a second term describing the available surface area for transfer, or interfacial area concentration. Currently, the interfacial area is predicted using flow regime dependent empirical correlations; however the interfacial area concentration is best computed through the use of the one-dimensional interfacial area transport equation (IATE). To facilitate the development of IATE source and sink term models in large-diameter pipes a fundamental understanding of the structure of the two-phase flow is essential. This understanding is improved through measurement of the local void fraction, interfacial area concentration and gas velocity profiles in pipes with diameters of 0.102 m and 0.152 m under a wide variety of flow conditions. Additionally, flow regime identification has been performed to evaluate the existing flow regime transition criteria for large pipes. This has provided a more extensive database for the development and evaluation of IATE source and sink models. The data shows the expected trends with some distortion in the transition region between cap-bubbly and churn-turbulent flow. The flow regime map for the 0.102 m and 0.152 m diameter test sections agree with the existing flow regime transition criteria. It may be necessary to perform further experiments in larger pipes and at higher gas flow rates to expand the range of conditions for which models can be developed and tested.
Ventricular Septal Defect Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction: Echocardiographic Demonstration Confirmed by Angiocardiograms and Surgery

The echocardiographic findings in one patient with a ventricular septal perforation as a result of an acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction are presented. Continuous echocardiographic scanning enabled us to demonstrate a septal discontinuity below the atrioventricular junction. The correct echocardiographic diagnosis was confirmed angiocardiographically. After surgical repair of the ventricular septal defect, the echocardiogram failed to reveal the septal discontinuity previously present. A search of the literature did not disclose any report of similar echocardiographic findings.
Satellite observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the solar backscattered ultraviolet spectral radiometer: Evidence of a solar cycle dependence

Results are presented on eight years of satellite observations of the polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) by the SBUV spectral radiometer, showing that PMCs occur in the summertime polar cap regions of both hemispheres and that they exhibit year-to-year variability. It was also found that the increase in the PMC occurrence frequency was inversely correlated with solar activity. Two kinds of hemispherical asymmetries could be identified: (1) PMCs in the Northern Hemisphere were significantly brighter than in the Southern Hemisphere, in accordance with previous results derived from SME data; and (2) the solar cycle response in the south is more pronounced than in the north. The paper also describes the cloud detection algorithm.
The nuclear density of states in the space of nuclear shapes

Abstract The density of states for the nuclear shape degrees of freedom are calculated in the Fermi gas model. For quadrupole deformations, the resulting formulas agree well with the properties of the deformed excited states of 16 O and 40 Ca. Application is also made to the inertia associated with the deformation coordinate. The inertia turns out to be much smaller than given by the weak coupling limit.
A Thermophilic Ionic Liquid-Tolerant Cellulase Cocktail for the Production of Cellulosic Biofuels

Generation of biofuels from sugars in lignocellulosic biomass is a promising alternative to liquid fossil fuels, but efficient and inexpensive bioprocessing configurations must be developed to make this technology commercially viable. One of the major barriers to commercialization is the recalcitrance of plant cell wall polysaccharides to enzymatic hydrolysis. Biomass pretreatment with ionic liquids (ILs) enables efficient saccharification of biomass, but residual ILs inhibit both saccharification and microbial fuel production, requiring extensive washing after IL pretreatment. Pretreatment itself can also produce biomass-derived inhibitory compounds that reduce microbial fuel production. Therefore, there are multiple points in the process from biomass to biofuel production that must be interrogated and optimized to maximize fuel production. Here, we report the development of an IL-tolerant cellulase cocktail by combining thermophilic bacterial glycoside hydrolases produced by a mixed consortia with recombinant glycoside hydrolases. This enzymatic cocktail saccharifies IL-pretreated biomass at higher temperatures and in the presence of much higher IL concentrations than commercial fungal cocktails. Sugars obtained from saccharification of IL-pretreated switchgrass using this cocktail can be converted into biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl-esters or FAEEs) by a metabolically engineered strain of E. coli. During these studies, we found that this biodiesel-producing E. coli strain was sensitive to ILs and inhibitors released by saccharification. This cocktail will enable the development of novel biomass to biofuel bioprocessing configurations that may overcome some of the barriers to production of inexpensive cellulosic biofuels.
Prognostic significance of exercise thallium-201 testing in patients aged ≥70 years with known or suspected coronary artery

Abstract The prognostic value of exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging has not been studied in an elderly (aged ≥70 years) population. Retrospective analysis of 120 consecutive elderly patients undergoing Bruce protocol exercise stress with quantitative planar thallium-201 scintigraphy, followed clinically for a mean of 36 ± 12 months after testing, revealed a 10% cardiac event rate (6 cardiac deaths from arrhythmia or congestive heart failure, and 5 fatal and 1 nonfatal myocardial infarction). There were no exercise stress-related complications. Survival without cardiac events was associated with greater exercise duration (5.6 ± 2.4 vs 3.1 ± 2.4 minutes; p 15%, respectively.
SYNTHESIS AND RADIORECEPTOR BINDING ACTIVITY OF TURKEY β-ENDORPHIN AND DEACETYLATED SALMON ENDORPHIN

Des-acetylated salmon endorphin and turkey beta-endorphin have been synthesized by the solid-phase method. Relative opiate activities in a radioreceptor binding assay are: human beta-endorphin, 100; des-acetylated salmon endorphin, 169; turkey beta-endorphin, 94. Thus, non-mammalian endorphins can show high activity in a mammalian assay system.
Probabilities and reasoning about possibilities

Abstract This paper explores the relationship between probabilistic and symbolic approaches to reasoning under uncertainty. The principal result is that symbolic and quantitative approaches interact in interesting, sometimes counterintuitive ways. There are several reasons for believing that over multiple domains and applications, propositions true in most (few) of the possible states enumerated by a symbolic reasoning system will usually (rarely) be true. This result does not necessarily depend on the “true” probability of the possible states. Regarding attempts to merge symbolic and probabilistic procedures, it is shown that this is a fundamentally difficult problem. An automated system that assigns probabilities after a possibility space has been specified will either promote inappropriate probability estimates or perform redundant processing. Alternatively, one could use an approach that combines probabilities with possibility ratios to generate belief values that are guaranteed to satisfy certain calibration properties, but this generally requires ignoring some “known” probabilities.
Injection and dynamics of accelerated beams

Abstract This paper is a summary of the discussions undertaken by the working group on injection and accelerated beam dynamics at the 1st ICFA Novel and Advanced Accelerator Workshop on Second Generation Plasma Accelerators. The second generation of work on plasma accelerators is aimed to bring the accelerated beams up to the quality needed for applications such as high-energy physics linear colliders. To begin, first generation, or proof-of-principle, experiments and concepts were reviewed. To map the work needed in the second generation of development, the demands of the applications were examined, and an improved framework for discussing the viability of plasma accelerators was constructed. In particular, the issues scaling applications to the short wavelengths characteristic of plasma accelerators was discussed, as was the appropriate characterization of the beam quality in these devices, and the connection between plasma accelerator and conventional accelerator design. Within this framework, the working group discussed electron sources and injectors, the effects of drive beam evolution on accelerated beam dynamics, this effects of nonlinear plasma wave fields on beam phase space, stochastic processes, spatial and temporal beam-plasma wave matching, and future second-generation experimental goals and techniques.
Magma accumulation rates and thermal histories of plutons of the Sierra Nevada batholith, CA

Zircon U–Pb geochronology results indicate that the John Muir Intrusive Suite of the central Sierra Nevada batholith, California, was assembled over a period of at least 12 Ma between 96 and 84 Ma. Bulk mineral thermochronology (U–Pb zircon and titanite, 40Ar/39Ar hornblende and biotite) of rocks from multiple plutons comprising the Muir suite indicates rapid cooling through titanite and hornblende closure following intrusion and subsequent slow cooling through biotite closure. Assembly of intrusive suites in the Sierra Nevada and elsewhere over millions of years favors growth by incremental intrusion. Estimated long-term pluton assembly rates for the John Muir Intrusive Suite are on the order of 0.001 km3 a−1 which is inconsistent with the rapid magma fluxes that are necessary to form large-volume magma chambers capable of producing caldera-forming eruptions. If large shallow crustal magma chambers do not typically develop during assembly of large zoned intrusive suites, it is doubtful that the intrusive suites represent cumulates left behind following caldera-forming eruptions.
Genetic investigations of atypical psychoses. I. Morbidity in parents and siblings.

Abstract In the literature a number of terms have been applied to psychoses that seem to be neither manic-depressive nor schizophrenic. In this report we have chosen the term atypical psychoses as being the most neutral. Whether these psychoses represent a separate psychosis or simply present atypical features of manic-depressive psychosis or schizophrenia is an unresolved issue. Family studies are one way of resolving such questions. Seven family studies of atypical psychoses were found that report age-corrected risks for psychoses in family members. Data from the studies were combined. The results do not support claims that atypical psychoses may be categorized as strictly manic-depressive or schizophrenic. There is some evidence that investigator bias may have skewed results away from finding an increased morbidity risk for atypical psychosis. The most striking finding is that the modal illness in parents and siblings is remitting. The genetic evidence would suggest that the relationship of atypical psychoses to schizophrenia is minor. The question now centers on the relationship between atypical psychoses and the affective disorders.
MUON CATALYSED FUSION-FISSION REACTOR DRIVEN BY A RECIRCULATING BEAM

The recent experimentally inferred values of multiplicity of deuterium-tritium fusion catalysed by muons have increased the interest in muon catalysed fusion reactors. Since the main energy expended is in pion (and consequent muon) production, it is tried to minimize the pion loss by magnetically confining pions where they are created. At the present time, it does not appear possible to achieve an energy gain by pure fusion, but it is possible to gain energy by combining catalysed fusion with fission blankets. Two new ideas for improvement of the muon fusion reactor concept are presented. The first idea is to combine the target which creates pions, the converter of pions to muons, and the synthesizer in one vessel (synergetic concept). This is accomplished by injecting a tritium or deuterium beam of 1 GeV per nucleon into DT fuel contained in a magnetic mirror. The confined pions slow down and decay to muons which are confined in the fuel whereby muon loss is kept small. The quantity of tritium necessary to keep the reactor viable has been derived. The second idea is to collect the beam passing through the target for reuse and to recirculate it, while directing the strongly interacting portion of the beam to electronuclear blankets. The present concepts are at the margin of known technologies and are based on known physical processes and data.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma staging by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography.

Purpose: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a high rate of neck lymph node and/or distant metastasis. We evaluated the value of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in staging NPC, especially in the detection of distant metastasis. Methods and materials: A total of 95 patients, including 85 with primary and 10 with recurrent, NPC were enrolled. Dual-phase FDG-PET was used, in addition to the conventional workup. Eighty-one patients without distant metastases underwent repeat studies 3–4 months after initial radical treatment. Results: Of 14 patients with distant metastases, all had lesions detected by FDG-PET, and the conventional workup detected the metastases in only 4. Two patients had false-positive MRI findings for neck node metastasis, but the FDG-PET findings were accurate. Four patients without distant metastases on their initial workup were found to have new lesions on FDG-PET 3–4 months after initial treatment. Patients with advanced node disease had a significantly greater incidence of distant metastases on FDG-PET, especially for N3 disease. Of the 95 patients, the FDG-PET results for distant metastasis were true positive in 14 patients, false positive in 8, and true negative in 73. None of our patients had a false-negative result. For a patient base, the sensitivity and specificity of FDG-PET for distant metastasis was 100% and 90.1% (95% confidence interval 81.5–95.6%), respectively, in this study. The accuracy was 91.6% (95% confidence interval 84.1–96.3%), the positive predictive value was 63.6 (95% confidence interval 40.7–82.8%), and the negative predictive value was 100%. Conclusion: FDG-PET stages N and M disease of NPC more accurately and sensitively than does the conventional workup. Patients with advanced node disease, particularly N3 disease, would benefit the most from FDG-PET.
Swain's counterfactual analysis of causation

Lewis's counterfactual analysis of causation has several problems. Kim described a variety of cases in which there is counterfactual dependence without causation. Causation is asymmetric but counterfactual dependence is not. And in cases of overdetermination there is causation without counterfactual dependence. Swain attempts to solve all three problems by a series of additions to Lewis's analysis. I argue that Swain fails. I also describe a case of preemption that is immune to Lewis's 'chain' treatment, plus a back-up system.
Excitation of O2 atmospheric bands in the aurora

Abstract Spectra of the aurora show a wide disparity between the rotational temperatures of the two observed Atmospheric bands, b1 Σ +g → X3 Σ −g, with Trot(0–1) ≈ 200°K and Trot(1−1) > 700°K. As the rotational structure of the bands is not resolved, it is not absolutely certain that the temperature anomaly is real, but known features in the auroral spectrum would not produce the effect through blending. Fluorescence in the 0-0 band provides a possible but improbable explanation. Another alternative to explain the data is excitation of O2 by energy transfer from O ( 1 D) (upper term of the red lines) followed by vibrational deactivation. In the latter case the relative intensities of the O2 bands and the [OI] red lines gives an indication of the rate coefficients for the relevant reactions, which are then used to predict the deactivation probability for O ( 1 D) as a function of height. The reactions discussed give a satisfactory explanation of the absence in the airglow of atmospheric O2 bands from vibrational levels v′ ⩾ 1, and predict virtually complete suppression of the [OI] red lines at 100 km in the airglow. The airglow O2 emission gives Trot(0–1) = 183°K,
Time windows-based team performance measures: a framework to measure team performance in dynamic environments

In this paper, we present a framework for implementing Team Performance Measures based on a temporal accuracy measure called the relative accuracy index (RAI) to evaluate and compare team performance in a command-and-control human-in-the-loop simulation. The framework allows researchers to collect and analyze team outcomes in an unbiased objective manner based on a temporal performance measure known as a Time Window. Our framework provides experimenters and subject matter experts the necessary tools to evaluate performance in terms of task demands. We also provide a sample analysis of individual and team performance using the RAI.
Conformational defects slow Golgi exit, block oligomerization, and reduce raft affinity of caveolin-1 mutant proteins

Caveolin-1, a structural protein of caveolae, is cleared unusually slowly from the Golgi apparatus during biosynthetic transport. Furthermore, several caveolin-1 mutant proteins accumulate in the Golgi apparatus. We examined this behavior further in this mutant study. Golgi accumulation probably resulted from loss of Golgi exit information, not exposure of cryptic retention signals, because several deletion mutants accumulated in the Golgi apparatus. Alterations throughout the protein caused Golgi accumulation. Thus, most probably acted indirectly, by affecting overall conformation, rather than by disrupting specific Golgi exit motifs. Consistent with this idea, almost all the Golgi-localized mutant proteins failed to oligomerize normally (even with an intact oligomerization domain), and they showed reduced raft affinity in an in vitro detergent-insolubility assay. A few mutant proteins formed unstable oligomers that migrated unusually slowly on blue native gels. Only one mutant protein, which lacked the first half of the N-terminal hydrophilic domain, accumulated in the Golgi apparatus despite normal oligomerization and raft association. These results suggested that transport of caveolin-1 through the Golgi apparatus is unusually difficult. The conformation of caveolin-1 may be optimized to overcome this difficulty, but remain very sensitive to mutation. Disrupting conformation can coordinately affect oligomerization, raft affinity, and Golgi exit of caveolin-1.
Pure motor hemiplegia including the face induced by an infarct of the medullary pyramid.

Abstract Four autopsy cases of pure motor hemiparesis due to medullary pyramid infarcts have been previously reported. The deficits that were described included overt limb weakness and “slight facial weakness”. According to current neurological teaching, the lesion responsible for an upper motor neuron facial palsy affects the corticobulbar tract at the level of the midpons or more rostrally.
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATION TO AN ANALYTIC FUNCTION AS MEASURED BY A SURFACE INTEGRAL.

Abstract : Results are derived relating continuity properties of f(z) on the boundary C of a region D to D f(z) - pn(z) pdS, p > 1, as a measure ofAPPROXIMATION. (Author)
Hybrid control in air traffic management systems

In a new collaborative project involving the University of California, Berkeley, NASA Ames Research Center, and Honeywell Systems Research Center, the authors have begun the study of hierarchical, hybrid control systems in the framework of air traffic management systems (ATMS). The need for a new ATMS arises from the overcrowding of large urban airports and the need to more efficiently land and take off larger numbers of aircraft without building new runways. Technological advances that make a more advanced air traffic control system a reality include the availability of relatively inexpensive and fast real time computers (both on board the aircraft and in the control tower) and global positioning systems. The usefulness of these technological advances is currently limited by today's air traffic control system, which involves the use of "freeways" in the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) region around urban airports. These freeways are set approach patterns to runways which do not allow for the possibility of so-called "free flight" by an aircraft to its destination. Limiting the aircraft trajectories in this manner results in the addition of both planned and unplanned delays to air travel.
Clean unital ℓ-groups

A ring with identity is said to be clean if every element can be written as a sum of a unit and an idempotent. The study of clean rings has been at the forefront of ring theory over the past decade. The theory of partially-ordered groups has a nice and long history and since there are several ways of relating a ring to a (unital) partially-ordered group it became apparent that there ought to be a notion of a clean partially-ordered group. In this article we define a clean unital lattice-ordered group; we state and prove a theorem which characterizes clean unital l-groups. We mention the relationship of clean unital l-groups to algebraic K-theory. In the last section of the article we generalize the notion of clean to the non-unital context and investigate this concept within the framework of W-objects, that is, archimedean l-groups with distinguished weak order unit.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER V. THE RELATION OF CIRCULATING ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN TO THE FEVER OF ACUTE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

An endogenous pyrogen, which is indistinguishable from leucocytic pyrogen, has been demonstrated in the blood streams of rabbits with fevers caused by experimental pneumococcal and streptococcal infections. Like the endogenous pyrogen previously detected in the serum of animals with fever produced by the intravenous injection of typhoid vaccine, the newly discovered circulating factor acts directly upon the thermoregulatory centers of the brain. Its origin from polymorphonuclear leucocytes at the site of infection appears to have been established. The possible relationship of this circulating endogenous pyrogen to the pathogenesis of other forms of fever is discussed.