cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant Protection against Bacterial Infection in Granulocytopenic Mice

The hypothesis that the induction of nonspecific resistance to infection by immunostimulation prior to drug-induced granulocytopenia would afford increased protection to subsequent bacterial challenge was tested in a murine model of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus in mice rendered granulocytopenic with cyclophosphamide. Prior intraperitoneal immunostimulation of mice with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or Mycobacterium bovis (Bacille Calmette-Guerin; BCG) increased the 50% lethal dose in mice challenged subcutaneously with P. aeruginosa, but only CFA protected against challenge with S. aureus. The degree of protection was 1-2 log 10. Corynebacterium parvum provided no protection against infection with P. aeruginosa. The protective effect observed with CFA and BCG substantiates our hypothesis and indicates that nonspecific immunostimulation may be of value in protection of granulocytopenic patients from opportunistic infections.
A Virtual Reality Based Decision Support Framework for Manufacturing Simulation

In this paper, a virtual reality based decision support framework for manufacturing applications is discussed. The Decision Support Framework includes the use of an Enterprise Modeling Language (EML) and a Decision Support System. EML is used to create an information-oriented model of the processes and activities in a target domain, which provides a structured basis for understanding the activities and relationships in that domain. This understanding facilitates the creation of a virtual environment for manufacturing analysis. The Decision Support System is used to interface operations (process related) information in a real time control system with representations of objects in a virtual reality based environment.© 2003 ASME
Abstract 968: Molecular and clinical correlates of PTEN expression in melanoma

The management of melanoma is being revolutionized due to an improved understanding of oncogenic events in this disease. Many prevalent genetic alterations in this disease implicate activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT pathways in melanoma. While the detection of activating BRAF, NRAS, and KIT mutations is relatively standardized, evaluation of PTEN, a tumor suppressor that inhibits the PI3K-AKT pathway, is challenging due to its regulation by epigenetic mechanisms. In order to understand the molecular correlates of PTEN expression in clinical specimens, we performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) for PTEN in a CLIA-certified laboratory at the MD Anderson Cancer Center on a cohort of FFPE melanomas with mutational and proteomic data from frozen tissue from the same tumors. The expression of PTEN in the tumor tissue was compared to staining intensity in internal positive controls (i.e. endothelial cells), and was scored as Absent, Markedly Reduced, Mildly Reduced, or Normal/Increased. In a cohort of 93 tumors, Absent PTEN expression was observed in 21%, Markedly Reduced in 23%, Mildly Reduced in 36%, and Normal/Increased in 18%. PTEN expression was not evaluable in 1 tumor, and 2% of tumors showed clonality of PTEN expression in the tumors with distinct areas of Normal/Increased and Absent PTEN expression. Absent PTEN expression was detected in 38% of BRAF mutant, 0% of NRAS mutant, and 11% of Wild-type tumors. Quantitative proteomic data generated by reverse phase protein array (RPPA) analysis of the frozen tissue demonstrated that tumors with Absent PTEN by IHC had significantly lower PTEN (p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 968. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-968
What Is the History of the History of Books

Perhaps an emergent subdiscipline attains maturity at the moment when its adherents assume-usually erroneously-that their colleagues outside the new field understand what it is all about. By that measure, the history of the book has arrived. Early efforts to explain the enterprise, such as Robert Darnton's classic 1982 article, "What Is the History of Books?," or to set agendas for research, such as the 1984 American Antiquarian Society (AAs) conference, "Needs and Opportunities in the History of the Book," have evolved into flourishing institutions. The Society for the History of Authorship, Reading, and Publishing (SHARP), for example, attracts members both in the United States and abroad, holds well-attended yearly meetings, runs an active online discussion group, issues a newsletter, and publishes an annual journal, Book History. Yet if students of print can now take pleasure in recognizing each other by their name badges rather than by what Darnton called "the glint in their eyes," it may be time to move beyond insiders' exhilaration so that other Americanists can gain a sense of the field's usefulness for their own work. The history of the history of books presents an opportunity for those dealing with all sorts of texts-not just literary or journalistic expression but also laws, sermons, scientific papers, business manuals, or political tracts-to think anew about how such artifacts acquired their particular shape and significance. It also invites historians to stand back from familiar distinctions on which they have come to rely, adopting a greater appreciation for ambiguity and flux as historical forces.'
Rousseau and the Problem of Bourgeois Society

The heart of Rousseau's thought, as he himself declared, is the claim that society (especially bourgeois society), while necessary now to man's preservation, corrupts the life it fosters. What, then, is this corruption? What, in Rousseau's view, is the problem of bourgeois society? The corruption, I argue, is disunity of soul, through which men lose the fullness of existence they seek by nature. Unity of soul, which is natural, is lost in society through the contradiction of personal dependence: using others entails serving them. Thus modern or bourgeois society, which builds on this contradiction by deriving men's sociability from their selfishness, necessarily divides their souls. There can be no psychic unity in society without true social unity. (Hence Rousseau's analysis of unity is also his defense of justice.) Psychic and social unity are more or less attainable in the just state through patriotism and virtue (“morality”), but perfect psychic unity is possible only beyond society and morality.
Breeding and Application of New Indica Hybrid Rice Combination II You 416 with High Yield,Strong Blast Resistance and Wide Adaptability

Ⅱ You 416 is a new indica hybrid rice combination developed from the CMS line Ⅱ-32A and a new restorer line R416 by the Hunan Longping-Hightech Nongping Hybrid Rice Seed Corporation Ltd..It has the characteristics of strong grain yield heterosis,strong blast resistance and wide adaptability.It was registered and released by the Crop Variety Appraisal Committee of Hunan Province in February,2004, by the Crop Variety Appraisal Committee of Guangxi Autonomous Region and the Nation in 2005.The breeding procedure,characteristics and major cultivation and seed production techniques were introduced in this paper.
The Role of Mothers' and Fathers' Religiosity in African American Adolescents' Religious Beliefs and Practices

OBJECTIVES To advance understanding of youth religiosity in its sociocultural context, this study examined the associations between parents' and adolescents' religious beliefs and practices and tested the roles of parent and youth gender and youth ethnic identity in these linkages. METHOD The sample included 130 two-parent, African American families. Adolescents (49% female) averaged 14.43 years old. Mothers, fathers, and adolescents were interviewed in their homes about their family and personal characteristics, including their religious beliefs. In a series of 7 nightly phone calls, adolescents reported on their daily practices, including time spent in religious practices (e.g., attending services, prayer), and parents reported on their time spent in religious practices with their adolescents. RESULTS Findings indicated that mothers' beliefs were linked to the beliefs of sons and daughters, but fathers' beliefs were only associated with the beliefs of sons. Mothers' practices were associated with youths' practices, but the link was stronger when mothers' held moderately strong religious beliefs. Fathers' practices were also linked to youth practices, but the association was stronger for daughters than for sons. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the understudied role of fathers in African American families, the importance of examining religiosity as a multidimensional construct, and the utility of ethnic homogeneous designs for illuminating the implications of sociocultural factors in the development of African American youth. (PsycINFO Database Record
More than one arrow in the quiver: Why "100% renewables" misses the mark.

Jacobson et al. (1) aim to demonstrate that an all-renewable energy system is technically feasible. Not only are the study’s conclusions based on strong assumptions and key methodological oversights, but its framing also omits the essential notion of trade-offs. A far more relevant question is how renewable energy technologies relate to the broader set of options for meeting long-term societal goals like managing climate change. Even if the goal were to maximize the deployment of renewable energy (and not decarbonization more generally), Jacobson et al. still fail to provide a satisfactory analysis by glossing over fundamental implications of the technical and economic dimensions of intermittency. We briefly highlight two prominent examples, and then …
Neue Wissensarten: Risiko und Nichtwissen

Seit rund 30 Jahren wird ‚Risiko‘ in vielen Gesellschaftsdiagnosen als zentrales Deutungsschema moderner Gesellschaften angesehen (Douglas/Wildavsky 1982; Beck 1986; Luhmann 1991b; Bons 1995).
Incentives and barriers to OER adoption: A qualitative analysis of faculty perceptions

In this paper, 218 U.S faculty responses regarding Open Educational Resources (OER) were qualitatively analyzed. Ten categories emerged in the coding process. The top three categories that indicated barriers to the adoption of OER were need more information (faculty wanted more information before they would be willing to adopt OER), lack of discoverability (faculty wanted to be able to easily find repositories of OER), and confusing OER with digital resources (faculty were unaware of the difference between digital resources and OER). The top incentives identified in this analysis to overcome these barriers include student cost benefits (saving students money), student pedagogical benefits (faculty being able to make changes to OER to improve course content and instruction), and institutional support for the adoption of OER (whether in the form of course load reduction, curricular research assistance, or library support for finding and adopting OER). Future research is needed to better understand how to address and overcome these barriers to OER adoption.
Microbiome in 2016: T follicular helper cells and the gut microbiome in arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with an expansion of certain gut commensals, although the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In 2016, studies using experimental models of arthritis have begun to unravel the links between the gut microbiota, T follicular helper cells and arthritis.
Emergency Alert Communications on College Campuses: Understanding Students’ Perceptions of the Severity of a Crisis and Their Intentions to Share the Alert With Parents and Friends

The purpose of this research is to experimentally test the impact of emergency alert communications on college students’ threat assessment and resulting behavior. Four different stimuli are created to resemble an actual warning message about a tornado and a shooting crisis on a college campus. Results of the repeated measures MANOVA reveal that warning messages sent through text messages are perceived to be more serious than warning messages sent through social media. This is the case in both the shooting and tornado scenarios. In addition, an alert about a shooting is perceived to be more serious than a tornado alert. In terms of channels used to notify others about a disaster, word of mouth is the top choice for students.
Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma and Collecting Duct Carcinoma: Discrimination From Common Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes and Benign RCC Mimics on Multiphasic MDCT.

Rationale and Objectives To investigate whether imaging features on multiphasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) can help discriminate sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) from other solid renal masses. Materials and Methods With institutional review board approval for this HIPAA-compliant study, we derived a cohort of 7 sarcomatoid RCCs, 4 CDCs, 165 clear cell RCCs, 56 papillary RCCs, 22 chromophobe RCCs, 49 oncocytomas, and 16 lipid-poor angiomyolipomas with preoperative multiphasic MDCT with up to four phases (unenhanced, corticomedullary, nephrographic, and excretory). Each lesion was reviewed for contour, spread pattern, pattern of enhancement, neovascularity, and calcification. Results Sarcomatoid RCCs and CDCs were more likely than other solid renal masses to have an irregular contour (64% vs 2%, P P Conclusions Solid renal lesions with an irregular contour or an infiltrative spread pattern are suspicious for sarcomatoid RCC or CDC.
Impact of blood collection and processing on peripheral blood gene expression profiling in type 1 diabetes

The natural history of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is challenging to investigate, especially as pre-diabetic individuals are difficult to identify. Numerous T1D consortia have been established to collect whole blood for gene expression analysis from individuals with or at risk to develop T1D. However, with no universally accepted protocol for their collection, differences in sample processing may lead to variances in the results. Here, we examined whether the choice of blood collection tube and RNA extraction kit leads to differences in the expression of genes that are changed during the progression of T1D, and if these differences could be minimized by measuring gene expression directly from the lysate of whole blood. Microarray analysis showed that the expression of 901 genes is highly influenced by sample processing using the PAXgene versus the Tempus system. These included a significant number of lymphocyte-specific genes and genes whose expression has been reported to differ in the peripheral blood of at-risk and T1D patients compared to controls. We showed that artificial changes in gene expression occur when control and T1D samples were processed differently. The sample processing-dependent differences in gene expression were largely due to loss of transcripts during the RNA extraction step using the PAXgene system. The majority of differences were not observed when gene expression was measured in whole blood lysates prepared from blood collected in PAXgene and Tempus tubes. We showed that the gene expression profile of samples processed using the Tempus system is more accurate than that of samples processed using the PAXgene system. Variation in sample processing can result in misleading changes in gene expression. However, these differences can be minimized by measuring gene expression directly in whole blood lysates.
Organocatalyzed ROP of a Glucopyranoside Derived Five-Membered Cyclic Carbonate

Saccharides, based on their wide bioavailability, high chemical functionality and stereochemical diversity, are attractive starting materials for the development of new synthetic polymers. Established carbonylation methodologies were used to synthesize a 5-membered cyclic carbonate monomer, 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-O-carbonyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (MBGC), in high yield (>95%) from a commercially available d-glucopyranoside derivative. The ability of this monomer to undergo ring-opening polymerization (ROP) with a range of organocatalysts, rather than the previously reported anionic initiators, was investigated. These new conditions were developed to widen the functional group tolerance in the polymerization, and achieve better control over the final properties of the polymers. The most promising of the catalysts examined, 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD), was used in a kinetic study to confirm the well-controlled nature of the ROP. Optimized conditions were then successfully applied to the synthesis o...
Equilibria and Rate Phenomena from Atomistic to Mesoscale: Simulation Studies of Magnetite.

ConspectusBatteries are dynamic devices composed of multiple components that operate far from equilibrium and may operate under extreme stress and varying loads. Studies of isolated battery components are valuable to the fundamental understanding of the physical processes occurring within each constituent element. When the components are integrated into a full device and operated under realistic conditions, it can be difficult to decouple the physical processes that occur across multiple interfaces and multiple length scales. Thus, the physical processes studied in isolated components may change in a full battery setup or may be irrelevant to performance. Simulation studies on many length scales play a key role in the analysis of experiments and in the elucidation of the relevant physical processes impacting performance.In this Account, we aim to highlight the use of modeling on multiple length scales to identify rate limiting phenomena in lithium-ion batteries. To illustrate the utility of modeling, we e...
Ketamine reduces deleterious consequences of spreading depolarizations.

Abstract Recent work has implicated spreading depolarization (SD) as a key contributor the progression of acute brain injuries, however development of interventions selectively targeting SD has lagged behind. Initial clinical intervention efforts have focused on observations that relatively high doses of the sedative agent ketamine can completely suppress SD. However, blocking propagation of SD could theoretically prevent beneficial effects of SD in surrounding brain regions. Selective targeting of deleterious consequences of SD (rather than abolition) could be a useful adjunct approach, and be achieved with lower ketamine concentrations. We utilized a brain slice model to test whether deleterious consequences of SD could be prevented by ketamine, using concentrations that did not prevent the initiation and propagation of SD. Studies were conducted using murine brain slices, with focal KCl as an SD stimulus. Consequences of SD were assessed with electrophysiological and imaging measures of ionic and synaptic recovery. Under control conditions, ketamine (up to 30 μM) did not prevent SD, but significantly reduced neuronal Ca2+ loading and the duration of associated extracellular potential shifts. Recovery of postsynaptic potentials after SD was also significantly accelerated. When SD was evoked on a background of mild metabolic compromise, neuronal recovery was substantially impaired. Under compromised conditions, the same concentrations of ketamine reduced ionic and metabolic loading during SD, sufficient to preserve functional recovery after repetitive SDs. These results suggest that lower concentrations of ketamine could be utilized to prevent damaging consequences of SD, while not blocking them outright and thereby preserving potentially protective effects of SD.
A method for correcting low permeability laboratory measurements for leaks: Theory, methodology and algorithms

Abstract Pulse-decay permeability (PDP) measurement is a widely used technique to measure the permeability of tight rocks such as shales. However, the PDP measurement is so sensitive to gas leakage of the system that the leakage would significantly affect the experimental results. To address the impact of the gas leakage, this paper develops an analytical solution of the PDP measurement with gas leakage that applies to both fractured and un-fractured core samples. The PDP measurement on a fractured core sample can be treated as a two-stage pressure transient process that are dominated by gas flow in a fracture and the flow between the fracture and the matrix, respectively. The analytical solution shows that the linearity of curve of logarithm of the normalized pressure difference (between the upstream and downstream reservoirs in the PDP system) versus time in the first-stage would break up when gas leakage occurs, so does the linearity of logarithm of the pressure decline curve in the second-stage. For an un-fractured core sample, the analytical solution for the PDP measurement with gas leakage is similar to the first-stage process for a fractured core sample. Based on these observations, an effective method to detect and correct the impacts of leakage on the PDP measurements is proposed using the analytical solution. The practical usefulness of the method is demonstrated by its successful applications to simulated PDP permeability measurements for several core samples.
Expansion and Divergence of Argonaute Genes in the Oomycete Genus Phytophthora.

Modulation of gene expression through RNA interference is well conserved in eukaryotes and is involved in many cellular processes. In the oomycete Phytophthora, research on the small RNA machinery and function has started to reveal potential roles in the pathogen, but much is still unknown. We examined Argonaute (AGO) homologs within oomycetes, especially among Phytophthora species, to gain a clearer understanding of the evolution of this well-conserved protein family. We identified AGO homologs across many representative oomycete and stramenopile species, and annotated representative homologs in P. sojae. Furthermore, we demonstrate variable expression levels of all identified AGO homologs in comparison to previously identified Dicer-like (DCL) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) homologs. Our phylogenetic analysis further refines the relationship of the AGO homologs in oomycetes and identifies a conserved tandem duplication of AGO homologs in a subset of Phytophthora species.
A High-Quality and Fast Maximal Independent Set Implementation for GPUs

Computing a maximal independent set is an important step in many parallel graph algorithms. This article introduces ECL-MIS, a maximal independent set implementation that works well on GPUs. It includes key optimizations to speed up computation, reduce the memory footprint, and increase the set size. Its CUDA implementation requires fewer than 30 kernel statements, runs asynchronously, and produces a deterministic result. It outperforms the maximal independent set implementations of Pannotia, CUSP, and IrGL on each of the 16 tested graphs of various types and sizes. On a Titan X GPU, ECL-MIS is between 3.9 and 100 times faster (11.5 times, on average). ECL-MIS running on the GPU is also faster than the parallel CPU codes Ligra, Ligra+, and PBBS running on 20 Xeon cores, which it outperforms by 4.1 times, on average. At the same time, ECL-MIS produces maximal independent sets that are up to 52% larger (over 10%, on average) compared to these preexisting CPU and GPU implementations. Whereas these codes produce maximal independent sets that are, on average, about 15% smaller than the largest possible such sets, ECL-MIS sets are less than 6% smaller than the maximum independent sets.
A review of EMA assessment period reporting for mood variables in substance use research: Expanding existing EMA guidelines

Abstract Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is an increasingly popular approach in substance use research for capturing reliable, in-situ, self-reported information about fluctuating variables, such as mood, over time. Current EMA guidelines do not sufficiently address the reporting of assessment periods (e.g., right now, past 30 min). Given the importance of time in EMA studies, variation and ambiguity in assessment period reporting risks misinterpretation of procedures and findings. The following study reviewed the methodological reporting of EMA assessment periods in substance use research. A search conducted in PsychINFO and PubMed using the terms “ecological momentary assessment” OR “EMA” AND “mood” AND “substance use” yielded 36 unique search results. The references of these results were hand searched and resulted in 126 additional studies. After deleting duplicates and applying inclusion criteria, 56 studies were included in the review. Review of these studies illustrated (1) variability and ambiguity in study assessment periods (2) within-study incongruence between assessment period descriptions and associated EMA prompts, (3) and a large temporal range of retrospective assessment periods across studies. Each of these findings are illustrated and discussed using examples from the literature. From these examples, assessment period reporting guidelines are proposed to improve EMA reporting clarity. Such improvements will facilitate increased synthesis of EMA research and position future researchers to investigate the validity and reliability of EMA data captured with different lengths of retrospection.
Urinary Diversion: Open and Robotic Techniques

Radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion is the standard of care for muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer, performed via both open and robotic surgical techniques. Regardless of surgical approach, radical cystectomy and urinary diversion is an extremely complex operation associated with considerable postoperative morbidity, many times directly related to the urinary diversion. Important preoperative concerns before radical cystectomy include patient optimization and education, bowel preparation, parenteral antibiotics, venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, as well as various urinary diversion considerations. Myriad urinary diversions are discussed in detail, including both non-continent and continent urinary diversions. Essential factors regarding selection of specific urinary diversion type are reviewed including quality of life issues such as continence, patient satisfaction, and sexual function. Critical perioperative issues are elucidated including anesthetic considerations and general postoperative strategies including use of a nasogastric tube and nutrition. Finally, open and robotic techniques for radical cystectomy and urinary diversion are reviewed with particular attention to both the bowel and ureterointestinal anastomoses. Open techniques for urinary diversion are well-established and robotic urinary diversion generally follows the same surgical principles. Regardless of open versus robotic approach or diversion type, meticulous attention to surgical detail is essential in efforts to minimize significant postoperative morbidity.
Envisioning Black space in environmental education for young children

In this article, we bring attention to absences and deficit assumptions that continue to circulate in relation to environmental education for young Black children in North America. We focus our att...
Adolescent substance use and its association to sleep disturbances: A systematic review.

Abstract Purpose To identify adolescents' substance use and its association to sleep disturbances. Methods Databases were searched using terms: “smoking”, “tobacco use”, “electronic cigarette”, “alcohol drinking”, “marijuana use” and “substance use” combined with “sleep” and “adolescents”. Articles were selected based on: adolescents residing in North America, aged between 10 and 21 years old, examining substance use and sleep disturbances as a dependent variable, and published within 10 years. The Buysse's sleep health RuSATED framework was used for analysis. Results Thirteen articles were reviewed establishing the relationship between tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use and sleep disturbances. Positive associations were reported between all substances used and sleep disturbances in sleep health domains of Regularity, Timing, Efficiency, and Duration. Alertness problems were also positively associated with tobacco and alcohol use. The most common disturbance reported was the insufficient sleep Duration. The least reported deficiencies were Satisfaction and Alertness. Conclusions Evidence for associations between substance use and sleep disturbances in Regularity, Timing, Efficiency, and Duration domains may result in sleep deprivation, which poses a serious health risk among growing adolescents. Future research should prospectively examine disturbances in all sleep health domains including Satisfaction and Alertness with the addition of more objective sleep measures to assess long term effects of sleep deprivation in this population. Implications and contributions Understanding the adolescents' substance use in relation to their sleep disturbance with sleep as a dependent variable, provides future direction for sleep health promotion in adolescents with substance use to prevent further health consequences.
Experimental assessment of vehicle performance and injury risk for cutaway buses using tilt table and modified dolly rollover tests.

Abstract Background Rollover crashes of buses occur less frequently than do those involving passenger cars; however, they are associated with higher fatality rates. During rollover crashes, a vehicle experiences multidirectional acceleration and multiple impacts, yielding a complex interaction between structural components and its occupants. A better understanding of vehicle and occupant’s motion, structural deformation, and vehicle and road interactions are necessary to improve the safety of the occupants during this event. One of the key factors in rollover crashworthiness assessment is to investigate the relationship between the strength of the vehicle’s structure and the risk of injury outcomes. However, rollover crashes involving buses have received less research attention than have those involving passenger cars. Experimental studies in bus rollover safety have mainly focused on the structural integrity of the passenger compartment without considering the occupant responses. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the rollover mechanism and associated injury risk during two experimental rollover tests for a paratransit cutaway bus that is commonly used by transit agencies. Methods The modified dolly rollover (MDR) and tilt table (TT) tests were conducted using a similar bus and anthropomorphic test device (ATD) configurations. In each test, a 2-point and 3-point belted Hybrid III 50th percent male ATDs were used to quantify the kinematics of the occupants. The deformation index (DI), accelerations and angular velocities of the bus’s CG were measured as vehicle responses. The collected data were then calibrated and filtered to assess the effects of the test procedure on kinematic responses of the vehicle and occupants. Next, the effectiveness of the 2-point vs 3-point seatbelt to reduce or prevent the injuries, the vulnerable body regions and corresponded injury risk were evaluated. Results The residual space remained intact (DI
Connecting activities on Social Network Sites and life satisfaction: A comparison of older and younger users

Abstract Social Network Sites (SNSs) have been found to promote psychological well-being of individuals through bonding and bridging social capital by allowing users to engage in different networking activities with their close and weak ties. However, these findings primarily focus on younger population or adopt simplistic measures of SNS use without distinguishing different activities, leaving how specific SNS uses may affect older users' psychological well-being unclear. This study examined the effects of engaging in different Facebook activities on older users over 50 as compared to younger adults between 18 and 25, using Facebook behavioral data in conjunction with survey data. Drawing from Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and Uses and Gratification theory, it tested different effects of SNS activities on older and younger users’ psychological well-being. We found that compared to younger adults, older adults benefit less from having a large network and more from engaging in directed communication activities.
Schemes of laser muon acceleration: Ultra-short, micron-scale beams

Experimentally accessible schemes of laser muon (μ±) acceleration are introduced and modeled using a novel technique of controlled laser-driven post-processing of cascade showers (or pair plasmas)....
Targeting OCA-B/Pou2af1 blocks activated, autoreactive T cells in the pancreas and type-1 diabetes

Abstract The transcriptional coregulator OCA-B promotes expression of T cell target genes in cases of repeated antigen exposure, a necessary feature of autoimmunity. We hypothesized that T cell-specific OCA-B deletion and pharmacologic OCA-B inhibition would protect mice from autoimmune diabetes. We developed an Ocab conditional allele and backcrossed it onto a diabetes-prone NOD/ShiLtJ strain background. T cell-specific OCA-B loss protected mice from spontaneous disease. Protection was associated with large reductions in islet CD8+ T cell receptor specificities associated with diabetes pathogenesis. CD4+ clones associated with diabetes were present, but associated with anergic phenotypes. The protective effect of OCA-B loss was recapitulated using autoantigen-specific NY8.3 mice, but diminished in monoclonal models specific to artificial or neoantigens. Rationally-designed membrane-penetrating OCA-B peptide inhibitors normalized glucose levels, and reduced T cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression in newly-diabetic NOD mice. Together, the results indicate that OCA-B is a potent autoimmune regulator and a promising target for pharmacologic inhibition. Summary Kim et al. show that loss or inhibition of OCA-B in T cells protects mice from type-1 diabetes.
Abstract PO-202: Cancer survival differences among Medicare beneficiaries and their younger uninsured counterparts

Purpose: To assess cancer survival differences between uninsured patients younger than age 65 years with their immediate older counterparts age 66-69 years with Medicare coverage. Methods: Data from the National Cancer Data Base were used for this study. The main outcomes were 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival for 16 cancer types in 1,206,821 newly diagnosed patients. We characterized patients by insurance and age categories and used Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test for statistical significance to calculate all-cause 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates. The analysis assessed differences between uninsured and insured patients age 60-64 years with those aged 66-69 years with Medicare coverage. Cox proportional hazards models were used to generate hazard ratios (HR) of all-cause mortality. Results: Uninsured patients aged 60-64 years had higher proportion with late stage disease, and lower proportion with receipt of surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy than Medicare beneficiaries aged 66-69 years. Younger uninsured patients had significantly worse 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival overall and by race/ethnicity, comorbidity score, and cancer type compared with their older counterparts with Medicare coverage. In a stratified analysis by cancer type, uninsured younger patients had strikingly lower 1-, 2- and 5- year survival for nearly all 16 cancers compared with older Medicare patients. For instance, the 1-year and 2-year survival differences between younger uninsured and older Medicare +/- private insured patients showed the largest differences of about 20% for patients with lung cancer (adjusted HR (aHR) = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.38-1.47; and aHR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.33-1.41; respectively). Similarly, 5-year survival rates in uninsured younger patients with colorectal and breast cancer were 8-15% lower compared with older Medicare patients (aHR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.27-1.41 and aHR = 1.56; 95% CI, 1.44-1.69; respectively). Conclusions: Survival after a diagnosis of cancer is considerably lower in uninsured younger patients age 60-64 years than in older Medicare patients age 66-69 years. Our findings suggest that expanding uniform health insurance coverage to individuals approaching Medicare eligibility age down to the age of 60 could substantially improve cancer survival in the United States. Citation Format: Helmneh M. Sineshaw, K. Robin Yabroff, Ahmedin Jemal, Gerard A. Silvestri. Cancer survival differences among Medicare beneficiaries and their younger uninsured counterparts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-202.
Uncorrelated blocked force determination on plate and shell structures

Inverse force determination is commonly used to determine input forces when they are not directly measurable. If transfer functions are measured with the source component attached, the inversely determined forces are, by definition, blocked forces. The primary advantage of using blocked forces is that the receiving structure may be modified and blocked forces, in theory, are unchanged. In this research, blocked forces are determined for a plastic engine cover connected to a base plate and a compressor attached to two different structures. At lower frequencies, blocked forces are determined using routine approaches where phase is included in both transfer function and operational response measurements. At high frequencies, it is demonstrated that predictions are improved if phase is ignored and blocked forces are assumed to be uncorrelated with respect to each other. It is also shown that the uncorrelated blocked forces are still valid even when changes are made to the receiving structure.
Severity of illness scores at presentation predict ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed hospital systems in multiple countries and necessitated caring for patients in atypical healthcare settings. The goal of this study was to ascertain if the conventional critical care severity scores qSOFA, SOFA, APACHE-II, and SAPS-II could predict which patients admitted to the hospital from an emergency department would eventually require intensive care. Methods This single-center, retrospective cohort study enrolled patients admitted to Vanderbilt University Hospital from the emergency room with symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 infection between March 8, 2020 through May 15, 2020. Clinical phenotyping was performed by chart abstraction, and the correlation of the qSOFA, SOFA, APACHE-II, and SAPS-II scores for the primary endpoint of ICU admission and secondary endpoint of in-hospital mortality was evaluated. Results During the study period, 128 patients were admitted to Vanderbilt University Hospital from the emergency room with COVID-19. Of these, 39 patients eventually required intensive care; the remaining 89 were discharged from the medical ward. All severity of illness scores demonstrated at least moderate ability to identify patients who would die or require ICU admission. Of the three severity of illness scores assessed, the APACHE-II score performed best with an AUC of 0.851 (95% CI: 0.786 to 0.917) for identifying patient that would require ICU admission. No patient with an APACHE-II score at the time of presentation less than 8 or qSOFA of 0 required intensive care unit (ICU) admission. All patients with an APACHE-II score less than 10 or qSOFA score of 0 survived to hospital discharge. Conclusions The APACHE-II score accurately predicts the eventual need for ICU admission. This may allow for risk-stratification of patients safe to treat in alternative health care settings and prognostic enrichment to accelerate clinical trials of COVID-19 therapies.
Agricultural Landforms Introducer: Clark L. Erickson

Indigenous agriculture of the Americas has a long history as a research topic in cultural geography, cultural anthropology, and archaeology. Native peoples developed a vast range of strategies from intensive agriculture (raised fields, terracing, irrigation) to agroforestry. Over time, human activities transformed much of the environment into highly productive anthropogenic landscapes. William Denevan dedicated his career to understanding indigenous knowledge through research on the complex agricultural landforms. Two early publications explore agricultural intensification, conversion of marginal wetlands and slopes into productive spaces, role of social organization in farming, human response to climate change, and abandonment of fields. In the process, Denevan presents methodological approaches to record, classify, date, and analyze field systems that continue to be relevant.
Tidal Asymmetry in Ocean-Boundary Flux and In-Estuary Trapping of Suspended Sediment Following Watershed Storms: San Francisco Estuary, California, USA

Suspended-sediment flux at the ocean boundary of the San Francisco Estuary—the Golden Gate—was measured over a tidal cycle following peak watershed runoff from storms to the estuary in two successive years to investigate sediment transport through the estuary. Observations were repeated during low-runoff conditions, for a total of three field campaigns. Boat-based measurements of velocity and acoustic backscatter were used to calculate water and suspended-sediment flux at a location 1 km landward of the Golden Gate. Suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) and salinity data from up-estuary sensors were used to track watershed-sourced sediment plumes through the estuary. Estimates of suspended-sediment load from the watershed and net suspended-sediment flux for one up-estuary subembayment were used to infer in-estuary trapping of sediment. For both post-storm field campaigns, observations at the ocean boundary were conducted on the receding limb of the watershed hydrograph. At the ocean boundary, peak instantaneous suspended-sediment flux was tidally asymmetric and was greater on flood tides than on ebb tides for all three field campaigns, due to higher average SSC in the cross-section on flood tides. Shear-induced sediment resuspension was greater on flood tides and suggests the presence of an erodible pool outside the estuary. The storms in 2016 led to less export of discharge and sediment from the watershed and greater sediment trapping within one up-estuary subembayment compared to that observed in 2017. Results suggest that substantial trapping of watershed sediments occurred during both storm events, likely due to the formation of estuarine turbidity maxima (ETM) at different locations in the estuary. ETM locations were forced nearer the ocean boundary in 2017. Additional measurements and modeling are required to quantify the long-term sediment flux at the Golden Gate.
Best Practices in Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis During Pregnancy

1146 Objectives: 1. Evaluate clinical presentation of pregnant patients with pulmonary embolism. 2. Review current recommendations for diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism during pregnancy. 3. Review indications for V/Q scintigraphy versus pulmonary CTA. 4. Examine special considerations for radiation exposure during pregnancy and relative radiation doses. 5. Review current lung scintigraphy guidelines and radiopharmaceuticals. 6. Understand guidelines from various specialty organizations. Abstract This educational exhibit will assess the current recommendations for the diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism in pregnant women. In addition, there will be a review of the indications for V/Q scintigraphy and pulmonary CTA with emphasis on recommendations from guidelines to include various guidelines and appropriate use criteria across multiple specialties. There will also be further examination of the radiobiology and relative radiation exposure of pregnant women during imaging. Lastly, there will be a review of the current lung scintigraphy guidelines and radiopharmaceuticals. In conclusion, pulmonary embolism is an important complication of pregnancy. Understanding the recommendations from various specialty groups allows us to be better consultants and assist in the management of these patients. References 1. Righini M, Robert-Ebadi H, Elias A, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism during pregnancy. Ann Intern Med. 2018; 169:766-773 2. Kirsch J, Brown RKJ, Henry TS, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Suspected Pulmonary Embolism. Available at https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69404/Narrative/. American College of Radiology. Accessed January 2019. 3. Parker JA, Coleman RE, Grady E, et al. SNM Practice Guideline for Lung Scinitigraphy 4.0[asterisk]. J Nucl Med Technol. 2012; 40:57-65 4. Roach PJ, Schembri GP, Bailey DL. V/Q Scanning Using SPECT and SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med. 2013; 54:1588-1596 5. Metter D, Tulchinsky M, Freeman LM. Current Status of Ventilation-Perfusion Scintigraphy for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism. A. J Roentgenol. 2017; 208: 489-494 6. Waxman AD, Bajc M, Brown M, et al. Appropriate use criteria for ventilation-perfusion imaging in pulmonary embolism: summary and excerpts. J Nucl Med. 2017; 58:13N-15N. 7. Leung AN, Bull TM, Jaeschke R, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/Society of Thoracic Radiology clinical practice guideline: evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 184:1200-8. 8. SNMMI Choosing Wisely Recommendations. http://www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/society-nuclear-medicine-molecular-imaging-computed-tomography-angiogram-to-diagnose-pulmonary-embolism-in-young-women/. Accessed January 2019.
Temporal clustering, tissue composition, and total variation for mapping oxygen extraction fraction using QSM and quantitative BOLD

PURPOSE To improve the accuracy of quantitative susceptibility mapping plus quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent magnitude (QSM+qBOLD or QQ) based mapping of oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2 ) using temporal clustering, tissue composition, and total variation (CCTV). METHODS Three-dimensional multi-echo gradient echo and arterial spin labeling images were acquired from 11 healthy subjects and 33 ischemic stroke patients. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was also obtained from patients. The CCTV mapping was developed for incorporating tissue-type information into clustering of the previous cluster analysis of time evolution (CAT) and applying total variation (TV). The QQ-based OEF and CMRO2 were reconstructed with CAT, CAT+TV (CATV), and the proposed CCTV, and results were compared using region-of-interest analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, and post hoc Wilcoxson rank sum test. RESULTS In simulation, CCTV provided more accurate and precise OEF than CAT or CATV. In healthy subjects, QQ-based OEF was less noisy and more uniform with CCTV than CAT. In subacute stroke patients, OEF with CCTV had a greater contrast-to-noise ratio between DWI-defined lesions and the unaffected contralateral side than with CAT or CATV: 1.9 ± 1.3 versus 1.1 ± 0.7 (P = .01) versus 0.7 ± 0.5 (P < .001). CONCLUSION The CCTV mapping significantly improves the robustness of QQ-based OEF against noise.