cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Landing and Perching on Vertical Surfaces with Microspines for Small Unmanned Air Vehicles

We present the first results of a system that allows small fixed-wing UAVs to land and cling on surfaces such as brick walls using arrays of microspines that engage asperities on the surface. The requirements of engaging and loading the spines lead to an approach in which an open-loop pitch-up motion is triggered by a range sensor as the plane nears the wall. The subsequent dynamics result in a period during which the plane stays within an envelope of acceptable orientation and velocity (pitch from 60---105 deg, vertical velocity from 0 to ??2.7 m/s and up to 3 m/s of horizontal velocity) that permit successful perching. At touchdown, a non-linear suspension absorbs the remaining kinetic energy to minimize peak forces, prevents bouncing and facilitates spine engagement. The total maneuver duration is less than 1 s. We describe the spine suspension and its analysis and present results of typical perching maneuvers (10 landings under autonomous control and 20 under manual control). Under calm conditions, the success rate for autonomous perching on building walls is approximately 80%, the failures being attributed to erroneous wall detection. We conclude with a discussion of future work to increase the robustness of the approach (e.g. with wind) and allow subsequent take-offs to resume flight.
Effect of acute stress on the pituitrary gland: uptake of serine-1-C14 into ACTH.

The effect of acute stress on the incorporation of serine-1-C14 into the anterior and posterior pituitary lobes and the hypothalamus was studied. Stress produced an increased uptake of the labeled amino acid into the glacial acetic acid extract of the adenohypophysis. Using 2-dimensional electrophoretic and chromatographic separation on paper sheets, radioactive extracts were characterized. Every extract demonstrated the presence of the same radioactive peptide (Spot 1). The amount of radioactive incorporation into this spot was increased by stress. Using biological assay methods, Spot 1 was identified as ACTH. The electrophoretic and chromatographic characteristics of rat ACTH were markedly different from those of porcine or ovine ACTH. It was concluded that the effect of acute stress was to cause an increased synthesis of ACTH in the adenohypophysis of rats.
Electromagnetic backgrounds in neutrino-produced trimuon events

We discuss the electromagnetic production of ..mu../sup +/..mu../sup -/ pairs in neutrino-induced reactions. The cross section for ..nu../sub ..mu../ + N ..-->.. ..mu../sup -/ + ..mu../sup -/ + ..mu../sup +/ + X is calculated, using a quark-parton model for the photon-hadron interaction, and is approx. 0.3 x 10/sup -/4 of the normal inclusive cross section for ..nu../sub ..mu../ + N ..-->.. ..mu../sup -/ + X. The precise value depends upon the neutrino spectrum and experimental cuts. We present several distributions which exhibit characteristic features expected from this electromagnetic process. Corresponding reactions involving e/sup +/e/sup -/ pairs are also studied because such events should be seen rather easily in bubble-chamber experiments. We also give some results for antineutrino-induced interactions leading to ..mu../sup +/..mu../sup +/..mu../sup -/ events.
The effects of emotion on tip-of-the-tongue states

Tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs) are judgments of the likelihood of imminent retrieval for items currently not recalled. In the present study, the relation of emotion to the experience of TOTs is explored. Emotion-inducing questions (e.g.), “What is the term for ritual suicide in Japan?”) were embedded among neutral questions (e.g., “What is the capital of Denmark?”). Participants attempted to recall the answers and, if unsuccessful, were asked if they were in a TOT and given a recognition test. For unrecalled items, there were significantly more TOTs for the emotional items than for the neutral items, even though the recognition performance was identical. There were more TOTs for questions that followed emotional questions than TOTs for questions that followed neutral questions, suggesting the emotional arousal lasts beyond the specific question. These findings suggest that emotional cues increase the likelihood of TOTs. These data are consistent with a metacognitive view of TOTs.
Conditioning the elevation of body temperature, a host defensive reflex response.

Abstract We hypothesize that a number of host defense responses such as natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activity, antibody production, and elevated body temperature (TR)might be conditionable. We have designated such specifically learned response to be a defensive reflex response. Here we describe a simple single trial association paradigm for conditioning the TR response in BALB/c mice. Animals are conditioned on day 0 by exposing them to the odor of camphor for 1 hr, followed by injection of the pyrogen poly I:C 20μg ip. Control groups are injected with either poly I:C or saline and not exposed to the camphor odor. Reexposure of all groups to the conditioned stimulus (CS) on day 2 or 3 cause elevation of body temperature in the conditioned group mice but not in the nonconditioned or saline control groups. Since we have conditioned the natural killer cell response with the same paradigm, these results suggest that multiple defensive responses might be conditionable simultaneously and they might have important survival value for the species.
Direct observation of K+⋯Cl− heavy-Rydberg ion-pair states formed in K(np)/CCl4 collisions

Abstract The formation of K + ⋯Cl − heavy-Rydberg ion-pair states through dissociative electron transfer in K( n p)/CCl 4 , n = 16–50, collisions is examined, the product ion-pair states being detected directly through electric field-induced dissociation. The results are analyzed with the aid of a Monte Carlo collision code that models both initial Rydberg electron capture and the subsequent evolution of the ion pairs. The data demonstrate the production of long-lived ( τ ≫ 10 μs) high-angular-momentum K + ⋯Cl − ion-pair states and suggest that Rydberg atom collisions can generate a wide variety of heavy-Rydberg species facilitating study of their physical and chemical properties.
Multi-mode resource-constrained project scheduling problems with non-preemptive activity splitting

In this paper, we explore the difference between preemption and activity splitting in the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) literature and identify a new set of RCPSPs that only allows non-preemptive activity splitting. Each activity can be processed in multiple modes and both renewable and non-renewable resources are considered. Renewable resources have time-varying resource constraints and vacations. Multi-mode RCPSP (MRCPSP) with non-preemptive activity splitting is shown to be a generalization of the RCPSP with calendarization. Activity ready times and due dates are considered to study the impact on project makespan. Computational experiments are conducted to compare optimal makespans under three different problem settings: RCPSPs without activity splitting (P1), RCPSPs with non-preemptive activity splitting (P2), and preemptive RCPSPs (P3). A precedence tree-based branch-and-bound algorithm is modified as an exact method to find optimal solutions. Resource constraints are included into the general time window rule and priority rule-based simple heuristics are proposed to search for good initial solutions to tighten bounding rules. Results indicate that there are significant makespan reductions possible when non-preemptive activity splitting or preemptions are allowed. The higher the range of time-varying renewable resource limits and the tighter the renewable resource limits are, the bigger the resulting makespan reduction can be.
Influence of substituents on the reduction of aromatic nitrocompounds over supported palladium catalysts

Abstract This work reports the activity of several catalysts of Pd supported on both SiO 2 -AlPO 4 and a sepiolite in the reduction of aromatic nitrocompounds, both with gaseous hydrogen and by hydrogen transfer. The reaction is insensitive to structure in the absence of diffusion phenomena. The kinetic expression found for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene by hydrogen transfer shows zero order for both the donor and the acceptor. The order with respect to hydrogen increases with temperature in the reduction of nitrobenzene with gaseous hydrogen. The reduction of variously substituted nitrobenzenes yields, selectively, their corresponding anilines. This reaction is favoured by electron-withdrawing groups attached to the ring. The results obtained conform the Hammett equation.
P- V- T Data of hexagonal boron nitride h BN and determination of pressure and temperature using thermoelastic equations of state of multiple phases

Abstract A synchrotron x-ray diffraction study on hexagonal boron-nitride (hBN) was conducted at simultaneous high pressures and temperatures. The pressure applied to the sample is pseudo-hydrostatic up to 9.0 GPa and the temperature was homogeneous in the range of 300 K to 1280 K. A modified Rietveld profile refinement has been applied to these diffraction spectra of low symmetry and multiple phases observed in the energy-dispersive mode. Thermoelastic parameters of hBN were derived by fitting a modified high temperature Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The results are: bulk modulus K=17.6 GPa, pressure derivative K′=∂K/∂P=19.5, temperature derivative [kdot]=∂K/∂T=−0.69 × 10−2 Gpa/K, volumetric thermal expansivity α=a+bT with values of a=4.38 × 10−5K−1 and b=1.75 × 10−8K−2, respectively. It is observed that the thermal expansion and compression along different crystal axes are significantly different. The crystal c-axis is much more expandable and compressible than the a-axis. This is attributed to the...
Physical parameters of the anesthetic site.

Abstract Theoretical consideration of the interaction between induced dipoles and a field of force composed of ionic, dipole and London forces are presented. The analysis as applied to the phenomena of general anesthesia allows characterization of the anesthetic site with three physical parameters: (1) the cohesive energy of the site, E c , (2) the adhesive contribution to the enthalpy of solution, A , and (3) the Barclay-Butler B coefficient. Their values are 13694 cal/mol, 299 ( cal/mol ) 1 2 and 0.00237 K −1 , respectively. All these values are much higher than the measured values of these same parameters, using noble gases, in dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers above their phase transition temperature and the bulk organic liquid, benzene. The relatively large values of the adhesive term and Barcley-Butler B coefficient imply that the anesthetic site is quite hydrophilic in nature in the sense that it likely possesses a formal charge. The large value of the cohesive energy of the site suggests that the site may either be a boundary lipid or a protein (which we cannot distinguish between) but it is definitely not, for these gases, like a simple lipid bilayer above its transition temperature or like benzene. An extension of the molecular interpretation of selectivity, that includes other interactions besides the London-Van der Waals type is presented. The selectivity (at constant temperature) is determined by the adhesive term and the Barclay-Butler B coefficient. Using this analysis we found that synapses but not axons exhibit the same selectivity as the anesthetic site. This implies that the synapse is clearly the model to study in attempting to elucidate molecular mechanisms of anesthesia.
Siblings’ strategies for resolving conflict over television program choice

Children from 115 pairs of siblings were interviewed about the strategies they would use to get their siblings to watch a program and their perceptions of the strategies their siblings would use with them. Results showed that conflict resolution over programs is not unpleasant or difficult for most children. Differences in power of strategies (high or low power) between boys and girls were evident. The children were not accurate in their assessments of each other's strategy choices. Implications for future study of the sibling coviewing environment are discussed.
1091 CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) ANTIGENIC HETEROGENEITY MAY CAUSE FALSE NEGATIVE RESULTS IN ANTIBODY ASSAYS

1091 CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) ANTIGENIC HETEROGENEITY MAY CAUSE FALSE NEGATIVE RESULTS IN ANTIBODY ASSAYS
Everything in Its Place: GPS, GIS, and Geography in the 1990s

(1993). Everything in Its Place: GPS, GIS, and Geography in the 1990s. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 131-139.
Advances in the Generation and Use of Very High, Continuous Magnetic Fields

The four effects exerted by a magnetic field, which make it useful as a research environment, are discussed and evaluated. The production of laboratory magnetic fields along with some history of the production is also discussed. In an effort to advance the art of generating very high continuous fields, the Lincoln Laboratory Solid State Division at MIT launched a three effort program: first, the problem of designing high-performance solenoids was reexamined; secondly, a proposal was made that a new laboratory be built for the purpose of making generally available for research the highest continuous magnetic fields that can be generated at the present state of the art; thirdly, communication was established among scientists concerned with the generation and use of such fields. The progress made along these lines during the first three years is reported. (P.C.H.)
Protocadherin-18b interacts with Nap1 to control motor axon growth and arborization in zebrafish

The proper assembly of neural circuits during development requires the precise control of axon outgrowth, guidance, and arborization. Although the protocadherin family of cell surface receptors is widely hypothesized to participate in neural circuit assembly, their specific roles in neuronal development remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that zebrafish pcdh18b is involved in regulating axon arborization in primary motoneurons. Although axon outgrowth and elongation appear normal, antisense morpholino knockdown of pcdh18b results in dose-dependent axon branching defects in caudal primary motoneurons. Cell transplantation experiments show that this effect is cell autonomous. Pcdh18b interacts with Nap1, a core component of the WAVE complex, through its intracellular domain, suggesting a role in the control of actin assembly. Like that of Pcdh18b, depletion of Nap1 results in reduced branching of motor axons. Time-lapse imaging and quantitative analysis of axon dynamics indicate that both Pcdh18b and Nap1 regulate axon arborization by affecting the density of filopodia along the shaft of the extending axon.
Characterization of a vapor axial deposition (VAD) flame impinging on a disk for a study o felectric field enhanced deposition

Abstract Methane-oxygen-nitrogen flames produced in a vapor axial deposition (VAD) burner and impinging on a disk were characterized with application to the problem of increasing particle deposition (transport) rate by an electric field applied between the disk (powdered) and an inserted ring (grounded). Two-dimensional temperature and electric potential distributions in flames were measured using a B-type thermocouple and an electrostatic probe, respectively. The temperature measurements demonstrate that the concentric tube burner design is effective because it allows thermophoretic focusing of the particle distribution within the flame, thus leading to higher deposition rates. The potential measurements show that that the electrical boundary layer (Debye sheath) appears adjacent to the powered electrode and grows in thickness as the strength of the applied potential increases. For the experimental conditions studied, the probe data show that the sheath extends outside of the thermal boundary layer at a large applied potential; this is expected to increase the effective capture area for particle deposition, depending on the particle-charging mechanisms associated with the polarity of the applied potential. The probe data imply that even for a sheath of thickness smaller than the themal boundary layer thickness the additional electrophoretic effect superimposed on the thermophoresis effect also increases the particle capture area for deposition. Sample calculations of particle drift velocities were carried out based on the probe results. For an electric field of 1 kV/mm the electrophoretic drift velocity becomes higher than the thermophoretic drift velocity when the number of charge carriers attached to a particle exceeds 4.
Coupled Axisymmetric Thermo-Poro-Mechanical Finite Element Analysis of Energy Foundation Centrifuge Experiments in Partially Saturated Silt

The paper presents an axisymmetric, small strain, fully-coupled, thermo-poro-mechanical (TPM) finite element analysis (FEA) of soil–structure interaction (SSI) between energy foundations and partially saturated silt. To account for the coupled processes involving the mechanical response, gas flow, water species flow, and heat flow, nonlinear governing equations are obtained from the fundamental laws of continuum mechanics, based on mixture theory of porous media at small strain. Constitutive relations consist of the effective stress concept, Fourier’s law for heat conduction, Darcy’s law and Fick’s law for pore liquid and gas flow, and an elasto-plastic constitutive model for the soil solid skeleton based on a critical state soil mechanics framework. The constitutive parameters employed in the thermo-poro-mechanical FEA are mostly fitted with experimental data. To validate the TPM model, the modeling results are compared with the observations of centrifuge-scale tests on semi-floating energy foundations in compacted silt. Variables measured include the thermal axial strains and temperature in the foundations, surface settlements, and volumetric water contents in the surrounding soil. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental and modeling results. Thermally-induced liquid water and water vapor flow inside the soil were found to have an impact on SSI. With further improvements (including interface elements at the foundation-soil interface), FEA with the validated TPM model can be used to predict performance and SSI mechanisms for energy foundations.
Building an on-demand web service system for Global Agricultural Drought Monitoring and Forecasting

There is an urgent need but remains a very challenging problem to provide worldwide users with timely, on-demand, and ready-to-use agricultural drought data and information. The latest advances in Web service, geospatial interoperability and cyber-infrastructure technologies and the availability of near real-time global remote sensing data promise a solution to the problem. This paper presents the research study of the state of the art, methodology and approaches to building an open, interoperable, on-demand Web service system for global agriculture drought monitoring and forecasting. The implemented system, named as Global Agriculture Drought Monitoring and Forecasting System (GADMFS), overcomes most limitations of current agriculture drought information systems in the world and significantly improves global agriculture drought monitoring, prediction and analysis with advanced geospatial Web service technology.
NASA Returns Rocks from a Comet

Cometary particles returned by the Stardust Discovery Mission are primarily silicate materials of solar system origin. Some of the grains were formed at high temperatures close to the Sun, but then transported far out to the Kuiper belt region of the solar system before being incorporated in the comet.
Demographic Differences of Adults with Diabetes Mellitus- cross-sectional study

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in scores on diabetes knowledge, social support, self-efficacy, self-care agency, self-care management, and glycemic control of individuals who were males or females, younger or older, with less or more education, with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and with a shorter or longer duration of diabetes. A descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional design was used in the study, which was a secondary analysis of data from a larger study. The sample for this analysis included 141 adults attending an outpatient diabetes care center in the Southern United States. The instruments consisted of a demographic questionnaire and standard tools with established psychometric properties. Data analysis consisted of t-tests. The results show that there were significant mean differences between individuals who (a) were younger and older in regard to diabetes knowledge, self-care agency, and diabetes self-care management, (b) had less or more than a high school education in regard to diabetes knowledge, and (c) had type 1 or type 2 diabetes in regard to diabetes knowledge, self-care agency, and diabetes self-care management. In conclusion, specific demographics variables differ in scores on diabetes knowledge, self-care agency, and self-care activities, which are some of the fundamental factors to achieve glycemic control and prevent disease-related complications. These variables should be considered when designing and implementing a diabetes educational program.
Gaining analytic control of parton showers

Parton showers are widely used to generate fully exclusive final states needed to compare theoretical models to experimental observations. While, in general, parton showers give a good description of the experimental data, the precise functional form of the probability distribution underlying the event generation is generally not known. The reason is that realistic parton showers are required to conserve four-momentum at each vertex. In this paper we investigate in detail how four-momentum conservation is enforced in a standard parton shower and why this destroys the analytic control of the probability distribution. We show how to modify a parton shower algorithm such that it conserves four-momentum at each vertex, but for which the full analytic form of the probability distribution is known. We then comment how this analytic control can be used to match matrix element calculations with parton showers, and to estimate effects of power corrections and other uncertainties in parton showers.
The evaluation of an autosomal SNP 12-plex assay

Abstract SNPs have the potential to play a useful role in human identification testing. Small PCR amplicon sizes associated with SNP typing technologies make SNPs attractive for typing degraded DNA or other low copy number situations. SNP markers can be useful in combination with STRs for resolving complex paternity issues (e.g. incest), identifying victims of mass disasters where insufficient family references are available and possibly inferring population of origin. Important considerations for SNP markers are the larger number required to equal the discriminatory power compared to traditional STRs, their inability to resolve complex mixtures, issues related to databasing new loci and the availability of a standard analysis platform.
A novel molecular association of poly (acrylic acid) in dilute solution under high shear flow

A novel association of poly(acrylic acid) in dilute solution is induced by high shear flow, producing a rigid chain morphology via interchain H-bonding; the association is destroyed upon adding salt to the shearing solution. Such macromolecular changes in conformation are reflected in drag reduction changes as a result of flow-polymer interaction.
A prospective evaluation of the risk of QT prolongation with hormone replacement therapy: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study

Abstract PURPOSE: Prolongation of the QT interval is associated with an increased risk of arrhythmia, coronary heart disease (CHD), and mortality. Estrogens and androgens have been proposed as a causal factor in QT lengthening. We tested whether postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy was associated with prolonged QT intervals in a healthy population sample of women (mean age = 54). METHODS: Women (n = 3,103) were asked about estrogen (ERT) and progestin plus estrogen (PERT) replacement therapy use at 4 examinations over 9 years. Electrocardiographic QT intervals were measured and corrected for heart rate using the QT Index (QTI) and Bazett's correction. QT prolongation was defined as QTI > 110% and a change from baseline of ⩾4%. RESULTS: Heart rate corrected QT length was moderately but significantly (p CONCLUSIONS: The potential for slight increases in QT length over time, and an increased risk of QT prolongation with ERT use identified in this observational study, are important concerns that should be further explored in randomized trials.
The Reformer's Spirit: How Public Administrators Fuel Training in the Skills of Good Governance

The public administration literature has long identified public administrators as key players in achieving government reform. Public managers may be motivated to provide employee access to training in governance skills by several factors, including the need to fulfill the current functions of government, to expand employee responsibilities, or to reform administrative processes and/or programs. The authors examine the impact of public managers on the availability of governance skills training by observing how the desire to achieve reform influences their training decisions in light of other motivating factors. They find that training in citizen input, client relations, and performance indicators are significantly and substantively more prevalent in organizations when public managers believe that such training is necessary for reform, and that the more “democratic” a skill, the more likely a reform motivation will outweigh other factors.
Gas dispersion in downflowing high velocity fluidized beds

Measurements are presented of gas mixing in a downflowing high-velocity fluidized bed using helium tracer detected by an on-line analyzer. It was found that gas backmixing is very limited in the downer, and the lateral mixing is comparable with that in the riser. A dispersion model is applied to characterize the behavior of the gas mixing in the two-phase downflowing mixture.
A finite element for vibration analysis of twisted blades based on beam theory

A finite element method of discretizing beam segments of pretwisted rotating blades is presented. Employing the matrix displacement method, stiffness and mass properties are developed from basic mechanics of a pretwisted beam theory. By introducing the proper displacement functions, the effect of rotor blade rotational motion on the stiffness matrix is obtained systematically from the kinetic energy expression. Comparing with other beam elements the derivation of this element is more fundamental. This allows one to apply the same approach to more complicated problems including nonlinear effects or complex dynamic motions. Illustrative examples are given comparing numerical results with available data and other numerical solutions from rotating and nonrotating force fields. These examples show that accurate prediction of vibration frequencies for pretwisted blades can be obtained by employing a quite modest number of degrees of freedom.
Independence Revisited: The Relation between Positive and Negative Affect in a Naturalistic Setting

Although most research supports Bradburn's 1969 finding that positive and negative affect are independent between situations, affect independence within a given situation has not been demonstrated convincingly. The relation between the two types of affect, within and between situations, was examined in a naturalistic setting. Subjects were students who participated in a longitudinal study of emotion. Separate measures of positive and negative affect were obtained at the beginning and end of three successive class sessions. A natural mood induction of test performance feedback separated the two measurements on the second day of the study. Results support the independence of positive and negative affect within and between situations: Success feedback increased positive affect but did not influence negative affect; failure feedback increased negative affect but did not influence positive affect. Within each measurement period, correlations between positive and negative affect were nonsignificant. Results off...
Inhibition of copper-associated erythrocyte ghost membrane lipid peroxidation by hepatic cytosolic low molecular weight proteins.

Male weanling Fischer rats were injected ip once daily with either 12.5 mg/kg body weight cupric chloride or 2 ml/kg body weight saline for up to 70 days. As the hepatic cytosolic copper increased ...
Multimedia search with pseudo-relevance feedback

We present an algorithm for video retrieval that fuses the decisions of multiple retrieval agents in both text and image modalities. While the normalization and combination of evidence is novel, this paper emphasizes the successful use of negative pseudorelevance feedback to improve image retrieval performance. Although we have not solved all problems in video information retrieval, the results are encouraging, indicating that pseudo-relevance feedback shows great promise for multimedia retrieval with very varied and errorful data.
Paradoxical Results and Item Bundles

Hooker, Finkelman, and Schwartzman (Psychometrika, 2009, in press) defined a paradoxical result as the attainment of a higher test score by changing answers from correct to incorrect and demonstrated that such results are unavoidable for maximum likelihood estimates in multidimensional item response theory. The potential for these results to occur leads to the undesirable possibility of a subject's best answer being detrimental to them. This paper considers the existence of paradoxical results in tests composed of item bundles when compensatory models are used. We demonstrate that paradoxical results can occur when bundle effects are modeled as nuisance parameters for each subject. However, when these nuisance parameters are modeled as random effects, or used in a Bayesian analysis, it is possible to design tests comprised of many short bundles that avoid paradoxical results and we provide an algorithm for doing so. We also examine alternative models for handling dependence between item bundles and show that using fixed dependency effects is always guaranteed to avoid paradoxical results.
Teratogen update: methylene blue.

Methylene blue (MB) is a cationic thiazine dye with the chemical name tetramethylthionine chloride. It has a characteristic deep blue color in the oxidized state, but the reduced form, leukomethylene blue (LMB), is colorless. Methylene blue has been widely used in a variety of clinical settings to identify anatomic (Manhes et al., ’94; Sills and Zinkham, ’94; Barber et al., ’95) and pathologic (Derom et al., ’93; Canto et al., ’96; Lee and Sharifi, ’96) structures and to treat methemoglobinemia (Curry, ’82; Ellis et al., ’95; Yang et al., ’95). It has also been used to inactivate viruses in fresh frozen plasma (Wieding et al., ’93), to treat chronic periodontitis (Gibson et al., ’94; Ower et al., ’95), to aid in the diagnosis of and targeted therapy for cancer (Orth et al., ’95; Link et al., ’96), and, experimentally, to treat septic shock (Schneider et al., ’92; Preiser et al., ’95; Brown et al., ’96; Driscoll et al., ’96). Intraamniotic injection of MB during obstetric procedures has been associated with serious adverse effects among newborns (Table 1). More recently, teratogenic effects have been reported following the injection of MB during midtrimester amniocentesis (Table 2). This article summarizes what is known about the biological actions of MB, the results of its use in obstetrics, and the evidence for its teratogenicity.
Games Hospitals Play: Entry Deterrence in Hospital Procedure Markets

Strategic investment models, though popular in the theoretical literature, have rarely been tested empirically. This paper develops a model of strategic investment in inpatient procedure markets, which are well-suited to empirical tests of this behavior. Potential entrants are easy to identify in such markets, enabling the researcher to accurately estimate the entry threat faced by different incumbents. I derive straightforward empirical tests of entry deterrence from a model of patient demand, procedure quality, and differentiated product competition. Using hospital data on electrophysiological studies, an invasive cardiac procedure, I find evidence of entry-deterring investment. These findings suggest that competitive motivations play a role in treatment decisions.
The Unforced Force of the Better Argument: Reason and Power in Habermas’ Political Theory

This chapter focuses on Jurgen Habermas’ most complex, sophisticated, and ambitious attempt to confront the tension between reason and power, an attempt found in his magnum opus of legal and political theory, Between Facts and Norms (BFN). It offers the conceptual framework of BFN, the core of which is the internal tension between facticity and validity, between power and reason. Habermas claims that the tension between facticity and validity is fundamental to the theory of communicative action. The core of Habermas’ distinctive account of power in BFN is his distinction between communicative and administrative power, with positive law functioning as the mediator and translator between the two. Following Max Weber, however, Habermas argues that modern, complex social orders cannot be based solely on this intrapsychic mechanism of internalized norms. The social integration that Habermas views as necessary for stability in complex, postconventional societies depends upon a double repression.
Mitochondrial DNA variation and HIV-associated sensory neuropathy in CHARTER

HIV-associated sensory neuropathy remains an important complication of combination antiretroviral therapy and HIV infection. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have previously been associated with symptomatic neuropathy in clinical trial participants. We examined associations between mitochondrial DNA variation and HIV-associated sensory neuropathy in CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER). CHARTER is a USA-based longitudinal observational study of HIV-infected adults who underwent a structured interview and standardized examination. HIV-associated sensory neuropathy was determined by trained examiners as ≥1 sign (diminished vibratory and sharp–dull discrimination or ankle reflexes) bilaterally. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing was performed and haplogroups were assigned by published algorithms. Multivariable logistic regression of associations between mitochondrial DNA SNPs, haplogroups, and HIV-associated sensory neuropathy were performed. In analyses of associations of each mitochondrial DNA SNP with HIV-associated sensory neuropathy, the two most significant SNPs were at positions A12810G [odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) = 0.27 (0.11–0.65); p = 0.004] and T489C [odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) = 0.41 (0.21–0.80); p = 0.009]. These synonymous changes are known to define African haplogroup L1c and European haplogroup J, respectively. Both haplogroups were associated with decreased prevalence of HIV-associated sensory neuropathy compared with all other haplogroups [odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) = 0.29 (0.12–0.71); p = 0.007 and odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) = 0.42 (0.18–1.0); p = 0.05, respectively]. In conclusion, in this cohort of mostly combination antiretroviral therapy-treated subjects, two common mitochondrial DNA SNPs and their corresponding haplogroups were associated with a markedly decreased prevalence of HIV-associated sensory neuropathy.
Deficiency of complement receptors CR2/CR1 in Cr2⁻/⁻ mice reduces the extent of secondary brain damage after closed head injury.

Complement activation at the C3 convertase level has been associated with acute neuroinflammation and secondary brain injury after severe head trauma. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that Cr2 -/- mice, which lack the receptors CR2/CD21 and CR1/CD35 for complement C3-derived activation fragments, are protected from adverse sequelae of experimental closed head injury. Adult wild-type mice and Cr2 -/- mice on a C57BL/6 genetic background were subjected to focal closed head injury using a standardized weight-drop device. Head-injured Cr2 -/- mice showed significantly improved neurological outcomes for up to 72 hours after trauma and a significantly decreased post-injury mortality when compared to wild-type mice. In addition, the Cr2 -/- genotype was associated with a decreased extent of neuronal cell death at seven days post-injury. Western blot analysis revealed that complement C3 levels were reduced in the injured brain hemispheres of Cr2 -/- mice, whereas plasma C3 levels remained unchanged, compared to wild-type mice. Finally, head-injured Cr2 -/- had an attenuated extent of post-injury C3 tissue deposition, decreased astrocytosis and microglial activation, and attenuated immunoglobulin M deposition in injured brains compared to wild-type mice. Targeting of these receptors for complement C3 fragments (CR2/CR1) may represent a promising future approach for therapeutic immunomodulation after traumatic brain injury.
Models of Human Evolution

Author(s): Glynn Ll. Isaac, Diahan Harley, James W. Wood, Linda D. Wolfe, J. Patrick Gray, John G. Robinson, Leslie S. Lieberman, Elizabeth H. Peters, Rebecca L. Cann, Allan C. Wilson and C. Owen Lovejoy Source: Science, New Series, Vol. 217, No. 4557 (Jul. 23, 1982), pp. 295-296+298+302-304+306 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1688761 . Accessed: 03/09/2014 11:25
A QoS-based framework for distributed content adaptation

The tremendous growth of the Internet has introduced a number of interoperability problems for distributed multimedia applications. These problems are related to the heterogeneity of client devices, network connectivity, content formats, and user's preferences. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for transcoding multimedia streams. The proposed infrastructure takes into consideration the profile of communicating devices, network connectivity, exchanged content format, context description, and available customization services to find a chain of services that could be applied to adapt the content to the required needed format. Part of the framework is a QoS-based selection algorithm that finds the best sequence of adaptation services which can maximize users' satisfaction with the delivered content.
Process and formulation variables in the preparation of wax microparticles by a melt dispersion technique. I. Oil-in-water technique for water-insoluble drugs

Ibuprofen-wax (carnauba, paraffin, beeswax, and the semisynthetic glyceryl esters--Gelucire 64/02 and Precirol ATO5) microparticles were prepared without organic solvents as an alternative to polymeric microparticles. In the melt dispersion technique, the drug-wax melt was emulsified into a heated aqueous phase followed by cooling to form the microparticles. The microparticles were characterized with respect to their drug loading, and morphological and release properties. They were spherical and non-agglomerated and drug loading close to 60 per cent were achieved. The more hydrophilic waxes (Gelucire 64/02 or Precirol ATO5) could be prepared without the use of surfactants. With the other waxes, increasing amounts of sodium lauryl sulphate in the external aqueous phase decreased the drug loading because of drug solubilization when compared to the polymeric stabilizer, poly(vinyl alcohol). The type of wax, the rate of cooling, and the temperature of the aqueous phase had no significant effect on the drug loading because of the low solubility of the drug in the external aqueous phase. The drug release was controlled by the hydrophobicity of the wax. Besides ibuprofen, other water-soluble drugs (ketoprofen, indomethacin, hydrocortisone) were also encapsulated by this method. The wax microparticles could be formulated into an aqueous sustained-release oral suspension dosage form.
Design of atomic force microscope cantilevers for combined thermomechanical writing and thermal reading in array operation

In thermomechanical data writing, a resistively-heated atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever tip forms indentations in a thin polymer film. The same cantilever operates as a thermal proximity sensor to detect the presence of previously written data bits. This paper uses recent progress in thermal analysis of the writing and reading modes to develop new cantilever designs for increased speed, sensitivity, and reduced power consumption in both writing and reading operation. Measurements of cantilever electrical resistance during heating reveals physical limits of cantilever writing and reading, and verifies a finite-difference thermal and electrical simulation of cantilever operation. This work proposes two new cantilever designs that correspond to fabrication technology benchmarks. Simulations predict that the proposed cantilevers have a higher data rate and are more sensitive than the present cantilever. The various cantilever designs offer single-bit writing times of 0.2 /spl mu/s-25 /spl mu/s for driving voltages of 2-25 V. The thermal reading /spl Delta/R/R sensitivity is as high as 4/spl times/10/sup -4/ per vertical nm in near steady-state operation.
Consensus Text Summarizer Based on Meta-Search Algorithms

Text summarization is an important problem, which has numerous applications. This problem has been extensively studied and many approaches have been proposed in the literature for its solution. In this paper, we investigate a new approach that employs meta-search. In particular, summaries from several summarizers are evaluated and a new summary is formed from these summaries. Clearly, this meta-summarizer will produce a better summary than any of the others since it exploits the special features of all the sources. We have employed data from Document Understanding Conference 2002 (DUC-2002) and 5 different summarizers in our experiments. We have also created our own summarizer.
Geopolymer with Hydrogel Characteristics via Silane Coupling Agent Additives

Geopolymers (GP) represent a fascinating alternative to typical structural ceramics, but all prior work has demonstrated substantial mesoporosity. This porosity is detrimental to mechanical properties as well as drying failure resistance. Here, mesoporosity in metakaolin Na-based GP has been reduced by an order of magnitude through the addition of acrylate-functional silane coupling agents, and the effect of this modification was extensively analyzed using a variety of characterization techniques. It was found that a critical concentration of approximately 0.06 mol methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane/mol GP was necessary for extensive property modification. Above this concentration, membranes and tubes of organic material could be observed, suggesting that only this surplus additive contributed to mesoporosity reduction. The source of this mesoporosity reduction is shown to be segregation of free water via hydrogel-like interaction caused by the formation of sodium acrylate groups.
Introduction: Phenomenology in Japan

The very title of this collection of essays, “Phenomenology in Japan” signals an effort that might well be called an attempt at cross cultural communication or cultural interchange. It might evoke curiosity or interest: “Phenomenology in Japan!” (as if to say, “how is phenomenology being done in Japan?” or “let’s see what the Japanese have to say about phenomenology!”); or it can be met with surprise: “Phenomenology, in Japan?” (as if to inquire, “are philosophers and social scientists really occupied with phenomenology in Japan?” or “can one really speak of a ‘phenomenological movement’ in Japan?”).
Acceleration of hemoglobin C crystallization by hemoglobin S

We previously reported that circulating hemoglobin (Hb) CC erythrocytes contain oxygenated HbC crystals with little or no HbF and that HbF inhibits in vitro crystallization of HbC. We now report that HbS accelerates in vitro crystallization of HbC. Crystals were formed in 1.8 mol/L potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 30 degrees C and were counted in several time intervals with a hematocytometer. The hemoglobin composition of Millipore-isolated crystals and supernatant were also analyzed. Under the conditions selected, 100% HbS formed needle-shaped crystals only after two hours. Pure HbC does not form crystals within 15 minutes, whereas a ratio of 10% HbS:90% HbC forms 1,100 crystals/mm3, 20% HbS:80% HbC forms 370 crystals/mm3, and 30% HbS:70% HbC forms 5 crystals/mm3. Crystals formed in the presence of HbS are tetragonal, as are pure HbC crystals. As compared with 100% HbC, HbA or albumin mixed with HbC showed a decreased number of crystals as a result of dilution. Analysis of the Hb content of isolated crystals by citrate agar gel electrophoresis showed that HbS was rapidly incorporated into the crystal in the same ratio over time. These results demonstrate that HbS accelerates crystallization of HbC with respect to the rates of crystallization of any of these two Hbs separately, through a mechanism that involves cocrystallization. These results may be significant in understanding SC disease.
Observed Emotions as Predictors of Quality of Kindergartners’ Social Relationships

This study evaluated whether positive and anger emotional frequency (the proportion of instances an emotion was observed) and intensity (the strength of an emotion when it was observed) uniquely predicted social relationships among kindergarteners (N = 301). Emotions were observed as naturally occurring at school in the fall term and multiple reporters (peers and teachers) provided information on quality of relationships with children in the spring term. In structural equation models, positive emotion frequency, but not positive emotion intensity, was positively related to peer acceptance and negatively related to peer rejection. In contrast, the frequency of anger provided unique positive prediction of teacher-student conflict and negative prediction of peer acceptance. Furthermore, anger intensity negatively predicted teacher-student closeness and positively predicted teacher-student conflict. Implications for promoting social relationships in school are discussed.
The Integration of Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition (PEALD) of Tantalum-Based Thin Films for Copper Diffusion Barrier Applications

A plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process for the growth of tantalumbased compounds is employed in integration studies for advanced copper metallization on a 200- mm wafer cluster tool platform. This process employs terbutylimido tris(diethylamido)tantalum (TBTDET) as precursor and hydrogen plasma as the reducing agent at a temperature of 250°C. Auger electron spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that the deposited films are carbide rich, and possess electrical resistivity as low as 250νΔcm, significantly lower than that of tantalum nitride deposited by conventional ALD or CVD using TBTDET and ammonia. PEALD Ta(C)N also possesses a strong resistance to oxidation, and possesses diffusion barrier properties superior to those of thermally grown TaN.
Covering the Hecke Triangle Surfaces

In the mid-1980s an equivalence was established between the simple closed geodesics on the Riemann surfaces obtained as quotients of the upper half plane H by any of the following subgroups of the modular group Γ(1) : Γ′, Γ(3), and Γ3. An axis of a hyperbolic element of Γ(1) projects to a simple closed geodesic on one of these surfaces if and only if it does so on the other two.