cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plastic flow of Mn2GeO4 I : Toward a rheological model of the Earth's transition zone

Knowledge of the rheological properties of the major mineral phases in the Earth's mantle transition zone between 410 and 660 km depths is lacking because quantitative high-T deformation experiments at P = 13-25 GPa are technologically impossible. To provide a quantitative estimate of the rheology of the upper portion of the transition zone, we have initiated a study of the rheology of α- and β-Mn 2 GeO 4 . The α ↔ β phase transition in Mn 2 GeO 4 occurs at 3.5-5.0 GPa, within the P range of our modified Griggs-type apparatus. These two phases are structural analogues of α- and β-(Mg 0.9 Fe 0.1 ) 2 SiO 4 , the most abundant minerals residing on either side of the 410-km seismic discontinuity. Our working hypothesis is that the change in rheological behavior upon the α ↔ β-olivine phase transition in Earth's mantle can be estimated quantitatively from the creep data of α- and β-Mn 2 GeO 4 through normalization of mechanical data against the respective solidus T. Here, we report for the first time rheological data for α-Mn 2 GeO 4 olivine. We also examine the systematics of dislocation creep rheological properties of olivines with respect to homologous T. Polycrystals of α-Mn 2 GeO 4 olivine were deformed at strain rates (∈) of 10 -5 -10 -4 s -1 , T of 1000-1200 K and P of 0.4-3.8 GPa under both dry and wet conditions using both Griggs apparatus and gas-medium deformation apparatus. As observed in mantle olivine, water significantly weakens α-Mn 2 GeO 4 . At similar homologous T and f 01 , the strength of α-Mn 2 GeO 4 agrees with those of the other olivines within a factor of ∼4, suggesting that dislocation creep of olivines is determined to a large extent by common bonding and structural characteristics. Therefore, combining the new data on α-Mn 2 GeO 4 with the well-documented data for α-(Mg 0.9 Fe 0.1 ) 2 SiO 4 olivine should allow calculation of the rheology across the upper mantle-transition zone boundary when rheological data on β-Mn 2 GeO 4 become available from our ongoing studies.
Control and implementation of converter based ac transmission line emulation

An ultra-wide-area transmission network emulator, also called hardware test-bed (HTB), is being developed to emulate the large-scale interconnected power systems by using regenerative converters. Ac transmission line emulator is a key component in this system to connect two-area grid and to study the ac system's behavior under different scenarios. In this paper, two generic approaches of emulating the ac transmission line are developed based on back-to-back (BTB) voltage source converters (VSC), corresponding to the phasor domain model and discrete time domain model respectively. Two control schemes are presented, both showing less dependency on the communication speed and digital delay, thus enabling high accuracy and the possibility to emulate the dynamics of ac line flow. The impacts of BTB converter losses on the emulation performance are also analyzed, and the corresponding solution is provided. Finally, simulation and experimental results obtained from a scale-down three-phase prototype well verify the modeling and control scheme of the ac line emulation under normal operation and tripping line scenarios.
3D Stochastic Modeling of Microstructure Evolution during the Solidification of Dendritic Alloys

A comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) stochastic model for simulating the evolution of dendritic crystals during the solidification of binary alloys was developed. The model includes time-dependent computations for temperature distribution, solute redistribution in the liquid and solid phases, curvature, and growth anisotropy. 3D mesoscopic computations at the dendrite tip length scale were performed to simulate the evolution of columnar and equiaxed dendritic morphologies and compared then with predictions obtained with 2D mesoscopic computations.
Distance Learning for Special Populations.

Distance education strategies for remotely deployed, highly mobile, or institutionalized populations are reviewed and critiqued. Specifically, asynchronous, offline responses for special military units, Native Americans on remote reservations, prison populations and other geographically, temporally or technologically isolated niche populations are explored.
City Bound: How States Stifle Urban Innovation – By Gerald E. Frug and David J. Barron

A review of the book "City Bound: How States Stifle Urban Innovation," by Gerald E. Frug and David J. Barron is presented.
The CHL 1 (CTF 1) gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for chromosome transmission and normal cell cycle progression in G2/M.

Abstract We have analyzed the CTF1 gene, identified in a screen for mutants with decreased chromosome transmission fidelity and shown to correspond to the previously identified chl1 mutation. Chl1 null mutants exhibited a 200-fold increase in the rate of chromosome III missegregation per cell division, and near wild-type rates of marker homozygosis on this chromosome by mitotic recombination. Analysis of the segregation of a marker chromosome indicated that sister chromatid loss (1:0 segregation) and sister chromatid non-disjunction (2:0 segregation) contributed equally to chromosome missegregation. A genomic clone of CHL1 was isolated and used to map its physical position on chromosome XVI. Nucleotide sequence analysis of CHL1 revealed a 2.6 kb open reading frame with a 99 kd predicted protein sequence that contained two PEST sequences and was 23% identical to the coding region of a nucleotide excision repair gene, RAD3. Domains of homology between these two predicted protein sequences included a helix-turn-helix motif and an ATP binding site containing a helicase consensus. Mutants lacking the CHL1 gene product are viable and display two striking, and perhaps interrelated, phenotypes: extreme chromosome instability and a delay in cell cycle progression in G2/M. This delay is independent of the cell cycle checkpoint that requires the function of the RAD9 gene.
C-Reactive Protein and Lesion Morphology

To the Editor: Sano et al1 in a recent work using intravascular ultrasound examined the relationship between lesion morphology and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with acute myocardial infarction. They found that elevated CRP is related to the presence of ruptured plaque, and this may reflect the inflammatory activity of the ruptured plaque. The importance of stenosis morphology in predicting the high-risk stenoses that will progress to acute myocardial infarction has been …
The HIP1 binding site is required for growth regulation of the dihydrofolate reductase gene promoter.

Abstract The transcription rate of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene increases at the G1/S boundary of the proliferative cell cycle. Through analysis of transiently and stably transfected NIH 3T3 cells, we have now demonstrated that DHFR promoter sequences extending from -270 to +20 are sufficient to confer similar regulation on a reporter gene. Mutation of a protein binding site that spans sequences from -16 to +11 in the DHFR promoter resulted in loss of the transcriptional increase at the G1/S boundary. Purification of an activity from HeLa nuclear extract that binds to this region enriched for a 180-kDa polypeptide (HIP1). Using this HIP1 preparation, we have identified specific positions within the binding site that are critical for efficient protein-DNA interactions. An analysis of association and dissociation rates suggests that bound HIP1 protein can exchange rapidly with free protein. This rapid exchange may facilitate the burst of transcriptional activity from the DHFR promoter at the G1/S boundary.
Treatment patterns and resource use among patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder.

AbstractObjective:To descriptively analyze patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and medical resource use of individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) with and without comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD).Research design and methods:Using an administrative claims database, commercially insured adults diagnosed with DM were studied over the calendar years 2005 and 2006. Demographic characteristics, comorbid illnesses, medication use, resource utilization, and costs were examined descriptively among patients with DM both with and without comorbid MDD.Results:Patients with DM and MDD were found to have a high resource burden, compared to patients with DM without MDD. Specifically, these patients were found to be more likely to be diagnosed with other comorbid medical conditions, to use multiple medications, and to use more healthcare services such as inpatient visits, emergency admissions, and outpatient visits. Consistent with these findings, costs for these patients were found to be $19,707 per ye...
Molecular systematics of neotropical cat-eyed snakes: a test of the monophyly of Leptodeirini (Colubridae: Dipsadinae) with implications for character evolution and biogeography

The Leptodeirini has been presumed to be a monophyletic assemblage based on albumin immunological data and morphology and consisted of neotropical cat-eyed snakes (Leptodeira), blunt-headed vine snakes (Imantodes), nightsnakes (Eridiphas, Hypsiglena, and Pseudoleptodeira), and the cloud forest snake (Cryophis). In the present study, approximately 1.4 kb of mitochondrial DNA sequence data (from cob and nad4) were collected to test the monophyly of the Leptodeirini. These data were analysed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. None of the results supported the monophyly of the Leptodeirini. There was strong support for a clade containing Imantodes and Leptodeira, and another clade containing the nightsnakes, with the latter placed closer to Cryophis and other dipsadine genera (Sibon, Dipsas, and Atractus). This partial reassessment of the Dipsadinae infers the group to have an ancestral condition of being rear-fanged, mildly venomous, and feeding on ectothermal vertebrates, with a more derived radiation that has lost the rear-fanged, venomous condition and has a diet specialized on invertebrates. A brief discussion on the biogeography of the dipsadines shows the group to be much older (Palaeocene), consistent with earlier views, as opposed to a more recent (Miocene) hypothesis, as has been recently suggested. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 483–500.
Effects of anti-estrogens on testosterone stimulated male sexual behavior and peripheral target tissues in the castrate male rat ☆ ☆☆

Abstract In the first experiment castrated male rats were injected daily with either vehicle or 800 μg testosterone together with either 6 hr pretreatment or concurrent treatment with the anti-estrogens CI-628 (4 mg) or MER-25 (20 mg). The only treatment found to significantly reduce male copulatory behavior was concurrent treatment with CI-628. Anti-estrogen treatment was also found to slightly reduce body weights, increase seminal vesicle weights in response to testosterone and to have no significant effects on androgen stimulated increases in penis weight and length. In the second experiment castrated male rats were injected daily with either vehicle or 500 μg testosterone together with two 2.5 mg injections of CI-628 given 6 hr before and concurrent with the androgen injections. The anti-estrogen treatment was found to markedly inhibit the display of male sexual behavior, to reduce body weights, and to stimulate seminal vesicle weights. Penile weights and lengths were again not effected by the anti-estrogen therapy. These results were interpreted as supporting the theory that testosterone stimulated male sexual behavior in the rat following its aromatization to estradiol in the brain.
Development of coded emergency alarms through word-association tasks

Information about a fire must be delivered to hospital personnel while being concealed from the patient population. Standard word-association procedures were used to develop the optimal coded message for such a situation. These procedures capitalized on connotation of words used in the code to communicate the situation to affected personnel.
Pathologic findings and prostate specific antigen outcome after radical prostatectomy for patients diagnosed on the basis of a single microscopic focus of prostate carcinoma with a Gleason score ≤ 7

BACKGROUND Whether patients who are diagnosed on the basis of a single microscopic focus of prostate carcinoma with a Gleason score ≤ 7 (micro PC) have potentially life-threatening disease if they are not treated is unknown. METHODS Pathologic findings and prostate specific antigen (PSA) outcome after radical prostatectomy (RP) for men who were diagnosed with micro PC were determined. Of 917 patients who were managed with RP during 1989–1999 at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, 66 patients (7%) were diagnosed on the basis of micro PC. Pathologic stage, tumor grade, tumor volume, margin status, and PSA outcome were investigated and are reported. Estimates of PSA outcome were calculated using the actuarial method of Kaplan and Meier. Pairwise comparisons were made using the log rank test. RESULTS The finding of micro PC at biopsy was associated with macroscopic disease (involving at least half of a single lobe) in 92% of the patients in this series. Although these men had favorable pathologic findings (94% had organ confined disease, 89% had negative tumor margins, and 79% had a prostatectomy Gleason score ≤ 6), approximately 10% of the patients failed biochemically within 5 years after RP. CONCLUSIONS The finding of micro PC at biopsy should not be used as a surrogate for clinically insignificant disease. Cancer 2000;89:1810–7. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Disentangling the Relationship between Legislative Professionalism and Government Spending

Recent movements to deprofessionalize American state legislatures have been driven partly by the notion that professional legislators spend more than their citizen counterparts. This article explores the relationship between legislative professionalism and government spending, a connection complicated by the possibility that legislators in high-spending states may choose professional institutions to handle their responsibilities more effectively. I employed propensity score matching, an increasingly used technique of causal inference, to disentangle the relationship. Contrary to previous academic work and popular notions, I found that professional legislatures do not spend significantly more than part-time bodies do, if one accounts for the fact that legislatures in high-spending states have a greater need to be professionalized and therefore select those structural frameworks. These findings have important implications for the study of the effects of legislative institutions on public policies more generally and attest to the utility of recently developed techniques of causal inference to disentangle these relationships.
The genetic basis of patterned baldness in Drosophila

Norbert Perrimon Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Genetics Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Studies of segment polarity genes, which specify cellular identities within the Drosophila segmented embryonic epi- dermis, have identified two secreted proteins, wingless (wg) and hedgehog (hh), that play key roles in instructing cells about their fates within the segments. These mole- cules appear to function as signals in two temporally dis- tinct pathways. First, through short-range interactions, cells expressing the wg and hh signals stabilize their mu- tual expression. Second, these signals pattern cell types at a distance, acting either as morphogens or by the trig- gering of a cascade of local signaling responses and ulti- mately a determination of whether epidermal cells differ- entiate various kinds of hairs or naked cuticle. The functions of many other segment polarity genes can be explained either as regulators or transducers within the signaling pathways of these two primary signals. Wg and hh are also implicated in long-range signaling that estab- lishes cellular patterning within the imaginal discs. The components that mediate the wg and hh effects in both the embryo and imaginal discs are similar, indicating that these signals activate biochemical cascades that have been conserved between cell types. Identification of these molecules in vertebrates also suggests that these path- ways have been conserved during evolution. lntrasegmental patterning In the Drosophila embryo, the first morphological sign of segmentation begins at mid-stage 10 with the formation of metameric units or parasegments (Figure 1). The anterior boundaries of the pair rule genes fus/?Ctafazu and even-
A framework for analyzing both linkage and association: An analysis of Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 simulated data

We examine a Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo framework for simultaneous segregation and linkage analysis in the simulated single-nucleotide polymorphism data provided for Genetic Analysis Workshop 16. We conducted linkage only, linkage and association, and association only tests under this framework. We also compared these results with variance-component linkage analysis and regression analyses. The results indicate that the method shows some promise, but finding genes that have very small (<0.1%) contributions to trait variance may require additional sources of information. All methods examined fared poorly for the smallest in the simulated "polygene" range (h2 of 0.0015 to 0.0002).
Righteous modeling: The competence of classical population genetics

In a recent article, “Wayward Modeling: Population Genetics and Natural Selection,” Bruce Glymour claims that population genetics is burdened by serious predictive and explanatory inadequacies and that the theory itself is to blame. Because Glymour overlooks a variety of formal modeling techniques in population genetics, his arguments do not quite undermine a major scientific theory. However, his arguments are extremely valuable as they provide definitive proof that those who would deploy classical population genetics over natural systems must do so with careful attention to interactions between individual population members and environmental causes. Glymour’s arguments have deep implications for causation in classical population genetics.
Dimensions of national culture and the productivity of R&D units

Abstract This research examined the ability of Hofstede's (1980) cultural dimensions to predict productivity for 302 industrial and 506 academic research and development units from Austria, Belgium, Finland, and Sweden contained in the UNESCO International Comparative Study (Andrews, 1979). As hypothesized, low power distance and high masculinity each predicted productivity output counts. Uncertainty avoidance was not a significant predictor of productivity, and hypotheses for performance efficiency ratings were not supported. Implications for Hofstede's concepts and the management of research and development are discussed.
Comparison of competitive protein binding radioassay of cortisol to double isotope dilution and Porter Silber methods.

Abstract The competitive protein binding radioassay of corticoids was performed on 4 pools of plasma, and the results compared to those obtained on the same pools by paper chromatography and protein binding, double isotope dilution, and colorimetric (Porter-Silber reaction) techniques. In the low and normal ranges, the colorimetric method was the only one significantly different, i.e., higher. In the high ranges the colorimetric method was significantly higher; while the paper chromatography and protein binding techniques were significantly lower than the protein binding radioassay for corticoids.
Accurate and efficient full-wave electromagnetic analysis of scattering from hailstones

Numerically rigorous full-wave electromagnetic analysis of scattering from hailstones based primarily on the method of moments is presented. The analysis employs generalized curved hexahedral volume and surface elements of arbitrary geometrical-mapping orders, current polynomial vector basis functions of arbitrarily high expansion orders, and higher order modeling of inhomogeneous lossy dielectric materials. The method can accurately and efficiently model and analyze scattering from dry, wet, and melting hailstones of various realistic shapes and material compositions, including layered models and continuous variations of the dielectric permittivity.
Biophysical studies of bacterial ribosome assembly

The assembly of the bacterial ribosome involves the association of over 50 proteins to 3 large RNA molecules, and it represents a major metabolic activity for rapidly growing bacteria. The availability of atomic structures of the ribosome and the application of biochemical and biophysical methods have led to rapid progress in understanding the mechanistic details of ribosome assembly. The basic steps required to assemble a ribosome are outlined, and the contributions of mass spectrometry, computational methods, and RNA-folding studies in understanding these steps are detailed. This complex process takes place with both sequential and parallel processing that is coordinated to ensure efficient and complete assembly of ribosomes to meet the demands of cell growth.
Pseudomonas or LPS exposure alters CFTR iodide efflux in 2WT2 epithelial cells with time and dose dependence

Abstract The most common heritable genetic disease in the United States, cystic fibrosis (CF), is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel that interacts with and regulates a number of other proteins. The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa infects 80% of patients causing decreased pulmonary function and life expectancy. It is not known how malfunction of the chloride channel allows for preferential colonization of patients by a single pathogen. The hypothesis that CFTR interacts with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to phagocytize bacteria was tested. A competitive antagonist of TLR4, MKLPS, was studied for its effect in gentamicin-protection-based bacterial invasion assays. Pre-incubation (15 min 50 μg/mL) with MKLPS did not alter the rate of phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa by cultured epithelia. However, further studies with GFP-transfected P. aeruginosa revealed prominent antibiotic resistant microcolonies were formed. If CFTR is involved in phagocytosis of the bacteria, then internalization was predicted to decrease in iodide efflux. Surprisingly, cultured epithelia exposed to P. aeruginosa for 15 min showed increased cAMP-activated iodide efflux through CFTR. In addition, 15-min exposure to bacterial cell wall component, LPS, purified from P. aeruginosa also increased CFTR iodide efflux in a dose-dependent manner (50, 100 and 200 μg/mL LPS had 25%, 37% and 47% increase). In a reversal of this phenomenon, shorter 5-min exposure to 100 μg/mL LPS resulted in a 25% decrease in forskolin-activated CFTR channel activity compared to controls. This data is consistent with a model in which CFTR is removed from the plasma membrane during phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa followed by recruitment of channels to the membrane to replace those removed during phagocytosis. More studies are needed to confirm this model, but this is the first report of a bacterial product causing a biphasic time-dependent and a dose-dependent alteration of CFTR channel activity.
Condition-dependent reproductive tactics by large and small anadromous male sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

Reproductive tactics, aggression and courtship by large and small (jack) male sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka with ripe females in temporary enclosures depended on the size and behaviour of the competitor, not the size of the focal male. When paired with other jacks or with large but less aggressive males, jacks fought for access to ripe females rather than sneaking, but used sneaking tactics when paired with large, aggressive males. Dominant males of both size groups courted actively and females spawned readily with all combinations of males.
Circadian Feeding Time Affects Growth of Fish

Abstract Goldfish Carassius auratus were maintained on a 12L:12D (12-hour-light:12-hour-dark) photoperiod at 14 C and fed 1% of body weight once daily for 3 weeks. The fish had differences in growth depending on the feeding time relative to the light-dark cycle: Fish fed 18 hours after light onset (6 hours into darkness) grew more than others. Common carp Cyprinus carpio were maintained on a 16L:8D photoperiod at 15 C and fed 2% of body weight at one of six feeding times for 5 months. There were no consistent growth differences among treatments, nor any apparent debilitating effects of long-term enforced feeding times on common carp. The feeding time most conducive to body-weight gain appears to vary with the season and among cultured fish species. Timing the daily meal may be a valuable tool for aquaculture.
Providing auditing while protecting privacy

Abstract Historically, there has been tension between performance and privacy of information systems because of the crucial role of collection of usage data. In this paper, we examine how a number of different architectures approach this tension. We present both enhancements to traditional software architectures and an architecture that resolves this conflict. We discuss a cryptographic technique called secret counting that allows us to collect aggregate data. We discuss these architectures and techniques in the context of the specific application of library information systems.
Recognition and multiculturalism in education

Charles Taylor’s ‘Politics of Recognition’ has given philosophical substance to the idea of ‘recognition’ and has solidified a link between recognition and multiculturalism. I argue that Taylor oversimplifies the valuational basis of recognition; fails to appreciate the difference between recognition of individuals and of groups; fails to articulate the value of individuality; fails to appreciate the difference between race and ethnoculture as dimensions of identity; and fails to appreciate equality as a recognitional value. The value of recognition in education goes beyond multiculturalism, and the reasons for multiculturalism go far beyond recognitional concerns.
Histamine H1 receptors in UC-11MG astrocytes and their regulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+.

Abstract Experiments were carried out on UC-11MG human astrocytoma cells, a continuous cell line that expresses a broad range of the biochemical and electrophysiological properties found in well-differentiated astrocytes. Because of a number of recent reports that astrocytes may express receptors for a variety of neuro-active substances, we measured the effects of 12 different neurotransmitters on intracellular free Ca 2+ (Ca i 2+ ) in UC-11MG cells. Of these neurotransmitters only histamine was found to have a significant effect. Further characterization of the nature of the histamine response showed that UC-11MG cells express mepyramine-sensitive H 1 receptors the activation of which causes both mobilization of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores and entry of Ca 2+ from the extracellular solution. No evidence was found for the presence of H 2 receptors. The Ca i 2+ response was maximal at 300 μM histamine and was attenuated by increasing cell density. We suggest that this neurotransmitter may play a role in astrocytic function in the human CNS.
Selection of high-level abamectin resistance from field-collected house flies, Musca domestica.

Abamectin is a novel, highly promising insecticide with activity against many pests. To determine if resistance to abamectin could occur, we collected house flies from several New York dairies and selected them in the laboratory. Resistance developed repidly and to a high level (36 or>60,000-fold, depending upon test technique and/or adjuvant) that could not be overcome by the synergists piperonyl butoxide orS,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate. There was no increase in (cross)resistance to crotoxyphos, dichlorvos, dimethoate, tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin, dieldrin or lindane following abamectin selection. Our results suggest the potential for abamectin resistance is high, at least in house flies, and that the judicious use of abamectin will be needed to prolong its usefulness as an insecticide.
Identification of a novel transcription factor, ACF, in cultured avian fibroblast cells that interacts with a Marek's disease virus late gene promoter.

Abstract Interactions between factors in duck and chick embryo fibroblast (DEF and CEF, respectively) nuclear extracts and the Marek's disease virus (MDV) gp57–65 gene promoter were investigated. Results of in vitro transcription and gel mobility-shift assays indicated that multiple cellular factors interact with 5′-flanking sequences of the MDV gp57–65 gene. One sequence-specific DNA binding activity (termed ACF for avian cell factor(s)) was identified by interaction of DEF and CEF nuclear extract proteins with a particular site (nucleotides −193 to −177) in the MDV gp57–65 gene promoter. Binding of ACF to its apparent recognition sequence, contained within the 17-bp oligonucleotide 5′-CTAGTTTACTTGTTTGT-3′ (ACF-12), was highly sequence-specific. Radiolabeled ACF-12 oligonucleotide bound significant ACF protein in the presence of a 400-fold molar excess of unlabeled nonspecific competitor DNA. A similar amount of specific competitor completely abolished ACF binding to probe DNA. Deletion of the ACF binding site from MDV gp57–65 gene promoters linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene reduced expression of CAT activity by twofold relative to that seen with a gp57–65 promoter-CAT construct containing an intact ACF binding site. Transfection inhibition assays using double-stranded ACF binding site competitors reduced steady-state levels of gp57–65 mRNA in MDV infected cells by over twofold relative to those in control infected cells. Introduction of a similar amount of nonspecific double-stranded oligonucleotide had no adverse effect on gp57–65 mRNA levels. These data suggest that ACF is important for efficient expression of gp57–65.
Simultaneous optimization of dose and focus controls in advanced ArF immersion scanners

We have developed a new scheme of process control combining a CD metrology system and an exposure tool. A new model based on Neural Networks has been created in KLA-Tencor's "KT Analyzer" which calculates the dose and focus errors simultaneously from CD parameters, such as mid CD and height information, measured by a scatterometry (OCD) measurement tool. The accuracy of this new model was confirmed by experiment. Nikon's "CDU master" then calculated the control parameters for dose and focus per each field from the dose and focus error data of a reference wafer provided by KT Analyzer. Using the corrected parameters for dose and focus from CDU master, we exposed wafers on an NSR-S610C (ArF immersion scanner), and measured the CDU on a KLA SCD100 (OCD tool). As a result, we confirmed that CDU in the entire wafer can be improved more than 60% (from 3.36nm (3σ) to 1.28nm (3σ)).
Implementing The Difference-Squared Error Algorithm Using An Acousto-Optic Processor

Real-time electronic and optical pattern recognition systems use correlation as a means for discriminating objects of interest from unwanted objects and residual clutter in an input scene. However, correlation is not a good technique for certain gray-level input images particularly when the background has a high average value such as encountered in automatic target recognition environments. A better algorithm for these types of environments involves computing the difference-squared error between a reference template and the input image. This algorithm has been used for many years for recognizing gray-level images; however, because of the large number of bits of precision required to perform these computations, the algorithm is difficult to implement in real-time using an electronic embedded computer where small size and low power are at a premium. This paper describes a method for implementing the difference-squared algorithm on an acousto-optic time-integrating correlator. This implementation can accommodate the high dynamic range requirement which is inherent in gray-scale recognition problems. The acousto-optic correlator architecture is a natural fit for this implementation because of its capability to perform two-dimensional processing utilizing relatively mature one-dimensional input devices. Furthermore, since this architecture uses an electronically stored reference, rotational and scale variances can be accommodated by rapidly searching through a library of templates, as first described by Psaltis2. The ability to implement the difference-squared algorithm in an acousto-optic correlator architecture has the potential for solving many practical target recognition problems where real-time discrimination of gray-level objects using a compact, low power processor is required.
Localization for random and quasiperiodic potentials

A survey is made of some recent mathematical results and techniques for Schrodinger operators with random and quasiperiodic potentials. A new proof of localization for random potentials, established in collaboration with H. von Dreifus, is sketched.
JNC VI guidelines

1take exception to some of the recommendations of the JNC VI guidelines. First, they state that these recommendations are “closer to consensus-based guidelines than evidence-based guidelines”. In fact, as repeatedly noted in JNC VI, the so-called compelling indications for diuretics and -blockers in uncomplicated hypertension and for various agents in four situations (diabetic nephropathy, congestive heart failure, isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly, and postmyocardial infarction) are all evidence based. Unlike Furberg and Psaty’s repeated tirades against calcium antagonists, all based on weak, retrospective, uncontrolled casecontrol studies, JNC VI used only data from randomised controlled trials (RTCs) as the basis for their recommendations. The indication for longacting dihydropyridines for isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly comes mainly from the large Syst-Eur trial, 2 which Furberg and
The formation of stable acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts in a red blood cell model.

The formation of stable hemoglobin adducts was examined (in the absence of an added reducing agent) in metabolizing red blood cells (RBCs) exposed to micromolar concentrations of acetaldehyde For up to 48 hours in vitro. The rapid disappearance of acetaldehyde due to oxidation by RBC aldehyde dehydrogenase was prevented by pretreating the cells with the inhibitor cyanamide. The RBCs remained viable for 48 hours (37 o C) as determined by cell hemolysis and glycolytic activity
Long-term variability in Northern Hemisphere snow cover and associations with warmer winters

A monthly snow accumulation and melt model is used with gridded monthly temperature and precipitation data for the Northern Hemisphere to generate time series of March snow-covered area (SCA) for the period 1905 through 2002. The time series of estimated SCA for March is verified by comparison with previously published time series of SCA for the Northern Hemisphere. The time series of estimated Northern Hemisphere March SCA shows a substantial decrease since about 1970, and this decrease corresponds to an increase in mean winter Northern Hemisphere temperature. The increase in winter temperature has caused a decrease in the fraction of precipitation that occurs as snow and an increase in snowmelt for some parts of the Northern Hemisphere, particularly the mid-latitudes, thus reducing snow packs and March SCA. In addition, the increase in winter temperature and the decreases in SCA appear to be associated with a contraction of the circumpolar vortex and a poleward movement of storm tracks, resulting in decreased precipitation (and snow) in the low- to mid-latitudes and an increase in precipitation (and snow) in high latitudes. If Northern Hemisphere winter temperatures continue to warm as they have since the 1970s, then March SCA will likely continue to decrease.
Habitat Associations and Population Trends of Two Hawks in an Urbanizing Grassland Region in Colorado

Despite increasing interest in the ecological effects of urbanization, relatively little is known about its effects in grasslands. We examined population trends and habitat associations of two predators, the rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus) and the red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis), in a rapidly urbanizing grassland region at the western edge of the North American Great Plains. Count data indicate that rough-legged hawk populations declined in the area by nearly 75% between 1971 and 2003, at the same time that numbers of red-tailed hawks more than tripled. These changes were not part of wider regional trends, nor were they buffered by development of an open space system in one of the urbanizing counties. While the human population grew steadily over the 33-year period, hawk numbers did not begin to change significantly until the early 1980s, suggesting landscape threshold responses to development. Rough-legged hawks remaining in the area between 1999 and 2002 avoided human settlements and hunted in places with tracts of treeless grassland. In contrast, red-tailed hawks selected relatively tall perches in trees or on utility poles from which to hunt, in areas closer to buildings and roads than randomly selected plots, and remained abundant in the mosaic of developed and rural agricultural lands. The failure of the grassland open space system to sustain the rough-legged hawk, and other bird species characteristic of treeless open prairie, illustrates the challenges of conserving fauna with apparent hypersensitivity to the three-dimensional habitat complexity that accompanies even modest amounts of development.
A cusp catastrophe: Hysteresis, bimodality, and inaccessibility in rabbit eyelid conditioning

Abstract Three properties of the cusp catastrophe: bimodality, inaccessibility, and hysteresis were evaluated in rabbit eyelid conditioning. Bimodality was evidenced by the fact that responding tended to occur at either very low or very high levels, and inaccessibility by the fact that intermediate levels of responding were rarely encountered. Hysteresis was demonstrated when: (a) levels of responding attained under a continuous schedule of reinforcement were largely maintained by a schedule which was too lean to promote conditioning by itself; and (b) levels of responding attained with a high intensity unconditional stimulus were largely maintained by a lower intensity unconditional stimulus which was too weak to promote conditioning in its own right. These results are consistent with the model of conditioning suggested by P. W. Frey and R. J. Sears (Psychological Review, 1978 , 85 , 321–340) which postulates response-mapping rules based on the cusp catastrophe.
Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and expression of matrix GLA protein in the kidneys.

Objectives Polymorphism of the gene for matrix GLA protein (MGP), a calcification inhibitor, is associated with nephrolithiasis. However, experimental investigations of MGP role in stone pathogenesis are limited. We determined the effect of renal epithelial exposure to oxalate (Ox), calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate (COM) or hydroxyapatite (HA) crystal on the expression of MGP.
Comparative Economic Impact Analyses: Differences Across Cities, Events, and Demographics:

Numerous amateur sporting events have grown significantly in stature and interest in the past several years. Moreover, these events have realized significant economic benefits for their respective communities. In an attempt to identify the key determinants of economic impact, this article offers numerous comparative economic impact data for amateur sporting events. The comparisons are across various categories, including the same event in different cities, the same city but different events, women’s versus men’s events, and events involving junior athletes compared to those involving senior athletes. Collectively, these comparisons demonstrate that the number and origin of nonlocal visitors, the proximity of teams involved, visitor spending patterns, length of stay, and operational and organizational expenditures by nonlocal entities affiliated with events are the largest determinants of economic impact for a given event.
Myelin/Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein–Specific T-Cells Induce Severe Optic Neuritis in the C57Bl/6 Mouse

Purpose The optic nerve is a common site of tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To determine the relationship between optic neuritis (ON) and EAE, we examined the incidence of ON in C57BL/6 (B6) mice immunized with a myelin oligodendrocyte/glycoprotein (MOG)-derived peptide or injected with MOG-specific T cells, which are known to induce EAE. Methods Mice were immunized with MOG35-55 or MOG40-54 peptides emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Pertussis toxin (PTX) was injected intraperitoneally 1 day before and after immunization. For disease induction by adoptive transfer of primed cells, donor C57BL/6 mice were received with T-cell blasts (1-6 x 10(6)/mouse). Both EAE and ON were observed by either clinical signs or histology. Results ON developed in a high proportion of B6 mice treated with either protocol. The most severe inflammation was observed in the adoptively transferred mice. The induced ON was most frequently bilateral. In either actively or adoptively transferred diseases, both association and dissociation of EAE and ON was observed. Conclusions Different MOG-specific T-cell subsets might be involved in the pathogenesis of EAE and ON. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of ON after induction by MOG may have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
Picomolar peroxide detection using a chemically activated redox mediator and square wave voltammetry

A method for low-level, low-potential electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide using a chemically activated redox mediator is presented. This method is unique in that it utilizes a mediator, Amplex Red, which is only redox-active when chemically oxidized by H2O2 in the presence of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). When employed in concert with microelectrode square wave voltammetry to optimize sensing at ultralow concentrations (<1 μM), this method exhibits marked improvements in analytical sensitivity and detection limits (limit of detection as low as 8 pM) over existing protocols. Sensing schemes incorporating both freely diffusing and immobilized HRP are evaluated, and the resulting analytical sensitivities are 1.22 ± 0.04 and (2.1 ± 0.6) × 10-1 μA/(μM mm2), respectively, for peroxide concentrations in the high picomolar to low micromolar range. A second linear region exists for lower peroxide concentrations. Furthermore, quantitative enzyme kinetics analysis using Michaelis−Menten paramet...
Recursive $\ell_{1,\infty}$ Group Lasso

We introduce a recursive adaptive group lasso algorithm for real-time penalized least squares prediction that produces a time sequence of optimal sparse predictor coefficient vectors. At each time index the proposed algorithm computes an exact update of the optimal l1,∞-penalized recursive least squares (RLS) predictor. Each update minimizes a convex but nondifferentiable function optimization problem. We develop an on-line homotopy method to reduce the computational complexity. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the l1 regularized RLS algorithm for a group sparse system identification problem and has lower implementation complexity than direct group lasso solvers.
A theoretical model of the potential impact of diversity cultures on individual level outcomes

This study focused on creating a conceptual model illustrating the potential individual level outcomes a diversity culture may manifest. Utilising Fink and Pastore’s (1999) diversity management model as a framework, this study evaluated the theoretical impact the various diversity cultures may have on different individual level outcomes: managerial stereotypes, motivation to transfer learning, organisational commitment, work-family conflict, and psychological safety. A conceptual model proposed the different effects a diversity culture may have on individual level outcomes, as well as on organisational level outcomes. Generally, this article suggests a proactive diversity culture leads to positive individual outcomes, which may ultimately produce better organisational performance.
Momentum transfer in electron-polar-molecule collisions: Results of semiclassical perturbation scattering theory

Semiclassical perturbation scattering theory is applied to electron-polar-molecule collisions, assuming a pure charge-dipole interaction potential. Cross sections for momentum transfer are given in terms of dimensionless parameters involving the moment of inertia and dipole moment of the target, and the mass, charge, and energy of the projectile. A range of these parameters is explored corresponding to collisions at energies above about 0.1 eV for most molecules. For large values of the dipole moment, the momentum transfer is much smaller than the prediction of the first-order Born approximation, and involves significant contributions both from elastic scattering and from transitions with large values of vertical-bar ..delta..j vertical-bar. The behavior of the cross section as a function of the rotational quantum number j is found to obey a simple scaling rule.
Cellular myxoma of soft tissue: a clinicopathological study of 38 cases confirming indolent clinical behaviour.

Cellular myxoma of soft tissue: a clinicopathological study of 38 cases confirming indolent clinical behaviour Aims: To characterize the clinicopathological features and biological potential of a group of soft tissue lesions with morphology intermediate between intramuscular myxoma and low-grade myxofibrosarcoma. Methods and results: Thirty-eight lesions in 37 patients were retrieved from the authors’ consultation files. Clinical and follow-up data were obtained and the lesions were also studied immunohistochemically. Tumours occurred in adults aged 25–83 years (mean 51.9 years) with a slight predominance in females. All cases, except two, were solitary. The extremities were preferentially involved (18 lower limb; nine upper limb), with seven lesions arising around the upper (2/7) and lower limb (5/7) girdles and four lesions occurring at other locations. Twenty-nine of 31 of the tumours, for which the depth was known, were situated deep to the superficial fascia, although only 19 were strictly intramuscular. Histologically these lesions were both more cellular and more vascular than intramuscular myxoma, while lacking the cytological pleomorphism, nuclear atypia and curvilinear vascular pattern characteristic of low-grade myxofibrosarcoma. CD34 positivity in lesional cells was identified in 17/30 (57%) cases, probably reflecting their fibroblastic nature. Staining for α-smooth muscle actin was focally positive in 3/30 (10%) cases, while desmin and S100 protein staining were consistently negative. Clinical follow-up data (available in 22 cases; median duration 30 months) demonstrate that these lesions behave in a benign fashion with only a small risk of local recurrence if not excised completely; in this study only two tumours recurred, both of which originally had been incompletely excised. None metastasized. Conclusions: The risk of recurrence in this group of lesions which we have designated ‘cellular myxoma’ appears to be low. Consequently simple complete local excision is most often adequate treatment. Longer follow-up (5–10 years or more) in a larger number of cases will be important in more definitively confirming the natural history of these lesions.