cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Privacy in the Mobile World: An Analysis of Bluetooth Scan Traces

Bluetooth-enabled smartphones, wearable devices, as well as consumer electronics devices, are pervasive nowadays. Due to the low power consumption of Bluetooth hardware, users often leave Bluetooth enabled on their personal devices all the time. We find that even though the devices themselves may be protected against unauthorized connections, neighboring Bluetooth signals may still leak personal information. More specifically, a malicious smartphone application can easily obtain permission to perform Bluetooth scanning and then build a temporal trace of the number of active Bluetooth devices in the vicinity of a user. By collecting and analyzing data from 49 smartphone users over two weeks, we found that traces from different devices have little overlap and can, therefore, be used to identify a device with high likelihood. Moreover, Bluetooth advertisements from nearby devices can reveal what products the user may own making her susceptible to targeted advertisements. By comparing Bluetooth traces from multiple devices, the adversary can learn a user's location even if she does not give explicit permission to share her location. We also analyzed a public Bluetooth dataset to find similarities and differences with the conclusions drawn from our dataset. Our dataset has been publicly released for the scientific community.
Wealth Creation in the US Public Stock Markets 1926–2019

This report quantifies long-run stock market outcomes in terms of the increases or decreases (relative to a Treasury bill benchmark) in shareholder wealth, when considering the full history of both net cash distributions and capital appreciation. The study includes all of the 26,168 firms with publicly traded US common stock since 1926. Although investments in the majority (57.8%) of stocks led to reduced rather than increased shareholder wealth, US stock market investments increased shareholder wealth on net by $47.4 trillion between 1926 and 2019. Technology firms accounted for the largest share—$9.0 trillion—of the total, but telecommunications, energy, and healthcare/pharmaceutical stocks created wealth disproportionate to the numbers of firms in the industries. The degree to which stock market wealth creation is concentrated in a few top-performing firms has increased over time and was particularly strong during the most recent 3 years, when five firms accounted for 22% of net wealth creation. These results should be of interest to any long-term investor assessing the relative merits of broad diversification versus narrow portfolio selection. TOPICS:Security analysis and valuation, performance measurement, wealth management, portfolio construction Key Findings ▪ Shareholders who took on the risk of investing in the public US stock markets between 1926 and 2019 were rewarded by an aggregate wealth increase of more than $47 trillion, as compared with a Treasury bill benchmark. ▪ The majority of individual stock investments led to decreased rather than increased wealth in the long run. Aggregate shareholder wealth creation is concentrated in a relatively few high-performing stocks. ▪ The degree to which stock market wealth creation is concentrated in a few firms has increased over time, and it was particularly strong during the most recent 3 years.
Peanuts, Popcorn, and Pediatrics: School-Based Carnival for Health Promotion

Abstract A carnival themed health fair was designed to enhance a pediatric clinical experience through service learning in an undergraduate Associate degree nursing program. The goal of this pilot was to foster pediatric health promotion by connecting nursing students with elementary students classified as a vulnerable population. Senior nursing students created, designed, and implemented an interactive learning activity for 225 children. Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory was the framework utilized for project organization and development. Nursing faculty guided students in identifying issues specific to contemporary pediatric health concepts, but creative and artistic control was given to the student. Students utilized a web-based learning platform to document the journey for the project from inception to informal evaluation. Students achieved pediatric course and program outcomes by working collaboratively with the community in an innovative format. This school-based carnival offers a valued contribution for collaborative connections utilizing innovation and creative methods.
Substructural damage detection using frequency response function based inverse dynamic substructuring

Abstract In this paper, a substructural damage detection approach is presented using frequency response function (FRF)-based inverse dynamic substructuring and FRF-based model updating. In practice, often only one subsystem of the global structure is critical and susceptible to damage and therefore needs monitoring. In the proposed method, one subsystem is the “main” subsystem and is susceptible to damage and the “residual” subsystem(s) are considered undamaged and the damage identification is only applied to the main subsystem. The FRF matrix of the main subsystem is obtained as a “standalone” component that is completely decoupled from the residual subsystem(s) without the need of interface virtual support or identifying interface forces. The FRF measurement is performed on the global damaged structure but the FRFs of the main substructure (damaged) is obtained by “decoupling” the known FRF(s) of the residual subsystem from the global system FRFs and the damage detection is performed only on the main substructure. An FRF-based model updating method using numerical sensitivities is then used for damage identification of the main subsystem. The FRF obtained from the finite element model of the main substructure is updated using the FRF of the damaged main substructure (obtained from decoupling) and the location and quantity of the damage is identified. Numerical and experimental examples are presented to illustrate the damage detection procedure and the damage in the main substructure is detected, located and quantified with good accuracy.
Dealing with the Garbage Around Us

There are many types of waste including hazardous waste, electronic waste, industrial waste, medical waste, liquid waste, agricultural waste, and household waste. We manage waste in a variety of ways. Sanitary landfills scientifically manage garbage so that it has a limited impact on the environment. Burning waste is a problematic way to get rid of trash due to air pollution problems. However, waste to energy facilities that use high-tech smokestack scrubbers have eliminated many pollution concerns. While there have been significant advances in recycling infrastructure and technology, recycling is expensive and recycled materials like plastics have limited resale value. There is growing interest in minimalism to address waste and overconsumption. The chapter concludes with a review of simple, hard and/or expensive, and innovative and/or life-changing approaches to reduce waste and live a minimalist lifestyle.
Learning strategies for open-domain natural language question answering

We present an approach to automatically learning strategies for natural language question answering from examples composed of textual sources, questions, and answers. Our approach formulates QA as a problem of first order inference over a suitably expressive, learned representation. This framework draws on prior work in learning action and problem-solving strategies, as well as relational learning methods. We describe the design of a system implementing this model in the framework of natural language question answering for story comprehension. Finally, we compare our approach to three prior systems, and present experimental results demonstrating the efficacy of our model.
Trichroic Infrared Measurements of Orientation

Orientation can be defined as the preferential alignment (either uniaxial or biaxial) of polymer chains or segments when subjected to an external force. The orientation induces significant changes in the properties both positively and negatively. Oriented polymers are generally aniostropic; the properties along a particular direction being affected according to the conditions of stretching along that direction. Stretching in one direction produces uniaxial materials. Stretching in two mutually perpendicular directions produces biaxial materials. In reality, many polymers have orientation with a three-dimensional character. It is therefore necessary to obtain the structural absorbance (the average of the absorbance in the three directions) in order to determine the relative amounts of the structural components in the sample in the presence of orientation. The three-dimensional orientation function can be measured using an infrared technique based on an infrared absorption intensity ellipsoid approximation coupled with a sample tilting procedure. Angle-dependent absorption information is obtained from a tilting apparatus. The sample is mounted in a preferred direction on the tilting stage. The device is constructed such that the sample can be rotated about a horizontal or vertical axis, both of which are orthogonal to the direction of propagation. The apparatus is interfaced with a computer for automated and precise tilting control. A wire grid polarizer is used to polarize the incident light beam. Three-dimensional information is obtained by rotation of the bulk sample on the axis perpendicular to the incident electric vector. The method is demonstrated for uniaxially drawn polyethylene terephthalate and phase I of poly(vinylidene fluoride), oriented and annealed both under stress and without stress. Keywords: infrared; dichroism; trichroism; structural absorbance; poly(ethylene terephthalate); poly(vinylidene fluoride)
Strain Gauge-Enable Wireless Vibration Sensor Remotely Powered by Light

This paper presents a low-power wireless strain sensor that can be remotely powered by a light source and can be dynamically interrogated with a low-cost wireless interrogator. Based on a conventional thin-film strain gauge, the wireless sensor is capable of measuring both static and vibration deformations. The low-power wireless operation was achieved via amplitude modulation of the antenna backscattering using a high-frequency oscillatory signal, whose frequency is controlled by the low-frequency strain signal. The wireless strain sensor can be powered continuously by harvesting the energy supplied from a remote light source using a small solar panel. A microprocessor-based wireless interrogator was developed to recover the strain information from the wirelessly received signals dynamically. The implementation and characterization of the wireless strain sensor and wireless interrogator are presented.
PISCES: a tool for predicting software testability

Before a program can fail, a software fault must be executed, that execution must alter the data state, and the incorrect data state must propagate to state that results directly in an incorrect output. This paper describes a tool called PISCES (developed by Reliable Software Technologies Corporation) for predicting the probability that faults in a particular program location will accomplish all three of these steps causing program failure. PISCES is a tool that is used during software verification and validation to predict a program's testability. >
Initial cortical reactions to injury of the median and radial nerves to the hands of adult primates.

The area 3b hand cortex of adult squirrel monkeys was mapped during the first minutes to hours after transecting the radial and median nerves to the hand. The objective was to evaluate initial cortical reactions to this injury and to determine whether patterns and extents of cortical change are similar in different individuals. There are 5 main findings. First, cortical aggregates related to ulnar nerve inputs from the hand rapidly expanded to occupy an additional 21% of the cortical hand map. Second, face and forearm inputs, which normally activate areas adjacent to hand cortex, rapidly expanded into areas of 4% and 1% of the hand cortex respectively. Third, cortical changes involved shifts in receptive field locations that were initiated within minutes after injury. Fourth, the spatial patterns and extents of cortical change were similar in different individuals. Finally, the pattern of cortical change produced after this injury differed from the pattern seen after injury of the median and ulnar nerves. These rapid expansions are a beginning point from which further changes must progress; however, in contrast to changes accompanying chronic hand injuries, these initial cortical reactions do not appear dictated by use of uninjured inputs. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Density, aggregation, and body size of northern pikeminnow preying on juvenile salmonids in a large river

Predation by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis on juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. occurred probably during brief feeding bouts since diets were either dominated by salmonids (>80% by weight), or contained other prey types and few salmonids (<5%). In samples where salmonids had been consumed, large rather than small predators were more likely to have captared salmonids. Transects with higher catch-per-unit of effort of predators also had higher incidences of salmonids in predator guts. Predators in two of three reservoir areas were distributed more contagiously if they had preyed recently on salmonids. Spatial and temporal patchiness of salmonid prey may be generating differences in local density, aggregation, and body size of their predators in this large river.
The insulin-like effect of vanadate on lipolysis in rat adipocytes is not accompanied by an insulin-like effect on tyrosine phosphorylation.

Tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and other intracellular proteins in rat adipocytes was examined using an immunoblot technique with antiphosphotyrosine antibody. Insulin at 10-7 M increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of the 95K subunit of the insulin receptor (15-fold) and proteins of 180K (7-fold) and 60K (23-fold). Increases in insulin-dependent phosphorylation of the three proteins were detectable at 1O-10 M insulin and attained steady state within 30 sec of insulin (10-7 M) addition. Small effects of insulin (<30% increases) were observed on proteins of 120K and 53K. In contrast to insulin, the effects of vanadate on tyrosine phosphorylation were small and nonspecific. Vanadate increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the 95K insulin receptor /3-subunit and the 120K and 60K proteins similarly, with increases of 1.5- to 3-fold at 1 mM and 2-fold or less at 200 and 50 μM. Vanadate-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the 180K protein increased to a maximum of only 30% at 200 μM. Tyrosine...
Sensation seeking and sports

The field of sports has not suffered from neglect by psychologists interested in the study of individual differences. As Morgan (1980) has pointed out, the area has become caught up in the controversy over the usefulness of broad nomethetic traits in prediction of behavior and their consistency across situations (Magnusson and Endler, 1977). A kind of consensus has been emerging in these issues with most personality theorists in agreement that some kind of person-situation interaction provides the best way of viewing any area where consistencies in individual behavior can be shown to exist across situations of some diversity. The question of the relative importance of person and situation has proven to be one of those pseudo-issues that plague psychology periodically, and result in much useless research that fills our journals and impedes progress toward a unified science of behavior. But a real interactional approach requires good theories and measures that are relevant to the theories. As Morgan (1980) concludes:
Perceived Uncertainty and Stress in Illness

A structural model was proposed to explain the stress resulting from hospitalization for a medical problem. Perceived uncertainty about symptoms, treatment, and outcome was examined as a major predictor of stress. Other variables proposed in the model included seriousness of illness, age, education, and recency of rehospitalization. Testing of the model with hospitalized medical patients indicated support for the relationship of uncertainty to stress. Uncertainty also had the predicted mediating role between seriousness of illness and stress. The only other variable supporting the proposed model was age which related inversely to stress. Much of the unexplained variance in the model is attributed to the heterogeneity of diagnoses in the sample. Suggestions for future testing of the model are presented.
Scheduling on-demand broadcast with timing constraints

In a distributed system, broadcasting is an efficient way to dispense data in certain highly dynamic environments. While there are several well-known on-line broadcast scheduling strategies that minimize wait time, there has been little research that considers on-demand broadcasting with timing constraints. One application which could benefit from a strategy for on-demand broadcast with timing constraints is a real-time database system. Scheduling strategies are needed in real-time databases that identify which data item to broadcast next in order to minimize missed deadlines. The scheduling decisions required in a real-time broadcast system allow the system to be modeled as a Markov Decision Process (MDP). In this paper, we analyze the MDP model and determine that finding an optimal solution is a hard problem in PSPACE. We propose a scheduling approach, called Aggregated Critical Requests (ACR), which is based on the MDP formulation and present two algorithms based on this approach. ACR is designed for timely delivery of data to clients in order to maximize the reward by minimizing the deadlines missed. Results from trace-driven experiments indicate the ACR approach provides a flexible strategy that can outperform existing strategies under a variety of factors.
DIFFERENTIAL PROPER-MOTION STUDY OF THE CIRCUMSTELLAR DUST SHELL OF THE ENIGMATIC OBJECT, HD 179821

HD 179821 is an enigmatic evolved star that possesses characteristics of both a post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) star and a yellow hypergiant, and there has been no evidence that unambiguously defines its nature. These two hypotheses are products of an indeterminate distance, presumed to be 1 kpc or 6 kpc. We have obtained the two-epoch Hubble Space Telescope Wild Field Planetary Camera 2 data of its circumstellar shell, which shows multiple concentric arcs extending out to about 8''. We have performed differential proper-motion measurements on distinct structures within the circumstellar shell of this mysterious star in hopes of determining the distance to the object, and thereby distinguishing the nature of this enigmatic stellar source. Upon investigation, rather than azimuthal radially symmetric expansion, we discovered a bulk motion of the circumstellar shell of (2.41 +- 0.43, 2.97 +- 0.32) mas yr{sup -1}. This corresponded to a translational interstellar medium (ISM) flow of (1.28 +- 0.95, 7.27 +- 0.75) mas yr{sup -1} local to the star. This finding implies that the distance to HD 179821 should be rather small in order for its circumstellar shell to preserve its highly intact spherical structure in the presence of the distorting ISM flow, therefore favoringmore » the proposition that HD 179821 is a post-AGB object.« less
Anion gap determination in preeclampsia

Objective: To determine if the calculated anion gap differs according to presence or absence of hypertension in pregnant women. Methods: Retrospective data were obtained for 1223 patients who delivered at a community hospital during a 6-month period. Fifty-six (4.6%) of these patients were considered to have proteinuric hypertension, 66 (5.4%) to have non-proteinuric hypertension, and 1101 (90%) to be normotensive. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare these groups with respect to the anion gap and serum sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Results: Compared with the other two groups, proteinuric hypertensive patients tended to have lower values for serum sodium (P < .005) and the anion gap (P < .005). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to serum chloride or bicarbonate. Conclusion: The anion gap appears to be smaller with proteinuric hypertension than it is without.
A study of selection criteria for intraoral dental radiography.

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine whether adequate diagnostic information could be obtained from a thorough clinical examination supplemented with a limited number of intraoral radiographs, the exact number of films determined in each case by applying a set of historical and/or clinical selection criteria. The 100 patients in this study required an average of 8.2 periapical radiographs (range, 0 to 18), in addition to posterior bitewing films to complete the diagnostic process. Later evaluation of complete-mouth surveys on these patients revealed that no cases of periodontitis, no periapical lesions, and no impacted teeth were overlooked when selection criteria were used. Forty-two unsuspected abnormalities were found, but only three of these required treatment—a root tip close to the surface and enlarged follicular spaces distal to two clinically erupted third molars.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of erthromycin-resistant avian Staphylococcus spp. isolated from chickens

The epidemiology of the two common erythromycin-resistant methylase (erm) genes ermC and ermA was analyzed in 12 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. and 34 coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. isolated from chicken. Southern hybridization indicated that only 2 of the 12 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. strains contained the ermC gene on the plasmid; 1 strain of Staphylococcus xylosus harbored the ermC gene on a 2.5-kb plasmid, and 1 strain of Staphylococcus cohnii harbored the gene on a 4.0-kb plasmid. Twelve of the 34 strains of Staphylococcus aureus contained the ermC gene. Eleven of these strains had the ermC gene on a 2.5-kb plasmid, and 1 strain had the gene on a 4.0-kb plasmid. Ten of the 12 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. and 22 of the 34 coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp. harbored the ermA gene exclusively on the chromosome. Two different ermA EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) were identified. A majority of the isolates was found to have two chromosomal inserts (8.0- and 6.2-kb EcoRI fragments) of ermA. One strain of S. aureus had different chromosomal inserts (6.4- and 5.8-kb EcoRI fragments) of ermA. Our results indicate that either the ermC or ermA gene, homologous to those described in human isolates, was present in all avian Staphylococcus spp. and that ermA was the predominant gene in coagulase-negative and coagulase-positive avian Staphylococcus spp. The size and copy numbers of the ermA gene were different from its human counterpart.
E. COLI ANTIBODY RESPONSE AND LIKELIHOOD OF RENAL SCARRING IN YOUNG FEBRILE CHILDREN WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTION. • 1025

E. COLI ANTIBODY RESPONSE AND LIKELIHOOD OF RENAL SCARRING IN YOUNG FEBRILE CHILDREN WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTION. • 1025
Synthesis of Surface-Metallized Polyimide Films via in Situ Reduction of (Perfluoroalkanoato)silver(I) Complexes in a Poly(amic acid) Precursor

Thermal curing of the silver(I)-containing poly(amic acid) formed from 3,3‘,4,4‘-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BTDA) and 4,4‘-oxydianiline (4,4‘-ODA) in dimethylacetamide leads both to polyimide films via cyclodehydration and to reduction of silver(I) giving a metallized surface. The resulting metallized composite films retain mechanical and thermal properties similar to those of the parent polyimide. Variation of the silver(I) additive and concentration and the thermal cure cycle allows the fabrication of silver layers which are both reflective and/or electrically conductive. Silver(I) trifluoroacetate and pentafluoropropanoate give excellent silvered films; however, higher perfluoroalkanoates such as silver(I) heptafluorobutanoate give films which are poorly surface metallized and extensively bubbled. X-ray diffraction shows crystalline face-centered cubic silver in the films after thermal curing. Microscopy data show that the surface particle sizes are in the range of ca. 100−500 nm. S...
Effects of boron and grain size on the strain-rate sensitivity of Fe-45Al

Focusing on the effect of grain size on room temperature fracture: Gaydosh et al. showed a steady increase in the elongation of furnace-cooled Fe-40Al in air from [approximately]1% for 220 [mu]m grains to [approximately]3% for 15 [mu]m grains, whilst the largest elongation for Fe-40Al tested in air (7%) was reported by Strothers and Vedula (12) for Y[sub 2]O[sub 3]-doped material with a [approximately]5 [mu]n grain size. A small grain size influence on ductility has also been noted for both boron-doped and unalloyed Fe-45Al tested in air. The purpose of the present paper is to report the effect of both boron and grain size on the strain rate dependence of the fracture of Fe-45Al in air.
Proton magnetic resonance investigation of hydrogen bonding in aqueous polyalcohols

Abstract The proton NMR spectra of aqueous solutions of 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, and glycerol have been investigated as a function of mole fraction at 0 and 25°C. It was observed that for the latter two polyols (at the lower temperature), the resonances due to the water and the alcohol's hydroxyl protons were resolved at all concentrations and exhibited chemical shift trends similar to those observed in aqueous solutions of monohydric alcohols. However, in contrast to the simple alcohols, the alkyl group chemical shifts were found to be temperature dependent in all three polyols studied.
Electrochemical Studies of Langmuir−Blodgett Thin Films of Electroactive Nanoparticles

Thin films (monolayers and multilayers) of ω-ferrocenated gold nanoparticles were fabricated by using the Langmuir−Blodgett technique. The transfer of nanoparticle layers onto a solid substrate surface was quite efficient for the first few layers, exhibiting a proportional increase of optical absorption in the UV−vis range. The interfacial dynamics of the nanoparticle monolayers was studied by using electrochemical methods where the surface reorganization was ascribed to the particle molecular mobility due to relatively weak interparticle interactions. With depositions of more nanoparticle layers, the particle thin films became less conductive, resulting in the anodic shift of the ferrocene formal potential. Because of the compact characteristics of the nanoparticle thin films, not all ferrocene sites were active and accessible, and the corresponding voltammetric currents varied only slightly with more particle layers.
Neuromyelitis optica: a new perspective

The traditional view of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) as a monophasic inflammatory disorder that affects both the optic nerves and the spinal cord is expanding. Over the last decade, a combination of clinical, radiological, pathological, and serological findings have resulted in evolving definitions of NMO and the appreciation that it likely constitutes a broader, more diverse spectrum of disease that is pathogenically distinct from multiple sclerosis. Neuromyelitis optica-immunoglobulin (Ig)G is the first antibody marker for any inflammatory central nervous system disorder, and is both sensitive and specific for NMO. Its target antigen, aquaporin-4, the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system, has opened up new research directions into demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. The identification of NMO-IgG in patients with recurrent optic neuritis or longitudinally extensive myelitis and its ability to predict subsequent relapse support the concept of a spectrum of NMO disorders. Preliminary in vitro studies and recent immunopathological evidence support a role for NMO-IgG as the initiator of the NMO lesion. Definitive proof of pathogenesis is needed and will require the development of active immunization and passive transfer animal models, which will hopefully lead to more effective targeted therapies.
Collisional excitation of interstellar sulfur dioxide

State-to-state rotational excitation rates for the asymmetric top molecule SO2 in collisions with low-energy He atoms have been computed. The intermolecular forces were obtained from an electron gas model, and collision dynamics were treated with the finite-order sudden approximation. The total excitation rate is probably accurate to better than 50 percent; however, individual state-to-state rates may be in error by factors of 2 or 3, and some smaller rates may be accurate only to an order of magnitude. Present results are expected to reflect within the same level of accuracy rates for excitation by collisions with H2 molecules.
ADPIC—A Three-Dimensional Particle-in-Cell Model for the Dispersal of Atmospheric Pollutants and its Comparison to Regional Tracer Studies

Abstract A hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian atmospheric transport-diffusion model was developed to calculate the three-dimensional distribution of atmospheric pollutants in transient-region flow fields. This Atmospheric Diffusion Particle-in-Cell (ADPIC) code was validated against several existing closed-form analytical solutions including a puff release in steady, unidirectional shear flow, and a puff release with scale-dependent horizontal and vertical eddy diffusion coefficients. These tests showed that the ADPIC results were within a 5% error when compared to the analytic solutions. Regional (100 km) tracer studies at the National Reactor Test Station Idaho Falls, Idaho, and at the Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, S. C., were also used to compare the code against field measurements.
Titanium solid-state NMR in anatase, brookite and rutile

We report 47Ti and 49Ti NMR spectra of powdered samples of the three common phases of titania, TiO2. The linewidths are dominated by the electric quadrupole interaction. The relative linewidths of the three samples cannot be explained in terms of simple structural symmetry using point charges. This indicates that a significant amount of the TiO interaction is covalent in nature.
Whole-genome sequencing and disease-gene detection

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) offers unique opportunities to identify rare variants that cause disease. We have developed a new software tool, VAAST (Variant Annotation, Analysis and Search Tool) that permits the identification of specific disease-causing mutations in WGS data. VAAST unambiguously identifies two disease-causing mutations in a family quartet in which both offspring have autosomal recessive primary ciliary dyskinesia and Miller syndrome. In addition, VAAST has identified a new X-linked progeria-like syndrome (Ogden syndrome) using exome data from two unrelated families. The mutation occurs in NAA10, which encodes an N-acetyltransferase needed for N-terminal acetylation of proteins. Functional studies demonstrate that the mutation causes a loss of function, and a genetic test has been developed for Ogden syndrome. We have also used VAAST to identify GATA4 as the cause of cardiac septal defects in a single four-generation pedigree. Using the Utah Population Database, we have identified a large multigenerational pedigree in which VAAST, combined with analysis of shared genome segments, identifies a new locus for Crohn disease. Finally, we present an application of VAAST in the identification of ATP1A3 as a causal gene for alternating hemiplegia of childhood.
A Novel Delay-Aware and Privacy-Preserving Data-Forwarding Scheme for Urban Sensing Network

Security, communication delay, and delivery ratio are essential design issues in urban sensing networks. To address these three issues concurrently, we propose a novel delay-aware privacy-preserving (DAPP) transmission scheme based on a combination of two-phase forwarding and secret sharing. In DAPP, the collected data are first split into pieces, and then, each piece is relayed to an application data server by randomly selected intermediate delivery nodes. The two-phase forwarding method detaches the connection between the application data server and the source node, which renders it infeasible for the application data server to estimate the source node identity. The underlying secret sharing scheme and dynamic pseudonym ensure confidentiality of the collected data and anonymity of participating users. Through DAPP, we can also verify data integrity in hostile networks. Moreover, DAPP provides a framework to achieve a design tradeoff among security, communication delay, and delivery ratio. The security analysis demonstrates that DAPP can preserve location privacy while defending against side information attack. Our theoretical analysis and numerical results show that the three design issues can be adjusted to meet various security and practical implementation goals.
Repressors' and Sensitizers' Affective Change during Free Association

Repressors, sensitizers, and a control group free-associated to threatening and nonthreatening stimuli for time periods ranging from 1 to 40 sec., giving ratings of affective states after each response period. In spite of the fact that sensitizers showed greater “approach” responding, they did not reduce their anxiety levels. The evidence suggests the need to reevaluate the presumed anxiety-reducing function of sensitizing behaviors.
Willingness to Help Strangers as a Function of Liberal, Conservative or Catholic Church Membership: A Field Study with the Lost-Letter Technique

The lost-letter technique was used to determine differences among members of church groups (10 liberal, 10 conservative, 10 Catholic) in their willingness to help strangers. The results suggest that members of conservative churches are as willing to help strangers as are members of liberal or Catholic churches, but they are far less willing to make trivial financial sacrifices to do so.
The spatial and temporal dynamics of value in financialization: Analysis of the infrastructure of carbon markets

Abstract Countries around the world are developing carbon emissions markets as a governance mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Drawing on relational economic geography this article maps the infrastructure and social networks of the markets to evaluate the nature and function of these systems. Carbon markets are representative of a growing emphasis on managing social and environmental problems through market mechanisms and must be understood from the standpoint of financialization. This article extends the critical literature on carbon markets by considering market financialization as a form of time–space compression. I argue financialization divorces the use value of resources from the exchange value of financial instruments. The separation of exchange value from its objective material context allows for the creation of distortions and heightens the demand for accelerated rates of resource production. I analyze how the infrastructure (including processes and agents) of the emissions markets operates with respect to space and time under three mechanisms of financialization: ownership, commensuration and mobilization. Since carbon markets are intended to be demonstration markets that will eventually be extended for the management of other environmental systems, the problems of financialization inherent within these markets suggest adverse consequences for other environmental markets. While social and economics systems can adjust to the demands of accelerated production, the function of environmental systems is deeply embedded in space and time and cannot readily withstand time–space compression.
Multiple-bench architecture and interpretations of original mire phases—Examples from the Middle Pennsylvanian of the Central Appalachian Basin, USA

Abstract Coal seams often exhibit lateral and vertical variability in composition. When sampled as a whole seam this variability is masked. But if a seam is subdivided into correlateable components, this variability can be tested and better understood. Herein, an architectural approach is used to divide seams into intra-seam components. Clastic splits and mineral partings, as well as persistent fusain and durain layers, can be used as intra-seam bounding units to subdivide a seam into subdivisions called benches. Regional examination of Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian-age coal seams shows that many contain laterally persistent bounding surfaces that can be used to define multiple benches of coal within each seam. Inter-bench analyses from some of the most extensively mined seams in the central Appalachian Basin show that individual benches often have different spatial and quality trends. Hence, some component of whole-seam variability is a function of changes in the relative contribution of these different benches to the seam as a whole. Many coal benches also exhibit intra-bench variation in coal parameters. Intra-bench variation can be analyzed in terms of parameters such as sulfur content and ash yield in order to address changes in coal quality for regional resource evaluation. Intra-bench variation can also be analyzed in terms of a combination of palynologic, petrographic, and geochemical parameters, termed compositional groups, in order to better understand the development of the original mire systems. Compositional groups are defined by ranges of multiple criteria, which are inferred to owe their origin to the mire type in which they formed. Vertical changes in compositional groups within coal benches can be used to infer paleo-edaphic conditions during peat accumulation. If seam thickness is a product of bench configuration, and trends in compositional groups occur in benches, then trends in quality can be marginally predicted based upon seam thickness and inferred bench architecture. Additionally, changes in inter-bench and intra-bench thickness and compositional profiles can be used to infer original depositional controls, such as paleotopography, syndepositional structural movement, and syndepositional clastic influx for more accurate reserve estimates.
The estimate of protein polymorphism in human populations: lack of evidence for overestimation due to post-translational modification

New sensitive population screening procedures, such as isoelectric focusing, enzyme activity assays and the use of multiple electrophoretic conditions have uncovered considerable hidden variation at many structural loci. It has been suggested, however, that a significant portion of the newly identified variation is due to alleles at modifier genes which cause the post-translational modification of the structural gene product. Some investigators have questioned whether genetic variability assigned to structural loci in Drosophila has been greatly overestimated because of a failure to recognize the existence of such polymorphic modifier genes. Data from human populations has been reviewed for evidence of such genetically mediated posttranslational modification (GMPTM). Tnree genetic systems (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-1-antitrypsin and hemoglobin) are reviewed in detail. Each system is subject to non-genetic post-translational modification, but none of the data currently available indicates any role of GMPTM. Other data, including studies on null alleles, activity variants, population surveys and somatic cell hybrids is also reviewed. Again, no convincing evidence has been uncovered for the presence of GMPTM. It is concluded that the current estimates of polymorphism for enzymes and structural proteins in human populations have not been inflated due to the presence of polymorphism for modifier loci.
Gamma knife pallidotomy in advanced parkinson's disease

Posteroventral pallidotomy as a treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been the subject of increasing interest. We treated 4 nondemented patients with advanced PD, 2 with severe bradykinesia and a declining response to medication, and 2 with marked clinical fluctuations. All patients received 180 Gy delivered in one sitting to the right posteroventral pallidum site, used by Laitinen and colleagues, adjusted as needed, to avoid the optic tract. Only 1 patient changed significantly. Dyskinesia completely resolved on the side contralateral to the lesion in this patient. This same patient also became transiently demented and psychotic. The other 3 patients suffered no clearly identifiable beneficial or harmful effects. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain at 1 year revealed lesions exactly where targeted although of unequal sizes. Our negative experience forces us to conclude that either larger volumes of tissue must be ablated, that physiologic monitoring is required for placing a lesion, that our subjects were poor candidates for the procedure, or that surgical ablation and radiation cause tissue damage of different types with different results.
Changes induced by chronic in vivo load alteration in the tibiofemoral joint of mature rabbits

We investigated the relationship between the magnitude and duration of chronic compressive load alteration and the development and progression of degenerative changes in the rabbit tibiofemoral joint. Varus loading devices were attached to the hind limb of mature NZW rabbits. Altered compressive loads of 0%, 50%, and 80% body weight (BW) were applied to the tibiofemoral joint for 12 h per day for 12 and 24 weeks (n = 4 animals/group). Compartment-specific assessment of the tibial plateau included histological assessments (articular cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone thicknesses, degeneration score, and articular cartilage cellularity) and biomechanical measures (aggregate modulus, permeability, Poisson's ratio). Analyses of variance techniques were used to examine the relationship between each outcome measure with load magnitude and duration as independent variables in the model. Degenerative changes developed in the medial compartment with increased magnitude of compressive loading and included fibrillation, increased degeneration score, and reduced cellularity of the articular cartilage. Increased calcified cartilage thickness was observed in both the medial and lateral compartments following exposure to altered loading of 80% BW for 24 weeks. This work demonstrates that in vivo chronic compressive load alteration to the tibiofemoral joint can initiate progressive macroscopic and histological-based degenerative changes analogous to the early changes occurring in OA. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1413–1422, 2012
Fresh water on the Louisiana and Texas shelf

Abstract Hydrographic data collected on monthly cruises over the West Louisiana and Texas shelf from 1963 to 1965 were analyzed and the volume of fresh water on the shelf was estimated for each data set. The freshwater volume exhibits an annual cycle that is dominated by the spring flood of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers. During the winter, shelf freshwater content is low, with the highest content appearing as a discontinuous band along the inner shelf. In summer an isolated high-content region is present in the center of the shelf. This high-content region dissipates and the pattern migrates toward the southeast in the late summer. By late fall the winter distribution is again present. A fill time for the freshwater volume on the shelf was also estimated for each cruise. The freshwater volume appears, in most cases, to have originated near the time of the previous spring flood. Two of the study years had river discharges well below the long-term mean, while the third-year discharge approximated the long-term mean. These results, then, may not be applicable to large-discharge years.
The formation of negative- and positive-segregated bands during solidification of aluminum-copper alloys

Abstract The evolution of macrosegregation, appearing in the form of negative- and positive-segregated bands, in an aluminum-copper alloy unidirectionally solidified from the bottom has been analyzed numerically. It is found that a negative-segregated band is formed in the solidified casting if the casting is quenched during solidification. On the other hand, a positive-segregated band is created resulting from a sudden decrease of heat extraction rate at the bottom of the casting. Multiple negative- and positive-segregated bands could be formed in the solidified casting if the thermal boundary condition at the bottom of the casting fluctuates with time. The predicted banding segregation in the solidified alloy compares favorably with the available experimental data.
The finite element simulation of high-temperature magnesium AZ31 sheet forming

Finite element (FE) simulations will be vitally important to advancing magnesium alloy sheet forming technologies for vehicle component manufacturing. Although magnesium alloy sheet has been successfully formed into complex components at high temperatures, material constitutive model development for FE simulations has not kept pace with the needs of forming process design. This article describes the application of a new material constitutive model in FE simulations for hot forming of magnesium AZ31 alloy sheet. Simulations of forming both simple geometries from laboratory studies and complex parts from production trials are presented and compared with experimental results.
Shake-up processes in intersubband magneto-photoabsorption of a two-dimensional electron gas

I theoretically study shake-up processes in photoabsorption of an interacting low-density two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in magnetic fields. Such processes, in which an incident photon creates an electron-hole pair and simultaneously excites one electron to one of the higher Landau levels, were observed experimentally [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997) 3974] and were called combined exciton-cyclotron resonance (ExCR). The recently developed theory of ExCR [Phys. Rev. B 64 (2001) 241101] allows for a consistent treatment of the Coulomb correlations, establishes the exact ExCR selection rules, and predicts the high-field features of ExCR. In this work, I generalize the existing theory of high-field ExCR in the 2DEG to the case when the hole is excited to higher hole Landau levels.
The plasma and cytoplasmic forms of human gelsolin differ in disulfide structure.

Gelsolin is a widely distributed actin binding protein that regulates actin filament length. It exists in both an intracellular and an extracellular form that is derived from a single gene by alternative splicing. Both forms contain the six homologous domains that are responsible for function. Little is known regarding differences between the forms. We have used a combination of cysteine-specific modification with 4-vinylpyridine, HPLC peptide mapping methods, and mass spectrometry to analyze the disulfide structures of human plasma and cytoplasmic gelsolin. Of the five Cys residues in the human gelsolin sequence, all were present in the free thiol form in human cytoplasmic gelsolin, while only three of them were free thiols in the human plasma form. Cys residues 188 and 201 in domain 2 of plasma gelsolin were disulfide linked. Recombinant human plasma gelsolin that had been expressed intracellularly in Escherichia coli and as a secreted protein from Cos green monkey cells was also investigated. The E. co...
Antecedents of the fear of the dead.

It was predicted that, if the fear of the dead results from ambivalent feelings which are projected onto the dead person, then societies which favor love-oriented techniques of punishment should manifest a greater fear of the dead than those favoring physical techniques. An analysis of data provided by Whiting and Child supported this prediction.