cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planet-induced emission enhancements in HD 179949: Results from mcdonald observations

We monitored the Ca II H and K lines of HD 179949, a notable star in the southern hemisphere, to observe and confirm previously identified planet induced emission (PIE) as an effect of star-planet interaction. We obtained high resolution spectra (R,53000) with a signal-to-noise ratio S/N \50 in the Ca IIH and K cores during 10 nights of observation at the McDonald Observatory. Wide-band echelle spectra weretakenusingthe2.7-mtelescope.DetailedstatisticalanalysisofCa IIKrevealedfluctuationsintheCa IIK core attributable to planet induced chromospheric emission. This result is consistent with previous studies by Shkolnik et al. (2003). Additionally, we were able to confirm the reality and temporal evolution of the phase shift of the maximum of star-planet interaction previously found. However, no identifiable fluctuations were detected in the Ca II H core. The Al I l3944Au line was also monitored to gauge if the expected activity enhancements are confined to the chromospheric layer. Our observations revealed some variability, which is apparently unassociated with planet-induced activity.
Separation of Source-Network Coding and Channel Coding in Wireline Networks

In this paper, we prove the separation of source-network coding and channel coding in wireline networks. For the purposes of this paper, a wireline network is any network of independent, memoryless, point-to-point, and finite-alphabet channels used to transmit dependent sources either losslessly or subject to a distortion constraint. In deriving this result, we also prove that in a general memoryless network with dependent sources, lossless, and zero-distortion reconstruction are equivalent provided that the conditional entropy of each source given the other sources is nonzero. Furthermore, we extend the separation result to the case of continuous-alphabet and point-to-point channels, such as additive white Gaussian noise channels.
From ballistic transport to tunneling in electromigrated ferromagnetic breakjunctions.

We fabricate ferromagnetic nanowires with constrictions whose cross section can be reduced gradually from 100 x 30 nm(2) to the atomic scale and eventually to the tunneling regime by means of electromigration. The contacts are mechanically and thermally stable. We measure low-temperature magnetoresistances (MR) 400 Omega differ from previous room-temperature studies of electrodeposited devices. For samples in the tunneling regime, we observe large fluctuations in MR, between -10 and 85%.
Uncollapsing the wavefunction by undoing quantum measurements

We review and expand on recent advances in theory and experiments concerning the problem of wavefunction uncollapse: given an unknown state that has been disturbed by a generalised measurement, restore the state to its initial configuration. We describe how this is probabilistically possible with a subsequent measurement that involves erasing the information extracted about the state in the first measurement. The general theory of abstract measurements is discussed, focusing on quantum information aspects of the problem, in addition to investigating a variety of specific physical situations and explicit measurement strategies. Several systems are considered in detail: the quantum double dot charge qubit measured by a quantum point contact (with and without Hamiltonian dynamics), the superconducting phase qubit monitored by a SQUID detector, and an arbitrary number of entangled charge qubits. Furthermore, uncollapse strategies for the quantum dot electron spin qubit, and the optical polarisation qubit are ...
Senior/sophomore co-class instruction: Teaching interpersonal management skills in engineering

The author describes the method of co-class instruction (CCI), an efficient educational structure to incorporate interpersonal management skills (IPMS) education into the existing engineering curriculum. Using CCI, seniors directly supervise project design teams composed of sophomores. As project leaders, seniors are responsible for overall project management, direct supervisory technical management, and formal performance evaluation. Sophomores apply thier current knowledge and skills, e.g., electronic spreadsheets to simulate economics and technical processes, computer-aided design, elementary mass and energy balances, etc., to accomplish project tasks. CCI was incorporated into senior design and sophomore thermodynamics/mass balance courses in the Biochemical and Food Process Engineering curriculum at Purdue University. >
Dark matter detection with polarized detectors

Abstract We consider the prospects to use polarized dark-matter detectors to discriminate between various dark-matter models. If WIMPs are fermions and participate in parity-violating interactions with ordinary matter, then the recoil-direction and recoil-energy distributions of nuclei in detectors will depend on the orientation of the initial nuclear spin with respect to the velocity of the detector through the Galactic halo. If, however, WIMPS are scalars, the only possible polarization-dependent interactions are extremely velocity-suppressed and, therefore, unobservable. Since the amplitude of this polarization modulation is fixed by the detector speed through the halo, in units of the speed of light, exposures several times larger than those of current experiments will be required to be probe this effect.
Rational chemical strategies for carbon nanotube functionalization.

Whereas the chemistry of fullerenes is well-established, the chemistry of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is a relatively unexplored field of research. Investigations into the bonding of moieties onto SWNTs are important because they provide fundamental structural insight into how nanoscale interactions occur. Hence, understanding SWNT chemistry becomes critical to rational, predictive manipulation of their properties. Among the strategies discussed include molecular metal complexation with SWNTs to control site-selective chemistry in these systems. In particular, work has been performed with Vaska's and Wilkinson's complexes to create functionalized adducts. Functionalization should offer a relatively simple means of tube solubilization and bundle exfoliation, and also allows for tubes to be utilized as recoverable catalyst supports. Solubilization of oxidized SWNTs has also been achieved through derivatization by using a functionalized organic crown ether. The resultant adduct yielded concentrations of dissolved nanotubes on the order of 1 gL - 1 in water and at elevated concentrations in a range of organic solvents, traditionally poor for SWNT manipulation. To further demonstrate chemical processability of SWNTs, we have subjected them to ozonolysis, followed by treatment with various independent reagents, to rationally generate a higher proportion of oxygenated functional groups on the nanotube surface. This protocol has been found to purify nanotubes. More importantly, the reaction sequence has been found to ozonize the sidewalls of these nanotubes. Finally. SWNTs have also been chemically modified with quantum dots and oxide nanocrystals. A composite heterostructure consisting of nano-tubes joined to nanocrystals offers a unique opportunity to obtain desired physical, electronic. and chemical properties by adjusting synthetic conditions to tailor the size and structure of the individual sub-components, with implications for self-assembly.
Edward Said and the political present

This article offers a reading of Edward Said's legacy. It engages Said's scholarly and political insights, on the one hand, and his vision of and life as an intellectual, on the other hand. The article focuses on his broader conceptual and methodological interventions, his analysis of the politics of empire (in the Middle East), and his passionate attachment to the question of Palestine. It also contextualizes Said's work in light of the contemporary political moment, arguing that he and that for which he is seen to stand have emerged as key flash points in the latest U.S. culture wars.
Evaluation of actuator disk theory for predicting indirect combustion noise

Abstract Indirect combustion noise is believed to be a key component of turbofan engine core noise, but existing experimental data have not been able to definitively determine its importance. Instead, actuator disk theory (ADT) as developed by Cumpsty and Marble [The interaction of entropy fluctuations with turbine blade rows; a mechanism of turbojet noise, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 357 (1977) 323–344] is commonly used to estimate its contribution based on combustor exit conditions and changes in the mean flow across blade rows. The theory, which assumes planar propagation of acoustic, entropic, and vortical waves in the long wavelength limit, is assessed by comparing its predictions to those from two-dimensional compressible Euler calculations of idealized entropy disturbances interacting with a 1980s era NASA turbine stator. Both low-frequency planar waves of constant frequency and higher-frequency, localized entropy disturbances are considered, with the former being within ADT's range of applicability and the latter outside of it. It is found that ADT performs well for the cut-on acoustic modes generated by the entropy-blade interaction but its accuracy suffers for the cut-off acoustic modes, which could impact indirect combustion noise predictions for turbines with closely spaced blade rows.
TELLURIUM : USE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF ALLYLIC AMINES FROM 5-HYDROXYMETHYL-2-OXAZOLIDINONES

Abstract Non-racemic or racemic allylic amines are obtained by treatment of sulfonate esters of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinones with telluride ion.
Condensation Heat Transfer on Superhydrophobic Surfaces

Condensation is a phase change phenomenon often encountered in nature, as well as used in industry for applications including power generation, thermal management, desalination, and environmental control. For the past eight decades, researchers have focused on creating surfaces allowing condensed droplets to be easily removed by gravity for enhanced heat transfer performance. Recent advancements in nanofabrication have enabled increased control of surface structuring for the development of superhydrophobic surfaces with even higher droplet mobility and, in some cases, coalescence-induced droplet jumping. Here, we provide a review of new insights gained to tailor superhydrophobic surfaces for enhanced condensation heat transfer considering the role of surface structure, nucleation density, droplet morphology, and droplet dynamics. Furthermore, we identify challenges and new opportunities to advance these surfaces for broad implementation in thermofluidic systems.
Expert systems and diagnostic monitors in psychiatry.

(1986). Expert systems and diagnostic monitors in psychiatry. Medical Informatics: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 23-28.
Optimum Constrained Image Restoration Filters

An optimum image restoration filter is described which minimizes the radius of gyration of the corrected or composite system point-spread function subject to constraints on the radius of gyration of the restoration fitter point-spread function, the total noise power in the restored image, and the shape of the composite system frequency spectrum. The filter function is obtained as the solution to a set of simultaneous differential equations subject to nonlinear integral constraints. Except for an assumption regarding the general shape of noise spectral density, the filter design is data independent. By constraining the radius of gyration of the restoration filter point-spread function, truncation errors resulting from edge effects are controlled. An iterative technique is introduced which virtually eliminates the sidelobes of the composite system point-spread function. The resulting suboptimal restoration filter effectively suppresses undesirable secondary oscillations which may otherwise appear in the composite system point-spread function and introduce "ghosts" in the restored data. A detailed study of the restoration filter performance as a function of its parameter variations is described and a number of examples are provided to demonstrate the fundamental properties of the restoration filter.
Annular Truncated Plug Nozzle Flowfield and Base Pressure Characteristics

The flowfield and base pressure characteristics of an internal-external-expansion, truncated plug nozzle are described over the pressure ratio range from "open" wake to "closed" wake conditions. The effect of plug length on these characteristics, including the process of wake "closure" is also presented. An existing method for calculating the flowfield and base pressure, for closed wake operation, is modified to include the internal shock wave generated near the shroud exit. The supersonic portion of the flow is calculated using rotational axisymmetric method of characteristics. The technique of Hartree is employed so that the downstream characteristic point locations can be chosen to fit the developing flowfield. An overexpansion technique is used to detect the internal shock wave in the vicinity of the shroud exit so that its effect on the plug base pressure could be determined. Good agreement between the analytical results and experimental data is obtained for closed wake operations.
I Do... Want to Save: Marriage and Retirement Savings in Young Households.

Increased policy and academic attention has been placed on promoting retirement savings early in the life course. This study investigates the extent to which retirement savings behavior among young persons, a population for which retirement savings is important but typically low, differs by marital status. We draw national survey data on young adult households (ages 22–35; N = 3,894) from the U.S. Federal Reserve Board's Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). Results reveal considerable differences by marital status. Controlling for important characteristics, young adults who were married were more likely than all other groups (including cohabitors) to perceive retirement as an important savings goal and to have an individual retirement account. Married persons were more likely than their single counterparts to participate in a defined contribution pension plan. Single women fared particularly poorly on retirement savings outcomes. A range of possible theoretical links between marriage and retirement savings at young adulthood are discussed.
The history of electromagnetics as Hertz would have known it

Summary form only given. The eighteenth century witnessed a rich series of discoveries of electric and magnetic phenomena. Gray identified the property of electric conduction and the inverse square law of electrostatics was developed by Franklin, Priestley, Robinson, Cavendish, and ultimately Coulomb. Michell showed that the same law applied in magnetostatics and this was reinforced quantitatively by Coulomb. In the nineteenth century, Volta invented the first chemical battery, which permitted Davey and Ampere to develop what would ultimately become Ohm's law. Poisson put the laws of electrostatics and magnetostatics in an elegant mathematical framework. The two disciplines were joined by Oersted's discovery of the action of an electric current on a compass needle. Shortly thereafter Biot and Savart, and independently Ampere, couched this discovery in mathematical terms. Oersted's experiment was enlarged by Faraday, who presented to the world the first electric motor. Faraday later demonstrated the converse of Oersted's experiment, showing that a moving magnetic field could induce an electric current, which he quickly followed with developments of the transformer and the electric generator. Faraday's series of experiments were given their theoretical counterpart by Maxwell, whose equations predicted the existence of as-yet-undetected electromagnetic waves. The culmination of this remarkable train of scientific advances was provided by Hertz, whose experiments validated Maxwells's prediction. >
Anatomy of a multicamera video surveillance system

We present a framework for multicamera video surveillance. The framework consists of three phases: detection, representation, and recognition. The detection phase handles multisource spatiotemporal data fusion for efficiently and reliably extracting motion trajectories from video. The representation phase summarizes raw trajectory data to construct hierarchical, invariant, and content-rich descriptions of the motion events. Finally, the recognition phase deals with event classification and identification on the data descriptors. Through empirical study in a parking-lot-surveillance setting, we show that our spatiotemporal fusion scheme and biased sequence-data learning method are highly effective in identifying suspicious events.
Performance evaluation of a class of M-estimators for surface parameter estimation in noisy range data

Depth maps are frequently analyzed as if the errors are normally, identically, and independently distributed. This noise model does not consider at least two types of anomalies encountered in sampling: a few large deviations in the data (outliers) and a uniformly distributed error component arising from rounding and quantization. The theory of robust statistics, which formally addresses these problems, is used in a robust sequential estimator (RSE) of the authors' design. The RSE assigns different weights to each observation based on maximum-likelihood analysis, assuming that the errors follow a t distribution which represents the outliers more realistically. This concept is extended to several well-known maximum-likelihood estimators (M-estimators). Since most M-estimators do not have a target distribution, the weights are obtained by a simple linearization and then embedded in the same RSE algorithm. Experimental results over a variety of real and synthetic range imagery are presented, and the performance of these estimators is evaluated under different noise conditions. >
Accurate identification of periodic oscillations buried in white or colored noise using fast orthogonal search

The authors use a previously introduced fast orthogonal search algorithm to detect sinusoidal frequency components buried in either white or colored noise. They show that the method outperforms the correlogram, modified covariance autoregressive (MODCOVAR) and multiple-signal classification (MUSIC) methods. Fast orthogonal search method achieves accurate detection of sinusoids even with signal-to-noise ratios as low as -10 dB, and is superior at detecting sinusoids buried in 1/f noise. Since the utilized method accurately detects sinusoids even under colored noise, it can be used to extract a 1/f noise process observed in physiological signals such as heart rate and renal blood pressure and flow data.
Spin Aharonov-Bohm effect and topological spin transistor

Ever since its discovery, the electron spin has only been measured or manipulated through the application of an electromagnetic force acting on the associated magnetic moment. In this work, we propose a spin Aharonov-Bohm effect in which the electron spin is controlled by a magnetic flux while no electromagnetic field is acting on the electron. Such a nonlocal spin manipulation is realized in an Aharonov-Bohm ring made from the recently discovered quantum spin Hall insulator, by taking advantage of the defining property of the quantum spin Hall edge states: the one-to-one correspondence between spin polarization and direction of propagation. The proposed setup can be used to realize a new spintronics device, the topological spin transistor, in which the spin rotation is completely controlled by a magnetic flux of $hc/2e$, independently of the details of the sample.
Two mod-p Johnson filtrations

We consider two mod-p central series of the free group given by Stallings and Zassenhaus. Applying these series to definitions of Dennis Johnson's filtration of the mapping class group, we obtain two mod-p Johnson filtrations. Further, we adapt the definition of the Johnson homomorphisms to obtain mod-p Johnson homomorphisms. We calculate the image of the first of these homomorphisms. We give generators for the kernels of these homomorphisms as well. We restrict the range of our mod-p Johnson homomorphisms using work of Morita. We finally prove the announced result of Perron that a rational homology 3-sphere may be given as a Heegaard splitting with gluing map coming from certain members of our mod-p Johnson filtrations.
Two-dimensional Laplacian growth can be mapped onto Hamiltonian dynamics

Abstract It is shown that the dynamics of the growth of a two-dimensional surface in a Laplacian field can be mapped onto Hamiltonian dynamics. The mapping is carried out in two stages: first the surface is conformally mapped onto the unit circle, generating a set of singularities. Then the dynamics of these singularities are transformed to Hamiltonian action-angle variables. An explicit condition is given for the existence of the transformation. This formalism is illustrated by solving explicitly for a particular case where the result is a separable and integrable Hamiltonian. This demonstrates that, at least for a family of arbitrary initial conditions, Laplacian growth is an integrable problem.
Torsion of the Left Ventricle During Pacing with MRI Tagging

The effects of different pacing protocols on left ventricular (LV) torsion were evaluated over the full cardiac cycle. A systolic and diastolic series of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were combined and used to calculate the torsion of the LV in a canine model. The asynchronous activation resulting from ventricular pacing interferes with the temporal evolution of LV torsion. The torsion of the left ventricle was investigated under three different protocols: 1) right atrial pacing, 2) right ventricular pacing, and 3) simultaneous pacing from the right ventricular apex and LV base. The temporal evolution of torsion was determined from tagged MRI and evaluated over the cardiac cycle. The peak rotation for the atrially paced hearts was 11.1 degrees (+/- 3.5 degrees) compared to 6.1 degrees (+/- 1.7 degrees) and 6.1 degrees (+/- 0.7 degree) for those hearts paced from the right ventricle and from both ventricles, respectively. While biventricular pacing increases the synchrony of contraction, it significantly alters the pattern of LV torsion. From these experiments we have shown that measuring torsion is an extremely sensitive indicator of the existence of ectopic excitation.
MR imaging of bone marrow in children with osteosarcoma: effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) is used to stimulate myeloid cell production and function in children undergoing chemotherapy for osteosarcoma. We hypothesize that GCSF can cause reconversion of marrow from fatty to hematopoietic and that this change can be detected by MR imaging at sites away from the primary tumor. This benign effect of treatment should not be confused with tumor spread.MR images of marrow of the affected and contralateral limbs were retrospectively reviewed for 16 patients with osteosarcoma of the femur or tibia; nine of these patients had received GCSF. A grade was assigned to marrow signal intensity at sites away from the tumor, and findings before and after treatment were compared. The validity of MR image interpretation was assessed by comparing the signal intensity of marrow with the histologic appearance of marrow at 19 resection margins.Changes consistent with reconversion were seen on MR images in seven of nine patients who had received GCSF in addition to chemothe...
The Algebra of Strand Splitting. II. A Presentation for the Braid Group on One Strand

The author previously introduced groups BV and as braided versions of groups introduced by Richard J. Thompson, and as having connections to braided tensor categories. Here we show that BV and are finitely presented by exhibiting finite presentations for them. We show that these groups are "Artinifications" of the older Thompson groups V and by showing that presentations for V and can be obtained from presentations for BV and by adding relations that trivialize the squares of the generators of the latter groups.
THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: THEORY PERSPECTIVE

Theoretical developments concerning the high transition temperature cuprate superconductors are reviewed.
The message flow model for routing in wormhole-routed networks

In this paper, we introduce a new approach to deadlock-free routing in wormhole-routed networks called the message flow model. This method may be used to develop deterministic, partially-adaptive, and fully-adaptive routing algorithms for wormhole-routed networks with arbitrary topologies. We first establish the necessary and sufficient condition for deadlock free routing, based on the analysis of the message flow on each channel. We then use the model to develop new adaptive routing algorithms for 2D meshes. >
Disordered surface vibrations in jammed sphere packings.

We study the vibrational properties near a free surface of disordered spring networks derived from jammed sphere packings. In bulk systems, without surfaces, it is well understood that such systems have a plateau in the density of vibrational modes extending down to a frequency scale ω*. This frequency is controlled by ΔZ = 〈Z〉 − 2d, the difference between the average coordination of the spheres and twice the spatial dimension, d, of the system, which vanishes at the jamming transition. In the presence of a free surface we find that there is a density of disordered vibrational modes associated with the surface that extends far below ω*. The total number of these low-frequency surface modes is controlled by ΔZ, and the profile of their decay into the bulk has two characteristic length scales, which diverge as ΔZ−1/2 and ΔZ−1 as the jamming transition is approached.
Grain boundaries in silicon from zero temperature through melting

The results of atomistic simulations of twist grain boundaries in covalent silicon are presented and compared with similar studies in metals. Three aspects are discussed in detail: (i) the zero-temperature structure-energy correlation, (ii) the elastic anomalies near a twist boundary at zero temperature, and (iii) the high-temperature stability of a boundary and its role in thermodynamic melting. In each case striking similarities with studies on metals are found, which are attributed to the important role played by atoms in close proximity. By contrast the covalent nature of bonding in silicon appears to play only a minor role.
Techniques for improving the performance of CELP-type speech coders

Techniques for improving the performance of CELP (code excited linear prediction)-type speech coders while maintaining reasonable computational complexity are explored. A harmonic noise weighting function, which enhances the perceptual quality of the processed speech, is introduced. The combination of harmonic noise weighting and subsample pitch lag resolution significantly improves the coder performance for voiced speech. Strategies for reducing the speech coder's data rate, while maintaining speech quality, are presented. These include a method for efficient encoding of the long-term predictor lags, utilization of multiple gain vector quantizers, and a multimode definition of the speech coder frame. A 5.9-kb/s VSELP speech coder that incorporates these features is described. Complexity reduction techniques which allow the coder to be implemented using a single fixed-point DSP (digital signal processor) are discussed. >
Large area bolometers for millimeter-wave power calibration

An accurate monolithic power meter has been developed for millimeter-wave applications. The detector is a large-area Bismuth bolometer, integrated on a fused-Quartz substrate. It simply measures the temperature change caused by the absorption of millimeter-wave radiation. The power meter is simple to fabricate, inexpensive, and can be easily calibrated using a low-frequency network. The measured responsivity for a 50Ω bolometer, with an area of 1×1cm, at a bias of 1V. and a video modulation of 100Hz, is 1mV/W. The noise spectrum exhibits a 1/f rolloff till 1KHz, and is limited by the Johnson noise for higher frequencies. The NEP of the detector is 3μWHz−1/2 at a video modulation of 1KHz. It is possible to decrease the current NEP by fabricating bolometers with higher responsivities. Possible application areas are absolute power calibration and localized power density measurements at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths.
Scheduled access alcohol drinking by alcohol-preferring (P) and high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) rats: modeling adolescent and adult binge-like drinking.

Binge alcohol drinking continues to be a public health concern among today's youth and young adults. Moreover, an early onset of alcohol use, which usually takes the form of binge drinking, is associated with a greater risk for developing alcohol use disorders. Given this, it is important to examine this behavior in rat models of alcohol abuse and dependence. Toward that end, the objective of this article is to review findings on binge-like drinking by selectively bred alcohol-preferring (P) and high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) lines of rats. As reviewed elsewhere in this special issue, the P line meets all, and the HAD line meets most, of the proposed criteria for an animal model of alcoholism. One model of binge drinking is scheduled ethanol access during the dark cycle, which has been used by our laboratory for over 20 years. Our laboratory has also adopted a protocol involving the concurrent presentation of multiple ethanol concentrations. When this protocol is combined with limited access, ethanol intake is maximized yielding blood ethanol levels (BELs) in excess, sometimes greatly in excess, of 80 mg%. By extending these procedures to include multiple scheduled ethanol access sessions during the dark cycle for 5 consecutive days/week, P and HAD rats consume in 3 or 4 h as much as, if not more than, the amount usually consumed in a 24 h period. Under certain conditions, using the multiple scheduled access procedure, BELs exceeding 200 mg% can be achieved on a daily basis. An overview of findings from studies with other selectively bred, inbred, and outbred rats places these findings in the context of the existing literature. Overall, the findings support the use of P and HAD rats as animal models to study binge-like alcohol drinking and reveal that scheduled access procedures will significantly increase ethanol intake by other rat lines and strains as well.
Meeting the Cool Neighbors. X. Ultracool Dwarfs from the 2MASS All-Sky Data Release

Using data from the 2 Micron All Sky Survey All-Sky Point Source Catalogue, we have extended our census of nearby ultracool dwarfs to cover the full celestial sphere above Galactic latitude of 15°. Starting with an initial catalog of 2,139,484 sources, we have winnowed the sample to 467 candidate late-type M or L dwarfs within 20 pc of the Sun. Fifty-four of those sources already have spectroscopic observations confirming them as late-type dwarfs. We present optical spectroscopy of 376 of the remaining 413 sources, and identify 44 as ultracool dwarfs with spectroscopic distances less than 20 pc. Twenty-five of the 37 sources that lack optical data have near-infrared spectroscopy. Combining the present sample with our previous results and data from the literature, we catalog 94 L dwarf systems within 20 pc. We discuss the distribution of activity, as measured by Hα emission, in this volume-limited sample. We have coupled the present ultracool catalog with data for stars in the northern 8 pc sample and recent (incomplete) statistics for T dwarfs to provide a snapshot of the current 20 pc census as a function of spectral type.
On the inconsistency between the estimates of cosmic star formation rate and stellar mass density of high-redshift galaxies

There are mainly two different approaches to measure the cosmic star formation history: direct star formation rate density (SFRD) and stellar mass density ρ* as functions of redshift. Compilations of current observations seem to show a disparity in the two quantities, in the sense that the integral of SFRD is higher than the observed ρ* (after considering gas recycling). Using cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations based on the concordance Λ cold dark matter model, we show that the two quantities become more consistent with each other when we consider the observed galaxy mass limit. The comparison between the simulations and (dust-corrected) observed cosmic SFRD shows good agreement, while the observed ρ* is significantly lower than the simulation results. This can be reconciled if the current high-z galaxy surveys are missing faint low-mass galaxies due to their flux limit. Our simulated galaxy stellar mass functions have steep low-mass end slopes of α≲−2 at z > 3, and when these numerous low-mass galaxies are included, the total ρ* matches with the integral of SFRD.
Triangular wavelet based finite elements via multivalued scaling equations

This paper develops a class of triangular finite elements based on L2(Rn) orthonormal compactly supported wavelets. As in the case of recently derived tensor product wavelet elements, the triangular elements are defined by deriving an algebraic eigenvalue problem characterizing the entries of the elemental matrices. These entries are uniquely defined by normalization conditions derived from the polynomial reproducing properties of the wavelet scaling functions. The work herein generalizes the development of the tensor-product wavelet elements in that the geometry of the triangular elemental domain is characterized using a multivalued scaling equation. The multivalued scaling function is used to represent the self-similar tiling of Rn onto itself by triangular domains.
Gravity waves in the Sun

We present numerical simulations of penetrative convection and gravity wave excitation in the Sun. Gravity waves are self-consistently generated by a convective zone overlying a radiative interior. We produce power spectra for gravity waves in the radiative region as well as estimates for the energy flux of gravity waves below the convection zone. We calculate a peak energy flux in waves below the convection zone to be three orders of magnitude smaller than previous estimates for m = 1. The simulations show that the linear dispersion relation is a good approximation only deep below the convective‐radiative boundary. Both low-frequency propagating gravity waves as well as higher frequency standing modes are generated although we find that convection does not continually drive the standing g-mode frequencies.
Interrupted Time Series Design

Interrupted time series designs are based on repeated measurements before and after the implementation of an intervention. The observations gathered before the intervention establish a baseline that is used to project what would be expected in the absence of intervention. Intervention effects are demonstrated when the observations gathered after the intervention deviate from the expectations derived from the baseline projections. Keywords: single-case design; AB design; time series
Gain control in molecular information processing: Lessons from neuroscience

Statistical properties of environments experienced by biological signaling systems in the real world change, which necessitates adaptive responses to achieve high fidelity information transmission. One form of such adaptive response is gain control. Here, we argue that a certain simple mechanism of gain control, understood well in the context of systems neuroscience, also works for molecular signaling. The mechanism allows us to transmit more than 1 bit (on or off) of information about the signal independent of the signal variance. It does not require additional molecular circuitry beyond that already present in many molecular systems, and in particular, it does not depend on existence of feedback loops. The mechanism provides a potential explanation for abundance of ultrasensitive response curves in biological regulatory networks.
Imaging the functional connectivity of the Periaqueductal Gray during genuine and sham electroacupuncture treatment

Background: Electroacupuncture (EA) is currently one of the most popular acupuncture modalities. However, the continuous stimulation characteristic of EA treatment presents challenges to the use of conventional functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) approaches for the investigation of neural mechanisms mediating treatment response because of the requirement for brief and intermittent stimuli in event related or block designed task paradigms. A relatively new analysis method, functional connectivity fMRI (fcMRI), has great potential for studying continuous treatment modalities such as EA. In a previous study, we found that, compared with sham acupuncture, EA can significantly reduce Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) activity when subsequently evoked by experimental pain. Given the PAG’s important role in mediating acupuncture analgesia, in this study we investigated functional connectivity with the area of the PAG we previously identified and how that connectivity was affected by genuine and sham EA. Results: Forty-eight subjects, who were randomly assigned to receive either genuine or sham EA paired with either a high or low expectancy manipulation, completed the study. Direct comparison of each treatment mode’s functional connectivity revealed: significantly greater connectivity between the PAG, left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and precuneus for the contrast of genuine minus sham; significantly greater connectivity between the PAG and right anterior insula for the contrast of sham minus genuine; no significant differences in connectivity between different contrasts of the two expectancy levels. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the intrinsic functional connectivity changes among key brain regions in the pain matrix and default mode network during genuine EA compared with sham EA. We speculate that continuous genuine EA stimulation can modify the coupling of spontaneous activity in brain regions that play a role in modulating pain perception.
Preference Heterogeneity and Insurance Markets: Explaining a Puzzle of Insurance

The textbook approach to insurance markets emphasizes the role of private information about risk in determining who purchases insurance. In the classic adverse selection model of Michael Rothschild and Joseph Stiglitz (1976), individu als with higher expected claims buy more insur ance than those with lower expected claims, who may be out of the market entirely. This basic prediction of asymmetric information models of a “positive correlation” between insurance cov erage and accident occurrence has been shown to be robust to a variety of extensions to the stan
THE INTRINSIC PROPERTIES OF SDSS GALAXIES

The observed properties of galaxies vary with inclination; for most applications we would rather have properties that are independent of inclination, intrinsic properties. One way to determine inclination corrections is to consider a large sample of galaxies, study how the observed properties of these galaxies depend on inclination and then remove this dependence to recover the intrinsic properties. We perform such an analysis for galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey which have been matched to galaxies from the Two-Micron All Sky Survey. We determine inclination corrections for these galaxies as a function of galaxy luminosity and Sersic index. In the g-band these corrections reach as as high as 1.2 mag and have a median value of 0.3 mag for all galaxies in our sample. We find that the corrections show little dependence on galaxy luminosity, except in the u band, but are strongly dependent on galaxy Sersic index. We find that the ratio of red-to-blue galaxies changes from 1:1 to 1:2 when going from observed to intrinsic colors for galaxies in the range 22.75 < MK < 17.75. We also discuss how survey completeness and photometric redshifts should be determined when taking into account that observed and intrinsic properties differ. Finally, we examine whether previous determinations of stellar mass give an intrinsic quantity or one that depends on galaxy inclination. Subject headings: galaxies: clusters: general—galaxies: statistics—methods:statistical:surveys
Security practices and regulatory compliance in the healthcare industry

Objective Securing protected health information is a critical responsibility of every healthcare organization. We explore information security practices and identify practice patterns that are associated with improved regulatory compliance. Design We employed Ward's cluster analysis using minimum variance based on the adoption of security practices. Variance between organizations was measured using dichotomous data indicating the presence or absence of each security practice. Using t tests, we identified the relationships between the clusters of security practices and their regulatory compliance. Measurement We utilized the results from the Kroll/Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society telephone-based survey of 250 US healthcare organizations including adoption status of security practices, breach incidents, and perceived compliance levels on Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Red Flags rules, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and state laws governing patient information security. Results Our analysis identified three clusters (which we call leaders, followers, and laggers) based on the variance of security practice patterns. The clusters have significant differences among non-technical practices rather than technical practices, and the highest level of compliance was associated with hospitals that employed a balanced approach between technical and non-technical practices (or between one-off and cultural practices). Conclusions Hospitals in the highest level of compliance were significantly managing third parties' breaches and training. Audit practices were important to those who scored in the middle of the pack on compliance. Our results provide security practice benchmarks for healthcare administrators and can help policy makers in developing strategic and practical guidelines for practice adoption.
La deixis et la modalité: pour une étude de la subjectivité langagière

La presente etude de la subjectivite s'est focalisee sur la theorie de l'enonciation. Par une etude des procedes de deictisation et de modelisation inscrits dans l'oeuvre romanesque Masques de G. de la Rocque, l'A. tente de montrer comment un recit endosse par un peut etre eminemment subjectif et une description enoncee par un adopter un point de vue universel, voir impersonnel. Un recours aux manuscrits des Masques eclairera la problematique du roman
Recessions and the Costs of Job Loss

We develop new evidence on the cumulative earnings losses associated with job displacement, drawing on longitudinal Social Security records from 1974 to 2008. In present-value terms, men lose an average of 1.4 years of predisplacement earnings if displaced in mass-layoff events that occur when the national unemployment rate is below 6 percent. They lose a staggering 2.8 years of predisplacement earnings if displaced when the unemployment rate exceeds 8 percent. These results reflect discounting at a 5 percent annual rate over 20 years after displacement. We also document large cyclical movements in the incidence of job loss and job displacement and present evidence on how worker anxieties about job loss, wage cuts, and job opportunities respond to contemporaneous economic conditions. Finally, we confront leading models of unemployment fluctuations with evidence on the present-value earnings losses associated with job displacement. The 1994 model of Dale Mortensen and Christopher Pissarides, extended to include search on the job, generates present-value losses that are only one-fourth as large as observed losses. Moreover, present-value losses in the model vary little with aggregate conditions at the time of displacement, unlike the pattern in the data.
Strong-Field Induced Vibrational Coherence in the Ground Electronic State of Hot I 2

We observe large amplitude coherent vibrations in vibrationally hot ground state neutral ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ molecules created through ``Lochfrass,'' or ``$R$-selective ionization.'' We directly measure the phase and amplitude of the vibrations. Our results support the notion of enhanced ionization at large internuclear separation over recent theoretical predictions for heavy molecules. Furthermore, simulations of the vibrational motion show that for Lochfrass the vibrational coherence, contrary to most coherent control schemes, is stronger for hot molecules than for cold molecules.
Use of a kinematic constraint in tracking constant speed, maneuvering targets

The use of a kinematic constraint as a pseudomeasurement in the tracking of constant-speed, maneuvering targets is considered. The kinematic constraint provides additional information about the target motion that can be processed as a pseudomeasurement to improve tracking performances. A new formulation of the constraint equation is presented, and the rationale for the new formulation is discussed. The filter using the kinematic constraint as a pseudomeasurement is shown to be unbiased, and sufficient conditions for stochastic stability of the filter are given. Simulated tracking results are given to demonstrate the potential that the new formulation provides for improving tracking performance. >
THE LOAD-ENDURANCE RELATIONSHIP FOR A STATIC MANUAL RESPONSE.

Each of 64 male subjects was required to maintain certain proportions of his maximum response strength as long as possible. An essentially linear relationship was obtained between the relative load (the percentage-of-maximum strength) and the endurance of the manual response within the range of loads employed. As the load was increased from 50% to 80% of maximum strength, the mean endurance of manual pull decreased from 63.3 sec to 21.4 sec. A comparison of endurance scores for two arm positions yielding different response strengths revealed little difference in performance despite the fact that the mean force to be maintained was 41% greater at one arm position than at the other. Thus, relative loading tended to equalize endurance despite large differences in the actual force of the sustained response.
Cobalamin-dependent methyltransferases

Cobalamin cofactors play critical roles in radical-catalyzed rearrangements and in methyl transfers. This Account focuses on the role of methylcobalamin and its structural homologues, the methylcorrinoids, as intermediaries in methyl transfer reactions, and particularly on the reaction catalyzed by cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. In these methyl transfer reactions, the cobalt(I) form of the cofactor serves as the methyl acceptor. Biological methyl donors to cobalamin include N5-methyltetrahydrofolate, other methylamines, methanol, aromatic methyl ethers, acetate, and dimethyl sulfide. The challenge for chemists is to determine the enzymatic mechanisms for activation of these unreactive methyl donors and to mimic these amazing biological reactions.
RIMES: Embedding Interactive Multimedia Exercises in Lecture Videos

Teachers in conventional classrooms often ask learners to express themselves and show their thought processes by speaking out loud, drawing on a whiteboard, or even using physical objects. Despite the pedagogical value of such activities, interactive exercises available in most online learning platforms are constrained to multiple-choice and short answer questions. We introduce RIMES, a system for easily authoring, recording, and reviewing interactive multimedia exercises embedded in lecture videos. With RIMES, teachers can prompt learners to record their responses to an activity using video, audio, and inking while watching lecture videos. Teachers can then review and interact with all the learners' responses in an aggregated gallery. We evaluated RIMES with 19 teachers and 25 students. Teachers created a diverse set of activities across multiple subjects that tested deep conceptual and procedural knowledge. Teachers found the exercises useful for capturing students' thought processes, identifying misconceptions, and engaging students with content.