cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorrect Inferences When Using Generated Regressors in Accounting Research

We analyze the bias associated with the use of generated regressors, i.e., independent variables generated from a first-step auxiliary regression, in accounting research settings. Widely used generated regressors in accounting include discretionary accruals, the Dechow and Dichev [2002] measure of accrual quality, asymmetric timeliness coefficients, the Khan and Watts [2009] C-score, earnings persistence coefficients, real earnings management proxies, discretionary book-tax differences, and predicted values capturing litigation risk, bankruptcy risk, and the likelihood of a tax shelter. Under general conditions, the presence of generated regressors does not affect the consistency of coefficient estimates. However, commonly used generated regressors can bias standard errors towards zero, producing type I errors. We discuss various types of generated regressors (predicted values, residuals, coefficients, etc.) and demonstrate the associated standard error bias and factors affecting the bias using simple regression models and simulation analyses. We also show the bias can be substantial in common accounting settings by examining the magnitude of the bias when examining the effect of litigation risk on management forecast characteristics. Finally, we outline two corrections for the bias and show how the corrections, including bootstrapping standard errors, improve inferences.
Diversity-oriented synthesis of polymer membranes with ion solvation cages.

Microporous polymers feature shape-persistent free volume elements (FVEs), which are permeated by small molecules and ions when used as membranes for chemical separations, water purification, fuel cells and batteries1–3. Identifying FVEs that have analyte specificity remains a challenge, owing to difficulties in generating polymers with sufficient diversity to enable screening of their properties. Here we describe a diversity-oriented synthetic strategy for microporous polymer membranes to identify candidates featuring FVEs that serve as solvation cages for lithium ions (Li+). This strategy includes diversification of bis(catechol) monomers by Mannich reactions to introduce Li+-coordinating functionality within FVEs, topology-enforcing polymerizations for networking FVEs into different pore architectures, and several on-polymer reactions for diversifying pore geometries and dielectric properties. The most promising candidate membranes featuring ion solvation cages exhibited both higher ionic conductivity and higher cation transference number than control membranes, in which FVEs were aspecific, indicating that conventional bounds for membrane permeability and selectivity for ion transport can be overcome4. These advantages are associated with enhanced Li+ partitioning from the electrolyte when cages are present, higher diffusion barriers for anions within pores, and network-enforced restrictions on Li+ coordination number compared to the bulk electrolyte, which reduces the effective mass of the working ion. Such membranes show promise as anode-stabilizing interlayers in high-voltage lithium metal batteries. A diversity-oriented synthesis approach that yields a library of architecturally broad microporous polymers is used to develop structurally diverse polymer membranes with ion specificity and to screen their properties.
The Peasant in Postsocialist China: History, Politics, and Capitalism

Introduction: peasants, history, and politics 1. The peasantry and social stagnation: the roots of the reform-era liberal narrative 2. From peasant to citizen: liberal narratives on peasant dependency 3. Capitalism and the peasant: new left narratives 4. 'Deconstructing modernization': Wen Tiejun and 'Sannong wenti' 5. Into the soil: ethnographies of social disintegration 6. New rural reconstruction and the attempt to organize the peasantry Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Index.
Why Not Solipsism

THE QUESTION Solipsism poses a familiar epistemological problem. Each of us has beliefs about a world that allegedly exists outside our own minds. The problem is to justify these nonsolipsistic convictions. One standard approach is to argue that the existence of things outside our own sensations may reasonably be inferred from regularities that obtain within our sensations. Certain experiences, which I will call tiger sounds and tiger visual images, exhibit a striking correlation. We can explain the existence of this correlation by postulating an entity that is a cause of both. If there were tigers, it would be no surprise that certain sights and certain sounds tend to co-occur. Our rejection of solipsism can thus be justified by appeal to an abductive argument; we advance an inference to the best explanation conforming to the pattern that Reichenbach (1956) called the principle of the common cause (Salmon 1984; Sober 1988). The epistemological problem posed by solipsism is an old chestnut. A quite different problem – one less often noticed, let alone addressed – is the problem of explanation. Why do we have beliefs about the world outside our own minds? To reply that it is in our nature to “reify” may be true enough, but it merely postpones the question at hand.
Properties of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase Protein

Hepadnavirus polymerases are multifunctional enzymes that play critical roles during the viral life cycle but have been difficult to study due to a lack of a well-defined panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). We have used recombinant human hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase (Pol) expressed in and purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells to generate a panel of six MAbs directed against HBV Pol protein. Such MAbs were subsequently characterized with respect to their isotypes and functions in analytical and preparative assays. Using these MAbs as probes together with various deletion mutants of Pol expressed in insect cells, we mapped the B-cell epitopes of Pol recognized by these MAbs to amino acids (aa) 8 to 20 and 20 to 30 in the terminal protein (TP) region of Pol, to aa 225 to 250 in the spacer region, and to aa 800 to 832 in the RNase H domain. Confocal microscopy and immunocytochemical studies using various Pol-specific MAbs revealed that the protein itself appears to be exclusively localized to the cytoplasm. Finally, MAbs specific for the TP domain, but not MAbs specific for the spacer or RNase H regions of Pol, appeared to inhibit Pol function in the in vitro priming assay, suggesting that antibody-mediated interference with TP may now be assessed in the context of HBV replication.
"Titicut follow-up": successful transfer of assaultive patients from a high security facility to a less restrictive setting

Currently many state mental health agencies are redoubling their efforts to close or downsize state hospitals and place their populations in less restrictive settings. Prior to 1990, certain assaultive non-criminal male patients from public facilities operated by the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health (DMH) could be transferred to prison psychiatric facilities operated by the Department of Corrections (DOC). In 1989 that practice was declared illegal, and clients so placed were ordered returned to DMH facilities. This case study describes the liaison process by which patients remaining in the DOC facility returned to DMH facilities, describes their subsequent hospital course, and reviews the validity of policy assumptions made about these patients' needs in the context of this follow-up data. The results of this analysis indicate that many fewer patients in this group of primarily chronic schizophrenic men required a secure facility upon their return than was previously assumed.
Solitary infantile myofibromatosis of the mandible. Report of three cases.

Abstract Infantile myofibromatosis (IMF) is a benign localized (solitary) or generalized (multicentric) proliferation of fibroblastic tissue occurring exclusively in infants and children. Three cases of solitary IMF involving the posterior region of the mandible of young children are reported. These lesions manifested clinically as asymptomatic bony expansion and roentgenographically as circumscribed lytic areas. Microscopically these tumors showed a distinct zoning phenomenon of curving bundles or intertwining fascicles of plump, spindle-shaped cells at the periphery and solid sheets of less differentiated round cells in the center. Positive immunostaining for vimentin and actin, with the lack of desmin and S- 100 protein reactivity, confirmed their myofibroblastic nature of these cells and supported the diagnosis of IMF. All three lesions were treated by curettage and the follow-up showed no incidence of recurrence or any other complications. As we demonstrate in these case reports, IMF should be included in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell neoplastic processes in children.
Testing to certify an embedded software system

The Robotic System for Visual Placement (RSVP) software is a novel robotic system under development. We tested the system using an approach of software development called Design, Build, Test, and Act (DBTA) integrated with aspects of V-Model testing. The goal is to certify the behavior of the embedded software system. The DBTA approach worked well as it involved the client throughout the entire design process. The iterative nature of DBTA allowed for thorough testing of each section of the software. We concluded that our testing software not only tested the functionality of the RSVP system, but also led to design suggestions for the client. In the future, we hope to expand the use of the testing software to other domains.
Plant Community Distribution and Dynamics in Bryce Canyon National Park

The overall objectives of the research are: 1. Develop a comprehensive classification for all stages of successional development for all vegetation types within the Park; 2. Map the potential vegetation and current vegetation types throughout the Park; 3. Development a simple succession model for predicting vegetation dynamics for each vegetation type in the Park; and 4. Map distributions of rare or endangered plant species within the Park. The combination of these objectives will provide Park managers with a predictive tool for Park management, and will provide vegetation ecologists with a comprehensive knowledge of the landscape vegetation dynamics of a range of vegetation types.
SSRN Considered Harmful

The Social Science Research Network (SSRN) has adopted several unfortunate policies that impair open access to scholarship. It should enable one-click download, stop requiring papers to bear SSRN watermarks, and allow authors to point readers to other download sites. If it does not reform, those who are serious about open access should not use SSRN.
Prospects for MAP & PLANCK

The Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) is a NASA medium Explorer (MIDEX) satellite to measure the anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave background (CMB) with an angular resolution more than 30 times better than COBE. PLANCK, an ESA satellite with even better angular resolution and sensitivity, will follow several years after MAP. These satellites will make precise measurements of the baryon to photon ratio and the dark matter to baryon ratio in the early Universe.
Introductory Econometrics: Omitted Variable Bias

… if the more educated workers tend to be more intelligent, motivated, or blessed with advantageous family backgrounds, … then the more educated workers typically would have received higher wages even without their additional schooling. It therefore is difficult to ascertain how much of the empirical association between wages and schooling is due to the causal effect of schooling and how much is due to unobserved factors that influence both wages and schooling. John Bound and Gary Solon Introduction In this chapter we discuss the consequences of not including an independent variable that actually does belong in the model. We revisit our discussion in Chapter 13 about the role of the error term in the classical econometric model. There we argue that the error term typically accounts for, among other things, the influence of omitted variables on the dependent variable. The term omitted variable refers to any variable not included as an independent variable in the regression that might influence the dependent variable. In Chapter 13 we point out that, so long as the omitted variables are uncorrelated with the included independent variables, OLS regression will produce unbiased estimates. In this chapter we focus on the issue of omitted variables and highlight the very real danger that omitted variables are in fact correlated with the included independent variables. When that happens, OLS regression generally produces biased and inconsistent estimates, which accounts for the name omitted variable bias.
Partition chromatography of organic acids in body fluids with silica gel; application of the method to normal human urine.

1. A method for the extraction of non-α-amino organic acids from urine based on the work of Isherwood is described. 2. The relative position of elution of 42 biologically significant acids from silica gel columns is demonstrated. A number of important acids known to be present in urine are not eluted. 3. The partition chromatography of urinary organic acids reveals the presence of 9 peaks, of which 4 are known to be acetic, formic, lactic, and citric acids. A fifth peak contains glycolic and oxalic acids. 4. The aromatic acids are eluted principally in the first peak, which contains hippuric acids as a major constituent. 5. A minimum of two unknown organic acids are constantly present in relatively large concentrations in urine. Two additional acids appear frequently.
Multi-spin echo spatial encoding provides three-fold improvement of temperature precision during intermolecular zero quantum thermometry.

Purpose Intermolecular multiple quantum coherences (iMQCs) are a source of MR contrast with applications including temperature imaging, anisotropy mapping, and brown fat imaging. Because all applications are limited by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), we developed a pulse sequence that detects intermolecular zero quantum coherences with improved SNR. Methods A previously developed pulse sequence that detects iMQCs, HOMOGENIZED with off resonance transfer (HOT), was modified with a multi-spin echo spatial encoding scheme (MSE-HOT). MSE-HOT uses a series of refocusing pulses to generate a stack of images that are averaged in postprocessing for higher SNR. MSE-HOT performance was quantified by measuring its temperature accuracy and precision during hyperthermia of ex vivo red bone marrow samples. Results MSE-HOT yielded a three-fold improvement in temperature precision relative to previous pulse sequences. Sources of improved precision were 1) echo averaging and 2) suppression of J-coupling in the methylene protons of fat. MSE-HOT measured temperature change with an accuracy of 0.6°C. Conclusion MSE-HOT improved the temperature accuracy and precision of HOT to a level that is sufficient for hyperthermia of bone marrow. Magn Reson Med, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Salmonella Typhimurium Co-Opts the Host Type I IFN System To Restrict Macrophage Innate Immune Transcriptional Responses Selectively

Innate immune inflammatory responses are subject to complex layers of negative regulation at intestinal mucosal surfaces. Although the type I IFN system is critical for amplifying antiviral immunity, it has been shown to play a homeostatic role in some models of autoimmune inflammation. Type I IFN is triggered in the gut by select bacterial pathogens, but whether and how the type I IFN might regulate innate immunity in the intestinal environment have not been investigated in the context of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST). ST infection of human or murine macrophages reveals that IFN-β selectively restricts the transcriptional responses mediated by both the TLRs and the NOD-like receptors. Specifically, IFN-β potently represses ST-dependent innate induction of IL-1 family cytokines and neutrophil chemokines. This IFN-β-mediated transcriptional repression was independent of the effects of IFN-β on ST-induced macrophage cell death, but significantly dependent on IL-10 regulation. We further evaluated ST pathogenesis in vivo following oral inoculation of mice lacking IFN-β. We show that IFN-β(-/-) mice exhibit greater resistance to oral ST infection and a slower spread of ST to distal sterile sites. This work provides mechanistic insight into the relationship between ST and type I IFN, and demonstrates an additional mechanism by which IFN-β may promote spread of enteric pathogens.
Clinical and polysomnographic determinants of snoring

Snoring is considered one of the hallmarks of sleep-disordered breathing but its determinants remain obscure. We aimed to document positional dependency of snoring along with its association with clinical and polysomnographic variables. 48 apnoeic and 53 nonapnoeic snorers who slept in supine and lateral position in all sleep stages during overnight polysomnography were included. Snoring was quantified by measuring the mean sound intensity, snoring frequency and their product. In apnoeic and nonapnoeic snorers, mean snoring intensity and mean intensity-frequency product were higher in supine than in lateral position and were also usually higher in N3 in comparison to REM and/or N2 stage in a given position. Positional change in snoring intensity as expressed by the ratio of mean intensity in the supine to lateral position was independently and positively correlated with age and tonsils size in nonapnoeic snorers, and with body mass index, tonsils size, and apnoea-hypopnoea index in apnoeics. Snoring is more prominent in supine position and in N3. Snoring positional dependence is determined by tonsils size and age in nonapnoeic snorers, and body mass and apnoea-hypopnoea indices in apnoeics.
Head oscillations in infantile nystagmus syndrome.

Purpose To quantitatively characterize eye and head oscillations in patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS). Methods Vertical and horizontal eye and head position in INS patients were measured simultaneously at a sampling frequency of 500 Hz. Eye and head movements were measured continuously for 180 seconds. The data was calibrated and converted to angular vectors, which were further analyzed with custom software. Results A total of 10 patients with INS were included: 3 with pseudo-jerk, 3 with pure-jerk, 2 with pseudo-pendular with foveating saccade form of jerk, 1 with bidirectional jerk, and 1 with asymmetric pendular nystagmus waveforms. None of the patients had periodic, aperiodic, or a superimposed latent nystagmus component. Two types of head oscillations were observed: one with a frequency of 1–3 Hz, present in all patients; and another with a frequency range of 5–8 Hz, present in only 7 patients. High-frequency oscillations were episodic, whereas low-frequency oscillations were constantly present. Peak velocity of the high-frequency head oscillations and eye velocity of nystagmus were not correlated, suggesting that these oscillations did not influence foveation. Conclusions Two types of head oscillations were found in INS patients: a constant, low-frequency and an episodic, high–frequency. Lack of correlation between the foveation period of nystagmus and peak head velocity during high-frequency oscillations suggests a coexisting pathological phenomenon rather than a compensatory mechanism used to improve the visual acuity.
Energy decay for hyperbolic systems of second-order equations

On etablit un taux de decroissance algebrique pour l'energie locale des solutions des systemes lineaires d'ordre 2 d'equations hyperboliques a coefficients dependant du temps et de l'espace. Les solutions considerees sont definies sur des regions non bornees de R 3 avec des frontieres en etoile finies ou infinies
Expectancy of personal control and seeking social support in coping style.

Sirmmary.-Sandler and Lakey (1982) suggested that compared to external scorers internal locus of control subjects are better able to cope with stress because they use the social support they receive more effectively. The present study examined a num5er of potential locus of control differences in coping styles to determine whether subjects with high expectancies of personal control report seeking significantly more social support in coping than subjects with low expectancies of personal control. Results indicate a significanrly greater initiation of contact with others during periods of distress for subjects with high as opposed to low personal control.
Recommendations for conducting successful research with Native Americans.

Background. In this article, I discuss factors that may affect working relationships between non-Indian researchers and Native American individuals and communities and give recommendations for conducting successful research. Methods. I describe 7 factors including Native American communities must receive information back from researchers and have access to data collected from them, researchers must address assets and broader social issues, and researchers must place the needs of the community ahead of their own interests. Results and Conclusions. Carrying through on the recommendations will make for more effective, culturally appropriate research.
Effects of calcium and salinity on the growth rate of Ephydatia fluviatilis (Porifera: Spongillidae)

The freshwater sponge, Ephydatia fluviatilis (Porifera: Spongillidae), was maintained in a continuous-flow laboratory culture system under several conditions of calcium ion (Ca++) concentration and salinity. Experimental results suggest that sponge growth rate increases with increasing Ca++ concentration, that sponge growth rate decreases with increasing salinity, and that the negative effect of higher salinity can be overcome by increasing Ca++ concentration. The experimental results correlate well with field observations on the effects of salinity and Ca++ on the distribution of E. fluviatilis.
Developing a decision support system for improving sustainability performance of manufacturing processes

It is difficult to formulate and solve optimization problems for sustainability performance in manufacturing. The main reasons for this are: (1) optimization problems are typically complex and involve manufacturing and sustainability aspects, (2) these problems require diversity of manufacturing data, (3) optimization modeling and solving tasks require specialized expertise and programming skills, (4) the use of a different optimization application requires re-modeling of optimization problems even for the same problem, and (5) these optimization models are not decomposed nor reusable. This paper presents the development of a decision support system (DSS) that enables manufacturers to formulate optimization problems at multiple manufacturing levels, to represent various manufacturing data, to create compatible and reusable models and to derive easily optimal solutions for improving sustainability performance. We have implemented a DSS prototype system and applied this system to two case studies. The case studies demonstrate how to allocate resources at the production level and how to select process parameters at the unit-process level to achieve minimal energy consumption. The research of this paper will help reduce time and effort for enhancing sustainability performance without heavily relying on optimization expertise.
Societal vulnerability to computer system failures

The world has become more dependent on computers which are active elements in bigger systems on which human lives depend - such as critical care units in hospitals, defense systems or air traffic control systems. Hence, the need to assure correct, reliable and safe operation has become more critical. With this need has come an increase in the attention paid to computer systems vulnerabilities and to societal vulnerability. While exports disagree over whether society is more vulnerable than resilient to failure of today's increasingly interconnected computer and communication systems, the consensus seems to be that, at the very least, the problem bears watching. This paper presents directions for exploring these problems further: a societal risk analysis, a focus on one or more critical computer systems, and the formation of interdisciplinary discussion forums.
Mass-transfer effects on droplet phenomena and extraction column hydrodynamics revisited

Abstract The effect of solute mass transfer between the two liquid phases on the drop size distribution and holdup profiles of the dispersed phase in a multistage extraction column is experimentally investigated in this article. Experimental results of the drop size distribution, dispersed-phase volume fraction (holdup), and concentration profiles are obtained for both directions of mass transfer. The drop size distribution is measured by a photomicrographic technique, the holdup profile is measured by an ultrasonic technique, and the concentration profiles are measured by refraction index measurements. A strong influence of the mass-transfer direction on drop size and holdup has been found. The results are in qualitative agreement with the observations of other investigators. Mass transfer of butyric acid from toluene (dispersed) to water (continuous) produced larger drop sizes and lower values of the dispersed-phase holdup than for the equilibrated toluene—water system. For mass transfer of butyric acid from water (continuous) to toluene (dispersed) smaller drop sizes and higher holdup values are observed than for the equilibrated toluene-water system. This behavior significantly affects the performance of the extractor and indicates the necessity for more studies to determine the physics of the phenomenon and to model these processes appropriately.
Transcriptional mechanism for the paired miR-433 and miR-127 genes by nuclear receptors SHP and ERRγ

MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are genomically encoded small approximately 22 nt RNA molecules that have been shown to mediate translational repression of target mRNAs involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation and death. Despite intensive studies on their physiological and pathological functions, the molecular mechanism of how miRNA gene transcription is regulated remains largely unknown. Microarray profiling revealed 21 miRNAs clustered on chromosome 12, including miR-433 and miR-127, that were co-upregulated in small heterodimer partner (SHP, NR0B2) SHP knockouts (SHP(-/-)) liver. Gene cloning revealed that the 3'-coding region of pri-miR-433 served as the promoter region of pri-miR-127. Estrogen related receptor (ERRgamma, NR3B3) robustly activated miR-433 and miR-127 promoter reporters through ERRE, which was transrepressed by SHP. The strong elevation of miR-433 and miR-127 in Hepa-1 cells correlated with the down-regulation of SHP and up-regulation of ERRgamma. Ectopic expression of ERRgamma induced miR-433 and miR-127 expression, which was repressed by SHP coexpression. In contrast, knockdown ERRgamma decreased miR-433 and miR-127 expression. In addition, the ERRgamma agonist GSK4716 induced miR-433 and miR-127 expression both in vitro and in vivo, respectively. In summary, the coupled miR-433 and miR-127 genes were transcribed from independent promoters regulated by nuclear receptors ERRgamma/SHP in a compact space by using overlapping genomic regions.
Temperature insensitivity of the threshold current density in exciton-dominated wide energy gap quantum wire lasers

We present simulations on temperature dependence of the threshold current density (J th ) in InGaN-AlGaN and ZnCdSe-ZnMgSSe quantum wire lasers having exciton transitions. We find that J th in a quantum wire laser is insensitive to temperature variation when exciton binding energies are in the range of 30 to 50 meV. This behavior is similar to quantum dot lasers having free carrier transitions. We show that the temperature dependence of the threshold current density is greatly reduced in lasers having exciton transitions in comparison to the ones having free carrier transitions. The reduced dependence of J th on the temperature is attributed to the inherent confinement of electron-hole pairs within the exciton radius along the wire axis, whereas the quantum wire cross section provides confinement of carriers in the plane perpendicular to the wire axis. The large exciton binding energies give rise to high exciton density of states and narrow spectral line width, thus confining the carriers into a pseudoquantum dot-like structure. The effect of exciton localization due to the randomness in quantum wire fabrication, causing exciton inhomogeneous line broadening, is also discussed.
Covering models for two-tiered emergency medical services systems

Abstract Emergency medical services (EMS) systems commonly consist of two types of providers, basic life support (BLS) units and advanced life support (ALS) units, with different capabilities. In contrast to other systems in which multiple vehicle responses are necessary, in EMS systems, the first-arriving unit can begin service prior to the arrival of the second-arriving unit. In this paper, a covering-type model for two-tiered EMS systems is considered. The model, which maximizes the expected number of calls for service that are served adequately, takes server availability into account through a two-dimensional queueing model. Illustrative computational results are provided.
Role of wavelength adaptation in the initiation, maintenance, and pharmacologic suppression of reentry.

Wavelength Adaptation and Reentry.Introduction: The stability of reentry is thought to depend on a critical balance between the spatial extent of refractory tissue in a reentrant wave (i.e., wavelength λ) and the reentrant path length. Because considerable evidence suggests that λ changes continuously in space and time during abrupt rate changes associated with the onset of tachycardia, we hypothesized that beat-by-beat adaptation of λ to the dimensions of the reentrant path plays a central role in the mechanism of initiation of reentry. Methods and Results: To investigate the dynamic relationship between λ and path length during initiation of reentry, optical mapping with voltage-sensitive dyes was used in a guinea pig model of reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT). In this model, a computer-guided laser obstacle precisely controlled the position and dimensions of the reentrant path. Under control perfusion and after addition of 15 μ M d-sotalol, λ was monitored during steady-state pacing, premature stimulation, and the initiating beats leading to nonsustained and sustained VT. During control perfusion, reentrant VT was reproducibly induced in 8 of 8 hearts, whereas in the presence of d-sotalol, reentry could only be initiated in 1 of 8 hearts due primarily to the failure of λ to adapt to the reentrant path length. During successful initiation of VT, a consistent sequence was observed. The sequence was characterized by antidromic and orthodromic propagation around both sides of the anatomic obstacle, followed by unidirectional block of the antidromic impulse and persistence of reentry only if the λ of the orthodromic impulse adapted to the reentrant path (λ < path length). d-Sotalol prevented initiation of VT by altering λ adaptation of the orthodromic wave; however, it failed to terminate ongoing VT because reverse use-dependence developed after several beats of tachycardia. Conclusion: In an experimental model where λ, path length, and cellular action potentials were monitored during initiation of reentry, we found that, in contrast to termination, the initiation of reentry and the transition from nonsustained to sustained VT is strongly dependent on beat-to-beat adaptation of λ to the dimensions of the reentrant path.
From number to name: symbolic capital, places of memory and the politics of street renaming in New York City

Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of street naming as a strategy for constructing ‘places of memory’. This paper draws upon Bourdieu's theory of symbolic capital to examine two key moments in the history of street renaming in New York City: the renaming of the avenues on Manhattan's Upper West Side in the latter nineteenth century and the street renamings in Harlem a century later. The aim of such a comparative case study approach is to demonstrate how the symbolic capital associated with street naming may be linked to an elite project of symbolic erasure and forced eviction, on the one hand, and the cultural recognition of a historically marginalized group, on the other. Both cases consider attempts to rename formerly numbered streets and avenues, and the benefit of considering them together is that they illustrate the multiple interests—as well as the exclusionary politics of race, class, and gender—involved in such shifts from ‘number’ to ‘name’. In doing so, this paper extends the curre...
Selection on rectangular meshes with multiple broadcasting

One of the fundamental algorithmic problems in computer science involves selecting thekth smallest element in a setS ofn elements. In this paper we present a fast selection algorithm which runs inO(n1/8 logn) time on a mesh with multiple broadcasting of sizen3/8 ×n5/8. Our result shows that, just like semigroup computations, selection can be done much faster on a suitably chosen rectangular mesh than on square meshes. We also show that if every processor can storen1/9 items, then our selection algorithm runs inO(n1/9 logn) time on a mesh with multiple broadcasting of sizen1/3 ×n5/9.
The International Headache Society (IHS) Headache Classification as applied to a headache clinic population

Four hundred patients attending a headache clinic were classified using the IHS criteria. The majority required more than two, often three or four, diagnoses. Even though migraine was the most common diagnosis, only 1/4 of those with a migraine diagnosis had it as the only diagnosis. Seventy-five percent of migraine patients had coexistent chronic tension-type headache (CTTH), drug-induced headache or both. Ninety-six percent of patients diagnosed as having migraine with aura also suffered from migraine without aura. More than 1/3 of patients (37.7%) attending the clinic suffered from chronic daily headache (CDH) (chronic cluster headache excluded), which is not included as a separate entity in the IHS classification. Pure CTTH formed only a small minority of CDH, whereas 86.6% of CDH had migraine as one of the diagnoses. Drug-induced headache was a prominent second or third diagnosis. The advantages and disadvantages of multiple verses single diagnosis in CDH and the need to recognize the natural history of headache disorders in the classification are discussed.
Metabolism of glycine-1-C14 by bone in vitro: effects of hormones and other factors.

The metabolism of glycine by bone cells in vitro has been examined, using surviving metaphysial bone fragments from rats and mice and glycine labeled with C14 in the carboxyl carbon as substrate. It has been possible to show that, while small amounts of glycine are decarboxylated (0.0013 μm/hr per 100 mg fresh bone), much larger amounts are incorporated intact into the organic matrix of incubated bone samples taken from 2-monthold rats (0.016 μm/hx per 100 mg bone). These rates vary with the age of the animal—being larger in young and smaller in older animals. The presence of glucose as substrate, and especially the percentage of O2 in the gas phase of the incubation system, have been shown to be important variables in determining the rates of glycine metabolism by bone. In addition, a survey of hormonal influences on glycine metabolism in bone has been made. Hypophysectomy, cortisone and thyroxine in vitro and estradiol in vivo in rats have been shown to decrease, while insulin in vitro, growth hormone t...
Time Limitations Enhance Reading Comprehension

Few studies in the domain of reading have explored the relation between time limitations and reading comprehension. Time limitations may enhance reading comprehension by promoting mindfulness in students, a construct which involves exertion of more effort and motivation. This study explored the effects of time constraints on reading comprehension in adult readers. Mild time constraints should create greater mindfulness in readers, resulting in enhanced comprehension. College students read passages under no time pressure, under mild time pressure, or under severe time pressure. Reading comprehension was assessed in each condition. The best reading comprehension was observed under mild time pressure. Implications are discussed.
Onset rivalry: factors that succeed and fail to bias selection

This project examined whether previous visual history can bias perceptual dominance during onset rivalry. A predictive sequence of non-rivalrous stimuli preceded dichoptically presented rivalrous displays. One of the dichoptic images was the implied next step of the preceding sequence while the other was not. Observers reported their initial dominant percept. Across five experiments, we found that motion sequences biased perceptual selection such that a rivalrous stimulus that continued a motion sequence tended to dominate one that did not. However, signals generated by complex pattern of motion information or verbal-semantic information had no influence on selection. These results are consistent with the view that onset rivalry is an early phase of rivalry that is likely insensitive to modulation by factors originating beyond the visual system.
Ionization potentials of tantalum clusters with three to 64 atoms

The threshold ionization potentials for Ta3–64 and Ta11O have been obtained from their photoionization efficiency spectra. The results show substantial variation in the ionization potentials as a function of n (number of atoms per cluster) for n<20. The ionization potentials for two isomers of Ta12 have also been measured. A comparison of the results to the spherical drop model has shown poor agreement. This is thought to result from the failure of the spherical drop model to include the developing geometrical and electronic structure of the clusters with increasing size. Bond dissociation energies for Ta2–4 have also been estimated.
Specific heat at CDW transitions in bronzes

We have measured the specific heat of single crystals of P 4 W 8 O 32 , P 4 W 12 O 44 , and K 0.3 MoO 3 at their CDW transitions. For K 0.3 MoO 3 , the anomaly is fit to a 3d-XY crossover mill, and compared to the derivative of the susceptibility. For the phosphate tungsten bronzes, only the anomaly at the upper CDW transition in P 4 W 12 O 44 is resolved
Chemical accident prevention under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 enacted recently contain provisions for the prevention of chemical accidents under Title III—Hazardous Air Pollutants. Some of these provisions include: a general duty clause, preparation of a list of substances and thresholds, requirements for the preparation of risk management plans by industry, specific accident prevention regulations, establishment of a Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, and requirements for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to promulgate a process safety management standard. These provisions, approaches with respect to process safety management by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and coordination with OSHA will be discussed.
Osteosarcomas and chondrosarcomas of the jaws: Immunohistochemical correlations

Clinical, microscopic, and immunohistochemical characteristics of 17 jaw sarcomas are reported. Histologic subtypes included chondroblastic (five), fibroblastic (five), osteoblastic (three), telangiectatic (one), parosteal (two), and chondrosarcoma (one). Reactivity for all antigenic markers in decalcified tissue was judged to be comparable to nondecalcified tissue. All neoplasms were nonreactive for muramidase and leukocyte common antigen. alpha-1 Antichymotrypsin and HLA-DR immunoreactivity was found focally. Positive S-100 staining was found predominantly in chondrocytes. All tumors were positive for vimentin. Cells in focal zones of cartilage were positive for keratin. No distinctive pattern emerged relative to clinical recurrence and histologic subtype or immunotype. Leukocyte common antigen determinations were useful because they distinguished between neoplastic and inflammatory cells. S-100 protein stains helped in the subclassification of chondroblastic osteosarcoma, and vimentin stains confirmed mesenchymal origin. Cross-reactive staining of cartilage with keratin antibodies was regarded as a possible diagnostic pitfall.
The geometric theory of selection of artificial teeth: is it valid?

Data from subjects whose maxillary incisors were considered esthetically acceptable were run through a computer to determine correlations between face and tooth form. The validity of Williams’s geometric theory of selection of artificial teeth was tested. Data from 31 subjects whose maxillary incisors were considered esthetically acceptable were run through a computer to determine correlations between face and tooth form. No correlation was found.
Gravitational and centrifugal buoyancy effects in curved square channels with conjugated boundary conditions

Abstract Fully developed laminar flow in a curved square channel with peripheral wall conduction is examined. The wall average Nusselt number, Nu , is presented as a function of four parameters: the wall conduction parameter, φ, the Prandtl number, and two Grashof numbers, Grg and Grc, which represent the gravitational and centrifugal forces, respectively, present in a variable density fluid. Numerical solutions are presented for 4.4 Nu values are demonstrated to be reduced below the curved channel forced convection values due to a weakening of the secondary flow field. A curve illustrating the relationship between φeff, defined as the value of φ at which a constant wall temperature boundary condition can be assumed, and De is presented.
Simulation Study of Binding Chemistry in Crowded Conditions Using Two- and Three-Dimensional Stochastic Off-Lattice Models

Molecular crowding is one of crucial properties that distinguish the intracellular environment from the well-mixed and diluted in vitro environment. Crowding can significantly alter the rates and equilibria of biochemical reactions, potentially either enhancing or inhibiting a reaction system depending on numerous physical parameters of that system. We have developed stochastic off-lattice models for two and three dimensional spaces based on Green's function reaction dynamics to better simulate binding chemistry in crowded conditions and to provide a platform for investigating how the crowding effect is influenced by various model assumptions. We have examined a simple homodimerization system to test dependence on seven system parameters: the total concentration of particles; the binding probability between two reactant monomers upon a collision; the mean time until a dissociation event (the inverse of the rate constant); the diffusion coefficient; the ratio of dimer area to monomer area (volume in 3D); the ratio of inert particle area to reactant monomer area (volume in 3D); and the threshold distance, defined as the maximum interaction range between two particles. Results from a two-dimensional variant show that the first four parameters act essentially independently and their joint influences can be accurately modeled by a simple polynomial regression function. The remaining three parameters show more complicated cross-dependencies. Early studies with a three-dimensional model are showing qualitatively similar behaviors to those of the two-dimensional model. Continuing work is aimed at quantitatively accounting for cross-dependent parameters and extending the full results to three-dimensional models. It is hoped that this work will lead to improved corrections for crowding effects in models too large in time or space scale to permit detailed crowding models and ultimately to more realistic general models of assembly chemistry in the cellular environment.
On a martensitic phase transformation in zirconia (ZrO2)—II. Crystallographic aspects

Abstract Crystallographic aspects of the martensitic tetragonal → monoclinic phase transformation in zirconia single crystals have been studied experimentally and compared with predictions of the phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography. Two different orientation relationships have been observed between the high and low temperature phases. Above 1000°C, the transformation occurs according to the orientation relations (100) m ∥~(100) t and [010] m ∥~[001] t , while below 1000°C, (100) m ~(100) t and [001] m ∥~[001] t were observed. These results indicate that the habit planes of the plate-like martensite products reported in the first paper of this series [ Acta Met. 20 , 1281 (1972)] had been incorrectly indexed; this occurred because of an incorrect assumption that a single crystal undergoing a monoclinie → tetragonal → monoclinic cycle would return to its original orientation at the end of the cycle. Application of the phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography indicates that the observed habit planes can be predicted using a single Bain correspondence, implied by the lower temperature orientation relations, combined with different lattice invariant deformation modes.
Ultrafast compact silicon-based ring resonator modulators using metal-insulator switching of vanadium dioxide

We present an optical modulator based on a silicon ring resonator coated with vanadium-dioxide (VO 2 ) motivated by the need for compact silicon-compatible optical switches operating at THz speeds. VO 2 is a functional oxide undergoing metal-insulator transition (MIT) near 67°C, with huge changes in electrical resistivity and near-infrared transmission. The MIT can be induced thermally, optically (by ultra-fast laser excitation in less than 100 fs), and possibly with electric field. VO 2 is easily deposited on silicon and its ultrafast switching properties in the near-infrared can be used to tune the effective index of ring resonators in the telecommunication frequencies instead of depending on the weak electro-optic properties of silicon. The VO 2 -silicon hybrid ring resonator is expected to operate at speeds up to 10 THz at low Q-factor and with shorter cavity lifetimes, thus enabling compact, faster, more robust devices. We have made ring resonator structures on SOI substrates with rings varying in diameter from 3-10 μm coupled to 5 mm-long nanotapered waveguides at separations of 200 nm. Rings were coated with 80 nm of VO 2 by pulsed laser deposition. As proof-of-concept, by switching the VO 2 top layer thermally, we were able to modulate the resonance frequency of the ring to match with the predictions from our FDTD simulations.
Recruitment of binding and binding-error detector circuits via long-term potentiation

Abstract The memorization of events and situations (episodic memory) requires the rapid formation of neural circuits for detecting bindings and binding errors. The formation of binding-error detectors, however, is problematic given their paradoxical behavior. A computational model is described that demonstrates how a transient pattern of activity representing an episode can lead to the rapid formation of circuits for detecting bindings and bindings errors as a result of long-term potentiation within structures whose architecture and circuitry match those of the hippocampal formation, a neural structure known to be critical to episodic memory formation.