cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From the simple to the surprisingly complex - An incremental study of elasticity

We can often find beautifully complex phenomena hidden in seemingly basic systems. This column describes a sequence of experiments that introductory students can undertake to explore elastic systems. The three experiments are all stylistically unique, but they share the feature of guided inquiry, posing a problem for the students, and allowing them the freedom to investigate.
Experimental studies into the role of cyclic bending during stretching of dual-phase steel sheets

Continuous-bending-under-tension (CBT) has been conceived as a mechanical test or a forming process imparting cyclic bending during stretching of a metallic sheet or strip in order to increase its elongation to fracture (ETF) relative to simple tension (ST). In a recent work, over five times improved ETF by CBT over ST has been reported for a dual-phase (DP) steel DP 1180. This paper evaluates the behavior in CBT of three additional automotive advanced high strength steels (AHSS), DP 590, DP 780, and DP 980. In doing so, the process parameter space defined in terms of crosshead velocity applying the tensile force, and roller depth imposing the amount of bending to the specimen has been explored to maximize the ETF of these materials. The studied steel sheets had different thicknesses, in addition to intrinsically containing different fractions of ferrite and martensite phases. After establishing the optimal process parameters, significant improvements in ETF are achieved for all studied steels. Based on comprehensive data, it is found that lower martensitic content moderately improves ETF, while increasing of the sheet thickness rapidly deteriorates ETF, under CBT. The behavior in tension of sheets that were subjected to CBT processing under the established optimal process condition is investigated to determine enhancement in strength and any residual ductility of the materials. In addition to testing, a combination of electron microscopy along with electron-backscattered diffraction and neutron diffraction is employed in order to assess the initial microstructure, evolution of crystallographic texture, and fracture mechanisms for the studied steels. Texture evolution in CBT forms a more pronounced {011} fiber along the stretching direction than in ST, revealing that the deformation in CBT could extend to greater strain levels than those reached at the fracture location in ST. Fractured surfaces after CBT are found to consist of fine ductile dimples, while those after ST consist of coarser dimples and some content of brittle flat martensitic regions.
Peptidylarginine Deiminases 2 Mediates Caspase-1-Associated Lethality in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia-Induced Sepsis.

BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes severe pneumonia in critically ill and immunocompromised patients. Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) 2, PAD4, and caspase-1 are important enzymes in mediating host response to infection. The goal of this study was to determine the interplay between PAD2, PAD4, and caspase-1 in PA pneumonia-induced sepsis. METHODS Pneumonia was produced in wild-type, Pad2-/-, and Pad4-/- mice by intranasal inoculation of PA (2.5 × 106 colony-forming units per mouse), and survival (n = 15/group) was monitored for 10 days. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated for in vitro studies. Samples were collected at specific timepoints for Western blot, bacterial load determination, and flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Caspase-1-dependent inflammation was diminished in PA-inoculated Pad2-/- mice, contributing to reduced macrophage death and enhanced bacterial clearance. In addition, Pad2-/- mice exhibited improved survival and attenuated acute lung injury after PA infection. In contrast, Pad4-/- mice did not display diminished caspase-1 activation, altered bacterial loads, or improved survival. CONCLUSIONS Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary sepsis by mediating caspase-1 activation. This goes against previous findings of PAD4 in sepsis. Our study suggests that PAD2 is a potential therapeutic target of PA pneumonia-induced sepsis.
Group Litigation Reaches Mexico: Revisiting Mexico's System of Collective Actions as a Vehicle to Ensure Efficient Implementation of Environmental Justice

This Note analyzes the decision of the Mexican legislature to allow for a system of group litigation to redress a particular set of environmentally based legal problems. The laws of Mexico, as they currently read, do not comport with the legislative intent of the authors of the legislation to allow for group litigation. This is primarily an effect of the economic incentives imposed by the new system of group litigation on institutional interests and corporate actors in Mexico. The argument advanced by this Note is that either judicial or legislative clarifications must be made to this legislation to effectuate the intent of the acts of the Mexican Congress. This may be achieved through Jurisprudencias, Ejecutorias, expansive judicial interpretation in the coming years, or through additional legislative amendments; all of which could provide additional parameters to ensure the unassailable environmental and constitutional rights of Mexican citizens. However, this Note advances the idea that the most effectual vehicle for implementing such change is through the introduction of additional pecuniary damages with regard to group litigation. In the coming years, the system of group litigation in Mexico is certain to come under heavy criticism and scrutiny from citizens, legal scholars and politicians alike. The arguments proposed herein must be addressed by the Mexican Congress to ensure that the environmental rights of citizens, guaranteed by the Mexican Constitution, are not subordinated to institutional economic interests.
Coronal Lateral Collateral Ligament Sign: A Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sign for Identifying Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees in Adolescents and Summarizing the Extent of Anterior Tibial Translation and Femorotibial Internal Rotation.

Background:Incompetence of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) confers knee laxity in the sagittal and axial planes that is measurable with clinical examination and diagnostic imaging.Hypothesis:A...
Linking Big Five Personality Domains and Facets to Alcohol (Mis)Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Aims The goal of this investigation was to synthesize (un)published studies linking Big Five personality domains and facets to a range of alcohol use outcomes. Meta-analyses were conducted to quantify the unique associations between alcohol use outcomes and each Big Five personality domains over and above other domains. Within each domain, meta-analyses also were conducted to examine the unique contribution of each personality facet in predicting alcohol use outcomes. Methods Systematic literature reviews were performed in PsycINFO and PubMed using keywords related to alcohol use and personality. Peer-reviewed and unpublished studies were screened and coded for the meta-analyses. A total of 80 independent samples were subjected to correlated effects meta-regressions. Results Over and above other Big Five personality domains, both conscientiousness and agreeableness were negatively correlated with alcohol consumption, risky/hazardous drinking and negative drinking-related consequences. Facet-level analyses indicated that deliberation and dutifulness were uniquely associated with alcohol (mis)use over and above other conscientiousness facets, and compliance and straightforwardness were uniquely associated with alcohol (mis)use over and above other agreeableness facets. Extraversion-namely excitement seeking-was correlated with alcohol consumption, whereas neuroticism-namely impulsiveness and angry hostility-was correlated with negative drinking-related consequences. Conclusions Personality characteristics are robust correlates of alcohol (mis)use. Examining relevant narrowband traits can inform mechanisms by which personality affects drinking behaviors and related problems, and ways to enhance clinical interventions for alcohol use disorder. Gaps in this literature and future research directions are discussed.
A AÇÃO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO NA HISTÓRIA DA SALVAÇÃO

According to the Bible, since creation until the final consumption, The Spirit is attracted, for what is bodily and historie: He makes the cosmos live, and inhabits the people, to the point of resting in a concrete human body, of the Christ; with Pentecost, The Spirit is shed “upon all the flesh”. He is truly the power of God in history; to his blow everything is transfigured: The thorn body of the crucified becomes the glorious body of the resurrected; the human word is translated into the word of God; the bread becomes the body of Christ: the Church becomes an anticipation of the kingdom; the world becomes a restored transparency of the fatherland; Attention to the Spirit's mystery is an understanding of the fundamental value that exists among the Pneuma and the Church: it is the Spirit that intervenes to build and characterize the Church as a sacrament. History has had its heavenly prologue, and it will have its heavenly epilogue. The time of the Spirit is not a historical time, but a state of interiority until the Trinitarian communion. The itinerary cannot be decomposed, and is very precise: from God absconditus to the Spirit, in the Son, through the Spirit, through the Monogenous, until the ineffable abyss of the Father. The history of the Church is, already the last time, scatology's beginning, and moreover, it can be said, a time of a particular action of the Holy S.
Assessment of FDA Approval for New High-risk Therapeutic Devices Not Meeting Pivotal Study Primary End Points, 2016-2020.

This cross-sectional study explores the frequency of, and rationale for, US Food and Drug Administration approval of high-risk therapeutic medical devices not meeting pivotal study primary end points from 2016 through 2020.
The case for camelina-derived aviation biofuel: Sustainability underpinnings from a holistic assessment approach

Abstract This study performed a holistic assessment of a novel cracking alternative (olefin metathesis or OMT) that converts plant oil to aviation biofuel using lipids from Camelina sativa L. (camelina). A high-resolution spatially explicit life cycle assessment and technoeconomic analysis (HR + LCA + TEA) was employed to elucidate camelina’s sustainability case. The potential camelina land was determined via the wheat-fallow Integrated Rotational Cycle (IRC) at county level for the 48 lower states in the U.S. Results revealed these lands were aggregated on the top wheat producing states of Montana, Kansas, and North Dakota at 19.5 × 106 ha, 18.2 × 106 ha, and 19.2 × 106 ha, for 2009, 2012, and 2015, respectively. If the high producing wheat lands (counties with >60,000–80,000 ha) in those states were grown with camelina at U.S. average yield of 1.2 Mg/ha, around 6.35 million m3 (1.68 billion gal) of advanced biofuel will be produced, equivalent to 11.18 % of the expanded Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) volume mandate for advanced biofuel (15 billion gal). LCA results using 1 MJ functional unit and “well-to-air” (WTA) system boundary showed that the operations cumulative energy demand (CED) for the OMT case producing simultaneous biojet, avgas, and diesel was 0.75 MJ/MJ, lower than for hydroprocessed renewable jet (HRJ) fuel (0.77 MJ/MJ) but 6.8 times higher than for petroleum jet (PTJ) fuel (0.11 MJ/MJ). The entire OMT energy demand was offset by the bioelectricity produced (0.57 MJ/MJ) from burning the meal. OMT’s net GHG reduction relative to PTJ was 23.34 % but increasing camelina yield from 1.2 to 1.8 Mg/ha increased reduction to 75.71 %. TEA results adapting 100,000 m3/yr biofuel throughput showed that OMT and HRJ had profits of $21.94 M and $24.13 M, respectively, using mass product allocation. The limiting metric for OMT and HRJ was net present value (NPV), and the minimum camelina yield to ensure profit was 1.18 Mg/ha. OMT can achieve maximum profit by selling biojet fuel at a price not lower than $2.75/gal and selling camelina meal feed pellets at a minimum price of $330/Mg. No tax incentive was needed for biojet and avgas because even at their base median values (biojet = $2.19/gal, avgas = $2.59/gal), NPV is still positive.
Laminar-Turbulent Transition in Waved Tubes

Paper presents test results and explains effects of tube flexibility, oscillations of tube walls, and shape of wall and deals especially with effects of wavelength of wave shaped walls of glass tubing; waves consisted of circumferential ridges constricting flow at spacings of various tube diameters.
Fat and Cancer

Fat has been the subject of much epidemiologic research on the role of nutritional factors in the etiology of cancer. 1,2 Some studies reported only on fat as a single entity, whereas others distinguished among different types of fat in an effort to refine the analyses. Fat (i.e., fatty acids) can be categorized in many ways, e.g., by their chemical structure, by sources in the diet, or by human nutritional requirements. Chemically, fatty acids may be classified as unsaturated or saturated, depending on whether or not they contain any double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats may be monounsaturated (only a single double bond, as in oleic acid) or polyunsaturated (multiple double bonds, as in linoleic acid). Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be further broken down into the omega-6 or omega-3 series, determined by the location of the first double bond from the methyl end of the molecule (e.g., arachidonic vs. docosapentaenoic acid, respectively) (Figure 1). Unsaturated fatty acids can occur as cis or trans isomers, which are different geometric configurations of the same molecule (e.g., oleic vs. elaidic acid, respectively) (Figure 2). Most naturally-occurring fatty acids are in the cis form. Trans fatty acids are largely a result of the industrial hydrogenation of liquid oils, as occurs in the production of margarine. Because the biological effects of dietary constituents depend on their chemical structures, these different forms of fat may have independent relationships to disease. Most of the epidemiologic studies that have examined different chemical forms of fat have distinguished between saturated and polyunsaturated fats, probably reflecting the earlier experience in cardiovascular disease research. More recently, studies have also been reporting on monounsaturated fats. There are few epidemiologic data on cis and trans isomers of fatty acids in relation to cancer risk.
Cell Death: Biological Mechanisms and Small Molecule Inhibitors

The process of regulated or programmed cell death (PCD) executed through genetically encoded intrinsic cellular machinery is widely accepted to represent one of the key cellular responses to extrinsic and intrinsic stimulation. Extensive analysis of PCD carried out during the last decade clearly established that proper execution of PCD is important for normal mammalian development and also for homeostasis of the adult organism. Deregulation of PCD has been linked to development of many severe human diseases like cancer, autoimmunity, stroke, and some neurodegenerative diseases. Although apoptosis, which is the first discovered form of PCD, has been and remains the mainstay of PCD research, better understanding of the process of apoptosis led to the surprising discovery that other forms of PCD also exist and play multiple important roles in health and disease. Small-molecule inhibitors of apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell death have been successfully developed and proved very useful in defining the mechanisms and functional role of various PCD processes. Furthermore, some molecules have been developed extensively and represent emerging new therapies for human pathologies. In this article, we will discuss the major PCD-related protein targets of chemical inhibitors and describe the major classes of small molecule inhibitors developed to this point.
Suicide Prevention Programs in the Schools: A Review and Public Health Perspective.

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of school-based suicide prevention programs from a public health perspective. A literature review of empirical studies examining sch...
Damage Measurements on Optical Materials for Use in High-Peak-Power Lasers

Recently, we have expanded our efforts to develop state-of-the-art optical components for use in large-scale, high-peak-power, solid state lasers. Laser-induced damage to many of these components sets critical constraints on construction costs and limits the peak powers attainable in current and proposed devices. Increasing the damage threshold whenever possible by improving materials fabrication technology is therefore the ultimate goal of our work. Our research has resulted in an extensive database of laser-damage measurements. We present summaries of these measurements with particular emphasis on those taken at 1064 nm and 355 nm.
Defense Spending and Unemployment Rates

. Empirical evidence is provided, using vectorautoregressive techniques, that the employment impacts of defense spending are not equally distributed among racial and gender lines and across time. While increases in defense spending were generally found to be associated with increases in each of the unemployment rates, in the 1980s, it was observed that black males were most severely impacted by such spending, while white males were least severely impacted. It is hypothesized that this finding is consistent with a military industrial complex that has become increasingly complex and which focuses more on high tech weapons procurement than on personnel and maintenance concerns. In contrast, non-defense spending increases were associated with unemployment rate decreases in all categories. However, in terms of the distribution of these “favorable” impacts, white males benefitted the most and black males benefitted the least.
Sequential Quadratic Programming Methods for Large-Scale Problems

Sequential quadratic (SQP) programming methods are the method of choice when solving small or medium-sized problems. Since they are complex methods they are difficult (but not impossible) to adapt to solve large-scale problems. We start by discussing the difficulties that need to be addressed and then describe some general ideas that may be used to resolve these difficulties. A number of SQP codes have been written to solve specific applications and there is a general purposed SQP code called SNOPT, which is intended for general applications of a particular type. These are described briefly together with the ideas on which they are based. Finally we discuss new work on developing SQP methods using explicit second derivatives.
PRC Outward Investment in the USA and Europe: A Model of R&D Acquisition

In this paper, I present a theoretical framework designed to explain People’s Republic of China (PRC) outward foeign direct investment in the USA and Europe, in search of research and development (R&D) acquisition modeled as positive “spillover effects” in a two-country model with firms distinguished by their ability to innovate. The motivation for this paper is the growing PRC merger and acquisition activity in Europe and the USA. The fact that the PRC, despite its many successful internal reforms, cannot induce innovation activity designed to alter its external sector from one that is based on cheap labor to one that is based on innovation-rich products, has forced it to use its extensive reserve holdings to acquire the necessary R&D via merger and acquisition. These acquisitions will allow the PRC to alter their domestic and export product mix and thus avoid the middle-income trap.
The Quark-Gluon plasma

These lectures present features of high temperature and baryon number density hadronic matter as it might be described by QCD, and describe the possible formation of such matter in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. The confinement-deconfinement transition, and the chiral symmetry breaking transition are discussed using order parameters. The current understanding of the dynamics of these phase changes is reviewed.
VCSELs: toward higher efficiency and stability

We summarize some of the recent advances in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), primarily focusing on attempting to understand the inherent limitations and advantages of the VCSEL structure in the various wavelength regimes. It will be shown that VCSELs in the 0.8-1.0 /spl mu/m range should be expected to exceed the performance of their in-plane counterparts in most respects. Reasons include the availability of nearly twice the modal gain for a given cavity fill-factor, the availability of low-loss epitaxial mirrors, the relatively small volume of the active region, and the low numerical aperture of the output beam. Low-resistance electrical pumping schemes have also recently been proven. Wall-plug efficiencies are already higher than in plane in the low-power (/spl les/1 mW) range, where many optical interconnect applications exist. >
Metabolism of d-Fructose by Arthrobacter pyridinolis

Previous studies showed that Arthrobacter pyridinolis can transport and utilize d-glucose only after prior growth on certain Krebs cycle intermediates. In contrast, we found that d-fructose was taken up and metabolized by A. pyridinolis without special prior conditions of growth. d-Fructose was first converted to d-fructose-1-phosphate by a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):D-fructose phosphotransferase. This activity required both supernatant and pellet fractions from d-fructose-grown cells centrifuged at 150,000 × g. The d-fructose-1-phosphate formed was converted to d-fructose-1, 6-diphosphate. Mutants deficient in PEP:d-fructose phosphotransferase and d-fructose-1-phosphate kinase, or d-fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase (FDPase) were unable to grow on d-fructose but retained the normal ability to use d-glucose. Mutants forming reduced amounts of FDPase were completely unable to grow on d-fructose but were still capable of limited growth on Krebs cycle intermediates. A requirement for higher levels of FDPase for growth on d-fructose than for growth on Krebs cycle intermediates was also indicated by the higher specific activities of FDPase in d-fructose-grown cells than in cells grown on l-malate or amino acids.
Source journals of articles on psychomotor performance: a list compiled from Index Medicus.

During 1988 in Cumulated Index Medicus under psychomotor skills, cross-referenced as psychomotor performance, 129 journals were listed. The three most frequently listed were Experimental Brain Research, Perceptual and Motor Skills, and Neuropsychologia. Questions important in evaluating journals, the information they provide on a topic, etc. are complex. Language: en
Insertion Slanting Strabismus Surgical Procedures

Insertion slanting recessions or biased resections have been reported to be useful for treating A- and V-pattern strabismus, convergence insufficiency, and convergence excess esotropia. Paradoxically, good results have been reported with methods that are opposite in nature. For example, some researchers would recess the medial rectus muscles and slant the superior pole of each muscle back farther than the inferior pole (Simonsz/von Graefe method) for a V-pattern esotropia, and others would slant the inferior poles back farther (Bietti method). The Simonsz/von Graefe method seems to be based on sound concepts of oculomotor mechanics. The Bietti method has been justified based on a misquoting and misinterpretation of previous work by Alan Scott, MD. Probably neither method contributes substantially to the outcome of strabismus surgery because sarcomere remodeling should rapidly negate the effect of the slanting. Most likely it is the recession or resection itself that affects the outcome.
Ubiquitous computing environment for land mine detection

This paper presents the software architecture of a ubiquitous computing environment to support distributed image processing in general, and land mine detection and remediation in particular. The resource limitation of mobile clients and low bandwidth of the wireless networks is mitigated in our system. We use the distributed paradigm to shift the computation from the resource scarce mobile client to networked high performance computers. The system supports distributed processing of code and data resource components across a network. The system is implemented in Java using a three-tier client-proxy-server model. We also present a prototype of the software architecture.
Metastatic osteosarcoma to the stomach and ascending colon in a pediatric patient causing gastrointestinal hemorrhage

Osteosarcoma metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract is a rare phenomenon (Horiuchi A, Watanabe Y, Yoshida M, et al.: Metastatic osteosarcoma in the jejunum with intussusception: report of a case. Surg Today 2007;37:440-2). Gastrointestinal metastases may cause intussusception, bowel obstruction, or hemorrhage (Horiuchi A, Watanabe Y, Yoshida M, et al.: Metastatic osteosarcoma in the jejunum with intussusception: report of a case. Surg Today 2007;37:440-2; Chondramohan K, Somanathan T, Kusamakumary P: Metastatic osteosarcoma causing intussusception. J Pediatr Surg 2003;38(E44):1-3; Hung GY, Chiou TJ, Hsieh YL, et al.: Intestinal metastasis causing intussusception in a patient treated for osteosarcoma with history of multiple metastases: a case report. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2001;31:165-167). We report a case of a 17 year old male with osteosarcoma metastatic to the stomach and ascending colon, causing significant chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Surgical resection was performed due to persistent, symptomatic anemia. The patient is free of recurrent hemorrhage at 24months after metastectomy. Resection of gastrointestinal metastases of osteosarcoma offers good palliation of chronic hemorrhage related to these lesions.
Paranodal structural abnormalities in rat CNS myelin developing in vivo in the presence of implanted O1 hybridoma cells.

O1 hybridoma cells, which produce a monocolonal IgM antigalactocerebroside, were implanted into the spinal cords of immature and mature rats and the cords examined 5–24 days later. Study of the younger group, in which myelin was developing at the time of implantation, revealed examples of abnormal myelin sheaths in which the repeat period was markedly increased. The paranodal regions of these abnormal sheaths were superficially normal in configuration; i.e. myelin lamellae terminated one by one as ‘terminal loops’ that indented the axolemma and formed normal axoglial junctions displaying periodic ‘transverse bands’. Neighbouring terminal loops are normally joined by tight junctions that block passage of tracers from the paranodal periaxonal space into the compact myelin, as seen after implantation of a control hybridoma. In the abnormal sheaths that developed after O1 implantation, in contrast, terminal loops were usually widely separated from each other. As a result, multiple pathways from the paranodal periaxonal space into the myelin sheath remained patent, forming potential routes for shunting nodal action currents. This subtle abnormality could thus compromise conduction, even though the sheaths might appear to be normally myelinated at the histological level. Equivalent abnormalities in human neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis and paraproteinemic neuropathies, could underlie functional loss in the absence of frank demyelination.
Advances in the positional cloning of nodulation genes in soybean

The positional cloning of genes involved in plant control of infection and nodule formation in legumes requires the development of improved tools for the analysis of large genomes and cloning of high molecular weight DNA. We have used bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) with arbitrary oligonucleotide primers to detect polymorphisms linked to genes important to nodulation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). Three loci controlling legume nodulation (nts-1, rj1 and rj6) and one involved in early nodule development (enod2) were studied. Wild-type Bragg and EMS-induced mutants defective in autoregulation (nts382) or nodulation (nod49 and nod139) were crossed with G. soja (Sieb, and Zucc), for the analysis of segregants in F2 and F3 populations. DNA pools from wild-type and mutant individuals, or DNA pools based on RFLP pattern, were screened with sets of structured (mini-hairpin) and unstructured primers, identifying polymorphic DNA. DAF with mini-hairpin primers, template endonuclease cleaved DAF (tecMAAP), and arbitrary signatures from amplification profiles (ASAP) were especially successful in detecting linked polymorphisms. Putative markers were confirmed by individual analysis of segregants, and some of them converted into sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCAR). These markers will be used for high density mapping of the relevant genomic regions and as landmarks for linking cloned soybean DNA from yeast and bacterial artificial chromosome (YAC and BAC) libraries. At present, the partial YAC library (avg. insert size=200 kb) represents about 20% of the soybean genome. YAC endclones were isolated using vectorette PCR, and consisted of unique or repeated DNA. Together with YAC-specific signatures generated with mini-hairpin primers, they will be used in the construction of contigs for positional cloning.
A volume-limited survey of high galactic latitude planetary nebulae with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer

We present the results of a complete survey, at extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths (58-234 A), of the high Galactic latitude (absolute value of b greater than or = to 20 deg) planetary nebulae (PNs) with at least one determination of the distance within 1 kpc of the Sun. The sample comprises 27 objects observed during the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) all-sky survey and represents the majority of PN likely to be accessible at EUV wavelengths. Six PNs (NGC 246, NGC 1360, K1-16, LoTr 5, NGC 4361, and NGC 3587) were detected in the shortest EUV band (58-174 A). A seventh PN (NGC 6853), not included in the sample, was also detected during the survey. The emission is consistent in all cases with that of a point source and therefore most probably originates from the PN central star. Accurate EUV count rates or upper limits in the two shorter EUVE bands (centered at approximately 100 and 200 A) are given for all the sources in the sample. NGC 4361 and NGC 3587 are reported here for the first time as sources of EUV radiation. As might be expected, attenuation by the interstellar medium dominates the PN distribution in the EUV sky.
Relationship between viral neurotropism and oncolysis. I. Study of vaccinia virus.

Several strains of vaccinia virus were examined in a study of the relationship of viral oncolysis to viral neurotropism. Various animal hosts were challenged intracerebrally with the L strain of vaccinia virus but the virus multiplied only in the brain of one-day-old mice. After 238 passages in mouse brain the virus finally acquired the ability to multiply in the Ehrlich ascites tumor of the mouse and to cause oncolysis. The NEL and LEV vaccinia virus strains initially showed a moderate degree of neurotropism but did not become oncolytic until they were fully adapted to nervous tissue. These results support the concept of a distinct correlation between viral neurotropism and oncolysis and suggest an undetermined similarity between neoplastic and nervous tissues. The findings are significant in considering the application of viruses to human cancers.
Calculations of the phase diagrams of polyethylene dissolved in supercritical solvents

Abstract Calculations have been made, using the equation of state theory of Flory and coworkers, of the phase diagrams of high density polyethylene and low density polyethylene dissolved in ethylene, and of high density polyethylene dissolved in fluorotrichloromethane. This was done using reduction parameters obtained by fitting the equation of state to data from the literature for ethylene and fluorotrichloromethane and to measured PVT data for the polyethylenes. The theory correctly describes the experimental LCST and UCST (lower and upper critical solution temperature) phase diagrams within the uncertainties of the reduction parameters. This was achieved assuming a zero value for the interaction parameters which do not contribute significantly within a realistic range of possible values. The main uncertainties arose from the high sensitivity of the predicted phase diagrams to the values of the reduction parameters of the pure components.
Social Activism in Elementary Science Education: A science, technology, and society approach to teach global warming

As part of a large‐scale instructional intervention research, this study examined elementary students’ science knowledge and awareness of social activism with regard to an increased greenhouse effect and global warming. The study involved fifth‐grade students from five elementary schools of varying demographic makeup in a large urban school district in the United States. The study was based on the analysis of students’ responses to a writing prompt addressing an increased greenhouse effect and global warming at the beginning of and at the completion of instruction over the school year. The results indicate that students with adequate science knowledge tended to express activism more frequently, and that their expression of activism increased as they gained better science knowledge after the instruction. The results highlight the importance of effective instruction of this contemporary and controversial issue with K‐12 students, so that they come to be aware of this societal problem, take action in solving...
Estrogen treatment of spinal cord injury attenuates calpain activation and apoptosis

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurologic injury, and currently, the only recommended pharmacotherapy is high-dose methylprednisolone, which has limited efficacy. Estrogen is a multi-active steroid with anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Estrogen may modulate intracellular Ca2+ and prevent inflammation. For this study, male rats were divided into three groups. Sham-group animals received a laminectomy at T12. Injured rats received both laminectomy and 40 gram centimeter force SCI. Estrogen-group rats received 4 mg/kg 17β-estradiol (estrogen) at 15 min and 24 hr post-injury, and vehicle-group rats received equal volumes of dimethyl sulfoxide. Animals were sacrificed at 48 hr post-injury, and 1-cm segments of the lesion, rostral penumbra, and caudal penumbra were excised. The degradation of 68 kD neurofilament protein (NFP) and estrogen receptors (ER) was examined by Western blot analysis. Protein levels of calpain and the activities of calpain and caspase-3 were also examined. Levels of cytochrome c were determined in both cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. Cell death with DNA fragmentation was examined using the TUNEL assay. At the lesion, samples from both vehicle and estrogen treated animals showed increased levels of 68 kD NFP degradation, calpain content, calpain activity, cytochrome c release, and degradation of ERα and ERβ, as compared to sham. In the caudal penumbra, estrogen treatment significantly attenuated 68 kD NFP degradation, calpain content, calpain activity, levels of cytosolic cytochrome c, and ERβ degradation. At the lesion, vehicle-treated animals displayed more TUNEL+ cells, and estrogen treatment significantly attenuated this cell death marker. We conclude that estrogen may inhibit cell death in SCI through calpain inhibition. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dilated cardiomyopathy of unknown cause in young patients: risk evaluation, possible etiologies, and treatment.

Childhood dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by a dilated left ventricle and systolic dysfunction, and in some patients also by right ventricle failure. It is a serious myocardial disease, usually idiopathic, but its infectious, metabolic and genetic aetiologies are increasingly revealed. DCM frequently results in heart failure and sometimes death. It is the most common form of cardiomyopathy and the most common reason for heart transplantation in children. The original article by Inas Adullsatar Saad in the September 2007 issue of the Libyan Journal of Medicine presents a study of natural history and predictors of prognosis in Arab children with idiopathic DCM [1]. Poor clinical outcome was found to be related to older age and echocardiographic findings of increased end- diastolic volume z-score at presentation. On the other hand, a higher z-score value for interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall dimension in diastole was related to a favourable outcome. At short to medium follow- up (up to 4 years), 50% of the patients improved and another 25% had a stationary course. Most of the patients who deteriorated died as heart transplantation was not an option. Because many children with DCM die early, emphasis has recently been placed on using echocardiographic and electrocardiographic measures to identify those who have the best chance of survival by early heart transplantation [2, 3, 17]. However, we should be aware of the technical difficulties of echocardiography in children with DCM and the large overlap of individual echocardiographic measures among the outcome groups. We still lack a more comprehensive, predictive risk algorithm to stratify children with DCM for death,transplant or recovery [3, 17].
Systematic Errors in Long Baseline Oscillation Experiments

This article gives a brief overview of long baseline neutrino experiments and their goals, and then describes the different kinds of systematic errors that are encountered in these experiments. Particular attention is paid to the uncertainties that come about because of imperfect knowledge of neutrino cross sections and more generally how neutrinos interact in nuclei. Near detectors are planned for most of these experiments, and the extent to which certain uncertainties can be reduced by the presence of near detectors is also discussed.
A water pollution prediction system by the finite element method

Abstract A water pollution prediction system using the finite element method was developed at the request of the Transportation Ministry of Japan which controls the national waters and harbours. Here, as a practical numerical method, considering the accuracy and the computing time of a computer, an explicit finite element method and the steady dispersion method are used. This system was used to simulate the distribution of pollutants in Osaka Bay and the Seto Inland Sea, and its effectiveness was confirmed by objective data.
Fibromyalgia symptoms and medication requirements respond to parathyroidectomy.

Background Fibromyalgia (FM), an ill-defined symptom complex, is characterized by musculoskeletal pain, headache, depression, fatigue, and cognitive decline, symptoms also seen commonly in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). Prevalence of concurrent PHP and FM and response to parathyroidectomy (PTX) of those with both conditions are unknown. Methods We reviewed prospective data of 4,000 patients with sporadic PHP who had PTX from 1995 to 2013 examining perioperative symptoms and medication usage for those with diagnosed FM. Cure was defined by normocalcemia at ≥6 months. Results Of 2,184 patients, 80 (4%) had a prior diagnosis of FM. Of evaluable FM patients, 97.3% had definitive cure of PHP. After PTX, 89% had improvement in ≥1 symptom attributed to FM, with improved cognition/memory most common (80%). Improvement in ≥2, ≥3, and ≥4 FM symptoms was appreciated by 71%, 43%, and 25%, respectively. Quality of life and wellness improved in >50%. Postoperative use of drugs prescribed for FM often improved or resolved (narcotics, 77%; anti-inflammatories, 74%; “FM-specific medications,” 33%; antidepressants, 30%); 21% discontinued all FM medications postoperatively. Conclusion FM is common in patients operated on for sporadic PHP. Of those with both conditions, after PTX 89% appreciate symptom response and 77% and 21% had a decrease in or discontinuation or medications, respectively. Before diagnosing FM, providers should exclude PHP, which is surgically correctable.
Enzyme therapy IV: A method for determining the In Vivo fate of bovine β-glucuronidase in β-glucuronidase deficient mice

Summary A mammalian model system was developed to determine the in vivo fate of intravenously administered bovine β-glucuronidase in β-glucuronidase deficient mice. Sensitive and reliable discrimination of bovine liver β-glucuronidase activity from residual murine tissue activities was achieved by selective heat inactivation of the bovine activity, providing the ability to monitor the fate of administered enzyme. Following injection, the bovine activity was rapidly cleared from the circulation and recovered almost exclusively in the liver. Subcellular fractionation of hepatic tissue obtained 2 hours post injection localized 72% of recovered activity in the lysosomally-enriched fraction. This mammalian system provides an in vivo model to serially evaluate and maximize methods for the protection and delivery of an exogenous enzyme, prior to trials of enzyme replacement in patients with inherited enzymatic deficiency diseases.
Association of Variants of the Interleukin-23 Receptor Gene With Susceptibility to Pediatric Crohn’s Disease

Background & Aims: Recently an association was shown between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs11209026, within the interleukin-23 receptor ( IL23R ) locus and Crohn's disease (CD) as a consequence of a genome-wide association study of this disease in adults. We examined the effects of this and other previously reported SNPs at this locus with respect to CD in children. Methods: By using data from our ongoing genome-wide association study in our cohort of 142 pediatric CD patients and 281 matched controls, we investigated the association of the previously reported SNPs at the IL23R locus with the childhood form of this disease. Results: By using the Fisher exact test, the minor allele frequency of rs11209026 in the patients was 1.75%, whereas it was 6.61% in the controls, yielding a protective odds ratio (OR) of 0.25 (95% confidence interval, 0.10–0.65; 1-sided P = 9.2 × 10 −4 ). Furthermore, of all the SNPs previously reported, rs11209026 was associated the most strongly. A subsequent family based association test (which is more resistant to population stratification) with 65 sets of trios derived from our initial patient cohort yielded significant association with rs11209026 in a transmission disequilibrium test (1-sided P = .0017). In contrast, no association was detected to the caspase-recruitment domain 15 gene for the inflammatory bowel disease phenotype. Conclusions: The OR of the IL23R variant in our pediatric study is highly comparable with that reported previously in a non-Jewish adult inflammatory bowel disease case-control cohort (OR, 0.26). As such, variants in the IL23R gene confer a similar magnitude of risk of CD to children as for their adult counterparts.
Segregation of alloying elements to free surfaces during irradiation

Abstract Recent transmission electron microscopy examinations of a number of face-centered-cubic and body-centered-cubic metals and alloys irradiated by heavy ions or by high-energy electrons have shown thatdynamic interactions of displacement damage with impurities and alloying elements lead to segregation and/or to the formation of second phases at internal surfaces such as voids. To date, the phenomenon has been observed in an experimental 18Cr8Ni1Si stainless steel, in commercial 316L stainless steel, in vanadium and in nickel. In the electron irradiated Fe18Cr8Ni1Si alloy, analysis of the segregation-induced strain field around the voids indicates that during irradiation minor substitutional alloying elements with negative and positive size factors segregate towards and away from the void surface respectively. Preliminary Auger spectroscopy analysis indicates that a similar segregation phenomenon occurs at the external irradiated surface in nickel-ion bombarded 18Cr8Ni1Si stainless steel. These results suggest that undersized substitutional elements may tend to preferentially interchange positions with oversized solutes in interstitial sites, and that transport by interstitials may dominate segregation to defect sinks.
Acid-Base Equilibria in the System PbO–SiO2

The acid-base equilibria in the liquid silicates in the system PbO–SiO2 are discussed, Data reported by Richardson and Webb, wherein the PbO activity is determined over a composition range of 0 to 60 mole % SiO2, are used for comparison with activities computed from structural models with consideration of the acid-base equilibria. The results suggest that the liquid silicates in the system PbO–SiO2, for the composition and temperature ranges studied, are constituted of a relatively low number of anionic species and that these anions are of a relatively small size (i.e., O2–, SiO4–, (SiO3)36−. and (SiO2.5)66−).
Incompatability between the pigeons' unconditioned response to shock and the conditioned key-peck response.

High-speed photography was used to compare the pigeon's response to unsignalled shock with the pigeon's key-peck response. During shock, pigeons flex their neck (i.e., the distance between their eyes and shoulders decreases). Following shock, the neck is extended. During key pecking, the neck remains extended and the head moves toward the key in a slight arc as though attached to a fixed fulcrum. Response topography during pecking and shock appear to be incompatible, and it is concluded that the difficulty in key-peck training pigeons to escape electric shock is due to interference from the unconditioned flexion response. This conclusion supports the species-specific defense theory of escape and avoidance behavior.
Amount of training effects in representation-mediated food aversion learning: no evidence of a role for associability changes.

Rats acquired aversions to food pellets when a previously trained signal for that food was paired with a toxin, but only after minimal signal—food training. After extensive signal—food training, signal—toxin pairings had no effect on food consumption even after manipulations that enhanced the associability of the signal. By contrast, conditioned responding to the signal retained its sensitivity to devaluation of the food reinforcer by food—toxin pairings after extensive training. These results suggest that the nature of associatively activated event representations changes over the course of training.
Structural characterization of phosphide and related semiconductor nanoclusters

Abstract Semiconductor nanoclusters of InP, Cd 3 P 2 , and CdS have been synthesized and analyzed to determine size distribution, composition, and core crystallinity. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images show particles whose size distribution can be measured using manual and computer-automated techniques. Diffraction and high-resolution imaging have been used to study core crystallinity. Crystalline Cd 3 P 2 , CdS and amorphous Cd 3 P 2 , InP, and CdS nanoparticles in the 1 nm - 10 nm size range have been obtained.