cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergence theorems for sequences of Choquet integrals and the stability of nonlinear integral systems

In the last 20 years, the theoretical as well as practical significance of nonadditive set functions and nonlinear integrals has increasingly been recognized. The Choquet integral with respect to nonadditive monotone set functions is one kind of nonlinear functionals defined on a subspace of all real-valued measurable functions. Unlike the fuzzy integral, which uses the maximum and minimum operators, the Choquet integral is defined via the common addition and multiplication and, therefore, it is a generalization of the classical Lebesgue integral. The convergence of sequences of measurable functions and relevant convergence theorems for sequences of fuzzy integrals have already been investigated by Wang (1984) and Wang and Klir (1992). In an analogous way, we investigate the convergence of sequences of Choquet integrals in this paper. This investigation is, perhaps, even more relevant to practical applications. As an application of convergent theorems, we investigate the stability of a class of nonlinear systems that can be identified by nonnegative monotone set functions with the Choquet integral.
Canadian Residential Schools and Urban Indigenous Knowledge Production about Diabetes

The construction of illness as an inscription on the body of colonization figures importantly among Indigenous community-based service and health care providers. While residential schools and diabetes have both been characterized as products of colonization, little work has been done to examine how they are connected to and informative for health provider practice. The research data presented in this article come from a collaborative urban Indigenous community-based study examining the legacy of negative relationships with food that was instilled in residential schools and used in diabetes intervention. I illustrate how residential school disciplined eating, providing a context for understanding the contemporary production of Indigenous health knowledge and practice in the urban setting, and the diet-related management of diabetes.
Penetration of vapor jets submerged in subcooled liquids

An experimental investigation of the penetration distance required for complete condensation of a submerged turbulent vapor jet injected into a quiescent liquid bath of the same material was made. The bath was maintained in a subcooled condition at a temperature below the boiling temperature of the liquid at the bath pressure. The experiments were limited to choked injector Hows with the penetration regime such that buoyancy effects are negligible. Tests were run for water, ethylene glycol, and iso-octane over a range of flow rates and bath pressures. A theoretical expression for the vapor penetration distance was developed utilizing a variable density single fluid model for the two-phase flow, with the turbulent mixing process treated by an entrainment law. Corrections for the external expansion of the choked flow beyond the injector exit were also determined. This model was found to correlate the results of both the present experiments and those of earlier investigators over a wide range of operating conditions and injector geometries.
Temporary projects, durable outcomes: Urban development through failed Olympic bids?

However it may be defined, urban ‘development’ typically implies the production of durable legacies. Yet these legacies are often planned through contingent, temporary projects. The role of temporary projects in implementing urban development is often interpreted in linear fashion: projects are viewed as isolated events which incrementally work toward already-existing development agendas. I argue instead that temporary projects play a recursive role in development planning: interpreted as a series of interlinked projects, they not only support but also redefine agendas for durable development. I focus on one type of temporary project: (failed) bids to host the Olympics, which I assess through a comparative 20-year sample of bids and through case studies of failed bids in Doha (Qatar) and New York (USA). I show that event-led development planning leverages project contingency and policy failure to construct long-term development agendas, as cities bid multiple times and recycle plans across projects. The p...
New drugs and novel targets for treatment of invasive fungal infections in patients with cancer.

Invasive fungal infections have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in profoundly immunocompromised patients with cancer. Current treatment strategies for these infections are limited by antifungal resistance, toxicity, drug interactions, and expense. In order to overcome these limitations, new antifungal compounds are being developed, which may improve our therapeutic armamentarium for prevention and treatment of invasive mycoses in high-risk patitnts with neoplastic diseases. The Oncologist 2000;5:120-135
Spatial–temporal variation in soil respiration in an oak–grass savanna ecosystem in California and its partitioning into autotrophic and heterotrophic components

The spatial upscaling of soil respiration from field measurements to ecosystem levels will be biased without studying its spatial variation. We took advantage of the unique spatial gradients of an oak-grass savanna ecosystem in California, with widely spaced oak trees overlying a grass layer, to study the spatial variation in soil respiration and to use these natural gradients to partition soil respiration according to its autotrophic and heterotrophic components. We measured soil respiration along a 42.5 m transect between two oak trees in 2001 and 2002, and found that soil respiration under tree canopies decreased with distance from its base. In the open area, tree roots have no influence on soil respiration. Seasonally, soil respiration increased in spring until late April, and decreased in summer following the decrease in soil moisture content, despite the further increase in soil temperature. Soil respiration significantly increased following the rain events in autumn. During the grass growing season between November and mid-May, the average of CO2 efflux under trees was 2.29 lmol m � 2 s � 1 , while CO2 efflux from the open area was 1.40 lmol m � 2 s � 1 . We deduced that oak root respiration averaged as 0.89 lmol m � 2 s � 1 , accounting for 39% of total soil respiration (oak root + grass root + microbes). During the dry season between mid-May and October, the average of CO2 efflux under trees was 0.87 lmol m � 2 s � 1 , while CO2 efflux from the open areas was 0.51 lmol m � 2 s � 1 . Oak root res- piration was 0.36 lmol m � 2 s � 1 , accounting for 41% of total soil respiration (oak root + mic- robes). The seasonal pattern of soil CO2 efflux under trees and in open areas was simulated by a bi- variable model driven by soil temperature and moisture. The diurnal pattern was influenced by tree physiology as well. Based on the spatial gradient of soil respiration, spatial analysis of crown closure and the simulation model, we spatially and temporally upscaled chamber measurements to the ecosystem scale. We estimated that the cumulative soil respiration in 2002 was
Automatic classification and differentiation of atherosclerotic lesions in swine using IVUS and texture features

Our goal was to develop an automatic classification algorithm to differentiate between four common lesion types in atherosclerotic (AS) arteries: calcific (CAL), fibro-calcific (FBC), fibrous (FBR), and fibro-fatty (FBF). AS was induced in eight Yucatan miniswine. 22 femoral or carotid arteries were imaged with intravascular ultrasound using a pull-back procedure. Both 2D and 3D texture measures were used, followed by a principal components analysis to reduce dimension. The classifiers were applied to the test dataset, and the results were compared with two independent experts. There was no difference between the 2D and 3D classification of the CA and E1, and of the CA and E2 (ANOVA, F = 2.00). The difference between CA and E1 (or E2) was not larger than the difference between E1 and E2 for any lesion type (ANOVA, F = 0.76). We conclude that using 3D information in the classification scheme improved the algorithm's ability to correctly classify lesion type.
The Use of KIT and Tryptase Expression Patterns as Prognostic Tools for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors

Cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are one of the most common tumors in dogs. Currently, prognostic and therapeutic determinations for MCTs are primarily based on the histologic grade of the tumor, but a vast majority of MCTs are of an intermediate grade, and the prognostic relevance is highly questioned. A more detailed prognostic evaluation, especially of grade 2 canine MCTs, is greatly needed. To evaluate the prognostic significance of KIT and tryptase expression patterns in canine cutaneous MCTs, we studied 100 cutaneous MCTs from 100 dogs that had been treated with surgery only. The total survival and disease-free survival time and the time to local or distant recurrence of MCTs were recorded for all dogs. Using immunohistochemistry, 98 of these MCTs were stained with anti-KIT and antitryptase antibodies. Three KIT- and three tryptase-staining patterns were identified. The KIT-staining patterns were identified as 1) membrane-associated staining, 2) focal to stippled cytoplasmic staining with decreased membrane-associated staining, and 3) diffuse cytoplasmic staining. The tryptase-staining patterns were identified as 1) diffuse cytoplasmic staining, 2) stippled cytoplasmic staining, and 3) little to no cytoplasmic staining. Based on univariate and multivariate survival analysis, increased cytoplasmic KIT staining was significantly associated with an increased rate of local recurrence and a decreased survival rate. The tryptase-staining patterns were not significantly associated with any survival parameter. On the basis of these results, we propose a new prognostic classification of canine cutaneous MCTs, according to their KIT-staining pattern, that can be used for the routine prognostic evaluation of canine cutaneous MCTs.
Robustness and security in a mobile-agent based network monitoring system

We present the mechanisms for self-recovery in Konark, a mobile agent based system for monitoring network computing systems. An important aspect of our design is the use of the monitoring system's inherent capabilities to detect its own component failures. The Konark system is implemented using Ajanta. Our monitoring system achieves robustness by incorporating mechanisms for self-monitoring and self-configuration at different levels of the system architecture. The event detection, correlation, and notification mechanisms are used as the basic building blocks for failure detection. Our design uses the notion of continuous periodic detection and notification of a failure event until the failed components causing it are repaired.
Interorganizational Partnerships as Inchoate Hierarchies A Case Study of the Community Security Initiative

Scholars often view interorganizational partnerships through the conceptual lens of social network theory. This article argues that some partnerships can be usefully viewed in a different way—as organizations in development rather than as examples of unstructured cooperation. Examining two partnerships between police departments and community development corporations, the article shows how common problems associated with unstructured cooperation led participants to formalize their collaborations by adopting several features of formal organization. The findings suggest that many partnerships may look as much like hierarchies as networks and, therefore, that the social networks lens may offer an incomplete picture of partnerships.
The roles of oxidation state, Lewis acid cocatalyst and solvent polarity in activating titanium compounds for olefin polymerization

The polymerization activity of the following three catalyst systems towards ethylene has been investigated and compared: 1) methyltitanocene chloride-Me2AlCl 2) η3-allyltitanocene-Me2AlCl and 3) titanium dichloride tetrahydrofuranate-Me2AlCl. The first two catalysts formed homogeneous phases and produced linear polymer; the last catalyst functioned in a heterogeneous medium and formed crosslinked polymer. The titanium(IV) catalyst was about 30 times more active than the titanium(III) system and the titanium(II) catalyst on MgCl2 could be made 8 times more active than the titanium(IV) system. A novel mechanism is proposed to explain the behavior and activity of the titanium(II) system.
Adventitious redox-active metals in Krebs-Henseleit buffer can contribute to Langendorff heart experimental results.

Adventitious redox-active metals in Krebs-Henseleit buffer exhibit a significant enhancement of damage to isolated rat hearts. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy, it was determined that Krebs-Henseleit buffer contains substantial amounts of contaminating iron and copper. Significant copper contamination was found in ACS Reagent grade sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate: iron contamination in sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium chloride. Chelating resin treatment of individual reagents was found to decrease copper content of Krebs-Henseleit from 0.32 to 0.17 μM. Using salicylate as a probe for OH formation, it was determined that considerable amounts of this radical are formed when 0.25 mM ascorbate is added to the buffer indicating significant metal-catalysed autoxidation. Isolated rat hearts, perfused with nonchelexed Krebs-Henseleit buffer plus 0.25 mM ascorbate for 60 min, sustained moderate injury with developed systolic pressure. +dP/dtmax and -dP/dtmax decreased by 30 to 35% by the end of experiment. Hearts perfused with chelating resin-treated Krebs-Henseleit buffer sustained no significant injury within the same time frame. Furthermore, it was observed that hearts perfused with non-chelexed Krebs-Henseleit buffer accumulate significant amounts of copper depending on the amount of contamination and length of perfusion. Significant effects on post-ischemia end diastolic pressure were observed in hearts perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit buffer subsequently found to be contaminated with high levels of copper. These results clearly demonstrate that adventitious redox-active transition metals may be a confounding factor in experimental results. Further, it is recommended that all perfusion media be routinely examined for adventitious metals and treated if deemed necessary.
THE RELATION OF BLOOD VOLUME TO CERTAIN GLANDS OF INTERNAL SECRETION. EFFECT OF THYROID AND GONAD ABLATION

A striking reduction of blood volume is present in individuals with thrombo-angiitis obliterans (1). The change is due to a reduction of whole blood, although the decrease in plasma is probably slightly greater than that of the cells. In anemias and myxedema a reduction has also been noted, but in these cases the plasma volume is relatively normal, and this reduction of total volume is due to a diminished number of cells (2). A reduced blood volume following bilateral oophorectomy in women and animals has been reported (3). Together with the reduction in blood volume there is found an increase in certain chemical constituents of the blood. These changes closely resemble those found in the blood of individuals suffering with thrombo-angiitis obliterans. In spite of these alterations, no serious clinical manifestations have been noted in these bilaterally oophorectomized women. Stimulated by the work of Thompson, who showed that in myxedema cases an increase of blood volume could be produced by the use of t...
Effects of GO 4 IT . . . NOW! Strategy Instruction on the Written IEP Goal Articulation and Paragraph-Writing Skills of Middle School Students With Disabilities

The current standards-based reform movement, which emphasizes teaching academic skills to all students, holds promise for students with disabilities. However, there is concern that this movement's sole focus on academic skills will leave less room for teaching self-determination skills. One possible solution is to identify interventions that can teach self-determination and academic skills simultaneously. This study investigated the effects of such an intervention (i.e., GO 4 IT . . . NOW!) with 12 middle school students with high-incidence disabilities. The findings showed a functional relationship between the instruction and (a) students' abilities to articulate Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals in writing and (b) paragraph-writing skills in students' IEP goal paragraphs.
Quantifying the cost of context switch

Measuring the indirect cost of context switch is a challenging problem. In this paper, we show our results of experimentally quantifying the indirect cost of context switch using a synthetic workload. Specifically, we measure the impact of program data size and access stride on context switch cost. We also demonstrate the potential impact of OS background interrupt handling on the measurement accuracy. Such impact can be alleviated by using a multi-processor system on which one processor is employed for context switch measurement while the other runs OS background tasks.
Hyperglycemia during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass does not alter postbypass vascular endothelial responses in dogs

Background: Hyperglycemia during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may alter intrinsic vasomotion by reducing endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation. Using a canine model of hypothermic CPB, this study tested whether hyperglycemia altered the vasodilator response to acetylcholine (ACh) and the vasoconstrictor response to phenylephrine (Phe). Methods: In 20 anesthetized dogs, the left femoral arteries were excised and placed in gassed (95% O2-5% CO2) cold Krebs's solution. The animals were randomized into two groups undergoing 120 minutes of 28°C CPB using membrane oxygenators. A hyperglycemic group (n = 10) received a continuous infusion of 50% dextrose to maintain blood glucose level greater than 500 mg/dL; a normoglycemic group (n = 10) received 0.9% saline. After rewarming and discontinuing CPB, the right femoral arteries were excised. Vessel rings were placed in a suffusion bath, and changes in isometric tension were measured. Dose-response relationships (ACh: 10−9 to 10−6M; Phe: 3 × 10−8 to 10−4M and -log ED50 sensitivity to ACh and Phe before and after CPB were compared. Results: Serum glucose during hypothermic CPB was significantly greater in glucose-treated dogs (525 ± 9 mg/dL) than controls (109 ± 5 mg/dL; p Conclusions: The reduction in ACh-mediated vasorelaxation after CPB did not differ between hyperglycemic and normoglycemic animals, indicating that hyperglycemia does not contribute to impaired vasorelaxation after CPB. Because Phe-induced vasoconstriction was unaffected, hyperglycemia during hypothermic CPB does not appear to increase the potential for postbypass vasospasm.
HetF and PatA Control Levels of HetR in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120

Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is a filamentous cyanobacterium that differentiates heterocysts in response to deprivation of combined nitrogen. A hetF deletion strain lacked heterocysts and had aberrant cell morphology. Site-directed mutagenesis of the predicted active-site histidine and cysteine residues of this putative caspase-hemoglobinase fold protease abolished HetF function, supporting the hypothesis that HetF is a protease. Deletion of patA, which is necessary for the formation of most intercalary heterocysts, or hetF resulted in an increase in HetR protein, and extra copies of hetF on a plasmid functionally bypassed the deletion of patA. A hetR-gfp translational fusion expressed from an inducible promoter demonstrated that hetF-dependent downregulation of HetR levels occurs rapidly in vegetative cells, as well as developing heterocysts. “Mosaic” filaments in which only one cell of a filament had a copy of hetR or hetF indicated that hetF is required for differentiation only in cells that will become heterocysts. hetF was required for transcription from a hetR-dependent transcription start point of the hetR promoter and induction of transcription from the patS promoter. The inverse correlation between the level of HetR protein and transcription from hetR-dependent promoters suggests that the transcriptional activity of HetR is regulated by HetF and PatA.
How do mathematicians learn math?: resources and acts for constructing and understanding mathematics

In this paper, we present an analytic framework for investigating expert mathematical learning as the process of building a network of mathematical resources by establishing relationships between different components and properties of mathematical ideas. We then use this framework to analyze the reasoning of ten mathematicians and mathematics graduate students that were asked to read and make sense of an unfamiliar, but accessible, mathematical proof in the domain of geometric topology. We find that experts are more likely to refer to definitions when questioning or explaining some aspect of the focal mathematical idea and more likely to refer to specific examples or instantiations when making sense of an unknown aspect of that idea. However, in general, they employ a variety of types of mathematical resources simultaneously. Often, these combinations are used to deconstruct the mathematical idea in order to isolate, identify, and explore its subcomponents. Some common patterns in the ways experts combined these resources are presented, and we consider implications for education.
Spatial Distribution of Riparian Zone Coarse Woody Debris in a Managed Northern Temperate Watershed

ABSTRACT Coarse woody debris is an important structural component of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We investigated coarse woody debris size-structure, decay class composition and distribution within the interface between second growth mixed conifer-hardwood forests and perennial streams in a catchment of the Lake Superior watershed on the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. Down dead wood accumulation was nonlinearly distributed along transects perpendicular to streams and reached a peak between 30 and 50 m away from the wetted stream channels. Variability in the abundance of standing snags displayed a significant increase with distance. The coarse wood accumulations we observed were consistent with levels reported for upland, second-growth forests and were low compared to old-growth forest remnants in the region. Large (>40 cm diam) down dead wood will probably be the slowest pool to recover from logging and land clearing activities that occurred in the watershed prior to the turn of the 19th Centur...
Physics and Ballet: A New Pas de Deux

Abstract A physicist in a dance class brings an unusual perspective to this artistic activity. Since basic laws of physics are as valid on the dance floor as in a physics laboratory, an understanding of these principles can contribute to the improvement of technique and to an appreciation of the role of illusion in dance movements. The principles behind some movements are familiar to dancers; an example is the increased rate of spin in a pirouette when the body's mass is moved closer to the axis of rotation. This phenomenon is a manifestation of the law of conservation of angular momentum. Less familiar examples include 1) the tour jete, in which the dancer tries to create an illusion of turning in the air only after leaving the floor; 2) the maintaining (or destroying) of static balance over a point of support by exerting a horizontal force against the floor; and 3) “beats” with the legs in the air, in which the length of the dancer's legs has a startlingly strong effect on the muscle forces required for this rapid movement. Experimental studies have been carried out on the timing and source of the torque exerted by the dancer in performing various types of pirouettes. Results demonstrate the importance of the supporting foot in initiating some types of turns and also provide some interesting comparisons of angular momentum magnitudes and rates of turn for different types of turns.
Identifying Efficient Ports Under Competition: An Application of Information Based Duration Analysis

Motivated by the recent events and developments in the transshipment industry, this paper studies the applications of information discrepancy measures such as Kullbak-Leilber functions in identifying the ports where container ships could expect to receive efficient and speedy service when little information or a very limited amount of observation is available about the ports and berth periods of previous ships. This paper relies on the search model methodologies developed for duration variables and simulates scenarios under different distributional and structural assumptions, investigating how difference in administration, management, and capacity could lead to the identification of a given port as an efficient one by a liner.
Fast support for unstructured data processing: the unified automata processor

We propose the Unified Automata Processor (UAP), a new architecture that provides general and efficient support for finite automata (FA). The UAP supports a wide range of existing finite automata models (DFAs, NFAs, A-DFAs, JFAs, counting-DFAs, and counting-NFAs), and future novel FA models. Evaluation on realistic workloads shows that UAP implements all models efficiently, achieving line rates 94.5% of ideal. A single UAP lane delivers line rates 50× greater than software approaches on CPUs and GPUs. Scaling UAP to 64 lanes achieves FA transition throughputs as high as 295 Gbps, more than 100× higher than CPUs and GPUs, and even exceeding ASIC approaches such as IBM's RegX by 6×. With efficient support for multiple input streams, UAP achieves throughputs that saturate even high speed stacked DRAM memory systems. The UAP design and implementation is efficient in instructions executed, memory references, and energy. UAP achieves a 1.2 Ghz clock rate (32nm TSMC CMOS), and a 64-lane UAP requires only 2.2 mm2 and 563 mW. At these levels of performance and energy-efficiency, UAP is a promising candidate for integration into general-purpose computing architectures.
The Escherichia Coli is Capable of Large-Scale Translocation of its Chromosome

Accurate placement of the cell division plane is essential for a bacterial cell to produce viable progeny. In the commonly accepted view, the Escherichia coli chromosome functions as a structural template that determines the placement of its cell division apparatus, the divisome [1]. This function is thought to be achieved by the nucleoid occlusion mechanism, which is mediated by SlmA proteins. In addition to nucleoid occlusion, a direct coordination between the nucleoid and the divisome is also provided the Ter region of the chromosome that promotes localization of Z-ring in its vicinity [2]. Here, we show that E. coli lacking these coordination mechanisms, and therefore failing to place their divisomes correctly relative to nucleoids, can still successfully propagate. We show that the propagation is possible because the nucleoid translocates across the closing division septum in late stages of cytokinesis. Using quantitative fluorescence imaging, we determine that more than half of chromosome can be translocated across the septum at peak rate of about 4000 bps/second. The last part of the translocation, which involves the replication terminus region, occurs approximately 5 minutes after early divisome proteins have dissociated from the cytokinetic ring. Our findings suggest that closing septum physically pushes chromosomes away from the division plane and this action prevents severing (guillotining) the chromosome even when the division plane is strongly misplaced.[1] Mannik J, Bailey MW (2015) Spatial coordination between chromosomes and cell division proteins in Escherichia coli. Front. Microbiol. 6 (2015) 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.[2] Bailey MW, Bisicchia P, Warren BT, Sherratt DJ, Mannik J (2014) Evidence for divisome localization mechanisms independent of the Min system and SlmA in Escherichia coli. PLOS Genetics 10 (2014) e1004504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004504.
Checkpointing Methods for Adjoint-Based Supersonic Jet Noise Reduction

Checkpointing methods have been implemented and optimized to maximize memory usage while minimizing both IO and redudant calculation, when performing adjoint-based optimization using the Jet Engine Noise Reduction (JENRE) code. Unsteady adjoint simulations require the full time history of the large-eddy simulation, in reverse order. Without introducing errors due to compression or interpolation, as has been done in previous work, the present approach allows for much larger adjoint simulations than otherwise possible, providing control or design gradients for only a slightly higher computational cost than performing a large-eddy simulation. The optimal usage of memory space also allows for practical usage of GPU systems with relatively small memory size.
Spontaneous Activity in Guinea Pigs Following Removal of the Frontal Areas of the Cortex

(1941). Spontaneous Activity in Guinea Pigs Following Removal of the Frontal Areas of the Cortex. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 439-445.
Helminthosporium Allii as Type of a New Genus

A new genus of Hyphomycetes, Embellisia Simmons, is typified by E. allii (Campanile) Simmons (syn. Helminthosporium allii Campanile), a dematiaceous invader of Allium sativum bulb scales. A second ...
Histologic changes in saphenous vein aorta-coronary bypass grafts. The effect of the angle of the aortic anastomosis.

Thirteen dogs were subjected to bypass grafting from the aorta to the left circumflex coronary artery with the saphenous vein to determine whether the angle of insertion of the saphenous vein into the aorta influences the functional and histologic fate of the grafts. The angle of the aortic anastomosis was obtuse in 6 dogs, acute in 5, and perpendicular in 2. Histologic examination of all 13 grafts 6 to 19 months (mean 9.4) postoperatively showed fibrous intimal proliferative lesions of variable severity along the entire length of the grafts, occasionally with extension into the native coronary arteries. Loss of medial smooth muscle and adventitial fibrosis also occurred in all 13 grafts. The extent and severity of these changes, however, were not related to the angle of the aortic anastomosis.
Hydrogen ion inhibition of copper uptake by citrus seedlings

Growth and copper (Cu) uptake by citrus (Swingle citrumelo, SC) seedlings were examined in nutrient solutions containing either 0.1, 5, 10 or 20 µM Cu at four pH levels (4.5, 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5). With the exception of the 20 µM external Cu concentration treatment, effect of solution pH was non-significant on top and root growth. The concentrations of adsorbed and absorbed Cu in the roots were lower at pH 4.5 than those at pH 5.5 or 6.5. Therefore, the adverse effects of Cu toxicity were mitigated to some extent at pH 4.5 compared with that at pH 5.5. This provides evidence of H+ ion inhibition of Cu uptake.
Irregular Immigration Status Impacts for Children in the USA

Recent public discourse has focused on immigration from Mexico and Central America, with debates about the impact of the undocumented population on the USA. However, less discussed is how the undocumented status of members of immigrant families—i.e., living in a mixed-status family or being unauthorized oneself—has far-reaching impacts on the well-being of children in the family. Ineligibility for services, as well as psychological impacts related to fears of deportation and the stigmatization of an immigrant identity, create numerous and at times unyielding barriers to physical health, educational success, and psycho-social well-being. Examining the current literature provides an overview of these impacts, how they violate children’s rights, and their implications.
Bringing Marriage Equality Overseas: A New Argument for International Human Rights Law

As a universal celebration of love, the institution of marriage represents one of the most important milestones in a couple’s life. It is also plagued by ubiquitous regulation. Same-sex couples, particularly binational couples, grapple with domestic laws that refuse to acknowledge their committed relationships. Despite the distinct cultural attributes of this rite of passage, the fight for marriage equality traditionally hinges on its status as a civil right. This article seeks to redefine the right to marriage equality in the context of international cultural rights law. Although largely untapped by human rights advocates, cultural rights remain a powerful policy and legal tool to legalize diverse forms of marriage. Specifically, this paper introduces, and develops, the notion of a cultural right to marriage within the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, a multilateral treaty with 164 member states.
Purification of sheep pineal N-acetyltransferase

Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase is of special interest because of the unusually large and rapid daily changes in its activity, which are under neural control. This topic is discussed in the preceding chapter (Klein and Namboodiri, 1981). The entire question of the molecular mechanisms involved in the changes in N-acetyltransferase activity has remained substantially unanswered, in part because the enyzme has not been available in purified form. Purification is difficult for several reasons. The pineal gland is small, weighing about one milligram in the rat and no more than 100 milligrams in the sheep and cow. In addition, activity of the enzyme is normally high only at night in the dark (Klein and Weller, 1970). Finally, the enzyme is unusually unstable (Binkley, et a1., 1976).
Device-level vacuum packaged uncooled microbolometer on a polyimide substrate

Abstract Uncooled infrared detectors (IR) on a polyimide substrate have been demonstrated where amorphous silicon (a-Si) was used as the thermometer material. New concepts in uncooled microbolometers were implemented during the design and fabrication, such as the integration of a germanium long-pass optical filter with the device-level vacuum package and a double layer absorber structure. Polyimide was used for this preliminary work towards vacuum-packaged flexible microbolometers. The detectors were fabricated utilizing a carrier wafer and low adhesion strength release layer to hold the flexible polyimide substrate during fabrication in order to increase the release yield. The IR detectors showed a maximum detectivity of 4.54 × 106 cm Hz1/2/W at a 4 Hz chopper frequency and a minimum noise equivalent power (NEP) of 7.72 × 10−10 W/Hz1/2 at a biasing power of 5.71 pW measured over the infrared wavelength range of 8–14 μm for a 35 μm × 35 μm detector. These values are comparable to other flexible microbolometers with device-level vacuum packaging which are found in literature.
Variation in cannabis potency and prices in a newly legal market: Evidence from 30 million cannabis sales in Washington state.

Aims To (1) assess trends and variation in the market share of product types and potency sold in a legal cannabis retail market, and (2) estimate how potency and purchase quantity influence price variation for cannabis flower. Design Secondary analysis of publicly available data from Washington State's cannabis straceability system spanning July 7, 2014 to September 30, 2016. Descriptive statistics and linear regressions assessed variation and trends in cannabis product variety and potency. Hedonic regressions estimated how purchase quantity and potency influence cannabis flower price variation. Setting Washington State, USA. Participants (1) 44,482,176 million cannabis purchases, including (2) 31,052,123 cannabis flower purchases after trimming price and quantity outliers. Measurements Primary outcome measures were (1) monthly expenditures on cannabis, total delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration, and cannabidiol (CBD) concentration by product type; and (2) excise-tax-inclusive price per gram of cannabis flower. Key covariates for the hedonic price regressions included quantity purchased, THC, and CBD. Findings Traditional cannabis flowers still account for the majority of spending (66.6%), but the market share of extracts for inhalation increased by 145.8% between October 2014 and September 2016, now composing 21.2% of sales. The average THC-level for cannabis extracts is more than triple that for cannabis flowers (68.7% compared to 20.6%). For flower products, there is a statistically significant relationship between price per gram and both THC [coefficient = 0.012; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.011 to 0.013] and CBD [coefficient = 0.017; CI = 0.015 to 0.019]. The estimated discount elasticity is -0.06 [CI = –0.07 to –0.05]. Conclusions In the state of Washington, USA, the legal cannabis market is currently dominated by high-THC cannabis flower, and features growing expenditures on extracts. For cannabis flower, both THC and CBD are associated with higher per-gram prices, and there are small but significant quantity discounts.
Exploratory Behavior in Infants and Animals: A Behavior Analysis

Exploratory behavior in infants and animals generally has been viewed in recent years in terms of Berlyne’s learning theory which postulates collative properties for antecedent stimuli and specific hypothetical drive variables. This formulation presents problems mainly because of term ambiguities. An alternative approach treats exploratory behavior as a class of operant behavior that is strengthened by consequent physical stimuli under specifiable setting conditions. The physical stimuli involved are generated by the interaction of an individual with the physical world.
The Neural Bases of Status-Based Influence:

Status characteristics theory provides a theoretical explanation for why social status promotes social influence in collectively oriented task groups. It argues that status differences produce diff...
Team or Dyad? The Impact of Multiple Level Task and Relationship Conflicts on Interpersonal Trust

This field study investigates the influence of task and conflict on interpersonal trust. Our focus on the multiple levels at which conflict resides shifts the focus from team conflict to dyadic con...
Design of Scalable Hardware-Efficient Compressive Sensing Image Sensors

This paper presents a new compressive sensing (CS) measurement method for image sensors, which limits pixel summation within neighbor pixels and follows regular summation patterns. Simulations with a large set of benchmark images show that the proposed method leads to improved image quality. Circuit implementation for the proposed CS measurement method is presented with the use of current mode pixel cells; and the resultant CS image sensor circuit is significantly simpler than existing designs. With compression rates of 4 and 8, the developed CS image sensors can achieve 34.2- and 29.6-dB PSNR values with energy consumption of 1.4 and 0.73 $\mu \text{J}$ per frame, respectively.
Cinnamic Aldehyde as a Potential Therapeutic for Preventing Neointimal Hyperplasia in Diabetes

Background Diabetes Mellitus (DM) accelerates the rate of atherosclerosis development. Balloon angioplasty is a common surgical intervention for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease. However, angioplasty often fails due to restenosis secondary to neointimal hyperplasia. Chronic inflammation and redox dysfunction in DM leads to higher restenosis rates at earlier time points. Neointimal hyperplasia is the result of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and adventitial fibroblasts proliferating and migrating into the intima, in a process driven by reactive species. Activation of the Nrf2-KEAP1 pathway, a regulator of the antioxidant response, inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in animal models of vascular disease. Therefore we hypothesize that a Nrf2 activator, cinnamic aldehyde (CA), will inhibit VSMC migration and proliferation in vitro and in vivo in a rat model of DM thus preventing neointimal hyperplasia. Methods VSMC were isolated from the aorta of male Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats. Cell viability was measured by flow cytometry and the colorimetric MTT assay. Migration was analyzed using the scratch assay. Nrf2 pathway activation was assessed by western blot and confocal microscopy. The balloon carotid injury model was performed in male ZDF rats after onset of diabetes. CA (100 µM) in Pluronic F127 (100 µl) or vehicle alone was applied to the periadventitial surface of the carotid after balloon injury. Arteries were harvested 3 days after surgery for BrdU incorporation, and Nrf2 localization analysis. Neointimal hyperplasia was assessed by morphometric analysis of H&E-stained carotid cross-sections 2 weeks after injury. Results CA inhibited VSMC proliferation by MTT (EC50 = 230 ± 19 µM). By flow cytometry, CA (100 µM) caused a 30% reduction in total cell number (P Conclusion CA effectively inhibited neointimal hyperplasia in a rat model of DM. Localized Nrf2 activation may provide a new therapeutic target for inhibiting restenosis and improving surgery outcomes.
When It’s Not Multiple Sclerosis: Progressive White Matter Lesions with Inflammation (P2.363)

Objective: To present a case of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) that diagnostically appeared like a neuro-immune disorder based on progressive neurologic impairment and white matter changes on MRI. Background: X-ALD is a devastating, rare neurologic disorder associated with mutations in the ATP-binding cassette subfamily D member 1 (ABCD1) gene which mediates very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) transport across the peroxisomal membrane. The disease is usually diagnosed in young adult boys. Presentation is variable, and falls into two predominant phenotypes: adrenomyeloneuropathy and cerebral X-ALD. Diagnosis requires clinical suspicion and specific biochemical and genetic testing. Design/Methods: A 21-year-old man with no significant past medical history, but a maternal family history of multiple sclerosis, presented to the hospital following a witnessed seizure. Brain MRI with contrast demonstrated a right hemisphere confluent hyper-intensity sparing the occipital lobe and extending across the corpus callosum into the left hemisphere with mass effect and “tram-track” contrast enhancement. Lumbar puncture showed normal cell count, high protein, normal IgG index, and no oligoclonal bands. Brain biopsy demonstrated angiocentric chronic inflammation with reactive astrocytosis. Over time, he developed left sided weakness, worsening cognition, and agitation with minimal response to intravenous methylprednisolone. On further testing, his C26:0 and C24/22 VLCFA ratios were higher than normal while phytanic acid levels were normal. ABCD1 gene testing confirmed the X-ALD diagnosis. Results: NA Conclusions: X-ALD, while rare, is the most common peroxisomal disorder and may mimic other neuro-inflammatory disorders, particularly in adults without clear family history. Insidious onset of cognitive deficits, hemiparesis, cerebellar ataxia, and/or seizures in the setting of white matter abnormalities should raise suspicion for this diagnosis. While the majority of patients begin with demyelination of the splenium of the corpus callosum and progress to symmetric parieto-occipital white matter involvement, the diagnosis of X-ALD should not be excluded if MRI findings are asymmetric and involve the frontal lobe. Disclosure: Dr. Bucklan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Willis has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Biogen, Genzyme. Dr. Li MD has nothing to disclose.
Investigation of Coulomb-Blockade Effects on the Squeezing Band Width of Semiconductor Lasers

We have measured for the first time the squeezing bandwidth of a semiconductor laser as a function of pump current and temperature. The squeezing bandwidth may be due to a combination of Coulomb blockade effects, and the reciprocal interaction between the photon field and electron number (relaxation oscillation).
Spacecraft Formation Flying Using Sliding Mode Control with Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Surface

This paper investigates the problem of finite-time extended dissipative analysis for a class of uncertain switched delay systems, where the uncertainties satisfy the polytopic form. By using average dwell-time and linear matrix inequality technique, sufficient conditions are proposed to guarantee the switched delay system to be finite-time bounded and to have finite-time extended dissipative performance, where the H ∞ , L 2 –L ∞ , Passivity and (Q, S, R)-dissipativity performance can be solved simultaneously in a unified framework based on the concept of extended dissipative.
Asian Plantation Histories at the Frontiers of Nation and Globalization

This is a review article of four new books on plantation histories of Asia which offer a sophisticated analysis of the configurations of liberal imperialism, colonial capitalism, and the construction of post-colonial nationalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The works discussed here are Rana Behal's A hundred years of servitude (2014); Jayeeta Sharma's Empire's garden (2011); Ulbe Bosma's The sugar plantation in India and Indonesia (2013); and Kumari Jayawardena and Rachel Kurian's Class, patriarchy and ethnicity on Sri Lankan plantations (2015).
Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with central nervous system malignancies

1824 Purpose: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as in a variety of other normal and pathological processes. Most MMPs are secreted as latent proenzymes that are enzymatically activated. In this study, we measured the concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9 and a tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, TIMP-1, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with meningeal malignancies. Control CSF samples were obtained at the time of routine lumbar puncture from children with leukemia without CSF involvement. Experimental Design: MMPs were measured using a zymography assay with a limit of quantitation of 1 ng/ml. TIMP-1 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Comparisons between patient and control samples were performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum test. Results: Latent MMP-2 was detected in all CSF samples and similar concentrations were measured in CSF from patients with active meningeal cancer (322 ± 312 ng/ml, median ± standard deviation) and in control CSF (287 ± 115 ng/ml) (p = 0.32). In contrast, latent MMP-9 was present in 24/28 (86%) of patient samples but in only 1/18 (6%) of control samples. The median concentration of MMP-9 in patient samples was 11 ± 29 ng/ml (p
“Mi’jita, What for?” Exploring Bicultural Identity of Latina/Chicana Faculty and Implications for Supporting Latinx Students in Social Work

Latinx faculty have an opportunity to influence a growing population of incoming Latinx students. As Chicana/Latina social work faculty, we seek to raise consciousness about our biculturalism and d...