cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectrometry. A review of recent thermal analysis applications

A review of the thermoelectrometry techniques of electrical conductivity, dielectric constant and others. These techniques are not widely employed in thermal analysis but they are useful for certain specific applications. In many cases, the thermoelectrometry measurements are several orders of magnitude more sensitive than DSC or TG. Frequently, these techniques yield data that are of a more fundamental nature than other thermal analysis methods.
Physical Vapor Transport of Lead Telluride

Mass transport properties of physical vapor transport of PbTe are investigated. Thermochemical analysis of the system and its implications for the growth conditions are discussed. The effect of the material preparation and pre-processing on the stoichiometry and residual gas pressure and composition, and on related mass flux is shown. A procedure leading to high mass transport rates is presented.
Human Vertical Fusional Response Under Open and Closed Loop Stimulation to Predictable and Unpredictable Disparity Presentations

Vertical fusional response was evaluated under open and closed loop viewing conditions for predictable and unpredictable stimulus disparity presentations. The gain was found to be greater than I for small disparities under open and closed loop conditions for both predictable and unpredictable disparity presentations. The gain and phase lag were larger under open loop conditions. 2.0 Hz was the maximum frequency at which the subject was able to fuse the sinusoidal stimulus disparity under closed loop. No significant difference was found between the phase lags for predictable and unpredictable disparities under both conditions, ruling out the presence of a predictor.
NSF ODP science activities

The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is now finishing its second year of operation, having completed 12 legs in the Atlantic Ocean and off the west coast of South America. The drillship JOIDES Resolution (SEDCO/BP 471) now heads for two legs in the Weddell Sea/ subantarctic region before entering the Indian Ocean for ∼1.5 years of drilling. International membership increased from four to six during 1986, and it is anticipated that the Soviet Union will join the program as the seventh international member in early 1987. Other members include Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan , the United Kingdom, and a European Science Foundation consortium of 12 nations. A second Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD II) is planned for July 6– 8, 1987, in Strasbourg, France, to plan the scientific and technological goals for ODP during the 1990s.
Tunable Photochromism of Spirooxazines via Metal Coordination

Through the incorporation of a phenanthroline ligand into the oxazine moiety of photochromic spirooxazines, a series of photochromic spirooxazine-phenanthroline metal complexes have been synthesized, resulting in tunable and significantly increased photoresponsivities. Such systems are of interest for the investigation of multifunctional photochromic materials. These novel metal complexes retain their photochromic activity in the complexed state, leading to ligand binding in both the spirooxazine and the photomerocyanine forms during the photoconversion. A significant stabilization of the photomerocyanine form results from metal complexation, as indicated by the shift in thermal equilibrium values (KT = 0.06) upon metal complexation (KT = 0.6−1.2). Photoconversion occurs with first-order kinetics, suggesting the absence of an intermediate state. A third photostationary state is observed in these systems induced by visible irradiation of the thermal equilibrium state, leading to a three-state system. This ...
Theory of thin proximity-effect sandwiches

A theory for N-S sandwiches is developed for clean metals in perfect contact, where the thickness of N is much less than that of S. Assuming spatially constant pair potentials in N and S, the exact double-layer Green's function is obtained. From this, we calculate the local density of states at the interface between N and an oxide tunneling barrier. This tunneling density of states is examined in detail and compared with experimental results. We find that at energies far above ..delta../sub N/ and ..delta../sub S/, the local density of states contains a BCS-like term depending on ..delta../sub N/, as well as types of oscillatory terms. The pair potential ..delta../sub N/ also leads to an energy gap, but produces no BCS behavior at ..delta../sub N/. A large peak in the local density of states is found at the energy corresponding to a one-dimensional bound state in N. Between this bound state and the pair potential in S, no states exist. Qualitative agreement with experiment is demonstrated over wide energy regions, but quantitative agreement is unsatisfactory below ..delta../sub S/; sharp structure appearing near ..delta../sub S/ in the experimental second harmonic signal (d/sup 2/V/dI/sup 2/) is also inadequately explained by the presentmore » theory. We make further use of the double-layer Green's function in obtaining the self-consistency conditions for the two pair potentials. Considering the possibility of extracting detailed information on the electron-phonon interaction in N from existing experiments, we conclude that the present theory must be modified in several respects, most notably by including normal scattering at the N-S interface.« less
COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY WITH JAPANESE AMERICANS: Cross‐Cultural Considerations

The literature of the past two decades on Japanese-American culture, behavior, and mental health services and issues is reviewed. Counseling and psychotherapy with these clients are then discussed, taking into account traditional Japanese cultural values, with particular emphasis on verbal and nonverbal factors affecting therapeutic approaches and communication.
Changes in the fish community of the Wabash River following power plant start-up: projected and observed

The changes in population trends of fish in the Wabash River resulting from the introduction of thermal effluents were examined for a 14-year period from the standpoint of whether the observed changes could have been predicted from the results of laboratory determinations of thermal tolerance alone. It was concluded that gross changes in community structure could have been predicted but the degree to which most species populations and the community as a whole were influenced would require further detailed information about the chemical and physical characteristics of the environment and the attributes of the resident biota in terms of behavioral responses, physiological capabilities, and life history requirements.
Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide Inhibits Expression of Recombinant Porcine Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor

To assess the role of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene expression in regulating expression of FSHR protein in the plasma membrane, the effects of a porcine FSHR cDNA antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) on FSHR mRNA levels and 125I-FSH binding were determined in Chinese hamster ovary cells expression recombinant porcine FSHR (pFSHR-CHO cells). An 18-mer phosphorothioate-endcapped antisense ODN that corresponded to the region surrounding the translation initiation codon of the porcine FSHR cD-NA was synthesized. An 18-mer nonsense sequence of identical nucleotide composition, which had little homology to known DNA sequences, was synthesized for use as a control. pFSHR-CHO cells were cultured in 24-well plates (105 cells/ well) in the absence or presence of 1–20 μmol/L antisense or nonsense ODN for 24 h and then assayed for porcine FSHR mRNA, using quantitative reverse transcription and competitive polymerase chain reaction, and for125I-FSH binding activity. Treatment with 10 μmol/L antisense ODN caused a paradoxical increase in porcine FSHR mRNA from 0.89±0.06 to 1.64±0.08 ng/mg total RNA (P< 0.05). Transfection with lipofectamine and 0.33 μmol/L antisense ODN caused an increase in porcine mRNA from 0.95±0.08 to 1.53±0.07 ng/mg total RAN. This was probably due to upregulation of mRNA synthesis resulting from inhibition of porcine FSHR protein translation. The nonsense ODN had no effect on porcine FSHR mRNA. Antisense, but not nonsense, ODN (10 μmol/L) inhibited membrane binding of125I-FSH by 13.6±0.8%(P<0.05) in 24 h. Treatment of cells with antisense ODN (10 μmol/L) for 48 h resulted in a 76±1.5% (P 0.05) inhibition of125I-FSH binding. In contrast, transfection with lipofectamine and 0.33 μmol/L antisense ODN at 0 h caused a 76.1± 1.3% (P<0.05) reduction in binding within 24 h. Binding had returned to 52.3 ± 2.3% (P< 0.05) of normal by 48 h. These results indicate that an antisense ODN corresponding to the region of the translation start site of the porcine FSHR cDNA is an effective specific inhibitor of porcine FSHR synthesis and that inhibition of receptor synthesis causes a decrease in functional membrane-bound FSHR.
Symposium targets recent Ph.D.s in the aquatic sciences

To foster cross-disciplinary understanding and collaborations, the Dissertations Initiative for the Advancement of Limnology and Oceanography (DIALOG) program is holding a symposium from October 12 to 17, 1997, for aquatic scientists who recently received their doctorates. Participants will present posters, discuss their dissertation research, and participate in working groups focused on emerging aquatic science research, education, and policy issues. Participation is limited to about 40 students. The symposium will be held at the Bermuda Biological Station for Research.
Fabrication of circular microfluidic channels by combining mechanical micromilling and soft lithography

The fabrication of microfluidic channels with complex three-dimensional (3D) geometries presents a major challenge to the field of microfluidics, because conventional lithography methods are mainly limited to rectangular cross-sections. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of mechanical micromachining to fabricate microfluidic channels with complex cross-sectional geometries. Micro-scale milling tools are first used to fabricate semi-circular patterns on planar metallic surfaces to create a master mold. The micromilled pattern is then transferred to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) through a two-step reverse molding process. Using these semi-circular PDMS channels, circular cross-sectioned microchannels are created by aligning and adhering two channels face-to-face. Straight and serpentine-shaped microchannels were fabricated, and the channel geometry and precision of the metallic master and PDMS molds were assessed through scanning electron microscopy and non-contact profilometry. Channel functionality was tested by perfusion of liquid through the channels. This work demonstrates that micromachining enabled soft lithography is capable of fabricating non-rectangular cross-section channels for microfluidic applications. We believe that this approach will be important for many fields from biomimetics and vascular engineering to microfabrication and microreactor technologies.
Overlap Management in the World Trade Organization: Secretariat Influence on Trade-Environment Politics

This article builds on recent scholarship that explores the nature of secretariat influence in global governance. By combining data from interviews with WTO delegates and secretariat staff with document analysis, this study examines how the WTO secretariat is shaping trade-environment politics by using its bureaucratic authority to influence overlap management in the WTO. This study argues that secretariat influence is present, but varies in form across cases. It shows up in the forms noted by previous scholars in their examinations of UNEP secretariats (i.e. negotiation-facilitation, capacity building, and knowledge-brokering), but also in previously un-discussed forms of influence such as marketing convention norms, and litigation facilitation. It further argues that secretariat influence matters in that the WTO secretariat plays an important role in shaping the way trade-environment issues evolve within the WTO, shaping its own identity as a hybrid administrative-judicial organ, as well as in enhancing...
Lyapunov-based continuous-stirred tank bioreactor control to maximize biomass production using the haldane and monod specific growth models

A novel robust controller is proposed for a continuous-stirred tank bioreactor that controls the culture dilution rate into the bioreactor in order to maximize a cost function representing the biomass yield. To that end, an optimal desired biomass concentration trajectory is designed based on a numerical extremum-seeking algorithm to maximize the biomass yield. A nonlinear robust controller is designed to ensure the biomass concentration tracks the desired trajectory while providing stable operation. Lyapunov-based stability analyses are used to prove semi-global tracking.
Analysis of compressed air regenerative braking and a thermally enhanced option

Obtaining a net benefit from regenerative braking is difficult. Various forms of regenerative braking systems have been proposed. They include electric batteries, capacitors, flywheels, and compressed air. Some have been implemented on a limited scale. The benefits of regenerative braking systems are easy to qualitatively describe, but can be challenging to quantify. The potential benefits depend upon obvious things such as driving patterns and the often overlooked considerations such as additional weight and cost, the less than ideal charge-discharge efficiency and a strategy for energy storage management that requires a forecast of the future driving pattern, such as uphill or downhill or stopping or accelerating. This paper will analyze a hydraulically coupled compressed air storage system that has been proposed for heavy vehicles. It uses the hydraulic system for transferring energy between the compressed air and the vehicle. The paper will also consider the possibility of thermal enhancement of the compressed air with engine exhaust heat. With this enhancement the compressed air system becomes an Otto cycle engine. The expansion can occur at a higher pressure than the compression. Thus, thermally enhanced storage has the potential of recovering more work for the vehicle with the discharge expansion than was put in during the charging compression.
Frequency Doubling Broadband Light in Multiple Crystals

We compare frequency doubling of broadband light in a single nonlinear crystal with doubling in five crystals with intercrystal temporal walk-off compensation and with doubling in five crystals adjusted for offset phase-matching frequencies. Using a plane-wave dispersive numerical model of frequency doubling, we study the bandwidth of the second harmonic and the conversion efficiency as functions of crystal length and fundamental irradiance. For low irradiance, the offset phase-matching arrangement has lower efficiency than a single crystal of the same total length but gives a broader second-harmonic bandwidth. The walk-off-compensated arrangement gives both higher conversion efficiency and broader bandwidth than a single crystal. At high irradiance, both multicrystal arrangements improve on the single-crystal efficiency while maintaining a broad bandwidth.
Hexadecyloxypropyl-cidofovir, CMX001, suppresses JC virus replication in human fetal brain SVG cell cultures

JC virus (JCV) is a polyomavirus that infects human oligodendrocytes, leading to development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often fatal demyelinating disease occurring in immunocompromised individuals. Currently there are no effective therapies for the treatment of PML that result in clearance of JCV from the brain. Cidofovir (CDV) is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that inhibits DNA polymerases and has been used for the treatment of PML. However, CDV demonstrated little efficacy as a treatment for PML and causes substantial side effects to patients. To improve efficacy and reduce the toxicity of CDV, a lipid-ester derivative, CMX001, was generated by Chimerix and is currently in multicenter phase II clinical trials for the prevention or control of cytomegalovirus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and of BK virus in the urine of stem cell or renal allograft recipients. CMX001 caused minimal cytotoxic effects in human fetal brain SVG cells when used at concentrations between 0.01 μM and 0.1 μM. CMX001 resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the number of JCV-infected cells during initial infection and nearly eliminated JCV-infected cells during an established infection. In addition, CMX001 treatment resulted in a 60% reduction in JCV DNA copy number during initial infection, which suggests that suppression of JCV infection by CMX001 is likely due to inhibition of virus DNA replication. This study demonstrates that CMX001 suppresses JCV infection at concentrations that have limited toxicity to human brain cells, indicating its potential use to limit JCV replication in infected patients.
Vortex core behaviour in confined and unconfined geometries: a quasi-one-dimensional model

Axisymmetric vortex core flows, in unconfined and confined geometries, are examined using a quasi-one-dimensional analysis. The goal is to provide a simple unified view of the topic which gives insight into the key physical features, and the overall parametric dependence, of the core area evolution due to boundary geometry or far-field pressure variation. The analysis yields conditions under which waves on vortex cores propagate only downstream (supercritical flow) or both upstream and downstream (subcritical flow), delineates the conditions for a Kelvin–Helmholtz instability arising from the difference in core and outer flow axial velocities, and illustrates the basic mechanism for suppression of this instability due to the presence of swirl. Analytic solutions are derived for steady smoothly, varying vortex cores in unconfined geometries with specified far-field pressure and in confined flows with specified bounding area variation. For unconfined vortex cores, a maximum far-field pressure rise exists above which the vortex cannot remain smoothly varying; this coincides with locally critical conditions (axial velocity equal to wave speed) in terms of wave propagation. Comparison with axisymmetric Navier–Stokes simulations and experimental results indicate that this maximum correlates with the appearance of vortex breakdown and marked core area increase in the simulations and experiments. For confined flows, the core stagnation pressure defect relative to the outer flow is found to be the dominant factor in determining conditions for large increases in core size. Comparisons with axisymmetric Navier–Stokes computations show that the analysis captures qualitatively, and in many instances, quantitatively, the evolution of vortex cores in confined geometries. Finally, a strong analogy with quasi-one-dimensional compressible flow is demonstrated by construction of continuous and discontinuous flows as a function of imposed downstream core edge pressure.
Vapor condensation in the mixing zone of a jet

Experimental studies were made of fog formation in free jets containing glycerine and dibutyl phthalate. Visual and photographic observations showed that condensation took place near the nozzle in the mixing zone between the jet and the ambient air. Fog formation began at a well-defined location downstream from the nozzle depending on the initial velocity, temperature, and concentration of vapor. The location could be changed by inserting solid bodies or by adding foreign nuclei to the mixing zone. Measurements were made of mean temperature and concentration profiles in the mixing zone with noncondensable gases. These compared well with the predictions of turbulent boundary-layer theory. Calculations were made of the supersaturation to be expected in the case of glycerine. Downstream of the point where condensation first occurred fog filled most of the region where the calculated supersaturation was above unity. Based on the experimental evidence a mechanism is proposed for condensation in a free jet.
Role of Host Microenvironment in Angiogenesis and Microvascular Functions in Human Breast Cancer Xenografts: Mammary Fat Pad versus Cranial Tumors

Purpose: The host microenvironment differs between primaryand metastatic sites, affecting gene expression and variousphysiological functions. Here we show the differencesin the physiological parameters between orthotopic primaryand metastatic breast tumor xenografts using intravitalmicroscopy and reveal the relationship between angiogenic gene expression and microvascular functions in vivo . Experimental Design: ZR75-1, a human estrogen-dependent mammary carcinoma, was implanted into the mammary fat pad (primary site) of ovariectomized SCID female mice carrying estrogen pellets. The same tumor line was also grown in the cranial window (metastasis site). When tumors reached the diameter of 2.5 mm, angiogenesis, hemodynamics, and vascular permeability were measured by intravital microscopy, and expression of angiogenic growth factors was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Results: ZR75-1 tumors grown in the mammary fat pad had higher microvascular permeability but lower vascular density than the same tumors grown in the cranial window (2.5- and 0.7-fold, respectively). There was no significant difference in RBC velocity, vessel diameter, blood flow rate, and shear rate between two sites. The levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, and angiopoietin-1 mRNA tended to be higher in the mammary fat pad tumors than in the cranial tumors (1.5-, 1.5-, 3-, and 2-fold, respectively). Conclusions: The primary breast cancer exhibited higher vascular permeability, but the cranial tumor showed more angiogenesis, suggesting that the cranial environment is leakage resistant but proangiogenic. Collectively, host microenvironment is an important determinant of tumor gene expression and microvascular functions, and, thus, orthotopic breast tumor models should be useful for obtaining clinically relevant information.
What are we putting in our ears? A consumer product analysis of aural foreign bodies.

Objectives/Hypothesis Rapid identification of foreign bodies may be crucial in deciding the appropriate course of action; and knowledge of consumer products that most commonly become aural foreign bodies (AFB) may potentially guide patient education strategies. Our objectives were to estimate the nationwide incidence of emergency department (ED) visits for consumer products presenting as AFBs and describe products encountered, demographic trends, general outcomes, and other reported aspects of injury. Methods The authors searched the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for AFB ED visits from 2008 to 2012. Consumer product, patient demographics, and outcomes were analyzed. Results There were 9,472 case entries amounting to an estimated 280,939 ED visits for AFBs. Of these, 49.3% of patients were male and 50.7% were female, with 98.2% of all patients being treated/examined and then released. Jewelry was the most common foreign body (39.4%), followed by cotton swabs/first aid equipment, paper products, pens/pencils, and desk supplies. Children between 2 and 8 years of age were most commonly affected, with jewelry as the most common item. Cotton swabs/first aid equipment predominated among adults. Conclusions Aural foreign bodies considerably affect health care expenditures; over 250,000 ED visits over a 5-year span were noted. Age- and gender-specific patterns reported in this analysis can serve as a valuable adjunct for history taking and clinical examination. Jewelry products predominated among children, while cotton swab/first aid products, hearing aids, and other ear-specific accessories significantly affected adults. Although children were most commonly affected, these findings highlight the need for sustained education and prevention strategies among all age groups. Level of Evidence 2b. Laryngoscope, 125:709–714, 2015
Dimensional scaling of nonlinear optical absorption in silicon waveguides

A model describing dimensional scaling of carrier lifetime and hence nonlinear optical absorption is presented. It is shown that nonlinear absorption, at a given optical intensity, can be mitigated with proper design of waveguide dimensions
The Dry Martini: Chemistry, History, and Assorted Lore *

In the opinion of countless authors, thinkers, statesmen, and connoisseurs, the martini is America’s favorite aperitif. Famous martini quotes; celebrity martini drinkers; movies, books, and songs; the martini and alcohol in chemical education; the 1999 Canadian bioanalytical study of the antioxidant activities of martinis in the British Medical Journal; the standardization of the martini; brief histories of gin, vermouth, and the martini; martini-drinking presidents; the dryness of the martini; and the place of the drink in American society are presented.
Concise Review: Parthenote Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Developmental Features

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the potential to provide unlimited cells and tissues for regenerative medicine. ESCs derived from fertilized embryos, however, will most likely be rejected by a patient’s immune system unless appropriately immunomatched. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) genetically identical to a patient can now be established by reprogramming of somatic cells. However, practical applications of PSCs for personalized therapies are projected to be unfeasible because of the enormous cost and time required to produce clinical-grade cells for each patient. ESCs derived from parthenogenetic embryos (pESCs) that are homozygous for human leukocyte antigens may serve as an attractive alternative for immunomatched therapies for a large population of patients. In this study, we describe the biology and genetic nature of mammalian parthenogenesis and review potential advantages and limitations of pESCs for cell-based therapies.
When the Boss Feels Inadequate Power, Incompetence, and Aggression

When and why do power holders seek to harm other people? The present research examined the idea that aggression among the powerful is often the result of a threatened ego. Four studies demonstrated that individuals with power become aggressive when they feel incompetent in the domain of power. Regardless of whether power was measured in the workplace (Studies 1 and 4), manipulated via role recall (Study 2), or assigned in the laboratory (Study 3), it was associated with heightened aggression when paired with a lack of self-perceived competence. As hypothesized, this aggression appeared to be driven by ego threat: Aggressiveness was eliminated among participants whose sense of self-worth was boosted (Studies 3 and 4). Taken together, these findings suggest that (a) power paired with self-perceived incompetence leads to aggression, and (b) this aggressive response is driven by feelings of ego defensiveness. Implications for research on power, competence, and aggression are discussed.
The relationship of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness to absenteeism and medical care claims among law enforcement officers.

Abstract Background. Previous research has shown an inverse relationship between cardiovascular fitness and both absenteeism and health care costs. The documentation of these relationships with law enforcement officers will support the usefulness of providing health promotion programs for this population. Methods. Data were collected over a one-year period to examine the relationship of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness to absenteeism and medical care claims among law enforcement officers (N = 734). Results. Analysis of covariance indicated that sedentary officers were absent significantly more often than active officers; also, female officers were absent significantly more than male officers. Although proportionally more female officers than males scored above the 50th percentile on fitness (based on Cooper's norms), increased fitness for females was not related to decreased absenteeism. Increased fitness for male officers was related to decreased absenteeism. Medical care claims for a sub-sam...
Conization in evaluation and management of cervical neoplasia.

In evaluating the several procedures available for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical neoplasia, the results of cone biopsy performed on over 400 patients were reviewed. These results were correlated with the results of colpomicroscopy, cervical cytology, quadrant punch biopsy, endocervical curettage, and hysterectomy. Complications of cone biopsy in terms of hemorrhage and infection were analyzed. The results of cone biopsy performed during pregnancy were presented. It was concluded that cold-knife Ionization is the most reliable technique available for the diagnosis of cervical neoplasia and is important in the safe exclusion of cervical carcinoma.
DISPERSAL AND EXTRATERRITORIAL MOVEMENTS OF SWIFT FOXES (VULPES VELOX) IN NORTHWESTERN TEXAS

Dispersal plays an important role in the population dynamics of many carnivores, yet little information exists about the dispersal and movement patterns of swift foxes (Vulpes velox). We radio-collared and monitored 68 swift foxes for dispersal at 2 study sites in northwestern Texas from January 2002 to April 2004. Dispersal distance for juve- niles (13.1 ± 0.3 km, s), adults (10 ± 4.7 km) and transients (25.4 ± 9.1 km) did not differ by age class (F = 1.49, df = 2, P = 0.24) or sex (F = 0.23, df = 1, P = 0.63) but differed by study site (F = 4.72, df = 1, P = 0.04). Mean dispersal dis- tance from private ranches (PR) was greater than from National Grasslands (NG). Peak dispersal occurred during Octo- ber-November (13 individuals) and January-February (7 individuals). Dispersal direction was influenced by land-use practices (i.e., toward rangelands and away from anthropogenic features). Direction of dispersal among foxes that occu- pied the NG was uniform (n = 16, P = 0.08), whereas foxes from PR dispersed in a northwesterly direction (n = 18, P ≤ 0.001) away from a town and croplands. Three resident adult foxes made extraterritorial movements. Distances of these movements ranged from 0.2 km to 11.4 km. Distance of extraterritorial movements did not differ by sex (F = 0.05, P = 0.83), nor by duration of movement (F = 1.11, P = 0.32). Knowledge of movement distances and patterns is important for conservation and protection of swift foxes and their habitats.
Rabbi Trusts for Indian Children: The Story of a Revenue Procedure

This article tells the story of Revenue Procedure 2003-14. It was designed to be a safe harbor, to allow Indian tribes to get rabbi trust treatment when they established trusts to hold casino revenues for the benefit of Indian children. However, Newman reports, so far it hasn't worked.
The Siam Commercial Bank: Weathering the Asian Storm (B)

This case describes the effects of the Asian Financial Crisis on the Siam Commercial Bank (SCB), the fourth-largest Thai bank. It describes the actions taken by the Thai government to restore confidence in the Thai financial sector and SCB's strategy for raising additional capital in international markets. The case affords an analysis of how a financial crisis, combined with stringent government requirements, can result in a vicious cycle of nonperforming loans, lack of new-credit extension, and an economic slowdown. Students can discuss whether they consider SCB an attractive investment and what SCB can do to increase confidence. The case can be used in classes on international business and international financial markets. See also the B case (UVA-BP-0444).
Opening Pandora's Black Box: A Coasian 1937 View of Performance Rights Organizations in 2014

This article applies Ronald Coase’s analysis from his 1937 article on the Nature of the Firm to analyze the large music publishers’ recent decisions to withdraw “new media” digital rights to publicly perform musical compositions from the performing rights organizations ASCAP and BMI. The analysis examines how these publishers’ costs and benefits of using ASCAP and BMI have changed over time from technology and from the constraining effects of the 1941 antitrust decrees that govern ASCAP and BMI. Taking the effects of these changes into account, the music publishers’ decisions to use direct market transactions, despite substantial transactions costs savings associated with use of the performing rights organizations, is consistent with the broader comparative and dynamic analysis of the marginal costs and benefits of using these organizations contemplated by Coase in his 1937 paper.
Influence of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole on the Synthesis, Expression, and Function of Type 1 Fimbriae of Escherichia coli

We investigated the effects of low levels of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim on biosynthesis, expression at the cell surface, and hemagglutinating activity of type 1 fimbriae from a urinary tract isolate of Escherichia coli. The mannose-sensitive hemagglutination of E. coli was reduced after growth in either of the antimicrobial agents. Moreover, trimethoprim affected antigenic fimbrial expression at the bacterial cell surface. Fimbrial subunit synthesis, as detected in lysates of solubilized whole bacteria, was inhibited in bacteria grown with one-half the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) or trimethoprim. Organisms grown in low doses of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (one-thirty-second the MIC each) together exhibited marked reduction of fimbrial synthesis, expression, and hemagglutinating activity. Neither agent induced any detectable effect when used alone at the same concentrations. These results demonstrate that the synergistic activity of these drugs at concentrations below the MIC influence the synthesis, expression, and adhesive properties of type 1 fimbriae.
The Use of University Services and Student Retention: Differential Links for Student Service Members or Veterans and Civilian Students:

Grounded in research and theory on college student retention, this study assessed differences in the use of various university services and the influence of key personnel on retention-related outco...
Performance of an RNG based turbulence model for single and multi-element airfoil computations

An algebraic turbulence eddy viscosity model has been implemented into a Navier-Stokes solver based on a length scale model coupled with the turbulent viscosity expression of the renormalization group theory of turbulence. A computational investigation has been conducted to determine the effect of the RNG-based algebraic turbulence model in predicting the flow characteristics of a low speed subsonic airfoil, a transonic airfoil, and two multi-element configurations. The domain about each multi-element airfoil is discretized with structured Chimera grids. The multi-element configurations presented in this paper include an airfoil with a slotted flap and an airfoil with a 50 percent chord vented aileron deflected 90 degrees. Subsonic flow computations axe performed for attached and separated flow conditions. The performance of the RNG based algebraic model is compared with that of the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic model and other one and two equation models. The performance of the turbulence model is evaluated based on comparisons with experimental data and other numerical results.
Development of a method for measuring movement-related effort

An emerging view in motor control research is that voluntary movements typically require little effort. Nonetheless, there is no agreed-upon method for measuring movement-related effort. To pursue such a method, we conducted two experiments. In the first, participants oscillated the forearm about the elbow in the horizontal plane at different frequencies. After performing each task, they gave an effort rating. The forearm movements caused a cursor to move back and forth between two targets on a computer screen, and we changed the gain of the system, requiring different angular displacements to produce the same cursor displacement, thus keeping the visual demands the same while varying the motor demands. Surprisingly, the ratings increased as the amplitudes of forearm rotation decreased, and the performance scores that participants received were also worse the smaller the amplitudes of forearm rotation. The latter result suggests that participants simply rated as effortful those movements for which knowledge of results indicated poor performance. To seek a more direct link between motor activity and rated effort, in the second experiment we asked participants to oscillate the forearm about the elbow in the horizontal plane at different metronome-specified frequencies, but we allowed participants to generate whatever angular displacements they wished to incur different levels of prescribed effort. With this procedure, we found that angular velocity was proportional to prescribed effort. The simplicity of this outcome suggests that the method used in the second experiment can be used in the future as a means of evaluating biomechanically related effort. The surprising finding of the first experiment suggests that Fitts' Law depends both on perception and on motor control.
Motor Neuron and Dopamine Neuron Differentiation

Publisher Summary Motor neurons and dopamine neurons have been the prime targets for differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) given their potential application in studying and treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease. Motor neurons are located throughout the central nervous system (CNS) in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Each of these neurons projects to distinct targets controlling movement in different organs and tissues. Similarly, dopamine neurons are present in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, midbrain, and retina, and are involved in diverse functions from sense and locomotion to emotion. Neurons expressing the same neurotransmitter but in different brain regions are specified through very different molecular pathways during embryonic development. Thus, protocols aimed at generating a specific type of neuron need to be differentially tailored.
Radical Love and Forgiveness as Foundation of Reconciliation: A Theological Imagination for GKI Yasmin Case in Indonesia

Since Suharto’s regime fell in 1998, religious conflicts in Indonesia has been increasing, including many cases of attacks on churches forcing churches to close in several regions. The chapter will focus on the case of Indonesian Christian Church Yasmin. Through this case study, the chapter attempts to construct a theological imagination for reconciliation and peacebuilding in the Indonesian context among Muslims and Christians. Reconciliation and peacemaking are not only about ending violence in specific situations, the chapter argues, but also about healing human relationships. Radical love and forgiveness are taken as the basis for constructing a theology that can transform the negative feelings of victims into a positive impetus for the creation of peace.
Stop signaling by foragers not encountering danger at a food source

The stop signal is an acoustic negative feedback signal employed by honey bees that plays a key role in foraging regulation and group decision-making. In this study, foragers trained to visit a feeding station were either pinched on the hind femur by an observer in a simulation of a predator attack or left to forage uninhibited. Pinched bees were significantly less likely to perform the waggle dance, a recruitment signal, upon their return to their hive and also significantly more likely to perform the stop signal than bees that had not been pinched. Of note is the observation that approximately 70% of the stop signals recorded during the course of this experiment were performed by bees that had never visited the feeding station at all. This may have occurred because the bees interpreted the presence of a high-reward food source, the feeding station, as a honey-robbing situation. Alternatively, the stop signaling bees may have been unloader bees responsible for taking food from incoming foragers and storing it elsewhere in the hive. These unloader bees may have been overwhelmed by the influx of food from the feeding station and used the stop signal in an effort to modulate the colony’s foraging efforts.
The use of conversational co-remembering to corroborate contentious claims:

Memory is a central epistemic resource, yet the interactional organization of shared remembering is largely unexplored. Drawing on a large corpus of video- and audio-recorded interactions in Englis...
Modules for Introducing Macromolecular Chemistry in Foundation Courses

A series of guided inquiry modules that introduces students to aspects of polymer chemistry is described. The modules address topics such as biomacromolecules, molecular weight, structure–property relationships, and synthetic approaches, including step-growth and chain-growth polymerization as well as living polymerization. These materials are suitable for use in either a structure and reactivity sequence or a more traditional sequence in general chemistry, organic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry.
Histological Diagnoses of Military Personnel Undergoing Lung Biopsy After Deployment to Southwest Asia

The current understanding of associations between lung disease and military deployment to Southwest Asia, including Iraq and Afghanistan, is both controversial and limited. We sought to clarify the relation between military deployment and biopsy-proven lung disease. Retrospective data were analyzed for military personnel with non-neoplastic lung biopsies evaluated at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology or Joint Pathology Center (January 2005 to December 2012). Of 391 subjects, 137 (35.0%) had deployed to Southwest Asia prior to biopsy. Compared to non-deployed subjects, those deployed were younger (median age 37 vs. 51 years) with higher representation of African Americans (30.0 vs. 16.9%). Deployed patients were more likely diagnosed with non-necrotizing granulomas (OR 2.4). Non-deployed subjects had higher frequency of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, particularly organizing pneumonia. Prevalence of small airways diseases including constrictive bronchiolitis was low. This study provides a broader understanding of diversity of biopsy-proven non-neoplastic lung disease as it relates to military deployment to Southwest Asia and importantly did not show an increased prevalence of small airway disease to include constrictive bronchiolitis.
Vacuum facilitated infusion of bioactives into yeast microcarriers: Evaluation of a novel encapsulation approach

Abstract Encapsulation into yeast microcarriers provides an appealing alternative to biomimetic systems by employing natural, pre-formed vehicles for the stabilization and delivery of bioactives compounds. However, current (diffusion-limited) methods of encapsulation using yeast require long time scales and heating which lead to poor encapsulation efficiencies and yields. This study evaluates the usage of vacuum infusion to encapsulate two model bioactives, curcumin and fisetin, into yeast and yeast cell wall particles and the physical parameters, e.g. vacuum level, concentration of carrier solvent, log p value of bioactive, etc., which facilitate the process of vacuum infusion. Encapsulation efficiencies were determined using UV–vis spectrophotometry. Localization of bioactives within yeast microcarriers was determined using confocal and multiphoton (two-photon) microscopy. 99% vacuum, or 1.0 kPa, and 35% ethanol (v/v) provide the optimal conditions for the encapsulation of both curcumin and fisetin; compared to the diffusion-limited method, vacuum infusion is able to encapsulate 3 × more curcumin and 2 × more fisetin into yeast microcarrier and requires 288-fold less time. Enhanced encapsulation efficiencies and yield as well as rapid encapsulation process technology presented in this study can transform the use of cell based carriers for encapsulation and delivery of bioactives.
Attacks on Android Clipboard

In this paper, we perform a thorough study on the risks imposed by the globally accessible Android Clipboard. Based on the risk assessment, we formulate a series of attacks and categorize them into two groups, i.e., manipulation and stealing. Clipboard data manipulation may lead to common code injection attacks, like JavaScript injection and command injection. Furthermore, it can also cause phishing attacks, including web phishing and app phishing. Data stealing happens when sensitive data copied into the clipboard is accessed by malicious applications. For each category of attack, we analyze a large number of candidate apps and show multiple case studies to demonstrate its feasibility. Also, our app analysis process is formulated to benefit future app development and vulnerability detection. After a comprehensive exposure of the risk, we briefly discuss some potential solutions.
Melanin triggers antifungal defences

Melanins are enigmatic pigments that have many roles, and the melanin in pathogenic fungi can aid host infection. Identification of a mammalian protein that recognizes melanin now reveals an antifungal defence pathway. Melanins are enigmatic pigments that have many roles, and the melanin in pathogenic fungi can aid host infection. Identification of a mammalian protein that recognizes melanin now reveals an antifungal defence pathway.
The Female Philosopher and her Afterlives: Mary Wollstonecraft, The British Novel, and the Transformations of Feminism, 1796-1811

Deborah Weiss's study aims to offer a new understanding of “feminist literary history at a time when ideas of female character and opinions about the appropriate role for female intellectuality wer...
Auditory spatial attention capture, disengagement, and response selection in normal aging

Attention control is a core element of cognitive aging, but the specific mechanisms that differ with age are unclear. Here we used a novel auditory spatial attention task to evaluate stimulus processing at the level of early attention capture, later response selection, and the lingering effects of attention capture across trials in young and older adults. We found that the shapes of spatial attention capture gradients were remarkably similar in young and older adults, but only the older group had lingering effects of attention capture on the next trial. Response selection for stimulus-response incompatibilities took longer in older subjects, but primarily when attending to the midline location. The results suggest that the likelihood and spatial tuning of attention capture is comparable among groups, but once attention is captured, older subjects take longer to disengage. Age differences in response selection were supported, but may not be a general feature of cognitive aging.