cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing system design requirements information

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Security Technology Department provides program support to design security systems and related improvements. During one of these projects, a relational database system was developed to categorize and to help cross match the requirements from several documents. A "design requirements" matrix was created that shows the requirements met by the improved security system. The system is flexible and easy-to-use. Even though it is only a prototype, the application's forms, queries, reports and the requirements data could be reused by other projects. The strengths of the system are the ability to use text searches of the database to aid in the categorization and customized reporting of the information from the requirements documents. A document's metadata (e.g., name, chapter, section, paragraph, etc.) is stored with the related text in the database. The security classification and other information associated with a paragraph are included. User defined "requirement categories" (e.g., alarms, barriers, fences, standoff) can be assigned to appropriate paragraphs from the requirements document. Relevant design document paragraphs can be matched with the "requirement categories". Selected lines can be included or excluded from the reports. The resulting customized reports can be reported or exported as Excel or rich text format files where additional formatting may be applied.
Using Rollouts to Induce a Policy from a User Model

This research describes the application of an executable user model to generate policies to adapt software to best fit the user. Our approach first gathers data describing how users behave, and uses these data to induce a computational model that predicts how users will perform in a particular situation. Since system designers have differing goals, our architecture takes an arbitrary goal that the designer would like to see users achieve. Our architecture than using rollout techniques to determine how software should act in a particular situation with the user in order to achieve the desired goal.
Kupokelewa Zaidi Kwa Simu Ya Mkononi Kuliko Kompyuta Na Athari Zake Kwa “Waswahili” Wa Afrika Mashariki

Mtandao wa tovuti ni nyenzo ya msingi katika maendeleo ya uwanja wa mawasiliano unaounganisha watu na jamii mbalimbali katika ulimwengu wa leo unaotandawaa. Katika “ulimwengu wa kwanza na wa pili”, yaani mabara ya Amerika, Uropa na Asia, maendeleo na mapinduzi makubwa katika uwanja wa teknolojia ya mawasiliano yanategemea kompyuta kama chombo cha msingi cha matumizi ya mtandao huu. Hali hii ni tofauti sana katika mapinduzi ya teknolojia ya mawasiliano katika Afrika. Kupokelewa na kusambaa kwa simu za mkononi kumeibuka na kushika kasi sana; si tu katika uwanja wa mawasiliano, bali pia katika utangamano na uhusiano kati ya watu binafsi na kati ya makampuni ya biashara na taasisi za umma. Katika mapinduzi haya, shughuli za mawasilliano, biashara, uchumi na ubadilishanaji wa pesa zinatumia mtandao wa simu mkononi. Kwa mfano, kuibuka kwa huduma ya kuweka, kutuma na kutumia pesa ya M-pesa kumebadlisha dhana ya jadi ya biashara na utamaduni wa huduma za benki. Makala haya yanachunguza asili, sababu na matokeo ya mtandao huu wa simu za mkononi katika utamaduni mpya wa kimawasiliano na kibiashara kati ya wananchi wa Afrika Mashariki na kati ya Afrika Mashariki na ughaibuni. Katika uchunguzi huu, makala yanahitimisha kwamba ijapokuwa kusambaa kwa simu za mkononi kumechangiwa na urahisi wa gharama, matumizi na kuenea kwa mtandao wa simu hizi, kukubalika na kupokelewa kwake haswa na “Waswahili” – wananchi wa kawaida wa Afrika Mashariki - kunatokana na namna ambavyo matumizi yake yanamsaidia Mwafrika kuishi katika utamaduni wake wa kimaongezi, tofauti na mitandao inayotegemea kompyuta inayowalazimisha Waafrika kushadidia utamaduni wa maandishi ambao ni mgeni Uswahilini. Hili limemwezesha Mswahili si tu kuipokea simu ya mkononi kwa mikono miwili, bali pia kuiswahilisha na kuinasibisha na utamaduni wake kwa matokeo ambayo yameleta mapinduzi makubwa kwa maisha yake
Isolation and electron microscopic characterization of the high molecular mass aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex from murine erythroleukemia cells.

Abstract A high molecular mass aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex has been isolated from a murine erythroleukemia cell line. This multienzyme complex contains activities for the arginyl-, aspartyl-, glutamyl-, glutaminyl-, isoleucyl,- leucyl-, lysyl-, methionyl-, and prolyl-tRNA synthetases. This enzyme composition, the polypeptide pattern observed upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the relative stoichiometry of the component polypeptides are characteristic of high molecular mass complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases isolated from a variety of mammalian tissues and cell types. Negatively stained preparations of native complex and of glutaraldehyde-treated material have been examined by electron microscopy. In both cases, a distinctive particle is observed which appears in several orientations. The most common views are of two different projections of a squarish particle that measures approximately 27 x 27 nm. Other commonly observed views are of a "U" shape, a rectangle, and a triangle. All of these views are seen in both gradient-purified samples and those prepared directly from material as isolated. These data are consistent with a model for the multienzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex as a "cup" or elongated U structure. These studies demonstrate that the high molecular mass complex of eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases does have a coherent structure that can be visualized by electron microscopy.
The MESA institute-a university partnership program for microsystems

The U.S. Department of Energy's MESA Project is creating extensive, unique microsystems facilities and infrastructure at Sandia National Laboratories that can be accessed by U.S. Universities through Sandia's MESA Institute.
Performance bounds for recognition of jump-linear systems

Multiple model algorithms have been used extensively to model jump-linear systems. Although the optimal solution to systems subject to abrupt parameter changes is well known, its calculation is impractical and many suboptimal approaches have been proposed. In this paper, the authors investigate the performance of a broad class of systems approximated by generalized pseudo-Bayesian (GPB) algorithms and the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm by bounding the L/sub 1/ distance of a suboptimal prediction density from the truth. The relation of this L/sub 1/ bound to the probability of error in the system identification problem is discussed.
Regulation of Lipoprotein Lipase by the Oxysterol Receptors, LXRα and LXRβ

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme for lipoprotein metabolism and is responsible for hydrolysis of triglycerides in circulating lipoproteins, releasing free fatty acids to peripheral tissues. In liver, LPL is also believed to promote uptake of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and thereby facilitate reverse cholesterol transport. In this study we show that the Lpl gene is a direct target of the oxysterol liver X receptor, LXRalpha. Mice fed diets containing high cholesterol or an LXR-selective agonist exhibited a significant increase in LPL expression in the liver and macrophages, but not in other tissues (e.g. adipose and muscle). Studies in Lxr-deficient mice confirmed that this response was dependent more on the presence of LXRalpha than LXRbeta. Analysis of the Lpl gene revealed the presence of a functional DR4 LXR response element in the intronic region between exons 1 and 2. This response element directly binds rexinoid receptor (RXR)/LXR heterodimers and is sufficient for rexinoid- and LXR agonist-induced transcription of the Lpl gene. Together, these studies further distinguish the roles of LXRalpha and beta and support a growing body of evidence that LXRs function as key regulators of lipid metabolism and are anti-atherogenic.
Homogeneous dephasing compensation in coherent transient optical memories and processors

Summary form only given. Coherent transient optical memories and signal processors (CTOMs and CTOPs) take advantage of an inhomogeneously broadened absorber (IBA) to store and process temporal waveforms with data bandwidths exceeding 10 GHz and with extermely high storage and processing densities. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate techniques to compensate for the deleterious effects of dephasing in CTOMs and CTOPs. Compensation is achieved by applying an intensity ramp, which matches the inverse of the decay while maintaining roughly the same pulse area in the pattern stream to be recorded. We used the 783-nm transition of Tm/sup 3+/:YAG (0.1 at.%) at cryogenic temperatures to demonstrate the compensation techniques.
Music alters constitutively expressed opiate and cytokine processes in listeners.

BACKGROUND Listening to music as a means of inducing a sense of calm and relaxation has been known for some time. Although these effects are robust, little research has been conducted into exploring the underlying neurochemical changes, which must occur to provide an individual with these objective sensations. MATERIAL/METHODS In the current report we utilize an AB design to explore observed differences in blood plasma signaling molecules in pre- and post music listening groups when compared with controls. We focus chiefly on cytokines, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear cells. We utilized reverse transcription followed by real-time polymerase chain reactions to determine relative mRNA expression for the mu opiate receptor gene. Using high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection as well as nano electrospray ionization double quadrupole orthogonal acceleration time of flight-mass spectrometry we determined opiate alkaloid levels. RESULTS Our findings are two-fold: with regard to mu opiate receptor expression, mononuclear cells showed a statistically significant increase in subjects in the music group compared to the control. Plasma morphine levels were found to be non-significantly lower in subjects after listening to music when compared to control subjects whereas morphine 6 glucuronide levels increased slightly, suggesting morphine's conversion to morphine 6 glucuronide. IL- 6 levels were significantly lower as well whereas IL-1b, IL-10 and cortisol values were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, it appears that music-listeners exhibit plasma signal molecule changes consistent with the physiological changes associated with the reported actions of music, i.e, lower blood pressure.
An Aesthetics and Ecology of Presence

This essay examines models of direct perception in the literature and philosophy of the long eighteenth century. These models run counter to the dominant theory of perception during the period, which emphasizes the internal representation of distant objects. I focus on works of poetry, philosophy, and fiction that put their reader up close to a world at hand and explore a physical surround from the perspective of a moving body. My examples draw from the loco-descriptive poetry of Dyer and Thomson, the aesthetics of Kames and Hogarth, the anti-representational epistemology of Thomas Reid, and the letters and fiction of Laurence Sterne.
The Power of Moral Agents in International Politics

Moral Movements and Foreign Policy. By Joshua W. Busby Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 327 pp., $31.00 paperback (ISBN 978-0-521-12566-6). Over the last decade or more, the study of transnational movements has become a cottage industry, of sorts, in the field of international relations (Keck and Sikkink 1998; Price 1998; Bob 2005; Tarrow 2005). Yet, for everything this literature has taught us, important questions remain. We know movements can shape the policies of weak states, but do they matter against great powers, especially when compliance for these leading states is costly? Furthermore, do group dynamics (that is, agency) or policy context (that is, structure) matter more in determining movement impact? Finally, why do movements succeed in some cases but not others—in essence, what accounts for the many times activist groups fail? Some might see these kinds of questions as unalterable weaknesses and claim, as a result, that transnational movements really matter only at the margins of international politics. Others take the opposite perspective, viewing these gaps as opportunities to expand research into new and important domains (Price 2003; Walldorf 2010). Joshua W. Busby's Moral Movements and Foreign Policy falls squarely and impressively into the latter category. In an empirically rich and theoretically sophisticated study, Busby explores the impact of moral movements in the 1990s in a range of issue areas from debt relief to climate change to HIV/AIDS, and to the International Criminal …
Inference Task Performance as a Function of Memory Load, Number of Trials, and Information Type.

Abstract The effects of memory load (simultaneous or successive presentation), number of trials (two or three), and type of information (positive, negative, or mixed) upon inference task performance of 5-year-old children were examined. The results indicated that three-trial inference tasks were significantly more difficult than those involving two trials and that placing a memory requirement on the subject greatly increased the difficulty of the task. The effects of information type depended upon the number of trials in the task. The results suggest that young subjects may selectively attend to the salient changes in the stimulus dimensions in order to reduce the complexity of the task.
J Resistance Curves in Aluminum SEN Specimens Using Moire Interferometry

TheU y -displacement field obtained by white-light moire interferometry were used to estimate the approximate far- and near-fieldJ-integral values associated with the subcritical crack growths in fatigue precracked 7075-T6 and blunt notched and fatigue precracked 2024-0 and 5052-H32 aluminum, single-edged notch (SEN) specimens. The initial phases of theJ-resistance curves for the somewhat brittle 7075-T6 and the two ductile 2024-0 and 5052-H32 aluminum SEN specimens are presented.
1.3 μm lasers on GaAs(111)B employing ordered (InAs)1(GaAs)1 quantum wells for high frequency response applications

Abstract We propose a novel laser active region design that employs a strained and ordered ([nAs) 1 (GaAs) 1 quantum well on a GaAs(111)B substrate for 1.31 μm high-speed applications. The increased Matthevvs-Blakeslee critical thickness for this orientation as compared to the (001) case allows for wider wells with higher indium compositions. In the In 0.5 Ga 4.5 As case, however, the bandgap is not significantly affected by the reduced quantum confinement because an increase in the hydrostatic strain component of the Hamiltonian for the (111)-orientation approximately negates any narrowing effects. By using an alternate monolayer superlattice active region to replace the alloy, we find that wavelengths well beyond 1.3 μm can be achieved. We also discuss some of the adBANtages of moving to the (111)-orientation that indicate higher modulation bandwidths are possible using this material system over conventional 1.3 μm laser diodes on InP substrates.
Achieving Environmental Sustainability (MDG7) in Nigeria: Progress so Far, Challenges and Prospects

The Millennium Development Goal Declaration was adopted by 147 Heads of States in September 2000. The member countries were expected to domesticate the global agenda based on the peculiar situation in each country. This was complied with by Nigeria. The country has taken lots of initiatives towards achieving all the eight goals with varying degrees of achievement. This paper focuses on Goal 7 which is “Ensuring environmental sustainability”. It examines the progress made so far and reveals that the rate of the relevant targets has been slow, especially with respect to achieving environmental sustainability. Various challenges are identified in the course of achieving the goal. These include population explosion, high incidence of poverty, policy inconsistency, among others. The paper also observes some prospects towards achieving the goal. These include some aspects of the policy environment with respect to the relevant sectors, resource availability, among others. Based on all these, the way forward in the course of achieving the goal is discussed. This is discussed in line with the Pressure-State-Response (PRS) model. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n6p47
Effect of interfacial resistance on quiescent gas-liquid absorption

Abstract Traditional models for gas absorption have considered the gas-liquid interface to be instantaneously saturated with the gas, hence ignoring any interfa
Enhanced Dielectric and Crystalline Properties in Ferroelectric Barium Titanate Thin Films

A chemical solution synthesis technique incorporating barium titanate and a high-temperature liquid phase is developed. In a temperature range conventional to thin-film growth, the presence of the liquid phase dramatically enhances grain growth, densification, and overall crystalline quality. By controlling the liquid-phase stoichiometry and molar fraction, thin films with grain sizes greater than 10 urn that pronounce X-ray peak splitting, low loss, and permittivity values in excess of 3000 at room temperature can be produced. These properties are comparable, and in some cases superior, to those observed in well-prepared bulk barium titanate. As such, the historical difficulty in reproducing bulklike properties in polycrystalline barium titanate is overcome. These results have broad implications for the expanded use of ferroelectric thin films by demonstrating bulk properties in thin layers and by providing a means of achieving these properties with low thermal budgets.
Organizational collaboration: effects of rank on collaboration

Motivation -- Organizational change initiatives often fail resulting in wasted time, money, and human resources. Many organizational changes such as the implementation of new technology are driven by high ranking personnel. However, these changes are often executed by junior ranking personnel. Thus, potential conflicts can arise if there are mismatches between these groups regarding organizational perceptions. The present study sought to understand if different levels of rank influenced perceptions of organizational collaboration in an Air Force domain.Research approach -- Participants (N=236) from a military logistics Command and Control (C2) center participated in an organizational questionnaire which included a measure of organizational collaboration. Based on their rank, participants were categorized into senior, mid-level, and junior groups. Group differences in collaboration perceptions were tested.Findings/Design -- The findings suggested that rank effects perceived quality of organizational collaboration. Overall, junior ranking personnel reported lower organizational collaboration perceptions compared to senior ranking personnel.Research limitations/Implications -- Due to the exploratory nature of this study and the paucity of collaboration research in general, the generalizability of the results beyond the domain of knowledge work are unclear. Though just a pilot study, the results of this research suggest that organizational leaders must be aware of and acknowledge different perspectives from the range of personnel in their organizations prior to planning organizational changes, such as new technology, policies, and job design. Such changes may have a very different impact on military personnel depending on their organizational beliefs, which in turn, appear to be influenced by their hierarchical status in the organization (i.e., rank).Take away message -- The results suggest that rank does play a significant role in the perceived quality of organizational collaboration across several factors including, general collaboration attitudes, adaptability to new technology, collaboration enablers, as well as job characteristics.
New colorimetric reagents for determination of trace amounts of oxidants and reductants.

The mixed-ligand complexes H[Fe(phen)(CN)4] and K2[Fe(phen)(CN)4] (where phen represents 1,10-phenanthroline) have been found useful as colorimetric reagents for trace determination of reductants and oxidants. Their properties and some representative applications are described.
Prevention of Acute Renal Failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) comprises a family of syndromes that is characterized by an abrupt and sustained decrease in the glomerular filtration rate. In the ICU, ARF is most often due to sepsis and other systemic inflammatory states. ARF is common among the critically ill and injured and significantly adds to morbidity and mortality of these patients. Despite many advances in medical technology, the mortality and morbidity of ARF in the ICU continue to remain high and have not improved significantly over the past 2 decades. Primary strategies to prevent ARF still include adequate hydration, maintenance of mean arterial pressure, and minimizing nephrotoxin exposure. Diuretics and dopamine have been shown to be ineffective in the prevention of ARF or improving outcomes once ARF occurs. Increasing insight into mechanisms leading to ARF and the importance of facilitating renal recovery has prompted investigators to evaluate the role of newer therapeutic agents in the prevention of ARF.
Treatment efficacy research: a window into genetic and neurodevelopmental correlates of developmental disabilities.

This issue of MRDD research reviews is dedicated to treatment efficacy research. The treatment of MRDD conditions has long been a central question, but the clinical science of treatment efficacy has not yet been systematically applied to many MRDD typologies. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of this special issue and to provide a rationale for including treatment efficacy research as a tool for studying selected neurological development and genetic correlates of MRDD. Existing treatment efficacy paradigms should be applied systematically to relevant populations (and theoretical questions) and new, objectively tested paradigms should be developed in order to integrate ongoing discovery in MRDD. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2004;10:159–161.
Analysis and retracking of continental ice sheet radar altimeter waveforms

The Seasat-1 radar altimeter data set acquired over both the Antarctic and Greenland continental ice sheets is analyzed to obtain corrected ranges to the ice surface. The radar altimeter functional response over the continental ice sheets is considerably more complex than over the oceans. Causal factors identified in this complicated response include sloping surfaces, undulating ice surfaces with characteristic wavelengths on the same spatial scale as the altimeter beam-limited footprint, off-track reflections, and dynamic lag of the altimeter tracking circuit. Retracking methods using the altimeter return pulse waveforms give range corrections that are typically several meters. The entire set of Seasat-1 altimetry over the continental ice sheets is being retracked by fitting a multi-parameter function to each waveform. Many waveforms have double ramps indicating near-normal reflections from two distinct portions of the ice surface within the altimeter beam. Two independent range measurements differing by less than 25 m are obtained from retracking the double-ramp waveforms.
Does node location affect the incidence of distant metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract An analysis of 455 patients with head and neck carcinomas and clinically positive neck nodes who were treated with radiation therapy alone to their primary tumors (with or without a neck dissection) was conducted to determine the relative role of several prognostic factors in the subsequent development of distant metastases (DM). The factors analyzed were N stage, node location (upper neck only vs. lower with or without upper neck), T stage, primary site (oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, supraglottic larynx), modified AJCC stage, and neck treatment. All patients were treated between 1964 and 1985 and had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. The N stage and node location were the most significant prognostic factors in the subsequent development of distant metastases. The incidence of distant metastases increased with increasing neck stage (N1, 11%; N2, 18%; N3, 27%), and in four of five neck stages (N2B being the exception), the incidence of distant metastases was greater for those patients with metastatic adenopathy in the lower neck. The incidence of distant metastases by modified AJCC stage was 12 111 (11%) for Stage III, 34 146 (23%) for Stage IVA, and 41 198 (19%) for Stage IVB. The primary site and T stage had little influence on the subsequent development of distant metastases. A multivariate analysis of the clinical factors confirmed the importance of neck stage and node location in estimating the probability of distant metastases. Control of disease above the clavicles and the addition of a neck dissection also significantly affected the chance of developing distant metastases.
Regulation of citrulline recycling in nitric oxide‐dependent neurotransmission in the murine proximal colon

1. We investigated the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in murine proximal colon and the possibility that citrulline is recycled to arginine to maintain the supply of substrate for NO synthesis. 2. Intracellular microelectrode recordings were made from circular smooth muscle cells in the presence of nifedipine and atropine (both 1 microM). Electrical field stimulation (EFS, 0.3-20 Hz) produced inhibitory junction potentials (i.j.ps) composed of an initial transient hyperpolarization (fast component) followed by a slow recovery to resting potential (slow component). 3. L-Nitro-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM) selectively abolished the slow component of i.j.ps. The effects of L-NAME were reversed by L-arginine (0.2-2 mM) but not by D-arginine (2 mM). Sodium nitroprusside (an NO donor, 1 microM) reversibly hyperpolarized muscle cells. This suggests that NO mediates the slow component of i.j.ps. 4. L-Citrulline (0.2 mM) also reversed the effects of L-NAME, and this action was maintained during sustained exposures to L-citrulline (0.2 mM). This may reflect intraneuronal recycling of L-citrulline to L-arginine. 5. Higher concentrations of L-citrulline (e.g. 2 mM) had time-dependent effects. Brief exposure (15 min) reversed the effects of L-NAME, but during longer exposures (30 min) the effects of L-NAME gradually returned. In the continued presence of L-citrulline, L-arginine (2 mM) readily restored nitrergic transmission, suggesting that during long exposures to high concentrations of L-citrulline, the ability to generate arginine from citrulline was reduced. 6. Aspartate (2 mM) had no effect on i.j.ps, the effects of L-NAME, or the actions of L-citrulline in the presence of L-NAME, L-Citrulline (0.2-2 mM) alone had no effect on i.j.ps under control conditions. 7. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline (10 microM), a novel NOS inhibitor, blocked the slow component of i.j.ps. The effects of this inhibitor were reversed by L-arginine (2 mM), but not by L-citrulline (2 mM). 8. These results suggest that i.j.ps in the murine colon result from release of multiple inhibitory neurotransmitters. NO mediates a slow component of enteric inhibitory neurotransmission. Recycling of L-citrulline to L-arginine may sustain substrate concentrations in support of NO synthesis and this pathway may be inhibited when concentrations of L-citrulline are elevated.
Gas phase generation of singlet oxygen at atmospheric pressure

Abstract Evidence is presented for the gas phase generation of singlet oxygen using heterogeneous photosensitization and atmospheric pressure.
Polybenzimidazole (PBI) molecular weight and Mark-Houwink equation

The molecular weight, and intrinsic viscosity of polybenzimidazole (PBI) and its phosphonylated derivatives are reported. The relationship between intrinsic viscosity [η] and weight average molecular weight (Mw) for PBI has been established in H2SO4 and DMF-LiCl. The Mark Houwink constants Kw of 5.2 × 10−3 mL/g, α of 0.92 for H2SO4 solvent systems and, Kw of 3.2 × 10−2 mL/g, α of 0.754 for DMF-LiCl solvent system have been determined at Mw < 65,000. The intrinsic viscosity of PBI determined by the Huggins–Kraemer method was compared with a single point method, and found that both methods fit well for PBI in relatively low concentration solvent system, giving ∼ 99% accuracy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Classical conditioning, decay and extinction of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and stereotypy.

Abstract Following 10 daily pairings of multiple conditioned stimuli with injection of cocaine (15 mg/kg), the presentation of the stimuli alone elicited behaviors in rats similar to those induced by cocaine. The behaviors included increased duration or frequency of rearing, sniffing, head bobbing, and horizontal locomotor activity (crossing). The level of the conditioned response for several of these behaviors approximated that induced by the drug itself. The conditioned drug effect showed decay over 15 days but little extinction during 4 daily trials. Brain concentrations of the dopamine metabolites, homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, were similar in the conditioned and pseudoconditioned control groups in both the caudate and mesolimbic areas. The behavioral results demonstrate that, in a classical conditioning paradigm, previously neutral stimuli can elicit behaviors similar to those induced by cocaine and that certain conditioned responses show time related decline. This agress with the reported conditioning of amphetamine's behavioral effects but differs in terms of the action on brain dopamine turnover.
Leadership of United States academic anesthesiology programs 2006: chairperson characteristics and accomplishments.

BACKGROUND/METHODS: We conducted an Internet-based survey of all current academic anesthesiology chairpersons to benchmark their characteristics and accomplishments, as well as to gain insights that might be useful to aspirant department chairs. RESULTS: The response rate was 55%; chairs were predominantly male (92%), with a mean age of 55 yr and an average time in post of 6.5 yr. They were American medical graduates (82%), had undergone a research (31%) or a clinical fellowship (57%), were full professors (86%) and practiced most commonly as generalists and in intensive care. Chairs had a significant record of scholarship, including a median of 30 peer-reviewed papers, and an average of 11.0 industry and 2.7 federal grants. Thirty-two percent served as editors of peer-reviewed journals and 42% have served as president/chairman of national committees. Fully 30% of current chairs had previous experience as a chair. Sixty-eight percent of current chairs decided early in their career (at the resident/fellow or assistant professor level) that they wished to be a chair. In advising aspirant chairs, the most helpful experience to being a chair was that of having served as a vice chair, and the highest rated advice was to become a division director. Chairs were predominantly satisfied with their position (median 3 of 10) and 44% would return to clinical anesthesiology after chairmanship. CONCLUSIONS: The survey suggests that anesthesiology chairs value peer-reviewed research, scholarship, and academic achievement, but do not believe that significant research experience is of great benefit to functioning as a chair.
Distribution and abundance of mymarid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) of Sophonia rufofascia Kuoh and Kuoh (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)in Hawaii

Abstract The abundance of mymarid parasitoids attacking the two-spotted leafhopper (Sophonia rufofascia [Kuoh and Kuoh]), a polyphagous pest recently adventive to Hawaii, was monitored using yellow sticky cards deployed in several areas on the islands of Kauai and Hawaii. The yellow cards captured Chaetomymar sp. nr bagicha Narayanan, Subba Rao, & Kaur and Schizophragma bicolor (Dozier), both adventive species, and Polynema sp. Haliday, which is endemic to Hawaii (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). The former two species were most abundant at all sites. On Kauai, there was a negative correlation between the captures of C. sp. nr bagicha and those of Polynema sp. Throughout the season, the increase in parasitoid numbers generally followed the increase in leafhopper numbers. C. sp. nr. bagicha and S. bicolor showed distinct habitat preferences. Removal of Myrica faya Aiton, an invasive weed that is a highly preferred two-spotted leafhopper host, decreased the overall numbers of captured parasitoids, but led to a twofold increase in the ratio of trapped parasitoids/hosts in weed-free areas.
The role of consolidation irradiation in combined modality therapy of small cell carcinoma of the lung

Abstract Forty-four patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) were treated with a program of combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Prophylactic cranial irradiation was given concurrent with the first of six planned cycles of chemotherapy consisting of Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, Vincristine and high dose Methotrexate (CAV-M). All patients judged as complete responders (CR) received consolidative thoracic irradiation (CTI) to the locoregional primary lung involvement. The CR rate to chemotherapy alone was 84 % for patients with limited disease (LD) and 44% for extensive disease. In comparison to a prior trial, which used similar chemotherapy, but with irradiation withheld until primary site relapse, the actuarial primary site relapse rate at 2 years was reduced by CTI from 92% to 18%, (P
Sleeping like a baby: Examining relations between habitual infant sleep, recall memory, and generalization across cues at 10 months

Previous research suggests that sleep is related to cognitive functioning in infants and adults. In the present study, we examined whether individual differences in infant sleep habits over the seven days prior to elicited imitation testing were associated with variability in (a) the encoding of 2-step event sequences and (b) memory for the presented information and generalization across cues after a 2-h delay in 10-month-olds. Significant correlations indicated that both daytime napping and nighttime sleep were related to encoding and generalization across cues after the 2-h delay; significant findings were not found in relation to baseline or delayed recall performance. We suggest that individual differences in infant sleep habits may be one mechanism underlying the observed variability in recall memory and generalization as these abilities are coming online late in the first year of life.
Gotcha! Deciding When Sources Are Fair Game

This essay examines the issue of questionably obtained information in journalism, defined as information obtained in violation of source expectations. The analysis combines Ross's theory of variable-weight duties and the case-based method of casuistry to specify the duties involved in journalist-source interaction and the sorts of circumstances that may justify weighting these duties differently. A three-part test is offered for determining when journalists have reasonable grounds for occasionally using questionably obtained information. These conservative guidelines for justifying exceptions guard against arbitrary dismissal of legitimate source expectations. Meanwhile, several green light guidelines suggest strategies for preventing the problem of questionably obtained information.
Performance Enhancement of Hybrid Solar Cells Through Chemical Vapor Annealing

Improvement in power conversion efficiency has been observed in cadmium selenide nanorods/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid solar cells through benzene-1,3-dithiol chemical vapor annealing. Phosphor NMR studies of the nanorods and TEM/AFM characterizations of the morphology of the blended film showed that the ligand exchange reaction and related phase separation happening during the chemical vapor annealing are responsible for the performance enhancement.
Control of insect pests in sugarcane: ipm approaches in China

The paper briefly discussed the main pests of sugarcane in China, and the integrated pest management, including: plant quarantine, cultural control, physical control, biological control, chemical control and sex pheromone techniques. All these methods must be organically integrated, the cultural control being taken as basis, natural enemies being utilized and protected in particular, biological control and chemical control being well coordinated, an suitable environment being created which is suitable for sugarcane growth but not for pest occurrence, in order to control the pests under the economic threshold and leads to sugarcane with high yield and sugar recovery.
Gadolinium Contrast Agent-Induced CD163+ Ferroportin+ Osteogenic Cells in Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

Gadolinium-based contrast agents are linked to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in patients with renal insufficiency. The pathology of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is characterized by abnormal tissue repair: fibrosis and ectopic ossification. The mechanisms by which gadolinium could induce fibrosis and ossification are not known. We examined in vitro the effect of a gadolinium-based contrast agent on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for phenotype and function relevant to the pathology of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and osteogenic assays. We also examined tissues from patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, using IHC to identify the presence of cells with phenotype induced by gadolinium. Gadolinium contrast induced differentiation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells into a unique cellular phenotype—CD163 + cells expressing proteins involved in fibrosis and bone formation. These cells express fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23, osteoblast transcription factors Runt-related transcription factor 2, and osterix, and show an osteogenic phenotype in in vitro assays. We show in vivo the presence of CD163 + /procollagen-1 + /osteocalcin + cells in the fibrotic and calcified tissues of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis patients. Gadolinium contrast–induced CD163 + /ferroportin + /FGF23 + cells with osteogenic potential may play a role in systemic fibrosis and ectopic ossification in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
BMP-2 promotes phosphate uptake, phenotypic modulation, and calcification of human vascular smooth muscle cells

Vascular calcification is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events that are the most common cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease. Clinical and experimental studies indicate that hyperphosphatemia is a risk factor for vascular calcification and cardiovascular mortality in these patients. Our previous studies demonstrated that phosphate transport through the type III sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter, Pit-1, was necessary for phosphate-induced calcification and osteochondrogenic phenotypic change in cultured human smooth muscle cells (SMC). BMP-2 is a potent osteogenic protein required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation that has been implicated in vascular calcification. In the present study, we have examined the effects of BMP-2 on human SMC calcification in vitro. We found that treatment of SMC with BMP-2 enhanced elevated phosphate-induced calcification, but did not induce calcification under normal phosphate conditions. mRNAs for BMP receptors, including ALK2, ALK3, ALK6, BMPR-II, ActR-IIA and ActR-IIB were all detected in human SMCs. Mechanistically, BMP-2 dose-dependently stimulated phosphate uptake in SMC (200 ng/ml BMP-2 vs. vehicle: 13.94 vs. 7.09 nmol/30 min/mg protein, respectively). Real-time PCR and Western blot revealed the upregulation of Pit-1 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, by BMP-2. More importantly, inhibition of phosphate uptake by a competitive inhibitor of sodium-dependent phosphate cotransport, phosphonoformic acid, abrogated BMP-2-induced calcification. These results indicate that phosphate transport via Pit-1 is crucial in BMP-2-regulated SMC calcification. In addition, BMP-2-induced Runx2 and inhibited SM22 expression, indicating that it promotes osteogenic phenotype transition in these cells. Thus, BMP-2 may promote vascular calcification via increased phosphate uptake and induction of osteogenic phenotype modulation in SMC.
Diffraction from surfaces with randomly distributed steps

Abstract A closed-form solution is obtained for the angular distribution of intensity in diffraction from a surface on which the terrace size distribution is given by the geometric distribution, i.e. a surface in which the occurrence of steps is random. Several distributions of step heights that are integral multiples of the monatomic step height are considered. It is shown that a random occurrence of monatomic steps will cause some multiatomic steps. If a very broad distribution of step heights is assumed, the beam width no longer oscillates with energy but approaches a constant value except at the characteristic energies of zero width. Comparisons are made with a previous model and with measurements on GaAs(110).
Planar type of limiting current oxygen sensor

Abstract The limiting current type oxygen sensor has some excellent features such as compact body, long lifetime, etc. Therefore, it has been applied in various fields. Recently, a new planar type limiting current oxygen sensor was fabricated and the characteristics of this sensor were estimated. The conventional limiting current type oxygen sensor has Pt electrodes on both opposing sides of the zirconia disk. On the other hand, the new type oxygen sensor has Pt electrodes only on one side of the zirconia disk. In addition, the gas diffusion layer that limits the oxygen supply is composed only on the cathode electrode. These sensor structures seem favorable to the integration of the sensor as well as to the manufacturing process. In this paper, parameters affecting the sensor characteristics were investigated. The parameters include electrode separation and electrode width. In these investigations, concerning the electrode width, the effect of the electrode edge was superior, i.e. the electrode width did not affect the sensor characteristics. On the other hand, reduction of electrode separation was found to give good sensor characteristics. The theoretical analysis will help to modify these parameters.
Variances and spectra of vertical velocity just above the surface layer

Variances and spectra of vertical velocity at 75 m and 225 m obtained by aircraft have been analyzed. Given effective roughness lengths for the different terrain types, nomograms for the standard deviations were constructed as functions of wind speed and lapse rate, guided by theoretical considerations. Normalized spectra agree well with analogous spectra obtained elsewhere, and with requirements of similarity theory; however, over mountainous terrain, low-frequency spectra peaks appear, the frequency of which appears to be independent of height.
DIRICHLET CONVOLUTION, BICYCLIC SEMIGROUP AND A BREAKING PROCESS

The paper deals with certain breaking processes using a compatible partition of a monoid. We introduce the broken Dirichlet convolution and the broken bicyclic semigroup. Both have a common origin and are introduced by the same elementary categorical construction.
Comparison of Multiple Passage Integrated Cell Culture-PCR and Cytopathogenic Effects in Cell Culture for the Assessment of Poliovirus Survival in Water

The goal of this study was to determine if a cytopathogenic effects (CPE) cell culture assay and an integrated cell culture PCR (ICC-PCR) assay would yield similar or different results when used to assess virus survival in water. Poliovirus type 1 was added to dechlorinated tapwater and stored at room temperature (22.5–24°C) for a total of 50 days. Samples were assayed at defined time intervals by the most probable number (MPN) method on Buffalo green monkey kidney cells (BGM) by CPE and additionally by ICC-PCR. Monolayers that were CPE negative on first passage were passed onto fresh monolayers of cells for a second and third time if still negative. By CPE assay, second passage was observed to yield a greater titer (2,300 vs. 24,000 MPN/ml) and third passage also resulted in an increased titer. ICC-PCR proved to be a more rapid and sensitive method than conventional cell culture for determining virus inactivation rates in water. Poliovirus survived in tapwater for up to 32 days, as assessed by both third passage ICC-PCR and CPE. There was no statistical difference in the inactivation rates between the two methods. To determine the total number of infectious viruses, these findings indicate the need for performing three cell culture passages or, alternatively, ICC-PCR on first passage.
Enhancement of optical absorption for below 5 μm thin-film poly-Si solar cell on glass substrate

Abstract Optical confinement effect of thin-film polycrystalline-Si (poly-Si) solar cell on glass substrate fabricated at low-temperature has been investigated as a function of cell thickness of less than 5 μm. We found that it is possible to fabricate the textured Si thin film in situ on a glass substrate and that the reflectance at long-wavelength light is reduced by surface texturing. Thin-film poly-Si solar cell and a-Si:H (0.45 μ m )/ poly-Si (5 μ m ) tandem solar cell exhibit the efficiency of 8.6% and 12.8%, respectively. The numerical study in terms of the light trapping explains the excellent high short-circuit current density ( sc above 27 mA cm 2 at the 4.7 μm thin-film poly-Si solar cell.
An Interview with Dr. Cornelius Foley: Humor, Palliative Care and Hospice

Dr. Cornelius Foley, a geriatrician, is Director of Parker Jewish Institute, New Hyde Park, New York. Dr. Foley discussed the use of humor in his work in a hospice and palliative care environment with Dr. Kathleen Monahan.
Immunocytochemical identification of interstitial cells of Cajal in the murine fundus using a live‐labelling technique

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract play a critical role in the generation of electrical slow waves and as mediators of enteric motor neurotransmission. Kit immunohistochemistry has proven to be a reliable method to identify the location of these cells within the tunica muscularis and to provide information on how the distribution and density of these cells change in a variety of GI motility disorders. Because of the labile nature of Kit or its detection, ultrastructural immunocytochemistry using conventional chemical fixation methods has been difficult. We describe a novel in vivo technique to label ICC within GI tissues. Using antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of the Kit receptor, we have been able to live-label the stomach with Kit while the animal is under anaesthesia and the organ is still receiving normal blood supply. This approach provided optimum maintenance of ultrastructural features with significant binding of antibody to the Kit receptor. The loss of ICC in many human motility disorders suggests exciting new hypotheses for their aetiology. This method will prove useful to investigate the ultrastructural changes that occur in ICC networks in animal models of motility disorders that are associated with the loss of these cells.