cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rationalism and the Content of Intuitive Judgements

It is commonly held that our intuitive judgements about imaginary problem cases are justified a priori, if and when they are justified at all. In this paper I defend this view — ‘rationalism’ — against a recent objection by Timothy Williamson. I argue that his objection fails on multiple grounds, but the reasons why it fails are instructive. Williamson argues from a claim about the semantics of intuitive judgements, to a claim about their psychological underpinnings, to the denial of rationalism. I argue that the psychological claim — that a capacity for mental simulation explains our intuitive judgements — does not, even if true, provide reasons to reject rationalism. (More generally, a simulation hypothesis, about any category of judgements, is very limited in its epistemological implications: it is pitched at a level of explanation that is insensitive to central epistemic distinctions.) I also argue that Williamson’s semantic claim — that intuitive judgements are judgements of counterfactuals — is mistaken; rather, I propose, they are a certain kind of metaphysical possibility judgement. Several other competing proposals are also examined and criticized.
PDGF-BB AND IGF-I USE DIFFERENT SIGNALING PATHWAYS TO INDUCE NaK-ATPase SUBUNITS IN CULTURED RAT THORACIC AORTIC SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

(Na++K+)-adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase), an ubiquitous membrane transport protein consisting of α and β subunits, regulates Na+/K+fluxes and maintains many vital physiological functions, including cell growth. Results have indicated that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) both enhance NaK-ATPase subunits. Genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine phosphorylation, inhibits serum- and PDGF-BB-induced NaK-ATPase α1subunit protein levels without inhibiting IGF-I-induced NaK-ATPase α1subunit protein levels. These results indicate that PDGF-BB and IGF-I utilize separate signaling pathways to induce the synthesis of NaK-ATPase α1subunits. In addition, genistein failed to inhibit PDGF-BB-stimulated NaK-ATPase β1subunit levels, suggesting that two separate pathways are involved to induce the synthesis of the NaK-ATPase α1and β1subunits, respectively.
Hydrogen oxidation by Clostridium kluyveri.

&urn kluyveri were capable of reducing pyridine nucleotides with hydrogen. Subsequent investigations have shown that a heatstable cofactor of undetermined nature present in boiled cell extracts was required (2). Pyridine nucleotide reduction with hydrogen has since been demonstrated in a number of other microorganisms (3-5). The present study was undertaken to explore in greater detail the alternative routes of hydrogen oxidation in C. kluyveri. Particular attention was paid to a comparison of the requirements for pyridine nucleotide, flavin nucleotide, and dye reduction, The available data suggest that the unknown cofactor does not function in the activation of hydrogen but acts between an activated hydrogen intermediate and pyridine nucleotide. Additional evidence is also presented showing that more than one enzyme is required for pyridine nucleotide reduction with hydrogen. A preliminary report of these results has been published (6).
Future of pediatric tonsillectomy and perioperative outcomes.

Abstract Objective Although commonly performed, pediatric tonsillectomy is not necessarily a low risk procedure due to potentially life threatening perioperative complications. There is paucity of literature on lethal anesthesia and surgical complications of tonsillectomy. In this article, we have reviewed both minor and serious complications following tonsillectomy. Hemorrhage, burn injuries, respiratory complications, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pain management are discussed. We have highlighted our practice of pain management at Cincinnati Children's Hospital after tonsillectomy recent warning about codeine by the FDA on children undergoing tonsillectomy. We describe post-tonsillectomy outcomes including postanesthesia care unit stay, post discharge maladaptive behavioral outcomes and finally effective ways to identify children at risk for anesthesia and a few preventive strategies. Methods In addition to literature review, the LexisNexis “MEGA™ Jury Verdicts and Settlements” database was reviewed from 1984 through 2010 for deaths and complications during and following tonsillectomy. Data including year of case, cause of death, surgical, anesthetic and postoperative opioid related complications, injury, case result, and judgment awarded were collected and analyzed. Results The results of this analysis are presented with an emphasis on hemorrhage and on anesthesia and opioid related claims and their characteristics. Two hundred and thirty-three claim reports were reviewed. There were 96 deaths (41%) and 137 perioperative injuries (59%). Deaths were primarily related to surgery ( n = 46, 48%) with post-tonsillectomy bleed the most frequent cause ( n = 38, 40%) followed by opioid toxicity ( n = 17, 18%) and anesthesia complications ( n = 9, 9%). Non-fatal injuries included, postoperative bleeding ( n = 59, 25%), impaired function ( n = 29, 12%), anoxic events ( n = 20, 9%) and postoperative opioid toxicity ( n = 20, 8.6%). Anoxic event was noted to have the highest monetary award with a mean award at $9,017,379. Injuries (including anoxia) had higher mean monetary awards than deaths. Conclusion Tonsillectomy in children carries a high risk of perioperative complications and malpractice claims. Though postoperative bleeding is the most common complication associated with malpractice claims, anoxia related to anesthesia and opioids had the greatest overall risk from a monetary standpoint.
An Integrated Approach for Processor Allocation and Scheduling of Mixed-Parallel Applications

Computationally complex applications can often be viewed as a collection of coarse-grained data-parallel tasks with precedence constraints. Researchers have shown that combining task and data parallelism (mixed parallelism) can be an effective approach for executing these applications, as compared to pure task or data parallelism. In this paper, we present an approach to determine the appropriate mix of task and data parallelism, i.e., the set of tasks that should be run concurrently and the number of processors to be allocated to each task. An iterative algorithm is proposed that couples processor allocation and scheduling, of mixedparallel applications on compute clusters so as to minimize the parallel completion time (makespan). Our algorithm iteratively reduces the makespan by increasing the degree of data parallelism of tasks on the critical path that have good scalability and a low degree of potential task parallelism. The approach employs a look-ahead technique to escape local minima and uses priority based backfill scheduling to efficiently schedule the parallel tasks onto processors. Evaluation using benchmark task graphs derived from real applications as well as synthetic graphs shows that our algorithm consistently performs better than CPR and CPA, two previously proposed scheduling schemes, as well as pure task and data parallelism.
Increased frequency of vβ17-positive t cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE To identify the T lymphocytes that mediate disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A panel of monoclonal antibodies reactive with T cell receptor (TCR) V beta gene products was used to analyze the RA T cell repertoire. RESULTS Of 5 TCR V beta gene products studied, only V beta 17-positive T cells were increased in peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) from RA patients, compared with controls (P 10% V beta 17-positive T cells. Activated (Tac-positive) T cells were enriched among V beta 17-positive synovial T cells. CONCLUSION The selective increase of V beta 17-positive T cells suggests a role for those T cells in the pathogenesis of RA.
Single-Occupancy Binding in Simple Bounded and Unbounded Systems

The number of substrate molecules that can bind to the active site of an enzyme at one time is constrained. This paper develops boundary conditions that correspond to the constraint of single-occupancy binding. Two simple models of substrate molecules diffusing to a single-occupancy site are considered. In the interval model, a fixed number of substrate molecules diffuse in a bounded domain. In the spherical model, a varying number of molecules diffuse in a domain with boundary conditions that model contact with a reservoir containing a large number of substrate molecules. When the diffusive time scale is much shorter than the time scale for entering the single-occupancy site, the dynamics of binding are accurately described by simple approximations.
Condition monitoring of electrolytic capacitor in power electronic circuits using input current

Electrolytic capacitors are responsible for frequent breakdowns of static converters. To set a predictive maintenance, adaptive filter modeling based method is presented using LMS algorithm. Signature of changes in capacitance and effective series resistance (ESR) will reflect in capacitor ripple voltage because of aging; and these changes are monitored using this adaptive filter modeling to predict the future status of the capacitor using only the input current of the system.
Can Biomarkers of Disease Activity Guide Treatment in FSGS

FSGS is a heterogeneous disorder that is an important cause of nephrotic syndrome ([1][1]). It is not a disease but rather a histologic pattern of injury characterized on kidney biopsy by segmental areas of mesangial sclerosis in some but not all glomeruli ([2][2]). Podocyte foot process effacement
On the Cognitive Function of Visual Images and the Development of Individual Differences

The hypothesis that mental images are the building blocks from which imaginative thoughts are constructed, although often uncritically accepted, is not supported by the many studies finding no significant correlation between visual imaging abilities and visual problem-solving skills. Based on the alternative hypothesis that visually imaged sensations are constructed from “imageless thoughts,” the present research correlates the ability to image with the ability to develop rules of perceptual equivalence, by constructing imaginal sensations from the rules and testing them against perceptual sensations. Specifically, in this research 60 students were instructed to figure out the rules of topological equivalence which allow a figure to be rotated and stretched and twisted into a topologically equivalent figure but do not allow it to be cut or glued together. As predicted, the results showed that the 30 students whose instructions encouraged them to construct visual “test images” were better at identifying wh...
Syntheses, structures and properties of polycarbosilanes formed directly by polymerization of Alkenylsilanes

Vinylsilane polymerizes to form predominantly a carbosilane polymer using dimethyltitanocene catalyst. This is in contrast to alkylsilanes, which afford polysilanes under the same conditions. The mechanism of polymerization of alkenylsilanes has been shown to be fundamentally different from that for the polymerization of alkylsilanes. The silyl substitute apparently activates a double bond to participate in a number of polymerization processes in this system, particularly hydrosilation. Isotopic labeling indicates the involvement of silametallocyclic intermediates, accompanied by extensive nuclear rearrangement. Polymers and copolymers derived from alkenylsilanes have relatively high char yields even for conditions which afford low molecular weight distributions. Formation of crystalline beta-SiC is optimum for a copolymer of an alkylsilane and an alkenylsilane having a silane/carbosilane backbone ratio of 85/15 and a C/Si ratio of 1.3/1.
Personal Transformations During Group-Analytic Training: The Rôle of the Large Group

This paper describes how a Large Group functions in a block weekend Group-analytic training course through the phases of Introductory, Advanced and Diploma years. The author suggests that the Large Group is strategically placed in such a course to assist with the integration of complex personal changes occurring in the course events, culminating in the professional identity of the group analyst.
Widespread Immunity to Breast and Prostate Cancers is Predicted by a Novel Model that also Determines Sporadic and Hereditary Susceptible Population Sizes

Natural immunity to breast and prostate cancers is predicted by a novel, saturated or- dered mutation model fitted to USA (SEER) incidence data, a prediction consistent with the latest ideas in immunosurveillance. For example, the prevalence of natural immunity to breast cancer in the white female risk population is predicted to be 76.5%; this immunity may be genetic and, therefore, inherited. The modeling also predicts that 6.9% of White Females are born with a mu- tation necessary to cause breast cancer (the hereditary form) and, therefore, are at the highest risk of developing it. By contrast, 16.6% of White Females are born without any such mutation but are nonetheless susceptible to developing breast cancer (the sporadic form). The modeling determines the required number of ordered mutations for a cell to become cancerous as well as the mean time between consecutive mutations for both the sporadic and hereditary forms of the disease. The mean time between consecutive breast cancer mutations was found to vary between 2.59 - 2.97 years, suggesting that such mutations are rare events and establishing an upper bound on the lifetime of a breast cell. The prevalence of immunity to breast cancer is predicted to be 79.7% in Blacks, 86.5% in Asians, and 85.8% in Indians. Similarly, the prevalence of immunity to prostate cancer is predicted to be 67.4% for Whites, 50.5% for Blacks, 77.7% for Asians, and 78.6% for Indians. It is of paramount importance to delineate the mechanism underlying immunity to these cancers.
The Viability of Bovine “Half” Embryos Produced Before or After Liquid Nitrogen Freezing

Micromanipulation of bovine embryos to produce monozygotic twins is now being offered by some of the more progressive commercial cattle embryo transplant units around the world. One of the primary advantages of embryo splitting is the capability of increasing the number of progeny from genetically superior females. Pregnancy rates can be obtained in cattle from fresh “half embryos (demi-embryos) which are comparable to those of intact embryos (Voelkel et al. 1984; Takeda et al. 1986). When sufficient surrogate females are available, good quality embryos can be bisected and transferred, thus potentially doubling the number of offspring from embryos harvested from valuable donor animals.
The Tailoring Rule: Mending the Conflict between Plain Text and Agency Resource Constraints

In 2010, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated the Tailoring Rule. The Rule “tailors” the numeric triggers for permitting requirements in the Clean Air Act by revising the numbers upward by several orders of magnitude. EPA argued that doing so was necessary to avoid the impossible administrative burden that would result from having to carry out the plain text of the Act as applied to greenhouse gases. At first glance, the Tailoring Rule seems to be a classic case of an agency exceeding its authority and subverting congressional intent. Upon further examination, it becomes clear that EPA is grappling with an important issue that current administrative law doctrine fails to adequately address: What should an agency do when it does not have the resources to carry out all of its required duties? This Note argues that courts should use the rationale of administrative necessity to allow agencies to openly demonstrate that it would be impossible to fully carry out their nondiscretionary statutory duties. Upon that demonstration, courts should allow agencies to promulgate regulations that propose a solution to that impossibility.
STUDIES OF PITUITARY LACTOGENIC HORMONE. XXIII. ISOLATION OF THE MONOMER OF OVINE PROLACTIN.

By means of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, 2 a separation was achieved between fractions representing different states of polymerization of prolactin molecules. One of the fractions contained monomer prolactin as revealed by exclusion chromatography and sedimentation equilibrium experiments. The molecular weight of monomer prolactin was estimated to be 23,000.
Si(001) Homoepitaxial Growth

Epitaxial growth is generally treated ns a far-from-equilibrium process, dominated by kinetic restraints rather than thermodynamic driving forces. In this paper we show that homocpitaxial growth, at temperatures exceeding ~500°C, is a process that can be approached very well from a thermodynamic equilibrium viewpoint, augmented with classical homogeneous nucleation theory.
Comparison of the high-pressure behavior of the cerium oxides C e 2 O 3 and Ce O 2

The high-pressure behavior of $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ was studied using angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction to 70 GPa and compared with that of $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. Up to the highest pressure $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ remains in the hexagonal phase (space group 164, $P\overline{3}2/m1)$ typical for the lanthanide sesquioxides. A theoretically predicted phase instability for 30 GPa is not observed. The isothermal bulk modulus and its pressure derivative for the quasihydrostatic case are ${B}_{0}=111\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa},{B}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=4.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3,$ and for the case without pressure-transmitting medium ${B}_{0}=104\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa},{B}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}=6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4$. Starting from ambient-pressure magnetic susceptibility measurements for both oxides in highly purified form, we find that the Ce atom in $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ behaves like a trivalent $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{e}}^{3+}$ ion ($2.57{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ per Ce atom) in contrast to previously published data. Since x-ray emission spectroscopy of the $L\ensuremath{\gamma}$ $(4{d}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2{p}_{1/2})$ transition is sensitive to the $4f$ -electron occupancy, we also followed the high-pressure dependence of this line for both oxides up to 50 GPa. No change of the respective line shape was observed, indicating that the $4f$-electron configuration is stable for both materials. We posit from this data that the $4f$ electrons do not drive the volume collapse of $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ from the high-symmetry, low-pressure fluorite structure to the lower-symmetry orthorhombic phase.
Investgation of heavy-metal contents of natural pasturage in white yak breeding pasture

Objective:To evaluate the heavy-metal contents of the natural pasturage in the white yak breeding pasture of the Tianzhu tibet municipal county.Methods:The detection was performed according to GB/T5009.12.11.15-2003.Results:The contents of the Pb,the As,the Cd,separately,3.34~3.58 mg/kg,0.20~1.18 mg/kg,0.09~0.25 mg/kg in the dry pasturage.The contents of the Pb,the As,the Cd,separately,0.78~4.86 mg/kg,0.005~0.20 mg/kg,0.04~0.11 mg/kg in the verdure pasturage.Conclusion:The heavy-metal contents of the natural pasturage are lower in the white yak breeding pasture.
Temporal Sequence and Unit Composition in Dream Reports from Different Stages of Sleep

Mentation reports were collected from 23 subjects following awakenings from REM and NREM sleep and at sleep onset. Subjects organized these reports according to temporal sequence, and judges scored them for activity-based temporal units and for the composition of such units. The judgment data were subjected to analysis to determine whether reports differed systematically by state in either thematic sequencing (moment-to-moment setting and character continuity) or unit composition (density of characterization, setting articulation). Previous findings of inter-state differences in dream quantity (recall, length) were replicated. a sample of typical-length multiunit reports showed a number of stage differences, while samples of matched-length reports did not differ by stage in thematic sequence or the degree of articulation of single units. However, matched for length, REM reports continued to contain more per-unit self representation than did sleep onset reports and denser per-unit overall characterization than NREM reports. The results suggest that most inter-stage differences in dream "quality" are, in fact, by-products of inter-stage differences in dream quantity, but that there are residual stage differences that can coherently be attributed neither to differences in the continuity with which dream production processes are activated in different stages nor to differences in dream retrieval from different stages.
WE-DE-201-02: A Statistical Analysis Tool for Plan Quality Verification in HDR Brachytherapy Forward Planning for Cervix Cancer

Purpose: High Dose Rate (HDR) brachytherapy forward planning is principally an iterative process; hence, plan quality is affected by planners’ experiences and limited planning time. Thus, this may lead to sporadic errors and inconsistencies in planning. A statistical tool based on previous approved clinical treatment plans would help to maintain the consistency of planning quality and improve the efficiency of second checking. Methods: An independent dose calculation tool was developed from commercial software. Thirty-three previously approved cervical HDR plans with the same prescription dose (550cGy), applicator type, and treatment protocol were examined, and ICRU defined reference point doses (bladder, vaginal mucosa, rectum, and points A/B) along with dwell times were collected. Dose calculation tool then calculated appropriate range with a 95% confidence interval for each parameter obtained, which would be used as the benchmark for evaluation of those parameters in future HDR treatment plans. Model quality was verified using five randomly selected approved plans from the same dataset. Results: Dose variations appears to be larger at the reference point of bladder and mucosa as compared with rectum. Most reference point doses from verification plans fell between the predicted range, except the doses of two points of rectum and two points of reference position A (owing to rectal anatomical variations & clinical adjustment in prescription points, respectively). Similar results were obtained for tandem and ring dwell times despite relatively larger uncertainties. Conclusion: This statistical tool provides an insight into clinically acceptable range of cervical HDR plans, which could be useful in plan checking and identifying potential planning errors, thus improving the consistency of plan quality.
The estimation of power flux of microwave radiation from a negative narrow bipolar pulse a low earth orbit satellite altitude

In this paper, we estimate power flux densities at two points in space within the orbiting range of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite. One point located 200 km away from the narrow bipolar pulse (NBP) emission source with angle θ = 45° and the other point located 2000 km away from the NBP emission source with angle θ = 45°. The sensitivity of the LEO satellite sensor must be larger than 10-8 W/m2/Hz at distance 200 km and 10-10 W/m2/Hz at distance 2000 km in order to be able to capture microwave radiation from NBP.
An architecture for rapid decoding of large vocabulary conversational speech.

This paper addresses the question of how to design a large vocabulary recognition system so that it can simultaneously handle a sophisticated language model, perform state-ofthe-art speaker adaptation, and run in one times real time1 (1 RT). The architecture we propose is based on classical HMM Viterbi decoding, but uses an extremely fast initial speaker-independent decoding to estimate VTL warp factors, feature-space and model-space MLLR transformations that are used in a final speaker-adapted decoding. We present results on past Switchboard evaluation data that indicate that this strategy compares favorably to published unlimited-time systems (running in several hundred times real-time). Coincidentally, this is the system that IBM fielded in the 2003 EARS Rich Transcription evaluation.
On-Wafer Microwave Standards at NIST

The National Institute of Standards and Technology has begun a program to develop standards and calibration services for microwave wafer-level probing systems. The standards will be based on planar transmission lines and are designed to support measurements between 1 and 40 GHz. The program objectives, organization, and plans are discussed.
Little Bayesians or little Einsteins? Probability and explanatory virtue in children's inferences

Like scientists, children seek ways to explain causal systems in the world. But are children scientists in the strict Bayesian tradition of maximizing posterior probability? Or do they attend to other explanatory considerations, as laypeople and scientists - such as Einstein - do? Four experiments support the latter possibility. In particular, we demonstrate in four experiments that 4- to 8-year-old children, like adults, have a robust latent scope bias that leads to inferences that do not maximize posterior probability. When faced with two explanations equally consistent with observed data, where one explanation makes an unverified prediction, children consistently preferred the explanation that does not make this prediction (Experiment 1), even if the prior probabilities are identical (Experiment 3). Additional evidence suggests that this latent scope bias may result from the same explanatory strategies used by adults (Experiments 1 and 2), and can be attenuated by strong prior odds (Experiment 4). We argue that children, like adults, rely on 'explanatory virtues' in inference - a strategy that often leads to normative responses, but can also lead to systematic error.
Laser propagation measurements in long-scale-length underdense plasmas relevant to magnetized liner inertial fusion

We report experimental results and simulations showing efficient laser energy coupling into plasmas at conditions relevant to the magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) concept. In MagLIF, to limit convergence and increase the hydrodynamic stability of the implosion, the fuel must be efficiently preheated. To determine the efficiency and physics of preheating by a laser, an Ar plasma with n_{e}/n_{crit}∼0.04 is irradiated by a multi-ns, multi-kJ, 0.35-μm, phase-plate-smoothed laser at spot-averaged intensities ranging from 1.0×10^{14} to 2.5×10^{14}W/cm^{2} and pulse widths from 2 to 10 ns. Time-resolved x-ray images of the laser-heated plasma are compared to two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that show agreement with the propagating emission front, a comparison that constrains laser energy deposition to the plasma. The experiments show that long-pulse, modest-intensity (I=1.5×10^{14}W/cm^{2}) beams can efficiently couple energy (∼82% of the incident energy) to MagLIF-relevant long-length (9.5 mm) underdense plasmas. The demonstrated heating efficiency is significantly higher than is thought to have been achieved in early integrated MagLIF experiments [A. B. Sefkow et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 072711 (2014)10.1063/1.4890298].
Black Male Intercollegiate Athletic Administrators: Ascending the Career Ladder

During the last several decades, there have never been more than 12 Black male sitting intercollegiate athletic administrators (athletic directors) at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level at predominantly White institutions of higher education (PWIHEs). Utilizing critical race theory as the theoretical framework combined with a conceptual framework of social cognitive career theory, this chapter focuses on the underrepresentation of Black men in intercollegiate athletic leadership positions at the NCAA Division I level at PWIHEs by examining how Black men advance to leadership positions in a setting and profession dominated by White men. The chapter concludes by providing strategic recommendations for increasing the number of Black males in intercollegiate athletic leadership positions at the nation’s colleges and universities.
Abstract 914: Pioglitazone and metformin as potential chemopreventative treatments in Fanconi anemia related oral squamous carcinoma

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder which leads to bone marrow failure and cancer due to mutations in DNA repair mechanisms. FA is also a solid tumor-prone disease, affecting patients decades earlier and at a rate several hundred-fold higher than the general population necessitating regular cancer surveillance. To better understand the features of post-BMT oral SCC tumors and assist in development of preventative, survival-enhancing therapies for FA patients, we established a cell line and treated it with a panel of emerging chemopreventatives and natural compounds. An adjunct therapy with a minimal side effect profile will help this population in which chemotherapy and radiation are particularly damaging. We established a cell line from a post bone marrow transplant FA patient with a T2N2bM0 oral SCC grown as an adherent monolayer culture. The chemopreventative compound panel we used included Pioglitazone and Metformin. We also tested the synthetic retinoid Bexarotene, and commonly used chemotherapeutics Taxol and Cisplatin. MTT assays determined cell viability after 1, 2, and 3 days of treatment. Clonogenic assays were performed to determine survival and proliferation over 1-2 weeks. Reporter gene assays were performed to determine the effect of treatments on several target genes, to investigate pathway response and potential candidate biomarkers. Our results show Pioglitazone at all concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40μM) decreases cell proliferation compared to solvent controls (P Pioglitazone seems to be a promising chemopreventative adjunct treatment for HNSCC in FA patients. Further studies are underway to evaluate the contribution of decreased cell proliferation versus apoptotic mechanisms. Metformin does not appear to decrease tumor cell proliferation at doses up to 100 uM in our FA cell line. Citation Format: Kim Miller, Beverly Wuertz, Frank G. Ondrey. Pioglitazone and metformin as potential chemopreventative treatments in Fanconi anemia related oral squamous carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 914. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-914
China–India Relations under Modi: Playing with Fire

The sweeping changes in the foreign policy of Narendra Modi’s government in India reflect several departures from previous year. Most prominent shift was from non alignment that was designed to ste...
Regulation of the turnover of ACC synthases by phytohormones and heterodimerization in Arabidopsis

Ethylene influences many aspects of plant growth and development. The biosynthesis of ethylene is highly regulated by a variety of internal and external cues. A key target of this regulation is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (ACS), generally the rate-limiting step in ethylene biosynthesis, which is regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Prior studies have demonstrated that cytokinin and brassinosteroid (BR) act as regulatory inputs to elevate ethylene biosynthesis by increasing the stability of ACS proteins. Here, we demonstrate that several additional phytohormones also regulate ACS protein turnover. Abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, methyl jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid differentially regulate the stability of ACS proteins, with distinct effects on various isoforms. In addition, we demonstrate that heterodimerization influences the stability of ACS proteins. Heterodimerization between ACS isoforms from distinct subclades results in increased stability of the shorter-lived partner. Together, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the roles of various phytohormones on ACS protein stability, which brings new insights into crosstalk between ethylene and other phytohormones, and a novel regulatory mechanism that controls ACS protein stability through a heterodimerization of ACS isoforms.
Chronic Stimulation of Renin Cells Leads to Vascular Pathology

Experimental or spontaneous genomic mutations of the renin-angiotensin system or its pharmacological inhibition in early life leads to renal abnormalities, including poorly developed renal medulla, papillary atrophy, hydronephrosis, inability to concentrate the urine, polyuria, polydipsia, renal failure, and anemia. At the core of such complex phenotype is the presence of unique vascular abnormalities: the renal arterioles do not branch or elongate properly and they have disorganized, concentric hypertrophy. This lesion has been puzzling because it is often found in hypertensive individuals whereas mutant or pharmacologically inhibited animals are hypotensive. Remarkably, when renin cells are ablated with diphtheria toxin, the vascular hypertrophy does not occur, suggesting that renin cells per se may contribute to the vascular disease. To test this hypothesis, on a Ren1c-/- background, we generated mutant mice with reporter expression (Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-Cre;R26R.mTmG and Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-Cre;R26R.LacZ) to trace the fate of reninnull cells. To assess whether reninnull cells maintain their renin promoter active, we used Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-YFP mice that transcribe YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) directed by the renin promoter. We also followed the expression of Akr1b7 and miR-330-5p, markers of cells programmed for the renin phenotype. Contrary to what we expected, reninnull cells did not die or disappear. Instead, they survived, increased in number along the renal arterial tree, and maintained an active molecular memory of the myoepitheliod renin phenotype. Furthermore, null cells of the renin lineage occupied the walls of the arteries and arterioles in a chaotic, directionless pattern directly contributing to the concentric arterial hypertrophy.
Refining Mandatory Disclosure: Statement Presented to the ERISA Advisory Council, June 6, 2017

Design recommendations for improving the effectiveness of ERISA-mandated disclosures reporting the contents and operation of employee benefit plans.
Geochemical Markers in Shale-CO 2 Experiment at Core Scale

Abstract Most sedimentary rock formations (tight or highly porous) have geochemical characteristics that can lead to significant reactive ion exchange processes in aqueous media in the presence of carbon dioxide. The injection of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in large scale as obtainable in carbon sequestration programs and in environmentally friendly hydraulic fracturing processes (using supercritical CO 2 ), long term rock-fluid interaction can affect reservoir and seal rocks properties. The mineralogical components of sedimentary rocks are geochemically active particularly under enormous earth stresses, which generate high pressure and temperature conditions in the subsurface. It has been postulated that the effect of mineralization can lead to flow impedance in the presence of favourable geochemical and thermodynamic conditions. Simulation results suggested that influx-induced mineral dissolution/precipitation reactions within clay-based sedimentary rocks can continuously close micro-fracture networks, though injection pressure rapidly expand the fractures. This experimental modelling research investigated the impact of in-situ geochemical precipitation on conductivity of fractures. Geochemical analysis were performed on four different samples of shale rocks, effluent fluids and recovered precipitates both before and after CO 2 -brine flooding of crushed shale rocks at moderately high temperature and pressure conditions. Three experimental runs per sample types were carried out in order to check the repeatability of observed changes. The results showed that most significant diagenetic changes in shale rocks after flooding with CO 2 -brine, reflect in the effluent fluid with predominantly calcium based minerals dissolving and precipitating under experimental conditions. Major and trace elements in the effluent fluid indicated that multiple geochemical reactions are occurring with almost all of the constituent minerals participating. The geochemical composition of precipitates recovered after the experiments showed diagenetic carbonates and opal (quartz) as the main constituents. The bulk rock showed little changes in composition except for sharper and more refined peaks on XRD analysis, suggesting that a significant portion of the amorphous content of the rocks have been removed via dissolution by the slightly acid CO 2 -brine fluid that was injected. It can be inferred that convective reactive transport of dissolved minerals are involved in nanoscale precipitation-dissolution processes in shale under carbon sequestration conditions.
High Efficiency Solar Thermochemical Reactor for Hydrogen Production.

This project is conducting fundamental studies on materials for use in concentrated solar power applications and designing reactor concepts that, when combined, will produce H2 from thermochemical water-splitting (WS) cycles. Insights gained from these studies will be applied toward the design and optimization of a large-scale solar receiver and reactor that meets the following ultimate DOE hydrogen production targets:
Discerning Discernment in People

This chapter defines the concept of discernment and presents an instrument to measure the concepts. Discernment is something that can be developed in employees over time and should be part of the ongoing employment development program.
Using Virtual Machine Introspection for Operating Systems Security Education

Historically, hands-on cybersecurity exercises helped reinforce the basic cybersecurity concepts. However, most of them focused on the user level attacks and defenses and did not provide a convenient way of studying the kernel level security. Since OS kernels provide foundations for applications, any compromise to OS kernels will lead to a computer that cannot be trusted. Moreover, there has been a great interest in using virtualization to profile, characterize, and observe kernel events including security incidents. Virtual Machine Introspection (VMI) is a technique that has been deeply investigated in intrusion detection, malware analysis, and memory forensics. Inspired by the great success of VMI, we used it to develop hands-on labs for teaching kernel level security. In this work, we present three VMI-based labs on (1) stack-based buffer over-flow, (2) direct kernel object manipulation (DKOM), and (3) kernel integrity checker which have been made available online. Then, we analyze the differences in approaches taken by VMI-based labs and traditional labs and conclude that VMI-based labs are better as opposed to traditional labs from a teaching standpoint because they provide more visibility than the traditional labs and superior ability to manipulate kernel memory which provides more insight into kernel security concepts.
The Giemsa Magic

Gustav Giemsa (Figure 19.1) probably never dreamed that his concoction, the Giemsa stain, which was devised to stain malaria in blood preparations, would make a great contribution to cytogenetics. Giemsa was born in 1867 in Blechhammer, and started his career as a pharmacist and chemist in East Africa. In 1900, he was appointed head of the Department of Chemistry of the newly founded Institute of Naval and Tropical Diseases in Hamburg, Germany. He developed chemical insecticides and chemotherapy with derivatives of quinacrine, arsenus, and bismus. His association with malaria research led him to investigate the factors involved in the Romanowsky’s stain, which was a mixture of methylene blue and eosine. He found that a degradation product of methylene blue, methylene azure, was responsible for the staining of chromatin and that eosin contributed to it by binding the azure-incorporated chromatin. He then mixed azure and methylene blue in equal amounts to improve the stain and finally used a mixture of azure, eosin, glycerine, and methanol. Staining was also improved by using buffer solutions. Dr. Giemsa never used his name for this stain, and many modern cytogeneticists who use Giemsa stain daily do not know Giemsa is a person’s name.
The Origins of Finite Mathematics: The Social Science Connection.

Walter Meyer (meyer@adelphi.edu) received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1969, and his research has been mainly in geometry and combinatorics. He has written or collaborated on four books, including For All Practical Purposes and Geometry and Its Applications. For most of his career he has been a professor at Adelphi University (Garden City, NY 11530), but in addition he was a fellow at IBM's Systems Research Institute, he carried out research in geometry related to robotics at the Grumman Corporation, and he was a visiting professor at the U.S. Military Academy. He likes soccer and is trying to learn how to cook, which isn't easy at all.
Textual Harassment: A New Historicist Reappraisal of the Parol Evidence With Gender in Mind

This year marks the four hundredth anniversary of the Parol Evidence Rule, the rule that dictates that the interpretation of a written contract should be determined solely according to its text and not influenced by prior contradictory external information. This article uses the occasion to offer a fresh interdisciplinary view of the Rule. The analysis presents a unique contribution to the heated debate regarding the desired levels of formalism and textualism in present-day contract law, by using New-Historicist tools. Unexplored aspects of the roots of the Rule are illuminated through an in-depth investigation of the first case of the contractual Parol Evidence Rule, the Countess of Rutland's Case (1604). To examine this Case, the article suggests the use of Legal New Historicism - researching both human and non-human actors who played a role in this Case, and re-narrating the story of Isabel, the Countess of Rutland. This method reveals, for example, rare maps and romantic stories which lead to a critical look at the Rule's total exclusion of context and helps to expose its gendered nature. The article further presents a close reading of the most influential paragraph in Sir Edward Coke's report of the Case. Coke's words and phrasing, it is proposed, should not be read as incidental choice of language, but rather as carefully planned and, as such, reflective of the dominant values of the legal culture within which they were written. It is further argued that the choice to exclude the context is far from a mere omission. De facto it can be seen as actively creating and then taking into account a manufactured context - one that does not exist and is deeply patriarchal. An exploration of the political and cultural contexts of Coke's report explains the possible motives for establishing the Rule and phrasing it in such manner. It is argued that the Case played an active role in Coke's efforts to strengthen the diminishing status of the Common Law, in the face of increasing threats, as a component of a marketing project aimed at improving the Common Law's image without significantly changing its content. Along the way the first Case is paired with an almost-twin contemporary case, which resulted from a Hollywood scandal, Clark v. Hannah-Clark (2003). Based upon the juxtaposition of this new legal narrative of Nicolette (Hannah-Clark) with the older story of Isabel (the Countess of Rutland), it is concluded that the flaws and biases underlying the Rule remain acute and call for a serious reconsideration of its justification. In this way the article offers an original and, hopefully, useful argument against excessive formalist textualism in present-day contract law.
Lagrange’s Equations

The fundamental equation in generalized coordinates has been found in (12.3.9) as $$\sum\limits_{s = 1}^n {\left( {\frac{d}{{dt}}\frac{{\partial T}}{{\partial \dot q_s }} - \frac{{\partial T}}{{\partial q_s }} - Q_s } \right)\delta q_s = 0,}$$ (13.1.1) where the kinetic energy T and the generalized forces Q s are, in general, functions of all the q s and \({ \dot q_s}\) (s = 1, 2, …, n) and of t.
Reducing phosphorous discharge from flow-through aquaculture: II: Hinged and moving baffles to improve waste transport

In many flow-through (FT) raceway facilities, low raceway water current velocities lead to the settlement of solid wastes in raceway rearing areas and subsequent inadequate transport from the rearing areas to quiescent zones (q-zones). Such facilities must employ regular manual labor to sweep raceways of the settled wastes in order to aid compliance with effluent discharge regulations. Two new baffle configurations, a hinged and a moving system, have been designed to address these limitations and improve waste transport in the rearing areas of FT raceways. The effect of the baffles on channel velocities, transport rates, and transport efficiencies was tested during pilot and commercial scale tests. The results showed average under baffle velocities during commercial tests of 0.28 and 0.40 m/s for the hinged and moving baffle configurations, respectively. These values are within recommended velocity ranges for salmonid waste transport in FT raceways, and are an order of magnitude higher than the comparable velocities measured during control tests. Pilot scale tests showed average transport rates of 5.87, 3.09, and 0.04 g simulated waste/min for hinged and moving baffles, and control, respectively. Measured transport efficiencies of input simulated waste during commercial tests were 75, 55, and 15% for the moving and hinged baffles, and control, respectively. Of the two tested designs, the moving baffle is most suitable for commercial use given the simplicity of the single baffle design and the test results. Although the operational parameters and design refinements will vary by facility, the moving baffle concept has application as a simple and effective solid waste transport improvement.
Facing the Music: Value-Driven Electronic Markets, Networks and Value Webs in Economic Integration of Digital Products

Overview and Underlying Premise: The underlying premise for this chapter is that a solution for DRM protection and related issues must be found on the business side, i.e. the solution must present itself within a business model, as technical solutions will always be temporary ad infinitum, resulting in endless revisions, upgrades, catch-up efforts, and improvements. There is no question that evolving and future distribution systems for images, music and movies will be digital and the distribution itself will be electronic via networks and e-channels. This contribution explores this setting in terms of economic and organizational underpinnings of electronic markets, networks and channels. We can presently observe the evolution of value networks, value-adding channels, as well as entire value webs in the distribution (and value) chain. A value web is a customer-driven network of independent firms who use information technology to coordinate their value chains to collectively produce a product or service for a market. Finally, we address some of these observations, descriptions and discussions in the context of DRM, specifically the music and movie industry. We will offer some insights, address current developments, but also some speculations how these industries may (and quite possibly must) progress.