cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autopilot design using mixed H2 and H∞ optimal control

An autopilot for a transport aircraft is designed using mixed H2 and H∞ optimal control. The control law design technique allows real parameter uncertainty to be accounted for in the design process. The autopilot consists of an inner loop that controls aircraft heading in response to external commands and an outer loop that tracks a localizer beam so that the aircraft is properly aligned with the runway for landing. The problem formulation and the robust control law design technique allow a wide range of performance and robustness requirements to be met. Analysis of the closed-loop system shows the controller performance and robustness for a number of flight conditions through two separate approach profiles.
Escape from risk: a qualitative exploration of relapse to unprotected anal sex among men who have sex with men.

Abstract Since the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, gay men have reduced their sexual behaviors that put them at risk. Despite these changes, recent studies have found that some men who have sex with men (MSM) who regularly practice safer sex behaviors, periodically engage in risky anal sex. Many of these MSM realize that their “lapses” place them at risk for HIV infection; nevertheless, they engage in unprotected sex. In response to these findings, some behavioral scientists have questioned the ability of existing models of condom use to completely account for all types of HIV sexual risk and risk avoidance behaviors, especially episodic unprotected anal sex by men who otherwise use condoms. A cognitive escape model proposed by McKir-nan, Ostrow, and Hope (1996) is an explanation that may be able to account for periodic “lapses” in condom use by MSM who usually comply with safer sex standards. This manuscript applies that model to textual data from a sample of 41 MSM who have sex in bathhouses. In depth,...
Evolution of function in the crotonase superfamily: the stereochemical course of the reaction catalyzed by 2-ketocyclohexanecarboxyl-CoA hydrolase.

Members of the mechanistically diverse enoyl-CoA hydratase (crotonase) superfamily catalyze reactions that involve stabilization of an enolate anion derived from an acyl thioester of coenzyme A. 2-...
Solar-neutrino problem: Some old solutions reexamined.

Recent experimental data confirm the solar-neutrino problem and imply new neutrino physics. We review some of the less discussed proposals to solve this problem: (1) maximal vacuum mixing of three neutrino flavors, (2) vacuum oscillation of two neutrino flavors, and (3) neutrino decay. Each of these three solutions can fit the $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}$ and Kamiokande-II solar-neutrino-flux measurements. Their implications for the continuing $^{71}\mathrm{Ga}$ experiments and for other, future experiments are discussed.
A fitting formula for the falloff curves of unimolecular reactions

A fitting formula is proposed to approximate the falloff curves of the pressure- and temperature-dependent unimolecular reaction rate constants. Compared with the widely used Troe's formula, the present expression has the potential to substantially reduce the computation time in its evaluation because of the mathematical simplicity. Four testing reactions from the VariFlex program package were used to examine the accuracy of the present formula, showing improved performance as compared with previous expressions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 727–734, 2009
Rheology and structure of isotactic polypropylene near the gel point: quiescent and shear-induced crystallization

Abstract Crystallizing isotactic polypropylene (iPP) develops large-scale spherulites and thick threads, large enough for observation by optical microscopy, and undergoes a liquid-to-solid transition as an expression of increased connectivity of the structure. In order to relate the time scales of structural and rheological changes, we measured time-resolved small-angle light scattering (SALS) and transmittance properties in a single experimental run, which then was repeated in an optical microscope for direct observation of growth of large-scale structures, and in a rheometer for mechanical spectroscopy. The results for quiescent and shear-enhanced melt crystallization of a high molar mass iPP are presented. In quiescent crystallization, iPP nuclei are only formed in the beginning (and not in later stages) and grow simultaneously at the same rate, which leads to spherulites of equal size. The critical gel point is reached close to the instant of the maximum of density fluctuations, but before spherulites impinge. Crystallinity estimates from Hv SALS (estimation method of Stein) are much higher than values from DSC. The discrepancy may be caused (in addition to the simplifying assumptions in the estimate) by the enhanced crystallization in the rheo-optical cell due to surface and sample loading effects. Shear flow induces anisotropic molecular conformations, preferably in the high molecular weight component of the iPP sample. The resulting orientation fluctuations (of highly oriented long chains and less oriented short chains) cause (1) an increase in nucleation rate, (2) possibly an increase in crystallization rate and (3) formation of highly elongated structures (threads) which are visible in the optical microscope and in anisotropic SALS patterns. The threads thicken until, at later stages, additional spherulites start to grow, presumably from the shorter chains and nucleated on by the threads.
Bone marrow cells promote TH2 polarization and inhibit virus-specific CTL generation

This laboratory recently reported that human bone marrow cells (BMC) inhibit the generation of virus-specific CTL in culture. The culture supernatants contained increased levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) (shown to favor TH2 cell development) and also inhibited EBV-CTL effector cell development. In this study, we obtained PBL from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) IgG antibody positive kidney transplant recipients (R) and their living-related donors (LRD) one year after renal transplantation. EBV-specific CTL were then generated in vitro by stimulating PBL with autologous EBV-transformed B cells (EBV-B) in the presence or absence of autologous BMC. The addition of BMC to the EBV-CTL generation cultures increased the intracellular expression in CD3+ cells of IL-4,-5,-6,-10, and -13. These CD3+ cells also expressed increased levels of the TH2 associated receptor CCR3. Inhibition was even observed by preparing EBV-CTL generating cultures in trans-wells that separated the autologous BMC from the PBL + EBV-B. It was then observed that CD3+ cells obtained after 7 days of culture in the presence of autologous BMC could be used as inhibitors of EBV-CTL generation. Protein Kinase A (PKA), a cAMP kinase that is involved in the upregulation of TH2 cytokine activity, was increased in EBV-CTL cultures by the presence of BMC. Additionally, IL-4-mediated signal transduction and activation of transcription (STAT-6) phosphorylation was slightly increased. These results show that the BMC inhibition is mediated by soluble factors (cytokines) and that cell-cell contact in this autologous system is not required, so that BMC (at least partially, via cytokine production) promote TH2 polarization in culture. Moreover, TH2 cells induced by culturing with autologous BMC directly inhibit EBV-CTL generation, and TH2 associated PKA, CCR3, and STAT-6 phosphorylation are enhanced by BMC.
The use of Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology to optimize biomass and lipid production by the oleaginous marine green alga, Nannochloropsis gaditana in response to light intensity, inoculum size and CO2.

Abstract Biodiesel produced from microalgal lipids is being considered as a potential source of renewable energy. However, a number of hurdles will have to be overcome if such a process is to become practical. One important factor is the volumetric production of biomass and lipid that can be achieved. The marine alga Nannochloropsis gaditana is under study since it is known to be highly oleaginous and has a number of other attractive properties. Factors that might be important in biomass and lipid production by this alga are light intensity, inoculum size and CO2. Here we have carried out for the first time a RSM–DOE study of the influence of these important culture variables and define conditions that maximize biomass production, lipid content (BODIPY® fluorescence) and total lipid production. Moreover, flow cytometry allowed the examination on a cellular level of changes that occur in cellular populations as they age and accumulate lipids.
Analytic expansions of luni-solar gravity perturbations along rotating axes for trajectory optimization: Part 1: The dynamic system

Abstract An analytic form of the accelerations due to the luni-solar perturbations resolved along the rotating Euler-Hill frame is devised by using the expansion method. The addition of higher order terms to the main gravity gradient term linear in the spacecraft radial distance, carried out to the third order, provides a very high level of accuracy in accounting for the gravity perturbations experienced by a vehicle in orbit due to the sun and the moon. The nodal precession as well as the perigee advance of the lunar orbit is taken into account analytically by using the analytic lunar theory of de Pontecoulant. The analytic description of the apparent solar orbit and the motion of the moon remove the need to call an epherneris generator at each integration step during the numerical integration of the spacecraft trajectory, leading to the self-contained software for rapid and efficient optimal trajectory generation through iterations. Equinoctial elements are used to describe the spacecraft state and the luni-solar accelerations are given in terms of the apparent solar and lunar longitudes as well as Eulerian angles of the spacecraft orbit with respect to the inertial ecliptic system. The analysis is useful in optimal low-thrust orbit transfers complementing previous analyses carried out by this author, in which thrust and Earth zonal perturbations such as J2, J3 and J4 in terms of the nonsingular equinoctial elements are included.
A study of possible “reef effects” caused by a long-term time-lapse camera in the deep North Pacific

Abstract The aggregation response of fish populations following the addition of artificial structures to seafloor habitats has been well documented in shallow-water reefs and at deeper structures such as oil extraction platforms. A long-term time-lapse camera was deployed for 27 four-month deployment periods at 4100 m in the eastern North Pacific to study abyssal megafauna activity and surface–benthos connections. The unique time-series data set provided by this research presented an opportunity to examine how deep-sea benthopelagic fish and epibenthic megafauna populations were affected by an isolated artificial structure and whether animal surveys at this site were biased by aggregation behavior. Counts were taken of benthopelagic grenadiers, Coryphaenoides spp., observed per week as well as numbers of the epibenthic echinoid Echinocrepis rostrata . No significant correlation ( r s =−0.39; p =0.11) was found between the duration of deployment (in weeks) and the average number of Coryphaenoides observed at the site. There was also no evidence of associative behavior around the time-lapse camera by E. rostrata ( r s =−0.32; p =0.19). The results of our study suggest that abyssal fish and epibenthic megafauna do not aggregate around artificial structures and that long-term time-lapse camera studies should not be impacted by aggregation response behaviors.
Correlates of Accuracy in Judging Genuine versus Simulated Suicide Notes

In a sample of 43 college students, accuracy of recognizing genuine versus simulated suicide notes was associated with a more positive attitude toward suicide.
Federal aircraft noise abatement activities

Aircraft noise is a serious community problem today. At the Federal level, a number of efforts are underway to regulate aircraft noise exposure, and to develop practical techniques to implement those regulations. Within its authority, the Department of Transportation has effectively reversed the trend of higher noise levels from new aircraft, and is moving aggressively to reduce the noise from older aircraft already in use. Under its new authority, the Environmental Protection Agency has added a new dimension to this rule-making process.
School barricaded captive-taking: A literature review and critique

Abstract Although schools are among the safest places for children and youth, they are the occasional site of violent behavior. One form of violence is the barricaded-hostage event. In this article, the authors review the research literature pertaining to these events. Specifically, studies examining the impact on direct and indirect victims, and responders to these events, are presented and critiqued. Recommendations for future research are also made, followed by a summary and conclusions.
The Height of the Firm Albumen as a Measure of Its Condition

Abstract THE importance of determining the condition, or consistency, of the firm albumen in the study of the interior quality of eggs has been discussed in a previous paper by the authors (1935). A score for this condition was described and illustrated, and the conclusion was reached that this score should be reduced to a physical measurement. It is the purpose of this paper to describe such a measurement. In applying the score for the “observed condition” of the firm albumen, the pictures of the vertical elevation (silhouette) of the opened eggs representative of each score bore out the observation apparent from other work with egg quality that there was a strong relationship between the score for the observed condition and the vertical height of the firm albumen at the plateau or level surface of this layer. This relationship is logical, since the mass of the firm albumen of excellent condition . . .
Replies to McKenna, Pereboom, and Kane

Balaguer responds to critiques of his recent book (Free Will as an Open Scientic Problem) put forward by Michael McKenna, Derk Pereboom, and Bob Kane in an Author-Meets-Critics session at the 2011 Pacic Division meeting of the APA.
Determining cause of death in 45,564 autopsy reports.

It has been demonstrated that death certificates do not accurately record the actual cause of death in up to one-fourth of cases, as determined from subsequent autopsy findings. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of natural language autopsy data bases as an automated quality assurance mechanism. We translated the account of the major process leading to death, or the primary diagnosis, from all 45,564 narrative autopsy reports obtained at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between May 28, 1889, and June 30, 1987, into the hierarchical system of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) titles. We obtained a total of 125,772 MeSH title translations, 1,563 of them distinct (average 2.8 per case), ranging in frequency from 6,029 occurrences of LUNG to 1 occurrence apiece of 357 MeSH titles. The natural-language-to-MeSH translations showed expected trends over the past century: fewer infectious diseases; more cardiovascular and neoplastic disease among adults; and more respiratory diseases and congenital malformations in the pediatric age group. The greater availability of autopsy documents in electronic form should increase the value of this resource for quality assurance.
The Effect of Mining on Agricultural Hired Labor in the Northern Great Plains

The nature of the market for hired agricultural labor in the Northern Great Plains is estimated with particular reference to adjustments attendant to energy development. Specific objectives include: (a) specification of a regional labor market model defining the supply and demand for hired agricultural labor; (b) assessment of the importance of wages in agriculture and mining in explaining the supply of labor to agriculture, with empahsis on the plausibility of mining growth as an incentive for the transfer of labor out of agriculture; and (c) comparison of these results with earlier supply and demand studies for agricultural labor. No need is seen for a major legislative remedy because the benefits of formula pricing generally outweigh the perceived problems. The major concern seems to be suspicions of price manipulation or unrepresentative price reports. Eliminations of the formula risks changing the competitive balance and structure of the markets. 17 references.
Magnetic center location in multipole fields

Abstract A procedure for optically locating the magnetic center of multipole magnetic lenses is discussed. The technique involves the scattering of plane polarized light through a colloidial suspension of ferrosoferric oxide particles. We have examined the mechanism by which the scattering patterns are formed for quadrupoles, sextupoles and octupoles, and developed the mathematical theory that is shown to predict the location and spacing of the patterns in these magnets.
Formation energies and charge states of native defects in GaAs: a selected compilation from the literature

Formation energies, binding energies and reaction energies of native defects in GaAs, calculated by several authors, are combined to yield a set of formation energies of native point defects and their complexes as functions of the Fermi level in the bandgap. As an illustration the results are used to confirm the stability of the complex against decay via several channels.
Interaction of plasma fibronectin with gelatin and complement C1q

A variety of techniques have been used to examine the interaction of human plasma fibronectin (Fn) with complement C1q in comparison to that with gelatin in phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.4. The precipitation of 3H-Fn by polyethylene glycol (PEG) was shifted to much lower concentrations of the polymer by addition of gelatin, and to a lesser extent, by C1q. Precipitation of 3-Fn in the presence of C1q was close to that of C1q alone under identical conditions suggesting an affinity of Fn for solid phase C1q; a similar interaction was seen with heat-insolubilized C1q. Fibronectin bound tightly to gelatin-Sepharose and C1q-Sepharose and this binding could be inhibited by gelatin but not by C1q. The presence of gelatin retarded the anodal migration of Fn during immunoelectrophoresis under physiological conditions whereas C1q had an effect only at low ionic strength. Exclusion chromatography of Fn, alone and preincubated with gelatin or C1q, was also consistent with the formation of strong complexes with gelatin but not with C1q. In the analytical ultracentrifuge, the sedimentation of Fn was not affected by the presence of C1q, whereas similar mixtures of Fn and gelatin exhibited a fast-sedimenting boundary and marked depletion of the 12S Fn peak. Titration of fluorescein-labeled α2 chains of type I collagen with Fn produced an increase in fluorescence polarization which could be reversed by addition ofunlabeled α2 chains or gelatin but not by C1q or the pepsin-derived collagen-like domain of C1q. These observations indicate that the fluid-phase interaction of Fn with C1q is much weaker than that with gelatin but that Fn does have appreciable affinity for solid-phase C1q. Such interaction could signify a role for Fn in the clearance of immune complexes from circulation.
Constructing the EVLA while operating the VLA

Begun in 2001 with a total budget of around $100M, the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA) project is the only major upgrade to the VLA undertaken since the interferometer was dedicated in 1980. The goal of this 11-year long project is to improve all the observational capabilities of the original VLA - except for collecting area and spatial resolution - by at least an order of magnitude. To achieve this, the 28 VLA antennas have been modernized with new digital data transmission systems that link to a new, wideband, fiber optic digital LO/IF system, and eight new sets of cooled receivers are under construction that will offer full frequency coverage from 1 to 50 GHz, with instantaneous bandwidths up to 8 GHz provided by two independent dual polarization frequency pairs. The new WIDAR correlator provided by NRAO's Canadian EVLA partner replaced the old VLA correlator in early 2010 and is currently undergoing commissioning. The long duration of the EVLA construction project coupled with the need to maintain the scientific productivity and user base of the telescope obviously precluded shutting down the old array while new infrastructure was built and commissioned. Consequently, the construction plan was based on the fundamental assumption that the old VLA would continue to operate as new EVLA capabilities gradually came online; in some cases, additional complexity had to be designed into new hardware in order to maintain transitional interoperability between the old analog and new digital systems as the latter were installed and commissioned. As construction has advanced, operations has increasingly had to coexist side by side with EVLA commissioning and verification. Current commissioning plans attempt to balance making new EVLA capabilities available to the user community as soon as they have been installed and verified, and maintaining a stable and robust end-to-end data acquisition and delivery process for the user community.
High heat flux spray cooling

Studies have been performed in spray cooling with phase change using water as the coolant. A gas atomizing nozzle was used with both air and steam as the driving gases. The effect of gas atomizing pressure and liquid flow rate on the heat transfer, specifically, the critical heat flux is studied. Spray droplet size and velocity, liquid film thickness and flatness were measured using phase Doppler, Fresnel diffraction, and holographic techniques, respectively. The effect of spray characteristics on film thickness and heat transfer is discussed.
Testing the spin dependence of QCD-based models

It is shown that the recently developed polarization test for one-particle-exchange processes, when applied to 6 GeV/c elasticp-p scattering data and interpreted in the framework of QCD, indicates a predominance of “one-gluon-exchange”. The result appears to be completely independent of the way protons dissociate into quarks and of the way quarks recombine into protons.
Abdominal wall reconstruction.

Acquired defects of the abdominal wall primarily are caused by trauma, infection, ablative resection of primary or recurrent tumors, complications of surgical procedures, radiation damage, and burns. These defects can be superficial, involving only some layers of the soft tissues of the abdomen, or full-thickness, extending to the abdominal cavity. In many instances, such defects represent lifethreatening conditions, because the abdominal viscera are exposed. Additionally some patients are gravely ill, with poor general health and several significant coexisting medical problems that can affect not only the outcome of the reconstructive procedure, but also place at risk the patients’ lives. Others present with chronic wounds or defects with disruptions of the continuity of the musculofascial system. They also will require procedures to restore the form and function of the abdominal wall. During recent years, several innovative concepts, reconstructive techniques, and procedures have been described; new prosthetic materials were introduced, and improved treatment protocols were presented. Thus management philosophies have changed completely, and the final outcomes improved significantly. The contributions of plastic surgeons in the successful management of patients with complex defects of the abdominal wall are multiple and significant. Description and experience with muscle and musculocutaneous flaps provided surgeons with additional reconstructive options for tissue replacement. Well-vascularized tissues can be harvested from areas distant to the infection, trauma, tumor, or radiation damage and transferred as pedicled or free flaps to provide coverage and reconstruction of large tissue defects and obliteration, when needed, of residual cavities. They also can be used for the successful management of recalcitrant gastrointestinal fistulas. A great, relatively new, concept is the components separation technique. This technique, initially described by Ramirez in 1990, added a new dimension to reconstructive thinking providing for functional abdominal wall reconstruction with autogenous tissues, because the vascular and motor nerve supplies to the abdominal muscles are preserved. This reconstructive technique has become accepted widely and used to manage various abdominal wall defects, replacing, in many instances, the use of prosthetic materials or flaps.
Internal friction and transmission electron microscopy studies of magnesium—I. Internal friction☆

Abstract The internal friction of Mg was studied at 4 kc/s and 40 kc/s as a function of temperature (4.2–300°K), plastic deformation, crystalline orientation, heat treatment and impurity content. In pre-strained polycrystalline samples a peak was observed at 20°K which annealed out readily at 300°K, and a very broad peak between 40 and 240°K which showed a complex dependence on deformation and annealing. In deformed single crystals only the broad peak was found. The variation with orientation indicates that the peak is caused by dislocation motion in the (0001 ) slip system. The annealing behavior points to a possible dissociation of non-basal dislocations into basal and non-basal components. Addition of 1% Li suppressed both peaks, while Ni and Fe (which form precipitates) enhanced them.
Spatiotemporal Chaos in the Nonlinear Three Wave Interaction

The nonlinear three wave interaction (3WI) has applications to plasma physics, nonlinear optics, and hydrodynamics [1]. We consider one form of these equations, which describes the saturation of a linearly unstable parent wave by nonlinearly coupling to two damped daughter waves [1, 3]. The system exhibits spatiotemporal chaos (STC) in the long time, large system limit. The term STC specifically refers to the chaotic dynamics of coherent structures or spatial patterns [2]. This is contrasted with fully developed turbulence where there is a cascade to small scales and with low dimensional chaos where spatial degrees of freedom are not involved. The conservative form of the 3WI is integrable by inverse scattering transforms (IST) and has soliton solutions. We use perturbation theory about those solutions to gain some understanding of the behaviour.
Decision tree classification of spatial data streams using Peano Count Trees

Many organizations have large quantities of spatial data collected in various application areas, including remote sensing, geographical information systems (GIS), astronomy, computer cartography, environmental assessment and planning, etc. These data collections are growing rapidly and can therefore be considered as spatial data streams. For data stream classification, time is a major issue. However, these spatial data sets are too large to be classified effectively in a reasonable amount of time using existing methods. In this paper, we developed a new method for decision tree classification on spatial data streams using a data structure called Peano Count Tree (P-tree). The Peano Count Tree is a spatial data organization that provides a lossless compressed representation of a spatial data set and facilitates efficient classification and other data mining techniques. Using P-tree structure, fast calculation of measurements, such as information gain, can be achieved. We compare P-tree based decision tree induction classification and a classical decision tree induction method with respect to the speed at which the classifier can be built (and rebuilt when substantial amounts of new data arrive). Experimental results show that the P-tree method is significantly faster than existing classification methods, making it the preferred method for mining on spatial data streams.
Morphometric analysis of cultured normal and cardiomyopathic hamster heart cells after immunofluorescent staining for tubulin and α-actinin

Summary The cardiomyopathic (CM) hamster (Strain UM X7. 1) develops a progressive cardiomyopathy characterized by cellular necrosis, hypertrophy and congestive heart failure. To better understand these abnormalities, this study was undertaken to investigate possible abnormalities in the morphology and distributions of cytoskeletal proteins in normal and cardiomyopathic hamster heart cells in vitro . Primary cultures of cardiac myocytes from normal and CM newborn hamsters were analyzed and compared by indirect immunoflorescent microscopy after 3, 5, 7 and 9 days in culture. The distributions of the cytoskeletal proteins, α-actinin and tubulin, were examined in cultured hamster cardiac myocytes. After the cells attach to coverslips, both normal and CM myocytes appear rounded in shape. After 5 days in culture, CM myocytes show fewer cytoplasmic projections than normal. To assess this phenomenon, the area and perimeter dimensions of normal and CM myocytes were analyzed by morphometric methods. It was determined that cardiomyopathic cells in culture become progressively larger in area but smaller than normal in their perimeter dimensions. A statistically significant difference was noted from day 3 onward. This result confirms that cardiomyopathic cells have abnormal shapes in vitro . It is conceivable that a reduction of the perimeter dimension in CM cells may be related to the reported calcium overload or to other biochemical or physiological lesions. In addition, the greatest density of tubulin staining is present immediately around the nucleus, with fluorescent ‘rays’ radiating out to the cell periphery. Most of the myofibrils labelled by anti-α-actinin antibody showed parallel arrangements with respect to each other in normal myocytes whereas in CM heart cells the myofibrils were disarrayed. There were no differences in the distributions of tubulin and α-actinin in normal and cardiomyopathic myocytes in culture.
Demo: ROCH: Software-defined Radio Toolbox for Experimental Evaluation of All-spectrum Cognitive Networking

We present the first complete software-based framework for real-time experimental evaluation of secondary multi-hop cognitive underlay networks with decentralized control. We build a $7$-node software-defined radio testbed and implement a distributed algorithm that maximizes the secondary network throughput, while at the same time avoids interference to primary users through joint Routing and cOde-waveform CHannelization (ROCH). ROCH is implemented using GNU Radio and Universal Software Radio Peripherals ($\mathrm{USRP-N210s}$). The implementation of ROCH is facilitated by the architectural abstractions of a novel radio framework, referred to as RcUBe, that provides reconfigurability at the PHY, MAC, and network layers of the protocol stack.
Nuclear recoil as a means of fission product separation

Abstract It has been demonstrated that, by use of a suitable heterogeneous system, the nuclear recoil of fission products can be used to effect their complete separation from the parent fissile material. The potentialities of this simple technique are briefly discussed.
Toward the total synthesis of elisapterosin B: A Hg(OTf)(2)-promoted diastereoselective intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction.

As part of an approach to the synthesis of the antitubercular agent elisapterosin B, we prepared two different chiral, non-racemic olefinic substrates and examined their diastereoselective ring closure using mercury salts. The effort yielded potential precursors to elisapterosin B in good yield with good to excellent diastereocontrol.
Drug-induced states of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Drug-induced polyuria and polydipsia have been recognized with increasing frequency during the past five years. Several drugs, such as lithium, had been in use for many years without recognition of these toxic side effects, although clinical symptoms appear in almost one out of every ten patients treated with lithium for manic-depressive disorders [1], Other drugs, such as demeclocycline, cause symptoms only after prolonged use or in high concentrations which are not seen in the usual clinical setting [2]. Still other agents, such as the anesthetic methoxyflurane, have had their toxicity recognized almost immediately after their introduction [3, 4]. Finally, some drugs are either too new, such as glipizide [5] and glyburide [6], or have too low orders of toxicity, such as dextropropoxyphene [7], to have had their side effects on water metabolism widely appreciated.
Glucocorticoid-induced Leucine zipper 1 stimulates the epithelial sodium channel by regulating serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 stability and subcellular localization.

Serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) is a multifunctional protein kinase that markedly influences various cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, glucose metabolism, and sodium (Na+) transport via the epithelial Na+ channel, ENaC. SGK1 is a short-lived protein, which is predominantly targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to undergo rapid proteasome-mediated degradation through the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) system. We show here that the aldosterone-induced chaperone, GILZ1 (glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein-1) selectively decreases SGK1 localization to ER as well as its interaction with ER-associated E3 ubiquitin ligases, HRD1 and CHIP. GILZ1 inhibits SGK1 ubiquitinylation and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation, thereby prolonging its half-life and increasing its steady-state expression. Furthermore, comparison of the effect of GILZ1 with that of proteasome inhibition (by MG-132) supports the idea that these effects of GILZ1 are secondary to physical interaction of GILZ1 with SGK1 and enhanced recruitment of SGK1 to targets within an “ENaC regulatory complex,” thus making less SGK1 available to the ERAD machinery. Finally, effects of GILZ1 knockdown and overexpression strongly support the idea that these effects of GILZ1 are functionally important for ENaC regulation. These data provide new insight into how the manifold activities of SGK1 are selectively deployed and strengthened through modulation of its molecular interactions, subcellular localization, and stability.
Reliability and Standards in the U.S.A.

Abstract The first organized discussion of reliability and standards developed in the U.S.A. took place at Kent State University in August 1972. In October of that same year, a committee comprising representatives from some 14 organizations was formed and held its first meeting in New York City. Although never sanctioned by any national trade association, this early committee established guidelines for the test conditions to be used for both liquid crystal materials and finished devices. In 1977, a new committee was formed under the auspices of the Joint Electron Devices Council (JEDEC) of the Electronic Industries Association of the U.S.A. This committee (JC 23.1), under the chairmanship of John Dunn and later, Charles Ristango, established six major areas of study: terms and definitions, environmental and reliability test methods, electrooptical test methods, sizes and configurations, polarizers, components and multiplexed displays. The results obtained by this committee in these areas of activity are d...
A molecular model for biological contractility: implications in chromosome structure and function.

A Molecular Model for Biological Contractility: Implications in Chromosome Structure and Function
Dynamics of cell populations in the rat lens epithelium.

Some statistics and kinetic parameters of the cell populations in the different regions of the normal 3·5–4·0-month-old rat lens epithelium have been determined. In all regions where cell proliferation occurred, the average duration of DNA synthesis was 14·5 hr, the average duration of mitosis was 1·42 hr, and a period of 6–7 hr intervened between DNA synthesis and mitosis. The 147,000 cells of the entire (aggregate) population were divided into 3–4 subpopulations based on location (regions or zones) in the epithelium, histological appearance, and differences in proliferative activity. The subpopulations were composed of cells in different functional states or compartments. These compartments, which imply no spatial grouping, were (1) metabolically active cells able to divide but not in the cell cycle, (2) proliferating cells, and (3) cells committed to differentiation into lens fibers. Most of the cells in the central region were in the first compartment; no more than 1–2% of the cells were in the second (cell cycle) compartment. This subpopulation, 27% of the aggregate population, had 4758 cells/mm2 with 0·05% in mitosis and 0·36% in DNA synthesis. All three compartments were represented in the peripheral region. This subpopulation had 11,015 cells/mm2 with 0·26% in mitosis and 2·63% in DNA synthesis. All of the cells in the equatorial subpopulation (12% of the aggregate population) were committed to differentiation. Cell turnover times in the central and peripheral regions were estimated to be 198 and 23 days, respectively.
Fabrication processes for ceramic composites

Abstract This article provides a review of factors which make ceramic matrix composites attractive, particularly when reinforced with continuous fibres, considerations important in producing successful ceramic matrix systems and the specific processing techniques used in fabricating ceramic matrix composites.
Checkmate: cornering C++ dynamic memory errors with checked pointers

Pointer errors are stumbling blocks for student and veteran programmers alike. Although languages such as Java use references to protect programmers from pointer pitfalls, the use of garbage collection dictates that languages like C++ will still be used for real-time mission-critical applications. Pointers will stay in the classroom as long as they're used in industry, so as educators, we must find better ways to teach them. This paper presents checked pointers, a simple wrapper for C++ pointers that prevents pointer arithmetic and other common sources of pointer errors, and detects all dereferencing and deallocation errors, including memory leaks. The syntax of checked pointers is highly faithful to raw C++ pointers, but provides run-time error detection and debugging information. After debugging, changing one #include is all that is required to substitute a non-checking implementation that is as fast as raw C++.
Monte carlo integration with oscillatory integrands: implications for feynman path integration in real time

Abstract A new method is described for the Monte Carlo evaluation of integrals of the form exp[i S ( x )] that occur in the Feynman path integral representation of the time evolution operator, exp(−i Ht/h ). The method is general, strictly Monte Carlo based (and thus applicable to high dimensionality), and has the desirable feature that the stationary phase (i.e. semiclassical) approximation to the integral is obtained in its worst limit. Application to a non-trivial test case (the Airy integral) illustrates these features.
Ensuring Strong Dominance of the Leading Eigenvalues for Cluster Ensembles

Spectral analysis is a popular mathematical tool in analyzing a variety of network and distributed systems. For a special class of networks, called cluster ensembles, which are made of interconnected clusters, we can characterize those which exhibit strong dominance of the leading eigenvalues in terms of the cluster structure. For such systems, only these leading eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenvectors will need to be examined in studying important properties of the underlying system. This paper establishes several bounds on eigenvalue separation ratios in terms of the number of clusters, their sizes and cluster interconnection topologies.
Results of Investigation into the Coefficient of Hammer Head Recoil

A review is presented for investigating the head recoil coefficient under impact on instrument interacting with a treated material. The results of experiments in hydraulic coal hammers are cited. The influence exerted by the treated material type, impact velocity, and design of the working instrument on the recoil coefficient is established.
Laser communication transmitter and receiver design

Free-space laser communication systems have the potential to provide flexible, high-speed connectivity suitable for long-haul intersatellite and deep-space links. For these applications, power-efficient transmitter and receiver designs are essential for cost-effective implementation. State-of-the-art designs can leverage many of the recent advances in optical communication technologies that have led to global wide-band fiber-optic networks with multiple Tbit/s capacities. While spectral efficiency has long been a key design parameter in the telecommunications industry, the many THz of excess channel bandwidth in the optical regime can be used to improve receiver sensitivities where photon efficiency is a design driver. Furthermore, the combination of excess bandwidth and average-power-limited optical transmitters has led to a new paradigm in transmitter and receiver design that can extend optimized performance of a single receiver to accommodate multiple data rates.
Experimental Carbon Monoxide Encephalopathy in the Primate: I. Physiologic and Metabolic Aspects

Nineteen rhesus monkeys received single exposures to carbon monoxide (CO) sufficient to produce consistent neuropathologic lesions. Inhalation of 0.2% CO led to stable plateau levels of blood carboxyhemoglobin, which averaged 76%. The mean arterial blood oxygen content of these animals declined to 4.2 ml/100 ml. The arterial oxygen pressure remained normal. The jugular venous oxygen content exceeded that of the central venous blood during and following the intoxication. Arterial hypotension and metabolic acidosis evolved consistently though to a variable extent. The central venous pressure remained unaltered. Severe respiratory depression occurred only rarely, whereas cardiac arrhythmias constituted a major risk to life during the actual exposure. Ventricular fibrillation occurred in four animals and was fatal in two but could be largely prevented by the use of lidocaine prophylactically. Arterial hypotension led to the death of two animals.
Buccal versus vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and labor induction

Abstract Objectives: To determine whether buccal misoprostol (B) is more effective than vaginal misoprostol (V) when used to ripen the cervix. Methods: All patients with an indication for delivery were considered candidates for randomization if they were greater than 24 weeks of gestation and had a Bishop score less than 7. Patients were randomly assigned to receive misoprostol as follows: Group 1: 50 μg of misoprostol vaginally every 6 hours × 2, then 100 μg every 6 hours × 4 Group 2: 200 μg of misoprostol in the buccal pouch every 6 hours × 2, then increase to 300 μg every 6 hours × 4 The buccal misoprostol was placed between the cheek and lower gum, and the vaginal misoprostol was placed in the posterior fornix. Results: One hundred and nine patients were randomized, with 55 in the B group and 54 in the V group. All demographic and obstetric variables between the groups were similar. Sixty-four percent and 56%, B and V, were nulliparous, P = NS. Six percent versus 9%, B versus V, were vaginal births after cesarean delivery, P = NS. The incidence of tachysystole (>12 contractions in a 20-minute window) occurred in 18 (33%) and 11 (20%), B and V, respectively, P = NS. Hyperstimulation occurred in 9 (16%) versus 10 (19%), B and V, respectively, P = NS. Labor chronology was similar in the groups. Mean hours from first misoprostol to delivery was 21 ± 14.3 versus 21 ± 13.3, B versus V, respectively, P = NS. Median number of misoprostol tablets was one in both groups ( P = NS). There was no difference in oxytocin time or concentration needed between the groups. Intrapartum and neonatal variables were similar. Umbilical artery pH was 7.26 ± 0.1 versus 7.25 ± 0.07, B and V, respectively, P = NS. Thirteen (25%) and 18 (35%) of the women in the B and V groups had a cesarean delivery. Conclusions: Buccal misoprostol is as efficacious as vaginal misoprostol. The incidence of tachysystole and hyperstimulation in both groups was high.
Abstract 4660: Temporal interrogation of EGFR signaling in head and neck cancer reveals highly distinct phosphorylation waves for individual EGFR inhibitors

Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER) family is an effective target for cancer therapeutics with thousands of cancer patients treated annually with EGFR inhibitors. However, we are only beginning to appreciate the rapid and dynamic signaling impact of various EGFR inhibitors on cancer cell phosphorylation events. The purpose of this study was to characterize the temporal phosphoprotein kinetics in head and neck cancer cells treated with the anti-EGFR antibodies cetuximab and Sym004. For the first time, perturbation data were generated using reverse phase protein array probed with 183 phosphorylated proteins involved in various signaling pathways at 11 different time points starting as early as 5 min and up to 24 hours. A novel signaling module comprised of phospho-ATM at Ser-1981, p-53(Ser15), p-IkB-α (Ser32/36) and p-Bad (Ser112) was found to be highly upregulated following exposure to Sym004. Concomitantly, high resolution imaging also revealed rapid EGFR degradation and increased endosomal trafficking with Sym004 treatment. Correlation matrix on a temporal scale revealed distinct network topologies suggesting that phosphorylation occurs in distinct waves over time. These response patterns were highly distinct when comparing cetuximab with Sym004. Using this platform, we are able to quantify the strength of various signaling networks triggered by EGFR inhibition and are able to model new pathways. These findings may have significant implications for developing more personalized treatment strategies including logical combination with other molecular target inhibitors. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Gopal Iyer. Temporal interrogation of EGFR signaling in head and neck cancer reveals highly distinct phosphorylation waves for individual EGFR inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4660. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4660
Lunasin potentiates the effect of oxaliplatin preventing outgrowth of colon cancer metastasis, binds to α5β1 integrin and suppresses FAK/ERK/NF-κB signaling

The effect of lunasin on colon cancer metastasis was studied using three human colon cancer cell lines in vitro and a liver metastasis model of colon cancer in vivo. Lunasin bound with α5β1 integrin and internalized into the nucleus of KM12L4 human colon cancer cells. Lunasin (10 μM) inhibited the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) by 28%, 39% and 60% in RKO, HCT-116 and KM12L4 human colon cancer cells, respectively. Lunasin caused an increase in the expression of the inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκB-α), a decrease in nuclear p50 NF-κB and a reduction in the migration of cancer cells. Lunasin (4 mg/kg bw) inhibited metastasis and potentiated the effect of oxaliplatin by reducing the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Liver metastatic nodules were reduced from 28 (PBS) to 14 (lunasin, P = 0.047) while combination of lunasin and oxaliplatin to 5 (P = 0.004). The tumor burden was reduced from 0.13 (PBS) to 0.10 (lunasin, P = 0.039) to 0.04 (lunasin + oxaliplatin, P < 0.0001). Moreover, lunasin potentiated the effect of oxaliplatin in modifying expression of proteins involved in apoptosis and metastasis including Bax, Bcl-2, IKK-α and p-p65. Lunasin inhibited metastasis of human colon cancer cells by direct binding with α5β1 integrin suppressing FAK/ERK/NF-κB signaling, and potentiated the effect of oxaliplatin in preventing the outgrowth of metastasis.