cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phytotoxic Substance from a Species of Penicillium

A Penicillium urticae Bainer, isolated from subsurface-tilled plots showing reduced wheat growth, produced a phytotoxic substance. The melting point and infrared and ultraviolet spectra of the crystalline material showed this substance to be patulin. Wheat shoot growth inhibition of 50 percent required 20, 20, and 75 parts per million of patulin in solution, sand, and soil culture, respectively.
Performance of Peanut and Cotton in a Bahiagrass Cropping System

Yields for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) have reached a plateau in the southeastern USA (SE). This, coupled with environmental concerns and increased production costs, prompt the need to find alternatives to the limited peanut/cotton rotation currently used. Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) was introduced to the current peanut/cotton cropping system to evaluate its effect on peanut and cotton performance. Our objectives were to compare crop yields in a conventional rotation of cotton-cotton-peanut vs. a bahiagrass-bahiagrass-peanut-cotton rotation under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Field studies were conducted in Quincy, FL, on a Dothan sandy loam (fine, loamy siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) from 2000 to 2004. During 2-3 yr of the study, peanut yields were 900 kg ha -1 greater (averaged across irrigation treatments) following 2 yr of bahiagrass compared with following 2 yr of cotton under both irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Root biomass was greater for cotton in the bahiagrass rotation compared with cotton in the conventional rotation. The greater root biomass, however, resulted in rank growth and cotton in the bahiagrass rotation yielded the same as cotton in the conventional rotation. It appears potential exists for greater cotton yield in the bahiagrass rotation once effective management practices have been identified.
Prognostic significance of spontaneous tumour necrosis in osteosarcoma

Preoperative chemotherapy is an integral part of the management of osteosarcoma, and the extent of tumour necrosis found at operation is an important prognostic variable. Knowledge about spontaneous, pretherapy necrosis is difficult to obtain but provides important quantitative information about the necrotic effect of chemotherapy. Using three different methods, we studied spontaneous tumour necrosis in 20 localized intramedullary osteosarcomas of the distal femur diagnosed between 1963 and 1972. All patients received surgical treatment only. All six patients with spontaneous necrosis involving more than 20% of tumour died. Five of 14 patients with necrosis amounting to less than 20% were long-term, disease-free survivors. The extent of necrosis was independent of tumour size. Two semiquantitative methods of evaluation were easily applied and reproducible. Spontaneous necrosis in untreated osteosarcomas occurs frequently; extensive necrosis may indicate a rapid clinical course. Tumour necrosis can be quantified reliably in clinical work.
Circuitry of the frontal association cortex and its relevance to dementia

Abstract The prefrontal cortex reaches its peak size and complexity in the human brain where it occupies more than a quarter of the cerebral cortical surface. This paper reviews studies on that portion of the prefrontal cortex that is buried in and around the principal sulcus of macaque monkeys and corresponds to Brodmann's area 46 in man. Neuropsychological research as well as neurophysiology and 2-deoxyglucose metabolic mapping indicate that the principal sulcus is essential for regulation of motor behavior by internalized representations of visuo-spatial events. Conversely, the prefrontal cortex is unnecessary for behavior regulated by external stimuli, as is the case with many associative learning and recognition memory processes. Research over the past decade suggests that the principal sulcus accomplishes its regulatory functions by its interconnections with (1) the posterior parietal cortex which provides it with access to visuo-spatial data, (2) the parahippocampal gyrus and subiculum which allows information to be held ‘on line’ and deposited in long-term storage, and (3) motor centers such as the basal ganglia, deep layers of the superior colliculus and several premotor areas that control head, eye and hand movements. In addition, modulatory influences on prefrontal functions are exerted by (4) dopamine-, norepinephrine- and serotonin-containing fiber systems that originate in the brain stem and innervate the prefrontal cortex in a selective manner. Comparison between syndromes present in patients with a variety of diagnoses and human and nonhuman subjects with prefrontal injuries provides suggestive evidence that prefrontal dysfunction may underly the disordered thinking and abnormal social and affective responses found in many of these diseases. Accordingly, knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processing in nonhuman primates should be helpful in the analysis of the ‘neurology’ of many neurological and psychiatric illnesses.
Self-reference as a principal indicator of complexity

Abstract Self-reference, the ability of a system to refer to itself, is a necessary condition for complexity, and can indeed form the basis for a definition of complexity. When a part of the system can refer to the whole of the system, there indeed have to be deeper complex structures and processes than those that only superficially appear. Examples of the centrality and essentialness of self-reference to complexity can be found in many fields of study, including mathematics, system of system architecture, and systems engineering processes.
Properties, Projections, and Tuning of Teleost Olfactory Receptor Neurons

In many fishes, the olfactory sense participates in such vital processes as feeding, reproduction, orientation, and predator avoidance. In teleosts, these tasks are fulfilled by a single type of olfactory organ for odorant and pheromone detection, containing ciliated and microvillus receptor neurons, and olfactory crypt cells. Recently, progress was made in understanding crypt cell function with the discovery of a V1R-like odorant receptor expressed in this neuron, an analysis of crypt cell odorant tuning properties, and the dissection of crypt cell connectivity within the telecephalon. Here, we review recent findings on the molecular properties, functions, and associated neural pathways of the three types of teleost olfactory receptor neurons with special emphasis on the crypt cell, and evaluate their roles in the detection of food, social and sexual odorants.
Circulatory response of young adult trauma victims with alcohol intoxication

Young adults are a subgroup particularly susceptible to traumatic injury; alcohol intoxication is a major risk factor for trauma in young adults. During the first hours following multiple trauma, however, little is known about the specific effects of alcohol intoxication on the circulatory response of critically injured young adults. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare the circulatory response of 5 severely injured young adults (15-40 years old) with acute alcohol intoxication to the circulatory response of 5 severely injured, nonintoxicated young adults. Data were collected every hour for the first 8 hours after admission to a surgical intensive care unit. Subjects with alcohol intoxication had significantly higher heart rates (t = 2.8176, p < .05) than their nonintoxicated counterparts. Heart rate and blood pressure, however, showed no statistically significant (p < .05) Group x Time interaction between the two groups. Subjects with alcohol intoxication also had injuries that caused more blood loss, more invasive monitoring, more operative procedures, more fluid replacement, and higher oxygen requirements. Language: en
Psychopathology in mothers of children with failure to thrive

An association between maternal psychopathology and failure to thrive (FTT) has been reported previously, but no prior investigators have used both operationalized diagnostic criteria for psychopathology and a control group in their studies. Twenty-eight mothers of children with FTT and 22 mothers of normally developing control children were assessed for psychopathology by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R–Nonpatient Version (SCID-NP) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R–Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Affective disorders, personality disorders, and the COoccurrence in an indvidual of these two types of disorders were found at higher rates in mothers of children with FTT compared to controls. These results clarify prior reports of an association between failure to thrive and maternal psychopathology and may have implications for treatment approaches to FTT. Une association entre la psychopathologie maternelle et al defaut de developpement (en anglais “Failure to Thrive,” soit FTT) a ete rapporte mais aucun chercheur n'avait jusque-la utilise dans ses etudes a la fois des criteres de diagnostic operationnalises et un groupe controle. Vingt-huit meres d'enfants avec un FTT et 22 meres d'enfants se developpant normalement ont ete evaluees pour une psychopathologie par l'Interview Clinique Structuree pour DSM-III-R–Version Non-Patient (SCID-NP) et 1'Inteniew Clinique Structuree pour DSM-III-R–Troubles de la Personnalite (SCID-11). Les troubles affectifs, les troubles de la personnalite, et la constatation chez un individu de ces dew types de troubles ont ete trouves a un taw plus eleve chez les meres d'enfants avec un FTT que le groupe contrǒle. Ces resultats clarifient les compte-rendus precedents sur une association entre le defaut de developpement et la psychopathologie maternelle et peuvent avoir des implications pour des approches de traitement du FTT.
Use of Plant Introductions in Peanut Cultivar Development

Abstract The genetic base of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the U.S.A. has at times been extremely narrow, particularly in specific production areas where a single cultivar may be grown in near-monoculture. Because peanut is not a native North American species, all U.S. cultivars necessarily trace their ancestry to plant introductions (PIs), but most of the genetic base of current cultivars rests on selections from farmer-stock peanuts of obscure origin. The objectives of this study were to (a) summarize and document the use of introduced genetic resources in cultivar development and (b) estimate the resulting economic impact. Different PIs were used as parents in early breeding programs. B.B. Higgins used Gambian line Basse as a parent of the GA 207 cross that gave rise to selections used in Georgia, Florida, and North Carolina as the basis for further improvement. PI 121067 was one of seven parents used by W.C. Gregory to initiate the program in North Carolina. A different set of PIs including PI 12107...
Intramolekular vernetzte poly(organosiloxan)partikel

Intramolecularly crosslinked poly(organosiloxane) particles are prepared by means of emulsion polycondensation or emulsion polymerization of alkoxysilanes or cyclic organic siloxanes. Starting from these intramolecularly crosslinked poly(organosiloxane) particles, graft copolymers are obtained by free-radical emulsion polymerization of unsaturated olefinic monomers (e.g. acrylates, styrene) in the presence of (functionalized) organosiloxanes. Intramolecularly crosslinked poly(siloxane) particles and their graft copolymers are characterized by means of light scattering (in dispersion), electron microscopy and thermal analyses (DSC, DMTA)
Harp: Collective Communication on Hadoop

Big data processing tools have evolved rapidly in recent years. MapReduce has proven very successful but is not optimized for many important analytics, especially those involving iteration. In this regard, Iterative MapReduce frameworks improve performance of MapReduce job chains through caching. Further, Pregel, Giraph and Graph Lab abstract data as a graph and process it in iterations. But all these tools are designed with a fixed data abstraction and have limited collective communication support to synchronize application data and algorithm control states among parallel processes. In this paper, we introduce a collective communication abstraction layer which provides efficient collective communication operations on several common data abstractions such as arrays, key-values and graphs, and define a Map Collective programming model which serves the diverse collective communication demands in different parallel algorithms. We implement a library called Harp to provide the features above and plug it into Hadoop so that applications abstracted in Map Collective model can be easily developed on top of MapReduce framework and conveniently integrated with other tools in Apache Big Data Stack. With improved expressiveness in the abstraction and excellent performance on the implementation, we can simultaneously support various applications from HPC to Cloud systems together with high performance.
Novel Fabrication of Sub-Wavelength High Aspect Ratio Metal/Dielectric Gratings on InP Semiconductor Platforms

We demonstrate the first reported fabrication of metal gratings using inverse dielectric patterning with greater than 3:1 aspect ratio. The fabrication method, grating pitch measurements, and potential to realize theoretically predicted devices are discussed.
The primary structures of four subunits of the human, high-molecular-weight proteinase, macropain (proteasome), are distinct but homologous.

Abstract Macropain (proteasome) is a high-molecular-weight proteinase complex composed of at least 13 electrophoretically distinct subunits. Previous work, including peptide mapping and limited amino acid sequencing, suggested that most of the subunits belong to an evolutionarily related group of different gene products (Lee et al. (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1037, 178–185). In order to define the extent and pattern of subunit relatedness, and to determine the structural basis for possible similarities and differences in subunit functions, we are deducing the primary structures of macropain subunits by cDNA cloning and DNA sequence analysis. We report here the primary structures of four subunits. The data clearly demonstrate that the proteins represent different, but homologous gene products. Surprisingly, no evidence for homology with any other protein, including proteinases, was obtained. These results suggest that macropain is comprised of a previously unidentified family of evolutionarily related polypeptides. Because biochemical data indicate that macropain contains several different proteinase activities, the current results raise the possibility that the macropain complex is composed of a group of novel proteinases, distinct from those of other structurally identifiable proteinase families.
The One-Step Flow of Communication

This analysis explores the transformation of public communication in the United States from a two-step flow of messages passing from mass media through a social mediation process, to a one-step flow involving the refined targeting of messages directly to individuals. This one-step flow reflects both a transformation in communication technologies and fundamental changes in the relations between individuals and society. Opinion leaders who played a pivotal role in the two step paradigm are increasingly less likely to “lead” because they are more likely to reinforce latent opinions than to reframe them. And because the mass media in the one-step flow are increasingly fragmented and differentiated, they contribute to the individualizing process through shrinking audiences, demographically driven programming, and transmitting targeted political advertising and news spin.
Sex role development as a function of college experiences

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of college experiences on androgyny. One hundred and thirty-nine freshman and 57 senior women completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) as well as measures to assess precollege variables, including a biographical questionnaire, a life experience survey, a measure of parental identification, and parental sex role inventories. In addition, seniors completed measures that assessed college experiences. Almost all of the scales on the two precollege questionnaires that measured parental variables were found related to student's sex role. Consequently, all remaining relationships with sex role were examined with and without controlling for these parental scales. None of the variables that measured college experiences were found to be significantly related to sex role. The results did not support the hypothesis that seniors would assume a more masculine sex role than freshmen. However, the seniors did obtain significantly lower scores than freshmen on the BSRI Femininity scale.
Role of the snRNAs in spliceosomal active site

The spliceosome, the ribonucleoprotein assembly that removes the intervening sequences from pre-mRNAs through splicing, is one of the most complex cellular machines. In human it is composed of ~150 proteins and five RNAs (snRNAs). One of the snRNAs, U6, contains sequences analogous to all the RNA elements that form the active site of the group II introns, ribozymes that perform a splicing reaction mechanistically identical to spliceosomal splicing. Interestingly, U6 is the only snRNA that is indispensable for splicing and in vitro, in complex with another snRNA, it can catalyze a primordial splicing reaction in the absence of all other spliceosomal factors. On the other hand, discovery of an RNase H-like domain in a spliceosomal protein that is closely associated with splice sites suggests that proteins may be involved in formation of the active site. Thus, whether the spliceosome is an RNA or RNA-protein catalyst remains uncertain.
Long-term storage of a soliton bit stream using phase-sensitive amplification: effects of soliton–soliton interactions and quantum noise

Abstract We analyze the long-term stability properties of a soliton bit stream stored in a fiber ring in which linear loss is compensated by phase-sensitive amplification. The analysis and numerical computations presented here model the effects of soliton–soliton interactions, pulse timing and amplitude fluctuations induced by quantum noise, and phase noise caused by guided acoustic-wave Brillouin scattering. We show that phase-sensitive amplification significantly enhances the storage ring's stability properties, so that the one's (the soliton pulses) are asymptotically stable and that the noise on the zero's of the bit stream (i.e., where solitons are absent) is bounded. The soliton–soliton interactions and noise-induced pulse timing jitter are substantially reduced by phase-sensitive amplification. Finally, we demonstrate that by adding a relatively small amount of modulation to the pump pulses that drive the amplifiers, it is possible to eliminate all of the residual pulse interactions and timing jitter.
Identification of an S100 target protein: glycogen phosphorylase

Abstract An S100 binding protein from skeletal muscle, R95 000, has been purified, identified as glycogen phosphorylase, and shown to be regulated in vitro by the S100α isoform. When a soluble skeletal muscle fraction was subjected to a standard purification procedure for glycogen phosphorylase, R95 000 copurified with the 95 000 molecular weight glycogen phosphorylase protein standard on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, as well as having glycogen phosphorylase activity. In addition, purified glycogen phosphorylase a and b interacted with both S100 isoforms, S100α and S100β, by gel overlay and affinity chromatography. While S100β had no effect on the enzymatic activity of glycogen phosphorylase a, S100α inhibited the enzymatic activity of glycogen phosphorylase a in a calcium-independent manner. Altogether, these data suggest that glycogen phosphorylase may be an intracellular S100α target in skeletal muscle fibers. Furthermore, these results suggest that the inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase a activity may be responsible for the lack of fatigability of slow-twitch fibers, which express S100α, when compared to fast-twitch fibers, which do not express S100 proteins.
Origin of the Structural Phase Transitions and the Anomalous Electrical and Magnetic Properties of the Magnetic Metal NaV6O11

With decreasing temperature, the magnetic metal NaV6O11 undergoes two structural phase transitions (at 245 and 40 K) and exhibits anomalous electrical and magnetic properties. To probe the origin of these structural, electrical, and magnetic properties, the electronic structures of NaV6O11 were calculated for its crystal structures at room temperature, 200 K, and 30 K using the extended Huckel tight-binding band method. The 245 and 40 K structural phase transitions are not caused by a charge density wave instability, but by the lowering of the energy levels lying well below the Fermi level. In the magnetic metallic state of NaV6O11, obtained by the spin-polarization of the partially filled d-block bands, the electrical conductivity of NaV6O11 is predicted to be greater along the c-direction than in the ab plane, in agreement with experiment. Our study indicates that the unpaired electrons of NaV6O11 reside mainly in the V3O11 rather than in the V3O8 layers. The anomalies of the ρ⊥-vs-T plot is explained b...
Mapping and insertional mutagenesis of a vaccinia virus gene encoding a 13,800-Da secreted protein.

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the gene encoding a protein of approximately 12 kDa that is secreted from cells infected with the vaccinia virus. The absence of this protein from the medium of cells infected with a spontaneous deletion mutant ( 6 2 ) suggested that the open reading frame (ORF) was located within a 12,800-base pair segment near the left end of the genome (G. Kotwal and B. Moss, Nature (London) 335, 176–178, 1988). Antibody to the 12-kDa protein immunoprecipitated an appropriate size in vitro translation product of mRNA that hybridized to a DNA segment containing an ORF (N1L) that could encode a 13.8-kDa polypeptide. The similarity in the sizes of the in vitro translation product and the secreted protein was consistent with the absence of processing. Transcriptional analysis revealed major and minor early RNA start sites preceding the N1L ORF as well as a late RNA start site with an atypical TAAAAT sequence. The N1L gene was interrupted by replacing a segment of the ORF with the Escherichia coli β-galactosidase gene. When two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of [ 35 S]methionine-labeled proteins secreted from cells infected with parental and recombinant viruses were compared, a spot missing from the latter corresponded in molecular weight and isoelectric point with that predicted from the N1L ORF. The latter analysis revealed the presence of other secreted proteins of similar molecular weight but different isoelectric points that also appear to map within the left end of the vaccinia genome. The recombinant virus was attenuated as judged by the increased intracranial LD 50 for mice but nevertheless induced antibody and cytotoxic responses after intradermal and intraperitoneal injections. Relative to the parental virus, the recombinant was also more attenuated for immunodeficient nude mice, based on their survival time after infection.
Increasing hospital costs for Clostridium difficile colitis: Type of hospital matters

Background To assess differences in hospital costs for inpatients with Clostridium difficile (CD) colitis based on hospital size, rural or urban hospital setting, and hospital designation as a teaching institution. Methods Data from the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council (PHC4) were reviewed for 2005 to 2008. Cost-to-charge ratios were used to derive costs from hospital charges, adjusting costs for inflation. Propensity score–matched CD colitis and non–CD colitis cohorts were compared. Costs were modeled by generalized linear regression. Results A total of 78,273 patients with CD colitis were identified. The average hospital cost per admission for patients with CD colitis was $22,094 compared to $10,865 for non–CD colitis patients. The 2005 to 2008 admission costs for CD colitis rose 9%, while the prevalence of CD colitis decreased by 13%. The costs for patients with CD colitis were consistently twice as much as those for non–CD colitis patients (P Conclusion Costs for inpatient CD colitis in Pennsylvania have been increasing. Teaching and urban hospitals treat the group of patients with CD colitis with the greatest comorbidity, accounting for their greater cost of care. The cost of treating CD colitis is comparable among different sizes of teaching hospitals, which may reflect a more standardized approach toward treatment choices.
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of gemcitabine and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxyuridine in plasma and tissue culture media

Gemcitabine, a pyrimidine antimetabolite undergoes metabolism by plasma and liver cytidine deaminase to form the inactive compound, 2',2'-difluorodeoxyuridine (dFdU). The parent molecule is activated by intracellular phosphorylation. To evaluate the population pharmacokinetics in patients receiving gemcitabine, and to test the relation between gemcitabine infusion rate and antitumor activity in an in vitro bioreactor cell culture system, we developed and validated a sensitive and specific HPLC-UV method for gemcitabine and dFdU. Deproteinized plasma is vortexed, centrifuged, and 25 microL of the acidified extract sample is injected onto a Waters Spherisorb 4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm C18 column at 40 degrees C. The mobile phase (flow rate, 1.0 mL/min) consists of 10:90 (v/v) acetonitrile-aqueous buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate and 3.0 mM octyl sulfonic acid, pH 2.9). Gemcitabine, dFdU, and the internal standard, 2'-deoxycytidine (2'dC) were detected with UV wavelength set at 267 nm. The standard curves for gemcitabine in both matrices ranged from 2 to 200 microM, and for dFdU in plasma, from 2 to 100 microM. Within-run and between-run component precision (CV%) was <or=6.1 and 5.7%, respectively for both human plasma and tissue culture media, and for dFdU, 2.3 and 2.7%. Total accuracy ranged from 98.7 to 106.2% for human plasma and from 96.9 to 99.2% for tissue culture media, respectively, and for dFdU, from 96.5 to 99.6%. Tetrahydrouridine (THU), an inhibitor of cytidine deaminase is used to prevent breakdown in human plasma. With one method we can measure gemcitabine in both plasma and tissue culture media. Utility is demonstrated by evaluation of the disposition of gemcitabine in an in vitro bioreactor cell culture system.
Hydrogen migration and electronic carriers in a-Si:H.

The relationship between electronic carriers and hydrogen migration in a-Si:H was investigated by using secondary-ion-mass spectrometry to measure deuterium-diffusion profiles in the intrinsic (i) layer of p-i-n a-Si:H photodiodes. The carrier concentration in the i layer was controlled by varying either the temperature, or the illumination intensity, or the bias applied to the devices. It is demonstrated that hydrogen migration in a-Si:H is controlled by an electronic mechanism, and (i) is enhanced when the carrier population is increased by illumination and (ii) is suppressed when it is reduced below the thermal-equilibrium value by the application of a reverse bias to the diodes. The effect is attributed to the dependence on carrier density of the dissociation rate of hydrogen from Si-H bonds into the diffusion path consisting of interstitial sites. In addition, the migration length in the diffusion path increases under reverse bias. The enhanced migration is associated with a decrease in the effective density of traps for hydrogen in a carrier-depleted layer. The trap density under these conditions is close to the dangling-bond density, suggesting that the migration length is determined by capture into these defects. Possible mechanisms for the interaction between hydrogen migration, carriers, and defects are discussed.
23Na NMR molecular mobility studies of hydrocolloid-NaCl solutions as influenced by sodium concentration

23Na NMR molecular mobility studies were performed to investigate the interaction between sodium ions and various hydrocolloid—water systems as affected by the nature of the hydrocolloid (ionic and non-ionic) and the concentration of added NaCl (0–5000 mg/100 ml). At low amounts of added NaCl (20–100 mg/100 ml) the transverse relaxation rates (R2) for the ionic gums, kappa-carrageenan and xanthan, rapidly decreased and were larger than those for the non-ionic gums, guar and locust bean. At higher concentrations of added NaCl (>100 mg/100 ml), R2 for the ionic gums gradually levelled off, approaching the R2 values for the non-ionic gums. For the xanthan-water system, the R2 for the endogenous Na+ concentration and very low added NaCl concentrations (<15 mg/100 ml) were also measured. This research suggests that gum type, NaCl and endogenous cation concentrations affect the binding of Na+ to the gums.
Regulation and single-molecule mechanics of microtubule-based motors in living Chlamydomonas

Whether motors of different directionality are functionally coordinated in cells or operate in a semi-random “tug of war” is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the microtubule-based motion of the transmembrane protein FMG-1 in the flagella of Chlamydomonas is functionally coordinated for unidirectional transport. A laser trap was used to position microspheres on the plasma membrane of paralyzed Chlamydomonas flagella. The anterograde and retrograde movements of the microsphere were measured with nanometer resolution as microtubule-based motors moved FMG-1. Based on stall forces, we find that an average of 10 motors act to move the microsphere in either direction, with mean step sizes of 4 and 8 nm. Reverse steps were uncommon, and quiescent periods separated every transport event, suggesting the exclusive activation of motors of one direction. Temperature-sensitive mutants of kinesin-2 showed exclusively retrograde steps after jumps to the non-permissive temperature. These data suggest that molecular motors in living cells can be reciprocally coordinated to engage in large numbers and for transport in a single direction, even when motors of mixed directionality are present. The predominance of 4 nm steps suggests sub-steps or other novel behavior of these motors in the cytoplasm. This novel technique should prove beneficial for studying the mechanics, regulation and bidirectional coordination of molecular motors in vivo.
Raman scattering and electron-phonon coupling in RbxC60.

In situ, interference-enhanced Raman scattering of ultrathin, solid solution films of ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ (0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}3) prepared in UHV are reported. Variations of phonon linewidths of both selected low-frequency, radial and high-frequency, tangential intramolecular modes indicate strong electron-phonon coupling. The results directly support a recent theory for phonon-mediated superconductivity in alkali-${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ systems.
Transfer of positive contextual control across different conditioned stimuli.

A conditioned suppression experiment using rat subjects examined the extent to which contextual control of performance to a conditioned stimulus (CS) transfers to another CS trained in a similar manner. Two contextual discriminations were produced by alternating reinforced and nonreinforced tone CS presentations in Context A and Context B, respectively, and reinforced and nonreinforced presentations of a light-off CS in Context C and Context D, respectively. When the light-off CS was tested in Context A, the context facilitated suppression to the CS, suggesting transfer of Context A’s modulating ability from the tone to the light-off. These results suggest that the tone discrimination was not due solely to the generation of configural cues between Context A and the tone. They also support the similarity between contexts and other higher level modulators of CS performance, such as facilitators and occasion setters, whose modulating abilities have also been shown to transfer between separate but similarly trained CSs.
Double and single ionization of helium by high velocity N 7 + ions

Beams of fully stripped nitrogen ions have been used to investigate the behavior of the double-to-single ionization cross-section ratio of helium in the 10--30-MeV/amu velocity region. The measured ratio was found to remain nearly constant over this velocity range at a value of 0.01, which is about 4.5 times higher than the high-velocity limit established previously for {ital q}=1 projectiles.
Strict Archimedean t-norms and t-conorms as universal approximators

Abstract In knowledge representation, when we have to use logical connectives, various continuous t -norms and t -conorms are used. In this paper, we show that every continuous t -norm and t -conorm can be approximated, to an arbitrary degree of accuracy, by a strict Archimedean t -norm ( t -conorm).
Recent advances in detection and control of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in aquaculture

Abstract Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) is one of the most important viral diseases of salmon and trout reared in culture. The disease remains untreatable with avoidance being the only control measure. Much has been learned about the chemical, physical, and serological characteristics of the rhabdovirus causing IHN, but critical gaps exist in our understanding of the biology of the virus in nature. The tools of molecular biology have provided improved methods for detection of pathogens and new strategies for control of viral diseases. This paper reviews several recent improvements in methods for detecting infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus including the application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, development of monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes, and use of the polymerase chain reaction. New strategies for control of IHN through the use of better water treatment, more resistant fish, antiviral drugs or chemicals, and new generation vaccines are discussed.
Anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in human tumors

Long-chain N-acylethanolamines (NAE), including the endocannabinoid, anandamide, accumulate in mammalian tissues under a variety of pathological conditions. They have also been shown to inhibit the growth of various cancer cell lines in vitro. Here, we report the presence, in widely differing amounts (3.88–254.46 pmol/μmol lipid P), of NAE and their precursor phospholipids in various human tumors and some adjacent unaffected tissue. Anandamide ranged from 1.5 to 48% of total NAE, and incubation of tissue homogenates suggested possible NAE biosynthesis by both the established transacylation-phosphodiesterase pathway via N-acyl PE and by direct N-acylation of ethanolamine.
“What Shall We Hear of This”: Understanding Judgment, Epilepsy in William Shakespeare’s Tragedies

This paper underlines that Renaissance audiences and writers such as William Shakespeare recognized brain damage, particularly epilepsy, as depriving the individual of self-control. It remains uncertain whether or not Shakespeare’s audience was able to understand the medical implications suggested by the onset of epilepsy, or whether or not the dramatist himself employed this disease for dramatic reasons. Nevertheless, reading brain afflictions such as epilepsy in Shakespeare’s tragedies opens them up to a wider readership and spectatorship, who understand mental disturbance as an “evil thing.”
THE COMPLETE, TEMPERATURE RESOLVED EXPERIMENTAL SPECTRUM OF METHANOL (CH3OH) BETWEEN 214.6 AND 265.4 GHz

The spectrum of methanol (CH{sub 3}OH) has been characterized between 214.6 and 265.4 GHz for astrophysically significant temperatures. Four hundred and eighty-six spectra with absolute intensity calibration recorded between 240 and 389 K provided a means for the calculation of the complete experimental spectrum (CES) of methanol as a function of temperature. The CES includes contributions from v{sub t} = 3 and other higher states that are difficult to model quantum mechanically (QM). It also includes the spectrum of the {sup 13}C isotopologue in terrestrial abundance. In general the QM models provide frequencies that are within 1 MHz of their experimental values, but there are several outliers that differ by tens of MHz. As in our recent work on methanol in the 560-654 GHz region, significant intensity differences between our experimental intensities and cataloged values were found. In this work these differences are explored in the context of several QM analyses. The experimental results presented here are analyzed to provide a frequency point-by-point catalog that is well suited for the simulation of crowded and overlapped spectra. Additionally, a catalog in the usual line frequency, line strength, and lower state energy format is provided.
Scaling for integral simulation of mixing in large, stratified volumes

In this paper we develop scaling relationships for mixing in large stratified volumes, both for steam/nitrogen mixtures in containment compartments and for water in suppression pools. The results apply to scaling for integral tests of passive reactor containment systems. Buoyant jets from injected fluids and buoyant wall jets generated by hot and cold surfaces provide the primary mixing in these passive systems. The buoyant jets entrain and transport the stratified fluid, mixing the fluid and reducing the vertical temperature and concentration gradients. We show that scaling for mixing can be satisfied simultaneously with scaling for two-phase natural circulation. The scaling requires a reduced height, accelerated time facility. Accelerated time scaling is advantageous for studying long-term behavior of interest in passive systems, while reduced height improves long-term heat loss, decreases power requirements, and makes simulation of blow-down mixing feasible.
Neurocognitive Rehabilitation Using Non-Emotionally Charged Material to Re-Learn How to Learn: A Case Report

Cognitive disorders following hypoxic ischemic brain injury involve a variety of disorders including consciousness, behavior, mood and affect, impairment of attention, and memory dysfunction. The case of a 45-year-old former military aviator and engineer, now a physician in residency training, presenting with cognitive difficulties, is described. The patient described having difficulty remembering medical knowledge and feeling fatigued. After almost nine months without any medical intervention and the patient’s deteriorating condition, the patient was finally evaluated medically. It was ultimately discovered that the patient suffered from a variety of neurologic impairments that were the direct result of exposures to various toxic substances during his military service. Significant diagnoses included hypoxic ischemic brain damage, severe mixed sleep apnea, and cognitive disorder NOS. Relevant literature about the application of neurocognitive rehabilitation and retraining to treating patients suffering from brain injuries is discussed. The overlap of the neuroscience of emotion with cognitive learning and how emotion and affect impacts learning and education is presented. This case also serves to demonstrate the application of learning and cognition to individual differences and disabilities. Further research is needed to evaluate whether this result is reproducible and generalizable to other patients with similar presenting signs and symptoms.
Age at diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders

Early identification of autism has become a national priority but, despite efforts, there are children who are being identified at a later age. In this study, children of Hispanic and African American origin, foreign-born children, and children born to foreign mothers were more likely to be diagnosed later.
The problem of progress in economic science

In view of the above, one might ask: In what sense is economic science a rational enterprise? The issues discussed certainly do not come as any surprise to practicing economists, yet the prevailing view seems to be that the solutions to these problems lie in corrective improvements within the content of naturalistic methodology. The prevailing philosophy of science in economics is not and never has been a product of practice in the social sciences, as was the case in the natural sciences. Instead, it was transplanted into economics, and later the other social sciences, because of a demonstration effect: the impressive progress of the natural sciences. Therefore, acceptance was a consequence of belief rather than experience.
Lack of awareness and nonadherence in schizophrenia.

This cross-sectional study examines whether lack of awareness of symptoms is a predictor for nonadherence. The study consecutively recruited 134 participants with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum disorders at acute psychiatric units. Outcome was measured by a combination of self-reports, utilizing the Rating on Medication Influences and medical records. The univariate analysis showed that homelessness was a predictor for nonadherence (p = .03). The subsequent logistic regression showed that the multidimension symptom lack of awareness score was significantly associated with nonadherence to psychotropic medications (odds ratio = 0.59, 95% Confidence Interval = 0.35, 0.96). Other clinical and demographic variables as well as subjective responses were not significant predictors of nonadherence.
Fetal heart rate changes and uterine activity during coitus

Fetal heart rate and uterine activity were monitored during sexual intercourse in three otherwise normal gravid women at varying gestational ages. Increased uterine activity and a variety of fetal heart rate changes, some of which are traditionally identified as ominous, were seen in most instances immediately following orgasm. An increase in fetal activity was also commonly reported by the mothers. It is postulated that coitus is equivalent to an un-monitored contraction stress test.
Regulation of aicda expression and AID activity: Relevance to somatic hypermutation and class switch DNA recombination

Expression and activity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) encoded by the aicda gene are essential for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch DNA recombination (CSR). SHM and CSR unfold, in general, in germinal centers and/are central to the maturation of effective antibody responses. AID expression is induced by activated B-cell CD40 signaling, which is critical for the germinal center reaction, and is further enhanced by other stimuli, including interleukin-4 (IL-4) secreted from CD4+ T cells or Toll-like receptor (TLR)-activating bacterial and/or viral molecules. Integration of different intracellular signal transduction pathways, as activated by these stimuli, leads to a dynamic aicda-regulating program, which involves both positively acting trans-factors, such as Pax5, HoxC4, E47, and Irf8, and negative modulators, such as Blimp1 and Id2, to restrict aicda expression primarily to germinal center B cells. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K), which functions downstream of activated B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, likely plays an important role in triggering the downregulation of aicda expression in postgerminal center B cells and throughout plasmacytoid differentiation. In B cells undergoing SHM and CSR, AID activity, and, possibly, AID targeting to the Ig locus are regulated at a posttranslational level, including AID dimerization/oligomerization, nuclear/cytoplasmic AID translocation, and phosphorylation of the AID Ser38 residue by protein kinase A (PKA). Here, we discuss the role of B-cell activation signals, transcription regulation programs, and posttranslational modifications in controlling aicda expression and AID activity, thereby delineating an integrated model of modulation of SHM and CSR in the germinal center reaction.
Characteristics of Korean phonology: review, tutorial, and case studies of Korean children speaking English.

Abstract A significant number of bilinguals in English-speaking countries speak Korean as their first language. One such country is the United States (U.S.). As the U.S. becomes increasingly diverse, providing more effective services for culturally and linguistically diverse children is a critical issue and growing challenge for speech-language pathologists. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the number of Korean immigrants in the U.S. has steadily increased over the past decade. As a result, a greater number of children who speak Korean as a first or second language may need speech, language, and hearing services. This paper provides a review of the literature on (1) phonological characteristics of the Korean language and (2) speech sound acquisition and developmental patterns for phonological processes in Korean children. We illustrate how language knowledge of Korean might impact the learning of English based on case studies of three Korean children speaking English in the U.S. We describe considerations for more appropriate evaluation and treatment of speech sound disorders in Korean-English-speaking children. Learning outcomes: Readers will be able to: (1) understand phonological characteristics of the Korean language and speech sound acquisition and developmental patterns for phonological process in Korean children, (2) describe characteristics of English speech sound acquisition in successive bilingual English-Korean learners and interference patterns that result from the influence of two independent phonological and phonetic systems, and (3) describe considerations and clinical implications for the more appropriate evaluation and treatment of speech sound disorders in Korean-English speaking children.
Getting to Know Your Microbiota in Health and Disease.

Review of: The Human Microbiota: How Microbial Communities Affect Health and Disease ; David N. Fredricks (ed.); (2013). John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ. 362 pages.
Control of attention and gaze in complex environments.

In natural behavior, fixation patterns are tightly linked to the ongoing task. However, a critical problem for task-driven systems is dealing with unexpected stimuli. We studied the effect of unexpected potential collisions with pedestrians on the distribution of gaze of subjects walking in a virtual environment. Pedestrians on a collision course with the subject were surprisingly ineffective in evoking fixations, especially when subjects were additionally occupied with another task, suggesting that potential collisions do not automatically attract attention. However, prior fixations on pedestrians did increase collision detection performance. Additionally, the detection of potential collisions led to a short-term change in the strategy of looking at subsequent pedestrians. The overall pattern of results is consistent with the hypothesis that subjects typically rely on mechanisms that are initiated top–down to detect unexpected events such as potential collisions. For this to be effective, subjects must learn an appropriate schedule for initiating search through experience with the probabilities of environmental events.
Neurological manifestations of electrical trauma

Some degree of neurological impairment is often found in patients following electrical injury. A wide range of neurological impairments can occur including peripheral neuropathies, chronic pain syndromes, brain injury and rarely severe paralytic syndromes. Outcome is difficult to accurately predict. The symptoms can present immediately or be delayed in onset. They can also be temporary, permanent or get progressively worse with time. The neurological impairment resulting from the current often comprises a substantial proportion of the morbidity associated with such injuries. It is known that electrical current can cause nerve injury, however, the primary etiology of such damage is yet to be elucidated. An unusual case of transient paralysis after high voltage burn associated with severe hypokalemia provides unique insight into a potential mechanism for nerve injury following electrical trauma.