cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid identification of artificial and natural food colorants with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Abstract A rapid method has been developed for detecting food colorants based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The technique was demonstrated to have the ability to identify a wide variety of artificial and natural food coloring agents currently approved or banned in the United States. A simple silver nanoparticle substrate was used to enhance the signal, requiring less than 10 min of sample preparation prior to analysis. All of the colorants had distinct SERS signals and could be easily differentiated based on their spectral features and using principal component analysis. Further tests confirmed that SERS is capable of quantifying adulteration with chemically and visually similar colorants, and can detect signals from some artificial colorants down to at least 1 ppm concentrations. Additionally, both artificial and natural colorants could be identified in commercially available food products using the technique. This study establishes a database of 16 commonly used artificial and natural food colorants. The simplicity of the SERS method and its strong effectiveness for detecting colorants indicate that it has great potential to be used for practical applications in this area.
Modeling and simulation of multi-UAV, multi-operator surveillance systems

With increasing autonomy in unmanned vehicles, there is potential to field large numbers of them in distributed teams with a smaller number of human operators. The effects of human interaction with automation are often unintuitive and may complicate the design of such systems. In order to provide systems engineers with reliable early predictions of system-of-systems performance, a model and simulation of a multi-UAV, multi-operator surveillance system is developed in this paper. UAVs are modeled as agents, and humans are modeled as event queues. The model of human performance dynamically adjusts for fatigue, workload, and task difficulty. The combined models establish a platform for system capability prediction as a function of human team size, UAV team size, mix of diverse UAV types, hardware quality, and level of autonomy.
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding: Postoperative Management and Nutritional Evaluation

Experience with the nonadjustable silicone gastric band and the vertical banded gastroplasty have shown that a rigid, narrow stomal outlet leads to chronic vomiting, reflux, and subsequent weight gain due to maladaptive eating. One of the distinct advantages of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is its adjustability. This chapter discusses postoperative strategies that can maximize the efficacy of LAGB and potentially decrease the complications.
MECHANISM FOR THE DESORPTION PROCESS FOR CESIUM AND CESIUM HALIDES FROM NICKEL SURFACES

Desorption kinetics for Cs, CsCl, and CsI adsorbed on Ni single crystal surfaces have been determined by using a pulsed molecular beam technique. The temperatures of the Ni surfaces were varied to study the temperature dependence of the mean adsorption lifetimes (reciprocals of first order rate constants). A mechanism for the desorption process is proposed which utilizes motion of adsorbed species through the sequence of sites: kink site, ledge site, terrace site, desorption site, and the gas phase. As the experiments were performed, the species initially were placed principally on terrace sites. The rate determining step is the motion from the terrace site to the desorption site involving surface migration. The desorption site is a site at which the binding energy of the adsorbed species is small (perhaps an impurity site or dislocation). The proposed mechanism is in accord with existing data.
RNA virus evolution and the control of viral disease

RNA molecules display several features — some of which have been recognized only very recently — that contribute to their potential for modification and evolution. Cellular transcripts as well as autonomous RNA genetic elements may possess catalytic activity [1–3]. The following examples demonstrate the catalytic ability of RNA molecules, an activity which in the past was associated only with proteins. The active site of ribonuclease P — an enzyme that processes precursor tRNA molecules — resides in RNA [4,5]. Excision of the intervening sequence and subsequent splicing of Tetrahymena rRNA [6,7] is a protein-independent process. Regarding autonomous genetic elements, replication of viroids and certain plant virus satellites involves some protein-free RNA modification steps [8–12]. The catalytic potential of RNA includes hydrolysis of substrate RNA molecules in trans [13,14] and addition of nucleotides to preexisting chains [15–17]. Thus, biological catalysis, embodied in polynucleotide chains, adds to the potential for generating novel molecules in evolving RNA populations. This has strengthened the belief in a central role of RNA or of RNA-like molecules in the self-organization of a genetic memory and the early evolution of life on earth [18–20].
Current taxane formulations and emerging cabazitaxel delivery systems

Cabazitaxel is a second-generation taxane with promising anti-tumor activity and is approved for treating hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel. Although first-generation taxanes (i.e. paclitaxel and docetaxel) have sparked broad interest in a variety of drug delivery vehicles, fewer have yet been developed for cabazitaxel. This review summarizes several clinical-stage approaches for taxane formulation and recent efforts to develop novel cabazitaxel delivery systems.
Chapter 20 – C7

Component C7 is a single-chain plasma glycoprotein of Mr∼97,000 that participates in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). This macromolecular structure consists of C5b through C9, and it creates a transmembrane pore with a diameter of ∼100 A. The polypeptide chain of C7 consists of a single domain of about 240 amino acids known as the MACPF, which is homologous to similar domains in C6, C8, C9 and perforin, along with eight cysteine-rich modules (34–75 amino acids). The C-terminal modules enable C7 to bind C5b, resulting in the C5b7 complex that acquires the ability to integrate to phospholipid membranes. Subsequent addition of C8 and C9 finalise the MAC. The gene for C7 is closely linked to that of C6 on chromosome 5. The importance of C7 for the host defence is illustrated by rare genetic deficiencies of C7 that make human subjects susceptible to neisserial infections.
Comparison of data driven modeling approaches for temperature prediction in data centers

Abstract Energy-efficient thermal management of data centers based on dynamic optimization and provisioning of cooling resources requires rapid (nearly real-time) predictions of temperatures within data centers. This work for the first time compares multiple Data-Driven Models (DDMs) to achieve such rapid temperature predictions. DDM typically employs statistical or machine learning-based tools, in combination with physics-based modeling and/or experimental data to predict system behavior. In general, DDM approaches are well-suited to systems that have multiple operational states based on interactions between the many electrical, mechanical and control parameters typical of data centers. This study compares the performance of three different DDM methods, namely Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) in predicting both steady-state and transient rack inlet air temperature distributions in data centers. Additionally, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was considered for transient modeling. The data used for training and analysis were obtained by performing 300 offline numerical simulations with a room-level, experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) model. The performance of the four data-driven models was evaluated based on the absolute mean error for interpolation and extrapolation, and the adaptability of the models to changes in physical domain (data center room) configuration. Additionally, the impact of the size of the training data set on prediction accuracy is also compared for the four models. For the steady-state case study, the predictions for ANN, SVR and GPR models are in good agreement with CFD/HT simulations, with the GPR model having the smallest overall average prediction error of 0.6 °C in rack inlet air temperature, corresponding to a relative error of 2.7% with respect to rack inlet temperature measured in °C. It was found that for all the frameworks the prediction error increases when the size of training data set was less than 300 samples. The GPR model had the best accuracy for smaller training data sets compared with the other models, with an average prediction error for rack inlet temperatures
Salmonella Infection in Chronic Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancer.

Salmonella not only causes acute infections, but can also cause patients to become chronic “asymptomatic” carriers. Salmonella has been verified as a pathogenic factor that contributes to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. This review summarizes the acute and chronic Salmonella infection and describes the current research progress of Salmonella infection contributing to inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Furthermore, this review explores the underlying biological mechanism of the host signaling pathways manipulated by Salmonella effector molecules. Using experimental animal models, researchers have shown that Salmonella infection is related to host biological processes, such as host cell transformation, stem cell maintenance, and changes of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Finally, this review discusses the current challenges and future directions in studying Salmonella infection and its association with human diseases.
An Empirical Study on Performance of DSRC and LTE-4G for Vehicular Communications

Low transmission latency and packet drop rate (PDR) are two of the most important characteristics of vehicular communications and the major indexes in evaluating the performance of their associated technologies. The two most competitive candidate technologies are Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) and Long-Term Evolution (LTE), it is essential to compare their performances, thus clarify which one fits better for active safety applications. Most of the related studies focused on the computer simulation using theoretical models and were in lack of real-world data to back up their results. It is thus necessary to build a measurement platform for practical data collection and analysis. In this study, a Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication test platform was established, which integrated two DSRC On-Board Units (OBUs) and two LTE-4G cellular terminals. Associated software tools were developed for performance measurement. An accurate two-way time-of-flight measurement scheme was adopted to estimate packet latency in the resolution of microseconds for DSRC links and nanosecond for LTE links. The experiments were carried out under several typical weather and road conditions, including Mcity, campuses, highways, downtown, residential, rural areas and many others. The experiments focused on road safety applications with relatively close distances between two testing vehicles, ranging from 1 to 20 meters. According to experimental results, only DSRC meets all the latency requirements for safety applications such as pre-crash sensing, while LTE-4G communications with network outperform DSRC in terms of packet drop rate and coverage.
MAP TURTLES OF THE UPPER NECHES RIVER DRAINAGE IN EAST TEXAS

Map turtles and sawbacks (Emydidae: Graptemys) are riverine species for which several range extensions have been recently reported. There has been little previous documentation of Graptemys species in the upper Neches River basin in east Texas. In the upper Neches and its largest tributary, the Angelina River, I photographed basking and swimming turtles at highway crossings and captured them in basking traps to establish the ranges of Sabine (Graptemys sabinensis) and false map (Graptemys pseudogeographica) turtles. I obtained voucher photographs of G. sabinensis at 9 of 10 sites visited and of G. pseudogeographica at 6 of 10 sites; new county records number seven and one for the two species, respectively. The two Graptemys species were the predominant basking turtles of the upper Neches river drainage, with G. sabinensis outnumbering G. pseudogeographica overall by ratios of 2.8:1 in visual surveys and 1.2:1 in trapping surveys.
The Lactose Operon of Escherichia coli

The two enzymes which are specific for the catabolism of the disaccharide lactose in Escherichia coli are the lactose permease and beta galactosidase (Watson, 1970). The structural genes for these molecules are regulated as a unit and located adjacent to one another on the coli chromosome (see Figure 1). The Y gene codes for the permease or M protein which transports lactose into the cell. The Z gene carries the information for the synthesis of beta-galactosidase. This enzyme cleaves lactose to glucose and galactose, both of which can directly enter glycolysis and supply the cell with energy and carbon skeletons (Watson, 1970; Zabin and Fowler, 1970; Kennedy, 1970). (The a gene codes for thiogalactoside transacetylase. The role of this enzyme in E. coli is unknown.)
Chapter 52 – Incomplete Lupus

Patients who meet less than four American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria or have other representative, noncriteria systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) manifestations have incomplete lupus erythematosus. The most common clinical manifestations in patients with incomplete lupus include rashes, arthritis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and cytopenias. ANA (anti-nuclear antibodies) is the most commonly detected serological finding, but the presence of anti-dsDNA, anti-phospholipid antibodies, and low complements is associated with higher risk of progression to SLE. Despite a generally mild clinical course without nephritis, vasculitis, or CNS involvement, the disease-related mortality and cardiovascular morbidity are indistinguishable from the one in SLE, indicating a need for continued monitoring, vigilance in recognizing this entity, and consideration of early start of treatment.
Free Trade and Forms of Democratization

How do democratic transitions affect trade policy? A well-known finding is that transitions in developing countries produce lower tariff rates. But prior work implicitly assumes that all forms of d...
COVID-19 symptoms, duration, and prevalence among healthcare workers in the New York metropolitan area.

Objective: To evaluate symptoms, workforce implications, and testing patterns related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the New York metropolitan area during spring 2020. Design: Retrospective cohort study of occupational health services (OHS) records. Setting: A large, urban, academic medical center with 5 inpatient campuses and multiple ambulatory centers throughout Bronx and Westchester counties. Participants: We included HCWs who called OHS to report COVID-19 symptoms and had either severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or IgG antibody testing. Methods: We analyzed the impact of COVID-19–related symptoms on (1) time from symptom onset to return to work, (2) the results of SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal PCR testing, and (3) the results of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody testing in HCWs with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Results: The median time from symptom onset until return to work for HCWs who did not require hospitalization was 15 days (interquartile range, 10–22). Shortness of breath, fever, sore throat, and diarrhea were significantly associated with longer durations from symptom onset to return to work. Among symptomatic HCWs who had PCR testing during the study period, 51.9% tested positive. Of the previously symptomatic HCWs who had IgG antibody testing, 55.4% had reactive tests. Ageusia was associated with having both positive PCR and reactive antibody tests. Sore throat was associated with both negative PCR and nonreactive antibody tests. Conclusion: HCWs with COVID-19 who did not require hospitalization still had prolonged illness. Shortness of breath, fever, sore throat, and diarrhea are associated with longer durations of time away from work.
Response to “No support for the adaptive hypothesis of lagging-strand encoding in bacterial genomes”

Several previous studies by our group suggest that positive selection can drive certain, not all, genes to be retained in the lagging strand orientation. This is likely the result of multiple factors including accelerated evolution through conflicts between replication and transcription. Liu and Zhang challenge this view, and claim that our method for detecting gene inversions is flawed. Here, we provide empirical evidence that their criticisms are largely unfounded, and show that our original analysis and conclusions are well supported. Though the GC skew method does have a detection limit, we provide new evidence that the fundamental assumptions of our model are accurate, and introduce an improved GC skew calculation which correctly identified 100% of the authors gene inversions. Our new findings indicate that the trends we originally identified are stronger than they initially appeared: across species, 89-96% of lagging strand genes appear to be natively leading strand genes that changed orientation. Our statistical analyses offer further support for the notion that for some genes, the lagging strand orientation can be adaptive.
Efficiency of the catalytic ozonation processes using nanoparticles deposited on pumice in the removal of bisphenol A

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) areconsidered as an emerging group of trace contaminants detected in the environment worldwide. Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of these toxic pollutants that arerele...
Black Queers in Everyday Life

I am using my Black queer identity as a starting point to consider the weaknesses I see in everyday conceptions of intersectionality. Do those who have been educated in the principles of intersectionality and who mean well apply them in online and personal conversations? Recent experiences have shown me that there is a disconnect, wherein even those individuals who know better will double-down on reified, essentialist notions of blackness that exclude the concerns of Black women, queer individuals, and other Black intersectional identities. Zero-sum perspectives are valued over coalitional appeals.
Vascular Stem Cells in Regulation of Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis is the process by which new vessels are generated from the preexisting blood vessels, which is the major contributor of postnatal neovascularization process. Disruption or dysregulation of angiogenesis is involved in various pathological conditions, such as ischemia and tumor progression. Stimulation of angiogenesis was proposed to be able to restore the blood flow and contribute to the tissue recovery in ischemia, while inhibition of angiogenesis can impede tumor progression. The importance of angiogenesis has generated tremendous interest in studying the mechanisms and to find out major contributors of the process. The current stem cell research has significantly improved our understanding of angiogenesis and its possible therapeutic application. Hypoxia is the most important driving force of angiogenesis, while other factors, such as chemokines and cytokines, haptotaxis, and mechanotaxis, are also important in regulating neovascularization process. In this chapter, we will focus on the progenitor cells that contribute to the angiogenesis and the underlining mechanisms involved in this process.
Food Additives and Hyperkinesis: A Controlled Double-Blind Experiment

A double-blind crossover trial involving a control diet and a diet eliminating artificial flavors, colors, and natural salicylates as recommended by Feingold was conducted on 15 hyperkinetic children. Teachers and parents observed the children for one month prior to treatment, using standardized rating scales. Both parents and teachers reported fewer hyperkinetic symptoms on the K-P diet as compared to the pretreatment baseline. The teachers noted a highly significant reduction of symptoms on the K-P diet as compared to the control diet but the parents did not. The control diet ratings did not differ from the baseline period ratings for either parents or teachers. It is concluded that the K-P diet may reduce hyperkinetic symptoms, though this result is put forth with caution in view of several features inherent in the present study which need further evaluation, including objective measures of change, manipulation of the independent variable, and reducing the independent variable to more specific components.
Chapter 28. To market, to market — 2000

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the therapeutic chemical and biological entities launched in the pharmaceutical industry in the year 2000. The ( S )-enantiomer of omeprazole, Nexium, is the first proton pump inhibitor to be developed as a pure optical isomer and provides superior acid control compared to the racemic mixture. Diotul, an aluminum complex of diosmin, has demonstrated very poor absorption and, consequently, a low incidence of side-effects. The cardiovascular field was also well represented with four new chemical entities. Tikosyn, a seemingly unique class III antiarrhythmic agent, has a very specific mechanism of action on a single potassium channel without any effect on the conduction system. Zeldox was the sixth atypical antipsychotic launched for the treatment of schizophrenia, with a complex binding profile for 5-HT and dopaminergic receptors. Precedex, a full α 2 -agonist which is much more selective than clonidine, is a novel agent for sedation during intensive surgery and allows patients to rapidly recover. Almogran was the fifth triptan to be introduced for the treatment of acute attacks of migraine, exhibiting the best oral bioavailability in this class.
EEG, ECG, and acid-base observations during acute fetal hypoxia.

Abstract The effects of hypoxia on the EEG, heart rate, and acid-base status of fetal sheep were studied in 28 experiments which permitted simultaneous blood determinations on both sides of an intact placenta. Alterations in heart rate and rhythm preceded significant elevations of lactate concentrations and occurred prior to unambiguous changes in the EEG. A bradycardia preceded the onset of the isoelectric stage of the fetal EEG. The consistency of this finding suggested an etiologic relation. The time to recovery of normal EEG rhythms was a function of the length of the isoelectric stage but not of the total period of hypoxia or time to the onset of the isoelectric stage.
The Cultural Twilight

I want to begin by saying how privileged I feel to be included in today’s proceedings—to be included in the celebration of the American Indian Culture and Research Journal (AICRJ) and to toast forty years of American Indian studies at UCLA. The AICRJ and the American Indian studies program at UCLA gave me, some years ago, when I was already an established novelist but not yet a critic, a chance to dip my toes in the warm waters of literary criticism, and for that I remain extremely grateful. I had a chance to practice thinking, to practice ideas, to try them out in print and conversation when those ideas weren’t in any way clear to me (much less clear to others), and to make them better. This was an invaluable experience for me as a young critic, and I was, am, and will always continue to be extremely grateful. The AICRJ and the American Indian studies program at UCLA not only give opportunity, they give respect and honor—to dissent, to critical thinking, to experimentation. In doing so, they have been and will continue to be fundamental to the practice of American Indian studies as a vibrant, diverse, necessary, and exciting field. I am also thrilled to be on this particular panel with friends and colleagues, some of whom I’ve not had the chance to meet in the flesh and some I have; all of whom have, in their own idiom, pushed the field (and my own thinking) further. I thank you. I also want to thank you for this chance to talk rather than write—talks are thrilling in that one can indulge more freely in unsubstantiated generalities and make grand, sweeping claims. Not only is this fun, it can also be a pleasurable stage in the production of knowledge—flights of fancy before hard facts.
Sustainable Growth for China: When Capital Markets and Green Infrastructure Combine

The world's economic system and ecosystem have everything to gain by teasing apart the issues related to infrastructure and climate change in China. If China is to sustain its economic growth and improve its living standards over the next several decades, huge sums of capital will be needed to finance green infrastructure in energy and water. While cooperative approaches between government and the private sector are necessary, global capital markets can vet infrastructure projects and technologies to finance green infrastructure. The BOT and PPP approaches to financing infrastructure projects in China, based on "contract finance," have serious shortcomings. A more modern approach, based on "market finance," can raise the capital required for green infrastructure projects without creating undesirable consequences.
Broadening the definition of resilience and "reappraising" the use of appetitive motivation

Kalisch et al.'s PASTOR model synthesizes current knowledge of resilience, focusing on mechanisms as a common pathway to outcomes and highlighting neuroscience as a method for exploring this. We propose the model broaden its definition of resiliency to include positive indices of recovery, include positive affect as a mechanism, and approach motivation as distinct from overcoming aversive motivation.
Book & media reviews

(1997). BOOK & MEDIA REVIEWS. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care in Pain & Symptom Control: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 107-115.
Coding into a source: a direct inverse Rate-Distortion theorem

Shannon proved that if we can transmit bits reliably at rates larger than the rate distortion function $R(D)$, then we can transmit this source to within a distortion $D$. We answer the converse question ``If we can transmit a source to within a distortion $D$, can we transmit bits reliably at rates less than the rate distortion function?'' in the affirmative. This can be viewed as a direct converse of the rate distortion theorem.
Morphology of the Galactic Bulge from COBE DIRBE Observations

The Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) on-board the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite has provided striking new images of the Galactic bulge at effective wavelengths of 1.25, 2.2, 3.5, and 4.9p (Hauser 1993, plate 3; Arendt et al. 1994; Weiland et al. 1994). The bulge, defined here as the spheroid within the │l│ < 20° and │b│ < 10° region around the Galactic center, and its stellar content have been subjects of considerable interest since they contain important clues about the dynamical and star-formation history of our Galaxy. The morphology of the Galactic bulge is much harder to ascertain than that of bulges in many external galaxies, because of our location in the Galactic plane amid the obscuration by interstellar dust. In spite of this difficulty, there has recently been an accumulating body of evidence that the stellar distribution in the bulge is bar shaped, i.e. that the bulge is not rotationally symmetric in the plane of the disk (see Blitz 1993 for a review of the subject). The existence of a bar in our Galaxy would have important implications for the dynamics of the Galaxy. A bar would provide a mechanism for sweeping gas from the disk into the Galactic center “feeding” a central black hole (e.g. Shlosman, Frank, & Begelman 1989). It would also provide a mechanism for generating spiral arms, and a basis for estimating the mass of the halo relative to that of the disk (e.g. Combes & Sanders 1981 and references therein).
Experimental Study of Isotope Scaling of Radial Ion Thermal Transport in Axisymmetric Magnetic Field

A series of basic transport physics experiments are performed in Columbia Linear Machine, which generates a steady-state collisionless cylindrical plasma column in uniform axial magnetic field. The focus is on the isotopic scaling of ion thermal conductivity due to ion temperature gradient-driven modes. The experiments are performed using two different gases: Hydrogen and Deuterium. The results indicate reduction of thermal transport with increasing isotopic mass leading to a scaling K{sub perpindicular{approx}} A{sub i}{sup -0.5}, where A{sub i} is the mass number of the isotope of hydrogen. This inverse gyro-Bohm scaling is similar to the tokamak results, but is in stark contradiction to most present theoretical models predicting Bohm (A{sub i}{sup 0}) or gyro-Bohm (A{sub i}{sup 0.5}) scaling. A series of experiments to explore the physics basis of this scaling has been also performed.
Attenuated Total Internal Reflectance Infrared Microspectroscopy as a Detection Technique for Capillary Electrophoresis

A novel detector for capillary electrophoresis (CE) using single-bounce attenuated total internal reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy is presented. The terminus of the CE capillary is placed ∼1 μm from the internal reflectance crystal at the focus of an ATR infrared microscope. Using pressure driven flow injection, concentration and volume detection limits have been determined for 25- and 10-μm-i.d. silica capillaries. Upon injection of 820 pL of succinylcholine chloride in a 10-μm capillary, a concentration detection limit of ∼0.5 parts per thousand (ppt), or 410 pg, is found. The injection volume detection limit using a 108 ppt solution is 2.0 pL (216 pg). Sample separations using a programmed series of pressure, voltage, and again pressure on 25-, 50-, and 75-μm-i.d. capillaries are shown. CE separations of citrate and nitrate, as well as succinylcholine chloride with sodium salicylate using acetone as a neutral marker, are demonstrated. Several advantages of this CE−...
Estimation of wear particle thickness in polymermetal sliding

Abstract Sliding experiments between polymer pins and a steel disc were performed to study the size distributions of polymer wear particles with varying loads and also to estimate the thickness of these particles. Optical microscope examination of the loose wear particles revealed that they resembled a flattened ellipsoid in shape and their size was not strongly dependent on load. The thickness of the wear particles was estimated from an analysis based on a model in which the effect of both the normal and shear stresses on the junction as well as the surface energy of the particle material was considered. It was found that the thickness lies in a range the lower and higher values of which depend upon whether the particle escapes from the interface as soon as it is formed or is trapped between the sliding surfaces before it escapes from the interface.
Age as a Determinant of Parental Interpretation of Rorschach Cards IV and VII

The present study indicated that age is a significant variable in the choice of Rorschach Cards IV and VII as parental representations. At most ages different cards were chosen as representative of parental figures. Thus, responses to Cards IV and VII cannot indiscriminately be interpreted in terms of parental associations without regard to S's age. Cards VIII and X were significantly often chosen as “mother cards” at nearly every age, but there was no consistency in the selection of a “father card.” Cards significantly often chosen as “mother” or “father cards” (with the exception of Card IV by college students) were colored. Pre-college males chose Cards III and IV as resembling father and females selected Card VI.
Opportunities for research on single-crystal fibers

Abstract Single-crystal fibers represent a virtually untapped source of opportunity for both materials and device research. These quasi-one-dimensional materials which can be used individually or in fiber bundles can combine the light-guiding properties of fibers with the diverse range of properties available in single-crystal materials. Light guiding can be enhanced with the use of refractive-index-matched claddings. In recent years the laser-heated pedestal growth method has been shown to be one of the most versatile techniques for growing device quality single-crystal fibers of uniform diameter. The method may be the easiest and the fastest method known for producing small single crystals for property analysis, and its use for this purpose has been growing. This paper discusses some of the interesting opportunities available for single-crystal fiber materials and device research.
On the Ordering of N-Modal Cycles

The forcing relation on n-modal cycles is studied. If a is an nmodal cycle then the n-modal cycles with block structure that force a form a 2n-horseshoe above a. If n-modal 3 forces a, and ,B does not have a block structure over a, then ,B forces a 2-horseshoe of simple extensions of a.
Microstructure and transport current characterization of YBa2Cu3O7-x thick films prepared by modified solid-liquid melt growth and powder melt process routes

From the characterization of superconducting YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) thick films processed by melt texturing on yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates from YBCO precursors it is clear that the properties are highly dependent on the precursor powder. Increased YBCO grain sizes have been induced in thick films processed from by modified solid-liquid melt growth (SLMG) and powder melt (PMP) processes with respect to those processed from pre-reacted YBCO materials. The SLMG and PMP routes utilize precursors consisting of BaCuO2-CuO flux material mixed with Y2O3 and Y2BaCuO5 respectively. Cross-sectional analysis of films textured by these routes shows a decreased Y2BaCuO5 size and an increased homogeneity within the matrix with respect to films processed from YBCO powder. Such microstructural improvements lead to an improvement of both the flux pinning and current-carrying characteristics of the processed YBCO films.
Extracting |Vub| from the hadronic mass spectrum of inclusive B decays

Abstract Following a strategy introduced earlier by the authors, we show that it is possible to extract | V ub | from the cut hadronic mass spectrum of B decays without large systematic errors which usually arise from having to model the Fermi motion of the heavy quark. We present a closed form expression for | V ub |/| V ts | which is accurate up to corrections of order α s 2 , α s ρ , ( Λ / m b ) 2 / ρ , where ρ is the experimental cut ( s c / m b 2 ) on the hadronic mass used to veto charmed decays. Modulo duality violation errors, which are intrinsic to all inclusive predictions, we estimate the theoretical error in the extraction to be at the 5% level.
Facilitation of electroporative drug uptake and cell killing by electrosensitization

Cell permeabilization by electric pulses (EP), or electroporation, is widely used for intracellular delivery of drugs and plasmids, as well as for tumour and tissue ablation. We found that cells pre-treated with 100-μs EP develop delayed hypersensitivity to subsequent EP applications. Sensitizing B16 and CHO cells by splitting a single train of eight 100-μs EP into two trains of four EP each (with 5-min. interval) decreased the LD50 1.5–2 times. Sensitization profoundly enhanced the electroporation-assisted uptake of bleomycin, a cell-impermeable cytotoxic agent accepted for killing tumours by electrochemotherapy. EP exposures that were not lethal per se caused cell death in the presence of bleomycin and proportionally to its concentration. Sensitizing cells by a split-dose EP exposure increased bleomycin-mediated lethality to the same extent as a 10-fold increase in bleomycin concentration when using a single EP dose. Likewise, sensitization by a split-dose EP exposure (without changing the overall dose, pulse number, or amplitude) enhanced the electroporative uptake of propidium up to fivefold. Enhancement of the electroporative uptake appears a key mechanism of electrosensitization and may benefit electrochemotherapy and numerous applications that employ EP for cell permeabilization.
ε expansion for the Nishimori multicritical point of spin glasses

Analyse des relations de recursion du groupe de renormalisation obtenues par Chen et Lubensky pour le point multicritique associe aux fluctuations critiques simultanees dans l'ordre ferromagnetique et de verre de spin. Mise en evidence de certaines propriees universelles du point multicritique
Recent progress in DSP-based optical access and OFDMA-PON

We survey recent trends and advances in digital signal processing (DSP)-based optical access and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) passive optical networks (PON), including terabit transmission, novel DSP-based functionality, and high-speed mobile backhaul architectures.
Degree of Mixing Analyses of Concentrated Suspensions by Electron Probe and X-Ray Diffraction

Abstract Two x-ray based techniques involving energy-dispersive analysis and diffractometry were introduced to the analyses of the degree of mixedness, i.e. the “goodness of mixing” of concentrated suspensions. A hydroxyl terminated polybutadene matrix was mixed with aluminum and ammonium sulfate. In the analysis, the ratio of the relative volume fractions of the two solid components was used as the basis of the analytical evaluation. Both characterization techniques are capable of determining the relative volume fraction of the two solid components as a representative measurement of the distributive mixing efficiency and both are sensitive to the scale of examination. The introduced techniques should be useful in the better definition of the degree of mixedness as well as in resolving differences in mixing efficiencies of various mixers used in processing of concentrated suspensions.
Testing population genetic structure using parametric bootstrapping and Migrate-N

We present a method for investigating genetic population structure using sequence data. Our hypothesis states that the parameters most responsible for the formation of genetic structure among different populations are the relative rates of mutation (μ) and migration (M). The evolution of genetic structure among different populations requires rates of M ≪ μ because this allows population-specific mutation to accumulate. Rates of μ ≪ M will result in populations that are effectively panmictic because genetic differentiation will not develop among demes. Our test is implemented by using a parametric bootstrap to create the null distribution of the likelihood of the data having been produced under an appropriate model of sequence evolution and a migration rate sufficient to approximate panmixia. We describe this test, then apply it to mtDNA data from 243 plethodontid salamanders. We are able to reject the null hypothesis of no population structure on all but smallest geographic scales, a result consistent with the apparent lack of migration in Plethodon idahoensis. This approach represents a new method of investigating population structure with haploid DNA, and as such may be particularly useful for preliminary investigation of non-model organisms in which multi-locus nuclear data are not available.
Bacteria-immune system interactions. XII. Effects of aging on balb/C mice responsiveness to Salmonellatyphimurium

Age-associated changes in reactivity to bacteria were tested at several levels. At the level of bacteria binding to lymphocytes, there were no significant differences between young and old mice, however the lymphocytes from adults bound less bacteria than the other age groups. Similarly, the lymphocytes from spleens of adult mice were less efficient in killing bacteria than all the other age groups. The lymphocytes of young mice had higher and longer range reactivity than the ones from old mice. Bacterial stimulation did not produce significant levels of thymidine incorporation in any of the age groups tested.
The insulin-stimulated receptor kinase is a tyrosine-specific casein kinase.

Insulin stimulates a kinase that phosphorylates tyrosines in the insulin receptor; this kinase is tightly associated with the insulin receptor itself. We now show that the insulin-stimulated casein kinase, present in solubilized, lectin-purified receptor preparations from rat liver, is indistinguishable from the insulin receptor kinase. As with phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, insulin selectively enhanced by 2–3-fold the phosphorylation of tyrosines in casein. The insulin-stimulated activities of both kinases were inactivated at 37°C with the same t0.5 of 5 min and were identically affected by alkylating agents. Both receptor and casein kinase activities were specifically coprecipitated by anti-receptor antibodies or by insulin and anti-insulin antibodies. When the latter type of immune complexes were incubated with an excess of insulin, both kinase activities were quantitatively recovered. We therefore conclude that insulin-stimulated receptor and casein phosphorylations are probably catalyzed by a single enzyme which is tightly associated with the receptor itself. Now, by replacing casein for receptor as substrate, it is possible to measure the enzymatic activity of this receptor-related kinase itself, i.e. independent of the receptor as substrate. Detection of this activity is improved in the presence of certain alkylating agents. Use of artificial substrates (in combination with alkylating agents) is particularly important to dissect the functional components of the receptor complex, to study mechanisms of enzyme regulation and especially in situations where the available receptor for study is limited, e.g. fresh or cultured cells from patients.
Infants hierarchically organize memory representations

Throughout development, working memory is subject to capacity limits that severely constrain short-term storage. However, adults can massively expand the total amount of remembered information by grouping items into chunks. Although infants also have been shown to chunk objects in memory, little is known regarding the limits of this ability. In particular, it remains unknown whether infants can create more complex memory hierarchies, binding representations of chunks into still larger chunks in recursive fashion. Here we tested the limits of early chunking, first measuring the number of items infants can bind into a single chunk and the number of chunks infants can maintain concurrently, and then, critically, whether infants can embed chunked representations into larger units. We tested 14-month-old infants' memory for hidden objects using a manual search task in which we manipulated memory load (the number of objects infants saw hidden) and the chunking cues provided. We found that infants are limited in the number of items they can chunk and in the number of chunks they can remember. However, we also found that infants can bind representations of chunks into ‘superchunks’. These results suggest that hierarchically organizing information strongly affects working memory, starting in infancy.
Fecal Steroid Excretion and Degradation and Breast Cancer Stage

Abstract Evaluation of excretion and degradation of fecal steroids in 74 women with breast cancer in relation to stage, tumor size, and histopathologic nodal status revealed significant differences in relation to stage of disease and tumor size. The level of total fecal steroids (mean ± SD in mg/g dry wt) in patients with Stage I disease was 40 + 20, Stage II = 56 ± 32, and Stage III = 75 ± 57 ( P = 0.006). Secondary fecal steroids in women with Stage I disease were 26 ± 16, Stage II = 40 ± 27, and Stage III = 57 ± 34 ( P = 0.003). Fecal steroid excretion and degradation was significantly higher in women with larger tumors, whereas nodal status did not contribute to observed differences indicating that dissemination of disease did not influence the results. These differences were noted to be independent of obesity since similar patterns of fecal steroid excretion were noted within the subgroups of both lean and obese women. Increased levels of total fecal steroids and secondary compounds apparently contribute to tumor promotion and may reflect a potential for excess estrogen synthesis since intestinal bacteria have the ability to synthesize estradiol, estrone, and 3,17-methoxyestradiol from secondary steroids present in the colon.
Parathyroid hormone 1–34, but not 3–34 or 7–34, transiently translocates protein kinase C in cultured renal (OK) cells

While protein kinase C (PKC) appears to play a role in the action of PTH in renal cells, direct evidence of activation by PTH is lacking. Rat PTH (1-34) caused a rapid, transient translocation of PKC in opossum kidney (OK) cells from a basal value of 0.09 to maximum of 0.24 at 10-15 sec. Both the time course and dose-response relationship of translocation matched a corresponding increase in cytosolic Ca2+. In contrast, PTH activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), while also rapid, was greater in magnitude (0.10 to 0.50), persistent, and occurred at a threshold level of 3 x 10(-10)M PTH, compared to 10(-8)M for PKC. Neither bPTH(3-34) nor bPTH(7-34) activated either protein kinase, while both antagonized rPTH(1-34)-induced PKC translocation more effectively than PKA activation. These differential effects of PTH agonist and antagonists further support the suggestion that PTH acts through two signal transduction mechanisms in which one or more receptors is linked in distinct ways to adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C.
The Onset of Chaos in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Determined with a New Fractal Technique

A new fractal technique is used to investigate the onset of chaos in nonlinear dynamical systems. A comparison is made between this fractal technique and the commonly used Lyapunov exponent method. Agreement between the results obtained by both methods indicates that this technique may be used in a manner analogous to the Lyapunov exponents to predict onset of chaos. It is found that the fractal technique is much easier to implement than the Lyapunov method and it requires much less computational time. This fractal technique can easily be adopted to investigate the onset of chaos in many nonlinear dynamical systems and can be used to analyze theoretical and experimental time series.
Isochoric Compressibility of Solid 4He

We have performed experiments in which we inject atoms into hcp, solid 4He contained in a cell of fixed volume at pressures greater than the bulk melting pressure. We measure the change in pressure of the solid in response to the injection, which gives a measure of the isochoric compressibility. We show that at T≥700 mK the solid undergoes very little growth and is incompressible. With decreasing temperature the compressibility rises, saturates near T≈400 mK and may show weak evidence of a decrease near T≈250 mK. Measurements at lower temperatures are necessary to fully test the predictions.