cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presentation and natural history of progestogen hypersensitivity.

Abstract Objective To review the published medical literature on the clinical presentation, risk factors, and natural history of hypersensitivity reactions to progestogens. Data Sources Through the use of PubMed, we conducted a review of allergy, dermatology, and obstetric literature for cases and case series of patients with hypersensitivity reactions to exogenous or endogenous progestogens. There are no longitudinal, prospective studies related to progestogen hypersensitivity. Study Selections Publications were selected that described cases that were clinically consistent with progesterone hypersensitivity and positive test results or clear symptoms with exposure to progestogens to confirm the diagnosis. Results Progestogen hypersensitivity symptoms can be triggered by endogenous progesterone or exogenous progestins used for contraception or fertility treatments. Symptoms are varied and include dermatitis, urticaria, asthma, and anaphylaxis. Conclusion Although the medical literature on progestogen hypersensitivity is limited to case reports and small case series, significant heterogeneity exists in clinical presentation among patients.
Exploring potential cognitive foundations of scientific literacy in preschoolers: Causal reasoning and executive function

Abstract Despite increasing emphasis in the United States on promoting student engagement and achievement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, the origins of scientific literacy remain poorly understood. We begin to address this limitation by considering the potential contributions of two distinct domain-general skills to early scientific literacy. Given their relevance to making predictions and evaluating evidence, we consider the degree to which causal reasoning skills relate to scientific literacy (as measured by an adaptive standardized test specifically designed for preschoolers). We also consider executive function (EF) as a potentially more fundamental contributor. While previous research has demonstrated that EF is predictive of achievement in other core academic domains like reading and math, its relationship to scientific literacy, particularly in early childhood, has received little attention. To examine how causal reasoning and EF together potentially relate to the development of scientific literacy in young children, we recruited 125 3-year-olds to complete three causal reasoning tasks, three EF tasks, and the aforementioned measure of scientific literacy. Results from a series of hierarchical regressions revealed that EF, and one measure of causal reasoning (causal inferencing) were related to scientific literacy, even after controlling for age, ethnicity, maternal education, and vocabulary knowledge. Moreover, causal inferencing ability was a significant partial mediator between EF and scientific literacy. Although additional research will be required to further specify the nature of these relationships, the current work suggests that EF has the potential to support scientific literacy, perhaps in part, by scaffolding causal reasoning skills.
Entry regulation and the effect of public reporting: Evidence from Home Health Compare

Economic theory suggests that competition and information are complementary tools for promoting health care quality. The existing empirical literature has documented this effect only in the context of competition among existing firms. Extending this literature, we examine competition driven by the entry of new firms into the home health care industry. In particular, we use the certificate of need (CON) law as a proxy for the entry of firms to avoid potential endogeneity of entry. We find that home health agencies in non-CON states improved quality under public reporting significantly more than agencies in CON states. Because home health care is a labor-intensive and capital-light industry, the state CON law is a major barrier for new firms to enter. Our findings suggest that policymakers may jointly consider information disclosure and entry regulation to achieve better quality in home health care.
Trading Secrets: Disclosure Dilemmas in International Trade

How do international organizations help states cooperate? Scholars have long argued that these organizations solve information problems by increasing transparency; however, we introduce a distinct information problem -- the disclosure dilemma -- that they can address using secrecy instead. Focusing on the domain of international trade, we claim that states often withhold economic information that is essential for adjudicating trade disputes because they fear harmful reactions by market actors. We demonstrate that properly designed international organizations can ameliorate this problem by receiving and protecting such information. After formalizing our theory, we assess our hypotheses using new data on information-sharing with the World Trade Organization. We show that key reforms designed to safeguard sensitive information increased the provision of this information and boosted trade cooperation in relevant industries. We conclude by discussing how solving this pervasive issue puts international institutions in tension with the normative goals of transparency and accountability.
Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Photochemistry of SO2/H2O Ices

The presence of sulfur dioxide on the trailing hemisphere of Europa’s surface is well-established, and both its presence and its chemistry are influenced by sulfur ion implantation. Particle irradi...
Morning stimulant administration reduces sleep and overnight working memory improvement.

Abstract The goal of cognitive enhancement is to improve mental functions using interventions including cognitive training, brain stimulation and pharmacology. Indeed, psychostimulants, commonly used for cognitive enhancement purposes, while preventing sleep, have been shown to increase working memory (WM) and attention. Sleep, however, is also important for cognitive function; thus, understanding the interaction between stimulants, sleep and cognition may inform current approaches to cognitive enhancement. We used a double-blind, placebo controlled, repeated measure design to investigate the effect of morning administration of a commonly used stimulant, dextroamphetamine (DEX, 20 mg), on repeated, within-day and overnight WM performance, as well as on sleep in healthy young adults. Compared with placebo (PBO), we found no within-day benefit of DEX on WM. After sleep, DEX performed worse than PBO and the overnight improvement in performance in the PBO condition was absent in the DEX condition. Moreover, sleep quality was negatively affected by DEX administration. In summary, we found no cognitive boost from psychostimulants across a day of wake and a blockade of overnight WM increases with the stimulant, compared to PBO.
Climate consequences: If India sneezes

The sobering 2018 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s special report shows that the world has a limited window to reduce dire climate change induced consequences by restricting temperature rise to 1.5°C. India, one of the largest economies in the world and the third largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, is critical in this fight against climate change. India is working to address multiple goals of accelerating economic growth, ensuring energy security, providing reliable energy access, and addressing climate change while bringing millions of people out of poverty. Despite these challenges, India has an ambitious and achievable plan to address climate change. This article discusses India’s domestic climate actions, progress on climate commitments under the Paris Agreement, and the potential to transition to a low carbon economy.
Exploring the Responsibilities of Street-Level Bureaucrats through the Perspectives of Unaccompanied Migrant Youth and Their Sponsors

Between 2014 and 2019, more than 300,000 unaccompanied youth arrived at U.S.-Mexico border. Responsible for the implementation of immigration policy, street-level bureaucrats regularly interact wit...
Modulating and addressing interactions in polymer colloids using light

DNA-mediated linkages between colloidal particles enable controlled assembly and, by virtue of the sharp thermal binding–unbinding transition, provide a mechanism to create switchable structures. However, bulk thermal heating limits switching times to tens of seconds or more. We show that the timescale can be reduced to milliseconds by using light to dynamically control interactions among DNA-coated colloidal particles. We dye particles, such that when they are uniformly illuminated with unfocused light with a wavelength in the absorption band of the dye, they locally heat. We show that the interactions can be reversibly switched by modulating the light intensity. By using multiple dyes and different wavelengths of light, we independently address interactions between different sets of particles. Calculations show that light-driven heating produces local temperature gradients around the constituent particles that build up and dissipate on timescales of milliseconds, and experiments show that particle interactions can be modulated on timescales of 50 ms or less. This light-driven control is straightforward to implement in existing DNA-coated colloidal systems and opens the door to sequential and non-equilibrium assembly schemes.
Adapting the Anchoring Concepts Content Map (ACCM) of ACS Exams by Incorporating a Theme: Merging Green Chemistry and Organic Chemistry

The American Chemical Society (ACS), Division of Chemical Education, Examinations Institute, has been developing content maps to describe comprehensively the undergraduate curriculum aligned to tra...
Pediatric Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification and Spherocytosis With Chromosome 8p11 Deletion

Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), also known as Fahr disease, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of extensive parenchymal and vascular calcifications in the basal ganglia, with variable calcifications elsewhere in the brain. Typically, IBGC presents with neurologic and psychiatric symptoms in middle-aged adults. Recent genetic studies have identified alterations in 4 genes causing IBGC, including alterations in SLC20A2 on chromosome 8p11.2. Currently, there are no clinical descriptions of patients with IBGC occurring within the context of a complex genetic syndrome. Here, we present a case of pediatric 8p11 deletion with IBGC, hereditary spherocytosis, vitreoretinopathy, and focal cortical dysplasia. We review multiple cases of IBGC with pediatric onset due to SLC20A2 deletion in the literature, and raise the consideration of IBGC in the evaluation of pediatric patients with 8p11.2 deletion syndromes.
Data registration for multi-method qualification of additive manufactured components

Abstract This work refines surface registration methods for metrological datasets to improve the multi-method qualification accuracy of additively manufactured (AM) lattices. Datasets acquired from X-ray computed tomography and a coordinate measurement machine of an AM lattice were aligned using derived geometry datum features based on a theoretical supplemental surface definition, which has been established in recent draft standards, but has had limited examination using complex AM structures. A refined sampling registration approach for lattice geometry based on spatially-dependent subsampling is derived and shown to statistically decrease variation between measurement sources. This importance of well-defined sampling practice and definition is highlighted. The applicability of this approach for multi-method qualification of complex AM parts is discussed. This work lays the foundation of utilizing specifications under consideration in a new standard with possible verification techniques that can be employed.
Intraflagellar transport-A deficiency attenuates ADPKD in a renal tubular- and maturation-dependent manner

Primary cilia are sensory organelles that are built and maintained by intraflagellar transport (IFT) multi-protein complexes. Deletion of certain ciliary genes in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) mouse models markedly attenuates PKD severity, indicating that a component of cilia dysfunction may have potential therapeutic value. To broaden the role of ciliary dysfunction, here we investigate the role of global deletion of Ift-A gene, Thm1, in juvenile and adult ADPKD mouse models. In cyst-lining cells of both juvenile and adult ADPKD models, cortical collecting duct cilia lengths and cytoplasmic and nuclear levels of the nutrient sensor, O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) were increased. Relative to juvenile Pkd2 conditional knock-out mice, deletion of Thm1 together with Pkd2 both increased and reduced cystogenesis in a tubule-specific manner without altering kidney function, inflammation, cilia lengths, and ERK, STAT3 and O-GlcNAc signaling. In contrast, Thm1 deletion in adult ADPKD mouse models markedly attenuated almost all features of PKD, including renal cystogenesis, inflammation, cilia lengths, and ERK, STAT3 and O-GlcNAc signaling. These data suggest that differential factors in the microenvironments between renal tubules and between developing and mature kidneys influence cilia and ADPKD pathobiology. Further, since O-GlcNAcylation directly regulates ciliary homeostasis and the balance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, we propose that increased O-GlcNAcylation may promote certain key ADPKD pathological processes.
The functional brain organization of an individual predicts measures of social abilities in autism spectrum disorder: Predicting symptoms in autism with brain imaging

ABSTRACT Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with multiple complex abnormalities in functional brain connectivity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Despite much research in this area, to date, neuroimaging-based models are not able to characterize individuals with ASD with sufficient sensitivity and specificity; this is likely due to the heterogeneity and complexity of this disorder. Here we apply a data-driven subject-level approach, connectome-based predictive modeling, to resting-state fMRI data from a set of individuals from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange. Using leave-one-subject-out and split-half analyses, we define two functional connectivity networks that predict continuous scores on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and confirm that these networks generalize to novel subjects. Notably, these networks were found to share minimal anatomical overlap. Further, our results generalize to individuals for whom SRS/ADOS scores are unavailable, predicting worse scores for ASD than typically developing individuals. In addition, predicted SRS scores for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from the ADHD-200 Consortium are linked to ADHD symptoms, supporting the hypothesis that the functional brain organization changes relevant to ASD severity share a component associated with attention. Finally, we explore the membership of predictive connections within conventional (atlas-based) functional networks. In summary, our results suggest that an individual’s functional connectivity profile contains information that supports dimensional, non-binary classification in ASD, aligning with the goals of precision medicine and individual-level diagnosis.
Endobronchial Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma with Plasmacytic Differentiation.

Endobronchial tumors (ET) are unusual and mostly malignant, presenting with non-specific symptoms that often delay appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Lymphomas in the airway represent less than 1% of pulmonary malignancies and require multidisciplinary approach for their management. We present a case of a 48-year-old male former smoker with a one-year history of recurrent respiratory infections and new-onset shortness of breath. Diagnostic tests included a chest computed tomography (CT) reporting the presence of an endobronchial mass and neck and cervical lymph node biopsies with inconclusive results. Bronchoscopy was successfully performed for tumor resection, improving the patient's respiratory symptoms. Histological analysis described an extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (ENMZL) with plasmacytic differentiation; a subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), rarely found as an endobronchial growth. ET should be considered in the setting of persistent and worsening respiratory symptoms. ENMZL with plasmacytic differentiation is rarely found as an ET and diagnosis requires bronchoscopic intervention and extensive immunohistochemical analysis.
Automated Detection of Marine Glacier Calving Fronts Using the 2-D Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima Segmentation Method

Changes in the calving front position of marine-terminating glaciers strongly influence the mass balance of glaciers, ice caps, and ice sheets. At present, quantification of frontal position change primarily relies on time-consuming and subjective manual mapping techniques, limiting our ability to understand changes to glacier calving fronts. Here we describe a newly developed automated method of mapping glacier calving fronts in satellite imagery using observations from a representative sample of Greenland’s peripheral marine-terminating glaciers. Our method is adapted from the 2-D wavelet transform modulus maxima (WTMM) segmentation method, which has been used previously for image segmentation in biomedical and other applied science fields. The gradient-based method places edge detection lines along regions with the greatest intensity gradient in the image, such as the contrast between glacier ice and water or glacier ice and sea ice. The lines corresponding to the calving front are identified using thresholds for length, average gradient value, and orientation that minimize the misfit with respect to a manual validation data set. We demonstrate that the method is capable of mapping glacier calving fronts over a wide range of image conditions (light to intermediate cloud cover, dim or bright, melange presence, etc.). With these time series, we are able to resolve subseasonal to multiyear temporal patterns as well as regional patterns in glacier frontal position change.
Isotopic disorder in integer and fractional quantum Hall effects

The energy of the activation gaps in the quantum Hall effect has been thought to be reduced by the broadening of the Landau levels due to disorder. The isotopic mass can affect the electron-phonon interactions and the 0 K renormalization of the conduction and valence bands, leading to appreciable energy offsets between lattice sites with different nuclear masses. The isotopic disorder originating from the natural occurrence of nuclear masses could be the dominant broadening mechanism remaining, leading to the experimentally observed quantum Hall effect gaps in high-mobility devices. The Landau level broadening due to the isotopic disorder has been calculated microscopically without fitting parameters.
The Effectiveness of Subsidies and Taxes in Atomic Congestion Games

Are subsidies or taxes more effective at influencing user behavior? To answer this question, we focus on the well-studied framework of atomic congestion games which model resource allocation problems in non-cooperative environments. Examples of such resource allocation problems include transportation networks, task assignment, content distribution systems, among others. Monetary incentives, in the form of taxes or subsidies, are commonly employed in such systems to influence self-interested behavior and improve system efficiency. Our first result demonstrates that subsidies can provide strong improvement guarantees when compared to taxes of a similar magnitude. While interesting, our second result demonstrates that this improvements come at the expense of robustness. In particular, taxes provide greater robustness guarantees to mischaracterizations in the societal response when compared to subsidies. Hence, whether a system operator should employ taxes or subsidies depends intimately on the knowledge of the user population.
Maternal complications of parenteral β-sympathomimetic therapy for premature labor

Abstract A diverse number of serious maternal complications associated with β-sympathomimetic treatment are now being recognized. Physicians and nurses using these drugs should be aware of the potential life-threatening complications. New guidelines for prevention of complications and avoidance of unnecessary treatment are suggested.
A Divided Supreme Court Adopts Discovery Amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

In April 1980 the United States Supreme Court promulgated' a set of amendments2 to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to take effect August 1, 1980. Justice Powell, joined by Justices Rehnquist and Stewart, wrote an opinion dissenting from the adoption of certain of the amendments--those to Rules 26, 33, 34, and 37, "the cluster of Rules authorizing and regulating discovery generally, interrogatories, production of documents, and sanctions for failure to make discovery."3 Although disagreement among members of the Court as to new rules is not unprecedented,4 in the past dissents have been based on disagreement with the substance of the proposed changes.5 In the present case, the dissenting Justices approved of the effort to reform discovery practice, but insisted that additional changes to the discovery rules are necessary. As Justice Powell stated:
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia: A rare disease in an elderly female.

Purpose: To present a case report of an 83-year-old female with underlying dementia and a 1–2 month history of left upper quadrant pain. This report includes a review of the morphology of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), diagnosis, and the treatment options considered. Data sources: T-cell PLL is a rare blood disorder that represents a very small number of all chronic leukemias. An extensive review of scientific literature related to the cell morphology and pathology of this disease, as well as clinical trials of treatment options provided the background for this case report. Conclusion: A diagnosis of T-cell PLL was made after a computed tomography scan of the abdomen confirmed splenomegaly and a bone marrow biopsy showed a hypercellular marrow infiltrated with numerous small lymphocytes, consistent with this disease. Currently, there is no optimal treatment for T-cell PLL, but alemtuzumab has shown success with extending survival 1–3 years. Implications for practice: This case presented several ethical and practical challenges for this patient and her family in making a decision for chemotherapy treatment. This case underscores the need for the physicians and nurse practitioners to establish a collaborative relationship with patient, family, and other care providers when advocating for or against treatment.
Cellular destruction and protein breakdown induced by exposure to x-rays. III. The use of hippuric acid for the simultaneous assessment of two free amino acid pools.

Abstract 1. 1. Experiments involving the simultaneous in vivo labeling of the glycine and benzoyl moieties of urinary hippuric acid of rats have been described. 2. 2. Urinary hippuric acid labeled in carbon atoms C 7 and C 8 with 14 C contributed by DL -phenylalanine-3- 14 C and glycine-2- 14 C, respectively, was isolated and the specific activity of C 7 and C 8 was determined in an effort to detect changes in the isotope concentrations of the “free” phenylalanine and glycine pools after irradiation with X-rays. 3. 3. The finding of higher specific activity in the benzoyl and glycine moieties of hippuric acid subsequent to X-irradiation is believed to constitute a direct chemical measure of the extent to which breakdown of 14 C-labeled tissue proteins is increased after exposure of rats to X-rays.
Developing a Framework to Improve Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity (Response to NIST Request for Information Docket No. 130208119-3119-01)

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has issued a request for information (RFI) regarding its charge of developing a framework to improve critical infrastructure cybersecurity. As NIST correctly points out in the RFI, “[t]he national and economic security of the United States depends on the reliable functioning of critical infrastructure.” The following two suggestions are offered in an attempt to aid NIST as it develops a national cybersecurity framework (the Framework) to reduce cybersecurity risks throughout the nation: 1. The Framework should expressly require public interest representation in developing and selecting standards for a national cybersecurity infrastructure. 2. The Framework should adopt approaches that prevent patent disputes from disrupting the broadest possible adoption of cybersecurity standards. Such approaches may include selecting standards for inclusion in the cybersecurity infrastructure only if patent holders have (a) agreed to offer licenses on a royalty-free basis, (b) consented to observe an aggregate royalty cap for all patents covering the standard, or (c) waived their rights to seek injunctive relief.
Biosynthesis of sphingolipid bases. II. Keto intermediates in synthesis of sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine by cell-free extracts of Hansenula ciferri.

Abstract In the presence of TPNH, particulate cell-free preparations from Hansenula ciferri convert palmityl coenzyme A and serine-14C to labeled dihydrosphingosine and sphingosine. Both the free bases and their dinitrophenyl derivatives migrated identically with authentic standards on thin layer chromatograms. The identity of sphingosine, not previously reported as a biosynthetic product in yeast, was further confirmed by its catalytic reduction to dihydrosphingosine and by recrystallization of its triacetyl derivative to constant specific radioactivity in the presence of unlabeled authentic carrier. Both the biosynthetic sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine have the erythro configuration. In the absence of added TPNH, no sphingosine or dihydrosphingosine is formed by this system. Instead, two less stable, labeled compounds are formed, (a) 2-amino-1-hydroxyoctadecan-3-one (3-ketodihydrosphingosine), and (b) a compound which may be the 3-keto analogue of sphingosine. These intermediates are converted either enzymatically in the presence of TPNH or nonenzymatically with sodium borohydride to dihydrosphingosine and sphingosine. The most prominent labeled component of the mixture on acetylation chromatographs identically with authentic N-acetyl-3-ketodihydrosphingosine. Like the pyridoxal-P-dependent over-all reaction leading to dihydrosphingosine (1), formation of the labile intermediate, but not its reduction to dihydrosphingosine, is inhibited by cysteine. On the basis of these experiments, synthesis of dihydrosphingosine appears to proceed by a pyridoxal-P-dependent condensation of palmityl-CoA with serine to yield 3-ketodihydrosphingosine. TPNH-dependent reduction of this 3-keto intermediate then leads to dihydrosphingosine. The origin of other sphingolipid bases is discussed. 2-Hexadecenoate, but not α-hydroxypalmitate, replaces palmitate as a substrate in this crude cell-free system, but does not change the distribution of products. Phytosphingosine, the major sphingolipid base excreted by the growing yeast, is not formed in the cell-free system.
Нематериальные Способы Мотивации: Опционные Программы: Обзор Зарубежной Практики (Stock Options as Incentives for Company Executives: An Overview of International Experience)

Статья подготовленная для российской профессиональной аудитории, не имеющей практики включения опцинов в компенсационный пакет топ-менеджмента. Авторы рассматривают опыт США в применении опционов как средства мотивации топ-менеджеров акционерных обществ, а именно, роль, которую играют «call» опционы в общем компенсационном пакете топ-менеджеров, виды опционных программ, используемых на практике зарубежными компаниями, потенциальные выгода и риск при использовании опционов как части общего компенсационного пакета. We offer here for a Russian audience, which has limited experience with stock options, some guidelines on the role that stock options can play in an overall compensation package, how these options should be structured, the incentives they create, and the potential benefits and risks from using options as part of an overall compensation plan. A loose English translation of this article is available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1874144
Victim and Perpetrator Accounts of Hurtful Messages: An Actor–Partner Interdependence Model

This study examined how message characteristics and relational turbulence correspond with victim and perpetrator experiences of hurtful messages. Romantic partners described 2 events: one where each of them was a victim of the partner's hurtful message. Trained judges evaluated qualities of hurtful messages and participants reported relationship qualities, intensity of hurt experienced as a victim, and the partner's hurt feelings when the respondent was the perpetrator. Third-party ratings of hurtfulness were associated with victims' intensity of hurt. For females, relational turbulence was associated with their intensity of hurt as victims. For males, relational turbulence was associated with their perception of the female victims' hurt. The authors discuss the implications for the work on hurtful messages and relational turbulence.
A Fractographic Investigation of the Influence of Stacking Sequence on the Strength of Notched Laminated Composites

The fracture behavior of T300/5208 CFRP laminate panels with 12 different combinations of ply orientation and stacking sequence is investigated experimentally, using optical microscopy, SEM, and X-ray radiography to characterize the notch-tip damage zones and fracture surfaces of center-cracked tension specimens subjected to tensile loading at constant crosshead displacement rate 20 micron/s. The results are presented graphically and analyzed in detail. Significant differences in notched strength are found for different ply fiber orientations and stacking sequences; the laminates with few major delaminations had a greater percentage of fracture due to broken fibers and also higher notched strength.
The Intersection of Constitutional Law and Environmental Litigation

The U.S. Constitution propels the majority of environmental litigation. Thirty years ago, constitutional issues seldom arose in environmental law. Nowadays, nearly two in three federal environmental, energy and land use cases are litigated on constitutional grounds. Such cases implicate approximately twenty constitutional principles involving federalism, separation of powers and individual rights.Constitutional issues in environmental litigation are torn from the headlines, from climate change to natural resource extraction. Accordingly, this chapter aims to contextualize constitutional litigation for environmental lawyers in five ways. Part One provides a brief background to environmental litigation in the United States. Part Two addresses how constitutional limits on judicial review influence environmental litigation, including Article III constitutional standing and the political question doctrine. Part Three examines constitutional limits on Congress’ authority to enact environmental laws, principally under the Commerce and General Welfare Clauses. Part Four explains how constitutional principles of federalism influence environmental litigation, including the 10th Amendment, 11th Amendment, and the Supremacy, Dormant Commerce, Treaty, and Compact Clauses. And finally, Part Five discusses the impact that constitutional jurisprudence addressing individual rights has on environmental litigation, including the Takings, Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses, and the First Amendment.Ultimately, this chapter concludes that Constitutional Law and environmental litigation are inextricably intertwined. Environmental lawyers in the 21st Century need to expand their expertise in statutory and regulatory law to include the constitutional features of judicial review, congressional authority, federalism, and individual rights.
Comparative Psychology of Surprising Nonreward

The surprising or unexpected omission of an appetitive reinforcer has at least two effects: An allocentric effect according to which the organism updates knowledge about the environment, and an egocentric effect that allows the organism to learn about its own emotional reaction to the change. This egocentric effect (traditionally called frustration) is correlated to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, can be modulated by treatment with anxiolytics, and is expressed in terms of behavioral changes that have an emotional component (e.g., agonistic behavior). It is hypothesized that all vertebrates share the mechanisms underlying the allocentric effect, but only mammals possess the mechanisms underlying the egocentric effect. It is further argued that frustrative mechanisms evolved in early mammals from those underlying fear conditioning.
Intergenerational health selection in wealth: A first look at parents’ health events and inter vivos financial transfers

Abstract Researchers have explored the considerable negative effect of an individual’s or his spouse’s poor health on their wealth accumulation. Health selection may also operate across generations, affecting the wealth of children whose parents suffer from poor health. We develop an intergenerational model of health selection in wealth using life course theory to understand whether parents’ non-fatal serious health events affect inter vivos financial transfers to children. First, we estimate the relationship between parents’ serious health events in adulthood and wealth accumulation, showing that data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study reproduce results from research using U.S. national panel studies and supporting the generalizability of our intergenerational health selection results. Second, we find strong evidence of intergenerational health selection. Individuals with less initial wealth and who experience a serious health event are about 34% more likely to transfer money to their children and transfer 60% more money to their children when they do.
Method of tumor detection influences disease-free survival of women with breast carcinoma.

Background. Screening mammography provides the primary means of reducing breast cancer mortality. Clinical breast examination (CBE) and breast self-examination (BSE) may be complementary screening modalities enabling palpation of interval cancers and detection of tumors not visualized by mammography; however, their combined contribution to improving prognosis has not been evaluated adequately. Methods. Disease-free survival was assessed in relation to method of tumor detection among 729 consecutive patients treated by mastectomy and axillary dissection for primary breast carcinoma between 1976 and 1978. Results. Disease-free survival at 10 years was significantly higher after detection by mammography (77% of 30 patients) or CBE (78% of 101 patients) compared to self-detection (64%). The hazard ratio of recurrence associated with clinical examination or mammography in contrast to self-detection was significantly reduced to 0.55 (95% CI, 0.37–0.81; P = 0.001). In addition, annual CBE, compared to less frequent clinical palpation, reduced the risk of recurrence controlling for detection modality (P = .03). In multivariate analyses, the method of detection and frequency of clinical breast examination remained statistically significant prognostic factors after controlling for number of screening mammograms, history of prior breast surgery, family history of breast cancer, and age at diagnosis. Differences in self-examination frequency were not associated with prognosis. Conclusions. Among patients diagnosed before widespread mammography screening, tumor detection by CBE was associated with a significant reduction in recurrence compared with detection by self-palpation. Improvement in the frequency and quality of CBE and BSE may enhance the contribution of these modalities to early detection, complementing the role of screening mammography in reducing breast cancer mortality rates.
Amiloride-sensitive actions of an a-adrenoceptor agonist and ouabain in rat atria

Abstract The influence of amiloride, a known blocker of Na/H exchange, on the positive inotropic action of α-adrenoceptor stimulation was investigated in isolated rat left atria. Amiloride (300 μ m ) rapidly (within 10 min) and reversibly abolished the positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine (10 μ m ; 3 μ m propranolol present). Lower concentrations of amiloride inhibited the increase in contractile force caused by phenylephrine in a concentration dependent manner (IC50 of 50 μ m ). At a concentration of 50 μ m , amiloride caused a rightward and downward shift in the concentration-response curve to phenylephrine. Amiloride (10 to 300 μ m ) affected to only a small extent the increased contractile force in the presence of inotropic interventions known to increase Ca2+ influx via L-type calcium channels (Bay K 8644) and the Na/Ca exchanger (reduced extracellular Na+). To provide evidence that amiloride inhibits the Na/H antiporter intact atria, a contracture that depends on Na+ influx by the Na/H antiporter was examined. Amiloride fully relaxed the contracture induced by ouabain (1 m m ) or potassium-free solutions in the identical concentration range over which amiloride inhibited the positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine. Phenylephrine increased the rate of development and the peak amplitude of the amiloride-sensitive contracture (ouabain-induced). The inhibitory action of amiloride on the positive inotropic response to phenylephrine may, in part, be the result of inhibition of the Na/Hantiporter.
Does communication matter in social influence during small group discussion? Five positions

Social influence has been a central area of inquiry since the beginning of research in small group communication. Nonetheless, controversy concerning whether communication matters in group discussion is relevant to the hypothesized impact of communication on social influence during discussion. In this paper, five positions concerning the functions that communication performs in social influence during group discussion are described, each with enough research backing to be considered viable. The question of whether communication matters in social influence during group discussion boils down to the question of which of these functions “count as” communication mattering.
Two Studies Evaluating Learning and Use of QBE and SQL

Two studies were performed to evaluate learning and use of Query by Example (QBE) and Structured Query Language (SQL) for two user groups - college Business Administration students and secretaries. Test participants were taught each query language using a program controlled training package, and all database queries were performed online. Data on task times and detailed tracking of user performance were collected by an independent computer. Subjective responses were collected on a post-test questionnaire. Overall, both groups learned SQL faster than QBE. The additional learning time for QBE can be attributed to teaching how to manipulate table skeletons on a display screen and explaining the concepts necessary to perform queries involving aggregation, built-in functions, output tables and the QBE Condition Box. Both languages were learned equally well for the lessons on simple queries and queries involving comparisons and logic. Business students learned to write queries using more than one table faster o...
Exploring vulnerability of coastal habitats to sea level rise through global sensitivity and uncertainty analyses

Changes in coastal habitats brought about by climate change have the potential to cause population decline of shoreline dependent organisms. In particular, sea level rise associated with climate change can drastically affect wetlands and beaches which are important foraging and nesting areas of these organisms. SLAMM 5 (Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model) is widely used to simulate wetland conversion and shoreline modification for the purpose of habitat vulnerability assessment and decision making, but concerns regarding the suitability of the model due to the uncertainty involved in selecting many of the model's empirical input parameters have been expressed. This paper applies a generic evaluation framework consisting of a state-of-the-art screening and variance-based global sensitivity and uncertainty analyses to simulate changes in the coastal habitats of the barrier island in Eglin Air Force Base, Florida in order to: (1) identify the important input factors and processes that control SLAMM 5's output uncertainty; (2) quantify SLAMM 5's global output uncertainty and apportion it to the direct contributions and interactions of the important input factors; and (3) evaluate this new methodology to explore the potential fate of the coastal habitats of the study area. Results showed that four input factors (DEM vertical error for the lower elevation range, historic trend of sea level rise, accretion, and sedimentation rates) controlled 88-91% of SLAMM 5's output variance in predicting changes in the beach habitat of Eglin Air Force Base. The most dominant processes governing the fate of the coastline of the study area were inundation (i.e. reduction in elevation due to sea level rise) and accretion/sedimentation. Interestingly, for lower elevation habitats (salt marsh, tidal flat, and beach), results showed possible gain or loss of these habitats depending on the relative strength of these processes resulting from the combination of input factors within their proposed uncertainty ranges. Higher-elevation habitats (swamps and inland fresh marsh) showed decrease in area over 100 years of simulation. These findings are important to implement managerial schemes in the area to protect threatened Plover birds (Charadrius sp.) communities. This generic model evaluation framework is model-independent and can be used to evaluate a wide range of environmental models.
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin vaccination of cattle: activation of bovine CD4+ and γδ TCR+ cells and modulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Abstract Setting : 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) is a potent modulator of immune responses and may be beneficial in the treatment of tuberculosis. Recent evidence suggest that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 may affect T-dependent responses in cattle; however, mechanisms by which this vitamin modulates activation of bovine T cells are unclear. Objective : Determine the effects of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 on the expression of CD25, CD44, and CD62L by bovine T cell subsets proliferating in response to antigen stimulation. Design : Antigen-specific recall responses of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccinated cattle were used as a model system to evaluate effects of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 on the proliferation and activation of bovine T cell subsets. Results : CD4 + and γδ TCR + cells were the predominant T cell subsets responding to soluble crude M. bovis -derived antigens (i.e., purified protein derivative and a BCG whole cell sonicate) by proliferation and activation-induced alterations in phenotype. These subsets exhibited increased CD25 and CD44 mean fluorescence intensity (mfi) and decreased CD62L mfi upon antigen stimulation. Addition of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 inhibited proliferation of CD4 + cells and decreased the expression of CD44 on responding (i.e., proliferating) CD4 + and γδ TCR + cells. Conclusion : These findings suggest that the production of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 by macrophages within tuberculous lesions would inhibit proliferation and CD44 expression by co-localized CD4 + and γδ TCR + cells.
Ground-Water Recharge for Urban Use: Leaky Acres Projecta

The problems associated with the use of agricultural surface water for artificial ground-water recharge to maintain an urban ground-water supply are being researched at the Leaky Acres Recharge Project in Fresno, California. Ground-water recharge and agricultural technologies are combined to recharge available irrigation water through agricultural soils and profiles of known chemical, geologic, and hydrologic properties. This report describes the project area, research aims, and some ground-water quality changes associated with two years of recharge operation. Leaky Acres has 117 acres (47.4 ha.) of ponding surface in 10 basins. During 1971 and 1972 recharge seasons, not all of the area was in operation at one time; still, a total of 13,904 acre-feet (17,150,000 m.3) of high-quality water was recharged. The 1972 average intake rate was 0.574 ft./day (17.5 cm./day). Changes in ground-water quality related to soil leaching during recharge are discussed. Eventual improvement of the regional ground-water quality is expected.
Monte Carlo Determination of Stock Redistribution

A model was designed for the purpose of studying stock distribution policies in an inventory system consisting of a number of demand points distributed through space. The model is limited to items that are not centrally repaired and that are procured only once for the life of the item, since both centralized repair and recurrent procurement offer opportunities to correct an imbalance in the distribution of stock among bases at little or no cost to the system. Assuming then an initial distribution of stock among bases, an analytical solution to the redistribution of stock between a pair of bases is obtained in each time period of the model, in terms of 1 the cost of transportation, 2 the stock on hand, depletion penalty, and demand probability function at each of the bases, and 3 a controlled variable βt representing the per cent of the transportation cost to be charged in the tth period in the analytical solution. The expected system costs associated with alternative β functions are then determined by Monte Carlo methods, with each function beginning at a value between zero and one in the first period, and rising to one in the last period. The methodology is extended to include the redistribution decision among three or more bases.
Drug disposition alterations in liver disease: extrahepatic effects in cholestasis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Introduction: The pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs and xenobiotics, namely pharmaceuticals, is influenced by a host of factors that include genetics, physiological factors and environmental stressors. The importance of disease on the disposition of xenobiotics has been increasingly recognized among medical professionals for alterations in key enzymes and membrane transporters that influence drug disposition and contribute to the development of adverse drug reactions. Areas covered: This review will survey pertinent literature of how liver disease alters the PKs of drugs and other xenobiotics. The focus will be on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as well as cholestatic liver diseases. A review of basic pharmacokinetic principles, with a special emphasis on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters, will be provided. Specifically, examples of how genetic alterations affect metabolism and excretion, respectively, will be highlighted. Lastly, the idea of ‘extrahepatic’ regulation will be explored, c...