cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical considerations for self-disclosure in applied sport psychology

AbstractPractitioner self-disclosure is a complex technique that can have tremendous influence—for better or worse—on an applied sport psychology consultation. Relative to the large body of literature in counseling and clinical psychology, few substantive resources are available to guide consultants' use of (or restraint from) self-disclosure in applied work with athletes. This article provides recommendations to begin filling that gap. Insights from existing literature are synthesized to provide practical guidelines and reflective considerations for the ethical and effective use of self-disclosure in applied sport psychology.
A Primer on California's 2011 Corrections Realignment: Why California Placed Felons Under County Control

California's 2011 corrections realignment marked a dramatic shift in the way the state apportions felon management responsibilities between its central government and its local governments (in particular its 58 counties). This article offers a brief summation of the corrections realignment legislation. It discusses the dual causes of the realignment as well as the legislation's projected consequences. This article also provides appendices summarizing the legislation's key statutory changes.
Ultrasound-Guided Glenohumeral Joint Injection Using the Posterior Approach.

This feature is a unique combination of text (voice) and video that more clearly presents and explains procedures in musculoskeletal medicine. These videos will be available on the journal’s Website. We hope that this new feature will change and enhance the learning experience. No caption available. Video Gallery: To view the online video of these procedures, use your smartphone camera QR Reader App to scan and capture this QR Code or visit www.AJPMR.com to locate this digital video content. URL: http://journals.lww.com/ajpmr/Pages/videogallery.aspx?videoId=22&autoPlay=true Injection treatment to the glenohumeral joint is often needed to treat shoulder problems such as adhesive capsulitis.1,2 This can be done through blind palpation technique and fluoroscopic or musculoskeletal ultrasound guidance.3 In recent years, ultrasound has been proven to increase the accuracy of needle placement into the glenohumeral joint.4 Ultrasound is radiation free and offers real-time images in performing needle-guided injection procedures.5 Glenohumeral joint injection can be done using the anterior rotator interval approach or the posterior approach technique.4 Both techniques are generally well tolerated by the patients. However, it was shown that the posterior injection technique offers an easier and a more effective approach to the glenohumeral joint with less extravasation rate as compared with the anterior approach.4 The posterior approach also avoids the potential risk of accidental puncture or injection into the axillary neurovascular structures. A linear transducer of 5–12 MHz is usually used.6 This technique is often applied to inject corticosteroid for the treatment of frozen shoulder or contrast medium for computed tomography or magnetic resonance shoulder arthrography.6
ORCID @ CMU: Successes and Failures

Setting and Objectives: Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) recently planned and implemented a project to help CMU researchers get an Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier (ORCID) and to enable administrators to integrate the ORCIDs into university systems. This article describes and assesses the planning, performance, and outcome of this initiative, branded ORCID @ CMU. Design and Methods: The article chronicles why and how ORCID was integrated at CMU, including the rationale for changes in strategic plans. It assesses researcher participation in the project using transaction log and content analyses, and the performance of the ORCID project team using recommendations in the Jisc ORCID project report, frankly reporting the team’s successes and failures. The article concludes with lessons learned that should inform ORCID integration projects and expectations at other institutions. Results: The ORCID @ CMU web application was a great success. However, the project team did not allow enough time to prepare or devote enough attention to advocacy. The marketing message was not sufficiently persuasive and the marketing channels were not particularly effective. The overall participation rate in ORCID @ CMU was far below the target of 40%, though participation in many demographics exceeded the goal. Conclusions: Strategic planning does not guarantee success. Secure more than lip service from senior administrators. Recruit champions from across the institution. Develop a message that resonates with researchers. Allow sufficient time to prepare. Empower the project manager. Start with the low hanging fruit. Develop special outreach to doctoral students and postdocs. Correspondence: Denis Troll Covey: troll@andrew.cmu.edu
Influence of Catharsis and Diarrhea on Gastrointestinal Absorption of Ascorbic Acid in Infants

SummaryAscorbic acid is excreted in small amounts in the stools of the normal infant studied. Large amounts of orally administered ascorbic acid are excreted in the stools of infants following catharsis and during acute diarrhea. The increased fecal excretion of orally administered ascorbic acid during acute diarrhea in the infant points to its failure of absorption in the intestinal tract, and explains the low blood plasma values and low urinary excretion.
Ex vivo gene therapy with stromal cells transduced with a retroviral vector containing the BMP4 gene completely heals critical size calvarial defect in rats.

In order to develop a successful gene therapy system for the healing of bone defects, we developed a murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based retroviral system expressing the human bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 transgene with high transduction efficiency. The bone formation potential of BMP4 transduced cells was tested by embedding 2.5 × 106 transduced stromal cells in a gelatin matrix that was then placed in a critical size defect in calvariae of syngenic rats. Gelatin matrix without cells or with untransduced stromal cells were the two control groups. The defect area was completely filled with new bone in experimental rats after 4 weeks, while limited bone formation occurred in either control group. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the defect in the gene therapy group was 67.8 ± 5.7 mg/cm2 (mean ± s.d., n = 4), which was 119 ± 10% of the control BMD of bone surrounding the defect (57.2 ± 1.5 mg/cm2). In contrast, BMD of rats implanted with untransduced stromal cells was five-fold lower (13.8 ± 7.4 mg/cm2, P < 0.001). Time course studies revealed that there was a linear increase in BMD between 2–4 weeks after inoculation of the critical size defect with 2.5 × 106 implanted BMP4 cells. In conclusion, the retroviral-based BMP4 gene therapy system that we have developed has the potential for regeneration of large skeletal defects.
Conceptual Design and Structural Optimization of NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Hybrid Wing Body Aircraft

Simultaneously achieving the fuel consumption and noise reduction goals set forth by NASA's Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project requires innovative and unconventional aircraft concepts. In response, advanced hybrid wing body (HWB) aircraft concepts have been proposed and analyzed as a means of meeting these objectives. For the current study, several HWB concepts were analyzed using the Hybrid wing body Conceptual Design and structural optimization (HCDstruct) analysis code. HCDstruct is a medium-fidelity finite element based conceptual design and structural optimization tool developed to fill the critical analysis gap existing between lower order structural sizing approaches and detailed, often finite element based sizing methods for HWB aircraft concepts. Whereas prior versions of the tool used a half-model approach in building the representative finite element model, a full wing-tip-to-wing-tip modeling capability was recently added to HCDstruct, which alleviated the symmetry constraints at the model centerline in place of a free-flying model and allowed for more realistic center body, aft body, and wing loading and trim response. The latest version of HCDstruct was applied to two ERA reference cases, including the Boeing Open Rotor Engine Integration On an HWB (OREIO) concept and the Boeing ERA-0009H1 concept, and results agreed favorably with detailed Boeing design data and related Flight Optimization System (FLOPS) analyses. Following these benchmark cases, HCDstruct was used to size NASA's ERA HWB concepts and to perform a related scaling study.
Prospects for immunotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is diagnosed in approximately 100000 people worldwide per year and 70% of the patients are children. Most children have a good prognosis, as almost 80% will be cured, however only 30% of adults are cured. Additionally, the current chemotherapies have long-lasting and severe side-effects. These findings indicate that the search for better and safer treatment modalities for ALL is still important. As leukemia directly affects the human immune cells, immunotherapeutic approaches have long been ignored as treatment options for this disease. However, increased knowledge of the immune system has opened new opportunities for immune modulation that could be of benefit to leukemia patients. Several recent advances towards immunotherapy of ALL will be discussed.
The Effect of Temperature on Asci and Ascospores in the Genus Debaryomyces

An important character used for the differentiation of the genus Debaryomyces is the presence of warty irregularities on the ascospore walls. Guilliermond ('28) and Stelling-Dekker ('31) pointed out that it is sometimes difficult to observe these irregularities. Ota ('24) found that the ascospores of old cultures of D. Fabryi were not warty. The writers have observed that the ease with which these warty irregularities can be seen varies in different cultures of the same organism. Casual observation indicated that the ascospores from cultures, grown in an unheated room in winter, were more distinct than those grown in the same room in summer.
Application of bronchoalveolar lavage in treatment children with accidental inhaled lipoid pneumonia

Objectives To observe the efficacy of bronchoalveolar lavage as a kind of special treatment in children with accidental inhaled lipoid pneumonia. Methods The bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and followed up in nine children with accidentally inhaled lipoid pneumonia by the Olympus BF3c-30, BF-4B2 bronchofibroscope and BE-270S (o.d.4.9 mm), EB-270 (o.d.3.8 mm) bronchovideoscope. Results Four cases inhaled kerosene, 1 case gasoline, 1 case diesel oil, 1 case white oil, and 2 cases sewing machine oil. After treatment, all cases were recovered. The efficacy reached 100%. There are no serious adverse reactions, except short time SaO2 lowing down to 85% during the operation. Conclusions Bronchoalveolar lavage is a reliable treatment of accidental inhaled lipoid pneumonia. It can be applied in clinic, however, must be monitored during the operation.
Molecular epidemiological characters of viral diarrhea in infants and young children less than 5 years old in surveillance hospitals from Anhui Province,2011-2012

Objective To study the status of viral pathogen infection and molecular epidemiological characters of infants and young children below 5 years of age with diarrhea in surveillance hospitals from Anhui province.Methods A total of 549 stool samples were collected in two sentinel hospitals during January 2011 to December 2012.The antigen of rotavirus(RV) was detected by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The positive samples tested were identified by genotyping and by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The samples were tested for norovirus(NoV),astrovirus(AstV),and enteric adenovirus(AdV) by using RT-PCR or PCR.Results 123 of 549 specimens(22.40%) were positive for RV antigen,66 cases(12.02%) were NoV infections,10 cases(1.82%) were AstV infections,7 cases(1.28%) were AdV infections,and 4 cases(1.15%) were mixed infection.The study showded that G9P[8]of RV and GII-4 of NoV were predominant strains in the hospitals.Conclusions Rotavirus was the predominant pathogen for viral diarrhea with mixed infection in surveillance hospitals from Anhui Province during 2011-2012.Autumn and winter were the high seasons for viral diarrhea.
Affine Algebraic Geometry: Regular Functions and Morphisms II

Now the key idea of affine algebraic geometry is to associate with algebraic sets the “regular” functions on these sets.
Inter-rater reliability determination for two tests of ulnar nerve conduction across the elbow

Introduction The inter-rater variability in determination of ulnar nerve conduction across the elbow compromises test accuracy. The extent of this variability is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine and compare inter-rater reliability of variables derived from 2 different ulnar nerve conduction studies (NCSs) across the elbow. Methods Two investigators performed a standard ulnar NCS and a 6-cm conduction time (Six-Centimeter Conduction Time test, SCCT) on 60 extremities of asymptomatic subjects. In the standard test, below-elbow (BE) and above-elbow (AE) stimulation points were ≥ 10 cm apart, measured along a curved path, to calculate across-elbow NCV. In SCCT, BE and AE were precisely 6 cm apart measured linearly to calculate CTE (conduction time elbow). Inter-rater reliability was assessed by means of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results ICC for across-elbow NCV and CTE were 0.726 and 0.801, respectively. Conclusions Reliability of CTE and across-elbow NCV are similar. Shorter distances, if measured linearly, can be used to determine across-elbow ulnar nerve conduction. Muscle Nerve 55: 664-668, 2017.
Targeted Theragnostic Nanoparticles Via Flash Nanoprecipitation: Principles of Material Selection

Flash NanoPrecipitation is a simple, rapid, and scalable method capable of continuously processing nanoparticles with sizes tunable between 50 and 500 nm with narrow size distributions and high drug loading capacities. In Flash NanoPrecipitation, an amphiphilic block copolymer is dissolved in organic solvent with a desired core material. When rapidly mixed with a miscible antisolvent for the core material that causes a rapid decrease in solvent quality, the core material precipitates and the amphiphilic block copolymer self-assembles directing the formation of a colloidal nanoparticle. Adsorption of the hydrophobic block of the block copolymer arrests precipitation of the core material and the hydrophilic block sterically stabilizes the nanoparticle. The assembled nanoparticles are kinetically frozen. Given appropriate mixing conditions (i.e., time scales of mixing faster than nanoparticle formation), the rate of nucleation and growth of the precipitating core material must be appropriately matched with the rate of self-assembly. This bottom-up approach can be adapted to multiple systems of interest and can be used to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs and/or imaging agents. Methods to encapsulate a range of materials including poorly water soluble drugs [active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)], weakly hydrophobic, ionizable APIs as well as peptides, siRNA, organic, and inorganic imaging agents have been developed. Multiple components (drugs and/or imaging agents) can be coprecipitated to develop multifunctional nanoparticles with therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. Further, the surface chemistry of the nanoparticle can be tailored to enable active targeting. To control the surface chemistry, a functionalized block copolymer can be incorporated into the mixing/assembly process. The functionalized block copolymer can be the block copolymer conjugated to a small molecule targeting ligand (e.g., mannose, folate). Alternatively, the PEG end of the block copolymer can be modified with a reactive end group for conjugation to a targeting ligand after the nanoparticle has been assembled. Surface modifications with small molecules, single stranded DNA, peptides, and proteins have been performed. Appropriate material selection is critical in the formulation of functional and stable nanoparticles dictated by choice of the core material and stabilizer, respectively. Therefore, we review examples of how Flash NanoPrecipitation has been used to formulate nanoparticles for potential applications in targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics, peptides and imaging agents with a focus on practical aspects of appropriate materials selection for both the core material and stabilizer.
Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecules Blunt Placental Ischemia-Induced Hypertension.

Background Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication which manifests as new-onset hypertension, proteinuria, and a spectrum of other symptoms. While the underlying causes are still a subject of much debate, it is commonly believed that placental ischemia is a central cause. The ischemic placenta secretes factors which are believed to be responsible for the maternal syndrome; most notably the anti-angiogenic protein soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1). We have reported that induction of the carbon monoxide (CO) producing protein heme oxygenase-1 restored angiogenic imbalance and reduced blood pressure in a rat model of placental ischemia, and that CO blocks hypoxia-induced sFlt-1 production from placental tissue in vitro. We therefore hypothesized that direct administration of CO by a CO-releasing molecule (CORM) would blunt the placental ischemia-induced increase in sFlt-1 and thus the hypertension characteristic of this model. Methods We administered a soluble CO donor molecule (CORM-3) daily i.v. in control animals or those undergoing placental ischemia from GD14. Blood pressure and renal function were measured on GD19, and angiogenic markers measured by ELISA. Results Interestingly, though we found that CORM administration significantly blunted the hypertensive response to placental ischemia, there was no concomitant normalization of sFlt-1 in either the placenta or maternal circulation. We did find, however, that CORM administration caused a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate, presumably by vasodilation of the renal arteries and increased renal plasma flow. Conclusions All in all these data suggest that administration of CO by CORMs do lower blood pressure during placental ischemia mechanisms independent of changes in angiogenic balance.
How good is a security policy against real breaches?: a HIPAA case study

Policy design is an important part of software development. As security breaches increase in variety, designing a security policy that addresses all potential breaches becomes a nontrivial task. A complete security policy would specify rules to prevent breaches. Systematically determining which, if any, policy clause has been violated by a reported breach is a means for identifying gaps in a policy. Our research goal is to help analysts measure the gaps between security policies and reported breaches by developing a systematic process based on semantic reasoning. We propose Semaver, a framework for determining coverage of breaches by policies via comparison of individual policy clauses and breach descriptions. We represent a security policy as a set of norms. Norms (commitments, authorizations, and prohibitions) describe expected behaviors of users, and formalize who is accountable to whom and for what. A breach corresponds to a norm violation. We develop a semantic similarity metric for pairwise comparison between the norm that represents a policy clause and the norm that has been violated by a reported breach. We use the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) as a case study. Our investigation of a subset of the breaches reported by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) reveals the gaps between HIPAA and reported breaches, leading to a coverage of 65%. Additionally, our classification of the 1,577 HHS breaches shows that 44% of the breaches are accidental misuses and 56% are malicious misuses. We find that HIPAA's gaps regarding accidental misuses are significantly larger than its gaps regarding malicious misuses.
Extreme reversals in successive winter season precipitation anomalies across the Western United States, 1895–2015

Extreme precipitation studies commonly link anomalies to specific episodes of drought or flooding, while studies of precipitation volatility typically employ statistical measures of variability. This study addresses the concept of an extreme precipitation reversal (EPR), defined as an unusually wet or dry period that precedes a large precipitation anomaly of opposite sign, or more specifically the difference in the percentiles of precipitation for consecutive periods. The focus of this study is EPRs over the past 121 years for the hydrologically critical winter season across the Western United States. Results show that EPR values are of a greater magnitude during the second half of the historical record than during the first half, indicating increased volatility in extreme winter-to-winter precipitation. Historically, the direction of reversals (wet-to-dry or dry-to-wet) corresponds to a similar reversal in the nature of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, although EPRs are not systematically aligned with extreme ENSO reversals. While a greater frequency and intensity of winter season EPRs in recent years is potentially problematic for water managers, the relationship with ENSO may afford proactive management and mitigation of the impacts.
Astronomy: Exoplanet caught speeding

The masses of exoplanets have so far been inferred from the tiny gravitational pull they exert on the host stars. It is now possible to measure them from shifts in spectral lines arising from the planets' atmospheres.
Update on Ballistic Characterization of the Scalability of Magnesium Alloy AMX602

The US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and the Osaka University Joining and Welding Research Institute (JWRI) continued a collaborative partnership with Taber Extrusions, Epson, Pacific Sowa, Kurimoto, and National Material LP to reproduce and scale-up military grade magnesium alloy AMX602 at the Taber Extrusions manufacturing facility in Russellville, AR. The latest effort was to extrude 304.8-mm (12-in) wide AMX602 plate, exploring 5 extrusion scenarios, and dynamically characterizing the penetration resistance of these plates against two projectiles with different nose shapes. The results were parametrically analyzed and compared to conventionally processed magnesium alloy AZ31B-H24 and aluminum alloy AA5083-H131. None of the 304.8-mm wide AMX602 plates could meet or exceed the penetration threshold of AA5083 against the fragment simulating projectile. Future research is required to define the manufacturing variables that correlate to maintaining the quality of the defeat mechanisms in the AMX602 plate as the width increases.
A Combination of Robotic Approach and ERAS Pathway Optimizes Outcomes and Cost for Pancreatoduodenectomy

Objective:To determine the impact of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway implementation on outcomes, and cost of robotic and open pancreatoduodenectomy.Background:ERAS pathways have shown benefit in open pancreatoduodenectomy (OPD). The impact of ERAS on robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD
Probabilistic baseline estimation based on load patterns for better residential customer rewards

Abstract Residential customers are increasingly participating in demand response program for both economic savings and environmental benefits. For example, baseline estimation-based rewarding mechanism is currently being deployed to encourage customer participation. However, the deterministic baseline estimation method good for commercial users was found to create erroneous rewards for residential consumers. This is due to larger uncertainty associated with residential customers and the inability of a deterministic approach to capturing such uncertainty. Different than the deterministic approach, we propose to conduct probabilistic baseline estimation and pay a customer over a period of time when the customer’s predicted error decreases due to reward aggregation. To achieve this goal, we analyze 12,000 residential customers’ data from PG&E and propose a Gaussian Process-based rewarding mechanism. Real data from PG&E and OhmConnect are used in validating the algorithm and showing fairer payment to residential customers. Finally, we provide a theoretical foundation that the proposed method is always better than the currently used industrial approaches.
Proton therapy for central nervous system tumors in children

Proton therapy is a form of particle therapy with physical properties that provide a superior dose distribution compared to photons. The ability to spare healthy, developing tissues from low dose radiation with proton therapy is well known. The capability to decrease radiation exposure for children has been lauded as an important advance in pediatric cancer care, particularly for central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Favorable clinical outcomes have been reported and justify the increased cost and burden of this therapy. In this review, we summarize the current literature for proton therapy for pediatric CNS malignancies, with a focus on clinical outcomes to date.
6 – Well Deliverability

Publisher Summary Well deliverability is determined by the combination of well inflow performance and wellbore flow performance. The former describes the deliverability of the reservoir, whereas the latter presents the resistance to flow of production string. This chapter focuses on prediction of achievable fluid production rates from reservoirs with specified production string characteristics. The technique of analysis is called nodal analysis In the industry, the principle is applied with a piecewise approach to handle local flow path dimension, fluid properties, and heat transfer to improve accuracy. It is vitally important to validate inflow performance relationship and tubing performance relationship models before performing nodal analysis on a large scale. A nodal analysis model is not considered to be reliable before it can match well production rates at two bottom-hole pressures.
Factor VIII-related protein circulates in normal human plasma as high molecular weight multimers

The size of human factor VIII-related protein in plasma has been determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) glyoxyl agarose electrophoresis. The protein was immobilized after the electrophoresis by coupling it to the modified agarose, and it was identified by autoradiography using purified rabbit anti-factor VIII-related antigen (VIIR:Ag). A series of multimeric forms was identified with Mr of 0.85- 12 x 10(6). The distribution of VIIR:Ag multimers was the same in heparin and citrate anticoagulated plasmas and in serum, and the pattern was the same after freezing as in plasma kept at 37 degrees C from the time of venipuncture until the electrophoresis was complete. These observations indicate that VIIR:Ag circulates in normal plasma as a population of very large multimers and that the size distribution is not an artifact induced by purification methods, freezing, or calcium chelation.
Regulation of ion channels by secreted Klotho.

Klotho is an anti-aging protein predominantly expressed in the kidney, parathyroid glands and choroid plexus of the brain. Klotho exists in two forms, a membrane form and a soluble secreted form. Recent studies show that the secreted Klotho possess sialidase activity and regulates several ion channels via the activity. Removal of terminal sialic acids from N-glycan chains of the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV5 and the renal K+ channel ROMK by secreted Klotho exposes the underlying disaccharide galactose-N-acetylglucosamine, a ligand for galectin-1. Binding to galectin-1 at the extracellular surface prevents internalization and leads to accumulation of the channels on the plasma membrane. Future studies will investigate whether secreted Klotho regulates cell-surface expression of other membrane glycoproteins via the same mechanism.
Synthesis and characterization of nylon-polyisobutylenenylon triblock copolymers: I. Preliminary studies

Nylon-6-polyisobutylene-nylon-6 triblock copolymers have been synthesized by converting telechelic polyisobutylene diols to α, ω-diisocyanate polyisobutylenes and using these macroactivators, in conjunction with strong base, to induce the subsequent anionic polymerization of e-caprolactam. Pure block copolymer was obtained by suitable sequential extraction. Products were characterized by composition, molecular weight and DSC.
An American Professor in Armenia: Reflections on Special Education, Speech-Language Pathology, and University Teaching:

The author recounts his experience as a Fulbright U.S. Scholar in the Department of Special Education at Armenian State Pedagogical University in Yerevan during the fall of 2016. He describes the F...
Seasonal and circadian patterns of myocardial infarction by coronary artery disease status and sex in the ACTION Registry-GWTG.

Abstract Background Myocardial infarction (MI) presentations are more common during winter months and morning hours. However, it is unknown whether MI with obstructive coronary artery disease (MI-CAD) and non-obstructive CAD (MINOCA) display similar patterns. Methods We evaluated seasonal and circadian patterns of MI presentation by coronary artery disease (CAD) status and sex in patients with MI from 2007 to 2014 in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) Acute Coronary Treatment Intervention Outcomes Network (ACTION) Registry-Get With the Guidelines. Adult patients who underwent coronary angiography for MI were included. Patients with missing age, sex, or angiographic data, cocaine use, thrombolytic therapy prior to catheterization, or prior revascularization were excluded. Baseline demographics and characteristics of symptom onset, including season and time of day of presentation, were compared by CAD status and sex. Results Among 322,523 patients, 112,547 were female (35%); 18,918 had MINOCA (5.9%). There was no seasonal pattern of MI overall. However, both men and women with MINOCA presented more often in the summer and fall while MI-CAD presentations were equally distributed across seasons. The most common time of presentation was 8 am–2 pm regardless of CAD status or sex. A secondary peak in women with MINOCA during late afternoon hours was also identified. Conclusions Seasonal variation of MI differed between MINOCA and MI-CAD, with a small increase in MINOCA incidence in the summer and fall. MINOCA and MI-CAD most commonly occurred in the morning, with a secondary peak in late afternoon in women with MINOCA. These differences in presentation may relate to underlying MI pathophysiology.
Boxed iterations

This paper concerns iterations x"k"+"1=Ax"k+b, where A is an nxn matrix and b an nx1 vector. After each iteration, the result is projected into a box, after which another iteration takes place. Convergence and behavior of such maps is shown. And, the iteration is considered when the matrix A and vector b are allowed to fluctuate.
Accelerating chimeric antigen receptor therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: The development and challenges of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Studies of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have demonstrated the potential to produce deep remissions-and possibly cures-in some patients with heavily pretreated, high-risk, relapsed, and refractory disease. Unfortunately, most clinical trials of CAR T cells in CLL report complete responses only in the minority of patients, although recent studies have begun to elucidate the factors most predictive of response. These studies have suggested strategies for optimizing CAR T-cell fitness as well as the pre-existing host immune response, approaches that will likely lead to improvements in the efficacy of CAR T cells in CLL. Treating patients earlier in the course of their disease or using combination therapies with CAR T cells may further enhance efficacy. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on CAR T cell therapy in CLL, discuss mechanisms of response and resistance, and describe challenges facing the field.
Pathway specific activation of ventral hippocampal cells projecting to the prelimbic cortex diminishes fear renewal.

Abstract The ability to learn that a stimulus no longer signals danger is known as extinction. A major characteristic of extinction is that it is context-dependent, which means that fear reduction only occurs in the same context as extinction training. In other contexts, there is re-emergence of fear, known as contextual renewal. The ability to properly extinguish fear memories and generalize safety associations to multiple contexts provides therapeutic potential, but little is known about the specific neural pathways that mediate fear renewal and extinction generalization. The ventral hippocampus (VH) is thought to provide a contextual gating mechanism that determines whether fear or safety is expressed in particular contexts through its projections to areas of the fear circuit, including the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortices. Moreover, VH principal cells fire in large, overlapping regions of the environment, a characteristic that is ideal to support generalization; yet it is unclear how different projection cells mediate this process. Using a pathway-specific (intersectional) chemogenetic approach, we demonstrate that selective activation of VH cells projecting to PL attenuates fear renewal without affecting fear expression. These results have implications for anxiety disorders since they uncover a neural pathway associated with extinction generalization.
Quantitative Research Methods in Medical Education.

Qualitative research was originally developed within the social sciences. Medical education is a field that comprises multiple disciplines, including the social sciences, and utilizes qualitative research to gain a broader understanding of key phenomena within the field. Many clinician educators are unfamiliar with qualitative research. This article provides a primer for clinician educators who want to appraise or conduct qualitative research in medical education. This article discusses a definition and the philosophical underpinnings for qualitative research. Using the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research as a guide, this article provides a step-wise approach for conducting and evaluating qualitative research in medical education. This review will enable the reader to understand when to utilize qualitative research in medical education and how to interpret reports using qualitative approaches.
DPAC: A Tool for Differential Poly(A)-Cluster Usage from Poly(A)-Targeted RNAseq Data

Poly(A)-tail targeted RNAseq approaches, such as 3′READS, PAS-Seq and Poly(A)-ClickSeq, are becoming popular alternatives to random-primed RNAseq to focus sequencing reads just to the 3′ ends of polyadenylated RNAs to identify poly(A)-sites and characterize changes in their usage. Additionally, we and others have demonstrated that these approaches perform similarly to other RNAseq strategies for differential gene expression analysis, while saving on the volume of sequencing data required and providing a simpler library synthesis strategy. Here, we present DPAC (Differential Poly(A)-Clustering); a streamlined pipeline for the preprocessing of poly(A)-tail targeted RNAseq data, mapping of poly(A)-sites, poly(A)-site clustering and annotation, and determination of differential poly(A)-cluster usage using DESeq2. Changes in poly(A)-cluster usage is simultaneously used to report differential gene expression, differential terminal exon usage and alternative polyadenylation (APA).
Dirty Thinking about Law & Democracy in Rucho v. Common Cause

This Essay, a precursor to a larger project, uses Rucho v. Common Cause, to argue that there are two different normative conception of politics in the Court's law and politics jurisprudence. For the conservative Justices on the Court, politics is sordid, partisan, and unfair. Law and politics cases, specifically political-gerrymandering claims, ask the Court to perform a task that courts are ill-equipped to perform, which is to clean up a process that is inherently dirty and to make fair a process that is inherently partial. Rucho, representing the Court's law and politics cases more broadly, is both an affirmation of a traditional conception of politics and also a rejection of a more modern conception that is beginning to find a foothold in American politics — with roots in the Court’s malapportionment jurisprudence — about how representative democratic institutions ought to operate. This more modern approach reflects the beliefs that representative electoral structures and American politics more generally ought to include some basic notion of fairness; a commitment to the public good without the hindrance of partisanship; and a conception of fair play that constrains the behavior of those who design electoral structures. In contrast to the majority in Rucho, proponents of the modern conception envision a role for the Court in enforcing basic rules of fairness and fair play while at the same time indirectly promoting a particular vision of the public good that is not filtered through partisan identity in the design of structures of representation. In order to understand the division in Rucho, why the plaintiffs in Rucho failed to win over the conservatives on the Court, and the Court's law and politics cases more broadly, we have to come to terms with these different worldviews on the Court. Is sordid politics an inherently necessary and arguably normatively good part of the political process, and thus a necessary part of our representative institutions? Relatedly, do substantive fairness principles exist — outside of race and the equal-population principle — that constrain political actors when they design electoral structures to favor themselves at the expense of their opponents? This essay explores those issues.
Examining Behaviors Related to Retirement, Cleaning, and Storage of Turnout Gear Among Rural Firefighters.

Background: Although the increased occupational exposures among career firefighters are well documented, there are gaps in research related to exposures among volunteer firefighters. This study was...
Amyloid-β42/40 ratio drives tau pathology in 3D human neural cell culture models of Alzheimer's disease.

The relationship between amyloid-β (Aβ) species and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not fully understood. Here, we provide direct evidence that Aβ42/40 ratio, not total Aβ level, plays a critical role in inducing neurofibrillary tangles (NTFs) in human neurons. Using 3D-differentiated clonal human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) expressing varying levels of amyloid β precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) with AD mutations, we show that pathogenic tau accumulation and aggregation are tightly correlated with Aβ42/40 ratio. Roles of Aβ42/40 ratio on tau pathology are also confirmed with APP transmembrane domain (TMD) mutant hNPCs, which display differential Aβ42/40 ratios without mutant PS1. Moreover, naive hNPCs co-cultured with APP TMD I45F (high Aβ42/40) cells, not with I47F cells (low Aβ42/40), develop robust tau pathology in a 3D non-cell autonomous cell culture system. These results emphasize the importance of reducing the Aβ42/40 ratio in AD therapy. The relationship between amyloid-β species and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease is not fully understood. Here, the authors show that it is the increased ratio of amyloid-β42 and 40 isoforms drives tau pathology in 3D human neural cell culture models of the disease.
Chapter 8 – Pharmacokinetics II: Distribution and Multiple Dosing

This chapter puts in vitro pharmacokinetic data on absorption and metabolism into the context of the in vivo environment. Discussion is focused on in vivo clearance (the removal of drug from the body) and volume of distribution, and how these factors control all of pharmacokinetics. Through the observation of the decay, with time, of drug levels from a single intravenously (i.v.) dose come estimates of clearance, volume of distribution and t½. In addition, a single oral dose can yield values for oral absorption (F). It will be seen how data from a limited number of in vivo experiments can yield a great deal of data that can be used to describe the pharmacokinetics of any drug. These data can also be used to predict pharmacokinetics in other species to further predict dosing in humans for clinical study. In vivo experiments can also detect complex mechanisms of drug–drug interactions and nonlinear pharmacokinetics. In general, it will be seen that the rate of drug clearance is the dominant factor in determining frequency of dosing needed to attain adequate Css. Finally, allometric scaling, a procedure whereby the pharmacokinetic data obtained in a range of animal species and used as a predictor of pharmacokinetics in humans, is discussed.
Is Conscientiousness Always Associated With Better Health? A U.S.-Japan Cross-Cultural Examination of Biological Health Risk

In Western societies, conscientiousness is associated with better health. Here, we tested whether this pattern would extend to East Asian, collectivistic societies. In these societies, social obligation motivated by conscientiousness could be excessive and thus health-impairing. We tested this prediction using cross-cultural surveys of Americans (N = 1,054) and Japanese (N = 382). Biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) and cardiovascular malfunction (systolic blood pressure and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio) were adopted to define biological health risk (BHR). Among Americans, conscientiousness was associated with lower BHR. Moreover, this relationship was mediated by healthy lifestyle. In contrast, among Japanese, the relationship between conscientiousness and BHR was not significant. Further analysis revealed, however, that conscientiousness was associated with a greater commitment to social obligation, which in turn predicted higher BHR. These findings suggest that conscientiousness may or may not be salubrious, depending on health implications of normatively sanctioned behaviors in varying cultures.
Downscaling global ocean climate models improves estimates of exposure regimes in coastal environments

Climate change is expected to warm, deoxygenate, and acidify ocean waters. Global climate models (GCMs) predict future conditions at large spatial scales, and these predictions are then often used to parameterize laboratory experiments designed to assess biological and ecological responses to future change. However, nearshore ecosystems are affected by a range of physical processes such as tides, local winds, and surface and internal waves, causing local variability in conditions that often exceeds global climate models. Predictions of future climatic conditions at local scales, the most relevant to ecological responses, are largely lacking. To fill this critical gap, we developed a 2D implementation of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) to downscale global climate predictions across all Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios to smaller spatial scales, in this case the scale of a temperate reef in the northeastern Pacific. To assess the potential biological impacts of local climate variability, we then used the results from different climate scenarios to estimate how climate change may affect the survival, growth, and fertilization of a representative marine benthic invertebrate, the red abalone Haliotis rufescens, to a highly varying multi-stressor environment. We found that high frequency variability in temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH increases as pCO2 increases in the atmosphere. Extreme temperature and pH conditions are generally not expected until RCP 4.5 or greater, while frequent exposure to low DO is already occurring. In the nearshore environment simulation, strong RCP scenarios can affect red abalone growth as well as reduce fertilization during extreme conditions when compared to global scale simulations.
Development and validation of a quantitative LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of ceftolozane and tazobactam in human plasma and urine

Abstract The purpose of this work was to develop and validate a single sensitive, selective and rapid bioanalytical method to determine ceftolozane and tazobactam concentrations in human plasma and urine and to use this method to analyze samples from a human clinical study. Human plasma and urine samples were prepared by protein precipitation using a solution of acetonitrile, water and formic acid. Following protein precipitation, samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic resolution was achieved on a Kinetex PFP column using a gradient elution, a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min, and a total run time of 5 min. Positive electrospray ionization was employed and analytes were quantitated using multi-reaction monitoring mode. Method validation was conducted in accordance with Unites States Food and Drug Administration’s regulatory guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. Calibration curves were determined to linear over the range of 0.1 to 40 µg/mL for ceftolozane and 0.05 to 20 µg/mL for tazobactam. The method was determined to be accurate (−6.24 to 12.53 percent relative error), precise (less than 13.28 percent standard deviation) and sensitive in both human plasma and urine. Ceftolozane and tazobactam were determined to be stable across a battery of stability studies including autosampler, benchtop, freeze/thaw and long-term stability. This validated method successfully applied to human clinical samples to determine the concentration versus time profiles of the intravenously administered combination of Zerbaxa (ceftolozane-tazobactam) in burn patients.
Diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and osteoarthritis (OA) are pernicious diseases. Given that they are often diagnosed when irreparable damage has been done, they are difficult to manage. Traditionally believed to be a consequence of mechanical overload, OA is now recognized as being a manifestation of metabolic dysregulation. Indeed, OA and T2D frequently co-manifest. With age, their incidence rises. As such, older people who are diagnosed with the two debilitating diseases are often incapable of engaging in physical activity. Furthermore, they struggle performing activities of daily living. Over time, given their sedentary behavior, their clinical course progresses to the terminal stage. At that point, available therapeutic options are limited. Specifically, treatment for OA is largely restricted to pain relief. Currently, the best way to manage OA and T2D is via proactive measures. Emerging therapies such as stem cell therapy are on the horizon, but they are yet to be clinically validated.
GxGxE interactions and adaptive potential of the microbiome in Drosophila melanogaster

The microbiome may serve as a reservoir of adaptive potential if hosts can leverage microbial adaptations in stressful environments. However, the facilitation of rapid host adaptation may be limited by interactions between host genotype, microbiome, and environment (GH x GM x E). Here, to understand how host x microbiome x environment interactions shape adaptation, we leverage >150 generations of experimental evolution in Drosophila melanogaster in a stressful environment, high sugar (HS) diet. The microbiome of HS adapted flies shifted to be dominated by one bacteria, Acetobacter pasteurianus. We next performed a fully reciprocal transplant experiment using the dominant control and HS bacteria to measure life-history and metabolic traits in flies. Mismatches between fly evolution and microbiome exerted fitness costs by slowing development and reducing fecundity, especially in the stressful HS diet. The GH x GM x E interactions observed suggest that both ecological context and host evolution shape the adaptive potential of the microbiome. We conclude by proposing future directions that highlight the benefit of using experimental evolution to study the contribution of the microbiome to host evolution.