cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Borazine adsorption and decomposition at Pt(111) and Ru(001) surfaces

Abstract The adsorption and decomposition of borazine (B3N3H6) was examined over the substrate temperature range 140–1200 K on Pt(111) and Ru(0011) surfaces. The surface reactivity was examined by conventional ultra high vacuum (UHV) methods that included Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (TDMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and low energy ion surface scattering (LEISS). For room temperature adsorption, borazine adsorbed irreversibly with effective BN coverages of 0.36 monolayers (ML) on Pt(111) and 0.15 ML on Ru(001) (determined from attenuation of substrate AES signals). The drastic difference in room temperature borazine saturation coverage between the two substrates is attributed to a significant degree of dissociation on Pt(111) compared to the Ru surface. For room temperature adsorption, the TDMS data indicated only hydrogen (H2) desorption from both surfaces over a very broad temperature range (e.g., 350–900 K). Borazine exposures of > 5.0 × 10−5 Torr. s at either surface at 1000 K produced ordered close-packed hexagonal BN overlayers with saturation BN surface coverages of 1.22 ML on Pt(111) and 1.16 ML on Ru(001). LEED from the BN M ( M=Pt (111) or Ru (001)) surfaces prepared in this manner gave hexagonal spot splittings of approximately 10th and 12th order, respectively. This is consistent with the formation of a coincidence lattice h-BN overlayer on both substrates. Producing thicker BN overlayerrs by thermal exposures in the high vacuum regime was not possible. The evidence for h-BN overlayers is derived from EELS and LEED data from the annealed BN M surfaces. Multilayer adsorption/desorption of borazine was observed to occur at ∼ 150 K for initial substrate adsorption temperatures of 140 K.
Ralph Waldo Emerson Envisions the “Smelting Pot”

Among the formulaic phrases our nation uses to define its cohesion and historical purpose, the "Melting Pot" enjoys a wide celebrity. It is met universally in the writing of United States social history and interpretations of immigration and assimilation. In the longer view, however, the concept of the Melting Pot may be more significant as a shaping idea in the intellectual history of the United States than as a practical standard of measurement for demographic or social mobility studies. Should this be true, exact definition is the more imperative. The loose and imprecise language that surrounds the Melting Pot (usually it evokes a painless blurring of differences) calls for a closer rhetorical analysis of the term, its origins, and its historical applications than it has received from the journalists, politicians, and social scientists who employ it. Ralph Waldo Emerson's coinage of a collateral phrase, the "Smelting Pot," provides a caloric example of the way a national idea is minted before being worn with public use. To begin with the Melting Pot itself, we can establish at least three gradations in the popular usage of the term. In various contexts and by diverse writers, whether implicitly or by definition, the Melting Pot has been used to designate:
Osher's scheme for real gases

An extension of Osher's approximate Riemann solver to include gases with an arbitrary equation of state is presented. By a judicious choice of thermodynamic variables, the Riemann invariants are reduced to quadratures that are then approximated numerically. The extension is rigorous and does not involve any further assumptions or approximations over the ideal-gas case. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method.
A rationale for the “apparent anomalous” growth behavior of short fatigue cracks

Abstract The anomalous growth behavior of short fatigue cracks in a Ni-based superalloy is examined. Experimental and analytical work is presented which clearly demonstrates the break-down of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) in the “so-called” short crack regime. Short crack data only appear anomalous when correlated in terms of the stress intensity factor. When short and long crack data are analyzed in terms of a more valid driving force (e.g. strain energy density criteria), no anomalous short crack behavior is observed.
Macro processing in EPS

Since giving this talk, I have extensively revised the treatment of identifier binding. The revised treatment is described in a paper "Integrated Macro Processing in Procedural Languages," preprints of which may be obtained from me. The paper contains a general discussion of the sort of macro facilities illustrated in the talk and a detailed definition of a programming language containing the facilities. This is an illustrative language created only for the paper and is quite different from EPS. The status of EPS is uncertain. I may only implement a compiler for a rather low-level language with the macro facilities.
Attack of the acronyms: TTP, VWF, ADAMTS-13 and SELDI-TOF-MS.

In 1993, Hutchens andYip [1] reported the initial use of surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). This ProteinChip technology has become increasingly versatile in proteomics by incorporating varied types of microchromatographic surface chemistry [2–4]. The sensitive and sophisticated SELDI-TOF-MS technique is now poised to extend the range of clinical laboratory testing. The diagnostic target of SELDI-TOF-MS in the paper by Jin, et al. [5] in this issue of JTH is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). To provide perspective, brief comments follow on TTP and recently developed tests to detect this disorder.
'Enhancing' Factors in At-Large Plurality and Majority Systems: A Reconsideration

Abstract There are important variations in the plurality and majority at-large electoral systems used in cities in the United States. Some of these variations are thought to enhance the ability of a white majority to control electoral outcomes, thereby reducing the likelihood that blacks will be elected to city councils. The presence of these ‘enhancing factors’, however, is not found to account for variations in the degree of black under-representation on city councils of large cities employing the at-large format. Indeed, under specific conditions, one particular enhancing factor—staggered elections in a plurality context—may have consequences quite contrary to conventional expectations.
Free-Riding and Research Ethics

In “Rethinking Research Ethics,” Rosamond Rhodes argues that all of us (including vulnerable populations) have a duty to participate in research ethics programs (Rhodes 2005). The crux of the argum...
Ollier disease (enchondromatosis) associated with ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor and precocious pseudopuberty

4. Takayanagi M, Ohtake A, Ogura N, et al. A female case of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency with marked computed tomographic abnormalities of the brain. Brain Dev 1984; 6:58. 5. Krieger I, Snodgrass P J, Roskamp J. Atypical clinical course of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency due to a new mutant. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;48:388. 6. Bruton C J, Corsellis JAN, Russel A. Hereditary hyperammonemia. Brain 1970;93:423. 7. Kornfeld M, Woodfin BM, Papile L, et al. Neuropathology of ornithine earbamyl transferase deficiency. Acta Neuropathol 1985;65:261. 8. Campbell AGM, Rosenberg LE, Snodgrass P J, Nuzum CT. Ornithine transearbamylase deficiency: a cause of lethal neonatal hyperammonemia in males. N Engl J Med 1973;288:1. 9. Janzer RC, Friede RL. Perisulcal infarcts: lesions caused by hypotension during increased intracranial pressure. Ann Neurol 1979;6:399. 10. Martin JJ, Farriaux JP, Jonghe PD. Neuropathology of citrullinemia. Aeta Neuropathol 1982;56:303. 11. Amir J, Alpert G, Statter M, et al. lntracranial hemorrhage in siblings and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Acta Pediatr Scand 1982;71:671. 12. Voorhies TM, Ehrlich ME, Duffy TE, et al. Acute hyperammonemia in the young primate: physiologic and neuropathologic correlates. Pediatr Res 1983;17:970. 13. Tallan HH, Schaffner F, Taffet SL, et al. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency in an adult male patient: significance of hepatic ultrastructure in clinical diagnosis. Pediatrics 1983;71:224. 14. Finlayson MH, Superville B. Distribution of cerebral lesions in acquired hepatocerebral degeneration. Brain 198l; 104:79.
Van Fraassen meets Popper: Logical relations and cognitive abilities

Abstract Van Fraassen, like Popper before him, assumes that confirmation and disconfirmation relations are logical relations and thus hold only among abstract items. This raises a problem about how experience, for Popper, and observables, for van Fraassen, enter into epistemic evaluations. Each philosopher offers a drastic proposal: Popper holds that basic statements are accepted by convention; van Fraassen introduces his “pragmatic tautology.” Another alternative is to reject the claim that all evaluative relations are logical relations. Ayer proposed this option in responding to Popper, as did Sosa in a different context. I argue that this option should be pursued and propose a line of research that the option suggests.
Enhanced drug dissolution using evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution

A new process, evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution (EPAS) has been developed to coat poorly water soluble drugs, in this case carbamazepine, with hydrophilic stabilizers to enhance dissolution rates. A heated organic solution of the drug in dichloromethane is sprayed though a fine nozzle into a heated aqueous solution. The rapid evaporation of the organic solvent produces high supersaturation and rapid precipitation of the drug in the form of a colloidal suspension that is stabilized by a variety of low molecular weight and polymeric surfactants. The stabilizer adsorbs to the drug surface and prevents particle growth and crystallization during the spray process. The suspensions are dried by spray drying or ultra-rapid freezing. The high dissolution rates are a consequence of the following advantages of the EPAS process: a small primary particle size, a hydrophilic coating on the particles that enhances wetting, and low crystallinity.
The bispecific antibody 500A2 × 96.5 targets T-lymphocytes activated in vivo with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) against CL62 melanoma cells in vitro

Abstract Bispecific antibodies (BAb) direct T-lymphocytes to lyse selected tumour targets, both in vitro and in vivo . Significant tumour cell lysis with BAb requires pre-expansion of T-lymphocytes, which may be achieved in vitro by the addition of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody plus interleukin-2 (IL-2), but anti-CD3 may cause immunosuppression. We investigated an alternative agent for in vivo immunostimulation, staphyloccal enterotoxin B (SEB), which selectively activates certain T-cell subsets and may result in less immunosuppression than with anti-CD3. We activated T-lymphocytes in vivo with SEB, expanded them in vitro with IL-2, and directed them against a tumour target with the BAb 500A2 × 96.5, specific for the murine CD3 antigen and the melanoma p97 antigen expressed by the CL62 tumour. C3H mice received SEB 50 μg intraperitoneally (i.p.). After 18 h mice were sacrificed and splenocytes extracted and either passed over a nylon wool column to isolate T-lymphocytes, or cultured in vitro for 3 to 7 days with 100 U ml −1 of IL-2. A 4-h chromium-release assay was used to assess the ability of T-lymphocytes to lyse the tumour target CL 62 in the presence or absence of the bispecific antibody 500A2 × 96.5. The addition of BAb significantly enhanced tumour lysis by SEB activated cells after a period of in vitro culture with IL-2. In vivo SEB results in the activation of T-lymphocytes which may be directed by bispecific antibodies to increase the lysis of selected tumour targets in vitro .
Numerical simulation of a laboratory-scale turbulent slot flame

We present three-dimensional, time-dependent simulations ofthe flowfield of a laboratory-scale slot burner. The simulations areperformed using an adaptive time-dependent low Mach number combustionalgorithm based on a second-order projection formulation that conservesboth species mass and total enthalpy. The methodology incorporatesdetailed chemical kinetics and a mixture model for differential speciesdiffusion. Methane chemistry and transport are modeled using the DRM-19mechanism along with its associated thermodynamics and transportdatabases. Adaptive mesh refinementdynamically resolves the flame andturbulent structures. Detailedcomparisons with experimental measurementsshow that the computational results provide a good prediction of theflame height, the shape of the time-averaged parabolic flame surfacearea, and the global consumption speed (the volume per second ofreactants consumed divided by the area of the time-averaged flame). Thethickness of the computed flamebrush increases in the streamwisedirection, and the flamesurface density profiles display the same generalshapes as the experiment. The structure of the simulated flame alsomatches the experiment; reaction layers are thin (typically thinner than1 mm) and the wavelengths of large wrinkles are 5--10 mm. Wrinklesamplify to become long fingers of reactants which burn through at a neckregion, forming isolated pockets of reactants. Thus both the simulatedflame and the experiment are in the "corrugated flameletregime."
The ClC-3 Chloride Transport Protein Traffics through the Plasma Membrane via Interaction of an N-terminal Dileucine Cluster with Clathrin

ClC-3 is a ubiquitously expressed chloride transport protein that is present in synaptic vesicles and endosome/lysosome compartments. It is largely intracellular but has been observed at the plasma membrane as well. The aim of this study was to identify the pathways and regulation of ClC-3 trafficking to intracellular sites. At the steady state, ∼94% of transfected ClC-3 was localized intracellularly, and only 6% was at the plasma membrane. Pulse labeling with [35S]methionine and biotinylation demonstrated that about 25% of newly synthesized ClC-3 traffics through the plasma membrane. We used both immunofluorescence microscopy and biotinylation assays to assess the trafficking of ClC-3. Plasma membrane ClC-3 was rapidly endocytosed (t½ ∼ 9 min); a portion entered a recycling pool that returned to the cell surface after internalization, and the remainder trafficked to more distal intracellular compartments. ClC-3 associated with clathrin at the plasma membrane. Coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays demonstrated that the N terminus of ClC-3 binds to clathrin. Alanine replacement of a dileucine acidic cluster within the cytosolic N terminus (amino acids 13-19) resulted in a molecule that had decreased endocytosis and increased surface expression. This replacement also abolished interaction with clathrin as assessed both by coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays. We conclude that ClC-3 is primarily an intracellular transport protein that is transiently inserted into the plasma membrane where it is rapidly endocytosed. Internalization of ClC-3 depends on the interaction between an N-terminal dileucine cluster and clathrin.
Localized loads applied to torispherical shells

Abstract Torispherical shells are frequently employed as end closures for cylindrical shells. Such structures consist of a spherical cap joined to a toroidal segment, which is joined in turn to a cylindrical shell. In some cases, nozzles are attached to the torispherical shell. Solutions for spherical and cylindrical shells are known and approximate solutions for the toroidal shells are known. Analyses were derived to determine stresses in a torispherical shell which is attached to a cylindrical shell and which has a radial nozzle attached at its apex. The loadings considered were internal pressure, axial thrust applied to the nozzle, and a bending moment applied to the nozzle. A particular solution was developed for the bending analysis which had no limitations such as those placed on the earlier approximate solutions. Comparisons between the developed analyses and experimental data from two models tested under internal pressure show excellent agreement. Since the analyses for external loads are very similar to that for internal pressure, it can be assumed that the other analyses are correct also. The buckling of torispherical shells under internal pressure was studied by comparisons between calculated results and results from an experimental model that buckled. This study indicated that the structure failed by plastic collapse since the maximum stress was very close to the yield stress of the model material.
Cineradioangiographic Visualization of the Venous Drainage of the Primate Placenta in vivo

Radiopaque dye injected directly into the intervillous space of the placenta of the rhesus monkey may be observed, by cineradiography, as it spreads throughout the space and drains into the veins of the uterine wall and eventually into the systemic circulation.
Structural Characterization and Band Electronic Structure of α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 below its 135 K Phase Transition

Abstract The nature of the 135 K metal-insulator (MI) transition in α-(BEDT-TTF)2l3, abbreviated α-(ET)2l3, was examined by determining the crystal structures above (298 K) and below (120 K) the phase transition and also by calculating the band electronic structures at both temperatures. This study demonstrates that both the crystal and band electronic structures of α-(ET)2l3 change only slightly upon passing through the MI transition. Within each sheetlike network of ET radical cations, the magnitudes of interactions between adjacent pairs of ET molecules (i-j) above and below the MI transition temperature (T MI) were evaluated by calculating their interaction energies, β ij = ⟨Ψ, H off|Ψ⟩, where Ψ1); and Ψ1 are the HOMO's of ET molecules i and j, respectively. The band electronic structures calculated by using single-zeta Slater type orbitals show that α-(ET)2l3 is a semiconductor with band gaps of 13 meV (298 K) and 35 meV (120 K). Thus, within the one-electron model, the apparently metallic properties...
Large Deflections of Clamped Circular Plates Under Initial Tension and Transitions to Membrane Behavior

The large deflections of a clamped circular plate are investigated over a wide range of transverse loadings and initial in-plane tension loads. The continuous transition from plate behavior to membrane behavior is described in detail, along with the development of the accompanying edge zone region where properties change rapidly. We give a simple approximation of this edge zone and its properties, provide limits for the validity of small deflection, linear theory, and note the similar effects of large in-plane tension and large transverse loading. The values and trends are presented in general nondimensional form, and should prove useful for the design of thin circular disks for microsensing applications.
Struggling with human exemptionalism: The rise, decline and revitalization of environmental sociology

The emergence of environmental sociology in the 1970s, the decline of interest it experienced in the the early 1980s, and its revitalization since the late 1980s are described and linked to trends in societal interest in environmental problems. We suggest that the status of the field has been heavily dependent upon societal attention to environmental problems, in part due to the larger discipline’s ingrained assumption that the welfare of modern societies is no longer linked to the physical environment. We also suggest that growing recognition of the reality of global environmental change (GEC) poses a fundamental challenge to this “human exemptionalism paradigm,” and thus offers an opportunity for strengthening sociological interest in the environment. Understanding the causes and consequences of GEC calls for examination of societal-environmental interactions, the fundamental subject matter of environmental sociology. Unfortunately, early sociological work has largely ignored such interactions in favor of analyses of the “social construction” of GEC, Consequently, limitations of a social constructivist approach to GEC (and to environmental problems in general) are discussed, and a more inclusive research agenda is recommended.
Therapeutic Role of Granulocyte Transfusions

Granulocyte transfusions are used as adjuvant therapy for infection in neutropenic patients with underlying neoplastic disease, neutropenic infants, and patients with qualitative white blood cell disorders. In addition, prophylactic leukocyte transfusions have been administered to patients during remission induction for acute leukemia or after bone marrow transplantation. The role of granulocyte therapy will need constant reassessment as new antibiotics and other forms of treatment are developed. At present, granulocyte transfusions are indicated in the treatment of severely neutropenic patients with documented bacterial infection who are unlikely to recover hematopoietic function over the next week and are deteriorating despite 48-72 hr of optimal antibiotic therapy. Under these conditions, they improve the rate of survival from the infectious episode without clearly affecting the longer-term survival of the patient. Only a small minority of neutropenic patients will require granulocyte transfusions.
Multiscale shape features for classification of bronchovascular anatomy in CT using AdaBoost

Lung CAD systems require the ability to classify a variety of pulmonary structures as part of the diagnostic process. The purpose of this work was to develop a methodology for fully automated voxel-by-voxel classification of airways, fissures, nodules, and vessels from chest CT images using a single feature set and classification method. Twenty-nine thin section CT scans were obtained from the Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC). Multiple radiologists labeled voxels corresponding to the following structures: airways (trachea to 6th generation), major and minor lobar fissures, nodules, and vessels (hilum to peripheral), and normal lung parenchyma. The labeled data was used in conjunction with a supervised machine learning approach (AdaBoost) to train a set of ensemble classifiers. Each ensemble classifier was trained to detect voxels part of a specific structure (either airway, fissure, nodule, vessel, or parenchyma). The feature set consisted of voxel attenuation and a small number of features based on the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix (used to differentiate structures by shape) computed at multiple smoothing scales to improve the detection of both large and small structures. When each ensemble classifier was composed of 20 weak classifiers, the AUC values for the airway, fissure, nodule, vessel, and parenchyma classifiers were 0.984 ± 0.011, 0.949 ± 0.009, 0.945 ± 0.018, 0.953 ± 0.016, and 0.931± 0.015 respectively.
Lower bounds for Betti numbers of special extensions

Abstract The main result gives lower bounds for the Betti numbers of a module over a regular local ring that is obtained as an extension of one module by another when each module is a direct sum of cyclic modules each of whose annihilators is generated by a system of parameters: there are containment restrictions on the parameter ideals that occur.
Complexes of trivalent phosphorus derivates. IV. Metal carbonyl complexes of cis-bis-1,2,-(diphenylphosphino) ethylene.☆

Abstract Reactions of various metal carbonyl derivatives with cis -bis-1,2-(diphenylphosphino)ethylene, (C 6 H 5 ) 2 PCH CHP((C 6 H 5 ) 2 (designated as PfPf) are reported. In all cases studied this ligand acts as chelating ditertiary phosphine without the carbon-carbon double bond coordinating to the metal atom. The proton n.m.r. spectra of some of the complexes show a large downfield shift of the olefinic protons suggesting a ring current in the chelate ring. New compounds prepared characterized in this network in this work are (PfPf)M(CO) 4 (M = Cr, Mo and W), (PfPf)Fe(CO) 3 , (PfPf) Ni(CO) 2 and C 5 H 5 MnCO(PfPf).
On Certain Correction Terms Required in the Equations for the Kinetics of Simple Haemolysis

The most satisfactory method hitherto available for the measurement of percentage hœmolysis has been the potassium cell method described in an earlier paper (Ponder and Yeager, 1930). This method, however, has certain limitations and disadvantages, two of which are particularly conspicuous. (i) The galvanometer which records the photoelectric current takes several seconds to deflect, and several seconds more to settle at zero. This determines that no more than four readings of the degree of hœmolysis can be made in a minute, and that only a few points can be obtained on the percentage hœmolysis curve for rapidly hœmolysing systems. Even these points, moreover, are apt to be inaccurate, for lysis is going on during the time taken for the galvanometer to move ; the degree of lysis recorded is thus always greater than that really present at the moment the photoelectric cell first receives the light. The effect is to move the percentage hœmolysis curve over to the right by a distance corresponding to about 0-05 minutes ; this shift is of little consequence if lysis is slow, but may introduce considerable error if it is rapid. (ii) The method is unreliable in the sense that its efficiency depends on factors which are controlled with difficulty and which are liable to vary. Photoelectric fatigue, although usually absent, may appear during any experiment, the voltage of the high tension battery or of the accumulator which supplies the lamp may vary, or the potassium cell may glow as a result of a careless exposure to the light in the interval before the cells are added to the lysin in the chamber. Experience shows that these accidents often happen, and the necessity of being continually on one’s guard against them makes the measurement of percentage hœmolysis much more difficult than would appear at first sight.
Dynamic Pituitary and Ovarian Changes Occurring during the Anestrus to Estrus Transition in the Golden Hamster

Anestrous hamsters exhibit daily afternoon gonadotropin and progesterone surges, but little estrogen secretion. In the first experiment, short day anestrous females were transferred to long days to detect hormonal changes associated with recovery of cyclicity. Morning and afternoon blood samples were taken at increasing durations in long days. Females autopsied at their first vaginal estrus after transfer to long days differed from long day estrous controls only in their lower uterine weights. Some females at all durations exhibited signs of recovery, though they had not yet shown estrus. They did not display afternoon gonadotropin surges and had low circulating progesterone but high estradiol levels, stimulated uteri, and enhanced follicular development. Results of the second and third experiments provided evidence that the daily gonadotropin surges are not the cause per se of anestrus, and that changes in estrogen secretion are essential for the transition to and from anestrus. Phenobarbital blockade of...
Gaussian Surrogates for Computer Models With Time-Varying Inputs and Outputs.

Computer models of dynamic systems produce outputs that are functions of time; models that solve systems of differential equations often have this character. In many cases, time series output can be usefully reduced via principal components to simplify analysis. Time-indexed inputs, such as the functions that describe time-varying boundary conditions, are also common with such models. However, inputs that are functions of time often do not have one or a few “characteristic shapes” that are more common with output functions, and so, principal component representation has less potential for reducing the dimension of input functions. In this article, Gaussian process surrogates are described for models with inputs and outputs that are both functions of time. The focus is on construction of an appropriate covariance structure for such surrogates, some experimental design issues, and an application to a model of marrow cell dynamics.
Liquid crystalline assembly of nanocylinders

Controlled bottom-up assembly of nanocylinders (e.g., nanotubes, nanorods, nanowires) into large area aligned arrays is widely recognized as a key obstacle impeding application development. Processing of lyotropic liquid crystal phases is a promising route for overcoming this obstacle, but nanocylinder liquid crystalline science is a nascent field that tends to be fractionated based on material type. This review explores the common challenges and achievements of nanocylinder liquid crystal research by focusing on three types of systems: (i) carbon nanotubes, (ii) inorganic nanocylinders, and (iii) cellulose nanocrystals.
Molecular and Cellular Imaging of Atherosclerosis: Emerging Applications

Molecular imaging studies have shed light on important biological aspects of atherosclerosis, and are now entering the clinical arena for the detection of clinical atheroma. This review first discusses fundamental principles regarding the rationale for and development of molecular imaging technologies for investigating atherosclerosis. Next, we highlight clinically promising imaging strategies that illuminate key biological aspects of atherosclerosis, including macrophage activity, protease activity, lipoprotein presence, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. We envision that several molecular imaging approaches will become important adjuncts to the clinical management of high-risk atherosclerosis.
Symptomatic Bradycardia with Oral Aripiprazole and Oral Ziprasidone

ObjectiveTo describe the case of a patient who developed symptomatic bradycardia upon initiation of oral ziprasidone and later with oral aripiprazole, both of which resolved shortly after discontinuation of therapy.Case summaryAn 18-year-old female with bipolar disorder was started on oral ziprasidone 80 mg at night and the dose was subsequently increased to 120 mg for management of acute mania and delusions. The patient developed symptomatic bradycardia (heart rate 31–35 beats/min), which resolved after ziprasidone was decreased to 80 mg. Three months later, the patient was readmitted for treatment of bipolar mania with psychotic features in the context of medication nonadherence. She was started on oral aripiprazole 15 mg daily (subsequently increased to 20 mg) in conjunction with 600 mg lithium carbonate twice daily. The patient again developed symptomatic bradycardia that resolved after discontinuation of aripiprazole.DiscussionThis is the first case report of symptomatic bradycardia associated with t...
Ocean–Atmosphere Interaction over Agulhas Extension Meanders

Many years of high-resolution measurements by a number of space-based sensors and from Lagrangian drifters became available recently and are used to examine the persistent atmospheric imprints of the semi-permanent meanders of the Agulhas Extension Current (AEC), where strong surface current and temperature gradients are found. The sea surface temperature (SST) measured by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and the chlorophyll concentration measured by the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) support the identification of the meanders and related ocean circulation by the drifters. The collocation of high and low magnitudes of equivalent neutral wind (ENW) measured by Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), which is uniquely related to surface stress by definition, illustrates not only the stability dependence of turbulent mixing but also the unique stress measuring capability of the scatterometer. The observed rotation of ENW in opposition to the rotation of the surface current clearly demonstrates that the scatterometer measures stress rather than winds. The clear differences between the distributions of wind and stress and the possible inadequacy of turbulent parameterization affirm the need of surface stress vector measurements, which were not available before the scatterometers. The opposite sign of the stress vorticity to current vorticity implies that the atmosphere spins down the current rotation through momentum transport. Coincident high SST and ENW over the southern extension of the meander enhance evaporation and latent heat flux, which cools the ocean. The atmosphere is found to provide negative feedback to ocean current and temperature gradients. Distribution of ENW convergence implies ascending motion on the downwind side of local SST maxima and descending air on the upwind side and acceleration of surface wind stress over warm water (deceleration over cool water); the convection may escalate the contrast of ENW over warm and cool water set up by the dependence of turbulent mixing on stability; this relation exerts a positive feedback to the ENW-SST relation. The temperature sounding measured by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder(AIRS) is consistent with the spatial coherence between the cloud-top temperature provided by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and SST. Thus ocean mesoscale SST anomalies associated with the persistent meanders may have a long-term effect well above the midlatitude atmospheric boundary layer, an observation not addressed in the past.
Anger and sadness in response to an emotionally neutral film: Evidence for age-specific associations with well-being.

When the association between emotion and well-being is being considered, positive emotions usually come to mind. However, negative emotions serve important adaptive functions and particular negative emotions may be especially adaptive at different stages of adult development. We examined the associations between self-reported negative emotions in response to an emotionally neutral, thematically ambiguous film and subjective well-being among 76 young (age 20-29), 73 middle-aged (age 40-49), and 73 older (age 60-69) adults. Results indicated that higher self-reported anger in response to the film was associated with higher well-being for middle-aged adults, but not for young and older adults. Higher self-reported sadness in response to the film was associated with higher well-being for older adults, but not for young and middle-aged adults. These findings were stronger for cognitive well-being (i.e., satisfaction with life) than for affective well-being (i.e., ratio of dispositional positive to negative affect) and were specific to these emotions (not found for self-reported disgust or fear) and to the emotionally neutral film (not found for sad or disgusting films). Results are discussed in terms of the functions that anger and sadness are thought to serve and the control opportunities afforded in midlife and late life that render these functions differentially adaptive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Decreased myocardial glucose uptake during ischemia in diabetic swine.

The purpose of the study was to assess myocardial glucose uptake in nondiabetic (n = 5) and streptozotocin-diabetic (n = 6) Yucatan miniature swine under matched hyperglycemic and hypoinsulinemic conditions. Fasting conscious diabetic swine had significantly higher plasma glucose levels (20.9 ± 2.6 v 5.2 ± 0.3 mmol/L) and lower insulin levels (6 ± 1 v 14 ± 4 μU/mL) than nondiabetic animals. Myocardial glucose uptake was measured in open-chest anesthetized animals under aerobic and ischemic conditions 12 weeks after streptozotocin treatment. Coronary blood flow was controlled by an extracorporeal perfusion circuit. Ischemia was induced by reducing left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery blood flow by 60% for 40 minutes. Animals were treated with somatostatin to suppress insulin secretion, and nondiabetic swine received intravenous (IV) glucose to match the hyperglycemia in the diabetic animals. The rate of glucose uptake by the myocardium was not statistically different under aerobic conditions, but was significantly lower in diabetic swine during ischemia (0.20 ± 0.08 v 0.63 ± 0.14 μmol · g−1 · min−1, P < .01). Myocardial glucose transporter (GLUT4) protein concentration was decreased by 31% in diabetic swine. In conclusion, 12 weeks of streptozotocin diabetes in swine caused a significant decrease in myocardial GLUT4 protein and a decrease in myocardial glucose uptake during ischemia.
Population pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in neonates.

The pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) were investigated in neonates with invasive candidiasis enrolled in a phase II multicenter trial. Sparse blood (153 samples; 1 to 9 per patient, 1 to 254 h after the dose) and random urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of 28 neonates (median weight [WT], 1.06 kg; range, 0.48 to 4.9 kg; median gestational age, 27 weeks; range, 24 to 41 weeks) were analyzed. Patients received intravenous ABLC at 2.5 (n = 15) or 5 (n = 13) mg/kg of body weight once a day over 1 or 2 h, respectively, for a median of 21 days (range, 4 to 47 days). Concentrations of amphotericin B were quantified as total drug by high-performance liquid chromatography. Blood data for time after dose (TAD) of 24 h revealed a terminal half-life of 395 h. Mean concentrations in the urine after 1, 2, and 3 weeks ranged from 0.082 to 0.430 microg/ml, and those in CSF ranged from undetectable to 0.074 microg/ml. The disposition of ABLC in neonates was similar to that observed in other age groups: weight was the only factor that influenced clearance. Based on these results and previously published safety and efficacy data, we recommend a daily dosage between 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg for treatment of invasive Candida infections in neonates.
Firm and industry characteristics influencing publications of scientists in large American companies

This study examines the relationship between the volume of scientific and technical publications (papers) produced by industrial scientists, and the characteristics of the corporations in which they work. Specifically, the study examines 1. the relationship between several key financial characteristics of U. S. industrial firms and the production of scientific papers; 2. the relationship between the amount of scientific papers published by industrial scientists and the publication of patents; 3. the relationship between the quality of the scientists employed by U. S. industrial firms and the firms' output of papers and patents. Data from 225 U. S. corporations were collected for the years 1975 through 1983. The corporations chosen for the study all have a history of consistent R and D expenditure. There is a substantial correlation between patenting and the publication of scientific papers although controlling for the size of the corporation reduces the correlation. Large firms, as measured by their annual sales, produce proportionately fewer scientific papers than do small firms. The number of elite scientists in a corporation is more highly correlated with the publication of scientific papers than with patenting.
NEOICHNOLOGY OF THE WHIP SCORPION MASTIGOPROCTUS GIGANTEUS: COMPLEX BURROWS OF PREDATORY TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS

ABSTRACT Soils contain complex ecosystems with a diverse micro- and macrofauna including arthropod predators. Our knowledge of arthropod predators in ancient soil ecosystems, however, is limited. This project involved the laboratory study of Mastigoproctus giganteus, or giant whip scorpion, to describe its burrowing behaviors and resulting burrow morphologies to aid the recognition of their burrows in the fossil record. Specimens were placed in sediment-filled terrariums for 14–60 days. Experiments were run with variations in sediment density and moisture to evaluate the effects of environmental conditions. The burrows were cast, described qualitatively and quantitatively, and then compared to each other and to scorpion burrows using nonparametric statistical methods. Six different burrow architectures were produced by the whip scorpions including vertical shafts, subvertical ramps, J-, U-, and Y-shaped burrows, and mazeworks. Despite these different architectures, the whip scorpion burrows possessed stat...
Cues to Start and End Drinking Episodes as a Function of Family Drinking History

College students with positive (FH+) and negative (FH-) family history for heavy frequent alcohol use showed no differences in age of first drink, amount consumed then, amount currently consumed, current frequency, maximum consumed, or effect of current alcohol consumed. However, there were FH background differences in the reasons identified for ending, but not for starting, drinking episodes involving intoxication. The realization of already drinking too much ended these drinking episodes more often among FH- than for FH+ subjects. In contrast, nausea and lateness of the hour were related to the end of drinking more often for FH+ subjects.
A Bispecific Antibody Composed of a Nonneutralizing Antibody to the gp41 Immunodominant Region and an Anti-CD89 Antibody Directs Broad Human Immunodeficiency Virus Destruction by Neutrophils

In addition to the direct neutralization of virus, there is a broader potential for antibody-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by targeting HIV to effector cells. We demonstrate here that a bispecific antibody incorporating a broadly reactive anti-gp41 antibody, F240, and an anti-IgA receptor (CD89) antibody is effective at directing neutrophils to destroy HIV. Not only are neutrophils the predominant type of white blood cells and very efficient at mediating cell cytotoxicity, they are relatively resistant to infection with HIV. Therefore, they represent a significant weapon against infection if they can be directed and armed to destroy HIV and infected cells.
Flooding and arsenic contamination: Influences on ecosystem structure and function in an Appalachian headwater stream

We investigated the influence of flooding and chronic arsenic contamination on ecosystem structure and function in a headwater stream adjacent to an abandoned arsenic (As) mine using an upstream (reference) and downstream (mine-influenced) comparative reach approach. In this study, floods were addressed as a pulse disturbance, and the abandoned As mine was characterized as a press disturbance. We further addressed chronically elevated As concentrations as a ramp disturbance, in which disturbance intensity was ramped by increasing proximity to the As source. Stream ecosystem structure and biogeochemical functioning were characterized monthly over a period ranging from July to December 2004. Influence of the press disturbance was evident in the mine-influenced reach, where As concentrations (254 6 39 m gL 21) were more than 30 times higher than in the reference reach (8 6 1 m gL 21). However, in almost all cases the presence of the abandoned As mine appeared to exert little influence on reach-scale measures of ecosystem structure and function (e.g., organic matter [OM] standing crops, phosphorus [P] uptake). Conversely, floods significantly influenced OM standing stock in both study reaches. Interactions between press and pulse disturbances influenced P uptake in the mine-influenced reach. Within the mine-influenced reach, P uptake across a gradient of As concentrations correlated with Michaelis–Menton models of enzyme kinetics in the presence of a competitive inhibitor. These results indicate that As competitively inhibits P uptake by microbial assemblages.
Interaction of Yttria with Uranium Fluoride Gases (UFn, n= 4, 6) at High Temperatures

The corrosion mechanism and microstructural characteristics of yttria (Y2O3) exposed to uranium hexafluoride (UF4) and uranium tetrafluoride gases at temperatures above 900°C were investigated. Processed yttria samples were exposed for times ranging from 5 to 40 min. A weight increase was observed after each test exposure. An outer corrosion scale composed of UO2 and YF3, and an inner corrosion layer of YF3, were observed following the UF6 reaction at nearly 1200 K. During the UF4 exposure, an outer layer containing a liquid mixture of fluoride, oxygen, yttrium, uranium compounds, a secondary reaction layer of UO2 followed by an inner layer composed of a solution of Y2O3 and YF3, possibly in the form of YOF inner layer, were observed. It was found that the corrosion process is controlled by the diffusion which is evidenced by the parabolic growth rate of the secondary layer. After completion of the solidification process, the formation of a eutectic region and dendrites were observed throughout the outer scale. In general, at temperatures above 1173 K, high corrosion rates were observed, and yttria did not appear to be a viable containment material for UF4 and UF6.
Correction of rheumatoid swan-neck deformity by lateral band mobilization

Fifty-seven digits in 18 hands of 14 patients with rheumatoid disease were retrospectively evaluated after surgical correction of swan-neck deformity. Release of each hyperextension deformity was done via a previously described lateral band mobilization technique with temporary pin fixation of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint and primary skin closure. Extension block splinting was used for 1 month after pin removal. Follow-up averaged 24 months. Twenty-two percent of the patients were enthusiastic about their results, 56% were satisfied, 22% were equivocal, and none were dissatisfied. Maximum active flexion at the PIP joint averaged 55°, and maximum extension averaged −10°. The average distance from fingertip to distal palmar crease was 32 mm. Average grip strength was 10 kg of force in men and 4 kg in women. Stepcut lengthening of the central slip was associated with the development of a boutonniere deformity and an unsatisfactory result in three digits. Even with narrowing of the PIP joint or articular erosions, which were found on 91% of roentgenograms, lateral band mobilization to correct swan-neck deformity can predictably improve the function and cosmesis of rheumatoid hands.
Treatment Issues in Type 2 Diabetes

This is the fifth in a series of reports on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 61st Scientific Sessions held in Philadelphia, PA, in June 2001. It covers topics related to the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Alan Cherrington, Nashville, TN, examined the effect of insulin to inhibit hepatic glucose production. Using a dog preparation with somatostatin to block insulin and glucagon production and administration of insulin and glucagon into the portal vein, decreasing portal insulin to levels similar to those in the arterial circulation immediately increased hepatic glucose production via glycogenolysis, which was sustained over a period of several hours, with consequent hyperglycemia. There is a steep inverse dose-response curve of hepatic glucose production versus hepatic sinusoidal insulin levels. Tripling insulin quickly turns off hepatic glucose production. Glucose utilization by the liver in response to increasing insulin levels has a longer time course, taking several hours to reach maximal levels. This response is much less sensitive to changes in insulin levels than hepatic glucose production, and normal basal hepatic glucose utilization is very low. Muscle is less sensitive on a molar basis than in the liver, so that a tripling of insulin levels causes only a 50% increase in glucose utilization, compared with the more than sixfold increase in glucose uptake under maximal stimulation. Comparing the effects of first-phase and second-phase insulin release in response to glucagon, the former more potently inhibits glucose production. Insulin levels show similar first- and second-phase responses to a hyperglycemic clamp, and elimination of the first-phase insulin response leads to much greater hepatic glucose production, although it has little effect on glucose utilization. A recent study with nateglinide similarly showed a rapid insulin response and marked lessening of postprandial hyperglycemia (1). When intraduodenal glucose is given with dogs having somatostatin and portal catheters, a first-phase …