cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovation and Accounting Discretion

We investigate the impact of accounting discretion on managers’ incentives to invest in innovative projects. Using a theoretical model in which a manager chooses between an innovative and a conventional project, we show that allowing accounting discretion incentivizes the manager to invest in the innovative project. This result derives from the intuition that accounting discretion reduces managerial myopia by insulating managers from short-term earnings pressure. We test the model empirically using the geographical distance to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) office as the proxy for managers’ ability to exercise accounting discretion and the closure of the SEC Seattle office as an exogenous shock to this ability. Consistent with the theoretical prediction, we find that firms located close to the Seattle office became more innovative after the office was closed compared to their counterparts located farther away from the office.
An overview of the evidence for enhanced recovery

Abstract Enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) use standardized, multidisciplinary and evidence-based protocols to optimize patient recovery after surgery. Significant evidence exists that highlight their benefits to patients, providers and healthcare systems. These range from effects on clinical outcomes and costs to patient-reported outcomes and surgical disparities. The implementation of enhanced recovery principles is also being increasingly studied with an innovative focus on technology as adjuncts to improve adherence and patient experience. As ERPs are increasingly adopted across the globe, they will continue to evolve with better protocols, new applications and more evidence.
Non-intrusive data-driven model reduction for differential–algebraic equations derived from lifting transformations

Abstract This paper presents a non-intrusive data-driven approach for model reduction of nonlinear systems . The approach considers the particular case of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) that form systems of partial differential–algebraic equations (PDAEs) when lifted to polynomial form . Such systems arise, for example, when the governing equations include Arrhenius reaction terms (e.g., in reacting flow models) and thermodynamic terms (e.g., the Helmholtz free energy terms in a phase-field solidification model). Using the known structured form of the lifted algebraic equations , the approach computes the reduced operators for the algebraic equations explicitly, using straightforward linear algebra operations on the basis matrices . The reduced operators for the differential equations are inferred from lifted snapshot data using operator inference, which solves a linear least squares regression problem . The approach is illustrated for the nonlinear model of solidification of a pure material. The lifting transformations reformulate the solidification PDEs as a system of PDAEs that have cubic structure. The operators of the lifted system for this solidification example have affine dependence on key process parameters , permitting us to learn a parametric reduced model with operator inference. Numerical experiments show the effectiveness of the resulting reduced models in capturing key aspects of the solidification dynamics.
Against Smallism And Localism

The question whether cognition ever extends beyond the head is widelyconsideredtobeanempiricalissue.Andyet,alltheevidenceamassedin recentyearshasnotsufficedtosettle thedebate.Inthispaperwesuggest that this is because the debate is not really an empirical one, butrather a matter of definition. Traditional cognitive science can be identified as wedded to the ideals of "smallism" and "localism". We criticize these ideals and articulate acaseinfavorofextendedcognitionbyhighlightingthehistoricalpedigreeand conceptual adequacy of related empirical and theoretical work.
Nuclear effects on gauge boson production at relativistic energies

We predict ${W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ and ${Z}^{0}$ transverse momentum distributions from proton-proton and nuclear collisions at Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies. A resummation formalism with power corrections to the renormalization group equations is used. The dependence of the resummed QCD results on the nonperturbative input is very weak for the systems considered. Shadowing effects are discussed and found to be unimportant at RHIC, but important for LHC. We study the enhancement of power corrections due to multiple scattering in nuclear collisions and numerically illustrate the weak effects of the dependence on the nuclear mass.
The role of bronchoscopy in foreign body removal in dogs and cats: 37 cases (2000-2008).

Background: Foreign body aspiration is a differential diagnosis for acute or chronic cough that requires medical or surgical management in animals. Hypothesis: Success of bronchoscopy in airway foreign body removal is dependent on the size of the animal, duration of clinical signs, and location of the foreign body. Animals: Thirty-two dogs and 5 cats with airway foreign bodies identified at the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Methods: Retrospective case study evaluating the role of duration of clinical signs and body size in successful bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies. In addition, radiographic localization of disease was compared with bronchoscopic identification. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) culture and cytologic findings are reported. Results: Bronchoscopy was successful for removal of airway foreign bodies in 76% of animals (24/28 dogs and 2/5 cats), and in dogs was independent of duration of clinical signs or body size. One-third of thoracic radiographs lacked distinctive features of an airway foreign body, and therefore radiography was unable to predict the affected site. BAL fluid at the site of the foreign body contained more neutrophils and more often had intracellular bacteria than lavage fluid from a separate site. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Bronchoscopy was successful in removing airway foreign bodies regardless of animal size or long duration of clinical signs. Results of this study confirm the utility of bronchoscopy with lavage in management of suspected foreign bodies, even in the absence of localizing radiographic findings.
Microassay for Human and Chick Cell Interferon

The microassay for human and chick interferon described in this paper required much smaller amounts of samples and reagents and considerably less time and effort than the plaque reduction assay while yielding comparable results.
Neuromuscular Transmission—Enzymatic Destruction of Acetylcholine

The action of acetylcholine (ACh) at peripheral junctions was postulated, from an early stage of its study, to be terminated by its destruction by a specific enzyme (Dale, 1914; Loewi and Navratil, 1926; Eccles, 1937; Marnay and Nachmansohn, 1938). Two main classes of ChE* in nervous tissue have since been described in detail, AChE and BuChE; however, this should be regarded as a broad classification only, since a variety of closely related types actually occur in various sources (Augustinsson, 1963; Usdin, 1970). Both classes split ACh, but AChE does so at a much faster rate than it splits choline esters of butyric or higher acids. BuChE cleaves a wide range of choline esters, with butyrylcholine hydrolysis the fastest. A convenient practical distinction is the high capacity of AChE, but not of BuChE, to hydrolyze acetyl-s-methyl-choline. Both types also act, more slowly, on some noncholine esters, but ChE enzymes are also distinguished from nonspecific carboxylic esterases by the inhibition of ChE by eserine at 10− 5 M concentration. These distinctions, and their complications and species differences, are reviewed in detail by Augustinsson (1963) and Usdin (1970).
Cytoskeletal Reorganization Drives Mesenchymal Condensation and Regulates Downstream Molecular Signaling

Skeletal condensation occurs when specified mesenchyme cells self-organize over several days to form a distinctive cartilage template. Here, we determine how and when specified mesenchyme cells integrate mechanical and molecular information from their environment, forming cartilage condensations in the pharyngeal arches of chick embryos. By disrupting cytoskeletal reorganization, we demonstrate that dynamic cell shape changes drive condensation and modulate the response of the condensing cells to Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways. Rho Kinase (ROCK)-driven actomyosin contractions and Myosin II-generated differential cell cortex tension regulate these cell shape changes. Disruption of the condensation process inhibits the differentiation of the mesenchyme cells into chondrocytes, demonstrating that condensation regulates the fate of the mesenchyme cells. We also find that dorsal and ventral condensations undergo distinct cell shape changes. BMP signaling is instructive for dorsal condensation-specific cell shape changes. Moreover, condensations exhibit ventral characteristics in the absence of BMP signaling, suggesting that in the pharyngeal arches ventral morphology is the ground pattern. Overall, this study characterizes the interplay between cytoskeletal dynamics and molecular signaling in a self-organizing system during tissue morphogenesis.
Chapter 2: Brief Overview of Latino Demographics in the Twenty-First Century

SUMMARY The Latino population in the United States has grown substantially in the past twenty years. It is expected that by the year 2050, Latinos will comprise twenty-four percent of the total U.S. population. The growth of the Latino population poses many challenges for alcohol-related services. The increasing diversity of the population changes the framework for culturally competent services.
REGA-1 is a GPI-linked member of the immunoglobulin superfamily present on restricted regions of sheath cell processes in grasshopper

REGA-1 is a glycoprotein localized to sheath cell processes in the developing CNS when NBs are producing progeny and neurons are maturing and extending processes. It is also present on a subset of muscles and on the lumenal surface of the ectoderm in the embryonic appendages when pioneer neurons are growing into the CNS. REGA-1 is associated with the extracellular side of the cell membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage. We have identified a cDNA clone encoding REGA-1 using a sequence from purified protein. Sequence analysis defines REGA-1 as a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily containing three immunoglobulin domains and one fibronectin type III repeat. Each Ig domain has distinct sequence characteristics that suggest discrete functions. REGA-1 is similar to other Ig superfamily members involved in cell adhesion events and neurite outgrowth.
Gross and histological variations along the length of the rat vas deferens

The gross morphology of the vas deferens of the rat and the changes that occur along its length are reported. It is shown that the organ can be divided into proximal, distal and terminal portions. Each portion is histologically unique and is situated in a different part of the body. The differences are discussed in relation to the function of the organ and their possible role in the consequences of vasectomy.
Natural history of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the principal cause of dementia in the elderly, and affects about 15 million people worldwide. The earliest symptom is usually an insidious impairment of memory. As the disease progresses, there is increasing impairment of language and other cognitive functions. Problems occur with naming and word-finding, and later with verbal and written comprehension and expression. Visuospatial, analytic and abstract reasoning abilities, judgment, and insight become affected. Behavioral changes may include delusions, hallucinations, irritability, agitation, verbal or physical aggression, wandering, and disinhibition. Ultimately, there is loss of self-hygiene, eating, dressing, and ambulatory abilities, and incontinence and motor dysfunction. Before diagnosis of AD, individuals may have memory complaints, which represent a period of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Before MCI, there is a prodromal, ill-defined presymptomatic period of disease ('pre-MCI"). In this review, we particularly focus on these earliest stages. We also discuss the more advanced stages of AD, and address factors that may influence disease course. Understanding the natural history of AD will allow better targeting of the disease-modifying treatments that are on the horizon.
Dynamic resource allocation for target tracking in sensor and robot networks

Sensor network is generally composed of a set of sensors with limited computation capability and power supply. Thus, a well-defined allocation scheme is essential for maintaining the whole sensor network. This paper investigates the dynamic resource allocation problem in a sensor and robot networks for mobile target tracking tasks. Most of sensors will be in sleep mode except for the ones that can contribute for tracking. The sensor network resource allocation is achieved by a hierarchical structure--clustering. Upon detecting an interested event, a set of sensors form a cluster. Only cluster members will be activated during the tracking task. The cluster headship and membership will be updated based on the target's movement properties. In this paper, the clustering algorithm considers sensing area with communication holes and a routing tree is set up within the cluster. For a cluster with communication and/or sensing holes, mobile sensors will be deployed to enhance the sensing and communication capability in the clustering area. Simulations have been used to verify the proposed algorithm.
Factors Enhancing Effectiveness of Nonprofit Multihospital Organizations

In today’s turbulent health care environment, to cope with financial and other problems, many nonprofit hospitals are joining nonprofit multihospital organizations(MOs). This study attempts to ascertain factors that are related to MO effectiveness. The results based on a nationwide survey of administrators of nonprofit hospitals suggest that administrators can potentially enhance MO effectiveness by focusing on certain factors such as committing hospital resources to MO objectives, closely working with their counterparts on prioritizing the expenditures and aiming toward common long-term objectives, maintaining open communication channels, and developing effective conflict resolution mechanisms.
Technique for Left Ventricular Apical Cannulation for Short-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support

The ABIOMED BVS 5000 ventricular assist system (ABIOMED Cardiovascular Inc, Danvers, MA) is the most commonly used mechanical circulatory support device for post-cardiotomy and post-myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock after placement of an intra-aortic balloon pump. We describe a simple and reliable technique for left ventricular apical cannulation for this device, which also facilitates decannulation without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.
An effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone on adrenal cholesterol accumulation.

ACTH has been shown to have a stimulatory effect upon the accumulation of cholesterol by the rat adrenal. The demonstration of this effect was facilitated by the use of aminoglutethimide, an agent that inhibits the conversion of cholesterol to corticosteroids. When amino-glutethimide was given in the absence of ACTH, cholesterol accumulation in the adrenal was minimal. When the drug was given in the presence of ACTH, the adrenal cholesterol concentration was greatly increased. This effect of ACTH might be biologically important in assuring the continuing availability of cholesterol as a corticosteroid precursor during prolonged rapid steroidogenesis. (Endocrinology 81: 1185, 1967)
Regulatory takings and constitutional repair the 1990s' property-rights rebellion

In spite of the fact that the Constitution's fifth amendment states that “nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation,” politicians systematically impose almost confiscatory land-use restrictions on citizens. Growth of regulation and property-rights uncertainty have spawned grass roots opposition and political efforts to reinforce constitutional protections. Lacking success at the national level, property-rights advocates moved to the states where by August 1994 more than forty introduced property-rights legislation. Statistical estimates of the likelihood that such legislation would be introduced reveal strong support of the notion that the property-rights movement is a reaction to growth of government regulation.
The Harmonization of Eu Export Control Policies

This article analyzes efforts to harmonize European Union export control policies on dual-use goods from the perspectives of neofunctionalist and intergovernmentalist theories of European integration. The outcome of the Council negotiations on dual-use export controls can best be characterized as an intergovernmental bargain. Judicial policy making in this area, on the other hand, fits neofunctionalist expectations rather well, and on implementation issues central state executives may be losing their exclusive control. The article concludes by arguing that rather than investing great theoretical significance in differences among issue areas or policy types, it appears more fruitful to recognize the European Union as a system of multilevel governance. In this system, the relative weight and influence of different actors varies depending on whether we are concerned with policy initiation, legislative decision making, policy implementation, or judicial policy making.
Tocilizumab for the treatment of large-vessel vasculitis (giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis) and polymyalgia rheumatica.

Objective The interleukin-6 pathway is up-regulated in giant cell arteritis (GCA), Takayasu arteritis (TA), and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). We retrospectively assessed the outcomes of 10 patients with relapsing/refractory GCA, TA, or PMR treated with tocilizumab (TCZ). Methods Patients with GCA (n = 7), TA (n = 2), and PMR (n = 1) received TCZ. Seven subjects had failed at least 1 second-line agent. The outcomes evaluated were symptoms of disease activity, inflammatory markers, ability to taper glucocorticoids, and cross-sectional imaging when indicated clinically. Results The mean followup time of this cohort since diagnosis was 27 months (range 16–60 months). The patients were treated with TCZ for a mean period of 7.8 months (range 4–12 months). Before TCZ therapy, the patients experienced an average of 2.4 flares/year. All patients entered and maintained clinical remission during TCZ therapy. The mean daily prednisone dosages before and after TCZ initiation were 20.8 mg/day (range 7–34.3 mg/day) and 4.1 mg/day (range 0–10.7 mg/day), respectively (P = 0.0001). The mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate declined from 41.5 mm/hour (range 11–68 mm/hour) to 7 mm/hour (range 2.2–11.3 mm/hour; P = 0.0001). The adverse effects of TCZ included mild neutropenia (n = 4) and transaminitis (n = 4). One patient flared 2 months after TCZ discontinuation. An autopsy on 1 patient who died from a postoperative myocardial infarction following elective surgery revealed persistent vasculitis of large and medium-sized arteries. Conclusion TCZ therapy led to clinical and serologic improvement in patients with refractory/relapsing GCA, TA, or PMR. The demonstration of persistent large-vessel vasculitis at autopsy of 1 patient who had shown a substantial response requires close scrutiny in larger studies.
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND HEARING IN PREMATURE INFANTS WHO RECEIVED PHOTOTHERAPY

To determine the effect of phototherapy on subsequent growth and development, a group of 81 low birth weight infants, 56 phototherapy (P) and 25 controls (C) were examined at 6,9,12 mos. P and C groups were chosen retrospectively on a random basis. Mean (±S.E.M.) birth wt of P infants was 1601±40gm and of C, 1669±56gm. Mean gestational age of P was 32.6±0.3 wks. and of C, 34±0.4 wks (p <0.05). At 6 mos, there were 31 P and 13 C; at 9 mos, 29 P and 18 C and at 12 mos, 20 P and 12 C infants. There were no differences in wt, length and head circ. at 6 and 9 mos. At 1 year, length of P infants was significantly (p <0.05) less than in C infants (70.5±0.6 Vs 74.5± 1.4cm respectively). Motor and mental D.O. (Bayley Infant Scales) were similar in both P and C groups at 6 and 9 mos. At 1 year, P group had a significantly (p <0.05) higher motor (102±3) and mental (109±3) than C infants (94±2 and 96±4). This was due to the persistent presence of 2 C infants with low scores. Neurological exams at 1 year showed absence of any gross abnormalities in either groups although minimal abnormalities were seen in 3 of 20 P and 5 of 12 C infants. This difference was not significant. Electroencephalographic audiometric (EEA) exams in 33 P and 15 C infants did not show any significant differences. Phototherapy, therefore, did not appear to have any adverse effects on the subsequent development of premature infants even though P infants were of lower gestational age at birth.
Correlating subjective and objective sleepiness: Revisiting the association using survival analysis

STUDY OBJECTIVES The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) are the most commonly used measures of subjective and objective sleepiness, respectively. The strength of the association between these measures as well as the optimal ESS threshold that indicates objective sleepiness remains a topic of significant interest in the clinical and research arenas. The current investigation sought to: (a) examine the association between the ESS and the average sleep latency from the MSLT using the techniques of survival analysis; (b) determine whether specific patient factors influence the association; (c) examine the utility of each ESS question; and (d) identify the optimal ESS threshold that indicates objective sleepiness. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PATIENTS AND SETTINGS Patients (N = 675) referred for polysomnography and MSLT. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Using techniques of survival analysis, a significant association was noted between the ESS score and the average sleep latency. The adjusted hazard ratios for sleep onset during the MSLT for the ESS quartiles were 1.00 (ESS < 9), 1.32 (ESS: 10-13), 1.85 (ESS: 14-17), and 2.53 (ESS ≥ 18), respectively. The association was independent of several patient factors and was distinct for the 4 naps. Furthermore, most of the ESS questions were individually predictive of the average sleep latency except the tendency to doze off when lying down to rest in the afternoon, which was only predictive in patients with less than a college education. Finally, an ESS score ≥ 13 optimally predicted an average sleep latency < 8 minutes. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous reports, the association between the ESS and the average sleep latency is clearly apparent when the data are analyzed by survival analysis, and most of the ESS questions are predictive of objective sleepiness. An ESS score ≥ 13 most effectively predicts objective sleepiness, which is higher than what has typically been used in clinical practice. Given the ease of administering the ESS, it represents a relatively simple and cost-effective method for identifying individuals at risk for daytime sleepiness.
Assessing a New Imaging Modality

I will consider some of the factors to be considered when assessing the capability and limitations of a new imaging modality, using holography in the 60's and 70's as an example. Biography (100 word limit): Joseph W. Goodman received an A.B. Degree from Harvard, an M.S degree and a Ph.D. degree, both from Stanford University. He joined the faculty of the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford in 1967, chaired the department from 1989 to 1996, and served as Senior Associate Dean of Engineering until 1999. He retired from Stanford in January of 2001. Dr. Goodman is the author of the books Introduction to Fourier Optics (now in its 3 rd edition), Statistical Optics, Speckle Phenomena in Optics. He has received numerous awards from the I.E.E.E., the A.S.E.E., the O.S.A., the S.P.I.E ., including the highest awards given by the latter two societies.
An ultrastructural study of the effects of age on sympathetic innervation and atrial tissue in the rat

Previous work on the rat heart has demonstrated an age-related reduction in catecholamines and a decline in myocardial cell sensitivity to catecholamines in vitro. We used ultrastructural cytochemical techniques to label noradrenergic vesicles of the sympathetic nerve terminals of the rat heart atrium, and addressed the question of whether these deficits are accompanied by a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles or by progressive axonal degeneration. Our results demonstrate a significant sympathetic axonal degeneration between 3 and 24 months of age. No decrease in noradrenergic vesicle population in the intact nerve terminals could be discerned over this age span. Atrial cell structural alterations observed with age include: (1) increased quantities of residual bodies; (2) infrequent but definite myofibrillar disorganization at cell peripheries; (3) infrequent regional discontinuity of cell attachments and (4) increased extracellular collagen. We suggest that the apparent integrity of noradrenergic vesicle populations is consistent with reports by other investigators that levels of the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase, in sympathetic ganglia increase with age. The previously observed decline in cardiac catecholamines with age may be due to axonal degeneration rather than to reduced noradrenergic vesicles in intact terminals.
Uncertainty as wealth.

Abstract Emotional satisfaction cannot be increased above “normal”—the same normal as the caveman’s—for any length of time, but the wealth and consumption style of modern civilization may systematically reduce some people’s satisfaction below normal. Hyperbolic discounting of delayed, expected rewards suggests causes for this reduction in humans, and for how we often respond to it, while conventional exponential discounting does not. Hyperbolic discounting has been well demonstrated by four experimental routes; and there is moderate evidence that it motivates impulse control by an intertemporal bargaining technique, proposed as the mechanism of willpower. A theoretical model is described in which emotion is a reward-dependent behavior rather than a stimulus-bound respondent. Positive emotion is then limited by premature satiation of the appetite for it, a relentless process motivated by the impatience that is described by hyperbolic discount curves. This satiation can be restrained only by using adequately rare and unpredictable occasions as cues for the emotion. Willpower not only is helpless against the urge for premature satiation, but it exacerbates the satiation problem by making anticipation more thorough. The result is an asymmetrical contest between systematic attempts to vouchsafe satisfying events and impetuous attempts to put them at risk. Despite their adversarial relationship, both may to some extent be in the person’s long range interest.
Visual perception studies and observer models in medical imaging.

Most academic radiologists will be familiar with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies. Fundamental studies of human observer performance are now usually performed by forced-choice methods. Both methods are based on signal detection theory. The ROC method gives an operating curve of true-positive versus false-positive probabilities. The area under the curve, A Z , can be used a summary performance measure. In the forced-choice method, observers are given 2 or more images with one containing the signal. The observer's task is to select the option most likely to contain the signal. The percentage of correct responses, PC, is a summary performance measure. Precise comparison of the 2 methods is limited to very controlled experiments in which signals (simulated lesions for example) are carefully designed and detection or discrimination is limited by true random noise. Under these conditions, theory predicts a simple relationship between summary measures and human results are consistent with theory. There will be a description of forced-choice experimental methods and data analysis. There has also been considerable work on development of theoretic observer models. Human experiment results have used to evaluate the models. Models that correlate well with human performance in turn can be used for preliminary design of new imaging systems and for selection of image quality metrics for comparing equipment performance, this article will provide a summary of work during the last 30 years on evaluating human signal detection capabilities, observer models and image quality metrics.
Kinematic wave solutions for pollutant transport by runoff over an impervious plane, with instantaneous or finite‐period mixing

Kinematic wave solutions are derived for transport of a conservative non-point-source pollutant during a rainfall-runoff event over an impervious plane. Rainfall is assumed to be steady, uniform and finite in duration. Prior to the start of rainfall, the pollutant is distributed uniformly over the plane. When rainfall occurs, the pollutant is washed off in a particular manner and the mixing of pollutant in the runoff water occurs either instantaneously or in a finite period of time under the assumption that the pollutant is soluble and is mixed completely in the runoff water. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly siderophile element geochemistry of 187Os-enriched 2.8 Ga Kostomuksha komatiites, Baltic Shield

Abstract New analyses of highly siderophile elements (HSE; Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, and Pd) obtained by Carius tube digestion isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ID-ICPMS) technique are reported for 187Os-enriched 2.8 Ga komatiites from the Kostomuksha greenstone belt. As a result of a significant improvement in the yield over our previous digestions by the NiS fire-assay technique, these komatiites have now been shown to contain 22 to 25% more Os, Ir, and Pt and 34% more Ru. The emplaced komatiite lavas at Kostomuksha thus had siderophile element abundances comparable to those of the Abitibi belt. The discrepancies observed between the two techniques are interpreted to be the result of incomplete digestion of HSE carriers (particularly chromite) during the NiS fire-assay procedure. Our results for UB-N peridotite reference material agree well with those obtained by the high-pressure ashing digestion ID-ICPMS technique reported in the literature. Two types of komatiite lavas have been distinguished in this study based on the IPGE (Os, Ir, and Ru) behavior during lava differentiation. The Kostomuksha type is unique and is characterized by an incompatible behavior of IPGEs, with bulk solid-liquid partition coefficients for IPGEs being close to those for olivine. Cumulate zones in this type of komatiite lava occupy 20% of the total thickness of the flows. The calculated bulk partition coefficients indicate that, as with the other Munro-type komatiite lavas, the bulk cumulate contained an IPGE-rich minor phase(s) in addition to olivine. The non-CI chondritic HSE pattern for the source of the Kostomuksha komatiites calculated here is similar to that of Abitibi komatiites and to average depleted spinel lherzolite (ADSL) and supports the hypothesis of a non-CI chondritic HSE composition of the Earth’s mantle. The absolute HSE abundances in the source of the Kostomuksha komatiite have been demonstrated to be comparable to those of the source of Abitibi komatiites, even though the two komatiites contrast in their Os isotopic compositions. This supports the earlier hypothesis that if core-mantle interaction produced the 187Os/188Os radiogenic signature in the Kostomuksha source, it must have occurred in the form of isotope exchange at the core-mantle boundary. Other explanations of the radiogenic Os signature are similarly constrained to conserve the elemental abundance pattern in the mantle source of Kostomuksha komatiites.
Emergence of different mechanisms of resistance in the evolution of multidrug resistance in murine erythroleukemia cell lines.

Abstract We examined the genetic and biochemical bases for drug resistance and the order of appearance of different mechanisms underlying the increasingly more resistant murine erythroleukemia cell lines established in Adriamycin® (ADR). In the first-step low-level resistant cell line PC4-A5 (able to grow in 5 ng/mL ADR), there was a 2-fold reduction in topoisomerase IIα and topoisomerase IIβ mRNA levels, as well as topoisomerase IIα protein and activity levels as compared with the parental cell line. The topoisomerase IIα activity levels remained reduced as the cells became increasingly more resistant. In contrast, the topoisomerase II mRNA and protein levels returned to approximately the parental levels in resistant cells growing in higher drug concentrations (40–160 ng/mL). Parental cells expressed the multidrug resistance protein (MRP), but beginning with PC4-A5 MRP expression decreased and remained reduced in increasingly resistant cell lines. At high levels of ADR resistance, the cells expressed the mdr3 gene concomitant with the appearance of vincristine resistance and energy-dependent daunomycin and vincristine efflux. Glutathione levels, internal pH, and expression of the major vault protein (MVP) remained unchanged in all cell lines. Fluorescence microscopy revealed no alterations in daunomycin distribution or vesicle numbers between the parental and resistant cell lines. Different resistance mechanisms emerge sequentially as cells become more resistant to ADR; the mechanisms are retained during the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). In intermediate-level MDR cell lines (PC4-A10 and PC4-A20), resistance involves an as yet undetermined mechanism(s).
Remote sensing using vehicular mounted sensors and GPS instrumentation

When performing remote sensing, one often uses vehicular mounted sensors. This provides the flexibility of moving around and searching over a large area and can be done via airborne vehicles, ground vehicles or marine vehicles. For this type of sensing, one needs to know the position and orientation of the sensor platform in order to ground register the location of detected objects. The research reported herein is concerned with the use of a ground vehicle as a sensor platform. Digital camera-type sensors such as infra-red are considered. The focus is on requirements for accurate ground registration of detected objects of interest. A four-antenna GPS array has been chosen for vehicle attitude measurement. Relationships between positions of the array elements and vehicle attitude are derived. It is seen that the attitude computations depend on differences in the various measurements. Thus common-mode errors in the measured position of the array elements cancel, enabling quite accurate attitude measurement even when utilizing somewhat imprecise units in the GPS array. A more precise single differential GPS (DGPS) has been chosen for vehicle position measurements. Relationships between pixel coordinates in the image frame and the angle of the corresponding ray from the camera to the object of interest are derived. A series of transformations are used to convert this ray to ground coordinates. Finally the intersection of the ray with the ground is computed based on the assumption that the ground in the field-of-view is flat and at a known elevation. In this manner an object of interest in the image frame may be ground registered. Sensitivity of the ground registration with respect to vehicle attitude measurement errors is developed. It is seen that small errors in pitch, roll or yaw can cause quite large errors in the computed ground coordinates. In the case of multiple looks at the same object of interest, the geo-registration process involves target tracking and data association. This process is facilitated by combining the single-look measurements in an optimal fashion via a Kalman Filter. In fact the accuracy obtained via multiple looks can be significantly greater than for a single look. The results obtained indicate that accurate geo-registration of remotely sensed objects is possible when using vehicular mounted sensors in conjunction with DGPS and that such a scheme is feasible with commercially available GPS and IR cameras. Geo-registration accuracy within a fraction of a meter is attainable for near objects.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamics of particle deposition in model fiber filters

Abstract Aerosol filtration in model filters composed of an array of identical parallel fibers with equal interfiber distance was studied through simulation and experimentation. The simulation was made using a stochastic model based on principles proposed earlier [7, 8]. The major modification is that particles impacting on collectors or already deposited particles may bounce off and escape collection if the impact velocity is great enough. Good agreement between simulation and experiment was observed, lending credence to the eventual application of the stochastic model as a basis for the study of deposition dynamics. Based on the simulation results and confirmed by experimental data, an empirical correlation relating the increase in collection efficiency with the degree of particle deposition was established.
Hydrodynamical evolution of coalescing binary neutron stars

The hydrodynamics of the final merging of two neutron stars and the corresponding gravitational wave emission is studied in detail. Various test calculations are presented, including the compressible Roche and Darwin problems and the head-on collision of two polytropes. A complete coalescence calculation is presented for the simplest case of two identical neutron stars, represented by Gamma = 2 polytropes, in a circular orbit, with their spins aligned and synchronized with the orbital rotation.
Influence of the range of particle sizes of the filler on the adhesion strength and residual stresses in epoxy composites

We study the influence of the contents and physical nature of coarse-grained (60–65 μm) and finegrained (3–10 μm) particles on the adhesion strength and residual stresses in epoxy composites for functionally gradient coatings. The temperature-and-time conditions of cross-linking of the epoxy matrix are optimized. The maximum adhesion strength (49.2–50.0 МРа) is attained as a result of the addition of copper-oxide filler (60–65 μm) to the epoxy oligomer in the following amounts: q = 60–80 m.p. per 100 m.p. of the epoxy matrix. The residual stresses vary from 4.5 to 4.8 МРа.
A Critical Performative Process: Supporting the Second-Language Literacies and Voices of Emergent Bilingual Learners

This article presents illustrations from a Boalian theatrical intervention in a Southeastern U.S. middle school designed to enable Latina students to enact experiential performances depicting common problems they face in their daily lives with discrimination and hostility as well as possible solutions to those challenges to their feelings of inclusion and well-being. The work relies on theories that emphasize the role of drama as personal and educational, particularly with regard to young people’s growing political awareness and understanding of the agency they have in contesting bigoted conduct toward them and their immigrant communities. The authors present data from an ongoing ethnographic study of a Southeastern U.S. middle school classroom and demonstrate the students’ use of various modalities—discussion, performance, art, and others—through which to mediate their growth into more socially aware and active citizens, as evidenced by their understanding of appropriate forms of resistance and their pub...
Structural changes accompanying negative thermal expansion in Zr2(MoO4)(PO4)2

Zr{sub 2}(MoO{sub 4})(PO{sub 4}){sub 2} is orthorhombic (Sc{sub 2}W{sub 3}O{sub 12} structure) from 9 to at least 400 K, and shows anisotropic volume negative thermal expansion ({alpha}{sub a} = -8.35(4) x 10{sup -6} K{sup -1}; {alpha}{sub b} = 3.25(3) x 10{sup -6} K{sup -1}; {alpha}{sub c} = -8.27(5) x 10{sup -6} K{sup -1} in the range 122-400 K) similar in magnitude to A{sub 2}M{sub 3}O{sub 12} (M-Mo or W) with large A{sup 3+}. The contraction on heating is associated with a pattern of Zr-O-Mo/P bond angle changes that is somewhat similar, but not the same as that for Sc{sub 2}W{sub 3}O{sub 12}. On heating, the most pronounced reductions in the separation between the crystallographic positions of neighboring Zr and P are not associated with significant reductions in the corresponding Zr-O-P crystallographic bond angles, in contrast to what was seen for Sc{sub 2}W{sub 3}O{sub 12}.
Production of enucleated plant protoplasts of Allium cepa

Abstract Protoplasts were isolated enzymatically from epidermis of Allium cepa bulbs. Some of the protoplasts separated into nucleated and enucleated portions of similar size.
Complexity of human and ecosystem interactions in an agricultural landscape

The complexity of human interaction in the commercial agricultural landscape and the resulting impacts on the ecosystem services of water quality and quantity are largely ignored by the current agricultural paradigm that maximizes crop production over other ecosystem services. Three examples at different spatial scales (local, regional, and global) are presented where human and ecosystem interactions in a commercial agricultural landscape adversely affect water quality and quantity in unintended ways in the Delta of northwestern Mississippi. In the first example, little to no regulation of groundwater use for irrigation has caused declines in groundwater levels resulting in loss of baseflow to streams and threatening future water supply. In the second example, federal policy that subsidizes corn for biofuel production has encouraged many producers to switch from cotton to corn, which requires more nutrients and water, counter to national efforts to reduce nutrient loads to the Gulf of Mexico and exacerbating groundwater-level declines. The third example is the wholesale adoption of a system for weed control that relies on a single chemical, initially providing many benefits but ultimately leading to the widespread occurrence of glyphosate and its degradates in Delta streams and necessitating higher application rates of glyphosate as well as the use of other herbicides due to increasing weed resistance. Although these examples are specific to the Mississippi Delta, analogous situations exist throughout the world and point to the need for change in how we grow our food, fuel, and fiber, and manage our soil and water resources.
A Possible Revision in Blake's Jerusalem

In his highly perceptive study, Blake's Illustrations to the Divine Comedy, Albert S. Roe is perplexed by the fact that the first design to the Paradiso, “Dante Adoring Christ,” is numbered “97.” Admittedly puzzled, Roe tentatively suggests that the design may have been “the ninety-seventh sheet as the pages were originally arranged,” or that the number may refer to a line of Cary's translation, which appeared in 1814 and was therefore accessible to Blake.1 I propose that this design was originally intended to be the ninety-seventh illustration to Blake's Jerusalem, his last major written work.
Cultural specificity and comparison in psychiatric epidemiology: walking the tightrope in American Indian research.

Increasingly, the mental health needs of populations are measured using large-sample surveys with standardized measures and methods. Such efforts, however, rarely include sufficient number of smaller, culturally defined populations to draw defensible conclusions about their needs. Furthermore, without some adaptation, the standardized methods and measures may yield invalid results in such populations. Using a recently completed psychiatric epidemiology and services study with American Indian populations as a case example, this paper outlines issues facing epidemiologists working in such culturally diverse contexts. The issues discussed include the following: (1) persuading the scientific community and potential sponsors that work with distinct or culturally defined populations is important; (2) framing research questions and activities to meet the needs of communities; (3) defining a population of inference; (4) balancing the needs for comparability and cultural specificity; (5) maximizing scientific validity in light of the challenges in sample acquisition; and (6) developing and implementing data collection methods that uphold scientific standards but are also realistic given the context. The authors draw on their experiences—most recently in the American Indian Service Utilization, Psychiatric Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors Project (AI-SUPERPFP)—to illustrate these issues and suggest ways to address each. A goal of this paper is to challenge those invested in conducting culturally valid epidemiologic work in such populations to better articulate the nature of these efforts.
Laser Welding of Gold Alloys

A neodymium glass laser was used to produce weld joints between test pieces of four different casting gold alloys. The mechanical properties of the welds were determined and their microstructures were evaluated. The results of this study indicate that laser welding of dental casting gold alloys is metallurgically feasible.
Two Views of the Logic of Plurals and a Reduction of One to the Other

There are different views of the logic of plurals that are now in circulation, two of which we will compare in this paper. One of these is based on a two-place relation of being among, as in `Peter is among the juveniles arrested'. This approach seems to be the one that is discussed the most in philosophical journals today. The other is based on Bertrand Russell's early notion of a class as many, by which is meant not a class as one, i.e., as a single entity, but merely a plurality of things. It was this notion that Russell used to explain plurals in his 1903 Principles of Mathematics; and it was this notion that I was able to develop as a consistent system that contains not only a logic of plurals but also a logic of mass nouns as well. We compare these two logics here and then show that the logic of the Among relation is reducible to the logic of classes as many.
An experimental study of the slot aerial and the three-element collinear array of slot aerials

The principle of complementarity is reviewed with particular reference to its application to the study of slot transmission lines and slot aerials. The conventional techniques for making measurements on transmission lines are shown to be applicable to a two-slot line that is used to centre-drive a slot aerial. The complementary normalized impedance of such an aerial as a function of its half length, and the distributions of the electric and magnetic field along it, have been measured and are described. The experimental results for the slot aerial are compared with the approximately complementary ones derived theoretically for a centre-driven cylindrical aerial. The effect of the finite thickness of the earth screen in which the slot line and aerial are cut is discussed. A similar study is described for a threeelement collinear array of slot aerials.
Reggae, resistance and the state: Television and popular music in the Côte d'Ivoire

This article attempts to integrate both macro and micro levels of analysis to the study of one aspect of modern African culture—the Ivoirien music made popular by state television in Cote d'Ivoire. The article examines the relationship between state television and the Ivoirien popular singer and how the latter struggles within that relationship. Particular attention is focused on Cote d'Ivoire's international singing star, Alpha Blondy. The article is based upon the author's field study of Ivoirien television conducted from September 1987 to December 1989 for a period of 19 months, and extends to the present as events continue to alter the media terrain in that country.