cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laryngeal Manipulation for Dysphagia with Muscle Tension Dysphonia.

The purpose of the article is to describe the use of laryngeal manipulation as a treatment for dysphagia resulting from excessive paralaryngeal muscle tension and to identify the patients likely to have symptomatic improvement. This is a retrospective single-center case series. A retrospective review identified patients from 2007 to 2013 with laryngeal manipulation for muscle tension dysphagia in an academic Otolaryngology practice. Subjects with dysphagia not attributable to an anatomic cause who attended therapy at least one time were included in the study. The primary outcome of the study was subjective improvement in dysphagia symptoms (yes/no) during follow-up. Symptoms, demographic information, treatment, and response to therapy were recorded. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for analysis of continuous variables, while a Chi-squared test or fisher’s exact test was used for analysis of all categorical variables. Forty-four subjects were included, consisting of 37 women and 7 men. Subjective improvement in dysphagia was seen in 34 subjects (77.3%). No significant differences were seen in improvement based on gender (p = 0.3223), race (p = 0.4317), number of sessions with a speech pathologist (p = 0.3198), or presenting symptoms including hoarseness (p = 0.0853), pain (p = 1.000), globus (p = 0.2834), and cough (p = 1.000). We found subjective improvement with laryngeal manipulation as reported during follow-up visits to clinic among individuals with muscle tension dysphagia. Patient age, presenting symptoms, and number of therapy sessions were not found to be significantly associated with resolution of symptoms.
Using Practitioner-engaged Evidence Synthesis to Teach Research and Information Literacy Skills: A Model and Case Study

Abstract Service learning connects learning in the classroom to real-world experience and presents opportunities for deeper library engagement in the curriculum and the teaching of critical information literacy. We present a model for teaching research and information literacy skills in the service learning context, making use of the evidence-based practice paradigm and engagement with community partners and practitioners in the field, connecting academic research to real-world practice and problem-solving. This model addresses some of the challenges of ACRL's Framework for Information Literacy in Higher Education and is adaptable to various disciplines and educational environments.
SMAC: Spatial multi-category angle-based classifier for high-dimensional neuroimaging data.

Abstract With the development of advanced imaging techniques, scientists are interested in identifying imaging biomarkers that are related to different subtypes or transitional stages of various cancers, neuropsychiatric diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases, among many others. In this paper, we propose a novel spatial multi-category angle-based classifier (SMAC) for the efficient identification of such imaging biomarkers. The proposed SMAC not only utilizes the spatial structure of high-dimensional imaging data but also handles both binary and multi-category classification problems. We introduce an efficient algorithm based on an alternative direction method of multipliers to solve the large-scale optimization problem for SMAC. Both our simulation and real data experiments demonstrate the usefulness of SMAC.
A comparative study of flow boiling HFE-7100 in silicon nanowire and plainwall microchannels

Abstract Extensive experimental investigations along with high speed visualizations have been performed to assess the flow boiling characteristics in Silicon Nanowire (SiNW) microchannels. Experiments have been also performed in Plainwall microchannels to compare their performances with SiNW configurations. HFE-7100 has been used as the working fluid and experiments are conducted in a forced convection loop at mass flux range of 400–1600 kg/m2s. Arrays of microchannel consist 5 (five) parallel straight microchannels with Width, Depth and Length dimension of 220 μm, 250 μm and 10 mm respectively. Flow boiling performances including heat transfer coefficient (HTC), pressure drop, two-phase flow instabilities and critical heat flux (CHF) have been studied in both the Silicon plainwall (smooth inner surface) and Silicon Nanowire (silicon nanostructured inner surface) microchannels. High speed flow visualizations have been performed at up to 70,000 frames per s (fps) to understand the difference in boiling mechanisms between Plainwall and SiNW. SiNW performs significantly enhanced HTC (up to 400% improvement), reduces flow boiling instabilities and pressure drop (up to 70% reduction) compared to Plainwall microchannels. However, little/insignificant effect of nanostructured surface has been observed on CHF. In addition, a major difference in two-phase flow regime development has been observed between the SiNW and Plainwall microchannels during flow visualization. Specifically, SiNWs introduce explosive bubble nucleation, reduce intermittent flow regimes (slug/churn), improve rewetting, maintain thin liquid film and thus, improve system performances.
Fundamental Units of Inter-Individual Variation in Resting State Connectomes

Resting state functional connectomics holds the promise of illuminating and predicting individual differences in behavioral and clinical phenotypes. To realize this goal, however, it is critical to gain greater understanding of the nature, kind, and extent of population-wide inter-individual connectomic variation. We examined whole-brain resting state functional connectomes from healthy young adults from the Human Connectome Project 1200 release. We found clear evidence of low rank structure in which a modest number of connectomic components, around 50-150, account for a sizable portion of cross-individual connectomic variation. This number was convergently arrived at with multiple methods including estimation of intrinsic dimensionality and assessment of reconstruction of out-of-sample data. In addition, we show that these connectomic components enable prediction of a broad array of neurocognitive and clinical symptom variables at levels comparable to a leading method that is trained on the whole connectome. Qualitative observation reveals that these connectomic components exhibit extensive community structure reflecting interrelationships between intrinsic connectivity networks. We provide quantitative validation of this observation using novel stochastic block model-based methods. We propose that the fundamental connectivity units identified in this study form an effective basis set for quantifying and interpreting inter-individual connectomic differences, and for predicting behavioral and clinical phenotypes.
Heat Transport in Liquid Helium II

Few physical phenomena illustrate quantum effects on a macroscopic scale as dramatically as superfluidity.[1] Two examples are known. One is the superconducting transition which occurs in many metals at relatively low temperatures (less than 20 K). The second is the transition of the normal isotope of helium 4He into a superfluid state known as liquid helium II. In each case, the unique properties of the superfluid hold promise of significant technological exploitation. In the case of superconductivity this exploitation has already begun [2] and many commercial applications are under development. The superfluidity of liquid helium II is equally unique physically. At present, the development of commercial uses which depend upon the unusual thermomechanical properties of liquid helium II is not as advanced. This is partially due to its inconveniently low temperature. Thus the greatest promise for commercially exploiting the properties of liquid helium II is in conjunction with systems involving superconductivity. In fact, it is so used in its single application to date.[3]
Quantitative phase characterization and compensation by multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan (MIIPS)

Accurate and reproducible research in the field of femtochemistry requires both the measurement and then subsequent correction of phase distortions inherent in femtosecond laser pulses. Spectral phase distortions, which are introduced by the transmission of an ultrashort laser pulse through a lens, optical fiber, or microscope objective, or by interaction with an optical surface such as a dielectric mirror, have a negative effect both on the ability to carry out and the ability to reproduce experiments in which pulse duration is of importance, or nonlinear optical processes are utilized. This chapter presents a quantitative study on the ability of multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan (MIIPS) to both characterize phase distortions with better precision and reproducibility than other established methods, and to correct them to obtain transform-limited pulses. The MIIPS method provides accurate phase retrieval and phase correction at the sample. These are important functions for reproducible femtosecond laser pulse experiments, especially those involving nonlinear optics. The MIIPS setup can also be used to deliver accurate synthetic wavefunctions at the sample as would be required for laser control experiments.
Characterizing Measurement Error in Scores Across Studies: Some Recommendations for Conducting “Reliability Generalization” Studies

T. Vacha-Haase (1998) proposed her “reliability generalization” methodology to characterize (a) typical score reliability for a measure across studies, (b) the variability of score reliabilities, a...
Comparison of perinatal outcomes following frozen embryo transfer cycles using autologous versus donor oocytes in women 40 to 43 years old: analysis of SART CORS data

To study the differences in perinatal outcomes after frozen embryo transfer cycles using autologous or donor oocytes in women of advanced maternal age. Historical cohort study. US national database from the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System (SART CORS) from 2009 to 2013. Women at 40–43 years of age undergoing autologous frozen embryo transfers (a-FET) or donor oocyte frozen embryo transfers (d-FET) resulting in singleton pregnancies that were entered in the SART CORS database from 2009 to 2013. a-FET resulted in 4402 singleton live births whereas d-FET resulted in 2703 singleton live births. d-FET resulted in a higher risk of preterm births (< 37 weeks), with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.33 (95% CI 1.02–1.75), but similar risk of small for gestational age (SGA), with aOR 1.75 (95% CI 0.85–3.7), when compared to a-FET. However, when only single blastocyst transfer cycles are considered, d-FET and a-FET showed no difference in preterm births or other adverse perinatal outcomes. Singletons resulting from d-FET are at increased risk for perinatal morbidity. However, the risk was diminished in single blastocyst transfer cycles. Our study supports the current American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) guidelines of transferring a single blastocyst in d-FET cycles.
Deep RC: Enabling Remote Control through Deep Learning

Human remote-control (RC) pilots have the ability to perceive the position and orientation of an aircraft using only third-person-perspective visual sensing. While novice pilots often struggle when learning to control RC aircraft, they can sense the orientation of the aircraft with relative ease. In this paper, we hypothesize and demonstrate that deep learning methods can be used to mimic the human ability to perceive the orientation of an aircraft from monocular imagery. This work uses a neural network to directly sense the aircraft attitude. The network is combined with more conventional image processing methods for visual tracking of the aircraft. The aircraft track and attitude measurements from the convolutional neural network (CNN) are combined in a particle filter that provides a complete state estimate of the aircraft. The network topology, training, and testing results are presented as well as filter development and results. The proposed method was tested in simulation and hardware flight demonstrations.
Evolving Water Law and Management in the U.S.: Montana

The availability of water or the lack thereof has influenced the evolution of each state and the laws of each state. The development of water law naturally grew from the realities of water and other resources in different areas of the country and the need for water for industry, agriculture, and other enterprises. The evolution and development of water management in Montana provide a good example of water management in the western United States. From the beginnings of Montana and of the West as a region, water sat at the top of the list of essentials for human occupancy and use of the area. Indeed, water is arguably the defining characteristic of the West.
Targeted Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Arteriovenous Malformation Downgrading Followed by Microsurgical Resection: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background An unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) is a complex pathological entity with the potential to lead to disabling or fatal intracranial hemorrhage. The treatment approaches for these lesions have included microsurgical resection, endovascular embolization, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and medical management or any combination of these modalities. However, the optimal treatment approach for unruptured bAVMs has not yet been determined. In the present case, we used SRS strategically to downgrade an AVM to allow for improved resectability. Case Description A 28-year-old woman had presented with 10 years of headaches and was found to have a Spetzler-Martin grade IV AVM not amenable to resection. She underwent targeted SRS only of the deep portions of the AVM, resulting in a decrease of the AVM to grade III. Subsequent microsurgical resection was successful in complete removal of the AVM. At the 1-year follow-up examination she had no deficits. Conclusions We have proposed a protocol of using focused SRS to eliminate the portions of the AVM that confer an increased surgical risk. SRS, followed by microsurgical resection, could represent an optimal treatment strategy for high-grade AVMs with difficult surgical anatomy.
Factors in Weight Management: A Research Story

Investigative teams from the fields of behavior analysis and physical activity/nutrition collaborated on a 10-year program of discovery and research to identify effective approaches to weight loss and maintenance by individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Three phases are reported: (a) initial observations of dietary intake in a small sample of group-home residents, (b) a single-arm evaluation of a packaged-meal diet, and (c) a controlled clinical trial comparing the packaged meals with a conventional reduced-energy diet with an extended weight-maintenance phase. Conclusions regarding practical applications and recommendations for future research are provided.
A scaling analysis for the evolution of small-scale turbulence eddies across premixed flames with implications on distributed combustion

In this work, we propose a physics-based scaling theory for the evolution of small-scale turbulence eddies in the unburnt mixture when they travel across the preheat zone of a premixed flame. This ...
Eriophyid mite Floracarus perrepae reduces climbing ability of the invasive vine Lygodium microphyllum

Abstract Invasive vines often grow rapidly, smothering native vegetation and causing extensive ecosystem damage. Despite these impacts, the growth rates of individual stems of multi-stemmed vines and the effects of biological control agents on these growth rates are poorly understood. Here, we quantified the growth rates of individual rachises of Lygodium microphyllum (Lygodiaceae; Old World climbing fern), a noxious invasive vine undergoing range expansion in Florida. Our objectives were to (1) quantify L. microphyllum rachis growth under varied light conditions and seasons; and (2) determine the effect of damage by the biological control mite Floracarus perrepae (Eriophyidae) to the apical meristem on rachis growth. We experimentally grew plants onto trellises to isolate, track, and measure individual rachises of the plant during 3 seasons (spring, summer, winter). Healthy (undamaged) rachises of L. microphyllum grew fastest in spring (2.22 ± 0.13 cm/day), particularly in shade where rachises grew nearly 1.5 times faster than in full sun. Mite damage reduced rachis growth rates 3.7 fold and greatly increased plant investment in rachises that did not climb. Furthermore, 85% of rachises damaged by mite feeding did not attain normal growth rates following mite damage. Our findings are the first to quantify the rapid climbing ability of individual L. microphyllum rachises, as well as the potential for F. perrepae to substantially curb rachis growth. Importantly, the ability to impede a vine’s climbing may be critical in determining the efficacy of a biological control agent, and future work on vines should focus on developing such agents.
COVID-19 and cancer: The bad and the ugly

Patients with cancer are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection with higher risk of severe symptoms and death.
Survival analysis of CLL/SLL patients with Richter’s transformation to DLBCL: An analysis of the SEER database.

e20024Background: Richter's transformation (RT) from Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (CLL/SLL) to a Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is a rare complication with an esti...
“What’d We Miss?”: An Initial Analysis of Politics, Demographics, and COVID-19 Rates in Colleges’ Resumption of Instructional Operations for Fall 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic forced higher education institutions to reexamine their modes of instruction for the Fall 2020 semester. Some institutions chose to re-open for in-person instruction, others chose online or hybrid modalities. While it is assumed that institutions took into account public health concerns when making the decision on how to reopen, other factors may have played a role. Leveraging mode of instruction data for 2,938 colleges and universities, this paper examines the political, epidemiological, economic, and social factors related to Fall 2020 reopening plans. Surprisingly, it finds no discernible relationship between that county-level or state-level COVID-19 case counts and college or university reopening plan. Furthermore, campus demographics - such as White student enrollment - and state political characteristics - such as Governor's party - were related to campus mode of instruction decisions for the Fall 2020 semester.
Limited Utility of Procalcitonin in Identifying Community-Associated Bacterial Infections in Patients Presenting with Coronavirus Disease 2019.

The role of procalcitonin in identifying community-associated bacterial infections among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 is not yet established. In 2,443 patients of whom 148 had bacterial coinfections, mean procalcitonin levels were significantly higher with any bacterial infection (13.16 ± 51.19 ng/ml; P = 0.0091) and with bacteremia (34.25 ± 85.01 ng/ml; P = 0.0125) than without infection (2.00 ± 15.26 ng/ml). Procalcitonin (cutoff, 0.25 or 0.50 ng/ml) did not reliably identify bacterial coinfections but may be useful in excluding bacterial infection.
Assessment of the first 1000 3D prints requests at an academic library

As academic libraries are instituting 3D printing into their services, assessment of these programs is necessary. This paper analyses the 3D printing program at an academic library from inception t...
Implementation of EMR-based standardized antibiotic desensitization protocols and its impact on providers

Background: As desensitization protocols become more readily available and published, more institutions are implementing them and searching for ways to streamline the process. There have been no published studies to date on the effect that electronic medical record systems (EMR) have on the safety and efficiency of β-lactam antibiotic desensitization. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in workflow, efficiency, and medical errors after implementation of β-lactam antibiotic desensitization. Methods: A collaborative effort between the Allergy/Immunology Division and the Pharmacy Department led to the creation and implementation of antibiotic desensitization order sets. Pre- and postimplementation of β-lactam antibiotic surveys were sent to pharmacists and allergy/immunology fellows and attendings at a single-center tertiary care center. Results: There were only 26 valid respondents (12.3%) to both the pre- and postimplementation surveys. The percentage of respondents who thought that the time needed to prepare desensitization materials was < 4 hours increased from 23% to 77% (p < 0.001). The percentage of respondents who thought that the time needed to input electronic desensitization orders was < 1 hour increased from 19% to 54% (p = 0.002). The percentage of respondents who identified zero errors increased from 42% to 92% (p = 0.001). The perception of the overall desensitization process efficiency significantly increased (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Creation of standardized electronic β-lactam antibiotic desensitization order sets significantly decreased the time taken to order and prepare materials and increased overall efficiency.
Do Short-Term Institutions and Short Sellers Exploit the Net Share Issuance Effect?

Existing literature documents that net share issuance significantly predicts cross-sectional stock returns, and yet institutional investors in aggregate do not trade on the net share issuance effect. Motivated by the findings in the existing literature that short-term institutions and short sellers are better informed and more sophisticated, in this study we examine whether short-term institutions and short sellers exploit the net share issuance effect. We provide evidence that short-term institutional investors and short sellers indeed trade in the direction of the net share issuance effect. Our results from Granger-Causality tests show that short sellers exploit information contained in net share issuance and the trading of institutional investors. In particular, short sellers take advantage of the trade of long-term institutions on the short side of the net share issuance effect.
NPO/NGO Education in Public Administration in South Korea

This study examines how NPO/NGO-related themes and theories are incorporated into public administration education in South Korea. By analyzing NPO/NGO-related courses in selected public administration programs, this research breaks down their curricula into major categories from the public administration and policy standpoints. This study found that civil society constitutes the public administration environment on the macro-level, while NPO/NGOs are key actors in the participatory governance and contracting-out on the micro-level. From the public policy standpoint, the advocacy function of NPO/NGOs took the central role in the public policy formation stage, while their service delivery function was highlighted in the public policy implementation stage. South Korean PA education is evaluated to take a top-down-style approach in embracing the roles of NPO/NGOs in the public policy implementation process. This study contributes to strengthening ties between PA education and NPO/NGO education and practices.
Differential associations of phasic and tonic irritability to suicidality among U.S. adults.

Abstract Research on the relations between irritability and suicidality among adults has rarely compared or differentiated between tonic versus phasic irritability. The current cross-sectional study investigated the role of both tonic and phasic irritability in relation to lifetime suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts. The study included adult participants who completed the suicidality module from the National Comorbidity Survey – Replication (NCS-R) (N = 7683 for suicidal ideation and N = 1223 for suicidal plan and attempt). The NCS-R used lay-administered, standardized diagnostic interviews. Phasic and tonic irritability were assessed with individual screener items from the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interviews (CIDI). The current study used logistic regression, weighted Cox proportional hazard model, and multinomial logit regression, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, age, education, and marital status. Both types of irritability were included simultaneously in the models. Results indicated that both types of irritability were significantly associated with increased odds of suicidal ideation (phasic: Odds Ratio 2.72 [2.35,3.14]); tonic: OR 2.34 [2.04,2.68]), age of first-time suicidal ideation (phasic: Adjusted Hazard Ratio 2.87 [2.27, 3.63]; tonic: AHR 2.12 [1.76,2.54]), and suicide attempt (phasic: OR 1.53 [1.13,2.07]); tonic: OR 1.44 [1.11,1.89]). Only tonic but not phasic irritability was associated with suicide plans (OR 1.39 [1.08,1.79]). When suicide attempts were divided into those that were impulsive versus planned and compared them to no suicide attempt, both types of irritability were associated planned attempts, (phasic: OR 1.53 [1.13,2.07]); tonic: OR 1.44 [1.11,1.89]) but only phasic irritability was related to impulsive attempts (OR 1.70 [1.10,2.64]). Phasic and tonic irritability show differential relations to and can serve as differential markers for suicide-related outcomes in adults.
Priorities for worldwide remote sensing of agricultural crops

The world's crops are ranked according to total harvested area, and comparisons are made among major world regions of differences in crops produced. The eight leading world crops are wheat, rice, corn, barley, millet, soybeans, sorghum, and cotton. Regionally, millet and sorghum are most important in Africa, wheat is the most extensively grown crop in north-central America, Europe, USSR, and Oceania; corn is the dominant crop in South America; and rice is the most extensively grown crop in Asia. Agriculture in the USA is considered in more detail to show the national economic impact of variations in value per hectare among crops. On the world scene, the cereals are the most important crops, but locally, such crops as tobacco can play a dominant role.
Using the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement with the WISC-III and WAIS-III to Determine a Specific Learning Disability

Publisher Summary This chapter throws the attention to determine a specific learning disability by using the Woodcock–Johnson III tests of achievement with the WISC-III and WAIS-III. Most psychological assessments completed in school systems are intended to substantiate learning difficulties evidenced in the classroom. Selection of the ability and achievement scales is an important decision for psychologists. The discrepancy is meaningless unless scores on a variety of intelligence and achievement tests are relatively equivalent and stable across time. The discrepancy model for determining a specific learning disability is fraught with debate. Nonetheless, a best-practices model dictates that grade-level differences should not be utilized for determining a learning disability because of the inherent variability across age groupings. Therefore, when assessment professionals choose not to use the WJ III COG together with the WJ III ACH, but instead select a different measure of cognitive functioning to combine with the WJ III ACH, utilization of a regression formula that corrects for regression to the mean and computes predicted achievement scores, is the most statistically sound practice. Although there is a paucity of data for math disorders, there is considerable empirically supported data regarding reading deficits. Finally, an evaluation of these critical competencies is essential for guiding subsequent intervention procedures.
International Relations Theories and International Law

This brief essay describes the main approaches to explaining international relations and how they might be useful in understanding international law.As used in academic discourse in the United States, international relations (IR) theory is a sub-field of political science that applies the methods of modern social science to develop and test hypotheses identifying the causes of “outcomes” that occur in world — as opposed to domestic — politics. The most important outcome is war (or peace); other outcomes of interest are alliances, treaties, varying levels of international trade, and the creation or effectiveness of international institutions like the United Nations (UN) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). A useful abstraction is to characterize all international outcomes along one spectrum of cooperation and conflict, with perpetual world peace on one end and no-holds-barred world war on the other. The term “international relations” is commonly used in non-academic settings to refer to the international outcomes that the eponymous discipline seeks primarily to explain and secondarily to predict.
Cancer. A radical approach to treatment.

A compound that kills leukaemia cells does so by inhibiting an enzyme that keeps down the level of toxic reactive oxygen species. The result raises hope that this compound, together with substances that increase the concentration of these oxygen species, may be useful in treating some cancers.
Overseeing the Refugee Convention: U.N. Linkages

At the Ministerial Meeting of States Parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and 1967 Refugee Protocol held in Geneva on Dec. 12-13, states agreed formally to pursue efforts to reinforce effective implementation of their refugee protection treaty obligations. To that end, the International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA), in collaboration with the University of Michigan's Program in Refugee and Asylum Law, convened a Global Consultation on International Protection in Geneva on Dec. 11. That meeting launched a process of careful review of options for the establishment of an independent supervisory mechanism for international refugee law based on a series of Working Papers. The introductory paper, "Taking Oversight of Refugee Law Seriously," by Prof. James Hathaway of the University of Michigan Law School, makes the case for genuinely independent supervision of the Refugee Convention. In particular, it argues that scholars and activists must not be intimidated by institutional insistence that oversight of the Refugee Convention be a function exclusively of the UNHCR. The High Commissioner's duty to supervise implementation of the Convention and the more general obligation of state parties to take collective responsibility to oversee implementation of their treaty obligations are, in fact, compatible - not mutually exclusive - responsibilities. The first four Working Papers in the series consider the usefulness in the context of the Refugee Convention of the most widely used mechanisms of treaty supervision which, as forcefully argued by Harvard's Professor Henry Steiner, are mutually reinforcing and interdependent processes. The final three papers speak to the process of overseeing the Refugee Convention. Working Paper No. 6 recognizes the importance of avoiding overlap between the work of a supervisory body for the Refugee Convention and that of other UN human rights treaty bodies, and proposes careful mechanisms of both close and diffuse cooperation with these and other oversight bodies to inspire them more effectively to take up the cause of refugee protection in their own work.
Skyhook control for 7 DOF ride model of armored vehicle due to road disturbance

In this study, a 7 DOF ride model of armored vehicle is employed in control system to control the vehicle ride performance especially in body acceleration, body pitch acceleration and body roll acceleration due to road disturbances using Skyhook controller. The 7 DOF ride model parameter is obtained from Carsim software by selecting heavy vehicle HMMWV as benchmark. The performance of Skyhook controller was compared to the performance of Simple PID controller and Passive single acting suspension system.
SPATIALLY-VARYING AND COHERENT STRUCTURES

This chapter is devoted to the theory and observation of coherent structures in the near-surface layer of the ocean. The upper ocean boundary layer is turbulent but not completely random. The phenomenon of self-organization occurs in a variety of nonlinear dissipative systems. Spatially coherent, organized motions have been recognized as an important part of turbulent boundary-layer processes.These motions provide nonlocal transport of properties across the boundary layer. Spirals on the sea surface and sharp frontal interfaces are intriguing examples of self-organization. Other types of quasiperiodic structures in the near-surface ocean, such as freshwater lenses produced by rainfalls, may have distinct signatures in the sea surface temperature field. Due to the presence of surface gravity waves, the Ekman boundary layer is unstable to helical motions (Langmuir cells). Ramp-like structures are a common feature of boundary-layer flows; they are, however, oriented perpendicular to the wind direction, while Langmuir cells are roughly aligned with the wind. Internal waves, resonant interactions between surface and internal modes, billows in the diurnal thermocline, and convection also produce organized motions in the upper ocean under certain conditions.
Bacterial and Enzymatic Bioassays for Toxicity Testing in the Environment

More than 50,000 chemicals, most of which are xenobiotics, are in common use and new ones are continually and regularly added to the inventory. Serious concern has been raised over the release of these xenobiotics or their metabolites (Liu et al. 1990) into the environment. Their deleterious effect on the environment can be assessed via acute and chronic toxicity tests, using mostly fish and invertebrate bioassays (Peltier and Weber 1985). However, due to the large number of chemicals to be tested, ecotoxicologists and environmental scientists and engineers are now using short-term toxicity assays which are mostly based on inhibition of the activity of enzymes, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa (Bitton 1983; Bitton and Dutka 1986; Dutka and Bitton 1986; Bitton et al. 1989; Liu and Dutka 1984). Microbial bioassays have been used for screening the toxicity of wastewater effluents and for monitoring the quality of reclaimed water (Grabow et al. 1985).
Trenton Exploration and Wrenching Tectonics—Michigan Basin and Environs

Hydrocarbon production in the Michigan basin occurs primarily from Silurian pinnacle reefs or Middle Ordovician and Middle Devonian linear, faulted, and dolomitized structures. The writer has previously proposed a wrenching model for the basin based on lineament (fault) patterns from Landsat imagery and outcrop fracture analyses (ground truth). The azimuths of existing linear producing fields, whether from Trenton-Black River or younger rocks, closely fit the shear model. Analyses (x-ray diffraction) of numerous well samples from several producing fields show dolomite/calcite ratios of epigenetically formed dolomite (porous reservoir rock) channelways along vertical shear faults, shear folds, cross faults, cross folds, and stratigraphic permeable offshoots from the fault channelways of the wrenching model. The dolomitizing fluids probably entered the fault channelways from artesion waters from below. If so, basin form would be important to reservoir rock development in this system. Geophysical exploration for the strike-slip shear faults in nearly horizontal rocks generally has proved elusive, even for accompanying shear folds where they have small amplitudes. The Trenton-Black River Albion-Scipio giant field is shear faulted but not shear folded. Geophysical search for other similar structures has been far from successful. Thus, model fitting in many instances may be the most effective tool. Itmore » should be recognized that faults sensed by the reflected infrared of Landsat are open systems, at least near the surface. It is the unseen closed system components of the model for which one searches.« less
Approximation of stochastic evolution equations

In this paper we consider the Ito's stochastic differential equation in Hilbert spaces. We discuss and analyze several time-integration methods and higher order difference approximations. Applications to the Zakai equation and the Kushner equation in the nonlinear filtering problem are presented.
Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Recovery from Severe and Disabling Mental Illness

The concept of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) provides a useful epistemological bridge, between the legal scholarship on conflict, justice, and well-being, and the science and clinical methods pertinent to mental illness research and treatment. Primary among its implications may be the potential to more efficiently resolve conflicts that arise between individuals with severe mental illness and their family members, clinicians, the mental health services industry, or the public interest, while simultaneously promoting justice and the well-being of all involved.
Exploiting hypergraph partitioning for efficient Boolean satisfiability

This paper presents hypergraph partitioning based constraint decomposition procedures to guide Boolean satisfiability search. Variable-constraint relationships are modeled on a hypergraph and partitioning based techniques are employed to decompose the constraints. Subsequently, the decomposition is analyzed to solve the CNF-SAT problem efficiently. The contributions of this research are two-fold: 1) to engineer a constraint decomposition technique using hypergraph partitioning; 2) to engineer a constraint resolution method based on this decomposition. Preliminary experiments show that our approach is fast, scalable and can significantly increase the performance (often orders of magnitude) of the SAT engine.
Relativity of growth in laboratory and farm animals: I. Representation of physiological age and the growth rate time constant

This article presents a modification of the growth function of Bridges et al. (1986) that incorporates a known biological time unit (gestation period) to represent physiological time for a given animal species. Gestation time was incorporated into the weight-age equation and modified by the growth rate time constant, c, which relates the inflection point of the growth curve to a relatively fixed time unit. Relating the inflection point of the growth curve to an animal’s gestation period provides a mathematical basis for changing growth curves to account for the “external” influences of management, diet, environment and health that may impact an animal’s growth in approaching mature size. Examples are shown using the developed mathematical expression to predict changes in the growth of two different cattle under the effects of early weaning and different nutritional and environmental conditions.
Kinetic energy effects in large-amplitude vibrations☆

Abstract The Hamiltonian previously developed for the linear unsymmetrical BAB molecule is examined in terms of the effect of the large-amplitude stretching coordinate on the kinetic energy. Calculations are presented which compare this Hamiltonian with one in which the large-amplitude coordinate is restricted to the potential energy terms. The results show that the energy difference is a function of the reduced mass and typically amounts to a few wave numbers.
Control of proton efflux from corn root tissue by an injury-sensing mechanism

Abstract The electrogenic H + efflux of washed corn root tissue is completely inhibited by brief exposure to ice temperatures, hypertonicity and gentle rubbing. Fusicoccin (FC) will partially restore the H + pumping, and an uncoupler will nullify the effect of FC. Oligomycin and ethidium bromide, known to block H + transport by mitochondrial ATPase, will very rapidly block H + efflux from roots and FC will partially restore it. The previously reported inhibition of H + efflux by protein synthesis inhibitors occurs before amino acid incorporation is much affected. Use of the pH indicator dye, bromocresol purple, shows that cutting injury leads to H + influx in cells around the wound surface; cold shock leads to a general H + influx. It is proposed that external and internal injuries signal activation of an endogenous control mechanism which blocks the H + channel of the plasma-lemma ATPase and that FC acts to bypass the block.
A lattice Boltzmann model for noble gas diffusion in solids: The importance of domain shape and diffusive anisotropy and implications for thermochronometry

Abstract Thermochronometry based on radiogenic noble gases is critically dependent upon accurate knowledge of the kinetics of diffusion. With few exceptions, complex natural crystals are represented by ideal geometries such as infinite sheets, infinite cylinders, or spheres, and diffusivity is assumed to be isotropic. However, the physical boundaries of crystals generally do not conform to ideal geometries and diffusion within some crystals is known to be anisotropic. Our failure to incorporate such complexities into diffusive models leads to inaccuracies in both thermal histories and diffusion parameters calculated from fractional release data. To address these shortcomings we developed a code based on the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method to model diffusion from complex 3D geometries having isotropic, temperature-independent anisotropic, and temperature-dependent anisotropic diffusivity. In this paper we outline the theoretical basis for the LB code and highlight several advantages of this model relative to more traditional finite difference approaches. The LB code, along with existing analytical solutions for diffusion from simple geometries, is used to investigate the affect of intrinsic crystallographic features (e.g., crystal topology and diffusion anisotropy) on calculated diffusion parameters and a novel method for approximating thermal histories from crystals with complex topologies and diffusive anisotropy is presented.
178 VARIATIONS OF BLOOD OXYGEN AFFINITY AND CONTENT ON CARDIAC OUTPUT (C.O.) AND OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO THE TISSUES IN NEWBORN LAMBS

Four groups of two week old lambs were exchange transfused (E.T.) after chronic catheterization. Five lambs, Group I, served as controls; 4 lambs, Group II, received fresh, settled maternal blood; 4 lambs, Group III, received fresh, packed maternal blood and 6 lambs, Group IV, received fresh, packed fetal blood. Cardiac output (C.O.), arterial and venous PO2, hematocrit (Hct) and P50 were measured before and two hours after E.T. No significant changes were noted in Group I for all parameters. Mean values for C.O. decreased in all groups following the E.T. (Gr. II by 57% (p < 0.01); Gr. III by 14% (p < 0.05); Gr. IV by 34% (p < 0.025). There were no changes in mean PaO2 in any of the groups; however, mean PvO2 increased in Gr. II by 13% (p < 0.05), and decreased in Gr. IV by 7% (p < 0.025). Mean Hct increased in Gr. II, III and IV by 10%, 48% and 36% (p < 0.0025) and mean P50 increased in Gr. II and III by 59 and 43%. These data indicate that with no change in P50 but increased Hct the resulting decreased PvO2 is in response to a decreased C.O., theoretically compromising O2 transport to the tissues. With an increased Hct, the decreased C.O. results in no change in PvO2 presumably counteracted by the increased P50. In contrast, increased P50 and moderate increased Hct (10%) results in increased PvO2, presumably facilitating O2 transport to the tissues, while maintaining a decreased C.O., thus reducing circulatory demands.
Uncertainties from fermion masses in\(e^ + e^ - \to v\bar v\gamma \)

In the reaction\(e^ + e^ - \to v\bar v\gamma \), the influence of the unknown masses of heavy fermions for three and four fermion generations is studied, which arises via virtual 1-loop corrections in the framework of the standard model. These masses are the top quark massmt and in the case of 4 generations the lepton massmt, wherel− is theSU(2) partner of the fourth generation neutrino. Increasing the fermion masses from 50 GeV to 250 GeV, the maximum of the total cross section is found to decrease by a few percent.
Customer Reviews of Hotel Experiences through Consumer Generated Media (CGM)

ABSTRACT As consumer generated media (CGM) are burgeoning online marketing techniques as a form of interpersonal and informal communications, many hotel guests have a chance to provide their candid and voluntary reviews of hotel experiences through these channels. However, little research has been documented to evaluate the overall theme of guests' reviews posted through CGM such as Tripadvisor. com. This study explores how consistent the posted reviews (i.e., compliments and complaints) were with the expected level of service and room rate. Examining guests' reviews of hotels in New York City posted on TripAdvisor. com, this study attempts to uncover generalizable suggestions for hotel management. Results of this study indicated that value was one of the key predictors for guest satisfaction, which leads to return intentions. Regardless of hotel classes and average daily rate (ADR), location appeared to have the highest mean value among seven performance attributes. Obviously, hotel classes (i.e., star r...
Navigating cross-boundary connections in educational research

Drawing on insights from reflective research accounts in the social sciences, this paper attends to the complexities of conducting cross-boundary educational research. Cross-boundary research is defined as any type of inquiry that is conducted across cultural and/or structural boundaries, including but not limited to race, class, gender, language, religion, age, sexual identity, and national origin. The authors present dilemmas they have faced in conducting educational research and offer three intersecting recommendations for those who wish to conduct research across boundaries.
Large-scale dam removal on the Elwha River, Washington, USA: fluvial sediment load

Abstract The Elwha River restoration project, in Washington State, includes the largest dam-removal project in United States history to date. Starting September 2011, two nearly century-old dams that collectively contained 21 ± 3 million m3 of sediment were removed over the course of three years with a top-down deconstruction strategy designed to meter the release of a portion of the dam-trapped sediment. Gauging with sediment-surrogate technologies during the first two years downstream from the project measured 8,200,000 ± 3,400,000 tonnes of transported sediment, with 1,100,000 and 7,100,000 t moving in years 1 and 2, respectively, representing 3 and 20 times the Elwha River annual sediment load of 340,000 ± 80,000 t/y. During the study period, the discharge in the Elwha River was greater than normal (107% in year 1 and 108% in year 2); however, the magnitudes of the peak-flow events during the study period were relatively benign with the largest discharge of 292 m3/s (73% of the 2-year annual peak-flow event) early in the project when both extant reservoirs still retained sediment. Despite the muted peak flows, sediment transport was large, with measured suspended-sediment concentrations during the study period ranging from 44 to 16,300 mg/L and gauged bedload transport as large as 24,700 t/d. Five distinct sediment-release periods were identified when sediment loads were notably increased (when lateral erosion in the former reservoirs was active) or reduced (when reservoir retention or seasonal low flows and cessation of lateral erosion reduced sediment transport). Total suspended-sediment load was 930,000 t in year 1 and 5,400,000 t in year 2. Of the total 6,300,000 ± 3,200,000 t of suspended-sediment load, 3,400,000 t consisted of silt and clay and 2,900,000 t was sand. Gauged bedload on the lower Elwha River in year 2 of the project was 450,000 ± 360,000 t. Bedload was not quantified in year 1, but qualitative observations using bedload-surrogate instruments indicated detectable bedload starting just after full removal of the downstream dam. Using comparative studies from other sediment-laden rivers, the total ungauged fraction of