cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LAWS AND MEANING POSTULATES

In several recent papers ([7], [8]) Bas van Fraassen has suggested that the structure of a scientific theory might be more appropriately represented by his “semantic view of theories” than by the traditional “syntactic view.”1 Under the syntactic view, to characterize a theory one provides “a finite list of sentences given to count as axioms, plus a finite set of syntactic transformations, of an effective character, given to generate the set of all theorems from these axioms.” ([8], p. 305) The set of all such theorems is identified with the theory, and contains the set of all claims made by the theory about physical systems. Under the semantic approach, however, one “does not view a physical theory as… a kind of Principia Mathematica cum nonlogical postulates.” ([7], p. 337) Rather, “all the resources of mathematical English” are used to construct a theoretical framework, and “the theoretical reasoning of the physicist is viewed as ordinary mathematical reasoning concerning this framework.” ([7], p. 337-8) In a moment I will sketch out the structure of a theoretical framework, but first let me give you a rough idea of the problem which has occasioned this paper.
Tubular Crystals and Helical Arrays: Structural Determination of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies Using Iterative Helical Real-Space Reconstruction

Helical structures are important in many different life forms and are well-suited for structural studies by cryo-EM. A unique feature of helical objects is that a single projection image contains all the views needed to perform a three-dimensional (3D) crystallographic reconstruction. Here, we use HIV-1 capsid assemblies to illustrate the detailed approaches to obtain 3D density maps from helical objects. Mature HIV-1 particles contain a conical- or tubular-shaped capsid that encloses the viral RNA genome and performs essential functions in the virus life cycle. The capsid is composed of capsid protein (CA) oligomers which are helically arranged on the surface. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of CA is connected to its C-terminal domain (CTD) through a flexible hinge. Structural analysis of two- and three-dimensional crystals provided molecular models of the capsid protein (CA) and its oligomer forms. We determined the 3D density map of helically assembled HIV-1 CA hexamers at 16 A resolution using an iterative helical real-space reconstruction method. Docking of atomic models of CA-NTD and CA-CTD dimer into the electron density map indicated that the CTD dimer interface is retained in the assembled CA. Furthermore, molecular docking revealed an additional, novel CTD trimer interface.
Who Are Prisoners’ Family Members? Towards an Holistic and Intersectional Framework

Terms like “hidden” and “forgotten” victims, and “people in the shadow of the prison” have all been applied to the family members of incarcerated individuals (Codd in In the shadow of prison: Families, imprisonment and criminal justice, Willan, Cullompton, 2013; Hairston in Federal Probation 52:48–52, 1988).
Chapter 11 – Application studies

Publisher Summary Application studies can be divided into qualitative and quantitative studies to examine how diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can contribute to or change the way one can perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based research. In many cases, they are referred as radiological diagnoses (qualitative studies) and neurological research (quantitative studies). For application studies, it is important to know what kind of new parameters DTI can provide. New information can be classified into four categories: (1) new contrasts, (2) white matter morphology, (3) refined information about anatomical locations, and (4) connectivity. The chapter discusses how these types of new information can help to delineate the brain abnormalities in a better way. The improvement could be better segregation of patient and control groups or better correlation between MRI measurements and, for example, functional outcomes. DTI can delineate gloss abnormality in the white matter anatomy and the anatomy of immature brains better than conventional MRI.
A BRINQUEDOTECA E A FORMAÇÃO DO PEDAGOGO: BREVES APONTAMENTOS

O presente artigo tem como proposta realizar apontamentos sobre a brinquedoteca, enquanto laboratorio didatico, na formacao do pedagogo. Sobre a brinquedoteca e as politicas publicas em educacao para formacao do pedagogo destaca-se que os documentos oficiais, como diretrizes curriculares e instrumentos de avaliacao de curso, apresentam informacoes superficiais sobre a funcao da brinquedoteca. Para se construir uma proposta de brinquedoteca universitaria, minimamente, comprometida e preciso analisar os documentos oficiais que embasam as praticas na Educacao Infantil a fim de se compreender a concepcao de infância. Aliada a essa questao verificou-se a ausencia de referencia ou classificacao dos tipos de brinquedoteca, bem como de uma concepcao comum. A partir dos dados da pesquisa apresentada foi reforcada a ideia de que a relacao entre brinquedoteca e formacao do pedagogo ainda esta em processo de construcao. Finalizando, as contribuicoes da Psicologia Historico-Cultural evidenciam a importância da brincadeira para desenvolvimento como atividade central no processo de formacao do psiquismo infantil.
Approaches to Risk Management

Many types of hazards confront individuals, families, communities, businesses, and nations. Individuals face immediate danger from accidents and acute disease. They face longer term danger in the form of chronic disease. Financial hazards loom in the form of unemployment, assets becoming worthless, large liabilities emerging, expenses for housing or children’s education, and the termination of earned income at retirement.
Blunt End Wire and Lateral Sacral View: A Technical Trick to Precisely Terminate Percutaneous Pelvic Brim Screw Fixation in the Posterior Ilium.

SUMMARY Percutaneous screw fixation in the treatment of a variety of pelvic fractures may involve placement of a pelvic brim or "LC-2" screw. The technique requires the use of the combined obturator oblique inlet view to define the medial and lateral cortical borders of the corridor and an iliac oblique view to define the cranial aspect of the sciatic notch. No technique has been reported on how to safely avoid placement of such percutaneous fixation beyond the posterior cortex of the ilium. A simple technique using the blunt end of a guidewire and a true lateral of the posterior ilium is reported.
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning — A History of DARPA Leadership

A fundamental goal of artificial intelligence research and development is the creation of machines that demonstrate what humans consider to be intelligent behavior. Effective knowledge representation and reasoning methods are a foundational requirement for intelligent machines. The development of these methods remains a rich and active area of artificial intelligence research in which advances have been motivated by many factors, including interest in new challenge problems, interest in more complex domains, shortcomings of current methods, improved computational support, increases in requirements to interact effectively with humans, and ongoing funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and other agencies. This article highlights several decades of advances in knowledge representation and reasoning methods, paying particular attention to research on planning and on the impact of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s support.
Energy-Efficient Machine Learning on the Edges

Machine learning-based software is vital for future Internet of Things (IoT) applications and Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) as it provides the core value of these services by leveraging the enormous amount of data collected on the edge. These services utilize various machine learning models which make it computationally intensive on the edges. There has been a lot of work to make the hardware efficient. No matter how efficient is the hardware, an inefficient machine learning model can account for high energy consumption and overheating problem. However, there are very few tools available that can help software developers or researchers to make the machine learning models energy efficient. Our main contributions of this paper are two-fold: First, we summarize the state-of-the-art techniques about energy-efficient machine learning on the edges. Second, targeting specific Java programming language, we present an Eclipse plugin named Java Energy Profiler & Optimizer (JEPO) which can help in profiling and optimizing machine learning source code written in Java. JEPO can automatically measure the energy consumption of source code at method granularity. It provides energy efficiency suggestions for data types, operators, control statements, String, exception, objects, and Arrays in Java. JEPO evaluation has shown up to 14.46% improvement in energy consumption when used to optimize the machine learning software WEKA with only 0.48% drop in accuracy.
Proteomic and Biological Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles from Alzheimer’s Disease Human Brain Tissues

Abstract Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biospecimens contain amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and tau. While AD EVs are known to affect brain disease pathobiology, their biochemical and molecular characterizations remain ill defined. Methods EVs were isolated from the cortical grey matter of 20 AD and 18 control brains. Tau and Aβ levels were measured by immunoassay. Differentially expressed EV proteins were assessed by quantitative proteomics and machine learning. Results Levels of pS396 tau and Aβ were significantly elevated in AD EVs. High levels of neuron- and glia- specific factors are detected in control and AD EVs, respectively. Machine learning identified ANXA5, VGF, GPM6A and ACTZ in AD EV compared to controls. They distinguished AD EVs from controls in the test sets with 88% accuracy. Discussion In addition to Aβ and tau, ANXA5, VGF, GPM6A and ACTZ are new signature proteins in AD EVs.
Myth: External Financial Reporting Quality Has a First-Order Effect on Firm Value

An essay is presented which states that external financial reporting quality (EFRQ) can at the most have a second-order effect on firm value of publicly traded companies in the U.S. The author says that he would be surprised if many managers of these publicly traded firms consider the quality of their external financial reports as a promoter of their firm's value.
Can early treatment of twitcher mice with high dose AAVrh10-GALC eliminate the need for BMT?

Introduction: Krabbe disease (KD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene resulting in neuro-inflammation and defective myelination in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Most infantile patients present with clinical features before six months of age and die before two years of age. The only treatment available for pre-symptomatic or mildly affected individuals is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the animal models, combining bone marrow transplantation (BMT) with gene therapy has shown the best results in disease outcome. In this study, we examine the outcome of gene therapy alone. Methods: Twitcher (twi) mice used in the study, have a W339X mutation in the GALC gene. Genotype identification of the mice was performed shortly after birth or post-natal day 1 (PND1), using polymerase chain reaction on the toe clips followed by restriction enzyme digestion and electrophoresis. Eight or nine-day-old affected mice were used for gene therapy treatment alone or combined with BMT. While iv injection of 4 × 1013 gc/kg of body weight of viral vector was used originally, different viral titers were also used without BMT to evaluate their outcomes. Results: When the standard viral dose was increased four- and ten-fold (4X and 10X) without BMT, the lifespans were increased significantly. Without BMT the affected mice were fertile, had the same weight and appearance as wild type mice and had normal strength and gait. The brains showed no staining for CD68, a marker for activated microglia/macrophages, and less astrogliosis than untreated twi mice. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that, it may be possible to treat human KD patients with high dose AAVrh10 without blood stem cell transplantation which would eliminate the side effects of HSCT.
mSphere of Influence: Drivers of Host-Associated Microbial Community Structure and Change.

ABSTRACT Vanessa L. Hale studies the role of the microbiome in disease susceptibility in animal and human health. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how the papers “Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes” (R. E. Ley, M. Hamady, C. Lozupone, P. J. Turnbaugh, et al., Science 320:1647–1651, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155725) and “A dietary fiber-deprived gut microbiota degrades the colonic mucus barrier and enhances pathogen susceptibility” (M. S. Desai, A. M. Seekatz, N. M. Koropatkin, N. Kamada, et al., Cell 167:1339–1353.e21, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.043) have provided a foundation for studying drivers of gut microbial structure and change across host species in the context of evolution and disease risk.
The Relationship Between a Lifetime History of Sexual Victimization and Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background:The association between a lifetime history of sexual victimization and the well-being of women during the perinatal period has received increasing attention. However, research investigat...
Control Engineering for Hybrid Ground and Space Precoding in Multi-Gateway Multi-Beam Satellite

This paper aims at filling the gap, in which a hierarchical feedback framework to design and synthesize a class of hybrid ground and space precoders for multi-gateway multibeam satellite communications (SATCOM) is currently missing, by providing modeling, characterization, and engineering of shared resource management and resilient interference mitigation, along with their control-theoretic underpinnings. In particular, distributed hybrid ground and space precoding systems and methods are proposed to define the main functional blocks in multi-gateway multi-beam SATCOM, supported by general multi-time-scale models from the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and signal-to-leakage-plus-noise ratio (SLNR) processes. In this framework, the paradigm of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control is utilized as an on-ground precoding in the feed space for mitigating interferences among beams of different clusters as well as beams of the same cluster, and the dead-beat control methodology as the core for onboard precoding in the beam space to minimize signal leakages on other clusters of users. Finally, in light of the proposed framework with minimal inter-gateway communication overheads, a roadmap is envisioned for the future of multi-gateway multi-beam SATCOM as a discipline.
The William Whipper Arguments and the Push for Color-Blind Abolitionism in the Antebellum North

This essay examines 1830s Black abolitionist rhetoric through periodicals in order to map preferred and unpreferred terms of Black self-reference as immediatism in abolition took root. More specifically, this essay homes in on the local conversation surrounding racial monikers in Black-elite Philadelphia-based abolitionist circles and pays particular attention to one activist, William Whipper, who spurred a decade-long debate over an appropriate moniker to refer to Black people as he took a much contested, color-blind stance towards abolition. This essay concludes by asserting a unified Black epithet of self-reference alone could not overcome the layered oppression of enslavement and the entrenched racism in 1830s America. However, the quest for a moniker that spoke to the variability in Black identity was a valiant attempt by Black people to shift the narrative that blackness was not an inherently degrading condition; rather, the assertion of blackness via a Black epithet was a testament of Black belonging in an America which had been built by and sustained on Black people.
Balancing value and burden: the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services electronic Clinical Quality Measure (eCQM) Strategy Project

Healthcare is undergoing a digital transformation, and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) aims to help providers navigate the clinical quality improvement landscape. In December 2017, CMS launched the Electronic Clinical Quality Measure (eCQM) Strategy Project. This article consists of 2 parts. The first part describes stakeholder outreach aimed to identify burdens and recommendations related to eCQM implementation and reporting. The second part describes how these burdens were addressed by CMS and how to engage in the digital transformation journey. Six themes emerged from the stakeholder feedback: Alignment, Value, Development Process, Implementation and Reporting Processes; EHR certification process; and Communication, Education, and Outreach. CMS and its partners addressed over 100 recommendations to improve the eCQM development, implementation, and reporting experience by creating implementation strategies. This included the development of new tools, such as the Measure Collaboration (MC) Workspace and ongoing testing of Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR)-based standards for quality measurement. CMS is sharing this summary of the eCQM Strategy Project to reflect CMS' interest in stakeholder engagement and burden reduction, increase awareness of available resources, and encourage continued engagement throughout this digital transformation in quality reporting.
Seizing the Wheel: Need for Uniformity in State Driving Bans for People with Epilepsy

Common logic tells us that a driver with epilepsy carries with them a significantly higher risk of causing an accident. State driving laws across the country reflect this notion. However, this stigma and these laws do not reflect an understanding of the complexity of epileptic seizures. Most seizures do not lead to loss of consciousness or impaired awareness; many do not even occur while a person is awake. Consequently, many people with epilepsy are able to drive with no greater risk of causing a crash than the general population. Unfortunately, the vast majority of states do not take into consideration the types and severity of a person’s seizures, ignoring decades of research and medical advancements and thereby forcing individuals off the road often with no opportunity for appeal. This Comment argues for reforming state driving laws to be rooted in uniformity and science rather than stigma and exclusion.
Energetic cost of walking and Brain Atrophy in Mid-to-Late Life.

BACKGROUND Higher energetic costs for mobility are associated with declining gait speed and slow gait is linked to cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. However, the physiological underpinnings of gait and brain health have not been well explored. We examined the associations of the energetic cost of walking with brain volume in cognitively unimpaired adults from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. METHODS We used brain MRI data from 850 participants (mean baseline age 66.3±14.5 years), of whom 451 had longitudinal MRI data (2.8±1.0 MRI scans over 4.0±2.0 years). The energetic cost of walking was assessed as the average energy expended (VO2) during 2.5 minutes of customary-paced overground walking. Multivariable linear mixed effects models examined the associations between baseline energetic cost of walking and regional brain volumes adjusting for covariates. RESULTS At baseline, higher energetic cost of walking was cross-sectionally associated with lower gray and white matter volumes within the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, as well as hippocampal, total brain, and larger ventricular volumes (all FDR p< 0.05). A baseline energetic cost of walking × time interaction demonstrated that participants with higher energetic cost of walking had faster annual decline in hippocampal volume (FDR p= 0.01) and accelerated annual increase in ventricular volumes (FDR p= 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The energetic cost of walking is associated with gray and white matter volumes and subsequent hippocampal atrophy and ventricular enlargement. Collectively, these data suggest the energetic cost of walking may be an early marker of neurodegeneration that contributes to the gait brain connection.
Dynamics of lipids in the yeast lipid droplets

The physical properties and chemical composition of lipid droplets inside cells of the yeast Cryptococcus curvatus were investigated using quasi-elastic neutron scattering and mass spectrometry with complementary surface modeling using 3D microscopy. With temperature decrease from 310 to 280 K, their phase remained fluid, i.e., the droplets remained in the physiological state, unlike synthetic lipid membranes that transition to a gel phase. The lipid dynamics in the droplet was described by a model implying diffusion of the lipid and its hydrocarbon chains. The diffusion coefficient of the lipid chains (274*10^-3 Angstrom^2/ps at 310 K) was much higher than that observed in a synthetic lipid membrane because of the larger volume (up to 12 Angstrom) for the local dynamics in the droplet. These physical properties were correlated with the types of lipids composing the droplet. Based on that, the lipid packing and resulting energetic value of the yeast droplets are discussed in relation to their usefulness as biofuels.
13 Regulation of Contractile Activity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the way phosphorylation mediates or modulates the interaction of actin and myosin in both muscle and nonmuscle systems. It also discusses the phosphorylation of contractile proteins in other muscles, as well as nonmuscle cells. With all vertebrate smooth muscles, myosin phosphorylation appears to be essential for actin-activation of the MgATPase activity. Under certain conditions, however, the activity of phosphorylated myosin is further increased by the addition of calcium. The phosphorylation of both heads of myosin is required for actin-activation of the MgATPase activity and the kinetic step that is regulated by phosphorylation is most likely phosphate release. In nonmuscle cells, it has been difficult to visualize myosin filaments under any conditions; however, the immunofluorescent staining of cells using antimyosin antibodies shows different patterns at different stages of the cell cycle. The enzyme myosin light chain kinase can serve as a substrate for a number of different kinases, including cAMP-dependent protein kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, and protein kinase C. Myosin light chain kinase from smooth-muscle and nonmuscle cells can be rapidly and stoichiometrically phosphorylated in vitro by a number of different protein kinases.
Linear Dunes on Titan

Extensive dunes, produced by wind transport of sand-sized particles, are common on Earth and are also seen on Mars and Venus. Saturn9s moon Titan is now shown to have similar dunes.
Cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity in humans

Abstract A patient with hepatonecrosis associated with cocaine use is presented. Postmortem examination of the liver showed marked periportal inflammation and necrosis, and mild diffuse fatty infiltration. These pathologic findings are identical to those previously reported in a mouse model of cocaine hepatotoxicity.
High concentration solar photovoltaic systems using glass dish collectors

Glass solar reflectors, similar to those widely used to concentrate sunlight in solar thermal plants, form the basis for REhnu's HCPV generators. Multijunction cells are housed in small, upgradeable units at each mirror focus.
THE REPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE MS2. IV. RNA COMPONENTS SPECIFICALLY ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTION.

Phage-specific RNA components synthesized in MS2-infected cells under conditions in which host RNA synthesis is suppressed have been characterized by ultracentrifugal analysis. In addition to the 27 s viral RNA, three specific components, designated as 20 s, 15 s and 6 s are described. Physical properties and enzymic resistance of the 15 s and 6 s forms suggest that these are, at least partially, double-stranded. The 20 s component appears to be a single-stranded RNA, of different configuration from the viral form.
Glutamine Synthetase III. Factors Controlling Its Activity in the Developing Rat

Abstract The developmental changes in glutamine synthetase activity in rat liver and brain have been studied and shown to be different in the two tissues. The liver enzyme exhibited a fall in activity after birth, followed by a slow recovery and a rapid increase in activity for a short interval of time, before a gradual rise to the adult level in about 40 days. The brain enzyme raised its activity gradually and steadily right after birth until it reached the adult level in about 18 days. The enzyme activity in the liver of developing rats appears to be affected by those compounds that also affect protein synthesis, ribonucleic acid synthesis, or deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. When injected into young rats, puromycin, dl -p-fluorophenylalanine, ammonium lactate, actinomycin D, and 8-azaguanine lowered the enzyme activity in liver, whereas dl -ethionine, cortisol, l -thyroxine, and 5-fluorouracil elevated it. The absence of effect of these compounds on the enzyme activity in vitro suggests that the changes observed may result from their effect on the amount of the enzyme formed in the liver. In most instances, the enzyme in the brain escaped the effect of these compounds. With repeated injections of puromycin to block the synthesis of glutamine synthetase, the enzyme in the liver and testis, respectively, lost one half of its original activity in about 14 hours and 7.5 hours. A very slight decrease in the activity, however, occurred in the brain and kidney.
An Accident Reporting System: Why Bother?

(1962). An Accident Reporting System: Why Bother? Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 24-24.
Mutated Fanconi anemia pathway in non-Fanconi anemia cancers

An extremely high cancer incidence and the hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents associated with Fanconi Anemia (FA) have marked it to be a unique genetic model system to study human cancer etiology and treatment, which has emerged an intense area of investigation in cancer research. However, there is limited information about the relationship between the mutated FA pathway and the cancer development or/and treatment in patients without FA. Here we analyzed the mutation rates of the seventeen FA genes in 68 DNA sequence datasets. We found that the FA pathway is frequently mutated across a variety of human cancers, with a rate mostly in the range of 15 to 35 % in human lung, brain, bladder, ovarian, breast cancers, or others. Furthermore, we found a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the mutated FA pathway and the development of human bladder cancer that we only further analyzed. Together, our study demonstrates a previously unknown fact that the mutated FA pathway frequently occurs during the development of non-FA human cancers, holding profound implications directly in advancing our understanding of human tumorigenesis as well as tumor sensitivity/resistance to crosslinking drug-relevant chemotherapy.
A simple, flexible distributed lag technique: The polynomial inverse lag

Abstract This paper presents a new distributed lag technique, the polynomial inverse lag, which has two useful characteristics. It has a flexible shape, allowing both humped and monotonically declining lag weight distributions; and it can be easily implemented with a small number of nested OLS regressions. The lag is similar in spirit to the Almon lag, but it is an infinite lag and thus does not require specification of a fixed lag length. Experiments with simulated data show a good ability to replicate the true lag structure even in the face of lag structure misspecifition. The technique is also demonstrated using the well-known St. Louis equation.
Equivalent-photon method for inelastic scattering of electrons on a photon target

It is shown that the equivalent-photon method relates the cross-section for the inelastic process e−+γ→e−+X to the cross-section for real two-photon annihilation into hadrons. An estimate is given for this electroproduction cross-section by taking into account the resonance and diffractive regions for photon-photon annihilation into hadrons.
Alteration of meiotic chromosomal pairing and synaptonemal complexes by cycloheximide.

When cells are exposed to cycloheximide during the synaptic period of meiotic prophase, the structure of the synaptonemal complex is markedly altered. The bulk of the lateral component is removed. When lily zygotene microsporocytes are subsequently transferred into a culture medium free from cycloheximide, normal synaptonemal complexes are again seen. Modification of the structure of the synaptonemal complex by treatment with cycloheximide for 4 days has little permanent effect on meiosis except at late zygonema or early pachynema. Treatment at this time produces meiocytes in which no synaptonemal complexes reform. When these cells proceed into diplotene and diakinesis they are devoid of chiasmatic chromosomes. The data suggest that the synaptonemal complex is essential if chiasmata are to be formed, and that a unique period exists when the formation can be interrupted.
Intracranial pressure and fetal heart rate patterns in a case of hydrocephaly

Abstract A hydrocephalie fetus at term was studied during labor by means of direct continuous fetal heart rate, intracranial and intra-uterine pressures. Baseline instantaneous fetal heart rate pattern was characterized by periodic accelerations and increased short-term variability. This pattern was unchanged despite insertion of an intracranial catheter and instillation of isothermic saline. Atropine, given to the mother, produced a marked rise in fetal heart rate and a decrease in variability. Intracranial pressure, before and after decompression, always exceeded intrauterine pressure. After cranial decompression, typical, terminal fetal heart rate changes were noted, probably due to acute intracranial damage with secondary hypoxia. Theoretical and clinical implications of these observations are discussed. Specific fetal heart rate changes in hydrocephalic fetuses are not definable at this time.
Abscisin II, an Abscission-Accelerating Substance from Young Cotton Fruit

Crystalline abscisin II, with a tentative molecular formula of C(15)H(20)O(4), has been isolated from young cotton fruit. It accelerates abscission when applied in amounts as low as 0.01 microg per abscission zone. It inhibits indoleacetic acid-induced straight growth of Avena coleoptiles but has no gibberellin activity on dwarf maize.
Effect of early vs. late administration of 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4-HPR) on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumorigenesis.

Mammary tumors were induced in 48-52-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats in metestrus or diestrus with a single jugular injection of MNU (50 mg/kg). Control rats received the saline vehicle (Group 4 n = 9). Rats were fed 4% Teklad diet containing either 0 (Group 3, n = 20) or 782 mg 4-HPR/kg diet. 4-HPR supplementation was initiated either 1 week prior to (Group 1, n = 14) or 4 weeks following MNU administration (Group 2, n = 19). Neither body weight nor food intake differed significantly between treatment groups. Feeding of 4-HPR 1 week prior to tumor induction reduced the number of tumors (0.8 +/- .2) when compared to MNU control rats (2.1 +/- .4). Immunohistochemical staining of mammary tumor sections for PCNA was quantitated by microdensitometry and expressed as an HSCORE. No differences in HSCORE were observed between tumor groups although the percentage of nuclear area occupied by intermediate and darkly stained nuclei was reduced in the late 4-HPR group. GC-->AT transitions in codon 12 of the H-ras gene were detected in 50% (12/24) of MNU control tumors, 60% (6/10) of early 4-HPR tumors, and 38% (6/16) of late 4-HPR tumors. Mutation rates did not differ significantly between groups. 4-HPR appears to be a more effective chemopreventive when fed during the initiation period.
WE‐B‐BRC‐01: Dosimetry Metrology for IMRT

This session will present dosimetry tools and techniques for intensity modulated radiation therapy based on the AAPM Task Group 120 report. First, advantages and disadvantages of different detectors including ion chambers and 2D dosimetry systems will be discussed in the context of IMRT distributions. Second, considerations with respect to phantoms will be discussed. Next, the application of different dosimetric analysis tools will be presented. The final topic is the next generation of detectors for QA such as polymergels. The educational objectives of this session are to provide information to: 1. Determine the best detector for a given measurement scenario 2. Assess the impact of phantom selection on the measurement 3. Understand the benefits and limitations of different analysis tools for evaluating calculations and measurements of IMRT fields 4. Learn about new dosimetry systems for IMRT measurements
Gel electrophoresis method to measure the concentration of single-walled carbon nanotubes extracted from biological tissue.

A rapid and sensitive method to detect single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in biological samples is presented. The method uses polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) followed by quantification of SWNT bands. SWNTs dispersed in bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used to develop the method. When BSA−SWNT dispersions were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)−PAGE, BSA passed through the stacking gel, entered the resolving gel, and migrated toward the anode as expected. The SWNTs, however, accumulated in a sharp band at the interface between the loading well and the stacking gel. The intensities from digitized images of these bands were proportional to the amount of SWNTs loaded onto the gel with a detection limit of 5 ng of SWNTs. To test the method, normal rat kidney (NRK) cells in culture were allowed to take up SWNTs upon exposure to medium containing various concentrations of BSA−SWNTs for different times and temperatures. The SDS−PAGE analyses of cell lysate samples suggest that BSA−SWNTs enter ...
Luminous bacteria synthesize luciferase anaerobically

Four species of luminous bacteria, Photobacterium phosphoreum, P. leiognathi, P. fischeri and Beneckea harveyi (two strains of each), were shown to synthesize luciferase anaerobically. One of these, P. phosphoreum, produced as much luciferase anaerobically as it did aerobically, and all four species were found to grow almost equally rapidly under the two sets of conditions. Previous work with B. harveyi and P. fischeri had shown that aerobic luciferase synthesis can proceed only after an inhibitor in the complex medium has been removed and a species-specific autoinducer secreted. All strains tested also removed the inhibitor and secreted an autoinducer anaerobically. The small amount of luciferase produced anaerobically by some strains is thus apparently not due either to lack of removal of inhibitor or to insufficient production of autoinducer but may involve an oxygen-dependent control mechanism.
HAS THE STATUS OF MUSIC CHANGED IN 30 YEARS

(1963). Has the Status of Music Changed in 30 Years? The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 269-272.
Cure of chronic viral infection by neutralizing antibody treatment

Persistent infections can pose severe health risks. In many cases individuals fail to clear the virus and consequently chronic infection, often associated with severe immunopathology, occurs. For some chronic infections it is known that systemic IL-10 production can be increased. However, it is unclear, whether IL-10 affects the outcome of infection, amount of immunopathology and could be the actual cause for persistence. Conventional interferons (IFN) or anti-viral immunotherapies attempting to augment anti-viral immunity directly in persistent infected individuals have failed to affect the outcome so far, but lowering the viral antigenic load has clear beneficial effects. Therefore, approaching the problem from a different angle is important. The use of neutralizing antibodies is one of the most successful methods to interfere with receptor-ligand interactions in vivo. Optimal designs of therapeutic antibody treatment regimen are important in order to achieve maximal effects with minimal duration of immunosuppression or hyperactivation. In this review we reflect on the effects of a short time administration of a neutralizing cytokine receptor antibody treatment of a chronic infection resulting in the establishment of anti-viral immune responses and viral clearance and speculate on the potential mechanisms involved in this successful therapeutic treatment.
Accelerated radical innovation: Theory and application

Abstract Radical innovation has been responsible for some of society's greatest advances over the past hundred years in fields as diverse as transportation, power, information technology, and medicine. But as scholars have found, it is such a long-term, chaotic, meandering, unpredictable process that promising radical innovation concepts are often never undertaken, to society's detriment. Does it need to be this way? Or can radical innovation be accelerated so that it is manageable within modern society's economic and political time horizon? This question prompted the organization of the Accelerated Radical Innovation (ARI) project five years ago. In this paper we summarize the ARI methodology as it currently stands and then report the results of an empirical verification with a radical medical innovation project that is currently under way — monochromatic X-rays for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Several conclusions were drawn. First, by and large, the ARI model tracked closely with the reality of this innovation, offering confirmation of its grounding in the real world of innovation. Second, the model offered a rationale and framework for this innovation process that could be more widely adopted. Third, the ARI model exposed critical issues whose early resolution could have accelerating the innovation cycle. Fourth, the application of a core principle of ARI, Systematic Competitive Intelligence, could have provided early warning on a competing technology that emerged suddenly. Last, the use of another core ARI concept, accelerated innovation prototyping, might help the innovator overcome the key barrier facing the innovation — the necessity of a long, expensive, high-risk clinical trial. Overall, the verification study confirms the potential of the ARI model to put the radical innovation process on a faster, lower-cost, better-managed track.
Infections Associated with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Placed Transvenously and via Thoracotomies: Epidemiology, Infection Control, and Management

In 1993, the incidence of infection associated with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) excluding generator, lead, and patch placements was 16.7% at our institution. Eighty-eight percent of the ICD implantations were two-staged procedures: the cardiologists performed the electrophysiologic studies in their laboratories, and implantations were performed in the operating rooms a few hours to a few days later by cardiothoracic surgeons. In 1994, both the electrophysiologic studies and ICD implantations were performed in the operating rooms without waiting periods. From 1993 to 1995, the proportion of ICDs placed transvenously increased from 56% to 100%, whereas the proportion of two-staged ICD placements decreased from 88% to zero. From 1992 to 1993 the infection rate decreased concomitantly from 16.7% to zero. From 1992 through 1995, the infection rate for implantable ICDs alone was 4.8%, and the overall infection rate for implantable ICDs (including generator, lead, and patch placements) was 6.9%, comparable to the rate reported in the literature (2.2% to 7.2%). The elimination of the two-stage procedure and the increased proportion of transvenously placed ICDs has contributed to the decrease in infection rate.
Nurses' Experiences of Caring for Postoperative Bariatric Patients

Abstract Obesity is increasing worldwide and is so pervasive in the United States as to be classified an epidemic. Obese persons are discriminated against in all aspects of their lives including health care. Although research has demonstrated nurses exhibit prejudicial attitudes toward obese patients, it is not known if this prejudice extends to obese patients who undergo surgery for weight loss. In this hermeneutic phenomenology qualitative study, 12 nurses were interviewed to uncover what their experiences were in caring for postoperative bariatric patients. Data analysis using Colaizzi's model revealed two themes: getting up for the first time and negotiating with families. Although this study does not support the concept that nurses are prejudiced, it does give insight into how nurses view caring for this patient group. This study supports the use of phenomenology for gathering information and the use of critical social theory to investigate and uncover the attitudes of nurses who care for postoperati...
Successful coil embolization of circumflex iliac artery pseudoaneurysms following paracentesis

Abdominal paracentesis complicated by perforation of a penetrating arterial branch is an extremely rare complication. We report 2 patients who presented with abdominal wall pseudoaneurysms following abdominal paracentesis for the evaluation and treatment of their hepatic dysfunction. We subsequently review the treatment modalities and interventions performed in each case.
Denatured state thermodynamics: residual structure, chain stiffness and scaling factors

Abstract A set of nine variants of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c with zero or one surface histidine have been engineered such that the N-terminal amino group is acetylated in vivo. N-terminal acetylation has been confirmed by mass spectral analysis of intact and proteolytically digested protein. The histidine-heme loop-forming equilibrium, under denaturing conditions (3 M guanidine hydrochloride), has been measured by pH titration providing an observed pKa, pKa(obs), for each variant. N-terminal acetylation prevents the N-terminal amino group-heme binding equilibrium from interfering with measurements of histidine-heme affinity. Significant deviation is observed from the linear dependence of pKa(obs) on the log of the number of monomers in the loop formed, expected for a random coil denatured state. The maximum histidine-heme affinity occurs for a loop size of 37 monomers. For loop sizes of 37–83 monomers, histidine-heme pKa(obs) values are consistent with a scaling factor of −4.2 ± 0.3. This value is much larger than the scaling factor of −1.5 for a freely jointed random coil, which is commonly used to represent the conformational properties of protein denatured states. For loop sizes of nine to 22 monomers, chain stiffness is likely responsible for the decreases in histidine-heme affinity relative to a loop size of 37. The results are discussed in terms of residual structure and sequence composition effects on the conformational properties of the denatured states of proteins.
Sensation seeking and gonadal hormones

Two samples of male students (N = 25, and N = 51) and a small sample of female students (N = 7) were administered the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS), and blood samples were drawn on two occasions to determine plasma levels of androgens and oestrogens. Reliable and significant simple and partial correlations were found between the sex hormones and the SSS subscale, Disinhibition. Partial correlations simultaneously controlled for height, weight, age, and recency of orgasm.
Synthesis and solution properties of linear, four-branched, and six-branched star polyisoprenes

A number of linear, four- and six-branched regular star polyisoprenes were synthesized by anionic polymerization techniques in benzene using lithium as the counterion and polyfunctional silicon chloride compounds as the coupling agents. Light-scattering measurements in dioxane were performed in order to establish Θ solvent conditions. Determinations of the radius of gyration of the polymers of different structure indicate that g = 〈S2〉0,br/〈S2〉0,lin agree closely with random flight calculations for the ratios. Intrinsic viscosities determined in a Θ solvent establish g′ = [η]br/[η]lin to be 0.773 and 0.625 for the four- and six-branched polyisoprenes, respectively. In a good solvent g′ values are slightly lower. These values are compared with theoretical estimates. Viscosities of 19.29% (w/w) solutions of the polyisoprenes in n-decane at 25°C are correlated with the intrinsic viscosities of the polymers under Θ conditions.
The Political Socialization of National Legislative Elites in the United States and Canada

T HE CONCEPT OF socialization has been most widely employed by social psychologists seeking an explanation of how the individual is acculturated with particular emphasis on how this is accomplished among the very young. Social psychologist Herbert Hyman's ambitions were somewhat more modest in that he sought, through an extensive review of the literature, a general formulation of political behavior as a product of early learning or socialization. The bulk of the research he reviewed suggested that the average American has accepted most of his political values and attitudes by age sixteen.' Sociologist Seymour Lipset and his colleagues were also inclined to cite the pre-adult period, particularly adolescence, as the time at which the political process first becomes meaningful to the individual.2 On the other hand, political scientists Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, although recognizing that the individual's early socializing experience in the family exerts an important influence upon his later political attitudes and participation, also suggest that numerous other factors intervene between the early experiences and subsequent political behavior. These later experiences may be equally and in some cases more important determinants of political participation and behavior than the early primary group influences. In other words, they suggest that the family may not be as important an agent in the process as previously assumed.3
Genes responding to water deficit in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) roots

Individual plants adapt to their immediate environment using a combination of biochemical, morphological and life cycle strategies. Because woody plants are long-lived perennials, they cannot rely on annual life cycle strategies alone to survive abiotic stresses. In this study we used suppression subtractive hybridization to identify genes both up- and down-regulated in roots during water deficit treatment and recovery. In addition we followed the expression of select genes in the roots, leaves, bark and xylem of ‘Royal Gala’ apple subjected to a simulated drought and subsequent recovery. In agreement with studies from both herbaceous and woody plants, a number of common drought-responsive genes were identified, as well as a few not previously reported. Three genes were selected for more in depth analysis: a high affinity nitrate transporter (MdNRT2.4), a mitochondrial outer membrane translocase (MdTOM7.1), and a gene encoding an NPR1 homolog (MpNPR1-2). Quantitative expression of these genes in apple roots, bark and leaves was consistent with their roles in nutrition and defense. Additional genes from apple roots responding to drought were identified using suppression subtraction hybridization compared to a previous EST analysis from the same organ. Genes up- and down-regulated during drought recovery in roots were also identified. Elevated levels of a high affinity nitrate transporter were found in roots suggesting that nitrogen uptake shifted from low affinity transport due to the predicted reduction in nitrate concentration in drought-treated roots. Suppression of a NPR1 gene in leaves of drought-treated apple trees may explain in part the increased disease susceptibility of trees subjected to dehydrative conditions.