cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of lipopolysaccharide on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are mediated by astrocytes and microglia.

Oligodendrocytes are the primary cells injured in periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a predominant form of brain white matter lesion in preterm infants. To explore the possible linkage between white matter injury and maternal infection, purified rat O-2A progenitor (Oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte progenitor) cell cultures were used as a model in studying the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin, on survival and differentiation of oligodendrocytes and the involvement of other glial cells in the effects of LPS. O-2A progenitor cells were cultured from optic nerves of 7-day-old rat pups in a chemically defined medium (CDM). Astrocyte and microglia cell cultures were prepared from the cortex of 1-day-old rat brains in the CDM. Direct treatment of LPS (1 μg/ml) to O-2A cells had no effect on viability or differentiation of these cells. When O-2A progenitor cells were cultured in the conditioned medium obtained from either astrocyte or microglial cell cultures for 48 hr, survival rate and differentiation of O-2A cells into mature oligodendrocytes were greatly enhanced as measured by the MTT assay and immunocytochemistry. The conditioned medium obtained from astrocytes or microglia treated with LPS for 48 hr, however, failed to show such a promotional effect on viability and differentiation of O-2A cells. When 5 μg/ml LPS was used to stimulate astrocytes or microglia, the conditioned medium from these glial cell cultures caused O-2A cell injury. The overall results indicate that astrocytes and microglia may promote viability and differentiation of O-2A progenitor cells under physiological conditions, but they may also mediate cytotoxic effects of LPS on oligodendrocytes under an infectious disease biochemical environment. J. Neurosci. Res. 62:510–520, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Removal of spurious modes encountered in solving stability problems by spectral methods

A technique based on the Galerkin approximation is developed to remove spurious roots arising when Chebyshev spectral methods are used to solve eigenvalue problems in hydrodynamic stability. The derivation of Galerkin-Chebyshev approximations is explained, and numerical results for the Orr-Sommerfeld equations of plane Poiseuille flow and a Blasius profile are presented in tables and compared with those obtained by the method of Zebib (1984). It is pointed out that the present method does not increase the size of the algebraic system to be solved.
On the stability of invariant capital stock in a two-dimensional planning model

In this paper, we study the stability of two types of Invariant Capital Stocks which are shown to exist in a two-dimensional planning model. It is shown that, for each type of Invariant Capital Stock, there is a critical discount factor such that when the discount factor falls below it, the corresponding Invariant Capital Stock will become unstable.
Growth rate of an ice crystal in subcooled pure water

New and extensive experimental data on the rate of growth of ice crystals in the a axis direction in quiescent and slow flowing subcooled pure water show conclusively that thermal natural convection is an important heat transfer mechanism controlling the growth rate. At zero and low forced velocities, steady growth is observed only when the crystals grow horizontally or upward. Steady downward growth does not occur in quiescent water. This is consistent with the physical properties of water and the phenomenon of thermal natural convection. Growth rates at high water flow rates vary as the square root of the forced velocity and the 3/2 power of the subcooling and follow the theory of Fernandez and Barduhn (1967) with the ice-water interfacial energy set at 52 mJ/m2 (52 erg/cm2).
Information and behavior in experimental markets

Abstract This paper reports the results of a block of experiments designed to analyze the effects of information on market performance in experimental competitive markets. Variations in institutional structure are utilized to affect the kind and amount of information subjects could gather about prices and supply and demand conditions. More information is associated with more rapid convergence, smaller variances, and closer convergence while efficiency and mean transactions prices are unaffected.
Purification of mouse haptoglobin by antibody affinity chromatography and development of an ELISA to measure serum haptoglobin levels

Mouse haptoglobin was isolated from acute-phase serum initially by affinity chromatography on haemoglobin-Sepharose. This proved inefficient, but sufficient material was obtained for use as an immunogen. Rabbit anti-haptoglobin antibodies were used as immunoabsorbents to isolate larger quantities of haptoglobin. Subsequently, specific anti-haptoglobin antibodies were prepared by affinity chromatography on haptoglobin-Sepharose. A direct sandwich ELISA for mouse serum haptoglobin was developed, using affinity purified reagents. The working range of the haptoglobin standard curve was 0.02-0.5 microgram/ml. The reagents did not cross-react with albumin or haemoglobin and the antibody also recognised rat haptoglobin.
Comparison of Burning and Weed Barriers for Restoring Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) Nesting Habitat in the Gulf of Maine

Abstract. As seabird nesting colonies have become concentrated on fewer managed islands, available nesting habitat for open-ground nesters such as Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) has rapidly become overgrown by guanofertilized vegetation, leading managers to try various methods of vegetation control to open usable nesting habitat. Two of these methods, burning and synthetic weed barrier treatments, were tested in the summers of 2009 and 2010 to assess their ability to open and maintain Common Tern nesting habitat on two nearshore seabird nesting islands in Maine. Treatments were applied to overgrown habitat pre-nesting, and vegetation regrowth and Common Tern nest and fledging success were monitored in treated plots, untreated vegetation plots and occupied Common Tern nesting habitat. Burned areas did not remain open for the full nesting season, but regrew shortly after egg-laying, creating unsuitable vegetation structure and leading to near-complete nest failure in these plots. However, vegetation characte...
FORTRAN: A self-paced, mastery-based course

A new FORTRAN service course has been developed and is being pilot-tested. The course was designed to reduce the number of redundant FORTRAN courses, make more efficient use of faculty time, and provide more consistent and predictable learning outcomes for down-stream courses while improving faculty and student satisfaction. The course is largely self-instructional, mastery-based and self-paced. Incentives are used to reward students for mastery of learning outcomes and prompt completion of assignments. Preliminary evaluations of the course show that we have been largely successful in meeting design goals.
1159 THE PRE-TERM SMALL FOR GESTATION (SGA) INFANT: A TWO YEAR FOLLOW UP STUDY

Previous investigators have reported unfavorable neurological and developmental outcome of SGA infants (birth weight (b.w) <1500 gms) born at term or at <30 wks of gestation. Since obstetrical considerations for the delivery of an SGA fetus often arise between 30-38 wks, the outcome of these survivors becomes a relevant issue. In 1975-76, 28 of 47 such infants survived and 21 were followed sequentially during the first 2 yrs. Their b.w. was 1220 ± 195 g (M ±SD) and the gestation 33.4 ±2 wks. Each SGA infant was paired with a b.w.-matched appropriate for gestation (AGA) infant whose b.w. was 1195 ± 190 g and gestation 29 ± 2 wks. They have comparable sex distributions, perinatal risk scores, maternal education, occupational status and caloric intake during the first 3 months. The weight, length, and head circumference of the SGA infants attained the 10th percentile by 6-8 months and were similar to the AGA group. Quarterly neurological examinations showed similar findings during the first year in the 2 groups. At 2 yrs, 2 SGA (diplegia) and 1 AGA infant (hemiplegia) were abnormal. The quarterly Bayley scores of the SGA infants were lower during the first year but at 18-24 months, the 2 groups had similar motor and cognitive developmental quotients. The data indicate a favorable outcome in both AGA and SGA preterm infants weighing <1500 gms; the favorable result in SGA infants may form an additional basis for the delivery of such a fetus at 30-38 wks if other obstetrical factors so indicated.
Soil water and ET estimates for a wide range of rainfed and irrigated conditions

Abstract The reference crop procedure, which is commonly used for estimating evapotranspiration (ET) of irrigated crops, was tested over a wide range of soil water for rainfed and irrigated winter wheat. The procedure, when using the Penman-Monteith equation combined with published FAO crop coefficients, provided close estimates of ET for irrigated winter wheat when adjustments were made for soil water depletion using the natural log algorithm developed in Southern Idaho. However, when the ame procedure was applied to rainfed winter wheat with much lower soil water, there were considerable differences between estimated and measured ET. A daily soil water balance was performed to test various soil water depletion models for estimating ET and soil water throughout the summer-growing season. Soil water depletion adjustment algorithms which have relatively low slopes as the soil water depletion approaches the wilting point provided the best results under high soil water depletion conditions while algorithms having large negative slopes near the wilting point performed poorly.
Technology Mapping of Sequential Circuits for LUT-Based FPGAs for Performance

In this paper, we study the technology mapping problem for sequentail circuits for LUT-based FPGAs. The conventional approach for this problem is based on a technology mapping algorithm for combinational circuits while assuming the positions of the flip-flops are fixed. We propose a new approach in which FFs can be arbitrarily repositioned by retiming. We present an efficient technology mapping algorithm that produces a mapping solution with the minimum clock period for a circuit without loops under the unit dealy model. The algorithm is also extended to the general delay model, in which case it produces a mapping solution with a clock period at most an interconnect or LUT delay away from the minimum one. Note that the algorithm can also be used for circuits with loops by removing some of the FFs to break the loops before the application of the algorithm. The superiority of our approach is further demonstrated experimentally.
External film and particle phase control of adsorber breakthrough behavior

Many researchers have stated that the character of adsorbent bed breakthrough curves is dominated by external film diffusion at low solute concentrations and by particle diffusion at high solute concentrations. Analyses in this paper elucidate what occurs in adsorbent beds at high and low solute concentrations, as well as why external film mass transfer coefficient controls at low concentrations and why intraparticle solute diffusivity controls at high concentrations.
FIB micromachined submicron thickness cantilevers for the study of thin film properties

Abstract Submicron thickness single crystal Si cantilevers were fabricated in a focused ion beam (FIB) milling workstation to investigate the mechanical properties of thin films deposited on the completed cantilevers. An order of magnitude reduction in the dimensions and improved control over thickness accomplished with a FIB when compared with conventional lithography and wet etch techniques permits the characterization of mechanical properties on previously unattainable micron and sub-micron scales. Residual compressive stresses within a deposited Al thin film caused a Si cantilever to deflect away from the Si(100) plane of deposition towards the substrate. Deflections were measured for multiple cantilevers and these measurements were used to calculate residual stresses and strains with a modified form of Stoney's equation which yielded stresses of −0.034 to −0.179 GPa and strains of −0.0005 to −0.0025.
A dynamic programming algorithm for dynamic lot size models with piecewise linear costs

We propose a new algorithm for dynamic lot size models (LSM) in which production and inventory cost functions are only assumed to be piecewise linear. In particular, there are no assumptions of convexity, concavity or monotonicity. Arbitrary capacities on both production and inventory may occur, and backlogging is allowed. Thus the algorithm addresses most variants of the LSM appearing in the literature. Computational experience shows it to be very effective on NP-hard versions of the problem. For example, 48 period capacitated problems with production costs defined by eight linear segments are solvable in less than 2.5 minutes of Vax 8600 cpu time.
Biogenic amine metabolism in tourette syndrome

Biogenic amine metabolism in the central nervous system of 9 children with Tourette syndrome was evaluated by quantitation of their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid by a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method. Homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG) were measured in CSF before and after oral administration of probenecid. Dopamine metabolism appeared defective, as both baseline and accumulated levels of HVA after probenecid were decreased. Serotonin metabolism also appeared defective in some patients with low baseline and low accumulated levels of 5-HIAA after probenecid. Taken together with other clinical features of this disease, the results suggest an underlying disorder of dopamine and serotonin metabolism in Tourette syndrome.
A pedagogical processor model

This paper presents a pedagogical processor model, intended for teaching fundamental concepts about von Neumann machines. A general discussion of the desirable pedagogical properties is given, and a specific one address machine is defined. The machine has a simple architecture, supports four addressing modes, and uses a small number of hierarchically organized, fixed-field instructions. Debugging capabilities are included in the definition and can be accessed by executable instruction.
The expanding concept of research

(1967). The expanding concept of research. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 6, Research: The Expanding Concept, pp. 57-65.
Weld bead center line shift during laser welding of austenitic stainless steels with different sulfur content

The magnitude of the shift in position of the maximum depth of penetration, the center line shift (CLS), for a laser weld produced between two heats of austenitic stainless steels with large differences in S content was smaller relative to gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds made with both higher and lower heat inputs. The results of this study suggest that both surface tension driven fluid (Marangoni) flow effects and arc shift effects may contribute to the CLS in GTA welding.
Nanoscale ionic diodes with tunable and switchable rectifying behavior.

Nanoscale ionic diodes have attracted interest as circuit elements for development of nanofluidic devices for a variety of applications, including biosensing, constructing artificial cells, and engineering biological batteries. This paper presents a bottom-up, self-assembly approach for constructing nanopores with rectified conductance behavior in a membrane using semisynthetic derivatives of the ion-channel-forming peptide gramicidin A. The capability to individually access each half of a dimeric gramicidin channel makes it possible to generate asymmetric channels in a membrane that exhibit diodelike conductance properties. The modular nature of these self-assembled channels affords the possibility of tuning their rectifying conductance properties by simple replacement of one peptide derivative with another in the membrane. Additionally, introduction of an external stimulus (here, an enzyme) to change the functional group attached to one side of the gramicidin pore induces diodelike conductance behavior ...
How to unmask depression.

A s they grow older, the elderly confront developmental tasks and life events over which they may have little control: changes in role and phys!cal appearance; a sense of finite time and their own mortality; the loss of friends and family members; reduced financial status; and decline in physical and sensory abilities. Such losses may precipitate depression. Perhaps the most crucial advance in our understanding of depression in the elderly during the past decade has been the growing recognition that depression is a serious, and yet highly treatable, problem for older adults. Recent. epidemiological studies have confirmed that as many as 15 Percent of older persons who live in the community suffer from the symptoms of depression, with the incidence of depression climbing dramatically to sometimes as much as 50 percent of those who are frail, medically compromised, and residing in institutions(l). For many years, "to be old and
Regioselectivity in intramolecular addition of allylsilanes to conjugated dienones

Abstract The intramolecular addition of allylsilanes to conjugated dienones shows a divergence of regioselectivity as a function of reagent and substrate structure. The creation of 5-5, 6-5, 5-7, and 6-7 bicyclic ring systems is reported.
Growth, polishing, and optical scatter of diamond thin films

Polycrystalline diamond films have been synthesized in an oxygen-acetylene flame (15-20 tm thick and in a filament-assisted CYD reactor (10-60 p. m thick). The quality of the diamond was measured with a Raman microprobe optical and electron microscopes an FTIR and a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The hemispherical transmittance and reflectance of several films was measured in the UV visible and infrared with integrating spheres. The transmittance and reflectance was found to depend on which surface of the film faces the spectrophotometer''s beam this result can be explained by total internal reflection effects and the different roughness scales of the film''s two surfaces. Preliminary results on the polishing of several FACVD films using a heated steel disk a rhenium filament and a hydrogen environment are discussed. An Auger depth profile of the steel disk shows graphite at the surface of the disk iron carbide in the bulk and a depletion of carbon in the bulk near the surface. The films'' surface roughness before and after polishing was measured with a profiometer and local roughness averages of A have been achieved. Results of optical scatter measurements made on films before and after polishing are presented. 1.
Early Life History of Blueback Herring and Alewife in the Lower Roanoke River, North Carolina

Abstract Seasonal distribution, abundance, habitat use, hatch dates, growth, and mortality of larval blueback herring Alosa aestivalis and alewife A. pseudoharengus were studied in the Roanoke River watershed, downstream from the Roanoke Rapids Dam in North Carolina. Ichthyoplankton was sampled from man-made canals, a creek, an oxbow, a flooded bottomland hardwood forest, the main river channel, and along the river's edge. To identify larval clupeids, we developed a dichotomous key for clupeids found in the study area using morphometric, meristic, and pigmentation characters synthesized from the literature. Distribution, abundance, and back-calculated hatch dates of larvae and eggs were used to describe spawning period, spawning habitat, and nursery habitat. Blueback herring and alewife eggs and larvae were present from early April through late May. Based on the presence of eggs and early-stage larvae, both species spawned in backwater tributary systems, including flooded bottomland hardwood forests. Our ...
Agonistic Behaviour Among Blue Tits At a Winter Feeding Station

Agonistic behaviour in Blue Tits was observed at a feeding station from January 26 to March 15, 1959. The behaviour observed when two birds met at the feeding station was broken down into separate elements to relate behaviour with underlying tendencies to attack, escape, or stay. Encounters between birds were brief and considered instantaneous. The presence of an erect crest and fluffed body feathers was associated with an increased tendency to escape. Facing the rival, horizontal body, erect nape, raised wings, and fanned tail were indicators of an increased attack tendency. An open beak was given largely by an aggressive bird with a strong tendency to stay rather than attack. Maximum probabilities of correctly predicting the outcome of an encounter between two birds by using different combinations of behaviour elements were 0.48 for attack, 0.94 for escape, and 0.79 for staying. Hence much of a bird's motivation to attack or stay was not reflected in its external behaviour. Attack and escape both decreased in frequency from January through March. Birds also tolerated each other at closer distances. Likewise the behaviour elements associated with attack and escape tendencies diminished in frequency. This reduced the observer's ability to predict from a bird's behaviour if it would attack or escape. The reduced agonistic behaviour with season may have been the result of increased social organization of the birds using the feeding station, habituation to the strange stimuli associated with the feeder, or to increased hunger. The agonistic behaviour elements had strong signal value. If a bird showed behaviour elements indicative of an escape tendency, the rival escaped less and stayed more. Likewise aggressive behaviour in one bird elicited increased escape and reduced attack in the second. Finally, appeasement behaviour in one bird resulted in less attack and less escape in the second bird. The probabilities of attack, escape, and staying following a particular combination of behaviour elements changed with season. Therefore behaviour elements are not perfect reflectors of the underlying motivation of a bird.
Changing Hemodynamics in Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries

Follow-up cardiac catheterizations were carried out on 65 patients with transposition of the great arteries. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was a significant problem in this group only when closure resulted in a precipitous drop in arterial oxygen saturation. Spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defects (VSD) occurred in approximately 20% of patients while natural or surgically created atrial septal defects (ASD) tended to persist. Pulmonary stenosis (PS) was found in 28% of patients with an intact ventricular septum and 50% of those with VSD. Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) or pulmonary vascular obstruction (PVO) or both, were present in about half of the patients with an intact ventricular septum and all the infants with a large VSD without pulmonary artery banding or pulmonic stenosis (PS). PS, usually but not invariably, tended to protect the pulmonary vasculature.
SPIN-POLARIZED AUGER-ELECTRON DIFFRACTION STUDY OF THE MAGNETIC POISONING OF FE(001) BY SULFUR

Spin-polarized angle-resolved sulfur ${\mathit{L}}_{2,3}$VV Auger-electron spectra have been recorded for the c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)S/Fe(001) system. The data show the modulation of the sulfur Auger spin polarization as a function of emission angle, which represents an observation of spin-polarized Auger-electron diffraction (SPAED), a potentially powerful tool for the study of local magnetic structure at surfaces, interfaces, and thin films. Theoretical modeling of the SPAED data indicates a large decrease in the magnetization of the top iron layer, suggesting a magnetic poisoning induced by the sulfur overlayer. These findings are independently supported by the observation of a large decrease of secondary electron spin polarization upon sulfur adsorption.
Countercurrent gas/liquid flow and mixing : Implications for water disinfection

Experimental and numerical results are presented from investigations into the hydrodynamics of a bench scale bubble column reactor. Countercurrent bubble column reactors are most commonly used in water disinfection for effecting mass transfer of ozone to the aqueous phase. In the reactor column used in this study, gas is introduced at the bottom of the column via a spherical diffuser and water is introduced to the top of the column through a manifold packed with glass spheres. Residence time distribution (RTD) studies were conducted for a range of gas flow rates chosen to span the dispersed flow bubble regime. A multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was used to simulate the flow in the bubble column and to gain insights into the fluid dynamics of countercurrent flow bubble columns. The CFD model accurately predicted trends in mixing. Use of CFD in bubble column design and scale-up thus may yield better designs than those based on empirical relations.
Nonlinear boundary value problems for shallow membrane caps, II

Abstract Suppose a shallow membrane cap, with an undeformed shape described in cylindrical coordinates by z = C(1−rγ) (where 0⩽r⩽1 and γ>1), is subjected to a uniform vertical pressure P. If the resulting deformed shape is radially symmetric, then under certain assumptions, the radial stress Sr satisfies the ordinary differential equation r 2 S r ″ + 3rS r ′ = λ 2 r 2y−2 2 + βvr 2 S r − r 2 8S r 2 , for 0 0 (if the boundary stress S is specified) or S r ′ (1)+(1 − v)S r (1) = ⌜ (if the boundary displacement ⌜ is specified). Here v(0⩽v 1, a radially symmetric solution Sr(r), positive for 0 S⩽ 1 (4βv) or ⌜ (1−v) ⩽ 1 (4βv) , the solution is unique. In the case γ⩽ 4 3 , if λ is fairly large, it may happen that Sr(r) → 0 as r → 0. In all other cases, Sr(r) has a positive limit as r → 0. Rather detailed information on the behavior of solutions Sr(r) is provided. Conditions are obtained which guarantee monotonicity of Sr. In any case, Sr has at most one critical point and is monotone in some neighborhood of r = 0. A computational algorithm, making use of the qualitative behavior of Sr, is discussed and some numerical results are included.
Adenosine transport and metabolism in mouse leukemia cells and in canine thymocytes and peripheral blood leukocytes.

The intracellular accumulation of free [3H] adenosine was measured by rapid kinetic techniques in P388 murine leukemia cells in which adenosine metabolism (phosphorylation and deamination) was completely prevented by depletion of cellular ATP and by treatment with deoxycoformycin. Nonlinear regression of integrated rate equations on the data demonstrate that the time courses of labeled adenosine accumulation at various extracellular adenosine concentrations in zero-trans and equilibrium exchange protocols are well described by a simple, completely symmetrical, transport model with a carrier:substrate affinity constant of about 150 μM. Adenosine transport was not affected by 1 mM deoxycoformycin indicating that this analog has a low affinity for the nucleoside transport system. The transport capacity of dog thymocytes and peripheral leukocytes was similar to that of P388 cells. Transport was not inhibited by deoxycoformycin and remained constant during the first two hours after mitogenic stimulation with concanavalin A. In untreated, metabolizing P388 cells transport was found to be the major determinant of the rate of intracellular metabolism, regardless of the extracellular adenosine concentration (up to at least 160 μM), but the long-term accumulation (longer than 30–60 seconds) of radioactivity from extracellular adenosine strictly reflected the rate of formation of nucleotides (mainly ATP). The metabolism of adenosine by whole cells was entirely consistent with the kinetic properties of the transport system and those of the metabolic enzymes. At low exogenous adenosine concentrations (1 μM and below) transport was slow enough to allow direct phosphorylation of most of the entering adenosine. The remainder was deaminated and rapidly converted to nucleotides via inosine, hypoxanthine, and IMP. At concentrations of 100 μM or higher, on the other hand, influx exceeded the maximum velocity of adenosine kinase about 100 times so that most of the entering adenosine was deaminated. But since the maximum velocity of adenosine deaminase exceeded those of nucleoside phosphorylase and hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase about 5 and 100 times, respectively, hypoxanthine and inosine rapidly exited from the cells and accumulated in the medium. A 98% reduction of adenosine transport (at 100 μM), caused by the transport inhibitor Persantin, inhibited adenosine deamination by whole cells to about the same extent as transport, whereas adenosine phosphorylation was relatively little affected; thus in the presence of Persantin, transport and metabolism resembled that occurring at the low adenosine concentration. These and other results indicate that adenosine deamination is an event distinct from transport, which occurs only subsequent to adenosine's transport into the cell.
Effect of pneumonia on growth rate and feed efficiency of minimal disease pigs exposed to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Abstract Pigs from a minimal disease herd were exposed to pneumonia through contact with pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Growth rate, feed efficiency, extent of pneumonial lesions at necropsy and as determined radiographically, and clinical signs of appetite, coughing, sneezing, dyspnea and lethargy were recorded for each pig. Pneumonia occurred as an active, slowly progressive infection during the trial. Coughing was not a good indicator of severity of pneumonia. Increasing severity of pneumonia (measured radiographically or at slaughter) was negatively correlated with performance during the finishing period. Data from this trial support a model that had been developed to relate performance effect to severity of pneumonia.
Cryptogenic Chronic Hepatitis and Its Changing Guise in Adults

Cryptogenic chronic hepatitis is a disease that is unexplained by conventional clinical, laboratory and histological findings, and it can progress to cirrhosis, develop hepatocellular carcinoma, and require liver transplantation. The goals of this review are to describe the changing phenotype of cryptogenic chronic hepatitis in adults, develop a diagnostic algorithm appropriate to current practice, and suggest treatment options. The frequency of cryptogenic hepatitis is estimated at 5.4%. Cryptogenic cirrhosis is diagnosed in 5–30% of patients with cirrhosis, and it is present in 3–14% of adults awaiting liver transplantation. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been implicated in 21–63% of patients, and autoimmune hepatitis is a likely diagnosis in 10–54% of individuals. Viral infections, hereditary liver diseases, celiac disease, and unsuspected alcohol or drug-induced liver injury are recognized infrequently in the current cryptogenic population. Manifestations of the metabolic syndrome heighten the suspicion of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and the absence of hepatic steatosis does not discount this possibility. The diagnostic scoring system of the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group can support the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis in some patients. Certain genetic mutations may have disease-specificity, and they suggest that some patients may have an independent and uncharacterized disease. Corticosteroid therapy is effective in patients with autoimmune features, and life-style changes and specific therapies for manifestations of the metabolic syndrome are appropriate for all obese patients. The 1- and 5-year survivals after liver transplantation have ranged from 72–85% to 58–73%, respectively.
Paradigms and Controversies in the Treatment of HIV-Related Burkitt Lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a very aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that occurs with higher frequency in patients with HIV/AIDS. Patients with HIV-related BL (HIV-BL) are usually treated with high-intensity, multi-agent chemotherapy regimens. The addition of the monoclonal antibody Rituximab to chemotherapy has also been studied in this setting. The potential risks and benefits of commonly used regimens are reviewed herein, along with a discussion of controversial issues in the practical management of HIV-BL, including concurrent anti-retroviral therapy, treatment of relapsed and/or refractory disease, and the role of stem cell transplantation.
Numerical Comparisons of Nonlinear Convergence Accelerators

As part of a continuing program of numerical tests of convergence accelerators, the iterated Aitken's Delta-squared method, Wynn's epsilon algorithm, Brezinski's theta algorithm, and Levin's u transform are compared on a broad range of test problems: linearly convergence alternating, monotone, and irregular-sign series, logarithmically convergent series, power method and Bernoulli method sequences, alternating and monotone asymptotic series, and some perturbation series arising in applications. In each category either the epsilon algorithm or the u transform gives the best results of the four methods tested. In some cases differences among methods are slight, and in others they are quite striking.
Exercise rehabilitation in chronic heart failure

In acute heart failure with pulmonary edema, rest is a useful adjunct to pharmacologic treatment because it increases urinary flow and enhances the effectiveness of diuretic drugs. In chronic heart failure, however, there is increasing evidence that avoiding exercise can lead to deconditioning changes in skeletal muscle and in the peripheral circulation that may actually impair exercise tolerance. Exercise training was introduced as part of postinfarction rehabilitation in the 1960s, but it was not tested in patients with heart failure until well into the 1980s. Several reports have now shown considerable improvements in exercise capacity after physical training in patients with stable chronic nonedematous heart failure. Many of the peripheral abnormalities described in chronic heart failure have been shown to be at least partially reversible after physical training. These include abnormalities of skeletal muscle, respiratory gas exchange and autonomic nervous control of the circulation. Controversy still exists as to whether training may have beneficial prognostic effects in chronic heart failure and how soon after myocardial infarction it is safe to commence training. In addition, little information exists as to the most appropriate form of exercise therapy and the proper criteria for patient selection into training programs. Exercise training seems set to become a popular and beneficial adjunct to the management of patients with chronic heart failure. It has been shown to have a beneficial effect on symptoms, exercise performance and a host of pathophysiologic changes characteristic of chronic heart failure. Whether it improves prognosis is not known.
In-flight formation of slag in spinning solid propellant rocket motors

Ground tests of solid propellant rocket motors have shown that metal-containing propellants produce various amounts of slag (primarily aluminum oxide), which are trapped in the motor case, causing a reduction, albeit small, of total impulse. Although not yet definitely established, the presence of a liquid pool of slag also may contribute to nutational instabilities that have been observed with certain spin-stabilized, upper-stage vehicles. Because of the rocket's axial acceleration—absent in the ground tests—estimates of in-flight slag mass have been very uncertain. Yet such estimates are needed to determine the magnitude of the control authority of the systems required for eliminating the instability. This paper describes a physical model of the slag transport in the motor and uses it to predict the in-flight slag mass from ground tests. Based on reported ground tests, it is concluded that the distribution function for slag droplet masses in the dynamically significant range is proportional to the -1.50 power of the mass. For geometrically similar motors with a given ratio of radial to axial acceleration, the trapped slag mass is shown to be proportional to the fourth power of the motor diameter. a(t) d(t) C c dd K kd m m0 R(t) ug
Liquid-vapour equilibrium for hydrogen + nitrogen at temperatures from 63 to 110 K and pressures to 57 MPa

Experimental measurements of liquid-vapour phase equilibria for hydrogen + nitrogen are reported for seven temperatures in the range 63.19 to 110.30 K, and pressures to 57 MPa. The experimental apparatus and method are described in detail. The mixture critical line has been located in (p, T, x) space over the range of temperatures covered in the experiment. At the lowest experimental temperature, 63.19 K, which is approximately 0.03 K above the N2 triple-point temperature, the solubility of H2 in liquid N2 was found to be sufficiently high to inhibit freezing at pressures as high as 57 MPa. The results of these experiments have been compared with earlier measurements.
Vee antennas built by direct-write fabrication with and without discrete resistive loading

This paper presents results for Vee antennas constructed by direct-write fabrication on a flexible substrate. As discussed in (Iizuka, 1967), the Vee antenna with discrete resistive loading seeks to combine the desirable properties of conductive/resonant Vee antennas (Carter et al., 1931), e.g., increased directivity, with those of ldquoAltshulerrdquo-type antennas where a discrete resistive load is placed a quarter-wavelength (0.25lambda) from the open end of the antenna arm(s). The resistive load produces a traveling wave current distribution between the feed and the resistor. This traveling wave current distribution leads to improved input impedance bandwidths, as well as more directional radiation patterns over an increased bandwidth, at the expense of lower efficiency. Direct-write fabrication of these antennas offers significant advantages in areas such as ease of construction, cost, mechanical support of the antenna, flexibility to change designs quickly, as well as the ability to put antennas on flexible substrates.
Merging Source Query Interfaces onWeb Databases

Recently, there are many e-commerce search engines that return information from Web databases. Unlike text search engines, these e-commerce search engines have more complicated user interfaces. Our aim is to construct automatically a natural query user interface that integrates a set of interfaces over a given domain of interest. For example, each airline company has a query interface for ticket reservation and our system can construct an integrated interface for all these companies. This will permit users to access information uniformly from multiple sources. Each query interface from an e-commerce search engine is designed so as to facilitate users to provide necessary information. Specifically, (1) related pieces of information such as first name and last name are grouped together and (2) certain hierarchical relationships are maintained. In this paper, we provide an algorithm to compute an integrated interface from query interfaces of the same domain. The integrated query interface can be proved to preserve the above two types of relationships. Experiments on five domains verify our theoretical study.
Synthetic Validity: A Great Idea Whose Time Never Came

Synthetic validity is very much like monogamy. It is an idea that is universally admired but not widely practiced. The concept of synthetic validity has been around for almost 60 years (Lawshe, 1952) and it is described in virtually every testing and measurement book and every industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology textbook I have ever read. I still vividly remember my undergraduate Psychological Testing professor dismissing synthetic validity as “made-up validity.” I thought he was wrong then, and I still do. Nevertheless, it is worth asking why synthetic validity studies are so rare.
An Anomalous Deep Center (E C -0.31 eV) in Semi-Insulating GaAs

A prominent deep center in semi-insulating GaAs, T5 at EC×0.31 eV, has been studied by thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy using variation of illumination energy, intensity, and time. Unlike the case for most of TSC traps, the steady-state (long illumination time) peak intensity of T5 varies with light intensity. With the additional evidence that T5 seems to be related to both AsGa and VAs, it is possible that a photoinduced interaction AsGa-VAs → VGa-AsSi-VAs is taking place.
Thermotropic behavior of retinal rod membranes and dispersions of extracted phospholipids.

High sensitivity, differential scanning calorimetry studies of vovine retinal rod outer segment (ROS) disk membranes and aqueous dispersions of the extracted ROS phospholipids have been performed. ROS disk membranes were found to exhibit a broad peak of excess heat capacity with a maximum at less than about 3°C, ascribable to a gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition of traction of the phospholipids. A similar thermotropic transition was observed for aqueous dispersions of the total extracted and purified ROS phospholipids. Comparison of the results obtained for the dispersion of total ROS phospholipids to those of the purified head group fractions. suggests that the thermotropic behavior reffects a gel-to-liquid crystalline transition, leading to lateral phase separation, involving those phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecules containing saturated fatty acylchains, possibley together with the highest melting ROS phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) components. The interpretation of the thermal behavior of the ROS disk membranes depends on whether the transition is assumed to derive from the ROS PC and/or PE/PS fractions, and whether the transbilayer arrangement of the ROS phospholipids is assumed to be symmetric or asymmetric. The calorimetric data can be simply explained in terms of an asymmetric distribution of the major ROS disk membrane phospholipids (G.P. Miljanich et al.,J. Membrane Biol. 60:249–255, 1981). In this case, the transition would arise from the PE/PS fractions in the outer ROS disk membrane monolyer, and the anticipated transition from the PC in the inner monolayer would be broadened due to interaction with cholesterol. For the ROS membranes at higher temperatures, two additional, irreversible transitions are observed at 57 and 72°C, corresponding to the thermal denauturation of opsin and rhodopsin, respectively.
Scales of orientation, directed walks and movement path structure in sharks

Summary 1. Animal search patterns reflect sensory perception ranges combined with memory and knowledge of the surrounding environment. 2. Random walks are used when the locations of resources are unknown, whereas directed walks should be optimal when the location of favourable habitats is known. However, directed walks have been quantified for very few species. 3. We re-analysed tracking data from three shark species to determine whether they were using directed walks, and if so, over which spatial scales. Fractal analysis was used to quantify how movement structure varied with spatial scale and determine whether the sharks were using patches. 4. Tiger sharks performed directed walks at large spatial scales (at least 6–8 km). Thresher sharks also showed directed movement (at scales of 400–1900 m), and adult threshers were able to orient at greater scales than juveniles, which may suggest that learning improves the ability to perform directed walks. Blacktip reef sharks had small home ranges, high site fidelity and showed no evidence of oriented movements at large scales. 5. There were inter- and intraspecific differences in path structure and patch size, although most individuals showed scale-dependent movements. Furthermore, some individuals of each species performed movements similar to a correlated random walk. 6. Sharks can perform directed walks over large spatial scales, with scales of movements reflecting site fidelity and home range size. Understanding when and where directed walks occur is crucial for developing more accurate population-level dispersal models.
Social Skills and Learning Disabilities as a Type III Error Rejoinder to Conte and Andrews

Four major points made by Conte and Andrews (this issue) were addressed: (a) the primary cause hypothesis, (b) the prevalence of social skills deficits in children with learning disabilities, (c) the distinction between incidental and intentional learning, and (d) the use of intentional learning contexts in making eligibility decisions. The issues of neurological bases for social skills deficits, social skills deficits as language disabilities, and the distinction between incidental and intentional learning contexts are viewed as irrelevant to children experiencing difficulties in social skills and peer relationships. Children meeting state or district criteria for learning disabilities should receive social skills intervention as specified in an Individualized Education Program.
Bariatric surgery and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review

Purpose To quantify the impact of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and on cardiac structure and function. Data sources Three major databases (PubMed, Medline and Cochrane) were searched for original studies written in English. Study selection Original articles reporting CV risk factors or non-invasive imaging parameters for patients undergoing bariatric surgery, from January 1950 to June 2012. Data extraction Data extraction from selected studies was based on protocol-defined criteria that included study design, methods, patient characteristics, surgical procedures, weight loss, changes in CV risk factors, cardiac structure and cardiac function postoperatively. Data synthesis 73 CV risk factor studies involving 19 543 subjects were included (mean age 42 years, 76% female). Baseline prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia were 44%, 24%, and 44%, respectively. Mean follow-up was 57.8 months (range 3–176) and average excess weight loss was 54% (range 16–87%). Postoperative resolution/improvement of hypertension occurred in 63% of subjects, of diabetes in 73% and of hyperlipidaemia in 65%. Echocardiographic data from 713 subjects demonstrated statistically significant improvements in left ventricular mass, E/A ratio, and isovolumic relaxation time postoperatively. Limitations Diagnostic criteria, CV risk factor reporting, and imaging parameters were not uniform across all studies. Study groups were heterogeneous in their demographics, operative technique and follow-up period. Conclusions This systematic review highlights the benefits of bariatric surgery in reducing risk factors for CV disease. There is also evidence for left ventricular hypertrophy regression and improved diastolic function. These observations provide further evidence that bariatric surgery enhances future CV health for obese individuals.
Atomic-coherence effect on the Jaynes-Cummings model with atomic motion

The nonlinear transient effects, similar to self-induced transparency and adiabatic following, are studied for a moving two-level atom that is entering into an ideal microwave cavity in a coherent superposition of its states. The atom undergoes a one-photon transition in the cavity, sustaining a spatial field distribution for a single-mode coherent (or thermal or Fock state) field. For some particular choice of parameters of atomic coherence, removal of an appreciable amount of field energy from the cavity could be observed.
Nucleotide Excision Repair in the Third Kingdom

Nucleotide excision repair, a general repair mechanism for removing DNA damage, is initiated by dual incisions bracketing the lesion. In procaryotes, the dual incisions result in excision of the damage in 12- to 13-nucleotide-long oligomers, and in eucaryotes they result in excision of the damage in the form of 24- to 32-nucleotide-long oligomers. We wished to find out if Archaea perform excision repair. Using cell extracts from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, we found that this organism removes UV-induced (6-4) photoproducts in the form of 10- to 11-mers by incising the sixth to seventh phosphodiester bond 5′ to the damage and the fourth phosphodiester bond 3′ to the damage.