cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repairability/unrepairability detection technique for yield enhancement of VLSI memories with redundancy

In this paper, a new approach to repairability/unrepairability detection for VLSI memory chips with redundancy is presented. An heuristic, yet efficient approach, is proposed. New conditions for detection are presented and fully analysed. These are based on a more accurate estimation of the regions of repairability and unrepairability. The main benefit of this approach is its practicality with respect to fast execution time and the improved ability to diagnose a VLSI redundant memory before the generation of the repair-solution. A new repair algorithm which utilizes a ternary tree approach is also presented.
High-Yield Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on Composite Fe/Si/O Nanoparticle Catalysts: A Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics and Experimental Study

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have recently been synthesized at high catalyst yield (∼90%) using a composite iron/silicon-oxide nanoparticle catalyst in a gas-phase diffusion flame enviro...
On ruin for the Erlang(n) risk process

Abstract A defective renewal equation is derived for the expected discounted penalty due at ruin, φ δ (u)=E[ e −δT w(U(T − ),|U(T)|)I(T in a risk model with Erlang(n) claim inter-arrival times. The approach used is similar to that of Gerber and Shiu (1998) , repeatedly integrating an nth order integro-differential equation for φ, n times. The joint distribution of three random variables is obtained, the ruin time, the surplus just before ruin and the deficit at ruin.
Anisotropic elastic fields of twist boundaries

Abstract Relations for linear anisotropic elastic fields of parallel arrays of dislocations are developed. These fields are used to compute the displacement fields of twist boundaries composed of a square grid of screw dislocations. For gold, the results are shown to agree to first order with fields deduced from X-ray diffraction studies and from atomistic simulations for twist boundaries in gold.
Rapid bursting of tubular specimens

Burst tests on thin wall circular cylinders of aluminum, brass and magnesium alloys, mild steel and polymethylmethacrylate plastic are described in which stress and strain are measured at impact velocities of 14–31 ft./sec. The apparatus consists of an hydraulic cylinder and piston assembly attached to the inside of the specimen, with a falling weight producing a pressure pulse. Measurement problems inherent in the technique are analyzed: e.g., local instability leading to blister formation. An increasing amount of uniform deformation occurs in the specimen as strain rate is increased.
Nanotribological properties of ultra-thin carbon coatings for magnetic storage devices

In the magnetic storage industry ultra-thin amorphous carbon coatings are commonly used to protect read/write head and magnetic media against corrosion and mechanical damage. In our work, the mechanical properties of different carbon coatings produced with magnetron-sputtering (MS) and filtered high-current pulsed arc (HCA) are compared by using an AFM-based scratching technique. The presented method allows the generation and analyzation of very shallow scratches with residual depths of only a few Angstroms and even below. This enables a determination of the scratch resistance of ultra-thin coatings even in the nanometer range widely independent from the hardness of the substrate. A comparison to X-ray reflectivity measurements exhibits a clear correlation between the scratch resistance and the mass density of the investigated coatings. It is shown that a variation of the film thicknesses from 5 to 2 nm has very different effects on their mechanical properties and strongly depends on the deposition technique and temperature. In tribological respect it turns out that the HCA films are superior to the MS films even if prepared at typical disk deposition temperatures of approximately 200 °C.
The memorial consequences of multiple-choice testing

The present article addresses whether multiple-choice tests may change knowledge even as they attempt to measure it. Overall, taking a multiple-choice test boosts performance on later tests, as compared with nontested control conditions. This benefit is not limited to simple definitional questions, but holds true for SAT II questions and for items designed to tap concepts at a higher level in Bloom’s (1956) taxonomy of educational objectives. Students, however, can also learn false facts from multiple-choice tests; testing leads to persistence of some multiple-choice lures on later general knowledge tests. Such persistence appears due to faulty reasoning rather than to an increase in the familiarity of lures. Even though students may learn false facts from multiplechoice tests, the positive effects of testing outweigh this cost.
Empty bladder and dehydrated pelvic patch water uptake in Bufo marinus: inhibition by captopril

Dehydration (10.3 +/- 2.2%, N = 7) caused a significant increase in pelvic patch water uptake (Jv) from 875 +/- 86 (N = 21) to 2130 +/- 150 (N = 21) cm3.cm-2 x 10(-7), while the pectoral Jv increased from 258 +/- 31 (N = 21) to 545 +/- 75 (N = 21 cm3.cm-2 x 10(-7). Captopril inhibited the pelvic patch Jv in empty bladder toads decreasing the Jv from 978 +/- 45 (N = 27) to 607 +/- 38 (N = 27) cm3.cm-2 x 10(-7). In dehydrated toads (15 +/- 2%, N = 14), captopril reduced the pelvic patch Jv from 1807 +/- 213 (N = 21) to 957 +/- 91 (N = 21) cm3.cm-2 x 10(-7). Captopril injection decreased the blood pressure in dehydrated toads from 25.6 +/- 1.9 (N = 21) to 16.9 +/- 1.5 (N = 21) mmHg with no change in heart rate.
A mathematical program to predict survival and to support initial therapeutic decisions for trauma patients with long-bone and pelvic fractures

Summary Aim To test a mathematical program to monitor early haemodynamic patterns of patients with fractures, predict survival and support initial therapeutic decisions. Methods A mathematical search and display program based on non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring was used to study 430 consecutively monitored patients with fractures during the first 48 h after admission to the emergency department of an inner city public hospital. We studied four types of fractures: simple extremity fractures, long-bone fractures, pelvic fractures and fractures incidental to severe trauma. The program continuously displayed haemodynamic patterns and predicted survival probability (SP), which was evaluated by the actual outcome at hospital discharge. The program also assessed the effectiveness of therapies according to haemodynamic responses. Results The cardiac index, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, arterial saturation and transcutaneous oxygen tensions at the initial resuscitation were significantly higher in survivors than in non-survivors. After the first 48 h, the haemodynamic patterns were more influenced by fever, sepsis, complications and organ failures. The calculated survival probability averaged 81% ± 18% in the first 48 h for survivors and 72% ± 20% for non-survivors. Conclusion Early continuous non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring using the proposed information system is helpful in predicting outcome and guiding therapy for patients with fractures.
The Drosophila insulin receptor is required for normal growth

Drosophila contain an insulin receptor homologue, encoded by the inr gene located at position 93E4-5 on the third chromosome. The receptor protein is strikingly homologous to the human receptor, exhibiting the same alpha2beta2 subunit structure and containing a ligand- activated tyrosine kinase in its cytoplasmic domain. Chemical mutagenesis was used to induce mutations in the inr gene and six independent mutations that lead to a loss of expression or function of the receptor protein were identified. These mutations are recessive, embryonic, or early larval lethals, but some alleles exhibit heteroallelic complementation to yield adults with a severe developmental delay (10 days), growth-deficiency, female-sterile phenotype. Interestingly, the severity of the mutant phenotype correlates with biochemical measures of loss of function of the receptor tyrosine kinase. The growth deficiency appears to be due to a reduction in cell number, suggesting a role for inr in regulation of cell proliferation during development. The phenotype is reminiscent of those seen in syndromes of insulin-resistance or IGF-I and IGF-I receptor deficiencies in higher organisms, suggesting a conserved function for this growth factor family in the regulation of growth and body size.
Panicum shastense (gramineae), a sterile hybrid between P. Pacificum and P. Scribnerianum

Natural and synthetic hybrids are reported betweenPanicum, scribnerianum Nash and two other species,P. pacificum Hitchc. & Chase andP. occidentale Scribn. & Merr. The hybrids are morphologically intermediate between the parents, and those in whichP. pacificum is one parent strongly resemble the rareP. shastense Scribn. & Merr. All the parent plants studied cytologically had regular meiosis and a gametic number ofn = 9 chromosomes. The hybrids usually showed good pairing of chromosomes in meiosis, but irregularities such as univalents and lagging chromosomes were common. In the hybrids generally less than 7% of the pollen grains stained with cotton blue in lactophenol, and the plants set no seed, whereas the parent plants generally had over 90% pollen stainability and a high percentage of seed set. Pollen fromP. shastense, like that of the hybrids, was 3–4% stainable.Panicum shastense is believed to be based on a first generation sterile hybrid and the nameP. xshastense is proposed.
MIXING WINDOW IN A SYSTEM WITH TWO PARAMETERS

Abstract Mixing in co-rotating sinusoidal cavity flows is studied with period, T, and phase shift, a, as parameters. Notice that the main obstacle to uniform mixing is the existence of stable :ower periodic orbits, mixing windows, where uniform mixing takes place, are found in the T— a space u:iing bifurcation analysis. The main advantage of this method is a great saving of the computation time.
The dominant functional nicotinic receptor in progenitor cells in the rostral migratory stream is the α3β4 subtype

Addition of newly generated neurons into mature neural circuits in the adult CNS responds to changes in neurotransmitter levels and is tightly coupled to the activity of specific brain regions. This postnatal neurogenesis contributes to plasticity of the olfactory bulb and hippocampus and is thought to play a role in learning and memory, context and odor discrimination, as well as perceptual learning. While acetylcholine plays an important role in odor discrimination and perceptual learning, its role in adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb has not been elucidated. In this study, I have examined the functional expression of nAChRs in progenitor cells of the rostral migratory stream (RMS) in the adult olfactory bulb of mice. I show that most of these cells in the RMS exhibit large nAChR-mediated calcium transients upon application of acetylcholine (ACh). Unlike in the hippocampus, the predominant functional nAChRs on progenitor cells are of α3β4 subtype. Interestingly, functional receptor expression is lost once progenitor cells mature, and are incorporated into the granule cell layer. Instead, nAChRs are now expressed on some presynaptic terminals and modulate glutamate release onto granule cells. My results imply that ACh is a part of the permissive niche and likely plays a role in development of progenitor cells.
Brainstorming by Computer

The seminal thoughts of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung on the mechanism of the psyche's creative powers are given a representation which enables the design of a simulatable model for brainstorming. the model is implemented in Fortran and is illustrated with five examples. One of these examples is taken from a patient of Freud, one from a problem encountered by the author in writing this article, and the remaining three from a sample of hypothetical problems to be solved via brainstorming. the model recommends solutions to the defining problem by synthesizing elementary English phrases and sentences. In general, multiple recommendations are given for each problem. the coded model is small enough to be run on a personal computer.
Serotonin-3 receptor and ethanol-stimulated somatodendritic dopamine release.

The effects of local application of the 5-HT3 receptor agonist, 1-(m-chlorophenyl)-biguanide (CPBG), and IP administration of ethanol on the extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were studied using in vivo microdialysis. Adult female Wistar rats were implanted with microdialysis probes in the VTA at least 24 h before each experiment. Stable extracellular levels of DA (101 ± 9 fmol/20 min) were established before initiating the experiments. Application of 10–250 μM CPBG through the microdialysis probe dosedependently enhanced the extracellular concentrations of DA but did not alter the levels of either 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid or homovanillic acid in the dialysate. The effects of CPBG were reversible and dependent upon Ca2+. Co-perfusion with the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 3-tropanyl-indole-3-carboxylate (ICS 205-930), inhibited the effects of CPBG on enhancing extracellular DA levels. The IP administration of 2g/kg ethanol significantly (p < 0.005) enhanced the levels of DA to 150% of baseline values; this ethanol-induced increase was prevented by local perfusion with 100 μM ICS 205–930. These results suggest that 5-HT3 receptors in the VTA are involved in regulating the somatodendritic release of DA and in mediating the stimulatory effects of ethanol on this neuronal system.
Hydrogen bonding part 49. IR and thermodynamic study of the halide hydrates of the N,N′-dimethyltriethylenediammonium and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylpiperazinium dications

Abstract We have studied the crystalline lower hydrates of N,N′ -dimethyltriethylenediammonium (DMTED 2+ ) and N,N,N′,N′ -tetramethylpiperazinium (TMP 2+ ) halides. The first hydrates to separate from aqueous solutions of DMTED 2+ iodide, bromide and chloride are dihydrates, which are formally halide monohydrates. The iodide and bromide dihydrates show IR spectra assigned to extended linear rather than planar cyclic cluster HOH...X − hydrogen bonding. The chloride shows the characteristics IR spectrum of a planar C 2h (H 2 O·Cl − ) 2 cluster below about 26°C, and a linear-type spectrum above this temperature. Equilibrium vapor pressure studies show that the bromide forms both a dihydrate and a monohydrate, with normal Δ H 0 diss values of 10.00 and 13.37 kcal mol −1 respectively. The Δ H 0 diss value for DMTED 2+ chloride dihydrate below 26°C is abnormally high; this is ascribed to a positive lattice enthalpy change on dissociation. There is evidence for a chloride sesquihydrate with a normal Δ H 0 diss of 17.37 kcal mol −1 per mol H 2 O lost, but no evidence for a stable monohydrate. DMTED 2+ fluoride forms a clathrate hydrate with 4.5 mol eq H 2 O and dihydrate containing planar (H 2 O·F − ) 2 clusters. TMP 2+ iodide and bromide are very insoluble in H 2 O and do not appear to form discrete hydrates. TMP 2+ chloride forms a monohydrate of the linear type with a rather high Δ H 0 diss of 27.22 kcal mol −1 . TMP 2+ fluoride forms three hydrates with 6.0, 4.0 and 2.0 H 2 O respectively. IR spectra show that the tetrahydrate has a water—fluoride structure similar to that in tetraethylammonium fluoride dihydrate, while the dihydrate contains planar (H 2 O·F − ) 2 clusters.
INFLATION, INVESTMENT, AND DEBT

In this paper the effect of inflation on firms' investment and debt-financing decisions is examined. Inflation affects optimal investment and financing directly through the probability of accounting loss and the real value of depreciation and interest tax shields. In addition, when corporate and differential personal taxes cause investment and financing decisions to interact, inflation has indirect effects on these decisions through their interactions. In general, the overall effects of inflation on optimal investment and debt are ambiguous in sign. For tax-exempt firms, however, optimal investment and debt are independent of inflation. For firms that are always in a tax-paying position, higher inflation reduces optimal investment without affecting optimal debt. Furthermore, inflation causes total firm value to decrease if the depreciation rate exceeds the firm's debt/asset ratio.
Watershed land use is strongly linked to PCBs in white perch in Chesapeake Bay subestuaries.

We related total PCBs (t-PCBs) in white perch (Morone americana), an abundant estuarine resident that supports a valuable recreational and commercial fishery in the mid-Atlantic region, to the amou...
Energetic contribution of solvent-exposed ion pairs to alpha-helix structure.

Abstract Understanding the role of amino acid side-chain interactions in forming secondary structure in proteins is useful for deciphering how proteins fold and for predicting folded structures of proteins from their sequence. Analysis of the secondary structure as a function of pH in two designed synthetic peptides with identical composition but different sequences, affords a quantitative estimate of the free energy contribution of a single ion pair to the stability of an isolated α-helix. One peptide contains repeated blocks of Glu 4 Lys 4 . The second has repeated blocks of Glu 2 Lys 2 . The former contains significant helical structure at neutral pH while the latter has none, based on ultraviolet light circular dichroism measurements and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The difference is attributed to formation of helix-stabilizing salt-bridges between Glu − and Lys + spaced at i , i + 4 intervals in the former peptide. The free energy of formation of a single Glu − -Lys + salt-bridge can be evaluated by using a statistical model of the helix-coil transition that explicitly includes salt-bridges: the result is −0.50(±0.05) kcal/mol at 4 °C and neutral pH in 10 m m salt, in agreement with a value derived for a single salt-bridge in a helix on the surface of a globular protein.
Ion Funnel Augmented Mars Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry for In Situ Detection of Organic Molecules

Laser desorption is an attractive technique for in situ sampling of organics on Mars given its relative simplicity. We demonstrate that under simulated Martian conditions (~2.5 Torr CO2) laser desorption of neutral species (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), followed by ionization with a simple ultraviolet light source such as a discharge lamp, offers an effective means of sampling organics for detection and identification with a mass spectrometer. An electrodynamic ion funnel is employed to provide efficient ion collection in the ambient Martian environment. This experimental methodology enables in situ sampling of Martian organics with minimal complexity and maximum flexibility.
Critical Issues Using Brain-Computer Interfaces for Augmentative and Alternative Communication

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) may potentially be of significant practical value to patients in advanced stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and locked-in syndrome for whom conventional augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems, which require some measure of consistent voluntary muscle control, are not satisfactory options. However, BCIs have primarily been used for communication in laboratory research settings. This article discusses 4 critical issues that should be addressed as BCIs are translated out of laboratory settings to become fully functional BCI/AAC systems that may be implemented clinically. These issues include (1) identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary system features; (2) integrating BCI/AAC systems in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework; (3) implementing language-based assessment and intervention; and (4) performance measurement. A clinical demonstration project is presented as an example of research beginning to address these critical issues.
Oxidative stress response in trained men following repeated squats or sprints.

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to measure the oxidative stress response to similarly matched work bouts of squat and sprint exercise. Methods: Twelve anaerobically trained men performed six 10-s sprints and, on a separate occasion, repeated barbell squats to approximately equal the amount of work performed during the sprints. Blood lactate, heart rate, and perceived exertion was measured before and following each exercise bout. Muscle soreness, muscle force, and creatine kinase activity was determined preexercise and through 48 h of recovery. Desmin cytoskeletal protein was determined via muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis before and at 24 h following each exercise. Plasma protein carbonyls (PC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Results: Heart rate and perceived exertion was not different between exercise sessions (P > 0.05), although lactate was higher following sprinting compared with squatting (P = 0.002). Muscle soreness was greater for squatting than sprinting (P = 0.003) and reached a peak immediately postexercise for both sessions (P = 0.0003). Muscle force was unaffected by either exercise session (P > 0.05), and creatine kinase activity was elevated to a similar extent following both sessions. Desmin-negative fibers were virtually nonexistent after either exercise bout, indicating no loss of this cytoskeletal protein. Neither PC nor MDA was affected by the exercise (P > 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that in anaerobically trained men, the oxidative stress and muscle injury response to similarly matched anaerobic exercise bouts is minimal, and not different between exercise modes. Furthermore, when compared with previous literature on untrained subjects, the response is significantly attenuated, possibly because of adaptations occurring as a result of chronic, strenuous anaerobic training.
A new class of silicon-phosphorus heterocycles: 4-silaphosphorinanes

Abstract Radical reactions of Me3SiPH2 with Me2Si(CHCH2)2 or Si(CHCH2)4 yield the 4-silaphosphorinanes Me2Si(CH2CH2)2PSiMe3, (CH2CH)2Si(CH2CH2)2PSiMe3, or [Me3SiP(CH2CH2)2]2Si; methanolysis of these produces quantitatively the secondary phosphorinanes Me2Si(CH2CH2)2PH, (CH2CH)2Si(CH2CH2)2PH, or [HP(CH2CH2)2]2Si. Me2Si(CH2CH2)2PSiMe3 with O2/H2O yields the phosphinic acid Me2Si(CH2CH2)2P(O)OH. All compounds are characterized by spectral data; an X-ray crystal analysis confirms the structure of Me2Si(CH2CH2)2P(O)OH.
Impact of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles on the individual performance of Mytilus galloprovincialis.

The increased use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in consumer products raises the concern of environmental release and subsequent impacts in natural communities. We tested for physiological and demographic impacts of ZnO, a prevalent metal oxide ENP, on the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. We exposed mussels of two size classes, <4.5 and ≥4.5 cm shell length, to 0.1–2 mg l−1 ZnO ENPs in seawater for 12 wk, and measured the effect on mussel respiration, accumulation of Zn, growth, and survival. After 12 wk of exposure to ZnO ENPs, respiration rates of mussels increased with ZnO concentration. Mussels had up to three fold more Zn in tissues than control groups after 12 wk of exposure, but patterns of Zn accumulation varied with mussel size and Zn concentrations. Small mussels accumulated Zn 10 times faster than large mussels at 0.5 mg l−1, while large mussels accumulated Zn four times faster than small mussels at 2 mg l−1. Mussels exposed to 2 mg l−1 ZnO grew 40% less than mussels in our control group for both size classes. Survival significantly decreased only in groups exposed to the highest ZnO concentration (2 mg l−1) and was lower for small mussels than large. Our results indicate that ZnO ENPs are toxic to mussels but at levels unlikely to be reached in natural marine waters.
Possible microscopic explanation of the virtually universal occurrence of static friction

Perturbation theory, simulations, and scaling arguments predict that there should be no static friction for two weakly interacting, flat, atomically smooth, clean solid surfaces. The absence of static friction results from the fact that the atomic-level interfacial potential energy is much weaker than the elastic potential energy, which prevents the atoms from sinking to their interfacial potential minima. Consequently, we have essentially two rigid solids, for which the forces at randomly distributed ``pinning sites'' cancel. It is shown here that even fluctuations in the concentration of atomic-level defects at the interface do not account for static friction. The sliding of contacting asperities, which occurs when the problem is studied at the multi-micrometer length scale, relative to each other, however, involves the shearing of planes of atoms at the interface between a pair of asperities from the two surfaces in contact. Since this results in a force for the interaction of two in contact asperities which varies over sliding distances of the order of an atomic spacing, the contacting asperities at the surface are able to sink to their interfacial potential minima, with negligible cost in elastic potential energy. This results in static friction.
Dynamics and structure development during high‐speed melt spinning of nylon 6. II. Mathematical modeling

A mathematical model of the melt spinning process that includes crystallization has been used to compute the velocity, diameter, temperature, and birefringence as a function of distance from the spinneret. An improved inversion procedure is described and is shown to give better results for the computed apparent elongational viscosity and heat-transfer coefficient data. The computed profiles have been compared directly to the experimental profiles determined earlier and reported in Part I of this paper. The results show that the model describes the major features of the melt spinning process. The reasons for the observed differences between experimental profiles and those computed from the model are discussed.
Discontinuity detection in multivariate space for stochastic simulations

Edge detection has traditionally been associated with detecting physical space jump discontinuities in one dimension, e.g. seismic signals, and two dimensions, e.g. digital images. Hence most of the research on edge detection algorithms is restricted to these contexts. High dimension edge detection can be of significant importance, however. For instance, stochastic variants of classical differential equations not only have variables in space/time dimensions, but additional dimensions are often introduced to the problem by the nature of the random inputs. The stochastic solutions to such problems sometimes contain discontinuities in the corresponding random space and a prior knowledge of jump locations can be very helpful in increasing the accuracy of the final solution. Traditional edge detection methods typically require uniform grid point distribution. They also often involve the computation of gradients and/or Laplacians, which can become very complicated to compute as the number of dimensions increases. The polynomial annihilation edge detection method, on the other hand, is more flexible in terms of its geometric specifications and is furthermore relatively easy to apply. This paper discusses the numerical implementation of the polynomial annihilation edge detection method to high dimensional functions that arise when solving stochastic partial differential equations.
Pediatric vision screening using binocular retinal birefringence scanning

We have developed a specialized form of retinal birefringence scanning (RBS), in which a small spot of polarized light is scanned in a circle on the retina, and the returning light is measured for the changes in polarization cuased by the pattern of birefringent fibers that radiate from the fovea. Binocular RBS (BRBS) detects fixation of both eyes simultaneously and thus screens for strabismus, one of the risk factors of amblyopia. We have also developed a technique to automatically detect when the eye is in focus without measuring refractive error. This focus detector utilizes a bull's eye photodetector optically conjugate to a point fixation source. Reflected light is focused back to the point source by the optical system of the eye and if the subject focuses on the fixation source, the returning light will be focused on the detector. We have constructed a hand-held prototype combining BRBS and focus detection measurements in one quick (<0.5 second) and accurate (theoretically detecting ±1° of misalignment) measurement. Here we present our data of BRBS and focus detection signals in a number of normal and amblyopic subjects, demonstrating that this approach can reliably and effectively identify children at risk for amblyopia.
Novel gene ashwin functions in Xenopus cell survival and anteroposterior patterning

The novel gene ashwin was isolated in a differential display screen for genes activated or up-regulated early in neural specification. ashwin is expressed maternally and zygotically, and it is up-regulated in the neural ectoderm after the midgastrula stage. It is expressed in the neural plate and later in the embryonic brain, eyes, and spinal cord. Overexpression of ashwin in whole embryos leads to anterior truncations and other defects. However, a second Organizer does not form, and the secondary axial structures may result from splitting of the Organizer, rather than axis duplication. Morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated reduction in ashwin expression leads to lethality or abnormalities in gastrulation, as well as significant apoptosis in midgastrula embryos. Apoptosis is also observed in midgastrula embryos overexpressing ashwin. Coexpression of ashwin with the bone morphogenetic protein-4 antagonist noggin has a synergistic effect on neural-specific gene expression in isolated animal cap ectoderm. Ashwin has no previously characterized domains, although two nuclear localization signals can be identified. Orthologues have been identified in the human, mouse, chicken, and pufferfish genomes. Our results suggest that ashwin regulates cell survival and anteroposterior patterning. Developmental Dynamics 235:1895–1907, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei in women: A clinicopathologic analysis of 30 cases with emphasis on site of origin, prognosis, and relationship to ovarian mucinous tumors of low malignant potential

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a poorly understood condition characterized by the accumulation of abundant mucinous material within the peritoneal cavity and associated with a mucinous tumor of the gastrointestinal tract or ovaries. Recently there has been considerable debate over the primary site of origin of the tumor associated with PMP in women. Some investigators have proposed a primary site in the ovaries, whereas others favor the gastrointestinal tract or the peritoneum. Another confusing issue has been the nature of the ovarian mucinous tumors associated with PMP. Although these neoplasms may be frankly malignant, more often they show minimal cytologic atypia and epithelial proliferation and have been classified as borderline or low malignant potential tumors. In order to address the issues of site of origin and nature of the associated ovarian mucinous tumors, we studied 68 cases of PMP in women, 30 of whom had mucinous tumors involving the ovaries. All 30 of these cases had an associated mucinous appendiceal or intestinal tumor. The PMP cases with ovarian tumors were compared with 30 ovarian mucinous tumors of low malignant potential (LMP). Based on the analysis of the primary ovarian mucinous LMP tumors, a set of criteria was formulated and used to determine the probable site of origin of PMP in the 30 women with mucinous tumors involving the ovaries. The following gross and microscopic features of the ovarian tumor were considered to be inconsistent with a primary ovarian origin: (1) surface involvement with or without superficial stromal involvement only; (2) adenocarcinoma with signet ring cell differentiation, with a previously diagnosed or concurrent appendiceal tumor of similar morphology; (3) bilateral adenocarcinoma consistent with colonic or appendiceal morphology; and (4) unilateral adenocarcinoma consistent with colonic or appendiceal morphology with a history of a colonic or appendiceal adenocarcinoma. When any one of these features was present the ovarian tumor was diagnosed as secondary. The following additional features also were considered to be more typical of secondary ovarian involvement: (1) normal or only slightly enlarged ovaries; (2) bilateral ovarian involvement; (3) simple or only focally proliferative mucinous epithelium with abundant extracellular mucin in cases with predominantly surface involvement of the ovaries, with or without a history of/or concurrent appendiceal adenoma; (4) multifocal or extensive pseudomyxoma ovarii in cases with stromal involvement, with or without a history of/or concurrent appendiceal adenoma; (5) ruptured appendiceal adenoma and unruptured ovarian tumor of similar histology; and (6) presence of an associated mucinous intestinal tumor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Equilibrium and thermodynamics of azo dyes biosorption onto Spirulina platensis

The equilibrium and thermodynamics of azo dye (tartrazine and allura red) biosorption onto Spirulina platensis biomass were investigated. The equilibrium curves were obtained at 298, 308, 318 and 328 K, and four isotherm models were fitted the experimental data. Biosorption thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) were estimated. The results showed that the biosorption was favored by a temperature decrease. For both dyes, the Sips model was the best to represent the equilibrium experimental data (R2>0.99 and ARE<5.0%) and the maximum biosorption capacities were 363.2 and 468.7 mg g-1 for tartrazine and allura red, respectively, obtained at 298 K. The negative values of ΔG and ΔH showed that the biosorption of both dyes was spontaneous, favorable and exothermic. The positive values of ΔS suggested that the system disorder increases during the biosorption process.
A study of the formation and self-lubrication mechanisms of boric acid films on boric oxide coatings

Abstract An investigation was made of the formation and self-lubrication mechanisms of boric acid films on boric oxide coatings prepared by vacuum evaporation. Measured friction coefficients of a steel ball sliding on a boric-oxide-coated steel disk and a sapphire ball sliding on a boric-oxide-coated alumina disk were 0.025–0.05 at steady state, depending on load and substrate material. This low friction was correlated with the formation of a lubricious boric acid film on boric oxide coatings exposed to open air. For the mechanism of self-lubrication, the layered triclinic crystal structure of boric acid was proposed. The atoms constituting each boric acid molecule are arrayed in closely packed and strongly bonded layers that are 0.318 nm apart and held together by weak forces, such as van der Waals'. It is hypothesized that, during sliding, these layers can align themselves parallel to the direction of relative motion and, once so aligned, can slide over one another with relative ease to provide low friction. Structural and chemical findings were included to substantiate the proposed solid lubrication mechanism.
Two player statistical game with higher order cumulants

In statistical game, multiple players optimize the distributions of the objective functions through the cost cumulants. This paper extends the use of second, third, and fourth cumulants for stochastic Nash games. For the case of linear system with quadratic cost, the equilibrium solutions are determined. In the process, coupled Riccati equations are found. The higher order statistical game is applied to the control of satellite attitude control application and the results are compared with H ∞ control. The simulation showed that the performance can be manipulated by choosing appropriate parameters. In our case we found that the fourth cumulant case is 26%, 25% and 16% faster than H ∞ control, second cumulant, and third cumulant cases, respectively.
Strength and fatigue analysis of fibrous silicon carbide for ICF reactor applications

Abstract Since silicon carbide fiber has been proposed as a first wall material for inertial confinement fusion reactors, a program has been initiated to identify static and dynamic mechanical strength characteristics. Static failure stress was found to be very high but considerably less than values reported for single filaments. Low cycle fatigue curves have been developed for a range of alternating and mean stresses. Fractured fibers generally show brittle characteristics for both static and fatigue failures.
A Merger that Failed: The Case of the University of New England

In 1989–90 the University of New England combined with three colleges of advanced education in northern New South Wales to form a network university. Unfortunately the merger negotiations and the experience of this network university were marred by conflict and the network University is to split into two separate universities from 1 January 1994 at the latest. The paper provides a case-study of the merger and tries to explain why the merger failed.
The single burr hole technique for the evacuation of non-acute subdural hematomas

A 4-year retrospective study was made of 111 consecutive surgically treated patients with chronic or subacute subdural hematomas. All underwent single burr hole evacuation with accompanying saline irrigation of the subdural space. Postoperative outcomes at 6 weeks were 90% excellent, 5.5% fair, and 4.5% poor. Postoperative re-evacuation was performed either by needle aspiration or reoperation via the burr hole on 12 patients; one required a craniectomy and neomembrane stripping. These results compare favorably with previous data and support the use of the single burr hole technique as a simple and effective treatment of subacute and chronic subdural hematomas. This addresses the decompression of the brain parenchyma, the removal of the residual semisolid subdural hematoma component, and the removal, dilution, and inactivation of endogenous fibrinolytic agents.
A Developmental Switch in the Excitability and Function of the Starburst Network in the Mammalian Retina

Dual patch-clamp recording and Ca2+ uncaging revealed Ca2+-dependent corelease of ACh and GABA from, and the presence of reciprocal nicotinic and GABAergic synapses between, starburst cells in the perinatal rabbit retina. With maturation, the nicotinic synapses between starburst cells dramatically diminished, whereas the GABAergic synapses remained and changed from excitatory to inhibitory, indicating a coordinated conversion of the starburst network excitability from an early hyperexcitatory to a mature nonepileptic state. We show that this transition allows the starburst cells to use their neurotransmitters for two completely different functions. During early development, the starburst network mediates recurrent excitation and spontaneous retinal waves, which are important for visual system development. After vision begins, starburst cells release GABA in a prolonged and Ca2+-dependent manner and inhibit each other laterally via direct GABAergic synapses, which may be important for visual integration, such as the detection of motion direction.
Image quality of higher NA I-line projection lens

These days much attention is being paid to the potential of i-line lithography. We have manufactured a high numer ical aperture ( N. A. ) i-lme lens in order to study this potential. The lens specification is as follows magnification : 1/10 N. A. : 0. 65 field size : 5X5min. In this paper we first compare the difference between the image quality of g-line and i-line optics with the same resolution and then we present the results of our experiment with the new i-line lens which shows the considerable P055 ibil ity of sub-half micron 1 ithography with an i-l me optical stepper. 1.
Fertility and family planning in China: an analysis of provincial patterns

This paper examines patterns of fertility and family planning in China, particularly by an analysis of recently available provincial data for the period around 1981. Fertility rates in the more urban and developed parts of China are very low, approximating those of countries with the lowest fertility rates in the world. Family planning in these areas is also very common and widespread. The more rural and interior areas of China, however, are characterized by much higher fertility rates and by much lower family planning rates. Family planning variables are very good predictors of provincial fertility.
Double-blinded randomized controlled trial of estrogen supplementation in adolescent girls who receive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception.

Objective The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of estrogen supplementation on bone mineral density in adolescent girls who received depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Study design One hundred twenty-three adolescents who began receiving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections every 12 weeks were assigned randomly to receive monthly injections of estradiol cypionate or placebo. The main outcome was bone mineral density that was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry for 12 (n=69) to 24 (n=36) months. Participants, technicians, and physicians were blinded to estrogen treatment. Results Over the 24-month period, the percentage of change from baseline bone mineral density at the lumbar spine was 2.8% in the estradiol cypionate group versus −1.8% in the placebo group ( P P Conclusion Our results suggest that estrogen supplementation is protective of bone in adolescent girls who receive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injections.
Possible Related Risks to Breastfeeding

Animal studies have identified a mouse mammary tumor agent transmitted through lactation that increases the incidence and reduces the age for tumor development in offspring. A similar viral particle has been detected with greater frequency in the milk of humans with a family history of breast carcinoma than in the milk of those with no history. Animal studies also indicate that a male offspring who has been breastfed, at low risk himself, could possibly transmit the agent through seminal fluid. The health team is encouraged to consider these factors when discussing infant feeding methods with women who have a positive family history of breast carcinoma.
Class, Status, and the Punishment of White-Collar Criminals

The treatment of white-collar offenders by the criminal justice system has been a central concern since the concept of white-collar crime was first introduced In general, it has been assumed that those higher up the social hierarchy have an advantage in every part of the legal process, including the punishment they receive as white-collar criminals. In a controversial study of white-collar crime sentencing in the federal district courts, Wheeler, Weisburd, and Bode contradicted this assumption when they found that those of higher status were more likely to be imprisoned and, when sentenced to prison, were likely to receive longer prison terms than comparable offenders of lower status. While they argued that results were consistent with “what those who do the sentencing often say about it,” their analyses failed to control for the role of social class in the sentencing process. In this article we reanalyze the Wheeler et al sentencing data, including both measures of socioeconomic status and class position. Our findings show that class position does have an independent influence on judicial sentencing behavior. But this effect does not demand revision in the major findings reported in the earlier study.
Outgassing of ZrF4‐Based Glasses

The nature and quantities of the chemical species evaporating from the surface of fluorozirconate glasses heated to above Tg were investigated. ZrF4 vaporized from a ZBLAN glass whereas ZrF3. ZrF2 and ZrF vaporized from a ZBL glass. Other gases found include HF, HCl, O2, CO2, and atomic fluorine.
Functional group-selective ion-molecule reactions of ethylene glycol and its monomethyl and dimethyl ethers

The selective methylation and methylene substitution reactions of dimethyl ether ions with ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether were investigated in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Whereas the reactions of ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether with the methoxymethylene cation 45+ gave only [M + 13]+ product ions, the reaction of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether with the same reagent ion yielded exclusively [M + 15]+ ions. The relative rates of formation of these products and those from competing reactions were examined and rationalized on the basis of structural and electronic considerations. The heats of formation for various relevant species were estimated by computational methods and showed that the reactions leading to the [M + 13]+ ions were more energetically favorable than those leading to the [M + 15]+ products for cases in which both reactions are possible. Finally, the collision-induced dissociation behavior of the [M + H]+, [M + 13]+, and [M + 15]+ ions indicated that the and [M + H]+ rons dissociated by analogous pathways and were thus structurally similar, whereas the [M + 13]+ ions possessed distinctly different structural characteristics.
The Reaction of Formaldehyde with Cellulosic Fibers Part I: Rate and Mechanism of the Reaction1

The acid-catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with cellulose has been studied under conditions comparable to those of formaldehyde treatments carried out in textile finish ing plants. Cotton, Fortisan, and viscose rayon fabrics were treated at different pad- bath pH values (2.0, 2.2, and 2.4) and formaldehyde concentrations, at different tempera tures (110°, 120°, and 130° C.), and for different periods of time.At the higher pH values of 2.2 and 2.4, the cross-linking reaction seems to take place primarily in the amorphous regions of the fibers; at the lowest pH, a very rapid reaction occurs in the amorphous regions, accompanied and followed by diffusion of formaldehyde into the crystalline regions which controls the observed reaction rate. Both the rate and extent of reaction appear to depend on the state of internal order of the cellulosic material, being least for cotton, the material of highest crystallinity. Fortisan and viscose rayon have about the same degree of crystallinity, but the reaction with F...
Acrolein and Shock. Possible Relationship of Lipoid Breakdown Products to Shock Associated with Burns.

Summary and ConclusionsAcrolein injected into experimental animals by any of several routes produces a condition identical in its clinical and pathological manifestations to that generally accepted as “shock.” By using the intravenous route and relatively large doses in certain animals, it is believed that this picture is the direct result of capillary damage by acrolein or lipoid breakdown products, rather than the result of the liberation of “H” substance or other tissue breakdown protein substances. Studies concerning the development of antibodies to acrolein in the serum of burned animals and individuals are in progress.
Ex Post Inefficiencies in a Property Rights Theory of the Firm

Private information can lead to inefficient bargaining between managers. I develop a property rights theory of the firm to analyze the optimal ownership structure that minimizes this bargaining inefficiency. I first show that a change in the ownership structure that reduces the managers' aggregate disagreement payoff increases the probability that they realize efficient trades, but also increases the cost of disagreement and can lead them to trade "too often." I then show that joint ownership is optimal if the managers' expected gains from trade are large and that either integration or nonintegration is optimal if the expected gains from trade are small. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.