cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental fate of the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin in Costa Rican wild lima bean seeds

WHEN a seed germinates, we expect the defensive secondary compounds it contains to be transferred intact to the growing seedling, or variously decomposed to produce resources for the growing seedling. The seeds of wild indigenous Costa Rican lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) contain about 3.45% fresh weight of linamarin1, a cyanogenic glucoside that can enzymatically decompose to produce 0.37% fresh weight hydrocyanic acid (HCN). We report here that, after germination, the amount of linamarin in the total seedling (roots, cotyledons, and shoots) remains essentially constant during a 26-day experimental period and moreover corresponds to the amount of linamarin present in the seed before germination (Fig. 1).
PERCEPTIONS OF KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS REGARDING SYSTEMIC CONSTRAINTS ON TEACHING AND LEARNING

The purpose of this multiple case study was to examine the perceptions of Kindergarten teachers regarding systemic constraints on the teacher/learner pedagogical relationship. As greater responsibility and increasing pressure are imposed on early childhood teachers to focus on a subject-centered curricula and accountability standards, there is less time available to implement and develop appropriate practices. This qualitative study gathered data from four randomly-selected experienced Kindergarten teachers, through interviews, classroom observations, and a review of classroom documents. Analysis of the data generated three highly prominent themes: 1) developmentally appropriate practices in the Kindergarten setting are compromised in a high stakes environment; 2) the instructional pacing of the curriculum has changed the dynamics of the Kindergarten classroom; and 3) academic skills are emphasized as a result of the push-down curriculum in Kindergarten settings. In summary, the Kindergarten teachers believed that the dynamics of the pedagogical relationship between the teacher and the learner have changed as a result of systemic constraints. Teachers from the study perceived that the push-down curriculum imposed pressure to cover an academic curriculum throughout most of the day. However, the teachers maintained that even under the mounting pressures of the push-down curriculum, they were able to sustain a high sense of self-efficacy, still believing in their ability to help their students succeed.
Curvature of Swimming Fish Midlines as an Index of Muscle Strain Suggests Swimming Muscle Produces Net Positive Work

Abstract The axial muscle used in steady swimming by fish is geometrically complex and this has required the study of in vivo muscle swimming mechanics to be done with largely inferential techniques. Currently there is some debate concerning the variation in muscle function in different regions of the body, and the importance of negative work production by muscles in posterior locations. We have used video taped kinematics of steady swimming in mackerel and then analysed the lateral flexion of the body that is thought to reflect the cycle of length change in the axial muscles. A comparison of several of the techniques used in the past to estimate muscle length changes are shown not to be equivalent. Specifically, we find that peak values of lateral deflection of the body are not correlated in time or axial position with peaks in curvature of the body midline. This is important because the timing of the muscle strain cycle is often inferred from such information. Having documented this observation in a swimming mackerel, we use analytical geometry to show that this result is a consequence of the curves that describe swimming fish midlines. Since this observation is shown to be the geometric consequence of an amplitude envelope that is not constant, it should therefore apply to other animals that propel themselves with axial undulations of increasing amplitude. Our minor result is that care must be taken when estimating the phase of swimming muscle strain from kinematics. Our major results is that appreciation of the geometric character of the kinematics these fish adopt may resolve much of the current debate concerning the mechanical performance of swimming muscle in fish. Specifically, using our estimate of the phase of muscle shortening and data on EMG timing in the mackerel we conclude that all axial muscles are activated before peak length and in a manner that should produce net positive work within each shortening cycle.
Electromagnetic cavity with arbitrary Q and small modal volume without a complete photonic bandgap.

We show how an electromagnetic cavity with arbitrarily high Q and small (bounded) modal volume can be formed in two or three dimensions with a proper choice of dielectric constants. Unlike in previous work, neither a complete photonic bandgap nor a trade-off in mode localization for Q is required. Rather, scattering and radiation are prohibited by a perfect mode match of the TE-polarized modes in each subsection of a Bragg resonator. Q values in excess of 105 are demonstrated through finite-difference time-domain simulations of two- and three-dimensional structures with modal areas or volumes of the order of the wavelength squared or cubed.
The electrochemistry of a cuprous cyanide strike-plating bath

Abstract The voltammetric and steady-state polarization response of a copper-disk electrode was used to study the kinetics of copper electrodeposition from a cyanide bath using a solution commonly applied for copper strike-plating (0.1 M Na2CO3 + 0.2 M CuCN + 0.6 M NaCN, pH 11.2). Systematic variation of the sodium cyanide concentration from 0.3 to 0.7 M was used to identify cuprous cyanide redox complexes Cu(CN)n(n − 1)−. The voltammetric response with and without CN− was dramatically different owing to cuprous complexation with CN−, and the voltammetric charge associated with copper oxidation is much higher than that of cuprous cyanide reduction. The major species discharged is proposed to be Cu(CN)32−, although thermodynamic calculations indicate that Cu(CN)43− is the predominant complex. Deposition of the n = 3 complex is suggested to give rise to the relatively uniform macroscopic current distribution inherent with cyanide baths and the fine-grained deposit structure. It is proposed that the cyanide released during deposition shifts the distribution of the complexes at the surface to the completely saturated state and results in a decreased local copper deposition rate since the discharge of Cu(CN)43− is considerably slower. Hence a necessary condition may be posed that any replacement (less toxic) ligand for cyanide should be chosen such that the electroactive copper complex is not saturated with the ligand, and furthermore that the most saturated state be the least electroactive. Cuprous cyanide complexes shift the copper deposition potential to more negative values which avoids displacement deposition on less noble substrates. The predominant copper cyanide species discharged in the copper strike-plating bath is proposed to be Cu(CN)32−; although Cu(CN)43− is at a higher concentration, it is not as electroactive. These kinetics give rise to the inherent good “macroscopic throwing power” observed in the cyanide bath.
Application of the seven-factor model of personality to early childhood.

The seven-factor model of personality developed by Cloninger and colleagues describes personality as a function of developmental aspects of character superimposed on heritable dimensions of temperament. The objective of this study was to determine whether this model could be applied to early childhood. We tested a preschool version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (the preschool TCI) in 305 children aged 2–5 years. Exploratory factor analysis provided support for the presence of distinct domains of temperament (comprising four factors) and character (comprising three factors). The preschool TCI demonstrated high internal consistency for each of the seven factors (Cronbach’s a values: 0.70–0.93). Inter-individual differences in novelty seeking, reward dependence and cooperativeness were highly preserved (Pearson’s r values 0.75, 0.64 and 0.80, respectively) in 29 subjects who were studied over a 3-year period from toddlerhood to early school age. Future studies are warranted to test the extent to which early childhood measurements of the seven factors might predict the development of personality disorders. 2002
Formation of electric potential during the oxidation of a metal particle

Experiments revealed that a transient electric voltage of the order of 1 V may form during the combustion of a single metal particle. We present a model showing that such an electrical field may form as a result of the different diffusion rates of the positive and negative charge carriers through a growing mixed-ionic-electronic-conducting oxide shell. Simulations of the evolution of the electric charge carriers and temporal potential distribution reveal that three key parameters affect the voltage formation. The ratio of the characteristic oxygen ion diffusion rate within the particle to the maximum oxygen transport rate to the particle surface affects the formation of a diffusion layer and the carrier distributions inside the oxide shell. The ratio between the thickness of an exterior oxide layer, formed before the reaction has started, and the Debye screening length has a strong impact on the amplitude and temporal evolution of the voltage. The thinner this initial oxide shell is, the larger is the voltage amplitude. The ratio between the diffusion coefficients of the positive and negative charge carriers determines the sign of the excess electrical charge on the surface. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2287–2296, 2004
Connectivity compression for three-dimensional planar triangle meshes

We describe a new algorithm for coding the connectivity information of three-dimensional planar triangle meshes. Vertices of a mesh are placed on a two-dimensional grid. The connectivity pattern of the grid is implicit and hence the only information that needs to be encoded is the diagonal links. We present experimental results that show that the new method has a low connectivity cost of 2.1 bits per vertex on average.
Atomic actions for fault-tolerance using CSP

Two complementary techniques have evolved for providing fault-tolerance in software: forward error recovery and backward error recovery. Few implementations permit both approaches to be combined within a particular application. Fewer techniques are available for the construction of fault-tolerant software for systems involving concurrent processes and multiple processors. Many schemes for supporting forward or backward recovery are based on some concept of an atomic action. The authors propose a mechanism for supporting an atomic action in a system of communicating sequential processes (CSP). The atomic action is used as the basic unit for providing fault-tolerance. The atomic action is called an FT-action, and both forward and backward error recovery are performed in the context of an FT-action.
Effect of tachycardia on intracellular PO2 and reserves of O2 transport in subendocardium of mouse left ventricle.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate reserves of O2 transport in myocardium using tachycardia as a stimulus. The O2 saturations of hemoglobin (Hb) in microvessels and myoglobin (Mb) in individual myocytes are the measured responses. The latter is of particular interest in that it represents the net balance of all determinants of O2 supply and demand.
Isolation of an alkaloid from Vinca minor.

The literature concerning the genus Vinca has been reviewed. Extraction of Vinca minor L. (Fam. Apocynaceae) with ammonia and benzene yielded a crude alkaloidal fraction. From the crude alkaloid, by a chromatographic process, a crystalline alkaloid has been isolated. The empirical formula, molecular weight, melting point, ultraviolet and infrared spectra, and color reactions of this alkaloid are reported.
ENZYME LIGAND COMPLEXES: SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES

(1975). Enzyme Ligand Complexes: Spectroscopic Studie. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 71-110.
Air Infiltration Reduction Through Retrofitting

This paper documents and compares the air infiltration levels experienced in five Twin Rivers townhouses before and after retrofit. The technique used to measure air infiltration rates was the tracer gas method, which relied upon automated equipment. Weather data as well as 5-min interval air infiltration measurements were used in the comparisons. Analysis techniques included multiple regression, polar plotting, stemleaf plotting, and detailed comparisons of infiltration rates as influenced by temperature differences inside-to-outside the dwelling. The results indicate that: the retrofitted townhouses are noticably less sensitive to wind direction, showing little or no increase in infiltration when the wind directly impinges on building surfaces; the post-retrofit infiltration rates average 36 percent less than the preretrofit data, with individual houses experiencing as much as a 48 percent decrease; and basement and attic retrofitting appear to be very influential in achieving the greatest reductions in air infiltration rates.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AD-INDUCED AFFECT, BELIEFS, AND ATTITUDES: Another Look

In spite of a wealth of empirical attention directed at understanding the structural relationships among affect, cognition, and attitude, the tasks and settings in many of these studies may have inflated the relative impact of cognition in the persuasion process. The studies reported here use an affectively driven advertising context (i.e., television commercials void of product-relevant information cues) to demonstrate (1) that positive and negative forms of affect operate differently, and (2) that their direct and indirect effects on attitude are influenced by brand familiarity. Cognition played a less dominant role in the attitude formation process for an unknown brand compared to situations in which consumers held preexisting impressions (i.e., for well-known brands). A means-end model approach is used to link concrete and abstract forms of cognition (i.e., brand beliefs) and attitude.
Neurophysiologic Markers of Abnormal Brain Activity in Schizophrenia

Cortical electrophysiologic event-related potentials are multidimensional measures of information processing that are well-suited for efficiently parsing automatic and controlled components of cognition that span the range of deficits evidenced in schizophrenia patients. These information processes are key cognitive measures that are recognized as informative and valid targets for understanding the neurobiology of schizophrenia. These measures may be used in concert with the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) neurocognitive measures in the development of novel treatments for schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. The employment of novel event-related potential paradigms designed to carefully characterize the early spectrum of perceptual and cognitive information processing allows investigators to identify the neurophysiologic basis of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and to examine the associated clinical and functional impairments.
Teaching the effects of gravity and intravascular and alveolar pressures on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow using a classic paper by West et al.

“Distribution of blood flow in isolated lung; relation to vascular and alveolar pressures” by J. B. West, C. T. Dollery, and A. Naimark (J Appl Physiol 19: 713–724, 1964) is a classic paper, althou...
Optically-triggered Power Transistor (OTPT) for Fly-by-light (FBL) and EMI-susceptible Power Electronics

Significance of direct photonically-controlled power switching devices has been illustrated for electromagnetic-interference immune power electronics. Experimental prototype, initial characterization results, and key simulation results for III-V GaAs/AlGaAs-based optically-triggered power transistor have been shown. Superjunction charge-compensation technique and unique optical-modulation properties have been illustrated Key processing issues for high-voltage III-V epitaxial power device structure have been discussed Also, it is shown how the optical triggering idea can be extended to devices with higher gain and using wide-bandgap materials (eg, SiC).
Programmable removal of bacterial strains by use of genome-targeting CRISPR-Cas systems.

ABSTRACT CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems in bacteria and archaea employ CRISPR RNAs to specifically recognize the complementary DNA of foreign invaders, leading to sequence-specific cleavage or degradation of the target DNA. Recent work has shown that the accidental or intentional targeting of the bacterial genome is cytotoxic and can lead to cell death. Here, we have demonstrated that genome targeting with CRISPR-Cas systems can be employed for the sequence-specific and titratable removal of individual bacterial strains and species. Using the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Escherichia coli as a model, we found that this effect could be elicited using native or imported systems and was similarly potent regardless of the genomic location, strand, or transcriptional activity of the target sequence. Furthermore, the specificity of targeting with CRISPR RNAs could readily distinguish between even highly similar strains in pure or mixed cultures. Finally, varying the collection of delivered CRISPR RNAs could quantitatively control the relative number of individual strains within a mixed culture. Critically, the observed selectivity and programmability of bacterial removal would be virtually impossible with traditional antibiotics, bacteriophages, selectable markers, or tailored growth conditions. Once delivery challenges are addressed, we envision that this approach could offer a novel means to quantitatively control the composition of environmental and industrial microbial consortia and may open new avenues for the development of “smart” antibiotics that circumvent multidrug resistance and differentiate between pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms. IMPORTANCE Controlling the composition of microbial populations is a critical aspect in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental cycles. While different antimicrobial strategies, such as antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, and lytic bacteriophages, offer partial solutions, what remains elusive is a generalized and programmable strategy that can distinguish between even closely related microorganisms and that allows for fine control over the composition of a microbial population. This study demonstrates that RNA-directed immune systems in bacteria and archaea called CRISPR-Cas systems can provide such a strategy. These systems can be employed to selectively and quantitatively remove individual bacterial strains based purely on sequence information, creating opportunities in the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections, the control of industrial fermentations, and the study of microbial consortia.
The Effects of Excipients on Protein Aggregation During Agitation: An Interfacial Shear Rheology Study

ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of excipients in solutions of keratinocyte growth factor 2 (KGF-2) on protein aggregation during agitation as well as on interfacial shear rheology at the air–water interface. Samples were incubated with or without agitation, and in the presence or absence of the excipients heparin, sucrose, or polysorbate 80 (PS80). The effect of excipients on the extent of protein aggregation was determined by UV–visible spectroscopy and micro-flow imaging. Interfacial shear rheology was used to detect the gelation time and strength of protein gels at the air-water interface. During incubation, protein particles of size > 1μm and insoluble aggregates formed faster for KGF-2 solutions subjected to agitation. Addition of either heparin or sucrose promoted protein aggregation during agitation. In contrast, PS80 substantially inhibited agitation-induced KGF-2 aggregation but facilitated protein particulate formation in quiescent solutions. The combination of PS80 and heparin or sucrose completely prevented protein aggregation during both nonagitated and agitated incubations. Interfacial rheological measurements showed that KGF-2 in buffer alone formed an interfacial gel within a few minutes. In the presence of heparin, KGF-2 interfacial gels formed too quickly for gelation time to be determined. KGF-2 formed gels in about 10 min in the presence of sucrose. The presence of PS80 in the formulation inhibited gelation of KGF-2. Furthermore, the interfacial gels formed by the protein in the absence of PS80 were reversible when PS80 was added to the samples after gelation. Therefore, there is a correspondence between formulations that exhibited interfacial gelation and formulations that exhibited agitation-induced aggregation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:2460–2470, 2013
Non-Redundant and Redundant Post Coding in OFDM Systems

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) provides a viable solution to communicate over frequency selective fading channels by converting them to an equivalent collection of flat fading channels. In doing so, OFDM systems fail to reap the benefits of diversity available in multipath fading channels. To ameliorate this shortcoming of OFDM, explicit diversity in the form of redundant or non-redundant coding is needed. Our main goal in this paper is to explore different options for low complexity encoder design and compare their performance and complexity. Specifically, in the class of non-redundant codes we discuss the use of signal space diversity codes in OFDM systems. For redundant codes, we introduce a novel low complexity postcoded-OFDM system where coding is employed after performing the IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) in the transmitter to reduce system complexity. Simulation results show that postcoded-OFDM with redundant coding outperforms other choices of encoder design considered in this paper.
High-performance Longest Prefix Match Logic Supporting Fast Updates for IP Forwarding Devices

Lookup architectures are among the well researched subjects in networking. This is due to its fundamental role in the performance of Internet routers. Internet routers use a lookup method known as Longest Prefix Match (LPM) algorithm to determine the next-hop to forward the packet to. State-of-the-art lookup designs try to achieve better search times and/or reduce storage requirements thereby sacrificing the requirement for high update rates. But recent studies have shown the requirement for high update rates, especially in the Internet core routers, due to increasing routing instabilities and anomalous traffic. This paper presents a novel architecture to obtain high update rates in forwarding devices without compromising on the speed and space advantages.
Background Behavior in Live Debates: The Effects of the Implicit Ad Hominem Fallacy

This study examined the effects of background nonverbal behavior displayed with the purpose of undermining one's opponent in live debates. Students participated as audience members in one of three versions of a live debate. In one version, the nonspeaking debater remained “stone faced” during her opponent's speech, while in the other two she displayed either occasional or nearly constant nonverbal disagreement. After viewing the debates, students rated the debaters' credibility, appropriateness, and debating skills, in addition to judging who won the debate. Analysis indicated that background nonverbal behavior influenced audience perceptions of some, but not all, dimensions of speaker credibility and only one dimension of debate skill. These results and their implications are discussed.
Habitat use and movement of the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) in a restored salt marsh

The mummichog,Fundulus heteroclitus, is one of the most abundant macrofaunal components of salt marsh ecosystems along the east coast of the United States. During April–November 1998, we determined the habitat use and movement patterns of young-of-the-year (YOY) and adult mummichogs in a restored marsh, formerly a salt hay farm, and an adjacent creek in order to expand our understanding of the ecology of the species and evaluate the success of the restoration. Four major fish habitat types (large first-order natural creek, second-order created creek, linear drainage ditch, and marsh surface) were identified within the study site. Patterns of relative abundance and mark and recapture using coded wire tags were used to determine the habitat use, tidal movements, home range, and site fidelity of the species within these habitat types. A total of 14,784 fish, ranging from 20–100 mm SL, were captured with wire mesh traps and tagged, and 1,521 (10.3%) fish were recaptured. A variety of gears were used to attempt to recapture fish across all habitat types, including wire mesh traps, push nets, and otter trawls. Based on abundance and recaptures of tagged fish, the YOY and adults primarily used the shallow subtidal and intertidal areas of the created creek, the intertidal drainage ditches, and the marsh surface of the restored marsh but not the larger, first-order natural creek. At low tide, large numbers were found in the subtidal areas of the created creek; these then moved onto the marsh surface on the flooding tide. Elevation, and thus hydroperiod, appeared to influence the microscale use of the marsh surface. We estimated the home range of adults and large YOY (20–100 mm SL) to be 15 ha at high tide, which was much larger than previously quantified. There was strong site fidelity to the created creek at low tide. The habitat use and movement patterns of the mummichog appeared similar to that reported for natural marshes. Coupled with the results of other studies on the feeding, growth, and production of this species in this restoreh, the species appeared to have responded well to the restoration.
Effects of Exergame Play on EF in Children and Adolescents at a Summer Camp for Low Income Youth

Past research has suggested exergame play improves adolescents’ executive function (EF) skills. EF change in 70 African American and Hispanic/Latino 10- to 16-year-olds participating in an inner-city summer camp was assessed following five 30-minute exergame play sessions. Children’s EF scores improved from pre- to posttest, and factors related to this change were examined. The number of exergame sessions the participants attended predicted posttest scores. In addition, level of achievement during game play was related to EF scores. Finally, the children’s level of enjoyment was not related to EF; however, frustration and boredom during game play were negatively related to EF. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the relationship between exergame play and cognitive benefits for adolescent players.
THE PREVALENCE OF MAJOR DEPRESSION IN BLACK AND WHITE ADULTS IN FIVE UNITED STATES COMMUNITIES

There have been inconsistent findings on race differences in the rates and nature of depression, which are probably due to methodological differences between studies. Data are presented on the prevalence of major depression in white and black adults from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study, which examined a large community sample of five United States sites using diagnostic criteria based on the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition. A total of 16,436 adults living in New Haven (Connecticut), Baltimore (Maryland), St. Louis (Missouri), the Piedmont area of North Carolina, and Los Angeles (California) were surveyed in 1980-1983. In the five sites, age-adjusted analyses by site and sex did not show any consistent black excess in lifetime prevalence or six-month prevalence; white men as compared with black men in particular tended to have slightly higher prevalence of major depression. At all sites, in the 18-24 years age group, black women as compared with white women showed a trend for higher six-month prevalence. White men in the 18-24 years age group showed a trend for higher six-month prevalence than black men. In New Haven, Baltimore, and the Piedmont area of North Carolina, logistic regression analyses of lifetime prevalence (by site and sex) showed no significant or consistent interaction of race with household income or age. Controlling for age and household income, whites tended to have higher lifetime prevalence than black at each of these three sites, regardless of sex.
Pregnant mice lacking indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase exhibit preeclampsia phenotypes

Preeclampsia is a cardiovascular disorder of late pregnancy that is, commonly characterized by hypertension, renal structural damage and dysfunction, and fetal growth restriction. Prevailing etiologic models of this disorder include T-cell dysfunction as an initiating cause of preeclampsia. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that mediates the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, has been linked to preeclampsia in humans, and is known to regulate T-cell activity and an endothelial-derived relaxing factor. To test the hypothesis that IDO is causally involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, mice deficient for IDO (IDO-KO) were generated on a C57BL/6 background. IDO-KO and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were bred, and preeclampsia phenotypes were evaluated during pregnancy. Pregnant IDO-KO mice exhibited pathognomonic renal glomerular endotheliosis, proteinuria, pregnancy-specific endothelial dysfunction, intrauterine growth restriction, and mildly elevated blood pressure compared to wild-type mice. Together these findings highlight an important role for IDO in the generation of phenotypes typical of preeclampsia. Loss of IDO function may represent a risk factor for the development of preeclampsia. By extension, increased IDO activity, reductions in IDO reactants, or increases in IDO products may represent novel therapeutic approaches for this disorder.
Nursing Assessment of Depression in Stroke Survivors

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide.1,2 Because depression is the second leading cause of disability in the world,3 stroke complicated by depression is doubly disabling. Thirty-one percent of stroke survivors are estimated to be clinically depressed (95% confidence interval 28%–35%).4 Thus, at any given time, between 28% and 35% of stroke survivors are likely to be living with depression. With an annual incidence of 795 000 new or recurrent strokes in the United States,1 we might expect 246 000 will be depressed. Poststroke depression is associated with poorer recovery, reduced health-related quality of life,5 and a higher risk of subsequent stroke and mortality.6,7 We also know that many people hospitalized with stroke have not had their mood assessed by discharge.8 Because depression in chronic illness, including stroke, can be successfully treated, it becomes imperative that we assess for depression for all stroke survivors in our health systems. Indeed, this has become a standard for credentialing stroke care in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.8–12 Nurses are the health professionals most in contact with stroke survivors and their families during an acute episode and are therefore key to assessing the presence of clinical depression. The purpose of this article is to review the screening and diagnostic assessment tools available to health professionals, with emphasis on clinically feasible instruments that can be used by staff nurses. A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE with a secondary search in PsycINFO and CINAHL to ascertain any papers relevant to nursing missed by the MEDLINE search. The search terms included stroke and depression, poststroke depression, assessment, measurement, diagnosis. Sub-collections of systematic reviews, diagnosis, and nursing journals were followed until there were …
Parity-time optical metamaterial devices

The interplay between gain and loss in optical metamaterials can lead to novel device functionalities. Here we demonstrate a single-mode laser with unique cavity mode manipulation capability based on thresholdless parity-time symmetry breaking.
Slash pine seedling response to potassium and calcium on imperfectly drained coastal plain soil

In a greenhouse study, increases in dry weight and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg content of seedlings from a preplanting application of 0.16 meq K/100 g of Caddo silt loam topsoil were markedly greater on soil containing 0.06 meq K, than on soil containing 0.09 meq K/100 g. Except for further increasing K and reducing Ca content of seedlings, applications of 0.32 and 0.48 meq K/100 g added little to growth or nutrient accumulation. Additions of 1 to 5 meq Ca/100 g either did not affect or slightly reduce dry weight and uptake of all nutrients except Ca. Potassium and calcium treatments did not interact to influence growth or nutrient uptake. Dry weight and accumulation of N, P, and K were all associated with the amount of K available; Ca accumulation was related only to available Ca.
Partition of Proteins Between Water and Non-Polar Phases

The partition of small molecules between water and a non-polar phase follows simple and well defined rules. The most important macroscopic characteristic that determines partition between these phases is their difference in dielectric constant. The high dielectric constant of water favors the separation of charges with formation of independent ions of opposite charge but in media of much lower dielectric constant, separation of charges cannot take place and in consequence the ions present in the water cannot be transferred to the second phase. The high dielectric constant of water results from the permanent dipole moment of the water molecules and the high dipole density. These properties determine the very different molecular interactions prevalent in water and in a typical non-polar medium. On the water side we have the strong attractive forces between permanent dipoles and in a lipid phase the much weaker dispersion forces that result from the attractive effects of mutually induced dipoles. Partition is determined by the work necessary to transfer a given molecule from one of the phases to the other. We can consider it as the result of two successive operations: transfer from one phase to the vacuum, followed by transfer from the vacuum to the second phase. In the first operation it will be necessary to break the bonds between the solute and the molecules of the solvent phase.
How to prepare the wound bed.

This clinically focused article addresses the nuts and bolts of wound bed preparation. Preparing the wound bed is a frequently ignored step in the process of treating chronic wounds. In these days of high-tech instrumentation use for chronic wound care (i.e., adjunctive therapies, growth factors, and skin substitutes), clinicians should not forget the basics that are essential for optimizing wound healing. This article introduces the PREPARE Model (see Figure 1) as an aid for guiding care providers in wound bed preparation.
Chaucer’s Life

GEOFFREY CHAUCER was the descendant of an apparently prosperous family which had originally lived in Ipswich. Known by the names of Malyn, le Taverner, and de Dynyngton, various family members had been occupied in the wool and wine trades and in the customs service, although the name Chaucer indicates that they were once shoemakers. Robert le Chaucer, Geoffrey’s grandfather, who lived in London during the late thirteenth century, was the deputy for the king’s butler for the port of London, which meant that he collected a certain percentage of the wine for the king’s use from every wine ship entering the port. He was also collector of a special duty on wines from Aquitane. Robert was the second husband of Mary, who had previously been married to the well-to-do John Heyroun. Mary’s third husband, Richard Chaucer, who may have been Robert’s cousin, was a wealthy vintner.
Belief isn’t voluntary, but commitment is

To be committed to the truth of a proposition is to constrain one’s options in a certain way: one may not reason as if it is false, and one is obligated to reason as if it is true. Though one is often committed to the truth of the propositions that one believes, the states of belief and commitment are distinct. For historical reasons, however, they are rarely distinguished. Distinguishing between the two states allows for a defense of epistemic deontology against the charge that beliefs are not under the voluntary control of believers, and so cannot be subject to deontic evaluation. It also allows for the resolution of some disputes between naturalists and non-naturalists in epistemology, and permits us to account for obvious facts about the connection between belief and truth in a theoretically parsimonious way.
Greenhouse governmentality: Protected agriculture and the changing biopolitical management of agrarian life in Jamaica:

This paper draws upon Foucauldian theories of governmentality and biopower to examine the recent growth of greenhouse cultivation on the island of Jamaica. Greenhouse farming has been widely promoted as a means to enhance the efficiency, technological sophistication, and profitability of the island’s traditional small-scale farmers. Following Foucault, and drawing on a series of interviews with greenhouse growers, we read this intervention as form of governmentality acting on the conduct and attitudes of Jamaican farmers. As a form of governmentality, greenhouse farming also represents a new and distinctive regime of biopower, one that intervenes with greater precision into the metabolism between the natural processes of the rural population and the vital properties of growing plants. Viewed as a form of biopower, the greenhouse calls particular attention to the ways in which assemblages of materials and technologies enable new forms of control and surveillance over the life processes associated with crop...
Ensemble - the online community center for computing educators: demonstration

This demo will introduce attendees to Ensemble, the online community center for all computing educators. Ensemble provides content, communities, and tools for computing educators and students. The content consists of freely available computing education resources stored within Ensemble or at other locations. Ensemble provides federated search, indexing, annotation, reviews, and other services to make these resources accessible, visible, and more useful to the community. Ensemble also provides information streams such as news, notices, and blogs of interest to computing educators. Ensemble communities support interaction among computing educators via facilities such as discussion forums, posting of working papers, and connections to venues such as Twitter and Facebook. These services support open collaborations such as a CS1 community site and also hosts closed working spaces for groups like the ACM Education Board and the Future of Computing Education Summit working groups. Ensemble tools provide access to more advanced facilities to help instructors and students access and organize materials relevant to computing education. An example is Visual Knowledge Builder, which provides a workspace for collecting and organizing computing education resources. Ensemble supports the full range of computing disciplines and also programs that blend computing with other STEM areas (e.g., X-informatics and Computing + X).
Assessing drivers' response during automated driver support system failures with non-driving tasks

Abstract Introduction With the increase in automated driver support systems, drivers are shifting from operating their vehicles to supervising their automation. As a result, it is important to understand how drivers interact with these automated systems and evaluate their effect on driver responses to safety critical events. This study aimed to identify how drivers responded when experiencing a safety critical event in automated vehicles while also engaged in non-driving tasks. Method In total 48 participants were included in this driving simulator study with two levels of automated driving: (a) driving with no automation and (b) driving with adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane keeping (LK) systems engaged; and also two levels of a non-driving task (a) watching a movie or (b) no non-driving task. In addition to driving performance measures, non-driving task performance and the mean glance duration for the non-driving task were compared between the two levels of automated driving. Results Drivers using the automated systems responded worse than those manually driving in terms of reaction time, lane departure duration, and maximum steering wheel angle to an induced lane departure event. These results also found that non-driving tasks further impaired driver responses to a safety critical event in the automated system condition. Conclusion In the automated driving condition, driver responses to the safety critical events were slower, especially when engaged in a non-driving task. Practical application Traditional driver performance variables may not necessarily effectively and accurately evaluate driver responses to events when supervising autonomous vehicle systems. Thus, it is important to develop and use appropriate variables to quantify drivers' performance under these conditions.
Two new species and new records of springtails (Collembola: Entomobryidae, Paronellidae) from Nevis, Lesser Antilles

Abstract We present the first records of species of Entomobryidae and Paronellidae (Collembola) from the Caribbean island of Nevis, from leaf litter collections on Mt. Nevis. We report 6 genera and 7 species, of which Dicranocentrus icelosmarias sp. nov. and Metasinella radkei sp. nov. are described as new. Evaluation of the dorsal chaetotaxy of D. icelosmarias sp. nov. suggests a closer affinity of Dicranocentrus to Heteromurus than to Orchesella. We provide a new interpretation of the homology of the dorsal chaetotaxy in Metasinella based on analysis of M. radkei sp. nov. The 6 genera reported here are widely distributed in the Greater Antilles, and the species composition shows a combination of endemics with affinities to other Antillean species (Dicranocentrus sp., Lepidocyrtus sp., Metasinella sp., Trogolaphysa sp.), species widespread throughout the northeastern Antilles (Entomobrya linda Soto-Adames), and adventive Neotropical species (Lepidocyrtus nigrosetosus Folsom, Seira brasiliana [Arle]).
Early versus delayed VR-based hand training in persons with acute stroke

Introduction: Several large trials of task based rehabilitation examining interventions designed to meet the main tenets of experience-dependent neuroplasticity have failed to identify an approach to rehabilitation that produces improvements in hand function that consistently returns persons with stroke to their pre-stroke levels of activity and participation. Several scholars have identified the heightened levels of neuroplasticity occurring immediately after a stroke as an important opportunity to present rehabilitation interventions that will optimize the functional recovery. The study described in this paper begins to examine whether the heightened plasticity occurring early after stroke, when combined with intense technology based upper extremity training, will have a more positive impact than the spontaneous recovery process on its own, or similar interventions presented later, on the long-term recovery of hand and arm function. We hypothesized that early training would allow subjects to integrate their recovering motor abilities into higher levels of activity level performance and that this early integration would result in higher levles of activity level function normalized for impairment level at retention.
Moving Toward a Collective Impact Effort: The Volunteer Program Assessment

Volunteers are essential to the operation of many nonprofits, but some experience challenges in retaining their volunteer workforce. The Volunteer Program Assessment (VPA) seeks to address this issue by helping organizations to identify strengths, growth areas, and recommendations for improving volunteer experiences. To maximize the effectiveness of VPA’s mission, the organization is moving toward a collective impact (CI) approach. Although not developed as a CI effort, the program currently exemplifies many of its characteristics, which have been instrumental in expanding reach to more organizations. We examine VPA’s alignment with collective impact and outline how VPA will continue to improve efforts.
Free radicals at the crossroads of autophagy and immunity

We now recognize that the autophagy machinery functions in a multitude of non-canonical biological pathways, including the host defense to extracellular threats, such as pathogens. We have identified a form of non-canonical autophagy termed LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), wherein phagosomes containing engulfed particles, including pathogens and dying cells, recruit elements of the autophagy pathway to facilitate phagosome maturation, digestion of cargo, and modulation of innate immunity. We have characterized Rubicon as a LAP-specific, autophagy-independent molecule, allowing the study of the unique role of LAP. To better understand host factors that may play a role in infection, we investigated the role of Rubicon during Salmonella enterica Typhimurium infection. Macrophages lacking Rubicon failed to control S. enterica Typhimurium and produced a markedly decreased ability to produce free radicals during infection compared to wild type macrophages. Rubicon-deficient cells also displayed a hyperactivation of canonical Nf- K b signaling, demonstrating a failure to coordinate an appropriate inflammatory reaction. Rubicon-/mice demonstrate that Rubicon is essential for several aspects of pathology including replication control and immunological response.
Modeling species richness and abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton in radioactively contaminated water bodies.

Abstract Water bodies polluted by the Mayak nuclear plant in Russia provide valuable information on multi-generation effects of radioactive contamination on freshwater organisms. For example, lake Karachay was probably the most radioactive lake in the world: its water contained ∼2 × 107 Bq/L of radionuclides and estimated dose rates to plankton exceeded 5 Gy/h. We performed quantitative modeling of radiation effects on phytoplankton and zooplankton species richness and abundance in Mayak-contaminated water bodies. Due to collinearity between radioactive contamination, water body size and salinity, we combined these variables into one (called HabitatFactors). We employed a customized machine learning approach, where synthetic noise variables acted as benchmarks of predictor performance. HabitatFactors was the only predictor that outperformed noise variables and, therefore, we used it for parametric modeling of plankton responses. Best-fit model predictions suggested 50% species richness reduction at HabitatFactors values corresponding to dose rates of 104-105 μGy/h for phytoplankton, and 103-104 μGy/h for zooplankton. Under conditions similar to those in lake Karachay, best-fit models predicted 81-98% species richness reductions for various taxa (Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda), ∼20-300-fold abundance reduction for total zooplankton, but no abundance reduction for phytoplankton. Rotifera was the only taxon whose fractional abundance increased with contamination level, reaching 100% in lake Karachay, but Rotifera species richness declined with contamination level, as in other taxa. Under severe radioactive and chemical contamination, one species of Cyanobacteria (Geitlerinema amphibium) dominated phytoplankton, and rotifers from the genus Brachionus dominated zooplankton. The modeling approaches proposed here are applicable to other radioecological data sets. The results provide quantitative information and easily interpretable model parameter estimates for the shapes and magnitudes of freshwater plankton responses to a wide range of radioactive contamination levels.