cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Determination of Carbon Dioxide Concentration Using Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Mass Spectrometry/Isotopic Dilution and Errors in Concentration Measurements Caused by Dryers

An atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry/ isotopically labeled standard (APIMS/ILS) method has been developed for the determination of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration. Descriptions of the instrumental components, the ionization chemistry, and the statistics associated with the analytical method areprovided. This method represents an alternative to the nondispersive infrared (NDIR) technique, which is currently used in the atmospheric community to determine atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. The APIMS/ILS and NDIR methods exhibit a decreased sensitivity for CO 2 in the presence of water vapor. Therefore, dryers such as a nafion dryer are used to remove water before detection. The APIMS/ILS method measures mixing ratios and demonstrates linearity and range in the presence or absence of a dryer. The NDIR technique, on the other hand, measures molar concentrations. The second half of this paper describes errors in molar concentration measurements that are caused by drying. An equation describing the errors was derived from the ideal gas law, the conservation of mass, and Dalton's Law. The purpose of this derivation was to quantify errors in the NDIR technique that are caused by drying. Laboratory experiments were conducted to verify the errors created solely by the dryer in CO 2 concentration measurements post-dryer. The laboratory experiments verified the theoretically predicted errors in the derived equations. There are numerous references in the literature that describe the use of a dryer in conjunction with the NDIR technique. However, these references do not address the errors that are caused by drying.
Measurements Of The Volume Scattering Function At Near Forward Angles For Suspended Oceanic Particulates

Measurements of the volume scattering function were made from 0.1° to 1.0° from the main beam for two types of phytoplankton (Amphidinium C. and Thalassiosira F.) and one quartz suspension. The functions obtained were quite flat within that angular range as predicted by theory. Using particle size distribution measurements and tables of theoretical scattering values the theoretical volume scattering functions of the samples used were also determined. The theoretical volume scattering functions for particulate indices of refraction of 1.02 and 1.15 were close in value to the obtained functions for the phyto-plankton but the measured scattering function of the quartz particles was much higher than the theoretical prediction. The explanation for this probably lies in the fact that the quartz particles have a significantly higher composite index of refraction than either of the phytoplankton. The results of this experiment are part of a system of experiments that will be made to be able to determine the index of refraction distribution of oceanic particulate matter.
Surface sculpturing and water retention of elephant skin

The integument of elephants is highly sculptured with wrinkles and crevices arranged in prominent geometric patterns. These features are shown to adsorb water and to facilitate its movement over the body surface. The retention of water attributable to epidermal morphology was quantified by studying latex casts of integumentary surfaces. Retention of water by casts of integument is4–5 to 10 times greater than that of flat surfaces and is greater in African elephants than in Asian elephants. Both species lack sebum and sweat glands and require regular wetting of their skin. However, the skin of African elephants is sculptured more deeply and retains significantly more water than does that of Asian elephants adapted to more mesic habitats. We propose that the highly sculptured morphology functions to enhance retention of surface moisture during periodic wallowing, thereby impeding dehydration of the exposed epidermis and mediating evaporative heat losses. These functions could have great physiological significance during periods of drought when intense heat and solar radiation coincide with limited availability of water.
A special care unit for the postoperative open cardiotomy patient.

Abstract Skillful postoperative management, especially during the critical first twenty-four to thirty-six hours, is essential to the success of open cardiotomy for the surgical correction of cardiac defects. The organization and use of a Special Care Unit for the postoperative open heart patient are described. The problems of immediate postoperative care, such as optimal respiratory function, cardiovasular stability, maintenance of normal body temperature, electrolyte balance and the treatment of any complications arising as the result of operation or perfusion, are discussed. The use of precise monitoring instruments in specific ways to guide the physician in the diagnosis and treatment of the postoperative cardiac patient is presented.
System Model Modes Developed from Expansion of Uncoupled Component Dynamic Data

System models are often developed from component models either as modal components or as reduced order models. The resulting system model data is only available at the reduced order space unless some expansion is performed. Of course this can be achieved using system model mapping matrices but that requires the development of the full space system model which defeats the purpose of the component synthesis approach. However, the individual uncoupled component mapping matrices can be utilized to expand to the full space of the system model providing the modes of the components span the space of the full system model. This paper shows the results of using component modes from the unconnected components as projection matrices to identify the system level full field response. Multiple analytical cases are presented to show how the selection of component modes affects the expansion results. The results show accurate system model expansion using a sufficient set of component modes that span the space of the system model.
Possible Selves and Career Transition: Implications for Serving Nontraditional Students.

Abstract Since the construct of “possible selves” was first introduced over two decades ago by Markus and Nurius (1986), a substantial body of research has explored the content, valence, origins, and motivational dynamics of possible selves in a variety of domains, including academic achievement, lifespan development, and health-related behaviors, among others. Of particular interest to educators of adult learners in higher education is the body of literature that has looked at possible selves in relation to career development and transition. However, very few studies have focused specifically on the possible selves of adult nontraditional students. The central premise of this article is that the possible selves perspective can be useful to adult educators and, in particular, to educators who work with adult nontraditional undergraduate students. Specifically, this article: (a) describes in general terms the possible selves perspective, (b) reviews selected possible selves literature related to career tra...
Intergenerational Solidarity: One of Many Perspectives of Intergenerational Relationships

This issue of the Journal of Intergenerational Relationships highlights three essential themes. The first is the importance of understanding the guiding concept of intergenerational solidarity as i...
COMMISSIONING AND CLINICAL RESULTS UTILIZING THE GILDENBERG- LAITINEN ADAPTER DEVICE FOR X-RAY IN FRACTIONATED STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY

Abstract Background The Gildenberg-Laitinen Adapter Device for X-Ray (GLAD-X/LS) frame is a positioning device that allows the use of the same fiducial points as the Brown-Robert-Wells (BRW) system. Thus it permits treatment planning to be accomplished by the Radionics X-knife Radiosurgery Program. We investigated the commissioning and clinical benefits of the GLAD-X/LS for fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) in patients who were unable to tolerate the Gill-Thomas-Cosman (GTC) frame. Methods and materials Commissioning of the GLAD-X/LS system was done via use of a Rando Phantom. A target volume of 2 × 2 × 2 cm was drilled into the phantom head. An ion chamber and thermoluminescence dosimetric chips (TLDs) were implanted in the target. A simulated treatment course consisting of 5 stereotactic radiotherapy fractions (300 cGy, 30 mm collimator) was delivered to the phantom head. A total of 27 patients who could not tolerate the GTC frame were treated using the GLAD-X/LS system. A total of 35 isocenters were used; the median number of treatment fractions was eight. Reproducibility of the x, y, and z coordinates was examined and correlated to the same determined using orthogonal port films. Relocation accuracy and reproducibility were further assessed comparing the x, y, and z coordinates of the target center with multiplanar reconstructed coronal and sagittal images. Patient tolerance of the device was also evaluated daily throughout the treatment. Results The measured TLD and ion chamber doses were within 3% of the prescribed dose at the isocenter. The same dose accuracy was also found at incremental distances of 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm from the isocenter. All patients tolerated the treatment and the device well. Six patients experienced mild ear canal pain, and softer or smaller earpieces were substituted. The mean relocation accuracy was 1.5 mm ± 0.8. Conclusions The GLAD-X/LS system has excellent accuracy and reproducibility with the mean relocation accuracy of 1.5 mm ± 0.8. The device is well-tolerated by patients, with no significant complications. Larger scale studies are necessary before routine use can be recommended for the administration of FSRT.
Biochemical and morphologic changes in rat submandibular gland in experimental protein-calorie malnutrition

Abstract Prolonged feeding of a low protein diet to young male rats aged about 5 weeks to reproduce the syndrome of protein-calorie malnutrition found in deprived children revealed prominent changes in the submandibular salivary gland. The atrophic edematous gland demonstrated marked involutionary alterations in the acinar cells as well as an arrest of the normal age dependent differentiation and developmental patterns usually observed in the parenchymal cells of the tubular components. Morphologic studies indicated fragmentation and dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum as well as accumulation of large lipid bodies and the presence of cytoplasmic vacuoles and small, abnormal looking secretory granules. These morphologic indices of impairment in protein synthesis were associated with reduced organ contents of nucleic acids and protein, distorted amino acid pattern, and pronounced disaggregation of the polyribosomes. In view of the importance of the salivary glands and their secretions in the defense mechanisms of the oral tissues, detailed studies are strongly indicated to evaluate any possible role of salivary gland malfunction in the unusually high susceptibility of malnourished children to periodontal disease.
Capping Protein Terminates but Does Not Initiate Chemoattractant-induced Actin Assembly in Dictyostelium

The first step in the directed movement of cells toward a chemotactic source involves the extension of pseudopods initiated by the focal nucleation and polymerization of actin at the leading edge of the cell. We have previously isolated a chemoattractant-regulated barbed-end capping activity from Dictyostelium that is uniquely associated with capping protein, also known as cap32/34. Although uncapping of barbed ends by capping protein has been proposed as a mechanism for the generation of free barbed ends after stimulation, in vitro and in situ analysis of the association of capping protein with the actin cytoskeleton after stimulation reveals that capping protein enters, but does not exit, the cytoskeleton during the initiation of actin polymerization. Increased association of capping protein with regions of the cell containing free barbed ends as visualized by exogenous rhodamine-labeled G-actin is also observed after stimulation. An approximate threefold increase in the number of filaments with free barbed ends is accompanied by increases in absolute filament number, whereas the average filament length remains constant. Therefore, a mechanism in which preexisting filaments are uncapped by capping protein, in response to stimulation leading to the generation of free barbed ends and filament elongation, is not supported. A model for actin assembly after stimulation, whereby free barbed ends are generated by either filament severing or de novo nucleation is proposed. In this model, exposure of free barbed ends results in actin assembly, followed by entry of free capping protein into the actin cytoskeleton, which acts to terminate, not initiate, the actin polymerization transient.
Variations in the fat content of collected human milk.

Summary. The fat content of collected human milk surplus is not representative under all conditions of the mother's milk fed to the babies of the suppliers to the Milk Centre, and variations in the fat content of the collected milk need not imply that the milk which the baby gets varies in the same way. Different emptying techniques (e. g. extraction at different emptying phases) may yield milk that has considerably different fat contents, and this would if anything imply that the fat content of the rest of the milk, which the baby draws, varies in the opposite direction If, for instance, it is wished to decide whether an altered level of nutrition in a community has had an effect on the fat content of human milk, a material should preferably be procured that is fully representative of the total production of the mothers studied, e. g. the whole daily milk production from a number of mothers, and, best of all, from mothers who, among other things in respect of milk quantity also, are representative of the nursing mothers of the community. At any rate, when comparisons are made, it must be seen that the different milks have been extracted by a uniform technique and can thus be presumed to deviate in the same way from the total production of the donor mothers as regards fat content.
Distribution of the phosphatidate phosphohydrolase activity in the lamellar body and lysosomal fractions of lung tissue.

Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAPase) activity was measured in lamellar bodies purified from porcine lung tissue. After repeated freeze-thawing, only a negligible amount of PAPase activity was released into the soluble fractions, whereas there was release of 2 lysosomal marker enzyme activities, glucosaminidase and β-galactosidase into the soluble fraction. In addition, a lysosomal-enriched fraction was prepared from adult rat lung tissue by prior treatment of the rats with Triton WR 1339. Treatment with Triton WR 1339 resulted in the significant shift of the activities of the lysosomal marker enzymes, glucosaminidase and β-galactosidase, to less dense subcellular fractions. The highest specific activity of PAPase was found in a subcellular fraction which had a density that was intermediate between that of the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions and the distribution of PAPase activity was not affected by the prior treatment of the rats with Triton WR 1339.
On-Orbit Maneuver Calibrations for the Stardust Spacecraft

The Stardust spacecraft, launched February 7, 1999, successfully delivered its sample return capsule to the Utah Test and Training Range on January 15, 2006. The entry maneuver strategy included a trajectory correction at entry minus 10 days (TCM18) targeted to entry with the inclusion of a final biased fixed direction maneuver at entry minus 29 hours (TCM19). To meet the stringent entry targeting requirements necessary for human safety and capsule integrity, a campaign of maneuver calibrations were undertaken in summers of 2003 and 2005 to improve performance for both maneuvers. The results of the calibration program are reported here. The in-flight calibrations included a series of several turns to various final attitudes via deadband walks about each of the three spacecraft axes, as well as 12 in-place burns with magnitudes between 0.5 and 1.0 m/s, the range initially expected for TCM19. The turn and burn calibrations as well as the performance of TCM 17, 18 and 19 are discussed.
Multisystem complications following endodontic therapy.

The surgical patient with multiple medical comorbidities challenges the clinician with difficult treatment decisions. Diseases prevalent in contemporary society, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, introduce numerous management considerations during the perioperative period. Postoperative infection, extended hospital stay, and anesthetic complications are only some of the unfavorable outcomes that are well documented in the medically compromised surgical patient. Surgical outcomes after the treatment of odontogenic infection in the patient with comorbidities may be significantly compromised. In patients with poorly controlled diabetes, disruptions in collagen metabolism, the formation of granulation tissue, endothelialzation, and capillary basement membrane thickening may develop. The known microvascular complications are multisystemic, affecting, but not limited to, the cardiovascular, renal, and immune systems. The present report describes the case of a patient with poorly controlled diabetes who developed significant postsurgical complications after failed endodontic therapy and the extraction of a left mandibular first premolar.
Nitro-fatty acid formation and signaling

Enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxygenations of unsaturated fatty acids yield a broad family of autocrine and paracrine cell signaling mediators. Soon after nitric oxide (•NO) was described as a mediator of vascular relaxation, it was appreciated that this lipophilic free radical species strongly influences fatty acid oxygenation at multiple levels. For example, •NO terminates peroxyl radical-induced chain propagation reactions of lipid peroxidation at rate constants >103 faster than tocopherols (1, 2). Also, the gene expression and catalytic activity of enzymes responsible for prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene biosynthesis are regulated by •NO (3–5). Another convergence of lipid and •NO signaling is manifested in the form of nitrated unsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid nitration is induced by •NO-derived species reacting via multiple mechanisms that share a proclivity for the homolytic addition of nitrogen dioxide (•NO2) to the double bond, yielding an array of regio- and stereoisomers (6). NO2-FAs3 display both cGMP-independent and receptor-dependent signaling actions as well as robust electrophilic reactivity, facilitating reversible adduction by nucleophilic targets (e.g. protein Cys and His residues) (7, 8). This reactivity in turn supports the post-translational modification of protein distribution and function. Both NO2-FAs and their protein or GSH adduction products are detected clinically in healthy individuals, become elevated postprandially, and are formed by oxidative inflammatory reactions (8–12). Current data indicate that NO2-FAs signal via predominantly •NO-independent mechanisms, acting via electrophilic and receptor-mediated reactions to exert adaptive and anti-inflammatory cell responses.
Resources for Infertile Couples

Couples who are infertile experience a complex sequence of crises. Because of these crises, and because some forms of treatment are complicated and risky, the infertile couple, in particular, needs understanding and support from health professionals. The nurse who is sensitive to the needs of infertile couples may be influential in assisting them to maintain control while coping with their infertility.
Lewis Award Paper: Some Perspectives on Chemical Engineering Analysis

Personal teaching experiences are discussed using an analysis logic diagram which stresses experimental efforts and the need to make students aware of uncertainties in any significant problems they will face. The critical issues are illustrated using a reactor analysis which has been made into an interactive design game for the Web. The analysis logic is also briefly illustrated for mass contactor and heat exchanger analysis. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
The Effect of Nedocromil Sodium on Human Eosinophil Activation

Nedocromil sodium inhibited the increase in eosinophil activation (measured by IgG- and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays) induced by platelet activating factor (PAF). Inhibition of the upregulation in eosinophil effector function by nedocromil sodium was dose-dependent (optimal at 10(-7) mol/L) and paralleled that produced by a specific PAF antagonist, BN 52021. In addition, preliminary data suggest that nedocromil sodium can inhibit the increase in IgG-dependent release of LTC4 from human eosinophils after stimulation with the synthetic tripeptide, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). These data support our previous hypothesis that part of the mode of action of nedocromil sodium may be due to its ability to directly block the chemotactic factor-induced enhancement of inflammatory cell activity.
Spacecraft Charging Anomaly on a Low-Altitude Satellite in an Aurora

On May 5,1995, the microwave imager instrument aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F13 spacecraft experienced a lockup of its microprocessor unit. The anomaly is attributed to an electrical malfunction caused by an electrostatic discharge on the vehicle. It occurred during an intense energetic electron precipitation event within a region of very low plasma density in the auroral zone. Plasma measurements indicate that the spacecraft frame charged to a voltage near 459 V within a few seconds. Calculations of the capacitance of the ungrounded thermal blankets covering the surface of the spacecraft are consistent with a surface charging time of a few seconds to reach several kilovolts. Subsequent electrostatic discharge led to the lockup.
Traitement endovasculaire en urgence avec succès d'une plaie de la veine cave supérieure

Les hemorragies provenant de la veine cave superieure (VCS) dues a une lesion iatrogene sont rares mais serieuses. Nous rapportons le cas d'une femme de 56 ans ayant un antecedent de pneumonectomie droite pour cancer du poumon et porteuse d'une plaie iatrogene de la VCS responsable d'une hemorragie. Apres des tentatives infructueuses pour suturer la plaie, une approche endovasculaire utilisant une endoprothese a permis de controler avec succes l'hemorragie tout en maintenant la permeabilite du vaisseau. A notre connaissance, il s'agit la de la troisieme observation publiee de controle d'une hemorragie de la VCS utilisant cette technique et elle confirme l'experience d'autres auteurs suivant laquelle la mise en place d'un stent est une methode efficace pour traiter les hemorragies d'origine veineuse.
Variants in candidate ALS modifier genes linked to Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase do not explain divergent survival phenotypes.

Variants in candidate ALS modifier genes linked to Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase do not explain divergent survival phenotypes.
Expression of recombination‐activating genes and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and secondary rearrangement of immunoglobulin κ light chains in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue

Objective Lymphocytic infiltrates in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium often resemble lymphoid follicles and contain clonally related Ig transcripts, suggesting in situ antigen-dependent B cell selection. Recent reports have shown expression of recombination-activating genes (RAGs) and concurrent secondary rearrangement of Ig genes in normal peripheral lymphoid organs (receptor revision). We sought to determine if RAG-mediated receptor revision of Ig κ light chains occurs in B cells within the RA synovium. Because we previously reported enhanced N-region addition at VL–JL joins in clonally expanded light-chain transcripts from RA synovium, we also sought expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), which is normally expressed only in B cell precursors or immature B cells. Methods Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect RAG and TdT transcripts from unselected and B cell–enriched synovial and peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 12 RA patients. Activity of RAG protein was sought using ligation-mediated PCR to detect recombination intermediates, and immunohistochemistry was performed to identify RAG+ cells within synovia. Results We found evidence of RAG-mediated secondary Ig κ light chain rearrangements in about one-third of RA synovia. TdT expression was found in several samples, but did not correlate with RAG expression. Conclusion RAG-mediated secondary Ig rearrangements of κ light chains may contribute to the local production of antibodies to autoantigens (e.g., rheumatoid factor) or exogenous antigens, or it may represent a failed attempt at immune tolerance. TdT expression suggests the presence of immature B cells in RA synovia. These findings have important implications for the local generation of antibodies in RA and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Abstract 102: A longitudinal, orthotopic mouse imaging model using modified hNIS-A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells and SPECT/CT imaging

The human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS; SLC5A5) is a membrane glycoprotein that is a transporter for iodide uptake and also concentrates the radiotracer technetium 99mTc-pertechnetate (99mTc). In this study, we investigated the use of hNIS as an imaging reporter gene expressed in lung cancer cells in nude mice that can be quantified using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. The radionuclide 99mTc was selected for its rapid clearance from the body and its short physical half-life (i.e., 6 hours). These characteristics allowed for the development a highly sensitive spatial and temporal tumor-imaging model. Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were genetically modified using plasmid and lentiviral vectors to stably express hNIS. Using these modified cells, we monitored xenograft and orthotopic tumor growth using SPECT/CT for a total of 47 days. hNIS expression was quantified using qPCR and tumor progression was monitored by SPECT voxel analysis and validated using HE 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 102. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-102
Reduction of methane emissions and utilization of municipal waste for energy in Amman

The goal of the project is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in Jordan by substituting fossil fuels with bioenergy methane gas and electricity produced from anaerobic digestion of industrial and municipal waste in Amman. Additional greenhouse gas reduction will be achieved by reducing the uncontrolled release of methane from improperly disposed organic waste in a large landfill. The project's main activities include a combination of a landfill operation and a biogas plant. The proposed plant will be able to produce 1 MW of electricity based on methane from the landfill and the biogas plant. The project combines methane emission reduction and thus greenhouse gas reduction with production of electricity, thus helping to reduce burden of energy on the Jordan's economy.
Synaptic plasticity, neural circuits, and the emerging role of altered short-term information processing in schizophrenia

Synaptic plasticity alters the strength of information flow between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and thus modifies the likelihood that action potentials in a presynaptic neuron will lead to an action potential in a postsynaptic neuron. As such, synaptic plasticity and pathological changes in synaptic plasticity impact the synaptic computation which controls the information flow through the neural microcircuits responsible for the complex information processing necessary to drive adaptive behaviors. As current theories of neuropsychiatric disease suggest that distinct dysfunctions in neural circuit performance may critically underlie the unique symptoms of these diseases, pathological alterations in synaptic plasticity mechanisms may be fundamental to the disease process. Here we consider mechanisms of both short-term and long-term plasticity of synaptic transmission and their possible roles in information processing by neural microcircuits in both health and disease. As paradigms of neuropsychiatric diseases with strongly implicated risk genes, we discuss the findings in schizophrenia and autism and consider the alterations in synaptic plasticity and network function observed in both human studies and genetic mouse models of these diseases. Together these studies have begun to point toward a likely dominant role of short-term synaptic plasticity alterations in schizophrenia while dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may be due to a combination of both short-term and long-term synaptic plasticity alterations.
System Architecture and Design Flow of Smart Mobile Sensing Systems

This study presents the architecture and design flow of smart mobile sensing systems that performs wireless sensor data transmission, data analysis and display in real-time. Multiple wireless protocols are used for sensor data transmission including the Bluetooth, cellular data network and Wi-Fi for Internet access, and Near Field Communication (NFC). An Android smartphone is utilized to demonstrate the design concept of an Intelligent Personal Communication Node (iPCN) and to perform real-time sensor data acquisition, processing, analysis, display and transmission. Tested sensors include acceleration, temperature, electrocardiography (ECG) and phonocardiography (PCG). For computational capability tests, we have observed the signal processing performance of the smartphone by implementing fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the received ECG signal, and QRS detection algorithm for spontaneous heart beat rate (HBR) estimation. This system has also been tested for multiple sensor node communication and on-demand sensor data acquisition. The smart mobile sensing system can also be applied to any environment that requires real-time sensing and wireless remote monitoring.
Deposition and mobilization of fatty acids in adipose tissue.

Abstract Changes in epididymal fatty acid content were estimated by differences in the content of the left pad removed at the start of the experiment and the right pad removed at a later time. The amounts of specific fatty acids mobilized, deposited from the diet or synthesized depend in part upon the length of the experiment and in part upon the amount of new fat deposited in the fat pad. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of time and weight change. In one feeding regimen the percentage of linoleic acid in the fat pad fell progressively from 63 to 24 per cent during a 90-day period. This fall in per cent linoleic acid was accomplished, however, with essentially no change in the total linoleic acid content of the fat pad and was due to deposition of other fatty acids. Turnover rates calculated from percentage composition data alone may have little significance when fat is being deposited or mobilized. Animals fed a saturated fat (coconut oil) maintain some degree of unsaturation in the fat by conservation of linoleic acid and synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. The data indicate that synthesis of monounsaturated is inhibited by feeding highly unsaturated fats. Multiple regression analysis indicates that most fatty acids in the tissue tend to be retained when fat is being actively deposited. The rate of change of the amount of adipose tissue as well as time must be considered in attempting to define those factors which control the turnover of fatty acids and the composition of adipose tissue.
Target organ-specific inactivation of drug metabolizing enzymes in kidney of hamsters treated with estradiol.

Chronic treatment of hamsters with estradiol for several months has previously been shown to decrease the specific content of cytochrome P450 in the kidney, a target of hormonal carcinogenesis, but not in liver. The reason for this decrease in metabolic enzyme activity is unknown and has been examined in this investigation. We now report that the decrease in specific content of renal cytochrome P450 by 73% in response to estradiol was not affected by co-treatment with tamoxifen for 1 month. The subcutaneous infusion of 250 µg/day estradiol for 7 days lowered renal cytochrome P450 by 71% from control values and was therefore used for further mechanistic studies. This treatment decreased renal activities of estradiol 2- or 4-hydroxylase by 77 to 80%, of 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase by 66% of control values, respectively, and completely eliminated aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities, whereas liver enzymes remained unaffected. After 7 days of infusion of estradiol, fluorescent products of lipid peroxidation were more than doubled in hamster kidney but remained unchanged in liver. The possibility of enzyme destruction by binding of estradiol 2,3-quinone to metabolizing enzymes was investigatedin vitro. In the presence of 2-hydroxyestradiol, cumene hydroperoxide, and microsomes, conditions known to favor the oxidation of the steroid to quinone, the binding of catechol estrogen metabolite to microsomal protein increased 60 fold over control values in the absence of cofactor. Purified rat liver cytochrome P450c also oxidized 2-hydroxyestradiol to 2,3-estradiol quinone. The rate of oxidation was linear for the first 2–3 min, but thereafter decreased with time. Under these incubation conditions, irreversible binding of catechol estrogen metabolite to cytochrome P450c increased for the first 2–3 min and then remained at this plateau level. It was concluded that enzyme destruction by a reactive estrogen metabolite or by lipid peroxides may be a major reason for the organ-specific decrease in cytochrome P450 enzymes in kidneys of estrogen-treated hamsters.
Central neurotransmitter systems in the morphine suppression of jaw-opening reflex in rabbits: the cholinergic system.

Abstract The possible participation of the central dopaminergic system in the suppression by morphine of the jaw-opening reflex was investigated in rabbits lightly anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg, i.v.). The averaged amplitude of EMG signals from the digastric muscle, evoked by intrapulpal stimulation, was used as the pain index. Drugs were administered either directly into the cerebral circulation via a cannulated carotid artery or intraperitoneally. Pretreatment of the animals with haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg) or pimozide (0.5 mg/kg) essentially eliminated the inhibitory action of an optimal dose of morphine (6 mg/kg) on the jaw-opening reflex. Such antagonistic action of pimozide (and to a lesser extent, of haloperidol) on the opiate effect could be reversed by physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg). Apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg) pretreatment sufficiently potentiated the effect of a suboptimal dose of morphine (3 mg/kg), resulting in significant suppression of the evoked digastric activities. We concluded that the dopaminergic system is involved synergistically in morphine suppression of the jaw-opening reflex; the present study also reinforced a previous proposal that shifting of the balance between central neurotransmitter systems may be a key to the precipitation of the analgesic process induced by the opiate.
Interfacial properties of SiC monofilament reinforced β′-SiAlON composites

Abstract Interfacial mechanical properties of SiC monofilament-reinforced β′-SiAlON composites were characterized by a single fiber push-out technique. Interfacial parameters were studied as a function of embedded filament lengths, including comparisons of linear, nonlinear shear-lag, and progressive debonding analysis models. The interfacial debonding peak load ( P p ) and maximum frictional sliding load ( P max ) were both measured from the apparent load-displacement curves. Linear and shear-lag analyses were fitted to the data as a function of embedded filament lengths, respectively. In comparison, the progressive debonding analysis was conducted by fitting the effective load-displacement curves obtained by subtraction of machine compliance from the apparent load-displacement curves. The nonlinear shear-lag model gave better regression fits to the data than did the linear model, while the progressive debonding model provided much more interfacial information than did the shear-lag model. In addition to the coefficient of friction (μ) and radial residual stress ( σ N ), axial residual load ( P r ), critical load for interfacial crack initiation or propagation ( P d ), interfacial fracture toughness ( G i ), as well as the interfacial roughness amplitude ( A ) and its contribution to the interfacial normal stress ( σ r ) were extracted from the progressive debonding model, using a three-parameter, non-linear least squares fitting method on the effective load-displacement curves.
A Critique of the Immaculate Conception: A Comment on Beirne

Beirne's account of "the positive construction of progressive problem-shifts" says nothing of why someone would construct a new theory that has "excessive empirical content over its predecessors and competitors." One reason, I contend, arises from the inadequacy of the original theory when confronted with empirical evidence. This assertion by no means implies that "the enquiring mind is a tabula rasa awaiting impregnation by theory-free or neutral data." The original theory may predict the existence of phenomena that are not found where they are expected. When phenomena predicted by a theory are observed, the patterns of association among these phenomena may still differ from those expected.' What's more, phenomena not expected at all on the basis of my pet theory-phenomena apprehended in categories other than those in this theory (e.g., in categories that have a place in other theories, or in lay terms)-may thrust themselves before my nose, hit me over the head, or shoot me between the eyes. Newton didn't need a theory to tell him it was an apple that fell from the tree. Sometimes it may be possible to translate the categories of one theory into those of another, and if this can be done, I may discover that what seems to lie outside my theory actually doesn't.2 Where this translation is not possible, I may, if I am lazy, simply want to note a limitation of my theory (short of a theory of the entire universe and everything that happens in it, there will be phenomena unknown to any theory). If I am less lazy, I may want to modify, extend or elaborate my theory conceptually so as to be able to say something about the phenomena that are so impolitely hitting me over the head.
Everything changed: spiritual transformation in people with HIV.

Objectives:Spiritual Transformation (ST) is accompanied by dramatic changes in spiritual beliefs along with major changes in behaviors, self-view, and attitudes. This study examined types of ST, as well as its antecedents and consequences in people with HIV.Method:Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze interviews about ST in people's lives in two samples: people with chronic HIV-disease (chronic disease sample, n = 74) and people with HIV who identified themselves as spiritual (spiritual sample, n = 73).Results:ST occurred in 39% of the chronic disease and 75% of the spiritual sample. These STs were generally positive (95%) and enduring (M = 8.71 α 7.43 years). ST was most frequently associated with spiritual experience (in particular near-death experience), substance-use recovery, and HIV/AIDS-diagnosis. Main antecedents were substance-use disorder, education/upbringing, and desire to change. Further themes were depression/helplessness, confrontation with illness/death, social support, and life...
On the ecology and behavior ofCebus albifrons in eastern Colombia: II. Behavior

A 503-contact-hr study of a 35 member group ofCebus albifrons was conducted in eastern Colombia in 1977 and 1978. The reactions of the group often centered on the largest adult male, which seemed dominant over all other members of the group. This “alpha” male reacted to perceived danger by putting himself between the group and the danger where he threatened and observed until the other members left the scene. Many members of the group sought the alpha's physical support while using threatening behaviors. Much tolerance towards juveniles and infants was shown by adult and subadult males which included carrying young animals out of danger. Territorial behavior was observed towards neighboring groups. Many behaviors were similar to other species ofCebus.
Secondary Structure of the Human Cardiac Na+ Channel C Terminus EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF HELICAL STRUCTURES IN MODULATION OF CHANNEL INACTIVATION

Little is known about the structure of the C terminus of the human cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel α subunit (SCN5A), but disease-linked mutations within this 244-amino acid intracellular region of the channel have marked effects on channel inactivation. Here we report a structural analysis of the C-terminal tail of the cardiac Na+ channel that sheds new light on mechanisms that control its inactivation gating. Homology modeling of the SCN5A C terminus predicts predominant α-helical structure (six helices) in the proximal half of this intracellular tail but little structure in the distal half. Circular dichroism of isolated and purified C terminus supports this prediction. Whole cell and single channel patch clamp recordings of wild type and mutant α subunits co-expressed with the hβ1 subunit in HEK 293 cells indicate that truncation of the distal, nonstructured, C terminus (L1921stop mutant) reduces current density but does not affect channel gating (n = 6). In contrast, truncation of the sixth helix containing a concentration of positively charged residues along with the distal C terminus (S1885stop mutant) also reduces current density but, in addition, has profound and selective effects on inactivation (no effect on activation). Channel availability is shifted (−11 ± 0.6 mV), and there is a 10-fold increase in the percentage of channels that burst (fail to inactivate) during prolonged depolarization (0.025% S1885stop (n = 7)versus 0.0028% wild type (n = 9),p
Experimental and computational simulation of the high velocity impact of copper spheres on steel plates

Summary High-velocity impact experiments were performed in which copper spheres struck hardened 4340 steel target plates. Velocities range between 3 and 5 km/s, and both normal and oblique impacts were performed. High-resolution flash radiography was used to diagnose the impact crater formation and debris motion within a time frame accessible to computational simulation. Witness plate and fragment capture methods were used to evaluate size and trajectory statistics of the ejecta fragment debris. The three-dimensional wave-code CTH was used to analyze the crater formation and debris evolution process. Simulated radiographs were constructed for direct comparison with X-ray data.
Data-parallel programming on MIMD computers

The inadequacies of conventional parallel languages for programming multicomputers are identified. The C* language is briefly reviewed, and a compiler that translates C* programs into C programs suitable for compilation and execution on a hypercube multicomputer is presented. Results illustrating the efficiency of executing data-parallel programs on a hypercube multicomputer are reported. They show the speedup achieved by three hand-compiled C* programs executing on an N-Cube 3200 multicomputer. The first two programs, Mandelbrot set calculation and matrix multiplication, have a high degree of parallelism and a simple control structure. The C* compiler can generate relatively straightforward code with performance comparable to hand-written C code. Results for a C* program that performs Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting are also presented and discussed. >
Effect of 2,4-D on Respiration and on Destruction of IAA in Oat and Sunflower Tissues

In the issue of 29 Oct. 1954 the name of the third author of "Effect of 2,4-D on respiration and on destruction of IAA in oat and sunflower tissues," page 710, was incorrectly spelled. It should be Dawson C. Deese (not Desse).
To bend or not to bend: electronic structural analysis of linear versus bent M-H-M interactions in dinickel bis(dialkylphosphino)methane complexes.

The M−H−M bonding in the dinuclear complexes Ni2(μ-H)(μ-P2)2X2 (P2 = R2PCH2PR2, R = iPr, Cy; X = Cl, Br) has been investigated. These dinickel A-frames were studied via density functional theory (D...
Quantitative Image Analysis to Predict the Neoplastic Region in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Multiple Fluorescent Contrast Agents

Three probes targeting molecular or morphologic characteristics of cancer were topically applied to freshly resected oral tissue. Optical contrast was used to predict the region of neoplasia; predicted regions agree well with histopathology maps.
Interactive morphological watershed analysis for 3D medical images

Combining automatic processing with interactive techniques is proving to be an effective strategy for segmenting complex three-dimensional (3D) medical images. We describe a general 3D image segmentation strategy that draws upon morphological watershed analysis and operator-defined topological cues. Watershed analysis segments a gray scale image into different regions by interpreting the image as a topographic surface. Using readily available interactive techniques, a human operator can easily define cues that specify spatial relationships between regions of interest. Cues defined in such a manner greatly assist subsequent watershed analysis. Results using 3D cardiac images show that this method leads to rapid robust image segmentation.
Bovine hepatic fructose 1,6-diphosphatase: Modification of the catalytic and allosteric properties by sulfhydryl reagents

Abstract Bovine hepatic fructose 1,6-diphosphatase has a double pH optimum, with maximum activity at neutral pH. Incubation with N -ethylmaleimide, l-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) results in either activation or inhibition of enzyme activity depending on the conditions of the experiment. When manganese ion is used as the metal cofactor, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase activity is increased up to 3-fold at alkaline pH (pH 8.5–9.0). Less activation occurs at neutral pH (pH 6.5–7.0). When magnesium ion is the metal cofactor, activity is inhibited up to 90% at neutral pH and slightly increased at alkaline pH. Sulfhydryl modification increases the K 0.5 for both manganese and magnesium, and the K m for fructose 1,6-diphosphate. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate decreases the rate of modification. The N -ethylmaleimide and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-treated enzymes are slightly more sensitive to inhibition by 5′-AMP.
Analytical and numerical studies of weakly nonlocal solitary waves of the rotation-modified Korteweg-de Vries equation

Abstract A century ago, the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation was derived as a model for weakly nonlinear long waves propagating down a channel when cross-channel and depth variations are sufficiently weak. In this article, we study the steadily translating coherent structures of a generalization of this equation, the rotation-modified KdV equation, which applies when Coriolis forces are significant: ( u t + uu x + u xxx ) x − ϵ 2 u =0 where x is the down-channel coordinate. (This is also called the “Ostrovosky” equation.) The RMKdV solitary waves are weakly nonlocal due to the radiation of long waves where the radiation is proportional to the small parameter ϵ . Because of its simplicity, the RMKdV coherent structures are the prototype of nonlocal solitary waves where the amplitude is a power of the small parameter (micropterons). We extend the matched asymptotic expansions of Hunter to third order. We also compute direct numerical solutions and bifurcations of the nonlinear eigenvalue problem. New modes, with multiple KdV-like peaks flanked by small quasi-sinusoidal oscillations, are shown to be well described by matched asymptotics, too.