cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Beginning in the Humanities

I begin with some local history. the first modern foreign language proposed for inclusion in Yale College was French. In 1778, the chevalier de la Luzerne, French minister plenipotentiary to the American colonies during the Revolutionary Wars, offered “to found a professorship at New-Haven College, the object of which was to be to teach the French language, and the history of France.” This was a moment of relative enlightenment at Yale—during the presidency of Ezra Stiles, a remarkable polymath, a great Hebraist who was also an astronomer and experimental scientist, and indeed taught all the subjects in the curriculum, and who welcomed the proposed addition of French. But enlightenment did not stretch so far. “The trustees of this college refused the generous offer, alleging that such an establishment would tend to introduce popery into the state” (Nancrede 10). Despite student demand, the trustees did not relent until 1825: French and then German became required subjects of study (though no professorship in French existed until the 1860s).
Influence of Low Temperature on Development and Successful Emergence of Lysiphlebus testaceipes , a Parasite of the Greenbug

Groups of progeny produced by virgin and mated female parasites, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), and reared on the biotype C greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), displayed a similar increase in length of development periods, from 9–13 days to 15–21 days, and a similar, statistically significant, decline in the numbers of successfully emerged adults when reared at 24.0 and 18.3°C under controlled growth chamber conditions. At 12.8°C progeny of virgin females developed over a period of 26–46 days and progeny of mated females developed over 26–35 days. The difference in the number of emerged adult progeny of both parent types between 24.0 and 12.8°C was highly significant. Copulation was successful with similar progeny sex ratios at all 3 temperatures. Virgin female parasites were observed to produce only males. Manipulation of parasitized greenbugs and mummies had no significant deleterious effect on progeny survival.
An Argument for the Use of Aminoglycosides in the Empiric Treatment of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Abstract Background: Appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia improves outcomes. Controversy exists regarding the inclusion of aminoglycosides in empiric therapeutic regimens. Methods: The Ovid and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant literature regarding the use of aminoglycosides in combination therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia. The data supporting the use of aminoglycosides in certain populations and strategies to limit toxicity are summarized. Results: In patients at high risk of infection with antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli and in those with severe illness, aminoglycosides improve clinical outcomes. In critically ill populations, short-duration therapy and high-dose extended-interval dosing of aminoglycosides can improve therapeutic efficacy while limiting nephrotoxicity. Conclusions: In selected populations using appropriate dosing strategies, aminoglycosides should be considered for empiric treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Influence of intestinal segment and configuration on the outcome of augmentation enterocystoplasty.

AbstractThe clinical and urodynamic results of enterocystoplasty were compared in 3 groups of patients in which the intact ileocecal segment (10 patients), tubular sigmoid segment (16) or sigmoid cup-patch segment (8) was used. In all 3 groups the upper urinary tract and renal function improved or remained stable, and the functional bladder capacity increased. All patients experienced involuntary, volume-dependent vesical contractions of comparable intensity 3 months postoperatively. After a mean followup of 19.4 ± 8.9 months only 12 per cent of the patients with a cup-patch configuration demonstrated volume-dependent contractions, compared to all patients with ileocecal cystoplasty and 94 per cent with sigmoid tubular cystoplasty. The intensity of these contractions was significantly less in the cup-patch configuration group compared to the other groups. Patients with cuppatch cystoplasty achieved a significantly higher rate of urinary continence than those in the other 2 groups.It appears that the sigmo...
Laparoscopic placement and urodynamic effects of an artificial urethral sphincter in cadaveric dogs.

Objective To describe a laparoscopic approach for placement of a percutaneously controlled artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) in female cadaver dogs and compare the change in urethral pressure and lumen diameter after filling the device. Study Design Experimental study. Animals Canine female cadavers (n = 10). Methods A laparoscopic technique was used to implant the AUS in 10 cadaver dogs. Maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), cystourethral leak point pressure (CLPP), and urethral luminal area were measured at 0, 25, 50, and 75% cuff inflation. Necropsy was performed after urethral pressure profilometry and cystoscopy data collection to assess for trauma caused by the procedure. Results Laparoscopic implantation was performed successfully in all 10 cadavers with no evidence of inadvertent trauma. Median MUCP at 0% AUS fill (48.9 cmH2O) was significantly lower than 75% fill (243.5 cmH2O). Median CLPP at 0% fill (5.0 cmH2O) was significantly lower than 75% fill (23.2 cmH2O). Significant differences were also found comparing urodynamic values 25 to 50%, 25 to 75%, and 50 to 75%. Cystoscopic evaluation revealed progressive decreases in urethral lumen area and significant differences between the urethral luminal area values as the AUS cuff was inflated. Conclusion Laparoscopic placement of an AUS can be performed successfully in cadaver dogs, improved urethral pressure profile parameters, and visibly occluded the urethral lumen. Further studies of laparoscopic placement in clinical cases affected by urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence are warranted.
Flood vulnerability indices and emergency management planning in the Yazoo Basin, Mississippi

Abstract The alluvial plain of the Yazoo Basin lies in part of the Lower Mississippi River Valley in the south-central United States. The Great Flood of 1927 inundated a large part of the Yazoo Basin and was, until Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast in 2005, the worst natural disaster economically to have occurred in the United States. It would be naive to believe that a major flood could not recur in this area in the future and emergency planning and mitigation are of critical importance. This study does not evaluate the overall risk of flooding, but rather the vulnerability of any location within the Yazoo Basin to flooding should it occur. A method is presented in which indicators are used to categorize the vulnerability to catastrophic flooding by considering physical, social, economic, and environmental components of susceptibility. Ordinal vulnerability indices are derived for each of these components individually and then combined into a single three-level (low-moderate-high) Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) using a weighted sum of component vulnerabilities. The results of the indexing method were mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and validated by simulating a series of floods which modeled catastrophic breaks at 28 different locations along the mainline levee system. The inundation patterns generated by the simulations agree with predictions from the physical vulnerability indicator, and permit evaluation of total impact via the FVI. Mitigation and emergency response planning in the Yazoo Basin are aided by considering the different characteristics of flooding in different parts of the basin.
The Coalition Ministry, 1783

The Coalition Cabinet was dominated by followers of Rockingham; the Northites had a slight advantage in the other offices. The Duke of Portland, a respected young nobleman who had served as lord-lieutenant in Ireland in the Rockingham ministry, became first lord of the treasury and the nominal leader of the government.1 Charles James Fox, foreign secretary, was the heart and soul of the Coalition and leader in the House of Commons. Lord North served in a less prominent role as home secretary. Lord John Cavendish returned to the exchequer and Burke to the pay office. William Pitt set an independent course, but he was not inactive.
The Confounding Effect of Systemic Physiology on the Hemodynamic Response in Newborns

In preterm newborns evoked hemoglobin responses to auditory stimulation are strongly affected by baseline hemodynamic physiology.
Creating a T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment overcomes resistance to checkpoint blockade

Recent clinical trials with checkpoint blockade antibodies have shown unprecedented durable responses in some patients with a variety of cancers. However, such therapies fail to induce responses in majority of cancer patients. How to increase the objective response rate becomes an urgent challenge. A T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment is associated with clinical responses to immunotherapies, including checkpoint blockades. Previous studies in our lab have shown that local expression of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT (also known as TNFSF14) by tumor cells may promote the formation of lymphoid-like structures for direct T-cell sequestration and activation, leading to tumor regression. To better evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of LIGHT, we target LIGHT to tumor tissues through an antibody-LIGHT fusion protein. We demonstrated that targeting tumors with LIGHT activates lymphotoxin b receptor signaling, leading to the production of chemokines that recruit massive numbers of T cells. Furthermore, targeting non-T cell-inflamed tumor tissues by antibody-guided LIGHT creates a T cell-inflamed microenvironment and overcomes tumor resistance to checkpoint blockade. Our study indicates that targeting LIGHT may be an effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy, especially those who do not response to checkpoint blockade due to the lack of infiltration.
Survival and weak chaos.

Survival analysis in biology and reliability theory in engineering concern the dynamical functioning of bio/electro/mechanical units. Here we incorporate effects of chaotic dynamics into the classical theory. Dynamical systems theory now distinguishes strong and weak chaos. Strong chaos generates Type II survivorship curves entirely as a result of the internal operation of the system, without any age-independent, external, random forces of mortality. Weak chaos exhibits (a) intermittency and (b) Type III survivorship, defined as a decreasing per capita mortality rate: engineering explicitly defines this pattern of decreasing hazard as ‘infant mortality’. Weak chaos generates two phenomena from the normal functioning of the same system. First, infant mortality— sensu engineering—without any external explanatory factors, such as manufacturing defects, which is followed by increased average longevity of survivors. Second, sudden failure of units during their normal period of operation, before the onset of age-dependent mortality arising from senescence. The relevance of these phenomena encompasses, for example: no-fault-found failure of electronic devices; high rates of human early spontaneous miscarriage/abortion; runaway pacemakers; sudden cardiac death in young adults; bipolar disorder; and epilepsy.
Elastic Shear Analysis of General Prismatic Beams

A procedure is developed for the determination of the transverse shear stress distribution, the shear center location and the shear deformation coefficients for prismatic beams with arbitrarily shaped cross sections. Examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the procedure. The solution is based upon the elasticity analysis of an end-loaded cantilever beam. The solution to the elasticity problem is developed by utilizing the finite element concept in conjunction with the theorem of minimum potential energy and the Ritz technique.
Conformational stability of cytochrome C probed by optical spectroscopy.

Abstract Over the last 50 years cytochrome c has been used as a model system for studying electron transfer and protein folding processes. Recently, convincing evidence has been provided that this protein is also involved in other biological processes such as the apoptosis and α-synuclein aggregation. Numerous lines of evidence suggest that the diversity of the functional properties of cytochrome c is linked to its conformational plasticity. This chapter introduces circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy, as an ideal tool to explore this protein's conformational in solution. Besides assisting in distinguishing different conformations and in obtaining the equilibrium thermodynamics of the transitions between them, the two spectroscopies can also be used to explore details of heme-protein interaction, for example, the influence of the external electric field on the prosthetic heme group.
Kinetics of martensite transformations in steels

Abstract: Dislocation theory of the mechanism and kinetics of martensitic transformation has provided a foundation for the prediction of constitutive relations for transformation plasiticity. Application to the control of stress-state dependent shaping of stress–strain behavior has demonstrated substantial improvements in uniform ductility and ductile fracture toughness. The advance of such predictive science continues to play a central role in the new enterprise of science-based materials design.
Media and Disturbed Eating: An Analysis of Media Influence and Implications for Prevention

Research has linked the thinning standard of beauty portrayed in the media to increased rates of weight preoccupation and eating disturbance in women. In this paper, we review and evaluate how media influence has been defined and measured in psychological research on women's patterns of viewing and ways of responding to media, discuss the implications of this research for programs to prevent the development of eating problems by teaching girls and women to evaluate media more critically, and consider what communications research and feminist therapy perspectives might contribute to the design of effective preventions.
Realization of the First GaN Based Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor

Tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) offer the means to surpass the subthreshold swing (SS) limit of 60 mV/dec that limits MOSFETs. While MOSFETs rely on modulating a potential barrier, which is subject to a Boltzmann tail in the density of states (DOS), interband tunneling in TFETs enables a sharp turn off of the DOS because the transport is no longer governed by an exponential tail of carriers. These devices have been investigated in Si & III-V material systems1, achieving SS's as low as 20 mV/dec2. GaN is advantageous to these other material systems because its large bandgap is ideal for suppressing leakage current. Unfortunately impurity doping in GaN alone is not enough to achieve the internal fields required to promote interband tunneling[Fig l(a)]. However, by taking advantage of the difference in polarization fields between InGaN and GaN, a device structure favoring interband tunneling can be made [Fig l(b)]. Li et. al.3 have theoretically predicted that a GaN heterojunction TFET could obtain an SS of 15 mV/dec and a peak current of $1\times 10^{-4}\ \mathrm{A}/\mu \mathrm{m}$ . For the work being presented, GaN TFETs were fabricated using a surrounding gate (SG) architecture utilizing both nanowires and fins formed from a top-down approach.
Electronic Laboratory Notebooks Allow for Modifications in a General, Organic, and Biochemistry Chemistry Laboratory To Increase Authenticity of the Student Experience

When used effectively, laboratory courses can be very important for enriching teaching and learning. However, a review of many colleges and universities across the nation reveals that around 50% of...
A Systematic Review Of The Food And Drug Administration's 'Exception From Informed Consent' Pathway.

In 1996 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) created an “exception from informed consent” (EFIC) pathway for trials conducted on people incapacitated by life-threatening conditions with a therape...
A new specimen of the alligatoroid Bottosaurus harlani and the early history of character evolution in alligatorids

AbstractCranial and postcranial elements attributed to the alligatoroid Bottosaurus harlani Meyer, 1832, are described from the Rowan Fossil Quarry, a Cretaceous–Paleogene locality in Mantua Townsh...
Bone Marrow-Derived Proangiogenic Cells Mediate Pulmonary Arteriole Stiffening via Serotonin 2B Receptor Dependent Mechanism.

Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a deadly disease of the pulmonary vasculature for which no disease-modifying therapies exist. Small-vessel stiffening and remodeling are fundamental pa...
Reaction Mechanism for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on the Basal Plane Sulfur Vacancy Site of MoS2 Using Grand Canonical Potential Kinetics

We develop the grand canonical potential kinetics (GCP-K) formulation based on thermodynamics from quantum mechanics calculations to provide a fundamental basis for understanding heterogeneous electrochemical reactions. Our GCP-K formulation arises naturally from minimizing the free energy using a Legendre transform relating the net charge of the system and the applied voltage. Performing this macroscopic transformation explicitly allows us to make the connection of GCP-K to the traditional Butler–Volmer kinetics. Using this GCP-K based free energy, we show how to predict both the potential and pH dependent chemistry for a specific example, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at a sulfur vacancy on the basal plane of MoS_2. We find that the rate-determining steps in both acidic and basic conditions are the Volmer reaction in which the second hydrogen atom is adsorbed from the solution. Using the GCP-K formulation, we show that the stretched bond distances change continuously as a function of the applied potential. This shows that the main reason for the higher activity in basic conditions is that the transition state is closer to the product, which leads to a more favorable Tafel slope of 60 mV/dec. In contrast if the transition state were closer to the reactant, where the transfer coefficient is less than 0.5 we would obtain a Tafel slope of almost 150 mV/dec. Based on this detailed understanding of the reaction mechanism, we conclude that the second hydrogen at the chalcogenide vacant site is the most active toward the hydrogen evolution reaction. Using this as a descriptor, we compare it to the other 2H group VI metal dichalcogenides and predict that vacancies on MoTe_2 will have the best performance toward HER.
Elevated homocysteine? Consider testing for folate metabolism gene variants.

Abstract Folate metabolism is fundamental to health, as it closely regulates homocysteine level. Recent research suggests there is a genomic basis for individual variation in folate metabolism related to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This article describes how two SNPs, both of which are methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) variants, can affect the way an individual metabolizes folate, resulting in elevated homocysteine level, and why testing for these SNPs may be important.
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Safety Enhancement via Dynamic Communication Channel Selection

Adding vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication into the adaptive cruise control (ACC) system produces the cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) with a reinforced road safety. However, current policy obliges safety-related data to be exchanged solely over the control channel (CCH) within the Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) spectrum, which may induce intolerable communication delay and higher accident risks. Standard countermeasures concentrate principally on adaptively adjusting transmission parameters. However, due to the limited network capacity of a single channel, these methods can hardly meet the real-time packet delivery requirement when vehicle density becomes high. Therefore, to ensure timely delivery of critical safety messages, this paper proposes instead a dynamic channel selection algorithm to fully exploit all the seven useable channels in the DSRC band. Experiments on a two-scaled-car platoon demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in reducing the vehicle CACC position and speed tracking errors.
Daphne: A Virtual Assistant for Designing Earth Observation Distributed Spacecraft Missions

This article describes Daphne, a virtual assistant for designing Earth observation distributed spacecraft missions. It is, to the best of our knowledge, the first virtual assistant for such application. The article provides a thorough description of Daphne, including its question answering system and the main features we have implemented to help system engineers design distributed spacecraft missions. In addition, the article describes a study performed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to assess the usefulness of Daphne in this use case. The study was conducted with N = 9 subjects from JPL, who were asked to work on a mission design task with two versions of Daphne, one that was fully featured implementing the cognitive assistance functions, and one that only had the features one would find in a traditional design space exploration tool. After the task, they filled out a standard user experience survey, completed a test to assess how much they learned about the task, and were asked a number of questions in a semi-structured exit interview. Results of the study suggest that Daphne can help improve performance during system design tasks compared to traditional tools, while keeping the system usable. However, the study also raises some concerns with respect to a potential reduction in human learning due to the use of the cognitive assistant. The article ends with a list of suggestions for future development of virtual assistants for space mission design.
The Benefits of a Real-Time Web-Based Response System for Enhancing Engaged Learning in Classrooms and Public Science Events.

Large introduction to neuroscience classes and small science cafes have the same goal: bridging the gap between the presenter and the audience to convey the information while being engaging. Early classroom response systems became the cornerstone of flipped and engaged learning. These "clickers" helped turn lectures into dialogues, allowing the presenter to become a facilitator rather than a "sage on the stage." Rapid technological developments, especially the increase of computing power opened up new opportunities, moving these systems from a clicker device onto cellphones and laptops. This allowed students to use their own devices, and instructors to use new question types, such as clicking on a picture or ranking concepts. A variety of question types makes the learning environment more engaging, allows better examples for creative and critical thinking, and facilitates assessment. Online access makes these response systems scalable, bringing the strength of formative assessments and surveys to public science communication events, neuroscience journal clubs and distance learning. In addition to the new opportunities, online polling systems also create new challenges for the presenters. For example, allowing mobile devices in the classroom can be distracting. Here, a web-based, real-time response system called Poll Everywhere was compared to iClickers, highlighting the benefits and the pitfalls of both systems. In conclusion, the authors observe that the benefits of web-based response systems outweigh the challenges, and this form of digital pedagogy can help create a rich dialogue with the audience in large classrooms as well as in public science events.
Excited-state trions in two-dimensional materials

Using the complex scaling and the stabilization method combined with the stochastic variational approach, we have shown that there are narrow resonance states in two-dimensional three particle systems of electrons and holes interacting via a screened Coulomb interaction. These resonances are loosely bound systems of excited state excitons with a third particle circling around them. Recent experimental studies of excited state trions might be explained and identified by these resonant states.
Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical student career perceptions: a national survey study.

The COVID-19 pandemic and resulting cancellation of medical student clinical rotations pose unique challenges to students’ educations, the impact of which has not yet been explored. This cross-sect...
Development and implementation of an in-hospital bleeding risk model for percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND Bleeding is a common complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) that is associated with worse clinical outcomes and increased costs. Improved pre-procedural bleeding risk prediction could promote strategies that have been shown to reduce post-PCI bleeding, including increased adoption of radial access. METHODS We studied patients in the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking (VA CART) program receiving PCI in VA hospitals. Logistic regression was performed to develop a model for major in-hospital bleeding using demographic, clinical, and procedural variables. The discriminatory ability of the model was compared to the existing National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR) CathPCI bleeding risk model. RESULTS Among 107,451 patients treated from 2008 to 2019, 5218 (4.86%) experienced an in-hospital bleeding event. Twelve variables were associated with bleeding risk. Predictors of bleeding included emergency or salvage status, cardiogenic shock, NSTEMI, Atrial fibrillation, elevated INR, and peripheral vascular disease, while radial access, greater body surface area, and stable or unstable angina were associated with lower risk of bleeding. The developed model had superior discrimination compared with the NCDR CathPCI model (c-index 0.756, 95% CI 0.749-0.764 vs. 0.707, 95% CI 0.700-0.714, p < 0.001), especially among the highest risk patients. A web-based tool has been created to facilitate calculation of bleeding risk using this model at the point of care. CONCLUSION The VA CART bleeding risk model uses baseline clinical and procedural variables to predict post-PCI in-hospital bleeding events and has improved discrimination compared to other available models in this patient population. Implementation of this model can facilitate risk stratification at the point of care and permit improved risk-adjustment for quality assessment.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in daily life among World Trade Center responders: Temporal symptom cascades.

Abstract Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are common in the immediate aftermath of a trauma, but it is their persistence over time that leads to a diagnosis. This pattern highlights the critical role of symptom maintenance to understanding and treating the disorder. Relatively few studies have explored whether PTSD symptoms may be interacting or triggering one another to worsen and maintain the disorder, a dynamic we refer to as “symptom cascades.” Additionally, little work has tested in real-time how other maintenance factors, such as stress, contribute to such events in daily life. Methods The present study in a group (N = 202) of World Trade Center (WTC) responders oversampled for PTSD tested day-to-day temporal associations among PTSD symptom dimensions (i.e., intrusions, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal) and stress across one week. Results Longitudinal models found hyperarousal on a given day predicted increased PTSD symptoms the next day, with the effect sizes almost double compared to other symptom dimensions or daily stress. Intrusions, in contrast, showed little prospective predictive effects, but instead were most susceptible to the effects from other symptoms the day before. Avoidance and numbing showed weaker bidirectional effects. Limitations Findings are from a unique population and based on naturalistic observation. Conclusions Results are consistent with the idea of symptom cascades, they underscore hyperarousal's strong role in forecasting short-term increases in PTSD (even more than stress per se) and they raise the prospect of highly specific ecological momentary interventions to potentially disrupt PTSD maintenance in daily life.
Democratic Source Coding: An Optimal Fixed-Length Quantization Scheme for Distributed Optimization Under Communication Constraints

The communication cost of distributed optimization algorithms is a major bottleneck in their scalability. This work considers a parameter-server setting in which the worker is constrained to communicate information to the server using only $R$ bits per dimension. We show that $\mathbf{democratic}$ $\mathbf{embeddings}$ from random matrix theory are significantly useful for designing efficient and optimal vector quantizers that respect this bit budget. The resulting polynomial complexity source coding schemes are used to design distributed optimization algorithms with convergence rates matching the minimax optimal lower bounds for (i) Smooth and Strongly-Convex objectives with access to an Exact Gradient oracle, as well as (ii) General Convex and Non-Smooth objectives with access to a Noisy Subgradient oracle. We further propose a relaxation of this coding scheme which is nearly minimax optimal. Numerical simulations validate our theoretical claims.
Disordered Monomer-Dimer model on Cylinder graphs

We consider the disordered monomer-dimer model on cylinder graphs $\mathcal{G}_n$, i.e., graphs given by the Cartesian product of the line graph on $n$ vertices, and a deterministic graph. The edges carry i.i.d. random weights, and the vertices also carry i.i.d. random weights, not necessarily from the same distribution. Given the random weights, we define a Gibbs measure on the space of monomer-dimer configurations on $\mathcal{G}_n$. We show that the associated free energy converges to a limit, and with suitable scaling and centering, satisfies a central limit theorem. We also show that the number of monomers in a typical configuration satisfies a law of large numbers and a central limit theorem with appropriate centering and scaling. Finally, for an appropriate height function associated with a matching, we show convergence to a limiting function and prove the Brownian motion limit about the limiting height function in the sense of finite-dimensional distributions.
Systolic and Diastolic Function (Mechanics) of the Intact Heart

The sections in this article are: 1 Determinants of Systolic Function 1.1 Changes in Cardiac Shape and Dimensions 1.2 Performance of the Intact Ventricle Viewed from the Perspective of Isolated Muscle Function 1.3 The End-Systolic Pressure—Volume Relationship 1.4 Preload 1.5 Afterload 1.6 Contractility (Inotropic State) 1.7 Length-Dependent Activation 1.8 Strength-Interval Relations 1.9 Interaction Between Heart Rate and β-Adrenergic Stimulation 1.10 Mechanical Restitution and Postextrasystolic Potentiation 2 Assessing Contractility (Inotropic State) of the Heart 2.1 Acute Changes In Contractility 2.2 Methods Based on Changes in Ventricular Volumes and Dimensions in a Steady State 2.3 Methods Derived from Left Ventricular Pressure and the Rate of Change of Pressure 2.4 Comparison of Indices 2.5 Methods Based on Examination of Ventricular Function over a Range of Loading Conditions 2.6 The Absolute Level of Inotropic State 2.7 Evaluation of Ventricular Function in Mice and Rats 3 Regional Function 3.1 Regional Right Ventricular Systolic Function 3.2 Regional Left Ventricular Structure-Function Relationships 3.3 Left Ventricular Structure-Function Relationships 3.4 Mechanical Correlates of Cardiac Energy Consumption 4 Determinants of Diastolic Function 4.1 Cardiac Structural Components 4.2 Passive Pressure-Volume Relationships 4.3 Time-Dependent Properties 4.4 Passive Ventricular Diastolic Structure-Function Relationships 4.5 Regulation of Ventricular Filling 4.6 Role of the Pericardium
Adenosine receptor inhibition with theophylline attenuates the skin blood flow response to local heating in humans.

Mechanisms underlying the robust cutaneous vasodilatation in response to local heating of human skin remain unresolved. Adenosine receptor activation has been shown to induce vasodilatation via nitric oxide, and a substantial portion of the plateau phase to local heating of human skin has been shown to be dependent on nitric oxide. The purpose of this study was to investigate a potential role for adenosine receptor activation in cutaneous thermal hyperaemia in humans. Six subjects were equipped with four microdialysis fibres on the ventral forearm. Sites were randomly assigned to receive one of the following four treatments: (1) lactated Ringer solution to serve as a control; (2) 4 mm theophylline, a competitive, non-selective A1/A2 adenosine receptor antagonist; (3) 10 mm Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) to inhibit NO synthase; or (4) combined 4 mm theophylline + 10 mm l-NAME. Following baseline measurements, each site was locally heated from a baseline temperature of 33°C to 42°C at a rate of 1°C (10 s)−1, and skin blood flow was monitored via laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as LDF divided by mean arterial pressure and normalized to maximal values (CVCmax) via local heating to 43°C and infusion of 28 mm sodium nitroprusside. The initial peak was significantly reduced in theophylline (68 ± 2% CVCmax) and l-NAME sites (54 ± 5% CVCmax) compared with control sites (81 ± 2% CVCmax; P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Combined theophylline +l-NAME (52 ± 5% CVCmax) reduced the initial peak compared with control and theophylline sites, but was not significantly different compared with l-NAME sites. The secondary plateau was attenuated in theophylline (77 ± 2% CVCmax), l-NAME (60 ± 2% CVCmax) and theophylline +l-NAME (53 ± 1% CVCmax) compared with control sites (94 ± 2% CVCmax; P < 0.001 for all conditions). The secondary plateau was reduced in l-NAME compared with theophylline sites (P < 0.001), and combined theophylline +l-NAME further reduced the secondary plateau compared with theophylline- (P < 0.001) and l-NAME-only sites (P < 0.05). These data suggest that adenosine receptor activation directly contributes to cutaneous thermal hyperaemia, as evidenced by the reduced initial peak and secondary plateau in theophylline sites. These data further suggest that a portion of the NO response may be explained by adenosine receptor activation; however, a substantial portion of the NO response is independent of adenosine receptor activation.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and family history of malignant tumors in a case-control study (United States)

Using data from a case-control study in the United States (the Selected Cancers Study), we examined the relationship between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and family history of different cancers. Cases were 1,511 men aged 31 to 59 years and diagnosed pathologically with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during 1984-88. Controls were men, frequency-matched to cases by age range and cancer registry (n = 1,910). All study subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were excluded from analyses. Our results showed that the risk of NHL is associated with a history of lymphoma (odds ratio [OR] = 3.0, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-5.2) and hematologic cancer (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.2-3.4) in first-degree relatives after adjustment for age, ethnic background, and educational level. Further analyses were performed for the subgroups defined by age at diagnosis (younger than 45 years cf 45 years or older). The association of NHL with a family history of lymphoma and hematologic cancer was found primarily among men aged 45 and older (OR = 4.1, CI = 1.9-8.8 for lymphoma and OR = 2.3, CI = 1.3-4.0 for hematologic cancer). The association among men aged 45 and older did not vary by whether or not there were any familial patients diagnosed at the age of 45 or older. No significant associations could be found for a family history of lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, thyroid cancer, or myeloma. This study suggests that the familial risk of NHL is influenced primarily by hematolymphoproliferative malignancies rather than other cancers. The familial effects of hematolymphoproliferative malignancies may be stronger for men aged 45 to 59, compared with those aged 31 to 44.
Complex organic guests in simple crystals: potassium hydrogen phthalate as case study

The micromolar chemical lives of crystals are extraordinarily rich. This is especially true of potassium acid phthalate (KAP) which is able to orient and overgrow many complex organic dye molecules. KAP mixed crystals illustrate a number of concepts in solution crystal growth that are reviewed herein.
Evidence for unusual size dimorphism in a fossil ailurid

A second nearly complete skeleton of the fossil ailurid Pristinailurus bristoli was recently recovered from the Hemphillian (late Miocene) Gray Fossil Site of northeast Tennessee. It appears to be significantly larger than the previously known skeleton of P. bristoli, which was surprising as the living red panda Ailurus fulgens is thought to be generally monomorphic, including between sexes. Here the presence of significant size difference in the geometric means of cranial and postcranial measurements and canine area in the two specimens of P. bristoli is tested relative to the distribution of size differences in intersex and intrasex pairs of A. fulgens. The presence of sexual dimorphism in these dimensions is also assessed in A. fulgens using t-tests. We report the first evidence of sexual dimorphism in both upper and lower canine area in A. fulgens. We also found evidence of significantly greater body size difference in the two specimens of P. bristoli than that present in A. fulgens. This could reflect a variety of causes, including the presence of multiple species or subspecies, a greater range of ecologically driven variability, or the presence of sexual dimorphism. We argue tentatively for sexual dimorphism as the most plausible explanation for the apparent size range of P. bristoli. Ethan L. Fulwood. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37865 USA Current Address: Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA ethan.fulwood@duke.edu Steven C. Wallace. Department of Geosciences, Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 USA wallaces@mail.etsu.edu
Landform identification in lunar radar images

Lunar radar images have been investigated in order to understand how various radar parameters affect landform identification. The high-resolution (1-2 km cell size) 3.8-cm images of Zisk et al. (1974) were used along with the low and high resolution 70-cm mosaics of Thompson (1974 and 1987). The results indicate that radar cell size is the single most important radar parameter and that lunar features are likely to be correctly identified if they are longer than an 'identification resolution' of five times the radar cell size. The moon is considered here as an analog of Venus, since the two planets have similar mean scattering behavior.
Molecular Characterization of Duplicate Cytosolic Phosphoglucose Isomerase Genes in Clarkia and Comparison to the Single Gene in Arabidopsis

The nucleotide sequence of PgiC1-a which encodes a cytosolic isozymes of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGIC; EC 5.3.1.9) in Clarkia lewisii, a wildflower native to California, is described and compared to the previously published sequence of the duplicate PgiC2-a from the same genome. Both genes have the same structure of 23 exons and 22 introns located in identical positions, and they encode proteins of 569 amino acids. Exon and inferred protein sequences of the two genes are 96.4% and 97.2% identical, respectively. Intron sequences are 88.2% identical. The high nucleotide similarity of the two genes is consistent with previous genetic and biosystematic findings that suggest the duplication arose within Clarkia. A partial sequence of PgiC2-b was also obtained. It is 99.5% identical to PgiC2-a in exons and 99.7% in introns. The nucleotide sequence of the single PgiC from Arabidopsis thaliana was also determined for comparison to the Clarkia genes. The A. thaliana PgiC has 21 introns located at positions identical to those in Clarkia PgiC1 and PgiC2, but lacks the intron that divides Clarkia exons 21 and 22. The A. thaliana PGIC protein is shorter, with 560 amino acids, and differs by about 17% from the Clarkia PGICs. The PgiC in A. thaliana was mapped to a site 20 cM from restriction fragment length polymorphism marker 331 on chromosome 5.
Critical organizational communication studies: The next 10 years

(1993). Critical organizational communication studies: The next 10 years. Communication Monographs: Vol. 60, Into the New Century, pp. 18-25.
Natural inflation from fermion loops.

``Natural`` inflationary theories are a class of models in which inflation is driven by a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson. In this paper we consider two models, one old and one new, in which the potential for inflation is generated by loop effects from a fermion sector which explicitly breaks a global U(1) symmetry. In both models we retrieve the ``standard`` natural inflation potential {ital V}({theta})={Lambda}{sup 4}[1+cos({theta}/{mu})] as a limiting case of the exact one-loop potential, but we carry out a general analysis of the models including the limiting case. Constraints from the COBE DMR observation and from theoretical consistency are used to limit the parameters of the models, and successful inflation occurs without the necessity of fine-tuning the parameters.
MYCORHIZAS FROM NORTH CAROLINA AND EASTERN TENNESSEE

During August, I926, the writer spent some time studying the mycorhizal relations of the woody plants in the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and to a very limited extent also in the vicinity of Wilmington, North Carolina. In addition to observations made in the field, roots were collected from i6 different species, collections being made from several individuals of each species. These roots were later imbedded, sectioned, and studied microscopically.
Modification of Patient Driving Behavior After Implantation of a Cardioverter Defibrillator

Driving habits among recipients of ICDs have not been well characterized previously, yet such information may have implications for development of national policy. This study was undertaken to characterize driving behavior after defibrillator implantation in our patient population. From 1988-1993, 82 ICDs were implanted at the University of Florida. All patients received defibrillator teaching preoperatively and postoperatively with particular emphasis placed on driving restrictions. A standardized questionnaire was developed to ascertain driving behavior, compliance with restrictions, and occurrence of motor vehicle accidents following implantation. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether or not they had received a shock from their device since implantation. Group I patients did, and Group II patients did not. Fifty-two out of 82 (63%, Group I) patients had at least one shock. The remaining 30 patients had received no shocks. Mean age and gender were no different between the two groups. Mean time since implantation was 6 +/- 1.3 years in Group I, compared to 4 +/- 1.5 years in Group II (P = 0.001). Forty-seven out of 52 (90%) and 26 out of 30 (87%) in Groups I and II, respectively, resumed driving after defibrillator implantation. There was no difference in the amount of time that passed prior to resumption of driving. Group I patients drove more, 20.5 +/- 27 miles/day compared to patients in Group II, 8.3 +/- 9.7 miles/day (P = 0.02). No patient experienced device discharge during driving; likewise, no patient was involved in a motor vehicle accident secondary to their device firing. Sixty-seven out of 82 (82%) patients complied with the instructions they thought they heard; seven patients in Group I and eight patients in Group II deliberately did not follow our advice. The majority of patients do comply with physician instructions, although the instructions they remember are not always the instructions given. If a national policy is created to prohibit driving after ICD implantation, effective enforcement may be difficult.
A generalized cross assembly system for micro-computers

Abstract A methodology is described which permits us to use the assembly language, the assembler, the linker and the relocating loader of a hose computer (uC) for microcomputers (uC's). The assembly Language of a uC results from the assembly language of the hC by leaving out the computer-dependent instructions and defining new ones in their place. The assembler, the linker and the relocating loader of the hC are extended in such a way that they can translate these assembly, languages for uC's. This is accomplished with little effort. Thus, the powerful facilities of large computers are made available to the uC's user. An implementation of the methodology, in a particular host, is reported.
Cross-sample validation provides enhanced proteome coverage in rat vocal fold mucosa.

The vocal fold mucosa is a biomechanically unique tissue comprised of a densely cellular epithelium, superficial to an extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich lamina propria. Such ECM-rich tissues are challenging to analyze using proteomic assays, primarily due to extensive crosslinking and glycosylation of the majority of high Mr ECM proteins. In this study, we implemented an LC-MS/MS-based strategy to characterize the rat vocal fold mucosa proteome. Our sample preparation protocol successfully solubilized both proteins and certain high Mr glycoconjugates and resulted in the identification of hundreds of mucosal proteins. A straightforward approach to the treatment of protein identifications attributed to single peptide hits allowed the retention of potentially important low abundance identifications (validated by a cross-sample match and de novo interpretation of relevant spectra) while still eliminating potentially spurious identifications (global single peptide hits with no cross-sample match). The resulting vocal fold mucosa proteome was characterized by a wide range of cellular and extracellular proteins spanning 12 functional categories.
Room-temperature mechanical behavior of cryomilled al alloys

Room-temperature mechanical properties of cryomilled Al-7.5 pct Mg and Al 5083 alloys are discussed in the context of a duplex microstructure, which arises during processing. After consolidation via hot isostatic pressing (“hipping”), coarse-grained regions are formed in former interparticle void volumes, and these regions become elongated during extrusion. Comparison of tensile and compression testing results on both “as-hipped” and extruded materials shows that tension-compression asymmetry is the result of these coarse-grained regions and not necessarily a fundamental property of ultrafine grained Al. The strength of the extruded materials is consistent with the Hall-Petch model of strengthening by grain size refinement, but the hipped material deviates from this trend, with a lower strength despite finer average grain size. This can also be attributed to the presence of coarse-grained regions, which substract from the strength in a predictable manner and also enhance the ability of the cryomilled material to work harden.
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Rural Midwestern Latina Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers

Background: While cancer control and prevention efforts are well documented, limited information on this topic exists for Latina farmworkers in the rural Midwest. This study sought to examine corre...