cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Efficacy of Liposome-Encapsulated Ribavirin and Muramyl Tripeptide in Experimental Infection with Influenza or Herpes Simplex Virus

Large, negatively charged, multilamellar liposomes were examined for their ability to improve the therapeutic activity of the broad-spectrum antiviral agent ribavirin (RIB) and the synthetic immunostimulant muramyl tripeptide (MTP-PE) in the treatment of viral pneumonitis. Liposome-encapsulated MTP-PE (L-MTP-PE) was superior to free MTPPE in activating alveolar macrophages and in protecting mice against intranasal challenge with 10 LD5o (50^0 lethal dose) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Mice treated with liposome-encapsulated or free MTP-PE had no detectable viremia and had lower pulmonary titers of virus than controls. Liposome-encapsulated RIB (L-RIB; 3 mg per mouse), administered several hours after infection, was more effective than was free RIB (10 mg per mouse) in protecting mice against intranasal challenge with 10 LD50 of influenza virus, but neither L-RIB nor free RIB protected mice against HSV-1 infection. In contrast, combination therapy with both L-RIB and L-MTP-PE was more effective than either agent used alone.
Inelastic nucleon contributions in (e,e') nuclear response functions

We estimate the contribution of inelastic nucleon excitations to the (e,e{sup {prime}}) inclusive cross section in the CEBAF kinematic range. Calculations are based upon parameterizations of the nucleon structure functions measured at SLAC. Nuclear binding effects are included in a vector-scalar field theory, and are assumed to have a minimal effect on the nucleon excitation spectrum. We find that for q{approx_lt}1 GeV the elastic and inelastic nucleon contributions to the nuclear response functions are comparable, and can be separated, but with roughly a factor of 2 uncertainty in the latter from the extrapolation from data. In contrast, for q{approx_gt}2 GeV this uncertainty is greatly reduced but the elastic nucleon contribution is heavily dominated by the inelastic nucleon background. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease

Clostridium difficile colitis has doubled in North America over the past 5 years and recent reports have demonstrated an increase in incidence and severity of these infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). Studies from single institutions as well as trends identified in nationwide inpatient databases have shown that IBD patients with concomitant C. difficile infection experience increased morbidity and mortality. Results from our center have shown that over half of C. difficile-infected IBD patients will require hospitalization and the colectomy rate may approach 20%. Because C. difficile colitis will both mimic and precipitate an IBD flare, it is essential that clinicians be vigilant to identify and address this infectious complication, as empiric treatment with corticosteroids without appropriate antibiotics may precipitate deterioration. The majority of IBD patients appear to contract C. difficile as outpatients, and a prior history of colitis appears to be the most significant risk factor for acquiring this infection. In addition to C. difficile colitis, IBD patients are now known to be at risk for C. difficile enteritis as well as infections in reconstructed ileoanal pouches. An additional challenge facing C. difficile infections in IBD patients is the decreased efficacy of metronidazole, and the need for oral vancomycin in patients requiring hospitalization. In this review we summarize the present knowledge regarding C. difficile infection in the setting of IBD, including unique clinical scenarios facing IBD patients, diagnostic algorithms, and treatment approaches.
Analytical and experimental investigation of small-scale unintended releases of hydrogen

Abstract Knowledge of the concentration field and flammability envelope from a small-scale hydrogen leak is an issue of importance for the safe use of hydrogen. A combined experimental and modeling program is being carried out by Sandia National Laboratories to characterize and predict the behavior of small-scale hydrogen releases. In contrast to the previous work performed by Sandia on large, momentum-dominated hydrogen leaks, these studies are focusing on small leaks in the Froude number range where both buoyant and inertial forces are important or, in the limit, where buoyancy dominates leak behavior. In the slow leak regime-buoyant forces affect the trajectory and rate of air entrainment of the hydrogen jet leak and significant curvature can occur in the jet trajectory. Slow leaks may occur from leaky fittings or o-ring seals on hydrogen vehicles or other hydrogen-based systems where large amounts of pressure drop occur across the leak path. Low-pressure electrolyzers or vents on buildings or storage facilities containing hydrogen are also potential sources for slow leaks. The small-scale leak investigation is a combined experimental and modeling program. As part of the modeling effort a fast-running engineering model for the buoyant jet from a hydrogen slow leak was developed. The model computes the trajectory of the buoyant jet and the hydrogen concentration decay along the jet trajectory. Simulation times for the slow-leak engineering model are a few seconds on a computer workstation as compared to many hours for a Navier–Stokes equation simulation of the same leak. As part of the experimental effort, a planar laser-Rayleigh scattering and CCD camera technique were used to measure high-speed images of the concentration field from slow hydrogen leaks. Planar laser-Rayleigh scattering is a laser-based diagnostic technique that is sensitive to gas density and is, hence, well suited to accurately measure the flow behavior of hydrogen exiting a leak into ambient air. Comparisons are made between the measured slow leak concentration fields and predictions from the slow leak engineering model. Calculations from the model and experimental results are presented to explain the behavior of slow leaks over the Froude number range of interest.
Management of choanal atresia in CHARGE association patients: a retrospective review.

Summary Rationale To examine the management and outcomes of choanal atresia in children with CHARGE association compared with non-CHARGE children. Methods This is a retrospective chart review at a tertiary care children's hospital examining the management and outcomes of choanal atresia repair in children with CHARGE from 1990–2005. At least two CHARGE features were used to define these children. Children with CHARGE association were compared with non-CHARGE children regarding type of atresia, method of repair, post-operative management, re-stenosis rate and revision surgery. Results Fifty-seven children (36 female, 21 male) with complete records were identified with 24% diagnosed with CHARGE association. The median age of primary repair was 0.75 months for CHARGE and 15 months for non-CHARGE children ( p = 0.047). Unilateral atresia was diagnosed in 36% of CHARGE children and 81% of non-CHARGE children. Bilateral atresia was diagnosed in 64% of CHARGE and 19% of non-CHARGE children ( p = 0.006). The median duration of stent placement was slightly longer in the CHARGE group with no difference in the median number of post-operative dilations. Of those with CHARGE, 36% required revision surgery compared to 44% of the non-CHARGE subjects ( p = 0.58). Of those undergoing primary transnasal repairs, 40% of the CHARGE and 37% of the non-CHARGE patients failed. 50% of CHARGE patients with primary transnasal repair for bilateral atresia failed. Only 25% of transpalatal CHARGE repairs failed, while 75% of transpalatal repairs failed in the non-CHARGE group. The median follow-up was 24.6 months for CHARGE and 24.9 months for non-CHARGE patients. Conclusions Children with CHARGE and unilateral choanal atresia can be managed successfully with a transnasal approach. However, our data, as well as prior published reports, suggests that CHARGE patients with bilateral atresia should have primary transpalatal repairs due to the high failure rate with the transnasal approach in this population.
Reinventing Marketing and Public Policy for the Twenty-First Century: An Editorial Statement

ournal of Public Policy & Marketing(JPP&M) has made remarkable progress since its founding. What began an experiment, or “test market” in the words of its founding editor, Tom Kinnear (2011), has developed into one of the premier journals in marketing. A publication that began life as an annual volume published by the Research Division of the University of Michigan’s business school is now part of the portfolio of publications of the American Marketing Association (AMA) with both two-year and five-year impact factors that are 16th among 33 journals that publish marketing papers (Thompson Reuters 2012). This is all the more remarkable for a journal that publishes only two issues a year and has half to a quarter the number of the articles published in marketing journals that have higher impact factors. JPP&M has benefited from the selfless stewardship of some of the most notable academics in the marketing discipline who have served as editors, contributors, and members of the review board. A particularly interesting retrospective on the journal in the words of each of the past editors appeared in the spring 2011 issue of JPP&M. This retrospective provides a helpful and insightful review of the evolution of the journal, the frustrations associated with its development and the development of the field of marketing and public policy more generally, and the changing focus of the field of marketing and its relationship to public policy and society at large. It is also a rich source of ideas about opportunities and new directions for the journal and the focus of its content. Beginning with the 1982 publication date of what was then called Journal of Marketing & Public Policy, the journal is now in its 32nd year.1 During these past three decades, the journal has had seven editors, each of whom has brought a new perspective to the task of editor. A frequent characteristic of editors of the journal is their experience with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which has helped shape much of the journal’s focus.2 As the journal again changes editors, it is constructive to examine how it has evolved over time, what this evolution suggests about the journal’s current and future positioning, and where there are opportunities for growth in its content and reputation.
Effective Questions and Questioning: A Research Review.

Abstract Questioning is considered an influential teaching act because it is the most basic way teachers use to stimulate participation, thinking and learning in the classroom. This research literature review focuses on the effective teaching studies conducted particularly during the past 15 years to determine the impact of teachers' questions and questioning techniques on students' learning outcomes. Eleven questioning practices that correlate positively with achievement are identified from five major reviews and are supported additionally with a sampling of individual research studies. Implications for future research in the social studies are discussed.
Study of the Solution in the Synthesis of a Sol-Gel Composite Used as a Chromatographic Phase

Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and octyltriethoxysilane (C8-TEOS) were used in the synthesis of an organic−inorganic hybrid glass composite by the sol−gel process. This composite was used as the stationary phase for chromatographic and electrophoretic separations when cast onto the inner walls of capillary columns. To investigate the reactions leading to the final chromatographic material, the hydrolysis and initial condensation reactions of TEOS, C8-TEOS, and the C8-TEOS/TEOS hybrid mixture were studied by 29Si and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The reaction of methyltriethoxysilane (C1-TEOS) and ethyltriethoxysilane (C2-TEOS) were also followed for comparison purposes. The formation of the various silicon species and the degree of substitution on the Si atom in the reactions revealed that TEOS hydrolyzes faster than C8-TEOS when each precursor reacts individually. However, the rate of hydrolysis for C8-TEOS increases when reacting in a C8-TEOS/TEOS (1:1 mole ratio) mixture, driven by the condensation of hydrolyzed TEOS...
A plasmonic chip for biomarker discovery and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, whereas type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Previously, the onset of these two separate diseases was easily distinguished, with children being most at risk for T1D and T2D occurring in overweight adults. However, the dramatic rise in obesity, coupled with the notable increase in T1D, has created a large overlap in these previously discrete patient populations. Delayed diagnosis of T1D can result in severe illness or death, and rapid diagnosis of T1D is critical for the efficacy of emerging therapies. However, attempts to apply next-generation platforms have been unsuccessful for detecting diabetes biomarkers. Here we describe the development of a plasmonic gold chip for near-infrared fluorescence-enhanced (NIR-FE) detection of islet cell-targeting autoantibodies. We demonstrate that this platform has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of T1D and can be used to discover previously unknown biomarkers of T1D.
Educator identities. Emerging issues within personal and professional identities: changes experienced by Australian pre-service teachers following professional exposure to educational practice within childcare settings

This paper presents the findings of a research project investigating the perceptions and expectations held by pre-service teachers regarding the childcare sector. It presents the views of a group of pre-service teachers both before and after their exposure to practice within childcare following a 10-week practicum. The personal experiences of the research participants impacted greatly their evolutionary understanding of and attitude towards the childcare sector. Thematic analysis of the data produced several key concepts that illuminated issues of identity conflict across the care and education divide. This paper makes a necessary contribution to the current research context where research on perspectives of teacher-educators within childcare is limited. It is particularly pertinent in the context of Australia's implementation of the policy requiring a qualified teacher to be employed within childcare settings from 2014 onwards.
Toward a Better Understanding of the Role of Advertising Message Involvement in Ad Processing

This study investigates the effect of advertising message involvement (AMI) on brand-related beliefs, attitude toward the ad (Aad), and their corresponding certainty dimensions. Support is found for the notion that belief strength is unaffected by involvement level, though brandrelated beliefs are held with greater certainty for high- as compared to low-involvement individuals. A^d was also found to be more confidently held for high- versus low-AMI receivers. However, contrary to expectations, AMI had a direct ei^ect on ^l^d as well. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Alternative models for mathematics assignments

This paper discusses three alternative models for structuring homework assignments in college level mathematics. A distributive model which incorporates both early and late review of previously learned material into the daily assignment schedule is explicated in detail. The relative efficacy of the conventional method for assigning homework and the distributive method in promoting achievement and favourable attitudes toward mathematics in a first semester course in calculus was investigated in a controlled experiment. Significant (p < 0.03) interactions between mathematical ability and assignment model were found on three of four unit tests. In each case, pupils with the weaker pre‐calculus background profited more from the distributive assignment schedule. There were no significant interactions or differences on a comprehensive post‐test or on attitudes toward mathematics. Implications for research and practice in college level mathematics, physics, and engineering courses are suggested.
Application of supercritical fluids for the production of sustained delivery devices

Abstract Supercritical fluids are attractive as vehicles for the formation of particles of biomedical interest. We review two novel techniques: the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions for the formation of solvent-free, drug-loaded, injectable microspheres, and the gas anti-solvent precipitation process for the formation of ultrafine and biologically active protein powders.
Polyaryl anion radicals via alkali metal reduction of arylurea oligomers.

A series of N-methylated polyarylurea oligomers have been reduced with potassium metal in HMPA. These reductions result in the transient formation of arylurea anion radicals, which undergo reductive elimination of the urea linkages. The aryl moieties appear in the products as the anion radicals of oligoaryl systems. The reaction is intramolecular, and the sequencing in the polyaryl anion radical remains the same as in the polyarylureas due to the urea-enforced π−π stacking interactions.
Paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite, CaTiSiO5. I, A high temperature X-ray diffraction study of the order parameter and transition mechanism

The paraelectric to antiferroelectric phase transition in titanite at ∼500 K involves a displacement of the titanium atom from the center of the [TiO6] octahedron in the paraelectric phase (A2/a) to an off-center position in the antiferroelectric (P2 1/a) phase. We have carried out a detailed single crystal high temperature x-ray diffraction study of the phase transition including structure refinements at 294, 350, 400, 430, 440, 450, 500, 600, and 700 K. The unit cell dimensions show a pronounced hysteresis effect in the 450–500 K range on heating and cooling during the first cycle along with a reduction of the transition temperature, T c from 495 ± 5 K on heating to 445 ± 5 K on cooling. The hysteresis effect disappears on further heating and the superstructure reflections show residual intensities above T c (445 K). An order parameter treatment of the phase transition is presented in terms of Landau theory and induced representation theory. The Ti-displacements parallel and antiparallel to a are taken as the primary order parameter η, which transforms as the Y 2 + representation. A coupling of Y 2 + with T 1 + results in the linear-quadratic coupling of the spontaneous strain components, ɛ ij with η. The Ti-displacements are coupled linearly to the Cadisplacements. Both sets of displacements predicted from induced representation theory are observed experimentally. The phase transition is initially driven by the soft mode at the zone boundary point Y 2 + ; near T c critical fluctuations set in and an order-disorder mechanism finally drives the phase transition, whereby parallel and antiparallel Ti-displacements related by [0, 1/2, 1/2] in adjacent domains are dynamically interchanged. Immediately above T c , the high temperature (A2/a) phase is a statistical average of small dynamic antiphase domains of the low temperature (P2 1/a) phase. Vacancies and defects pinning the domain boundaries may drastically alter the transition behavior and affect the domain mobility.
Development of protocols for the application of salivary steroid analysis to field conditions.

The simple and noninvasive nature of sample collection for salivary steroid assay makes this technique well suited for anthropological field studies of human reproduction function. In this study, a series of controlled experiments was done to investigate the effects of modifying common clinical sample collection and storage procedures for field use. Matched sets of samples were assayed for four steroids to test the effects of using plastic, rather than glass, collection tubes, of using a stimulant to aid collection, and of storing samples at ambient temperature rather than frozen. Our work confirms the feasibility of collecting samples for salivary steroid assay in field situations, while at the same time emphasizing the importance of considering methodological issues in planning and interpreting such studies. Our results show that it is acceptable to use polystyrene collection tubes and a carefully chosen stimulant to aid collection, and that samples can be stored at ambient temperature in the field when frozen storage is not available. In addition, they demonstrate the necessity for consistency in sample collection and storage procedures.
Meta-Analyses of Predictors of Hope in Adolescents

The purposes of this study were to identify predictors of hope in the literature reviewed, to use meta-analysis to determine the mean effect size (ES) across studies between each predictor and hope, and to examine four moderators on each predictor-hope relationship. Using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for the literature reviewed, 77 published studies or doctoral dissertations completed between 1990 and 2012 met the inclusion criteria. Eleven predictors of hope were identified and each predictor in relation to hope was subjected to meta-analysis. Five predictors (positive affect, life satisfaction, optimism, self-esteem, and social support) of hope had large mean ESs, 1 predictor (depression) had a medium ES, 4 predictors (negative affect, stress, academic achievement, and violence) had small ESs, and 1 predictor (gender) had a trivial ES. Findings are interpreted for the 11 predictors in relation to hope. Limitations and conclusions are addressed; future studies are recommended.
Broadband Population Inversion

A theory is presented for construction of sequences of phase-shifted radiation pulses for coherently inverting populations over a broad band of transition frequencies. Such sequences have applications in nuclear magnetic resonance and coherent optics. Examples of sequences are derived, together with computer simulations of their inversion properties.
Evaluation of the effect of food and ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of the smoothened inhibitor PF-04449913 in healthy volunteers

To evaluate the effect of a potent cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitor, ketoconazole, and separately the effect of food on PF-04449913 pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. This was an open-label, two-sequence, three-period, three-treatment, single-dose, crossover study. Subjects were randomized to receive single doses of 200 mg PF-04449913 after an overnight fast or after consuming a high-fat meal during Period 1 or 2, with a washout period of at least 8 days. In Period 3, all subjects received ketoconazole (400 mg/day) (days 1–7) and a co-administered single 200-mg PF-04449913 dose (day 4). Geometric mean ratio of PF-04449913 in the presence of ketoconazole versus PF-04449913 alone was 2.40 [90 % confidence interval (CI) 2.15, 2.68] for area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0–inf) and 1.40 (90 % CI 1.24, 1.58) for peak plasma concentration (C max). The geometric mean ratio for fed state compared with fasted state for AUC0–inf was 0.87 (90 % CI 0.78, 0.97) and for C max was 0.66 (90 % CI 0.56, 0.78). PF-04449913 was well tolerated, and all adverse events were mild to moderate. PF-04449913 plasma exposures and peak concentrations were increased following concurrent administration of ketoconazole in healthy volunteers. These findings provide the upper limit for expected PF-04449913 exposures after co-administration of a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor in patients with cancer who routinely receive antifungal azoles. While a high-fat meal decreased PF-04449913 exposure, the differences in plasma exposure under the two conditions were not considered clinically meaningful.
A Discourse of Benefit: technology and school reform in the USA

ABSTRACT This paper suggests that the subject of school reform and technology in education needs to be considered as a discourse that needs to be ‘unpacked’ and analyzed from a social, historical, and cultural perspective. Unpacking the historical and current interests in educational reform in light of information and communication technologies is no simple matter. There are two basic challenges. First, we need to analyze the language of change and the context of school reform. Second, the discourse of school reform needs to placed within a context of history and political theory. In the end the paper asks the reader to consider who the ideological ‘we’ is when we talk about education and technology.
A FUZZY ALGORITHMIC APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF COMPOSITE INDICES: AN APPLICATION TO A FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION INDEX

Abstract This paper presents a fuzzy algorithmic approach to the construction of composite indices. The method uses a fuzzy analytic translation of a linguistic definition of the composite index, where the definition involves more primary concepts for which scales already exist. An application to the construction of a functional limitation index is presented. Comparisons between the fuzzy algorithmic approach and a more standard, tabular approach are also shown. The results suggest that the fuzzy algorithmic approach yields essentially the same index with less effort and some conceptual advantages.
Levels of acculturation and effect on glycemic control in Mexicans and Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes.

AbstractBackground: Acculturation of Mexican Americans toward the predominant American culture has been shown to influence health outcomes. Little is known about the role of acculturation in diabetes control. Objective: To measure the association between acculturation and diabetes control in Mexicans and Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Design: Cross-sectional survey and chart review. Setting: Ambulatory family medicine clinics. Patients: Sixty-six Mexican and Mexican American adults with T2DM for ≥ 1 year. Instrument and Outcomes: A survey tool was developed that included the General Acculturation Index developed by Balcazar et al to measure acculturation. Basic demographics, psychosocial factors, patient satisfaction, and patients' most recent hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were also obtained. Results: There was no significant correlation between acculturation score and HbA1c levels. On binary logistic regression, HbA1c levels were associated with patient satisfaction in having the...
A Modification to the Adams‐Evans Soil Buffer Determination Solution

Abstract Many soil analysis labs routinely determine lime requirement of acidic soils using different buffer solutions for optimum plant growth. The Adams‐Evans lime determination solution was introduced more than 40 years ago and has been used by many soil analysis labs. Even though many buffer solutions have been developed since then, very little attention has been paid to address the toxic nature of chemicals involved in buffer solutions. The most commonly used buffer solutions, such as the Adams-Evans, Shoemaker‐McLean‐Pratt (SMP), Woodruff, and others, contain p‐nitrophenol, which is toxic to humans and the environment. Use of p‐nitrophenol requires prescribed containment and disposal procedures, that creates extra burden on soil analysis labs that provide their invaluable service at low cost. Replacing p‐nitrophenol with monobasic potassium phosphate (KH2PO4), which has similar buffering capacity but with no known toxicity, is beneficial to soil testing labs and the environment. The original Adams‐E...
The Ap star 53 Cam: another 21 Com?

On presente 26 heures de photometrie differentielle obtenues au cours de 3 nuits, n'indiquant aucune variation a courte periode. 53 Cam pourrait etre semblable a l'etoile Ap 21 Com, pouvant montrer ou non une variabilite a courte periode
Binding of radioiodinated human von Willebrand factor to Bernard-Soulier, thrombasthenic and von Willebrand's disease platelets

Abstract The ristocetin-induced binding of purified human 125 I-von Willebrand factor (vWF) polymers to formalinized and fresh washed giant platelets from three Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) patients (two different families) was 0%, 1–2% and 7–18%, respectively, compared to normal platelets prepared at the same time, under the same conditions, and adjusted to the same final platelet counts. This abnormal 125 I-vWF binding was associated with absent BSS platelet agglutination in response to ristocetin and human vWF, and to bovine vWF alone (without ristocetin). Thus, it is defective attachment of exogenous vWF which prevents vWF-mediated agglutination of BSS platelets, rather than defective platelet-to-platelet contact subsequent to vWF-BSS platelet binding. In contrast to BSS platelets, there was normal to increased ristocetin-induced binding of 125 I-vWF to platelets prepared from two clinically normal heterozygous parents of BSS patients, two patients with thrombasthenia, and two individuals with von Willebrand's disease.
Microscopic calculation of phonon spectrum of KCl and KBr

A microscopic calculation is performed of the phonon spectrum of the alkali halide crystals KCl and KBr in the approximation where the dielectric matrix is assumed to be of separable form. The calculations involve two adjustable microscopic parameters. Reasonable agreement with experiment is obtained. A detailed discussion is also given of the microscopic treatment of effective charges and overlap interactions in ionic crystals. It is shown how qualitative conclusions regarding the nature of the overlap forces may be drawn from a simple consideration of the nature of the valence- and conduction-band orbitals.
Civilizing and Selling Spectators: Audiences at the Madison Civic Center

Virtually every city in the United States now has a Civic Center. In large cities, this site functions variously as a convention center, a hockey rink, and the locale for the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey circus. In smaller cities, it frequently serves as a venue for performance. Civic Centers host touring productions of Broadway shows, national dance companies, and local symphonies and operas. In addition to providing local access to a variety of performance forms, a city's Civic Center also signifies “the arts” and so implies the city's commitment to art and performance.
Hypoxic tachycardia in the rat

Awake, freely breathing rats subjected to moderate hypoxia (10% O2) manifest prompt tachycardia which is essentially unaffected by atropine and is blocked by propranolol, and is thus apparently mainly of sympathetic origin.
Engineering design data for an organic fibre/epoxy composite

Abstract A complete series of mechanical characterization tests has been conducted on a filament wound composite of approximately 60 vol% organic fibre in an epoxy matrix. Using, for the most part, flat-plate specimens, quasi-static mechanical properties (including elastic constants and ultimate strengths) in tension, compression, and shear were obtained. The longitudinal tensile strength was found to be equal to or above the 1380 MPa generally quoted for similar mat materials. Although tensile and compressive elastic constants were the same, the material proved to be several times stronger in longitudinal tension than in longitudinal compression, and several times weaker in transverse tension than in transverse compression. The low transverse strength (12.35 MPa) and the high in-plane shear strength (38 MPa) of this composite compared to other organic fibre/epoxy composites indicate that it may be usable only in applications where failure is controlled by longitudinal tensile properties.
Load Shedding in Mobile Systems with MobiQual

In location-based, mobile continual query (CQ) systems, two key measures of quality-of-service (QoS) are: freshness and accuracy. To achieve freshness, the CQ server must perform frequent query reevaluations. To attain accuracy, the CQ server must receive and process frequent position updates from the mobile nodes. However, it is often difficult to obtain fresh and accurate CQ results simultaneously, due to 1) limited resources in computing and communication and 2) fast-changing load conditions caused by continuous mobile node movement. Hence, a key challenge for a mobile CQ system is: How do we achieve the highest possible quality of the CQ results, in both freshness and accuracy, with currently available resources? In this paper, we formulate this problem as a load shedding one, and develop MobiQual-a QoS-aware approach to performing both update load shedding and query load shedding. The design of MobiQual highlights three important features. 1) Differentiated load shedding: We apply different amounts of query load shedding and update load shedding to different groups of queries and mobile nodes, respectively. 2) Per-query QoS specification: Individualized QoS specifications are used to maximize the overall freshness and accuracy of the query results. 3) Low-cost adaptation: MobiQual dynamically adapts, with a minimal overhead, to changing load conditions and available resources. We conduct a set of comprehensive experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of MobiQual. The results show that, through a careful combination of update and query load shedding, the MobiQual approach leads to much higher freshness and accuracy in the query results in all cases, compared to existing approaches that lack the QoS-awareness properties of MobiQual, as well as the solutions that perform query-only or update-only load shedding.
Mechanisms underlying differential response to estrogen-induced apoptosis in long-term estrogen-deprived breast cancer cells

Models of long-term estrogen-deprived breast cancer cells are utilized in the laboratory to mimic clinical aromatase inhibitor-resistant breast cancer and serve as a tool to discover new therapeutic strategies. The MCF-7:5C and MCF-7:2A subclones were generated through long-term estrogen deprivation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 cells, and represent anti-hormone-resistant breast cancer. MCF-7:5C cells paradoxically undergo estrogen-induced apoptosis within seven days of estrogen (estradiol, E2) treatment; MCF-7:2A cells also experience E2-induced apoptosis but evade dramatic cell death until approximately 14 days of treatment. To discover and define the mechanisms by which MCF-7:2A cells survive two weeks of E2 treatment, systematic experiments were performed in this study. The data suggest that MCF-7:2A cells employ stronger antioxidant defense mechanisms than do MCF-7:5C cells, and that oxidative stress is ultimately required for MCF-7:2A cells to die in response to E2 treatment. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family member activation is also essential for E2-induced apoptosis to occur in MCF-7:2A cells; upregulation of TNFα occurs simultaneously with oxidative stress activation. Although the unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pattern is similar to that in MCF-7:5C cells, it is not sufficient to cause cell death in MCF-7:2A cells. Additionally, increased insulin-like growth factor receptor β (IGF-1Rβ) confers a mechanism of growth and anti-apoptotic advantage in MCF-7:2A cells.
Using an evaluability assessment to select methods for evaluating state technology development programs: the case of the Georgia Research Alliance

Abstract Although increasing attention is being paid to all fields of government program performance, to what extent can the effectiveness of investments in programs involving technology-based economic development be addressed? Questions such as this raise the issue of the evaluability of technology-based economic development programs—the degree to which the particular characteristics of the program affect the ability to provide effective evaluation. This article discusses how an evaluability assessment was conducted of the Georgia Research Alliance (GRA). The article presents the steps involved in conducting an evaluability assessment, including the development of an understanding of the structure and operations of the program, the perspectives of key stakeholders and participants as to potential program impacts and how these might be measured, and the evaluation of technology-based economic development programs in other states. Different methods through which GRA could be evaluated are analyzed and compared.
Human force differentiation: Indifference to pressure

A force of 150 g (1.47 N) was differentiated in two human Ss. The diameter of the circular lever surface they pressed was varied to achieve pressure differences on the responding finger. Neither the central tendency nor the variability of the performance were influenced by the variations in pressure.
What Should University Admissions Tests Predict

University admissions tests should predict an applicant's ability to succeed in college, but how should this success be defined and measured? The status quo has been to use 1st-year grade point average (FYGPA) as the key indicator of college success, but a review of documents such as university mission statements reveals that universities expect students to develop a broad range of skills that are not always fully captured by FYGPA. In this article, evidence related to college and university documents are reviewed and analyzed for common links with regard to the essential capabilities these institutions purport to seek and to develop in their students. A conceptual model outlining what outcomes admissions tests ought to predict is then presented and discussed. Finally, the article considers whether admissions testing ought to be based on an applicant's aptitude, ability, or achievement in the essential skill areas that most universities aim to develop in their students.
Enabling a High Fidelity Dynamics Simulation of CAD Assemblies in a Virtual Environment for Machine Design

This paper presents a software architecture that enables VRMDS (Virtual Reality Mechanism Design Studio) to simulate multi-body dynamics of computer-aided design (CAD) assemblies. VRMDS is a recently developed virtual environment dedicated to the conceptual design of mechanisms and machines. It allows users to build spatial or planar mechanisms through intuitive operations. In this paper, we develop Python’s parsing modules that import CAD assembly models in either XML or MDL format files into VRMDS and visualize them through the use of WRL or OSG geometry files. CAD assembly models consist of parts as well as kinematic constraints among them. These parts and constraints can be translated into links and kinematic joints of mechanisms and machines. The dynamics simulation for the assembly is achieved by MATLAB SimMechanics solver that communicates with VRMDS through a dedicated Pymat interface and M-script files. Finally, two case studies are provided to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of using assembly models in this virtual reality system for mechanism design. The high fidelity of the SimMechanics dynamics solver makes the simulation justified scientifically. The result is a highly integrated virtual reality design environment that is dedicated to both the concept design and virtual prototyping of machines.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Congruence conditions for nonplanar developable surfaces and their application to surface recognition

Abstract This paper presents a new methodology of representing and matching nonplanar developable surfaces (NPDS) for the purpose of three-dimensional objects recognition. The constant-ratio property, a special property of an NPDS, is presented. Using this property, congruence conditions for two NPDS segments are derived that depend only on geometric and numerically computable properties of a surface. Based on these theoretical results, a developable surface description is presented and an algorithm is developed that matches an unknown NPDS with surface models to identify the unknown surface. The practical feasibility of this methodology is studied and is illustrated by various concrete examples using range images. The numerical computation involved in and the noise sensitivity of the approach are also addressed.
Regulatory Differences among Avian Ecto-ATPases☆

Extracellular ATP is found to produce a variety of important biological responses. Ecto-ATPases are located on numerous cell types in many different species, regulate extracellular ATP levels and can be a key step in generating adenosine. Studies conducted on chicken ecto-ATPases from liver and cardiac and smooth muscle show a variety of differing properties including (1) different apparent Km's, (2) lectin sensitivity, (3) responses to detergents, (4) responses to lipid mediators, and (5) responsiveness to nucleotide-mimetic affinity labels. These results suggest that although each enzyme hydrolyzes extracellular ATP, they should each be viewed as a distinct subtype of the whole ecto-ATPase family due to their differential responses, largely linked to proposed regulatory phenomenon.
Pressure dependence of negative thermal expansion in Zr2(WO4)(PO4)2

Abstract Negative thermal expansion materials can experience significant stresses when they are used in composites. Under ambient conditions Zr2(WO4)(PO4)2 displays anisotropic negative thermal expansion (NTE) ( α v = − 14.0 ( 10 ) × 1 0 − 6 K − 1 , α a = − 7.9 ( 5 ) × 1 0 − 6 K − 1 , α b = 2.5 ( 5 ) × 1 0 − 6 K − 1 , α c = − 8.7 ( 2 ) × 1 0 − 6 K − 1 at 0 GPa). The effect of hydrostatic pressure on its thermal expansion characteristics was investigated by neutron diffraction between 300 and 60 K at pressures up to 0.3 GPa. No phase transitions were observed in the pressure and temperature range examined. The material was found to have a bulk modulus, B0, of 61.3(8) GPa at ambient temperature, and unlike some other NTE materials, pressure had no detectable effect on thermal expansion ( α v = − 14.2 ( 8 ) × 1 0 − 6 K − 1 , α a = − 7.9 ( 3 ) × 1 0 − 6 K − 1 , α b = 2.9 ( 5 ) × 1 0 − 6 K − 1 , α c = − 9.2 ( 2 ) × 1 0 − 6 K − 1 at 0.3 GPa).
Translocation of TCR alpha chains into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and their degradation

After synthesis, the alpha chain of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR alpha) can form a complex with other TCR chains and move to the cell surface, or TCR alpha can undergo degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) if it remains unassembled. The mechanism of translocation and degradation in the ER is unclear. It was found that the putative transmembrane region of TCR alpha (alpha tm) was incompetent on its own to act as a transmembrane region. Molecules that contained alpha tm were translocated into the ER lumen and then underwent either rapid degradation or secretion, depending on the sequence of the cytoplasmic domain. A specific signal for ER degradation within alpha tm does not appear to be present.
Radiation as a tool in understanding phase transformations

Radiation may affect the course of a phase transformation in many ways, ranging from such a simple effect as enhanced diffusion or solute segregation to more complex effects such as dissolving thermally stable precipitates, inducing compositional instabilities, or altering phase boundaries. In the case of Invar-type Fe-35Ni-XCr alloys, irradiation-enhanced diffusion of all elements and segregation of nickel at sinks accelerate and make observable a spinodal reaction otherwise observable only after extended thermal annealing. Moreover, irradiation apparently also expands the boundaries of the miscibility gap. Irradiation may also be used to obtain structures unattainable thermally, even through such techniques as rapid quenching from the vapor or liquid.
Structural attributes affecting peptide entrapment in PEO brush layers.

A more quantitative understanding of peptide loading and release from polyethylene oxide (PEO) brush layers will provide direction for development of new strategies for drug storage and delivery. In this work we recorded selected effects of peptide structure and amphiphilicity on adsorption into PEO brush layers based on covalently stabilized Pluronic®F 108. Optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy and circular dichroism measurements were used to characterize the adsorption of poly-l-glutamic acid, poly-l-lysine, and the cationic amphiphilic peptide WLBU2, to the brush layers. The structure of WLBU2 as well as that of the similarly-sized homopolymers was controlled between disordered and more ordered (helical) forms by varying solution conditions. Adsorption kinetic patterns were interpreted with reference to a simple model for protein adsorption, in order to evaluate rate constants for peptide adsorption and desorption from loosely and tightly bound states. While more ordered peptide structure apparently promoted faster adsorption and elution rates, resistance to elution while in the PEO layer was dependent on peptide amphiphilicity. The results presented here are compelling evidence of the potential to create anti-fouling surface coatings capable of storing and delivering therapeutics.
Identification and characterization of outer membrane proteins G1a and G1b of Moraxella catarrhalis

Moraxella catarrhalis is an important cause of otitis media, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The purified outer membrane of M. catarrhalis contains a 29 kDa band, previously named outer membrane protein G1 (OMP G1). Polyclonal antiserum to the OMP G1 band was used to screen a genomic lambda phage library and the gene for OMP G1a was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of outer membrane by isoelectric focusing and amino-terminal protein sequence of the 29 kDa band revealed that the band is actually two individual proteins designated OMP G1a and OMP G1b. OMP G1a is a lipoprotein with an isoelectric point of 4. OMP G1b contains an unblocked amino-terminus and has an isoelectric point of 9. Analysis of the sequence of OMP G1a and OMP G1b from 25 clinical isolates revealed a high degree of conservation among strains. The sequence conservation of OMP G1a and OMP G1b among strains, combined with previous observations that OMP G1a and OMP G1b contain epitopes on the bacterial surface, indicate that OMP G1a and OMP G1b are potential vaccine antigens for M. catarrhalis.
A COMPARISON OF RESPONSE PATTERNS ON FIXED‐, VARIABLE‐, AND RANDOM‐RATIO SCHEDULES

Thebehavior ofindividual pigeons onfixed-ratio, variable-ratio, andrandom-ratio schedules was examined. Within eachtypeofratio schedule thesize oftheratio wasvaried inanirregular sequence. Atvarious ratio sizes (5,10,40,80)nodifferences werefoundamongoverall response rates (postreinforcement pauseplusrunning response rate) asafunction ofratio type. Thissimilarity inoverall response rates helddespite noticeable differences inthemicrostructure ofperformance bothwithin andacross subjects; theprimary performance difference onthethree types ofratio schedules wasthe relatively longer postreinforcement pause duration onthefixed-ratio schedule. We concluded that the gross temporal characteristics ofperformance determined bytherelative weightings ofthepostreinforcement pauseandrunning response rate wereprimarily controlled bythetypeofratio schedule (fixed, variable, orrandom), whereas theoverall rate ofresponding wascontrolled bythesize ofthe ratio. Keywords: fixed ratio, variable ratio, randomratio, keypeck, pigeons Fixed-ratio (FR)schedules arrange forthe delivery ofareinforcer immediately after a fixed numberofresponses haveoccurred. The behavior thatoccurs underthis schedule has beenfrequently studied anddescribed since 1938(Skinner, 1938). Perhaps themostextensive early account wasprovided byFerster andSkinner (1957). TheFR variable most often investigated isratio size. AsFR size increases, thelength ofthepostreinforcement (sometimes called preratio) pause(PRP)also increases whether pigeons (Felton & Lyon, 1966; Powell, 1968) orrats (Mazur, 1983) are subjects. Response rates, asafunction ofthis sameparameter, alsohavebeenreported. Whether ornotthePRPduration isincluded, ithasbeenreported that asFR size increases, response rateincreases uptoapoint andthen decreases (Barofsky H Mazur, 1983). Otherresearchers, however, havereported thatresponse ratesimply decreases (Felton & Lyon,1966; Korber, Cole, & Ramirez, 1981) orshowsinconsistent changes (Powell, 1968) asFR size increases. Mostof theabove studies haveexamined FR size effects within arangeofFR 10toFR 160.