cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient volcano deformation sources imaged with interferometric synthetic aperture radar: Application to Seguam Island, Alaska

[1] Thirty interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images, spanning various intervals during 1992–2000, document coeruptive and posteruptive deformation of the 1992–1993 eruption on Seguam Island, Alaska. A procedure that combines standard damped least squares inverse methods and collective surfaces, identifies three dominant amorphous clusters of deformation point sources. Predictions generated from these three point source clusters account for both the spatial and temporal complexity of the deformation patterns of the InSAR data. Regularized time series of source strength attribute a distinctive transient behavior to each of the three source clusters. A model that combines magma influx, thermoelastic relaxation, poroelastic effects, and petrologic data accounts for the transient, interrelated behavior of the source clusters and the observed deformation. Basaltic magma pulses, which flow into a storage chamber residing in the lower crust, drive this deformational system. A portion of a magma pulse is injected into the upper crust and remains in storage during both coeruption and posteruption intervals. This injected magma degasses and the volatile products accumulate in a shallow poroelastic storage chamber. During the eruption, another portion of the magma pulse is transported directly to the surface via a conduit roughly centered beneath Pyre Peak on the west side of the island. A small amount of this magma remains in storage during the eruption, and posteruption thermoelastic contraction ensues. This model, made possible by the excellent spatial and temporal coverage of the InSAR data, reveals a relatively simple system of interrelated predictable processes driven by magma dynamics.
SWEET POTATO FLAVOR: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OPTIMUM SWEETNESS

Information on the preferred sugar content would be invaluable in defining flavor criteria and goals for sweet potato breeding programs. By using a sweet potato breeding line that was essentially nonsweet and adding known levels of individual sugars to a puree produced from its baked roots, a quantitative and qualitative assessment of optimum sweetness was made. Panelists were able to distinguish sweetness level in 2.5% increments of added maltose between 10 and 25%. When individual sugars were compared at the same level of sweetness [sucrose equivalents (SE)], panelists consistently ranked the sugars in the following order of preference: maltose > sucrose > fructose. When purees with the same concentration of added maltose or fructose were compared, optimum sweetness for maltose was approximately 21 SE while fructose was 38 SE. Higher levels were considered excessively sweet, thus it is theoretically possible to select sweet potato lines that are too sweet. While lines could be selected for high levels of sucrose and/or fructose. starch hydrolysis and maltose formation appear to be important in sweet potato flavor quality.
Integrated antiherbivore, antidesiccant and ultraviolet screening properties of creosotebush resin

Abstract The surface leaf resin of creosotebush, Larrea spp. (Zygophyllaceae) exhibits antiherbivore, antidesiccant and UV screening properties. Composed mainly of monomeric phenolic aglycones, the resin absorbs most radiation of wavelength shorter than 410 nm, reduces the rate of evaporative water loss across cellulose membrane and exhibits tannin-like protein-complexing and digestibility-reducing properties. Leaf-chewing insects prefer mature leaves which have a lower resin content than young leaves. A phenoloxidaes system present in the leaves probably enhances the digestibility-reducing action of resin on in vitro proteolysis and growth-rates of Astroma quadrilobatum (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) are negatively correlated with resin-phenoloxidase activity as measured by macerated leaf oxygen demand. Non-ideal behaviour of the resin is suggestive of cooperative action between components.
A Sequential Model for Video Viewing in the Foreign Language Curriculum.

This article presents strategies for reading visual images. It illustrates how visual systems inform the process of listening for the meaning of foreign language words and phrases.1 We propose that the ability to read picture sequences as meaningful systems constitutes an important “visual literacy” that is essential for verbal comprehension of videos: An ability to recognize that visual images—such as what the camera focuses on, how much or how little is shown, and which people or objects are visually dominant or subordinate to others— suggest a pattern of values. Identifying values implied by these pictorial messages, we propose, helps students recognize how pictorial messages are underscored and elaborated in a video's spoken language. For this undertaking, we first briefly review key research and pedagogy in the field and then present an exercise sequence for video use that proceeds from visual to verbal systems appropriate for beginning language instruction. In conclusion, we suggest ways in which our strategies apply to a larger curricular program that integrates media in its overall learning objectives.
An ethical analysis of hydrometeorological prediction and decision making: The case of the 1997 Red River flood

Abstract Weather, climate, and flood predictions are incorporated into human decisions in a wide variety of situations, including decisions related to hazardous hydrometeorological events. This article examines ethical aspects of such predictions and decisions, focusing on the case of the 1997 Red River flood in Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota (US). The analysis employs a formal ethical framework and analytical method derived from medical and business ethics. The results of the analysis highlight issues related to forecast generation, communication of forecast meaning and uncertainty, responsibility for the use of forecasts in decision making, and trade-offs between the desire for forecast certainty and the risk of missed events. Implications of the analysis for the broader arenas of weather, climate, and flood prediction and disaster management are also discussed.
A Critical Study of the Applicability of Rigid-Body Collision Theory

This article deals with the collision of steel bars with external surfaces. The central issue of the article is the investigation of the fundamental concepts that are used to solve collision problems by using rigid-body theory. We particularly focus on low-velocity impacts of relatively rigid steel bars to test the applicability of these concepts. An experimental analysis was conducted to study the rebound velocities of freely dropped bars on a large external surface. A high-speed video system was used to capture the kinematic data. The number of contacts and the contact time were determined by using an electrical circuit and an oscilloscope. Tests were performed by using six bar lengths and varying the pre-impact inclinations and the velocities of the bars. The experimental results were used to verify the applicability of Coulomb's law of friction and the invariance of the coefficient of restitution in the class of impacts considered in this study. Then, given the unusual variation the coefficient of restitution as a result of changing pre-impact inclinations, a theoretical model was developed to explain this variation. A discrete model of the bar was used to obtain the equations of motion during impact. Computed and experimental results were compared to establish the accuracy of numerical model. The internal vibrations of the bar and multi impacts between the bar and the surface were found to be two main factors that cause the variation of the coefficient of restitution. Furthermore, a slenderness factor was proposed to identify the subset of collision problems where the coefficient of restitution was invariant to the inclination angle.
Thermoplasma-Acidophilum Histone-Like Protein - Partial Amino-Acid-Sequence Suggestive of Homology to Eukaryotic Histones

Thermoplasma acidophilum is a freeliving mycoplasma-like organism that has a small basic protein tightly bound to its DNA. The N-terminal sequence of this protein has been determined. It has a distanct but statistically significant homology to eukaryotic histones H2A, H3, and to Escherichia coli protein HU.
Infant frequency discrimination

Frequency difference limens were determined for infants aged 5 to 8 months and for adults, at six tonal frequencies ranging from 250 to 8000 Hz, using the visually reinforced head-turn procedure. The relative difference threshold (threshold divided by frequency) was a nonmonotonic function of frequency with a minimum around 1000 Hz for both infants and adults. However, infant thresholds were twice those of adults at low frequencies but did not differ from adult values at high frequencies. Previously reported differences in absolute sensitivity at low frequencies are not great enough to account for the age difference in low frequency discrimination ability. These findings suggest that the auditory mechanisms responsible for frequency discrimination mature first at high frequencies, paralleling the base to apex sequence of prenatal development of hair cells and associated auditory nerve fibers.
Dynamically generated anomalous magnetic moment in massless QED

Abstract In this paper we investigate the non-perturbative generation of an anomalous magnetic moment for massless fermions in the presence of an external magnetic field. In the context of massless QED in a magnetic field, we prove that the phenomenon of magnetic catalysis of chiral symmetry breaking, which has been associated in the literature with dynamical mass generation, is also responsible for the generation of a dynamical anomalous magnetic moment. As a consequence, the degenerate energy of electrons in Landau levels higher than zero exhibits Zeeman splitting. We explicitly report the splitting for the first Landau level and find the non-perturbative Lande g-factor and Bohr magneton. We anticipate that a dynamically generated anomalous magnetic moment will be a universal feature of theories with magnetic catalysis. Our findings can be important for condensed planar systems as graphene, as well as for highly magnetized dense systems as those forming the core of compact stars.
Adolescents' Preferences for Primary Care Provider Interactions

PURPOSE. Adolescents receive less primary care than other age groups. One reason may be the negative ways that providers sometimes interact with adolescents. The purpose was to develop knowledge regarding adolescents' preferences for provider interactions. DESIGN AND METHODS. Design was descriptive and mixed method. Donabedian's healthcare quality model guided the study. Data were collected via focus groups and a survey. RESULTS. Twenty-four adolescents participated. Four themes described their preferences: forming a relationship, supporting independence, assuring confidentiality, and conveying caring. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Care that is congruent with adolescents' preferences may improve quality of, and access to, care and, ultimately, health outcomes.
Wavefront Analysis Of Objectives Using ACCOS-MCI

ACCOS V is an optical design and analysis program copyrighted by SC, Inc. of Fishers, NY. MCI is a wavefront and interferogram analysis program developed by UNM personnel. These programs have been linked on the Cray and CDC computers at Kirtland AFB. We present information on the use and capabilities of this arrangement, showing examples of ACCOS input and optical path difference (OPD) calculations, and what features MCI adds to ACCOS analysis. Included are Zernike wavefront coefficients [1,2], contour plots, OPD maps, and some new developments in the capabilities of MCI.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Influence of African American elders’ age stereotypes on their cardiovascular response to stress

Although it has been shown that White elders are vulnerable to the influence of age stereotypes, it was not known whether this effect applied to African American elders. In the present study, African American elders were randomly assigned to negative or positive implicit-age-stereotype groups. Compared to participants in the positive age-stereotype group, those in the negative age-stereotype group demonstrated significantly more elevated cardiovascular response to stress, as measured by blood pressure and heart rate following mental challenges. These results suggest that negative age stereotypes generate a susceptibility to stress among African American elders, whereas positive age may provide them with a defense against this stress.
Contemporary management of renal cell carcinoma with coexistent renal artery disease: update of the Cleveland Clinic experience.

Objectives. To treat concurrent renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and renal artery disease (RAD), which pose an unusual and challenging management dilemma. Methods. Before June 1998, 48 patients presented with localized RCC and RAD affecting all the functioning renal parenchyma. These patients were grouped into four distinct categories: group 1, a solitary kidney with RCC and RAD (n = 8); group 2, bilateral RCC and coexistent RAD (n = 9); group 3, unilateral RCC and contralateral RAD (n = 15); and group 4, unilateral RCC and bilateral RAD (n = 16). The most common cause of RAD was atherosclerosis (n = 40), followed by medial fibroplasia (n = 5), renal artery aneurysm (n = 2), and arteriovenous malformation (n = 1). Results. All patients underwent complete surgical excision of RCC. A nephron-sparing operation was performed preferentially (44 patients), and bilateral renal cancer operations were staged. Eleven patients underwent surgical renal vascular reconstruction in conjunction with either partial (n = 9) or radical (n = 2) nephrectomy. In 2 patients, renal revascularization was accomplished by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty before tumor excision. No perioperative deaths occurred. Postoperatively, preservation of renal function was achieved in 47 patients; 1 patient required chronic dialysis. The overall and cancer-specific 5-year patient survival rates in this series were 66% and 90%, respectively. At a mean follow-up of 58 months, 28 patients were alive with no evidence of malignancy. Six patients died of metastatic RCC, and 14 died of unrelated causes with no evidence of malignancy. Conclusions. Nephron-sparing surgery combined with selective renal arterial reconstruction can yield gratifying results in this complex patient population.
Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of 187-Mev Electrons from Carbon-12

The scattering of 187-Mev electrons from ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, reported previously, has been extended to 138\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. It has been possible to separate the elastic scattering from the inelastic scattering and to resolve the inelastic groups from the 4.43-, 7.65-, and 9.61-Mev nuclear levels. "Absolute" values were obtained by comparing the scattering from carbon with the scattering from hydrogen and computing the proton cross section. The angular distribution of the elastically-scattered electrons falls off more steeply than the angular distribution of the inelastically-scattered electrons. Analysis of the data, using the Born approximation, shows that the root-mean-square radius of ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$ (corrected for breakdown of the Born approximation) is (2.37\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm with a surface thickness of (2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. The corresponding value of ${r}_{0}$, the "classical" radius parameter, is (1.33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm which is larger than that found from electron-scattering measurements for the heavy nuclei and is in agreement with the trend for light nuclei. The scattering from the 4.43-Mev and 7.65-Mev levels is larger than that predicted by some shell-model calculations. The transition from the ground state to the 9.61-Mev level appears to be either quadrupole or electric monopole, which gives a spin and parity assignment of either ${2}^{+}$ or ${0}^{+}$.
DIFFERENTIATION OF OXYHEMOGLOBINS BY MEANS OF MUTUAL SOLUBILITY TESTS

1. The rule of addition of solubilities is applicable to the differentiation of the oxyhemoglobins of not too closely related species. 2. The oxyhemoglobins of the horse, dog, rat, and guinea pig show differences when tested by this method. The oxyhemoglobins of the donkey and horse show a similarity which is best explained by the assumption of isomorphism.
Poverty, TESOL’s Narratives and “Other Languages”: Hermeneutic Tensions in Texting-Researching Practices

This brief response addresses concerns raised by Ruanni Tupas in his reading of my book, The English-Vernacular Divide. It provides some background about my study, and attempts to uncover some researching and texting tensions I experienced when writing the book. Straddling as I am different geographic spaces—India and the US—with different discourses regarding English language learning and teaching in each space, the response details how my focus on the local and everyday became a way of showing how some discourses about English (its being a democratizing force, or the language of empowerment) run the risk of turning a blind eye to issues of poverty, access and “other languages, issues that are crucial for TESOL to address.”
Epidemiology of Emerging Fungi and Fungi-like Organisms

Over the past several decades, rare and unusual fungi have been reported increasingly as agents of infection in humans and animals. This increased frequency of unusual fungal infections may be related in part to increasing numbers of patients with immunosuppression, as well as increased opportunities for environmental exposure to the organisms. In addition, the advent of better diagnostic modalities has aided in the identification of unusual organisms. This review discusses the epidemiology of emerging and unusual fungi and other pathogens causing fungal-like infection.
Biased Use of the IGHV4 Family and Evidence for Antigen Selection in Chlamydophila psittaci-Negative Ocular Adnexal Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphomas

Extranodal marginal zone lymphomas (EMZL) are the most common lymphomas in the ocular adnexa. The etiology and potential role for antigenic stimulation in these lymphomas are still controversial. We have examined IGHV gene usage and mutations in 67 Chlamydophila psittaci-negative ocular adnexal EMZL. Clonal IGHV gene sequences were identified in 43 tumors originating from the orbit (19), conjunctivae (18) and lacrimal gland (6). Forty four potentially functional clonal IGHV gene sequences were detected with overrepresentation of the IGHV4 family and IGHV4-34 gene. All but 3 sequences were mutated with the average percent homology to the germ line of 93.5±6.1. Multinomial model and Focused binomial test demonstrated evidence for positive and/or negative antigen selection in 59% of the potentially functional IGHV genes. Intraclonal variation was detected in 8 of 11 tumor specimens. Overall our findings demonstrate that C. psittaci-negative ocular adnexal EMZL exhibit biased usage of IGHV families and genes with evidence for intraclonal heterogeneity and antigen selection in multiple tumors, implicating B-cell receptor-mediated antigen stimulation in the pathogenesis of these lymphomas.
Improvement in PET myocardial perfusion image quality and quantification with flurpiridaz F 18

Rubidium-82 (82Rb), the currently commercially available radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), has led to wide availability of PET-MPI for stress-rest imaging. Compared to SPECT MPI, myocardial perfusion PET images have higher spatial and contrast resolution, are less affected by radiotracer scatter, benefit from more precise attenuation correction, and allow dynamic first pass imaging. In addition, PET imaging allows assessment of myocardial function at peak stress and measurement of absolute myocardial blood flow, thus providing critical data not available with SPECT imaging. Further enhancements of the high quality of PET perfusion images may be realized by technologies under development such as respiratory gating, combined respiratory, and ECG gating to generate “motion-frozen” cardiac images, automated patient motion correction software, and high-definition PET, which reduces distortions introduced by the circular geometry of the scanner. Early studies indicate that the experimental PET radiopharmaceutical flurpiridaz F 18 provides high-quality, high-resolution myocardial perfusion images that may enable improved clinical MPI, and has properties well suited to optimized performance by application of these quantitative analytic technologies.
Resident training in obstetric anesthesia in the United States.

Background Limited information exists on obstetric anesthesia experience and training within residency training programs in the United States. Methods A survey was sent to every academic anesthesiology training program in the United States ( n =120), with follow-up reminders to non-responders. The survey included 14 questions divided into staffing, didactic teaching and epidemiology regarding the practice of obstetric anesthesia at each academic institution. Results A response rate of 78% (93/120) was achieved. The returned surveys were grouped into three tiers by the number of deliveries/year from the lowest (Group 1) to the highest (Group 3). The total number of obstetric deliveries at each institution ranged from 340 to 15 800. The average number of residents/month rotating on obstetric anesthesia was 2.6 and the number of months spent on the obstetric anesthesia service was 2.7. The average number of obstetric anesthesia lectures given was 12 per month. A total of 21.5 obstetric anesthesia fellows were reported to train at these institutions, with fellows being more common in larger institutions. Group 1 institutions were more likely to have anesthesiologists covering the main operating room and obstetric suite simultaneously. The average number of obstetric anesthesia staff members/institution was 4.3. The average cesarean section rate was 27.8%, with 5.8% being performed under general anesthesia. Neuraxial techniques were used in an average of 70.3% of laboring parturients, with combined spinal epidurals accounting for 24.6% of the techniques. Conclusion The average number of obstetric deliveries per year for institutions with a resident training program was 3498±2383. Dedicated obstetric anesthesia staffing was more common when >3700 deliveries/year were performed; the presence of this staffing corresponded with a reduction in the use of general anesthesia for cesarean deliveries. Few differences in the resident lecture didactic exposure were observed in terms of numbers of lectures and months on the obstetric anesthesia service, although a significantly greater number of clinical cases was available to each resident in those institutions with greater overall numbers of obstetric cases.
Selective in vitro Methylation of Rat Chromatin Associated Historie after Partial Hepatectomy

IT is thought that chromosomal proteins may be involved in the control of genetic activity1,2, but certain facts about their metabolism in mammals3–5 and insects6,7 indicate that de novo synthesis of histones may not be an important determinant in the modulation of genetic activity.
Qualitative Analysis of Consults by a Pediatric Advanced Care Team During its First Year of Service

Phenomenologic analysis of initial consults provided during the first year of a new Pediatric Advanced Care Team (PACT) program provides essential understanding of the experience and inform program direction and future clinical research. Parents bring to the consult a desire to remain experts in their children's lives yet experience vulnerability as they seek assistance in making critical decisions often under conditions of disquieting uncertainty. Dynamic communication efforts involving the referring providers, PACT team members, and family are a key influence in facilitating consults' stated goals and in establishing the integrated palliative paradigm in a tertiary care environment. Validation was provided for a new research infrastructure that will function concurrently with the PACT clinical program in this rapidly evolving field.
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression and conditioned place aversion during protracted withdrawal from chronic intermittent escalating-dose heroin in POMC-EGFP promoter transgenic mice

In heroin-dependent individuals, the drive to avoid or ameliorate the negative affective/emotional state associated with the discontinuation of heroin contributes to the chronic relapsing nature of the disease. Here, we investigate changes in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression at three time points across an extended period of heroin withdrawal in a clinically relevant rodent model of addiction using conditioned place aversion (CPA) in POMC-EGFP (POMC-enhanced green fluorescent protein) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice. Neurons expressing POMC-EGFP were found in the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeA), basomedial amygdala (BMA) and dentate gyrus of hippocampus (DG), as well as the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARC). Heroin-treated mice displayed robust CPA after acute spontaneous withdrawal (12h), which persisted across the extended (14days) withdrawal period. After 12-h withdrawal, heroin-treated mice showed lower signal intensity of POMC-EGFP-positive cells in the ARC, higher levels of POMC mRNA in the amygdala but lower levels in the hippocampus than saline controls. After 7-d withdrawal, heroin-treated mice showed fewer POMC-EGFP-positive cells in the MeA and lower POMC mRNA in the amygdala than saline controls. After extended (14days) withdrawal, heroin-treated mice showed more POMC-EGFP-positive cells in BMA and DG, increased intensity of POMC-EGFP signal in DG, and higher POMC mRNA levels in the hippocampus compared to controls. Our results show dynamic changes in POMC in hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic regions that may contribute to the negative affective/emotional state of heroin withdrawal shown by CPA from acute to extended periods of heroin withdrawal.
Foxy methoxy: a new drug of abuse.

Introduction In 1999, a new synthetic tryptamine, 5-MeO-DIPT, became known as a street drug, with the street name of “Foxy” or “Foxy Methoxy”. By February 2003, the DEA reported law enforcement seizures and/or reports of abuse in 12 states. We report a case along with an analysis of poison center data on this new drug of abuse.
Development of the olfactory bulb: evidence for glia-neuron interactions in glomerular formation.

Olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli have long been considered functional units in the processing of odor information. Recently, it has been shown that axons from olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) expressing the same odorant receptor gene converge onto two or a few topographically fixed glomeruli in the OB. The interactions between ORN axons, mitral/tufted cell dendrites, juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, and glial cells during the development of glomeruli is of great importance in light of this receptor gene glomerular topography in the primary olfactory projection. To explore the development of mammalian olfactory glomeruli, we investigated the relationships among radial glia (RG), astrocytes, ORNs, JG cells, mitral/tufted cell dendrites, and olfactory Schwann cells throughout embryonic and early postnatal development. Our results indicate that glomeruli are formed through an invariant sequence of cellular events: (1) pioneering ORN axons contact the rostral telencephalon at approximately E11–14, which coincides with the onset of morphologic changes in telencephalic RG; (2) at E15–16, RG branch and begin to form two plexuses, one located in the subventricular layer and the other superficial to the presumptive mitral cell layer; (3) at E17–18, ORN axons accumulate in a dense band superficial to the outer radial glia plexus; (4) at E19–20, processes from RG and astrocytes begin to ramify to form glial tufts, or glial glomeruli. Coincident with the formation of these glial glomeruli, ORN axons intermingle with the glial processes and form proto-glomeruli; (5) at E21 to P0, JG cells begin to migrate into position surrounding glomeruli, (6) and at P4, the apical tuft of mitral cells becomes restricted to a single glomerulus. Interestingly, glomerular development also occurs in a distinct rostral to caudal gradient. That is, glomeruli in the rostral OB develop earlier than those in the caudal OB, but the sequence of cellular events at any point in the bulb is invariant. These results demonstrate that glomeruli are formed in a specific spatiotemporal sequence beginning with ORN axon-glia contacts, then JG cell arrival, and finally mitral cell apical dendrite restriction. J. Comp. Neurol. 415:423–448, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Travel Cost Model for Lake Recreation: A Comparison of Two Methods for Incorporating Site Quality and Substitution Effects

This paper empirically illustrates how different assumptions regarding recreationists' decision-making behavior affect the predicted changes in recreational activity given a water quality improvement. A multinomial logit model, which reallocates visits away from other sites to the improved site, predicts a smaller outward shift of the recreationist's demand curve than the more traditional travel cost model, which does not assume any reallocation of visits among sites.
Deindustrialization, adjustment, the World Bank and the IMF in Africa

Abstract To date most of the analysis of structural adjustment has focused on the agricultural sector. Comparatively little has been written on the relationship between structural adjustment and industry. Yet arguably given the limitations of an agriculturally based economy, Africa requires some form of industrialization to augment living standards in the long run. The paper attempts to sketch out and analyze the World Bank/IMF model of industrial adjustment. A number of serious deficiencies are found in the model, including weaknesses in its methodological foundation, inconsistencies in the components, and impediments linked to structure and class that will constrain the adjustment process. Overall it is suggested that the World Bank/IMF model is likely to deindustrialize the existing manufacturing base without encouraging any significant replacement.
Avian hepatic T-3 production by two pathways of 5'-monodeiodination: Effects of fasting and patterns during development

Two forms of iodothyronine 5′-monodeidinase (5′-D) were studied in liver homogenates from adult and developing quail. The influence of fasting in adults and corticosterone treatment in embryonic quail on 5′-D also were examined. Liver homogenates were assayed for 5′-D activity in the presence of abundant substrate (T4) and cofactor (dithiothreitol; DTT). Generation of T3 during a 15 min incubation at 37°C was assessed by an ethanolbased RIA. In adults, both Type I [the fraction of activity inhibited by propylthiouracil (PTU)] and a putative Type II (the PTU-insensitive fraction) were present in liver homogenates. Type II activity typically comprised about 30% of Total activity. Type I activity first appeared on day 15 of the 16.5 day incubation period, increased 20-fold to peak at hatching, then gradully declined to reach adult levels by 21 days of age. Type II activity was present at all developmental stages and was highest during the perinatal period. Corticosterone treatment in vivo on day 13 of development induced increases in both Type I and Type II activities in liver homogenates 24- and 48-h after treatment. This study demonstrates that in avian liver a putative Type II 5′-D activity (generally considered to be lacking in mammalian-liver) is present and may be important in the maintenance of minimal concentrations of tissue T3 during fasting. Both types of 5′-D contribute to the developmental pattern of serum T3 concentrations. Type II comprises a large proportion of total activity during late embryonic life; Type I becomes predominant at the beginning of the perinatal period. Corticosterone is capable of inducing increases in both Type I and Type II activities during late embryonic life.
Spectroscopic Investigations of Polyamido Amine Starburst Dendrimers Using the Solvatochromic Probe Phenol Blue

The physical and chemical properties of PAMAM-AT dendrimers' interior were investigated using the fluorescent, solvatochromic probe phenol blue. In aqueous solutions of each generation studied except G0, two discrete dye populations were clearly observed. PAMAM-AT dendrimers were shown to form a tight, nonpolar association with the majority of available dye within the dendrimer interior, probably near its core. In the absorption and steady-state fluorescence emission spectra, a microenvironment of decreasing polarity in increasingly larger-generation PAMAM-AT dendrimers (up to G3) is seen for the associated probe. The remaining larger-generation dendrimers (G4−8) all provide a microenvironment of essentially equal polarity. Fluorescence anisotropy values for phenol blue in the PAMAM-AT dendrimers demonstrate the dye's sensitivity to the changing molecular volumes of the dendrimer generations. Model compounds that mimic PAMAM-AT's surface groups and branching moieties were used to better define the associa...
INFLUENCE OF STORAGE CONDITIONS ON QUALITY OF COWPEA SEEDS AND PRODUCTS PROCESSED FROM STORED SEEDS1

Effects of storing cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) at 2°C/65% R.H., 21°C/55% R.H., and 35°C/65% R.H. for 10 months in open metal cans, in high density polyethylene bags flushed with 100% CO2, and in nylon/saran/curpolymer/polyethylene laminate bags flushed with 100% CO2 were determined. No major adverse quality changes occurred in cowpeas stored at 2 or 21°C and evaluated as a reconstituted boiled vegetable. Peas stored at 35°C absorbed less water during soaking and required greater force to shear after boiling than peas stored at 2 or 21°C. The rate of death of yeasts and molds on cowpeas stored at 2°C was slower than the rate of death at 21 or 35°C. Decortication efficiency improved under the conditions of storage utilized and may be related to an increase in seed hardness. Cowpeas stored at 2 and 21°C produced akara (fried cowpea paste) with better overall sensory quality than peas stored at 35°C.
Evaluation of two oximeters for use in cardiac catheterization laboratories

We evaluated two whole-blood oximeters designed for use in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: the Oxicom 3000 and the AVOXimeter 1000. Unlike the larger CO-Oximeters, which hemolyze a blood sample before analysis, these simple instruments use disposable cuvettes to allow determination of oxyhemoglobin saturation of whole blood. Thus they eliminate the need for cleaning solutions and considerable maintenance. We evaluated the accuracy of these instruments in comparison with a Radiometer OSM3 and found them both to work well on routine samples. Of note, the AVOXimeter performed better than the Oxicom when the sample was hemolyzed and when green dye was present. In addition, the AVOXimeter measures the total hemoglobin concentration and the oxygen content of each sample, eliminating errors that hemodilution introduces into the determination of cardiac output by the Fick principle. We conclude that whole-blood oximeters are accurate and useful instruments for use in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Accurate and false recall in the Deese/Roediger and McDermott procedure: a methodological note on sex of participant

Research suggests that individuals may differ in their susceptibility to false memory in the Deese/Roediger and McDermott procedure. Prior studies of differences have focused on the effects of age, personality, personal past history of abuse, and neurological status on false memory susceptibility. This study examined whether sex might also differentially influence false memory. After listening to a series of word lists designed to elicit false recall of nonstudied associates, 50 male and 50 female college students free recalled the lists. Analysis showed no sex difference in accurate recall, false recall, or unrelated intrusions. A robust false memory effect was observed, but sex did not differentiate performance.
Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism

GRA is an inherited disorder of aldosterone biosynthesis. To date, all cases have been the result of chimeric gene duplications in which the regulatory region of the 11-beta hydroxylase gene is fused to more distal coding sequences of the aldosterone synthase gene. This results in ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase in fasciculata cells. Genetic testing has been remarkably precise in identifying these individuals with 100% concordance of the presence of the chimeric gene with increases in 18-oxygenated cortisol products. Several implications follow from these findings. First, GRA may be more common in the hypertensive population than had been previously estimated, and second, genetic testing of subsets of the essential hypertensive population (e.g., those who have low plasma renin activity) may allow the identification of GRA patients who could then be treated specifically. We recommend that hypertensive patients with signs of aldosteronism and no radiologic evidence of an aldosteronoma, especially young hypertensive subjects with low renin activity, be genetically screened for GRA. To track the success of this approach and to identify responses to various therapeutic programs, a central international registry for GRA has been established. This registry not only provides access to screening for GRA, but also informational resources for patients and physicians.
Design of microelectromechanical systems for variability via chance-constrained optimization

In this paper we describe a robust design method for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) subject to inherent geometric and material uncertainties. We propose to formulate the robust MEMS design with variability problem as a specific optimization problem, namely chance-constrained posynomial programming, in which the statistical variations of both the process parameters and design variables can be easily incorporated. Using such constrained optimization approach, automated robust design can be obtained with very suboptimal design cost, and parametric yield of each specification can be guaranteed. Finally, the method is illustrated by considering the example of a simple crab-leg resonator.
Conspecific Brood Parasitism by the Dickcissel

Abstract I report the first observation of conspecific brood parasitism in the Dickcissel (Spiza americana). I monitored 302 nests during a study of the interactions between parasitic Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) and Dickcissels. This and a possible second case of conspecific brood parasitism may have resulted from females laying in nests after their original nests were destroyed in nearby hayfields.
High-precision D/H measurement from organic mixtures by gas chromatography continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry using a palladium filter

Continuous-flow high-precision determination of D/H ratios from an organic mixture is described using gas chromatography coupled to a Pd filter system as an interface for isotope ratio mass spectrometry. A gas chromatograph and combustion and reduction furnaces are connected to a Pd filter via a postcolumn head pressure makeup gas to increase chromatographic sensitivity. This interface is evaluated using benzene as an internal standard in a mixture of ethylbenzene and cyclohexanone in hexane with analyte quantities of <3 ng (<300 pg of H). A calibration curve is constructed using four benzene samples over a range of −48 to 372‰ (δDSMOW), resulting in an average benzene D/H precision of SD <5‰ (δDSMOW) and deviations of <4‰ from the calibration curve. Ethylbenzene and cyclohexanone of a single D enrichment are analyzed as unknowns in three sample mixtures with varying D-enriched benzene and result in precisions of SD <5‰. No apparent memory is observed between peaks of differently enriched analytes within ...
gridlock: A model for coarctation of the aorta?

A tiny fish may provide a big clue to an important cardiovascular malformation (pages 1143–1147).
New software for the singular value decomposition of time-resolved crystallographic data

Singular value decomposition (SVD) has been successfully used in the analysis of time-resolved crystallographic data. A new software package for Linux-based operating systems, called SVD4TX, has been developed. In contrast to an earlier version of the SVD program, written in Fortran, the new program provides a GTK+-based graphical user interface for easy user guidance through the entire SVD process. New features, such as an improved, more stable routine to determine a compatible kinetic mechanism, are implemented in the SVD4TX program package so that it provides almost all the necessary tools for a semi-automatic and effective SVD-based analysis of time-resolved crystallographic data in one program package.
ANTI-SALMONELLA AGGLUTININS IN CHRONIC ACTIVE LIVER DISEASE

Abstract Raised anti-salmonella agglutinins were found in eleven of forty patients (27·5%) with chronic active liver disease. All bacteriological cultures for Salmonella were negative. The raised titres may represent another manifestation of altered globulin formation in chronic active liver disease, rather than denoting salmonellosis; and these titres could lead to errors in diagnosis.
Acoustic stimulation alters deoxyglucose uptake in the mouse cochlea and inferior colliculus

Deoxyglucose uptake and activities of hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in auditory structures (organ of Corti, stria vascularis and spiral ligament, modiolar section of VIIIth nerve, inferior colliculus) and non-auditory tissues (heart, kidney, liver) of the mouse were analyzed. [3H]Deoxyglucose was given as a pulse into the tail vein and uptake was quantitated by microdissection of tissues and scintillation counting. Radioactivity in cochlear tissues was maximal after 45-60 min and declined with a half-life of 30-60 min. Deoxyglucose 6-phosphate represented ca. 60% of total radioactivity (heart, inferior colliculus, greater than 80%). The ratio of hexokinase to glucose-6-phosphatase activity was considerably lower in the auditory periphery than in brain. The rank order was inferior colliculus much greater than VIIIth nerve approximately equal to heart greater than stria vascularis and spiral ligament greater than kidney greater than organ of Corti approximately equal to liver. Exposure to broadband noise increased glucose utilization in all auditory structures. Uptake was maximally (2- to 3-fold) stimulated at moderate noise intensity (55-85 dBA). In addition, the auditory system showed two salient features: at high intensities (100 and 115 dBA) deoxyglucose uptake decreased from the maximum; and the non-sensory tissues of the cochlea (stria vascularis and spiral ligament) responded to sound parallel to the sensory structures at all levels of stimulus intensity. There were no effects of acoustic stimulation on serum glucose levels, serum kinetics of deoxyglucose, or deoxyglucose uptake into other body tissues.
The medical-psychiatric unit and psychosocial education of internists.

Abstract A milieu for teaching internal medicine residents the psychosocial aspects of caring for patient son a medical psychiatric unit is described. The teaching portion of this program is characterized by structured goals. Testing of the residents before and after the rotation disclosed a highly significant (P = .01) improvement in their knowledge. Directions for further evaluation are presented.
The triumph of Israel's radical right

Ami Pedahzur, New York, Oxford University Press, 2012, 296 pp, $29.95 (hbk), ISBN 978-0-19-974470-1 In The Triumph of Israel's Radical Right, Ami Pedahzur, an Israeli-born professor of government a...
New contraceptive eligibility checklists for provision of combined oral contraceptives and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate in community-based programmes

Community-based services (CBS) have long used checklists to determine eligibility for contraceptive method use, in particular for combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and the 3-month injectable contraceptive depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). As safety information changes, however, checklists can quickly become outdated. Inconsistent checklists and eligibility criteria often cause uneven access to contraceptives. In 1996, WHO produced updated eligibility criteria for the use of all contraceptive methods. Based on these criteria, new checklists for COCs and DMPA were developed. This article describes the new checklists and their development. Several rounds of expert review produced checklists that were correct, comprehensible and consistent with the eligibility requirements. Nevertheless, field-testing of the checklists revealed that approximately half (48%) of the respondents felt that one or more questions still needed greater comprehensibility. These findings indicated the need for a checklist guide. In March 2000, WHO convened a meeting of experts to review the medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use. The article reflects also the resulting updated checklist.
Canonical Analysis: A Factor-Analytic Method of Comparing Finite Discrete Distribution Functions

Abstract The methods of factor analysis are adapted to the comparison of finite discrete distribution functions. Each element of a finite class of distribution functions is presented in a canonical form in which components differentiating and uniting the functions are easily distinguished and are readily calculated using factor-analysis algorithms. This technique, which we call canonical analysis, has uses in heterogeneity and goodness-of-fit analysis and in the classification of distribution functions.
A TWO-STAGE EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH FOR EFFECTIVE CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERSENSITIVE DNA SEQUENCES

Hypersensitive (HS) sites in genomic sequences are reliable markers of DNA regulatory regions that control gene expression. Annotation of regulatory regions is important in understanding phenotypical differences among cells and diseases linked to pathologies in protein expression. Several computational techniques are devoted to mapping out regulatory regions in DNA by initially identifying HS sequences. Statistical learning techniques like Support Vector Machines (SVM), for instance, are employed to classify DNA sequences as HS or non-HS. This paper proposes a method to automate the basic steps in designing an SVM that improves the accuracy of such classification. The method proceeds in two stages and makes use of evolutionary algorithms. An evolutionary algorithm first designs optimal sequence motifs to associate explicit discriminating feature vectors with input DNA sequences. A second evolutionary algorithm then designs SVM kernel functions and parameters that optimally separate the HS and non-HS classes. Results show that this two-stage method significantly improves SVM classification accuracy. The method promises to be generally useful in automating the analysis of biological sequences, and we post its source code on our website.
Satisfaction Evaluation of Milk Handlers by Southern U.S. Dairy Farmers

An ordered probit model is used to investigate the factors that determine post-choice satisfaction of southeastern U.S. dairy farmers with their milk handlers. The impact on farmer satisfaction of milk handler attributes, farm/farmer characteristics, and farm location is tested, Results support the hypothesis that mailbox price and the quality of service provided by milk handlers have a positive effect on satisfaction levels. Bargaining-operating cooperatives are negatively associated with farmer satisfaction when contrasted against independently owned milk handlers and bargaining-only cooperatives. Choice and the ability to switch milk handlers are also important determinants of farmer satisfaction.