cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of chemical, physical, and biologic properties of tumor-targeting radioiodinated quinazolinone derivative

Our group is developing a novel technology, enzyme-mediated cancer imaging and therapy (EMCIT), that aims to entrap radioiodinated compounds within solid tumors for noninvasive tumor detection and therapy. In this approach, a water-soluble, radioiodinated prodrug is hydrolyzed in vivo to a highly water-insoluble compound by an enzyme overexpressed extracellularly by tumor cells. We have synthesized and characterized the water-soluble prodrug, 2-(2‘-phosphoryloxyphenyl)-6-[125I]iodo-4-(3H)-quinazolinone [125I]5, which is readily hydrolyzed by alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme expressed by many tumor cell lines, to a water-insoluble drug, 2-(2‘-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[125I]iodo-4-(3H)-quinazolinone [125I]1. In the course of our study, we discovered that ammonium 2-(2‘-phosphoryloxyphenyl)-6-tributylstannyl-4-(3H)-quinazolinone, an intermediate in the radioiodination of the prodrug, exists as two isomers (3 and 4) whose radioiodination leads, respectively, to [125I]6 and [125I]5. These prodrugs have different in vit...
Perceptual parsing of acoustic consequences of velum lowering from information for vowels.

Three experiments were designed to investigate how listeners to coarticulated speech use the acoustic speech signal during a vowel to extract information about a forthcoming oral or nasal consonant. A first experiment showed that listeners use evidence of nasalization in a vowel as information for a forthcoming nasal consonant. A second and third experiment attempted to distinguish two accounts of their ability to do so. According to one account, listeners hear nasalization in the vowel as such and use it to predict that a forthcoming nasal consonant is nasal. According to a second, they perceive speech gestures and hear nasalization in the acoustic domain of a vowel as the onset of a nasal consonant. Therefore, theyparse nasal information from a vowel and hear the vowel as oral. In Experiment 2, evidence in favor of the parsing hypothesis was found. Experiment 3 showed, however, that parsing is incomplete.
The in vitro polymerization of tubulin from beef brain.

The conditions for the in vitro polymerization of beef brain tubulin have been examined using turbidity and electron microscopic examination as methods of following the reaction. The optimal conditions are 37°, pH 6.0--6.4, and an ionic strength of approximately 0.08 to 0.1 μ. The ionic strength is particularly critical, at 0.25 μ the polymerization does not occur and increasing the ionic strength of a solution contaning microtubules to this value causes the tubules to depolymerize. GTP and Mg2+ are required. After an initial lag period the rate of polymerization appears to follow first-order kinetics. Although colchicine inhibits the polymerization reaction it does not cause the tubules formed in vitro to depolymerize. Binding studies show that colchicine binds to free tubulin better than to tubules. Calcium also inhibits polymerization and causes the depolymerization of tubules.
Small Islands, Big Problem: HIV/AIDS and Youth in Trinidad and Tobago

PROBLEM: In the Caribbean region, women and young girls are becoming infected with HIV at a 6:1 rate more than men. Our study investigated effective methods for reducing HIV/AIDS risks among adolescent girls in the Caribbean. METHODS: One hundred females, aged 15–21, were randomly assigned into a control or intervention group. Subjects were assessed at baseline and postintervention. FINDINGS: Analysis of variance revealed that items measuring feelings about self, perceived risk, and sexual attitudes had statistically significant postintervention increase. CONCLUSION: Sustainable HIV/AIDS prevention programs that address stigma, promote HIV testing, and reinforce safer sex practices are needed.
The Effect of Torsion on Convective Heat Transfer in a Helicoidal Pipe

Convective heat transfer of fully developed laminar flow in a nonzero pitch coiled pipe (helicoidal pipe) is studied numerically. The energy equation for the helicoidal coordinate has been derived based on the conservation law. The effect of torsion on the heat transfer behavior in a helicoidal pipe is discussed
Prescription drug misuse, illicit drug use, and their potential risk and protective correlates in a Hispanic college student sample.

Illicit substance use has increased in Hispanics. Recent trends also warrant focus on prescription drug misuse, given its increased prevalence among college students. The aims of this study were to assess prescription drug misuse and illicit drug use in Hispanic students, as well as potential theoretically and empirically based risk and protective factors. Hispanic students (n = 435; 59% female) from a U.S. university located on the border with Mexico completed a sociodemographic survey, licit, illicit, and prescription drug use frequency questionnaires, an attitudes and beliefs about prescription drugs survey, the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales, the Collectivist Coping Styles Measure, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. A hierarchical logistic regression assessed prescription drug misuse predictors including demographics, licit/illicit substance use, attitudes toward prescription drug use, acculturation, distress symptoms, coping style, perceived social support, and the interaction between distress symptoms and acculturation. A negative binomial regression assessed predictors of past 30-day illegal drug use (the same predictors as the previous model except illicit drug use). Results indicated that positive attitudes toward prescription drugs, higher anxiety, and lower depressive symptomatology increased the odds of prescription drug misuse. Past 30-day alcohol use, positive attitudes toward prescription drugs, and higher acculturation predicted past 30-day illicit drug use. Prescription drug misuse was differentially associated with distress symptoms, whereas the convergence model of acculturation was supported regarding illegal drug use. Inconsistent with hypotheses, protective factors were not significantly associated with substance use.
Audiograms of five species of rodents: implications for the evolution of hearing and the perception of pitch

Behavioral audiograms were determined for five species of rodents: groundhog (Marmota monax), chipmunk (Tamias striatus), Darwin’s leaf-eared mouse (Phyllotis darwinii), golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), and Egyptian spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). The high-frequency hearing of these animals was found to vary inversely with interaural distance, a typical mammalian pattern. With regard to low-frequency hearing, the animals fell into two groups: those with extended low-frequency hearing (chipmunks, groundhogs, and hamsters hear below 100 Hz) and those with restricted low-frequency hearing (spiny and leaf-eared mice do not hear appreciably below 1 kHz). An analysis of mammalian hearing reveals that the distribution of low-frequency hearing limits is bimodal with the two distributions separated by a gap from 125 to 500 Hz. The correspondence of this dichotomy with studies of temporal coding raises the possibility that mammals that do not hear below 500 Hz do not use temporal encoding for the perception of pitch. fl 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Dynamic visual category learning

Dynamic visual category learning calls for efficient adaptation as new training images become available or new categories are defined, existing training images or categories become modified or obsolete, or when categories are divided into subcategories or merged together. We develop novel methods for efficient incremental learning of SVM-based visual category classifiers to handle such dynamic tasks. Our method exploits previous classifier estimates to more efficiently learn the optimal parameters for the current set of training images and categories. We show empirically that for dynamic visual category tasks, our incremental learning methods are significantly faster than batch retraining.
Time and degree of glycemic derangement are associated with increased mortality in trauma patients in the setting of tight glycemic control.

BACKGROUND: Tight glucose control (TGC) may reduce mortality in critically ill trauma patients. We hypothesize that euglycemia is beneficial, and a measure considering time and degree of hyperglycemia is most associated with mortality. METHODS: We performed a review of intensive care unit trauma patients admitted for more than 3 days between January 2005 and December 2007 on a TGC protocol with a goal of 80 to 110 mg/dL. Hyperglycemic, hypoglycemic, and euglycemic time ranges, and area of interpolated curves above and below 80 to 110 mg/dL were assessed. Associations with mortality were based on logistic regression models adjusted for age, injury severity score, and admission Glasgow Coma Scale score. RESULTS: A total of 546 patients were identified, and 68 (13%) died. Time spent as hyperglycemic (P = .29) and hyperglycemic area under the curve (P = .58) were not associated with mortality; hyperglycemic area/time (P = .01) was associated with mortality. Regarding hypoglycemia, area over the curve (P = .009) and time spent as hypoglycemic (P = .002) were associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: TGC prevents prolonged, high degrees of hyperglycemia; avoiding hypoglycemia likely provides mortality benefit for trauma patients.
Quantitative Protein Topography Analysis and High-Resolution Structure Prediction Using Hydroxyl Radical Labeling and Tandem-Ion Mass Spectrometry (MS)

Hydroxyl radical footprinting based MS for protein structure assessment has the goal of understanding ligand induced conformational changes and macromolecular interactions, for example, protein tertiary and quaternary structure, but the structural resolution provided by typical peptide-level quantification is limiting. In this work, we present experimental strategies using tandem-MS fragmentation to increase the spatial resolution of the technique to the single residue level to provide a high precision tool for molecular biophysics research. Overall, in this study we demonstrated an eightfold increase in structural resolution compared with peptide level assessments. In addition, to provide a quantitative analysis of residue based solvent accessibility and protein topography as a basis for high-resolution structure prediction; we illustrate strategies of data transformation using the relative reactivity of side chains as a normalization strategy and predict side-chain surface area from the footprinting data. We tested the methods by examination of Ca+2-calmodulin showing highly significant correlations between surface area and side-chain contact predictions for individual side chains and the crystal structure. Tandem ion based hydroxyl radical footprinting-MS provides quantitative high-resolution protein topology information in solution that can fill existing gaps in structure determination for large proteins and macromolecular complexes.
Clinical Findings in Bordetella pertussis Infections: Results of a Prospective Multicenter Surveillance Study

Objective. To study the clinical presentation of culture-confirmed pertussis in children and their contacts with cough illnesses in an outpatient setting. Methodology . In conjunction with a large pertussis vaccine efficacy trial in Germany, a central laboratory to isolate Bordetella species from nasopharyngeal specimens was established in Erlangen in October 1990. Pediatricians in private practices in southern Germany, the Saar region, and Berlin were encouraged to obtain nasopharyngeal specimens and clinical characteristics from patients with cough illnesses ≥7 days9 duration. Bordetella species were isolated by use of calcium alginate swabs, Regan–Lowe agar, and modified Stainer–Scholte broth. Clinical characteristics were determined by initial and follow-up questionnaires. Results . From October 1990 to September 1996, 20 972 specimens were submitted, and B pertussis was isolated in 2592 instances (12.4%). Of the culture-proven cases, 50.7% were female, and the age range was 6 days to 41 years, with a mean and median of 4.3 years and 4.1 years, respectively. The following characteristics were noted. Only 4% of the patients had received pertussis vaccine. Of unvaccinated patients, 90.2% had paroxysmal cough, 78.9% demonstrated whooping, and 53.3% presented with posttussive vomiting; 5.7% had fever ≥38°C. The duration of cough was ≤4 weeks in 37.9% and ≤3 weeks in 17.4%. Leukocytosis and lymphocytosis (values above the age-specific mean) were observed in 71.9% and 75.9% of unvaccinated patients, respectively. The overall complication rate was 5.8%, and pneumonia (29%) was the most frequent complication. In infants Conclusions. Typical symptoms of pertussis were observed in the great majority of patients regardless of age group. However, the duration of cough was surprisingly short in one sixth of the patients. These short illness cases would not be classified as pertussis according to the World Health Organization clinical case definition, which requires ≥21 days of spasmodic cough.
THE PROPERTIES OF T ANTIGENS EXTRACTED FROM GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1. T antigens of group A hemolytic streptococci have been obtained in soluble form by digestion of the bacterial cells with pepsin or trypsin. Large quantities of this antigen were readily extracted from type 1 strains, whereas only small amounts could be obtained from strains of other types. 2. The T antigen, prepared in this way from a type 1 strain, was partially purified by chemical precipitation and further enzymatic digestion. An active fraction, apparently protein in nature, was separated electrophoretically at pH 7.00. The separated material, pooled and analyzed at the same pH, gave only a single peak. The isoelectric point of this substance was about pH 4.50. An elementary analysis was obtained. Although the T antigen was resistant to digestion with proteolytic enzymes and ribonuclease, it was readily inactivated by heat, especially in acid media and in strong salt solutions. The serological activity of this purified T substance was lost after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. 3. Analysis by means of the ultracentrifuge showed that the material was polydisperse and therefore probably impure. 4. The soluble form of the T substance was active in the precipitin reaction, in the fixation of complement, in inhibition of T agglutination, and as an antigen when injected into rabbits. The antibodies produced did not protect mice against infection with virulent strains of hemolytic streptococci containing the same T antigen. 5. The immunological specificity of T antigen in soluble form is the same as that of the T antigen in the intact streptococcus from which it was derived.
The New Shareholder Activism

In this paper, we begin by documenting the successes and failures of institutional shareholder activism in recent years in section I. We find that overall institutional activism has been of marginal importance at targeted firms. We then move on in section II to contrast institutional investor activism with the much more aggressive recent activism of the hedge fund managers. This discussion leads us to define the costs and benefits of hedge fund activism for each of the four major broad types of strategies that these funds have pursued: information asymmetry and convergence trades; capital structure motivated trades; merger and risk arbitrage; and most controversially, governance and strategy. This analysis shows that while there are benefits derived from hedge fund activism there are clear costs as well. Governance and strategy activism emerges as the most important force affecting corporate governance. We assemble some empirical evidence about the extent of this activism, including a list of the most active hedge funds with the number of significant equity positions they took in 2005. Additionally, for the period 1999 to 2005, we document the enormous upswing in hedge fund 13D filings in target companies revealing positions in excess of five percent. By examining a sample of these filings, we find that they overwhelmingly state that the hedge fund's purpose is to engage in activist behavior. While much more analysis remains to be done, the evidence we present in this paper points to the importance of hedge fund activism as a new force that is causing rapid corporate governance changes.
Sildenafil (Viagra) induces powerful cardioprotective effect via opening of mitochondrial KATP channels in rabbits

Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) is the pharmacological agent used to treat erectile dysfunction in men. Because this drug has a vasodilatory effect, we hypothesized that such an action may induce a pre...
Ethical Leadership The AIR Modelsm Empowers Moral Agency

The AIR Modelsm of Reflective Ethical Inquiry (Cohen et al. 2005) is a practical framework that leads toward more caring, compassionate and appreciative ethical actions in administration, teaching,...
CO2 and CH4 exchanges between land ecosystems and the atmosphere in northern high latitudes over the 21st century

[1] Terrestrial ecosystems of the northern high latitudes (above 50°N) exchange large amounts of CO2 and CH4 with the atmosphere each year. Here we use a process-based model to estimate the budget of CO2 and CH4 of the region for current climate conditions and for future scenarios by considering effects of permafrost dynamics, CO2 fertilization of photosynthesis and fire. We find that currently the region is a net source of carbon to the atmosphere at 276 Tg C yr-1. We project that throughout the 21st century, the region will most likely continue as a net source of carbon and the source will increase by up to 473 Tg C yr−1 by the end of the century compared to the current emissions. However our coupled carbon and climate model simulations show that these emissions will exert relatively small radiative forcing on global climate system compared to large amounts of anthropogenic emissions.
Integration of Ethics across the Curriculum: From First Year through Senior Seminar †

The Fisher College of Science and Mathematics (FCSM) at Towson University (TU) has integrated authentic research experiences throughout the curriculum from first year STEM courses through advanced upper-level classes and independent research. Our observation is that training in both responsible conduct of research (RCR) and bioethics throughout the curriculum was an effective strategy to advance the cognitive and psychosocial development of the students. As students enter TU they generally lack the experience and tools to assess their own competence, to apply ethical debates, to investigate scientific topics from an ethical perspective, or to integrate ethics into final conclusions. Student behavior and development follow cognitive models such as described in the theories put forth by Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson, both for initial learning and for how concepts are understood and adopted. Three examples of this ethics training integration are described, including a cohort-based course for first year students in the STEM Residential Learning Community, a cohort-based course for community college students that are involved in an NIH-funded Bridges to the Baccalaureate program, and a senior seminar in Bioethics in the Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics Program. All three focus on different aspects of RCR and bioethics training, providing opportunities for students to learn about the principles of effective decision-making, critical and analytical thinking, problem solving, and communication with increasing degrees of complexity as they move through the curriculum.
Abnormal Pulmonary Vasculature in an Asymptomatic Man

1976;70;527-528 Chest U N Kumar and B Varkey asymptomatic man. Abnormal pulmonary vasculature in an http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/70/4/527.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1976by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
Worshiping False Idols: The Impact Factor Dilemma

It always begins innocently enough! In the middle of the 19th century, mining and earthmoving were increasingly important enterprises of the industrial revolution. To remove rock and to open mine shafts, an explosive was needed, but nitroglycerine was too unstable for practical use. The Swedish scientist/inventor Alfred Nobel discovered that mixing nitroglycerine with the diatomaceous earth kieselguhr produced a stable explosive product he patented as dynamite, which was quickly adopted by the mining and construction industries. In the early 20th century, the Italian physicist Enrico Fermi, while attempting to understand the structure of atomic nuclei, discovered that nuclei bombarded by neutrons would split and release large amounts of energy. As others have employed these discoveries, both dynamite and nuclear fission have had destructive effects on society that were initially unimaginable by their discoverers. It was only a quarter century after the first nuclear fission bombs that Eugene Garfield, a library scientist and structural linguist from the University of Pennsylvania, discovered a metric that could be used to select journals for inclusion in his new publication Genetics Citation Index (the forerunner of Science Citation Index, which was subsequently commercialized by Garfield’s company Institute for Scientific Information). This metric for journals was named “impact factor” and was to be calculated “based on 2 elements: the numerator, which is the number of citations in the current year to any items published in a journal in the previous 2 years, and the denominator, which is the number of substantive articles (source items) published in the same 2 years.” 1,2 Thus, although the journal impact factor was born innocently enough, just like the examples involving Nobel and Fermi, Garfield’s impact factor is now being used by others in ways that threaten to destroy scientific inquiry as we know it. 3,4 For much of human history (about 200,000 generations), scientists were few in number, often worked in relative isolation, and only communicated findings to close
Diet‐induced food preference by Manduca sexta larvae: acceptable non‐host plants elicit a stronger induction than host plants

Diet-induced changes in food preference by fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), were examined. Two groups of larvae with different diet experience were used: larvae reared on a host or on an acceptable non-host plant species. Each group of larvae was offered a choice between leaf discs from each rearing plant species (2-plant choice test) and food preference was measured as the consumption of one plant species relative to that of the other plant species. Diet-induced changes in preferences were larger with the host versus acceptable non-host plant pairs Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) versus Raphanus sativus (L.), Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) versus Vigna sinensis (Savi), and Datura innoxia (L.) versus V. sinensis than with the host versus host plant pairs L. esculentum versus Capsicum annuum (L.) and L. esculentum versus D. innoxia. To examine how much the food preference had been altered for each test plant species alone, two other groups of larvae were offered a choice between leaf discs from a single plant species and filter paper discs laced with distilled water (l-plant choice test). Larvae preferred the dietary plant species more strongly than the non-dietary plant species in tests using the following plant species: for C. annuum with C. annuum and L. esculentum as diets, for V. sinensis with V. sinensis and L. esculentum or D. innoxia as diets, and for R. sativus with R. sativus and S. pseudocapsicum as diets. The preference for the hosts L. esculentum and D. innoxia did not change significantly after rearing larvae on different hosts or on an acceptable non-host. Thus, diet-induction by M. sexta larvae results in an enhancement of preference for the dietary plant species which is much stronger with acceptable non-hosts than with hosts.
Thermal design of parallel plate heat sinks for electronic packages: a parametric study

Summary form only given. The author describes a methodology for the design of parallel plate heat sinks and presents a parametric study of the effect of geometrical and flow variations on thermal performance. The overall thermal resistance and pressure drop of the heat sink were determined based on variations in the driving temperature difference, coolant flowrate and properties and the fin material, height, pitch, and width. Some combinations of geometrical and hydrodynamic conditions display a highly nonlinear relationship between optimal flowrate and input power. Validation of the modeling method is addressed by the comparison of the predicted performance to experimental data found in the literature. Two general cases are considered; the optimal design point for an air cooled multichip module and the performance limit of a liquid cooled heat sink attached to an individual high powered chip. >
The composition of human adipose tissue from several parts of the world.

T HAT the composition of the fat of adipose tissue in animals may be varied by the kind of dietary fat fed has long been known although the quantitative aspects, the extent to which specific fatty acids change under various dietary loads and conditions, remains to be determined. Hirsch et ‘ have demonstrated changes in the adipose tissue of man when fed diets high in corn oil. These findings become of considerable interest with the intensive study of the effect of dietary fat upon atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. This paper reports data upon the fatty acid composition of adipose tissues collected from autopsy material or at surgery from several areas of the world where the diets differ considerably in the amount and kind of fat.
Egg-laying Habits of Lepidoptera in Relation to Available Food

Entomologists interested in population dynamics have devoted considerable attention to the numbers of eggs laid by various species of insects, the mortality and non-viability of eggs, and mortality in young larvae; but there is another aspect of the problem which has received less attention than it deserves. This is the necessity for females to place their eggs sufficiently close to an adequate supply of food to insure the growth and development of the F, generation. Fulfillment of this requirement is particularly important for those species whose larvae are restricted feeders, that is, monophagous or oligophagous. It is generally assumed that the continued existence of a species is evidence that the eggs are always properly placed. As a consequence of this assumption very few quantitative studies have been undertaken, with the result that the contribution of the adult's behaviour to the degree of survival in larval populations is unknown. The following field studies were undertaken to supply some information on this score.
Personal identity and practical reason: The failure of Kantian replies to Parfit

This essay examines and criticizes a set of Kantian objections to Parfit's attempt in Reasons and Persons to connect his theory of personal identity to practical rationality and moral philosophy. Several of Parfit's critics have tried to sever the link he forges between his metaphysical and practical conclusions by invoking the Kantian thought that even if we accept his metaphysical theory of personal identity, we still have good practical grounds for rejecting that theory when deliberating about what to do. The argument between Parfit and his opponents illuminates broader questions about the relationship between our metaphysical beliefs and our practical reasons .
Russett, Rose, and Raspberry: The Development of English Secondary Color Terms

English simplex secondary color terms such as russett and rose first entered the language in the late Middle English period (1350–1500). All were innovated by means of the ontological metonymy "Entity stands for entity's color." Specific examples are: Rose stands for rose's color, and raspberry for raspberry's color. This metonym is an embodied cognitive structure based on experience with physical entities and their associated colors. Colorant and textile names such as russet, crimson, and scarlet were the earliest secondary color terms innovated. They referred to ingredients and products of color processing and, thus, were proximate entities that culture members could readily use as sources for new color terms.
A Digital Requantizer With Shaped Requantization Noise That Remains Well Behaved After Nonlinear Distortion

A major problem in oversampling digital-to-analog converters and fractional-N frequency synthesizers, which are ubiquitous in modern communication systems, is that the noise they introduce contains spurious tones. The spurious tones are the result of digitally generated, quantized signals passing through nonlinear analog components. This paper presents a new method of digital requantization called successive requantization, special cases of which avoids the spurious tone generation problem. Sufficient conditions are derived that ensure certain statistical properties of the quantization noise, including the absence of spurious tones after nonlinear distortion. A practical example is presented and shown to satisfy these conditions.
The roles of letter names and letter sounds in connecting print and speech.

Three experiments were carried out to examine the cues that are used in learning to read and spell new words. In a reading task (Experiment 1), even preschoolers who could not read simple real words were able to benefit from print-sound relationships that were based on letter names. They found it easier to learn that the made-up word TM was pronounced as “team” (name condition) than thatTM was pronounced as “tame” (sound condition) or as “wide” (visual condition). The letter-name strategy persisted among college students (Experiment 2). In a spelling task (Experiment 3), prereaders and novice readers again did better in the name condition than in the sound condition. The ability to use relationships based on letter sounds emerged later than the ability to use relationships based on letter names. However, sound-based relationships were used to a greater extent in spelling than in reading.
ANATOMY IS DESTINY Psychological Implications of Adolescent Physical Changes in Girls

Though of fundamental biologic importance, the anatomic sexual changes of adolescence are also decisive for psychic growth. These changes are welcomed with a variety of emotional reactions and serve, psychologically, to consolidate a girl9s feminine identity and support her eventual growth toward individuality and independence. The physician9s approach in managing this aspect of adolescent growth can facilitate or hinder progressive emotional development. Bearing in mind the psychological implications of adolescent sexual changes, the physician can help pave the way for the teenage girl9s continuing physical and psychological maturation.
Spectroscopic Confirmation of Uranium(VI)−Carbonato Adsorption Complexes on Hematite

Evaluating societal risks posed by uranium contamination from waste management facilities, mining sites, and heavy industry requires knowledge about uranium transport in groundwater, often the most significant pathway of exposure to humans. It has been proposed that uranium mobility in aquifers may be controlled by adsorption of U(VI)−carbonato complexes on oxide minerals. The existence of such complexes has not been demonstrated, and little is known about their compositions and reaction stoichiometries. We have used attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies to probe the existence, structures, and compositions of ⋮FeOsurface−U(VI)−carbonato complexes on hematite throughout the pH range of uranyl uptake under conditions relevant to aquifers. U(VI)−carbonato complexes were found to be the predominant adsorbed U(VI) species at all pH values examined, a much wider pH range than previously postulated based on analogy t...
Relationship Between Hole Trapping and Interface

We have discovered a general relationship between the distance from the interface at which holes are trapped, and the subsequent generation of interface states. With photon assisted tunneling it has been previously established that there are two types of trapped holes near the Si/SiO2 interface after high-field stress (Fowler-Nordheim tunneling) and radiation damage. These types are distinguished by their location and behavior upon electron capture. The first type (“near-interfacial trapped holes”) are located between 20 and 70 A from the interface and completely disappear upon electron capture. The second type (“interfacial trapped holes”) lie within about 15 A of the interface, and immediately become interface states when they capture an electron. The experiments show that these two types of interface states are not independent, but rather holes are first trapped in the near-interfacial sites, and then are converted to interfacial trapped holes by thermal energy or very high fields.
Senior citizens on Facebook

This study investigated why senior citizens use Facebook and how they participate in specific activities on Facebook in order to gratify their needs. An online survey of 352 senior citizens over 60 years old revealed four primary motivations for using Facebook: social bonding, social bridging, curiosity, and responding to family member requests. The analysis of the relationship between senior citizens' motivations and their participation in activities on Facebook indicates that social bonding is a major motivation for participating in most activities on Facebook. In addition, data reveal that using message-based interactivity features on Facebook (i.e., posting on other people's wall and Facebook chatting with others) leads to greater Facebook use. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of senior citizens' Facebook use as an emerging communication tool. National survey of 639 senior citizens yields 352 (55%) Facebook users.Four major motivations characterize Facebook use among senior citizens.Social bonding and bridging predict most of their Facebook activities.Chatting and posting on others' walls account for most of their time on Facebook.Use of landline and feature phones negatively predict time spent on Facebook.
Orchard Sanitation and the Codling Moth

An unusually heavy flight of the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.)) has been recorded in a certain apple section of the Santa Clara Valley in California during the season of 1931. Records of the same were obtained by the use of bait traps. Lack of orchard sanitation definitely accounts for the conditions described.
Study of the effect of gravity on ZBLAN glass as a commercial program

It is the intent of this study to utilize microgravity processing of glass materials composed of ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NF (ZBLAN) to provide an infrared transmitting optical glass with reduced microcrystallites. Independent fiber annealing experiments using parabolic flights and sounding rockets performed by a Canadian group and our group in the United States have demonstrated that a reduction in nucleation does occur in reduced gravity. The commercial aspects of the ZBLAN program are to scale up to process preforms and to pull fibers in space. These experiments are in the developmental stage at this time. The end result will lead to the development of a process whereby ZBLAN fibers with improved optical transmission for commercial applications are achieved. Commercial participation includes Infra-red Fiber Systems, Galileo, Lucent Technologies (Bell Labs), and Corning Glass.
Nucleobase Self-Assembly in Supramolecular Adhesives

Novel acrylic monomers functionalized with nucleobase-containing units (adenine and thymine) were prepared upon aza-Michael addition and successfully copolymerized with n-butyl acrylate. At a content of 7 mol %, adenine-containing units self-assembled into needle-like microstructures within amorphous polymer matrices as shown with atomic force microscopy (AFM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD); thymine-containing units did not aggregate into distinct morphologies even to 30 mol %. Upon blending, thymine- and adenine-containing statistical copolymers associated into a thermodynamically stable complex, which was physically cross-linked through adenine–thymine base pairing. The molar fractions of the nucleobase monomer, nucleobase stacking interactions, and complementary hydrogen bonding principally influenced self-assembly. Additionally, the nucleobase-functionalized polyacrylates exhibited tunable adhesive and cohesive strength.
Notifiable Infectious Diseases Reported by Network in Mianyang,2010

Objective To provide scientific evidence the prevention and control of infectious diseases in Mianyang by analyzing the epidemic trend,epidemiological characteristics and the influencing factors in that area in 2010.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was performed and classification statistical analysis was adopted to the diseases data of Mianyang city in 2010.Results In 2010,24 kinds of class B and C infectious diseases,17066 cases were reported,the incidence rate was 321.24/105.No class A infectious disease was reported.The reported infectious diseases were mainly blood borne and sexually transmitted infections and respiratory infectious diseases.The top 5 of incidence rate were tuberculosis(76.42/105),hepatitis B(63.42/105),other infectious diarrhea(49.20/105),hand-foot-and-mouth disease(43.82/105),syphilis(29.50/105).Conclusion The infectious diseases reported in Mianyang in 2010 were mainly blood borne and sexually transmitted infections and respiratory infectious diseases,these should be the focus of the further prevention and control work.
Microfinance participation and contraceptive use: does control over resources matter?

Background The purpose of the present study was to assess the association between microfinance and contraceptive use. A secondary purpose of the study was to assess the role of control over resources between microfinance participation and contraceptive use. Method Using secondary data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011 the present study conducted logistic regression analysis to estimate the interaction effect of microfinance participation and control over resources on reported contraceptive use. Results Findings indicate that microfinance participants are 1.69 times more likely to use contraceptive (P < 0.001), and women with control over resources are 4.28 times more likely to use contraceptive (P < 0.001). However, the interaction effect of microfinance participation and control over resources suggest that microfinance participants with control over resources are less likely to use contraceptive, but that finding is not significant. Conclusion While control over resources matter the most in terms of women's use of contraceptive, this does not hold true for microfinance participants with control over resources.
Modulation of digestive physiology and biochemistry in Mytilus californianus in response to feeding level acclimation and microhabitat

ABSTRACT The intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus is a critical foundation species that is exposed to fluctuations in the environment along tidal- and wave-exposure gradients. We investigated feeding and digestion in mussels under laboratory conditions and across environmental gradients in the field. We assessed whether mussels adopt a rate-maximization (higher ingestion and lower assimilation) or a yield-maximization acquisition (lower ingestion and higher assimilation) strategy under laboratory conditions by measuring feeding physiology and digestive enzyme activities. We used digestive enzyme activity to define resource acquisition strategies in laboratory studies, then measured digestive enzyme activities in three microhabitats at the extreme ends of the tidal- and wave-exposure gradients within a stretch of shore (
Optimal Spectrum Auction Design With 2-D Truthful Revelations Under Uncertain Spectrum Availability

In this paper, we propose a novel sealed-bid auction framework to address the problem of dynamic spectrum allocation in cognitive radio (CR) networks. We design an optimal auction mechanism that maximizes the moderator’s expected utility, when the spectrum is not available with certainty. We assume that the moderator employs collaborative spectrum sensing in order to make a reliable inference about spectrum availability. Due to the presence of a collision cost whenever the moderator makes an erroneous inference, and a sensing cost at each CR, we investigate feasibility conditions that guarantee a non-negative utility at the moderator. Since the moderator fuses CRs’ sensing decisions to obtain a global inference regarding spectrum availability, we propose a novel strategy-proof fusion rule that encourages the CRs to simultaneously reveal truthful sensing decisions, along with truthful valuations to the moderator. We also present tight theoretical bounds on instantaneous network throughput achieved by our auction mechanism. Numerical examples are presented to provide insights into the performance of the proposed auction under different scenarios.
BRANCHES AND SCHOOLS OF ECONOMICS AND THEIR METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

Economics is a diverse undertaking consisting of different branches and schools. Within what one might call “mainstream economics” – which is increasingly dominant – one finds many different activities, each with its own methodological peculiarities and problems. Discussions of many intriguing branches of mainstream economics could have been included in Part IV. Inquiries such as behavioral economics, industrial management, the economics of information, labor economics, game theory, and so forth all raise distinctive and important methodological questions. Because of space constraints, Part IV contains methodological discussions of only four branches of mainstream economics. In Chapter 16, Kevin D. Hoover examines some of the philosophical issues concerning contemporary econometrics, including some of the problems involved in making causal inferences. In Chapter 17, Hoover addresses the question of how closely linked macroeconomics should be to microeconomics, which has long been one of the central methodological questions concerning macroeconomics. In Chapter 18, Vernon Smith, who won a Nobel Prize mainly for his work in experimental economics probes some of the central methodological questions raised by this relatively new and exciting field, whereas in Chapter 19, Colin F. Camerer explores the possibility that inquiries into neurology might guide economic theorizing. The remaining two chapters in Part IV discuss two of the most important approaches to economics that compete with mainstream economics. In Chapter 20, James M. Buchanan and Viktor J. Vanberg provide an introduction to the distinctive subjective methodology of Austrian economics and, in Chapter 21, Geoffrey M. Hodgson provides an overview of the way in which institutionalist or so-called evolutionary economists approach the subject.
Chain-end and backbone analysis of poly( N -isopropylacrylamide)s using sequential electron transfer dissociation and collisionally activated dissociation

Abstract Electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (ESI–MS n ) was employed for the structural characterization of poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) compounds, a widely used class of thermoresponsive materials. Experiments were performed on singly and doubly sodiated pNIPAMs terminated with thiopropionic acid or thiopropyl triethoxysilane substituents, using collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) techniques. Single stages of CAD or ETD only caused small neutral losses diagnostic of the side chains and end groups. A more thorough structural characterization of the pNIPAMs was possible by applying a sequential stage of CAD on fragments generated by ETD, as no surviving charge-reduced precursor was present in the ETD spectra. The ETD fragments were selected such that they preserved differentiation of the two chain ends and contained features that led to random backbone cleavages. ETD fragments with an unpaired electron or with a particularly stable charge site fulfilled this requirement, giving rise to backbone fragments that made it possible to characterize the chain connectivity in addition to the end group and side chain structures. Whether a radical ion or an ion with a well stabilized charge site is used to obtain structurally diagnostic fragments by ETD-CAD depends on the end groups, the functional group being reduced in the ETD step and the structure of the ETD fragment chosen for consecutive CAD.
Some Observations on Storm’s Von Jenseit Des Meeres

(1940). Some Observations on Storm’s Von Jenseit Des Meeres. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 46-49.
Determinants of field edge habitat restoration on farms in California's Sacramento Valley

Degradation and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services pose major challenges in simplified agricultural landscapes. Consequently, best management practices to create or restore habitat areas on field edges and other marginal areas have received a great deal of recent attention and policy support. Despite this, remarkably little is known about how landholders (farmers and landowners) learn about field edge management practices and which factors facilitate, or hinder, adoption of field edge plantings. We surveyed 109 landholders in California's Sacramento Valley to determine drivers of adoption of field edge plantings. The results show the important influence of landholders' communication networks, which included two key roles: agencies that provide technical support and fellow landholders. The networks of landholders that adopted field edge plantings included both fellow landholders and agencies, whereas networks of non-adopters included either landholders or agencies. This pattern documents that social learning through peer-to-peer information exchange can serve as a complementary and reinforcing pathway with technical learning that is stimulated by traditional outreach and extension programs. Landholder experience with benefits and concerns associated with field edge plantings were also significant predictors of adoption. Our results suggest that technical learning, stimulated by outreach and extension, may provide critical and necessary support for broad-scale adoption of field-edge plantings, but that this alone may not be sufficient. Instead, outreach and extension efforts may need to be strategically expanded to incorporate peer-to-peer communication, which can provide critical information on benefits and concerns.
The role of governance on bank liquidity creation

This paper examines the impact of internal bank governance on bank liquidity creation in the U.S. before, during and after the 2007–2009 financial crisis. Using bank holding company level data, we analyze whether better-governed banks create higher levels of liquidity. We find that this effect is positive and significant but only for large bank holding companies. Further analysis reveals that specific internal governance categories: CEO education, compensation structure, progressive practices, and ownership have a significant effect on bank liquidity. However, this positive effect occurs mostly during the crisis period, and for large banks that are also high liquidity creators. Finally, we find that the effect of governance on liquidity creation increases during the crisis period. These findings are robust even while controlling for liquidity measures, bank size, and endogeneity problems between governance and liquidity creation.