cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative Effectiveness of Selected Stilbene Optical Brighteners as Enhancers of the Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

The addition of a stilbene optical brightener, Tinopal LPW, at 1% concentration (wt:wt) significantly reduced the LC50 of the beet armyworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SeMNPV) from 2.9 PIB/mm2 to 0.02 PIB/mm2. Moreover, the LT50 of SeMNPV was reduced by 34% by the addition of Tinopal LPW. Seven other structurally related stilbene brighteners were also tested as viral enhancers. Five of these brighteners (Tinopal LPW, Blankophor BBH, Blankophor HRS, Blankophor P167, and Blankophor RKH) reduced LD50s, whereas three brighteners (Blankophor BSU, Blankophor DML, and Blankophor LPG) had little effect. Among the active brighteners, LC50s were reduced by 10.5-fold (Blankophor P167), 52.4-fold (Blankophor RKH), 87.3-fold Tinopal LPW), 131-fold (Blankophor BBH), and >400-fold (Blankophor HRS). LT50s were also decreased by the addition of Blankophor BBH, Blankophor P167, and Blankophor RKH, but were increased by the addition of Blankophor BSU, Blankophor DMLO, and Blankophor LPG to SeMNPV suspensions.
A two step, non-stereospecific cation radical Diels-Alder reaction

The cation radical Diels-Alder cycloadditions of cis- and trans-1-propenyl aryl ethers to 1,3-cyclopentadiene, catalyzed by tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium hexachloroantimonate in dichloromethane solution, are found to be non-stereospecific, in contrast to the stereospecificity observed in other cation radical Diels-Alder reactions previously studied. These and supporting experiments indicate that, in this particular system, the reaction occurs by a two step mechanism.
Comparative Effect of Vitamin K and Whole Blood on Prothrombin Deficiency of Newborn Infant

SummaryObservations made upon a group of 3- and 4-day-old infants, who showed the expected hypoprothrombinemia, indicate that maternal whole blood, regardless of the mode of administration, is not as effective as vitamin K in raising the plasma prothrombin level. Because of the known relationships of reduced prothrombin levels to hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, it is suggested that treatment with vitamin K, which produces very rapid and significant elevations of the prothrombin, will prove much more effective than injections of maternal blood.
Ultra-flat bands in two-dimensional photonic crystals

ABSTRACT We show that two-dimensional photonic crystals can be designed to have dispersion relations with an extended ultra-sat cross-section,meaningthat fora Þxedwave vectorcomponent the other wave vector component, the frequencyofa bandis almostconstantwhen saddle point in the dispersion relation located in the interior of the Brillouin zone. Interesting consequences include , takes all possible values. These ultra-sat bands are the result of a non-trivial1D-like behavior,improvedsuper-collimation,and enhanced density of states.Keywords: photonic crystal, ultra-sat band, saddle point 1. INTRODUCTION Flat regions in the band structures of photoniccrystals have been studied due to their role in achievingor enhancingavarietyofoptical effects,includingenhancementofthe photonicdensityof states, lasing, super-collimation,enhancednonlinear effects, and other slow-light effects [1Ð4]. The sat parts of dispersion relations and the associated reducedgroupvelocitiesaregenerallyfoundinlimitedregionsaroundsymmetrypointsin wavevectorspace. However,as thedimensionality of the photonic crystal increases from 1-d to 2-d and 3-d, these sat regions around symmetry pointstend to occupy a decreasing fraction of the entire volume of the Brillouin zone. Furthermore, the band structures oftwo-dimensionaland three-dimensionalphotoniccrystals are in general more complexthan those of one-dimensionalcrystals for the obvious reason that the frequency of a mode is a function of two or three wave vector components,instead of just one. Here, we Þnd that a two-dimensionalsquare photoniccrystal can be designed to have an extendedultra-sat cross-section of the dispersion relation
Developmental Phase Specificity and Dose-Response Effects of 2-Methoxyethanol in Rats

Methoxyethanol (ME) produces embryotoxic effects in rodents, rabbits, and nonhuman primates. Mechanistic evaluations of ME dysmorphogenesis have focused mainly on developmental insults and chemical disposition in the mouse. These assessments in mice were based on developmental phase specificity (DPS) and dose–response relationship (DRR) of ME. DPS and DRR indicated treatments for selectively inducing defects to study ME disposition and expressed dysmorphogenesis. This study was conducted to establish DPS and DRR of ME in the rat. DPS was determined by injecting 500 mg ME/kg (6.6 mmol/kg) into the tail vein on Gestational Day (gd; sperm-positive day = gd 0) 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 (n= 6 dams/gd; saline controls on gd 12). On gd 20, embryolethality incidence was 100% after gd 10 dosing; at gd 11 through 15, it was 50, 32, 15, 2, and 5%, respectively (control, 2%). Incidences of external defects in live fetuses exposed on gd 11–15 were 97, 98, 100, 44, and 0% and those of viscera were 100, 62, 44, 10, and 0%, respectively. The predominant anomalies observed were ectrodactyly and renal agenesis. DRR was determined on gd 13, when live embryos/litter and external malformations (ectro- and syndactyly, micromelia) were maximal. Dams (n= 8/dose group) were injected intravenously with 0, 100, 250, 350, or 500 mg ME/kg. On gd 20, fetal defect rates were 0, 0, 82.5, 83.0, and 100% at these concentrations, respectively. Based on these studies, appropriate ME doses, times of maternal exposure, and critical phases of development in the rat model are available for reproducing selective defects to investigate biochemical and pharmacokinetic determinants underlying their expression.
A Relational Database Approach To Astronomical Research

A highly structured but extremely flexible database definition and interrogration system is described. This system is in daily use for reducing, archiving and evaluating data from the CCD/Transit Instrument (CTI) (McGraw et al. 1986, Cawson et al. 1986). Adopting a database system for managing observations and extracting scientific information from them has yielded many benefits of great use to astronomers: • a very few general purpose programs take the place of a multitude of special purpose programs, thus increasing reliability and reducing software effort and debugging time; • a powerful interrogation language allows interaction with the data in graphical forms and the definition of mathematical, relational and/or logical tests on the data during the interrogation as seems appropriate at the time; • the same command language can prompt for all parameters and supply 'reasonable' defaults making the database information easily accessible to collaborators who do not have to invest undue time 'learning the system'; • compatible databases can be produced, for instance to evaluate the structural properties of the telecope and the performance of the reduction software itself; and to test theoretical models using simulations, thereby unifying our engineering, software, theoretical and observational endeavors-in astronomy. Implications for the design of the future software systems for maintaining astronomical databases both at the national and at the individual astronomer levels are discussed. These impliations have the potential for radically changing the manner in which astronomers conceptualize their data.
Axon Guidance of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons by Odorant Receptors and the β2 Adrenergic Receptor

Odorant receptors (ORs) provide the core determinant of identity for axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) to coalesce into glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Here, using gene targeting in mice, we examine how the OR protein determines axonal identity. An OR::GFP fusion protein is present in axons, consistent with a direct function of ORs in axon guidance. When the OR coding region is deleted, we observe OSNs that coexpress other ORs that function in odorant reception and axonal identity. It remains unclear if such coexpression is normally prevented by negative feedback on OR gene choice. A drastic reduction in OR protein level produces axonal coalescence into novel, remote glomeruli. By contrast, chimeric ORs and ORs with minor mutations perturb axon outgrowth. Strikingly, the β2 adrenergic receptor can substitute for an OR in glomerular formation when expressed from an OR locus. Thus, ORs have not evolved a unique function in axon guidance.
Responsiveness of Physician Prescription Behavior to Salesforce Effort: An Individual Level Analysis

Firms in many industries, e.g., pharmaceuticals, spend a significant amount of marketing dollars on salesforce effort. However, there exists very little research examining customer response to salesforce effort at the disaggregate level. We use data from a pharmaceutical category to examine the response in prescriptions written to salesforce effort (detailing). We use a hierarchical Bayesian count data model that allows us to estimate individual physician-level response parameters. We find that while detailing has positive impact on prescriptions written, there are diminishing returns to detailing for most physicians in our sample. We use our results to show how detailing reallocation can increase revenues.
Important Factors Leading to Outdoor Orientation Program Outcomes: A Qualitative Exploration of Survey Results

This study expands upon a previous study that found significant differences among students' First Year Experience course (FYE) learning outcomes, as measured by the First Year Initiative Survey (FYI) (Swing, 2002). One group of students received content in an adventure-based class prior to fall, whereas a second group received content in a classroom during the first 10-weeks of the semester. The adventure FYE reported higher or equivalent scores to the traditional FYE group on the FYI's fifteen factors. This study focuses on understanding why differences occurred and was guided by the two survey outcomes with the highest effect sizes (Improved connections with peers and Improved knowledge of wellness). Researchers coded 237 post-trip essays in an exploratory sequential design (Creswell & Plano-Clark, 2007). The adventure setting appears to foster increased trust among participants. This trust was reported to lead to more in-depth personal discussions about curricular topics, thereby increasing FYI scores.
Optical properties of aerosols of mixed composition

Abstract A model is developed which relates the reduction in visual air quality to the chemical and physical properties of airborne aerosol particles. The aerosols are considered to be inhomogeneous and to have a mixed chemical composition which varies with particle size. The water content of the aerosol particles is derived from a semi-empirical application of the thermodynamic equations for particle growth. The model is valid for all ranges of relative humidity. The light scattering and absorption coefficients are calculated using Mie theory extended to concentric sphere scatterers. The core of each particle, which is primarily taken to be nonvolatile carbon, is enclosed in a water-soluble exterior. The soluble layer responds to changes in the relative humidity by absorbing (or releasing) water. The model predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental measurements made in Denver in the fall of 1978.
Greenhouse gas fluxes of grazed and hayed wetland catchments in the U.S. Prairie Pothole Ecoregion

Wetland catchments are major ecosystems in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) and play an important role in greenhouse gases (GHG) flux. However, there is limited information regarding effects of land-use on GHG fluxes from these wetland systems. We examined the effects of grazing and haying, two common land-use practices in the region, on GHG fluxes from wetland catchments during 2007 and 2008. Fluxes of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2), along with soil water content and temperature, were measured along a topographic gradient every other week during the growing season near Ipswich, SD, USA. Closed, opaque chambers were used to measure fluxes of soil and plant respiration from native sod catchments that were grazed or left idle, and from recently restored catchments which were seeded with native plant species; half of these catchments were hayed once during the growing season. Catchments were adjacent to each other and had similar soils, soil nitrogen and organic carbon content, precipitation, and vegetation. When compared with idle catchments, grazing as a land-use had little effect on GHG fluxes. Likewise, haying had little effect on fluxes of CH4 and N2O compared with non-hayed catchments. Haying, however, did have a significant effect on combined soil and vegetative CO2 flux in restored wetland catchments owing to the immediate and comprehensive effect haying has on plant productivity. This study also examined soil conditions that affect GHG fluxes and provides cumulative annual estimates of GHG fluxes from wetland catchment in the PPR.
Impact of magnetic fields on anisotropy in Ca 3 Ru 2 O 7

${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ is a bilayered metallic paramagnet that orders antiferromagnetically at ${T}_{N}=56\mathrm{K}$ while remaining metallic and then undergoes a spin reorientation coincident with a metal-nonmetal transition at ${T}_{M}=48\mathrm{K},$ entering a metamagnetic state. Low-temperature specific-heat measurements in magnetic fields show that the electronic specific heat, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=44{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{}\mathrm{K}}^{2},$ is field independent above and below the 6-T critical field, whereas the first-order nature of the metamagnetic transition is reflected by a small shift in the Debye temperature. Magnetization, electrical resistivity, and specific-heat measurements were performed on high-quality single crystals, allowing construction of detailed H-T phase diagrams, which differ considerably for magnetic fields applied along the two in-plane directions. These measurements led to determination of the anisotropy field ${H}_{A}=22.4\mathrm{T}$ and exchange field ${H}_{E}=14.2\mathrm{T}.$ Evidence is presented for a possible flopside state in the region above the 41-K and 5.5-T multicritical point. Finally, superheating and supercooling are observed at temperatures and magnetic fields slightly above the multicritical point.
Inverse Problems of Aggregation Processes

The coagulation frequency is the key ingredient in the population balance (Smoluchowski) equation of coagulation kinetics. An inverse problem is formulated to extract the coagulation frequency from transient size distributions when these distributions are self-similar. Two numerical examples illustrate the procedure. The first demonstrates the inverse problem for the recovery of singular coagulation frequencies, while the second shows the procedure when self-similarity is approximate. Transient droplet coagulation experiments in a turbulent flow field have been performed. The resulting size distributions are observed to be self-similar. The inverse problem is used to determine the drop coagulation frequency. This frequency shows significant deviation from the coagulation frequencies derived from simple models of drop-drop interactions in a turbulent flow field.
Fusions at the craniovertebral junction

The surgical management of craniovertebral junction instability in pediatric patients has unique challenges. While the indications for internal fixation in children are similar to those of adults, the data concerning techniques, complications, and outcomes of spinal instrumentation comes from experience with adult patients. Diminutive osseous and ligamentous structures and anatomical variations associated with syndromic craniovertebral abnormalities frequently complicates the approaches and limits the use of internal fixation in children. Cervical arthrodesis in the pediatric age group has the potential for limiting growth potential and causing secondary deformity. Recent advances in image analysis have enabled preoperative planning which is critical to evaluate the size of instrumentation and its relation to the patient’s anatomy. Newer techniques have recently evolved and have been incorporated in the management of pediatric patients with requirement for craniocervical stabilization. Over 750 craniovertebral junction fusions have been reviewed in children. The indications for atlantoaxial arthrodesis were: (a) absent odontoid process, dystopic os odontoideum, absent posterior arch of C1; (b) Morquio’s syndrome, Goldenhar’s syndrome, Conradi’s syndrome, and spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. The acquired abnormalities of trauma, postinfectious instability, and Down’s syndrome completed the indication in children. The indications for occipitocervical fusion were: (a) anterior and posterior bifid C1 arches with instability, absent occipital condyles; b) severe reducible basilar invagination, unstable dystopic os odontoideum, and unilateral atlas assimilation; (c) acquired phenomenon with traumatic occipitocervical dislocation, complex craniovertebral junction fractures of C1 and C2, after transoral craniovertebral junction decompression, cranial settling in Down’s syndrome and inflammatory disease such as Grisel’s syndrome. Instability was seen in children with clivus chordoma and osteoblastoma. Atlantoaxial fusions were performed mainly with interlaminar rib graft fusion and more recently with the transarticular screw fixation in the older patient. In the teenager, lateral mass screws at C1 and rod fixation were made; C2 pars interarticular screw fixation and C2 pedicle screw fixation. A C2 translaminar screw fixation is described. Occipitocervical fusions were made utilizing rib grafts below the age of 6. A contoured loop fixation was made in children above the age of 7, and recently, rod and screw fixation was also utilized. Abnormal cervical spine growth was not seen in children who underwent craniocervical stabilization below the age of 5. The authors have reserved rigid instrumentation for children above the age of 10 years and dependent on the anatomy.
Destination Therapy: Current Results and Future Promise

The landmark Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance in the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (REMATCH) trial demonstrated that the implantation of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as an alternative to heart transplantation, or destination therapy (DT) is superior to any known medical therapy in patients with end-stage heart failure who are not eligible for transplantation. In this article, we review results of the first United States and European clinical trials of DT, including the REMATCH, the Investigation of the Non-Transplant Eligible Patients who are Inotrope Dependent (INTREPID), and the Clinical Utility Baseline Study (CUBS) trials, as well as the outcomes of the first DT implantations in the post-REMATCH era in the United States. The article summarizes the current state of knowledge and future directions in the field of permanent mechanical circulatory support therapy as an alternative to heart transplantation.
Temperature and humidity ranges of some hydrates of high-proton-conductive dodecamolybdophosphoric acid and dodecatungstophosphoric acid crystals under an atmosphere of hydrogen or either oxygen or air

The temperature and humidity dependences of the hydration number of dodecamolybdophosphoric acid, H3Mo12PO40ṡmH2O, and dodecatungstophosphoric acid, H3W12PO40ṡnH2O, crystals are presented in the phase diagrams. The waters of crystallization of both acid crystals show a zeolitic nature, but they also show some definite hydrate in the dehydration process. The existence of the 29-, 18-, and 13-hydrate of dodecamolybdophosphoric acid and the 29-, 20-, 13-, and 6-hydrate of dodecatungstophosphoric acid is found in the range of 10–80°C and 30–95% relative humidity (RH) under an atmosphere of either oxygen or air. H3Mo12PO40ṡ29H2O is stable over 70% RH along the full range of temperatures. In comparison, H3W12PO40ṡ29H2O is stable above 20°C and over 83% RH. Other hydrates are stable under the indicated RH values. Also, the lower hydrates are stable at higher temperatures and lower RH levels. The phase diagrams of the stable ranges of these hydrates of the acid crystals were also obtained under a hydrogen atmosphere. Slight differences in these ranges are observed depending on which gas (hydrogen or either oxygen or air) is used in the atmosphere.
Trilogy Image-Guided Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Abstract Full integration of advanced imaging, noninvasive immobilization, positioning, and motion-management methods into radiosurgery have resulted in fundamental changes in therapeutic strategies and approaches that are leading us to the treatment room of the future. With the introduction of image-guided radiosurgery (IGRS) systems, such as Trilogy™, physicians have for the first time a practical means of routinely identifying and treating very small lesions throughout the body. Using new imaging processes such as positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans, clinics may be able to detect these lesions and then eradicate them with image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery treatments. Thus, there is promise that cancer could be turned into a chronic disease, managed through a series of checkups, and Trilogy treatments when metastatic lesions reappear.
Crystal structure of lithium beryllium hydride.

Analysis of powder diffraction data, published by Bell and Coates, reveals that ${\mathrm{LiBeH}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{BeH}}_{4}$ both have an fcc translation group with lattice constants 5.09 and 5.14 A\r{}, respectively. The cubic cell of each contains eight formula units; so the total atomic concentrations, 3.03\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{23}$ and 4.12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{23}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$, exceed that of diamond by factors of 1.7 and 2.3. The computed densities are 1.91 and 2.63 g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Both crystals have a modified perovskite structure involving cubes with edges half the size of the lattice constant. The (otherwise) sc lattice is broken by a chemical superstructure in ${\mathrm{LiBeH}}_{3}$ and by an orientational superstructure in ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{BeH}}_{4}$. The ``conduction''-electron density of the latter is 4.71\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{23}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$; so the equivalent-sphere-radius parameter is ${r}_{s}$=1.51 Bohr, a value in the range typically assumed for metallic hydrogen. Infrared absorption at 1600 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (\ensuremath{\approxeq}2300 K) was reported. Consequently, these compounds, if metallic, may manifest the high-temperature superconductivity often envisioned for metallic hydrogen.
Investigating the effects of dynamic and static loading on the stability of porcine aorta

Tortuosity of arteries can reduce the blood flow or alter its profile and considered to be a potential source for ischemia in the tissue and atherosclerosis in blood vessels. It adds to the complexity of vascular surgeries and occurs most commonly in arterial grafts. Despite the importance of arterial tortuosity biomechanics of its initiation and development is not well understood. Other studies tried to address the problem with the theory of buckling of beam-columns under static loading however it has been shown theoretically that a dynamic loading can change the buckling behavior of blood vessels and it has been predicted that under dynamic loading the buckling of arteries can occur at lower pressures. This study is a preliminary work to validate this theory by experiment. A porcine descending aorta was assembled in an inflation test set up and internal pressure was increased by two profiles: quasistatic and sinusoidal. The deformation of the artery was captured by 2 high speed cameras in 3D. Buckling in static loading was defined as the sudden change of deflection. The results show that buckling occurs at lower dynamic pressures compared to static loading.
The Role of Critical Exponents in Blow-Up Theorems: The Sequel

Abstract In [ 27 ] Fujita showed that for positive solutions, the initial value problem (in R N ) for u t = Δ u + u p with p > 1 exhibited the following behavior: If p p c ≡ 1 + 2/ N , then the initial value problem does not have any nontrivial, non-negative solution existing on R N × [0, ∞) (a global solution), whereas if p > p c , there exist global, small data, positive solutions as well as solutions which are non-global. We call such a result a blow-up theorem of Fujita type. In [ 50 ], Levine discussed the various theorems of this type that had appeared in the literature prior to 1990. In this paper we revisit the literature since 1990.
Specific binding of a calcium channel activator, [3H]BAY k 8644, to membranes from cardiac muscle and brain

BAY k 8644 is a member of a new class of drugs that directly activates Ca2+ channels. This 1,4-dihydropyridine was found to bind to both high and low affinity sites on rabbit ventricular microsomes and guinea pig brain synaptosomes. The dissociation constant obtained from Scatchard analysis with [3H]BAY k 8644 was 2 to 3 nM for the high affinity binding site, and the estimated maximal number of binding sites was 0.8 and 0.4 pmol/mg protein for heart and brain membranes, respectively, at 15 degrees C. Competition between nitrendipine and [3H]BAY k 8644 indicated a common high affinity binding site for Ca2+ channel activators and antagonists. The results suggest that the 1,4-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel antagonists do not act as simple channel plugs.
A new steam-cooled reactor

A new ultrasafe type of nuclear power plant is described that has a complete ''walk-awayfrom'' characteristic. That is, the reactor can safely dissipate its shutdown heat even if its powe and water supplies are cut off. The reactor is steam cooled and is designed to operate at one fixed steam density. Its reactivity characteristics are such that if the power level increases, the steam becomes less dense than the optimum and tends to shut the reactor off. Similarly, if the reactor is flooded wit water, the reactivity greatly decreases and also shuts the reactor down. The reactor can be operated as a burner, a high-efficiency converter, or a breeder, depending on the isotopic content of the fuel. The plant operates at low pressure and relatively high efficiency with an example given at 1000 psia and 35% efficiency. The reactor is enclosed in a conventional steel vessel resembling a boiling water reactor. The vessel is connected to a large atmospheric pressure pool of water, and shutdown consists of passively cou pling the pool to the reactor through the loss of steam flow. Shutdown cooling is provided by forced air and natural draft convection cooling of the pressure vessel. Sufficient water andmore » passive cooling are provided by the pool for many months of shutdown water cooling. The plant piping is double walled, and all paths of radiation escape, including pressure-vessel cracking, are channeled through an on-line cleanup system.« less
Classification of commercial bank loans through policy capturing

Abstract The judgmental policy of a group of national bank examiners in classifying commercial bank loans was identified using stepwise multiple discriminant analyses and was expressed in the form of a linear model. Credit scenarios (which were composed of both financial and non-financial cues) were presented to 24 national bank examiners at the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) in Washington D.C. Each examiner received 20 scenarios and was asked to classify the scenarios in one of the five classifications used by the OCC. Based upon 75% of these observations, a linear discriminant model was developed using stepwise MDA analyses. The remaining observations were used to validate the model developed. Non-financial variables appeared to be important discriminators; the financial variable of industry comparison of the interest coverage ratio using cash flow was an excellent discriminatory variable; and industry comparisons and trends of financial variables appeared to be more important than the variables themselves. The model developed contained two of these variables: (a) an industry comparison of the interest coverage ratio using cash flow and (b) the trend of the debt/equity ratio.
Calculating time-of-flight spectra of post-ionized sputtered neutrals☆

Abstract We have developed a computational approach to estimate the three-dimensional number density distribution of sputtered atoms above a solid target surface. This distribution is a function of pulsed primary ion beam characteristics, such as the time profile of the ion pulse, and the size, shape and current profile of the ion beam spot. The model is also a function of laser post-ionization conditions, namely, the delay time between the end of the ion pulse and the laser shot. The calculations, based on the collision cascade theory of sputtering, are designed to represent accurately the ion cloud produced when sputtered neutrals are photo-ionized. This mathematical framework is important for modeling analytical instruments based on ion sputtering, particularly for pulsed draw out time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry instruments. The output of the calculations is structured for easy input of the derived 3D distribution into ion optics simulation packages. To test the accuracy of the approach, we calculated the number density distribution of Ca atoms sputtered by normal incident 4 keV Ar + ions from a pure Ca target and used the results as input for a SIMION 3D © computer model of an existing TOF instrument. The model was then used to simulate useful yield estimates and TOF mass spectra and to compare them to actual experimental measurements. Good agreement was observed between the model calculations and the experiments. The developed modeling technique has been used to aid in the design of a new TOF MS instrument at Argonne National Laboratory.
Rationality and self-control: the implications for smoking cessation

Abstract This paper clarifies a popular misunderstanding that self-control theory competes with rational addiction to explain a smoker's quitting behavior [Keeler, T.E., Marciniak, M., Hu, T., 1999. Rational addiction and smoking cessation: an empirical study. Journal of Socio-Economics 28 (5), 633–643]. While a smoker's rationality plays a critical role in his decision to quit, whether the quitting will be successful or not is affected by his self-control and other socioeconomic characteristics. The empirical evidence from the CPS Tobacco Use Supplements, a nationally representative sample, are consistent with hypotheses derived from both theories.
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in the United States: a three-year study.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in the United States: A three-year study. This report of the NIH-supported National Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) Registry summarizes data on 7,404 patients treated with CAPD during the three-year period 1981 through 1983, or nearly one-half of patients treated in the USA who were treated with CAPD during this time. While age and diabetes mellitus impact on mortality, they appear to have a limited influence on transfer or infection rate. There were 1.7 episodes of peritonitis, 0.7 exit site/tunnel infections, and 0.3 catheter replacements reported per patient year of observation. Patients averaged 10.2 hospital days per year for CAPD complications and 22.3 hospital days per year for all causes. Comparisons of these data with similar data reported for other therapies are subject to variations in the distribution of population and disease characteristics, as well as the length of the observation period.
Specificl-arginine taste receptor sites in the catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: biochemical and neurophysiological characterization

Abstract We report here the characterization of the arginine binding site(s) and corroborative neurophysiological studies. Binding of l -[3H]arginine to Fraction P2 from taste epithelium was measured by a modification of the method of Krueger and Cagan20. Parameters for measuring maximal binding activity were established for both duration of incubation and pH of medium. At pH 7.8, the apparent single rate constant for association (kobs) at 4°C was 4.72 × 10+5·M−1·min−1. Dissociation was more complex, yielding two rate constants of 1.77·min−1 and 8.34 × 10−3·min−1. These data suggest the presence of two affinity states for l -arganine. The KD values as calculated from the ratio k−1 /k+1 were 1.3 × 10−6 M and 1.8 × 10−8 M. Homologous inhibition studies of l -arginine bindig were not fit by a simple mass action relationship (Hill Coefficient 0.79), but were best fit by a two-site model with IC50 values of 1.6 × 10−6 M for the high affinity state and 9 × 10−4 M for the low affinity state. Multiunit neural recordings examined the stimulatory effectiveness of a number of guanidinium-containing compounds. Compared with l -arginine, only l -arginine methyl ester and l -α-amino-β-guanidino propionic acid ( l -AGPA) were effective stimuli. Cross-adaptation experiments demonstrated that at 10−4 M l -arginine methyl ester, l -AGPA and, to a lesser extent, d -arginine were effective cross-adapting stimuli to 10−6 M l -arginine. In competition binding studies l -arginine methyl ester, l -AGPA and d -arginine also inhibited binding of l -[3H]arginine (10−6 M), but each recognized only one affinity state. Inhibition by the poorly cross-adapting stimuli l -glutamate, glycine and l -alanine occurred only above 10−3 M, indicating that the binding sites for l -arginine are selective. These studies suggest that there are at least two affinity states of l -arginine binding, that the binding sites are specific, and that effective agonists of l -arginine receptors must contain a guanidinium group and an unblocked l -α-amino group.
Sagittal Abdominal Diameter as a New Predictor for Incident Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Obesity, particularly visceral adiposity, is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The commonly used obesity indicators, BMI, waist girth, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), have limited ability to measure the visceral adipose tissue. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) has been shown to predict the amount of visceral fat. So far no study has been published on its ability to predict diabetes occurrence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We assessed and compared the prediction of the four obesity indicators for diabetes incidence in a prospective study based on 5,168 participants from the nationally representative Health 2000 study. RESULTS During a mean follow-up lasting 8.1 years, 222 incident diabetes cases occurred. In multivariate models adjusted for lifestyle factors, BMI, waist girth, WHR, and SAD were significant predictors of diabetes incidence. The relative risks (95% CI) between high and low levels were 15.0 (6.94–32.6), 11.4 (5.39–23.8), 12.5 (6.47–24.2), and 14.7 (6.89–31.2), respectively. Pairwise interaction analysis showed that the co-occurrence of high BMI and high SAD was associated with the highest diabetes incidence, with a relative risk of 37.0 (11.2–122). After adjustment for waist girth and the components of the metabolic syndrome, the relative risk was 9.88 (2.81–34.7). The corresponding population-attributable fraction estimate was 84% (49–95). CONCLUSIONS The combination of SAD and BMI measurements yields a new predictor of diabetes incidence.
PARTHENON: a parallel theorem prover for nonHorn clauses

A parallel resolution theorem prover, called Parthenon, that handles first-order logic is described. Parthenon is apparently the first general-purpose theorem prover to be developed for a multiprocessor. The system is based on a modification of D.H.D. Warren's SRI model (Int. Symp. on Logic Prog., pp.92-101, 1987) for OR-parallelism and implements a variant of D.W. Loveland's (J. ACM, vol.15, pp.236-51, 1968) model elimination procedure. It has been evaluated on various shared memory multiprocessors, including a 16-processor Encore Multimax. The authors have found that typical theorem-proving problems exhibit a great deal of potential parallelism. Parthenon has been able to exploit much of this parallelism, producing both impressive absolute run times and near-linear speed-up curves. >
A Unique “Composite” PTLD with Diffuse Large B-Cell and T/Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Components Occurring 17 Years after Transplant

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) comprises a spectrum ranging from polyclonal hyperplasia to aggressive monoclonal lymphomas. The majority of PTLDs are of B-cell origin while T-cell PTLDs and Hodgkin lymphoma-like PTLDs are uncommon. Here, we report a unique case of a 56-year-old man in whom a lymphoma with two distinct components developed as a duodenal mass seventeen years following a combined kidney-pancreas transplant. This PTLD, which has features not previously reported in the literature, consisted of one component of CD20 positive and EBV negative monomorphic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The other component showed anaplastic morphology, expressed some but not all T-cell markers, failed to express most B-cell markers except for PAX5, and was diffusely EBV positive. Possible etiologies for this peculiar constellation of findings are discussed and the literature reviewed for “composite-like” lymphomas late in the posttransplant setting.
Early parental interactions with and perceptions of multiple birth infants

The perceptions and interactions of mothers and fathers of seven sets of twins and one set of triplets were compared to those of parents of 49 singleton infants. Couples were typically interviewed together three times during the pregnancy and at 1 week and 3 months post-partum. Two-weekly observations of mother-father-infant interactions were conducted after the first postnatal interview. Three major themes were apparent in the interviews--the positive and negative specialness for multiple births, difficulties involved in managing more than one infant, and attachment issues--that were also evident during the observations. Although there were few differences in care-giving and interactive behaviours between the multiple birth and singleton parents, the logistics of caring for more than one infant dictated that multiple birth infants were left alone more and looked at, talked to and held less often. Couples used different strategies to care for their infants, varying in both the extent to which they interacted preferentially with the infants and in the relative involvement of the mother, father and others.
Evaluating correlations in studies of personality and behavior: Beyond the number of significant findings to be expected by chance

When large numbers of statistical tests are computed, such as in broad investigations of personality and behavior, the number of significant findings required before the total can be confidently considered beyond chance is typically unknown. Employing modern software, specially written code, and new procedures, the present article uses three sets of personality data to demonstrate how approximate randomization tests can evaluate (a) the number of significant correlations between a single variable and a large number of other variables, (b) the number of significant correlations between two large sets of variables, and (c) the average size of a large number of effects. Randomization tests can free researchers to fully explore large data sets and potentially have even wider applicability.
On the sample complexity of PAC learning half-spaces against the uniform distribution

We prove an /spl Omega/(d//spl epsiv/+1//spl epsiv/log1//spl delta/) lower bound on the PAC (probably approximately correct) learning sample complexity of learning half-spaces against the uniform distribution on the unit ball in R/sup d/. >
A computer-aided, total quality approach to manufacturing education in engineering

This paper describes an ongoing study in improving entry-level engineering education through the deployment of new teaching and learning tools. We introduce a computer-aided interactive multimedia manufacturing courseware. To improve manufacturing education we need to change not only the process of teaching and learning, but also provide new tools and technology that promote efficient learning and make it widely available and continuously improving. To address this manufacturing education challenge, we are presently designing a program based on a new computer-aided education paradigm that embodies total quality management (TQM) and critical thinking (CT) concepts. An interactive multimedia manufacturing courseware lies at the heart of this new computer-aided education paradigm. The manufacturing engineering multimedia courseware (MEMC) includes: on-line lectures, audiovideo education tools, interactive computer software, on-line assignment and exams, information about faculty, and on-line evaluation tools to obtain users' feedback to enhance teaching. It also makes access available to related academia, industry, and government research and education information through the World Wide Web. In this paper, we briefly review the status of engineering education in the United States and describe the appropriateness of unifying the concepts of TQM and CT. Additionally, we provide details of how these concepts can be used in an educational model.
Giving Preschoolers Choice Increases Sharing Behavior

Young children are remarkably prosocial, but the mechanisms driving their prosociality are not well understood. Here, we propose that the experience of choice is critically tied to the expression of young children's altruistic behavior. Three- and 4-year-olds were asked to allocate resources to an individual in need by making a costly choice (allocating a resource they could have kept for themselves), a noncostly choice (allocating a resource that would otherwise be thrown away), or no choice (following instructions to allocate the resource). We measured subsequent prosociality by allowing children to then allocate new resources to a new individual. Although the majority of children shared with the first individual, children who were given costly alternatives shared more with the new individual. Results are discussed in terms of a prosocial-construal hypothesis, which suggests that children rationally infer their prosociality through the process of making difficult, autonomous choices.
Application of Similarity Technology in Transformers State Early Warning

This paper presents the application of similarity mining technology in transformers state early warning. Depending on the complexity of power transformer characteristics, similarity mining technology provides a transformer fault diagnosis model based on mass data. The analysis of historical data based on a large number of operating states is the foundation of the transformer normal state model which is derived by similarity mining technology. This paper describes the modeling process and the application of early warning in detail. The model also can be improved in diagnostic effect by rich training samples. The example also demonstrates the effectiveness of this method.
Stewart's Wilt Reactions of an International Collection of Zea mays Germ Plasm Inoculated with Erwinia stewartii.

Maize accessions were evaluated in 1997, 1998, and 1999 to identify additional sources of Stewart's wilt resistance and to determine if reactions differed among accessions collected from various regions of the United States and throughout the world. The distributions of Stewart's wilt reactions rated from 1 (no appreciable spread of symptoms) to 9 (dead plants) were relatively similar among groups of accessions from all regions of the world except for those from the Mid-Atlantic/Ohio River Valley region of the United States, the southern United States, and the northeastern United States. The mean and median Stewart's wilt rating for 1,991 accessions evaluated in 1997 was 4. The mean Stewart's wilt rating for 245 accessions collected from the Mid-Atlantic/Ohio River Valley region was 3.1, which was significantly lower than that for accessions from all other regions. The mean rating for accessions from the southern United States was 3.7, which also was lower than mean ratings for accessions from all other regions. Ratings from trials in 1997 and 1998 were highly correlated (r = 0.87) for 292 accessions and 15 sweet corn hybrid checks evaluated in both years. Of 20 accessions rated below 2 in 1997 and 1998, seven were from Virginia, seven were from the Ohio River Valley or central Corn Belt of the United States, four were from the northern or western Corn Belt of the United States, and two were from Spain. Ratings for these accessions ranged from 1.7 to 3.1 in 1999. Ratings ranged from 2.6 to 3.7 for F1 hybrids of these accessions crossed with one of two susceptible sweet corn inbreds, CrseW30 or Crse16, which were rated 5.7 and 5.4, respectively. Based on the reactions of this collection of germ plasm, it appears that high levels of Stewart's wilt resistance are prevalent only among accessions collected from areas where the disease has been endemic for several years, whereas moderate levels of resistance can be found in accessions collected from nearly everywhere in the world.
MHC Class II Transactivator Inhibits IL-4 Gene Transcription by Competing with NF-AT to Bind the Coactivator CREB Binding Protein (CBP)/p300

The MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) activates the expression of multiple genes involved in Ag presentation, but inhibits Th2-type cytokine production, including IL-4, during Th1 cell differentiation. Th1 cells derived from CIITA-deficient mice produce both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, and the introduction of CIITA to Th2 cells down-regulates Th2-type cytokine gene transcription. Here we show that the IL-4 promoter is regulated by multiple protein-protein interactions among CIITA, NF-AT, and coactivator CBP/p300. The introduction of CBP/p300 and NF-AT enhances the IL-4 promoter activity, and this activation was repressed by CIITA. Furthermore, our data show that CIITA competes with NF-AT to bind CBP/p300 and that this competition dramatically influences transcriptional activation of the IL-4 promoter. We identified two domains of CIITA that interact with two distinct domains of CBP/p300 that are also recognized by NF-AT. CIITA mutants that retain the ability to interact with CBP/p300 are sufficient to inhibit NF-AT-mediated IL-4 gene expression.
metasim 1.0: an individual-based environment for simulating population genetics of complex population dynamics

metasim provides a flexible environment in which to perform individual-based population genetic simulations. A wide range of landscape-level dynamics, population structures, and within-population demographies can be represented using the framework implemented in this software. In addition, temporal variation in all demographic characteristics can be simulated, both deterministically and stochastically. Such simulations can be used to produce null distributions of genotypes under realistic conditions. These genotypic data can then be used by a variety of analytical programs to develop null expectations of any population genetic statistic estimated from genotypic data.
Visualize your robot with your eyes closed: A multi-modal interactive approach using environmental feedback

In this paper, we discuss an approach for enabling students with a visual impairment (VI) to validate the program sequence of a robotic system operating in the real world. We introduce a method that enables the person with VI to feel their robot's movement as well as the environment in which the robot is traveling. The design includes a human-robot interaction framework that utilizes multi-modal feedback to transfer the environmental perception to a human user with VI. Haptic feedback and auditory feedback are selected as primary methods for user interaction. Using this multi-modal sensory feedback approach, participants are taught to program their own robot to accomplish varying navigation tasks. We discuss and analyze the implementation of the method as deployed during two summer camps for middle-school students with visual impairment.