cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expectations and Dynamic Stability in Economic Models

In all economic models for which events unfold over time, the issue of dynamic stability is fundamental. If there is no technological uncertainty, it is natural to consider the subset of dynamic paths with self-fulfilling price expectations, i.e., those paths for which expected and actual prices are equal at every instant of time. In competitive models such perfect foresight paths satisfy Samuelson’s necessary conditions for dynamic efficiency and hence are of special significance.
Investigating extreme event loading on coastal bridges using wireless sensor technology

Coastal infrastructure, such as bridges, are susceptible to many forms of coastal hazards: particularly hurricane surge and wave loading. These two forms of loading can cause catastrophic damage to aging highway infrastructure. It is estimated that storm damage costs the United States about $50 Billion per year. In light of this, it is crucial that we understand the damaging forces placed on infrastructure during storm events so that we can develop safer and more resilient coastal structures. This paper presents the ongoing research to enable the efficient collection of extreme event loads acting on both the substructure and superstructure of low clearance, simple span, reinforced concrete bridges. Bridges of this type were commonly constructed during the 1950’s and 60’s and are particularly susceptible to deck unseating caused by hurricane surge and wave loading. The sensing technology used to capture this data must be ruggedized to survive in an extremely challenging environment, be designed to allow for redundancy in the event of sensors or other network components being lost in the storm, and be relatively low cost to allow for more bridges to be instrumented per storm event. The prototype system described in this paper includes wireless technology, rapid data transmission, and, for the sensors, self-contained power. While this specific application focuses on hurricane hazards, the framework can be extended to include other natural hazards.
Characterization of aggregates of recombinant human factor VIII by size‐exclusion chromatography and immunoassay

The presence of aggregates of Factor VIII (FVIII) was assessed for a highly purified form (rFVIII) and for the formulated preparation containing human serum albumin (rFVIIIf). Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) on Sepharose CL-6B and TSK 4000 matrices under native conditions revealed < 1% aggregates of FVIII in either rFVIII or rFVIIIf, as determined by FVIII immunoassay of chromatographic fractions. No degradation products were observed. The immunoassay was capable of detecting FVIII immunoreactivity to levels of approximately 5 ng/ml. Overlap of FVIII clotting (FVIII:c) and immunoassay (FVIII:cAg) activities was observed for SEC fractions. Heat stressing of rFVIIIf (47.5 degrees C for 24 h) resulted in a quantitative increase in FVIII-positive material in the void volume of a TSK 4000 column, demonstrating that aggregates of FVIII can be produced and detected by this method. We conclude that aggregates of FVIII in rFVIII and rFVIIIf constitute < or = 1% by the method described.
Abstract 2835: Potential opposing roles of AKT isoforms in indolent versus aggressive prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer and the second highest contributor to cancer-related deaths in U.S. men. Localized CaP has a 5-year survival rate of approximately 100%, but disseminated, metastatic disease (mCaP) dramatically reduces 5-year survival to Citation Format: Karina A. Miller, Hyun-Kyung Ko, Irwin H. Gelman. Potential opposing roles of AKT isoforms in indolent versus aggressive prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2835. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2835
First-Principles Simulation of the (Li–Ni–Vacancy)O Phase Diagram and Its Relevance for the Surface Phases in Ni-Rich Li-Ion Cathode Materials

Despite several reports on the surface phase transformations from a layered to a disordered spinel and a rock-salt structure at the surface of the Ni-rich cathodes, the precise structures and compositions of these surface phases are unknown. The phenomenon, in itself, is complex and involves the participation of several contributing factors. Of these factors, transition metal (TM) ion migration toward the interior of the particle and hence formation of TM-densified surface layers, triggered by oxygen loss, is thermodynamically probable. Here, we simulate the thermodynamic phase equilibria as a function of TM ion content in the cathode material in the context of lithium nickel oxides, using a combined approach of first-principles density functional calculations, the cluster expansion method, and grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. We developed a unified lattice Hamiltonian that accommodates not only rock-salt like structures but also topologically different spinel-like structures. Also, our model prov...
Performance Based Seismic Design of Tall Buildings

An overview of current performance based methodologies utilized for design of tall buildings is presented. The reasons why common prescriptive code provisions are incapable of addressing the needs of tall building design engineers are explained. The performance objectives commonly associated with tall building design are identified and the evolution of current component-based performance objectives to a more rigorous and fully probabilistic approach to performance based design is discussed. Modeling and acceptance criteria associated with various performance based design guidelines are explained and special issues such as selection and scaling of ground motion records, soil-foundation-structure interaction issues, and seismic instrumentation and peer review needs are elaborated on.
A Vibrational Rotational Strength of Extraordinary Intensity. Azidomethemoglobin A

The asymmetric stretching vibration of the N3 - group in azidomethemoglobin A (azidometHb A) exhibits a vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) band (Fig. 1) of extraordinary and unprecedented intensity. Its rotational strength is three orders of magnitude greater than any heretofore noted. Integration of the VCD band gives a vibrational rotational strength (per tetramer) of 3 × 10 -40 (esu cm)2, a value typical for the electronic rotational strengths associated with the n → π* transition in saturated ketones.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene in 7- and 9-Year-Old Children and Their Mothers in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas Cohort.

We report longitudinal serum concentrations of select persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in children at ages 7 and 9 years and in their mothers prenatally and again when the children were 9 years old. The participating families were enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS), a longitudinal birth cohort study of low-income Hispanic families residing in the Salinas Valley, California. We observed decreasing concentrations in the mothers with year of serum collection (2009 vs 2011) for six out of seven polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners and for 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (CB-99; p < 0.05). The 9-year-old children had similarly decreasing serum concentrations of all seven PBDE congeners, CB-99, and 2,2′,3,4,4′,5′- and 2,3,3′,4,4′,6-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-138/158) with year of serum collection (2009 vs 2011; p < 0.05). In mixed effect models accounting for weight gain as the children aged from 7 to 9 years, we observed an annual decrease (...
Lasers, penguins, and polar bears: Novel outreach and education approaches for NASA's ICESat-2 mission

Abstract NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat-2), to be launched in 2018, will measure the height of Earth from space using lasers, collecting the most precise and detailed account yet of our planet's elevation. The mission will allow scientists to investigate how global warming is changing the planet's icy polar regions and to take stock of Earth's vegetation. ICESat-2's emphasis on polar ice, as well as its unique measurement approach, will provide an intriguing and accessible focus for the mission's education and outreach programs. Sea ice and land ice are areas that have experienced significant change in recent years. It is key to communicate why we are measuring these areas and their importance. ICESat-2 science data will provide much-needed answers to climate change questions such as, “Is the ice really melting in the polar regions?” and “What does studying Earth's frozen regions tell us about our changing climate?” In this paper, lessons-learned and novel techniques for engaging and educating all audiences in the mission will be discussed, such as including results of a unique collaboration with art design school the Savannah College of Art Design (SCAD) to create fun and exciting products such as animated characters and interactive stories. Future collaborations with wildlife researchers, a new citizen science program in collaboration with GLOBE, and evidence from other STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Math) education approaches will also be detailed in this paper.
Robot-assisted smartphone localization for human indoor tracking

Abstract Smartphone-based human indoor localization was previously implemented using wireless sensor networks at the cost of sensing infrastructure deployment. Motivated by increasing research attention on location-aware human–robot interaction, we propose a robot-assisted human indoor localization scheme utilizing acoustic ranging between a self-localized mobile robot and smartphones. Data from the low-cost Kinect vision sensor are fused with smartphone-based acoustic ranging, and an extended Kalman filter based localization algorithm is developed for real-time dynamic position estimation and tracking. Real robot–smartphone experiments are performed, and performances are evaluated in various indoor environments under different environmental noises and with different human walking speed. Comparing to existing indoor smartphone localization methods, the proposed system does not rely on wireless sensing infrastructure, and has comparable localization accuracy with increased flexibility and scalability due to the mobility of the robot.
Understanding the Workplace Interactions of Young Adult Cancer Survivors With Occupational and Environmental Health Professionals.

Work provides satisfaction and stability to young adult cancer survivors. However, progressive health changes because of cancer may compromise safety and diminish functional ability. The purpose of...
The Effects of Noncontingent Music and Response Interruption and Redirection on Vocal Stereotypy.

Vocal stereotypy is a commonly occurring challenging behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is frequently maintained by automatic reinforcement and often interferes with skill acquisition. Matched stimulation (MS), and response interruption and redirection (RIRD) are two interventions that have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the occurrence of vocal stereotypy with participants with ASD. The current study sought to determine if the combination of MS (noncontingent music) and RIRD was more effective at reducing vocal stereotypy than RIRD alone and if the parents of children with ASD found the combination of MS and RIRD more socially valid than RIRD alone. The results suggested that the combined intervention resulted in greater suppression of vocal stereotypy and increased occurrences of on-task behavior in both participants. Additionally, RIRD required fewer implementations and had a shorter duration when combined with MS. Results suggest that the combination of MS and RIRD may be an effective intervention outside of highly controlled settings.
Reversible Phase Transitions in the Phospholipid Monolayer

The polymorphism of phospholipid monolayers has been extensively studied because of its importance in surface thermodynamics, soft matter physics, and biomembranes. To date, the phase behavior of phospholipid monolayers has been nearly exclusively studied with the classical Langmuir-type film balance. However, because of experimental artifacts caused by film leakage, the Langmuir balance fails to study the reversibility of two-dimensional surface phase transitions. We have developed a novel experimental methodology called the constrained drop surfactometry capable of providing a leakage-proof environment, thus allowing reversibility studies of two-dimensional surface phase transitions. Using dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as a model system, we have studied the reversibility of isothermal and isobaric phase transitions in the monolayer. It is found that not only the compression and expansion isotherms but also the heating and cooling isobars, completely superimpose with each other without hysteresis. Microscopic lateral structures of the DPPC monolayer also show reversibility not only during the isothermal compression and expansion processes but also during the isobaric heating and cooling processes. It is concluded that the two-dimensional surface phase transitions in phospholipid monolayers are reversible, which is consistent with the reversibility of phase transitions in bulk pure substances. Our results provide a better understanding of surface thermodynamics, phase change materials, and biophysical studies of membranes and pulmonary surfactants.
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor confers resistance to the antiproliferative effect of interferon-alpha.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encodes a 442 amino acid polypeptide-desig-nated viral interferon regulatory factor (vIRF) that displays homology to members of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family that bind to consensus interferon sequences and transactivate cellular genes that can modulate growth inhibition. Studies were conducted to determine whether vIRF affects the growth suppression mediated by interferon-α (IFN-α) in a human B lymphocyte cell line. The human B lymphocyte cell line Daudi, which is sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of IFN-α, was stably transfected to express vIRF, and the proliferative response of vIRF expressing cells to IFN-α was compared with controls. The effect of vIRF on IRF-1 transactivation was analyzed by co-transfection of an IFN-±-responsive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter and expression plasmids encoding IRF-1 and vIRF. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were conducted to determine whether vIRF interferes with the DNA binding activity of IRF-1. Daudi human B lymphocyte cells expressing vIRF were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of IFN-α, whereas wild-type Daudi or Daudi cells transformed with vector DNA were growth inhibited by IFN-α. The activation of an interferon-responsive reporter by IFN-α or IRF-1 was repressed by expression of vIRF. IRF-1 DNA binding activity was unaffected by vIRF, and vIRF alone did not bind to the interferon consensus sequence. These studies revealed that vERF functions to inhibit interferon-mediated growth control of a human B lymphocyte cell line by targeting IRF-1 transactivation of interferon-inducible genes. Since KSHV is a B lymphotropic herpesvirus associated with two forms of B lymphocyte neoplasms, these effects of vIRF likely contribute to B cell oncogenesis associated with KSHV infection.
Generalized scans and tri-diagonal systems

The classical problem of solving tridiagonal linear systems of equations is reconsidered. An extremely simple factorization of the system's matrix — implied by but not explicit in the known techniques — is identified and shown to belong to a class of transformations termed generalized scans. This class has an associative property which is the key to the complete parallelization of the technique. Due to the very weak constraints upon which it is based, the method extends naturally to arbitrary banded systems.
Ways of Knowing and Models of Writing

There are two tiers of purposes or two stories in this book. On one level, I am trying to explain models and the study of writing using specific examples from work on revision by locating their epistemological views relative to two well-anchored positions on knowledge and ways of knowing. On a second level, by explicating the views of knowledge and knowing through illustrations of my own thinking and scholarly work as a student of writing and revision, I chronicle the ways in which my own views have changed.
Disasters from a Public Health Perspective

Throughout this book we have offered two models. Grounding our thinking in the rich literature that over the past few decades has refined our conceptualization of disasters; we used a unique database both to inform the models and to provide evidence that each of the models is consistent with on-the-ground realities. The models are by design flexible enough to accommodate the heterogeneity of hazards, vulnerabilities, and behaviors observed in a range of disaster experiences. It is our intention that the two models proposed might be useful to frame how we think about population health interventions that target the proximate and long-term causes and consequences of disasters.
Synthesis of Cyclopropenes

The synthesis of cyclopropenes (in vacuo) using reagents adsorbed on inert surfaces to effect elimination reactions has been investigated. A superior route to very unstable cyclopropenes makes application of the ability of 2-functionalized cyclopropylsilanes to undergo facile s-elimination in the presence of fluoride. Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride deposited on glass helices has been used to generate bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-(l,7)-ene, bicyclo[5.1.0]oct-(l,8)-ene, and several simple cyclopropenes, including cyclopropene itself, under conditions which allow spectroscopic characterization at low temperature.
Canine Perianal Fistulas: Clinical Presentation, Pathogenesis, and Management

Canine perianal fistulas are painful sinus tracts and ulcers that spontaneously develop in the skin around the anus. Middle-aged German shepherd dogs are most commonly affected and may have a genetic susceptibility. Although the disease was once believed related to conformational factors and primarily managed surgically, an immune-mediated pathogenesis is now recognized. Long-term medical management with immunomodulatory agents has become standard of care for canine perianal fistulas. Perianal fistulas can be debilitating and have a negative impact on quality of life of dogs and owners. Accurate diagnosis and aggressive medical therapy are key to successful management of canine perianal fistulas.
K⁺ and Rb⁺ Affinities of the Na,K-ATPase α₁ and α₂ Isozymes: An Application of ICP-MS for Quantification of Na⁺ Pump Kinetics in Myofibers.

The potassium affinities of Na,K-ATPase isozymes are important determinants of their physiological roles in skeletal muscle. This study measured the apparent K+ and Rb+ affinities of the Na,K-ATPase α1 and α2 isozymes in intact, dissociated myofibers obtained from WT and genetically altered mice (α1S/Sα2R/R and skα2−/−). It also validates a new method to quantify cations in intact, dissociated myofibers, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our findings were that: (1) The extracellular substrate sites of Na,K-ATPase bind Rb+ and K+ with comparable apparent affinities; however; turnover rate is reduced when Rb+ is the transported ion; (2) The rate of Rb+ uptake by the Na,K-ATPase is not constant but declines with a half-time of approximately 1.5 min; (3) The apparent K+ affinity of the α2 isozymes for K+ is significantly lower than α1. When measured in intact fibers of WT and α1S/Sα2R/R mice in the presence of 10 µM ouabain; the K1/2,K of α1 and α2 isozymes are 1.3 and 4 mM, respectively. Collectively, these results validate the single fiber model for studies of Na,K-ATPase transport and kinetic constants, and they imply the existence of mechanisms that dynamically limit pump activity during periods of active transport.
The Gulf of Mexico and ENSO Influence on Subseasonal and Seasonal CONUS Winter Tornado Variability

AbstractEl Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) influence winter tornado variability and significant tornado (EF2+, where EF is the enhanced Fujita scale) environments. Inc...
Sympathetic responding to unconditioned stimuli predicts subsequent threat expectancy, orienting, and visuocortical bias in human aversive Pavlovian conditioning.

Abstract Threat expectancy is the ability to predict an aversive outcome. What is not known is the influence of initial threat responding on the acquisition of verbal, attentional and perceptual biases towards conditioned threat cues. This study evaluated the extent to which initial unconditioned stimulus (UCS) responding was related to trial-by-trial self-reported expectancy, sensory processing (visuocortical EEG) and orienting (heart rate deceleration) to threat cues during extinction learning. Participants (n = 38) viewed oriented Gabor gratings, associated with the presence (CS+) or absence (CS-) of a 96 dB white noise (UCS), flickering at 12 Hz to elicit steady state visually evoked potentials (ssVEPs). Multivariate multiple regression revealed greater initial UCS skin conductance responding to predict extinction responding: enhanced visuocortical discrimination, greater heart rate deceleration to CS+, and greater threat expectancy endorsements. These results suggest that the motivational intensity of initial threat reactivity (sympathetic UCS responding) drives learning-induced defensive dispositions across multiple response systems.
Fast Mode Decision In Hevc Intra Prediction, Using Region Wise CNN Feature Classification

The computational time of HEVC encoder is increased mainly because of hierarchical quadtree based structure, recursive search for finding best coding units (CU), and the exhaustive prediction mode search upto 35. These advances improve coding efficiency but result in a high computational complexity. Therefore we propose \quad a convolutional neural network (CNN) based algorithm which learns the regionwise image features and performs a classification job. These classification results are later used in the encoder downstream systems for finding the optimal CUs in each of the tree blocks, and subsequently reduces number of prediction modes. For ourmodel training, we gathered a new dataset which includes diverse images for better generalization of our results. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm reduces encoder time saving up to 66.89 % with a minimal BD-BR loss of 1.31% over the state-of-the-art machine learning approaches and reduces mode selection by 45.83 % with respect to HEVC baseline.
Direct and photon-assisted tunneling in resonant-cavity quantum-well light-emitting transistors

Tunneling in a transistor is a critical quantum process toward the next-generation, energy-efficient, high-speed data transfer for both electrical and optical communications. In this work, resonant-cavity quantum-well light-emitting transistors with tunneling collector junctions are designed and fabricated. Three distinctive tunneling mechanisms are clearly identified by the transistor optical output family curves, namely, electron direct tunneling (DT) from collector to base, electron DT from base to collector, and intra-cavity photon-assisted electron tunneling from base to collector. The device operations under both direct and photon-assisted tunneling are explained in detail by the intra-cavity quantum transition of electron-hole pair to photon dynamics. The tunnel junction and the corresponding carrier tunneling injection suggest the possibility of utilizing tunneling to achieve high-speed optoelectronics operations.Tunneling in a transistor is a critical quantum process toward the next-generation, energy-efficient, high-speed data transfer for both electrical and optical communications. In this work, resonant-cavity quantum-well light-emitting transistors with tunneling collector junctions are designed and fabricated. Three distinctive tunneling mechanisms are clearly identified by the transistor optical output family curves, namely, electron direct tunneling (DT) from collector to base, electron DT from base to collector, and intra-cavity photon-assisted electron tunneling from base to collector. The device operations under both direct and photon-assisted tunneling are explained in detail by the intra-cavity quantum transition of electron-hole pair to photon dynamics. The tunnel junction and the corresponding carrier tunneling injection suggest the possibility of utilizing tunneling to achieve high-speed optoelectronics operations.
Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) scavenging: A possible alternate dietary substrate

ABSTRACT Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) are insectivores that consume mainly insects found within trees but may also feed on seeds and small vertebrates. On rare, isolated occasions...
An Allosteric Network for Spliceosome Activation Revealed by High-Throughput Suppressor Analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Selection of suppressor mutations that correct growth defects caused by substitutions in an RNA or protein can reveal functionally important molecular structures and interactions in living cells. This approach is particularly useful for the study of complex biological pathways involving many macromolecules, such as premessenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. When a sufficiently large number of suppressor mutations is obtained and structural information is available, it is possible to generate detailed models of molecular function. However, the laborious and expensive task of identifying suppressor mutations in whole-genome selections limits the utility of this approach. Here I show that a custom targeted sequencing panel can greatly accelerate the identification of suppressor mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. Using a panel that targets 112 genes encoding pre-mRNA splicing factors, I identified 27 unique mutations in six protein-coding genes that each overcome the cold-sensitive block to spliceosome activation caused by a substitution in U4 small nuclear RNA. When mapped to existing structures of spliceosomal complexes, the identified suppressors implicate specific molecular contacts between the proteins Brr2, Prp6, Prp8, Prp31, Sad1, and Snu114 as functionally important in an early step of catalytic activation of the spliceosome. This approach shows great promise for elucidating the allosteric cascade of molecular interactions that direct accurate and efficient pre-mRNA splicing and should be broadly useful for understanding the dynamics of other complex biological assemblies or pathways.
Applications to probability

Probability and statistics are the central components of many ideas in science and industry. The goal of this chapter is not to give a general introduction to probability, but to give a taste for how generating functions can unlock probabilistic results for combinatorial problems. In this chapter we will explore how the mean and variance of probability distributions can be extracted from generating functions, with sometimes surprising results about the behavior of “random" combinatorial models.
Children’s moral judgments about psychological harm: Links among harm salience, victims’ vulnerability, and child sympathy

Abstract This study examined 106 5- and 6-year-olds’ (M = 5.84 years, SD = 0.62) judgments and justifications about psychological harm (e.g., acts such as teasing or excluding others) assessed in three experimental harm salience conditions (highly salient harm, less salient harm, and no harm) crossed with two victims’ vulnerability conditions (typical child and vulnerable child). We also examined interactions between these features and parent and child ratings of sympathy. Children evaluated highly salient harm as more unacceptable, more punishable, and more wrong independent of authority and as resulting in victims’ more negative emotions than less salient harm and, in turn, no harm. Children reasoned about others’ welfare most for highly salient harm stories, whereas children reasoned about less salient harm stories as involving moral and non-moral concerns. In considering victims’ vulnerability, children evaluated harm done to typical victims as more wrong than harm done to vulnerable victims. Higher levels of child-reported sympathy were associated with ratings of transgressions as more unacceptable and wrong independent of authority, but only for less salient harm stories. The results demonstrate children’s ability to incorporate different features of psychological harm into their moral judgments and highlight the importance of child sympathy in their understanding of more nuanced forms of harm.
Disclosure Strategies and Shareholder Litigation Risk

Using a large set of restatement announcements and regulatory filings by U.S.-listed firms between 2003 and 2009, we find evidence that managers aim to reduce litigation risk by (1) bundling negative information, such as earnings restatements, with other public announcements, and (2) leaking negative information prior to announcements. We use a major 2005 Supreme Court decision requiring that plaintiffs link the revelation of negative information to a statistically significant stock price decline as a natural experiment: after the decision, managers increasingly act opportunistically to obfuscate the negative effects of a restatement by increasing how much they bundle and leak information.
Increases in Subdural Hematoma with an Aging Population-the Future of American Cerebrovascular Disease

Background Subdural hematomas (SDHs) are a common and dangerous condition, with potential for a rapid rise in incidence given the aging U.S. population, but the magnitude of this increase is unknown. Our objective was to characterize the number of SDHs and practicing neurosurgeons from 2003–2016 and project these numbers to 2040. Methods Using the National Inpatient Sample years 2003–2016 (nearly 500 million hospitalizations), all hospitalizations with a diagnosis of SDH were identified and grouped by age. Numerical estimates of SDHs were projected to 2040 in 10-year increments for each age group using Poisson modeling with population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. The number of neurosurgeons who billed the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services from 2012 to 2017 was noted and linearly projected to 2040. Results From 2020–2040, SDH volume is expected to increase by 78.3%, from 135,859 to 208,212. Most of this increase will be seen in the elderly, as patients 75–84 years old will experience an increase from 37,941 to 69,914 and patients older than 85 years old will experience an increase from 31,200 to 67,181. The number of neurosurgeons is projected to increase from 4675 in 2020 to 6252 in 2040. Conclusions SDH is expected to increase significantly from 2020–2040, with the majority of this increase being concentrated in elderly patients. While the number of neurosurgeons will also increase, the ability of current neurosurgical resources to properly handle this expected increase in SDH will need to be addressed on a national scale.
Relationships Between Math Performance and Human Judgments of Motivational Constructs in an Online Math Tutoring System

This paper explores how early grade school students’ math performance relates to human ratings of students’ affect, identity, and social awareness based on the content of messages to an online tutoring system avatar. There is an expanding body of research which investigates connections between these features and success in mathematics. This study used principle component analysis to identify four components related to motivational constructs. These components were examined using correlations with mathematics performance at three difficulty levels. Data from 572 students were examined, with results indicating little to no links between human judgments of motivational constructs and math performance. These findings have implications for how motivational constructs in math are evaluated and how they can predict mathematics performance.
StALKing Histiocytosis: ALK-Positive Histiocytosis Identified through Peripheral Blood Smear.

The histiocytoses are a rare, heterogeneous group of disorders defined by proliferation of histiocytes in numerous organs, including the skin, bone marrow, liver, bone, and/or other organs [1]. Classification systems have evolved over time, and there are now five groups, defined by cell of origin, molecular mutations, and clinical behavior [1]. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is the most common disorder in this category, is confirmed with histologic expression of CD1a and CD207, and most commonly affects bone and skin. Non-LCH disorders, of which there are many, and of which may include overlapping pathologic or clinical features, include Erdheim-Chester disease, juvenile xanthogranuloma, Rosai-Dorfman syndrome, malignant histiocytoses, and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), among others [1]. Molecular features are increasingly recognized in the histiocytoses: BRAF mutations and MAPK pathway alterations are the most commonly identified mutations in this group of disorders [2]. However, the significant variability in presentation, histology, molecular findings, and clinical behavior make these disorders challenging for the clinician.
Neighborhood social environment and changes in leukocyte telomere length: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Abstract Given limited research on the impact of neighborhood environments on accelerated biological aging, we examined whether changes in neighborhood socioeconomic and social conditions were associated with change in leukocyte telomere length using 10 years of longitudinal data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (years 2000–2011; N = 1031; mean age = 61, SD = 9.4). Leukocyte telomere length change was corrected for regression to the mean and neighborhood was defined as census tract. Neighborhood socioeconomic indicators (factor-based score of income, education, occupation, and wealth of neighborhood) and neighborhood social environment indicators (aesthetic quality, social cohesion, safety) were obtained from the U.S Census/American Community Survey and via study questionnaire, respectively. Results of linear mixed-effects models showed that independent of individual sociodemographic characteristics, each unit of improvement in neighborhood socioeconomic status was associated with slower telomere length attrition over 10-years (β = 0.002; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.0001, 0.004); whereas each unit of increase in safety (β = −0.043; 95% CI: -0.069, −0.016) and overall neighborhood social environment score (β = -0.005; 95% CI: -0.009, −0.0004) were associated with more pronounced telomere attrition, after additionally adjusting for neighborhood socioeconomic status. This study provides support for considerations of the broader social and socioeconomic contexts in relation to biological aging. Future research should explore potential psychosocial mechanisms underlying these associations using longitudinal study designs with repeated observations.
STEM Integration for High School Mathematics Teachers

The discipline of mathematics in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) integration has not yet been consistently connected in a clear way for a large amount of high school mathematics teacher to implement STEM integration well. In response to this I have proposed a focus on integrated steM education; the integration of STEM subjects with an explicit focus on mathematics. There are benefits to integrated steM education in a mathematics classroom including increased motivation, interest, and achievement for students. Integrated steM integration can also prepare students with the needed proficiencies and knowledge bases to be productive and impactful members of society. This article discusses three methods that high school mathematics teachers can utilize for integrated steM education. By focusing on open-ended problems through engineering design challenges, mathematical modeling, and mathematics integrated with technology high school students are more likely to see mathematics as meaningful and valuable. Examples of each method are discussed along with common instructional elements among the methods.
Update on Injury Epidemiology in Rowing: Our experience with Female NCAA Division I Athletes and A Systematic Review of the Literature.

(1) To report the distribution of injuries per body site and time lost from participation in female NCAA Division I rowers (2) To present an updated summary of the existing evidence regarding the a...
Confidential marketing in seasoned equity offers

Abstract Confidentially marketed public offers (CMPOs) represent a popular innovation in the market for seasoned equity offers (SEO) despite large negative announcement reactions. We find that CMPOs are often used by small firms with negative operating cash flows to raise a relatively substantial amount of capital, which is used largely for R&D intensive investments. We argue that the confidential marketing associated with CMPOs has made them a popular way for small firms to make fast-paced public offers, which are known to have reduced price pressure, while sidestepping the problem of inelastic demand. These firms are willing to trade off more negative announcement reactions for the chance to privately assess their prospects for raising capital.
Commanding Curiosity from the Couch: MSL Remote Operations, Challenges, and Path Ahead

This paper describes how the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) project prepared for and successfully began Curiosity rover Mars operations from their homes in response to the COVID-19 work-from-home orders. In a very short period, the team developed procedures and executed a remote operations readiness test in parallel with the team's support for nominal operations. Continuing regular rover operations with an entirely remote team had not previously been considered feasible due to a variety of factors. These included both the human factors, such as multiple concurrent person-to-person interactions of the uplink planning team, as well as technical factors, such as reliance on powerful workstations dedicated to graphically intensive software tools used for planning. The test was conducted on March 12, 2020, with both the downlink and uplink teams successfully simulating a near full planning day. The JPL administration announced the transition to mandatory telework on Monday, March 16. MSL stood down the uplink planning originally scheduled for the next day while downlink continued monitoring the rover. Full operations then resumed per schedule with nearly the entire operations team teleworking on Friday, March 20, during which the team planned rover activities for three Martian days (sols). These activities included the successful drilling of the “Edinburgh” rock target, a highly complex robotic arm contact science activity. As of October 1, 2020, the Mars Science Laboratory mission operations team has conducted 88 remote tactical uplink shifts for a total of 190 sols of planned rover activity, which accounts for more than 6% of the mission to date. In this period the rover has completed four drilling campaigns and driven over 1160 meters towards its next major science target – a sulfate bearing geologic unit at the foot of Mount Sharp. Success has not been without its challenges. Many of these have been addressed while others will remain in some form until the team can safely return to JPL, which in turn is the largest challenge for the future.
Energy storage by reversible electrodialysis: The concentration battery

Abstract Reverse electrodialysis has long been recognized as a tool for harnessing free energy from salinity gradients but has received little attention for its potential in energy storage applications. Here we present the experimental and modeled performance of a rechargeable electrodialytic battery system developed for the purpose of energy storage. Experimental round-trip energy efficiency ranged from 21.2% to 34.0% when cycling the system between 33% and 40–90% state of charge. A mass transport model based on chemical thermodynamics is also proposed to describe the system's performance. Results indicate that, upon model calibration, the model effectively predicts experimental values. Experimental and modeled results suggest that the membrane resistance and osmosis are the primary sources of ohmic and faradaic energy losses, respectively. The results demonstrate that a functioning battery can be constructed using typical reverse electrodialysis stack components. Future improvements in membrane technology and optimization of the system chemistry offer promising avenues to improve the power density, energy density, and round-trip energy efficiency of the process.
Chapter 11 – Propylene Epoxidation by O2 + H2 over Au Nanoparticles on Ti-Nanoporous Supports

Publisher Summary Production of propylene oxide in a single step with no side products has been a long-sought industrial target. While a liquid-phase H2O2/TS-1-based route appears to be imminent, due to handling problems and cost associated with H2O2, researchers have also focused on propylene epoxidation using H2 and O2 over Au/Ti catalysts. Au nanoparticles on mesoporous and nanoporous Ti supports are promising due to their remarkable stability and commercially interesting activity, but significant improvements in H2 efficiency are desired for commercialization. This chapter summarizes the advances in propylene epoxidation using H2 and O2 over Au/TS-1 and Au/Ti-mesoporous supports. Implications of several interesting findings, such as Au particle size and support effects, effect of catalyst pretreatments, effect of gas-phase additives and catalyst promoters, reaction kinetics, and mechanistic insights from quantum chemical calculations, are discussed. A benefit of the catalysts discussed is that many of them delay the propylene oxide (PO) degradation until higher temperatures are reached, thus allowing higher temperatures to enhance PO desorption and avoiding fouling by PO oligomerization. The temperature at which the maximum PO rate occurs is, therefore, a characterization parameter that can be important in the search for higher performance.
Island Dynamics and Level Set Methods for Continuum Modeling of Epitaxial Growth

Molecular Beam Epitaxy is a method for growing atomically thin films of material. During epitaxial growth, atoms are deposited on a surface, where they hop randomly until attaching at the edges of partially completed atomic monolayers. This process has practical application to the fabrication of high speed semiconductor electronic devices.
Arbitrage in closed-end funds: New evidence

Arbitrage pressures that could equalize closed-end fund share prices with fund portfolio values appear to be largely absent in an extensive data set. Observed fund behavior violates the static arbitrage bounds of Gemmill and Thomas (2002) and is inconsistent with the dynamic arbitrage bounds of Pontiff (1996). Furthermore, Fama and French (1992) regressions run on arbitrage portfolios designed to profit from closed-end fund mispricings generate excess returns that are either significantly negative or insignificantly different from zero, suggesting that arbitrageurs lack a profit incentive. If arbitrage is absent, observed fund pricing behavior likely reflects changing investor sentiment about fund prospects.
Effluents from Alternative Demilitarization Technologies

Chemical weapons are being destroyed by incineration at two storage sites in the USA; the process is referred to as the “base-line technology”. Several alternatives are being investigated. Two are at a relatively advanced stage and will be used, one for destroying VX (Nerve Agent) and the other for HD (Mustard). Both are multi-step processes in which the chemical agent is first detoxified (neutralized) and then treated further to produce products suitable for discharge. These two processes will be examined in this paper, and their products compared with those of the base-line technology.
Theoretical studies of atmospheric triatomic molecules. Ab initio characterization of Rydberg series in CO2

Abstract The ab initio Koopmans' Theorem is used to determine energy levels and orbital characteristics for the lowest members of s , p , d , f , g , h Rydberg series in CO 2 . The energy levels are in good agreement with results of SCF calculations and experimental energy levels. It appears that unambiguous spectral assignments can be based upon the comparison of ab initio and observed energy levels in the case of penetrating Rydberg orbits. The energy levels associated with the higher angular momentum orbits exhibit degeneracies and separations which more closely approximate those of the hydrogen atom.
Getting a grip on Indian Ocean monsoons

An improved understanding of the Indian Ocean monsoon season could help researchers to better forecast floods and the associated spread of cholera in low-lying Bangladesh. In a joint effort by the University of Colorado at Boulder, the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, and the Bangladesh government, researchers are using a variety of monitoring and forecast modeling tools to better understand and characterize the monsoon season's active and calm periods. By studying Indian Ocean climatic conditions and probabilities that lead to regular flooding of the Bangladesh delta, researchers also can provide probabilities concerning outbreaks of cholera, an intestinal disease that infects large segments of that country's population.
Molecular Genetics of the Brown (B)-Locus Region of Mouse Chromosome 4. II. Complementation Analyses of Lethal Brown Deletions

Numerous new mutations at the brown (b) locus in mouse chromosome 4 have been recovered over the years in germ-cell mutagenesis experiments performed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A large series of radiation- and chemical-induced b mutations known to be chromosomal deletions, and also known to be prenatally lethal when homozygous, were analyzed by pairwise complementation crosses as well as by pseudodominance tests involving flanking loci defined by externally visible phenotypes. These crosses were designed to determine the extent of each deletion on the genetic and phenotype map of the chromosomal region surrounding the b locus; the crosses also provided basic data that assigned deletions to complementation groups and defined four new loci associated with aberrancies in normal development. Specifically, the pseudodominance tests identified deletions that include the proximally mapping whirler (wi) and the distally mapping depilated (dep) genes, thereby bracketing these loci defined by visible developmental abnormalities with landmarks (deletion breakpoints) that are easily identified on the physical map. Furthermore, the complementation crosses, which were supplemented with additional crosses that allowed determination of the gross time of lethality of selected deletions, defined four new loci required for normal development. Homozygous deletion of one of these loci (b-associated fitness, baf) results in a runting syndrome evident during postnatal development; deletion of one locus [l(4)2Rn] causes death in the late gestation/neonatal period; and deletion of either of two loci [l(4)1Rn or l(4)3Rn] results in embryonic death, most likely in pre-, peri- or postimplantation stages. The placement of these new functionally defined loci on the evolving molecular map of the b region should be useful for continuing the analysis of the roles played in development by genes in this segment of chromosome 4.