cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening Outliers in Process Control Regression Data with Uniform Residuals, II

Methods for screening outliers in univariate normal data using uniform residuals obtained from conditional probability integral transformations (CPIT's) were proposed in an earlier paper by the author. The methods of that paper are here extended to scre..
THE PATRIARCHAL BARGAIN AND INTERGENERATIONAL CORESIDENCE IN EGYPT

This article examines variation in intergenerational coresidence among older women and men in Egypt using data from the WHO Collaborative Study on the Social and Health Aspects of Aging. Residence with sons and daughters-in-law is preferred, although residence with daughters and sons-in-law occurs because patrilocal endogamy is common. Whereas residence with sons and daughters declines with age among men, it declines then increases with age among women. Residence with sons-in-law is uncommon among older men and becomes more frequent with age among older women. Findings support the idea that women's exchange of kin-keeping tasks for protection from kin gives older women greater access to normative and alternative forms of intergenerational coresidence, even after accounting for differences in need.
Angiographic Markers of Restenosis after Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation: Surrogates for Late Clinical Outcomes?

Introduction:Although angiographic measures of restenosis, including late lumen loss, binary angiographic restenosis, and follow-up percent diameter stenosis have value in determining the efficacy of new drug-eluting stents (DES) designs, their ability to predict clinical events, including death, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization (TLR) has been questioned. Methods:We reviewed the available literature and recent DES clinical trials to determine the relationship between clinical and angiographic markers of restenosis and late clinical outcomes after stent use. Results:Angiographic markers are useful surrogates for predicting differences in TLR between bare metal and DES. Due to the curvilinear relationship between late lumen loss and TLR and the skewedness of the late lumen loss distribution, late lumen loss as a single index has been less effective at predicting clinical differences between different DES when the absolute values of late lumen loss are low. Beyond predicting clinical restenosis, follow-up angiographic indices have been less predictive of other late clinical events, such as very late stent thrombosis or aneurysm formation. Conclusions:Angiographic markers of restenosis may be a useful surrogate for TLR in pilot studies of patients treated with DES, but their use as a surrogate marker for all clinical events after stent placement, including death, myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis, may be confounded by the progression of atherosclerosis at remote sites and vagaries of the distribution of late lumen loss in patients treated with DES.
NIF target fabrication

The NIF requires complex and precise targets to perform its mission. The most complicated of these are the indirect-drive cryogenic ignition targets. At the center of these targets is a ∼2 mm diameter capsule that is filled with hydrogen fuel-in most cases, a solid layer of a 50:50 equimolar mixture of deuterium and tritium in equilibrium with its vapor at 1.3–1.5 Kelvin below the triple point at shot time. The capsule and the fuel are concentric and centered inside a high-Z hohlraum. An example of an ignition target is displayed in Figure 1.
Performance of ad hoc routing using directional antennas

This paper evaluates the tradeoffs involved in using directional antennas in ad hoc routing. Although problems with utilizing directional antennas have been visited in the past, the research has been confined mostly to medium access control. To determine whether directional antennas are beneficial to ad hoc networks, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of directional antennas on the performance of routing protocols as well. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of DSR (dynamic source routing) using directional antennas. We identify several issues that emerge from executing DSR (originally designed for omnidirectional antennas) over directional antennas. Using insights gained from simulations, we propose routing strategies that adapt the routing protocol to directional communication. Our analysis shows that by using directional antennas, ad hoc networks may achieve better performance. However, scenarios exist in which using omnidirectional antennas may be more appropriate.
Administering Plasmid DNA Encoding Tumor Vessel-anchored IFN-α for Localizing Gene Product Within or Into Tumors.

Tumor-targeted gene delivery has been intensively studied in the field of gene therapy, but no attention has been given to targeting the therapeutic gene products, which are transcribed and translated from the injected genes, into tumors. Targeting immune stimulatory gene products into tumors is the key to triggering tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses and reducing systemic toxicity. To target the gene products generated from the injected genes into tumors, genes encoding the tumor-targeted fusion gene product were generated and administered locally and systemically via electroporation. As anticipated, administration of a therapeutic gene encoding IFN-α and the tumor vessel–targeted peptide CDGRC fusion gene product minimizes the leakage of immunostimulatory cytokine from tumors into the blood circulation, increases the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors, induces a high magnitude of cytotoxic T-cell lysis (CTL) activity, and reduces tumor vessel density. As a result, tumor growth was more significantly inhibited by administering the IFN-α-CDGRC gene than by administering the wild-type IFN-α gene. The same result was obtained with the systemic administration of the tumor-targeted IFN-α gene. This gene product–based tumor-targeted gene therapy approach could complement any other tumor-targeted gene delivery method for improving tumor-targeting efficiency.
Effect of Amitriptyline on Lipolysis and Cyclic AMP Concentration in Isolated Fat Cells

Abstract The effect of amitriptyline on lipolysis and intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in vitro was examined in fat cells isolated from epididymal adipose tissue of fasted rats. Incubations were performed in the absence of glucose. Amitriptyline increased the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in isolated fat cells. It also markedly enhanced the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP caused by DL-arterenol plus theophylline. Despite increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP amitriptyline did not stimulate basal lipolysis and it markedly inhibited lipolysis caused by DL-arterenol and dibutyrul cyclic AMP plus theophylline. The mechanism by which amitriptyline is antilipolytic and yet increases the concentration of cyclic AMP is unknown. It is possible that amitriptyline inhibits the binding of cyclic AMP to phosphodiesterase and also inhibits the binding of cyclic AMP to a protein kinase or triglyceride lipase, or that amitriptyline directly inhibits triglyceride lipase.
Effects of contamination on ion mobility detection after gas chromatography

Abstract The ion mobility detector is a device that can be used for the selective, ultratrace detection of organic compounds after capillary gas chromatography. It is the only gas chromatographic detector which does not require heteroatomic compounds for selective response, yet concern is often expressed over its quantitative capabilities. Being a secondary ionization device, competitive charge transfer reactions from unseparated compounds or detector gas contamination may decrease the accuracy of measurement. This paper investigates the effects of both electronegative and electropositive contaminants on the detector's response. In general, it was found that contamination of the detector did affect response but no more severely than in conventional detectors such as the electron-capture detector or the flame ionization detector.
XPS and Reaction Investigation of Alkali Promotion of Rh/La2O3

In order to investigate the combined effect of a promoter and a detached support species on a supported metal catalyst, alkali promotion of Rh on the decorative support La[sub 2]O[sub 3] was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, H[sub 2] and CO chemisorption, ethane hydrogenolysis, and cyclopropane hydrogenation. Previously, decorating lanthana moieties have been found to partially suppress ethane hydrogenolysis and cyclopropane hydrogenation on Rh/La[sub 2]O[sub 3]. The major effects of alkali promotion of Rh/La[sub 2]O[sub 3] on these reactions were a decline in apparent activation energy for ethane hydrogenolysis and a moderate additional suppression of cyclopropane hydrogenation activity. Alkali promotion of the more active Rh/SiO[sub 2] reference catalyst, which is not decorated by support entities, resulted in a much more significant suppression of these reactions. For Rh/La[sub 2]O[sub 3], alkali promotion appeared to block sites and/or pathways for hydrogen spillover. In addition, Rb inhibited the Rh-catalyzed decomposition of carbonate species on the lanthana support. No additional effect of alkali promotion was indicated on the [minus]1-eV shift of Rh 3d[sub 5/2] binding energy observed on Rh/La[sub 2]O[sub 3] relative to Rh/SiO[sub 2]. This is consistent with the lack of a Rh 3d[sub 5/2] binding energy shift observed for Rb-promotionmore » of Rh/SiO[sub 2]. The Rb 3p[sub 3/2] binding energy was shifted to the same extent as Rh in Rb/Rh/La[sub 2]O[sub 3], suggesting that the chemical environment for Rb differs between SiO[sub 2]-supported and La[sub 2]O[sub 3]-supported systems or, more likely, that the binding energy shifts observed for this system are just due to differences in the binding energies for the reference carbon on SiO[sub 2] vs on La[sub 2]O[sub 3]. 44 refs., 4 figs., 7 tabs.« less
Quantity and Potential Biological Activity of Caffeic Acid in Sweet Potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] Storage Root Periderm

The caffeic acid content of storage root periderm and cortex tissues of genetically diverse sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars and breeding clones was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Periderm caffeic acid content of the clones ranged from 0.008 to 7.97 mg/g dry weight, whereas the highest cortex content was 0.047 mg/g. Clones varied greatly in periderm caffeic acid content in all experiments, but there were also differences between experiments in content averaged for all clones. This indicates that periderm caffeic acid content is subject to genetic and environmental influences. Caffeic acid inhibited the growth of four sweet potato pathogenic fungi and germination of proso millet seeds in bioassays. Inhibitory activity in the bioassays suggests that high periderm caffeic acid levels contribute to the storage root defense chemistry of some sweet potato genotypes.
Scale Model Measurements for a Daylighting Photometric Database

(1985). Scale Model Measurements for a Daylighting Photometric Database. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 41-61.
Nursing supports neonatal porcine testicular development.

Abstract The lactocrine hypothesis suggests a mechanism whereby milk-borne bioactive factors delivered to nursing offspring affect development of neonatal tissues. The objective of this study was to assess whether nursing affects testicular development in neonatal boars as reflected by: (1) Sertoli cell number and proliferation measured by GATA-4 expression and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining patterns; (2) Leydig cell development and steroidogenic activity as reflected by insulin-like factor 3 ( INSL3 ), and P450 side chain cleavage (scc) enzyme expression; and (3) expression of estrogen receptor-alpha ( ESR1 ), vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) A , and relaxin family peptide receptor ( RXFP ) 1 . At birth, boars were randomly assigned (n = 6–7/group) to nurse ad libitum or to be pan fed porcine milk replacer for 48 h. Testes were collected from boars at birth, before nursing and from nursed and replacer-fed boars at 50 h on postnatal day (PND) 2. Sertoli cell proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index increased ( P P INSL3 , P450scc, ESR1 , or VEGFA levels. However, testicular relaxin family peptide receptor 1 ( RXFP1 ) levels increased ( P
Executive functions in early learning: Extending the relationship between executive functions and school readiness to science

Abstract Executive functions (EF) are a set of domain-general cognitive skills that play a key role in regulating learning and behavior. Previous research has shown that executive functioning capacity in early childhood predicts academic achievement in math and literacy. Troublingly, research has also shown that low-income preschoolers tend to lag behind their higher-income peers, not only in academic skills, but also in EF that may support their development of these skills. Preschool science has recently gained attention as another key learning domain where low-income preschoolers also enter kindergarten with low levels of readiness. No existing research has empirically examined the relationship between EF and science outcomes in preschoolers. The current study addresses this gap by testing the ability of EF to predict gains in science as well as math and literacy outcomes in a low-income sample. To assess the extent to which EF are linked to these school readiness outcomes, magnitudes of all predictions were compared. Results indicated that EF significantly predict gains in all domains, including science. Further, EF predicted gains in science to a significantly greater degree than math, and literacy. Implications and future directions including research designs that allow for stronger causal inferences about the potential bidirectional influence of EF and science are discussed.
The problem with neighbors

Using data from a random telephone survey, this paper explores the nature of annoyances between neighbors. Neighbor annoyances were both pervasive (90% of the respondents reported that they experienced at least one annoyance in the last 3 years) and varied (averaging 2.5 different types per respondent). The estimated percentage of life stress attributable to neighbor annoyances was only 8.5%. However, for a small minority (6%), annoyance with neighbors consumed a considerable amount of their energy and, in some cases, led to forced moves and threats of violence. Implications of these findings for community mediation are discussed.
Photoconductivity in crystalline phthalocyanines

The wavelength, temperature, time and intensity dependence of photocurrent of metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) single crystals were investigated. The thermal activation energies in the dark are 0·5 and 0·6 eV for H2Pc and CuPc respectively and the corresponding photo-thermal activation energies are 0·3 and 0·2 eV. An energy level scheme for single crystals of H2Pc and CuPc is proposed which consists of two trapping levels and five narrow optically active valence bands. In H2Pc (CuPc), one trapping level at 0·5 eV (0·6 eV) above the valence band edge to which the charge carriers are thermally excited in the dark; and the other trapping level is at 0·3 eV (0·2 eV) below the conduction band edge where all the optical transitions terminate. In H2Pc(CuPc), the forbidden gap is 1·44 eV (1·34 eV) wide; the five valence bands are at the band edge, and 0·09 (0·22), 0·42 (0·63), 0·69 (0·90), 1·32 (2·17) eV below the band edge.
Rapid cardiopulmonary support in children with heart disease: a nine-year experience.

Background We developed a novel mechanical rapid cardiopulmonary support system (CPS) in 1996 to eliminate what we believed were shortcomings of conventional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuits when used in patients with congenital heart disease. We reviewed the use of this system over a nine year period to determine if we had been successful in improving results compared with ECMO and if outcomes have changed over this time. Methods All children supported with CPS (110 procedures) were reviewed. Noncardiac CPS cases (7) were excluded. The study population was divided into two time periods (1995 to 2000 and 2001 to 2004), which correlate with significant differences in intraoperative, postoperative, and CPS management. Patients were further analyzed by age (≤ 30 days or > 30 days), repair complexity (risk adjusted classification for congenital heart surgery [RACHS]-1 category 6 or categories 1 to 5), and length of support. Results Overall thirty day survival of cardiac CPS patients was 55% (57 of 103). Overall survival increased from 45% (23 of 51) during the first period to 65% (34 of 52) during the second period [ p ≤ 0.005]. Survival rates in neonates improved from 41% (11 of 27) to 56% (15 of 27) and RACHS-1 category 6 survival improved from 38% (5 of 13) to 69% (9 of 13), but neither change reached statistical significance. Intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 6.4% of all CPS patients. Conclusions Cardiopulmonary support is an effective alternative to ECMO for pediatric cardiac support. Further, our experience suggests that patient survival may be improved by CPS compared with reported results for ECMO in cardiac patients.
AXIGLUON SIGNALS AT e+e− COLLIDERS

A massive gauge boson—the axigluon—is predicted in theories with chiral color. If it is not very heavy then it may be possible to produce the axigluon at the upcoming e+e− accelerators. We examine the detectability of a quark, antiquark, axigluon final state through an analysis of the thrust distributions.
Outcomes of Alcohol Cardiomyopathy Post Heart Transplantation

s S291 function or survival. Weaning immunosuppression in long-term transplant patients with the aid of GEP could potentially reduce adverse effects of these medications without an increased risk of graft rejection.
Volume Density, Distribution, and Ultrastructure of Secretory and Basolateral Membranes and Mitochondria Predict Parietal Cell Secretory (Dys)function

Acid secretion in gastric parietal cells requires highly coordinated membrane transport and vesicle trafficking. Histologically, consensus defines acid secretion as the ratio of the volume density (Vd) of canalicular and apical membranes (CAMs) to tubulovesicular (TV) membranes, a value which varies widely under normal conditions. Examination of numerous achlorhydric mice made it clear that this paradigm is discrepant when used to assess most mice with genetic mutations affecting acid secretion. Vd of organelles in parietal cells of 6 genetically engineered mouse strains was obtained to identify a stable histological phenotype of acid secretion. We confirmed that CAM to TV ratio fairly represented secretory activity in untreated and secretion-inhibited wild-type (WT) mice and in NHE2-/- mice as well, though the response was significantly attenuated in the latter. However, high CAM to TV ratios wrongly posed as active acid secretion in AE2-/-, GHKAalpha-/-, and NHE4-/- mice. Achlorhydric genotypes also had a significantly higher Vd of basolateral membrane than WT mice, and reduced Vd of mitochondria and canaliculi. The Vd of mitochondria, and ratio of the Vd of basolateral membranes/Vd of mitochondria were preferred predictors of the level of acid secretion. Alterations in acid secretion, then, cause significant changes not only in the Vd of secretory membranes but also in mitochondria and basolateral membranes.
Stability and correlates of change of early temperament in preterm and full-term infants

A behavioral assessment of infant temperament was used to measure the effects of perinatal high-risk factors on infant temperament and on temperament change over time. Seventy-nine infants (full-term and preterm infants with and without intraventricular hemorrhage or IVH) were studied. Infant temperament was measured behaviorally at 3 and 7 months. At 3 months, the Bates Infant Characteristic Questionnaire was also filled out by the infant's mother. Various effects of prematurity, IVH, and days of hospitalization and ventilation were observed at 3 and 7 months. Moderate stability was observed for sociability, soothability, and neutral responses, but different patterns of correlations were observed within the groups, and for girls and boys. Grade of IVH and days on a ventilator were related to the change observed between 3 and 7 months on sociability, irritability, and approach. We conclude that high-risk factors contribute to initial individual differences in infant temperament and suggest that change over time might be influenced by the recovery process from perinatal insult.
Engaging students in research: benefits, lessons learned and recommendations

Computer Science is one of the fastest growing occupations. The demand for well educated professionals will continue to increase. Although the demand for such professionals is on the rise, current enrollment in the discipline, without effort, will not meet the demand. One of the efforts underway at the Department of Computer Science at Jackson State University to combat the problem of declining enrollment is engaging students in research. Providing students with research experiences provides additional insight into the field and what it really has to offer. This paper provides the reader with an inside look at the research experiences that students have been involved in; discusses the benefits of involving students in research experiences; shares lessons learned and provides recommendations to those who are interested in engaging students in research.
A Bcl‐2 antisense oligonucleotide increases α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA) toxicity in cortical cultures

Both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated neurotoxicity and the induction of death-regulatory genes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of delayed ischemic neuronal injury. To assess the role of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 in the modulation of AMPA toxicity, we exposed neuron-enriched cultures from rat cerebral cortex to AMPA, in the absence or presence of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) directed against Bcl-2. AMPA produced concentration-dependent toxicity detected by a decrease in fluorescence of the redox indicator Alamar blue and by an increase in lactic acid dehydrogenase release. This effect was accompanied by the induction of Bcl-2 protein expression, with maximal induction at 100 microM AMPA. A phosphorothioate antisense ODN against Bcl-2 reduced the AMPA-stimulated induction of Bcl-2 protein levels, detected by western blotting, by about 70%. In the presence of the antisense ODN, but not sense or scrambled ODNs, the toxicity of 100 microM AMPA was increased by about 60%. These findings suggest that induction of Bcl-2 expression by AMPA may have a protective role to limit AMPA receptor-mediated neuronal damage and that modifying Bcl-2 expression could have therapeutic potential in ischemia.
Changes of Elastic Constants and Anisotropy Patterns in Trabecular Bone During Disuse-Induced Bone Loss Assessed by Poroelastic Ultrasound

Currently, the approach most widely used to examine bone loss is the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, bone loss due to immobilization creates changes in bone microarchitecture, which in turn are related to changes in bone mechanical function and competence to resist fracture.Unfortunately, the relationship between microarchitecture and mechanical function within the framework of immobilization and antiresorptive therapy has not being fully investigated. The goal of the present study was to investigate the structure–function relationship in trabecular bone in the real-world situations of a rapidly evolving osteoporosis(disuse), both with and without antiresorptive treatment. We evaluated the structure–function relationship in trabecular bone after bone loss (disuse-induced osteoporosis)and bisphosphonate treatment (antiresorptive therapy using risedronate) in canine trabecular bone using lCT and ultrasound wave propagation. Microstructure values determined from lCT images were used into the anisotropic poroelastic model of wave propagation in order to compute the apparent elastic constants (EC) and elastic anisotropy pattern of bone. Immobilization resulted in a significant reduction in trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and bone volume fraction (BV/TV), while risedronate treatment combined with immobilization exhibited a lesser reduction in Tb.Th and BV/TV, suggesting that risedronate treatment decelerates bone loss, but it was unable to fully stop it. Risedronate treatment also increased the tissue mineral density (TMD), which when combined with the decrease in Tb.Th and BV/TV may explain the lack of significant differences invBMD in both immobilization and risedronate treated groups. Interestingly, changes inapparent EC were much stronger in the superior–inferior (SI) direction than in the medial–lateral (ML) and anterior–posterior (AP) anatomical directions, producing changes in elastic anisotropy patterns. When data were pooled together, vBMD was able to explain 58% of ultrasound measurements variability, a poroelastic wave propagation analytical model (i.e., BMD modulated by fabric directionality) was able to predict 81%of experimental wave velocity variability, and also explained 91% of apparent EC and changes in elastic anisotropy patterns. Overall, measurements of vBMD were unable to distinguish changes in apparent EC due to immobilization or risedronate treatment.However, anisotropic poroelastic ultrasound (PEUS) wave propagation was able to distinguish functional changes in apparent EC and elastic anisotropy patterns due to immobilization and antiresorptive therapy, providing an enhanced discrimination of anisotropic bone loss and the structure–function relationship in immobilized and risedronate-treated bone, beyond vBMD.
Natural gas regulation in transition: the effects of geopolitics and prerequisites for change in transition economies

Natural gas has become a geopolitical concern in Europe. Transition economies have embarked on very different paths in using and regulating natural gas. Some countries, like Russia, have undertaken few market-oriented reforms of their natural gas sectors. The new European Union member states have pursued broader reforms. These differences often lead to tension. Two factors seem particularly important as prerequisites for major natural gas reforms. The first is energy efficiency, since low energy efficiency can make energy reforms socially and economically difficult. The second is corruption: vested interests and a captive state can play powerful roles in inhibiting reform.
Population Density and Phenology of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Hop is Linked to the Timing of Sulfur Applications

ABSTRACT The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a worldwide pest of numerous agronomic and horticultural plants. Sulfur fungicides are known to induce outbreaks of this pest on several crops, although mechanisms associated with sulfur-induced mite outbreaks are largely unknown. Studies were conducted during 2007–2009 in Oregon and Washington hop yards to evaluate the effect of timing of sulfur applications on T. urticae and key predators. In both regions, applications of sulfur made relatively late in the growing season (mid-June to mid-July) were associated with the greatest exacerbation of spider mite outbreaks, particularly in the upper canopy of the crop. The severity of mite outbreaks was closely associated with sulfur applications made during a relatively narrow time period coincident with the early exponential phase of spider mite increase and rapid host growth. A nonlinear model relating mean cumulative mite days during the time of sulfur sprays to the percent increase in total c...
Transforming growth factor-β inhibition of proteasomal activity: a potential mechanism of growth arrest

Although the proteasome plays a critical role in the controlled degradation of proteins involved in cell cycle control, the direct modulation of proteasomal function by growth regulatory signaling ...
State space based modeling and sensitivity analysis of DFIG in an unbalanced network

This paper presents a state space based control methodology and sensitivity analysis of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) systems using the (dq)+ and (dq)- synchronous reference frames. The electromagnetic torque, active and reactive power values of stator, rotor and dc voltage of the back-to-back converters are defined in terms of voltages and currents in both reference frames. The proposed control model helps to maintain constant total active power output and constant electromagnetic torque in both balanced and unbalanced conditions. Specific sensitivity analysis of the DFIG system is provided for different unbalanced voltage levels. A case study using the proposed modeling and control strategy is presented by simulating a 1.5 MW DFIG wind turbine connected to an unbalanced network. The results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Effect of fluctuating winds on ocean circulation

Abstract The effect of fluctuating winds acting on a homogenous, enclosed ocean on the β-plane is determined by numerical integration of the vorticity equation. The investigation is divided into three parts. First, non-linear effects are incorporated into Phillips' linear model of ocean response to transient winds in order to determine whether inertial processes lead to an increase in the amplitude of the wave motions. Phillips had analyzed the linear system and concluded that the forced linear response gives amplitudes which are too small by about a factor of three. Non-linear effects tend to decrease the response of the ocean even further. The conclusion is that some additional physical process must be included in order to bring the amplitudes into closer agreement with those observed by Swallow and others. Second, calculations of the non-linear system show that a purely fluctuating wind can generate a time-average circulation whose amplitude is a sizable fraction (up to one-half) of the response due to steady wind of the same amplitude. The maximum response occurs for a driving frequency which is considerably smaller than that of the fastest moving Rossby wave but considerably larger than that corresponding to quasi-static response. Third, superposition of a mean and a fluctuating wind give rise to a time-averaged transport through the Gulf Stream which is as much as twice the transport given by the steady wind acting alone. It is evident, therefore, that a serious underestimate of the transport may result if one works with time-averaged winds alone.
Quality of care in teaching hospitals: a literature review.

Purpose To compare the quality of care in teaching hospitals with that in nonteaching hospitals. Method By performing a literature review via PubMed, the author identified and surveyed 23 studies that compared the quality of care in teaching hospitals with that in nonteaching hospitals. The studies were published from 1989-2004 and in all but one case dealt exclusively with U.S. hospitals. Results The teaching hospitals studied had better-quality measures than did nonteaching hospitals in the predominant number of studies reviewed. Process measures were significantly better in teaching hospitals in seven of the eight studies where such measures were observed, and equal in the other study. Risk-adjusted mortality was lower in teaching hospitals in nine of the 15 studies using that measure, not significantly different in five, and significantly lower in nonteaching hospitals in one study (in pediatric intensive care units, even though the teaching hospitals had a better process of care). In nonmortality outcomes, teaching hospitals were better in one study using that measure; there were no significant differences in five other such studies. Major teaching hospitals had more favorable outcomes end points than did minor teaching hospitals in eight studies in which they were compared. Including only those six studies using clinical data for process analysis or risk adjustment, teaching hospitals had a better process in all six and lower adjusted mortality in five of seven studies where that measure was used. Conclusions Overall, the favorable results in teaching hospitals extended over a range of locations, conditions, and populations, including routine as well as complex conditions. However, the quality measured in these studies was not at target levels across the spectrum of hospitals. There needs to be a continuous and determined effort for improvement in all institutions. It is to be hoped that teaching hospitals will take the lead not only in continuously improving their own quality, but also in developing and evaluating ever improving methods of quality assessment.
Physiography influences honeybee queen's choice of mating place (Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann)

L'etude a ete faite dans une vallee de montagne entre Mariazell et Wildalpen dans le Steiermark, Autriche (fig 1). Des mâles cordovan (cd) etaient presents au centre du terrain, alors qu'a la peripherie volaient des mâles fonces. Les reines vierges (homozygotes pour le gene cordovan cd/cd) ont ete placees aux 4 points cardinaux a diverses distances du centre (fig 2). Elles se sont envolees librement pour s'accoupler. Les 22 reines placees au centre ont donne des ouvrieres cd/cd (tableau I). Hors du centre, le pourcentage de reines avec une descendance cd/cd etait different selon la direction ou elles avaient ete placees (fig 2)
Oligoacenes: Theoretical Prediction of Open-Shell Singlet Diradical Ground States

A series of oligoacenes from benzene to decacene were studied computationally with DFT and CASSCF methods. In contrast to the common view that acenes are closed-shell systems or may have a triplet ground state, these results offer the first theoretical predictions for the singlet ground state and diradical character for oligoacenes. The nature of the ground states of these molecules arises from the disjoint nature of the NBMOs that are singly occupied in the diradical.
An Improved Approach to Technology Portfolio Prioritization Process Under Uncertainty

Accurate technology modeling is a challenge, especially when it comes to revolutionary concepts. Absence of historical trends and experimental data for these concepts make it harder to predict precise effects. This situation makes it imperative to make use of subject area expert elicitation. This knowledge generally comes with subjective opinion about impact of technology on performance and market related metrics. These opinions from multiple subject matter experts may vary depending upon their past experiences and personalized preferences. In order to cater to difference of opinion from experts, uncertainty quantification on these inputs and its propagation to the performance and marketing metrics is very important. In addition to input uncertainties, technology interactions play a vital role when multiple technologies are selected simultaneously. There are some processes already in practice to deal with these interactions. These interactions and incompatibilities are currently modeled through technology impact matrices (TIM) and technology compatibility matrices (TCM). It however requires some further refinement. Generally these processes assume the impact of these technologies to be additive when portfolio of technologies are applied. In reality, these technologies are not additive in nature. This problem is addressed through introduction of Technology Synergy Matrices (TSM). In this paper, an evidence theory based TIM and TSM process is demonstrated within the context of an aircraft engine design problem. A representative set of candidate technologies and impacts are provided as examples. Once a combination of technologies is selected, an uncertainty propagation approach is used to evaluate the range of potential effects of the system. In the end, results are compared with those obtained from deterministic approach. The TSM, when used in conjunction with TIM, offers more accurate quantification of technology interactions and allow for technology nonlinearities. At the same time, uncertainty quantification enables the designer to capture the probabilistic Pareto-frontiers that allow the designer to select robust portfolio of technologies. This eliminates unnecessary assumptions while constructing deterministic TIM. Comparison of results from proposed methodologies with deterministic approach shows the design space previously unexplored due to limitations of existing practices.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effects of several lanthanide trichloride hydrates on the melting behavior and spherulitic superstructure of poly(ethylene oxide)

Binary mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with the trichloride hydrates of lanthanum, cerium, europium, terbium, and ytterbium have been studied with calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Melting-point depression of the PEO-rich phase occurs in all cases. At sufficiently high concentrations of the low molecular weight lanthanide complex, crystallization of the polymer is absent. The lighter lanthanides with larger ionic radii, such as lanthanum and cerium, are more effective in suppressing PEO crystallization from solution or the molten state because they are more oxophilic. The spherulitic superstructure of PEO disappears at rather low concentrations of the lanthanide salts, between 2 and 8 mol % Ln 3+ . Lanthanum and terbium are most efficient at disrupting the formation of PEO spherulites, and europium is least efficient. Infrared spectroscopy identifies twisting and wagging vibrational absorptions of CH 2 groups in the polymer that are sensitive to the morphologies of these mixtures. Modifications of the PEO infrared absorbances in the presence of these five lanthanide salts correlate more closely with the presence or absence of major PEO melting, not the formation of a spherulitic superstructure. The phase behavior is rather simple, with no evidence of eutectic solidification upon cooling from the molten state. Multiple melting endotherms are observed in the differential scanning calorimetry heating traces of binary mixtures containing 8 mol % Yb 3+ and between 10 and 20 mol % Eu 3+ , but the concentration dependence of these first-order endothermic transitions is not characteristic of eutectic phase behavior. The presence of trivalent cations, such as Eu 3+ or Yb 3+ , in these complexes perturbs the crystallization kinetics of PEO upon cooling from the molten state, as well as the melting behavior upon heating. Ion-dipole or electrostatic interactions between the lanthanide cation and the ether oxygen of PEO might alter the surface free energy at the periphery of the crystalline lamellae and perturb the chain-folding characteristics of PEO. Consequently, coupling between the amorphous matrix and the PEO crystallites is strengthened, and this provides stability for the existence of multiple-chain-folded crystals composed of rather thin lamellae that could be responsible for multiple melting behavior.
Nonmydriatic Ultrawide Field Retinal Imaging Compared With Dilated Standard 7-Field 35-mm Photography and Retinal Specialist Examination for Evaluation of Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose To compare nonmydriatic stereoscopic Optomap ultrawide field images with dilated stereoscopic Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study 7-standard field 35-mm color 30-degree fundus photographs (ETDRS photography) and clinical examination for determining diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) severity. Design Single-site, prospective, comparative, instrument validation study. Methods One hundred three diabetic patients (206 eyes) representing the full spectrum of DR severity underwent nonmydriatic ultrawide field 100-degree and 200-degree imaging, dilated ETDRS photography, and dilated fundus examination by a retina specialist. Two independent readers graded images to determine DR and DME severity. A third masked retina specialist adjudicated discrepancies. Results Based on ETDRS photography (n = 200), the results were as follows: no DR (n = 25 eyes [12.5%]), mild nonproliferative DR (NPDR; 47 [23.5%]), moderate NPDR (61 [30.5%]), severe NPDR (11 [5.5%]), very severe NPDR (3 [1.5%]), and proliferative DR (52 [2.5%]). One (0.5%) eye was ungradable and 6 eyes did not complete ETDRS photography. No DME was found in 114 eyes (57.0%), DME was found in 28 eyes (14.0%), and clinically significant DME was found in 47 eyes (23.5%), and 11 (5.5%) eyes were ungradable. Exact DR severity agreement between ultrawide field 100-degree imaging and ETDRS photography occurred in 84%, with agreement within 1 level in 91% (KW = 0.85; K = 0.79). Nonmydriatic ultrawide field images exactly matched clinical examination results for DR in 70% and were within 1 level in 93% (KW = 0.71; K = 0.61). Nonmydriatic ultrawide field imaging acquisition time was less than half that of dilated ETDRS photography (P Conclusions Nonmydriatic ultrawide field images compare favorably with dilated ETDRS photography and dilated fundus examination in determining DR and DME severity; however, they are acquired more rapidly. If confirmed in broader diabetic populations, nonmydriatic ultrawide field imaging may prove to be beneficial in DR evaluation in research and clinical settings.
Zeeman Effects in the Edge Emission and Absorption of ZnO

Of the more than 20 sharp characteristic emission and absorption lines observed in the edge emission and absorption spectra of ZnO platelets, several typical lines have been examined in detail experimentally at low temperatures (\ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). Zeeman effects, in magnetic fields up to 45 000 G, have been studied in singlets as well as zero-field-split doublets. In particular, the magnetic splitting of ${I}_{9}$ (an emission line appearing at 3692.64 \AA{}) has been studied as a function of magnetic field orientation (angular orientation of $c$ axis with respect to field direction). In accordance with the Thomas-Hopfield theory, arguments have been presented for the association of ${I}_{9}$ with a bound-exciton complex; this line has been observed to split linearly as a function of field strength, and an isotropic electron $g$ value of -1.93 has been determined at $C\ensuremath{\perp}\mathrm{H}$. The line ${I}_{9}$ is further characterized by an anisotropic hole $g$ value which has been determined to be -1.24 at $C\ensuremath{\parallel}\mathrm{H}$. A zero-field-split fluorescent doublet, ${I}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{I}_{3}$ (3680.63, 3681.59 \AA{}), which splits nonlinearly as a function of field strength, has been studied as a function of field orientation. The ${I}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{I}_{3}$ doublet has been attributed to an ionized exciton complex, and effective electron and hole $g$ values have been determined. Electron $g$ values are isotropic and essentially the same for all of the lines (about -1.95), while the hole $g$ value is not only anisotropic for each line, but also assumes different values in the different complexes (lines), indicating that the hole is sensitive to its state of binding in the exciton complex.
Hoofbeats and zebras: neurodegenerative disorder presenting as a “first episode” of psychosis

Neurodegenerative disorders can include diverse neuropsychiatric symptoms. Here we present a case referred to a "first-episode" psychosis clinic with socio-occupational decline, auditory hallucinations and paranoid ideation who subsequently exhibited a rapid, severe cognitive and behavioral decline. The brain magnetic resonance imaging findings of the patient have shown a progressive cortical atrophy prominent in the frontal lobes due to a neurodegenerative disorder.
Supporting critical thinking in interactive learning environments

Summary The aim of this paper is to investigate the utilization of critical thinking in different applications and in different types of learning environments. The art of analytical reading includes the same skills as those involved in the art of problem solving and communicating. These skills are essential to the process of filtering, assimilating, and finding new meaning in the torrents of information faced daily. Described are a problem-solving environment and Web communication systems, with the suggestion that the Web tools have not yet come up to faculty expectations for teaching and learning.
Unity of perception

Abstract Perceptual scientists have recently enjoyed success in constructing mathematical theories for specific perceptual capacities, capacities such as stereovision, auditory localization, and color perception. Analysis of these theories suggests that they all share a common mathematical structure. If this is true, the elucidation of this structure, the study of its properties, the derivation of its consequences, and the empirical testing of its predictions are promising directions for perceptual research. We consider a candidate for the common structure, a candidate called an “observer”. Observers, in essence, perform inferences; each observer has a characteristic class of perceptual premises, a characteristic class of perceptual conclusions, and its own functional relationship between these premises and conclusions. If observers indeed capture the structure common to perceptual capacities, then each capacity, regardless of its modality or manner of instantiation, can be described as some observer. In this paper we develop the definition of an observer. We first consider two examples of perceptual capacities: the measurement of visual motion, and the perception of depth from visual motion. In each case, we review a formal theory of the capacity and abstract its structural essence. From this essence we construct the definition of observer. We then exercise the definition in discussions of transduction, perceptual illusions, perceptual uncertainty, regularization theory, the cognitive penetrability of perception, and the theory neutrality of observation.
Cancellation of Harmonic Noise in Distribution Line Communications

Adaptive least mean square (LMS) filters are shown to be effective in reducing harmonic noise on distribution power lines. The efficiency of these filters can be improved by imposing constraints.
T-cell antigen receptors in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic inflammation mainly in the joints. Several lines of evidence suggest that T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. RA is associated with certain HLA-DR alleles. Studies analyzing T-cell receptor transcripts in RA have found biased or preferential usage of certain V alpha and/or V beta gene segments by T cells infiltrating the synovial membrane or extravasating into the synovial fluid compared to peripheral blood. In certain patients few T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) clones dominated the infiltrating T cells, suggesting that T cells from the synovial membrane or the synovial fluid comprise oligoclonal populations of T cells. However, other studies have found a polyclonal population of T cells. In interpreting these results the phase of the disease (early vs. late RA), the source of T cells and the limitations of the methods used in these studies should be taken into consideration. However, it appears that synovial T cells comprise oligoclonal populations of T cells and that there is a bias towards particular TCR gene segments, although a specific TCR gene segment in RA has not emerged.
Legalnet: solo practitioners and the utility of the Internet

Provides an introduction to the Internet for attorneys, including its usefulness in advertising, communicating with other professionals and in legal research. Concludes that the Internet can be a valuable tool for the attorney.
Reserve adequacy in emerging market economies

This paper analyzes reserve adequacy in emerging market countries. It argues that the old rule of thumb of maintaining reserves equivalent to three months of imports has become obsolete and that, instead, a new benchmark is needed which takes into account the increased importance of capital flows. The paper suggests such a benchmark, consisting of the sum of short-term debt on a residual maturity basis (the external drain) and an allowance for possible capital flight (the internal drain), taking into account differences in country risk and exchange rate regime.