cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Validity of the Lower Extremity Motor Activity Log for Measuring Real-World Leg Use in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis.

Abstract Objectives To determine the test-retest reliability and validity of the Lower Extremity Motor Activity Log (LE-MAL) for assessing LE use in the community in adults with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Prospective analysis of measures conducted by trained examiners. Setting Participants were evaluated by telephone on several measures of LE use. Participants Adults with MS (N=43). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The LE-MAL has 3 subscales (Assistance, Functional Performance, and Confidence). It was administered twice, at least 2 weeks apart. The Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12), Patient Determined Disease Steps (PDDS), and Mobility Scale were only administered during the first call. Results The test-retest reliability of the composite and the 3 subscale LE-MAL scores were high (intraclass correlation, >0.94). The composite and subscale LE-MAL scores were strongly correlated with the MSWS-12, PDDS, and Mobility Scale scores (r=–0.56 to –0.77; P Conclusion This initial study suggests that the LE-MAL reliably and validly measures LE use in the community in adults with MS.
Chloride diffusion and binding in concrete containing NO2 sequestered recycled concrete aggregates (NRCAs)

Abstract This study investigates the effect of NO2 sequestered recycled concrete aggregates (NRCA) on chloride ion diffusion and chloride binding capacity of concrete. Two types of NRCAs were used as a partial replacement for natural fine aggregate in fresh OPC mixtures at 20% and 40% replacement levels by volume. Control mixtures with conventional recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) were also evaluated for comparison purposes. The water-permeable porosity, rapid chloride permeability, long-term chloride diffusivity, and chloride binding capacity of the test concrete mixtures were evaluated. Results showed that the presence of NRCA reduced porosity as well as both short-term and long-term chloride ion permeability compared to conventional RCA containing concrete. Most importantly, the addition of NRCAs enhanced the chloride binding capacity of concrete. Thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction analyses demonstrated increased formation of Friedel’s and Kuzel’s salts in concrete due to the incorporation of NRCA. Based on the test results, a mechanism is proposed for the enhanced chloride resistance in NRCA incorporated concrete.
Lupus Enteritis: An Uncommon Presentation of Lupus Flare.

Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but are usually attributable to medication side effects, infections, or other underlying conditions. In rare cases, they are caused by the autoimmune process itself. In this report, we present two cases of lupus enteritis as the sole manifestation of lupus flare. We also provide a comprehensive review of available literature on this topic with a specific focus on clinical symptoms, complications, laboratory findings, histology, imaging findings, and therapies. Lupus enteritis is an uncommon manifestation of SLE. CT scan of the abdomen is the diagnostic modality of choice. The three major CT findings are target sign, comb sign, and increased mesenteric fat attenuation. Ascites is also commonly present. Corticosteroids and second-line immunosuppressants have been successfully employed in the treatment of lupus enteritis. Our cases highlight this unusual manifestation as the only symptom of active SLE. A high index of suspicion should be maintained when evaluating SLE patients presenting with GI symptoms to prevent diagnosis and treatment delays that could lead to serious complications such as bowel necrosis, perforation, and even death.
Designing for participation in socio-technical software systems

Participative software systems are a new class of software systems whose development does not end at the deployment but requires continued user participation and contribution. They need to provide both solutions to users and a participation framework that entails technical and social challenges. Metadesign is a promising approach to guide the development of participative software systems. Drawing on lessons learned from a systematic analysis of Open Source Software projects, this paper described general issues that need to be addressed to enable and encourage continued user participation during the meta-design process.
Delayed and immediate skin reactivity in man after the injection of antigen in emulsion: Cell transfer of the delayed sensitivity☆

Abstract In fifteen nonallergic subjects receiving ragweed in repository form, seven developed immediate skin reactivity, nine delayed reactivity, and three both. After six months all still react. In those developing delayed skin reactivity there was an inflammatory swelling of varying degree at the site of the repository injection, beginning several days later and lasting for several weeks. The delayed reactivity to ragweed was transferred locally and systemically by the injection of peripheral leukocytes from three subjects in whom delayed sensitivity had been induced by an injection of ragweed emulsion. Punch biopsy from the delayed reaction produced in the recipient showed histologic changes characteristic (but not pathognomonic) for a delayed hypersensitivity response. The findings point to the advisability of confining repository treatment to antigens to which the patient is known to be sensitive. This investigative model offers an opportunity for basic studies on delayed hypersensitivity and the relationship between the delayed and immediate type.
The role of critical friends in supporting institutional change

Purpose – Over the course of three years (2010-2013), the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED; a Consortium of 86 colleges and schools of education) Phase I institutions were involved in the Fund for the Improvement of Secondary Education mixed-methods, multi-case study. Data were collected from Primary Investigators, and stakeholders involved in the (re) design of a professional practice doctorate in education. At the conclusion of the research study, each institution was the recipient of a Critical Friends (CFs) Response Report. The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into the effectiveness of CFs in supporting institutional change by developing a collaborative environment in Higher Education. Design/methodology/approach – First, the role of CFs, and Critical Friend Group (CFG) protocol is described. Second, analyzed data from CF Response Reports is reviewed. Lastly, recommendations for the application of the conceptual framing of CFs within the academy are discussed. Findings – C...
Mouse models of diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis reproduce the heterogeneity of the human disease.

Background and aims Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the potentially progressive form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the pandemic liver disease of our time. Although there are several animal models of NASH, consensus regarding the optimal model is lacking. We aimed to compare features of NASH in the two most widely-used mouse models: methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet and Western diet. Methods Mice were fed standard chow, MCD diet for 8 weeks, or Western diet (45% energy from fat, predominantly saturated fat, with 0.2% cholesterol, plus drinking water supplemented with fructose and glucose) for 16 weeks. Liver pathology and metabolic profile were compared. Results The metabolic profile associated with human NASH was better mimicked by Western diet. Although hepatic steatosis (i.e., triglyceride accumulation) was also more severe, liver non-esterified fatty acid content was lower than in the MCD diet group. NASH was also less severe and less reproducible in the Western diet model, as evidenced by less liver cell death/apoptosis, inflammation, ductular reaction, and fibrosis. Various mechanisms implicated in human NASH pathogenesis/progression were also less robust in the Western diet model, including oxidative stress, ER stress, autophagy deregulation, and hedgehog pathway activation. Conclusion Feeding mice a Western diet models metabolic perturbations that are common in humans with mild NASH, whereas administration of a MCD diet better models the pathobiological mechanisms that cause human NAFLD to progress to advanced NASH.
Policy in the Way of Practice: How Assessment Legislation Is Affecting Social Studies Curriculum and Instruction in Ohio

In a national context of standards and high-stakes testing, concerns are emerging about challenges to the already tenuous position of the citizenship mission in the social studies curriculum. In this qualitative study, the authors administered a survey to social studies teachers in Ohio and conducted follow-up interviews focusing on the present purposes of social studies and the ways in which standards and testing are affecting instructional practice. The findings reveal a perception of standards as being of high quality, yet ultimately undermined through changes in scope and se-quence, narrowing of the curriculum, and a paucity of time to enact them. In addition, respondents indicated that high-stakes testing has become the primary curricular focus, which impacts instructional strategy decision making and frustrates citizenship education.
X‐Ray Microscopy

The sections in this article are 1 Interaction of X Rays with Matter 2 Imaging Microscopes 3 Scanning Microscopes 4 Image Formation Keywords: electron optics; fresnel zone plates; image processing techniques; intense sources; nexafs; photoemission; soft x-rays; spectromicroscopy; synchrotron radiation; x-ray optics
Incorporating Dynamic Constraints in the Flexible Authorization Framework

Constraints are an integral part of access control policies. Depending upon their time of enforcement, they are categorized as static or dynamic; static constraints are enforced during the policy compilation time, and the dynamic constraints are enforced during run time. While there are several logic-based access control policy frameworks, they have a limited power in expressing and enforcing constraints (especially the dynamic constraints). We propose dynFAF, a constraint logic programming based approach for expressing and enforcing constraints. To make it more concrete, we present our approach as an extension to the flexible authorization framework (FAF) of Jajodia et al. [17]. We show that dynFAF satisfies standard safety and liveliness properties of a safety conscious software system.
THE CUTOFF λϕ4 O(N) MODEL IN THE LARGE N LIMIT

A cutoff version of the λϕ4 O(N) model is considered to leading order in 1/N with particular attention paid to the effective potential, which is surprisingly rich in structure. With suitable restriction on a background classical field, one finds a phenomenologically viable model with spontaneously broken symmetry, a potential bounded below, and amplitudes free of tachyons. The model has an O(N − 1) singlet resonance in both weak and strong couplings, which can be interpreted as the Higgs meson in applications. Further, an unphysical resonance, which can be used to define a triviality scale for the model, appears at a mass above the cutoff mass Λ. The phenomenological aspects of our discussion are consistent with previous studies, whose results are obtained by somewhat different methods. The question of the double-scaling limit for the cutoff model is considered as an application of the effective potential. It is shown that the double-scaling limit is not possible.
“Kids and Fires Are No Match”: Fire and Trauma Prevention for Teen Parents

The purpose of this work was to adapt findings from current research into a clinical intervention. A structured, prevention oriented presentation/discussion was developed along with a brief pre and post test measurement tool. The intervention goal was to help teen parents (N = 124), from high schools and job training centers, focus on the preventive issues of fire safety and trauma prevention for themselves and their children after a difficult life event. Findings included a significant increase (<.001) from pre to post test on intent to make their homes fire safe and to understand the importance of emotional support for themselves and their children at differing developmental ages. Unexpectedly, the comparison group of 81 adults from community programs, though starting with higher scores (p < .01) also showed significant improvement (p < .001) on these measures. It is important for social workers to adapt clinical research findings for dissemination.
Analysis of Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) Implementation in Navy Acquisition Programs

Abstract : This research attempts to use the Navy Enterprise Open Architecture Assessment Tool (OAAT) findings as a method for analyzing the US Navy's implementation of a Modular Systems Approach (MOSA) in its weapon systems acquisition programs. The purpose of this research paper to provide a preliminary analysis of assessments conducted on Navy weapon system acquisition programs using the Navy Enterprise Open Architecture Assessment Tool (OAAT). The OAAT is used to assess a weapon system's degree of openness in terms of the open architecture maturity of that specific weapon system program and its systems. Openness refers to both business and technical characteristics of weapon systems that support modular design, interoperability, and commercial standards. A higher degree of openness both supports weapon system programs in terms of competition for development and support, as well as facilitates rapid technology insertion. Although the number of weapon system programs and system assessments analyzed in this research are minimal, this paper does provide some preliminary conclusions on the Navy's implementation of a Modular Systems Approach (MOSA) in its weapon systems acquisition programs.
Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance

The idea of a transformed or high-performance work system has attracted considerable attention in the United States as an alternative to traditional, mass-production forms of work organization. This article examines the relationships between indicators of high-performance work organizations that are available in the National Organizations Study, on one hand, and measures of organizational performance, on the other. The authors find that characteristics of high-performing work organizations tend to cluster together into a system of organizations. Moreover, the results indicate that human resource policies and practices often identified with high-performing organizations do, in fact, enhance organizational performance.
Integrin receptor subtype antagonism augments BNP-mediated cGMP generation in cultured human cardiac fibroblasts: evidence for particulate guanylate cyclase receptor and integrin receptor cross-talk

Background BNP has emerged as a potent antifibrotic peptide inhibiting collagen production, augmenting matrix metalloproteinases, and suppressing proliferation in cardiac fibroblasts [1]. Particulate guanylate cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR-A), to which BNP binds, shares structural (receptor dimerization and short unique cytoplasmic tails) and sequence (RGD motif binding DDX domains) similarities to integrin receptors and like integrins NPR-A may transduce signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Recently, we reported evidence for outside-inside signaling where by fibronectin (FN), an extracellular matrix protein, augments the increase in cGMP production by BNP in cultured human CFs plated on FN and is also augmented by a Mayo designed RGD peptide based upon an NPR-A sequence. It is reported that integrin receptor subtypes can regulate TGF beta binding to the TGB beta-receptor providing evidence for integrin – TGF beta-receptor cross-talk. In view of these observations, we hypothesized that potential cross-talk may exist between NPR-A and integrin receptors in human CFs.
Feasibility of single-isocenter volumetric modulated arc radiosurgery for treatment of multiple brain metastases.

Purpose To evaluate the relative plan quality of single-isocenter vs. multi-isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for radiosurgical treatment of multiple central nervous system metastases. Methods and Materials VMAT plans were created using RapidArc technology for treatment of simulated patients with three brain metastases. The plans consisted of single-arc/single-isocenter, triple-arc (noncoplanar)/single-isocenter, and triple-arc (coplanar)/triple-isocenter configurations. All VMAT plans were normalized to deliver 100% of the 20-Gy prescription dose to all lesions. The plans were evaluated by calculation of Paddick and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group conformity index scores, Paddick gradient index scores, and 12-Gy isodose volumes. Results All plans were judged clinically acceptable, but differences were observed in the dosimetric parameters, with the use of multiple noncoplanar arcs showing small improvements in the conformity indexes compared with the single-arc/single-isocenter and triple-arc (coplanar)/triple-isocenter plans. Multiple arc plans (triple-arc [noncoplanar]/single-isocenter and triple-arc [coplanar]/triple-isocenter) showed smaller 12-Gy isodose volumes in scenarios involving three metastases spaced closely together, with only small differences noted among all plans involving lesions spaced further apart. Conclusion Our initial results suggest that single-isocenter VMAT plans can be used to deliver conformity equivalent to that of multiple isocenter VMAT techniques. For targets that are closely spaced, multiple noncoplanar single-isocenter arcs might be required. VMAT radiosurgery for multiple targets using a single isocenter can be efficiently delivered, requiring less than one-half the beam time required for multiple isocenter set ups. VMAT radiosurgery will likely replace multi-isocenter techniques for linear accelerator-based treatment of multiple targets.
Long-range correlations in disordered graphene

The appearence of long-range correlations near the Dirac point of a Dirac-like spinor model with random vector potential is studied. These correlations originate from a spontaneously broken symmetry and their corresponding Goldstone modes. Using a strong-disorder expansion, correlation functions and matrix elements are analyzed and compared with results from a weak-disorder expansion. The local density of states correlation and the overlap between states above and below the Dirac point are characterized by a long-range behavior. The correlation range decreases with the distance from the Dirac point. Transport is diffusive and the diffusion coefficient is proportional to the one-particle scattering time for any strength of disorder. A consequence of the special properties of particle-hole scattering is a constant microwave conductivity for weak as well as for strong disorder, describing a deviation from conventional Drude-like transport. Some properties of the model can be linked to a kind of Kondo scale, which is generated by disorder. Finally, the properties of the wave functions at the Dirac point are characterized by their participation ratios, indicating a critical state at the Dirac point.
Thermal and Photoinduced Decomposition Pathways of Arsine on GaAs(100)

We have studied the thermal and photoinduced dissociation pathway of AsH3 on the Ga-rich GaAs(100) surface. Arsine adsorbs molecularly at 115 K and dissociates upon either heating to above 140 K or upon irradiation with 3.5 - 6.4 eV photons. The decomposition of arsine is accompanied by the formation of surface Ga-H species, which are thermally and photochemically more stable than surface AsHx. A comparison of the wavelength dependence for adsorbed and gas phase arsine reveals that the excitation mechanism of the AsH3 surface photochemistry is substrate mediated, which probably involves a charge transfer between surface states and the adsorbate.
Prolonged Interleukin-2Rα Expression on Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Favors Terminal-Effector Differentiation In Vivo

Summary CD25, the high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α chain, is rapidly upregulated by antigen-specific CD8 + T cells after T cell receptor stimulation. Here, we demonstrate that during an acute viral infection, CD25 expression is quite dynamic—after initial upregulation, a subset of virus-specific T cells sustains CD25 expression longer than the rest. At this time when there is distinct heterogeneity in CD25 expression, examination of the in vivo fate of effector cells revealed that CD25 lo cells, which are relatively less sensitive to IL-2, preferentially upregulate CD127 and CD62L and give rise to functional long-lived memory cells. In contrast, CD25 hi cells perceiving prolonged IL-2 signals proliferate more rapidly, are prone to apoptosis, exhibit a more pronounced effector phenotype, and appear to be terminally differentiated. Consistent with this, sustained IL-2 receptor signaling during expansion drove terminal-effector differentiation. These data support the hypothesis that prolonged IL-2 signals during priming promote terminal-effector differentiation.
Glassy thermal conductivity in the two-phase CuxAg3−xSbSeTe2 alloy and high temperature thermoelectric behavior

We have measured the thermal transport properties over the temperature range 1.8 K<T<700 K of a two-phase alloy synthesized by reacting AgSbTe2 and Ag2Se in a 1:1 molar ratio. Typical electrical resistivity values at 700 K are in the range ~4 mΩ cm≤ρ≤20 mΩ cm, while low thermal conductivity values (κ<1 W m−1 K−1) were obtained. We find that the thermal conductivity of this crystalline alloy has a temperature dependence strikingly similar to those of amorphous solids. In addition the thermal conductivity, thermopower, and electrical resistivity decouple. This result makes it possible to optimize thermoelectric performance by minimizing the electrical resistivity. It is therefore envisaged that this system has potential as a high performance bulk thermoelectric.
Gauge invariant electromagnetic coupling with torsion potential

Electromagnetism is coupled to torsion in a gauge invariant manner by relaxing minimal coupling and introducing into the Lagrangian a term bilinear in the electromagnetic field tensor and the torsion potential. The resulting coupling between electromagnetism and torsion is examined and a solution corresponding to traveling coupled waves is given.
Differentiating astroglia in nervous tissue histogenesis/regeneration: Studies in a model system of regenerating peripheral nerve

The role of astroglia in nervous system histogenesis/regeneration (morphogenesis) was studied as a function of cell age. The effect of inoculated astroglia at different cell maturation stages on axonal growth was examined in a peripheral nerve regenerating model system. This model system consists of rat sciatic nerve stumps that regenerate through an empty silicone chamber (Lundborg et al.: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 41:412–422, 1982). Rat astroglial cell populations grown in cell culture were suspended either in a liquid (physiological solution) or in a solid (isotonic collagen gel) medium and inoculated within the silicone chamber at the time of surgery. Immature and mature cell populations, at ages corresponding to 9–69 postnatal days (P9–P69), were inoculated, and their effect on neural growth was analyzed by histological, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural techniques, 2–6 weeks later. Astroglial cells differentially modulated the process of nerve regeneration, an effect that is a function of the cells' developmental stage. P19 astroglia and older cells inhibited the regeneration process, encapsulating the axons in a glia-limitans-like structure. Immature astrocytes (P9) did not seem to interfere with the regeneration process; nerve outgrowth in their presence resembled and was comparable to the ones obtained in the presence of inoculated Schwann cells. The differential effects of the developing astroglia were not significantly changed by the inoculation media, e.g., liquid or solid, and were already pronounced 2 weeks after neural transection. It is suggested by the results of the study that the role and function of astroglia in nervous system morphogenesis are changing with cell differentiation. Adult astrocytes seem to downregulate axonal growth; presumably, their function is to confine the neurites within designated structural and functional boundaries.
Formation of “feathery” structures during massive transformation in CuGa alloys

Abstract The massive transformation in CuGa Alloys in the composition range 20.0–25.0 at.% has been studied using the techniques of optical and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. The feathery appearance of the transformation product, which is a frequently observed feature of the massive transformation in the CuGa alloys, results from the formation of a duplex f.c.c./h.c.p. structure associated with a twin on the h.c.p. (1011) plane. In the electron microscope the fine platelike structure was found to involve both f.c.c. and h.c.p. phases, or only stacks of h.c.p. plates parallel to the basal plane. In the duplex structure the close packed planes and directions of the two phases are parallel. This association, together with the (1011) twinning gives rise to the ledge-type growth. The layers of f.c.c. phase sometimes consist of thick plates that are of different composition from the matrix. Presence of such plates gives rise to the striated and blocky appearance visible optically as feathers. It is suggested that the question of whether or not the massive phase may have orientation relationship with the parent phase is still unanswered. In a possible model for the edgewise growth an orientation relationship seems desirable, but the instances where the massive phase has transgressed prior β grain boundaries are then difficult to account for.
Seven Transmembrane-spanning Receptors for Free Fatty Acids as Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes Mellitus: Pharmacological, Phylogenetic, and Drug Discovery Aspects

Free fatty acids (FFAs)2 take part in many physiological processes in different tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, heart, and pancreas by providing an oxidative energy source. In addition, FFAs are potent signaling molecules (1). Dysregulation of FFA metabolism is responsible for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (2). The presence of some FFAs is essential for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. However, if FFAs are chronically in excess, they can reduce insulin biosynthesis and secretion and induce β-cell apoptosis (2). The regulatory effect of FFAs occurs in part by their involvement as substrates in intracellular lipid signaling pathways; however, FFAs also signal directly via seven transmembrane-spanning receptors (7TMRs; G protein-coupled receptors). Here, we consider 7TMRs that are activated by FFAs and FFA amides. Furthermore, we describe the identification and characterization of small molecule ligands for these FFA receptors (FFARs) that may be useful for treating patients with diabetes mellitus.
Effects of Distance and Depth on Total and Bioaccessible Lead Concentrations in Soils from Two Farmhouses in Beltsville, Maryland

Movement of soil lead (Pb) has been studied, but Pb bioaccessiblity as a function of distance and depth from houses with histories of lead paint use needs to be investigated. This study investigated the effect of distance and depth on total and bioaccessible Pb near two houses with histories of lead paint use. Soil samples were collected at four distances and four depths. Total and bioaccessible Pb were extracted using 1 N ammonia nitrate and 0.4 m glycine, respectively. Bioaccessible Pb ranged from 27 to 886 mg kg−1 and from 187 to 4796 mg kg−1 for houses 1 and 2, respectively. Total and bioaccessible Pb concentrations were greatest at the 0.5 m distance and 2.5 cm depth for both houses. Percentage of total Pb that was bioaccessible at lower horizons was greater than or equal to that of the surface soil. Soil Pb reduction with increasing distance and depth makes it amenable to soil remediation.
Effects of cadmium on limb regeneration in the Northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile

Tests were conducted to determine the effects of cadmium on leg regeneration in larvae of the Northwestern salamander, Ambystoma gracile. Cadmium significantly affected limb regrowth (LOAEL=lowest observed adverse effect level) at 193.1 μg/L in a 24-day test and at 44.6 μg/L in a 10-day test. There were no significant adverse effects (NOAEL=no observed adverse effects level) at 48.9 μg/L in 24-day and 12.8 μg/L in 10-day tests.
Brachistochrone with Coulomb friction

Abstract The classical brachistochrone is considered with the inclusion of a resistant force, which is due to Coulomb friction, in addition to the uniform gravitational force that is present. The solution to this problem is expressed in terms of standard functions, and it is developed in two separate ways by means of constrained variational calculus methods. These ways involve formulations of the problem in terms of temporal and spatial independent variables, respectively. The equations of motion that result in both cases are non-linear and coupled. The utilization of path variables is a central feature of the developments provided.
Education as a force for change in mental health settings

The authors focus on the educational process as a force for bringing about changes in the community or within an agency setting. Four change agent roles—specialist, problem solver, consciousness raiser, and advocate—are identified and described. Attention is then focused on criteria for choosing a change agent role. What kind of change is needed? What is the probability of success using a given role? What are the consequences of functioning in a given role? These are three questions an educational change agent should ask before choosing a role as specialist, problem solver, consciousness raiser or advocate.
Escape learning in the plains garter snake, Thamnophis radix

Five plains garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) received five daily trials on each of 10 successive days in a water maze in which escape was possible through a hole in the correct end box. The snakes showed a significant reduction in latency to escape after 2 or 3 days of training. However, the animals did not acquire a discrimination between the correct and incorrect paths since the probability of turning into the incorrect arm did not decrease over days. Reduction in escape latency could be interpreted as an arousal effect of incentive learning (i.e., snakes learned that escape was possible, and this energized behavior even though they did not learn the correct pathway). However, an alternative view is offered wherein snakes are presumed to have learned not only that escape was possible but also a systematic pattern of searching behavior (which was somewhat less efficient than could have been acquired if the position discrimination had been mastered).
Transferability and Robustness of Real-Time Freeway Crash Risk Assessment

Abstract Introduction This study examines the data from single loop detectors on northbound (NB) US-101 in San Jose, California to estimate real-time crash risk assessment models. Method The classification tree and neural network based crash risk assessment models developed with data from NB US-101 are applied to data from the same freeway, as well as to the data from nearby segments of the SB US-101, NB I-880, and SB I-880 corridors. The performance of crash risk assessment models on these nearby segments is the focus of this research. Results The model applications show that it is in fact possible to use the same model for multiple freeways, as the underlying relationships between traffic data and crash risk remain similar. Impact on Industry The framework provided here may be helpful to authorities for freeway segments with newly installed traffic surveillance apparatuses, since the real-time crash risk assessment models from nearby freeways with existing infrastructure would be able to provide a reasonable estimate of crash risk. The robustness of the model output is also assessed by location, time of day, and day of week. The analysis shows that on some locations the models may require further learning due to higher than expected false positive (e.g., the I-680/I-280 interchange on US-101 NB) or false negative rates. The approach for post-processing the results from the model provides ideas to refine the model prior to or during the implementation.
Relative rather than absolute macroglossia in patients with Down syndrome: implications for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea

Background Children with Down syndrome are described as having macroglossia as well as midface hypoplasia. We reviewed anatomic parameters on MRI to determine whether adolescents with Down syndrome have true macroglossia or relatively large tongues compared to the small size of their oral cavity. This has implications for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, which occurs at a relatively high rate among patients with Down syndrome.
A Functional Model for the Cysteinate–Ligated Non–Heme Iron Enzyme Superoxide Reductase (SOR)

Superoxide reductases (SORs) are cysteine-ligated, non-heme iron enzymes that reduce toxic superoxide radicals (O2-). The functional role of the trans cysteinate, as well as the mechanism by which SOR reduces O2-, is unknown. Herein is described a rare example of a functional metalloenzyme analogue, which catalytically reduces superoxide in a proton-dependent mechanism, via a trans thiolate-ligated iron-peroxo intermediate, the first example of its type. Acetic-acid-promoted H2O2 release, followed by Cp2Co reduction, regenerates the active Fe(II) catalyst. The thiolate ligand and its trans positioning relative to the substrate are shown to contribute significantly to the catalyst's function, by lowering the redox potential, changing the spin state, and dramatically lowering the νFe-O stretching frequency well-below that of any other reported iron-peroxo, while leaving νO-O high, so as to favor superoxide reduction and Fe−O, as opposed to O−O, bond cleavage. Thus we provide critical insight into the relati...
Comparison of relative rates of BTEX biodegradation using respirometry

Biodegradation of BTEX by a microbial consortium isolated from a closed municipal landfill was studied using respirometric techniques. The kinetics of biodegradation were estimated from experimental oxygen uptake data using a nonlinear parameter estimation technique. All of the six compounds were rapidly degraded by the microbial culture and no substrate inhibition was observed at the concentration levels examined (200 mg L−1 as COD). Microbial growth and contaminant degradation were adequately described by the Monod equation. Considerable differences were observed in the rates of BTEX biodegradation as seen from the estimates of the kinetic parameters. A three-fold variation was seen in the values of the maximum specific growth rate, μmax. The highest value of μmax was 0.389 h−1 for p-xylene while o-xylene was characterized by a μmax value of 0.14 h−1, the lowest observed in this study. The half saturation coefficient, K s, and the yield coefficient, Y, varied between 1.288–4.681 mg L−1 and 0.272–0.645 mg mg−1, respectively. Benzene and o-xylene exhibited higher resistance to biodegradation while toluene and p-xylene were rapidly degraded. Ethylbenzene and m-xylene were degraded at intermediate rates. In biodegradation experiments with a multiple substrate matrix, substrate depletion was slower than in single substrate experiments, suggesting an inhibitory nature of substrate interaction.
Thermal models of thrust faulting: Constraints from fluid-inclusion observations, Willard thrust sheet, Idaho-Utah-Wyoming thrust belt

The thermal effects associated with emplacement of the Willard thrust sheet within the Idaho-Utah-Wyoming thrust belt have been numerically modeled. Fluid-inclusion studies and mineralogy, including illite crystallinity, narrowly limit choice of permissible thermal models. Permissible models have initial thermal gradients between about 30 °C/km and 35 °C/km and fluid pressures less than lithostatic pressure. Fluid inclusions were trapped in syntectonic veins within the basal part of the Willard thrust sheet and in cataclastically deformed basement within the footwall. Homogenization temperatures have a bimodal distribution in the Willard sheet with maxima at 180 °C and 260 °C and a unimodal distribution in the footwall with a maximum at 200 °C. These temperatures, along with fluid composition, determine fluid density and define isochores along which the fluids were trapped. Illite crystallinity and mineralogy record maximum temperatures in the range of 300 °C to 500 °C with somewhat lower maximum temperatures in the footwall. Thermal models for emplacement of the Willard sheet indicate that the hanging wall undergoes initial rapid cooling, but the footwall undergoes initial warming due to tectonic burial. Later both areas undergo approximately isothermal decompression as erosion proceeds. P-T paths for reasonable parameter values intersect the modal isochores and are consistent with mineralogy, as required for a permissible model. The thermal model provides a reasonable framework for understanding the thermal history of the Willard sheet. The models are sensitive to thrust-sheet thickness, initial heat flow, and thermal conductivity. The thermal models are relatively insensitive to erosion history for reasonable erosion rates and to redistribution of heat-producing elements for the low values typical of sedimentary rocks.
Ethanol Exhibits α Receptor Blocking-Like Properties in Anesthetized Rats

The ability of ethanol to reduce alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated pressor responsiveness in vivo was investigated in chloralose-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Catheters were inserted in the jugular vein and the femoral artery of rats for the injection of drugs and the measurement of blood pressure, respectively. Dose-response curves for phenylephrine and norepinephrine were constructed by plotting the change in mean arterial pressure following a bolus dose of the agent against the dose of the pressor agent used. Following construction of an initial dose-response curve, animals were challenged with either a 1 g/kg dose of ethanol or an equivalent volume of saline (iv) and the dose-response curves were repeated. Using a similar protocol, pressor responsiveness was evaluated in animals pretreated with either yohimbine (1 mg/kg) or prazosin (3.9 micrograms/kg), a dose sufficient to produce partial blockade of alpha receptor-mediated pressor responsiveness, and then treated with ethanol. Ethanol produced a partial blockade of alpha receptors when the animals were challenged with either phenylephrine or norepinephrine. This blockade produced by ethanol was shown to be similar to that produced by the receptor blocking agents used in this study. To rule out any nonspecific effects of ethanol in reducing vascular reactivity, some animals were challenged with angiotensin II both before and after treatment with ethanol, yohimbine, or prazosin and after both drugs were administered together. Ethanol, as well as the alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic blocking agents tested failed to have any significant effect on angiotensin II-pressor responsiveness, ruling out any nonspecific effect of ethanol on the vasculature. It is concluded, therefore, that ethanol has alpha receptor blocking-like activity in vivo.
Dismantling the mosaic of misery: Louis Sullivan's paradoxic rhetorical vision

HIV/AIDS and other epidemics are just one of the elements of the mosaic of misery that plagues many Americans. The rhetoric of such epidemics is characterized by four primary fantasy themes: groups most affected by the disease, cause of the disease, problems posed by the epidemic, and solutions offered to mitigate the problems. Unlike most rhetoric concerning HIV/AIDS and earlier epidemics, Louis W. Sullivan's first policy speech about HIV/AIDS is characterized by apparent paradoxes between his definition of the syndrome's social causes and his proposed individual solutions. Three interpretations of Sullivan's rhetorical vision are offered: the clown, the raven, and the self‐made man. While they help to create order among the paradoxical elements of Sullivan's speech, they present a gloomy scenario for the African and Hispanic American communities that are disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. A new rhetoric that links individuals to their communities and communities to a larger whole is c...
An analysis scheme for suboptimal, minimum-time, sampled-data systems

Sampled data system minimum time suboptimality measurement, proposing approximate analysis method for pulse amplitude modulated systems
Design Strategies for InGaN-Based Green Lasers

A design parameter subspace is explored to suggest epitaxial layer structures which maximize gain spectral density at a target wavelength for green In?Ga1-?N-based single quantum well active regions. The dependence of the fundamental optical transition energy on the thickness and composition of barriers and wells is discussed, and the sensitivity of gain spectral density to design parameters, including the choice of buffer layer material, is investigated.
Fluid Structural Interactions of Flapping Photomechanical Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks

A class of active polymers that respond mechanically to ultraviolet and visible light is studied using an advanced fluid-structural interaction model that photomechanically couples three dimensional, unsteady Navier-Stokes equations with a plate model of liquid crystal networks. These materials have been shown to exhibit fast response times that scale with the resonant frequency of the polymer film structure. Moreover, these films are classified as glassy (modulus ∼ 1GPa) and thus have demonstrated flapping behavior on the order of 100Hz or greater in millimeter length films. A variety of applications include micro-propulsion systems for insect size aircraft and biomedical actuators for micro-manipulation of biological materials. A critical challenge in utilizing these materials is explored here by quantifying photomechanical performance and efficiency under unsteady, aerodynamic loads. To quantify the active material performance, we utilize detailed fluid-structural computational methods that couple light input energy, strain energy of the photomechanical film, and interactions with ambient air. The effect of ambient air pressure is found to have a significant impact on photomechanical performance.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Synthesis of fast-swelling, superporous sucrose hydrogels.

Abstract Sucrose was reacted with glycidyl acrylate to introduce double bonds. The extent of modification was quantitated using 13 C NMR. The reaction time and the molar ratio were varied to adjust the degree of substitution. The average number of double bonds introduced in sucrose varied from 0.2 to 6.7. Since the reaction mixture contained sucrose modified with more than one double bond, its polymerization resulted in a crosslinked network of sucrose hydrogels (sucrogels). Superporous sucrogels were also prepared by adding a gas forming agent during polymerization. They swelled faster with higher swelling ratio and degraded faster in both acidic and basic conditions than sucrogels. The fast swelling superporous sucrogels can be used in various applications, including controlled drug delivery.
Telerehabilitation: policy issues and research tools.

A number of experts recognize the importance of public policy as a complementary framework for telehealth, telemedicine, and by association, telerehabilitation. The purpose of this paper is to report on the current state-of-the-science on telerehabilitation (TR) policy and research methodology and make recommendations about future research needs. We conducted an extensive search of the literature via search terms grouped into the main topics of telerehabilitation, policy, population of users, and policy specific issues such as cost and reimbursement.The availability of rigorous and valid evidence-based cost studies emerged as a major challenge to the field. Existing cost studies provide evidence that tele-homecare may be a promising application area for TR. Cost studies also indicate that tele-psychiatry is a promising telepractice area. Notably, the literature did not reference the International Classification on Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).We concluded that outcome studies characterized by rigorous and comprehensive TR assessment and evaluation are required to generate confidence among providers, payers, clinicians, and end users. Study criteria must comprehensively assess consumer satisfaction and participation via medical, functional, and quality of life items such as assistive technology and environmental factors.
H.M.'s Language Production Deficits: Implications for Relations between Memory, Semantic Binding, and the Hippocampal System ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract To test the claim that H.M. exhibits a “pure memory deficit” that has left his language production intact, we compared the language production of H.M. and controls in three studies. In Study 1, participants described the two meanings of visually presented sentences that they knew were ambiguous, and H.M.'s descriptions suggested a semantic-level production deficit: Relative to controls of comparable age, intelligence, and education, H.M.'s descriptions were significantly less effective, less clear, less concise, and more repetitious at lexical, phrase, and sentence levels of language production. In Study 2, naive judges rated H.M.'s descriptions as less grammatical, less comprehensible, and less coherent than descriptions of controls. Study 3 replicated these results for conversational speech about childhood events that occurred long before H.M.'s operation, his epilepsy, and his epilepsy treatments. Present results contradict stages of processing theories that localize H.M.'s deficit to a storage stage that is independent of processes for retrieving and producing verbal materials, and instead support a distributed-memory theory in which memory storage and retrieval involving verbal materials are inherent aspects of normal language production.
Increased antibodies against unfolded viral antigens in the elderly after influenza vaccination.

Objective Our studies aimed to measure the quality of antibody response to influenza vaccines in the elderly. The frequency of significant rise in hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer in the elderly is low and although annual vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality, better correlates of vaccine efficacy in the elderly are needed. Methods We measured the amount and avidity of serum antibodies against native H3N2 influenza glycoproteins or denatured virus (unfoldons) in pre- and post-vaccinated sera of 36 elderly subjects. Results Eighty percent of subjects had high pre-immunization antibody levels and only 13% showed ≥2fold increase after vaccination, but 33% showed ≥2fold increase in avidity. With increasing dosage there was a significant increase in avidity against unfoldons with 50% of subjects showing ≥2fold increase at the highest dose. Elderly subjects given subunit vaccine showed higher reactivity with unfoldons (78% of native) than younger subjects studied earlier who were given inactivated whole virus vaccine (19% of native). Conclusion The clear inverse relationship between pre-immunization antibody levels and antibody increase after vaccination implies that a major reason for the low frequency of antibody responses in elderly subjects is simply because they have high pre-immunization antibody levels. Only low reactivity was observed with earlier viruses. The increased proportion and avidity of antibodies against unfoldons is of concern, as these are not protective, and vaccine developers need to be aware of the role of age or vaccine formulation in inducing anti-unfoldon antibodies.