cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local recurrences at the anastomotic area are clonally related to the primary tumor in sporadic colorectal carcinoma

// Efsevia Vakiani 1 , Ronak H. Shah 2 , Michael F. Berger 1, 2 , Alvin P. Makohon-Moore 3 , Johannes G. Reiter 4 , Irina Ostrovnaya 5 , Marc A. Attiyeh 3 , Andrea Cercek 6 , Jinru Shia 1 , Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue 1, 3 , David B. Solit 2 and Martin R. Weiser 7 1 Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA 2 Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA 3 The David Rubenstein Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA 4 Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA 5 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA 6 Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA 7 Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA Correspondence to: Efsevia Vakiani, email: vakianie@mskcc.org Keywords: next-generation sequencing, colorectal cancer, anastomotic recurrence Received: October 25, 2016 Accepted: April 07, 2017 Published: April 18, 2017 ABSTRACT Purpose: Anastomotic recurrences (AR) occur in 2–10% of colorectal carcinoma cases after resection of primary tumor (PT). Currently, there are no molecular data investigating their genetic profile and multiple theories exist about their pathogenesis. The aim of our study was to compare the genomic profile of AR to that of the patients’ corresponding matched PT and, when available, to a distant metastasis (DM). Experimental Design: Thirty-six tumors from 14 patients were genotyped using a capture-based, next-generation assay to define the mutational status of 341 cancer-associated genes. All patients had R0 resection of their PT and AR occurred 1.1−7.0 years following PT resection. A DM or a second AR was analyzed in 8 patients. All tumors were microsatellite stable except in one patient with Lynch syndrome. Results: A total of 254 somatic mutations were detected including 138 mutations in the microsatellite stable (MSS) cases. The most commonly mutated genes were APC , KRAS , TP53 , PIK3CA , ATM and PIK3R1 . In all patients with MSS tumors the AR and PT shared between 50−100% of mutations, including mutations in key driver genes, consistent with these tumors being clonally related. Genetic events private to DM were not detected in AR and phylogenetic analysis showed that ARs were more closely related to PT than DM. In the Lynch syndrome patient the PT and AR showed distinct somatic mutations consistent with independent primaries. Conclusions: ARs are clonally related to PT in sporadic colorectal carcinomas and do not appear to represent seeding of the anastomotic site by distant metastases.
Approximation Algorithms

Covering the basic techniques used in the latest research work, the author consolidates progress made so far, including some very recent and promising results, and conveys the beauty and excitement of work in the field. He gives clear, lucid explanations of key results and ideas, with intuitive proofs, and provides critical examples and numerous illustrations to help elucidate the algorithms. Many of the results presented have been simplified and new insights provided. Of interest to theoretical computer scientists, operations researchers, and discrete mathematicians.
Effects of Work Status Congruence and Perceived Management Concern for Employees on Turnover Intentions in a Fast Casual Restaurant Chain

ABSTRACTThe current study examines a proposed turnover intention model on hourly employees in a large fast casual dining restaurant chain located in the United States. High levels of turnover have been a consistent and costly issue in the restaurant industry. The study was developed to help restaurant owners and managers determine how relationships between variables influence the turnover intentions of their employees, in order to overcome the economic hardship that organizations face when their turnover rates are high. Many factors were found to influence employee turnover intentions, including work status congruence, perceived management concern for employees, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Hence, it is important for fast casual restaurant operators in the United States to develop their managers' human resource skills, in order to have satisfied and committed hourly employees, who should as a result develop lower turnover intentions. Managerial and academic implications are discussed i...
Deterioration of Concrete Ditch Liners in Saline-Alkali Soil

Irrigation head ditches are normally installed at a slightly higher elevation than the field they serve. Since moisture diffuses toward the highest elevation, evaporation and salt accumulation are greatest in the crest of the earthen berm, where the first indications of damage appear. Continual contact with saline solutions causes the concrete to disintegrate by chemical reactions. As dissolution continues, the concrete mass is physically weakened. Sudden temperature changes, due to water entering the ditch while daytime temperatures are high or temperature differences in a partially filled ditch, create strain on the weakened concrete mass, and eventually cause it to break. This results in an accelerated chemical attack, and eventually the liner needs replacement.
Abstract 5230: Targeting two unique end-insertion G-quadruplexes formed in the 3′-end of the PDGFR-β core promoter nuclease hypersensitive element with ellipticine analog

Aberrant expression of PDGFR-β promotes multiple hallmarks of cancer, and its transcriptional regulation provides an attractive means to inhibit the PDGFR-β signaling pathway. The nuclease hypersensitive element (NHE) region of the human PDGFR-β core promoter has been shown to be responsible in regulating approximately 60% of the PDGFR-β basal promoter activity. Multiple overlapping G-quadruplexes (G4s) have been shown to form in this NHE region. We previously determined the most stable G4 structure formed in the 5’-mid of PDGFR-β NHE region. Significantly, an ellipticine analog, GSA1129, has been shown to selectively bind to the G4 formed in the 3’-end NHE region, thereby shifting the dynamic equilibrium toward the 3’-end G4. This selective interaction was shown to result in suppression of PDGFR-β activity in both cancer cell lines and a preclinical animal model. Thus, characterization of 3’-end G4 provides an important basis for understanding the molecular recognition of this G4 and for rational drug design. In this study, we used NMR spectroscopy to show that the PDGFR-β NHE 3′-end sequence forms two novel end-insertion intramolecular G4s which exist in a dynamic equilibrium under physiological salt condition. One is the 3′-insertion-G4 with a 3′ non-adjacent flanking guanine inserted into the 3′-external tetrad. The other is a 5′-insertion-G4 with a 5′ non-adjacent flanking guanine inserted into the 5′-external tetrad. We further confirmed that these novel end-insertion G4s can readily form in the 3’-end NHE sequence under physiologically relevant ionic conditions using dimethyl sulfate (DMS) footprinting experiments. To elucidate the molecular interactions of ellipticine analog with the 3’-end G4s, we studied the binding of GSA1129 to both of the end-insertion G4s. Significantly, our CD melting studies showed that GSA1129 markedly increased the stability of both end-insertion G4s by about 25°C. Furthermore, 1H NMR titration experiments have shown that GSA1129 selectively binds to the G4 formed in the 3’-end NHE region. The novel end-insertion structures and the dynamic nature of the PDGFR-β NHE 3′-end G4 may make it an effective target for GSA1129 binding and regulation. Our result highlights the dynamic nature of the PDGFR-β NHE 3′-end sequence and the importance of identifying the exact sequence for the formation of the naturally occurring G4 structure. Citation Format: Buket Onel, Prashansa Agrawal, Megan Carver, Laurence H. Hurley, Danzhou Yang. Targeting two unique end-insertion G-quadruplexes formed in the 3′-end of the PDGFR-β core promoter nuclease hypersensitive element with ellipticine analog [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5230. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5230
Refining Diagnostic Approaches in Nephrolithiasis: Incomplete Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis.

The pathophysiology of renal tubular acidosis (RTA) seems well worked out. Distal or type 1 renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) leads to positive proton balance, which results in decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and a urinary phenotype most consistent with calcium phosphate stone formation:
AutoPath: Harnessing Parallel Execution Paths for Efficient Resource Allocation in Multi-Stage Big Data Frameworks

Due to the ﬂexibility of data operations and scalability of in- memory cache, Spark has revealed the potential to become the standard distributed framework to replace Hadoop for data-intensive processing in both industry and academia. However, we observe that the built-in scheduling algorithms in Spark (i.e., FIFO and FAIR) are not optimized for the applications with multiple parallel and independent branches in stages. Speciﬁcally, the child stage needs to wait and collect data from all its parent branches, but this wait has no guaranteed upper bound since it is tightly coupled with each branch's workload characteristic, stage order, and their corresponding allocated computing resource. To address this challenge, we investigate a superior solution which ensures all branches acquire suitable resources according to their workload demand in order to let the ﬁnish time of each branch be as close as possible. Based on this, we propose a novel scheduling policy, named AutoPath, which can effectively reduce the overall makespan of such kind of applications by detecting and leveraging the parallel path, and adaptively assigning computing resources based on the estimated workload demands during runtime. We implemented the new scheduling scheme in Spark v1.5.0 and evaluated it with selected representative workloads. The experiments demonstrate that our new scheduler effectively reduces the makespan and improves resource utilizations for these applications, compared to the current FIFO and FAIR schedulers.
Thinking Inside the Box: Status Quo Bias and Stochastic Consideration

This paper studies the effect of a status quo (SQ) on stochastic choice with limited consideration. I introduce and characterize the status quo dependent random consideration rule (SQ-RCR) from stochastic choice data with a known status quo and show that this model identifies three distinct channels through which the SQ affects choices: (1) the SQ is attention privileged and hence is always considered, (2) the SQ focuses attention on a subset of alternatives that dominate it, and (3) the SQ directs attention by influencing that probability with which an alternative is considered. When the SQ directs attention, becoming the SQ may in fact reduce an alternatives likelihood of being chosen, which is unique to this environment. I then characterize two special cases of the model that eliminate channels two and three, respectively. The model accounts for wide a variety of behavior, including choice frequency reversals, violations of stochastic transitivity, and the compromise and attraction effects. Finally, I relate to other models of stochastic choice including a generalized version of the random utility model.
Selective Dilation of the Constricted Superior Mesenteric Artery

Intraarterial infusion of potent vasoactive drugs was assessed in the constricted mesenteric circulation of dogs. Animals were anesthetized and superior mesenteric artery blood flow was measured with electromagnetic blood flow transducers. Systemic arterial and portal venous pressures were measured, and the resistance to blood flow across the gut was calculated. After control measurements, 30% of the blood volume was removed to produce persistent hypotension, mesenteric ischemia, and arteriolar constriction in the intestinal circulation. Direct infusion of prostaglandin E1 (0.1 μg per kg-min), glucagon (0.5 μg per kg-min), and isoproterenol (0.5 μg per kg-min) into the constricted mesenteric artery dilated the vessel and restored blood flow nearly to prehemorrhage values without altering systemic arterial pressure. Intraarterial dopamine (10 μg per kg-min) failed to dilate the mesenteric artery or increase its blood flow. Effects of the vasodilator agents did not persist after cessation of drug infusion. These findings indicate that selective infusion of potent vasodilator drugs can reverse severe mesenteric constriction and ischemia in the experimental animal and suggests a new avenue for treatment of nonocclusive ischemic disease of the gut.
Rainwater harvesting potential in a semiarid Southern California city

To determine the rainwater capture potential in a small residential city located in semiarid Southern California, a model of the city's existing storm drainage system was developed using a watershed management model based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's storm water management model. The model analyzes the effect of (1) 2‐ and 10‐year 24‐h storms and (2) dry, average, and wet climatic conditions under five different scenarios, considering (1) single rain barrel, (2) 5 rain barrels, (3) 7 rain barrels, (4) 10 rain barrels, and (5) a storage tank in each residential lot. Results show that, due to its fixed capacity, rain barrel(s) can only save a limited amount of water. A storage tank per lot increases rainwater capture efficiency, which can collect 19% of city's annual reclaimed water volume in an average climatic year. However, storage tanks can only be cost‐effective to residents through financial supports from local agencies.
Levi on the Dogma of Randomization in Experiments

It is my goal in this paper to apply Isaac Levi’s theory, as it is developed in his latest book The Enterprise of Knowledge, to appraise the well entrenched methodological doctrine of randomized experimental designs.1 I hope to argue that whether we understand the conclusion of statistical ‘inference’, based on data from a randomized design, to be a statement of evidential support, e.g. a credal probability, or to be a statistical decision, in either case the familiar argument in defense of randomization as a protection against inaccurate ‘inference’ due to a biased sample is invalid.
Xrn1 activity broadly represses RNA polymerase II occupancy at mammalian but not viral promoters during herpesvirus infection

Abstract In mammalian cells, widespread acceleration of cytoplasmic mRNA degradation is linked to impaired RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription. This mRNA decay-induced transcriptional repression occurs during infection with gammaherpesviruses including Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), which encode an mRNA endonuclease that initiates widespread RNA decay. Here, we show that MHV68-induced mRNA decay leads to a genome-wide reduction of Pol II occupancy at mammalian promoters, which requires the cellular 5’-3’ exonuclease Xrn1. Viral genes, despite the fact that they require Pol II for transcription, escape this transcriptional repression. Protection is not governed by viral promoter sequences; instead, location on the viral genome is both necessary and sufficient to escape the transcriptional repression effects of mRNA decay. We hypothesize that the ability to escape from transcriptional repression is linked to the conformation of viral DNA in replication compartments, providing a means for these viruses to counteract decay-induced viral transcript loss.
The use of induction therapy in liver transplantation is highly variable and is associated with posttransplant outcomes.

The use of induction immunosuppression in liver transplantation (LT) remains controversial. This was a retrospective cohort study of adult, first-time liver-alone recipients (N = 69 349) at 114 US centers between 2005 and 2018 using data from the United Network for Organ Sharing. The comparative effectiveness of nondepleting and depleting induction (NDI and DI) was assessed. Overall, 27% of recipients received induction with 65.7% of the variance in the receipt of induction being attributed to transplant center alone. NDI and DI were associated with a lower risk of death/graft failure compared to no induction (adjusted hazard ratio 0.90 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86-0.95] and 0.91 [95% CI: 0.85-0.97], respectively; P < .001). In nondialysis recipients at the mean transplant estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), NDI was associated with an adjusted gain in eGFR by 6 months of +3.8 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and DI of +3.33 mL/min per 1.73 m2 compared to no induction (P < .001). Recipients with lower eGFR at LT had greater predicted improvement in eGFR (interaction P < .001). Only NDI was associated with a reduced risk of acute rejection in the first year post-LT (odds ratio 0.87, 95% CI: 0.8-0.94). Significant variability in induction practices exists, with center being a major determinant. The absolute incremental benefits of NDI and DI over no induction were small.
The influence of larval growth rate on juvenile recruitment in Lake Erie walleye (Sander vitreus)

Growth-selective mortality as larvae can influence recruitment in marine fishes. Its importance in freshwater fishes, however, remains speculative. We quantified growth trajectories within annual c...
The focal plane camera for tREXS

The Rockets for Extended-source X-ray Spectroscopy (tREXS) are a series of sub-orbital rocket payloads that will aim to make large field-of-view spectroscopic observations of diffuse soft X-ray astrophysical objects. The tREXS payloads will passively focus X-rays onto a co-aligned array of reflection gratings, dispersing the incident X-rays onto a focal plane camera. The large focal plane requires the detector to cover a large area (100s of mm), have good quantum efficiency across the soft X-ray energy range (300 eV to 1000 eV), and survive the high-stress environment of a sub-orbital rocket launch. This paper will look at the options that were considered for this focal plane detector including Micro-Channel Plates, Charge-Coupled Devices, and CMOS detectors; including the use of commercially available camera solutions from companies such as Andor. The final choice for the focal plane camera will then be discussed in detail including the ultimate decisions behind the choice, system level integration into the payload design, and the requirements on the readout electronics, telemetry interface, and power.
An improved method for extraction of sorghum polymeric protein complexes

A method for fractionating sorghum proteins using extraction solvents and techniques designed to obtain polymeric protein structures (especially disulfide linked) was developed. Extraction and separation conditions were optimized in terms of completeness of protein extraction, sample stability, and analytical resolution. After pre-extraction of albumins and globulins, a 3-step sequential procedure involving no reducing agents was applied to ground whole sorghum flour. The three fractions obtained represented proportionally different protein polymer contents and molecular weight distribution as evidenced by comparative size exclusion chromatography. Protein composition also varied among the extracts with differences in kafirin composition and non-kafirin proteins detected in the fractions by RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE analysis. The ability to quantify and further characterize sorghum polymeric protein complexes will be useful for additional studies linking protein structures with functionality and digestibility and variations for these properties within diverse sorghum germplasm.
Kinetic Isotope Effect as a Tool To Investigate the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt-based Electrocatalysts - Part I: High-loading Pt/C and Pt Extended Surface.

Kinetic isotope effect (KIE) was used to study the rate-determining step for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on dispersed Pt/C electrocatalyst and polycrystalline Pt (Pt-poly). KIE is defined as the ratio of the kinetic current measured in protonated electrolyte versus deuterated electrolyte, with KIE values larger than one indicating proton participation in the rate-determining step. The effect of poisoning anions on the platinum rate determining step is investigated by assessing the KIE in perchloric (non-poisoning) and sulfuric acid-based electrolytes. The kinetics currents were calculated using the Koutechy-Levich and Tafel analysis. A KIE of 1 was observed for Pt/C (with a 40 wt.% Pt loading) and Pt-poly, thus indicating that, on 40 wt. % Pt/C and Pt-poly, the rate determining step is proton independent.
Prenatal Depression and Risk of Short Interpregnancy Interval in a Predominantly Puerto Rican Population.

Background: Short interpregnancy interval (IPI) is associated with risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, few studies have evaluated the role of depression as a risk factor for short IPI. Pue...
Neutron Energy Effects on Asteroid Deflection

The impact of the physical geometry of source versus target produced by a nuclear device used for neutron irradiation and energy deposition as a means of asteroid deflection is investigated. This work examines how these geometric profiles change as both the detonation distance and the neutron source energy is changed. Additionally, the effects of profile shaping on asteroid deflection scenarios is investigated. A comparison is made between current approaches for approximating neutron energy deposition in asteroids using direct Monte-Carlo simulations to generate high-fidelity spatial energy deposition profiles. A detonation source is generated at stand-off distances equal to 0.0001, 0.5, and 5 times the radius for a 500-meter-diameter notional silicon-dioxide asteroid target. Two mono-energetic neutron sources, 14.1 MeV deuterium-tritium fusion neutrons, and 1 MeV Watt-fission neutrons, were modeled to explore the impact of neutron energy on the energy deposition profile and resulting material blow-off for asteroid deflection scenarios. Comparison of the resulting source-particle normalized energy deposition profiles reveals that the distributions vary significantly as the neutron energies and distances change. Hydrodynamic results of the asteroid response indicate that the varying energy deposition can significantly affect overall asteroid deflection, thereby suggesting that tailored neutron spectra could be employed to enhance overall asteroid deflection.
Model-based edge clustering

Relational data can be studied using network analytic techniques which define the network as a set of actors and a set of edges connecting these actors. One important facet of network analysis that...
Point-of-Need Diagnostics for Foodborne Pathogen Screening:

Foodborne illness is a major public health issue that results in millions of global infections annually. The burden of such illness sits mostly with developing countries, as access to advanced laboratory equipment and skilled lab technicians, as well as consistent power sources, is limited and expensive. Current gold standards in foodborne pathogen screening involve labor-intensive sample enrichment steps, pathogen isolation and purification, and costly readout machinery. Overall, time to detection can take multiple days, excluding the time it takes to ship samples to off-site laboratories. Efforts have been made to simplify the workflow of such tests by integrating multiple steps of foodborne pathogen screening procedures into a singular device, as well as implementing more point-of-need readout methods. In this review, we explore recent advancements in developing point-of-need devices for foodborne pathogen screening. We discuss the detection of surface markers, nucleic acids, and metabolic products using both paper-based and microfluidic devices, focusing primarily on developments that have been made between 2015 and mid-2020.
Case of a Young Child Who Refuses to Bear Weight and Has Back Pain due to Leukemia

Refusal to bear weight in a young child is never normal and must be investigated until a cause is identified. While back pain is not uncommon in children, it is concerning if associated with refusal to bear weight, unintended weight loss, signs of motor weakness, and increased clumsiness or falls. In this case, the imaging helps to both explain the back pain and identify a systemic cause for both the back pain and refusal to bear weight. Multiple compression fractures of the spine are not common in children without associated high-energy trauma. However, severe osteopenia and bone marrow infiltration predisposed this patient to them. The most common pediatric malignancy is leukemia, which accounts for nearly 30% of all pediatric cancers. Urgent referral to a pediatric oncologist and pediatric spine surgeon is indicated for appropriate staging and treatment for the malignancy and to assure no long-term sequelae from the compression fractures.
Why the Qualitative Health Research (QHR) Review Process Does Not Use Checklists

Using checklists in manuscripts are perceived to indicate quality, transparency, and rigor. Generally, these checklists consist of a list of all of the strategies that may be used to ensure rigor and transparency. Beside each item, there is usually a box to check (or tick) to indicate whether a component is present, and a space on which to note the page each item is listed in the manuscript. Some of these forms also include space for the author to make brief comments to the reviewer. The intent is that the checklist guides the review process to ensure that all components are present in the article, and therefore, that the article is solid enough to publish.However, these checklists consist only of technical/mechanical management of the creation and sorting of data. These lists ignore the value of the product of the research: They do not address the originality, the substance, the contribution, and the potential results to the actual topic-which is after all the purpose of the project itself.Paradoxically, these checklist reviews are undermining the quality of qualitative inquiry. In seeking quality, the criteria for systematic reviews, clinical trials, and evidence have spilled over to represent quality criteria for all qualitative research. They are becoming commonplace for evaluating qualitative research by journal editors, directing the review process, and subsequent evaluation of the research. Of greatest concern is that checklists items are being used by authors themselves to represent their actual text (e.g., "data were saturated"), and the items for completing these forms are read by the reviewers and editors in lieu of reading the article itself (e.g., for signs of "saturation"). Furthermore, the use of these criteria by authors/researchers to guide the conduct of their research, yet meeting all these criteria, whether relevant or pertinent or necessary for their project, and may even invalidate the findings. In this way, these criteria are redefining processes of qualitative inquiry.
Recurrent rectal cancer causing lumbosacral plexopathy with perineural spread to the spinal nerves and the sciatic nerve: An anatomic explanation

Several groups have reported cases of rectal cancer with carcinomatous involvement of the lumbosacral plexus and sciatic, obturator, pudendal, or spinal nerves. To our best knowledge, clear examples of perineural tumor spread in rectal carcinoma have not yet been described. We retrospectively reviewed clinical data and imaging studies of three patients with primary or recurrent rectal cancer involving the lumbosacral plexus. Imaging studies included MRI and 18FDG PET/CT scans in all (n = 3) patients, histological samples were available in two (n = 2). Imaging studies demonstrated distinct features of tumor spread from the organ to the plexus and beyond in all cases (n = 3), histological specimens demonstrated perineural involvement thus supporting our theory (n = 2). We present these three cases of perineural tumor spread in rectal cancer as a proof of concept. We hypothesize that not only our cases, but other similar reported cases can be explained anatomically by extension of the rectal cancer to the inferior hypogastric plexus with perineural tumor spread to the lumbosacral plexus using the pelvic and sacral splanchnic nerves as conduits. Once the tumor reaches the lumbosacral plexus, it can continue to spread proximally or distally. We believe that perineural spread of colon cancer represents an important, under-recognized mechanism of recurrence to neighboring major nerves in the pelvis. Clin. Anat. 28:136–143, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of hydration on the secondary structure of lyophilized proteins as measured by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

The impact of hydration on the secondary structure of proteins using FTIR spectroscopy was investigated. Alternative sampling techniques were investigated since KBr pelletization of hydrated proteins is not recommended. Spectra of lyophilized dry proteins were collected in transmission mode by palletizing, mulling, and in ATR mode. Spectra for hydrated proteins were collected in mulls and in ATR mode. Spectra for reconstituted solutions were collected in transmission mode. Spectra of Protein-sucrose colyophilized mixtures were collected in KBr pellets and in ATR mode. Pure proteins underwent significant change in structure upon lyophilization, reforming upon reconstitution. ATR spectra differed from transmission spectra in peak intensity and position, suggesting a more nativelike structure even after correction for refractive index dispersion. No significant differences were found between KBr pellet and mull spectra. Colyophilization with sucrose led to protection of structure. The effect of hydration on the structure was protein dependent, ranging from loss of native structure (IgG) to partial reformation of native structure (BSA). It is concluded that spectra collected in different modes are not directly comparable and caution must be exercised in interpreting the data. Contrary to general view, the secondary structure of proteins in a hydrated state was not equivalent to that in solution.
Damage evolution and failure mechanisms in additively manufactured stainless steel

Abstract In situ tensile tests were performed on additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel to track damage evolution within the material. For these experiments Synchrotron Radiation micro-Tomography was used to measure three-dimensional pore volume, distribution, and morphology in stainless steel at the micrometer length-scale while tensile loading was applied. The results showed that porosity distribution played a larger role in affecting the fracture mechanisms than measured bulk density. Specifically, additively manufactured stainless steel specimens with large inhomogeneous void distributions displayed a flaw-dominated failure where cracks were shown to initiate at pre-existing voids, while annealed additively manufactured stainless steel specimens, which contained low porosity and randomly distributed pores, displayed fracture mechanisms that closely resembled wrought metal.
Peering Into the Future

Based on experiences over the past 2 decades, the authors look at some of the challenges of making predictions and then offer some thoughts about student affairs practice in the foreseeable future.
WISCONSIN INDIAN HUNTING PATTERNS, 1634–1836*

ABSTRACT Wisconsin's Native Americans (1634–1836) hunted for subsistence and for the fur trade. Major river valleys within the broad forest-oak savanna ecotone were preferred hunting destinations. Locations of specific family or tribal hunting grounds often changed, however, because of population migrations or opportunism of individual hunters. Indian use of wildlife for the fur trade reflected the price of pelts, species'fertility, and the varying distributions of wildlife habitats. The Menominee tribe altered their early dependence on migratory fish runs in favor of long migrations to productive hunting grounds, or fall hunting and winter ice fishing, in response to fur trade demands.
Effect of body size and water temperature on the release of dissolved organic carbON AND ammonia in the sand dollar, Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske)

Abstract 1. 1. Rate of dissolved organic carbon and ammonia release were measured monthly for 7 months in different size Melitta quinquiesperforata . 2. 2. Small animals release more carbon than large animals and ammonia release is variable with size. 3. 3. Greatest rate of ammonia release occurs in summer (5.5 μg/hr per g dy wt) and least in winter (0.03 μg/hr per g dry wt). 4. 4. Rate of carbon release is variable with the rate in August at 33°C being 36.2 μg/hr per g dry wt and in January at 15°C being 35. μ/hr per g dry wt for medium-size animals.
Mitogenic induction of macrophage and neutrophil proliferation in human tonsils

Abstract A spontaneous and mitogen-induced in vitro release of colony-stimulating activity from human tonsillar cells was observed. This release was absent when T cells were depleted from the cell suspension. Supernates containing colony-stimulating activity induced the proliferation and differentiation of tonsillar precursor cells into monocytes and granulocytes. The maturation and proliferation of monocytes and granulocytes were followed by a continuous flow staining technique, cytochemistry, electro-optical measurement, and signal logic processing employing the automated Hemalog D cell differential counter.
A representation for self-similar processes

Abstract A self-similar process Z(t) has stationary increments and is invariant in law under the transformation Z(i)→c-HZ(ct), c⩾0. The choice 1 2 ensures that the increments of Z(t) exhibit a long range positive correlation. Mandelbrot and Van Ness investigated the case where Z(t) is Gaussian and represented that Gaussian self-similar process as a fractional integral of Brownian motion. They called it fractional Brownian motion. This paper provides a time-indexed representation for a sequence of self- similar processes Z m (t) , m=1,2,…, whose finite-dimensional moments have been specified in an earlier paper. Z 1 (t) is the Gaussian fractional Brownian motion but the process Z m (t) are not Gaussian when m⩾2. Self-similar processes are being studied in physics, in the context of the renormalization group theory for critical phenomena, and in hydrology where they account for the so-called “Hurst effect”.
Vertical rectus surgery for Knapp class II superior oblique muscle paresis.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of treating Knapp class II superior oblique muscle palsy with 7-mm nasal transposition of the ipsilateral inferior rectus muscle combined with recession of the contralateral inferior rectus muscle when the primary position hypertropia is 10 prism diopters (PD) or less. Method A retrospective review of 8 consecutive patients with superior oblique muscle paresis who had nasal transposition of the inferior rectus muscle in the paretic eye and recession of the inferior rectus muscle in the nonparetic eye. Ocular motility, including objective and subjective torsion, were evaluated before and after surgery. Results The mean (SD) preoperative hypertropia was 5 PD (1.5) and 13.1 (3.6) PD in the primary position and downgaze, respectively. After surgery the mean (SD) hypertropia was 1.25 (1.0) and 3.25 (1.3) PD in the primary position and downgaze, respectively. The mean (SD) subjective excyclotropia decreased from 6.6° (1.3°) preoperatively to 0.5° (0.9°) after surgery, and there was a mean (SD) objective decrease in the excyclotorsion of the paretic eye by 7.8° (1.4°). All patients were diplopic before surgery and asymptomatic after surgery. Conclusion Treatment with 7-mm nasal transposition of the ipsilateral inferior rectus muscle combined with recession of the contralateral inferior rectus muscle can effectively treat Knapp class II superior oblique muscle palsy when the primary position hypertropia is 10 PD or less.
Optimizing selection of restriction enzymes in the search for DNA variants.

Abstract A model is developed for predicting the relative efficiencies of different enzymes for detecting DNA variants when such variants are the result of single base-pair changes. 71 enzymes are analyzed for this ability in human DNA. Their relative ranked efficiencies are influenced by the sizes of the probes used, and the size of the smallest detectable fragment produced.
Comparative feasibility analysis of Wi-Fi in metropolitan and small municipalities: a system dynamics approach

Wireless broadband service has grown rapidly, with many local governments considering alternatives for providing such a service to their communities in order to make them more attractive to new businesses and tourists. The alternatives range from an unrestricted free market (with mixed service quality and coverage) to city- or community-sponsored service, which provides better control. The evaluation of such proposals is problematic due to the newness of the concept, which limits traditional cost-benefit analysis because of insufficient data. The system dynamics methodology is proposed for the analysis of Wi-Fi proposals in cities or local governments. The method is demonstrated with a comparison of the expected Wi-Fi performance for small and metropolitan locations, and an evaluation of safety (expected impact on crime), tourism (expected impact on visitors) and other economic benefits.
Subjective memory loss in age-associated memory impairment: Family history and neuropsychological correlates

Abstract Self-ratings of everyday memory function and performance on memory tests were examined in 61 first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 41 matched controls without a family history of dementia. Subjective memory ratings were significantly related to depression scores, despite the low levels of depressive symptoms in this healthy sample. Relatives of patients with early-onset dementia had higher levels of memory complaints compared to control participants, mediated in part by higher levels of depressive symptoms among these relatives. For the sample as a whole, there was little relationship between subjective memory ratings and performance on memory tests, but among early-onset AD relatives, subjective perceptions of memory decline were associated with poorer memory performance.
Mechanisms Mediating the Effects of γ-Tocotrienol When Used in Combination with PPARγ Agonists or Antagonists on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells.

γ-Tocotrienol is a natural vitamin E that displays potent anticancer activity, and previous studies suggest that these effects involve alterations in PPARγ activity. Treatment with 0.5–6 μM γ-tocotrienol, 0.4–50 μM PPARγ agonists (rosiglitazone or troglitazone), or 0.4–25 μM PPARγ antagonists (GW9662 or T0070907) alone resulted in a dose-responsive inhibition of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer proliferation. However, combined treatment of 1–4 μM γ-tocotrienol with PPARγ agonists reversed the growth inhibitory effects of γ-tocotrienol, whereas combined treatment of 1–4 μM γ-tocotrienol with PPARγ antagonists synergistically inhibited MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell growth. Combined treatment of γ-tocotrienol and PPARγ agonists caused an increase in transcription activity of PPARγ along with increased expression of PPARγ and RXR, and decrease in PPARγ coactivators, CBP p/300, CBP C-20, and SRC-1, in both breast cancer cell lines. In contrast, combined treatment of γ-tocotrienol with PPARγ antagonists resulted in a decrease in transcription activity of PPARγ, along with decreased expression of PPARγ and RXR, increase in PPARγ coactivators, and corresponding decrease in PI3K/Akt mitogenic signaling in these cells. These findings suggest that elevations in PPARγ are correlated with increased breast cancer growth and survival, and treatment that decreases PPARγ expression may provide benefit in the treatment of breast cancer.
Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration operations architecture

Abstract Radio waves have been the standard method for deep-space communications since the earliest days of space exploration. However, the recent success of the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD) program will clearly revolutionize the way data is sent and received from deep space. LLCD demonstrated record-breaking optical up/downlinks between Earth and the Lunar Lasercom Space Terminal (LLST) payload on NASA׳s Lunar Atmosphere Environment Explorer (LADEE) satellite orbiting the Moon. A space-to-ground optical downlink as fast as 622 Mbps was demonstrated as well as a ground-to-space uplink as fast as 20 Mbps. The LLCD operations architecture was designed to support a wide range of operations conditions, multiple ground terminals with varying designs and capabilities, short contact times including energy and thermal constraints, and limited viewing opportunities. This paper will explore the operations architecture used for the LLCD as well as present ideas on how best to make future laser communications operations routine and suitable for wide-scale deployment.
Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

AbstractThe primary cause of the Challenger accident was the failure of O-ring seals in the solid rocket booster, a subcomponent which had been known to be faulty for some time. When Hans Mark was the most senior engineering member of the NASA management executive team, he had asked for a complete review of these subcomponents; this was not done. The accident to the Chernobyl atomic reactor has not been publicly analyzed to the same extent as the Challenger explosion, and hence there must remain some speculation as to the detailed sequence of events. The lessons from both accidents are clear: faulty human understanding of the equipment and the lack of education, training and discipline were critical. The authors conclude that the Shuttle will fly again soon, and that political problems in the Soviet Union may be great and may force some changes.
The interrelationship between salivary epidermal growth factor and the functional integrity of the esophageal mucosal barrier in the rat.

The role of salivary epidermal growth factor (sEGF) in the maintenance of the esophageal mucosal mucus coat and its permselective properties was investigated for this study. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent sialoadenectomy (SAD), while 18 others with sham operation served as a control. Nine SAD rats in each group received EGF in a dose of 15 μg/kg/d for five consecutive days prior to sacrifice. Esophageal mucosa dissected from the muscle layer was placed in the central port of a specially designed permeability chamber filled on both sides with equimolar solutions of NaCl or HCl (0.155 M). The rate of hydrogen ion diffusion from the mucosal to the serosal side was estimated by continuous recording of pH in the NaCl compartment. In addition, the mucosal mucus coat was evaluated by Alcian blue uptake methodology. SAD led to a 108% increase in the rate of permeability of the esophageal mucosa to hydrogen ion. Simultaneously, an 83% decrease in the mucus content on the surface of the esophageal mucosa was observed. A five-day supplementation of EGF substantially improved the permeability of esophageal mucosa (67%) and the mucous layer of esophagus (41%). sEGF seems to play an important physiological role in the maintenance of the functional integrity of the esophageal mucosa.
The 14N(τ, p)16O(g.s.) reaction between 7.9 and 18.0 MeV

Abstract Angular distributions of ground state protons from the 14 N(τ, p) 16 O reaction have been measured in the (laboratory) angular range 0°–160° at E ( τ ) = 7.96, 8.60, 9.80 and 10.63 MeV and in the range 7.5°–157.5° at E ( τ ) = 12.0, 14.0, 15.0 and 18.0 MeV. It is concluded that compound nucleus formation, or an intermediate process, dominates the reaction mechanism over most of the energy range investigated. At the higher energies, two-particle distorted-wave calculations have been performed, using standard optical-model parameters. Fits are reasonable only at forward angles, where the data indicate a dominant L = 2 contribution to the angular distribution. These fits favor the Cohen-Kurath description of the 14 N and 16 O ground states over that of Zuker, Buck and McGrory.
Aeromonas hydrophila densities in thermally-altered reservoir water and sediments

Aeromonas hydrophila densities were monitored in waters and sediments over a 1-yr period in a eutrophic Texas reservoir receiving power plant cooling waters. A. hydrophila densities were elevated in warmer waters located in the power plant cooling water plume as compared to a control station. A. hydrophila concentrations in the plume correlated well with water temperature and conductivity throughout the year. Densities at the control site were not as well correlated with temperature or conductivity. Sediment densities of A. hydrophila were also elevated at plume stations, but did not show the clear seasonal fluctuations noted in overlying waters.
Low-Head Hydroelectric Developments

In the last few years very rapid progress has been made abroad in developing the theory of low-head developments and this has resulted in a wider use of Kaplan turbines. Every engineer interested in the design of low-head developments should familiarize himself with at least the principles of this theoretical work and its practical application. The paper gives a general outline of the present situation which seems to have been somewhat neglected in the United States. Starting with general ideas about Francis, propeller, and Kaplan tarbines in low-head developments, the important points are discussed with respect to cavitation and pitting, modern design theories, design of propeller and Kaplan turbines and the research requirements and practise. Next the practical application of the theories are demonstrated by a table of designs executed or projected, and finally, some of the tendencies in extending the use of Kaplan turbines for higher and much lower heads are discussed.