cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Low-Grade Sugar in Starter and Grower Rations of Chickens

Abstract IT HAS been reported by Rosenberg (1953) that mature New Hampshire pullets tolerated high concentrations of either low-grade sugar or a low-grade sugar-bagasse pith mixture (10 to 1 respectively, by weight) when these by-products of the sugar industry were fed during experimental feeding trials that lasted 20 weeks. When the “sugar” mix replaced the cereal grains in a practical-type layer ration at concentrations of 35.5, 49.0, and 57.5 percent of total ration, an average hen-day production of 68.1, 58.9, and 61.0 percent was obtained, while that of the controls averaged 68.9 percent. No adverse effect on livability was noted, although efficiency of feed conversion into eggs was poorer than the controls at all three concentrations. Because no information was available on the potentialities of low-grade sugar as a carbohydrate feedstuff for younger chickens, this study was undertaken to investigate the practical and maximum levels that can be fed in starter …
Instrumental Evaluations of Stain Release in Fabrics

Fabric stain release traditionally has been evaluated by sensory methods which are based upon the subjective judgments of experienced observers. This paper introduces an instrumental method of eval...
Intestinal lactase activity and calcium absorption in the aging female with osteoporosis.

In 11 postmenopausal women with histologically proven osteoporosis and normal lactose tolerance a direct correlation between calcium absorption and intestinal lactase activity was observed. The results suggest that varying degrees of relative deficiencies in intestinal lactase might contribute to the graded decrease in calcium absorption which characterizes the aging female population.
The Role of Bond Energies in Hydrocarbon Activation by Transition Metal Centers

This paper describes the fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic factors that influence carbon-hydrogen bond activation at homogeneous transition metal centers. Advances have been made in both understanding the interactions of hydrocarbons with metals and in the energetics of these interactions. We have examined reactions of a series of arenes with (C5Me5) Rh(PMe3) PhH and begun to map out the kinetic and thermodynamic preferences for arene coordination. The effects of resonance, specifically the differences in the Hiickel energies of the bound vs free ligand, are now believed to fully control the C-H activation/η2-coordination equilibria. We have begun to examine the reactions of rhodium isonitrile pyrazolylborates for alkane and arene C-H bond activation. A new, labile, carbodiimide precursor has been developed for these studies.
Investigating the Constraint Effect in a Particulate Composite Material

In this study, the effect of constraint on the critical Mode I stress intensity factor for the onset of crack growth was investigated in a particulate composite material, containing hard particles in a rubbery matrix. Uniaxial specimens with different specimen thicknesses and initial crack lengths were tested under a constant strain rate of 8 cm/cm/min at room temperature. The tested data was analyzed and the results are discussed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Sorting Metrics for Customized Phosphorus Diffusion Gettering

Customized solar cell processing based on input material quality has the potential to increase the performance of contaminated regions of multicrystalline silicon ingots. This provides an opportunity to improve material yield and device efficiency without substantially reducing the overall throughput. Simulations and experiments show that in wafers from the top and border regions of an ingot containing as-grown iron concentrations $\bf{\gtrsim}$ 10 $^{14}\,$ cm $^{-3}$ , a high concentration of interstitial iron point defects, i.e., Fe $_{{\rm i}}$ , remains after standard phosphorus diffusion gettering (PDG), severely limiting electron lifetime and simulated efficiencies of PERC-type solar cells. It is shown that an extended PDG leads to a stronger reduction of Fe $_{{\rm i}}$ point defects, enabling high-efficiency devices, even on wafers from the red zone of the ingot. However, a satisfactory performance improvement after standard PDG is already achieved on wafers that contain as-grown total iron concentrations $ 10 $^{14}\,$ cm $^{-3}$ , making the low-throughput extended PDG process unnecessary for a large fraction of the ingot. We propose using the total iron concentration and the corresponding photoluminescence contrast between grain boundaries and intragranular regions in the as-grown wafer as a simple sorting metric to determine when extended phosphorus diffusion is warranted.
The state of a civilization

In this chapter, we will look at the concept and internal structure of civilizations and reveal the mechanism underlying the many inexplicable phenomena observed in social organizations and human history from the angle of the systemic yoyo model (Wu and Lin 2002; Lin 2007) in order to provide some novel and practically useful explanations. Starting in this chapter and in the rest of this book we will see how systems science in general and the systemic yoyo model in particular can bring forward convincing and tangible results in social science based on sound scientific foundations. Due to the novelty of reasoning and sound conclusions derived from solid scientific foundations, it is expected that this work will produce results that can be truly useful for policy-makers at the national and international levels.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of polydisperse ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants in aqueous samples

An adsorption HPLC method using traditionally reversed-phase solvents and a hybrid column/precolumn has been developed for the quantitative separation and analysis of ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants on the basis of the number of ethoxylate (EO) groups per molecule. This method is demonstrated to separate ethoxylated homologues of broadly distributed linear alcohol ethoxylates and alkylphenol ethoxylates, with numbers of EO groups ranging from 3 to 50 or greater. This method presents a significant advance in non-ionic surfactant analysis because it permits direct injection of aqueous samples, eliminating the need for extensive sample preparation. The method discussed here is optimized for use with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD), but works equally well with UV absorbance or fluorescence detectors for the analysis of surfactants with chromophores. ELSD and UV detector operating conditions and calibration methods are discussed.
Regional distribution and subcellular localization of catecholamines in the frog heart.

1. 1. The distribution of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) in sinus venosus (SV), atria and ventricle was studied in two species of frogs, two species of toads and one species of newts. 2. 2. Frogs and toads were found to contain E as the predominant catecholamine (CA) in all parts of the heart. 3. 3. Determinations of dopamine (DA), made in Rana pipiens, showed high concentrations of this amine in the pacemaker region (i.e. SV). 4. 4. The subcellular distribution of E and NE was studied in this latter species, using ultracentrifugation techniques. Most E present was found in the large particulate fraction (10,000 g) and in the final filtrate. The microsomal (100,000 g) fraction contained about equal proportions of E and NE. 5. 5. Histochemical studies on whole mount preparations of atria and SV of Rana pipiens, using the formaldehyde condensation technique for monoamines, showed that all catecholamines were present within nerve fibres. 6. 6. No CA-containing fluorescent cells could be demonstrated in these structures. It is concluded that the sympathetic fibers in the frog heart are properly “adrenergic” in that they contain predominantly E, in contrast to fibers in the hearts of all other vertebrate species studied which are noradrenergic containing predominantly NE. 7. 7. It is suggested that dopaminergic fibers may be present in the pacemaker regions of the heart.
Formation of Phosphirenes by Phosphinidene Group-Transfer Reactions from (dtbpe)Ni=P(dmp) to Alkynes

The nickel phosphinidene complex (dtbpe)NiP(dmp) (1) has been found to undergo a general reaction with alkynes to produce phosphirenes. For PhC⋮CH, the olefin-bound nickel−phosphirene adduct (dtbpe)Ni{η2(C,C)-cyclo-CHC(Ph)P(dmp)} (2) has been isolated and crystallographically characterized.
Twenty years of therapy for HIV-1 infection

Antiretroviral therapy, where available, has transformed HIV-1 disease into a treatable and somewhat chronic infection. This article summarizes the accomplishments thus far and what lies ahead in our struggle to improve the treatment of, and possibly eliminate, HIV-1 infection.
Prekindergarten children’s executive functioning skills and achievement gains: The utility of direct assessments and teacher ratings

An accumulating body of evidence suggests that young children who exhibit greater executive functioning (EF) skills in early childhood also achieve more academically. The goal of the present study was to examine the unique contributions of direct assessments and teacher ratings of children’s EF skills at the beginning of prekindergarten (pre-k) to gains in academic achievement over the pre-k year. Data for the current study come from a subsample of children recruited for a large-scale pre-k curriculum intervention. This subsample (n = 719) was restricted to all children who were native English speakers and had at least 1 pretest and posttest score on the assessments. Several important findings emerged. Teacher reports of EF and direct assessments were correlated, particularly when EF direct assessments were modeled as a single component score. When entered into the models simultaneously, both teacher ratings and direct assessments significantly predicted academic gains in literacy and mathematics; however, the direct assessments were only marginal in predicting gains in language. EF skills accounted for the largest proportion of variance in mathematics achievement gains. The value of using both types of measures in future research is discussed.
Mixed oligomers and monomeric amyloid-β disrupts endothelial cells integrity and reduces monomeric amyloid-β transport across hCMEC/D3 cell line as an in vitro blood–brain barrier model

Senile amyloid plaques are one of the diagnostic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the severity of clinical symptoms of AD is weakly correlated with the plaque load. AD symptoms severity is reported to be more strongly correlated with the level of soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) assemblies. Formation of soluble Aβ assemblies is stimulated by monomeric Aβ accumulation in the brain, which has been related to its faulty cerebral clearance. Studies tend to focus on the neurotoxicity of specific Aβ species. There are relatively few studies investigating toxic effects of Aβ on the endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We hypothesized that a soluble Aβ pool more closely resembling the in vivo situation composed of a mixture of Aβ40 monomer and Aβ42 oligomer would exert higher toxicity against hCMEC/D3 cells as an in vitro BBB model than either component alone. We observed that, in addition to a disruptive effect on the endothelial cells integrity due to enhancement of the paracellular permeability of the hCMEC/D3 monolayer, the Aβ mixture significantly decreased monomeric Aβ transport across the cell culture model. Consistent with its effect on Aβ transport, Aβ mixture treatment for 24h resulted in LRP1 down-regulation and RAGE up-regulation in hCMEC/D3 cells. The individual Aβ species separately failed to alter Aβ clearance or the cell-based BBB model integrity. Our study offers, for the first time, evidence that a mixture of soluble Aβ species, at nanomolar concentrations, disrupts endothelial cells integrity and its own transport across an in vitro model of the BBB.
Distribution of radioactive phosphorus in normal and diseased brain tissue; experimental and clinical observations.

Conclusions1. Traumatic, purulent and ischemic lesions of the brains of cats demonstrate increased contents of radioactive phosphorus following intravenous administration of the isotope when compared with control brain tissue. 2. Fetal cat brain tissues demonstrate higher contents of the isotope in 45 and 48 hours after administration than maternal brain tissue of the same animal. 3. Brain tumor tissue from clinical cases reveals greater deviations above the normal of any pathological nervous tissue studied. When the tissue architecture of the tumor is intact the content of the isotope is higher than in degenerating, softened tissue of the same tumor mass. 4. The distribution of the isotope among the three phosphorus containing fractions of the pathological tissues does not show sufficiently marked alterations from the distribution in control tissues to explain the abnormal increases in total tissue content on the basis of a disproportionate increase of any one isotope-bearing fraction. It is suggested th...
Temporal sequence of dynamic contractile characteristics in ischemic and nonischemic myocardium after acute coronary ligation.

The contractile characteristics of ischemic, border and nonischemic myocardium were studied In vivo for 4 hours with coronary ligation in 15 dogs utilizing Walton-Brodle strain gauge arches and “mercury in Silastic tubing” segment length gauges. In the ischemic zone, preejection tension fell precipitously by 17.3 ± 3.0 percent (mean ±1 standard error of the mean) (P < 0.02) within 15 seconds and 30.4 ± 5.1 percent (P < 0.001) within 1 minute. A gradual further decrease by 66.0 ± 6.3 percent of control values was seen after 4 hours. The rate of rise of tension (dTdt) showed similar changes. Tension during ejection also decreased abruptly and dramatically within the first 3 to 12 seconds after occlusion and exhibited a characteristic negative slope indicating aneurysmal bulging. A decrease from +10 ± 1.3 to −4.3 ± 0.8 occurred In 15 seconds, although subsequently the negative slope diminished. Segment length similarly exhibited a continuous Increase in preejection lengthening over 10 to 30 minutes and segment shortening during ejection was replaced by segment lengthening during aneurysmal bulging. Phasic segment length showed increases of 22 percent in the first 15 seconds, 44 percent in 1 minute and 138 percent in 15 minutes, then a gradual decline for 4 hours. The border and nonischemic zones showed minimal and inconsistent changes. Therefore, the Ischemic myocardium is still able to generate tension, although at a progressively reduced level after coronary occlusion. Aneurysmal bulging takes place only during ejection. It becomes apparent 3 to 12 seconds after occlusion, Is maximal at 15 minutes and then decreases, probably as a result of reduced compliance. The data sugggest that the Ischemic zone is operating on a depressed lengthtension curve, but no significant changes are evident in the nonischemic and border zones of the left ventricle.
Anti-Ro (SS-A) antibodies from Ro (SS-A)-immunized mice.

Immunization of BALB/c mice with immuno-affinity-purified bovine or human Ro (SS-A) induces the production of antibodies reactive with Ro (SS-A). Fusion of spleen cells from the hyperimmunized mice to SP2/0 cells resulted in hybridoma cell lines that produced anti–Ro (SS-A) antibodies. Anti–Ro (SS-A) binding was established by solid-phase immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, or RNA immunoprecipitation. Most of the anti–Ro (SS-A) antibodies bound to both human and bovine Ro (SS-A) in the solid phase, but only one of the monoclonal antibodies selectively bound to human Ro (SS-A); this suggests that there are species differences between the bovine and human Ro (SS-A) antigens. Indirect immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that most anti–Ro (SS-A) antibodies bound to cytoplasmic or nuclear HEp-2 cellular antigens, whereas others did not bind to fixed HEp-2 tissue culture cells. Nuclear staining of mouse substrates by one of the sera containing anti–Ro (SS-A) demonstrated that autoantibodies were induced by immunization with human Ro (SS-A).
The unbearable proximity of the Orient: Political religion, multiculturalism and the retrieval of South Asian identities

The phenomenon of religion -- specifically its recent return as 'political religion', and its seeming incompatibility with the demands of multiculturalism -- continues to be a vexed issue in attempts to rethink retrievals of South Asian identity beyond a neo-colonial imaginary. This move 'beyond' has routinely followed a deconstruction of the 'religious effects' of Orientalism whose conceptual matrix, some argue, can be located in Hegel's writings on history and religion. Taking its cue from Derrida's enigmatic remark -- 'what if religio remained untranslatable?' -- this paper re-examines Hegel's writings on India, revealing the workings of an ontotheological matrix which underpins not only the recent resurgences of religious nationalism or political religion in South Asia and the South Asian diaspora, but also, paradoxically, the secular frameworks of contemporary multiculturalism and anti-imperialist critique. Despite sharing the same onto-theological matrix, these bastions of secular modernity still re...
Patterns in the phytochemistry of three prairie plants

Abstract From 1980 to 1983 we monitored seasonal variation in leaf quality of three species of prairie plants; characteristics selected are known to influence feeding by herbivores. Leaf water and protein content generally declined with age in each species. Total and protein-binding phenolics declined with age in Andropogon gerardii , peaked in summer in Lespedeza cuneata , changed little or increased with age in Penstemon digitalis and were negatively correlated with protein content in Lespedeza and Penstemon . The alkaloid (boschniakine) content of Penstemon leaves showed consistent seasonal declines and was positively correlated with leaf protein but negatively correlated with leaf phenolics. Patterns in the phytochemistry of Penstemon fit the predictions of the plant apparency model, but those of Andropogon and Lespedeza do not. Seasonal patterns in the phytochemistry of these plants are most likely the product of still largely unknown physiological constraints on primary and secondary metabolism and the risks and costs of herbivory through time.
Effect of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on the metabolism of testosterone and androstenedione in man.

ABSTRACT The plasma concentration, metabolic clearance (MCRT) and plasma production rates of testosterone, the metabolic clearance rates of androstenedione (MCRA), the conversion ratios and rate transfer constants of these steroids were studied in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. In hyperthyroidism there occurred a significant decrease in both the MCRT and conversion ratio of testosterone to androstenedione. These changes were associated with an increased plasma level of testosterone in both sexes resulting in a normal plasma production rate of the androgen. The MCRA and MCRA/m2 in hyperthyroidism was not significantly different from normal. However, the conversion ratio of androstenedione to testosterone was significantly increased in this disorder. The rate transfer constants of testosterone and androstenedione were unchanged from normal. Following return to the euthyroid state the values returned to normal. Hypothyroidism was associated with an increased MCRT, MCRT/m2 and conversion ratio of testost...
Fluidic Diodes in Nano- and Microscale Pores to Detect Drug Aggregation

We present a novel method of producing ion current rectification (ICR) in nano- and micro- scale pores that does not require electrical double layer overlap within a pore. ICR in nanopores has typically been constrained in two ways: i) at least one dimension or component of the channel must be on the order of the Debye screening length and ii) charge asymmetry must be induced within the pore. Asymmetric channel geometries, modified surface charges, and asymmetric bulk ion concentrations are commonly applied to produce the necessary charge asymmetry. In the method presented here, ICR is dependent on electroosmotic flow (EOF) to position two solutions of different conductance within a pore. Substrates containing pores with diameters of 10 nm, 30 nm, and 500 nm were used to separate the two different solutions. We have achieved rectification factors ranging from 2-15, as a function of solution properties, in conical and cylindrical pores with diameters much larger than the Debye screening length. Thus, ICR can be achieved at higher ionic strengths (here up to 300 mM), in pores with large diameters (here up to 3 μm), and in pores without patterned surface charges. We also present a phenomenon unique to the two-solution system that we introduce here. Dissolving a drug in one solution, which contains 75%, DMSO, and then moving the molecules through the pore into a purely aqueous solution leads to detectable aggregation of the drug in the pore. The aggregate typically proceeds to the point of blocking the pore (>85% reduction in current) and subsequently ejects from the pore. We have investigated the aggregation and subsequent clearance of the aggregate from the pore and propose a mechanism for the cyclic process.
Effects of Supplemental Thiamin on Growth Performance and Immune Function in Stressed Stocker Cattle

Abstract Silzell, S A., Hellwig, D.H., Kegley, E.B., Coffey, K.P., Beers, K. and Daniels, L.B. 2002. Effects of supplemental thiamin on growth performance and immune function in stressed stocker cattle. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 22: 145–156. Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of supplemental thiamin in a receiving ration on thiamin status, immune response and growth performance of stocker calves. In Experiment 1, 32 crossbred calves (211±3.2 kg) were weaned, blocked by weight and assigned randomly to one of the eight pens. Pens were then assigned randomly within block to treatment. Treatments were control (no supplemental thiamin) or 956 mg/d supplemental thiamin as thiamin mononitrate. Calves were kept in 0.45 ha mixed grass pastures and fed 1.82 kg/d of a corn and soybean meal supplement. Daily gains for the 28-d study (P<0.10) were decreased by supplemental thiamin. On d14, blood thiamin monophosphate (TMP; P<0.001) and thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) concentrations (P<0.001) were greater for cal...
X-ray crystal structure of a lithium aldolate - a tetrameric aggregate

The aldol adduct formed from addition of pivalaldehyde to the lithium enolate of pinacolone crystallized directly from the reaction mixture and was subjected to x-ray diffraction analysis.
Symbiotic N2-fixation in alpine tundra: ecosystem input and variation in fixation rates among communities

Annual inputs of symbiotic N2-fixation associated with 3 species of alpine Trifolium were estimated in four alpine communities differing in resource supplies. We hypothesized that fixation rates would vary according to the degree of N, P, and water limitation of production, with the higher rates of fixation in N limited communities (dry meadow, moist meadow) and lower rates in P and water limited communities (wet meadow, fellfield). To estimate N2-fixation rates, natural abundance of N isotopes (δ15N) were measured in field collected Trifolium and reference plants and in Trifolium plants grown in N-free medium in a growth chamber. All three Trifolium species relied on a large proportion of atmospherically-fixed N2 to meet their N requirements, ranging from 70 to 100%. There were no apparent differences in the proportion of plant N derived from fixation among the communities, but differences in the contribution of the Trifolium species to community cover resulted in a wide range of annual N inputs from fixation, from 127 mg m−2 year−1 in wet meadows to 810 mg m−2 year−1 in fellfields. Annual spatially integrated input of symbiotic N2-fixation to Niwot Ridge, Colorado was estimated at 490 mg m−2 year−1 (5 kg ha−1 year−1), which is relatively high in the context of estimates of net N mineralization and N deposition.
The spatial origin of current noise in semiconductor devices in the framework of semiclassical transport

A new model to semiconductor device electronic noise is presented in the framework of semiclassical transport theory. The salient feature of this model is that it connects the current noise characteristics directly to the physics of scattering of the semiclassical transport theory and makes no additional assumption regarding the nature of noise. Employing this approach, this work investigates the spatial origin of the current noise across two semiconductor structures. In this approach the terminal current noise is directly related to carrier scattering inside the device, which is accounted for in the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), without the need to add Langevin noise terms to the calculations. Accordingly, it utilizes the well-established spherical harmonics expansion (SHE) technique to solve the BTE, and it combines analytical and numerical methods, in contrast with the Monte Carlo (MC) approach that employs ensemble averages of randomly generated events. The model leads to the solution of a time-dependent transient solution of the BTE with special initial and Ohmic boundary conditions that is solved in the frequency domain to directly compute the terminal current noise spectral density. It is also shown that with this approach the Nyquist theorem under thermal equilibrium conditions is recovered.
Rectangular two-dimensional antiferromagnetic systems : Analysis of copper(II) pyrazine dibromide and dichloride

Abstract The structure of copper pyrazine dibromide (or dichloride) consists of dihalide-bridged copper chains parallel to the c -axis with the copper sites linked in a perpendicular direction by bridging pyrazine molecules parallel to the b -axis. Superexchange interactions are propagated through both halides and pyrazine so the magnetic structure is a rectangular layer with two exchange strengths, J and J ′ ( J ′ = αJ ), where 0 α S = 1/2 has been simulated using Quantum Monte Carlo techniques and the results compared to the experimental data. Best fits of the magnetic susceptibility data to the simulated data yield: for Cu(pz)Br 2 , α = 0.20(5), C = 0.430(1) emu K/mol, 2 J = −46(1) K, and 2 J ′ = −9(2) K and for Cu(pz)Cl 2 , α = 0.30(5), C = 0.426(1) emu K/mol, 2 J = −28(1) K, and 2 J ′ = −8(2)) K. The values are in good agreement with the literature and thus demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique for rectangular lattices.
Small non‐coding RNAs in Caulobacter crescentus

Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are active in many bacterial cell functions, including regulation of the cell's response to environmental challenges. We describe the identification of 27 novel Caulobacter crescentus sRNAs by analysis of RNA expression levels assayed using a tiled Caulobacter microarray and a protocol optimized for detection of sRNAs. The principal analysis method involved identification of sets of adjacent probes with unusually high correlation between the individual intergenic probes within the set, suggesting presence of a sRNA. Among the validated sRNAs, two are candidate transposase gene antisense RNAs. The expression of 10 of the sRNAs is regulated by either entry into stationary phase, carbon starvation, or rich versus minimal media. The expression of four of the novel sRNAs changes as the cell cycle progresses. One of these shares a promoter motif with several genes expressed at the swarmer-to-stalked cell transition; while another appears to be controlled by the CtrA global transcriptional regulator. The probe correlation analysis approach reported here is of general use for large-scale sRNA identification for any sequenced microbial genome.
An integral approach for large deflection cantilever beams

Abstract A new integral approach is proposed to solve the large deflection cantilever beam problems. By using the moment integral treatment, this approach can be applied to problems of complex load and varying beam properties. This versatile approach generally requires only simple numerical techniques thus is easy for application. Treatment for typical loading and beam property conditions are presented to demonstrate the capability of this approach.
Using dual np-charts to detect changes

Attribute control charts are an important tool in detecting quality improvement or degradation. Ryan and Schwertman (J. Qual. Technol., 29, 86--98 (1997)) suggest that a carefully chosen sample size is needed to ensure that an attribute chart will have properties that are close to the properties assumed under normal theory. However, their recommendations require a considerable amount of flexibility in selecting the sample size. Unfortunately, such flexibility, particularly when there is a restriction on the maximum sample size, may not be possible. This is particularly true when the nominal proportion of non-conforming items is small. A dual control chart procedure is suggested, with one chart providing an early warning of quality deterioration and the other a cumulative chart having approximate normal theory properties in accordance with the suggested approach of Ryan and Schwertman. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosis of atypical patients with lipid storage diseases.

Typical patients with lipid storage diseases can usually be diagnosed by measurement of the enzyme in question. A low enzymatic activity would make the diagnosis and open the way to prenatal testing. However, some problems have become apparent. There are patients who have typical clinical features and storage material but normal enzyme values. This is true of cases of GM2 gangliosidosis and metachromatic leukodystrophy. Some patients are missing a heat stable protein required for interaction between the lipid substrate and the lysosomal enzyme. These so-called “sphingolipid activator proteins” were isolated and antibodies were produced in rabbits. A test of cross-reacting material in easily obtained tissue samples has resulted in new methods for diagnosis. The use of a sulfated derivative of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-N-acetylglucosaminide has allowed the diagnosis of new patients with GM2 gangliosidosis. The finding of healthy people with enzyme values near those of affected patients has caused problems with accurate diagnosis. However, the use of 14C-stearic acid-labeled sulfatide in the medium of cultured skin fibroblasts has allowed clear identification of affected and non-affected people both pre- and postnatally. New methods for diagnosis have resulted in improved health care to those families with a lipid storage disease.
Image-based characterization of cement pore structure using wood’s metal intrusion

Abstract Mercury intrusion porosimetry is a widely used technique for characterization of the pore size distribution of cement-based materials. However, the technique has several limitations, among which are the ink bottle effect and a cylindrical pore geometry assumption that lead to inaccurate pore size distribution curves. By substituting Wood’s metal for mercury as the intruding liquid, scanning electron microscopy and imaging techniques can be applied to the sample after intrusion. The molten Wood’s metal solidifies within the pore structure of the sample, which allows it to be sectioned and observed in the scanning electron microscopy. From here, the sample can be analyzed both qualitatively, by observing the changes in the appearance of the sample as the intrusion process progresses, and quantitatively, by applying image analysis techniques. This study provides insight for better interpretation of mercury intrusion porosimetry results and the possibility for quantitative characterization of the spatial geometry of pores in cement-based materials.
Subspace invariance: the RO-FST and TQR-SVD adaptive subspace tracking algorithms

Subspace decomposition and tracking are quintessential ingredients in high-resolution adaptive array processing. MUSIC, minimum norm, and eigenbeamforming (projection nulling) are examples. Unfortunately, high computational complexity limits the use of subspace tracking in real-time systems. Adaptive algorithms with lower complexities have been proposed to address this limitation. The authors compare two such algorithms: TQR-SVD and fast subspace tracking (FST). Both have lower complexity than traditional approaches, with FST's complexity being lower than TQR-SVD's by a factor of r (the dimension of the dominant subspace). The authors show that a simplified version of FST (called RO-FST-refinement only-FST) produces the same subspace estimates as the TQR-SVD algorithm. >
Effect of Tip and Pressure Side Coolant Injection on Heat Transfer Distributions for a Plane and Recessed Tip

The present study investigates the effects of coolant injection on adiabatic film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients from a plane and recessed tip of a HPT first stage rotor blade. Three cases where coolant is injected from (a) five orthogonal holes located along the camber line, (b) seven angled holes located near the blade tip along the pressure side and (c) combination cases when coolant is injected from both tip and pressure side holes were studied. The pressure ratio (inlet total pressure to exit static pressure for the cascade) across the blade row was 1.2, and the experiments were run in a blow-down test rig with a four-blade linear cascade. The Reynolds number based on cascade exit velocity and axial chord length was 8.61×105 and the inlet and exit Mach number were 0.16 and 0.55, respectively. A transient infrared (IR) technique was used to measure adiabatic film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient simultaneously for three blowing ratios of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. For all the cases, gap-to-blade span ratio of 1% was used. The depth-to-blade span ratio of 0.0416 was used for the recessed tip. Pressure measurements on the shroud were also taken to characterize the leakage flow and understand the heat transfer distributions. For tip injection, when blowing ratio increases from 1.0 to 2.0, film effectiveness increases for both plane and recessed tip. At blowing ratio 3.0, lift off is observed for both cases. In case of pressure side coolant injection and for plane tip, lift off is observed at blowing ratio 2.0 and reattachments of jets are observed at blowing ratio 3.0. But, almost no effectiveness is observed for squealer tip at all blowing ratios with pressure side injection. For combination case, very high effectiveness is observed at blowing ratio 3.0 for both plane and recessed blade tip. It appears that for this high blowing ratio, coolant jets from the tip hit the shroud first and then reattach back on to the blade tip. For tip injection, as blowing ratio increases heat transfer coefficient decreases for both plane and recessed tip. In case of pressure side coolant injection and for plane tip, film injection reduced heat transfer coefficient along the pressure side. Minimal effect is observed for recessed tip at all blowing ratios. For combination case, very high heat transfer coefficient is observed at blowing ratio 3.0 for both plane and recessed blade tip. It appears that for this high blowing ratio, coolant jets from the tip hit the shroud first and then reattach back on to the blade tip.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Studies in Penstemon—IX. Notes on Northwestern American species

The preparation by the junior author of a treatment of Penstemon for a flora of the Pacific Northwest, in consultation with the senior author, has necessitated the validation of some herbarium names, and suggested the desirability of a few other taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. The authors are in agreement about all matters discussed in this paper, except that here as elsewhere the subspecies of the senior author are the varieties of the junior author. All subspecific combinations are therefore attributed to the senior author alone; some of the comparable varietal combinations will be made by the junior author in the text of the flora. Except as otherwise indicated, all specimens cited are deposited in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. The name Gerardia fruticosa Pursh was cited as a synonym by Hooker in the original publication of Penstemon menziesii Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 2: 98. 1838. Hooker's name is illegitimate under Article 73 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1952), because, as circumscribed by him, it included the type of an epithet (fruticosus) which ought to have been adopted under the rules. Penstemon menziesii Hook. is now generally regarded as specifically distinct from P. fruticosus (Pursh) Greene, but Hooker's name, being illegitimate, cannot be retained. The oldest available name for the species which has customarily been known as P. menziesii is P. davidsonii Greene, but the types of these two names belong to different subspecies. As noted in Article 81 of the rules, the illegitihinacy of the name P. menziesii is no barrier to the use of the epithet in a different category, and the following name is therefore proposed.
Sharp Figures, Fuzzy Purpose

Simson Garfinkel reviews Security Data Visualization: Graphical Techniques for Network Analysis by Greg Conti.
Framework of Knowledge for Master’s-Level Structural Engineering Education

For at least the last decade, engineering, civil engineering, along with structural engineering as a profession within civil engineering, have stated and continue to recognize an emerging need for raising the bar of the preparedness of young engineers seeking to become practicing professional engineers. The present consensus of the civil engineering profession is that the increasing need for broad and in-depth knowledge should require the typical young structural engineers to have a master’s degree or equivalent. This paper focuses on the preparedness of master’s-level graduates in the structural engineering area within the civil engineering field. It follows much of the methodology used in the ASCE body of knowledge determination for civil engineering and builds on this ASCE study to address the portion of the young engineer’s preparation beyond the undergraduate program for one specialty area of civil engineering. The objective of this research was to create a framework of knowledge for the young engineer which identifies and quantifies the needs of the profession by an assessment of the expected level of achievement in each of a number of structural engineering topics using Bloom’s taxonomy. This study applied a modified Delphi method to obtain the critical information from members of the structural engineering profession. The results provide a framework of knowledge that will be useful to several groups seeking to better ensure the preparedness of the future young structural engineers at the master’s level.
Clinical Usefulness of Recombinant Activated Factor VII in Patients with Liver Failure Undergoing Invasive Procedures

Objective:To evaluate the use of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) in patients with liver failure undergoing invasive procedures.Methods:An OVID/MEDUNE and PubMed search (1997-June 2011) was performed to identify literature on the use of rFVIIa to reduce bleeding risk in patients with liver failure undergoing invasive procedures.Study Selection and Data Extraction:English-language data evaluating the efficacy of rFVIIa to reverse coagulopathies prior to invasive procedures in patients with liver disease were included.Data Synthesis:Following administration of rFVIIa, prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) response is within 30 minutes. Doses ranging from 20 to 120 μg/kg have been studied, with a reduction in PT seen in a dose-dependent manner. One study in patients with no bleeding administered 5, 20, and 80 μg/kg sequentially during a 24-day period. All doses provided reversal of prolonged PT within 10 minutes, and the duration was dose-dependent. In a study of 15 patients...
Control strategy optimization for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle

The efficiency improvement of parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is strongly dependent on how the supervisory control of a vehicle determines the power split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor of the vehicle. This paper presents a classification of current supervisory control techniques with distinction between dynamic and static control methods; a description of the simulation software ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) with Matlab Simulink for simulation of a rule-based control strategy, and proposed optimization methods.
CT Fluoroscopy-Guided Cervical Interlaminar Steroid Injections: Safety, Technique, and Radiation Dose Parameters

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cervical epidural steroid injections are approached with trepidation because of concerns over safety, including direct spinal cord injury. CT fluoroscopy is an alternative to conventional fluoroscopy that could potentially help reduce the risk of injury by providing improved localization of the needle tip. We sought to determine rates of technical success and risk of complications in our initial cohort of patients treated with cervical interlaminar ESI performed under CTF guidance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective case series, we reviewed procedural details and CTF images of 53 consecutive cervical interlaminar ESIs performed on 50 patients over a period of 8 months. Rates of technical success, incidence of complications, procedure times, and factors that influence radiation exposure were examined. RESULTS: No symptomatic procedural complications were observed. A single case of intrathecal contrast injection was observed, from which the patient was asymptomatic. The remaining injections were all technically successful. Injections were performed at every cervical level, as high as C1-C2. Total procedure times averaged less than 20 minutes. Average CT fluoroscopic time was 24 seconds and median tube current was 70 mA. CONCLUSIONS: CTF-guided cervical interlaminar ESI can be performed at all levels in the cervical spine with a low rate of procedural complications. Short total procedure times, CT-fluoroscopy times, and reduced tube current make this procedure a practical alternative to cervical ESI performed under conventional fluoroscopy.
Aging is associated with hypoxia and oxidative stress in adipose tissue: implications for adipose function

As a part of aging there are known to be numerous alterations which occur in multiple tissues of the body, and the focus of this study was to determine the extent to which oxidative stress and hypoxia occur during adipose tissue aging. In our studies we demonstrate for the first time that aging is associated with both hypoxia (38% reduction in oxygen levels, Po(2) 21.7 mmHg) and increases reactive oxygen species in visceral fat depots of aging male C57Bl/6 mice. Interestingly, aging visceral fat depots were observed to have significantly less change in the expression of genes involved in redox regulation compared with aging subcutaneous fat tissue. Exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to the levels of hypoxia observed in aging adipose tissue was sufficient to alter multiple aspects of adipose biology inducing increased levels of in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and decreased lipid content. Taken together, these data demonstrate that hypoxia and increased levels of reactive oxygen species occur in aging adipose tissue, highlighting the potential for these two stressors as potential modulators of adipose dysfunction during aging.
Distal renal tubular acidosis in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma Waldenström's macroglobulinemia: a case report

We present a case of distal renal tubular acidosis and acute renal insufficiency in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Distal renal tubular acidosis has been described in hypergammaglobulinemia, but not in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe a possible association between distal renal tubular acidosis and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Our case also emphasizes the importance of prompt recognition of distal renal tubular acidosis in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia because of its metabolic disturbances and potentially life threatening complications.
Beyond individualism and isolation: a study of communion in adolescent males.

Abstract Our data showed that some young American freshmen transcended the isolation imposed on them by the sex role socialization that requires them to establish their individuality through competition, achievement, and self-assertion. Those who described themselves as relatively communal (gentle, warm, sensitive, sincere, sympathetic, caring, open to others' feelings, etc.) on an extensive self-report inventory were compared with a sample equal in agency (determined, industrious, ambitious, respected, etc.) but low in self-ratings of communal motives. Differences between groups were found on ratings of social appropriateness of dominant acts, dominance self-descriptors, life goals, and size of home communities. Results are interpreted as evidence that communion mitigates agency in some adolescent males and that such an integration results in both a heightened concern for relationships with others and a devaluing of self-centered ontological individualism.
Design of large space based radar for multimode surveillance

Space based radars have been under consideration for several years [Skolnik, MI, 1997], and have only been made commercially available for synthetic aperture radar modes. This is due to the limited availability of space based microwave technologies and the high cost of manufacturing large space systems. Several technology programs have promised significant advances in affordable phased array radar designs. However, the design of true multimode radars require aperture sizes and average power significantly larger than previously considered. This paper outlines a design approach that anticipates future developments of ultra lightweight antenna manufacturing techniques. Based on a notional design, the performance predictions and challenges to radar signal processing is presented.
Role for the Kunitz-3 Domain of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-α in Cell Surface Binding

Background— Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-α, a key regulator of tissue factor–induced coagulation, contains 3 tandem Kunitz-type inhibitory domains. Kunitz-1 binds and inhibits factor VIIa in the factor VIIa/tissue factor complex, and Kunitz-2 binds and inhibits factor Xa. The role of the Kunitz-3 domain of TFPI-α, however, has remained an enigma. Methods and Results— To determine the structures within TFPI-α involved in its binding to cell surface, altered forms of TFPI-α were expressed in C127 (mouse mammary) cells: C-terminal truncated forms TFPI-α (252), TFPI-α (242), and TFPI-α (181), which also lacks the third Kunitz domain (K3); TFPI-α (desK3), which lacks only the K3 domain; and TFPI-α (R199L), in which the putative P1 site in K3 is changed from arginine to leucine. By flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting), the altered forms 252, 242, and R199L showed significantly reduced binding, whereas the forms 181 and desK3 completely failed to bind to the cell surface. Transient expr...
Strain effects on the band structure for Si nanowires

The present paper discusses the strain effects on the conduction and valence bands for Si nanowires using k.p Hamiltonian, where, in addition to the usual radial symmetric strains, the torsional strain, being unique to axial symmetric devices, is also studied. The radial compression/expansion, analogous with the biaxial strain in planar devices, gives linear increase/decrease in the conduction band energy whereas for valence bands, multiband-specific edge shifts and effective mass changes are discussed with effective mass ellipsoid. The torsional strain only lowers the four-fold conduction subband for [110] nanowire, which is associated with normal strain in crystal coordinate. The torsion also raises the valence band energy with no substantial changes in effective masses. For the valence band, it is also suggested that the diagonal sum for inverted effective mass nearly unchanged under strain application.