cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rule of Sustainability and Planning Adaptivity

This article confronts present main stream planning approaches against the perspective of ecological sustainability, as relevant for Rule of Law countries and based on a modern environmental law approach. It discusses the setting and implementation of environmental goals against the general experience of massive implementation deficits regarding environmental policies all over the world. In this confrontation, environmental planning, with at least some principles picked up from New Zealand's Resource Management Act, and much more taken from modern environmental law theory on legal operationalisation, is compared to adaptive management approaches which also allow for modifying the environment related goal if implementation fails or seems very difficult. The concept of adaptive environmental planning (AEP) is suggested as a possible road to choose for planning for sustainability, while maximizing development within the framework legally defined by means of environmental limits. This article presents five criteria, all of which must be met by AEP planning. One of these relates to a planning hierarchy which, among other things, leads to the conclusion that coastal planning, if it is intended to aim at sustainability, can not be dealt with in isolation, although such planning might have to meet very complex problems at the regional level.
Synthetic fluid inclusions: VIII. Vapor-saturated halite solubility in part of the system NaCl-CaCl2-H2O, with application to fluid inclusions from oceanic hydrothermal systems

Abstract Halite solubility along part of the vapor-saturated liquidus in the system NaCl - CaCl 2 - H 2 O has been determined using the synthetic fluid inclusion technique. Data allow the construction of liquidus isotherms for temperatures up to 500°C and bulk compositions containing >60 wt% total salt and as much as 25 wt% CaCl 2 . Combined with previous data for the binary system NaCl - H 2 O and for the ternary system NaCl - CaCl 2 - H 2 O in the low-salinity, low-temperature region, a preliminary ternary phase diagram can be constructed that remains incomplete only in the CaCl 2 -rich region. Results are applied to the interpretation of saline fluid inclusions from quartz veins in oceanic metagabbros, and can be applied to many other natural inclusions containing aqueous solutions with NaCl and CaCl 2 the dominant solutes. Microthermometric measurements at equilibrium of the melting temperature of ice [ Tm (ice)] and of the dissolution temperature of halite [ Tm (halite)] are sufficient to determine the bulk composition of the NaCl - CaCl 2 - H 2 O fluid.
Effects of ethanol, arecoline, atropine and nicotine, alone and in various combinations, on rat cerebellar cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate

Abstract Rat cerebellar cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations were determined by radioimmune methods after sacrifice with focused microwave fixation in animals pretreated with ethanol, arecoline, atropine and nicotine alone and in various combinations. Although arecoline and nicotine treatments resulted in large cerebellar increases in cGMP, they failed to antagonize ethanol's depressive effects. Atropine treatment did not augment ethanol-induced decreases in cGMP content. These data suggest that ethanol's depressant actions on cerebellar cGMP are independent of cholinergic mechanisms.
Fluorescence-polarization measurements on normal and mutant human skin fibroblasts.

Abstract Measurements of fluorescence polarization in intact diploid skin fibroblasts after exposure to 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene were used to estimate the fluidity of the lipid phase(s) of cellular membranes. The membrane lipids of cells derived from four patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia were in a more fluid state than those of cells obtained from 13 other individuals of normal and nonrelated mutant genotypes when all cultures were grown on medium with native serum. The only other cell type having membrane lipids of increased fluidity under these conditions was one fibroblast line derived from a patient with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Examination of two additional nonconsanguinous lines of Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts, however, revealed that an abnormally high level of lipid fluidity was not a common property of the membranes of cells of this genotype. Incubation of cultures in medium containing lipid-depleted serum (virtually devoid of lipoprotein-bound sterol) caused a reversible increase in the fluidity of the membranes of normal cells to values similar to those of the hypercholesterolemic cells, but had no effect on the membranelipid fluidity of the latter. By contrast, exposure of cultures to cholesterol not bound to lipoprotein in serum-free medium resulted in a decrease in the lipid fluidity of the membranes of both normo- and hypercholesterolemic fibroblasts.
Policy Management and Autonomic Mechanisms for Seamless Mobility Networks and Applications

Existing RF networks conforming to different standards have little in common from a management perspective, as they are designed around vendor-specific devices that use specific radio access technologies to provide particular functionality. These problems are exacerbated by the demands of next generation networks. Seamless Mobility is one such example, and is predicated on providing mechanisms that enable a user to accomplish his or her tasks without regard to technology. This paper examines a novel approach to policy-based management of wireless networks and devices, showing how various autonomic mechanisms can be used to realize the vision of Seamless Mobility, facilitating freedom of movement between indoor/outdoor and metropolitan/enterprise coverage while maintaining continuity of applications experience.
Multiple forms of long-term plasticity at unitary neocortical layer 5 synapses

Long-term potentiation and depression (LTP and LTD) are cellular plasticity phenomena expressed at a variety of central synapses, and are thought to contribute to learning and developmental changes in circuitry. Recurrent neocortical layer-5 synapses are thought to express a presynaptic form of LTP that influences the short-term plasticity of the synapse. Here we show that changes in synaptic strength elicited by pairing high frequency pre- and postsynaptic firing at this synapse result from a mixture of presynaptic and postsynaptic forms of plasticity, as assessed by the analysis of changes in coefficient of variation, short-term plasticity, and NMDA:AMPA current ratios. Pharmacological dissection of this plasticity revealed that block of presynaptic LTD with an endocannabinoid inhibitor enhanced LTP, while the apparently presynaptic component of LTP could be prevented by induction in the presence of blockers of nitric oxide. These data suggest that correlated high-frequency firing at layer-5 synapses simultaneously induces a mixture of presynaptic LTD, presynaptic LTP, and postsynaptic LTP.
Regrets in Later Life

ABSTRACT With the various options of life choices in the American culture and the great opportunity for choosing one's own path in life, there is also great opportunity for regretting paths taken and not taken. Information on regrets in later life was collected both qualitatively and quantitatively through interviews and mailed questionnaires from 140 retired individuals. Regret was measured using the Life Revision Index (LRI) (DeGenova, 1992) and the Regrets Self Inventory (Klein & Gotti, 1992). Both men and women reported they wish they would have pursued more education, but women had significantly higher regrets in this area. In general, the desire to have spent more time understanding the self and developing the mind and intellect was especially evident among women.
Stepwise Conversion of Two Pyrrole Moieties of Octaethylporphyrin to Pyridin‐3‐ones: Synthesis, Mass Spectral, and Photophysical Properties of Mono and Bis(oxypyri)porphyrins

Free base octaethylporphyrin (OEP) was converted, in two steps (β,β′-dihydroxylation, oxidative diol cleavage with concomitant aldol condensation), to the corresponding oxypyriporphyrin. This conversion was previously described to be only applicable to the Ni(II) complex of OEP. Modified diol cleavage conditions made this reaction sequence now applicable to free base OEP. The single crystal structure of the resulting free base oxypyriporphyrin was determined, proving its near-perfect planarity. The reaction sequence can also be applied to oxypyriporphyrin itself, generating the unprecedented bacteriochlorin-type bis-oxypyriporphyrin as two separable isomers. The ground state (UV/Vis and fluorescence) and excited state (transient triplet-triplet absorption, triplet lifetimes, and triplet EPR) photophysical properties of all chromophores are described and contrasted against OEP, chlorins, and oxochlorins. The pyridone-modified porphyrins possess unique spectroscopic signatures that distinguish them from regular porphyrins or chlorins. The presence of the pyridone moiety alters the ESI+ collision-induced fragmentation properties of these oxypyriporphyrins only to a minor degree when compared to those of OEP or chlorins, attesting to their stability.
Deconstructing and Reconstructing Masculinity in Manuel Puig's Kiss of the Spider Woman:

Manuel Puig's Kiss of the Spider Woman examines, deconstructs, and then reconceives masculinity through the dialogue and interaction between the traditionally macho rebel, Valentin, and the seemingly stereotypical effeminate, Molina. In the course of their conversations inside an Argentinian prison at the time of the military junta, Puig engages in an exploration of machismo, the code of male behavior, and marianismo, the code of female behavior, in order to re-establish masculinity in a manner that transcends the preconceptions. Arguing for what Puig calls the “polymorphous perverse,” the novel redefines maleness in Valentin and Molina's relationship, their intimacy, and the new-found elements of their personalities, elements which play a vital role in their ultimate fates in the novel.
Nanoparticle optical properties: Far- and near-field electrodynamic coupling in a chain of silver spherical nanoparticles

The extinction spectra of arrays of nanoparticles provides a potentially powerful platform for chemical and biological sensing based on variation in plasmon wavelength excitation with analyte index of refraction. In this paper we use exact electrodynamic theory to study the radiative electromagnetic coupling between spherical silver nanoparticles equidistantly arranged in a linear chain. Two distinct coupling regimes are observed depending on the distance between the particles in the chain, and on the polarization of the incident light. Near-field coupling of the particles occurs when the interparticle distance is smaller than twice the particle diameter. This leads to pronounced red shifts in the plasmon resonance wavelength and increasing widths as the particle separation decreases for p-polarization. Far-field coupling leads to non-monotonic shift and broadening at larger distances, with more important effects being associated with s-polarization. A region where the plasmon width is significantly smaller than the isolated particle width is identified in the far-field regime that could be important in biological sensing applications. We also develop quasi-static analytical models to study the transition from near to far-field coupling.
Microglia in Alzheimer Brain: A Neuropathological Perspective

Microglia have long been noted to be present and activated in Alzheimer brain. Demonstrations that these microglia are associated with the specific lesions of Alzheimer disease—Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles—and that these microglia overexpress the potent proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 led to the recognition of a potential pathogenic role for these cells in initiation and progression of disease. Activated, cytokine-overexpressing microglia are near-universal components of Aβ plaques at early (diffuse) and mid (neuritic) stages of progression in Alzheimer brain, and only decline in end-stage, dense core plaques. They correlate with plaque distribution across cerebral cortical cytoarchitectonic layers and across brain regions. They also show close associations with tangle-bearing neurons in Alzheimer brain. Microglial activation is a consistent feature in conditions that confer increased risk for Alzheimer disease or that are associated with accelerated appearance of Alzheimer-type neuropathological changes. These include normal ageing, head injury, diabetes, heart disease, and chronic intractable epilepsy. The neuropathological demonstration of microglial activation in Alzheimer brain and in Alzheimer-related conditions opened the field of basic and applied investigations centered on the idea of a pathogenically important neuroinflammatory process in Alzheimer disease.
Analytical and clinical evaluation of biomarkers assays: when are biomarkers ready for prime time?

BackgroundBiomarker assays can be evaluated for analytical performance (ability of assay to measure the biomarker quantity) and clinical performance (ability of assay result to inform of the clinic...
Selected Materials for a Comparative Study of Local Government.

Literature on local government is extensive in such countries as the United States, United Kingdom, and Sweden, fairly comprehensive in such countries as France and Germany, and almost if not quite non-existent in certain of the under-developed countries. With the limited space available, it has seemed desirable not to include any materials relating to the English-speaking countries, since these are generally well known to scholars. An attempt has been made to bring in representative local government systems from the major areas of the world, but neither the Soviet Union, the Peoples' Republic of China, nor any satellite country is included, mainly because of failure to find specialists who would undertake the task. Since this article is likely to be used primarily by those whose linguistic competence is limited to English or a European language, emphasis has been placed on materials in these languages, but as much attention as has seemed feasible has been given to sources in other languages.' It is not surprising that the great preponderance of research in local government has thus far related to specific countries. Nevertheless, there has been some recognition of the importance of comparative studies in local government, and interest in such projects seems to be growing slowly at present. The earlier studies of William B. Munro, The Government of European Cities (New York, Macmillan, 1909) and William Anderson, ed., Local Government in Europe (New York, Appleton-Century, 1939) may be cited as somewhat isolated examples of earlier comparative works in the local government field. The quite recent studies of William A. Robson, ed., Great Cities of the World (London, Allen and Unwin, 1955), International Union of Local Authorities, Local Government Finance and Its Importance for Local Autonomy (The Hague, 1955), and "Village Government in Eastern and Southern Asia: A Symposium," Far Eastern Quarterly, February, 1956, represent significant projects in the presentday comparison of local government institutions and problems. A pilot study undertaken by the International Political Science Association, under the sponsorship of UNESCO, of rural local government in India, Italy, and Sweden,2 and a more comprehensive survey, now in progress, by the International Union of Local Authorities, also sponsored by UNESCO, of local
Inflammation after renal transplantation: Role in the development of graft dysfunction and potential therapies

Inflammation is the response of the body to various stimuli. Mediators of inflammation include complements, pro-coagulants, cytokines, and fibrinolytics. In renal transplantation (RT), immediately after a kidney is procured, ischemia then reperfusion (I-R) occurs, involving immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms. Inflammation causes the generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and simultaneous cell necrosis and apoptosis. The mediators of I-R injury include leukocytes, platelets, and pro-coagulants. Eventually, inflammation may cause extensive tissue destruction. Attenuation of the inflammatory process is achieved by use of an interleukin (IL)-6 antibody, zinc pretreatment, and in P-selectin knockouts. The relationship between inflammation and acute rejection (AR) is present before grafting. Pre-RT serum C-reactive protein, IL-2, and interferon (IFN)-γ concentrations before, and at 1 and 2 weeks after, RT are higher in patients who develop AR. Furthermore, renal IL-6 expression is fo...
LABOR QUEUES AND INVOLUNTARY UNEMPLOYMENT

This paper outlines a job search model which emphasizes the placing of applications by job searchers and the firm's use of a queue of applicants as an inventory of labor. The paper analyzes the consequences of the assumption that firms hold queues of applicants both for the decisions of a single firm and for a market composed of several such firms. The aggregate results suggest that considering such labor market queuing helps explain wage rigidity and involuntary unemployment.
Bayesian application to the two-stage near-saturated experimental design method with dispersion effects

Experimental designs are critical in the quality improvement of manufacturing processes and to the development of new processes. Experimental methods are often used to identify the most important controllable variables to the product, and the relationship of the product response to the controllable variables can be determined by experimental data. Traditionally, regression analysis is used to establish an empirical mean model for the product response, and competing experimental designs are evaluated with regard to estimating coefficients in the regression model. However, most traditional procedures involve the assumption of homogeneous process variance, which in many processes is inappropriate. A two-stage experimental design procedure developed by Mays and Myers [Mays, D.P. and Myers, R.H., 1997, Design and analysis for a two-level factorial experiment in the presence of variance heterogeneity. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 26, 219–233.] has proven to be beneficial in many heterogeneous var...
Visual Acuity Development of Preterm (PT) Infants Fed Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Arachidonic Acid (ARA): Effect of Age at Supplementation

Visual Acuity Development of Preterm (PT) Infants Fed Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Arachidonic Acid (ARA): Effect of Age at Supplementation
Wedge type creep damage in low cycle fatigue

A model is proposed to quantify the accumulation of wedge type creep damage in low cycle fatigue. It is proposed that such damage is produced primarily during the ramp periods of the cycle. Equations are developed for estimating incremental accumulation of damage per cycle in fully reversed, multiaxial loading. The rate of accumulation of damage depends on the strain-rate, the temperature, and the microstructure. The analysis is kept simple by making physically reasonable assumptions. Cycles to failure are predicted by invoking a fracture criterion. The model is applied to two sets of data; one set is a well characterized life test data on an aluminum alloy, and the other is phenomenological data on austenitic stainless steels. In both cases the predictions are good enough to prompt further experimental evaluation of the model. This paper deals with only one mechanism of creep-fatigue interaction. Other mechanisms of failure,e.g., ‘r’ type cavitation, or fatigue crack initiation and propagation, are also viable. The model described here may be expected to apply only under those conditions when wedge damage is the dominant failure mechanism.
One dimensional transport in carbon nanotubes

Abstract Single-walled carbon nanotubes - nanometer diameter graphene cylinders — are a new class of one-dimensional (1D) conductors. Recent STM[1] and transport[2–8] experiments have shown that these tubes can be either semiconductors or 1D metals. Here we review our group's recent electrical studies[3–5] of these novel 1D conductors.
Stressed out about obesity and insulin resistance.

Obesity-related chronic inflammation underlies insulin resistance, a key feature of type 2 diabetes. Recent data link the stress pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum to this phenomenon.
An Evaluation of Certain Aspects of The Reading and Study Program at The University of Missouri

RECOGNIZING that the ability to read is fundamental to language growth, which is one aspect of the growth of personality, the University of Missouri Reading and Study Skills Clinic was designed to help stud ents reach a maximum level of reading and study skill consistent with capacity. Reading ability was seen not as an endinitself, butas a means of communication through which the individual is able to achieve success in the areas of personal, home, and civic adjustment. Thus conceived, the reading and study program is a service function which endeavors to increase the effectiveness of general education for each student who par ticipates in it.
Control and end-of-life care: Does ethnicity matter?:

Patient control and autonomy are core values in Western bioethics and important components of end-of-life (EOL) care. However, the centrality of the patient as decision maker may not be relevant to culturally diverse groups of people. The purpose of this article is to present results of a literature review of patient control and ethnicity within the context of EOL care. The review revealed that the interplay between control and ethnicity in EOL care is complex and unpredictable. Implications for clinical care and future research are presented.
The effect of sample attrition on the frequency distribution of blood pressure and genetic marker phenotypes representing a natural unselected community: Tecumseh, Michigan.

Highly significant differences in mean age, blood pressure and phenotype frequency distributions between the non-migrants and “emigrants” of a total unselected community sample were discovered. Use of the mean of BP scores collected from epidemiologic surveys over a period of time as an individual score allows sample attrition to produce both a genetically and demographically biased sample of a population intended to represent an unselected community of people. Multiple regression analyses estimated the contribution of an individual's age, genotype and mobility out of the sample to predicting blood pressure variation. Variation in blood pressure means among certain marker phenotype classes was greater in those who leave than in those who stay, but only the upper portion of the pressure distribution contributed to this relationship. A genetic-environment interaction is suggested.
Public Images of the Soviet Union: The Impact on Foreign Policy Attitudes

How do citizens organize, and make sense of, a complex policy domain such as foreign policy? To a large extent, Americans base their policy choices on fundamental assumptions concerning the nature of the main U.S. postwar adversary--the Soviet Union. Our purpose in this paper is to examine both the antecedents and the consequences of these Soviet images. To what degree do basic understandings of the USSR shape individuals' foreign policy preferences? And what are the origins of strong anti-Soviet beliefs? We investigate these questions with survey data collected in June 1987 in the Lexington, Kentucky area (N = 610). Judgments of the Soviet Union on two important dimensions--trust and threat--are found to be closely related to foreign policy attitudes at both general and specific levels.
O3 impacts on plant development: a meta‐analysis of root/shoot allocation and growth

The mechanism of O 3 action on plants remains poorly characterized. Symptoms include visible lesions on the leaf surface, reduced growth and a hypothesized reduction in allocation of carbohydrate to roots. The generality of this latter phenomenon has not been demonstrated. Here, a meta-analysis is performed of all available experimental data, to test the hypotheses that O 3 exposure of the shoot inhibits biomass allocation below ground (the root/shoot allometric coefficient, k) and inhibits whole-plant growth rate [relative growth rate (RGR)]. Both k and RGR were significantly reduced by O 3 (5.6 and 8.2%, respectively). Variability in k was greater than in RGR, and both exhibited some positive as well as mostly negative responses. The effects on k were distinct from the effects on RGR. In some cases, k was reduced while RGR was unaffected. Slow-growing plants (small RGR) exhibited the largest declines in k. These observations may have mechanistic implications regarding O 3 phytotoxicity. There were no effects of type of exposure chamber on sensitivity to O 3 . The analyses indicate that the O 3 inhibition of allocation to roots is real and general, but variable. Further experiments are needed for under-represented plant groups, to characterize exceptions to this generalization and to evaluate O 3 -environment interactions.
Parental Overprotection, Cultural Value Conflict, and Psychological Adaptation among Asian Indian Women in America

The present study related generational status, marital status, parental overprotection (control), and cultural value conflict to self-esteem and depression among first and second-generation Asian Indian immigrant women in the south-midwestern United States. Self-report data from 73 community-dwelling women supported the hypotheses that unmarried and second-generation women would report greater maternal control and cultural value conflict than would married and first-generation women. Second-generational status, high maternal control, and high cultural value conflict correlated with higher depressive symptomology; being married, low maternal control, and low cultural value conflict were related to high self-esteem. Regression analyses indicated a mediating role for cultural value conflict for depression symptom predictors, but not for self-esteem predictors. Open-ended response data provided enriched understanding of these women’s cultural and family conflicts.
Delivery of terrigenous material to submarine fans: Biological evidence of local, staged, and full-canyon sediment transport down the Ascension-Monterey Canyon system

Submarine canyons are prevalent in the world’s oceans and are instrumental in transporting sediment from coastal regions to deep-sea fans. Conventional sediment parameters such as mean grain size, sorting, and provenance have typically been used to characterize these deposits, but they provide little information on sediment source or the delivery processes involved. Fortunately, transported along with the mineral grains are the remains of organisms living within the sediment. Biological constituents have unique environmental signatures that are more precise proxies for source areas than are mineral grains alone. They may be used to identify a single biofacies deposit (SBD) due to local sediment transport or a displaced, multiple biofacies deposit (MBD) resulting from staged sediment transport or a full-canyon flushing event. This Ascension-Monterey Canyon system study demonstrates that by using the biological constituents in marine deposits, the source areas and transport mechanisms may be identified. The 19,000 year record of core S3-15G captured hemipelagic mud interspersed with individual turbidites of sand and silt transported to the core site at lower bathyal depths (3491 m). The relative abundance of displaced benthic foraminifera was found to correlate positively with grain size, with 75% of the fauna being displaced in the cross-bedded turbiditic sand (T c ) units, 39% in the laminated turbiditic sand (T d ) units, and 15% in the turbiditic mud (T et ) units. Nineteen samples were SBDs representing local canyon wall sloughing, bioerosion, or hemipelagic deposition at or near the core site. Sixty-five were MBDs, 31 of which were turbiditic sands originating in the estuarine to inner shelf, outer shelf, upper slope, or upper middle slope, and the remaining 34 were turbiditic muds with displacement initiated in the estuarine to inner shelf, outer shelf, and the upper slope. Commonly, the biological remains of several biofacies characterize these MBDs, reflecting staged sediment transport with storage occurring behind slumps that act as barriers to movement until finally released. Sediment bypassing, typically of the deeper biofacies, and full-canyon flushing, were also evident. Identifying and interpreting the distribution of allochthonous biological sediment constituents in marine deposits is a powerful tool in the investigation of sediment transport that can be applied to other submarine canyon systems.
An Examination of Stage Theory of Grief among Individuals Bereaved by Natural and Violent Causes: A Meaning-Oriented Contribution

Despite its popularity, few attempts have been made to empirically test the stage theory of grief. The most prominent of these attempts was conducted by Maciejewski, Zhang, Block, and Prigerson (2007), who found that different states of grieving may peak in a sequence that is consistent with stage theory. The present study aimed to provide a conceptual replication and extension of these findings by examining the association between time since loss and five grief Indicators (focusing on disbelief, anger, yearning, depression, and acceptance), among an ethnically diverse sample of young adults who had been bereaved by natural (n=441) and violent (n=173) causes. We also examined the potential salience of meaning-making and assessed the extent to which participants had made sense of their losses. In general, limited support was found for stage theory, alongside some evidence of an "anniversary reaction" marked by heightened distress and reduced acceptance for participants approaching the second anniversary of the death. Overall, sense-making emerged as a much stronger predictor of grief Indicators than time since loss, highlighting the relevance of a meaning-oriented perspective.
Calculation of Electron Shake-Off for Elements from Z=2 to 92 with the Use of Self-Consistent-Field Wave Functions

Calculations of electron shake-off, based on the sudden approximation, have been made for several different processes. In particular, electron shake-off as the result of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay has been computed for each of the shells in 15 different cases from an initial $Z=2 \mathrm{to} 92$. An interpolation of the results has been made for the remaining elements. Calculations were made with nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock wave functions for the lighter elements, and relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater wave functions for the heavier ones. A comparison is made with available experimental data, and satisfactory agreement is obtained. Other ionization processes amenable to the use of the sudden approximation are also discussed, viz. ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ decay, Auger processes, photo-ionization, internal conversion, electron capture, and inner-shell ionization by electron impact.
Etch pit study of different crystallographic faces of L-arginine phosphate (LAP)

Abstract Etch pit studies have been made on different crystallographic faces of LAP single crystals. A new etchant has been developed which produces reproducible and good quality pits. The observed etch pits reveal the symmetry of different faces and the etching action somewhat depends upon the relative abundance of the various faces in the crystals grown from aqueous solution.
Cultural and Cosmopolitan: Idealized Femininity and Embodied Nationalism in Nigerian Beauty Pageants

This article uses a comparative-case research design of two different national beauty pageants in Nigeria to ask how and why gendered nationalisms are constructed for different audiences and aims. Both contests claim to represent “true Nigerian womanhood” yet craft separate models of idealized femininity and present different nationalist agendas. I argue that these differences stem from two distinct representations of gendered national identities. The first pageant, “Queen Nigeria,” whose winners do not compete outside of Nigeria, brands itself as a Nigerian-based pageant, centered on a cultural-nationalist ideal, which is focused on revitalizing and appreciating Nigerian culture to unify the nation. In contrast, the second contest, “The Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria,” utilizes “international standards” to select and send contestants to Miss World and Miss Universe, the top pageants in the world, and promotes a cosmopolitan-nationalist ideal, which remains concentrated on propelling and integrating Niger...
On the Anomalously Strong Dependence of the Acoustic Velocity of Alumina on Temperature in Aluminosilicate Glass Optical Fibers-Part II: Acoustic Properties of Alumina and Silica Polymorphs, and Approximations of the Glassy State

The companion paper (Part I; Dragic et al., this issue),1 resolved an anomaly involving the acoustical properties of high alumina content glass optical fibers. In Part II, some attributes of alumina and silica polymorphs are considered and used to infer approximate pertinent properties of amorphous Al2O3 “glass.” An efficient computational method is used, based on a simple, self-consistent version of the Voigt-Reuss-Hill procedure. Applied to SiO2 polymorphs, it provides insights into the short-range ordering in “amorphous” silica.
Non-minimal sums of disjoint products

Abstract We refine a conjecture of M.O. Locks and J.M. Wilson [Reliab Eng Syst Saf 1994;46:283–286] regarding disjoint forms of the Abraham reliability problem. We also present other examples of reliability problems with the interesting property that their minimal disjoint forms do not arise from the familiar tautology M 1 + ⋯ + M n ≡ M 1 + ( M 2 M ¯ 1 ) + ( M 3 M ¯ 2 M ¯ 1 ) + ⋯ + ( M n M ¯ n − 1 ⋯ M ¯ 1 ) .
A system for the analysis of nitrates and oxides of nitrogen

Abstract A system for the anlysis of oxides of nitrogen and metal nitrates is presented. The factors affecting the analysis are tested by analyses of NO2, and varions nitrates.
Relationships between bole and crown size for young urban trees in the northeastern USA

Abstract Knowledge of allometric equations can enable urban forest managers to meet desired economic, social, and ecological goals. However, there remains limited regional data on young tree growth within the urban landscape. The objective of this study is to address this research gap and examine interactions between age, bole size and crown dimensions of young urban trees in New Haven, CT, USA to identify allometric relationships and generate predictive growth equations useful for the region. This study examines the 10 most common species from a census of 1474 community planted trees (ages 4–16). Regressions were applied to relate diameter at breast height (dbh), age (years since transplanting), tree height, crown diameter and crown volume. Across all ten species each allometric relationship was statistically (p 0.70. Crown volume exhibited a good fit for each of the shade tree species (R2 > 0.85), while the coefficients of determination for the ornamentals varied (0.38 0.66). Allometric relationships can be used to develop spacing guidelines for commonly planted urban trees. These correlations will better equip forest managers to predict the growth of urban trees, thereby improving the management and maintenance of New England's urban forests.
New echocardiographic windows for quantitative determination of aortic regurgitation volume using color Doppler flow convergence and vena contracta

Color Doppler images of aortic regurgitation (AR) flow acceleration, flow convergence (FC), and the vena contracta (VC) have been reported to be useful for evaluating severity of AR. However, clinical application of these methods has been limited because of the difficulty in clearly imaging the FC and VC. This study aimed to explore new windows for imaging the FC and VC to evaluate AR volumes in patients and to validate this in animals with chronic AR. Forty patients with AR and 17 hemodynamic states in 4 sheep with strictly quantified AR volumes were evaluated. A Toshiba SSH 380A with a 3.75-MHz transducer was used to image the FC and VC. After routine echo Doppler imaging, patients were repositioned in the right lateral decubitus position, and the FC and VC were imaged from high right parasternal windows. In only 15 of the 40 patients was it possible to image clearly and measure accurately the FC and VC from conventional (left decubitus) apical or parasternal views. In contrast, 31 of 40 patients had clearly imaged FC regions and VCs using the new windows. In patients, AR volumes derived from the FC and VC methods combined with continuous velocity agreed well with each other (r = 0.97, mean difference = -7.9 ml +/- 9.9 ml/beat). In chronic animal model studies, AR volumes derived from both the VC and the FC agreed well with the electromagnetically derived AR volumes (r = 0.92, mean difference = -1.3 +/- 4.0 ml/beat). By imaging from high right parasternal windows in the right decubitus position, complementary use of the FC and VC methods can provide clinically valuable information about AR volumes.
Research Note: Customer Intimacy and Cross-Selling Strategy

Better targeting opportunities and the increasing role of information-intensive environments have created new challenges for firms in obtaining customer information. Such information can help firms increase their profits through cross-selling opportunities. However, revealing personal preferences and contact information can raise the risks for customers when dealing with a firm. Consequently, some customers trade off the benefit and risks of revealing information. As the opportunity to obtain a higher level of information increases, customers incur a higher level of risk when dealing with a firm. This increases the firm's incentive to commit on a cross-selling level. By such a commitment, a firm can obtain customer intimacy and benefit from detailed customer information. As a result, profits increase while prices decrease. Thus, legal regulations that explicitly require firms to spell out the extent of cross-selling may actually improve the profits of the firm.
Chinese welfare state regimes

(1998). Chinese welfare state regimes. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 518-536.
Survival Benefit With Proapoptotic Molecular and Pathologic Responses From Dual Targeting of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in a Preclinical Model of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinogenesis

Purpose Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), although rare, often metastasize, such that surgery, the only potentially curative therapy, is not possible. There is no effective systemic therapy for patients with advanced PNETs. Therefore, new strategies are needed. Toward that end, we investigated the potential benefit of dual therapeutic targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinases, using a preclinical mouse model of PNET. Materials and Methods Rapamycin and erlotinib, inhibitors of mTOR and EGFR, respectively, were used to treat RIP-Tag2 transgenic mice bearing advanced multifocal PNET. Tumor growth and survival were monitored, and tumors were surveyed for potential biomarkers of response to the therapeutics. Results Rapamycin monotherapy was notably efficacious, prolonging survival concomitant with tumor stasis (stable disease). However, the tumors developed resistance, as evidenced by eventual relapse to progressive tumor growth. Erlotin...
Geoacoustic Inversion for the New Jersey Shelf: 3-D Sediment Model

A 3-D model of sediment sound speed for a 90-km2 area on the New Jersey shelf was constructed by application of a geoacoustic inversion technique. This approach is based on a combination of seismic reflection measurements and a perturbative inversion scheme using horizontal wave number estimates. In a two-step process, seismic reflection measurements were used to identify depths at which discontinuities in the sound-speed profile (SSP) likely occur. Then, the perturbative inversion algorithm made use of this a priori information by employing qualitative regularization, an optimal method for addressing stability and uniqueness issues associated with solving the ill-posed inversion problem that provides for resolution of the layered seabed structure.
Comment on alemtuzumab and inclusion body myositis

Sir, The recent Brain publication (Dalakas et al. , 2009) describing a clinical study of alemtuzumab in patients with inclusion body myositis nicely demonstrates the feasibility of enrolling and following a cohort of these patients over a long period of time as participants in an intervention study. The authors state that ‘in [inclusion body myositis] one series of alemtuzumab infusions can slow down disease progression up to 6 months ’ . Prior to publication of this paper in Brain , two scientific meeting abstracts and an editorial similarly reported results of this study as showing that, in inclusion body myositis, alemtuzumab may have a role in improving the clinical condition of patients (Dalakas et al. , 2007 a , b ; Dalakas, 2008). Based on the Methods and Results now published in Brain , I have concerns that these conclusions may require further analysis for several reasons. 1. According to the National Institute of Health ClinicalTrials.gov registration (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00079768), the primary endpoint target was a 15% change in muscle strength, yet the Dalakas et al. (2009) paper adopts a 10% change. The 15% endpoint was first entered into the ClinicalTrials.gov registration on 20 June 2006 at which time at least eight participants had already completed the study (Dalakas, 2006), through an amendment to the registration (http://clinicaltrials.gov/archive/NCT00079768/2006\_06\_20). Because several outcomes reported in the Dalakas et al. (2009) paper fail to meet this 15% target but do meet the 10% target (e.g. the 13% differential mean change in quantitative muscle strength testing; the comment regarding four participants with a mean increase of 10% in quantitative muscle strength testing; and the 11.4% mean manual muscle test change), there is an appearance of using post-trial target endpoint alteration to support efficacy. One purpose of advanced trial registration is to make public the outcome endpoint targets before …
Prostacyclin Activation of Adenylyl Cyclase in Rabbit Corpus Luteum Membranes: Comparison with 6-Keto Prostaglandin F1α and Prostaglandin E1

Rabbit corpus luteum membranes contain an adenylyl cyclase system that in addition to being stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH), is stimulated by both prostacyclin (PGI,) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Stimulation of rabbit corpus luteum adenylyl cyclase by PGI, and PGE1 demonstrates an absolute requirement for guanyl nucleotides. In the presence of 10 MM GTP, 10-20 Mg/mI PGI2 and PGE1 produce a 3.5-4-fold stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. Under identical conditions, 100 Mg/mI 6-keto prostaglandin F10 (6-keto PGF,0), the breakdown product of PGI2, produce only a marginal 1.3-fold stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity. The concentration at which PGI2 and PGE1 stimulate rabbit corpus luteum adenylyl cyclase half-maximally is dependent upon the concentration and type of guanyl nucleotide present at the time of assay. In the presence of low (0.2 MM) GTP, the concentrations of PG!2 and PGEJ required for 50% activation were 0.5 and 0.3 Mg/mI, respectively. With high (10 MM) GTP in the assay, 1.5 and 2.2 Mg/mI PGI2 and PGE, , respectively, were required. With 10 MM guanylyl 5’-imidodiphosphate (GMP-P (NH)P, a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP), on the other hand, concentrations required for halfmaximal stimulation differed for each prostanoid, being 0.2 Mg/mI for PGI2 and 0.7 Mg/mI for PGEJ. During a standard 0-10 mm assay in the absence of prostanoid, GTP and GMP-P(NH)P halfmaximally activate luteal adenylyl cyclase at 0.36 and 0.55 MM, respectively. After a 30 mm preincubation under adenylyl cyclase assay conditions, GTP and GMP-P(NH)P activated halfmaximally at 0.15 and 0.18 MM, respectively. These values remained unaltered upon addition of either PGI2 or PGE1. Adenylyl cyclase activites were dependent on Mg ion (MgC12 added in excess of ATP plus EDTA). In the absence of guanyl nucleotide, half-maximal activities were obtained at 12 mM Mg ion. After addition of 10 MM of either GTP or GMP-P(NH)P, this value decreased to 3.6 and 1.1 mM, respectively. We found that PGI2 and PGE1 had no effect on the Mg ion requirements of the system. It appears that PGI2 and PGE1 are acting via the same receptors because their activities are not additive. Further 13-40-fold excess 6-keto PGF10 does not alter PGI2 or PGE, stimulation of adenylyl cyclase.
Biology of Chelinidea vittiger with Notes on Its Host-Plant Relationships and Value in Biological Weed Control

The biology of Chelinidea vittiger Uhler, a coreid that figured in the biological control of prickly pear cacti ( Opuntia spp.; Cactaceae) in Australia and California was studied on Opuntia vaseyi (Coulter) Britton and Rose under controlled conditions in the insectary and in the interior valleys of southern California during 1968–69. C. vittiger is univoltine in southern California. Eggs hatched in an average of 13 days. The 1st–5th nymphal stadia lasted an average of 9,8,14, 17, and 25 days, respectively. Instars 1–3 fed gregariously and externally on young pads and fruit; late-stage nymphs and adults were much less gregarious and fed mainly on older pads. In nature, females remained sexually immature through late summer and fall. Overwintering occurred as adults. Some females apparently mated prior to overwintering. Ovigenesis occurred during the period of winter rainfall. Males were polygamous; females, polyandrous. Females produced an average of 51±10 eggs in 9±2 clusters, 5.4±0.4 eggs/cluster, in 35±6 days. The sex ratio was 1:1. New records for natural enemies of C. vittiger include predation on nymphs and adults by the spiders Peucetia viridens Hentz (Oxyopidae) and Latrodectus mactans F. (Theridiidae), respectively, and egg parasitism by Ooencyrtus johnsoni Howard (Encyrtidae). The failure of C. vittiger to migrate to uninfested host-plants if its food sources were destroyed by competing phytophages, was an important factor limiting its effectiveness as a biological control agent in southern California, as in Australia.
Ten rules to assess and manage the acutely deteriorating patient: a practical mnemonic

The acutely deteriorating patient is a challenge to even the most seasoned provider. The ability to diagnosis the underlying condition quickly and accurately is vital to a successful outcome. We present a review of 10 critical aspects in the management of the crashing patient, based on up-to-date guidelines and organized as an easily remembered mnemonic. The A-A-B-B-C-C-D-D-E-E's of the deteriorating patient address many key pearls and current recommendations to give physicians an added advantage in the moment of crisis.
Hybrid approaches to nanometer-scale patterning: Exploiting tailored intermolecular interactions

In this perspective, we explore hybrid approaches to nanometer-scale patterning, where the precision of molecular self-assembly is combined with the sophistication and fidelity of lithography. Two areas––improving existing lithographic techniques through self-assembly and fabricating chemically patterned surfaces––will be discussed in terms of their advantages, limitations, applications, and future outlook. The creation of such chemical patterns enables new capabilities, including the assembly of biospecific surfaces to be recognized by, and to capture analytes from, complex mixtures. Finally, we speculate on the potential impact and upcoming challenges of these hybrid strategies.
Innovation for the 21st Century: Harnessing the Power of Intellectual Property and Antitrust Law

INTRODUCTION PART I: PRIMER PART II: COPYRIGHT PART III: PATENT PART IV: ANTITRUST CONCLUSION