cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A contour display generation algorithm for VLSI implementation

Recent articles have discussed the current trend towards designing raster graphics algorithms into VLSI chips. The purpose of these design efforts is to capture some of the real-time animation capability found in vector graphics systems. Currently, real-time vector graphics animation is limited primarily to operations involving coordinate transformations. In order to enhance this animation capability, frequently encountered vector graphics algorithms that require the high speed, parallel computation capability of VLSI must be identified. Real-time contour display generation from grid data is one such algorithm. This paper describes the specifics of a contour display generation algorithm, the architectural framework of a processor that performs this algorithm and the architectural requirements of such a processor.The contouring algorithm is based on a data structure, the contouring tree, whose regularity and amenability for parallel computation make it an ideal candidate for VLSI. The architectural framework for a contouring processor chip that performs this algorithm for the real-time environment of interactive graphics is discussed, particularly the issues of memory size and data distribution. A model of the contouring process is created in order to determine the necessary physical parameters of the contouring processor in this architectural framework. Conclusions are drawn concerning the feasibility of producing a VLSI chip that performs this contouring algorithm.
Dynamic inconsistency and the optimal choice of the exchange rate regime

Abstract In a cash in advance monetary economy facing dynamic inconsistency issues, a fixed exchange rate regime may be Pareto superior to a flexible regime if it allows for a non-zero level of trade in domestic currency denominated assets.
Recent advances in the analysis of biological particles by capillary electrophoresis

This review covers research papers published in the years 2005–2007 that describe the application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of biological particles such as whole cells, subcellular organelles, viruses and microorganisms.
Hydrated calcium aluminosilicate cements for hydrothermal bonding

Hydrated calcium aluminosilicate cements have been prepared under hydrothermal conditions in the temperature range 110–450°C and pressure range 6.8–68 MPa. Bonding results from mixtures of the phases boehmite, qibbsite, C3AH6, X-phase, hexagonal anorthite, anorthite and quartz which are formed in various combinations under different conditions. Strength and other physical properties remain fairly constant throughout the range. These cements may have applications in cementing at depths in the earth or in refractory castables under elevated temperature and pressure conditions.
Superior oblique myectomy and trochlectomy in recurrent superior oblique myokymia.

In patients operated on for superior oblique myokymia with superior oblique tenotomy or tenectomy, symptoms of oscillopsia recur in approximately one-half. Failure of treatment may be caused by incomplete transection of the tendon or by residual attachments and postoperative adhesions between the proximal segment of superior oblique tendon and the globe which allow superior obl6ique muscle contractions to be partially transmitted to the globe. We report a patient with recurrent symptoms of superior oblique myokymia following superior oblique tenectomy who was successfully managed with superior oblique myectomy and trochlectomy via an anterior orbital approach.
Aberrant Crypt Foci: The Case for Inclusion as a Biomarker for Colon Cancer

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are one of the earliest histopathological manifestations of colon cancer. In this review, we critically present the molecular, cellular, histopathological, and chemopreventive evidence that ACF are relevant biomarkers for colon cancer. The laboratory and clinical evidence are highly suggestive that ACF are in the pathway leading to colon cancer, but not all ACF will do so. The possible fate and outcome of ACF in the progression toward colon cancer may be dependent on a number of features that define their predictive power for the prevention or progression of cancer.
Divalent cation-dependent adhesion at the myotendinous junction: ultrastructure and mechanics of failure.

Junctional microfibrils, which span the lamina lucida of the vertebrate myotendinous junction, are thought to function in force transmission at the junction. This hypothesis has been tested by disrupting junctional microfibrils through elimination of extracellular divalent cations, and determining the effects of this treatment on the ultrastructure and mechanics of whole frog skeletal muscles passively stretched to failure. Muscles incubated in divalent cation-free solution failed exclusively in the lamina lucida of the myotendinous junction, while control muscles all failed within the muscle fibres, several millimetres away from the junction. Failure sites from divalent cation-free muscles incubated with antibodies against collagen type IV, laminin, and tenascin showed no labelling of the avulsed ends of the muscle fibres, indicating that remnants of junctional microfibrils observed on the cell surface are not composed of any of these extracellular proteins. All three proteins were present on the tendon side of the failure site, confirming that the lamina densa remains attached to the tendon. Breaking stress for control muscles was 3.47×105 N m-2, and for divalent cation-free muscles, 1.84×105 N m-2, or approximately half the control value. Breaking strain averaged 1.17 for divalent cation-free muscles and 1.39 for controls, although the difference was not significant. We conclude that junctional microfibrils are components of a divalent cation-dependent adhesion mechanism at the myotendinous junction. In addition, ultrastructural analysis of divalent cation-free fibres stretched just short of failure suggests that a second, divalent cation-independent mechanism persists along the non-junctional cell surface, and can transmit substantial passive tension from myofibrils laterally to the extracellular matrix, bypassing the failed myotendinous junction.
Synthetic Discriminant Functions For Target Correlation

Synthetic discriminant functions (SDFs) are used to construct digital filters for identifying and registering tank targets on 8-bit digitized forward, looking infrared (FLIR) imagery through correlation. The synthesis and testing of SDFs which control the shape of the correlation surface about the peak are discussed. This is effected by shifting the reference images in the + x and ± y directions and encoding these shifted images onto the filter. The advantages of shifting the reference images include sharper target correlation peaks, suppression of sidelobes on the correlation surface, correlation peaks that occur closer to the registration point of the target, and better overall target discrimination. The reference and test imagery consist of aspect-varying tank images, with a high degree of clutter resident on the test set imagery. Successive filter reference images are chosen on the basis of being quantitatively most dissimilar, in a correlation sense, than other images already resident on the filter. Filter construction techniques are discussed, and train and test set classification results are presented.
Studies on the Redox State in Polyacrylamide Gels

Abstract The oxidation-reduction properties of polyacrylamide gels were examined to test the possibility that persulfate-or other free radical donors-alter proteins during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gels formed either by use of persulfate or riboflavin and light as catalysts were shown to oxidize sulfhydryl compounds. Electrophoresis of thioglycolate into the gel in amounts equivalent to persulfate resulted in reducing conditions (titratable SH groups) in the gel. Acrylamide monomer and, therefore, presumably unreacted monomer in polyacrylamide react with the α-amino group of amino acids: the reaction with glycine proceeded slowly at pH 9 and at acrylamide concentrations comparable to that of amino acid. Acrylamide at high concentrations (0.5 M) also reacted with yeast enolase and, like the thiol groups of reduring agents, prevented the appearance of characteristic changes in the pattern of enolase in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, previously attributed to “persulfate damage” ...
Epizootiology of Lyme disease-causing borreliae

Abstract Otto Obermeier first observed helical-shaped bacteria, now called borreliae, in the blood of patients diagnosed with epidemic relapsing fever in 1867. 1 The association of borreliae with arthropods was probably first documented in 1903 with the transmission of Borrelia anserina to chickens following bites by soft-bodied ticks. 2 Thereupon, the transmission of endemic relapsing fever-causing borreliae to humans following bites by soft-bodied ticks was reported. 3 Thus, the serial transfer of borreliae from animals to ticks and then to humans was documented. Although erythema migrans in Europe was recognized to be associated with hard-bodied tick bites, 4 to be caused by a bacterium susceptible to penicillin, 5 and to be transmissible from human to human by skin grafts, 6 its spirochetal etiology remained unknown until Willy Burgdorfer observed borreliae in the hard-bodied tick Ixodes dammini and, with Allan Barbour, cultured the spirochetes. 7 The ability to culture borreliae 8 from tissues taken from ticks, 7 humans, 9,10 and wild animals 11,12 in a cell-free medium enabled scientists in both the New and Old Worlds to assemble considerable knowledge on the ecology of this illness now known as Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis. In this article, the interactions of the causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi , 13 with its tick vectors, with animal reservoir hosts, and with human disease are reviewed.
Innovationsförderliche Führung - Eine empirische Analyse

Zusammenfassung. Auf der Basis des innovationskontextspezifisch adaptierten Lazarus-Modells entwickelt dieser Beitrag ein Modell, das kognitive Prozesse der Wahrnehmung der betrieblichen Situation (wahrgenommene Veranderungsbedurftigkeit und Veranderungsfahigkeit), Innovationsverhalten (Ideengenerierung/-prufung, Implementierung) und innovationshinderliche Verhaltensweisen (intrapsychische Anpassung, Flucht) durch das Fuhrungsverhalten erklart. Das Fuhrungsverhalten wird uber ausgewahlte Einflussgrundlagen beschrieben, die der Vorgesetzte gegenuber der gefuhrten Fuhrungskraft im Innovationsprozess einsetzt (personliche Ausstrahlung, Expertenwissen/Information, Gewahrung von Freiheitsgraden und Autonomie, innovationsbezogene Unterstutzung, Verzicht auf Manipulation). Die Erklarungskraft des Modells wird organisations- und branchenubergreifend empirisch uberpruft. Hierarchische Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass die Gewahrung von Freiheitsgraden und Autonomie sowie Expertenwissen und Information die starksten...
Measurement of Chemical Emissions in Crested Auklets (Aethia cristatella)

This report presents the first quantitative estimates of emission rates for chemical signals in a bird—the crested auklet (Aethia cristatella). Volatile emissions from live birds were captured in a purified airstream onto polymer traps. Traps were eluted with methanol and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatile collection chamber was field-calibrated with an in-line bubbler and synthetic octanal, the dominant constituent of the crested auklet’s citruslike odor. The result is an index of volatile chemical emissions within a small population of wild crested auklets at Big Koniuji Island, AK, USA. The average emission rate for octanal was 5.7 μl/50 min. Males and females did not differ in their emission rates (t(0.05)two-tailed = 0.44, P = 0.66). There was a sevenfold difference between minimum and maximum emission rates. Prevalence of tick infection (2%) was low despite the high abundance of ticks in the colony. The crested auklet with the lowest chemical emission rate was heavily parasitized by ticks.
Development of a rapid 14C-based field method for assessing potential biodegradation of organic compounds in soil and sediment samples

The objective of this investigation was to develop and implement a biodegradation assay that could be completed within hours in a mobile field laboratory. We sought to identify portable instruments that could function as alternatives to a standard beta-scintillation counter which, itself, is not readily transportable to a field setting. A beta-scintillation type survey meter responded linearly and with 29% efficiency in the laboratory when calibrated with standard 14C-bicarbonate solutions spotted and dried onto copper disks. Efficacy of the beta-probe/copper disk procedure in quantifying microbial mineralization activity was examined in laboratory incubations of sediment amended with both 14C-p-hydroxybenzoate and -naphthalene. The procedure was implemented in a field setting in which four field samples were processed in a mobile laboratory. Six percent of the 14C naphthalene was mineralized in 2 12 h by naphthalene-contaminated samples, while no activity was detected in samples from adjacent uncontaminated locations.
Vascular surgery critical care: perioperative cardiac optimization to improve survival.

Objective: To review the literature on perioperative cardiac management of patients who are scheduled to undergo vascular surgery. Data Source: MEDLINE- and PubMed-based review of literature published from 1965 to 2005. Conclusions: Perioperative cardiac events (myocardial infarction, heart failure) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in vascular surgery patients. Existing guidelines allow physicians to cost-effectively streamline preoperative cardiac risk assessment and stratification. Perioperative optimization of volume status and cardiac function and the routine use of perioperative beta-blockers can significantly improve outcomes after major vascular surgery. Perioperative addition of statins to beta-blockers in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery merits further evaluation. Preoperative coronary revascularization should be restricted to patients with unstable cardiac symptoms.
Rapid early metabolism of ethanol in the mouse

Abstract The rate of disappearance of ethanol (metabolism) in the mouse was reinvestigated. The ethanol content of the whole animal at different periods of time after a standard dose was determined. Ethanol was found to disappear rapidly during the first 30 minutes and thereafter at a slower, almost constant rate.
TH-D-M100E-01: An Electronic Compensator for Total Body Irradiation

Purpose: Dose equalization along the long axis of the patient for total body irradiation requires the use of a compensator. At our institution the compensator consists of multiple layers of lead strips and is based on measurements along the patient's mid‐sagittal plane. In this study, we examine the feasibility and limitations of replacing the lead compensator with a one‐dimensional electronic compensator using fluence management tools available in our treatment planning system. Method and Materials: The patient compensator was based on body thickness, SSD and off‐axis distance of 12 mid‐sagittal patient specific points. A phantom was modeled using these measurements from a previously treated patient. A fluence map of the transmission values for the compensator used at treatment was created. Dose calculated on the phantom was compared with patient surface dose measurements. Physical limits and software limitations of this method were evaluated. Results: The maximum patient height accommodated by our treatment room and setup is 225 cm. Using a fluence map with the largest transmission factor gradient is not an issue, nor is the use of any reasonable field width that would be seen in a clinical setting. Calculated dose to the phantom using the electronic compensator was found to be on 3.4% lower (range: +2.6% to −7.8%) than diode dose measurements taken on the patient skin surface time of treatment.Conclusion: It is feasible for most patients that an electronic compensator be used. Discrepancies between calculated and measured dose can reasonably be accounted for. Further study is planned to measure the dose using an anthropomorphic phantom and also to automate the construction of patient‐specific virtual phantoms and patient‐specific optimal fluence.
Peak-Experiences Among Americans in Midlife

Though much attention, professionally and in popular American culture, has been accorded to midlife angst and turmoil, no published research has been conducted on peak-experiences during this major...
Using transaction log analysis to assess student search behavior in the library instruction classroom

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to determine how undergraduate students search in the context of a library instruction session. The results of an assessment of transaction logs are shared to provide evidence of student search behavior within a class setting. Design/methodology/approach – Transaction logs from 29 library instruction sessions using the library’s federated search tool were analyzed. Using a rubric, the authors assessed the logs to discover if students followed the instruction provided to construct more relevant, targeted searches, if they selected recommended resources and if they exhibited persistence in their searching. Findings – The study found most students had difficulty translating instruction on how to use quotation marks into their own searches, were mostly successful when choosing a database and notes varying participation patterns in classes taught at different times. Practical implications – Implications of this study include greater awareness of student search behaviors d...
Coated carbon fibre reinforcements for a glass-ceramic

On etudie la possibilite d'utiliser des fibres de carbone revetus de cuivre ou de nickel comme renforcant pour une matrice en vitroceramique «Corning glass 7572»
Cardiac Neural Crest Expression of Hand2 Regulates Outflow and Second Heart Field Development

The cardiac neural crest (cNC) lineage plays key roles in heart development by directly contributing to heart structures and regulating development of other heart lineages. The basic helix–loop–helix factor Hand2 regulates development of cardiovascular structures and NC-derived tissues including those that contribute to face and peripheral nervous system. Although Hand2 is expressed in cNC, its role has not been examined because of an early embryonic lethality when Hand2 is deleted in the NC lineage. We find that the lethality is attributable to loss of norepinephrine synthesis that can be overcome by activating adrenergic receptors. In rescued embryos, loss of Hand2 in the NC lineage leads to the misalignment of the outflow tract and aortic arch arteries. Defects include pulmonary stenosis, interrupted aortic artery, retroesophageal right subclavian artery, and ventricular septum defect, which resemble congenital heart defects attributed to defects in the NC. Hand2 functions in part by regulating signaling from the cNC to other cardiac lineages but not by regulating migration or survival of the cNC. Loss of Hand2 in NC also uncovered a novel role for the cNC in regulating proliferation and differentiation of the second heart field–derived myocardium that persists late into development. These results show that the cNC functions as a major signaling center for heart development and Hand2 plays a pivotal role in regulating both cell-autonomous and -nonautonomous functions of the cNC.
An Exploratory Simulation Model of Competition and Predation in a Demersal Fish Assemblage on Georges Bank

Abstract A multispecies model of a demersal fish assemblage on Georges Bank was constructed to investigate the causes of major changes in species composition and relative abundances that occurred during 1963–1978. In particular, we investigated whether simulations of competition, predation, and prey turnover rate could mimic historic population trends. Results suggest that competition and predation, especially acting in concert, could account for some of the variability in fish biomass and abundance in this assemblage. Because the model was developed with a priori hypotheses, the findings suggest that interspecific interactions may be important in determining fish population abundance in assemblages of marine demersal fishes. However, neither the sharp decreases in biomass that occurred in some demersal species in the early 1970s nor the magnitude of increase in others could be accounted for with these hypotheses. This model provides a good first step at organizing and investigating the complex processes ...
Semantic and associative factors in transfer

Two experimental groups learned A-B then A-B′. For both groups, A and B were identical, and B′ was equally associatively related to B to a low degree. In addition, for one of the experimental groups, B′ was related in meaning to B. Initial transfer results showed significant superiority for the semantically related over the associatively related list. Comparisons with control groups receiving C-D then A-B′ revealed early positive transfer for the semantically related list and no transfer effect for the associatively related list.
Preschool children's social competence and production and discrimination of affective expressions

This study investigated the relationship between the ability to discriminate and produce facial expressions and social acceptance by peers of young preschool children. Multiple measurements of affect discrimination ability, production ability (posed and spontaneous) and sociometric status (ratings and preference scores) were included, along with one measure of verbal labelling of affective expressions. Results indicated that abilities to discriminate and produce expressions were unrelated when the contribution of age and IQ to the relation was removed. Furthermore, posed and spontaneous productions of expressions were not related. Sociometric preference scores but not rating scores were predicted by the ability to discriminate affective expressions (R2 = .68). Sociometric preference scores were also predicted by spontaneous expressivity scores (R2 = .38) but not by the ability to pose affective expressions. No gender differences were observed on any measures. Thus, results indicate that children's discrimination ability and spontaneous expressivity predict social competence, as indexed by liking by peers. Results are discussed in terms of a social information processing model of social competence.
GaN based quantum dot heterostructures

GaN dots have been grown on c-plane sapphire and (111) Si substrates by reactive molecular beam epitaxy. A new method involving two-dimensional growth followed by a controlled annealing during which dots are formed was employed. Due the dot nature and large dot density, relatively high luminescence efficiencies were obtained on both substrates. Single layer dots were used for AFM analysis whereas 30 layer dots were used for photoluminescence experiments. AlN barrier layers, some too thick for mechanical interaction, some thin enough for vertical coupling were used. Strong polarization effects lead to a sizeable red shift, which depends on the size of the dots.
On the Regularity of Green Functions in Lipschitz Domains

In this paper we study regularity properties of Green functions associated with elliptic differential operators L in Lipschitz domains. In particular, we discuss the membership of G D (x, ·) and to...
High-power single emitters for coherent optical communication

The application of high-power single-emitter lasers to coherent optical communication in studied. Measurements of laser properties essential to heterodyne detection systems are presented for high-power lasers and compared to standard single-mode 30-mW laser diodes. The advantages of the new high-power laser structures are demonstrated in a heterodyne frequency-shift-keyed communication system.
Enantioseparation of amino acids on a polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phase

Sulfonic acids have been shown to be more effective than the commonly used trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in the chiral resolution of underivatized aromatic amino acids on an amylosic column. Sulfonic acid additives give a more UV transparent mobile phase, possibly allowing the detection of non-aromatic analytes. Work presented demonstrates that through the combination of sulfonic acid mobile phase additives, amine mobile phase additives and solvent modifier variations, the enantiomers of 20 of 25 probe amino acids are fully resolved, four are partially resolved with only one failing to be separated on a common amylosic column.
B2-5: Spectrum of Obesity and Extreme Obesity in a Diverse Population of Children and Adolescents

Background/Aims The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of obesity and extreme obesity in school-aged children using three classifications based on body mass index (BMI): BMI percentile, percentage above the 95th percentile and Z score, and the association of BMI stratification with elevated blood pressure.
The measurement of psychological maltreatment: Early data on the child abuse and trauma scale

This paper describes a self-report measure, the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale, which yields a quantitative index of the frequency and extent of various types of negative experiences in childhood and adolescence. Data on this measure are presented for two large samples of college students and for a small clinical sample of subjects with a diagnosis of Multiple Personality Disorder. The strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the scale in the college population is documented, and its validity is attested to by demonstrating that it correlates significantly with outcomes such as dissociation, depression, difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and victimization, all of which have previously been associated with childhood trauma or abuse. The extremely high scores of the Multiple Personality subjects confer additional validity to the measure. The authors suggest that the construct of psychological maltreatment underlies the destructive elements of numerous forms of abuse and neglect, and that the scale they have developed may provide a useful index of this construct.
Circulating exosomes as new biomarkers for brain disease and injury

Brain diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative disorders, or trauma are frequently diagnosed with imaging modalities and sometimes with intracranial biopsies. Treatment response is similarly monitored, along with clinical indications. While these technologies provide important windows into the disease state, they fail to provide us a detailed molecular portrait of the disease and of the changes taking place during therapy. Exosomes are virus-sized nanovesicles derived from the endosomal system and are released extracellularly from essentially all cell types. Exosomes contain intracellular entities (proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites), membrane proteins and lipids, and even extracellular proteins bound to them. Exosomes may be considered as mini-surrogates of their cells of origin, with some content common to all cells/exosomes, but some of the content would be cell-specific. These vesicles are found in all biofluids in humans, and are thus accessible to “liquid biopsy” with harvest of vesicles from such fluids. Current challenges are to identify disease-related markers or panels of markers to distinguish the disease state. Here we will show examples of brain tumor markers found in/on exosomes from cell culture and patient sera, and we will suggest that aspects of the biology of disease may have a relevant place in the search for biomarkers.
Establishment of a leukemic lymphocyte culture from human aqueous humor.

We have recently developed new techniques for culturing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes from human aqueous humor. We used leukemic lymphocytes collected from the aqueous humor of a patient with CLL and leukemic glaucoma. We grew these leukemic cells in combination with a feeder cell layer and other technical refinements. Microscopy and immunoassay indicate success in obtaining a homogenous population of B-type CLL cells through the 12th passage of the culture. No significant effect on cell growth was found with either of two mitogens (PWM and PHA), or between culture with and without autologous serum.Our new techniques for culturing leukemic cells derived from the aqueous humor provide a reliable resource for the study of chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes and leukemic glaucoma.
Controlling the specificity of modularly assembled small molecules for RNA via ligand module spacing: targeting the RNAs that cause myotonic muscular dystrophy.

Myotonic muscular dystrophy types 1 and 2 (DM1 and DM2, respectively) are caused by expansions of repeating nucleotides in noncoding regions of RNA. In DM1, the expansion is an rCUG triplet repeat, whereas the DM2 expansion is an rCCUG quadruplet repeat. Both RNAs fold into hairpin structures with periodically repeating internal loops separated by two 5′GC/3′CG base pairs. The sizes of the loops, however, are different: the DM1 repeat forms 1 × 1 nucleotide UU loops while the DM2 repeat forms 2 × 2 nucleotide 5′CU/3′UC loops. DM is caused when the expanded repeats bind the RNA splicing regulator Muscleblind-like 1 protein (MBNL1), thus compromising its function. Therefore, one potential therapeutic strategy for these diseases is to prevent MBNL1 from binding the toxic RNA repeats. Previously, we designed nanomolar inhibitors of the DM2−MBNL1 interaction by modularly assembling 6′-N-5-hexyonate kanamycin A (K) onto a peptoid backbone. The K ligand binds the 2 × 2 pyrimidine-rich internal loops found in the...
New Clues to Understanding HIV Nonprogressors: Low Cholesterol Blocks HIV Trans Infection

A small percentage of HIV-infected subjects (2 to 15%) are able to control disease progression for many years without antiretroviral therapy. Years of intense studies of virologic and immunologic mechanisms of disease control in such individuals yielded a number of possible host genes that could be responsible for the preservation of immune functions, from immune surveillance genes, chemokines, or their receptors to anti-HIV restriction factors. A recent mBio paper by Rappocciolo et al. (G. Rappocciolo, M. Jais, P. Piazza, T. A. Reinhart, S. J. Berendam, L. Garcia-Exposito, P. Gupta, and C. R. Rinaldo, mBio 5:e01031-13, 2014) describes another potential factor controlling disease progression: cholesterol levels in antigen-presenting cells. In this commentary, we provide a brief background of the role of cholesterol in HIV infection, discuss the results of the study by Rappocciolo et al., and present the implications of their findings.
Autoregulation of iodide transport in the rabbit: absence of autoregulation in fetal tissue and comparison of maternal and fetal thyroid iodination products.

Maternal and fetal rabbit thyroid glands were compared as to their ability to respond to excess iodide in vitro with a reduction in subsequent iodide transport activity. Preincubation of maternal thyroid tissue slices for 2 h with excess iodide (30 μM) resulted in a 31% reduction in the subsequently measured thyroid-medium radioiodide concentration ratio. In contrast, similar iodide pretreatment had no significant effect on fetal iodide transport. In all other respects, fetal iodide transport, although it was 10 times higher, did not differ significantly from maternal transport activity. Combined radiolabeled maternal (125I) and fetal (131I) rabbit thyroid tissue was eluted on Sephadex G-25 columns. Fractions were analyzed for both 125I and 131I activity, and the maternal to fetal ratios (125I/131I) were determined for each fraction. The majority of iodoproteins eluted with the void volume, and the 125I/mI ratio was constant in these fractions. Thereafter, two peaks of elevated 126I/131I activity could be...
Ya yā aqqī as Critic and Nationalist

Yaḥy¯a Ḥaqqī's first article of literary criticism appeared at a time when the critic was still more or less exclusively concerned with explaining a text, or with justifying the rival merits of “ancient” as opposed to “modem” literature. In 1921 Mā.zinī and 'Aqqād had published their Ad-dīwān: kitāb fī an-naqd wa al-adab which constituted a significant step away from the traditional mold of literary criticism. The primary motivation of the madhhab jadīd seems to have been an attack, not always purely literary, on the neo-Classical trend as exemplified in the poetry of Shauqī, Hāfiz and Ismā'il Sabrī. The Diwan School, as it came to be called, required that the poet express his true feelings in an imaginative way without resorting to pure description or stereotyped imagery confined within traditional poetical forms.
An integrated plasma equipment - feature scale model for the Bosch deep Si etch process

Summary form only given. The Bosch Si etch process combines the desirable etching characteristics of SF/sub 6/ with the polymerization properties of fluorocarbon gases to anisotropically etch deep and narrow features at a high etch rate. This process is currently being explored for SCALPEL (Scattering with Angular Limitation in Projection Electron Beam Lithography) mask fabrication. Due to the large number of process variables available, optimization of the Bosch process is a nontrivial task. There are also stringent requirements for etch rate, uniformity and feature sidewall angle. To aid in Bosch etch process development, an integrated plasma equipment feature scale model has been developed. This model couples a 2-dimensional simulation of the plasma reactor (based on Hybrid Plasma Equipment Model from the University of Illinois) with a string based feature profile model. The chemical mechanisms for the etching (SF/sub 6//O/sub 2/) and passivation (c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8/) plasmas incorporate known information about electron impact processes in these gases, as well as many heavy particle collisions. The surface etching and passivation mechanisms for the feature scale simulation are based on qualitative information available in the published literature. Quantitative data such as sticking coefficients has, however, been inferred indirectly from process experiments. The resulting model closely replicates experimentally observed plasma and etch characteristics. In this presentation, we describe the integrated model, discuss our experimental validation strategy and apply the model to understanding the Bosch etch process. Results show that Si etching is mainly due to F atoms, polymerization in c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8/ is due to sticking of C and CF/sub x/ radicals under ion bombardment, and polymer is etched through ion-assisted physical sputtering. An optimum etch process is obtained by carefully controlling polymerization and etching times, wafer temperature, ion energy and process variables that control species fluxes to the wafer.
Database Programs as a Literature Research Tool for the 1990s Scientist: Surveillance of Neurotoxicology Data

As the mass of data and literature in any scientific field grows, it becomes increasingly difficult to recall details of early experiments and to relate findings in different studies. Simple database programs are available for the individual scientist to record and manipulate information, to provide a reliable and flexibly updatable memory aid, and to reveal new relationships through (re)organizations of information. Such programs can increase the efficiency of the literature research process and increase writing productivity by orders of magnitude. The use of database programs for literature research is exemplified with a behavioral neurotoxicology database revealing previously unappreciated consistencies in the human worksite research literature.
“... As you Would have Them Do Unto You”: Does Imagining Yourself in the Other's Place Stimulate Moral Action?

Philosophers, psychologists, and religious teachers have suggested that imagining yourself in another's place will stimulate moral action. The authors tested this idea in two different situations. In Experiment 1, participants had the opportunity to assign themselves and another research participant to tasks, with one task clearly more desirable than the other. Imagining oneself in the other's place did little to increase the morality (fairness) of the decision. A different form of perspective taking, imagining the other's feelings, increased direct assignment of the other to the desirable task, apparently due to increased empathy. In Experiment 2, participants confronted a different decision: either accept an initial task assignment that would give them highly positive consequences and the other participant nothing or change the assignment so they and the other would each receive moderately positive consequences. In this situation, imagining oneself in the other's place did significantly increase moral action.
Nucleic Acid Binding Activity of Human Cockayne Syndrome B Protein and Identification of Ca2+ as a Novel Metal Cofactor

The Cockayne syndrome group B protein (CSB) is a member of the SWI/SNF2 subgroup of Superfamily 2 ATPases/nucleic acid translocases/helicases and is defective in the autosomal recessive segmental progeroid disorder Cockayne syndrome. This study examines the ATP-dependent and the ATP-independent biochemical functions of human CSB. We show that Ca(2+) is a novel metal cofactor of CSB for ATP hydrolysis, mainly through the enhancement of k(cat), and that a variety of biologically relevant model nucleic acid substrates can function to activate CSB ATPase activity with either Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) present. However, CSB lacked detectable ATP-dependent helicase and single- or double-stranded nucleic acid translocase activities in the presence of either divalent metal. CSB was found to support ATP-independent complementary strand annealing of DNA/DNA, DNA/RNA, and RNA/RNA duplexes, with Ca(2+) again promoting optimal activity. CSB formed a stable protein:DNA complex with a 34mer double-stranded DNA in electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, independent of divalent metal or nucleotide (e.g. ATP). Moreover, CSB was able to form a stable complex with a range of nucleic acid substrates, including bubble and "pseudo-triplex" double-stranded DNAs that resemble replication and transcription intermediates, as well as forked duplexes of DNA/DNA, DNA/RNA, and RNA/RNA composition, the latter two of which do not promote CSB ATPase activity. Association of CSB with DNA, independent of ATP binding or hydrolysis, was seemingly sufficient to displace or rearrange a stable pre-bound protein:DNA complex, a property potentially important for its roles in transcription and DNA repair.
A new species of Paleocene multituberculate (Mammalia: Allotheria) from the Hanna Basin, south-central Wyoming

(2003). A new species of Paleocene multituberculate (Mammalia: Allotheria) from the Hanna Basin, south-central Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 468-470.
Affective Outcomes of Evaluation Strategies by Self and Another in Children's Learning from Textbook Material

78 fourth grade children were randomly assigned to one of two evaluation groups which read and answered questions on textbook material. One group (self-evaluation) judged the correctness of their answers and reinforced themselves, while the other group (other-evaluation) was judged and reinforced by some other person. Results showed that girls accepted more responsibility for unsuccessful academic performance than boys and that in the self-evaluation condition boys were significantly less anxious than girls and less likely to lie. The results further suggested that boys who evaluated themselves tended to experience reduced anxiety and have enhanced self-concept more than boys who were evaluated by others.
Problem Posing from the Foundations of Mathematics

This reflective paper develops a repertoire of questions for teachers to use in their classrooms during episodes of mathematics discussions with and among students. These questions are motivated by an examination of questions posed by Wittgenstein in Zettel, and are connected to underlying tacit assumptions about mathematics, most of which lie subtly below the generally accepted milieu of math-talk. Once classrooms norms have been established to encourage participation by all students in a democratic and just classroom environment, these questions can be used effectively to stimulate meaningful discourse. These questions provide important examples of problem posing designed to encourage student reflection.
Process of counseling support persons to promote smoker treatment utilization

This qualitative study describes the process of providing a telephone intervention for adult non-smoking support persons to motivate and encourage a smoker to call the QUITPLAN Helpline. The intervention consisted of written materials and three consecutive, weekly, 15–30 min telephone sessions. Themes, issues, and concerns were summarized using content analysis. Participants were 212 support persons (94% female, 93% Caucasian) who completed at least one session. The intervention had a reported positive impact on participants’ understanding of the process of quitting smoking. The concept of readiness to quit including the Contemplation Ladder as a visual aid, education on nicotine dependence, and learning to recognize and reinforce small steps toward quitting or seeking help to quit were valuable tools to help participants understand their smoker's behavior, determine where the smoker was in the process of quitting and to use appropriate support strategies. Common issues and concerns raised are described a...
Using Qualitative Research to Identify and Address the Unique Needs of Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease

This paper reviews articles describing qualitative research that explores the unique needs of caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Qualitative research methodologies used in these studies include hermeneutic phenomenology, descriptive studies with focus groups, and individual interviews. Researchers identified needs and concerns unique to caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease including the need for knowledge about the disease, care recipient and caregiver issues, resource needs, and coping post-nursing home placement. Suggestions for addressing the needs were given by study participants. Implications for nurses and other professionals working with caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease were addressed. The importance of qualitative research in bringing understanding of the essence of caregiving of persons with Alzheimer’s disease is well-documented in this review. Key Words: Alzheimer’s Disease, Caregiving, Coping, Skill Development, and Qualitative Research Alzheimer’s disease affects an estimated 5.3 million people in America (Alzheimer's Association, 2009). By 2029, all baby boomers will be at least 65 years of age. It is predicted that the number of cases of Alzheimer’s disease will double every twenty years (Alzheimer's Association). Many Americans with Alzheimer’s disease are cared for by family members. Caregiving of people with Alzheimer’s disease can be very difficult. The demand of caregiving has a significant impact on the physical and emotional health of the caregiver. Caregivers must provide various levels of care for the person with Alzheimer’s disease. At the beginning of the disease, responsibilities frequently include shopping, meal preparation, transportation, oversight of medication, and assistance with financial and legal affairs. With progression of the disease, the person with Alzheimer’s disease may require assistance with activities of daily living including bathing, feeding, dressing, and toileting. Wandering becomes a problem for many with Alzheimer’s disease, and supervision 24 hours a day, seven days a week, may be needed to insure safety. When the burden of caregiving becomes greater than the caregiver can provide, long-term care placement such as a nursing home must be arranged. This responsibility also falls to the caregiver. Nurses often are in contact with caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease in physician’s offices, hospitals, nursing homes, and support groups. This affords nurses an opportunity to assist these caregivers in providing care to the person with Alzheimer’s as well as address the personal needs of the caregiver. The purpose of this paper is to review articles describing the use of qualitative research to identify and address the unique needs of caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease.
Adolescent sleep disparities: sex and racial/ethnic differences

Abstract Objectives During adolescence, significant changes occur in sleep (eg, decreased sleep duration and increased sleep problems). To date, few studies have examined whether self-reported sleep duration differences exist between races/ethnicities in early adolescence (ages 11-14 years). Methods This study compared sexes and race/ethnicity groups on self-reported sleep duration in a large (n = 1543; 48.9% boys) racially/ethnically diverse (62.7% White, 23.7% Hispanic/Latino, 10.4% African American, and 3.2% Asian) sample of young adolescents (mean age, 12.31) drawn from local middle schools. Results A 2-way analysis of variance revealed that there was a trend for a significant sex effect ( P = .067, partial η 2 = .002), with boys reporting more sleep than girls and significant race/ethnicity effects ( P η 2 = .012), with Hispanic and African American students reporting shorter sleep duration than White and Asian students. The interaction between sex × race/ethnicity was significant ( P = .014, partial η 2 = .002), with post hoc tests revealing that Hispanic males demonstrated significantly shorter sleep duration than White and Asian males and African American females demonstrating significantly shorter sleep duration than White females. Conclusions Given the literature showing short sleep duration is related to various negative health outcomes and all-cause mortality, more research is needed to determine the factors involved in these disparities. Adolescent sleep disparities: sex and racial/ethnic differences.
Differential Cardiac versus Renal Response to Acute Volume Overload in Human Preclinical Systolic Dysfunction and Renal Dysfunction with the Combination of PDEV Inhibition and BNP Administration

participate; caregivers were encouraged to attend the FG. Patients excluded were employed or related to employees, in hospice, transplant/LVAD, cognitive impairment, or unable to speak English. A FG expert conducted the PI or FGs, asking participants questions designed by experts in HF and FG methodology. Participants were offered limited stipends for their time. Question themes are shown in the Table. Results: Of 566 eligible patients, 78 participated, 51 completed the PI (average age 63.2 years, 51% female), and 27 (including 11 caregivers) attended the FGs (average age 52.8 years, 31% female). The majority of patients had outpatient management by cardiologists (70%), the minority were in a HF clinic (22%). Responses were grouped into themes of patient/caregiver recommendations (Table 1). From the PI, patients who received the Patient Education folder (75%), and who reviewed contents with provider/nurse felt more prepared to manage their care at home. 71% of respondents expressed being very confident that they could manage their care when leaving the hospital, however, almost all experienced challenges once at home, particularly with diet, activity-level, and feelings of stress about their diagnosis. 47% of respondents reported that they were very consistent in following their discharge instructions, yet many reported feeling overwhelmed and wish they had been told more candidly by their provider about symptoms and self-care management. 84% of respondents received some type of follow-up after their hospitalization, with in-office visits that took place within two weeks of discharge being the most helpful to patients. Conclusion: The patient perspective provides valuable insights not commonly considered in process improvement. HF patients want early and personalized education, consistency and coordination amongst providers, and assistance with medications and home care. By utilizing patient-identified themes for improvement and recommendations, the patient experience can be enhanced and care processes more effective.