cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity in preadolescence and adolescence: Effect on psychological adjustment

The aim of the current study was to assess the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity (Allport & Ross, 1967) in a sample of preadolescents and adolescents. Participants for the study were 694 African-American, European-American, and Hispanic-American students in grades 6 and 8. Students were interviewed in school regarding well-being and religiosity. The indiscriminately religious, or those scoring high on both intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, had more positive scores on some psychological adjustment measures than those who were indiscriminately nonreligious. In addition, intrinsically religious individuals had significantly more positive scores on the psychological adjustment measures than those who were indiscriminately nonreligious. Females were found to score higher on intrinsic religiosity, as did African-Americans. The current study holds developmental and clinical importance by highlighting the potential influence of religion on adolescents.
Adaptive channel bonding in multicarrier wireless networks

To support high data rate applications such as multimedia streaming, the ongoing standardization of the next generation Wi-Fi increases the channel bonding from 40 MHz in 802.11n to 80, and even 160 MHz under certain conditions in 802.11ac. However, inefficiency and unfairness issues arise when devices that use different channel widths coexist in a contention domain. A device with channel bonding has to wait until all bonded channels to be idle to commence a transmission while narrow channel interferers have more channel access opportunities. To address the inefficiency and unfairness issues in channel bonding, we propose an adaptive channel bonding (ACB) protocol in which a node is allowed to initiate a transmission as long as a narrow channel is available and gradually increase channel width during transmission whenever a new narrow channel becomes available. ACB aggregates all available narrow channels as one wide channel, removing the need of setting guard bands between contiguous narrow channels. A challenge in the design is the communication over uncertain channels. To enable fast spectrum agreement between transmitter and receiver, a partial spectrum correlation method is introduced. ACB also considers the severe contention in a wide band of spectrum. When new channels become available, multiple nodes may contend for them. A compound preamble is designed to make collisions detectable in the frequency domain and a parallel bitwise arbitration mechanism is introduced to quickly resolve the collisions in the time domain. We implemented and evaluated the ACB through the GNU Radio/USRP platform. Experimental results show that ACB can well address the inefficiency and unfairness issues caused by heterogeneous radio coexistence.
Protein kinase C-θ regulates KIT expression and proliferation in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Oncogenic KIT or PDGFRA receptor tyrosine kinase mutations are compelling therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and the KIT/PDGFRA kinase inhibitor, imatinib, is standard of care for patients with metastatic GIST. However, most of these patients eventually develop clinical resistance to imatinib and other KIT/PDGFRA kinase inhibitors and there is an urgent need to identify novel therapeutic strategies. We reported previously that protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ) is activated in GIST, irrespective of KIT or PDGFRA mutational status, and is expressed at levels unprecedented in other mesenchymal tumors, therefore serving as a diagnostic marker of GIST. Herein, we characterize biological functions of PKCθ in imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant GISTs, showing that lentivirus-mediated PKCθ knockdown is accompanied by inhibition of KIT expression in three KIT+/PKCθ+ GIST cell lines, but not in a comparator KIT+/PKCθ− Ewing's sarcoma cell line. PKCθ knockdown in the KIT+ GISTs was associated with inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway, upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, antiproliferative effects due to G1 arrest and induction of apoptosis, comparable to the effects seen after direct knockdown of KIT expression by KIT short-hairpin RNA. These novel findings highlight that PKCθ warrants clinical evaluation as a potential therapeutic target in GISTs, including those cases containing mutations that confer resistance to KIT/PDGFRA kinase inhibitors.
Comminuted Fractures of the Iliac Wing

Purpose: Comminuted iliac fractures are uncommon and difficult to treat. The purpose of this study is to further delineate the fractures, to present a management protocol, and to evaluate the results of treatment. Design: Retrospective clinical study. Setting: Level one trauma center at Harborview Medical Center. Patients: During a sixty-eight-month period, 695 patients with pelvic ring disruptions were treated at a level one trauma center. Thirteen (1.9%) of these patients had a severely comminuted iliac fracture. All patients were men, ranging in age from twenty to eighty years (mean, 38 years). These patients were polytraumatized and had a mean Injury Severity Score of 23. Eleven of the thirteen patients had severe iliac and flank degloving injuries. Five patients had open fractures, one with fecal contamination requiring diverting colostomy. Six patients with clinical signs of hemodynamic instability had local arterial injuries associated with their fractures. All five patients with extension of the fracture into the greater sciatic notch were found to have a local arterial injury on angiography. One patient had a lumbosacral plexopathy on the fractured side. Four patients had traumatic brain injuries. Intervention: All thirteen patients were treated operatively. Routine pelvic external fixation was not possible because of the iliac comminution. Stable internal fixation was accomplished by an anterior iliac surgical exposure using lag screw and plate combinations. The open wounds and degloving injuries were treated with irrigation, debridement, and closed suction drainage. Main Outcome Measurements: Healing and stability of fixation were assessed clinically and on pelvic radiographs. Results: Comminuted iliac fractures were divided into two patient groups, according to associated pelvic ring disruption. Follow-up evaluations were available for all patients at a mean of eighteen months after injury. There were no deaths. All of the fractures healed clinically and radiographically. In one patient, fecal contamination caused a polymicrobial wound infection, and this patient had an associated delay in union of the fracture. Another patient with an open fracture developed a deep wound infection. Both infections responded to local management and antibiotics. There were no complications associated with the degloving injuries. Conclusions: Comminuted iliac fractures occur in two distinct patterns and are associated with numerous local injuries that complicate management. Management protocols should include early open reduction and stable internal fixation. Traumatic open wounds should not be closed primarily. Primary closure with closed suction drainage is effective in the management of associated degloving injuries. Extension of the fracture into the greater sciatic notch warrants further evaluation with pelvic angiography.
Prevalence of hypospadias in European countries: is it increasing?

Hypospadias is one of the most common congenital anomalies, the treatment of which is both appealing and challenging for any experienced paediatric urologist. The hypospadiac malformation can be defined as a consequence of a misdevelopment of the urethral spongiosum tissue, with a defect of the ventral aspect of the prepuce and the skin of the distal shaft. Usually, an arrest in the normal embryologic correction of penile curvature is associated, although in a range of different degrees [1,2]. Many anatomic variants are present on a continuum of severity. The minor forms are characterised by an ectopic urethral meatus on the glans penis or on the coronal sulcus as well as on the subcoronal aspect of the penis; the most severe variants present a proximal urethra opening on the penoscrotal junction, scrotum, or perineum. Undescended testicles and penile–scrotal skin transposition with bifid scrotum may be frequently associated (15%), especially in the more severe anatomic degrees [2]. Hypospadias has been evaluated as occurring in approximately 1 out of 200–300 live male births in the US population [1], with small variations between Caucasian children and those of other ethnicities or races. In European countries the prevalence of the hypospadiac malformation has been assessed at up to 3 per 1000 live male births. A Dutch study published in 2002 suggested a higher hypospadias rate, up to 3.8 per 1000 live male births [3].
Respiratory properties and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration in blood of the adult opossum (Didelphis virginiana)☆

1. 1. Oxygen dissociation curves were constructed on whole blood (N = 23), incubated whole blood (N = 6), dialyzed blood (n = 3) and dialyzed blood with added 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) (N= 2), 2. 2. Hemoglobin concn averaged 12.0 ± 2.2 g%. 3. 3. The mean plasma pH after tonometry of whole blood averaged 7.375 ± 0.059 with a mean intraerythrocytic pH of 7.080 ± 0.020 which resulted in a pH gradient (ΔpH) across the red cell membrane of 0.295 ± 0.045. 4. 4. The O2 tension required to half saturate opossum hemoglobin (P50) in whole blood was 42.3 ± 2.5 mm Hg. 5. 5. The Bohr factor (Δ log Po2/ΔpH) calculated in this study was −0.526 ± 0.05. 6. 6. The electrophoretic pattern of opossum hemoglobin exhibits one major band which migrates slightly faster than human A hemoglobin. 7. 7. The mean 2,3-DPG concn in fresh, whole opossum blood was 14.74 ± 1.25μm/g Hb. 8. 8. Incubation of whole blood for 24 hr at 37°C reduced the concn of red cell 2,3-DPG to 1.39 μm/g Hb and increased the O2 affinity, shifting the P50 10 mm Hg to the left (25.7 vs 36.0 mm Hg). 9. 9. Dialysis effectively decreased 2,3-DPG concn (2.09 vs 14.66 μm/g Hb). 10. 10. The addition of 2,3-DPG (30 μm/g Hb) to the dialysate decreased the O2 affinity, shifting the mean P50 10.8 mm Hg to the right (43.8 vs 33.0 mm Hg).
Mass-Transfer Properties of Microbubbles. 2. Analysis Using a Dynamic Model

Gas-to-liquid mass transfer is commonly the rate-limiting step in industrial fermentations. Microbubble sparging has been shown to give extremely high volumetric mass-transfer rates, even for low power-to-volume ratios. Microbubbles are surfactant-stabilized bubbles having a radius on the order of 25 μm. The extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratios of microbubbles can result in rapid changes in their size, internal pressure, and gas composition. Consequently, an unsteady-state modeling approach is needed to adequately describe microbubble mass transfer. A dynamic model of a single microbubble immersed in an infinite pool of stagnant liquid was developed and solved numerically. The model accounts for mass-transfer resistances of the surfactant shell and surrounding bulk liquid, bubble shrinkage, changes in the gas pressure and composition inside the bubble, and changes in the liquid-phase concentration profile of the transferred gas surrounding the bubble. The model was used to explore a variety of dynamic phenomena associated with microbubble mass transfer. The presence of a nontransferred gas in the microbubble was predicted to significantly reduce the mass-transfer rate, indicating that microbubble sparging is better suited to gases with a high consumable fraction. The instantaneous mass-transfer coefficient was predicted to change significantly with time, but the time-averaged coefficient was constant enough to justify the measurement of average mass-transfer coefficients for microbubbles. Average mass-transfer coefficients predicted by the model agreed well with values measured experimentally and calculated using literature correlations.
Effect of a tumour promoter on myogenesis

EVIDENCE that viruses and chemical carcinogens alter the ongoing synthetic programme of cells has been presented1,2. Chondroblasts and melanoblasts transformed with a temperature-sensitive Rous sarcoma virus cease synthesising the chondroblast-unique sulphated proteoglycan and melanin, respectively3. Shifted to non-permissive temperature, these cells re-initiate the synthesis of the chondroblast-unique sulphated proteoglycan and melanin. Similar results have been obtained using chick myogenic cells4,5. Normal presumptive myoblasts undergo a limited number of replications, yielding postmitotic, mononucleated myoblasts. Postmitotic myoblasts initiate the synthesis of muscle-specific myosin heavy and light chains and fuse into myotubes6,7. In contrast, ts-viral transformed myogenic cells continue to replicate, do not initiate the synthesis of muscle-specific myosins and do not fuse. 24–48 h after shifting to non-permissive temperature, many transformed myogenic cells withdraw irreversibly from the cell cycle, initiate the synthesis of muscle-specific (unpublished data) myosins and fuse. Apparently when the transformation factor is expressed the cells do not withdraw from the cell cycle, and as a consequence of being forced to cycle, do not terminally differentiate. To probe the mechanisms that might be common to the generation of terminally differentiated cells from normal precursor cells, and to the generation of malignant cells from normal precursor cells, we studied the effects of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) on myogenesis. Of the purified phorbol esters, PMA is the most potent as a tumour-promoting agent and as a mitogen8–12. We report here that PMA mimics some of the effects of the Rous sarcoma tumour agent on myogenesis.
The composition and properties of the mucin clot from cattle submaxillary glands

Abstract Mucin clots from cattle submaxillary glands were lyophilized as sodium salts with retention of the viscosity of the extracts and of solubility in water. The viscosity was 25.8 cP in 1% aqueous solution and 4.5 cP in 1% phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 and ionic strength 0.1. The specific rotation was [ α ] D 25 = −23.2 ° (0.87 per cent in water). The mucin contained about 13 per cent sialic acid, 11 per cent hexosamine (8 per cent galactosamine and 3 per cent glucosamine as the acetyl derivatives) and 75 per cent protein. The molar ratio of galactosamine to sialic acid was unity. The mucin showed four peaks when subjected to electrophoresis at pH 10 in a phosphate buffer of ionic strength 0.1. The average mobilities were −7.2, −8.0, −10.3 and −11.3 × 10 −5 cm 2 /sec per V, respectively, at pH 10. Three components were evident at pH 7.4 and 8.0, and only two at pH 6. The major component had a mobility of −6.3 × 10 −5 at pH 7.4. Two ultracentrifugal components of 2.1 and 2.5 S were evident at pH 7.4. At pH 10, a small more rapidly moving 5.0 S component was also present.
The Anti-Brownian ELectrophoretic Trap (ABEL Trap): Fabrication and Software

The Anti-Brownian ELectrophoretic trap (ABEL trap) is a new device that allows a user to trap and manipulate fluorescent objects as small as 20 nm freely diffusing in solution. We describe in detail how to build an ABEL trap.
Contribution of cytochrome P450 1B1 to hypertension and associated pathophysiology: A novel target for antihypertensive agents

The aim of this review is to discuss the contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 in vascular smooth muscle cell growth, hypertension, and associated pathophysiology. CYP1B1 is expressed in cardiovascular and renal tissues, and mediates angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced activation of NADPH oxidase and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and vascular smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation, and hypertrophy. Moreover, CYP1B1 contributes to the development and/or maintenance of hypertension produced by Ang II-, deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt-, and N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-induced hypertension and in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The pathophysiological changes, including cardiovascular hypertrophy, increased vascular reactivity, endothelial and renal dysfunction, injury and inflammation associated with Ang II- and/or DOCA-salt induced hypertension in rats, and Ang II-induced hypertension in mice are minimized by inhibition of CYP1B1 activity with 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene or by Cyp1b1 gene disruption in mice. These pathophysiological changes appear to be mediated by increased production of ROS via CYP1B1-dependent NADPH oxidase activity and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-Src.
Nonstationary rotational diffusion in room temperature liquids measured by femtosecond three-pulse transient anisotropy.

A femtosecond three-pulse ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(5)}$ polarization anisotropy experiment is used to examine the time dependence of the rotational diffusion of coumarin 153 in polar liquids. By probing the polarization anisotropy decay at various points during the molecule's excited state lifetime, a time-dependent diffusion coefficient is found in several solvents. This anomalous behavior is consistent with the relaxation of the solvent friction to accommodate the solute's excited state charge distribution. Rotational diffusion times measured immediately after photoexcitation by two-pulse ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ experiments may reflect a nonstationary bath dynamics, rather than the equilibrium friction of the solvent.
Mechanisms of α-thrombin, histamine, and bradykinin induced endothelial permeability

alpha-Thrombin, bradykinin, and histamine are endogenous mediators that increase endothelial permeability. We examined the mechanism by which these three vasoactive mediators could alter permeability to albumin of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC were grown to confluence on Transwell membranes and we monitored the flux of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled human serum albumin across the membrane from the upper to lower chamber of the Transwell. Addition of alpha-thrombin, bradykinin, or histamine increased the permeability coefficient of the HUVEC monolayer. At 30 min the permeability coefficient for alpha-thrombin was 4.92 x 10(-6) cm/sec while histamine was 4.47 x 10(-6) cm/sec. Maximum changes in the permeability coefficient were about three-fold control baseline values (1.59 x 10(-6) cm/sec). There was also a temporal difference in the magnitude of the permeability coefficient. alpha-Thrombin and bradykinin induced HUVEC permeability was increased for the first 90 min after which it returned to control levels. In contrast, histamine increased the permeability of the HUVEC monolayer throughout the 2 h experiment. To determine a possible intracellular mechanism of the altered permeability coefficients, HUVEC were labeled with FURA-2 and intracellular calcium was monitored by digital fluorescence ratio imaging. Maximum intracellular calcium in HUVEC was increased by alpha-thrombin (245 +/- 20 nM) and histamine (210 +/- 22 nM), but not by bradykinin (70 +/- 7 nM) as compared to control (69 +/- 10). Fluorescent photomicrographs of HUVEC stimulated with the three agonists indicated that alpha-thrombin and histamine substantially altered HUVEC f-actin arrangement, while bradykinin had no effect on HUVEC f-actin distribution. These data support previous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating increased permeability by all three agonists. These data also show, for the first time, that histamine and alpha-thrombin increased permeability by calcium-dependent intracellular pathways, but bradykinin operates through a calcium-independent mechanism.
Developmental expression patterns of cuticular protein genes with the R&R Consensus from Anopheles gambiae

CPR proteins are the largest cuticular protein family in arthropods. The whole genome sequence of Anopheles gambiae revealed 156 genes that code for proteins with the R&R Consensus and named CPRs. This protein family can be divided into RR-1 and RR-2 subgroups, postulated to contribute to different regions of the cuticle. We determined the temporal expression patterns of these genes throughout post-embryonic development by means of real-time qRT-PCR. Based on expression profiles, these genes were grouped into 21 clusters. Most of the genes were expressed with sharp peaks at single or multiple periods associated with molting. Genes coding for RR-1 and RR-2 proteins were found together in several co-expression clusters. Twenty-five genes were expressed exclusively at one metamorphic stage. Five out of six X-linked genes showed equal expression in males and females, supporting the presence of a gene dosage compensation system in A. gambiae. Many RR-2 genes are organized into sequence clusters whose members are extremely similar to each other and generally closely associated on a chromosome. Most genes in each sequence cluster are expressed with the same temporal expression pattern and at the same level, suggesting a shared mechanism to regulate their expression.
Genetic dissection of fruit quality components in melon (Cucumis melo L.) using a RIL population derived from exotic × elite US Western Shipping germplasm

Growing environment dramatically influences melon (Cucumis melo L.; 2n = 2x = 24) fruit development and quality. Consequently, the characterization of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling melon fruit quality for application in marker-assisted selection (MAS) requires an assessment of genotype by environmental interactions, trait correlations, and QTL efficacy. Therefore, fruit quality traits [soluble solids content (SSC), mesocarp pressure (MP), fruit diameter (mesocarp + exocarp; FD), seed cavity diameter (endocarp; SCD), seed cavity to FD ratio (C:D), fruit shape (FS), and percentage of exocarp netting (PN) at time of harvest] were examined in 81 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) at two growing locations (California. and Wisconsin, USA) to identify the map position and consistency of QTL for MAS in a Group Cantalupensis U.S. Western Shipping market type background. RIL developed from a cross between U.S. Department of Agriculture line USDA-846-1 and ‘Top Mark’ were used to identify 57 QTL in both location tested (SSC = 10, MP = 8, FD = 6, SCD = 9, C:D = 8, PN = 6, and FS = 10). The QTL were distributed across 12 linkage groups and explained a significant portion of the associated phenotypic variation (R2 = 4–29%). Twelve of such QTL were consistently identified in the two locations tested [SSC (ssc7.4 and ssc10.8), MP (mp7.2, mp10.3, and mplg7.5), SCD (scd1.1, scd5.4, and scd8.5), C:D (cd2.1), and PN (pn2.1), FS (fs1.1 and fs2.3)]. The map positions of 18 QTL (FS = 7, SSC = 6, C:D = 3, SCD = 1, and PN = 1) were in equivalent (i.e., collinear) genomic regions with previous studies in Group Inodorus-based maps. Six of the collinear QTL were detected in both locations in our study (ssc7.4, ssc10.8, fs1.1, fs2.3, pn2.1, and scd5.4). The collinearity of these QTL with those identified in other maps, and their consistency across diverse growing environments portends their broad applicability in melon MAS.
Factors Influencing College Women's Gynecological Screening Behaviors and Intentions

Abstract Sexually transmitted human papilloma virus (HPV) is highly prevalent among adolescent and young adult women, and is causally associated with cervical cancer. Although the effectiveness of early detection of cervical cancer through Papanicolaou (Pap) screening and early treatment have resulted in a decrease in mortality from cervical cancer, many women do not have regular Pap smears. Information about the gynecological screening behaviors of adolescent and young adult women, who are at risk for HPV, is limited. In this study we examined 400 college women's attitudes, intentions, behavior, knowledge, and self efficacy regarding gynecological screening and Pap smears, as well as resources that might increase the likelihood of their engaging in gynecological screening behavior. Self efficacy and resources made the greatest contributions to the predictions of exam behavior.
An electron microscopic study of the structure of viscose silk

Mit Hilfe des Elektronenmikroskops wurde die Feinstruktur einer Viskoseseide untersucht. Es zeigte sich, das diese Fasern sehr heterogen zusammengesetzt sind. Wir fanden Teilchen mit typischer Zellwandstruktur und stark verquollene Fibrillen, welche in einer fein strukturierten Grundmasse, die als Auflosungsprodukt von Zellulosexanthogenat zu betrachten ist, eingebettet waren. Aus den Bildern geht hervor, das die Zellulosemolekule nicht einzeln, sondern gruppenweise in Losung gehen. Beim Auspressen ins Fallbad werden diese Teilchen fixiert und bilden so den Kitt, um die ubrigen Beimengungen miteinander zu verbinden. Alle Unebenheiten werden dadurch ausgefullt, und die fertige Faser erscheint gleichmasig glatt.
Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses

Abstract It is generally assumed that dermatitis, whether of allergic or irritant origin, is primarily an immunological/inflammatory disorder. In this article, we review recent information that supports an epidermal contribution to these disorders, as well as several other dermatoses. We first review new concepts of the epidermal barrier, with recent evidence that the stratum corneum is a biosensor that regulates the epidermal lipid and DNA-metabolic responses to a variety of exogenous insults. Various signaling mechanisms, including changes in levels of epidermal cytokines and growth factors, are potential candidates to mediate these metabolic responses. Our results show that these signaling molecules may be generated not in response to permeability barrier requirements, but as an avoidable consequence of the epidermal injury that accompanies all types of acute barrier abrogation. Although the role of cytokines/growth factors as regulators of metabolic events leading to barrier recovery is still unknown, their role in initiating a cytokine cascade leading to cutaneous pathology seems more certain. We conclude that signaling molecules, released following injury to the stratum corneum, initiate a cytokine cascade that induces inflammation, which is responsible for the clinical features of specific dermatoses. Thus, ‘outside-to-inside’ signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of dermatoses characterized by abnormal barrier function.
Retention of conditioned noise aversion following medical geniculate lesions in the rat

Abstract The importance of upper auditory pathways at the medial geniculate level was examined in relation to behavior maintained by the termination of intense noise. Rats were conditioned to escape white noise by depressing a lever. Experimental animals were then subjected to varying lesions of the medial geniculate nuclei or posterior thalamic region, with or without lesions of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. Destruction of the medial geniculate nuclei or posterior thalamic region bilaterally did not result in loss of the conditioned behavior. More than half of these animals showed significant postoperative behavioral improvements which were rarely matched by the control animals. Postoperative removal of the noise contingencies to responding was followed by behavioral extinction. Lay-off periods up to 40 days or subjection to anesthesia failed to produce any significant behavioral alterations. However, bilateral tympanic destruction produced definite losses in the response to noise. The evidence suggested that geniculocortical connections are not essential to noise aversion. One case with additional midbrain damage supported earlier findings that this region may be more critical for noise aversion. The possibility that reciprocal (efferent) auditory pathway damage could be responsible for the behavioral improvements is discussed.
Playas: homeland mirage

This paper describes an interactive installation that addresses issues of presence and absence by creating a virtualized representation of the abandoned town, Playas, New Mexico. This town is slated for conversion into an anti-terrorism training facility by New Mexico Tech University in conjunction with the United States Department of Homeland Security. Using the metaphor of the mirage, the work functions as a critique of our understanding of "reality.
Accelerator devices at persistent software objects

Abstract In the current “standard model” of accelerator control systems, the interface to accelerator equipment is implemented in a network component termed a front end computer. A front end computer system is being developed which provides access to underlying accelerator equipment via an abstraction termed an accelerator device object. Accelerator device objects support a standard set of operations which can be performed on them and contain all parameters necessary for controlling the underlying equipment. Accelerator device objects are realized as instances of C++ classes in software running in a real-time operating system, but exist independent of a particular task context and persist through system reset or power loss. This front end computer system is applied both to the development of a new control system for the RHIC project and also to the rejuvenation of an aged part of the AGS control system and its integration into the existing AGS Distributed Control System.
Filter mediated design: generating coherence in collaborative design

Abstract Architectural design involves the integration of diverse, sometimes conflicting, concepts and requirements into a coherent single composition. This paper proposes a method for negotiating architectural design across domains, by examining issues of perception, generation and evaluation, and detailing a prototype in which these mechanisms are augmented using computational agents for achieving coherence and innovation in remote collaborative design. Filter Mediated Design is intended to explore the processes and strategies of constructing intelligent designs and design intelligence.
Dynamical simulations of semilocal strings

Abstract We explore the stability of semilocal string numerically. Our results confirm the conclusions of Hindmarsh and also show a range of asymptotic field configurations that will relax to the semilocal string configuration rather than to the trivial vacuum. We also study field configurations corresponding to two semilocal strings with different colours and find that the colour rapidly equilibrates and has little effect on the dynamics of the strings. This result and its limitations are discussed and implications for the evolution of the semilocal string network are drawn. In addition, we construct models that contain monopoles labelled by colour indices.
Structure and Excitations of Quantum Liquid Clusters

We review recent theoretical progress in the evaluation of collective excitation spectra of quantum liquid clusters, with specific application to 4HeN. An excitation operator theory together with the variational Monte Carlo method has provided a powerful means of calculating the excited state wavefunctions and energies. The compressional excitations of 4HeN clusters calculated from the excitation operator theory agree well with the results of a quantum liquid drop theory based on accurate knowledge of microscopic density correlations in the ground state. The compressional excitation spectra evolve toward the spectrum of bulk He II as N increases, with the roton structure first appearing at N≈70. The implication for the finite size scaling of superfluid behavior in these clusters is discussed. These techniques now allow microscopic study of clusters containing foreign species, and can also be extended to quantum solid clusters.
On comparing multiplicities in e+e− and in hadron-induced events

It is argued that the ratio of multiplicities in hadroninduced and in e+e− annihilation events is likely to be considerably less than the value 2 predicted by a simple parton picture which neglects correlations.
Transverse sacral fracture with transient neurologic complication

A young woman fell onto her low back and sustained a transverse sacral fracture associated with urinary complaints consistent with detrusor areflexia. She was treated with intermittent bladder catheterization and was able to void normally within six days.
Simultaneous transient expression assays of the trypanosomatid parasite Leishmania using β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase as reporter enzymes

Abstract We describe a transient transfection protocol for cultured Leishmania major promastigotes, utilizing Escherichia coli genes encoding β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase inserted into an expression vector derived from the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase locus. Less than 0.1 pg of either reporter enzyme can be detected with a simple fluorimetric assay, and transfection of 10 μg of either reporter construct yields activities at least 100-fold over background. Simultaneous introduction of both constructs showed that the activity of each reporter gene was unaffected by the presence of the other, allowing one reporter construct to serve as a control for experimental variability in test gene constructs containing the second reporter gene. These results show that it is feasible to apply transient expression assays to the identification of cis-acting elements of genes encoding nonabundant mRNAs in the genus Leishmania.
Who Cares for Medicaid-Enrolled Children With Chronic Conditions?

Objective. To estimate generalist, pedi- atric subspecialist, and any subspecialist use by Medic- aid-enrolled children with chronic conditions and to de- termine the correlates of use. Methods. We analyzed Medicaid claims data col- lected from 1989 to 1992 from 4 states for 57 328 children and adolescents with 11 chronic conditions. We calcu- lated annual rates of generalist, subspecialist, and pedi- atric subspecialist use. We used logistic regression to determine the association of demographics, urban resi- dence, and case-mix (Adjusted Clinical Groups) with the use of relevant pediatric and any subspecialist care. Results. Most children with chronic conditions had visits to generalists (range per condition: 78%-90% for children with Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and 85%-94% for children without SSI) during the year stud- ied. Fewer children visited any relevant subspecialists (24%-59% for children with SSI and 13%-56% for chil- dren without SSI) or relevant pediatric subspecialists (10%-53% for children with SSI and 3%-37% for children without SSI). In general, children who were more likely to use pediatric subspecialists were younger, lived in urban areas, were white (only significant for non-SSI children), and had higher Adjusted Clinical Groups scores. Use of any subspecialists followed a similar pat- tern except that urban residence is statistically significant only for children with SSI and the youngest age group does not differ from the oldest age group for children without SSI. Conclusions. Children who had chronic conditions and were enrolled in Medicaid received a majority of their care from generalist physicians. For most condi- tions, a majority of children did not receive any relevant subspecialty care during the year and many of these children did not receive care form providers with pedi- atric-specific training. Pediatrics 2001;108:906 -912; chil- dren, chronic conditions, Medicaid, subspecialist, general- ist, primary care, referral, Supplemental Security Income. ABBREVIATIONS. ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disor- der; SSI, Supplemental Security Income; AIDS, acquired immuno- deficiency syndrome; AMA, American Medical Association; ACG, Adjusted Clinical Groups; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence inter- val.
Gas-liquid reaction systems: A heuristic model and its steady solutions

To identify conditions under which gas-liquid reaction systems exhibit natural oscillations, a model is formulated in which the time scales of the elementary processes play a leading role. The steady solutions of the model problem are investigated, with the finding that at most one solution may lie in each of five temperature ranges, each range corresponding to a dominant physicochemical process.
Morphogenetic Transitions and Cytoskeletal Elements of the Stalked Zooid and the Telotroch Stages in the Peritrich Ciliate Vorticella convallaria

ABSTRACT. A method is described for obtaining large numbers of telotrochs from mass cultures of Vorticella convallaria. These free-swimming cells contract slightly along the aboral-oral plane when extracted with Triton X-100, and thus appear more similar in shape to zooids than unextracted telotrochs. Cytoskeletal structures associated with feeding, such as the infudibulum and the cytopharynx, are visible in cytoskeletal preparations of these non-feeding telotrochs and thus appear not to be disassembled during telotroch formation. The telotroch to stalked-zooid transition proceeds rapidly through a set series of morphogenetic stages. After telotroch attachment, the aboral cilia cease beating and are resorbed. Within 7 min the cell is inverted bell-shaped and the zooid begins feeding. Stalk elongation begins about 15–20 min after attachment, lengthening at the rate of 0.5 μ/min for the first hour and more slowly (0.1 μm/min) after that. Interestingly, these developmental stages are essentially the same as those described for the telotroch to zooid transition in the colonial peritrich Zoothamnium. This evolutionary conservation suggests that the precise sequence and timing of these events are critical for their successful completion. Furthermore, the facts that the telotroch to zooid transition occurs very rapidly, that the feeding structures are maintained throughout the transformation, and that basic cytoskeletal architecture is relatively unchanged is consistent with the hypothesis that the transformation occurs through controlled cytoskeletal rearrangements rather than by changes in gene expression.
Fragmentation and dispersal of komatiitic pyroclasts in the 3.5–3.2 Ga Onverwacht Group, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa

The 3.5–3.2 Ga Onverwacht Group of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, contains thick sequences of komatiitic tuff, lapilli tuff, and lapillistone representing proximal to distal volcanic settings. Volcaniclastic komatiites in the southern part of the belt include: (1) areally extensive sheets of silicified, massive to normally graded ash and accretionary lapilli interpreted as pyroclastic fall deposits, and (2) thick, widespread, carbonatized beds of lapilli and minor ash deposited by subaqueous sediment flow and pyroclastic fallout. Lithofacies 1 clasts are aphyric and poorly to nonvesicular, implying rapid quench rates and fragmentation primarily through magma-water contact. Low water/magma ratios, initial melt fracturing through minor volatile exsolution, and high magma fluxes were probably the main factors that enabled the production of buoyant eruption columns and widespread ash distribution. These tuffs were generated during vent shoaling in water that was probably
Tetracycloalkenyl-meso-tetraphenylporphyrins as models for the effect of non-planarity on the light absorption properties of photosynthetic chromophores

Abstract As the size of the cycloalkenyl ring in synthetic C5-C7 tetracycloalkenyl-meso-tetraphenylporphyrins (TCnTPP) is increased the porphyrin core changes from planar to non-planar, showing that porphyrins with well-defined degrees of ruffling can be synthesized for use in systematic studies to determine the effects of non-planarity.
Nursing in Project Head Start: Improving Health

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-directed health promotion program in decreasing upper respiratory illness symptoms and injury rates in preschool children attending a Head Start (HS) program. The health promotion program presented to the Head Start staff consisted of signs and symptoms of childhood illnesses, infection control, injury prevention and first aid. The 47 children had their health evaluated by a registered nurse once per week for 4 weeks before the program and once per week for 4 weeks after the program. The children's health was evaluated using the Child Health Assessment Inventory. Symptoms of upper respiratory illness were significantly decreased after the intervention of the program. Injury rates increased, but further data analysis determined that 88% of the injuries had occurred at home.
Remotely sensed sea surface temperature variability off California during a “Santa Ana” clearing

Multichannel atmospheric correction equations for the NOAA 6 proposed by Bernstein (1982) and by McClain (1981) are evaluated by using satellite and in situ data collected over and in the Southern California Bight. The temporal and spatial variation of sea surface temperature over small scales is estimated from the data, and the effect of this variation in matching satellite and in situ data sets is discussed. Changes in the temperature fields between images are examined for diurnal variation and for surface advection of horizontal temperature gradients.
Supermax and Recidivism An Examination of the Recidivism Covariates Among a Sample of Supermax Ex-Inmates

This study examines the recidivism covariates of 610 released inmates who were confined in a supermax unit in 2004. Follow-up data (an average of 66 months from prison release in 2004) were collected for each inmate to assess the recidivism covariates of those who re-engaged in crime after prison release. The findings show that when compared with ex-supermax inmates who did not recidivate, those who did were younger, more likely to be serving time for a drug offense, and had a history of prior incarcerations and disciplinary infractions while incarcerated. Time to recidivate, however, was significantly predicted by gang membership, length of sentence, and prior substance abuse history. The implications of this research are discussed.
Same-Sex Marriage Ballot Measures and the 2004 Presidential Election

Did ballot measures banning samesex marriage swing the 2004 general election to George W. Bush? In 2004, activists and state legislators placed anti-gay marriage questions on the general election ballots of 11 states. All of the ballot measures passed easily, receiving on average roughly 70 percent support.1 Pundits argued that the marriage measures on the November ballot would be a major motivating factor in the election and would help ensure Bush’s reelection. The measures, so the logic went, would receive broad support from social conservatives who would be mobilized to go to the polls primed to vote for Bush, who was fi rmly aligned with the issue. Merging county-level religious, socioeconomic, and political data with the 2004 election results, this article examines the electoral effects of same-sex marriage ballot measures in two key neighboring presidential battleground states, Michigan and Ohio. In both states, the anti-gay marriage measures passed easily, and overall statewide turnout increased from the 2000 election. However, Bush prevailed only in Ohio. To test the impact of the anti-gay marriage measures in both states, the analysis proceeds in three stages, examining fi rst the county-level voting patterns on the gay marriage bans, then patterns of countylevel turnout in 2004, and fi nally the countylevel support for President Bush in 2004.
History of some early developments in ion-implantation technology leading to silicon transistor manufacturing

Ion implantation of dopant impurities to form p-n junctions and other doped regions in silicon transistors has evolved from an experimental curiosity in solid-state physics to become a dominant technology in today's integrated circuit manufacturing. This paper traces the key inventions and early developments in ion beam doping concepts from the early 1950's through the 1970's as they were applied to the development of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) and bipolar transistors. Early on, scientists were fascinated with possible applications of radiation damage resulting from ion bombardment of semiconductors for building novel devices with room-temperature processing or, at most, maximum heating temperatures of a few hundred degrees Celsius. As a result, the early work initially overlooked the real potential of the technology for providing a highly controlled means of substitutional impurity doping in combination with high temperature annealing above 800/spl deg/C. Subsequently, a number of key researchers contributed to the knowledge base surrounding the penetration of energetic ions into semiconductors. However, the true potential of ion implantation would be realized by more device-oriented engineers driven by design and manufacturing issues who looked for ways of applying and integrating ion implantation with conventional transistor manufacturing methods. Ion implantation allowed for good lateral and vertical junction position control, which were critical elements as both device dimensions and patterned feature tolerances were reduced. Ion implantation, high-temperature annealing, and self-aligned silicon gate technology fueled new process technologies in MOS devices such as arsenic source/drain doping, the ability to tailor threshold voltages in both enhancement and depletion transistors, and lightly doped drain extensions. In bipolar technology, ion implantation would make possible tight control of base-region doping and reduction of parasitic resistances, and would enable the use of arsenic emitters for high-frequency applications of discrete transistors as well as advanced, high-speed integrated circuits.
Carfilzomib-related acute kidney injury may be prevented by N-acetyl-l-cysteine

Carfilzomib is a second-generation epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor that is approved for treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Phase 2 trials have reported that 25% of treated patients have renal adverse effects. Pre-renal/vasoconstriction-related insult from this chemotherapy agent has been documented. We describe a case of a 78-year-old man with refractory multiple myeloma with acute kidney injury associated with carfilzomib treatment. We show that use of N-acetyl-l-cysteine in our patient partially mitigated the renal injury upon re-challenge. This case report hypothesizes that acute renal injury from carfilzomib is caused by vasoconstriction of the renal vessels, which may be prevented by N-acetyl-l-cysteine.
No evidence of inbreeding avoidance despite demonstrated survival costs in a polygynous rodent

Individuals are generally predicted to avoid inbreeding because of detrimental fitness effects. However, several recent studies have shown that limited inbreeding is tolerated by some vertebrate species. Here, we examine the costs and benefits of inbreeding in a largely polygynous rodent, the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris). We use a pedigree constructed from 8 years of genetic data to determine the relatedness of all marmots in our study population and examine offspring survival, annual male reproductive success, relatedness between breeding pairs and the effects of group composition on likelihood of male reproduction to assess inbreeding in this species. We found decreased survival in inbred offspring, but equal net reproductive success among males that inbred and those that avoided it. Relatedness between breeding pairs was greater than that expected by chance, indicating that marmots do not appear to avoid breeding with relatives. Further, male marmots do not avoid inbreeding: males mate with equal frequency in groups composed of both related and unrelated females and in groups composed of only female relatives. Our results demonstrate that inbreeding can be tolerated in a polygynous species if the reproductive costs of inbreeding are low and individuals that mate indiscriminately do not suffer decreased reproductive success.