cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Maxillae to Estimate Ages of Lake Trout

AbstractPrevious evaluations of calcified structures used to estimate fish ages have not included maxillae. While otoliths are considered the superior structure for assessing the age of Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush, it can be difficult to collect and analyze sufficient samples for annual stock assessment, particularly from recreational fisheries. We used maxilla sections to estimate ages of 1,145 Lake Trout collected from Lake Huron in 2013, including 83 fish of known age with coded wire tags (CWT). Maxilla removal was 287% faster than extraction of otoliths. Maxilla sections were cut using inexpensive tools commonly used for processing spines and fin rays. Multiple sections could be made easily from each maxilla, allowing for the use of a superior section that exhibited easily identifiable annuli; in contrast, a single cracked otolith yields only two opportunities to assign age since the cut must be made through the otolith focus. From blind estimates by two independent estimators, made without prior ...
A yardstick too far

In his editorial earlier this year, “Measuring the art of the long view”, Colin Blackman wondered how we might evaluate the effectiveness of futures research. But are there any reliable measures? There’s certainly a case for accreditation and certification of futurists, but in the end there’s no escaping the judgment of the market.
Leukemia takes center (late) stage.

In this issue of Blood ,Newrzela and colleagues present experiments that show how mature Tlymphocytes are resistant to transformation by retrovirally transduced T-cell oncogenes. Retroviral transduction of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors is used to evaluate the function of putative
Stabilization of Weakly Charged Microparticles Using Highly Charged Nanoparticles

An experimental study was performed to understand the ability of highly charged nanoparticles to stabilize a dispersion of weakly charged microspheres. The experiments involved adding either anionic (sulfate) or cationic (amidine) latex nanoparticles to dispersions of micrometer-sized silica particles near the silica isoelectric point (IEP). Although both types of nanoparticles increased the zeta potential of the silica microspheres above the value at which dispersions containing only silica spheres remained stable, only with the amidine nanoparticles was stability obtained. Adsorption tests with flat silica slides showed that the amidine nanoparticles deposited in much greater numbers onto the silica, producing multilayer coverage with adsorbed particle densities that were roughly three times that obtained with the sulfate nanoparticles. A model calculating the DLVO interaction between the silica spheres in which the adsorbed nanoparticle layers were treated as a continuous film with dielectric propertie...
Microgrid modeling to support the design processes

Summary form only given. Microgrids are a key Smart Grid technology that can be leveraged for improved energy security, efficiency, and reliability. However, their design is not straightforward, particularly in the case of military applications. The US Departments of Defense and Energy are working together to develop a design process for Energy Surety Microgrids (ESM) that will provide a transformative capability for military installations converting to microgrids for backup power and site energy management. The new project, called the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security (SPIDERS), will field ESMs at three bases. Each site will show an increasing level of application complexity, with design decisions supported by modeling and simulation. The ESM design methodology incorporates output from four models: the Consequence model, Performance/Reliability model, load flow, and dynamic grid model. With respect to energy asset portfolios, the output from the Consequence model is used to move the design toward perceived effective solutions, while the Performance/Reliability model quantifies the expected microgrid improvements and optimizes performance. The load flow model tracks voltage and line flows for acceptable ranges, and the grid dynamic model analyzes start-up and operating transients for voltage and frequency performance. Combined, these models support an integrated and effective design process.
Review essay / philosophical analysis and the limits of the substantive criminal law

George P. Fletcher, Basic Concepts of Criminal Law New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, xi + 223 pp.
Ab initio calculations of second-, third-, and fourth-order elastic constants for single crystals

We present a general scheme to calculate the second-, third-, and fourth-order elastic constants of single crystals with arbitrary symmetry by employing ab initio density-functional theory. The method utilizes a series of homogeneous deformation strains applied to a crystalline system to obtain the internal energy-strain relations. From the nonlinear least-squares fitting, we obtain the elastic constants from the coefficients of the fitted polynomials of the internal energy functions. We applied this method first to four fcc metal crystals, Cu, Al, Au, and Ag. The calculated second-, third-, and fourth-order elastic constants are compared with the available experimental data and other theoretical calculations and found very good agreement. Since accurate determination of higher-order elastic constants, in particular, the fourth-order elastic constants from experiment, is still a challenge, the theoretical approach presented here is certainly of a great help to fill the gap.
A classification of polar cap auroral arcs

Abstract Global auroral imagery obtained by DMSP satellites during the years 1972–1979 over both the northern and southern high latitude polar regions were examined to study the morphology of the discrete arcs known as polar cap arcs. Based upon their morphology, the polar cap arcs can be generally classified into three types viz. (1) the distinctly sun-aligned polar cap arcs—Type 1 arcs, (2) the morning/evening polar cap arcs expanded from the auroral oval—Type 2 arcs and (3) the hook shaped arcs connecting the polar cap arc with the oval arc (including the hitherto unreported oppositely oriented hook shaped arcs)—Type 3 arcs. Concurrent auroral electrojet indices (AE) and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data were used to study the occurrence of the polar cap arcs. It was found that Type 1 arcs were observed mostly during low geomagnetic activity conditions, bright Type 2 arcs during the recovery phase of the substorms and Type 3 arcs do not occur during the recovery phase of the substorm. Over both hemispheres, the polar cap arcs were observed mostly during northward IMF. Furthermore, Type 1 arcs were obeserved over the northern polar cap during mostly negative B x periods and over the southern polar cap during mostly positive B x periods. The latter observation suggests that these types of arcs may be non-conjugate.
Plasma doping (PLAD) for advanced memory device manufacturing

PLAD (plasma doping) is promising for both evolutionary and revolutionary doping options because of its unique advantages which can overcome or minimize many of the issues of the beam-line (BL) based implants. In this talk, I present developments of PLAD on both planar and non-planar 3D device structures. Comparing with the conventional BL implants, PLAD shows not only a significant production enhancement, but also a significant device performance improvement and 3D structure doping capability, including an 80% contact resistance reduction, more than 25% drive current increase on planar devices, and 23% series resistance reduction, 25% drive current increase on non-planar 3D devices.
Giordano Bruno, Philosopher/Heretic: Ingrid Rowland, University of Chicago Press, 2009

Captured in the end, held in the prisons of the Vatican from 1593 to 1600, when he was burned alive for heresy, Giordano Bruno remains nonetheless strangely uncapturable, and is therefore a mirror onto which we can project ourselves. To scientists, as to the Italian liberals of the 1880s who erected a statue in his honor on the Campo dei Fiori (“here, where the pyre burned”), he is a martyr to free thought. For Frances Yates, he represented the end of the Renaissance, the last and most extraordinary voice of Hermetic magic [1, 2]. For John Bossy, he was simply a spy [3]. But Giordano Bruno was also an “interdisciplinary” thinker of an extraordinary cast, as well as a poet, a playwright, a humorist, a philosopher—like Cyrano, he was all things.
The size and shape of the near-Earth asteroid belt

Abstract Evidence was recently reported for the existence of a near-Earth belt of small, Earth-approaching asteroids (SEAs) with diameters less than ∼50 m. This result was based upon observations made with the Spacewatch Telescope of the University of Arizona during the course of an ongoing search for Earth-approaching asteroids. Using a model to describe the effects of observational bias, it was shown that the orbits observed for SEAs are inconsistent with the orbits of Earth approachers larger than ∼1 km, and imply a relatively high fraction of Earth-like orbits among the SEAs. In this paper, new observations are included and the bias model is extended in order to quantify the number of SEAs within the near-Earth belt and to further constrain their orbital distribution. The calculation shows that relative to larger Earth approachers, SEAs are deficient in Aten-type orbits for which the semimajor axis is less than 1.0 AU. Instead, nearly all SEAs with aphelia less than 1.4 AU (5 ± 3% of the total population) have perihelia between 0.9 and 1.1 AU, thus defining a near-Earth belt. Those SEAs with aphelia > 1.4 AU, however, have a distribution of orbits that are indistinguishable from the orbits of larger Earth approachers. Taking the near-Earth belt into account does not significantly alter the previously determined enhancement in the number of SEAs compared to an extrapolation of the numbers of larger Earth approachers. At ∼10 m, the enhancement factor is 40 to within a factor of 2. Also, the RMS impact velocity of SEAs with Earth (17 km/sec) is nearly the same as for larger Earth approachers (18 km/sec).
Line widths and intensities in H2O-CO2 mixtures III. Half-width calculations in the v2-fundamental of water vapor

Abstract Half-width have been computed for 63 lines in the v 2 -fundamental of water vapor by adapting the procedure developed by Benedict and Kaplan to H 2 O-CO 2 collisions. Only dipole-quadrupole interactions were taken into account. Results, presented for Q CO 2 = 8.6 × 10 -26 e . s . u .- cm 2 , are in excellent agreement with experimental data for twelve lines measured by Varanasi. At 295°K, the line widths vary from 0.222 cm -1 atm -1 for 1 1 −1 -1 to 0.036 cm -1 atm -1 for 10 -9 −9 -9 .
Snare cautery debridement prior to Nd:YAG photoablation improves treatment efficiency of broad-based adenomas of the colorectum

Forty-six patients who underwent piecemeal resection of large, sessile villous adenomas followed by immediate laser photoablative therapy are presented. In contrast to previously published series utilizing laser alone, prior snare resection of such lesions provides copious tissue for histologic analysis, decreases the amount of residual neoplasm requiring laser treatment, and has the potential to improve treatment efficacy.
Clonally identical Hodgkin's disease develops after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant for CLL.

Clonally identical Hodgkin's disease develops after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant for CLL
Idiopathic splinter hemorrhages

Splinter hemorrhages are non-blanchable usually distal reddish-brown linear hemorrhages beneath the nails. Among a variety of etiologic factors reported, trauma is the most common cause. A 26-year-old Hispanic female presented with asymptomatic, extensive fingernail hemorrhages of two months duration. There was no history of physical trauma to the nails. Treatment with a topical antifungal medication for one month produced no improvement. The past medical history was noncontributory. Extensive laboratory testing revealed no underlying systemic disease. Three months after the initial presentation, 6 of 10 fingernails showed signs of resolution without treatment. We conclude that idiopathic atraumatic subungual splinter hemorrhages can occur in healthy individuals. Spontaneous resolution occurred in our patient.
Predicting creativity: The role of psychometric schizotypy and cannabis use in divergent thinking

Evidence suggests that divergent thinking (DT), a measure of creativity, is associated with positive schizotypy and cannabis use. Given the high rates of cannabis use among those with schizotypy, it is unclear if the relation of DT to schizotypy is due to co-occurring cannabis use. In this study, we examined the relations between DT, schizotypy, and cannabis use among positive schizotypy (n=66), negative schizotypy (n=22), and non-schizotypy (n=60) groups. Results revealed that DT was greater in the positive schizotypy group, on the order of small to medium effects, compared to negative and non-schizotypy groups. Cannabis use and DT were associated in the non-schizotypy group, but not in the positive or negative schizotypy groups. Across all groups, positive schizotypy significantly predicted DT; however, cannabis use was not a significant predictor of DT. In line with previous findings, cannabis use and DT were only related in individuals low in creativity. This suggests that a ceiling effect may be present, with only cannabis users who are low in creativity receiving any increase in DT. Future research should aim to clarify the DT-cannabis relationship.
Leader and follower attachment styles: Implications for authentic leader–follower relationships

Abstract Authentic leadership theory posits that the authenticity of leaders and followers is influenced by their personal histories. Attachment theory states that individuals have internal working models that are influenced by both early developmental experiences and relationships later in life. These models guide how people interact with close others and tend toward three styles of attachment: secure, insecure-ambivalent, and insecure-avoidant. We argue that securely attached persons are most likely to exhibit authentic leadership/followership. We review empirical work which suggests that secure attachment is positively related to each of the four components of authentic leadership/followership (self-awareness, relational transparency, balanced processing, and internalized moral perspective). We then develop an attachment-based typology for variations in authentic leader–follower relationships, with emphasis on relationships that include an insecurely attached party. Finally, we draw from the attachment and authentic leadership literatures to suggest interventions to foster the development of authentic leadership/followership, thereby enhancing authentic leader–follower relationships.
Use of stimulants to treat cocaine and methamphetamine abuse.

The concept of using stimulants to treat cocaine and methamphetamine dependence is largely based on the “replacement” therapy model that has shown efficacy for treating nicotine and opiate dependence. Although results have been mixed, some evidence supports using stimulant medication to reduce cocaine use. There are not enough data to date to determine the efficacy of stimulants for methamphetamine dependence. Drawbacks of stimulants as treatments include the potential for abuse of the treatment, which necessitates careful screening and monitoring of patients. Possible reasons for efficacy of stimulants include enhancement of monoamine function dysregulated by chronic cocaine or methamphetamine use. Newer medications that enhance dopamine function but lack the abuse potential of older stimulants are being studied. It is hoped that these medications will provide safe, effective treatment for cocaine and methamphetamine dependence, but more research on this topic is needed.
Excess Membrane Cholesterol Is Not Responsible for Metabolic and Bioenergetic Changes in AS-30D Hepatoma Mitochondria

Using mitochondria isolated from normal rat liver and AS-30D hepatoma in addition to cholesterol-enriched mitochondria, we have evaluated the ability of membrane cholesterol to induce changes in mitochondrial function, specifically, the preferential export of citrate (i.e., truncation of the Krebs cycle). Two in vitro cholesterol-enrichment procedures failed to produce mitochondria with any physiologically significant increases in free membrane cholesterol. Alternatively, male Wistar rats were maintained on a 2% cholesterol diet to elevate mitochondrial cholesterol. This treatment resulted in liver mitochondria which contained 70% of the cholesterol levels found in AS-30D hepatoma mitochondria, yet only minor metabolic and bioenergetic alterations. Subfractionation of the various mitochondrial preparations revealed that cholesterol was located primarily in outer membranes of both the cholesterol-enriched and AS-30D preparations. We therefore conclude that an increase in membrane cholesterol is not sufficient to induce "truncation" of the citric acid cycle or any other mitochondrial abnormality in tumor cells.
Public disclosure and bank loan contracting: evidence from emerging markets

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to fill this void in the existing literature and investigate how firms’ disclosure policies influence bank loan contracting in emerging markets after controlling for the influence of borrowers’ private information obtained by banks. Furthermore, the paper examines how firms’ disclosure and non-disclosure governance interact to affect financial contracts. Design/methodology/approach – The key variables Disclosure and Firm Governance are based on a survey by Credit Lyonnais Securities Asia (CLSA) in 2000. The paper hand-merges CLSA disclosure and governance data with the Dealscan database and Worldscope database by firm names. The paper conducts a multivariate analysis to investigate how firms’ disclosure policies influence bank loan contracting and how firms’ disclosure and non-disclosure governance interact to affect financial contracts. Findings – The authors found that firms with superior disclosure policies obtain bank loans with more favorable loan contracting te...
On aspects of skull form in African apes and orangutans, with implications for hominoid evolution

The study of hominoid phylogeny is currently in a state of controversy and debate due to the discovery of new fossil material and reanalysis of the morphology of extant apes. An important key to the resolution of these debates lies in attaining a fuller understanding of the morphological differences in skull form between the African and Asian great apes. In this paper I have analyzed aspects of facial morphology and internal cranial anatomy in the great apes. Results from this study and previous ones suggest that Pongo is characterized by a marked dorsal deflection of the face relative to the basicranium. Many aspects of circumorbital, midfacial, palatal, and mandibular morphology in Pongo may be related to this airorynchous condition. This hypothesis, is supported by Enlow's work on form and pattern in the primate and mammalian skull. The position of the face in known Sivapithecus appears to be similar to that seen in Pongo. AlthoughPongo may be specialized in its marked degree of airorynchy, it seems likely that an important derived feature linking African apes and hominids is a ventral rotation of the splanchnocranium on the neurocranium. The appearance of marked supraorbital tori and ethmofrontal sinuses are probably correlated developments. Additional implications of this work for debates about hominoid phylogeny are discussed.
The Politics of Funding At-Risk Programs in the 1990s

Implications and costs of stop-gap funding by colleges and universities for at-risk education; the necessity for restructuring and refunding.
On the role and use of mathematical models in engineering design

Mathematical models encompassing virtually all aspects of engineered products are in widespread use. Indeed, entire industries exist in support of some models: finite element models, computational fluid dynamics models, electric power grid load-flow models, process models, simulation models, and so on. Nonetheless, the purpose, construction, and use of models is not adequately understood. One major issue is that no model perfectly represents reality. Therefore models always diverge from reality somewhere, and they are always inaccurate by some amount. Estimation of model error and the use of model-generated results in support of engineering design decision making are key to the successful use of models.
Contractarianism: Wistful thinking

The contract metaphor in political and moral theory is misguided. It is a poor metaphor both descriptively and normatively, but here I address its normative problems. Normatively, contractarianism is supposed to give justifications for political institutions and for moral rules, just as contracting in the law is supposed to give justification for claims of obligation based on consent or agreement. This metaphorical association fails for several reasons. First, actual contracts generally govern prisoner's dilemma, or exchange, relations; the so-called social contract governs these and more diverse interactions as well. Second, agreement, which is the moral basis of contractarianism, is not right-making per se. Third, a contract in law gives information on what are the interests of the parties; a hypothetical social contract requires such knowledge, it does not reveal it. Hence, much of contemporary contractarian theory is perversely rationalist at its base because it requires prior, rational derivation of interests or other values. Finally, contractarian moral theory has the further disadvantage that, unlike contract in the law, its agreements cannot be connected to relevant motivations to abide by them.
A comparison of values and attitudes toward risk of Greek and American Entrepreneurs

This study looks at similarities and differences between entrepreneurs in two different cultures, the United States and Greece. Values and risk assessment are key ingredients in the planning process. If they differ across countries, American research on decision making will have little applicability. Entrepreneurs in Greece and the United States were compared using the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values and the Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire. Our findings indicate strong similarities between the Greek and American Entrepreneurs.
On the computation of shock shapes in nonequilibrium hypersonic flows

Several models using different descriptions of high temperature air are used to compute the bow shock shapes on experimental model configurations. The test conditions result in nonequilibrium chemical reaction and thermal excitation of the gas which has a first-order effect on the shock shapes. The computed results are compared to experiment and demonstrate that the model using seven chemical species and six temperatures predicts the experimental shock shapes very well. The other gas models, including perfect gas, equilibrium gas and one-temperature chemical nonequilibrium models are less accurate. The results illustrate the necessity of including both thermal and chemical nonequilibrium in the description of the gas. The use of these experimental data makes it possible to verify aspects of current and future chemically reacting flow algorithms.
Some matrix aspects of generalized dimensional analysis

Recent group theoretic techniques effective for reducing the number of variables in systems of partial differential equations are invoked to formulate a generalized approach to dimensional analysis. It is then shown that significant conclusions can be elicited upon consideration of adimensional matrix arising via the group formulation. In particular, a generalized form of Sedov's self-similarity criterion is shown to exist within the framework of the approach developed. The presentation is concluded by consideration of three illustrations.
Death and disappearance: estimating mortality risks associated with philopatry and dispersal

Models dealing with the relationship of inbreeding to dispersal, the evolution of cooperative breeding, and the adaptive significance of reproductive suppression all involve a parameter describing die probability that emigration ends in death. Surprisingly, estimates of this parameter (or equivalently, of the probability of dispersing successfully) are virtually absent from the literature. There are formidable difficulties in estimating dispersal risk by direct observation of emigrants, but we contend that many investigators have already collected demographic information that can be used to estimate it indirectly. The root problem is that the proportion of the population diat emigrates from its natal group or home range, e, is not generally observable. Nevertheless, for each value of e diere is only one possible survival rate of emigrants (st) and of philopatric animals (sf) diat can explain the overall survival rate. For study sites Uiat are neither sources nor sinks, we describe a graphical framework within which census data and behavioral observations can be used to place bounds on e, s,, and sp. We use data from a Serengeti population of the dwarf mongoose (HelogaU parvula) to illustrate how different types of data and assumptions allow us to construct better estimates of these parameters. For dwarf mongooses, die approach reveals unexpected differences in dispersal risk among sex and age classes.
Intelligent Fibrous Materials

The development of intelligent materials, i.e. materials that usually have a dramatic and reversible response to one or more external stimuli, is critically reviewed, with emphasis on intelligent fibrous materials. Initial developments and concepts were made with shape-memory metal alloys, followed by polymeric gels, and, more recently, intelligent fibrous materials. Examples of intelligent metals, polymer gels, and fibrous products are presented, and new applications and products based on fibrous intelligent materials are explored.
The Complicated Uncomplicated Epidural Placed Under General Anesthesia: A Complete Spinal in the Post-Anesthesia Recovery Unit

Placement of an epidural catheter under general anesthesia in children is associated with more neurologic complications as compared to placement when the patient is awake. The anesthetized patient cannot communicate the symptoms of an intrathecal placement. A 5-year-old boy had an epidural catheter placed after induction of general anesthesia. Negative aspiration of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was confirmed. The patient had intraoperative hypotension without bradycardia during the use of the catheter. In the post-operative recovery unit, the patient developed apnea and signs of a high spinal. Intrathecal placement of an epidural catheter is not a rare or unexpected complication of epidural analgesia. However, in an anesthetized child with negative aspiration of CSF combined with the inability of the patient to communicate the signs of a high spinal a delay in diagnosis may occur. Our case report highlights the importance of identifying intrathecal placement of an epidural catheter under general anesthesia. J Med Cases. 2014;5(11):564-566 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc1938w
Nato, Social and Defense Spending, and Coalitions:

his paper investigates three related questions. First, are there tradeoffs between security and social needs in different types of states? Second, do changes in the governments of these states lead to changes in their defense budgets? And third, do changes in the size of the American defense budget affect these states differently? More specifically, the objective of this paper is to investigate the combination of international and domestic factors as they affect defense budgeting decisions in large and small allied states in Western Europe. One way to address this issue is to investigate the determinants of the political process associated with the issue of the size of a nation's defense budget. Two factors are important, international and domestic. The international component consists of two aspects: the defense-spending behavior of the largest member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the United States; and the level of international tension. The domestic component concerns more directly the type of process involved in the formation of a state's budget. The existence or non-existence of a trade-off between social and defense expenditures will be indicative of different types of political processes involved in the budget formation. I will argue that a state's size is an important determinant of both the existence of a gunsbutter trade-off and the character of the political process associated with the development of the defense budget.
Involvement of α2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein in a complement-like hemolytic system in the arthropod, Limulus polyphemus

Homologues of two plasma proteins of vertebrates, α2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein, participate in a hemolytic system of the ancient arthropod, Limulus polyphemus. C-reactive protein, which can under the appropriate circumstances activate the classical pathway of the mammalian complement system, is an essential element of the hemolytic system of Limulus. The selective removal of C-reactive protein from the plasma with phosphorylethanolamine-agarose inactivated hemolysis. Addition of affinity-purified C-reactive protein to inactive plasma restored activity. Exposure of plasma to phosphorylethanolamine in solution potentiated hemolysis. α2-Macroglobulin is a member of the same protein family as the complement protein C3 and both require an intact thiol ester for activity. Treatment of Limulus plasma with methylamine under conditions that inactivate thiol-ester-containing proteins reduced the hemolytic activity of some plasma preparations. Addition of purified Limulus α2-macroglobulin to the methylamine-treated plasma restored hemolytic activity. However, α2-macroglobulin is not necessary for hemolysis since the hemolytic activity of some pooled plasma preparations was insensitive to methylamine treatment under conditions that inactivated α2-macroglobulin. Purified C-reactive protein was hemolytic in the absence of α2-macroglobulin. These observations suggest that the proteins in Limulus plasma that participate in hemolysis represent the components of an ancient invertebrate defense system with distant evolutionarily affinities to the vertebrate complement system.
Incidence of amebiasis in patients with positive guaiac test of the stool.

1. Of 50 individuals who had a positive guaiac test of the stool after having been on a meat-free diet for 3 days or longer, only 1 (2 per cent) hadE. histolytica in the stool on a single examination.
Estimation of blood acetaldehyde during ethanol metabolism: A sensitive HPLC/fluorescence microassay with negligible artifactual interference

Abstract A novel high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure has been developed for the quantitation of acetaldehyde in 50 microliter samples of primate whole blood during ethanol metabolism. This microassay has a minimum detectable concentration of about 0.1 μM, displays an intra-assay precision under 10%, and is linear over a reasonable concentration range. Of importance is that negligible acetaldehyde is generated artifactually from ethanol during blood analysis. The assay is based on the reaction of acetaldehyde with 1,3-cyclohexanedione and ammonium ion to form a water-soluble fluorogenic adduct, which is separated by reversed phase HPLC and quantitated fluorometrically. Propionaldehyde, added as an internal standard, forms an analogous separable adduct. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations in Rhesus monkeys were between 1–2 μM 150 min after acute administration of ethanol (1.5 g/kg). Traces of endogenous components which are chromatographically identical with cyclohexanedione adducts of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde also were apparent in blood from monkeys and humans not given ethanol.
Varieties of Pragmatism

Richard Rorty's commitment to pragmatism involves profound and subtle views, both doctrinal and methodological, concerning truth, reference, justificatory holism, epistemically privileged representation, relations between ontology and social practice, and the illegitimacy of 'grounding' institutional practices in facts about confrontations with ob jects. It is not always easy to see what Rorty's various formulations amount to, or how the positions designated as 'pragmatist' relate to one another. Sometimes, for example, pragmatism is presented as the view that
Modulation of Rat Intestinal Nuclear Factor NF-κB by Gum Arabic

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that in an animal model of cathartic-induce intestinal dysfunction the proabsorptive effects of gum arabic (GA) could be associated with modulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and with reduction of the inflammatory response caused by cathartics, as evidenced by intestinal mucosa cytokine production and gene expression. Juvenile male rats were given a phenolphthalein–magnesium citrate solution for 6 days, by itself or supplemented with either 10 or 20 g L−1 GA, as a sole source of fluid. The controls given were tap water alone or with added 20 g L−1 GA. The animals were euthanized and small-intestinal mucosa nuclear fractions and RNA were isolated. NF-κB p65 activity was highest after administration of cathartics, lowest in controls, and intermediate in GA-treated rats. Mucosal IL-1β was overexpressed in tissues from cathartic-treated rats and from rats given high-GA solutions. Gene-array analysis revealed a complex pattern of gene regulation by cathartics which selectively upregulated several subfamilies of cytochrome P-450 family 2 genes. Co-administration of GA did not block this effect. These findings suggest that local anti-inflammatory effects on the small intestine could be obtained by administration of a nonabsorbable proteoglycan such as GA.
Effects of unilateral ovariectomy on reproductive traits of mice

Abstract The effect of left side unilateral ovariectomy on uterine dimensions, reproductive rate, ovulation of immature ova and embryo development was examined in three experiments. In Experiment I, ovulation rate, implantation rate, litter size and uterine length, wet weight, lyophilized weight and displacement were measured in left side unilaterally ovariectomized and intact control female CF1 mice. No differences were found between treatments for uterine dimensions or ovulation rate. Implantation rate and litter size were smaller (P
Allopurinol and dimethylthiourea reduce brain infarction following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.

Free radicals have been shown to play an important role in ischemia-reperfusion injury in several organ systems; however, the role of free radicals in central nervous system ischemia has been less well studied. Many potential free radical-generating systems exist. The primary products of these reactions, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, may combine to produce hydroxyl radicals. Of the many potential sources of free radical generation, the enzyme xanthine oxidase has been shown to be important in ischemia in noncerebral tissue. We investigated the effect of the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethylthiourea and the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol on infarct volume in a model of continuous partial ischemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with dimethylthiourea or allopurinol before middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining of brains removed 3 or 24 hours after occlusion. Stroke volume was reduced by 30% after dimethylthiourea treatment...
Rebuilding of the Earth's outer electron belt during 8–10 October 2012

Geomagnetic storms often include strong magnetospheric convection caused by sustained periods of southward interplanetary magnetic field. During periods of strong convection, the Alfven layer, which separates the region of sunward convection from closed drift shells, is displaced earthward allowing plasma sheet particles with energies in the hundreds of keV direct access inside of geosynchronous. Subsequent outward motion of the Alfven boundary and adiabatic energization during storm recovery traps plasma sheet electrons on closed drift shells providing a seed population for the outer radiation belts. In situ observations of the 8–10 October 2012 geomagnetic storm and MHD test particle simulations illustrate the morphology of this process. Data and modeling results support the conclusion that recovery of ~ 1 MeV electrons at geosynchronous is mainly due to global convection and dipolarization associated injections from the plasma sheet.
Intracavity Spectroscopy of Canine Lymphoma Cells in a Microfluidic Channel

Optofluidic intracavity spectroscopy (OFIS) measurements of individual canine lymphoma cells in a microfluidic Fabry-Perot produced repeatable transmission spectra. The transverse mode spacing was more varied for transmission spectra of non-cancerous peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
The Earliest Stages of Language Learning edited by GULLBERG, MARIANNE, & PETER INDEFREY.

The article reviews the book “The Earliest Stages of Language Learning," edited by Marianne Gullberg and Peter Indefrey.
Complexation of uranium (VI) with the siderophore desferrioxamine B

Siderophores are microbial produced low molecular weight iron chelators and strongly bind to hard Lewis acids. The siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFO) has hydroxamate functional groups, similar to acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), a ligand that is proposed for actinide complexation in advanced separations. In the proposed separation involving AHA, the exact role of the complex in the extraction behavior of actinides is unclear. DFO can be used to clarify the role of AHA if the fundamental interactions of DFO with actinides are determined. Experiments with uranyl are performed from pH 3.5 to pH 10 showing three complexes: UO2DFOH2, UO2DFOH, and UOOHDFOH with stability constants of logE(UO2DFOH2) = 22.93r0.04, log E(UO2DFOH) = 17.12r0.35, and log E(UO2OHDFOH) = 22.76r0.34.
Motor task planning for neuromuscular function tests using an individual muscle control technique

A functionality test at the level of individual muscles may be effective for neuromuscular function tests. This paper proposes a novel computational method for neuromuscular function test planning using an individual muscleforce control technique assisted by a rehabilitation robot. The algorithm will systematically compute an adequate amount and direction of force that a subject needs to exert, e.g., by his/her hand, to induce a desired muscle activation pattern of target muscle forces. A wearable robot with actuators (an exoskeleton robot, or a power-assisting device) is utilized to assist/resist the subject's joint torques. This paper presents a basic concept and preliminary simulation results. The simulation results justify the use of the wearable actuators in terms of the accuracy of muscle-level control during planned motor tasks.
Personalized Cancer Therapy With Selective Kinase Inhibitors: An Emerging Paradigm in Medical Oncology

Selective kinase inhibitors have emerged as an important class of anticancer agents, with demonstrated clinical efficacy and generally favorable toxicity profiles in several common disease settings where conventional treatments have previously provided only modest benefit. Consequently, a substantial effort is now underway to identify additional therapeutically relevant kinase targets and to develop and test inhibitors of those proteins in a variety of human malignancies. However, it has also become clear that the clinical benefit associated with these agents is typically limited to a subset of treated patients, who in many cases are defined by a specific genomic lesion within their tumor cells—frequently, an activating mutation within the gene encoding the target kinase. This discovery has prompted efforts to stratify patients before treatment with kinase inhibitors based on specific genomic biomarkers, with the goal of optimizing clinical outcomes through the effective personalization of treatment (ie, ...
Economic impact of viral respiratory disease in children

The single most important respiratory pathogen in infancy and early childhood is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Approximately 40% of primary RSV infections in children result in lower respiratory tract disease. Approximately 1% of RSV-infected children require hospitalization. Especially in high-risk children, primary RSV infection results in significant morbidity and, sometimes, death. This high-risk group includes children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, children with congenital heart disease, premature infants less than 6 months of age, and children with immunodeficiency diseases. It has been estimated that, in the United States, 14,000 infants with chronic lung disease and 16,400 infants with heart disease will be identified by 12 months of age. More than 91,000 children are hospitalized annually with lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV, and 4500 deaths occur. In 1985 a report from the Institute of Medicine calculated that the annual hospitalization costs attributable to RSV infection were $300 million. Data collected at the New England Medical Center in 1991 show that the average cost of hospitalization of a child with RSV was $808 each day. Because of difficulty in developing a safe and effective RSV vaccine, attention is now focused on passive immunization using an RSV immune globulin. On the basis of a recently completed multiinstitutional trial, RSV immune globulin appears to be a safe and cost-effective option for prevention of severe RSV disease in high-risk children.
Cellular and molecular immunology of lung cancer: therapeutic implications

Although the incidence of lung cancer is declining, the prognosis remains poor. This is likely due to lack of early detection and only recent developments in selective cancer therapies. Key immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer include CD4(+) T lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells. The growing understanding of these cells indicates a highly complex and intertwined network of their involvement in each stage of lung cancer. Immune cell types and numbers affect prognosis and could offer an opportunity for clinical therapeutic applications. However, an incomplete understanding of immune cell involvement and the underlying processes in lung cancer still remain. Deeper investigation focusing on the role of the immune cells will further the understanding of lung carcinogenesis and develop novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment and management of patients with more specialized and selective lung cancer.
Using diffusion models to simulate the effects of land use on grizzly bear dispersal in the Rocky Mountains

Timber harvests proposed for Trail Creek Watershed, in southwestern Montana, U.S.A., have been opposed because grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) dispersal from northern Montana wildernesses into the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem may be less likely. We used an individual-based model to simulate grizzly bear responses to: 1) regionlevel management practices represented by ownership patterns, and 2) watershed-level changes in habitat availability due to proposed harvests and road building. We assigned permeabilities (i.e., values that represent how easily a bear can move through a patch) to ownership blocks (region-level) and habitat patches (watershed-level) based upon a literature review, and used a correlated random-walk diffusion model to simulate movements. Simulated bears were placed into rasterized landscapes in a stratified random manner. At the regional level, bears moved 5 1500 times (i.e., = 1530 km), and their destinations were tallied. At the watershed level, the number of moves required for bears to leave the watershed were tallied. Sensitivity analyses were used to determine the variability of the results with respect to changes in some parameters of interest (i.e., permeabilities of private lands, harvest permeabilities, and disturbance indices). With the permeability of private land set at 50 (range: 0 to 99), simulated grizzlies did not disperse from the Scapegoat and Bob Marshall Wildernesses into Yellowstone National Park (0 of 10000 simulated individuals). Under the assumptions of this model, a linkage between the wildernesses in northern Montana and Yellowstone does not appear to exist. However, a significant number of simulated grizzlies (41%) dispersed from Anaconda Pintler Wilderness, which is near Trail Creek Watershed, into the wilderness ES in eastern Idaho. A linkage may exist between these sites. At the watershed-level, removal of forest habitat under proposed Harvest I (1.77% of the watershed cut) led to simulated grizzlies using slightly more moves (i.e., I 5.6%, P = 0.042) to exit the watershed than under existing conditions. Harvests of 3.5% of the watershed (planned Harvest 11) did not alter the number of moves required to exit the watershed (P = 0.068). When disturbances associated with roads and harvests were also examined, large increases in number of movements required to exit the watershed occurred (5 151%, P = 0.002). These analyses suggest that grizzly bears would be disturbed while timber harvests were ongoing, but that long-term changes in movement would not occur if roads were closed following harvests. The analyses demonstrate the utility of applying individual-based diffusion models to landscape-level movements of animals, and identifies the need for telemetry studies to determine movement rates through specific habitats.
Perirhinal and postrhinal cortices of the rat: Interconnectivity and connections with the entorhinal cortex

The cortical regions dorsally adjacent to the posterior rhinal sulcus in the rat can be divided into a rostral region, the perirhinal cortex, which shares features of the monkey perirhinal cortex, and a caudal region, the postrhinal cortex, which has connectional attributes similar to the monkey parahippocampal cortex. We examined the connectivity among the rat perirhinal (areas 35 and 36), postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices by placing anterograde and retrograde tracers in all three regions. There is a dorsal-to-ventral cascade of connections in the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices. Dorsal area 36 projects strongly to ventral area 36, and ventral area 36 projects strongly to area 35. The return projections are substantially weaker. The cascade continues with the perirhinal to entorhinal connections. Area 35 is more strongly interconnected with the entorhinal cortex, ventral area 36 somewhat less strongly, and dorsal area 36 projects only weakly to the entorhinal cortex. The postrhinal-to-perirhinal connections also follow this general pattern. The postrhinal cortex is more heavily connected with dorsal area 36 than with ventral area 36 and is more heavily connected with area 36 than with area 35. The rostral portion of the postrhinal cortex has the strongest connections with the perirhinal cortex. Like in the monkey, the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices have different patterns of projections to the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal cortex is preferentially connected with the rostrolateral portion of the entorhinal cortex. The postrhinal cortex projects to a part of this same region but is also connected to caudal and redial portions of the entorhinal cortex. The perirhinal and postrhinal projections to the entorhinal cortex originate in layers III and V and terminate preferentially in layers II and III.