cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High throughput imaging and analysis for biological interpretation of agricultural plants and environmental interaction

High throughput (HT) phenotyping of crops is essential to increase yield in environments deteriorated by climate change. The controlled environment of a greenhouse offers an ideal platform to study the genotype to phenotype linkages for crop screening. Advanced imaging technologies are used to study plants’ responses to resource limitations such as water and nutrient deficiency. Advanced imaging technologies coupled with automation make HT phenotyping in the greenhouse not only feasible, but practical. Monsanto has a state of the art automated greenhouse (AGH) facility. Handling of the soil, pots water and nutrients are all completely automated. Images of the plants are acquired by multiple hyperspectral and broadband cameras. The hyperspectral cameras cover wavelengths from visible light through short wave infra-red (SWIR). Inhouse developed software analyzes the images to measure plant morphological and biochemical properties. We measure phenotypic metrics like plant area, height, and width as well as biomass. Hyperspectral imaging allows us to measure biochemcical metrics such as chlorophyll, anthocyanin, and foliar water content. The last 4 years of AGH operations on crops like corn, soybean, and cotton have demonstrated successful application of imaging and analysis technologies for high throughput plant phenotyping. Using HT phenotyping, scientists have been showing strong correlations to environmental conditions, such as water and nutrient deficits, as well as the ability to tease apart distinct differences in the genetic backgrounds of crops.
Vasopressin: Sexual Dimorphism in Secretion, Cardiovascular Actions and Hypertension

We have investigated the issue of sexual dimorphism in the secretion of vasopressin, its pressor action, and the development of deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-salt hypertension. In normal human subjects on controlled salt intake, the basal secretion of vasopressin, indicated by plasma vasopressin levels and urinary excretion of vasopressin, was higher in men than in women and in blacks than in whites. Basal vasopressin secretion also was higher in male than in female rats. This effect was not associated with a difference in the metabolic clearance of the hormone. The sex-related difference in vasopressin release in rats was abolished by gonadectomy and restored by treatment of males with testosterone and females with ovarian hormones. The pressor responsiveness to vasopressin was higher in male than in randomly cycling female rats. Finally, DOC-salt hypertension, which is dependent on vasopressin, developed more rapidly in male than in female rats. Although there was no sex-related difference in the extent to which plasma vasopressin levels were elevated, pressor responsiveness to vasopressin was greater and baroreflex sensitivity was attenuated to a lesser extent in hypertensive males than in hypertensive females. Thus, it seems likely that gonadal hormones play a significant role in cardiovascular regulation.
GABAB receptor gene expression in monkey thalamus

Expression of gamma-amino butyric acid type B (GABA[B]) receptor gene transcripts was examined in the macaque monkey thalamus by in situ hybridization, using monkey-specific cRNA probes. GABA(B) transcript expression was widespread and of much higher density in the dorsal thalamus than in the reticular nucleus and other parts of the ventral thalamus and was highest in the epithalamus. In the dorsal thalamus, highest mRNA levels were found in the anteroventral nucleus and in the parafascicular nucleus. Sensory relay nuclei showed moderate GABA(B) mRNA levels. Neurons of all sizes were labeled, suggesting expression in relay cells and interneurons, and there was no labeling of neuroglial cells. Following 10-day periods of monocular deprivation, levels of GABA(B) mRNA were decreased in the deprived magno- and parvo-cellular laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, indicating activity-dependent regulation. High levels of GABA(B) receptors in the dorsal thalamus are likely to reflect the high density of synaptic inputs from the reticular nucleus while low expression in the reticular nucleus implies weak, GABA(B)-mediated intrareticular inhibition.
Tracking and imaging humans on heterogeneous infrared sensor arrays for tactical applications

We recently implemented a heterogeneous network of infrared motion detectors and an infrared camera for the detection, localization, tracking, and identification of human targets. The network integrates dense deployments of low cost motion sensors for target tracking with sparse deployments of image sensors for target registration. Such networks can be used in tactical applications for local and distributed perimeter and site security. Rapid deployments for crisis management may be of particular interest. This paper focuses particularly on the need for applications that deal with relatively dense and complex source fields such as crowds move through sensor spaces.
The perception of first and second pain as a function of psychological set

The effects of psychological set on perception of first and second pain were determined for 20 subjects. Percutaneous electrical shock intensities (6–8 mA, 3 msec) sufficient to evoke double pain responses were used in all subjects. Psychological sets included PAST (“Place yourself in a previous experience that was free of any significant emotional tone”), PRESENT (“Feel your foot that will be shocked”), and FUTURE (“Think to yourself that you are about to be shocked”). Perception of second pain was never perceived in PAST and FUTURE sets but was always perceived in the PRESENT set. Furthermore, at minimal rates of stimulation ( > 1/3 sec), summation of second pain occurred in the PRESENT set but not in the FUTURE set. All subjects startled in the FUTURE set and did not startle in PAST or PRESENT sets. Each subject reported that the aversiveness of the shock related to painful sensations in PAST and PRESENT sets and to ones own body responses in the FUTURE set.
Sampling errors in projection reconstruction MRI

Certain kinds of artifacts have been reported when projection reconstruction (PR) techniques are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These will occur if the spacing between samples in k-space is too large. It has been suggested that PR requires finer k-space sampling than does two-dimensional Fourier reconstruction, and that the usual Nyquist criterion is inadequate. This paper examines this problem, with the conclusion that the Nyquist sampling criterion is adequate to avoid aliasing effects, provided that a band-limited interpolation is used in k-space. This procedure is motivated by analysis of the PR technique as it is commonly implemented in x-ray computed tomography. A related problem is shown to be the construction of a filter function in k-space that gives proper weight to the low spatial frequencies. It is shown that a simple ?k? filter does not satisfy this requirement, and a procedure for deriving a suitable filter is described. The methods are tested in simulated PR profiles of circular disks of two different sizes. It is shown that the combination of the two new methods gives virtually perfect reconstruction for disks up to the size implied by the Nyquist limit.
Modeling Growth and Change in the American Coal Industry

A history of the coal industry traces the dynamic aspects of growth and change and focuses on the problems of capital for expansion that reflect the industry's contraction over the years. The author criticizes large-scale models for emphasizing demand and price elasticities and ignoring the geology of resources and long-run supply schedules. Implications are noted in the relationship of long-term supply costs to geology and depletion rates as well as the opportunity for comparing coal models. The growth analysis suggests that bad regulation of the industry can result from viewing historic profit rates as constants. Comments by Alan Schlottmann suggest that social impacts, particularily the role of labor supply, should also be considered. 12 references.
Nicotine dependence in rats

Abstract Health hazards associated with nicotine and tobacco use are well known. A contributing factor, the dependence producing potential of this drug, has become widely accepted. However, there are only a few human and animal studies that provide objective measures of the behavioral consequences of nicotine abstinence. The purpose of the present experiment was to use sensitive measures to examine behavioral disruptions that resulted when nicotine administration was terminated. Six rats were administered 96 daily intravenous infusions of nicotine (0.125 mg/kg/infusion) for at least 10 days. They were trained to respond on a tongue-operated solenoid-driven drinking device that delivered 0.005 ml of a glucose and saccharin solution (G+S) per lick. When nicotine access was terminated for six days, there was a marked suppression in behavior reinforced by the sweetened solution, and this disruption was immediately reversed when nicotine was reinstated. In contrast, nicotine removal also resulted in a decrease in food intake on the first day, but on subsequent days food intake was significantly higher than when nicotine was administered. When cotinine (0.25 mg/kg/infusion), a metabolite of nicotine was substituted for nicotine for six days, similar disruptions resulted in responding maintained by G+S, but food intake was not significantly decreased on the first day of nicotine abstinence. These findings illustrate the utility of sensitive behavioral tests to reveal effects of nicotine abstinence.
Enhanced microbial reduction of Cr(VI) and U(VI) by different natural organic matter fractions

Although direct microbial reduction of Cr(VI) and U(VI) is known, few studies have examined the kinetics and the underlying mechanisms of the reduction of these contaminants by different natural organic matter (NOM) fractions in the presence or absence of microorganisms. In this study, NOM was found to chemically reduce Cr(VI) at pH 3, but the reduction rates were negligible at pH ∼7. The abiotic reduction of U(VI) by NOM was not observed, possibly because of the presence of small amounts of nitrate in the reactant solution. However, all NOM fractions, particularly the soil humic acid (HA), enhanced the bioreduction of Cr(VI) or U(VI) in the presence of Shewanella putrefaciens CN32. The reduction rates varied greatly among NOM fractions with different chemical and structural properties: the polyphenolic-rich NOM-PP fraction appeared to be the most reactive in abiotically reducing Cr(VI) at a low pH, but soil HA was more effective in mediating the microbial reduction of Cr(VI) and U(VI) under anaerobic, circumneutral pH conditions. These observations are attributed to an increased solubility and conformational changes of the soil HA with pH and, more importantly, its relatively high contents of polycondensed and conjugated aromatic organic moieties. An important implication of this study is that, depending on chemical and structural properties, different NOM components may play different roles in enhancing the bioreduction of Cr(VI) and U(VI) by microorganisms. Polycondensed aromatic humic materials may be particularly useful in mediating the bioreduction and rapid immobilization of these contaminant metals in soil.
The Electronic Health Record

The Electronic Health Record (EHR) encompasses all health information in all media forms regarding an individual and is the primary source for recording and documenting client health data ([Bickfor...
Magnetic Internal Compton Coefficients in the Born Approximation

The absolute and relative probabilities of a nuclear transition in which there is a simultaneous ejection of a $K$ electron and emission of a gamma ray has been calculated quantum-mechanically for the case in which the virtual radiation field is a ${2}^{L}$ magnetic multipole. The process will be referred to as an internal Compton effect. The Born approximation has been used and hence the calculations are expected to be valid only if the nuclear charge $Z$ is small and the nuclear energy level separation large. The ratio of the number of continuous energy gamma rays to the number of discrete energy $K$ electrons is independent of the nuclear matrix element and decreases as $Z$ or as $L$ increases. This is true for any energy range and any angular range of the continuous energy gamma rays, where the angles are measured with respect to the coincident continuous energy $K$ electron. The angular distribution is most sensitive to $L$ for comparable electron and gamma-ray energies and for large angular separation. These conclusions are not much affected by inclusion of the $L$ shell. In the limit of small gamma-ray energies, the results reduce to those predicted by semiclassical theory.
Provider Reactions to an Automated Telephone Tool to Screen and Monitor Depression in a Safety Net Population

Abstract As practice recommendations and guidelines accumulate, the healthcare system continues to depend on clinician heroes to work harder and faster to meet increasing demands. Population health management requires healthcare to move towards systems based designs, and move away from depending on individual patient visits. However, the implementation of a change in care delivery has to be endorsed by providers or it is doomed to fail, and frontline providers can singularly provide critical insight into the successes and failure of the system. The Diabetes-Depression Care-management Adoption Trial (DCAT) is evaluating an automated telephonic assessment tool for depression in a primary care setting. The technology tool was designed to shift routine depression screening and symptom monitoring from providers to machines and used the information to automatically alert providers of those patients in need of follow-up. Therefore, providers can have more time dedicated to proactive, compassionate care. This article first proposes a conceptual framework for evaluating provider responses to such system-based redesign of healthcare delivery. The conceptual framework focuses on barriers to providing recommended care, the success of the information system implementation, and the role of cultural and organizational characteristics. This framework is used to evaluate survey responses from 12 providers who provided care to 1406 patients in the DCAT trial. The survey included 7 respondents from sites using the technology tool, and 5 from sites not using technology tool across the professional spectrum (nurse practitioner, registered nurse, social worker, and licensed vocational nurse). The results showed that providers at sites using the technology tool more frequently spent time providing care (e.g., monitoring adherence to treatment, monitoring side effects, and adjusting the treatment plan), whereas providers at sites not using the technology tool more frequently spent time on identifying patients’ care needs (e.g., routine screening and assessing for depression episodes). Outcome expectancy and satisfaction was significantly higher in the sites with the technology tool, whereas knowledge was significantly higher in the control arm. Self-efficacy and familiarity were not different between the two groups. The conceptual model creates a framework for understanding the impact of healthcare delivery system redesign on providers. Preliminary survey results show that providers with access to the automation technology spent less time on routine processes of care, and more time on patient-centered care. Furthermore, system change may result in changes in provider confidence and satisfaction without impacting skills or beliefs.
Passing beyond a wing and a prayer after hospital discharge

There is an anxious moment in American football, when a trailingteamwithsecondsleftinthegamemayattemptto win by throwing a long pass down the field, hoping for a lastsecond touchdown. As a spectator, it is thrilling but frustrating—if only the trailing team had worked better together, had been a better team, this high-risk and low-yield strategy might have been avoided. Such a gambit has been termed the “Hail Mary” pass, and the analogy can be made between it and the often disappointing approach to handoffs of care following hospitalization. In recent years, with impetus for change provided by the Hospital Readmission Reduction Penalty within the Affordable Care Act, as well as interest across diverse payors to reward value in healthcare, the standard of care at hospital discharge is changing. Post-discharge callbacks, pharmacist-guided medication reconciliation, and timely ambulatory follow-up after discharge are examples of tactics that are proliferating in an attempt to provide post-discharge care that can guarantee wellness following hospitalization. And while there is evidence of improvement in rates of rehospitalization, 1 the evidence is also mixed, with many of these pillars of high-quality care transitions failing to reliably demonstrate effectiveness. 2–4 Despite intense research attention on care transitions in recent years, our understanding of readmission risk and how to remedy risk with interventions generalizable across socioeconomic spectra and care settings is remarkably limited. Is poor teamwork across the discharge transition limiting the effectiveness of our interventions and continuing to leave only “Hail Mary” options? Inthisissue of JGIM, Jonesand colleagues describe the key roles interprofessional relationships and communication play in establishing the climate for success of transitional care management. 5 Their portrait of a care period characterized
Parent and Young Adult Satisfaction with Psychiatry Consultation Services in a Children's Hospital

Background Quality of health care services can be improved by promoting patient- and family-centered care informed by patient and family satisfaction with services delivered. Few studies have been conducted looking at satisfaction with psychiatric consultation services within an inpatient pediatric hospital setting. Objective The objective of the quality improvement pilot project was to identify ways to enhance services delivered and to guide the development of more comprehensive quality improvement projects. Method Forty-eight parents of forty-eight patients and 10 adult patients were administered the Pediatric Psychiatry Consultation Satisfaction Survey, which surveyed satisfaction with the psychiatric consultation services received during their stay in a freestanding tertiary pediatric academic hospital. Results Sixty-nine percent of participants reported overall high satisfaction (i.e., reports of excellent or very good) with the psychiatric consultation service along with 88% reporting that they would recommend this service to a friend. Overall high satisfaction with the service was associated with positive ratings with three core components of a consultation: provisions of impressions and recommendations (P = 0.018), consultant–participant communication and working relationship (P Conclusions This quality improvement project underscores the importance of having psychiatry consultants convey their clinical impressions and recommendations, communicate effectively, and provide helpful interventions to parents and young adults in the pediatric hospital. It serves as an initial step responding to national consumers' demand for higher levels of quality and service and will provide guidance in future design and implementation of more comprehensive quality improvement projects.
Hierarchical matrix preconditioners for the Oseen equations

Hierarchical matrices provide a technique for the data-sparse approximation and matrix arithmetic of large, fully populated matrices. In particular, approximate inverses as well as approximate LU factorizations of finite element stiffness matrices may be computed and stored in nearly optimal complexity. In this paper, we develop efficient $$\mathcal{H}$$-matrix preconditioners for the Oseen equations. In particular, $$\mathcal{H}$$-matrices will provide efficient preconditioners for the auxiliary (scalar) discrete convection–diffusion and pressure Schur complement problems. We will provide various numerical tests comparing the resulting preconditioners with each other.
Role of Vascular Hypoperfusion-induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondria Failure in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease

Chronic vascular hypoperfusion induces oxidative stress and brain energy failure, and leads to neuronal death, which manifests as cognitive impairment and the development of brain pathology as in Alzheimer disease (AD). It is becoming more widely accepted that AD is characterized by impairments in energy metabolism. We hypothesize that hypoperfusion-induced mitochondrial failure plays a central role in the generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative damage to brain cellular compartments, especially in the vascular endothelium and neuronal cell bodies in AD. All of these changes have been found to occur before pathology and coexist during the progression of AD. In this review we have summarized recent evidence and our own knowledge regarding the relationship between the hypoperfusion-induced vascular damage that initiates oxidative stress and mitochondrial abnormalities that appear to be a key target for the development of AD pathology. Future investigations into both the mechanisms behind amyloid β (As) deposition and the possible accelerating effects of environmental factors, such as chronic hypoxia/reperfusion, may open the door for effective pharmacological treatments of AD. We hypothesize that an imbalance between endothelium-derived vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, along with an antioxidant system deficiency and mitochondria lesions are prominent in AD. Future studies examining the importance of mitochondrial pathophysiology in different brain cellular compartments may provide insight not only into neurodegenerative and/or cerebrovascular disease pathobiology but may also provide targets for treating these conditions.
The Confluence of a Career: Virtual Droughts, Shared-Vision Planning, and Climate Change

This lecture was given by Richard Palmer after receiving the 2006 Julian Hinds Award. First, let me thank Bill Werick for his much too kind introduction. Bill is given to exaggeration. Second, I want to express to you the pride I feel having been selected to receive the 2006 Julian Hinds Award. In the past the award has been given to many very outstanding individuals, and it is not clear that I deserve membership in that club. I can only note my incredible luck in being surrounded by exceptionally talented mentors, colleagues, and graduate students during the past 30 years. These people shared their time and intellect with me, encouraged me to continue when I was on the right track and redirected me when I wasn’t. This award is certainly due to the opportunities these people have helped me recognize. My talk this morning conveys three themes that have figured significantly in my professional activities during the past 30 years: interactive, computer-aided decision making, shared vision planning and global climate change. But, before beginning my talk, I want to acknowledge three institutions. The Johns Hopkins University is where I was given the opportunity to perform my graduate work in water resources and where I met so many outstanding people, including Abel Wolman, Reds Wolman, Jared Cohon, Charles ReVelle, Robert Hirsch, Kenneth Potter, James Smith, and David Eaton; The Institute of Water Resources of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, specifically, Bill Werick and Gene Stakhiv who provided me with both support and guidance for many years; and the University of Washington that has been my home institution for the past 27 years and where I have been trained by my students and colleagues. My three themes begin with the idea of interactive, computeraided decision making. Some people in this room are like me, their careers began when “computers and computing” implied a deck of key punch cards and time spent waiting for your program’s error messages. When I entered graduate school my primary interest was in water supply management. With the help of Paul Eastman and Dan Sheer, I was able to interest water research agencies in northern Virginia, suburban Maryland, and Washington, D.C. to support research at The John Hopkins University to analyze supply options for the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The Corps of Engineers had created a water supply plan that called for the construction of 16 reservoirs in the Potomac River to augment D.C.’s water supply. As part of my Ph.D. dissertation, I applied a linear programming model to demonstrate that conjunctive management of the existing reservoirs and the construction of two reservoirs would provide all the water needed for many years. The model’s assumptions included “cooperative management” of the system. There was nothing “interactive” about my model. I loaded a deck of computer cards into a card reader, communicated this information via slow phone lines to
Evaluation of an internet support group for women with primary breast cancer.

BACKGROUND Women with breast carcinoma commonly experience psychologic distress following their diagnosis. Women who participate in breast cancer support groups have reported significant reduction in their psychologic distress and pain and improvement in the quality of their lives. Web-based breast cancer social support groups are widely used, but little is known of their effectiveness. Preliminary evidence suggests that women benefit from their participation in web-based support groups. METHODS Seventy-two women with primary breast carcinoma were assigned randomly to a 12-week, web-based, social support group (Bosom Buddies). The group was semistructured, moderated by a health care professional, and delivered in an asynchronous newsgroup format. RESULTS The results indicate that a web-based support group can be useful in reducing depression and cancer-related trauma, as well as perceived stress, among women with primary breast carcinoma. The effect sizes ranged from 0.38 to 0.54. Participants perceived a variety of benefits and high satisfaction from their participation in the intervention CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the web-based program, Bosom Buddies, was effective in reducing participants' scores on depression, perceived stress, and cancer-related trauma measures. The effect size of the intervention was in the moderate range. Although web-based social support groups offer many advantages, this delivery mechanism presents a number of ethical issues that need to be addressed. Cancer 2003;97:1164–73. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11174
Endoscopic treatment of post-liver transplantation biliary leaks with stent placement across the leak site.

Introduction: Biliary tract leaks occur in up to 26% of patients undergoing choledocho-choledochostomy (CDCD) during lever transplantation (OLT), but there is no consensus on optimum treatment. Surgical repair, radiological drainage, endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy, nasobiliary drain placement and trans-papillary stenting have been used with success, but the role of ERCP with placement of a "leak bridging" stent has not been well examined. Aim: To assess biliary stent placement across the leak site as a primary treatment for post OLT biliary disruption. Methods: 292 OLT's were performed between Oct 1990 and Oct 1999, 215 with CDCD anastomosis. 32 CDCD cases (15%) were complicated by biliary leaks, of which 6 underwent primary surgical repair. The remaining 26 patients (median age 47; range 29-69; 19 male) were treated endoscopically. Results: The median time from OLT to ERCP was 43 days (range 10-193). 11 patients had related symptoms (fever, abdominal pain, clinically evident jaundice) and 19 had abnormal liver biochemistry. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography was successfully performed in all cases. The leak was situated at the anastomosis in 11 cases, T-tube site in 11, donor cystic duct in 2 and at both anastomosis and cystic duct in 2 cases. 6 patients had had a T-tube removed within the previous 48 hours. Primary treatment was with stenting (7fr-11.5fr) to bridge the leak in 24 cases (92%), papillary stenting alone in 1 and nasobiliary tube placement in 1. Initial treatment was successful in 23 cases (91%), but unsucessful in 3 cases (2 cases with leak-bridging stents and the single patient with a transpapillary stent). 4 patients died during follow-up, all from unrelated causes. Conclusion. ERCP with placement of a leak bridging stent has a high success rate in the treatment of post OLT cystic duct, T-tube and anastomotic biliary leaks.
Biophotonics: Big images small features

Optical coherence tomography is a powerful imaging technique. Thanks to work from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, this technique just got faster and more powerful, with the potential to advance intricate imaging studies of the human body.
A ligation assay for multiplex analysis of CpG methylation using bisulfite-treated DNA

Aberrant methylation of promoter CpG islands is causally linked with a number of inherited syndromes and most sporadic cancers, and may provide valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this report, we describe an approach to simultaneous analysis of multiple CpG islands, where methylation-specific oligonucleotide probes are joined by ligation and subsequently amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) when hybridized in juxtaposition on bisulfite-treated DNA. Specificity of the ligation reaction is achieved by (i) using probes containing CpGpCpG (for methylated sequences) or CpApCpA (for unmethylated sequences) at the 3′ ends, (ii) including three or more probes for each target, and (iii) using a thermostable DNA ligase. The external probes carry universal tails to allow amplification of multiple ligation products using a common primer pair. As proof-of-principle applications, we established duplex assays to examine the FMR1 promoter in individuals with fragile-X syndrome and the SNRPN promoter in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome or Angelman syndrome, and a multiplex assay to simultaneously detect hypermethylation of seven genes (ID4, APC, RASSF1A, CDH1, ESR1, HIN1 and TWIST1) in breast cancer cell lines and tissues. These data show that ligation of oligonucleotide probes hybridized to bisulfite-treated DNA is a simple and cost-effective approach to analysis of CpG methylation.
Further Studies of the Parameterization of the Influence of Cumulus Convection on Large-Scale Flow

Abstract The parameterization scheme devised by the author in a previous study has been extended to include both deep cumulus convection and shallow convection and a more rigorous derivation is given. In this scheme, the amounts and the vertical distributions of the latent heat released and the sensible heat transported by the deep cumulus are expressed solely in terms of the temperature difference between the cloud and the environment and the convergence of moisture produced by the large-scale flow. It is shown that the often stressed heating by compression in the descending region is automatically taken into consideration in this formulation. A comparison between the calculated results and the observational data of Reed and Recker for the composite easterly wave show that they are in good agreement in the regions of low-level convergence. A separate scheme is devised from the energy equations to represent the transports of heat and moisture by the shallow convection maintained by the thermal boundary layer.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Relevance and applicability to physiotherapy

Physical therapy practice is changing along with changes in the way health and social care services are provided. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is an important tool that can augment physical therapy practice through providing a framework and common language in which to collect consistent and reliable information with which to appraise physical therapy practice, facilitate communication across settings and disciplines and to select or develop outcomes measures that are consistent with a client-centred approach to care. This paper provides an outline of the ICF and its use in physical therapy practice and informs readers about the WHO context for maintaining and updating the ICF.
Drug Abuse: A Problem of Socialization.

The sixties found drugs promulgated throughout our social structure and institutions, e.g., school systems. The alarming awareness of drugs infiltrating our elementary schools and affecting the lives of eight and nine year old juveniles has resulted in public rage and condemnation. Society cannot rid itself of drugs by ignoring the problem, nor will public hysteria or haphazard programs provide a panacea for the problem of drugs. If society is to deal effectively with drug abuse among juveniles and young adults, we must understand underlying causal factors (i.e., learned behavior) and construct viable alternatives which are antithetical to drug attitudes.
Geology of the fushun coalfield, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China

Abstract The Fushun coalfield is located in Liaoning Province 45 km east of Shenyang in a relatively small east-west-trending exposure of Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks surrounded by Precambrian terrane. The coal is included in a sequence of early Tertiary rocks consisting of Paleocene basalt and tuff, and Eocene coal, oil shale and mudstone. These units have been folded into a syncline that plunges gently to the east. The overturned north limb of this fold has been partly removed by a thrust fault. The principal coal beds are low-sulfur subbituminous and bituminous in rank, are of limnic origin, and are contained in the 55-m-thick Eocene Guchengzi Formation. The field, which has been active since the turn of the century, has both open pit and underground mines. The largest operation is the West Open Pit mine, which measures 2.0 km wide, 6.6 km long, and 300 m deep. Coal is mined by means of power shovels, trucks, and an electric rail system. Oil shale from the Eocene Jijuntun Formation is also mined.
Home Ranges, Movement, and Den Use in Long-Beaked Echidnas, Zaglossus Bartoni, from Papua New Guinea

Long-beaked echidnas (Zaglossus), which are endemic to New Guinea, are the largest and least-studied of the 3 extant genera of monotremes. Zaglossus is listed as endangered by the World Conservation Union and data regarding the natural history of long-beaked echidnas are critical to efforts to protect these animals. However, no detailed studies of the ecology of this genus have been published. From 2000 to 2005, I captured 22 Zaglossus bartoni in the Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area in Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea. Mean body masses for these animals were 6.5 kg 6 1.4 SD (n ¼ 15, range: 4.2–9.1 kg) for adults and 4.3 6 7.4 kg (n ¼ 6, range: 3.2–5.1 kg) for juveniles. Eleven of the adults captured were followed via radiotelemetry for 1–12 months. The home ranges for these individuals varied in size from 10 to 168 ha. Home-range size was not correlated with body mass, age, or sex. Long-beaked echidna dens were most commonly located in underground burrows, although individual echidnas favored different types of den sites. Mean burrow length was 2.7 m 6 1.8 SD (n ¼ 5, range: 1.3–4.9 m) and mean den depth was 0.48 m 6 7.8 SD (n ¼ 5, range: 0.42–0.57 m) below the soil surface. Animals were never found foraging in daylight. Although no animals were found with eggs or young in the pouch, 1 individual was lactating when captured in April 2002 and again in April 2005. The data generated by this study provide valuable insights into echidna biology that will facilitate efforts to conserve populations of these unusual mammals.
Regulation of mitochondrial gene expression in Trypanosoma brucei.

Trypanosoma brucei mitochondria contain unusual small circular DNAs of unknown function. These are catenated with a long informational DNA sequence containing genes homologous to those found in other mitochondria. Although these genes are transcribed throughout the life cycle, differential production of the mitochondrial respiratory system during the life cycle is accompanied by differential abundance of specific transcripts and differential polyadenylation of mitochondrial gene transcripts. Multiple transcripts occur for most of the mitochondrial genes. Transcripts of the apocytochrome b gene possessing nucleotide sequences at their 5′ ends which are not present in mitochondrial DNA are found at stages of the life cycle when the respiratory system is expressed. These results suggest the presence of post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate the expression of mitochondrial genes during the life cycle of T. brucei.
Effect of preganglionic application of vinblastine-impregnated silastic cuffs on acetylcholinesterase, butyrocholinesterase, and acetylcholine contents of cat superior cervical ganglion.

Abstract Vinblastine sulfate in silastic cuffs was applied to the preganglionic vagosympathetic trunk of the cat superior cervical ganglion in an attempt to assess the role of acetylcholine as a possible neurotrophic factor required for maintaining postsynaptic ganglionic acetylcholinesterase and butyrocholinesterase. Following implantation of 1% (w/w) vinblastine cuffs, specific activities of acetylcholinesterase and butyrocholinesterase in the ganglion decreased to approximately 20 and 50% of control activities, respectively, within 1 week. The acetylcholine content of the superior cervical ganglion of most cats showed a moderate to marked decrease within this period as well. Histochemical findings were indistinguishable from those seen following preganglionic denervation. Because of the similar fall in ganglionic acetylcholine and enzyme contents, results with this technique do not eliminate acetylcholine as a possible neurotrophic factor for the maintenance of postsynaptic ganglionic acetyl- and butyrocholinesterases.
LOCAL SPORTS TEAMS AND CELEBRATION OF COMMUNITY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HOME ADVANTAGE

In major sports events between representatives of different cities, the home team has been known to have a major advantage over the visiting team. Drawing on Durkheim, Schwartz and Barsky (1977) have demonstrated that the social support of the audience is the main determinant of this advantage. In their conclusion, Schwartz and Barsky characterize sports events as a “celebration of local community” (p. 658). This article tests the celebration of community thesis by comparing the relative home advantage among 23 professional basketball teams during the 1981–82 season. Three broad variables are hypothesized to affect a team's home court advantage: (1) provincialism and stability of the city; (2) uniqueness of the home arena; and (3) the tradition of the team. Support is found for all three variables. Not only is there a home advantage in organized sports, but the magnitude of the advantage is itself bound by the social context within which the team performs.
An optical emission-line phase of the extreme carbon star IRC +30219

Optical spectroscopic monitoring of the extreme carbon star IRC +30219 has revealed striking changes between 1977 and 1980. The stellar photosphere was barely visible in early 1979. There was an emission line spectrum consisting of H, forbidden O I, forbidden O II, forbidden N I, forbidden N II, forbidden S II, and He I. It is likely that these lines arose in a shocked region where recent stellar mass loss encountered the extensive circumstellar envelope. By late 1979, this emission-line spectrum had vanished, and the photosphere had reappeared. The weakening of the photospheric features in early 1979 was caused by increased attenuation of starlight and overlying thermal emission, both due to recently condensed hot dust grains.
Effect of an acoustic field on bubbling in a gas fluidized bed

Very fine particles in the Geldart C range, are difficult to fluidize because of interparticle forces. When a bed of fine particles is fluidized in the presence of an acoustic field, the sound waves agitate the bed material, helping to disrupt the large clusters of particles formed by interparticle forces, thus promoting more uniform fluidization and bed expansion. The present paper reports on the combined effects of gas velocity and frequency and intensity of the sound waves on bubbling behavior. Data on minimum bubbling velocity, bubbling frequency and bed expansion were obtained in a shallow batch fluidized bed with fine fly ash particles at room temperature.
Reconnaissance exploration geochemistry in the central Brooks Range, northern Alaska: Implications for exploration of sediment-hosted zinc-lead-silver deposits

Abstract A reconnaissance geochemical survey was conducted in the southern Killik River quadrangle, central Brooks Range, northern Alaska. The Brooks Range lies within the zone of continuous permafrost which may partially inhibit chemical weathering and oxidation. The minus 30-mesh and nonmagnetic heavy-mineral concentrate fractions of sediment samples were chosen as the sample media for the survey so that mechanical rather than chemical dispersion patterns would be enhanced. A total of 263 sites were sampled within the southern half of the Killik River quadrangle at an average sample density of approximately one sample per 12 km 2 . All samples were submitted for multi-element analyses. In the western and central Brooks Range, several known sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag(-Ba) deposits occur within a belt of Paleozoic rocks of the Endicott Mountains allochthon. Exploration for this type of deposit in the Brook Range is difficult, due to the inherently high background values for Ba, Zn and Pb in shale and the common occurrence of metamorphic quartz-calcite veins, many of which contain traces of sulfide minerals. Stream sediments derived from these sources produce numerous geochemical anomalies which are not necessarily associated with significant mineralization. R-mode factor analysis provides a means of distinguishing between element associations related to lithology and those related to possible mineralization. Factor analysis applied to the multi-element data from the southern Killik River quadrangle resulted in the discovery of two additional Zn-Pb-Ag mineral occurrences of considerable areal extent which are 80–100 km east of any previously known deposit. These have been informally named the Kady and Vidlee. Several lithogeochemical element associations, or factors, and three factors which represent sulfide mineralization were identified: Ag-Pb-Zn (galena and sphalerite) and Fe-Ni-Co-Cu (pyrite ± chalcopyrite) in the concentrate samples and Cd-Zn-Pb-As-Mn in the sediment samples. The distribution of high scores for each individual mineralization factor outlined several relatively large (200–250 km 2 ) geochemically favorable areas. When the distribution of high scores for all three factors were superimposed, samples characterized by high scores for one or both of the concentrate mineralization factors and the mineralization factor in sediments define basin areas of approximately 48 and 64 km 2 surrounding Kady and Vidlee, respectively.
Flow Cytometric Evaluation of B-cell Lymphoid Neoplasms

Evaluation of B-lymphocytes is one of the most well-established clinical applications of flow cytometric immunophenotyping. This article addresses general principles of the flow cytometric evaluation of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms, followed by discussion of how flow cytometric data can assist in determining a list of diagnostic possibilities and directing additional testing.
The binding of DNA to residual protein in mammalian nuclei.

Abstract 1. 1. The Dounce-Hilgartner model for the molecular structure of chromosomes has been subjected to investigation by different procedures. 2. 2. On electrophoresis, intact DNA-nucleoprotein gels, and DNA-nucleoprotein gels the disulfide bridges of which had been cleaved, behaved differently from isolated DNA and isolated residual protein, in such a way as to indicate strong binding between DNA and residual protein in intact DNA-nucleoprotein gels. 3. 3. A method of separation designed to isolate DNA fragments bound to residual protein fragments, i.e. fragments including the postulated junction points, was devised. At every stage of its development this method yielded DNA-containing, peptide-containing fragments, which were bound more strongly to anion exchange celluloses than were any other components of the digests. 4. 4. Exhaustive snake-venom phosphodiesterase hydrolysis of our best preparation of what we believe to be junction-point material produced some reduction in molecular size of the fragments, as measured by Sephadex G-10 chromatography, along with the production of deoxyribose-containing mononucleotides; but after this procedure, the junction point material still contained both DNA and peptides, as measured by UV spectra.
Oxygen requirements, morphology, cell coat and membrane permeability of calcium-tolerant myocytes from hearts of adult rats.

The morphological, functional, and biochemical properties of freshly isolated heart muscle cells were examined. A reproducible method for the separation and purification of such cells isolated from adult rat heart was developed. It yields an average of 5×106 striated rectangular cells which retain normal morphology (range) 2.5 to 11×106 and 4×106 calcium-tolerant cells (range) 2.5 to 5.5×106 per heart. After purification, 85 to 95% of the cells retain normal morphology in solutions of calcium ion activity equal to 10μM, and 65 to 79% of the cells are rectangular in solutions of calcium ion activity equal to 1 mM. Under the light microscope we were able to identify functionally intact individual cells that are calcium-tolerant and contract only in response to electrical stimulation, as well as dying myocytes that beat spontaneously. The examination of such cells under the electron microscope permitted us to address the question: What is the sequence of structural changes in a dying cell? The sarcomere lengths measured both in the living state and after preparation for electron microscopy are in the physiological range. In steady states of oxygen tension, respiration of the intact cells is undiminished from 50 torr to 2 torr. The oxygen tension for half maximal respiration is 0.15 torr. Therefore, the limitation of oxygen diffusion to the mitochondria of isolated heart muscle cells must be remarkably small.
Structure, function and evolution of turtle hemoglobins—I. Distribution of heavy hemoglobins

Abstract 1. 1. Hemolysates from fifty-four species and subspecies of turtles have been examined in the ultracentrifuge. The sedimentation coefficients fall into three groups. One group (≈4S) represents tetrameric hemoglobin. The second group (≈ 7S) is taken to represent octamers and the third group (> 8S) represents molecules larger than octamers. 2. 2. Most hemoglobins from the Chelydridae, Kinosternidae, Platysternidae, Emydidae, Trionychidae and Chelidae polymerize to varying extents. Most hemoglobins from the Testudinidae, Cheloniidae and Pelomedusidae do not. 3. 3. Polymerization of hemoglobins in the Emydidae usually appears to involve both the electrophoretically fast and slow hemoglobin components.