cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower Extremity Flap Salvage in Thrombophilic Patients: Managing Expectations in the Setting of Microvascular Thrombosis.

Background Undiagnosed thrombophilia is a risk factor for flap failure; however, its prevalence in patients undergoing microsurgical reconstruction is unknown. We present our experience with free tissue transfer (FTT) in a high-risk population of lower extremity patients with documented thrombophilia, identified through preoperative screening. Methods Between January 2012 and April 2014, 41 patients underwent 43 free flaps for nontraumatic, lower extremity reconstruction by a single surgeon. Patients were preoperatively screened for thrombophilia using historical information and standardized laboratory testing. Demographic data, perioperative management, outcomes, and salvage rates for thrombophilic and nonthrombophilic cohorts were compared. Results Routine preoperative screening identified 52 thrombophilic traits among 25 patients in this series (61%). The most common traits were the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G variant (n = 12) and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase A1298C (n = 10) and C677T (n = 9) polymorphisms. While success rates were similar between thrombophilic and nonthrombophilic patients (84 vs. 94%; p = 0.15), thrombotic complications (25 vs. 14%; p = 0.09) and flap failure following postoperative thrombosis (100 vs. 33%; p = 0.05) appeared to be more common in patients with thrombophilia. On average, microvascular complications manifested later in the setting of thrombophilia (mean 4.8 days vs. 18 hours; p = 0.20) and were associated with a worse overall prognosis (salvage rate, 0 vs. 67%; p = 0.05). Conclusions Despite high success rates, thrombophilia appears to increase the risk of nonsalvageability following lower extremity FTT. This information should be used to help counsel patients regarding the risks and benefits of microsurgical reconstruction, as salvage rates following postoperative thrombotic events approach 0% in the presence of thrombophilia.
Reporting of adverse events to MedWatch

Trends in the reporting of serious adverse events directly to FDA between 1992 and 1994 and the quality of reports before and after the June 1993 launching of MedWatch were studied. Computerized data were used to assess changes between 1992 and 1994 in the proportion of adverse-event reports to FDA classified as serious. To evaluate the quality of reports, every third report received during April 1993 (sample size, 254) and April 1994 (263) was evaluated for 21 variables and to determine whether the event was serious. For the first analysis, a serious adverse event was defined as one that resulted in death, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization, or disability; for the second, the outcome of a threat to life was also included. The proportion of reports that were serious increased from 34% in 1992 to 49% in 1994. The overall quality of the reports made in 1994 was higher than that of the 1993 reports. In particular, significantly higher percentages of reports in 1994 indicated whether the drug was a new molecular entity, indicated whether the event was serious, and gave laboratory and clinical information in support of the event diagnosis. Reports from pharmacists increased both in number and in quality. Physicians' reports were of high quality in both years, but the number of reports they made decreased. The proportion of adverse-event reports classified as serious increased between 1992 and 1994, and the quality of event reporting to FDA improved since the introduction of MedWatch.
Induction of colligin may attenuate brain edema following intracerebral hemorrhage.

Brain edema plays an important role in the secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Edema formation after ICH has been linked to thrombin toxicity. Therefore, the induction of endogenous serine protease inhibitors, which inhibit thrombin prior to ICH may limit edema formation. This study examines whether injection of a low dose of thrombin upregulates such inhibitors and induces tolerance to subsequent ICH. Rats received intracerebral infusions of either one unit thrombin or saline into the right caudate nucleus. After seven days, the rats were either (A) used to examine colligin (a serine protease inhibitor) induction by Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunofluoresent double labeling, (B) to determine brain water content, or (C) they received a second injection of 50 µL blood and brain edema was determined one day later. Intracerebral infusion of thrombin caused a marked upregulation of colligin, a serine protease inhibitor, in the ipsilateral basal ganglia. Immunocytochemistry and immunofluo-rescent double labeling showed that colligin was induced in astrocytes. Infusion of this dose of thrombin alone did not affect brain water content but it significantly attenuated subsequent ICH-induced brain edema (79.0 ± 0.5 vs. 81.4 ± 0.9%, P < 0.01). Our results demonstrate that low doses of thrombin upregulate brain colligin levels and attenuate edema formation induced by ICH.
Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials

Purpose C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of chronic systemic inflammation frequently used in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide a quantitative estimate of the magnitude of change in CRP following participation in physical exercise interventions. Methods All studies included in the meta-analysis were peer reviewed and published in English. Human participants were assigned to a non-exercise comparison group or exercise training group, with the intervention lasting ≥2 weeks. CRP levels were measured at baseline, during and/or after completion of the exercise training programme. Random-effects models were used to aggregate a mean effect size (ES), 95% CIs and potential moderators. Results 83 randomised and non-randomised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and resulted in 143 effects (n=3769). The mean ES of 0.26 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.34, p Conclusions These results suggest that engaging in exercise training is associated with a decrease in CRP levels regardless of the age or sex of the individual; however, greater improvements in CRP level occur with a decrease in BMI or %Fat.
The Drosophila trithorax protein binds to specific chromosomal sites and is co-localized with Polycomb at many sites

trithorax is required to stably maintain homeotic gene expression patterns established during embryogenesis by the action of the transiently expressed products of the segmentation genes. The large trithorax proteins contain a number of highly conserved novel motifs, some of which have been hypothesized to interact directly with specific DNA sequences in their target genes. Using antibodies directed against trithorax proteins, we show that they are bound to 63 specific sites on the polytene chromosomes of the larval salivary gland. trithorax binding is detected at the sites of its known targets, the Bithorax and Antennapedia complexes, despite the transcriptionally repressed state of these loci in the salivary gland. A temperature-sensitive trithorax mutation greatly reduces the number of binding sites. Simultaneous localization of trithorax and Polycomb indicates that many of their chromosomal binding sites coincide. We localized one trithorax binding site within a portion of the large 5' regulatory region of the Ubx gene, to an interval which also contains binding sites for Polycomb group proteins. These results suggest that trithorax exerts its effects by binding directly or indirectly to specific DNA sequences in its target genes. Co-localization with Polycomb also suggests that interactions between these activators and repressors of the homeotic genes may be a significant feature of their mode of action.
Racialized and Classed Contexts: Shifting Audiences and Changes in Emotional Labor Among Restaurant Servers

This ethnographic study examines the importance of context in the emotional labor of restaurant servers. While the emotional labor of workers in the service industry has been studied extensively, little attention has been paid to the differing audiences and demands of restaurant servers in the front- and backstages and the ways these spaces and performances are racialized and classed. Relying on organizational materials, face-to-face interviews, and participant observation conducted from September through December 2013, this article addresses this gap. Findings indicate that the emotional labor that servers engage in the frontstage is processed in backstage spaces where servers interact out of earshot of customers. In this space, servers mitigate the stress associated with the emotional labor demands from the frontstage by relying on racialized and classed discourse about their customers, processes that may, in turn, contribute to the reproduction of social hierarchies.
SET/MLL family proteins in hematopoiesis and leukemia

Accumulating recent evidence supports the notion that many enzymes that modify histones are fundamental players in normal hematopoiesis as well as hematologic malignancies, and represent an important new class of drug targets. Histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation plays several distinct roles in gene expression and is modulated by specific methyltransferases and demethylases. Recent progress has been made clarifying the unique biological roles of the enzymes that carry out H3K4 methylation, yet a detailed understanding of H3K4 methylation states in various genomic contexts and the diverse functions of the enzymes that perform these methylation events is incomplete, but developing rapidly. In this review, we summarize and discuss the general mechanisms of H3K4 methylation, and how the six main enzymes from the SET/MLL family (responsible for H3K4me1/me2/me3) function in hematopoiesis and in hematologic malignancies.
Tight-Binding Hamiltonians

The use of tight-binding (TB) Hamiltonians as a starting point of many theories is common place in condensed matter physics and materials science. The construction of such Hamiltonians is done with two different philosophies in mind. One is based on atomic level values and the idea of choosing a very small number of hopping integrals usually involving only d orbitals.1–3 The other approach is in the spirit of the Slater-Koster (SK) interpolation4,5 method which consists of a fit to the results of a band structure calculation and can easily incorporate hybridization of the d with the s-p orbitals. The practitioners of the first approach wish to retain simplicity in their model and physical significance of the values of their TB parameters. They achieve this at the expense of using a TB Hamiltonian that produces energy bands and densities of states which are of limited accuracy. On the other hand the second approach with the possible deficiency that occasionally produces opposite signs of certain small parameters, can be made to agree, especially for transition metals, almost exactly to the band structure derived from the first principles methods.5
A Network Theory of Team Diversity

Current team diversity research is largely equivocal regarding the direct effects of intrateam differences on team processes and performance. In response, scholars encourage a more complex and mult...
Mathematical Education Notes

(1963). Mathematical Education Notes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 428-437.
Unilateral anoxic brain injury secondary to strangulation identified on conventional and arterial spin-labeled perfusion imaging.

Abstract Anoxic brain injury on magnetic resonance imaging classically demonstrates symmetric diffusion restriction involving the highly metabolic structures including the basal ganglia and cortex and global hyperperfusion on arterial spin labeling perfusion. The pattern of injury is classically diffuse and bilateral owing to global oxygen deprivation from systemic causes, most commonly cardiac arrest. In cases of suspected nonaccidental trauma presenting with a unilateral anoxic injury pattern, strangulation with temporary occlusion of a unilateral carotid artery should be considered. We present 2 cases of unilateral anoxic brain injury due to strangulation identified on magnetic resonance imaging and arterial spin labeling perfusion.
Multifunctional Opioid Ligands

The opioid receptor system plays a major role in the regulation of mood, reward, and pain. The opioid receptors therefore make attractive targets for the treatment of many different conditions, including pain, depression, and addiction. However, stimulation or blockade of any one opioid receptor type often leads to on-target adverse effects that limit the clinical utility of a selective opioid agonist or antagonist. Literature precedent suggests that the opioid receptors do not act in isolation and that interactions among the opioid receptors and between the opioid receptors and other proteins may produce clinically useful targets. Multifunctional ligands have the potential to elicit desired outcomes with reduced adverse effects by allowing for the activation of specific receptor conformations and/or signaling pathways promoted as a result of receptor oligomerization or crosstalk. In this chapter, we describe several classes of multifunctional ligands that interact with at least one opioid receptor. These ligands have been designed for biochemical exploration and the treatment of a wide variety of conditions, including multiple kinds of pain, depression, anxiety, addiction, and gastrointestinal disorders. The structures, pharmacological utility, and therapeutic drawbacks of these classes of ligands are discussed.
Why do member countries choose not to participate in the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Body?

This study examines non-participatory membership in the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body. It uses an extensive form game that models trade and dispute settlement, costs for litigation, and prisoner’s ...
Cellular Proliferation in the Lens

The lens epithelium occurs as a single sheet of epithelial cells on the anterior surface of the lens in most species studied. This sheet lies subjacent to the lens capsule which completely encloses the lens. Under normal conditions, in rabbit lens epithelium, mitotic activity is restricted to a peripheral area knoion as the germinative zone. However, under certain in vitro conditions and by injury, viitotic activity can be induced in the central region. In the case of a penetrating needle injury, this mitotic response appears to be propagated. More and more cells further away from the injury are stimulated to synthesize DNA and divide. This large mitotic response to a needle injury ceases after about 3 days. Frequently, with large injuries, a second xoave of DNA synthesis and mitosis starts at the injury site. Experiments performed with the chromosomes of lens epithelial cells indicate that some cells in the injury area divide twice in response to the injury. This information has proved useful in characterizing the cell cycle of lens epithelium from rabbit and in comparing it with the cell cycle times reported for lens epithelium from other species. Finally, the general aspects of the control of cell proliferation in the lens are discussed in the light of in vitro and in vivo experiments and pertinent findings in other cell systems. G 'ell proliferation in the mammalian ocular lens epithelium will be our main concern in this report, although no attempt will be made to review all the papers in this field. Wherever pertinent, reference will be made to similar studies in other tissues. The lens epithelium is, in several respects, very useful for studies on cell division. It is particularly suited for studies on the pattern of distribution of dividing
Early prognosis after severe human head injury utilizing multimodality evoked potentials.

Diagnostic studies used to evaluate comatose patients often yield information concerning the anatomical condition, i.e.,presence or absence of haematomas, brain displacements etc., not the functional condition of the brain and related structures. For example, a normal cerebral angiogram of computerized axial tomogram may be obtained in patients who succumb to their disease or survive with neurological deficits never detected by these studies. Evoked potentials, on the other hand, like the patients’ neurological examination, depend upon neuronal vitality for their realization, and are, therefore, in important method of assessing the functional state of the brain irrespective of the presence or absence of anatomical alterations.
Conservation of aphidophaga in pecan orchards

Publisher Summary Foliage-feeding aphid species infest pecan orchards and damage them by causing early defoliation leading to reductions in staminate and pistillate flowers and nut production. Long-term orchard management practices are effective in pecan orchards to stabilize the abundance of imported and indigenous natural enemies. The producer has a long-term investment in the orchard and can implement conservation techniques over several years. Conservation techniques of intercropping with sesbania alone, the combination of mowed sod and ant exclusion, and the combination of intercropping with hairy indigo and ant exclusion has reduced pecan aphid populations in Georgia. The development and implementation of an alternative to chemical control of pecan aphids require greater monitoring and another level of decision making for producers. Producers of improved cultivars typically apply one spray for pecan nut casebearer, one spray for early season hickory shuckworm, and three sprays for the late season pest complex (that is, pecan weevil, kernel-feeding hemipterans, leafminers, aphids, mites, and late season hickory shuckworm). Chemical control of foliage-feeding insects is achieved by mixing a specific larvicide, aphidicide, or miticide with the principal insecticide for nut pests.
Technology Management Research in the New Millenium

The goal of technology management research must be normative conclusions that can be used by managers. To do this, research must always incorporate some criteria of performance to which observations can be related. This will require the close collaboration of management scientists and engineers in defining metrics. For performance and in measuring the independent variables. This work can move in many very interesting directions. We try to point out a few in this brief paper. In summary, it is clear that there is a very bright, interesting and challenging future for research and education in technology management.
Modeling Data Transfers: Change Point and Anomaly Detection

To help the operations and resource planning of a large experimental facility, we model the time needed for transferring the data files produced by the facility to a computer center, with the goals of predicting expected file transfer time and identifying unusually slow transfers that might require attention from human operators. The file transfer time can be thought of having two parts: a base time depending on the hardware and software involved, and a congestion part due to uncontrollable interferences from other operations on the shared resources including network links, disk storage systems, and CPU involved in the transfers. Since many parameters important to the transfer time are not available to us, we employ a change point detection algorithm to separate the data records into time periods (called segments) with relatively stable behavior. Within each segment, we apply a non-parametric model to describe the congestion time. When the observed file transfer time is significantly longer than typical expected time, we declare the particular file transfer to be unusually slow. When many of these unusually slow file transfers are observed, it is worthwhile to notify the human operators to investigate the abnormal behavior of the system.
Oral microbiome activity in children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with several oropharyngeal abnormalities, including buccal sensory sensitivity, taste and texture aversions, speech apraxia, and salivary transcriptome alterations. Furthermore, the oropharynx represents the sole entry point to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GI disturbances and alterations in the GI microbiome are established features of ASD, and may impact behavior through the "microbial-gut-brain axis." Most studies of the ASD microbiome have used fecal samples. Here, we identified changes in the salivary microbiome of children aged 2-6 years across three developmental profiles: ASD (n = 180), nonautistic developmental delay (DD; n = 60), and typically developing (TD; n = 106) children. After RNA extraction and shotgun sequencing, actively transcribing taxa were quantified and tested for differences between groups and within ASD endophenotypes. A total of 12 taxa were altered between the developmental groups and 28 taxa were identified that distinguished ASD patients with and without GI disturbance, providing further evidence for the role of the gut-brain axis in ASD. Group classification accuracy was visualized with receiver operating characteristic curves and validated using a 50/50 hold-out procedure. Five microbial ratios distinguished ASD from TD participants (79.5% accuracy), three distinguished ASD from DD (76.5%), and three distinguished ASD children with/without GI disturbance (85.7%). Taxonomic pathways were assessed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes microbial database and compared with one-way analysis of variance, revealing significant differences within energy metabolism and lysine degradation. Together, these results indicate that GI microbiome disruption in ASD extends to the oropharynx, and suggests oral microbiome profiling as a potential tool to evaluate ASD status. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1286-1299. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Previous research suggests that the bacteria living in the human gut may influence autistic behavior. This study examined genetic activity of microbes living in the mouth of over 300 children. The microbes with differences in children with autism were involved in energy processing and showed potential for identifying autism status.
Transhumanism and Religion

This chapter is concerned with the intersection of transhumanism, neurology and religious belief. The role of various brain structures in religious experiences (especially the frontal lobes) is discussed, including a discussion of how pathological brain conditions such as epilepsy can influence religious beliefs. The chapter begins with a discusuion of how various thinkers such as Marx and Freud imagined that the influence of religion would weaken over time and continues on to discuss the evolutionary origins of religious belief, the nature of religious experience as well as neurological and pharmacological circumstances that may influence a person’s religious experiences, including hyper-religiosity syndromes and the central role of the frontal lobes in religiosity.
Friendly Superintelligent AI: All You Need Is Love

There is a non-trivial chance that sometime in the (perhaps somewhat distant) future, someone will build an artificial general intelligence that will surpass human-level cognitive proficiency and go on to become “superintelligent”, vastly outperforming humans. The advent of superintelligent AI has great potential, for good or ill. It is therefore imperative that we find a way to ensure—long before one arrives—that any superintelligence we build will consistently act in ways congenial to our interests. This is a very difficult challenge in part because most of the final goals we could give an AI admit of so-called “perverse instantiations”. I propose a novel solution to this puzzle: instruct the AI to love humanity. The proposal is compared with Yudkowsky’s Coherent Extrapolated Volition, and Bostrom’s Moral Modeling proposals.
CRT-200.07 Primary Retrograde Transpedal Approach for Femoropopliteal Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention

With maturing of endovascular technology and further development of new devices, endovascular therapy (EVT) has been a comparable and preferred treatment for patients with PAD. Transpedal approach has been utilized for more than a decade to treat peripheral vascular disease. Like transradial
Surgical Outcomes of HeartMate2 to HeartMate3 Pump Exchange: A Single Center Experience

Purpose Little data exist regarding the surgical complexity of Heartmate2 (HM2) to HeartMate3 (HM3) pump exchange for the indication of HM2 pump thrombosis. In this analysis, we compare the operative and post hospital course between HM2 to HM2 vs. HM2 to HM3 exchange for pump thrombosis in a small case series. Methods A single center cohort of HeartMate 2 patients (n=351) was evaluated for exchange data. Individual patients with an exchange for HM2 pump thrombosis (n=29) were included in the analysis (HM2 to HM2 n=24, HM2 to HM3 n=5). Peri-operative and immediate post-operative outcomes were compared with t tests, rank sum and fishers exact tests, where appropriate. Results Baseline characteristic of patients undergoing HM2 to HM2 exchange and HM2 to HM3 exchange were similar (Table). All patients undergoing HM2 to HM2 exchange underwent a subcostal approach. All patients with a HM2 to HM3 exchange underwent median sternotomy. HM2 to HM3 pump exchange had a longer median cardiopulmonary bypass time, a longer median ICU stay, longer median ventilator days, and overall length of stay than HM2 to HM2 pump exchange (Table). Six months after surgery, no patients who underwent HM2 to HM3 exchange had recurrent hemolysis, while 7/24 (29%) who underwent HM2 to HM2 exchange had recurrent hemolysis. Conclusion HM2 to HM3 pump exchange is feasible, however this operation is more complex and has a longer recovery time than HM2 to HM2 subcostal exchange. It will be important to consider minimally invasive strategies going forward to allow this exchange to be performed with less morbidity. A larger sample size will be required to analyze long term outcomes after HM2 to HM3 exchange.
Examining cyclical phase relations and predictive influences of self-regulated learning processes on mathematics task performance

The current study used microanalytic interviews and behavioral traces to examine sequential phase relations among forethought, performance, and self-reflection processes, and to investigate the predictive influence of these processes on mathematics performance of 96 eighth grade students. Consistent with expectations, students’ microanlaytic goals and strategic plans (i.e., forethought phase) correlated at a statistically significant level with students’ strategy use (i.e., performance phase), which, in turn, correlated with their attributions following performance (i.e., self-reflection phase). Regression analysis revealed that goal-setting and planning each explained a unique and medium amount of the variance in performance phase strategy use. Further, as expected, the two forethought phase processes did not predict any self-reflection phase processes. Contrary to expectations, however, metacognitive-monitoring (i.e., performance phase) did not correlate with most SRL processes, and students’ strategy use were not empirically linked with students’ adaptive inferences (i.e., self-reflection phase). In terms of predictive influences, students’ strategic planning, strategy use, and metacognitive-monitoring correlated significantly and positively with mathematics performance, with strategy use and metacognitive-monitoring emerging as unique predictors of performance.
On the Molecules of Numerical Semigroups, Puiseux Monoids, and Puiseux Algebras

A molecule is a nonzero non-unit element of an integral domain (resp., commutative cancellative monoid) having a unique factorization into irreducibles (resp., atoms). Here we study the molecules of Puiseux monoids as well as the molecules of their corresponding semigroup algebras, which we call Puiseux algebras. We begin by presenting, in the context of numerical semigroups, some results on the possible cardinalities of the sets of molecules and the sets of reducible molecules (i.e., molecules that are not irreducibles/atoms). Then we study the molecules in the more general context of Puiseux monoids. We construct infinitely many non-isomorphic atomic Puiseux monoids all whose molecules are atoms. In addition, we characterize the molecules of Puiseux monoids generated by rationals with prime denominators. Finally, we turn to investigate the molecules of Puiseux algebras. We provide a characterization of the molecules of the Puiseux algebras corresponding to root-closed Puiseux monoids. Then we use such a characterization to find an infinite class of Puiseux algebras with infinitely many non-associated reducible molecules.
TCT-342 DeepIVUS: A Machine Learning Platform for Fully Automatic IVUS Segmentation and Phenotyping

Image interpretation remains an obstacle for increased use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in the catheterization laboratory. Accurate measurement of lumen area allows for appropriate stent selection, whereas detailed knowledge of plaque phenotype can inform the clinician on post–percutaneous
Procedures and devices to treat resistant hypertension in chronic kidney disease

Treatment of resistant hypertension is a challenge, especially in patients who have chronic kidney disease. The choice of medications may be limited in this group, making the possibility of device-based therapies attractive. We explore 4 devices and procedures available to treat this vexing issue.
New model of integrated care for uncontrolled type 2 diabetes in a retrospective, underserved adult population in the USA: a study protocol for an effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analysis.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes prevalence is increasing in the USA, especially in underserved populations. Patient outcomes can be improved by providing access to specialty care within Federally Qualified Health Centers, possibly improving the cost-effectiveness of diabetes care. Methods and analysis A new model of diabetes care based on multidisciplinary teams of clinical fellows, supported by an endocrinologist for underserved adult populations, is presented. The study uses a retrospective, non-randomised cohort of patients with diabetes who visited the community clinic between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2018. A quasi-experimental method to analyse the causal evidence of the effect of the new model is presented. Discontinuity regression is used to compare two interventions, the intervention by a Clinical Fellow Endocrinology Programme and usual care by a primary care physician. Patients are referred to the Clinical Fellow Endocrinology Programme in case of uncontrolled diabetes (glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)≥9%). The regression discontinuity design allows the construction of a treatment group for patients with an HbA1c equal or above the threshold in comparison with a control group for patients with an HbA1c below the threshold. The patient outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the new model are analysed. Regression models will be used to assess the differences between treatment and control groups. Ethics and dissemination Quantitative patient data are received by the study team in a de-identified format for analysis via an institutional review board-approved protocol. The quantitative study has been approved by the Houston Methodist Research Institute Institutional Review Board, Houston, Texas, USA. Anticipated results will not only provide evidence about the impact of patient outcomes in underserved diabetic populations, but also give an idea of the cost-effectiveness of the new model and whether or not cost savings can be attained for patients, third-party payers and society. The results will help set up evidence-based policy guidelines in diabetes care. Results will be disseminated through papers, conferences and public health/policy fora.
Counterfactuals and Causal Reasoning

Counterfactual conditionals are used extensively in causal reasoning. This observation has motivated a philosophical tradition that aims to provide a counterfactual analysis of causation. However, such analyses have come under pressure from a proliferation of counterexamples and from evidence that suggests that the truth-conditions of counterfactuals are themselves causal. I offer an alternative account of the role of counterfactuals in causal thought that is consistent with these data: counterfactuals are used in a common method of causal reasoning related to John Stuart Mill’s method of difference. The method uses background beliefs about causal relationships, history, and the natural laws to establish a new causal claim. Counterfactuals serve as a convenient tool for stating certain intermediate conclusions in this reasoning procedure, and that is part of what makes counterfactuals useful. This account yields a functional explanation of why our language contains a construction with the truth-conditions of counterfactuals.
The role of the cerebellum in creativity and expert stone knapping

The purpose of this article is to review the evolution and function of the cerebellum, particularly in regard to its role in creativity and expert stone knapping. First, the article reviews the his...
Management of Neurocognitive Effects and Fatigue During and After Hematopoietic Cell Transplant

Neurocognitive dysfunction (“chemo brain”) and fatigue are significant causes of patient distress and diminished quality of life during and immediately following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), and in some cases symptoms persist for years. This chapter reviews the scope and proposed pathophysiologic and psychological causes of neurocognitive dysfunction and fatigue and provides recommendations for evaluation and pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment of these symptoms.
Turn up the volume if you’re feeling lonely: The effect of mobile application sound on consumer outcomes

Abstract Though mobile applications ubiquitously feature sound, consumers often engage with mobile devices with the audio disabled. This research seeks to address whether mobile app developers should simply accept this reality or if they would be better served by striving to have consumers enable audio. Specifically, we examine the impact of the presence of sounds embedded within mobile applications on downstream behavioral intentions. Critically, such intentional product sounds (i.e., sounds that are deliberately embedded in a product; Van Egmond, 2008) are shown to influence perceptions of social surrogacy (i.e., the imagined presence of others). Across five studies, we provide evidence that the use of intentional sounds in mobile applications increases evaluations of the app and leads to higher app adoption intentions, willingness-to-pay, and likelihood to recommend the app to others. Further, we offer support for the mediating role of social surrogacy in driving the effects of intentional sounds on consumer outcomes.
CD276 expression enables squamous cell carcinoma stem cells to evade immune surveillance.

Summary Immunosurveillance is a critical mechanism guarding against tumor development and progression. Checkpoint inhibitors have shown significant success in cancer treatment, but expression of key factors such as PD-L1 in putative cancer stem cell (CSC) populations in squamous cell carcinoma has been inconclusive, suggesting that CSCs may have developed other mechanisms to escape immune surveillance. Here we show that CSCs upregulate the immune checkpoint molecule CD276 (B7-H3) to evade host immune responses. CD276 is highly expressed by CSCs in mouse and human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and can be used to prospectively isolate tumorigenic CSCs. Anti-CD276 antibodies eliminate CSCs in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner, inhibiting tumor growth and lymph node metastases in a mouse HNSCC model. Single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) showed that CD276 blockade remodels SCC heterogeneity and reduces epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These results show that CSCs utilize CD276 for immune escape and suggest that targeting CD276 may reduce CSCs in HNSCC.
Factors affecting Escherichia coli 0157:H7 hide contamination of feedlot cattle

Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (STEC 0157) is an enteric bacterium that can cause severe illness in humans. Cattle are important asymptomatic reservoirs for direct or indirect human exposure to STEC 0157. The STEC 0157 colonize the terminal rectum mucosa (TRM) of cattle, and colonized cattle have been defined as super-shedders because while colonized they are an important source of STEC 0157 to other cattle in the population. At harvest, hide-to-carcass transfer of STEC 0157 presents an important risk for beef contamination and human foodborne exposure. Our objective was to determine factors that increase prevalence of hide contamination.
Itineraries of expertise: science, technology and the environment in Latin America’s Long Cold War: Edited by Andra B. Chastain and Timothy W. Lorek, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020), xi + 347 pp.

While many historians have argued that international politics permeated everyday life in Latin America during the Cold War, a new collection of essays suggests we could think more carefully about h...
Exploiting dynamic enhancer landscapes to decode macrophage and microglia phenotypes in health and disease

The development and functional potential of metazoan cells is dependent on combinatorial roles of transcriptional enhancers and promoters. Macrophages provide exceptionally powerful model systems for investigation of mechanisms underlying the activation of cell-specific enhancers that drive transitions in cell fate and cell state. Here, we review recent advances that have expanded appreciation of the diversity of macrophage phenotypes in health and disease, emphasizing studies of liver, adipose tissue, and brain macrophages as paradigms for other tissue macrophages and cell types. Studies of normal tissue-resident macrophages and macrophages associated with cirrhosis, obese adipose tissue, and neurodegenerative disease illustrate the major roles of tissue environment in remodeling enhancer landscapes to specify the development and functions of distinct macrophage phenotypes. We discuss the utility of quantitative analysis of environment-dependent changes in enhancer activity states as an approach to discovery of regulatory transcription factors and upstream signaling pathways.
A framework for exploring the post-gelation behavior of Ziff and Stell's polymerization models

Ziff and Stell [J. Chem. Phys., 73 (1980), pp. 3492--3499] pioneered the study of kinetic models of polymer growth and gelation which involve differential equations that describe the temporal evolution of oligomer concentrations and in which gelation is manifest as a finite-time singularity. Here we present a systematic framework for studying post-gelation behavior of these and related models that allows inclusion of the effects of diffusion and other transport mechanisms as well as those of sources and sinks, and which enables determination of, among other things, the final structure of the gel under a variety of conditions.
Psychology and Effective Lawyering: Insights for Legal Educators

Lawyers spend substantial amounts of time and energy working with people. These people include clients, adversaries, judges, witnesses, government bureaucrats, business partners, or colleagues.1 Thus, it is no surprise that effective lawyers are not only skilled intellects, but also excel at questioning and interviewing, communicating and persuading, planning and managing, resolving conflict, entrepreneurship, working with others, and making ethical decisions.2 And it is not surprising that legal employers and clients desire lawyers who can communicate well, are able to collaborate effectively, are motivated and hard-working, can work independently but know when to ask for guidance, and are able to effectively plan projects.3 Recent law graduates
Metropolitan Industrial Clusters: Patterns and Processes

Where do industries locate within a metropolitan area? Do different industrial sectors have different patterns of location/clustering? Can these patterns be understood with reference to industry characteristics?What is the geographical relationship between clusters of different types of industry? To what extent do localization economies influence the clustering process? These questions are investigated with geographically disaggregated industry location and size data from Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai. Chakravorty, Koo, and Lall analyze eight industrial sectors(food/beverages, textiles, leather, printing/publishing, chemicals, metals, machinery, and electrical/electronics) for evidence of global and local clustering, and distinguish between and test for co-clustering and co-location of industries. The results suggest an evolutionary model of industry location in mixed rather than specialized industrial districts. There is little evidence of localization economies from labor markets or buyer-supplier networks. The authors suggest that land use policy is the key variable influencing the intra-metropolitan spatial distribution of industry. This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the role of spatial externalities in the concentration and performance of economic activities. This paper has been funded by World Bank Research Grant 77960, "The Economic Geography and Political Economy of Industrial Location."
Students’ Creation and Interpretation of Circuit Diagrams

I report results of a study of representations of electric circuits and interpretation of circuit diagrams by students in a class for pre-service teachers and graduate students in science education. Students’ representations of circuits prior to instruction on the conventions of circuit diagrams were collected and catalogued according to representative characteristics and classified as either figural/iconic or abstract/symbolic or a mixture. As might be expected, prior experience with circuits was related to the level of abstraction in the ways students chose to represent circuits before standard circuit diagrams had been introduced in the course. Students’ native competence was also evident, however, as one student without prior experience developed her own abstract scheme for encoding information in circuit diagrams and continued to use it after conventional diagrams were introduced. Students were also interviewed as they interpreted non-standard and conventional circuit diagrams. The interviews revealed that previous experience with formal circuit diagrams, and the unstated but accepted conventions therein, led to difficulties in treating an existing circuit diagram as a completely abstract representation in one case, in contrast with expectations that experienced students would recognize circuit diagrams as complete abstractions. These results imply that students may be disadvantaged when conventional diagrams are simply presented as the norm, without explicit discussion of representation issues.
Contour Continuity in Region Based Image Segmentation

Region-based image segmentation techniques make use of similarity in intensity, color and texture to determine the partitioning of an image. The powerful cue of contour continuity is not exploited at all. In this paper, we provide a way of incorporating curvilinear grouping into region-based image segmentation. Soft contour information is obtained through orientation energy. Weak contrast gaps and subjective contours are completed by contour propagation. The normalized cut approach proposed by Shi and Malik is used for the segmentation. Results on a large variety of images are shown.
Sociopolitical Drivers in the Development of Deliberate Carbon Storage

The idea of engineering the storage of carbon released from fossil fuel burning in reservoirs other than the atmosphere has developed in the past 20 years from an obscure idea to an increasingly recognized potential approach that could be an important contributor to stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations. Despite the intense application of scientific and technological expertise to the development of options for deliberate carbon storage, nontechnical factors play an important role. This chapter identifies sociopolitical, nontechnical factors that have contributed to the development of ideas and technologies associated with deliberate carbon storage. Broadly, interest in deliberate storage has expanded in response to increasing societal attention to reducing CO 2 emissions for climate change mitigation. Specific societal groups, or stakeholders, which have contributed to the recent focus on carbon storage include the fossil fuel industry that has been shifting to a strategy of confronting rather than denying the CO 2 ―climate change connection, a scientific community motivated by an increased sense of urgency of the need to reduce atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, the general public with little knowledge about or awareness of carbon storage, and environmental advocacy groups that have demonstrated some divergence in levels of support for deliberate carbon storage. Among the policy mechanisms that have provided incentives for deliberate carbon storage are national accounting of carbon sources and sinks and carbon taxes. Another driver with particular importance in the United States is the political preference of some politicians to support development of advanced technologies for climate change mitigation rather than supporting mandatory CO 2 regulations.
Working Group on Designations and Special Session 3

The WGD is a part of Commission 5 - Documentation and Astronomical Data. There is a president, vice-president, and over a dozen members world-wide.
Self-presentation: Impression Management And Interpersonal Behavior

Provides an up-to-date analysis of the effects of self-presentation on behaviour. This text integrates the latest research from personality, social, organisational and health psychology.
What price cold war? Military spending and private investment in the US, 1946–1979

Over the long haul U.S. military spending, 1946-79, came at the sacrifice of non-durable consumption expenditures, not investment expenditures. This conclusion is based on an examination of trends in the GNP shares of consumption, investment, government and net exports expenditures, 1889-1979. As U.S. defense expenditures moved to new secular heights in the late 1940s and 1950s, the component of U.S. national expenditure sacrificed was private, non-durable, consumption expenditures. When defense spending fell on trend in the 1960s and 1970s, public consumption expenditures rose. The mild negative correlation between military expenditures in the U.S. found by previous research appears to have been based on very brief crowding-out and crowding-in effects of the federal government's budgets in the first and last years of the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Copyright 1990 by Oxford University Press.
Ink-Jet Cartridge Lifetime

Extensive examination of thermal ink-jet cartridges has revealed that their maximum lifetime is limited by two major mechanisms: The first is the deterioration of the heaters caused by the ink-jet propelling bubble combined with the high temperature of operation of the heaters. The second is deterioration caused by direct current leakage from the heater through the ink chamber creating unwanted electrolytic byproducts. To eliminate both of these effects, it is proposed to eliminate the electrical heaters used to generate the propelling bubble and replacing them by electrodes passing a high-frequency current through the printing ink to form a propelling bubble. To evaluate this system, it is necessary to experimentally determine the electrical characteristics of the ink to determine the efficiency of heating by the applied current, in the range from 100 KHz to 200 MHz. It was found that standard ink-jet inks, now in use, can be efficiently coupled to the drive transistors within this range without altering ink composition