cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Appropriate initial antibiotic therapy in hospitalized patients with gram-negative infections: systematic review and meta-analysis.

The rapid global spread of multi-resistant bacteria and loss of antibiotic effectiveness increases the risk of initial inappropriate antibiotic therapy (IAT) and poses a serious threat to patient safety. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to summarize the effect of appropriate antibiotic therapy (AAT) or IAT against gram-negative bacterial infections in the hospital setting. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched until May 2014 to identify English-language studies examining use of AAT or IAT in hospitalized patients with Gram-negative pathogens. Outcomes of interest included mortality, clinical cure, cost, and length of stay. Citations and eligible full-text articles were screened in duplicate. Random effect models meta-analysis was used. Fifty-seven studies in 60 publications were eligible. AAT was associated with lower risk of mortality (unadjusted summary odds ratio [OR] 0.38, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.30-0.47, 39 studies, 5809 patients) and treatment failure (OR 0.22, 95 % CI 0.14–0.35; 3 studies, 283 patients). Conversely, IAT increased risk of mortality (unadjusted summary OR 2.66, 95 % CI 2.12–3.35; 39 studies, 5809 patients). In meta-analyses of adjusted data, AAT was associated with lower risk of mortality (adjusted summary OR 0.43, 95 % CI 0.23–0.83; 6 studies, 1409 patients). Conversely, IAT increased risk of mortality (adjusted summary OR 3.30, 95 % CI 2.42–4.49; 16 studies, 2493 patients). A limited number of studies suggested higher cost and longer hospital stay with IAT. There was considerable heterogeneity in the definition of AAT or IAT, pathogens studied, and outcomes assessed. Using a large set of studies we found that IAT is associated with a number of serious consequences,including an increased risk of hospital mortality. Infections caused by drug-resistant, Gram-negative organisms represent a considerable financial burden to healthcare systems due to the increased costs associated with the resources required to manage the infection, particularly longer hospital stays. However, there were insufficient data that evaluated AAT for the outcome of costs among patients with nosocomialGram-negative infections. IAT in hospitalized patients with Gram-negative infections is associated with adverse outcomes. Technological advances for rapid diagnostics to facilitate AAT along with antimicrobial stewardship, surveillance, infection control, and prevention is needed.
The forest vegetation simulator: A review of its structure, content, and applications

The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) is a distance-independent, individual-tree forest growth model widely used in the United States to support management decisionmaking. Stands are the basic projection unit, but the spatial scope can be many thousands of stands. The temporal scope is several hundred years at a resolution of 5-10 years. Projections start with a summary of current conditions evident in the input inventory data. FVS contains a self-calibration feature that uses measured growth rates to modify predictions for local conditions. Component models predict the growth and mortality of individual trees, and extensions to the base model represent disturbance agents including insects, pathogens, and fire. The component models differ depending on the geographic region represented by regionally specific model variants. The differences are due to data availability and the applicability of existing models. The model supports specification of management rules in the input, such as thinning if density is too high. The rules can be extended to represent other factors. For example, the effect of climate change on stand development by entering rules that specify how growth and mortality will change in response to changing climate. Applications range from development of silvicultural prescription for single stands to landscape and large regional assessments. Key issues addressed with FVS include forest development, wildlife habitat, pest outbreaks, and fuels management. The predictions are used to gain insights into how forested environments will respond to alternative management actions. Broad-scale forest management policies have been studied with FVS. For the 30 years since the model was initially introduced, the development team has anticipated and provided needed enhancements and maintained a commitment to working with and training users. The existence of an adequate user interface and the continued use of the original programming language are often overlooked factors for the success of this model. Future work will focus on improving FVS by adopting recent biometric techniques and including new information linking geomorphology to mortality and growth. Extending the model to more closely represent biophysical processes and adapting the model so that it is more relevant to management questions related to predicted climate change are also foci. Providing ways to dynamically link FVS to other models is our current strategy for providing major new capabilities.
TRPP2 and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Abstract Mutations in TRPP2 (polycystin-2) cause autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a common genetic disorder characterized by progressive development of fluid-filled cysts in the kidney and other organs. TRPP2 is a Ca 2+ -permeable nonselective cation channel that displays an amazing functional versatility at the cellular level. It has been implicated in the regulation of diverse physiological functions including mechanosensation, cell proliferation, polarity, and apoptosis. TRPP2 localizes to different subcellular compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the plasma membrane and the primary cilium. The channel appears to have distinct functions in different subcellular compartments. This functional compartmentalization is thought to contribute to the observed versatility and specificity of TRPP2-mediated Ca 2+ signaling. In the primary cilium, TRPP2 has been suggested to function as a mechanosensitive channel that detects fluid flow in the renal tubule lumen, supporting the proposed role of the primary cilium as the unifying pathogenic concept for cystic kidney disease. This review summarizes the known and emerging functions of TRPP2, focusing on the question of how channel function translates into complex morphogenetic programs regulating tubular structure.
Cellular energy status modulates translational control mechanisms in ischemic-reperfused rat hearts

Mechanisms regulating ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced changes in mRNA translation in the heart are poorly defined, as are the factors that initiate these changes. Because cellular energy status affects mRNA translation under physiological conditions, it is plausible that I/R-induced changes in translation may in part be a result of altered cellular energy status. Therefore, the purpose of the studies described herein was to compare the effects of I/R with those of altered energy substrate availability on biomarkers of mRNA translation in the heart. Isolated adult rat hearts were perfused with glucose or a combination of glucose plus palmitate, and effects of I/R on various biomarkers of translation were subsequently analyzed. When compared with hearts perfused with glucose plus palmitate, hearts perfused with glucose alone exhibited increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF)2, the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)2, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and these hearts also exhibited enhanced association of eIF4E with eIF4E binding protein (4E-BP)1. Regardless of the energy substrate composition of the buffer, phosphorylation of eEF2 and AMPK was greater than control values after ischemia. Phosphorylation of eIF2alpha and eIF4E and the association of eIF4E with 4E-BP1 were also greater than control values after ischemia but only in hearts perfused with glucose plus palmitate. Reperfusion reversed the ischemia-induced increase in eEF2 phosphorylation in hearts perfused with glucose and reversed ischemia-induced changes in eIF4E, eEF2, and AMPK phosphorylation in hearts perfused with glucose plus palmitate. Because many ischemia-induced changes in mRNA translation are mimicked by the removal of a metabolic substrate under normal perfusion conditions, the results suggest that cellular energy status represents an important modulator of I/R-induced changes in mRNA translation.
Wettability conundrum: Discrepancies of soft contact lens performance in vitro and in vivo

The recognition and appreciation of soft contact lenses as simple, efficient and aesthetically gratifying vision-correction devices is ever growing, especially among younger population. Stable thin tear film uniformly spread over corrective lens surface is essential for acute vision, and also for comfortable and safe contact lens wear. The significant efforts have been invested by the contact lens industry to develop soft lens surface that is completely wet by tear aqueous in the ocular environment. Number of the publications dedicated to the wettability properties of the soft hydrogel lenses is on the steady rise. However, the clinical results show that no unambiguous correlation emerges when lens surface wettability in vitro is judged against tear film stability evaluated in vivo. This paper assesses and compares the modern techniques used for evaluation of soft contact lens surface wettability and reports some findings regarding relations between lens surface wettability in vitro and in vivo.
Birefringence of highly oriented fibers

A spectrophotometric method was developed for measuring the birefringence of highly oriented synthetic fibers. This method surmounts the low birefringence limit of the standard quartz compensator method and the difficulties in interpretation of the photographic fringe method. A highly oriented aramid fiber gave birefringence values of 0.60–0.75 by this method, compared with 0.25 for polyester and 0.06 for nylon by other conventional methods. The operating principles and excellent results of this new method provide a basis for the extension of routine birefringence characterization to highly oriented fibers.
HOW AND HOW MUCH TO REVEAL? THE EFFECTS OF PRICE TRANSPARENCY ON CONSUMERS' PRICE PERCEPTIONS

This study investigated the effects of price transparency on consumers' price perceptions. Our two-dimensional information transparency framework (sufficiency and diagnosticity of pricing information) is grounded in the Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion. Real-life online hotel booking sites were used for hypothesis testing. Our results show that consumers' price fairness perceptions and willingness-to-pay are more susceptible to the influence of externally supplied pricing information when such information is presented in a high transparency context (i.e., information high in sufficiency and diagnosticity). Heightened judgmental confidence in consumers' price perceptions was also observed in the high information transparency condition. Managerial implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
Association of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity with chromatin from plant tissue

Summary A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity has been found associated with chromatin from tissue cultures of tobacco. To the knowledge of this author, this is the first example of the presence of this enzyme in plant tissues.
Activation of focal adhesion kinase by protein kinase Cϵ in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase critical for both cardiomyocyte survival and sarcomeric assembly during endothelin (ET)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. ET-in...
An investigation of query expansion terms

This poster describes a framework for investigating the effectiveness of query expansion term sets and reports the results of an investigation on the quality of query expansion terms coming from different sources: pseudo-relevance feedback, web-based expansion, interactive elicitations from human searchers, and expansion approaches based on query clarity. The conclusion regarding the experimental framework is that certain different evaluation approaches show a substantial level of correlation, and can therefore be used interchangeably according to convenience considerations. With regard to the actual comparison of different sources of expansion terms, the conclusion is that machines are better than humans at doing statistical calculations and at estimating which query terms are more likely to discriminate documents relevant for a given topic. One consequence is a recommendation for research in implicit relevance feedback approaches and novel interaction models based on ostention or mediation, which have shown great potential.
Incorporating Basic Optical Microscopy in the Instrumental Analysis Laboratory

A simple and versatile approach to incorporating basic optical microscopy in the undergraduate instrumental analysis laboratory is described. Attaching a miniature CCD spectrometer to the video port of a standard compound microscope yields a visible microspectrophotometer suitable for student investigations of fundamental spectrometry concepts, basic principles of optical microscopy, and some interesting phenomena unique to spectral measurements performed at the microscale. Results from several such investigations and ideas for additional applications are presented.
Rapid three-dimensional echocardiography : clinically feasible alternative for precise and accurate measurement of left ventricular volumes.

Background —Clinical applicability of conventional ultrasonographic systems using mechanical adapters for 3D echocardiographic imaging has been limited by long acquisition and processing times. We developed a rapid (6-s) acquisition technique that collects apical tomograms using a continuously internally rotating transthoracic transducer. This study was performed to examine the clinical feasibility of rapid-acquisition 3D echocardiography to estimate left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes using electron-beam computed tomography as the reference standard. Methods and Results —We collected a series of 6 to 11 apical echocardiographic tomograms, depending on heart rate, in 11 patients. There was good correlation, low variability, and low bias between rapid 3D echocardiography and electron-beam computed tomography for measuring left ventricular end-diastolic volume ( r =0.96; standard error of the estimate, 21.34 mL; bias, −4.93 mL) and left ventricular end-systolic volume ( r =0.96; standard error of the estimate, 14.78 mL; bias, −6.97 mL). Conclusions —The rapid-acquisition 3D echocardiography extends the use of a multiplane, internally rotating handheld transducer so that it becomes a precise and clinically feasible tool for assessing left ventricular volumes and function. A rapid-image acquisition time of 6 s would allow repeated image collection during the course of a clinical echocardiographic examination. Additional work must address rapid and automated data processing.
Chiral separation of norlaudanosoline, laudanosoline, laudanosine, chlorthalidone, and three benzoin derivatives using amino acid based molecular micelles

In this study, 18 polymeric single amino acid and dipeptide surfactants are examined, and their performances, in terms of enantioselectivity, are compared for norlaudanosoline, laudanosoline, laudanosine, chlorthalidone, benzoin, benzoin methyl, and benzoin ethyl enantiomers. Several aspects of amino acid-based polymeric surfactants including comparison of single amino acid versus dipeptide, amino acid order, steric effect, and effect of the position of the chiral center of dipeptide surfactants on the chiral selectivity of these optically active compounds are discussed.
Mobile backhaul [From the Guest Editor's Desk]

This focused issue contains four articles, one application note and a "Micro-Business" column addressing key issues of mobile backhaul.
The structure and stability of vortex rings

A series of observations on experimentally produced vortex rings is described. The flow field, ring velocity and growth rate were observed using dye and hydrogen-bubble techniques. It was found that stable rings are formed and grow in such a way that most of their vorticity is distributed throughout a fluid volume which is larger than and moving with the visible dye core.As the vorticity diffuses out of this moving body of fluid into the outer irrotational fluid, it has two effects. It causes some of the fluid, with newly acquired vorticity, to be entrained into the interior of the bubble, while the rest is left behind and accounts for the appearance of ring vorticity in a wake. It was found that the velocity of translation U of these stable rings varies as t−1, at high Reynolds number, where t is the time measured from the start of the motion at a virtual origin at downstream infinity. A simple theoretical model is presented which explains all of these features of the observed stable flow. Rings of even higher Reynolds number become unstable and shed significantly more vorticity into the wake. Under some circumstances a new more stable vortex emerges from this shedding process and continues with less vorticity than before. Eventually, the ring motion ceases as all of its vorticity is deposited into the wake and is spread by viscous diffusion. Observations of the interaction between two nearly identical rings travelling a common path showed that, contrary to popular belief, rings do not pass back and forth through one another, but that the rearward one becomes entrained into the forward one. Only when the rearward ring has a much higher velocity than its partner can it emerge from the joining process and leave a slower-moving ring behind.
A note on using permutation-based false discovery rate estimates to compare different analysis methods for microarray data

Motivation: False discovery rate (FDR) is defined as the expected percentage of false positives among all the claimed positives. In practice, with the true FDR unknown, an estimated FDR can serve as a criterion to evaluate the performance of various statistical methods under the condition that the estimated FDR approximates the true FDR well, or at least, it does not improperly favor or disfavor any particular method. Permutation methods have become popular to estimate FDR in genomic studies. The purpose of this paper is 2-fold. First, we investigate theoretically and empirically whether the standard permutation-based FDR estimator is biased, and if so, whether the bias inappropriately favors or disfavors any method. Second, we propose a simple modification of the standard permutation to yield a better FDR estimator, which can in turn serve as a more fair criterion to evaluate various statistical methods. Results: Both simulated and real data examples are used for illustration and comparison. Three commonly used test statistics, the sample mean, SAM statistic and Student's t-statistic, are considered. The results show that the standard permutation method overestimates FDR. The overestimation is the most severe for the sample mean statistic while the least for the t-statistic with the SAM-statistic lying between the two extremes, suggesting that one has to be cautious when using the standard permutation-based FDR estimates to evaluate various statistical methods. In addition, our proposed FDR estimation method is simple and outperforms the standard method. Contact: yangxie@biostat.umn.ed
Preloading Technique in Dynamic Fatigue Testing of Glass and Ceramics with an Indentation Flaw System

The solution of fatigue strength as a function of preloading in dynamic fatigue testing was obtained numerically for an indentation flaw system. The dynamic fatigue strength is dependent on preloading and fatigue parameter (n). The effect of preloading on dynamic fatigue strength decreases with increasing fatigue parameter: for n {>=} 20 the effect is negligible up to a preloading of 90%. The solution was verified by dynamic fatigue experiments conducted with soda-lime glass and alumina specimens with as-indented flaws in room-temperature distilled water. The result indicates that one can apply a preloading corresponding up to 90% of fatigue strength for most glass and ceramic materials with no change in fatigue strength, resulting in a dramatic saving of testing time.
Perhaps a Blessing: Skills and Contributions of Recent Mexican Immigrants in the Rural Midwest:

Using a survey instrument with 23 industrial skill descriptions and asking Mexican immigrants to rate their extent of experience, researchers found that immigrants in Marshalltown, Iowa, have much breadth and some depth of experience in four major industrial skills categories: communications, construction, industrial service, and manufacturing. Moreover, the city of Marshalltown has a labor force shortage, little so-called reactive ethnicity, and has been proactive in accommodation, making it different from traditional receiving communities. In contrast to the bleak portrait of human capital literature, using a contextual analysis of skills composition and the receiving community, researchers conclude that Mexican immigrants in Marshalltown, Iowa, make significant contributions and have the potential to make even more.
Silver Contamination in Aquatic Environments

Within this decade, measurements have revealed low (picomolar, pM), but still relatively elevated, concentrations of dissolved (<0.45 µm) silver in some aquatic environments. This is due to the extremely low (≤1 pM ≈ 0.1 parts per trillion) concentrations of silver in remote oceanic surface waters and a small freshwater lake compared to the relatively high concentrations (≥300 pM) of silver in some embayments, estuaries, and fresh waters. The relatively high silver concentrations commonly correspond with elevated concentrations of silver in sediments and aquatic organisms in those water bodies. These, in turn, often have received relatively large anthropogenic inputs of industrial silver.
Alleviation of joint inflammation by lymphatic pump treatment of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (CAM1P.163)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial inflammation, cytokine production and lymph node collapse. Lymphatic pump treatment (LPT) is an osteopathic manipulative treatment used to reduce edema through increasing lymphatic circulation. This study examined the therapeutic potential of LPT on rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). We hypothesize that LPT would lessen joint inflammation through increasing lymphatic drainage resulting in the reduction of cytokines in synovial space. AIA was induced in female Lewis rats and randomly placed into a LPT groups or sham groups. Experiments were repeated using different LPT protocols varying the frequency and number of LPT treatments. However in each experiment LPT consisted of rhythmically pressing below the rib cage once a second for 30 seconds, while the sham group was held for 30 seconds. Joint inflammation was determined by measuring ankle circumferences and by articular index scoring. Ankles were collected and homogenized to determine changes in synovial cytokine levels by magnetic immunoassays and ELISA. Clustering LPT treatments three-times a day at the peak of joint inflammation had the greatest impact on arthritis. Animals treated with LPT in this manner exhibited significantly reduced ankle edema and inflammation. Additionally, synovial levels of inflammatory cytokines (GRO, IL17, and IL-6) were reduced with LPT. These results indicate that LPT can reduce joint edema and inflammation in a rat model of RA.
Exploring adaptive scaffolding in a multifaceted tangible learning environment

The majority of educational software is designed for traditional computers, which allow little opportunity for physical manipulation of an environment. Tangible Activities for Geometry (TAG) provides students a tangible learning environment. Currently, however, TAG does not employ adaptive scaffolding techniques. Accordingly, we describe how scaffolding techniques and teachable agent behaviors can be integrated into TAG to improve this tangible learning environment.
Progress toward a reduced blade-vortex-interaction rotor

A comprehensive effort to study techniques aimed at rotorcraft blade-vortex interaction (BVI) reduction and the alleviation of the associated impulsive noise was recently initiated in the Aerospace Engineering Department at Texas A & M University. This is a multidisciplinary effort that seeks to exploit advances in the areas of aerodynamics, active materials, instrumentation, and conventional, as well as knowledge-based, aerodynamic system identification and control to benefit an application of high aerodynamic complexity and top importance in rotorcraft. This work reports to the community our progress to date, scientific findings, proposed designs and their implementations, and how all these pieces fit together in our ongoing effort of implementing a reduced BVI rotor. (Author)
Adeno-associated virus studies employing a fluorescent focus assay technique.

SummaryAAV antigens could not be recognized in cells by immunoifluorescence unless the cells had been infected with adenoviruses. Of the adenoviruses studied, (types 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12) type 12 was by far the most efficient helper virus. A measurable fraction of adenovirus infected cells failed to produce recognizable AAV antigen (s). AAV super-infection suppressed the number of adenovirus infected cells producing recognizable adenovirus antigens. The FF assay method employed was at least 1,000 times more sensitive than electron microscopy and 10,000 times more sensitive than complement fixation for detecting AAV.
Task-Based Modeling of the User Population of a Complex Interactive System Domain

This paper reports an investigation into issues concerning the user population for a complex interactive system domain, namely image processing. A variety of image processing systems are available, attempting to provide broad applicability, but are often complicated to understand and hard to use. One difficulty in producing an image processing system is defining its user population. In the image processing domain, this is a challenge because image processing has a diverse population of users, with great variances in user expertise and expectations.To better understand the process of classifying users of complex interactive systems, we conducted a study to define the user population of image processing systems, and to determine their common goals and tasks. First, we produced a task-based model of the user population of image processing systems, with levels in the model representing classes of tasks users perform with an image processing system. We then conducted a semi-structured interview and an ordering...
Na, K-ATPase α4: An Isoform Dedicated to Sperm Function

Several proteins that play essential roles in the cell exist in multiple different molecular forms. This variability in structure often results in the production of isoforms with properties that are distinct from those of the original protein. The discovery and study of isoforms represents one of the most fascinating areas in biology, since it has uncovered the elaborate mechanisms that cells have developed to fulfill specific tasks. One protein system characterized by a high molecular heterogeneity is the Na-K-ATPase, the ion transport mechanism that maintains the transmembrane Na+ and K+ concentrations across the plasma membrane of cells. Na, K-ATPase results from the association of different molecular isoforms of an α- and a β-subunit. One of the Na, K-ATPase α polypeptides, α4, is solely produced in male germ cells of the testis, where it serves an important role in sperm function. This review discusses the particular expression, functional properties, regulation, mechanism of action, and role of Na-K-ATPase α4 in the context of the physiology of the male gamete. The current experimental evidence shows that the appearance of α4 during evolution is not a redundant event but rather a sophisticated mechanism to adapt Na+ and K+ active transport to the requirements of sperm, which carry the amazing mission of swimming relatively long distances to find and fertilize the egg.
CSF concentrations of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in a cohort of young children with autism.

Objective: To examine the association between cerebral folate deficiency and autism, this study examined CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) concentrations in a group of young children with autism, investigated the natural variation in CSF 5-MTHF over time, and assessed the relationship between CSF 5-MTHF and symptoms. Methods: CSF was collected from 67 children with a diagnosis of DSM-IV-TR autistic disorder (age, mean ± SD 43 ± 11 months), with a second CSF sample obtained 1–3 years later on 31 of these subjects (time to follow-up, 30 ± 8 months). Results: At time 1, 7% (5/67) of participants had 5-MTHF r [ p ] = 0.38 [0.04]; 95% CI 0.02–0.64). Neither the CSF 5-MTHF levels nor changes over time correlated with the clinical features of autism. Conclusions: CSF 5-MTHF levels vary significantly over time in an unpredictable fashion and do not show a significant relationship to typical clinical features of autism. Reduced CSF 5-MTHF levels are a nonspecific finding in autism. Our data do not support the use of lumbar puncture for assessment of CSF 5-MTHF in autism.
Treating the Subfertile Male Patient: Improvement in Semen Characteristics after Low Dose Androgen Therapy

Preliminary results suggest that the semen of selected patients can be improved after administration of low doses of fluoxymesterone and that the therapeutic regimen may be most beneficial for individuals with reduced sperm motility, abnormal semen morphology and/or low semen volume.
Reconceptualizing Virtual Teaming from a Constitutive Perspective Review, Redirection, and Research Agenda

Despite the growing importance of virtual teams in modern organizations and the fundamental role played by discursive practices in enacting such teams across time, space, and cultural boundaries, the burgeoning literature on virtuality and virtual teams tends to be predominantly confined to management, computer science, and information systems journals; whereas, communication research has paid scant attention to virtual team interaction and processes. As a result, such research tends to take a functionalist approach, which regards communication as a variable, rather than examining how virtual teamwork is constituted through communicative practices. This chapter synthesizes the existing research on virtual teams and provides a critical reassessment of the literature from a constitutive perspective. We propose a conceptual framework that situates communication processes centrally as an alternative to the dominant inputs-processes-outcomes model and suggest a programmatic agenda of future
SOCIAL CONTROL OF THE SELF

This chapter discusses the self-application of social control. It focuses on the self-application of social control by individuals. Social control includes any process by which people define and respond to deviant behavior. Examples are criticism, gossip, litigation, punishment, compensation, avoidance, psychotherapy, witch-hunting, feuding, and warfare. Most literature on social control addresses cases in which people are regarded by their fellows as wrong, negligent, crazy, or otherwise deviant. Moreover, it generally assumes that alleged deviants naturally and automatically evade or resist social control, capitulating only when their plight is hopeless. However, while people may be more tolerant of themselves than of anyone else, in many cases they treat their own behavior as deviant. They may apply social control to themselves unilaterally, without the involvement of anyone else, or submit to their victims or to third parties such as judges, priests, or psychotherapists. Self-initiated social control complements complainant-initiated and authority-initiated social control. People not only initiate cases against themselves but handle themselves in all respects at all stages of social control, including final dispositions. One extreme and dramatic self-application of social control is suicide.
Studies towards the improvement of an anti-cocaine monoclonal antibody for treatment of acute overdose.

Abstract There is currently no clinically-approved antidote for cocaine overdose. Efforts to develop a therapy via passive immunization have resulted in a human monoclonal antibody, GNCgzk, with a high affinity for cocaine (Kd = 0.18 nM). Efforts to improve the production of antibody manifolds based on this antibody are disclosed. The engineering of an HRV 3C protease cleavage site into the GNCgzk IgG has allowed for increased production of a F(ab′)2 with a 20% superior capacity to reduce mortality for cocaine overdose in mice.
An Examination of the Axisymmetric Jet Mixing Layer using Coherent Structure Detection Techniques

The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) [12] and Linear Stochastic Estimation (LSE) [1] are used to identify structure in the axisymmetric jet mixing layer. Cole et al [4] found that the POD produces a better global representation of the structures, whereas the LSE yields better results on a local scale (relative to the integral length scale of the flow). In this paper we will briefly discuss the application of each method, then focus on a novel technique which employs the strengths of each. This complementary technique is composed of three main steps. First, the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are obtained from direct application of the POD to the two-point spectral tensor (see Glauser et al [7], [8] and [10]). Second, the LSE is applied to the cross-correlation tensor and multipoint estimates of the random vector field are computed as described by Cole et al [3]. Third, the eigenfunctions obtained from step one are projected onto the estimated velocity field obtained from step two to obtain estimated random coefficients. The estimated random coefficients are then used in conjunction with the POD eigenfunctions to reconstruct the random velocity field. A qualitative comparison between the first POD mode representation of the estimated random velocity field and that obtained utilizing the full field indicates that the two are remarkably similar. In order to quantitatively assess the technique, the root mean square (RMS) energies are computed and compared for both cases. The RMS kinetic energy captured using the first POD mode of the estimated field is very close to that obtained from the first POD mode of the unestimated original field. These results show that the complementary technique, which combines LSE and POD, allows one to obtain time dependent information from the POD while greatly reducing the amount of instantaneous data required. That is, it is not necessary to have the instantaneous data at all points in space simultaneously, but only at a few select positions.
Grit in patients with substance use disorders

Background and Objectives Grit is an emerging concept in positive psychology, defined as the ability to be persistent and focused in pursuit of long-term goals. This concept has received a great deal of interest recently because of its robust ability to predict success and well-being across a wide variety of domains. The study aim was to examine the clinical relevance of the construct of grit among patients with substance use disorders. Methods Inpatients on a detoxification unit were enrolled from September 2013 to August 2015 (N = 673). Psychometric properties of the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) were reported. We then examined sociodemographic and clinical variables that might be associated with grit in this population. Results In this sample of patients with substance use disorders, the total Grit-S demonstrated strong psychometric properties. Grit-S scores were higher among older patients and those who were employed; scores were lower among those never married, diagnosed with a co-occurring psychiatric disorder, or who had used heroin during the past month, according to bivariate analyses. Grit-S scores remained associated with age, employment, and presence of a co-occurring psychiatric disorder in adjusted analysis. Conclusions and Scientific Significance This study provides initial support for the utility of the Grit-S among those with substance use disorders; this novel measure has not been previously reported in clinical populations. Research examining grit prospectively is needed to determine whether the links between grit and outcomes observed in other populations apply to patients with substance use disorders. (Am J Addict 2016;XX:1–7)
La Organización Internacional del Trabajo y el problema social indígena: La encuesta en Perú de 1936

This article discusses the survey conducted in Peru in 1936 by the International Labour Organization to understand the indigenous social problem. The resolutions of the 1936 Inter-American Labour Conference and the report by Moises Poblete Troncoso revealed the importance of the new social problems for the technical cooperation organizations of the time. Moises Poblete’s survey not only contributed to an understanding of the Peruvian indigenous reality, but also served as input for future actions by the International Labour Organization in the matter, the first stage of which was completed at the 107th Convention in 1957.
Bubble-Induced Color Doppler Feedback Correlates with Histotripsy-Induced Destruction of Structural Components in Liver Tissue

Abstract Bubble-induced color Doppler (BCD) is a histotripsy-therapy monitoring technique that uses Doppler ultrasound to track the motion of residual cavitation nuclei that persist after the collapse of the histotripsy bubble cloud. In this study, BCD is used to monitor tissue fractionation during histotripsy tissue therapy, and the BCD signal is correlated with the destruction of structural and non-structural components identified histologically to further understand how BCD monitors the extent of treatment. A 500-kHz, 112-element phased histotripsy array is used to generate approximately 6- × 6- × 7-mm lesions within ex vivo bovine liver tissue by scanning more than 219 locations with 30–1000 pulses per location. A 128-element L7-4 imaging probe is used to acquire BCD signals during all treatments. The BCD signal is then quantitatively analyzed using the time-to-peak rebound velocity (tprv) metric. Using the Pearson correlation coefficient, the tprv is compared with histologic analytics of lesions generated by various numbers of pulses using a significance level of 0.001. Histologic analytics in this study include viable cell count, reticulin-stained type III collagen area and trichrome-stained type I collagen area. It is found that the tprv metric has a statistically significant correlation with the change in reticulin-stained type III collagen area with a Pearson correlation coefficient of −0.94 (p
Urban Pleasures: Leisure Consumption and Spatial Transformation in Jiangnan Cities during the Ming-Qing Period

For over twenty years, Wu Jen-Shu has been studying the social and cultural history of late imperial China, publishing a steady stream of articles and book chapters in addition to two major monogra...
In Quest of Coping

Most problem-solving goes forward, small piece by small piece, through the conscious effort to try out new or modified ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling
Biasing Competition in Human Visual Cortex

ABSTRACT A typical scene contains many different objects that compete for neural representation owing to the limited processing capacity of the visual system. At the neural level, competition among multiple stimuli is evidenced by the mutual suppression of their visually evoked responses and occurs most strongly at the level of the receptive field. The competition among multiple objects can be biased by both bottom-up sensory-driven mechanisms and top-down influences, such as selective attention. Functional brain imaging studies reveal that biasing signals due to selective attention can modulate neural activity in visual cortex not only in the presence but also in the absence of visual stimulation.
Narcolepsy and Diseases of Excessive Sleep

Narcolepsy is often considered to be an illness of excessive sleep; more precisely, it is a disorder manifested by brief, inappropriate episodes of sleep, often in association with other “auxiliary” symptoms. Sleep attacks have been described by a number of 19th-century physicians, among whom the best known is Westphal (1877). Gelineau in 1880 gave the name narcolepsy to a disturbance “characterized by an imperative need to sleep of sudden onset and short duration, recurring at more or less close intervals.” As Zarcone (1973) points out, characters with symptoms suggestive of narcolepsy have appeared in many famous works of fiction, including Eliot’s Silas Marner, Poe’s “The Premature Burial” and Melville’s Moby Dick.
Emergency Preparedness of Secondary School Athletic Programs in Arizona.

Context Schools that sponsor athletic programs have an obligation to provide a safe environment with appropriate policies for addressing emergencies. Objective To describe the emergency preparednes...
The initial appraisal of buried DAS system in CO2CRC Otway Project: the comparison of buried standard fibre-optic and helically wound cables using 2D imaging

This study aims to assess the ability of shallow distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) to serve as a cost-effective seismic sensor array for permanent monitoring applications. To this end, as part of ...
Nonlocal random walk over Floquet states of a dissipative nonlinear oscillator

We study transitions between the Floquet states of a periodically driven oscillator caused by the coupling of the oscillator to a thermal reservoir. The analysis refers to the oscillator that is driven close to triple its eigenfrequency and displays resonant period tripling. The interstate transitions result in a random ``walk'' over the states. We find the transition rates and show that the walk is nonlocal in the state space: the stationary distribution over the states is formed by the transitions between remote states. This is to be contrasted with systems in thermal equilibrium, where the distribution is usually formed by transitions between nearby states. The analysis of period tripling allows us to explore generic features of the dynamics of resonantly driven systems related to the multiplicity of the states, including those missing in the previously explored models of driven oscillators. We use the results to study switching between the period-3 states of the oscillator due to quantum fluctuations and find the scaling of the switching rates with the parameters.
Comparing the Trends of Electronic Health Record Adoption Among Hospitals of the United States and Japan

The goal of this study is to examine the trends of Electronic Health Record (EHR) adoption among hospitals in Japan compared to those in the United States. Japan's nationwide survey of hospitals was utilized to extract the EHR adoption rates among Japanese hospitals. Comparable datasets from the Healthcare Information and Management System Society (HIMSS) and the American Hospital Association (AHA) were utilized to extract EHR adoption rates among U.S. hospitals. The trends of EHR adoption were stratified and analyzed by hospital size and hospital ownership status. As of 2014, the U.S. hospitals had a wider adoption of 'basic with clinical notes' EHRs compared to Japan (45.6% vs. 27.3%), but large hospitals (400+ beds) in Japan have shown a similar adoption rate of EHR systems than those of U.S. (65.6% vs. 68.5%). Governmental hospitals tend to be more advanced in EHR adoption than non-profit hospitals in Japan (53.0% vs. 21.5%). Non-profit hospitals show the highest adoption rate of 'basic' EHR systems in the U.S. as of 2014 (63.3%). Using the 'certified' definition of EHRs, the EHR adoption rate was close to 96% among U.S. hospitals as of 2016; however, updated EHR adoption data from Japanese hospitals has yet to be collected and published. U.S. and Japan have considerably increased EHR adoption among hospitals; however, this analysis indicates different trends of EHR adoption among hospitals by size and ownership status in both countries. Learnings from government programs supporting EHR adoption in the U.S. and Japan can be helpful in planning useful strategies for future hospital-oriented health IT policies in other developed nations.
Assessment of Surgical Specialty Societies' Choosing Wisely Recommendations.

This research study assesses Choosing Wisely deimplementation recommendations from surgical specialty societies to ascertain how many are directly applicable to surgical procedures or under surgeons’ control.
Implant Reconstruction in Nipple Sparing Mastectomy

Nipple sparing mastectomy has been popularized in the modern era of breast cancer treatment due to its touted advantages with regard to resultant body image and reconstructive outcome. Implant-based techniques remain the most prevalent means of breast reconstruction. Special considerations regarding patient selection and technique are reviewed for implant reconstruction in the setting of mastectomy with nipple preservation. Applications for prepectoral and direct-to-implant reconstruction are discussed and published outcomes are summarized.
Local Spectral Clustering of Density Upper Level Sets

We analyze the Personalized PageRank (PPR) algorithm, a local spectral method for clustering, which extracts clusters using locally-biased random walks around a given seed node. In contrast to previous work, we adopt a classical statistical learning setup, where we obtain samples from an unknown distribution, and aim to identify connected regions of high-density (density clusters). We prove that PPR, run on a neighborhood graph, extracts sufficiently salient density clusters, that satisfy a set of natural geometric conditions. We also show a converse result, that PPR can fail to recover geometrically poorly-conditioned density clusters, even asymptotically. Finally, we provide empirical support for our theory.
Physical-Layer Security for Vehicle-to-Everything Networks: Increasing Security While Maintaining Reliable Communications

This article highlights the potential contribution of physical-layer security in making vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks more secure against eavesdropping. We showcase a set of experiments using a mobile testbed for both types of networks and demonst rate that finite block-length physical-layer security coding increases the security while maintaining reliable communications. The fundamental tradeoffs in achieving both reliability and security through physical-layer efforts are also discussed in terms of relative eavesdropper location in an urban environment.
Servant Leadership: A New Model for Law Library Leaders

Professor Anzalone introduces servant leadership, an approach to leadership whose principles have been successfully employed in the management of both profit and nonprofit organizations. She suggests that servant leadership, conceptualized almost forty years ago and now enjoying a renaissance of interest, may be the ideal approach for today's law libraries.