cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and BMI in a Nationally Representative Sample of Children and Adolescents

Objective. To examine objectively measured physical activity levels by age, sex, and BMI for children and adolescents in a nationally representative sample. Methods. Data were from the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, which included physical activity assessment by accelerometer and measured height and weight. The authors calculated minutes of moderate and vigorous activity. Results. Boys were more active than girls, and activity levels were lower at older ages. Younger children met daily recommendations for physical activity, whereas older children, especially girls, did not. Typically, weight status was inversely related to activity, though differences were less apparent among boys. Underweight children were not always more active than heavier peers.
Cardiovascular Responses to Neuromuscular Blockade in the Anemic Ovine Fetus

Currently little is known about the cardiovascular responses of the anemic fetus to neuromuscular blockade. We hypothesized that, despite marked anemia with potentially decreased cardiac reserve, the fetal responses to Pancuronium neuromuscular blockade would differ significantly when compared with neuromuscular blockade with Atracurium (a cardiovascular sparing agent). Ten fetal sheep (137 ± 1 (SE) days gestation) were divided into three groups (21 experiments): Pancuronium (n = 7), Atracurium (n = 6), and Control (n = 8). Fetal anemia (Hct = 21.8 ± 0.7%) was produced by serial hemorrhage over 3 days. Fetal arterial (FAP) and venous (FVP) pressures, heart rate (FHR), and arterial pH, pO2, and pCO2 were measured at −20, 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 minutes relative to neuromuscular blockade. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA for repeated measures. Pancuronium neuromuscular blockade increased FHR (15–20 bpm, P <. 0001) and decreased FVP (-0.8 mm Hg, P <. 0001). Atracurium had no effect on FHR, FAP, or FVP...
A new matching algorithm for managing location information in mobile computing

We describe a fully distributed algorithm for location management. It is based on organizing mobile switching stations into a hierarchical network of grids. The interesting properties of this algorithm are symmetric availability for reads and writes, low quorum size, scalability and flexibility. The algorithm is based on a novel solution for the well-known matching problem that is especially suitable in a mobile environment. We compare the performance of our technique against the standard grid protocol and also the more recent Crumbling Walls protocol in terms of read and write availability, quorum size and load. The results and analysis highlight the tradeoffs involved in these various protocols, and show that the proposed algorithm is promising.
Dual-Frequency Technique for Assessment of Cardiopulmonary Effective RCS and Displacement

In this paper, a technique for the precise assessment of key parameters relating to cardiopulmonary activity is presented. Dual-frequency radar measurements are described with quantitative analyses of the return signal, in terms of intensity and phase modulation magnitude. The first parameter is a measure of the radar cross section of the portion of the torso surface that is moving due to respiration and heartbeat activity. It is defined as the cardiopulmonary effective radar cross section (ERCS). The second parameter corresponds to the maximum displacement of the torso surface in the direction of incidence. This paper presents the first reported dual frequency radar system for determining cardiopulmonary ERCS and displacement. A system calibration procedure using spherical targets is described and displacement measurement is validated for the dual-frequency system. Preliminary testing results consistently showed an ERCS that is larger for the back of the torso and smaller for the side compared to the front, while the respiration depth is smaller in the prone position than in supine.
On the effect of mutual coupling on LF and UHF tags implemented in dual frequency RFID applications

The performance of many different dual frequency tag configurations were tested in a commercially available dual frequency RFID system. It has been shown that the interaction between the LF and UHF tags can have a significant impact (i.e., 91.84% reduction in read range) on the performance of each individual tag. But, in all cases it has been shown that by proper placement of the LF and UHF RFID tags the performance of each individual tag in the dual-frequency tag can be preserved. In the Rampart line case to preserve the performance of an individual tag a larger footprint was not needed.
From postsynaptic potentials to spikes in the genesis of auditory spatial receptive fields

Space-specific neurons in the owl's inferior colliculus respond only to a sound coming from a particular direction, which is equivalent to a specific combination of interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD). Comparison of subthreshold postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) and spike output for the same neurons showed that receptive fields measured in PSPs were much larger than those measured in spikes in both ITD and ILD dimensions. Space-specific neurons fire more spikes for a particular ITD than for its phase equivalents (ITD +/- 1/F, where F is best frequency). This differential response was much less pronounced in PSPs. The two sides of pyramid-shaped ILD curves were more symmetrical in spikes than in PSPs. Furthermore, monaural stimuli that were ineffective in eliciting spikes induced subthreshold PSPs. The main cause of these changes between PSPs and spikes is thresholding. The spiking threshold did not vary with the kind of acoustic stimuli presented. However, the thresholds of sound-induced first spikes were lower than those of later sound-induced and spontaneous spikes. This change in threshold may account for the sharpening of ITD selectivity during the stimulus. Large changes in receptive fields across single neurons are not unique to the owl's space-specific neurons but occur in mammalian visual and somatosensory cortices, suggesting the existence of general principles in the formation of receptive fields in high-order neurons.
The use of alkenylboronate esters in [2+2] enone-olefin photocycloadditions

Abstract The participation of alkenylboronate esters in intermolecular [2+2] enone-olefin photocycloadditions has been demonstrated using the E-1-hexenyl, Z-3-hexenyl, and Z-2-butenyl derivatives. The major photoadducts are those which result from head-to-head addition. Oxidative fragmentation of the boron-substituted cyclobutanes could be accomplished under relatively mild conditions.
Spatial soliton deflection mechanism indicated by FD-TD Maxwell's equations modeling

We present first-time calculations from the time-domain vector Maxwell's equations of spatial optical soliton propagation and mutual deflection, including carrier waves, in a 2-D homogeneous Kerr-type nonlinear dielectric. The nonlinear Schrodinger equation predicts that two co-propagating, in-phase spatial solitons remain bound to each other, executing a periodic separation. This disagrees with our new extensively tested finite-difference time-domain (FD-TD) solution of Maxwell's equations. FD-TD shows that co-propagating in-phase spatial solitons become unbound, i.e. diverge to arbitrarily large separations, if the ratio of soliton beamwidth to wavelength is order 1 or less. Not relying upon paraxial approximations or analogies to temporal soliton interactions, FD-TD appears to be a robust means of obtaining detailed models of the interaction of sub-picosecond pulsed light beams in nonlinear media directly in the space-time domain. >
Clinical utility of an LC-MS/MS seizure panel for common drugs involved in drug-induced seizures.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 6% of new-onset seizures are drug-related, but there is currently no reliable way to determine if a seizure is drug-induced. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful tool that allows simultaneous detection of numerous analytes of diverse chemical nature in patient samples. This allows a single analysis to incorporate many compounds relevant to a particular clinical presentation, such as suspected drug-induced seizures. We investigated whether results from a seizure panel using LC-MS/MS could affect patient care. METHODS: We developed a semiquantitative LC-MS/MS assay to detect 12 chemically diverse drugs implicated in drug-related seizures. We collected leftover serum and plasma samples from patients who had seized, performed solid-phase extraction, and analyzed the samples using a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer. After assembling a team of medical and toxicology experts, we developed and used a scoring system to determine whether the results of the seizure panel would have affected patient treatment in each case where a drug was detected. RESULTS: In an analysis of 157 samples from patients who seized, 17 (11%) were found to be positive for a drug on the seizure panel. The team of experts determined that the test results probably or definitely would have affected treatment in 7 (41%) of these cases. CONCLUSIONS: A test that detects the presence of drugs implicated in drug-induced seizures can help physicians determine if an unexplained seizure is drug-related and thus potentially better direct patient care. Additionally, LC-MS/MS is an effective tool for answering clinically driven questions.
Initial low oxygen stress controls superficial scald of apples

Abstract The effectiveness of initial low oxygen stress (ILOS) to control apple scald without postharvest application of scald inhibitors and fungicides was investigated. Scald susceptible (‘Granny Smith’, ‘Law Rome’, ‘Red Delicious’) and not susceptible (‘Idared’) fruits were harvested preclimacterically and treated at 1°C with (1) ILOS pretreatment or (2) no pretreatment as control. Fruit were then stored at 0.5–1°C in 3% O 2 with 0% CO 2 , 1.5% O 2 with 3% CO 2 , or 0.7–0.8% O 2 with 3% CO 2 in flow-through controlled atmosphere (CA) or in air. ILOS of 0.5 and 0.25% O 2 for 2 weeks resulted in excellent control of scald when fruits were subsequently held in CA (3% O 2 , 0% CO 2 ). Initial treatment with 0.25% O 2 for 2 weeks, and when this treatment was supplemented with an additional 2 weeks of low O 2 stress after 2 months of storage, were more effective treatment regimens for scald control than all other treatments. ILOS followed by CA storage at 1.5% O 2 gave complete control of scald. A commercial test of initial low O 2 stress confirmed its efficacy for controlling scald in several cultivars of apples. The production of α-farnesene and its volatile oxidation product 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO) was inhibited by initial low O 2 stress treatments and 1.5% O 2 CA. The 0.25% O 2 initial stress treatment caused stronger inhibition of α-farnesene and MHO production than 0.5% O 2 initial stress treatment. The accumulation of MHO was related to scald development of apples.
Surface integral methods in computational aeroacoustics—From the (CFD) near-field to the (Acoustic) far-field

A review of recent advances in the use of surface integral methods in Computational AeroAcoustics (CAA) for the extension of near-field CFD results to the acoustic far-field is given. These integral formulations (i.e. Kirchhoff's method, permeable (porous) surface FfowcsWilliams Hawkings (FW-H) equation) allow the radiating sound to be evaluated based on quantities on an arbitrary control surface if the wave equation is assumed outside. Thus only surface integrals are needed for the calculation of the far-field sound, instead of the volume integrals required by the traditional acoustic analogy method (i.e. Lighthill, rigid body FW-H equation). A numerical CFD method is used for the evaluation of the flow-field solution in the near field and thus on the control surface. Diffusion and dispersion errors associated with wave propagation in the far-field are avoided. The surface integrals and the first derivatives needed can be easily evaluated from the near-field CFD data. Both methods can be extended in orde...
MICHEL FOUCAULT AND THE POINT OF PAINTING

This article offers a historiographical analysis of Foucault's contribution to art theory by arguing that the philosopher used the medium of painting and its history since Alberti to explore the differences in the concept of realism between 1650 and his own day. I argue that in his four essays on painting written between 1966 and 1976 Foucault took up the relation of painting to knowledge (savoir), particularly the question of how painting means using an innovative approach that he termed historical. Like the phenomenologists who immediately preceded him, Foucault understood painting as related to our understanding of how knowledge is communicated or felt rather than of how it exists as philosophy. This article explores the consequences of Foucault's contribution to the history of painting for both art history and visual studies.
A comparison of individual and multiple psychotherapy.

(1951). A Comparison of Individual and Multiple Psychotherapy. Psychiatry: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 415-418.
The Statistical Correlation Model for Common Cause Failures

The frequency of reactor accidents is greatly affected by the likelihood of dependent multiple failures such as common cause failures (CCFs). The ability to quantify and prevent such failures is therefore crucial to the assessment and management of nuclear risks. We recently proposed the statistical correlation model for CCFs with the hope that it could assist in their quantification and aid in the identification of improved defenses against them. Since that time, we have been working to transform the statistical correlation model from an abstract theoretical concept into a practical set of working tools to realize this potentials. This paper reviews the theoretical basis for the statistical correlation model and summarizes the status of current work to develop improved methods and data to implement it in risk assessments and reliability analyses.
Abstract TMP18: Predicting Intracranial Hematoma Formation After IV tPA With MR Permeability Imaging

Background: Damage to the blood-brain barrier in stroke patients can be detected using standard MR PWI and is associated with subsequent hemorrhagic transformation. No clear methodology for using t...
Exposure Variability and Image Quality in Computed Radiography

Purpose To evaluate the effect of a wide range of exposure techniques on the overall quality of the computed radiography (CR) image. Methods A Fuji FCR 1 Shot QC Phantom was exposed to mAs values ranging from 1 to 125, yielding 8 exposure groups. Five CR imaging plates were exposed, processed and printed for each exposure group. Image quality was evaluated by measuring the optical density, density differences and number of line pairs visualized. Results The findings indicate that variability in radiation exposure to the CR imaging plate does not adversely affect the quality of the digital image. Optical density and low-density differences were stable throughout the wide range of exposures. Radiographic contrast appeared to decrease for the high-density differences when exposed to higher-than-needed exposures, and resolution appeared to be compromised at extreme low-radiation exposures. Conclusion The results of this experimental study are consistent with the digital imaging literature in that a radiation exposure technique above or below the optimum level will produce a diagnostic-quality image. Radiographers must become more knowledgeable about digital imaging systems so they can produce quality images with the least amount of exposure to their patients.
Effects of dietary fiber and feeding frequency on ruminal fermentation, digesta water-holding capacity, and fractional turnover of contents.

To determine the effects of different sources of fiber and feeding frequency on digesta water-holding capacity (WHC; g H2O/g DM) and ruminal liquid contents, four ruminally fistulated Jersey steers were fed a 60:40 roughage-concentrate diet at 1.5 times NEm. Diets contained either sorghum silage (SS) or a 67:33 mixture of SS and soyhulls (SH) as roughage and were fed either once or 12 times daily, in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment with 15-d periods. Ruminal fluid was sampled at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 h after a dose of Co-EDTA on d 10 and analyzed for Co, VFA, ammonia, buffering capacity, and osmolality. Ruminal WHC, NDF, ADF, lignin, and starch were measured in samples obtained by ruminal evacuation at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after feeding on d 11, 12, 14, and 15, respectively. Substitution of SH for SS decreased ruminal pH .32 units and dilution rate by 26.8% but increased total VFA by 10.9%, osmolality by 13.6%, and the fractional turnover rate (FTR) of ADF by 22.5% (P less than .05). Frequent feeding resulted in 4.7, 21.9, and 74.4% increases in total VFA and FTR of ruminal DM and starch (P less than .05), respectively. Interactions (P less than .05) were observed between dietary fiber source and feeding frequency for ruminal fluid molar percentage acetate to propionate ratio (A/P), liquid volume (evacuated), and WHC (kilograms). Substituting SH for SS decreased ruminal WHC (kilograms), liquid volume, and A/P only in steers fed once daily. Ruminal WHC (kilograms) was correlated positively with ruminal liquid volume but negatively with DM FTR. The dynamics of digesta WHC (kilograms) associated with dietary fiber source and feeding frequency suggest that it may influence the contribution of water and salivary secretions to ruminal liquid contents.
Effect of ACTH on glycogenesis and glycolysis in hypophysectomized rats.

SummaryAn analysis of the phosphoryl-ated intermediates of the liver and brain of hypophysectomized rats with and without ACTH was made. The decreased ability of hypophysectomized rats to synthesize glycogen from glucose was restored to normal by ACTH. Phosphoprotein phosphorus levels also returned to normal with ACTH. The anaerobic glycolysis of the brain of hypophysectomized rats was reduced 20% below that of normal rats but this was restored to normal by the administration of ACTH.
Multiple Goal Pursuit in Organizations: Perspectives from Multiple Levels of Analysis

This symposium showcases a diverse collection of studies that focus on multiple goal pursuit – the simultaneous pursuit of multiple goals – in organizations in an effort to synthesize knowledge on ...
Sex-related Differences in Cardiometabolic Outcomes Associated With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder in the United States. OSA has traditionally been thought to be a disease of men; though, recent studies have brought attention to OSA in women. Several reviews have focused on sex disparity in OSA as it pertains to clinical presentation and pathophysiologic mechanisms. However, a review of sex differences in clinical outcomes associated with OSA is absent from the current literature. This review focuses on sex differences in sleep apnea as it relates to clinical outcomes associated with OSA. Specifically, it highlights the existing literature on sex differences in cardiometabolic outcomes associated with OSA such as hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetes, and mortality. It also brings to attention the inconsistencies that exist in the current literature on the role of sex as a potential effect modifier of the relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease. The studies that have investigated the role of sex on the relationship between OSA and cardiovascular outcomes have demonstrated inconsistent findings. Some studies have reported greater susceptibility among men whereas others report higher risk associated with OSA among women. This review emphasizes the need for future investigations assessing sex differences in cardiometabolic outcomes associated with OSA in order to better inform the current guidelines on the role of OSA in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Current status of malaria prevention in Chongqing

Objective To understand the current status of malaria prevention in Chongqing so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment of the disease. Methods Five counties were selected in Chongqing and three towns were selected from each county. Questionnaire type survey was then performed in 3 villages and 2 schools from each town. Results The rate on the awareness of malaria transmission, main clinical manifestations, disease severity, consultation with doctor during infection and disease prevention was 53.48%, 62.55%, 42.02%, 83.71% and 27.69%, respectively. The result was significantly different among the counties (P0.01). There was a significant different for the index of doctor consultation between male and female(P0.05),while the differences for other indexes were not significant (P0.05). The rates of awareness of malaria transmission, disease severity, consultation with doctor during infection and disease prevention were higher in students than the local residents (P0.05); with a highest rate in the 7 age group(P0.01). Conclusions The knowledge of malaria was low and the health education program should be strengthened in Chongqing.
Encagement of Alkali Metal Ions in Gas-Phase Water Clusters

A fast-flow reactor was used to produce and investigate ionic water clusters with the general composition M+(H2O),; where M is one of the alkali metals Li, Na, K or Cs and n is up to 45. A series of magic numbers could be observed, especially pronounced for K+(H2O)20 and Cs+(H20)20 and to some degree for Lithium, and for some other cluster sizes. Evidence is presented that these stable cluster ions are gas phase hydrates in analogy to the well-known clathrate hydrates in the condensed phase.
Ecological implications of natural selection.

In 1967 my friend, Professor E. M. Polyshuk, a biographer and admirer of Vito Volterra (Polyshuk, 1977), introduced me to the classical book “Lecons sur la theorie mathematique de la lutte pour la vie” (1931), and its English version “The struggle for existence” (D’Ancona, 1954). They were the first two books on mathematical biology I had read and, thanks to this introduction, I have worked on different aspects of population theory ever since. In 1976 I was fortunate to meet in Rome Professor Eduardo Volterra who has shown me things and places related to the memory of his great father. It was a very special feeling to walk into the study room in Vito Volterra1 s house where he wrote most of his work on population theory during the 1920’s. All my professional life was directly influenced by the work of Vito Volterra. It is, therefore, a particular pleasure for me to participate in this memorial symposium.
Characterization of the Far Transcription Factor Family in Aspergillus flavus

Metabolism of fatty acids is a critical requirement for the pathogenesis of oil seed pathogens including the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Previous studies have correlated decreased ability to grow on fatty acids with reduced virulence of this fungus on host seed. Two fatty acid metabolism regulatory transcription factors, FarA and FarB, have been described in other filamentous fungi. Unexpectedly, we find A. flavus possesses three Far homologs, FarA, FarB, and FarC, with FarA and FarC showing a greater protein similarity to each other than FarB. farA and farB are located in regions of colinearity in all Aspergillus spp. sequenced to date, whereas farC is limited to a subset of species where it is inserted in an otherwise colinear region in Aspergillus genomes. Deletion and overexpression (OE) of farA and farB, but not farC, yielded mutants with aberrant growth patterns on specific fatty acids as well as altered expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Marked differences included significant growth defects of both ∆farA and ∆farB on medium-chain fatty acids and decreased growth of OE::farA on unsaturated fatty acids. Loss of farA diminished expression of mitochondrial β-oxidation genes whereas OE::farA inhibited expression of genes involved in unsaturated fatty acid catabolism. FarA also positively regulated the desaturase genes required to generate polyunsaturated fatty acids. Aflatoxin production on toxin-inducing media was significantly decreased in the ∆farB mutant and increased in the OE::farB mutant, with gene expression data supporting a role for FarB in tying β-oxidation processes with aflatoxin accumulation.
Cognitive reserve in frontotemporal degeneration: Neuroanatomic and neuropsychological evidence

Objective: To evaluate if cognitive reserve (CR) contributes to interindividual differences in frontal gray matter density (GMD) and executive impairment that underlie heterogeneity in the disease course of confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) pathology. Methods: Fifty-five patients with autopsy confirmation or a pathogenic mutation consistent with underlying tau (FTLD-tau) or TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP) pathology and 90 demographically comparable healthy controls were assessed with T1 MRI and neuropsychological measures (Mini-Mental State Examination, letter fluency, forward digit span, Rey complex figure, and Boston Naming Test). CR was indexed using a composite measure of education and occupation. We used t tests to identify reduced GMD in patients with FTLD relative to controls, regression analyses to relate reduced GMD to CR index, and correlations to relate regions of GMD associated with CR to performance on neuropsychological measures. Results: Patients with FTLD demonstrated impairment on neuropsychological measures. Patients with FTLD exhibited reduced bilateral frontotemporal GMD relative to controls, consistent with the known anatomic distribution of FTLD pathology. Higher CR index was associated with superior letter fluency and with GMD in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, rostral frontal cortex, and inferior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, we found that higher GMD in frontal regions associated with CR was associated with superior letter fluency. Conclusions: Executive control and verbal ability assessed by letter fluency in FTLD is mediated in part by CR and frontal GMD. The identification of factors influencing cognitive and anatomic heterogeneity in FTLD suggests that CR should be considered in symptom detection, prognosis, and treatment.
Effect of Forging Temperature on Deformability and Structure Evolution of High Purity Aluminium during Multi-Directional Forging Process

The effects of final forging temperatures on deformability and structure evolution of high purity aluminum during multi-directional forging process were investigated. The results showed that increasing the initial forging temperature is beneficial for controlling the sample shape in the initial forging passes. Recrystallization during the initial forging passes improves the deformability of the sample in the following low-temperature forging processes. An X-shape fine grain zone is formed in the sample due to the inhomogeneous deformation of multi-directional forging process. When the forging pass is 6, the final forging temperature has an important influence on the grain size in the fine grain zone. The grain size decreases from 302 μm to 60 μm with the final forging temperature decreasing from 310 °C to 65 °C. The X-shape fine grain zone caused by the inhomogeneous deformation cannot be eliminated by increasing the final forging temperature (even higher than the recrystallization temperature of high purity aluminium).
Posture in Relation to God and Ethnic Background: A Qualitative Analysis of Urban Youth Ministry Workers' Responses to Crisis:

The relationship between humans and God has been one of great interest to scholars throughout the ages (Snow, McMinn, Bufford, & Brenlinger, 2011). This study analyzed urban youth ministry workers'...
Calculation of Eddy Currents in the CTH Vacuum Vessel and Coil Frame for Use in MHD Equilibrium Reconstruction of the Plasma Discharge

Knowledge of eddy currents in the vacuum vessel walls and nearby conducting support structures can significantly contribute to the accuracy of Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equilibrium reconstruction ...
Nursing and Hospital Abortions in the United States, 1967–1973

Before elective abortion was legalized nationally in 1973 with the U.S. Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade, seventeen states and the District of Columbia liberalized their abortion statutes. While scholars have examined the history of physicians who had performed abortions before and after it was legal and of feminists' work to expand the range of healthcare choices available to women, we know relatively little about nurses' work with abortion. By focusing on the history of nursing in those states that liberalized their abortion laws before Roe, this article reveals how women who sought greater control over their lives by choosing abortion encountered medical professionals who were only just beginning to question the gendered conventions that framed labor roles in American hospitals. Nurses, whose workloads increased exponentially when abortion laws were liberalized, were rarely given sufficient training to care for abortion patients. Many nurses directed their frustrations to the women patients who sought the procedure. This essay considers how the expansion of women's right to abortion prompted nurses to question the gendered conventions that had shaped their work experiences.
Anti-symmetric plasma moment equations with conservative discrete counterparts

We derive a set of fluid moment equations with inherent consistency and numerical stability, conceived by exploiting the anti-symmetric nature of the plasma flow operator (∇·v+v·∇). The obtained equations can be interpreted as an alternative to the traditional Eulerian and Lagrangian representations—one in which plasma flows generate infinitesimal rotations of generalized fluid moments n, nv, and p. The continuous model has a discrete analog with exact mass, momentum, and energy conservation, which is achieved by construction through vanishing integrals of the anti-symmetric flow terms. Positivity preservation is obtained through the use of the generalized moment quantities. The conservation properties of the approach are illustrated in simulations of seeded blob propagation, where we verify numerical conservation to machine accuracy.
Bénard Convection and Effects of Rotation

A plane layer of fluid uniformly heated from below and subject to rotation is considered as a severely idealized model of small-scale convection which can drive large-scale mean motions. The three-dimensional, time-dependent flow is simulated by numerical solution of the Boussinesq equations, including all Coriolis terms. At high latitudes, rotation reduces the horizontal scale of the convective elements and decreases the vertical heat flux. In the tropics, rotation elongates the cells and produces opposite mean flows near the surface and aloft, together with equatorward fluxes of heat and angular momentum. The simulations are illustrated by a computer-produced movie.
XY Sex Reversal in the Mouse

Publisher Summary In mammals, the Y chromosome is responsible for testis determination. Because in the absence of a Y, the fetal gonads develop into ovaries, one can view ovarian differentiation as being the “default” pathway. A gene on the Y is hypothesized to switch the developing gonads from the pathway of ovarian differentiation to that of testis differentiation by triggering a cascade of testis-determining genes. The developing testes secrete hormones such as testosterone and Mullerian-inhibiting substance, which result in the male phenotype. The hypothetical Y-chromosome gene that initiates testis determination is designated testis determining factor ( TDF ) in humans and testis determining-Y ( Tdy ) in the mouse. One way to understand normal testis determination is to study the cases of abnormal testis determination. The utility of the XY sex-reversed individual lies in its contribution to the understanding of why testis determination failed despite the presence of a Y chromosome, thereby, providing insight into the regulation and function of TDF and genes upstream and downstream of Tdy in the testis differentiation cascade.
Chemistry of the Atmosphere

To understand the chemistry of the atmosphere, we must consider chemical reactions, the effects of temperature on chemistry and dynamics, the sun’s role in photolysis reactions and atmospheric heating, and the interplay between dynamics and chemistry. This series of lectures provides a brief summary of the primary chemistry controlling stratospheric gases, particularly ozone. We first review some general chemical principles governing stratospheric chemistry, describe the concept of “family” chemistry, and discuss the principal chemical reactions that govern the interactions of key gases in the stratosphere. The development given here parallels that in Brasseur and Solomon (1984). We then discuss mid-latitude ozone depletion and probe the mechanisms likely to be responsible for it. Finally, we briefly summarize the chemistry of polar ozone depletion. These lecture notes are intended to summarize key concepts, but are not a review of the scientific literature upon which those concepts are based. A limited number of papers will be cited only where necessary, and generally to highlight very recent work not yet found in other reviews. For more information about the large volume of original work developing the chemistry discussed here, the reader is urged to examine the WMO/UNEP (1985, 1989, 1991, 1994) reviews and the original literature cited therein.
Organizational Learning Curves: An Overview

“Learning curves” have been found in many organizations. As organizations produce more of a product, the unit cost of production typically decreases at a decreasing rate. A learning curve for the production of an advanced military jet built in the 1970s and 1980s is shown in Fig. 1.1. The number of direct labor hours required to assemble each jet aircraft is plotted on the vertical axis; the cumulative number of aircraft produced is plotted on the horizontal axis. As can be seen from Fig. 1.1, the number of direct labor hours required to assemble each aircraft decreased significantly as experience was gained in production, and the rate of decrease declined with rising cumulative output. This and related phenomena are referred to as learning curves, progress curves, experience curves, or learning by doing.
Selecting Functional Test Sequences for Defect Diagnosis

A simulation-based design verification process creates a large pool of functional test sequences. Such sequences have several advantages when they are used as manufacturing tests and for defect diagnosis. This brief considers the problem of selecting functional test sequences from a given pool when the goal is to use the sequences for defect diagnosis. The procedure described in this brief relies on the defect diagnosis of faulty units for the selection of sequences. Experimental results for simulated faulty units based on benchmark circuits demonstrate the possibility of learning from a limited set of faulty units which sequences from a given pool are effective for defect diagnosis.
Random Assemblies for Lawmaking? Prospects and Limits*:

A randomly selected microcosm of the people can usefully play an official role in the lawmaking process. However, there are serious issues to be confronted if such a random sample were to take on t...
Using Moderator Analysis to Identify the First-Grade Children Who Benefit More and Less From a Reading Comprehension Program: A Step Toward Aptitude-by-Treatment Interaction:

Because of the importance of teaching reading comprehension to struggling young readers and the infrequency with which it has been implemented and evaluated, we designed a comprehensive first-grade...
Prior Day Effect in Forecasting Daily Natural Gas Flow from Monthly Data

Many needs exist in the energy industry where measurement is monthly yet daily values are required. The process of disaggregation of low frequency measurement to higher frequency values has been presented in this literature. Also, a novel method that accounts for prior-day weather impacts in the disaggregation process is presented, even though prior-day impacts are not directly recoverable from monthly data. Having initial daily weather and gas flow data, the weather and flow data are aggregated to generate simulated monthly weather and consumption data. Linear regression models can be powerful tools for parametrization of monthly/daily consumption models and will enable accurate disaggregation. Two-, three-, four-, and six-parameter linear regression models are built. RMSE and MAPE are used as means for assessing the performance of the proposed approach. Extensive comparisons between the monthly/daily gas consumption forecasts show higher accuracy of the results when the effect of prior-day weather inputs are considered.
Beyond the Classroom and Casebook: The Three Things Every Young Insurance Defense Litigator Should Know

The purpose of this Article is to discuss three areas of the law in which young insurance defense lawyers should have a keen awareness of. The first part of this Article examines the importance and significance of requests for admissions. The second part of this Article analyzes an often-overlooked procedural mechanism, an offer of judgment, which can result in a resolution of a civil case without proceeding to trial. The third part of this Article discusses the transfer of cases from small claims court to either a county, district, or circuit court which is allowed in some jurisdictions.
Load and loss for high-speed lubrication flows of pressurized gases between non-concentric cylinders

We examine the high-speed flow of pressurized gases between non-concentric cylinders where the inner cylinder rotates at constant speed while the outer cylinder is stationary. The flow is taken to be steady, two-dimensional, compressible, laminar, single phase and governed by a Reynolds lubrication equation. Approximations for the lubricating force and friction loss are derived using a perturbation expansion for large speed numbers. The present theory is valid for general Navier–Stokes fluids at nearly all states corresponding to ideal, dense and supercritical gases. Results of interest include the observation that pressurization gives rise to large increases in the lubricating force and decreases in the fluid friction. The lubrication force is found to scale with the bulk modulus. Within the context of the Reynolds equation an exact relation between total heat transfer and power loss is developed.
A comparative study on catalytic activity and stability of TiO2, TiN, and TiC supported Pt electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells environment

Abstract The serious corrosion of carbon support in the Pt-based catalysts, resulting in their instability, is one of the most important technical issues hampering the wide application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In order to address this issue, TiO2, TiN, and TiC supported Pt nanoparticles (NPs) catalysts were synthesized using a simple polyol process and their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability have been investigated in acidic media of PEMFCs using rotating disk electrode (RDE) technique and compared with the commercial carbon supported Pt catalyst. The average Pt NPs sizes are 2.3, 2.3, and 2.6 nm for the Pt/TiO2, Pt/TiN, and Pt/TiC catalysts, respectively. Among these three synthesized catalysts, the Pt/TiC catalyst has the highest stability and best catalytic performance with higher ORR current, electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and mass-specific activity. The ORR performance of the synthesized Pt/TiC catalyst is found to be promising with higher area-specific activity (Is) of 252.6 μA cmPt−2 and almost identical mass-specific activity (Im) of 0.16 A mgPt−1 than that of the Pt/C with Is of 235.5 μA cmPt−2 and Im of 0.17 A mgPt−1 at E = 0.9 V in 0.1 M HClO4 solution. Additionally, the Pt/TiC shows the outstanding stability with no reduction in ORR performance and 10.1% increase in ECSA after accelerated stress test (AST).
Cytomorphologic comparison of type 1 and type 2 papillary renal cell carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of 28 cases.

Background Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is classified as type 1 or type 2 on the basis of histomorphologic features. Type 1 pRCC typically carries a better prognosis, and renal cell carcinoma is often diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Thus, this study was designed to characterize cytomorphologic features present in FNA cases that could be used to discriminate between type 1 and type 2 pRCC. Methods Electronic records of Indiana University were searched for pRCC FNA cases (2007-2018). Corresponding surgical pathology reports were reviewed to classify patients as having type 1 or type 2 pRCC. FNA slides were reviewed to assess cytomorphologic features (ie, nuclear grade; cell size; cytoplasmic volume and quality; and the presence of single cells, papillary clusters, nuclear grooves, foamy histiocytes, hemosiderin pigment, psammoma bodies, and hyaline globules). A semiquantitative score was assigned to each feature. The nuclear grade was assigned with the World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology grading system. The cytomorphologic features of type 1 and type 2 pRCC were compared. Results Sixteen patients with type 1 pRCC and 12 patients with type 2 pRCC were included in the study. Type 2 pRCC had a higher nuclear grade, a higher volume of cytoplasm, and more granular cytoplasm. Type 1 pRCC more frequently had nuclear grooves and clear cytoplasm. The remaining features (ie, cell size, papillary clusters, single cells, foamy histiocytes, hemosiderin pigment, psammoma bodies, and hyaline globules) were not statistically significant. Conclusions Nuclear grade, cytoplasmic volume and granularity or clarity, and nuclear grooves are cytomorphologic features that may aid in the distinction between type 1 and type 2 pRCC.
Socialism or Neoliberal Barbarism: Reconstructing Nasser’s Arab Socialism

Over the past sixty years, contemporary Arab political history has witnessed two significant shifts, each of which has resulted in enormous social, economic, cultural, and ideological transformations. The experience of the Arab world is not unique; rather, it is part of the contemporary “world story” in general, and experience of “the societies of the South” in particular, despite the uniqueness of the Arab experience, in general, and the experience of individual country. This review reconstructs the Arab experience since the early 1950s and distinguishes two historical stages economically, politically, and ideologically. The first stage is the era of decolonization and the rise of Arab socialism (1952–70); the second stage is the era of globalization of colonialism or neoliberal capitalism (1980–2011), which in the opinion of the author is responsible for the unfolding of events in the Arab world since the end of 2010. The goal of this comparison is intended as political and historical criticism of the current Arab condition. Comparing and contrasting both stages, and reconsidering the model and experience presented by President Gamal Abdel Nasser, it is concluded that the Arab nation is facing the choice between two critical options: socialism or neoliberal barbarism.
Health Care Crisis by the Numbers

We summarize recent data on health and health care in the United States. Many millions suffer financial distress due to medical bills and forego needed care because of costs. Pay-for-performance pr...
Recovering from Scandals: Twitter Coverage of Oxfam and Save the Children Scandals

We examine Twitter data to assess the impact of media exposes on the reputations of two international nonprofits, Oxfam and Save the Children (STC). Using a random sample of 6794 Tweets, we study the daily gap between positive and negative sentiments expressed towards these organizations. The “unweighted gap” and the “weighted gap” (weighted by the number of followers) of the Twitter handle follow broadly the same trajectory with high fluctuation in response to new negative or positive media stories. Twitter handles with large audiences amplify variability in weighted gap. While Oxfam’s reputation did not fully recover to pre-Haiti levels even 6 months after the scandal, STC’s reputation returned to pre-scandal levels in 8 days, although it fluctuated in response to new revelations. Overall, reputation recovery for both organizations was aided when they received celebrity endorsements and focused public attention on their positive activities, especially by linking to visible global events.
A Review of Genome Wide Association Studies for Erectile Dysfunction

To review large cohort genome wide association studies for erectile dysfunction. Two recent genome wide association studies using the Genetic Epidemiology Research in Adult Health and Aging cohort, UK Biobank, and the Partners HealthCare Biobank have identified an association between unique single nucleotide polymorphisms involved in the regulatory activity of single-minded homolog 1 (SIM1) and risk of erectile dysfunction. SIM1 is involved in the leptin-melanocortin pathway and may contribute to centrally mediated erectile dysfunction. Identification of novel loci associated with erectile function from genome wide association studies will help expand the understanding of the breadth of pathways that contribute to erectile dysfunction. This will help accelerate studies of novel therapies for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Teaching programming with Grace at Portland state

The Grace programming language has been a work-in-progress since 2010, when a group of educators who were also programming language researchers committed to designing a new object-oriented programming language targeted at teaching. The design of Grace is largely complete, and has been described elsewhere; implementation is sufficiently advanced for Grace to have been used for teaching ten classes - mostly of novices. This article offers an impression of how Grace works in the classroom.
A Systems View of Supporting the Transfer of Learning through E-Service-Learning Experiences in Real-World Contexts.

Despite the fact that e-service-learning has been regarded as a means to providing students with valuable real-world experiences, the pace of implementing e-service-learning into online courses has not kept up with the overall growth of online learning. Further examination into instructional strategies and supports to facilitate e-service-learning are needed. To address this need, a systematic review of research was conducted to examine instructional supports used to facilitate e-service-learning experiences in an online environment. Many authors recommended the importance of providing the tools necessary to promote collaboration in the online environment. This study proffers a conceptual framework to support the design of learning experiences that promote service-learning, real-world experiences, while contending with contextual factors that impact transfer of learning in authentic contexts. It also examines how instructional scaffolds are being used in digital settings to mitigate design challenges and promote authentic experiences through e-service-learning activities.
A Biography of the German Atomic Bomb

The “German Atomic Bomb” was not a person, in fact it never existed. This story is really a collective biography of different people in different contexts perceiving the potential of such a weapon in different ways. This includes how they were affected by this potential weapon, how they perceived its threat or benefit, and how they responded, with this sometimes changing over time. Therefore the German Atomic Bomb has been a constantly shifting metaphor for the collective fear and hope created by nuclear fission. It had a beginning, it developed and changed over time, and it should have had an end.