cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical implications of prostatic capsular abutment or bulging on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND The presence of capsular abutment or bulging can raise concern when planning surgery. In this study we aimed to test the clinical implications of capsular abutment or bulging on preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). METHODS We analyzed the data of 291 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) for a cT1-2N0 prostate cancer in a single surgeon series. All patients underwent preoperative staging with mpMRI. PIRADS v2 was used for characterizing lesions. The role of capsular abutment or bulging was tested in a multivariable logistic regression adjusting for prostate-specific antigen and highest ipsilateral biopsy Gleason grade. The presence of focal versus extensive extracapsular extension (ECE) was investigated. RESULTS Overall, ECE on final pathology was documented in 35 (12%) cases and ECE was focal in 32 (91%) patients. Overall, mpMRI demonstrated capsule bulging or abutment in 12 (24%) cases. After adjusting for confounders, capsule bulging or abutment on mpMRI emerged as predictor for ECE (OR=6.70; 95% CI: 2.97-15.12, P<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of capsule abutment or bulging in predicting ECE were 43% and 95%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 36% and 48% respectively to predict focal ECE. CONCLUSIONS The PIRADS v2 scoring system has a grey zone concerning ECE as defined by capsule abutment or bulging. We found an increased risk of ECE and specifically focal ECE when capsule bulging or abutment on mpMRI are documented.
Perception of Interdisciplinary Teamwork Amongst Direct Patient Care Providers in a Level 4 Neonatal ICU

Purpose: Effective teamwork in a busy neonatal-infant intensive unit, (N/IICU), is considered an essential factor in delivering high-quality, safe patient care. Literature suggests that important components in building effective teamwork include direct accurate communication, a unified team mission, trust and job satisfaction. Studying human factors and analyzing teambuilding behaviors in the N/IICU involving all caregivers are lacking. The objective of this project …
Complex Avian Behaviour and Cognition: A Mapping Sentence Approach

I commence the chapter by noting how bird behaviour and birds’ cognitive abilities are complex and most validly understood as interacting assemblies of multiple aspects of the behaviour that are both internal and external to the bird and which include the environmental location of such behaviours. This chapter then considers how mapping sentences and facet theory may be used to understand complex avian cognitive behaviour when it is thought of in this sophisticated sense. I expand my interest in bird behaviour from the focussed and simplistic research design and analysis I presented in the last chapter that addressed a single behaviour, and I consider the substantive content of this book, complex bird behaviour. I then outline what I mean by complex bird behaviour using the mapping sentence to structure my presentation of avian behaviour and cognition. I offer details of complex avian behaviour that have been used as indicators of avian cognitive abilities in the literature. These are perspective taking, which involves birds in behaving in a manner that acknowledges the viewpoint of another bird; experience projection, a form of behaviour that scientists have investigated that involves the use of memory to determine future skilled behaviour; co-operative problem-solving that requires a bird to solve problems through co-operating with the same or a different species animal; and insight, which is a behaviour or skill that has been the subject of avian research where a bird uses insight to create novel tools or instruments and then employ the tools to solve a specific task or problem that the tool has not previously been used to solve. Throughout this chapter my presentation of complex avian behaviour and cognition will not simply be a list of these activities and how these have been the subject of research, although I will commence by doing this. Instead, I will use the mapping sentence to structure my presentation, and these will be used to demonstrate how my approach can be employed to provide a research framework for investigating complex cognitive activities in birds.
Advances in Communication Relay Satellite Techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the communication satellite field, which may be divided into subfields covering satellites used for different communication purposes. There are three major types of these satellites distinguished so far: (1) relay satellites, (2) broadcast satellites, and (3) distribution satellites. Relay satellites are intended to handle bulk message traffic between two points on the earth's surface. The technique corresponds exactly to the communication service known as the point-to-point service. Broadcast satellites are intended to provide program service to a large number of listeners scattered over a wide area. The service corresponds exactly to the present broadcast service, in which radio and TV are used to transmit programs to home owners. The distribution satellite is a recently recognized separate version, which is intended to transmit specialized material from its source to a number of distribution points, which retail the signal to the ultimate user. This service corresponds roughly to the operation of a network used in the distribution of TV programs but is not limited to program material. At present, various points around the world are interconnected by a variety of communication techniques. The communication relay satellite is of particular importance in the long range service of the intercontinent type.
Systematic evaluation of mobile fitness apps: Apps as the Tutor, Recorder, Game Companion, and Cheerleader

Abstract Mobile fitness applications are innovating the ways in which smartphone users self-manage their health. Prior research found that app functions may impact app efficacy. However, research to date has not sought to systematically investigate how different combinations of app functions impact user response to apps, especially adoption intent. This article describes two studies on mobile fitness app characteristics and user attitudes. Study One used content analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis on 98 iPhone fitness apps and identified four app clusters: “Tutor”, “Recorder”, “Game Companion”, and “Cheerleader.” Tracking was the predominant function in current market, but tracking-focused Recorder apps received lowest user ratings among all app clusters. Users favored Tutor apps that combine exercise education and tracking, and Game Companion apps that combine gamification, tracking, and social functions. Function combinations, rather than standalone functions, impact app success. Following a Reasoned Action Approach, Study Two found various effects of individual differences (age, gender, BMI, eHealth literacy, smartphone experience, function preference) on user attitude toward different fitness app types. A comparison between two studies demonstrated a mismatch between market offerings and user needs regarding app functions. Implications of results for mobile fitness app design to improve consumer health and for theories are discussed.
Relationships between expertise and distinctiveness: Abnormal medical images lead to enhanced memory performance only in experts

Memories are encoded in a manner that depends on our knowledge and expectations (“schemas”). Consistent with this, expertise tends to improve memory: Experts have elaborated schemas in their domains of expertise, allowing them to efficiently represent information in this domain (e.g., chess experts have enhanced memory for realistic chess layouts). On the other hand, in most situations, people tend to remember abnormal or surprising items best—those that are also rare or out-of-the-ordinary occurrences (e.g., surprising—but not random—chess board configurations). This occurs, in part, because such images are distinctive relative to other images. In the current work, we ask how these factors interact in a particularly interesting case—the domain of radiology, where experts actively search for abnormalities. Abnormality in mammograms is typically focal but can be perceived in the global “gist” of the image. We ask whether, relative to novices, expert radiologists show improved memory for mammograms. We also test for any additional advantage for abnormal mammograms that can be thought of as unexpected or rare stimuli in screening. We find that experts have enhanced memory for focally abnormal images relative to normal images. However, radiologists showed no memory benefit for images of the breast that were not focally abnormal, but were only abnormal in their gist. Our results speak to the role of schemas and abnormality in expertise; the necessity for spatially localized abnormalities versus abnormalities in the gist in enhancing memory; and the nature of memory and decision-making in radiologists.
An Analysis of the Partnership between Retailers and Low-credibility News Publishers

In this paper, we provide a large-scale analysis of the display ad ecosystem that supports low-credibility and traditional news sites, with a particular focus on the relationship between retailers and news producers. We study this relationship from both the retailer and news producer perspectives. First, focusing on the retailers, our work reveals high-profile retailers that are frequently advertised on low-credibility news sites, including those that are more likely to be advertised on low-credibility news sites than traditional news sites. Additionally, despite high-profile retailers having more resources and incentive to dissociate with low-credibility news publishers, we surprisingly do not observe a strong relationship between retailer popularity and advertising intensity on low-credibility news sites. We also do not observe a significant difference across different market sectors. Second, turning to the publishers, we characterize how different retailers are contributing to the ad revenue stream of low-credibility news sites. We observe that retailers who are among the top-10K websites on the Internet account for a quarter of all ad traffic on low-credibility news sites. Nevertheless, we show that low-credibility news sites are already becoming less reliant on popular retailers over time, highlighting the dynamic nature of the low-credibility news ad ecosystem.
Interference-Aware Scheduling for Inference Serving

Machine learning inference applications have proliferated through diverse domains such as healthcare, security, and analytics. Recent work has proposed inference serving systems for improving the deployment and scalability of models. To improve resource utilization, multiple models can be co-located on the same backend machine. However, co-location can cause latency degradation due to interference and can subsequently violate latency requirements. Although interference-aware schedulers for general workloads have been introduced, they do not scale appropriately to heterogeneous inference serving systems where the number of co-location configurations grows exponentially with the number of models and machine types. This paper proposes an interference-aware scheduler for heterogeneous inference serving systems, reducing the latency degradation from co-location interference. We characterize the challenges in predicting the impact of co-location interference on inference latency (e.g., varying latency degradation across machine types), and identify properties of models and hardware that should be considered during scheduling. We then propose a unified prediction model that estimates an inference model's latency degradation during co-location, and develop an interference-aware scheduler that leverages this predictor. Our preliminary results show that our interference-aware scheduler achieves 2× lower latency degradation than a commonly used least-loaded scheduler. We also discuss future research directions for interference-aware schedulers for inference serving systems.
Risk Quantification for Automated Driving using Information from V2V Basic Safety Messages

Using data from V2V links along with onboard sensor data is recognized as a crucial step towards the safety and reliability of future automated driving. We address short-term trajectory planning for the ego vehicle. We propose a threat field model of the traffic surrounding the ego vehicle. Informally, the threat field indicates the possibility of collisions in the vehicle’s vicinity. We study uncertainty in the threat field due to uncertainty in the positions and velocities of surrounding vehicles, which may be known to the ego CAV via basic safety messages. The cost of trajectories is defined by the expected threat exposure, and the risk of trajectories is quantified based on the variance in cost. Uncertainty quantification is studied using Monte Carlo sampling as well a perturbation-based approach. The main result of this paper is the observation that small localization errors and/or speed measurement errors can lead to large risks in planned trajectories.
Litigating the Financial Crisis

The government’s response to the financial crisis was dramatic, enormous, and unprecedented, and nothing about it has been overseen by the courts. In our federal system, the courts are supposed to put the policies of presidents and congresses to the test of judicial review, to evaluate decisions by the executive to sanction individuals for wrongdoing, and to resolve disputes between private parties. But during and after the financial crisis, there has been almost none of that sort of judicial review of government, few sanctions on the private sector for conduct during the crisis, especially criminal ones, for the courts to scrutinize, and a private dispute process that, while increasingly active, has resulted in settlements, rather than trials or verdicts. This Article tells the story of the marginal role of courts in the financial crisis, evaluates the costs of that role, and provides suggestions to ensure a real, if not all-encompassing, judicial role during the next economic emergency.
Universal Values, Behavioral Ethics and Entrepreneurship

This is a comparison of graduate students attitudes in Spain and the United States on the issue of universal versus relativist ethics. The findings show agreement on fundamental universal values across cultures but differences in responses to behavioral ethics within the context of entrepreneurial dilemmas.
David Neeleman: Flight Path of a Servant Leader (A)

David Neeleman, founder of JetBlue, is forced to confront a crisis in customer confidence following operational difficulties on February 14, 2007. This becomes a vital test of his leadership.
Inhibition of Arbovirus Protein Synthesis by Interferon

Infection of cells treated with guanidine and actinomycin D and then washed to remove the guanidine inhibition of virus growth had no effect on antiviral activity already established by interferon. Protein synthesis in interferon-treated cells infected under these conditions was decreased as compared to control cells similarly treated but not exposed to interferon. In these control cells, analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that six proteins were produced during the first hour after guanidine reversal. Five of these proteins have been previously identified as probably being viral in origin. In interferon-treated cells, only a single major protein was produced. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis by Semliki Forest virus during the first hour after guanidine reversal was markedly depressed by incubation at 42 C, but no inhibition of total virus protein synthesis was seen; this finding suggested that much of the virus protein produced in the first hour after guanidine reversal was carried out by input virus RNA. Interferon was fully active in cells incubated at 42 C. The results suggested that interferon inhibits the production of Semliki Forest virus proteins ordinarily produced under the direction of the virus genome.
Primary care management of vitamin D deficiency and liver disease.

Purpose Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common medical conditions. Up to 96% of patients with liver disease have this deficiency. The purpose of this manuscript is to educate primary care nurse practitioners (NPs) of vitamin D deficiency and its proper management in patients with liver disease. Data sources Information was compiled by reviewing the scientific literature on cirrhosis, liver disease, and vitamin D deficiency (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed search engines). Conclusions While the usual supplement dose for vitamin D deficiency is 1000 international units (vitamin D3) daily, vitamin D2 supplementation at doses of 50,000 international units can be given for correction. Primary care NPs can assist patients with liver disease with optimal nutrition and vitamin supplementation. Implications for practice Primary care NPs should be aware of vitamin D deficiency in patients with liver disease. Vitamin D supplementation may be required in high doses in those patients with a moderate to severe deficiency. Repeat 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels should be checked after supplementation is completed and yearly thereafter.
Scaling in the two-dimensional O(4) σ model

Abstract The scaling behavior of the two-dimensional O(4) σ model is investigated by Monte Carlo renormalization-group methods and through measurements of the correlation length and magnetic susceptibility. For large enough couplings we find agreement with the standard asymptotic-freedom scenario inferred from perturbation theory. A finite-size scaling analysis supports this conclusion and shows that finite-size effects are unter control.
Prediction of leachate concentrations in petroleum‐contaminated soils

Abstract The efficacy of cleanup methods in reducing gasoline contamination at spill sites is typically determined by measuring benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX), and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations in soil samples. Although these values may provide a direct measurement of soil contamination, they may not be indicative of what is transferred to percolating water. This study addresses this issue by measuring TPH, toluene, m‐ and p‐xylene, and naphthalene levels in gasoline‐contaminated soil columns before and after forced‐air venting and relating these values to the aqueous‐phase concentrations measured when water is percolated through the same columns. Sandy soils with and without organic matter were packed into glass columns. The soils were brought to residual water and residual gasoline saturations by applying a vacuum to a ceramic pressure plate at the column bottom. Venting was performed by passing clean, moist air through the columns. The columns were subsequently leached under unsatura...
Polyoma Virus Infection, Adrenal, Mouse

This agent induces tumors in a variety of organs, most commonly the parotid salivary glands. Adrenal tumors are unilateral or bilateral. They are very soft, fleshy, and pale pink with foci of internal hemorrhage. Their surfaces are smooth and glistening. Large tumors may be multinodular and reach 2.5 cm in diameter. Metastases are often widespread to liver, lungs, ovary, pancreas, and peripheral lymph nodes (Stewart 1955, 1960).
Autoantibodies to Phosphatidylcholine

The observation that murine B-cell populations can contain relatively large numbers of cells that produce IgM with the ability to lyse bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes (BrMRBC), but not normal untreated MRBC, was made nearly 20 years ago. The major observations regarding the antigen specificity, the cells that produce this IgM, and the immunoglobulin V genes that encode them are summarized in this report. The epitope on BrMRBC that is recognized has been identified as the head group of phosphatidylcholine (PtC); B cells whose IgM has this specificity can be easily identified by their ability to bind fluorescent synthetic liposomes whose membrane contains PtC. The cells producing IgM specific for PtC all derive from the Ly-1 B-cell subset, and they use primarily two VH/VL gene pairs to encode the anti-PtC antibodies. The VH genes used describe two new VH gene families, VH11 and VH12. The genes encoding anti-PtC are unmutated and have characteristics and restricted VDJ constructions. The cells with this specificity, within individual mice, are polyclonal. These criteria are consistent with a primary antigen-driven clonal selection mechanism as the basis for the development of this immune specificity.
Sustainable Groundwater Management in the Arid Southwestern US: Coachella Valley, California

Sustainable groundwater management requires approaches to assess the influence of climate and management actions on the evolution of groundwater systems. Traditional approaches that apply continuity to assess groundwater sustainability fail to capture the spatial variability of aquifer responses. To address this gap, our study evaluates groundwater elevation data from the Coachella Valley, California, within a groundwater sustainability framework given the adoption of integrative management strategies in the valley. Our study details an innovative approach employing traditional statistical methods to improve understanding of aquifer responses. In this analysis, we evaluate trends at individual groundwater observation wells and regional groundwater behaviors using field significance. Regional elevation trends identified no significant trends during periods of intense groundwater replenishment, active since 1973, despite spatial variability in individual well trends. Our results illustrate the spatially limited effects of groundwater replenishment occur against a setting of long-term groundwater depletion, raising concerns over the definition of sustainable groundwater management in aquifer systems employing integrative management strategies.
Oxidative Stress and the Decline of Adaptive Homeostasis in Aging

Oxidative stress causes major perturbations of homeostasis. The classical view of homeostasis considers a single range of biological capacities, extending above and below a mean value. Thus, we may consider mean blood pressure for a ‘normal’ 20 year old female to be approximately 110/70, with a high end ranging up to 130/80 and a low end ranging down to 100/60. Over the past two decades, however, studies from this laboratory (and several others) have demonstrated that in responding to oxidative stress cells, simple organisms, and even mammals, can temporarily expand the homeostatic range by undergoing transient adaptation. Such adaptive responses to oxidative stress depend on altered gene expression and are orchestrated by signal transduction pathways, such as the Nrf2-Keap1 system. Such adaptive pathways allow cells and organisms to cope with transient changes in (internal or external) environments, and many forms of stress, including oxidative stress. Thus, in addition to the ‘normal’ range of homeostatic capabilities, there is an additional range of adaptive capacity that I propose should be called, ‘Adaptive Homeostasis.’ Importantly, several oxidative stress studies from this laboratory now show that Adaptive Homeostasis declines with age in cells, worms, flies, and rodents; in other words, a decline in Adaptive Homeostasis appears to be a ‘normal’ age-dependent phenomenon. Declining Adaptive Homeostatic capacities may make older organisms (and people?) more susceptible to multiple stresses, and to disease. On the other hand, declining Adaptive Homeostasis may be protective against cancer. While the full explanation for age-dependent declining Adaptive Homeostasis is still under study, our research indicates that diminishing Nrf2 responsiveness, and increasing levels of (competitive?) Nrf1, Bach1, and c-Myc may all play important roles.
Two High Energy Physics Experiments using the Luminescent Chamber

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses about two high energy physics experiments using the luminescent chamber. The luminescent chamber and its newer companion, the spark chamber, permit experiments in high energy physics employing a fast time resolution of about one microsecond, moderate apace resolution of about one millimeter, and have the ability to select the event to be recorded. Thus the one event of interest in 10 4 or 10 5 incident particles per pulse may be photographed with a time resolution adequate to reject other events from the same picture. During 1959, experiments were done which involved operating a luminescent chamber in parasitic particle beams at the Bevatron of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, and during 1960 two experiments in high energy pion physics were successfully carried out. This chapter presents a report of the details of the execution of these experiments. It comments on the luminescent chamber technique in this context to show what actually has been done in using the luminescent chamber in high energy physics.
Muscle glucose uptake of obese Zucker rats trained at two different intensities.

Exercise training reduces the muscle insulin resistance of the obese Zucker rat. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the magnitude of this training response is exercise intensity specific. Obese Zucker rats were randomly divided into sedentary (SED), low-intensity (LI), and high-intensity (HI) exercise groups. For the LI rats, exercise training consisted of running on a rodent treadmill at 18 m/min up an 8% grade for 90 min. Rats in the HI group ran at 24 m/min up an 8% grade for four 17-min bouts with 3 min between bouts. Both exercise groups performed the same amount of work and trained 5 days/wk for 7 wk. To evaluate muscle insulin resistance, rat hindlimbs were perfused for 30 min with perfusate containing 6 mM glucose (0.15 mu Ci of D-[14C(U)] glucose/ml) and either a maximal (10.0 mU/ml) or a submaximal (0.50 mU/ml) insulin concentration. Perfusions were performed 48-56 h after the last exercise bout and a 12-h fast. In the presence of 0.5 mU/ml insulin, the rate of muscle glucose uptake was found to be significantly faster for the HI (9.56 +/- 0.66 mumol.h-1.g-1) than for the LI (7.72 +/- 0.65 mumol.h-1.g-1) and SED (6.64 +/- 0.44 mumol.h-1.g-1) rats. The difference in glucose uptake between the LI and SED rats was not significant. In the presence of 10.0 mU/ml insulin, the rate of glucose uptake was significantly faster for the HI (16.43 +/- 1.02 mumol.h-1.g-1) than for the LI rats (13.76 +/- 0.84 mumol.h-1.g-1) and significantly faster for the LI than for the SED rats (11.02 +/- 0.35 mumol.h-1.g-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Paleomagnetism and 40Ar/39Ar ages from volcanics extruded during the Matuyama and Brunhes Chrons near McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

Maps of virtual geomagnetic poles derived from international geomagnetic reference field models show large lobes with significant departures from the spin axis. These lobes persist in field models for the last few millenia. The anomalous lobes are associated with observation sites at extreme southerly latitudes. To determine whether these features persist for millions of years, paleomagnetic vector data from the continent of Antarctica are essential. We present here new paleomagnetic vector data and Ar-40/Ar-39 ages from lava flows spanning the Brunhes and Matuyama Chrons from the vicinity of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Oriented paleomagnetic samples were collected from 50 lava flows by E. Mankinen and A. Cox in the 1965-1966 austral summer season. Preliminary data based largely on the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) directions were published by Mankinen and Cox [1988]. We have performed detailed paleomagnetic investigations of 37 sites with multiple fully oriented core samples to investigate the reliability of results from this unique sample collection. Of these, only one site fails to meet our acceptance criteria for directional data. Seven sites are reversely magnetized. The mean normal and reverse directions are antipodal. The combined mean direction has (D) over bar =12, (I) over bar=-86, alpha=4, kappa=37 and is indistinguishable from that expected from a GAD field. We obtained reproducible absolute paleointensity estimates from 15 lava flows with a mean dipole moment of 49 ZAm(2) and a standard deviation of 28 ZAm(2). Ar-40/Ar-39 age determinations were successfully carried out on samples from 18 of the flows. Our new isotopic ages and paleomagnetic polarities are consistent with the currently accepted geomagnetic reversal timescales.
Kinetics of inhibition of rat liver and kidney arginases by proline and branched-chain amino acids

Abstract The effects of proline, leucine, isoleucine and valine on kidney and liver arginases were studied. At pH 7.5 and at nearly physiological concentrations, the branched-chain amino acids caused a significant inhibition of liver arginase A1 and only minor effects on kidney arginase A4. Kidney arginase was, however, much more sensitive to inhibition by proline than the liver enzyme. The inhibition of liver and kindey arginases by branched-chain amino acids was partial, indicating the existence of allosteric sites on both enzymes. The function of kidney arginase in proline biosynthesis and a possible role of branched-chain amino acids in the hydrolysis of arginine in liver is discussed.
Rupture of the deep epigastric vessels.

S O-CALLED “ spontaneous ” rupture of the deep epigastric vessels, while not a common accident, is such a dramatic entity and is of suffkient diagnostic importance that it must aIways be borne in mind. This is cause sufficient to warrant the report of two cases. Observations and deductions based on two cases cannot be concIusive, but are so opposed to the trite handed-down concepts, as to justify a modern rationalization of the etiology and basis of symptoms.
Fear of success in dating couples

A study of 91 college-age dating couples explored the relationship between women's fear of success and characteristics of their boyfriends. No relationship was found between women's fear of success and any of seven measures of men's sex-role attitudes. Boyfriends of women with high fear of success were more advanced in school and scored higher on SAT math than other men, but did not differ in college grades or SAT verbal scores. There was a tendency for women high in fear of success to anticipate problems in their relationship due to differences in intelligence or to their own desire for independence. It is suggested that boyfriends do not affect the strength of women's underlying motive to avoid success but can arouse the motive in specific situations. There was also a lack of relationship between women's fear of success and measures of their own sex-role attitudes and achievement.
Multiphoton microscopy: a potential "optical biopsy" tool for real-time evaluation of lung tumors without the need for exogenous contrast agents

Context.—Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an emerging, nonlinear, optical-biopsy technique, which can generate subcellular-resolution images from unprocessed and unstained tissue in real time. Objective.—To assess the potential of MPM for lung tumor diagnosis. Design.—Fresh sections from tumor and adjacent nonneoplastic lung were imaged with MPM and then compared with corresponding hematoxylin-eosin slides. Results.—Alveoli, bronchi, blood vessels, pleura, smokers' macrophages, and lymphocytes were readily identified with MPM in nonneoplastic tissue. Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (a preinvasive lesion) was identified in tissue adjacent to the tumor in one case. Of the 25 tumor specimens used for blinded pathologic diagnosis, 23 were diagnosable with MPM. Of these 23 cases, all but one adenocarcinoma (15 of 16; 94%) was correctly diagnosed on MPM, along with their histologic patterns. For squamous cell carcinoma, 4 of 7 specimens (57%) were correctly diagnosed. For the remaining 3 squamous cell carcinoma...
Iliosacral screw placement: are uniplanar changes realistic based on standard fluoroscopic imaging?

Background: With the aim of improving the understanding of iliosacral screw placement, two hypotheses were tested: (1) standard intraoperative inlet and outlet images are not based on orthogonal coordinates, and (2) therefore making starting point and aim changes by moving perpendicular to the c-arm beam will displace the guide wire on the other intraoperative radiographic view. Methods: This is a prospective case series with review of intraoperative data from consecutive patients treated at a University Level I trauma center. The study group included ten consecutive patients with nondysmorphic upper sacral segments and unstable posterior pelvic ring injuries that required surgical treatment. Posterior surgical stabilization included iliosacral screw placement using a standardized three- view technique in the supine position. The main outcome measurement included the angles from the perpendicular required to achieve what have been considered the ideal inlet and outlet views intraoperatively. The angle arc for each patient created by the recorded angles was then determined. Results: The average sagittal plane tilt required to achieve the ideal inlet view was 25 degrees (range, 21–33 degrees). The average sagittal plane tilt required to achieve the ideal outlet view was 42 degrees (range, 30–50 degrees). The average arc between the ideal inlet and outlet views was 67 degrees (range, 62–76 degrees). These views never created an orthogonal system. Conclusion: We commonly work in orthogonal systems. Within these systems, it is possible to make a uniplanar correction by moving perpendicular to one plane or radiographic view. The ideal views to image the safe zone for iliosacral screw placement do not create an orthogonal system. When this average angle arc is placed on a graphic model of the pelvis, it becomes clear that the plane of the radiographic beam of the ideal inlet view is collinear with the anterior aspect of the upper two sacral bodies. The outlet view is oblique to the upper sacral bodies. Surgeons must keep this in mind when using fluoroscopic views to insert iliosacral screws.
African Political Development

David Apter, The Political Kingdom in Uganda, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, i96i, 498 pp. $i0.00. Mamadou Dia, The African Nations and World Solidarity, trans. from the French by Mercer Cook, New York, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., i96i, I45 pp. $4.85; paperback edition, $i.85. Kalu Ezera, Constitutional Developments in Nigeria, Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge University Press, i960, 274 pp. $5.50. Millar MacLure and Douglas G. Anglin, eds., Africa: The Political Pattern, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, i96i, 62 pp. $2.50. Hugh H. and Mabel M. Smythe, The New Nigerian Elite, Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, i960, i96 pp. $5.00.
Psychotic versus nonpsychotic depression in hospitalized adolescents

One hundred fifty adolescent inpatients with major depression were systematically assessed for demographic and clinical differences between psychotic and nonpsychotic depression. Delusions and/or hallucinations were present in 10% of the subjects. The psychotic group had significantly more frequent and severe suicidal ideation. Posttraumatic stress disorder was also more frequent in the psychotic group. Depression and Anxiety 6:40‐42, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vascular Permeation of Platelet Factor 4 after Endothelial Injury

Antibody to platelet factor 4 was used to demonstrate permeation of this factor into the blood vessel wall after endothelial injury in rabbits. The presence of platelet factor 4 antigen in the vessel wall after removal of the endothelium was shown by immunofluorescence 10 and 30 minutes after injury but not 240 minutes afterward. This study demonstrates that factors carried by platelets can enter the vessel wall and that the movement of these platelet products into the vasculature is a short-lived, self-limiting process.
Problems in Privileged Communication.

Although most counselors offer their clients confidentiality as a condition of the counseling relationship, they are unable to guarantee the protection of privileged communication. Even when protected by statutory provision, counselors do not have total immunity from appearance in court and disclosure of confidential information. There are exceptions to privileged communications statutes that could produce severe conflicts between a counselor's ethical and legal duties, and similar problems can occur if the counselor is faced with a defamation or malpractice suit.
Radiation damage in dry etching

Abstract Submicrometer structures in GaAs and Si have been defined by a number of dry etching techniques which provide anisotropic etch profiles. In addition to etch anisotropy, an important consideration for device and circuit fabrication is whether the process introduces damage in the material or causes degradation in the electrical performance of devices. In dry etching, the directionality of the etch profiles depends on the bombardment of surfaces with energetic ions; therefore, devices potentially can suffer radiation damage. Contamination originating from polymer formation during etching or materials sputtered from the etching chamber can also influence device performance. Also, preferential etching or layer intermixing of compound semiconductors can cause stoichiometry modifications. In this paper, factors that influence damage in dry etching are reviewed. Dry etching techniques including reactive-ion etching, sputter etching, ion-beam etching, and ion-beam-assisted etching in Si and GaAs have been investigated. Damage induced in semiconductor substrates was evaluated by fabricating Schottky diodes and metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors on the etched surfaces. Induced damage in semiconductors was found to depend on ion energy, etching species, and etching chamber configuration. Damage can be minimized by using the optimal etching condition and chamber design. Techniques which can be used after dry etching to remove damage are also discussed.
Glass-forming tendency, percolation of rigidity, and onefold-coordinated atoms in covalent networks.

A three-dimensional covalent network of N atoms possessing a fraction (${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{r}}$/N) of r-fold-coordinated atoms will, in general, display percolation of rigidity at an average coordination number 〈r〉=2.4-0.4(${\mathit{n}}_{1}$/N), where ${\mathit{n}}_{1}$/N represents the fraction of onefold-coordinated atoms. As an example, we show how these ideas can elucidate the glass-forming region in the Ge-S-I ternary system.
Terahertz absorption by resonant plasmon excitations in grating-gated quantum wells

Terahertz detection using excitations of plasmon modes offers a high-speed, high resolution, and frequency-selective alternative to existing technology. Plasmons in high mobility quantum well two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) systems can couple to radiation when either the channel carrier density, or the incident radiation, is spatially modulated with appropriate periodicity. Grating-gated terahertz detectors having a voltage tunable frequency response have been developed based on this principle. A continuous wave THz photomixer was used to characterize the resonant absorption in such devices. At the fundamental 2DEG plasmon frequency, defined by the grating and the quantum well carrier density, a 20% change in transmission was observed. As the resonance is tuned from the 'natural' plasmon frequency through application of a gate bias, it shifts as expected, but the transmission change drops to only a few percent.
Diskospondylitis and Other Vertebral Infections

This article discusses infections of the spine, including diskospondylitis, vertebral osteomyelitis, and vertebral physitis. Spinal pain is the most common clinical sign. Plain radiography is usually diagnostic; computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are useful when the diagnosis is unclear. Serology for Brucella canis and cultures of blood and urine are important in identifying the cause. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is successful in the majority of cases of bacterial spinal infection.
Low loss orientation-patterned AlGaAs waveguides for quasi phase matched second harmonic generation

ABSTRACT We have demonstrated all-epitaxially fabricated orientation-patterned AlGaAs waveguides with reduced waveguide core corrugation for the quasi-phase- matched second harmonic generation (SHG) pumped at 1.55 µm. The attenuation coefficient is measured to be ~4.5 dB/m at 1.55 µm, and ~9.7 dB/cm at 780 nm. The conversion efficiency at continuous wave operation is 43%W -1 with an 8-mm long waveguide. Keywords: Second harmonic generation, nonlinear waveguides, quasi phase matching, AlGaAs, orientation patterned, frequency conversion, molecular beam epitaxy 1. INTRODUCTION GaAs is desirable for nonlinear optical wavelength conversion because of its high nonlinear coefficient. It is also desirable to fabricate nonlinear waveguide devices because of the tight confinement of optical mode in this type of devices would dramatically increase the efficiency. However, because of the isotropic nature of GaAs, birefringent phase matching is not possible in conventional GaAs-based waveguides, thus various artificial approaches have to be adopted. In contrast to bulk GaAs materials, in which phase matching has been achieved only by QPM
Assessing supplement safety--the FDA's controversial proposal.

By law, dietary supplements whose ingredients were not sold in the United States before 1994 require demonstration of a “reasonable expectation of safety” — a currently unenforced requirement. Will the FDA's proposed new guidance in this area be adequate?
US Sex Trafficking, Women's Human Rights and the Politics of Representation

Human rights and global feminist praxis have enabled important political work that addresses the transnational scope of gender violence. While the notion of women's human rights has this great positive potential, it has also been critiqued by scholars and activists as yet another site where uneven, global relationships are perpetuated and where addressing a material violence can perpetuate another kind of violence, particularly through the discursive act of representing ‘victims’ and explaining the causes of human rights violations. For instance, in the US, those wishing to seek aid as subjects of sex trafficking must often argue their own cultural ‘backwardness’ in order to be legible as ‘legitimate’ victims. Through a critical look at US governmental sex trafficking documents and legal cases, this work explores how ‘victims’ come to be defined and represented through adjudicating discourses; such discursive inquiry suggests that the paradox of universality at the heart of human rights necessitates more ...
Secondary relaxations and the constant density of states in quadrupolar glasses

Abstract The Hamiltonian for a set of interacting quadrupoles (QPs) randomly distributed in a non-polar host is considered. One such system is (KCN)χ(KBr)1−χ, where χ denotes the fractional concentration of the CN−QPs; χ is assumed to be in the regime where KCN-KBr exhibits glass-like properties, i.e., 0.2 ≲ χ ≲ 0.6. The model Hamiltonian considers the QP-QP interaction between the CN−QPs and the interaction of CN− with elastic random fields caused by random fluctuations in the local environment of the CN− ions. For low temperatures, T, we assume that QPs freeze into a state of quenched orientational disorder. However, the ground state of a system of N interacting QPs is still 2N-fold degenerate. A perturbation approach is used to lift the degeneracy and it is shown that the QPs can be described in terms of an effective two-level system Hamiltonian and that the density of states for low energies is constant. The constant density arises from 180° tunneling QPs coupled with a center of mass displacement of the QPs and is not related to the electric dipole moment of CN−, as was suggested previously by Sethna et al.
Microwave‐enhanced, solvent‐free synthesis of singly and doubly 13C‐labelled trans‐cinnamic acid at the α‐ and β‐carbon positions

13C-labelled trans-cinnamic acid (3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid) has been synthesized in one step using benzaldehyde-carbonyl-13C and malonic acid-2-13C in the presence of ammonium acetate under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TGF-β-signaling with small molecule FKBP12 antagonists that bind myristoylated FKBP12-TGF-β type I receptor fusion proteins

Abstract Background: Growth arrest in many cell types is triggered by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which signals through two TGF-β receptors (type I, TGF-βRI, and type II, TGF-βRII). In the signaling pathway, TGF-β binds to the extracellular domain of TGF-βRII, which can then transphosphorylate TGF-βRI in its glycine/serine (GS)-rich box. Activated TGF-βRI phosphorylates two downstream effectors, Smad2 and Smad3, leading to their translocation into the nucleus. Cell growth is arrested and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is upregulated. We investigated the role of the immunophilin FKBP12, which can bind to the GS box of TGF-βRI, in TGF-β signaling. Results: Overexpression of myristoylated TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII cytoplasmic tails caused constitutive nuclear translocation of a green-fluorescent-protein-Smad2 construct in COS-1 cells, and constitutive activation of a PAI-1 reporter plasmid in mink lung cells. Fusing FKBP12 to TGF-βRI resulted in repression of autosignaling that could be alleviated by FK506M or rapamycin (two small molecules that can bind to FKBP12). Mutation of the FKBP12-binding site in the FKBP12-TGF-βRI fusion protein restored constitutive signaling. An acidic mutation in the FKBP12-TGFβRI protein allowed FKBP12 antagonists to activate signaling in the absence of TGF-βRII. Further mutations in the TGF-βRI FKBP12-binding site resulted in TGF-β signaling that was independent of both TGF-βRII and FKBP12 antagonists. Conclusions: Fusing FKBP12 to TGF-βRI results in a novel receptor that is activated by small molecule FKBP12 antagonists. These results suggest that FKBP12 binding to TGF-βRI is inhibitory and that FKBP12 plays a role in inhibiting TGF-β superfamily signals.
Arrest of He bubble growth in Cu–Nb multilayer nanocomposites

Transmission electron microscopy on Cu–Nb multilayer nanocomposites implanted with 1017 cm−2 of 33 keV 4He+ at 763 K revealed uniformly dispersed He bubbles of 1–2 nm diameter in Nb and a broad distribution of larger ones in Cu. Bubbles in Cu were confined by the neighboring Nb, limiting their size normal to Cu–Nb interfaces to the Cu layer. The conditions under which layered composite morphology may be used to control He bubble distributions in materials under irradiation are discussed.
Capture of Anastrepha suspensa and Sterile Male Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Multilure Traps Versus Phase 4 Traps

Field trials were conducted in south Florida to compare capture of wild Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), and sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), in Multilure traps, which are McPhail-type traps that use an aqueous solution to retain attracted flies, and Phase 4 traps, which are open-bottom dry traps that use a sticky insert to retain attracted flies. One study was conducted in a guava orchard and compared capture of A. suspensa in both trap types baited with ammonium acetate plus putrescine alone (two-component BioLure) or in combination with trimethylamine (three-component BioLure). A second study compared captures of A. suspensa and sterile male C. capitata in traps baited with three-component BioLure in an urban area near the end of the eradication program for a C. capitata outbreak. In both studies, captures were higher in the Multilure traps than the Phase 4 traps baited with the same lure, with catches ranging from 5:1 for sterile C. capitata, and ∼10:1 to ∼100:1 for wild A. suspensa. Large scale area-wide deployment of fruit fly detection traps is costly in both materials and in the time and effort required in routine servicing. Although a simpler and cheaper trap such as the Phase 4 trap would be a welcome relief to any large scale area-wide detection programs, it must perform effectively. This is the first report of tests of fruit fly capture in Phase 4 traps conducted under of south Florida conditions.