cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Faculty in Colleges of Education: Problems and Prospects

Abstract Certain colleges of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and library science are increasingly hiring clinical faculty members to teach courses that were previously taught by academic faculty with terminal degrees in their fields. These schools have a wide range of experiences relating to the introduction of a clinical “subculture” into the larger culture of an academic professional school. Various explanatory models have been devised that attempt to clarify these experiences and offer suggestions for improvement. This article reviews the literature regarding these issues in order to apply its findings to colleges of education, many of which have also begun to experience a growing clinical faculty presence over the last ten years.
Casimir energies of fields on even dimensional Kaluza-Klein Spaces of the form M4 × SN1 × SN2 × …,

Abstract A recently developed technique of evaluating the logarithmically divergent part of the Casimir energy of fields defined on simple even dimensional Kaluza-Klein backgrounds is reviewed and applied to the gravity field itself on M 4 × S 1 × S 1 . Results are also given for 4 and 6 dimensional internal tori.
Physiology of Respiration

The physiological measure of respiration is either CO2 efflux from, or O2 uptake by, plant tissue. By definition, but not necessarily in measurement, this gas exchange is associated with the activity of glycolysis, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle linked to mitochondrial electron transport, which may be coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. Because of reverse fluxes of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis, respiration of photosynthetic tissue is usually measured in the dark. The use of labeled O2 does not entirely overcome this problem in irradiated photosynthetic tissue, since O2 is also consumed in photorespiration and pseudocyclic photophosphorylation (Mehler reaction, autooxidation of Photosystem I). Also, respiration of 14C-labeled substrate is somewhat masked by refixation of CO2 within the photosynthetically active cell. In roots and other nonphotosynthetic organs, therefore, the biochemistry and physiology of respiration is perhaps more easily studied. Quantitative measures or estimates of respiration rate by all plant parts are necessary, however, for constructing quantitative carbon budgets for plants and crops. These carbon budgets precede a full appreciation of the significance of various plant processes, including respiration, to crop productivity.
Strategies for dynamic load balancing on highly parallel computers

Dynamic load balancing strategies for minimizing the execution time of single applications running in parallel on multicomputer systems are discussed. Dynamic load balancing (DLB) is essential for the efficient use of highly parallel systems when solving non-uniform problems with unpredictable load estimates. With the evolution of more highly parallel systems, centralized DLB approaches which make use of a high degree of knowledge become less feasible due to the load balancing communication overhead. Five DLB strategies are presented which illustrate the tradeoff between 1) knowledge - the accuracy of each balancing decision, and 2) overhead - the amount of added processing and communication incurred by the balancing process. All five strategies have been implemented on an Inter iPSC/2 hypercube. >
Tropical dry forest trees and the relationship between local abundance and geographic range

Aim To test the macroecological principle that a positive relationship exists between local abundance and geographic range size for tree communities in the tropical dry forest. Location Two tropical dry forest (TDF) regions on the Pacific coast of Mexico: one near Chamela, Jalisco; the other near Huatulco, Oaxaca. Methods We recorded species presence and relative abundance of trees and lianas from over 40 locales in each of the study regions using transects across an elevational gradient. We then compared the field data with occurrence data from national and online databases to examine how local patterns of abundance relate to putative geographic range areas and latitudinal breadth. Results We found no significant correlation between abundance and range size. Overall, many more locally abundant species had small ranges than large ones. We found that most species occupy the majority of the TDF range north of Colombia, and those species present in South America occupy the majority of that continent’s TDF range as well. This pattern was independent of local abundance. We also found no relationship between range size and local niche breadth as measured by elevation, or between local abundance and distance to the range centre. Main conclusions The macroecological tenet that posits a positive correlation between local abundance and geographic range size does not appear to hold for TDF trees. The finding that many locally abundant species had narrow ranges also suggests that dry forest endemics may be particularly well adapted to local conditions and make important contributions to community structure. We hypothesize that the absence of abundant species with large ranges is due to opposing environmental constraints that prevent a species from thriving everywhere.
An Evaluation of the Response Format and Scale Structure of the Job Diagnostic Survey

This research deals with an investigation of the factor structure of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Textile operatives (n = 114) in a southeastern textile plant completed the JDS. Factor analyses produced substantially different results than have appeared in the literature. Further correlational analyses revealed that the format used in collecting the data may be partially responsible for the different factor structures which have been found for the various types of workers. The researchers conclude that a simplification of the format may be needed.
Gain saturation behavior in L-band EDFAs

The gain saturation behavior of an L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier is investigated. Experimental results show that amplifiers configured to operate in the L-band exhibit decidedly different saturation behavior compared to what is observed in C-band amplifiers. It is shown that the gain can vary by as much as 2.3 dB. Results suggest that the unique saturation behavior observed in the L-band is due, in part, to backward traveling amplified spontaneous emission power.
DynamicSD: Discover Dynamic and Uncertain Services in Pervasive Computing Environments

Pervasive computing environments consist of thousands of heterogeneous devices and network services. Service discovery protocols provide essential functionalities for users and client devices to discover and access services. Most existing protocols, however, only support discovery via static service attributes. Dynamic information such as service conditions, quality, and reliability is not available to users and clients. To disseminate dynamic service information, we need to properly control the communication and computational overhead. Thus, the solution will be viable for resource-constrained devices. We propose a novel service discovery approach, called DynamicSD. We use mathematical models-Markov Chains-to represent dynamic and uncertain service states. The Markov Chains are disseminated among clients, services, and directories. By deriving the properties of the Markov Chains, we attain dynamic service information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first formal model to represent dynamic and uncertain service conditions in service discovery protocols. We implement a prototype protocol on wireless sensors. The performance measurements show that the communication and computational overhead that we introduce is low.
Bortezomib-based combination regimens in myeloma: more is not necessarily better

In this issue of Leukemia and Lymphoma , Wang and colleagues [1] conduct a meta-analysis comprising over a dozen randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to evaluate the clinical effi cacy and safety of various bortezomib-based combination regimens for the treatment of patients with either newly diagnosed or relapsed multiple myeloma (MM). Specifi cally, they evaluate the literature for three classes of bortezomibbased regimens: (1) bortezomib and thalidomide (VT), (2) bortezomib and lenalidomide (VR) and (3) bortezomib and doxorubicin (VD), in an attempt to determine any possible superiority to their respective comparator arms lacking the same drug combination. Th ough their pooled analysis is inherently limited by signifi cant inter-trial heterogeneity, they confi rm the effi cacy of these bortezomibbased combination regimens in improving either complete response (CR) or overall response rates (ORR) while not worsening grade III/IV adverse events (AEs), except in the VD analysis that revealed a higher risk for thrombotic events. Th e discovery of the ubiquitin proteasome system and its role in cellular protein degradation [2] by Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose in the late 1970s led to them jointly receiving the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Th eir fi ndings not only allowed a better understanding of cancer cell biology but also led to the pursuit of proteasome inhibition as a therapeutic target due to its cytotoxic eff ect in cancer cells [3]. Bortezomib, a boronic acid dipeptide, functions as a specifi c 26S proteasome inhibitor. It is highly active in MM via intracellular mechanisms such as inhibition of nuclear factor- κ B (NF- κ B) activity, increasing activity of p53 and accumulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors [4]. It received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2003 for the treatment of relapsed and refractory MM, and eventually its approval for the treatment of newly diagnosed myeloma in 2008.
Pathways to ischemic neuronal cell death: are sex differences relevant?

We have known for some time that the epidemiology of human stroke is sexually dimorphic until late in life, well beyond the years of reproductive senescence and menopause. Now, a new concept is emerging: the mechanisms and outcome of cerebral ischemic injury are influenced strongly by biological sex as well as the availability of sex steroids to the brain. The principal mammalian estrogen (17 β estradiol or E2) is neuroprotective in many types of brain injury and has been the major focus of investigation over the past several decades. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that although hormones are a major contributor to sex-specific outcomes, they do not fully account for sex-specific responses to cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies in cell culture and animal models that suggest that genetic sex determines experimental stroke outcome and that divergent cell death pathways are activated after an ischemic insult. These sex differences need to be identified if we are to develop efficacious neuroprotective agents for use in stroke patients.
Analysis of outcomes in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in infants

Objectives/Hypothesis To investigate interventions used for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in infants. Study Design Retrospective medical record review. Methods Patients 3 to 24 months old at the time of diagnosis of OSA by polysomnography (PSG) were studied at a tertiary care children's hospital. The main outcome measures were demographic data, PSG data, intervention data, subjective results of interventions, and medical comorbidities. Results Of the 295 patients included, 196 (66%) were males and 99 (34%) were females. The most common interventions with average age at the time of intervention were: adenotonsillectomy, 115 patients (31.8%, 22.3 months); adenoidectomy, 82 patients (22.5%, 17.7 months); observation, 76 patients (20.9%, 12.8 months); supplemental oxygen, 27 patients (7.4%, 11.7 months); continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)/bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), 18 patients (4.9%, 15.6 months); tonsillectomy, 16 patients (4.4%, 25.7 months); and tracheostomy, six patients (1.7%, 15.3 months). In the youngest patients (3–5 months of age), 89.3% of interventions were nonsurgical and 10.7% were surgical. In the oldest patients (older than 24 months), 17.5% of interventions were nonsurgical and 82.5% were surgical. Subjective improvement following intervention was highest after adenotonsillectomy. The intervention with the greatest percentage decrease in apnea–hypopnea index (objective efficacy) was tracheostomy, followed by CPAP/BiPAP. Average time from diagnosis to intervention was 35.5 days for nonsurgical interventions and 92.4 days for surgical interventions. Conclusions Observation was the most common nonsurgical intervention and the most common intervention in patients younger than 12 months. Adenotonsillectomy was the most common surgical and overall intervention. Adenotonsillectomy had the greatest subjective efficacy, and tracheostomy had the greatest objective efficacy. Laryngoscope, 123:2306–2314, 2013
Photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with topical aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride and fluorescent blue light

Abstract Background: Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA, Levulan) applied topically to actinic keratoses (AKs) leads to accumulation of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX, which, when activated by exposure to light, eradicates AKs. Objective: We examined the safety and efficacy of photodynamic therapy using topical 20% ALA in a solution formulation and varying blue light doses to treat multiple AKs on the face and scalp. Method: This is a multicenter, investigator-blinded, randomized, vehicle-controlled study. Results: Thirty-six patients with clinically typical AKs were treated with 20% ALA; 14 to 18 hours later, they were irradiated with a nonlaser fluorescent blue light source. With the optimal light dose of 10 J/cm 2 , 88% of the AKs completely cleared 8 weeks after a single photodynamic treatment, compared with 6% after treatment with vehicle and light. Conclusion: Topical ALA PDT using a nonlaser, blue light source is an effective treatment for multiple AKs. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:96-104.)
Separation of micelles and vesicles within lumenal aspirates from healthy humans: solubilization of cholesterol after a meal

Understanding the physico-chemical relation- ship of lumenal lipids to one another is critical when eluci- dating the mechanism of components known to impact cho- lesterol absorption. Presently, there are no studies that describe the proportion of cholesterol carried as micelles or vesicles within human lumenal contents. Part of the rea- son for the scarceness of data is because of the lack of ap- propriate methodology required for reproducible sample collection and analysis. Thus, the object of the present stud- ies was to develop a method to measure the amount of cho- lesterol carried as micelles or vesicles in human lumenal samples. The method includes the collection of lumenal samples from the ligament of Trietz through a Fredrick Miller tube, separation of the aqueous subphase from the nondigested lipids, separation of micelles and vesicles on Sepharose ® 4B columns within 48 h of collection using elu- tion buffers consisting of the intermicellar bile acid compo- sition, and finally quantitation of cholesterol eluted off of the columns. The distribution of cholesterol between mi- celles and vesicles obtained under different concentrations of bile acids and various lipids was comparable to results obtained from phase diagrams using the lumenal molar per- centages of lipids obtained from the same samples. —Yao, L., J. E. Heubi, D. D. Buckley, H. Fierra, K. D. R. Setchell, N. A. Granholm, P. Tso, D. Y. Hui, and L. A. Woollett. Sepa- ration of micelles and vesicles within lumenal aspirates from healthy humans: solubilization of cholesterol after a meal. J. Lipid Res. 2002. 43: 654-660.
Loneliness, Material Possession Love, and Consumers’ Physical Well-Being

We consider the physical well-being consequences of consumers who treat beloved possessions as emotional partners in consumer–object relationships. We review both the positive and negative physical well-being outcomes of consumer–object relationships. From this review, we offer both insights about apparently contradictory sources of evidence as well as some direction for future research on this topic.
Journalism Educators should Blame Themselves for Creating ‘Bastard’ Problem within the Academy

This commentary argues that the journalism educators themselves have unilaterally engendered their dukkha by demanding equal academic status for the output of journalism practice and by concealing the fact that journalism studies suffer no such discrimination. It suggests that the solution to the perceived problem might be the adoption of the concept of mindful journalism, which could elevate news from the status of a commodity to that of a social good.
Global Economic Analysis of China, Russia, and India

Globalization has altered the economic conditions and nature of the state. The nexus of global economic, diplomatic, and military activity that shifted the Bretton Woods system formed global trading regimes into stateless corporations that influence national sovereignty and international strategies for emerging markets. Scholars argue that national interests among emerging developing countries to expand domestic economic power reshape the geo-political and military landscape (Friedman, 2009). More importantly, international marketers must understand that as indigenous industrial and service capacities of developing countries mature, national interests to balance domestic consumer demand and global markets will shape the sustained economic growth. (Cateora, Gilly, & Graham, 2009). Therefore, identifying Russia, China, and India as emerging countries the author pursued a brief literature review. Subsequently, the author argues that India possesses the greatest potential of sustained growth from 2010 to 2020 and will shape the international economic stage. This paper will begin by outlining the metrics of emerging markets as international marketers explore the dynamic capabilities of other countries, the influence of foreign direct investment inflows on economic growth (Bloom, 2011; Friedman, 2009; Helfat, Finkelstein, Mitchell, Peteraf, Singh, Teece, Winter, 2007; Spero & Hart, 2003). The author argues that in the long term India will not only shape economic international markets but also poised politically and economically to model capitalism within the Pacific Rim and throughout Eurasia. Moreover, the author addresses a number of challenges and barriers that India may encounter to sustain a competitive advantage within the international marketplace.
Role of intracellular Ca2+ in modulation of tight junction resistance in A6 cells.

The role of intracellular Ca2+ in the development and maintenance of epithelial tight junctional integrity is poorly understood. We assessed tight junctional resistance (Rj) in confluent monolayers of A6 cells that were treated with mucosal amiloride such that the transepithelial resistance (Rt) reflects Rj. Solution Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+] was reduced by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) addition to the bathing solutions. Reduction of mucosal [Ca2+] to 1 microM or reduction of serosal Ca2+ to 100 microM did not significantly alter Rt. However, a further decrease of serosal Ca2+ to 40 microM caused the resistance to fall to < 12% of the control value. Following restoration of serosal [Ca2+], Rt increased to a new steady-state value within approximately 15 min. The magnitude of recovery of Rt was inversely correlated with the length of time the epithelium was exposed to low serosal [Ca2+]. To further test the effects of asymmetric Ca2+ removal, the serosal [Ca2+...
Early Christian Architecture: The Beginnings(A Review Article)*

Since the end of the Second World War, both in scholarship and in the practical affairs of churches, there has been a burgeoning interest in the material setting of early Christian worship. Scholarship on the subject is impressive, both in its scope and its quality. On the practical side, European Christians, both Protestants and Catholics, have been faced with the often daunting task of rebuilding their places of worship. At the same time, they have been at pains to recover the principles of early church planning and design. The themes that have emerged out of this search for the past have had a profound effect in shaping the attitudes of post-war European Christendom.
Marketing im Zeichen eines reifen OTC-Marktes: Kernkompetenzen im Verdrängungswettbewerb

Der Markt fur rezeptfreie Arzneimittel, der sog. OTC-Markt, befindet sich inmitten einer grosen Veranderungswelle. Seit Jahren wird der OTC-Markt in Deutschland als attraktiver Wachstumsmarkt proklamiert. Doch Zuwachsraten von durchschnittlich 3% p.a. in letzten 5 Jahren haben die hohen Erwartungen keinesfalls erfullt.l
Tissue Engineering Applications for Peripheral Nerve Repair

Peripheral nerve injuries lead to variable levels of functional loss depending on the extent of the injury. Despite the modern treatment methods, peripheral nerve regeneration is still a time-consuming process mainly because of the limited regeneration capacity of the nervous system. Unfortunately, attempts to increase the regeneration potential of the peripheral nervous system yielded a limited improvement. However, Tissue engineering emerged as a more promising tool to ease the traditionally laborious process of peripheral nerve regeneration. A tissue-engineered nerve is a combination of a biodegradable scaffold, a neurogenic cell line, and growth factors. The main focus of current research is to improve the cell–scaffold and scaffold–tissue interactions. Engineering a fully biocompatible and natural nerve-like nerve segment should be possible in the future with the improved understanding of biological mechanisms of nerve healing. This chapter provides a detailed look into the components of tissue-engineered nerve grafts along with a review of clinically relevant studies.
Measuring cyber security in intelligent urban infrastructure systems

An important consideration in secure system design is the ability to verify and validate the level of security of alternative systems architectures. In the case of smart infrastructure, verification and validation processes require suitable metrics that both represent the security of the cyber network as well as the physical processes it supports. Current literature in security metrics offers a plethora of choices which are considered accurate, valid, consistent, current, replicable, comparable and. In this paper, we describe categories of security metrics that can be customized for different intelligent urban infrastructure systems such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS), smartgrids and cognitive radios among others. It includes a smart grid case study.
Endophthalmitis After Clear Corneal Cataract Surgery: Outcomes Over Two Decades.

Purpose To report the clinical features, causative organisms, and visual acuity (VA) outcomes associated with acute-onset endophthalmitis after clear corneal cataract surgery over the past 2 decades. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Clinical and microbiology records were reviewed for 63 eyes of 63 patients who presented to a tertiary referral center between 2006 and 2015 with culture-positive endophthalmitis occurring within 6 weeks of clear corneal cataract surgery. Results The mean time between surgery and diagnosis of endophthalmitis was 8 days (median 6 days). The initial treatment included intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime in 59 of 63 (94%) eyes and intravitreal vancomycin and amikacin in 4 of 63 (6%) eyes. Intravitreal dexamethasone was used in 50 of 63 (79%) eyes. A vitreous tap and injection with antibiotics was performed as the initial treatment in 57 of 63 (90%) eyes and pars plana vitrectomy in 6 of 63 (10%) eyes. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was isolated in 39 of 63 (62%) eyes, Staphylococcus aureus in 7 of 63 (11%) eyes, and Streptococcus species in 7 of 63 (11%) eyes. A VA of ≥20/40 was achieved in 24 of 63 (38%) eyes. None of the gram-positive isolates were vancomycin resistant. Twenty-four of 49 isolates (49%) were sensitive to cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefuroxime. Sensitivity to fluoroquinolones included 22 of 52 (42%) to levofloxacin, 20 of 54 (37%) to ciprofloxacin, 16 of 47 (34%) to moxifloxacin, and 3 of 13 (23%) to gatifloxacin. Conclusion Causative organisms and visual outcomes are similar to those reported in the prior decade. In the current study, a number of isolates were resistant to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.
Rethinking fragile landscapes during the Greek crisis: precarious aesthetics and methodologies in Athenian dance performances

ABSTRACTThe financial crisis in Greece brought about significant changes in the sociopolitical and financial landscape of the country. Severe budget cuts imposed on the arts and performing practices have given rise to a new aesthetic which has impacted the themes and methodologies of contemporary productions. To unpack this aesthetic, I explore the ways that the discourse and the experience of precarity molded methodological frameworks for artistic production in Greece during the crisis. Specifically, I address trends constitutive of a ‘precarious aesthetic’ in dance performance on Athenian stages and highlight the ways that the uncertainties caused by the financial crisis in Greece served as an opportunity to rethink dance performance aesthetics, devise new approaches to creation, and advocate for sociopolitical change.
Gold Nanorod Induced Warming of Embryos from the Cryogenic State Enhances Viability

Zebrafish embryos can attain a stable cryogenic state by microinjection of cryoprotectants followed by rapid cooling, but the massive size of the embryo has consistently led to failure during the convective warming process. Here we address this zebrafish cryopreservation problem by using gold nanorods (GNRs) to assist in the warming process. Specifically, we microinjected the cryoprotectant propylene glycol into zebrafish embryos along with GNRs, and the samples were cooled at a rate of 90 000 °C/min in liquid nitrogen. We demonstrated the ability to unfreeze the zebrafish rapidly (1.4 × 107 °C/min) by irradiating the sample with a 1064 nm laser pulse for 1 ms due to the excitation of GNRs. This rapid warming process led to the outrunning of ice formation, which can damage the embryos. The results from 14 trials (n = 223) demonstrated viable embryos with consistent structure at 1 h (31%) and continuing development at 3 h (17%) and movement at 24 h (10%) postwarming. This compares starkly with 0% viability...
Large-Eddy Simulations of Atmospheric Flows Over Complex Terrain Using the Immersed-Boundary Method in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

Atmospheric flow over complex terrain, particularly recirculation flows, greatly influences wind-turbine siting, forest-fire behaviour, and trace-gas and pollutant dispersion. However, there is a large uncertainty in the simulation of flow over complex topography, which is attributable to the type of turbulence model, the subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence parametrization, terrain-following coordinates, and numerical errors in finite-difference methods. Here, we upgrade the large-eddy simulation module within the Weather Research and Forecasting model by incorporating the immersed-boundary method into the module to improve simulations of the flow and recirculation over complex terrain. Simulations over the Bolund Hill indicate improved mean absolute speed-up errors with respect to previous studies, as well an improved simulation of the recirculation zone behind the escarpment of the hill. With regard to the SGS parametrization, the Lagrangian-averaged scale-dependent Smagorinsky model performs better than the classic Smagorinsky model in reproducing both velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. A finer grid resolution also improves the strength of the recirculation in flow simulations, with a higher horizontal grid resolution improving simulations just behind the escarpment, and a higher vertical grid resolution improving results on the lee side of the hill. Our modelling approach has broad applications for the simulation of atmospheric flows over complex topography.
Soil phosphorus does not keep pace with soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation following woody encroachment

Soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles are strongly interlinked and controlled through biological processes, and the phosphorus cycle is further controlled through geochemical processes. In dryland ecosystems, woody encroachment often modifies soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus stores, although it remains unknown if these three elements change proportionally in response to this vegetation change. We evaluated proportional changes and spatial patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations following woody encroachment by taking spatially explicit soil cores to a depth of 1.2 m across a subtropical savanna landscape which has undergone encroachment by Prosopis glandulosa (an N2 fixer) and other woody species during the past century in southern Texas, USA. SOC and TN were coupled with respect to increasing magnitudes and spatial patterns throughout the soil profile following woody encroachment, while TP increased slower than SOC and TN in topmost surface soils (0-5 cm) but faster in subsurface soils (15-120 cm). Spatial patterns of TP strongly resembled those of vegetation cover throughout the soil profile, but differed from those of SOC and TN, especially in subsurface soils. The encroachment of woody species dominated by N2 -fixing trees into this P-limited ecosystem resulted in the accumulation of proportionally less soil P compared to C and N in surface soils; however, proportionally more P accrued in deeper portions of the soil profile beneath woody patches where alkaline soil pH and high carbonate concentrations would favor precipitation of P as relatively insoluble calcium phosphates. This imbalanced relationship highlights that the relative importance of biotic vs. abiotic mechanisms controlling C and N vs. P accumulation following vegetation change may vary with depth. Our findings suggest that efforts to incorporate effects of land cover changes into coupled climate-biogeochemical models should attempt to represent C-N-P imbalances that may arise following vegetation change.
An attitude of gratitude: The effects of body-focused gratitude on weight bias internalization and body image.

Abstract Internalized weight bias and body dissatisfaction are associated with a number of negative psychological and physical health outcomes. The current study examined the effectiveness of body-focused gratitude, through a short writing exercise, as a strategy to reduce internalized weight bias and improve body image. Young adults (Mage = 22.71, SD = 2.08, 51.2% female) were randomly assigned to either a body gratitude condition (n = 185) or a control condition (n = 184). Results indicated that participants in the gratitude condition reported significantly lower weight bias internalization and significantly more favorable appearance evaluation and greater body satisfaction when compared to the control condition. These effects were in the small range (ds = 0.27-0.33), and neither gender nor BMI moderated these effects. These findings provide preliminary support for body-focused gratitude writing exercises as an effective individual-level strategy for both reducing internalized weight bias and improving body image.
A constraint-based model reveals hysteresis in island biogeography

Aim: We present a Constraint-based Model of Dynamic Island Biogeography (C-DIB) that predicts how species functional traits interact with dynamic environments to determine the candidate species available for local community assembly on real and habitat islands through time. Location: Real and habitat islands globally. Methods: We develop the C-DIB model concept, synthesize the relevant literature, and present a toolkit for evaluating model predictions for a wide variety of island systems and taxa. Results: The C-DIB model reveals that as islands cycle between phases of increasing or decreasing size and connectivity to a source pool, the dominant process driving species' presence or absence switches between colonization and extinction. Both processes are mediated by interactions between organismal traits and environmental constraints. Colonization probability is predicted by a species' ability to cross the intervening matrix between a population source and the island; population persistence (or extinction) is predicted by the minimum spatial requirements to sustain an isolated population. The non-random distributions of mammals on islands of the Sunda Shelf and Great Basin sky islands provide example study systems for evaluating the C-DIB model. Main conclusions: Because different suites of traits impose constraints on the processes of colonization and extinction, similar environmental conditions can host different candidate species despite the same predicted richness. Thus, the model exemplifies the specific yet underappreciated role of hysteresis -- the dependency of outcomes not only on the current system state -- but also the historical contingency of environmental change in affecting populations and communities in insular systems.
Privacy, Public Space, and Personal Information

In an attempt to capture the diversity of the notions and uses of the term privacy and to do justice to seemingly competing claims, I introduce a working definition of privacy and suggest a possibly fruitful approach. I then illustrate the approach by developing the relation of “private” to “public,” and their use with relation to the internet and cyberspace. Lastly, I argue that the threat to the general public with respect to personal information from commercial interests does not come primarily from infringement on privacy and is appropriately addressed by legislation covering specific harms or wrongs arising from the infringement.
Multi-finger Haptic Displays for Characterization of Hand Response

This chapter will describe some properties of multi-finger haptic interaction and two devices which support it. Multi-finger haptic interaction can involve many contacts with the environment, but can also involve only one contact point when mediated by a tool such as a pen. As multiple fingers interact with the environment, their individual biomechanics and their sensory properties interact to form the net mechano-sensory properties of the interaction. This chapter will look at such interactions in two particular cases, spatially varying stiffness of the pen grasp, and sensory thresholds of multi-finger versus single finger interaction with haptic features. To characterize the stiffness of the pen-like grasp in various directions, we describe experiments in which force steps (randomized in amplitude and direction) were applied to subjects’ pen-like tools in the plane tangential to the tip. From these, the stiffness ellipse could be identified. A dynamical model of the fingers positioned similarly to the user’s grasp was used to predict the stiffness ellipsoids with similar results. The ellipsoids were shown to be a function of the squeezing force with which the subjects performed the grasps. Much of the research on sensitivity and sensory thresholds is based on measurements with a single finger. We developed a multi-finger haptic device (MFHD) to allow two high quality degrees of freedom for each of four fingers in a natural pose. With this device we could compare the sensory thresholds between single finger and multiple finger haptic exploration.
Modeling and Characterization of a Potential Bladder Based Orthotic Device to Mitigate Shoe Slip

The exploration of an “intelligent” orthotic shoe sole to negate, or minimize, longitudinal slip by momentarily increasing friction force is presented. The conceptual device takes the form of a rubberized shoe sole containing pockets of air that can be released via valves controlled by a microprocessor. During a slip event, the valves would be opened and the bladders would be collapsed by the weight of the user, which modulates contact and friction forces. The goal is to increase friction forces in this process, by creating an impact force between the user and ground surface, with the potential to increase friction and mitigate slip. Simulations of bladder walls, air flow through valves, contact forces, and friction forces are modeled and combined into a lumped parameter model to predict device behavior. Prototypes of the device are created and evaluated to validate models and slip-mitigating potential.
Kinetics of pyrite oxidation

The properties of surface films on pyrite have been studied through electrochemical techniques of cyclic voltammetry and AC impedance measurements. The characteristics of the surface films depend on the conditions of oxidation and the source of pyrite. At potentials near 0.0 V, some pyrites have large values of polarization resistance, showing a certain degree of passivity. Some pyrites show more passivation than others, however. On oxidation, meta-stable phases of Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 form that transform to more stable phases on aging. The growth of surface films near the corrosion potential of pyrite follows a linear kinetics that is attributed to a chemical (or an electrochemical) reaction as the rate determining step. The surface film is considered to be a hydroxide or an oxide because it is hydrophilic. This study has also demonstrated that AC impedance ‘measurements can be used to study the growth characteristics of films at mineral/solution interfaces.
Cultural immersion in the education of healthcare professionals: a systematic review

Purpose With the ever-changing cultural makeup of society, the ability to deliver culturally appropriate healthcare is essential. One educational method aimed at increasing cultural knowledge and sensitivity in the education of healthcare professionals is cultural immersion. Cultural immersion creates opportunity for transformational learning through direct interaction with culturally diverse populations. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the qualitative effects of cultural immersion experiences on graduate-level healthcare professional students. Methods A search of the CINAHL and ERIC databases was performed utilizing search terms including cultural immersion, cultural sensitivity, educational outcomes, and healthcare professionals limited to publication within the last 10 years. The articles were screened according to title, abstract, and full-text following application of inclusion/exclusion criteria. Themes identified within each article were collected and categorized, using qualitative methodology, into five overarching domains to assess the educational experiences. Studies were scored for quality using the qualitative portion of the McGill Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool - 2011. Results Nine studies incorporating a total of 94 participants with experiences in 14 different culturally diverse environments revealing 47 individually identified themes were included in the review. Results indicated that all cultural immersion experiences stimulated increased cultural awareness and sensitivity. Discussion Cultural immersion experiences produced a positive, multi-domain effect on cultural learning in students of the health professionals. Results support a basis for implementation of cultural immersion experiences into the education of healthcare professionals with the goal of increasing cultural sensitivity.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current State and Future Opportunities.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a rising cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA and around the world. Surgical resection and liver transplantation are the preferred management strategies; however, less than 30% of patients are eligible for surgery. Stereotactic body radiation therapy is a promising local treatment option for non-surgical candidates. Local control rates between 95 and 100% have been reported at 1–2 years post-treatment, and classical radiation-induced liver disease described with conventional radiation is an unlikely complication from stereotactic radiotherapy. Enrollment in randomized trials will be essential in establishing the role of stereotactic radiation in treatment paradigms for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Resistance and resilience to Alzheimer’s disease pathology are associated with reduced cortical pTau and absence of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy in a community-based cohort

Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) is defined by progressive accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) neurofibrillary tangles across diverse regions of brain. Non-demented individuals who reach advanced age without significant ADNC are considered to be resistant to AD, while those burdened with ADNC are considered to be resilient. Understanding mechanisms underlying ADNC resistance and resilience may provide important clues to treating and/or preventing AD associated dementia. ADNC criteria for resistance and resilience are not well-defined, so we developed stringent pathologic cutoffs for non-demented subjects to eliminate cases of borderline pathology. We identified 14 resistant (85+ years old, non-demented, Braak stage ≤ III, CERAD absent) and 7 resilient (non-demented, Braak stage VI, CERAD frequent) individuals out of 684 autopsies from the Adult Changes in Thought study, a long-standing community-based cohort. We matched each resistant or resilient subject to a subject with dementia and severe ADNC (Braak stage VI, CERAD frequent) by age, sex, year of death, and post-mortem interval. We expanded the neuropathologic evaluation to include quantitative approaches to assess neuropathology and found that resilient participants had lower neocortical pTau burden despite fulfilling criteria for Braak stage VI. Moreover, limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC) was robustly associated with clinical dementia and was more prevalent in cases with high pTau burden, supporting the notion that resilience to ADNC may depend, in part, on resistance to pTDP-43 pathology. To probe for interactions between tau and TDP-43, we developed a C. elegans model of combined human (h) Tau and TDP-43 proteotoxicity, which exhibited a severe degenerative phenotype most compatible with a synergistic, rather than simply additive, interaction between hTau and hTDP-43 neurodegeneration. Pathways that underlie this synergy may present novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Epidemiology of the U.S. opioid crisis: the importance of the vector

The roots of the remarkably lethal U.S. opioid crisis are complex and inextricably entangled with healthcare, especially in its treatment of another serious health problem: pain. Failures of the healthcare system-including lack of both training in pain management and caution in using an addictive class of medications-precipitated the rise in opioid misuse and addiction over the past two decades, but a wider range of social and economic forces has helped perpetuate the crisis and altered its character. The classic epidemiologic host-agent-environment triad can be augmented for the purpose of elucidating the current opioid crisis by addition of the "vector" to emphasize the importance of purveyors of opioids (licit and illicit), leading to our proposing an expanded host-agent-vector-environment model. Interventions addressing multiple components are needed, including solutions that account for behaviors of all vectors associated with the crisis. For prescription opioids, the vectors include clinicians and pharmaceutical-related companies involved in marketing, prescribing, distributing, and dispensing opioid medications; for illicit opioids, they include drug manufacturing and distribution networks. Attending to the vectors of opioids, while simultaneously implementing a full range of public health, clinical, law enforcement, and other approaches to ending the opioid crisis, may help to improve public health outcomes.
Automated I/O Library Generation for Interposer-Based System-in-Package Integration of Multiple Heterogeneous Dies

System-in-package (SiP) integration of multiple dies in a single package can achieve much higher performance than onboard integration of integrated circuits (ICs) while reducing the design cost/effort compared to a large system on chips (SoCs). However, a major challenge in the design of SiPs with many dies is automated design and insertion of input/output (I/O) cells to minimize energy and delay of the wire traces. This article presents an automated cell library generation flow for all-digital I/O circuits for SiP integration. Given parameterized models of SiP wire traces, our method automatically designs, optimizes, and generates layouts of I/O cells for delay/energy minimization. The proposed flow is demonstrated on interposer-based SiP integration considering 28-nm CMOS technology and 65-nm BEOL technology. Given a multidie SiP design and associated interposer wire traces, this article demonstrates that automated I/O library cell generation can reduce the maximum die-to-die communication delay or energy. We demonstrate the proposed flow for various interposer parameters and SiP designs to show the feasibility of chip-interposer codesign.
The Beatles at Woodstock

The Beatles had a large influence on Woodstock even though the group was not physically present at the festival. This article traces the influence of the Beatles through a discussion of the covers ...
Theories of Teaching and Learning

Detailed examples of a variety of theories of learning and course design are described to provide an overview of teaching and learning concepts necessary for more effective STEM education. Examples include Jo Handelsman’s work on Scientific Teaching, and classic theories of learning such as Piaget’s theories of autonomy, Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development, Belenky’s theories of learning, and other ideas from social constructivism that can be helpful in STEM education. Multiple taxonomies of learning can be used in STEM subjects to help structure course design, and Bloom’s Taxonomy, the Feisel Schmitz Taxonomy, and the Miller Taxonomy are described along with types of learning outcomes useful for course design. The ideas of Constructive Alignment and Threshold Concepts can help structure active learning pedagogy learning objectives that can unify and animate courses in STEM disciplines, and a review of these theories along with examples is provided. Schulman’s theory of pedagogical content knowledge and its application in STEM courses is described.