cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diabetes Foot Self-care Practices in a Rural, Triethnic Population

PurposeThe purposes of this study were to assess the level of foot self-care performed in a rural, multiethnic population of older adults and to identify factors associated with foot self-care.MethodsThe Evaluating Long-term Diabetes Self-management Among Elder Rural Adults study included a random sample of 701 African American, Native American, and white adults from 2 rural North Carolina counties. Participants completed in-home interviews, 5 foot selfcare practices from the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), functional status measures, and measures of education and support for foot care.ResultsFoot care practices/behaviors reported at least 6 days/week ranged from 35.6% for inspecting shoes to 79.2% for not soaking feet. Four independent predictors of the SDSCA summary foot care index score were observed: having been shown how to care for feet (P< .0001), female gender (P= .03), having had a doctor check nerves in feet in past year (P= .02), and not receiving support caring for feet (P = ...
Short-Lived Oxygen Diffusion During Hot, Deep-Seated Meteoric Alteration of Anorthosite

Heterogeneous oxygen isotope compositions of plagioclase from the Boehls Butte anorthosite include some of the most oxygen-18-depleted values (to -16 per mil) reported for plagioclase in meta-igneous rocks and indicate high-temperature (T > 500 degrees C) isotopic exchange between plagioclase and nearly pristine meteoric fluid. Retrograde reaction-enhanced permeability assisted influx of meteoric-hydrothermal fluids into the deep-seated anorthosite. Isotopic gradients of about 14 per mil over 600 micrometers in single crystals require short-lived (about 10(4) years) diffusional exchange of oxygen and locally large effective water:rock ratios, followed by rapid loss of water and cessation of oxygen diffusion in the anorthosite.
An Analysis of 5#-Inosine and 5#-Guanosine Monophosphate Taste in Rats

Inosine monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP) elicit an umami taste in humans and synergistically increase the intensity of the umami taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) studies in rodents indicate that these nucleotides and MSG elicit quite similar tastes, but recent physiological evidence suggests that these nucleotides and MSG may not activate the same population of taste receptors and therefore may not elicit identical taste qualities. This study reports the findings of several behavioral experiments with rats that compared the taste properties of IMP and GMP with each other and with those of MSG. Well-trained rats were able to detect both nucleotides at nanomolar concentrations, but they did not respond to either nucleotide in two-bottle preference tests or brief-access CTA tests at concentrations less than 0.5 mM. Discrimination experiments found that the tastes of these nucleotides could not be discriminated from each other, but both could be discriminated from MSG, even when the taste of Na + was controlled. Overall, these experiments indicate the taste properties of the two 5#-ribonucleotides are quite similar to each other, and even though they may elicit an umami sensation, these sensations are not identical to the taste of MSG.
Molecular population genetics of male accessory gland proteins in the Drosophila simulans complex.

Accessory gland proteins are a major component of Drosophila seminal fluid. These proteins have a variety of functions and may be subject to sexual selection and/or antagonistic evolution between the sexes. Most population genetic data from these proteins are from D. melanogaster and D. simulans . Here, we extend the population genetic analysis of Acp genes to the other simulans complex species, D. mauritiana and D. sechellia . We sequenced population samples of seven Acp 9s from D. mauritiana, D. sechellia , and D. simulans . We investigated the population genetics of these genes on individual simulans complex lineages and compared Acp polymorphism and divergence to polymorphism and divergence from a set of non- Acp loci in the same species. Polymorphism and divergence data from the simulans complex revealed little evidence for adaptive protein evolution at individual loci. However, we observed a dramatically inflated index of dispersion for amino acid substitutions in the simulans complex at Acp genes, but not at non- Acp genes. This pattern of episodic bursts of protein evolution in Acp 9s provides the strongest evidence to date that the population genetic mechanisms driving Acp divergence are different from the mechanisms driving evolution at most Drosophila genes.
Assessment and Diagnosis

A tender point examine can be readily performed at the bedside using no special equipment. The presence and severity of common fibromyalgia symptoms should be assessed at the time of diagnosis and monitored during treatment. Screening for psychological distress should be performed in all fibromyalgia patients, including those not reporting depression or anxiety. The FibroFatigue Scale is an easy-to-administer, reliable, and valid measure for assessing severity and change of a wide range of fibromyalgia-related symptoms. Fibromyalgia is diagnosed when patients have widespread, chronic pain, at least 11 positive tender points, and no other medical illness to explain symptoms.
Photochemical Rearrangement of a 6-Azasteroid Oxaziridine to a Novel 17β-Carbomethoxy-A-homo-B-seco-6-aza-3, 5-androstanedione

and 6-azasteroids have been shown to be potent inhibi- tors of human 5α-reductase and certain azasteroids have shown significant clinical benefit in the treatment of androgen-related dis- orders. In an effort to expand the diversity of steroidal heterocycles synthetically accessible for structure-activity relationship exploration, a novel reaction sequence was applied to the preparation of the 6-aza- steroid framework. To this end, photolysis of the oxaziridine derived from 17β-carbomethoxy-3β-triisopropylsilyloxy-6-azaandrost-5-ene (1) yielded a novel 7, 5-steroidal ring system that was evaluated for inhibition of human type 1 and 2 5α-reductase.
An efficient low-complexity technique for MLSE equalizers for linear and nonlinear channels

In this paper, a novel sequence equalizer, which belongs to the family of cluster-based sequence equalizers, is presented. The proposed algorithm achieves the maximum likelihood solution to the equalization problem in a fraction of computational load, compared with the classic maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) equalizers. The new method does not require the estimation of the channel impulse response. Instead, it utilizes the estimates of the cluster centers formed by the received observations. Furthermore, a new cluster center estimation scheme, which exploits the intrinsic dependencies among the cluster centers, is proposed. The new center estimation method exhibits enhanced performance with respect to convergence speed, compared with an LMS-based channel estimator. Moreover, this gain in performance is obtained at substantially lower computational load. The method is also extended in order to cope with nonlinear channels. The performance of the new equalizer is tested with several simulation examples, using both the quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and the 16-quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signaling schemes for linear and nonlinear communication channels.
Crystal field splittings and first-order magnetic phase transitions

In this paper we consider a simple model of magnetic systems which is of interest in itself and which is probably relevant to systems involving rare earths or actinides.1 It is a model which yields first- and second-order phase transitions independent of lattice or structure changes or of biquadratic interactions. The model assumes the presence of normal isotropic bilinear exchange coupling between magnetic moments as well as crystal field level splittings (between the lowest levels) which are of the order of the magnetic energy. It is further assumed that the exchange interaction does not mix levels-a situation which may arise when the two lowest levels are a singlet-triplet, singlet–doublet or doublet–doublet. Effects involving level mixing have been considered in the literature [2] and the present model can be extended to include it. The doublet–doublet system will be used as an example. Employing the molecular field approximation, first-order phase transitions will be seen to occur between two magnetic phases, or between a magnetic and a non-magnetic phase. The behavior is, of course, strongly dependent on the level splitting and effective spins of the levels. The results are intuitively plausible and their qualitative features are expected to remain2 with a more rigorous development of the theory.
Tuning fuzzy feedback controllers using the circle criterion

This paper illustrates a method for tuning fuzzy feedback controllers using the circle criterion. The method can be used for design, tuning at commissioning, or online adaptation of systems consisting of a fuzzy feedback controller and a process that can be modeled as approximately linear or piecewise linear. The general tuning methodology is developed by extending the concepts of gain and phase margin from classical control. It is illustrated using a fuzzy proportional feedback controller with feedforward compensation. The paper shows that the key tuning parameter for stability is the ratio of the universe of discourse for the error input and the universe of discourse for the control output.
Detection of Antibodies to the Nonstructural 3C Proteinase of Hepatitis A Virus

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection can stimulate the production of antibodies to structural and nonstructural proteins of the virus. However, vaccination with an inactivated vaccine produces antibodies exclusively to the structural proteins. Current diagnostic assays, such as the Abbott HAVAB test, used to determine exposure to HAV detect antibodies only to the structural proteins and as a result are not able to distinguish between a natural infection and vaccination with an inactivated virus. Therefore, an ELISA was developed that is specific for antibodies to the nonstructural protein 3C of HAV and thus serves to document the occurrence of viral replication. Antibodies to the proteinase were not detected by this assay in serum from HAVAB-seropositive primates that were immunized with inactivated HAV. However, antibodies to the proteinase were detected in the serum of all primates experimentally infected with virulent HAV and in the serum of naturally infected humans.
Cariporide (HOE642), a Selective Na+-H+ Exchange Inhibitor, Inhibits the Mitochondrial Death Pathway

Background— The Na+-H+ exchanger figures prominently in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Several experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated a cardioprotective effect of Na+-H+ exchanger inhibition; however, the precise mechanisms have not been established. Methods and Results— We examined the effects of cariporide (HOE642, 10 μmol/L) on cell death induced by oxidative stress (H2O2, 100 μmol/L) in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Cariporide significantly suppressed markers of cell death, such as TUNEL positivity and caspase-3 cleavage, at 8 or 16 hours after H2O2. The early phase of cell death, reported by increases in phosphatidylserine exposure and propidium iodide uptake, was also inhibited by cariporide. To explore the mechanisms of cell protection, we examined the effects of cariporide on increases in intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ induced by oxidative stress. Cariporide remarkably suppressed cytosolic Na+ and Ca2+ accumulation. Next, we investigated the effects of cariporide on mitochon...
Entrevista con Carmen Naranjo

Se ha estimado de interes, por varias facetas de la autocritica literaria, recoger la presente entrevista hecha a la conocida escritora costarricense Carmen Naranjo, y conducida por Picon Garfield de la Universidad de Illinois, el 8 de marzo de 1985. (N. del D.)
Long 5′ leaders inhibit removal of a 3′ trailer from a precursor tRNA by mammalian tRNA 3′ processing endoribonuclease

Mammalian tRNA 3' processing endoribonuclease (3' tRNase) can remove a 3' trailer from various pre-tRNAs without 5' leader nucleotides. To examine how 5[prime] leader sequences affect 3' processing efficiency, we performed in vitro 3' processing reactions with purified pig 3' tRNase and pre-tRNAArgs containing a 13-nt 3' trailer and a 5[prime] leader of various lengths. The 3' processing was slightly stimulated by 5[prime] leaders containing up to 7 nt, whereas leaders of 9 nt or longer severely inhibited the reaction. Structure probing indicated that the 5' leader sequences had little effect on pre-tRNA folding. Similar results were obtained using pre-tRNA(Val)s containing a 5' leader of various lengths. We also investigated whether 3'tRNase can remove 3' trailers that are stably base-paired with 5' leaders to form an extended acceptor stem. Even such small 5' leaders as 3 and 6 nt, when base-paired with a 3' trailer, severely hindered removal of the 3' trailer by 3' tRNase.
Thought disorder in mid-childhood as a predictor of adulthood diagnostic outcome: findings from the New York High-Risk Project.

Background. Thought disorder has been proposed as an indicator of schizotypy, which is considered to be necessary but not sufficient for the development of schizophrenia. It is unclear whether thought disorder is an indicator of susceptibility (i.e. an endophenotype) for schizophrenia. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the role of thought disorder in relation to schizotypy by examining its presence in high-risk individuals during mid-childhood. Method. The sample consisted of 265 subjects drawn from the New York High-Risk Project. Individuals at high risk for schizophrenia (i.e. offspring of parents with schizophrenia) were compared with individuals at low risk for schizophrenia (i.e. offspring of parents with affective disorder or offspring of psychiatrically normal parents). Videotaped interviews were rated for thought disorder using the Scale for the Assessment of Thought, Language, and Communication (TLC). The same subjects were administered diagnostic interviews in late adolescence/early adulthood. Results. Although positive thought disorder was equally present in subjects with affective and non-affective psychoses, negative thought disorder (namely, poverty of speech and poverty of content of speech) was elevated only in subjects with schizophrenia-related psychosis. Logistic regression analyses revealed that negative thought disorder added to the prediction of schizophrenia-related psychosis outcomes over and above positive thought disorder. Conclusions. These findings suggest that negative thought disorder may have a specific association with schizotypy, rather than a more general association with psychosis. The findings also support consideration of negative thought disorder as an endophenotypic indicator of a schizophrenia diathesis. Received 21 December 2011 ; Revised 24 June 2012 ; Accepted 9 July 2012
Non-coding yet non-trivial: a review on the computational genomics of lincRNAs

Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) represent one of the most mysterious RNA species encoded by the human genome. Thanks to next generation sequencing (NGS) technology and its applications, we have recently witnessed a surge in non-coding RNA research, including lincRNA research. Here, we summarize the recent advancement in genomics studies of lincRNAs. We review the emerging characteristics of lincRNAs, the experimental and computational approaches to identify lincRNAs, their known mechanisms of regulation, the computational methods and resources for lincRNA functional predictions, and discuss the challenges to understanding lincRNA comprehensively.
Contraception—A Look Forward, Part I: New Spermicides And Natural Family Planning

The number of contraceptive choices for couples in the United States has declined in recent years, as has public and corporate sponsorship of the development of new contraceptives. Nevertheless, there are many possibilities for future birth control methods under active investigation. Six of the most interesting of these are described in this three-part review. Part I examines new spermicides and natural family planning. Current spermicides, though popular, are limited in number, have strict requirements for effective use, and cause a number of side effects. Investigational agents promise greater efficacy, simpler use, longer duration, and fewer adverse effects. Natural family planning methods are the only ones acceptable to a large number of couples, but they are seriously flawed by unacceptably low use-effectiveness and intensity of training requirements. Home chemical assays for biological markers of the fertile period, including urinary hormones and cervical enzymes, may improve the acceptability and effectiveness of natural family planning.
Counterfeit Coin Problems

Since such weighing problems are today as much a part of the tradition of recreational mathematics as magic squares and mobius bands, it is interesting to note that they date only from that problem in 1945. The classic works of Loyd, Ball, Dudeney and Kraitchik contain no such problems. The responses to Schell's problem, a flurry of papers in the Monthly, Scripta Mathematica, and the Mathematical Gazette, contain no mention of earlier publications which might be relevant. Thus, it is apparent that this class of extremely natural and appealing puzzles is a recent invention, not an old chestnut which "crops up from time to time to puzzle and infuriate new generations of solvers" as someone wrote in 1961 (when such puzzles were just fifteen years old!). That early spate of papers, appearing in 1945 and the next few years with a speed unheard of in these days of publication backlogs, solved, resolved, and generalized the original problem in all directions. In this paper I present several variations of the balancing problem, all of which have been solved before. The method of solution given here may be original. We will always be dealing with a set of coins, of identical appearance, and a beam balance. We are interested in minimizing the maximum number of weighings which may be required to find the odd coin. The method of solution chosen may require solution of several types of weighing problems simultaneously, because a problem may change character after a weighing. For example, after a single use of the beam we have some coins which we know to be genuine (those on the beam, if it balances, those left off it if it does not). Thus, after one weighing we have a problem of a different type than the original one. We shall break all of the problems dealt with into two classes: those in which the counterfeit coin is known to be underweight and those in which it is only known to be of a different weight than the genuine coins. At the very end of the paper we will examine the possibility of no counterfeit coin. For the time being, we will assume that in every case exactly one coin is not genuine. Sometimes a "standard" coin, known to be the correct weight, will be provided. We begin with the first class of problems.
A Simple GFM Based Sharp Interface Technique for Compressible Multi-material Dynamics

The interaction of shocks with multi-material interfaces can occur in several applications, including high-speed flows with droplets, bubbles and particles, and hypervelocity impact and penetration. To simulate such complicated interfacial dynamics problems, a fixed Cartesian grid approach in conjunction with level set interface tracking is attractive. In this regard, the Ghost Fluid Method (GFM) has been widely used to capture the interface conditions for both fluid-fluid and solid fluid interfaces. However, GFM has been found to suffer catastrophic failure particularly when strong shocks impinge on the interface. Failure of the GFM can be easily alleviated by computing numerical fluxes with the solution obtained from solving a local Riemann problem normal to the interface. This technique was recognized and had been widely used in the past both in the GFM and non GFM framework. In this work, a unified Riemann solver based GFM approach to treat the presence of embedded (solid and fluid) objects in compressible flows is presented. The method is shown here to mitigate the over/under heating errors and also to accurately resolve the wave interactions occurring at the interface. The method has been used to solve several problems with strong shock interactions for a wide range of one- and two-dimensional problems. Shocks interacting with multiple particles and complex shapes have been computed. The method is currently being applied to study the dynamics of dense particulate compressible flows.
Simulation of Supersonic Nozzle Flows with Plasma-based Control

A phenomenological model is employed to mimic the control effects of eight Localized Arc Filament Plasma Actuators (LAFPA) placed around the periphery of a Mach 1.3 nozzle exit. In addition to the axisymmetric (m = 0) mode, the flapping or first mixed (m = ±1) and second mixed (m = ±2) modes are separately introduced at the preferred column-mode frequency corresponding to a Strouhal number of 0.33. No-control and constant excitation cases are also simulated. Comparison with preand post-computation experimental flow visualizations performed at the Ohio State University indicate that the simulations reproduce the main effects generated by the actuators. Detailed analysis with instantaneous, averaged and phase-averaged quantities suggests a complex coherent feature generation, evolution and dissipation process. For m = ±1, the phase-averaged flow reveals successive distorted elliptic vortex rings with axes in the flapping plane, but alternating on either side of the jet axis. This generates a chain of structures where each interacts with its predecessor on one side of the major plane and its successor on the other. Through self and mutual interaction, the leading segment of each loop is pinched and passes through the previous ring before rapidly breaking up, and the mean jet flow takes on an elliptic shape. The m = ±2 mode yields elliptic structures with major axes of successive rings being aligned with the two symmetry planes, which are orthogonal to each other. The minor axis side is pulled downstream faster than the rest of the structure under the possible influence of the higher velocity near the jet centerline and self-induced effects, yielding a horse-shoe shape when viewed in profile. The mean jet structure evolves from a “+” shaped cross-section to a square and then roughly circular profile as it dissipates. The m = 0 mode exhibits relatively stable roll-up events, with vortex ribs in the braid regions connecting successive large coherent structures. The constant excitation and no-control cases are similar to each other. In terms of mixing, of the modes examined, them = ±1mode is confirmed to show the most rapid decline of centerline Mach number, followed by them = ±2 mode.
How can pathologists help to diagnose late complications in small bowel and multivisceral transplantation

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intestinal transplantation (ITx) and multivisceral transplantation (MVTx) has evolved into a viable treatment option for short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure due to a variety of factors including improved immunosuppressive regimens, superior surgical and medical management, and enhanced posttransplant monitoring. RECENT FINDINGS The transplant pathologist is a central member of the transplant team in all phases of solid organ transplantation and as such, plays an important role in the evaluation of early and late complications after ITx and MVTx. Central among the tools for the pathologist is the mucosal biopsy, used for discerning histopathological changes in the allograft. The principal complications seen in the late posttransplant phase are acute rejection, chronic rejection, infections, and a variety of other inflammatory conditions. In order to more precisely characterize these conditions, the transplant pathologist must also be able to utilize numerous other laboratory tests and panels of molecular biomarkers that serve as ancillary information to complement the biopsy impression. SUMMARY Using this array of tools, the transplant pathologist is now able to provide rapid and precise information regarding the gastrointestinal (GI) transplant complications, a function that allows the clinical team to appropriately and successfully intervene and that helps contribute to the observed improvement in patient and graft survival.
Factors influencing business intelligence system use in decision making and organisational performance

This research examined the factors that contributed to use of information from a business intelligence system (BIS) in management decision making and the relationship to organisation and business process performance. Business intelligence (BI) is a timely topic, as organisations continue to invest in systems to leverage big data and gain sustainable competitive advantage. Few studies have examined whether organisational performance benefits result from management use of information from the BIS in decision-making processes. This research surveyed 259 managers with access to a BIS for use in their decision-making processes. A partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach was used to analyse the results. The global model indicated that use of information from the BIS in management decision making contributed to organisational performance benefits. Information content quality, information access quality, and analytical decision-making culture contributed to use of information in the global model.
Varying relaxation parameters in nonlinear successive overrelaxation

We derive here a generalization to nonlinear problems of the “free steering theorem” of Ostrowski on sufficient conditions for convergence of linear SOR with varying relaxation parameters.
The transition from childhood to adolescence is marked by a general decrease in amygdala reactivity and an affect-specific ventral-to-dorsal shift in medial prefrontal recruitment

Understanding how and why affective responses change with age is central to characterizing typical and atypical emotional development. Prior work has emphasized the role of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex (PFC), which show age-related changes in function and connectivity. However, developmental neuroimaging research has only recently begun to unpack whether age effects in the amygdala and PFC are specific to affective stimuli or may be found for neutral stimuli as well, a possibility that would support a general, rather than affect-specific, account of amygdala-PFC development. To examine this, 112 individuals ranging from 6 to 23 years of age viewed aversive and neutral images while undergoing fMRI scanning. Across age, participants reported more negative affect and showed greater amygdala responses for aversive than neutral stimuli. However, children were generally more sensitive to both neutral and aversive stimuli, as indexed by affective reports and amygdala responses. At the same time, the transition from childhood to adolescence was marked by a ventral-to-dorsal shift in medial prefrontal responses to aversive, but not neutral, stimuli. Given the role that dmPFC plays in executive control and higher-level representations of emotion, these results suggest that adolescence is characterized by a shift towards representing emotional events in increasingly cognitive terms.
Research and Development of Chemical Distribution Equipment for Agricultural Aircraft in California

Following the Second World War, agricultural aircraft use increased rapidly in the United States, but appears to have levelled off in the past five years. California is one of the largest users of agricultural aircraft of any State, with an estimated 8 million acres treated per year. This figure includes all applications of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, plus seeding, fertilising, and defoliation of agricultural crops, grasslands and forest areas. Also, this figure represents acres covered and includes duplicated applications. Certain crops, such as cotton, may have as many as four or five separate treatments during the season.
The Corruption of the Elements: The Science of Ritual Impurity in the Early Thirteenth Century

William of Auvergne, writing in De Legibus—a long treatise on the non-moral laws of ancient Judaism and related matters—identifies six kinds of leprosy according to appearance, six kinds according to the site of infection, and six kinds according to color. William’s concern with leprosy is very much a concern with matter—the bodies, the clothing, the buildings that contract leprosy. He theorizes about the causes of leprosy, about its diagnosis, about its treatment, extending his analysis even to the proper definition of the term. And his concern with leprosy is also very much a concern with the spirit. He suspects, for example, ancient inducements to idolatry in the treatment of leprous clothes and houses, and finds a divinely mandated need for ritual correction of such idolatry. We could perhaps call leprosy of the body a matter of natural science, leprosy of the spirit a matter of theology, but William would not. That distinction, reasonable as it seems, fails to capture William’s point of view, according to which the material and spiritual are composite elements in a single conceptualization. We have long recognized that medieval commentaries on certain topics—the days of creation, for example—are a potential locus of combined scientific and theological analysis; something comparable can perhaps be seen in medieval treatments of ancient concerns with ritual purity, impurity, and purification.
Will recent improvements in estuarine water quality in Ireland be compromised by plans for increased agricultural production? A case study of the Blackwater estuary in southern Ireland

Abstract The environmental status of many European estuaries has improved in recent years as a result of the implementation of a range of different legislative measures. Better municipal waste water treatment and a reduction in the application of inorganic and organic fertiliser to agricultural lands are the main reasons for these improvements. It is anticipated, however, that the ending of the EU milk quota in 2015, and the proposed enlargement of the European dairy sector will lead to a market-driven increase in milk production through an increase in animal numbers and higher productivity. This new production is likely to lead to an increase in pressures with the potential to impact on the quality of surface waters, including estuarine waters. In this paper we focus on the Blackwater estuary in southern Ireland which has seen a marked improvement in water quality due to a reduction in riverine nutrient inputs of phosphorus and nitrogen. A bio-physical model is used to test nutrient-input scenarios likely to represent the range of nutrient loadings that may arise as a result of increased agricultural production. The outputs from these different scenarios are used to assess if recent improvements in estuarine water quality will be undermined or even negated by the proposed expansion of the Irish dairy sector. Appropriate management options to address these potential impacts are discussed.
A Multifunctional Pincer Ligand Supports Unsaturated Cobalt: Five Functionalities in One Pincer

A pyridyl pincer ligand was developed to incorporate steric bulk, through a PtBu2 arm, and proton responsivity, through a pyrazole pincer ligand arm, together with reactivity at benzylic hydrogen and redox activity within a 1,4 diazabutadiene moiety. Binding it to CoCl2 yielded square-pyramidal [(PNNH)CoCl2 ], which was deprotonated by Li[N(SiMe3 )2 ] to form [{Li(THF)2 PNN}CoCl2 ]. Reduction of this LiCl adduct with KC8 under CO atmosphere led to formation of CoI mono- and dicarbonyl complexes, which can be protonated but also further deprotonated at the benzylic CH group to give a dearomatized pyridyl group. The ligand was characterized in its neutral, monoanionic, and dianionic forms, and the anions were shown to exist as intimate ion pairs with Li+ bound to pyrazolate N and chloride bound to Lewis acidic cobalt. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to assay both Li content and cobalt oxidation states. The general character of binding of LiCl to a metal complex acidic at metal and nucleophilic at ligand (pyrazolate Nβ) is discussed, as are potential catalytic applications of the concept.
CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc and HAS-BLED Risk Stratification Tools

When deciding on appropriate therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, clinicians should calculate a CHA2DS2-VASc score as well as a HAS-BLED score in order to determine the patient’s risk for stroke and risk for bleeding, respectively; higher scores indicate increased risk for stroke and/or bleed. Medication options include aspirin plus clopidogrel, warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban; patient-specific factors must be taken into account when deciding the best option for a patient, which include cost, adherence, drug interactions, monitoring, and patient preference.
Time‐Integral Correlations of Multiple Variables With the Relativistic‐Electron Flux at Geosynchronous Orbit: The Strong Roles of Substorm‐Injected Electrons and the Ion Plasma Sheet

Time-integral correlations are examined between the geosynchronous relativistic electron flux index Fe1.2 and 31 variables of the solar wind and magnetosphere. An “evolutionary algorithm” is used to maximize correlations. Time integrations (into the past) of the variables are found to be superior to time-lagged variables for maximizing correlations with the radiation belt. Physical arguments are given as to why. Dominant correlations are found for the substorm-injected electron flux at geosynchronous orbit and for the pressure of the ion plasma sheet. Different sets of variables are constructed and correlated with Fe1.2: some sets maximize the correlations, and some sets are based on purely solar wind variables. Examining known physical mechanisms that act on the radiation belt, sets of correlations are constructed (1) using magnetospheric variables that control those physical mechanisms and (2) using the solar wind variables that control those magnetospheric variables. Fe1.2-increasing intervals are correlated separately from Fe1.2-decreasing intervals, and the introduction of autoregression into the time-integral correlations is explored. A great impediment to discerning physical cause and effect from the correlations is the fact that all solar wind variables are intercorrelated and carry much of the same information about the time sequence of the solar wind that drives the time sequence of the magnetosphere.
Spatially restricted loading of BRD2 at DNA double-strand breaks protects H4 acetylation domains and promotes DNA repair

The n-terminal tail of histone H4 recruits repair proteins, including 53BP1, to DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and undergoes dynamic acetylation during DSB repair. However, how H4 acetylation (H4Ac) recruits repair proteins and reorganizes chromatin during DNA repair is unclear. Here, we show that the bromodomain protein BRD2 is recruited to DSBs. This recruitment requires binding of BRD2’s tandem bromodomains to H4Ac, which is generated at DSBs by the Tip60/KAT5 acetyltransferase. Binding of BRD2 to H4Ac protects the underlying acetylated chromatin from attack by histone deacetylases and allows acetylation to spread along the flanking chromatin. However, BRD2 recruitment is spatially restricted to a chromatin domain extending only 2 kb either side of the DSB, and BRD2 does not spread into the chromatin domains flanking the break. Instead, BRD2 facilitates recruitment of a second bromodomain protein, ZMYND8, which spreads along the flanking chromatin, but is excluded from the DSB region. This creates a spatially restricted H4Ac/BRD2 domain which reorganizes chromatin at DSBs, limits binding of the L3MBTL1 repressor and promotes 53BP1 binding, while limiting end-resection of DSBs. BRD2 therefore creates a restricted chromatin environment surrounding DSBs which facilitates DSB repair and which is framed by extensive ZMYND8 domains on the flanking chromatin.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Youth Exposed to War and Terror

Many children grow up knowing only war throughout their lifetime. Children make easy targets during war as they are unable to protect themselves; thus they bear some of the greatest consequences. The effects of war are far reaching and impact youth in a multitude of ways ranging from physical injuries, health problems, loss of home, and possessions to psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, grief, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter will focus on the development of PTSD in war-exposed youth and the impact of the secondary effects of separation and loss. We will present distinctions between acute versus chronic and direct versus indirect exposure, current psychosocial interventions for war-exposed youth and treatment challenges and discuss applications of an ecological framework to address some of these challenges. We will conclude with research and policy directions that will help advance the field.
The Rising Incidence of HPV Infection and Its Implications for Reproductive Health

Well over 1 million cases of human papilloma virus (HPV) infections requiring treatment have been reported each year in the United States, representing a more than 650% increase in cases in the past 25 years. Most likely, a large number of cases that are not readily visible go unreported. Of over 60 known HPV types, only about 8 are found in the anogenital region. Types 6 and 11 are typically benign and present in the form of condylomata acuminate–genital warts. However, others, such as types 16 and 18, replicate differently and are associated with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cancer. DNA from these HPV types are found in about 50% of biopsies from cervical, vulvar, and penile cancer. As there is currently no easy and sure way for a practitioner to identify and separate harmless HPVs from dangerous ones, all visible HPV-related lesions need to be promptly treated, and high-risk individuals need to be checked for nonvisible lesions.
Trauma-informed supervision in deployed military settings

Uniformed mental health care providers often practice in extremis; that is, in difficult and dangerous contexts defined by deployment to combat theaters, isolated practice settings, and exposure—di...
miR-34a-mediated regulation of XIST in female cells under inflammation.

Background Evidence is overwhelming for sex differences in pain, with women representing the majority of the chronic pain patient population. There is a need to explore novel avenues to elucidate this sex bias in the development of chronic inflammatory pain conditions. Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic neuropathic pain disorder, and the incidence of CRPS is greater in women than in men by ~4:1. Since neurogenic inflammation is a key feature of CRPS, dysregulation of inflammatory responses can be a factor in predisposing women to chronic pain. Methods Our studies investigating alterations in circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in whole blood from female CRPS patients showed significant differential expression of miRNAs between responders and poor responders to ketamine treatment. Several of these miRNAs are predicted to target the long noncoding RNA, X-inactive-specific transcript (XIST). XIST mediates X-chromosome inactivation and is essential for equalizing the expression of X-linked genes between females and males. Based on the well-established role in inflammatory process, we focused on miR-34a, one of the miRNAs predicted to target XIST, and downregulated in CRPS patients responding poorly to ketamine. Results Our in vitro and in vivo models of acute inflammation and data from patients with CRPS showed that miR-34a can regulate XIST under inflammation directly, and through pro-inflammatory transcription factor Yin-Yang 1 (YY1). XIST was significantly upregulated in a subset of CRPS patients responding poorly to ketamine. Conclusion Since dysregulation of XIST can result in genes escaping inactivation or reactivation in female cells, further investigations on the role of XIST in the predominance of chronic inflammatory and pain disorders in women is warranted.
The Impact of Mounting Method on the Flammability Testing of Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride (CPVC) Pipe Type Certification for Maritime Applications

A series of tests was performed to elucidate the impact of the mounting methods on the performance of chlorinated poly vinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe in accordance with International Maritime Organization Fire Test Procedures Annex 1 Part 5. Also assessed, was the determination whether the current practice in type approval for the certification of all CPVC pipe sizes between smallest diameters, thinnest pipe tested and largest diameters, thickest pipe tested is a valid practice. Whole diameter pipe and pipe cut in half longitudinally were tested in the Lateral Ignition and Flame-Spread Test apparatus to determine if the different configurations of the pipe induced variability. A total of 42 tests were performed to look at sizes 12.7-mm copper tube size (CTS) through 38.1-mm Schedule 80 CPVC pipes. The following factors produced statistically different data at the 99% confidence limit: longitudinally half cut, versus whole, of the same pipe size and type, and thickness of the pipe for both total heat release and peak heat release rate (PHRR). Thickness is important with thicker pipe performing better in the testing. Whole pipe of the thinner material, CTS, versus the same pipe produced from longitudinally cut pipe, increased the heat produced significantly by holding the pipe in the combustion zone longer. Thin cut pipe appeared to melt and char, and fall out of the sample holder and the combustion zone, effectively reducing the mass consumed and energy produced. For Schedule 40 pipe of whole smaller pipe diameters, 12.7 mm, performed significantly better for both PHRR and total heat release than the longitudinally cut pipe. For diameters of 19.1 and 38.1-mm Schedule 40, the same trend was noted with the whole pipe performing significantly better. Thicker materials, such as Schedule 80, develop a thick char layer that stayed in place reducing combustion of CPVC.
Schwerpunkte der Controlling — Arbeit in einem internationalen Konzern

Das Controlling gewinnt besonders in drei Situationen an Bedeutung: 1. Bei stagnierenden Markten oder Unternehmensbereichen sind Kostenmanagement und ertragsorientierte Fuhrung besonders wichtig, wobei eine Optimierung zwischen kurz und langfristigen Zielsetzungen stattzufinden hat und haufig antizyklisch Investitionen erforderlich sind, die die ohnehin angespannte Finanzsituation zusatzlich belasten. 2. veranderte Marktstrukturen erfordern eine erhohte Flexibilitat, bedingen kurzere Produktlebenszyklen und erhohen damit das Risiko von Investitionen einerseits sowie die Unsicherheit von einmal getroffenen Planansatzen. 3. Komplexe Unternehmensstrukturen (hoher Diversifizierungsgrad) bedingen klare Managementstrukturen und eindeutige Managementaussagen uber Ziele und Kriterien zur Beurteilung des Unternehmenserfolges in den einzelnen Unternehmensbereichen sowie fur den Gesamtkonzern.
Groundwater Pathway Analysis

Transport of contaminants through soil is affected by several transformation and transport processes which include advection, diffusion, dispersion and chemical reactions. These processes simultaneously influence the migration pattern of contaminants in the subsurface. The physical and mathematical definitions of these transformation and transport processes are covered in detail in Chapters 2 and 3 of this book using conservation principles as they apply to air, surface water and groundwater pathways. The mathematical definitions of these models and their associated initial and boundary conditions that may be used for the closure of these models have also been covered in technical publications in the literature. In this chapter we will use the mathematical definitions of these physical, chemical and biologic processes to describe several analytical models that are frequently used for dissolved phase contaminant transport analysis in the groundwater pathway. The goal is to bring this vast amount of literature together in a cohesive manner and to discuss the limitations and applications of these models while providing a user friendly computational platform to implement these models both in deterministic and stochastic analysis mode. Thus, as is the case for all other environmental pathway models covered in this book, all groundwater pathway models that are discussed in this chapter are included in the ACTS software for use in both deterministic and stochastic (Monte Carlo) based applications.
Impairment of gastric and jejunal myoelectrical activity during rectal distension in dogs.

It is known that distension of the rectum induces gastric hypomotility and delays gastric emptying. Its effect on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity has not been well studied, however. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rectal distension on gastrointestinal myoelectrical activity in dogs. Six hound dogs implanted with electrodes on the serosa of the stomach and proximal jejunum were studied. The protocol consisted of a 30-min baseline recording and another 30-min recording during rectal distension. Gastric myoelectrical activity was severely impaired by rectal distension. The dominant power was significantly decreased from −2.79 ± 0.52 dB at baseline to −4.84 ± 1.26 dB during distension (P < 0.05). The percentage of normal 4–6 cycles per minute gastric slow waves was reduced from 95.08 ± 1.11% to 83.63 ± 4.00% (P < 0.02), and the percentage of tachygastria was increased during distension (0.33 ± 0.19% vs 6.03 ± 1.27%, P < 0.02). The instability coefficient of the dominant frequency was significantly increased (0.134 ± 0.012 vs 0.326 ± 0.074, P < 0.05). The percentage of slow wave coupling was reduced from 93.99 ± 0.76% to 73.43 ± 2.07% (P < 0.00003). In the small bowel, only the instability coefficient of dominant frequency showed a significant increase during distension. Other parameters were not affected by rectal distension. We conclude that rectal distension severely impairs gastric myoelectrical activity. The induced gastric dysrhythmia and reduced slow wave amplitude and coupling may be the underlying pathophysiology of gastric hypomotility and delayed gastric emptying observed during rectal distension.
Women's Attitudes toward Family Life and U. S. Population Growth

At the present time, most Americans apparently feel that continued population growth in the United States is a distinct problem. The two national public opinion polls on Americans' views toward their nation's population growth both found that 54 per cent considered the growth rate to be a "serious problem" (Kantner, 1968). In a probability sample survey of adult women living in a small city, the current writer (Barnett, 1968b) found that 56 per cent agreed with the statement that "America is rapidly reaching a point where she'll have too many people, and this coming overpopulation is one of the greatest threats today to the future social and economic wellbeing of the country [p. 1]." Yet while Americans view population expansion as a problem, they seem significantly less likely to feel the married couple has a responsibility to limit its family size because of the problems (Barnett, 1968a:1). This discrepancy in attitudes exists in spite of the increasing evidence that population growth is impeding increases in the standard of living for American families (Day and Day, 1964) and in spite of the apparently growing concern that continued population growth might actually lower the standard of living. If it is true that Americans consider population growth as a problem which is independent of the immediate situation of the family, then those possessing favorable attitudes toward family life should be no more likely to view population expansion with concern than those not oriented toward