cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation of the Usage of Anti-Diarrheal Medications with Antibiotics and Other Medications in Tube Feeding Patients

Abstract LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To recognize the association of medications with the occurrence of diarrhea in the tube feeding population. The occurrence of diarrhea in the tube feeding patient population has been linked to medications. In clinical practice, the prescription of anti-diarrheal medications (ADM) are given based upon subjective reports from patients and/or caregivers. We prospectively gathered data on the usage of ADM, antibiotics, and other medications that have anti-motility, pro-motility, and cathartic effects to evaluate the correlation of drug treatments to the usage of ADM. There were 60 patients who were randomized to receive Criticare HN or Osmolite HN tube feeding. Data were analyzed on the 45 patients who were on tube feeding for a week after the target rate was achieved. Total tube feeding days was an average of 12 days. The results were as follows:ADM n=18No ADM n=27P-ValueAntibiotic therapy18230.14Cathartic and/or Pro-motility drugs13191.0Anti-motility drugs17140.75Criticare HN9110.56Osmolite HN9160.56 Conclusion: It appears that antibiotic therapy does not necessarily result in the usage of ADM in hospitalized tube feeding patients. The need of ADM were not averted by drugs that have anti-motility effects. Further investigation is warranted on the diarrhea-causing effects of certain antibiotics.
Single-dose treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in children

Thirty-six girls, aged two to 17 years, with culture-proven, acute, uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections and without signs or symptoms of upper urinary tract infection, were randomized to receive either single-dose amoxicillin or conventional therapy for ten days. Twenty-six patients complete the study, ten in the single-dose group and 16 in the conventional therapy group. The patients treated with single-dose therapy had cure rates (70% vs 75%), relapse rates (30% vs 25%), and reinfection rates (0% vs 12%) comparable to those of conventionally treated patients. A significant difference in the induction of resistant organisms was seen between treatment groups (P
Does Skip‐Row Planting Configuration Improve Cotton Net Return?

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growers want information about alternative planting configurations to reduce seed, technology, and other production costs. We evaluated the impact of solid and 2 x 1 skip-row configurations on net returns for cotton grown in 25-, 76-, and 102-cm rows based on yield and fiber quality data from an experiment in adjacent nonirrigated and irrigated fields at Milan, TN. Price differences for fiber quality were calculated using USDA-Agricultural Marketing Service spot prices. Effects of planting configuration on fiber quality were not significant or small relative to row spacing effects. Price discounts for fiber qualitywere larger in stripper-harvested 25-cm rows than in spindle-picked 76- and 102-cm rows under irrigation. Skip-row cotton provided similar or larger net returns relative to solid-planted cotton for 25- and 76-cm spacings for base lint prices from 84 to 136? kg ―1 . For 76-cm rows, equivalent yields for solid and skip-rows and seed, technology, and harvest cost savings were enough to justify skip-rows. Technology and harvest costs did not vary with planting configuration for 25-cm rows, but seed cost savings and equivalent yields were enough to justify skip-rows. Skip-row cotton had a lower net return than solid-row cotton in 102-cm rows because savings in seed, technology, and harvest costs were not enough to offset lower yields. Producers interested in skip-row cotton should consider rows spaced 76-cm or less to maximize net returns.
Therapy Programs for Children That Last a Lifetime

Adults with myelodysplasia or cerebral palsy have recently had the opportunity to share their experiences in coping with secondary disabling conditions that decrease quality of life. The research literature documents their concerns regarding musculoskel-etal impairments, low self-esteem, and poor educational and vocational attainment. Effective programs to prevent these problems are needed. Observations are provided regarding practices in therapeutic intervention programs that may contribute to development of the problems adults with disabilities describe. Recommendations for improving clinical practice to prevent secondary disabilities include emphasis on educating clients to take personal responsibility for health, physical fitness, and motor learning.
Failure to Regulate TNF-Induced NF-κB and Cell Death Responses in A20-Deficient Mice

A20 is a cytoplasmic zinc finger protein that inhibits nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–mediated programmed cell death (PCD). TNF dramatically increases A20 messenger RNA expression in all tissues. Mice deficient for A20 develop severe inflammation and cachexia, are hypersensitive to both lipopolysaccharide and TNF, and die prematurely. A20-deficient cells fail to terminate TNF-induced NF-κB responses. These cells are also more susceptible than control cells to undergo TNF-mediated PCD. Thus, A20 is critical for limiting inflammation by terminating TNF-induced NF-κB responses in vivo.
Ram-Scram Transition and Flame/Shock-Train Interactions in a Model Scramjet Experiment

The behavior of a ram-scram transition was examined using a direct-connect model scramjet experiment along with pressure measurements and high-speed laser interferometry. The work quantifies the sudden change in the wall static pressure profile and flame position that occurs as the downstream boundary condition abruptly changes when the flow becomes unchoked. Transition was studied in three ways; as a quasi-steady phenomenon due to slow decreases in fuel flow rate, or as caused by rapid variations in either fuel flow rate or test-section wall temperature. A regime diagram was constructed that plots the measured ram-scram transition boundary. Under certain conditions some periodic low-frequency oscillations of the flame position occur and they are shown to be correlated with oscillations of the upstream precombustion pseudoshock. A self-sustaining shear-layer instability, associated with the flameholding cavity, is believed to be the mechanism causing this behavior. The relevant time scales associated with...
Chronic wound infection: Facts and controversies

Chronic wound infections are responsible for considerable morbidity and significantly contribute to the escalation in the cost of health care. Wound infection may initially be manifest as bacterial colonization, and it is only when colonization is combined with other factors, such as decreased vascular supply, intrinsic virulence of specific bacteria (eg, Staphylococcus aureus), and host immune factors, that true infection occurs. The microbiology of chronic wounds is complex, and it is difficult to discern which bacteria are culpable. Deep cultures or quantitative biopsies of wound tissue may be necessary. In some instances, such as in the presence of certain mycobacteria, isolation of specific organisms confirms causation. In many instances, it is appropriate to treat these wounds empirically with a combination of topical antiseptics and systemic antibiotics, especially in the presence of invasive infections.
Developing leaders for creative efforts: A domain-based approach to leadership development

Abstract As we move into the 21st century, innovation, sustained innovation, has become a critical determinant of organizational success and survival. Although we know much about potential influences on innovation, little is known about the actions that should be taken to develop the people who must lead these efforts. In the present paper, we present a model of the capacities and capabilities people need to lead creative efforts. A selection, optimization, and compensation model is used to specify the kind of interventions that might provide a basis for developing these capacities and capabilities. The implications of these observations are discussed with respect to both the relevance of available leadership development techniques and the unique needs of people asked to lead creative efforts.
Communicative NGOMSL: An Extension of NGOMSL to Analyze a Text-based Communication System

This study proposes Communicative NGOMSL, which is an extension of NGOMSL intended to accommodate modeling of text-based communication among two or more individuals. Besides the properties of GOMS techniques in evaluation, Communicative NGOMSL additionally considers two key concepts: common ground and communication time. Common ground means the mutual knowledge, belief and assumptions of participants in a conversation, and communication time refers to one individual's waiting time for the other's response. As a case example, Communicative NGOMSL is applied to a virtual text-based communication system for exchanging addresses between two individuals. The Communicative NGOMSL analysis makes some suggestions to better design a communication system: (1) focusing on the interface design that is directly related to grounding process in a conversation; (2) considering the relationship of communication time and execution time for each individual; and (3) balancing between participants for learning time and mental...
FAR-INFRARED, RAMAN, AND DISPERSED FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA, VIBRATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACE, AND THE ANOMERIC EFFECT OF 1,3-BENZODIOXOLE

The far-infrared and Raman spectra of 1,3-benzodioxole vapor have been recorded and analyzed. Forty-one infrared and six Raman bands were assigned to transitions between the various ring-puckering energy levels in the ground and excited ring-flapping states. The determination of the energy levels was assisted by analysis of the single vibronic level fluorescence spectra of the jet-cooled molecules. The puckering levels change substantially in the flapping excited state, indicating substantial interaction between the two vibrational modes. From the spectroscopic data, a two-dimensional vibrational potential energy surface was determined. This has a barrier to planarity of 164 cm-1 and energy minima at puckering and flapping angles of ±24° and ∓3°, respectively. This molecule has a lower barrier to planarity than 1,3-dioxole, reflecting the influence of the benzene ring on the anomeric effect. Nevertheless, the anomeric effect is clearly the origin of the nonplanarity of this bicyclic ring system.
Liver glucosyl oligosaccharides and glycogen; effects of starvation, glucose feeding and insulin.

Liver Glucosyl Oligosaccharides and Glycogen ; Effects of Starvation, Glucose Feeding and Insulin
Regulation of sexuality in Indonesian discourse: normative gender, criminal law and shifting strategies of control.

This paper examines changes in the regulation of sexuality in Indonesia in the period since 1980 as seen through state, religious and lesbian and gay activist discourses on sexuality. Three different eras during that period of Indonesian history are compared. Under the New Order regime of Suharto, the Indonesian state sought to control sexuality through a deployment of gender. During the 1990s, state Islamic discourses of sexuality shifted in response to international pressures to support same‐sex marriage and sexual rights. During the third period following the end of the Suharto regime in 1998, a conservative Islamic minority pushed for more restrictive laws in the State Penal Code, initiating intense public debate on the role of the state in questions of sexuality and morality. Over this time period, the dominant discourse on sexuality moved from strategically linking normative gender with heterosexuality and marriage to direct attempts to legislate heterosexual marriage by criminalizing a wide range o...
The effect of Ca-transport inhibitors on the excitability of the pregnant and post partum rabbit uterus

Abstract To continue an earlier study, a total of 54 uterine strips were excised from 25 days pregnant and post partum rabbits. These muscles were examined under a variety of experimental conditions to further define functionally their “activator-Ca” (A-Ca) which couples excitation with contraction under these two extreme regulatory states of the uterus. As in earlier studies, increasing the stimulus strength in graded steps from 2 to 80 V/5 cm revealed two distinct “peaks” of excitability, one at ∼12 V/5 cm and another at ∼60 V/6 cm, separated by a zone of inhibition. Knowing that effective “first peak” stimulation demands intact membrane function and the availability of A-Ca, while the “second peak” stimulation probably bypasses the membrane process and activates the contractile system directly by mobilizing Ca bound to intracellular structures, the effects on the strength-tension curve of normal and Ca-free KRB, excess KCl, Verapamil, Ruthenium-red and MnCl2 were examined. These studies exposed again the different states of the A-Ca in the uteri of pregnant and post partum rabbits, which partly explain the functional differences of the myometrium under these two extreme regulatory conditions.
The Role of Cognitive Appraisal in Adaptation to Traumatic Stress in Adults With Serious Mental Illness: A Critical Review:

A compelling body of literature suggests that negative appraisal may be associated with adverse reactions to traumatic stress. However, very few studies have examined how appraisal influences posttraumatic adaptation in people with serious mental illness (SMI) despite evidence of disproportionately high prevalence rates of trauma exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in this population. The purpose of this article is to provide a critical analysis of the theoretical and empirical literature on cognitive appraisal and psychological adaptation to traumatic stress with a specific focus on individuals diagnosed with SMI. It will be argued that appraisal is a key correlate that may partially account for higher rates of PTSD in people diagnosed with major mood and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, meriting special consideration for future research.
Separate Na,K-ATPase genes are required for otolith formation and semicircular canal development in zebrafish

Abstract We have investigated the role of Na,K-ATPase genes in zebrafish ear development. Six Na,K-ATPase genes are differentially expressed in the developing zebrafish inner ear. Antisense morpholino knockdown of Na,K-ATPase α1a.1 expression blocked formation of otoliths. This effect was phenocopied by treatment of embryos with ouabain, an inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase activity. The otolith defect produced by morpholinos was rescued by microinjection of zebrafish α1a.1 or rat α1 mRNA, while the ouabain-induced defect was rescued by expression of ouabain-resistant zebrafish α1a.1 or rat α1 mRNA. Knockdown of a second zebrafish α subunit, α1a.2, disrupted development of the semicircular canals. Knockdown of Na,K-ATPase β2b expression also caused an otolith defect, suggesting that the β2b subunit partners with the α1a.1 subunit to form a Na,K-ATPase required for otolith formation. These results reveal novel roles for Na,K-ATPase genes in vestibular system development and indicate that different isoforms play distinct functional roles in formation of inner ear structures. Our results highlight zebrafish gene knockdown-mRNA rescue as an approach that can be used to dissect the functional properties of zebrafish and mammalian Na,K-ATPase genes.
Community interactions between the filamentous alga Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kuetzing, its epiphytes, and epiphyte grazers

Interactions between epiphytes, epiphyte grazers and the filamentous green alga Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kuetzing were explored with smaples from rivers in Montana. Extracts of C. glomerata lowered photosynthetic rates of Nitzschia fonticola Grunow (an epiphytic diatom). Nutrient enrichment showed that C. glomerata from the Madison River was N deficient and its epiphytes were P deficient on 2 dates and N deficient on one date, while no nutrient deficiencies were detected in samples from 3 other rivers; this implies there was little nutrient competition between the epiphytes and C. glomerata. Epiphytes lowered drag on C. glomerata tufts and current velocity inside the tufts, apparently by decreasing the effective surface area. Lower drag may decrease detachment, but lowering current velocity from 8 to 0 cm s-1 resulted in a 100 % decrease in photosynthesis. Light absorption by epiphyte pigments may lower photosynthetic rate of C. glomerata when irradiance is below 200-500 μE m-2 s-1, and protect against photoinhibition above this irradiance range. Invertebrate grazers (predominantly Baetis tricaudatus Dodds, Trycorythodes minutus Traver and Brachycentrus occidentalis Banks) at high densities removed 75% of epiphytes and B. occidentalis grazed on C. glomerata. Invertebrates regenerated a mean of 0.16 μmol NH inf4sup+ individual-1 d-1 which could have enhanced growth of downstream C. glomerata. Competition and grazing were not the only interactions in the C. glomerata community, positive (mutualistic) interactions were also important.
Practical methods for a posteriori error estimation in engineering applications

This work presents an extension of the goal-oriented error estimation technique to the engineering analysis of three-dimensional linear elastic bodies. In the series of examples shown, the errors are estimated with respect to local displacement and stress components. The paper also introduces novel means to compute lower bounds on the error in the energy norm based on a cost-effective postprocessing of the upper bound error estimates. The numerical results indicate that the method can be used effectively for complex engineering applications. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution: Mitochondrial Burden on Male Health

In many animal species, males suffer more from age-related disease than females. Is there a common cause for this burden on male health? Recent work supports the theory that the female transmission of mitochondria disproportionately increases the mutation load in males.
Recent results from STAR

Abstract Recent results from the STAR experiment are presented. The data indicate that nuclear matter produced in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions is hot, dense, and possibly opaque.
SU-C-217A-04: Patient-Specific Dosimetry for CT Examinations in the Pediatric Population

Purpose: Radiation‐dose estimates from CT scans are commonly reported as CTDI values (mGy), which are derived from standard measurements made with one of two standard (16 or 32 cm diameter) acrylic phantoms for a given technique (kVp, mAs, collimation, and pitch). Values are assigned uniformly across pediatric and adult patients without regard to specific patient size and weight. The goal of this research is to create a database of whole body and organ doses for clinical CT scans in pediatric subjects to establish more patient‐specific dose estimates. Another goal of this project is to investigate how marrow dose and risk from CTimaging varies with age. Methods: We developed a Monte Carlo radiation‐transport code to simulate different CT scans. Several pediatric subjects that received chest, abdomen, and pelvis scans were selected for segmentation into voxelized phantoms for importation into our code. A series of anthropomorphic NURBS (non‐ uniform rational b‐spline) phantoms were developed to realistically represent median, as well as larger and smaller normal weight and obese pediatric individuals of various ages. With the development of a large number of these phantoms, dose estimates for individual pediatric subjects can be assigned from the most similar phantom in the database.Results: Our models provide individual organ doses from different CT exams, thus effective doses may be more accurate over those from CTDI calculations in two reference models, and future changes in organ‐weighting factors can be taken into account. Comparison of organ and marrow doses for standard NURBS models and real patients of similar stature segmented manually show very good agreement. Conclusion: Patient‐specific dosimetry may be achieved through the use of patient‐matched NURBS models for pediatric CT scans. The quality of dose data to be assigned to pediatric patients receiving CT examinations may be significantly improved using the information obtained in this study. Partially supported by NIH NCI 1 R01 CA155400‐01A1
Bioassay-guided fractionation of antifouling compounds using computer-assisted motion analysis of brown algal spore swimming.

Abstract Antifouling extracts from the sea stars Astropecten articulatus and Luidia clathrata and from the brittle star Astrocyclus caecilia were fractionated by solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography. Bioactive fractions were identified with the use of computer-assisted motion analysis-based bioassays utilising previously described Hincksia irregularis spore swimming behaviour parameters. Quantified parameters of spore movement were rate of change of direction (RCD) and speed (SPEE). The methods used initially required only 10 μg equivalent amounts of total crude extract and each resultant resolving step (normalised to 1 mg ml−1 of crude, unfractionated extract) required far less material. Statistical analyses of RCD and ratios of RCD:SPEE values in experiments comparing swimming in the presence of extract fractions to controls revealed that both parameters were useful individually and in combination for efficiently following compound bioactivity throughout the fractionation pr...
Effect of Weak and High Magnetic Fields in Longitudinal and Transverse Configurations on Magneto-Thermoelectric Properties of Quantum Bi wires

We report on the magneto-thermopower of single-crystal Bi nanowires with diameters 75 and 250 nm in a longitudinal and transverse magnetic fields of 0–14 T. The temperature range is 1.5–300 K. Bi nanowires in a glass capillary have been prepared by the high frequency liquid phase casting. The temperature dependence R(T) shows the transition from metallic to semiconducting behavior due to quantum size effect, where the Bi-wire diameter is reduced to less than 80 nm. It is for the first time that the effect of the negative magneto-resistance in a transverse magnetic field, due to the quantum size effect on 75 nm Bi wires, has been observed. The thermopower is very sensitive to the wire diameter, up to a change in the sign from negative to positive at low temperatures, and to a significant extent in a weak longitudinal magnetic field. The field dependences of longitudinal and transverse magneto-resistance have features characteristic of the occurrence of the quantum size effect and galvanomagnetic size effect, and provide information on the parameters of the energy spectrum and charge carrier mobility. The enhancement of the thermoelectric figure of merit for Bi nanowires is discussed. We also discuss the power factor α2σ and its dependence on the diameter, magnetic field and temperature.
Evolution and Maintenance of the 22–23 June 2003 Nocturnal Convection during BAMEX

AbstractOn 22–23 June 2003 a broad region of convection, comprising a squall line and discrete supercells, evolved throughout the evening and nighttime hours. These storms were studied by analyzing both observations and idealized numerical simulations. The squall line originated from a group of supercells that were initiated in a north–south line along a preexisting outflow boundary in eastern Nebraska. These supercells anchored to the boundary, facilitating cell mergers. The cell mergers and subsequent enhanced rainfall increased the depth and strength of the surface cold pool, which became the forcing mechanism for reorientation into an east–west, southward-propagating squall line. While this was occurring, isolated supercells developed along the dryline in north-central Kansas. These supercells moved northeastward throughout the night. These two modes of convection developed and evolved in a similar nocturnal environment, suggesting that there were two distinct forcing mechanisms responsible for their ...
Experimental Study of Thermal and Flame Front Characteristics in Combustion Synthesis of Porous Ni-Ti Intermetallic Material

This article describes experimental investigation of thermal and combustion phenomena during the self-propagating combustion synthesis of Ni-Ti intermetallic materials for structural application. Ni-Ti mixture is prepared from elemental powders of Ni and Ti. The mixture is pressed into solid cylindrical samples of 1.1-cm diameter and 2-3-cm length, with initial porosity ranging from 30 to 42%. The samples are preheated to various initial temperatures and ignited from the top surface such that the flame propagates axially downward. The flame speed images are recorded with a motion camera, and the temperature profile is recorded. The flame front propagation velocity is deduced as a function of the preheat temperature and initial porosity as well as the effective thermal conductivity of the reactants.
Social interaction and the cognitive organisation of health‐relevant knowledge

Relying on recent work in social cognition, we introduce the term health belief schema to summarize how an individual organises knowledge about health issues, in this case, knowledge about ‘who has heart attacks and why’. Using data from group discussions of this topic, we show several ways that social interaction influences the formation of an individual's health belief schema for heart attacks, and demonstrate that these schemata typically consist of differentially weighted risk factors. Lay knowledge and use of risk factors does not, however, mirror medical knowledge of risk factors, and we offer suggestions as to how health practitioners can benefit from an accurate perception of lay-knowledge about heart attacks.
On the molecular mechanism of action of the tetracyclines.

L'usage de modeles moleculaires CPK permet de comparer la structure des molecules de la tetracycline a celle des molecules du RNA. Il est suggere que le site recepteur de la tetracycline sur le ribosome comprend soit du RNA a double tresse, dont les radicaux formes par GC/GC ou GC/AU, soit un complexe RNA/proteine stereochimiquement analogue au precedent ou a la portion CC (ou CU) du RNA. Il peut enfin etre remplace par une portion isomorphique de proteine ayant une sequence aminoacidique telle que Glu-x-Glu (ou Glu-x-Gln).
Electron microscope heteroduplex study of Drosophila mitochondrial DNAs: evolution of A+T-rich region.

Abstract Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from three species of the genus Drosophila (D. melanogaster, D. simulons, and D. virilis) were compared by electron microscope heteroduplex mapping. Analysis of heteroduplex molecules revealed that the A + T-rich region of these mtDNAs has undergone quite extensive base sequence divergence, whereas the remainder of the molecule was found to share apparently complete base sequence homology in all three species. The differences in the sizes of the A + T-rich regions, as determined from the heteroduplex measurements, completely account for the differences in the total sizes of these mtDNAs. A segment of approximately 0.1 kb is conserved within the A + T-rich regions of D. simulans and D. virilis mtDNAs, but not within the A + T-rich region of D. melanogaster mtDNA. HaeIII restriction endonuclease analysis of the heteroduplex molecules has further shown that the unique HaeIII site of D. virilis mtDNA molecule is apparently conserved in both D. melanogaster and D. simulans mtDNA molecules. Finally, electrophoretic patterns of HaeIII-digested mtDNAs from all three species were found to be different and distinguishable from each other suggesting that single base substitutions have probably taken place throughout the entire mitochondrial genome.
Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection Inhibits IFNγ-Induced MHC Class II Expression on Macrophages: The Role of Type I Interferon

Macrophage (M phi) activation, as measured by cell surface expression of MHC class II, was examined during infection of immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). Intraperitoneal infection of CB17 SCID mice with 10(6) PFU of MCMV elicited a large population of M phi which expressed low levels of MHC class II. This was surprising since infection of SCID mice with lower doses (e.g., 10(4) PFU) of MCMV elicits M phi expressing high levels of MHC class II (M. T. Heise and H. W. Virgin, J. Virol. (1995) 69, 904-909). In vivo administration of recombinant mouse IFN gamma resulted in high levels of MHC class II expression on M phi from control but not MCMV-infected SCID mice, suggesting that MCMV infection generates a state in which IFN gamma is not effective at activating M phi. The effect of MCMV infection was MHC class II specific, since MHC class I and ICAM-1 levels were increased on M phi expressing low levels of MHC class II. Interference with IFN gamma action was not due to productive or abortive infection of M phi. This suggested that MCMV infection induces a soluble factor that alters M phi responsiveness to IFN gamma. Infection of SCID mice with 10(6) PFU of MCMV induced higher levels of serum IFN alpha beta (one candidate for inhibition of IFN gamma induction of MHC class II expression) than infection with 10(4) PFU. We therefore evaluated the role of MCMV-induced IFN alpha beta on IFN gamma responses of bone marrow-derived (BMM phi) or thioglycollate-elicited M phi in vitro. Infection of normal M phi with MCMV at a low m.o.i. (0.1 to 0.2) impaired IFN gamma-mediated induction of M phi MHC class II expression, but not MHC class I expression. Inhibition of IFN gamma responses was not observed in M phi from mice with a null mutation in the IFN alpha beta receptor (IFN alpha beta R-/-). To test the in vivo relevance of virus-induced IFN alpha beta to IFN gamma-mediated responses, the kinetics of MHC class II induction during MCMV infection of IFN alpha beta R-/- mice was evaluated. MCMV-infected IFN alpha beta R-/- mice mounted an earlier M phi MHC class II response than normal mice. We conclude that MCMV infection specifically impairs IFN gamma-mediated MHC class II expression on M phi and that induction of IFN alpha beta is one mechanism by which this inhibition occurs.
Photoresponses of second-instar Chaoborus larvae

Abstract The diel vertical migration of Chaoborus larvae varies with larval instar. Although light is involved in the control of vertical migration the contribution of larval photoresponses is unknown. In order to describe ontogenetic changes in larval photoresponses we measured photoresponses of second-instar Chaoborus punctipennis larvae in the laboratory. The response spectrum of these larvae had peaks in sensitivity at 420 and 620 nm with a wide plateau of lower sensitivity from 460 to 600 and 640 to 680 nm. Dark adapted larvae were positively phototactic at intensities from 10 −7 to 10 1 Wm −2 at 420 nm. The level of response decreased somewhat above 10 −4 Wm −2 , and above 10 −2 Wm −2 a small proportion of larvae shifted to a negative phototaxis. At 420 nm the threshold intensity was about 10 −7 Wm −2 for positive phototaxis and 10 −2 Wm −2 for negative phototaxis. Light adaptation increased the threshold intensity for positive phototaxis. The differences in larval photoresponses between second- and fourth-instar larvae suggests that the young instars are adapted to the photoenvironment of the water column and older larvae are adapted to avoid the water column except at very low light intensities. These predictions match the diel distribution of these larvae.
Profiles of respite use.

SUMMARY Profiles of long-term respite use are reported for a diverse sample of 4, 369 families from seven states who participated in the Alzheimer's Disease Demonstration Grant to States program. Data from service records spanning a period of seven years were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling techniques. Respite use was examined in both day care and in-home settings using three different measures of use. Client characteristics related to use include the caregiver's gender and relationship to the elder, and the ethnicity, income, functional level, and problem behaviors of the elder. Provider characteristics linked with different patterns of use include level of service, fee structure, and level of capitation. Implications for service delivery are discussed.
An Evaluation of Capital Budgeting Portfolio Models Using Simulated Data

The effectiveness of six approaches to capital budgeting under uncertainty is evaluated. The standard of comparison was a second-degree stochastic dominance model. The research environment consisted of ten hypothetical capital budgeting projects and an existing asset base. Variations in project demand, competitive actions, and technological changes were simulated by changing the shapes of the cash flow distributions. The required net present value distributions were obtained through a simulation and state of the economy methodology. Results of the study indicated that the models were sensitive to the characteristics of the cash flow distributions and that financial managers must exercise considerable care in their selection of a capital budgeting decision model. The mean-semivariance model yielded the most consistent results while decisions based upon the traditional net present value model were incorrect much of the time.
Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A 64-Year-Old Man With Motor Complications of Advanced Parkinson Disease

In early stages, Parkinson disease typically begins with asymmetric or unilateral motor symptoms due to combinations of mild bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. In most cases, with progression, signs of more generalized bradykinesia appear, which include facial masking, reduced voice volume, and slowing of activities of daily living. In more advanced Parkinson disease, other disabling manifestations may follow, such as impaired balance, gait freezing, falls, speech disturbance, and cognitive impairment. Levodopa is the most effective medical treatment for Parkinson disease. However, motor complications uniquely related to levodopa treatment may emerge that may be difficult to manage. These include fluctuating levodopa responses and involuntary movements and postures known as dyskinesia and dystonia. Medication adjustments are usually effective, but in some cases surgical intervention with deep brain stimulation becomes necessary to alleviate motor complications. The case of Mr L, a man with an 11-year history of Parkinson disease, illustrates these emerging motor complications and the manner in which they may be managed both medically and surgically.
Blunt cardiac rupture: value of contrast-enhanced spiral CT.

appearance of the lesions and the heterogeneous enhancement were quite consistent with the spectrum of CT findings that has been described. The MR findings following intravenous contrast were similar to those observed on CT. Contrary to our expectation, the lesions were not well seen on T2 weighted images. Post-gadolinium images were more helpful and more sensitive. It is also interesting that follow-up MRI was essentially unchanged. Lack of evolution on the follow-up study may be temporal. Most previously described patients with liver infarction had transplanted livers or surgical intervention. These patients underwent closer follow-up imaging that is more likely to demonstrate lesion evolution. In the case we described, the infarcts were probably subacute or chronic given the indolent clinical course over weeks. The aetiology for the thrombotic angiitis in our patient is most consistent with allergic reaction or hypersensitivity type pathogenesis. It is possible that the offending allergen was the patient’s medication. The favourable clinical response to steroids further supports such aetiology. The manufacturer (Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.) is unaware of any other reported cases of vasculitis secondary to goserelin acetate administration. Even when strong clinical suspicion exists, ultrasound, which is frequently the initial study performed in patients with abnormal liver function tests, is unlikely to be diagnostic. It should be noted that even on CT, the findings are rather nonspecific. Differential diagnosis for the CT and MR appearance includes infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic disease. Indeed, the most common aetiology for multiple hepatic lesions is neoplastic, typically metastatic. In the case described, based on the previous skin biopsy, infarcts secondary to vasculitis were suspected, however, disseminated infection was strongly considered, prompting the biopsy. We are in agreement with others (2) that unless the lesions are peripheral and wedge-shaped, in a clinical setting of suspected disseminated infection, a biopsy is indicated.
Sequential and fused optical filters for clutter reduction and detection

For practical computer vision applications using optical processors, filters to reduce clutter and detect candidate regions of interest (ROIs) in a scene are necessary before the class of an object can be determined. We discuss new morphological wavelet, Gabor, and rank-order filters to achieve clutter reduction, object detection, and image enhancement. All operations (and hence all low, medium, and high level computer vision operations) can be performed on the same optical correlator architecture with such new filters.
Permeation of Telone EC™ through protective gloves

Abstract Telone is a potent fumigant that is based on the chlorinated unsaturated hydrocarbon, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-DCP). It is often applied without dilution and so poses severe inhalation and air pollution threats. Urinary metabolites of 1,3-DCP have been detected after Telone skin exposure, so that preventing dermal exposure is also important. The objective of the study was to assess if nitrile and multi-layer (“laminated”) gloves provide adequate protection against Telone EC™ formulation. To accomplish this, disposable (Safeskin™) and chemically resistant (Sol-Vex™) nitrile and laminated (Barrier™ and Silver Shield™) glove materials were challenged by Telone EC™ with hexane liquid collection in an ASTM-type I-PTC-600 permeation cell. Analyses of cis- and trans-1,3-DCP in the collection fluid at specified times were performed on a moderately polar capillary column by gas chromatography-electron capture detection. Telone EC™ caused microholes in both nitrile materials, though the chemically protective material was degraded slower than the disposable nitrile. The laminated gloves offered limited protection. Silver Shield™ protected best because 1.5–2.3 mg 1,3-DCP permeated by 8 h relative to 2.5–7.6 mg for Barrier™, implying about 2.5 times more protection for 8 h. Even for Silver Shield™, the extent of protection was inadequate as illustrated by a risk assessment of the skin exposure situation. The normalized breakthrough times for both types of laminated gloves varied between 27 and 60 min. It is recommended that Viton gloves still be worn for protection.
Intermolecular β-Hydrogen Abstraction in Ytterbium, Calcium, and Potassium Tris(dimethylsilyl)methyl Compounds

A series of organometallic compounds containing the tris(dimethylsilyl)methyl ligand are described. The potassium carbanions KC(SiHMe2)3 and {KC(SiHMe2)3TMEDA}2 are synthesized by deprotonation of the hydrocarbon HC(SiHMe2)3 with potassium benzyl. {KC(SiHMe2)3TMEDA}2 crystallizes as a dimer with two types of three-center–two-electron K–H–Si interactions: side-on coordination of SiH (∠K–H–Si = 102(2)°) and more obtuse K–H–Si structures (∠K–H–Si ≈ 150°). The divalent calcium and ytterbium compounds M{C(SiHMe2)3}2L (M = Ca, Yb; L = 2THF, TMEDA) are prepared from MI2 and 2 equiv of KC(SiHMe2)3. Low 1JSiH coupling constants in the NMR spectra, low-energy νSiH bands in the IR spectra, and short M–Si distances and small M–C–Si angles in the crystal structures suggest β-agostic interactions on each C(SiHMe2)3 ligand. The IR assignments of M{C(SiHMe2)3}2L (L = 2THF, TMEDA) are supported by DFT calculations. The compounds M{C(SiHMe2)3}2L react with 1 or 2 equiv of B(C6F5)3 to give the 1,3-disilacyclobutane {Me2SiC(...
CHANGING CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS Implications for Criminology Theory

This article examines both traditional and contemporary conceptualizations of professional criminals as viewed by criminologists. Traditionally, criminologists have viewed professional criminals as being involved in full-time, nonviolent. highly skilled specialties. Contemporary conceptualizations stress professional criminals as being no specialized, less skilled, and involved in violent behavior. These conceptual changes reflect an emphasis upon observations rather than theoretical development among criminologists examining professional crime. As long as an observational emphasis persists, theories concerning professional criminals will not progress either rapidly or in an orderly fashion. Changing conceptualizations of professional criminals can be viewed as an example of insufficient theoretical development existing within the discipline.
Structure, Bonding, and Reactivity of Tantalum Amides Containing o-Naphthyl- and o-Indenylphenoxide Ligation

The reaction of [Ta(NMe2)5] with the o-(2,3-dihydro-1-naphthyl)-, o-(1-naphthyl)-, and o-(inden-3-yl)phenols [HOC6H2Ar-2-But2-4,6] (Ar = C10H9 (1), C10H7 (Np; 2), C9H7 (3)) has been investigated. In all three cases initial displacement of 1 equiv of dimethylamine occurs, yielding mono(aryloxides) [(ArO)Ta(NMe2)4]. Structural studies of the o-(2,3-dihydro-1-naphthyl) and o-(1-naphthyl) compounds 4 and 5 show they both adopt geometries best described as square pyramidal with an apical dimethylamido ligand and basal aryloxide oxygen. The Ta−O−Ar angles are 162° in both compounds, with no metal interaction with the ortho substituents. Compound 4 reacts with 2,3,5,6-tetraphenylphenol to form the corresponding bis(aryloxide) 6. The intermediate o-(inden-3-yl)phenoxide [(ArO)Ta(NMe2)4] 7 thermally eliminates a further 1 equiv of HNMe2 with formation of the tris(amido) compound [Ta(OC6H2{η1-Ind}-2-But-4,6)(NMe2)3] 8. The coordination geometry about tantalum in 8 is best described as trigonal bipyramidal, with an ...
Sperm migration prior to fertilization in the hydroid Gonothyrea loveni

The medusiform, gamete-bearing sporosacs (meconidia) of Gonothyrea are pushed out of the gonangium but remain attached to its distal end. The female meconidium is known to secrete a substance capable of attracting the sperm chemotactically. If sperm approaching the female meconidium pass close enough to one of its tentacles, they stick to the tentacle by their tails and appear to be suspended a few microns above the surface of the tentacle ectoderm cells. They then begin to migrate along the tentacle, eventually arriving at the base where they can enter the meconidium. The direction of movement while on the tentacle surface cannot now be directly related to the source of the chemotactant. The propulsive source is the sperm flagellum, though the beat is markedly suppressed over most of its length. An extracellular surface coat is probably responsible for both the adherence to the tentacle and the suppression of motility of the flagellum. Comparative tests using other genera show that the sperm of Campanularia flexuosa does not stick to the female Gonothyrea meconidium tentacles, but those of C. calceoliferaa do. The specificities are maintained in the reverse case, as well as when active extracts are used against the sperm.
ETHACRYNIC ACID: EFFECTIVENESS AND MODE OF DIURETIC ACTION IN MAN.

Ethacrynic acid, a chemically different diuretic, has been evaluated in 82 patients. The drug was remarkably potent when administered intravenously (0.5 to 1 mg./Kg.) or by mouth (doses to 50 mg. four times per day). It proved particularly effective in patients with refractory edema, and in edematous states accompanied by azotemia or electrolyte disturbances. Its natriuretic effects added to those of other diuretics and potentiation actually appeared to occur when it was combined with a carbonic-anhydrase inhibitor. Renal clearance data indicated that ethacrynic acid has a unique mode of action. There was little effect on glomerular filtration or renal plasma flow and its major action was to block sodium and chloride reabsorption probably in both proximal and distal portions of the renal tubules. Ion exchange mechanisms seemed little affected by the drug because it characteristically increased both hydrogen and potassium ion excretion. In general the degree of induced potassium loss correlated well with the rate of endogenous aldosterone secretion. Furthermore, ethacrynic acid did not cause potassium loss in one adrenalectomized subject nor in another subject pretreated with an aldosterone antagonist. Diuresis induced by ethacrynic acid was often accompanied by the development of systemic metabolic alkalosis. Factors in the development of this alkalosis were (1) urinary K + loss with hypokalemia, (2) urinary H + loss, and (3) in edematous patients the rapid large loss of relatively HCO 3 - -free fluid from the extracellular fluid space. The systemic alkalosis was found to be accompanied by compensatory alveolar hypoventilation. These studies of the mechanisms of the alkalosis point to the occasional importance of the administration of chloride, of potassium, or of saline as corrective measures. Diuresis with ethacrynic acid, like other diuretic agents, produced marked increases in the rate of aldosterone secretion of normal subjects. More variable effects were observed in patients with heart disease, possibly because improvement in their circulatory status operated to lower hormone secretion activity. Ethacrynic acid had effects on urate excretion that resembled thiazide diuretics. Higher blood levels of intravenous administration were uricosuric. Lower blood levels of oral therapy caused renal urate retention and hyperuricemia. Most of the problems associated with the use of ethacrynic acid appeared to be related more to its pharmacologic potency than to any truly toxic effect. Because of this it is suggested that the sensitivity and response pattern of each patient be determined in stepwise fashion. In most patients with edema an intermittent dosage schedule provides a more efficient diuretic response and allows time intervals for correction of any electrolyte imbalance. If used with a thorough understanding of its pharmacologic effects ethacrynic acid promises to be a most useful agent in the therapy of patients with difficult or refractory edema.
Application of commercial remote sensing to issues in human geography

Characterizing attributes of a society is fundamental to human geography. Cultural, social, and economic factors that are critical to understanding societal attitudes are associated with specific phenomena that are observable from overhead imagery. The application of remote sensing to specific issues, such as population estimation, agricultural analysis, and environmental monitoring, has shown great promise. Extending these concepts, we explore the potential for assessing aspects of governance, well-being, and social capital. Social science theory indicates the relationships among physical structures, institutional features, and social structures. Motivated by this underlying theory, we explore the relationship between observable physical phenomena and attributes of the society. Using imagery data from two study regions: sub-Saharan Africa and rural Afghanistan, we present an initial exploration of the direct and indirect indicators derived from the imagery. We demonstrate a methodology for extracting relevant measures from the imagery, using a combination of human-guided and machine learning methods. Our comparison of results for the two regions demonstrates the degree to which methods can generalize or must be tailored to a specific study area.