cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aplacophoran Mollusca in the Natural History Museum Berlin. An annotated catalogue of Thiele's type specimens, with a brief review of “Aplacophora” classification

Aplacophoran molluscs are a small, often neglected and still poorly known but phylogenetically important basal group, with taxa possessing morphological characters considered essential for the reconstruction of the basal Mollusca and their evolution. Currently, in most textbooks of zoology and major malacological treatise Solenogastres and Caudofoveata are viewed as constituting a monophyletic clade called Aplacophora Von Ihering, 1876, although evidence is available to the contrary, suggesting the latter to be a paraphyletic grade. Accordingly, the hitherto accepted “Aplacophora” may consist of two Recent, diphyletic taxa, viz. Solenogastres Gegenbaur, 1878 (sensu Simroth, 1893) or Neomeniomorpha Pelseneer, 1906 (also called Ventroplicida Boettger, 1955) and Caudofoveata Boettger, 1955 or Chaetodermomorpha Pelseneer, 1906. The Museum of Natural History Berlin (formerly Zoological Museum Berlin, ZMB) houses rich type material essentially of Solenogastres on which to a substantial degree the preeminent German malacologist Johannes Thiele (1860–1935), working as curator in this collection from 1905 on, has based his respective systematic accounts of that time. A review given here briefly outlines the historical development of knowledge on the systematics and phylogeny of aplacophoran molluscs allowing two conclusions: First, that evidendently Thiele struggled with the very same problems of molluscan classification as we still do more than a century of zoological systematics later; and second, that Thiele's erroneous assumption of Solenogastres being closely related to annelids rather than molluscs resulted in the deposition of aplacophoran material of the ZMB (and hence the late re-discovery of it) in the “Vermes” department, then initiating this annotated type catalogue. Here we provide information on a total of 31 aplacophoran taxa in the ZMB, including notes on type specimens and localities, their original description and current systematic placement. The majority (i.e. 25 taxa) are represented by types, essentially being named by Thiele in 23 cases. With the exception of one caudofoveate, all these aplacophoran molluscs in the ZMB are Solenogastres. Following recent classification they are assigned to 20 genera. The type material was mainly collected by German imperial expeditions, which are briefly reviewed, in particular the First German South Polar Expedition on board of the sailing vessel “Gauss”, 1901–1903, with a total of 15 new aplacophoran species, all from the very same type locality near the Antarctic Gaussberg volcano at 66°2′S, 89°38′E, collected by the expedition's biologist Ernst Vanhoffen. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Addressing False Positives in Early Reading Assessment Using Intervention Response Data

The current study examined a solution to high false positive reading risk classification rates in early kindergarten by investigating a method of identifying students with possible false positive risk classifications and returning them to general classroom instruction. Researchers assessed kindergarten students (N = 105) identified as at risk who were participating in a full-year Tier 2 reading intervention program. Students with very strong initial curriculum mastery (n = 9) were identified as having possible false positive risk classifications and returned to general classroom Tier 1 instruction. Very strong responders who were exited from intervention (i.e., exited strong responders) scored above the risk range across multiple reading measures at the end of the year and performed similarly to a historical comparison cohort who remained in intervention services for the entire year (i.e., treated strong responders). Results suggest that kindergarten students with false positive risk classifications can b...
Measuring the Games Influence on Improving English Proficiency

English is now used as an international language, so that every person in order to communicate at the international level are required this language. To improving english proficiency, people used native speaker, course, story book, film game and etc. Games or better known as PC gaming is another alternative in improving the English proficiency. Beside this is fun, player required to read and listen the story game to finish the game. So that player can improve English proficiency while the player play game. In this paper, author present what game are fun and not boring also can improving English proficiency. The measuring improving English proficiency is observed from reading,writing, listening and grammar Keyword: English, Game, improving ,Proficiency
Posterior ventricular anchoring neochordal repair of degenerative mitral regurgitation efficiently remodels and repositions posterior leaflet prolapse

OBJECTIVES: Mitral valve repair techniques for degenerative disease typically entail leaflet resection or neochordal construction, which may require extensive resection, leaflet detachment/reattachment, reliance on diseased native chords or precise neochordal measuring. Occasionally, impaired leaflet mobility, reduced coaptation surface and systolic anterior motion (SAM) may result. We describe a novel technique for addressing posterior leaflet prolapse/flail, which both simplifies repair and addresses these issues. METHODS: Fifty-four patients (age 62 ± 11 years) with degenerative MR underwent this new repair, 36 of whom minimally-invasively. A CV5 Gore-Tex suture was placed into the posterior left ventricular myocardium underneath the prolapsing segment as an anchor. This suture was then used to imbricate a portion of the prolapsed segment into the ventricle, creating a smooth, broad, non-prolapsed coapting surface on a leaflet with preserved mobility, additional neochordal support and posteriorly positioned enough to preclude SAM.
Novel drug discovery and molecular biological methods, via DNA, RNA and protein changes using structure–function transitions: Transitional structural chemogenomics, transitional structural chemoproteomics and novel multi-stranded nucleic acid microarray

Nucleic acids and proteins are dynamic molecules that undergo structural changes which control gene expression. The authors have developed two novel techniques, viz., transitional structural chemogenomics and transitional structural chemoproteomics. Transitional structural chemogenomics is used to regulate gene expression, employing ultrasensitive small-molecule drugs targeted toward nucleic acids. Gene expression can be regulated by using chemicals to target transitional changes in the helical conformations of single-stranded (ss-) and double-stranded (ds-) DNA (e.g., B- to Z-DNA), and RNA (e.g., A- to Z-RNA). This method also targets alternative types of ds- and ss-DNA and RNA (e.g., cruciform DNA), and other multi-stranded nucleic acids (e.g., triplex-DNA). Our second technique, transitional structural chemoproteomics, targets a protein before, during or after post-translational modifications which alters its structure and function. Both a proteins' structured and unstructured regions are targeted. These two novel methods represent the next step in the evolution of chemical genomics and chemical proteomics. They allow for two approaches to regulate gene expression, viz., turning genes "on", "off" or variable control (e.g., dimmer switch). This article also discusses the confusion that exists between the term chemical genomics and other related subdisciplines, such as chemical proteomics. Additionally, we have developed a novel multi-stranded DNA, RNA and plasmid microarray which immobilizes intact nondenatured ds-DNA, alternative, and other multiple-stranded nucleic acids onto a substrate surface. This technique represents the next generation of nucleic acid microarrays, which will enhance the characterization of nucleic acids and the drug discovery process. These three novel techniques allow for a multifaceted approach that will greatly enhance the success of molecular biology, the "omics" and drug discovery. They represent the next era of gene expression tools.
Pressure Viscosity Coefficient of Lubricant Base Oils As Estimated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The pressure viscosity coefficient (PVC) is an important parameter for base oils in defining their lubricating capacity because it reflects the extent of “thickening” that occurs under high hydrodynamic loads. In this study, spin−lattice relaxation times (T1) derived from NMR experiments are used to probe the dynamic motional environment for a series of compositionally different base oils to better understand the relationship between chemical structure and bulk physical properties such as viscosity and PVC. Using a multivariable statistical analysis, it was demonstrated that the T1 times for certain 13C NMR resonances combined with the viscosity index can accurately predict the PVC of a base oil (R2 = 0.99). Further, 13C NMR-derived “average structural parameters” including certain paraffin, isoparaffin, and naphthenic structures, also predicted PVC very accurately (R2 = 0.99). Collectively, these results illustrate that the “energy-conserving” and “traction” properties of lubricants can be predicted from...
GEMS: An Automatic Layout Tool for MIMOLA Schematics

The features of a graphics editor for MIMOLA schematics (GEMS) and its use in the MIMOLA design process are discussed. The MIMOLA Software System (MSS) is a collection of tools for performing digital design synthesis. A key element in the MIMOLA design methodology is the role the designer plays in guiding the synthesis process. The graphics editor facilitates easy designer interaction. Some heuristics for displaying schematics in a form that is esthetically pleasing are presented. Algorithms for automatic partitioning, placement and routing of schematics are then described. Finally, the implementation features of the graphics tool are discussed and future plans for enhancing its capabilities are outlined.
Read This Article, but Don’t Print It: Organizational Citizenship Behavior Toward the Environment

This article contributes to the growing research interest on sustainability-directed citizenship behaviors by helping to develop the construct of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) toward the environment, defined as voluntary behavior not specified in official job descriptions that, through the combined efforts of individual employees, help to make the organization and/or society more sustainable. Hypotheses predict the extent to which employees’ beliefs about their organization and about sustainability in general will be associated with OCBs toward the environment. The hypotheses are tested via a field survey of 733 employees working in a variety of occupations. Regression results indicated that OCBs toward the environment were related to, yet distinct from, OCBs in general, perceived organizational support (POS), affective commitment (AC), and beliefs that sustainability is important both in general and for one’s current organization. The article concludes with theoretical implications for rese...
Widely wavelength tunable thermo-optic bandpass filters based on long-range surface plasmon polaritons

We report thermally-tunable optical bandpass filters based on long-range surface plasmon polaritons. Over 220 nm of bandpass tuning is achieved around 1,550 nm by varying the device temperature from 19 to 27 degrees Celsius.
Multiple pathways for Cre/lox‐mediated recombination in plastids

Plastid transformation technology involves the insertion by homologous recombination and subsequent amplification of plastid transgenes to approximately 10 000 genome copies per leaf cell. Selection of transformed genomes is achieved using a selectable antibiotic resistance marker that has no subsequent role in the transformed line. We report here a feasibility study in the model plant tobacco, to test the heterologous Cre/lox recombination system for antibiotic marker gene removal from plastids. To study its efficiency, a green fluorescent protein reporter gene activation assay was utilized that allowed visual observation of marker excision after delivery of Cre to plastids. Using a combination of in vivo fluorescence activation and molecular assays, we show that transgene excision occurs completely from all plastid genomes early in plant development. Selectable marker-free transplastomic plants are obtained in the first seed generation, indicating a potential application of the Cre/lox system in plastid transformation technology. In addition to the predicted transgene excision event, two alternative pathways of Cre-mediated recombination were also observed. In one alternative pathway, the presence of Cre in plastids stimulated homologous recombination between a 117 bp transgene expression element and its cognate sequence in the plastid genome. The other alternative pathway uncovered a plastid genome 'hot spot' of recombination composed of multiple direct repeats of a 5 bp sequence motif, which recombined with lox independent of sequence homology. Both recombination pathways result in plastid genome deletions. However, the resultant plastid mutations are silent, and their study provides the first insights into tRNA accumulation and trans-splicing events in higher plant plastids.
Matthew Edel and Marginal Utility

Clarke, J. J. 1970 On the Unity and Diversity of Cultures. American Anthropologist 72 (3): 545-554. Goldschmidt, Walter 1966 Comparative Functionalism; An Essay in Anthropological Theory. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Gough, Kathleen 1959 The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 89:23-34. Leach, E. R. 1961 Rethinking Anthropology. In Rethinking Anthropology, London School of Economics, Monographs on Social Anthropology, No. 22. Malinowski, Bronislaw 1960 The Derivation of Cultural Needs. In A Scientific Theory of Culture and Other Essays. New York: Oxford University Press. (First published in 1944.) Tiger, Lionel 196-9 Men in Groups, New York: Random House.
Least absolute deviations estimation for the accelerated failure time model

The accelerated failure time (AFT) model assumes a linear relationship between event time and covariates. We propose a robust weighted least-absolute- deviations (LAD) method for estimation in the AFT model with right-censored data. This method uses the Kaplan-Meier weights in the LAD objective function to account for censoring. We show that the proposed estimator is root-n consistent and asymptotically normal under appropriate assumptions. It can also be easily computed using existing software, which makes it especially useful for data with medium to high dimensional covariates. The proposed method is evaluated using simulations and demonstrated on two clinical data sets.
Modeling Ozone in the Chicago Urban Area

Ozone (O3) is a ubiquitous trace gas in the atmosphere. Its highest concentration is in the stratosphere, where it shields the earth’s surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation. At the surface, however, ozone is itself harmful, with destructive impacts on materials, crops, and health. Its levels have been high enough in certain areas to be of concern for several decades.
Mechanistic Insights into the H2S-Mediated Reduction of Aryl Azides Commonly Used in H2S Detection

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important biological mediator and has been at the center of a rapidly expanding field focused on understanding the biogenesis and action of H2S as well as other sulfur-related species. Concomitant with this expansion has been the development of new chemical tools for H2S research. The use of H2S-selective fluorescent probes that function by H2S-mediated reduction of fluorogenic aryl azides has emerged as one of the most common methods for H2S detection. Despite this prevalence, the mechanism of this important reaction remains under-scrutinized. Here we present a combined experimental and computational investigation of this mechanism. We establish that HS–, rather than diprotic H2S, is the active species required for aryl azide reduction. The hydrosulfide anion functions as a one-electron reductant, resulting in the formation of polysulfide anions, such as HS2–, which were confirmed and trapped as organic polysulfides by benzyl chloride. The overall reaction is first-order in b...
An extra-cellular protein signature of metastatic colon cancer

C26 Colon cancer is a leading cause of tumor death mainly as a consequence of malignant cell spreading and invasion of organs such as bone, brain, lung, and liver. Despite the possibility of a certain range of intervention for liver metastases, the success of surgery depends on early detection of few lesions, which is rarely achieved. Moreover, little information is available about the molecular mechanisms leading to liver metastases, making it difficult to design proper diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Epithelial and endothelial metastatic cells have peculiar characteristics, different from both the primary tumor and the tissues in which they localize. Particularly, modifications occur on their surfaces, where molecules are expressed or modified in order to accomplish for the best survival in the host environment. The process of metastatization is dependent both on the intrinsic properties of tumor cells and on tissue microenvironment. Indeed, it is well established that the features of the host organ determine the phenotype and the behavior of metastatic cells. Consequently, the search for metastasis-associated genes has to be conducted with selective processing of tumor tissues. We have set up a protocol for the isolation of heterogeneous tumor cell populations by tissue fractionation of liver metastasis biopsies from patients immediately after surgical removal. We use cells extracted from adjacent macroscopically healthy liver as a negative control. We screened phage-displayed peptide libraries on cells from 20 human liver metastases, and isolated more than 200 tumor-targeting peptides. In our preliminary studies, we have focused on 7 of these peptides, which share homology among each other and among different patients, suggesting both specificity and wide-range applicability. We have demonstrated that these peptides specifically bind to metastatic cell lines as well as to metastatic cells and tissues from patients. A bioinformatic analysis suggested that different proteins might be the receptors for these peptides on the malignant cell surfaces. Indeed, with this approach we have identified several pairs of partners potentially involved in metastasis progression, among which Semaphorins/Plexins, HERs/ Heregulins, integrins/matrix proteins, cadherins. The analysis of this extra-cellular signature of metastatic cancers opens many intriguing possibilities for future research. We propose one of more of these ligand/receptor pairs be involved in tumor angiogenesis and/or, more specifically, in the process of liver metastatization. On verification of the molecular mechanism(s), innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches might also be developed.
An Enthalpy Formulation for Thermocline With Encapsulated PCM Thermal Storage and Benchmark Solution Using the Method of Characteristics

An enthalpy-based model of thermocline operation general to both single phase and encapsulated phase change filler materials was created in MATLAB. The method of characteristics is applied in space and time, mapping fluid temperature and filler enthalpy to a numerical grid, and in the case of a melting filler, allowing accurate tracking of phase state interfaces to fractional positions of the grid. Careful consideration of various possible heat transfer conditions along with placement of phase state interfaces in the numerical grid allows for extreme versatility and accuracy in model application. Input of specific fluid and filler properties, tank size, time of operation, and initial and boundary conditions returns a full representation to any desired amount of charge/discharge processes or cycles. The paper covers mathematical formulation, certain intricacies of numerical implementation, model verification, and the beginnings of application to prove proper operation and generality.© 2013 ASME
Ultrastructure of telia and teliospores of the rust fungus Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme

A combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy was used to examine telia and teliospores of C. quercuum f. sp. fusiforme, the cause of fusiform rust disease of southern pines. Telia...
Cadmium telluride solar cells: Record-breaking voltages

Here, the performance of CdTe solar cells — cheaper alternatives to silicon photovoltaics — is hampered by their low output voltages, which are normally well below the theoretical limit. Now, record voltages of over 1 V have been reported in single-crystal CdTe heterostructure solar cells, which are close to those of benchmark GaAs cells.
A New Proof of the H Theorem

Boltzmann's $H$ theorem is here given a new proof based upon the properties of the probability coefficients that determine the transitions between different states of the total system or of any part of the system. The customary assumption is made that the frequency of these transitions is proportional to the population of the initial state, and the solutions of the equations determining statistical equilibrium are then fully discussed. These solutions either agree with those obtained directly with the aid of the principle of microscopic reversibility, or they divide into mutually independent and noncombining groups each of which in itself satisfies the principle of microscopic reversibility. The proof applies equally to Boltzmann, Bose and Fermi statistics. It involves a theorem concerning the rank of a matrix formed from coefficients appearing in the equations of equilibrium.
The dilemma in regulating drug advertising: propositional versus nonpropositional content.

Biegler and Vargas (2013) offer strong empirical evidence for an effect that was probably well understood by the Madison Avenue advertising culture in the mid-20th century, namely, that images are ...
Experimental study of laser ablation on lethal arrhythmias in dogs

To study the effect of laser ablation on arrhythmogenic ventricular myocardium, we applied aconitine on 36 local epicardial sites of ventricles (22 in LV, 14 in RV) in 12 dogs. Severe monographic persistent VTs or VFs were induced by aconitine and then these foci were irradiated by Nd: YAG laser. RV refractoriness (RVR) and local epicardial pacing threshold (LEPT) were measured by programmed electrical stimulation (PES) before aconitine applying and after resuming sinus rhythm. That VT or VF could not be induced by PES and the heart had persistent sinus rhythm was considered success. Aconitine doses were 7.9 +/- 4.8 micrograms in LV, 3.3 +/- 1.9 micrograms in RV, P less than 0.01. The data of time from aconitine applying to the appearance of VT were 237 +/- 228 s in LV and 148 +/- 101 s in RV, P less than 0.05. VF incidence rate was 75% (27/36). All of VT, VF could be abolished by mapping-guided laser irradiation on VT foci. The mean laser energy was 1542 +/- 893 joules (n = 36). RVR and LEPT increased significantly (P less than 0.001) after tests. Results showed that: (1) Lethal ventricular arrhythmias could be induced by giving little aconitine on the ventricular epicardium; (2) Mapping-guided lasering on arrhythmogenic myocardium could eradicate VT and VF; (3) RVR and LEPT would increase greatly after ablation.
HDL subfractions and adipose tissue metabolism in the reduced-obese state.

The effect of weight reduction on fasting serum lipids and lipoproteins and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase responsiveness to insulin was assessed immediately after and 3 mo subsequent to a mean ...
Gastrointestinal Bleeding During the Index Hospitalization for Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices Implantation, a Nationwide Perspective

Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a common adverse event after mechanical circulatory support device implantation. However, the majority of the reported data were obtained from small single-center studies. Our aim was to study the prevalence and predictors of GIB during the index hospitalization of mechanical circulatory support devices implantation using a nationwide database. Nationwide inpatient sample (2009–2011) was used to perform a retrospective cross-sectional study. Adult patients with discharge diagnosis codes of congestive heart failure and procedure codes of left-ventricular assist device (LVAD) or intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) implantation or orthotopic heart transplant (OHT, reference group) were identified. Our outcome was GIB during the index hospitalization when the device was implanted. Predictors that achieved statistical significance on the univariate analysis were included in a multivariable logistic-regression analysis. A total of 87,462 patients were included, 87 % of the patients received an IABP, 6 % received LVAD, and 5 % underwent OHT. Prevalence of GIB was 8, 5, and 3 % among those who had LVAD, IABP implantation, and OHT recipients, respectively (p < 0.001). Patients who underwent LVAD implantation had twofold increase in the prevalence of GIB (OR 2.1, 1.7–2.5, p < 0.001) when using IABP or OHT groups as a reference. This increase in the prevalence was not demonstrated among IABP recipients on a multivariate level. Prevalence of GIB was higher among LVAD compared to OHT and IABP recipients and could occur as early as the index admission of the device implantation.
Poster: A millimeter wave software defined radio platform with phased arrays

Recently, there has been significant interest in performing research on millimeter wave (mmWave) communications. However, there do not exist any mmWave radio platforms with phased arrays available to the networking community. All existing mmWave platforms use horn antennas which require mechanical steering and are not suitable for non-static links or multi-user networks. We have built MiRa: a full-fledged mmWave radio with phased arrays capable of beam steering. MiRa operates as a daughterboard for the USRP software radio which enables easy manipulation of mmWave signals using standard GNU-radio software. With its reconfigurable architecture, steerable phased arrays and open SDR platform, MiRa can help advance mmWave research in the mobile and networking community.
Remote C(sp3)-H Oxygenation of Protonated Aliphatic Amines with Potassium Persulfate

This letter describes the development of a method for selective remote C(sp3)–H oxygenation of protonated aliphatic amines using aqueous potassium persulfate. Protonation serves to deactivate the proximal C(sp3)–H bonds of the amine substrates and also renders the amines soluble in the aqueous medium. These reactions proceed under relatively mild conditions (within 2 h at 80 °C with amine as limiting reagent) and do not require a transition metal catalyst. This method is applicable to a variety of types of C(sp3)–H bonds, including 3°, 2°, and benzylic C–H sites in primary, secondary, and tertiary amine substrates.
Mitigating Water Absorption in Waveguides Made From Unannealed PECVD SiO 2

Water absorption was studied in two types of waveguides made from unannealed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO2. Standard rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) were fabricated with thin films of different intrinsic stress and indices of refraction. Buried ARROWs (bARROWs) with low and high refractive index differences between the core and cladding regions were also fabricated from the same types of PECVD films. All waveguides were subjected to a heated, high humidity environment and their optical throughput was tested over time. Due to water absorption in the SiO2 films, the optical throughput of all of the ARROWs decreased with time spent in the wet environment. The ARROWs with the lowest stress SiO2 had the slowest rate of throughput change. High index difference bARROWs showed no decrease in optical throughput after 40 days in the wet environment and are presented as a solution for environmentally stable waveguides made from unannealed PECVD SiO2.
Right ventricular size assessed by cardiovascular MRI may predict mortality after left ventricular assist device placement

Methods Patients were referred for cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging prior to LVAD placement. We assessed the association of mortality to pre-LVAD right ventricular end systolic volume index (RVESVI), right ventricular end diastolic volume index (RVEDVI), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by CMR. Right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI) was determined by preLVAD right heart catheterization.
Scotch: Combining Software Guard Extensions and System Management Mode to Monitor Cloud Resource Usage

The growing reliance on cloud-based services has led to increased focus on cloud security. Cloud providers must deal with concerns from customers about the overall security of their cloud infrastructures. In particular, an increasing number of cloud attacks target resource allocation in cloud environments. For example, vulnerabilities in a hypervisor scheduler can be exploited by attackers to effectively steal CPU time from other benign guests on the same hypervisor. In this paper, we present Scotch, a system for transparent and accurate resource consumption accounting in a hypervisor. By combining x86-based System Management Mode with Intel Software Guard Extensions, we can ensure the integrity of our accounting information, even when the hypervisor has been compromised by an escaped malicious guest. We show that we can account for resources at every task switch and I/O interrupt, giving us richly detailed resource consumption information for each guest running on the hypervisor. We show that using our system incurs small but manageable overhead—roughly 1 \(\upmu \)s every task switch or I/O interrupt. We further discuss performance improvements that can be made for our proposed system by performing accounting at random intervals. Finally, we discuss the viability of this approach against multiple types of cloud-based resource attacks.
Diurnal Variation of Tropical Ice Cloud Microphysics: Evidence from Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager Polarimetric Measurements

The diurnal variation of tropical ice clouds has been well observed and examined in terms of the occurring frequency and total mass but rarely from the viewpoint of ice microphysical parameters. It accounts for a large portion of uncertainties in evaluating ice clouds' role on global radiation and hydrological budgets. Owing to the advantage of precession orbit design and paired polarized observations at a high-frequency microwave band that is particularly sensitive to ice particle microphysical properties, three years of polarimetric difference (PD) measurements using the 166 GHz channel of Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GPM-GMI) are compiled to reveal a strong diurnal cycle over tropical land (30°S-30°N) with peak amplitude varying up to 38%. Since the PD signal is dominantly determined by ice crystal size, shape, and orientation, the diurnal cycle observed by GMI can be used to infer changes in ice crystal properties. Moreover, PD change is found to lead the diurnal changes of ice cloud occurring frequency and total ice mass by about 2 hours, which strongly implies that understanding ice microphysics is critical to predict, infer, and model ice cloud evolution and precipitation processes.
Left atrial strain: measurement and clinical application.

Purpose of review To summarize recent literature on the use of left atrial strain in the diagnosis and management of patients with heart failure. Recent findings Left atrial dysfunction is a hallmark of diastolic dysfunction and heart failure, in particular, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Recently, myocardial deformation analysis via strain and strain rate measurements have been applied to the left atrium. These measurements have been shown to aid in the diagnosis of heart failure and be accurate predictors of cardiac pressures, diastolic dysfunction, exercise performance, and clinical outcomes such as cardiac hospitalizations and mortality. However, limitations related to the technical aspect of accurately imaging and tracking the thin-walled left atrium and the current lack of consensus on 'normal' reference values remain. Summary Left atrial strain represents a novel, noninvasive technique to aid in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of patients with heart failure. Although it is not yet a part of routine clinical practice, the measurement has significant promise within this population pending further validation.
The Catholic University in Modern Academe: Challenge and Dilemma

How can the Catholic university reconstruct itself to bring the resources of Catholic tradition to bear on our common task of rebuilding the house of learning? The Catholic university needs to inhabit the domain of secular learning and Christian knowledge. The participation of Catholic intellectual and universities in the postmodern dialogue will benefit the entire intellectual community.
Circular Graphs: Vehicles for Conic and Polar Connections.

Students should step back from the Cartesian graph to see general patterns unified treatment of conic sections and polar equa tions of conies can be found in most calculus books where the reciprocals of lima?ons are shown to be conic sections. The treatment, however, is from an algebraic standpoint and does not refer to the inher ent connection between polar graphs and the graphs of trigonometric functions and conies. Beginning with information gained from the graphs of circular functions of the form y = A + sin x, students can be guided to graph conic sections on the polar plane without using a table of values. This approach helps students to appreciate the roles that both algebra and coordinate geometry play in weaving various sections of mathematics into a meaningful whole. To understand the method, students must?
Current Events: Reflections on Leasing Vacant Tracts for Solar Power Generation

This paper is the first to be written for publication in an American law journal addressing the ground leasing dimensions inherent in solar power generation facilities’ development. This paper is not a leasing manual. Initially, the paper describes in some detail the processes of a developer's preliminary investigation, venture formation, obtaining entitlements and financing for a solar generation plant. This backdrop enables the reader to appreciate myriad issues underlying the negotiation and documentation of a leasehold conveyance. A form of lease appears as an Appendix to the article. The form fleshes out provisions encapsulating the respective vital interests of the parties to the lease transaction as well as the requirements of the energy consumer; the latter may elect, after lease inception, to acquire the solar facilities in addition to the renewable energy output.
Fatal child neglect.

This study examined the circumstances associated with fatal child neglect in one state to differentiate fatal child neglect from fatal physical abuse and from other types of neglect that are not life-threatening. The typical neglect fatality was a male child, younger than three, living with his mother and two or three siblings. The fatalities from physical abuse were characterized by deliberate, hostile acts on the part of a caregiver, but in the vast majority of fatalities from neglect, a caregiver was simply not there at a critical moment.
Linear Viscoelastic Behavior in Different Modes of Deformation

Chapters 2 to 10 discussed linear viscoelastic behavior in terms of behavior in shear (cf. Sect. 2.1). We now enlarge our discussion to cover linear viscoelastic behavior in modes of deformation other than shear. To do this, we need to establish the viscoelastic analogs of the stress-strain relations of a general anisotropic purely elastic linear material (see Sect. 1.4). This is the subject of the first section of this chapter. In the next section we specialize these relations for a linear viscoelastic isotropic material. In Sect. 11.3, then, we discuss the behavior of such a material in different modes of deformation. Finally, in Sect. 11.4 we deal with the problem of interconverting the various response functions which characterize the behavior of an isotropic linear viscoelastic material in the modes of deformation we considered in Sect. 11.3.
Charles Darwin’s Contribution to the Molluscan Fauna of the Galápagos Islands

Since its appearance in 1859, many of the ideas and observations published by Darwin in the Origin of Species have served as the unifying program for biologists. I have endeavored to understand one small subset of the material presented by Darwin in three of his published works of 1839, 1844, and 1859. This material consists of observations about the taxonomic identity and biogeographic affinities of the terrestrial and marine molluscan fauna of the Galapagos Islands.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS IN THE PRIMATE MOTOR THALAMUS AND POTENTIAL FOR PLASTICITY

Unlike neuronal circuitry in the striatum, which is rich in a wide variety of neurotransmitters and modulators, the neurochemical composition of the motor thalamus1 is relatively simple. The two major neurotransmitters in it are glutamate and GABA. Glutamate appears to be the neurotransmitter in the cerebellothalamic (Nieoullon et al., 1984) and corticothalamic synapses (Fonnum et al., 1981; Young et al., 1981, 1983; Deschenes and Hu, 1990), whereas GABA is the neurotransmitter released by axonal and dendritic synapses of local circuit neurons (LCN), and terminals of nigro-, pallido- and reticulo-thalamic afferents (DiChiara et al., 1979; Houser et al., 1980; Penney and Young, 1981; Ilinsky et al., 1997; Ilinsky et al., 1999). In addition, there is also a diffuse cholinergic input to the thalamus derived from the brainstem and the basal forebrain (Heckers et al., 1992), but its role in the primate motor thalamic nuclei has not been evaluated.
Efficiency of Glow Discharge Polymerization Rization in a Tubular Reactor

The technique of polymerizing organic compounds by electric discharge methods has gained significant importance during the last decade. The polymeric deposits which are often obtained in the form of thin coatings are structurally different from their conventionally prepared analogs and possess different physical and chemical properties (1–3). The adhesion of the polymers which has been a major problem in the past can be improved by manipulating reaction parameters such as monomer flow rate; although the results may vary widely depending on the reactor geometry (4, 5). The reaction mechanism has perhaps been the most disputed aspect of glow discharge polymerization. Two views are commonly expressed. One involves the formation of a molecular intermediate (such as an alkyne) as the major active species in polymer formation and the other considers monomers to be merely a source of elements in glow discharge which first fragments and builds polymer by random events (atomic polymerization) (6, 7). The following study was conducted in order to identify parameters of propylene glow discharge polymerization.
Perceptions of Pregnancy and Contraceptive Use: An In-Depth Study of Women in Los Angeles Methadone Clinics.

Abstract Introduction In 2016, 2.1 million people in the United States were estimated to have an opioid use disorder. Although the disorder can be safely and effectively treated with prescription methadone, treatment is potentially long term and may span women's peak childbearing ages. Little is known about women's reproductive health needs while on methadone. Methods We interviewed 22 sexually active, nonpregnant women ages 21–39 years at two Los Angeles methadone clinics in 2016. The interviews were transcribed and coded by four researchers using thematic and open coding techniques. Results One-half of the women were nulliparous and 17 were in stable, monogamous relationships with men. Women reported a range of feelings and perceptions about pregnancy, but nearly all wanted to delay pregnancy until discontinuing methadone. However, many women indicated limited interest in preventing pregnancy because of the relative stability of their relationships, fear of infertility, and low perceived risk of pregnancy. These factors influenced contraceptive use. Discussion Women described mixed feelings about pregnancy and many ultimately felt that an unplanned pregnancy would be acceptable in the context of their relationships and uncertain fertility. These findings provide context for previous quantitative findings that women in methadone treatment have higher rates of unintended pregnancy and lower rates of contraceptive use than the general population. Conclusions Accurate information about pregnancy in the context of methadone treatment may help women to make proactive family planning decisions. Health care providers should discuss the guidelines for pregnancy on methadone and offer a range of options to help women achieve their reproductive goals.
Opioid prescribing upon discharge for patients with solid malignancies.

50Background: Pain is a common symptom associated with cancer resulting in increased health care utilization. We aim to study patients admitted with uncontrolled pain and review their discharge med...
Infectious Dose of African Swine Fever Virus When Consumed Naturally in Liquid or Feed

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a contagious, rapidly spreading, transboundary animal disease and a major threat to pork production globally. Although plant-based feed has been identified as a potential route for virus introduction onto swine farms, little is known about the risks for ASFV transmission in feed. We aimed to determine the minimum and median infectious doses of the Georgia 2007 strain of ASFV through oral exposure during natural drinking and feeding behaviors. The minimum infectious dose of ASFV in liquid was 100 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), compared with 104 TCID50 in feed. The median infectious dose was 101.0 TCID50 for liquid and 106.8 TCID50 for feed. Our findings demonstrate that ASFV Georgia 2007 can easily be transmitted orally, although higher doses are required for infection in plant-based feed. These data provide important information that can be incorporated into risk models for ASFV transmission.
Characteristics of Breast Cancer Patients Who Refuse Surgery.

AIM This study describes the demographic, socioeconomic, and tumor-specific characteristics of patients who refuse breast cancer surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study of breast cancer patients from 2004-2015 captured by the National Cancer Data Base. Demographic, socioeconomic, and tumor-specific predictors were compared between patients who refused breast cancer surgery versus those who agreed to surgery, using bivariate and multivariate models. RESULTS A total of 2,445,870 patients met the inclusion criteria. On multivariate analysis, black and Asian patients had higher odds of refusing surgical treatment compared to whites (OR=2.16, CI=2.05-2.28, p<0.001), (OR=1.58, CI=1.41-1.76, p<0.001), respectively. Moreover, patients with government insurance (OR=1.97, CI=1.86-2.09, p<0.001) and uninsured patients (OR=3.91, CI=3.50-4.36, p<0.001) were found to have higher odds of surgical treatment refusal when compared to patients with private insurance. CONCLUSION Specific demographic and disease-specific characteristics are related to refusing potentially life-saving breast cancer surgery.
Dissolved Organic Matter Export from Surface Sediments of a New England Salt Marsh

Salt marshes sequester a large amount of carbon via sedimentation, but seasonal and climate change impacts on sediment carbon biogeochemistry are not well-understood. This study investigates the export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from New England salt marsh sediment seasonally and under possible expected drought conditions. Surface sediment total organic carbon (TOC) values shifted seasonally depending on the overlying dominant plant species suggesting that vegetation and inundation frequency and duration are key factors in sediment TOC fluctuations. Fall sediment samples leached more DOC than summer samples, were compositionally similar to the estuarine water column, and compositionally different from fresh plant matter. Thus, the seasonal TOC pulse incorporated into surface sediments could be a dominant source of DOC to the estuary in the fall and that summer contributions are presumed to be from upstream DOM sources based on optical properties. Sediments leached more DOC under drought than non-drought conditions due to induced cracking in the sediment enhancing organic matter degradation. This study suggests the majority of DOM exported laterally from salt marshes comes from surface sediments (versus plant matter) and that temperature and sea-level rise could affect seasonal and drought pulses of DOC from the marsh.
Atlas international business case: Examining globalization and economic indicators for the scrap metal recycling industry

Abstract Atlas Scrap Metal is an automobile recycler that reclaims and sells steel and other mixed metals. The purpose of the Atlas international business case is to allow you to explore how revenues, costs and production functions vary across countries and are influenced by global economic forces. The case requires you to research and analyze global economic data to determine which export markets are likely to offer the highest bids for Atlas’ product of reclaimed mixed metals. Often revenues and costs such as direct labor, materials and overhead are given in accounting cases and problems. This case provides you with an opportunity to consider the economic forces, and volatility, that influence revenue and cost assumptions. There is a companion case, Atlas managerial accounting case: Examining joint products in the international scrap metal recycling industry, which quantitatively analyzes the company’s decision to export the mixed metals or to process the metals further. The Atlas scrap metal cases were inspired by Adam Minter's 2013 book Junkyard Planet and introduce you to the business of recycling scrap metal as a component of sustainability.
High throughput direct 3D bioprinting in multiwell plates.

Advances in three dimensional (3D) bioprinting have enabled the fabrication of sophisticated 3D tissue scaffolds for biological and medical applications, where high speed, high throughput production in well plates is a critical need. Here, we present an integrated 3D bioprinting platform based on microscale continuous optical printing, capable of high throughput in situ rapid fabrication of complex 3D biomedical samples in multiwell plate formats for subsequent culture and analysis. Our high throughput 3D bioprinter (HT-3DP) was used to showcase constructs of varying spatial geometries of biomimetic significance, tunable mechanical properties, as well as reproducibility. Live hepatocellular carcinoma 3D tissue scaffolds were fabricated in situ in multiwell plates, after which a functional drug response assay against the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin was performed. Dual cell-type populations involving both live hepatocellular carcinoma as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells were also printed to demonstrate dual-tissue fabrication capability. This work demonstrates a significant advancement in that the production rate of 3D bioprinted tissue scaffolds with controllable spatial architectures and mechanical properties can now be done on a high throughput scale, enabling rapid generation of in vitro 3D tissue models within conventional multiwell cell culture plates for high throughput preclinical drug screening and disease modeling.