cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy and angular distributions of electrons ejected from atomic hydrogen by low-energy proton impact

Electron energy and angular distributions are computed using the advanced adiabatic and the two-center Sturmian theory for the ionization of atomic hydrogen by proton impact at $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{keV}$. The results are in accord with earlier observations that 50% of the electrons have energies less that $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. The electron energy and angular distributions are also computed using the top of the barrier propagator and previously reported benchmark solutions of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation on a lattice. The two very different theories agree well at $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{keV}$ for electrons moving near the center of charge of the target and projectile nuclei.
The Voyager Mission: Encounters with Saturn

The following reports summarize a number of post-Jupiter aspects of the first phase of the Voyager Mission, a major element in NASA's program of exploration of the outer planets. The objectives of this phase included comparative studies of the Jovian and Saturnian systems and studies of the inter-planetary medium at increasing distances from the sun. Scientific reports on the mission through the Jupiter encounters may be found in the Journal of Geophysical Research (86, 8123–8841, 1981). With the completion of the mission through Saturn and with both spacecraft continuing to function well, a second mission phase was added with the objectives of exploring Uranus and investigating the interplanetary medium to beyond 20 AU. The Uranus flyby has been chosen so that a third phase can include the exploration of Neptune and extend the investigation of the interplanetary medium to distances beyond 40 AU and at distances of more than 20 AU above the ecliptic.
‘Objective’ bayesian unit root tests

SUMMARY Due to weaknesses in traditional tests, a Bayesian approach is developed to investigate whether unit roots exist in macroeconomic time-series. Bayesian posterior odds comparing unit root models to stationary and trend-stationary alternatives are calculated using informative priors. Two classes of reference priors which are informative but require minimal subjective prior input are used. In this sense the Bayesian unit root tests developed here are objective. Bayesian procedures are carried out on the Nelson-Plosser and Shiller data sets as well as on generated data. The conclusion is that the failure of classical procedures to reject the unit root hypothesis is not necessarily proof that a unit root is present with high probability.
O-dimensional-induced optical properties in self-assembled quantum dots

The O-dimensional (O-D) confinement of the photocarriers in self-assembled InGaAs/GaAs or AlInAs/AlGaAs quantum dots (QDs) produces sharp emission lines in the infrared or the visible respectively. This is observed in photoluminescence of ensembles containing a few hundreds QDs, ~ 18 nm in diameter, prepared by etching μm-size mesas in QD sample grown by the spontaneous island formation during molecular beam epitaxy. By imaging similar sharp lines obtained in cathodoluminescence (CL) experiments, the emission of single QDs is spatially resolved. We also present results demonstrating the energy selectivity and the large interlevel spacing associated with the O-D confinement in these ultrasmall defect-free QDs.
Designing the Next Generation of Chemical Separation Membranes

Synthetic membranes are used in many separation processes, from industrial-scale ones—such as separating atmospheric gases for medical and industrial use, and removing salt from seawater—to smaller-scale processes in chemical synthesis and purification. Membranes are commonly solid materials, such as polymers, that have good mechanical stability and can be readily processed into high–surface area, defect-free, thin films. These features are critical for obtaining not only good chemical separation but also high throughput. Membrane-based chemical separations can have advantages over other methods—they can take less energy than distillation or liquefaction, use less space than absorbent materials, and operate in a continuous mode. In some cases, such as CO2 separations for CO2 capture, their performance must be improved. We discuss how membranes work, and some notable new approaches for improving their performance.
Avoidance and processing as predictors of symptom change and positive growth in an integrative therapy for depression

Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide and can worsen the course of a variety of medical illnesses. There is a clear need to develop more potent treatments for this debilitating disorder and prevent its return. We are developing a promising psychotherapy that integrates components of current, empirically supported therapies for depression and also teaches healthy lifestyle and emotion regulation habits to promote psychological health. In the 1st open trial, growth curve analyses revealed a significant linear decrease in symptoms of depression in a sample of 29 clients who completed the therapy. Participants wrote essays about their depression each week, and the content was analyzed using a new coding system of change processes. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) revealed that peak levels of processing in the essays were associated with more improvement in depression and with the expression of more hope and of both negative and positive views of the self, presumably as clients explored their depressive views of self. Peak levels of avoidance were associated with less improvement in depression and with more hopelessness and negative views of the self. These preliminary results suggest possible targets of change that can facilitate symptom reduction and perhaps also promote psychological health.
A µ-oxo mixed-metal complex of copper(II) and an iron(III)-porphyrin as a resting state model for the cytochrome c oxidase active site

The complex (TPP)FeIV : O (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin) reacts in solution with an imidazole-bearing CuI complex to form a stable mixed-metal µ-oxo-species, [Fe3+–O–Cu2+]+, as a resting state model compound for the binuclear active site of cytochrome c oxidase.
New Tests for Quark and Lepton Substructure

If quarks and leptons are composite at the energy scale $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, the strong forces binding their constituents induce flavor-diagonal contact interactions, which have significant effects at reaction energies well below $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. Consideration of their effect on Bhabha scattering produces a new, stronger bound on the scale of electron compositeness: $\ensuremath{\Lambda}g750$ GeV. Collider experiments now being planned will be sensitive to $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}1\ensuremath{-}5$ TeV for both electrons and light quarks.
EVALUATION OF SERUM IGE LEVELS IN TWINS AND THEIR PARENTS

Serum IgE levels were measured in 394 twins and their parents. There were 116 monzygotic (MZ) twin pairs and 81 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. 85 twin pairs were younger than 15 years of age and 112 pairs were older. Mean IgE for MZ twins was 171.7 u/ml with a skewness of 7.7 and a kurtosis of 81.0 DZ twins had a mean of 159.7 u/ml. The sample curve was normalized by conversion to Log10 IgE. Correlation coefficients for Log10 are as follows:
The diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism (or what to do until the immunoassay comes).

PHYSICIANS should be more concerned about making the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. It is relatively common, and routine screening of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentration...
The Interactive Effects of Mood and Involvement on Brand Extension Evaluations

This article examines the interactive effects of mood and involvement on evaluations of product extensions that vary in their similarity to the core brand. Results from an initial experiment show that, under conditions of high involvement, participants’ mood influenced their evaluations of extensions that were moderately similar to the core brand, but did not affect evaluations of either very similar or dissimilar extensions. Under low-involvement conditions, however, the influence of positive mood was independent of core brand-extension similarity. A second experiment demonstrates that mood's effect on extension evaluations may further depend on the measurement procedures used to elicit product appraisals. Collectively, these studies highlight important contingencies regarding mood's influence on extension evaluations and, as such, improve our understanding of consumers’ appraisals of brand extensions.
Psychosocial stress, performance, and affective and somatic responses in college students

A survey of 164 college students assessed their aptitudes, performance, outside work commitments, as well as their perception of their environment, satisfaction, and affective and somatic complaints. Several “causal themes” linking environment perceptions, performance, and affective and somatic complaints were apparent.
Symbols, thought, and reality: The contributions of Benjamin Lee Whorf and Susanne K. Langer to media ecology

Media ecology may be defined as the study of the roles played by symbol systems and technologies in our construction of reality and social institutions, cultural practices, and values. This idea arose initially out of early 20th century physics and, in particular, of key questions asked by Einstein and Heisenberg. The idea achieved its central role in studies of culture and communication primarily through the ground‐breaking work of linguistic anthropologists, such as Whorf, and symbolic philosophers, such as Langer. This essay explicates the key ideas that Whorf and Langer set forth in their work and which lie at the very foundations of media ecology.
Presentation of cutaneous mastocytosis in 173 children.

SUMMARY This is a retrospective review of the case files and clinical photographs of 173 children diagnosed with cutaneous mastocytosis by a dermatologist in an exclusively paediatric practice. Of the 98 males and 75 females, 51% had mastocytomas, 47% had urticaria pigmentosa and three patients had diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis. Of these cases, 87% first appeared prior to or at 6 months of age. Flushing occurred in 26% of urticaria pigmentosa cases, 29% of mastocytomas and 100% of diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis. Blistering was noted in 23% of urticaria pigmentosa, 31% of mastocytomas and 100% of diffuse cases. Neither symptom was noted in 59% of urticaria pigmentosa and 49% of mastocytomas. There were three cases with a positive family history. The finding of a palmar mastocytoma has only once been previously reported. Illustrated descriptions of our cases are provided.
Pitch-angle scattering of cometary ions: Computer simulations

The relationships between the rate of pitch-angle scattering induced by wave-particle interactions and two parameters, alpha, and the cometary ion interjection rate, Lambda-j, are studied with the aid of one-dimensional electromagnetic hybrid computer simulations of homogeneous plasmas. The simulations are done with relatively weak ion injection rates commensurate with those in the distant environment of the Comet Halley. In response to the linear temporal growth of the fluctuating magnetic field energy, the injected ions pitch-angle scatter toward isotropy in both the quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular regimes. For the injection of cometary oxygen ions, the simulations show pitch-angle scattering rates that increase as the square root of the injection rate. The oxygen ion pitch-angle scattering rates are roughly twice as large at perpendicular injection, again in qualitative agreement with observations.
A Comparison of Nitrogen in Shallow Ground Water from Sewered and Unsewered Areas, Nassau County, New York, from 1952 through 1976a

Median nitrogen concentrations of ground water and water from streams in Nassau County were statistically analyzed on an areal and temporal basis and by individual well to compare concentrations of nitrogen in ground water beneath sewered and unsewered areas. The comparison is discussed in terms of hydrogeologic conditions and major point and nonpoint sources of nitrogen. Although no significant differences in median nitrate concentrations during the 25-year period of record were observed between the sewered and unsewered areas, recent (1972–76) ammonium and nitrate data suggest a relative improvement in water quality in the sewered area. This finding is based on (1) significantly lower ammonium and nitrate concentrations in stream water of the sewered area during base flow, (2) significantly lower median ammonium concentrations in ground water in the sewered area, (3) significant decreasing long-term nitrate trends in water from 8 of 13 wells in the sewered area where records were sufficient for analysis, and (4) significantly lower median nitrate concentrations near the water table beneath the sewered area. The lack of significant difference between median nitrate concentrations in the sewered and unsewered areas may be in part due to sampling bias and to the considerable length of time necessary for ground water in the sewered area, which was contaminated by cesspool and septic-tank effluent before sewering, to reach a point of discharge in a stream or bay. In addition, ammonium leached from landfills and nitrate originating from nonpoint sources such as fertilizers and animal wastes, cannot be removed by sewers and may be obscuring water-quality improvements brought about by sewering.
ROLL DYNAMICS UNIT (RDU) TRUCK HUNTING DEMONSTRATION

The paper describes a test program conducted in order to demonstrate the capabilities of a Roll Dynamics Unit built at the Transportation Test Center, Pueblo, Colorado. A detailed description of the test program, the RDU and Test Track results, and correlation with a 25 deg-of-freedom analytical truck hunting model is provided. The stability characteristics of conventional 89-ft (27.1-m) lateral flat car, which was borrowed from TOFC service and was equipped with convention three-piece freight car trucks, were defined. During the test the car was equipped with two different sets of wheel profiles, one of which was service-worn. It clearly demonstrated the usefulness of the Roll Dynamics Unit for lateral dynamics testing.
Respondent-driven sampling: A new method for studying street children with findings from Albania

Sampling methods to study street children often rely on convenience approaches. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a relatively new methodology for sampling hard-to-reach populations utilizing peer-driven recruitment. It includes both field and analytical procedures to account for non-random recruitment patterns and generates statistically valid samples. This article describes RDS and assesses its effectiveness to recruit a diverse sample of street children, defined as children aged 10–17 years who engage in economic activity on the street in Tirana, Albania. This is the first publication on the use of RDS among street children. This article describes the demographic profile of street children and assesses whether they are sufficiently networked to justify the use of RDS as a sampling approach. Beginning with 10 initial recruits, 293 street children were recruited within 9 weeks. The sample included children of various ethnicities and principal work activities, as well as those with both a short and long...
All-solid secondary batteries with sulfide-based thin film electrolytes

Abstract We have been developing all-solid secondary batteries with sulfide-based thin film electrolyte and pellet-type electrodes. This battery has high performance – it has high-rate discharge properties and cycle properties at high temperature. The battery has shown discharge capability of 10 C for 1 min and cycle properties of 90% capacity-1500 cycle at 60 °C, 90% capacity-500 cycle at 80 °C, and 70% capacity-500 cycle at 150 °C. It has been found that thin film electrolyte gives good effect on both high-rate discharge and cycle performance at a high temperature.
EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT HISTORY AND INSTRUCTIONS ON THE PERSISTENCE OF STUDENT ENGAGEMENT

We examined the effects of three reinforcement histories on the persistence of task engagement by 2 fourth-grade students using a partially counterbalanced ABCDBCD design. In each condition, an experimenter made four student contacts during the first 2 min of each session (reinforcement baseline), followed by an 8-min extinction period. The reinforcement history that contained an instructional control component produced the greatest persistence in student engagement. The applied relevance of instructional control is discussed.
Congenital cystic lung disease: contemporary antenatal and postnatal management

Congenital cystic lung disease comprises a broad spectrum of rare but clinically significant developmental abnormalities, including congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformations, bronchopulmonary sequestrations, bronchogenic cysts, and congenital lobar emphysema that result from perturbations in lung and airway embryogenesis. As congenital lung lesions are now more commonly recognized antenatally, mothers require accurate prenatal counseling and appropriate perinatal management. In light of long-term complications of infection and malignancy, there is growing consensus that infants with asymptomatic lesions should undergo elective excision of congenital pulmonary adenomatoid malformation (CPAM) or bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS). This review will focus on advancements and current practice in the diagnosis and management of CPAM and BPS, identifying aspects of the literature that are confusing or controversial. Although our knowledge and pre- and postnatal management of lung lesions will continue to evolve and improve, there is a compelling need for a unified clinical and pathological classification system that creates a common platform for discussion, clinical management, and research.
A computational study of natural convection in a liquid-encapsulated molten semiconductor with a horizontal magnetic field

Abstract This paper treats the natural convection in a layer of boron oxide, called a liquid encapsulant, which lies above a layer of a molten compound semiconductor (melt) between cold and hot vertical walls in a rectangular container with a steady horizontal magnetic field B. The magnetic field provides an electromagnetic (EM) damping of the molten semiconductor which is an excellent electrical conductor but has no direct effect on the motion of the liquid encapsulant. This study uses a Chebyshev spectral collocation method to investigate the coupling between the natural convection in the boron oxide and melt.
Functional differences between two CRF-related diuretic hormone receptors in Drosophila.

SUMMARY In Drosophila , two related G-protein-coupled receptors are members of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor subfamily. We have previously reported that one of these receptors, encoded by CG8422 is a functional receptor for a diuretic hormone, DH 44 . Here, we report that the other CRF receptor subfamily member, encoded by CG12370 , is also a receptor for the DH 44 neuropeptide. The lines of evidence to support this identification include increases in cAMP levels due to CG12370 receptor activation and the recruitment of β-arrestin–GFP to the plasma membrane in response to DH 44 application. We compared these features of the receptors DH44-R2 (encoded by CG12370 ) and DH44-R1 (encoded by CG8422 ) and found fundamental differences in signaling, association with the arrestins, and peptide sensitivity. We found that the sensitivity of DH44-R2 to the DH 44 peptide is lower than that of DH44-R1, specifically an estimated EC 50 of 7.98E-07 moll –1 for DH 44 by DH44-R2 to an EC 50 of 5.12E-09 moll –1 by DH44-R1 and found that previous reports on the sensitivity of the tubule to DH 44 is in agreement with our measurements of DH44-R2 sensitivity. We employed a specific RNAi construct to selectively knock-down DH44-R2 expression and this led to heightened sensitivity to osmotic challenges. The functional characterization of this diuretic hormone receptor in Drosophila demonstrates a high degree of conservation of CRF-like signaling.
Human Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus Processivity Factor-8 Functions as a Dimer in DNA Synthesis

In the absence of other proteins, the DNA polymerase (Pol-8) of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus incorporates only several nucleotides from a primer template. However, association with the Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus processivity factor (PF-8) enables Pol-8 to incorporate thousands of nucleotides. Unlike the well described sliding clamp processivity factors, eukaryotic proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Escherichia coli beta-subunit, PF-8 and other herpesvirus processivity factors do not require a clamp loader or ATP to bind to template DNA. To begin to understand the mechanism used by PF-8 to achieve processivity, we have now purified PF-8 and demonstrated that it is a dimer both in solution and on the DNA. Mutational analysis of the PF-8 protein (396R) indicates that residues between 277 and 304 as well as the N-terminal 21 amino acids are required for dimerization. The results further correlate PF-8 dimerization with binding to Pol-8 and stabilizing Pol-8 on primer template. Notably, although removal of only 26 residues from the C terminus of PF-8 does not affect its ability to form dimers on DNA or to bind Pol-8, only short DNA chains (<100 nucleotides) are synthesized. This indicates that full-length PF-8 is necessary to enable Pol-8 to incorporate thousands of nucleotides. Interestingly, cross-linking of the processivity factor UL44 of cytomegalovirus reveals that it is a dimer in solution also.
Modiolar coiling, electrical thresholds, and speech perception after cochlear implantation using the Nucleus Contour Advance electrode with the advance off stylet technique

OBJECTIVE Perimodiolar electrode arrays were developed in an attempt to improve stimulation of specific neural populations and to decrease electrical thresholds, thereby decreasing power consumption. Postoperative radiographs show that coiling of the arrays is variable. Our previous study explored the relationship between the angle of coiling, threshold levels, and functional outcomes using the Nucleus Contour electrode array. This study compares coiling angle, electrical threshold levels, and speech perception measures with the Nucleus Contour Advance electrode array implanted using the new advance off stylet technique versus the Nucleus Contour electrode array implanted using the standard technique. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING University medical center. PATIENTS Forty-two adults and children with normal cochlear anatomy implanted with the Nucleus CI24RCA electrode using the advance off stylet technique with at least 1-year follow-up. INTERVENTION Therapeutic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Computer-aided radiographic analysis of perimodiolar electrode placement, electrical threshold measurements, and speech perception outcome measures at 1 year postimplantation. RESULTS The degree of modiolar coiling was tighter using the new electrode and technique in comparison with standard insertion technique using the Nucleus Contour electrode array. The tighter coiling tended to result in higher electrical thresholds. Lower speech perception outcome measures tended to correlate with a higher degree of coiling. CONCLUSION The Nucleus Contour Advance electrode array combined with the advance off stylet technique resulted in a more consistent perimodiolar position. However, the tighter coiling resulted in statistically significant increased electrical thresholds and decreased speech perception outcomes. This finding may be secondary to multiple factors, not just coiling angle.
Myths about male rape: A literature review.

Rape myths are one way in which sexual violence has been sustained and justified through history and modern times. However, there has been a dearth of scholarship about rape myths concerning male victims. This paper reviews the historical origins, development, and current manifestations of male rape myths prevalent in Western society. Specifically, we review male rape myths and their origins in the areas of medicine, law, media, the military, and incarcerated settings. The paper also delineates possible means for eradicating male rape myths at the individual, institutional, and societal levels.
Multistructure sequencing of N-linked fetuin glycans by capillary gel electrophoresis and enzyme matrix digestion

Oligosaccharide sequencing by specific enzymatic digestion of N-linked fetuin glycans using a carefully designed exoglycosidase matrix in conjunction with separation of the combined digests by high performance capillary gel electrophoresis is described. Due to the extremely high separation power and excellent reproducibility of capillary gel electrophoresis, in most instances no isolation of the individual oligosaccharides is necessary, enabling multistructure sequencing from a released glycan pool. By comparing the positions of the separated exoglycosidase digest fragments to maltooligosaccharides of known size, relative migration times and migration shifts are easily calculated. Hence, the particular sequence of each oligosaccharide in a released glycan pool can be proposed with high confidence. Additionally, with the use of high sensitivity laser-induced fluorescence detection, complete sequence information can be attained from picomolar amounts of purified glycoproteins.
Frequency Domain, Waveform Inversion of Laboratory Crosswell Radar Data

A new waveform inversion for crosswell radar is formulated in the frequency-domain for a 2.5D model. The inversion simulates radar waves using the vector Helmholtz equation for electromagnetic waves. The objective function is minimized using a backpropagation method suitable for a 2.5D model. The inversion is tested by processing crosswell radar data collected in a laboratory tank. The estimated model is consistent with the known electromagnetic properties of the tank. The formulation for the 2.5D model can be extended to inversions of acoustic and elastic data.
Intracranial Stent Placement for Symptomatic Intracranial Stenosis as Part of a Clinical Trial Versus Outside a Clinical Trial

Background and Purpose—A high rate of postprocedure complications in the Stenting versus Aggressive Medical Therapy for Intracranial Arterial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) trial has raised concerns whether such results are representative of intracranial stent placement in actual routine practice. Methods—Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2008 to 2010, patients with cerebral ischemic events treated with intracranial stent as part of a clinical trial or outside the trial were identified. The composite end point (postoperative stroke, cardiac complications, and mortality) was reported. Results—Of the 3447 patients who underwent intracranial stent placement, 223 patients (6.5%) were enrolled in a clinical trial. The rate of composite end point was higher in patients treated outside clinical trials compared with those treated within clinical trials (14.2% versus 4.5%; P=0.1). The proportion of patients discharged to home was higher in those treated in clinical trials (76.8% versus 49.6%; P=0.001). Conclusions—I...
In situ hybridization analysis of the FMRFamide neuropeptide gene in Drosophila. I. Restricted expression in embryonic and larval stages

We have used in situ hybridization techniques to describe the cellular distribution of transcripts from a Drosophila gene that encodes multiple FMRFamide-related neuropeptides. The Drosophila FMRFamide gene consists of two exons and is expressed predominantly as a approximately 1.7 kb RNA throughout postembryonic stages (Nambu et al., '88; Schneider and Taghert, '88, '90). We used exon-specific oligonucleotide probes to assay transcription in both embryonic and larval stages and found a pattern of hybridization signals that was restricted to the central nervous system and, within that tissue, was cell-specific. The pattern included 36 distinct signals distributed throughout both the brain and segmental nerve cord (ventral ganglion). These observations suggest that the cell-specific pattern of FMRFamide-like neuropeptide expression in the Drosophila CNS (White et al., '86; Taghert and Schneider, '90) is due to the restricted expression of specific gene transcripts. The results also indicate that, with few exceptions, all previously identified FMRFamide-immunoreactive neurons in Drosophila larvae express FMRFamide gene transcripts. The 36 hybridization regions of the CNS could be divided into three categories, based on their signal intensities (strong, moderate, and weak). The differences in intensity were reproducible and suggest that steady-state levels of specific neuropeptide RNA differ among individual neurons. The two exon-specific probes produced patterns that were indistinguishable both in pattern and in intensity. This result supports the previous conclusion that the one detectable FMRFamide transcript contains both exons (Schneider and Taghert, '90). A single identifiable signal was detected during embryogenesis (beginning at stage 16), but the mature complement of signals was not fully established until the final larval stages.
Wh-Questions in Vietnamese

The question of whether wh-in situ stays in situ, or undergoes some form of covert wh-movement that parallels overt wh-movement, remains controversial despite decades of research. We present data from Vietnamese which indicate that wh-in situ can be interpreted by either covert movement or unselective binding without movement. Covert movement takes place in matrix questions that lack a question particle, while unselective binding is used when there is a question particle and in embedded questions generally. The Vietnamese data also show that covert movement observes the same constraints—in particular, Subjacency—as overt movement. The correlation between unselective binding and the question particle in matrix questions appears to support recent theoretical views of question particles (e.g., Cheng, 1991), but we argue that this is only apparent. The question particle merely serves a syntactic licensing function, and this function is borne by a question-embedding verb in embedded questions, meaning that it is not inherent to question particles as such. The question particle in Vietnamese actually serves an unrelated semantic function: it indicates realis mood and induces a presupposition. The implication is that question particles are only indirectly related to wh-in situ, if they are related at all.
Does fear of coercion keep people away from mental health treatment? Evidence from a survey of persons with schizophrenia and mental health professionals.

Mental health consumer advocates have long argued that involuntary treatment frightens persons with mental disorder and thus deters them from voluntarily seeking help. We surveyed 85 mental health professionals and 104 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum conditions to assess their experience with and perceptions of involuntary treatment and other treatment mandates. Of the clinicians, 78% reported that overall they thought legal pressures made their patients with schizophrenia more likely to stay in treatment. Regarding involuntary outpatient commitment, 81% of clinicians disagreed with the premise that mandated community treatment deters persons with schizophrenia from seeking voluntary treatment in the future. Of the consumer sample, 63% reported a lifetime history of involuntary hospitalization, while 36% reported fear of coerced treatment as a barrier to seeking help for a mental health problem-termed here "mandated treatment-related barriers to care." In bivariate analyses, reluctance to seek outpatient treatment associated with fear of coerced treatment (mandated treatment-related barriers to care) was significantly more likely in subjects with a lifetime history of involuntary hospitalization, criminal court mandates to seek treatment, and representative payeeship. However, experience with involuntary outpatient commitment was not associated with barriers to seeking treatment. Recent reminders or warnings about potential consequences of treatment nonadherence, recent hospitalization, and high levels of perceived coercion generally were also associated with mandated treatment-related barriers to care. In multivariable analyses, only involuntary hospitalization and recent warnings about treatment nonadherence were found to be significantly associated with these barriers. These results suggest that mandated treatment may serve as a barrier to treatment, but that ongoing informal pressures to adhere to treatment may also be important barriers to treatment.
Progress toward the Synthesis of garsubellin A and related phloroglucins: the direct diastereoselective synthesis of the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core

A highly diastereoselective single-step cyclization reaction provides access to the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core of the polyprenylated phloroglucin natural product garsubellin A. Further elaboration to a more functionalized analogue involves a sequential Claisen rearrangement/Grubbs olefin cross-metathesis strategy. Additionally, this strategy was extended to the preparation of the bis-quaternary carbon array found at the bridgehead positions of the phloroglucin natural products.
The NHMFL-early measurements and science opportunities

Abstract The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) operates high magnetic field facilities at its central location at Florida State University along with additional facilities at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the University of Florida. These facilities are open to qualified national and international researchers through a peer reviewed proposal process. The facilities available or under development include superconducting magnets (B ⩽ 20 T), resistive magnets (B ⩽ 34 T), a hybrid magnet (B ⩽ 45 T), a 900 MHz wide bore NMR system, a 14 T, 200 mm bore ICR magnet, a 12 T, 400 mm bore MRI magnet and pulsed magnets (B ⩽ 50–60 T for 10–20 ms, B ⩽ 60 T for 100 ms and B ⩽ 250 T for 5–20 μs). An overview of the high magnetic field facilities available or under development is presented along with a brief summary of a few of the recent scientific results obtained using the new facilities. These results serve as examples of the new science opportunities emerging due to the development of new and unique magnetic field related research facilities within the NHMFL.
Study of the multiple melting behaviour of the aromatic polyimide LaRC CPI-2

The dual melting behaviour of a rigid aromatic polyimide synthesized from 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy-4′-benzoyl)benzene and oxydiphthalic dianhydride was analysed. Film samples were synthesized through a stepwise imidization procedure wherein molecular weight control was effected through stoichiometric offset. The films display a glass transition temperature of 217°C and dual endothermic transitions at ca. 334°C and 364°C. Transmission electron microscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies, in conjunction with dynamic scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) analysis, show that the higher melting transition results from the melting of lamellae which were melt recrystallized during heating in the d.s.c. D.s.c. heating rate studies reveal that the rate of transformation from thin to thick lamellae is dependent upon molecular weight, as expected. Synchrotron SAXS analysis confirms that the melt recrystallization process is very rapid for this high glass transition, low molecular weight polymer.
Determination of oxamniquine in serum

A method for the analysis of oxamniquine in serum (or plasma), sensitive to 10 ng/ml, was developed. Oxamniquine and a close structural analog as the internal standard were extracted from serum with ether. After derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide, oxamniquine was determined as its trimethylsilyl ether derivative by GLC using an electron-capture detector. The method was developed to study serum concentration profiles of different dosage forms of oxamniquine.
Analysis of inflammatory cytokines in human blood, breath condensate, and urine using a multiplex immunoassay platform.

AbstractA change in the expression of cytokines in human biological media indicates an inflammatory response to external stressors and reflects an early step along the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for various health endpoints. To characterize and interpret this inflammatory response, methodology was developed for measuring a suite of 10 different cytokines in human blood, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and urine using an electrochemiluminescent multiplex Th1/Th2 cytokine immunoassay platform. Measurement distributions and correlations for eight interleukins (IL) (1β, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12p70 and 13), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated using 90 blood plasma, 77 EBC, and 400 urine samples collected from nominally healthy adults subjects in North Carolina in 2008–2012. The in vivo results show that there is sufficient sensitivity for characterizing all 10 cytokines at levels of 0.05–0.10 ρg/ml with a dynamic range up to 100 ng/ml across all three of these biological medi...
Reply to Caldeira and Myhrvold: Radiative forcing is a useful, accepted metric to compare climate influence of alternative energy choices

Caldeira and Myhrvold (1) argue that the temperature change metric proposed in their recent paper (2) would be more useful to policymakers than the cumulative radiative forcing metric used by Alvarez et al. (3). We believe both metrics are useful, although the simplicity, transparency, and relatively low uncertainty of the cumulative radiative forcing metric makes it particularly useful in policy formulation.
Effective way to sum over long-range Coulomb potentials in two and three dimensions.

I propose a method to calculate the logarithmic interaction in two dimensions and the Coulomb interaction in three dimensions under periodic boundary conditions. This paper considers the case of a rectangular cell in two dimensions and an orthorhombic cell in three dimensions. Unlike the Ewald method, there is no parameter to be optimized, nor does the method involve error functions, thus leading to the accuracy obtained. This method is similar in approach to that of Sperb [Mol. Simul. 22, 199 (1999)], but the derivation is considerably simpler and physically appealing. An important aspect of the proposed method is the faster convergence of the Green's function for a particular case as compared to Sperb's work. The convergence of the sums for most parts of the unit cell is exponential, and hence requires the calculation of only a few dozen terms. In a very simple way, we also obtain expressions for the interaction for systems with slab geometries. Expressions for the Madelung constants of CsCl and NaCl are also obtained.
Preparation and characterization of high-specific activity radiolabeled so S measles virus RNA

Abstract A method is described to radiolabel measles virus RNA for hybridization studies. Tritiated nucleosides were added to the media of measles virus infected Vero cells and negative-strand (genome) RNA with a specific activity of 6 × 10 5 c.pm./μg was purified from viral nucleocapsids. 50 S RNA was the sole RNA present in nucleocapsids and self-annealed to 50% due to the presence of 25% 50 S plus-strands (anti-genomes).
The role of enforcement programs in increasing seat belt use

Seat belt laws by themselves led to increased belt use in the United States and Canada, but initial effects were limited. Canadian provincial officials launched highly publicized enforcement campaigns in the early 1980s that resulted in substantially increased belt use. Canadian-style enforcement programs subsequently were adopted in the United States, and the use of such programs has grown in recent years. Lessons from these efforts include the importance of police leadership, focused publicity about enforcement, and sustained rather than single-shot efforts. What is needed in the United States to achieve a national belt use rate of 90% or greater is widespread, methodical, and sustained application of enforcement programs augmented by creative publicity. Enhanced penalties-in particular drivers license points-likely will be needed to reach hard-core nonusers.
Development of a cell line secreting monoclonal antibody specific for concanavalin A and use of that antibody as an affinity immunosorbent for tissue culture media used to support long-term T cell growth

A new cell line, 71A7, secreting a monoclonal mouse IgG1 antibody specific for the protein concanavalin A (Con A) has been established. The stable and rapidly growing line has been propagated in vitro for several months without loss of secretion of antibody. Affinity purified antibody has been used as an immunoadsorbent to remove Con A from tissue culture supernatants for long-term T cell maintenance.
Influence of professional preparation and class structure on sexuality topics taught in middle and high schools.

BACKGROUND This study examined the impact of professional preparation and class structure on sexuality topics taught and use of practice-based instructional strategies in US middle and high school health classes. METHODS Data from the classroom-level file of the 2006 School Health Policies and Programs were used. A series of multivariable logistic regression models were employed to determine if sexuality content taught was dependent on professional preparation and /or class structure (HE only versus HE/another subject combined). Additional multivariable logistic regression models were employed to determine if use of practice-based instructional strategies was dependent upon professional preparation and/or class structure. Years of teaching health topics and size of the school district were included as covariates in the multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS Findings indicated professionally prepared health educators were significantly more likely to teach 7 of the 13 sexuality topics as compared to nonprofessionally prepared health educators. There was no statistically significant difference in the instructional strategies used by professionally prepared and nonprofessionally prepared health educators. Exclusively health education classes versus combined classes were significantly more likely to have included 6 of the 13 topics and to have incorporated practice-based instructional strategies in the curricula. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated professional preparation and class structure impacted sexuality content taught. Class structure also impacted whether opportunities for students to practice skills were made available. Results support the need for continued advocacy for professionally prepared health educators and health only courses.
A simple three-parameter equation of state with critical compressibility-factor correlation

A three-parameter equation of state is proposed for fluids whose critical compressibility factor is not greater than 0.275. The equation is third order in volume and its constants are evaluated from the critical temperature and pressure as well as from the premultipliers that are interrelated and dependent on the reduced limiting volume of the fluid. The premultipliers have been evaluated from a single compressibility-factor correlation extrinsically. The proposed equation is as easy to handle mathematically as the Redlich-Kwong equation and yields analytical expressions for various fluid properties. The results show, however, that it represents the properties of normal and polar fluids much more accurately, particularly in the saturated vapor and the liquid region. On propose une equation d'etat a trois parametres dans le cas de fluides dont le facteur de compressibilite critique n'excede pas 0.275. Ladite equation est de troisieme ordre en volume et l'on evalue ses constantes a partir de la temperature et de la pression critiques ainsi que des premultiplicateurs qui sont en relation etroite et dependent du volume limiteur reduit du fluide. On a evalue les premultiplicateurs extinsequement a partir d'une correlation simple du facteur de compressibilite. L'equation proposee est aussi facile a manipuler que celle de Redlich et Kwong et elle fournit des expressions analytiques pour diverses proprietes des fluides. Les resultats indiquent, cependant, que l'equation represente les proprietes des fluides normaux et polaires avec beaucoup plus d'exactitude, surtout dans la vapeur saturee et la zone liquide.
Speculations on the movement of polluted air to the Arctic

Abstract Using arguments based on the idea that the motion of air parcels is adiabatic except for an adjustment for diabatic (radiational) cooling, we are led to the hypothesis that the arctic aerosol comes from regions north of the polar front, primarily over the Eurasian Continent during wintertime.
Cerebral Hemorrhage and Vasospasm in a Child with Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction Intracerebral hemorrhages are relatively rare events in children and cerebral vasospasm after such hemorrhages is even more unusual. Children with structural congenital heart disease are particularly at risk for both thrombotic and embolic events but not to isolated hemorrhages.
Induction of fracture repair by mesenchymal cells derived from human embryonic stem cells or bone marrow.

Development of novel therapeutic approaches to repair fracture non-unions remains a critical clinical necessity. We evaluated the capacity of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) to induce healing in a fracture non-union model in rats. In addition, we placed these findings in the context of parallel studies using human bone marrow MSCs (hBM-MSCs) or a no cell control group (n = 10–12 per group). Preliminary studies demonstrated that both for hESC-derived MSCs and hBM-MSCs, optimal induction of fracture healing required in vitro osteogenic differentiation of these cells. Based on biomechanical testing of fractured femurs, maximum torque, and stiffness were significantly greater in the hBM-MSC as compared to the control group that received no cells; values for these parameters in the hESC-derived MSC group were intermediate between the hBM-MSC and control groups, and not significantly different from the control group. However, some evidence of fracture healing was evident by X-ray in the hESC-derived MSC group. Our results thus indicate that while hESC-derived MSCs may have potential to induce fracture healing in non-unions, hBM-MSCs function more efficiently in this process. Additional studies are needed to further modify hESCs to achieve optimal fracture healing by these cells. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1804–1811, 2011
Mixed hematopoietic chimerism and transplantation tolerance.

Durable transplantation tolerance can be reliably achieved by inducing engraftment of hematopoietic cells in recipients initially depleted of T-lymphocytes. Engraftment of donor pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PPHSC) produces mixed hematopoietic chimeras in which both host and donor cells coexist and are tolerant of each other. The major mechanism of tolerance in these chimeras is central, intrathymic clonal deletion, which is induced and maintained by immigration of both host and donor marrow-derived cells to the host thymus, ensuring the ongoing central deletion of donorand host-reactive cells. In this article, approaches developed in our laboratory to induce stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism and specific central deletional allogeneic and xenogeneic tolerance without toxic or myeloablative host conditioning are reviewed.
Haskins, R., Wulczyn, F., & Webb, M. B. (2007). Child protection: Using research to improve policy and practice. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press. 269 pp., $54.95-hb, ISBN-978-0-8157-3513-7

This book provides a precise and thorough analysis of child protection and the use of research to improve policy and practice. This analysis is the first to report not only the results of the Natio...