cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a Central Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase IIα/β Binding Domain in Densin That Selectively Modulates Glutamate Receptor Subunit Phosphorylation

The densin C-terminal domain can target Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) in cells. Although the C-terminal domain selectively binds CaMKIIα in vitro, full-length densin associates with CaMKIIα or CaMKIIβ in brain extracts and in transfected HEK293 cells. This interaction requires a second central CaMKII binding site, the densin-IN domain, and an "open" activated CaMKII conformation caused by Ca(2+)/calmodulin binding, autophosphorylation at Thr-286/287, or mutation of Thr-286/287 to Asp. Mutations in the densin-IN domain (L815E) or in the CaMKIIα/β catalytic domain (I205/206K) disrupt the interaction. The amino acid sequence of the densin-IN domain is similar to the CaMKII inhibitor protein, CaMKIIN, and a CaMKIIN peptide competitively blocks CaMKII binding to densin. CaMKII is inhibited by both CaMKIIN and the densin-IN domain, but the inhibition by densin is substrate-selective. Phosphorylation of a model peptide substrate, syntide-2, or of Ser-831 in AMPA receptor GluA1 subunits is fully inhibited by densin. However, CaMKII phosphorylation of Ser-1303 in NMDA receptor GluN2B subunits is not effectively inhibited by densin in vitro or in intact cells. Thus, densin can target multiple CaMKII isoforms to differentially modulate phosphorylation of physiologically relevant downstream targets.
Seasonal variation and annual fluctuation in granite outcrop plant communities

Permanent quadrats in granite outcrop plant communities allowed us to monitor seasonal variation and annual fluctuation in community structure. Seasonal species turn-over was significant in communities on shallow soil, but not in communities on deeper soil where seasonal dominance shifts were common. Exceptional meteorological events appeared to mediate phenomena of competitive release in some island communities. A decrease in the abundance of Arenaria uniflora in Lichen-annual island communities, following a spring drought, was correlated with an increase in the abundance of Sedum smallii, a shallower-soil species. Richness in Annual-perennial island communities was higher in spring 1985 than in 1984 or 1986, and this occurred as the dominant species, Senecio tomentosus, temporarily declined in importance following a severe drought in late summer 1984. Significant annual fluctuation in the cover of Viguiera porteri could also be related to variations in the summer precipitation regime. Overall, plant responses to drought were individualistic and depended largely on the timing of these meteorological events in relation to the life-stages and/or the physiological status of the plants.
Enhanced Synthesis of Collagenase by Human Keratinocytes Cultured on Type I or Type IV Collagen

Human keratinocytes in culture are known to produce collagenase. As part of studies to ascertain the physiologic stimuli for collagenase production by keratinocytes, we wanted to determine whether extracellular matrix could modulate the production of collagenase in vitro. Immunoprecipitable collagenase from the conditioned medium of cells grown on different types of matrix was measured. Metabolically labeled human keratinocytes were cultured in 0.1 mM calcium in serum-free medium on colloidal gold-coated coverslips plus type IV collagen, type I collagen, or laminin or in the absence of matrix. Immunoprecipitation of the conditioned medium with anti-collagenase antiserum was performed and the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, fluorography, and densitometry. The keratinocytes cultured on type IV or type I collagen produced more collagenase than did those cultured on laminin or in the absence of matrix. This effect did not reflect a general increase in secreted proteins, because the production of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase, or TIMP, did not increase under the same conditions. Phagocytosis of the gold salts by the keratinocytes migrating on types I or IV collagen did not account for the increased collagenase produced by these cells since the effect persisted in the absence of the colloidal gold and phagocytosis of latex beads did not augment collagenase production.
Edward Uhler Condon, 1902-1974

The middle third of the twentieth century was the era of hegemony of physics in American science. During that whole period Edward Uhler Condon was a leader in physics, in research of his own, in stimulating research in others, in applying physics, and in calling attention to the effects on all of us of its indiscriminate and irrational application. When he made his first contribution to theoretical physics in 1926, the word physics was not in the vocabularies of most Americans and the revolutionary concepts of quantum mechanics and relativity were just being worked out in Europe; by 1960 the applications of electronics and solid state physics had begun to change our lives irreversibly, and the implications of nuclear physics were manifest to everyone. Ed Condon contributed to each part of this explosive evolution.
Association of morning illumination and window covering with mood and sleep among post-menopausal women

The antidepressant and sleep-promoting effects of light exposure might be useful for treating age-related mood and sleep disorders. In view of recent evidence suggesting beneficial effects of morning light, this study examined the associations of mood and sleep with morning light exposure, 24 h environmental illumination, and the degree to which the volunteers’ bedroom windows were covered in the morning. We examined 459 postmenopausal women participating an ancillary study of the Women’s Health Initiative conducted at the University of California, San Diego Clinical Center, San Diego, CA, USA. At baseline, volunteers completed a 4-week sleep-recall questionnaire. Volunteers were then assessed for 5–7 days in their home environments with actigraphic wrist monitors. During home recording, self-reported mood was assessed. Morning illumination during the first 4 h after arising, 24-h illumination mesor (cosine-fitted mean), and illumination acrophase (cosine-fitted peak time) were calculated. Sleep was scored each night using validated wrist actigraphic methods. A sleep diary was completed each morning. During two 24-h periods, urine was collected approximately every 2 h during wakefulness and following any voidings during the sleep period. Cosine-fitting established the acrophase of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion. Morning illumination and 24-h illumination were modestly associated with better mood and sleep. Associations of light with mood and sleep were consistently greater for subjects whose body clocks were delayed relative to the group median. Less morning window covering in the subjects’ bedrooms was associated with more morning light and less depressed mood. The results suggest that both morning and 24-h light exposure may be beneficial for older adults.
Sotalol-Induced Beta Blockade in Cardiac Patients

Sotalol (MJ 1999), a beta-adrenergic blocking agent found to have no significant intrinsic myocardial depressant effects, was administered intravenously to 20 patients with heart disease. Eight of the patients had clinical and hemodynamic evidence of chronic heart failure. Doses ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 mg/kg. In all studies, heart rate decreased significantly, accompanied by comparable decreases in cardiac index and tension-time index. There were, however, no significant changes in stroke index, mean blood pressure, or left ventricular end-diastolic pressure—even in those patients with advanced heart failure, indicating that the changes noted were primarily rate-related and could not be ascribed to myocardial depression. To confirm this, further studies were performed in which heart rate was held constant by atrial pacing in normal and catecholamine-depleted dogs. Sotalol, at doses much higher than the minimal beta-blocking dose, did not change stroke index, blood pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, or estimated maximal velocity of isotonic shortening (Vmax), confirming that myocardial contractility was unaffected. It is concluded that sotalol-induced beta blockade had no observable myocardial depressant action in dogs or adverse hemodynamic effects in cardiac patients, even when advanced chronic heart failure was present.
An Econometric Analysis of Wilderness Area Use

Abstract Although outdoor recreational use fluctuates daily, this time-varying feature has received little attention by economists and statisticians. In this paper, wilderness recreational use relationships are estimated, based on daily observations over the length of a given season, by (i) traditional econometric techniques and via (ii) time series analysis procedures promoted by Box and Jenkins [3]. In applying both sets of estimated relationships for forecasting purposes, the econometric equations generally proved superior. However, when predictions from both sets of equations were combined, the resulting forecasts obtained proved more accurate than either of the separate forecasts.
High‐Performance Alkaline Direct Methanol Fuel Cell using a Nitrogen‐Postdoped Anode

Abstract : A commercial PtRu/C catalyst postdoped with nitrogen demonstrates a significantly higher performance (10-20% improvement) in the anode of an alkaline direct methanol fuel cell than an unmodified commercial PtRu/C catalyst control. The enhanced performance shown herein is attributed at least partially to the increased electrochemical surface area of the PtRu/C after postdoping with nitrogen.
Deletion of Fmr1 Alters Function and Synaptic Inputs in the Auditory Brainstem

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), a neurodevelopmental disorder, is the most prevalent single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorder. Autism has been associated with impaired auditory processing, abnormalities in the auditory brainstem response (ABR), and reduced cell number and size in the auditory brainstem nuclei. FXS is characterized by elevated cortical responses to sound stimuli, with some evidence for aberrant ABRs. Here, we assessed ABRs and auditory brainstem anatomy in Fmr1-/- mice, an animal model of FXS. We found that Fmr1-/- mice showed elevated response thresholds to both click and tone stimuli. Amplitudes of ABR responses were reduced in Fmr1-/- mice for early peaks of the ABR. The growth of the peak I response with sound intensity was less steep in mutants that in wild type mice. In contrast, amplitudes and response growth in peaks IV and V did not differ between these groups. We did not observe differences in peak latencies or in interpeak latencies. Cell size was reduced in Fmr1-/- mice in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). We quantified levels of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs in these nuclei using markers for presynaptic proteins. We measured VGAT and VGLUT immunolabeling in VCN, MNTB, and the lateral superior olive (LSO). VGAT expression in MNTB was significantly greater in the Fmr1-/- mouse than in wild type mice. Together, these observations demonstrate that FXS affects peripheral and central aspects of hearing and alters the balance of excitation and inhibition in the auditory brainstem.
modeling human behavioral traits and clarifying the construct of affiliation and its disorders

commentary on our target article centers around six main topics: (1) strategies in modeling the neurobehavioral foundation of human behavioral traits; (2) clarification of the construct of affiliation; (3) developmental aspects of affiliative bonding; (4) modeling disorders of affiliative reward; (5) serotonin and affiliative behavior; and (6) neural considerations. after an initial important research update in section r1, our response is organized around these topics in the following six sections, r2 to r7.
An exploratory analysis of effect of sex on shift in choices.

This study investigated the effect of group composition by sex on choice shifts in group decision-making. The Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire was administered to 93 undergraduate students divided into same-sex or mixed-sex groups. The results suggest that groups' sex composition can affect group decisions. All-male groups tended to make slightly risky group decisions while all-female groups tended to be slightly cautious in their group decisions. However, a counterbalancing appears to occur in mixed-sex groups where no significant choice shifts appear in either direction.
The Dynamic Discipline of Species Delimitation: Progress Toward Effectively Recognizing Species Boundaries in Natural Populations

Species represent a fundamental unit in evolutionary biology and provide a valuable context for organizing, evaluating, and communicating important biological concepts and principles. Empirical species delimitation is a dynamic discipline, with ongoing methodological and bioinformatical developments. Novel analytical methods, increasing availability of genetic/genomic data, increasing computational power, reassessments of morphological and chemical characters, and improved availability of distributional and ecological records offer exciting avenues for empirically exploring species delimitation and evolutionary relationships among species-level lineages. In this chapter, we aim to contribute a contemporary perspective on delimiting species, including a brief discussion on species concepts and practical direction for empirical species delimitation studies. Using lichen-forming fungi as an example, we illustrate the importance and difficulties in documenting and describing species-level biodiversity.
Inductance formula for a single-layer circular coil

The analytical formulas for the self-inductance of a cylindrical current sheet (solenoid of any size) and the mutual inductance of two coaxial current loops are presented. A simple iteration method for evaluating the formulas to any desired degree of accuracy is also discussed.
Space-time diversity-enhanced QoS provisioning for real-time service over MC-DS-CDMA based wireless networks

In order to support the quality of service (QoS) requirements for real-time traffic over broadband wireless networks, advanced techniques such as space-time diversity (STD) and multicarrier direct-sequence code division multiple access (MC-DS-CDMA) are implemented at the physical layer. However, the employment of such techniques evidently affects the QoS provisioning algorithms at the medium access control (MAC) layer. In this paper, we propose a space-time infrastructure and develop a set of cross-layer real-time QoS-provisioning algorithms for admission control, scheduling, and subchannel-allocations. We analytically map the parameters characterizing the space-time diversity onto the admission-control region guaranteeing the real-time QoS. Our analytical analyses show that the proposed algorithms can effectively support real-time QoS provisioning. Also presented are numerical solutions and simulation results showing that the space-time diversity can significantly improve the QoS provisioning for real-time services over wireless networks.
Xenograft models of head and neck cancers

Head and neck cancers are among the most prevalent tumors in the world. Despite advances in the treatment of head and neck tumors, the survival of patients with these cancers has not markedly improved over the past several decades because of our inability to control and our poor understanding of the regional and distant spread of this disease. One of the factors contributing to our poor understanding may be the lack of reliable animal models of head and neck cancer metastasis. The earliest xenograft models in which human tumor cells were grown in immunosuppressed mice involved subcutaneous implantation of human head and neck cancer cell lines. Subcutaneous xenograft models have been popular because they are easy to establish, easy to manage, and lend themselves to ready quantitation of the tumor burden. More recently, orthotopic xenograft models, in which the tumor cells are implanted in the tumor site of origin, have been used with greater frequency in animal studies of head and neck cancers. Orthotopic xenograft models are advantageous for their ability to mimic local tumor growth and recapitulate the pathways of metastasis seen in human head and neck cancers. In addition, recent innovations in cell labeling techniques and small-animal imaging have enabled investigators to monitor the metastatic process and quantitate the growth and spread of orthopically implanted tumors. This review summarizes the progress in the development of murine xenograft models of head and neck cancers. We then discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type of xenograft model. We also discuss the potential for these models to help elucidate the mechanisms of regional and distant metastasis, which could improve our ability to treat head and neck cancers.
Aeration in Fermentations

Symptoms of oxygen deficiency and variations in dissolved-oxygen level have been described in some typical aerobic fermentations. In bacterial fermentations, dissolved-oxygen levels were almost the same in different parts of the fermentor. As a result, good correlations between apparent and true critical oxygen concentrations were obtained. Poor correlations were obtained in mould fermentations.
Cigarette smoke exposure is associated with vitamin D3 deficiencies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Background Cigarette smoke (CS) plays a role in the exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS); however, the mechanism for this is unknown. We hypothesize that CS impairs human sinonasal epithelial cell (HSNEC) conversion of 25(OH)D3 (25VD3) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25VD3) and, furthermore, that supplementation with 1,25VD3 will reverse smoke-induced inflammatory responses by HSNECs. Objective We sought to determine the effect of CS on vitamin D3 (VD3) levels, conversion, and regulation of CS-induced inflammation in control subjects and patients with CRS. Methods Blood and sinus tissue explants were collected at the time of surgery from control subjects, patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps, and patients with chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Expression of VD3 metabolizing enzymes were measured by using RT-PCR. Primary HSNECs were cultured from tissue explants. 25VD3 with and without cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was used to examine conversion of 25VD3 to 1,25VD3, as well as HSNEC production of proinflammatory cytokines. Results CS exposure was associated with reduced circulating and sinonasal 25VD3 levels in all groups compared with those seen in CS-naive, disease-matched counterparts. CS exposure decreased expression of CYP27B1 and was especially pronounced in patients with CRSwNP. CSE impairs control HSNEC conversion of 25VD3. HSNECs from patients with CRSwNP also demonstrate an intrinsic reduction in conversion of 25VD3 to 1,25VD3. Exogenous 1,25VD3 reduces CSE-induced cytokine production by HSNECs. Conclusions Exposure to CS is associated with reduced 25VD3 levels and an impaired ability of HSNECs to convert 25VD3 to 1,25VD3. Addition of 1,25VD3 reduces the proinflammatory effects of CS on HSNECs. Impaired VD3 conversion by CS exposure represents a novel mechanism through which CS induces its proinflammatory effects.
Tachycardia control with cardiac pacemakers

Techniques used to treat tachyarrhythmias with brief electrical impulses are described. The disease process is described, identifying the prevention of one of the three conditions required for reentry (which provides the mechanism for most electrically convertible rhythms) as the basis for therapy. The risk of inducing fibrillation is discussed. The four major pacing techniques used to treat tachycardia are described. The first technique involves using additional pacemaker pulses to establish the appropriate conditions permitting interruption of the tachycardia. The second technique, which permits adaptation to the variations in tachycardia characteristics, is scanning. Scanning changes the intervals on successive bursts in an interactive process, allowing a series of paced intervals to be tested. The third technique is usually called an adaptive or automatic technique. The final technique is ramp pacing, which allows extrastimuli to be introduced at progressively premature intervals within a burst of stimuli. >
Screening and Prevention of Breast Cancer in Primary Care

Mammography remains the mainstay of breast cancer screening. There is little controversy that mammography reduces the risk of dying from breast cancer by about 23% among women between the ages of 50 and 69 years, although the harms associated with false-positive results and overdiagnosis limit the net benefit of mammography. Women in their 70s may have a small benefit from screening mammography, but overdiagnosis increases in this age group as do competing causes of death. While new data support a 16% reduction in breast cancer mortality for 40- to 49-year-old women after 10 years of screening, the net benefit is less compelling in part because of the lower incidence of breast cancer in this age group and because mammography is less sensitive and specific in women younger than 50 years. Digital mammography is more sensitive than film mammography in young women with similar specificity, but no improvements in breast cancer outcomes have been demonstrated. Magnetic resonance imaging may benefit the highest risk women. Randomized trials suggest that self-breast examination does more harm than good. Primary prevention with currently approved medications will have a negligible effect on breast cancer incidence. Public health efforts aimed at increasing mammography screening rates, promoting regular exercise in all women, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol intake, and limiting postmenopausal hormone therapy may help to continue the recent trend of lower breast cancer incidence and mortality among American women.
Rearing Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), on Semi-Artificial Media

Semi-artificial diets consisting of redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.; Laurales: Lauraceae) sawdust and various nutrients were tested for rearing Xyleborus glabratus Eichoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in vitro. Comparison of 2 media, modified and standard, adapted from Biedermann et al. (2009) showed that the more solid consistency of the modified medium resulted in greater rates of successful brood production in cultures. A 2-layered medium structure with a nutrient rich lower layer and a nutrient poor upper layer proved to be superior to a single-layered structure. Using a 2-layered structure, 72.5% of foundresses successfully produced brood, which was similar to or greater than success rates of X. glabratus under natural field conditions. The most successful media recipes used finely ground wood from redbay, but some successful brood production also occurred when wood from pondberry (Lindera melissifolia ) (Walter) Blume; Laurales: Lauraceae) and California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.; Laurales: Lauraceae) were used instead of redbay. A 2-layered structure with nutrient levels slightly higher than those in the modified medium of Biedermann et al. (2009) is recommended for rearing X. glabratus in vitro.
Differential oxygen dynamics in two diverse Dunning prostate R3327 rat tumor sublines (MAT-Lu and HI) with respect to growth and respiratory challenge.

Abstract Purpose: Since hypoxia may influence tumor response to therapy and prognosis, we have compared oxygenation of tumors known to exhibit differential growth rate and tissue differentiation. Methods and Materials: Regional tumor oxygen tension was measured using 19 F nuclear magnetic resonance echo planar imaging relaxometry of hexafluorobenzene, which provided dynamic maps with respect to respiratory intervention. Investigations used two Dunning prostate R3327 rat tumor sublines: the fast growing, highly metastatic MAT-Lu and the moderately well-differentiated, slower growing HI. Results: Both sublines showed significantly higher oxygen tension in smaller tumors ( 3 ) than in larger tumors (>3.5 cm 3 ). Pooled data showed that MAT-Lu tumors exhibited greater hypoxia compared with the size-matched HI tumors ( p 2 for tumors of both sublines ( p 2 , while those in the MAT-Lu tumors showed little response to respiratory intervention. Conclusions: These results concur with hypotheses that hypoxia is related to tumor growth rate and degree of differentiation. Under baseline conditions, the differences were subtle. However, response to respiratory intervention revealed highly significant differences, which, if held valid in the clinic, could have prognostic value.
Exploratory Factor Analysis Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice

The ProblemExploratory factor analysis (EFA) serves many useful purposes in human resource development (HRD) research. The most frequent applications of EFA among researchers consists of reducing r...
Supporting Inquiry Processes with an Interactive Learning Environment: Inquiry Island

This research addresses the effectiveness of an interactive learning environment, Inquiry Island, as a general-purpose framework for the design of inquiry-based science curricula. We introduce the software as a scaffold designed to support the creation and assessment of inquiry projects, and describe its use in a middle-school genetics unit. Students in the intervention showed significant gains in inquiry skills. We also illustrate the power of the software to gather and analyze qualitative data about student learning.
Immunologic Effects of Cimetidine: Potential Uses

Suppressor T lymphocytes play a major regulatory role in the function of the immune system. Since the discovery of histamine (H2) receptors on the surface of these immune cells, studies have demonstrated that cimetidine diminishes the effect of suppressor T cells in both cellular- and humoral-mediated (antibody) immune reactions. Preliminary clinical results demonstrate that cimetidine has a beneficial effect on a variety of immune functions. An antineoplastic effect among tumor-bearing animals has also been found, suggesting the drug may be effective against certain human cancers, probably as an immune potentiator. Cimetidine has been used in the treatment of human cancer in combination with interferon or coumarin and as a single agent. Modest tumor response rates have been observed. The finding that cimetidine accelerates healing of herpesvirus infections is intriguing. These encouraging, albeit preliminary, results emphasize the need for additional studies on the drug's antiviral properties.
Robust prostate cancer marker genes emerge from direct integration of inter-study microarray data

Motivation: DNA microarray data analysis has been used previously to identify marker genes which discriminate cancer from normal samples. However, due to the limited sample size of each study, there are few common markers among different studies of the same cancer. With the rapid accumulation of microarray data, it is of great interest to integrate inter-study microarray data to increase sample size, which could lead to the discovery of more reliable markers. Results: We present a novel, simple method of integrating different microarray datasets to identify marker genes and apply the method to prostate cancer datasets. In this study, by applying a new statistical method, referred to as the top-scoring pair (TSP) classifier, we have identified a pair of robust marker genes (HPN and STAT6) by integrating microarray datasets from three different prostate cancer studies. Cross-platform validation shows that the TSP classifier built from the marker gene pair, which simply compares relative expression values, achieves high accuracy, sensitivity and specificity on independent datasets generated using various array platforms. Our findings suggest a new model for the discovery of marker genes from accumulated microarray data and demonstrate how the great wealth of microarray data can be exploited to increase the power of statistical analysis. Contact: [email protected]
Noise margin and leakage in ultra-low leakage SRAM cell design

Various aspects of ultra-low leakage static random-access memories (SRAM) cell design are considered. It is shown that the high threshold voltage relative to the power supply so improves the stability of the cell that the beta ratio of the design may be made very small for improved performance. Also, the ramifications of threshold uncertainty due to random dopant fluctuations are investigated, and it is shown that chip performance will be adversely affected by this phenomenon.
An analysis and synthesis of internal model principle type controllers

This paper presents a method to synthesize internal model principle type controllers for rejection of sinusoidal disturbances. The frequencies of the disturbance are not required to be of rational ratios of the sampling interval or each other, thus addressing both periodic and aperiodic signals. The control synthesis utilizes positive feedback around notch filters to create the internal model and employs stable inversion of the plant dynamics to achieve closed loop stability. An example and simulation on a general electromechanical motion control system are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
4. Sparseness of Complete Languages

This chapter is the first one on our quest for structural properties that can distinguish between complexity classes: the existence of hard languages with low density. Our main result establishes the logical completeness of this approach for separating polynomial time from logarithmic space using reductions with a bounded number of queries. Similar techniques apply to various other complexity classes, in the deterministic as well as in the randomized setting.
Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Horses during Administration of Inhaled Anesthesia

Author(s): Williams, DC; Brosnan, RJ; Fletcher, DJ; Aleman, M; Holliday, TA; Tharp, B; Kass, PH; LeCouteur, RA; Steffey, EP | Abstract: BackgroundThe effects of anesthesia on the equine electroencephalogram (EEG) after administration of various drugs for sedation, induction, and maintenance are known, but not that the effect of inhaled anesthetics alone for EEG recording.ObjectiveTo determine the effects of isoflurane and halothane, administered as single agents at multiple levels, on the EEG and quantitative EEG (qEEG) of normal horses.AnimalsSix healthy horses.MethodsProspective study. Digital EEG with video and quantitative EEG (qEEG) were recorded after the administration of one of the 2 anesthetics, isoflurane or halothane, at 3 alveolar doses (1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 MAC). Segments of EEG during controlled ventilation (CV), spontaneous ventilation (SV), and with peroneal nerve stimulation (ST) at each MAC multiple for each anesthetic were selected, analyzed, and compared. Multiple non-EEG measurements were also recorded.ResultsSpecific raw EEG findings were indicative of changes in the depth of anesthesia. However, there was considerable variability in EEG between horses at identical MAC multiples/conditions and within individual horses over segments of a given epoch. Statistical significance for qEEG variables differed between anesthetics with bispectral index (BIS) CV MAC and 95% spectral edge frequency (SEF95) SV MAC differences in isoflurane only and median frequency (MED) differences in SV MAC with halothane only.Conclusions and clinical importanceUnprocessed EEG features (background and transients) appear to be beneficial for monitoring the depth of a particular anesthetic, but offer little advantage over the use of changes in mean arterial pressure for this purpose.
The Hidden Costs of Tax Compliance

Lawmakers have long used the tax code for purposes far beyond simply collecting revenue to fund the federal government. Through the insertion of specialized tax provisions, the tax code is used to achieve policy and political aims as well. But these special provisions come at a price: economic growth is foregone, higher accounting costs are incurred, more lobbyists are hired to protect tax advantages, and revenue is lost as a result of collection inefficiencies. We estimate that hidden costs of tax compliance range from $215 billion to $987 billion annually, and that part of the $452 billion revenue gap in 2012 unreported taxes was the result of tax code complexity. We provide policy recommendations based on lessons from the Russia flat tax reforms and the Tax Reform Act of 1986.
4-Vinylphenyl Glycidyl Ether: Synthesis, RAFT Polymerization, and Postpolymerization Modifications with Alcohols

4-Vinylphenyl glycidyl ether (4VPGE), an epoxide-containing styrenic monomer, was synthesized and then polymerized in a controlled fashion under reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization conditions using butyl 1-phenylethyl trithiocarbonate as the chain-transfer agent. The high degree of chain-end functionalization of the produced polymers was confirmed by chain extension reactions with styrene that afforded well-defined block copolymers. Phenyl glycidyl ether was utilized as a model compound to identify the optimal reaction conditions for alcoholysis of the glycidyl moiety using BF3 as a Lewis acid catalyst, and postpolymerization modifications were subsequently carried out on the epoxide groups of poly4VPGE with a library of structurally diverse alcohols to yield a number of β-hydroxy ether-functionalized polymers.
Enzymatic Mechanism of Leishmania major Peroxidase and the Critical Role of Specific Ionic Interactions.

Leishmania major peroxidase (LmP) is very similar to the well-known yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP). Both enzymes catalyze the peroxidation of cytochrome c. Like CcP, LmP reacts with H2O2 to form Compound I, which consists of a ferryl heme and a Trp radical, FeIV═O;Trp•+. Cytochrome c (Cytc) reduces the Trp radical to give Compound II, FeIV═O;Trp, which is followed by an intramolecular electron transfer to give FeIII–OH;Trp•+, and in the last step, Cytc reduces the Trp radical. In this study, we have used steady-state and single-turnover kinetics to improve our understanding of the overall mechanism of LmP catalysis. While the activity of CcP greatly increases with ionic strength, the kcat for LmP remains relatively constant at all ionic strengths tested. Therefore, unlike CcP, where dissociation of oxidized Cytc is limiting at low ionic strengths, association/dissociation reactions are not limiting at any ionic strength in LmP. We conclude that in LmP, the intramolecular electron transfer reaction, F...
Use of marijuana and changing risk perceptions.

Objectives To improve understanding of which adolescents were most likely to perceive marijuana as not harmful. Methods Analyses were based on the SHARP survey, conducted in 3 large school districts in Utah in 2009, 2011, and 2013, among students in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12. Results Across school grades, students who viewed marijuana as not harmful were ≥9 times more likely to have used marijuana. The perception that marijuana has no risk was higher in males, Hispanics, youth not living with their mother or father, and increased with school grade and decreased with the education of the student's guardian. Conclusions Those historically identified as high risk for marijuana use also were most likely to view marijuana as not harmful.
A Ten-year Laboratory Colony of Atta cephalotes

A Trinidad colony of Atta cephalotes L., originating from a May 1965 nuptial flight and removed for laboratory study on 15 July, survived 10 yr with the same queen, a unique record for the species. Weighed quantities of fresh green leaves were supplied frequently. The monthly totals were compared with the monthly volumes of the resulting fungus gardens. The colony expanded rapidly, taking 5718 g of fresh leaves in 1966 and about 7000 g in 1968 and 1969, when the corresponding maximum monthly volumes of gardens were 4050, 10,000 and 11,600 ml respectively. In 9 yr, 51 Kg were used. Yearly totals show fluctuations and a summary of many of the daily records detail various factors at work, including accidental losses and normal mortality of the workers. Natural deaths averaged 1000–1500 monthly at one time. Workers of the broods of the 1st 15 mo had a life span of less than a year. No sexual brood was produced. Details of leaf-cutting, species of plants used, appearance of the first soldier sub-caste, removal of exhaused substrate, and other biological features are given.
Symptomatic Aseptic Hydrogen Pneumarthrosis as a Sign of Crevice Corrosion Following Total Hip Arthroplasty with a Modular Neck: A Case Report.

Modular neck components in total hip arthroplasty enhance intraoperative flexibility and ease of revision. Femoral modular components allow alteration of neck length, version, and offset once the femoral stem has been implanted, leading to purported postoperative advantages in reduced wear rate1, enhanced hip stability2,3, increased range of motion, and decreased risk of dislocation3-5. Use of the modular neck also introduces an additional component interface between the neck and the stem, resulting in a large crevice with an angular geometric mismatch between the taper on the modular neck and the sleeve of the proximal femoral neck, which leaves the interface susceptible to micromotion6-10. Over time, micromotion removes the passivation layer on the implants and leads to fretting corrosion, which can be superimposed by crevice corrosion, especially in titanium implants11-13. Retrieval studies have documented the complications of this pathway, including failure to disassemble the neck from the stem14 and implant failure via fracture at the neck-stem interface15-17. This report presents data from a series of patients with the complication of symptomatic hydrogen pneumarthrosis, which, we postulate, may be an early marker of aseptic crevice corrosion and possibly failure of titanium-on-titanium (Ti/Ti) modular neck-stem implants. To the best of our knowledge, this complication has not been previously reported. One case is discussed in detail. All of the patients were informed that data concerning their cases would be submitted for publication, and they provided consent. This case report was approved by our institutional review board. We have collected data on six patients with symptomatic aseptic hydrogen pneumarthrosis following total hip arthroplasty with a Ti/Ti modular neck-stem interface (Table I). To our knowledge, these are the only reports of this complication in …
Effect of zinc on the rate of twin seedlings of pobyembryonic rice Effect of zinc on the rate of twin seedlings of pobyembryonic rice

Polyembryonic rice is an important material for apomixis research in rice.The experiment of germination was conductedwith three polyembryonic rice varieties with glume shell.The results shown that the rates of twin seedlings of three polyemhryonicrice varieties were generally increased with Zn~(2+) in germination.The optimum concentration of Zn~(2+) is 1×10~(-5) M.at thisconcentration,the rate of twin seedlings of shuang—3 was increased from 30. 9% to 41.8%,it was also found in other vari-eties.
156 INCREASED VISCERAL ADIPOSITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE BY A MECHANISM INDEPENDENT OF GLUCOSE TOLERANCE.

Background Central adiposity is known to be associated with decreased glucose tolerance and has been suggested to be associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Methods To determine whether abnormalities of GFR occur in the early stages of glucose intolerance and are related to visceral adiposity, we examined 406 Japanese Americans (62.0 ± 5.9 y, mean ± SD, 44.6% female) who had normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 144, 61.7 ± 5.9 y, 47.2% female), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 137, 62.1 ± 6.0 y and 46.0% female) and diabetes (DM; n = 125, 62.3 ± 5.9 y, 36.8% female; duration 2.8 ± 10.1 y, median 138} interquartile range [IQR]). Intra-abdominal fat (IAF) area was quantified by CT scan. The relationships between GFR, calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula, obesity, visceral adiposity, and glucose tolerance were analyzed. Results BMI (23.9 ± 2.9 vs 24.6 ± 3.3 vs 25.5 ± 3.0 kg/m2, p Conclusion Increased visceral adiposity is associated with reduced GFR by a mechanism that appears independent of glucose tolerance.
IVF and Egg Donation: Special Considerations

Women with primary ovarian insufficiency/premature ovarian failure (POI/POF) typically come to diagnosis only after their oocyte reserve has become critically low. In settings with very low ovarian reserve, obtaining adequate numbers of eggs through assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is a special challenge. Fortunately, the young age at which women with POI/POF present is often a mitigating factor that allows for a somewhat better fertility prognosis than that of older women with similarly low ovarian reserve.
First principles study of the lattice dynamical behavior of AlAs

The ab initio pseudopotential method is used to examine lattice-dynamical properties of AlAs. The phonon frequencies at Γ and X in the Brillouin zone, the pressure dependence of the phonon modes, and the longitudinal effective charges for AlAs are calculated. For those properties where experimental data are available, the calculations yield very good agreement.
A Novel In-Device Enzyme Immobilization Method for Biomems, Demonstrated for a Continuous Glucose Monitor

Wafer-level fabrication of advanced enzyme-based BioMEMS usually requires bonding techniques at elevated temperatures such as anodic bonding. This conflicts with the low temperature stability of enzymes and can only be overcome by enzyme immobilization after bonding. This paper presents a novel in-device enzyme immobilization technique, which is compatible to MEMS technology and allows wafer-level fabrication. In-device patterning of enzyme has been demonstrated for a continuous glucose monitor.
Functional Restoration for Neurological Trauma: Current Therapies and Future Directions

Neuromodulation devices and surgical techniques are available to alleviate some sequela of neurological trauma. Many times posttraumatic epilepsy is controlled by medications. But when medications alone are unable to control posttraumatic epilepsy, surgical interventions including surgical resection of the epileptic focus or stimulation with the vagal nerve stimulator or the neuropace responsive neurostimulator can be helpful in gaining improved epilepsy control. Neurological trauma is also often associated with deficits in memory and cognition. There is some evidence from a limited number of case series that deep brain stimulation may hold promise in improvement in memory and cognition. Deep brain stimulation has also demonstrated limited efficacy on a case by case basis for the treatment of medically refractory depression, another frequent sequela of neurological trauma. Traumatic injury to the brain and spinal cord are associated with spasticity. When spasticity is severe and medically refractory, intrathecal baclofen pump therapy is effective in alleviating the symptoms. Spinal cord and brain stimulators may be helpful in the control of pain resulting from neurological injuries. Newer therapies including robotics and brain--machine interface technologies are in their early phases of development but may provide future therapeutic options as well. All of these techniques and technologies have the potential for restoring some degree of normal function following severe neurological trauma.
DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND OPTIMAZATION OF 10 TON PNEUMATIC PRESS MACHINE : A REVIEW

Power press working is defined as chip less manufacturing process. We can also say as cold stamping process. The machine used for press working is known as press. This Project work deals with the Design, analysis and optimization of Pneumatic 10 Ton Press Machine. The aim is to reduce the Wight and cost of the Pneumatic press without reducing the quality of the output. Using the best possible resources in design can affect decrease in the weight and cost of the press machine. One way of doing, it will be the optimizing the volume of material utilized for building the complete structure of machine .Here we have consider an industrial application project consisting of mass minimization of a Pneumatic press. For reduction of volume of material Forming operation is consider. For analysis Purpose ANSYS has been used.
RHMD: evasion-resilient hardware malware detectors

Hardware Malware Detectors (HMDs) have recently been proposed as a defense against the proliferation of malware. These detectors use low-level features, that can be collected by the hardware performance monitoring units on modern CPUs to detect malware as a computational anomaly. Several aspects of the detector construction have been explored, leading to detectors with high accuracy. In this paper, we explore the question of how well evasive malware can avoid detection by HMDs. We show that existing HMDs can be effectively reverse-engineered and subsequently evaded, allowing malware to hide from detection without substantially slowing it down (which is important for certain types of malware). This result demonstrates that the current generation of HMDs can be easily defeated by evasive malware. Next, we explore how well a detector can evolve if it is exposed to this evasive malware during training. We show that simple detectors, such as logistic regression, cannot detect the evasive malware even with retraining. More sophisticated detectors can be retrained to detect evasive malware, but the retrained detectors can be reverse-engineered and evaded again. To address these limitations, we propose a new type of Resilient HMDs (RHMDs) that stochastically switch between different detectors. These detectors can be shown to be provably more difficult to reverse engineer based on resent results in probably approximately correct (PAC) learnability theory. We show that indeed such detectors are resilient to both reverse engineering and evasion, and that the resilience increases with the number and diversity of the individual detectors. Our results demonstrate that these HMDs offer effective defense against evasive malware at low additional complexity.CCS CONCEPTSSecurity and privacy $\rightarrow $ Hardware security implementation; Malware and its mitigation;
Reduced Palmitate Turnover in Brain Phospholipids of Pentobarbital-Anesthetized Rats

Our laboratory has reported that pentobarbital-induced anesthesia reduced the incorporation of intravenously injected radiolabeled palmitic acid into brain phospholipids. To determine if this decrease reflected a pentobarbital-induced decrease in palmitate turnover in phospholipids, we applied our method and model to study net flux and turnover of palmitate in brain phospholipids (1). Awake, light and deep pentobarbital (25–70 mg/kg, iv) anesthetized rats were infused with [9,10-3H]palmitate over a 5 min period. Brain electrical activity was monitored by electroencephalography. An isoelectric electroencephalogram characterized deep pentobarbital anesthesia. Net incorporation rates (J FA,i ) and turnover rates (F i) of palmitate were calculated. J FA,i for palmitate incorporated into phospholipids was dramatically reduced by pentobarbital treatment in a dose-dependent manner, by 70% and 90% respectively for lightly and deeply anesthetized animals, compared with awake controls. Turnover rates for palmitate in total phospholipid and individual phospholipid classes were decreased by nearly 70% and 90% for lightly and deeply anesthetized animals, respectively. Thus, pentobarbital decreases, in a dose-dependent manner, the turnover of palmitate in brain phospholipids. This suggests that palmitate turnover is closely coupled to brain functional activity.