cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERCEPT OPTIMIZATION OF CRYOGENIC SUPPORTS

Load bearing supports are required for many cryogenic applications and refrigeration power should be provided to permit their continuous operation. The efficiency of the cryogenic system strongly depends on the cryogenic supports refrigeration power optimization. Hilal and Boom1 have considered the ideal case of determining the optimum temperature of heat intercepts located at discrete points. The intercepts are assumed to have zero contact area along the supports and the heat transfer to the intercept assumed to be perfect. In this paper the optimum heat transfer area of the intercepts is determined for tubular geometries. Different support materials are considered as an example to determine the optimum contact area for a given contact conductance.
Design and Development of a Mobile EEG Data Analytics Framework

In this paper, we discuss the design and development of EEG Workbench: a prototyping framework for building electroencephalography (EEG) data analytics framework for the Android platform. EEG data describe the activity of neuron populations in the brain and are acquired via electrodes placed on specific positions in the skull. EEG signals have been shown to be sufficiently different between individuals and therefore suitable for use in the authentication process. The relatively recent introduction of consumer-grade EEG acquisition devices has made the utilization of EEG research more accessible to ubiquitous computing devices such as smartphones; however, the software developed in EEG research lacks specific implementations for Android. EEG Workbench aims to provide developers with a tool to build electroencephalography (EEG) data analytics framework for the Android platform.
‘We don’t care who you are’: Race, space, and dispossession in New York’s charter school co-location reform:

In the United States, charter school proliferation remains a top priority for neoliberal education reformers and their private sector allies. Such schools are owned and run by private operators yet...
Methods of extraction of optical properties from diffuse reflectance measurements of ex-vivo human colon tissue using thin film silicon photodetector arrays

Spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (SRDRS) is a promising technique for characterization of colon tissue. Herein, two methods for extracting the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients (μ s ′(λ) and μ a(λ)) from SRDRS data using lookup tables of simulated diffuse reflectance are reported. Experimental measurements of liquid tissue phantoms performed with a custom multi-pixel silicon SRDRS sensor spanning the 450 - 750 nm wavelength range were used to evaluate the extraction methods, demonstrating that the combined use of spatial and spectral data reduces extraction error compared to use of spectral data alone. Additionally, SRDRS measurements of normal and tumor ex-vivo human colon tissue are presented along with μ s ′(λ) and μ a(λ) extracted from these measurements.
Are There Universal Standards for Net Neutrality

The regulation of the Internet in general, and network neutrality in particular, has become a priority for many governments around the globe. The United States is no exception. It enacted new rules protecting net neutrality in 2015 and then famously undid them in 2017. Other countries similarly struggle to regulate net neutrality effectively, including Brazil, India and those that comprise the European Union. Most national debates of net neutrality policy tend to be fractious affairs. There is deep disagreement surrounding the best way to approach the issue. In previous work, I have shown how the design and implementation of net neutrality norms by States can lead to more coherent, just, and sustainable policies when they are guided by universally-recognized human rights norms. This Article advances that thesis by identifying which human rights norms apply to net neutrality across the board and explaining how those norms fully address the most critical issues at the heart of net neutrality policy debates everywhere. These include: defining the content and scope of net neutrality; promoting Internet access to help close the digital divide; and regulating zero-rating, among others. To substantiate the novel claim that universal standards govern net neutrality, this Article engages in a comparative analysis of the major human rights legal frameworks erected by the United Nations, the Organization of American States (“OAS”), and Europe. It also surveys the practice of States that have adopted some form of net neutrality regulations to date. These comparative studies reveal a significant degree of normative convergence suggesting that standards have begun to crystallize, at least with respect to the basic definitional elements of net neutrality. The Article concludes by explaining why the existence of universal standards for net neutrality matters to and in the United States.
Nursing Home Culture Change Practices and Survey Deficiencies: A National Longitudinal Panel Study.

Background and objectives Nursing home (NH) adoption of culture change practices has substantially increased in recent decades. We examined how increasing adoption of culture change practices affected the prevalence of health, severe health, and quality of life (QoL) deficiencies. Research design and methods Novel data on culture change practice adoption from a nationally representative NH panel (N = 1,585) surveyed in 2009/2010 and 2016/2017 were used to calculate change in practice adoption scores in 3 culture change domains (resident-centered care, staff empowerment, physical environment). These data were linked to data on health, severe health, and QoL deficiencies and facility-level covariates. Multinomial logistic regression models, with survey weights and inverse probability of treatment weighting, examined how increased culture change practice adoption related to change in deficiencies. Results We generally observed less increase in deficiencies when culture change practices increased. However, after weighting and controlling for baseline deficiencies and culture change scores, we found few statistically significant effects. Still, results show increased physical environment practices resulted in a higher likelihood of decreases or no change (vs increases) in QoL deficiencies; increased resident-centered care practices resulted in decreases or no change (vs increases) in health deficiencies; and increased staff empowerment practices resulted in a higher likelihood of no change (vs increases) in severe health deficiencies. Discussion and implications This study provides some evidence that culture change practices can help reduce the risk of increasing some types of deficiencies, but the impact of increases in each culture change domain related differently to different types of deficiencies.
Reply to Pek et al.: Science is not the signal detection problem it is ordinarily thought to be.

In our target article (1), we note that signal detection theory evolved (2) from Fisher’s (3) null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) approach ( H : δ = 0, H 1: δ ≠ 0) as elaborated by Neyman and Pearson (4), who additionally proposed considering the specific magnitude of the alternative hypothesis ( H : δ = 0, H 1: δ = μ). We then argue that this perspective is a useful fiction, not an accurate depiction of underlying reality. The true, underlying effect size (δ) associated with an experimental protocol is more reasonably conceptualized as having been drawn from a continuous distribution, and it is never equal to zero. Pek et al. (5) argue that the Fisherian perspective can be revised by dropping the null hypothesis fiction … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: b6wilson{at}ucsd.edu or jwixted{at}ucsd.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Maternal-Neonatal Dyad Outcomes of Maternal COVID-19 Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Support: A Case Series.

Objective This study aimed to describe two cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant women requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and resulting in premature delivery. Study Design The clinical course of two women hospitalized with ARDS due to COVID-19 care in our intensive care (ICU) is summarized; both participants provided consent to be included in this case series. Results Both women recovered with no clinical sequelae. Neonatal outcomes were within the realm of expected for prematurity with the exception of coagulopathy. There was no vertical transmission to the neonates. Conclusion This case series highlights that ECMO is a feasible treatment in the pregnant woman with severe COVID-19 and that delivery can be performed safely on ECMO with no additional risk to the fetus. While ECMO carries its natural risks, it should be considered a viable option during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Key Points
Music Therapy in Dialysis Access Procedures With Moderate Sedation.

BackgroundThe aim was to evaluate the effects of music on patients’ anxiety and satisfaction after undergoing dialysis access procedures under moderate sedation.MethodsPatients (n = 30) undergoing ...
Voice Feature Selection to Improve Performance of Machine Learning Models for Voice Production Inversion.

Summary Objective Estimation of physiological control parameters of the vocal system from the produced voice outcome has important applications in clinical management of voice disorders . Previously we developed a simulation-based neural network for estimation of vocal fold geometry, mechanical properties, and subglottal pressure from voice outcome features that characterize the acoustics of the produced voice. The goals of this study are to (1) explore the possibility of improving the estimation accuracy of physiological control parameters by including voice outcome features characterizing vocal fold vibration; and (2) identify voice feature sets that optimize both estimation accuracy and robustness to measurement noise. Methods Feedforward neural networks are trained to solve the inversion problem of estimating the physiological control parameters of a three-dimensional body-cover vocal fold model from different sets of voice outcome features that characterize the simulated voice acoustics, glottal flow, and vocal fold vibration. A sensitivity analysis is then performed to evaluate the contribution of individual voice features to the overall performance of the neural networks in estimating the physiologic control parameters. Results and conclusions While including voice outcome features characterizing vocal fold vibration increases estimation accuracy, it also reduces the network's robustness to measurement noise, due to high sensitivity of network performance to voice outcome features measuring the absolute amplitudes of the glottal flow and area waveforms, which are also difficult to measure accurately in practical applications. By excluding such glottal flow-based features and replacing glottal area-based features by their normalized counterparts, we are able to significantly improve both estimation accuracy and robustness to noise. We further show that similar estimation accuracy and robustness can be achieved with an even smaller set of voice outcome features by excluding features of small sensitivity.
Platelet Inhibition Prevents NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Sepsis-Induced Kidney Injury

Platelets, cellular mediators of thrombosis, are activated during sepsis and are increasingly recognized as mediators of the immune response. Platelet activation is significantly increased in sepsis patients compared to ICU control patients. Despite this correlation, the role of activated platelets in contributing to sepsis pathophysiology remains unclear. We previously demonstrated NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in sepsis-induced platelets from cecal-ligation puncture (CLP) rats. Activated platelets were associated with increased pulmonary edema and glomerular injury in CLP vs. SHAM controls. In this study, we investigated whether inhibition of platelet activation would attenuate NLRP3 activation and renal and pulmonary injury in response to CLP. CLP was performed in male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (n = 10/group) to induce abdominal sepsis and SHAM rats served as controls. A subset of CLP animals was treated with Clopidogrel (10 mg/kg/day, CLP + CLOP) to inhibit platelet activation. At 72 h post-CLP, platelet activation and NLRP3 inflammasome assembly were evaluated, IL-1β and IL-18 were measured in plasma, and tissues, renal and pulmonary pathology, and renal function were assessed. Activated platelets were 7.8 ± 3.6% in Sham, 22 ± 6% in CLP and significantly decreased to 14.5 ± 0.6% in CLP + CLOP (n = 8–10/group, p < 0.05). NLRP3 inflammasome assembly was inhibited in platelets of CLP + CLOP animals vs. CLP. Significant increases in plasma and kidney IL-1β and IL-18 in response to CLP were decreased with Clopidogrel treatment. Renal injury, but not lung histology or renal function was improved in CLP + CLOP vs. CLP. These data provide evidence that activated platelets may contribute to sepsis-induced renal injury, possibly via NLRP3 activation in platelets. Platelets may be a therapeutic target to decrease renal injury in septic patients.
Optimal Allocation of Virtual Inertia Devices for Enhancing Frequency Stability in Low-Inertia PowerSystems.

As renewable resources gradually replace conventional generation based synchronous machines, the dynamics of the modern grid changes significantly and the system synchronous inertia decreases substantially. This transformation poses severe challenges for power system stability; for instance, it may lead to larger initial rate of change of frequency and increase frequency excursions. However, new opportunities also arise as novelconverter control techniques, so-called grid-forming strategies, show higher efficiency and faster response than conventional synchronous generators. They mainly involve virtual inertia (VI) emulation to mimic the behavior of synchronous machines. In this study, a state-space model for the power system network is developed with VI as a frequency regulation method. A reduced model based-norm algorithm (RMHA) considering the Fiedler mode impact is proposed in this paper to optimize the allocation of VI devices and improve power system frequency stability. Finally, case studies conducted on the IEEE 24-bus system demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed RMHA approach.
Improvising consciousness: Davian bead game

Improvising Conscious: Davian Bead Game is an experimental work of intermedia performance: a cognitive science fiction which addresses questions of situated consciousness and pre- & post-human identity. The core of Improvising Conscious: Davian Bead Game is game played with an alien intelligence, and a lecture by Jennifer Arnstay, Professor of Material and Analogical Eco-Cognition visiting from an unspecified time and place.
Identifying Patterns of Federation Adoption

“I don’t see that [federation identity] happening this year, I don’t see it happening next year or the year after that--that leaves 2009, and I’ll leave that one open... There are a lot of issues, but basically it boils down to trust and antitrust.” [PennO6]. Despite this pessimism, federation technology and models are being deployed and are in production now, only not in those areas that they were originally expected. In this paper, we describe several adoption patterns that we have observed and the characteristics that have driven these deployments. Existing business relationships between companies are often strong enough to support federated relationships and are being used as the foundation of present-day federated identity deployments.
Immunologic properties of alkaline phosphatase from human placenta and membranes at delivery

Abstract Alkaline phosphatase from human placenta and placental membranes (chorion and amnion) were studied by vertical starch gel electrophoresis and immunologic techniques. By starch gel electrophoresis, it was shown that the mobility of placental AP differed from that of the chorionic and amniotic AP. Similarly, it could be shown by immunoelectrophoresis that chorionic membrane AP migrated more slowly than did placental AP. Using antisera against chorionic AP and placental AP, it was found that placental and chorionic AP are antigenically very similar, if not identical, whereas amniotic membrane AP seems to be antigenically more deficient. All three enzymes were heat stabile.
A dynamic planning model: An application of systems management to industry

Abstract With the recent growth of large, complex organizations, the need for effective long-range planning systems is apparent. In this article, Fremont Kast, Professor of management and organization at the University of Washington, presents some of the new systems techniques developed by various organizations for their planning. The author discusses the phases of the Air Force systems-life cycle approach to long-range planning (conceptual, definition, acquisition, and operational phases) in some detail, as well as the systems techniques employed by nasa and civic organizations. The author concludes his article by demonstrating the value of this systems approach to modern businesses in developing a creative and innovative approach to long-range planning problems.
GSK-3β and microtubule assembly in axons

GSK-3is a master kinase that controls many different aspects of nervous system development and function and has been implicated in neurodegeneration. In a Perspective, Zhou and Snider discuss emerging evidence that reveals how GSK-3regulates the morphogenesis of axons by controlling the assembly of microtubules that are needed for axonal extension.
Helping Minorities by Ending Affirmative Action? A Review of 'Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It's Intended to Help, and Why Universities Won't Admit It'

In 'Mismatch: How Affirmative Action Hurts Students It’s Intended to Help, and Why Universities Won’t Admit It' (2012), Professor Richard Sander and journalist Stuart Taylor claim that affirmative action hurts black and Hispanic students academically and professionally by placing them in undergraduate schools and law schools that far exceed their academic indexes as measured by board score and grade point average. The authors want black and Hispanic students to "cascade" down to academically appropriate schools, such as HBCUs, which would thereby end affirmative action. While the authors say they have the best interests of black and Hispanic students at heart, they use faulty augmentation to support their contentions. Relevant evidence is cherry-picked or completely ignored, black and Hispanic students are stereotyped, the reader is asked to accept myopic measurements of academic and professional success, and corporations that support diversity are seen as looking for an excuse to use racial preferences. Not unlike its predecessor theory, the "fit hypothesis," the mismatch theory will not bring an end to affirmative action on the merits.
Phosphorylation of hepatitis B virus precore and core proteins.

Abstract Hepatitis B virus precore and core proteins are related. The precore protein contains the entire sequence of the core protein plus an amino-terminal extension of 29 amino acids. The amino-terminal extension of the precore protein contains a signal sequence for the secretion of the precore protein. This signal sequence is removed after the translocation of the precore protein across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to produce the precore protein derivative named P22. We demonstrate that both P22 and the core protein can be phosphorylated in cells. Microsomal fractionation and trypsin digestion experiments demonstrate that a fraction of phosphorylated P22 is located in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Phosphorylation of P22 likely occurs in the carboxy terminus, since the P22 derivative P16, which lacks the carboxy terminus of P22, is not phosphorylated. Linking the carboxy terminus of the precore-core protein to heterologous secretory and cytosolic proteins led to the phosphorylation of the resulting chimeric proteins. These results indicate that phosphorylation of P22 and the core protein is likely mediated by cellular kinases.
Literature Searching in Physical Education.

(1979). Literature Searching in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 54-58.
A hierarchical FFT algorithm (HIL-FFT) for accelerating marching-on-in-time methods

This article presents a hierarchical FFT-based algorithm that permits the fast analysis of transient electromagnetic scattering from uniformly meshed plate-like structures. For these structures the computational complexity of the algorithm scales as O(N/sub t/N/sub s/ log/sup 2/ N/sub s/). Similar to FFT-based algorithms for accelerating frequency-domain solvers, the HIL-FFT algorithm is more efficient (by a constant) than plane wave decomposition based algorithms when applied to the analysis of scattering from uniformly meshed structures.
Vaccination With Protein-Transduced Dendritic Cells Elicits a Sustained Response to Hepatitis C Viral Antigens

Background & Aims: Professional antigen-presenting dendritic cells are capable of eliciting a vigorous antiviral response in naive T cells. The administration of antigen-loaded dendritic cells offers a potential approach to induce high-level immunity against hepatitis C virus. Methods: The dendritic cell population in mice was expanded in vivo by hydrodynamic delivery of naked DNA that encoded the secreted form of human fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand. The CD11c-enriched dendritic cell population obtained from the spleen was transduced in vitro with recombinant hepatitis C virus core and nonstructural 5 proteins by using macromolecular-based protein delivery. Vaccine efficacy was assessed with a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte assay, cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and intracellular cytokine staining in vitro and by a tumor challenge model in vivo. Results: Relative to mice inoculated with nontransduced dendritic cells, splenocytes derived from mice immunized with either hepatitis C virus core-transduced or nonstructural 5–transduced dendritic cells showed 3- to 5-fold greater antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. The CD4+ T cells obtained from mice immunized with nonstructural 5–transduced dendritic cells produced interferon γ, but not interleukin 4, when stimulated with nonstructural 5. In contrast, T cells derived from mice immunized with hepatitis C virus core-transduced dendritic cells produced neither interferon γ nor interleukin 4 when stimulated with core protein. Mice vaccinated with nonstructural 5–transduced dendritic cells, but not a nonstructural 5–expressing plasmid, showed a sustained antiviral response to nonstructural 5 as evidenced by reduced growth of nonstructural 5–expressing tumor cells inoculated 10 weeks after vaccination. Conclusions: These findings suggest that vaccination with protein-transduced dendritic cells may constitute an important antiviral strategy for hepatitis C virus.
Optimal Consumption and Portfolio Choices with Risky Housing and Borrowing Constraints

We examine the optimal dynamic portfolio decisions for investors who acquire housing services from either renting or owning a house. Our results show that when indifferent between owning and renting, investors owning a house hold a lower equity proportion in their net worth (bonds, stocks, and home equity), reflecting the substitution effect, yet hold a higher equity proportion in their liquid portfolios (bonds and stocks), reflecting the diversification effect. Furthermore, following the suboptimal policy of always renting leads investors to overweigh in stocks, while following the suboptimal policy of always owning a house causes investors to underweigh in stocks. For many investors, a house is the largest and most important asset in their portfolios. The 2001 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) shows that about two-thirds of U.S. households own their primary residences and home value accounts for 55% of a homeowner’s total assets, on average. At the same time, approximately 50% of U.S. households hold stocks and/ or stock mutual funds (including holdings in their retirement accounts), and stock investment accounts for less than 12% of household assets. Even for households owning stocks, they account for less than 40% of household assets. Housing differs from other financial assets in that housing serves a dual purpose. It is both a durable consumption good from which the owner derives utility and also an investment vehicle that allows the investor to hold home equity. Further, compared with other financial assets such as bonds and stocks, the housing investment is often highly
Effect of limited proteolysis on the stability and enzymatic activity of human placental S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

Human placental S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase was subjected to limited papain digestion. The multiple cleavage sites in the enzyme were identified to be Lys94-Ala95, Tyr100-Ala101, Glu243-Ile244, Met367-Ala368, Gln369-Ile370, and Gly382-Val383. Despite multiple cleavage sites in the backbone of the protein, the digested enzyme was able to maintain its quaternary structure and retain its full catalytic activity. The enzyme activity of the partially digested AdoHcy hydrolase was essentially identical to that of the native enzyme at several pH values. The thermal stabilities of the native and partially digested enzymes were only slightly different at all temperatures tested. The stability of both native and partially digested enzymes were examined in guanidine hydrochloride and equilibrium unfolding transitions were monitored by CD spectroscopy and tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of these experiments can be summarized as follows: (1) CD spectroscopic analysis showed that the overall secondary and tertiary structures of the partially digested enzyme are essentially identical with those of the native enzyme; and (2) tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopic analysis indicated that there are small differences in the environments of surface-exposed tryptophan residues between the partially digested enzyme and the native enzyme under unfolding conditions. The differences in the free energy of unfolding, delta(delta Gu) [delta Gu(native)-delta Gu(digested)], is approximately 1.3 kcal/mol. When NAD+ was removed from the partially digested enzyme, the secondary and tertiary structures of the apo form of the digested AdoHcy hydrolase were completely lost and the enzymatic activity could not be recovered by incubation with excess NAD+. These results suggest that AdoHcy hydrolase exists as a very compact enzyme with extensive intramolecular bonding, which contributes significantly to the overall global protein stabilization. Identification of the surface-exposed peptide bonds, which are susceptible to papain digestion, has provided some constraints on the spatial orientations of subunits of the enzyme. This information, in turn, has provided supplemental data for X-ray crystallographic studies currently ongoing in our laboratories.
The effects of contemporary use of coronary stents on in-hospital mortality

OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine the effect of coronary stents on in-hospital mortality. BACKGROUND Despite extensive use of stents for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs), their effect on serious in-hospital events, especially mortality, is not well defined. METHODS A cohort study was performed using 16,811 consecutive native-vessel PCI procedures performed on patients in the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions Registry from July 1, 1996, through December 31, 1998. Patients undergoing balloon-only angioplasty were compared with those receiving a planned or unplanned stent. Procedures with other devices were excluded. Multivariable analyses adjusted for detailed clinical characteristics and for individual laboratory. RESULTS Stents were associated with a significant reduction in in-hospital mortality (0.3%) compared with balloon procedures (0.6%; multivariable odds ratio [OR] 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34, 0.89; p = 0.014). The risk of emergency coronary bypass also was reduced by stenting (0.3% vs. 0.7%; multivariable OR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.76; p = 0.002). Adjustment for the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors did not change the results, and the effects of stenting relative to balloon procedures were similar in those procedures with and without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade (p = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that coronary stenting, compared with balloon procedures, reduces in-hospital mortality, independent of the clinical setting.
Some experiments in the use of clustering for data validation

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility of using clustering to detect errors in small databases. Singleton clusters, containing only one record, often represent errors. Use of a new clustering algorithm oriented to this application provided improvements in time complexity without degradation of the error detection performance in a larger collection of data.
Biomechanics of conidial dispersal in the toxic mold Stachybotrys chartarum.

Conidial dispersal in Stachybotrys chartarum in response to low-velocity airflow was studied using a microflow apparatus. The maximum rate of spore release occurred during the first 5 min of airflow, followed by a dramatic reduction in dispersal that left more than 99% of the conidia attached to their conidiophores. Micromanipulation of undisturbed colonies showed that micronewton (μN) forces were needed to dislodge spore clusters from their supporting conidiophores. Calculations show that airspeeds that normally prevail in the indoor environment disturb colonies with forces that are 1,000-fold lower, in the nanonewton (nN) range. Low-velocity airflow does not, therefore, cause sufficient disturbance to disperse a large proportion of the conidia of S. chartarum.
Nature of bonds in chemisorption on supported metals

Abstract A quantum-mechanical method is used to obtain information about the nature of bonds in chemisorption on supported metals. The calculations are based on an unidimensional model composed of a finite chain of metal atoms and a semi-infinite chain of support. The linear combination of atomic orbitals and the tight-binding approximation are used to construct the wave function of one electron in the field of the chain of metal atoms, support and chemisorbed atom. The support affects the chemisorption process, modifying the nonlocalized volume states (states with periodic wave function) and the localized states (states with non-periodic wave function); also generating new types of states in which the wave function is periodic in one layer and nonperiodic in the other (composite states). For instance, a single component finite chain of metal atoms (without support) has a single band for the volume states; with an AB-type support, the complete system can have two bands, one band or no band. The localized states can be localized at the adatom-metal surface, and/or at the metal-support interface. Also, depending upon the number of metal atoms in the chain and the nature of the support, the bond due to a localized state can change from anionic to cationic. For a composite state having wave function coefficients larger in the layer which has a periodic wave function, the electron will belong to that whole layer.
Heterodimeric DNA Binding by the Vitamin D Receptor and Retinoid X Receptors Is Enhanced by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Inhibited by 9-cis-Retinoic Acid EVIDENCE FOR ALLOSTERIC RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS

Gel mobility shift analysis was utilized to investigate the molecular function of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) ligands in the binding of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) to mouse osteopontin and rat osteocalcin vitamin D-response elements (VDREs). At physiological ionic strength and reduced concentrations of expressed proteins, efficient binding to either VDRE occurs as a VDR. RXR heterodimer, not as a VDR homodimer. 1,25-(OH)2D3 dramatically enhances heterodimer-VDRE interaction, whereas somewhat higher concentrations of 9-cis-RA inhibit this association, perhaps related to the role of this retinoid in facilitating RXR homodimer formation. Interestingly, if VDR is occupied by 1,25-(OH)2D3 prior to complexing with RXR, the resulting heterodimer is relatively resistant to dissociation and diversion to other pathways by 9-cis-RA. Therefore, a proposed molecular action of 1,25-(OH)2D3 is to generate an allosteric switch in VDR to a form that not only binds to the VDRE with high affinity and specificity as a heterodimer with RXR, but also interacts with the RXR partner to conformationally restrict the action of its cognate ligand.
Development of a Computational Three-Dimensional Breast Lesion Phantom Model

We have developed a realistic three-dimensional breast lesion phantom that can be computationally embedded in physically-acquired background images of normal breast tissue. In order to develop new imaging techniques aimed at the detection and diagnosis of breast lesions, a large number of lesions with varying physical characteristics must be tested, especially if physical characteristics must be correlated with observed image features. The new tool presented here, which incorporates three-dimensional tumor features, is potentially useful for testing imaging techniques such as CT, tomosynthesis, and phase-sensitive X-ray imaging, as these require three-dimensional tissue models. The simulated lesions improve significantly upon current methods, which lack the complexity and physical attributes of real tumors, by incorporating a stochastic Gaussian random sphere model to simulate the central tumor mass and calcifications, and an iterative fractal branching algorithm to model the complex spicula present in many tumors. Results show that userdefined lesions with realistic features can be computationally embedded in mammographic background images and that a wide range of physical properties can be modeled.
A Winter Mesocyclone over the Midwestern United States

Abstract A diagonostic analysis is made of a midwinter mesoscale vortex that developed over the Mississippi Valley and produced moderate to heavy snow with gale force winds (>18 m s−1), lightning, and thunder along a narrow track approximately 1500 km in length. The mesoscale vortex resembled the so-called “polar lows” that form over the subpolar seas. The similarities include development on the cyclonic-shear side of a long-wave trough, strong positive vorticity advection associated with a 500 mb short-wave trough, upstream tilt of the geopotential heights, conditional instability in the lower troposphere, a southeastward track, small (∼200 km) diameter, and a 9 mb deepening of the surface mesolow in 12 h. The most intriguing features of the present analysis are the extremely large potential vorticities and horizontal temperature gradients in the midtroposphere, indicating an extrusion of stratospheric air down to levels below 700 mb.
On the closing of the churches and the rebaptism of Latins: Greek perfidy or Latin slander?

Following the testimony of various western medieval authors, historians sometimes assert that Byzantines closed the Latin churches of Constantinople on at least two occasions and rebaptised Latin Christians who married Greek ones from c.1054 on. Both the polemical context of these accusations, however, and statements in contemporary Greek sources call these assertions into question. Latin churches were probably not closed by the Greek patriarch in 1054 or 1089, and rebaptism of Latin Christians was not the policy of the Constantinopolitan church at any point in the Middle Ages.
An Investigation of DIR-MCFC Based Cooling, Heating and Power System

The fuel cell is an emerging technology for stationary power generation because of their higher energy conversion efficiency and extremely low environmental pollution. Fuel cell systems with cogeneration have even higher overall efficiency. Cogeneration can be defined as simultaneous production of electric power and useful heat from burning of single fuel. A fuel cell produces electrical energy by electrolytic process involving chemical reaction between H2 (fuel) and O2 (Air). Previous works have focussed on running the system in combination with gas turbines. We investigate the possibility of running an absorption chiller as a cogeneration system focussing on a 250 kW Direct Internal Reforming Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (DIR-MCFC) powering a LiBr-Water absorption chiller. The objective of this work is to propose a cogeneration system capable of enhancing the profitability and efficiency of a MCFC for independent distributed power generation. Natural gas is used as fuel and O2 is used from atmospheric air. Two possibilities are evaluated to recover heat from the exhaust of the MCFC: (1) all waste heat available being used for providing hot water in the building and powering an absorption chiller in summer, and (2) hot water supply and space heating in winter. There is an increased cost saving for each case along with improved system efficiency. Based on these considerations payback period for each case is presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Words functioning simultaneously as positive operant reinforcers and unconditioned stimuli

Data that would allow a partial analysis of the results of several earlier studies were gathered from 64 undergraduates in an experiment of identical-Ss design. A recently introduced conditioning device (reinforcer form) permitted the presentation of pleasant and neutral words to be contingent upon motor responses to CVCs. As predicted, Ss tended to respond to the CVC followed by pleasant words rather than to the one followed by neutral words, and they subsequently tended to rate the CVC preceding pleasant words as more pleasant than the other one.
SF-1 (Steroidogenic Factor-1) and C/EBPβ (CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein-β) Cooperate to Regulate the Murine StAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory) Promoter

The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein mediates the rate-limiting step of steroidogenesis, which is the transfer of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. In steroidogenic tissues, StAR expression is acutely regulated by trophic hormones through a cAMP second messenger pathway, leading to increased StAR mRNA levels within 30 min, reaching maximal levels after 4–6 h of stimulation. The molecular mechanisms underlying such regulation remain unknown. We have examined the StAR promoter for putative transcription factor-binding sites that may regulate transcription in a developmental and/or hormone-induced context. Through sequence analysis, deoxyribonuclease I (DNAse I) footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), we have identified two putative CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) DNA elements at −113 (C1) and −87 (C2) in the mouse StAR promoter. Characterization of these sites by EMSA indicated that C/EBPβ bound with high affinity to C1 and C2 was a low-affinity C/E...
A child's acquisition of Russian phonology*

This paper represents a partial condensation of the results of a study covering 14 months in a Russian-speaking child's phonological development. The original investigation tested a theory of phonological acquisition formulated by Olmsted (1971), finding that – though modifications were necessary to accommodate certain aspects of the Russian data – Olmsted's hypotheses were, by and large, upheld. The present paper gives the evidence in support of the theory and offers in addition some detailed information on the Russian-speaking child's acquisition of specific phones over the months examined.
The Queue M/G/1 with the Shortest Remaining Processing Time Discipline

A priority queuing model in which the processing times of jobs are known upon arrival and preemption without loss of time or processing already accomplished is studied. Priority is assigned to jobs according to the length of processing remaining with highest priority going to the job with least processing left. A preemption will occur whenever the processing time of a newly arriving job is less than the remaining processing time of the job then in service. The Laplace-Stieltjes transforms of the waiting time and time-in-system distributions are obtained and comparisons with other queuing disciplines are made.
Dual Exchange Rates in the Presence of Incomplete Market Separation: Long-Run Effectiveness and Policy Implications

The literature on dual exchange rate regimes assumes that the separation between the two foreign exchange markets is perfect. In this paper a divergence between the two exchange rates induces a flow of arbitrage activity, the magnitude of which depends on both the costs of evading exchange controls and the size of the exchange rate differential. These arbitrage flows lead to a gradual convergence of the two exchange rates. In the long run, therefore, a dual exchange rate regime with a fixed commercial rate imposes the same constraints as a fixed unified exchange rate.
HIV/AIDS and Spirituality in a South African Township: A Qualitative Study

The study objectives were to investigate the themes characterizing spirituality among people with advanced AIDS in a South African township. In-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 24 individuals. The participants included eight individuals living with advanced AIDS, twelve paraprofessional caregivers, and four family members. Data were analyzed according to the principles of grounded theory. A number of themes were identified, including positive and negative associations with God, positive and negative associations with the church, positive and negative associations with ancestral spirits, bewitchment, and existential reconciliation with HIV/AIDS. Implications for research and practice are discussed through the lens of social justice.
Transcription spectra in E. coli growing rapidly or slowly.

The percentages of DNA transcribed by Escherichia coli WWU growing with doubling times of 26 or 56 min were examinated by RNA: DNA hybridization. The data indicate that more DNA was transcribed by the fastergrowing cells (9.6±0.3%) than by the slower-growing cells (2.4±0.3%).
Preference for Profile Orientation in Portraits

Artists who have painted portraits overwhelmingly represented the sitter in some degree of profile, emphasizing one cheek. When the sitter was female, the left cheek was shown with much greater frequency than the right. However, in forced-choice judgments between original and mirror-reversed portraits, versions emphasizing the right cheek were preferred by male and female, dextral and sinistral subjects, irrespective of the sitter's sex. This may result from a left visual-field perceptual bias attributable to hemispheric specialization or from changing cultural biases.
Reflective thinking ability and the product of problem‐solving discussion

(1964). Reflective thinking ability and the product of problem‐solving discussion. Speech Monographs: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 124-127.
When Things Go Wrong: Account Strategy Following a Corporate Crisis Event

The CEO is often the ‘face’ of a corporation during a crisis event or transgression. However, the current research finds that the type of account strategy employed in a crisis communication – denial, justification, excuse or apology – has differential effects on stakeholder perceptions, as well as on impressions of the corporation and the CEO. Using an experimental research design and a scenario-based approach, the reactions of 796 study participants to four account strategy types offered by a CEO in response to a corporate crisis event were analyzed. Research results suggest that an apology or an excuse decreases negative impressions of the CEO, whereas a justification or denial decreases negative impressions of the corporation. Thus, a company and its CEO may be at odds when determining the appropriate account strategy to use following a corporate crisis event.
Auditory deprivation in infants

Abstract The purpose of this paper was first, to describe the effects of early sensory deprivation which affirm the critical importance of the sensory modality of audition, and second, to discuss the implications of early auditory deprivation for the diagnosis of hearing loss and for therapy. Three techniques used in sensory deprivation studies were described: 1) Absolute reduction of sensory stimuli. 2) Reduced patterning of input and 3) Imposed structuring or monitoring of sensory environment without an absolute reduction of stimuli. Illustrative animal experiments and human studies were cited. Recommendation of neonatal screening programs and subsequent audiometric evaluation was made. Aural habilitation programs for the hearing-impaired infant were reviewed with particular emphasis on the Lexington School Pre-Nursery Program. Unmet needs in this area included parent curricula, appropriate developmental measurement scales, and innovative psycho-social programming.
Issues in improvement of the valuation of non-market goods

Abstract Environmental goods including services of natural resources and health are examples of goods not priced by trade in markets, for which it is widely agreed that monetary valuations are needed to throw light on their worth relative to market goods. Econometric and other approaches deducing values through revealed behavior constitute one way to estimate true values. Interview techniques are another. Some take strong views in favor of one of the two ways. Others take the eclectic view that both ways have something to offer and are needed in view of the difficulty at best of deducing non-market values. Most of this special volume is concerned with interview techniques, offered in the belief that this general approach is robust and susceptible to improvements that the articles explore. The articles grew in part out of the Conference on Valuing Non-Market Goods held at the University of Chicago in the Summer of 1995.
“A Commemoration of Wounds Endured and Resented”: Margaret Atwood's The Blind Assassin as Feminist Memoir

Abstract Aptly described as “grand storytelling on a grand scale” and as a “beautiful puzzle,” a story-within-a-story-within-a-story in which “every piece fits” (Dirda, Puckett), Margaret Atwood's The Blind Assassin is at once an intricately designed literary puzzle featuring a classic Atwoodian narrator—the elderly memoirist Iris Chase Griffen, who is a master storyteller and illusionist—and an unsettling cautionary tale that, like Atwood's other novels, focuses attention on the power politics of gender relations. At the center of The Blind Assassin, as Atwood has commented, is the “concept of human sacrifice—in Zycron, in Iris's behavior and in Laura's” (Sylge). In pointedly connecting the traumatic sexual sacrifice of the two sisters, Iris and Laura Chase, to the sacrifice of the virgin in “The Blind Assassin” science fiction tale, Atwood, through repetitive retellings of the story of women's sexual victimization, probes the cultural—and historical—repetition of sexual violence against women, showing t...