cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative Susceptibility of Five Stored-Product Moths to Some Organophosphorus Insecticides

The relative susceptibility of the almond moth (AM), Cadra Cautella (Walker); Indiao-meal moth (IMM), Plodia interpunclella (Hubner); Mediterranean flour moth (MFM), Anagasta huchniella (Zeller); raisin moth (RM), Cadra figulilella (Gregson); and tobacco moth (TM), Ephestia elutella (Hubner); to each of 12 organophosphorus insecticides was determined by direct application of spray solutions to adult insects. Various degrees of differences in susceptibility were observed among and the range of differences varied with insecticides. The order of species susceptibility at LC95, to each insecticides tested was: Abate ® (O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O, O -diester with 4,4′-thiodiphenol), MFM> AM>TM>RM>IMM; Bay 77488 (O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate O-ester with phenylglyoxylonitrile oxime), AM = AFM>IMM>TM>RM; Bay 78182 >(O, O -diethyl phosphorothioate O-ester with o -chlorophenyl) glyoxylonitrile oxime), AM>IMM>TM>RM>MFM; C-9491 (0 -(2,5-di-chloros-4-iodophenyl) O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate), AM>TM>MFM>RM>IMM: diazinon, MFM>TM>AM= IMM>RM; dicapthon, MFM>TM>RM>IMM>AM; dimoth chlorvos, MFM>IMM>TM>RM>AM; Dursban® (O, O- diethyl 0-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate), MFM>AM>RM>TM>IMM; fenitrothion (Bay 41831) (O, O-dimethyl o -4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate), MFM>RM>AM>TM>IMM; fenthion, IMM>IMM>AM> TM>AM>RM; Gardona® (2-chloron 1-(2,4,5-trichlorospecies, phenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), MFM>IMM>AM> Using a basis of 1 for the most toxic compound, the order and rank in relative effectiveness of insecticides indicated by ratios calculated from LC95 values obtained for the least susceptible of the 5 species of moths to each of the insecticides tested were: dichlorvos, 1.0; Bay 77488, 2.4; Bay 78182, 3.9; Dursban, 7.6; diazinon, 8.0; fenthion, 8.3; malathion, 9.2; fenitrothion, 13.9; Gardona, 47.5; C-9491, 58.7; dicapthon, 362.3; and Abate, 47.1.
Site-Planning Principles and Concepts of Directionality among the Ancient Maya

Many societies use architecture for symbolic expression, and often buildings or other constructions constitute maps of a culture's worldview. Archaeological identification of such ideational expressions is receiving renewed attention, in the Maya area as in many other regions. Excavations in 1988-1989 in Groups 8L-10 through 8L-12, Copan, Honduras, were designed to examine a particular model of ancient Maya site planning and spatial organization, in which the principles of architectural arrangement and their directional associations derive from Maya cosmology. This paper describes the model and its archaeological evaluation at Copan and discusses interpretive implications of the specific results obtained, in the context of other ongoing studies in epigraphy, iconography, and archaeology.
Abducens ocular neuromyotonia as a delayed complication of oropharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiation.

BACKGROUND Ocular neuromyotonia (ONM) is a disorder characterized by periodic involuntary extraocular muscle contraction that occurs almost exclusively in the setting of prior radiation to the sella or skull base. We present the first case of abducens neuromyotonia associated with oropharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS We report a case of a 63-year-old patient with abducens ONM occurring 16 years after radiation treatment for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. A literature review was performed using Medline and PubMed databases to search for all documented cases of abducens neuromyotonia. Our review found 20 cases of abducens neuromyotonia but none after radiotherapy (RT) to the oropharynx. CONCLUSION Abducens ONM can occur because of disease at anatomic locations remote from the course of the sixth cranial nerve, most likely because of the irradiated area exceeding the intended field. Our case also supports the fact that RT can significantly precede symptom onset. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2428-E2431, 2016.
The Effect of Dietary Aflatoxin on Mature Broiler Breeder Males

Abstract Aflatoxin (20 p.p.m.) incorporated in the feed of mature broiler breeder males for four weeks resulted in a loss of body weight and an increase in size of liver and pancreas. The spleen and heart size were not affected significantly. Analysis of the liver showed that the lipid content was increased over three fold. Serum total protein and total lipid were decreased significantly (P
Maximizing Chemoprophylaxis Against Venous Thromboembolism in Abdominoplasty

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious complication in postoperative patients which can have life-threatening and debilitating consequences. Abdominoplasty has one of the highest rates of VTE of any plastic surgery procedure. The perceived risk for postoperative bleeding due to the large surface areas involved in abdominoplasty have led many surgeons to avoid using chemoprophylaxis in these patients. However, with the recent movement toward quality in healthcare and the popularization of “never events,” this topic has been reevaluated in the literature. Previous guidelines would recommend the use of SCDs in the OR with the optional use of unfractionated heparin postoperatively. Recent publications from several groups have shown efficacy and safety in postoperative use of low-molecular-weight heparin in high-risk groups. Our group recently evaluated the use of LMWH both pre- and postoperatively with no increase in bleeding complications or hematoma. Based on these findings, our current protocol is to give all patients undergoing abdominoplasty enoxaparin 40 mg SQ on call to the OR and once daily for 2 days postoperatively.
Idealized Definitions in Physics and Idealized Dispositions

Many philosophers attempt to give a naturalistic account, that is, an account that “legitimizes” any notion by defining or offering an extensional equivalence of any notion in the vocabulary of physics or some other “hard science.” Various “naturalistic” accounts make use of idealized notions, since idealized notions are used in physics. The most sophisticated use made of idealized notions in articulating a naturalistic philosophy is by W. V. Quine. In his famous dispositional account of logic, Quine must appeal to idealized dispositions that do not always manifest themselves.
‘The words are stuck inside me; I write to heal’: Memory, recall, and repetition in PTSD blogs.

This paper addresses issues around the automatic repetition of particular memories in the narratives / blog accounts of individuals with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Based on a long-term project that examines how people with various bodyrelated conditions and ailments write or speak about their bodies, the focus of this paper is on 80 blog accounts wherein individuals with PTSD write both about living with the condition and about their steps towards healing themselves. The paper pays special attention to how the act of repeated blogging counters the paralyzing repetition in their heads, leading them to re-cognize particular distressing life-events and thus creating alternate episodic structures (Gee 1992). In particular, the article addresses: What insights about repetition and memory are we able to glean from PTSD pathographies, and in what ways does current scholarship in narrative analysis, applied sociolinguistics, and psychology permit a more complex understanding of the condition?
A behavioral correlate of blood-group discordance in dizygotic twins.

Within pair variances of Wechsler verbal intelligence test scores have been compared for fraternal twins that are concordant and those that are discordant for each of four bloodgroup system (ABO, MNSs, Rh, Duffy).
Invertebrate Consumer–Resource Interactions

Abstract Consumer–resource interactions are varied and dynamic in streams, and they include predation, herbivory, and detritivory. In this chapter, we focus on top-down effects of predation and herbivory involving macroinvertebrates and their major food resources consisting of invertebrate prey or algae. Methods are presented to (1) evaluate the selectivity of consumers for various prey items, (2) assess herbivore effects on benthic algal resources, (3) determine the effects of predator-induced mortality on prey populations and communities, (4) assess the nonconsumptive effects of predators on prey behavior and life histories, and (5) illustrate the advantages and limitations of field experiments for measuring consumer impacts on resources in streams. Laboratory and field experiments are described in which consumer populations are manipulated with exclosures or enclosures, data collection approaches are presented, and appropriate statistical analyses are suggested.
Suicide ideation, anxiety, and depression: Are children a protective factor for male Veterans?

Numerous mental health disorders plague our veterans when they return from deployment including anxiety and depressive disorders, which have been linked to elevated suicide risk when left untreated...
Use of GFP-tagged Trichoderma harzianum as a tool to study the biological control of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida

Abstract The fungus Trichoderma harzianum strain ThzID1-M3 isolated in the Palouse region of the state of Idaho and transformed to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used as a biomarker to study the biological control processes of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida . Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of T. harzianum ThzID1-M3 on G. pallida infection and reproduction at 45 and 75 days after inoculation respectively; and to observe, through microscopy rhizosphere chamber, the colonization of G. pallida second-stage juveniles and potato rhizoplane by T. harzianum ThzID1-M3 10 days after inoculation. Significant reduction of G. pallida infection in potato roots was observed when soil was amended with T. harzianum ThzID1-M3. Globodera pallida cysts recovered from soil and G. pallida reproduction rate were significantly reduced by 49% and 60% respectively, when soil was amended with T. harzianum ThzID1-M3 compared to the non-amended soil. Microscopic observations showed that T. harzianum ThzID1-M3 colonized G. pallida second-stage juveniles and cysts, and proliferated in the rhizoplane and rhizosphere of potato. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the study of Trichoderma spp. marked with GFP against a potato cyst nematode. The use of GFP-tagged T. harzianum has the potential to monitor the biological control processes of G. pallida and the tools advanced in this study should facilitate the design of novel strategies to control this economically important nematode pest of potato.
RivaMap: An automated river analysis and mapping engine

Abstract Rivers are essential to the Earth's water cycle and deeply impact many human societies and ecosystems, yet they are currently monitored poorly at the global scale. In-situ gauging stations are distributed sparsely and heterogeneously and do not cover much of the world, whereas remotely sensed images are spatially and temporally dense and available globally. Remotely sensed multispectral images, such as the ones acquired by Landsat missions, are available to enable the analysis and surveying of rivers using suitable algorithms. However, existing algorithms are limited in ways that restrict the coverage of the produced results and that prevent the automated analysis of river networks at large scales over short periods of time. Ideally, river maps should be as “live” as possible, e.g., computed quickly and continuously as new Earth imaging data becomes available. Towards advancing progress on this problem, we describe an automated river analysis and mapping engine, RivaMap, that enables the computation of large-scale hydrography data sets from remotely sensed data in a short period of time. RivaMap facilitates water resource management by providing tools to delineate rivers and to estimate their width. As a practical application of RivaMap, we present a continental-scale centerline and width data set of North American rivers, that is automatically computed on Landsat data. We validate our mapping engine by comparing the RivaMap-generated data to a similar data set, NARWidth, and also to in-situ measurements. Our experimental results show that RivaMap is able to efficiently and accurately extract rivers from remotely sensed images at large scales. The outcomes of this research, the software, and the computed exemplary data set are publicly available.
Optical tuning of electronic valleys (Conference Presentation)

Monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2 and WS2 are prime examples of atomically thin semiconducting crystals that exhibit remarkable electronic and optical properties. They have a pair of valleys that can serve as a new electronic degree of freedom, and these valleys obey optical selection rules with circularly polarized light. Here, we discuss how ultrafast laser pulses can be used to tune their energy levels in a controllable valley-selective manner. The energy tunability is extremely large, comparable to what would be obtained using a hundred Tesla of magnetic field. We will also show that such valley tunability can be performed while we effectively manipulate the valley selection rules. Finally, we will explore the prospect of using this technique through photoemission spectroscopy to create a new phase of matter called a valley Floquet topological insulator.
Determination of influenza B identity and potency in quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines using lineage-specific monoclonal antibodies

Co-circulation of two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of influenza B virus, represented by prototype viruses B/Victoria/2/1987 and B/Yamagata/16/1988, has led to the development of quadrivalent influenza vaccines that contain two influenza B antigens. The inclusion of two influenza B antigens presents challenges for the production and regulation of inactivated quadrivalent vaccines, including the potential for cross-reactivity of the reagents used in identity and potency assays because of the relative close relatedness of the hemagglutinin (HA) from the two virus lineages. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the two lineages of influenza B HA were generated and characterized and used to set-up simple identity tests that distinguish the influenza B antigens in inactivated trivalent and quadrivalent vaccines. The lineage-specific mAbs bound well to the HA of influenza B strains included in influenza vaccines over a period of more than 10 years, suggesting that identity tests using such lineage-specific mAbs would not necessarily have to be updated with every influenza B vaccine strain change. These lineage-specific mAbs were also used in an antibody capture ELISA format to quantify HA in vaccine samples, including monovalent, trivalent, and quadrivalent vaccine samples from various manufacturers. The results demonstrated correlation with HA values determined by the traditional single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. Further, the antibody-capture ELISA was able to distinguish heat-stressed vaccine from unstressed vaccine, and was similar to the SRID in quantifying the resultant loss of potency. These mAb reagents should be useful for further development of antibody-based alternative influenza B identity and potency assays.
Dating of river terraces along Lefthand Creek, western High Plains, Colorado, reveals punctuated incision

Abstract The response of erosional landscapes to Quaternary climate oscillations is recorded in fluvial terraces whose quantitative interpretation requires numerical ages. We investigate gravel-capped strath terraces along the western edge of Colorado's High Plains to constrain the incision history of this shale-dominated landscape. We use 10Be and 26Al cosmogenic radionuclides (CRNs), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), and thermally transferred OSL (TT-OSL) to date three strath terraces, all beveled in shale bedrock and then deposited upon by Lefthand Creek, which drains the crystalline core of the Front Range. Our study reveals: (i) a long history (hundreds of thousands of years) of fluvial occupation of the second highest terrace, T2 (Table Mountain), with fluvial abandonment at 92 ± 3 ka; (ii) a brief occupation of a narrow and spatially confined terrace, T3, at 98 ± 7 ka; and (iii) a 10–25 thousand year period of cutting and fluvial occupation of a lower terrace, T4, marked by the deposition of a lower alluvial unit between 59 and 68 ka, followed by deposition of an upper alluvial package at 40 ± 3 ka. In conjunction with other recent CRN studies of strath terraces along the Colorado Front Range (Riihimaki et al., 2006; Duhnforth et al., 2012), our data reveal that long periods of lateral planation and fluvial occupation of strath terraces, sometimes lasting several glacial-interglacial cycles, are punctuated by brief episodes of rapid vertical bedrock incision. These data call into question what a singular terrace age represents, as the strath may be cut at one time (its cutting-age) and the terrace surface may be abandoned at a much later time (its abandonment age), and challenge models of strath terraces that appeal to simple pacing by the glacial-interglacial cycles.
Learning Activity Predictors from Sensor Data: Algorithms, Evaluation, and Applications

Recent progress in Internet of Things (IoT) platforms has allowed us to collect large amounts of sensing data. However, there are significant challenges in converting this large-scale sensing data into decisions for real-world applications. Motivated by applications like health monitoring and intervention and home automation we consider a novel problem called Activity Prediction , where the goal is to predict future activity occurrence times from sensor data. In this paper, we make three main contributions. First, we formulate and solve the activity prediction problem in the framework of imitation learning and reduce it to a simple regression learning problem. This approach allows us to leverage powerful regression learners that can reason about the relational structure of the problem with negligible computational overhead. Second, we present several metrics to evaluate activity predictors in the context of real-world applications. Third, we evaluate our approach using real sensor data collected from 24 smart home testbeds. We also embed the learned predictor into a mobile-device-based activity prompter and evaluate the app for nine participants living in smart homes. Our results indicate that our activity predictor performs better than the baseline methods, and offers a simple approach for predicting activities from sensor data.
Interaction of factor V B-domain acidic region with its basic region and with TFPI/TFPI2: Structural insights from molecular modeling studies.

Background: Factor V (FV) B-domain contains an acidic region (FV-AR2) and a basic region (FV-BR), which interact with each other and maintain FV in a procofactor form; removal of either region via deletion/proteolysis results in an active FVa molecule. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor type-1 (TFPI) and type-2 (TFPI2) each contain a C-terminus basic segment homologous to FV-BR; this region in TFPI (and predicted in TFPI2) binds to FV-AR2 in platelet FVa (that lacks FV-BR) with high affinity and inhibits FVa function.Objectives: To understand molecular interactions between FV-AR2 with FV-BR, TFPI-BRand TFPI2-BR.Methods: Circular dichroism (CD) and molecular modeling approaches.Results and Conclusions: CD experiments reveal the presence of ~20% helical content in both FV-AR2 and FV-BR but each lacks beta-sheet. Predicted structures of FV-AR2 and FV-BR, obtained using threading (I-TASSER), are consistent with the CD data and have compact folds with hydrophobic residues in the interior and charged residues on the surface. Scores from QMEAN and ModFOLD servers indicate a very high probability for each structure to be native. Predicted models of Kunitz domain-3 of TFPI and TFPI2 each with C-terminal basic tail are consistent with known homologous structures. Docking experiments using ClusPro indicate that the acidic groove of FV-AR2 has high shape complementarity to accommodate the conserved basic residues in FV-BR (1002-RKKKK-1006), TFPI-BR (256-RKRKK-260) or TFPI2-BR (191-KKKKK-195). Further, similar electrostatic interactions occur in each case. These models, in the absence of experimentally determined structures, provide a guiding point for proper mutagenesis studies in FV, TFPI and TFPI2.
Investigating Income Inequality Dynamics in the United States

Recently, income inequality has been rising in many parts of the world. This is creating some serious concerns among policymakers, as higher levels of income inequality can lead to various social ills. However, little is known about the role of historical factors in explaining the current level of inequality. I use the model of Durlauf (1996) as reference to create an econometric model to estimate this impact. Using current and historical data of US states, I find that illiteracy rate in 1920 has a strong positive influence on current level of inequality. The simulation results show that eliminating illiteracy in 1920 would have reduced contemporaneous inequality by 1-5 percent. Higher illiteracy indicates a lower level of human capital, and that can affect income distribution. Through the intergenerational transmission of income, this income distribution is exacerbated in the future, leading to higher levels of inequality.
Transient response enhancement of RF MEMS tuners using digital signal processing

The transient response time and overshoot of an RF MEMS filter tuning membrane are enhanced in this work. For the first time, a dead-beat control is applied to the bias voltage of an underdamped RF MEMS membrane to achieve faster and smoother tuning. The presented method runs in real-time using a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The parameters used by the DSP are extracted from the step response of the membrane during post-fabrication calibration. As a result, the presented methodology is systematic and immune to fabrication process variations. The presented methodology is applied on an MEMS membrane, used in tunable silicon RF filters, fabricated on an SOI wafer. Measured results show that the shaped bias voltage shortens the settling time (by 1.2–2.6x), and a significantly lowers the overshoot (by 8–60x) when compared to the voltage step response. The presented work does not require a feedback system, making it a feasible solution to embed in communication devices.
How We Learn from Short-Term Mission Experiences: A Grounded Theory Modification of the Joplin Model

Numerous models exist that help us understand how experiential education “works,” yet their foundations vary and often do not connect well to actual learning processes. Models should prove most hel...
The effect of statin use and intensity on stroke and myocardial infarction after carotid endarterectomy

Abstract Objective Statin use in patients with cerebrovascular disease undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been advocated for prevention of stroke and cardiovascular events. However, the effect of statin therapy on long-term outcomes after CEA still needs to be delineated. Methods OptumLabs Data Warehouse, a comprehensive, longitudinal, real-world dataset with deidentified lives across claims and clinical information, was used to analyze the rates of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and statin use after CEA. Both duration and intensity of statin therapy were investigated. Results There were 21,277 patients who underwent CEA from 2004 to 2014. The average age was 70 years, and 59.4% were male. The average Elixhauser index score was 4.2. Follow-up was a median of 2.4 years (range, 0.2-10.0 years). Long-term statin use was observed in 57.4%. Statin distribution included atorvastatin 35%, simvastatin 35%, pravastatin 11%, rosuvastatin 10%, and lovastatin 7%. The 30- and 90-day stroke rates were 1.3% and 2.2%, and the MI rates were 0.5% and 1.1%, respectively. Postoperative statin use was associated with a lower perioperative stroke rate at 30 days (odds ratio [OR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.98; P = .036) and 90 days (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.90; P = .002). Postoperative statin use did not show a protective effect on 30-day or 90-day MI rates (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.69-1.46; P = .975) or 90-day MI rates (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.66-1.11; P = .213). High-intensity statin use when compared with standard therapy did not affect 30-day stroke outcomes (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.60-1.5; P = .847) or 90-day stroke outcomes (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.74-1.5; P = .762); or 30-day MI (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.39-1.68; P = .576) or 90-day MI (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.79-1.96; P = .339). Statin use was independently protective against long-term stroke (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.75-0.91; P P Conclusions Postoperative statin use among patients undergoing CEA was associated with a decreased risk of stroke at 30 and 90 days, as well as a long-term protective effect against MI and stroke. High-intensity statin use compared with standard use did not show an effect on outcomes of stroke or MI at 30 and 90-days after CEA.
Anterior–Posterior Persistent Fetal Vasculature With Multiple Stalks: Persistent Vasa Hyaloidea Propria

An 8-week-old boy referred for an abnormal pupil was found to have an atypical presentation of persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) with multiple vascular stalks. Examination under anesthesia with fl...
Cryo-EM structure of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum with a vaccine-elicited antibody reveals maturation of inter-antibody contacts

The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) on the surface of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites is important for parasite development, motility, and host hepatocyte invasion. However, intrinsic disorder of the NANP repeat sequence in the central region of CSP has hindered its structural and functional characterization. Here, the cryo-EM structure at ~3.4 Angstrom resolution of a recombinant shortened CSP construct (rsCSP) with the variable domains (Fabs) of a highly protective monoclonal antibody reveals an extended spiral conformation of the central NANP repeat region surrounded by antibodies. This unusual structure appears to be stabilized and/or induced by interaction with an antibody where contacts between adjacent Fabs are somatically mutated and enhance the interaction. Such maturation in non-antigen contact residues may be an effective mechanism for antibodies to target tandem repeat sequences and provide novel insights into malaria vaccine design.
Brutality 101: Bullying in Higher Education

Twenty-five years of research has documented the prevalence of bullying in elementary and secondary schools worldwide as well as its devastating effects on both victims and bystanders. Similar research has revealed that adult workplaces suffer from bullying at roughly the same rates and with similar effects on targeted workers or those watching colleagues tormented by workplace bullies. Very little research had been conducted however on bullying on college campuses in the intervening years between secondary school and the workplace. This paper reviews the characteristics, statistics and consequences of bullying in lower school and workplaces and extrapolates important questions to be addressed by researchers and higher education administrators alike.
THE EFFECT OF ROUNDING ERRORS ON NEWTON METHODS

In this study we are concerned with the problem of approximating a solution of a nonlinear equation in Banach space using Newtonlike methods. Due to rounding errors the sequence of iterates generated on a computer differs from the sequence produced in theory. Using Lipschitztype hypotheses on the second Frechet-derivative instead of the first one, we provide sufficient convergence conditions for the inexact Newton-like method that is actually generated on the computer. Moreover, we show that the ratio of convergence improves under our conditions. Furthermore, we provide a wider choice of initial guesses than before. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show that our results compare favorably with earlier ones.
The reliability and validity of the Maternal Social Support Index

The Maternal Social Support Index (MSSI) is a 21-item questionnaire designed to quickly assess qualitative and quantitative aspects of a mother's social support. Previous studies have found an association between scores on the MSSI and home stimulation of preschool children, child maltreatment, and low birthweight. This report examines the test-retest reliability, internal consistency and concurrent and predictive validity of the MSSI in three samples of mothers (N = 488) from a prenatal clinic, pediatric clinic, and psychology clinic. The MSSI was found to have a test-retest correlation of .72 (P less than 0.001) over six to eight weeks. Coefficient alphas ranged from .60 to .63 across the three samples, denoting moderate internal consistency. In the psychology clinic sample, the MSSI was found to be positively correlated with the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (r = .393, P less than 0.001) and inversely correlated with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (r = .296, P less than 0.001). The MSSI is a brief, reliable instrument with acceptable internal consistency and concurrent and predictive validity. It may be employed in the primary care arenas of clinical research and patient care to provide an organized assessment of maternal social support.
Hybrid Skyshine Calculations for Complex Neutron and Gamma-Ray Sources

A two-step hybrid method is described for computationally efficient estimation of neutron and gamma-ray skyshine doses far from a shielded source. First, the energy and angular dependence of radiation escaping into the atmosphere from a source containment is determined by a detailed transport model such as MCNP. Then, an effective point source with this energy and angular dependence is used in the integral line-beam method to transport the radiation through the atmosphere up to 2500 m from the source. An example spent-fuel storage cask is analyzed with this hybrid method and compared to detailed MCNP skyshine calculations.
Pulmonary influenza A virus infection leads to suppression of the innate immune response to dermal injury

The innate immune system is responsible for many important functions in the body including responding to infection, clearing cancerous cells, healing wounds, and removing foreign substances. Although many of these functions happen simultaneously in life, most laboratory studies of the innate immune response focus on one activity. How the innate immune system responds to concurrent insults in different parts of the body is not well understood. This study explores the impact of a lung infection on the cutaneous wound healing process. We used two complimentary models of injury: the excisional tail wound and subcutaneous implantation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponges. These models allow for assessment of the rate of closure and measurement of cellular and cytokine responses during acute wound healing, respectively. When mice with these healing wounds were infected with influenza A virus (IAV) in the lung there was a delay in wound healing. The viral lung infection suppressed the innate immune response in a healing wound, including cellular infiltrate, chemokines, growth factors, and cytokines. However, there was not a global immune suppression as there was an increase in inflammation systemically in mice with both infection and healing wounds compared to mice with only wounds or IAV infection. In addition, the lung immune response was largely unaffected indicating that responding to a lung infection is prioritized over a healing wound. This study introduces the concept of immune triage, in that when faced with multiple insults the immune system prioritizes responses. This paradigm likely applies to many situations that involve the innate immune system, and understanding how the innate immune system handles multiple insults is essential to understanding how it can efficiently clear pathogens while responding to other inflammatory events.
Evaluating the individuality of animal-habitat relationships.

Examining the ways in which animals use habitat and select resources to satisfy their life history requirements has important implications for ecology, evolution, and conservation. The advent of radio-tracking in the mid-20th century greatly expanded the scope of animal-habitat modeling. Thereafter, it became common practice to aggregate telemetry data collected on a number of tagged individuals and fit one model describing resource selection at the population level. This convention, however, runs the risk of masking important individuality in the nature of associations between animals and their environment. Here, we investigated the importance of individual variation in animal-habitat relationships via the study of a highly gregarious species. We modeled elk (Cervus elaphus) location data, collected from Global Positioning System (GPS) collars, using Bayesian discrete choice resource selection function (RSF) models. Using a high-performance computing cluster, we batch-processed these models at the level of each individual elk (n = 88) and evaluated the output with respect to: (a) the composition of parameters in the most supported models, (b) the estimates of the parameters featured in the global models, and (c) spatial maps of the predicted relative probabilities of use. We detected considerable individual variation across all three metrics. For instance, the most supported models varied with respect to parameter composition with a range of seven to 17 and an average of 14.4 parameters per individual elk. The estimates of the parameters featured in the global models also varied greatly across individual elk with little conformity detected across age or sex classes. Finally, spatial mapping illustrated stark differences in the predicted relative probabilities of use across individual elk. Our analysis identifies that animal-habitat relationships, even among the most gregarious of species, can be highly variable. We discuss the implications of our results for ecology and present some guiding principles for the development of RSF models at the individual-animal level.
Modeling spatial auditory attention in ACT-R: a constraint-based approach

Abstract Attention is the focus of a considerable amount of research in cognitive modeling. Yet, most of the work has been devoted to studying visual attention. Auditory attention differentiates itself from visual attention in many ways. For example, it is often important for our survival to attend to auditory events at a distance and out of sight. Due to limitations on attentional resources, audition must strike a balance between monitoring the environment and attending to current tasks. In this paper, we provide an overview of our previous work which models auditory attention as a spatial gradient made up of a combination of top-down and bottom-up influences [14, 15]. We also present how the model is currently integrated with the audio module in ACT-R. Our approach uses the well-established AI framework of constraint satisfaction problems to model how auditory attention is allocated over space and it is organized around three main components: a goal map, a saliency map, and a priority map. The goal map models the distribution of attention which is allocated by choice (top-down component). The saliency map, as the name suggests, models attention related to the saliency of auditory stimuli (bottom-up component) and the priority map synthesizes the other two maps in an overall distribution of the attentional bias. This model was shown to be successful in reproducing behavioral data of experiments where there is a single attended location. Its integration into a cognitive architecture opens up new possibilities for evaluation in the context of other cognitive functions and in modeling tasks and designing systems where audition is important.
Monitoring shallow benthic fish assemblages in the Laurentian Great Lakes using baited photoquadrats: Enhancing traditional fisheries monitoring methods

Abstract Photoquadrats and underwater video surveys are standard non-destructive monitoring methods in marine ecosystems and are becoming more common in freshwater systems. The high water clarity found in most of the Laurentian Great Lakes make them ideally suited for photoquadrat sampling. We compared the effectiveness of baited photoquadrats to monitor benthic fish communities of shallow, littoral habitats of northern Lake Michigan. We compared our results with baited minnow traps, a technique commonly used to monitor benthic fish communities in freshwater ecosystems. Photoquadrats baited with lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) eggs, the most effective attractant, proved to be an efficient tool for sampling round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) relative abundance and resulted in higher round goby catches than in photoquadrats baited with a commercially available fish attractant or unbaited photoqudrats. This method allowed sites to be surveyed rapidly (requiring
Gene Therapy for Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy (FSHD)

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a relatively common myopathy affecting 1/8500–15,000 individuals. FSHD is caused by inappropriate expression of the transcription factor double homeobox protein 4 (DUX4) so gene therapies must either prevent expression of DUX4 or interrupt the pathogenic downstream effectors of DUX4. The autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and the fact that the primary pathology is limited to multinucleate muscle fibers make gene therapies a challenging prospect for this important dystrophy without a treatment. Genetic correction of even a large percentage of myonuclei may not be sufficient to produce a phenotypic change in the setting of multinucleate myofibers when the disease is caused by a dominant-negative mechanism. In this chapter, I outline what is known about the molecular pathology of FSHD and discuss several gene therapy approaches to interrupting the cycle of DUX4 expression and muscle cell death.
Pilot Study of Markers for High-grade Anal Dysplasia in a Southern Cohort From the Women's Interagency Human Immunodeficiency Virus Study.

Background Anal cancer rates have increased, particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (HIV+) women. We assessed factors associated with anal precancer in HIV+ and at-risk HIV-negative women from the Atlanta Women's Interagency HIV Study cohort. Methods All participants underwent high-resolution anoscopy and anal cytology and had anal and cervical samples collected. Specimens were tested for 37 human papillomavirus (HPV) types and for FAM19A4 and microRNA124-2 promoter methylation. Binary logistic regression and multivariate analysis were conducted with histologic anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (A-HSIL) as the dependent variable. Results Seventy-five women were enrolled: 52 (69%) were HIV+ with three-fourths having undetectable viral load; 64 (86%) were black; mean age was 49 ± 8 years. Forty-nine (65%) anal cytology samples were abnormal, and 38 (51%) of anal samples were positive for at least 1 of 13 high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types. Thirteen (18%) anal biopsies identified A-HSIL. Hypermethylation of FAM19A4 and/or microRNA124-2 was found in 69 (95%) anal samples and 19 (26%) cervical samples. In multivariate analyses, the odds of having A-HSIL were >6 times higher in women with anal hrHPV (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.08 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.27-29.18], P = .02) and with positive cervical methylation (aOR, 6.49 [95% CI, 1.66-25.35], P = .007), but not significantly higher in women with positive anal methylation. Conclusions Anal hrHPV and promoter hypermethylation in the cervix show promise as biomarkers for anal cancer screening in HIV+ and at-risk HIV-negative women. Greater understanding of gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation in anal carcinogenesis is needed.
Effective Robot Evacuation Strategies in Emergencies

Recent efforts in human-robot interaction research has shed some light on the impact of human-robot interactions on human decisions during emergencies. It has been shown that presence of crowds during emergencies can influence evacuees to follow the crowd to find an exit. Research has shown that robots can be effective in guiding humans during emergencies and can reduce this ‘follow the crowd’ behavior potentially providing life-saving benefit. These findings make robot guided evacuation methodologies an important area to explore further. In this paper we propose techniques that can be used to design effective evacuation methods. We explore the different strategies that can be employed to help evacuees find an exit sooner and avoid over-crowding to increase their chances of survival. We study two primary strategies, 1) shepherding method and 2) handoff method. Simulated experiments are performed to study the effectiveness of each strategy. The results show that shepherding method is more effective in directing people to the exit.
Assessment of protection against Eimeria tenella in broiler breeders conferred by a live anticoccidial vaccine and effects of vaccination on early pullet growth

Summary Vaccination with live anticoccidial vaccine is widely practiced to control coccidiosis in broiler breeders. However, vaccination during feed restriction may affect early pullet growth. Two experiments were conducted using Cobb-500-FF broiler breeder female chicks to evaluate the level of immunity generated by a live anticoccidial vaccine and to study the effects of vaccination with low doses of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria tenella, and Eimeria maxima on early growth of chicks during feed restriction. In the first experiment, unvaccinated and vaccinated chicks were allocated to battery cages at days postvaccination (DPV) 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 and challenged with 100,000 oocysts of E. tenella. In the second experiment, a total of 280-day-old chicks were allocated to 2 groups and vaccinated with either 0 or 500 oocysts each of 3 species of Eimeria. Cecal gross lesion scores and dropping pan scores were significantly reduced (P
Relationship of the Topological Distances and Activities between mPGES-1 and COX-2 versus COX-1: Implications of the Different Post-Translational Endoplasmic Reticulum Organizations of COX-1 and COX-2.

In vascular inflammation, prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) is largely biosynthesized by microsomal PGE₂ synthase-1 (mPGES-1), competing with other downstream eicosanoid-synthesizing enzymes, such as PGIS, a synthase of a vascular protector prostacyclin (PGI₂), to isomerize the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived prostaglandin H2 (PGH₂). In this study, we found that a majority of the product from the cells co-expressing human COX-2, mPGES-1, and PGIS was PGE₂. We hypothesize that the molecular and cellular mechanisms are related to the post-translational endoplasmic reticulum (ER) arrangement of those enzymes. A set of fusion enzymes, COX-2-linker [10 amino acids (aa)]-PGIS and COX-2-linker (22 amino acids)-PGIS, were created as "The Bioruler", in which the 10 and 22 amino acids are defined linkers with known helical structures and distances (14.4 and 30.8 A, respectively). Our experiments have shown that the efficiency of PGI₂ biosynthesis was reduced when the separation distance increased from 10 to 22 amino acids. When COX-2-10aa-PGIS (with a 14.4 A separation) was co-expressed with mPGES-1 on the ER membrane, a major product was PGE₂, but not PGI₂. However, expression of COX-2-10aa-PGIS and mPGES-1 on a separated ER with a distance of ≫30.8 A reduced the level of PGE₂ production. These data indicated that the mPGES-1 is "complex-likely" colocalized with COX-2 within a distance of 14.4 A. In addition, the cells co-expressing COX-1-10aa-PGIS and mPGES-1 produced PGI₂ mainly, but not PGE₂. This indicates that mPGES-1 is expressed much farther from COX-1. These findings have led to proposed models showing the different post-translational ER organization between COX-2 and COX-1 with respect to the topological arrangement of the mPGES-1 during vascular inflammation.
Concurrent renal cell carcinoma and hematologic malignancies: Nine case reports.

Background The presence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and hematologic malignancies (HM) in the same patient is rarely observed. Three primary findings have been described in these patients, including male gender and lymphoid malignancy predominance, and the HM are usually diagnosed before or simultaneously with the RCC. There is a lack of evidence about clinical outcomes in this setting. We report the common characteristics of 9 patients diagnosed with concurrent RCC and HM and their clinical course and response to treatment. Case summary Four (44%) patients were diagnosed with RCC prior to the HM, the diagnosis was simultaneous in 4 (44%) patients, and 1 (11%) patient was diagnosed with the HM prior to the RCC. No patients were treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation between the diagnosis of RCC and HM. Several unique features were seen in our case series, such as 3 simultaneous cancers in 1 (11%) patient, a splenectomy leading to remission of diffuse large B cell lymphoma without the use of chemotherapy in 1 (11%) patient, chemotherapy and rituximab for lymphoma resulting in a complete response in primary RCC in 1 (11%) patient, and immunotherapy providing an excellent response for primary renal leiomyosarcoma in 1 (11%) patient. Conclusion These findings highlight the potential role of immune system dysregulation in patients with the diagnosis of RCC and HM whereby the first malignancy predisposes to the second through an immunomodulatory effect. HM have the potential of being confused with lymph node metastasis from kidney cancer. Lymph node biopsy may be necessary at the time of initial diagnosis or in cases of mixed response to therapy. Long-term medical surveillance is warranted when a patient is diagnosed with RCC or HM. Clinicians should be aware of the higher prevalence of male gender and lymphoid malignancy with concurrent RCC and HM and that either of these conditions may be diagnosed first or they may be diagnosed simultaneously.
Competing for Bachelor’s Degrees: Are Community Colleges Cutting Into the Market Share of 4-Year Institutions?:

To address local workforce needs and expand access to affordable bachelor’s degrees, some states allow community colleges to offer bachelor’s degree programs. Despite concerns that community colleg...
The Heat Equation

The problem of finding the steady state solution of the heat equation on the unit square, a basic example of the Dirichlet problem, is solved, and in the process ideas and theorems are developed, which are applicable to a broad range of mathematical problems. These important ideas include vectors spaces and linear operators, inner product spaces including \(R^N\), Fourier series and their convergence, including Fejer’s convergence theorem. The maximum principle is established for the case of the square.