cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study into the Feasibility of Obtaining Finite Source Sizes From MACHO-type Microlensing Light Curves

Recent discussion of the effects of finite source size on high magnification microlensing events due to MACHOs motivates a study into the feasibility of observing such effects and extracting the source radius. Simulated observations are generated by adding Gaussian error to points sampled on theoretical microlensing light curves for a limb darkened, extended source. These simulated data sets are fitted in an attempt to see how well the fits extract the radius of the source. The source size can be fitted with reasonable accuracy only if the impact parameter of the event, $p$, is less than the stellar radius, $R_{\star}$. It is possible to distinguish ``crossing'' events, ones where $p<R_{\star}$, from ``non--crossing'' events if the light curve is well sampled around the peak and photometric error is small --- i.e.~$\geq 3$ observations while the lens transits the disk of the source, and $\sigma_{phot}<0.08\;{\rm mag}$. These requirements are just within the reach of current observational programs; the use of an early-warning system and multiple observing sites should increase the likelihood that $R_{\star}$ can be fitted. The programs used to simulate and fit data can be obtained via anonymous {\tt ftp}.
Adipocyte JAK2 mediates hepatic insulin sensitivity and the diabetogenic action of Growth Hormone

For nearly 100 years, Growth Hormone (GH) has been known to regulate insulin sensitivity and risk of diabetes. However, the tissue governing the effects of GH signaling on insulin and glucose homeostasis remains unknown. Excess GH reduces fat mass and insulin sensitivity. Conversely, GH insensitivity (GHI) is associated with increased adiposity, augmented insulin sensitivity, and protection from diabetes. Here we induce adipocyte-specific GHI through conditional deletion of Jak2 (JAK2A), an obligate transducer of GH signaling. Similar to whole-body GHI, JAK2A mice had increased adiposity and extreme insulin sensitivity. Loss of adipocyte Jak2 augmented hepatic insulin sensitivity and conferred resistance to diet-induced metabolic stress without overt changes in circulating fatty acids. While GH injections induced hepatic insulin resistance in control mice, the diabetogenic action was absent in JAK2A mice. Collectively, our results show that adipose tissue governs the effects of GH on insulin and glucose homeostasis. Further, we show that JAK2 mediates liver insulin sensitivity via an extra-hepatic, adipose tissue-dependent mechanism.
Cognitive Therapy with Suicidal Patients

Cognitive Therapy is both the best-studied time-limited psychotherapy for treatment of depressive disorders and one of the few forms of psychotherapy that has been specifically adapted for treatment of acutely suicidal individuals. In Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Prevention the primary targets for intervention are hopelessness, suicidal ideations, and the behaviors that have been associated with suicide attempts in the past. Acute suicidal risk is mitigated by collaboratively developing a safety plan and hopelessness explicitly counteracted by identifying and strengthening reasons for living and social support. In the one controlled study conducted to date, patients randomly allocated to Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Prevention were significantly less likely to make another suicide attempt than were those receiving usual care.
Mind the Gap: Supreme Court Contraction of Legal Discretion for the Executive Branch

The Supreme Court, for the first time, elevated economic calculation to function as the fulcrum leveraging and allocating law-making power between the branches of government. The federal agency regulation before the Supreme Court was estimated by the agency to impose approximately $9.6 billion in costs annually on the U.S. economy, to realize direct public benefits of $4-5 million annually. This is approximately a 2,000:1 negative cost/direct benefit ratio, before counting indirect ‘co-benefits.’ There is now new pressure to “change the math” by which the agency performs the now-required cost consideration. Incidental ‘co-benefits,’ if allowed to be considered, change the result. This closely divided Supreme Court decision changes Chevron deference previously routinely afforded pursuant to this most-cited administrative decision in U.S. history. Every aspect of this new regulatory frontier is a matter of first impression for the Court.
Improving Ruthenium Polishing Through the use of Ceria Abrasives

Ceria abrasive particles can polish oxides through both mechanical and chemical means. Standard metal polishing occurs through the addition of oxidizing agents to form weaker oxide films that are easier to remove mechanically by silica particles. By replacing this silica with ceria, ruthenium removal rate and roughness can be improved while lowering both the oxidizing agent and abrasive concentration.
Computed Wicking Rates of Cryogens at Low Gravity for Selected Screens

Capillary screen devices can provide propellant positioning and acquisition capability for spacecraft propulsion systems. These function by virtue of their bubble pressure and wicking properties. These two properties are interrelated since the screen must be completely wet to assure an operative bubble pressure.
Radar and microphysical characteristics of convective storms simulated from a numerical model using a new microphysical parameterization

The basic features of a new and improved bulk-microphysical parameterization capable of simulating the hydrometeor structure of convective systems in all types of large-scale environments (with minimal adjustment of coefficients) are studied. Reflectivities simulated from the model are compared with radar observations of an intense midlatitude convective system. Simulated reflectivities using the novel four-class ice scheme with a microphysical parameterization rain distribution at 105 min are illustrated. Preliminary results indicate that this new ice scheme works efficiently in simulating midlatitude continental storms.
Gaining Insight into the Care of Hospitalized Dying Patients: An Interpretative Narrative Analysis

Abstract Narrative ethics is a useful tool for gaining insight into the care of hospitalized dying patients. We used narrative analysis to interpret the medical records of 200 adult deaths at our institution. Prominent subjects which emerged from this review include documentation of care; relationships between patients, families and clinicians; and the influence of time, uncertainty, ambiguity, resource allocation, and spirituality on the course of care. Research on narratives can help script more empathic and compassionate care of the dying by demonstrating that every death is a story waiting to be told.
Studies on the incorporation of a covalently bound disubstituted phosphate residue into Azotobacter vinelandii flavodoxin in vivo.

Previous studies have shown the flavodoxin from Azotobacter vinelandii (strain OP, Berkeley) to contain a covalently bound disubstituted phosphate residue [Edmondson & James (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 3786-3789]. Phosphorylation of the protein in vivo was investigated by the addition of [32P]phosphate to cells grown under N2-fixing conditions, under conditions of nif-gene repression and under conditions of nif-gene de-repression. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis of cell extracts showed an approx. 5-fold decrease in the concentration of flavodoxin expressed in cells grown in the presence of NH4+ as compared with those grown under N2-fixing conditions. A similar increase in flavodoxin concentration was observed on nif-gene de-repression. Incorporation of [32P]phosphate occurs only into newly synthesized flavodoxin, as observed on SDS/PAGE of immunoprecipitates of cell extracts. Western blots demonstrated no observable precursor forms of flavodoxin. These data provide conclusive evidence for the phosphorylation of Azotobacter strain OP flavodoxin in vivo and suggest that the covalently bound phosphate residue does not exchange with cellular phosphate pools. Thus the role of this phosphodiester cross-link is proposed to be structural rather than regulatory.
Perspectives of Emerging Museum Professionals on the Role of Big Data in Museums

The Big Data movement is sweeping across all sectors in society including museums. These organizations are being encouraged to explore new ways to generate, track, link, and analyze data to better understand their visitors and refine their business practices. While tapping into Big Data's potential seems promising for museums, little is known about how museum professionals -- that is, those who are responsible for building the museum-to-Big-Data bridge -- speak of this trend in the context of their work. To begin to address this problem, we conducted an exploratory study consisting of a focus group with museum professionals having ten years or fewer of museum work experience. Preliminary findings point to enthusiasm for a number of perceived opportunities and benefits associated with Big Data. While limited resources such as money, skills, and infrastructure were identified as barriers, participants expressed very few concerns with the convergence of Big Data and museums.
Cavernous malformations of the brain after treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia: presentation and long-term follow-up.

Object The authors undertook this study to determine the clinical course and long-term outcomes in pediatric patients who developed cavernous malformations of the brain following treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Methods They reviewed the senior author's database of surgically treated cavernous malformations of the brain to identify those patients whose cavernous malformations developed after cranial radiation during treatment for ALL. The medical records of these patients were reviewed to determine their clinical presentation, radiological findings, and outcome at long-term follow-up. Results Five patients fulfilled the specified criteria over a 23-year period. At the time of ALL diagnosis, they were all 4–5 years old. The cerebral cavernous malformations developed 2–8 years after cranial radiation, and 4 of the 5 patients presented with neurological symptoms, which ranged from focal deficits to seizures. Two patients required a second craniotomy, one from lesion recurrence possibly due to ...
Distributed pair programming: An empirical study

Pair programming provides many benefits, both to the programmers and to the product that they develop. However, pair programming is limited to those situations in which the developers can collocate, preventing its benefits from being enjoyed by the widest possible audience. A software tool that allowed the pair to work from separate locations would address this limitation. This paper presents some initial results from a distributed pair programming experiment in which students in an introductory programming class used such a tool. Student perceptions of distributed pair programming are also discussed.
The effects of a novel anti-inflammatory compound (AHI-805) on cyclooxygenase enzymes and the recovery of ischaemia injured equine jejunum ex vivo.

Reasons for performing study: Flunixin meglumine continues to be used for treatment of equine colic despite evidence of inhibited recovery of mucosal barrier function following small intestinal ischemic injury. This study aimed to characterize an alternative treatment (AHI-805) for abdominal pain in the horse. Objective: To determine the effect of AHI-805, an aza-thia-benzoazulene derivative, on the cyclooxygenase enzymes, and the recovery of mucosal barrier function following ischemic injury. Methods: The effect of AHI-805 on in-vitro COX-1 and COX-2 activity was determined by measuring coagulation-induced thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated prostaglandin E2 concentrations respectively in equine whole blood. Horses (n=6) were anesthetized and jejunum was subjected to ischemia for 2 hours. Control and ischemic-injured mucosa was placed in Ussing chambers and treated with Ringer’s solution containing control treatment (DMSO), flunixin meglumine (2.7×10-5M), or AHI-805 (2.7×10-5M). Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TER) and mucosal-to-serosal flux of 3H-mannitol were measured over a 4-hour recovery period. Bathing solution TXB2 and prostaglandin E metabolites (PGEM) were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to assess COX-1 and COX-2 function respectively. Results: Treatment with AHI-805 had no significant effect on coagulation induced TXB2 production but significantly inhibited production of LPS-induced PGE2 at a concentration of 1µM or greater. TER of flunixin or AHI-805 treated ischemic-injured jejunum was significantly lower than control treated injured tissue over the recovery period. Mannitol flux and grade of histological damage were significantly increased by ischemic injury but not treatment. There was a significant increase in PGEM and TXB2 in control tissues over the 240 minute recovery period, but not in flunixin or AHI-805 treated tissues. Conclusions: Flunixin meglumine and AHI-805 inhibit recovery of barrier function in ischemic-injured equine jejunum in vitro through inhibition of the COX enzymes. Potential Relevance: The novel compound AHI-805 may not be suitable for the treatment of equine colic associated with ischemic injury.
On the use of biologically-inspired adaptive mutations to evolve artificial neural network structures

Evolutionary algorithms have been used to successfully evolve artificial neural network structures. Normally the evolutionary algorithm has several different mutation operators available to randomly change the number and location of neurons or connections. The scope of any mutation is typically limited by a user-selected parameter. Nature, however, controls the total number of neurons and synaptic connections in more predictable ways, which suggests the methods typically used by evolutionary algorithms may be inefficient. This paper describes a simple evolutionary algorithm that adaptively mutates the network structure where the adaptation emulates neuron and synaptic growth in the rhesus monkey. Our preliminary results indicate it is possible to evolve relatively sparse connected networks that exhibit quite reasonable performance.
Reflection tools in modeling activities

Reflection and self-regulated learning are important skills for college level students to learn. We have developed Model Eliciting Activities (MEAs) to integrate these activities while teaching students engineering concepts. A multi-tier design approach is used with MEAs as an element of change for students, instructors and researchers. Three generations of reflection tools have evolved to document how student teams' work on resolving a posed problem and what have they learned from the experience.
Exploiting structure for sentiment classification

This thesis studies the problem of sentiment classification at both the document and sentence level using statistical learning methods. In particular, we develop computational models that capture useful structure-based intuitions for solving each task, treating the intuitions as latent representations to be discovered and exploited during learning. For document-level sentiment classification, we exploit structure in the form of informative sentences—those sentences that exhibit the same sentiment as the document, thus explain or support the document’s sentiment label. We first show that incorporating automatically discovered informative sentences in the form of additional constraints for the learner improves performance on the document-level sentiment classification task. Next, we explore joint structured models for this task: our final proposed model does not need sentence-level sentiment labels, and directly optimizes document classification accuracy using inferred sentence-level information. Our empirical evaluation on two publicly available datasets shows improved performance over strong baselines. For phrase-level sentiment classification, we investigate the compositional linguistic structure of phrases. We investigate compositional matrix-space models, learning matrix-space word representations and modeling composition as matrix multiplication. Using a publicly available dataset, we show that the matrix-space model outperforms the standard bag-of-words model for the phrase-level sentiment classification task.
NuMA assembles into an extensive filamentous structure when expressed in the cell cytoplasm

NuMA is a 236 kDa protein that participates in the organization of the mitotic spindle despite its strict localization in the nucleus during interphase. To test how cells progress through mitosis when NuMA is localized in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus, we have deleted the nuclear localization sequence of NuMA using site-directed mutagenesis and transiently expressed this mutant protein (NuMA-DeltaNLS) in BHK-21 cells. During interphase, NuMA-DeltaNLS accumulates in the cytoplasm as a large mass approximately the same size as the cell nucleus. When cells enter mitosis, NuMA-DeltaNLS associates normally with the mitotic spindle without causing any apparent deleterious effects on the progression of mitosis. Examination of the cytoplasmic mass formed by NuMA-DeltaNLS using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed an extensive network of approximately 5 nm filaments that are further organized by the presence of dynamic microtubules into a dense web of solid, approximately 23 nm cables. Using flow cytometry, we have isolated the intact filamentous mass formed by NuMA-DeltaNLS from lysates of transiently transfected cells. These isolated structures are constructed of networks of interconnected 5 nm filaments and are composed exclusively of NuMA. These data demonstrate that NuMA is capable of assembling into an extensive filamentous structure supporting the possibility that NuMA serves a structural function either in the nucleus during interphase or at the polar ends of the mitotic spindle.
Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Pathophysiologic Basis for Diagnosis and Management

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) may follow both single and recurrent episodes of pulmonary embolism (PE) and is characterized by persistent macrovascular obstruction, pulmonary vasoconstriction, and a secondary small-vessel arteriopathy. CTEPH used to be considered a rare complication but is now recognized to occur in 2–4 % of patients after PE. While patients may be initially asymptomatic, CTEPH frequently progresses to debilitating exercise intolerance, chronic dyspnea, and may culminate in chronic right ventricular (RV) failure. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is the most effective therapy for CTEPH. Pulmonary vasodilators offer patients with CTEPH who are inoperable and those with post-operative persistent or recurrent pulmonary hypertension the potential for improved symptoms and functional capacity.
Phytophthora hedraiandra Detected from Irrigation Water at a Perennial Ornamental Plant Nursery in Virginia.

Water survey for Phytophthora spp. by baiting with rhododendron leaves in April 2006 at a perennial ornamental plant nursery in Virginia detected five isolates showing a unique, previously unknown single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) fingerprint (1). These cultures were isolated from two reservoirs at different depths of water column from surface to 2 m. They were homothallic and produced smooth-surfaced spherical oogonia with an average diameter of 27 μm on 10% V8 agar. Oospores were aplerotic. The paragynous antheridia were averaging 12 μm in diameter. Sporangia were papillate, spherical to ovoid, averaging 39 by 28 μm (length by width). They were caducous with short (<4 μm) pedicels. Chlamydospores and hyphal swellings were not observed. Two isolates were sequenced for rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (Cox 1) gene. ITS sequences of both isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. JN376065 and JN376066) were identical to that of Phytophthora hedraian...
The Fantasy of Glasnost

Communism appears to have a “better image” in the West than fascism and Nazism. The apparent reasons for this are revealed and commented on, and the conclusion is that the West should not be misled into a compromise with Soviet communism.
Coronary Artery Fistula After Cardiac Transplantation

A 68-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy underwent heart transplantation in 2007. A routine endomyocardial biopsy done 4 weeks after transplantation reported 2 arterial branches (Figure 1). Physical examination did not reveal a murmur. Echocardiogram did not show a pericardial effusion. Coronary arteriogram 4 months later showed a left anterior descending artery-to-right ventricle fistula (Figure 2 and Movie I in the online-only Data …
The crystal structure of tetrabutylammonium tetrakis(4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)1,3-butanedione)samarium(III), (C4H9)4N(C8H4F3O2S)4Sm(III)

Abstract The crystal structure of tetrabutylammonium tetrakis (4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedione praseodymium(III), (C 4 H 9 ) 4 N(C 8 H 4 F 3 0 2 S) 4 Pr(III), has been determined using 2300 independent, visually estimated intensities and refined by full matrix least- squares methods to R =0.118, R w =0.149. The crystals are monoclinic with a =22.32(5), b =10.45- (2), c =12.23(3) A, β=96.7(4)°. The space group is P 2 /n with Z =2, requiring a 2-fold axis in both the anion and cation. The coordination sphere has an arrangement close to that of a square antiprism but with small distortions in the direction of a dodecahedron. PrO bond distances range from 2.42– 2.47 A.
How do we measure psychiatric diagnoses? Implications of the choice of instruments in epilepsy

We evaluated several commonly used screening instruments for the detection of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These were compared to a criterion-based standardized questionnaire, the Diagnostic Interview Survey (DIS)-IV, designed to make DSM-IV-TR diagnoses in the community-based study of childhood-onset epilepsy. The DIS-IV was administered to young adult cases with epilepsy at a 15-year follow-up assessment and compared to symptom screens administered at the same visit, and at a previous 9-year assessment. Among cases, the specificity of the DIS-IV ranged from 0.77 to 0.99 and the predictive value of a negative psychiatric diagnosis was similarly high. Sensitivity was lower, ranging from 0 to 0.77, with correspondingly low predictive value of a positive diagnosis. Symptom-based instruments assess current symptom burden and are useful for determining associations with ongoing seizures or quality of life. Criterion-based standardized interviews, such as the DIS-IV, provide psychiatric diagnoses over the lifetime, which is most useful in studies of epilepsy genetics and studies of comorbidities and prognosis of epilepsy.
Resolution of intraluminal thrombus with augmentation of heparin during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.

Abstract Complete thrombotic arterial occlusion during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a well recognized complication of PTCA that, in some cases, may be reversed by thrombolytic agents. 1,2 Similarly, in patients with acute myocardial infarction 3 or with abrupt onset of unstable angina, 4,5 thrombus developing on atherosclerotic plaque also may be managed with thrombolytic agents. Although vigorous balloon redilatation has been successful, immediate resolution of PTCA-related intraluminal thrombus with augmentation of routine anticoagulation alone has not been reported. In 2 patients who received presumably adequate anticoagulation therapy before PTCA, we observed development of incompletely occluding thrombus at the site of successful PTCA with minimal or no angiographically apparent vessel wall dissection. Augmented heparin given alone and heparin followed by low-dose intracoronary streptokinase promoted resolution of the thrombus and ischemic symptoms, thus eliminating the need for mechanical reintervention.
Fiscal Consequences of Concentrated Poverty in a Metropolitan Region

Poverty concentration has a significant negative effect on the fiscal health of cities in that it increases spending on antipoverty programs and also raises the cost of providing more general public services such as police and fire protection. Spending patterns among Southern California cities over the last two decades show that poverty strongly influences local public expenditures after controlling for demographic, institutional, and fiscal characteristics of cities. Moreover, the fiscal burden of poverty has increased more rapidly for general expenditures than it has for antipoverty programs per se. Because the general service impacts of poverty are typically uncompensated under state and federal fiscal policies, poor cities experience significantly higher uncompensated costs and face growing fiscal pressures. These pressures reinforce patterns of poverty and inequality within the Southern California region and likely fuel exurbanization and environmental degradation.
Footwear in the United States Army Band: Injury incidence and risk factors associated with foot pain

Abstract Background Footwear characteristics can influence, fatigue, comfort, injuries and energy cost. Members of the United States Army Band have hundreds of performances a year and these performances often include prolonged standing and marching in footwear. Objective The purposes of this paper are to: (1) determine injury rates before and after wearing a shoe with presumed greater cushioning and ventilation among US Army Band members, and (2) identify risk factors associated with foot pain/discomfort. Methods To potentially reduce injuries and improve comfort, 112 band members received shoes with an advertised increase in cushioning and ventilation. Results Injury incidence determined from medical records was 55% in the year before and 57% in the year during which band members wore the new shoes ( p =0.78). Higher risk of foot pain was associated with band unit (odds ratio (OR Ceremonial unit/other units =8.6), 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–60.2), shoe cushioning rating (OR poor/good =11.8, 95% CI: 1.5–89.7), orthotic use (OR yes/no =18.5, 95% CI: 2.9–120.3), and how often band members replaced their shoes (OR ≤1 year/>2 years =11.5, 95% CI: 1.4–95.4). Conclusions The new shoes did not lower injury incidence, although specific risk factors associated with foot pain/discomfort were identified. To potentially increase the cushioning and comfort, insoles may be considered.
Supervisees' Perceptions of Supervisors' Social Power in Speech-Language Pathology

Most speech-language pathologists function as supervisees and supervisors at various points in their careers (Anderson, 1988). This study investigates supervisees' perceptions of their current and ...
The compositional classification of chondrites: III. Ungrouped carbonaceous chondrites

Abstract Seven carbonaceous chondrites (Allan Hills A77307, Adelaide, Al Rais, Coolidge, Grosnaja, Karoonda and Renazzo) with uncertain classifications were analyzed by instrumental and radiochemical neutron activation analysis for 29 elements: Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Ru, Cd, Sb, La, Sm, Eu, Yb, Lu, Os, Ir and Au. Five of these chondrites (A77307, Adelaide, Al Rais, Karoonda and Renazzo) are unique ‘grouplets’, not closely related to other groups or to each other. Only Coolidge (CV4) and Grosnaja (CV3-an) are members of previously established groups. A77307 and Adelaide have refractory lithophile abundances similar to those in the CM-CO clan; A77307 probably is a member of that clan, but Adelaide, which shows CV-like petrographic characteristics, cannot as yet be assigned to a clan. Al Rais and Renazzo have similar refractory lithophile abundances (essentially at CI levels) and probably belong to the same clan, i.e., formed in the same region of the nebula. There are insufficient data to determine whether they formed at the same general region as the CI chondrites, but separates having O-isotope compositions near the terrestrial fractionation line indicate that this is plausible. Karoonda has refractory lithophile abundances ~ 1.21 × CI and appears to belong to a new clan distinct from CM-CO (1.11 × CI) and CV (1.34×).
Multiple sclerosis and prostate cancer: what do their similar geographies suggest?

Mortality rates from multiple sclerosis show a well-known north-south gradient, both within the United States and internationally. Mortality rates from prostate cancer show a similar gradient and are
Gain measurements in a transverse-flowing NaN2O + CO chemical laser☆

Abstract N 2 O laser gain profiles in a low-pressure Na-catalyzed N 2 OCO transverse-flow chemical laser have been measured for a variety of flow conditions. The small-signal gain depends on the CO/N 2 O ratio with a maximum of about 0.005 cm −1 measured to date. Analysis of emission spectra and computer modelling of the gain profiles indicate that 15-20% of the chemical energy is available for laser pumping, yielding a specific laser energy of approximately 210 J/mole of mixture.
An assessment of information systems taxonomies: time to be re-evaluate?

Dramatic advances in technology, evolving organizational structures and increasing user influence are impacting the types of information systems (IS) being developed. These are not recognized adequately by existing taxonomies which tend to be incomplete, unclear, simplistic, unwieldy, inflexible or some combination of these. Fourteen models from the literature are described and discussed in light of today's myriad systems. A user-oriented two-dimensional taxonomy utilizing user type (institution or individual) and type of system support provided to the user (data, communication, information, or decision) is developed.
Bare soil and rill formation following wildfires, fuel reduction treatments, and pine plantations in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA.

Accelerated erosion commonly occurs after wildfires on forested lands. As burned areas recover, erosion returns towards prefire rates depending on many site-specific characteristics, including fire severity, vegetation type, soil type and climate. In some areas, erosion recovery can be rapid, particularly where revegetation is quick. Erosion recovery is less well understood for many fuel load reduction treatments. The rate of post-disturbance erosion recovery affects management options for forested lands, particularly when considering the combined ramifications of multiple disturbances on resource recovery rates (i.e. cumulative watershed effects). Measurements of percentage bare soil and rilling on over 600 plots in the southern Sierra Nevada with slopes less than 75% and within 1 km of roads were made between 2004 and 2006. Results suggest that after high-, moderate- or low-severity wildfire, rilling was seldom evident more than 4 years after fire. Percentage bare soil generally did not differ significantly between reference plots and wildfire plots greater than 6 years old. Little rilling was evident after treatment with a variety of fuel reduction techniques, including burning of machine- and hand-piled fuel, thinning, mastication, and crushing. Percentage bare soil at the fuel load reduction treatment plots also did not differ significantly from reference conditions. Percentage bare soil at pine plantation plots was noticeably higher than at reference sites.
Determinants of Access to Higher Education in Indonesia

The relationship between education and access to better paying, highly prestigious jobs is accepted by all. Newly independent nations have sought to broaden access to education for native populations in order to satisfy several needs, including promotion of greater equality, filling positions left vacant by colonials who returned to their mother countries after independence, and meeting the requirements of an expanded, industrial economy. This policy has served to redress inequities that were legacies of the colonial era while at the same time providing a basis for rapid modernization of the economy and other societal institutions. Modern, secular education was first introduced to Indonesia by the Dutch trading company, Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, and was continued by the Dutch colonial administration at the turn of the eighteenth century.' Initially, schooling was directed exclusively at the children of Dutch colonials. However, it was later opened to a limited number of children of wealthy Chinese and elite Indonesians who were loyal to the Dutch.2 In the early nineteenth century, access to education was broadened to accommodate government employees who were working directly with farmers engaged in export production. During the early years of the twentieth century, Dutch liberals gained power and expanded educational opportunities for Indonesians to include engineering, law, and medicine. However, these privileges were also limited only to children of those who willingly served colonial interests. Expansion of the educational system in order to provide greater access to education became a major concern after the proclamation of national
A Case of Relapsing Polychondritis Associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an uncommon and severe episodic inflammatory disorder involving cartilaginous structures, predominantly those of the ears, nose, and the laryngotracheobronchial tree. Other manifestations include scleritis, sensorineural hearing loss, polyarthritis, cardiac abnormalities, skin lesions, and glomerulonephritis. Approximately 25% to 35% of patients with RP have a concurrent autoimmune disease. Vasculitis is the most frequent condition associated with RP, affecting approximately 18% of patients. Relapsing polychondritis with ankylosing spondylitis is quite rare; only 2% of relapsing polychondritis associated with autoimmune disease is accompanied by ankylosing spondylitis. This report presents a rare case of relapsing polychondritis concurrent with ankylosing spondylitis.(Korean J Med 72:S354-S358, 2007)
Real-time modeling and model validation of synchronous generator using synchrophasor measurements

This paper presents a novel real-time autonomous dynamic modeling, validation and tuning of a synchronous generator using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) (synchronous generator and controls), synchrophasor capable relay and IEC 61850 protocol. Also, with a unique testbed the paper discusses a method to; a) use synchrophasor capable relays for measuring the voltage and current from the generator and transferring that information to RTDS using IEC 61850 protocol, b) compare voltages and currents of the dynamic model running in real-time and c) generator excitation auto tuning to correct model changes. The advantages of the proposed method are that real-time dynamic model developed can be tuned with the help of real measurements for any system parametric or model issues. This allows dynamic model validation and control using real-time sensors such as Phasor Measurement Units (PMU's).
Some results in the theory of arithmetic codes

This paper presents a number-theoretic investigation of the structure of cyclic binary arithmetic AN codes. The interval [0, B − 1] of represented integers is related to the code length n through 2 n −1 = AB . The analysis is based on the partition of the integers 1 ⩽ N ⩽ B − 1 into orbits, which are analogous to cosets of the multiplicative subgroup of the powers of 2 modulo B . The relation between the minimum distance and the orbit, and properties of composite numbers are used in developing a simple search strategy for codes. The presented analysis is used as a guide for the construction of many codes of moderate distance and high rate which lie between the two known extremes of the single-error correcting Brown codes and of the maximum-sequence-like codes of Barrows and Mandelbaum. The analysis also leads to a class of nontrivial augmented codes obtained from known codes. A list of codes of length ⩽ 36 generated by computer search of orbits is finally presented.
Constructing a Portable Sundial

Detailed instructions for low-cost, horizontal sundials that can be created at various levels of complexity for different ages. These sundials are scalable in that they can be made into key chains, necklaces, or into full-size schoolyard projects.
Factors associated with intent to quit tobacco use in Cyprus adolescents.

Abstract Objectives To identify factors associated with adolescent smokers' desire to quit based on the 2006 Cyprus Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Methods A cluster sample design was used to select a representative sample of students from all registered middle and high schools in Cyprus with > 40 students in academic year 2005–2006. Multivariable logistic regression was used taking into account the weight associated with each of the respondents. Results Out of the total sample with available information (N = 12,629), 1591 students were current smokers (weighted frequency = 14%) and were included in the analysis, with 734 (46.1%) of them reporting that they want to quit smoking. In both males and females, strong predictors of intention to quit smoking include past quit attempts and physical activity. Intention to quit is also associated with the belief that smoking is harmful to them and inversely associated with having peers who smoke, in boys, and the belief that smoking is harmful to others and perceiving smokers as less attractive, and inversely associated with pocket money, in girls. Conclusions The present study has identified factors that appear to influence youth's intention to quit tobacco, which is of major importance in developing successful tobacco cessation programs targeting adolescents.
An Electrodiagnostic Approach to the Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathies

Electrodiagnosis, which includes nerve conduction and needle electromyographic studies, is an essential element in the evaluation of peripheral neuropathies. A systematic approach to the electrodiagnostic evaluation aids in clarifying the distribution and extent of involvement, type of nerve damage, and time course. When these data are combined with clinical information, a full characterization of the neuropathy is possible leading to a sound differential diagnosis and selection of rational tests to order. This article will discuss the relevant anatomy and physiology of peripheral nerves and the principles of nerve conduction and needle electromyographic studies, including how they help distinguish between prototypic examples of primary axonal and demyelinating neuropathies, how to plan electrodiagnostic studies, and how to interpret data from outside studies.
The feasibility of a second lumpectomy and breast brachytherapy for localized cancer in a breast previously treated with lumpectomy and radiation therapy for breast cancer.

Abstract Purpose With accumulating evidence supporting partial-breast irradiation, we conducted a Phase I/II study to evaluate the role of a second conservative surgery and brachytherapy for patients presenting with a local recurrence/new primary in a breast who has previously undergone a lumpectomy and external radiation therapy for breast cancer. Methods and materials Fifteen patients with a localized lesion in the breast have undergone a second lumpectomy and received low-dose-rate brachytherapy on protocol. The first 6 patients received a dose of 30 Gy. With no unacceptable acute toxicity observed, the brachytherapy dose was increased to 45 Gy. Three patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and 8 patients are on antiestrogen therapy. Results The median time interval between the primary breast cancer diagnosis and the second cancer event in the ipsilateral breast is 94 months (range, 28–211). With a median followup of 36 months after brachytherapy, the 3-year Kaplan–Meier overall survival, local disease-free survival and mastectomy-free survival are 100% and 89%, respectively. There was no Grade 3/4 fibrosis or necrosis observed. All patients had baseline asymmetry due to the breast volume deficit from the second lumpectomy. With breast asymmetry as a given, the cosmetic result observed in all patients has been good to excellent. Conclusions Early results suggest low-complication rates, high rate of local control and freedom from mastectomy. Additional studies are needed to establish whether a second lumpectomy and breast brachytherapy are an acceptable alternative to mastectomy for patients presenting with a localized cancer in a previously irradiated breast.
Nontribal Community Recovery from Wildfire Five Years Later: The Case of the Rodeo–Chediski Fire

Recent literature suggests that natural disasters such as wildfires often have the short-term effect of “bringing people together” while also under some circumstances generating social conflict at the local level. Conflict has been documented particularly when social relations are disembedded by nonlocal entities and there is a perceived loss of local agency. There is less agreement about longer term impacts. We present results of a re-study of a set of communities affected by the largest wildfire in Arizona history. The re-study uses structuration theory to suggest that while local recovery has been generally very successful, vestiges of both fire-related social cohesion and conflict have survived. While some sources of post-fire conflict and cohesion have remained relatively unchanged, others have evolved. We suggest that more needs to be known about the longer term effects of large wildfire events and the role that advanced preparation for such events plays in local recovery.
Viewing Clinical Research Career Development Through the Lens of Social Cognitive Career Theory

Issues such as, over commitment, insufficient time, and lack of funding, threaten physicians' entry and sustainability in a research career pathway. Social cognitive career theory is presented as a conceptual framework to critically examine the limitations of the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) efforts to promote the career development of physician-scientists. Special attention is given to the unique challenges of promoting this career pathway for women and underrepresented minorities. The authors propose enhanced recommendations for the career development of physician-scientists and research questions for future studies and program development aimed at advancing the nation's efforts to promote clinical research.
Emotion Regulation as a Scientific Construct: Methodological Challenges and Directions for Child Development Research

Emotion regulation has emerged as a popular topic, but there is doubt about its viability as a scientific construct. This article identifies conceptual and methodological challenges in this area of study and describes exemplar studies that provide a substantive basis for inferring emotion regulation. On the basis of those studies, 4 methods are described that provide compelling evidence for emotion regulation: independent measurement of activated emotion and purported regulatory processes; analysis of temporal relations; measurement across contrasting conditions; and multiple, convergent measures. By offering this perspective, this article aims to engage thoughtful debate and critical analysis, with the goal of increasing methodological rigor and advancing an understanding of emotion regulation as a scientific construct.
Influence of reflow and thermal aging on the shear strength and fracture behavior of Sn-3.5Ag solder/Cu joints

The mechanical behavior of Sn-rich solder/Cu joints is highly sensitive to processing variables such as solder reflow time, cooling rate, and subsequent thermal aging. In this article, we focus on the lap shear behavior of Sn-3.5Ag/Cu joints as a function of solder yield strength and intermetallic thickness. Experimental results showed that the shear strength of the solder joints is primarily controlled by the mechanical properties of the solder, and not the intermetallic thickness. The thickness of intermetallic, however, controlled the fracture mode of the solder joints. At intermetallic thicknesses greater than 20 µm, brittle fracture between Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn was the most common failure mechanism. Finite-element simulations were carried out to evaluate the effect of solder properties and of intermetallic thickness and morphology on lap shear behavior. The finite-element simulations corroborated the experimental findings, i.e., that increased solder strength results in increased joint strength. The simulations also showed that thicker intermetallics, especially of nodular morphology, yielded higher local plastic shear strain and work hardening rate.
Comparison of the Non-Equilibrium Predictions of Quantum Thermodynamics at the Atomistic Level With Experimental Evidence

Experimental evidence is presented and compared with theoretical predictions from Quantum Thermodynamics, (QT) to examine whether or not the claims of QT are consistent with the existence and generation of entropy at atomistic scales. QT makes the assertion that entropy is an intrinsic property of matter in the same way that inertial mass, energy, and momentum are and must, thus, exist even for single particles. Entropy as defined by QT is a measure of the distribution of a system’s internal energy at any given instant of time amongst the available internal degrees of freedom, i.e., the energy eigenlevels of the system. In this paper, it is shown that QT predicts the internal relaxation of a 5-level rubidium system that is consistent with the experimental data and not explained by current theory, i.e. by Quantum Mechanics. In addition, it is demonstrated that the decay of so-called “cat states” for single ions that are contained in Paul traps and that interact with a heat reservoir is also consistent with the idea of the existence of entropy and entropy generation at atomistic scales. This is accomplished by comparing experimental data with the predictions made using an extension of the equation of motion of QT that allows for heat interactions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Caveolin-3 Inhibits Cav3.2 (α1H) Currents and Regulates Hypertrophic Signaling in Ventricular Myocytes

Voltage gated T-type Ca2+ channel Cav3.2 subunit, responsible for T-type Ca2+ current (ICa,T) is expressed in different tissues including the heart and participates in Ca2+ influx, hormonal secretion, pacemaker activity and arrhythmia. The Cav3.2 channels are reported to be up regulated and contribute to the altered Ca2+ signaling and pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy via the activation of calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway. Caveolae containing scaffolding protein caveolin-3 (Cav-3) localize many ion channels and signaling proteins, and provide temporal and spatial regulation of intracellular Ca2+ in cardiomyocytes. However, the mechanism of altered Ca2+ signaling in cardiac hypertrophy is not clearly defined. We investigated the role of caveolae and Cav3.2 channels in the regulation of Ca2+ signaling during angiotensin-II induced cardiac hypertrophy in ventricular myocytes. Immunogold labeling and electron microscopy analysis demonstrated the co-localization of Cav3.2 channel and Cav-3 relative to caveolae in the ventricular myocytes. GST pull-down analysis confirmed that the N-terminus region of Cav-3 interacts with Cav3.2 channels. Impact of Cav-3 association with CaV3.2 was analyzed by whole cell patch clamp technique. Co-expression of Cav-3 specifically inhibited ICav3.2 in heterologously expressed HEK293 cells. In the neonatal ventricular myocytes, overexpression of Cav-3 inhibited ICa,T and specifically inhibited the adenovirus (AdCav3.2) mediated peak Cav3.2 currents. In addition, overexpression of Cav-3 prevented the angiotensin-II induced hypertrophic responses in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. Over expression of Cav-3 prevented the angiotensin-II induced translocation of NFAT4 to the nucleus and also inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK. Overall our results demonstrate that over expression of Cav-3 suppresses pathological hypertrophic responses in cardiomyocytes via the inhibition of the ICav3.2. We conclude that Cav-3 may play a crucial role in protective signaling mechanisms in the ventricular myocytes during hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.