cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low speed impact of laminated polymethylmethacrylate/adhesive/polycarbonate plates

We study three-dimensional finite transient deformations of transparent poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA)/adhesive/polycarbonate (PC) laminates impacted at low speed by a hemispherical nosed rigid cylinder using the commercial finite element (FE) software LS-DYNA. The two glassy polymers PMMA and PC are modeled as thermo-elasto-visco-plastic materials by using the constitutive relation proposed by Mulliken and Boyce and modified by Varghese and Batra. For the nearly incompressible viscoelastic bonding layer, the elastic response is modeled by the Ogden relation and the viscous response by the Prony series. Delamination at interfaces between the adhesive and the polymeric sheets is simulated by using the cohesive zone model incorporated in LS-DYNA. The effective plastic strain, the maximum principal stress, and the maximum stretch based failure criteria are used for delineating failure in PC, PMMA and the adhesive, respectively. Failed elements are deleted from the analysis domain. The three layers are discretized by using 8-node brick elements and integrals over elements are numerically evaluated by using a reduced Gauss integration rule. The coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations obtained by the Galerkin approximation are integrated by using the conditionally stable explicit algorithm. Results have been computed for at least two different FE meshes. The computed number and configurations of cracks in the PMMA are found to qualitatively agree with the test observations. It is also found that the energy dissipated due to plastic deformations in the PC is considerably more than that due to cracks formed in the PMMA.
Damage assessment of the bridge structures using a hybrid optimization strategy

Vibration based damage assessment of structures can be formulated as an optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the error between the measured and simulated responses of the structure by updating analytical model parameters. In this study, genetic algorithm (GA) and pattern search technique are combined in a hybrid optimization framework for finite element (FE) model updating using two objective functions defined in time and modal domains. The proposed model updating techniques have been applied to experimental data recorded during a shake table test on a quarter-scale model of a two span reinforced concrete bridge. The bridge was subjected to a series of seismic base excitations with increasing intensities introducing progressive real damage to the structure. Bridge responses to intermediate low amplitude white noise excitations are used for the purpose of modal identification and damage assessment. The FE model parameters are updated at different stages of the experiment. This study shows that damage throughout the structure can be accurately and consistently detected, located and quantified using the proposed model updating techniques.
The evaluation of strings in an artificial logical language

Ss given the rule specifying the well-formedness of logical propositions written in Lukasiewicz parenthesis- free notation were required to judge an array of well-formed and non-well-formed strings as to their status. Times to solution were positively correlated with errors, and were monotonically dependent on string length and on a function related to the degree of embedding in the string.
Probing barrier transmission in ballistic graphene

We derive the local density of states from itinerant and boundary states around transport barriers and edges in graphene and show that the itinerant states lead to mesoscale undulations that could be used to probe their scattering properties in equilibrium without the need for lateral transport measurements. This finding will facilitate vetting of extended structural defects, such as grain boundaries or line defects as transport barriers for switchable graphene resonant tunneling transistors. We also show that barriers could exhibit double minima and that the charge density away from highly reflective barriers and edges scales as ${x}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
Communication within Ongoing Intimate Relationships An Attributional Perspective

An attempt is made to explore current notions regarding attribution processes within the framework of ongoing intimate relationships and to question whether such an attribution classification as the dispositional-situational dichotomy captures the complexities of cognitive functioning unique to intimate relating. The "interpersonal attribution" category is proposed as a means of refining and expanding current conceptualizations regarding attribution processes of actors and observers within dyadic units. The implications of the interpersonal attribution for relationship stability, conflict, and dissatisfaction are explored. Heuristic applications and questions for future attribution research are suggested.
Diapycnal Mixing in the Ocean: Equations for Large-Scale Budgets

Abstract The Osborn–Cox model is the basis for the most direct estimates of the diapycnal diffusivity Kv for tracers. When used to interpret temperature variance dissipation measurements, it leads to Kv of O (10−5 m2 s−1) or less in the main thermocline. Large-scale diagnostic models typically match observations best using Kv of O (10−4 m2 s−1). The framework for describing diapycnal fluxes of tracers like temperature or density from large-scale property distributions is reexamined in an attempt to discover possible causes for this disagreement. Starting from basic thermodynamics principles, suitable tracer conservation equations are developed and the simplifications leading to conventional mean-field and variance balances are examined. It is argued that separation of mean and eddy fields is best based on long but finite time averages rather than the usual space-scale separation. Because this separation leads to a more vigorous eddy field than the usual procedure it is necessary to reexamine all conventio...
Seeking participatory equity through ethnographic inquiry

This article describes my EPA/SfAA Fellowship experience with the Great Lakes Commission (GLC) in Ann Arbor, Michigan, conducted between August 1999 and October 2000. It generally follows the format of Robert Wulff's and Shirley Fiske's Anthropological Praxis: Translating Knowledge into Action (Boulder CO: Westview. 1987), with major sections devoted to "Client and Problem," "Process and Players," "Results and Evaluation," and "The Anthropological Difference." The article concludes by summarizing the lessons learned through the fellowship and its potential long-term consequences for public consultation in Great Lakes environmental management. I gratefully acknowledge support provided by my fellowship host, sponsors, and supervisors; however, the positions I take in this article are mine alone and do not necessarily reflect their opinions.
Generalized radiance of uniform Lambertian sources

The generalized radiance function is calculated for uniform Lambertian sources. In particular, the radiance for a few simple-shaped sources is given explicitly when the wavelength of the radiating field is small compared with the size of the source. It is shown that the classical radiometric description of Lambertian sources is just the zeroth-order small-wavelength approximation of the generalized radiance. The first-order corrections to generalized radiance are calculated for half-plane and strip-shaped sources. The physical implications of these results are discussed.
Diagnostic Pathology of Diffuse Lung Disease in Children

The pathologic classification of diffuse lung disease in children and adolescents has undergone revision in recent years in response to rapid developments and new discoveries in the field. A number of important advancements have been made in the last 10 years including the description of new genetic mutations causing severe lung disease in infants and children, as well as the description of new pathologic entities in infants. These recently described entities, including ABCA3 surfactant disorders, pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, and neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy, are being recognized with increasing frequency. This review will include brief discussion of the etiology and pathogenesis of the major groups of diffuse lung disease in children. Histopathologic features are discussed for each of the major categories of diffuse lung disease in children, beginning with the genetic, developmental, and alveolar growth disorders common in infancy, followed by brief discussion of airway diseases, im...
Speeding up adaptation of web service compositions using expiration times

Web processes must often operate in volatile environments where the quality of service parameters of the participating service providers change during the life time of the process. In order to remain optimal, the Web process must adapt to these changes. Adaptation requires knowledge about the parameter changes of each of the service providers and using this knowledge to determine whether the Web process should make a different more optimal decision. Previously, we defined a mechanism called the value of changed information which measures the impact of expected changes in the service parameters on the Web process, thereby offering a way to query and incorporate those changes that are useful and cost-efficient. However, computing the value of changed information incurs a substantial computational overhead. In this paper, we use service expiration times obtained from pre-defined service level agreements to reduce the computational overhead of adaptation. We formalize the intuition that services whose parameters have not expired need not be considered for querying for revised information. Using two realistic scenarios, we illustrate our approach and demonstrate the associated computational savings.
Demo abstract: Diagnostic tracing of wireless sensor networks with TinyTracer

Run-time debugging tools are required to detect and diagnose post-deployment failures in wireless sensor networks. Reproducing a failure from the trace of past events can play a crucial role in diagnosis. We describe TinyTracer, an efficient interprocedural control-flow tracing tool that generates the trace of all interleaving concurrent events as well as the control-flow paths taken. TinyTracer enables reproducing failures at a later stage, allowing the programmer to diagnose failures effectively. In this demo, we demonstrate the ease of use of TinyTracer. We see TinyTracer as an important tool for post-deployment diagnosis, which can enable future research on trace-based debugging approaches for wireless sensor networks.
Case for adoptive immunotherapy in cancer.

Abstract Patients with normal immune systems may be unable to mount effective defences against solid tumours because of (1) the generation of suppressor T cells in the low zone tolerance response elicited by the low concentrations of antigen furnished by slow growing solid tumours; (2) the ineffectiveness of the cytolytic T-cell response when the tumour cell membrane lacks the major histocompatibility gene products required for linkage to tumour antigens; and (3) the hindrance of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by antitumour antibodies when the precise requirements for the reaction cannot be fulfilled in the sites occupied by solid tumours. Recent immunological advances suggest that it should be possible to isolate antigens from cancer cells, produce antibodies against these antigens, bind the antibodies to the patient's macrophages and K lymphocytes, and reinject the bound cells into the patient to stimulate lymphokine synthesis and antibody-dependent cellular cytoxicity.
Potassium channels as targets for antiarrhythmic drug action

Recent cellular electrophysiologic studies have begun to clarify the basis of antiarrhythmic drug action. The Class I agents have been shown to block cardiac sodium channels in a use-dependent manner, and the kinetics and potency of sodium channel block correlated with molecular weight and lipid solubility of drug. The Class IA agents, like quinidine, which increase cardiac action potential duration and refractory period in addition to their effects on conduction, also appear to have potent blocking actions on the potassium channels responsible for repolarization in myocardial cells, whereas the Class IB agents, like lidocaine, shorten action potential duration and are relatively specific in their block of sodium channels. In contrast, Class III agents, which prolong the action potential without slowing conduction, appear to exert their primary blocking action on the potassium channel only. Conversion from Class I to Class III electrophysiologic profiles can be achieved by the substitution of electron-withdrawing groups (e.g., NO2) in place of electron-donating groups (e.g., NH2) on the aromatic portion of the basic local anesthetic pharmacophore. Class III agents appear to be most effective against ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia due to re-entry, but are generally without activity in the 24 hr Harris dog arrhythmia model. Further evaluation of the mechanism of antiarrhythmic drug action will require use of well-defined arrhythmia models in a combination with a detailed understanding of drug-channel interactions.
FEAR OF JOB LOSS: Racial/Ethnic Differences in Privileged Occupations

Sociologists have not attempted to explain the causes of higher levels of perceived job insecurity among racial/ethnic minorities than those of Whites in privileged occupations. This study examines two possible explanations for this finding among White, African American, and Latino professionals and managers. The first emphasizes the discrimination-induced, structural marginality experienced by minorities in the workplace (the marginalized-worker perspective), and the second emphasizes learned dispositions—i.e., fatalism and mistrust—that are brought to the workplace (the dispositional perspective). Using data from the General Social Survey (GSS) and ordered probit regression analyses for both men and women, our findings provide greater support for the marginalized-worker perspective. Results reveal African Americans and Latino men and women have a greater fear of job loss than their White counterparts, regardless of their human capital credentials (e.g., education, work experience) and job/labor market advantages (e.g., job authority, job autonomy, unionized status, favorable market sector). Along these lines, these traditional, stratification-based predictors provide greater insulation from perceived job insecurity for Whites than racial/ethnic minorities. Less support is found for the dispositional perspective: one disposition—fatalism—is associated with greater fear of job loss for African American men and women compared to Whites.
On the motion of a rigid cylinder in a rotating electrically conducting fluid

The flow structures generated and drag experienced by a rigid cylinder moving in an arbitrary direction through a rotating electrically conducting fluid in the presence of an applied magnetic field are investigated, with he aim of understanding better the nature of the small-scale flow in the core of the Earth which may be responsible for maintaining the geomagnetic field through dynamo action. Three cases are considered in the limit of small Rossby and magnetic Reynolds numbers. In the case of very weak rotation, the possible flow structures consist of a thin Hartmann layer and a long wake extending in the direction of the magnetic field, in which Lorentz and viscous forces balance, but only the long wake plays a dynamical role. The dominant drag force is experienced for motion that cuts magnetic lines of force. Motion of the cylinder parallel to its axis induces a much weaker drag, while that in the direction of the magnetic field induces none to dominant order. The cylinder also experiences weak lateral forces due to the Coriolis effect. In the case of weak rotation, the balance in the long wake is now magnetostrophic: between Lorentz and Coriolis forces. The drag is qualitatively identical to that in the first case, but the drag induced by motion parallel to the axis of the cylinder is increased, though still smaller than that for motions cutting magnetic lines of force. In the case of strong rotation, the flow structures consist of a thin Ekman layer and a foreshortened Taylor column extending in the direction of the rotation axis. In this column, the force balance is again magnetostrophic. Again only the large-scale structure plays a dynamical role. Motion of the cylinder perpendicular to its axis induces a larger drag than does motion parallel to its axis. The cylinder also experiences large lateral Coriolis forces.
Leadership Is Our Business

(2003). Leadership Is Our Business. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 4-5.
A New Partnership: indigenous peoples and the United Nations system1

(2004). A New Partnership: indigenous peoples and the United Nations system1. Museum International: Vol. 56, No. 4, pp. 76-88.
Polymerization of a peptide-based enzyme substrate

Polymers of norbornenyl-modified peptide-based enzyme substrates have been prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Peptides displayed on water-soluble homopolymers retain the ability to be enzymatically processed by a disease-associated enzyme. In contrast, when the peptides are densely arrayed on a nanoparticle derived from a self-assembled amphiphilic block-copolymer, they function with reduced activity as enzymatic substrates.
Addressing the shortcomings of traditional formal reasoning methods for concurrent programs: New tools and techniques for source code correctness

Using an informal but realistic model, this paper argues that human programmers reason about their source code on multiple abstraction levels. Distinguishing features of these levels are given. Traditional reasoning methods that use code annotation are analyzed and shown to be inadequate for certain such levels. A new design architecture that explicitly captures the multi-level paradigm is presented along with a prototype implementation. The prototype demonstrates support for fine-grained, highly interactive analysis of source code without requiring formal-methods expertise from the user.
Generation of a monoclonal antibody against the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein Rae-1 using genetically engineered tumor cells

Although genetically engineered cells have been used to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against numerous proteins, no study has used them to generate mAbs against glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. The GPI-linked protein Rae-1, an NKG2D ligand member, is responsible for interacting with immune surveillance cells. However, very few high-quality mAbs against Rae-1 are available for use in multiple analyses, including Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. The lack of high-quality mAbs limits the in-depth analysis of Rae-1 fate, such as shedding and internalization, in murine models. Moreover, currently available screening approaches for identifying high-quality mAbs are excessively time-consuming and costly. We used Rae-1–overexpressing CT26 tumor cells to generate 60 hybridomas that secreted mAbs against Rae-1. We also developed a streamlined screening strategy for selecting the best anti–Rae-1 mAb for use in flow cytometry assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and immunostaining. Our cell line–based immunization approach can yield mAbs against GPI-anchored proteins, and our streamlined screening strategy can be used to select the ideal hybridoma for producing such mAbs.
The role of personal psychodynamic psychotherapy in becoming a competent psychiatrist

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has launched a competency movement that is causing a paradigm shift in psychiatric training. Psychiatry, like all medical specialtie...
Experimental Investigation of Simulated Large-Droplet Ice Shapes on Airfoil Aerodynamics

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the aerodynamic effect of simulated supercooled largedroplet ice accretion on a modie ed NACA 23012 airfoil. Forward-facing quarter-round simulations with heightto-chord ratios of 0.0083 and 0.0139 were used at a Reynolds number of 1 :8 £ 10 6 . When the simulated ice was placed at critical chordwise locations, a long separation bubbleformed downstream of thesimulated ice shape and effectively eliminated the formation of a large leading-edge suction peak that was observed on the clean NACA 23012 airfoil. This resulted in a dramatic reduction in the maximum lift coefe cient, as low as 0.27, when the larger simulated ice shape was located at 12% chord. Because the airfoil loading distribution was severely altered, large changes in airfoil pitching moments and e ap-hinge moments were also observed.
Variability-Aware Synthesis for Wideband Low Noise Amplifiers

In this paper, we present a systematic synthesis methodology for fully integrated wideband low noise amplifiers (LNA) that simultaneously optimizes impedance matching, noise figure, and other performance parameters. Leveraging a wideband model, we hierarchically couple global optimization techniques with local convex optimization methods to efficiently locate circuits in the complex design space. The results indicate that the methodology can successfully generate wideband LNAs with various constraints on passive component values and performance metrics while providing the flexibility to reduce the impact of statistical process variations to improve both reliability and yield.
Monolithic Fabrication of EWOD Chips for Picoliter Droplets

We report monolithic fabrication of parallel-plate electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) chips for digital micro-fluidics of picoliter droplets. Instead of assembling a second substrate to form a top plate-the common practice with all previous parallel-plate EWOD chips-the top plate is surface micromachined as a transparent thin-film membrane that forms a monolithic cavity having a gap height on the order of micrometers with excellent accuracy and uniformity. The membrane is embedded with EWOD driving electrodes and confines droplets against the device substrate to perform digital microfluidic operations. Two main attributes of the monolithic architecture that distinguish it from tradition methods are: (i) it enables excellent control of droplet dimensions down to the micrometer scale, and (ii) it does not require the typical alignment and assembly steps. Basic device functions such as creation and splitting are verified by EWOD actuation of ~100 picoliter droplets surrounded by air or oil inside a 10 μm-high cavity. Additionally, flow focusing of droplets containing 5.3 μm beads demonstrates one example of the utilities afforded by monolithic fabrication.
Self-Reported Dietary Intake of Youth with Recent Onset of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the TODAY Study

Abstract Despite the widely recognized importance of diet in managing diabetes, few studies have documented usual dietary intake in young people with type 2 diabetes. The objectives of our study were to assess dietary intake among a large, ethnically diverse cohort of young people with type 2 diabetes and compare intake to current recommendations. The Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study is a multicenter randomized clinical trial of 699 youth aged 10 to 17 years. At baseline, following a run-in period that included standard diabetes education, diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire between 2004 and 2009. Analysis of variance and nonparametric tests were used to compare mean and median nutrient intakes; logistic regression was used to compare the odds of meeting predefined dietary intake recommendation cutpoints between subgroups of age, sex, and race–ethnicity. Percent of energy from saturated fat was consistently 13% to 14% across all subgroups—substantially exceeding national recommendations. Overall, only 12% of youth met Healthy People 2010 guidelines for intake of
A new diagnostic test for hemoglobin S.

Summary A differential solubility method for determining the presence of sickle hemoglobin S was investigated. The method was found to be simple and accurate, using either venous anticoagulated blood or fingerprick. Clear-cut results could be obtained within 3 minutes
Interventions to prevent heart failure readmissions: The rationale for nurse-led heart failure programs

Background: Readmission to hospitals for heart failure is one of the greatest economic burdens on Medicare, and has become a major focus of healthcare reform. In an attempt to stem the overwhelming number of readmissions and improve heart failure outcomes, hospitals have employed multiple interventions. Nurse-led heart failure management programs have been an effective strategy in reducing hospital readmissions for heart failure. Purpose: We conducted an integrative review of the literature that assessed the value of interventions to reduce heart failure readmission rates. We focused on the important role of nursing care in successfully implementing many of these interventions. Methods: An integrative review of the literature was performed. A computerized search of PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Cochrane Library (reviews and clinical trials) was performed to locate articles published from 2004 to 2014. Key words used included “heart failure nursing” , “heart failure readmissions”, “heart failure programs” and “interventions for heart failure readmission”. Preference was placed on articles published in the last 10 years. Articles referenced by national heart failure guideline documents and expert consensus statements were given a high priority. Eighty-eight articles were screened initially by two reviewers; these were then screened to leave 40 relevant articles. Conclusions: Several specific interventions have a proven favorable effect in reducing heart failure readmissions. These include optimal medical management, patient education and self-care instruction, and ensuring adequate post-discharge follow-up. Despite this knowledge there remains a wide variation of readmission rates across the U nited S tates . This may be partly due to the variability in the adequate implementation of interventions and/or the absence of a required number of interventions in different centers. Each single intervention in itself has only a very small beneficial effect. The implementation of several interventions is essential to produce a meaningful reduction in heart failure readmissions. The ability to successfully employ numerous interventions together may explain the promising results of structured nurse-led heart failure programs.
Effects of dram shop liability and enhanced overservice law enforcement initiatives on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms, a commentary on a New Mexico perspective.

Prevention experts agree that strengthening and enforcing alcohol sales and service regulations is an effective strategy for reducing alcohol-related arms. Despite this, few states have taken comprehensive liquor-controlmeasures as ameans of injury prevention. The scientists behind the papers published in this issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine should be commended for reviewing recent study results to revitalize the discussion concerning the effectiveness of both dram shop liability and enhanced overservice law enforcement on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms. This commentary seeks to document the experience of enhanced overservice enforcement and policy reform efforts in the state of New Mexico, and to provide guidance for states contemplating similar efforts toward increasing public health and safety.
Antecedent Strategies to Promote Children’s and Adolescents’ Compliance with Adult Requests: A Review of the Literature

Compliance with adult requests and directives has often been described as a keystone behavior in children, meaning it is associated with engagement in other desirable and socially appropriate behaviors. As such, a great deal of research has been directed toward identifying strategies that increase compliance in children. Antecedent strategies, which focus on increasing the probability of compliance prior to or during the delivery of the directive or request, are popular because they have the potential to prevent noncompliance; however, it is not clear which of the numerous antecedent strategies are effective or for whom. Therefore, a systematic review of the antecedent strategies for compliance was completed. Forty-two studies were identified evaluating eight different antecedent strategies for children aged 1-19. It was determined that high-probability command sequences, effective instruction delivery, and errorless compliance training may all be considered evidence-based antecedent strategies to increase children's compliance with adult requests.
Rapid changes in circulating tumor cells following anti-angiogenic therapy

Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Bevacizumab (Avastin™) is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Prior studies suggest that bevacizumab causes transient changes in tumor perfusion and oncostatic pressure. However, it has been difficult to directly demonstrate immediate effects in living patients. The high-definition circulating tumor cell (HD-CTC) assay allows for enumeration and cytologic analysis of CTCs without reliance on immunologic or physical separation methods. Here, we assess rapid changes in HD-CTCs immediately following bevacizumab administration in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Peripheral blood was obtained in 8 subjects with CRPC before and within 2 h following bevacizumab. The median (range) of HD-CTCs observed immediately pre- and post- bevacizumab was 2.4 (0–352) and 40 (0–352) cells ml−1, respectively. Changes in apoptotic HD-CTCs were observed following bevacizumab in most patients. The HD-CTC assay can also be used to monitor androgen receptor (AR) expression, a therapeutic target particularly important for some prostate cancer treatments. As bevacizumab is not expected to directly interact with AR, we observed no change in the AR expression or sub-cellular localization in these patients. Following the bevacizumab administration, all subjects subsequently received docetaxel and everolimus along with bevacizumab over additional cycles in the context of a therapeutic clinical trial. Interestingly, the two subjects with the smallest variation in HD-CTCs following bevacizumab demonstrated the least response to subsequent treatment. These pilot data suggest CTC-based assays may be used to measure immediate effects associated with bevacizumab treatment at an individual patient level. Additional subjects and longer follow-up will be required to determine if immediate changes in HD-CTCs relate to therapeutic response and overall clinical outcome for patients with metastatic prostate cancer and other malignancies.
Canonical Approaches to Applications of the Virial Theorem

Canonical approaches are applied for investigation of the extraordinarily accurate electronic ground state potentials of H2(+), H2, HeH(+), and LiH using the virial theorem. These approaches will be dependent on previous investigations involving the canonical nature of E(R), the Born-Oppenheimer potential, and F(R), the associated force of E(R), that have been demonstrated to be individually canonical to high accuracy in the case of the systems investigated. Now, the canonical nature of the remaining functions in the virial theorem [the electronic kinetic energy T(R), the electrostatic potential energy V(R), and the function W(R) = RF(R)] are investigated and applied to H2, HeH(+), and LiH with H2(+) chosen as reference. The results will be discussed in the context of a different perspective of molecular bonding that goes beyond previous direct applications of the virial theorem.
Who Rules the Social Control of Protest? Variability in the State-Countermovement Relationship

Drawing theoretical insight from political sociology's state-society literature and organizational theory's new institutionalism, I examine the case of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission and its relationship with the Citizens' Council to illustrate that the state-countermovement relationship can be highly variable-much more so than the existing literature often assumes. As different actors came to occupy positions of power within the state of Mississippi, they responded differently to relevant audiences and affected the degree to which the council could exercise leverage with the commission to control protest. The analysis focuses on how the state-countermovement ties of ideology and funding changed over time, even though membership overlap between the commission board and the council remained relatively constant. Three relational structures-frustrated, aligned, and stifled-are identified and discussed as influencing the degree to which the council could gain leverage in Mississippi's multilevel...
Levels of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) as early pharmacodynamic markers of activity of anti-angiogenic (AA) therapy in advanced pancreatic cancer (PC)

14080 Background: Clinical evaluation of targeted AA therapy may be enhanced by non-invasive biomarkers assessing relevant drug action. In this study we tested the hypothesis that AA therapy with b...
Performance of methane fermentation pits in advanced integrated wastewater pond systems

Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPSs) involve a series consisting of Advanced Facultative Ponds with internally located fermentation pits; secondary ponds with either photosynthetic oxygenation or mechanical aeration; tertiary ponds for sedimentation of either algae or aeration solids; and, quaternary ponds for controlled discharge, irrigation storage, aquaculture, or other beneficial uses of reclaimed wastewater. This paper deals mainly with design and performance of Advanced Facultative Ponds containing internally located fermentation pits. Experiences with a 1,894 m 3 day −1 (0.5 MGD) AIWPS and a 7,576 m 3 day −1 (2.0 MGD) AIWPS indicate that primary facultative ponds with internal fermentation pits require less land than do conventional anaerobic ponds and that sludge removal is postponed for many years. New, more detailed, and controlled scientific studies on a 133 m 3 day −1 (0.035 MGD) demonstration AIWPS at the University of California, Berkeley, Environmental Engineering and Health Sciences Laboratory in Richmond, California provide evidence that these simple pits remove suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand more effectively than do comparably loaded conventional anaerobic ponds and produce much less odor. In addition they improve removal of parasites, bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and halogenated hydrocarbons. The reliability and cost effectiveness of AIWPS is compared with more conventional ponds and with mechanical wastewater treatment systems.
Deletion of STAT5a/b in Vascular Smooth Muscle Abrogates the Male Bias in Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice: Implications in the Human Disease

Chronic hypoxia typically elicits pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mice with a male-dominant phenotype. There is an opposite-sex bias in human PH, with a higher prevalence in women, but greater survival (the “estrogen paradox”). We investigated the involvement of the STAT5a/b species, previously established to mediate sexual dimorphism in other contexts, in the sex bias in PH. Mice with heterozygous or homozygous deletions of the STAT5a/b locus in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were generated in crosses between STAT5a/bfl/fl and transgelin (SM22α)-Cre+/+ parents. Wild-type (wt) males subjected to chronic hypoxia showed significant PH and pulmonary arterial remodeling, with wt females showing minimal changes (a male-dominant phenotype). However, in conditional STAT5+/− or STAT5−/− mice, hypoxic females showed the severest manifestations of PH (a female-dominant phenotype). Immunofluorescence studies on human lung sections showed that obliterative pulmonary arterial lesions in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) or hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH), both male and female, overall had reduced STAT5a/b, reduced PY-STAT5 and reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) GTPase atlastin-3 (ATL3). Studies of SMCs and endothelial cell (EC) lines derived from vessels isolated from lungs of male and female IPAH patients and controls revealed instances of coordinate reductions in STAT5a, STAT5b and ATL3 in IPAH-derived cells, including SMCs and ECs from the same patient. Taken together, these data provide the first definitive evidence for a contribution of STAT5a/b to the sex bias in PH in the hypoxic mouse and implicate reduced STAT5 in the pathogenesis of the human disease.
Three hypotheses for developmental defects that may underlie some forms of autism spectrum disorder.

Purpose of reviewMolecular and genetic insights into the etiology of autism spectrum disorders are now available. The field now needs to understand how these perturbations affect development and function of the brain.Recent findingsHerein I review the genetic mechanisms known to predispose to autism
Beyond Mg2+: functional interactions between RNA and transition metals

It is well-known that RNA structure and function depend heavily on cations, and the ability of Mg(2+) to stabilize RNA structures has been emphasized. Recent studies, however, highlight the importance of transition metals in RNA function. Riboswitches that selectively bind Ni(2+), Co(2+), and Mn(2+) have been discovered with specific RNA-metal sites that influence metal-related gene expression. Exogenous metals such as Pt(II) from therapeutics also bind and may inhibit cellular RNA. Novel reports that RNA can host Fe(II) in catalytic sites are relevant to early life in pre-oxygenic atmospheres. These new observations emphasize the importance of transition metals in the field of RNA metallobiochemistry.
Intra-abdominal hypertension causes reversible blood-brain barrier disruption.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) has detrimental effects on organ function and is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. IAH has also been shown to increase intracranial pressure. The exact mechanism is not known. This study tests the effect of an acute increase in intra-abdominal pressure on the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in mice. METHODS: Male CD-1 mice weighing 30 g to 38 g were used. Mice in experimental groups underwent either 4 hours of IAH or 4 hours of IAH followed by 1 hour of decompression (DC). A set of control mice were anesthetized for either 4 hours or 5 hours. Femoral artery cannulation was used for blood pressure monitoring. IAH was induced by intraperitoneal infusion of mineral oil to a pressure of 20 mm Hg. DC was performed through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall. BBB integrity was determined by extravasation of 2% Evans blue (EB) dye administered through the femoral vein 1 hour before the mice were killed. BBB permeability was quantified by the EB extravasation method. RESULTS: EB content in brain tissue was higher in the IAH 4-hour group (n = 12) compared with their control group (n = 4; p < 0.05), indicating increased permeability of BBB. In the IAH 4-hour + DC 1-hour group (n = 6), EB content in brain tissue was not significantly higher than their respective control group (n = 6). CONCLUSION: IAH of 20 mm Hg in mice for 4 hours caused increased BBB permeability. This endothelial barrier dysfunction is reversed by abdominal DC.
An Empirical Study on the Performance of Wireless OFDM Communications in Highly Reverberant Environments

Reverberation chambers are closed reflective spaces that can emulate highly reverberant electromagnetic environments. The electromagnetic environment is primarily determined by the size of the cavity, effective conductivity, and leakage via apertures. In this effort, we investigate the performance of wireless OFDM communications in relation to the latter two by controlling the loading of a reverberation chamber and the effective aperture into a coupled cavity. A software defined radio measurement platform was used to assess the communication performance through a selection of link-level metrics including error vector magnitude, post processing signal-to-noise ratio, and throughput. The degradation of link quality is quantified for increasingly diffuse environments, as well as the improvement when leveraging a maximal ratio combining receiver diversity scheme. The link quality was found to improve in both the reverberation chamber and the coupled cavity for larger effective apertures. This result was analyzed using a time-dependent model for RF propagation in coupled cavities.
Perceptions of the risks and benefits of upper limb transplantation among individuals with upper limb amputations.

Background Upper limb transplantation is a life-enhancing rather than life-saving procedure. Little research has investigated how individuals with upper limb amputations perceive the benefits and risks of this complex procedure. To address this knowledge gap, the authors conducted qualitative research with individuals with upper limb amputations to understand their perspectives. Methods Twenty-two individuals with upper limb amputations (age range, 24 to 73 years) participated in a focus group (n=5) or semistructured interview (n=17) about the benefits and risks of upper limb transplantation. Data were analyzed by means of constant comparative methods and a two-phase analysis process. Results Participants identified enhanced functional performance and improved appearance as the greatest potential benefits. Over half of participants indicated that function was a more important consideration than appearance. Enhanced function performance was a relative concept strongly influenced by individual expectations, which varied widely. Increased sensation, psychological well-being, and social acceptability were also described as potential benefits. Identified risks included health risks and the demands of transplantation and recovery, decreased functional performance, and uncertainty over outcomes from upper limb transplantation as an experimental procedure. Participants also expressed concerns regarding the psychological impact of negative outcomes and adverse events. Conclusions Participants had a large variation in their perceived importance of the many risks and benefits of upper limb transplantation. These findings elucidate how potential upper limb transplantation candidates evaluate the benefits and risks of the procedure. The findings can also inform important issues to address and outcomes to assess in the pretransplant and posttransplant settings.
In Search of Congressional Intent

A second volume of the important literary legacy of the Golden Jubilee Commission on Telecommunications has recently appeared beside the well-thumbed copy of its sister volume, A Legislative History of the Communications Act of 1934, in the library of every diligent practitioner of communications law. The first volume documents the legislative history of the Communications Act of 1934 (“1934 Act”), which combined the common carrier jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce Commission with the radio jurisdiction of the Radio Commission to create the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”). The recently released companion volume, The Communications Act: A Legislative History of the Major Amendments, 1934-1996, brings the legislative history forward to late summer 1998, including the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The first volume was produced under the editorship of the late Max
Investigation on Bacteria Contamination of Central Air Conditioning System of Hotels and Restaurants in Chaoyang District of Beijing

[Objective]To investigate bacteria contamination of central air conditioning system in Chaoyang District's hotels and restaurants,and put forward countermeasures for existed problem.[Methods] Totally 42 three stars and more advanced hotels and restaurants were chosen and the index of total bacterial count of central air conditioning system facilities were investigated,air strike method and smear method were adopted in supply-air outlet and ventilation tube.[Results]Totally 262 samples were collected,qualified rate was 82.4%,among which qualified rate in supply-air outlet was 69.4%,that in ventilation tube was 99.1%,the difference between them was significant.The qualified rate of total bacterial count of hotels with three,four,five-star level was 82.4%,79.0%,88.2% respectively,the differences were not significant.[Conclusion]It is suggested that measures should be taken to strengthen periodic cleaning and disinfection for condensing coil,filters of central air conditioning system,and monitoring and supervision should be enhanced too.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a New Type of Oil Displacement Agent

A new type of Gemini surfactants 16-4-16 has been synthesized with Hexadecyl dimethyl tertiary amine and 1,4-dibromo-butane,and the viscosity and surface activity of the target product are detected.The results showed that the surfactant agent can greatly deceases the surface activity at lower concentration,also has better synergy with normal surfactant,can be used as a new type of oil displacement agent.
Small-Sample Classification

In a number of application areas, such as materials and genomics, where one wishes to classify objects, sample sizes are often small owing to the expense or unavailability of data points. Many classifier design procedures work well with large samples but are ineffectual or, at best, problematic with small samples. Worse yet, small-samples make it difficult to impossible to guarantee an accurate error estimate without modeling assumptions, and absent a good error estimate a classifier is useless. The present chapter discusses the problem of small-sample error estimation and how modeling assumptions can be used to obtain bounds on error estimation accuracy. Given the necessity of modeling assumptions, we go on to discuss minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) error estimation and the design of optimal classifiers relative to prior knowledge and data in a Bayesian context.
Complications of Whole Bladder Dihematoporphyrin Ether Photodynamic Therapy

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy with dihematoporphyrin ether was used to treat superficial bladder tumors in 7 patients with a followup of at least 1 year. Each patient received treatment to the whole bladder and those with papillary lesions received additional focal treatment.At 3 months 4 of the 5 patients with papillary tumors (stages Ta and T1) and 1 of the 2 with diffuse carcinoma in situ (Tis) were free of disease. However, at 1 year only 3 patients remained free of disease. Of 5 patients with an increase in irritative bladder symptoms 4 had a contracted bladder, hydroureteronephrosis and vesicoureteral reflux. Deep bladder biopsies showed replacement of smooth muscle by fibrous tissue. Six patients had mild to moderate skin phototoxicity.We conclude that although photodynamic therapy is an attractive and exciting method to treat cancer, its use with dihematoporphyrin ether in cases of bladder carcinoma can be associated with significant complications. The correct treatment parameters for safe, effecti...
SEMANTIC CASE AND PRAGMATIC FUNCTION: promotion, accessibility, and the typology of case marking

This chapter presents a preliminary investigation into a number of interdependencies which rest at the very core of the typological definition of a language. It focuses on the interplay between the case-marking cum word-order typology of the language and its so-called transformational behavior. The chapter discusses the interaction—within case-marking systems—between semantic and pragmatic function. The way in which semantic, pragmatic, and complexity considerations conspire to determine transformational behavior is also probed. One may choose to argue that no absolute need exists in language for marking by overt morphological means the semantic or pragmatic function of the various arguments vis-a-vis the verb. Both the semantic specificity of the various arguments and the pragmatic knowledge of the shared universe and the specific discourse context constitute an immense body of informational redundancy from which the case-functions of the various arguments may be presumably recovered.