cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tagging of leukemic leukocytes with radioactive chromium and measurement of the in vivo cell survival.

Abstract 1.1. An in vitro method for tagging leukemic human granulocytes, lymphocytes, and their precursors with radioactive sodium chromate (Na 2 Cr 51 O 4 ) was described. The exact mechanism of the tagging process remains unknown, but was influenced by varying the temperature of incubation. 2.2. In four instances, such in vitro tagged leukocytes were shown to circulate in vivo following autotransfusion for at least 24 hours. Although the majority of the cells were rapidly removed from the circulation, in two patients the Cr 51 activity in the leukocytic fraction was followed and small numbers of tagged leukocytes persisted in the circulation for five days. 3.3. Leukemic leukocytes have been tagged in vivo by an intravenous injection of radioactive sodium chromate. The leukocytes in chronic myelogenous leukemia had a measured intravascular life span of approximately 13 days. Two cases of chronic lymphatic leukemia demonstrated a similar finding, but the lymphocytes in two additional patients had a life span of approximately 30 days. The cells in one case of acute lymphatic leukemia showed a life span of 10 days.
Interaction of chemical carcinogens with plasma membranes: the effect of dimethylaminoazobenzene on erythrocyte osmotic fragility.

Abstract The capacity of the hepatocarcinogen dimethylaminoazobenzene and two of its analogs to protect erythrocytes against hemolysis is demonstrated. The aminoazo dye compounds exhibit stabilization at relatively low final concentrations, suggestive of an efficient partitioning of the dye molecules into the erythrocyte membrane. Methyl groups at either the 2 or 3′ position of dimethylaminoazobenzene confer even greater stabilization potential to the basic dye structure. The application of the erythrocyte osmotic hemolysis assay in analysis of carcinogen-membrane interactions is discussed.
Ability of low-dose cyclophosphamide to overcome metastasis-induced immunosuppression

Background: Lymphocytes obtained from tumor-draining lymph nodes (DLN) can have potent in vivo antitumor activity after in vitro activation with bryostatin 1 and ionomycin. However, the presence of visceral metastases in the donor can inhibit the effectiveness of such lymphocytes. In the present study, we tested the ability of low-dose cyclophosphamide to overcome metastasis-induced immunosuppression in a murine model.
Impact of source and free atom density spatial non-uniformities in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry☆

Using various atom density gradients within the furnace combined with several spatial distributions of the lamp image profile, the impact on the measured analytical signal (using peak areas) has been modeled. Atom density gradients which decrease from bottom to top of the furnace together with distributions which increase either toward the center of the furnace or toward the wall are considered. The calculation of the absorbance signal is done using two approaches. Case I involves use of the integrated intensity after passing through the absorbers in the furnace and ratioing this value to the integrated intensity in the absence of absorbers to finally calculate the absorbance. In Case II the final absorbance is calculated using the average absorbance through each spatial zone. Non-linearities in the calibration curve and changes in sensitivity are minimized using Case II in most situations.
Shock cavity implosion morphologies and vortical projectile generation in axisymmetric shock–spherical fast/slow bubble interactions

Collapsing shock-bounded cavities in fast/slow (F/S) spherical and near-spherical configurations give rise to expelled jets and vortex rings. In this paper, we simulate with the Euler equations planar shocks interacting with an R12 axisymmetric spherical bubble. We visualize and quantify results that show evolving upstream and downstream complex wave patterns and emphasize the appearance of vortex rings. We examine how the magnitude of these structures scales with Mach number. The collapsing shock cavity within the bubble causes secondary shock refractions on the interface and an expelled weak jet at low Mach number. At higher Mach numbers (e.g. M=2.5) ‘vortical projectiles’ (VP) appear on the downstream side of the bubble. The primary VP arises from the delayed conical vortex layer generated at the Mach disk which forms as a result of the interaction of the curved incoming shock waves that collide on the downstream side of the bubble. These rings grow in a self-similar manner and their circulation is a function of the incoming shock Mach number. At M=5.0, it is of the same order of magnitude as the primary negative circulation deposited on the bubble interface. Also at M=2.5 and 5.0 a double vortex layer arises near the apex of the bubble and moves off the interface. It evolves into a VP, an asymmetric diffuse double ring, and moves radially beyond the apex of the bubble. Our simulations of the Euler equations were done with a second-order-accurate Harten–Yee-type upwind TVD scheme with an approximate Riemann Solver on mesh resolution of 803×123 with a bubble of radius 55 zones.
Exploiting cooperation for delay optimization in cognitive networks

In this paper, we exploit mutual cooperation between primary and secondary users to reduce delay in packet transmission in a cognitive network. More formally, we present a delay optimization problem based on the cooperation model and show that the problem is NP-Hard. The mutual benefit through cooperation is analyzed using a time dependent priority queueing system. Analytical simulation results are presented to validate the proposed cooperation model.
A Rewetting Approximation for a Simulator of Flow in a Surficial Aquifer Overlain by Seasonally Inundated Wetlands

An approximation is presented to rectify situations occurring as part of the three-dimensional simulation of surficial aquifer flows in which surface grid cells become dry (zero saturated thickness) and then cannot readily receive flows that would again partially saturate them. The approximation permits the cells to be rewetted by adjusting dry cell pressures by the same amount as the pressure change computed for the uppermost nondry cells in the vertical column. This is continued in successive timesteps until the dry cells once again become partially or fully saturated. The rewetting procedure was tested in a recent transient simulation of flows in the surficial Biscayne aquifer of Dade County, Florida, which is partly covered by seasonally inundated wetlands. The uppermost layer of the model (layer 1) was used to represent overland sheetflow and grid cells of high equivalent hydraulic conductivity in this layer became dry and were rewetted seasonally, requiring a relatively robust representation of rewetting. The rewetting procedure made possible a simulation of overland sheetflow stages and aquifer water-table altitudes between 1945 and 1989 that was generally correct to within about 1 foot in inundated and noninundated regions. In a 6-year time period (1962–67) in which the behavior of the rewetting procedure was studied in detail, there were 4,723 simulated cell rewettings, of which 3,172 were in the overland sheetflow layer and 1,551 were in the uppermost aquifer layer (layer 2). The average head adjustment in a cell rewetting was 0.10 foot in layer 1 and 0.15 foot in layer 2. This study demonstrates an empirical approach to the problem of cell rewetting that might prove useful in other models of flow in surficial aquifers.
Generation of run-time environments

Attribute grammars have been used for many years for automated compiler construction. Attribute grammars support the description of semantic analysis, code generation and some code optimization in a formal declarative style. Other tools support the automation of lexical analysis and parsing. However, there is one large part of compiler construction that is missing from our toolkit: run-time environments. This paper introduces an extension of attribute grammars that supports the generation of run-time environments. The extension also supports the generation of interpreters, symbolic debugging tools, and other execution-time facilities.
Glutamate dehydrogenases from tissues of the ribbed mussel Modiolus demissus: ADP activation and possible physiological significance

Glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C. 14.1.3) was localized in the mitochondria from heart, gill, mantle and hepatopancreas of this euryhaline bivalve mollusc. Activity levels were low (0.1-0.4 mumoles/min/g wet weight) in all tissues when assayed in the glutamate forming direction. Partially purified gill mitochondrial GDH was most active at pH 8.5. The rate in the glutamate deaminating direction was 10-20% of the rate in the glutamate forming direction. ADP at apparent Ka concentrations of micrometer (glutamate formation) and 170 micrometer (glutamate deamination) enhanced GDH activity, 8- and 4-fold respectively. GDH, in vivo, is probably in the activated form and appears to function in glutamate synthesis rather than ammonia formation. However, based on the low activities obtained, the role of GDH in salinity induced amino acid synthesis seems minimal.
Controlling Lattice Thermal Conductivity via Coherent Phonon Manipulation

Controlling thermal conductivity of materials is very important in various applications, such as thermal management and energy conversion. We have been utilizing femtosecond phonon spectroscopy to excite and detect coherent phonons in various materials. However, the impact of coherent phonons to overall heat transport is still unknown. In this paper, we developed a small perturbation model in molecular dynamics (MD) to simulate coherent phonons and investigate the effect on thermal conductivity in bismuth telluride. The phonon frequency and lifetime predicted by our model agree very well with experimental results. It is found that at very low temperature, the lattice thermal conductivity, predicted by quasi-equilibrium Green-Kubo method, can be greatly enhanced upon coherent phonon generation. Our results suggest that it is possible to control lattice thermal conductivity effectively via manipulating coherent phonons.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Differential gene expression in liver and small intestine from lactating rats compared to age-matched virgin controls detects increased mRNA of cholesterol biosynthetic genes

Lactation increases energy demands four- to five-fold, leading to a two- to three-fold increase in food consumption, requiring a proportional adjustment in the ability of the lactating dam to absorb nutrients and to synthesize critical biomolecules, such as cholesterol, to meet the dietary needs of both the offspring and the dam. The size and hydrophobicity of the bile acid pool increases during lactation, implying an increased absorption and disposition of lipids, sterols, nutrients, and xenobiotics. In order to investigate changes at the transcriptomics level, we utilized an exon array and calculated expression levels to investigate changes in gene expression in the liver, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of lactating dams when compared against age-matched virgin controls. A two-way mixed models ANOVA was applied to detect differentially expressed genes. Significance calls were defined as a p < 0.05 for the overall physiologic state effect (lactation vs. control), and a within tissue pairwise comparison of p < 0.01. The proportion of false positives, an estimate of the ratio of false positives in the list of differentially expressed genes, was calculated for each tissue. The number of differentially expressed genes was 420 in the liver, 337 in the duodenum, 402 in the jejunum, and 523 in the ileum. The list of differentially expressed genes was in turn analyzed by Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) to detect biological pathways that were overrepresented. In all tissues, sterol regulatory element binding protein (Srebp)-regulated genes involved in cholesterol synthesis showed increased mRNA expression, with the fewest changes detected in the jejunum. We detected increased Scap mRNA in the liver only, suggesting an explanation for the difference in response to lactation between the liver and small intestine. Expression of Cyp7a1, which catalyzes the rate limiting step in the bile acid biosynthetic pathway, was also significantly increased in liver. In addition, decreased levels of mRNA associated with T-cell signaling were found in the jejunum and ileum. Several members of the Solute Carrier (SLC) and Adenosine Triphosphate Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamilies of membrane transporters were found to be differentially expressed; these genes may play a role in differences in nutrient and xenobiotic absorption and disposition. mRNA expression of SLC39a4_predicted, a zinc transporter, was increased in all tissues, suggesting that it is involved in increased zinc uptake during lactation. Microarray data are available through GEO under GSE19175. We detected differential expression of mRNA from several pathways in lactating dams, including upregulation of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in liver and intestine, consistent with Srebp activation. Differential T-Cell signaling in the two most distal regions of the small intestine (ileum and jejunum) was also noted, as well as differential expression of transporters that likely play a key role in nutrient uptake.
Tritium handling requirements and development for fusion

Tritium technology development for the U.S. Department of Energy fusion program is taking place principally at three laboratories: Mound Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory. This paper reviews major aspects of these three programs and discusses aspects of the tritium technology development at other laboratories in the U.S. Facilities and experiments discussed include the Tritium Effluent Control Laboratory and the Tritium Storage and Delivery System for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor at Mound Facility, the Lithium Processing Test Loop and the solid breeder blanket studies at Argonne National Laboratory, and the Tritium Systems Test Assembly at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Work at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory will also be discussed.
Expression of λ red genes restores recB-dependent protein X induction in E. coli

DNA DAMAGE and/or inhibition of DNA synthesis elicit a number of responses in Escherichia coli known as SOS functions1, including the production of large quantities of a protein provisionally called protein X (ref. 2). Induction of protein X, like the other SOS functions, requires functional rec A and lex A genes3,4. Gudas and Pardee4 proposed a model to suggest roles for rec A and lex A in the regulation of protein X production. Several research groups have identified protein X as the rec A gene product5–8 which prompted them to formulate updated models, to account for the apparent autoregulation of the rec A gene6–8. These models propose that the lex A gene codes for a represser which inhibits the transcription of the rec A gene. Following treatment, such as exposure to ultraviolet irradiation or nalidixic acid, a small inducer molecule is produced that causes the rec A gene product, present in low levels in untreated cells, to inactivate the lex A repressor. This allows transcription of the rec A gene that results in the production of large amounts of the rec A gene product, protein X. Gudas and Pardee4 suggested that the inducer molecule may be a DNA degradation product resulting from the action of the recBC gene products, exonuclease V. In support of this idea they showed that protein X is not induced by nalidixic acid in recB− mutants deficient in exonuclease V. On the other hand, Little and Hanawalt9 showed that intracellular degradation of unmodified phage DNA by restriction is not sufficient to induce protein X, and they have challenged the role of DNA degradation in the induction process. In this report we show that phage λ genes controlling λ exonuclease can restore the missing function for the induction of protein X in recB− mutants. This is further evidence that DNA degradation is required to derepress the rec A gene.
Differentiation of 2'-O- and 3'-O-methylated ribonucleosides by tandem mass spectrometry

Recent studies revealed that the 3'-terminal nucleotides in plant microRNAs were methylated on the ribose at the 2' or 3' hydroxyl groups. Here we examined the fragmentation of the electrospray-produced [M + H]+ and [M - H]- ions of 2'- and 3'-O-methylated ribonucleosides. It turned out that the predominant fragmentation pathway for the [M + H]+ ions of ribose-methylated nucleosides was the neutral loss of the methylated ribose, which made it impossible to distinguish 2'-O-methylation from 3'-O-methylation by positive-ion MS/MS. However, characteristic fragment ions, resulting from the cleavage through the ribose rings, were produced for the [M - H]- ions of each pair of ribose-methylated nucleosides. In this respect, the neutral loss of a 90-Da fragment (C3H6O3) was observed for 2'-O-methylated cytidine, guanosine and adenosine, but not for their 3'-O-methylated counterparts. On the other hand, the neutral loss of a 60-Da fragment (C2H4O2) was found for 3'-O-methyluridine, but not for 2'-O-methyluridine.
An iterative adaptive multiquadric radial basis function method for the detection of local jump discontinuities

In [J.-H. Jung, Appl. Numer. Math. 57 (2007) 213-229], an adaptive multiquadric radial basis function method has been proposed for the reconstruction of discontinuous functions. Utilizing the vanishing shape parameters near the local jump discontinuity, the adaptive method considerably reduces the Gibbs oscillations and enhances convergence. In this paper, a new jump discontinuity detection method is developed based on the adaptive method. The global maximum of the expansion coefficients, @l"i, exists at the strongest jump discontinuity and its magnitude increases exponentially with the number of the center points, N. The adaptive method, however, dynamically reduces its magnitude to O(N) once applied. The global maximum of @l"i then exists at the next strongest jump discontinuity and its magnitude is exponentially large. In this way, the local jump discontinues are successively detected with the adaptive method applied iteratively. Numerical examples are provided using the piecewise analytic functions and the numerical solution of the shock interaction equations. Numerical results verify that the proposed method is efficient and accurate in finding local jump discontinuities.
Linear dependence among Siegel modular forms

Theorems are given which describe when high enough vanishing at the cusps implies that a Siegel modular cusp form is zero. Formerly impractical computations become practical and examples are given in degree four. Vanishing order is described by kernels, a type of polyhedral convex hull.
Iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance contrast agent for tumor imaging via folate receptor-targeted delivery.

Abstract Rationale and objective Targeted delivery is a highly desirable strategy for diagnostic imaging because of enhanced efficacy and reduced dosage/toxicity. Receptor-targeting was used to deliver contrast-producing superparamagnetic iron oxide (IO) nanoparticle to receptor-expressing tumors for in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and methods Nanometer-sized, dextran-coated (maghemite) IO particles were prepared by a precipitation method. They were tethered with N-hydroxysuccinimide-folate and fluorescence isothiocyanate (FITC). For in vitro study of delivery specificity and efficiency, KB cells, a human nasopharyngeal epidermal carcinoma cell line expressing surface receptors for folic acid, were used as positive targets, and A549 cells, a human lung carcinoma cell line which lacks folate receptors, were used as negative control targets. In vivo MR images were obtained using mouse models with subcutaneous tumor xenografts grown from implanted KB cells. Results Internalization of nanoparticles into targeted cells only occurred when IO was conjugated to folate and when the folate receptors are available and accessible on the cells. The endocytosis was efficient and rapid, as 97.5% KB cells cultured with folate-FITC-IO showed FITC uptake after 1 hour of incubation. In in vivo MR imaging, an average intensity decrease of 38% was observed from precontrast to postcontrast images of the tumor, which was about three times the intensity decrease observed at a non-tumor-bearing muscle. Conclusion Successful in vivo MR imaging of folate receptor-expressing tumors targeted by IO nanoparticles was demonstrated for the first time.
Fine structure of the eye of peripatus (Onychophora).

1. The fine structure of the eye has been studied in three species of peripatus (Phylum Onychophora): Perpatonder novaezealandiae from New Zealand and Epiperipatus braziliensis and Macroperipatus geayi from Panama. 2. The retina contains two kinds of cells: pigmented (supportive) and sensory. Each sensory cell bears at its distal end a long process from which extend orderly arrays of straight microvim. 3. Rudimentary cilia are found at the bases of the receptoral processes, enclosed in extracellular spaces which suggest that the cilia became recessed into the sensory cells in development. The photoreceptor of peripatus is classified as rhabdomeric rather than ciliary in type. 4. The photoreceptors of peripatus resemble those of annelids in some features and those of arthropods in other respects. 5. Each sensory cell possesses an axon which runs through the collagenous capsule of the eye and to the brain via the optic nerve. 6. The cornea consists of one or two cuticular layers, an outer cellular layer which is a continuation of the epidermis and which secretes the corneal cuticle, and an inner layer of cells which is continuous with the retina and which secretes the lens, a large finely granular body. Between the cellular layers is a narrow band of collagen.
Pattern of hemipenis use in the male lizard Anolis sagrei after unilateral castration

This study investigated whether sensory feedback from the testis and sperm duct determines the pattern of hemipenis use in male A. sagrei. Males were unilaterally castrated and observed in copulations that began 2 wk after surgery. Independent of whether the left or right testis had been removed, unilaterally castrated males showed no significant difference in the frequency of use of either the left or right hemipenis in either of two copulations separated by 1–3 h or in a series of 16 copulations over 16 days. Thus, males did not preferentially use the hemipenis leading to the intact testis. Moreover, unilaterally castrated males showed significant alternation in the use of the hemipenes, not only in the two successive copulations, but also in the series of 16 copulations. The mass of the sperm ducts differed significantly after the last of the copulations. The mass of ducts that led to a testis was significantly greater than that of ducts not leading to a testis. These findings suggest that the pattern of alternation of hemipenis use in male A. sagrei is not determined by sensory input from either the testis or the sperm duct.
Control of smooth muscle actomyosin by phosphate and 5′AMP: Possible role in metabolic autoregulation

Abstract Inorganic phosphate (Pi) inhibits ATPase activity and syneresis of myofibrils and myosin B from vertebrate smooth muscle. This effect is not due to binding of Ca ++ by Pi. Smooth muscle actomyosin is also inhibited by 5′AMP, but the effect is small except at high AMP concentrations. When Pi and 5′AMP are simultaneously present in vitro , the inhibition of ATPase activity is greater than the sum of the separate effects of the two metabolites, and increases as substrate concentration decreases. Concentrations of Pi, 5′AMP and ATP which simulate those in normally oxygenated smooth muscle tissue produce little inhibition in vitro , but concentrations typical of ischemic muscle can almost completely eliminate contraction-coupled ATP hydrolysis. Since smooth muscles contain creatine kinase and adenylate kinase, but possess little 5′AMP deaminase activity, Pi and AMP could serve as oxygen-linked feed-back controls of ATP utilization. The foregoing ideas are applied to a theoretical analysis of the mechanism by which pre-capillary sphincter smooth muscle adjusts capillary density in accordance with local tissue metabolism.
A Novel Tertiary Pyridostigmine Derivative [3-N,N-Dimethylcarbamyloxy)-1-Methyl-Δ3-Tetrahydropyridine]: Anticholinesterase Properties and Efficacy against Soman

In an effort to develop an effective centrally acting pretreatment compound against organophosphorus poisons, the tertiary pyridostigmine (Pyr) derivative 3-(N,N-dimethyl-carbamyloxy)-1-methyl-delta 3-tetrahydropyridine (THP) was synthesized and studied for its anticholinesterase properties, as well as its efficacy against soman intoxication in guinea pigs. Injection of THP (262 micrograms/kg, im) into adult male guinea pigs caused inhibition of blood (30%) and brain (25%) acetylcholinesterase (AChE), showing that THP penetrates the blood-brain barrier. Pyr (131 micrograms/kg, im) caused AChE inhibition in the blood (59%), but not in the brain. The inhibitory potencies of THP and Pyr were compared by determining their IC50 values for in vitro inhibition of both AChE (brain, erythrocyte) and pseudo-cholinesterase (plasma) in three mammalian species (guinea pig, rat, rabbit). THP, although effective in inhibiting both types of cholinesterase, was in general less potent than Pyr. Pretreatment of guinea pigs with THP (262 micrograms/kg, im) plus Pyr (131 micrograms/kg, im), 30 min prior to subcutaneous soman challenge, with no antimuscarinic or oxime treatment, protected 60% of the animals against 2 X LD50 of soman. Neither THP nor Pyr alone was effective. The protective pretreatment regimen did not prevent convulsions, but shortened the recovery time in surviving animals (median recovery time 1.6 hr, compared to 24 hr in control and other groups of animals pretreated with THP or Pyr alone). A combination of THP and Pyr thus appears to provide a means of evaluating the relative importance of selective peripheral plus central vs peripheral AChE protection against soman.
Toward understanding the exchange-correlation energy and total-energy density functionals

If an accurate ground-state electron density ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$ for a system is known, it is shown from calculations on atoms that a strikingly good estimate for the total electronic energy of atoms is provided by the formula E[${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$]=${\mathit{tsum}}_{\mathit{i}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{i}}$-(1-1/N)J[${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$], where N is the number of electrons, J[${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$] is the classical Coulomb repulsion energy for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{0}$, and the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}_{\mathit{i}}$ are the Kohn-Sham orbital energies determined by the Zhao-Morrison-Parr procedure [Phys. Rev. A 50, 2138 (1994)] for implementation of the Levy-constrained search determination of the Kohn-Sham kinetic energy. The surprising accuracy of this formula is attributed to the fact that the exchange-correlation functional is equal to -J/N plus a functional that behaves as if it were approximately homogeneous, of degree 1 in the electron density. A corresponding exact formula is given, and various approximate models are constructed.
Testing the veracity of LIBS analyses on Mars using the LIBSSIM program

Abstract The LIBSSIM program was developed to aid in understanding data returned by the laser-induced breakdown spectrometer (LIBS) on Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). The program models the effects of rock grain size, mineralogy, sampling density, and beam size on inferred bulk chemical analyses using Martian basaltic compositions. The relationship between grain size and beam size was found to be the most important factor in producing a representative LIBSSIM-predicted bulk composition. As grain size increases relative to beam size, accuracy of calculated bulk compositions decreases, but chemical information about the nature of the component grains is improved. Sampling density takes on greatest importance in coarse-grained samples with large compositional differences among grains, where many analyses are required to reduce standard deviations to acceptable levels. These results stress the importance of careful sampling strategies for the LIBS at the MSL landing site at Gale crater.
On Methods for Probing Validity of Intelligence Tests: A Commentary on the Work of Zeidner and Feitelson

Smallest space analysis represents one way to probe the validity of intelligence tests. In this article a variety of techniques are used to further investigate the structure of the WPPSI and MILI batteries. In general, the approaches used in this investigation support Zeidner and Feitelson's claim that between-battery variance is the single most salient feature of the data set. However, no technique demonstrates the presence of the three-factor structure postulated for intelligence tests. This paper demonstrates the value of using several statistical approaches to investigate the structure of a data set.
846 EFFECT OF IRON DEFICIENCY WITHOUT ANEMIA ON INFANT BEHAVIOR

We have reported that treatment of infants with iron deficiency anemia produces a prompt increase in infant performance as measured by the Bayley scores of mental development (MDI). The present study was designed to determine if iron deficiency in the absence of anemia (Hb ≥11.0 g/dl) was also associated with behavioral alterations. Infants, 9-13 months of age, were classified based on hemoglobin, serum ferritin, erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP) and red cell size (MCV) as follows: Subjects were administered the Bayley MDI, treated with intramuscular iron, and then retested exactly one week later. All tests were administered by the same psychologist without knowledge of the infant's iron status. The mean increase in score in the test-retest for the 10 normals was 7.2; for those with iron depletion (8) it was 3.7 while the 15 infants with iron deficiency had a mean increase of 21 points (p <0.005). This study demonstrates that iron deficiency with biochemical (FEP) or cellular alterations (MCV) produces alterations in behavior that are independent of anemia and are rapidly reversible with iron therapy.
Nimbus-5 ITPR Experiment

The Nimbus-5 infrared temperature profile radiometer (ITPR) experiment was designed to measure up-welling infrared radiation in appropriate spectral intervals and with sufficient geographical resolution for sounding the atmosphere’s temperature distribution down to the earth’s surface even under partly cloudy sky conditions. A primary scientific goal of the experiment was the specification of the mesoscale features of surface and atmospheric temperature and water vapor that are associated with intense weather systems. In this paper the ITPR instrument is described and some initial spacecraft results are given that demonstrate the success of the experiment in achieving its scientific goals.
Extracellular BCL2 proteins are danger-associated molecular patterns that reduce tissue damage in murine models of ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Background Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes to organ dysfunction in a variety of clinical disorders, including myocardial infarction, stroke, organ transplantation, and hemorrhagic shock. Recent investigations have demonstrated that apoptosis as an important mechanism of cell death leading to organ dysfunction following I/R. Intracellular danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released during cell death can activate cytoprotective responses by engaging receptors of the innate immune system.
VARIATION OF DORSAL HORN CELL DENDRITIC SPREAD WITH MAP SCALE

Cells in laminae III, IV, and V of cat dorsal horn were injected with horseradish peroxidase or neurobiotin. Dorsal views of the dendritic domains were constructed in order to measure their lengths, widths, areas, and length/width ratios in the horizontal plane (the plane of the somatotopic map). Dendritic domain width and area in the horizontal plane were negatively correlated with fractional distance between the medial and lateral edges of the dorsal horn. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that dendritic domain width varies with map scale, which is maximal in the medial dorsal horn. This is similar to the variation in widths of primary afferent bouton distributions. The parallel variation of dorsal horn cell dendritic domain width and primary afferent bouton distribution width with map scale suggests that there is a causal relation between morphology and map scale in the dorsal horn representation of the hindlimb. This variation of adult morphology with map scale must reflect mechanisms responsible for the assembly of receptive fields. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optimizing reticle inspection for the X architecture

Sub-wavelength lithography used for today's 130nm and 90nm node devices requires new approaches to both lithography processes and chip design. Reticle complexity has increased as OPC and Phase Shift techniques are used to improve lithography process windows at smaller design rules. Among new revolutionary design implementations specifically for metal layers, the X Architecture is an interconnect architecture based on the pervasive use of diagonal wiring, reducing total chip wire length by an average 20% and via count by an average of 30%, resulting in simultaneous improvements in chip speed, power, and cost. An important consideration for implementation of any new IC manufacturing process is early verification that the new process, technology, or design is has stable manufacturability in a production environment. To perform this verification for X Architecture reticle inspectability, an investigation was launched with the goal to optimize reticle inspection for X Architecture metal layers. The TeraStar reticle inspection system was used inspect two sources of X Architecture metal 4 and metal 5 layers, both employing X Architecture design data. This paper will present the results of these reticle inspections and will report the overall inspectability of the X Architecture design and the viability of TeraStar reticle inspection on these reticles in a production environment.
A random-walk model for spectral relaxation of trapped electrons in alcohols

Abstract Following pulsed irradiation of disordered solids, optical absorption of trapped electrons decays in the far red and increases in the visible. The random-walk model of Scher and Montrod, quantitatively applicable to electron mobility by time-of-flight, supports hopping to successively deeper traps.
Mechanisms affecting emission in rare-earth-activated phosphors

The relatively poor efficiency of phosphor materials in cathodoluminescence with low accelerating voltages is a major concern in the design of field emission flat panel displays operated below 5 kV. The authors research on rare-earth-activated phosphors indicates that mechanisms involving interactions of excited activators have a significant impact on phosphor efficiency. Persistence measurements in photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) show significant deviations from the sequential relaxation model. This model assumes that higher excited manifolds in an activator de-excite primarily by phonon-mediated sequential relaxation to lower energy manifolds in the same activator ion. In addition to sequential relaxation, there appears to be strong coupling between activators, which results in energy transfer interactions. Some of these interactions negatively impact phosphor efficiency by nonradiatively de-exciting activators. Increasing activator concentration enhances these interactions. The net effect is a significant degradation in phosphor efficiency at useful activator concentrations, which is exaggerated when low-energy electron beams are used to excite the emission.
Climatic implications of Late Pleistocene and Holocene faunal associations in Australia

Late Pleistocene mammalian faunas of Australia contain many extant taxa that indicate more mesic conditions. The presence of many disharmonious pairs of taxa in these faunas implies that the Pleistocene climate was more equable than at present. The climate began to change between 16,000 and 20,000 years B.P. to less equable conditions. Faunas younger than 16,000 years B.P. contain fewer disharmonious associations and show changes in the geographic distribution of many taxa approaching their present ranges. The disappearance of numerous disharmonious associations takes place at the same time as the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. The correspondence in time of the extinction of many Pleistocene taxa and the decrease in equability of the climate suggests that the cause of the widespread extinction 16,000 to 20,000 years ago lies in this climatic change which would lower plant productivity at certain seasons, putting stress on some components of the fauna.
Agency Design as an Ongoing Tool of Bureaucratic Influence

Theoretical work assumes that legislators use ex ante design to gain bureaucratic influence, not only at an agency's appointment stage but also as an ongoing tactic. Yet no empirical work has investigated whether or not legislators prefer to use design to exert influence after an agency's appointment stage. Using a mail survey of more than 2,500 legislators, we model legislators' preferences for ex ante design as a function of both institutional factors and individual legislators' characteristics. Our results suggest that the feasibility of agency design as an ongoing tactic of bureaucratic influence is more limited than theoretical work indicates and that both institutional- and individual-level factors explain legislators' preferences.
The role of interfacial potential in adsorbate bonding: electrode potential-dependent infrared spectra for saturated CO adlayers on Pt(110) and related electrochemical surfaces in varying solvent environments

Infrared spectra in the CO stretching (νCO) region are reported for saturated CO adlayers on Pt(110) in various solvent media over wide (∼3 V) ranges of electrode potential in order to explore the influence of the surface potential in various ionic double-layer environments on the adsorbate bonding. The solvents chosen - acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, methanol, and water — span a wide range of polarity and other properties. The double-layer cations, constituting the ionic countercharge to the negative surface electronic charges encountered here, are tetrabutylammonium (TBA+ ), tetraethylammonium (TEA+ ) and sodium, present as the perchlorate salts. The tetra-alkylammonium ions provide noninteracting cations of differing size, enabling the effects of altering the inner-layer thickness to be examined. In such media, a single terminal νCO feature (referring to a coverage θCO ≈ 1.0) is obtained on Pt(110) throughout the potential range of about −2 to 1 V versus aqueous saturated calomel electrode (SCE), with frequencies (νCOt) in the range 2050–2100 cm−1, decreasing linearly with potential (E). While the νCOt−E behavior is approximately independent of the solvent, the slopes observed in TEA + (20–21 cm−1 V−1) ar significantly greater than in TBA + (15–17 cm−1 V−1). These differences can be interpreted by using a simple double-layer model where the inner-layer thickness is determined by the CO adlayer plus the cation crystallographic radius. The potential of zero charge, Epzc ≈ 0.8 V versus SCE, as determined by the intersection point of these νCOt−E plots, is consistent with the surfac potential of the (necessarily uncharged) Pt(110)/CO interface in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) as determined by work-function measurements. Similar findings were obtained for saturated CO adlayers on Rh(111), although bridging as well as terminal CO coordination is observed and a potential-induced site conversion is obtained in some solvating environments. In acetonitrile with sodium perchlorate electrolyte, terminal to bridging site conversion was induced at all three surfaces at increasingly negative electrode potentials in the sequence Pt(l 10) < Pt(111) < Rh(111); such effects arise apparently from specific Na+-CO adlayer interactions. The dependencies of the νCO frequencies on the potential drop across the CO adlayer as deduced here are compared with related results obtained for Pt(111)/CO in UHV.
Alkyl chain length effects on solid-state difluoroboron β-diketonate mechanochromic luminescence

Solid-state difluoroboron β-diketonate dyes display reversible mechanochromic luminescence (ML). To test the effects of alkyl chain length on solid state photoluminescence and ML, a series of dyes, BF2dbmOR, with dibenzoylmethane (dbm) ligands and alkoxyl substituents (–OR) were prepared, where R = CnH2n+1 and n = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 14, 16, 18. Emission properties were investigated in solution and in the solid state. Fluorescence spectra and lifetimes were nearly identical for dyes in CH2Cl2 solution; whereas, in the solid state, as powders, thin films or spin cast films, emission maxima, and lifetimes were different among the samples. Solid-state ML emission spectra were monitored at room temperature as a function of time for smeared powders on quartz surfaces. The recovery time generally increased with alkyl chain length, ranging from minutes (n = 3) to days (n = 18). Longer chain analogues (n = 6, 12, 14, 16, 18) did not fully return to the original annealed emissive state even after months on quartz, though the dynamics are substrate dependent. Solid-state dyes were also investigated by XRD and DSC (powders), and by AFM (spin cast films).
Modeling, Design, and Evaluation of a Parallel Robot for Cochlear Implant Surgery

Cochlear implant surgery is a procedure that requires delicate insertion of an electrode array into the inner ear. This paper reports the clinical motivation, design considerations, analysis, and design optimization of a new robot for electrode arrays insertion. This paper describes a new approach for coordinated insertion of perimodiolar electrode arrays in order to minimize shape discrepancy between the shape of the electrode array and the shape of the inner ear anatomy. A new design of a 3-degrees-of-freedom (DoF) parallel robot with wire-actuated prismatic legs is presented. The dimensional synthesis of the robot design was based on satisfying the accuracy, speed, system size, and workspace requirements. The robot prototype is validated experimentally to execute electrode insertions in plastic models of temporal bones.
Effect of pioglitazone on abdominal fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients.

We examined the effect of pioglitazone on abdominal fat distribution to elucidate the mechanisms via which pioglitazone improves insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thirteen type 2 diabetic patients (nine men and four women; age, 52 +/- 3 yr; body mass index, 29.0 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2)), who were being treated with a stable dose of sulfonylurea (n = 7) or with diet alone (n = 6), received pioglitazone (45 mg/d) for 16 wk. Before and after pioglitazone treatment, subjects underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and two-step euglycemic insulin clamp (insulin infusion rates, 40 and 160 mU/m(2).min) with [(3)H]glucose. Abdominal fat distribution was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging at L4-5. After 16 wk of pioglitazone treatment, fasting plasma glucose (179 +/- 10 to 140 +/- 10 mg/dl; P < 0.01), mean plasma glucose during OGTT (295 +/- 13 to 233 +/- 14 mg/dl; P < 0.01), and hemoglobin A(1c) (8.6 +/- 0.4% to 7.2 +/- 0.5%; P < 0.01) decreased without a change in fasting or post-OGTT insulin levels. Fasting plasma FFA (674 +/- 38 to 569 +/- 31 microEq/liter; P < 0.05) and mean plasma FFA (539 +/- 20 to 396 +/- 29 microEq/liter; P < 0.01) during OGTT decreased after pioglitazone. In the postabsorptive state, hepatic insulin resistance [basal endogenous glucose production (EGP) x basal plasma insulin concentration] decreased from 41 +/- 7 to 25 +/- 3 mg/kg fat-free mass (FFM).min x microU/ml; P < 0.05) and suppression of EGP during the first insulin clamp step (1.1 +/- 0.1 to 0.6 +/- 0.2 mg/kg FFM.min; P < 0.05) improved after pioglitazone treatment. The total body glucose MCR during the first and second insulin clamp steps increased after pioglitazone treatment [first MCR, 3.5 +/- 0.5 to 4.4 +/- 0.4 ml/kg FFM.min (P < 0.05); second MCR, 8.7 +/- 1.0 to 11.3 +/- 1.1 ml/kg FFM(.)min (P < 0.01)]. The improvement in hepatic and peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity occurred despite increases in body weight (82 +/- 4 to 85 +/- 4 kg; P < 0.05) and fat mass (27 +/- 2 to 30 +/- 3 kg; P < 0.05). After pioglitazone treatment, sc fat area at L4-5 (301 +/- 44 to 342 +/- 44 cm(2); P < 0.01) increased, whereas visceral fat area at L4-5 (144 +/- 13 to 131 +/- 16 cm(2); P < 0.05) and the ratio of visceral to sc fat (0.59 +/- 0.08 to 0.44 +/- 0.06; P < 0.01) decreased. In the postabsorptive state hepatic insulin resistance (basal EGP x basal immunoreactive insulin) correlated positively with visceral fat area (r = 0.55; P < 0.01). The glucose MCRs during the first (r = -0.45; P < 0.05) and second (r = -0.44; P < 0.05) insulin clamp steps were negatively correlated with the visceral fat area. These results demonstrate that a shift of fat distribution from visceral to sc adipose depots after pioglitazone treatment is associated with improvements in hepatic and peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin.
Chemically enhanced thermal oxidation of silicon

Abstract A new chemically enhanced dry oxidation process for silicon is introduced. It is shown that low concentration additions (⩽ 0.11% by volume) of a halogenated-aliphatic compound are more effective in increasing growth rate than even 10 vol% of HCl. It is also shown that both the linear and parabolic rate constants increase with increasing concentration of the additive.
Spin squeezing and entanglement in spinor condensates

We analyze quantum correlation properties of a spinor-1 $(f=1)$ Bose-Einstein condensate using the Gell-Mann realization of SU(3) symmetry. We show that previously discussed phenomena of condensate fragmentation and spin mixing can be explained in terms of the hypercharge symmetry. The ground state of a spinor-1 condensate is found to be fragmented for ferromagnetic interactions. The notion of two-bosonic-mode squeezing is generalized to the two-spin $(U\ensuremath{-}V)$ squeezing within the SU(3) formalism. Spin squeezing in the isospin subspace (T) is found and is numerically investigated. We also provide results for the stationary states of spinor-1 condensates.
Asexuality and Disability: Strange but Compatible Bedfellows

While the disability sexuality movement has long tried to distance itself from the usually incorrect assumption that people with disabilities are asexual, the growing asexuality visibility and education movement argues for recognition of asexuality—the lifelong, non-distressing absence of sexual attraction to people of any sex or gender—as a legitimate and non-pathological sexual orientation. Despite these seemly contradictory goals, however, both movements are representative of the movements of historically marginalized and medicalized groups towards greater acceptance and understanding. Accordingly, this article will begin with a brief discussion of theories and terminology related to asexuality in the general population. The remainder of the article will discuss (1) the history of asexuality as a forced assumption of people with disabilities; (2) intersectionality as it relates to asexuality and disability; and (3) the similarities between the asexuality and disability sexuality movements. Suggestions for future research are also provided.