cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scale frames and counter-scale frames: constructing the problem of environmental injustice

Abstract The concept of environmental injustice raises difficult questions about on how best to measure and address environmental inequities across space, and environmental justice politics are permeated by considerable debate over the nature and spatial extent of both problem and possible solutions. This paper theorizes the politics of environmental justice as a politics of scale in order to explore how environmental justice activists respond to the scalar ambiguity inherent in the political concept of environmental justice. With a case study of a controversy over a proposed polyvinylchloride production facility in rural Convent, Louisiana, I develop the concept of scale frames and counter-scale frames as strategic discursive representations of a social grievance that do the work of naming, blaming, and claiming, with meaningful reference to particular geographic scales. The significance of scale is expressed alternatively within these frames as an analytical spatial category, as scales of regulation, as territorial framework(s) for cultural legitimacy, and as a means of inclusion, exclusion and legitimation.
Disulfiram and Copper Ions Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Synergistic Manner

Tuberculosis is a severe disease affecting millions worldwide. Unfortunately, treatment strategies are hampered both by the prohibitively long treatment regimen and the rise of drug-resistant strains. Significant effort has been expended in the search for new treatments, but few options have successfully emerged, and new treatment modalities are desperately needed. Recently, there has been growing interest in the synergistic antibacterial effects of copper ions (CuII/I) in combination with certain small molecular compounds, and we have previously reported development of a drug screening strategy to harness the intrinsic bactericidal properties of CuII/I. Here, we describe the copper-dependent antimycobacterial properties of disulfiram, an FDA-approved and well-tolerated sobriety aid. Disulfiram was inhibitory to mycobacteria only in the presence of CuII/I and exerted its bactericidal activity well below the active concentration of CuII/I or disulfiram alone. No other physiologically relevant bivalent transition metals (e.g., FeII, NiII, MnII, and CoII) exhibited this effect. We demonstrate that the movement of the disulfiram-copper complex across the cell envelope is porin independent and can inhibit intracellular protein functions. Additionally, the complex is able to synergistically induce intracellular copper stress responses significantly more than CuII/I alone. Our data suggest that by complexing with disulfiram, CuII/I is likely allowed unfettered access to vulnerable intracellular components, bypassing the normally sufficient copper homeostatic machinery. Overall, the synergistic antibacterial activity of CuII/I and disulfiram reveals the susceptibility of the copper homeostasis system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to chemical attacks and establishes compounds that act in concert with copper as a new class of bacterial inhibitors.
Accuracy assessment of the MODIS 16-day albedo product for snow: comparisons with Greenland in situ measurements

Abstract The accuracy of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 16-day albedo product (MOD43) is assessed using ground-based albedo observations from automatic weather stations (AWS) over spatially homogeneous snow and semihomogeneous ice-covered surfaces on the Greenland ice sheet. Data from 16 AWS locations, spanning the years 2000–2003, were used for this assessment. In situ reflected shortwave data were corrected for a systematic positive spectral sensitivity bias of between 0.01 and 0.09 on a site-by-site basis using precise optical black radiometer data. Results indicate that the MOD43 albedo product retrieves snow albedo with an average root mean square error (RMSE) of ±0.07 as compared to the station measurements, which have ±0.035 RMSE uncertainty. If we eliminate all satellite retrievals that rely on the backup algorithm and consider only the highest quality results from the primary bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) algorithm, the MODIS albedo RMSE is ±0.04, slightly larger than the in situ measurement uncertainty. There is general agreement between MODIS and in situ observations for albedo
Prediction of the degradation of a hetero-junction bipolar transistor accompanied with aging simulation

An empirical reliability model is proposed here that is able to predict parameter degradation for a SiGe Hetero-junction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) by scaling stress time laterally producing a universal curve that describes whole time evolution of degradation. The predictability of the degradation pattern is demonstrated in experiments at a forward active mode as well as the reverse V eb stress accounting for bias and current dependence of degradation. Furthermore, our model and methodology enables us to do an aging simulation at the circuit level.
Glycinebetaine Seed Priming Improved Osmotic and Salinity Tolerance in Turfgrasses

Exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB), an osmoprotectant, increases tolerance to stresses including salinity in various plants. Information on turfgrass, however, is limited. In this study, GB was used to prime turfgrass seeds to enhance salinity tolerance during germination and seedling growth stage when plants are more sensitive to stresses. Unprimed and primed (50, 100, 150, or 200 mM solution of GB or distilled water) seeds of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PR), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) (TF), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) (CB), and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (KB) were germinated in solutions of distilled water, mannitol (causing osmotic stress only), or NaCl (causing both osmotic and ionic stresses). Their osmotic potential (cS) and salinity level were -0.1 MPa and 0.1 dSm L1 (no stress), -1.0 MPa and 0.1 dSm L1 (moderate osmotic stress), and -1.0 MPa and 14.6 dSm L1 (moderate osmotic and ionic stresses), respectively. Seeds primed with GB showed a higher germination rate (11.0% to 13.9% increase) and seedling growth (19.3% to 20.7% increase) in mannitol or NaCl solution than in distilled water. Different turf species showed different responses to osmotic and ionic stresses. No differences in germination and seedling growth of PR, TF, and KB were observed between mannitol and NaCl treatments, indicatingthatosmotic stressappearedtomore critical than ionic stress under saline conditions. For CB, the seed germination rate and seedling growth were lower (19.3% to 44.2% reduction) in NaCl than in mannitol, showinganaccumulativeeffectofbothosmoticandionicstressesundersalineconditions.
Quantification into Quotations: Evidence from Japanese wh-doublets ⁄

Contrary to what has been widely assumed, this paper argues that quantification into quotations is possible. In particular, it is shown that quantification over expressions, or metalinguistic quantification, is attested in natural language quotations. The empirical evidence comes from Japanese wh-doublets, which only appear in quotations and which are interpreted as indefinites ranging over expressions.
Liability and the Internet: risks and recommendations for social work practice

SUMMARY Use of the Internet for counseling and information services has increased dramatically in the last five years. Although the Internet may benefit consumers by helping them secure needed services and resources, social workers and social service agencies who provide counseling over the Internet need to be aware of the legal risks associated with its use. Among the most salient concerns that need to be addressed are client confidentiality and privacy of records, appropriateness of treatment services, and the duty to warn others of harm that a client might pose to them. This paper looks at these legal concerns in light of appropriate Social Work practice and recommends methods to abate the risks that might occur when Internet counseling and service is provided.
Choice of Law and Capital Markets Regulation

Under the internal affairs doctrine, U.S. state and federal courts almost without exception defer to the laws of the state of incorporation for matters respecting corporate governance. The relative lack of horizontal conflicts in U.S. corporation law can be explained in significant part by the incremental expansion of U.S. federal securities law as well as the potential for constitutional preemption of state outreach statutes and anti-takeover legislation. To the extent that U.S. preemptive federalism in corporate and securities law has marginalized the relevance of choice-of-law jurisprudence for corporate governance, however, there is little guidance for courts and regulators in delimiting the extraterritorial application of U.S. federal securities law. By contrast, the EU's legislative and regulatory bodies have sought to establish uniform capital markets rules that reconcile the competing sovereign interests of its member states; these efforts may provide some insight into how a fully integrated global capital market can be designed. This paper discusses existing approaches to resolving choice-of-law disputes in the global capital markets and proposes an exchange-based model for invoking conflicts-of-law jurisprudence to promote the development of an integrated global market.
Discussion: Evaluation of Agricultural Research Productivity

In their paper, Fedkiw and Hjort quite properly emphasized the necessity in research budgeting for first identifying the benefits from solving particular technical problems and then making estimates of research costs that must be incurred to solve the problems. However, it is not simple. It is difficult to fit research into independent problem packages with identifiable separate benefits and costs. The solution to one problem may aid
Appendix for: Central Research Staff in the Michigan Court of Appeals

American appellate courts in the early 1970’s experienced an unprecedented increase in appeals. In response, the National Center for State Courts initiated a pilot project to assist appellate courts process their rising caseloads more efficiently. The Research Director of the Michigan Court of Appeals served as a project consultant, and his report on that court’s innovative research staff was an initial model for the project.A condensed version of the report was later published in the National Center’s book, Appellate Courts: Staff and Process in the Crisis of Volume (West Publishing Co., 1974) (Appendix B). Part One of the report describes the functions served by prehearing research and case screening as employed by the Michigan Court of Appeals. Part Two describes the operation of the court’s prehearing research staff, the costs involved, and the results achieved.In sum, the Michigan experience is that with a central staff to prepare prehearing reports on all appeals, and more frequent use of abbreviated opinions, the court was able to absorb a 33% greater caseload with no increase in judges, while improving the process of hearing and deciding appeals.
Confidence & Control: Examining Adolescent Preferences for Technologies that Promote Wellness

Our work contributes to the growing body of CSCW research examining how technology can encourage wellness. In a 10-week participatory design study, we examined how technology can help teens overcome intra-personal and social barriers to healthy eating and positive relationships (the wellness topics of greatest interest to our participants). Our findings revealed teens' desire for expressive technology that helps them initiate dialogue, negotiate conflicts, and restrict communication with family, and their desired degree of engagement with tools promoting healthy eating (passively to actively involved in behavior change). Our analysis further yielded crosscutting themes: the importance of examining issues of self-efficacy, locus of control, and socio-ecological context in the design of health technology. We use our findings to contribute new directions for CSCW research: developing a nuanced perspective on the psychology of change, designing for varying levels of self-efficacy and locus of control, and problematizing the persuasive technology research agenda.
Role misconceptions and negotiations in small business owner/web developer relationships

Small business owners who turn to professional web development consultants for assistance with building a web site may need support not only in terms of the technical aspects of web site implementation, but also in terms of understanding their options for e-business. However, client/consultant relationships within the small business sector can be problematic and the limited research available into small business engagement of web developers suggests that bad experiences and disappointing outcomes are not uncommon.Interpretive case study methodology was used to explore four sets of small business owner/web developer relationships: how each pair worked together and what they expected of each other. The negotiation and clarification of roles and responsibilities proved to be an essential aspect of the relationships. Also, achieving an adequate level of client involvement in the web site design and development process was a challenge in all cases.
Carbon dioxide shock and reshock equation of state data to 8 Mbar: Experiments and simulations

We present density functional theory (DFT) simulations and shock-reshock experiments for liquid carbon dioxide (CO${}_{2}$) in the range 100 to 800 GPa. The simulations support the previously suggested dissociation threshold around 50 GPa [W. J. Nellis et al., J. Chem. Phys. 95, 5268 (1991)] for shocked liquid CO${}_{2}$ and describe a very steep Hugoniot past dissociation. We performed the shock-reshock experiments using the Sandia Z machine. The Z machine magnetically accelerated aluminum flyer plates to shock compress cryogenic liquid CO${}_{2}$ to 550 GPa and attained reshock states up to 840 GPa. The plate impact experiments combined with well-characterized impedance matching standards and laser velocimetry results in high-accuracy measurements of the principal Hugoniot and reshock states of liquid CO${}_{2}$. The experimental results validated the DFT simulations at extreme conditions and the combination of experiment and DFT provide reliable data for evaluating existing and constructing future wide-range equations of state models for molecular compounds such as CO${}_{2}$.
Effect of Nitrogen on Biomass and Quality of Forage Green Naked Oat

The effects of different nitrogen applied amounts on biomass and quality of Forage Green naked oat were studied.The result showed that biomass and protein contents could increase by additional nitrogen fertilizer.When the amount of nitrogen application was 69 kg/hm~2 in sandy chestnut soil,the biomass of forage green naked oat was 6 023.4 kg/ hm~2,and was higher than CK.The highest biomass in medium loam meadow chestnut soil was achieved under 69 kg/hm~2 nitrogen,and it was(9 013.4) kg/ hm~2.The straw crude protein content and true protein content were 12.09% and(7.45%),and were 6.81 and 3.61 percentage points higher than CK under 69 kg/hm~2 nitrogen in sandy chestnut soil,quality.The effect of nitrogen on of forage green naked oat in medium loam meadow chestnut soil was smaller than that in sandy chestnut soil.When the amount of nitrogen application was 69 kg/hm~2 in medium loam meadow chestnut soil,the straw crude protein contents and true protein contents were 10.34% and 5.75%,and were 1.89 and 0.27 percentage points higher than that of CK.
Measuring Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Aerosol Profiles Simultaneously with a Camera Lidar

CLidar or camera lidar is a simple, inexpensive technique to measure nighttime tropospheric aerosol profiles. Stars in the raw data images used in the CLidar analysis can also be used to calculate aerosol optical depth simultaneously. A single star can be used with the Langley method or multiple star pairs can be used to reduce the error. The estimated error from data taken under clear sky conditions at Mauna Loa Observatory is approximately +/- 0.01.
The perception of wakefulness within sleep

We studied the relationship between electroencephalographic (EEG)-defined awakenings and subjects' awareness of them at the time of their occurrence in 40 men (mean age, 55.3 years). The subjects used a push-button device to signal wakefulness during an evening's sleep in the laboratory; continuous EEG and electro-oculograms were also made. Results were as follows (after eliminating data for 12 nonresponders): 52% of the responses occurred during EEG-defined wakefulness (stage 0), 12% in a sleep stage that was followed immediately by stage 0, and 36% in a sleep stage not followed by stage 0. However, analysis of the last finding indicated that 73% of these responses were associated with at least 4-6 sec of preceding alpha activity. Thus, signals in the absence of EEG criteria were actually less than 10% of the total recorded. Signals of wakefulness were closely associated with the onset of EEG-defined wakefulness (and 84% of the signals occurred within 4 sec to 1 min of the EEG period). We conclude that self-signaled arousals deserve consideration in clinical analyses in which reports of arousals are a part of the reported sleep disturbance.
Conjunctive management of surface and groundwater resources under projected future climate change scenarios

Abstract This study introduces a mixed integer linear fractional programming (MILFP) method to optimize conjunctive use of future surface water and groundwater resources under projected climate change scenarios. The conjunctive management model maximizes the ratio of groundwater usage to reservoir water usage. Future inflows to the reservoirs were estimated from the future runoffs projected through hydroclimate modeling considering the Variable Infiltration Capacity model, and 11 sets of downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 global climate model projections. Bayesian model averaging was adopted to quantify uncertainty in future runoff projections and reservoir inflow projections due to uncertain future climate projections. Optimized conjunctive management solutions were investigated for a water supply network in northern Louisiana which includes the Sparta aquifer. Runoff projections under climate change scenarios indicate that runoff will likely decrease in winter and increase in other seasons. Results from the developed conjunctive management model with MILFP indicate that the future reservoir water, even at 2.5% low inflow cumulative probability level, could counterbalance groundwater pumping reduction to satisfy demands while improving the Sparta aquifer through conditional groundwater head constraints.
A Case for Restraint of Explosive Growth of Health Information Technology: First, Do No Harm

Information technology has brought significant advances to modern life. We, like many others, believe that IT properly utilized in the delivery of health care ultimately bodes well for the care of our patients. The challenge is that the current technology does not live up to that promised state of multiple elements of improved care through IT. Despite that, legislative mandates have required large-scale adoption of present day health care IT solutions. These regulations have been particularly challenging for independent practitioners.Our efforts at making these points are now supported by a growing body of research including a very important analysis by the ECRI.
Treating Tobacco Use in Clinical Practice

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death, yet cigarette-smoking rates in the USA have stagnated just below 20 %. With the signing of the Affordable Care Act came increased coverage for evidence-based tobacco cessation treatment, providing a wide range of effective cessation options that can now be offered to all tobacco-using patients, especially cigarette smokers. Health-care providers should be familiar with pharmacotherapy recommendations and counseling strategies for smoking patients at all stages of quitting. We discuss practical cessation approaches for patients ready to quit, unwilling to quit right away, and those who have recently quit. Certain groups, especially tobacco users with comorbid medical and/or psychiatric conditions, remain high tobacco burden populations that have not demonstrated declining rates of tobacco use as have been observed in the general population. Despite their higher tobacco burden status, treatments are effective for these populations and are especially important to include in their routine medical care. We end with a discussion of the emerging issues relevant for cessation treatment, including the increasing use of other tobacco and smoking products (such as e-cigarettes, hookah, and chewing tobacco) and their impact on smoking cessation efforts and the Affordable Care Act, keeping in mind that the exact parameters have not yet been set.
Identification of novel targets of diabetic nephropathy and PEDF peptide treatment using RNA-seq

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major complication of type1 and type 2 diabetes. Understanding how diabetes regulate transcriptome dynamics in DN is important for understanding the biology of the disease and for guiding development of new treatments. We analyzed the kidney transcriptome of a DN mouse model, D2.B6-Ins2 Akita /MatbJ, before/after treatment with P78-PEDF. Age, weight, and gender-matched mice and wild-type (wt) littermates were treated at 6 weeks (early treatment) or 12 weeks (late treatment) of age for the duration of 6 weeks. Animals were implanted with an osmotic mini pump delivering 0.3 ug/g/day P78-PEDF or vehicle. Using RNA-seq, we identified14,316 transcripts (12,328 coding;1,988 non-coding) that were significant and reliably expressed (FPKM > =1) in diabetic kidneys. Expression of 1,129 (7.9%) including 901 coding genes was altered by diabetes with log2 fold changes (FC) between -86.2 and +86.0 (q 1.5. Coding genes with highest FC in diabetic kidneys include Nhej1 (32.04), Ept1 (8.6), Srd5a2 (-6.55), Aif1 (-6.05), and Angptl7 (-4.71). Early and late stage diabetic groups receiving continuous infusion of P78 showed altered expression of 316/14,316 (2.2%) transcripts, including 121 coding genes compared to non-treated diabetic controls. Of these, 183 were upregulated and 133 downregulated with FC +50.9–-93.3 (q =(+/-) 1.5 and completely reversed by P78 include Mamdc4, Kdm4b, Tmem252, Selm, and Hpd. RT and QRT-PCR validated expression of gene with FC > (+/-)2.0. Transcriptome changes were also observed between early and late-stage treatments. Precursor non-coding miRNAs showed the highest fold changes in expression in the diabetic and P78 treatment groups. Several diabetic-induced changes were reversed in direction of expression by treatment including Gm24083, GM25953, miR1905, Gm25535, Gm27903, and miR196a1 with FC > =(+/-)20. From Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), mitochondrial dysfunction, Nrf-2- mediated oxidative stress and renal injury pathways emerged as key mechanisms in DN. DN-enriching genes in these pathways were reduced in number or regulated in the opposite direction by treatment. Unique biomarkers and canonical pathways identified in this study may hold the key to understanding mechanisms of DN pathobiology with value for clinical translation. Our data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are principal events in DN and that P78-PEDF holds promise for its management.
Substituting ground woody plants for cottonseed hulls in lamb feedlot diets: carcass characteristics, adipose tissue fatty acid composition, and sensory panel traits

Effects of using ground woody plants in Rambouillet wether lamb (n = 48) feedlot diets on carcass characteristics, adipose tissue fatty acid composition, and sensory panel traits were evaluated. In a randomized design study with two feeding periods (period 1 = fed a 70% concentrate diet from days 0 to 27; period 2 = fed an 86% concentrate diet from days 28 to 57), lambs were individually fed six diets that differed only by roughage source (n = 8 animals/treatment; initial BW = 32.9 ± 3.2 kg): cottonseed hulls (CSH; control) or ground wood consisting of either redberry (RED), blueberry (BLUE), one-seed (ONE), or eastern red cedar (ERC) Juniperus spp., or Prosopis glandulosa (MESQ). After 57 d, the lambs were humanely harvested and after chilling (2 ± 1 oC) 24 h, carcasses were evaluated for carcass traits. At 48 h postmortem, the longissimus thoracis (LT) was removed from the left side of the carcass, and after freezing for no more than 3 mo, were thawed for 24 h, cooked, and evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Additionally, volatile aroma chemicals on the LT were determined by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/olfactory (GC/MS/OF, respectively) analyses. Lamb HCW was greater (P = 0.01) for lambs fed CSH compared with all other diets, but lambs had similar (P > 0.08) LM area, back fat thickness, leg circumference, and body wall. Neither adipose tissue fatty acid composition (P > 0.08) nor trained sensory panel evaluation (P > 0.18) was affected by finishing diet roughage source. Of the 81 volatile aroma compounds found in the grilled lamb chops, only seven were affected (P < 0.05) by dietary roughage source and included 1-pentanol (a sweet, pleasant aroma), heptenal (a fishy aroma), pentanal (fermented, bready aroma description), 1-(1H-pyrol-2yl)-ethanone (caramel-like), 2-heptanone (cheesy, banana, fruity aromatic), 6,7-dodecanedione (unknown aroma), and butanoic acid (a sweaty, rancid aroma). The addition of any of four species of juniper or mesquite may be substituted for CSH without negatively affecting carcass fat and muscling, fatty acid, or sensory traits.
The Vicarious Trauma Scale: Confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties with a sample of victim advocates.

Vicarious trauma is referred to as the detrimental change in the manner that professionals understand and interpret material, as a result of exposure to second-hand traumatic material (McCann & Pearlman [1990] Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3:131). According to Aparicio et al. (Health & Social Work, 2013, 38:199), vicarious trauma comprises both affective and cognitive components and, while it is distinct from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is associated with similar symptoms, including re-experiencing and avoiding traumatic material and experiencing depressed mood. The purpose of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the Victim Trauma Scale (VTS) and provide additional support, supplementing the findings of Aparicio et al. (2013), but instead using victim advocates as participants (n = 142). The survey was open between February 2016 and February 2017. More than 96% of participants were in paid employment positions, as more than 80% reporting working 40 or more hours a week. Aparicio et al. (2013) found that the VTS was two-dimensional (affective and cognitive); however, after examining the goodness of fit of the two-factor model using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach, this study concluded that the two-dimensional model was not a good fit. Due to the poor goodness of fit of the two-factor model and the post hoc EFA resulting in a one-factor model, our data do not support the findings of Aparicio et al. (2013). Further, the findings suggest the VTS is an acceptable measure of vicarious trauma, as demonstrated by the high internal consistency and the single-factor loading.
Subscription Agents: Problem Solving in the Middle

Subscription agents provide a variety of intermediary services and products for libraries. Some of their functions include publication sourcing, order and invoice consolidation, providing publisher...
Cranial Nerve III, IV, and VI Palsies in the Cancer Patient

Cranial nerve III, IV, and VI palsies in cancer patients can be caused by primary cranial nerve neoplasms, direct extension from brain, brain stem and skull base tumors, direct extension or perineural spread from head and neck tumors, metastases from tumors at distant sites, leptomeningeal disease, and other conditions, including raised intracranial pressure, radiation effect, infection, paraneoplastic syndromes, and certain medications. Ophthalmologic findings in patients with cranial neuropathies depend on the cranial nerve III, IV and VI involved and the location of involvement. Primary cranial nerve neoplasms are most commonly schwannomas. Skull base tumors often result in cranial nerve involvement as well as primary tumors of the breast, lung, and prostate that metastasize to the skull base. Head and neck cancers travel through the skull base and result in cranial nerve involvement. Leptomeningeal disease is a common cause of deficits of cranial nerves II–VII. Other conditions–from treatment of the primary tumor to complications of chemotherapy and immunosuppression–can result in cranial neuropathies.
Equilibrium Analysis of Tensegrity Structures with Elastic Ties

In this paper, the equilibrium analysis of a passive tensegrity structure with elastic connecting ties is addressed. The problem is modeled as a constrained optimization of the total potential energy of the system and the Lagrange multiplier method is used to deduce the equilibrium equations. The homotopy continuation method is used to completely solve the resulting nonlinear polynomial system and all the equilibrium positions are identified. Furthermore, the stability analysis of the equilibrium configurations is carried out using the second order condition and higher order condition for cases where the second order condition fails. One numerical example is provided to demonstrate the analysis
Masking the Peroxidase-Like Activity of the Molybdenum Disulfide Nanozyme Enables Label-Free Lipase Detection.

Two-dimensional MoS2 nanoparticles (2D-nps) exhibit artificial enzyme properties that can be regulated at bio-nanointerfaces. We discovered that protein lipase is able to tune the peroxidase-like activity of MoS2 2D-nps, offering low-nanomolar, label-free detection and identification in samples with unknown identity. The inhibition of the peroxidase-like activity of the MoS2 2D-nps was demonstrated to be concentration dependent, and as low as 5 nm lipase was detected with this approach. The results were compared with those obtained with several other proteins that did not display any significant interference with the nanozyme behavior of the MoS2 2D-nps. This unique response of lipase was characterized and exploited for the successful identification of lipase in six unknown samples by using qualitative visual inspection and a quantitative statistical analysis method. The developed methodology in this approach is noteworthy for many aspects; MoS2 2D-nps are neither labeled with a signaling moiety nor modified with any ligands for signal readout. Only the intrinsic nanozyme activity of the MoS2 2D-nps is exploited for this detection approach. No analytical equipment is necessary for the visual detection of lipase. The synthesis of the water-soluble MoS2 2D-nps is low costing and can be performed in bulk scale. Exploring the properties of 2D-nps and their interactions with biological materials reveals highly interesting yet instrumental features that offer the development of novel bioanalytical approaches.
T cells take aim at a ubiquitous autoantigen in multiple sclerosis.

CD4+ T cells from multiple sclerosis lesions target a ubiquitous self-antigen that is shared by gut commensal bacteria (Planas et al., this issue).
Bezerra, Kátia da Costa. Postcards from Rio; Favelas and the Contested Geographies of Citizenship. Fordham UP, 2017.

By analyzing mostly visual contemporary cultural production (such as photographs or videos) from Rio’s favelas, Bezerra points to ways in which favela residents themselves provide rich material that challenges the portrayal of their communities in the mainstream media, where they are often criminalized and marginalized. Written with the backdrop of the city’s preparations for hosting the FIFA World Cup, Olympic and Paralympic games, Postcards from Rio is also a testimony to the detrimental effects of the commodification of space that occurs when the state prioritizes a city’s brand image over its citizens.
Soil conditioning effects of native and exotic grassland perennials on the establishment of native and exotic plants

Semi-natural grasslands can combine biomass production with provision of multiple ecosystem services. Unfortunately, grassland establishment can be unpredictable and vulnerable to exotic plant invasion, potentially due to soil legacies from previous cultivation. Native plants could mitigate these legacies by changing soil attributes and facilitating other native grassland species. However, facilitation may be affected by nitrogen (N) fertilization, added during and after establishment. We conditioned soils in a former maize-soybean field for 3 years using multiple native or exotic perennial species or a maize-soybean rotation. Half of each plot received N fertilizer. Native and exotic grassland perennials were grown on these conditioned soils in the greenhouse, with N added to half of the pots, and biomass was measured. Consistent facilitation of native species by other natives was not observed, nor did invasive species facilitate other invasives. Soil conditioning affected individual plant species’ biomass in several instances. Field N addition had little effect on plant biomass, while greenhouse N addition increased native more than exotic plant biomass, but did not alter the overall pattern of facilitation. Native plants failed to facilitate native prairie establishment in this work, suggesting resistance to conditioning on former intensive, high-input agricultural soils.
A review of communication approaches to the study of humor

ABSTRACTThe discipline of communication has contributed a number of theories and models to the study of humor. The purpose of this paper is to review seven of those approaches: Gruner’s ‘laughing =...
Can following formula-feeding recommendations still result in infants who are overweight or have obesity?

Studies show that by 3 months, over half of US infants receive formula, and guidelines play a key role in formula feeding. The question then is, what might happen if caregivers follow guidelines and, more specifically, are there situations where following guidelines can result in infants who are overweight/have obesity? We used our “Virtual Infant” agent-based model representing infant–caregiver pairs that allowed caregivers to feed infants each day according to guidelines put forth by Johns Hopkins Medicine (JHM), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters (CHKD), and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The model simulated the resulting development of the infants from birth to 6 months. The two sets of guidelines vary in their recommendations, and do not provide studies that support amounts at given ages. Simulations identified several scenarios where caregivers followed JHM/CHOP/CHKD and WIC guidelines, but infants still became overweight/with obesity by 6 months. For JHM/CHOP/CHKD guidelines, this occurred even when caregivers adjusted feeding based on infant’s weight. For WIC guidelines, when caregivers adjusted formula amounts, infants maintained healthy weight. WIC guidelines may be a good starting point for caregivers who adjust as their infant grows, but the minimum amounts for JHM/CHKD/CHOP recommendations may be too high.
现代汉语常用文言虚词的语块教学 [Formulaic language instruction of classical grammatical words in modern Chinese]

抽象 现代汉语中保留了许多文言成分，文言虚词的使用是现代汉语书面语体的重要特征之一，不仅让语言表达更为书面，也能够使语言表达更典雅。本文对两组面对汉语二语学习者的词表进行统计，总结出现代汉语中二语学习者需要掌握的常用文言虚词。并提出应重视对现代汉语中的常用文言虚词进行系统性的教学和训练，文言虚词的教学不应局限于词语本身，而需要进行联系和拓展，从词素、词，到词语搭配、固定结构，多层面地为学习者展现文言虚词的用法，进行语块教学。本文在语料库分析的基础上，总结了常用文言虚词的常见语块，包括词语搭配、实词和虚词组合的固定结构、框架结构及话语标记语等类型，并讨论了如何培养学习者的语块学习意识、加强对语块的正确使用、促进对语块语体特征的理解以及引导学习者输出语块四个方面的教学操作问题，以期为汉语作为第二语言的教学和教材编写提供参考｡
Do levels of posttraumatic growth vary by type of traumatic event experienced? An analysis of the Nurses' Health Study II.

Objective Posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been documented in the aftermath of a range of traumatic events, including bereavement, physical assault, and rape. However, only a handful of studies have examined whether levels of total PTG, as well as the 5 domains of PTG (Appreciation of Life, New Possibilities, Relating to Others, Personal Strength, and Spiritual Change), vary by the type of potentially traumatic event. The current study examined variation in total PTG and PTG domains, as well as posttraumatic stress (PTS), by event type using data from a large epidemiological study. Method Participants were from a substudy of the Nurses' Health Study 2, an epidemiologic study of female nurses in the United States (N = 1,574). Results Controlling for demographic covariates, we found that rape was consistently associated with lower PTG, both total PTG and all five PTG domains, relative to other event types. Other findings were limited to specific PTG domains; for example, intimate partner violence (IPV) was associated with higher Personal Strength and New Possibilities. In contrast, rape and IPV were associated with higher PTS, and the serious illness or injury of someone close with lower PTS, relative to other event types. Conclusion These results add to the growing literature exploring variation in PTG by event type and suggest that different events could yield markedly different patterns of PTG domains and PTS. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Research progress of blood immunoglobulin E and mucosal immune destruction in the related immune diseases

A series of clinical problems caused by mucosal immune damage in children′s immune diseases need to be paid more attention. The pathogenesis is complex and the clinical manifestations are various, which may lead to misdiagnosis and missed the right treatment. The clinical phenotypes of allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and primary immunodeficiency diseases often overlap.The immunological characteristics of mucosal immune system, the characteristics of several related clinical immune diseases, the characteristics of serum immunoglobulin(Ig) E and IgG, the difference roles between specific IgE and IgG in allergic and autoimmune diseases, the role of mucosal immune system and probiotics, mucosal immune system and vaccine, the role of mucosal immune system in the diagnosis and treatment in the related immune diseases were reviewed in this article. The treatment of IgG4-related diseases and other aspects are elaborated to show the research progress of blood IgE and mucosal immune damage in immune diseases. Key words: Blood immunoglobulin E; Immune disease; Mucosal immunity
Acute Esophageal Necrosis: A Case Series From a Safety Net Hospital.

Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) or "black esophagus" is a rare clinical condition, endoscopically characterized by diffuse circumferential black esophageal mucosa. Etiologies include hypoperfusion, infections, and corrosive injury. Consideration of this condition as a differential diagnosis is important, as early diagnosis and treatment has implications on survival. In this article, we present four unique cases of acute esophageal necrosis who were managed conservatively.
The Implications of Transient Migration and Online Communities for Changing the Church in Asia

The growth of transient migrant Christian communities and online communities across Asia poses new challenges and opportunities for ecclesiologists. Transient migrants are educated professionals and international students who move to new cities in search of jobs and educational prospects often turn to Christianity and online communities as a means of finding meaning, networking, and constructing their own faith and social identities. How do we map the social and virtual geographies of Asian Christianity, especially when we look to go beyond the shape, structures, and boundaries that are established by Eurocentric ecclesiologies? When we pay attention to the daily lived experiences of Christians across Asia, especially those who are on the move, as well as in online communities, what implications can we draw to help us rethink the ambits of catholicity and construct the contours of an emergent postcolonial Asia ecclesiology?
Recoveries on Distressed Real Estate and the Relative Efficiency of Public Versus Private Management

This study examines average recoveries from distressed commercial real estate assets held by FSLIC receiverships, and explores differences in the relative efficiency of public versus quasi-private and private entities in the management of these assets. It finds that properties located in markets with rising per capita income and properties that were judged to be less difficult to manage and sell provided higher recoveries, while properties with smaller write downs prior to government takeover provided lower recoveries. The analysis also provides evidence that quasi-government management by the Federal Asset Disposition Agency provided higher mean recoveries, while private management by contractors provided lower mean recoveries than did public management by FSLIC receivership staff.
COVID-19 Information-Seeking and Prevention Behaviors in Florida, April 2020.

Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surveillance can be enhanced by collecting population-level data on individual prevention measures. We described the use of a state-based, population-level surveillance system on COVID-19 prevention and information-seeking behaviors in Florida during the first month of survey administration. Methods Beginning in April 2020, respondents of the Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were asked a series of 8 questions about sources of COVID-19 information and prevention behaviors. We analyzed the prevalence of information-seeking and prevention behaviors among respondents who answered at least 1 of the 8 questions (N = 1,004) overall, by demographic characteristics, and by the presence of chronic conditions. Results Most respondents reported engaging in prevention behaviors, including handwashing (98.2%), reducing or avoiding travel (96.6%), avoiding crowds and public events (96.5%), and keeping household members at home (87.5%); however, the prevalence of prevention behaviors varied significantly by age, sex, and education. The most frequently reported source of COVID-19 information was the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's website (40.8%) followed by the Florida Department of Health's website (32.9%). We found significant differences in information sources across all demographic and chronic condition subgroups. A larger proportion of respondents with chronic conditions (vs without chronic conditions) reported consulting their personal doctor for COVID-19 information. Conclusion Understanding the uptake and characteristics associated with individual prevention and information-seeking behaviors at the population level facilitates COVID-19 response efforts. The rapid implementation of COVID-19-related questions in the Florida BRFSS provides a useful model for other population-based surveillance systems.
What Is PI? (and What It Is Not)

We discuss the concept of performance improvement (PI) in clinical care. We also discuss some of the origins of the patient safety movement and the importance of vigorous PI to optimal outcomes of injured patient. This will include Deming’s work with the PDSA cycle, Lean management, and Six Sigma. Further, we also discuss the science of patient safety and the importance of performance improvement in the management of a trauma center.
Wavelet Selection and Employment for Side-Channel Disassembly.

Side-channel analysis, originally used in cryptanalysis is growing in use cases, both offensive and defensive. Wavelet analysis is a commonly employed time-frequency analysis technique used across disciplines, with a variety of purposes, and has shown increasing prevalence within side-channel literature. This paper explores wavelet selection and analysis parameters for use in side-channel analysis, particularly power side-channel-based instruction disassembly and classification. Experiments are conducted on an ATmega328P microcontroller and a subset of the AVR instruction set. Classification performance is evaluated with a time-series convolutional neural network (CNN) at clock-cycle fidelity. This work demonstrates that wavelet selection and employment parameters have meaningful impact on analysis outcomes. Practitioners should make informed decisions and consider optimizing these factors similarly to machine learning architecture and hyperparameters. We conclude that the gaus1 wavelet with scales 1-21 and grayscale colormap provided the best balance of classification performance, time, and memory efficiency in our application.
Role of LPS in Recognition and Induced Disease Resistance in Plant Hosts of Pseudomonas solanacearum

Nearly all confirmed bacterial plant pathogens are gram-negative organisms, all of which produce some form of cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, most successful pathogens or symbionts also produce an extracellular polysaccharide (EPS). With bacterial pathogens (e.g., Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Erwinia, etc.) the EPS often appear as a loosely associated slime layer, whereas with bacterial symbionts (e.g., Rhizobi-um) the EPS often appear as organized capsules extending some distance from the cell surface. When one considers the most initial events in recognition between the plant cell and a colonizing bacterium, the surface LPS and EPS of the bacterium are obviously tempting molecules to consider as candidates for the initial molecular triggers of the cascade of responses between host and microbe that result either in successful invasion (symbiotic or “compatible” pathogenic reactions) or in rejection (nonsymbiotic, nonpathogenic or “incompatible” pathogenic reactions).
Nonepithelial Tumors of Uterine Corpus

Uterine mesenchymal tumors are generally divided into endometrial stromal tumors, smooth muscle tumors, mixed epithelial and stromal tumors, perivascular epithelioid-cell tumors and other mesenchymal tumors of both homologous and heterologous tissue types (Table 7.1).
An Interview with Ishmael Reed

Ishmael Reed was born on February 22, 1938, in Chattanooga, Tennessee, but grew up in a working-class neighborhood of Buf falo, New York. A novelist, poet, essayist, and playwright, Reed is known for his sharp-tongued, pugilistic satire in which he takes on the hypocrisies of American society. He has particularly focused on this nation's treatment of African Americans, along with its choices in presidents. Critics have praised the jazz sensibility of Reed's work, his verve, and his experimentation with both language and theme. Reed's novels include The Free-Lance Pallbearers (1967); Mumbo Jumbo (1972); The Last Days of Louisiana Red (1974); The Terrible Twos (1982); and The Terrible Threes (1989). His New and Collected Poems was published in 1988. His essay collection, Writin' is Fightin', was also published in 1988. He has received a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in creative writing and a Guggenheim Memo rial Foundation award for fiction. His work has been nominated for both the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize. Reed has taught at a number of universities, including Harvard, the Univer sity of Washington, State University of New York at Buffalo, and Yale, and for many years he has been a lecturer at the University of Califomia at Berkeley.
An Approach to Isolating Sources of Errors in Invalid State Space Models based on Stochastic Approximation

This study presents a methodology for isolating sources of misspecification in state space models that are known to be invalid. The methodology relies on a technique based on stochastic approximation in the context of a Bayesian formulation. This approach has significant advantages in computational efficiency, relative to a straightforward Bayesian analysis, in large-scale systems. Moreover, it applies to arbitrary misspecified parameters in the model under consideration.