cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial mapping of the tumor immune microenvironment

Abstract To replace one-size-fits-all cancer immunotherapy with personalized treatment, biomarkers of response and resistance as well as assays to evaluate them in each patient are essential. Among likely determinants of response, the spatial locations and activation states of the immune infiltrate appear critical. Current clinical methods for tissue analysis such as immunohistochemistry are poorly matched to the heterogeneity of the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). However, multiple tools for analysis of the TIME can now image panels of biomarkers in a single experiment, permit deep profiling to measure dozens of immune features in each sample, and/or facilitate unbiased multiomic analysis at high spatial resolution. Several assays are commercialized with some nearing clinical adoption. In this chapter, we present a broad overview of established and emerging technologies that enable multiplexed detection and spatial mapping of cellular and molecular features of the TIME, highlighting advantages and disadvantages as well as opportunities for future development.
Application: Least Squares Curve Fitting

We want to indicate some of the arithmetic dangers of this process. However we begin by noting that serious consideration must always be given as to whether this is the appropriate problem: e.g., perhaps exponential fitting with a maximum norm is more suitable than polynomial fitting with a euclidean norm.
Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia

Introduction Part I. Judicial Culture: 1. Foundations of the criminal law 2. The problem of professionalism: judicial staff 3. Staff and society 4. Policing of officialdom 5. Procedure and evidence 6. Torture 7. Resolving a case 8. Petrine reforms and the criminal law Part II. Punishment: 9. Corporal punishment to 1648 10. Corporal punishment, 1649-98 11. To the exile system 12. Peter I and punishment 13. Capital punishment: form and ritual 14. Punishing highest crime in the long sixteenth century 15. Factions, witchcraft and heresy 16. Riot and rebellion 17. Moral economies: spectacle and sacrifice 18. Peter the Great and spectacles of suffering Conclusion: Russian legal culture Appendix: punishment for felonies Bibliography.
Random Anisotropy in Magnetic Materials

A study is made of the effects of random anisotropy on the magnetic properties of ferromagnets. The first section deals with the destruction of long range order in bulk materials due to random uniaxial anisotropy. Succeeding sections deal with random anisotropy confined to surfaces of and interfaces between ferromagnetics. Finally, a model of random multiaxial anisotropy which gives rise to a discrete set of easy directions in space is discussed. The latter model is applied to crystalline alloys of rare earths and to crystalline pseudobinaries of rare earths and transition elements.
An improved rapid assay for S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase.

Abstract A coupled enzyme system was devised to assay S- adenosyl- l -homocysteine hydrolase activity spectrophotometrically and to stain the hydrolase selectively in polyacrylamide gels. The assay procedure monitors the formation of uric acid derived from the catabolism of the adenosine moiety of S-adenosylhomocysteine. The staining procedure allows the determination of the molecular weight of the hydrolase when extracts are electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gradient gels and compared to standard of known molecular weight. The specificity of the enzyme for the homocysteine moiety was also investigated by testing modified compounds as substrates. All the analogs tested were inactive as substrates for hydrolysis, indicating a strict specificity.
Skimmed cows' milk.

It seems incongruous that in the issue of November, 1969, there are two separate articles with regard to use of cow9s milk. In the first, Drs. Berenberg, Mandell, and Fellers1, again emphasize the supposedly well known hazard of using high solute skimmed cow9s milk, either boiled or non-boiled, in the treatment of acute diarrhea of infancy. The all too frequent production of hypernatremic dehydration with its higher incidence of mortality and neurologic sequelae are again reiterated.
A Developmental Atlas of Rat Mammary Gland Histology

The mammary gland is a dynamic tissue that undergoes epithelial expansion and invasion during puberty and cycles of branching and lobular morphogenesis, secretory differentiation, and regression during pregnancy, lactation, and involution. The alteration in the mammary gland epithelium during its postnatal differentiation is accompanied by changes in the multiple stromal cell types present in this complex tissue. The postnatal plasticity of the epithelium, endothelium, and stromal cells of the mammary gland may contribute to its susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The purpose of this review is to assist researchers in recognizing histological changes in the epithelium and stroma of the rat mammary gland throughout development.
Separating wheat from chaff: examining the obesity paradox in the critically ill

Obesity is an increasing burden globally. In the general population, the obese have an increased mortality risk. Regarding the critically ill, a growing body of literature supports the obesity paradox, the notion that obesity confers a protective effect in certain disease states. However, the paucity of methodologically sound trials prevents definitive interpretation and may obscure risks.
Automated performance tracking for heat exchangers in HVAC

System performance tracking is critical to state identification, fault detection and subsequent remaining useful life (RUL) prediction. It is not uncommon that dynamic systems degrade gradually in a non-linear manner, occasionally accompanied with abrupt faults, before and after which the degradation rates vary. In addition, uncertainty coming from sensor measurements poses more challenges to solving this problem. Existing state estimation techniques that are eligible for uncertainty evaluation, such as the extended or unscented Kalman filter and particle filter (PF), can only be applied to non-linear system state tracking excluding abrupt faults, in which case they cannot: 1) detect transient changes of the system states; and 2) track the degradation with varying rate. To address these challenges, a total variation (TV) filter synthesized with an advanced particle filter is developed in this paper. The transient changes of the noisy system states due to abrupt faults are first filtered out by the TV filter. The outputs of the TV filter and the noisy states are then routed to a local search particle filter (LSPF), which is proposed in this paper that can dynamically accommodate its resampling to track the state variation and combat the sample impoverishment problem associated with conventional PFs. The corrected transient changes and estimated gradual degradation of the system states, as well as the uncertainty quantification can be obtained from the LSPF. The proposed approach is presented and demonstrated for automatic fault detection and performance tracking at a component level in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, such as the heat exchanger. To evaluate the developed method, a finite element model for the heat exchanger is established to simulate both normal and faulty cases. The simulation results exhibit the effectiveness of proposed method in fault detection and degradation estimation in heat exchanger.
Screening with MRI for Accurate and Rapid Stroke Treatment: SMART.

Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of timely multimodal MRI screening before thrombolysis in acute stroke patients. Methods: Quality improvement processes were initiated in 2013 to reduce door-to-needle (DTN) time at the 2 hospitals where the NIH stroke team provides clinical care. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients who received IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) ≤4.5 hours from last known normal were identified. Demographic and clinical characteristics and timing metrics were analyzed comparing the time periods before, during, and after the quality improvement processes. Results: There were 157 patients treated with IV tPA for AIS during 2012–2013, of whom 135 (86%) were screened with MRI. DTN time was significantly reduced by 40% during this period from a median of 93 minutes in the first half of 2012 to 55 minutes in the last half of 2013 ( p p p = 0.21–0.76). Conclusions: It is feasible and practical to consistently and rapidly deliver IV tPA to AIS patients within national benchmark times using MRI as the routine screening modality. The processes used in the SMART (Screening with MRI for Accurate and Rapid Stroke Treatment) Study to reduce DTN time have the potential to be widely applicable to other hospitals.
Recent results from the DIII-D tokamak

The DIII-D national fusion research program focuses on establishing the scientific basis for optimization of the tokamak approach to fusion energy production. The symbiotic development of research, theory, and hardware continues to fuel the success of the DIII-D program. During the last year, a radiative divertor and a second cryopump were installed in the DIII-D vacuum vessel, an array of central and boundary diagnostics were added, and more sophisticated computer models were developed. These new tools have led to substantial progress in the understanding of the plasma. We now have a better understanding of the divertor as a means to manage the heat, particle, and impurity transport. Pumping of the plasma edge using the in situ divertor cryopumps effectively controls the plasma density. The evolution of diagnostics that probe the interior of the plasma, particularly the motional Stark effect diagnostic, has led to a better understanding of the core of the plasma. This understanding, together with tools to control the profiles, including electron cyclotron waves, pellet injection, and neutral beam injection, has allowed us to progress in making plasma configurations that give rise to both low energy transport and improved stability. Most significant here is the use of transport barriers to improve ion confinement to neoclassical values. Commissioning of the first high power (890 kW) 110 GHz gyrotron validates an important tool for managing the plasma current profile, key to maintaining the transport barriers. An upgraded plasma control system, "isoflux control", which exploits real time MHD equilibrium calculations to determine magnetic flux at specified locations within the tokamak vessel and provides the means for precisely controlling the plasma shape and, in conjuction with other heating and fueling systems, internal profiles. Disruptions are a design issue for ITER or any other future large tokamak. New disruption diagnostics and computer models have led to better understanding of disruptions, and tools such as impurity pellet injection have effectively reduced disruptive electro-magnetic forces and heat loads. Erosion from disruptions is found to contribute significantly to the erosion of tiles in the divertor region. The remote operation of DIII-D from other sites via the ESNET is providing better access for collaborators and helping develop such capability for ITER. Remote manipulation techniques have been used to repair the currently unused portion of the ohmic heating coil solenoid. This repair will increase the available ohmic heating flux swing by 2.5 Vs. Vanadium is being developed as a low activation material that can be used for the structure of future fusion devices. The DIII-D program plans to continue to develop the experimental understanding and hardware systems to optimize the tokamak configuration both by improving the core performance and by developing the divertor configuration to manage the plasma edge.
Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine

Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine. Gary L. Albrecht. Ray Fitzpatrick. and Susan C. Scrimshaw. eds. London: SAGE Publications, 2000. xxvii. 545 pp.
Study of Air Bubble Formation for Wastewater Treatment

Aeration, a unit process in which air and water are brought into intimate contact, is an extremely important step in the process of wastewater treatment. The two most common systems of aeration are subsurface and mechanical. A mechanical system agitates the wastewater by various means (e.g. paddles, blades, or propellers) to introduce air from the atmosphere. Subsurface aeration is the release of air, in the form of bubbles, within the tank of wastewater to supply the microorganisms with the required amount of oxygen they need to metabolize and break down the organic material suspended in the wastewater. The bubbles of Air are released from the bottom of the wastewater tank through diffusers. These diffusers have a surface membrane, usually made of punched rubber, to create the fine bubbles with high oxygen transfer efficiency from supplied air to the diffusers. Since the energy crisis in the early 1970’s, there has been increased interest in these systems due to its high oxygen transfer efficiency. This paper covers experimentation of different air diffuser membranes, varying in material, used in the aeration process of wastewater treatment. Rubber, EPDM rubber (ethylene-propylene-diene Monomer) and PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene membranes coated membranes were tested. Experimental results showed that the rubber membrane produced the smallest bubble size against expectation. This could be a result of the coating being on the top surface only and the bubble starts from inside the punch.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effect of CpG ODN on monocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells

CpG oligonucleotides stimulate via TLR9 and enhance anti-tumor immunity, an effect attributed to the activation of NK and CD8+ T cells. Our recent work demonstrates that CpG ODN also induce monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells to mature into M1 macrophages, further aiding tumor elimination. This provides insight into the mechanism through which CpG promote tumor regression.
Tracking fin whales in the northeast Pacific Ocean with a seafloor seismic network.

Ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) networks represent a tool of opportunity to study fin and blue whales. A small OBS network on the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the northeast Pacific Ocean in ∼2.3 km of water recorded an extensive data set of 20-Hz fin whale calls. An automated method has been developed to identify arrival times based on instantaneous frequency and amplitude and to locate calls using a grid search even in the presence of a few bad arrival times. When only one whale is calling near the network, tracks can generally be obtained up to distances of ∼15 km from the network. When the calls from multiple whales overlap, user supervision is required to identify tracks. The absolute and relative amplitudes of arrivals and their three-component particle motions provide additional constraints on call location but are not useful for extending the distance to which calls can be located. The double-difference method inverts for changes in relative call locations using differences in residuals for pairs of nearby calls recorded on a common station. The method significantly reduces the unsystematic component of the location error, especially when inconsistencies in arrival time observations are minimized by cross-correlation.
Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement.

Vigilance is a term with varied definitions but the most common usage is sustained attention or tonic alertness. This usage of vigilance implies both the degree of arousal on the sleep–wake axis and the level of cognitive performance. There are many interacting neural and neurotransmitter systems that affect vigilance. Most studies of vigilance have relied on states where the sleep–wake state is altered, e.g. drowsiness, sleep-deprivation, and CNS-active drugs, but there are factors ranging from psychophysics to motivation that may impact vigilance. While EEG is the most commonly studied physiologic measure of vigilance, various measures of eye movement and of autonomic nervous system activity have also been used. This review paper discusses the underlying neural basis of vigilance and its assessment using physiologic tools. Since, assessment of vigilance requires assessment of cognitive function this aspect is also discussed.
Toward Solving The Lost Photon Problem In Image Intensifiers

A summary is given of measurements of the photoelectron counting efficiency of a variety of image intensifiers manufactured by several different manufacturers. With one exception, the counting efficiency is disappointingly low. Typically only slightly over half of the photoelectrons from the first photocathode produce a detectable signal on the output phosphor screen in most diode-type intensifiers. For microchannel plate intensifiers, the counting efficiency is even less. Results are given of experiments intended to produce diode-type intensifiers having improved counting efficiency. Improvements have been achieved through refinements in the manufacturing steps of the phosphor screen, the tube component identified as responsible for the lost photoelectron pulses in diode-type tubes. The best tubes so far have counting efficiencies of 70%, which represent an improvement by a factor of about 1.4.
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of NGC 121: First Detection of Blue Stragglers in an Extragalactic Globular Cluster

We have resolved stars in the core of the old SMC globular cluster NGC 121 with images from the refurbished Hubble Space Telescope and Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. Our photometry reaches 1.5 mag below the main-sequence turnoff, with negligible field contamination. A blue straggler star (BSS) sequence of 42 candidates is clearly seen—the first such detection in an extragalactic globular cluster. The BSSs are more centrally concentrated than the subgiant, red giant, and horizontal branch stars. Various blending and completeness tests demonstrate that at least 23 of our candidates are genuine BSSs. The BSSs extend about 1.8 mag brighter than the main-sequence turnoff, in accord with similar sequences in Galactic globular clusters. One BSS candidate is 2.4 mag brighter than the turnoff, as luminous as the brightest BSS seen in Galactic globulars. The cluster red horizontal branch is clearly detected and well populated, with a modest blueward extension. The relaxation times of the cluster stars and the BSSs are such that most BSSs are in energy equipartition with the other stars. We find ΔV= 3.3 ± 0.1 mag, corresponding to a cluster age that is 2 Gyr younger than that of most Galactic globular clusters and of one of the oldest LMC globulars.
The Relation of Socioeconomic Factors to the Incidence of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Loss of Vision

Purpose: To investigate the relations between socioeconomic factors and the incidence of proliferative retinopathy and loss of vision. Methods: A population-based sample of younger-onset persons with diabetes 25 years of age or older (n = 334) and older-onset persons with diabetes (n = 906) was followed over a 4-year period. Education, occupational status, employment status, and marital status were measured at baseline and follow-up. Main outcome measures were incidence of proliferative retinopathy and loss of vision measured using standard protocols. Results: Proliferative retinopathy was more likely to develop in younger-onset women with less education than in those with more education; no relation was found in the older-onset group. Education was associated inversely with incidence of loss of vision in younger-onset women and older-onset men. Conclusion: These data suggest that education is associated with the development of loss of vision, independent of other risk factors. The associations vary between men and women and between younger-onset and older-onset people with diabetes. Further understanding of these relationships may lead to interventions to prevent loss of vision in people with diabetes.
Anne, the White Woman in Contemporary African-American Fiction: Archetypes, Stereotypes, and Characterizations

Preface Introduction The Terrible Goddess: The Destructive Bitch The Benevolent Witch and Insanity: Mother, Virgin, Whore Social Stereotypes Polarity: The Stereotype and the Archetype--Breaking Boundaries Separating the Archetype and the Stereotype Between the Archetype and the Stereotype: Mediation and the Transcendent Syzygy White Trash: Depravity and Deformity Thrill Seekers, "Slummers" and Social Affectations The Exiled and the "White-Negro" Woman The Empty Woman and the Object The Confidant-Sage Cover Your Mirrors at Night to Keep the Nightmare Away Bibliography Index
A variable-reduction technique for the fixed-route vehicle-refueling problem

The fixed-route vehicle-refueling problem (FRVRP) is a difficult combinatorial problem that is used extensively in the US truckload industry to manage fuel costs. This paper proposes a preprocessing technique for the FRVRP that cuts the problem size noticeably without eliminating the optimal solution(s), which allows users to enlarge the size of solvable instances or save the CPU time of solving the problem dramatically. Empirical testing with real-world instances shows that our method: (i) reduces the problem size by 54.8% and (ii) solves the FRVRPs to optimality in roughly 1/4 of the time it is currently taking.
Are Results of Targeted Gene Sequencing Ready to Be Used for Clinical Decision Making for Patients with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in the USA, which despite recent advances, continues to have a high mortality rate. It is a biologically active disease characterized by numerous cytogenetic abnormalities and multiple genetic mutations. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) will perhaps not reveal all the factors that make AML a complex disease, but does have the potential to affect the diagnosis and risk stratification of AML patients and allow more personalized therapy. AML cells are easy to obtain from the patient and samples are only minimally contaminated with normal cells, which makes it an attractive cancer to study. Several studies have now demonstrated that the majority of AML patients are cytogenetically normal and the genome of these patients may contain fewer mutations than cancer genomes that are highly aneuploidy, suggesting that mutations in diploid genomes are more likely to be pathogenetically relevant. Whole-genome, exome, transcriptome, and targeted gene sequencing studies have been conducted successfully in AML and have provided with valuable information. The challenges for the future include: reducing the cost of sequencing, understanding epigenetic changes, managing data across various platforms, separating the driver mutations from the sea of passenger mutations, and finally, educating future generations to allow a better understanding and easy availability of these complex methodologies.
Exploring the Relationship between ICTs and Public Health at Country Level: A Health Analytics Approach

The authors use a health analytics approach to investigate the relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and public health at a country level. The research uses the ICT factors of accessibility, usage, quality, affordability, trade, and applications, as well as the public delivery indicators of adolescent fertility rate, child immunization for DPT, child immunization for measles, tuberculosis detection rate, life expectancy, adult female mortality rate, and adult male mortality rate. ICT data was collected from the International Telecommunication Union ICT Indicator database. The public health data was collected from the World Bank website. Results of the analytics indicate that ICT factors are positively associated with some public health indicators. Nearly all of the ICT factors are positively associated with the public health indicators of immunization rates, TB detection rates, and life expectancy. The association with adult mortality is negative, which is also favorable. However, the association of ICT with fertility rate is negative, which is an unfavorable effect. These results offer insight into the importance of understanding the positive and adverse impacts of ICT on public health so as to guide national policy decisions in the future.
The relevance of reproductive characteristics of zooplankters to experimental studies in outdoor enclosures

The zooplankters Daphnia pulex, Diaptomus siciloides, Diaptomus clavipes and Acanthocyclops vernalis were manipulated in outdoor tanks (1 m3) for long term (six months) experiments. There were distinct patterns of variability among the species which were mostly independent of treatment effects (e.g. fish predation intensity, in one experiment). Diaptomus showed greater within-treatment variability (coefficient of variation CV = 1.2) than did Acanthocyclops and Daphnia (CV = 0.5). The extinction of calanoids in some tanks was partly responsible for this variability. Acanthocyclops and Daphnia never were extinct, but did occasionally colonize (contaminate) tanks to which they had not been intentionally introduced. Colonization and extinction events were related to reproductive characteristics of the species involved, which also determine the minimum critical densities necessary for population establishment and persistence.
Enhanced antiopiate activity in peptidomimetics of FMRFamide containing Z-2,3-methanomethionine

FMRFa is a molluscan peptide that has shown antiopiate activity in a number of mammalian test systems. The current study determined the antiopiate potency of FMRFa and two conformationally constrained peptidomimetics of FMRFa containing stereoisomers of Z-2,3-methanomethionine. Morphine abstinence signs were observed after varying doses (0.25-25.0 micrograms) of these substances were injected into the third ventricle of morphine-dependent rats. Although both peptidomimetics were far more potent than FMRFa itself, they bound with lower affinity than FMRFa to rat spinal cord receptors for the mammalian FMRFa-like peptide, NPFF.
A prong-catheter for inducing vascular distention in the intact animal

Abstract A new prong-catheter is described that permits vascular distention in the intact animal as a tool for studying certain cardiovascular reflexes.
Fast Prospective Registration of In Vivo MR Images of Trabecular Bone Microstructure in Longitudinal Studies

In micro-MRI studies of trabecular bone designed to evaluate structural changes in response to intervention, follow-up scan volumes do not typically align exactly with the baseline scan volumes due to the orientation and placement of the anatomic location, here the distal tibia, relative to the scanner coordinates. Failure of accurate registration of the follow-up to the baseline images introduces errors due to the inherent anisotropy in the trabecular network and anisotropic voxel size. In this work it is shown that these limitations can be overcome by incorporating on-line prospective registration into the data acquisition protocol. The technique is based on a short 3D localizer scan of 1 mm isotropic resolution prior to acquiring the high-resolution images. During the follow-up exam, localizer images are registered on-site with an algorithm relying on a fast Fourier transform for maximizing the correlation between baseline and follow-up localizers. Transformation parameters obtained in this manner are then fed into the scanner software so that the imaging slab for the high-resolution follow-up images is automatically positioned consistent with that of the baseline scan. Based on phantom and human subject studies it is shown that prospective registration yields very close matching between baseline and follow-up imaging volumes.
A Phosphotransferase Activity of the Bacillus subtilis Sporulation Protein Spo0F That Employs Phosphoramidate Substrates

Transient phosphorylation at an aspartate residue on the Spo0F protein is a central step in the phosphorelay signal transduction pathway controlling sporulation in Bacilli. The response regulator Spo0F-P is stable to hydrolysis (t1/2 > 24 h at 23 degrees C in the absence of Mg2+), allowing the use of nondenaturing PAGE to separate the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of Spo0F. Using this novel assay, phosphoramidate containing compounds were found to specifically phosphorylate Spo0F, a reaction that requires the presence of a divalent metal, but mixed phosphate-carboxylate compounds did not act as phospho donors. Rapid hydrolysis of Spo0F-P generated with phosphoramidate by proteins downstream in the phosphorelay (Spo0B and Spo0A) is consistent with phosphorylation at the active site of Spo0F. The initial rate of Spo0F-P formation from phosphoramidate displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics, providing evidence for the proposal that response regulators, such as Spo0F, function as phosphoryl transferase enzymes (McCleary et al., 1993). The results establish that Spo0F functions as a phosphoryl transferase that uses exclusively a phosphoramidate rather than an acyl phosphate as substrate during autophosphorylation.
Review: Enteral nutrition reduces mortality, multiple organ failure, and systemic infection more than TPN in acute pancreatitis

Source Citation Al-Omran M, Albalawi ZH, Tashkandi MF, Al-Ansary LA. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD002837. 20091534
Impact of Flavor Attributes on Consumer Liking of Swiss Cheese

Although Swiss cheese is growing in popularity, no research has examined what flavor characteristics consumers desire in Swiss cheese, which was the main objective of this study. To this end, a large group of commercially available Swiss-type cheeses (10 domestic Swiss cheeses, 4 domestic Baby Swiss cheeses, and one imported Swiss Emmenthal) were assessed both by 12 trained panelists for flavor and feeling factors and by 101 consumers for overall liking. In addition, a separate panel of 24 consumers rated the same cheeses for dissimilarity. On the basis of liking ratings, the 101 consumers were segmented by cluster analysis into 2 groups: nondistinguishers (n = 40) and varying responders (n = 61). Partial least squares regression, a statistical modeling technique that relates 2 data sets (in this case, a set of descriptive analysis data and a set of consumer liking data), was used to determine which flavor attributes assessed by the trained panel were important variables in overall liking of the cheeses for the varying responders. The model explained 93% of the liking variance on 3 normally distributed components and had 49% predictability. Diacetyl, whey, milk fat, and umami were found to be drivers of liking, whereas cabbage, cooked, and vinegar were drivers of disliking. Nutty flavor was not particularly important to liking and it was present in only 2 of the cheeses. The dissimilarity ratings were combined with the liking ratings of both segments and analyzed by probabilistic multidimensional scaling. The ideals of each segment completely overlapped, with the variance of the varying responders being smaller than the variance of the non-distinguishers. This model indicated that the Baby Swiss cheeses were closer to the consumers' ideals than were the other cheeses. Taken together, the 2 models suggest that the partial least squares regression failed to capture one or more attributes that contribute to consumer acceptance, although the descriptive analysis of flavor and feeling factors was able to account for 93% of the variance in the liking ratings. These findings indicate the flavor characteristics Swiss cheese producers should optimize, and minimize, to create cheeses that best match consumer desires.
Are Emotionally Attached Companion Animal Caregivers Conscientious and Neurotic? Factors That Affect the Human–Companion Animal Relationship

Few studies have examined how personality traits may be related to the amounts and types of attachments humans have toward companion animals (pets). In this study, 1,098 companion animal guardians (owners) completed a survey that included the Big Five Inventory, the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale, and the Pet Attachment Questionnaire. Each participant chose whether he or she identified as a Cat Person, Dog Person, Both, or Neither. Results indicated that neuroticism, conscientiousness, choosing a dog as a favorite pet, and identifying as a Cat Person, Dog Person, or Both predicted affection for a pet. Conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness decreased avoidant attachment to pets, and neuroticism increased anxious attachment to pets. Both dogs and cats could benefit from pet owners who are conscientious, and there may be some benefits of neuroticism in pet owners. The findings of this study will advance understanding of the human-animal bond. As this understanding increases, measurements of human attachment and personality may be useful for the development of tools that could assist shelter employees and veterinarians in counseling people about pet ownership.
Joint and Cross Acceptances for Cross-Flow-Induced Vibration—Part I: Theoretical and Finite Element Formulations

The theoretical development of the acceptance integral method to estimate the random vibration of structures subject to turbulent flow is critically reviewed and put onto a firm mathematical basis. Closed-form solutions for the joint acceptances for cross-flow-induced vibration of one-dimensional structures are derived for two special cases of spring-supported and simply supported beams. These are used to check results from a finite element formulation of the acceptance integrals for one-dimensional structures with arbitrary boundary conditions, and for arbitrary correlation lengths. Agreements between the finite element and closed-form solutions are excellent.
Role of metabolism in dimethylnitrosamine-induced immunosuppression: a review.

Abstract Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) has been characterized as a potent hepatotoxin, carcinogen and mutagen. As described below, immunotoxicity should be added to its profile of activity. Although a broad spectrum of immune parameters is affected by DMN, humoral immunity is particularly sensitive. In order for DMN to produce its traditional profile of toxicity it requires metabolic activation to reactive intermediates which alkylate macromolecules. Similarly, DMN also must be metabolized to produce its immunological effects. However, as this review suggests, the metabolism of DMN to an intermediate capable of suppressing the humoral immune response may be qualitatively and/or quantitavely different from that which mediates hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity.
Trotsky and the Sociological Dimension: An Analysis of Social Action

Trotsky's History of the Russian Revolution, although generally regarded as the best Marxist interpretation, is deemed altogether too subjective by western scholars. Trotsky, however, displays excellent sociological insight into the revolutionary process; he is thus enabled to see things that have otherwise been overlooked. The work is often an excellent example of the use of sociology in the writing of history. T HE GENESIS of social action in the Russian revolution of February 1917, is generally described either in terms of "(consciousness"' or "spontaneity." This polar approach ignores, however, valid sociological contributions to the study of history on the one hand, and on the other, historical data that cannot be so easily reduced to these two categories. The only historian who has thus far been able to deal effectively with the events of February 1917, is Leon Trotsky. The latter, guided by his dialectical and therefore sociological approach, is able to exclude certain possibilities deriving more satisfactory conclusions.2 1 The term "consciousness" is susceptible of a number of definitions. When Soviet scholars use it in the above context it is taken to mean "the conscious social purpose of a determined minority," equating it with the idea of "plot" as the latter term was defined by Brinton, A Decade of Revolution (New York, 1934), p. 298. Trotsky's use of the word in context (see note 4, page 2) should be taken to mean no more than "awareness" or "understanding." It is in this latter sense too, that the word will be used by the present
Minimum estimate of the lifetime of histone messenger RNA of HeLa cells.

The lifetime of histone mRNA of HeLa cells has been studied by its kinetic of approach to steady-state labeling. Cells preincubated with low concentrations of actinomycin d to inhibit rRNA synthesis, were incubated with (3H)uridine. Linear incorporation of uridine was observed for only two hours under the conditions chosen. Polyribosomes were isolated from cells incubated overnight with trace amounts of (14C)uridine and for 30 to 150 min with (3H)uridine. RNA was extracted from polyribosomes and fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Histone mRNA was identified as a peak migrating in a characteristic position, which was absent in gels of RNA obtained from cells treated with the inhibitor of DNA synthesis cytosine arabinoside. The kinetic of labeling of histone mRNA was linear up to 150 min, which represents a minimum estimate of the lifetime of this mRNA.
Interleukin-4 induces endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by an NF-κb-independent mechanism

While all features of the inflammatory response induced by IL-1 are not observed following IL-4 stimulation, suboptimal concentrations both cytokines result in synergistic VCAM-1 expression in HUVEC. We have shown that, while IL-1 stimulated HUVEC express GM-CSF, tissue factor and VCAM-1, only VCAM-1 is detectable after exposure to IL-4. While kB was found essential for both basal and IL-1-mediated activity of VCAM-1, IL-4 induction was kB-independent. Inducible kB-binding proteins were identified in IL-1-, but not IL-4-stimulated nuclear extracts. Our results indicate that IL-4 exerts its transcriptional effects on the VCAM-1 gene through element(s) which do not require kB.
Lattice Vibrations in Silicon by Scattering of Cold Neutrons

A number of infrared measurements have been made on silicon and used to determine the Raman frequency, the optical vibration of zero phonon momentum. Several experimenters using infrared absorption measurements have given values of hv for the Raman line which are in poor agreement. Measurements of the phonon energy by the cold-neutron method are described and the results are graphically shown. The cold-neutron value for the Raman line is not in agreement with the infrared measurements. (A.C.)
Adiabatic dynamics of non-Kerr law solitons

The soliton perturbation theory is used to obtain the adiabatic parameter dynamics of the perturbed solitons that are governed by the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger's equation. The perturbation terms considered in this paper are of dispersive, dissipative as well of nonlocal type.
Analysis of the Cost-Effectiveness of Motor Vehicle Inspection Programs for Reducing Air Pollution

Motor vehicle inspection programs (MVIPs) are used extensively by many communities in the United States as a means to reduce mobile source emissions. In 1992, Florida initiated a motor vehicle inspection program for six counties that were identified as nonattainment areas for ozone pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The costeffectiveness of Florida's motor vehicle inspection program in reducing emissions is evaluated, and the results are compared with the costeffectiveness of other MVIP technologies that are available as alternatives to Florida's current program. Five combinations of current MVIP technologies were chosen as the alternatives for analysis that represent the range of options available for a motor vehicle inspection program. The results of the cost-effectiveness analysis indicate that the program including the technology of Accelerated Simulation Mode is the most cost-effective of all of the alternatives presented. This program is much more cost-effective in reducing pollutants...
Virtual education: Current practices and future directions

Abstract With advanced computer technologies offering opportunities for greater interactivity between teacher and student from the desktop, public and private universities are moving beyond the rural connection and looking at distance education as a more efficient and cost effective means of educating a professional population in need of continuous training to remain competent and competitive in a rapidly evolving global market. Courses and programs of study provided through the Internet have brought a new dimension to virtual education and raised philosophical and practical issues unique to the method of delivery, interaction and administration of online instruction. Advancing technologies are changing current practices in distance education and expanding its possibilities for the future. This article reviews some basic tenets for educational practice as it considers current trends and possible future directions for higher education. The Western Governor's University, a consortium of private and state supported institutions, is examined along with issues raised by the emergence of business-oriented university systems. Design and instructional issues for developing virtual education are also considered.
Thyroid State: Effects on Pre-and Postsynaptic Central Noradrenergic Mechanisms

For hypothyroid rats, spontaneous motor activity was less than that in matched normal controls, and the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the midbrain was significantly greater than that in controls. Rats made hyperthyroid with thyroxine became hyperactive and showed increased sensitivity to the behaviorally activating effects of norepinephrine administered intraventricularly. In hyperthyroid rats, the specific activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the midbrain remained within the normal range. These results are consonant with studies that suggested both receptor "tuning" and feedback regulation of activity of enzymes involved in biosynthesis of presynaptic neurotransmitter as methods of regulation of the central catecholamine synapse. These results may also help explain the reported potentiation by thyroid hormone of the antidepressant effects of imipramine.
The practice of neurology Looking ahead by looking back

Over the last 50 years, there have been many improvements in therapy for individuals with neurologic disorders. Simultaneously, the complexity and cost of care have increased. The delivery of neurologic services is inefficient. The needs of both patients and neurologists are not being optimally addressed. Although greater attention is on the quality, safety, and value of the care, there remains a need for fundamental redesign in the way neurologic services are provided. The future practice of neurology will likely be interdisciplinary and provide both easy access and efficient coordination of services. No matter what changes in financing of health care are adopted, focus needs to be on reducing health care costs. Patients seeking neurologic care will expect seamless, innovative, and cost-effective services and to be active participants in their care. The proposed modifications address current demands and advocate for prospective innovative solutions. The changes proposed to improve care for patients will simultaneously make the careers of neurologists more gratifying and less stressful.
Fluorescence reabsorption in anthracene single crystals: Lifetime variations with emission wavelength and temperature

Abstract Fluorescence spectra and lifetimes of anthracene melt-grown single crystals and sublimation flakes have been examined at 298 and 77°K, using a mono-photon counting technique for the lifetime measurements. The observed emission decay times were nearly independent of the excitation wavelength, though a small dependence of the fluorescence spectrum on the excitation wavelength was noted. By contrast, large variations of fluorescence lifetimes in thick crystals were found as a function of emission wavelength. For thick melt-grown single crystals at 298°K the lifetime was found to increase from 9.8 nsec at 405 nm to 20.4 nsec at 445 nm. For sublimation flakes at 77°K and at 298°K and for thick melt-grown crystals at 77°K, the lifetimes were less than 10 nsec and were nearly independent of emission wavelength. Despite these relatively large variations in lifetimes, the decay rates at each separate wavelength remained exponential, within experimental error. Theoretical calculations were made of emission lifetimes based on a model with one reabsorbing state. The calculations are in substantial agreement with the experimental results.
SU-FF-J-72: Growth and Initial Area Under Curve Correlation Data From DCE-MRI For Treatment Planning and Monitoring in Orthotopic Tumor Models

Purpose: Human bladder carcinomacells are grown in murine bladders to study antitumor effects of new‐targeted therapies. Lack of data on their neovascularity in mice, makes it difficult to evaluate new therapies like anti‐angiogenesis or potential of combinatorial treatments like radiation and hyperthermia. The purpose of this study is to understand the changes in neovascularity with tumorgrowth in relevant organ environment, with dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance. Method and Materials: Eleven athymic nude mice underwent orthotopic injection of 106 253‐J B‐V cells.MRimaging was performed on a 4.7 T small animal MRscanner (Bruker Biospin). Axial T1 weighted spin‐echo and T2 weighted fast spin‐echo acquisitions were performed for volumetric measurements. For dynamic studies, an axial 3D fast RF‐spoiled gradient‐echo acquisition (TR:40ms,TE:1.4ms,slice thickness:1mm) with gadolinium‐DTPA (Magnevist, Schering) was used. The time points for imaging were day 15, day 21 and day 30 after inoculation. Results: The MR volume measurements were made from the fused T1 and T2 images, which were shown to better delineate tumor margins in previous experiments. The initial area under the curve was plotted at 90 seconds, 120 seconds and 200 seconds. An inverse relationship was noted between larger tumor sizes and their IAUC90 (correlation=−0.866 (p<0.05). There is no correlation between the slow growingtumors and the IAUC90 (p=0.708). No significant difference was noted between IAUC 90,120,200 of the whole tumor and tumor rim (p<. 05). Conclusion: The inverse relationship between the IAUC and tumorgrowths maybe indicative of developing necrotic core. The IAUC and tumorgrowth data correlation could be a predictive tool for radiation response. It could also assist in planning time points for anti‐angiogenic therapy. In future, we plan to use a higher molecular weight gadolinium agent, and stain the tissue for mean vessel density.
A novel bonding geometry of CO on Cu(311) as determined by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Abstract Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy has revealed a previously unobserved bonding geometry for CO adsorbed on the Cu(311) surface. In this new bonding mode the CO molecular axis is parallel to the (311) plane and lies along the step direction.
Paraneoplastic vasculitis. Unique syndrome of cutaneous angiitis and arthritis associated with myeloproliferative disorders

Six patients are described whose myeloproliferative disorders were complicated by inflammation in small, predominantly cutaneous blood vessels. The clinical manifestations of the vasculitis included palpable purpura, urticaria, maculopapular lesions, and erythema multiforme. Vascular inflammation was confirmed by skin biopsy. Two patients experienced fleeting, asymmetrical nondestructive arthritis. Transient proteinuria complicated one case and was the only suggestion of visceral vasculitis. The clinical features of cutaneous vasculitis antedated bone marrow deterioration in four patients and diminished as bone marrow function worsened in all patients. Oral corticosteroids or chemotherapy for the underlying disorder inconsistently affected the clinical course of the cutaneous vasculitis. Myeloproliferative disorders should be considered among disorders that are complicated by inflammation in small blood vessels.