cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of alternative lamb production systems, terminal sire breed, and maternal line on ewe productivity and its components.

The 4 yr productivity of 25% (QF; n = 533) and 50% (HF; n = 531) Finnsheep ewes exposed to either Suffolk or Columbia rams in one of three production systems was monitored to test the effects of system, terminal sire breed, maternal line, and their interactions on annual market lamb production. Ewe lambs and yearlings were randomly assigned to either a high-input accelerated lambing system (HIGH), a high-input annual system (MED), or a low-input annual system (LOW). Nursery facilities were available for weak lambs or those born in triplet or more births for the HIGH and MED but not for the LOW systems. Accelerated lambing protocol required early weaning. Sex-adjusted lamb weaning weights were corrected to within-system mean ages of 42 d for HIGH and 70 d for MED and LOW. The HIGH ewes weaned 1.55 lambs per year compared with 1.46 for MED and 1.18 for LOW (P less than .01). However, because of early weaning, HIGH yielded the lowest weight of weaned lamb per year. The MED ewes weaned 5.9 and 11.1 more kilograms of lamb per year than the LOW and HIGH ewes, respectively (P less than .01). The HIGH system may be economically feasible if young lambs could be inexpensively grown to feeder or market lamb weight. The HIGH ewes did not, however, increase lamb numbers in proportion to increased exposures compared with the annual systems. Breed-group effects for ewe productivity (kilogram of lamb weaned per ewe per year) were consistent across management systems, although some interactions among breed group and system were present for components of productivity. Suffolk rams yielded an advantage of 1.6 kg of weaned lamb per exposure over Columbia rams (P less than .05) due to a 3% better lamb survival (P less than .01) and heavier weaning weight, especially in the LOW system. The HF ewes weaned .1 more lambs per exposure than QF ewes (P less than .01); .06 of the lambs were nursery-reared. However, lambs from HF ewes had a 2% lower survival rate (P less than .05) and were 1.4 kg lighter at weaning (P less than .01), so overall productivity among HF and QF ewes was similar.
Intensive Care Evaluation of the Comatose Patient

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the intensive care evaluation of a comatose patient. Coma is a frequent and major concern in the intensive care unit. Coma results from a physiologic failure of either both cerebral hemispheres or the reticular activating formation of the brain stem; the latter projects to the cortex and serves to maintain consciousness. There are essentially four general pathophysiological causes of coma—(1) supratentorial mass lesions; (2) infratentorial mass or destructive lesions; (3) metabolic encephalopathy and diffuse cerebral disturbances; and (4) psychogenic coma. The first two produce coma by altering the brain stem reticular formation. Supratentorial mass lesions affect the brain stem in one of the two fashions, uncal or central herniation. In the former, the lateral displacement of the temporal lobe over the tentorial edge compresses the midbrain. Initially, there is a third nerve palsy on the side of the lesion with ptosis and pupillary dilatation preceding ophthalmoplegia. The alteration of consciousness then follows and either contralateral hemiplegia or ipsilateral hemiplegia appears. The chapter presents a detailed bedside examination of a comatose individual with an emphasis on possible etiologies. It also discusses the pathophysiology and prognosis of coma.
Percutaneous Balloon Dilation of Ureteral Strictures after Failed Surgical Repair in Children

AbstractWe attempted treatment of long-standing strictures of ureterovesical or ureterosigmoid anastomosis in 6 children by percutaneous balloon dilation. The 4 girls and 2 boys were between 2 and 19 years old (mean age 9 years) at the time of dilation. Obstruction occurred at the ureterosigmoid anastomosis in 3 patients and at the ureterovesical junction in 3. Obstruction was confirmed by diuresis renography, antegrade pyelography and pressure perfusion studies. An attempt at dilation was unsuccessful for 1 patient. For the remaining 5 patients the ureter has remained patent for a followup period of 7 to 18 months (mean 12 months).Percutaneous balloon dilation of established ureterointestinal and ureterovesical obstruction after failed surgical repair can be successful. The hospital stay is reduced and major surgery with its accompanying morbidity is avoided. If balloon dilation is unsuccessful, surgical repair remains an option. Balloon dilation should be seriously considered as an initial form of treat...
The Vulvar Vernacular: Dilemmas Experienced and Strategies Recommended by Women with Chronic Genital Pain.

ABSTRACTThis manuscript uses Goldsmith’s (2004) normative model of social support to explore conversations women have with a romantic partner about vulvodynia. Twenty-six women with vulvodynia part...
Genetically determined fungal pathogen tolerance and soil variation influence ectomycorrhizal traits of loblolly pine

Selection on genetically correlated traits within species can create indirect effects on one trait by selection on another. The consequences of these trait correlations are of interest because they may influence how suites of traits within species evolve under differing selection pressures, both natural and artificial. By utilizing genetic families of loblolly pine either tolerant (t) or susceptible (s) to two different suites of pathogenic fungi responsible for causing either pine decline or fusiform rust disease, we investigated trait variation and trait correlations within loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) by determining how ectomycorrhizal (EM) colonization relates to pathogen susceptibility. We detected interactions between susceptibility to pathogenic fungi and soil inoculation source on loblolly pine compatibility with the EM fungi Thelephora, and on relative growth rate of loblolly pine. Additionally, we detected spatial variation in the loblolly pine-EM fungi interaction, and found that variation in colonization rates by some members of the EM community is not dictated by genetic variation in the host plant but rather soil inoculation source alone. The work presented here illustrates the potential for indirect selection on compatibility with symbiotic EM fungi as a result of selection for resistance to fungal pathogens. Additionally, we present evidence that the host plant does not have a single "mycorrhizal trait" governing interactions with all EM fungi, but rather that it can interact with different fungal taxa independently. Synthesis. An understanding of the genetic architecture of essential traits in focal species is crucial if we are to anticipate and manage the results of natural and artificial selection. As demonstrated here, an essential but often overlooked symbiosis (that between plants and mycorrhizal fungi) may be indirectly influenced by directed selection on the host plant.
Home Healthcare Services as an Extension of Intensive Care Unit

On the modern hospital, the vast majority of patients will require ICU admission. The cost of caring patients in the ICU in the USA is expected to increase to 6% of the gross national product by 2019. There are ways to provide ICU care to the growing number of patients; of all extending ICU care at home seems to be the best solution. Intensive home healthcare is a multidisciplinary effort among hospitals, physicians, nurses, and pharmaceutical and insurance companies. This chapter is an attempt to explore this revolutionary field.
Frequency of eating alone is associated with adolescent dietary intake, perceived food-related parenting practices and weight status: Cross-sectional Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) Study results

Objective To examine relationships between frequency of adolescents eating alone (dependent variable) and diet, weight status and perceived food-related parenting practices (independent variables). Design Analyses of publicly available, cross-sectional, web-based survey data from adolescents. Setting Online consumer opinion panel. Subjects A US nationwide sample of adolescents (12-17 years) completed Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating (FLASHE) Study surveys to report demographic and family meal characteristics, weight, dietary intake, home food availability and perceptions of parenting practices. Parents provided information about demographic characteristics. Logistic regression analyses were used to test for associations between variables. Results About 20 % of adolescents reported often eating alone (n 343) v. not often eating alone (n 1309). Adjusted odds of adolescents often eating alone were significantly higher for non-Hispanic Black compared with non-Hispanic White adolescents (OR=1·7) and for overweight or obese compared with normal- or underweight adolescents (OR=1·6). Adjusted odds of adolescents eating alone were significantly lower for those who reported that fruits and vegetables were often/always available in the home (OR=0·65), for those who perceived that parents had expectations about fruit and vegetable intake (OR=0·71) and for those who agreed with parental authority to make rules about intake of junk food/sugary drinks (OR=0·71). Junk food and sugary drink daily intake frequency was positively associated with often eating alone. Conclusions Often eating alone was related to being overweight/obese, having less healthy dietary intake and perceptions of less supportive food-related parenting practices.
Differential Gamma-Synuclein Expression in Acute and Chronic Retinal Ganglion Cell Death in the Retina and Optic Nerve

We used genetic naturally occurring glaucoma (DBA/2J) and experimentally induced optic nerve crush (ONC) as models to study gamma-synuclein expression change in retinal ganglion cells and optic nerves. Gene chip microarray analysis demonstrated downregulated expression of the gamma-synuclein gene in DBA/2J mice as they developed age-associated glaucoma with concomitant with retinal ganglion cell loss. Real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunostaining results confirmed that the expression of gamma-synuclein at the mRNA and protein level was significantly reduced in the retinas and optic nerves of aged DBA/2J mice. We also observed similar reduced expression of gamma-synuclein in the retinas from mice after optic nerve crush. Surprisingly, the expression of gamma-synuclein was increased in optic nerves after crush. This is the first study demonstrating gamma-synuclein-expressing cells accumulate in the optic nerve crush site. Gamma-synuclein was found in axons colocalizing largely with neurofilaments in control mice without injury but was found inside cells within the scar in the crush site. Gamma-synuclein expression is predominantly expressed at the optic nerve crush site associated with CD68+ macrophage-like cells, not GFAP-expressing astroglial cells, suggesting gamma-synuclein expression is associated with glial scar formation inhibitory to optic nerve regeneration. We propose gamma-synuclein labels macrophage-like cells recruited to the site of acute optic nerve injury.
Modeling and Critical Winding Geometric Parameter Identification for the Near Electric Field from Helical Inductors

With the development of power electronics, the switching speed and switching frequency is increased to achieve higher power density. However, with the increased power density, components are positioned closer to each other, which increase the concerns of near field coupling. In non-isolated power converters, inductors are identified as major sources of electric field. This paper develops a fundamental theoretical model to quantify the relationship between helical windings and the near electric field. The developed theoretical model reveals that the inductors with helical winding structure will become an unintentional antenna that generate near electric field. It is recognized in this paper the geometric parameters such as the winding radius and the distance between winding layers are factors that influence the electric near field. The theoretical model is verified through the experiments and ANSYS HFSS simulations. Based on the model, the near electric field can be reduced by winding structure design.
Gallbladder vasculitis associated with type-1 cryoglobulinemia

A patient with type I cryoglobulinemia and monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance was found to have acute gallbladder vasculitis. The most prominent manifestation was upper abdominal pain in the setting of normal liver tests. An abdominal ultrasound demonstrated a thickened gallbladder wall, along with gallstones. HIDA scanning showed a nonfunctioning gallbladder with an edematous and thickened wall. There was characteristic leukocytoclastic vasculitis affecting the gallbladder. The patient recovered uneventfully subsequent to cholecystectomy. Gallbladder vasculitis should be considered in patients with unexplained upper abdominal pain and systemic vasculitis.
Sorting nexin 17 (SNX17) links endosomal sorting to Eps15 homology domain protein 1 (EHD1)-mediated fission machinery

Following endocytosis, receptors that are internalized to sorting endosomes are sorted to different pathways, in part by sorting nexin (SNX) proteins. Notably, SNX17 interacts with a multitude of receptors in a sequence-specific manner to regulate their recycling. However, the mechanisms by which SNX17-labeled vesicles that contain sorted receptors bud and undergo vesicular fission from the sorting endosomes remain elusive. Recent studies suggest that a dynamin-homolog, Eps15 homology domain protein 1, catalyzes fission and releases endosome-derived vesicles for recycling to the plasma membrane. However, the mechanism by which EHD1 is coupled to various receptors and regulates their recycling remains unknown. Here we sought to characterize the mechanism by which EHD1 couples with SNX17 to regulate recycling of SNX17-interacting receptors. We hypothesized that SNX17 couples receptors to the EHD1 fission machinery in mammalian cells. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments and in vitro assays provided evidence that EHD1 and SNX17 directly interact. We also found that inducing internalization of a SNX17 cargo receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP1), led to recruitment of cytoplasmic EHD1 to endosomal membranes. Moreover, surface rendering and quantification of overlap volumes indicated that SNX17 and EHD1 partially colocalize on endosomes and that this overlap further increases upon LRP1 internalization. Additionally, SNX17-containing endosomes were larger in EHD1-depleted cells than in WT cells, suggesting that EHD1 depletion impairs SNX17-mediated endosomal fission. Our findings help clarify our current understanding of endocytic trafficking, providing significant additional insight into the process of endosomal fission and connecting the sorting and fission machineries.
Exercise Combats Hepatic Steatosis: Potential Mechanisms and Clinical Implications

Hepatic steatosis, the excess storage of intrahepatic lipids, is a rampant clinical problem associated with the obesity epidemic. Hepatic steatosis is linked to increased risk for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular and advanced liver disease. Accumulating evidence shows that physical activity, exercise, and aerobic capacity have profound effects on regulating intrahepatic lipids and mediating susceptibility for hepatic steatosis. Moreover, exercise can effectively reduce hepatic steatosis independent of changes in body mass. In this perspective, we highlight 1) the relationship between obesity and metabolic pathways putatively driving hepatic steatosis compared with changes induced by exercise; 2) the impact of physical activity, exercise, and aerobic capacity compared with caloric restriction on regulating intrahepatic lipids and steatosis risk; 3) the effects of exercise training (modalities, volume, intensity) for treatment of hepatic steatosis, and 4) evidence for a sustained protection against steatosis induced by exercise. Overall, evidence clearly indicates that exercise powerfully regulates intrahepatic storage of fat and risk for steatosis.
Algebraic voting theory & representations of Sm≀Sn

Abstract We consider the problem of selecting an n-member committee made up of one of m candidates from each of n distinct departments. Using an algebraic approach, we analyze positional voting procedures, including the Borda count, as Q S m ≀ S n -module homomorphisms. In particular, we decompose the spaces of voter preferences and election results into simple Q S m ≀ S n -submodules and apply Schur's Lemma to determine the structure of the information lost in the voting process. We conclude with a voting paradox result, showing that for sufficiently different weighting vectors, applying the associated positional voting procedures to the same set of votes can yield vastly different election outcomes.
Health Literacy and Decisional Preferences in Hand Surgery.

Purpose Patients increasingly prefer to be involved in health decisions. Shared decisions are associated with less decisional conflict and improved satisfaction. This study examines the relationship between health literacy and preferred decision-making role in patients seeking care for hand problems. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of 226 patients who were presenting to a hand service for the first time, who were older than 18 years, not pregnant, and fluent and literate in English. Patient demographic information, work status, and education level were collected from the patient. Diagnosis and insurance status were collected from the medical record. Pain interference, depression, and upper extremity function were measured using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) questionnaires administered with computerized adaptive testing. Health literacy and preferred decision-making role were assessed using the Newest Vital Sign Test and Control Preference Scale, respectively. Discordance between preferred and actual decision-making role was assessed using the Control Preference Scale statements with the words “I prefer” omitted. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess for factors associated with preferred decision-making role and discordance. Results Seventy-eight percent of patients preferred an active or collaborative, rather than a passive, role in decision making. Sixty-one percent felt they had achieved their preferred role. Preferred role and achievement of that role were not associated with health literacy, age, race, insurance, work status, diagnosis, pain intensity, symptoms of depression, and magnitude of self-reported activity limitations. More years of education was associated with a more active preferred decision-making role but not with obtaining that preferred role. Conclusions Most people want to participate in decisions about their care even if they have low health literacy. Clinical relevance Hand specialists can seek strategies to help people understand and participate in care decisions.
Maternal Obesity is Associated with Phenotypic Alterations in Fetal Immune Cells by Single‐Cell Mass Cytometry

Problem Prenatal exposure to metabolic dysregulation arising from maternal obesity can have negative health consequences in post-natal life. To date, the specific effects of maternal obesity on fetal immunity at a cellular level have not been well characterized. Method of study Using cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) and cord plasma (n = 9/group) isolated from infants born to women with a high body mass index (BMI>25kg/m2 ) compared to women with a normal BMI (18-25kg/m2 ), we evaluated differences in immune cell populations using single-cell mass cytometry (CyTOF). CBMCs were matched according to potentially confounding variables, such as maternal and gestational age, ethnicity, smoking status, and gravidity. Statistical results were adjusted for fetal sex. Data were analyzed by viSNE and FlowSOM softwares in Cytobank™ . Results In newborn CBMCs from women with high BMI, we observed changes in frequency and phenotype of immune cell populations, including significant increases in CD4+ T cells and decreases in myeloid cell populations. IL-12p40 and MDC concentrations were significantly elevated in the high BMI group compared to control. Conclusion This study demonstrates an association between maternal obesity and fetal immunity. Our results warrant following long-term immunologic outcomes and associated clinical risks in children born to women with a high pre-pregnancy BMI.
Affordable Care Act and Cancer Survivors' Financial Barriers to Care: Analysis of the National Health Interview Survey, 2009-2018.

PURPOSE:Since Affordable Care Act (ACA) implementation in 2014, studies have demonstrated gains in insurance coverage for cancer survivors < 65 years. We assessed the impact of ACA implementation o...
Sharp Bounds on the Approximation Rates, Metric Entropy, and $n$-widths of Shallow Neural Networks

In this article, we study approximation properties of the variation spaces corresponding to shallow neural networks with a variety of activation functions. We introduce two main tools for estimating the metric entropy, approximation rates, and $n$-widths of these spaces. First, we introduce the notion of a smoothly parameterized dictionary and give upper bounds on the non-linear approximation rates, metric entropy and $n$-widths of their absolute convex hull. The upper bounds depend upon the order of smoothness of the parameterization. This result is applied to dictionaries of ridge functions corresponding to shallow neural networks, and they improve upon existing results in many cases. Next, we provide a method for lower bounding the metric entropy and $n$-widths of variation spaces which contain certain classes of ridge functions. This result gives sharp lower bounds on the $L^2$-approximation rates, metric entropy, and $n$-widths for variation spaces corresponding to neural networks with a range of important activation functions, including ReLU$^k$, sigmoidal activation functions with bounded variation, and the B-spline activation functions.
A call for complexity: integrated models to solve complex policy problems

This research calls for attention to complexity theory and the integration of complexity methodologies in policy research. A complexity approach in research practice requires a systems worldview and recognition of non-linearity, networks, self-organization, emergence, and feedback in policy. Simply, if a phenomenon is complex and can be explored from varied contexts and scales, the conceptual frame, and the methodical approach should be able to address the complexity. Complexity science has the capacity to account for complexity in varied contexts, on varied scales, and with an interrelated and interdependent environment. Further, if policy systems are at times simple, complicated, complex, and chaotic, then complexity mythologies combined with traditional qualitative and quantitative methods can bring to light the workings of the elusive black box. Complexity allows for triangulation of both linear and non-linear methodologies integrating qualitative, quantitative, network analysis, and agent-based models, as well as other methodologies. Complexity science is not the panacea to solve all policy problems with perfection. But if you do not acknowledge the complexity you will be missing out on the opportunity to shape patterns of sustainability, to effectively manage complex policy problems to someday solve them.
Social Media, Digital Activism, and Online Collective Action: _x000D_ A Tale of Two Overlapping Women's Rights Movements.

Research on collective action (CA) dates back to at least the 1960s. However, the plethora of Internetdriven CAs warrants the need to revisit the theory of CA. By analyzing blog and Twitter postings for the two movements, “Women to Drive” and “Sexual Harassment”, we - (1) develop novel methodologies to model online CAs by utilizing existing CA theories and computational approaches for social network analysis, sentiment analysis, text mining, and content analysis, (2) establish a rigorous and fundamental analytical framework to understand the emergence, evolution, development and trajectory of CAs in complex online environments, and (3) study coalition formation, interorganizational communication, and transnational support of the two online CAs. The study also identifies cross-cultural aspects of the campaign network, where Arabic hashtags relate to the local factors and English hashtags connect with transnational and interorganizational support from various organizations such as human rights and women’s rights.
Thinking Like a Lawyer: The Heuristics of Case Synthesis

In a common law system where cases play such an important role in legal problem-solving, lawyers must be able to synthesize ideas from groups of cases to figure out a jurisdiction's law at a particular point in time; in reality, however, many lawyers aren't able to do so well enough for sophisticated law practice. Some lawyers understand and use this skill intuitively, but do not consciously think about the steps they actually take. Those in this group often do not sufficiently value case synthesis because it seems so obvious, with the result that they don't necessarily use this skill to its full potential. Others don't intuitively understand how to synthesize cases and have never learned a methodology to do so. Lawyers in this situation simply are not able to manipulate case law adequately and consequently fail to produce the necessary depth of analysis to represent clients effectively. This article's goal is to ensure that lawyers in practice - and teachers in law schools who train future lawyers - have a sufficient understanding of synthesizing cases. To achieve this, the article begins by describing the theory behind this skill as well as a methodology that will generate the subtle nuances of analysis necessary for sophisticated law practice. The article then proceeds to apply this methodology to a group of hypothetical cases that have been designed to demonstrate the complex permutations of actually working with a group of cases to solve a client's problem.
In vitro fertilization of rabbit ova in tubal fluid

Abstract A total of 337 ova were inseminated in vitro in rabbit tubal fluid under mineral oil using capacitated spermatozoa recovered from the uterus 12 hours after mating. The fresh tubal fluid was collected from ligated rabbit oviducts, diluted with Waymouth's medium and, for 124 of these, the mineral oil was pretreated with 5 per cent carbon dioxide in air. After 4 hours, ova were transferred to fresh tissue culture medium with added 10 per cent rabbit serum and cultured for 18 to 20 hours. Ova were examined for evidence of sperm penetration, pronuclear formation, polar bodies, and cleavage. The fertilization rate was 30.9 per cent without prior carbon dioxide equilibration and 63.7 per cent when the diluted, carbon dioxide treated oil was used.
The role of tax bases and collections costs in the determination of income tax rates, seigniorage and inflation

A growing theoretical literature on optimal taxation predicts that governments will set the tax rates on money holdings and on more traditional tax bases to minimize the deadweight losses of collecting government revenue. Under the presumption that relative collection costs and tax bases have not changed significantly over time, the empirical time-series seigniorage literature has focused on the theory's tax smoothing implication, finding only weak support. We show that changes in collections costs and tax bases played an important role in the determination of tax composition and find stronger support for tax smoothing when this is taken into account.
Controlling Tumor-Derived and Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth: Role of the 4F2 Cell Surface Antigen

We have isolated a monoclonal antibody, clone βE11, which recognizes an antigen that is highly abundant on the surface of mitotic vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting, expression of this 190-kd antigen is approximately threefold higher in mitotic versus interphase endothelial cells. Treatment of tumor cells with an antibody to the βE11 antigen inhibits their growth in a dose-dependent manner in vitro with maximal inhibition at an antibody concentration of 1 μg/ml. Different tumor cell lines demonstrate varying sensitivities to anti-βE11 with the following order of growth inhibition: colon > prostate = glioma > melanoma = fibroblast > breast > liver. Furthermore, the βE11 antigen localizes to regions of prostatic intraductal neoplasia in paraffin-embedded sections. Mass spectrometry of the cell-derived βE11 protein and V8-protease fingerprint analysis indicate that the βE11 antigen is nearly identical to the 4F2 heavy chain antigen, a cell surface protein that has been implicated in cell activation and proliferation. Expression of the βE11 antigen during mitosis functionally links it to a fundamental aspect of cell proliferation, and its spatial localization on the surface of both proliferating endothelium and tumor cells demonstrates its potential for tumor immunotherapy.
On the Detection of Multiple Sensor Abnormalities in Multivariate Processes

The wealth of process information generated from sensor readings can be used to detect bias changes, drift and/or higher levels of noise in various process sensors. New multivariate statistical techniques permit frequent audits of process sensors. These methods are based on the evaluation of residuals generated by utilizing plant models developed with principal components analysis (PCA) or partial least squares (PLS) methods. The fact that the prediction of each variable in the process involves all the other process variables (PLS) and even itself (PCA), may cause false alarms even though the related sensors function properly. A multipass PLS regression technique is proposed to eliminate the false alarms. The sensor with the highest corruption is discarded from both the calibration and the test data when a sensor failure is detected. This eliminates the effect of the corrupted data on the prediction of the remaining process variables and prevents false alarms. The technique is applied to a High Temperature Short Time (HTST) Pasteurization Pilot plant with six temperature and one flow rate measurements.
Polygraph diagrams for holistic visualization of data sets using multiple-units of analysis

This paper describes a diagramming notation called the polygraph diagram. This notation was developed as part of the Hawaii Marine Science Studies (HMSS) high school curriculum by members of the Curriculum Research and Development Group at the University of Hawaii. A polygraph diagram is a way to create a 2-dimensional, holistic representation of multiple variables that use more than one unit of analysis. A central feature of the polygraph diagram is that each scale is independent of the others. Each scale uses the unit of analysis appropriate to the characteristic (e.g. counts, lengths, or mass data). This paper both illustrates the construction of polygraph diagrams as well as shows how the resulting footprint facilitates classification situations encountered by fisheries biologists.
Positron emission tomography and X-ray computed tomography: tools for mouse phenotyping?

Significant advances in imaging technology now permit non-invasive imaging of mice with high spatial resolution and high sensitivity to biochemical and molecular alterations. Two imaging technologies will be discussed. X-ray computed tomography uses transmission of X-rays through a mouse to create high-resolution anatomic images, which can be useful for detecting phenotypic-related alterations in morphology. Positron emission tomography utilizes trace amounts of radiopharmaceuticals to measure biologic function, for example glucose metabolism, receptor binding and gene expression. Screening of genetically engineered mice with positron emission tomography and a radiopharmaceutical that correlates with glucose metabolism has demonstrated sensitivity to phenotypic changes. Ultimately, the merger of these two complementary imaging modalities, providing spatially registered images of anatomy and function, may provide a powerful tool for whole-body phenotypic analysis, although a number of challenges must be addressed to realize a high-throughput imaging tool for these applications.
Reciprocity and Humility in Wonderland

This article supports the perspective of Jan Valle regarding the importance of recognizing the subjectivity inherent in decisions about Learning Disabilities. The author argues that the perspectives of both parents and professionals are informed by subjective judgments that must be taken into account in decision making. A reciprocal approach to interactions between parents and professionals will improve mutual understanding and will allow professionals to appreciate the limits of their own knowledge.
Future Cosmic Microwave and Cosmic Infrared Background Measurements

Cosmic microwave and infrared background radiation (CMBR and CIBR) measurements in the near future have the potential to greatly advance our knowledge of the early universe. New instrument and space technology will soon enable much better measurements of both.
Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of common bile duct gallstones

The aim of this study was to determine the composition of gallstones from the common bile duct of patients from the United States and the relationship of stone type to the time interval after cholecystectomy. We analyzed 56 sets of common bile duct gallstones collected over a 10-yr period using infrared and atomic absorption spectroscopy and chemical methods. Twenty-four sets (43%) of stones were cholesterol stones containing 85.3% cholesterol, 3.2% pigment, 0.6% phosphate, and 1.3% total calcium. Ten sets (18%) were black pigment stones containing 36.5% pigment, 11.4% cholesterol, 7.6% carbonate, 3.0% phosphate, and 6.2% total calcium. Twenty-two sets (39%) were brown pigment stones containing 52.7% pigment, 16.5% calcium palmitate, 10.1% cholesterol, 0.4% phosphate, and 3.4% total calcium. Most of the 26 stones found at the same time as or within several months after cholecystectomy were either cholesterol (69%) or black pigment (19%). In contrast, the majority (59%) of the 22 common duct stones that were diagnosed greater than or equal to 21 mo after cholecystectomy were brown pigment stones. In conclusion, brown pigment stones are a distinct type of pigment stone characterized by their content of substantial amounts of calcium palmitate. They comprise a significant proportion of common duct stones in this series of United States patients, particularly of those found greater than or equal to 21 mo after cholecystectomy.
Anomalous temperature-dependent Young’s modulus of a cast LAST (Pb–Sb–Ag–Te) thermoelectric material

Abstract Thermomechanical characterization is important to material evaluation and device design in the development of thermoelectric technology. In this study, we utilize the resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) technique to examine the elastic behavior of a cast LAST (Pb–Sb–Ag–Te) material with a composition of Ag0.86Pb19Sb1.0Te20 between room temperature and 823 K. The temperature-dependent Young’s modulus exhibits a monotonically decreasing trend with increasing temperature. However, an abnormal slope change in the Young’s modulus–temperature curve around 500 K is observed. In addition, hysteresis between heating and cooling data in the temperature range of 450–550 K is observed, which appears to be dependent on the heating/cooling rate during the RUS experiments such that the hysteresis disappears when the heating/cooling rate was decreased from 5 to 2 K min–1. In this study we propose an order–disorder transition model for the anomalous temperature-dependent Young’s modulus behavior observed in this study.
The role of some definite references in linguistic integration

Definite reference increases thematic integration for semantically related sentences (DeVilliers, 1974). Therefore, definite reference should increase linguistic integration in the Bransford-Franks integrated recognition paradigm. Two recognition and two recall studies demonstrated that, if anything, indefinite reference increases linguistic integration effects, as measured by existing measures of integration. However, definite reference increases topical clustering in recall. Results cast doubt on the validity of existing measures of linguistic integration and indicate that the tally model of performance in integrated recognition tasks (Reitman & Bower, 1973) is not totally adequate, either. Results are compatible with the associative model of Anderson and Bower (1973). Topical clustering appears to be a better measure of integrated memory than are existing measures of linguistic integration. Retention of information about the propositional form in which semantically related sentences are presented and integrated memory are not necessarily incompatible.
Long latency transient evoked potentials to rapid random stimulation: responses to single and multiple concurrent stimuli

In EP testing, regular (periodic) stimulation at increasing rates produces progressive fusion of responses into steady-state wave forms. When stimuli are presented randomly in time this fusion does not occur. Medium and long latency transient EPs can be recorded to stimulation at interstimulus intervals which are much shorter than the EP wave form latencies. Individual transient EPs can be obtained to multiple independent stimuli presented concurrently when the stimuli are presented randomly to one another. The ability to obtain responses to rapid stimulation and to multiple independent stimuli provides opportunities for increased efficiency and complexity of testing, particularly involving long latency responses.
Performance Evaluation of Parallel Flow Microchannel Heat Exchanger Subjected to External Heat Transfer

In this paper the effect of constant external heat transfer on the performance of a two fluid balanced parallel flow microchannel heat exchanger is analyzed. A mathematical model is developed for predicting the effectiveness-NTU relationship of both the fluids. Theoretical analysis is presented for various cases of external heating over a wide range of NTU. External heating improved the effectiveness of the cold fluid but degraded the effectiveness of the hot fluid while external cooling produced the opposite changes in the effectiveness of the coolants. The extent of improvement or degradation depended on the level of external heating/cooling. A term referred to as performance factor is used to assess the degree of improvement or degradation of the effectiveness of the individual fluids. Experiments conducted on two microchannel heat exchangers by subjecting the coolants to 5% and 10% external heating have been presented in this paper. The experimental value of NTU varied from 0.42 to 1.76. Good agreement is observed between the theoretical predictions and experimental results. The results presented in this paper are nondimensional; thus they can be utilized irrespective of the dimensions of parallel flow microchannel heat exchangers as well as the type of coolant.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The preservation of the quality of the muscle in frozen Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) by pre-storage anti-oxidant dipping treatments†

Summary Australian red claw crayfish tails were dipped in either 0.06% (w/w) anti-oxidant solutions (tocopherols, propyl gallate, or rosemary extract) or in water and subsequently stored in a −20 °C freezer. At the end of 0, 1, 3, and 6 months of storage, the raw muscle samples were analysed for lipid oxidation, the thermal stability of proteins, cooking yield and shear force. Red claw treated with anti-oxidants showed a lower (P < 0.05) thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) production than the non-anti-oxidant control (dipped in water). Enthalpy of denaturation (ΔH) for the myosin head and shear values for the tails decreased (P < 0.05) in all samples after 6 months of storage, while cooking yield was unaffected by storage. Overall, red claw muscle was quite stable and the oxidation, measured as TBARS values, was small (<0.3 mg kg−1) but could be further stabilized by anti-oxidant dipping treatments. However the anti-oxidant dipping did not prevent texture softening in red claw muscle during frozen storage.
Participatory materials: having a reflective conversation with an artifact in the making

Designing and building mechatronic systems has gradually ceased to be the domain of only highly trained professionals and has become broadly accessible. Drawing from a notion of designing as a conversation with the materials of the situation we built an artifact that could actively engage in its own making by embedding a Wizard of Oz operated animated agent into an Arduino prototyping platform. In a 2x2 between-participants Wizard of Oz laboratory experiment with (N=68) high-school students we specifically examined how this prototyping agent's expression of interest affected perceptions of the agent and learning outcomes dependent on the embodiment of the agent as embedded in the prototyping material itself or as an external entity. We found evidence that embedding an agent into the prototyping material can positively influence learning processes and outcomes while not harming perceptions of the agent.
A molecular theory of melting

Abstract A molecular theory of melting of hard-sphere solid is described. The basic idea is to express the thermodynamic potential difference between the coexisting liquid and the solid in terms of the direct correlation function of the solid phase. This is implemented by the use of density-functional techniques. Our results for the coexisting solid packing fraction ( η = 0.574), the liquid packing fraction ( η = 0.464), and the change in entropy per particle (1.37 k B ) are in good agreement with simulation results.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution on Aryl-Amido Ligands Promoted by Oxidizing Osmium(IV) Centers

Addition of amine nucleophiles to acetonitrile solutions of the OsIV anilido complex TpOs(NHPh)Cl2 (1) [Tp = hydrotris(1-pyrazolyl)borate] gives products with derivatized anilido ligands, i.e., TpOs[NH-p-C6H4(N(CH2)5)]Cl2 (2) from piperidine and TpOs[NH-p-C6H4N(CH2)4]Cl2 (3) from pyrrolidine. These materials are formed in ∼30% yield under anaerobic conditions, together with ∼60% yields of the OsIII aniline complex TpOs(NH2Ph)Cl2 (5). Formation of the para-substituted materials 2 or 3 from 1 involves oxidative removal of two hydrogen atoms (two H+ and two e-). The oxidation can be accomplished by 1, forming 5, or by O2. Related reactions have been observed with other amines and with the 2-naphthylamido derivative, which gives an ortho-substituted product. Kinetic studies indicate an addition−elimination mechanism involving initial attack of the amine nucleophile on the anilido ligand. These are unusual examples of nucleophilic aromatic substitution of hydrogen. Ab initio calculations on 1 show that the LUM...
Social Groups and Kinship Calculation Among the Southern Betsileo1

Southern Betsileo kinship is theoretically bilateral, patrilineally skewed in practice. The skewing is greatest among the mass of commoners, less consistent among nobles and high status commoners who focus descent upon prestigeful ancestors by whatever line they are linked, while groups of slave descent have very shallow genealogies with no consistent skewing on either side.
Experimental study of unsteadiness of the flow around an ogive-cylinder at incidence

Flow visualization, surface mounted pressure transducers and hot-wires anemometers have been used to measure the leeside vortex flowfield on an ogive-cylinder at high angles of attack. The results show that there is a high degree of flowfield unsteadiness which arises due to several phenomena. The phenomena include large scale von Karman-type shedding, high frequency pressure and velocity fluctuations indicative of the presence of free shear-layer vortices, and a vortex interaction. The effects of position along the body, angle of attack and wind tunnel speed on the surface pressure and velocity in the wake have been investigated.
Hypothermia: an unusual indication for gastric lavage.

Abstract Background: Previous reports suggest that gastric lavage holds many risks and is not routinely indicated for decontamination of the overdose patient. Objective: To present a case of overdose with concurrent accidental hypothermia where gastric decontamination was utilized. Case Report: A 50-year-old hypothermic, comatose patient was transported to the Emergency Department with a concurrent, massive medication ingestion diagnosed incidentally on a routine abdominal computed tomography scan. Both active and passive rewarming measures, in conjunction with gastric lavage and retrieval of multiple pill fragments, were performed, and the patient survived to hospital discharge without sequelae. Interestingly, the patient admitted to an intentional ingestion of both labetalol and lorazepam. Conclusion: Due to hypothermia-mediated changes in metabolism, including gastric atony and decreased hepatic metabolism, gastric lavage may provide additional benefit in the management of severely hypothermic patients with potentially lethal, massive pill ingestions.
Accelerator mass spectrometry: The new revolution in radiocarbon dating

Abstract The development of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) during the last ten years has created a new revolution in the fields of radiocarbon (14C) dating and other types of radioisotope analysis. The radiocarbon-dating method can be used to determine the ages of many types of carbonaceous material of up to about 50 ka in age. An AMS instrument has been in operation at the NSF-Arizona Accelerator Facility for Radioisotope Analysis of the University of Arizona since 1982. It has been used almost exclusively to measure carbon-14. The greatest advantage of radiocarbon dating by AMS is the ability routinely to measure samples containing 1 mg or less of elemental carbon, while previous methods have required nearly 1000 times that amount. In addition, the ability of AMS to measure the numbers of individual 14C atoms present, rather than having to wait to detect the small numbers of 14C atoms decaying, makes the measurement time very much shorter for AMS. The precision attainable for a one-hour counting time for a sample ⪕5 ka in age is about ±0.6% or ±50 years. AMS radiocarbon dating is of value to multiple areas of Quaternary research. These include archaeology, oceanography, hydrology, geology, and paleoclimatology. While AMS dating of archaeological and geological samples was once seen as the biggest application of the method, studies of global change (atmospheric-oceanic-climatological changes in the past), with potentially important applications to predicting future changes, now contribute the largest share of samples for analysis by this laboratory. Other isotopes that have been analyzed using AMS include 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, 41Ca, and 129I. The research applications of these isotopes are much the same as for 14C, but are useful for studying processes of time scales greater than the limit of 14C dating.