cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning from European Punishment Practices—and from Similar American Practices, Now and In the Past

American jurisdictions seeking to reduce their heavy reliance on prison sentences should emulate European practices, but they should also learn from practices already found in some American states, and in all states at earlier times in our history. European countries make much less use of custodial sentences by employing alternatives such as prosecutorial diversion, fines and day fines as the sole sanction, suspended custodial sentences, and community service or training orders imposed as conditions of probation. These European practices should not be dismissed on the assumption that they are “too foreign”; each of them is well-known in the United States, and their use may be more common than we imagine. If we had better data on these practices – which we should – jurisdictions that aren’t often using them could learn from those that are. There may also be uniquely American practices that help to explain why some states have been able to maintain consistently low prison rates, or to lower their formerly high rates. One such practice is the use of sentencing guidelines combined with parole abolition, developed and monitored by an adequately funded independent sentencing commission, and matching prison use with available prison capacity. Finally, we should learn from our collective past; the United States has not always had extremely high “mass incarceration” rates, nor has it always had rates much higher than those in Europe. Americans should not accept, as the new normal, prison rates five times higher than those that prevailed for fifty years prior to the mid-1970s.
Grinding of nanostructural ceramic coatings: damage evaluation

Abstract This paper investigates the damage, mainly surface and subsurface cracks, in ground n-Al2O3/13TiO2 and n-WC/12Co coatings. Surface cracks are formed under some special conditions. The presence and formation of the surface cracks are studied. Subsurface damage, especially cracks, of the ground components greatly influences their performance and life in service. The effects of the grinding conditions such as material removal rate, wheel grit size and bond materials on the subsurface damage, especially subsurface cracks, are investigated. The difference of material properties of these two coatings also influences the subsurface cracks. Different from bulk samples, large quantities of defects inherited from the thermal spray process play a significant role in the initiation and development of the cracks, present the crack configurations more complex than the typically reported system of median and lateral cracks observed in ground bulk ceramics. This complexity is analyzed.
Food and Environmental Allergies

Abstract Immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic responses to food and environmental allergens can cause symptoms ranging from mild allergic rhinitis and rashes to gastrointestinal distress and, most seriously, anaphylaxis. The diagnosis can be difficult, as it relies on complex interplay between patient history and diagnostic tests with low specificity. Adding to the difficulty in confirming the diagnosis is an increased public interest in food intolerances, which can be inappropriately attributed to an allergic response. Treatment of allergic diseases with avoidance strategies and pharmacologic treatments can improve quality of life and control of other chronic conditions, such as asthma and eczema.
Good habits and bad habits: A new age socio-economic model of preference formation

Abstract In contrast to neoclassical economics which generally takes consumer preferences as given, the model developed here explains how a person's preferences for consumer goods change over time and may change for the better or worse. This is a four self model. The four selves correspond to four types of preferences: actual preferences, metapreferences, true preferences, and unrestrained preferences. An individual's initial actual preferences reflecting one's investment in consumption capital are likely to change to the extent that they differ either from ones metapreferences or one's unrestrained preferences. Temptations from the latter could lead to a deterioration of actual preferences. Or the intrapsychic stress that occurs when metapreferences are significantly out of synch with actual preferences could lead to improved actual preferences. A person's actual preferences improve when they change toward true preferences, the unique set of preferences that represent what is really and truly the best for that person.
The fitness consequences of the autotomous blue tail in lizards: an empirical test of predator response using clay models

Numerous vertebrates employ one or more autotomous body parts as an anti-predation mechanism. Many lizards possess an autotomous tail that is brightly colored blue, which has been suggested to either serve as a decoy mechanism to divert predator attention to the autotomous body part, as an interspecific signal, or as an aposematic signal to predators that it is distasteful or dangerous. While theoretical studies suggest that a conspicuous autotomous body part that increases the probability of escape while not increasing the rate of detection will be favorable over a completely cryptic form, there is little empirical evidence supporting the adaptive benefit of an autotomous blue tail. We used in situ clay models of a scincid lizard to test the fitness consequences of blue coloration. Lizard models with a dark base color and blue decoy coloration experienced no measurable difference in avian predation relative to an all-dark model, which suggests that blue coloration neither serves as an aposematic signal nor increases the conspicuousness of the lizard model. Despite statistically similar attack rates, avian attacks on models with blue coloration were indeed focused on body sections that were colored blue. Our results suggest that the blue tail in lizards serves as an effective decoy, and that avian predation has possibly played a role in the evolution of the blue tail.
Magnesium disorders and cardiovascular diseases

The evidence linking magnesium disorders with the pathogenesis and treatment of various cardiovascular diseases will be reviewed.
Digital imaging of Giemsa-banded human chromosomes: eigenanalysis and the Fourier phase reconstruction

The new methodology of chromosome analysis based on eigenanalysis and iterative Fourier synthesis has been developed. The approach is inspired by the analysis developed in electron microscopy of particles, and has been modified to address particular problems of chromosome analysis. Preliminary results on data sets containing 40-80 images for each of the human chromosomes indicate that this methodology provides an improvement of chromosome band resolution and potentially can provide cytogeneticist with some new insights. The proposed procedure is a novel approach in chromosome analysis and represents a significant contribution to quantitative cytogenetics. It opens the possibility of identifying defects in chromosome banding pattern automatically.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The theory of free inertial currents I. Path and structure

An equilibrium theory is developed for a flow which conserves potential vorticity and consists of a stream of high relative vorticity imbedded in a geostrophic drift. Effects of bottom topography stratification and variation of Coriolis parameter are included. Transformation is made to stream axis coordinates, and a multiple expansion is made appropriate to the many scales involved. The variety of paths pertaining to flow over a uniformly sloping bottom are studied numerically. Some cross-stream profiles are obtained consistent with overall divergence. A result of importance is that a baroclinic meandering jet necessarily exchanges mass with the open ocean, i.e. a standing geostrophic wave field is a feature of the equilibrium. The broadening and narrowing of the current is obtained. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01482.x
Compound and complex odontomas

One hundred forty-nine cases of odontoma were reviewed: sixty-five cases were accepted from the literature, and eighty-four additional cases were included from the files of the Pathology Department of the Emory University School of Dentistry. The cases were combined and analyzed together. Odontomas are most often diagnosed in the second decade of life. Sixty-five per cent of all odontomas occur in the maxilla. Compound odontomas are more common in the anterior maxilla, whereas complex odontomas occur more frequently in the posterior jaws. A slight predominance in males was seen. The most common presenting symptom was an impacted tooth with retention of deciduous teeth.
Effect of breed on response to foot rot treatment in mature sheep and lambs

Abstract Our objective was to determine whether breed differences existed in response to exposure and treatment of virulent foot rot. Dorset (DS), 1/2 Dorper (DX), 3/4 or greater Dorper (DO), Gulf Coast Native (GC), Katahdin (KA), and St. Croix (SC) mature sheep and lambs were exposed to virulent foot rot in spring 2003. Treatment for foot rot was initiated in 132 lambs and 262 mature sheep in late July. There were eight pasture groups treated, two of which were minimally exposed to foot rot. Treatment included hoof paring, foot bathing with 10% zinc sulfate with surfactant, allowing the zinc sulfate to dry on the foot and moving to a small paddock that had not been exposed to small ruminants for more than 14 d. Foot bathing was repeated every 7 d for a maximum of five treatments. Animals that had not responded (odor or any indication of persistent infection) by then were culled from the flock. As an indication of severity of foot rot for each animal, the number of areas on the foot (interdigital and two digits for each foot), a foot score (0 = no infection found; 1 = infection of digits only; 2 = infection of interdigital area and could include digits), and presence of characteristic odor was recorded. Least squares means for number of areas infected were greater for mature than growing sheep (2.07 ± 0.16 versus 0.88 ± 0.31; P P P P P P P P
Long-term action of lithium: A role for transcriptional and posttranscriptional factors regulated by protein kinase C

Lithium, a simple monovalent cation, represents one of psychiatry's most important treatments and is the most effective treatment for reducing both the frequency and severity of recurrent affective episodes. Despite extensive research, the underlying biologic basis for the therapeutic efficacy this drug remains unknown, and in recent years, research has focused on signal transduction pathways to explain lithium's efficacy in treating both poles of manic-depressive illness. Critical to attributions of therapeutic relevance to any observed biochemical effect, however, is the observation that the characteristic prophylactic action of lithium in stabilizing the profound mood cycling of bipolar disorder requires a lag period for onset and is not immediately reversed upon discontinuation of treatment. Biochemical changes requiring such prolonged administration of a drug suggest alterations at the genomic level but, until recently, little has been known about the transcriptional and posttranscriptional factors regulated by chronic drug treatment, although long-term changes in neuronal synaptic function are known to be dependent upon the selective regulation of gene expression. In this paper, we will present evidence to show that chronic lithium exerts significant transcriptional and posttranscriptional effects, and that these actions of lithium may be mediated via protein kinase C (PKC)-induced alterations in nuclear transcription regulatory factors responsible for modulating the expression of proteins involved in long-term neural plasticity and cellular response. Such target sites for chronic lithium may help unravel the processes by which a, simple monovalent cation can produce a long-term stabilization of mood in individuals vulnerable to bipolar illness. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Accurate Singular Values and Differential QD Algorithms

In September 1991 J. W. Demmel and W. M. Kahan were awarded the second SIAM prize in numerical linear algebra for their paper ‘Accurate Singular Values of Bidiagonal Matrices’ [1], referred to as DK hereafter. Among several valuable results was the observation that the standard bidiagonal QR algorithm used in LINPACK [2], and in many other SVD programs, can be simplified when the shift is zero and, of greater importance, no subtractions occur. The last feature permits very small singular values to be found with (almost) all the accuracy permitted by the data and at no extra cost.
Electron spin-echo experiments of diphenylnitroxide in benzophenone crystals

Abstract Electron spin-echo experiments of diphenylnitroxide in benzophenone crystals at low temperatures (48–170 and 4.2 K) are presented. The analysis of two-pulse echo decay at different temperatures indicates that the local field fluctuation in this system is dominated by electron spin-spin relaxation processes. The analysis also implies that the instantaneous spectral diffusion plays an important role in the local field fluctuation in concentrated samples. The spin-lattice relaxation time measurements show that F1 values are a function of crystal orientation, sample concentration, and temperature. The orientation dependence of T1 is explained in terms of phonon modulation of anisotropic hyperfine interactions. The concentration dependence very likely arises from pairwise interactions and cross-relaxation processes. At high temperatures (48–170 K), T1 is most likely dominated by the Raman process.
Guaranteed Steering Control

The problem of steering the state of a dynamic system to a target set while avoiding specified regions of state space is considered. Sufficient conditions for attaining the target are given in terms of a Lyapunov-type attraction test function, while avoidance of forbidden regions is guaranteed by a relationship between the state trajectory and a set of barrier functions. These sufficient conditions may be useful for establishing analytically properties of certain pointwise optimal feedback control schemes which have been demonstrated previously only by simluations. As an example, the sufficient conditions are used to establish a region of efficacy for a feedback control for obstacle avoidance in the plane.
Floral Bud Removal from Specific Fruiting Positions in Cotton: Yield and Fiber Quality

Lint from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) bolls produced on proximal fruiting positions (FP) is often longer and more mature than lint from distal FP sites. The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of proximal or distal floral bud removal on yield, yield distribution, yield components, and fiber properties. Cotton (cv. Deltapine 5415) was grown in the field near Stoneville, MS, in 1993 and 1994. From first square to late bloom, young squares (floral buds) were removed from selected positions twice weekly. The most proximal FP was designated FP1, the second most proximal FP was designated FP2, etc. The three treatments were (i) check (no removal), (ii) P1 (FP2, FP3, and greater squares removed), and (iii) P2, (FP1 and FP3 and greater squares removed). Averaged across years, a greater percentage of bolls (82 vs. 68%) and larger bolls (1.61 vs. 1.50 g lint boll -1 ) were found at FPI on the P1 treatment than on the check. A greater percentage of bolls (42%) were found at FP2 on the P2 treatment, than in other treatments (10-24%). Lint yield (all bolls) of the check (1090 kg ha -1 ) was 11 and 28% greater than the P1 and P2 treatment, respectively. In contrast to yield, composite fiber micronaire, maturity, and wall thickness were significantly greater (5-6%) in the P1 and P2 treatments than the check treatment. Fiber length and strength were unaffected by treatment. These results suggest that cotton may not be able to achieve its full yield potential if limited to one boll per main stem node. The increases in fiber properties were small and probably not economically important.
Genetics and biochemistry of cycloheximide resistance in Physarum polycephalum

Cycloheximide-resistant mutants of Physarum polycephalum were induced in the haploid myxamoebae by the combined action of UV1 and caffeine (Haugli and Dove, 1972) or by treatment with NMG2. Eight independent mutants segregated in a Mendelian fashion (Table 1). Crosses between 6 of the mutants revealed 2 loci, actA and actB, for cycloheximide resistance (Table 2).
Glass ionomer bond strength and treatment of dentin with polyacrylic acid

This investigation compared the effect of smear layer removal using various treatments with polyacrylic acid on the shear bond strength of glass ionomer restorative materials to dentin. Three brands of glass ionomer were applied to prepared dentin surfaces of extracted human molars, after one of four treatments with polyacrylic acid. Samples using dentin surfaces with the smear layer left intact served as controls. Comparison of mean shear bond strength values for all possible combinations of restorative material and polyacrylic acid treatment indicated that samples produced using 25% polyacrylic acid had lower (p less than 0.05) values in some instances. No other significant differences were found when test values were compared with each other or with control values. The authors concluded that removal of the smear layer does not enhance the dentin-glass ionomer restorative bond strength, as has been suggested by other investigators. Scanning electron photomicrographs indicate that treatment with higher concentrations of polyacrylic acid produces higher degrees of dentinal tubular orifice patency.
Empowerment theory, research, and application

This introduction to the special issue briefly reviews the meaning and significance of the empowerment concept and problems associated with the proliferation of interest in empowerment. We identify some of the topics not included in this issue and relate those to the many broad and diverse areas of psychological empowerment theory and community-based research and intervention that are covered. We present synopses of each article along with some of the themes and lessons cutting across the frameworks, studies, and applications. These include a wide diversity of settings, fairly representative of empowerment interventions, and, at the same time, improved clarity (if not unanimity) of definitions and measurement, which has been a problem in much empowerment research and intervention.
Exacerbation of ventricular arrhythmias during the postoperative period after implantation of an automatic defibrillator.

Abstract The postoperative course of 68 consecutive patients treated with an implantable defibrillator during the period from 1982 through 1990 was studied. In 46 patients (group 1), no concomitant surgery was performed during the implantation. In 22 patients (group 2), concomitant surgery (coronary artery bypass [n = 12], valve replacement [n = 3] or arrhythmia surgery [n = 7]) was performed. All patients in group 1 were clinically stable before surgery, receiving an antiarrhythmic regimen chosen by serial drug testings. The same regimen was continued postoperatively. Eight of the 46 patients in group 1 whose condition had been stable in the hospital for 19 ± 25 days preoperatively developed multiple episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia 4 ± 9 days after implantation while receiving the same antiarrhythmic regimen. Although the exacerbation was transient in some patients, six required different antiarrhythmic therapy and one eventually died. Two additional patients had frequent and prolonged episodes of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia that could trigger the defibrillator, requiring changes in the antiarrhythmic regimen. Another patient had progressive cardiac failure and died on day 5. A marked (sevenfold) increase in asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias was noted in 42% of the remaining 35 patients. In group 2 (combined surgery), one patient developed refractory ventricular tachycardia 3 days postoperatively and died on that day. Three patients developed frequent nonsustained ventricular tachycardia postoperatively, requiring changes in the antiarrhythmic regimen. The overall surgical mortality rate was 4.4% (4.3% in group 1 and 4.5% in group 2) and was due to refractory ventricular tachycardia in two patients and cardiac failure in one. Thus, during the postoperative period after defibrillator implantation, exacerbation of ventricular arrhythmias was common. The exacerbation was clinically significant in many patients and included multiple episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia (with eventual death in some patients) or frequent prolonged nonsustained ventricular tachycardia that could trigger the defibrillator. A sevenfold asymptomatic increase in ventricular ectopic activity was noted in 42% of the remaining clinically stable patients. The long-term effect of the exacerbation is unknown.
Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Rhizosphere of Festuca arundinacea and Associated Microbial Community Changes

ABSTRACT A phytoremediation growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate the contribution of soil microbial diversity to the contaminant degradation. Target contaminant removal from soil was assessed by monitoring concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), along with changes in the bacterial community structure over a time period of 10 months in the presence of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Enhanced degradation of PAHs was observed in rhizosphere soil, with a maximum reduction in pyrene at a rate 36% higher than that noted for the unvegetated control. The dissipation of 4-ring PAHs in unvegetated soil was 70%, 54%, and 49% respectively, whereas a higher dissipation rate was observed in tall fescue treated soil of 78%, 68%, and 61% at the end of the study. Microbial enumeration results showed greater total bacterial numbers and PAH-degrading bacteria in rhizosphere soil when compared to unvegetated soil. The results from the terminal restriction frag...
Mathematics anxiety among talented students.

In order to test the assumption that mathematically talented students show little mathematics anxiety, students participating in an early entrance to college program for talented students were asked to complete the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale. Results indicated that these talented students were less math anxious than most unselected college students. However, they were more math anxious than a group of college students majoring in physics. Females in the study showed a tendency to be more math anxious than males (d=−.32), although this finding was not significant. No relationship between level of mathematics anxiety and grades or math anxiety and Scholastic Aptitude Test — Mathematics scores was found for the group of subjects. However, when those relationships were examined for males alone, higher verbal scores and higher grades were associated with lower levels of mathematics anxiety. These relationships were not evident for females.
Routine Packing of Simple Cutaneous Abscesses Is Painful and Probably Unnecessary

Objectives: The objective was to determine whether the routine packing of simple cutaneous abscesses after incision and drainage (I&D) confers any benefit over I&D alone. Methods: In a prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial, subjects with simple cutaneous abscesses (less than 5 cm largest diameter) underwent incision, drainage, irrigation, and standard abscess preparation in the usual manner. Subjects were then randomized to either packing or no-packing. Visual analog scales (VAS; 100 mm) of pain were recorded in the emergency department (ED). All patients received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), ibuprofen, and narcotic prescriptions, recorded twice daily VAS pain scores, and returned in 48 hours at which time dressings and packing, if present, were removed and a physician blinded to the randomization and not part of the initial visit repeated measurements and determined the need for further intervention. Results: Forty-eight subjects were included in the final analysis. There were no significant differences in age, sex, abscess location, or initial pain scores between the two groups. There was no significant difference in need for a second intervention at the 48-hour follow-up between the packed (4 of 23 subjects) and nonpacked (5 of 25 subjects) groups (p = 0.72; relative risk = 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4 to 4.2). Patients in the group that received packing reported higher pain scores immediately postprocedure (mean difference = 23.8 mm; p = 0.014, 95% CI = 5 to 42 mm) and at 48 hours postprocedure (mean difference = 16.4 mm; p = 0.03, 95% CI = 1.6 to 31.2 mm), as well as greater use of ibuprofen (mean difference = 0.32; p = 0.12, 95% CI = −1.4 to 2.0) and oxycodone/acetaminophen (mean difference = 2.19; p = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.2 to 4.1). Conclusion: In this pilot study, not packing simple cutaneous abscesses did not result in any increased morbidity, and patients reported less pain and used fewer pain medications than packed patients.
Hypothalamic action of atrial natriuretic factor to inhibit vasopressin secretion.

Abstract The ability of synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) to inhibit vasopressin (AVP) release, as well as its action to inhibit water intake and salt preference in the rat, suggest a role for the peptide in the hypothalamic control of fluid volume in addition to its established actions in the kidney. We report here evidence for a direct, hypothalamic site of action of ANF to inhibit, specifically, AVP secretion. Third cerebroventricular infusion of 1.0 ( p p p in vitro incubations was not significantly altered by doses of ANF ranging from 10 −12 to 10 −7 molar. Release of AVP during perifusion of neural lobe explants in the presence of ANF was similarly unaffected. However, AVP and not OT release from hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system explants was significantly inhibited in the presence of 10 −8 and 10 −7 M ANF, suggesting an action of the peptide at the levels of the AVP-producing cell bodies in the included supraoptic nucleus either directly or via an action on an interneuron, and not at the AVP-containing terminal fields in the median eminence or neural lobe.
Synthesis, biotransformation, and pharmacokinetic studies of 9-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-6-azidopurine: a prodrug for ara-A designed to utilize the azide reduction pathway.

As a part of our efforts to design prodrugs for antiviral nucleosides, 9-(β-d-arabinofuranosyl)-6-azidopurine (6-AAP) was synthesized as a prodrug for ara-A that utilizes the azide reduction biotransformation pathway. 6-AAP was synthesized from ara-A via its 6-chloro analogue 4. The bioconversion of the prodrug was investigated in vitro and in vivo, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. For in vitro studies, 6-AAP was incubated in mouse serum and liver and brain homogenates. The half-lives of 6-AAP in serum and liver and brain homogenates were 3.73, 4.90, and 7.29 h, respectively. 6-AAP was metabolized primarily in the liver homogenate microsomal fraction by the reduction of the azido moiety to the amine, yielding ara-A. However, 6-AAP was found to be stable to adenosine deaminase in a separate in vitro study. The in vivo metabolism and disposition of ara-A and 6-AAP were conducted in mice. When 6-AAP was administered by either oral or intravenous route, the half-life of ara-A was 7−14 times...
Liquid Crystalline Thermosets As Materials For Microelectronics

New liquid crystalline thermosets have been prepared from end-functional monomers and oligomers of varying molecular weight. Both triazine and epoxy networks were explored. Of primary interest was the exploitation of the mesophase properties of these networks for developing polymers with high thermal stability and low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE). Curing was carried out either within the nematic mesophase or the isotropic phase of the prepolymers. Transition temperatures associated with the mesophase were observed to change after curing under these two sets of conditions. The networks with the highest crosslink density were found to exhibit the lowest CTE values. Crosslinking of these thermosets was also carried out in the presence of a 13.5 Tesla magnetic field to determine the effect of orienting fields on the curing of the LC network. Orientation parameters as measured by wide angle x-ray diffraction were as high as 0.6. Values of the coefficient of thermal expansion as low as 15 ppm were achieved in the aligned direction. Of the two resin types, those with the triazine crosslinks had the lowest thermal expansion coefficient. Other thermal properties of these networks will be discussed.
Kinetics of CN reactions with O(3P) and SO2

Abstract The rate constant for CN+O was measured using SO2 and N2O as O precursors. For CN+SO2, CN was formed by 248 nm photolysis of BrCN where SO2 does not dissociate. For the O(3P) reaction 193 nm photolysis was used where SO2 yields O(3P) and SO and N2O yields O(3P) after rapid quenching of the O(1D) by an excess of nitrogen. Rates were measured as a function of photolysis flux, with the O atom yield being determined by the number of absorbed photons. The rate constant for CN+O(3P) is k1 = (2.22 ± 0.45) × 1013 cm3mol−1s−1 and for CN + SO2k2 = (2.65 ± 0.15) × 1012 cm3mol−1s−1.
On the oxidation resistance of carbon-carbon composites: Importance of fiber structure for composite reactivity

Abstract Three commercial carbons (an activated cloth and two rayon-derived carbon cloths) were used as substrates for the preparation of low- and high-temperature carbon-carbon (CC) composites by the liquid-phase impregnation/carbonization (LPIC) technique. A petroleum pitch was used as the matrix precursor. The carbon cloths were subjected to thermal treatment (in inert atmosphere) or activation (in CO 2 ) prior to the preparation of the composites. In this manner, their porosity and surface area were varied over a very wide range. The oxidation resistance of both low-temperature and high-temperature composites and their individual constituents was investigated be nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The structure of the starting and partially reacted composites was investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The synergistic oxidation resistance effects reported previously were observed again for the high-temperature composites. They are not related to any intrinsic structural characteristics of the constituents of a composite (e.g., high crystallinity and low reactivity of the carbon fibers used.) In what appears to be a paradox, improved oxidation resistance is invariably obtained if porosity is developed in the fibers prior to composite preparation; when subsequent carbonization of the matrix takes place in the constrained space within the pores of the fibers, a phenomenon akin to “stress graphitization” is thought to take place. The resulting carbon (at the fiber-matrix interface) is thus more oxidation-resistant than that obtained when matrix carbonization occurs in the presence of fibers that do not possess a developed porous structure.
CALCULATION OF VAPOR PRESSURES FROM MODEL FRAGRANCE EMULSIONS DURING EVAPORATION

The vapor pressure data from previous publications of a model fragrance emulsion system consisting of water, an aromatic fragrance phenethyl alcohol, an aliphatic one limonene, and a nonionic surfactant Laureth 4, were used to calculate the variation in vapor pressures of both fragrances and water during free evaporation. The evaporation path in a three-dimensional four-component phase diagram was estimated from the vapor pressures. The results showed as expected that the high note fragrance compound evaporates first followed by water and the low note one. Unexpectedly, it was found that vapor pressure of low note fragrance, phenethyl alcohol, is significantly increased during evaporation.
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/SWNT Composite Film

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite films using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-covered, well dispersed single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) exhibit significant improvement in tensile strength and modulus as compared to the control PVA and PVA/ PVP/SDS films. The evidence of load transfer to the nanotubes in the composite film has been obtained from the shift in the Raman SWNT D* band peak position.
Regulatory fit and resisting temptation during goal pursuit.

Abstract Because avoiding obstacles to goal attainment is a favored means of prevention-focused self-regulation, the authors proposed that resisting tempting diversions from task completion would better fit a prevention focus than a promotion focus, thus affecting task enjoyment and performance. Whether deciphering encrypted messages (Study 1) or solving math problems (Study 2), when exposed to attractive distracting video clips, participants in a prevention focus reported greater task enjoyment than did participants in a promotion focus, whereas the reverse was true when the distracting clips were not presented. Indeed, prevention-focused participants enjoyed the tasks more when they had to resist temptation than when they did not. In Study 2, prevention-focused participants outperformed promotion-focused participants under distracting (but not nondistracting) conditions, and regression analyses suggested that task enjoyment mediated this effect. Different regulatory states thus appear to differentially equip people to deal with tempting diversions from goal attainment.
Thinking Globally and Acting Locally

The literature of negotiation and conflict resolution continues to build on and move away from traditional emphases on transactions and decision making. Topics such as the impact of culture on negotiation once aroused debate but are no longer even controversial. Enough scholars in our large and multidisciplinary field have benefited from the insights of complementary social sciences so that few serious scholars or practitioners doubt that identity and culture are dynamic factors affecting negotiations. Some have moved beyond the quest for distributional efficiency that characterized so much early research and now advocate nothing less than social transformation and empowerment through conflict resolution methodologies. Several recent contributions to the negotiation literature—Negotiating Globally, and Reaching for Higher Ground in Conflict Resolution—are evidence that literature in the field is pushing new frontiers.
En/gendering Language: The Poetics of Tamil Identity

Since the publication of Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities almost a decade ago, historians and anthropologists have become accustomed to think of the nation—that bedrock of our existence as moderns—as an imagined entity.1 Yet it is problematic, at least to this author, that while the spotlight is (once again) on the nation, the other key actor in Anderson's formulation, the language through which a specific nation is subjectively conceived and imagined, appears to have been relegated to the sidelines. By proposing that languages, too, be considered cultural and symbolic entities that are themselves enrolled into projects of imagination, this essay assumes its beginnings in questions provoked by Anderson's analysis. Because languages themselves are subjected to multiple imaginations, how indeed can they enable the harmonious and contention-free imagination of communities? How indeed do they acquire the capacity to generate feelings of “contemporaneity,” “solidarity,” and “belonging,” as Anderson proposes? Do they not just as well have the power to scatter and disaggregate such sentiments? These are questions occasioned by more than just theoretical curiosity. In many parts of the world, the diverse imaginations that cling to languages have frequently sparked off contestation, divisiveness, and even violence, especially in multi-lingual pluralities like India, the focus of this article.
A role for transcription factor NF-κB in autoimmunity: possible interactions of genes, sex, and the immune response

Sex hormones have long been implicated in autoimmune diseases because women account for 80% of cases. The mechanism of hormonal action in autoimmunity is unknown. Drawing on genetic studies of autoimmune disease, this article discusses how both genes and sex hormones may exert their effects through the same general mechanism, dysregulation of transcription factor NF-κB, an immunoregulatory protein. Gene and hormone alterations of the NF-κB signaling cascade provide a unifying hypothesis to explain the wide-ranging human and murine autoimmune disease phenotypes regulated by NF-κB, including cytokine balance, antigen presentation, lymphoid development, and lymphoid repertoire selection by apoptosis.
High Efficiency, CW, High Power Klystrons for Storage Ring Applications

The 125 kW CW klystrons to be described in the first part of this paper were specifically designed for energy upgrading of the electron-positron storage ring, SPEAR II, at SLAC. Four tubes are required with an efficiency greater than 50 percent. The operating frequency is 358.54 MHz. The gain is approximately 50 dB, the operating voltage is 41 kV and the microperveance is 0.7. The klystron must be stable when working into an accelerator cavity VSWR as high as 2:1 at any phase angle. The calculated and experimental data to be presented include saturation and phase characteristics. A maximum efficiency of 57 percent was obtained and the highest output power was 160 kW CW at 42.5 kV. The second part of this paper deals with the design of a higher power version of this tube. The RF power is 500 kW CW at an efficiency exceeding 70 percent. The operating voltage and current are 62 kV and 11. 5 A, respectively. The higher efficiency is obtained by inserting an additional cavity to make use of second harmonic bunching. Eighteen such klystrons are to be used in the proposed PEP storage ring.
Spatial contagion of predation risk affects colonization dynamics in experimental aquatic landscapes

Colonization rate is a critical factor determining abundance and diversity in spatially distinct communities. Beyond simple variation driven by random processes, many species select/avoid habitat patches based on variation in habitat quality. Perceived habitat quality and colonization dynamics of individual patches may be influenced by specific characteristics of neighboring patches. We demonstrate that abundance and diversity of colonizing aquatic beetles is a function of both spatial variation in predator presence/absence and risk contagion generated by the proximity of predator patches to predator-free patches. Spatial contagion of predation risk generated repulsive sources: high fitness patches that were avoided. Thus, colonization dynamics of spatially discrete communities depends not only on intrinsic patch characteristics, but on the specific characteristics of nearby patches. The landscape-level dynamics of communities and metacommunities, as well as the efficacy of habitat restoration and conservation efforts, depends on how habitat quality is assessed, correctly or incorrectly, by colonizing species.
Suppression of tunneling in a superconducting persistent-current qubit

We consider a superconducting persistent-current qubit consisting of a three-junction superconducting loop in an applied magnetic field. We show that by choosing the field, Josephson couplings, and offset charges suitably, we can perfectly suppress the tunneling between the two oppositely directed states of circulating current, leading to a vanishing of the splitting between the two qubit states. This suppression arises from interference between tunneling along different paths and is analogous to that predicted previously for magnetic particles with half-integer spin.
Functional Connectivity Networks in Nonbothersome Tinnitus

ObjectiveTo assess functional connectivity in cortical networks in patients with nonbothersome tinnitus compared with a normal healthy nontinnitus control group by measuring low-frequency (<0.1 Hz) spontaneous blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signals at rest.DesignCase-control.SettingAcademic medical center.ParticipantsNonbothersome, idiopathic subjective tinnitus for at least 6 months (n = 18) and a normal healthy nontinnitus control group (n = 23).Main Outcome MeasureFunctional connectivity differences in 58 a priori selected seed regions of interest encompassing cortical loci in the default mode, attention, auditory, visual, somatosensory, and cognitive networks.ResultsThe median age of the 18 subjects was 54 years (interquartile range [IQR], 52-57), 66% were male, 90% were white, median Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) score was 8 (IQR, 4-14), and a median Beck Depression Index score was 1 (IQR, 0-5). The median age for the control group was 46 years (IQR, 39-54), and 52% were male. Of the 58...
Biomarkers inform clinical trials and pathogenesis in systemic sclerosis

Biomarkers of disease are becoming increasingly recognized as central in design of clinical trials. Biomarkers allow us to link what “might be” as defined by in vitro and animal model studies with what “is” happening in disease pathogenesis. In scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc) this is particularly important for implementing new strategies for clinical trials and understanding pathogenesis.
User identification by means of sketched stroke features

We present preliminary results of using physical features of a user's sketching style, such as pen tilt and pressure, to identify a user from their sketched strokes.
Postconcussive complaints, cognition, symptom attribution and effort among veterans.

The etiology of postconcussive symptoms is not clearly understood. Development of etiological models of those symptoms will be helpful for accurate diagnosis and for planning effective treatment. Such a model should characterize the role of subject characteristics (education, premorbid intelligence), social psychological factors and symptom validity. Toward that end, the present study examined the association of postconcussive complaints and cognitive performance with symptom attribution and level of effort on testing. In a sample of 155 veterans, attribution to concussion was associated with endorsement of more severe postconcussive complaints, after controlling for the effects of other factors such as subject characteristics. Similarly, effort was associated with cognitive performance after controlling for the effects of these other factors. The present findings are consistent with previous reports that illness perception and effort on testing are associated with postconcussive complaints. This supports previous recommendations to routinely educate all concussion patients immediately after injury to reduce distorted perceptions and related persistent complaints. Finally, these findings highlight a need for routine assessment of patients’ perception of their injury to identify cases that may require psychotherapy to address any misattributions that develop. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–8)
Improved rapid transmittance algorithm for microwave sounding channels

Improvements to a rapid transmittance algorithm for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units A and B are described. The improved algorithm includes water-line self-broadening, and can compute transmittances at pressure levels other than the pre-computed set of levels.
NUMA policies and their relation to memory architecture

Multiprocessor memory reference traces provide a wealth of information on the behavior of parallel programs. We have used this information to explore the relationship between kernel-based NUMA management policies and multiprocessor memory architecture. Our trace analysis techniques employ an off-line, optimal cost policy as a baseline against which to compare on-line policies, and as a policyinsensitive tool for evaluating architectural design alternatives. We compare the performance of our optimal policy with that of three implementable policies (two of which appear in previous work), on a variety of applications, with varying relative speeds for page moves and local, global, and remote memory references. Our results indicate that a good NUMA policy must be chosen to match its machine, and confirm that such policies can be both simple and effective. They also indicate that programs for NUMA machines must be written with care to obtain the best performance.
Morphology of developing rat genioglossal motoneurons studied in vitro: Relative changes in diameter and surface area of somata and dendrites

This study describes the postnatal change in size of motoneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus that innervate the genioglossus muscle. Such anatomical information is essential for determining the cellular mechanisms responsible for the changes observed in the electrical properties of these motoneurons during postnatal development. The cells analyzed here are part of an earlier study (Nufiez-Abades et al. [1994] J. Comp. Neurol. 339:401-420) where 40 genioglossal (GG) motoneurons from four age groups (1-2, 5-6, 13-15, and 19-30 postnatal days) were labeled by intracellular injection of neurobiotin in an in vitro slice preparation of the rat brainstem and their cellular morphology was reconstructed in three-dimensional space. The sequence of postnatal dendritic growth can be described in two phases. The first phase, between birth (1-2 days) and 13-15 days, was characterized by no change in either dendritic diameter (any branch order) or dendritic surface area of GG motoneurons. However, maturation of the dendritic tree produced more surface area at greater distances from the soma by redistributing existing membrane (retracting some terminal branches). During the second phase, between 13-15 days and 19-30 days, the dendritic surface area doubled as a result of an increase in the dendritic diameter across all branch orders and a generation of new terminal branches. In contrast to the growth exhibited by the dendrites, there was little discernible postnatal growth of somata. At all ages, dendrites of GG motoneurons show the largest amount of tapering in the firstand second-order dendrites. The calculated dendritic trunk parameter deviated from a value 1.0, indicating that the dendritic tree of developing GG motoneurons cannot be modeled accurately as an equivalent cylinder. However, the value of this parameter increased with age. Strong correlations were found between the diameter of the first-order dendrite and the dendritic surface area, dendritic volume, combined dendritic length, and, to a lesser extent, the number of terminal dendrites in GG motoneurons. Correlations were also found between somal and dendritic geometry but only when data were pooled across all age groups. These data support earlier studies on kitten phrenic motoneurons, which concluded that postnatal growth of motoneurons was not a continuous process. Based on the fact that there was no growth in the first 2 weeks, the changes in the membrane properties described during this phase of postnatal development (e.g., decrease in input resistance) cannot be attributed to increases in the total membrane surface area of these motoneurons. It is proposed that these changes result from changes in the specific membrane resistance of these neurons.
Redescription of Cryptobia helicis Leidy, 1846 [Kinetoplasta: Bodonea: Cryptobiidae], disposition of flagellates mistakenly assigned to this species, and description of a new species from a North American pulmonate snail

Summary. Cryptobia helicis Leidy, 1846, the type species of the genus, is redescribed on the basis of material from the seminal receptacle of Neohelix albolabris albolabris, the first of three host pulmonate snails mentioned by Leidy. The flagellate from Triodopsis tridentata, the second host mentioned by Leidy, is very different, and is described as C. innominata sp. n. The Cryptobia in Anguispira alternata, the third host designated by Leidy, is also distinct, but cannot properly be described until more material is available. The extens ively studied cryptobias in Helix pomatia and H. aspersa aspersa, long considered to be C. helicis, are very different from true C. helicis and C. innominata. The name C. helicogenae, originally proposed as Trypanoplasma helicogenae Kuhn, 1911, is applicable to the flagellate in H. pomatia, and tentatively also to the one in H. aspersa aspersa.