cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three Dimensional Performance Prediction of Advanced Swirl Vanes for Gas Turbine Airblast Atomizers

The performance of high shear airblast fuel injectors for advanced gas turbine combustors is highly dependent on the design of the swirl vanes. The vanes may be of the straight or curved type. Curved vanes usually exhibit lower losses but straight vanes are also used due to lower cost and ease of manufacture. These type of vanes often operate under highly stalled conditions with high total pressure loss and a highly non-uniform exit velocity profile. This can produce poor fuel atomization with a non-uniform combustor fuel distribution resulting in lowered combustor efficiency and increased pollutant emissions.Constant turning curved vanes can also be easily manufactured. Properly designed vanes result in a greatly reduced total pressure loss. The exit velocity distribution is more uniform and higher in magnitude resulting in improved fuel atomization and distribution in the combustor.The present study compares standard helical flat vane performance with a low loss curved vane designed by the author for idle, takeoff and cruise conditions. The results from a three dimensional viscous numerical flow simulation show the curved swirl vane to be clearly superior to the standard flat helical swirl vane. The curved vane has a much lower total pressure loss with a more uniform exit velocity profile. This will result in improved combustor and engine performance and reduced pollutant emissions.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Cumulative Perinatal Steroids: Child Development of Preterm Infants

The development of premature infants may be altered due to exposure to high cumulative doses of the perinatal corticosteroid dexamethasone during critical growth periods. To compare child behavioral development of prematurely born infants who were exposed to higher perinatal steroids (PNS; >0.2 mg/kg) with that of infants exposed to lower PNS (≤0.2 mg/kg), we used the Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales to assess school-age behavioral outcomes of a historical cohort of 45 prematurely born infants. Children who had received higher PNS treatment were more likely to have lower overall behavioral developmental scores, especially lower social skills ( p p = .016) and lower birth head size ( p = .015) were linked with poorer behavioral outcomes among participants. Nursing practice includes promotion of quality care and should include closer evaluation of cumulative steroid therapy, severity of illness, and promotion of long-term follow-up support for premature infants.
Interval-force relation is unaffected by the presence of cardiomyopathy or coronary artery disease in patients with atrial fibrillation☆☆☆

Abstract Background: We tested the hypothesis that cycle length-dependent cardiac contractility in atrial fibrillation is primarily governed by the negative interval-force relation in patients with normal and depressed systolic function. Methods and Results: We performed two-dimensional guided M-mode echocardiography in 41 patients (mean age, 69 ± 4 years; range, 48 to 92 years; 19 men, 11 women). Twelve patients had objective evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (CMP; mean ejection fraction, 37% ± 7%) in the absence of coronary artery disease (CAD), 13 patients had documented CAD (mean ejection fraction, 43% ± 6%), and 16 patients had normal resting left ventricular systolic function (mean ejection fraction, 58% ± 7%). Simultaneous beat-to-beat blood pressure, end-systolic and end-diastolic dimension, circumferential velocity of fiber shortening (Vcf), and end-systolic wall stress (ESWS) were calculated for all patients. All three groups showed a significant linear relation between beat-to-beat Vcf and Vcf corrected for afterload (represented as the Vcf/ESWS ratio) and preceding cycle length. There was, however, no significant difference in the relation between either of these variables and cycle length among the three groups. There was also no difference in the rate of change in either Vcf or Vcf corrected for afterload (Vcf/ESWS ratio) from beat-to-beat among the three groups. Control patients with normal systolic function showed greater Vcf at any given cycle length compared with patients with CMP or CAD. Conclusion: Our data show that, for each beat in atrial fibrillation, Vcf and Vcf/ESWS ratio are decreased after shorter cycle lengths and increased after long cycles, but there is no significant attenuation of this effect in patients with systolic dysfunction with or without coronary disease compared with controls. Thus, the negative interval-force relation, the predominant determinant of beat-to-beat variation in contractility in atrial fibrillation, is preserved in patients with CAD or reduced left ventricular systolic function.
Two dimensional stagnation point flow of a dusty gas near an oscillating plate

Necessary improvements to a paper on the flow of a dusty gas by Datta and Mishra (1980) are presented. Particular attention is given to the importance of particle phase compressibility and the hyperbolic nature of the particle momentum conservation equation which prohibits downstream (wall) boundary conditions for the solid phase. Fundamental differences between particulate and ordinary flow boundary layers are discussed, and the correct conservation equations are written.
Sintering Kinetics Study Using Reduced Variables

Assuming that a temperature-dependent endpoint density occurs in the sintering process, a scheme for describing the progress of sintering is developed using reduced variables. A sine function is given to describe the path. Experimental results from the literature are compared to this function for calcium fluoride, glass, thorium oxide, aluminum oxide, and copper, and for magnesium oxide with a eutectic addition. New results are presented and compared for yttrium oxide, erbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, and aluminum oxide. The correlation between the data and the sine function is very high. Apparent activation energies are given.
Calcineurin regulation of neuronal plasticity

Abstract From the most basic of nervous systems to the intricate circuits found within the human brain, a fundamental requirement of neuronal function is that it be malleable, altering its output based upon experience. A host of cellular proteins are recruited for this purpose, which themselves are regulated by protein phosphorylation. Over the past several decades, research has demonstrated that the Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin (protein phosphatase 2B) is a critical regulator of a diverse array of proteins, leading to both short- and long-term effects on neuronal excitability and function. This review describes many of the influences of calcineurin on a variety of proteins, including ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, enzymes, and transcription factors. Intriguingly, due to the bi-directional influences of Ca2+ and calmodulin on calcineurin activity, the strength and duration of particular stimulations may cause apparently antagonistic functions of calcineurin to work in concert.
Children with Learning Disabilities: Conditioning, Differentiation, and the Effect of Distraction.

In Luria-type conditioning procedures, children with learning disabilities (CLD) erred more than controls and took longer to react. Hyperactive CLD had quicker reactions than hypoactive CLD. The finding that CLD average .10 second longer to process information than controls helps explain their rapid loss of attention in the classroom.
Differential Susceptibility of Nine Cucurbit Species to the Foliar Blight and Crown Canker Phases of Gummy Stem Blight.

Abstract Eighteen cucurbit cultivars representing five genera, nine species, and 17 horticultural types were inoculated with Didymella bryoniae in field plots in Charleston, SC, in autumn 2008, autumn 2009, and spring 2011 to determine susceptibility to gummy stem blight. In each year, gummy stem blight cankers occurred more frequently on crowns or main stems of ‘Athena’ muskmelon (Cucumis melo) and ‘Green Striped Cushaw’ squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma) than on all other cultivars except ‘Rocio’ honeydew (Cucumis melo) in 2009, and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) and Ojakkyo citron (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) in 2011. Cucurbita moschata was highly resistant to stem cankers. Severity of gummy stem blight on foliage was moderate to severe in autumn 2009, mild to severe in autumn 2008, and very mild in spring 2011 (due to unusually dry weather). Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) and melon were the most susceptible to foliar blight in 2008 and 2009. In all 3 years, ‘Cheese’ and ‘Bugle’ squ...
Regenerating supernumerary axons are cholinergic and emerge from both autonomic and motor neurons in the rat spinal cord

Multipolar neurons in the mammalian nervous system normally exhibit one axon and several dendrites. However, in response to an axonal injury, adult motoneurons may regenerate supernumerary axons. Supernumerary axons emerge from the cell body or dendritic trees in addition to the stem motor axon. It is not known whether these regenerating axons contain neurotransmitters for synaptic transmission at their terminals. Here, using immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase, an enzyme that synthesizes acetylcholine, we demonstrate the emergence of cholinergic supernumerary axons at 6 weeks after a unilateral L5-S2 ventral root avulsion and acute implantation of the avulsed L6 ventral root into the adult rat spinal cord. Light microscopic serial reconstruction of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive arbors shows that these supernumerary axons originate from both autonomic and motor neurons. The supernumerary axons emerge from the cell body or dendrites, exhibit an abnormal projection pattern within the intramedullary gray and white matters, make frequent abrupt turns in direction, and form bouton-like swellings as well as growth cone-like terminals. Double labeling immunohistochemistry studies show that the choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive supernumerary axons co-localized with two proteins associated with axonal growth and elongation, growth-associated protein 43 and p75, the low affinity neurotrophic factor receptor. Our findings suggest that regenerating supernumerary axons selectively transport and store choline acetyltransferase, supporting the notion that supernumerary axons may develop functional and active synaptic transmission. Therefore, regenerating supernumerary axons may contribute to the plasticity in neural circuits following injury in the adult nervous system.
Pd growth and subsequent Schottky barrier formation on chemical vapor cleaned p-type GaN surfaces

Characterization of chemical vapor cleaned, Mg-doped, p-type GaN(0001) surfaces and Pd contacts sequentially deposited on these surfaces has been conducted using x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies and low-energy electron diffraction. The band bending and the electron affinity at the cleaned p-GaN surface were 1.4±0.1 eV and 3.1±0.1 eV, respectively. A previously unidentified band of surface states was observed at ∼1.0 eV below the Fermi level on this surface. The Pd grew epitaxially on the cleaned surface in a layer-by-layer mode and formed an abrupt, unreacted metal–semiconductor interface. The induced Fermi level movement with Pd deposition has been attributed to a complex interaction between extrinsic and intrinsic surface states as well as metal induced gap states. The final Schottky barrier height at the Pd/p-GaN interface was 1.3±0.1 eV; the interface dipole contribution was 0.4±0.1 eV.
Quantum theory of static shielding II: Intermediate magnetic field strength

Abstract A theoretical analysis of magnetic field effects on the Friedel-Kohn “wiggle” contribution to shielding by a quantum plasma is carried out here for conditions of intermediate magnetic field strength (EF > ωc > kT). In this case, magnetic field quantum corrections to the Friedel-Kohn “wiggl” may be expected to be of two types: (1) monotonic magnetic field corrections associated with an expansion in powers of ω c E F and (2) DHVA-type oscillatory magnetic field corrections associated with oscillatory terms involving the DHVA oscillation frequency E F ω c . The analysis of the monotonic magnetic field corrections is carried out with an expansion in powers of ω c E F , and we find that the actual expansion parameter involved is not ω c E F which is small; but rather it is [ ω c E F ) · p F r] which may be either small or large since pFr is large. For distances from the shielded impurity such that [( ω c E F ) · p F r] ⪡ 1 , the power expansion is valid and the zero-field Friedel-Kohn “wiggle” is the dominant high-wavenumber shielding phenomenon, with monotonic and anisotropic magnetic field corrections given by the power series. However, for distances from the impurity such that [( ω c E F ) · p F r] ⪢ 1 the power expansion is invalid, and we estimate the monotonic magnetic field corrections from a nonperturbative integral representation. The resulting estimate obtained shows that when [( ω c E F ) · p F r ⪢ 1 the Friedel-Kohn “wiggle” no longer retains its zero-field form, but instead it takes on the properties of its counter-part in the quantum strong field limit, which has a rather different character in that the long range of the “wiggle” is destroyed by a decaying exponential envelope factor exp (−2p F | r |) , while the “wiggle” is still discernable through an anisotropic oscillatory factor cos(2pFrz). This is not very surprising since the effective magnetic field “mixed” parameter [( ω c E F ) · p F r] ⪢ 1 is large enough to be associated with the quantum strong field limit, in spite of the fact that ω c E F ⪡ 1 is small in the intermediate field case under consideration. The analysis of DHVA-type oscillatory magnetic field corrections is of special physical interest, since the occurrence of such terms in conjunction with the Friedel-Kohn “wiggle” would suggest the observation of two of the most interesting specifically quantum phenomena of the quantum plasma in a single experiment. However, our investigation of the only mechanisms which could give rise to such DHVA terms shows that the Friedel-Kohn “wiggle” is in fact devoid of DHVA oscillatory effects at large distances from the shielded impurity [pFr ⪢ 1 and ( ω c E F )p F r ⪢ 1 ]. This analysis should serve to provide some insight into questions arising in connection with the recent work of M.E. Rensink [5] and M. L. Glasser [6].
Nonlinear changes in activity and emotional reactivity scores following central noradrenergic lesions in rats.

Two levels of permanent central norepinephrine depletion were obtained in rats by lesioning these neurons with small quantities of intraventricularly-applied 6-hydroxydopamine, and the effects of these lesions on a variety of standard tests of activity and emotional reactivity were studied. Both lesioned groups showed altered emotional reactivity; however, only the animals with less extensive lesions were hyperactive in running wheels, showed heightened shock-elicited aggression, were hyper-responsive to handling, and had a potentiated amphetamine-activation effect. It is suggested that these exaggerated behaviors reflected the sensitization and regeneration of partially lesioned noradrenergic circuits. These data are discussed in terms of the catecholamine hypothesis of depression.
An anthropological emic‐etic perspective on open access practices

– The purpose of this paper is to examine open access practices using an anthropological view of emics and etics., – An emic‐etic distinction has been theorized in anthropological research for decades. Its insider and outsider views are adopted here to provide greater understanding of open access development. The visions of various groups of academics, particularly faculty scholars and librarians, are explored to identify their different positions on open access involvement as well as the impact of those positions on open access practices., – This analysis reveals that new models of scholarly communication need to cope with existing systems and become sustainable only when the thoughts and behaviors of insiders have been fully understood by outsiders and appropriate strategies have been taken on in practice., – A theoretical framework was introduced to understand the practices of open access repositories and journal publishing.
On the statistical mechanics of distributed seismicity

SUMMARY In order to understand the underlying physics of distributed seismicity better we have considered a 2-D array of slider blocks connected by springs and interacting via static friction with a surface. There is no driving plate in this model. The time evolution of the system is found from numerical simulations in a cellular automata formulation. Energy is conserved and is the single control parameter. The distribution of energies in the springs is found to obey a modified Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. It is found that the number-size statistics of clusters of unstable sliding blocks is identical to those in percolation clusters in the site-to-site percolation model. There is a well-defined critical point when unstable blocks become connected across the array. It has been previously suggested that distributed seismicity in a seismic zone is the percolation backbone of a 3-D percolation cluster. The fact that low-level seismicity satisfies the GutenbergRichter frequency-magnitude relation and is nearly constant in time also suggests that this background seismicity is similar to thermally induced noise.
The strength-based mirror effect in subjective strength ratings: The evidence for differentiation can be produced without differentiation

Criss (Cognitive Psychology 59:297–319, 2009) reported that subjective ratings of memory strength showed a mirror effect pattern in which strengthening the studied words increased ratings for targets and decreased ratings for lures. She interpreted the effect on lure items as evidence for differentiation, a process whereby lures produce a poorer match to strong than to weak memory traces. However, she also noted that participants might use different mappings between memory evidence and levels of the rating scale when they expected strong versus weak targets; that is, the effect might be produced by decision processes rather than differentiation. We report two experiments designed to distinguish these accounts. Some participants studied pure lists of weak or strong items (presented once or five times, respectively), while others studied mixed lists of half weak and half strong items. The participants from both groups had pure-strength tests: Only strong or only weak items were tested, and the participants were informed of which it would be before the test. The results showed that strength ratings for lures were lower when strong versus weak targets were tested, regardless of whether the study list was pure or mixed. In the mixed-study condition, the effect was produced even after identical study lists, and thus the same degree of differentiation in the studied traces. Therefore, our results suggest that the strength-rating mirror effect is produced by changes in decision processes.
Stagnant Cardiovascular Prevention: Alarming Trends and Persistent Socioeconomic Hurdles

Recently it has been suggested that the decline in cardiovascular mortality observed over the last 50 years may be coming to an end. This alarming trend, which has been noted mainly in younger adults from lower socioeconomic strata, may be linked to other changes, namely the increasing prevalence of modifiable risk factors, the most important of which is obesity. In contrast, our ability to predict cardiovascular risk continues to improve steadily, although it is unclear which will be its ability in designing more effective global preventive measures. Coronary heart disease appears to develop through multiple pathways, whose association with cardiovascular risk is mediated by complex processes involving numerous factors ranging from genetic predisposition to unfavorable socioeconomic circumstances. Although some attention has been paid to the latter, more effort has been put into controlling isolated risk factors. For example, numerous large studies have involved looking at the effect of singledrug therapies aimed at specific targets rather than examining more comprehensive approaches to managing multiple risk factors. In conclusion, an effective strategy for controlling modifiable risk factors in both individuals and populations must address this complex scenario and should consider significant socioeconomic factors such as education, income and the built environment. The unfavorable trend observed in cardiovascular health makes it essential that current preventive strategies are reassessed.
Petunia nectar proteins have ribonuclease activity

Plants requiring an insect pollinator often produce nectar as a reward for the pollinator’s visitations. This rich secretion needs mechanisms to inhibit microbial growth. In Nicotiana spp. nectar, anti-microbial activity is due to the production of hydrogen peroxide. In a close relative, Petunia hybrida, limited production of hydrogen peroxide was found; yet petunia nectar still has anti-bacterial properties, suggesting that a different mechanism may exist for this inhibition. The nectar proteins of petunia plants were compared with those of ornamental tobacco and significant differences were found in protein profiles and function between these two closely related species. Among those proteins, RNase activities unique to petunia nectar were identified. The genes corresponding to four RNase T2 proteins from Petunia hybrida that show unique expression patterns in different plant tissues were cloned. Two of these enzymes, RNase Phy3 and RNase Phy4 are unique among the T2 family and contain characteristics similar to both S- and S-like RNases. Analysis of amino acid patterns suggest that these proteins are an intermediate between S- and S-like RNases, and support the hypothesis that S-RNases evolved from defence RNases expressed in floral parts. This is the first report of RNase activities in nectar.
Effects of β-endorphin on ornithine decarboxylase in tissues of developing rats: A potential role for this endogenous neuropeptide in the modulation of tissue growth

Abstract Ornithine decarboxlyase (ODC) catalyzes the initial step in the bio-synthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine, which are key regulators of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Intracisternal administration of β-endorphin (1 μg) to 6 day-old rats markedly decreased brain, liver, heart and kidney ODC activity. Conversely, subcutaneous administration of β-endorphin increased ODC activity in the heart and liver. Thus, ODC inhibition in peripheral organs in rat pups given β-endorphin intracisternally appears to reflect central effects of this neuropeptide. Experiments were also carried out to test whether opioid receptors are involved in these tissue ODC responses. Naloxone prevented the decreases in brain ODC indicating the participation of opioid receptors in that process. In contrast, naloxone did not alter ODC responses in peripheral organs in rat pups given β-endorphin intracisternally, indicating that these effects are independent of its classical opioid character. These results support the view that endogenous β-endorphin may play an important role in organogenesis by modulating the growth-related enzyme ODC. The data also suggest that the regulation of peripheral organ development by β-endorphin may be mediated through the release of growth regulatory substances from the CNS.
Second controlled light-soaking experiment for amorphous silicon modules

Dual-junction and triple-junction amorphous silicon modules from three manufacturers were subjected to light soaking at 1-sun intensity at 50/spl deg/C, loaded to the maximum power point, for 1000-2000 hours, with annealing to 70/spl deg/C in the dark after 1000 hours. Performance characterization was done periodically, both under a pulsed solar simulator and outdoors. Aperture-area efficiencies as high as 9.1% were obtained after 1000 hours of light-soaking. The power output after 1000 hours of light soaking and subsequent partial annealing ranged from 77% to 92% of the initial power output. The recovery in power due to annealing was 4%-6.5%. For a-Si/a-Si-type modules, stabilized performance was reached before 1000 hours. The validity of the results is discussed in detail. >
Assumption or Fact? Line-to-Neutral Voltage Expression in an Unbalanced 3-Phase Circuit During Inverter Switching

This paper discusses the situation in a 3-phase motor or any other 3-phase system operating under unbalanced operating conditions caused by an open fault in an inverter switch. A dc voltage source is assumed as the input to the inverter, and under faulty conditions of the inverter switch, the actual voltage applied between the line to neutral (open neutral) of the 3-phase circuit is derived, based on the inverter switching table. This issue is very important, since during motor analysis and simulation it very often becomes necessary to use a line-to-neutral voltage as input to the simulation process or analysis, for which current is the output. The paper studies the necessary and sufficient conditions required for the line-to-neutral voltages indicated in the switching truth table to be true.
Molecular assembly of 1,3,5-tris(cyanomethyl) and 1,4-bis(cyanomethyl)arenes with silver triflate

Dicyano- and tricyano-substituted aromatic angular building blocks were system- atically complexed with silver triflate, and their structures were determined by means of sin- gle-crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecular assembly of 1,3,5-tris(cyanomethyl)-2,4,6-tri- ethylbenzene with silver triflate from benzene resulted in a layered structure with distorted square pyramidal silver sites. The structure resulting from the complexation of 1,3,5-tris(cyanomethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene with silver triflate is dependent on the sol- vent of crystallization. From benzene or toluene, reaction of 1,3,5-tris(cyanomethyl)-2,4,6- trimethylbenzene with silver triflate yielded a porous, channel-containing, solvated structure, but from acetone the resulting material was a network solid containing no solvent. Complexation of 1,4-bis(cyanomethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetraethylbenzene and 1,4-bis(cyano- methyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene with silver triflate resulted in network solids where the triflate anions were strongly coordinated to the silver.
A review of studies on ion thruster beam and charge-exchange plasmas

Various experimental and analytical studies of the primary beam and charge-exchange plasmas of ion thrusters are reviewed. The history of plasma beam research is recounted, emphasizing experiments on beam neutralization, expansion of the beam, and determination of beam parameters such as electron temperature, plasma density, and plasma potential. The development of modern electron bombardment ion thrusters is treated, detailing experimental results. Studies on charge-exchange plasma are discussed, showing results such as the relationship between neutralizer emission current and plasma beam potential, ion energies as a function of neutralizer bias, charge-exchange ion current collected by an axially moving Faraday cup-RPA for 8-cm and 30-cm ion thrusters, beam density and potential data from a 15-cm ion thruster, and charge-exchange ion flow around a 30-cm thruster. A 20-cm thruster electrical configuration is depicted and facility effects are discussed. Finally, plasma modeling is covered in detail for plasma beam and charge-exchange plasma.
Optimum detection of random signals in noise, with application to scatter-multipath communication--I

Solutions are obtained in open form for the optimum, probability-computing detector of either Gaussian signals, or known signals transmitted via scatter-paths, where the signals have been further perturbed by additive white Gaussian noise. The optimum receiver operates on the received waveforms with filter-functions and biasing constants determined by pairs of inhomogeneous and homogeneous integral equations, respectively. General solution in closed form has not been obtained, but it is possible to draw a few broad conclusions, among them that the filter-functions can be physically realizable. Approximate solution (for the optimum scatter-path receiver) at small signal-to-noise ratios yields a block diagram having interesting implications. For a single-scatter-path, the optimum receiver may be interpreted as the combination of a correlator with an optimum estimator of the Wiener type. Certain special cases in which complete solution is possible have been investigated in detail, and appropriate curves are presented. The role and performance of the probability-computing detector in an optimum decision-making receiver, for the types of channels considered, is deferred to a companion paper.
The late Cenozoic diatom stratigraphy and paleolimnology of Tule Lake, Siskiyou Co. California

Lacustrine diatoms are diverse, well preserved and abundant in cores of lake sediment to 334 m depth near the town of Tulelake, Siskiyou County, northern California. The cores have been dated by radiometric, tephrochronologic and paleomagnetic techniques, which indicate a basal age of about 3 million years (Ma) and a nearly continuous depositional record for the Tule Lake basin for the last 3 million years (My). Fossil diatoms document the late Cenozoic paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic history for the northwestern edge of the Basin and Range Province. During the last 3 My, Tule Lake was typically a relatively deep, extensive lake. The Pliocene is characterized by a diatom flora dominated by Aulacoseira solida suggesting more abundant summer precipitation and warmer winters. Increases in ‘Fragilaria’ at 2.4 Ma and between 2.0 and 1.7 Ma imply cooler summers that correlate to glacial environments recorded elsewhere in the world.
Waveform relaxation for transient simulation of two-dimensional MOS devices

The authors present experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of waveform relaxation (WR) for solving the large, sparsely connected algebraic and differential system generated by standard spatial discretization of the two-dimensional time-dependent semiconductor device equation. The experiments demonstrate that WR converges in a uniform manner, and that there is typically some multirate behavior in a device that the WR algorithm can exploit. Speed and accuracy comparisons are made between standard direct methods, red/black Gauss-Seidel WR, and red/black overrelaxed WR. For their experiments, calculated terminal currents matched well between the methods, and overrelaxed WR was up to a factor of 3 faster than direct methods. >
Gallium ion implantation into niobium thin films using a focused-ion beam

We have implanted 30 keV gallium ions into niobium films 100 /spl Aring/ thick using a focused-ion beam (FIB). The nature of the FIB tool allows the irradiation of a specific, controllable, area of the substrate, from hundreds of square microns down to an arbitrary, user-defined pattern defined by a 70 /spl Aring/ stencil. A sacrificial layer of gold covering the niobium controls the range of the incident gallium ions and prevents the niobium film from sputtering away under bombardment. This article examines the behavior of these films phenomenologically, including information about the changes in transition temperature and resistance of the implanted samples. Also a curious unexplained feature of the resistive transition at implant doses below about 3/spl times/10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/ will be presented and discussed.
‘Here, I'm not at ease’: anthropological perspectives on community resilience

A number of recent studies on disaster reconstruction have focused on the concept of community resilience and its importance in the recovery of communities from collective trauma. This article reviews the contributions the anthropological literature and the ethnographic case studies of two post-Hurricane Mitch housing reconstruction sites make to the theorising of community and resilience in post-disaster reconstruction. Specifically, the article demonstrates that communities are not static or neatly bounded entities that remain constant before, during and after a disaster; rather, communities take on shape and qualities depending on the relationships in which they engage with government agencies and aid organisations before and after disasters. Consequently, the article argues that definitions of community resilience and disaster mitigation programmes must take the emergent and relational nature of communities into account in order to address the long-term causes and impacts of disasters.
Virus-Mediated Cell Proliferation

Many tumor viruses can dysregulate a variety of host cellular processes for their survival and replication. One essential strategy used by viruses to create a host environment conducive for their survival and replication is the stimulation of cellular proliferation and evasion of apoptosis and immune surveillance. Among the known members of human herpesviruses (HHVs), only Epstein–Barr virus (EBV/HHV-4) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus type 8 (KSHV/HHV-8) have been directly implicated in human cancers. Both EBV and KSHV can induce uncontrolled cell proliferation, resulting in conditions, such as lymphomas, Hodgkin’s diseases, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. Although the lytic and latent infection programs are quite different between EBV and KSHV, a number of viral proteins expressed by the two viruses during their respective life cycles share several features that induce/modulate cell growth transformation. These viral proteins are either unique to these viruses or are homologous to cellular proteins. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms by which EBV and KSHV induce cell proliferation with a particular emphasis on the contribution of viral proteins to (1) growth signal-independent proliferation, (2) cell cycle progression, and (3) the activation of signaling pathways associated with proliferation.
On the energetics of dislocation emission from a crack tip in nickel containing hydrogen

A method determining the work done in shearing atom pairs straddling the slip plane [Phi] during emission of dislocations from a crack tip is presented. The model is based on an EAM-type potential for nickel. The dislocations are emitted as partials, and the disregistry [Delta] across the slip plane is found to be fit accurately by a simple arctan function of position for each partial. Width of the partials is also found to remain essentially constant as they are emitted and move away from the crack tip. Rice's unstable stacking energy is extracted from the [Phi][minus][Delta] curves for the atom pairs along the slip plane and is observed to vary somewhat, particularly near the crack tip. The total work done on the entire slip plane is determined as a function of the dislocation position in the spirit of the Peierls approach. Derivative of this total work with respect to dislocation position leads to the lattice resistance [sigma][sub [ital r]]. The first partial dislocation to be emitted experiences a maximum in [sigma][sub [ital r]] at about 0.2 nm from the crack tip, and several contributions to the overall resistance can be identified including the creation of a new surface at themore » tip as emission occurs, the creation of stacking fault as the dislocation glides away from the tip, and a small but discernible periodic component with a period related to the lattice. A string of hydrogen interstitials is introduced at various locations in the lattice and its effect on [Delta], the [Phi][minus][Delta] curves along the slip plane, and the lattice resistance is examined. A substantial effect on the unstable stacking energy results as the dislocation passes an interstitial on the slip plane, but the effect of an interstitial on the resistance to dislocation emission expressed in terms of the maximum [sigma][sub [ital r]] is small and then only if it is confined to a region very near the crack tip.« less
EcoPod: a mobile tool for community based biodiversity collection building

Biological studies rely heavily on large collections of species observations. All of these collections cannot be compiled by biology professionals alone. Skilled amateurs can assist by contributing observations they make in the field. The challenge with such contributions is their potentially questionable quality. We present our PDA-based application EcoPod, which replaces traditional paper field guides with a mobile computing platform. EcoPod aims both to increase the efficiency of the identification process and its reliability. The application solicits as little information from the user as possible. At the same time it places no restrictions on the sequencing of the identification process. This approach is to make our solution attractive to both skilled amateurs and professionals. The tool creates a record of the identification process, thereby providing an audit trail for quality assurance. EcoPod's user interface driver computes information gain over identification metadata to maximize screen utilization. The tool ingests SDD, an international standard for XML datasets that describe organisms.
You too can teach clinical reasoning

* Abbreviations: HSP — : Henoch-Schonlein Purpura RLQ — : right lower quadrant As part of the ongoing Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics series on skills and strategies used by great clinical teachers,1–6 this article focuses on practical knowledge and skills for teaching clinical reasoning. Building on SNAPPS and One Minute Preceptor models,6 we will address the clinical assessment portion of oral and written presentations that represents the culmination of the clinical reasoning process. Using the concepts of problem representation,7 semantic qualifiers,8 and illness scripts7,9,10 defined below, we will outline how you can guide your students’ clinical reasoning development. A problem representation is “the one-liner” at the end of a presentation that synthesizes the entire patient story (history details, physical findings, and investigations) into 1 “big picture” statement.7 To create a problem representation, physicians restructure pertinent patient details into abstract terms called semantic qualifiers. Semantic qualifiers are abstractions in medical rather than lay terminology and generally exist in divergent pairs, such as acute versus chronic and severe versus mild (Table 1, step 2).8 Here is an example of a problem representation, with the semantic qualifiers in italics: A previously well, 2-year-old unimmunized girl presents with an acute history of respiratory distress. She is febrile , looks unwell , and is drooling. View this table: TABLE 1 Teaching Steps for Clinical Reasoning Novice clinicians can be taught to generate problem representations by using semantic qualifiers. First, have your students write out a 1- to 2-sentence problem representation (summary of patient information) based on either a written … Address correspondence to Joseph Gigante, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 8232 Doctor’s Office Tower, Nashville, TN 37232-9225. E-mail: joseph.gigante{at}vanderbilt.edu
Determination of Henry’s law constant and the diffusion and polytropic coefficients of air in aviation fuel

The volume change of air microbubbles on surface nucleation sites was studied experimentally and compared with predictions. Measurements were used to determine the polytropic constant, the diffusion coefficient, and the Henry’s law constant of air in distilled water, dodecane, and JP-8 aviation fuel. The liquids were exposed to sub-atmospheric pressures, but above their vapor pressures. In one type of experiment, bubble size reduction was recorded as the liquid’s ambient pressure was increased from a low pressure to atmospheric pressure though a series of step increases. The results were used to determine the polytropic constant. In another type of experiment, bubble growth was monitored in time following a sudden reduction in the liquid’s pressure from ambient. The Epstein–Plesset model of mass diffusion was coupled with a Lipschitzian optimization technique to determine the values of the diffusion coefficient and Henry’s law constant.
Design and fabrication considerations in developing high-Q MEMS capacitors and inductors

Despite great advancement in micromachining techniques, design and fabrication of high-Q tunable capacitors and inductors remain to be a challenging task. This paper discusses the design and fabrication considerations in developing high-Q fixed and tunable micro-electromechanical capacitors and inductors. Electrostatic actuation mechanism is employed for tuning the value of passives. The measurement results of several high-Q capacitors and inductors fabricated on silicon substrate are presented, and a number of research directions to improve the performance of tunable passives are proposed.
Promoting Species Establishment in a Phragmites-Dominated Great Lakes Coastal Wetland

ABSTRACT: This study examined efforts to promote species establishment and maintain diversity in a Phragmites-dominated wetland where primary control measures were underway. A treatment experiment was performed at Crane Creek, a drowned-river-mouth wetland in Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge along the shore of western Lake Erie. Following initial aerial spraying of Phragmites with glyphosate, this study tested combinations of cutting, raking, and additional hand spraying of Phragmites with glyphosate as methods to promote growth of other wetland species and increase plant diversity. Percent-cover vegetation data were collected in permanent plots before and after treatments, and follow-up sampling was performed the following year. Increased species richness, species emergence, and relative dominance of non-Phragmites taxa were used as measures of treatment success. We also examined treatment effects on Phragmites cover. Dimensionality of seedbank and soil properties was reduced using principal component ana...
A new module for quantitative evaluation of repellent efficacy using human subjects

A new module for quantitative evaluation of arthropod repellents in human subjects was designed, constructed, and protocols for use of the module were developed. Doses of 3 arthropod repellents, 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl] piperidine (AI3-35765), 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine (AI3-37220), and N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), were evaluated using the mosquito, Anopheles stephensi Liston. Biting responses to varied doses of the repellents on human skin were quantified, and the effectiveness of the 3 repellents was compared. The new module consists of 6 test cells and permits the simultaneous comparison of up to 5 repellent doses or chemical types and a control using a complete randomized block design with minimal treatment interaction and with ≥6 replicates per human subject.
Membrane cytochemistry of the atrial peptide secretory pathway

The characteristics of the principal membrane systems involved in atrial peptide secretion are explored in rabbit and rat atrial muscle cells using freeze-fracture electron microscopy combined with cytochemistry. Structural features of the Golgi apparatus and secretory granule membrane are described, and two features of the membranes' composition, cholesterol content and terminal glycocomponents, are probed in situ in the cell. Both the secretory granule membrane and the plasma membrane contain morphologically detectable cholesterol, and both are rich in the terminal sugar residues (sialic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine) of membrane glycocomponents. Some cisternal membranes of the Golgi apparatus reveal detectable cholesterol but others do not, and only focal labeling of terminal glycocomponents in Golgi membranes is observed, usually adjacent to the accumulation of secretory product. Nuclear membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria contain virtually no detectable cholesterol nor terminally glycosylated components. The Golgi apparatus, which is exclusively equipped with the enzymes responsible for terminal glycosylation of membrane glycoproteins, appears actively to modify the chemical composition of the membrane segments in which it packages atrial peptide. This ensures that the composition of the atrial granule membrane resembles that of the plasma membrane into which it is ultimately incorporated.
Reply to Salkeld et al.: Diversity-disease patterns are robust to study design, selection criteria, and publication bias

Recently, we provided broad evidence for a negative association between community diversity and the abundance of human and wildlife parasites (1), supporting the dilution effect hypothesis (2). Salkeld et al. (3) point out that our meta-analysis reached a different conclusion than their previous meta-analysis on the dilution effect (4), which focused solely on 13 effect sizes from six species of human parasites. Salkeld et al. (3) argue that their smaller sample size is justified because only field studies capture the ecological realism necessary to test the dilution effect hypothesis. However, field studies can have confounding variables that can generate false-positive or false-negative relationships between diversity and disease. Although laboratory studies often more confidently capture cause–effect relationships, they can be contrived. Hence, given these costs and benefits of field and laboratory studies, we included both in our meta-analysis and found that each strongly supported the dilution effect hypothesis. Nevertheless, we reanalyzed the data in our publicly available dataset using the inclusion criteria (i.e., field studies on human parasites at certain scales) of Salkeld et al. (4) and, once again, found a significant negative relationship between biodiversity and the abundance of human parasites (random effects meta-analysis: n = 22 effect sizes and 12 species as a random effect, mean Hedges’ d = −0.75, P = 0.018). Hence, the difference between the marginally nonsignificant finding in the meta-analysis of Salkeld et al. (mean Fisher’s Z = −0.23, 95% confidence interval: −0.470 to 0.008) (4) and our significant finding can be explained by the increased statistical power associated with the inclusion of nine more recent studies on six human parasites. These results further support the robustness of the negative relationship between biodiversity and infectious disease using our dataset.
Description of a Particle with Arbitrary Mass and Spin

A Lorentz covariant description of a particle and antiparticle with spin $s=0, \frac{1}{2}, 1, \ensuremath{\cdots}$ and finite rest mass is given in this paper. The wave function has $2(2s+1)$ components so that no auxiliary conditions are needed. The basic idea is to postulate the rest-system Hamiltonian and make the Lorentz transformation to the laboratory system. An algorithm which is a generalization of the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation is found for constructing the laboratory-system Hamiltonian and polarization operators.
Subchapter G of the Internal Revenue Code: Crusade Without a Cause?

This Article begins by tracing the evolution of the accumulated earnings tax and the personal holding company tax from their origins to the mid-1980s. The Article then demonstrates the limited extent to which these corporate penalty taxes serve their historical purpose of preventing taxpayers from enjoying significant tax savings through the use of the corporate form. Finally, the Article addresses whether the accumulated earnings tax and the personal holding company tax are appropriate and efficient mechanisms for inducing corporations to distribute their earnings when individual tax rates do not greatly exceed corporate tax rates.