cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chew on This: Disgust, Delay, and the Documentary Image in Food, Inc.

In comparison to activist films with an â€œin your faceâ€ aesthetic, Food, Inc. seems positively tame. Rather than shock viewers with direct images of distasteful, disgusting, immoral, and outrageous practices in the food industry, it provokes and performs physical and moral disgust by its paradoxical (and perhaps quintessentially documentary) combination of proximity and immediacy with distance and delay. This close textual analysis reveals the filmâ€™s use of images to defer, deflect, and dodge, in such a way as to emphasize the temporal â€˜lag timeâ€™ that Sara Ahmed argues is intrinsic to disgust and that connects as well to what Malin Wahlberg calls â€˜documentary time.â€™
How Teachers and Students View the Task of Report Writing

(1994). How Teachers and Students View the Task of Report Writing. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 107-110.
Stealth Multicast: A Novel Catalyst for Network-Level Multicast Deployment

While network-level multicast has tremendous potential for increasing the efficiency of group-oriented applications, the adoption of network-level multicast has been tepid at best. In this paper, we propose a novel concept entitled stealth multicast that allows for practical adoption of network-level multicast on a domain-wise basis rather than global scale. In the stealth multicast model, similar unicast packets are dynamically assembled into virtual groups for multicast transmission across the domain. At the edge of the domain, the packets are converted back to unicast, thus hiding the existence of stealth multicast from the external Internet. True to its namesake, stealth multicast operates in complete stealth, providing seamless interoperability without requiring any modifications to end-user applications nor requiring any inter-domain support. In this paper, we introduce the basic concepts of stealth multicast and show that the stealth multicast model can offer significant benefits in terms of bandwidth savings with minimal impact to the end-user QoS.
1,2,3,4,5‐Pentaphenyl‐1′‐(di‐tert‐butylphosphino)ferrocene

[312959-24-3] C48H47FeP (MW 710.71) InChI = 1S/C35H25.C13H22P.Fe/c1-6-16-26(17-7-1)31-32(27-18-8-2-9-19-27)34(29-22-12-4-13-23-29)35(30-24-14-5-15-25-30)33(31)28-20-10-3-11-21-28;1-12(2,3)14(13(4,5)6)11-9-7-8-10-11;/h1-25H;7-10H,1-6H3; InChIKey = YOQRDWPCPFCDLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (ligand used for palladium-catalyzed arylation reactions) Alternate Name: Q-phos. Physical Data: none measured. Solubility: soluble in ether, benzene, toluene, THF. Form Supplied in: pink solid Analysis of Reagent Purity: 31P NMR (C6D6): δ 25.49. Preparative Methods: di-tert-butylphosphinoferrocene treated with sodium tert-butoxide and palladium acetate in neat phenyl chloride. Purification: silica gel chromatography eluting with pentane/Et2O (80/1). Handling, Storage, and Precautions: it is stable indefinitely in air and is air stable in solution for up to 2 months without evidence for formation of the phosphine oxide.
On providing useful information for analyzing and tuning applications

Application performance tuning is a complex process that requires correlating many types of information with source code to locate and analyze performance problems bottle-necks. Existing performance tools don't adequately support this process in one or more dimensions. We describe two performance tools, MHsim and HPCView, that we built to support our own work on data layout and optimizing compilers. Both tools report their results in scope-hierarchy views of the corresponding source code and produce their output as HTML databases that can be analyzed portably and collaboratively using a commodity browser.
The state-of-the-art in speech recognition

Man-machine communication by voice is an elusive goal, especially because of the difficulties in performing speech recognition. This paper presents the state-of-the-art in speech recognition and forecasts the developments in this field.
My starting point: The discovery of an NMR method for measuring blood oxygenation using the transverse relaxation time of blood water

This invited personal story, covering the period from 1979 to 2010, describes the discovery of the dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water in blood on the oxygenation state of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes. The underlying mechanism of the compartmentation of the different magnetic susceptibilities of hemoglobin in its different oxygenation states also explains the mechanism that underlies blood oxygenation level dependent contrast used in fMRI. The story begins with the initial observation of line broadening during ischemia in small rodents detected by in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy at high field. This spectroscopic line broadening or T2* relaxation effect was demonstrated to be related to the oxygenation state of blood. The effect was quantified more accurately using T2 values measured by the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill method. The effect was dependent on the integrity of the erythrocytes to compartmentalize the different magnetic susceptibilities produced by the changing spin state of the ferrous iron of hemoglobin in its different oxygenation states between the erythrocytes and the suspending solution. The hematocrit and magnetic field dependence, the requirement for erythrocyte integrity and lack of T1 dependence confirmed that the magnetic susceptibility effect explained the oxygenation state dependence of T2* and T2. This T2/T2* effect was combined with T1 based measurements of blood flow to measure oxygen consumption in animals. This blood oxygenation assay and its underlying magnetic susceptibility gradient mechanism was published in the biochemistry literature in 1982 and largely forgotten. The observation was revived to explain evolving imaging features of cerebral hematoma as MR imaging of humans increased in field strength to 1.5 T by the mid 1980s. Although the imaging version of this assay was used to measure a global metabolic rate of cerebral oxygen consumption in humans at 1.5-T by 1991, the global measurement had little clinical value. By contrast, a decade after the spectroscopic observation, imaging experiments performed on rodents at 7 T by Ogawa and colleagues identified the extravascular T2* imaging characteristics of the blood oxygenation effect and, most importantly, associated that change with brain functional states. Ogawa appropriately branded this blood oxygenation level dependent mechanism as BOLD contrast. This mechanism was subsequently shown to be the basis of localized MR signal changes associated with local brain function. This connection led to the fMRI revolution in human brain mapping.
Attitudes and practice of genetic counselors regarding anonymous testing for BRCA1/2.

Patients and clinicians alike view anonymous testing as a potential way to avoid perceived risks of genetic testing such as insurance and employment discrimination and the potential loss of privacy. To assess their experience with and attitudes towards anonymous testing for BRCA1/2, genetic counselors were invited to complete an internet-based survey via the NSGC Familial Cancer Risk Counseling Special Interest Group (FCRC-SIG) listerv. A majority of the 115 respondents (70%) had received requests from patients for anonymous BRCA1/2 testing at some point in their careers and 43% complied with this request. Most counselors, however, encountered such requests infrequently, 1–5 times per year. Although genetic counselors do not generally encourage anonymous testing and over a third of respondents feel it should never be offered, a substantial subset support its use under specific circumstances. In general, a strong consensus exists among counselors that anonymous testing should not be offered routinely. In light of the current legislative landscape, it is of note that a substantial proportion of respondents (42.7%) cited the threat of life insurance discrimination as a reason for pursuing AT, and fewer cited health insurance (30.0%) or employment discrimination (29.1%) as justifications. Since there exists no federal legislative protections against discrimination by life insurance companies, it makes sense that genetic counselors were more responsive to this issue as opposed to the threat of discrimination in health insurance and employment.
The Situation Complex: Revisiting Frederic Thrasher’s The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago:

Originally published in 1927, Frederic Thrasher’s The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago is a panoramic, multilayered, richly detailed account of youth gangs—a milestone text of the Chicago School of Sociology. The most widely available version of The Gang is a highly edited edition published in 1963, which contained an extensive new introduction by noted sociologist James Short. I argue here for a return to the original text, as well as the work of Thrasher more broadly. Rereading this classic text in full, original form, I maintain, gives us fresh perspective on contemporary research and commentary on gang life. So commonly (now) the purview of the postpositivist and highly delimited field of criminology, The Gang returns us to questions of radical context, the multiple webs of influence and association that so marked studies of the period—a move long overdue.
On hearing the shape of combinatorial drums

Abstract A discrete formulation of the problem of “hearing the shape of a drum” is investigated, extending the results of M. Fisher and others. Drums imbedded in both triangular and square lattices are considered and similar results are oktained in each of these cases.
Social Externalism and First-Person Authority

Social Externalism is the thesis that many of our thoughts are individuated in part by the linguistic and social practices of the thinker’s community. After defending Social Externalism and arguing for its broad application, I turn to the kind of defeasible first-person authority that we have over our own thoughts. Then, I present and refute an argument that uses first-person authority to disprove Social Externalism. Finally, I argue briefly that Social Externalism—far from being incompatible with first-person authority—provides a check on first-personal pronouncements and thus saves first-person authority from being simply a matter of social convention and from collapsing into the subjectivity of “what seems right is right.”
Monitoring pregnancy outcomes following prenatal drug exposure through prospective pregnancy registries and passive surveillance: a pharmaceutical company commitment.

Abstract Objectives: Glaxo Wellcome (G.W.) becomes aware of prenatal exposures to its medications from as early as the clinical trial phase of development. An international process for monitoring prenatal exposure to all G.W. medicines has been developed utilizing a passive surveillance system and, for specific products, pregnancy registries. Additionally, G.W. jointly sponsors the multi-company Antiretroviral and North American Antiepileptic Drug (AED) Pregnancy Registries. Study Design: The registries are observational, case-registration and follow-up studies designed to detect evidence of teratogenicity associated with specific medications. Pregnancies are registered prospectively following prenatal exposure to the registry medication. An advisory committee for each registry reviews data and assists in dissemination of information. Committee members include independent scientists with expertise in fields such as obstetrics, teratology, epidemiology, pediatrics, and the relevant therapeutic areas. Results: The following data are from the prospective first-trimester exposures in each registry. Through December 1996, the proportion of outcomes in the Acyclovir Pregnancy Registry with birth defects (n = 17/505) is 3.4% (95% CI 2.0%, 5.4%). Through March 1997, the proportion of outcomes in the Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry with birth defects (n = 4/76) is 5.3% (95% CI 1.7%, 13.6%). Through April 1997, the proportion of outcomes in the Sumatriptan Pregnancy Registry with birth defects (n = 5/148) is 3.4% (95% CI 1.3%, 8.1%). The newer Valacyclovir and Bupropion Pregnancy Registries have insufficient data for analysis. None of the registries have provided a risk estimate exceeding that expected in the general population, and no pattern of defects has been observed. Conclusions: The outcomes accumulated to date represent a sample of insufficient size for reaching conclusions regarding the possible teratogenic risk of using these drugs in pregnancy. Data obtained through these registries are shared with the medical community as a supplement to animal toxicology studies and to assist in weighing potential risks and benefits of treatment for individual patients. The success of the registries depends on the continued willingness of the OB/GYN community to notify the registries of prenatal exposures.
Why aren't teachers being prepared to teach for diversity, equity, and global interconnectedness? A study of lived experiences in the making of multicultural and global educators

Abstract Despite increasing demands for teachers to teach for equity, diversity and global interconnectedness, colleges of education are not producing teachers with such knowledge and skills. In this study the author identified teacher educators, who are recognized by their peers for their success in preparing teachers in both multicultural and global education and asked them to reflect upon the experiences that have most influenced their work in these fields. The 80 teacher educators in the study told of encounters with people different from themselves, experiences with discrimination, injustice or outsider status, and their felt contradictions in dealing with multiple realities. There are significant qualitative differences between those experiences identified by people of color and those who are white. Most of the people of color acquired an experiential understanding of discrimination and outsider status by the nature of growing up in a society characterized by white privilege and racism. However, many of the middle-class white teacher educators had their most profound experiences while living outside of their own country. Given the demographics of professors of education, the findings have implications for the ability of the nation's universities to prepare teachers in multicultural and global education.
Spatial variability of daily weather variables in the high plains of the USA

Abstract Confidence in network measurements is more than a question of sensor performance. Measurements represent conditions at a station and are also used to infer conditions between station sites. Site measurements are incorporated into basinwide and regionwide values as well. The confidence associated with these applications is network dependent and a function of the variability imposed on the network by the atmosphere. This study was undertaken in the High Plains of the United States to determine the spatial variability of daily measurements taken in a multivariable network. The fraction of variation explained in a given weather variable at one site by that weather variable at a second site is characterized in terms of the distance of separation. It is shown that 1 year of data is not sufficient to characterize the seasonal patterns in spatial variability. To explain more than 90% of the variation in maximum temperatures between sites, a spacing of 60 km is sufficient on a year-round basis. Minimum temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, and evapotranspiration require closer spacing (~30 km) to achieve this criterion while wind and soil temperature require 10 and 20 km, respectively. Spacing of precipitation gauges, for this criterion, would be less than 5 km. All results are specific to the High Plains study area. Seasonality of specific variables at this latitude is suggested as the underlying cause for observed differences in spatial variability from month to month.
Identity, Electronic Ethos, and Blogs A Technologic Analysis of Symbolic Exchange on the New News Medium

News blogs (Web logs dedicated to the dissemination of news) are becoming the default political news source for a growing number of well-educated and apparently wellinformed segments of the population. Bloggers and blog advocates suggest that blogs, online lists, and their various analogs offer something different and potentially unique to the 21st-century citizen. At their best, blogs represent a new form of open-sourced/ open-access partisan press that promises to bring McLuhan’s tribal context one step closer to fulfillment. At their worst, blogs represent the latest form of mass-mediated triviality and celebrity spectacle, with the potential to create and sustain insulated enclaves of intolerance predicated on little more than personal illusion, rumor, and politically motivated innuendo. Employing first a medium theoretic and then a symbolic interactionist lens, the present study considers some of the key structural features of news blogs and discusses some of the personal, social, and political significances of blogs and blogging.
B7-H1 costimulation preferentially enhances CD28-independent T-helper cell function

B7-H1 is a recently described B7-like molecule that costimulates T-cell growth and cytokine secretion without binding to CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and inducible costimulator (ICOS). In this report, a mouse homologue of human B7-H1 is identified, and its immunologic functions are studied in vitro and in vivo. Mouse B7-H1 shares 69% amino acid homology to the human counterpart. Similar to human B7-H1, mouse B7-H1 can be induced to express on macrophages, T cells, and B cells and to enhance T-cell proliferation and secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor but not IL-2 and IL-4. Furthermore, B7-H1 preferentially costimulates CD4+ T cells independently of CD28 and enhances mixed lymphocyte responses to allogeneic antigens. In contrast to B7-1, expression of B7-H1 on murine P815 tumor cells by transfection fails to increase allogeneic and syngeneic cytolytic T-cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Administration of B7-H1Ig fusion protein, however, enhances keyhole limpet hemocyanin- specific T-cell proliferation and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-specific immunoglobulin G2a antibody production. The study thus identifies a unique costimulatory pathway that preferentially affects T-helper cell functions.
CBr4 vapor growth morphologies near the polymorphic transition point I. single crystals

Abstract The morphology of CBr 4 single crystals was investigated during growth from the vapor with high resolution microscopy and image processing. We observed the rounding of corners and edges with increasing temperature at fixed supersaturation, on approaching but distinctively below the monoclinic-to-cubic phase transition. As the supersaturation was increased at fixed crystal temperature, the thermally rounded features resharpened. This rounding and resharpening could successively be induced with increases in temperature and supersaturation, respectively. In addition to the rounding of features formed by pre-existing facets, new facets formed on temperature increase. These findings are interpreted in terms of surface roughening theory and computer simulation results.
Ethnicity and gestational diabetes in New York City, 1995–2003

Objective To characterise the patterns of occurrence of gestational diabetes among a wide range of ethnic groups that reside in New York City. Design Birth records and hospital discharge data were linked to more accurately assess the risk of gestational diabetes by ethnicity, compare risk in US-born to foreign-born women, and assess time trends. Setting New York City. Population All singleton live births occurring between 1995 and 2003. Methods Multivariable binomial regression analysis of ethnicity and gestational diabetes, yielding adjusted risk ratios with non-Hispanic white women as the referent. Main outcome measure Diagnosis of gestational diabetes on birth certificate or in hospital discharge. Results Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) were modestly elevated for African-Americans and sub-Saharan Africans and somewhat higher (<2.0) for non-Hispanic Caribbeans, Hispanic Caribbeans, Central Americans, and South Americans. The aRR was 4.7 (95% CI = 4.6–4.9) for South Central Asians (with an absolute gestational diabetes risk of 14.3%), 2.8 (95% CI = 2.7–3.0) among South-East Asian and Pacific Islanders, and 2.3 (95% CI = 2.2–2.4) among East Asians. Among South Central Asians, the greatest risks were found for women from Bangladesh (aRR = 7.1, 95% CI = 6.8–7.3). Foreign-born women consistently had higher risk than US-born women. Risk for gestational diabetes increased over time among South Central Asians, some Hispanic groups, and African-Americans. Conclusions Risk of gestational diabetes appears to vary markedly among ethnic groups, subject to potential artefacts associated with screening and diagnosis. These differences would have direct implications for health care and may suggest aetiologic hypotheses.
Analysis and comparison of three discrete-time feedforward model-inverse control techniques for nonminimum-phase systems☆

Abstract Noncollocated sensors and actuators, and/or fast sample rates with plants having high relative degree, can lead to nonminimum-phase (NMP) discrete-time zero dynamics that complicate the control system design. In this paper, we examine three stable approximate model-inverse feedforward control techniques, the nonminimum-phase zeros ignore (NPZ-Ignore), the zero-phase-error tracking controller (ZPETC), and the zero-magnitude-error tracking controller (ZMETC), which have frequently been used for NMP systems. We analyze how the discrete-time NMP zero locations in the z -plane affect the success of the NPZ-Ignore, ZPETC, and ZMETC model-inverse techniques. We also examine the use of low-pass filters with the three model-inversion techniques. Experimental results on the x direction of an AFM piezoscanner are provided to support the discussions. Tips on the use of these three model-inversion discrete-time feedforward methods are presented throughout the paper.
Trends in treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer in the Medicare population.

Objective Optimal care for most patients with advanced ovarian cancer generally includes both surgery and chemotherapy. Little is known about the proportion of women in the US who receive combination care or the sequence in which this care is delivered. This study evaluated patterns of care, frequency of completion of recommended therapy and factors associated with sequencing of therapy.
Neonatal pain management

The past 2-3 decades have seen dramatic changes in the approach to pain management in the neonate. These practices started with refuting previously held misconceptions regarding nociception in preterm infants. Although neonates were initially thought to have limited response to painful stimuli, it was demonstrated that the developmental immaturity of the central nervous system makes the neonate more likely to feel pain. It was further demonstrated that untreated pain can have long-lasting physiologic and neurodevelopmental consequences. These concerns have resulted in a significant emphasis on improving and optimizing the techniques of analgesia for neonates and infants. The following article will review techniques for pain assessment, prevention, and treatment in this population with a specific focus on acute pain related to medical and surgical conditions.
Surface state reconstruction in ion-damaged SmB6

We have used ion-irradiation to damage the (001) surfaces of SmB₆ single crystals to varying depths, and have measured the resistivity as a function of temperature for each depth of damage. We observe a reduction in the residual resistivity with increasing depth of damage. Our data are consistent with a model in which the surface state is not destroyed by the ion-irradiation, however instead the damaged layer is poorly conducting and the initial surface state is reconstructed below the damage. This behavior is consistent with a surface state that is topologically protected.
Do Perceived Popular Adolescents Who Aggress Against Others Experience Emotional Adjustment Problems Themselves

Aggression is associated with a host of behavioral, social, and emotional adjustment difficulties. However, some aggressive youth are perceived as "popular" by peers. Although these perceived popular aggressive youth appear relatively well adjusted, especially in the social domain, the emotional well-being of these youth is understudied. The current findings indicate that perceived popularity buffers adolescents who hurt others through relational aggression from internalizing symptoms. In contrast, perceived popularity did not buffer adolescents who engaged in overt verbal and physical aggression from internalizing symptoms. The results suggest that relationally aggressive perceived popular adolescents may be especially resistant to intervention if their aggression helps them manipulate their social worlds but does not contribute to internalizing symptoms.
Effect of warfarin and the chloro analog of vitamin K1 on phylloquinone metabolism

Abstract The effect of a coumarin anticoagulant, warfarin, and of 2-chloro-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (chloro K) on the distribution of radioactive phylloquinone (vitamin K 1 ) has been studied in the rat. Warfarin administration did not influence the whole body distribution of a dose of 3 or 5 μg of radioactive phylloquinone per 100 g of body weight, nor did it affect the subcellular distribution of liver radioactivity. Administration of the chloro analog of vitamin K 1 caused a 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of radioactivity from the injected vitamin which was found in the liver. Most of this increase was shown to be in the mitochondrial fraction of liver. The data suggest that the chloro analog interferes with the metabolism of phylloquinone in the liver, and that much of the increased liver phylloquinone is then retained in the mitochondria. These effects on distribution of the vitamin should be considered in any attempt to explain the mechanism by which the chloro analog of vitamin K acts as an anticoagulant.
Contemplating Synergistic Algorithms for the NASA ACE Mission

ACE is a proposed Tier 2 NASA Decadal Survey mission that will focus on clouds, aerosols, and precipitation as well as ocean ecosystems. The primary objective of the clouds component of this mission is to advance our ability to predict changes to the Earth's hydrological cycle and energy balance in response to climate forcings by generating observational constraints on future science questions, especially those associated with the effects of aerosol on clouds and precipitation. ACE will continue and extend the measurement heritage that began with the A-Train and that will continue through Earthcare. ACE planning efforts have identified several data streams that can contribute significantly to characterizing the properties of clouds and precipitation and the physical processes that force these properties. These include dual frequency Doppler radar, high spectral resolution lidar, polarimetric visible imagers, passive microwave and submillimeter wave radiometry. While all these data streams are technologically feasible, their total cost is substantial and likely prohibitive. It is, therefore, necessary to critically evaluate their contributions to the ACE science goals. We have begun developing algorithms to explore this trade space. Specifically, we will describe our early exploratory algorithms that take as input the set of potential ACE-like data streams and evaluate critically to what extent each data stream influences the error in a specific cloud quantity retrieval.
Implementation Of A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Computer Simulator And Preliminary Results

This paper presents a computer simulation applicable to any magnetic resonance imaging method. The simulation solves the phenomenological Bloch equation numerically for time-dependent gradient fields, applying pulse rotation and time-evolution matrix operators in the rotating frame to each element of a digital phantom. Application of these operators yields. the global magnetization, calculated for each sampling time to produce the discrete Free Induction Decay (FID). A collection of these FIDs are then inverse Fast Fourier Transformed into the desired spatial image for display on a video monitor using an image processor. Since the simulation utilizes a general matrix operator approach to pulse app-lication and FID sampling, it may be used to simulate any MR imaging method employing var-ious pulsing sequences, gradient profiles and sampling intervals. This model is used to emulate a 2DFT phase-encoded spin-echo sequence and also very fast MR imaging using small angle excitation. A discussion of the computational problems involved and the simulations efficacy are included.
Chaos in the Einstein equations

A very general cosmological solution to Einstein's equations exhibiting sensitive dependence on initial data is analyzed as a dynamical system. The metric and topologic entropies of the one-dimensional Poincar\'e map are determined and various results in number theory employed to calculate other invariants of the "chaotic" cosmological dynamics.
Susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from uteri of postpartum dairy cows to antibiotic and environmental bacteriophages. Part I: Isolation and lytic activity estimation of bacteriophages

The objective of this study was to isolate bacteriophages from environmental samples of 2 large commercial dairy farms using Escherichia coli isolated from the uteri of postpartum Holstein dairy cows as hosts. A total of 11 bacteriophage preparations were isolated from manure systems of commercial dairy farms and characterized for in vitro antimicrobial activity. In addition, a total of 57 E. coli uterine isolates from 5 dairy cows were phylogenetically grouped by triplex PCR. Each E. coli bacterial host from the uterus was inoculated with their respective bacteriophage preparation at several different multiplicities of infections (MOI) to determine minimum inhibitory MOI. The effect of a single dose (MOI=10(2)) of bacteriophage on the growth curve of all 57 E. coli isolates was assessed using a microplate technique. Furthermore, genetic diversity within and between the different bacteriophage preparations was assessed by bacteriophage purification followed by DNA extraction, restriction, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Phylogenetic grouping based on triplex PCR showed that all isolates of E. coli belonged to phylogroup B1. Bacterial growth was completely inhibited at considerably low MOI, and the effect of a single dose (MOI=10(2)) of bacteriophage preparations on the growth curve of all 57 E. coli isolates showed that all bacteriophage preparations significantly decreased the growth rate of the isolates. Bacteriophage preparation 1230-10 had the greatest antimicrobial activity and completely inhibited the growth of 71.7% (n=57) of the isolates. The combined action of bacteriophage preparations 1230-10, 6375-10, 2540-4, and 6547-2, each at MOI=10(2), had the broadest spectrum of action and completely inhibited the growth (final optical density at 600 nm <or=0.1) of 80% of the E. coli isolates and considerably inhibited the growth (final optical density at 600 nm <or=0.2) of 90% of the E. coli isolates. Restriction profile analysis demonstrated that all 4 phage preparations contained bacteriophages that were genetically distinct from each other according to the banding pattern of the fragments. The combination of several different bacteriophages can improve the spectrum of action, and the results of this study suggest that bacteriophages 1230-10, 6375-10, 2540-4, and 6547-2 should be used in combination as a cocktail.
Student Outcomes in Co-Taught Secondary English Classes: How Can We Improve?.

Co-teaching is a frequently suggested service delivery model for meeting the needs of students with learning disabilities (LD) in an inclusive environment. However, there is currently little empirical research to support these suggestions. In this study, general and special educators at one secondary site taught ninth-grade English in four different conditions (co-teaching, mainstreaming, general education students only, and special education students only). The academic outcomes in reading and writing assessments for students with LD in the co-taught settings were compared to other conditions. Results of the study indicate that teachers who report to be co-teaching may be lacking the components cited in the literature as critical to the success of this endeavor—common planning, parity, and the use of varied instructional models. No significant differences were found between the conditions. Implications of this study and suggestions for future research are provided.
Mechanism of epimerization of 2,3-erythro-aldoses to 2,3-threo-Aldoses: An NMR study

Proton NMR spectroscopic studies on the conversion of 2,3-erythro-aldoses to 2,3-threo-aldoses in methanolic K2CO3 solution revealed the formation of the hemiacetals of the corresponding aldehydes, which probably provided the driving force of the easy epimerization.
MACHIAVELLIANISM AND ALTRUISM: EFFECT OF RELATEDNESS OF TARGET PERSON ON MACHIAVELLIAN AND HELPING ATTITUDES

Four studies were conducted to investigate evolutionary predictions about the effect of relatedness of target persons on interpersonal attitudes. The first study (N = 65 students) showed that Machi...
Engineered Human Muscle Tissue from Skeletal Muscle Derived Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiac Cells

During development, cardiac and skeletal muscle share major transcription factors and sarcomere proteins which were generally regarded as specific to either cardiac or skeletal muscle but not both in terminally differentiated adult cardiac or skeletal muscle. Here, we investigated whether artificial muscle constructed from human skeletal muscle derived stem cells (MDSCs) recapitulates developmental similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle. We constructed 3-dimensional collagen-based engineered muscle tissue (EMT) using MDSCs (MDSC-EMT) and compared the biochemical and contractile properties with EMT using induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived cardiac cells (iPS-EMT). Both MDSC-EMT and iPS-EMT expressed cardiac specific troponins, fast skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain, and connexin-43 mimicking developing cardiac or skeletal muscle. At the transcriptional level, MDSC-EMT and iPS-EMT upregulated both cardiac and skeletal muscle-specific genes and expressed Nkx2.5 and Myo-D proteins. MDSC-EMT displayed intracellular calcium ion transients and responses to isoproterenol. Contractile force measurements of MDSC-EMT demonstrated functional properties of immature cardiac and skeletal muscle in both tissues. Results suggest that the EMT from MDSCs mimics developing cardiac and skeletal muscle and can serve as a useful in vitro functioning striated muscle model for investigation of stem cell differentiation and therapeutic options of MDSCs for cardiac repair.
High-gradient magnetic filtration of small particles of ferro-, ferri-, and paramagnetic catalysts and catalyst supports

Diamagnetic catalyst supports—alumina, silica, carbon, phosphine-functionalized polystyrene—have been rendered ferrimagnetic by deposition of small magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) particles using several different procedures. Small (
Diagnostic implications of spectral and temporal analysis of the entire cardiac cycle in patients with ventricular tachycardia.

BACKGROUNDAvailable methods for analysis of signal-averaged electrocardiograms (ECGs) have a low-positive predictive accuracy for identifying patients at risk for ventricular arrhythmias. Identification of the spectral and temporal features in ECGs that distinguish patients prone to ventricular tachycardia (VT) is a prerequisite to implementing refinements in methods that increase the diagnostic power of the signal-averaged ECG.METHODS AND RESULTSFast Fourier transforms and time-domain reconstructions based on inverse fast Fourier transforms were computed over the entire cardiac cycle of signal-averaged ECGs of sinus beats from 40 patients with myocardial infarction and sustained VT, 41 with infarction without VT, and 20 normal controls. Ventricular depolarization and repolarization were analyzed by procedures that obviate limited resolution due to short data segments and window functions. Spectral magnitudes of ECGs from patients in each group were compared, and the phase data were used for time-domain r...
CUBIK: a bi-directional tangible modeling interface

We present CUBIK, a bi-directional tangible modeling interface used to aid architects and designers in the process of creating and manipulating 3D models with the computer. CUBIK consists of a wire frame cube structure and an interactive virtual cube as its user interfaces. When activated users can manipulate a 3D model from either interface physically or virtually. Any one interface can change its configuration according to manipulations from the other interface, enabling designers to directly assemble and manipulate tangible objects as an aid in designing 3D models. This can improve the interaction between designers and computer-aided design systems.
Change in radiotherapy treatment volumes with initial alkylating chemotherapy in anaplastic gliomas

Although not a standard approach, adjuvant chemotherapy alone is sometimes used to avoid radiotherapy (RT) for anaplastic gliomas, with RT reserved for salvage. The impact of this approach on salvage RT volume size at progression is unknown. We assessed patterns/predictors of response in anaplastic glioma patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy alone. Anaplastic glioma patients treated with resection and adjuvant chemotherapy were identified from hospital records. Planning target volumes (PTV) for salvage RT were constructed per guidelines on every MRI while patients received chemotherapy, and percentage change and maximal response were recorded. Differences in outcomes by demographic and pathologic factors were analyzed with χ 2 and independent samples t tests. We identified 23 patients, with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), oligoastrocytoma (AOA), and oligodendroglioma (AOD) in 2, 14, and 6 patients, respectively (one unknown). Seventeen (74 %) had volumetric reduction of ≥10 %, five had enlargement of ≥10 %, and one had stable disease after chemotherapy. Among responders, maximal response occurred at 269 days (mean) and mean reduction in PTV was 35 %. AOA/AA were more likely than AOD to have enlargement (29.4 versus 16.7 %, respectively; p = 0.055). Ten of 23 received RT at progression, with mean PTV volume 4 % below baseline (range −39 to +140 %). Salvage RT volumes among patients without response by 90 days were significantly larger than baseline (+28.2 % without versus −13.9 % with response, p = 0.028). Chemotherapy results in an initial volumetric response. However, RT volumes at salvage are not meaningfully different than baseline. Patients without response by 90 days are likely to require RT to significantly larger volumes at progression.
Relational power, marital schema, and decisions to withhold complaints: An investigation of the chilling effect on confrontation in marriage

Previous research on dating relationships suggests that perceptions of a partner's power exert a chilling effect on the expression of relational grievances. This paper extends the chilling effect perspective by examining two issues: (a) whether a partner's power corresponds with decisions to withhold complaints within marriage, and (b) whether the manifestation of the chilling effect varies as a Junction of individual differences in marital schema. Married individuals (N = 215) completed questionnaire measures of a partner's power, marital schema, and decisions to withhold complaints from spouses. Findings underscore the importance of both power and marital schema within spouses’ decisions to express complaints.
Plexiform neurofibromatosis involving the uterine cervix, endometrium, myometrium, and ovary

Background Neurofibromatosis involving the female genital tract is unusual. The vulva appears to be most frequently affected, with only rare reports of vaginal, cervical, and ovarian involvement in patients with known von Recklinghausen's disease. Case We present a case of diffuse neurofibromatosis involving the cervix, endometrium, myometrium, ovarian cortex, and serosa in a patient with uncontrollable pelvic pain, diagnosed initially as endometriosis. No gross pathology was appreciated, and the histologic features of the small lesions were consistent with plexiform neurofibromas. Conclusion The case presented is an example of diffuse involvement of the female genital tract by neurofibromatosis in a patient without a family history of von Recklinghausen's disease and without other clinical manifestations of the disease.
Trigate 6T SRAM scaling to 0.06 µm 2

We present an aggressively scaled trigate device architecture with undoped channels, high-k gate dielectric, a single work function metal gate and novel BEOL processing yielding 6T SRAM bit cells as small as 0.06 µm2. This is the smallest SRAM cell demonstrated to date and represents the first time an SRAM based on a multi-gate FET (MUGFET) architecture has surpassed SRAM density scaling demonstrated with planar devices [1].
Prostaglandin biosynthesis by fat body from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta.

Abstract We describe prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis by microsomal-enriched preparations of fat body from larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. Four major PGs were synthesized under most experimental conditions, PGA2, PGE2, PGD2 and PGF2α. PGA2, was the predominant product under most conditions. Unlike mammals, in which PGA2, is generally thought to arise from non-enzymatic rearrangemets of PGE2, the fat body preparations did not convert exogenous PGE2 into PGA2. These findings suggest that PGA2 is an important fat body product that is synthesized by a route that does not involve PGE2. The PG synthase activity and the overall profile of PG synthesis were sensitive to experimental conditions, including incubation time, temperature, and protein concentration. Optimal PG biosynthesis was observed with 1 mg of microsomal-rich protein, incubated at 30°C for 1–2 min. The fat body preparation is sensitive to two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and naproxen, both of which inhibited PG synthesis at low dosages.
Simple bounds for the dominant eigenvalue of a generalized Leslie matrix.

Simple bounds are presented for the dominant eigenvalue of the generalized Leslie matrix of a multiregional domographic growth model.
Identifying technical and economic improvements to the MoneyMaker Hip pump through multi-objective optimization

Water-lifting technologies in rural areas of the developing world have enormous potential to stimulate agricultural production and economic growth. The MoneyMaker Hip pump designed by Kickstart is a human-powered low cost pump, which can help subsistence farmers increase financial returns. This work optimizes the design of the MoneyMaker Hip pump, which is the cheapest and lightest portable water pump from Kickstart. A mathematical model of the working fluid and MoneyMaker Hip pump structure is developed. Deterministic optimization methods are then employed to maximize the flow rate of the groundwater pumped, maximize the lift height, and minimize the volume of material used for manufacturing. Design variables for the optimization included the dimensions of the pump, well depth, and speed of various parts of the system. The solutions are subject to constraints on the geometry of the system, the bending stress in the handle and cylinder, and ergonomic factors. Findings indicate that several technical improvements can be made on the current MoneyMaker Hip pump design to reduce the cost and human workload.
Cerebrospinal impedance measurement for early detection of epileptic seizures

Ongoing research involves the simultaneous measurement of calcium, potassium and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) impedance prior to penicillin-induced epileptic seizures in anesthesized cats. Previous studies have shown a two- to threefold increase in CSF impedance 5-15 minutes prior and during seizure activity. CSF measurements are an integrated measurement of ionic concentrations in the extracellular space and reveal no direct information on specific ionic activity. By using CSF impedance as the basis for the onset of seizure activity, the simultaneous measurement of calcium and potassium provides an analysis for the timing and amplitude of specific ionic shifts in the generation of epileptic seizures. >
Kinetic Characterization and Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase 2 Using a Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Assay Technology

The human hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases 1, 2, and 3 (HIF–PHD1, -2, and -3) are thought to act as proximal sensors of cellular hypoxia by virtue of their mechanism-based dependence on molecular oxygen. These 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and non-heme iron-dependent oxygenases constitutively hydroxylate HIF, resulting in high-affinity binding to Von Hippel–Lindau protein (pVHL). Some reported affinities for the HIF–PHDs for 2-OG and iron approach the estimated physiological concentrations for these cofactors, suggesting that the system as described is not catalytically optimal. Here we report the enzymatic characterization of full-length recombinant human HIF–PHD2 using a novel and sensitive catalytic assay. We demonstrated submicromolar affinities for 2-OG and ferrous iron and HIF–PHD2 Km values for oxygen that are greater than atmospheric oxygen levels, suggesting that molecular oxygen is indeed the key regulator of this pathway. In addition, we observed enhancement of HIF–PHD2 catalytic activity in the presence of ascorbic acid with only minor modifications of HIF–PHD2 requirements for 2-OG, and a detailed pH study demonstrated optimal HIF–PHD2 catalytic activity at pH 6.0. Lastly, we used this sensitive and facile assay to rapidly perform a large high-throughput screen of a chemical library to successfully identify and characterize novel 2-OG competitive inhibitors of HIF–PHD2.
Optimizing Taq polymerase concentration for improved signal-to-noise in the broad range detection of low abundance bacteria.

Background PCR in principle can detect a single target molecule in a reaction mixture. Contaminating bacterial DNA in reagents creates a practical limit on the use of PCR to detect dilute bacterial DNA in environmental or public health samples. The most pernicious source of contamination is microbial DNA in DNA polymerase preparations. Importantly, all commercial Taq polymerase preparations inevitably contain contaminating microbial DNA. Removal of DNA from an enzyme preparation is problematical. Methodology/Principal Findings This report demonstrates that the background of contaminating DNA detected by quantitative PCR with broad host range primers can be decreased greater than 10-fold through the simple expedient of Taq enzyme dilution, without altering detection of target microbes in samples. The general method is: For any thermostable polymerase used for high-sensitivity detection, do a dilution series of the polymerase crossed with a dilution series of DNA or bacteria that work well with the test primers. For further work use the concentration of polymerase that gave the least signal in its negative control (H2O) while also not changing the threshold cycle for dilutions of spiked DNA or bacteria compared to higher concentrations of Taq polymerase. Conclusions/Significance It is clear from the studies shown in this report that a straightforward procedure of optimizing the Taq polymerase concentration achieved “treatment-free” attenuation of interference by contaminating bacterial DNA in Taq polymerase preparations. This procedure should facilitate detection and quantification with broad host range primers of a small number of bona fide bacteria (as few as one) in a sample.