cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The psychology of social movements

Hadley Cantril looked beyond the surface of social movements to examine the psychology behind them. What motivates people to follow an untried leader? What does the social environment do to make people suggestible? What are people thinking about, puzzled about, and hoping for when they lose themselves in some cause that seems strange or esoteric to the observer? Part I gives a systematic framework for interpretation of social movements. Part II examines specific social movements: the lynching mob, the kingdom of Father Divine, the Oxford Group, the Townsend Plan, and the Nazl Party. Cantril uses the technique of phenomenological analysis to straighten out the tangle of mental context and motivation found in the individual who is adjusting to the social world. He notes that "the principles of some social movements are 'wrong,' those of others are more nearly 'right.' Some are cruel illusions accepted by bewildered people who follow false prophets; others uncompromisingly base policies on assumptions which the psychologist knows are untrue; some would completely prohibit the search for an understanding of man and his social world; some unnecessarily destory the capacity and talent of man in obtaining his objectives." The Psychology of Social Movements sets forth an outline by which social movements can be judged and their outcomes predicted. Cantril lays the responsibility for making these evaluations at the feet of social scientists who are best equipped to do so based on knowledge rather than ignorance or bias. This volume will be of continuing importance to sociologists and political scientists as well as psychologists and anyone interested in the mechanisms that drive social movements. Before his death in 1969, Hadley Cantril was chairman of the Institute for International Social Research. Earlier he was Stuart Professor of Psychology at Princeton University. He was the author of 19 books, an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and taught at Columbia, Dartmouth, and Harvard.
SBA-15-Supported Iron Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Production of Diesel Fuel

Iron supported on SBA-15, a mesoporous structured silica, has been developed as a catalyst for the Fischer−Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons. The catalysts retain the high surface area of the support, ∼500 m2/g, average pore size, and pore volume. Inclusion of aluminum into the SBA-15 did not significantly alter these parameters. XRD, XAFS, and Mossbauer spectroscopies were used to characterize the catalyst before and after being subjected to the reaction conditions. Prior to reaction, the iron was distributed among α-Fe2O3, ferrihydrite, and minor γ-Fe2O3. After reaction, the iron phases detected were nonmagnetic iron oxides, iron carbide, and metallic iron. The length of the induction period typically seen with iron-based F−T catalysts was strongly dependent on the amount of aluminum present in the catalyst. With no aluminum, the induction period lasted about 25 h, whereas the induction period decreased to less than 5 h with an Al:Si mass ratio of 0.010. A further increase in aluminum content lengthened...
Active temperature modulation of metal-oxide sensors for quantitative analysis of gas mixtures

Abstract We present an active sensing method for quantitative analysis of gas mixtures using metal-oxide (MOX) chemical sensors. The method allows a MOX sensor to adapt its operating temperature in real time so as to sequentially reduce uncertainty in the concentration estimates. We formulate the problem as one of probabilistic state estimation coupled with a myopic optimization algorithm. At each iteration, the algorithm estimates the expected reduction in entropy for each sensing action (i.e., operating temperature) and selects the best such temperature. We first evaluated the proposed method on a simulated binary mixture problem using a computational model of MOX sensors. In these simulations, we compared the active sensing approach against conventional sequential forward selection (SFS) strategies. We then experimentally validated the method on a Taguchi gas sensor to quantify mixtures of two organic compounds. Our results indicate that the active sensing algorithm can obtain comparable estimation performance as SFS with significantly fewer measurements. In addition, since active sensing selects features on the fly, it is also more robust to experimental noise than off-line subset selection strategies.
High Order Well-Balanced WENO Scheme for the Gas Dynamics Equations Under Gravitational Fields

The gas dynamics equations, coupled with a static gravitational field, admit the hydrostatic balance where the flux produced by the pressure is exactly canceled by the gravitational source term. Many astrophysical problems involve the hydrodynamical evolution in a gravitational field, therefore it is essential to correctly capture the effect of gravitational force in the simulations. Improper treatment of the gravitational force can lead to a solution which either oscillates around the equilibrium, or deviates from the equilibrium after a long time run. In this paper we design high order well-balanced finite difference WENO schemes to this system, which can preserve the hydrostatic balance state exactly and at the same time can maintain genuine high order accuracy. Numerical tests are performed to verify high order accuracy, well-balanced property, and good resolution for smooth and discontinuous solutions. The main purpose of the well-balanced schemes designed in this paper is to well resolve small perturbations of the hydrostatic balance state on coarse meshes. The more difficult issue of convergence towards such hydrostatic balance state from an arbitrary initial condition is not addressed in this paper.
Measurements of KrF laser-induced O2 fluorescence in high-temperature atmospheric air

Conditions for obtaining laser-induced O2 fluorescence using a tunable KrF laser has been determined theoretically and experimentally. With this laser source, O2 rotational temperature measurement is possible even in the absence of vibrational equilibrium. Temperature measurement using a two-line excitation scheme has been demonstrated in a high-temperature atmospheric-air furnace. A measurement uncertainty of 10.7 percent for the temperature range 1325-1725 K was realized. At atmospheric pressure, O2 LIF measurements are possible for air temperatures above 1250 K. Interference from OH fluorescence in reacting flows can be avoided by the proper selection of O2 transitions. Depletion of the ground state population by the incident laser is negligible for intensities below 7.5 x 10 to the 6th W/sq cm/per cm.
Gas chromatographic determination of binary adsorption isotherms

Abstract Gas—solid equilibrium isotherms of binary and more complex systems are of significant theoretical and practical interest, and in many cases unique physical and chemical interactions are observed in the condensed surface phases. However, the experimental difficulties encountered in the study of these complex systems have limited the store of data available compared to the immense amount of information, data, and models available for single-component adsorption systems. Volumetric and gravimetric methods for the determination of equilibrium isotherms are direct and accurate. However, the analytical requirements are often prohibitive for multicomponent systems. Various forms aof perturbation chromatography have been used for years to measure pure-component isotherms and in a few cases even binary isotherms. The present work is a compilation and review of recent work involving the use of concentration-pulse and tracer-pulse chromatography for the study of multicomponent phase equilibria. A discussion is given of the various types of perturbation chromatography, recently published experimental data, and the all too few mathematical models available for description of complex multicomponent adsorption equilibria.
LARGE AMPLITUDE FLEXURAL VIBRATION OF LAYERED COMPOSITE PLATES WITH CUTOUTS

The large amplitude flexural vibration of rectangular plates in investigated. A finite element based on a Reissner-Mindlin type of shear deformable theory governing laminated anisotropic composite plates, and the non-linear (large rotations) strain-displacement relations of the von Karman theory are employed. Numerical results are presented for rectangular plates with rectangular cutouts. The parametric effects of side to thickness ratio (shear deformation), aspect ratio, plate side to cutout side ratio, anisotropy, and lamination on linear and non-linear frequencies are investigated.
Immature properties of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in rat neuroepithelium.

The pharmacological and biophysical properties of large-conductance Ca-activated K (BK) channels from embryonic rat telencephalic neuroepithelium were investigated with in situ patch-clamp techniques. A fraction of these channels exhibited properties characteristic of BK channels recorded in well differentiated cells, including normal gating mode (BKN channels). The vast majority of BK channels expressed distinctive properties, the most conspicuous being their buzz gating mode (BKB channels). BKB channels were insensitive to a concentration of charybdotoxin that completely and reversibly blocked BKN channels. In contrast with the strict dependence of BKN channel activation on cytoplasmic Ca, BKB channels displayed substantially high open probability (Po) after inside-out patch excision in a Ca-free medium. Intracellular trypsin down-regulated thePo of BKB channels, which then exhibited a greater sensitivity to cytoplasmic Ca, mainly in the positive direction (increasedPo with increased Ca). This suggested a modulatory role for Ca as opposed to its gating role in BKN channels. Ca ions also reduced current amplitude of both types of channels. BKB channels were less voltage sensitive than BKN channels, but this was not correlated with their lower Ca sensitivity. We speculate that BKB channels may represent immature forms in the developmental expression of BK channels.
Effect of Chlorine, Antibiotics, β-Propiolactone, Acids, and Washing on Salmonella Typhimurium on Eviscerated Fryer Chickens

Abstract SALMONELLAE are often found on market poultry (Morris and Ayres, 1960; Wilson et al., 1961; Sadler and Corstvet, 1965). Sources of these microorganisms may be infected poultry and contaminated equipment or handlers in processing plants. Carcasses might be cross-contaminated during processing. Excluding salmonellae from poultry meat may require not only the control of these sources but also decontamination prior to sale of the final product to the consumer. Decontamination should be simple to apply and rapidly effective, because under current processing, packing and shipping conditions, poultry is accessible for such treatments for only short periods. Avoiding changes in current processing procedures would also increase the likelihood of acceptance of such treatment by the processor. Substances which might be of value as decontaminants, including chlorine, aureomycin, β-propiolactone, succinic acid, citric acid and neomycin, have been studied by other investigators. Dixon and Pooley (1961) recommended a 200 p.p.m. chlorine dip for 10 …
Growth patterns of primary cultures dissociated from 3-day old chick embryos: morphological and biochemical comparisons

Cultures were prepared by dissociating 3-day-old whole chick embryos and plating the dispersed cells on poly-L-lysine-coated dishes in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with 10% fetal calf serum. By 48 hr in culture, aggregates and neuritic sprouting were observed. Long neuritic bundles connecting cell aggregates were evident by 4 days in culture. Consistent patterns throughout the lifespan of the cultures were contacts between neurites, and flat isolated cells, presumptively glial, emerged. Throughout the lifespan of the cultures, the cholinergic cell population was characterized histochemically by the method of Karnovsky and Roots and biochemically by assaying choline acetyltransferase. By 4 days in culture, all aggregates showed light cholinesterase-positive staining; however, with days in culture, several aggregates had no staining, and some positive-stained aggregates were interconnected with other aggregates showing only spotted positive staining. Choline acetyltransferase activity showed a developmental profile in agreement with the histological findings. The early presence of choline acetyltransferase activity is taken as indication of the early commitment of cholinergic neurons.
Design and Operation of the Dehydration Facility for the Elsinore "73" No. 1, a CO2 Supply Well

A carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/) supply well was drilled and completed by Conoco Inc. in the Elsinore Field, Pecos County, Texas in September, 1983. The well was drilled to provide CO/sub 2/ for the Ford Geraldine (Delaware Sand) Unit, Reeves and Culberson Counties, Texas. The well tested flowing 11.5 MMCFPD of saturated CO/sub 2/ at a pressure above the critical. The corrosive nature of the saturated CO/sub 2/ at a pressure above the critical necessitated a careful study of pipelining and dehydration options. Ultimately, the CO/sub 2/ would have to be dehydrated, since it would be moved to the Ford Geraldine Unit through an existing unprotected steel pipeline. This paper details the design and operation of the Elsinore ''73'' No. 1 CO/sub 2/ dehydration facility. Specific topics that will be discussed are pipelining and dehydration alternatives, molecular sieve (mol sieve) bed design, equipment and piping, metallurgy, fuel options, automation and startup.
Charge-transfer complexes of Cu(II)/HD analogue in sol–gel sensors

Abstract An optically transparent xerogel encapsulating Cu(II) acetate is fabricated to detect mustard gas (HD) analogues via a charge-transfer mechanism. A fast response (color change from sky blue to canary yellow) is observed for the chlorinated sulfide, and is accompanied by an absorption band at 370–420 nm. MO calculations revealed that the chlorinated HD analogue displays a charge-transfer transition extended from sulfur to chlorine atom. A 1:1 complex of Cu(II)/HD analogue is preferred. For a colorimetric sol–gel detector prepared at pH 3, the detection limit of HD analogue is calibrated at 0.03 μl per 1.5 ml sensor volume.
Sex-specific differences in progressive glucose intolerance and hip geometry: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Summary Fracture risk is increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The effect of pre-diabetes and T2DM on bone macroarchitecture and strength has not been well investigated. In this study, we show that in women only, both pre-diabetes and T2DM are associated with decreased hip bending strength and mineralization which might lead to skeletal weakness.
A Scalability and Performance Analysis of Preauthentication Algorithms for Wireless Networks

Secure wireless networks strive to maintain continuity of service while its subscribers move among fixed access points. In vehicular networks, handovers may happen rapidly, and the service continuity from Mobile IPv6 services provides a distinct advantage. Unfortunately, the requirement to authenticate each subscriber as it is passed to each new access point results in a time delay that translates into breaks in connectivity and undesirable retransmission of packets. To provide continuity of service in secure wireless networks, preauthentication algorithms have been proposed that accomplish the authentication process before the user is officially serviced by the access point. We are particularly interested in preauthentication algorithms that efficiently provide preauthentication to likely “next” access points. This paper compares the performance of three different preauthentication algorithms integrated into Fast Mobile IPv6 using signals from the IEEE 802.21 media independent handover framework. Through analysis and simulation, we compare different alternative preauthentication options using four measures of effectiveness as the basis of comparison.
Interactive Digital Signage

Digital signage will soon appear in every aspect of daily life, offering a third foundational platform that, along with smart- phones and tablets, will support communication in the 21st century.
Superconductivity in the technetium-titanium alloy system

Abstract A survey of superconducting transition temperatures and crystal structures has been made for the Tc-Ti alloy system. The highest transition temperature in this system (10.89 K) occurs in the h.c.p. technetium-rich solid solution. The Tc-Ti system is qualitatively similar to the Re-Ti system and follows the generally observed dependence of transition temperatures on average group number and crystal structure.
Temperature Effect on Development and Reproduction of Silverleaf Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

The development, survivorship, and reproduction of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, on eggplant at 6 constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27, 30, and 35°C) were studied. The development time from egg to adult varied from 105 d at 15°C to 14 d at 30°C. A common developmental threshold for all immature stages was estimated at 12.5°C. A nonlinear biophysical model describing the relationship between development rate and temperature was constructed. Low- and high-temperature inhibitions of 15-18°C and 30-35°C, respectively, for development of immature stage were derived from the model. The survivorship from egg to adult was 89% at 25°C; at 15 and 35°C, the survival percentages were 40 and 37%, respectively. The average longevity of adult females ranged from 44 d at 20°C to 10 d at 35°C. The oviposition (eggs per female) of B. argentifolii varied from 324 at 20°C to 22 at 35°C. Life table parameters were determined at 5 constant temperatures (20, 25, 27, 30, and 35°C). The intrinsic rates of natural increase (r m ) for B. argentifolii at 25 and 27°C were the highest. Jackknife estimates of r m varied from 0.192 at 25 and 27°C to 0.073 at 35°C. The mean generation times of populations ranged from 46 d at 20°C to 18 d at 30°C. The adverse effects of high temperature (35°C) were evidenced by prolonged development, shortened adult longevity and reduced fecundity. The optimal range of temperature for B. argentifolii population growth was 20-30°C. The results of this study were compared with those reported for B. tabaci biotype B in Mississippi and B. tabaci biotype A in Arizona.
The inhibition of insect juvenile hormone esterase by trifluoromethylketones: Steric parameters at the active site

Abstract A rationally designed structure-activity relationship study has been accomplished using trifluoromethylketone inhibitors of insect juvenile hormone esterase from the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Several α- and α′-substituted derivatives of 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one have been prepared and assayed for inhibitory potency against juvenile hormone esterase. The results indicate that the sulfur/protein interaction does not occur in a sterically constrained environment. Substitution adjacent to sulfur did not dramatically effect activity. However, substitution adjacent to the carbonyl of the trifluoromethylketone moiety reduced inhibitory potency substantially, indicating that the active site region of juvenile hormone esterase which interacts with the carbonyl is restricted to rather small substrates. A small hydrophobic pocket near the active site has been identified and can serve to increase inhibitory potency by secondary binding of appropriate substituents. The present study has resulted in the preparation of two more effective in vitro inhibitors of juvenile hormone esterase than those previously reported. Evidence that there are two naturally occurring forms of juvenile hormone esterase has also been provided.
The role of PET/CT in the management of patients with cervical cancer: Practice patterns of the members of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists

Abstract Objectives Recent data has highlighted the role of PET/CT in the pretreatment evaluation and follow-up of patients with cervical cancer. The objective of our study was to assess the acceptance of PET/CT into the management of patients with cervical cancer. We also explored potential barriers to the use of these imaging modalities in patients with cervical cancer. Methods A 14-item electronic questionnaire was initially sent to all working addresses of members of the SGO ( n =1048). An opt-out option was offered. For members who did not respond within 3 weeks, a second electronic invitation was sent. A third request was finally sent to further improve response rates. Data were collected and analyzed using a commercially available on-line survey database. Results A total of 305 responses were collected for an overall 30% response rate. PET/CT appears to be widely available (99%) and accessible (75%) in most practices. Although 83% of members order routine CT imaging for all newly diagnosed cervical cancer cases, only 28% routinely order a PET/CT. Conversely, 64% would order a PET/CT for newly diagnosed patients with advanced disease or those at high risk for distant metastatic disease. Most members (82%) do not routinely use PET/CT to assess response to treatment. Twenty percent of members believe that no useful prognostic information can be obtained from routine use of molecular imaging in patients with cervical cancer. The most common barriers for use of PET/CT cited by members were perceived lack of third-party payer coverage and lack of scientific evidence. Conclusions Despite clear scientific data supporting the use of PET/CT in patients with cervical cancer and apparent widespread availability, this imaging modality remains highly underutilized in clinical practice. Clarifying insurance coverage early in the evaluation process and replicating studies that have shown effectiveness of PET/CT in multiple roles may improve adoption of this potentially useful imaging modality.
Gradient based optimization of an EMST image registration function

This paper examines the problem of registering images using an information theoretic metric (e.g., entropy) estimated using a Euclidean minimum spanning tree (EMST). The objective is to find an extremum of the metric with respect to a vector of free parameters. One of the major difficulties posed by such graph theoretic metrics is concurrently obtaining gradient information as the metric is computed. Obtaining the gradient is a first step in efficiently optimizing the metric. Our main contribution is to show how to obtain a gradient-based descent direction from the computation of the EMST metric. We also indicate how this can be used for optimizing image registration over a vector set of parameters and provide some preliminary experimental results.
Group Decisions and Decisions for a Group

I define group utility for cases in which a professional decides for a group using his probability assignment for states and the group’s utility assignment for consequences. I take the group utility of an outcome o as the sum of power weighted individual utilities of o, i.e., SUM i p i U i(o) . This definition is supported by some new proposals about bargaining and coalitional stability.
The effect of formant trajectory and spectral shape on the tense/Lax distinction in American vowels

Perceptual tests in which subjects were asked to identify tense and lax vowels were used to examine the interaction among properties which have been observed to accompany the tense/lax distinction in General American English. The results yield information on the perception of vowels in general. Four vowel parameters were manipulated in synthetic nonsense words of the form /dVs/: target formant frequency, duration, formant trajectory, and F1-prominence (a measure of spectral shape, defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the first-formant peak to the amplitude of the fundamental harmonic). The perceptual tests involved acoustic continua between adjacent pairs of stimuli in the series /i I e ae/ and in the series /u U Λ a/. F1- prominence could not be shown to affect the identification of any vowel. The results for the duration and trajectory manipulations for non-high vowels can be predicted by hypothesizing a perceptual averaging of formant frequency over the duration of the vowel. These findings seem to be in conflict with findings of other investigators which suggest perceptual overshoot in vowel perception.
The neural consequences of flip-flopping: The feedback- related negativity and salience of reward prediction

Research suggests that the feedback-related negativity (FRN) is only sensitive to expectancy when the prediction violation is salient. To further examine this issue, we asked participants to guess which of two virtual doors hid 5 cents. Prior to and after making their guess, participants were asked whether or not they expected to win. We extracted four conditions based on subjects' predictions before and after their choice of door: (1) win/win, (2) lose/lose, (3) win/lose, and (4) lose/win. Results revealed that the FRN was largest on trials in which subjects predicted they were not going to win and then changed their minds and predicted that they were going to win (i.e., the lose/win condition). Together with previous FRN results and findings in the area of regret and decision making, we suggest that the FRN reflects a context-sensitive signal that integrates information about current and past actions, thoughts, and emotions.
Predictors of Never Being Screened for Cervical Cancer by Metropolitan Area

Previous studies have shown an association between cervical cancer screening and racial/ethnic minority status, no usual source of care, and lower socioeconomic status. This study describes the demographics and health beliefs of women who report never being screened for cervical cancer by area of residence. Data from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were used to study women aged 21–65 years who reported never being screened for cervical cancer. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to calculate predicted marginals to examine associations between never being screened and demographic characteristics and health belief model (HBM) constructs by metropolitan statistical area (MSA). After adjusting for all demographics and HBM constructs, prevalence of never being screened was higher for the following women: non-Hispanic Asians/Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders (16.5 %, 95 % CI = 13.7 %, 19.8 %) who live in MSAs; those with only a high school diploma who live in MSAs (5.5 %, 95 % CI = 4.7 %, 6.5 %); those living in non-MSAs who reported “fair or poor” general health (4.1 %, 95 % CI = 3.1 %, 5.4 %); and those living in either MSAs and non-MSAs unable to see a doctor within the past 12 months because of cost (MSA: 4.4 %, 95 % CI = 4.0 %, 4.8 %; non-MSA: 3.4 %, 95 % CI = 2.9 %, 3.9 %). The Affordable Care Act will expand access to insurance coverage for cervical cancer screening, without cost sharing for millions of women, essentially eliminating insurance costs as a barrier. Future interventions for women who have never been screened should focus on promoting the importance of screening and reaching non-Hispanic Asians/Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders who live in MSAs.
Debug all your code: portable mixed-environment debugging

Programmers build large-scale systems with multiple languages to reuse legacy code and leverage languages best suited to their problems. For instance, the same program may use Java for ease-of-programming and C to interface with the operating system. These programs pose significant debugging challenges, because programmers need to understand and control code across languages, which may execute in different environments. Unfortunately, traditional multilingual debuggers require a single execution environment.This paper presents a novel composition approach to building portable mixed-environment debuggers, in which an intermediate agent interposes on language transitions, controlling and reusing single-environment debuggers. We implement debugger composition in Blink, a debugger for Java, C, and the Jeannie programming language. We show that Blink is (1) relatively simple: it requires modest amounts of new code; (2) portable: it supports multiple Java Virtual Machines, C compilers, operating systems, and component debuggers; and (3) powerful: composition eases debugging, while supporting new mixed-language expression evaluation and Java Native Interface (JNI) bug diagnostics. In real-world case studies, we show that language-interface errors require single-environment debuggers to restart execution multiple times, whereas Blink directly diagnoses them with one execution. We also describe extensions for other mixed-environments to show debugger composition will generalize.
Cocaine: Magical Drug or Menace?

Cocaine has attracted much attention as a recreational drug and some advocates have acclaimed it as both pleasurable and safe. This paper reviews the available evidence concerning the drug's physiological and psychological safety. Few deaths are attributed to cocaine, but its use is presently restricted by very limited supplies. Use of the drug may possibly result in liver and respiratory problems and may lead to paranoid psychotic conditions. There are many deficiencies in our knowledge of the effects of this drug.
Advanced Controls for Heavy Duty Transmission Aplications

Allison Transmission Division of General Motors Corporation is currently developing an electronically controlled automatic transmission system utilizing advanced technologies in microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), sensors, actuators, displays, and direct electronic clutch pressure control. The transmission system has been designated the World Transmission (WT). Included is a complete family of heavy duty automatic transmissions which will become part of the Allison Transmission product line starting in 1991. The WT design provides expanded capabilities over present transmission technology and results in improved performance with benefits in life cycle cost. A key advancement in the state-of-art of transmission shift quality has been achieved with the WT transmission through use of a fully automatic self calibration feature. Implementation of this feature is achieved through use of an adaptive closed-loop clutch pressure control system. The microprocessor based controller is a second generation Allison Transmission Electronic Control system (ATEC II). The system utilizes the Motorola MC 68HC11 microcomputer which provides increased computational speed for enhanced transmission control, on-chip functions for expanded diagnostics and communication, and input/output capability to meet current and future customer needs. In the following sections, the WT transmission system concept is presented together with a description of the ATEC II system. Included is an overview of the electronic hardware components, the system operating features, and the adaptive clutch control system. The electronic control unit interfaces associated with the operator, transmission, and vehicle systems are also addressed as a part of this description. Standardized serial data links provide digital communication with a remote shift selector, vehicle displays, diagnostic equipment, and other vehicle systems. Various adaptive shift control test results are also provided to illustrate the transmission system operating benefits.
Can IASLC/ATS/ERS subtype help predict response to chemotherapy in small biopsies of advanced lung adenocarcinoma?

The identification of somatic EGFR mutations and ALK gene rearrangements has dramatically changed our understanding of the biology of lung cancers and provided extraordinarily helpful predictive biomarkers that allow physicians to determine which patients will have the greatest likelihood of benefit with certain targeted therapies. These predictive biomarkers allow rational use of the targeted therapies appropriate for the individual driver oncogene (erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib for EGFR mutant cancers, and crizotinib for ALK rearranged cancers). There are even some indications that these mutations predict for better outcomes with some standard chemotherapy [1, 2]. Despite this, the majority of patients either have no identifiable driver oncogene or it is one without an associated effective therapy ( e.g. KRAS mutation). For these patients, it is challenging to decide which therapy should be given. The difficulty arises from the poor response rates for conventional chemotherapy regimens, with just 30–35% of patients having significant tumour shrinkage with state-of-the art first line platinum-based chemotherapy regimens. Clearly, there is a desperate need for further insight into therapy choices and biology for the majority of patients with lung adenocarcinomas. In this issue of European Respiratory Journal , Campos-Parra et al. [3] present findings that suggest that using the approach to predominant pathological subtyping proposed in the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC)/American Thoracic Society (ATS)/European Respiratory Society (ERS) classification of lung adenocarcinoma in patients with advanced disease may predict outcomes after standard chemotherapy. …
Thermal analysis of polymer–water interactions and their relation to gas hydrate inhibition

Gas hydrates formed in oil production pipelines are crystalline solids where hydrocarbon gas molecules such as methane, propane, and their mixtures are trapped in a cagelike structure by hydrogen-bonded water molecules to form undesirable plugs. Methanol and glycol are currently used to prevent these plugs via thermodynamic inhibition. Small amounts of water-soluble polymers may provide an alternate approach for preventing gas hydrates. In this study, we expand the fundamental understanding of water–polymer systems with differential scanning calorimetry. Nonfreezable bound water was used to quantify polymer–water interactions and relate them to the chemical structure for a series of polymers, including acrylamides, cyclic lactams, and n-vinyl amides. For good interactions, the water structure needs to be stabilized through hydrophobic interactions. An increased hydrophobicity of the pendant group also appears to favor polymer performance as a gas hydrate inhibitor. Good inhibitors, such as poly(diethyl acrylamide) and poly(N-vinyl caprolactam), also show higher heat capacities, which indicate higher hydrophobicity, than poor performers such as polyzwitterions, in which hydrophilicity dominated. The phase behavior and thermodynamic properties of dilute polymer solutions were also evaluated through measurements of the heat of demixing and lower critical solution temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2642–2653, 2007
Analysis of Reversions in the 5′-Untranslated Region of Attenuated Poliovirus after Sequential Administration of Inactivated and Oral Poliovirus Vaccines

Replication of Sabin strains used in oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in the intestines of vaccine recipients leads to reversions that increase virus neurovirulence. Previously, a small study reported that prior immunization with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) resulted in faster accumulation of revertant virus, thus potentially increasing the risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. We studied the impact that prior immunization with IPV and OPV has on shedding of revertant virus by healthy infants. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we amplified full-length poliovirus genomes directly from stool specimens from unimmunized infants and from infants previously immunized with IPV or OPV. The amplicons were used to quantify reversions in the 5'-untranslated region, using oligonucleotide microarray hybridization. Nearly all 140 samples that were PCR positive contained varying amounts of revertants of all 3 poliovirus serotypes. Polioviruses of Sabin types 2 and 3 reverted more easily than those of type 1. Prior vaccination with IPV did not increase the proportion of revertants after OPV administration.
Data management over the GRID: heaven or hell?

The last decade has seen unprecedented advances in network and distributed-system technologies, which have opened up the way for the construction of global-scale systems based on completely new conceptions of computation and sharing of resources. The dream of integrating unlimited levels of processing power, unlimited amounts of information, and an unlimited variety of services, and offering the entire package in a reliable and seamless fashion to widely distributed users is quickly becoming reality. Scientific applications will be among the first to take advantage of such environments, as the demands of current and future experimental studies for intensive computation and processing of very large amounts of information are pressing. GRID technologies are at the forefront of these developments. While much has been written about computation in the GRID environment, data management has received less attention in the literature. Nevertheless, the GRID offers tremendous opportunities for large-scale distributed data management and at the same time poses major technical challenges in the area as well. The goal of this panel discussion is to identify these opportunities and challenges and examine whether the positive aspects of the GRID outweigh the negative ones or vice versa. In this direction, the panelists are called to answer some of the following questions: Is there new research to be done on data management over the GRID? Are there any new problems that arise from managing data over the GRID? For example, are there new problems with respect to security or heterogeneous information integration? Do classical problems require new solutions or do conventional approaches work well in the GRID environment? For example, how does one address issues of concurrency control, recovery, query processing and optimization? How does the GRID compare with other architectures, e.g., peer-to-peer, with respect to data management? Is the existing distributed computing infrastructure developed for the GRID, e.g., Condor, Globus, or Unicore, adequate for supporting the required data management functionality? Are there any particular difficulties when dealing with management of scientific data over the GRID compared to other kinds of data? How does workflow management interact with data management over the GRID?.
Predictors of survival in esopahgeal cancer (ECA) patients as initially staged by endosonography

Predictors of survival in esopahgeal cancer (ECA) patients as initially staged by endosonography
Acute cutaneous graft‐vs.‐host disease compared to drug hypersensitivity reaction with vacuolar interface changes: a blinded study of microscopic and immunohistochemical features

Background Complications from graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), a major contributor to morbidity and mortality following hematopoietic cell transplantation, may be mitigated by early diagnosis and intervention. However, differentiation between acute cutaneous GVHD and other common skin eruptions that develop in the post-transplantation period, such as drug hypersensitivity reaction, can be challenging clinically and microscopically. Because recent evidence indicates that CD123, a marker of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, can help to distinguish gastrointestinal GVHD from the clinicopathologic mimic cytomegalovirus colitis, we aimed to determine whether CD123 could aid in the diagnosis of acute cutaneous GVHD. Methods We studied 12 skin specimens of patients with grades I–II cutaneous GVHD and 12 from patients who had drug hypersensitivity reaction with vacuolar interface changes on biopsy. Results No differences were seen between the two groups with regards to density or distribution of CD123 expression. Specimens representing GVHD showed significantly less spongiosis (P < 0.001) and fewer dermal eosinophils (P = 0.03) compared to those representing drug hypersensitivity reaction. Conclusions We conclude that CD123 does not appear to be a useful ancillary test in the diagnosis of acute cutaneous GVHD. Careful correlation between clinical findings and features with microscopy remains the cornerstone of accurate diagnosis of acute cutaneous GVHD.
The potential of satellite solar power

The role of solar energy is being investigated to establish its potential contributions to meeting future energy demands on a significant national and world scale. This role is briefly reviewed to provide the background for considering the advantages of converting solar energy in space. The technology options for converting solar energy in space and transmitting power to earth are outlined. The design concepts of the SSPS based on thermal-electric and photovoltaic conversion are examined and salient characteristics are provided. Details of microwave power generation, beam transmission, and rectification and utility power pool interfaces are discussed. The requirements for a space transportation system, orbital assembly, maintenance and manufacturing in space are reviewed. The results of economic projections of SSPS operations are presented, utility economics outlined, and institutional impacts and legal status of the use of outer space considered. The environmental impacts of SSPS operations, such as stratospheric pollution by space vehicle exhaust products and of the microwave beam, including atmospheric attenuation and scattering, ionospheric propagation, and microwave biological effects are highlighted. A development program for the SSPS is outlined and critical technology areas which will have to be developed before the SSPS can be commercialized are mentioned.
Enhanced Learning and Retention Through “Writing to Learn” in the Psychology Classroom

We assessed the benefits of employing microthemes—short in-class writing assignments designed to facilitate active learning—as pedagogical tools in psychology courses. Students in target course sections completed 10 in-class microthemes during a semester. We designed the microthemes to serve as active learning assignments that would enhance student learning and long-term retention, as well as strengthen students' writing skills. The instructors provided feedback to students on the content and writing quality of each microtheme. Students reported that the microthemes were effective and engaging learning tools. A comparison of essay and multiple-choice scores for students in target versus control course sections suggested the effectiveness of the microthemes for student learning, retention, and writing development.
Grassland to shrubland state transitions enhance carbon sequestration in the northern Chihuahuan Desert

The replacement of native C4 -dominated grassland by C3 -dominated shrubland is considered an ecological state transition where different ecological communities can exist under similar environmental conditions. These state transitions are occurring globally, and may be exacerbated by climate change. One consequence of the global increase in woody vegetation may be enhanced ecosystem carbon sequestration, although the responses of arid and semiarid ecosystems may be highly variable. During a drier than average period from 2007 to 2011 in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, we found established shrubland to sequester 49 g C m(-2) yr(-1) on average, while nearby native C4 grassland was a net source of 31 g C m(-2) yr(-1) over this same period. Differences in C exchange between these ecosystems were pronounced--grassland had similar productivity compared to shrubland but experienced higher C efflux via ecosystem respiration, while shrubland was a consistent C sink because of a longer growing season and lower ecosystem respiration. At daily timescales, rates of carbon exchange were more sensitive to soil moisture variation in grassland than shrubland, such that grassland had a net uptake of C when wet but lost C when dry. Thus, even under unfavorable, drier than average climate conditions, the state transition from grassland to shrubland resulted in a substantial increase in terrestrial C sequestration. These results illustrate the inherent tradeoffs in quantifying ecosystem services that result from ecological state transitions, such as shrub encroachment. In this case, the deleterious changes to ecosystem services often linked to grassland to shrubland state transitions may at least be partially offset by increased ecosystem carbon sequestration.
Sirolimus (rapamycin): From the soil of Easter Island to a bright future

Discovered in fungi in the remote Easter Island, sirolimus (rapamycin) shows potential beyond its obvious antiproliferative and immunosuppressant activity. Studies have demonstrated that sirolimus acts as a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, providing prospective therapeutic benefits and possible prevention of tuberous sclerosis and Kaposi's sarcoma. Its ability to decrease keratinocyte proliferation may help patients with psoriasis. In those with tuberous sclerosis complex, it may prevent the development of hamartomas and reduce or eliminate them once grown by blocking the mammalian target of rapamycin, a critical regulatory kinase. A great advantage for this drug is in the decreased risk of malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma, associated with its use compared with other immunosuppressants, namely calcineurin inhibitors. This review will focus on the pharmacology and potential uses of sirolimus.
Biosimilar Development: Nonclinical and Clinical Strategies and Challenges with a Focus on the Role of PK/PD Assessments

To compare the pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or pharmacodynamic (PD) properties between a proposed biosimilar product and the originator's product, the study(s) should be designed in a way that any difference in the properties could be sensitively detected. This chapter introduces the topic of biosimilarity with a focus on nonclinical and clinical aspects that incorporate PK/PD and immunogenicity considerations including regulatory requirements and study design considerations. The determination of biosimilarity is based on a head-to- head comparison of the proposed biosimilar to the biotherapeutic reference product in terms of quality, safety, and efficacy. These aspects are determined via a hierarchical stepwise process that includes analytical/ biological studies, nonclinical in vivo studies, and clinical studies. The regulatory environment for biosimilars is currently evolving and must be constantly monitored by the biosimilar manufacturers as they work to develop the proposed biosimilar for the global market. Keywords: biosimilar development; clinical strategies; immunogenicity testing; nonclinical strategies; PK/PD assessments; regulatory requirements
Knowledge model for electric power big data based on ontology and semantic web

It is very important for the development of electric power big data technology to use the electric power knowledge. A new electric power knowledge theory model is proposed here to solve the problem of normalized modeled electric power knowledge for the management and analysis of electric power big data. Current modeling techniques of electric power knowledge are viewed as inadequate because of the complexity and variety of the relationships among electric power system data. Ontology theory and semantic web technologies used in electric power systems and in many other industry domains provide a new kind of knowledge modeling method. Based on this, this paper proposes the structure, elements, basic calculations and multidimensional reasoning method of the new knowledge model. A modeling example of the regulations defined in electric power system operation standard is demonstrated. Different forms of the model and related technologies are also introduced, including electric power system standard modeling, multi-type data management, unstructured data searching, knowledge display and data analysis based on semantic expansion and reduction. Research shows that the new model developed here is powerful and can adapt to various knowledge expression requirements of electric power big data. With the development of electric power big data technology, it is expected that the knowledge model will be improved and will be used in more applications.