cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residues in milk following treatment of cows with lindane or ronnel to control screw-worms.

Milk from 2 dairy cows was analyzed for residues of ronnel or lindane after the cows were treated with a 3% lindane smear, a 2.5% ronnel spray, or a 5% ronnel smear to control Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel). The gaschromatographic method used could detect 0.001 ppm in a 10-ml sample. Lindane appeared in the milk the 1st day posttreatment and was detectable 24 days after a single treatment and 29 days after 2 successive treatments. Residues of ronnel were detected the 1st and 2nd days posttreatment when ronnel was applied either as a spray or as a smear. However, by the 4th day ronnel was detected in only 1 sample, and none was detected in samples collected 8 days posttreatment.
The influence of a martensitic phase transformation on stress development in thermal barrier coating systems

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) provide thermal insulation and oxidation protection of Ni-base superalloys in elevated temperature turbine applications. Thermal barrier coating failure is caused by spallation, which is related to the development of internal stresses during thermal cycling. Recent microstructural observations have highlighted the occurrence of a martensitic bond coat transformation, and this finite-element analysis was conducted to clarify the influence of the martensite on the development of stresses and strains in the multilayered system during thermal cycling. Simulations incorporating the volume change associated with the transformation and experimentally measured coating properties indicate that out-of-plane top coat stresses are greatly influenced by the presence of the martensitic transformation, the temperature at which it occurs relative to the strength of the bond coat and attendant bond coat plasticity. Intermediate values of bond coat strength and transformation temperatures are shown to result in the highest top coat stresses.
Unresolved Obstacles to the Credibility of Online Degrees

"This is too much work for an online class." For the last two years I've heard that comment repeatedly from students. I've been teaching since 1995, but about two years ago, I started teaching online. The "too much work" these students refer to is actually the exact same amount of work as in the face-to-face equivalent course. So what's behind what these students are saying?
Effects of temperature reduction on monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle capacitance

The electrochemistry of monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle (MPC) solutions at reduced temperatures was studied using differential pulse voltammetry. Different tetrabutylammonium electrolytes in CH2Cl2 were compared in the analysis of the hexanethiolate-protected gold nanoparticles (C6-MPCs). In agreement with Gouy–Chapman–Stern (GCS) theory, the double-layer capacitance (CMPC )o f the C6-MPCs increased with decreasing solution temperature. Separate electron transfers in redox-modified MPCs were observed in this work. Electron transfer to and from the MPC gold core was observed simultaneously with the electron transfer of the attached anthraquinone molecules. The resulting double-layer capacitance of the anthraquinone-modified nanoparticles (AQ-MPCs) was determined at various temperatures. There was less correlation between temperature and capacitance in the AQ-MPCs. AQ-MPCs were synthesized with the anthraquinone molecule at two different chain lengths from the gold core surface. The shorter-chain AQ-MPC exhibited better resolved electron transfer peaks from the gold core, while the voltammetry of the longer-chain AQ-MPC had better resolved anthraquinone peaks. Additionally, this was the first observation of quantized double-layer (QDL) charging events from a non-ethanol-soluble (NES) fraction of MPCs that have been functionalized. � 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Evapotranspiration of herbaceous mimosa (Mimosa strigillosa), a new drought-resistant species in the southeastern United States

Abstract Herbaceous mimosa (Mimosa strigillosa Torr and Gray) is a new reclamation species currently under a series of assembly and evaluation programs by the Natural Resources Conservation Service's Plant Materials Center and Stephen F. Austin State University at Nacogdoches, Texas. Two floating lysimeters were designed and installed at the Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest, about 20 km south of Nacogdoches, Texas to study differences in evapotranspiration (ET) between the mimosa and bare ground in July–October 1993. Pan coefficients during the study period ranged from 0.40 to 0.58, and no irrigation was applied to the lysimeters in the study. Water losses to the air in area covered by herbaceous mimosa were compatible with other turfgrasses under optimum soil moisture conditions. However, under environmental stress, average daily ET for the mimosa in four summer months was 1.6 mm/day, a value only 0.4 mm/day greater than bare ground. These results agree with a previous study that the plant is a water conservation species capable of tolerating severe drought conditions.
Thrombodynamics of microvascular repairs: effects of antithrombotic therapy on platelets and fibrin.

Purpose To evaluate the hypothesis that platelets and fibrin differentially accrue at microvascular anastomoses in arteries versus veins and under different pharmacologic conditions. Methods We evaluated mouse arterial and venous anastomoses with intravital fluorescence imaging, using fluorophore-labeled platelets and anti-fibrin antibodies to measure the extent of thrombus component development in the intraluminal anastomotic site. We evaluated systemic heparin or eptifibatide (platelet aggregation inhibitor) to determine their relative influences on thrombus composition. Results Platelets accumulated rapidly in both arterial and venous repairs, and then fell in number after 10 to 30 minutes of reflow. Fibrin had a relatively steady development over 60 minutes in veins, with a more variable increase in arteries. Heparin reduced platelet accumulation in arteries and fibrin development in veins. Eptifibatide reduced platelets in both arteries and veins and had an apparent effect on lowering the amount of fibrin in veins. Conclusions These findings show that platelets have a rapid, transient response, whereas fibrin has a slower, more sustained accrual in both arterial and venous anastomoses. Furthermore, inhibition of either coagulation or platelet aggregation can influence presumably non-targeted components of thrombosis in vascular repairs of both arteries and veins. Clinical relevance Preventing replantation failure using antithrombotic therapies requires a better understanding of the effect of each pharmacologic compound on the various aspects of thrombogenesis.
Parallel volume-rendering algorithm performance on mesh-connected multicomputers

This work examines the network performance of mesh-connected multicomputers applied to parallel volume rendering algorithms. This issue has not been addressed in papers describing particular parallel implementations, but is pertinent to anyone designing or implementing parallel rendering algorithms. Parallel volume rendering algorithms fall into two main classes-image and object partitions. Communication requirements for algorithms in these classes are analyzed. Network performance for these algorithms is estimated by using an existing model of mesh network behavior. The performance estimates are verified by tests on the Touchstone Delta. The results indicate that, for a fixed screen size, the performance of 2D mesh networks scales very well then used with object partition algorithms-the time required for communication actually decreases as the data and system sizes increase. A Touchstone Delta implementation of an object partition algorithm is briefly described to illustrate the algorithm's low communication requirements.
Inelastic scattering from Einstein modes of surface defects.

We consider the theory of inelastic scattering of atoms by isolated surface defects which have nearly dispersionless vibrational modes. Explicit calculations are carried out corresponding to the cases of chemisorbed CO on a Pt(111) surface, or heavy rare gases physisorbed on Pt(111) or Ag(111) surfaces. The multiphonon intensities are compared with available data. We show that the multiphonon intensities measured as a function of scattering angle exhibit broad oscillations similar to those observed in elastic scattering, and the polarization of the Einstein mode has a large effect on the envelope of these oscillations.
Inverter control for solving sulfur contamination problem for solid oxide fuel cells in coal-fired power plants

This paper proposes a new method to raise the power of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) stacks in a coal-fired SOFC-based power plant to solve the sulfur contamination problem of the SOFC stacks. Rather than rapidly raise the power demand from the DC link and therefore the SOFC stack in a single step, the method raises the power demand from the DC link gradually in multi-steps. As a result, a much reduced DC link capacitor can be used to supply the transient power and hold the DC link voltage, which makes the power-raising based sulfur contamination solution more feasible. The method has been verified with simulation and experimental work.
Linear Symmetries of Scattering Amplitudes

If we define, roughly, linear symmetries as those symmetries which lead to linear relationships among scattering amplitudes, we are then faced with the question whether we already know all possible types of linear symmetries or whether there are new types of symmetries which we can yet discover. We argue that for an important class of these symmetries there can be no new types of symmetries, except for one which we call scaling symmetry. We also attempt to point out all types of symmetries which other classes have. In analyzing the above question we are led to a simple and consistent formalism for describing linear symmetries which takes linearity as the starting point for dealing with these symmetries. In this approach all linear symmetries are formally treated on an equal footing. General results on linear symmetries are derived: These symmetries are then classified into three main classes, and an effort is made to discover the characteristic properties of the individual classes.
Effects of presentation, recall, and study trials on word recall of a highly structured list

Groups differing in the pattern of presentation, recall, and study trials were compared on common postinput recall trials for number of words recalled. The major hypothesis was that a highly structured list would result in differences where they had not been previously found. The hypothesis was not supported for either a group given no cuing or a group given cuing.
Language Disorders in the Preschool Years

To sum up, developments in the area of preschool language disorders will center on both early identification and intervention. Current research methods that examine infants’ ability to process lang...
Cardiovascular cell therapy and endogenous repair

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) exceeds infection and cancer as the leading cause of death. In the USA alone, approximately a million individuals suffer an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) annually. As the prevalence of CVD risk factors (e.g. hypertension, obesity and type 2 diabetes) rises, CVD is increasing in younger individuals. Fortunately, existing therapies have improved post-AMI mortality, but in turn have increased the prevalence of post-AMI heart failure (HF). Approximately half-a-million new HF cases are diagnosed each year in the USA. In the next 25 years, up to 15% of the population over the age of 65 in the USA is projected to have HF. Therapeutic interventions that prevent/reverse atherosclerosis, prevent post-AMI HF and halt the progressive functional deterioration once HF occurs are all needed. Cell therapy – either via exogenous delivery or by endogenous mobilization of cells – may be able to do so, in part, by improving the body’s capacity for repair. To date, primarily bone marrow- or blood-derived cells have been utilized after AMI to prevent left ventricular dysfunction, and skeletal myoblasts have been transplanted into failing myocardium. Preclinical studies are directed at prevention/reversal of atherosclerosis with bone marrow precursors, and ultimately at replacing failing heart with a cell-based bioartificial construct.
Passively transferred human NMO-IgG exacerbates demyelination in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a devastating inflammatory disorder of the optic nerves and spinal cord characterized by frequently recurring exacerbations of humoral inflammation. NMO is associated with the highly specific NMO-IgG biomarker, an antibody that binds the aquaporin-4 water channel. Aquaporin-4 is present on glial endfeet in the central nervous system (CNS). In humans, the NMO-IgG portends more frequent exacerbations and a worse long-term clinical outcome. We tested the longer-term outcome of mice with EAE injected with NMO-IgG and followed them for 60 days. Clinical exams and pathology of the spinal cord and optic nerves were compared to mice that received control human IgG. Passively transferred human NMO-IgG leads to more severe neurology disability over two months after onset of disease. Clinical worsening is associated with an increased concentration of large demyelinating lesions primarily to subpial AQP4-rich regions of the spinal cord. NMO-IgG is pathogenic in the context of EAE in mice.
Methodological considerations for studying self-weight fluidization in a sedimentation column

Abstract Traditionally, the onset of fluidization has been examined in the laboratory by observing the formation of inflection points atop the descending mudline interface of a batch test. Recent preliminary experiments question the efficacy of inflection points for indicating the occurrence of fluidization. The utility of the mudline interface to uniquely identify the occurrence of fluidization is examined here. Alternative ways via laboratory and computational tools are employed to describe the temporal and spatial characteristics of fluidization. Detailed controlled experiments are performed for a pure kaolinite–water mixture under different initial concentrations and initial suspension heights. The experimental work is complemented with the use of an existing 1-D batch sedimentation model that accounts for the upward propagation of fluid and provides the variation of the mudline interface with time. Analysis of the experimental results shows that the onset of self-weight fluidization occurs in the early stages of a test, and not within the second falling rate region as other researchers have reported. Formation and upward propagation of fluidization pipes, typically with a diameter of 0.5–5 mm, are recorded. The numerical results further validate the experimental observations that self-weight fluidization cannot be always detected by observing the mudline interface. These findings agree with other results reported in the literature.
Malonyl CoA decarboxylase deficiency: C to T transition in intron 2 of the MCD gene.

Malonyl CoA decarboxylase (MCD) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids synthesis. Based on reports of MCD deficiency, this enzyme is particular important in muscle and brain metabolism. Mutations in the MCD gene result in a deficiency of MCD activity, that lead to psychomotor retardation, cardiomyopathy and neonatal death. To date however, only a few patients have been reported with defects in MCD. We report here studies of a patient with MCD deficiency, who presented with hypotonia, cardiomyopathy and psychomotor retardation. DNA sequencing of MCD revealed a homozygous intronic mutation, specifically a -5 C to T transition near the acceptor site for exon 3. RT-PCR amplification of exons 2 and 3 revealed that although mRNA from a normal control sample yielded one major DNA band, the mutant mRNA sample resulted in two distinct DNA fragments. Sequencing of the patient's two RT-PCR products revealed that the larger molecular weight fragments contained exons 2 and 3 as well as the intervening intronic sequence. The smaller size band from the patient contained the properly spliced exons, similar to the normal control. Western blotting analysis of the expressed protein showed only a faint band in the patient sample in contrast to a robust band in the control. In addition, the enzyme activity of the mutant protein was lower than that of the control protein. The data indicate that homozygous mutation in intron 2 disrupt normal splicing of the gene, leading to lower expression of the MCD protein and MCD deficiency.
Ordering reactions in unfamiliar systems

Metallurgical understanding of order-disorder transitions is founded largely upon observations of alloys comprised of common metals and familiar (simple) crystal structures. Historically, the principal assumptions have been that only first and second nearest neighbor atoms in the crystal interact and therefore that the requisite atom movements necessary to effect transformation are small. These assumptions have been useful since they account, at least qualitatively, for the behavior of most “classical” ordered alloys. Because of the increasing importance of unfamiliar substances in several technologies, we consider in this survey the degree to which the above concepts can be applied to less-familiar materials or crystal structures. Three types of systems are examined: 1) alloys of metallic elements, at least one constituent of which is in the less-common category; 2) interstitial ordering in dilute alloys; and 3) complex systems involving chalcogenides, oxides, and intercalation compounds. Primary emphasis is given to describing transitions and transformation mechanisms not encountered in common alloys, and to pointing out possible experimental advantages of metallurgically unfamiliar systems for studies of mechanisms and kinetics.
Mechanism of the Selective Reduction of NOx over Co/MFI: Comparison with Fe/MFI

Co/MFI and Fe/MFI have been compared in catalytic tests of NOx reduction with isobutane and methane. FTIR, TPD-MS, and MS data of catalytic results with labeled molecules reveal a similar multistep mechanism over both catalysts for reduction with isobutane, but NOx reduction with methane over Co/MFI is qualitatively different. Reactive NOy (nitro and nitrate) groups are assumed to be formed from NO and an adsorbed superoxide ion, which was identified by its EPR signal at 77 K. Formation of nitrate ions and NO2 ligands is easily explained with this model. With isobutane as the reductant, Fe/MFI is more active, but Co/MFI is more selective, leading to 100% N2 yield. The primary intermediate is a deposit, exposing nitrile and isocyanate groups; the latter react with NOx to form N2 with one N atom from the deposit and the other from NO. An important difference between Co/MFI and Fe/MFI is the formation of zerovalent metal clusters in the former case and its absence in the latter. Clusters of Co0n have been detected by EPR in catalysts with high Co loading after reduction at 300°C. They catalyze the H/D exchange of CH4 with D2. The possibility is discussed that under certain conditions such clusters could contribute to the activation of methane.
The “Best Actress” Paradox: Outstanding Feature Films Versus Exceptional Women's Performances

On the basis of prior research on acting careers, it was hypothesized that exceptional women's performances are less likely to be associated with outstanding feature films than is the case for men. This hypothesis was tested in 2 studies. In Study 1, 2,157 films that received Oscar nominations or awards between 1936 and 2000 were examined, whereas in Study 2, I scrutinized 1,367 films that received awards or award nominations from 7 major professional, journalistic, and critical associations from 1968 to 2000. In both studies, a significant gender discrepancy was found, a differential that persisted after the introduction of a large number of statistical controls and that showed no tendency to diminish over time. The results are discussed in terms of possible explanations and directions for future research.
Factors influencing dynamics of two invasive C4 grasses in seasonally dry Hawaiian woodlands

The introduced C4 bunchgrass, Schizachyrium condensatum, is abundant in unburned, seasonally dry woodlands on the island of Hawaii, where it promotes the spread of fire. After fire, it is partially replaced by Melinis minutiflora, another invasive C4 grass. Seed bank surveys in unburned woodland showed that Melinis seed is present in locations without adult plants. Using a combination of germination tests and seedling outplant ex- periments, we tested the hypothesis that Melinis was unable to invade the unburned wood- land because of nutrient and/or light limitation. We found that Melinis germination and seedling growth are depressed by the low light levels common under Schizachyrium in unburned woodland. Outplanted Melinis seedlings grew rapidly to flowering and persisted for several years in unburned woodland without nutrient additions, but only if Schizachyrium individuals were removed. Nutrients alone did not facilitate Melinis establishment. Competition between Melinis and Schizachyrium naturally occurs when individuals of both species emerge from the seed bank simultaneously, or when seedlings of one species emerge in sites already dominated by individuals of the other species. When both species are grown from seed, we found that Melinis consistently outcompetes Schizachyrium, re- gardless of light or nutrient treatments. When seeds of Melinis were added to pots with well-established Schizachyrium (and vice versa), Melinis eventually invaded and overgrew adult Schizachyrium under high, but not low, nutrients. By contrast, Schizachyrium could not invade established Melinis pots regardless of nutrient level. A field experiment dem- onstrated that Schizachyrium individuals are suppressed by Melinis in burned sites through competition for both light and nutrients. Overall, Melinis is a dominant competitor over Schizachyrium once it becomes estab- lished, whether in a pot or in the field. We believe that the dominance of Schizachyrium, rather than Melinis, in the unburned woodland is the result of asymmetric competition due to the prior establishment of Schizachyrium in these sites. If Schizachyrium were not present, the unburned woodland could support dense stands of Melinis. Fire disrupts the priority effect of Schizachyrium and allows the dominant competitor (Melinis) to enter the system where it eventually replaces Schizachyrium through resource competition.
Electrostatic Voltage Distribution and Transfer in 3-Winding Transformers [includes discussion]

When a steep-front surge impinges upon a transformer winding, an electrostatic voltage distribution is immediately established along all the transformer windings. This paper discusses this electrostatic distribution in the impulsed and in the two nonimpulsed windings of 3-winding transformers, and expressions of the electrostatic voltages are derived analytically for various terminal conditions of the nonimpulsed windings. The line terminals of these windings may be isolated, grounded directly, or grounded through a capacitor. Computed voltages are in good agreement with the initial voltages measured on a 667-kva single-phase transformer and on its electromagnetic model, and also with the voltages measured on a capacitance board representing only the electrostatic field of the transformer.
Schwann cell chemokine receptors mediate HIV-1 gp120 toxicity to sensory neurons

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is the most common neurological complication of HIV infection. Currently, the pathogenesis of HIV-SN is unknown. Because there is no convincing evidence of neuronal infection, HIV neurotoxicity is likely to be effected either by secreted viral proteins such as the envelope glycoprotein gp120 or by neurotoxic cytokines released from infected/activated glial cells. We describe a model of gp120 toxicity to primary sensory neurons, in which gp120 induces neuritic degeneration and neuronal apoptosis. We show that Schwann cells, the cells that ensheath peripheral nerve axons, and which traditionally have been viewed as having a passive, supporting role, mediate this neurotoxicity. Ligation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 on Schwann cells by gp120 resulted in the release of RANTES, which induced dorsal root ganglion neurons to produce tumor necrosis factor– and subsequent TNFR1-mediated neurotoxicity in an autocrine fashion. This newly described Schwann cell–neuron interaction may be pathogenically relevant not only in HIV-SN but also in other peripheral neuropathies.
Transcription and translation inhibitors permit metamorphosis up to radiole formation in the serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans haswell.

Settlement and metamorphosis in most well-studied marine invertebrates are rapid processes, triggered by external cues. How this initial environmentally mediated response is transduced into morphogenetic events that culminate in the formation of a functional juvenile is still not well understood for any marine invertebrate. The response of larvae of the serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans to inhibitors of mRNA and protein synthesis was examined to determine if metamorphosis requires these molecular processes. Competent larvae of H. elegans were induced to metamorphose by exposing them to a bacterial film or a 3-h pulse of 10 mM CsCl in the presence of the gene-transcription inhibitor DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole) or the translation inhibitor emetine. When induced to metamorphose in the presence of either inhibitor, larvae of H. elegans progressed through metamorphosis to the point at which branchial radioles start to develop. DRB and emetine inhibited the incorporation of radiolabe...
Haemorrhage during cesarean section for parturient with antiphospholipid syndrome

This case describes a 39-year-old G3P2 parturient with a history of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), who experienced severe hemorrhage during her cesarean section (CS) delivery of twins. At 36 weeks gestation, the patient was being treated prophylactically with Lovenox and acetylsalicyclic acid. In preparation for delivery, her medications were discontinued 24 h prior to admission. Due to breech presentation, the patient required delivery by CS. The patient received epidural anesthesia and successfully delivered two healthy babies. Following delivery, the patient became hypotensive and unresponsive and experienced uterine atony with profuse bleeding. Based on the patient's clinical symptoms and history of APS, hemorrhage was suspected. Airway patency was immediately established using rapid sequence intubation, and the patient was placed under general anesthesia for removal of her atonic uterus. Following massive fluid resuscitation and correction of her coagulopathy, the patient stabilized and was transferred to the surgical intensive care unit. Four days later, she was discharged from the hospital without further complications.
Discussing the diagnosis of HPV-OSCC: common questions and answers

summary Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for a rising proportion of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers (OSCCs). HPV-positive OSCCs (HPV-OSCCs) are associated with oral HPV infection and sexual behavior. Patient questions regarding risk factors, prognosis and implications for past, present and future relationships often arise. This manuscript addresses frequently asked questions by patients with HPVOSCC and their families. A framework for clinicians to address these conversations and the limitations of our present knowledge base is also presented. Human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, is now responsible for the overwhelming majority of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers (OSCCs) in the United States (U.S.). Historically, tobacco and alcohol use accounted for the majority of head and neck cancers. However, with the decline of tobacco use in the U.S., the incidence of smoking-related (HPV-negative) oropharyngeal malignancies has decreased [1]. The proportion of oropharyngeal cancers attributable to HPV (HPV-positive OSCC; HPVOSCC) has risen substantially in the U.S. Indeed, while only 16% of OSCCs in the 1980s were HPV-positive, approximately 73% of tumors in the 2000s were HPV-positive. Not only is the proportion
Biomedical applications of plasmon resonant metal nanoparticles

The strong optical absorption and scattering of noble metal nanoparticles is due to an effect called localized surface plasmon resonance, which enables the development of novel biomedical applications. The resonant extinction, which can be tuned to the near-infrared, allows the nanoparticles to act as molecular contrast agents in a spectral region where tissue is relatively transparent. The localized heating due to resonant absorption, also tunable into the near-infrared, enables new thermal ablation therapies and drug delivery mechanisms. The sensitivity of these resonances to their environment leads to simple affinity sensors for the detection of low-level molecular analytes. Coupled with their general lack of toxicity, these applications suggest that noble metal nanoparticles are a highly promising class of nanomaterials for new biomedical applications.
Analysis of dysgenesis-induced lethal mutations on the X chromosome of a Q strain of Drosophila melanogaster.

ABSTRACT The Q strain known as v 6 was tested for its ability to induce X -linked lethal mutations in male and female hybrids from crosses with M strains in the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis. All measurements of the mutation rate were made on the X chromosome derived from the v 6 strain. The lethal rate for young hybrid males from the cross M female x v 6 male was 1.11% per chromosome. For older males, it was only 0.44%, suggesting that there is less mutational or more repair activity in the germ cells of the older males or that mutant cells are selectively eliminated as the hybrid males age. The lethal rate for hybrid females from comparable crosses was approximately the same for both ages that were tested. However, it was substantially less than the rate for the hybrid males—only 0.26% per chromosome. Genetically identical hybrid females from reciprocal crosses also showed a low mutation rate, 0.13% per chromosome. Again, there was no difference between young and old flies.—Mapping experiments established that most of the lethal mutations that were recovered from the male and female hybrids were located in two regions on the X chromosome, one between bands 14B13 and 15A9, the other between bands 19A1 and 20A, which encompasses the maroonlike locus. More refined mapping of the lethals in the maroonlike region demonstrated that the vast majority of these affected a single gene located in band 19C4. Cytological analysis of the lethal chromosomes revealed that several carried rearrangements, including inversions, duplications and deficiencies. Chromosome breakage occurred primarily in bands 14D1-3 and 18F-20A, and most of the breaks in the latter segment were located in 19C. However, rearrangements involving 19C and mutations of the gene in 19C4 were mutually exclusive events. In situ hybridization of a P element probe to the chromosomes of v 6 demonstrated that P elements reside at a minimum of five sites on the X chromosome. These P element sites correspond to the mutational and breakage hot spots on that chromosome. The combined genetic and cytological data imply that most of the X -linked lethal mutations that occur in M × v 6 hybrids are due to local P element action. Consideration of these and other data suggest that v 6 is a weak P strain in the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis and that other Q strains might also be regarded in this way.
Architecture Meets Agility

The concept of architecture has a major role to play in expanding the traditional scope of agile software development.
Phenology of emergence from artificial overwintering shelters by some predatory arthropods common in pear orchards of the Pacific Northwest

The phenology of emergence from artificial overwintering shelters that had been placed in pear orchards located near Yakima, Washington, was determined for the green lacewing Chrysopa nigricornis Burmeister, the predatory mirid Deraeocoris brevis (Uhler), and the brown lacewing Hemerobius ovalis Carpenter. Cumulative emergence from shelters was determined in 2001 and 2002 on both a calendar-date and degree-day basis. Similar data for a major pear pest, pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster), were also collected for these same shelters. Pear psylla and H. ovalis emerged earliest, both taxa completing emergence by early March (120 degree-days accumulated from early January). Deraeocoris brevis emerged beginning in late February and finished emergence by early April (150 degree-days for 90% emergence). Chrysopa nigricornis emerged considerably later than the other species, and completed emergence by late May or early June. Calendar-date emergence is also shown for spiders (Araneae) and Anthocoridae (Heteroptera), which occurred at lower numbers in the shelters. The anthocorids, Orius tristicolor White and three species of Anthocoris , emerged from shelters in February and March, while spiders emerged over a long interval between March and May.
Quantitative real-time PCR method to detect changes in specific transcript and total RNA amounts

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), used in conjunction with reverse transcriptase, has been applied to the determination of the number of copies of a transcript per unit mass of RNA, but did not indicate any change in the amount of total RNA per mass of tissue. In the present work, we described a simple method to use qRT-PCR to estimate the change in the amount of total RNA per unit mass of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) tissue in response to cold temperature. Three qRT-PCR templates, i.e. control, cold-exposed, and one of RNA extracted from a sample consisting of equal masses of control and cold-exposed tissue, were analyzed. The number of copies of target transcript per unit mass of RNA was estimated from the three samples using standard qRT-PCR techniques. Equations describing the number of copies of the target sequence in each of the tissue samples were solved simultaneously to describe the relative proportion of the target sequence that originated from each tissue sample in the mixture, thereby providing an estimate of relative amounts of total RNA in the two tissues.
The Power of the Mantel‐Haenszel Test when Adjustment is by the True or Estimated Propensity Score

The power of the Mantel-Haenszel test for no treatment effect in the case of binary exposure and response variates was examined through simulation studies when subclasses were formed on the basis of the true and estimated propensity scores and by direct stratification on two continuous covariates. The power of these tests was also compared to the score test in a misspecified logistic regression model. In general adjustment by the true propensity score was most likely to reject a false null hypothesis, the score test was more likely to reject a false null hypothesis than the Mantel-Haenszel test when adjustment is by the estimated propensity score or subclassification on the covariates. There was litte difference in the observed powers of the Mantel-Haenszel tests between adjustment by the estimated propensity score and subclassification on the covariates.
2-D NIR imaging reconstruction with ultrasound guidance

The imaging reconstruction of near infrared (NIR) diffusive light is in general underdetermined and ill-posed. We have proposed a novel combined approach by using a priori knowledge acquired from co-registered ultrasound to overcome the NIR inversion problem. In this paper we report simulation and experimental results on combined imaging, and we show that NIR reconstruction with the aid of co-registered ultrasound is well defined and the reconstructed optical properties are more accurate than NIR imaging alone.
Alcohol-Induced Bronchospasm in an Asthmatic Patient: Pharmacologic Evaluation of the Mechanism

A 23-year-old Asian with histamine-reactive asthma complained of recurrent chest tightness, nasal congestion and flushing immediately after drinking minimal amounts of alcoholic beverages. He was extensively studied to determine the possible mechanism of his alcohol-induced respiratory symptoms. Drinking of either beer or 95 percent ethanol in apple juice immediately provoked vasomotor signs and moderately severe bronchospasm (54 percent and 73 percent decreases in specific airway conductance, respectively), which spontaneously improved over 30 minutes and two hours, respectively. Intravenous and inhaled ethanol caused less bronchospasm than observed with oral ethanol, and recovery was rapid. Pretreatment with cromolyn sodium (inhaled or oral) and isoproterenol had no inhibitory effect on the alcohol-induced bronchoconstriction, whereas atropine, acetylsalicylic acid, cyproheptadine, and chlorpheniramine appeared to have a partial inhibitory effect. Approximately 70 percent inhibition was observed after chlorpheniramine. Observations in this patient suggest that the bronchoconstriction induced by alcoholic beverages is related to their ethanol content and may be related to formation or release of one or more bronchoconstrictor and vasoactive compounds, including a stimulant of histamine1-receptors. The route of ethanol administration may also influence the bronchospastic response.
Fourth- and sixth-order polarization aberrations of antireflection-coated optical surfaces.

For single-layer antireflection-coated (ARC) optical surfaces, the first five derivatives of reflectance with respect to angle of incidence φ for the p and s polarizations are zero at normal incidence, whereas the first three derivatives of differential transmission phase shift Δt =Δtp-Δts with respect to φ are also zero at φ=0. Consequently, ARC optical systems with numerical apertures of <0.7φ<45° exhibit fourth- and sixth-order polarization aberrations owing to retardance and diattenuation, respectively. Results for ARC Ge and ZnS surfaces are presented to illustrate these effects.
Public Timber Supply, Market Adjustments, and Local Economies: Economic Assumptions of the Northwest Forest Plan

The Northwest Forest Plan in the Pacific Northwest sought to stabilize local economies, including local employment and income, by stabilizing the flow of wood fiber from public forests. This is also a common forest management objective in other regions and countries. Because this economic strategy ignores basic market adjustments, it is likely to fail and to unnecessarily damage forest ecosystems. Application of basic economic principles on how markets operate significantly changes the apparent efficacy of efforts to manage local economies by managing timber supply. The emphasis on timber supply tends to ignore the dominant role that the demand for wood fiber and wood products, rather than wood-fiber supply, plays in determining levels of harvest and production. Contemporary economics indicates that markets tend to operate to offset reductions in wood-fiber supply. This significantly moderates the economic cost of reducing commercial timber harvest in the pursuit of environmental objectives. In addition, contemporary economic analysis indicates that the economic links between natural forests and local communities are much broader than simply the flow of commercially valuable logs to manufacturing facilities. At least in the United States, the flow of environmental services from natural forests has increasingly become an amenity that has drawn people and economic activity to forested areas. Attractive site-specific qualities, including those supported by natural forests, can potentially support local economic development even in the face of reduced timber harvests. These market-related adjustments partially explain the Northwest Forest Plan's overestimation of the expected regional impacts associated with reduced federal timber supply and the ineffectiveness of the plan's efforts to protect communities by stabilizing federal timber supply.
A computational method for solving a class of coupled conductive-radiative heat transfer problems

Abstract The P N method, also called the spherical harmonics method, is used along with Hermite cubic splines to define an iterative technique for solving a class of nonlinear problems in radiative transfer. Anisotropic scattering and specularly and diffusely reflecting boundaries are allowed for the steady-state, combined-mode, conductive-radiative, heat transfer problem considered. Computational aspects of the technique are discussed, and the method is used to establish the reported numerical results.
Robust inversion-based feedforward controllers for output tracking under plant uncertainty

The article develops acceptance bounds on the size of the uncertainties under which it is advantageous to use the inverse-feedforward for linear, time-invariant systems. In particular, for single-input single-output (SISO) systems, the conditions developed in the article showed that inversion-based feedforward controllers can lead to performance improvements if the uncertainty in the nominal plant is smaller than size of the nominal plant. The results were also generalized to the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) case.
The role of lysosomes in the pathogenesis of copper-induced hepatotoxicity: II. Intracellular distribution of copper in hepatocytes

Abstract The effects of altered lysosomal function on the pathogenesis of copper-induced hepatotoxicity were studied in C57B1 6 bg/bg (beige) and C57B1 6 bg/+ (conventional) mice. Copper loading was accomplished through daily ip injections of aqueous copper chloride at a dosage rate of 8 mg/kg body weight for 1, 2, and 4 weeks. The subcellular distribution of copper in copper-treated beige mice was significantly different than that in conventional mice. Beige mice had consistently higher levels of copper in the nuclear and cytosolic fractions with lower levels in the heavy and light mitochondrial fractions. The copper levels were lowest in the microsomal fractions of both groups of copper-treated mice and remained similar throughout the 4-week experiment. Levels of total hepatic copper were similar in both groups of mice receiving parenteral copper except at Day 14, when beige mice had higher levels.
HIV risk behaviors during pharmacologic treatment for opioid dependence: A comparison of levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride, buprenorphine, and methadone

The efficacies of three opioid substitution medications for reducing HIV risk behaviors in opioid-dependent patients were assessed in a randomized double-blind clinical trial comparing levomethadyl acetate [corrected] (LAAM), buprenorphine (BUP), and methadone (METH). Individually optimized flexible dosing was used for each group, with weekly possible doses of 255-391 mg of LAAM, 56-112 mg of BUP, and 420-700 mg of METH. An interview regarding specific HIV risk behaviors, including injecting, equipment sharing, and sexual activity, yielded data for pretreatment and four in-study time points for 137 subjects. Declines in risk behaviors during treatment were evident in all groups for most measures of injecting and equipment sharing. Only the METH group showed consistent declines in measures of sexual behaviors. These results demonstrate that all three medications can be highly effective in decreasing HIV risk behaviors when the dose is optimized. Reductions in sexual behaviors for the METH group are consistent with known METH side effects.
Angiotensin receptors: Physiology and pharmacology

The renin-angiotensin system is critical for regulating extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Angiotensin II, the active peptide hormone produced by the renin enzymatic cascade, sustains vascular volume and blood pressure by constricting vessels, stimulating adrenal aldosterone secretion, increasing renal tubular sodium absorption, activating the sympathetic nervous system, and increasing cardiac contractility. These actions are a disability in the pathophysiologic states of hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF), however, since reactive increases in renal renin and angiotensin II stimulate sympathetic activity and renal sodium retention, leading consequently to circulatory volume over-load. The actions of angiotensin II are mediated by its interactions with specific cell-surface angiotensin II receptors, namely, AT1 and AT2; most cardiovascular actions of angiotensin II come from its interaction with the AT1 receptor. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin-II-receptor blockers antagonize the actions of the renin-angiotensin axis, neutralizing its effects on hypertension and heart failure. Losartan is the first oral, nonpeptide, selective AT1-receptor blocker to be approved. Clinical trials show it to be effective and well tolerated as therapy for hypertension and CHF. Data obtained thus far suggest ACE inhibitors and AT1-receptor blockers have similar efficacy for treating these conditions, but the receptor blockers appear to produce fewer adverse effects. Whether the sustained increase in angiotensin II concentrations after AT1-receptor antagonism produces deleterious effects is not known. The concern is that these high levels may stimulate unblocked AT2 receptor; the effect of that stimulation may not be important, however.
Effect of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes Entry into Mammalian Cells

We reported a mammalian cell-imaging paradigm to study the cellular response to singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Chinese Hamster Ovarian (CHO) cells were exposed to SWCNTs resuspended in physiologically compatible buffer (phosphate buffered saline, PBS), at concentrations ranging from 0 to 50 μg/mL. Upon exposure, we optically imaged the cells in order to (1) visualize the accumulation SWCNTs in cells in real-time; (2) qualitatively and quantitatively assess the morphological changes associated with cellular stress in the presence of SWCNTs; and (3) serially quantify cell survival with highly sensitive bioluminescence-based imaging. Our results showed that the cell survival obtained from optical imaging agreed with that from CellTiter-Glo (CTG) luminescence viability assay. Acute compromise in the CHO cell’s survival rate was observed under high concentrations of SWCNT exposure. The cellular response as a function of SWCNT concentrations, and exposure time was further investigated.
Recent Pollution Prevention Research In III-V Device Manufacturing At Hewlett-Packard

Several coordinated hazardous waste minimization projects have been undertaken at our facilities involved in III-V device manufacturing. These include modifications to existing processes to reduce or eliminate emissions of CFCs, 1,1,1-TCA, xylenes, ethylene glycol ethers, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (in photoresist stripper), and other compounds. These issues are addressed in turn, noting the unique aspects of GaAs and GaP device manufacture that need to be taken into account. Goals achieved have been complete cessation of CFC and 1,1,1-TCA use and 33% reductions in xylene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene usage since 1990, despite significant increases in total production volume during the same time period. Specific strategies are also described for tracking chemical use and sharing best practices for hazardous waste reduction across functional groups.