cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodology for roughness measurement and contact analysis for optimization of interface roughness

Surface roughness measurements are performed in the computer industry using various measuring instruments - contact type stylus profiler, noncontact optical profiler and atomic force microscope (AFM) with different scan sizes and sampling intervals. Methodology of choosing a suitable instrument, scan size and sampling interval for a given application, is developed. AFM is recommended for roughness measurement of commercial magnetic disks with a scan size of 20 /spl mu/m/spl times/20 /spl mu/m or greater and sampling interval of 0.1 /spl mu/m or less. For a surface with Gaussian height distribution, a surface can be adequately characterized by standard deviation of surface heights (Rq or /spl sigma/) and correlation distance (/spl beta/*). For ultralow flying head-disk interfaces, measurement of peak-to-mean distance (Rp) is also recommended. For contact analysis of dry and wet interfaces, a numerical computer model has been developed to predict real area of contact and meniscus forces. In this model, a large number of asperities can be modeled and no assumption on the shape and size of the asperities is made. The model can be used for measured or computer generated 3-D rough surfaces. The model has been used to study the effect of surface roughness and liquid film thickness on tribological performance, to rank various disk candidates, and to develop optimum roughness profiles. For computer generated Gaussian surfaces, contact area is proportional to (/spl beta/*/Rq). Nanoasperities present on the disk surface are found to go through plastic deformation whereas most of the deformation is elastic. Thus, high frequency roughness must be avoided to minimize plastic deformation and resulting wear. Stiction increases with liquid film thickness (h) and Rq but is independent of /spl beta/*. There is a critical film thickness for a surface with a given Rq (h/Rq/spl sim/0.5 to 1) above which stiction increases rapidly. Non-Gaussian surfaces with skewness of 0 to 0.2 and kurtosis of 5 or larger are found to exhibit lower real area of contact and meniscus force and are less sensitive to h/Rq than Gaussian surfaces. Identical asperities represent an optimum surface. A relationship between optimum number of asperities and asperity radii is presented. Finally, some design concepts to minimize stiction and wear are presented.
Non-uniform filterbank bandwidth allocation for system modeling subband adaptive filters

Subband adaptive filters have been used extensively in system modeling configurations to model unknown systems with large impulse responses. This paper illustrates the advantages of a non-uniform subband adaptive filter over a uniform subband adaptive filter while giving insight to subband bandwidth allocations for system modeling configurations. By implementing small subbands which isolate the transition regions in the unknown system, while using larger subbands for other, more spectrally flat regions, one can minimize convergence time and lower misadjustment.
Fine Structure of Salt and Water Uptake in the Land-Grab, Gecarcinus lateralis

The salt-absorbing tissue is found in the respiratory lamellae of the gills in the form of a highly interdigitated epithelium. The folds of the epithelium are supplied with mitochondria in the form of “mitochondrial pumps.” Intercellular spaces between the folds also satisfy the morphological requirements for Diamond's model system for water transport based on his theory of standing osmotic gradients. Most of the osmoregulatory tissue is localized in the three most posterior gills, which in turn rest on the pericardial sac. It is suggested that the pericardial sac transfers ground water to the gills for salt and water absorption. The pericardial sac serves for storage of water and as a hydraulic assist during the molt.
Sampling Rice Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in and Around Rice Fields

Several sampling methods were used to determine the number of rice stink bugs, Oebalus pugnax (F.) in rice, Oryza sativa L., fields and grassy margins. Significantly more adult stink bugs were swept in fields of ‘Wells’ than ‘Francis’, ‘Cypress’, or ‘Bengal’. Sweep net sampling in the cooler parts of the day (0900 and 1900 hours CDT) captured significantly more rice stink bugs than in the heat of the day at 1330 hours CDT. In 2002, yellow pyramid traps were set out before rice heading. These traps captured more rice stink bugs from 5 June (before rice heading) to 12 July (75% rice heading) than during rice heading from 12 to 22 July. Significantly more rice stink bugs were visually counted on grass panicles and swept from grassy hosts in margins adjacent to rice fields from 28 June to 12 July than recorded after 12 July. During rice heading, rice stink bugs were dispersing into rice fields as noted by significantly greater counts of rice stink bugs per 10 sweeps in the rice field than at other rice growth periods sampled. After harvest, pyramid trap catches increased in late September to >20 bugs per trap but dropped to below 1 bug per trap after 3 October and to 0 by 1 November. In 2003, counts of rice stink bugs during the preheading, rice heading, and postheading periods from traps, sweep net samples of the field margins, and rice fields were similar to that in 2002. Pest sampling and management options are discussed.
The Distribution of Rewards and Resources in Groups and Organizations

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a framework for predicting the behavior of persons who occupy the allocator's role. The framework takes account of other persons insofar as they influence the allocator's decisions about rewards and resources. Persons of higher rank, who are the allocator's superiors, may strongly influence his or her decisions, and so may the recipients who are subordinate to him or her. In addition, other parties who observe the allocator may influence his or her decisions. Allocation decisions are instrumental acts through which the allocator tries to achieve various goals. The chapter takes account of a wide range of goals and motives that affect his or her decisions. In any allocation situation there is considerable potential for conflict between the allocator and recipients, or between the recipients themselves.
Alkyl Iodides on Copper Surfaces: C-H Activation and Coupling Reactions of Hydrocarbon Fragments to Produce Ethylene

Abstract The dissociative adsorption of alkyl iodides onto a Cu(100) surface under ultra-high vacuum conditions has been utilized to generate and study the chemistry of adsorbed hydrocarbon fragments. It is found that iodomethane, iodoethane, and diiodomethane all react to produce, among other hydrocarbon products, ethylene. The surface reaction mechanisms, as determined by thermal desorption and isotope labelling studies, include: α-elimination from methyl groups, β-hydride elimination from ethyl groups, methylene coupling, and methylene insertion into methyl groups.
We've Come a Long Way, Baby (But We're Not There Yet): Gender Past, Present, and Future

Gender has long been, and continues to be, a powerful predictor of developmental experiences and outcomes. Observations drawn from personal history, developmental science, and life beyond the academy show that historically, gender constraints have diminished in some ways, but remain robust in others. Reviewed are children's constructive processes that—in interaction with the embedding ecology—foster the emergence and persistence of gendered phenomena. Reviews of interventions designed to increase girls’ science participation demonstrate the need to evaluate both intended and unintended program consequences. Discussion of the single-sex schooling debate shows the importance of foundational conceptualizations of gender, and illuminates research-to-policy processes. After identifying newly emerging gender conceptualizations, the concluding section highlights the need to consider how gender conceptualizations do and should affect science and society.
Comparison of Different Formulations Arising from the Mode Matching Technique as Applied to Open Guided-Wave Structures

Computational tools for modeling and simulation are essential for successful design, optimization, and realization of integrated optical circuitry. For this purpose several different techniques exist and mode matching technique is one of them [1], [2]. The basic idea behind the mode matching technique is first to divide a given geometry into subsections in which the wave equation is separable. Then field components are expanded in terms of a complete set, hence mode expansions are formed. As an example consider the rib waveguide shown in Figure 1.
An Approximation for Any Positive Integral Root

It was brought to the attention of a colleague of mine, Professor Hoggatt, that one was in need of a method to get a cube root on a hand calculator which took only square roots. He suggested the following procedure: To obtain FA first approximate 30/ by Ao. Then use the sequence An ~= /2(A +v7'-TA), n = 0, 1, 2, *9 , to improve this approximation up to the limits of accuracy of the calculator. The generalization I propose is described in the following theorem. Theorem: If L = Ai for A > 1, s = 2k -h where 1 A', then 0 ~~~~~~~0' L = lim An, where n-*oo
Efficient Synthesis of 4-Amino-2-methoxy-7,8-dihydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-ones: Practical Access to a Novel Chemotype in the Development of DGAT-1 Inhibitors

A practical access to an unprecedented, fused bicyclic 4-amino-2-alkoxy-7,8-dihydropyrido[4,3- d ]pyrimidin-5-one scaffold is developed. The synthesis of the potent inhibitor, 2-{4-[4-amino-2-methoxy-5-oxo-7,8-dihydropyrido[4,3- d ]pyrimidin-6(5 H )-yl]phenyl}-2-methylpropanamide is detailed, with particular emphasis placed on synthetic efficiency and scalability. With the isolation of solid intermediates, the routes described offer clear elements of practicality and facilitate production of the target compound on large scale (>10 g) without chromatography.
Adsorption by design: Tuning atom-graphene van der Waals interactions via mechanical strain

We aim to understand how the van der Waals force between neutral adatoms and a graphene layer is modified by uniaxial strain and electron correlation effects. A detailed analysis is presented for three atoms (He, H, and Na) and graphene strain ranging from weak to moderately strong. We show that the van der Waals potential can be significantly enhanced by strain, and present applications of our results to the problem of elastic scattering of atoms from graphene. In particular, we find that quantum reflection can be significantly suppressed by strain, meaning that dissipative inelastic effects near the surface become of increased importance. Furthermore, we introduce a method to independently estimate the Lennard-Jones parameters used in an effective model of He interacting with graphene, and determine how they depend on strain. At short distances, we find that strain tends to reduce the interaction strength by pushing the location of the adsorption potential minima to higher distances above the deformed graphene sheet. This opens up the exciting possibility of mechanically engineering an adsorption potential, with implications for the formation and observation of anisotropic low-dimensional superfluid phases.
Nerve involvement in granuloma annulare

Background:Nerve involvement developed in a patient with granuloma annulare, as evidenced by a perineural infiltrate of histiocytes in the dermis. The histopathologic pattern was suggestive of lepr...
Eclipse as a software development environment

Eclipse is an open source Integrated Development Environment (IDE) created and owned by the Eclipse Foundation. Although Eclipse provides support for most programming languages taught in an undergraduate level programming course, this tutorial is a hands-on introduction to using Eclipse for a Java programming language course. Participant will learn how to download, install, and write Java programs using the IDE to solve problems.
Effect of the fitting room environment on older clothing shoppers

Abstract Given the age-related physical challenges and social needs of older consumers, a randomized field experiment with 72 females aged 65+ was conducted using fitting room areas of two stores that varied in levels of Universal Design features and service. Based on ANCOVA, the fitting room area accommodation level had a significant effect on physical environment and social environment psychic costs and shopping satisfaction. Multiple regression confirmed the interaction effect of competence level and accommodation level on psychic costs and that psychic costs affected shopping satisfaction. Satisfaction influenced patronage intentions. The importance of the fitting room area should not be underestimated.
The Complexity of the Counterfeiting and Piracy Phenomena: A 1980–2015 Literature Review

The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the results of prior literature reviews on counterfeiting and piracy. These have addressed Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), counterfeiting (in general and with a focus on luxury goods), and piracy (specifically of music, film and software). The analysis of such contributions highlights the theoretical and practical gap that is then filled in the remainder of the volume.
Glioma Radiosensitizers: Exciting New Developments and Directions

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive intracranial tumor characterized by nearly universal local relapse despite aggressive therapy. New treatments are necessary to improve local tumor control and extend survival. A promising strategy involves development of rationally designed radiosensitizers targeting specific pathways in glioma cells to enhance the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation while sparing normal adjacent tissue. In this review, developments in glioma radiosensitizers are discussed with a focus on agents targeting cell cycle and DNA repair pathways including the Wee1, ATM, and ATR pathways. A case study on a repurposed hypertension drug now in clinical Phase I testing as a novel radiosensitizer for GBM is also included.
It takes two

The most important principle I’ve learned during my career encompassing aviation and psychology is to take advantage of unexpected opportunities. My interest in training and the use of training devices and simulators grew out of two careers and was a prominent feature in both. My careers involved 23 years in the United States Air Force and 21 years as Director of the Institute of Aviation at the University of Illinois, as well as six years as professor emeritus continuing my applied training research interests. Along the way, I should mention that I never have held a position in a university as a teacher and researcher but only as a dean-level administrator. What propelled me was the wisdom acquired during my Air Force career combined with a passion I developed for applied research in training and human factors. This chapter is about how my professional life emerged from my roots in Tallassee, a small town located in central Alabama half way between Montgomery and Auburn, where I was born and grew up. It’s about getting away from the local industries – cotton mills and farming – to attend college and unexpectedly join the Air Force. It’s about the many places I’ve been and opportunities I’ve shared with wonderful and valued collaborators and colleagues. Most of all, it’s about the events of my life and what I learned that shaped my career and may, in some small way, help with yours.
Continental Drift and Speciation of the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Species Complexes

Genomic analysis has placed the origins of two human-pathogenic fungi, the Cryptococcus gattii species complex and the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, in South America and Africa, respectively. Molecular clock calculations suggest that the two species separated ~80 to 100 million years ago. This time closely approximates the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea, which gave rise to South America and Africa. On the basis of the geographic distribution of these two species complexes and the coincidence of the evolutionary divergence and Pangea breakup times, we propose that a spatial separation caused by continental drift resulted in the emergence of the C. gattii and C. neoformans species complexes from a Pangean ancestor. We note that, despite the spatial and temporal separation that occurred approximately 100 million years ago, these two species complexes are morphologically similar, share virulence factors, and cause very similar diseases. Continuation of these phenotypic characteristics despite ancient separation suggests the maintenance of similar selection pressures throughout geologic ages.
A Guide to Earnings Quality

This teaching guide is based on a comprehensive survey as well as in-depth interviews of Chief Financial Officers (CFOs). We ask the CFOs about the definition and drivers of earnings quality, with a special emphasis on the prevalence and detection of earnings misrepresentation. CFOs believe that the hallmarks of earnings quality are sustainability, absence of one-time items, and backing by actual cash flows. Earnings quality is determined in about equal measure by controllable factors like internal controls and corporate governance, and non-controllable factors like industry membership and macroeconomic conditions. On earnings misrepresentation, CFOs believe that in any given period a remarkable 20% of firms intentionally distort earnings, even though they are adhering to generally accepted accounting principles. The economic magnitude of the misrepresentation is large, averaging about 10% of reported earnings. While most misrepresentation involves earnings overstatement, interestingly, one third of the firms that are misrepresenting performance are low-balling their earnings or reversing a prior intentional overstatement. Finally, CFOs provide a list of red flags that can be used to detect earnings misrepresentation.Detailed tables and references are available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2103384.
Bondholder Activism and Delay in Financial Reporting

We document and examine a new trend in bondholder activism, using a sample of companies failed to timely file their financial statements. In contrast with historical inaction, bondholders start to actively enforce their rights, when facing technical defaults. Stock price drops and bond price increases when activist bondholders attack the late-filing firms for bond covenant violation. We find that activist bondholders are more likely to target firms with more cash, less bank monitoring, and under greater influence of dedicated institutional shareholders. The study provides insight into the nature and contributing factors of bondholder activism.
De anzuelos y espejos o cómo encontrar la salida al laberinto de la alienación

In El Martin Pescador, Luis Duran creates an interesting oneiric universe that reflects on power, identity, childhood and memories. In this article, I explore the topic of alienation through the study of the mirror and the maze as literary tropes. We start from a Lacanian study of alienation as lack, which sets the hero in a limited goods situation that triggers his journey. Through the analysis of formal features, symbolism and intertextuality in El Martin Pescador, I propose three types of mazes as a reflection of the hero’s itinerary within the city. This reading finally suggests that Martin’s alienation is solved by acquiring a metaphorical language provided by his journey through the oneiric world.
Developing Standards for Post-Hoc Weighting in Population-Based Survey Experiments

Weighting techniques are employed to generalize results from survey experiments to populations of theoretical and substantive interest. Although weighting is often viewed as a second-order methodological issue, these adjustment methods invoke untestable assumptions about the nature of sample selection and potential heterogeneity in the treatment effect. Therefore, although weighting is a useful technique in estimating population quantities, it can introduce bias and also be used as a researcher degree of freedom. We review survey experiments published in three major journals from 2000–2015 and find that there are no standard operating procedures for weighting survey experiments. We argue that all survey experiments should report the sample average treatment effect (SATE). Researchers seeking to generalize to a broader population can weight to estimate the population average treatment effect (PATE), but should discuss the construction and application of weights in a detailed and transparent manner given the possibility that weighting can introduce bias.
SIROLIMUS ASSOCIATED PERICARDITIS

Sirolimus is an immunosuppressive agent used following renal transplants. Its ability to cause pericardial effusions remains an under-recognized adverse event with few cases reported. A 42 year old male post renal transplantation on sirolimus, presented to hospital with chest pain. An
Acute Radiation Sickness

The risk of a crew suffering from acute radiation syndrome (ARS) has been identified as a significant threat during future exploration class missions [1, 2] (Fig. 7.1). The syndrome includes symptoms that occur within hours to days following exposure to radiation (Table 7.1).
Peter Singer's ``Heavy Petting'' and the Politics of Animal Sexual Assault

This essay confronts PeterSinger's (2001a) controversial suggestion thathuman-animal sexual relations should betolerated if they do not involve cruelty, apseudo-liberal position contradicted by theauthor's recent testimony in favor of a Bill tocriminalise bestiality. Against Singer, thisarticle argues that human-animal sex is a harmthat is wrong for the same reasons as isinter-human assault – because it involvescoercion, produces pain and suffering, andviolates the rights of another being. Positively, however, Singer's text opens up fora much overdue discussion some difficultquestions about the politics of animal sexualassault.
Current Feedback Compensation Circuit for 2T1C LED Displays: Analysis and Evaluation

In this paper, the analysis of a current feedback compensation architecture compatible with pixels having the 2-transistors and 1-capacitor structure is evaluated. The aim of the circuit presented and analyzed, is to cleanly reach a programming pixel current level below 50 nA with an average 10% of error. Here, we also present the method to achieve robustness in the operation of the loop, observed through a series of measurements. All the peripheral blocks implementing the design are presented and analyzed through simulations as well as verified experimentally. Sources of noise are identified and eliminated, while the new techniques for better isolation from digital noise are described and tested on a newly fabricated driver. Multiple versions of the previously proposed circuit are outlined, simulated, fabricated, and measured to evaluate their performance.
Going to College without Going to Campus: A Case Study of Online Student Recruitment.

Despite the financial benefits generally associated with expanding student enrollment through online education, many institutions may not know how to recruit online students. This case study drew upon interviews with 27 administrators from four public research universities in order to better understand how to recruit students for exclusively online degree programs. Findings revealed that administrators identify the characteristics and needs of prospective online students, outline which non-academic services can be outsourced to alleviate cost burdens, identify ways to leverage the institutional brand as indistinguishable from the individual online program, and prioritize personalized student interactions throughout the online student recruitment process.
Direct, One-Pot Syntheses of MOFs Decorated with Low-ValentMetal-Phosphine Complexes

We demonstrate a simple and generalizable method for the one pot, in situ formation of bimetallic metal–organic framework (MOF) materials decorated with crystallographically defined, low-valent metal sites. Solvothermal reactions between poly(carboxylated) aryl(phosphine) ligands and mixtures of higher- and lower-valent metal precursors achieves concomitant P–M complexation and MOF formation via metal–carboxylate network bonding. This method is demonstrated in the preparation of two new phosphine coordination materials, PCM-107 and PCM-74, which feature Ar3P–AuX (X = Cl, Br) and chelated PN–Cu2I2–PN units as the MOF building blocks, respectively. PCM-107 is an active catalyst for alkyne hydroaddition, while PCM-74 shows promise for the crystallization of MOFs bearing kinetically favored isomers.
Effects of a multimodal analgesic pathway with transversus abdominis plane block for lumbar spine fusion: a prospective feasibility trial.

Lumbar spine fusion with anterior (ALIF) or lateral (LLIF) approach is a moderately painful procedure associated with significant length of hospital stay (LoS) and opioid requirements. We developed an opioid-sparing analgesic pathway of care for ALIF and LLIF, featuring transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of performing the TAP block as an analgesic adjunct for ALIF or LLIF. This is a prospective feasibility study of 32 patients. All patients received pre-incisional TAP block, regularly scheduled non-opioid analgesics (gabapentin, acetaminophen, ketorolac), and oral tramadol, as needed. The primary feasibility outcomes were rates of recruitment, adherence and adverse events associated with the TAP block. Secondary outcomes included assessment of TAP block efficacy and duration, numeric rating scale (NRS) pain scores, LoS and opioid consumption. Thirty-three patients were approached for the study, and all were enrolled. One patient did not have surgery. All patients received the intervention. There were no block-related adverse events. PACU NRS scores were significantly lower (1.9 ± 3.0) than at postoperative day 1 (POD1; 3.3 ± 2.5). The TAP block was effective in 31/32 patients, with 1 failed block. Median LoS was 26.8 h (IQR 22.8–49.5 h). Median opioid consumption was 57.5 oral morphine equivalents (IQR 30–74.38). One patient required opioid iv patient-controlled analgesia. Applying TAP block to spine surgery is a novel pain management strategy. This study demonstrates high patient acceptance and the general safety of the technique. Although lacking a control arm, these results also provide preliminary data supporting efficacy. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986: Impact On Hospitality Industries

In her discussion The Tax Reform Act Of 1986: Impact On Hospitality Industries by Elisa S. Moncarz, Associate Professor, the School of Hospitality Management at Florida International University, Professor Moncarz initially states: “After nearly two years of considering the overhaul of the federal tax system, Congress enacted the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The impact of this legislation is expected to affect virtually all individuals and businesses associated with the hospitality industry. This article discusses some of the major provisions of the tax bill, emphasizing those relating to the hospitality service industries and contrasting relevant provisions with prior law on their positive and negative effects to the industry. “On October 22, 1986, President Reagan signed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA 86) with changes so pervasive that a recodification of the income tax laws became necessary...,” Professor Moncarz says in providing a basic history of the bill. Two, very important paragraphs underpin TRA 86, and this article. They should not be under-estimated. The author wants you to know: “With the passage of TRA 86, the Reagan administration achieved the most important single domestic initiative of Reagan's second term, a complete restructuring of the federal tax system in an attempt to re-establish fairness in the tax code...,” an informed view, indeed. “These changes will result in an estimated shift of over $100 billion of the tax burden from individuals to corporations over the next five years [as of this article],” Professor Moncarz enlightens. “...TRA 86 embraces a conversion to the view that lowering tax rates and eliminating or restricting tax preferences (i.e., loopholes) “would be more economically and socially productive.” Hence, economic decisions would be based on economic efficiency as opposed to tax effect,” the author asserts. “...both Congress and the administration recognized from its inception that the reform of the tax code must satisfy three basic goals,” and these goals are identified for you. Professor Moncarz outlines the positive impact TRA 86 will have on the U.S. economy in general, but also makes distinctions the ‘Act will have on specific segments of the business community, with a particular eye toward the hospitality industry and food-service in particular. Professor Moncarz also provides graphs to illustrate the comparative tax indexes of select companies, encompassing the years 1883-through-1985. Deductibility and its importance are discussed as well. The author foresees Limited Partnerships, employment, and even new hotel construction and/or rehabilitation being affected by TRA 86. The article, as one would assume from this type of discussion, is liberally peppered with facts and figures.
Applying Inverse Probability Weighting to Measure Contraceptive Prevalence Using Data from a Community-Based Reproductive Health Intervention in Pakistan.

Context Many community-based reproductive health programs use their program data to monitor progress toward goals. However, using such data to assess programmatic impact on outcomes such as contraceptive use poses methodological challenges. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) may help overcome these issues. Methods Data on 33,162 women collected in 2013-2015 as part of a large-scale community-based reproductive health initiative were used to produce population-level estimates of the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) and modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) among married women aged 15-49 in Pakistan's Korangi District. To account for the nonrandom inclusion of women in the sample, estimates of contraceptive prevalence during the study's four seven-month intervention periods were made using IPW; these estimates were compared with estimates made using complete case analysis (CCA) and the last observation carried forward (LOCF) method-two approaches for which modeling assumptions are less flexible. Results In accordance with intervention protocols, the likelihood that women were visited by intervention personnel and thus included in the sample differed according to their past and current contraceptive use. Estimates made using IPW suggest that the CPR increased from 51% to 64%, and the mCPR increased from 34% to 53%, during the study. For both outcomes, IPW estimates were higher than CCA estimates, were generally similar to LOCF estimates and yielded the widest confidence intervals. Conclusion IPW offers a powerful methodology for overcoming estimation challenges when using program data that are not representative of the population in settings where cost impedes collection of outcome data for an appropriate control group.
Christopher Seitz and the Priority of the Christ Event

While Seitz’s The Elder Testament: Canon, Theology, Trinity shows some sympathy for historical-critical readings of the Old Testament, he rightly insists on a theological starting point: he maintai...
Spatial activity participation in childhood and adolescence: consistency and relations to spatial thinking in adolescence

Prior research has revealed positive effects of spatial activity participation (e.g., playing with blocks, sports) on current and future spatial skills. However, research has not examined the degree to which spatial activity participation remains stable over time, and little is known about how participating in spatial activities at multiple points in development impacts spatial thinking. In this study, adolescents completed measures of spatial thinking and questionnaires assessing their current and previous participation in spatial activities. Participation in childhood spatial activities predicted adolescent spatial activity participation, and the relation was stronger for females than for males. Adolescents’ current participation in spatial activities predicted spatial thinking skills, whereas participation in childhood spatial activities predicted adolescents’ spatial habits of mind, even when accounting for factors such as gender and academic performance. No cumulative benefit was incurred due to participating in spatial activities in both childhood and adolescence, and a lack of spatial activities in childhood was not made up for by later spatial activity participation. These findings reveal a consistently positive relationship in spatial activity participation between childhood and adolescence. Results highlight the importance of participating in spatial activities during childhood, and underscore the differential impact that participation in spatial activities during childhood versus adolescence has on different facets of adolescents’ spatial thinking. Implications for the timing of interventions is discussed.
Bargaining With Endogenous Learning

I study a discrete-time dynamic bargaining game in which a buyer can choose to learn privately about her value of the good. Information generation takes time and is endogenous. After learning, the buyer can disclose verifiable evidence of her valuation to the seller. Examples include venture capital negotiations or procurement of new technologies, which sometimes feature significant delay due to endogenous costly learning. The buyer receives informational rents for any period-length only if learning is costly. The high-frequency limits of stationary equilibria result in a folk- theorem type of result about the delay until agreement. Maximal delay is achieved in equilibria with mixed pricing. Near the high-frequency limit, all stationary equilibria feature non-extreme prices and non-extreme payoffs. The analysis allows for closed-form solutions and for comparative statics.
The pictures who shall not be named: Empirical support for benefits of preview in the Visual World Paradigm

A common critique of the Visual World Paradigm (VWP) in psycholinguistic studies is that what is designed as a measure of language processes is meaningfully altered by the visual context of the task. This is crucial, particularly in studies of spoken word recognition, where the displayed images are usually seen as just a part of the measure and are not of fundamental interest. Many variants of the VWP allow participants to sample the visual scene before a trial begins. However, this could bias their interpretations of the later speech or even lead to abnormal processing strategies (e.g., comparing the input to only preactivated working memory representations). Prior work has focused only on whether preview duration changes fixation patterns. However, preview could affect a number of processes, such as visual search, that would not challenge the interpretation of the VWP. The present study uses a series of targeted manipulations of the preview period to ask if preview alters looking behavior during a trial, and why. Results show that evidence of incremental processing and phonological competition seen in the VWP are not dependent on preview, and are not enhanced by manipulations that directly encourage phonological prenaming. Moreover, some forms of preview can eliminate nuisance variance deriving from object recognition and visual search demands in order to produce a more sensitive measure of linguistic processing. These results deepen our understanding of how the visual scene interacts with language processing to drive fixations patterns in the VWP, and reinforce the value of the VWP as a tool for measuring real-time language processing. Stimuli, data and analysis scripts are available at https://osf.io/b7q65/.
The Spatial Context of Food Assistance: Examining Local Food Assistance Environment in the Context of SNAP

We develop the concept of the local food assistance environment to examine how spatial access to different local food assistance resources might shape food assistance program participation. Using u...
Two-Year College Students Report Multiple Benefits From Participation in an Integrated Geoscience Research, Coursework, and Outreach Internship Program:

Objective: Despite the availability of high-paying, high-demand careers, few women and students from underrepresented racial and ethnic minorities enter undergraduate programs understanding what th...
Maneuverable gait selection for a novel fish-inspired robot using a CMA-ES-assisted workflow.

Among underwater vehicles, fish-inspired designs are often selected for their efficient gaits; these designs, however, remain limited in their maneuverability, especially in confined spaces. This paper presents a new design for a fish-inspired robot with two degree-of-freedom pectoral fins and a single degree-of-freedom caudal fin. This robot has been designed to operate in open-channel canals in the presence of external disturbances. With the complex interactions of water in mind, the composition of goal-specific swimming gaits is trained via a machine learning workflow in which automated trials in the lab are used to select a subset of potential gaits for outdoor trials. The goal of this process is to minimize the time cost of outdoor experimentation through the identification and transfer of high-performing gaits with the understanding that, in the absence of complete replication of the intended target environment, some or many of these gaits must be eliminated in the real world. This process is motivated by the challenge of balancing the optimization of complex, high degree-of-freedom robots for disturbance-heavy, random, niche environments against the limitations of current machine learning techniques in real-world experiments, and has been used in the design process as well as across a number of locomotion goals. The key contribution of this paper involves finding strategies that leverage online learning methods to train a bio-inspired fish robot by identifying high-performing gaits that have a consistent performance both in the laboratory experiments and the intended operating environment. Using the workflow described herein, the resulting robot can reach a forward swimming speed of 0.385 m s-1(0.71 body lengths per second) and can achieve a near-zero turning radius.
PLEXIFORM SCHWANNOMA INVOLVING THE ANTERIOR MANDIBLE

BACKGROUND Schwannomas and neurofibromas are common benign neoplasms originating from the peripheral nerves. These neoplasms originating in the oral and para-oral tissues, especially involving the jaw, are extremely rare. Plexiform schwannoma is a unique variant in which the Schwann cells demonstrate a unique plexiform pattern. A literature search revealed only 2 case reports of plexiform schwannoma involving the jaws. CASE REPORT A 47-year-old male patient was referred for consultation by his dentist for evaluation and diagnosis of a radiolucency in the anterior mandible with no apparent odontogenic/clinical etiology. The patient complained of sensitivity in this region and occasional radiating pain. Clinical examination showed no signs of infection or inflammation. The patient denied any known medical disease or history of surgeries. Cone beam computed tomography examination revealed a large, well-defined, hypodense, partially corticated lesion in the anterior mandible with evidence of impingement of the facial cortex, resulting in a scooped-out defect. The radiologic differential interpretation included peripheral ameloblastoma and peripheral giant cell granuloma. An incisional biopsy was recommended to determine the nature of this entity. Microscopic examination revealed a multicircumscribed, lobular mass bounded by a thin fibrous connective tissue capsule. Each lobule was composed of streaming fascicles of spindle-shaped cells, some of which formed a palisading arrangement. Immunohistochemistry was positive for protein S-100 and epithelial membrane antigen, which confirmed the diagnosis of plexiform schwannoma. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS This is an unusual case of a unique variant of schwannoma, in this case a plexiform type, which is an extremely rare neurogenic neoplasm. This atypical presentation and location of the lesion, which mimics other peripheral benign neoplasms, highlights the importance of a systematic workup with the aid of the appropriate diagnostic tools for ideal patient care. It demonstrates the important role of immunohistochemistry to confirm the nature of this entity.
Longitudinal patterns in sediment type and quality during daily flow regimes and following natural hazards in an urban estuary: a Hurricane Harvey retrospective

Understanding the transport of sediments in urban estuaries and their effects on water quality and microorganisms is a convergent challenge that has yet to be addressed especially as a result of natural hazards that affect the hydrodynamics of estuarine systems. This study provides a holistic view of the longitudinal nature and character of sediment in an urban estuary, the Galveston Bay Estuary System (GBES), under daily and extreme flow regimes and presents the results of water and sediment sampling after Hurricane Harvey. The sediment sampling quantified total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations, metal concentrations, and the diversity of microbial communities. The results revealed the impact of the substantial sediment loads that were transported into the GBES in terms of sediment grain type, the spatial distribution of trace metals, and the diversity of microbial communities. A measurable shift in the percentage of silt relative to historical norms was noted in the GBES after Hurricane Harvey. Not only did sediment metal data confirms this shift and its ensuing impact on metal concentrations; microbial data provided ample evidence of the effect of leaks and spills from wastewater treatment plants, superfund sites, and industrial runoff on microbial diversity. The research demonstrates the importance of understanding longitudinal sediment transport and deposition in estuarine systems under daily flow regimes but more critically, following natural hazard events to ensure sustainability and resilience of systems such as the GBES that encounter numerous acute and chronic stresses.
Trends in fall-related encounters and predictors of non-transport at a US Emergency Medical Services Agency.

Non-transport to a hospital after emergency medical services (EMS) encounters for falls is common. However, incident factors associated with non-transport have not been well studied, especially beyond older adults. The objectives of this study are to (1) describe trends in fall-related EMS utilisation among adult patients from 2010 to 2018; (2) describe incident characteristics by age; and (3) identify incident factors associated with non-transport following a fall. This retrospective observational study includes prehospital clinical records data on falls from a large ambulance service in Minnesota, USA. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the independent association between non-transport and the following factors: sex, age, race, previous fall-related EMS encounter, incident location and primary impression. Of 62,835 fall-related encounters studied, 14.7% (9,245) did not result in transport by EMS. Fall calls were less common among younger people and the location and medical conditions primarily treated by an EMS provider during a 9-1-1 call differed greatly from those occurring among patients 65 and older. Factors most strongly associated with an increased risk of non-transport in the multivariable model were a primary impression of 'No apparent illness/injury' (OR = 34.5, 95% CI = 30.7-38.7), falling in a public location (OR = 2.09, CI = 1.96-2.22) and having had a fall-related EMS encounter during the prior year (OR = 1.15, CI = 1.1-1.2). Falls that occur in public locations, in patients with a previous fall, or result in no clinical detection of apparent illness or injury have a significantly increased odds of non-transport. Non-transport fall incidents in the United States require significant agency resources. Knowledge about the incident factors associated with non-transport calls is informative for development of alternative models for prehospital care delivery and initiatives to better serve patients.
The carboxyl‐terminal domain of murine H1°

The carboxyl-terminal domain of murine H1(0) histone was compared with that of human H1(0), bovine H1(0) and other H1 and H5 histones. Two sets of antibodies were induced by murine H1(0). One set reacted with only the carboxyl-terminal domain of murine H1(0) and preferred the murine over the bovine and human proteins. The second set of antibodies reacted with the globular domain of murine H1(0) and did not distinguish among murine, bovine and human H1(0) species. There were five positions in the first 60 residues of the carboxyl-terminal domain in which the murine H1(0) differed from the human H1(0). In this region, the murine H1(0) had no more than 49% overall homology with other H1 and H5 histones; however, short sequences in the domain were very similar to short sequences that occur in rabbit H1.3, trout H1 and goose or chicken H5. In comparisons based on these and other published data, the carboxyl-terminal domain of H1(0) is found to be more variable among species than is the globular domain; the first two-thirds of the H1(0) carboxyl-terminal domain is largely unique and does not show great overall homology with H1 or H5, whereas the last third is again more conserved. As the first two-thirds of the domain is the only portion where the homology with H5 is less than 50%, it may be responsible for functional differences between H1(0) and H5.
String kernels of imperfect matches for off-target detection in RNA interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism frequently used to study gene functions and knock down viral genes. RNAi has been regarded as a highly effective means of gene repression. However, an “off-target effect” deteriorates its specificity and applicability. The complete off-target effects can only be characterized by examining all factors through systematic investigation of each gene in a genome. However, this complete investigation is too expensive to conduct experimentally which motivates a computational study. The sequence matching between an siRNA and its target mRNA allows for mismatches, G-U wobbles, and the secondary structure bulges, in addition to exact matches. To simulate these matching features, we propose string kernels measuring the similarity between two oligonucleotides and develop novel efficient implementations for RNAi off-target detection. We apply the algorithms for off-target errors in C. elegans and human.