cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High throughput phenotyping of Camelina sativa seeds for crude protein, total oil, and fatty acids profile by near infrared spectroscopy

Abstract Fast, non-destructive methods for determining the seed composition of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz would be beneficial in evaluating germplasm for important agronomic traits. In this study, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) methods were developed and evaluated for conducting non-destructive, high throughput phenotyping of seed quality traits. Crude protein and total oil content for 85 accessions (63 summer- and 22 winter-biotypes) were first determined by established wet chemistry methodology; whereas, for fatty acid profiles 173 accessions (149 summer- and 24 winter-biotypes) were determined using Gas Chromatography (GC). The wet chemistry and GC data were used to develop NIRS calibration equations for each trait. Based on the wet chemistry data obtained from 85 accessions, mean crude protein content was significantly less in summer (300 g kg−1) than in winter (315 g kg−1) biotypes (P ≤ 0.05) and total oil was greater in seeds of summer (351 g kg−1) than that of winter (326 g kg−1) biotypes. Coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.979 and 0.894, respectively) and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD = 9.15 and 4.33, respectively) for crude protein and oil content indicated a high level of confidence for predicting these traits using NIRS. Evaluation of all 173 accessions by NIRS did not appreciably change the predicted mean crude protein content of summer- and winter-biotypes; however, it did change the predicted mean total oil content of summer biotypes (260 g kg−1), which was significantly less than predicted for winter biotypes (323 g kg−1). Fatty acids contents were not significantly different between summer- and winter-biotypes. The most abundant fatty acid was linolenic acid (18:3) ranging from 22.8 to 38.4%, followed by linoleic acid (18:2) at 15.2–27.1%, eicosenoic acid (20:1) at 11.6–18.2%, and oleic acid (18:1) at 9.1–22.1%. Calibration models for the main fatty acids oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and eicosenoic acids had r2 values of 0.718, 0.790, 0.828, and 0.586, respectively. Results of this study indicate that NIRS has potential as a non-destructive, high throughput method for determining quality traits of camelina seed.
Complex Febrile Seizures: An Update

Febrile seizures are the most common seizures in childhood. Febrile seizures are divided into two groups: simple and complex. Simple febrile seizures (SFS) are generalized, short, and occur only once in 24 hours. Complex febrile seizures are prolonged, focal, or repeat more than once in 24 hours. Around 35% of children experience complex features as part of their initial seizure event. These children have more chances of complex recurrences than children with SFS. While the guidelines for SFS remain clear, there are no clear guidelines for the evaluation of children with complex febrile seizures. The conflicting results about electroencephalography (EEG) utilization preclude drawing meaningful conclusions. An EEG can be obtained in children with persistent alteration of consciousness after the seizure, and emergent neuroimaging is not required in most cases. Due to low incidence of bacterial meningitis in the post-vaccination era, it is reasonable to perform lumbar puncture (LP) only if there is clinical concern for central nervous system infection. LP should also be considered in children between 6 and 12 months of age with incomplete or unknown vaccination status or who have been previously treated with antibiotics. Further, antipyretics are used to make children more comfortable during the febrile process, but are ineffective in reducing the rate of seizure reoccurrence. Continuous antiepileptic therapy and intermittent oral diazepam are effective in the prevention of subsequent febrile seizures, but they do not reduce the risk of epilepsy and have potential unwanted side effects. In specific circumstances, the benefits of antiseizure medications may outweigh the risks. Treatment may be a consideration in cases of febrile status: patients with electroclinical features suggesting a specific epilepsy syndrome or children with limited access to health care services.
auto_diff: An Automatic Differentiation Package For Python

We present auto_diff, a package that performs automatic differentiation of numerical Python code. auto_diff overrides Python’s NumPy package’s functions, augmenting them with seamless automatic differentiation capabilities. Notably, auto_diff is non-intrusive, i.e., the code to be differentiated does not require auto_diff-specific alterations. We illustrate auto_diff on electronic devices, a circuit simulation, and a mechanical system simulation. In our evaluations so far, we found that running simulations with auto_diff takes less than 4 times as long as simulations with hand-written differentiation code. We believe that auto_diff, which was written after attempts to use existing automatic differentiation packages on our applications ran into difficulties, caters to an important need within the numerical Python community. We have attempted to write this paper in a tutorial style to make it accessible to those without prior background in automatic differentiation techniques and packages. We have released auto_diff as open source on GitHub.
A Verified Simulation Method for Image Charge Detection with Non-cylindrical Electrodes

We present a novel and thorough simulation technique to understand image charge generated from charged particles on a printed-circuit-board (PCB) detector. The simulation technique analyzes how different parameters such as the position, velocity, and charge magnitude of a particle affect the image charge and the amplifier output. It also enables the designer to directly import signals into circuit simulation software to analyze the full signal conversion process from the image charge to the amplifier output. A novel measurement setup using a Venturi vacuum system shoots single particles through a PCB detector containing patterned electrodes to verify our simulation.
From a Distant Shore to the War at Home: 9/11 and Kashmir

This essay reflects on how the dominant US framing of the events of 9/11 was appropriated by dominant states to repress struggles for freedom and justice in the name of “global war on terror.” Focu...
Unraveling patterns of disrupted gene expression across a complex tissue

Whole tissue RNASeq is the standard approach for studying gene expression divergence in evolutionary biology and provides a snapshot of the comprehensive transcriptome for a given tissue. However, whole tissues consist of diverse cell types differing in expression profiles, and the cellular composition of these tissues can evolve across species. Here, we investigate the effects of different cellular composition on whole tissue expression profiles. We compared gene expression from whole testes and enriched spermatogenesis populations in two species of house mice, Mus musculus musculus and M. m. domesticus, and their sterile and fertile F1 hybrids, which differ in both cellular composition and regulatory dynamics. We found that cellular composition differences skewed expression profiles and differential gene expression in whole testes samples. Importantly, both approaches were able to detect large-scale patterns such as disrupted X chromosome expression although whole testes sampling resulted in decreased power to detect differentially expressed genes. We encourage researchers to account for histology in RNASeq and consider methods that reduce sample complexity whenever feasible. Ultimately, we show that differences in cellular composition between tissues can modify expression profiles, potentially altering inferred gene ontological processes, insights into gene network evolution, and processes governing gene expression evolution.
Amygdaloid theta-band power increases during conflict processing in humans

Abstract The amygdala is a medial temporal lobe structure known to be involved in processing emotional conflict. However, its role in processing non-emotional conflict is not well understood. Previous studies have utilized the Stroop Task to examine brain modulation of humans under the color-word conflict scenario, which is non-emotional conflict processing, and found hippocampal theta-band (4–7 Hz) modulation. This study aims to survey amygdaloid theta power changes during non-emotional conflict processing using intracranial depth electrodes in nine epileptic patients (3 female; age 20–62). All patients were asked to perform a modified Stroop task. During task performance, local field potential (LFP) data was recorded from macro contacts sampled at 2 K Hz and used for analysis. Mean theta power change from baseline was compared between the incongruent and congruent task condition groups using a paired sample t-test. Seven patients were available for analysis after artifact exclusion. In five out of seven patients, statistically significant increases in theta-band power from baseline were noted during the incongruent task condition (paired sample t-test p
Adapting the 5-factor modified frailty index for prediction of postprocedural outcome in patients with unruptured aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE The 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) is a practical tool that can be used to estimate frailty by measuring five accessible factors: functional status, history of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and hypertension. The authors aimed to validate the utility of mFI-5 for predicting endovascular and microsurgical treatment outcomes in patients with unruptured aneurysms. METHODS A prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients with unruptured aneurysm who were treated with clip placement or endovascular therapy was used. Because patient age is an important predictor of treatment outcomes in patients with unruptured aneurysm, mFI-5 was supplemented with age to create the age-supplemented mFI-5 (AmFI-5). Associations of scores on these indices with major complications (symptomatic ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, or surgical site infection requiring reoperation) were evaluated. Validation was carried out with the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database (2006-2017). RESULTS The institutional database included 275 patients (88 underwent clip placement, and 187 underwent endovascular treatment). Multivariable analysis of the surgical cohort showed that major complication was significantly associated with mFI-5 (OR 2.0, p = 0.046) and AmFI-5 (OR 1.9, p = 0.028) scores. Significant predictive accuracy for major complications was provided by mFI-5 (c-statistic = 0.709, p = 0.011) and AmFI-5 (c-statistic = 0.720, p = 0.008). The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System (ASA) provided poor discrimination (area under the curve = 0.541, p = 0.618) that was significantly less than that of mFI-5 (p = 0.023) and AmFI-5 (p = 0.014). Optimal relative fit was achieved with AmFI-5, which had the lowest Akaike information criterion value. Similar results were obtained after equivalent analysis of the endovascular cohort, with additional significant associations between index scores and length of stay (β = 0.6 and p = 0.009 for mFI-5; β = 0.5 and p = 0.003 for AmFI-5). In 1047 patients who underwent clip placement and were included in the NSQIP database, mFI-5 (p = 0.001) and AmFI-5 (p < 0.001) scores were significantly associated with severe postoperative adverse events and provided greater discrimination (c-statistic = 0.600 and p < 0.001 for mFI-5; c-statistic = 0.610 and p < 0.001 for AmFI-5) than ASA score (c-statistic = 0.580 and p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS mFI-5 and AmFI-5 represent potential predictors of procedure-related complications in unruptured aneurysm patients. After further validation, integration of these tools into clinical workflows may optimize patients for intervention.
Unjust Enrichment in Heartbreak Cases

The principle of unjust enrichment is susceptible to varying interpretations, which reflect importantly different conceptions of how courts should decide cases and develop law. The consequences of different possible interpretations of the unjust enrichment principle are nicely illustrated by a group of cases involving restitution claims between former cohabitants. Claims of this kind are endorsed by the new Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment (now in preparation). In recognizing these claims, the Restatement adopts an "equitable" interpretation of unjust enrichment for this category of cases, one that licenses courts to disregard rules and engage in particularistic decision-making. This is surprising in light of the generally rule-oriented approach to restitution endorsed in the initial sections of the Restatement. It also carries with it a number of dangers, which are evident in the context of cohabitant claims.
Products of Measures

Just before Lemma 3.2.2, we introduced the product (E 1 × E 2, B 1 × B 2) of two measurable spaces (E l, B 1) and (E 2, B 2). We now want to show that if \({\mu _i},i \in \left\{ {1,2} \right\}\), is a measure on (E i , B i ), then, under reasonable conditions, there is a unique measure v on (E 1 × E 2, B 1 × B 2) with the property that \(v\left( {{\Gamma _1} \times {\Gamma _2}} \right) = {\mu _1}\left( {{\Gamma _1}} \right)\mu \left( {{\Gamma _2}} \right)\) for all \({\Gamma _i} \in {B_i}\).
Prey-specific foraging tactics in a web-building spider

Predator foraging behaviour can have important impacts on trophic-web structure, and on biological control. In agroecosystems, foraging-tactic selection may determine whether the predator feeds on pest or nonpest prey. We examined the foraging behaviour of a flexibly-foraging web-building spider in response to pest (aphids) and nonpest prey (springtails) aiming to assess the potential role of predator foraging behaviour in biological control. Spiders were allowed to choose between simulated microhabitats with and without a given prey item aiming to determine what tactics spiders would use to forage for the given prey. Spiders preferred microhabitats with aphid prey over paired microhabitats with no prey but showed no preference for springtail prey. Spiders rarely constructed webs in response to aphids but frequently utilized web-construction tactics in the presence of springtails. These findings demonstrate that predators can regulate their foraging activity to maximize the consumption of specific prey items. In the many cases where pest and nonpest prey differ in ecology, prey-specific foraging tactics such as these may limit the usefulness of natural enemies in pest suppression: high-quality, nonpest prey may cause shifts in predator behaviour that reduce consumption of pest prey. Therefore, nonpest prey can have behaviour-mediated, indirect effects on biological control.
Peak power reduction in OFDM and DMT via active channel modification

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and discrete multitone (DMT) modulation offer many advantages for digital data transmission and have been adopted for several important standards. Their primary drawback is a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAR). Methods which introduce compensation signals in unused channels, first developed by Gatherer and Polley (see Proceedings of the 31st Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, p.578-84, 1997), are among the more promising methods for reducing the PAR. However these methods apply only to systems with unused channels or require the sacrifice of data rate for PAR reduction. We present a new method for PAR reduction using active (data-carrying) channels which dynamically moves outer constellation points, within margin-preserving constraints, to minimize the peak magnitude. This scheme simultaneously decreases the bit error rate slightly while substantially reducing the peak magnitude; simulations show peak reductions of slightly more than 6 dB.
Boom and Bust in Power Plant Construction: Lessons from the California Electricity Crisis

This article argues that competitive electricity markets are prone to the same cycles of boom and bust that appear in commodity markets and in a specialized industry like real estate. The article then demonstrates how boom and bust might appear in the western electricity system using computer simulation. A “business as usual” simulation shows that the west might be at the crest of a building boom and on the verge of a bust in wholesale prices. Without fundamental changes in the wholesale markets, the next construction boom would come too late to prevent a decline in reserve margins and the reappearance of price spikes. If we continue with the current market structure, we run the risk of exposing the western electricity markets to another round of reliability alerts and price spikes. The article concludes with suggestions for alternative market structures in California and a discussion of whether these suggestions apply to other countries engaged in electricity restructuring.
Entry Mode Decisions: The Role of Managers' Mental Models

Abstract This study suggests that past research on entry mode choices has assumed that managers rely on comprehensive decision-making mechanisms. Based on a series of interviews conducted at two international companies, it is shown that managerial representations developed in domestic markets are more likely to guide entry mode choices. Several propositions are presented to highlight the role of managers' mental models in entry mode decisions. These propositions are then illustrated with concrete examples provided by interview participants. Managerial implications and directions for future research are discussed.
A Formal Definition of Binary Topological Relationships

The exploration of spatial relationships is a multi-disciplinary effort involving researchers from linguistics, cognitive science, psychology, geography, cartography, semiology, computer science, surveying engineering, and mathematics. Terms like close and far or North and South are not as clearly understood as the standard relationships between integer numbers. The treatment of relationships among spatial objects is an essential task in geographic data processing and CAD/CAM. Spatial query languages, for example, must offer terms for spatial relationships; spatial database management systems need algorithms to determine relationships. Hence, a formal definition of spatial relationships is necessary to clarify the users' diverse understanding of spatial relationships and to actually deduce relationships among spatial objects. Based upon such formalisms, spatial reasoning and inference will be possible.
The effects of ascorbic acid deficiency on calcium and collagen metabolism in cultured fetal rat bones

The effects of ascorbic acid deficiency on growth and calcification of bone were studied in whole 18-day fetal rat radii and ulnae cultured in a chemically defined medium. Ascorbic acid deficiency decreased the formation of labeled hydroxyproline from labeled proline in both bone shafts and cartilage ends while incorporation of tryptophan was maintained. Dry weights and collagen content of bone and cartilage were decreased, but calcification was not affected. The optimum initial concentration of ascorbic acid for collagen synthesis was 200 μg/ml. The effect of ascorbic acid was not antagonized by glucoascorbic acid or replaced by dithiothreitol. Decreased collagen synthesis in ascorbic acid deficiency could not be ascribed to loss of available peptidyl proline hydroxylase. Formation of underhydroxylated collagen and its release into the medium accounted for much of the decrease in hydroxylated collagen in ascorbic acid deficient bones. Nevertheless, the total newly synthesized collagen, as measured by collagenase digestion, was still decreased. Similar effects were exerted by α,α′-dipyridyl which also inhibited general protein synthesis. Ascorbic acid did not stimulate proline incorporation into collagen in the presence of α,α′-dipyridyl.
Communication in the Classroom for Children with Dual Sensory Impairments: Studies of Teacher and Child Behavior

The child with dual sensory impairments (DSI) may be unaware when a potential communication partner is present, may have no clearly recognizable or conventional means of communication, and may have learned that attempts to communicate go unheeded. These factors contribute to the low rates of communication often exhibited by these children and explain why communication training is a high priority in the classroom. In the classroom for students with DSI, it is generally the teacher or instructional assistant who is both the catalyst for, and the receiver of, communicative exchanges with students. Unfortunately, no published data exist to describe the rate of communicative behavior of children with DSI and the attempts of their teachers to encourage communication. This paper reports the results of two studies on the communication-related behavior of children with DSI and their teachers. In Study I, observations of the entire school day were made to determine overall rates of cues for communication provided b...
Control and reversal of the electrophoretic force on DNA in a charged nanopore

Electric field driven transport of DNA through solid-state nanopores is the key process in nanopore-based DNA sequencing that promises dramatic reduction of genome sequencing costs. A major hurdle in the development of this sequencing method is that DNA transport through the nanopores occurs too quickly for the DNA sequence to be detected. By means of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that the velocity of DNA transport through a nanopore can be controlled by the charge state of the nanopore surface. In particular, we show that the charge density of the nanopore surface controls the magnitude and/or direction of the electro-osmotic flow through the nanopore and thereby can significantly reduce or even reverse the effective electrophoretic force on DNA. Our work suggests a physical mechanism to control DNA transport in a nanopore by chemical, electrical or electrochemical modification of the nanopore surface.
Assessing environmental impact on riparian benthic community vigor with unconditional estimates of quantile differences

Quantile regression and an extension of a Oaxaca/Blinder decomposition are applied to US EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) Southwestern stream survey data to estimate the impact of physical and chemical stressors on benthic community fitness. Observations were collected in xeric and mountainous ecoregions with distinct natural environments, of diverse and confounding land uses, and exhibiting different ranges of benthic fitness. The behavior of the benthic community fitness at the extremes is of particular interest to resource managers for prioritizing stressors. Quantile regression characterizes behavior of specific response percentiles (the response for which the specified percent of population responses are at or below that value), depending on related conditions (covariates). In this application it is used to asses the change in association of fitness score and stream condition as the level of disturbance in stream segments changes. Quantile regression models the response behavior conditional on the covariates taken together. The Oaxaca/Blinder method estimates the unconditional effect of a particular covariate after accounting for explainable differences due to the rest of the covariates. Modeling the unconditional behavior provides a region-wide description of fitness-stressor associations. In this application, Melly’s (2006) extension of the Oaxaca/Blinder decomposition is employed to estimate differences between quantiles of stream segments with a stressor condition above or below a dividing threshold after accounting for differences due to the other conditions. The effect of having increased concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and increased levels of conductivity are generally more detrimental to benthic communities of streams segments that are more compromised.
11.1.1 An Approach to a Network Centric Product Development System

Current product development architectures range from vertically stove-piped organizational structure to dispersed organizational entities working in a collaborative manner. Various product development methodologies have been developed to speed the communication between product team members including co-location of the development team, email, scheduled telecom and video-com meetings, Internet Web casting to keep all team members in contact with one another. No company has implemented a network centric product development system that links all users in the product development process together in a single system where real time communication or shared databases are used or exist. This would require a company to change it business model as a network centric product development system requires closer cooperation between and within itself, subcontractors and suppliers. As an example, both Wal-Mart and Deutsche Morgan Grenfell have incorporated network centric systems into their business model with great success. Can the product development process be used on a network centric system? A Network Centric Product Development System requires a system configured and optimized to speed team communication and share product databases regardless of team member location or organizational affiliation.
Hysteresis losses in power-law cryoconductors. Part II

Abstract Simple formulas, given earlier (L. Dresner, Appl. Supercond., 4, 167 (1996)), for the AC hysteresis losses in high-temperature superconductors whose resistivity ϱ may be taken to vary as a power n of the current density J(ϱ = kJn), are compared with the results of numerical calculations presented by N. Amemiya et al. Paper MVA-I2, Applied Superconductivity Conference (ASC '96), Aug. 25–30, (1996), and found to agree well. When n → ∞, the formulas reduce to those of the critical-state model. Because the formulas are capable of rapid evaluation, they are well suited for use in design calculations.
Monopoly and the Distribution of Wealth: A Reappraisal

In a recent article William Comanor and Robert Smiley [1975] attempt assessment of the impact of multi-industry monopoly on the personal distribution of wealth in the United States. The conclusions of their study are striking: possibly one-half of existing wealth holdings by the richest 2.4 percent of American households is due entirely to capitalized monopoly gains. Yet the methods by which this and similar estimates are obtained suffer from certain difficulties: first with regard to the theoretical framework implicit in the estimation procedure, and second with regard to several parameters used in the application of this framework. The following two sections, respectively, present these difficulties.
A new application of the Hurwitz-Routh stability criteria

WHEN THE HURWITZ-ROUTH stability criteria are applied to an algebraic polynomial with real coefficients, the existence, or nonexistence, of unstable roots of the polynomial is revealed. However, if the polynomial contains all stable roots, the criteria do not give an indication of the relative stability of the roots. The latter information is frequently desired.
Effects of extracellular pH and phenolic monomers on glucose uptake by Fibrobacter succinogenes S85

Little change in glucose uptake by Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 was observed when the extracellular pH was between 8.0 and 6.5, but uptake was reduced 42 and 65% at pH values of 5.0 and 4.0, respectively. p-Coumaric acid and vanillin were the strongest inhibitors of glucose uptake by F. succinogenes S85, while ferulic acid was less inhibitory. Collectively, these results help to explain, in part, the growth inhibition observed when F. succinogenes S85 is exposed to low extracellular pH and phenolic monomers.
Epistemology and the tasks of feminist economics

This paper examines the implications of current epistemological debates for the work of feminist economists. Feminist economists must acknowledge (in accordance with recent developments in the study of science) that (a) inquirers can never be certain whether claims about the world are true; (b) scientific inquiry is permeated with “internal” and “external” values; and (c) beliefs are affected by inquirers' social locations. But feminists should not, it argues, embrace the “relativist” stance of some postmodern thinkers, or reject the ideal of “truth,” or argue that beliefs are strictly determined by inquirers' identities and interests. It seeks to outline an epistemological “middle ground” for feminist economics, between the extremes of exaggerated claims of certainty and a disempowering relativism.
Periodontal Disease in Association With Systemic Levels of Interleukin‐18 and CXC Ligand 16 in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization

Background: Interleukin (IL)-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine that is present in chronically inflamed tissues; IL-18 was positively associated with periodontitis and coronary artery disease (CAD). CXC ligand (CXCL) 16, a recently discovered chemokine, was identified in atherosclerotic lesions; its role in periodontal disease is largely unknown. This research study correlates periodontal parameters with systemic levels of IL-18 and CXCL16.Methods: Fifty-one patients who presented for clinically indicated coronary angiography received full-mouth periodontal examinations. The periodontal status of patients was defined using frequency distributions of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). Blood samples were collected during cardiac catheterization, and plasma levels of IL-18 and CXCL16 were analyzed. The severity of CAD was determined by the presence and extent of coronary artery stenosis. Correlations between periodontal parameters, levels of inflammatory mediators...
Fast-responding nonlinear phase shifter using a signal-wave gain medium

Using a full density matrix formalism we show that for a lifetime broadened four-level scheme with a signal wave gain medium a large nonlinear phase shift can be induced without signal wave slowdown and attenuation. In this system the signal wave acquires a large nonlinear phase shift and travels with superluminal propagation characteristics. This raises the possibility of rapidly responding nonlinear phase shifting and possibly phase gating devices for information science.
Breakup-fusion analysis of continuum spectra of alpha - and h-induced reactions.

Calculations are performed for the continuum spectra of protons, deuterons, and tritons emitted from \ensuremath{\alpha}- and h-induced reactions of the breakup type. It is shown that the sum of the elastic breakup and breakup-fusion contributions fit the major parts of the observed spectra, except for the (\ensuremath{\alpha}, p) case, where the theory underestimates experiment. It is then shown that the contributions from the quasi-elastic channel, in which T=1 dinucleons are created, account for most of the remaining (\ensuremath{\alpha},p) cross section. The quasi-elastic breakup and breakup-fusion are further shown to nicely fit two-proton coincidence data. The question of radial regions where the various modes of reactions dominantly occur is clarified, making it possible to understand why the various modes of reactions explain certain portions of the observed spectra.
A case for a heretical deontic semantics

Suppose that I promise you a horse in return for a favor you agreed to perform for me. I do not promise you any particular horse; I simply say, "I promise you a horse". When I fail to deliver on my promise, you complain that I have not given you what I owe you. But, I argue, I do not owe you anything. I have only three horses Morellus, Favellus, and Brunellus. I don't owe you any one of my horses any more than another. With respect to my promise, all three horses are on a par. Therefore, either I owe you all three horses, or I don't owe you any of them. Certainly I don't owe you all three, since I said I'd give you only one. So I owe you none that is, I don't owe you a horse.
Human lymphocytes making rheumatoid factor and antibody to ssDNA belong to Leu-1+ B-cell subset

B lymphocytes bearing the Leu-1 cell-surface antigen (Leu-1+), the human equivalent of mouse Ly-1+ B lymphocytes, have been detected in human peripheral blood, but there is little information on their frequency and properties. Analysis by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and double immunofluorescence showed that Leu-1+ B cells are consistently present in the peripheral blood and spleens of healthy subjects and constitute 17.0 +/- 5.0% (mean value +/- standard deviation) and 17.3 +/- 3.9%, respectively, of total B cells. When purified Leu-1+ and Leu-1- B lymphocytes were transformed into immunoglobulin-secreting cells by infection with Epstein-Barr virus and the culture fluids were tested for reactivity with self-antigens, at least two important autoantibodies, antibody to the Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin G (rheumatoid factor) and antibody to single-stranded DNA, were found to be made exclusively by Leu-1+ B cells. It is concluded that the Leu-1+ lymphocytes represent a major subset of the normal human B cell repertoire and include the B cells capable of making autoantibodies similar to those found in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Examining spatial patterns in affordable housing: the case of California density bonus implementation

California State Density Bonus Law §65915–18 financially incentivizes housing developers to produce affordable housing by granting density bonuses to those who designate a percentage of the total units for residence by low or moderate income households. By incorporating affordable housing units alongside market-rate units, state density bonus law fosters opportunities to enhance neighborhood level socio-economic diversity. This paper investigates the effectiveness of density bonus policy at promoting socio-economic diversity within the City of San Diego by examining locational patterns of density bonus implementation and neighborhood demographic characteristics. This study utilizes spatial and non-spatial statistical analyses to identify trends and correlations in density bonus usage, housing stock, and racial and economic characteristics. The results indicate that density bonus usage in San Diego has not fostered socio-economic integration; rather its usage is clustered in neighborhoods characterized by high concentrations of Hispanics, Blacks, and multi-family housing units. The findings underscore the need to refine supply-side affordable housing tools so that they are effective in a range of land markets, and not only in the traditionally lower value land markets where minority households tend to reside.
Signal-to-noise ratios in IUE SWP-LO spectra of chromospheric emission-line sources

The short-wavelength-prime (SWP) detector of the International Ultraviolet Explorer should operate near the photon-counting limit, but the noise levels in flat-field images are several times higher. The exaggerated noise can be traced to the incomplete removal of the pixel-to-pixel granularity of the television frames by the prevailing spectral image processing system. An empirical noise model for the current-epoch photometric linearization strategy and one for a hypothetical processing system that achieves complete flat fielding of the raw images are derived. A formula is then proposed to predict the signal-to-noise ratio in the measured flux of an emission line (possibly superimposed on a smooth continuum) in an IUE low-dispersion (5 A resolution) far-ultraviolet (1150 A-1950 A) spectrum as recorded with the SWP camera. For illustration, the formula is specialized to the important C IV 1549 A feature of F-K stars. The S/N relation permits one to determine sensitivity limits, upper limits in faint exposures, and optimum exposure times.
Concurrent Delays in Construction: International Legal Perspective

AbstractThe term “concurrent delays” describes the situation when more than one delay occurs simultaneously, either of which would alone delay the overall project. The responsibility of concurrent delays is usually attributable to opposing parties to the contract, such as owner and contractor. This often leads to disputes concerning the extent to which each of the parties is responsible for project delay. Lack of agreement on the approach to properly apportion the damages because of concurrent delays exists throughout the various legal systems worldwide. Most of the time, judgments with respect to apportionment because of concurrent delays by courts are based upon precedents and case law owing to lack of agreed to legal practice. Realizing such need, this study overviews and compares various approaches adopted by courts with respect to ruling on concurrent delay claims and apportionment under different legal system legal systems including the United States (U.S.), Canada, United Kingdom (U.K.), and Austra...
Will Mandatory Licensing and Standards Raise the Quality of Real Estate Appraisals? Some Insights from Agency Theory

Abstract Appraiser licensing and appraisal standards were mandated by FIRREA to improve the quality of information available to mortgage lenders. In this paper, the effectiveness of the mandatory system is compared with the effectiveness of the pre-FIRREA voluntary system. Both have the potential to solve the adverse selection and moral hazard problems involved in hiring an appraiser. The role of the deposit insurance system in reducing the value of information by reducing cost of defaults borne by lender is also examined. In the limit, if the lender bears no default losses the lender has no incentive to buy information. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number L85.
On the number of prime implicants

It is shown that any Boolean expression in disjunctive normal form having k conjuncts, can have at most 2k prime implicants. However, there exist such expressions that have 2k2 prime implicants. It is also shown that any Boolean expression on n distinct propositional variables can have at most O(3nn) prime implicants, and that there exist expressions with ?(3nn prime implicants.
THE COMMON COLD

The common cold is characterized by symptoms of rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sneezing, throat clearing, postnasal drip, and cough. Some of the many viruses that cause colds may cause mild additional symptoms such as sore throat, weakness, dizziness, and tearing. This article presents data concerning the cause, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold as well as discussion of the available diagnostic tests and their use in formulating differential diagnoses.
Evaluation of Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in a Porcine Iliac Artery Thrombosis Model: Application of Endovascular Stent-Graft–Induced Thrombosis

PURPOSE To develop a novel endovascular thrombosis model in the porcine iliac artery for the evaluation of thrombolysis and angioplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS A stent-inversion–graft (SIG) model combining either a 3-mm or 5-mm tapered expandable polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) graft attached within a self-expandable, 10-mm nitinol stent was placed in the left common iliac artery via an ipsilateral common femoral artery approach in 24 pigs. When the iliac artery was thrombosed, urokinase (250,000 IU) plus heparin (1,000 units) were pulse sprayed via a contralateral femoral approach ( n = 12). Saline pulse-spray was used as a control group ( n = 12). Balloon angioplasty was performed to eliminate the stenotic tapered graft within the stent after successful thrombolysis. The efficacy of the thrombolysis was assessed with use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and arteriogram. RESULTS Both the 3-mm tapered and 5-mm tapered SIG models caused iliac artery occlusion in 22 6 5 and 41 6 9 minutes, respectively, after the deployment. Luminal patency was re-established successfully in all occluded arteries after urokinase infusion. Angioplasty was successful in eliminating the tapered stenosis and restoring the normal diameter in all iliac arteries treated with urokinase. Complete thrombolysis was achieved in both models treated with urokinase. CONCLUSION This novel endovascular approach of inducing arterial thrombosis is simple to perform and reliably produces arterial thrombosis. The intraluminal stenosis is also amenable to angioplasty. This model is useful for the evaluation of antithrombotic treatment modality and adjunctive endovascular interventions.
Membrane specializations in the peripheral retina of the housefly Musca domestica L.

Membrane specializations of the peripheral retina of the housefly (Musca domestica) are revealed in thin sections and freeze fracture/etch replicas. Septate junctions are abundant in corner areas of the pseudocone enclosure bonding: between homologous corneal pigment cells (CPC); between homologous large pigment cells (LPC); between CPC-LPC; between Semper cells (SC); between SC-CPC. Spot desmosomes are present between Semper cells. It is likely that septate junctions function as strengthening adhesions in this area. A new membrane specialization similar to a continuous junction was observed between retinular cells of the same or adjacent ommatidium. This junction has indistinct septa in the 115A intermembrane cleft and is intermittent in character. When this junction is absent, the apposed cells gape apart. In freeze fracture studies, this junction is characterized by bridges composed of fused membrane particles and randomly arranged particles on the P face, and non-corresponding grooves on the E face. The ridges are elongate and roughly parallel and sometimes they form enclosures. Mitochondria line up along these junctions, often within 90A of the unit membrane. This membrane specialization has characteristics of tight and continuous junctions. In line with previous findings, we suggest that this junction assists in retinular cell orientation, possibly in enforcing the ommatidial twist and in maintaining localized ionic concentration gradients between retinular cells.
EXACT FORM FOR SCATTERING AMPLITUDE IN REGGE POLE THEORY

The exact form for the contribution of a single Regge pole is given both for positive and negative angular momentum without making the usual approximations. This exact form involves Legendre functions of the first and second kind with nonintegral index and argument greater than one. These functions are plotted. A one-parameter fit is made to the high-energy p-p elastic scattering data that give good agreement with experiment. (auth)
Alterations of dopamine release by rat caudate putamen tissues superfused with α2‐Macroglobulin

Monoamine-activated alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) has been shown to decrease the dopamine concentrations in rat caudate putamen (CP) in vivo as well as inhibit choline acetyltransferase activities in the culture of basal forebrain neurons. In this study, we further investigated the effects of methylamine-activated alpha 2M (MA-alpha 2M) upon striatal dopaminergic function by determining whether a direct infusion of this glycoprotein will alter dopamine (DA) release in vitro from superfused CP tissue fragments. In experiment 1, an infusion of 2.8 microM MA-alpha 2M produced a statistically significant increase in DA release compared with control superfusions. In experiment 2, varying doses (0, 0.7, 1.4, 2.8, 4.1 microM) of MA-alpha 2M were tested for their capacity to alter DA release. Only the 2.8 microM dose of MA-alpha 2M was effective in producing a significant increase of DA release. In experiment 3, the normal form of alpha 2M (N-alpha 2M) at 2.8 microM was compared with the control superfusions. The infusion of N-alpha 2M produced an increase in DA release which was substantially lower than the DA increase induced by MA-alpha 2M, and not significantly different from that of the control superfusion. These results show that MA-alpha 2M, like some other neurotoxins, can markedly alter CP dopaminergic function as indicated by the acute increase in DA release following infusion of this glycoprotein, and these effects are exerted at a relatively narrow range of doses. Taken together, these data suggest that this glycoprotein, if allowed to accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS), may promote some neurodegenerative changes that can occur in disorders like Parkinson's disease.
A Longitudinal Study of Family Structure and Size and Adoption Outcomes

Abstract Research on adoption can benefit from more analysis of the relationship between family structure and size and adoption outcomes. This manuscript reviews the findings of prior adoption outcome research related to family structure and size and considers findings from related studies of family size and structure. Data from a follow-up study of international and domestic adoptions suggest that families who adopt children and have birth children as well may have less success than families comprised only of adopted children. Various explanations and recommendations for future research practices are discussed.
Time and Again

Two reports in this issue of Neuron, Hsieh et al. (2014) and Ezzyat and Davachi (2014), describe fMRI activity patterns in the human hippocampus that correlate with memory for temporal context. Analogous activity of neural ensembles recorded from the rodent hippocampus suggests a general model for remembering episodes.
Adrenal hemorrhage in infants undergoing ECMO: prevalence and clinical significance

Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of adrenal hemorrhage in infants undergoing ECMO therapy.Methods: Prospective US evaluation of the adrenal glands was performed in 50 consecutive infants undergoing ECMO. The infants were examined at least every other day while on bypass. Adrenal hemorrhage was diagnosed at US examination when a suprarenal mass or adrenal gland enlargement was identified.Results: Adrenal hemorrhage was identified in two infants (4%); one infant with septicemia, and one with primary pulmonary hypertension. Both hemorrhages were unilateral; one was right-sided, and one left-sided. One hemorrhage occurred on the first day following the onset of ECMO and the other on the third day. The adrenal hemorrhage was not associated with an acute drop in hematocrit nor with adrenal insufficiency in either infant.Conclusion: Adrenal hemorrhage is uncommon in infants undergoing ECMO. When hemorrhage did occur in this series, it did not result in clinical complications.
Animal model of posterior cingulate cortex hypometabolism implicated in amnestic MCI and AD.

The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is the brain region displaying the earliest sign of energy hypometabolism in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who develop Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In particular, the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) is selectively inhibited within the PCC in AD. The present study is the first experimental analysis designed to model in animals the localized cortical C.O. inhibition found as the earliest metabolic sign of early-stage AD in human neuroimaging studies. Rats were used to model local inhibition of C.O. by direct injection of the C.O. inhibitor sodium azide into the PCC. Learning and memory were examined in a spatial holeboard task and brains were analyzed using quantitative histochemical, morphological and biochemical techniques. Behavioral results showed that sodium azide-treated rats were impaired in their memory of the baited pattern in probe trials as compared to their training scores before treatment, without non-specific behavioral differences. Brain analyses showed that C.O. inhibition was specific to the PCC, and sodium azide increased lipid peroxidation, gliosis and neuron loss, and lead to a network functional disconnection between the PCC and interconnected hippocampal regions. It was concluded that impaired memory by local C.O. inhibition in the PCC may serve to model in animals a metabolic lesion similar to that found in patients with amnestic MCI and early-stage AD. This model may be useful as an in vivo testing platform to investigate neuroprotective strategies to prevent or reduce the amnestic effects produced by posterior cingulate energy hypometabolism.