cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Television to Create More Favorable Attitudes Toward Community Facilities for Deinstitutionalized Psychiatric Patients

Prebroadcast screenings were organized to measure the impact of a TV documentary, “Back Wards to Back Streets”, on information levels, attitudes toward community-based treatment facilities, and beliefs about mental illness. Audiences of mental health professionals, political decision makers, and public TV subscribers were invited to screenings in New York City and Albany, New York. Based on an experimental design, half of each audience was randomly selected to respond to both pre- and postfilm questionnaires; others responded to postfilm questionnaires only. Among the New York City audience the film raised information levels, created more favorable attitudes, and changed beliefs about mental illness. One methodological implication is that small-scale screenings are a viable technique for studying TV's impact.
Synergistic enhancement of cytokine-induced human monocyte matrix metalloproteinase-1 by C-reactive protein and oxidized LDL through differential regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and prostaglandin E2

C-reactive protein (CRP) and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) are associated with inflammatory lesions, such as coronary artery disease, in which monocytes and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play a major role in the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Monocytes are recruited to inflammation sites by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which may also participate in the activation of monocytes. The objective of this study was to compare the individual and combined effect of CRP and ox-LDL on human monocyte MMP-1 and the role of MCP-1 in this effect. Although CRP or ox-LDL failed to induce MMP-1 in control monocytes, these molecules enhanced MMP-1 production induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) with a synergistic increase in MMP-1 occurring in the presence of both mediators. Enhancement of MMP-1 by CRP and ox-LDL was attributable to a differential increase in MCP-1 and prostaglandin E2(PGE2). CRP, at physiological concentrations, induced high levels of MCP-1 and relatively low levels of PGE2, whereas ox-LDL caused a significant enhancement of PGE2 with little affect on MCP-1. Accordingly, CRP- and ox-LDL-induced MMP-1 production by monocytes was inhibited by anti-MCP-1 antibodies and indomethacin, respectively. Moreover, addition of exogenous MCP-1 or PGE2 enhanced MMP-1 production by TNF-alpha- and GM-CSF-stimulated monocytes. These results show that the combination of CRP and ox-LDL can cause a synergistic enhancement of the role of monocytes in inflammation, first, by increasing MCP-1, which attracts more monocytes and directly enhances MMP-1 production by activated monocytes, and second, by elevating PGE2 production, which also leads to higher levels of MMP-1.
Disease-specific gene repositioning in breast cancer

Genomes are nonrandomly organized within the three-dimensional space of the cell nucleus. Here, we have identified several genes whose nuclear positions are altered in human invasive breast cancer compared with normal breast tissue. The changes in positioning are gene specific and are not a reflection of genomic instability within the cancer tissue. Repositioning events are specific to cancer and do not generally occur in noncancerous breast disease. Moreover, we show that the spatial positions of genes are highly consistent between individuals. Our data indicate that cancer cells have disease-specific gene distributions. These interphase gene positioning patterns may be used to identify cancer tissues.
Age and stimulation frequency affect the transition from long-term depression to long-term potentiation in the freely moving rat

Previously we showed that long-term depression (a lasting diminishment in synaptic strength) can be reliably induced in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the adult rat in vivo. In the present study, we designed experiments to further characterize the frequency-dependence of synaptic plasticity at two stages of development: preweaning stage and adulthood. To this end, we examined frequency-dependent transition from homosynaptic longterm depression (LTD) to long-term potentiation (LTP) in the lateral perforant pathway/dentate gyrus synapse in the adult (90 days of age) and preweaning (15 days of age) freely moving rat. Dentate evoked field potentials were recorded and analyzed using the population spike amplitude (PSA) measure following sustained stimulation (900 pulses) of the lateral perforant pathway at various frequencies. Our results indicate that both the strength and direction (LTP or LTD) of synaptic plasticity in the lateral perforant path/dentate gyrus synapse vary as a function of frequency. In addition, a significant development-related shift in the transition frequency was observed in younger animals compared to adult animals. These findings provide evidence for the presence of a synapse modification threshold mechanism within the hippocampal formation that may play a role in learning and memory.
High speed test structures for in-line process monitoring and model calibration [CMOS applications]

The use of in-line test structures for routinely monitoring various high frequency aspects of the performance of CMOS gates is described. These compact test structures use DC I/Os and are compatible with standard parametric testers. The specific examples described are ring oscillators for a wide range of self-consistent parameter extraction ranging from circuit delays to gate length and leakage components; and a new class of self-timed/calibrated structure of which a circuit for measuring SOI switching history effects, utilizing 100 ps time-scale self-generated pulses, is presented as a representative example.
Targeting the Jak/STAT pathway for immunosuppression.

While many effective immunosuppressive drugs exist and are in wide use, most target ubiquitously expressed molecules. Examples include steroids, ciclosporin A, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and sirolimus. Consequently, these drugs have adverse effects unrelated to their immunosuppressive actions, and much effort has been directed towards identifying molecular targets with expression restricted to immune and inflammatory cells. In principle, such drugs could provide immunosuppression yet lack the toxicity associated with current therapies. It is now well established that cytokines have critical roles in regulating immunity and inflammation; indeed targeting cytokines themselves has been an effective new strategy for immunosuppression.1 However, targeting intracellular cytokine signalling also now appears to be a viable new approach. Janus kinases (Jaks) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) have been demonstrated to be critical elements in signalling by certain families of cytokines. Importantly, the generation of a selective inhibitor of Jak3 appears to be feasible and effective. This report discusses the approach of targeting Jaks and STATs, with emphasis on Jak3 and a newly identified Jak3 antagonist. Cytokines comprise more than 50 secreted factors that regulate processes ranging from body growth, lactation, and adiposity to haematopoiesis but are especially important for regulating inflammatory and immune responses.2 That is, cytokines control both innate and adaptive immunity and are critical for lymphoid development and homoeostasis, as well as the ultimate differentiation of helper and memory T cells. Interleukin (IL)-2, 4, 7, 9, 15, and 21 comprise one family of cytokines that uses a common receptor subunit termed the common γ chain, or γc (table 1).3–5 These cytokines are particularly important with respect to lymphoid development and function. For instance, IL-7 is critical for lymphocyte development and function and mice lacking IL-7R expression have arrested thymocyte development at the double negative (CD4–CD8–) stage.6–11 …
Flow fields within Jupiter's Great Red Spot and White Oval BC

Using sequences of Voyager 1 high-resolution images of Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) and White Oval BC we map the flow fields within the GRS and Oval BC. We compute relative vorticity within these features as a function of semi-major axis length and position angle in a coordinate system consisting of concentric ellipses of equal eccentricity. Both the velocity and the relative vorticity profiles are nearly identical for Oval BC and the outer portion of the GRS. Wind speeds of 110–120 m/s are observed near the outer edges of both features. Along their minor axes relative vorticity profiles reach a maximum of ∼6 × 10^(−5) s^(−1). This is several times greater than the ambient 1.5 × 10^(−5) s^(−1) meridional shear of zonal winds at the latitudes of the GRS and Oval BC. Maximum Rossby numbers of 0.36 are computed for flows within both the GRS and the Oval BC. Generally, the Rossby numbers within these features are much lower, indicating strongly geostrophic constraints on the flow. The difference in streamline curvature within the GRS and the Oval BC is found to compensate for the difference in planetary vorticity at the respective latitudes of the features. Motions within the central region of the GRS are much slower and more random than around the spot’s outer portion.
PTTG induces EMT through integrin αVβ3-focal adhesion kinase signaling in lung cancer cells.

Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) is a well-studied oncogene for its role in tumorigenesis and serves as a marker of malignancy in several cancer types including lung. In the present study, we defined the role of PTTG in actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell migration and induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the regulation of integrin αVβ3-FAK signaling pathway. Overexpression of PTTG through an adenovirus vector resulted in a significant increase in the expression of integrins αV and β3, a process that was reversed with the down-regulation of PTTG expression through the use of an adenovirus expressing PTTG-specific siRNA. Western blot analysis of cells infected with adenovirus PTTG cDNA resulted in increased FAK and enhanced expression of adhesion complex molecules paxillin, metavincullin, and talin. Furthermore, downstream signaling genes Rac1, RhoA, Cdc42, and DOCK180 showed upregulation upon PTTG overexpression. This process was dependent on integrin αV as blockage by antagonist echistatin (RGD peptide) or αV-specific siRNA resulted in a decrease in FAK and subsequent adhesion molecules. Actin cytoskeleton disruption was detected as a result of integrinFAK signaling by PTTG as well as enhanced cell motility. Taken together our results suggest for the first time an important role of PTTG in regulation of integrins αV and β3 and adhesion complex proteins leading to induction of EMT.
Biochemical Studies of Otosclerosis: Enzymes and Protein in Malleus and Incus

Differences were found in the biochemical composition of mallei from individuals with and without clinical otosclerosis. The same differences were noted with incudes. No differences were noted, however, between mallei and incudes in otosclerotic individuals or between mallei and incudes in normals. The protein extracted from heads of mallei from individuals with clinical otosclerosis was 50% higher than the protein extracted from normal heads of mallei. The same difference in extracted protein was found for incudes. Lactic, malic, and gIucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, aspartic aminotransferase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were determined on extracts of both types of ossicles in individuals with and without clinical otosclerosis. Differences in individual enzyme activities were observed between the two types of ossicles (mallei and incudes) in the two groups of subjects. The results of these investigations could, under certain circumstances, support the assumption that otosclero...
Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors – a multifunctional toolbox

In the current review, we examine the growing number of existing Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors (CBIs) and based on those that have been studied with live cell imaging we group their mechanism of action. Attention is paid to the use of CBIs as tools to ask fundamental questions about cellulose biosynthesis.
Ability of a low-dimensional model to predict geometry-dependent dynamics of large-scale coherent structures in turbulence.

We test the ability of a general low-dimensional model for turbulence to predict geometry-dependent dynamics of large-scale coherent structures, such as convection rolls. The model consists of stochastic ordinary differential equations, which are derived as a function of boundary geometry from the Navier-Stokes equations [Brown and Ahlers, Phys. Fluids 20, 075101 (2008); Phys. Fluids 20, 105105 (2008)]. We test the model using Rayleigh-Benard convection experiments in a cubic container. The model predicts a mode in which the alignment of a convection roll stochastically crosses a potential barrier to switch between diagonals. We observe this mode with a measured switching rate within 30% of the prediction.
Privacy Preserving Back-Propagation Learning Made Practical with Cloud Computing

Back-propagation is an effective method for neural network learning. To improve the accuracy of the learning result, in practice multiple parties may want to collaborate by jointly executing the back-propagation algorithm on the union of their respective data sets. During this process no party wants to disclose her/his private data to others for privacy concerns. Existing schemes supporting this kind of collaborative learning just partially solve the problem by limiting the way of data partition or considering only two parties. There still lacks a solution for more general and practical settings wherein two or more parties, each with an arbitrarily partitioned data set, collaboratively conduct learning.
Kick the Bums Out

The public's anti-incumbent mood was at a then all-time high in the 2010 election with almost two-thirds (65 percent) agreeing that most members of Congress did not deserve re-election. Previous studies have not directly examined whether and how different types of media influence anti-incumbent attitudes. This study relies on a 2010 state poll to examine how partisan and mainstream news sources influence anti-incumbent attitudes, controlling for political and demographic variables, and how polarization mediates such effects. Using a structural equation model, this study finds that whereas reliance on partisan media is positively associated with anti-incumbent attitudes toward most Senators and representatives, reliance on mainstream media is negatively associated with it. On the other hand, reliance on neither media type is statistically associated with anti-incumbent attitudes toward one's own representatives.
"At a Slight Angle to Reality": Reading Indian Diaspora Literature

In April 1984, India sent her first astronaut, Rakesh Sharma, into space in the U.S.S.R. space craft "Soyuz T-11/Salyut-7." In a nationally telecast space to earth telephone conversation, Indira Gandhi, (then prime minister of India) spoke with Sharma-the first such conversation that was relayed live to millions of Indians. The highlight of this televised event was when Mrs. Gandhi asked Sharma (in English): "Tell us, what does India look like from space?" Sharma's quick response was the first line of a popular patriotic song (in Hindi) "Sarey jahaan sey achha, Hindustan hamara" [Better than all the universe, is my/our India].1 Sharma's seemingly unrehearsed comment was a perfectly patriotic utterance because it was delivered from his vantage point in space: distance and technology, one wanted to believe, gave him proper perspective. He had subjected the words of a nationalist poem to the most exacting test possible and declared the sentiment true.2 And as the newspapers announced the next day, Indians were amused, even moved, but chose to believe. Better than all the universe indeed. Such is the hold that fictions have on us.
A metallocene-complexed dibismuthene: Cp2Zr(BiR)2 (Cp = C5H5; R = C6H3-2,6-Mes2).

The zirconocene-complexed dibismuthene, Cp2Zr(BiR)2 (Cp = C5H5; R = C6H3-2,6-Mes2), was prepared by the reaction of sodium metal with Cp2ZrCl2 and RBiCl2. The air- and moisture-sensitive dark reddish/brown compound is the first organometallic compound containing Bi−Zr bonds and the only example of a ZrBi2 ring. Moreover, our computations on associated model systems offer insight into the nature of the interaction of the heaviest dipnictene with a metallocene center.
Symmetry of the superconducting order parameter in a YBa2Cu3O7- delta epitaxial films.

We propose a way to measure the interference associated with two superconductors with a ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$ symmetry coupled by a Josephson weak link. An experimental realization shows no interference effects in a superconducting ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ film. The results are consistent with s-wave symmetry.
From Project to Operations: Planning to Avoid Problems

Publisher Summary Avoiding problems with clinical computing systems involves smart decisions to select software that works, to build and install it carefully, have good relationships with users and vendors, listen to their comments, monitor carefully to detect impending problems before they hit, expect and plan for downtimes, minimizing impact, and strive for best possible availability and reliability. Avoiding problems in the project phase requires attention to team structure and development as well as determining a project management approach. The life of a clinical computing system is divided into three parts: system acquisition, project, and operations. This chapter focuses on the operations phase. The operations phase is the ongoing use, maintenance, and support of the clinical computing system and its users. This phase is strongly influenced by system acquisition and project management. There are strong bodies of knowledge in areas such as system selection, contract negotiation, development and retention of talented staff, project management, and implementation methodologies which can lend guidance, strengthen knowledge, and contribute to success. Success in the phases from initial planning to the preconversion training prepares an organization for a smoother conversion and move to operations.
The Problem: Income Distribution and Poverty in Mexico During Economic Liberalization

The purpose of this first Chapter is to analyse the changes in poverty and inequality that occurred in Mexico since the initial stages of economic liberalization. Our main aims are to generate information on the size of the shifts involved, to explore some of their causes from an aggregate perspective, and to verify if any structural change with implications for long-run poverty and inequality trends has taken place. This will enable us to set the hypothesis we will work with in the rest of the book.
Catalyst-free ceramic-carbonate dual phase membrane reactor for hydrogen production from gasifier syngas

Abstract Ceramic-carbonate dual phase dense membranes are a new group of inorganic membranes with perm-selective to CO 2 at high temperatures. This paper reports a new catalyst-free tubular membrane reactor to shift CO from the hot gasifier syngas to H 2 and CO 2 with simultaneous separation of CO 2 . The membrane reactor is based on a samarium-doped ceria (SDC)-carbonate dual phase membrane which removes CO 2 facilitating conversion of CO to H 2 at high temperatures. The results show that catalytic-free membrane reactor can convert CO to H 2 and CO 2 with removal of CO 2 at temperatures above 800 °C. At 900 °C, the membrane reactor gives CO 2 flux of 2.7×10 −3 mol m −2 s −1 , CO conversion and CO 2 recovery of 26.1%and 18.7%, respectively, much higher than the conventional fixed bed reactor under identical conditions. Temperature, steam to CO ratio, and syngas feed flow rate are key parameters to control the reaction performance. Increase of the feed pressure (reaction side) is an effective strategy to improve the reactor performance and CO 2 recovery. The membrane reactor shows high thermal and chemical stability under syngas WGS reaction environment. This work demonstrates potential of using catalyst-free SDC-carbonate dual phase membrane reactor for water gas shift reaction to convert CO to H 2 with CO 2 capture.
Confrontation's Health Outcomes and Promotion of Egalitarianism (C-HOPE) Framework

Negative physical and psychological health outcomes have been frequently associated with discrimination for stigmatized group members including racial minorities, women, and sexual minorities. The current review presents a framework for the dual functions of confronting discrimination as a health promotion behavior. The Confrontation’s Health Outcomes and Promotion of Egalitarianism (C-HOPE) framework considers confronting discrimination as an active coping strategy that buffers against negative health outcomes while simultaneously serving as a prejudice reduction strategy that may prevent discrimination recurrence. The C-HOPE framework integrates the documented positive and negative physical health, psychological health, and interpersonal outcomes associated with confronting discrimination for stigmatized group members. This framework further identifies potential moderating and mediating processes to help advance current theorizing on this largely underutilized, and underinvestigated strategy of coping in the stigma and health literature. Challenges to confronting (and ways to overcome them) are discussed, and translational applications of this framework are highlighted.
Educating producers on the profitability of precision agriculture technologies

Producers are often faced with information from industry touting a generic return on investment of precision agriculture technologies that are inflated through the use of simple techniques that ignore the time value of money. The economics of precision technologies are as site-specific as the technology. Therefore, educating producers (and agribusiness) on how to determine the return on investment by following the correct investment analysis techniques within a proper decision-making framework helps ensure an accurate site-specific return on investment for precision agriculture technologies.
A pinch-like targeting framework for systematic thermal process intensification

The design of intensified systems remains an “Edisonian” effort, whereby new intensification schemes are the product of creativity rather than the result of applying systematic procedures. Under this motivation, this paper presents a novel and systematic approach for identifying targets for thermal process intensification (defined as combining two or more heat sources and sinks present in a process flowsheet, possibly along with a thermal utility stream, in a single intensified device where heat exchange takes place. The targeting problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). An extensive case study illustrating its application is presented. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Examining the stability and predictors of deterrability across multiple offense types within a sample of convicted felons

Abstract Deterrence research finds mixed support for the effect of sanction, potentially due to differences in deterrability across individuals. We assessed differential deterrabilty within a known offender sample (n = 428), and examined consistency in deterrability across multiple offense types: drunk driving, aggravated assault and commercial robbery. Using Pogarsky's (2002) classification method, inmates were categorized as acute conformist, deterrable, or incorrigible for each scenario. These classifications varied by scenario, suggesting little intra-individual consistency across offenses. Regression analyses uncovered little consistency in predictors of deterrability across offense types. Results suggest policies to increase certainty, swiftness and/or severity of formal sanctions will not have uniform deterrent effects, but may have differential impacts across individuals as they contemplate different crimes.
Calling the Skeptic’s Bluff: Brains, Vats, and Irrelevance

Dogmatists often exploit the skeptical argument based on the brains-in-a-vat (BIV) scenario as a test case for their epistemological enterprises. I argue that this ‘argument’ does not deserve our attention, so it should not be used as a test case. I first show that the possibilities of empirical knowledge and of skeptical scenarios are inconsistent (the Inconsistency Thesis). If so, the BIV-skeptic must make the case for preferring such scenarios over the possibility of empirical knowledge. The central argument of my paper is that the BIV-skeptic can neither rely on any selection principle (e.g. conceivability) for this purpose, nor can she claim that she needs no such principle. Then I will show that we can even dispense with the Inconsistency Thesis: if the skeptic wishes, she may allow for the possibility of empirical knowledge. The essay concludes with considering the morals of the above argument for the dogmatist (or simply, epistemological) endeavor.
The Mechanism of Extraction by Tributyl Phosphate-n-Hexane Solvents Part II. Nitric Acid Extraction

The kinetics of extraction of nitric acid by tributyl phosphate-n-hexane solvents has been investigated in a stirred vessel transfer cell. Elucidation of a possible slow step in the extraction proc...
Danielle Marcoux at AdNet2Win Technologies

Danielle Marcoux, Director of Web Design at AdNet2Win Technologies, must decide how best to confront Charles Davide, the Chief Technology Officer and leader of the design team charged with overseeing a major upgrade of the company's proprietary customer loyalty platform. Davide has kept tight control on the development process and has not allowed the design team to discuss difficult issues or challenge each other. Marcoux decides she must confront Davide about his management approach before the team loses their commitment to the design effort.Learning Objective:To explore the process of providing feedback and coaching for a senior executive. Provides opportunity for role-playing and experimentation.
An analysis of the competitive diffusion of O2 and CO through hemoglobin solutions.

The subject of carrier-mediated or “facilitated” transport has received widespread attention in the chemical and biological literature, especially in conjunction with diffusion across thin films or membranes. One of the simpler conceptual models for the phenomenon is based on the postulate of ordinary molecular diffusion coupled with reversible homogeneous chemical reactions. The diffu-sional flux of a transferred chemical species is thereby “mediated” or altered by reversible combination with certain mobile “carrier” species which are indigenous to the film or membrane. Any such species, which is physically restricted to the carrier-mediated transport system, will be designated here as a “non-volatile” or “non-transferred” species.
On Notice: The Trouble with Notice and Consent

This paper scrutinizes the use of 'notice and consent' to address privacy concerns in online behavioral advertising (OBA). It is part of a larger project with Dan Boneh, Arvind Narayanan, and Vincent Toubiana to evaluate the social, political, and ethical standing of OBA and to develop a system (PRIVADS) for privacy- preserving OBA. We develop a distinction between the ethical implications of the (1) tracking that is required to develop user profiles to be used in the (2) targeting of individual users with particular ads. We show how tracking and targeting present both distinct and overlapping ethical concerns and how existing mitigations tend to treat these concerns as one and the same, even when they seem to address different problems. Anonymization, for instance, attempts to defuse the privacy concerns of tracking by excluding 'personally identifiable' or 'sensitive' information, but offers little to quell concerns over targeting. On the other hand, policy solutions, particularly notice and consent, attempt to render participation a matter of choice, but generally fail to explain whether a user agrees or disagrees to tracking, targeting, or both. Moreover, we show how various types of complexity render current notice mechanisms practically and inherently insufficient. This is due to (1) the confusing disconnect between the privacy policies of online publishers and the tracking and targeting third parties with whom they contract, each of whom have their own privacy policies; (2) the fickle nature of privacy policies, which may change at any time, often with short notice, and (3) the ever-increasing number of players in the ad network and exchange space, resulting in flows of user data that are opaque to users. To the extent that meaningful notice remains illusory under such conditions, we conclude that even an opt-in regime would lack legitimacy.
Moving Culturally Relevant Pedagogy from Theory to Practice: Exploring Teachers' Application of Culturally Relevant Education in Science and Mathematics.

This article reports on urban elementary teachers’ understandings of cultural relevancy and the practices they enacted after a professional development on culturally relevant education (CRE) and co...
Risk Factors for Community-Acquired Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Infections-A Retrospective Study of Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infections.

Background Community-acquired extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) infections are an evolving public health problem. Identifying predictive risk factors may improve patient management. Methods We identified 251 adult inpatients admitted to a 22-hospital system with an ESBL urinary tract infection (UTI) between 2001 and 2016. Cases were matched 1:1 with controls who had a UTI at admission with non-ESBL Enterobacteriaceae. Cases with a history of ESBL infections or hospitalization within 3 months of index admission were excluded. Univariate and multiple logistic regression were used to identify risk factors associated with ESBL UTIs. Results In univariate analysis, history of repeated UTIs, neurogenic bladder, urinary catheter presence at admission, and exposure to outpatient third-generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones within 3 months were associated with higher risk of ESBL UTIs. When controlling for severity of illness and comorbid conditions, history of repeated UTIs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.42-12.66; P < .001), presence of urinary catheter at admission (aOR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.15-4.98; P < .05), and prior antibiotic exposure (aOR, 7.98; 95% CI, 2.92-28.19; P < .001) remained associated with risk of ESBL infection. Conclusions Patients in the community with indwelling urinary catheters, history of recurrent UTIs, or recent antimicrobial use are at higher risk for de novo ESBL Enterobacteriaceae UTIs.
Modulation Representations for Speech and Music

The concept of modulation has been ubiquitously linked to the notion of timbre. Modulation describes the variations of an acoustic signal (both spectrally and temporally) that shape how the acoustic energy fluctuates as the signal evolves over time. These fluctuations are largely shaped by the physics of a sound source or acoustic event and, as such, are inextricably reflective of the sound identity or its timbre. How one extracts these variations or modulations remains an open research question. The manifestation of signal variations not only spans the time and frequency axes but also bridges various resolutions in the joint spectrotemporal space. The additional variations driven by linguistic and musical constructs (e.g., semantics, harmony) further compound the complexity of the spectrotemporal space. This chapter examines common techniques that are used to explore the modulation space in such signals, which include signal processing, psychophysics, and neurophysiology. The perceptual and neural interpretations of modulation representations are discussed in the context of biological encoding of sounds in the central auditory system and the psychophysical manifestations of these cues. This chapter enumerates various representations of modulations, including the signal envelope, the modulation spectrum, and spectrotemporal receptive fields. The review also examines the effectiveness of these representations for understanding how sound modulations convey information to the listener about the timbre of a sound and, ultimately, how sound modulations shape the complex perceptual experience evoked by everyday sounds such as speech and music.
A Novel Approach to Evaluate Antibiotic Utilization Across the Spectrum of Inpatient and Ambulatory Care and Implications for Prioritization of Antibiotic Stewardship Efforts

Background Antibiotic overuse remains a significant problem. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to evaluate antibiotic use across inpatient and ambulatory care sites in an integrated healthcare system to prioritize antibiotic stewardship efforts. Methods We conducted an epidemiologic study of antibiotic use across an integrated healthcare system on 12 randomly selected days from 2017 to 2018. For inpatients and perioperative patients, administrations of antibiotics were recorded, whereas prescriptions were recorded for outpatients. Results On the study days, 10.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.6%-11.3%) of patients received antibiotics. Of all antibiotics, 54.1% were from ambulatory care (95% CI, 52.6%-55.7%), 38.0% were from the hospital (95% CI, 36.6%-39.5%), and 7.8% (95% CI, 7.1%-8.7%) were perioperative. The emergency department/urgent care centers, adult outpatient clinics, and adult non-critical care inpatient wards accounted for 26.4% (95% CI, 25.0%-27.7%), 23.8% (95% CI, 22.6%-25.2%), and 23.9% (95% CI, 22.7%-25.3%) of antibiotic use, respectively. Only 9.2% (95% CI, 8.3%-10.1%) of all antibiotics were administered in critical care units. Antibiotics with a broad spectrum of gram-negative activity accounted for 30.4% (95% CI, 29.0%-31.9%) of antibiotics. Infections of the respiratory tract were the leading indication for antibiotics. Conclusions In an integrated healthcare system, more than half of antibiotic use occurred in the emergency department/urgent care centers and outpatient clinics. Antibiotics with a broad spectrum of gram-negative activity accounted for a large portion of antibiotic use. Analysis of antibiotic utilization across the spectrum of inpatient and ambulatory care is useful to prioritize antibiotic stewardship efforts.
Voice‐Related Quality of Life Increases With a Talking Tracheostomy Tube: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective The primary objective of our study was to determine the quality of life (QOL) using a talking tracheostomy tube. Methods Randomized clinical trial (NCT2018562). Adult intensive care unit patients who were mechanically ventilated, awake, alert, attempting to communicate, English-speaking, and could not tolerate one-way speaking valve were included. Intervention comprised a Blue Line Ultra Suctionaid (BLUSA) talking tracheostomy tube (Smiths Medical, Dublin, OH, US). Outcome measures included QOL scores measured using Quality of Life in Mechanically Ventilated Patients (QOL-MV) and Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL), Speech Intelligibility Test (SIT) scores, independence, and satisfaction. Results The change in V-RQOL scores from pre- to postintervention was higher among patients using a BLUSA (Smiths Medical) compared to those who did not (P = 0.001). The QOL-MV scores from pre- to postintervention were significantly higher among patients who used a BLUSA (Smiths Medical) compared to patients who did not use BLUSA (Smiths Medical) or a one-way speaking valve (P = 0.04). SIT scores decreased by 6.4 points for each 1-point increase in their Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (P = 0.04). The overall QOL-MV scores correlated moderately with the overall V-RQOL scores (correlation coefficient = 0.59). Cronbach alpha score for overall QOL-MV was 0.71. Seventy-three percent of the 22 intervention patients reported the ability to use the BLUSA (Smiths Medical) with some level of independence, whereas 41% reported some level of satisfaction with the use of BLUSA (Smiths Medical). The lengths of stay was longer in the intervention group. Conclusion Our study suggests that BLUSA (Smiths Medical) talking tracheostomy tube improves patient-reported QOL in mechanically ventilated patients with a tracheostomy who cannot tolerate cuff deflation. Level of evidence I Laryngoscope, 130:1249-1255, 2020.
Bidirectional 10-year associations of accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior and activity categories with weight among middle-aged adults.

Although higher sedentary behavior (SB) with low light intensity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) are thought to increase risk for obesity, other data suggest excess weight may precede these behaviors in the causal pathway. We aimed to investigate 10-year bidirectional associations between SB and activity with weight. Analysis included 886 CARDIA participants (aged 38–50 years, 62% female, 38% black) with weight and accelerometry ( ≥ 4 days with ≥ 10 h/day) collected in 2005–6 (ActiGraph 7164) and 2015–6 (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT). Accelerometer data were calibrated, harmonized, and expressed as counts per minute (cpm) and time-dependent intensity categories (min/day of SB, LPA, and MVPA; SB and MVPA were also separated into long-bout and short-bout categories). Linear regression models were constructed to estimate adjusted associations of baseline activity with 10-year change in weight and vice versa. When activity categories were the independent variables, standardized regression coefficients (βstd.) estimated associations of replacing SB with a one SD increase in other categories, adjusted for accelerometer wear time. Over 10-years, weight increased by a mean 2.55 ± 8.05 kg and mean total activity decreased by 50 ± 153 cpm. In adjusted models, one SD higher baseline mean total activity (βstd. = −1.4 kg, p < 0.001), LPA (βstd. = −0.80 kg, p = 0.013), total MVPA (βstd. = −1.07 kg, p = 0.001), and long-bout MVPA (βstd. = −1.20 kg, p < 0.001) were associated with attenuated 10-year weight gain. Conversely, a one SD higher baseline weight was associated with unfavorable 10-year changes in daily activity profile including increases in SB (βstd. = 12.0 min, p < 0.001) and decreases in mean total activity (βstd. = 14.9 cpm, p = 0.004), LPA (βstd. = 8.9, p = 0.002), and MVPA (βstd. = 3.5 min, p = 0.001). Associations varied by race and gender. Higher SB with lower activity and body weight were bidirectionally related. Interventions that work simultaneously to replace SB with LPA and long-bout MVPA while also using other methods to address excess weight may be optimal.
The Mystery of Claude Shannon’s Personal Computer

Claude Shannon is renowned for his master’s thesis in which he applied George Boole’s binary logic to electrical switching networks, establishing the mathematical basis for digital circuit design. Far less publicized is his contribution to the innovation of a personal digital computer some 20 years later. Between 1954 and 1961, while working at AT&T’s Bell Telephone Laboratories and teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he designed and built an embodiment of a programmable, digital switching network of electromechanical relays and licensed its techniques to two entrepreneurs, Edmund Berkeley and Oliver Garfield, for sale as a home computer. The GENIAC, BRAINIAC, and MINIVAC represented iterations of Shannon’s work at Bell Labs and sowed interest in digital computing with young people in the United States and in parts of Europe, well over ten years before electronic digital computers equipped with microprocessors reached a much bigger audience.
Chapter 12 – Flow Through the Kidney

In this chapter, the flow through the kidneys is described. To begin this chapter, the anatomy of the kidneys is first discussed. The characteristics of the renal circulation are then discussed to set the stage for discussions on glomerular filtrate. The unique renal microcirculation is highlighted. The flow through the nephron is then discussed with a special focus on the feedback mechanisms within the nephron unit. The filtered loads of several important molecules are then discussed. Mechanisms for tubule reabsorption and secretion are highlighted. Compartmental analysis is used to describe the movement of solutes through a multicomponent system. Extracorporeal devices and the flow through these devices are also described.
de Sitter Decays to Infinity

Bubbles of nothing are a class of vacuum decay processes present in some theories with compactified extra dimensions. We investigate the existence and properties of bubbles of nothing in models where the scalar pseudomoduli controlling the size of the extra dimensions are stabilized at positive vacuum energy, which is a necessary feature of any realistic model. We map the construction of bubbles of nothing to a four-dimensional Coleman-De Luccia problem and establish necessary conditions on the asymptotic behavior of the scalar potential for the existence of suitable solutions. We perform detailed analyses in the context of five-dimensional theories with metastable $\text{dS}_4 \times S^1$ vacua, using analytic approximations and numerical methods to calculate the decay rate. We find that bubbles of nothing sometimes exist in potentials with no ordinary Coleman-De Luccia decay process, and that in the examples we study, when both processes exist, the bubble of nothing decay rate is faster. Our methods can be generalized to other stabilizing potentials and internal manifolds.
What Is the Growth Rate of Population that Supports Terrorism in Regions with Social Issues

Understanding where and how terrorism happens can provide vital information to explaining why it happens. In particular, terrorism cannot be understood without having accurate knowledge of the environmental factors in which it occurs. The vast literature has analyzed several determinants of terrorism, such as economic, social, psychological and religious factors. However, demographic factors causing and sustaining terrorism in regions are hardly known. Results of the present study suggest a curvilinear relation between confirmed fatalities for terrorist incident and rates of growth of population. In addition, findings here also reveal that a high growth rate of population of about 3.6% maximizes the lethality due to terrorist incidents in society. This high growth rate of population is mainly in regions with socioeconomic issues that can lead to terrorism (e.g., Iraq, Mali, Sudan, etc.). As a matter of fact, the ethnicity and/or religion are illusory causes of terrorism, because they are not an environmental stressor per se, whereas a basic determinant of terrorism may be a critical demographic mass and high population growth that, in certain environments with problematic socioeconomic factors, leads to disrupt the stability of societies/communities, induce frustration and anger of people, and terrorism as a result. Overall, then, this study can clarify and generalize whenever possible, one of the sources of terrorism in regions with social issues. Some socioeconomic policies are suggested to increase economic conditions of people and work opportunities directed to reduce this critical problem in society over the long run.
Modeling of Energy Source in DC Microgrids with Voltage Regulation Capability

DC microgrids gain interests due to the increase in the penetration of renewable resources with DC nature. In DC microgrids, renewable resources are connected in parallel to the DC bus. Droop control strategy is generally used for power sharing allocation among parallel-connected resources. Although its acceptable functionality, the droop control method has two main drawbacks. Line resistances affect the accuracy of power sharing. Moreover, DC bus regulation is deteriorated due to the voltage drop. Hierarchical platforms are introduced to restore power sharing accuracy and voltage level. In this paper, different methods of power sharing correction and voltage restoration are compared. A novel distributed method of voltage restoration is proposed to address the power sharing accuracy, as well as voltage restoration. Then, small-signal analysis is used to derive the hierarchical state space model. The mathematical model has an algorithm that addresses the DC microgrid’s plug and play feature. Through the derived model, functionalities of the studied methods are investigated. Stability analysis is done through the derived state space model for different loading conditions. Simulations and Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) experiments are conducted to verify the controllers’ functionalities.
COVID-19-Related Insurance Coverage Changes and Disparities in Access to Care Among Low-Income US Adults in 4 Southern States

Importance It is unclear how the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated economic downturn have affected insurance coverage and disparities in access to health care among low-income families and people of color in states that have and have not expanded Medicaid. Objective To determine changes in insurance coverage and disparities in access to health care among low-income families and people of color across 4 Southern states and by Medicaid expansion status. Design, Setting, and Participants This random-digit dialing telephone survey study of US citizens ages 19 to 64 years with a family income less than 138% of the federal poverty line in in 4 states (Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas) was conducted from October to December 2020. Using a difference-in-differences design, we estimated changes in outcomes by Medicaid expansion status overall and by race and ethnicity in 2020 (n = 1804) compared with 2018 to 2019 (n = 5710). We also explored barriers to health care and use of telehealth by race and ethnicity. Data analysis was conducted from January 2021 to March 2021. Exposures COVID-19 pandemic and prior Medicaid expansion status. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was the uninsured rate and secondary outcomes were financial and nonfinancial barriers to health care access. Results Of 7514 respondents (11% response rate; 3889 White non-Latinx [51.8%], 1881 Black non-Latinx [25.0%], and 1156 Latinx individuals [15.4%]; 4161 women [55.4%]), 5815 (77.4%) were in the states with previous expansion and 1699 (22.6%) were in Texas (nonexpansion state). Respondents in the expansion states were older, more likely White, and less likely to have attended college compared with respondents in Texas. Uninsurance rate in 2020 rose by 7.4 percentage points in Texas (95% CI, 2.2-12.6;P = .01) and 2.5 percentage points in expansion states (95% CI, −1.9 to 7.0;P = .27), with a difference-in-differences estimate for Medicaid expansion of −4.9% (95% CI, −11.3 to 1.6;P = .14). Among Black and Latinx individuals, Medicaid expansion was associated with protection against a rise in the uninsured rate (difference-in-differences, −9.5%; 95% CI, −19.0 to −0.1;P = .048). Measures of access, including having a personal physician and regular care for chronic conditions, worsened significantly in 2020 in all 4 states, with no significant difference by Medicaid expansion status. Conclusions and Relevance In this survey of US adults, uninsured rates increased among low-income adults in 4 Southern states during the COVID-19 pandemic, but Medicaid expansion states, that association was diminished among Black and Latinx individuals. Nonfinancial barriers to care because of the pandemic were common in all states.
Antimicrobial de-escalation in patients with high-risk febrile neutropenia: Attitudes and practices of adult hospital care providers

In a survey of adult hospital providers regarding antibiotic use in the treatment of febrile neutropenia, clinical fellows, and pharmacists showed higher comfort levels with early antimicrobial de-escalation compared to hematology-oncology and transplant infectious diseases physicians. These frontline team members are ideal partners to champion antimicrobial stewardship interventions in febrile neutropenia.