cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delay in Diagnosis in Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis

Objective To determine the frequency and risk factors for diagnostic delays in children with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN). Study design We reviewed the charts of 52 children with PSGN, and identified children with a delay in diagnosis of more than 24 hours. We determined risk factors for delay in diagnosis using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results 17 children (33%) with PSGN had a delay in diagnosis. Delay in diagnosis occurred in 14% of children with gross hematuria as a presenting complaint and in 54% of children without gross hematuria as a presenting complaint (3.8 increased relative risk, 95% CI = 1.4 to 10; P = .02). A delay in diagnosis was more common in children with a negative infection history ( P = .04). In multiple logistic regression, only the absence of gross hematuria as a presenting complaint was associated with a delay in diagnosis ( P = .01). All children with a delay in diagnosis had microscopic hematuria on their initial urinalysis. Conclusions Delay in diagnosis is common in children with PSGN, especially if visible hematuria is not a presenting complaint. Physicians should consider the possibility of PSGN in children with symptoms that may be secondary to volume overload. A urinalysis is a helpful initial diagnostic test.
Concerning the Recovery of a Bandlimited Signal or Its Spectrum from a Finite Segment

The relationship between the iterative techniques of Sandberg and Papoulis is clarified. The conditions of Sandberg's theorem are not satisfied in general when the problem is that of extrapolating a bandlimited signal outside of a known segment (a problem that is "illposed"). For an interesting special case, the iteration may be applied and the signal recovered exactly.
Electrocardiograms with large, upright T waves and long Q-T intervals.

Abstract It is suggested, on the basis of the experimental results of cooling or warming the endocardial surface of the dog's left ventricle, that large, upright T waves in the human electrocardiogram, together with prolongation of the Q-T interval, may oftent be due to ischemic changes preponderantly involving the muscle layers at the endocardial surface of the left ventricle. The best examples of electrocardiograms of this type were obtained from patients with arterial hypertension and symptoms and signs of encephalopathy. Further study is needed before the reason for this association can be suggested.
Using colorectal trends in the U.S. to identify unmet primary care needs of vulnerable populations.

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer screening (CRC) disparities have worsened in recent years. Objective To examine progress toward Healthy People 2010 goals for CRC screening among ethnic/racial groups, including disaggregated Latino groups. Methods Multivariate logistic regressions examined associations between ethnicity/race and primary outcomes of self-reported guideline-concordant CRC screenings considering time trends for 65,947 respondents of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 2000 to 2007 age 50-years and older from six groups (non-Latino White, non-Latino Black, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Mexican, and Other Latino). We also tested for modification effects by education, income, and health insurance. Results Most groups approached Healthy People 2010 CRC screening rate goals, including non-Latino Whites (47%), non-Latino Blacks (42%) and Puerto Ricans (40%), while Mexicans remained disparately lower (28%). Higher education, income and insurance coverage, partially attenuated this lower likelihood, but Mexican rates remained significantly lower than non-Latino Whites for receiving endoscopy in the past 5 years {OR(95% CI) = 0.68(0.59–0.77)} and having received any CRC screening {0.70(0.62–0.79)}. Conclusions Among ethnic/racial groups examined, only Mexicans met healthcare disparity criteria in CRC screening. Findings suggest that healthcare equity goals can be attained if resources affecting continuity of care or ability to pay for preventive services are available, and targeted populations are adequately identified.
Carbon dioxide sequestration in cement kiln dust through mineral carbonation.

Carbon sequestration through the formation of carbonates is a potential means to reduce CO2 emissions. Alkaline industrial solid wastes typically have high mass fractions of reactive oxides that may not require preprocessing, making them an attractive source material for mineral carbonation The degree of mineral carbonation achievable in cement kiln dust (CKD) under ambient temperatures and pressures was examined through a series of batch and column experiments. The overall extent and potential mechanisms and rate behavior of the carbonation process were assessed through a complementary set of analytical and empirical methods, including mass change, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The carbonation reactions were carried out primarily through the reaction of CO2 with Ca(OH)2, and CaCO3 was observed as the predominant carbonation product. A sequestration extent of over 60% was observed within 8 h of reaction without any modifications to the waste. Sequestration appears to follow unreacted core model...
Zoos as teaching aids for the comparative psychology course

Abstract This paper describes a course in comparative psychology, an important feature of which is the inclusion of a series of observational exercises at our local zoological park. These exercises are designed to teach the general principles of evolution as they pertain to life in general and behavior in particular. Another significant feature of the course is the requirement that students conduct an observational research project at the zoo. These projects provide experience with field research techniques and allow students to interact with unusual and rare animals.
Stereolithography on silicon for microfluidics and microsensor packaging

Stereolithography can be used to fabricate 3-D and high aspect ratio microstructures with low manufacturing cost and short fabrication time. Stereo lithography can customize the packages for microfluidics and microsensors to eliminate the dead volume of the reaction chamber. Fabrication of MEMS packages on a wafer level scale can decrease the manufacturing time and assembly time. In order to show the feasibility of integration of stereolithography with micromachined devices, alignment, cleaning, and dicing tests have been investigated. Stereolithography was applied to chemical sensors, interdigitated electrodes, and an AFM cantilever fluid cell package. After the cleaning process the devices were tested and passed a functional test.
Isolation and characterization of prototype viruses ECHO-26, ECHO-27, Coxsackie B-6.

SummaryHerein are described the antigenic specificity and biologic properties of 3 new prototype human enteroviruses, ECHO's 26 and 27 and Coxsackie B-6. All 3 fulfill the necessary criteria descriptive of their respective enterovirus group and have been assigned numbers by the Committee on Enteroviruses. All 3 were isolated from rectal swabs taken from healthy persons living in the Philippines in 1953.
Stem cell transplantation for the treatment of myocardial infarction

Stem cell transplantation provides a potential regenerative therapy for the heart damaged by myocardial infarction. Numerous scientific studies have been undertaken in animals and humans to analyze the safety and efficacy of this new approach. However, at the present time, the results have been mixed and inconclusive, and the mechanism of stem cell transplantation therapy remains unclear. This review discusses the controversies and problems that need to be addressed in future investigations.
Cloud field assimilation using simulated Triana satellite data

Abstract In the next few years, NASA plans to launch satellite Triana, a deep space Earth observatory that will take a full-disk view of the sunlit side of the Earth. Triana carries two instruments, EPIC, which will deliver Science products such as total precipitable water, cloud height, aerosol index, total ozone, and a global visible cloud field image, and NISTAR, which obtains precise radiometry integrated over the entire sunlit disk. Using a contemporary atmospheric model (namely the Eta model), we have started a project whose goal is to simulate some of the Triana observations and to assess the impact of Triana data for weather and climate predictions. In this paper, we report on the results of numerical experiments assimilating temperature profiles with and without cloud liquid water for inferring tropical and extra-tropical atmospheric states. We also assess the impact of initializing cloud liquid water for short term forecasts and data assimilation cycles.
Crystal and molecular structure of (C5H5)2Fe2(CO)3CS, a carbonyl, thiocarbonyl-bridged diiron complex

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (Cp) 2 Fe 2 (CO) 3 CS, dicarbonyldi- η-cyclopentadienyl-μ-carbonyl-μ-thiocarbonyldiiron, has been determined by single crystal X-ray techniques. It crystallizes in space group P 2 1 / c with a 14.508(8) A, b 13.618(5) A, c 15.193(7) A, β 110.50(6)° and eight molecules per cell (two per asymmetric unit). A modified Patterson superposition technique yielded the initial model which refined to a residual index of R = 0.070 using 3643 observed reflections (|F o | > 3σ|F o |). The thiocarbonyl group occupies one of the two bridging positions with concomitant lengthening of the CS distance to 1.60(1) A. The FeFe distance is 2.505(2) A, intermediate between that found for related complexes with two carbonyl bridges, 2.531 A, and two thiocarbonyl bridges, 2.482 A. The cyclopentadienyl groups are cis to one another in the complex.
High-Affinity Interaction with VDAC Links Cytosolic Proteins to Mitochondrial Regulation in Health, Cancer, and Neurodegeneration

We address the question of how mitochondria control cell survival and cell death by studying the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC). VDAC, the major channel of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM), is a well-recognized key conduit for ATP and other bioenergetics metabolites fluxes across MOM. We have found that dimeric tubulin, the subunit of microtubule, induces highly efficient reversible blockage of VDAC reconstituted into planar lipid membranes. Although the tubulin-blocked state still conducts small ions, it is virtually impermeable to ATP. We propose that by modulating VDAC permeability for ATP and other respiratory substrates, tubulin controls mitochondrial respiration. These findings are supported by experiments with isolated mitochondria and human hepatoma cells, thus uncovering a mechanism of regulation of mitochondrial energetics by free tubulin and also suggesting how cancer cells preferentially use inefficient glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation (the Warburg effect).We also found a functional interaction between VDAC and α-synuclein (α-syn), an intrinsically disordered neuronal protein intimately associated with Parkinson disease (PD) pathogenesis. Importantly, in addition to regulation of VDAC permeability by α-syn, our data indicate that VDAC facilitates translocation of α-syn across MOM where it could target complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the inner membrane. Supporting our in vitro experiments, a yeast model of PD shows that α-syn toxicity in yeast depends on VDAC. Considering that VDAC is a major conduit for respiratory substrates across the mitochondrial outer membrane, we conclude that the α-syn/VDAC functional interaction reveals the elusive physiological and pathophysiological roles for monomeric α-syn in PD and also in general neurodegeneration.
Seasonal variation of gas exchange and pigmentation in branches of three grafted clones of mature ponderosa pine exposed to ozone and acid rain.

Abstract Gas exchange and pigmentation responses of mature ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Laws.) branches to ozone and acid rain exposure were investigated using three grafted clones growing in a managed seed orchard. Exposure of one-year-old foliage to twice ambient ozone (2 × AMB) resulted in significant decreases in net photosynthesis (P n ), stomatal conductance (g sw ) and pigmentation relative to charcoal-filtered (CF) and ambient (AMB) ozone treatments. Ozone effects on gas exchange and pigmentation were most pronounced during late-season and differed significantly among clones. Environmental parameters (e.g. light, vapor pressure deficit, and temperature) accounted for more variation in P n than did cumulative ozone exposure. Minimal differences in g sw and P n among ozone treatments occurred during seasonal periods of high temperature and evaporative demand. Negative effects of 2 × AMB ozone on g sw and pigmentation were greatest for the clones having highest and lowest phenotypic vigor under ambient conditions; the clone of moderate phenotypic vigor under ambient conditions was least sensitive to ozone. Application of simulated acid rain of pH 3.0, pH 5.1 or no rain (NR) had little impact on gas exchange or pigmentation.
Temperature-enhanced electron attachment to CH3Cl

Abstract The weak dissociative electron attachment to CH 3 Cl below ≈ 1 eV is very strongly dependent on the gas temperature; the rate constant for the process increases by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude when the temperature is increased from 300 to 750 K.
Polarization of neutrons scattered by intermediate and heavy nuclei

Abstract Measurements of the polarization produced in the scattering of neutrons from heavy nuclei have been carried out at neutron energies of 380 keV and 980 keV. The Li7 (p, n) Be7 reaction was used as a source of polarized neutrons. Right-left asymmetries in scattering of these neutrons from several elements ranging in atomic weight from 55 to 238 were measured at scattering angles of 55°, 90° and 130°. With few exceptions the observed polarizations vary smoothly with atomic weight. Measured values of the polarization range from −0.10 to +0.15 at 380 keV,. and from −0.17 to +0.20 at 980 keV. The results at 380-keV neutron energy are compared with values predicted by the complex square well potential modified by a surface spin-orbit interaction. Using several sets of well parameters it has not been possible to reproduce the experimental results.
Does open radical retropubic prostatectomy decrease the risk of acute urinary retention

Objectives Development of acute urinary retention (AUR) is common in the aging male. The pathophysiology of AUR is attributed primarily to prostatic obstruction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of AUR in men after open radical prostatectomy (ORRP). Methods A questionnaire asking whether a urinary catheter had been inserted after its initial removal was sent to 1361 men who underwent ORRP by a single surgeon (HL) between October 2000 and January 2007. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 84 months (mean, 48 months). For those who responded that a catheter had been reinserted, a follow-up question inquired specifically when this event occurred. The reason for postprostatectomy catheter reinsertion was determined via phone interview. Results A total of 952 men (69.9% response rate) mailed a completed questionnaire to our database manager. No men underwent catheter reinsertion owing to spontaneous AUR. Ninety-two men (9.7%) answered "yes" to requiring catheter insertion postprostatectomy. The reasons for recatheterization were an intermittent catheterization regimen after dilation of an anastomotic stricture or meatal stenosis (n = 68), AUR immediately after initial catheter removal (n = 14), and elective reasons (n = 10). All urethral strictures were dilated within the first year after surgery and no patient with stricture presented with AUR. Conclusions The risk of spontaneous AUR after 1 month of catheter removal after ORRP is 0%. We believe that this is an important unrecognized clinical benefit of ORRP, especially in men with moderate to severe lower urinart tract symptoms or enlarged prostates, who are at higher risk for AUR.
Expression and signal transduction of the glucagon receptor in βTC3 cells

Abstract The expression and signal transduction of the glucagon receptor (GR) have been studied in β TC3 cells. Northern blot and RT-PCR analysis indicated the expression of the GR gene in β TC3 cells. One-5 nM glucagon stimulated a 2.5-fold increase in the IP s production. At glucagon concentrations higher than 5 nM, the production of IP s was blunted but not abolished. The accumulation of intracellular cAMP was observed following the stimulation with 5 nM of glucagon. A maximal 4.5-fold increase in cAMP was observed using 250 nM glucagon and higher. Comparative studies using a glucagon anatogonist, des-His 1 [Glu] 9 glucagon, showed no effect on intracellular cAMP and IPs in β TC3 cells. Our data shows that the GR gene is expressed in β TC3 cells. The GR in β TC3 cells transmits its intracellular signal by causing the accumulation of both IP s and cAMP.
Supporting Service Differentiation and Improving Channel Utilization with an Enhanced IEEE 802.11 DCF

Fair allocation of bandwidth and maximization of channel utilization are two important issues when designing a contention-based wireless medium access control (MAC) protocol. However, fulfilling both design goals at the same time is very difficult. Considering the problem in the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs), in this work we propose a method using a p-persistent enhanced DCF, called P-IEEE 802.11 DCF, to achieve weighted fairness and efficient channel utilization among multiple priority classes in a WLAN. Its key idea is that when the back-off timer of a node reaches zero, the transmission probability is properly controlled to reflect the relative weights among data traffic flows so as to maximize the aggregate throughput and to minimize the frame delay at the same time. In particular, we obtain the optimal transmission probability based on a theoretical analysis, and also provide an approximation to this probability. The derived optimal and approximation are all evaluated numerically and simulated with different scenarios. The results show that the proposed method can fulfill our design goals under different numbers of priority classes and different numbers of nodes.
Congested urban transportation networks and emission paradoxes

Abstract In this paper, we identify three distinct paradoxical phenomena that can occur in congested urban transportation networks as regards the total emissions generated, which demonstrate that so-called `improvements' to the transportation network may result in increases in total emissions generated. In particular, we illustrate, through specific examples, the following: (1) the addition of a road may result in an increase in total emissions with no change in travel demand, (2) the total emissions may increase with a decrease in travel demand and (3) the improvement of a road in terms of travel cost may result in an increase in total emissions without a change in the travel demand. These examples demonstrate that the network topology, cost structure, as well as the travel demand structure must be taken into consideration in any policy system aimed towards the reduction of emissions due to motor vehicles.
Comparative Activities of Oseltamivir and A-322278 in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Murine Models of Influenza Virus Infection

We developed an immunocompromised murine model of influenza virus infection and demonstrated comparable efficacy of oral oseltamivir and A-322278 (both given at dosages of 10 mg/kg/day) in reducing viral replication, decreasing weight loss, and prolonging survival. Once the treatment was discontinued, severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice had progressive viral replication and clinical decline. Drug-resistant variants were detected in 4 (29%) of 14 and 2 (13%) of 15 mice (both BALB/c and SCID) treated with oseltamivir or A-322278, respectively; no resistant variants were detected in placebo-treated mice. Amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin receptor-binding site at aa 137 or 225 were detected in cloned resistant isolates. A substitution in the neuraminidase (NA) active site (Arg292Lys) was detected in the cloned virus recovered from an oseltamivir-treated mouse. This model would be useful for elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of resistance to NA inhibitors and for testing of anti-influenza therapy options that might prevent the emergence of resistant variants.
Ammonia: a reactive medium for catalysed coal gasification

The aim of this research was to investigate the potential commercial application of ammonia as a reactive medium for catalysed coal gasification. This gas has not been used previously for this purpose, but reactions of carbon in nitrogenous compounds indicate that the chemical feedstock base from coal can be broadened by gasification in ammonia. The calcium- or potassium-catalysed reactivities of a demineralized lignite char in ammonia, carbon dioxide or oxygen at 800 °C were compared. Addition of calcium or potassium catalysts to the coal significantly enhanced the char reactivity relative to the uncatalysed condition. For both catalysts, the highest gasification rates were obtained in oxygen, whereas at 4.3 wt% Ca loading, the reactivity in NH3 was slightly higher than that in CO2. For reaction times < 25–40 min, the rates of char conversion in NH3 and CO2 were essentially similar, but reaction in the former became more prominent after longer times. This work has shown that ammonia is an effective medium for calcium- or potassium-catalysed coal char gasification.
A permanent experimental model for reversible myocardial anoxia.

Abstract A new permanent preparation for studying myocardial response to reversible ischemia was defined and characterized in 46 dogs. The left mammary artery was anastomosed to the second diagonal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The artery distal to the anastomosis served as the sole vascular supply for a myocardial pedicle created by a simultaneous incision and suture technique. The venous drainage was left intact, draining blood to the great cardiac vein and coronary sinus. The pedicles so constructed were an anatomically defined myocardial segment with an independent yet controllable vascular supply that maintained viable, functioning tissue. Functional continuity with surrounding myocardium was preserved. There was no damage to adjacent tissue. Overall ventricular function was maintained, and permanent preparations were readily available for study. Occlusion of the mammary artery for a 15-minute period produced structural and functional changes that were completely reversible with 30 minutes of revascularization. Sixty minutes of occlusion produced severe morphological and functional damage that was only slightly reversible. Additional applications of the model are discussed.
Will Undergraduate Students Play Games to Learn How to Conduct Library Research

This exploratory study examines whether undergraduate students will play games to learn how to conduct library research. Results indicate that students will play games that are an integral component of the course curriculum and enable them to accomplish overall course goals at the same time they learn about library research.
Alpha-acetoxy derivatives of methyl-2-oxopropylnitrosamine: Synthesis, hydrolysis rate and bacterial mutagenicity

N-Methyl-N-2-oxopropylnitrosamine (MOP) induces pancreatic tumors in hamsters. As models for the putative proximate carcinogenic alpha-hydroxy derivatives, we studied N-acetoxymethyl-N-2-oxopropylnitrosamine (AMOP) and N-methyl-N-(1-acetoxy-2-oxopropyl)nitrosamine (MAOP). AMOP was synthesized from aminoacetone by the method of Roller et al. [1975), Tetrahedron Lett., 25, 2065-2068) and MAOP was synthesized by acetoxylation of MOP with lead tetraacetate. The half-lives of AMOP, MAOP and acetoxymethylmethylnitrosamine (ADMN) in aqueous buffer decreased as the pH rose from 5 to 9, with values at pH 5 of 2.8 X 10(4) min for AMOP, 3.2 X 10(3) min for ADMN, and 23 min for MAOP. Mutagenicity was examined in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, using a pre-incubation at pH 5 without microsomal activation. The mutagenic potency, expressed as revertants/mumole, was 56 for AMOP, 150 for ADMN, and 4.5 X 10(4) for MAOP. Hence, hydrolysis rates at pH 5 were probably important in determining the relative mutagenicity.
QUANTITATIVE BEHAVIORAL STUDY OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS IN SWIM‐WITH‐DOLPHIN PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES

The behavior of dolphins in four Swim-With-Dolphin programs was compared by type of Swim encounter, defined by the presence (“Controlled“) or absence (“Not-Controlled“) of explicit trainer regulation of interactions between dolphins and human swimmers. Dolphin-swimmer interactions involving aggressive, submissive, or sexual behavior were designated as “high-risk” in the Swim context; sexual behavior was included as high-risk based on analyses that demonstrated co-occurrence of sexual and agonistic behaviors. High-risk activity comprised a substantial proportion of dolphin-swimmer social activity during Not-Controlled Swims. In contrast, high-risk activity rarely occurred during Controlled Swims, even though agonistic and sexual behaviors were normal components of the same dolphins’ free-time social repertoire. These results indicated that direct trainer control of dolphin-swimmer interactions virtually eliminated high-risk activity from the Swim context, and thereby diminished the potential for dolphin distress, swimmer injury, and rejection of dolphins from Swim programs due to swimmer injury. This study illustrates effective use of quantitative behavioral sampling techniques for evaluation of captive management concerns and promotes broader use of these techniques for a better understanding of cetacean behavior.
The Photodichroic Alkali-Halides As Optical Processing Elements

The photodichroic optical recording properties of FA, M, and MA type defects and alkali-halide materials are reviewed and new advances are reported. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of crystalline KC1, NaF, and KF to a variety of optical data processing tasks including real-time spectral analysis.
Hydroxyurea-inducible SAR1 gene acts through the Giα/JNK/Jun pathway to regulate γ-globin expression

Hydroxyurea (HU) is effectively used in the management of β-hemoglobinopathies by augmenting the production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HU-mediated HbF regulation remain unclear. We previously reported that overexpression of the HU-induced SAR1 gene closely mimics the known effects of HU on K562 and CD34+ cells, including γ-globin induction and cell-cycle regulation. Here, we show that HU stimulated nuclear factor-κB interaction with its cognate-binding site on the SAR1 promoter to regulate transcriptional expression of SAR1 in K562 and CD34+ cells. Silencing SAR1 expression not only significantly lowered both basal and HU-elicited HbF production in K562 and CD34+ cells, but also significantly reduced HU-mediated S-phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in K562 cells. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/Jun phosphorylation and silencing of Giα expression in SAR1-transfected K562 and CD34+ cells reduced both γ-globin expression and HbF level, indicating that activation of Giα/JNK/Jun proteins is required for SAR1-mediated HbF induction. Furthermore, reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed an association between forcibly expressed SAR1 and Giα2 or Giα3 proteins in both K562 and nonerythroid cells. These results indicate that HU induces SAR1, which in turn activates γ-globin expression, predominantly through the Giα/JNK/Jun pathway. Our findings identify SAR1 as an alternative therapeutic target for β-globin disorders.
Patients Receiving Glutamine-Supplemented Intravenous Feedings Report an Improvement in Mood

Nutritional effects have traditionally focused on outcomes, such as nitrogen balance, wound healing, or muscle strength. Little emphasis has been placed on how biochemical or physical improvements translate into functional changes as perceived by the patient. Because glutamine (GLN)-supplemented nutrition promotes protein synthesis and improves nitrogen balance, we assessed the mood of individuals participating in a randomized controlled blinded trial receiving GLN solutions. Patients (n = 23) undergoing marrow transplantation were randomized by the research pharmacist to receive either standard total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (control) or GLN-containing TPN (40 g of glutamine total). The solutions were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and were administered until the patient was eating 50% of estimated requirements. Before TPN and on admission to the hospital, the patient completed the Profile of Mood States questionnaire, a standardized test quantifying the degree of tension, depression, anger, vigor, fati...
Gauge-dependent condensates and the quark propagator☆

Abstract We consider the contributions of the condensates 〈 ψ ψ〉 , and to the vector two-point sum rule and to the quark propagator. We demonstrate that whilst in the sum rule only the contributions 〈m ψ ψ〉 and occur, in the quark propagator gauge-dependent combinations enter. This latter property also holds at the pole of the propagator.
An optimal control solution to the liquidity constraint problem

Abstract An analytical solution to the liquidity constraint problem is derived in an optimal control framework. Some properties of the solution are examined. Results in the existing literature derived there by disparate methods are obtained by a single approach, thus providing a unified theory of consumption under liquidity constraint.
Correlative evidence of hypertension and altered cochlear microhomeostasis : electrophysiological changes in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

The spontaneously hypertensive rat model has been used to show that hypertension is an important pathophysiological risk factor in age-related hearing loss. In the present study, compound action potential (CAP), electrochemical potential (ECP), and potassium concentration (CK+) measurements were taken from the cochlea of genetically predisposed, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In the SHR model, as the duration of hypertension increased with the animal's age (from 3 to 8 months), CAP thresholds increased, ECP increased in marginal cells only, and CK+ increased in both endolymph and marginal cells. Collectively, the data suggest that ionic alternations of cellular potentials are involved in hearing changes in the hypertensive state. Ultimately, such data may assist in understanding hearing loss in individuals who are diagnosed with hypertension.
Drosophila fly straight by fixating objects in the face of expanding optic flow

Flies, like all animals that depend on vision to navigate through the world, must integrate the optic flow created by self-motion with the images generated by prominent features in their environment. Although much is known about the responses of Drosophila melanogaster to rotating flow fields, their reactions to the more complex patterns of motion that occur as they translate through the world are not well understood. In the present study we explore the interactions between two visual reflexes in Drosophila: object fixation and expansion avoidance. As a fly flies forward, it encounters an expanding visual flow field. However, recent results have demonstrated that Drosophila strongly turn away from patterns of expansion. Given the strength of this reflex, it is difficult to explain how flies make forward progress through a visual landscape. This paradox is partially resolved by the finding reported here that when undergoing flight directed towards a conspicuous object, Drosophila will tolerate a level of expansion that would otherwise induce avoidance. This navigation strategy allows flies to fly straight when orienting towards prominent visual features.
Investment in a rural residency program: a case study.

: Rural hospitals have used numerous strategies over the past several decades to recruit and retain physicians. These have included providing physicians economic incentives, immigration status, professional and technical support and establishing rural training tracks (RTT) in family practice residency programs. This paper presents the experience of an isolated rural region in southwestern New York state that has employed each of these strategies in the past decade. Success as measured by the change in size of the medical staff, hospital operating margins, admissions and employment occurred only after the emphasis changed from meeting hospital needs to physician needs. Pivotal to this strategy was the nurturing and development of an RTT. Investment in the residency program required strong leadership to ensure the political, financial and operational commitment of its affiliated hospital. In addition, the RTT required an affiliation with a financially viable, full-service hospital, a strong on-site chief of service, family physicians who performed cesarean sections, midlevel providers and practitioners dedicated to the mission of teaching.
Relationship between insulin receptor subunit association and protein kinase activation: insulin-dependent covalent and manganese/magnesium ATP dependent noncovalent association of .alpha..beta. heterodimeric insulin receptors into an .alpha.2.beta.2 heterotetrameric state

The purified human placenta alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric insulin receptor was reduced and dissociated into a functional alpha beta heterodimeric complex by a combination of alkaline pH and dithiothreitol treatment. In the presence of Mn/MgATP, insulin binding to the isolated alpha beta heterodimeric insulin receptor was found to induce the formation of a covalent disulfide-linked alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric complex. In the absence of insulin, a noncovalent association of the alpha beta heterodimeric insulin receptor complex into an alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric state required the continuous presence of both a divalent metal ion (Mn or Mg) and an adenine nucleotide (ATP, ADP, or AMPPCP). Thus, Mn/MgATP binding and not insulin receptor autophosphorylation was responsible for the noncovalent association into the alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric state. However, the divalent metal ions or NaATP separately was ineffective in inducing the noncovalent association between the alpha beta heterodimers. The specific sulfhydryl agent iodoacetamide (IAN) was observed to inhibit the insulin-dependent covalent association of the alpha beta heterodimers without affecting the Mn/MgATP-induced noncovalent association into the alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric state. Insulin treatment of the isolated alpha beta heterodimeric complex in the presence of IAN demonstrated that the Mn/MgATP-induce noncovalent association into the alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetrameric state was sufficient for insulin stimulation of beta-subunit autophosphorylation and exogenous substrate protein kinase activity. These data indicate that although interaction between the individual insulin receptor alpha beta heterodimers is necessary for insulin stimulation of protein kinase activity it does not require covalent disulfide bond formation.
Intake in cattle of a ground switchgrass and alfalfa hay mixture blended with various levels of sucrose or citric acid

Abstract Palatability of feed affects voluntary intake. The objectives were to evaluate preference by bovine for sweet (sucrose) or sour (citric acid) blended with a mixture of ground switchgrass (42 g crude protein/kg dry matter) and alfalfa hay (176 g crude protein/kg dry matter). Flavors were dissolved in 50 mL deionized water per kg of hay for blending. In Experiment 1, sucrose hay (S100) had 100 g sucrose added per kg hay. Citric acid hay (CA50) had 50 g citric acid added per kg hay. Control hay (CON) had 50 mL deionized water added per kg hay. In Experiment 2, treatments were CON, sucrose added at 25 g per kg hay (S25), S100, 150 g per kg hay (S150). Citric acid added at 25 g per kg hay (CA25), and CA50. Hays were mixed in a horizontal mixer 3 d prior to each experimental period. Twelve beef cattle (initial BW = 283 ± 25 kg) were housed under a roof on expanded metal flooring with access to six feed locations designated I through VI, west to east. Cattle consumed 1 kg/day of supplement (corn, soybean hulls, and trace mineralized salt) that was fed daily, after hay orts were removed and weighed at 0800. Cattle were offered treatment hay equal to 6 g per kg BW at each feed slot and treatments were randomly assigned to two of the six locations at 0830. Cattle were given a 14-d adaptation to CON followed by a 7-d offer of treatments. In Experiment 1, cattle preferred S100 (3.42 ± 0.04 kg/d) over CON (2.8 ± 0.04 kg/d, P
SEXUAL ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR OF FEMALE READERS AND NON-READERS OF EROTIC LITERATURE

50 female students in a church-related college were surveyed to determine the association of selected sexual attitudes and behaviors and reading habits related to erotic literature. Reading habits ...
Follicular lesions of the thyroid: A retrospective study of 1,348 fine needle aspiration biopsies

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) has proven to be an effective tool in management of patients with thyroid nodules. However, the diagnosis of follicular patterned lesions can be challenging. The surgical and cytopathology computer database at a large referral medical center was searched for cases that had both cytologic and histologic thyroid accessions from January 2004 to November 2008. A total of 1,255 histologic thyroid specimens and 2,776 thyroid FNA biopsies were retrieved for review. Histologically, 272 overt malignancies were identified; 20 (7.4%) were follicular carcinomas. Cytologically, 1,348 cases were follicular-patterned lesions, comprising 1,044 cases of "benign follicular nodules" (BFN), 137 cases of "follicular lesions of undetermined significance" (FLUS), and 167 cases of "suspicious for follicular neoplasm" (SFN). Seventy-nine (7.5%) of BFN, 23 (16.8%) of FLUS, and 65 (38.9%) of SFN cases had histologic follow-up. Overt malignancy, a cystic papillary carcinoma, was identified histologically in only one case of BFN, for a negative predictive value of 98.7%. Overt malignancy was identified histologically in two cases of FLUS, both follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, for a positive predictive value of 8.7%. Overt malignancy was identified histologically in 14 cases of SFN, for a positive predictive value of 21.5%. Five follicular carcinomas were identified histologically in the SFN category, all minimally invasive. Incidental ("occult") papillary microcarcinoma were identified histologically in all three categories. In this study, the risk of overt malignancy increases from 1.3%, to 8.7%, to 21.5% for BFN, FLUS, and SFN, respectively. All follicular carcinomas identified histologically occurred in the SFN category and all were minimally invasive. Papillary microcarcinomas can occur in any of the three diagnostic categories.
International Knowledge Transmission and Innovation in High-Technology Industries

Knowledge, which lies at the heart of innovation, comes from a wide range of sources. Nations that fail to understand and utilize knowledge from other nations, neglect a vital aspect of innovation in a globally interdependent world. At the same time, domestic infrastructure for innovation remains critical to the ability to generate, absorb, and implement knowledge from both domestic and global origins.
Distributed active learning with application to battery health management

This paper focuses on distributed implementation of active learning with a limited number of queries. In the prognostics and health management domain, the cost to obtain a training sample can be fairly high, especially when studying the aging process for remaining useful life prediction of a mission critical component. Active learning with limited resource is formulated as a reinforcement learning problem, where the sampling strategy has to minimize the expected generalization error within a finite horizon. An importance sampling based method is adopted for active learning and extended to distributed implementation with multiple active learners. The fusion of importance weights from multiple learners is interpreted as a special boosting strategy. The proposed framework is applicable to classification and regression problems as well as semi-supervised learning. The remaining useful life prediction for battery health management is used to compare the proposed method with conventional passive learning methods. Empirical study shows that the fusion of distributed active learners achieves better classification and prediction accuracy with a reduced number of training samples needed to have a complete run-to-failure profile.
Terahertz vibrational modes in non-polar non-hydrogen-bonding crystalline solids

We observe terahertz vibrational modes in crystals of n-octadecane, a non-hydrogen-bonding, non-polar molecule. These modes are not present in amorphous samples.
Black high school females' images of the scientist: Expression of culture

In this investigation of the scientist's images, black females were the sole participants. The data were obtained via semistructured interviews and were interpreted from a framework that emerged from the analysis of the data. Tesch's organizing system method was used to analyze the data, responses to the questions, “What do the teenaged, academically competent black females believe about the scientist?” and “What attribute (e.g., values, lifestyles) do they ascribe to the scientist?” From the analysis, two cultural orientations—the dominant culture and the African-American culture that exists in the United States—became evident. It was found that descriptions of the scientist differed with the ethnicity ascribed to him or her. These differences corresponded to the tenets of the dominant culture and the African-American culture in the United States. When these images of the scientist are viewed as windows to self-concepts, the results of the study have implications for science instruction, a consistent way through which African-American females are exposed to the sciences. J Res Sci Teach 34: 745–768, 1997.
A meteoroid on steroids: ranking media items stemming from multiple social networks

We have developed an application called Social Media Illustrator that allows for finding media items on multiple social networks, clustering them by visual similarity, ranking them by different criteria, and finally arranging them in media galleries that were evaluated to be perceived as aesthetically pleasing. In this paper, we focus on the ranking aspect and show how, for a given set of media items, the most adequate ranking criterion combination can be found by interactively applying different criteria and seeing their effect on-the-fly. This leads us to an empirically optimized media item ranking formula, which takes social network interactions into account. While the ranking formula is not universally applicable, it can serve as a good starting point for an individually adapted formula, all within the context of Social Media Illustrator. A demo of the application is available publicly online at the URL http://social-media-illustrator.herokuapp.com/.
Automated annotation and quantification of glycans using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Summary: As a common post-translational modification, protein glycosylation plays an important role in many biological processes, and it is known to be associated with human diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycomic profiling techniques have been developed to measure the abundances of glycans in complex biological samples and applied to the discovery of putative glycan biomarkers. To automate the annotation of glycomic profiles in the liquid chromatography-MS (LC–MS) data, we present here a user-friendly software tool, MultiGlycan, implemented in C# on Windows systems. We tested MultiGlycan by using several glycomic profiling datasets acquired using LC–MS under different preparations and show that MultiGlycan executes fast and generates robust and reliable results. Availability: MultiGlycan can be freely downloaded at http://darwin.informatics.indiana.edu/MultiGlycan/. Contact: ude.anaidni@uyuhc or ude.anaidni@gnatah Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Micromechanical and in situ shear testing of Al–SiC nanolaminate composites in a transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Abstract Nanolaminate composites show promise as high strength and toughness materials. However, due to the limited volume of these materials, micron scale mechanical testing methods must be used to determine the properties of these films. To this end, a novel approach combining a double notch shear testing geometry and compression with a flat punch in a nanoindenter was developed to determine the mechanical properties of these films under shear loading. To further elucidate the failure mechanisms under shear loading, in situ TEM experiments were performed using a double notch geometry cut into the TEM foil. Aluminum layer thicknesses of 50 nm and 100 nm were used to show the effect of constraint on the deformation. Higher shear strength was observed in the 50 nm sample (690±54 MPa) compared to the 100 nm sample (423±28.7 MPa). Additionally, failure occurred close to the Al–SiC interface in the 50 nm sample as opposed to failure within the Al layer in the 100 nm sample.
Further Characterization of Human DNA Polymerase δ Interacting Protein 38

Polymerase δ interacting protein 38 (PDIP38) was identified as a human DNA polymerase (pol) δ interacting protein through a direct interaction with p50, the small subunit of human pol δ. PDIP38 was also found to interact with proliferating cell nuclear antigen, which suggested that it might play a role in vivo in the processes of DNA replication and DNA repair in the nucleus. In order to characterize further this novel protein, we have examined its subcellular localization by the use of immunochemical and cellular fractionation techniques. These studies show that PDIP38 is a novel mitochondrial protein and is localized mainly to the mitochondria. PDIP38 was shown to possess a functional mitochondrial targeting sequence that is located within the first 35 N-terminal amino acid residues. The mature PDIP38 protein is about 50 amino acid residues smaller than the full-length precursor PDIP38 protein, consistent with it being processed by cleavage of the mitochondrial targeting sequence during entry into the mitochondria. His-tagged mature PDIP38 inhibited pol δ activity in vitro and interacted with human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein, suggesting that PDIP38 might play a role in the pol δ-mediated viral DNA replication. Although the localization of PDIP38 to the mitochondria suggests that it serves functions within the mitochondria, we cannot eliminate the possibility that it may be involved in pol δ-mediated DNA replication or DNA repair under certain conditions such as viral infection.
Hypothesis Testing in a Fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Model

Consider an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process driven by a fractional Brownian motion. It is an interesting problem to find criteria for whether the process is stable or has a unit root, given a finite sample of observations. Recently, various asymptotic distributions for estimators of the drift parameter have been developed. We illustrate through computer simulations and through a Stein's bound that these asymptotic distributions are inadequate approximations of the finite-sample distribution for moderate values of the drift and the sample size. We propose a new model to obtain asymptotic distributions near zero and compute the limiting distribution. We show applications to regression analysis and obtain hypothesis tests and their asymptotic power.
‘The Construction of Logical Space’, by Rayo, Agustín: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, pp. xix + 220, £35 (hardback).

Not so long ago, ‘positivist’ was one of those words (like ‘Cartesian’ and ‘reductionist’) that academics sometimes use when professional etiquette prevents them from using a more quotidian slur te...
Renewed Prescriptions For An Old Remedy: Physical Activity

Policy makers struggle to act on a growing body of evidence that links better health to physical activity.