cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concepts About Current Conditions for the Preparation and Storage of Platelets

Substantial experimentation over the last 20 years has led to the conditions that are currently used to prepare and store platelets. Although platelet rich plasma is used in most instances to prepare platelet concentrates, there may be some benefit associated with the use of buffy coats as the source component. Extension of the maximum allowable storage time for platelets to 5 days has been possible as a result of defining the conditions which allow for the better retention of platelet properties. Storage temperature, permeability of the storage container, volume of platelet suspension, and the need to agitate platelets have been identified as key parameters that maintain platelet viability and functional properties. Storage in the 20 to 24 degrees C range prevents a reduction in posttransfusion viability that occurs when platelets are maintained at lower temperatures. Adequate influx of oxygen through container walls to support platelet metabolism and, to a lesser degree, adequate efflux of produced carbon dioxide are essential for maintaining pH levels, a key parameter that also influences posttransfusion viability. Permeability is influenced by container size and material, by use of a satisfactory volume of plasma and by agitating the container. Although platelet concentrates prepared from whole blood have been primarily used to delineate appropriate storage conditions, they also apply to platelets harvested by aphersis technology. Storage under currently used conditions, although providing products with acceptable clinical efficacy, is associated with a reduction in viability and functional characteristics. The development of storage media, specific for platelets, may minimize the occurrence of deleterious changes.
Who Can Pass the Test

Tests of knowledge are rate-limiting steps for student advancement in professional schools. Tests must ensure objective measurement of educational outcomes to produce longitudinally reliable and valid results. An understanding of test development, standards of performance, and interpretation of results helps insure that tests serve their intended purpose. Analysis of test results along with the potential effects from setting a passing standard are important for student outcomes. The author describes application of a model for test item analysis with projected outcomes that can be utilized to promote student achievement of mastery for demonstration of competence. This method for item analysis of school’s test outcomes applies test item performance limits in relation to a passing standard to yield an acceptable passing rate for the school that supports competency-based education for future careers.
Clinical Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Review of Therapeutic Interventions

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease in which patients experience a progressive decline in lung function. Based on clinical evidence, the management of COPD should focus on (1) earlier diagnosis; (2) risk reduction through smoking cessation, decreased exposure to inhaled irritants, and immunization against respiratory pathogens; (3) symptom reduction with pharmacotherapy and pulmonary rehabilitation; (4) decreasing complications by reducing exacerbations and improving pulmonary function; and (5) improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Smoking cessation has been shown to slow lung function decline and to reduce mortality—including deaths due to lung cancer, other respiratory disease (including COPD), and cardiovascular disease. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) and the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) guidelines advocate interventions according to the severity of COPD and recommend initiation of maintenance long-acting bronchodilator therapy in patients with moderate disease. However, recent evidence from a post hoc analysis of randomized controlled trials of tiotropium suggests that initiation of long-acting bronchodilator therapy at earlier stages of disease may also provide improvements in lung function and HRQOL. The results of ongoing long-term studies may soon provide evidence that in addition to relieving symptoms and improving patient HRQOL, specific pharmacologic therapies may also alter the clinical course of COPD.
Every Frame is a Sum of Three (But Not Two) Orthonormal Bases-and Other Frame Representations.

We show that every frame for a Hilbert space H can be written as a (multiple of a) sum of three orthonormal bases for H. We next show that this result is best possible by including a result of Kalton: A frame can be represented as a linear combination of two orthonormal bases if and only if it is a Riesz basis. We further show that every frame can be written as a (multiple of a) sum of two tight frames with frame bounds one or a sum of an orthonormal basis and a Riesz basis for H. Finally, every frame can be written as a (multiple of a) average of two orthonormal bases for a larger Hilbert space.
Homoepitaxial growth of non-polar AlN crystals using molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Homoepitaxial growth of AlN on (11–20) a-plane and (1–100) m-plane under varying deposition temperatures and aluminum to nitrogen flux ratios was carried out using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a Tersoff based interatomic potential. The results indicate that much thicker overgrown films are obtained on m-plane as compared to the a-plane, for the same temperature, N:Al flux, and number of precursor atoms. Crystallinity of the depositions improves as the temperature is increased above 1000 K, accompanied with a better stoichiometry due to increased adatom mobility. Improvement in crystal quality with a N:Al ratio greater than 1 is seen because N atoms desorb more easily than Al atoms. Increasing the N:Al ratio too high limits Al adatom mobility as well as causes site blocking for Al atoms and degrades the deposition quality. The optimum value for N:Al flux ratio was found to be between 1.2 and 1.8 for the deposition temperatures tested based on crystallinity and stoichiometry.
Species variation and the antihistaminic properties of 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine

Abstract Dimethoxydopamine did not protect guinea pigs against an intravenous lethal dose of histamin nor did it antagonize histamine-induced contractions of the guinea pig ileum. Although, this compound did antagonize histamine reduction of blood pressure in the dog, it was not effective against blood pressure changes induced by histamine in the guinea pig or rabbit. This would imply that the antihistaminic activity of this compound is species specific.
An examination of the relationship between conformance and quality‐related costs

Reports the results of a case study which undertook to examine the relationship between conformance and quality‐related costs. The controversial Lundvall‐Juran economic quality level (EQL) model has been criticized by various authors due to its acceptance of imperfect quality. While persuasive, this emotional aversion to imperfection does not provide a convincing critique of the EQL model. However, the EQL remains widely used in practice. Argues that several assumptions of the EQL model should be questioned including monotonicity, continuity, the positive relationship between prevention/appraisal costs and conformance, the negative relationship between failure costs and conformance, and the combining of costs. Further, the EQL model illustrates a single contingent relationship between quality costs and conformance. Provides several alternative cases of the relationship between quality costs and conformance. The results are then reported and the underlying relationships of the EQL model tested. The results showed that prevention and appraisal costs were positively and significantly associated with conformance. Failure costs were also positively and significantly related to conformance. These results provided support for a contingency view of quality‐related costs.
Software Systems for Computer Graphics

This paper describes some software packages and programming systems for computer graphics applications, in the process considering software features for both passive and interactive graphics. It examines the structure both of subroutine libraries for use with some base language and of complete programming languages, and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each, along with facilities that should be present in any software package.
Evidence for proximal control of ligand specificity in hemeproteins: Absorption and Raman studies of cryogenically trapped photoproducts of ligand bound myoglobins☆

Abstract The absorption and resonance Raman spectra of cryogenically trapped photoproducts of oxy and carboxy derivatives of myoglobin (Mb) are compared and analyzed in an attempt to understand the structural basis for ligand specificity in hemeproteins. Pulsed and cw excitations over a wide temperature range are used in order to differentiate between kinetic hole burning (KHB), optical pumping of structural relaxation, and spontaneous relaxation effects. Using these techniques, we are able to correlate changes in the absorption spectrum (band III at ≈ 760 nm) with low-frequency Raman bands. Based on these correlations we are able to determine which proximal heme pocket parameters are participating in KHB and optical pumping phenomena. Differences in the spectra of the ligand specific photoproducts have revealed differences in the populations of conformational substates (CS) that participate in the geminate recombination (process I) at cryogenic temperatures. A model is presented that relates the ligand specific spectral differences to structural and functional differences in the bound protein. What emerges is evidence that Mb and hemoglobin (Hb) can differentiate between O 2 and CO based on proximal control of the bond forming step between the ligand and the iron.
Evidence for the role of oxidative stress in the acetylation of histone H3 by ethanol in rat hepatocytes

The relationship between ethanol induced oxidative stress and acetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3AcK9) remains unknown and was therefore investigated in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Cells were treated with ethanol and a select group of pharmacological agents and the status of H3AcK9 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were monitored. When hepatocytes were exposed to ethanol (50 mM, 24 hr) in the presence of N-acetyl cystein (ROS reducer) or dietary antioxidants (quercetin, resveratrol), or NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, ethanol induced increases in ROS and H3AcK9, both were significantly reduced. On the other hand, l-buthionine-sulfoximine (ROS inducer) and inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I (rotenone) and III (antimycin) increased ethanol induced H3AcK9 (p<0.01). Oxidative stress also affected ethanol induced alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1) mRNA expression. These results demonstrate for the first time that oxidative stress is involved in the ethanol induced histone H3 acetylation in hepatocytes.
Vacancies in ternary alloys

Abstract The thermodynamics of vacancies in substitutional ternary alloys has been treated using the model of nearest-neighbor pair approximation. One modification incorporated in the model is the consideration of not only the bond energies between atoms, but also the apparent binding energies of vacancy-vacancy and vacancy-atom pairs. An expression for the equilibrium concentration of divacancies is obtained and it differs from the existing expression by a factor which depends on the vacancy concentration. The equilibrium concentration of vacancies is obtained for dilute solutions and compared with the previous results for binary alloys. The introduction of the apparent binding energies facilitates the interpretation of results. It is particularly true in the case that the interactions between solute atoms and vacancies are the main concern.
The Impact of the Genogram on Couples: A Manualized Approach:

Genograms are widely used in clinical practice but are seldom the focus of research. This report describes a beginning effort to operationalize the clinical application of the genogram with couples to improve the fidelity of the genogram’s use in future research. The five-session manualized method focuses on the genogram interview as a process-oriented intervention in which a couple collects family-of-origin data, identifies key relational patterns, and makes linkages between family-of-origin patterns and the current relationship. The approach uses homework tasks to set the stage for subsequent sessions and computer software to generate and update the genograms. The use of the manualized approach with a premarital couple is presented, and individual and relational changes in the couple are discussed. Applications of the method in research, clinical training, and intervention with couples are discussed.
The evidence for faint satellites of Saturn reexamined

This paper attempts to present a critical assessment of the evidence bearing on the possible existence of a tenth (S10) and an eleventh (S11) satellite of Saturn. For S10 there are two candidates; Themis and Janus. An inspection of the original plates dispels any possibility favoring the presence of Themis. Definitive statements concerning the other two satellites are more difficult to make, but it is shown quantitatively that existing observations are unable to provide unique orbits - the usual criterion for existence. However, a considerably stronger case can be made for Janus than for S11. The safest conclusion seems to be that the region between ring A and Mimas may well contain one, two, or even many satellites that should be carefully looked for during the ring-plane passages in 1979/80.
Gaussian Cosimulation: Modelling of the Cross-Covariance

Whenever two or more random fields are assumed to be correlated in reservoir characterization, it is necessary to generate valid cross-covariance models to describe the relationship. The standard methods for constructing covariance matrices for correlated random fields are not very general. In particular, they do not allow one to specify different auto-covariance models for the two fields. It is not possible, for example, for one field to have a Gaussian auto-covariance and the other an exponential auto-covariance, unless the two fields are uncorrelated. The standard approaches also do not allow for nonsymmetric cross-covariance functions. In this report, I present a straightforward method of cosimulation based on the square root of the auto-covariances. The same approach is used for constructing cross-covariance models for the variables. The approach is quite general and does not require symmetry of the cross-covariance. The modelling of the cross-covariance is illustrated with gamma ray and spontaneous potential logs.
Stimulation of Ketogenesis by Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes

The effect of dibutyryl cyclic 3',5'-AMP (dbcAMP) on the oxidation of 1-14Cpalmitate to water-soluble material and ketone bodies was investigated in isolated rat liver cells prepared by perfusion of the liver with collagenase and hyaluronidase. About two-thirds of the label in water-soluble oxidation products was recovered as ketone bodies which were distributed approximately equally between β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate plus acetone. Dibutyryl cAMP (1.0 × 10−3 M) and epinephrine (8 × 10−5 M) both enhanced ketone body formation. Sodium butyrate,which mimics the inhibitory effect of dbcAMP on palmitate oxidation to CO2, had no effect on ketogenesis. The rate of ketogenesis was directly related to the molar ratio of palmitate to albumin. The efficacyof dbcAMP in stimulatingketogenesis also depended upon the molar ratio of plmitate to albumin.Thus, ketone body formation was enhanced by 105, 52, and 13% at molar ratiosof 0.1, 0.4,and 1.6 respectively. Since these results suggest that cyclic AMP modulates...
Residents' perception of their skill levels in the clinical management of adolescent health problems

Abstract Residents in six specialty training programs completed a 126-item questionnaire designed to assess their skill or confidence to manage adolescent health issues. The residency programs studied were family practice, internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency medicine, obstetrics/ gynecology, and combined medicine/pediatrics. Although almost three-fourths of the residents were at least moderately interested in adolescent health care and 90% expected to care for adolescents, only 26% believed an adolescent rotation should be required during training. Residents generally considered themselves unskilled to manage adolescents in the areas of sexuality, handicapping conditions, and psychosocial problems. Significant differences in perceived skills were found among the specialty programs on 45% of the items presented. Resident training appears to be needed in the areas of adolescent growth and development, counseling, and sexuality.
RGB Image Reconstruction Using Two-Separated Band Reject Filters

Noises like impulse or Gaussian noise could be easily removed and recovered in the spatial domain by applying mean or median convolution. Structural noise, like periodic has a global degradation effect. This degradation is looking like bars that cover the image. This paper developed a new approach that detect the degradation; recover it; and hence reconstruct the original color image. The two dimensions discrete Fourier Transform is applied to isolate, block, and replace some particular frequencies (degradation bands) using auto detection and recovery procedure, it applies two separated band reject filters to avoid blocking the true bands like what is resulted in Ring filter. It tries locating the periodic noise (two spikes) and the four degraded lines using a powerful searching algorithm in the frequency domain. Unlike, Ring and Notch filter, the Two-Circle method is smart enough to predict the size of the spike, so a suitable band rejected filter should be selected to replace only degraded bands with approximation values instead of zeros. The Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) vs. periodic frequency relation is applied to find the quality of measurements of the reconstructed and cleaned colored image. So, the quality of three methods is calculated and compared. All testing results show that the two separated band reject filters method satisfied maximum dB results and minimum frequency change to the steady state values than other two methods. Normal 0 false false false EN-AU X-NONE AR-SA /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
Update on Treatment Advances in Combined-Modality Therapy for Anal and Rectal Carcinomas

Concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy is the primary treatment for patients with squamous cell tumors of the anal canal, and is also employed in the neoadjuvant setting for patients with stage II and III adenocarcinoma of the rectum. There is constant clinical study involving modifications of chemoradiotherapy regimens in an effort to maximize tumor responses while reducing normal tissue toxicity. This review will discuss established regimens as well as newer and novel treatment approaches to treatment of anal and rectal cancer.
An investigation of longitudinal and transverse resonance in superfluid 3 He-A in low magnetic fields

In this work we present careful measurements of the resonance lines in the A phase performed in a closed, parallel plate geometry. The linewidths are in good agreement with the recent relaxation theories, except near the transition temperature. The satellite longitudinal resonance at a frequency 1/√2 times that of the usual mode, first identified by the Orsay group, is found to depend upon geometry. Finally, the integrals of both the transverse and longitudinal resonance lines fail to satisfy the Kramers-Kronig rule for the total intensity and are too small by roughly a factor of two.
A Taxonomy for Collaborative Design

A taxonomy that classifies issues affecting the collaborative design process is proposed. These factors, which may inhibit or facilitate the progress or success of a design team, provide a description of collaborative design situations. The taxonomy includes top-level attributes of team composition, communication, distribution, design approach, information, and nature of the problem. An example collaborative design situation is used to illustrate the application of the taxonomy. This taxonomy is an initial step towards the creation of new collaborative support agent-based tools structured upon a fundamental understanding of the collaborative process with a theoretical foundation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Increased myocyte fragility following anoxic injury.

The ability of cells in anoxic-perfused hearts to withstandtwo types of physical stresses (stretching and swelling), in the absence of reoxygenation was determined. Isolated rat hearts were perfused for 20, 40, or 60 mins with anoxic buffer after which hearts were either reoxygenated for 20 mins or exposed for 15 s to a physical stress caused by inflation of a intraventricular balloon to an appropriate volume (0.35 ml), while maintaining anoxic perfusion for an additional 20 mins. At 20, 40, or 60 mins of anoxic perfusion, reoxygenation induced CK releases of ( n =5) 14.13±13.15, 62.42±2.87, and 83.22±6.41 IUCK/g wet wt, respectively. After 0.35 ml balloon inflation, in the absence of reoxygenation, corresponding CK releases were respectively 8.10±1.63, 39.13±8.27, and 59.64±2.57 IUCK/g wet wt. Increasing the volume of balloon inflation from 0.2 to 0.6 ml at a constant (60 mins) duration of anoxic perfusion resulted in a corresponding increase in CK release. Control hearts released no CK even following 0.6 ml balloon inflation. In the second experimental protocol, hearts were perfused for 30, 45, 60, or 75 mins with isotonic (300 mOsm) anoxic buffer followed by 15 mins with hypotonic (150, 200, or 250 mOsm) anoxic buffer. At each time interval there was a graded increase in cell injury as the duration of anoxia was increased. Control hearts perfused for 75 mins with oxygenated buffer released no CK when perfused with 150 mOsm buffer. Electron microscopy revealed that injured cells contained lesions in sarcomere attachment sites (balloon) and/or in saracomeresarcolemmal membrane connections (osmotic). These results suggest that hearts develop latent injury during prolonged anoxic perfusion which can be exposed by application of a physical stress. The extent of injury increases with both the duration of anoxic perfusion and with the degree of stress. It is hypothesized that following prolonged anoxic perfusion, myocardial cells become fragile and respond abnormally to a variety of stresses including the ventricular distension, hypotonic cell swelling, or the effects of reoxygenation.
Effects of age and sex on immunological and virological responses to initial highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Background Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has increased longevity. Currently, women comprise >50% of HIV-infected individuals worldwide. It is not known if there are differences between the sexes in the immunological and virological responses to HAART across the age strata. Methods Immunological reconstitution and virological response in the first 6 months of a first HAART regimen in two observational clinical HIV-infected cohorts were compared by both sex and age (≥50 vs. <50 years old). Results A total of 246 individuals (28% women) were included in the study; 63 cases (≥50 years old) and 183 controls (<50 years old). Over two-thirds of patients had HIV RNA levels <400 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL and CD4 count increases ≥50 cells/μL at 6 months from therapy initiation. There were no differences in immunological reconstitution across age and sex strata (P=0.81) and no differences in virological suppression, even after adjusting for type of HAART (P=0.68) or restricting the analysis to women only (P=0.81). These results suggest that younger and older women and men may have similar short-term initial HAART outcomes. Conclusions Further evaluation of longer term clinical response to initial HAART regimen based on sex and age is indicated, especially with more efficacious and simplified antiretroviral regimens and the associated decrease in mortality.
Concerning the Application of Phenomenology to Caring Research

When phenomenology is adopted as a framework for conducting nursing research, confusions sometimes arise because the researchers do not clarify their understanding of phenomenology. One of the biggest confusions is whether to follow philosophical phenomenological guidelines or scientific guidelines. While phenomenology began as a philosophy, it is argued here that the guidelines of scientific practice should be followed when conducting caring research. This article sharpens the distinction between philosophical and scientific phenomenology and demonstrates the confusion that can ensue when philosophical phenomenology is uncritically used as the model for scientific research. It does so by examining the work of Crotty.
A highly selective luminescent sensor for the time-gated detection of potassium.

A terbium complex with long luminescence lifetime for the selective time-gated detection of potassium is presented. The complex demonstrates high sensitivity with a 25-fold increase in time-gated luminescence intensity between 0 and 15 mM potassium. The high selectivity of the complex for potassium over other physiological cations, and especially sodium (93 fold), is likely due to a favorable cation−π interaction between a phenol moiety and the potassium ion.
Integrating monolithic and free-parts representations for improved face verification in the presence of pose mismatch

This paper concentrates specifically on the task of verifying faces when the gallery set stems from frontal face images with the probe set stemming from a number of alternate poses (i.e. pose mismatch). An argument is put forward for attempting to recognize faces through integrating holistic/monolithic and free-parts representations of the face. A contribution is made via the analysis of what traits, in a face, are most useful for each representation. As a result we are able to demonstrate that there is: (a) benefit in combining free-parts and monolithic representations, and (b) further benefit can be obtained by varying the weight placed on each representation as a function of viewpoint.
Detection Limits of ac-coupled Inverse Raman Spectroscopy

ac-coupled inverse Raman spectroscopy is shown to yield detection limits comparable to those obtained by spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. For an aqueous nitrate ion, inverse Raman limits are about 2.5 times higher than those reported for conventional measurements with similar laser powers and measurement times. Proposed improvements in instrumentation may lower detection limits another 10 times with no change in laser powers or measurement times.
Metal contamination of sediments and soils of Bayou Saint John: a potential health impact to local fishermen?

This research examines the pattern of sediment contamination of an urban bayou of New Orleans (formerly a natural waterway) and the potential for human exposure from consumption of fish caught in the bayou. Sediments and soils of Bayou Saint John were evaluated for lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd). Sediment cores were collected at bridges (n = 130) and sites between the bridges (n = 303) of the bayou. In addition, soil samples (n = 66) were collected along the banks of the bayou. Sediments below the bridges contain significantly more (p-value ∼10−7) Pb and Zn (medians of 241 and 230 mg kg−1, respectively) than bayou sediments located between bridges (medians of 64 and 77 mg kg−1, respectively). Sediments below bridges of the upper reaches of the bayou contain significantly larger amounts of metals (p < 10−14 for Pb and Zn and p ∼ 10−8 for Cd) (medians of 329, 383 and 1.5, respectively) than sediments below bridges in the lower reaches of the bayou (medians of 43, 31 and 0.5 for Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively). Likewise, medians for sediments located between bridges contain significantly (p < 10−14) higher quantities of Pb, Zn and Cd (170, 203 and 1.8 mg kg−1, respectively) in the upper bayou than Pb, Zn, and Cd (48, 32, and 0.8 mg kg−1, respectively) in the lower reaches of the bayou. The potential risk for human exposure may be magnified by the fact that fishing generally occurs from the numerous bridges that cross the bayou. Poor and minority people do most of the fishing. Most people (87%) indicated they ate fish they caught from the Bayou.
Implementing Pretrial Drug-Testing Programs in Two Experimental Sites: Some Deterrence and Jail Bed Implications:

As overcrowding has accelerated the search for more, and more effective, ways of reducing jail populations without unduly jeopardizing public safety and court processes, one of the programmatic responses to the problem of drug-related crime has been the introduction, in several jurisdictions, of systematic drug testing at the pretrial release decision stage. The Bureau of Justice Assistance sponsored evaluations of drug-testing experiments in several demonstration sites. A fundamental objective of the demonstration projects was to test the assumption that intensive monitoring of drug use during pretrial release would reduce levels of pretrial flight and crime. To enforce defendant compliance with the monitoring program, which required frequent drug testing, a system of graduated sanctions was devised for the implementation of the drug-testing programs in each of the sites. The proposed sanctioning systems represented a formal set of agency responses of incremental severity to noncompliance by defendants (...
Superfluid 3He in very confined regular geometries.

Superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in very narrow slab and cylindrical geometries is studied using the Ginzburg-Landau approach. It is found that, in the case of very narrow slabs, the effect of the boundary is to favor the formation of the A phase. At lower temperatures, this A phase is unstable against a deformed B phase. Both states are locally stable and can be supercooled or superheated. The phase diagram for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in a narrow slab resembles that of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in a magnetic field. The superfluid densities along the channel for both diffusive and specular boundary conditions are computed. Similar results are obtained for a cylindrical geometry. In addition, we present an analytic scheme for determining the order parameter in other geometries in the ``very strongly confined'' limit.
National Identity and the Informational Welfare State: Turkey and Malaysia Compared

Researchers have found a number of economic, technological, and political factors to be associated with the diffusion of information technology in developing countries. But cultural factors generally, and national identity in particular, have almost never been viewed as consequential. Castells and Himanen's 2002 study of the information society in Finland, in which the authors identify Finnish national culture as an impetus to the development of the country's informational welfare state, is the most prominent exception to this pattern. This article provides a critical overview of Castells and Himanen's research and revises their conceptual framework to focus on the specific choices states make in constructing their national identities and the effects of these choices on information policy and information technology diffusion. It demonstrates the value of this revised framework through a comparison of the historical trajectories of Turkey and Malaysia's nation-building projects, the incentives these projects have created for the two countries' social and political elites, and the public information policies and programs that have resulted.
Further Refinement of the Family Management Style Framework

This article reports the authors’ efforts to expand the family management style framework and describes the revised framework. Framework development was based on a review of results from 46 studies...
The Pathways of Oxalate Biosynthesis

Urinary oxalate in man originates from the absorption of dietary oxalate (3–11%) and endogenous synthesis from several precursors1. Ascorbic acid has been reported to provide from 10 to 40% of the total urinary oxalate while glycine provides another 40 Glycolate, glyoxylate, tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and serine and possibly citrate, xylitol, hydroxyproline, ethanolamine, and glucose also contribute to oxalate biosynthesis. The pathways of oxalate biosynthesis are summarized in Figure 1.
STUDIES ON CELLULAR ADHESION IN TISSUE-CULTURE. 8. SOME EFFECTS OF ANTISERA ON CELL DETACHMENT.

Abstract Rat “fibroblasts” treated with an antiserum lose their acid phosphatase staining, which probably indicates release of lysosomal enzymes. The loss of staining properties can be retarded by hydrocortisone. Treatment with antiserum results in the facilitation of cell detachment from glass, which may also be retarded by hydrocortisone. It is suggested that the cell surface may undergo continuous modification by sublethal autolysis, and that this may be under endocrine control. Such autolysis may affect cell adhesion and cell separation in vivo as well as other phenomena involving the cell periphery.
A new approach for linking event-based upland sediment sources to downstream suspended sediment transport

In this study, we proposed a new approach for linking event sediment sources to downstream sediment transport in a watershed in central New York. This approach is based on a new concept of spatial scale, sub-watershed area (SWA), defined as a sub-watershed within which all eroded soils are transported out without deposition during a hydrological event. Using (rainfall) event data collected between July and November, 2007 from several SWAs of the studied watershed, we developed an empirical equation that has one independent variable, mean SWA slope. This equation was then used to determine event-averaged unit soil erosion rate, QS/A, (in kg/km2/hr) for all SWAs in the studied watershed and calculate event-averaged gross erosion Eea (in kg/hr). The event gross erosion Et (in kilograms) was subsequently computed as the product of Eea and the mean event duration, T (in hours) determined using event hydrographs at the outlet of the studied watershed. Next, we developed two linear sediment rating curves (SRCs) for small and big events based on the event data obtained at the watershed outlet. These SRCs, together with T, allowed us to determine event sediment yield SYe (in kilograms) for all events during the study period. By comparing Et with SYe, developing empirical equations (i) between Et and SYe and (ii) for event sediment delivery ratio, respectively, we revealed the event dynamic processes connecting sediment sources and downstream sediment transport. During small events, sediment transport in streams was at capacity and dominated by the deposition process, whereas during big events, it was below capacity and controlled by the erosion process. The key of applying this approach to other watersheds is establishing their empirical equations for QS/A and appropriately determining their numbers of SWAs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Change discovery of hierarchically structured, order-sensitive data in HTML/XML documents

As hierarchically structured, order-sensitive HTML/XML data become more prevailing in online data exchange and processing, discovering changes in these data is essential in Web data processing, especially when they evolve frequently over time. We propose a change-discovery algorithm (CDA) for any two HTML/XML documents, each of which is hierarchically structured and represented as an ordered tree. The novelties of CDA include (i) the usage of weighted sequence difference to determine the edit script with the anticipated minimal operational cost and (ii) the generation of the minimal contextual differences of branches in the two given trees. Differed from existing change-detection approaches that adopt node-to-node comparisons, CDA adopts branch-to-branch comparisons. Using CDA, generated edit scripts can be processed in any order to yield the same results, which enhances parallelism. CDA also guarantees lossless reversal transformation. The time complexity of CDA is polynomial, which is proportional to the numbers of branches in any two given trees.
Mixed Outcomes: The Impact of Regional Autonomy and Decentralization on Indigenous Ethnic Minorities in Indonesia

This article examines how indigenous ethnic minorities in Indonesia are being affected by the implementation of decentralization and regional autonomy policies. New legislation transferred responsibility and authority over various issues, including resource extraction and local governance, from the central government to regional authorities at the district level. Members of the growing indigenous rights movement hoped that this decentralization process would allow ethnic minority communities to retain or regain control over natural resources through local-level politics. Furthermore, some ethnic minorities saw the implementation of decentralization as an opportunity to return to local forms of land tenure and resource management that had been disparaged by the national government for most of the twentieth century. However, these new laws also encourage district level governments to generate income through natural resource exploitation, as they will receive a certain percentage of these revenues. Minority communities could be adversely affected as local governments disregard their land rights in efforts to raise income to cover their new expenses, essentially continuing the practices of previous governments. This article examines the new opportunities, as well as the new threats, posed by decentralization to ethnic minorities throughout Indonesia.
Development and Characterization of a High-Resolution MicroSPECT System for Small-Animal Imaging

TThe rapid growth in molecular genetics and the development of mouse models of human diseases have led to significant interest in in vivo small animal-imaging. Several instrumentation approaches [Weber, 1994, Tsui, 2001, McElroy, 2002, Peterson, 2002 ]have been utilized to develop high-resolution animal SPECT for functional small-animal imaging. Compact modular cameras based on pixelated crystal and position sensitive photomultiplier tube (PSPMT)are a low-cost alternative to conventional gamma cameras for use in pinhole SPECT systems with high detection efficiency and resolution [Qi,2003 ].We have developed a compact, high-resolution microSPECT system in our laboratory for small-animal imaging.Our approach was to use a dedicated mini camera with pinhole collimator. The modular camera was based on a pixelated NaI(Tl)crystal array and a single 5" Hamamatsu PSPMT. The system performance was characterized using small point source. The system spatial resolution and sensitivity were measured. High-resolution phantom and in vivo mouse imaging were performed to demonstrate the system capability.
Digital image processing with the Texas Instruments Professional Computer (TIPC) CCD camera system

The TIPC has been combined with a CCD Microcamera to produce a unique image acquisition and processing system which has applications in widely diverse areas. This is a fully integrated system which utilizes important features of each component, including the COD camera, the computer, the video digitizer/processor and the displays. The system is a complete solution for many applications, but can also be used as an integral component for more complex systems. The structure, operation and examples of applications of this digital image processing system will be discussed in this paper.
A progressive, recursive, fast, discrete cosine transform

A new algorithm to calculate the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and its inverse is described. The algorithm is recursive in that it breaks the DCT transformation of an array of size N into two DCTs of size N/2. The proposed recursive algorithm has the ability to gradually reconstruct the original data from its DCT array, with progressively higher levels of resolution. In regard to speed, it requires O(N logN) operations, where N is the array size, but it is not the fastest algorithm if only the full resolution reconstruction is desired. The algorithm can be extended to multidimensional arrays in a straightforward way. >
Stochastic Analysis of Urban Development

Two major drawbacks prevent the wide application of Markov processes to land use and other types of planning analysis: the lack of temporal homogeneity of the transition mechanism, and the lack of independence of spatial data. In order to avoid these difficulties Gilbert (1972) proposed the use of the nonhomogeneous, two-state, continuous time Markov process and the semiMarkov process. In this paper we expand upon Gilbert's discussion and illustrate the calibration of the nonhomogeneous (birth and death) model while commenting on the empirical intractability of the semiMarkov process.
Constraining outermost core velocity with SmKS waves

SmKS waves (m=2,3,4), seismic waves that travel as S-waves in the mantle, P-waves in the core, and reflect (m-1) times on the underside of the core-mantle boundary, are well-suited for constraining outermost core VP structure. This is due to closeness of the mantle paths and also the shallow depth range these waves travel in the outermost core. High quality digitized WWSSN and Canadian network recordings from a deep focus Java Sea event which sample the outer core beneath the northern Pacific, the Artic, and northwestern North America (roughly ⅛th of the globe), are utilized as an example to show the strength of SmKS waves to resolve outermost core structure. S3KS-S2KS and S4KS-S3KS differential travel times were measured and compared to those from reflectivity synthetics created from core models of past studies. Constraints and uncertainties in outer core structure using SmKS are discussed. For the event studied, the PREM core model, with possibly a small VP decrease in the outermost 50 km of the core, provides a good fit to the data.
Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation of Poly (D, L) Lactic Acid Films

We have deposited poly (D, L lactic acid) (PDLLA) thin films using matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE). FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the PDLLA had similar absorption bands to the dropcast material. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has shown that peaks corresponding to C-H, C-O and C=O represented 38.4, 30.1 and 31.4% of the C1s spectrum, respectively. XPS O1s analysis revealed that the O=C and O-C components make up 52 and 48 % of the O1s content. Atomic force microscopy revealed that MAPLE deposition provides smooth, continuous thin biomaterial films. These matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation-deposited biomaterial thin films may serve to improve the implant/tissue interface.
Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidiasis

• Strongyloides stercoralis is a small intestinal nematode that has the ability to multiply within the human host. Because of the potential opportunistic behavior of this parasite, immunocompromised patients may develop fatal disseminated infections. Chronic strongyloidiasis may last decades and give rise to various dermatologic lesions, the most characteristic of which is larva currens, a serpiginous creeping urticarial eruption caused by the intradermal migration of the infective filariform larvae. Rarely recognized is the presence of widespread petechiae and purpura that may develop in patients with disseminated infections. A 64-year-old immunosuppressed man developed fatal extraintestinal S stercoralis infection with extensive purpura associated with massive invasion of the skin by migrating larvae. ( Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1826-1830)
Structure preserving inhomogeneous diffusion in image filtering

We introduce a new theory relating the magnitude of the image surface normal to an inhomogeneous diffusion that solely diffuses (averages) the mean curvature of the image surface. We discuss the remarkable properties of this diffusion stressing the regularity it imposes on regions and boundaries while preserving the locality of edges and lines. Experiments demonstrating the excellent performance of the algorithms in the areas of noise removal and enhancement are presented. >
A prospective study of familial conflict, psychological stress, and the development of substance use disorders in adolescence

Background Exposure to adverse family environments in childhood can influence the risk trajectory for developing substance use disorders in adolescence. Evidence for this is largely based on cross-sectional studies which have been unable to establish the temporality of this association and investigate underlying pathways.
Equity and Urban Policy: The Underclass Hypothesis Revisited

It is premature to reject Lineberry's underclass hypothesis because the internal validity in most previous studies which test it is suspect. With data on the distribution of police expenditures in Boston, Massachusetts in 1971, the authors demonstrate that the methodology employed in analyzing municipal service distributions largely determines the findings. When the internal validity of the research design is improved, the authors find support for both the race preference and power elite aspects of the hypothesis. These findings warrant the exhumation of the underclass hypothesis for further analysis.