cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional Life on the Market Frontier

As American society has become ever more dominated by the market, sociological interest in commodification has paradoxically declined. Marx, among others, noted how a worker can become estranged from his work—the doing of it, the tools of it, and the product resulting from it. Consumers can become estranged from all these, too. As workers and consumers today, we often detach ourselves from what we make and buy, and extreme forms of detachment we can call estrangement or alienation. Marx's iconic worker was (a) the nineteenth-century male factory worker for whom (b) estrangement was a static state (c) about which the victim had no narrative. In today's economy, we can look to the female service worker who does emotional labor to alter her state of estrangement and whose narrative may be that of “free choice.” Is the commercial surrogate I met in a for-profit clinic in India an autonomous agent in a free market, I wondered, or is she the latest version of Marx's “alienated man”? This essay grapples with tha...
Peer victimization in middle childhood impedes adaptive responses to stress: a pathway to depressive symptoms.

Although associations between peer victimization in childhood and later psychopathology are well documented, surprisingly little research directly examines pathways accounting for these enduring effects. The present study addresses this issue by examining whether maladaptive responses to peer aggression (less effortful engagement coping and more involuntary responses) mediate associations between peer victimization and later depressive symptoms. Data were collected on 636 children (338 girls, 298 boys; M = 8.94 years, SD = .37) for three consecutive years beginning in 3rd grade. Findings supported the proposition that peer victimization predicts lower levels of effortful engagement coping and higher levels of involuntary engagement and disengagement responses to stress. Moreover, these responses to stress helped to explain the link between 3rd-grade peer victimization and 5th-grade depressive symptoms. No sex differences in these linkages emerged. These findings build on prior theory and research by provi...
Guardians of the Bourgeois City: Citizenship, Public Space, and Middle–Class Activism in Mumbai1:

This article examines the new phenomenon of “citizens’ groups” in contemporary Mumbai, India, whose activities are directed at making the city's public spaces more orderly. Recent scholarship on Mu...
Biological Gender Risk Factors in Alcoholism

(1994). Biological Gender Risk Factors in Alcoholism. Addictions Nursing: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 19-23.
Soil quality differences in a row-crop watershed with agroforestry and grass buffers

Agroforestry buffers are believed to enhance soil quality parameters in agricultural landscapes. Soil enzyme activities, water stable aggregates (WSA), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (N) have been identified as good indices of soil quality. The objective of this study was to quantify soil quality differences among agroforestry buffer (AGF), grass waterway (GWW), grass buffer (GB), and row crop (RC) areas and distance from the tree base on corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) watershed. Soil samples from AGF at 0, 30, 60, 90 cm distances from the tree base, and from AGF, GWW, GB, and RC areas were collected from summit, shoulder, and foot-slope landscape positions at the paired watershed study near Novelty, MO. Soil enzyme activity, WSA, soil C, and N were determined and data were analyzed statistically. The highest SOC and N percentages were found in AGF and the lowest in RC. β-Glucosidase activity was not significantly different among AGF, GWW, and RC. β-Glucosaminidase and dehydrogenase activities were significantly lower in RC treatment than all other treatments. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase activity was not significant among all treatments. WSA percentage was significantly higher in GWW and AGF as compared to others. Landscape position was not significantly different for all measured soil quality parameters. β-Glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase activities, WSA, and soil N did not differ significantly with distance from the tree base. SOC and FDA hydrolase activity were significantly lower at the tree base. Results imply that permanent vegetation has improved the soil quality by enhancing soil microbial activity and organic matter accumulation, thereby contribute positively to watershed restoration.
Problems in philosophy of mathematics: A view from cognitive science

I argue that many of the problems in mathematical ontology result from our use of natural language, a communication system that is imprecise. I discuss evidence from cognitive science illustrating the pervasive fuzziness of human conceptual and linguistic systems. When we use these systems to discuss the nature of reality, we often succumb to an illusion of conceptual precision that makes it very hard to realize that our mental tools are too imprecise to make useful progress on may questions that sound deep.
Abstract P38: The BRIDGE Transitional Care Model Demonstrates Cost-Effectiveness

Background: Readmission rates following discharge for a cardiac condition are common and costly. Compared to usual care (UC) the NP transitional care model (BRIDGE) reduced hospital readmissions in the pilot study. To determine if there is also a cost savings, we compared the costs of BRIDGE against avoided readmission and hypothesized that participation would reduce overall costs. Methods: Demographic, clinical, and f/u data were collected retrospectively on all pts referred to BRIDGE June 2008 to Aug 2009. Pts readmitted before their BRIDGE appt were excluded. Incremental costs were obtained from the institution's finance dept. MEDPAR charge data were obtained from the American Hospital Directory for the MS-DRG of cardiology. Results: Of 426 patients referred to BRIDGE, 284 (69.8%) attended, the rest received UC. Most were male (56.6%), mean age 63.4, without significant baseline differences between groups. BRIDGE participants were readmitted less frequently and were less costly (17.4% vs. 19.6%, p=.65)...
A review of the genus Glyptasida Casey (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Asidini)

The western American genus Glyptasida Casey is redescribed and reviewed based on structural features of adult specimens. Of 22 available species or subspecies names, three were retained as valid species based on morphological characteristics and statistical analyses of selected measurements: Glyptasida sordida (LeConte), G. aegra (LeConte), and G. rugosissima (Champion). Selected structures of the three species are illustrated and a key separating the species is included. Nineteen names are synonymized as follows: G. sycophanta Casey 1912 [= G. aegra (LeConte 1858)] and the following are synonymized under G. sordida (LeConte 1853): G. costipennis (LeConte 1858), G. aegra irregularis (LeConte 1858), G. interrupta (Champion 1884), G. aegra imperfecta Casey 1912, G. aegra pigra Casey 1912, G. aegra plena Casey 1912, G. costipennis fulvisetis Casey 1912, G. crenicollis Casey 1912, G. heres Casey 1912, G. parvicollis Casey 1912, G. procrustes Casey 1912, G. sordida porcatula Casey 1912, G. stringipennis Casey 1912, G. subpubescens Casey 1912, G. turbulenta Casey 1912, G. turgescens Casey 1912, G. turgescens furtiva Casey 1912, G. turgescens obesa Casey 1912. Lectotypes are designated for G. sordida (LeConte 1853), G. costipennis (LeConte 1858), G. sordida porcatula Casey 1912, G. subpubescens Casey 1912, G. sycophanta Casey 1912, and G. turgescens Casey 1912. Preliminary data on natural history of the genus are presented.
Notes on the heterothallic behavior of Phytophthora megasperma from alfalfa

Brewer, G. J. 1970. An introduction to isozyme tech? niques. Academic Press, New York. 186 p. Evans, R. C, H. Stempen, and P. Frasca. 1982. Evidence for a two-layered sheath on germ tubes of three species of Bipolaris. Phytopathology 12:804807. and S. J. Stewart. 1981. Develop? ment of hyphal sheaths in Bipolaris maydis race T. Canad. J. Bot. 59: 453-459. Jensen, W. A. 1962. Botanical histochemistry. Freeman, San Francisco. Shaw, C. R., and R. Prasad. 1970. Starch gel elec? trophoresis of enzymes, a compilation of recipes. Biochem. Genet. 4: 297-320.
Deployable Micro-Tabs in Aircraft Noise Control Near Airports: Scaled Experimental Apparatus and Computational Results

Reducing acoustic noise emission of commercial aircraft is of great interest to communities near airport. It is well recognized that the aircraft noise during the landing approach is mostly due to use of high lift devices. In this paper, in-flight deployable micro-tab devices are investigated for their suitability in aircraft landing nose control. This is accomplished with the use of the virtual-reality after scaled testing-simulation-validations approach. A scaled testing apparatus had to be designed to capture non-propulsive noise from aircraft during approach to validate the results of computational scaled simulation. This apparatus now serves as an anechoic wind tunnel at low Mach numbers and its design is detailed. We proposed use of lift generating micro-tab device that will allow reduced slat and/or flap settings during the approach thereby causing a reduction in airframe noise. Simulations based on a 1/3rd scaled B737 wing resulted in promising noise reductions for the case with deployed micro-tab.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Understanding electroweak physics in the Standard Model and beyond

Abstract This contribution discusses the current status of tests of the electroweak theory and some of their essential theoretical ingredients. At medium and low energies, electroweak precision measurements are sensitive to high-scale physics through virtual loop corrections. At the energy frontier, on the other hand, the electroweak theory is tested through anomalous gauge boson couplings. It is discussed how effective field theories can be used to describe these couplings in a model-independent and theoretically well-defined way, and to correlate them to other observables. Finally, focusing on the example of W + W − production, it is demonstrated that the precise measurement of anomalous gauge boson couplings at the LHC requires good control of higher-order radiative corrections.
Three-dimensional imaging of shear bands in bulk metallic glass composites

The mechanism of the increase in ductility in bulk metallic glass matrix composites over monolithic bulk metallic glasses is to date little understood, primarily because the interplay between dislocations in the crystalline phase and shear bands in the glass could neither be imaged nor modelled in a validated way. To overcome this roadblock, we show that shear bands can be imaged in three dimensions by atom probe tomography from density variations in the reconstructed atomic density, which density-functional theory suggests being a local-work function effect. Imaging of near-interface shear bands in Ti48 Zr20 V12 Cu5 Be15 bulk metallic glass matrix composite permits measurement of their composition, thickness, branching and interactions with the dendrite interface. These results confirm that shear bands here nucleate from stress concentrations in the glass due to intense, localized plastic deformation in the dendrites rather than intrinsic structural inhomogeneities.
Unusual Salt and pH Induced Changes in Polyethylenimine Solutions

Linear PEI is a cationic polymer commonly used for complexing DNA into nanoparticles for cell-transfection and gene-therapy applications. The polymer has closely-spaced amines with weak-base protonation capacity, and a hydrophobic backbone that is kept unaggregated by intra-chain repulsion. As a result, in solution PEI exhibits multiple buffering mechanisms, and polyelectrolyte states that shift between aggregated and free forms. We studied the interplay between the aggregation and protonation behavior of 2.5 kDa linear PEI by pH probing, vapor pressure osmometry, dynamic light scattering, and ninhydrin assay. Our results indicate that: At neutral pH, the PEI chains are associated and the addition of NaCl initially reduces and then increases the extent of association.The aggregate form is uncollapsed and co-exists with the free chains.PEI buffering occurs due to continuous or discontinuous charging between stalled states.Ninhydrin assay tracks the number of unprotonated amines in PEI.The size of PEI-DNA complexes is not significantly affected by the free vs. aggregated state of the PEI polymer. Despite its simple chemical structure, linear PEI displays intricate solution dynamics, which can be harnessed for environment-sensitive biomaterials and for overcoming current challenges with DNA delivery.
Unsafe Texting and Socially Problematic Texting Need for Cognition as an Underlying Predictor

As texting becomes the dominant medium for communication, problematic and unsafe texting habits arise. Understanding who is more likely to engage in problematic texting can give insight into the underlying traits driving these behaviors. The current exploratory study investigated the extent to which texting habits were correlated with an individual difference measure, the Need for Cognition scale. Results indicated endorsement of certain texting behaviors is inversely related to an individual’s need for cognition, or the extent to which a person enjoys and engages in thinking. In particular, texting behaviors related to safety (e.g., texting while walking), avoidance texting (e.g., texting while in a new place), negative behaviors (e.g., texting to insult or gossip), and health (e.g., waking up to respond to texts) were correlated negatively with stronger need for cognition. These and other texting behaviors have human factors implications of health, safety, and interpersonal relations.
Organische Schwefelverbindungen – Schwefel sorgt für Geruch

Das Element Schwefel ist in der belebten Welt allgegenwartig. Schwefel ist essenzieller Bestandteil physiologisch wichtiger Verbindungen wie der Aminosauren Cystein, Taurin und Methionin, des Vitamins B1 und des Gerinnungshemmers Heparin. Leichtfluchtige Schwefelverbindungen weisen einen unangenehmen Geruch auf, der mit zunehmender molarer Masse der Verbindung abnimmt.
Mind the Gap: Developing an Integrated Behavioral Health Home to Address Health Disparities in Serious Mental Illness.

Objective:This study evaluated the impact of an integrated behavioral health home (BHH) pilot on adults with psychotic and bipolar disorders.Methods:Quasi-experimental methods were used to compare outcomes before (September 2014–August 2015) and after the intervention (September 2015–August 2016) among ambulatory BHH patients and a control group. Electronic health records were compared between 424 BHH patients (N=369, psychotic disorder; N=55, bipolar disorder) and 1,521 individuals from the same urban, safety-net health system who were not enrolled in the BHH. Groups were weighted by propensity score on the basis of sex, age, race-ethnicity, language, 2010 U.S. Census block group characteristics, Medicare and Medicaid enrollment, and diabetes diagnosis.Results:BHH patients had fewer total psychiatric hospitalizations and fewer total emergency visits compared with the control group, a difference that was predominantly driven by patients with at least one psychiatric hospitalization or ED visit. There were...
Review and recent developments in DC arc fault detection

This paper presents a brief review of recent dc arc fault modeling and detection methods. The goal is to examine state-of-the-art technologies and to identify future research and development needs of dc arc fault protection in modern dc networks. For dc arc modeling, the focus is given to external characteristic equations which model the arc with electrical parameters. Moreover, models of the random high frequency components in arc current and their applications will be reviewed and discussed. Then, selected dc arc fault detection techniques are reviewed and compared. Preliminary results from a robustness study for a wavelet based detection algorithm under noisy environments are presented. The status of a draft SAE standard being developed on 270 Vdc arc fault detection and validation tests for aircraft is briefly discussed.
Genetics of pancreatic cancer and implications for therapy

Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease with a dismal 5-year prognosis. Knowledge of its genetics may help in identifying new methods for patient screening, and cancer treatment. In this review, we will describe the most common mutations responsible for the genesis of pancreatic cancer and their impact on screening, patterns of disease progression, and therapy.
The influence of eWOM communications

Drawing on Online Social Network (OSN) Framework (Brown, Boderick, & Lee, 2007), this study examines the role of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in consumer review websites by investigating its effects on the decision-making process of consumers. OSN framework postulates that individuals consider the websites to be primary actors and develop social relationships with the websites themselves rather than the other online participants. This study proposes and empirically tests an integrative model of three social network constructs associated with the website (i.e., tie strength, homophily, and source credibility) and their relationship to consumers' evaluations associated with attitudes and perceived influence of eWOM effectiveness. An online survey with a sample size of 793 respondents revealed that the homophily and tie strength between a website and a consumer are important drivers of source credibility, which in turn influence attitude toward the reviews as well as the website. The attitudes formed through the perceptions of tie-strength, homophily and source credibility ultimately determines the influence of eWOM consumers' purchase decisions. There is a lack of social presence in review websites.There is an increasing skepticism about the credibility of eWOM information.Consumers consider the websites to be primary actors and develop social relationships with the websites.Homophily and tie strength between a website and a consumer are important drivers of source credibility.
Concise iterative algorithms on the state feedback form for model predictive control and stability analysis of regime switching systems

In this paper we present iterative algorithms to compute the state feedback form for model predictive control (MPC) of regime switching systems and perform stability analysis. We consider cases involving classic quadratic cost functions, costs with a penalty on sudden changes of control, time-invariant and time-variant systems, and Markovian jump systems (MJS). The algorithms are efficient and easy to implement, and the stability analysis of the closed loop system becomes straight forward using them, as illustrated with numerical examples. We then show, by varying the depth of the prediction horizon, that a very long horizon in MPC does not significantly improve stability. This result has instructive value on system design using MPC.
A Census of Plasma Waves and Structures Associated With an Injection Front in the Inner Magnetosphere

Now that observations have conclusively established that the inner magnetosphere is abundantly populated with kinetic electric field structures and nonlinear waves, attention has turned to quantifying the ability of these structures and waves to scatter and accelerate inner magnetospheric plasma populations. A necessary step in that quantification is determining the distribution of observed structure and wave properties (e.g. occurrence rates, amplitudes, spatial scales). Kinetic structures and nonlinear waves have broadband signatures in frequency space and consequently, high resolution time domain electric and magnetic field data is required to uniquely identify such structures and waves as well as determine their properties. However, most high resolution fields data is collected with a strong bias toward high amplitude signals in a pre-selected frequency range, strongly biasing observations of structure and wave properties. In this study, a ∼45 minute unbroken interval of 16,384 samples/s fields burst data, encompassing an electron injection event, is examined. This data set enables an unbiased census of the kinetic structures and nonlinear waves driven by this electron injection, as well as determination of their ‘typical’ properties. It is found that the properties determined using this unbiased burst data are considerably different than those inferred from amplitude-biased burst data, with significant implications for wave-particle interactions due to kinetic structures and nonlinear waves in the inner magnetosphere.
Efficacy of repellent-treated structural barriers for Richardson’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii (Sabine)) and house mice (Mus musculus L.)

Abstract The worldwide presence of vertebrate pests such as rodents has created a need for non-lethal control methods that can be applied to integrated pest management plans. Chemical repellents are often a useful wildlife management tool as they can be directly applied to a commodity or structure to prevent infringement and damage. We assessed the efficacy of an anthraquinone (AQ)-based repellent in a structural barrier model against Richardson’s ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii (Sabine)) (RGS) and house mice (Mus musculus L.). The AQ-based repellent was applied to pieces of burlap which were secured over each end of a small section of PVC pipe. Unadulterated enrichment food was then offered within the enclosed PVC pipe to motivate interactions with repellent-treated and untreated burlap barriers. Defeat of the barrier was defined as a physical breach by means of chewing the burlap or burlap/repellent barrier such that the test animal was able to gain entry to the hide and the enrichment food. RGS defeated 55% (±7.9) of untreated barriers, 25% (±6.8) of barriers treated with 50% dilution AQ-based repellent, and 27.5% (±5.6) of barriers treated with 0% dilution AQ-based repellent. House mice defeated 100% (±0.0) of untreated barriers, 20.5% (±6.4) of barriers treated with 50% dilution AQ-based repellent, and 45.5% (±7.8) of barriers treated with 0% dilution AQ-based repellent. Relative to untreated barriers, AQ treatments reduced defeat of the barrier by 50–55% for RGS and 55–80% for house mice. RGS showed a marked decrease in consumption of enrichment food after exposure to AQ. The 0% dilution of AQ-treated structural barrier had more individuals of both RGS and house mice chew through the structural barrier than the 50% dilution despite the increased concentration of AQ. We hypothesized that the additional water in the 50% dilution may have allowed for greater absorption of the repellent throughout the burlap fibers, thus enabling greater interaction with the AQ-treated barriers. Our results indicate that AQ-based repellents show promise as structural barriers for RGS and house mice.
Effects of replacement of alfalfa silage with corn silage and supplementation of methionine analog and lysine-HCl on milk production and nitrogen feed efficiency in early lactating cows

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to study effects of replacement of alfalfa silage with corn silage in diets with sufficient metabolizable protein (MP) and balanced metabolizable lysine and methionine on milk production and nitrogen feed efficiency in early lactating cows. Thirty-six cows were blocked by similar body weight at calving, parity and predicted transmitting ability of milk yield, and randomly assigned into 3 dietary treatments from calving to 15 wk postpartum. Dietary treatments included 1) alfalfa silage diet (AF, 186 g/kg CP), 2) a diet replacing alfalfa silage with corn silage and supplemented with rumen undegradable protein and 2-hydroxyl-4-methylthino-butanoic acid (HMB) (CS-M, 160 g/kg CP), 3) CS-M + lysine−HCl (CS-ML, 160 g/kg CP). Metabolizable protein was similar among treatments and approximate 110 g/kg of DM. Metabolizable Met and Lys were 2.2 and 6.3% of MP in AF; and were 2.5 and 6.2% of MP in CS-M; and were 2.5 and 6.9% of MP in CS-ML. Dry matter intake, MP intake, body weight and body condition score were not affected by treatments. Nitrogen intake was less (∼ 100 g/d) in CS-M and CS-ML than AF, but milk yield, milk protein percentage and yield were similar among treatments. The percentage and yield of milk fat and milk fat corrected milk were greater in AF and CS-ML than CS-M. From 8 to 15 wk postpartum, CS-M had a moderate milk fat depression (milk fat
Effectiveness of delinquency prevention program using propensity score matching: is trust in teachers a turning point in zero-tolerance policies?

Although the relationship between parental and teachers’ roles and exclusionary discipline practices (EDP) seems intuitive, the link has rarely been supported in school disciplinary literature. This current study tested whether delinquency prevention programs can be directly effective in reducing adolescent delinquency, considering the medium of student’s trust in teachers and parental contact with school. In detail, this study attempted to answer two questions: ‘Do current delinquency prevention programs decrease EDP?’ and ‘Do student–teacher trust and parental contact with school mediate the effectiveness of prevention programs on suspensions?’ Using the techniques of propensity score matching and structural equation modeling, we found that student trust in teachers is a relevant and valid construct and statistically significant mediator on suspensions. The authors suggested some considerations to use student trust in teachers and parental contact with school more effectively as policy tools in ...
Functional Liver Imaging and Dosimetry to Predict Hepatotoxicity Risk in Cirrhotic Patients With Primary Liver Cancer.

PURPOSE Mitigating radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) is an ongoing need in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. We hypothesize that [99mTc]-sulfur colloid (SC) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) scans can provide global functional liver metrics and functional liver dosimetric parameters that are predictive of hepatotoxicity risk in patients with primary liver cancer with cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 47 patients (n = 26 proton, n = 21 stereotactic body radiation therapy) with Child-Pugh (CP)-A (62%) or CP-B (38%) cirrhosis who underwent SC SPECT/CT scans for radiation therapy planning. SC SPECT scans were mined for image intensity threshold-based functional liver volumes (FLV), mean liver-spleen uptake ratio (L/Smean), and total liver function (TLF = FLV*L/Smean). Radiation therapy doses were voxel-wise converted to the biologically equivalent dose (EQD2a/b=3) and relative biological effectiveness (GyRBE). Normal liver (liver minus gross tumor volume [GTV]) and FLV mean doses, absolute and relative dose-volumes (VGy[cc], VGy[%]), and relative dose-function histogram quantiles in 10 GyEQD2 increments were calculated. Logistic regression was performed for correlation to CP score increase of 2 or higher (CP+2). Cox regression was performed for correlation to RILD-specific survival (RILD-SS) and overall survival. RESULTS The strongest predictors of RILD-SS were FLV V20 and liver-GTV F20. FLV mean dose, but not CT-derived anatomic mean dose, was predictive of RILD-SS. TLF and L/Smean were the only parameters that were associated with CP+2 after adjusting for baseline CP score. Optimal cutoffs to mitigate risk RILD-SS were identified: FLV mean dose 0.75, TLF >0.60, tumor volume <40 cm3, and CP score A5-6 versus B7-C10. A narrower therapeutic window was observed in CP-B/C patients. The discriminatory power for RILD-SS within CP-B/C classes was improved with the addition of a functional dosimetric constraint, resulting in low- and high-risk subgroups (P = 3 × 10-6). CONCLUSIONS Functional liver metrics and dosimetric parameters derived from pretreatment SC SPECT/CT scans were complementary predictors of hepatotoxicity and may provide useful clinical decision support in the management of cirrhotic patients with primary liver cancer.
Grassroots resource mobilization through counter-data action:

In this paper, we document the counter-data action and data activism of a grassroots affordable housing advocacy group in Atlanta. Our observation and insight into these data activities and strateg...
How Teachers Define and Identify Self-Regulated Learning.

AbstractThe first step for teachers to be efficacious in teaching self-regulated learning (SRL) in their classroom(s) is to have clear understandings of what constitutes SRL and when to use it. Thi...
Challenges and strategies for contraceptive care in independent abortion clinics in the United States, 2017

Abstract Objective Many patients may wish to receive contraceptive counseling and services during an abortion visit, but a 2009 study documented challenges faced by abortion clinics, especially independent ones, in providing contraceptive care. Since then, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has made contraception more accessible by expanding coverage to millions of individuals and by eliminating out of pocket costs. This paper aims to update this previous work and describe recent challenges in providing contraceptive care in independent abortion settings following the ACA, as well as the strategies used to address these challenges. Methods We conducted two focus groups and 19 semi-structured interviews with clinic administrators and directors at independent abortion clinics. Results Challenges to providing contraceptive care in independent abortion clinics included navigating new guidelines under the Affordable Care Act for establishing coverage agreements with health insurance plans and receiving timely and sufficient reimbursement for services provided. Study respondents described strategies related to adjusting clinic flow and protocols to address patient needs regarding receiving contraception during abortion care. Conclusion Staff working in independent abortion clinics in the United States experience a tension between trying to provide holistic, patient-centered care – including contraceptive care – and navigating restrictive political and healthcare contexts for the delivery of abortion care.
Early-Life Iron Deficiency and Its Natural Resolution Are Associated with Altered Serum Metabolomic Profiles in Infant Rhesus Monkeys.

Background Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in human infants aged 6 to 24 mo, and negatively affects many cellular metabolic processes, including energy production, electron transport, and oxidative degradation of toxins. There can be persistent influences on long-term metabolic health beyond its acute effects. Objectives The objective was to determine how iron deficiency in infancy alters the serum metabolomic profile and to test whether these effects persist after the resolution of iron deficiency in a nonhuman primate model of spontaneous iron deficiency. Methods Blood was collected from naturally iron-sufficient (IS; n = 10) and iron-deficient (ID; n = 10) male and female infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) at 6 mo of age. Iron deficiency resolved without intervention upon feeding of solid foods, and iron status was re-evaluated at 12 mo of age from the IS and formerly ID monkeys using hematological and other indices; sera were metabolically profiled using HPLC/MS and GC/MS with isobaric standards for identification and quantification at both time points. Results A total of 413 metabolites were measured, with differences in 40 metabolites identified between IS and ID monkeys at 6 mo (P$\le $ 0.05). At 12 mo, iron-related hematological parameters had returned to normal, but the formerly ID infants remained metabolically distinct from the age-matched IS infants, with 48 metabolites differentially expressed between the groups. Metabolomic profiling indicated altered liver metabolites, differential fatty acid production, increased serum uridine release, and atypical bile acid production in the ID monkeys. Conclusions Pathway analyses of serum metabolites provided evidence of a hypometabolic state, altered liver function, differential essential fatty acid production, irregular uracil metabolism, and atypical bile acid production in ID infants. Many metabolites remained altered after the resolution of ID, suggesting long-term effects on metabolic health.
Critical quantum fluctuations and photon antibunching in optomechanical systems with large single-photon cooperativity

A pertinent question in cavity optomechanics is whether reaching the regime of large single-photon cooperativity, where the single-photon coupling rate exceeds the geometric mean of the cavity and mechanical decay rates, can enable any new phenomena. We show that in some multimode optomechanical systems, the single-photon cooperativity can indeed be a figure of merit. We first study a system with one cavity mode and two mechanical oscillators, which combines the concepts of levitated optomechanics and coherent scattering with standard dispersive optomechanics. Later, we study a more complicated setup involving three cavity modes which does not rely on levitated optomechanics and only features dispersive optomechanical interactions with direct cavity driving. These systems can effectively realize the degenerate or the nondegenerate parametric oscillator models known from quantum optics, but in the unusual finite-size regime for the fundamental mode(s) when the single-photon cooperativity is large. We show that the response of these systems to a coherent optical probe can be highly nonlinear in probe power even for average photon occupation numbers below unity. The nonlinear optomechanical interaction has the peculiar consequence that the probe drive will effectively amplitude-squeeze itself. For large single-photon cooperativity, this occurs for small occupation numbers, which enables observation of nonclassical antibunching of the transmitted probe photons due to a destructive interference effect. Finally, we show that as the probe power is increased even further, the system enters a critical regime characterized by intrinsically nonlinear dynamics and non-Gaussian states.
Parental Perceptions of Learning Disabilities.

The research presented in this article analyses 242 written responses to interview questions conducted with families who live in the United States to explore parental perceptions of disabilities. T...
End-To-End Multi-Talker Overlapping Speech Recognition

In this paper we present an end-to-end speech recognition system that can recognize single-channel speech where multiple talkers can speak at the same time (overlapping speech) by using a neural network model based on Recurrent Neural Network Transducer (RNN-T) architecture. We augment the conventional RNN-T architecture by including a masking model for separation of encoded audio features, and multiple label encoders to encode transcripts from different speakers. We use a masking L2 loss to prevent transcripts to align to wrong speakers’ audio, and a speaker embedding loss to facilitate speaker tracking. We show that by using these additional training objectives, the proposed augmented RNN-T model can be trained with simulated overlapping speech data and can achieve a WER of 32% on words in overlapping speech segments from real-life telephone conversations. Our analysis of manual transcription task on the same test set shows that transcribing overlapping speech is hard even for humans who can get a WER of 37% compared to ground-truth.
Evaluation of two Potassium-based Activation Agents for the Production of Oxygen- and Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbons

This work evaluates the use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and potassium oxalate monohydrate (K2C2O4•H2O) for the formation of nitrogen- and oxygen-doped porous carbons. Based on molar equivalent amo...
Coupled Temporal and Spatial Environment Monitoring for Multi-Agent Teams in Precision Farming

In this paper, we propose a method for solving a multi-agent monitoring problem, both temporally and spatially. If a large and slowly evolving environmental process needs to be monitored by a multi-agent team, as is the case in our motivating precision farming application, we argue this team must make decisions on both sensing times and sensing locations. As the process evolution is slow, agents must make plans for future deployment times to gather as much information as possible (e.g., mutual information) within a reasonable budget. At the same time, the locations of where to collect information when the team is deployed are critical as different locations may possess widely varying information content. Multi-agent teams, therefore, need to make plans for future deployment locations as well as deployment times. In this paper, we combine these two sub-problems and model them as a submodular maximization problem with matroid and knapsack budgets. We propose a method with improved performance guarantees to solve our problem, as well as a broader class of combinatorial optimization problems. Finally, simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The role of B cells in primary progressive multiple sclerosis

The success of ocrelizumab in reducing confirmed disability accumulation in primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) via CD20-targeted depletion implicates B cells as causal agents in the pathogenesis of PPMS. This review explores the possible mechanisms by which B cells contribute to disease progression in PPMS, specifically exploring cytokine production, antigen presentation, and antibody synthesis. B cells may contribute to disease progression in PPMS through cytokine production, specifically GM-CSF and IL-6, which can drive naive T-cell differentiation into pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 cells. B cell production of the cytokine LT-α may induce follicular dendritic cell production of CXCL13 and lead indirectly to T and B cell infiltration into the CNS. In contrast, production of IL-10 by B cells likely induces an anti-inflammatory effect that may play a role in reducing neuroinflammation in PPMS. Therefore, reduced production of IL-10 may contribute to disease worsening. B cells are also capable of potent antigen presentation and may induce pro-inflammatory T-cell differentiation via cognate interactions. B cells may also contribute to disease activity via antibody synthesis, although it's unlikely the benefit of ocrelizumab in PPMS occurs via antibody decrement. Finally, various B cell subsets likely promulgate pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in MS.
Insulin-inducible changes in insulin receptor mRNA splice variants.

Abstract Alternative splicing of insulin receptor pre-mRNA has been shown to be regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental manner. We investigated whether the receptor ligand might regulate the relative distribution of alternatively spliced mRNA in insulin-sensitive cells and found that changes in the relative expression of the two alternatively spliced insulin receptor RNA isotypes expressed in hepatocytes are regulated by insulin. In addition, we observed significant differences (p < or = 0.001) in insulin receptor isotype expression in subjects who were hyperinsulinemic and insulin-resistant versus subjects who were insulin-sensitive. These results support a role for insulin in the regulation of the relative expression of alternatively spliced mRNA expressed in insulin-responsive cells and tissues.
Pass the Bucks: Investment Incentives as Political Credit-Claiming Devices Evidence from a Survey Experiment

Both countries and subnational governments commonly engage in competition for mobile capital, offering generous location incentives to attract investment. The use of tax incentives is a paradox, whereby fiscally strained governments offer lucrative tax treatment to firms, yet the economics research has consistently shown tax incentives have little impact on the investment decisions of businesses. In this paper we construct a formal model of firm specific tax incentives that focuses on how politicians take credit or minimize blame for firms’ investment decisions. We test the empirical implications of this model using an internet survey, which employs a randomized experiment to test how voters evaluate the performance of incumbent U.S. governors. Our findings illustrate the key political benefit of offering tax incentives for politicians. Politicians can use these incentives to take credit for investment flowing into their districts.
Mixed-State Ultrasonic Attenuation in Clean Niobium

Recently there has been much theoretical1–4 and experimental5–7 interest in the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient in the mixed state of clean type-II superconductors. In this paper we present measurements of the attenuation near the upper critical field with the purpose of testing theoretical predictions regarding frequency dependence and propagation geometries.
NEW SOLID MEDIUM FOR ENHANCED GROWTH OF PASTEURELLA TULARENSIS

Abstract Gaspar, Andrew J. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), Hugh B. Tresselt, and Martha K. Ward. New solid medium for enhanced growth of Pasteurella tularensis. J. Bacteriol. 82:564–569. 1961.—The purpose of this work was to develop a solid medium for more rapid growth of Pasteurella tularensis, especially from small inocula comparable to those generally encountered in clinical materials. After titration of various ingredients, separately and in combination, the optimal base was found to be: 2.6% tryptose broth (Difco) with thiamine, 0.5% cysteine-HCl, 0.2% sodium thioglycolate, 1.0% glucose, dissolved by mixing without heat, and adjusted to pH 7.2 ± 0.03. To this base 1.0% agar (Difco) is added and dissolved by heating in flowing steam for about 5 min prior to autoclaving at 121 C for 20 min. After sterilization and cooling, 5.0% defibrinated rabbit blood is added aseptically. Plates of the completed medium are incubated at 37 C for 24 hr prior to use. Colonies of P. tularensis approximately 1.0 mm in diameter are obtained on this medium after 26 to 29 hr incubation if conditions of high relative humidity (90 to 100% saturation) are maintained. The mechanisms involved in the growth enhancement obtained on this medium are under study. The role of thioglycolate appears to be that of keeping in solution the relatively high concentration of cysteine-HCl required. The specific methods of preparation described, the incubation of plates prior to use, and final incubation under conditions of high humidity all are important for optimal results. This developmental work has employed only pure cultures. Attempts are being made to develop a selective medium, using this new preparation as base, for the direct isolation of P. tularensis from a variety of clinical materials.
Solubilization chromatography: Ethers, carboxylic acids, and hydrocarbons

Abstract Synthetic mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic ethers, satmated fatty acids, and substituted benzenes and naphthalenes were separated by elution through columns of ion-exchange resins with aqueous solutions of acetic acid as eluent An attempt was made to use a resin of low capacity for the separation of such mixtures, and the results of this attempt are used to help elucidate the theory of solubilization chromatography
Jailhouse Informants and the Sixth Amendment: Is the U.S. Supreme Court Adequately Protecting an Accused's Right to Counsel?

A defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel is a fundamental pillar of our criminal justice system. The Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal defendant the right to a lawyer during any critical stage of a criminal proceeding. There is perhaps no time when an accused party's right to counsel becomes more important than during an interrogation. It is clear that the government cannot deliberately elicit information from an accused party in the absence of his or her lawyer. "Deliberate elicitation," however, becomes difficult to define or detect when the government employs indirect methods of interrogation; rather than overt questioning, to obtain information from an accused party. One such indirect method, the use of jailhouse informants, presents special constitutional problems because of the unique dynamics that exist in a jail cell encounter between an unsuspecting defendant and an undercover informant, Courts have struggled to apply the Sixth Amendment's prohibition on the elicitation of information in the absence of counsel to situations involving jailhouse informants. The U.S. Supreme Court has directly considered the issue twice and has reached conflicting results despite strong factual similarities. This Note proposes a new standard for detecting right-to-counsel violations in the jailhouse informant context, a two-tiered inquiry that attempts to address the unique constitutional problems that the use of jailhouse
Psychiatric implications of displacement: Contributions from the psychology of place.

Objective : The purpose of this article is to describe the psychological processes that are affected by geographic displacement. Method : The literature from the fields of geography, psychology, anthropology, and psychiatry was reviewed to develop a psychology of place and to determine the manner in which place-related psychological processes are affected by upheaval in the environment. Results : The psychology of place is an emerging area of research that explores the connection between individuals and their intimate environments. The psychology of place posits that individuals require a good enough environment in which to live. They are linked to that environment through three key psychological processes : attachment, familiarity, and identity. Place attachment, which parallels, but is distinct from, attachment to person, is a mutual caretaking bond between a person and a beloved place. Familiarity refers to the processes by which people develop detailed cognitive knowledge of their environs. Place identity is concerned with the extraction of a sense of self based on the places in which one passes one's life. Each of these psychological processes-attachment, familiarity, and place identity-is threatened by displacement, and the problems of nostalgia, disorientation, and alienation may ensue. Conclusions : As a result of war, decolonization, epidemics, natural disasters, and other disruptive events, millions of people are currently displaced from their homes. Protecting and restoring their mental health pose urgent problems for the mental health community.
Teaching Car Passenger Safety to Preschool Children

An educational curriculum entitled "Bucklebear" was designed to increase safety seat and seat belt use in young children enrolled in preschool programs (day care centers and nursery schools). Three basic concepts were emphasized: (1) "buckling up" is a good habit for everyone for every ride; (2) the back seat is the best seat; and (3) there are desirable passenger behaviors. The curriculum included training workshops with teachers, parent meetings, classroom lessons, sound filmstrip, puppet play, and many other activities. Six experimental programs and seven control programs with 402 and 427 enrolled children, respectively, participated. After their participation in the educational curriculum, children in the experimental program increased their use of a safety seat or seat belt from 21.9% to 44.3%. These children also increased their knowledge and simulated practice of car passenger safety.
In vitro comparative efficacy of voriconazole and itraconazole against fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant cryptococcus neoformans isolates

In vitro susceptibility testing for 50 clinical isolates of fluconazole-susceptible or -resistant Cryptococcus neoformans was performed with itraconazole and voriconazole. Voriconazole was more potent than itraconazole for fluconazole-susceptible isolates and as potent as itraconazole for fluconazole-susceptible dose-dependent isolates and for fluconazole-resistant isolates. For fluconazole-resistant isolates, the voriconazole and itraconazole MICs ranged from 1 to 2 μg/ml.