cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The policy ineffectiveness proposition: Some further tests

Abstract This study investigates for Denmark the relative merits of the New Classical versus the Monetarist hypotheses regarding the role of monetary policy in stabilizing real economic activity. The results do not reject the monetarist contention that anticipated (systematic) monetary policy has a significant effect on real output in the short run, a finding that is inconsistent with the New Classical policy ineffectiveness proposition.
From limits to growth to global change: Constraints and contradictions in the evolution of environmental science and ideology☆

Abstract The notions of ‘limits to growth’ and ‘global change’ have a number of similarities. Both are neo-Malthusian, are based on quantitative scientific research, and have gained prominence as global rationales for wide-ranging environmentalist agendas. Most importantly, both notions have served simultaneously as scientific concepts and as environmental movement ideologies. However, the favourable political reception accorded ‘global change’ is markedly different from the hostile reception of the ‘limits to growth’ Weltanschauung of the early 1970s. The two formulations are compared and contrasted, and possible explanations and implications are discussed. The relatively high degree of consensus on global change that currently prevails may mask contradictions that will lead to major conflicts over environmental policy.
Rhabdomyolysis Secondary to Clenbuterol Use and Exercise.

Abstract Background The literature regarding rhabdomyolysis secondary to illicit drug use is sparse. Clenbuterol is a bronchodilator approved for veterinary use, which in high doses can increase protein deposition and lipolysis similarly to anabolic steroids, and is thereby abused for bodybuilding and weight loss effects. Clenbuterol has previously been described in case reports to be cardiotoxic, with patient presentations similar to overdoses of sympathomimetic substances, but reports of rhabdomyolysis are limited to a single case series in horses. Case Report We report the first case of rhabdomyolysis secondary to clenbuterol in a human. Our patient used clenbuterol for muscle-building effects in addition to exercise for multiple days prior to presentation. The patient's chief complaint at Emergency Department (ED) presentation was discolored urine. Workup for rhabdomyolysis was initiated, and an initial creatine kinase was measured at 122,933 units/L. Our patient's rhabdomyolysis was successfully treated with supportive therapy, and the patient was eventually discharged to home with no identifiable disability. The patient's kidney function remained at baseline, and no acute kidney injury was experienced secondary to rhabdomyolysis. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Patients presenting to the ED may have been unintentionally exposed through cutting of illicit substances or through intentional use in bodybuilding. Clenbuterol has well-described cardiotoxic effects, and we report the additional toxicity of rhabdomyolysis with its use.
Effect of Blood Glucose Concentrations on the Development of Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, stroke, acute myocardial infarction, blindness, and renal failure. Strategies to reduce their occurrence are an essential focus of patient care. More than one pathogenic process is involved, and genetics influence the risk. Hyperglycemia is a factor in the development of microvascular and possibly macrovascular complications. Two possible mechanisms of glucose damage are glycation of proteins and the polyol pathway. Research led to the identification of drugs that block parts of the pathways. In clinical trials, intensive control of blood glucose concentrations decreased the risk of microvascular complications. Adverse effects associated with intensive therapy, however, include hypoglycemia and weight gain.
An Ultramicromethod for PBI

An ultramicromethod for the determination of PBI which requires only 25 µl of serum is described. The standard deviation of determinations on whole serum is ± 0.24 µg/100 ml. A new delayed ashing technic is described which reduces iodine losses and prevents interference by carbon residues that result from incomplete ashing. Data are presented on 26 infants from which cord blood and infant peripheral blood were obtained at 24-hr. postpartum intervals for PBI analysis. The data indicate that the PBI level in infants reaches a peak at 2 days of age and slowly returns to a normal level at approximately 2 weeks.
Characterizing user behavior and network performance in a public wireless LAN

This paper presents and analyzes user behavior and network performance in a public-area wireless network using a workload captured at a well-attended ACM conference. The goals of our study are: (1) to extend our understanding of wireless user behavior and wireless network performance; (2) to characterize wireless users in terms of a parameterized model for use with analytic and simulation studies involving wireless LAN traffic; and (3) to apply our workload analysis results to issues in wireless network deployment, such as capacity planning, and potential network optimizations, such as algorithms for load balancing across multiple access points (APs) in a wireless network.
Quantitative factors which determine the effect of the immune response on the growth rate of the Cloudman Melanoma in the DBA/2 mice.

Abstract We compared the growth rate of Cloudman melanoma in DBA/2 mice produced by injections of tumor cells taken from tissue culture (TC cells) to that of tumor cells prepared from tumor nodules already growing in DBA/2 mice (An cells). We found that small numbers of An cells grew better than TC cells. In contrast larger numbers of An cells grew less well than TC cells. We could make the growth rate of TC cells comparable to that of AN cells by (a) immunosuppressing recipient mice and/or (b) injecting the host with the proper dose of tumor cell proteins, debris and antigens extracted from the tumors with potassium chloride. The immunologic basis for both the tumor-retarding and tumor-promoting effects of the KC1 extracts was established by adoptive transfer experiments. Thus, some tumor cell products which have the potential to stimulate the immune response do so in a distinctive fashion depending in part on whether they are associated with viable tumor cells. The effects that nonviable cell-associated tumor products have on the immune response to viable tumor cells varies with their dose; they increase the magnitude of the immune response against the tumor at moderate doses but decrease it at higher or lower doses. The latter point may help explain the phenomenon of “sneaking through.”
Symmetry lowering under high pressure : Structural evidence forf-shell delocalization in heavy rare earth metal terbium

Heavy rare earth metal terbium has been studied at synchrotron sources using both angular and energy dispersive x-ray diffraction to a maximum pressure of $155\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ (volume fraction $V∕{V}_{0}=0.39$). The complete regular trivalent rare earth structural sequence, $\mathrm{hcp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Sm}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\text{double}$ $\mathrm{hcp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{fcc}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\text{distorted}$ fcc $(hR24)$, is observed at low pressures except for the undistorted fcc. At $51\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$, terbium undergoes a 5% volume collapse transitioning to $C2∕m$ monoclinic. The open, low symmetry structure is reminiscent of the $4f$ delocalization phenomenon in the light rare earth metals, particularly the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{''}}$ phase of cerium.
Healing of simulated fault gouges aided by pressure solution: Results from rock analogue experiments

[1] Slide-hold-slide friction experiments are reported on fault gouges of salt and salt-muscovite mixtures to investigate the effects of fluids and phyllosilicates on strength gain. Healing rates of salt gouges in the presence of saturated brine are an order of magnitude higher than dry salt and water-saturated quartz at 65°C. Fault gouges consisting of salt-muscovite (80:20) mixtures show healing rates half that of 100 wt % salt; this is consistent with the effects of lower porosity and reduced dilation resulting from lower friction associated with muscovite. Half of the strength gain can be attributed to dilational work. The remainder of the strength gain can be explained by a microphysical model of compaction via pressure solution. Our model predicts the rate of contact area growth and of frictional restrengthening. The model predicts the observed rate of restrengthening for long hold periods for wet salt but underestimates the values for shorter hold periods. The short time response is attributed to strengthening of the grain boundary, elevating the resistance to frictional sliding on its interface, which is likely to be operative at longer hold periods as well but is masked by the strength gain owing to the increase in contact area. Our observations are consistent with an increased resistance to sliding of the contact at short term, the growth of the contact beyond this, and dilational hardening at all hold durations. To predict the magnitude and rates of healing in natural fault gouges under hydrothermal conditions, knowledge of the “state” of the fault gouge is required.
Using a stopwatch to assess pelvic muscle strength in the urine stream interruption test.

Pelvic muscle strength is important in maintaining urinary continence. The urine stream interruption test provides a simple measure of pelvic muscle strength. This study evaluated the accuracy of the test as adapted for clinical use. Women (n = 75) were tested according to standardized protocol. The test was simultaneously timed using a uroflowmeter (for research purposes) and a stopwatch (a technique more feasible in the practice setting). The stopwatch-timed urine stream interruption test was consistent with the uroflowmeter score (r = 0.90, p < 0.00) and demonstrated adequate repeatability (r = -0.69, p < 0.00). The stopwatch test was related to a digital measure of pelvic muscle strength (r = -0.49, p = 0.00), i.e., women with greater pelvic muscle strength were able to interrupt the stream of urine more quickly. Significantly less involuntary urine loss was seen in women whose stopwatch test score was two seconds or less as compared with those whose scores were greater than two seconds (t = -4.83, p = < 0.00, df = 73). Clinicians can use the urine stream interruption test as a baseline measure and as a tool to assess changes in pelvic muscle strength.
Electron microscopy of microcracking about indentations in aluminium oxide and silicon carbide

Transmission electron microscopy is used to examine the nature of microcracking about small-scale indentations in two highly brittle solids, sapphire and carborundum. The observed crack geometry is discussed in terms of an earlier model of indentation fracture beneath a point force, in which both loading and unloading half-cycles contribute to the crack growth. The residual interfaces are generally found to exhibit moire fringe contrast, and occasionally to contain dislocation networks. These observations are discussed in relation to spontaneous closure and healing mechanisms, and the associated “lattice mismatch” is estimated at about one part in a thousand. It is suggested that cleavage steps comprise the main source of obstruction to lattice restoration across the interfaces. Mechanical and thermal treatments of the indented specimens are found to influence the extent of the residual cracking. Some practical implications concerning the strength degradation of brittle solids are discussed.
I medici sentinella per una efficace sorveglianza ambientale e sanitaria

[Sentinel general practitioner as a key element for an effective environmental health surveillance] The concepts of Epidemiological Surveillance and Environmental Public Health (EPHT) are outlined. In addition to the clues of their importance in different settings, it is claimed their usefulness in view of a sustainable, healthy and competitive society where environment and health are pillars of wellbeing and productivity, especially in a time of socio-economic and even cultural crisis. Public-health decision makers can use this timely, accurate and systematic data to inform and draft policies that reduce environmental health burdens and prevent disease efficiently and cost-effectively. Indeed tracking can also support the response to increasing community concern about point sources of pollution (e.g. incinerators and landfill sites) and also contributes to the statutory obligations of several member states around environment and health surveillance. Surveillance systems might enhance collaboration among public health and environmental agencies, health-care providers, information-system professionals, academic investigators, and industry. However, surveillance does not substitute direct physician reporting of unusual or suspect cases of public health importance. As matter of fact many experiences of Sentinel General Practitioner have been carried all around the world, and also in Italy some relevant experiences have proven the importance of the information, competencies and prestige also in the field of Environmental-Health which General Practitioners are universally reputed to hold. Some proposal are provided to settle a National network of Environmental Health Sentinel Practitioner.
Dynamic control of chemical engineering processes using a method of Lyapunov

Abstract Previous papers from this laboratory have detailed a procedure for controlling dynamic linear chemical processes in an optimum manner. Involved in the method was the use of dynamic programming as developed by B ellman and extended by K alman and consisted of minimizing a quadratic form of the state or dependent variables of the system. A brief summary of this procedure is presented in a later section of this paper. However, in certain physical situations the method is impractical because of the nature of the inputs which must be used as control variables, i.e. feed compositions must be varied instead of the more natural feed rate. In the present paper the method of L yapunov is used to extend this dynamic control approach to allow flow rate to be used as a control variable. To illustrate the details a number of different procedures are presented ranging in complexity from a relatively simple approximation to a detailed search routine.
The Retreat: An Educational Growth Group.

Abstract Practical and ethical considerations are presented for providing an educational growth group experience for introductory psychology students.
Perceived crowding and attitudes toward limiting use in backcountry recreation areas

Abstract The relationship between perceived crowding and the desire to further limit established carrying capacities is examined from a study of users of the Sylvania Recreation Area. The relationship is found to be weak, especially among those users with low education. Possible explanations in terms of expressed crowding as a status group convention are discussed. It is concluded that user limitation decisions cannot be directly derived from studies of perceived crowding.
Comparing culture and ecology: conservation planning of oak woodlands in Mediterranean landscapes of Portugal and California.

Mediterranean ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots, however translating conservation need into implementation has been hindered by their function as working landscapes that integrate both human and natural components. This paper compares oak woodland working landscapes in California and Portugal: can conservation policy be reshaped to conserve Mediterranean oak woodland ecosystems with differing sociopolitical cultural contexts? Each oak woodland's cultural-historical legacy and socioecological system (SES) is described, and how each system can cross-inform improvements to conservation policies is assessed. The SES analysis shows that oak woodlands are managed to maximize revenue from one or more of four resources: forestry, rangeland, agriculture and natural areas. Sustainability of extractable resources may be threatened by replacement rate, land-use history and interdependence with other resources. Non-extractable resources (natural areas) are more volatile and sustainable management is dependent on the voluntary nature of collective-choice rules. Conservation planning and implementation require attention to the characteristic heterogeneity of oak woodlands and to the processes that generate biodiversity, such as fire and regeneration. Conservation plans should aim for the preservation of oak woodland functions (for example multiple use systems) and cultural characteristics (such as keeping people on the land), and governmental and public recognition of the value of preserving these woodlands.
ANALYSIS OF AN ANALGESIC MIXTURE UTILIZING A NONPOROUS OCTADECYLSILANE STATIONARY PHASE FOR REVERSED-PHASE FAST HPLC

A High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method utilizing nonporous silica particle technology has been developed for the assay of an analgesic mixture containing aspirin, caffeine, and codeine. The separation and quantitation of the mixture was achieved on a column packed with nonporous silica particles chemically bonded with octadecylsilane (3.0 μm particles) using a mobile phase of 95:5 v/v 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.0)-methanol at a flow rate of 600 μL/min with UV detection at 216 nm. The separation was achieved within 3 min. The method showed linearity for aspirin in the range 40–242.5 μg/mL, and for caffeine and codeine in the range 7.5–45 μg/mL. Inter- and intra day precision ranged from 0.12–1.95% for aspirin, 0.07–.69% for caffeine, and 0.06–1.69% for codeine. The limits of detection for the analytes were 157 ng/mL for aspirin, 28 ng/mL for caffeine, and 30 ng/mL for codeine based on a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3 and a 10 μL injection.
Distinguishing Nursing Art: Patient, Researcher, and Student Views: Nurse: Technician and Artist “Frances's Story”: Student Response

In this response to research reported by Dr. Gramling, the author of this response likens the art of nursing to a masterpiece drawn with the inner talents and gifts of nurses. Frances, a patient interviewed by Dr. Gramling, explains her experience of being carefully watched and feeling safe when a nurse pays close attention to her. The author has learned to define the art of nursing through the abstract concepts of the fine arts and asserts that the line between technician and artist is blurred. The poem written by Dr. Gramling in response to Frances reinforces the author's reading of how nursing becomes art.
Main determinants of cigarette smoking in youth based on the 2006 Cyprus GYTS.

Abstract Objective The goal of the study is to identify predictors of current cigarette smoking in adolescents within the school, home, and broader social environment. Method A two stage cluster sample design was used to select a representative sample of students from all middle and high schools in Cyprus in 2005–2006. Standardized Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) methodology was employed in administering the questionnaires and processing the results. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression with the outcome variable being current smoking. Results After adjusting for the effect of other predictors in the model, the strongest predictor of adolescent smoking was smoking peers. Having parents and grandparents that smoke, concerns about weight, access to pocket money, ease of buying cigarettes, owning an item with a cigarette logo on it, the belief that smokers are less attractive, and the false consensus effect all remain statistically significant predictors. Conclusion In designing smoking prevention programs, factors pertaining to the school, social and familial circle of adolescents as well as misconceptions on the link between smoking and physical appearance need to be considered. Such programs can act as empowering tools to complement legal measures which need to be firmly enforced and constantly revised to be effective.
Anomalous fluoride concentrations in the North Atlantic

Abstract Fluoride analyses have been carried out on sea water samples from 33 stations in the North Atlantic. Samples of the deep water at two localities gave indications of anomalously high fluoride concentration when analyzed colorimetrically, yet gave no anomalous indication when measurements were made with a fluoride specific ion electrode. The same anomalous samples were further analyzed by means of photon activation analysis and found indeed to have high concentrations of fluoride. This combination of high concentration and normal sea water activity suggests that the excess fluoride is either chemically complexed or in colloidal form. These hypotheses are examined and the colloidal phenomenon is suggested as the more likely.
Power potential from ocean currents for hydrogen production

Abstract The transport energy of world ocean currents is briefly surveyed. As a case study concentration has been made on the Florida currents between Miami, Florida and Bahamas. Over a region of 60 km × 10 km × 200 m power in the range of 22 to 37 GW is predicted to be produced at about a cost of 1.1¢ per kWh. The adverse features in the ocean environment have been briefly discussed and taken in due consideration. However, a word of caution is expressed that the estimation of power production and energy cost from the Florida Current, or for that matter, from any ocean current, should not be taken any more seriously than the uncertainty factors involved in fluctuations occurring in ocean currents. The amount of power extracted from the Florida Current is well within its fluctuation limits as observed and estimated over years. Thus the power extracted is no threat to the environment. The storage, transportation and end-use of this large amount of energy is argued in favor of hydrogen. The gaseous and liquid hydrogen are both recommended. The cost of hydrogen production is comparable to conventional fuel cost.
Laboratory study of air–water–coal combustion product (fly ash and FGD solid) mercury exchange

Recent laboratory research has indicated that coal fly ash derived from subbituminous and bituminous type coals is a sink for atmospheric mercury (Hg), however lignite-based ash was found to emit Hg to the air. Solids collected from systems with components that enhance Hg removal (i.e. activated carbon injection (ACI), flue gas desulfurization (FGD), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR)) may have higher Hg concentrations and therefore a higher potential for Hg release. For this study we investigated the potential for Hg release to the air and water from coal combustion products (CCPs) collected from coal-fired units with FGD equipment, SCR and SNCR equipment, and sorbent injection for Hg removal. In the laboratory study, most dry samples acted as sinks for atmospheric Hg in the dark at 25 °C. When exposed to light or increased temperature (45 °C), deposition of Hg to the fly ash substrates in most cases continued but decreased. Wet FGD samples emitted Hg. However, they became a sink for atmospheric Hg or exhibited low Hg emission rates when dried. Mercury flux in the dark at 25 °C was correlated with fly ash carbon content (LOI). Most liquid extracts derived using the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP EPA method 1312) had very low Hg concentrations (<13 ng/l).
The Neighborhood in Cultural Production: Material and Symbolic Resources in the New Bohemia:

Drawing on an extended case study of the Chicago neighborhood Wicker Park, this article examines the role that neighborhood space plays in organizing the activities of young artists, showing how an...
Should individual investors avoid the stock market outside of January

Abstract Recent studies suggest that there is no reward for bearing risk outside of January, implying that individuals should invest in common stocks only in January. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that this conclusion is far too strong given existing empirical evidence. Our results suggest that inferences drawn from the evidence can be altered greatly through small changes in the way the empirical question is addressed. There is sufficient evidence to doubt the conclusion that individuals are not compensated for the risk of participating in the stock market outside of January.
Life in the Village: Teacher Community and Autonomy in an Early Childhood Education Center

This article presents findings from a qualitative case study of a public early childhood education center whose motto, the familiar African proverb “It takes a village to raise a child,” reflects the emphasis given to teacher community in the official school discourse. The meanings teachers gave to professional community were investigated. Interviews and observations were conducted at the school over a period of 12 months. Data analysis revealed an inherent tension between community ethos and personal autonomy. These findings suggest that professional teaching community is complex and contradictory, and that explicitly addressing the tension between community and autonomy would enhance teacher education and professional development.
PC-based power systems software: comparing functions and features

State-of-the-art PC software for analyzing industrial and commercial electric power systems is surveyed. The most prominent commercially available software packages are analyzed. The result is a basis for determining the available capabilities and suitability for specific applications. Both power flow analysis and fault current analysis are covered. >
Evaluating control of breathing utilizing an on-line microcomputer

This paper describes a system that was designed to evaluate ventilatory responses to hypercapnia, airway occlusion pressure (P 100), as well as measuring ventilatory drive and timing. Parameters measured include minute ventilation\((\dot V_E )\), breathing rate (f), tidal volume (V T), inspiratory time (T I), fractional inspiratory time (T I/T Tot), mean inspiratory flow (V T/T I), and end tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide\((P_{ET_{CO_2 } } )\). These measurements allow for a thorough analysis of abnormalities of neural and neuromuscular ventilatory drive. The system’s architecture was based primarily on currently available microcomputer components designed for the IEEE 696 bus.
Nutritionally important starch fractions of rice cultivars grown in southern United States.

Dietary starches can be classified into 3 major fractions according to in vitro digestibility as rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS), and resistant starch (RS). Literature indicates that SDS and/or RS have significant implications on human health, particularly glucose metabolism, diabetes management, colon cancer prevention, mental performance, and satiety. In this study, the nutritionally important starch fractions (RDS, SDS, and RS) in cooked rice were assayed in vitro, making use of 16 cultivars grown in 5 southern U.S. rice growing locations (Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas). RDS, SDS, and RS were 52.4% to 69.4%, 10.3% to 26.6%, and 1.2% to 9.0%, respectively, of cooked rice dry weight. Cultivar, location, and cultivar-by-location interaction contributed to the variations in RDS, SDS, and RS contents. Means pooled across locations indicated that SDS was higher for the Louisiana samples than those from Texas, whereas RS was higher for the Texas samples than those from Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Some cultivars were identified to possess high levels of RS (for example, Bowman and Rondo) or SDS (for example, Dixiebelle and Tesanai-2) and were also stable across growing locations. Apparent amylose content correlated positively with RS (n = 80, r = 0.54, P 0.05). RS and SDS were not collinear (n = 80, r =or-0.18, P > 0.05); it does not follow that a cultivar high in RS will also be high in SDS, and vice versa. The observed differences in RDS, SDS, and RS among the samples are indicative of wide genetic diversity in rice.
Structures of sulfated oligosaccharides in human trachea mucin glycoproteins.

The structures of high molecular weight sulfated oligosaccharide chains in mucins purified from the sputum of a patient with cystic fibrosis and blood group H determinant were established. Reduced oligosaccharides released by treatment with alkaline borohydride were separated by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Agarose and a fraction containing multisulfated chains was further purified by lectin affinity chromatography to completely remove small amounts of sialylated chains. A major sulfated oligosaccharide fraction containing chains with an average of 160 to 200 sugar residues was isolated by gel filtration on BioGel P-10 columns and individual subfractions were characterized by methylation analysis, periodate oxidation and sequential glycosidase digestion before and after desulfation. Carbohydrate analysis yielded Fuc, Gal and GldNAc in a ratio of 1:2:2.1 and only one galactosaminitol residue for every 160-to 200 sugar residues. The average molecular weight of oligosaccharide chains in these fractions was between 27,000 and 40,000 daltons. Structural analysis showed that these high molecular weight chains contained varying amounts of the repeating unit shown in the following oligosaccharide. Only one in about every 10 repeating units contained sulfate esters.
Speech perception when the motor system is compromised

In a recent contribution, Lotto, Hickok and Holt[1] have made a compelling argument that findings on mirror neurons do not support a strong version of the motor theory of speech perception. However they go further in arguing that there is “little evidence that motor activity plays a necessary part in perception”, a claim based primarily on the observation that speech production can be impaired in syndromes such as Broca's aphasia while leaving comprehension relatively intact[2]. Alternatively, this dissociation could reflect redundancy in the speech perception network, coupled with preserved access to top-down contextual information. So the dissociation doesn't rule out a role for the motor system in speech perception, a view supported by several lines of evidence.
Arytenoid prolapse: a source of obstruction following laryngotracheoplasty.

Abstract Objective Arytenoid prolapse is a potential source of upper airway obstruction following laryngotracheoplasty, and may be difficult to identify. We explored the incidence, clinical features, etiology, and surgical approach to patients with arytenoid prolapse following laryngotracheoplasty. Study Design Case series with chart review. Subjects and Methods The charts of 93 patients diagnosed with arytenoid prolapse following laryngotracheoplasty from 1981 to 2007 were reviewed. Results The incidence was 5.7 percent (93/1634). Forty-nine patients had unilateral prolapse; 44 had bilateral prolapse. Average time from laryngotracheoplasty to presentation was 36.8 months. Common symptoms were dyspnea on exertion, tracheostomy dependence, and sleep-disordered breathing. Fifty-four patients (58%) required surgical intervention, with arytenoid reduction performed in 45 patients. Nine underwent reduction during revision laryngotracheoplasty or cricotracheal resection. Fourteen patients required a second procedure for persistent prolapse. Thirty-nine (42%) required no intervention. Symptom resolution or decannulation was achieved in all patients in whom prolapse was the source of obstruction. Statistically significant differences were found when anterior vs posterior graft utilization was compared. Conclusions Arytenoid prolapse is a cause of airway obstruction following laryngotracheoplasty. Subtle airway complaints and decannulation failures are common features. Both endoscopic and open procedures can successfully treat arytenoid prolapse. Potential etiologies are discussed.
Localization of in vivo ribosome pause sites.

Abstract A protocol for the localization of the 5′ boundaries of in vivo ribosomal pausing sites has been developed. These mapping experiments combine two basic techniques. The first is the isolation of polysomal transcripts via centrifugation of tissue extracts through a sucrose cushion in the presence of translational elongation inhibitors. The second technique involves a micrococcal nuclease protection assay first developed by Wolin and Walter for in vitro-bound ribosomes (EMBO J.7, 3559–3569, 1988). Using this method, the 5′ boundaries of in vivo ribosomal pause sites were localized on spinach chloroplast mRNAs derived from the atpA gene. This method is easily adaptable to the identification of in vivo ribosomal pause sites from any organism. It could also be adapted to the localization of in vivo binding sites for other nucleic acid binding proteins.
Patterns of Fracture and Tidal Stresses Due to Nonsynchronous Rotation: Implications for Fracturing on Europa

This study considers the global patterns of fracture that would result from nonsynchronous rotation of a tidally distorted planetary body. The incremental horizontal stresses in a thin elastic or viscous shell due to a small displacement of the axis of maximum tidal elongation are derived, and the resulting stress distributions are applied to interpret the observed pattern of fracture lineaments on Europa. The observed pattern of lineaments can be explained by nonsynchronous rotation if these features formed by tension fracturing and dike emplacement. Tension fracturing can occur for a small displacement of the tidal axis, so that the resulting lineaments may be consistent with other evidence suggesting a young age for the surface.
Relationship between autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation in the mouse

Abstract Preferred ambient temperature (T a ) was measured in nine mice of the BALB/c strain using a temperature gradient. When tested over four consecutive days the mean preferred T a was 30.9°C. In another study using the same animals, metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, whole-body thermal conductance, and colonic temperature were measured at specific T a 's over a range of 18 to 34°C. The preferred T a of 30.9°C was associated with (1) the lower critical T a (i.e., T a below which metabolic rate increased) (2) a 57% elevation in evaporative water loss when expressed in units of mg water evaporated per ml consumed oxygen, (3) a thermal conductance that was 92% above baseline levels, and (4) a normothermic colonic temperature of between 37.0 to 37.5°C. The data indicate that mice will select an environmental temperature associated with a minimal energy expenditure but a higher than minimal rate of evaporation and higher thermal conductance.
A threshold model of relevance decisions

Abstract This article presents a model of relevance decisions as being one of many classes of decisions made by the receiver of a message (document). The relevance decision model has the underlying assumption that a relevance threshold is a fundamental characteristic of every individual. The purpose of the model is to predict active relevance-related behavior which is assumed to follow from the internally made relevance assessment. Two predictor variables, total efficiency, and total value, are operationally defined. The criterion variable, relevance, is assumed to be dichotomous but expressable on a continuous interval scale. The use of discriminant analysis is offered as a means for deriving a relevance threshold. Predictions about a document's relevance can be made by determining whether a new document's criterion score is above or below the relevance threshold. Emphasis is then placed on predicting relevance-related behavior which would follow the internal decision rather than merely verbally classifying new documents. Strengths and limitations of the model are examined.
Prevalence of developmental and inflammatory lesions in nonmolar first-trimester spontaneous abortions

The management of patients with first-trimester spontaneous abortions is handicapped by two problems: difficulty in recognizing conceptions that abort because of abnormal karyotypes and an incomplete understanding of what causes abortions with normal karyotypes. Our goals in this study were to define features useful in distinguishing normal from abnormal karyotype and to identify pathological processes contributing to abortions with a normal karyotype. The study population consisted of 668 well-characterized first-trimester spontaneous abortions derived from a larger study of 1,054 consecutively karyotyped spontaneous abortions. Clinical factors increased in specimens with normal karyotype were maternal age younger than 20 years (P=.0003) and autoimmune markers (P=.0474). Developmental features associated with abnormal karyotype were developmental stage less than 6 weeks (P=.0017), hydropic villi greater than 1 mm (P=.0004), and villi with two or more dysmorphic features (P=.0001). Developmental stage greater than 11.5 weeks was increased with normal karyotype (P=.0001). Histological features increased in specimens with a normal karyotype were chronic intervillositis (P=.0003), increased perivillous fibrin deposition with intermediate trophoblast (P=.0006), decidual plasma cells (P=.0040), deciduitis without plasma cells (P=.0660), and chronic villitis (P=.1581). Overall, 19% of samples with a normal karyotype versus 8% with abnormal karyotype had one or more of these findings (P < .0001). Autoimmune markers, chronic intervillositis, and increased perivillous fibrin with intermediate trophoblast all had positive predictive values greater than 85% for normal karyotype, whereas dysmorphic villi had a positive predictive value of 90% for abnormal karyotype. Patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion and normal karyotype were more likely to have one or more of the histological features listed above (31%) than patients with normal karyotype and no prior abortions (13%) and patients with recurrent abortion and abnormal karyotype (11%).
Effects of the tricothecene mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol on egg production of broiler breeders

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) on egg quality and egg production of broiler breeders. In Experiment 1, feed containing 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg DAS/ kg was fed from 67 to 69 wk of age followed by a 3-wk recovery period on a slat-litter floor. In Experiment 2, individually caged broiler breeder females were studied from 23 to 31 wk of age. The basal diet containing 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg DAS/kg was fed from 25 to 27 wk of age. In Experiment 3, individually caged broiler breeder hens were studied from 23 to 32 wk of age. DAS was fed at levels of 0 (basal), 5, 10, and 20 mg DAS/kg for 2 wk beginning at Week 24, followed by the basal breeder diet for 7 wk. Egg production was not affected by levels of up to 5 mg DAS/kg in the older hens of Experiment 1. When fed from 25 to 27 wk of age in Experiment 2, DAS decreased egg production at the 20 mg/kg level only. When fed from 24 to 25 wk of age in Experiment 3, DAS had no significant effect on egg production or egg quality. Short-term consumption of DAS at levels that might naturally occur appears to have little effect on broiler breeder egg production.
Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Alfvénic Pulse Propagation in Solar Magnetic Flux Tubes: Two-dimensional Slab Geometries

Two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations are presented of the evolution of a nonlinear Alfven wave pulse in the region between the solar photosphere and corona. A magnetic field profile that incorporates the characteristic field spreading expected in flux tubes is used. The pulse is chosen initially to have a purely Alfvenic polarization and to extend over a limited horizontal distance. It is shown that as this pulse rises in the atmosphere, it becomes wedge-shaped. The part of the pulse at the center of the flux tube reaches the transition region first, with other parts arriving at a time that is determined by the history of the Alfven speed along the path of the wave. Since field lines that spread out from the center of the flux tube spend longer in the high-density photosphere and chromosphere, and also have a smaller total field strength, waves that travel along them will take longer to reach the corona. The nonlinearity of the Alfvenic pulse drives a plasma flow both parallel to the ambient magnetic field and in a direction normal to the field, owing to transverse modulation of the Alfvenic pulse. The pulse associated with this plasma flow is also wedge-shaped, but the actual shape is different from that of the Alfvenic pulse. Since these plasma flows are compressible, they propagate at a different characteristic speed from the Alfven waves, and so can reach the transition region either before or after the Alfven pulse, the precise result depending on the plasma parameters. As the compressible pulse moves upward, a finite-sized blob of chromospheric material is injected into the corona. The relevance of this to spicules and jets is discussed.
Light-induced phase shifts of circadian activity rhythms and immediate early gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are attenuated in old C3H/HeN mice

Alterations in the mechanisms of entrainment and/or response of the circadian pacemaker to zeitgebers may contribute to age related changes in sleep/wake rhythms. This study examined the effect of age on light-induced phase shifts of circadian activity rhythms and on the expression of the immediate early genes c-fos and jun-B in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of young and old C3H/HeN mice. Mice (4 months or 16 months at the beginning of the experiment) were housed in constant darkness with circadian rhythms assessed by running wheel activity. Mice were exposed to light pulses of 30, 100, 300 or 1000 lux and steady state phase shifts of circadian activity rhythms determined. In young mice exposed to light at circadian time (CT) 14, light pulses of 30, 100, 300 or 1000 lux induced phase delays of circadian activity rhythms of similar magnitude (averaging 2.8 h). Phase delays following photic stimulation were reduced in the old mice at all light levels (averaging 1.1 h, P < 0.001). Following behavioral testing, mice were exposed to light (1000 lux) at CT 14 for determination of the light-induced expression of c-fos and jun-B mRNA in the SCN by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Immediate early gene expression following light exposure was reduced by 42% (c-fos) and 48% (jun-B) in the SCN of old mice compared to young controls (P < 0.001). Together, these results suggest an age related reduction in responsiveness to light by the circadian pacemaker.
Replication checkpoint: Preventing mitotic catastrophe

A conserved network of signal transduction pathways prevents mitosis if DNA is damaged or its synthesis incomplete. Loss of this checkpoint control is detrimental to the developing embryo. Recent studies have shed new light on how the essential ATR and Chk1 protein kinases cooperate to prevent such a crisis.
A novel RO ex situ scale observation detector (EXSOD) for mineral scale characterization and early detection

A novel RO ex situ scale observation detector (EXSOD) was developed for direct visual real-time monitoring of mineral surface scaling on RO membranes. This system consists of a plate-and-frame RO cell with an optical window capable of withstanding pressures in excess of 2.4 MPa. Membrane surface imaging under RO operation is accomplished by high resolution digital photography using an optical microscope with lighting arrangement to enhance the boundaries of semi-transparent crystals. The utility of the direct membrane surface observation cell was demonstrated in a series of experiments conducted with a commercial brackish water RO membrane and with gypsum selected as the model scalant. The present study demonstrated, for the first time, a capability for early detection of mineral salt scaling at very early stages of formation, in advance of any measurable flux decline. The approach also illustrates that surface crystal development on RO membranes can be quantified with respect to both single crystal growth and the evolution of crystal number surface density. For the growth of gypsum, crystal surface number density evolved according to a sigmoidal growth curve, with crystal growth diminishing as gypsum rosette needles began to overlap. Dissolution of surface crystals occurred once solution at the membrane surface was undersaturated with respect to gypsum. It is suggested that the EXSOD system can be used for on-line monitoring of scaling and fouling in RO plants, evaluation of the impact of colloidal and biofouling as well as the effectiveness of antiscalants and membrane cleaning strategies.
Applications of laser ionization/fourier-transform mass spectrometry to the study of metal ions and their clusters in the gas phase

Abstract Recent software and hardware modifications of the Nicolet FTMS-1000 Fourier-transform mass spectrometer have made it possible to conduct research in what can be termed a “complete gas-phase chemical laboratory”. Selected ions of interest can be mixed with various reagents and their detailed chemistries monitored through a series of as many as eight reaction sequences. At any point in these sequences, ion structures can be elucidated and fundamental kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the reactions can be determined. These powerful new techniques have been applied to examine the gas-phase chemistry and photochemistry of metal ions, metal ion clusters, and metal ion complexes, all of which have a bearing on the fundamentals of organometallic chemistry and catalysis.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the Treatment of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN). 1663

Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the Treatment of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN). 1663
Light Sources for Double Resonance and Level Crossing Spectroscopy

Light source for double resonance and level crossing spectroscopy, comparing Cario-Lochte- Holtgreven flow lamp, seal-off electrodeless discharge lamp and Schuler-type cathode source
Ecological Measures of Cognitive Functioning: A Validation Study

Observed cognitive decline in the elderly has been widely reported in the literature. The relation of experimental cognitive ability measures to real-world cognitive competence has been questioned. This research examines the validity of English-language versions of two measures of everyday competency: the Memory in Reality test involving object placement recall and the Coin Test, a money-sorting task. The measures were developed as part of a Swedish epidemiologic study. Validity was evaluated by comparison of these tasks with standard cognitive tests and with a measure of metamemory. It was expected that the ecological measures would have a stronger association with metamemory than the standard tests. Subjects were 93 community-dwelling women, aged 75 and older. The ecological tasks correlated positively with the standard tests, but there were inconsistent relations of both standard and ecological measures with metamemory. The results partly support use of these measures for evaluating everyday functioning.