cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of A cAMP-independent Ca2+-inhibited protamine kinase from Candidalipolytica

A cAMP-independent protamine kinase has been purified from extracts of the yeast Candidalipolytica by ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. Two subunits with apparent Mr's of 52,000 and 36,000 were resolved by SDS-PAGE. The purified kinase exhibited about 20% activity with casein and histone Type VII-S as substrates relative to protamine. The enzyme was inactive against other protein substrates tested, and was essentially insensitive to AMP, cAMP, cGMP up to 0.2 mM, the polyamines spermine and spermidine up to 1 mM, N-ethylmaleimide (5 mM), 2-mercaptoethanol (20 mM), or dithiothreitol (2 mM), and several cations like Zn2+, N1+, or Co2+ at 0.1 mM each. Ca2+ at 3 mM inhibited protamine kinase activity by 50%, which was reversed by EGTA.
Validity of Instrumented 360° Turn Test in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment

Aims: To examine concurrent and construct validity of inertial sensor 360° turn measures in relation with motion capture and mobility assessments in cognitively impaired older adults.Methods: Data ...
A pressure decomposition framework for aeroacoustic analysis of turbulent jets

Abstract Aeroacoustic analyses of jet flows have benefited greatly from a decomposition of turbulent pressure fluctuations into hydrodynamic and acoustic components. This is typically accomplished using signal processing techniques based on phase speeds, coherence properties or spectral analyses. We present an approach, building on the Momentum Potential Theory (MPT) approach of (Doak, 1989), to split pressure fluctuations into their hydrodynamic, acoustic and entropic, collectively designated fluid-thermodynamic (FT), components. Key advantages are that the approach is applicable everywhere in the jet i.e, not restricted to the near-acoustic field, and does not need user-defined thresholds. The effectiveness of the technique is demonstrated by analyzing the flowfields of three simulated jets, to encompass moderate-compressible to supersonic conditions. The statistical properties and wavepacket dynamics of each pressure component, and their relationships with the unsplit pressure are elaborated. The acoustic pressure field has the form of a wavepacket that attenuates downstream and whose modal analysis reveals low-rank behavior. At each Mach number examined, the acoustic pressure also identifies the relative prominence of each of three components: i) waves with upstream propagating energy content (negative group velocity), ii) supersonically traveling radiating downstream waves, and iii) subsonically convected evanescent waves, which follow the convection pattern of hydrodynamic eddies in the turbulent region. With increasing Mach number, the radiating and convected bands of energy move closer to each other. The hydrodynamic pressure also displays a wavepacket structure, but its features are different: it displays large-scale subsonically convected structures even past the core collapse region. Thus, in the turbulent region of the jet, the acoustic pressure displays smaller integral time scales of fluctuations than the hydrodynamic component. The acoustic pressure field, which includes a zero-crossing in its radial profiles, displays larger wavelengths than the hydrodynamic pressure field, correlates better with the near-field pressure signal and captures the radiated component of noise, especially at shallow angles. These properties make it a suitable field for informing pressure-based wavepacket models for jet noise.
Downgrading from Biopsy Grade Group 4 Prostate Cancer in Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy for High or Very High Risk Prostate Cancer.

Purpose:We examined rates of Grade Group 4 downgrading at radical prostatectomy among men diagnosed with high and very high risk prostate cancer at biopsy.Materials and Methods:A pooled cohort of 1...
How Much Value Would a Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease Offer? Cost-Effectiveness Thresholds for Pricing a Disease-Modifying Therapy

Background Recent trials suggest that disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for Alzheimer's disease may become available soon. With the expected high price and a large patient pool, the budget impact will be substantial. Objective We explore combinations of effectiveness and price under which a DMT is cost-effective. Methods We used an open-source model to conduct two-way scenario analyses for both payer and societal perspectives, varying price, and treatment effect size simultaneously. The analysis generates costeffectiveness threshold prices over a potential range of DMT effectiveness in patients aged 65+ with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease in the US. Results Under the willingness-to-pay a threshold of $150,000 per quality-adjusted life year and assuming 30% risk reduction relative to the standard of care, the maximum cost-effective price of a DMT per patient per year is ~$22,000 and ~$15,000 from societal and payer perspectives, respectively. Conclusion Joint variation of price and treatment effect size can help assess the cost-effectiveness of a potential Alzheimer's disease treatment.
Recruiting Students of Color through a Student Organization

The literature investigates 1. classroom advantages for students that result from participation in extra-curricular activities; 2. benefits of support programs for Students of Color (SoC); and 3. relationships among sponsors of clubs and the student members of these organizations. The authors found no studies involving the tendency of SoC to enroll in the computer science courses of sponsors of organizations designed to support SoC in computing (SoCiC). The authors' project involves the creation of a student organization for SoCiC. The poster describes activities that the club provides and if word-of-mouth and email communication among a school's small population (21%) of SoC may lead SoC to enroll in the Computer Science I (CS1) courses taught by the sponsors of the organization. The poster reports percents of students who enroll in the sponsors' courses and who enroll in the courses of other faculty members. Future work will involve interviews to explore reasons for faculty selection by SoC. The poster's expected audience includes faculty members interested in effective ideas for recruiting and retaining SoC.
A Narrative Review of Fairness and Morality in Neuroscience: Insights to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is making sensible decisions in society. Who should go to jail, who deserves special health treatment, and who is entitled to enter the University are few examples of existing applications. Based on that scenario, questions are raised: how can a machine have a sense of morality? What principles should guide its decisions? We propose a narrative review to describe and discuss fairness and morality from a theoretical and contextual approach. The scope of this research is not to provide answers on how to incorporate fairness and morality in AI, but it is an earlier step to provide insights from neuroscience and cognitive science for future discussions.
Mediastinal ectopic thyroid tissue, an imitator of an enlarged lymph node with metastatic pulmonary neoplasia.

The prevalence of ectopic thyroid tissue, based on autopsy studies, is between 7% and 10%, but there are rare cases reported in the thoracic region. Here, we encountered a case of thoracic ectopic thyroid tissue presenting as a presumed enlarged mediastinal lymph node. A 50-year-old female with a history of lung adenocarcinoma, status post resection, presented with complaints of headache, dizziness, and nausea. Magnetic resonance imaging found two brain lesions consistent with metastasis. Computed tomography scan showed enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and thyroid nodules. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of one thyroid nodule was positive for papillary thyroid carcinoma. FNA of the mediastinal lymph nodes were negative for metastatic carcinoma but revealed thyroid tissue in the 2.9 × 1.6 cm presumed 2 L lymph node. The morphological features and immunohistochemical stains confirmed thyroid tissue, and there were no cytological features of thyroid carcinoma. In patients with a history of a pulmonary tumor (such as adenocarcinoma, low-grade neuroendocrine tumor), ectopic thyroid tissue, although a rare event, could represent a pitfall in the cytologic evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes aspirates obtained from staging procedures. Careful morphologic examination with a panel of immunohistochemical studies are useful in making the correct diagnosis, leading to appropriate patient management.
Hybrid laryngotracheal reconstruction vs single and double stage: Indications and outcomes.

Abstract Objectives To describe outcomes from laryngotracheal reconstruction and decannulation rates for patients undergoing single stage, double stage and hybrid staged procedures at a single tertiary care institution and evaluate if the 1.5LTR is a viable reconstructive option for patients with subglottic stenosis. Study design Retrospective chart review. Setting Tertiary care otolaryngology specialty hospital and internationally. Subjects All patients who underwent LTR by a single pediatric otolaryngology surgeon from 2008 to 2018. Methods Charts were assessed for age, gender, etiology, type of reconstruction, comorbidities, length of stay, tracheostomy status and socioeconomic status. Analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and multivariate logistic regression models. Results 96 patients underwent laryngotracheal reconstruction at MEEI. Internationally, 36 patients underwent laryngotracheal reconstruction with the primary surgeon. Overall decannulation rates for ssLTR, dsLTR, and 1.5LTR were 95.6%, 77.8%, and 91.2% respectively. Our Operation Specific Decannulation Rates (one open airway procedure only) for ssLTR, dsLTR, and 1.5LTR were 87.5%, 33%, and 88% respectively. Adjusted odds of decannulation were not significantly different between males and females, white and non-white patients, or socioeconomic status. Neurological comorbidity was statistically significant for a decreased rate of decannulation (p = 0.0216). Conclusion The 1.5LTR is a viable option for airway reconstruction with strengths derived from both the ssLTR and dsLTR. At our institution we have seen decannulation rates and operation specific decannulation rates with the 1.5LTR approaching our ssLTR. It has replaced the bulk of our dsLTRs, which we reserve for patients that have significant neurological deficits and cannot tolerate extended sedation. Level of evidence 4
Intracranial aneurysms: a game of millimeters.

Rationale and Objectives In this review we will discuss the historic development of intracranial aneurysms as a pathologic entity and the potential for overdiagnosis. Materials and Methods We conducted a literature search to assess the prevalence, rupture rate, and treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Results Intracranial aneurysms represent a necessary example of overdiagnosis. Conclusions A change in the nomenclature of small aneurysms is a possible solution to mitigate patient anxiety from a diagnosis of intracranial aneurysm.
Microwiggler free electron laser experiment

Summary Form only given, as follows. In free electron laser (FEL) operation, wigglers with small periodicities reduce the electron beam energy required for producing high-frequency radiation. Microwigglers with periodicities of less than 1 cm, combined with the high-quality beams generated by photoelectric injectors, may result in compact and efficient short-wavelength FELs. The authors have designed, constructed, and tested novel microwiggler structures with periodicities of 2.4 to 8 mm in which the magnetic field in each half-period is independently adjustable. The experimentally demonstrated tunability of field amplitudes provides versatile means for enhancing the FEL performance. A microwiggler FEL driven by a 300-kV Marx generator and a thermionic electron gun have been investigated.< >
COMBINATORIAL AUCTIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION SERVICE PROCUREMENT: THE CARRIER PERSPECTIVE

The procurement of transportation services is an important task for shippers because of the need to control costs while providing high service levels. When shippers need to transport goods and materials, they seek transportation services from outside companies and typically issue a request for quotes from a group of carriers. The shippers then assign contracts on the basis of negotiated service charges. This process is similar to a simple sealed-bid auction in which each bidder submits a sealed bid for a single item. In the past, when shippers needed to procure transportation services for a set of distinctive delivery routes (called lanes), they would obtain quotes for each lane individually and repeat the simple auction process for each lane. Alternatively, they might negotiate for bundles of lanes with a single carrier at a time. However, in the last several years, software has been developed to enable shippers to make all lanes available for bidding simultaneously and to enable carriers to simultaneous...
Training Blind Adolescents in Social Skills

Training in social skills was given to four blind, unassertive, adolescent females. Behaviors requiring modification were identified for each subject by rating videotapes of role-played interaction...
Environmental conditions within active seafloor vent structures: Sensitivity to vent fluid composition and fluid flow

Environmental conditions within chimneys and flanges of seafloor vent deposits are deduced by estimating rates of fluid flow, and calculating temperatures and compositions of pore fluids by considering diffusive and advective transport across the structures. The composition and temperature of seawater and vent fluid at the bounds and the physical configuration (pore and mineral distribution) of the chimney or flange are factored into the calculations. Calculated conditions, particularly the pH and the oxidation state of pore fluids, differ significantly from conditions calculated assuming batch mixing of vent fluid and seawater, and are sensitive to the composition of the end-member vent fluid, and different styles of mixing. The temperature of the transition from oxidized to reduced conditions can vary from <3°C to ∼90°C. Thus thermophilic aerobes and mesophilic anaerobes may reside within vent structures. The calculated available metabolic energy within vent structures is dominantly a function of the oxidation state of the pore fluid, and differs little from amounts calculated for batch mixing. The pH of pore fluids within thin chimneys and flanges is low, ranging from <3 to 4.5 at temperatures of 80°C to 120°C unless there is advection inward of seawater across a 1-layer wall, or outward of vent fluid that has a chloride concentration close to or greater than that of seawater, in which case pH is near neutrality. These results indicate a wide range of environments present within seafloor vent deposits. The conclusion that pH within pore fluids of most thin chimneys and flanges is low indicates that initial enrichments for hyperthermophiles from seafloor vent samples should be made under low pH conditions.
Under-Reaction to Political Information and Price Momentum

This study examines whether momentum in stock prices is induced by changes in the political environment. We find that momentum profits are concentrated among politically sensitive firms and industries. During the 1939 to 2011 period, a trading strategy with a long position in winner portfolios (industries or firms) that are politically unfavored and a short position in losers that are politically favored eliminates all momentum profits. Further, our political sensitivity based factor (POL) explains 23-25% (38-40%) of monthly stock (industry) momentum alphas, and generates large increases in time-series R-squared for the momentum factor. This incremental explanatory power is especially strong around Presidential elections when the level of political activity is high. Collectively, our results suggest that investor underreaction to political information generates momentum in stock and industry returns.
Social and Academic Self-Concepts of Gifted Adolescents

Self-concept is a construct that is greatly challenged during adolescence. Gifted students undergo the same developmental processes as their less able peers, but the way they handle these transformations may be quite different. Although self-concept seems to be a multifaceted, hierarchical construct, too often educators force it into a unidimensional definition that they apply in the same way to all students. A review of the literature on the academic and the social self-concepts of gifted adolescents reveals the importance of considering the unique talents of the individual rather than considering gifted students as a homogeneous group.
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis develops in a child with autologous stem cell transplant.

Abstract Bone marrow transplant nephropathy is a known complication of bone marrow transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation can cause various rare kidney diseases such as membranous nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is rare in children. Here the authors report on a 5-year-old pediatric autologous stem cell recipient, in whom type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis developed 111 days after bone marrow transplantation and presented with hematuria, hypertension, proteinuria, and renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 40:E19. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Lipase-Catalyzed Interesterification Reaction Between Menhaden Oil and the Ethyl Ester of CLA: Uniresponse Kinetics

The kinetics of the interesterification reaction between menhaden oil and the ethyl ester of CLA (CLAEE) in the presence of an immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei was investigated. A 23 factorial design with a central point was used to define the experimental region. The factors considered were the molar ratio of reactants, the enzyme loading, and the temperature. Optimal results were obtained when the reaction was carried out at 55°C with an enzyme loading of 0.65 g per 12 g mixture and a mole ratio of CLAEE to menhaden oil equal to 0.13. A uniresponse kinetic model of the Michaelis-Menten type was developed to characterize the rate of consumption of CLAEE and the rate of release of FA ethyl esters from menhaden oil. The best fit of the data with a uniresponse model was obtained using a form based on reversible reactions and inhibition by the ethyl esters of the FA residues released by the reaction.
Cell movement in somite formation and development in the chick: inhibition of segmentation.

Abstract The contribution of active cell movement to somite formation (segmentation) and the later dispersal of the somite sclerotome was examined using cytochalasin D (CD). Stage 14–16 chick embryos were grown over liquid medium. After 8 hr in culture, control embryos had an average of six additional pairs of somites while CD (1–2 μg/ml dissolved in DMSO)-treated embryos had no new somites. DMSO alone had no effect on somitogenesis. CD-treated embryos transferred to drug-free medium recovered and segmentation resumed. Normal and CD-treated segmental plates were examined by SEM. Drug-treated segmental plate cells rounded up, consistent with the interaction of CD on contractile microfilaments. Embryos cultured 8 hr with or without CD were fractured through somite pair 20 and examined by SEM. In untreated embryos the sclerotome had dispersed and was migrating toward the notochord. CD stopped sclerotome dispersal. To test whether CD interfered with elaboration of extracellular matrix material associated with somite development, incorporation of [ 3 H]glucosamine and Na 2 35 SO 4 by somites and segmental plate was determined. There was no difference in total label incorporation. Molecular-weight profiles of proteoglycan obtained using controlled-pore glass-bead columns showed only small proteoglycans for both treated and control tissues. Therefore, the alteration of segmentation and somite morphogenesis by CD was not due to detectable changes in proteoglycan synthesis.
Another form of the transmission function

The transmission function describes the passage of the electric current from one point of an electric circuit to another. By now, this is also applied to molecules which are potential candidates for uses in the molecular electronics. We mean the modern branch of electronics which has a goal of reducing the sizes of its devices down to molecular ones and planning indeed to apply single molecules as conducting wires and functional components of microcircuits. For calculating the transmission function, some authors utilize the well-known idea of representing a molecule by a (molecular) graph, which allows them to apply for treating the latter also powerful methods of spectral graph theory. For instance, we refer to the paper by Fowler et al. (Chem Phys Lett. 465 2008) 142–146, where one such expression for this function is given. Our objective is to demonstrate that the same calculational result can be obtained using a different set of characteristic polynomials of graphs (which also slightly reduces a mathematical notation). Specifically, we apply one theorem of Kolmykov to the basic formula derived by these authors.
Effects of position and mattress overlay on sacral and heel pressures in a clinical population

A comparison of pressure reducing properties of alternating air, static air, and water mattress overlays was conducted with 57 patients in a surgical intensive care unit. Sacral and heel pressures in both recumbent and semi-Fowler's positions were tested for each surface using a repeated measures design. Mean pressures for the alternating air mattress were significantly higher than pressures with other surfaces, regardless of position or site. There were significant main effects for position and site, with higher pressures in the semi-Fowler's position and at the sacral site. A significant interaction between surface, site, and position was found. Pressure sores developed in eight patients, but the incidence was not significantly different across groups. A pressure measuring device constructed from available clinical materials proved to be both sensitive and reliable. The findings suggest alternating air overlays should be avoided, and that positioning and periodic position change to reduce sacral pressures for patients requiring prolonged upper body elevation is important.
Volcanism in the western San Juan Mountains, Colorado

Three major cycles of volcanism during the Miocene and Pliocene formed a layered succession of calc-alkaline eruptive materials in the western San Juan Mountains nearly 1.5 miles thick and having a volume greater than 1,000 cubic miles. Each cycle was characterised by major eruptions followed by subsidence in the vent areas, and the resulting structure was a great volcanic plateau surrounding a complex of nested cauldrons. In the first cycle, cruption of several hundred cubic miles of tuff breccia and subordinate lavas was followed by subsidence that created the San Juan volcanic depression, about 15 miles wide and 30 miles long. During the second cycle, pyroclastic rocks and lava flows accumulated within this depression and on its borders, and the depression subsided further. During the third cycle, ash flows spead widely from centres within the depression, and their eruption resulted in formation and subsidence of the nearly circular comagmatic Silverton and Lake City cauldrons, each about 10 miles across, within the earlier depression.
Adult consumers of UHT milk and their descriptions of the product

A supermarket survey in the U.S. of 200 purchasers of dairy products, revealed that 29% had tried UHT milk. These consumers of the product, resulting from a relatively new technology available in the country, were more frequently in the age range 25–44 years than were the total survey respondents. They were also more frequently female than male. Convenience features topped the list of terms selected as descriptions of UHT milk.
Cleavage of the C-Terminal Serine of Human αA-Crystallin Produces αA1-172 with Increased Chaperone Activity and Oligomeric Size†

This study aimed to study the oligomeric size, structure, hydrodynamic properties, and chaperone function of the C-terminally truncated human alphaA-crystallin mutants with special emphasis on alphaA1-172 which is the cleavage product of the Ser172-Ser173 bond, unique to human lenses and constituting a major part of alphaA-crystallin. Various truncated forms of human alphaA-crystallins were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis. The proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) pLysS cells and purified by size exclusion column chromatography. Molecular masses and the other hydrodynamic properties were determined by dynamic light scattering measurements. The secondary and tertiary structural changes were assessed by far- and near-UV CD spectra measurements, respectively. Chaperone activity was determined by using ADH, insulin, and betaL-crystallin as the target proteins. alphaAlpha1-172 exhibited a significant increase in oligomeric size, i.e., 866 kDa by light scattering measurements as compared to 702 kDa in alphaA-wt. alphaAlpha1-172 and alphaA-wt had similar secondary structure, but the former exhibited slightly altered tertiary structure. The most interesting observation was that alphaAlpha1-172 behaved as a 28-46% better chaperone than alphaA-wt. The oligomeric size and structure of alphaAlpha1-168 were similar to those of alphaA-wt, while the chaperone activity was decreased by 12-23%. alphaAlpha1-162, on the other hand, had an oligomeric size of 400 kDa, a decrease in chaperone activity of 80-100%, and significantly altered secondary and tertiary structures. The data show that the overall chaperone function of alphaA-crystallin will be significantly improved by the presence of the major truncated product alphaAlpha1-172. This will be beneficial to the lens undergoing oxidative stress. Since alphaAlpha1-168 and alphaAlpha1-162 are present only in small amounts, their effect would be minimal.
Poly[bis­(N,N-dimethyl­formamide-κO)(μ4-naphthalene-1,5-disulfonato)magnesium(II)]

The structure of the title compound, [Mg(C10H6O6S2)(C3H7NO)2]n, consists of MgO6 octa­hedra (\overline{1} symmetry) connected to naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate ligands (\overline{1} symmetry) in the equatoral plane, forming a two-dimensional network propagating parallel to (010). The coordination sphere of the Mg atom is completed by the O atoms of two N,N-dimethyl­formamide (DMF) mol­ecules in the axial positions. The title compound represents the first time the naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate anion is bound directly to a Mg2+ atom. Disorder over two positions was found in the DMF mol­ecule in a 0.518 (8):0.482 (8) ratio.
Probabilities, possibilities, and fuzzy sets

A formal analysis of probabilities, possibilities, and fuzzy sets is presented in this paper. A number of theorems proved show the above measures have equal representational power when their domains are infinite. However, for finite domains, it is proved that probabilities have a higher representational power than both possibilities and fuzzy sets. The cost of this increased power is high computational complexity and reduced computational efficiency. The resulting trade-off of high complexity and representational power versus computational efficiency is discussed under the spectrum of experimental systems and applications.
Strength, symmetry and distribution of electric quadrupole interactions at 181Ta impurities in hafnium-zirconium alloys

The nuclear quadrupole interaction at substitutional Ta atoms in the alloy system HfxZr1-x has been investigated over the entire range of composition by time differential perturbed angular correlations (TDPAC). Source configurations investigated include oriented and randomised single crystals as well as textured, cold-worked and random polycrystals, all at room temperature. For both pure Zr and pure Hf, a pure electric quadrupole interaction is found of magnitude nu Q=eQVzz/h=303.9(15) MHz and 311.01(11) MHz respectively, which exhibits no electric field gradient (EFG) asymmetry and negligible damping due to finite distribution of the EFG strength. As increasing amounts of impurity are added at either end of the phase diagram, a two-component TDPAC pattern becomes evident: in addition to the undamped pure-metal spin rotation, a second component, exhibiting both damping and asymmetry, is seen at a somewhat higher frequency than that of either pure metal. The fraction of this second component, its frequency, the degree of asymmetry, and the distribution width of the EFG all increase monotonically with increasing impurity concentration.
The role of data abstractions in practical programming

his paper unveils the mystery of data abstraction facilities that are being implemented in languages, such as CLU and ALPHARD. The goal is to demonstrate how the emerging ideas on abstract data types can be used in practical programming. The author motivates the need and advantages of data abstraction facilities and illustrates how to develop conventions to simulate the basic concepts of data abstractions within the framework of existing languages.
Moving Beyond Definitions: Implementing Information Literacy Across the Curriculum

This article describes a natural partnership between the library and Multimedia Writing and Technical Communication (MWTC) Program at Arizona State University (ASU) East linking writing and information literacy (IL) across the curriculum. This collaborative approach has resulted in revising existing courses in order to integrate IL as well as laying the foundation for the development of new information management courses generally throughout the institution.
Multicent: A Multifunctional Incentive Scheme Adaptive to Diverse Performance Objectives for DTN Routing

In Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs), nodes meet opportunistically and exchange packets only when they meet with each other. Therefore, routing is usually conducted in a store-carry-forward manner to exploit the scarce communication opportunities. As a result, different packet routing strategies, i.e., which packet to be forwarded or stored with priority, can lead to different routing performance objectives, such as minimal average delay and maximal hit rate. On the other hand, incentive systems are necessary for DTNs since nodes may be selfish and may not be cooperative on packet forwarding/storage. However, current incentive systems for DTNs mainly focus on encouraging nodes to participate in packet forwarding/storage but fail to further encourage nodes to follow a certain packet routing strategy to realize a routing performance objective. We name the former as the first aspect of cooperation and the latter as the second aspect of cooperation in DTN routing. Therefore, in this paper, we first discuss the routing strategy that can realize different performance objectives when nodes are fully cooperative, i.e., are willing to follow both aspects of cooperation. We then propose Multicent, a game theoretical incentive scheme that can encourage nodes to follow the two aspects of cooperation even when they are selfish. Basically, Multicent assigns credits for packet forwarding/storage in proportional to the priorities specified in the routing strategy. Multicent also supports adjustable Quality of Service (QoS) for packet routing between specific sources and destinations. Extensive trace-driven experimental results verify the effectiveness of Multicent.
Evaluation of a Web Site in Cognitive Science.

A public Web site (Goolkasian & Van Wallendael, 2001), established to provide educational materials in cognitive science, served as the primary text for an interdisciplinary course. We tracked student use of the Web site online and with self-report questionnaires. A majority (74%) of the students rated the Web site to be as useful or more useful than a traditional textbook. Although time spent online with the Web materials predicted scores for 2 of the 4 exams, class attendance was the strongest predictor of exam performance.
RANDOM WALK IN SHORTCUT MODELS

Earlier studies of a parametrized class of models whose fractal dimension transitions from one to two indicated that the transition occurs infinitely sharply at the parameter value p=0, as the system size increases to infinity. We study a random walk process which is sensitive to dimension, and we find the same sharp transition at p=0. We use the tool of rescaled range analysis to analyze the drift velocity of the random walk process.
Frontiers, borders and border segmentation: Toward a conceptual clarification

In our desire to contribute meaningfully to borderlands research, we wander all over our material employing amorphous terms to characterize vague theoretical frameworks. As a rather newly established scientific field of inquiry, we tolerate some ambiguity, a few spongy concepts and a smattering of awkward or inapplicable methodologies in our rush to accumulate a ready reservoir of scientific data. But perhaps borderlands studies has reached a maturity level in which we, as borderlands scholars, might begin to turn our energies inward in an attempt to clarify and standardize our lexicon, our conceptual tools and our assumptions. Moreover, our publications seem to reflect two incongruous perspectives. In general, beginning border investigators focus on specific data assuming their material to be completely unique in substance, in time and in space. In contrast, more seasoned scholars with broader experience and resources at their command begin to generalize; ostensibly to synthesize but with the latent consequence of creating a specious border homogeneity which is unfounded and counterproductive. Both orientations are needed, however, to maintain some balance. This essay describes and clarifies three of the most common terms or concepts in borderlands studies: frontier, border and border segment. It will focus on four dimensions within each concept: spatial differentials, temporal variations, substantive issues and scholarly perspectives (including underlying assumptions). Because of space limitations, this essay will not be a comprehensive treatment but rather a selective survey indicating various dimensions and criteria which are reflected in scholarly applications of each concept.
Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure and Withdrawal Alters (3α,5α)-3-Hydroxy-Pregnan-20-One Immunostaining in Cortical and Limbic Brain Regions of C57BL/6J Mice

Background The GABAergic neuroactive steroid (3α,5α)-3-hydroxy-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP; allopregnanolone) has been studied during withdrawal from ethanol (EtOH) in humans, rats, and mice. Serum 3α,5α-THP levels decreased, and brain levels were not altered following acute EtOH administration (2 g/kg) in male C57BL/6J mice; however, the effects of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure on 3α,5α-THP levels have not been examined. Given that CIE exposure changes subsequent voluntary EtOH drinking in a time-dependent fashion following repeated cycles of EtOH exposure, we conducted a time-course analysis of CIE effects on 3α,5α-THP levels in specific brain regions known to influence drinking behavior. Methods Adult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 4 cycles of CIE to induce EtOH dependence. All mice were sacrificed and perfused at 1 of 2 time points, 8 or 72 hours following the final exposure cycle. Free-floating brain sections (40 μm; 3 to 5 sections/region/animal) were immunostained and analyzed to determine relative levels of cellular 3α,5α-THP. Results Withdrawal from CIE exposure produced time-dependent and region-specific effects on immunohistochemical detection of 3α,5α-THP levels across cortical and limbic brain regions. A transient reduction in 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity was observed in the central nucleus of the amygdala 8 hours after withdrawal from CIE (−31.4 ± 9.3%). Decreases in 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity were observed 72 hours following withdrawal in the medial prefrontal cortex (−25.0 ± 9.3%), nucleus accumbens core (−29.9 ± 6.6%), and dorsolateral striatum (−18.5 ± 6.0%), while an increase was observed in the CA3 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus (+42.8 ± 19.5%). Sustained reductions in 3α,5α-THP immunoreactivity were observed at both time points in the lateral amygdala (8 hours −28.3 ± 12.8%; 72 hours −27.5 ± 12.4%) and in the ventral tegmental area (8 hours −26.5 ± 9.9%; 72 hours −31.6 ± 13.8%). Conclusions These data suggest that specific neuroadaptations in 3α,5α-THP levels may be present in regions of brain that mediate anxiety, stress, and reinforcement relevant to EtOH dependence. The changes that occur at different time points likely modulate neurocircuitry involved in EtOH withdrawal as well as the elevated drinking observed after CIE exposure.
A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF TIME-OF-EVENT COUNTING FOR LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS*

A comparison is made in this paper of the number of radioactive atoms which can be detected by means of two data analysis methods. One method is the conventional data acquisition and reduction method and the other measures and records the time of each detected decay event. By use of simulation methods it is shown that under appropriate conditions the latter method can detect a smaller number of atoms of a decaying radionuclide in the presence of a constant background component.
Using Laboratory Experiments for Policy Making: An Example from the Georgia Irrigation Reduction Auction

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in policy applications of different auction systems. This paper reports on a series of experiments that were used to design and implement an auction in a unique policy-making environment. In April, 2000, the Georgia legislature passed a unique law that mandated the state hold an auction in drought years in order to pay some farmers to suspend irrigation. This paper reports the results of laboratory experiments that were used by state policy-makers to determine the auction institution that would be used to fulfill the requirements of this new law. Experimental results are compared with farmers' bidding behavior in the state-run irrigation auction used to reduce water usage in Georgia.
Ecological implications of the relative rarity of fossil hominins at Laetoli

Hominins are a very rare component of the large-mammal fauna at Laetoli. Although no equivalent data are available for Hadar, the much higher count and relative abundance of hominins suggests that they may have been more common at the latter site. The apparent relative rarity of hominins at Laetoli may have significant implications for understanding the ecology of Australopithecus afarensis. However, it is essential to first assess the extent to which taphonomic variables might have been a contributing factor. Using data from fossil ruminants, we show that the survivability of skeletal elements at Laetoli relates to the extent to which they can resist carnivore scavenging and their likelihood of being entirely buried by volcanic ashes and tuffaceous sediments. The rarity of hominins at Laetoli is probably due in part to the influence of these two taphonomic factors. However, these factors cannot account entirely for the difference in hominin relative abundance between these two sites, and ecological differences were probably a contributing factor. The highest population densities of chimpanzees today occur in forest and closed woodland, with reduced densities in open woodland. If similar levels of population-density variation characterized A. afarensis, the differences between Hadar and Laetoli may relate to the quality/optimality of the habitats. Hadar was, in general, much more densely wooded and mesic than Laetoli, with permanent and substantial bodies of water. In contrast, Laetoli was predominantly a woodland-shrubland-grassland mosaic supported only by ephemeral streams and ponds. The apparent greater relative abundance of hominins at Hadar compared with Laetoli suggests that, like chimpanzees, A. afarensis may have been more successful in more densely wooded habitats. Compared with Hadar, Laetoli probably represented a less optimal habitat for the foraging and dietary behavior of A. afarensis, and this is reflected in their inferred lower abundance, density, and biomass.
Characterization of fractions from repeated functionalization reactions of carbon nanotubes

The fractionation of a purified pristine multiple-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) sample was achieved via repeated functionalization reactions to produce several soluble nanotube fractions. The reactions were based on the esterification of the nanotube-bound carboxylic acids. The soluble nanotube fractions and the insoluble solid residue were characterized by using optical spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and other techniques. The results show that all of these soluble samples contain primarily functionalized MWNTs and that there is little difference among these soluble nanotube fractions, either in the degree of nanotube dispersion or in the nanotube length and diameter distributions. There are apparently no preferential solubilization of carbon nanoparticles or other carbon impurities present in the starting nanotube sample and also no selectivity in the solubilization of MWNTs of different sizes (lengths and diameters) in the functionalization reactions. Mechanistic implications of the results are disc...
CYCLIC THERMODYNAMICS WITH OPEN FLOW

Some general features of a new class of thermodynamic device combining a thermodynamic cycle with the externally applied steady flow of an open thermodynamic process are discussed and experimentally demonstrated in the context of a thermoacoustic refrigerator. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Exercise testing, 6-min walk, and stair climb in the evaluation of patients at high risk for pulmonary resection.

To evaluate three types of exercise testing in prediction of death or prolonged mechanical ventilation after lung resection in high-risk patients, 16 patients underwent evaluation prior to resection. Eleven patients (group 1) had minor or no complications (arrhythmia, atelectasis, pneumonia) and five patients (group 2) died within 90 days of surgery. Exercise testing showed that group 1 had a longer 6-min walk distance and a higher stair climb than group 2. The maximum oxygen uptake on a cycle ergometer was not significantly different between groups, although only ten patients completed this test. Croup 1 had a significantly greater calculated oxygen uptake with stair climbing than group 2. A 6-min walk distance of greater than 1,000 feet and a stair climb of greater than 44 steps were predictive of successful surgical outcome. Preoperative exercise testing is a useful adjunct to traditional spirometrie testing in evaluation of the high-risk surgical patient.
A nonlinear, transient analysis of two- and multi-wave mixing in a photorefractive material using rigorous coupled-wave diffraction theory

Rigorous coupled-wave diffraction theory is used to analyze two- and multi-wave mixing in a diffusion-controlled photorefractive material which is modeled by the Kukhtarev equations. These equations are first decoupled to yield a nonlinear time-dependent differential equation for the induced refractive index profile. The transmitted and reflected field coupling coefficients are studied for the cases when the incident optical fields are coherent and partially coherent, for materials with different gain constants, and for different values of the linear refractive index mismatch. In each case, the exact longitudinal inhomogeneity in the photorefractive medium is analyzed using rigorous coupled-wave diffraction theory. Our computations predict a possible temporal instability resulting in self-pulsation and anisotropic diffraction contributing to a significant generation of higher orders when two plane waves are incident on photorefractive materials. Six-wave coupling in index mismatched barium titanate is studied.
Profit maximizing storage allocation in power grids

This work investigates the interaction between nodal price signals and the optimal allocation and operation of distributed energy storage systems (ESS) in alternating current (AC) power networks. We model a multi-period optimal power flow (OPF) problem with charge and discharge dynamics for energy storage collocated with load and/or generation. We then apply a convex relaxation based on semidefinite programming (SDP) and derive the storage subproblem from the Lagrangian dual. We use the storage subproblem to investigate the relationship between the storage variables and the locational marginal prices (LMPs), which are market-based price signals defined by the dual variables associated with the nodal active power flow balance. Our theoretical results prove that LMPs drive charging and discharging dynamics, and that storage is allocated and operated to maximize the storage operator's profits, i.e. minimize the system costs in a purely competitive market. We then use this framework to illustrate LMP-based storage dynamics.
Aorta of ApoE-Deficient Mice Responds to Atherogenic Stimuli by a Prelesional Increase and Subsequent Decrease in the Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. We evaluated the relationship between extent of atherosclerotic lesion formation and vascular expression of pro- ...
A spin dependent recombination study of radiation induced defects at and near the Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface

A novel electron spin resonance technique, spin-dependent recombination (SDR), permits extremely rapid, high-signal-to-noise-ratio electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of electrically active radiation damage centers in (relatively) hard MOS transistors in integrated circuits. SDR was used to observe the radiation-induced buildup of P/sub bo/ and E' centers at relatively low concentration in individual MOSFETs in integrated circuits with
A change in nuclear pore complex composition regulates cell differentiation

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are built from ∼30 different proteins called nucleoporins or Nups. Previous studies have shown that several Nups exhibit cell-type-specific expression and that mutations in NPC components result in tissue-specific diseases. Here we show that a specific change in NPC composition is required for both myogenic and neuronal differentiation. The transmembrane nucleoporin Nup210 is absent in proliferating myoblasts and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) but becomes expressed and incorporated into NPCs during cell differentiation. Preventing Nup210 production by RNAi blocks myogenesis and the differentiation of ESCs into neuroprogenitors. We found that the addition of Nup210 to NPCs does not affect nuclear transport but is required for the induction of genes that are essential for cell differentiation. Our results identify a single change in NPC composition as an essential step in cell differentiation and establish a role for Nup210 in gene expression regulation and cell fate determination.
Dynamic Performance of a Peel Stopper for Composite Sandwich Ship Structures

Devices known as peel stoppers were manufactured in composite sandwich panels and tested under dynamic conditions. Peel stoppers aim to arrest peeling or debonding of the composite skin from the co...