cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
U.S. Generation Z Consumers' Motivations and Purchase Behavior Towards Secondhand Clothing

The purpose of the study is to identify emerging themes influencing U.S. Gen Z consumers’ motivations toward secondhand shopping and their willingness to purchase secondhand clothing. A qualitative method approach was used to conduct 18 in-depth interviews as a data collection method. The interviews were semi-structured with the deliverance of open-ended/semistructured questions carried out in a conversational style. For understanding Gen Z consumer’s buying behavior, theory planned behavior (TPB) is applied to explore their motivation for buying secondhand clothing. TPB includes three variables: attitude,subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Those three variables have an impact on behavioral intention, which consequently will influence the actual purchase behavior of consumers. The participants were motivated to shop secondhand clothing for the following values perceived: (1) financial benefit, (2) social value, (3) emotional value,(4) convenience value, (5) sustainability value, and (6) perceived behavior control.
Hexagonal patterning of the Drosophila eye.

Abstract A complex network of transcription factor interactions propagates across the larval eye disc to establish columns of evenly-spaced R8 precursor cells, the founding cells of Drosophila ommatidia. After the recruitment of additional photoreceptors to each ommatidium, the surrounding cells are organized into their stereotypical pattern during pupal development. These support cells – comprised of pigment and cone cells – are patterned to encapsulate the photoreceptors and separate ommatidia with an hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Since the proteins and processes essential for correct eye patterning are conserved, elucidating how these function and change during Drosophila eye patterning can substantially advance our understanding of transcription factor and signaling networks, cytoskeletal structures, adhesion complexes, and the biophysical properties of complex tissues during their morphogenesis. Our understanding of many of these aspects of Drosophila eye patterning is largely descriptive. Many important questions, especially relating to the regulation and integration of cellular events, remain.
Educating society about the unseen, but not unknown, risk factors for severe COVID-19: a step towards overcoming vaccine hesitancy through a more informed public

Among the well-documented reasons for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine hesitancy is a lack of perceived threat of COVID-19 illness. Current public health messaging about risk factors for severe COVID-19 supports this misconception, highlighting age and underlying health conditions readily detected in the population as the primary risk factors for COVID-19-associated complications. In addition to these well-publicized risk factors, defects in the type I interferon antiviral defense system have emerged as another significant, though less visible, risk factor for severe COVID-19. Including these findings in public health messaging will promote this knowledge outside of the scientific community and increase awareness that not all COVID-19 risk factors can be readily observed in oneself and others. Efforts to improve public education about these unseen risk factors for severe COVID-19 are likely to influence attitudes towards individual risk of disease complications and may ultimately encourage SARS-CoV-2 vaccine acceptance.
Sofic systems

A symbolic flow is called a sofic system if it is a homomorphic image (factor) of a subshift of finite type. We show that every sofic system can be realized as a finite-to-one factor of a subshift of finite type with the same entropy. From this it follows that sofic systems share many properties with subshifts of finite type. We concentrate especially on the properties of TPPD (transitive with periodic points dense) sofic systems.
Nanomechanical tests on continuous near-field electrospun PAN nanofibers reveal abnormal mechanical and morphology size effects

Abstract Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers have long been the subject of studies as precursor for high performance materials such as carbon nanofibers. Here, we present the first effort to study the mechanical properties of PAN nanofibers fabricated via near field electrospinning, in which bending instability was completely suppressed. The method allowed for the collection of continuous single-strand PAN nanofibers with aspect ratios exceeding 106 on a spool (rotating target). By controlling the electrospinning parameters, such as solution concentration, voltage and distance, we demonstrated that the morphology and diameter of the PAN nanofiber were well controlled. We also realized that slight changes in the distance can significantly change the shape of the cross section of the fibers, from a circular cross section to oval shaped (ribbons), which was explained in terms of solvent residues in the jet and momentum transfer between the fibers and the target, as the fibers reach the target. Our studies on individual PAN nanofibers revealed a strong mechanical size effect, in which reducing the diameter of the nanofibers from ∼290 nm to ∼200 nm, led to a large increase in modulus to as high as ∼9 GPa, among the highest in as-electrospun PAN nanofibers. The strong size effect was attributed to a loss in chain alignment in electrospun nanofibers facilitated by the plasticizing effect of residual solvent. In comparison to conventional electrospinning, the NFES led to a significantly narrower diameter distribution. The demonstrated size-dependent morphology, mechanical properties of NFES PAN nanofibers provides a solid foundation for fabricating polymer nanofiber with regularly patterning and controllable properties through NFES.
Midwifery in east London: responding to the challenges.

Deux visions de la grossesse s'opposent aux Etats-Unis : celle de la grossesse comme maladie (intervention tres medicalisee), celle de la grossesse comme phenomene naturel (augmentation de la qualite des soins si l'on separe les considerations orientees vers l'aspect medical). Seulement 5% des accouchements sont effectues par des sage-femmes. Le but de cet article est de presenter la situation des sage-femmes en Angleterre (et plus precisement a Londres), tres differente de celle des sage-femmes americaines. Bien que les deux categories appartiennent a un systeme dirige par le medical, les sage-femmes ont su s'imposer en Angleterre vers les annees 1960-70. L'A. s'interroge sur les differences de perception de la grossesse inherentes a la representativite des sage-femmes dans la culture
Ca(2+)-insensitive modulation of a K+ conductance by inositol polyphosphates

Macrophages derived from phorbol ester-induced human leukemic (HL-60) cells exhibit a voltage-activated inward rectifying potassium conductance which was modulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Wieland, S. J., Chou, R. H., and Gong, Q. H. (1990) J. Cell. Physiol. 142, 643-651). Roles of intracellular messengers in this regulatory mechanism were investigated. Intracellular dialysis with inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP4) or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate during tight-seal whole cell recording produced a rapid increase in the inward rectifying conductance. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels alone did not reproduce the stimulatory effect of these modulators. Intracellular dialysis with guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S) resulted in profound inhibition of this conductance. These data suggest a novel cellular function for inositol polyphosphates, particularly IP4, and show antagonistic modulation with GTP gamma S on a human macrophage inward rectifier.
Cohort studies in health sciences librarianship.

Question: What are the key characteristics of the cohort study design and its varied applications, and how can this research design be utilized in health sciences librarianship? Data Sources: The health, social, behavioral, biological, library, earth, and management sciences literatures were used as sources. Study Selection: All fields except for health sciences librarianship were scanned topically for either well-known or diverse applications of the cohort design. The health sciences library literature available to the author principally for the years 1990 to 2000, supplemented by papers or posters presented at annual meetings of the Medical Library Association. Data Extraction: A narrative review for the health, social, behavioral, biological, earth, and management sciences literatures and a systematic review for health sciences librarianship literature for the years 1990 to 2000, with three exceptions, were conducted. The author conducted principally a manual search of the health sciences librarianship literature for the years 1990 to 2000 as part of this systematic review. Main Results: The cohort design has been applied to answer a wide array of theoretical or practical research questions in the health, social, behavioral, biological, and management sciences. Health sciences librarianship also offers several major applications of the cohort design. Conclusion: The cohort design has great potential for answering research questions in the field of health sciences librarianship, particularly evidence-based librarianship (EBL), although that potential has not been fully explored.
Horizontal Diffusion Due to Turbulent Convection

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the turbulent convection between two horizontal planes, which is statistically steady, homogeneous in the horizontal, and has zero mean velocity at every point. The horizontal diffusion from a vertical line or plane source in this convection is one of the simplest realizable examples of turbulent diffusion and hence an excellent testing ground for theory. The diffusion of a dynamically passive property depends upon the velocity spectrum of the turbulence. The chapter briefly outlines the theory of turbulent convection which leads to a quantitative heat transport spectrum without the introduction of empirical parameters. The turbulent diffusion in channel flow is largely controlled by the variations of mean velocity with position. The turbulent convection in a fluid layer between a heated lower and cooled upper surface appears to avoid these complications and provides a simple, statistically steady, homogeneous velocity field for horizontal diffusion. The chapter reports only a bare beginning to the diffusion problem but describes the theory of turbulent motion which must precede any quantitative theory of the diffusion.
Structure of Nests and Colony Sizes of the European Hornet (Vespa crabro) and Saxon wasp (Dolichovespula saxonica) (Hymenoptera: Vespinae) in Urban Conditions

Studies of different groups of insects in urban areas sometimes show large populations, greater than in non-urban areas. The reason for this is a presence in the cities some of dominating species which often occur almost en masse. This group includes, inter alia, hymenopterans and especially social wasps (Vespinae). Colonies and nests of two wasp species, the European hornet (Vespa crabro) and Saxon wasp (Dolichovespula saxonica) in areas of the city of Łodź in Poland were studied. Whole colonies positioned both in buildings as well in natural places, size of societies, parameters their nests, differentiation of cells in combs and their location were investigated. We also studied the correlation between the size of the nest and societies of these insects. It was found that nests established in the buildings are much larger, produced more individuals of reproductive castes and thus obtained a better reproductive success especially for the hornet colonies whose queens prefer the buildings as a place to nest.
Novel trends in affinity biosensors: current challenges and perspectives

Molecular biorecognition processes facilitate physical and biochemical interactions between molecules in all crucial metabolic pathways. Perhaps the target analyte and the biorecognition element interactions have the most impactful use in biosensing applications. Traditional analytical sensing systems offer excellent biorecognition elements with the ability to detect and determine the presence of analytes. High affinity antibodies and DNA play an important role in the development of affinity biosensors based on electrochemical, optical and mass sensitive approaches. Advancements in this area routinely employ labels, label free, nanoparticles, multifunctional matrices, carbon nanotubes and other methods to meet the requirements of its own application. However, despite increasing affinity ceilings for conventional biosensors, the field draws back in meeting specifically important demands, such as long-term stability, ultrasensitivity, rapid detection, extreme selectivity, strong biological base, calibration, in vivo measurements, regeneration, satisfactory performance and ease of production. Nevertheless, recent efforts through this line have produced novel high-tech nanosensing systems such as ?aptamers? and ?phages? which exhibit high-throughput sensing. Aptamers and phages are powerful tools that excel over antibodies in sensibility, stability, multi-detection, in vivo measurements and regeneration. Phages are superior in stability, screening for affinity-based target molecules ranging from small to proteins and even cells, and easy production. In this review, we focus mainly on recent developments in affinity-based biosensors such as immunosensors, DNA sensors, emphasizing aptasensors and phage-based biosensors basing on novel electrochemical, optical and mass sensitive detection techniques. We also address enzyme inhibition-based biosensors and the current problems associated with the above sensors and their future perspectives.
Measurement of binding of terbium to DNA

Abstract This communication demonstrates further that terbium(III) can be used as a probe for DNA. The stoichiometry of terbium binding to DNA was measured by two new methods. In the first method, calf-thymus DNA was titrated with radioactive terbium-160, which is an isotope of the common terbium-159. The resulting DNA-terbium complex was trapped and measured on millipore filters. In the second method, a peak of UV absorption of terbium was found at 219 nm and was used to measure stoichiometry. By both methods, the stoichiometry of binding was one Tb(III) for each three available phosphate groups in DNA. Finally, a rapid method was developed using terbium-160 to measure the amount of nucleic acid in a solution.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in patients with cerebellar degeneration

Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, we studied the cerebellum of 9 patients with cerebellar degeneration and of 9 age-matched normal control subjects. This technique permits the simultaneous measurement of N-acetylaspartate, choline-containing compounds, creatine/phosphocreatine, and lactate signal intensities from four 15-mm slices divided into 0.84-ml single-volume elements. Because patients with cerebellar degeneration often show substantial atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we specifically chose to analyze the spectroscopic signals only from tissue that did not have an atrophic appearance on the MRI. The spectroscopic findings showed a significant reduction of N-acetylaspartate in all parts of the cerebellum, a significant correlation with MRI scores of cerebellar atrophy, and a significant correlation with clinical rating scores of cerebellar disturbance. Our method of analysis suggests the presence of a neurodegenerative process in cerebellar areas that do not appear to be atrophic on the MRI. Some limitations of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in the present study were related to the partial field inhomogeneity characteristics of the posterior fossa, the anatomical location of the cerebellum, and the particularly severe cerebellar atrophy in some of the patients.
Computation of derivatives for parameter optimization in least-squares fitting of linear combinations of Slater-type orbitals by Gaussians

The approximation of a linear combination of Slater-type orbitals in terms of Gaussian functions is a many-parameter optimization problem. Formulas for computation of the gradient of the overlap in parameter space are reported. An alternative method of computing the gradient is described, which is of general applicability. This technique permits the exact evaluation of a derivative, without derivation and programming of its analytic expression. L'approximation d'une combinaison lineaire des orbitales de Slater en termes de fonctions Gaussiennes est un probleme d'optimisation multi-parametrique. On presente des formules pour l'evaluation du gradient de recouvrement dans un espace parametrique, et une methode alternative pour l'evaluation du gradient, qui possede une application generale. Cette technique permet l'evaluation exacte d'une derivee sans derivation et programmation de son expression analytique. Die Entwicklung der Gaussfunktionen einer Linearkombination von Slaterfunktionen ist eine Optimalisierungsproblem von manchen Parametern. Ausdrucke fur die Berechnung des Gradients der Uberlappungsintegrale in einem Parameterraum werden hier angegeben. Eine andere Methode der Berechnung des Gradients, die allgemeine Anwendbarkeit besitzt, wird auch beschrieben. Diese Technik lasst die exakte Berechnung einer Ableitung zu, ohne seinen analytischen Ausdruck zu derivieren und programmieren.
A distributed framework for demand-driven software vulnerability detection

Security testing aims at detecting program security flaws through a set of test cases and has become an active area of research. The challenge is how to efficiently produce test cases that are highly effective in detecting security flaws. This paper presents a novel distributed demand-driven security testing system to address this challenge. It leverages how end users use the software to increase the coverage of essential paths for security testing. The proposed system consists of many client sites and one testing site. The software under test is installed at each client site. Whenever a new path is about to be exercised by a user input, it will be sent to the testing site for security testing. At the testing site, symbolic execution is used to check any potential vulnerability on this new path. If a vulnerability is detected, a signature is automatically generated and updated to all client sites for protection. The benefits are as follows. First, it allows us to focus testing on essential paths, i.e., the paths that are actually being explored by users or attackers. Second, it stops an attacker from exploiting an unreported vulnerability at the client site. A prototype system has been implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The results show that it is both effective and efficient in practice.
The pathogenesis and clinical management of cytomegalovirus infection in the organ transplant recipient: the end of the 'silo hypothesis'.

Purpose of reviewCytomegalovirus infection is initiated when tumor necrosis factor binds to the cytomegalovirus receptors of latently infected cells, resulting in the reactivation of the virus and the production of clinical disease of two types: direct infection causing pneumonia, mononucleosis, col
The influence of pH on the enzymatic decarboxylation of oxalacetic acid.

Abstract The pH-activity curve of the oxalacetic carboxylase of Cucurbita pepo seeds which catalyzed the decarboxylation of oxalacetic acid was examined for the possible factors whose variation with pH might be responsible for the shape of the curve between pH 3.5–5.0. 1. 1. It was shown that the shape of the curve remains essentially the same regardless of whether the reactions were conducted in buffers of constant ionic strength or of constant molarity. However, ionic strength had a definite effect on the over-all rate of the enzymatic reaction. 2. 2. The decrease in enzymatic activity between pH 4.2 and 5.0 was compared with the solubility of the squash seed protein in this pH range. The two were shown to parallel one another closely. 3. 3. The influence of changes in pH in the acid-base binding power of the cucurbit protein was examined, and the bearing of this factor on enzymatic activity was discussed. It was shown experimentally that no irregular changes in the titration curve of the protein occur within the range of enzymatic activity. 4. 4. The relationship between the availability of the uni- and bivalent anions of oxalacetic acid and the rate of the enzymatic reaction between pH 3.5–4.2 was examined. The rate was shown to be directly proportional to the bivalent anion concentration and inversely proportional to the univalent anion concentration under a variety of conditions. These facts led to the postulation that the increase in reaction rate between pH 3.5–4.2 is the result of increasing concentration of bivalent anion and decreasing concentration of univalent anion. 5. 5. The significance of these findings with regard to the mechanism of enzymatic decarboxylation of oxalacetic acid is discussed.
Abundant alkali-sensitive sites in DNA of human and mouse sperm☆

The DNA of human and mouse sperm cells was analyzed by single-cell microgel electrophoresis, by agarose gel electrophoresis, and by alkaline elution--three techniques that can detect single-strand DNA breaks and/or labile sites. Under these conditions a surprisingly large number of single-strand DNA breaks, approximately 10(6) to 10(7) per genome, were detected in human and mouse sperm but not in human lymphocytes or in mouse bone marrow cells. These breaks were also present in chicken erythrocyte DNA, which is also highly condensed. These breaks were not observed under neutral pH conditions nor under denaturing conditions not involving alkali, suggesting that these sites are alkali-sensitive and do not represent preexisting single-strand breaks. The high frequency of such sites in sperm from healthy mouse and human donors suggests that they represent a functional characteristic of condensed chromatin rather than DNA damage.
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Gene (TNNT3, MYH3, TPM2) Mutations Not Found in Vertical Talus or Clubfoot

Arthrogryposis presents with lower limb contractures that resemble clubfoot and/or vertical talus. Recently, mutations in skeletal muscle contractile genes MYH3 (myosin heavy chain 3), TNNT3 (troponin T3), and TPM2 (tropomyosin 2) were identified in patients with distal arthrogryposis DA2A (Freeman-Sheldon syndrome) or DA2B (Sheldon-Hall syndrome). We asked whether the contractile genes responsible for distal arthrogryposis are also responsible for cases of familial clubfoot or vertical talus. We determined the frequency of MYH3, TNNT3, and TPM2 mutations in patients with idiopathic clubfoot, vertical talus, and distal arthrogryposis type 1 (DA1). We resequenced the coding exons of the MYH3, TNNT3, and TPM2 genes in 31 patients (five with familial vertical talus, 20 with familial clubfoot, and six with DA1). Variants were evaluated for segregation with disease in additional family members, and the frequency of identified variants was determined in a control population. In one individual with DA1, we identified a de novo TNNT3 mutation (R63H) previously identified in an individual with DA2B. No other causative mutations were identified, though we found several previously undescribed single-nucleotide polymorphisms of unknown importance. Although mutations in MYH3, TNNT3, and TPM2 are frequently associated with distal arthrogryposis syndromes, they were not present in patients with familial vertical talus or clubfoot. The TNNT3 R63H recurrent mutation identified in two unrelated individuals may be associated with either DA1 or DA2B. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Relationships in a simple harmonic mean two-sex fertility model

A continuous time two-sex stable population model that does not recognize age is examined under the “harmonic mean” consistency condition of equation (2). Solutions for the stable population intrinsic growth rate r and the sex composition 5 are presented in equations (5) and (6). The process of stabilization is examined, and it is shown that, given two basic constraints, any initial population sex composition will eventually converge to the stable population value. An algebraic solution for the discrete case where the sex ratio at birth is unity is presented and used to describe the trajectory to stability of several hypothetical populations. A closed form algebraic expression for the trajectory to stability is presented for the continuous model in the special case of no mortality.
Correlation of theory and experiment for high-pressure hydrogen

Recent quantum calculations and high-pressure experiments both agree on the magnitude of the forces with which hydrogen molecules interact. The calculated forces have to be determined in two steps: the repulsion is determined by Hartree-Fock calculations while the attraction is deduced semiempirically. The experimental forces are inferred from recent data on hydrogen shockcompressed to 214 kbar. The agreement indicates the usefulness of a pair-potential description of dense hydrogen and suggests, using potentials consistent with both theory and experiment, that pressures of at least 1.7 Mbar will be required to make metallic hydrogen. The expected lifetime of the metal at atmospheric pressure is very short.
Abnormal development of kitten retino-geniculate connectivity in the absence of action potentials

Action potentials were silenced in one eye of neonatal kittens by repeated intraocular injections of tetrodotoxin for 5 to 8 weeks. After tetrodotoxin blockade was allowed to wear off, receptive field properties of individual relay cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus were examined. The many ON-OFF and binocular fields found in the layers that receive input from the treated eye suggest that these cells had extremely abnormal retino-geniculate synaptic connections. These effects were different in kind from those seen after deprivation rearing that does not silence action potentials. Lack of action potential activity was concluded to lead to abnormal development in the central nervous system.
Cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc availability in a biosolids-amended piedmont soil years after application.

ted the calculation of allowable pollutant concentration in biosolids for each trace element (USEPA, 1993). The Concerns over the possible increase in phytoavailability of biosolids-applied trace metals to plants have been raised based on the Part 503 rule permits application of biosolids’ trace eleassumption that decomposition of applied organic matter would in- ments to agricultural land until the Cumulative Pollutcrease phytoavailability. The objectives of this study were to assess ant Loading Rate for the most restrictive trace element the effect of time on chemical extractability and concentration of Cd, is reached. Cu, Ni, and Zn in plants on plots established by a single application The protectiveness of the Part 503 rule has been quesof biosolids with high trace metals content in 1984. Biosolids were tioned over some assumptions made in the underlying applied to 1.5 by 2.3 m confined plots of a Davidson clay loam (clayey, risk assessment (McBride, 1995; Harrison et al., 1997). kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudults) at 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, and 210 Change in pollutant bioavailability after termination of Mg ha 1 . The highest biosolids application supplied 4.5, 760, 43, and biosolids application and the relationship between plant 620 kg ha 1 of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, respectively. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.), romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia), and metal uptake and time after application and metal loadbarley (Hordeum vulgareL.) were planted at the site for 3 consecutive ing are still contentious. Harrison et al. (1997) argued years, 17 to 19 yr after biosolids application. Extractable Cd, Cu, that the USEPA analysis did not adequately consider Ni, and Zn (as measured by DTPA, CaCl2, and Mehlich-1) were the variability in plant accumulation and soil sorption determined on 15-cm depth samples from each plot. The DTPA- capacity of trace metals. The uptake coefficient (UC)— extractable Cu and Zn decreased by 58 and 42%, respectively, 17 yr the amount of a metal assimilated by a plant relative after application despite a significant reduction in organic matter to the amount applied to the soil—is critical to a number content. Biosolids treatments had no significant effect on crop yield. of the pathways in the risk assessment. The use of geoPlant tissue metal concentrations increased with biosolids rate but metric means to generate the UC for different crops were within the normal range of these crops. Trace metal concentrations in plants generally correlated well with the concentrations ex- has been criticized as oversimplified (Harrison et al., tracted from soil with DTPA, CaCl2, and Mehlich-1. Metal concentra- 1997). This has led some researchers to voice concerns tions in plant tissue exhibited a plateau response in most cases. The that the geometric mean UC values used in the risk uptake coefficient values generated for the different crops were in assessment are low, especially for acid soils which inagreement with the values set by the Part 503 Rule.
Offspring sex ratio in hamsters is correlated with vaginal pH at certain times of mating

Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are sexually receptive for 19–21 h around the time of ovulation. Vaginal pH was measured immediately before mating in four groups of animals each mated at a different time during the female's receptive period. Litter size and sex ratio (percentage male offspring) were recorded at parturition. Mean litter size decreased while offspring sex ratio increased in matings occurring later in estrus. Significant negative correlations were found between vaginal pH and sex ratio of subsequent litters when matings occurred during midestrus. Fluctuations in vaginal pH may differentially affect longevity, motility, or fertilizing capacity of X and Y sperm and/or may reflect other physiological changes in the female which occur over the receptive period. Such a prefertilization mechanism for sex ratio regulation could be highly adaptive since little or no parental reproductive potential is lost.
The chronic shortage model of centrally planned economies

(1989). The chronic shortage model of centrally planned economies. Soviet Studies: Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 345-364.
The Many Histories of Information

This article discusses the historiography of information. It argues that information history is represented by (at least) six well-defined subdisciplines (archival history, book and publishing history, communication history, computing history, information science history, and library history), each in agreement about its own methods and core literature, but which it shares with none of the other five. The article identifies books that could be read in graduate-level courses on information history that are taught either chronologically or thematically. It also identifies historical questions that cut across the six subdisciplines.
Molecular and functional analysis of the Rickettsia typhi groESL operon.

Abstract The groESL operon from an obligate, intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium Rickettsia typhi, the etiologic agent of murine typhus, was cloned and sequenced. The sequence analysis of 2229 bp of the groESL operon reveals two open reading frames of 288 nucleotides (groES) and 1653 nucleotides (groEL) separated by 20 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequence of R. typhi GroES and GroEL shows a high degree of identity with other bacterial GroES and GroEL. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis indicated that both groES and groEL are transcribed as a single mRNA. The transcriptional start point at 81 nucleotides upstream of the groES start codon was determined by primer extension. The promoter analysis shows no regulatory CIRCE element as it is known for many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, it contains the sequence similar to the putative σ70-dependent promoter and lacks the −35 sequence of the putative σ32-dependent promoter. Complementation assay by R. typhi groESL in a temperature sensitive Escherichia coli groEL mutant restored significant growth ability at non-permissive temperature.
Distribution of Diacetyl and Acetylmethylcarbinol between Fat and Water, with Special Reference to Butter

Summary In unsalted and salted butter, both the serum and the fat contained diacetyl and also acetylmethylcarbinol. The serum contained higher concentrations of the compounds than the fat, the differences being greater with acetylmethylcarbinol than with diacetyl. In each type of butter, a larger percentage of the total diacetyl than of the total acetylmethylcarbinol was contained in the fat. Butter into which a solution of diacetyl or a distillate of butter culture had been worked showed the same general distribution of diacetyl as butter made from cream containing butter culture. In general, the data obtained on mixtures of "Wesson" oil and water or brine and mixtures of butterfat and water or brine agree with the results obtained on butter. In such mixtures, and also in butter although the results were not as definite as with the mixtures, the addition of sodium chloride increased the percentage of diacetyl or acetylmethylcarbinol that was in the fat. The concentration of diacetyl in the mixtures or in butter apparently did not affect the percentage contained in the fat, but as the concentration of acetylmethylcarbinol increased the percentage contained in the fat decreased. Mixtures of butter fat and water or brine held at 4° C. showed essentially the same distribution of diacetyl and acetylmethylcarbinol after 30 days as after 7 days.
Error management at multiple organizational levels: impact on customer self-esteem and delight.

A 2 × 2 × 2 experimental study was conducted to examine the influence of error management (service recovery efforts) in the form of apology at three organizational levels (frontline, manager, and company) on customer self-esteem and delight. Results showed significant main effects of all three apology levels and interaction effect of frontline and company apology on customer delight with the service recovery process. Results also support the main effects of frontline and company apology, and the interaction effect of frontline and manager apology on customer self-esteem. Moreover, customer self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between apology levels and delight indicating potential theoretical and managerial implications.
Context-Induced Reinstatement of Methamphetamine Seeking Is Associated with Unique Molecular Alterations in Fos-Expressing Dorsolateral Striatum Neurons

Context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking is a well established animal model for assessing the neural mechanisms underlying context-induced drug relapse, a major factor in human drug addiction. Neural activity in striatum has previously been shown to contribute to context-induced reinstatement of heroin, cocaine, and alcohol seeking, but not yet for methamphetamine seeking. In this study, we found that context-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking increased expression of the neural activity marker Fos in dorsal but not ventral striatum. Reversible inactivation of neural activity in dorsolateral but not dorsomedial striatum using the GABA agonists muscimol and baclofen decreased context-induced reinstatement. Based on our previous findings that Fos-expressing neurons play a critical role in conditioned drug effects, we assessed whether context-induced reinstatement was associated with molecular alterations selectively induced within context-activated Fos-expressing neurons. We used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate reinstatement-activated Fos-positive neurons from Fos-negative neurons in dorsal striatum and used quantitative PCR to assess gene expression within these two populations of neurons. Context-induced reinstatement was associated with increased expression of the immediate early genes Fos and FosB and the NMDA receptor subunit gene Grin2a in only Fos-positive neurons. RNAscope in situ hybridization confirmed that Grin2a, as well as Grin2b, expression were increased in only Fos-positive neurons from dorsolateral, but not dorsomedial, striatum. Our results demonstrate an important role of dorsolateral striatum in context-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking and that this reinstatement is associated with unique gene alterations in Fos-expressing neurons.
Testing Structural-Equivalence Hypotheses in a Network of Geographical Journals

Most clustering representations of journal-to-journal networks are static and pay little attention to the intellectual state of a discipline(s). The status-role hypothesis is no exception, notwithstanding its substantive grounding and confirmation for both psychological- and sociological-journal networks at distinct time points. A critical test of this hypothesis is provided in a pair of geographical-journal networks for 1970-1972 and for 1980-1982. The latter was generated after a period of great change and intellectual ferment. As expected, the status-role hypothesis was confirmed for 1970-1972 but not for 1980-1982. This result indicates the need to consider wider disciplinary conditions when interpreting clustering representation of journal networks. It also implies a need to consider the time scale of the social processes of science. A related hypothesis of a centerperiphery structure for journal networks was confirmed for both periods,
A combined noise analysis and power supply current based testing of CMOS analog integrated circuits

A technique integrating the noise analysis based testing and the conventional power supply current testing of CMOS analog integrated circuits is presented for bridging type faults due to manufacturing defects. The circuit under test (CUT) is a CMOS amplifier designed for operation at ± 2.5 V and implemented in 1.5 μm CMOS process. The faults simulating possible manufacturing defects have been introduced using the fault injection transistors. The amplifier circuit is analyzed and simulated in SPICE for its performance with and without fault injections. The faults in the CUT are identified by observing the variation in the equivalent noise voltage at the output of CUT. In power supply current testing, the current (IPS) through the power supply voltage, VDD is measured under the application of an AC input stimulus. The effect of parametric variation is taken into consideration by determining the tolerance limit using the Monte-Carlo analysis. The fault is identified if the power supply current, IPS lies outside the deviation given by Monte-Carlo analysis. Simulation results are in close agreement with the corresponding experimental values.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrical Operation on the Cascade Division of The Great Northern Railway

ELECTRIFICATION of the Great Northern Railway's main line between Skykomish and Wenatchee, 73 route miles, was carried out in conjunction with the building of a new tunnel 7.79 miles long, and the relocation of approximately 17 route miles of troublesome track and other minor improvements, aggregating an expenditure of approximately $25,500,000. Although all of these improvements were placed in operation at about the same time, making a direct comparison of operating expenses difficult, analyses which give a reliable comparison between the cost of steam and electric operation over this part of the system have been made.
Probabilistic graphical models for climate data analysis

The prominence and usage of probabilistic graphical models for data analysis have increased substantially over the past decade. Unlike traditional models in statistical machine learning, graphical models capture statistical dependencies between variables making them suitable for many problems. In this talk, I will discuss two applications of graphical models to climate data analysis problems, including progress and open questions. The first application is on abrupt change detection, with emphasis on detecting significant droughts in the past century. The second application is on predictive modeling of land variables based on ocean variables. Building on the second application, a framework for constructing statistical climate networks will be presented. Key challenges from both the computational and climate science perspective in realizing the potential of these methods will also be discussed.
Parathyroid hormone inhibits collagen synthesis and the activity of rat col1a1 transgenes mainly by a cAMP-mediated pathway in mouse calvariae.

We examined the effect of parathyroid hormone and various signaling molecules on collagen synthesis and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in cultured transgenic mouse calvariae carrying fusion genes of the rat Col1a1 promoter and the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter. After 48 h of culture, parathyroid hormone, forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP, 8-bromo cAMP, and phorbol myristate acetate inhibited transgene activity, while the calcium ionophore ionomycin had no effect. Pretreatment of calvariae with the phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine potentiated the inhibitory effect of 1 nM parathyroid hormone on transgene activity and collagen synthesis. Parathyroid hormone further inhibited transgene activity and collagen synthesis in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate. Parathyroid hormone inhibition of transgene activity and collagen synthesis was not affected by indomethacin or interleukin-6. After 48 h of culture, parathyroid hormone inhibited chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity by 50-85% in cultured calvariae carrying transgenes having progressive 5' upstream deletions of promoter DNA down to -1683 bp. These data show that the inhibitory effect of parathyroid hormone on Col1a1 expression in mouse calvariae is mediated mainly by the cAMP signaling pathway. Prostaglandins and IL-6 are not local mediators of the parathyroid hormone response in this model. Finally, regions of the Col1a1 promoter downstream of -1683 bp are sufficient for parathyroid hormone inhibition of the Col1a1 promoter.
Nomograms for Analysis of Pressure, Buildup Data Influenced By Heterogeneity

This paper presents nomograms that assist in the correct identification of the middle time region (MTR) straight line on a semilog or Horner plot of buildup data from a heterogeneous reservoir. These nomograms also provide a realistic assessment of the types of heterogeneity that affect the buildup data. The nomograms are a quantitative extension of the widely used derivative-analysis method. The heterogeneities considered cover lateral discontinuities in reservoir transmissibility, naturally fractured, and vertically stratified and lenticular formations
AN EXAMINATION OF THE LINK BETWEEN RATER CALIBRATION PERFORMANCE AND SUBSEQUENT SCORING ACCURACY IN GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS® (GRE®) WRITING

A pseudo-experimental study was conducted to examine the link between rater accuracy calibration performances and subsequent accuracy during operational scoring. The study asked 45 raters to score a 75-response calibration set and then a 100-response (operational) set of responses from a retired Graduate Record Examinations® (GRE®) writing prompt that had been vetted to determine correct scores prior to the study. The study found a positive relationship between calibration accuracy and scoring accuracy. Results suggest that a longer calibration test is more reliable and has a stronger correlation with operational scoring exact agreement; however, even tests as short as 10 responses had a reasonable correlation with operational accuracy, and the shorter test classified raters accurately 87% of the time when compared to the 75-response criterion. The additional requirement of no discrepant scores during calibration had better correlation with exact agreement, but much poorer classification accuracy in the shorter tests. This research suggests that calibration is useful for screening raters in its current form, but that further investigation of passing standards and of less controlled operational scoring conditions is required.
Reconciling Development, Global Climate Change, and Politics

There is no reason to despair about the world's ability to reduce the environmental damage due to the use of fossil fuels. Growing nations have solved similar problems before, argues the author. But it will take serious government commitment to investment in a search for new technologies. This, the United States may not be willing to do.
Gynecologic concerns in pubertal females with blood disorders.

Abstract Purpose of Review The incidence and prevalence of blood disorders varies depending on the underlying etiology, age, ethnicity, family history, and presence of comorbid medical conditions. Gynecologic problems occurring around puberty may cause stress to families and patients, as well as management challenges to providers. Recent Findings Management strategies in the setting of bleeding disorders include hormonal and non-hormonal options to address problems occurring around puberty. Management strategies in the setting of clotting disorders allow providers to address common problems occurring in adolescence, while minimizing risk of venous thromboembolism. Summary Preparedness is important at this time of life, not only to prevent unwanted gynecologic complications or hospitalizations related to specific blood conditions, but also to identify problems related to reproductive care that may be exacerbated or complicated by an underlying blood disorder.
Standing wave optimization of SMB using a hybrid simulated annealing and genetic algorithm (SAGA)

In this paper we draw on two stochastic optimization techniques, Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithm (SAGA), to create a hybrid to determine the optimal design of nonlinear Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) systems. A mathematical programming model based on the Standing Wave Design (SWD) offers a significant advantage in optimizing SMB systems. SAGA builds upon the strength of SA and GA to optimize the 16 variables of the mixed-integer nonlinear programming model for single- and multi-objective optimizations. The SAGA procedure is shown to be robust with computational time in minutes for single-objective optimization and in a few hours for a multi-objective optimization, which is comprised of more than one hundred points.
Blood 'contamination' of liver homogenates and the liver cathepsines.

Es wurde die Blutmenge in der Rattenleber sowie die Kathepsinaktivitat der Leberhomogenate und des Blutes bestimmt. Unter den beschriebenen Bedingungen war die Kathepsinaktivitat der Leberhomogenate nicht durch Blutkontamination beeinflusst.
Manufacture of Cheddar Cheese Using Proteinase-Negative Mutants of Streptococcus cremoris

Abstract Cheddar cheese was manufactured with a proteinase-negative mutant of Streptococcus cremoris UC 73 and from a commercial lactic culture blend. Soluble nitrogen was analyzed and the cheese graded at intervals to 365 d of age. The cheese made with proteinase-negative cultures graded equal to the control cheese up to 90 d. It was best in overall texture and body and lowest in cheese flavor and flavor intensity after 90 d. It also had significantly higher soluble nitrogen throughout storage. No significant differences in yields were found. Cheddar cheese made at a constant 39°C temperature with a 2% inoculum of proteinase-negative S. cremoris UC 73 increased manufacturing time by 40min over cheese made by conventional cooking procedures. When inoculum was increased to 4% and the constant temperature to 42°C, manufacturing time was 3.6h, which was 1h less than with a 2% inoculum and conventional cooking. By providing a yeast extract carry-over of .0175% from the proteinase-negative bulk culture, it would be possible to produce Cheddar cheese within a normal time frame with only .7% inoculum.