cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined-modality treatment of leptomeningeal gliomatosis.

Objective Leptomeningeal gliomatosis (LG) is a clinically uncommon metastatic complication of high-grade gliomas (HGGs), for which there is no consensus regarding treatment. The goal of this study was to determine the toxicity and response rate of combined-modality therapy for the treatment of patients with HGGs and LG. Methods Eighteen patients (10 men and 8 women), ranging in age from 28 to 70 years (median, 38 yr), with clinically, neuroradiologically, and cytologically documented LG received intraventricular chemotherapy. Tumor histological types included anaplastic astrocytoma (10 patients) and glioblastoma multiforme (8 patients). Concurrent radiotherapy (11 patients) or systemic chemotherapy (13 patients) was administered as clinically indicated. Methotrexate was administered initially, and treatment was continued for patients in stable or improved condition. For patients who experienced progression, cytosine arabinoside was administered as second-line therapy, followed by N,N',N"-triethylenethiophosphoramide as third-line therapy. Patients underwent bimonthly evaluations with cerebrospinal fluid cytological assessments and neurological examinations. Results Four to 13 cycles (median, 5 cycles) of intraventricular chemotherapy were administered. Toxicity included aseptic meningitis (12 patients), radiation-induced enteritis (2 patients), and myelosuppression of Grade II or less (4 patients). No patient required hospitalization or transfusions, and no treatment-related deaths occurred. Partial responses were observed for 6 patients, and 12 patients demonstrated progressive disease. The median duration of response was 3 months (range, 2-4 mo). Survival times after the initiation of intraventricular chemotherapy ranged from 2 to 8 months (median, 3.5 mo). The cause of death was progressive LG (14 patients), combined LG and HGG (3 patients), and HGG (1 patient). Conclusion For this small cohort of patients, combined-modality therapy had modest toxicity but minimal palliative efficacy. For the majority of patients with LG, supportive care should be considered.
Bandpass Signal Sampling and Coherent Detection

Coherent detectors in radar and communications receivers are generally implemented in the form of two parallel baseband channels which form in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of a received RF/IF signal. Phase errors of several degrees due to imperfect matching of these separate channels limit the performance achievable from signal processors such as moving target indicators (MTI), coherent integrators, Doppler filters, antenna array processors, and coherent sidelobe cancellers. Thus methods in which a single analog to digital (A/D) converter samples and digitizes the IF signal directly, eliminating the need for IF to baseband conversion, have been of recent interest and are the subject of this paper. To obtain accurate coherent detection from IF samples taken near the Nyquist rate requires interpolation based upon a number of stored samples. An algorithm derived from sampling theory is defined and used to demonstrate accurate reconstruction of the original IF signal from digitized samples. In-phase and quadrature components of the signal are shown to be available from processed samples with demonstrated phase errors less than 0.2°.
The Immuno-Regulatory Impact of Orally-Administered Hypericum perforatum Extract on Balb/C Mice Inoculated with H1n1 Influenza A Virus

Hypericumperforatum (H. perforatum) ethanol extract has been found to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in cultured macrophages. Therefore, it may be able to protect the host from excessive inflammation during viral infection. In the current study, the immune-regulatory effect of H. perforatum extract was evaluated in A549 lung epithelial cells and BALB/c mice exposed to Influenza A/PR/8/34 H1N1 virus. In A549 cells, the extract (30 µg/mL) significantly inhibited influenza virus induced monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and interferon-γ induced protein 10 kD (IP-10), but dramatically increased interleukin-6 (IL-6). In mice inoculated intranasally with 107.9 EID50 of Influenza A/PR/8/34 H1N1 (high dose), daily oral treatment of H. perforatum extract at a rate of 110 mg/kg of body weight increased lung viral titer, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, and the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells in the lung 5 days post-inoculation, as compared to ethanol vehicle treated mice. Transcription of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was increased by H. perforatum extract both in A549 cells and BALB/c mice, which could have interrupted anti-viral immune response and thus led to the inefficient viral clearance and increased lung inflammation. H. perforatum treatment resulted in minor reduction in viral titer without affecting body weight when mice were inoculated with a lower dose (~105.0 EID50) and H. perforatum was applied in the later phase of infection. Mice challenged intranasally with high dose of influenza virus (107.9 EID50) suffered from a higher mortality rate when dosed with H. perforatum extract. In conclusion, the current study showed that SOCS3 elevation by H. perforatum may cause impaired immune defense against influenza virus infection and lead to higher mortality.
ENSO prediction using an ENSO trigger and a proxy for Western Equatorial Pacific Warm Pool Movement

The zonal windstress anomaly in the far-western equatorial Pacific (130-160°E) is a precursor to El Nino and La Nina episodes. A linear combination of this windstress with the El Nino index NINO3.4 can be used to predict ENSO successfully. Cross-verified prediction results for NINO3.4 compare favorably with those of leading ENSO prediction models. The model is improved slightly if the time trend in sea surface temperature (SST) near the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool is included in the linear combination. Physically this trend is related to zonal equatorial ocean flow which advects the warm pool. The trend therefore aids prediction since it is a precursor to warm pool position and hence ENSO variability.
The efficacy of issue and character attack message strategies in political campaign communication

This study examined comparative attack message strategies in political campaign communication. A total of 733 interviews were completed among potential voters in the U. S. Senate campaign during October 1986. The study hypothesized that, among people already committed to the opposing candidate, character attack messages exert more influence than issue attack messages. This prediction was not supported. Instead, the results indicated that, during the latter stages of a political campaign featuring known candidates, issue attack messages exert more change in attitudes and vote intention than character attack messages. Possible reasons for this finding are explored.
Enhanced new particle formation observed in the northern midlatitude tropopause region

3960 cm � 3 , were measured during tropopause folds. Our observations show that stratospheric and tropospheric air exchange during tropopause folding events, with a large gradient of temperature and relative humidity, may have enhanced new particle formation. Our results are consistent with other modeling predictions showing that nucleation rates are increased with mixing of two air masses with different temperatures and relative humidities. In addition, new particle formation events were also associated with vertical motion that may also have brought higher concentrations of water vapor and aerosol precursors (that originate at the ground level) from lower altitudes to higher altitudes where temperatures and surface areas are lower. The average ultrafine particle concentrations for the regions that were not affected by tropopause folds were also high (>100 cm � 3 ), indicating that nucleation is active in the tropopause region, in general. Our results suggest that atmospheric dynamics, such as stratosphere and troposphere exchange and vertical motion, affect new particle formation in this region.
A new algorithm for k mutual exclusions in distributed systems

Abstract The speedup achieved by parallel execution in a distributed system is hindered when only one process is allowed to enter the critical section to access a shared resource. In certain cases, distributed systems can provide duplicated resources that allow multiple processes to execute the critical section simultaneously while maintaining consistency within the system. This article presents a new, more efficient algorithm that allows multiple simultaneous entries to a critical section in a distributed system. Correctness proofs are given and theoretical best- and worst-case performances analyzed. Extensive simulation results are provided to evaluate the algorithm's average case performance. It is shown that the proposed algorithm achieves logarithmic communication efficiency (in terms of the number of messages exchanged per critical section invocation) compared with linear communication efficiency of all similar existing algorithms.
Anionic synthesis of polymers functionalized with a terminal anhydride group

Polymers bearing a single succinic anhydride at the chain end were synthesized using anionic polymerization techniques. Specifically, the living anions of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polyisoprene (PI), and poly(vinylpyridine) (PVP) were found to exclusively undergo a 1,4-conjugate addition reaction with di-tert-butyl maleate. Only a single maleate adds. The gel permeation chromatograms for the synthesized polymers were found to have very narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.15) after the end-capping reaction. Pyrolysis (235 °C, 2−12 h) of the resulting substituted di-tert-butyl succinate ester efficiently produced the related succinic anhydride functional polymers in the case of PMMA and PS. The functionality of these polymers (f ≥ 0.81) was determined following derivatization reactions with various amines. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of the resulting amides permits quantification of the extent of functionalizati...
The solution absorption spectrum of Cf3

Author(s): Gonway, J.G.; Fried, S.; Latimer, R.M.; Mclaughlin, R.; Gutmacher, R.G.; Carnall, W.T.; Fields, P.
Investigatiom of deposition and wear problems with hardfaced coatings for high temperature liquid metal service

Abstract We have examined hardfaced coatings on two valves that were designed for use in high temperature liquid sodium environments. The valve bodies were type 304 stainless steel and were hardfaced with AWSRCoCr-A (cobalt-base material) using the gas tungsten-arc process. One valve was a cold leg trap valve that was removed from the Sodium Component Test Installation at the Liquid Metal Engineering Center. Owing to system redesign this valve was removed from sodium service after 40 000 h at temperatures up to 427°C (800°F). It had experienced some sticking but this was not of significant consequence. The microstructure of RCoCr-A consists of an austenite matrix and a carbide and eutectic carbide interdendritic structure from which the material gains its wear resistance. Evaluation revealed evidence of erosion/corrosion of the hard interdendritic material, thus leaving a wear surface of softer matrix material. As a result, some galling (self-wedding) of the wear surfaces apparently occured. The other valve was a hot leg isolation valve intended for use in the Fast Flux Test Facility. This valve was rejected owing to hot cracking during deposition of the hardfacing material (coating) and was not put into operation. The hardfaced surface was inspected for liquid penetration and was sectioned for evaluation by metallographic examination, scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis. It was concluded that hot cracking occured in the base metal, due to liquation of grain boundaries in the weld heat-affected zone, and was followed by crack propagation through the hardfaced deposit.
Implementing a Reform-Oriented Pedagogy: Challenges for Novice Secondary Mathematics Teachers.

Novice secondary mathematics teachers attempting teaching consonant with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1991, 2007) Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics experience many stresses related to their attempts at student-centered instruction; prominent among those were novices' challenges when orchestrating whole-class mathematical discussions with students taking a central, substantive role. During such discussions, students offer conjectures, ideas, and solutions and use mathematical argumentation and verification processes. Such teaching can create uncertainty and stress as teachers occupy a revised teaching role. They avoid evaluating student ideas during class; instead, they ask questions to move students' thinking forward, pose problems that deepen students' mathematical understanding, and choose between competing directions the discussion may take. Ultimately, teachers decide whether to continue pursuing such teaching goals or revert back to more familiar, teacher-centered methods. Supportive networks showed promise at helping novices navigate their first few years of teaching; organized networks helped novices meet their teaching goals while limiting the impact of their challenges on their well-being and teaching goals. The results of this study may inform teacher educators, administrators, and colleagues on how to support novices in pursuing teaching better aligned with novices' teaching ideals and reformer's visions.
DNA Synthesis and Interaction between Controlled Feeding Schedules and Partial Hepatectomy in Rats

The rate of DNA synthesis has been measured during liver regeneration in rats adapted to a controlled feeding schedule. The results show two different phenomena in the regulation of DNA synthesis. The first is the appearance of a peak of DNA synthesis following the operation itself and independent of the time of the day; the second one is the presence of constant diurnal variations in the rate of DNA synthesis in response to the partial hepatectomy and following the stimulus or stimuli of the controlled feeding schedule.
Lease Transaction Structuring, Earnings Management, and Management Credibility

Despite recent regulatory concerns regarding off-balance sheet financing, and concerns about lease accounting in particular, relatively little is known about how financial statement users view lease transaction structuring compared to other forms of earnings management. We examine sell-side financial statement analysts’ views on lease transaction structuring and its impact on their assessments of management credibility. Although operating leases often act as the prototypical example of transaction structuring, survey responses suggest that lease structuring and related voluntary reconciliations do not raise the same concerns for analysts as do other earnings management activities (which lower analysts’ perceptions of management credibility). Our findings are consistent with prior research demonstrating that, with precise accounting standards, managers are more likely to attempt earnings management by structuring transactions, but auditors are also less likely to adjust such attempts, and suggest that financial statement users may also be less concerned with transaction structuring than with other forms of earnings management.
SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO CEPHALOSPORIUM GRAMINEUM IN TRITICUM AND AGROPYRON SPECIES

Resistance to the soil-borne pathogen Cephalosporium gramineum was evaluated in Agropyron elongatum, A. intermedium. A. intermedium var. trichophorum, an Agrotriticum, and eight species of Triticum. Only A. elongatum and A. intermedium showed high levels of resistance. Agrotriticum (56 chromosomes) was resistant too. High resistance to C. gramineum is available, but its utilization will probably require the use of chromosome substitution techniques to transfer the resistance into an agronomically useful wheat.
Nutrient Content at the Sediment-Water Interface of Tile-Fed Agricultural Drainage Ditches

Extensive network of tile drains present in the Midwest USA accelerate losses of nutrients to receiving ditches, rivers and eventually to the Gulf of Mexico. Nutrient inputs from agricultural watersheds and their role in affecting water quality have received increased attention recently; however, benthic sediment-nutrient interactions in tile-fed drainage ditches is still a matter of active research in consideration to nutrient discharge from tile drains. In this study, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) contents and variability of nutrient retention ability of benthic sediments upstream and downstream from tile drain outlets were evaluated in managed agricultural drainage ditches in Indiana. Sediment samples were collected every three months upstream and downstream from selected tile drains in three ditches in northwest Indiana. Sediment equilibrium P concentrations (EPC0) were measured to examine P adsorption-desorption and equilibrium characteristics of benthic sediments in the ditches. P sorption index (PSI), exchangeable P (ExP), and exchangeable NH4 + -N (ExN) were measured to evaluate nutrient retention ability and readily available nutrient content of benthic sediments. Results indicated a dynamic interaction between benthic sediment and overlying water column where sediments were acting as a sink or a source of P. There were no differences in nutrient retention ability between sediments collected upstream and sediments collected downstream from the selected tile drains. While the data, except for ExN, was comparable to reported values by previous studies in Indiana's drainage ditches, there was no particular seasonal pattern in the content of exchangeable nutrient content in sediments at all three sites. This study also
Sideband diffraction: A prediction of the quantum field theory of inelastic low-energy electron diffraction from solids☆

Abstract A quantum field theory of inelastic electron diffraction is proposed and utilized to calculate the differential inelastic scattering cross section in fourth-order perturbation theory. The vestiges of momentum conservation normal to the surface cause the occurence of a new phenomenon: sideband diffraction.
Thermal stability of Dion-Jacobson mixed-metal-niobate double-layered perovskites

The thermal stability and decomposition pathways of six Dion-Jacobson-related double-layered perovskites, ALaNb{sub 2}O{sub 7} (A = H, Li, Na, Ag) and (ACl)LaNb{sub 2}O{sub 7} (A = Fe, Cu), are investigated. These compounds are made by low temperature (<400 deg. C) ion exchange reactions from RbLaNb{sub 2}O{sub 7}. All the compounds are low temperature phases with some of them exhibiting decomposition exotherms consistent with metastability. Decomposition temperatures and reactions pathways vary with the identity of A with most decompositions resulting in the formation of a niobate (containing A) and LaNbO{sub 4}. Results from differential scanning calorimetry and high temperature X-ray powder diffraction studies are presented and structural parameters pertinent to compound stability discussed.
α1-Antitrypsin deficiency and the hepatocytes – An elegans solution to drug discovery

Hepatocytes are metabolically active cells of the liver that play an important role in the biosynthesis of proteins including α1-antitrypsin. Mutations in the α1-antitrypsin gene can lead to protein misfolding, polymerization/aggregation and retention of protein within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. The intracellular accumulation of α1-antitrypsin aggregates can lead to liver disease and increased likelihood of developing hepatocellular carcinomas. Of note, only ~10% of individuals with α1-antitrypsin-deficiency develop severe liver disease suggesting that there are other genetic and/or environmental factors that determine disease outcome. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, is a powerful genetic model organism to study molecular aspects of human disease. In this review, we discuss the functional similarities between the intestinal cells of C. elegans and human hepatocytes and how a C. elegans model of α1-antitrypsin-deficiency can be used as a tool for identifying genetic modifiers and small molecule drugs.
THE NET FISCAL IMPACT OF SELECTED FEDERAL BLOCK GRANT PROGRAMS

This paper examines the net fiscal benefits of various federal grants and taxes paid to finance them. Net, effective tax rates are calculated for all county areas in the U.S. for seven measured grant programs, and the distributions of such tax rates are examined in conjunction with the median family incomes of the county areas. Inferences about the progressivity (or regressivity) of the grant programs are made, as well as inferences about the horizontal equity of the grant programs through the use of a new class of index numbers. It was found that more progressive grant formulas, which provide greater rates of subsidy to areas with lower median family incomes, also tend to be less horizontally equitable.
Markets: Preserving Funeral Markets with Ready-to-Embalm Laws

Thirty-nine states currently have ready-to-embalm laws, which typically require that all firms selling any type of funeral service (even those specializing in cremations) have embalming preparation rooms and all funeral directors be trained as embalmers. Ready-to-embalm laws are designed to preserve the status-quo in funeral markets, thereby protecting currently licensed funeral directors from the ravages of competition. These laws attempt to preserve funeral markets as they existed in the mid-twentieth century, markets that centered on traditional funerals sold by small, full-service funeral homes. The economic chemicals needed to preserve the status quo are harsh, leading to higher funeral prices and often poorer-quality services. The empirical evidence suggests that these laws reduce the cremation rate, the market share of Internet casket retailers, the penetration of national chains, and the number of funeral directors who are immigrants. They also appear to substantially increase the retail price of direct cremations and the cost of traditional funerals. Commissions in several states have recently recommended repealing ready-to-embalm laws, arguing that they are anticompetitive. The evidence presented in this paper should make their recommendations harder to ignore.
Graphic script provides quick classification of GaAs wafers

Abstract Infrared transmission topography has long been used to detect variations in gallium arsenide wafers that can cause dark-line defects that limit lifetime of GaAs lasers and solar cells. In the past, infrared transmission was measured over a whole wafer by scanning a small spot mechanically. Absorption was calculated at each location across the surface of the wafer and used to produce colour-coded plots that allow the wafer's characteristics to be determined at a glance. The program ran on VAX/VMS computers, but these are being taken out of service due to obsolescence. To overcome these problems, the author developed a graphics script using a state-of-the-art data analysis program which provides quick classification of GaAs wafers based on traps and defects, but runs on inexpensive personal computers and, as a bonus, produces bit-map plots that can be cut and pasted into Windows word processing and presentation software.
Converging influence of neonatal novelty experience and maternal self-stress regulation on the plasticity of offspring acoustic startle response latency

Behavioral and brain development is influenced by both maternal and non-maternal aspects of the postnatal environment and the precise nature of their interaction is the topic of an ongoing debate. Here, we consider the joint influence of neonatal environmental novelty and maternal self-stress regulation on the development of acoustic startle reflex (ASR), an extensively investigated model system for learning and neural plasticity. We test the hypothesis in the rat that brief repeated neonatal exposures to novelty can affect ASR in late adulthood and that this influence is sensitive to postnatal context of maternal self-stress regulation. We carried out the neonatal and early adulthood novelty exposure (PND 1-21 and PND 54-63 respectively), obtained measures of maternal self-stress regulation after weaning (PND 25-26), and evaluated in the male rats, ASR and ASR plasticity at adulthood (ASR1 and ASR2, one week apart, at 13.5 months of age). During ASR1, offspring, whose mothers had poor self-stress regulation as indexed by a high circulating basal corticosterone (CORT) concentration, showed a novelty-induced decrease of ASR latency. Offspring whose mothers had good self regulation as indexed by a low CORT, showed a novelty-induced increase in ASR latency. From ASR1 to ASR2, offspring whose mothers had poor self-stress regulation, showed a novelty-induced ASR latency habituation (increase in latency) while offspring whose mothers had good self regulation showed no novelty effect. These findings support a novel framework in which maternal and non-maternal postnatal environments exert interacting influences on the neonates, with maternal individual differences in self-stress regulation providing a critical context to enable bidirectional novelty-induced influence across different rat families.
Antibiotic Production by Actinomycete Species on Nitrogen‐Deficient Media

Summary: Actinomycetes isolated from nitrogen deficient Azotobacter plating medium were checked for antibiotic production on nitrogen deficient media and on these media with yeast extract or ammonium sulphate as nitrogen sources. In nitrogen deficient liquid media cobalt, molybdenum and citrate were required for growth and antibiotic formation. Evidence is presented that the antibiotics resulting from growth under these conditions are different from those produced when combined nitrogen is included in the medium, and it is suggested that this is an area for exploration for new antibiotics.
Wnt and mammary stem cells: hormones cannot fly wingless

The mammary stem cell and its local microenvironment are central for the maintenance of proper tissue homeostasis during normal development. Defining the hierarchical organization of the epithelial subtypes in the mammary gland and the molecular pathways guiding their development has begun to provide a framework for understanding how cancer stem cells sustain the progression and heterogeneity of breast cancers. The Wnt pathway plays a fundamental role in multiple adult stem cells, as well as in orchestrating proper mammary gland development and maintenance. These processes are intricately guided by the influence of systemic hormones and local factors. Alterations in Wnt signaling can skew the homeostatic balance of the mammary epithelium to drive malignant progression; however, complexities of Wnt pathway components present a challenge in understanding their physiological function.
Maximal functions associated with Fourier multipliers of Mikhlin-Hörmander type

We show that maximal operators formed by dilations of Mikhlin- Hormander multipliers are typically not bounded on Lp(ℝd). We also give rather weak conditions in terms of the decay of such multipliers under which Lp boundedness of the maximal operators holds.
Developing environmental flow recommendations for freshwater mussels using the biological traits of species guilds

Summary North American freshwater mussels (Unionidae) are a diverse and imperilled fauna that are very sensitive to flow alterations. Previous attempts to develop environmental flows for mussels have struggled to accommodate their varied habitat requirements and complex life histories. We review what is known about the habitat requirements of mussels, how they can vary among species within a community, and how this variation influences the effectiveness of different environmental flow methodologies. We propose a trait-based environmental flow method that addresses the needs of mussel guilds differentiated by their thermal tolerances and reproductive strategies. Used previously for fish, plants and macroinvertebrates, the guild approach groups species by traits and identifies flow requirements of guilds as opposed to entire communities. We apply the guild approach to the mussel fauna of the Kiamichi and Little Rivers in south-eastern Oklahoma, U.S.A., and illustrate how changes in the hydrograph can be made to better meet the seasonal flow needs of differing mussel guilds and their host fish. The guild environmental flow method can provide flow recommendations that cater to the life history and habitat requirements represented within diverse mussel communities. In addition, the method can be adapted among regions where trait data are available or combined with rating models that estimate trait data for understudied species.
Cognitive scaffolding in Web3D learning systems: a case study for form and structure

In this paper, we describe a case study in usability engineering for Web3D learning systems and introduce a new step to the typical methods of the usability design. Pedagogical applications present a challenge to the usual usability engineering process in that the end-users of the system (students) cannot describe the requirements of the system. For this situation, we engage the latest evidence and principles of cognition to help map requirements to information design for an interactive learning system.Our system seeks to improve the structural understanding of architects and to teach relationships between form and structure in long-span systems. We provide both explanatory multimedia resources and interactive resources including a Web-based modeling and simulation tool that aids architecture students with better understanding of the relationship between structure and form in design. We describe our design process and the system and examine the qualitative impact of the cognitive ergonomic process. This extra step in the usability design process of mapping expert knowledge to human perception and cognition can increase awareness of the requirements of a learning system and improve the effectiveness of the subsequent design.
CHOLESTATIC RESPONSE TO PHOTOSENSITIZED TRYPTOPHAN IN NEONATAL GERBILS

Riboflavin (R), a photosensitizer, enhances photooxidation of amino acids and some of the resulting photoproducts may be cholestatic. We tested the hypothesis that photosensitized oxidation of tryptophan (T) leads to cholestasis. Solutions of T (48μmol/ml) containing R (0.01 mg/ml) were either exposed to light (L) (425-475μW/cm2/nm wave band) or protected from L for 12 hours. Two week old suckling gerbils were given daily 1 ml intraperitoneal injections of T+R+L, T+R-L or saline (control) for 4 consecutive days. On day 5, the animals were killed and the following determined: body, liver and brain weight; serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; and liver and brain tryptophan concentrations. Animals receiving T+R+L had significantly higher concentrations of γ-GT compared to T+R-L or control. Liver T concentrations were significantly lower in both experimental groups compared to control. Gain in body weight was significantly greater in control animals than the other groups, whereas liver weight was significantly greater in T+R+L than in T+R-L. Brain weights were not significantly different in the three groups. We conclude that products of photosensitized oxidation of T may induce cholestasis in neonatal gerbils.
Immunization with aspartate-β-hydroxylase-loaded dendritic cells produces antitumor effects in a rat model of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Dendritic cells (DCs) capture and process proteins and present peptides on the cell surface in the context of major histocompatibility complex I and II molecules to induce antigen-specific T cell immune responses. The aims of this study were to (1) employ an expanded and purified DC population and load them with aspartate-β-hydroxylase (ASPH), a highly expressed tumor-associated cell surface protein, and (2) to determine if immunization induced antitumor effects in an orthotopic rat model of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Splenocytes were incubated with ASPH-coated beads and passed through a magnetic field to yield an 80% pure DC OX62+ population. This DC subset was stimulated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4, CD40L, and interferon-γ, resulting in a 40-fold increase in interleukin-12A messenger RNA expression to subsequently generate a T helper 1–type immune response. After incubation with the cytokine cocktail, DCs were found to have matured, as demonstrated by increased expression of CD40, CD80, and CD86 costimulatory molecules. Immunization with ASPH-loaded DCs induced antigen-specific immunity. A clone of the parental tumorigenic rat BDEneu cholangiocyte cell line, designated BDEneu-CL24, was found to have the highest number of cells expressing this surface protein (97%); it maintained the same phenotypic characteristics of the parental cell line and was used to produce intrahepatic tumors in immunocompetent syngeneic Fisher-344 rats. Immunization with ASPH-loaded DCs generated cytotoxicity against cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro and significantly suppressed intrahepatic tumor growth and metastasis, and was associated with increased CD3+ lymphocyte infiltration into the tumors. Conclusion: These findings suggest that immunization with ASPH-loaded DCs may constitute a novel therapeutic approach for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, because this protein also appears to be highly conserved and expressed on human hepatobiliary tumors. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;55:86–97)
The effects of phenylpyruvate and hyperphenylalaninemia on incorporation of (6- 3 H)glucose into macromolecules of slices of rat cerebral cortex.

— The effects of phenylpyruvate and hyperphenylalaninemia on the incorporation of [6-3H]glucose into lipids, proteins and nucleic acids were examined in differentiating and adult rat brain. Foetal brain was most sensitive to inhibition by phenylpyruvate in vitro, with significant effects occurring at 2·5 mM for labelling of lipids and proteins and at 5 mM for labelling RNA and DNA. Older age groups were less affected, and cortical slices from adult brain were slightly or not at all affected by phenylpyruvate. The inhibition by phenylpyruvate of incorporation of [6-3H]glucose into nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids could be further distinguished by the reversibility of the effect on nucleic acid and protein synthesis at high levels of glucose and the irreversibility of the effect on lipid synthesis. Lipid synthesis was most sensitive to inhibition by phenylpyruvate at the stage of fatty acid synthesis, with lesser effect on the formation of glyceride glycerol. Exposure in utero of the foetal brain to maternal hyperphenylalaninemia resulted in reduction of 26–38 per cent in the subsequent incorporation in vitro of [6-3H]glucose into lipids, proteins, RNA and DNA of brain slices from foetal animals. Feeding hyperphenylalaninemic pregnant rats a high-glucose diet significantly protected the foetal brain from the neurotoxicity accompanying the hyperphenylalanemia.
Wavelet representation of voltage flicker

Voltage flicker can be considered as a voltage magnitude modulated signal with a frequency ranging from 0.5 to 30 Hz. Wavelet transform is a powerful tool to analyze this kind of nonstationary, wide-range frequency signal. The wavelet representation of voltage flicker signal is presented in this paper. The proposed scheme is implemented in three steps. Firstly, a low-pass demodulation filter is designed to find the magnitude of 60 Hz component. Accordingly, a high degree of accuracy may be achieved and the effect of the transient, harmonics and white noise may be eliminated. Secondly, a multiresolution analysis (MRA) scheme that is an orthonormal wavelet transform, can then be applied to decompose the demodulated signal into several components according to the scales. Components at high scale can be considered as white noise, while components at the low scale represent the voltage fluctuation. The smooth version left by the MRA scheme represents the DC component. Finally, the voltage flicker level can be estimated by the wavelet coefficients at different scales, which give the time and frequency information. Numerical examples are also presented in this paper to show the efficiency of the proposed scheme.
A Six Channel Physiological Telemetry System

A six channel FM/FM physiological telemetry system was designed to measure two surface temperatures, an internal temperature, the respiration rate, and position and muscle spasm of a paralyzed patient. The system has since been adapted to permit the measurement of pulse rate. Tunnel-diode subcarrier oscillators operating from a constant-current source provided excellent temperature and long-term stability while permitting a complete transmission package with size 0.6×2.5×2.5 inches and weight 15 gm. A compatible transistorized receiving system was also constructed.
WHY DO PEOPLE AVOID ADVERTISING ON THE INTERNET

This study was designed to provide insights into why people avoid advertising on the Internet. Recent negative trends in Internet advertising, such as "banner blindness" and extremely low click-through rates, make it imperative to study various factors affecting Internet ad avoidance. Accordingly, this study builds a comprehensive theoretical model explaining advertising avoidance on the Internet. We examined three latent variables of Internet ad avoidance: perceived goal impediment, perceived ad clutter, and prior negative experience. We found that these constructs successfully explain why people cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally avoid advertising messages on the Internet. Perceived goal impediment is found to be the most significant antecedent explaining advertising avoidance on the Internet.
Observation of rain at vertical incidence with a 94 GHz Doppler radar: An insight on Mie scattering

A new method aimed at differentiating air vertical motion and raindrop terminal velocity in a velocity spectrum observed at vertical incidence identification based on Mie backscattering oscillations occurring within the raindrop size range at the 3.2 mm wavelength. The method is applicable to measurement of downdraft or microburst in rainshafts and dropsize distribution in all types of rain.
Joining anthropology and law enforcement

The role of anthropology in law enforcement involves three aspects of law enforcement activity; forensic anthropology, police-community relations research, and legal ethnographic research on the law enforcement agencies themselves. The first of these contributions to law enforcement by physical anthropologists faces competition from other closely related fields. Police-community relations research is a potential growth area for the application of anthropological efforts, as is legal ethnographic analysis of police organizationa. These latter two areas are within the realm of social anthropology, while the former is a specialty of physical anthropology. This article reviews the contributions of anthropologists and the applications of anthropological methods to law enforcement. It contends that criminal justice educators and police practitioners alike can benefit from knowing more about how these anthropological specialties have contributed and can continue to contribute to law enforcement.
Structural simplicity of the zonula occludens in the electrolyte secreting epithelium of the avian salt gland.

The structure of thezonula occludens in the secretory epithelium of the salt gland of the domestic duck was determined by thin section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. These glands secrete an effluent with a NaCl concentration four times that of plasma, and thus maintain a steep ionic gradient across their secretory epithelium. Freezefracture replicas from salt stressed ducks demonstrate that thezonula occludens is surprisingly shallow in depth (20–25 nm) and generally consists of two parallel junctional strands which are juxaposed along their entire length. In addition to the simplicity of the junction separating mucosal and serosal compartments, the ratio of junctional length to apical surface area is large since luminal surfaces of secretory cells are narrow and intermesh with one another. Thezonula occludens in nonsecreting fresh water-adapted birds is similar to the salt stressed group except that two sets of double strand junctions are seen in addition to junctions consisting of a single set. Based on previous ultrastructural, cytochemical and physiological studies in salt glands and in other epithelia, a model for salt secretion was suggested in which intercellular space Na+, generated by basolateral ouabain-sensitive Na+ pumps, reaches the lumen via a paracellular route (Ernst & Mills, 1977,J. Cell Biol. 75:74). The simplicity of the morphological appearance of thezonula occludens in the salt gland, which resembles that described for several epithelia known to be leaky to ions, is consistent with this hypothesis.
Transient receptor potential ion channels as participants in thermosensation and thermoregulation

Living organisms must evaluate changes in environmental and internal temperatures to mount appropriate physiological and behavioral responses conducive to survival. Classical physiology has provided a wealth of information regarding the specialization of thermosensory functions among subclasses of peripheral sensory neurons and intrinsically thermosensitive neurons within the hypothalamus. However, until recently, the molecular mechanisms by which these cells carry out thermometry have remained poorly understood. The demonstration that certain ion channels of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family can be activated by increases or decreases in ambient temperature, along with the recognition of their heterogeneous expression patterns and heterogeneous temperature sensitivities, has led investigators to evaluate these proteins as candidate endogenous thermosensors. Much of this work has involved one specific channel, TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which is both a receptor for capsaicin and related pungent vanilloid compounds and a "heat receptor," capable of directly depolarizing neurons in response to temperatures >42 degrees C. Evidence for a contribution of TRPV1 to peripheral thermosensation has come from pharmacological, physiological, and genetic approaches. In contrast, although capsaicin-sensitive mechanisms clearly influence core body temperature regulation, the specific contribution of TRPV1 to this process remains a matter of debate. Besides TRPV1, at least six additional thermally sensitive TRP channels have been identified in mammals, and many of these also appear to participate in thermosensation. Moreover, the identification of invertebrate TRP channels, whose genetic ablation alters thermally driven behaviors, makes it clear that thermosensation represents an evolutionarily conserved role of this ion channel family.
Toward an Anthropological Understanding of Sustainability: A Preface

During the last two decades of the 20th century the concepts of sustainability, sustainable development, and sustainable livelihoods have been debated, contested, adopted as development goals, and rejected as merely wishful thinking among academics and practitioners from numerous disciplines and nationalities. Some academics may feel that a concern with sustainability was a short-lived and now outdated fad. William C. Clark, cochairman of the study “Our Common Journey: The Transition Towards Sustainability,” conducted by the National Research Council (NRC), disagrees. He believes that: “One of the greatest challenges facing humanity at the dawn of the twenty-first century is learning how to better meet human needs while restoring and nurturing the planet’s life support systems” (Clark 2001:1021). Members of the NRC study believe progress made in meeting this challenge during the next two generations will shape the future for many generations to come. There is cause to be concerned. Since the Brundtland Commission (World Commission on Environment and Development) issued its famous report, “Our Common Future,” in 1987, the earth’s population has increased from five to six billion people. During the same time we have witnessed a rapid and alarming decrease in the world’s forests and biodiversity, prompting many scientists to conclude that we are now in the midst of the world’s sixth major period of extinction (American Museum of Natural History 1998). What was once considered an academic debate has now moved to the center stage of development plans, and “sustainability” was the focus of discussion at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa, in September 2002. The goal of the WSSD was to provide a forum for examining the progress, or lack thereof, since the international community adopted Agenda 21 (a global plan of action for sustainable development) at the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. A
Irradiation-induced nanometer-scale surface etching of a CdSe film with a scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract Nanometer size features have been etched in a circa 200 A thick CdSe film held in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) by irradiation with a He—Ne laser (8 mW) with the STM tip biased to a positive potential. Etching does not occur in the absence of irradiation or with the STM tip biased negative. A tentative mechanism based on electrical field assisted photodecomposition is proposed.
DEBRIS HANDLING SYSTEM FOR NAVY HARBOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP OPERATIONS

A system is described for installation on Navy harbor oil skimmers. The design consists of a comminutor/grinder to process the collected oil and debris into a pumpable slurry, a positive displacement, progressive cavity pump to transfer the slurry to storage, and a one-half ton electric crane and air actuated clam-shell bucket to remove unprocessed debris from the skimmer. The discussion includes: the harbor debris problem; various approaches for handling oily debris; system selection, design, and evaluation; and final system installation and operation.
Follicle-stimulating Hormone Activation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1 by the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT/Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain (Rheb)/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway Is Necessary for Induction of Select Protein Markers of Follicular Differentiation

We sought to elucidate the role of AKT in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-mediated granulosa cell (GC) differentiation. Our results define a signaling pathway in GCs whereby the inactivating phosphorylation of tuberin downstream of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/AKT activity leads to Rheb (Ras homolog enriched in brain) and subsequent mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) activation. mTOR then stimulates translation by phosphorylating p70 S6 kinase and, consequently, the 40 S ribosomal protein S6. Activation of this pathway is required for FSH-mediated induction of several follicular differentiation markers, including luteinizing-hormone receptor (LHR), inhibin-alpha, microtubule-associated protein 2D, and the PKA type IIbeta regulatory subunit. FSH also promotes activation of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). FSH-stimulated HIF-1 activity is inhibited by the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, the Rheb inhibitor FTI-277 (farnesyltransferase inhibitor-277), and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Finally, we find that the FSH-mediated up-regulation of reporter activities for LHR, inhibin-alpha, and vascular endothelial growth factor is dependent upon HIF-1 activity, because a dominant negative form of HIF-1alpha interferes with the up-regulation of these genes. These results show that FSH enhances HIF-1 activity downstream of the PI 3-kinase/AKT/Rheb/mTOR pathway in GCs and that HIF-1 activity is necessary for FSH to induce multiple follicular differentiation markers.