cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Native and Migrant Land Conflicts: Justifying Migration and Explaining Radicalization in a World of State “Boxes”

Artificial borders and boundaries form a map that reinforces divisions between people. Justifications for these divisions are usually based on history, the outcomes of conflict, ethnicity, narrative myths, and nativity. This chapter evaluates these—and other—justifications for land ownership with two main questions in mind. First, “Who Owns Land?” In other words, what normative justifications for land ownership are valid and which are not? Second, “What Justifies Keeping People Out?” In other words, do reasons of nativity, security, coherence, ethnicity, and so on justify keeping migrants, refugees and others out of certain lands? Case study analysis of land claims made in Israel-Palestine will be employed to further explore the topic. In the end, it will be argued that nations and nationalism and their concomitant justifications for ownership and exclusion are the great barriers to a more just land distribution and system of human migration.
What Is the Clinical Correlation of Cardiac Noradrenergic Denervation in Parkinson Disease

The autonomic nervous system controls cardiac performance on a beat-to-beat basis in order to match regional blood flow demand. To that end, there is continuous interaction among central autonomic areas (anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray matter, parabrachial nucleus, and medulla), preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent neurons, and intrinsic cardiac ganglia.1,2 Cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs have been classically thought to act in a reciprocal antagonistic fashion, whereby sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate (chronotropy), atrioventricular conduction (dromotropy), and myocardial contractility (inotropy), whereas parasympathetic stimulation reduces heart rate and atrioventricular conduction. There is evidence, however, for a complex and redundant organization, as cardiac control is mediated by feedback loops organized at 3 main levels: the intrinsic cardiac nervous system, the intrathoracic extracardiac ganglia, and the central autonomic nervous system. These systems are in constant communication, and at each level, afferent signals provide feedback information to neurons that in turn affect efferent control of the heart.1,3
An Ethnological Analogy and Biogenetic Model for Interpretation of Religion and Ritual in the Past

This paper provides a method- and theory-focused assessment of religious behavior based on cross-cultural research that provides an empirically derived model as a basis for making inferences about ritual practices in the past through an ethnological analogy. A review of previous research provides an etic typology of religious practitioners and identifies their characteristics, selection-function features, the societal configurations of practitioners, and the social complexity features of the societies where they are found. New analyses reported here identify social predictors of the individual practitioner types in their relationships to subsistence and sociopolitical conditions (foraging, intensive agriculture, political integration, warfare, and community integration). These relations reveal the factors contributing to social evolution through roles of religious organization in the operation of cultural institutions. The discussion expands on the previous findings identifying fundamental forms of religious life in the relations of the selection processes for religious practitioner positions to their principal professional functions. These relationships reveal three biogenetic structures of religious life involving (1) alterations of consciousness used in healing rituals, manifested in a cultural universal of shamanistic healers; (2) kin inheritance of leadership roles providing a hierarchical political organization of agricultural societies, manifested in priests who carry out collective rituals for agricultural abundance and propitiation of common deities; and (3) attribution of evil activities, manifested in witches who are persecuted and killed in subordinated groups of societies with political hierarchies and warfare. These systematic cross-cultural patterns of types of ritualists and their activities provide a basis for inferring biogenetic bases of religion and models for interpreting the activities, organization, and beliefs regarding religious activities of past societies. Cases are analyzed to illustrate the utility of the models presented.
Electronic properties of Ir3Li and ultra-nanocrystalline lithium superoxide formation

Abstract Current lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries suffer from large charge overpotentials related to electronic resistivity of the insulating lithium peroxide (Li2O2) discharge product. One potential solution to this challenge is the stabilization of the lithium superoxide (LiO2) discharge intermediate, which has much higher electronic conductivity compared to Li2O2. Cathodes based on small iridium (Ir) nanoparticles have been recently used in a Li-O2 battery to successfully stabilize the LiO2 product, however, the LiO2 had a short lifetime. In the previous study, researchers found that the LiO2 was stabilized on Ir3Li surfaces which were formed from Ir nanoparticles during battery operation. Little is known about the electronic properties of Ir3Li and its role in stabilizing LiO2 product formation. This work provides the first study of the electronic properties of Ir3Li, which was thermally synthesized in bulk prior to implementation on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) cathode of a Li-O2 cell. The bulk Ir3Li was found to have comparable electrical conductivity to Ir metal, possess metal-like magnetic properties, and has an affinity towards O2 adsorption. The LiO2 discharge product formed from the Li-O2 battery discharge was characterized using Raman spectroscopy, titration, along with a comprehensive transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study. This analysis revealed the formation of ultra-nanocrystalline LiO2 particles greater than 200 nm. This result was attributed to the use of large micron sized Ir3Li particles, which could stabilize larger LiO2 particles compared to previous cathodes that utilized Ir nanoparticles that partially converted to Ir3Li during cycling. These results demonstrate that cathode properties can be modified to stabilize the bulk LiO2 discharge product, which can be useful for the further development of LiO2-based Li-O2 batteries.
Resistance of Exotoxin A to Purified Pseudomonas Proteolytic Enzymes

Pseudomonas toxin is produced as a proenzyme which is cytotoxic for cells in culture but must be activated to express full enzymatic activity. The ability of purified pseudomonas alkaline protease and elastase or of culture filtrates of two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to modify the activity of pseudomonas toxin was examined. Two parameters of toxin activity were followed: enzymatic activity, i.e., the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation of elongation factor 2, and biological activity, i.e., inhibition of protein synthesis in cultured mouse fibroblasts. Biological activity of toxin depends upon an intact toxin molecule, whereas enzyme activity requires only a functional A region. Incubation with purified pseudomonas proteolytic enzymes did not alter either enzymatic or biological activity. The toxin is not refractory to the action of all proteolytic enzymes, since thermolysin rapidly destroyed the toxin molecule. Treatment of toxin with culture filtrates of P. aeruginosa reduced ADP ribosylation activity, but increased the ability of toxin to inhibit protein synthesis in cell monolayers. Incubation of culture filtrates with one of the protease inhibitors alpha-2-macroglobulin or phosphoramidon did not alter the effect of the filtrates on biological activity. Alpha-2-macroglobulin, however, caused a fourfold stimulation of ADP ribosylation activity of the toxin. We conclude that pseudomonas alkaline protease and elastase are not responsible for the modifications in toxin activity induced by culture filtrates of P. aeruginosa ; the factors responsible have not yet been identified, but are not inactivated by phosphoramidon or alpha-2-macroglobulin. Images
The Elements of an Education

Uncle Tungsten Memories of a Chemical Boyhood. Oliver Sacks. Knopf, New York, 2001. 350 pp. $25. ISBN 0-375-40448-1. Picador (Macmillan), London. £17.00. ISBN 0-330-39027-9. This memoir by the noted neurologist and author focuses on his early fascination with metals, gasses, the periodic table, and chemistry experiments.
Permanently enhanced dynamic triggering probabilities as evidenced by two M ≥ 7.5 earthquakes

[1] The 2012 M7.7 Haida Gwaii earthquake radiated waves that likely dynamically triggered the 2013 M7.5 Craig earthquake, setting two precedents. First, the triggered earthquake is the largest dynamically triggered shear failure event documented to date. Second, the events highlight a connection between geologic structure, sedimentary troughs that act as waveguides, and triggering probability. The Haida Gwaii earthquake excited extraordinarily large waves within and beyond the Queen Charlotte Trough, which propagated well into mainland Alaska and likely triggering the Craig earthquake along the way. Previously, focusing and associated dynamic triggering have been attributed to unpredictable source effects. This case suggests that elevated dynamic triggering probabilities may exist along the many structures where sedimentary troughs overlie major faults, such as subduction zones’ accretionary prisms and transform faults’ axial valleys. Although data are sparse, I find no evidence of accelerating seismic activity in the vicinity of the Craig rupture between it and the Haida Gwaii earthquake.
Artificial Intelligence in Continuum Mechanics

An exploratory software system for the area of continuum mechanics is described. The system, named CONFORM, is capable of recognizing, retrieving, and associating formulas, performing algebraic manipulation at various levels (including differentiation and integration, vector and tensor analysis, and matrix algebra), and of performing embryonic problem-solving and theorem-proving activities in continuum mechanics.
Detection and regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in catecholaminergic terminal fields: possible axonal compartmentalization.

Abstract Reverse transcriptase coupled with nested polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT/nested-PCR) was used to detect mRNA encoding tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, in adult rat cerebellum, striatum, and pituitary neurointermediate lobe (NIL). These regions receive catecholaminergic innervation from the locus coeruleus, substantia nigra, and arcuate and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, respectively, but are devoid of catecholamine-synthesizing cells. The RT/ nested-PCR products, which were generated using primers located on different exons of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, indicate that the tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA detected is devoid of introns and, hence, is processed. These findings raise the possibility that tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA may be axonally transported. Using the same RT/nested-PCR protocol, we were unable to detect mRNA encoding dopamine β-hydroxylase, a different catecholaminergic biosynthetic enzyme, in either cerebellum, striatum, or NIL pituitary tissue. Thus, the detection of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in catecholamine terminal regions is biochemically specific. We were unable to detect tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in optic nerve, indicating some degree of anatomical specificity as well. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the cerebellum was markedly increased by subcutaneous administration of the catecholamine-depleting agent, reserpine, suggesting that tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in catecholamine terminal regions may be functionally important. This finding also indirectly supports the hypothesis that tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA can be axonally transported since the ability of reserpine to induce expression of this transcript in conventional catecholamine cell groups is considered secondary to catecholamine depletion, and cerebellar cells do not synthesize catecholamines. Finally, lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway significantly decreased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in the striatum, providing strong additional support for this hypothesis.
Multiple actions of extracellular ATP on calcium currents in cultured bovine chromaffin cells.

Abstract Hormone secretion from chromaffin cells is evoked by calcium influx through voltage-dependent channels in the plasma membrane. Previous studies have shown that ATP, cosecreted with catecholamines from chromaffin granules, can modulate the secretion resulting from depolarization by nicotinic agonists. The immediate effect of ATP is to enhance secretion; more prolonged exposure to the nucleotide results in inhibition. These receptor-mediated actions of ATP involve the activation of at least two separate classes of GTP-binding protein. Results from electrophysiological experiments reported here demonstrate that the modulatory actions of ATP can, in large part, be explained by the effects of the nucleotide on inward calcium current. ATP shows a rapid enhancement and a slower, persistent inhibition of the depolarization-induced inward current.
Risk for Suicide Attempts Among Adolescents Who Engage in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

The current study examined whether common indicators of suicide risk differ between adolescents engaging in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) who have and have not attempted suicide in an effort to enhance clinicians' ability to evaluate risk for suicide within this group. Data were collected from 540 high school students in the Midwest who completed the RADS, RFL-A, SIQ, and SHBQ as part of a larger adolescent risk project. Results suggest that adolescents engaging in NSSI who also attempt suicide can be differentiated from adolescents who only engage in NSSI on measures of suicidal ideation, reasons for living, and depression. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Structures of Mismatch Replication Errors Observed in a DNA Polymerase

Accurate DNA replication is essential for genomic stability. One mechanism by which high-fidelity DNA polymerases maintain replication accuracy involves stalling of the polymerase in response to covalent incorporation of mismatched base pairs, thereby favoring subsequent mismatch excision. Some polymerases retain a "short-term memory" of replication errors, responding to mismatches up to four base pairs in from the primer terminus. Here we a present a structural characterization of all 12 possible mismatches captured at the growing primer terminus in the active site of a polymerase. Our observations suggest four mechanisms that lead to mismatch-induced stalling of the polymerase. Furthermore, we have observed the effects of extending a mismatch up to six base pairs from the primer terminus and find that long-range distortions in the DNA transmit the presence of the mismatch back to the enzyme active site, suggesting the structural basis for the short-term memory of replication errors.
Some progress on the hydrocode convergence problem

We prove an existence and uniqueness theorem for a solution ("v^u) to the initial-boundary-value problem @?u@?t+@?@?@m[P(v)]-@d^2@?^2u@?@m^2=0, @?v@?t=@?v@?@m, u(t,@m)=b(t,@m) for @m @? {0,l}, u(0,@m)= u"0(@m), v(0,@m)=v"0(mu;), and demonstrate convergence to "v^u of solutions of a discretized version of (A).
High-temperature combustion calorimetry III. Enthalpies of formation of titanium oxides☆

The enthalpies of formation of TiOx, with x varying from 0.81 through 1.26, and of the oxides Ti2O3 and Ti3O5 have been determined by oxidation to TiO2(rutile) at 1108 K in a high-temperature microcalorimeter. The results for Ti2O3 and Ti3O5 are in excellent agreement with values in the literature, while those for TiOx are significantly more negative than previous data. It is suggested that this difference may be attributed to the enthalpy change in the phase transformation: TiO(α) = TiO(β).
Life without perlecan has its problems.

Perlecan is a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan with a wide tissue distribution and multiple potential functions (see [Iozzo 1998][1]). The glycosaminoglycan chains, located in the NH2-terminal domain of the core protein, bind basic FGF-2 and have been shown to promote the mitogenic and angiogenic
Wavelength dependency of the rate of iodine catalyzed photoisomerization of retinol and retinal.

In separate experiments, hydrocarbon solutions of the W-cis isomers of retinol and retinal containing catalytic amounts of iodine were irradiated with monochromatic light. Changes in absorbance were followed spectroscopically for each wavelength of light and measured as a function of time. The curve obtained by plotting the change in absorbance (δA) vs time (t) is a hyperbola, and thus the plot of 1/δA vs 1/t forms a straight line. The half reaction time, t4, was extracted from this equation, giving a value for each wavelength of light. The parameter 1/t4 is adjusted to compensate for variation of light quanta from the xenon source, and it is plotted vs wavelength. A response spectrum is obtained that is a Gaussian. The dlmax is 510 nm for retinol and 519 nm for retinal. This shows that in the photoisomerization iodine is the absorbing species and not the carbocation, which absorbs at 589 nm.
The α1-antitrypsin gene and its deficiency states

alpha 1-antitrypsin, a 52 kDa antiprotease, provides the major defense to the lower respiratory tract against the ravages of neutrophil elastase, a powerful serine protease. A variety of mutations in the coding exons of the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene result in 'alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency', leading to emphysema at an early age. A subset of mutations cause liver disease and a rare mutation is associated with a bleeding diathesis. Preventive treatment for the emphysema associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency is available in the form of intermittent infusions with alpha 1-antitrypsin, and strategies have been developed to reverse the deficiency state with gene therapy.
Information, communication and space technology applications for sustainable development

This article will discuss some of the most important Information, Communication and Space Technology (ICST) applications being created, along with the space infrastructure upgrades that are underway to support these applications. Satellites are routinely used to support sustainable development, as well as manage natural resources and emergency situations. The growing role of space technology is so profound that it has almost become prevalent in society. Over the next decade, there will be an increased need for innovative earth information systems to support the ongoing sustainable development initiatives. The objective of this article is to examine how ICSTs can contribute to sustainable development efforts by introducing a conceptual framework that can guide policy and the implementation of ICSTs into society.
Does transrectal ultrasound probe configuration really matter? End fire versus side fire probe prostate cancer detection rates.

Purpose: We compared prostate cancer detection rates for the 2 most commonly used transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy probes, end fire and side fire, to determine whether the probe configuration affects detection rates.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 2,674 patients who underwent initial prostate biopsy between 2000 and 2008 with respect to prostate specific antigen, biopsy technique and pathological findings. Patients were divided into 1,124 in whom biopsies were performed with an end fire probe and 1,550 in whom biopsies were performed with a side fire probe.Results: There was a significant difference in the overall cancer detection rate in the end vs side fire arms (45.8% vs 38.5%, p <0.001). In the subsets of patients with prostate specific antigen greater than 4 to 10 ng/ml or less and greater than 10 ng/ml a significant difference persisted (46.4% vs 38.9% and 61.7% vs 49.1%, p <0.004 and <0.015, respectively). There was also a significant difference in detection rates between probes in those ...
Nano-Encapsulated ZnS:Ag Phosphors for Field Emission Flat Panel Display Applications

ZnS:Ag phosphor particles were encapsulated with nano-meter thick films of indium tin oxide (ITO) in order to slow the degradation process of the phosphor as well as to reduce the amount of sulfur species out-gassing from the phosphor. Cathodoluminescent (CL) degradation measurements were performed at two different vacuum conditions (6.1-10−7 Torr and 1-10−5 Torr). The CL degradation curves showed that the ITO coating improved the brightness lifetime. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical changes on the coated and uncoated degraded particle surfaces. CL images were used to show the loss of brightness from the surface of the phosphor particles. Then energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy was used to measure the ratio of the area under the zinc and sulfur peaks on an atomic weight %, which showed a loss in sulfur during the degradation experiments.
Task dependent anatomical connections underlie multisensory processing

Our senses interact in daily life through multisensory integration, facilitating perceptual processes and behavioral responses. Numerous multisensory regions have been identified in humans and animals, raising the question of whether a single mechanism can support the dynamic range of experiences and behaviors multisensory processing engenders. The most common neural mechanisms proposed to underlie multisensory processing include anatomical connections directly linking early sensory areas, indirect connections to higher-order multisensory regions, and functional connectivity between cortical areas. Here we examine the relationship between white matter connectivity, as assessed with diffusion tensor imaging and individual differences in two divergent forms of multisensory processing: the redundant-target effect (RTE), in which subjects’ behavior is facilitated by congruent multisensory information, and the sound-induced illusory flash (SIIF) paradigm, in which incongruent multisensory information elicits a novel percept. Behavioral results demonstrated strong intra-subject reliability of the RTE and SIIF paradigms, but no correlation in performance between the two tasks. Consistent with this behavioral finding, we identified distinct anatomical networks underlying these two forms of multisensory processing. Using a whole-brain analysis and contrasting anatomical models of multisensory processing, increased behavioral performance on the RTE was associated with increased connectivity between the superior parietal lobe and early sensory regions. Conversely, increased incidence of illusion on the SIIF paradigm was associated with increased connectivity directly between early auditory and visual areas. These results implicate a broad network of anatomical connections involved in task-dependent multisensory processes.
Activation of methyl-SCoM reductase to high specific activity after treatment of whole cells with sodium sulfide

Here, we report a method to generate the active form of methyl-SCoM reductase (MCR) from Methanosarcina thermophila. The protocol involves adding sodium sulfide to a growing cell culture prior to harvest to yield a "ready" (MCRox1) state of the enzyme. This method can also generate a ready state of the Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (strain Marburg) MCR. Experiments using sodium 35S-labeled sulfide indicate the ready state that is generated involves a Ni-S adduct. As was shown earlier for the Mb. thermoautotrophicum MCRox1 [Goubeaud, M., Schreiner, G. and Thauer, R. K. (1997) Eur. J. Biochem. 17, 2374-2377], this ready state is converted to the highly active MCRred1 form by reductive activation with Ti(III) citrate. The reduction of MCRox1 to MCRred1 with concomitant increase in activity demonstrated that MCRred1 is the active form of MCR from Ms. thermophila. We also observed the loss of the 35S-sulfide label from the enzyme when MCRox1 was converted to MCRred1. Other states of MCR could be generated in the whole cells by adding different potential ligands to the cell medium; for example, the MCRox2 state was generated by treating cells with sodium sulfite or sodium dithionite.
Intermittent versus continuous central administration of clozapine in DBA/2 mice, improvement in sensory inhibition deficits.

Abstract Deficient sensory inhibition, the failure to inhibit responses to repeated stimuli, is a hallmark of schizophrenia, and is thought to be related to difficulties with attention and working memory. Sensory inhibition is assessed by comparing the auditory-evoked EEG responses to 2 closely-spaced identical stimuli. Normal individuals show suppressed response to the second stimulus while schizophrenia patients have responses of similar magnitude to both stimuli. This deficit has been linked to polymorphisms in the promoter for the α7 nicotinic receptor gene, resulting in reduced numbers of receptors on hippocampal interneurons. This deficit is modeled in DBA/2 mice which also show a polymorphism in the promoter for the α7 nicotinic receptor gene and reduced numbers of hippocampal α7 receptors. Systemic administration of clozapine, the most efficacious antipsychotic medication, improves sensory inhibition deficits in both schizophrenia patients and DBA/2 mice. We have previously shown that acute intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of clozapine induced similar improvement in sensory inhibition in DBA/2 mice. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of chronic ICV clozapine administration in improving sensory inhibition in DBA2 mice. Mice received ICV vehicle, 3, 7.5, 15 or 30 μg of clozapine, either continuously or as a once-per-day injection. Mice were recorded on the 7th day of drug delivery. Both approaches produced improved sensory inhibition, but the daily bolus injection was effective at a lower dose (3 μg/day) than the continuous delivery (15 μg/day). The bolus injections also showed significant improvement up to 36 h post injection thus suggesting that this approach may be more efficacious.
Cyclic mechanical strain alters tissue‐factor activity in rat osteosarcoma cells cultured on a titanium substrate

Tissue factor (TF), a transmembrane glycoprotein, plays a role in the initiation of blood coagulation at sites of vascular injury. Activated products of coagulation may then enhance inflammatory responses. The present investigation assesses the ability of rat osteosarcoma (UMR-106) cells cultured on titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) to express differential surface TF activity in response to cyclic mechanical strain. Strains ranged from −2000 μ-strain to +2000 μ-strain, and durations from 5, 10, and 20 min per day over 5 days to 24 h continuous stimulation. ROS cells exhibited significant TF activity as demonstrated by the conversion of Factor X to Factor Xa. Strains of +2000 μ-strain with 5–20-min duration exhibited decreased TF activity with duration from 1.4E-04 nM/cell to 8.7E-05 nM/cell. Additionally, ROS cells stimulated with calcium ionophore (A23187) exhibited at least twice the activity of nonstimulated cells. Strains of +1340 μ-strain with 5–20-min duration exhibited an increasing trend with 4.15E-05 nM/cell to 7.38E-05 nM/cell. Strain direction had no significant effect on TF activity. Thus, both mechanical and chemical stimuli induce differential expression of TF activity by ROS cells cultured on Ti6Al4V, a phenomenon that may potentiate or regulate the inflammatory responses associated with the implantation of orthopedic biomaterials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 490–496, 2004
Downregulation of c-myc expression by antisense oligonucleotides inhibits proliferation of human smooth muscle cells.

BACKGROUNDProliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays an important role in vascular pathobiology, being involved in the development of coronary restenosis and atherosclerosis. The activation of nuclear proto-oncogenes appears to be a final common pathway onto which various mitogenic signals coverage. Accordingly, we attempted to determine whether the activation of the c-myc nuclear proto-oncogene is essential for human SMC proliferation and explored the possibility of inhibiting their growth using antisense oligonucleotides directed against c-myc messenger RNA (mRNA).METHODS AND RESULTSProliferation of human SMCs was associated with an increase in c-myc mRNA expression after growth stimulation. Using 15-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (oligomers), we tested their growth-inhibitory effect in SMCs in vitro. Antisense oligomers directed against the translation initiation region of the human c-myc gene exhibited a significant antiproliferative effect, whereas sense and mismatched oligomers did not...
THE OLD MAN AS WOMAN: DETECTING STEREOTYPES OF AGED MEN WITH A FEMININITY SCALE

Male and female college students (N = 244), divided into seven experimental groups, rated women in general and men age 65 significantly higher in femininity than men at four younger ages and men in general. Ratings were made on the Broverman, et al. (1970) masculine-feminine (MF) scale. It appears that both women in general and aged men are viewed through the same "femininity" stereotype, which is largely a perception of psychological timidity. Relatively high femininity ratings for men age 55 indicate that these characteristics are believed to increase in men as a function of the aging process. Results also suggest that the students' MF ratings of "men in general" are based primarily on their perceptions of young men.
Metal-polymer schottky barriers on cast films of soluble poly(3-alkylthiophenes)

Abstract We present the results of a study of strong rectification by metal-polymer (Schottky) diodes made by evaporating metal contacts onto films of a soluble semiconducting polymer cast from solution. Poly(3-hexylthiophene), a soluble alkyl derivative of poly(thiophene), and indium contacts from the Schottky diodes. Current-voltage characteristics exhibit rectification ratios in the range 100:1 to 1000:1; the forward current increases exponentially over several decades, whereas a relatively small leakage current flows under reversed bias. Capacitance-voltage data indicate nearly uniform dopant concentration over a depth of about 1500 A.
Repetition priming and repetition suppression: A case for enhanced efficiency through neural synchronization

Stimulus repetition in identification tasks leads to improved behavioral performance (“repetition priming”) but attenuated neural responses (“repetition suppression”) throughout task-engaged cortical regions. While it is clear that this pervasive brain–behavior relationship reflects some form of improved processing efficiency, the exact form that it takes remains elusive. In this Discussion Paper, we review four different theoretical proposals that have the potential to link repetition suppression and priming, with a particular focus on a proposal that stimulus repetition affects improved efficiency throughenhanced neural synchronization. We argue that despite exciting recent work on the role of neural synchronization in cognitive processes such as attention and perception, similar studies in the domain of learning and memory ––and priming, in particular––have been lacking. We emphasize the need for new studies with adequate spatiotemporal resolution, formulate several novel predictions, and discuss our ongoing efforts to disentangle the current proposals.
Ecological divergence and speciation between lemur (Eulemur) sister species in Madagascar.

Understanding ecological niche evolution over evolutionary timescales is crucial to elucidating the biogeographic history of organisms. Here, we used, for the first time, climate-based ecological niche models (ENMs) to test hypotheses about ecological divergence and speciation processes between sister species pairs of lemurs (genus Eulemur) in Madagascar. We produced ENMs for eight species, all of which had significant validation support. Among the four sister species pairs, we found nonequivalent niches between sisters, varying degrees of niche overlap in ecological and geographic space, and support for multiple divergence processes. Specifically, three sister-pair comparisons supported the null model that niches are no more divergent than the available background region. These findings are consistent with an allopatric speciation model, and for two sister pairs (E. collaris-E. cinereiceps and E. rufus-E. rufifrons), a riverine barrier has been previously proposed for driving allopatric speciation. However, for the fourth sister pair E. flavifrons-E. macaco, we found support for significant niche divergence, and consistent with their parapatric distribution on an ecotone and the lack of obvious geographic barriers, these findings most strongly support a parapatric model of speciation. These analyses thus suggest that various speciation processes have led to diversification among closely related Eulemur species.
Recent trends in breast cancer incidence, mortality, and mammography.

The recent trends in mammography, and in breast cancer incidence and mortality, demonstrate the impact of an effective cancer control effort. The number of women over age 40 years who have ever had mammography has increased over 200% since 1980. Concomitantly, breast cancer incidence has increased about 32%, with nearly all of the increase in early stage disease. Analytic studies of these changes have demonstrated persuasively that the vast majority of this increase is temporary and is attributable to the lead-time afforded by mammography. As a result of this early detection and treatment of breast cancer, mortality has begun to decline in 1991–92. Although the search for practical preventive measures should continue, the benefits of early detection can be realized now. Further research is needed to define age groups most appropriately screened and the optimum intervals for screening.
Functional regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α by SET9 lysine methyltransferase

HIF-1α is degraded by oxygen-dependent mechanisms but stabilized in hypoxia to form transcriptional complex HIF-1, which transactivates genes promoting cancer hallmarks. However, how HIF-1α is specifically regulated in hypoxia is poorly understood. Here, we report that the histone methyltransferase SET9 promotes HIF-1α protein stability in hypoxia and enhances HIF-1 mediated glycolytic gene transcription, thereby playing an important role in mediating cancer cell adaptation and survival to hypoxic stress. Specifically, SET9 interacts with HIF-1α and promotes HIF-1α protein stability in hypoxia. Silencing SET9 by siRNA reduces HIF-1α protein stability in hypoxia, and attenuates the hypoxic induction of HIF-1 target genes mediating hypoxic glycolysis. Mechanistically, we find that SET9 is enriched at the hypoxia response elements (HRE) within promoters of the HIF-1-responsive glycolytic genes. Silencing SET9 reduces HIF-1α levels at these HREs in hypoxia, thereby attenuating HIF-1-mediated gene transcription. Further, silencing SET9 by siRNA reduces hypoxia-induced glycolysis and inhibits cell viability of hypoxic cancer cells. Our findings suggest that SET9 enriches at HRE sites of HIF-1 responsive glycolytic genes and stabilizes HIF-1α at these sites in hypoxia, thus establishes an epigenetic mechanism of the metabolic adaptation in hypoxic cancer cells.
Lessons and pitfalls of interactive voice response in medical research

Interactive voice response (IVR) technology is a robust method of data collection that has been underutilized in behavioral medicine and clinical pharmacotherapy research. While it is clear that there is an increasing interest in this technology, published research in the medical field has not described its implementation with sufficient detail to evaluate or replicate the use of interactive voice response systems (IVRS) as part of the methodology. In this article, we hope to shed more light on IVRS as an electronic data capture tool in clinical and behavioral research. We will describe how the IVRS work, the advantages and pitfalls of IVRS, and some of the lessons we have learned from administering a number of clinical studies using IVRS. Readers will gain a better understanding of this technology, which will enable them to optimize its usage in clinical research.
Bipolar disorder: Causes, contexts, and treatments

Bipolar disorder is a chronic and often devastating illness that may go undiagnosed because of its complex and diverse presentation. Clinicians can provide psychological treatments, in conjunction with pharmacotherapy, that can reduce the frequency, severity, and duration of manic and depressive episodes. Because bipolar disorder is characterized by high degrees of comorbidity and high rates of medical complications, the clinician will frequently need to implement other treatments targeted to comorbid conditions, such as panic, generalized anxiety, substance abuse, and personality disorders. This article introduces the issue of Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session devoted to the treatment of bipolar disorder. We describe the cognitive styles and personal vulnerabilities that pose greater risk for bipolar disorder. Three evidence-based psychological treatments (interpersonal social rhythm therapy, family-focused treatment, and cognitive-behavioral therapy) and current pharmacological treatments are examined and illustrated. Finally, we review the effectiveness and practice implications of a variety of treatments for this severe and underresearched disorder.
Salas v. Carpenter

The case of Salas v. Carpenter is a crisis negotiation-specific example that has raised a paradoxical question: If the court determines that a particular police operation was handled improperly but within legal parameters, what is the standard for proper management and execution in this field? When taken from the theoretical framework and placed in the realm of operations, how can the management of a law enforcement agency establish standards of performance when neither legislation nor adjudication offers no such guidelines and the court has determined that an incident was handled improperly, but has not violated any form of legal constraint? This column, after identifying the facts leading to the determination, provides suggestions how standards of performance can be defined and who is in the best position to define them.
A Multivariate Repeated Measure Analysis of Importance and Performance on College Choice: A Case Study of UNLV Hotel College Students

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between student’s importance of college choice and their satisfaction of school’s performance of the choice factors between three different resident levels: in-state, out-of-state, and international students. This study first identified five factors of college choice, using factor analysis. Second, students’ perceived importance and their satisfaction of school’s performance on the five factors were measured across the three groups, employing a multivariate repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA). Last, the results were compared with importance-performance analysis (IPA) to verify the findings. The study revealed significant differences on the factors between importance and performance among the three groups through interaction, main, and simple effects. The current research suggests a repeated measure of ANOVA as an alternative IPA to understand the differences between importance and performance among different groups. This case study provide...
Studying cardiac arrhythmias in the mouse--a reasonable model for probing mechanisms?

Abstract The normal mechanical functioning of the heart depends on proper electrical functioning, reflected in the sequential activation of pacemaker cells, and the normal propagation of activity through the ventricles. Myocardial electrical activity is evident in the form of action potentials, reflecting the activation (and inactivation) of depolarizing (Na + , Ca 2+ ) and repolarizing (K + ) current channels. There are multiple types of myocardial K + channels, contributing to regional differences in action potential waveforms and to the generation of normal cardiac rhythms. The conduction and propagation of activity through the myocardium depends on electrical coupling between cells, mediated by gap junction channels. In the diseased myocardium, action potential waveforms and conduction are affected markedly, owing to changes in the functional expression of repolarizing K + and other channels. These changes can lead to desynchronization of the heart and to arrhythmia generation. There is presently greater interest in defining the cellular, molecular, and systemic mechanisms contributing to the generation and the maintenance of cardiac arrhythmias. Although a variety of experimental (animal) model systems have been (and are being) exploited in these efforts, the mouse is being used increasingly, due to the ease with which molecular genetic strategies can be applied. The important issue is whether the mouse is an appropriate model system to explore arrhythmia mechanisms.
A high-performance X-band triode

A new titanium — ceramic tube is capable of providing up to 100 times the power output of previous triodes in the X-band region. R-f oscillator outputs as high as 4 watts with efficiencies up to 12 per cent are obtainable at 8 gc. The tubes, constructed with built-in tunable output resonators, can be inserted directly across a waveguide, making use of only two bypass capacitors and a contact wire for the grid return
Irreconcilable differences: Fine-root life spans and soil carbon persistence

The residence time of fine-root carbon in soil is one of the least understood aspects of the global carbon cycle, and fine-root dynamics are one of the least understood aspects of plant function. Most recent studies of these belowground dynamics have used one of two methodological strategies. In one approach, based on analysis of carbon isotopes, the persistence of carbon is inferred; in the other, based on direct observations of roots with cameras, the longevity of individual roots is measured. We show that the contribution of fine roots to the global carbon cycle has been overstated because observations of root lifetimes systematically overestimate the turnover of fine-root biomass. On the other hand, isotopic techniques systematically underestimate the turnover of individual roots. These differences, by virtue of the separate processes or pools measured, are irreconcilable.
Flexion and supination deformities of the elbow in tetraplegics

Fixed flexion and supination deformities of the elbow occur occasionally in tetraplegics. The patients in whom this was seen were those who following injury had a neurological level at C5 and who subsequently developed radial wrist extension and brachioradialis function. They were generally patients who spent long hours with their elbows flexed and supinated. A simple effective method of biceps tenotomy and plaster correction is described. Recurrence of deformity was seen if the flexion supination posture was continued. Strength of elbow flexion was not reduced. Patients maintained correction if they refrained from poor elbow posture and wore a simple plastic splint. The procedure of correction is not difficult and because of its simplicity it can be repeated if deformity recurs.
College students and sexual consent: unique insights.

Sexual assault continues to be a salient health concern, especially among college women. Because assault is often defined in terms of consent, prevention efforts hinge on promoting the definition and the obtainment of consent as a mechanism to reduce assault. Despite the focus on consent promotion, research specifically examining consent in general and among college students specifically is limited. College students (n = 185) were recruited to participate in an open-ended survey in which they were asked to report how they indicated consent and interpreted their partners' consent to engage in a range of sexual behaviors. Content analysis was utilized to qualitatively analyze responses. In the current study, data were assessed for emerging themes across all items. In examining participants' responses, four distinct themes emerged: (a) endorsement of the traditional sexual script; (b) women are responsible for performing oral sex; (c) men's consent to sex can be aggressive; and (d) men utilize deception to o...
The Riemann Hypothesis for the Goss Zeta Function for Fq[T]☆

Letqbe a power of a primep. We prove an assertion of Carlitz which takesqas a parameter. Diaz-Vargas' proof of the Riemann Hypothesis for the Goss zeta function for Fp[T] depends on his verification of Carlitz's assertion for the specific caseq=p[D-V]. Our proof of the general case allows us to extend Diaz-Vargas' proof to Fq[T].
Expression of mammalian renal transporters in Xenopus laevis oocytes

We have injected mRNA from rabbit renal cortex into Xenopus oocytes and demonstrated the expression of renal carriers for Na(+)-independent transport of L-phenylalanine and L-lysine and Na(+)-dependent transport of L-alanine and succinate. Maximal expression of renal amino acid transporters occurred 6-8 days following mRNA injection. The proteins responsible for transport of these four substrates were translated from mRNAs which are between 1.5 and 3.0 kb. This information serves as a starting point for expression cloning of these transport proteins.
Hydrogen bonding of tryptophan radicals revealed by EPR at 700 GHz

Redox-active tryptophans are important in biological electron transfer and redox biochemistry. Proteins can tune the electron transfer kinetics and redox potentials of tryptophan via control of the protonation state and the hydrogen-bond strength. We examine the local environment of two neutral tryptophan radicals (Trp108 on the solvent-exposed surface and Trp48 buried in the hydrophobic core) in two azurin variants. Ultrahigh-field EPR spectroscopy at 700 GHz and 25 T allowed complete resolution of all of the principal components of the g tensors of the two radicals and revealed significant differences in the g tensor anisotropies. The spectra together with 2H ENDOR spectra and supporting DFT calculations show that the g tensor anisotropy is directly diagnostic of the presence or absence as well as the strength of a hydrogen bond to the indole nitrogen. The approach is a powerful one for identifying and characterizing hydrogen bonds that are critical in the regulation of tryptophan-assisted electron tran...
Discriminative stimulus effects of pregnanolone in rhesus monkeys.

Rationale Neuroactive steroids and benzodiazepines can positively modulate GABA by acting at distinct binding sites on synaptic GABAA receptors. Although these receptors are thought to mediate the behavioral effects of both benzodiazepines and neuroactive steroids, other receptors (e.g., extrasynaptic GABAA, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), σ1, or 5-HT3 receptors) might contribute to the effects of neuroactive steroids, accounting for differences among positive modulators.
Stochastic integrals in Riemann manifolds

Abstract Stochastic integrals are constructed with values in a compact Riemann manifold from a continuous martingale integrator that is given in the tangent space of the initial point of the stochastic integral and from a stochastic tensor field of linear endomorphisms of the tangent bundle. The integrals that are formed are continuous processes that suitably preserve the martingale property. These stochastic integrals should be useful for the applications of a stochastic calculus in Riemann manifolds.