cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New-version-fast-multipole-method accelerated electrostatic calculations in biomolecular systems

In this paper, we present an efficient and accurate numerical algorithm for calculating the electrostatic interactions in biomolecular systems. In our scheme, a boundary integral equation (BIE) approach is applied to discretize the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) equation. The resulting integral formulas are well conditioned for single molecule cases as well as for systems with more than one macromolecule, and are solved efficiently using Krylov subspace based iterative methods such as generalized minimal residual (GMRES) or biconjugate gradient stabilized (BiCGStab) methods. In each iteration, the convolution type matrix-vector multiplications are accelerated by a new version of the fast multipole method (FMM). The implemented algorithm is asymptotically optimal O(N) both in CPU time and memory usage with optimized prefactors. Our approach enhances the present computational ability to treat electrostatics of large scale systems in protein-protein interactions and nano particle assembly processes. Applications including calculating the electrostatics of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and interactions between protein Sso7d and DNA are presented.
Biassing the Raytheon Four-Frequency Ring Laser Gyroscope

The non-reciprocal bias element necessary for operation of a four-frequency differential ring laser gyroscope (RLG) is the subject of this paper. Each of the three alternative bias approaches currently under consideration, namely, Zeeman bias, a magnetic mirror, and a Faraday cell, is discussed in the context of its effect on the performance of a RLG. Relevant results of a detailed model including cross-relaxation, Zeeman effect, hole-burning, pathlength controller operation, and temperature are given.
Plant tumor reversal associated with the loss of foreign DNA

Transformation of plant tissues into crown gall tumors has been associated with the transfer of a portion of a tumor-inducing plasmid (Ti-plasmid) into plant DNA. Various laboratories have regenerated normal-appearing plants from a number of crown gall tumors. This study investigates the fate of the foreign DNA in a series of tissues derived from various parts of a plant regenerated from the tumor BT-37 by Braun and his coworkers. It was found that all the foreign DNA sequences were lost from tissues that had lost all their tumorous traits; whereas the plasmid DNA sequences were still present in tissues that appeared normal but still exhibited tumorous traits when returned to tissue culture media. From these studies it would appear that the presence of the Ti-plasmid sequences in the plant DNA is required for the maintenance of the transformed state.
A 256×256 CMOS image sensor with ΔΣ-based single-shot compressed sensing

Low power consumption is a primary concern in many CMOS image-sensor applications. As the resolution of these sensors has increased while maintaining or increasing their frame rates, A/D conversion has become the dominant component of power consumption [1]. Conventional image compression can help reduce the readout rate [2] (and hence its power consumption), but cannot reduce the A/D conversion power consumption, since it is performed after all pixel values have been converted to the digital domain.
Co-mingling of acid and basic magma with implications for the origin of mafic I-type xenoliths: Field and petrochemical relations of an unusual dike complex at eagle lake, Sequoia National Park, California, U.S.A.

Open-system magmatic processes result in a continuum of disequilibrium features, from hybrid magmas to lamprophyre dikes. Through application of recent theoretical work on magma chamber convection we quantify thermal and mechanical parameters for a single, somewhat unique, plutonic system and propose a general scheme for interpreting magma mixing based on petrographic, dynamical and heat-transfer considerations. At Eagle Lake, intrusion of nearly aphyric basaltic melt into mostly crystallized acidic host has created a 2–4-m-wide dike-like train of ellipsoidal mafic inclusions set in a matrix of unfoliated leucocratic material. The host magma (∼65% SiO2) is estimated to have been 70–90% crystallized at the time of mafic melt injection; mafic magma (∼51% SiO2) was intruded near its liquidus, at 1050–1150°C. Formation of a hybrid compositional product is not observed. Upon intrusion, the mafic magma formed ellipsoidal pillows of average areal size 50 cm2, many are encased by fine-grained margins interpreted as remnant quench rims. The host acted initially as a brittle solid; the absence of evidence for creep or brittle-ductile transitional flow implies strain rates around 10−2 s−1 within the zone of mafic melt injection. A thermal model predicts that the heat released during thermal equilibration was sufficient to raise the temperature of the host to above its rheological locking point in the region adjacent to the mafic conduit; lack of foliation in the leuco-cratic material in this region supports the model. Schlieren zones developed along dike complex margins, where strain gradients were maximized. The schlieren are chemically linked to the mafic melt; mineral deformation features indicate strain rates ∼10−5 s−1 at 700–1000°C. A general model of mixing is proposed in which the relative volumes, temperatures and viscosities of the distinct magmas play a pivotal role in determining the spatial scale of the resultant compositional heterogeneity. For example, evidence for intrusion of mafic melt 103 years after silicic pluton emplacement will not be visible on outcrop scale; vigorous convection will have eradicated all but xenolithic and xenocrystic traces. We believe that many I-type mafic “xenoliths” in Sierran plutons are the result of this style of magma mixing. Alternatively, if intrusion occurs 106 years following pluton emplacement, map-scale features such as lamprophyre dikes and large inclusion swarms are evident. In the context of a general model, the Eagle Lake quartz monzodiorite pluton preserves the earliest stages of formation of individual mafic inclusions.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Coated Aluminum Beverage Containers: Part 1 Determination of an Optimal Parameter for Large Sample Evaluation

Abstract Future environmental regulations will limit the volatile organic content of many coatings, including those used on the internal walls of aluminum (Al) cans. Thus, the coating industry is i...
An Examination of Consumer Responses Toward Attribute- and Goal-Framed Messages

This research explores consumer responses toward attribute- and goal-framed messages and examines whether they vary by involvement, need for cognition (NFC), and gender. The combined results of four independent studies show that positive attribute frames are more persuasive than negative ones, whereas negative goal frames are more persuasive than positive ones. More importantly, these effects are moderated by involvement, NFC, and gender. Those who are low in involvement or NFC exhibit larger frame effects for attribute- as well as goal-framed appeals. Further, compared to men, women respond less favorably toward both types of negatively framed appeals.
A Locally Convoluted Cluster Model for Nucleosome Positioning Signals in Chemical Maps

The nucleosome is the fundamental packing unit of DNA in eukaryotic cells, and its positioning plays a critical role in regulation of gene expression and chromosome functions. Using a recently developed chemical mapping method, nucleosomes can be potentially mapped with an unprecedented single-base-pair resolution. Existence of overlapping nucleosomes due to cell mixture or cell dynamics, however, causes convolution of nucleosome positioning signals. In this article, we introduce a locally convoluted cluster model and a maximum likelihood deconvolution approach, and illustrate the effectiveness of this approach in quantification of the nucleosome positional signal in the chemical mapping data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Schilling receives the Ewing medal

The 1995 Ewing Medal, given for outstanding services to the marine sciences, was presented to Jean-Guy Schilling at the AGU Fall Meeting Honor Ceremony on December 13, 1995, in San Francisco. The award citation and Schilling's response are given here. “It is an honor and pleasure to present the citation that accompanies presentation of the Maurice Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union to Jean-Guy Ernest Schilling in recognition of his outstanding contribution to marine geophysics.
Snow crystal imaging using scanning electron microscopy: II. Metamorphosed snow

Abstract Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe metamorphosed snow crystals and grains obtained in the field. Metamorphosed snow was obtained from seasonal snowpacks in the Colorado Rocky Mountains and in Alaska. The snow samples obtained in snowpits were mounted on modified SEM stubs, frozen in liquid nitrogen, transported in Dewar flasks to the SEM facility, sputter coated with platinum, and imaged with an electron beam. Analysis of a representative set of snow samples revealed examples of metamorphosed stellar crystals, fine snow grains with sintering, rounded and faceted crystals, several types of depth hoar, rounded grains of melt metamorphism, and an ice lens. Some of the crystals exhibiting both rounding and facets indicated that both equitemperature and temperature gradient metamorphism influenced the snowpack. The SEM methods developed are operable in the field and can be used to quantify three-dimensionally size, shape and bonding characteristics of crystals. SEM ...
Psychometric properties and concurrent validity of the Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale

The Schizotypal Ambivalence Scale (SAS) is a 19-item revision of the Intense Ambivalence Scale, which was designed to identify ambivalence described by Meehl as characteristic of schizotypy and schizophrenia. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the SAS in a sample of 997 college students. The study also provided preliminary evidence regarding the concurrent validity of the measure for identifying schizophreniclike symptoms and other forms of psychopathology in a sample of 131 students. The SAS has good internal consistency reliability (.84) and correlates moderately with other psychometric indices of schizotypy. High SAS scores were associated with schizotypal, schizoid, and paranoid symptoms, and with poorer overall functioning (after the removal of variance associated with other schizotypy scales), but were not associated with major depressive disorder or ratings of substance use and abuse.
Enhancing the reliability of C and N accounting in economic activities : Integration of bio-geochemical cycle with Eco-LCA

The resilience of earth systems depend on delicate balance of several natural cycles and phenomena. Recently, scientists have enumerated few of the significant Earth-system processess and their boundaries which should not be transgressed in order to make human activities sustainable. [1] It was found that we have already exceeded some of the safe operating limits, which motivates the integration of bio-geochemical cycles with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) techniques to make more sustainable decisions. The framework of Ecologically Based Life Cycle Assessment (Eco-LCA) is capable to capture the role of the bio-geochemical cycles in LCA. This article focuses on developing Carbon and Nitrogen Life Cycle Inventory by combining Eco-LCA framework with these nutrient cycle flows. It highlights the need of such comprehensive accounting and motivates the need of data collection for interaction of technical and natural systems.
How low can you go

In this issue of Blood , Morowski et al use a mouse model of thrombocytopenia to determine the lowest platelet count needed to support thrombosis in a range of thrombosis challenges.[1][1] How many platelets are needed for hemostasis? Are low platelet counts protective from thrombosis? Why do
Self-oscillation method for measuring transfer functions

THE person analyzing or synthesizing a closed-loop control system often has need of sinusoidal transfer function data. If the data are to be obtained directly, ordinarily a measurement is made of both phase and magnitude of the sinusoidal response to a sinusoidal driving force. A low variable-frequency generator of sufficient power is required, as well as a means of measuring phase and magnitude of the sinusoidal response quantity. The phase-angle measurement is often troublesome and rather inaccurate at the low frequencies which are commonly employed in the closed-loop control system. Sometimes nonlinearities further aggravate the problem.
Optical levitation and transport of microdroplets: Proof of concept

A new technique for microfluidic transport of liquid droplets in “lab-on-a-chip” (LOC) applications is described in which droplets are levitated above or between solid planar surfaces through the use of thermocapillarity, the variation in a liquid’s surface tension with temperature. Levitated liquid droplets are not in contact with solid surfaces and so may be transported from point-to-point along arbitrary paths with little friction. In addition, the lack of liquid-solid contact virtually eliminates the potential for sample-to-sample contamination. The new technique therefore addresses three issues associated with existing LOC devices employing microchannels: droplet pathway constraints, transport speed, and sample-to-sample contamination.
Identification of the protein kinase C phosphorylation site in neuromodulin.

Neuromodulin (P-57, GAP-43, B-50, F-1) is a neurospecific calmodulin binding protein that is phosphorylated by protein kinase C. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C has been shown to abolish the affinity of neuromodulin for calmodulin and the authors have proposed that the concentration of free CaM in neurons may be regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of neuromodulin. The purpose of this study was to identify the protein kinase C phosphorylation site(s) in neuromodulin using recombinant neuromodulin as a substrate. Toward this end, it was demonstrated that recombinant neuromodulin purified from Escherichia coli and bovine neuromodulin were phosphorylated with similar K{sub m} values and stoichiometries and that protein kinase C mediated phosphorylation of both proteins abolished binding to calmodulin-Sepharose. Recombinant neuromodulin was phosphorylated by using protein kinase C and ({gamma}-{sup 32}P)ATP and digested with trypsin, and the resulting peptides were separated by HPLC. Only one {sup 32}P-labeled tryptic peptide was generated from phosphorylated neuromodulin. They conclude that serine-41 is the protein kinase C phosphorylation site of neuromodulin and that phosphorylation of this amino acid residue blocks binding of calmoculin to neuromodulin. The proximity of serine-41 to the calmodulin binding domain in neuromodulin very likely explains the effect of phosphorylation on the affinitymore » of neuromodulin for calmodulin.« less
Bowring and Keppler receive 2010 N. L. Bowen Awards: Response

[1] Samuel Bowring and Hans Keppler each received the 2010 N. L. Bowen Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.”
Mossy fiber and Purkinje cell axon collateral arborization patterns in normal and X-irradiated rat cerebellum: a light microscopic study using horseradish peroxidase fiber filling techniques.

Abstract The horseradish peroxidase neuronal staining technique was applied to reveal through anterograde and retrograde staining the detailed morphology of fiber arborization patterns in the cerebella of normal adult rats as well as those treated with neonatal X-irradiation. Morphological features of anterogradely-filled mossy fibers including the axonal arborization and glomerular-type synaptic specializations were found to be similar in all groups studied. In addition, retrogradely-filled Purkinje cell axon collaterals in the cerebella degranulated by X-irradiation exhibited much more elaborate branching and arborization of recurrent collaterals than those labeled in the normal cerebellar cortex. The presence of glomerular-type specializations in the degranulated cerebellum suggests that mossy fibers develop and maintain their normal features independent of major influences from granule cells. The hypertrophy observed after destruction of the cerebellar interneurons suggests the hypothesis that the growth of the normal Purkinje cell collateral system is normally suppressed by extrinsic factors within the neuronal circuit.
Dislocation scattering in n-type modulation doped Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As/In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As quantum wells

The mobility due to misfit dislocation scattering in n-type modulation doped Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As/In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As/Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As quantum wells is discussed. Initially, the dislocations are modeled as an array of orthogonal charged lines. The scattering potential is introduced, including both the coulombic and piezoelectric components. The expression for the mobility limited by dislocation scattering is established, and the anisotropic characteristics of mobility and its variation with various material and device parameters are presented and discussed. >
Runx1 and Cbfβ regulate the development of Flt3+ dendritic cell progenitors and restrict myeloproliferative disorder

Runx1 and Cbfβ are critical for the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis and are implicated in leukemic transformation. Despite the absolute requirements for these factors in the development of hematopoietic stem cells and lymphocytes, their roles in the development of bone marrow progenitor subsets have not been defined. Here, we demonstrate that Cbfβ is essential for the development of Flt3+ macrophage-dendritic cell (DC) progenitors in the bone marrow and all DC subsets in the periphery. Besides the loss of DC progenitors, pan-hematopoietic Cbfb-deficient mice also lack CD105+ erythroid progenitors, leading to severe anemia at 3 to 4 months of age. Instead, Cbfb deficiency results in aberrant progenitor differentiation toward granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), resulting in a myeloproliferative phenotype with accumulation of GMPs in the periphery and cellular infiltration of the liver. Expression of the transcription factor Irf8 is severely reduced in Cbfb-deficient progenitors, and overexpression of Irf8 restors DC differentiation. These results demonstrate that Runx proteins and Cbfβ restrict granulocyte lineage commitment to facilitate multilineage hematopoietic differentiation and thus identify their novel tumor suppressor function in myeloid leukemia.
Neurogenesis, Exercise, and Cognitive Late Effects of Pediatric Radiotherapy

Brain cancer is a common type of childhood malignancy, and radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay of treatment. RT is effective for tumor eradication, and survival rates are high. However, RT damages the brain and disrupts ongoing developmental processes, resulting in debilitating cognitive “late” effects that may take years to fully manifest. These late effects likely derive from a long-term decrement in cell proliferation, combined with a neural environment that is hostile to plasticity, both of which are induced by RT. Long-term suppression of cell proliferation deprives the brain of the raw materials needed for optimum cognitive performance (such as new neurons in the hippocampus and new glia in frontal cortex), while chronic inflammation and dearth of trophic substances (such as growth hormone) limit neuroplastic potential in existing circuitry. Potential treatments for cognitive late effects should address both of these conditions. Exercise represents one such potential treatment, since it has the capacity to enhance cell proliferation, as well as to promote a neural milieu permissive for plasticity. Here, we review the evidence that cognitive late effects can be traced to RT-induced suppression of cell proliferation and hostile environmental conditions, as well as emerging evidence that exercise may be effective as an independent or adjuvant therapy.
Imperial science: a naturalist in the Pacific Northwest

British imperial expansion opened up new worlds for naturalists to collect and catalogue many species of plants and animals unknown in Europe. David Douglas' travels to the northwest region of North America in the 1820s exemplified, in many ways, the science of empire. Under the aegis of the Hudson's Bay Company, the main representative of British influence in the Northwest, Douglas was able to journey throughout the region and collect a significant number of plants that found their way into British gardens. Yet Douglas was not only a collector aided by imperial institutions, but also, through his expertise, an agent of imperialism.
Comparison of different models of the heart muscle.

Abstract The so-called Maxwell and Voigt models of muscles are shown to be equivalent, so that one is convertible into the other, if the series elasticity is not assumed to be absolutely independent of the muscle length. Different types of muscle-elasticity-modulus-versus-tension data are interpreted as yielding information about the dependence of the series elasticity on muscle length.
A diffusive sampler for personal monitoring of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) exposure; Part II: Laboratory and field evaluation of the dosimeter.

A passive monitor for TDI which utilizes microporous Teflon® diffusion membranes and a 0.5% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) absorbing medium was evaluated. The collection rate of TDI is proportional to exposure dose from 10 to at least 300 ppb·hr, and response is equivalent for 2,4 and 2,6-TDI. Collection rate is independent of humidity and normal atmospheric pressure variations, while temperature causes a decrease of 1.0% per degree centigrade. Negative interference caused by ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is eliminated by addition of sulfamic acid (HSO3NH2) to the collecting medium. N-ethylmorpholine is a positive interferent. Field testing of the sampler against a reference impinger technique indicated a positive bias when TDI is aerosolized.
Very fast YACC-compatible parsers (for very little effort)

We have developed a yacc-compatible parser generator that creates parsers that are 2.0 to 6.0 times faster than those generated by yacc or bison. Our tool, mule, creates directly-executable, hard-coded parsers in ANSI; yacc produces interpreted, table-driven parsers. Two attributes distinguish mule from other parser generators that create hard-coded LR parsers; mule is compatible wtih yacc (including yacc's peculiar error recovery mechanisms), and mule does absolutely none of the complex automata analysis of previous hard-coded-parser generators. Mule creates simple, fast parsers after very little analysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Binocular Visual Deprivation on the Development of Visual-Spatial Attention

This article examines the effects of visual input on the development of attention by comparing normal children to children, all more than 8 years old, who had been treated for bilateral congenital cataracts during infancy. In Experiment 1, patients pushed a button as soon as they detected a target that appeared 100, 400, or 800 msec after a central cue. The cue either validly cued the upcoming location or invalidly cued the wrong location. Patients (n = 16) performed normally at the 100 msec and 400 msec stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA). However, when the cue preceded the target by the 800 msec SOA, patients' reaction times were not affected by the validity of the cue, especially when deprivation had extended past 4 months of age. In Experiment 2, patients indicated which of two shapes appeared in the periphery 400 msec after a central cue, with those shapes surrounded by compatible or incompatible distractors. Patients (n = 15) differed from age-matched controls in (a) being slowed more by incompatible distractors on invalid trials, and (b) tending to show a larger than normal effect of the validity of the cue preceding targets in the upper visual field. Together, these findings suggest that the normal development of attention is influenced by early visual experience.
Long-term remission with imatinib mesylate in Philadelphia chromosome-positive AML presenting as primary extramedullary myeloid sarcoma.

In this case report, we describe the first account in the literature of a patient who presented with extramedullary myeloid sarcomas (EMS) and Ph+ AML without leukemic manifestations. EMS are rare, destructive, extramedullary tumor masses that consist of immature leukemia cells. These tumors can occur anywhere in the body and have to be differentiated from lymphoma, carcinoma or infectious processes. We report a previously healthy 61-year-old male who presented with progressive left-sided hip pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the left hip joint revealed an extensive lytic lesion with pathological fracture of the femur. The lesion was confirmed by biopsy to be EMS with bcr-abl rearrangement in tumor cell nuclei by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Laboratory tests showed normal metabolic and complete blood counts with normal differential. Peripheral blood RT-PCR for bcr-abl was negative. Bone marrow examination revealed a normocellular with progressive trilineage hematopoiesis and no evidence of increased blast count. On the basis of available literature for the treatment of EMS, our patient received standard AML induction chemotherapy consisting of idarabucin and cytarabine. After cytogenetics studies of the bone marrow revealed bcr-abl rearrangement, we discontinued further chemotherapy and managed the patient with imatinib mesylate 400 mg p.o.q. day. Follow-up at time of manuscript preparation, the patient remains in complete cytogenetic remission (CCR) for 22 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of Ph+ AML presenting as a primary EMS without leukemic manifestations.
Two novel β-carboline compounds from the Maillard reaction between xylose and tryptophan

Two nonvolatile β-carboline alkaloids were isolated from the Maillard reaction between xylose and tryptophan by solvent extraction and flash silica gel column chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by spectral methods (UV, MS, and NMR) as 1-(1,4-dihydroxybutyl)-β-carboline and 1-(1,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)-β-carboline. Keywords: Maillard reaction; β-carboline alkaloid
The Buy‐American Practices of the US Defence Department and their Repercussions

As tariffs on trade have been drastically reduced after lengthy negotiations, non‐tariff barriers to trade have assumed increasing relative importance. This article examines the “Buy‐American” policy of the US Defence Department which may be classified as a restrictionist procurement tactic. The term Buy‐American refers to the systematic preference for domestic products which is in effect a form of trade discrimination. More specifically, we are interested in calculating the social welfare costs caused by the Buy‐American discrimination of the Defence Department.
Graft isometricity in unitunnel anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: analysis of influential factors using a radiographic model.

A radiographic model was developed to investigate the influence of three surgical variables on the change in attachment point distance (CAPD) of a hypothetical graft using the unitunnel technique of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Using three different femoral target points, we tested the hypothesis that varying the angle of knee flexion between 70° and 110° and varying the tibial starting point over a 4-cm range do not result in a significant variation in CAPD. We also tested the hypothesis that the CAPD from 0° to 135° is greater than the CAPD from 0° to 90°. There was a statistically significant correlation (r=0.8465,P<0.0001) between radiographically estimated and isometer-measured values of CAPD. The tibial starting point and the femoral target point were found to affect the CAPD significantly (P<0.005). A more proximal tibial starting point was associated with a lower CAPD. Both the center of the anatomic femoral attachment of the ACL, and a point 1 mm medial to the junction of the roof and lateral wall of the femoral intercondylar notch and 6 mm anterior to its posterior margin, were associated with lower CAPD values than a target point 5 mm superior and posterior to the center of the femoral ACL attachment. The angle of knee flexion did not significantly affect the CAPD. The CAPD [0°–135°] was significantly greater than the CAPD [0°–90°] for all combinations of variables (P<0.0005). An acceptable CAPD can be achieved with the unitunnel technique but it is a technically demanding procedure with a narrow margin for error. A modification of the technique to allow independent selection of tibial and femoral attachments may be preferable. This may be achieved by drilling the tibial tunnel first and then creating the femoral tunnel secondarily using a drill with a reduced-diameter shaft.
Mitochondrial glutathione status during Ca2+ ionophore-induced injury to isolated hepatocytes

In this study the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187, was used to determine the effects of disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis on cellular thiols. Isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated with varying concentrations of extracellular Ca2+ and A23187 to induce accumulation or loss of cellular Ca2+. These treatments resulted in loss of mitochondrial and cytosolic glutathione (GSH), loss of protein-thiols, and cell injury. This injury was dependent on the concentrations of ionophore and extracellular Ca2+. A correlation was found between cell injury and the loss of mitochondrial GSH, while the loss of cytosolic glutathione preceded both these events. The time course of protein-thiol loss appeared secondary to the loss of non-protein thiols. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine both totally prevented A23187-induced cell injury and loss of mitochondrial GSH, and thus protected the cells from the effects of mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, cell injury as well as the loss of mitochondrial GSH were only partially prevented by antioxidant treatment. The mitochondrial Ca2+ channel blocker, ruthenium red, protected hepatocytes from A23187-induced injury in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Leupeptin, an inhibitor of Ca2+-activated proteases, and dibucaine, a phospholipase inhibitor, did not affect cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that the level of mitochondrial GSH may be important for cell survival during ionophore-induced perturbation of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
“Thou Thing of Years Departed”: (En)Gendering Posthumous Sublimity in Felicia Hemans's “The Image in Lava”

First published in the New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal in September 1827, Felicia Hemans's poem “The Image in Lava” addresses the imprint in volcanic debris of a mother clasping an infant...
The parameterization of dynamic processes

Methods and certain results developed in two previous articles are used by the writer to explore and interpret the technique of parameterizing a class of dynamic processes in the study of the circulations of stellar and planetary atmospheres. It is pointed out that this device cannot be employed to express generalized viscosity coefficients in an arbitrary fashion without a physical theory leading to the form to be used. This physical theory must reflect the eddy actions as observed in an actual system or derived in obtaining a complete eddy solution. Without a knowledge of the real solution upon which the parameterization must be based, it is likely that the further results comprise mainly a mathematical construct rather than physical reality. Some suggestions for the improvement of the procedure are included. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb00605.x
Driving patterns in older adults with glaucoma

The ability to drive is important for ensuring quality of life for many older adults. Glaucoma is prevalent in this age group and may affect driving. The purpose of this study is to determine if glaucoma and glaucomatous visual field (VF) loss are associated with driving cessation, limitations, and deference to another driver in older adults. Cross-sectional study. Eighty-one glaucoma subjects and 58 glaucoma suspect controls between age 60 and 80 reported if they had ceased driving, limited their driving in various ways, or preferred another to drive. Twenty-three percent of glaucoma subjects and 6.9% of suspects had ceased driving (p = 0.01). Glaucoma subjects also had more driving limitations than suspects (2.0 vs. 1.1, p = 0.007). In multivariable models, driving cessation was more likely for glaucoma subjects as compared to suspects (OR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.1-14.7; p = 0.03). The odds of driving cessation doubled with each 5 decibel (dB) decrement in the better-eye VF mean deviation (MD) (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4-2.9; p 0.1 for both). Glaucoma and glaucomatous VF loss are associated with greater likelihood of driving cessation and greater limitation of driving in the elderly. Further prospective study is merited to assess when and why people with glaucoma change their driving habits, and to determine if their observed self-regulation of driving is adequate to ensure safety.
Racial Differences in Primary Care Opioid Risk Reduction Strategies

PURPOSE Racial disparities in treating pain with opioids are widely reported; however, differences in use of recommended strategies to reduce the risk of opioid misuse by race/ethnicity have not been evaluated. METHODS In a retrospective cohort of black and white patients with chronic noncancer pain prescribed opioid analgesics for at least 3 months, we assessed physicians’ use of 3 opioid risk reduction strategies: (1) urine drug testing, (2) regular office visits (at least 1 visit per 6 months on opioids and within 30 days of an opioid change), and (3) restricted early opioid refills (receipt of a refill >1 week early less than twice). Nonlinear mixed effect regression models accounted for clustering within physician and adjusted additively for demographics, substance abuse, mental health and medical comorbidities, health care factors, and practice site. RESULTS Of the 1,612 patients studied, 62.1% were black. Black patients were more likely than white patients to receive urine drug testing (10.4% vs 4.1%), regular office visits (56.4% vs 39.0%), and restricted early refills (79.4% vs 72.0%) (P <.001 for each). In fully adjusted models, black patients had significantly higher odds than their white counterparts of receiving regular office visits (odds ratio = 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–2.14) and restricted early refills (odds ratio = 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–2.32), but not urine drug testing (odds ratio = 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.78–2.54). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of primary care patients receiving opioid analgesics on a long-term basis, use of risk reduction strategies was very limited overall; however, black patients were more likely than white patients to receive 2 of 3 guideline-recommended strategies. These data raise questions about lax monitoring, especially for white patients taking opioids long term.
Ambiguity function analysis for the Hybrid MIMO Phased-array Radar

The Hybrid MIMO Phased Array Radar, or HMPAR, is a notional concept for a multisensor radar architecture that combines elements of traditional phased-array radar with the emerging technology of Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar. A HMPAR comprises a large number, MP, of T/R elements, organized into M subarrays of P elements each. Within each subarray, passive elementlevel phase shifting is used to steer transmit and receive beams in some desired fashion. Each of the M subarrays are in turn driven by independently amplified phase-coded signals. This paper derives a version of the radar ambiguity function that is appropriate for this radar architecture. The ambiguity function is a function of time delay, Doppler frequency shift, and two or more spatial variables. An illustrative example for a particular MIMO signal set is given.
“Wind over Water”: Some Anthropological Thoughts on East Asian Migration

This chapter reviews some of the lessons that emerge from previous work on the comparative consideration of migration in East Asia. The discussion in the chapter is phrased largely in terms of a framework of theory, policy, and practice. In theoretical terms, for example, the East Asian experience helps illuminate how migrants are often people in perpetual motion, living in-between, and residing at the interstices of global and local networks. Migration is thus about the destinies of migrants yet also about the maintenance of routes of migration; conversely, it is about the processes of migration and also about the results of those processes. In policy terms, this suggests that attempts to categorize migrants narrowly (as individual labor migrants, for example) may miss the ways in which different people’s migrations are interrelated and have longer-term and often unpredictable trajectories. One way in which to gain a better grip on this variability is to revise academic practice toward more cultural analysis of the way migration is viewed by different societies and at different times in history. A consideration of classic Chinese sources, for example, helps illuminate the way in which migration is often a moral choice about people’s obligations both to their own destinies and to the fates of their families. Key points in the discussion include: (1) the very broad range in migration experiences by type and duration; (2) the importance but variability in the skills that migrants carry with them; (3) the complex and very long-term interactions between migration and family formation and development; (4) the increased blurring between the conventional migration categories of origin and destination; and (5) the different scales and levels in migration, particularly in the bureaucratic structures that channel, control, and facilitate contemporary migration.
Fingerprinting Trichoderma reesei hydrolases in a commercial cellulase preparation.

Polysaccharide degrading enzymes from commercial T. reesei broth have been subjected to “fingerprint” analysis by high-resolution 2-D gel electro-phoresis. Forty-five spots from 11 × 25 cm Pharmacia gels have been analyzed by LC-MS/MS and the resulting peptide sequences were compared to existing databases. Understanding the roles and relationships of compo-nent enzymes from the T. reesei cellulase system acting on complex sub-strates is key to the development of efficient artificial cellulase systems for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars. These studies suggestfollow-on work comparing induced and noninduced T. reesei cells at the proteome level, which may elucidate substrate-specific gene regulation and response.
Fatigue in children with long-term conditions: an evolutionary concept analysis.

Title. Fatigue in children with long-term conditions: an evolutionary concept analysis. Aim. This paper is a report of a concept analysis of fatigue in children with long-term conditions. Background. There is little research focused on the experience of fatigue in children. Previous work has focused primarily on children living with cancer. It is necessary to clarify and refine the concept, and add to the knowledge base that supports ongoing theoretical work in order to improve the clinical care of children with long-term conditions who experience fatigue. Method. English language literature published from 1989 to 2007 was searched using the CINAHL, Medline and PsychINFO data bases. Sixty-two papers and two book chapters were used in this concept analysis. Rodgers’ method of evolutionary concept analysis was used. This inductive method helps us to view the concept in a sociocultural and temporal context. Findings. The number of publications focusing on fatigue in children is increasing. The analysis yielded two surrogate terms, five attributes, three antecedents and seven consequences. Based on this analysis, fatigue in children with long-term conditions appears to be a subjective experience of tiredness or exhaustion that is multidimensional and includes physical, mental, and emotional aspects. Conclusions. Evidence suggesting children with long-term conditions experience fatigue is increasing, but conceptual gaps remain. This analysis has yielded a view of fatigue in children that illustrates healthcare professionals’ limited yet growing awareness of the symptom. Ongoing study as a means to refine our understanding of the concept could potentially lead to important contributions to clinical care of children with long-term conditions.
Characterization of Airborne Amphibole Particles in Libby, MT

A detailed evaluation of 122 air samples collected in and around Libby, Montana and previously analyzed by EPA has been performed. Photographic records of each analyzed particle were collected and archived in a searchable database. The results of the study indicate that the EPA’s failure to follow generally accepted procedures overestimated the concentration of regulated asbestos fibers by 10 times and by 3 times for all asbestiform fibers. These results are applicable to the analysis of naturally occurring asbestos in all parts of the country. The results demonstrate the need for detailed morphological and chemical analyses to reliably determine potential exposures and associated risks when evaluating mixed asbestos/non-asbestos environments.
Plasma Control of an Unstarting Supersonic Flow

The control of unstart of a supersonic model inlet flow is demonstrated at Mach 4.7 flow conditions using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuator. Rayleigh scattering from condensed CO2 particles is used to visualize flow features such as boundary layers and shock waves at low freestream static pressure (1kPa) and temperature (60K). Three inlet wall flow conditions a laminar boundary layer, and a tripped turbulent boundary layer with and without plasma actuation, are tested for comparison in the measured time to unstart. The delay of the unstart process, initiated by mass addition to the supersonic flow, is demonstrated through the plasma actuation of the tripped freestream boundary layer when a single DBD actuator pair is oriented parallel to the freestream flow, generating spanwise disturbances. The effect of DBD actuation on this unstart process is limited to a region within about 3mm from the exposed electrode edge.
The health status of Cambodia's elderly in a context of gendered violence

This article uses Cambodia's 2005 Demographic and Health Survey to explore differences in health status and health care access among elderly women and men, in the historical context of gendered violence during the Khmer Rouge regime. Results point to small disadvantages for women in becoming sick and seeking treatment, which are explained by their relatively lower socioeconomic status. However, no gender differences are found in the extent to which women and men take precautions to guard against ill-health, or in the types of treatment they seek. The study also confirms that there is an extremely low number of men in older age groups, a high incidence of female widowhood, and a greater likelihood of elderly women living by themselves.
Effects of Anneal and Silicon Interface Passivation Layer Thickness on Device Characteristics of In0.53Ga0.47As Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors

In this letter, we demonstrate an In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As channel n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with silicon interface passivation layer (IPL) and HfO 2 gate oxide. The effects of the source/drain activation temperature, postdeposition annealing temperature, and thickness of silicon IPL on the transistor characteristics have been investigated. The results suggest that the annealing temperatures are critical for determining the transistor performances. Even though In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As is easier to obtain the unpinned surface Fermi level compared to GaAs, applying silicon IPL still improves the In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As nMOSFET characteristics significantly through engineering the HfO 2 /In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As interface quality.
Chemosensory responses of Acanthamoeba castellanii: visual analysis of random movement and responses to chemical signals.

A visual assay slide chamber was used in conjunction with time-lapse videomicroscopy to analyze chemotactic behavior of axenically grown Acanthamoeba castellanii. Data were collected and analyzed as vector scatter diagrams and cell tracks. Amebas responded to a variety of bacterial products or potential bacterial products by moving actively toward the attractant. Responses to the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), lipopolysaccharide, and lipid A were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.03), as was the response to fMLP benzylamide (P ≤ 0.05). Significant responses to cyclic AMP, lipoteichoic acid, and N-acetyl glucosamine were also found. Chemotactic peptide antagonists, mannose, mannosylated bovine serum albumin, and N-acetyl muramic acid all yielded nonsignificant responses (P > 0.05). There was no single optimal concentration for response to any of the attractants tested, and amebas responded equally over the range of concentrations tested. Pretreatment of amebas with chemotactic peptides, bacterial products, and bacteria reduced the directional response to attractants. Amebas that had been grown in the presence of bacteria appeared more responsive to chemotactic peptides. Treatment of amebas with trypsin reduced the response of cells to chemotactic peptides, though sensitivity was restored within a couple of hours. This suggests the ameba membrane may have receptors, sensitive to these bacterial substances, which are different from the mannose receptors involved in binding bacteria to the membrane during phagocytosis. The rate of movement was relatively constant (ca. 0.40 μm/s), indicating that the locomotor response to these signals is a taxis, or possibly a klinokinesis, but not an orthokinesis. Studies of the population diffusion rate in the absence of signals indicate that the basic population motility follows the pattern of a Levy walk, rather than the more familiar Gaussian diffusion. This suggests that the usual mathematical models of ameboid dispersion may need to be modified.
Respiratory influences on muscle sympathetic nerve activity and vascular conductance in the steady state

In patients with hypertension, volitional slowing of the respiratory rate has been purported to reduce arterial pressure via withdrawal of sympathetic tone. We examined the effects of paced breathi...
Social Bonds and the Role of School-Based Victimization:

This study explores the impact of school-based victimization on the adolescent's social bond. Previous research has provided empirical support for Hirschi's social control theory that the strength of the adolescent's social bond is associated with the probability that he or she will engage in criminal offending. However, research identifying what factors influence the strength of the adolescent's social bond is limited. In addition, research has established that school-based victimization is associated with numerous negative outcomes, including diminished educational outcomes and criminal offending. Therefore, it is plausible that school-based victimization undermines the adolescent's social bonds to school. Using a sample of 10th-grade students from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, HLM models were developed to explore the relationship between school-based victimization and the adolescent's social bond to school. The results suggest that school-based victimization has a negative association with three elements of the adolescent's social bond to school: attachment, commitment, and belief. This study demonstrates the need for further research to identify the determinants of the strength of the adolescent's social bond to school.