cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multidimensional Data Set For Diesel Combustion Model Validations II - Fuel Injection Rate and Boundary Conditions

The instantaneous rate of fuel injection has been measured in a diesel combustion bomb. For this purpose two methods were used: a measurement based on the velocity of a pumping piston and a measurement based on the injection pressure and an assigned discharge coefficient. The two methods are discussed in detail and yield nearly the same result. The boundary conditions are characterized by time and spatially resolving the wall temperature, the heat flux (radiative plus convective) and the normal component of the radiant heat flux. Thin film surface thermocouples and a two-color pyrometer are used for these measurements. A unique fuel injection system designed for single shot experiments has been designed and the details are presented. Results of exploratory experiments are presented to demonstrate the versatility of this system.
Space-Time Images

So far, we have analyzed motion from only two consecutive images of a sequence, but did not consider the whole sequence. This stemmed from a limited capacity to handle image sequence data. Nowadays, video and computer hardware can record, store, and evaluate long image sequences (see section 1.2.2 and appendix B). It is much more important, however, to recognize that there is no principal reason to limit image sequence processing to an image pair. On the contrary, it seems to be an unjustified restriction. That is certainly true for the concepts developed so far. In the differential approach (section 15.2) temporal derivatives play an essential role (see (15.5), (15.12), and (15.27)). With only two consecutive images of a sequence, we can approximate the temporal derivative just by the difference between the two images. This may be the simplest approximation, but not necessarily the best (see section 6.3.5).
Compress-and-Forward Performance in Low-SNR Relay Channels

In this paper, we study the Gaussian relay channels in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime with the time-sharing compress-and-forward (CF) scheme, where at each time slot all the nodes keep silent at the first fraction of time and then transmit with CF at a higher peak power in the second fraction. Such a silent vs. active two-phase relay scheme is preferable in the low-SNR regime. With this setup, the upper and lower bounds on the minimum energy per bit required over the relay channel are established under both full-duplex and half-duplex relaying modes. In particular, the lower bound is derived by applying the max-flow min-cut capacity theorem; the upper bound is established with the aforementioned time-sharing CF scheme, and is further minimized by letting the active phase fraction decrease to zero at the same rate as the SNR value. Numerical results are presented to validate the theoretical results.
CESM/CAM5 improvement and application: comparison and evaluation of updated CB05_GE and MOZART-4 gas-phase mechanisms and associated impacts on global air quality and climate

Abstract. Atmospheric chemistry plays a key role in determining the amounts and distributions of oxidants and gaseous precursors that control the formation of secondary gaseous and aerosol pollutants; all of those species can interact with the climate system. To understand the impacts of different gas-phase mechanisms on global air quality and climate predictions, in this work, a comprehensive comparative evaluation is performed using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Version 5 with comprehensive tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry (CAM5-chem) within the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with the two most commonly used gas-phase chemical mechanisms: the 2005 Carbon Bond mechanism with Global Extension (CB05_GE) and the Model of OZone and Related chemical Tracers version 4 (MOZART-4) mechanism with additional updates (MOZART-4x). MOZART-4x and CB05_GE use different approaches to represent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and different surrogates for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. MOZART-4x includes a more detailed representation of isoprene chemistry compared to CB05_GE. CB05_GE includes additional oxidation of SO2 by O3 over the surface of dust particles, which is not included in MOZART-4x. The results show that the two CAM5-chem simulations with CB05_GE and MOZART-4x predict similar chemical profiles for major gases (e.g., O3, CO, and NOx) compared to the aircraft measurements, with generally better agreement for NOy profiles by CB05_GE than MOZART-4x. The concentrations of SOA at four sites in the continental US (CONUS) and organic carbon (OC) over the IMPROVE sites are well predicted by MOZART-4x (with normalized mean biases (NMBs) of −1.9 and 2.1 %, respectively) but moderately underpredicted by CB05_GE (with NMBs of −23.1 and −20.7 %, respectively). This is mainly due to the higher biogenic emissions and OH levels simulated with MOZART-4x than with CB05_GE. The concentrations of OC over Europe are largely underpredicted by both MOZART-4x and CB05_GE, with NMBs of −73.0 and −75.1 %, respectively, indicating the uncertainties in the emissions of precursors and primary OC and relevant model treatments such as the oxidations of VOCs and SOA formation. Uncertainties in the emissions and convection scheme can contribute to the large bias in the model predictions (e.g., SO2, CO, black carbon, and aerosol optical depth). The two simulations also have similar cloud/radiative predictions, with a slightly better performance of domain average cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at supersaturation of 0.5 % by CB05_GE, but slightly better agreement with observed CCN (at supersaturation of 0.2 %) profile over Beijing by MOZART-4x. The two gas-phase mechanisms result in a global average difference of 0.5 W m−2 in simulated shortwave cloud radiative forcing, with significant differences (e.g., up to 13.6 W m−2) over subtropical regions.
Characteristics and outcomes in community-acquired versus hospital-acquired acute kidney injury.

Aim: Relatively little is known about the prevalence of acute kidney injury developing outside a hospital setting (CA-AKI) or the impact of CA-AKI on short-term or long-term clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence, causes, severity and outcomes of patients with CA-AKI and hospital-acquired (HA)-AKI. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients with AKI identified by ICD-9 code at a single VA (Veterans Affairs) hospital from September 1999 to May 2007 was performed. AKI was verified by applying the RIFLE criteria, and patients were categorized as CA-AKI if RIFLE criteria were met at admission. Demographic, clinical, and outcome variables were extracted by chart review. Results: Four hundred twenty-two patients met inclusion criteria, of which 335 (79.4%) developed CA-AKI. Patients with CA-AKI were more likely to have volume depletion as the aetiology, had fewer chronic illnesses and hospital complications, had a shorter length of stay, and had a reduced mortality, compared with HA-AKI. Distribution among the three RIFLE classes did not differ between groups, and recovery of renal function was incomplete in both groups. Conclusion: We conclude that CA-AKI is a common cause of AKI that is as severe as that seen in HA-AKI. CA-AKI has a significant impact on length of hospital stay, mortality, and the development and/or progression of chronic kidney disease. Strategies to limit the risk of CA-AKI are likely to have a significant impact on healthcare costs and patient care. Based on a standardized definition of acute kidney injury (AKI) provided by RIFLE or AKIN criteria, 0.2‐2% of all hospitalized patients and 7‐35% of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) develop AKI.
Administration of fenfluramine at different ambient temperatures produces different core temperature and 5-HT neurotoxicity profiles

This study investigated the effect of two different ambient temperatures on fenfluramine-induced 5-HT neurotoxicity. Fenfluramine (FEN) (12.5 mg/kg x 4; injections made hourly) or saline (SAL) was administered to rats in either a normal laboratory temperature of 24 degrees C or a warm environment of 30 degrees C. Animals were kept at that ambient temperature for 20 h after FEN administration. Ambient temperature was controlled to +/-0.5 degrees C and rat core temperature was continually measured using a non-invasive apparatus. FEN-treated rats at 24 degrees C displayed a core temperature hypothermia with a peak low of 33.8 degrees C, and this core temperature hypothermia lasted for 20 h after FEN administration. Rats treated with FEN at 30 degrees C displayed a significant core temperature hyperthermia for 4 h after the first drug injection compared to SAL-treated groups, with a peak core temperature of 38.6 degrees C. 2 weeks after FEN injections, brain regions were analyzed by HPLC. Both groups of FEN-treated rats showed decreases in 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, somatosensory cortex, striatum, hypothalamus and septum. However, FEN rats treated at 30 degrees C had significantly greater decreases (26-35%) in 5-HT compared to FEN-treated rats at 24 degrees C in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and somatosensory cortex and significantly greater decreases (26-50%) in 5-HIAA in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and somatosensory cortex. This study indicates fenfluramine can produce neurotoxicity in rats that display either a core temperature hypothermia or hyperthermia, although hyperthermic rats have greater 5-HT and 5-HIAA depletions than the hypothermic rats.
A Reading of Zoomorphism in THE SHORT HAPPY LIFE OF FRANCIS MACOMBER

As Nina Baym observes about her experience teaching Ernest Hemingway's “The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber,” most critical readings of this story dwell on questions concerning its gender and ...
Producers, Users, and the Actors Between: Chikako Takeshita, The Global Biopolitics of the IUD; Heather Munro Prescott, The Morning After

Hogan reviews The Morning After: A History of Emergency Contraception in the United States by Heather Munro Prescott and The Global Biopolitics of the IUD: How Science Constructs Contraceptive Users and Women's Bodies by Chikako Takeshita
The high pressure rheology of some simple model hydrocarbons

AbstractThe variation in viscosity with pressure and shear rate is required for modelling of film thickness and traction in elastohydrodynamic contacts. Two examples are presented with supporting data for lubricants. Then, five well-characterized simple, low molecular weight hydrocarbon liquids are investigated in detail. The effect of structure on the pressure-viscosity response and non-Newtonian response is discussed. A favourable comparison can be made with non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations on squalane.
An extended constitutive correspondence formulation of peridynamics based on nonlinear bond-strain measures

Abstract An extension of the constitutive correspondence framework of peridynamics is proposed. The main motivation is to address unphysical deformation modes which are shown to be permitted in the original constitutive formulation. The specific problem of matter interpenetration observed in numerical discretizations of peridynamics has usually been treated by adding short-range forces between neighboring particles in the discretization. Here, we propose a solution that is rooted directly within the nonlocal theory. The basic approach is to introduce generalized nonlocal peridynamic strain tensors based on corresponding bond-level Seth–Hill strain measures which inherently avoid violations of the matter interpenetration constraint. Several analytic examples are used to show that the modified theory avoids issues of matter interpenetration in cases where the original theory fails. The resulting extended constitutive correspondence framework supports general classic constitutive laws as originally intended and is also shown to be ordinary.
Next generation mask coordinate measuring technology

As LSI's have become far more highly integrated and the pattern has become much finer, it is demanded in mask production to position the pattern even more accurately. Nikon Corp. currently provides the XY-3i as a mask pattern coordinate measuring machine, but it will not be long before one with even higher accuracy will be required. In this paper, we present two major key technologies to be used for the next-generation coordinate measuring machine. First, we will discuss the problem of coordinate measurement error caused by the flexure of a mask. We will propose a new flexure compensation method based on a concept that is different from what is used for the XY-3i, and report the result of our experiment and simulation to prove that this method is appropriate. Second, we will examine experimentally by what mechanism the temperature fluctuation in the machine may affect the accuracy of measured coordinates, and make clear what will be required to develop the next-generation machine.
Limits of ultrafast nanomachining: bubble dynamics and acoustics

Acoustic phenomena during nanochannel machining by fs laser pulses are found to have an unexpected strong influence on the machining efficiency. Analysis of acoustic nodes that strongly limit machining efficiency allows strategies to be identified for fabrication of high aspect ratio channels. Based on an analytic solution for node formation, it is found that increasing the speed of acoustic transmission can produce a two-fold increase in the length of the channels; this can be accomplished by maximizing the mole fraction of hydrogen in the gas phase. The model is further reinforced by the effects of varying pressure.
Evolution, Sex, and Jealousy: Investigation With a Sample From Sweden

Abstract When asked to choose which would be most upsetting, a mate's sexual or emotional infidelity, past research has demonstrated that men are more likely than women to choose sexual infidelity, whereas women are more likely than men to choose emotional infidelity. Explanation of this sex difference has been controversial. In the current study we attempted to replicate previous research by examining a sample of college students in Sweden. In doing so, we also investigated the "double-shot" explanation. In the current study, the majority of men chose the sexual infidelity scenario as most upsetting, whereas the majority of women chose the emotional infidelity scenario as most upsetting. Contrary to the double-shot explanation, choice of scenario was unrelated to attitudes regarding whether the other sex was capable of satisfying sexual relations outside of a love relationship.
Protection by oestradiol against the development of cardiovascular changes associated with monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension in rats

Abstract 1. We studied the effects of oestradiol 17 beta on the development of pulmonary vascular changes and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy in response to monocrotaline in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. Rats were treated with either placebo or oestradiol 17 beta (10 mg) in the form of slow release pellets implanted subcutaneously 48 h before monocrotaline administration. Rats were injected with either saline or a single dose of monocrotaline (60 mg kg-1, i.m.). Pulmonary vascular changes and RV hypertrophy were studied at 4 weeks following monocrotaline administration. 3. Monocrotaline induced a significant increase in the ratio of right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle-plus-septum (LV + S) weights. Monocrotaline-treated rats also showed significant myointimal proliferation in small pulmonary arteries, decrease of arterial numbers and increase in the number of abnormal alveolar macrophages. 4. Oestradiol 17 beta attenuated myointimal hyperplasia in pulmonary vessels, decreased the RV/(LV + S) ratio in monocrotaline-treated rats. Oestradiol 17 beta had no significant effect on control animals. 5. Oestradiol treatment prevented the increase in lung wet to dry weight ratio, observed 7 days post monocrotaline administration. 6. These results suggest that oestradiol 17 beta protects against the pulmonary vascular remodelling and RV hypertrophy associated with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in the rat. Oestradiol also protects against microvascular leak observed in the early days of lesion.
What is the Business Case for Improving Care for Patients with Complex Conditions

INTRODUCTION Patients with complex conditions account for a disproportionate share of health care spending. Although evidence indicates that care for these patients could be provided more efficiently, the financial impact of mechanisms to improve the care they receive is unclear.
Tilings whose members have finitely many neighbors

Let ℭ be a tiling of the plane such that each tile of ℭ meets at most finitely many other tiles. Then exactly one of the following must occur: (1) Uncountably many boundary points of ℭ belong to no nondegenerate edge of ℭ, hence ℭ has uncountably many singular points; or (2) Every boundary point of ℭ belongs to a nondegenerate edge of ℭ, moreover, ℭ has no singular points.
On the probable genotype of domestic cats in ancient Egypt

Abstract Genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that the majority of mummified ritual cats ( Felis libyca subsp.) in ancient Egypt carried the t + allele and exhibited the striped tabby phenotype. A few of these ritual cats, however, appear to be F. chaus subsp., most likely carried the T a allele and were characterized by the Abyssinian phenotype. Several types of evidence suggest that the T a allele first became fixed in a Felis sp. population in either southeast Asia or northeast Africa. A number of Felis subspecies appear to be plausible candidates for the population of T a origin.
Combinatorial regulation of a signal-dependent activator by phosphorylation and acetylation

In the fasted state, increases in catecholamine signaling promote adipocyte function via the protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). CREB activity is further up-regulated in obesity, despite reductions in catecholamine signaling, where it contributes to the development of insulin resistance. Here we show that obesity promotes the CREB binding protein (CBP)-mediated acetylation of CREB at Lys136 in adipose. Under lean conditions, CREB acetylation was low due to an association with the energy-sensing NAD+-dependent deacetylase SirT1; amounts of acetylated CREB were increased in obesity, when SirT1 undergoes proteolytic degradation. Whereas CREB phosphorylation stimulated an association with the KIX domain of CBP, Lys136 acetylation triggered an interaction with the CBP bromodomain (BRD) that augmented recruitment of this coactivator to the promoter. Indeed, coincident Ser133 phosphorylation and Lys136 acetylation of CREB stimulated the formation of a ternary complex with the KIX and BRD domains of CBP by NMR analysis. As disruption of the CREB:BRD complex with a CBP-specific BRD inhibitor blocked effects of CREB acetylation on target gene expression, our results demonstrate how changes in nutrient status modulate cellular gene expression in response to hormonal signals.
Design of a Multi-Contact-Aided Compliant Mechanism

This work is part of a multidisciplinary project developing design and manufacturing methods for narrow-gauge surgical instruments intended for advanced minimally invasive surgery. The instruments are designed specifically for Penn State’s lost mold rapid infiltration forming process, which is capable of fabricating hundreds of freestanding meso-scale parts. In previous work, a 1 mm diameter forceps case study demonstrated the design and fabrication process. The forceps is a monolithic compliant mechanism (CM) that relies on contact to re-distribute maximum stresses to generate larger elastic tip deflections; a phenomenon defined here as contact stress-relief. Prototypes were developed and evaluated in an end user surgical simulator. Feedback from 11 clinicians identified the total jaw opening of the forceps must be increased in the next generation of prototypes. This paper focuses on exploiting the benefits of contact-aided compliant mechanism (CCM) design to obtain larger elastic tip deflections and thus jaw openings. Using the commercially available finite element software package ANSYS to model large deformation and contact, an optimization problem is developed to determine the effects of incorporating additional contact elements in a CCM design on maximizing elastic tip deflection. Results show that designs with multiple contact elements generate larger elastic tip deflections due to a multi-stage contact stress-relief profile.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Dental Services Research in an Era of Health Care Reform Keynote Address

community is still relevant. After decades of being "just around the corner," health care reform has finally risen to the top of the American political agenda. Among the reasons for this ascendancy have been concern about the escalating costs of medical care and the need to contain expenditures. The Congressional Budget Office has projected a doubling of the per capita spending on health care to about $7,000 by the year 2003, growth of health expenditures from $900 billion to $1.6 trillion by the end of the decade, and health expenditures hitting more than 18% of the gross domestic product, up from 14% this year and 6% in 1965.1
Leishmaniasis vaccination: targeting the source of infection.

In the history of vaccine development, key observations have gradually led to our ability to take rational approaches toward the induction of protective immunity to microbial pathogens. The earliest efforts consisted of inoculating lesion material into healthy individuals resulting in the then inexplicable prevention of the development of similar disease. Centuries later, after researchers found that microscopic forms were responsible for the major human diseases such as tuberculosis and smallpox, vaccines consisting of inoculating weakened or attenuated organisms were developed. The discovery of the cell populations that mediate antibody and cellular immune responses, followed by the identification of the cytokine mediators of cellular immunity and the ability to identify, isolate, purify, and produce antigenic molecules of various pathogens has permitted a rational approach toward vaccine development. Perhaps no disease model has been more widely used to understand the roles of cell populations and cytokines in mediating disease susceptibility and resistance than the infection of inbred mice with the Leishmania parasite 1. For example, BALB/c mice infected subcutaneously with Leishmania major develop nonhealing, disseminated, fatal infections, whereas C57BL mice similarly infected are more resistant, and heal their infections. In addition to susceptibility factors determined by host genetics, it has recently been appreciated that the insect that transmits leishmania to humans may play a key role in the establishment of infection. The study by Valenzuela et al. in this issue 2 exploits this information in what may prove to be a unique approach to vaccination.
Accumulation of 3H-1-lysine by brain and plasma in male and female rats treated acutely wigh morphine sulfate.

Adult male and female Wistar rats were injected with a single dose of 40 mg/kg of morphine sulfate via indwelling intrajugular cannulas and killed two hours later. 3H-1-lysine was injected at various time intervals before the death of the animals. The distribution of the labelled amino acid was then determined in the free amino acid and lipid-nucleoprotein-extracted protein fractions of plasma and cerebral grey matter. The accumulation of 3H-activity was also determined in various areas of the brain, dorsal root ganglia, pectoral muscle and liver. Morphine-treatment produced an elevation of free 3H-lysine levels in plasma and cerebral grey matter and a decrease in incorporation into protein. A significant sex difference was noted, such that in control males the plasma free 3H-lysine and protein fractions were higher than in females. In the morphine-treated group the values obtained from males were lower than for females. In cerebral grey matter, the free 3H-lysine was significantly lower in control and morphine-treated males than in females. In the protein fraction, such sex differences varied with the time elapsed after injection of amino acid and did not clearly favor either sex. The accumulation of 3H-activity in tissue blocks taken from various regions of CNS was unaffected by morphine-treatment in subcortical components. The values were generally higher in females. 3H-accumulation was significantly altered in cortical components in the male group. In cerebral white matter, the morphine-treated males showed significant elevations of accumulation. Females showed an elevation of 3H-accumulation in the morphine-treated group only when the data was subjected to a group comparison. In the peripheral nervous system, 3H-accumulation was significantly depressed by morphine-treatment only in males. The female values were again significantly higher than those from the males. The male liver demonstrated a significant depression in accumulation of 3H-activity in the morphine-treated group. Liver tissue from females was less responsive and had higher uptakes than in males. Skeletal muscle showed no alteration in 3H-accumulation after morphine treatment in either sex.
Some models of shock-boundary layer interactions

Abstract We propose and study several models that describe the asymptotic nature of the interaction between a shock layer and a boundary layer. In particular, we show that an impinging shock can thicken a boundary layer at the point of intersection.
The Aquatic Chemistry of Rare Earth Elements in Rivers and Estuaries

Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine how pH, colloids and salinity control the fractionation of rare earth elements (REEs) in river and estuarine waters. By using natural waters as the reaction media (river water from the Connecticut, Hudson and Mississippi Rivers) geochemical reactions can be studied in isolation from the large temporal and spatial variability inherent in river and estuarine chemistry. Experiments, field studies and chemical models form a consistent picture whereby REE fractionation is controlled by surface/solution reactions. The concentration and fractionation of REEs dissolved in river waters are highly pH dependent. Higher pH results in lower concentrations and more fractionated composition relative to the crustal abundance. With increasing pH the order of REE adsorption onto river particle surfaces is LREEs > MREEs > HREEs. With decreasing pH, REEs are released from surfaces in the same order. Within the dissolved ( MREEs > LREEs, is most pronounced in the solution pool, defined here as MREEs > HREEs. While the large scale removal of dissolved river REEs in estuaries is well established, the release of dissolved REEs off river particles is a less studied process. Laboratory experiments show that there is both release and fractionation of REEs when river particles are leached with seawater. The order of sea water-induced release of dissolved REE(III) (LREEs > MREEs > HREEs) from Connecticut River particles is the same as that associated with lowering the pH and the same as that associated with colloidal particles. River waters, stripped of their colloidal particles by coagulation in estuaries, have highly evolved REE composition. That is, the solution pool of REEs in river waters are strongly HREE-enriched and are fractionated to the same extent as that of Atlantic surface seawater. This strengthens the conclusions of previous studies that the evolved REE composition of sea water is coupled to chemical weathering on the continents and reactions in estuaries. Moreover, the release of dissolved Nd from river particles to sea water may help to reconcile the incompatibility between the long oceanic residence times of Nd (7100 yr) and the inter-ocean variations of the Nd isotopic composition of sea water. Using new data on dissolved and particle phases of the Amazon and Mississippi Rivers, a comparison of field and laboratory experiments highlights key features of REE fractionation in major river systems. The dissolved pool of both rivers is highly fractionated (HREE enriched) with respect to the REE composition of their suspended particles. In addition, the dissolved pool of the Mississippi River has a large negative Ce-anomaly suggesting in-situ oxidation of Ce(III). One intriguing feature is the well developed maximum in the middle REE sector of the shale normalized patterns for the dissolved pool of Amazon River water. This feature might reflect competition between surface adsorption and solution complexation with carbonate and phosphate anions.
Cognitive profile of adolescents with math disabilities: are the profiles different from those with reading disabilities?

Adolescents (ages 14–17) with math disabilities (MD, n = 12), reading disabilities (RD, n = 19), math + reading disabilities (MD+RD, n = 12), and average achievers (n = 15) were compared on measures of visual-spatial processing, random generation (inhibition), writing speed, short-term memory (STM), and working memory (WM). Adolescents with MD performed significantly lower than adolescents with RD on measures of visual-spatial processing and visual WM. Adolescents with MD outperformed adolescents with RD +MD on measures of random generation and motor speed. Performance of all three low-achieving groups was inferior to average achievers on measures of random generation, motor speed, and verbal WM. The results were interpreted within a multicomponent model that attributed deficits related to MD in adolescents to deficits related the visual-spatial sketchpad of WM.
Increased Risk Among Older Veterans of Prescribing Psychotropic Medication in the Absence of Psychiatric Diagnoses

Objective This study uses Veterans Health Administration (VHA) pharmacy and encounter claims to evaluate the use of psychotropic medications without a psychiatric diagnosis across age groups. Methods National VHA administrative data for fiscal year 2010 (FY2010) were used to identify all veterans who filled a prescription for at least one psychotropic medication from VHA (N = 1.85 million). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the proportion of these veterans without any psychiatric diagnosis, across age groups, adjusting for possible medical indications. Analyses were repeated for six different classes of psychotropic medications and comparing mental health utilizers and non–mental health utilizers. Comparisons were made to prescribing of HIV and diabetes medications without an indicated diagnosis. Results Of all VHA patients prescribed a psychotropic medication in FY2010, 30% had no psychiatric diagnosis, with highest proportions among veterans ages 65–85. This practice was most frequent among nonmental health utilizers and far more prevalent for psychotropic medications than for HIV or diabetes medications. Logistic regression analysis found that age greater than 65 was the strongest predictor of being prescribed a psychotropic without a psychiatric diagnosis. Adjustment for possible medical use of psychotropics and overall medical comorbidity did not substantially alter these trends. Conclusion Older veterans, especially those not using specialty mental healthcare, are more likely to be prescribed psychotropic medications in the absence of a psychiatric diagnosis, perhaps representing unnecessary use, under-diagnosis of mental illness, or incomplete documentation.
Fiber-Optic Hydrophone

The design and preliminary performance results of a fiber-optic (FO) Michelson interferometric hydrophone are described.
Limits of the Market Metaphor

A paradox pervades our public life. Burgeoning demand for government action coexists with gnawing uncertainty about the purpose of such action and growing uneasiness about its efficacy. The contemporary public lacks both the confidence in government's ability to right wrongs that characterized the 1960s and, despite President Reagan's efforts, the faith in the strength and righteousness of the private order that typified America in the 1950s. Government joins the church, the school, the union, and the corporation as an object of scorn and mistrust. The public has reacted to this conundrum not by rejecting the promise of the welfare state but by wondering if government is capable of fulfilling that promise. The government calendar is crowded with a staggering variety of issues including housing, energy, health care, welfare reform, community development, capital formation, and inflation. In addition, new issues, once viewed as private and not fit for government action, struggle to gain a place on the public agenda. Childcare, homosexuality, prayer in the schools, abortion, and affirmative action have all become objects of heated public debate. They combine with the more conventional "pocketbook" issues to place an unbearable strain upon the deliberative capacity of the polity and the management capability of the government. The roots of this paradox lie in the two dominant liberal public policy doctrines that emerged in the postwar period, neither of which has been able to provide a common set of understandings about the nature and goals of government action. This failure is attributable to the pervasive influence of the market metaphor. Market-derived terms like interest and incentive dominate the contemporary policy-making vocabulary, depriving it of the very language needed to think about public purposes. Market imagery transforms the public's view of itself from one of an active, deliberate citizenry to one of a gaggle of consumers shopping for policies from shelves stocked by government experts. The two policy doctrines adopt differing versions of
Calciphylaxis presenting as digital ischemia.

A 31-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis presented with gradually worsening severe right hand pain that started during hemodialysis. Physical examination revealed livedo reticularis present on the right hand along with cyanotic digits, and a peri-ungal eschar on the third digit (Fig. 1a). Decreased right radial and ulnar pulses were present. The initial phosphorous level was 8.5 mg/dL. The patient had been hyperphosphatemic for several years prior to presentation. An arterial doppler study with duplex of the right hand was negative for a thrombus but revealed diminished waveforms in the digits. A right hand X-ray study showed vascular calcifications of both the radial and ulnar arteries and soft tissue calcifications along the digits (Fig. 1b). A skeletal survey revealed extensive soft tissue, and vascular calcifications of the bilateral calves and distal common carotid arteries (Fig. 1c). She was diagnosed with calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA), and started on sodium thiosulfate during dialysis. CUA is a rare condition of extensive microvascular calcifications that progress to livedo reticularis and nonhealing ulcers. It should be a diagnostic consideration in patients with painful, subcutaneous nodules, plaques, or necrosis. The most significant risk factor for the development of CUA is persistently raised plasma phosphate levels, as was seen in our patient. This is thought to induce the disease due to the precipitation of calcium phosphate crystals into smalland medium-sized vessels. Frequently, patients will have non-compliance with medications, a lowphosphate diet, and dialysis treatment prior to the onset of calciphylaxis. Other risk factors that follow include: increasing age, increasing length of time on dialysis therapy, dyslipidemia, presence of diabetes, corticosteroids and immunosuppression [1]. Skin biopsy is infrequently performed for diagnosis because of poor healing and risk for secondary infections [2]. X-ray studies can emphasize and suggest the correct diagnosis in the setting of chronic dialysis. Treatment is aimed at controlling underlying hyperparathyroidism with bisphosphonates, parathyroidectomy, or cinacalcet in addition to dialysis in ESRD. Sodium thiosulfate is another treatment option; it displaces calcium ions from calcium deposits to form calcium thiosulfate, which is then dialyzed or excreted by functioning kidneys [3]. N. Kazanji (&) J. Falatko S. Neupane Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health System, 3601 W 13 Mile Rd, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA e-mail: noora.kazanji@beaumont.edu
Electromigration-Induced Extrusions in Multi-Level Technologies

It has been found that wearout failure in multilevel technologies is primarily by electromigration- induced extrusions leading to intralevel short circuits rather than by the traditionally studied open-circuit mode. Recent results are reported, with a discussion of the serious implication that this newly considered failure mode generates.
Determination of polymer structure by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Abstract High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy gives considerable information about composition, structure, and stereoconfiguration of polymer chains. Proton resonance spectra of a polycarbonate, polyamide, poly(vinyl chloride), and a poly(vinyl chloride)—poly(vinyl acetate) copolymer, which were obtained at 60 MHz, 100 MHz, and 220 MHz are discussed. Spectra obtained with the 220-MHz superconducting solenoid spectrometer approach first order, permitting more detailed information to be obtained and, in most cases, eliminating the need for spin-decoupling experiments in stereoconfiguration determinations.
Direct Observation of Ultrafast Decarboxylation of Acyloxy Radicals via Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Carboxylate Ion Pairs.

Charge-transfer (CT) photoactivation of the electron donor−acceptor salts of methylviologen (MV2+) with carboxylate donors (RCO2-) including benzilates [Ar2C(OH)CO2-] and arylacetates (ArCH2CO2-) leads to transient [MV•+, RCO2•] radical pairs. Femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy reveals that the photogenerated acyloxy radicals (RCO2•) rapidly lose carbon dioxide by C−CO2 bond cleavage, in competition with back-electron transfer to restore the original ion pair, [MV2+, RCO2-]. The decarboxylation rate constants for ArCH2CO2• lie in the range (1−2) × 109 s-1, in agreement with previous reports. In striking contrast, the C−CO2 bond scission in Ar2C(OH)CO2• occurs within a few picoseconds (kCC = (2−8) × 1011 s-1). The rate constants for decarboxylation of these donors approach those of barrier-free unimolecular reactions. Thus, real-time monitoring of the decarboxylation of benziloxy radicals represents the means for the direct observation of the transition state for C−C bond scission.
Comparison of Lifting Capabilities of Industrial and Non-Industrial Populations

The major objectives of the work presented here were to determine the differences between lifting capabilities of industrial and non-industrial populations by collecting experimental data under identical conditions and to quantify the patterns of such differences. Using the psychophysical approach, male and female industrial and non-industrial workers performed 36 variations of manual lifting task. The major findings of the study were: (i) generally the responses of non-industrial workers to task variables is very similar to the responses of industrial workers, (ii) overall, the lifting capability of non-industrial workers is significantly lower than the lifting capability of industrial workers.
TURBULENT STRESSES IN THE REGION OF AORTIC AND PULMONARY VALVES.

The specific features of turbulent flow that are likely to be damaging to the blood cells and platelets are the stresses which are intrinsic to turbulence, known as Reynolds stresses. These include normal stresses as well as shear stresses. The purpose of this study is to determine the magnitude of the turbulent stresses that may occur during ejection in the vicinity of normal and diseased aortic valves near normal pulmonary valves. Both Reynolds normal stresses and Reynolds shear stresses were calculated from velocities obtained in vitro with a laser Doppler anemometer in the region of two severely stenotic and regurgitant human aortic valves. Reynolds normal stresses were also calculated from velocities obtained with a hot-film anemometer in 21 patients in the region of normal and diseased aortic valves. In seven of these patients, it was calculated in the region of the normal pulmonary valve. The Reynolds normal stress in patients with combined aortic stenosis and insufficiency was prominently higher than in patients with normal valves. In the former, the Reynolds normal stress during ejection transiently reached 18,000 dynes/cm2. This was in the range of the Reynolds normal stress observed in vitro. The Reynolds shear stress measured in vitro transiently reached 11,900 dynes/cm2 during ejection. Because the Reynolds normal stresses in the presence of the severely stenotic and regurgitant valves were comparable in vitro and in patients, it is likely that the Reynolds shear stress in patients is also comparable to values measured in vitro. These values were well above the stresses which, when sustained, have been shown to have a damaging effect upon blood cells and platelets.
Impact of Race on Both Pathologic Extent of Disease and Administration of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in a Cohort With Clinical Low-Risk Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose/Objective(s): Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and standard dose external beam radiation therapy ( 70 Gy) have improved biochemical outcomes in intermediate risk (IR) prostate cancer. It is not known whether ADT improves outcomes in patients treated with brachytherapy. Our purpose is to evaluate the impact of ADT on biochemical failure free survival (bFFS) and overall survival (OS) in a multi-institutional database of IR prostate cancer patients treated with low dose rate prostate brachytherapy (LDR BT). Materials/Methods: From the Genitourinary Radiation Oncologists of Canada (GUROC) Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification (ProCaRS) database, a cohort of 859 patients with IR prostate cancer treated with LDR BTwith or without ADT was identified. Propensity scores were generated using multivariate regression based on age, baseline PSA, Gleason score and clinical stage. Patients treated with LDR alone were each matched to 2 patients who received the combination of LDR and ADT. Results: A 1:2 matching scenario (175 LDR BT : 350 LDR BT+ADT) provided the best balance of adjusted prognostic factors, a larger sample size than obtained with 1:1 matching, and standardized differences< 0.1 for prognostic factors used for matching. The 2 groups were balanced for age, baseline PSA, Gleason score and clinical stage. Median follow-up was longer in the LDR BT+ADT group (7.15 vs 4.21 years). After matching, there was no difference in bFFS (relative risk LDRBT+ADTZ 0.87, 95%CIZ 0.50-1.53); however, OS was worse in the group receiving ADT (relative risk LDR BT+ADT Z 2.83, 95%CIZ 1.00-7.98). Furthermore, a trend towardsworse cancer-related survival was observed for the LDR BT+ADT group (p Z 0.095). Conclusions: These results suggest that ADT does not benefit bFFS or OS in IR patients treated with LDR BT. Prospective studies are needed to investigate the role of ADT in IR prostate cancer patients treated with LDR BT. Author Disclosure: J. Rose: None. J.M. Crook: None. Y. Yang: None. A. Warner: None. J. Morris: None. T. Pickles: None. A. Martin: None. E. Vigneault: None. C. Catton: None. G. Rodrigues: None.
Experiences with a Lightweight Supercomputer Kernel: Lessons Learned from Blue Gene's CNK

The Petascale era has recently been ushered in and many researchers have already turned their attention to the challenges of exascale computing. To achieve petascale computing two broad approaches for kernels were taken, a lightweight approach embodied by IBM Blue Gene's CNK, and a more fullweight approach embodied by Cray's CNL. There are strengths and weaknesses to each approach. Examining the current generation can provide insight as to what mechanisms may be needed for the exascale generation. The contributions of this paper are the experiences we had with CNK on Blue Gene/P. We demonstrate it is possible to implement a small lightweight kernel that scales well but still provides a Linux environment and functionality desired by HPC programmers. Such an approach provides the values of reproducibility, low noise, high and stable performance, reliability, and ease of effectively exploiting unique hardware features. We describe the strengths and weaknesses of this approach.
Scaffolds for tissue engineering of cardiac valves

Tissue engineered heart valves offer a promising alternative for the replacement of diseased heart valves avoiding the limitations faced with currently available bioprosthetic and mechanical heart valves. In the paradigm of tissue engineering, a three-dimensional platform – the so-called scaffold – is essential for cell proliferation, growth and differentiation, as well as the ultimate generation of a functional tissue. A foundation for success in heart valve tissue engineering is a recapitulation of the complex design and diverse mechanical properties of a native valve. This article reviews technological details of the scaffolds that have been applied to date in heart valve tissue engineering research.
Commentary on ‘Antibiotics for whooping cough (pertussis)’

This is a commentary of Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Altunaiji SM, Kukuruzovic RH, Curtis NC, Massie J. Antibiotics for whooping cough (pertussis). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD004404. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004404.pub3. Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Prenatal diagnosis of a de novo complex chromosomal rearrangement involving four chromosomes.

A complex chromosome rearrangement, apparently a balanced translocation involving chromosomes 4,6, 15 and 16, was found in cultured cells of amniotic fluid from a 32–year-old primigravida who requested amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis because of a family history of mental retardation. Chromosome analysis of peripheral blood from both parents were normal. The couple was counselled for the prenatal diagnosis of this de novo complex translocation and, subsequently, elected to terminate the pregnancy. Post-mortem examination revealed a 23–week fetus with intrauterine growth retardation. The identical chromosome rearrangement was subsequently confirmed in cultured fibroblasts from skin and cord obtained from the abortus. To our knowledge, this is the first report where routine prenatal diagnosis revealed a fetus with a balanced complex chromosomal rearrangement involving four chromosomes of de novo origin.