cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between article citation rate and level of evidence in the companion animal literature.

Background Level of evidence (LOE) hierarchies rank scientific articles according to the use of study design features intended to limit bias. Citation analysis of medical articles has shown that studies with high LOE ranking are preferentially cited. Objectives To determine whether clinical companion animal articles reporting study designs classified as high LOE are more frequently cited than those with designs classified as low LOE and to characterize other factors associated with 5-year citation rate. Methods Literature survey of all original clinical articles published in 2004 in 5 peer-reviewed clinical veterinary journals. For each eligible article, details of scientific and nonscientific characteristics were collected, an LOE classification was assigned, and the 5-year citation rate following publication was determined. Linear regression was used to identify factors associated with citation rate. Results Overall LOE was low with 188 of 209 eligible articles describing a study design classified as low LOE. An association was not identified between 5-year citation frequency and LOE classification or any specific feature of study methodology. Articles pertaining to infectious disease or published in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine were associated with significantly greater subsequent citations. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Reports of veterinary studies designed to limit the influence of bias are not more widely referenced than articles reporting data obtained through less stringent methodologies. Medical subspecialty and publishing journal prestige can influence an article's subsequent citation rate.
Structural Diversity and Function of Xyloglucan Sidechain Substituents

Xyloglucan (XyG) is a hemicellulose found in the cell walls of all land plants including early-divergent groups such as liverworts, hornworts and mosses. The basic structure of XyG, a xylosylated glucan, is similar in all of these plants but additional substituents can vary depending on plant family, tissue, and developmental stage. A comprehensive list of known XyG sidechain substituents is assembled including their occurrence within plant families, thereby providing insight into the evolutionary origin of the various sidechains. Recent advances in DNA sequencing have enabled comparative genomics approaches for the identification of XyG biosynthetic enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in non-model plant species. Characterization of these biosynthetic genes not only allows the determination of their substrate specificity but also provides insights into the function of the various substituents in plant growth and development.
Reaction of a human head/neck/torso system to shock.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to predict human response to, and potential damage from, impact loading by using numerical and physical models to monitor the head and thoracic reactions, intervertebral disk pressures, muscle elongations, and some internal organ pressures. The numerical model consists of a three-dimensional lumped-parameter system of ten rigid bodies connected by nine intervertebral joints and 28 muscle pairs. The masses represent the head; cervical vertebrae C1-C2, C3-C4, C5-C6, C7-T1 (the first thoracic vertebra); the entire thorax; lumbar vertebrae L1-L2, L3, L4-L5; and the pelvis. The physical model consists of: a water-filled cadaver skull, held in position by attached ligaments; plastic skeletal components involving vertebrae, sternum, ribs and pelvis; silicon rubber intervertebral disks; fabric muscles and ligaments; and water-filled containers replicating the liver, spleen and kidneys. The pelvis of the model is affixed to a plate mounted on a sled that runs on a track. Loading is applied by deceleration from a given velocity that occurs due to the impact of the sled with a fixed aluminum block. Results from the numerical model are compared with corresponding experimental information from the physical structure. Good correlation was obtained in these comparisons up to about 200–250 ms after impact. The results indicate that the head, cervical muscles and disks in the lumbar region are subjected to the greatest force changes and thus are most likely to be injured.
Reproductive history, sexual behavior and use of contraception in women with epilepsy.

Abstract Background Women with epilepsy experience more pregnancy-related risks than do their healthy peers. Guidelines recommend highly effective contraception. However, their contraceptive practices remain unknown. Study Design We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire study among reproductive-age women (18–44 years) with epilepsy presenting for routine, outpatient visits to an urban, academic medical center. Our questionnaire, in English or Spanish, included demographic characteristics, reproductive history, antiepileptic drug use, sexual behavior and contraception. Results Participants had a mean age of 32 years (S.D.=8), 32% spoke Spanish and described themselves as Hispanic. Participants reported a wide range of educational attainment, insurance payor and income.About half of the participants reported at least one pregnancy, and 50% of the 181 pregnancies reported were unplanned. Among the 53% who reported intercourse in the last month, 74% used contraception, 15% were pregnant, 5% did not want to use contraception, 3% sought pregnancy and 3% had hysterectomy. Of those using contraception, 53% used highly effective methods (sterilization, intrauterine device, hormonal pill, patch and injection), and 47% used less effective methods (condom, withdrawal, rhythm and spermicide). Among the 21 participants using hormonal methods, six concomitantly took enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs potentially increasing susceptibility to pregnancy. Discussion In this sample of women with epilepsy about half reported prior pregnancies; 50% were unplanned. Of those using contraception, only 53% used a highly effective method. Future studies should determine generalizability of these findings and explore reasons for inadequate family planning in women with epilepsy.
Lethal and Mutagenic Effects of 5-Iodouracil on Bacteriophage T4td8rII

Evidence was obtained which indicates that the lethal effect of 5-iodouracil (IUra) on bacteriophage T4 is not due to a mutagenic process. T4 td 8 r II (thymine requiring, rapid lysis) double mutants were constructed. Reversion of T4 td 8 r II to r + was measured. First, reversion by growth in the presence of the structural analogues chlorouracil (ClUra) and bromouracil (BrUra) did not correlate with their relative lethal effects (for mutagenesis: IUra ≤ ClUra ≤ BrUra; for lethality: ClUra td 8 r II in infected cells increased linearly with time of growth in the presence of IUra, whereas the frequency of lethality was constant with time. Third, reversion frequencies increased markedly at low levels of IUra substitution, whereas lethal effects were apparent only with extensive IUra substitution. Fourth, the reversion frequency of the nonviable fraction of IUra-substituted T4 td 8 r II (as examined by multiplicity reactivation) did not differ significantly from that of the viable IUra-substituted T4 td 8 fraction. If mutagenesis caused lethality, then the nonviable T4 td 8 r II fraction should accumulate mutations and have a higher reversion frequency.
Physiological Investigations of a Tobacco Mutant with O2-Resistant Photosynthesis and Enhanced Catalase Activity

Experiments are described further indicating that O2-resistant photosynthesis observed in a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mutant with enhanced catalase activity is associated with decreased photorespiration under conditions of high photorespiration relative to net photosynthesis. The effects on net photosynthesis of (a) increasing O2 concentrations from 1% to 42% at low CO2 (250 microliters CO2 per liter), and (b) of increasing O2 concentrations from 21% to 42% at high CO2 (500 microliters CO2 per liter) were investigated in M6 progeny of mutant and wild-type leaf discs. The mutant displayed a progressive increase in net photosynthesis relative to wild type with increasing O2 and the faster rate at 42% O2 was completely reversed on returning to 21% O2. The photosynthetic rate by the mutant was similar to wild type in 21% and 42% O2 at 500 microliters CO2 per liter, and a faster rate by the mutant was restored on returning to 250 microliters CO2 per liter. The results are consistent with a lowered release of photorespiratory CO2 by the mutant because greater catalase activity inhibits the chemical decarboxylation of α-keto acids by peroxisomal H2O2. Higher catalase activity was observed in the tip and middle regions of expanding leaves than in the basal area. On successive selfing of mutant plants with enhanced catalase activity, the percent of plants with this phenotype increased from 60% in M4 progeny to 85% in M6 progeny. An increase was also observed in the percent of plants with especially high catalase activity (averaging 1.54 times wild type) on successive selfings suggesting that homozygosity for enhanced catalase activity was being approached.
Calculating images: an experiment in teaching precalculus

ABSTRACT The purpose of this experiment was to design a precalculus topic that would help prepare students for limits in differential calculus. We wanted the topic to enhance the interpretation of ...
Digital subtraction angiography: A review of cardiac applications

MAGING OF the chambers of the heart, pulmonary circulation, and great vessels by intravenous (IV) contrast injection was clinically implemented as early as 1939.’ It was not until the achievement of relatively recent advances in digital electronics, image intensification, and television technology that a major resurgence of interest in this technique occurred. These technological advances in conjunction with the pioneering work from the Universities of Kiel, Federal Republic of Germany; Arizona at Tucson; Wisconsin at Madison; as well as the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, provided the groundwork for exciting applications of digital subtraction angiography in the assessment of cardiovascular dynamics.‘-” These results initiated widespread clinical evaluation of the use of this imaging modality in cardiac diagnosis that was facilitated by commercially available digital angiography systems which provided rudimentary image manipulation capabilities. The purpose of this report is to summarize the recent applications of digital subtraction angiography in the quantitative assessment of global and regional left ventricular function, coronary anatomy, and coronary flow dynamics. Earlier work with videodensitometry or off-line digital analysis is also included when relevant to current applications of digital angiography. Practical issues regarding technical prerequisites, clinical techniques, contrast material, and image manipulation are also discussed as they relate to cardiac investigations. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Rescue of His-42 --> Ala horseradish peroxidase by a Phe-41 --> His mutation. Engineering of a surrogate catalytic histidine

Formation of the ferryl (FeIV=O) porphyrin radical cation known as Compound I in the reaction of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with H2O2 is catalyzed by His-42, a residue that facilitates the binding of H2O2 to the iron and subsequent rupture of the dioxygen bond. An H42A mutation was shown earlier to decrease the rate of Compound I formation by a factor of approximately 10(6) and of guaiacol oxidation by a factor of approximately 10(4). In contrast, an F41A mutation has little effect on peroxidative catalysis (Newmyer, S. L., and Ortiz de Montellano, P. R. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 19430-19438). We report here construction, expression, and characterization of the F41H/H42A double mutant. The pH profile for guaiacol oxidation by this double mutant has a broad maximum at approximately pH 6.3. Addition of H2O2 produces a Compound I species (lambdamax = 406 nm) that is reduced by 1 eq of K4Fe(CN)6 to the ferric state (lambdamax = 407 nm) without the detectable formation of Compound II. A fraction of the heme chromophore is lost in the process. The rate of Compound I formation for the F41H/H42A double mutant is 3.0 x 10(4) M-1 s-1. This is to be compared with 0.9 x 10(7) M-1 s-1 for wild-type HRP and 19 M-1 s-1 for the H42A mutant. The kcat values for guaiacol oxidation by wild-type, H42A, and F41H/H42A HRP are 300, 0.015, and 1.8 s-1. The corresponding kcat values for ABTS oxidation are 4900, 0.41, and 100 s-1, respectively. These results show that a histidine at position 41 substitutes, albeit imperfectly, for His-42 in peroxidative turnover of the enzyme. The F41H/H42A double mutant has peroxidative properties intermediate between those of the native enzyme and the H42A mutant. The F41H/H42A double mutant, however, is a considerably better thioanisole sulfoxidation and styrene epoxidation catalyst than native or H42A HRP. The surrogate catalytic residue introduced by the F41H mutation thus partially compensates for the H42A substitution used to increase access to the ferryl oxygen.
Effectiveness of professional breastfeeding home-support

Abstract The effect of professional home-support on the success of breastfeeding was investigated to determine whether breastfeeding women who received professional home-support would breastfeed longer than similar women who did not receive this support. Fifty-two volunteers of lower socio-economic status were recruited for this study from four obstetrical clinics and were randomly assigned to an intervention or a comparison group. Both groups received the standard clinic and in-hospital breastfeeding teaching and were given breastfeeding instruction in the hospital by the researcher. The women in the intervention group received, in addition, an average of seven home breastfeeding support contacts by the researcher over two months postpartum, and were provided with the researcher's phone number. Women in the comparison group did not receive home visits but had access to the clinic nutritionist if any questions or problems arose. More than half (61.5%) of the intervention group subjects were still breastfeeding at two months post-partum versus approximately one-third (34.6%) of the comparison group (p
Relationships among group IV Phytophthora species inferred by restriction analysis of the ITS2 region

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the ITS2 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA from six Phytophthora species which comprise taxonomic Group IV. Digestion of the ca. 600 bp PCR product with restriction enzymes Alu I, Dra I, Hha I, Hinf I, Msp I, and Taq I revealed variation which allowed relationships among the species to be assessed. P. infestans, P. mirabilis and P. phaseoli were indistinguishable from one another with all enzymes tested. With Alu I and Taq I. P. ilicis, P. colocasiae. and P. hibernalis each showed unique banding patterns different from the common banding pattern shared by P. infestans. P. mirabilis. and P. hibernalis. Dra I allowed differentiation of P. ilicis and P. colocasiae from P. infestans, P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli, and P. hibernalis. all of which shared a common banding pattern. Hha I allowed differentiation of P. colocasiae and P. hibernalis from P. infestans, P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli, and P. ilicis. Hinf I allowed differentiation of P. ilicis and P. hibernalis, (each of which showed a unique banding pattern) from P. infestans, P. mirabilis, P. phaseoli, and P. colocasiae. Msp I allowed differentiation of P. hibernalis from the other five species. Species groupings determined by restriction analysis of ITS2 were consistent with those based on morphological criteria. These results show that restriction analysis of PCR-amplified TS2 regions can be useful as an adjunct to morphological criteria in Phytophthora species identification.
Psychological relations and psychophysical scales: On the status of “direct” psychophysical measurement ☆

Abstract Arguments, originally developed some fifteen years ago, concerning the sort of “direct” psychophysical measurement advocated by S. S. Stevens are reproduced here in order to facilitate access by a wider audience. Considerations of measurement theory, biological adaptation, perceptual invariance, and neurophysiological noise, as well as various empirical results, suggest (a) that it is primarily the relations—particularly the ratios—between stimulus magnitudes and not the individual magnitudes themselves that are represented within the organism and, accordingly, (b) that “direct” psychophysical measurement, by itself, uniquely determines neither a psychological magnitude of any one stimulus nor a psychophysical law relating such psychological magnitudes to corresponding physical magnitudes. What such measurement can uniquely determine, evidently, is a psychological parameter characterizing each sensory continuum.
Fishing, underwear, and hunchbacks: Humor and politics in the Philippines, 1886 and 1983

One hundred years ago, in 1886, Jose Rizal's first novel, Noli me Tangere (usually translated as “The Social Cancer”) was published. Banned by the Spanish authorities in Manila, its author was even...
Decision analysis for seismic retrofit of structures

This paper presents a methodology that can be used to make informed decisions on whether or not to retrofit structures for seismic events based on the expected economic benefit due to retrofitting. The seismic fragility of a given structure as well as the seismic hazard at a specific building location is incorporated into the decision-making process. The prescribed methodology is used to study two identical reinforced concrete buildings, one located in Memphis, Tennessee and one in San Francisco, California. The probabilities of failure and generalized reliability indices are calculated for the identical structures in both locations. A parametric analysis is performed to determine the effects that achievable loss reduction, investment return period, and retrofit cost have on the economic feasibility of seismic retrofitting in Memphis and San Francisco. A case study is conducted to find the impact of a modest retrofit strategy applied to the identical buildings in Memphis and San Francisco. The probabilities of failure and generalized reliability indices are calculated for the retrofitted building in both locations and compared to the corresponding values for the original buildings. The results of the parametric analysis and case study are used to determine the effects of building location on retrofit feasibility.
Deriving object typestates in the presence of inter-object references

We are interested in static analysis of Java classes with the goal of discovering the preconditions under which a certain program point within a method may be reached, taking into account the effects of previous method calls on an object of that class. The information pertinent to this computation is represented as the object's typestate, which is a finite set of relevant predicates that abstract the object's actual state. The execution of a method depends on an object's current typestate as well as other input parameters; the object may transition to a different typestate during the method's execution.It is common for objects to contain references to other ob-jects. In such cases, an object's behavior may depend on, in addition to its own state, the state of objects it has a refer-ence to. The main contribution of this paper is to discover relevant object typestates, as well as transitions between typestates, in the presence of inter-object references. Our analysis first performs a combined predicate discovery and predicate abstraction to derive "boolean" versions of Java classes given as input. It then uses abstract interpretation to compute the typestate transitions caused by method calls. A novel aspect of this work is that a set of Java classes is analyzed in isolation, without any client program being pro-vided. To do this, the analysis simulates all possible client's actions via a synthetic heap, all of whose interesting config-urations are explored by our analysis.The information we compute can be put to use in several ways. It can be used in checking whether a given client code erroneously uses a set of Java classes in a way that can throw an exception. It can also be used in creating test drivers for Java classes in order to exercise all relevant code paths in the corresponding methods.
Polyhedral tilting: A common type of pure displacive phase transition and its relationship to analcite at high pressure

Abstract Polyhedral tilt transformations are a subgroup of pure displacive solid-solid phase transitions that occur in many ionic compounds and have all the following characteristics: (1) the transitions occur in compounds with structures composed of corner-linked, rigid polyhedral elements; (2) transitions are between a higher-symmetry or less-distorted form (stable at higher temperature or lower pressure) and a lower-symmetry or more-distorted form (stable at lower temperature or higher pressure); (3) transitions are nonquenchable, and single crystals are preserved through the transition; (4) twinning is common in the low-symmetry form, with the twin law governed by a symmetry operator lost in the high-to-low transition; (5) the value of dP/dT is always positive and is similar to the ratio of large-site thermal expansivity to compressibility. Analcite, (NaAl)x Si2-x O6 · H2O with 0.9 > x < 1.0, is a zeolite mineral that undergoes several polyhedral tilt transitions. Under room conditions analcites are p...
Phosphonoacetate as a Ligand for Constructing Layered and Framework Alkali Metal Uranyl Compounds

The hydrothermal reactions of KCl, RbCl, CsOH, and CsCl with phosphonoacetic acid and uranium trioxide at 180 degrees C for three to five days results in the formation of five different crystalline uranyl carboxyphosphonates, K[(UO(2))(2)(PO(3)CH(2)CO(2))(PO(3)CH(2)CO(2)H)(H(2)O)] x H(2)O, Rb[(UO(2))(2)(PO(3)CH(2)CO(2))(PO(3)CH(2)CO(2)H)(H(2)O)] x H(2)O, Cs[(UO(2))(2)(PO(3)CH(2)CO(2))(PO(3)CH(2)CO(2)H)(H(2)O)] x H(2)O, Cs[(UO(2))(PO(3)CH(2)CO(2))], and Cs(3)[(UO(2))(4)(PO(3)CH(2)O(2))(2)(PO(3)CH(2)CO(2)H(0.5))(2)] x nH(2)O, respectively. In all compounds, the UO(2)(2+) moieties are bound by phosphonate and carboxylate forming pentagonal bipyramidal environments around the uranium centers. At low pH, some of the carboxylate portions of the phosphonoacetate are protonated. The addition of hydroxide removes these protons, and a different structure is adopted. In contrast to all other uranyl carboxyphosphonates, Cs(3)[(UO(2))(4)(PO(3)CH(2)O(2))(2)(PO(3)CH(2)CO(2)H(0.5))(2)] x nH(2)O adopts a three-dimensional network structure with large channels along the c axis that house the Cs(+) cations.
Inhibition of cell growth and macromolecule biosynthesis of human promyelocytic leukemic cells by acridone alkaloids

Acridone alkaloids of plants indigenous to the Orient were isolated and purified, and their chemical structures were determined. A total of 50 acridones and their synthetic derivatives were subjected to rapid screening for inhibition of macromolecular synthesis using radiolabeled precursors of DNA, RNA and protein. These compounds were then studied to examine cell growth inhibition of human promyelocytic leukemic cells (HL-60). Cytotoxicity was studied using the trypan blue exclusion method. Of 50 compounds evaluated for cell growth inhibition, 12 compounds showed IC50 100 μM.
Status of European Estuaries

Studies of pollution status in particular estuaries provide information which may be useful generally in studies of other estuaries. Most estuarine pollution issues concern 1) point and nonpoint source contaminants, 2) eutrophication and hypoxia, 3) pathogen introduction and 4) urbanization and industrial development. Most of the estuarine pollution issues in the United States have been well known in Europe for decades. Assessment and monitoring of thermal discharges and of a variety of point and nonpoint source inorganic and organic chemical contaminants have been conducted in the Baltic Sea, Danish coast, French coast, German Bight, Netherlands coast, North Sea and Oslofjord.
Noninvasive detection of cell death: From tracking epitaphs to counting coffins

Because death by any means is a loss of functional tissue, should morphologic differentiation of the type of cell death be important at all? If any given injury results in morphologic hybrids of myocyte death, it is logical to presume that interventions to abrogate any one process may produce preventative benefits that exceed expectations.10 Cell death, at least in terminally differentiated cells, may therefore allow multiple avenues of intervention, and therefore appropriate diagnostic assessment of the cell death processes may become quite relevant. In the battlefield, where many heart muscle cells have fallen, we must exploit every cue to identify dead cells from not-so-dead cells.
Explaining excessive rates of cesareans and other childbirth interventions: Contributions from contemporary theories of gender and psychosocial development

Abstract The current rate of cesarean sections in the U.S. is too high. Numerous mothers and babies are being placed at unnecessary risk of medical, behavioral and psychological complications. The problem has proven resistant to solution on a large scale, despite serious efforts on the part of a variety of individuals and groups. This paper considers reports on the interactions between obstetricians and mothers in labor in light of findings and theory in the areas of gender and psychosocial development. Examination of processes and standards of care in light of these findings and theory leads to the conclusion that the present model of obstetric services is consistent with a masculine style, and offers far less than optimal care for women. In fact, the gender-inappropriate elements of the model itself probably contribute to the excessive rates of interventions in labor. Social, political and historical factors are seen to support the obstetric model as is, leading to some pessimism about the possibility that the model could be modified sufficiently without major social change. The obstetric model is compared briefly with the more gender appropriate model of care provided by midwives.
Identification of cubic nonlinearity in disbonded aluminum honeycomb panels using single degree-of-freedom models

Prior work on a disbonded aluminum honeycomb panel showed evidence of a quadratic stiffness nonlinearity, as well as the presence of an unknown cubic nonlinearity. Approximations to higher order nonlinear single degree of freedom (SDOF) models were solved using the method of multiple scales. These approximations were then used to fit displacement data from a sinusoidal excitation test and determine the coefficients of the model as a function of damage size. Confirmation of the quadratic stiffness nonlinearity was achieved through examination of force restoration curves excited at one-half the primary resonance in conjunction with coefficient fitting of the test data to the model. The data were fit against the higher order models to determine whether the cubic nonlinearity could be stiffness or damping related. The coefficient fitting shows that the cubic nonlinearity is a stiffness nonlinearity. This confirmed what was seen in the force restoration curves when the system was excited at one-third the primary resonance. The ability to match the vibratory behavior of the damage to a SDOF model shows that the use of single frequency excitation at lower frequencies can isolate the nonlinear behavior of the damaged area and identify what damage mechanisms may be involved.
Inventory management under highly uncertain demand

We show that base-stock levels first increase and then decrease as the standard deviation increases for a variety of non-negative random variables with a given mean and provide a distribution-free upper bound for optimal base-stock levels that grows linearly with the standard deviation and then remains constant.
Hemoglobin Variability and Hyporesponsiveness : Much Ado About Something or Nothing?

Hemoglobin (Hb) variability is considered a discrete clinical entity that when present may presage poor clinical outcomes. However, Hb variability is an intrinsic property of biological systems and is present in all patients, those with and without the anemia of chronic kidney disease. Taken together, variability actually represents the integration of multiple influences at multiple levels in the life of a red cell, namely the summation of positive and negative influences on erythropoiesis. Thus, Hb variability may be interpreted as a mathematic function of time and is the result of a host of influences including definition of the normal Hb range, native erythron responsiveness/hyporesponsiveness, temporal changes in endogenous and exogenous erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) levels, the algorithms used to dose ESAs and their duration of action, the presence of biologically available iron, red cell turnover, and recyclable and non-recyclable blood loss and gain. When viewed within this construct of matrixed determinants, the source of hemoglobin variability is more readily identified. When variability is present but the etiology is not easily discerned, erythropoietic hyporesponsivess must be considered and evaluated. Finally, integration of all of these concepts is possible within the context of an anemia management protocol.
Designing experiments for tolerancing assembled products

This article provides an outline of theory and methods for the experimental determination of tolerance limits for mating components of assembled products. The emphasis is on novel combinatorial problems of pre- and post-fracfionafion of certain products of two-level factorial designs. The cost of experimentation is discussed and used as a guide to allocating experimental runs. Several design examples are provided. The article also includes a comprehensive example of the experimental determination of tolerances for the components of a throttle handle for small outboard motors.
High-frequency ultrasound probe-guided hemoclipping of colonic Dieulafoy's lesion

Hemoclipping of a visible vessel feeding the bleeder in a thin walled duodenal diverticulum has been shown to prevent recurrence of bleeding (Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:116–117). Submcuosal vessels not easily seen in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract can be easily identified on high frequency ultrasound probe sonography (HFUPS) and hemostatic therapy could be directed to the feeding vessel. We report a case to demonstrate the utility of HFUPS guided hemoclipping of a submucosal feeding vessel in the prevention of rebleeding from a colonic Dieulafoy's lesion.
REAL-TIME ATOMIC-LEVEL OBSERVATIONS OF IN SITU CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS UTILIZING HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Three studies ofin situ chemical reactions or transformations utilizing real-time video recording of high-resolution microscopic images to reveal atomic resolution details are reported. In one study, the removal of a twin plane separating a surface promontory consisting of several hundreds of atoms from the main body of a TbOx crystal is observed. In another study of a leached TbOx specimen, the decomposition of a Tb(OH)3 surface impurity is followed as the oxide product is accreted to the main body of the TbO2 crystal. In a third example, a crystal of modified PbO2 grown from acid solution displays, in high resolution, rapid cooperative movement of scores to hundreds of atoms over the crystal surface before finally decomposing, presumably with loss of hydrogen, toβ-PbO2.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy studies of the Si‐SiO2 interface

We have performed, for the first time, measurements of the electronic structure of the Si‐SiO2 interface with electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) in connection with argon‐ion sputtering. We have measured the depth profiles of both the 5.1‐ and 7.2‐eV ELS peaks, which have been previously observed for both the Si surface with oxygen adsorbed and SiO2 with defects present. We have found that the intensities of these peaks, especially that of the 5.1‐eV peak, show a maximum at the Si‐SiO2 interface. This suggests that these ELS peaks come from special bonding configurations characteristic of the connective layer between Si and SiO2 at the interface.
Mapping scientific communities to scale-up ethnographies

We will present the multistep process for generating bibliometric mappings of research fields and their community structure, a process that we have developed using a combination of network analysis and ethnographic field studies of scientific communities. We suggest that such maps are useful to support the strategic sampling of ethnographic field sites and the transparent scaling-up of ethnographic findings for the comparative study of collaboration and communication practices across scientific fields.
A Research Note on the Impact of District/at-Large Elections on Black Political Efficacy

Substantial evidence suggests that district, as opposed to at-large, local election structures improve the electoral opportunities for black council candidates. This article attempts to go one step further and determine if, indeed, district election systems and the presumed increased presence of black elected officials can be linked to black feelings of political efficacy toward local government. Based on an analysis of American National Election Study data, a significant connection is found between the type of election structure present in a city and the likelihood of black respondents claiming to "have any say about what the local government does."
Energy diet: energy feedback on a bathroom scale

Energy Diet is a design concept for a digital bathroom scale that displays personal health information in the form of body weight alongside environmental health information in the form of carbon weight. We intentionally conflate these two types of feedback in an effort to encourage people to regularly monitor their energy use as they weigh themselves and to reflect on the complex relationships between personal health and environmental health. To inform our design we tested paper prototypes and administered two surveys with 500 participants. We then created a working prototype that we deployed in four participants' homes for one month each. This paper discusses findings and design implications from our surveys and in-home deployment. Overall, seeing carbon weight together with body weight on a scale helped participants to conceptualize energy consumption and to reflect on a range of daily activities and their environmental impacts.
Impacts of Competitive Sorption Processes on Remediation Goals for Contaminated Soils

A combined water infiltration and chemical fate and transport model was constructed to simulate the transport of a sorbed chemical present at a low concentration (mimicking the residual amount of chemical left in soil after clean-up) from soil to groundwater in the presence of competing solutes. A multisolute equilibrium model, the ideal adsorbed solution theory, was used to predict sorbed and aqueous concentrations for both the primary chemical and a secondary competitor. The objective was to analyze the extent to which including competition induced desorption in the transport model would change soil clean-up standards required to meet a particular water concentration goal. The presence of competitors caused a decrease in the allowable concentration of a chemical sorbed to soil, increasing the level of clean-up required. The magnitude of the competitive effect on the transport of a sorbed contaminant through the soil column depended on the sorption affinity of the sorbent, on the properties of the competitor such as octanol–water partition coefficient ( K OW ) and also on the concentration of the competitor, with the largest effects observed for competitors of similar sorption affinity and for the highest competitor concentrations.
Hog cholera virus infection in tracheal organ cultures.

Organ cultures prepared from tracheas that were either infected with hog cholera virus (HCV)in vitro or collected from HCV-infected swine supported replication of the virus. Replication was confirmed by an increase in the titer of extracellular virus as well as by the appearance and increase in the number of fluorescent cells observed in the tracheal epithelium. Ciliary activity was reduced in cultures prepared from the trachea of a pig that had been persistently infected with HCV for 3 weeks but otherwise was not altered detectably by infection. Brief exposure of infected trachea to neutralizing antibody had only a transient effect on detection and titer of virus in the culture medium.
Analysis of the Impact of Alternative U.S. Dairy Import Policies

A simulation model is used to measure the impact of four U.S. dairy import plans on Wisconsin farm milk prices and other variables. Estimates for different plans show that each additional billion pounds of milk equivalent in dairy imports would depress Wisconsin farm prices initially by $@@‐@@0.14 to $@@‐@@0.21 per hundredweight. Wisconsin farm milk prices initially would fall by 18% if the milk equivalent of butter and cheese imports rose to 12 billion pounds. Within three years, milk prices would recover. But this recovery would occur only after about 13% of Wisconsin's milk producers had exited from dairying.
Phase Shifts for Pion-Nucleon Scattering at 40 Mev

Approximate phase shifts for the pion-nucleon system are obtained from the Chew-Low-Wick equations. At 40 Mev, the set of phases: ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{1}=6.26\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{3}=\ensuremath{-}4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{11}=\ensuremath{-}2.05\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{13}={\ensuremath{\delta}}_{31}=\ensuremath{-}0.82\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{33}=4.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, has the properties: (i) it satisfies the first iteration and the effective-range approximations of the Chew-Low-Wick equations, (ii) it satisfies the dispersion relations, (iii) it gives good over-all agreement with the experimental data within the experimental errors. Iteration of the effective-range approximation, for energies up to 200 Mev, gives good agreement for the ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{13}$ and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{33}$ phases but not for the ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{11}$ phase shifts.
E. coli integration host factor binds to specific sites in DNA

Abstract E. coli integration host factor (IHF) both participates directly in phage lambda site-specific recombination and regulates the expression of phage and bacterial genes. Using protection from nuclease and chemical attack as an assay, we examined the interaction of IHF with DNA. We found that IHF is a specific DNA binding protein that interacts with three distinct segments of attP, the recombination site carried by phage lambda. We also found that specific IHF binding sites are located in non- att DNA. Several non- att IHF binding sites that we have identified are adjacent to genes whose expression is altered in IHF mutants. From comparison of the sequences protected by IHF, we suggest that the critical determinant in specific IHF-DNA interaction is contained in the sequence
Study on effect of graded facetectomy on change in lumbar motion segment torsional flexibility using three-dimensional continuum contact representation for facet joints

Facet joints provide rigidity to the lumbar motion segment and thus protect the disk, particularly against torsional injury. A surgical procedure that fully or partially removes the facet joints (facetectomy) will decrease the mechanical stiffness of the motion segment, and potentially place the disk at risk of injury. Analytical models can be used to understand the effect of facet joints on motion segment stability. Using a facet joint model that represents the contact area as contact between two surfaces rather than as point contact, it was concluded that a substantial sudden change in rotational motion, due to applied torsion moment, was observed after 75 percent of any one of the facet joints was removed. Applied torsional moment loading produced coupled extension motion in the intact motion segment. This coupled motion also experienced a large change following complete unilateral facetectomy. Clinically, the present study showed that surgical intervention in the form of unilateral or bilateral total facetectomy might require fusion to reduce the primary torsion motion.
Anomalous relaxation in a quasi-one-dimensional fractal cluster glass

The low-temperature spin glass state of the quasi-$1\mathrm{D}$ organic-based magnet ${[\mathrm{MnTPP}]}^{+}{[\mathrm{TCNE}]}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}x(1,3\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2})$ has unusually long relaxation times due to frustration induced by dipole-dipole interactions between fractal spin clusters. This long relaxation is investigated with in-field relaxation measurements. The extremely long relaxation process enables probing of time-dependent phenomena using conventional magnetic measurements, including sweep rate-dependent hysteresis curves, even for temperatures well above the spin glass transition temperature $({T}_{g})$. For a temperature of $\ensuremath{\sim}1.3{T}_{g}$, the coercive field increased by 170% for differing sweep rates, while below ${T}_{g}$ the change was less than 5%. A study of the temperature dependence of the coercive field reveals detailed information on the behavior of fractal spin clusters within the system. For temperatures above ${T}_{g}$, the largely single-chain spin clusters act independently during magnetic reversal. As the spin clusters branch out below ${T}_{g}$, magnetic reversal is more cooperative, reflecting an enhancement of the magnetic interaction in the interpenetrating fractal cluster system.
Predicting police behavior: Ecology, class, and autonomy

Social ecological theories of crime have recently been extended to explain spatial variation in police behavior. Although these theories successfully identify community characteristics affecting local policing, they fail to acknowledge the class-based origins of formal social control and the relative autonomy of the police. This paper addresses the neglected class issue by integrating social ecological and critical theories in a model of police behavior. Cross-sectional data was obtained from twenty-five police agencies’ vice divisions and their corresponding jurisdictions to test the integrated hypothesis. Four social ecological variables and a fiscal measure of relative autonomy are examined as police behavior predictors. Findings reveal that both the autonomy measure and three of the social ecological variables explain significant variance in police behavior, thus supporting the inclusion of structural Marxism in a general theory of police behavior.
Estrogen abolishes latent inhibition in ovariectomized female rats

Estrogen is frequently prescribed as a method of birth control and as hormone replacement therapy for post-menopausal women with varied effects on cognition. Here the effects of estrogen on attention were examined using the latent inhibition (LI) behavioral paradigm. Ovariectomized (OVX) female rats were given either estrogen benzoate (EB, 10 or 100 microg/ml/kg; SC) or sesame oil vehicle. Males and OVX females receiving vehicle displayed normal LI. In contrast, LI was abolished in OVX females receiving EB. The lack of LI in OVX females receiving EB was a result of low suppression ratios, reflecting strong conditioning between the tone and the shock in these subjects even if they were pre-exposed to the tone. Thus, estrogen impaired the ability of OVX females to ignore irrelevant stimuli. Since different cognitive tasks vary in their required ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli, these results may account for some of the variations in the current literature on estrogen and cognition.
Effects of alcoholic beverage server liability on traffic crash injuries.

We examined effects on the frequency of injuries due to motor vehicle crashes of a sudden change in exposure to legal liability of servers of alcoholic beverages in Texas. A multiple time-series quasi-experimental research design was used, including the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average and intervention-analysis statistical models on injury data from 1978 through 1988. We controlled for the effects of several other policy changes expected to influence injury rates in Texas, and for broader nationwide changes in injury rates in the 1980s. Results revealed 6.5% and 5.3% declines in injurious traffic crashes following the filing of two major liability suits in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Sever liability is one of several important public policy tools in efforts to achieve health objectives regarding reduced injury morbidity, and mortality. Language: en
Trajectory scaling function for bifurcations in area-preserving maps on the plane

Abstract The trajectory scaling function for area-preserving maps on the plane is found using a calculation of the unstable manifold for the renormalization group operator R·T=Λ·T2·Λ-1 with Λ= α 0 0 β . Internal self-similarities of high order cycles and of power spectra are deduced.
Suppressing Allied Atrocity Stories The Unwritten Clause of the World War II Censorship Code

Wartime journalists can be torn between loyalty to the ideal of truth and loyalty to their nation. During World War II, American journalists working in the Office of Censorship reached beyond the d...
Mechanism of methionine biosynthesis in rat liver.

Synthesis of methionine in rat liver by the B12-independent N5-methyltetrahydropterolyltri-glutamate: homocysteine methyltransferase reported by Wang, Koch and Stokstad has been investigated. In agreement with their results it was found that methionine was formed by crude rat liver supernatant fraction and dialyzed mitochondrial extract on aerobic incubation with N5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate, homocysteine and magnesium chloride. However, the folate derivative could not have been involved in this process since N5-[14C]methyl-tetrahydropteroyltriglutamate did not incorporate 14C into the methionine. In the supernatant fraction, methionine was formed by the transmethylation of endogenous betaine with added homocysteine. Rat liver supernatant fraction was found to contain 250 nmoles/ml betaine. In the mitochondrial extract, methionine formation occurred by proteolysis. It is concluded that a B12-independent N5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate: homocysteine methyltransferase does not occur in rat liver.
Evaluating Where and Why Drifters Die

AbstractNOAA ’s Global Drifter Program (GDP) manages a global array of ~1250 active satellite-tracked surface drifting buoys (“drifters”) in collaboration with numerous national and international partners. To better manage the drifter array and to assess the performance of various drifter manufacturers, it is important to discriminate between drifters that cease transmitting because of internal failure and those that cease because of external factors such as running aground or being picked up. An accurate assessment of where drifters run aground would also allow the observations to be used to more accurately simulate the evolution of floating marine debris and to quantify globally which shores are most prone to the deposit of marine debris. While the drifter Data Assembly Center of the GDP provides a metadata file that includes cause of death, the identified cause for most drifters is simply “quit transmitting.” In this study it is shown that a significant fraction of these drifters likely ran aground or ...