cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathways to the middle class in Turkey : how have reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity helped?

Turkey's poverty reduction performance in the 2000s has been remarkably consistent. Extreme and moderate poverty have fallen considerably since 2003. Between 2002 and 2011, extreme poverty fell from 13 percent to 5 percent, while moderate poverty halved from 44 percent to 22 percent (respectively, defined using the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia regional poverty lines of 2.5 and 5 USD/PPP). Most of this poverty reduction (89 percent) has been driven by growth, a performance consistent with most countries in Europe and Central Asia. This is substantially different form the recent performance of other regions, such as Latin America, where redistribution contributed to poverty reduction almost four times more than in Turkey. Turkey has also achieved sustained consumption growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population, even during the years of the world recession. Turkey's performance in poverty reduction and increased shared prosperity has been complemented by the systematic expansion of the middle class by 20 percentage points. This paper analyzes the main drivers of poverty reduction, shared prosperity, and changes in inequality in Turkey from 2002 to 2011. The analysis shows that labor markets, demographics, pensions, and social assistance have played a critical role in this process. It further explores some of the mechanisms that have facilitated these changes.
Thesis-Antithesis-Neutrothesis, and Neutrosynthesis

In this short paper we extend the dialectical triad thesis-antithesis-synthesis (dynamics of and , to get a synthesis) to the neutrosophic tetrad thesis-antithesis-neutrothesis-neutrosynthesis (dynamics of , , and , in order to get a neutro- synthesis). We do this for better reflecting our world, since the neutralities between opposites play an important role. The neutrosophic synthesis (neutrosynthesis) is more refined that the dialectical synthesis. It carries on the unification and synthesis regarding the opposites and their neutrals too.
Traffic-redundancy aware network design

We consider network design problems for information networks where routers can replicate data but cannot alter it. This functionality allows the network to eliminate data-redundancy in traffic, thereby saving on routing costs. We consider two problems within this framework and design approximation algorithms.The first problem we study is the traffic-redundancy aware network design (RAND) problem. We are given a weighted graph over a single server and many clients. The server owns a number of different data packets and each client desires a subset of the packets; the client demand sets form a laminar set system. Our goal is to connect every client to the source via a single path, such that the collective cost of the resulting network is minimized. Here the transportation cost over an edge is its weight times times the number of distinct packets that it carries.The second problem is a facility location problem that we call RAFL. Here the goal is to find an assignment from clients to facilities such that the total cost of routing packets from the facilities to clients (along unshared paths), plus the total cost of "producing" one copy of each desired packet at each facility is minimized.We present a constant factor approximation for the RAFL and an O(log P) approximation for RAND, where P is the total number of distinct packets. We remark that P is always at most the number of different demand sets desired or the number of clients, and is generally much smaller.
Reconfiguration of a wind turbine with hydrostatic drivetrain to improve annual energy production

Hydrostatic transmission systems (HTS) have shown potential in replacing gearbox in conventional wind turbines. However, the general perception about these systems is that they suffer from low efficiencies, specifically at low wind speeds. This paper presents a novel technique that can improve the annual energy production (AEP) beyond that of a conventional wind turbine. By optimizing the operating conditions and the design of the wind turbine, the performance and efficiency of a HTS can be improved. A side-by-side comparison with the conventional wind turbines is provided to highlight the benefits of the proposed methodology. One of the findings of this research is that, rotor, hydrostatic pump, motor and their operations' planning must be optimized together to achieve higher AEP. The reconfigured turbines are shown to provide up to 8 percent AEP increase for a 750 kW plant and up to 10 percent increase for 1500 kW plants using the proposed drivetrain configurations.
Early Oral Feeding Following Total Laryngectomy

Objectives The time to begin oral feeding after total laryngectomy remains a subject of debate among head and neck surgeons. The prevailing assumption is that early initiation of oral feeding may cause pharyngocutaneous fistula; thus, the common practice of initiating oral feeding after a period of 7 to 10 days. The objective of the study was to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of oral feeding 48 hours after total laryngectomy. Study Design Two-part study includes, first, a sequential study and, second, a prospective analysis of our practice. Methods Patients undergoing total laryngectomy without partial pharyngectomy or radiation treatment (except irradiation through small ports for a T1 or T2 glottic carcinoma) were included. In the first, sequential part of the study (part I), a group of 18 patients who were fed 7 to 10 days after total laryngectomy (control group) was compared with a group of 20 patients who received oral feeding within 48 hours. To confirm the results of part I, a prospective analysis of this practice was conducted (part II) in which 35 additional patients who met the above criteria were fed within 48 hours after surgery. Results In part I, pharyngocutaneous fistula occurred in one patient (5%) in the early feeding group and in two patients (11%) in the control group. In part II, pharyngocutaneous fistula occurred in one patient (2.8%). Overall, fistula occurred in two patients in the combined early feeding group (3.6%). This rate of pharyngocutaneous fistula compares favorably with the fistula rate in the control group of 18 patients. Pharyngeal stricture that required dilation occurred in three of our patients in the study group and two in the control group (5.5% vs. 11%, respectively). The length of hospital stay was significantly shortened from 12 to 7 days. Conclusion Our results indicate that in this patient population initiation of oral feeding 48 hours after total laryngectomy is a safe clinical practice.
Proposals for WTO Reform : A Synthesis and Assessment

This paper summarizes the major arguments and proposals to reform the modus operandi of the World Trade Organization --including decision-making procedures, negotiating modalities, and dispute settlement. Much has already been done to improve the internal and external transparency of World Trade Organization processes. Some proposals for structural reform ignore incentive constraints and the fact that the World Trade Organization is an incomplete contract that must be self-enforcing. Others -- such as calls for a"critical mass"approach to negotiations --can already be pursued (and have been). The agenda for international cooperation increasingly revolves around"behind-the-border"regulatory externalities that do not necessarily lend themselves to binding commitments in a trade agreement. This suggests a focus on strengthening notification/surveillance and developing more effective mechanisms for dialogue on regulatory policies that may create negative spillovers.
The Impact of No Child Left Behind on Student Achievement.

The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act compelled states to design school accountability systems based on annual student assessments. The effect of this federal legislation on the distribution of student achievement is a highly controversial but centrally important question. This study presents evidence on whether NCLB has influenced student achievement based on an analysis of state-level panel data on student test scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The impact of NCLB is identified using a comparative interrupted time series analysis that relies on comparisons of the test-score changes across states that already had school accountability policies in place prior to NCLB and those that did not. Our results indicate that NCLB generated statistically significant increases in the average math performance of fourth graders (effect size 5 0.23 by 2007) as well as improvements at the lower and top percentiles. There is also evidence of improvements in eighth-grade math achievement, particularly among traditionally low-achieving groups and at the lower percentiles. However, we find no evidence that NCLB increased fourth-grade reading achievement. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Dangerous inmates: Maximum security incarceration in the state prison systems of the united states

In a real sense, the American prison system is built and operated on the assumption that it is engaged in warehousing violent men. The management of dangerousness has come to represent an important custodial problem for the American penal system. This article examines the modality of dangerousness in the evolving custodial operational control of modern prisons. The trend is toward more and higher security with much more sophisticated technology and operating procedures. Inmates define themselves and are defined by prison officials in terms of age, race, dangerousness, gang affiliation, and incidents of institutional violence. Architecture, technology, staffing, training, and security and operating procedures are all geared to preventing violence and, if that fails, to identifying, punishing, and incapacitating dangerous inmates.
Semidefinite programming and approximation algorithms: a survey

Computing approximate solutions for NP-hard problems is an important research endeavor. Since the work of Goemans-Williamson in 1993, semidefinite programming (a form of convex programming in which the variables are vector inner products) has been used to design the current best approximation algorithms for problems such as MAX-CUT, MAX-3SAT, SPARSEST CUT, GRAPH COLORING, etc. The talk will survey this area, as well as its fascinating connections with topics such as geometric embeddings of metric spaces, and Khot's unique games conjecture. The talk will be self-contained.
Creating partnerships with working children and youth

If children do not have voice, they cannot be heard. And, if we are to fully understand child labor, working children and youth should speak out on their situation. While in recent years this observation (that it is necessary to include the perspective of working children and youth as well as that of their families) is increasingly accepted, the mechanisms for doing so are not well established. This paper reviews how organizations assisting working children and youth can include working children and youth in efforts to reduce the adverse effects of child labor and child labor per se. Children's and youth organizations can support the empowerment of poor or otherwise marginalized and disadvantaged families. They can grow spontaneously even from small initiatives of local groups. At the local level, these organizations help members to handle their daily situation, and work effectively to improve their conditions both at individual and collective levels. In many cases they can influence local legislation and policymaking and go even further: working children and their organizations have also engaged in international outreach and cross-country networking including participation in the international conferences on child labor in Amsterdam and Oslo. The paper concludes with suggestions for further steps to elaborate the understanding of working children and youth as partners and stakeholders, and to develop ways to include them - whenever appropriate - in programming, planning, policies, advocacy and research concerning child labor.
Pulse Shape Discrimination in P-N Junction Detectors

A pulse shape discrimination circuit for solid state particle detectors has been developed that will distinguish between ionizing particles stopping completely within the junction region and those passing beyond. It is based upon the fact that the first kind of particles produce a fast rising pulse in the order of nanoseconds whereas the second kind have an added diffusion component in the microsecond region. A circuit description and representative spectra are given.
Neutrino oscillations and rare processes in models with a small extra dimension

Abstract We discuss Dirac neutrino masses and mixings in a scenario where both the standard model fermions and right-handed neutrinos are bulk fields in a non-factorizable geometry in five dimensions. We show how the atmospheric and solar neutrino anomalies can be satisfactorily resolved, and in particular how bimaximal mixing is realized. We also consider rare processes such as neutron–antineutron oscillations and μ → e + γ , which may occur at an observable rate.
Ligand-Enabled Reactivity and Selectivity in a Synthetically Versatile Aryl C–H Olefination

The Mizoroki-Heck reaction, which couples aryl halides with olefins, has been widely used to stitch together the carbogenic cores of numerous complex organic molecules. Given that the position-selective introduction of a halide onto an arene is not always straightforward, direct olefination of aryl carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds would obviate the inefficiencies associated with generating halide precursors or their equivalents. However, methods for carrying out such a reaction have suffered from narrow substrate scope and low positional selectivity. We report an operationally simple, atom-economical, carboxylate-directed Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H olefination reaction with phenylacetic acid and 3-phenylpropionic acid substrates, using oxygen at atmospheric pressure as the oxidant. The positional selectivity can be tuned by introducing amino acid derivatives as ligands. We demonstrate the versatility of the method through direct elaboration of commercial drug scaffolds and efficient syntheses of 2-tetralone and naphthoic acid natural product cores.
Effects of desalivation on behavioral thermoregulation against heat

Abstract Male and female rats made subtotally desalivate by section of the major saliva ducts were tested in operant thermoregulation sessions. This surgery, which impairs a major thermoregulatory response in the rat, produced a rise in operant behavior to reduce heat exposure among the male animals. Through this increased responding the reduction in evaporative heat loss following desalivation was compensated somewhat, allowing post-session temperatures to be maintained at the normal pre-surgery levels. Female desalivates did not show an increase in responding. Another effect beneficial in coping with heat stress, the lowering of pre-session body temperature, emerged among both experimental and control animals in the post-operative sessions. The earlier finding of stable post-session body temperatures (38.0–39.0°C) in normal animals when this variable is under behavioral control was also noted in the animals of this experiment.
Institutional quality, the cyclicality of monetary policy and macroeconomic volatility

Abstract In contrast to industrialized countries, emerging market economies are characterized by pro- or acyclical monetary policies and high output volatility. This paper argues that those facts can be related to a long-run feature of the economy – namely, its institutional quality (IQL). The paper presents evidence that supports the link between an index of IQL (law and order, government stability, investment profile, etc.), and (i) the cyclicality of monetary policy, and (ii) the volatilities of output and the nominal interest rate. In a DSGE model, foreign investors that choose a portfolio of direct investment and lending to domestic agents, face a probability of partial confiscation which works as a proxy that captures IQL. The economy is hit by external shocks to demand for home goods and productivity shocks while its central bank seeks to stabilize inflation and output. In the long run, a lower IQL tends to discourage external liabilities. If there is a positive external demand shock, we observe an increase in output and real appreciation. The latter operates through two opposite channels. First, it directly increases the opportunity cost of leisure generating incentives to expand labor supply. Second, it reduces the real value of the debt denominated in foreign currency which stimulates consumption but contracts the labor supply. If the IQL is low, the economy attracts fewer loans for domestic consumers and shows a lower debt-to-consumption ratio in the steady state. This implies that the reduction of the real value of the debt caused by the real appreciation is smaller. Given this low wealth effect, the real appreciation leads to an expansion of the labor supply. Wages drop and inflation diminishes. The central bank reacts by cutting its policy rate to stabilize inflation and generates a negative comovement between output and the nominal interest rate (procyclical policy). As a corollary, negative correlations between policy rates and output are not necessarily an indicator of destabilizing polices even in the presence of demand shocks.
Computing the Local Consensus of Trees

The inference of consensus from a set of evolutionary trees is a fundamental problem in a number of fields such as biology and historical linguistics, and many models for inferring this consensus have been proposed. In this paper we present a model for deriving what we call a local consensus tree T from a set of trees ${\cal T}$. The model we propose presumes a function f, called a total local consensus function, which determines for every triple A of species, the form that the local consensus tree should take on A. We show that all local consensus trees, when they exist, can be constructed in polynomial time and that many fundamental problems can be solved in linear time. We also consider partial local consensus functions and study optimization problems under this model. We present linear time algorithms for several variations. Finally we point out that the local consensus approach ties together many previous approaches to constructing consensus trees.
Phase-compensated ultra-bright source of entangled photons.

While the most direct method to increase the brightness of a type-I entanglement source is to increase the collected solid angle of the down-conversion, this leads to effective decoherence caused by an angle-dependent phase shift. Using specially designed compensation crystals, we have reversed this effect and created the brightest source of entangled photons to date, over two million measured pairs per second, recorded while measuring the largest reported violation of Bell’s inequality (1239 σ).
Modeling of Alcator C-Mod divertor baffling experiments

A specific Alcator C-Mod discharge from the series of divertor baffling experiments is simulated with the DEGAS 2 Monte Carlo neutral transport code. A simple two-point plasma model is used to describe the plasma variation between Langmuir probe locations. A range of conductances for the bypass between the divertor plenum and the main chamber are considered. The experimentally observed insensitivity of the neutral current flowing through the bypass and of the Dα emissions to the magnitude of the conductance is reproduced. The current of atoms in this regime is being limited by atomic physics processes and not bypass conductance. The simulated trends in divertor pressure, bypass current, and Dα emission agree only qualitatively with the experimental measurements, however. Possible explanations for the quantitative differences are discussed.
Globalization, poverty, and inequality: What is the relationship? What can be done?

Forbes Online of 27 February 20031 offers some information about the world’s ten richest people. Much of the information would cause little surprise. The list shows that big money comes from software innovation, retailing scale economies, the business of oil, investment luck, and inheritance. What is, however, really striking — more so as one ponders the matter — is just how rich these ten people are.2 Together they had, in 2002, a net worth of US$217 billion, ranging from Bill Gates in the lead with US$40.7 billion to John Walton (son of Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart) at the rear with US$16.5 billion.
Precision Landing at Mars Using Discrete-Event Drag Modulation

An entry, descent, and landing architecture capable of achieving Mars Science Laboratory-class landed accuracy (within 10 km of target) while delivering a Mars Exploration Rover-class payload to the surface of Mars is presented. The architecture consists of a Mars Exploration Rover-class aeroshell with a rigid, annular drag skirt. Maximum vehicle diameter, including drag skirt, is limited to be compatible with current launch-vehicle fairings. A single drag-skirt jettison event is used to control range during entry. Three-degree-of-freedom trajectory simulation is used in conjunction with Monte Carlo techniques to assess the flight performance of the proposed architecture. Results indicate that landed accuracy is competitive with preflight Mars Science Laboratory estimates, and peak heat rate and integrated heat load are significantly reduced relative to the Mars Exploration Rover entry system. Modeling parachute descent within the onboard guidance algorithm is found to remove range error bias present at t...
An information-theoretic approach to privacy

Ensuring the usefulness of electronic data sources while providing necessary privacy guarantees is an important unsolved problem. This problem drives the need for an overarching analytical framework that can quantify the safety of personally identifiable information (privacy) while still providing a quantifable benefit (utility) to multiple legitimate information consumers. State of the art approaches have predominantly focused on privacy. This paper presents the first information-theoretic approach that promises an analytical model guaranteeing tight bounds of how much utility is possible for a given level of privacy and vice-versa.
Ethanol consumption in mice: relationships with circadian period and entrainment.

Abstract A functional connection between the circadian timing system and alcohol consumption is suggested by multiple lines of converging evidence. Ethanol consumption perturbs physiological rhythms in hormone secretion, sleep, and body temperature; and conversely, genetic and environmental perturbations of the circadian system can alter alcohol intake. A fundamental property of the circadian pacemaker, the endogenous period of its cycle under free-running conditions, was previously shown to differ between selectively bred high- (HAP) and low- (LAP) alcohol preferring replicate 1 mice. To test whether there is a causal relationship between circadian period and ethanol intake, we induced experimental, rather than genetic, variations in free-running period. Male inbred C57Bl/6J mice and replicate 2 male and female HAP2 and LAP2 mice were entrained to light:dark cycles of 26 or 22 h or remained in a standard 24 h cycle. On discontinuation of the light:dark cycle, experimental animals exhibited longer and shorter free-running periods, respectively. Despite robust effects on circadian period and clear circadian rhythms in drinking, these manipulations failed to alter the daily ethanol intake of the inbred strain or selected lines. Likewise, driving the circadian system at long and short periods produced no change in alcohol intake. In contrast with replicate 1 HAP and LAP lines, there was no difference in free-running period between ethanol naive HAP2 and LAP2 mice. HAP2 mice, however, were significantly more active than LAP2 mice as measured by general home–cage movement and wheel running, a motivated behavior implicating a selection effect on reward systems. Despite a marked circadian regulation of drinking behavior, the free-running and entrained period of the circadian clock does not determine daily ethanol intake.
Spectral edge detection in two dimensions using wavefronts

Abstract A recurring task in image processing, approximation theory, and the numerical solution of partial differential equations is to reconstruct a piecewise-smooth real-valued function f ( x ) , where x ∈ R N , from its truncated Fourier transform (its truncated spectrum). An essential step is edge detection for which a variety of one-dimensional schemes have been developed over the last few decades. Most higher-dimensional edge detection algorithms consist of applying one-dimensional detectors in each component direction in order to recover the locations in R N where f ( x ) is singular (the singular support). In this paper, we present a multidimensional algorithm which identifies the wavefront of a function from spectral data. The wavefront of f is the set of points ( x , k → ) ∈ R N × ( S N − 1 / { ± 1 } ) which encode both the location of the singular points of a function and the orientation of the singularities. (Here S N − 1 denotes the unit sphere in N dimensions.) More precisely, k → is the direction of the normal line to the curve or surface of discontinuity at x. Note that the singular support is simply the projection of the wavefront onto its x-component. In one dimension, the wavefront is a subset of R 1 × ( S 0 / { ± 1 } ) = R , and it coincides with the singular support. In higher dimensions, geometry comes into play and they are distinct. We discuss the advantages of wavefront reconstruction and indicate how it can be used for segmentation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Women Professors' Assertive-Empathic and Non-Assertive Communication in Sexual Harassment Situations

This study attempted to identify when, how and why women professors use assertive-empathic and non-assertive communication in sexual harassment situations with other faculty members. Of thirty women professors interviewed, only a few reported using assertive-empathic communication; most women relied on non-assertive communication. Reasons for using assertive-empathic and non-assertive communication were based largely on instrumental, relational, or self-identity communication goals.
Strong analytic solutions of fractional Cauchy problems

Fractional derivatives can be used to model time delays in a diffusion process. When the order of the fractional derivative is distributed over the unit interval, it is useful for modeling a mixture of delay sources. In some special cases distributed order derivative can be used to model ultra-slow diffusion. We extend the results of Baeumer and Meerschaert (3) in the single order fractional derivative case to distributed order fractional derivative case. In particular, we develop the strong analytic solutions of distributed order fractional Cauchy problems.
Jets from collapsing bubbles

When an asymmetric bubble collapses it generally produces a well–defined high–velocity jet. This is remarkable because one might expect such a collapse to produce a complex or chaotic flow rather than an ordered one. I present a dimensional argument for the ubiquity of jets from collapsing bubbles, and model the aspherical collapse of a bubble with pieces of Rayleigh9s solution for spherical collapse and its cylindrical analogue. This model explains the ubiquity of jet formation in aspherical collapse, and predicts the shape and velocity profile of the resulting jet. These predictions may be tested in the laboratory or by numerical calculation. An application to solid spall is suggested.
BEAT CEPHEIDS AS PROBES OF STELLAR AND GALACTIC METALLICITY. II. OPACITIES WITH THE AGS MIXTURE

It is well known that the mere location of a beat Cepheid model in a period ratio versus period diagram (Petersen diagram) puts constraints on its metallicity Z. But these bounds are sensitive to the mixture of elements that are lumped into the parameter Z. In this short paper we update the previous results that were based on the Grevesse-Noels solar mixture to the recent, revised Asplund, Grevesse, & Sauval (AGS) solar mixture. We also examine the effect of the envelope depth on the accuracy of the computed pulsation periods. We find that for low-period Cepheids with high Z the customary approximation of envelope pulsation breaks down. It is necessary to compute stellar models that extend to the center and to include burning and composition inhomogeneities in the modeling. Fortunately, however, most beat Cepheids that have been observed so far seem to avoid that regime.
Self-breaking technicolor

Abstract We propose a scenario in which the electroweak symmetry is spontaneously broken by an SU(4) technicolor gauge interaction which also manages to break itself completely. The technicolor gauge bosons and technifermions are not confined by the technicolor force, but get large masses. Starting with a single technidoublet, one emerges with a complete standard model family of technifermions after the symmetry breaking is complete. This suggests a boad new avenue for model building. A few variations on the theme are mentioned.
A general design method for closed-loop solar energy systems

Abstract A general design method is presented for closed loop energy systems consisting of solar collectors, sensible energy storage and a closed-loop flow circuit in which thermal energy is supplied (through heat exchange) to a load above a specified minimum temperature. It is assumed that the energy supplied to the load is used at a constant thermal efficiency. Computer simulations were used to estimate the long-term thermal performance of these systems, and correlations between the system performance and the system design parameters, such as the collector characteristics, load size, climatic data, and the minimum useful temperature, are presented.
RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS

Abstract This paper reports an empirical investigation of housing maintenance decisions which allows for social interactions within small residential neighborhoods with data from the American Housing Survey for 1985 and 1989. The study explores a neglected feature of the data, namely the availability of data of neighborhood clusters for metropolitan areas in the United States, with neighborhoods consisting of a dwelling unit and its 10 nearest neighbors. The paper identifies an important, and statistically very significant, effect of social interactions, while individual and dwelling unit characteristics are accounted for.
Technical aspects of resection of pelvic tumors

Tumors in the greater or lesser pelvis with lateral fixation present difficulties in their resection due to inadequate exposure distally. Two illustrative examples of such tumors, of a total of 26 pelvic tumors, suggest that resection of tumors in the pelvis with lateral fixation is facilitated with the use of the abdominoinguinal incision, ligation of one or both internal iliac arteries, and dissection at clean planes away from the tumor surface.
Wandering polygons and recurrent critical leaves

Let $T$ be a finite subset of the complex unit circle ${\mathbb{S}^1}$ and define $f: {\mathbb{S}^1} \mapsto {\mathbb{S}^1}$ by $f(z) = z^d$. Let $\mathrm{CH}(T)$ denote the convex hull of $T$. If $\mathrm{card}(T) = N \geq 3$, then $\mathrm{CH}(T)$ defines a polygon with $N$ sides. The $N$-gon $\mathrm{CH}(T)$ is called a wandering N-gon if for every two non-negative integers $i \neq j,\ \mathrm{CH}(f^i(T))$ and $\mathrm{CH}(f^j(T))$ are disjoint $N$-gons. A non-degenerate chord of ${\mathbb{S}^1}$ is said to be critical if its two endpoints have the same image under $f$. Then for a critical chord, it is natural to define its (forward) orbit by the forward iterates of the endpoints. Similarly, we call a critical chord recurrent if one of its endpoints is recurrent under $f$. The main result of our study is that a wandering $N$-gon has at least $N-1$ recurrent critical chords in its limit set (defined in a natural way) having pairwise disjoint, infinite orbits. Using this result, we are able to strengthen results of Blokh, Kiwi, Levin and Thurston about wandering polygons of laminations. We also discuss some applications to the dynamics of polynomials. In particular, our study implies that if $v$ is a wandering non-precritical vertex of a locally connected polynomial Julia set, then there exists at least $\mathrm{ord}(v) -1$ recurrent critical points with pairwise disjoint orbits, all having the same $\omega$-limit set as $v$. Thus, we likewise strengthen results about wandering vertices of polynomial Julia sets.
Summary and Outlook for KEKTC5

Abstract This is the summary talk of a meeting held at the KEK, Tsukuba, Japan, November 20–22, 2001. I give a brief summary of the talks we heard, and a few comments of my own on various points that have been made. Other talks given at this meeting are referred to by the speakers last name; these talks will appear in the same proceedings. See these talks for the detailed references for each subject.
Condensation Phenomena in Nozzles

Abstract The current status of knowledge on condensation phenomena in supersonic nozzles is reviewed for readers primarily concerned with combustion processes. The history and different experimental approaches to the problem are discussed and areas of current applications are pointed out. Properties of nozzle flows of vapors and vapor mixtures are derived. Observations of condensation in nozzles are grouped in three major categories ranging from saturated expansions in equilibrium to condensation in the highly supercooled metastable state. Experimental evidence from many sources on condensation of steam, water vapor in air, nitrogen and air are presented. Solutions of the equations of motion with condensation are indicated and experimental methods are reviewed.
Inequality as a Cause of Environmental Degradation

Abstract This paper advances two hypotheses. First, the extent of an environmentally degrading economic activity is a function of the balance of power between the winners, who derive net benefits from the activity, and the losers, who bear net costs. Second, greater inequalities of power and wealth lead, all else equal, to more environmental degradation.
China's economic revolution

Professor Eckstein's book is a study of China's efforts to achieve rapid modernization of its economy within a socialist framework. Eckstein begins with an examination of economic development in pre-Communist China, specifically focusing on the resources and liabilities inherited by the new regime in 1949 and their effects on development policies. He then analyses the economic objectives of the Communist leadership - narrowing income disparities, maintaining full employment without inflation, and achieving rapid industrialization - and argues that the implementation of these goals required a potent ideology capable of providing a strong faith and motivational force for the mass mobilization of resources. In discussing the methods used by the government to achieve its aims, Eckstein makes a thorough evaluation of China's general framework for economic planning, particularly in regard to the distribution and pricing of farm products and the allocation of resources in the industrial sector. The author also evaluates the radical institutional changes in property relations and in economic organization in the People's Republic of China.
Direct Functionalization of Arenes by Primary Alcohol Sulfonate Esters Catalyzed by Gold(III)

Alkylation of arenes by primary alcohol triflate or methanesulfonate esters can be efficiently catalyzed by AuCl3 with silver triflate.
Signal verification in the real world: When is a signal not a signal?

Abstract The confirmed reception of an ETI signal would be very important to the entire Earth and is, consequently, an issue about which emotions run high. The elusive ETI signal is likely to be at the very edge of detectability and its very existence may be doubtful. The procedure for verifying the reality of our first ETI signal is of central importance. Public announcements which later turn out to be false alarms should be avoided. To help inject a healthy skepticism into our work, I propose that the following three principles should be adhered to by all ETI searchers who use real time data: 1. 1. Be skeptical! Verification must involve outside scientific peer review and independent confirmation by a second telescope. 2. 2. Show restraint! Public announcements should be made only after the signal is verified to be of extraterrestrial origin. 3. 3. Plan ahead! A procedure for rapid verification of ETI signals and dissemination of ETI data through normal scientific channels should be established before searching begins.
Resonant dynamics in a rotordynamic system with nonlinear inertial coupling and shaft anisotropy

The response of a nonlinear, damped Jeffcott rotor with anisotropic stiffness is considered in the presence of an imbalance. For sufficiently small external torque or large imbalance, resonance capture or rotordynamic stall can occur, whereby the rotational velocity of the shaft is unable to increase beyond the fundamental resonance between the rotational and translational motion. This phenomena provides a mechanism for energy transfer from the rotational to the translational mode. Using the method of averaging a reduced-order model is developed, valid near the resonance, that describes this resonant behavior. The equilibrium points of these averaged equations, which correspond to stationary solutions of the original equations and rotordynamic stall, are described as the applied torque, damping, and anisotropy vary. As the anisotropy increases, assumed to arise from increasing shaft cracks, the torque required to eliminate the possibility of stall increases. However, when the system is started with zero initial conditions, the minimum torque required to pass through the resonance is approximately constant as the anisotropy increases. The predictions from the reduced-order model are verified against numerical simulations of the original equations of motion.
Multi-functional smart aggregate-based structural health monitoring of circular reinforced concrete columns subjected to seismic excitations

In this paper, a recently developed multi-functional piezoceramic-based device, named the smart aggregate, is used for the health monitoring of concrete columns subjected to shake table excitations. Two circular reinforced concrete columns instrumented with smart aggregates were fabricated and tested with a recorded seismic excitation at the structural laboratory at the University of Nevada—Reno. In the tests, the smart aggregates were used to perform multiple monitoring functions that included dynamic seismic response detection, structural health monitoring and white noise response detection. In the proposed health monitoring approach, a damage index was developed on the basis of the comparison of the transfer function with the baseline function obtained in the healthy state. A sensor-history damage index matrix is developed to monitor the damage evolution process. Experimental results showed that the acceleration level can be evaluated from the amplitude of the dynamic seismic response; the damage statuses at different locations were evaluated using a damage index matrix; the first modal frequency obtained from the white noise response decreased with increase of the damage severity. The proposed multi-functional smart aggregates have great potential for use in the structural health monitoring of large-scale concrete structures.
Measurement of the persistence length of polymerized actin using fluorescence microscopy

Single actin filaments were confined between bovine-serum-albumine-coated glass plates, with a separation of about 1 \ensuremath{\mu}m, and their flickering Brownian movement was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The rigidity of the filaments was measured by extracting the correlation function given by the mean dot product between unit tangent vectors of an isolated filament. The result is consistent with current rigidity values found in the literature.
Some applications of topology to program semantics

The relationship between programs and the set of partial correctness assertions that they satisfy, constitutes a Galois connection. The topology resulting from this Galois connection is closely related to the Lindenbaum baum topology for the language in which these partial correctness assertions are stated. This relationship provides us with a tool for understanding the incompleteness of Hoare Logics and for answering certain natural questions about the connection between the relational semantics and the partial correctness assertion semantics for programs, especially in connection with the question of modularity of programs. Two questions to which we shall find topological answers in this paper are “When is a language expressive for a program?”, and “When can we have rules of inference which are adequate to infer the properties of the complex program ±#β from those of its components ±,β?” We also obtain a natural answer to the question “What can the set{(A, B)|{A}±{B} is true) look like for arbitraryα?”.
Executive Functioning Skills in Preschool-Age Children with Cochlear Implants

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether deficits in executive functioning (EF) in children with cochlear implants (CIs) emerge as early as the preschool years. Method Two groups of children ages 3 to 6 years participated in this cross-sectional study: 24 preschoolers who had CIs prior to 36 months of age and 21 preschoolers with normal hearing (NH). All were tested on normed measures of working memory, inhibition-concentration, and organization-integration. Parents completed a normed rating scale of problem behaviors related to EF. Comparisons of EF skills of children with CIs were made to peers with NH and to published nationally representative norms. Results Preschoolers with CIs showed significantly poorer performance on inhibition-concentration and working memory compared with peers with NH and with national norms. No group differences were found in visual memory or organization-integration. When data were controlled for language, differences in performance measures of EF remained, ...
Electrochemistry of C82: Relationship to Metallofullerene Electrochemistry

Abstract Square-wave voltammetry of C82 in pyridine solutions containing 0.10 M tetra-n-butyl ammonium perchlorate indicates that C82 is reduced in four one-electron steps prior to the onset of electrolyte decomposition. The first reduction occurs at potentials positive of the reported first reduction potentials of other empty cage fullerenes, and at approximately the same reported potential for the first reduction of the endohedral metallofullerenes La@C82 and Y@C82. No oxidations were observed for the C82 under these conditions.
Singular values of Gaussian matrices and permanent estimators

We present estimates on the small singular values of a class of matrices with independent Gaussian entries and inhomogeneous variance profile, satisfying a broad-connectedness condition. Using these estimates and concentration of measure for the spectrum of Gaussian matrices with independent entries, we prove that for a large class of graphs satisfying an appropriate expansion property, the Barvinok–Godsil-Gutman estimator for the permanent achieves sub-exponential errors with high probability. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 48, 183–212, 2016
Mobile manipulator path planning by a genetic algorithm

This article addresses the path-planning problem for a mobile manipulator system that is used to perform a sequence of tasks specified by locations and minimum oriented force capabilities. The problem is to find an optimal sequence of base positions and manipulator configurations for performing a sequence of tasks given a series of task specifications. The formulation of the problem is nonlinear. The feasible regions for the problem are nonconvex and unconnected. Genetic algorithms applied to such problems appear to be very promising while traditional optimization methods cause difficulties. Computer simulations are carried out on a three-degrees-of-freedom manipulator mounted on a two-degrees-of-freedom mobile base to search for the near optimal path-planning solution for performing the sequence of tasks. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
GAS CONDENSATION IN THE GALACTIC HALO

Using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) hydrodynamic simulations of vertically stratified hot halo gas, we examine the conditions under which clouds can form and condense out of the hot halo medium to potentially fuel star formation in the gaseous disk. We find that halo clouds do not develop from linear isobaric perturbations. This is a regime where the cooling time is longer than the Brunt-V?is?l? time, confirming previous linear analysis. We extend the analysis into the nonlinear regime by considering mildly or strongly nonlinear perturbations with overdensities up to 100, also varying the initial height, the cloud size, and the metallicity of the gas. Here, the result depends on the ratio of cooling time to the time required to accelerate the cloud to the sound speed (similar to the dynamical time). If the ratio exceeds a critical value near unity, the cloud is accelerated without further cooling and gets disrupted by Kelvin-Helmholtz and/or Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. If it is less than the critical value, the cloud cools and condenses before disruption. Accreting gas with overdensities of 10-20 is expected to be marginally unstable; the cooling fraction will depend on the metallicity, the size of the incoming cloud, and the distance to the galaxy. Locally enhanced overdensities within cold streams have a higher likelihood of cooling out. Our results have implications on the evolution of clouds seeded by cold accretion that are barely resolved in current cosmological hydrodynamic simulations and absorption line systems detected in galaxy halos.
Municipal Financial Reporting: “Managing” the Numbers

Corporate attempts at "managing" earnings have often involved the use of managerial judgment as to the appropriate event in the earnings cycle that is the critical one. In the municipal context, numerous opportunities exist to postpone or accelerate the outflow of liquid financial resources on a basis unrelated to the incurrence of the underlying ex­pense (asset consumption). Further, revenues are usually not the outcome of an earn­ings process, but rather of the government's power to tax and are raised so as to meet a targeted amount of expenditure. In practice, therefore, revenue recognition has been tied to the accounting period in which, as per management's best judgment, the monies may be prudently spent. The result has been to provide the municipal finance officer with considerable leeway in reporting operating results.
String theory and water waves

We uncover a remarkable role that an infinite hierarchy of nonlinear differential equations plays in organizing and connecting certain string theories non-perturbatively. We are able to embed the type 0A and 0B (A, A) minimal string theories into this single framework. The string theories arise as special limits of a rich system of equations underpinned by an integrable system known as the dispersive water wave hierarchy. We observe that there are several other string-like limits of the system, and conjecture that some of them are type IIA and IIB (A, D) minimal string backgrounds. We explain how these and several string-like special points arise and are connected. In some cases, the framework endows the theories with a non-perturbative definition for the first time. Notably, we discover that the Painlev? IV equation plays a key role in organizing the string theory physics, joining its siblings, Painlev? I and II, whose roles have previously been identified in this minimal string context.