cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Julius Caesar and the Roman People

Julius Caesar was no aspiring autocrat seeking to realize the imperial future but an unusually successful republican leader who was measured against the Republic's traditions and its greatest heroes of the past. Catastrophe befell Rome not because Caesar (or anyone else) turned against the Republic, its norms and institutions, but because Caesar's extraordinary success mobilized a determined opposition which ultimately preferred to precipitate civil war rather than accept its political defeat. Based on painstaking re-analysis of the ancient sources in the light of recent advances in our understanding of the participatory role of the People in the republican political system, a strong emphasis on agents' choices rather than structural causation, and profound scepticism toward the facile determinism that often substitutes for historical explanation, this book offers a radical reinterpretation of a figure of profound historical importance who stands at the turning point of Roman history from Republic to Empire.
Gender differences in experience and reporting of acute symptoms among cleaning staff.

Background Cleaning tasks pose risks of hazardous chemical exposure and adverse health effects for cleaning workers. We examined gender differences among cleaning staff in the experience of chemical-related symptoms and in reporting to supervisors. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional reports from 171 university hospital or campus cleaning staff on chemical exposures to cleaning products, experience of acute symptoms, reporting of symptoms to supervisors, as well as demographic and psychosocial factors (risk perception, job demand/control, supervisor/co-worker support, and safety climate). Results were analized using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for demographic, job, and psychosocial factors. Interactions of gender and psychosocial variables were also examined. Results Men and women reported different frequencies for exposure-related tasks. Acute symptoms of chemical exposure were more prevalent in women compared with men (46.0% vs. 25.4%; adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-5.46). Women were more concerned about exposure to cleaning chemicals (p = 0.029) but reported symptoms to their supervisor less often than men (18.5% vs. 40.6%, adjusted OR = 0.28; 95% CI 0.09-0.93). More supervisor support was significantly associated with less frequent symptom experience among women (OR = 0.83; 95% CI 0.70-0.99). Asian workers and less educated workers were less likely than others to report symptoms to supervisors. Gender differences in symptom reporting to supervisors were not explained by psychosocial factors. Conclusions Women may have increased susceptibility or perception of symptoms from cleaning compared to men, but this may be mitigated by supervisor support. Female Asian workers with lower education may perceive more significant barriers in reporting work-related symptoms to supervisors. Further research is needed to explore factors related to underreporting.
Moisture and vegetation cover limit ponderosa pine regeneration in high-severity burn patches in the southwestern US

Fire regimes are shifting in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson)-dominated forests, raising concern regarding future vegetation patterns and forest resilience, particularly within high-severity burn patches. The southwestern US has recently experienced a marked increase in large fires that produce large, high-severity patch interiors, with few surviving trees. These areas could be more susceptible for forest loss and conversions to alternative vegetation types than areas closer to the forest edge with more available seed sources. To better understand forest recovery, we surveyed ponderosa pine regeneration within edge and core areas (>200 m from edge) of high-severity patches in ten fires that burned between 1996 to 2008 across Arizona and New Mexico, USA. Specifically, we compared regeneration density, height, and canopy cover in patch edge and core areas and used generalized linear models to investigate the abiotic and biotic factors that contribute to ponderosa pine seedling establishment and density. High-severity burn-patch edge and core plots were not significantly different in seedling density, height, or canopy cover across fires. Seedling establishment was more likely at higher-elevation mesic sites and less likely when Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) was more abundant. Seedling density was negatively impacted by shrub, grass, and Gambel oak cover. Regeneration density varied among fires but analysis of regeneration in aggregated edge and core plots showed that abundance of seed availability was not the sole factor that limited ponderosa pine regeneration, probably because of surviving tree refugia within high-severity burn patches. Furthermore, our findings emphasize that ponderosa pine regeneration in our study area was significantly impacted by xeric topographic environments and vegetation competition. Continued warm and dry conditions and increased wildfire activity may delay the natural recovery of ponderosa pine forests, underscoring the importance of restoration efforts in large, high-severity burn patches.
Maillard-driven chemistry to tune the functionality of pea protein: Structure characterization, site-specificity, and aromatic profile

Abstract Background Pea protein has trickled into the protein demand aisles, owing to its exceptional nutritional benefits and functional attributes. The Achilles' heel of pea protein is its inferior solubility and beany flavor. Structure-based design of food proteins with specific techno-functional characteristics exhibits high potency. Glycation via Maillard-driven chemistry is a valuable in-depth toolkit for fabricating protein-based conjugates with superior functions and flavor profile. Scope and approach Herein, we comprehensively review the potential of applying glycation via Maillard-driven chemistry to tailor protein architectures for amending protein functional attributes and flavor profile. We start by summarizing the principles and kinetics of Maillard-driven chemistry. We then highlight the structural characteristics and site-specificity of protein-based conjugates deciphered from various techniques. Moreover, specific highlights are focused on the impact of elements of interest on protein-based conjugates functions and flavors. In combination with our recent research findings, it would bring forth an enlightenment in probing the fundamental relationship between the structure and the functionality of pea protein. Key findings and conclusions The preparation methods and native of saccharides play a vital role in pea protein modification. Although exciting progress has been made in protein chemistry, the site-specificity of glycating pea protein with various saccharides still remains previously unexplored especially when polysaccharides are employed. This is because of the difficulty in mass analysis. A relevant study is urgently essential to probe specific glycation sites of pea protein, which would be helpful to precisely design the molecular function by incorporating the functional groups at the targeted sites.
Unifying Theory and Research on Intimate Partner Violence: A Feminist Perspective:

This paper shows how theorizing gender as a social system and a situational accomplishment provides a broad perspective that helps to synthesize many strands of theoretical and empirical research o...
Free Will as an Open Scientific Problem

In this largely antimetaphysical treatment of free will and determinism, Mark Balaguer argues that the philosophical problem of free will boils down to an open scientific question about the causal histories of certain kinds of neural events. In the course of his argument, Balaguer provides a naturalistic defense of the libertarian view of free will. The metaphysical component of the problem of free will, Balaguer argues, essentially boils down to the question of whether humans possess libertarian free will. Furthermore, he argues that, contrary to the traditional wisdom, the libertarian question reduces to a question about indeterminacy--in particular, to a straightforward empirical question about whether certain neural events in our heads are causally undetermined in a certain specific way; in other words, Balaguer argues that the right kind of indeterminacy would bring with it all of the other requirements for libertarian free will. Finally, he argues that because there is no good evidence as to whether or not the relevant neural events are undetermined in the way that's required, the question of whether human beings possess libertarian free will is a wide-open empirical question.
Is equity always best?: Educational stakeholders lash out

Notes that increased legislation promoting educational equity, court decisions favouring inclusion of special education students, and pressure to compete in a global economy provide a forum for intense debate among educational stakeholders such as administrators, special education parents, and parents of gifted children. Proposes to identify their attitudes regarding: the effectiveness of schools in providing intellectually challenging environments for a diverse population and the barriers equity might create in educating today’s students to become tomorrow’s high level, creative thinkers in a democratic society. Explores the macropolitical aspects of state‐mandated inclusion and the micropolitical barriers one superintendent faced when trying to establish equity for all students in a hostile environment where parents of special education and gifted children joined forces to campaign actively against inclusion. This unusual bonding propelled the study from a traditional research design to one which more closely resembled action research. Describes the tension existing among diverse educational stakeholders who viewed equity differently. Provides recommendations for improving educational leadership training to include strategies dealing with issues like those encountered during this research.
Education, communication, and science in the public sphere

In the 1920s, John Dewey and Walter Lippmann both wrote important books examining whether the public was capable of playing a constructive role in policy, particularly when specialized knowledge was involved. This essay uses the Lippmann–Dewey debate to identify new challenges for science education and to explore the relationship between science education and science communication. It argues that science education can help foster democracy in ways that embody Habermas' ideal of the public sphere, but only if we as a field pay more attention to (1) the non-scientific frames and narratives that people use to interpret news about science, (2) the “second shaping” of scientific facts by the media, and (3) emerging platforms for public engagement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52:145–163, 2015.
The relationship between social distance and treatment attrition for juvenile offenders

Although recent work has begun to identify factors associated with risk of treatment attrition for juvenile offenders, few of these studies have considered how community context is related to the completion of juvenile offender treatment. The current work examines the relationship between social distance and treatment attrition for juvenile offenders. Analyzing a data set of 5,517 juvenile offenders adjudicated in Philadelphia, the results of cross-classified hierarchical models indicate that social distance, operationalized in two ways that consider perceptions of both the ethnic composition and level of disadvantage within neighborhoods, does not directly predict the likelihood of treatment attrition. However, when considered with the ethnicity of the juvenile offenders in the form of an interaction effect, social distance based on perceptions of ethnicity within neighborhoods is shown to predict the likelihood of treatment attrition, and to be more acute for young non-White offenders. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Digital beamforming developments for the joint NASA/Air Force Space Based Radar

The Space Based Radar (SBR) program includes a joint technology demonstration between NASA and the Air Force to design a low-earth orbiting, 2/spl times/50 m L-band (1.26 GHz) radar system for Earth science and intelligence-related observations. A key subsystem aboard SBR is the electronically-steerable digital beamformer (DBF) network that interfaces between 32 smaller subantenna panels in the array and the on-board processing electronics for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Moving Target Indication (MTI). In this paper, we describe the development of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based DBF processor for handling the computationally intensive inner-product operations for wideband, coherent beamforming across the 50 m length of the array. The core functions of the DBF-the CORDIC (Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer) phase shifters and combiners-have been designed in the Verilog HDL (hardware description language) and implemented onto a high-density Xilinv Virtex II FPGA. This design achieves real-time processing at an input data rate of 25.6 Gbit/s. Tests with an antenna array simulator demonstrate that the beamformer performance metrics (0.07/spl deg/ rms phase precision per channel, -35.2 dB peak sidelobe level) will meet the system-level requirements for SAR and MTI operating modes.
Why Developing Countries of the WTO need Special and Differential Treatments

A majority of the WTO membership today is Developing Countries. The current trade negotiating round is entitled the Doha Development Round and is intended to focus on issues of concern to the developing nations. There is an ongoing debate as to whether developing nations should be accorded special and differential treatment. What makes LDC different from any other country? How should we define a developing country or least-developed country? Should special and differential treatment (SDT) be granted to these countries and what kind of advantages or difficulties would it bring to the world trade and international community?
Impact of distance and facility of initial diagnosis on depression treatment

Objective. To assess whether distance to services or diagnosis at a hospital-based medical center compared with a community clinic influences the receipt of psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy for depression. Data Source. Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative data for 132,329 depressed veterans between October 2003 and September 2004. Study Design. Multivariable logistic and multinomial regression models were used to examine the relationship between distance to the nearest mental health facility and the facility of initial depression diagnosis on receipt of any and adequate psychotherapy and/or pharmacotherapy, adjusted for patient characteristics. Principal Findings. Compared with thoselivingwithin30milesofthe nearestmental health treatment facility, depressed patients living between 30 and 60 miles away had a decreased likelihood of receiving psychotherapy (OR 50.71; 95 percent CI: 0.66, 0.76) and a greater likelihood of receiving antidepressant treatment (OR 51.27; 95 percent CI: 1.22, 1.33). Initial diagnosis at a small community clinic compared with a VA medical center was not associated with a difference in receipt of any psychotherapy (OR 50.95;95percentCI:0.83,1.09),butitwasassociatedwithdecreasedlikelihoodof receiving eight or more psychotherapy visits (OR 50.46; 95 percent CI: 0.35, 0.61) or any antidepressant treatment (OR 50.69; 95 percent CI: 0.63, 0.75). Conclusions. The VA and similar health systems should make efforts to insure adequate psychotherapyisprovidedto patients whoinitiatetreatmentatsmallcommunity clinics and provide psychotherapy alternatives that may be less sensitive to travel barriers for patients living remote distances from mental health treatment. Extending services to small community clinics that support antidepressant treatment should also be considered.
SLIQ: A Fast Scalable Classifier for Data Mining

Classification is an important problem in the emerging field of data mining. Although classification has been studied extensively in the past, most of the classification algorithms are designed only for memory-resident data, thus limiting their suitability for data mining large data sets. This paper discusses issues in building a scalable classifier and presents the design of SLIQ, a new classifier. SLIQ is a decision tree classifier that can handle both numeric and categorical attributes. It uses a novel pre-sorting technique in the tree-growth phase. This sorting procedure is integrated with a breadth-first tree growing strategy to enable classification of disk-resident datasets. SLIQ also uses a new tree-pruning algorithm that is inexpensive, and results in compact and accurate trees. The combination of these techniques enables SLIQ to scale for large data sets and classify data sets irrespective of the number of classes, attributes, and examples (records), thus making it an attractive tool for data mining.
A Phylogeny of Chloridoideae (Poaceae) Based on matK Sequences

Abstract Subfamily Chloridoideae has a history of unsettled taxonomic problems at the tribal and generic levels, and phylogenetic relationships within and among its tribes are not well understood. DNA sequences of the plastid gene matK for 74 species representing 56 chloridoid genera and all tribes and subtribes were used to reconstruct a phylogeny for the subfamily. The base of the Chloridoideae clade shows a polytomy among Triraphis schlecteri and three strongly supported clades labeled A, B, and C. Clade A comprises the Pappophoreae, Uniolinae, and three genera of Eragrostideae; clade B includes most representatives of subtribe Sporobolinae, Spartina, Zoysia, and two Eragrostis species; and clade C encompasses the remaining species. The two largest tribes Eragrostideae and Chlorideae appear polyphyletic. The traditional Pappophoreae minus Pappophorum comprise a clade corresponding to the Cotteinae; Pappophorum nests within a sister clade. The Uniolinae, Orcuttieae, and Triodiinae form strongly supporte...
Isoflurane preconditioning protects neurons from male and female mice against oxygen and glucose deprivation and is modulated by estradiol only in neurons from female mice

The volatile anesthetic, isoflurane, can protect the brain if administered before an insult such as an ischemic stroke. However, this protective “preconditioning” response to isoflurane is specific to males, with females showing an increase in brain damage following isoflurane preconditioning and subsequent focal cerebral ischemia. Innate cell sex is emerging as an important player in neuronal cell death but its role in the sexually dimorphic response to isoflurane preconditioning has not been investigated. We used an in vitro model of isoflurane preconditioning and ischemia (oxygen and glucose deprivation, OGD) to test the hypotheses that innate cell sex dictates the response to isoflurane preconditioning and that 17β-estradiol attenuates any protective effect from isoflurane preconditioning in neurons via nuclear estrogen receptors. Sex-segregated neuron cultures derived from postnatal day 0 to 1 mice were exposed to either 0% or 3% isoflurane preconditioning for 1 hour. In separate experiments, 17β-estradiol and the non-selective estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 were added 24 hours before preconditioning and then removed at the end of the preconditioning period. Twenty-three hours after preconditioning, all cultures underwent 2 hours of OGD. Twenty-four hours following OGD, cell viability was quantified using calcein-AM fluorescence. We observed that isoflurane preconditioning increased cell survival following subsequent OGD regardless of innate cell sex, but that the presence of 17β-estradiol before and during isoflurane preconditioning attenuated this protection only in female neurons independent of nuclear estrogen receptors. We also found that independent of preconditioning treatment, female neurons were less sensitive to OGD compared to male neurons and that transient treatment with 17β-estradiol protected both male and female neurons from subsequent OGD. More studies are needed to determine how cell type, cell sex and sex steroids like 17β-estradiol may impact on anesthetic preconditioning and subsequent ischemic outcomes in the brain.
Hydrolysis of prostaglandin glycerol esters by the endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzymes, monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) can oxygenate the endocannabinoids, arachidonyl ethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), to prostaglandin-H2-ethanolamide (PGH2-EA) and -glycerol ester (PGH2-G), respectively. Further metabolism of PGH2-EA and PGH2-G by prostaglandin synthases produces a variety of prostaglandin-EA's and prostaglandin-G's nearly as diverse as those derived from arachidonic acid. Thus, COX-2 may regulate endocannabinoid levels in neurons during retrograde signaling or produce novel endocannabinoid metabolites for receptor activation. Endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes are important regulators of their action, so we tested whether PG-G levels may be regulated by monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). We found that PG-Gs are poor substrates for purified MGL and FAAH compared to 2-AG and/or AEA. Determination of substrate specificity demonstrates a 30−100- and 150−200-fold preference of MGL and FAAH for 2-AG over PG-Gs, respectively. The substrate specificit...
Integrated or Isolated Experiences? Considering the Role of Service-Learning in the Spanish Language Curriculum

The principal aim of this project is to examine whether academic service-learning deserves a more intentional place in foreign language programs, given its success on the individual course level. The focus will be on Spanish language programs, since they teach the most commonly learned foreign language in the United States and have proven to be on the vanguard of service-learning and language instruction. Following a careful evaluation of the theoretical frameworks of service-learning pedagogy on the whole and in the realm of language instruction, we will explore national trends in the implementation of service-learning on the curricular level of language programs. Finally, this paper will discuss the future of implementing service-learning in language program curricula by examining the conditions necessary for the successful institutionalization of service-learning in the Spanish curriculum as well as potential drawbacks and obstacles to this increased presence in the language curriculum.
Coronary arteriographic findings in black patients and risk markers for coronary artery disease

Coronary arteriographic results are reported in 1535 black patients: 751 men (mean age 57 +/- 11) and 784 women (mean age 59 +/- 11). Among the black men 19%, 15%, 21%, and 4% had single-, double-, and triple-vessel and left main disease, respectively. Among the black women there were 12%, 10%, 15%, and 3% with similar involvement. Logistic regression models showed that most of the recognized risk factors were positively correlated with significant (at least one artery with >/= 50% stenosis) coronary disease, but a history of hypertension was not a significant independent predictor in either sex. ECG evidence of previous infarction increased the odds of detecting significant coronary disease by the greatest amount when controlling for other significant risk markers in women. In men both previous infarction and atypical pain (negative) were equally important. This study confirms but does not explain previous reports that have revealed less than expected angiographic evidence of significant coronary artery disease in black compared with white persons.
Temporal Dynamics of Total and Particulate Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Cover Crop Grazed Cropping Systems

Soil organic C and N are important indicators of agricultural sustainability, yet numerous field studies have revealed a multitude of responses in the extent and rate of change imposed by conservation management and, therefore, a lack of clarity on responses. We conducted an evaluation of total and particulate organic C and N in the surface 30 cm on a Typic Kanhapludult in northern Georgia during 7 yr of tillage (conventional disk and no tillage) and cover crop utilization (ungrazed and grazed by cattle). Soil organic C and total soil N were greater under no tillage (NT) than under conventional tillage (CT) at depths of 0 to 3 and 3 to 6 cm but were lower under NT than CT at depths of 12 to 20 and 20 to 30 cm. Total soil N accumulated with time at a depth of 0 to 6 cm under both tillage systems and the rate tended to be greater under NT than under CT (0.039 vs. 0.021 Mg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, p = 0.10). Soil organic C accumulated with time at a depth of 0 to 6 cm under all management systems, but there was a significant tillage × cover crop interaction (0.68 and 1.09 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ with ungrazed cover crop management under CT and NT, respectively, and 0.84 and 0.66 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ with grazed cover crop management under CT and NT, respectively). At a depth of 0 to 30 cm, there was only a tillage trend (1.00 and 1.59 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ under CT and NT, respectively; p = 0.09). Particulate organic C was more dramatically different than soil organic C between tillage regimes at a depth of 0 to 30 cm (−0.49 and 0.35 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ under CT and NT, respectively; p < 0.001). Grazing of cover crops had little negative impact on soil C and N fractions, suggesting that NT and grazing of cover crops could provide a broader-spectrum conservation cropping approach in the southeastern United States.
Pink bollworm of cotton (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)): male moth catches in gossyplure-baited traps and relationships to oviposition, boll infestation and moth emergence☆

Abstract Pheromone-baited traps are an important sampling tool in integrated pest management programmes. Studies were conducted to determine the relationship between catches of male insects in these traps, and crop infestation. Numbers of male moths of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), caught daily in cotton fields at the University of Arizona Cotton Research Center, Phoenix, Arizona, in gossyplure-baited traps were variable. However, average catches of male moths for 3–7 days between boll-sampling periods were strongly correlated with oviposition on cotton bolls, percentages of infested bolls and numbers of larvae per boll. Average weekly numbers of moths emerging from infested cotton were also strongly correlated with the number of males caught: the number of females emerging was strongly correlated with oviposition on cotton bolls. Insecticide applications of carbaryl and fenvalerate reduced catches of male moths of pink bollworm in gossyplure-baited traps compared with catches in traps in untreated fields (average 56%). However, 13–48 male moths/trap per night were caught in the treated fields after applications. Thus, scheduling treatments on the basis of male moth trap catches, except for the initial treatment, was not feasible. Small field sizes, moth immigration and/or continuing emergence from the infested cotton in the fields may have obscured the impact of the insecticide treatments on adult moth populations.
The propagation of dislocations in Rayleigh-Benard rolls and bimodal flow

When Rayleigh-Benard convection is generated under random conditions, the finite amplitude rolls and bimodal flow are observed to possess randomly placed dislocations where the rolls fit together poorly. The dislocations move into the small wavelength convection, and hence provide a size-adjustment mechanism. It is observed that the dimensionless speed of the movement is smaller for larger Prandtl number fluid.
Factors influencing 7Be accumulation on rock varnish

Rocks coated with desert varnish were translocated from Scottsdale, Arizona, and Panamint Valley, California, to a fenced-in plot near Biosphere 2 where they were allowed to accumulate a new crop of the 53 day half life, cosmic ray-produced 7Be. Those exposed to precipitation accumulated several times more of this isotope than those shielded from precipitation. No significant difference in 7Be accumulation was observed between a set which was UV irradiated (in an attempt to kill resident bacteria) and a set which received no UV irradiation. This experiment suggests that 62 ± 10 percent of the beryllium accumulated on the varnish was supplied by precipitation and 38 ± 10 percent by some combination of dew, dust, and aerosols. If bacteria are, as has been proposed, responsible for varnish growth, then either our UV irradiation was inadequate to squelch their activity or the 7Be we measured had not yet been built into the varnish.
The Future of Predominantly Black Public Colleges and Universities

Is it educationally sound for all-black colleges to continue in existence? Is it feasible? Is it legal? The affirmative is argued.
The osteoporosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

A metabolic bone disturbance has been demonstrated in all of seven patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis of six months to twenty years duration. All patients were receiving salicylate therapy alone while two had received corticosteroids four years before this study. A new quantitative and qualitative histological study of the cytodynamics of bone was used. The evidence suggests that an active diffuse demineralization was present in all patients, and was related directly to the disease process itself or to its therapy. Un metabolic disturbation ossee esseva demonstrate in omne le membros de un gruppo de septe patientes con classic arthritis rheumatoidee de durationes de inter 6 menses e 20 annos. Omne le subjectos esseva sub tractamento a salicylato sol, e solmente duo habeva recipite corticosteroides quatro annos ante le presente studio. Esseva usate un nove quantitative e qualitative methodo histologic in le studio cytodynamic de osso. Le datos pare indicar que un active demineralisation diffuse esseva presente in omne le patientes, e que isto esseva relationate directemente al processo pathologic per se o al modalitate therapeutic utilisate contra illo.
Conjoint Weber laws and additivity

Abstract This paper investigates the mathematical consequences of a number of related empirical laws, exemplified by P ax;by = P(ξa)(ξx);(ξb)(ξy) where a , x , b , y , and ξ are real numbers, and P ax ; by is the probability of choosing the two-dimensional object ( a , x ) in the set {( a , x ), ( b , y )}. A variety of results is derived showing that, in the presence of such laws, the class of feasible models for choice data is considerably reduced. In particular, it is shown that the above law, together with the “additive conjoint” form P ax;by = F[l(a) + r(x), l(b) + r(y)] (where F , l , and r are unspecified except for continuity and monotonicity properties), requires the choice probabilities to possess one of the following three analytic forms: P ax;by = G a β + δx β b β + δy β , β ≠ 0 ; P ax;by = G(a β x γ /b β y γ ), β + γ ≠ 0 ; P ax;by = Q 0 (a/x, b/y) .
Animal-facilitated therapy in various patient populations: systematic literature review

With a soaring trend of the incorporation of complementary therapies into the mainstream of health care, animal-facilitated therapy has become a popular interest for the health care team to integrate into a patient's plan of care. This systematic literature summarizes the current research on the use of animal therapy in several patient populations and provides nursing implications for practice.
Information Dissemination by Mail. Implications for CME.

Two evaluation approaches were used to assess the impact of a continuing medical education manual that was distributed by mail. Both were six-month follow-ups of physicians who had received a copy of a continuing education manual The first was a traditional follow-up where physicians were asked specific questions about the manual they had received six months earlier. The second was an open-ended survey in which manual recipients were asked if they knew of any materials that they could recommend for patient education in the area addressed by the manual. In the open-ended survey no reference was made to the manual. One half of each group of recipients was offered CME credit while the other was not. Results from the two evaluation approaches differed sharply. The traditional follow-up was essentially positive but the non-reminder survey evaluation raised serious questions about whether physicians remembered receiving and/ or used the guide at all. Implications for development of materials and for information dissemination strategies in continuing medical education are discussed.
Nematic and smectic order in a fluid of biaxial hard particles

The liquid-crystalline phase behavior of a fluid of biaxial hard particles (spheroplatelets) is studied using a scaled particle calculation of the fluid configurational entropy combined with a cell description of translational order. If translational ordering is ignored, the density versus particle biaxiality phase diagram displays a cusp-shaped biaxial-nematic phase intervening between two uniaxial nematic phases. The location of the crossover from rodlike to platelike uniaxial-nematic behavior is in agreement with previous bifurcation-analysis results. The density discontinuity at the isotropic-nematic transition decreases as this crossover is approached from both the rodlike and platelike sides, becoming vanishingly small at the crossover point itself. When the possibility of translational order is considered, the phase diagram displays three distinct smectic-A phases, in addition to the two uniaxial nematic phases, and only a small remnant of the biaxial-nematic phase. One of the three smectic phases has in-layer orientational order, while the other two have in-layer isotropic order.
Determination of interlayer diffusion parameters for Ag/Ag(111)

It is well known that the Ag/Ag(111) epitaxial system grows three dimensionally because of the existence of a relatively high excess diffusion barrier, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{E}_{s}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.13\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, at the step edges. Several experimental methods have been developed to measure the step edge barrier in this system over a wide coverage range. The probability for an atom to move from a higher to a lower layer depends on both the barrier and the prefactor, so it is important to test whether the prefactors for hopping over a step, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}$, and for hopping on a terrace, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{t}$, are different. We present the results from several experiments on Ag/Ag(111) to conclude that ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{s}/{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{t}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}10}^{2.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3}$.
Legislatures and Political Stability: An Exploratory Analysis

Although most legislatures do not play significant roles in the lawmaking, policy, or resource allocation processes, their durability and resilience as institutions are widely assumed to be consequences of the contributions they make to the maintenance of political order and stability. Even token legislatures and those dominated by authoritarian regimes frequently are credited with promoting stability by providing forums for symbolic representation and ritualistic dissent. However, analyses of the relationships among legislature structure, political stability, and the legislative environment across more than 100 countries demonstrate that the capacities of legislatures to promote stability are strictly limited, hinge substantially upon their representativeness and effectiveness in policymaking and resource allocation, and are easily overwhelmed where societal cleavages are severe, resources are limited, or complementary democratic institutions are lacking. Genuinely effective and responsive legislatures e...
Activities of Daily Living Evaluations

The purpose of this study was to determine if activity of daily living (ADL) scores obtained through interview were the same as scores obtained through patient demonstration, and if the time needed...
Teflon probing for the flow characterization of arc-heated wind tunnel facilities

The experimental flow characterization of the arc-heated wind tunnel of the University of Texas at Arlington is investigated in this work using ablative Teflon probes in combination with total pressure measurements. A parallel analytical work, focused on the dimensional analysis of the ablation process, has been conducted with the purpose of improving existing semi-empirical correlations for the heat blockage due to the mass injection inside the boundary layer. A control volume analysis at the receding surface of the specimens is used to calculate the wall heat transfer for a non-ablating probe by including the blockage effect. The new correlations, obtained for the convective blockage, show an improvement of the correlation coefficient of 110 % with respect to those available in literature, once a new blowing parameter containing the stagnation pressure is introduced. A correlation developed by NASA during the Round-Robin program, which relates the Teflon mass loss rate to the total pressure and cold-wall heat flux measured experimentally, is also used to predict the wall heat transfer referred to the ablation temperature of Teflon. For both approaches, a simplified stagnation point convective heat transfer equation allows the average stagnation enthalpy to be calculated. Several locations downstream of the nozzle exit have been surveyed, and selected points of the facility’s performance map have been used for the experimental campaign. The results show that both approaches provide similar results in terms of stagnation heat flux and enthalpy prediction with uncertainties comparable to those provided by standard intrusive heat flux probes (δ q max < 25 %). The analysis of the Teflon’s ablated surface does not reveal significant flow non-uniformities, and a 1.14 heat flux enhancement factor due to the shock–shock interaction is detectable at x = 3.5 in. from the nozzle exit plane. The results show the use of ablative probes for the flow characterization of arc plasma facilities to be promising for the dual purpose of calculating the local flow properties (i.e., heat flux and enthalpy) as well as verifying the uniformity of the flow by inspecting the footprint of the plume on the exposed surfaces.
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis buffers stress responses and depressive behaviour

Glucocorticoids are released in response to stressful experiences and serve many beneficial homeostatic functions. However, dysregulation of glucocorticoids is associated with cognitive impairments and depressive illness. In the hippocampus, a brain region densely populated with receptors for stress hormones, stress and glucocorticoids strongly inhibit adult neurogenesis. Decreased neurogenesis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety and depression, but direct evidence for this role is lacking. Here we show that adult-born hippocampal neurons are required for normal expression of the endocrine and behavioural components of the stress response. Using either transgenic or radiation methods to inhibit adult neurogenesis specifically, we find that glucocorticoid levels are slower to recover after moderate stress and are less suppressed by dexamethasone in neurogenesis-deficient mice than intact mice, consistent with a role for the hippocampus in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Relative to controls, neurogenesis-deficient mice also showed increased food avoidance in a novel environment after acute stress, increased behavioural despair in the forced swim test, and decreased sucrose preference, a measure of anhedonia. These findings identify a small subset of neurons within the dentate gyrus that are critical for hippocampal negative control of the HPA axis and support a direct role for adult neurogenesis in depressive illness.
Mate choice and the supernormality effect in female sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus )

Female threespine sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus from a marine population were presented simultaneously with two dummy males that differed in size. When the dummies were moved with a carousel apparatus in a way that roughly simulated a male courtship activity (circling) females responded to the dummies with following behaviour normally directed to courting males. Female sexual response was elicited more effectively by the larger (“supernomal”) dummy, even though it exceeded by 25% the length of the largest males in the study population. Females did not show complete preference for the larger dummy but allocated courtship effort in proportion to the sizes of the two dummies (Fig. 3). The relative projection areas of the two dummies provided the best predictor of how courtship was allocated between them, suggesting a perceptual basis on which females might select mates. This pattern of partial preference for the supernormal dummy occurred in females that exhibited either high or low amounts of following behaviour and is apparently independent of female responsiveness. Supernormality may therefore provide a mechanism whereby secondary sexual traits can be elaborated, even without evolutionary change in preference for those traits by the opposite sex.
The kidney and strategies for the treatment of hypertension.

Renal compensatory mechanisms are a chief consideration when selecting an anti hypertensive agent. The relationships, therefore, between renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, sodium handling by the kidney, and release of renin require particular attention. We shall examine therapeutic measures such as beta adrenergic blockers, vasodilators, calcium entry blockers, and converting enzyme inhibitors in light of their effects on renal blood flow.
Mechanisms of HIV Protein Degradation into Epitopes: Implications for Vaccine Design

The degradation of HIV-derived proteins into epitopes displayed by MHC-I or MHC-II are the first events leading to the priming of HIV-specific immune responses and to the recognition of infected cells. Despite a wealth of information about peptidases involved in protein degradation, our knowledge of epitope presentation during HIV infection remains limited. Here we review current data on HIV protein degradation linking epitope production and immunodominance, viral evolution and impaired epitope presentation. We propose that an in-depth understanding of HIV antigen processing and presentation in relevant primary cells could be exploited to identify signatures leading to efficient or inefficient epitope presentation in HIV proteomes, and to improve the design of immunogens eliciting immune responses efficiently recognizing all infected cells.
Isovector giant resonances in a relativistic mean-field theory☆

Abstract Isovector giant resonances are modeled as collective excitations of a relativistic baryon-meson field theory. Eigenvalue equations for small amplitude isovector motion about the static mean-field solutions are derived. Energy spectra, transition densities, and form factors for inelastic electron scattering are calculated.
Internal-External Defibrillation in the Presence of Pericardial Symphysis

Abstract A new device for internal-external defibrillation avoids time-consuming and hazardous pericardial dissection to expose the ventricles for application of electrodes. It is particularly useful in secondary open-heart operations.
Daytime REM sleep in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Background Previous studies have demonstrated both clinical and neurochemical similarities between Parkinson's disease (PD) and narcolepsy. The intrusion of REM sleep into the daytime remains a cardinal feature of narcolepsy, but the importance of these intrusions in PD remains unclear. In this study we examined REM sleep during daytime Maintenance of Wakefulness Testing (MWT) in PD patients. Methods Patients spent 2 consecutive nights and days in the sleep laboratory. During the daytime, we employed a modified MWT procedure in which each daytime nap opportunity (4 per day) was extended to 40 min, regardless of whether the patient was able to sleep or how much the patient slept. We examined each nap opportunity for the presence of REM sleep and time to fall asleep. Results Eleven of 63 PD patients studied showed 2 or more REM episodes and 10 showed 1 REM episode on their daytime MWTs. Nocturnal sleep characteristics and sleep disorders were unrelated to the presence of daytime REM sleep, however, patients with daytime REM were significantly sleepier during the daytime than those patients without REM. Demographic and clinical variables, including Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores and levodopa dose equivalents, were unrelated to the presence of REM sleep. Conclusions A sizeable proportion of PD patients demonstrated REM sleep and daytime sleep tendency during daytime nap testing. These data confirm similarities in REM intrusions between narcolepsy and PD, perhaps suggesting parallel neurodegenerative conditions of hypocretin deficiency.
Protease inhibitor antipain suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induction of plasminogen activator in transformable mouse embryo fibroblasts

Plasminogen activator (PA) activity was analyzed in normal and transformed 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts treated with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and the protease inhibitors antipain, leupeptin, and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). TPA induced PA activity in normal 10T1/2 cells was inhibited by antipain. Transformed 10T1/2 cells maintained high levels of PA activity which were not further stimulated by the addition of TPA. Similarly, antipain inhibited the PA activity of the transformed cultures. Leupeptin and SBTI had no effect. These findings, in light of the fact that antipain has been shown to suppress the promotional effect of TPA in X-ray induced malignant transformation, may suggest a definite role for proteases in the transformational event or maintenance of the transformed state.
Comparison of methods for analysis of CSF proteins in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and controls was analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy with thioflavin S staining. In CSF from patients with AD, abnormal proteins were found following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and silver staining. In CSF samples from most of the AD patients studied, a highly argentophilic material was detected upon silver staining the stacking gel of the one-dimensional gels. Electron microscopy of material eluted from the stacking gel showed fibers of approximately 7–10 nm diameter, with some twisting; properties consistent with paired helical filaments or amyloid. Furthermore, material with the characteristics of amyloid (fiber diameter ranging from 4–10 nm) was found in the CSF sediment. The CSF from AD patients had significantly elevated numbers of yellow fluorescent particles following thioflavin S staining when compared with age-matched, other neurological disease controls. We did not see an increase in autofluorescence, indicating that thioflavin S staining is specific. Our data suggest that AD CSF contains plaque amyloid and possibly proteins from neurofibrillary tangles. The thioflavin S staining method appears to have potential for development as a diagnostic tool.
Rate of Accumulation of Nickel in Atlantic Equatorial Deep-Sea Sediments and its Bearing on Possible Extra-Terrestrial Sources

IN a recent communication, Pettersson1 estimated the rate of accumulation of nickel on the Earth from extra-terrestrial sources on the basis of the nickel-bearing particles caught on niters located on the summits of two Hawaiian volcanoes. His value for the rate of accumulation of extra-terrestrial nickel is 6.5 × 1011 gm./yr. for the Earth as a whole. If the rate of accumulation is reasonably constant over the Earth's surface, then this figure corresponds to 33 × 10−6 gm. nickel/cm.2 of the Earth's surface/1,000 yr.