cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model of Crime-Victim Decision Making

Having presented the findings from 20 studies involving a variety of methodologies, we now introduce a theoretical framework that gives conceptual coherence to these findings. The proposed model, which emerged from our own empirical work and the work of others, offers several advantages. It provides an explanatory tool for comparing the decisions of various types of victims. In addition, it allows for the integration of the present findings with the existing literature on victim decision making. Further, the model suggests directions for future research, while at the same time laying the foundation for public policy decisions (see Chapter 10).
New Polarized Small Angle Neutron Scattering capability at the High Flux Isotope Reactor

Abstract Polarized Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) is a powerful tool for studying mesoscale magnetic structures. In a recent development at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), a polarized neutron beam has been implemented for the CG-2 (GP-SANS) beamline at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). Three major components were developed to provide the polarized neutron capability: a transmission supermirror neutron polarizer, an adiabatic fast passage neutron spin flipper and a polarized 3He filter as neutron spin analyzer. The new polarized beam SANS capability was used to investigate several magnetic samples having mesoscale structures.
Minimum Principles: Optimization in the Fabric of the Universe

Minimum principles are routinely used in designing products and processes. However, they lie at the heart of many physical laws. Nature seems to be parsimonious, often acting in a way that minimizes effort in some way. This grand idea underlies topics as varied as evolution and structural mechanics. Optimization seems to be woven into the fabric of existence.
Relationships Between Young Adults and Their Parents

Relationships between young adults and their parents have received considerable media attention in recent years. However, research on relationships between young adult children and their parents during the transition to adulthood are scant. Using data from the Family Exchanges Study and national data sets, we document parental involvement in the lives of young adult children (aged 18–24). Parents and offspring are highly involved in one another’s lives as evident by their phone conversations (more than once a week) and frequent parental financial, practical, and emotional support. This involvement represents an increase from parental involvement 30 years ago. Students are more likely to talk with parents by phone, and nonstudents are more likely to see parents in person. Students received more support from their parents than nonstudents, and that support contributed to their life satisfaction. Parents also use student status as an indicator of the offspring’s potential future success and experience more positive relationships with grown children they view as on target for achieving adult milestones.
On Experimental Discrimination between Alternative Mechanistic Models for the Receptor-Mediated Stimulation of Adenylate Cyclase

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of agonist and receptor in receptor-mediated activation of cyclase, while the presence of guanine nucleotide is recognized as a sine qua non for the activation of cyclase. At least three separable membrane protein components and a guanine nucleotide cofactor are known to be necessary for the receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase—a receptor component (R), a regulatory component (N), and a catalytic component (C). Several mechanistic models for the receptor-mediated stimulation of cyclic AMP production have been explained. Most of these take the three macromolecular components R, N, and C, and the guanine nucleotide into account either explicitly or implicitly. The chapter discusses the extent to which currently available data permit a choice to be made between alternate hypotheses regarding the role of the agonist–receptor complex in stimulating adenylate cyclase and regarding the functional relationships between the R, N, and C components.
Election Cycles in Emerging Markets: Effects on Equity and Foreign Exchange Markets

Historically, elections in emerging markets are perceived as chaotic and volatile for investment performance. In this paper we explore the performance and volatility of equity and foreign exchange markets in emerging economies during election cycles. We evaluated returns and volatility four years before and one year after presidential and parliamentary elections in emerging countries. This time frame accommodates for differing political cycles and allows for comparison across countries and election cycles. Our study offers fresh statistical evidence into the implications of elections on financial markets.
Mechanism of inhibition of cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall.

Our early studies on in vitro perfused aortas and coronary arteries have dealt with lipid synthesis and cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β-ol) uptake by the arterial wall. In the course of these studies, we noticed that the addition of 7-ketocholesterol (3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-7one) to the perfusion fluid resulted in a significant inhibition of cholesterol uptake by the arterial wall of different species, without interfering with lipid synthesis. Because of this finding, this report will be primarily concerned with this inhibition and its mechanisms. However earlier studies on lipid synthesis and cholesterol uptake by isolated perfused arteries will also be discussed since the technique and the results have a bearing on inhibitory effects of 7-ketocholesterol.
Theory of Fields, II: Quantum and Topological

Quantization of classical fields is an area of fundamental importance in modern mathematical physics. Although there is no satisfactory mathematical theory of quantization of classical dynamical systems or fields, physicists have developed several methods of quantization that can be applied to specific problems. Most successful among these is QED (quantum electrodynamics), the theory of quantization of electromagnetic fields. The physical significance of electromagnetic fields is thus well understood at both the classical and the quantum level. Electromagnetic theory is the prototype of classical gauge theories. It is therefore natural to try to extend the methods of QED to the quantization of other gauge field theories. The methods of quantization may be broadly classified as non-perturbative and perturbative. The literature pertaining to each of these areas is vast. See for example, the two volumes [95, 96] edited by Deligne, et al. which contain the lectures given at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, during a special year devoted to quantum fields and strings; the book by Nash [298], and [41, 354, 89]. For a collection of lectures covering various aspects of quantum field theory, see, for example, [134, 133, 376].
Bastimolide A, a Potent Antimalarial Polyhydroxy Macrolide from the Marine Cyanobacterium Okeania hirsuta.

The polyhydroxy macrolide (I), possessing a 40-membered ring, is isolated from a new genus of the tropical title marine.
Photolytic C–O Bond Cleavage with Quantum Dots

Quantum dots are used as photoredox catalysts to drive bond cleavage in lignin model substrates. Cadmium selenide quantum dots selectively cleave C–O bonds with yields comparable to the best transi...
Anorexia Nervosa: A Misdiagnosis of the Adolescent Male.

The rarity of anorexia nervosa among the male population is discussed with primary reference to differences from female symptomology. A case is presented which implies that anorexia nervosa in the male may be a marker for other more severe pathology. These findings suggest a diagnostic strategy based on familial, behavioral, environmental, educational, and psychological factors.
Testing of an Optomechanical Accelerometer with a High-Finesse On-Chip Microcavity

The motion of a microresonator integrated in a silicon hemisphere Fabry-Perot microcavity is used to transduce acceleration. We present the prototype assembly and performance tests of the optomechanical accelerometer.
Addressing the Fragmentation Problem in Distributed and Decentralized Edge Computing: A Vision

At the core of the value proposition of edge computing is the ability to put computation close enough to the data sources, on demand. However, the data sources, computational infrastructure and software services needed to come together to power emerging and future edge computing applications are fragmented across different stakeholders, each with their own incentives, policies, and constraints on resources they can afford. This fragmentation limits the ability of edge computing to guarantee to applications and data the edge which will deliver the desired benefit. In this paper, we present our vision for an Edge Exchange, a decentralized directory service for a multi-stakeholder edge, as a path forward to enabling applications to be deployed across the best available edge resources, while still providing each stakeholder with controls regarding their resource use and sharing policies.
Surgical Outcomes in Patients with Congenital Cervical Spinal Stenosis.

Objective To evaluate the differences in surgical outcomes of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy with and without congenital cervical spinal stenosis (CCSS). Methods Institutional review board approval was obtained to conduct a retrospective chart review of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy who underwent decompression and fusion surgeries from 2010–2016 at a single institution. CCSS was identified using the Torg-Pavlov ratio on lateral cervical radiographs. Pre- and postoperative outcome measures were assessed using the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) and the EuroQol 5-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D). Results Of 208 patients, Torg-Pavlov ratio identified 85 patients with CCSS. There were no significant differences between the CCSS patient and control patient groups in EuroQol 5-dimension questionnaire and mJOA scores at all 4 designated time points in the study (preoperative, earliest postoperative, 6 month postoperative, and 1 year postoperative). Although not statistically significantly, there was a notable trend for patients with CCSS to be less likely to have mJOA-defined severe myelopathy at the postoperative (odds ratio [OR], 0.75; P = 0.38), 6 month postoperative (OR, 0.66; P = 0.20), and 1 year postoperative (OR, 0.64; P = 0.14) time points. Conclusions Postoperatively, compared with non-CCSS patients, patients with congenital cervical stenosis reported equal quality of life for all markers. Our findings suggest that in patients with CCSS and relatively mild symptoms of myelopathy, equal consideration should be given for surgical intervention. The findings of this study warrant further large-scale, multi-institutional investigation to further understand the generalizability of these surgical outcome results.
Tests of Blind Pedestrians’ Use of Traffic Sounds for Street-crossing Alignment:

This article reports three experiments that assessed pedestrians’ ability to use traffic sounds to establish “alignment,” the initial trajectory of a street crossing. The subjects were well practic...
Fat-free mass characteristics vary based on sex, race, and weight status in US adults

Common body composition estimation techniques necessitate assumptions of uniform fat-free mass (FFM) characteristics, although variation due to sex, race, and body characteristics may occur. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 1999 to 2004, during which paired dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioimpedance spectroscopy assessments were performed, were used to estimate FFM characteristics in a sample of 4619 US adults. Calculated FFM characteristics included the density and water, bone mineral, and residual content of FFM. A rapid 4-component model was also produced using DXA and bioimpedance spectroscopy data. Study variables were compared across sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), and age categories using multiple pairwise comparisons. A general linear model was used to estimate body composition after controlling for other variables. Statistical analyses accounted for 6-year sampling weights and complex sampling design of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and were based on 5 multiply imputed datasets. Differences in FFM characteristics across sex, race, and BMI were observed, with notable dissimilarities between men and women for all outcome variables. In racial/ethnic comparisons, non-Hispanic blacks most commonly presented distinct FFM characteristics relative to other groups, including greater FFM density and proportion of bone mineral. Body composition errors between DXA and the 4-component model were significantly influenced by sex, age, race, and BMI. In conclusion, FFM characteristics, which are often assumed in body composition estimation methods, vary due to sex, race/ethnicity, and weight status. The variation of FFM characteristics in diverse populations should be considered when body composition is evaluated.
Ethnic disparities in survival of adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in modern era - a SEER analysis.

Disparities in outcomes by race-ethnicity have been documented in children diagnosed with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), with Hispanics having worse outcomes than non-Hispanic whites ...
Deep Learning for Turbulence-Tolerant Wavefront Reconstruction of Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensors

Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors are limited in turbulence by non-uniform illumination and branch points. We describe the Intensity/Slopes Network (ISNet), which reconstructs wavefronts from intensity and slope information, and demonstrate that it improves performance in turbulence.
Iron Homeostasis in β-Thalassemic Mice

To explore the pathogenesis of nontransfusional iron overload in iron-loading anemia, we examined features of external iron exchange, internal iron kinetics, and tissue iron burden in adult mice with inherited gene-deletion β-thalassemia. Mice homozygous for β-thalassemia display moderate anemia, reticulocytosis, and shortened red cell survival, whereas heterozygous carriers appear hematologically normal. Quantitative iron determination revealed that iron content and concentration in liver, spleen, and kidney, but not heart, were far higher (P
A mixed-methods analysis for improving farmer participation in agri-environmental payments for ecosystem services in Vermont, USA

Abstract We examine whether using a payment for ecosystem services (PES) framework for agri-environmental programs could increase farmer participation through a mixed methods approach. We assess the institutional design of two U.S. agri-environmental programs, the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) and the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), in the Lake Champlain Basin in the northeastern US, where managing eutrophication from phosphorus pollution remains a challenge. We synthesize a checklist of institutional markers previously derived from past PES literature and assess the extent to which these two programs increase participation and achieve environmental goals. Our analysis demonstrates EQIP and CREP meet several PES principles. However, transaction costs present a barrier towards participation with both programs. We suggest these costs can be lowered by greater technical assistance. We categorize EQIP program data by their ecosystem service provision using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment classification. We find EQIP demonstrates cost-effective targeting and conditionality yet may have an institutional focus on large-scale structural practices focused on “end of pipe” prevention of nutrient runoff. The positive effect that PES institutional design criteria have on participation in agri-environmental incentive programs motivates further research on synergies and tradeoffs between farmer participation and environmental outcomes.
Quantifying the pattern of retinal vascular orientation in diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography.

Quantitative imaging using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) could provide objective tools for the detection and characterization of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this study, an operator combining the second derivative and Gaussian multiscale convolution is applied to identify the retinal orientation at each pixel in the OCTA image. We quantified the pattern of retinal vascular orientation and developed three novel quantitative metrics including vessel preferred orientation, vessel anisotropy, and vessel area. Each of eight 45o sectors of the circular disk centered at the macular region was defined as the region of interest. Significant sectoral differences were observed in the preferred orientation (p 0.97, p < 0.0001). With three metrics calculated from the vascular orientation pattern simultaneously and sectorally, our quantitative assessment for retinal microvasculature provides more information than vessel density alone and thereby may enhance the detection of DR. These preliminary results suggest the feasibility and advantage of our vessel orientation-based quantitative approach using OCTA to characterize DR-associated changes in retinal microvasculature.
Energy-Aware Dynamic 3D Placement of Multi-Drone Sensing Fleet.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, also known as drones) have become increasingly appealing with various applications and services over the past years. Drone-based remote sensing has shown its unique advantages in collecting ground-truth and real-time data due to their affordable costs and relative ease of operability. This paper presents a 3D placement scheme for multi-drone sensing/monitoring platforms, where a fleet of drones are sent for conducting a mission in a given area. It can range from environmental monitoring of forestry, survivors searching in a disaster zone to exploring remote regions such as deserts and mountains. The proposed drone placing algorithm covers the entire region without dead zones while minimizing the number of cooperating drones deployed. Naturally, drones have limited battery supplies which need to cover mechanical motions, message transmissions and data calculation. Consequently, the drone energy model is explicitly investigated and dynamic adjustments are deployed on drone locations. The proposed drone placement algorithm is 3D landscaping-aware and it takes the line-of-sight into account. The energy model considers inter-communications within drones. The algorithm not only minimizes the overall energy consumption, but also maximizes the whole drone team’s lifetime in situations where no power recharging facilities are available in remote/rural areas. Simulations show the proposed placement scheme has significantly prolonged the lifetime of the drone fleet with the least number of drones deployed under various complex terrains.
Surveillance imaging during first remission in follicular lymphoma does not impact overall survival.

Background Although many patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) undergo routine radiographic surveillance during their first remission, no consensus exists on the modality, duration, frequency, or need for routine imaging studies. The authors retrospectively examined the effect of surveillance imaging on relapse detection and overall survival (OS) in patients with FL. Methods Patients with newly diagnosed FL who had a response to induction therapy were identified from the Lymphoid Malignancies Enterprise Architecture Database (LEAD) at Emory University and from the Molecular Epidemiology Resource (MER) of the University of Iowa/Mayo Clinic. Patients were evaluated for both relapse and method of relapse detection (ie, clinical concerns vs radiologic detection through surveillance imaging in an asymptomatic patient). Results Of 148 patients in the LEAD cohort, 55 (37%) relapsed, and the majority (n = 35; 64%) of relapses were detected clinically. In the MER cohort, 63 of 177 relapses (54%) were detected clinically. There was no significant difference in OS from the date of diagnosis between the 2 methods of relapse detection in the LEAD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% CI, 0.13-2.94; P = .54) and MER (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.47-2.21; P = .96) cohorts. Similarly, there was no significant difference in OS from the date of relapse between the 2 methods of relapse detection in the LEAD (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.10-2.27; P = .35) and MER (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.47-2.21; P = .96) cohorts. Conclusions These findings suggest a limited role for routine surveillance imaging in patients with FL who complete front-line therapy. Future studies should evaluate which patients may benefit from a more aggressive surveillance approach and should explore novel methods of relapse detection.
Phase Retrieval-Based Coherent Receivers

We compare the fundamental performance of Kramers-Kronig detection to that of standard local oscillator-based coherent detection and standard direct detection in optically amplified links, highlighting the effects of the carrier-to-signal power ratio, chromatic dispersion, and probabilistic shaping.
General Bounds on Holographic Complexity

We prove a positive volume theorem for asymptotically AdS spacetimes: the maximal volume slice has nonnegative vacuum-subtracted volume, and the vacuum-subtracted volume vanishes if and only if the spacetime is identically pure AdS. Under the Complexity=Volume proposal, this constitutes a positive holographic complexity theorem. The result features a number of parallels with the positive energy theorem, including the assumption of an energy condition that excludes false vacuum decay (the AdS weak energy condition). Our proof is rigorously established in broad generality in four bulk dimensions, and we provide strong evidence in favor of a generalization to arbitrary dimensions. Our techniques also yield a holographic proof of Lloyd's bound for a class of bulk spacetimes. We further establish a partial rigidity result for wormholes: wormholes with a given throat size are more complex than AdS-Schwarzschild with the same throat size.
Influence of parameters on surface resistivity of concrete

Abstract Several studies have investigated different techniques for measuring electrical properties of concrete which is an important physical property related to chloride induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. This research examined the surface resistivity (SR) and the bulk electrical resistivity (BR) of concrete cylinders for several ternary mixtures at different testing ages. In addition, this study evaluated the influence of various significant parameters namely geometric size, probe spacing, replacement levels of silica fume and metakaolin in ternary based cementitious mixtures on the SR of concrete. New recommendation has been proposed for chloride ion permeability classification on the basis of electrical resistivity and compared with widely used Florida and Louisiana DOT classification. Overall, this study will enable researchers and state highway agencies to use non-destructive SR and BR measurement technique as a potential tool to evaluate ternary based high performance concrete (HPC) mixtures and predict the corrosion rate.
Mapping superoxide dismutase 1 domains of non-native interaction: roles of intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonding in aggregation

Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) proteins harboring mutations linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) uniformly show heightened potential to form high molecular weight structures. Here, we examine the domains of SOD1 that are involved in forming these structures (aggregates) and study the role of intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds. An analysis of disease mutations identified to date reveals a non-random distribution with predominant occurrence at residues within highly conserved beta-strands or at highly conserved residues in loop domains. Using a cell transfection assay for aggregation, we determined that no single domain in SOD1 is indispensable in the formation of sedimentable aggregates, suggesting multiple potential motifs in the protein mediate non-native interactions. By a cell-free aggregation assay, analysis of transgenic mouse tissues, and mutagenesis approaches, we found evidence that redox conditions may modulate SOD1 aggregation; reduction of the native intramolecular disulfide bonds may predispose SOD1 to unfolding and aggregation, whereas non-native intermolecular disulfide linkages may help stabilize aggregates in vivo. The results suggest a possible mechanism for diversity in the structures formed by different SOD1 mutants, and define a potential contribution of redox conditions to SOD1 aggregation.
Fame Law: Requiring Proof of National Fame in Trademark Law

The public has always been infatuated with fame. Trademark law likewise has a long history of infatuation with fame. Protecting the fame embodied in a trademark against dilutive use by others has not been easy. The difficulty stems from the wording of the statute and judicial failure to understand the “fame” requirement. The fundamental question centers on what level of fame is required for the property-like protection against subsequent uses that dilute the famous trademark. This Article argues for national fame to be the requisite requirement for property-like anti-dilution protection under trademark law. The Article recommends that the proof of national fame should be survey evidence showing at least seventy percent of the general consuming public across the United States recognizing the trademark. Bestowing trademarks property-like protection to those with proof of national fame strikes a reasonable balance between the interests of trademark owners and the public.
Efficacy of Topiramate in Children with Refractory Status Epilepticus

Summary: Purpose: Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening medical condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality that requires urgent medical intervention. Although several agents are available to treat SE, they occasionally fail to abort seizure activity. Topiramate (TPM) was anecdotally reported to be effective in adult patients with refractory SE. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of TPM administered to children with this condition. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the pediatric SE database at the University of Michigan Medical Center and identified three children with refractory SE who were treated with TPM. Those children failed to respond to treatment with benzodiazepines, phenytoin, phenobarbital, midazolam, or pentobarbital. Additional treatment with TPM was administered by nasogastric tube. All patients were continuously monitored by 21-channel digital EEG machines, and the diagnosis of SE was made by a board-certified neurophysiologist. Results: The ages of the three children were 4.5 months, 34 months, and 11 years. TPM was initiated at 2 mg/kg/day in two children and at 3 mg/kg/day in the third. The status was terminated in all three children within 24 h of maintenance therapy with TPM at 5‐6 mg/kg/day. Conclusions: These results support the potential efficacy of TPM for children with refractory SE. Larger prospective series are needed to confirm those results. Key Words: Topiramate— Safety—Status epilepticus—Efficacy—Antiepileptic drugs.
Role for fadR in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli K-12 mutants constitutive for the synthesis of the enzymes of fatty acid degradation (fad) synthesize significantly less unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) than do wild-type (fadR+) strains. The constitutive fadR mutants synthesize less UFA than do fadR+) strains both in vivo and in vitro. The inability of fadR strains to synthesize UFAs at rates comparable to those of fadR+ strains is phenotypically asymptomatic unless the fadR strain also carries a lesion in fabA, the structural gene for beta-hydroxydecanoyl-thioester dehydrase. Unlike fadR+ fabA(Ts) mutants, fadR fabA(Ts) strains synthesize insufficient UFA to support their growth even at low temperatures and, therefore, must be supplemented with UFA at both low and high temperatures. The low levels of UFA in fadR strains are not due to the constitutive level of fatty acid-degrading enzymes in these strains. These results suggest that a functional fadR gene is required for the maximal expression of UFA biosynthesis in E. coli.
Theory of Phase Separation in Liquid-Metal Alloys: Li x Na 1-x

The phase separation curves of liquid-metal alloys may be obtained by a variational method which involves no free parameters. The scheme is applied to ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{Na}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ and yields results in good qualitative agreement with experiment.
Influence of Familial Spirituality: Implications for School Counseling Professionals

This article (a) addresses the importance of familial spirituality on students' holistic development; (b) explores professional ethical codes, standards, and counseling competencies relating to students' familial spirituality; (c) introduces educational activities to assist school counselors in increasing their understanding and appreciation of the influence of familial spirituality on students' behavior; (d) reviews a case study of a counselor integrating the suggested strategies in support of students and families; and (e) provides implications for professional school counseling.
Implications of day temperature variation for an aero-engine's HP turbine-blade's creep life-consumption

Abstract Some in-service deterioration in any mechanical device, such as an aero-engine, is inevitable. Also in a country like Pakistan, there is a significant variation of day temperature over the year. As a result of experiencing deterioration (of the engine as a whole or any of its components individually) and/or any alteration in the conditions (such as day temperature) of incoming air stream, an engine will seek a different steady operating point thereby resulting in a variation of the spool speeds and/or turbine-entry temperatures in order to provide the same thrust. Rises in the turbine entry-temperatures and spool speeds result in greater rates of creep and fatigue damage being incurred by the hot-end components and thereby higher engine's life cycle costs. Possessing a better knowledge of the impacts of day temperature variation upon the creep life-consumption of aero-engine's hot-end components, helps the users to take wiser management-decisions. For a military aircraft's mission-profile, using a bespoke computer simulation, the implications of day temperature variation for a turbofan aero-engine's high pressure turbine-blade's creep life-consumption have been predicted.
Cardiac rehabilitation exercise programme. Compliance and compliance-enhancing strategies.

Compliance-enhancing strategies in cardiac rehabilitation should be investigated only if it has been shown that the condition under consideration is an important cause of mortality and premature disability, that the intervention or therapy is effective, and that compliance with the intervention is poor. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death and premature disability in industralised countries. Evidence from randomised controlled trials of supervised exercise rehabilitation after documentation of coronary artery disease suggests a reduction in fatal event rates, and an initial improvement in both exercise tolerance and psychosocial status, although these differences between experimental and control subjects are reduced over time. Poor compliance with supervised exercise programmes is a problem. This suggests that compliance enhancement with programmes of exercise rehabilitation for cardiac patients is an appropriate area of research.
• CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING OF THE NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES

The choice radiographic modality for the evaluation of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is computed x-ray tomography (CT). Coronal CT imaging affords optimal display of the osteomeatal channels and facilitates the surgeon's perception of regional morphology. The object of this communication is to outline the parameters we feel will optimize the CT examination and to describe the regional anatomy as displayed primarily in the coronal plane. Magnetic resonance imaging, although less optimal for the display of chronic inflammatory disease, is felt to be beneficial in identifying fungal disease and diagnosing neoplastic disease.
Atlantic Ocean sea-surface temperatures and regional streamflow variability in the Adour-Garonne basin, France

Abstract The identification of Atlantic Ocean (AO) climatic drivers may prove valuable in long lead-time forecasting of streamflow in the Adour-Garonne basin in southwestern France. Previous studies have identified the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) as drivers of European hydrology. The current research applied the singular value decomposition (SVD) statistical method to AO sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) to identify the primary AO climatic drivers of the Adour-Garonne basin streamflow. Annual and seasonal streamflow volumes were selected as the hydrological response, while average AO SSTs were calculated for three different 6-month averages (January–June, April–September and July–December) for the year preceding streamflow. The results identified a region along the Equator as the probable driver of the basin streamflow. Additional analysis evaluated the influence of the AMO and NAO on Adour-Garonne basin streamflow. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate edito...
Comment on “Models of stochastic, spatially varying stress in the crust compatible with focal‐mechanism data, and how stress inversions can be biased toward the stress rate” by Deborah Elaine Smith and Thomas H. Heaton

Smith and Heaton (2011) propose a model in which stress in the crust is fractal‐like and highly variable on a range of length scales, including short length‐scales of ∼1 km. Smith and Heaton (2011) motivate the need for stress heterogeneity on short length‐scales by citing observations such as short length‐scale changes in stress directions inferred from borehole breakouts, short length‐scale changes in earthquake slip, and the success of numerical models that include short‐wavelength stress heterogeneity. The heterogeneous part of the stress field in their model is more than twice as large as the homogeneous part. The stress field in this model frequently reverses itself over short distances, as can be seen in figure 14a of Smith and Heaton (2011). The modeled stress field contains at least 10 areas of reversed shear stress direction over the length of a 100 km long profile, with the length of the reversed areas ranging from <1 to ∼5 km. This model makes specific predictions about the orientations and heterogeneity of earthquake focal mechanisms. Smith and Heaton (2011) attempt to validate this heterogeneous stress model using observations of earthquake focal‐mechanism variability from Hardebeck (2006). They then demonstrate that the model predicts a bias in the orientations of earthquake focal mechanisms, which are biased away from the background stress and toward the stressing rate. They suggest the focal‐mechanism bias in this model invalidates the large body of work over the last several decades, that has inferred stress orientations from the inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms. The question of whether or not the Smith and Heaton (2011) model is applicable to the real Earth is therefore important not only for understanding spatial stress variability but also for evaluating the numerous studies that have inferred crustal stress orientations from earthquake focal mechanisms (e.g., as compiled by Heidbach et al. , 2008 …
Introduction: Emotions and justice

The articles in this collection all assume that emotions are an essential foundation for justice. Within this broad framework, many different possibilities are explored. These range from the role of empathic emotions to the role played by a desire for vengeance. They involve the examination of emotional responses to injustice in different cultures. And they include an exploration of the different sorts of selves that are possible and how one of these may be the self of a just person.
Number, Spoils, and Relics: Totemic Images in aMnemotopia

At northern Italian Counter-Reformation pilgrimage sites known as sacri monti (sacred mountains), the traditional focus on a site made sacred by events of religious importance is replaced by a condition of exile to a remote and difficult landscape. Judith Wolin argues thatsacri monti as a group can be understood as mnemotopias, “memory places,” whose primary function “is to allow the revisitation of ‘remembered’ events.” An unusual site with similar intentions, designed in the 1590s by Vincenzo Scamozzi as part of a villa project, shares some defining qualities ofsacri monti. Yet Scamozzi's project is unique; the goal of this paper is to show how Scamozzi participates in the mnemotopic tradition without employing explicit representational narrative. In its place stand number correspondence, a narrative use of the orders, and a layered speculation on bodies and fragments.
ROBEX—robot expert. An expert system for manufacturing robot system implementation

Abstract ROBEX is an expert system to facilitate the systematic implementation of robots systems in a traditional manufacturing facility. In this age of industrial automation, robotization of the industry is being seen as the right thing to do. Before a decision is made to implement robots for the first time, the manufacturing engineers go through a series of questions like. “Is there a need for a robot? What kind of work can be done by robots? How do we identify operations that can be robotized? How do we implement robots?” ROBEX is designed to assist in this crucial decision making. Usually engineers and managers seek expert advice to get answer to these questions, but unfortunately, experts in this field are in great demand and are not easily accessible. ROBEX contains knowledge acquired from industry experts and other sources which will answer many of the crucial questions without the need to consult an expert.
The evidence for the scaffolding of the Sistine ceiling

Disagrees with recent theories of Creighton E. Gilbert (see AATA 20-654 ) concerning the type of scaffolding used by Michelangelo, and the chronology of the project. Examines documents and primary sources relating to the construction and use of the scaffolding, including a sketch by Michelangelo and another by Bramante for S. Peter's showing sorgozzoni using Michelangelo's example. -- AATA
Region of attraction estimation for a perching aircraft: A Lyapunov method exploiting barrier certificates

Dynamic perching maneuvers for fixed-wing aircraft are becoming increasingly plausible due to recent progress in perching using ‘micro-spines’ mounted on tuned suspensions and, separately, on feedback motion planning techniques for post-stall maneuvering. In this paper, we bring these complementary techniques together by efficiently estimating the mechanical stability of the plane when it makes contact with a vertical surface; the resulting landing funnel can then be used in a feedback motion planning algorithm for the flight controller. We consider a simplified model of the perching dynamics and report an extension of the region of attraction techniques, using sums-of-squares optimization, which combines polynomial approximations of barrier constraints with the traditional Lyapunov methods to achieve tight estimation of the true region of attraction for the model. We demonstrate the new method on a variety of design parameters for the perching system, suggesting a potential use as a mechanical system or controller design tool.
Roam: A Scalable Replication System for Mobility

Nomadic users require replication to store copies of critical data on their mobile machines while disconnected or poorly connected. Existing replication services do not provide all classes of mobile users with the capabilities they require, which include: the ability for direct synchronization between any two replicas, support for large numbers of replicas, and detailed control over what files reside on their local (mobile) replica. Mobile users must adapt their behavior to match the level of service provided by today's replication systems, thereby hindering mobility and costing additional time, money, and systems management. Roam is a replication system designed to satisfy the requirements of the mobile user. Roam is based on the Ward Model, a replication architecture for mobile environments. Using the Ward Model and new distributed algorithms, Roam provides a scalable replication solution for the mobile user. We describe the motivation, design, and implementation of Roam and report its performance.
Synthesis and testing of nonhalogenated alkyne/phosphorus‐containing polymer additives: Potent condensed‐phase flame retardants

In this article, the syntheses and thermal properties of several alkyne- and phosphorus-containing materials are discussed. The materials were synthesized using substituted phenolic molecules which were added to phosphorus oxychloride. The materials synthesized include phosphine oxides, phosphates, diphosphates, and oligophosphates. The thermal properties of the synthesized materials were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). In general, the DSC and TGA data showed that synthesized materials containing alkynes and phosphorus had good-to-excellent thermal stability with high-onset decomposition temperatures. Materials with a high alkyne-to-phosphorus ratio showed the highest char yields. DSC data showed crosslinking events for the alkynes and the phosphorus moieties. DSC also showed that the alkynes crosslinked at lower temperatures than the phosphates. Based on the TGA and DSC data of the alkyne-containing phosphorus materials, alkynes generally appeared to be better char-inducing groups than was phosphorus. The materials were blended into polycarbonate and tested for ignition resistance using the UL-94 flame test. In two cases, these halogen-free compounds, with their dual alkyne/phosphorous crosslinking mechanisms, are condensed-phase flame retardants that can be easily blended into polycarbonate at 10 wt % loadings to afford blends that give a UL-94 V-0 rating. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 707–718, 1999
Pulse Propagation in a Poroelastic Solid

The problem of a stress pulse applied to a semi-infinite region of a poroelastic medium is examined to determine the effect of a stress pulse on equipment located underground. If dissipation is neglected, an applied step pulse splits into two pulses that propagate unchanged in shape, each moving at one of the dilatational speeds of the medium. If dissipation is included, the step pulse splits into a “smeared-out” component and a component that retains the sharp front. The latter component travels at a speed that would occur if the fluid and solid were locked together. It is concluded that linear poroelastic dissipative mechanisms are insufficient in themselves to yield a substantial reduction in accelerations for equipment buried in a saturated soil.
Corrigendum: Lifecycle greenhouse gas implications of US national scenarios for cellulosic ethanol production

The acknowledgment should additionally state: 'We would like to thank Drs Caroline Taylor and Heather Youngs from the Energy Biosciences Institute for their help in this research.'
Accurate quantum mechanics from high order resummed operator expansions

In this paper we report new developments in the expansion and partial resummation of the evolution operator. Higher order resummations allow derivation of an effective one‐dimensional potential which accurately represents quantum dynamics for even strongly coupled low‐frequency modes. This allows a system bath approximation which can accurately reproduce multidimensional quantum mechanics. In addition the formulation presented in this paper should prove significantly easier to extend to many‐body problems than previous formulations we have derived. The accuracy of the method for even highly nonadiabatic applications, and the ease of implementation suggests that this approach will be useful in the calculation of the quantum dynamics of many dimensional systems.
Load spreading and penetration resistance of layered structures—a numerical study

The objectives of this study were to gain insight into the penetration resistance of layered structures, and to examine the effects of layer damage and imperfect interfaces on load spreading and projectile defeat capabilities of the layers. To investigate the overall penetration process instead of just the terminal state, we examined the time history of the energy transfer between the projectile and the target, and between the layer and the substrate. Under idealized conditions, without layer damage or an imperfect interface, a target with a single thick high-strength, high-wave-speed layer offers the best penetration resistance. The high impedance and strength of the layer enhance the projectile defeat capability of the target; more impact energy is dissipated in the projectile and less energy is delivered to the target. The high wave speed of the layer allows the impact load and energy imparted to the target to be absorbed more quickly and distributed widely in the substrate. Both layer damage and an imperfect interface degrade the target's capability to defeat the projectile and to spread the load. However, the former has a more detrimental effect than the latter.
Spontaneous Formation of Functionalized Dendrimer-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles

Functionalized, dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au DSNPs) are of scientific and technological interest for biological applications. In this work, we show that acetamide-functionalized Au DSNPs can be formed by acetylation of amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of generation 5 (G5.NH(2)) complexed with Au(III) ions (AuCl(4) (-)). In addition, hydroxyl-functionalized Au DSNPs can be formed by simply mixing the glycidol hydroxyl-terminated G5 dendrimers (G5.NGlyOH) with HAuCl(4). In both cases, no additional reducing agents were needed and the reactions were completed at room temperature. We also show that Alexa Fluor 594 dye-functionalized Au DSNPs can be formed by acetylation of Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated, amine-terminated G5 dendrimers complexed with HAuCl(4). All of these functionalized Au DSNPs are water-soluble and stable. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies reveal that the Alexa Fluor 594-functionalized Au DSNPs retain similar fluorescence intensity to the Alexa Fluor 594-functionalized dendrimers that lack Au nanoparticles. These preparations of Au DSNPs provide a straightforward approach to synthesizing functionalized metal nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
Structure and Evolution of mtanga, a Retrotransposon Actively Expressed on the Y Chromosome of the African Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae

Here we report the discovery of a novel family of long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons designated mtanga-Y, specific to the Y chromosome of the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. mtanga-Y elements represent the first Y-linked sequences and the first members of the Ty1-copia superfamily of retrotransposons described from this mosquito. Analysis of a full-length 4,284-bp element revealed the presence of two intact overlapping open reading frames bounded by LTRs of 119 bp. Evidence suggests that the elements are capable of retrotransposition, as transcripts and potential replication intermediates (one-LTR circles) were detected. However, the approximately 12 copies of mtanga-Y appear to be clustered rather than dispersed on the Y chromosome. Absent from the Y chromosome of four sibling species (A. arabiensis, A. quadriannulatus, A. melas, and A. merus), similar, but often defective, mtanga elements are present elsewhere in these genomes, as well as in A. gambiae. These data are consistent with a relatively recent invasion of the A. gambiae Y chromosome by an intact element. The presence of functional mtanga-Y elements suggests that the Y chromosome may be a source, not just a sink, for retrotransposons.