cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
dHvA studies of A-15 superconductors at H⩽40 T

Abstract Better single crystals, together with the use of high magnetic fields, have recently resulted in direct dHvA measurements of parts of the Fermi surfaces of the high Tc superconductors Nb3Sn and V3Si. The results of high precision band structure calculations are now beginning to appear for these materials, so that direct comparisons of theory and experiment, for the electronic structure of at least some of the A-15 s, are now possible. The experimental data are reviewed in this paper in light of the available band structure results. Finally, the combined application of high precision quantum oscillation measurements and band structure calculations, to understand the structural transformation and defect behavior of A-15 materials, is briefly considered.
A Longitudinal Examination of an Integrated Social Process Model of Deviant Behavior

A social process model of deviant behavior incorporating constructs derived from both social bonding and differential association theories is used to explain adolescent cigarette smoking. The model hypothesizes that the bonding constructs explain the variance in associating with adolescents who smoke andlor have favorable attitudes toward smoking. Both the bonding and differential association constructs are expected to have direct effects on adolescent cigarette smoking. Using a structural equation approach to analyze three years of panel data on 1,065 seventh to twelfth graders, support is found for the predicted interrelationships of the bonding and differential association constructs and the effects of those constructs on adolescent smoking in the third year of the study. The social control theory of Travis Hirschi and Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association (Sutherland and Cressey 1978) are the two dominant social psychological perspectives on deviant behavior found in contemporary sociological literature. Although differential association theory was initially formulated many years prior to Hirschi's social control perspective, the latter's emergence on the theoretical landscape was immediately perceived as a significant alternative conceptualization of social deviance to that offered by differential association theory. More recently, however, researchers have suggested that a more complete theoretical
Young age influences treatment but not outcome of colon cancer.

Background Early age at onset is often considered a poor prognostic factor for colon cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the association between age, clinicopathologic features, adjuvant therapy, and outcomes following colon cancer resection.
A discrete-time performance model for integrated service ATM multiplexers

Voice sources are modeled as discrete-time on-off processes; video sources with uniform activity level are modeled by a discrete-time birth-death process; and, the arrival process from an aggregation of data sources is assumed to form a Bernoulli process with a general bulk size distribution. The integration of these processes belongs to a family of processes, the discrete-time batch Markovian arrival processes (D-BMAP). An ATM multiplexer whose input consists of a mix of the different types of traffic described above can therefore be modeled as a D-BMAP/D/1 queueing system. The authors investigate an approximation which matches the original traffic model to a two-state D-BMAP. This procedure results in greatly reduced complexity allowing it to be used for network traffic control while retaining accurate performance prediction. >
Multiple Functional Roles of the Accessory I-Domain of Bacteriophage P22 Coat Protein Revealed by NMR Structure and CryoEM Modeling

Summary Some capsid proteins built on the ubiquitous HK97-fold have accessory domains imparting specific functions. Bacteriophage P22 coat protein has a unique insertion domain (I-domain). Two prior I-domain models from subnanometer cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) reconstructions differed substantially. Therefore, the I-domain's nuclear magnetic resonance structure was determined and also used to improve cryoEM models of coat protein. The I-domain has an antiparallel six-stranded β-barrel fold, not previously observed in HK97-fold accessory domains. The D-loop, which is dynamic in the isolated I-domain and intact monomeric coat protein, forms stabilizing salt bridges between adjacent capsomers in procapsids. The S-loop is important for capsid size determination, likely through intrasubunit interactions. Ten of 18 coat protein temperature-sensitive-folding substitutions are in the I-domain, indicating its importance in folding and stability. Several are found on a positively charged face of the β-barrel that anchors the I-domain to a negatively charged surface of the coat protein HK97-core.
Vibrational Technique for Stress Measurement in Films: II, Extensions and Complicating Effects

Several extensions and complicating effects in the vibrational technique for the measurement of stress in films are discussed in this, the second part of the study. The principles of the technique, based on ideal membrane behavior, and some applications were presented in the companion paper. Several complicating effects can be important due to deviation from ideal behavior. For lowdensity polymer membranes, air loading can shift the natural frequencies considerably. This effect is studied by measuring stress at different air pressures and compared to a theoretical model for the correction of air loading effects. The effect of bending stiffness can be important for thick and stiff films. This effect has been studied systematically and it is shown that it can be used to measure the stress and stiffness of the film simultaneously. A powerful extension of the technique to the measurement of anisotropic biaxial stresses is also demonstrated.
Nanoparticle core properties affect attachment of macromolecule-coated nanoparticles to silica surfaces

Environmental context The increasing use of engineered nanoparticles has led to concerns over potential exposure to these novel materials. Predictions of nanoparticle transport in the environment and exposure risks could be simplified if all nanoparticles showed similar deposition behaviour when coated with macromolecules used in production or encountered in the environment. We show, however, that each nanoparticle in this study exhibited distinct deposition behaviour even when coated, and hence risk assessments may need to be specifically tailored to each type of nanoparticle. Abstract Transport, toxicity, and therefore risks of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are unquestionably tied to interactions between those particles and surfaces. In this study, we proposed the simple and untested hypothesis that coating type can be the predominant factor affecting attachment of ENPs to silica surfaces across a range of ENP and coating types, effectively masking the contribution of the particle core to deposition behaviour. To test this hypothesis, TiO2, Ag0 and C60 nanoparticles with either no coating or one of three types of adsorbed macromolecules (poly(acrylic acid), humic acid and bovine serum albumin) were prepared. The particle size and adsorbed layer thicknesses were characterised using dynamic light scattering and soft particle electrokinetic modelling. The attachment efficiencies of the nanoparticles to silica surfaces (glass beads) were measured in column experiments and compared with predictions from a semi-empirical correlation between attachment efficiency and coated particle properties that included particle size and layer thickness. For the nanoparticles and adsorbed macromolecules in this study, the attachment efficiencies could not be explained solely by the coating type. Therefore, the hypothesis that adsorbed macromolecules will mask the particle core and control attachment was disproved, and information on the properties of both the nanoparticle surface (e.g. charge and hydrophobicity) and adsorbed macromolecule (e.g. molecular weight, charge density extended layer thickness) will be required to explain or predict interactions of coated nanoparticles with surfaces in the environment.
Differential Analysis of Cleft Palate Anomalies

Lateral cephalometric radiograms of 443 children with cleft palate or cleft lip and palate and of 109 children with normal palates and lips were statistically analyzed by use of indexes and angular measurements. Both cleft palate groups that were operated on and were not operated on, and cleft lip and cleft palate groups that were operated on and were not operated on, showed a tendency for smaller proportional measurements in several vertical and horizontal parameters, and an obtuseness of cranial angles related to the sella-basion line.
A Rejection Algorithm Essential for Quantitative Analysis in Single Molecule Super Resolution Microscopy

Single molecule localization based super-resolution (SM-SR) imaging techniques require robust identification and accurate localization of single molecules to yield reliable emitter position estimates for further quantitative analysis. One of the key steps of SM-SR analysis is to clearly identify isolated, single emitters such that obtained localizations relate to actual single molecule locations, and are not influenced by signal from nearby or overlapping fluorophores. We refer to the process of identifying and discarding sub-regions that contain overlapping fluorophores as the rejection algorithm.We show that even at an optimal active emitter density, more than 50% of the emitters cannot be isolated such to give an unbiased estimate of position. Furthermore, it is possible that even for the case of isolated single emitters, the fitting routine may not converge and thus provides incorrect localizations. A robust, statistically rigorous rejection algorithm that compares the fitted model to the data is necessary to avoid incorrect or biased localizations and is essential for the success of quantitative analysis.Here, we show that the Log-likelihood Ratio (LLR) is a preferred metric for rejection algorithms and that p-values can be calculated and used for statistical significance tests when the distribution of the LLR under low signal conditions is correctly modeled. We compare the LLR with other commonly used rejection algorithms such as the elliptical or sum of squared error tests. As a demonstration, we show the improved resolution in reconstructed super-resolution images when using the LLR rejection algorithm as compared with those generated using other rejection algorithms.
Syndecan-Regulated Receptor Signaling

The syndecans are transmembrane heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans expressed on all adherent cells ([Bernfield et al. 1999][1]; [Rapraeger and Ott 1998][2]). A family of four, they have diverse functions ranging from participation in cell–cell adhesion, regulation of the signaling of HS binding
Interactions of Oxidants With Vascular Signaling Systems

Abstract —Individual reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidation products of NO interact with vascular signaling mechanisms in ways that appear to have fundamental roles in the control of vascular physiological and pathophysiological function. The activities of ROS-producing systems (including various NADPH and NADH oxidases, xanthine oxidase, and NO synthase) in endothelium and/or vascular smooth muscle are controlled by receptor activation, oxygen tension, metabolic processes, and physiological forces associated with blood pressure and flow. This review focuses on how the chemical properties and metabolic sensing interactions of individual ROS (including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite) interact with cellular regulatory systems to produce vascular responses. These species appear to often function through producing selective alterations in individual heme or thiol redox–regulated systems (including guanylate cyclase, cyclooxygenase, mitochondrial electron transport, and tyrosine phosphatases) to initiate physiological responses through signaling pathways that control phospholipases, protein kinases, ion channels, contractile proteins, and gene expression.
Recent and fossil resins from New Zealand and Australia

The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of fossil resins from New Zealand and Australia have been compared with those of modern and semifossilized materials. The great majority of the fossilized samples have strong spectral similarities to modern Agathis resins and to North American fossil resins, which have been attributed to Agathis. The Agathis-related spectra are different from those of modern Hymenaea and Araucaria. A small subgroup of Late Cretaceous resins from Australia and Papua New Guinea appears to derive from a different botanical source and shows strong resemblances to Claiborne amber from Arkansas. The spectral resonances of the exomethylene carbons degrade over time and on average provide an approximate measure of the geological age of Agathis-related fossil resins. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fundamental Properties and Sampling Distributions of the Multivariate Normal Distribution

In this chapter we study some fundamental properties of the multivariate normal distribution, including distribution properties and related sampling distributions.
A comparison of three studies of the influence of expert testimony on jurors

Three conceptual replications of the effects of expert testimony on jurors' decisions and behaviors were compared. Taken together, these studies demonstrated significant increases in jurors' scrutiny of the evidence presented to them and significant reductions in their beliefs in the general accuracy of eyewitness testimony. The overall effect of expert testimony had a combined probability ofp=.0000084. This means that these combined results would occur by sampling bias alone less than one time out of 100,000. Expert testimony accounted for 3% of the variance in verdicts and 68% of the variance in the time jurors deliberated about eyewitness testimony. Several implications of these findings for psychologists investigating eyewitness identification and for the criminal justice system are discussed.
The Adenovirus E1B 55-Kilodalton and E4 Open Reading Frame 6 Proteins Limit Phosphorylation of eIF2α during the Late Phase of Infection

During a productive infection, species C adenovirus reprograms the host cell to promote viral translation at the expense of cellular translation. The E1B 55-kilodalton (E1B-55K) and E4 open reading frame 6 (E4orf6) proteins are important in this control of gene expression. As part of a ubiquitin-protein ligase, these viral proteins stimulate viral mRNA export, inhibit cellular mRNA export, promote viral gene expression, and direct the degradation of certain host proteins. We report here that the E1B-55K and E4orf6 proteins limited phosphorylation of eIF2α and the activation of the eIF2α kinase PKR. Phospho-eIF2α levels were observed to rise and fall at least twice during infection. The E1B-55K and E4orf6 proteins prevented a third increase at late times of infection. PKR appeared to phosphorylate eIF2α only in the absence of E1B-55K/E4orf6 function. PKR activation and eIF2α phosphorylation was unrelated to the cytoplasmic levels of the adenovirus inhibitor of PKR, VA-I RNA. Nonetheless, expression of a PKR inhibitor, the reovirus double-stranded RNA-binding protein sigma 3, prevented PKR activation and eIF2α phosphorylation. The sigma 3 protein largely corrected the defect in viral late protein synthesis associated with the E1B-55K and E4orf6 mutant viruses without affecting cytoplasmic levels of the late viral mRNA. The ubiquitin-protein ligase activity associated with the E1B-55K/E4orf6 complex was necessary to prevent activation of PKR and phosphorylation of eIF2α. These findings reveal a new contribution of the E1B-55K/E4orf6 complex to viral late protein synthesis and the existence of multiple layers of regulation imposed on eIF2α phosphorylation and PKR activation in adenovirus-infected cells.
Relations between Hermite and Laguerre Gaussian modes

Relations between Hermite (HG) and Laguerre (LG) Gaussian modes are derived. With these, a LG mode is written as a sum of HG modes, and vice versa. These mode relations are derived from addition identities between a Laguerre polynomial and a pair of Hermite polynomials. The addition relations are derived in two appendices. One figure illustrates the contents of a LG mode in terms of HG modes while a second figure shows the translation in the opposite direction. >
The interpretation of optical caustics in the presence of dynamic non-uniform crack-tip motion histories: A study based on a higher order transient crack-tip expansion

The optical method of caustics is re-examined by considering the presence of dynamic non-uniform crack-tip motion histories. Based on the higher order transient expansion obtained by Freund and Rosakis (1990, Eleventh National Congress of Applied Mechanics; 1992, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 40(3), 699-719) and Rosakis et al. (1991,Inr. J. Fract. SO, R39R45), in which dynamic transient effects were included in the near-tip deformation field, the exact mapping equations of caustics are derived for non-uniformly propagating cracks. The resulting equations indicate that the classical analysis ofcaustics based on the assumption of Kf-dominance, is inadequate to interpret the experimental caustic patterns when dynamic transient effects become significant. In this paper, an explicit relation between the instantaneous value of the dynamic stress intensity factor K;'(t) and the geometrical characteristics of the caustic is established. This relation shows that for the case of non-uniformly propagating cracks, the relation between the dynamic stress intensity factor and the geometrical characteristics of the caustic pattern depends on the crack-tip acceleration and on k;'(t). It also reduces to the classical relation between K!(r) and the caustic diameter for the case of K;1-dominance (when the crack-tip fields are well described by the r-II2 singularity in stresses). The Broberg problem is used as an example problem to check the feasibility of analysing caustics in the presence of higher order transient terms. It is shown the value of the dynamic stress intensity factor obtained by the proposed method agrees remarkably well with the exact analytical value while large errors are introduced when the classical analysis (#-dominant) of the method of caustics is used. I. INTRODUCTION The optical method of caustics, a technique based on geometrical optics, has several advantages over the other light wave interference methods which are mainly related to its simplicity. It requires a simple optical set-up which does not involve the use of diffraction optics. It can be used easily either in transmission or in reflection arrangements. Data analysis is simple and does not require the use of complicated image processing techniques.
Computing stress tests for interconnect defects

Reliability screens are used to reduce infant mortality. The quality of the stress test set used during. The screening process has a direct bearing on the effectiveness of the screen. We have formally studied the problem of computing good quality stress tests for some commonly occurring defects like gate-oxide shorts and interconnect defects. Methods to compute stress tests for gate-oxide defects have been discussed elsewhere. Here we present a formal study of the problem of computing stress rests for interconnect defects.
Using Value-Added Models to Measure Teacher Effects on Students' Motivation and Achievement.

Value-added (VA) models measure teacher contributions to student learning and are increasingly employed in educational reform efforts. Using data from 35 seventh-grade teachers and 2,026 students a...
Expression of murine STF-1, a putative insulin gene transcription factor, in beta cells of pancreas, duodenal epithelium and pancreatic exocrine and endocrine progenitors during ontogeny

The XlHbox 8 homeodomain protein of Xenopus and STF-1, its mammalian homolog, are selectively expressed by beta cells of adult mouse pancreatic islets, where they are likely to regulate insulin expression. We sought to determine whether the expression of the homeobox protein/s during mouse embryonic development was specific to beta cells or, alternatively, whether XlHbox 8/STF-1 protein/s were initially expressed by multipotential precursors and only later became restricted to the insulin-containing cells. With two antibodies, we studied the localization of STF-1 during murine pancreatic development. In embryos, as in adults, STF-1 was expressed by most beta cells, by subsets of the other islet cell types and by mucosal epithelial cells of the duodenum. In addition, most epithelial cells of the pancreatic duct and exocrine cells of the pancreas transiently contained STF-1. We conclude that in mouse, STF-1 not only labels a domain of intestinal epithelial cells but also provides a spatial and temporal marker of endodermal commitment to a pancreatic and subsequently, to an endocrine beta cell fate. We propose a model of pancreatic cell development that suggests that exocrine and endocrine (alpha, beta, delta and PP) cells arise from a common precursor pool of STF-1+ cells and that progression towards a defined monospecific non-beta cell type is correlated with loss of STF-1 expression.
Toward a Village Consciousness Organizing in the African American Cultural Tradition

School-to-prison pipeline research and scholarship point to a need for parent and community involvement in addressing school discipline policies and culturally sensitive approaches to reducing disp...
Why Stock Splits? Evidence From Institutional Ownership

This study examines the motives for stock splits in the context of the announcing firm's institutional ownership. We report an inverse relationship between the magnitude of announcement period abnormal returns and the percentage of the firm's institutional ownership, indicating that stock splits are more valuable to firms with low institutional ownership. Results also suggest that the motivation for initiating stock splits is not uniform across firms; rather it is contingent upon the firm's pre-split institutional ownership. Firms with low pre-split institutional ownership experience significant increases in the number of institutional shareholders following stock splits. In contrast, firms with high pre-split institutional ownership stabilize the proportion of their shares owned by institutions following stock splits. Overall the evidence suggests that announcements of stock splits attract the attention of financial analysts to undervalued firms and induce changes in post-split institutional ownership.
Vestibular neuritis in children and adolescents: Clinical features and recovery.

Abstract Objective Describe the clinical presentation and recovery of vestibular neuritis in children and adolescents. Study design Retrospective case series. Setting Pediatric tertiary care center. Subjects and methods Eleven patients diagnosed with vestibular neuritis were identified from a database of 301 patients evaluated at our pediatric vestibular clinic from January 2012 through January 2015. Medical records were reviewed to determine clinical presentation, vestibular testing results, treatment, and recovery. Incomplete recovery was defined as residual dizziness or imbalance at most recent follow-up >30 days from symptom onset. Results Patients were 5–19 years old (mean 13.1 ± 5.34) and included 6 boys and 5 girls. All presented with a sudden rotational vertigo, imbalance, and nausea for an average of 10 days without other associated symptoms. Testing included rotary chair (8 of 9 abnormal), caloric (2 of 2 abnormal), video head impulse (5 of 8 abnormal), subjective visual vertical (4 of 8 abnormal), and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (0 of 6 abnormal) tests. All patients with incomplete recovery (n = 4; 36%) were ≥15 years old at symptom onset. All patients with incomplete recovery that underwent vestibular rehabilitation (n = 2) initiated it ≥90 days from symptom onset, while 3 out of 4 patients with complete recovery that underwent vestibular rehabilitation initiated it ≤14 days from symptom onset. Two patients received oral steroids, neither of whom had incomplete recovery. Conclusion Vestibular neuritis should be considered in pediatric patients with vertigo and may result in longstanding symptoms, particularly in adolescents. The treatment of pediatric vestibular neuritis with rehabilitation and steroids deserves further study.
Role of Potassium and Phosphorus in Catalytic Partial Oxidation in Short Contact Time Reactors

Potassium and phosphorus represent inorganics commonly found in biomass and can significantly affect catalytic gasification of biomass. The alkaline and acidic nature of potassium and phosphorus, respectively, can introduce different reaction chemistries. In this paper, the effects of potassium and phosphorus on Rh catalysts for catalytic gasification have been studied at different fuel/oxygen ratios and temperatures. Catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) of ethanol, a biomass surrogate, was carried out over potassium, phosphorus, and monobasic potassium-phosphate-doped catalysts at loadings of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100% of Rh atoms over a range of fuel/oxygen ratios. In addition, time-on-stream studies were also carried out with methane by predosing inorganics on the catalyst (10% loading) and ethanol by introducing inorganics in the feed (0.05 mol %) to understand their effects on the stability of autothermal operation. With ethanol CPO, synthesis gas selectivities did not change significantly with potassium-dope...
The diagnosis and clinical manifestations of activated protein C resistance: a case report and review of the literature

Activated protein C resistance (APCR) is a recently discovered, medically important cause of venous thrombosis. More than 95% of cases are due to factor V Leiden (FVL), a mutated form of factor V that is resistant to degradation by activated protein C. The prevalence of this disorder, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, is approximately 5% among asymptomatic people of European heritage. In addition, 20 to 60% of patient cohorts with previous thrombosis demonstrate APCR, making it the most common known genetic cause of abnormal thrombophilia. Current laboratory techniques available for diagnosis include functional assays, such as the APC ratio, as well as DNA-based tests that detect the specific genetic anomaly responsible for FVL. A case report is presented, along with a review of the literature highlighting epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and methods for laboratory diagnosis.
Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) in Indiana

Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman and Corwin is reported from Indiana for the first time. Four specimens were taken from deer and one from a dog. All specimens are adult females and all were collected in 1987. The significance of this finding is discussed.
Porcelain insulation for EHV equipment and transmission lines

Insulators used on high voltage systems are not particularly fragile; but they are, undeniably, brittle. Reasonable familiarity with flaw and fracture theory is prerequisite to an understanding of a brittle material. Consider, for example, the following list which the authors have selected from their subjects and projects of the past year: Analysis of insulator failures, in service or from handling. Gunshot and power arc resistance of suspension insulators. Residual strength of damaged insulators. A method of measuring the “toughness” of ceramic materials. Hydraulic test for suspension insulator shells. Statistical specifications for insulators.1, 2
Magnetically Triggered Radical-Generating Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Biopolymer Restructuring: Application to the Extracellular Matrix

Halting cancer progression by altering the tumor microenvironment is an exciting new frontier in oncology. One target for new therapies is the structural support provided by the extracellular matrix, which for cancer cells is often abnormal and undergoes drastic modification during angiogenesis, tumor proliferation, and metastasis. We have developed a new magnetic nanoparticle-based agent, Fe3O4–PEG–EDDA (EDDA: (Z)-octa-4-en-2,6-diyne-1,8-diamine), that is capable of generating radicals via Bergman cyclization of the pendant enediyne during mild hyperthermia treatment using an alternating magnetic field. We observe formation of a cyclized aromatic product in the Raman spectra of the thermally excited material and can detect polymeric product after periods of induction. When mixed with the basement membrane extract Matrigel, the nanoparticles do not interfere with normal biopolymer network formation. Applying the same hyperthermia conditions as in solution samples, Fe3O4–PEG–EDDA causes structural collapse...
Impact of Yeasts Present during Prefermentation Cold Maceration of Pinot noir Grapes on Wine Volatile Aromas

Yeasts isolated from a prefermentation cold maceration (at 8 to 9°C) of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir grapes were evaluated for β-glucosidase activity. Among the 13 distinct yeast isolates investigated, five had β-glucosidase activity. Sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA gene confirmed the identity of these yeasts as Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lachancea thermotolerans, and two isolates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The β-glucosidase activity of these yeast isolates was further investigated at different sugar concentrations and temperatures before the isolates were used in the production of Pinot noir wines. Pinot noir grapes sterilized by high hydrostatic pressure were inoculated with the individual yeast species or a mixture of all yeast species. A seven day prefermentation cold maceration (9°C) was then performed, followed by alcoholic fermentation conducted by S. cerevisiae RC212 at 27°C. Pinot noir grapes were also cold-macerated without the addition of any yeast, while fermentations were also undertaken with no cold maceration. Solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the wines indicated that the presence of the different yeast species during the prefermentation cold-maceration altered the volatile aroma composition of the wines. These yeasts altered the concentrations of ethyl esters, branch-chained esters, higher alcohols, and some monoterpenes in the wines.
Low dose perfusion CT

Perfusion CT imaging, with today's multi-detector technology and rotation speed, has great potential to become extensively used to improve both diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, high x-ray dose and the lack of standardization of protocols limit this potential. We would like to show that the x-ray dose of CT perfusion scans can be significantly reduced without compromising clinical accuracy, thus extending perfusion CT for dose-limited applications such as cardiac imaging and facilitating its development into a routine diagnostic tool. In this study, we use a novel dynamic collimator along with both predictive sampling and exposure algorithms to reduce x-ray dose. Our preliminary study, involving five kidney perfusion cases, combines these three approaches and demonstrates that more than a 10:1 reduction in patient exposure can be achieved without sacrificing diagnostic accuracy. We believe that this will enable perfusion CT to become a routine diagnostic tool.
Efficacy of the Principal Components Analysis Techniques Using Simulation Data and the Associated Pedagogical Implications

The overall purposes of this paper are twofold. First, to demonstrate the generation of artificial data using two computer programs, RANCORR (Hong, 1999) and the Multivariate Normal Data Generator (MNDG) (Brooks, 2002). Second, the paper reports results of principal components analysis after the artificial data were submitted to three commonly used procedures; scree plot, Kaiser rule, and modified Horn’s parallel analysis, and demonstrate the pedagogical utility of using artificial data in teaching advanced quantitative concepts. The results showed that all three procedures successfully extracted the components built into the data. Findings in this paper could be useful pedagogical tools to teach the concepts associated with principal components analysis to quantitative researchers .
Obesity Alters B Cell and Macrophage Populations in Brown Adipose Tissue

Objective The prevalence of obesity continues to rise, and it is understood that regulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) function is important to systemic metabolic homeostasis. Immune cells play a central role in the maintenance of WAT, and their compositions change in number and inflammatory phenotype with the progression of obesity. Because of its energy-burning capabilities, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has become a focus of obesity research. Although novel studies have focused on the function of brown adipocytes in thermogenesis, the tissue as a whole has not been immunologically characterized. Methods BAT immune cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in mice with diet-induced obesity (3, 8, or 16 weeks of diet) and in aged mice (1, 6-7, and 10-15 months). Results The data confirmed the presence of macrophages and eosinophils, as previously reported, and showed that 20% to 30% of the immune cells in BAT were B cells. The number of B cells and eosinophils increased with diet-induced obesity, whereas macrophages decreased. There was no change in number of any immune cell quantified with age. Conclusions These studies reveal a novel finding of B220 + B cells in BAT and show that BAT immune cell populations change in response to diet-induced obesity.
Life on the leading edge: phenology and demography of the red mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. at the northern limit of its expanding range.

Abstract Mangroves are expanding northward along the eastern coast of Florida and invading saltmarsh communities along the tributaries and main channels of rivers that flow into the Intracoastal Waterway system. To investigate R. mangle’s demography, reproductive effort and survivorship of offspring were monitored for three years along the Matanzas River, northern Florida. Flowering was delayed, fruit production was year-round and hypocotyl production covered a longer period than for populations further south. If a propagule survived to the recruit stage, the individual was more likely to produce branches. In addition, if the propagule recruited in mud and in the low intertidal zone, then the individual was more likely to survive to the juvenile stage. Those propagules that eventually developed into juveniles had remained within one meter of the parent, had recruited in a vertical position and had larger hypocotyls. Two adults contributed 79% of the propagules that survived to the branched stage. These successful adults become the islands from which the population persists and expands along the leading edge of its distribution.
Special Problems Related to Dental Offices and Dental School Clinical Facilities

The practice of infection control by the dental profession in both dental offices and clinics has increased dramatically in the past three or four years. Although infection control in dentistry has been practiced to some extent, recent events have greatly accelerated awareness and compliance. These include: 1. The recognition that Hepatitis B is an occupational hazard for dental health care professionals. 2. The real and perceived risks of AIDS. 3. The establishment of guidelines and regulations by various governmental and professional agencies.
Effect of clinical decision rules, patient cost and malpractice information on clinician brain CT image ordering: a randomized controlled trial.

The frequency of head computed tomography (CT) imaging for mild head trauma patients has raised safety and cost concerns. Validated clinical decision rules exist in the published literature and on-line sources to guide medical image ordering but are often not used by emergency department (ED) clinicians. Using simulation, we explored whether the presentation of a clinical decision rule (i.e. Canadian CT Head Rule - CCHR), findings from malpractice cases related to clinicians not ordering CT imaging in mild head trauma cases, and estimated patient out-of-pocket cost might influence clinician brain CT ordering. Understanding what type and how information may influence clinical decision making in the ordering advanced medical imaging is important in shaping the optimal design and implementation of related clinical decision support systems. Multi-center, double-blinded simulation-based randomized controlled trial. Following standardized clinical vignette presentation, clinicians made an initial imaging decision for the patient. This was followed by additional information on decision support rules, malpractice outcome review, and patient cost; each with opportunity to modify their initial order. The malpractice and cost information differed by assigned group to test the any temporal relationship. The simulation closed with a second vignette and an imaging decision. One hundred sixteen of the 167 participants (66.9%) initially ordered a brain CT scan. After CCHR presentation, the number of clinicians ordering a CT dropped to 76 (45.8%), representing a 21.1% reduction in CT ordering (P = 0.002). This reduction in CT ordering was maintained, in comparison to initial imaging orders, when presented with malpractice review information (p = 0.002) and patient cost information (p = 0.002). About 57% of clinicians changed their order during study, while 43% never modified their imaging order. This study suggests that ED clinician brain CT imaging decisions may be influenced by clinical decision support rules, patient out-of-pocket cost information and findings from malpractice case review. NCT03449862 , February 27, 2018, Retrospectively registered.
Radar concepts for the next generation of spacebome observations of cloud and precipitation processes

Two decades of spaceborne cloud and precipitation radar data provided by the TRMM's Precipitation Radar (PR) [1], CloudSat's Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) [2,3] and GPM's Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) [4] have enabled unprecedented advancements in the global mapping of occurrence and vertical structure of most types of meteorological events. After the immense success of these radars, two new spaceborne atmospheric radars, the EarthCARE Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) [5], and the Radar in a CubeSat (RainCube) [6] have been developed and will be launched in the upcoming years, and several new radar concepts have been developed and are being considered for a variety of mission concepts. For example, spaceborne precipitation and cloud radars operating at multiple frequencies (e.g., Ku-, Ka- and W-band simultaneously) with a single antenna, and that provide scanning, polarimetric and Doppler capabilities at all frequencies; extremely compact radar architectures that enable accommodation of this category of radars in spacecrafts as small as a 6U CubeSats, as well as Doppler-capable millimeter-wave weather radars for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) or Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, are being defined and developed. These new instrument concepts are intended to fill the current observational gaps in the advancement of weather and climate models, and leverage on the TRMM, GPM and CloudSat experiences.
The First Neuronal Growth Cones in Insect Embryos

Little is known about the mechanisms that generate neuronal specificity during development. Unraveling these mechanisms will require an understanding at the cellular and molecular level of how individual neurons recognize and interact with one another during development. Whereas mammalian nervous systems have an enormous number of neurons, the simpler nervous systems of invertebrates with their relatively small number of identified neurons can provide excellent model systems for studying neuronal specificity.
Assembly Properties of Modified Subunits in the Glycinin Subunit Family

Soybeans provide an interesting experimental system to study for a variety of reasons. They are an extremely rich but underutilized source of dietary protein that could be used directly for human nutrition. In order to make soybean protein more acceptable, efforts will need to be directed toward correcting an imbalance in the essential amino acids, improving the digestibility of the major seed storage proteins, and reducing the tendency of soybean proteins to elicit serious antigenic responses in animals that consume them. The soybean seed storage proteins are also an interesting biological system to study. Two types of proteins, glycinin and s-conglycinin, account for about 70% of the total seed protein, and these are synthesized during an intensive burst of metabolic activity in a carefully orchestrated developmental sequence. This developmental process is characterized not only by temporal and spatial control of gene expression, but also by a complicated assembly process that involves at least three subcellular compartments and several proteolytic cleavages. These latter events occur as the storage proteins make their way through the endomembrane system of the cell to their final site of deposition in the seed. The purpose of this communication is to review some of the key elements in the pathway that leads to the deposition of the glycinin in the protein bodies of soybean cotyledons.
Chapter 39 – Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a severe, persistent mental illness associated with substantial disability. The pattern of inheritance is consistent with multiple genes, and genetic predisposition interacts with environmental factors. Several neurotransmitter systems, particularly the dopamine system, have been implicated. Antipsychotics work primarily by blocking dopamine D 2 receptors, but alterations in dopamine neurotransmission cannot explain the myriad symptoms of schizophrenia. Glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and acetylcholine neurotransmitter systems play roles in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and alterations in glial function are implicated. Changes in astrocyte function lead to problems with energy metabolism, oligodendrocyte deficits to problems with myelination and lipid metabolism, and microglial activation to alterations in immune function and inflammation. Cortical neuronal atrophy, reduced dendritic complexity, and decreased spines indicate a substantial loss of cortical synaptic connectivity. This complex neuropathology concurs with the complex genetics of schizophrenia. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of schizophrenia should lead to improved treatment and prevention.
Policy and Legal Aspects of Aids Interventions: Individual Rights and Social Responsibilities

AIDS is a disease without a cure. It is spread primarily as a result of personal behaviors, some of which are regarded by some people as immoral and some of which are, in fact, illegal. Preventive measures can involve the dissemination of controversial information and other potentially provocative activities. Although the epidemic proportions of AIDS demand a response by lawmakers and policy setters, the intensity of feeling about the disease makes it difficult for decision makers to take action that ensures the protection of both the uninfected and the infected and that most effectively slows, if not stops, the spread of the disease.
Positive surgical margins in parotid malignancies: Institutional variation and survival association.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To establish benchmarks for positive margin incidence in parotid cancers, associate positive margin status with patient, tumor, and institutional factors and overall survival, and characterize institutional variation in positive margin incidence. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database analysis. METHODS We identified patients surgically treated for a parotid malignancy 2004 to 2013 in the National Cancer Database. We associated positive margins with patient, tumor, and treatment factors by multivariable logistic regression and with overall survival by Cox proportional hazards regression. We characterized institutional variation in positive margin rates by facility type and volume. RESULTS A total of 5,639 patients were identified. The overall positive margin rate was 31%. By institution, positive margin rates varied from 0% to 100%, with a median rate of 31% (interquartile range = 18%-43%). Adenoid cystic carcinoma was associated with increased, and low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma with decreased, odds of positive margins, (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91 [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.54-2.38], P < .001 and OR = 0.68 [95% CI: 0.53-0.87], P = .002, respectively). Treatment at academic or high-volume facilities was associated with decreased odds of positive margins (OR = 0.79 [95% CI: 0.68-0.91], P = .001 and OR = 0.76 [95% CI: 0.63-0.91], P = .004). Positive surgical margins were associated with decreased overall survival (62% vs. 79% 5-year overall survival, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.34 [95% CI: 1.20-1.49], P < .001). Upon stratification by histology, this association was maintained for high-grade, but not low-grade, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (52% vs. 74%, HR = 1.56 [95% CI: 1.31-1.86], P < .001 and 89% versus 91%, HR = 1.05 [95% CI: 0.60-1.83], P = .874, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Tumor and institutional factors are associated with positive surgical margins. Positive margin rates vary substantially between facilities and are less likely at academic and high-volume facilities. Positive surgical margins are associated with decreased overall survival and could be considered quality indicators in parotid malignancies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2c Laryngoscope, 129:129-137, 2019.
Phosphine interactions with high oxidation state metals

Abstract Phosphines and related ligands (PE3) are some of the most versatile and well-studied in the chemist’s arsenal. The vast majority of studies on these ligands have focused on their interactions with low valent transition metals. From these investigations, it is now widely accepted that there are two major electronic interactions between the PE3 ligand and a low valent metal: a σ-donor bond between the metal and phosphorus and a π-acceptor interaction, where the phosphorus accepts electron density from the metal. The π-acceptor interaction is a form of negative hyperconjugation, which becomes more significant for electron-withdrawing E groups, such as those in phosphites, P(OR)3. In this study, the bonding between a high valent transition metal, chromium(VI), and a variety of different PE3 ligands was interrogated. The Lewis acidity of the NCr(NiPr2)2+ fragment was quantified using the Gutmann method, and the acceptor number was found to be 100, similar to highly Lewis acidic SbCl5. Using calculations (DFT, Natural Resonance Theory) it was found that rarely discussed resonance forms were important for some phosphines on d0 metal centers. These alternative resonance forms included negative hyperconjugative forms that appear when aryl or heteroatom substituents are placed on the phosphorus atom, leading to increased electron density at the Lewis acidic metal center. Attempts to explore the consequences of the computational results experimentally with the [NCr(NiPr2)2PE3]+X− system were undertaken, however, due to experimental difficulties with ion pairing and solvent effects, experimental quantification of donor ability across a diverse series of phosphines was not possible. However, trialkylphosphines were fit to a simple 2-parameter model, which showed that both steric and electronic effects were extremely important in the system. While we could not reliably quantify the observation, it was noted that aryl and heteroatom substituted PE3, P(OEt)3 and PMePh2, for example, have faster amide rotation at lower temperatures than many of the trialkylphosphines. Despite experimental complications, these studies suggest that bonding to high valent metals could be more complex than simple lone pair donation, and it appears that several resonance forms may be of importance when d0 metals bond to aryl- and heteroatom substituted phosphines.