cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On node models for high-dimensional road networks

Macroscopic traffic models are necessary for simulation and study of traffic’s complex macro-scale dynamics, and are often used by practitioners for road network planning, integrated corridor management, and other applications. These models have two parts: a link model, which describes traffic flow behavior on individual roads, and a node model, which describes behavior at road junctions. As the road networks under study become larger and more complex — nowadays often including arterial networks — the node model becomes more important. Despite their great importance to macroscopic models, however, only recently have node models had similar levels of attention as link models in the literature. This paper focuses on the first order node model and has two main contributions. First, we formalize the multi-commodity flow distribution at a junction as an optimization problem with all the necessary constraints. Most interesting here is the formalization of input flow priorities. Then, we discuss a very common “conservation of turning fractions” or “first-in-first-out” (FIFO) constraint, and how it often produces unrealistic spillback. This spillback occurs when, at a diverge, a queue develops for a movement that only a few lanes service, but FIFO requires that all lanes experience spillback from this queue. As we show, avoiding this unrealistic spillback while retaining FIFO in the node model requires complicated network topologies. Our second contribution is a “partial FIFO” mechanism that avoids this unrealistic spillback, and a (first-order) node model and solution algorithm that incorporates this mechanism. The partial FIFO mechanism is parameterized through intervals that describe how individual movements influence each other, can be intuitively described from physical lane geometry and turning movement rules, and allows tuning to describe a link as having anything between full FIFO and no FIFO. Excepting the FIFO constraint, the present node model also fits within the well-established “general class of first-order node models” for multi-commodity flows. Several illustrative examples are presented.
Active and Passive Helicopter Noise Reduction Using the AVINOR/HELINOIR Code Suite

A suite of computational tools capable of predicting in-plane low-frequency rotorcraft noise and its control using blade-tip geometry modifications is developed. The combined code, consisting of AV...
Religion and Business Ethics: The Lessons from Political Morality

The issue of whether religious belief should be an appropriate grounding for business ethics raises issues very similar to those raised in asking whether religious belief should be an appropriate grounding for political morality. In light of that fact that writings in political morality have been a common resource for contemporary business ethics, this paper presents contemporary arguments about the role of religion in political morality while noting the relevance of these debates for business ethics.
Computer Programming Training for Under-Served Groups: (Abstract Only)

This Lightning Talk describes a current effort to create an online learning system to address the unique learning needs of under-served groups. To ensure success in the most challenging scenarios, our first project iteration targets United Sates migrant farm workers and their families. Our goal is to teach migrant farm worker parents and children computer programming. Central to our project is the introduction of a new learning delivery model, the LMS/Support Model. The primary components of the model are: 1) a learning management system, featuring an open source course on the Go Programming Language hosted on a corporate cloud service), 2) live tutoring support provided by bilingual volunteers, and 3) a solar-powered, mobile wi-fi network on school buses. We have created the first course iteration and have made initial contact with a few non-governmental organizations (NGOs). We seek to form an interdisciplinary cadre, with scientists from the following fields: computer science, sociology, psychology and political science. We also seek to interface our educational effort with established social service efforts of universities near a high concentration of migrant farm workers. Our model scales well and can be replicated nationally and internationally. Successful deployment of our model in its initial iteration will significantly impact the lives of tens of thousands of overlooked migrant farm worker families. More importantly, it will lay the foundation for changing the lives of millions of children and adults internationally. In our allotted five minutes, we will discuss project details, assessment instruments and our inspiration for the project.
“Think Like a Man”: How Sexual Cultural Scripting and Masculinity Influence Changes in Men's Use of Intimate Partner Violence

The purpose of the study was to (a) explore the relationship between sexual cultural scripting and traditional masculine norms on changes in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, and (b) examine traditional masculine norms as an effect modifier among young heterosexual men. This study is a secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort study of 119 young heterosexual men who were followed for 6 months. The adjusted logistic regression results revealed that sexual cultural scripting norms were associated with an increased odds of emotional IPV perpetration and traditional masculine norms were associated with an increased odds of physical IPV perpetration in the past 6 months. There were no significant interaction effects between sexual cultural scripting and traditional masculine norms on IPV perpetration. These findings suggest that socially constructed norms and beliefs surrounding masculinity, femininity, and how women and men interact in sexual relationships are important constructs for understanding the etiology of young men's use of violence against a female partner. While primary IPV interventions targeting young men do address masculinity, sexual cultural scripting is an additional concept that should also be addressed.
Pump-Probe Measurements of Rotational Transfer Rates in N2-N2 Collisions

Rotational energy transfer is an important process affecting the spectroscopy of molecules in the gas phase. The collisional broadening observed in Raman and infrared-absorption transitions is typically dominated by rotational relaxation.1 The saturation characteristics of N2 coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) spectra2 and the collapse of N2 Q-branch spectra at high pressures3 are known to depend sensitively on rotational transfer. To predict N2 Raman spectra under these conditions, many empirical models for the J-dependent transfer rates have been proposed.3
Duality Between Sk and $$\mathrm{GL}(n, \mathbb{C})$$

Let V be a complex vector space, and let \({\bigotimes }^{k}V = V \otimes \cdots \otimes V\) be the k-fold tensor of V. (Unadorned ⊗ means \(\otimes _{\mathbb{C}}\).) We consider this to be a right module over the group ring \(\mathbb{C}[S_{k}]\), where σ ∈ S k acts by permuting the factors: $$\displaystyle{ (v_{1} \otimes \cdots \otimes v_{k})\sigma = v_{\sigma (1)} \otimes \cdots \otimes v_{\sigma (k)}. }$$ (34.1) It may be checked that with this definition $$\displaystyle{\left ((v_{1} \otimes \cdots \otimes v_{k})\sigma \right )\tau = (v_{1} \otimes \cdots \otimes v_{k})(\sigma \tau ).}$$ If A is \(\mathbb{C}\)-algebra and V is an A-module, then \({\bigotimes }^{k}V\) has an A-module structure; namely, a ∈ A acts diagonally: $$\displaystyle{a(v_{1} \otimes \cdots \otimes v_{k}) = av_{1} \otimes \cdots \otimes av_{k}.}$$ This action commutes with the action (34.1) of the symmetric group, so it makes \({\bigotimes }^{k}V\) an \((A, \mathbb{C}[S_{k}])\)-bimodule. Suppose that \(\rho: S_{k}\longrightarrow \mathrm{GL}(N_{\rho })\) is a representation. Then N ρ is an S k -module, so by Remark 32.3 $$\displaystyle{ V _{\rho } = \left (\left.{\bigotimes }^{k}V \right ) \otimes _{ \mathbb{C}[S_{k}]}N_{\rho }\right. }$$ (34.2) is a left A-module.
Physical Methods for Controlling Cathodic Delamination on Outboard Cable Connectors

Many outboard cable connectors fail because of a process called “cathodic delamination” (henceforth: “CD”). The driving force for CD is the cathodic protection system used to prevent susceptible metals comprising ship and submarine hulls from corroding in the marine environment. Outboard cables are often grounded or attached to the hull of their parent vessel, from which they unintentionally pick up the protective cathodic current. The voltage used in these protective systems causes dissolved oxygen present in seawater to be reduced on exposed metal surfaces, leading to the production of hydroxyl anions. These anions create a very high pH microenvironment immediately above the cathodically polarized metal surface. The pH at the metal surface is sufficiently high to cause most polymers, paints and primers to debond rapidly from said surface. This enables seawater to debond polymer encapsulants from metal connector backshells, thereby allowing the seawater access to the interior of the connector, where it can short out, corrode, or otherwise damage, wire connections therein. Many marine hardware designers have tried to slow or prevent CD on connector backshells by applying coatings “resistant” to the high pH generated by the CD process. These efforts have met with limited success. Because the CD process requires positively charged cations to move to the zone of active debonding to charge-balance the negative hydroxyl anions being generated there, constrictive bands both above and beneath the surface of the encapsulant have been suggested as possible means for stopping the progress of CD down the length of a connector backshell. The results obtained from the application of exterior titanium bands and interior PEEK bands to connector backshells on the effects of CD will be discussed. In addition, changes to the design of connectors protected from CD by non-conductive ceramic (NCC) coatings that provide longer-lasting CD protection even in the harshest CD-promoting environments will also be presented. None of these techniques require changes to the coatings or encapsulant materials already in use on outboard cable connectors, and one of the methods (external bands) can even be applied to a connector after it is manufactured and installed. The results to be discussed suggest that the best, longest-lasting protection from CD will be obtained from both the use of CD resistant coatings and various mechanical enhancements designed to protect the vulnerable metal-polymer bonded interface.
Narrowband optical filtering for background-limited photon-counting free-space optical communications

For free-space optical (FSO) communications through the turbulent atmospheric channel, multi-spatial-mode photoncounting detectors can provide an attractive high-sensitivity receiver solution. However, multi-mode detection also increases optical background noise, which can degrade the overall system performance. Narrow band optical filtering becomes an important background rejection tool that can enable good performance in background-limited conditions. Here, we report the development of low-insertion-loss high-contrast-ratio optical filters at 1.55μm that are well suited for FSO communications. The filter has less than 0.7 dB insertion loss, 46 dB contrast ratio, 2.9 GHz 3-dB bandwidth, and 3.5 GHz noise-equivalent bandwidth, which is well matched to 1 GHz return-to-zero (RZ) pulsed waveforms. Other factors that influence filter performance and stability such as angular and temperature dependencies are characterized. Additional theoretical analysis and experimental results highlighting the trade-offs between spectral bandwidth, spatial bandwidth, filter insertion loss, and temperature-induced performance changes are presented. When coupled with photon-counting detection, these filtering techniques can enable sensitive FSO receiver operation, even in the presence of significant background.
Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Anatomy

An anatomy educator may not be considered a Scholar of Teaching and Learning unless s/he makes the educational research findings public in the form of a presentation or a publication. There are a variety of local, national, and international venues in which to present anatomy educational research. Local resources include the institution’s faculty development center and/or center for teaching and learning, school of education, and faculty from selected other departments. Numerous national and international professional societies focus on anatomy educational research. These societies are described and compared, and contact information is given for each. The most common journals that publish anatomy educational research are listed, and guidelines are given for preparing a suitable manuscript for submission.
Focused Ion Beam Technology and Applications

Energetic particle beams are now widely used in the fabrication of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits [1]. In this broad arena of novel processes for semiconductor devices, the development of focused ion beam technology has been a major new development. By being able to produce a sub-micron ion beam a host of new devices and applications can be pursued. As shown in Table 1, these applications range from sub-micron scale analysis to localized ion milling to high resolution lithography to ion-assisted chemical processing and last, but by no means least, to maskless and resistless ion implantation, which for the first time can be varied in the lateral direction across the wafer surface.
MDMS: Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Multidimension and Multisubset Data Collection for AMI Networks

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) networks allow utility companies to collect fine-grained power consumption data of electricity consumers for load monitoring and energy management. This brings serious privacy concerns since the fine-grained power consumption data can expose consumers’ activities. Privacy-preserving data aggregation techniques have been used to preserve consumers’ privacy while allowing the utility to obtain only the consumers total consumption. However, most of the existing schemes do not consider the multidimensional nature of power consumption in which electricity consumption can be categorized based on the consumption type. They also do not consider multisubset data collection in which the utility should be able to obtain the number of consumers whose consumption lies within a specific consumption range, and the overall consumption of each set of consumers. In this article, we propose an efficient and privacy-preserving multidimensional and multisubset data collection scheme, named “MDMS. ” In MDMS, the utility can obtain the total power consumption as well as the number of consumers of each subset in each dimension. In addition, for better scalability, MDMS allows the utility to delegate bill computation to the AMI networks’ gateways using the encrypted readings and following the dynamic prices in which electricity prices are different based on both the time and the consumption type. Moreover, MDMS uses lightweight operations in encryption, aggregation, and decryption resulting in low computation and communication overheads as given in our experimental results. Our security analysis demonstrates that MDMS is secure and can resist collusion attacks that aim to reveal the consumers’ readings.
The Revised Common Rule as a Facilitator of Radiology Research.

OBJECTIVE. Radiology research is often retrospective. Although risk of harm to patients is minimal, retrospective data reviews have often required expedited review by institutional review boards un...
Metabolic Messengers: ceramides.

Ceramides are products of metabolism that accumulate in individuals with obesity or dyslipidaemia and alter cellular processes in response to fuel surplus. Their actions, when prolonged, elicit the tissue dysfunction that underlies diabetes and heart disease. Here, we review the history of research on these enigmatic molecules, exploring their discovery and mechanisms of action, the evolutionary pressures that have given them their unique attributes and the potential of ceramide-reduction therapies as treatments for cardiometabolic disease. Ceramides are bioactive lipids that regulate cellular signalling processes and metabolic pathways, and are implicated in various metabolic diseases. Here, Summers, Chaurasia and Holland provide a concise overview of the history of ceramides and their physiological roles, mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential.
Associations Between Nicotine Metabolite Ratio and Gender With Transitions in Cigarette Smoking Status and E-Cigarette Use: Findings Across Waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Introduction Nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), the ratio of trans 3'-hydroxycotinine to cotinine, is a biomarker of nicotine metabolism. Discrepant findings among clinical trials and population-based studies warrant replication on whether higher NMR, or faster nicotine metabolism, is associated with quitting cigarette smoking. Associations of NMR and e-cigarette use are largely unknown, as well as the relationship between NMR and gender on quitting cigarette smoking or e-cigarette use. Methods The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal cohort study assessing tobacco use in the US population. In the current study, the PATH (waves 1 and 2; adult interviews) was used to evaluate longitudinal predictions in relationships among NMR and gender and their association with transitions (quit vs. current stable) in cigarette smoking status and e-cigarette use status across waves 1 and 2 of the PATH study. Results NMR and gender were not significantly associated with quit behavior for combustible cigarettes. Regarding e-cigarettes, a significant two-way interaction demonstrated that women with higher NMR were less likely to quit e-cigarette use compared to women with lower NMR (odds ratio [OR] = 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02-0.57; p = .01). Conclusions Findings identify that women with faster nicotine metabolism were 10 times less likely to quit e-cigarettes compared to women with slower nicotine metabolism across waves 1 and 2 of the PATH study. Results suggest that NMR may be used as a biomarker for transitions in e-cigarette quit behavior for women. Implications Findings identify that women with faster nicotine metabolism were 10 times less likely to quit e-cigarettes compared to women with slower nicotine metabolism. Results suggest that NMR may be used as a biomarker for transitions in e-cigarette quit behavior for women. Establishing parameters for NMR collection and for the use of NMR as a biomarker for cigarette smoking behavior and e-cigarette use is an important next step, and may have implications for early intervention and treatment for cessation.
Vanishing White Matter Disease Expression of Truncated EIF2B5 Activates Induced Stress Response

Abstract Vanishing White Matter disease (VWM) is a severe leukodystrophy of the central nervous system caused by mutations in subunits of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex (eIF2B). Current models only partially recapitulate key disease features, and pathophysiology is poorly understood. Through development and validation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) models of VWM, we demonstrate that zebrafish eif2b mutants phenocopy VWM, including impaired somatic growth, early lethality, impaired myelination, loss of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, increased apoptosis in the CNS, and impaired motor swimming behavior. Expression of human EIF2B2 in the zebrafish eif2b2 mutant rescues lethality and CNS apoptosis, demonstrating conservation of function between zebrafish and human. In the mutants, intron 12 retention leads to expression of a truncated eif2b5 transcript. Expression of the truncated eif2b5 in wild-type larva impairs motor behavior and activates the ISR, suggesting that a feed-forward mechanism in VWM is a significant component of disease pathophysiology.
Chapter 21 – Liver and gall bladder disease in sickle cell anaemia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses clinical and hepatic features of sickle cell anemia, hepatic pathology in sickle cell disease, and disorders considered to be because of vascular stasis. Sickle cell anemia is a severe chronic hemolytic anemia caused by a genetically determined abnormality at position six in the beta polypeptide chain of hemoglobin. A valine molecule is substituted for a glutamic acid molecule. In affected individuals, 80–100% of hemoglobin is of the S variety, the remainder being hemoglobin F. The signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia are those of a hemolytic anemia with, in addition, splenomegaly developing at 4–6 months of age, being prominent in the first 3–5 years of life, but by 6–8 years of age the spleen is reduced in size by repeated infarction and is rarely palpable after the age of 10 years. In 10–15% of children, however, there is persistent splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Patients with sickle cell anemia have an increased incidence of both liver and gall bladder disease. A major clinical problem is to try to distinguish symptoms and signs because of gall-stones from those because of an abdominal crisis and associated intrahepatic stasis. In both conditions, there may be ill-localized upper abdominal pain and tenderness.
Losing sleep during the pandemic.

Citation:Jindal RD. Losing sleep during the pandemic. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(2):115–116.
Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven

Introduction Part I. Astronomy and Cosmology in the Time of Dragons: 1. Astronomy begins at Taosi 2. Watching for dragons Part II. Aligning with Heaven: 3. Looking to the supernal lord 4. Bringing heaven down to earth 5. Astral revelation and the origins of writing Part III. Planetary Omens and Cosmic Ideology: 6. The cosmo-political mandate 7. The rhetoric of the supernal 8. Cosmology and the calendar Part IV. Warring States and Han Astral Portentology: 9. Astral prognostication and the battle of Chengpu 10. A new astrological paradigm Part V. One with the Sky: 11. Cosmic capitals 12. Temporality and the fabric of space-time 13. The sky river and cosmography 14. Planetary portentology east and west Epilogue Appendix. Astrology for an empire: the 'treatise on the celestial offices' in The Grand Scribe's Records (c.100 BCE) Glossary Index.
Zinc pyrithione activates the volume-regulated anion channel through an antioxidant-sensitive mechanism.

Leucine-rich repeat-containing 8 (LRRC8) volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) play important physiological roles in diverse cell types and may represent therapeutic targets for various diseases....
Chemical Production Scheduling: Mixed-Integer Programming Models and Methods

Understand common scheduling as well as other advanced operational problems with this valuable reference from a recognized leader in the field. Beginning with basic principles and an overview of linear and mixed-integer programming, this unified treatment introduces the fundamental ideas underpinning most modeling approaches, and will allow you to easily develop your own models. With more than 150 figures, the basic concepts and ideas behind the development of different approaches are clearly illustrated. Addresses a wide range of problems arising in diverse industrial sectors, from oil and gas to fine chemicals, and from commodity chemicals to food manufacturing. A perfect resource for engineering and computer science students, researchers working in the area, and industrial practitioners.
Prevalence and predictors of recent temporary psychiatric hold among a cohort of people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California.

Abstract California’s Welfare and Institutions code 5150 allows for a temporary psychiatric hold (TPH) of individuals who present a danger to themselves or others and/or may be gravely disabled due to mental illness. Little is known about the frequency and predictors of involuntary holds among people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods We sought to identify the prevalence and predictors of recent TPHs (within the past 12 months) among a community-recruited sample of PWID in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California during 2017–2018 (N = 531). Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to evaluate demographic (e.g., age), economic (e.g., homelessness), drug use (e.g., types of drugs used), incarceration (e.g., recent arrest history) and mental health (e.g., lifetime mental health diagnosis) variables associated with recent TPH. Results Age (40−49 years old vs age 50 or older: AOR = 5.85; 95 % CI = 2.18, 15.67), current homelessness (AOR = 3.75; 95 % CI = 1.28, 11.0), lifetime mental health history (AOR = 6.23; 95 % CI = 2.08, 18.66), and frequency of methamphetamine use (AOR = 1.01; 95 % CI = 1.00, 1.01) were statistically associated with increased odds of having experienced a TPH, while frequency of past month heroin/opioid use was associated with decreased odds of reporting a TPH (AOR = 0.99; 95 % CI = 0.99, 1.00) in multivariable analysis. Conclusions Diverse factors were associated with TPH among PWID. Our analysis underscores the need for research on PWID with co-occurring substance-use and mental illness disorders and homelessness. There is urgent need for expanding access to lower barrier publicly funded mental health treatment from a harm-reduction approach.
Monoclonal antibodies to tissue-specific cell surface antigens: I. Characterization of an antibody to a prostate tissue antigen☆

Monoclonal antibodies were raised to PC-3 human prostate adenocarcinoma cells, and one hybridoma, designated F77-129, was extensively purified and used to characterize a PC-3 antigen. The F77-129 antibody also showed serological reactivity with the Du-145 prostate cancer line and with three of four breast carcinoma lines tested; it showed variable binding to a colon carcinoma line. Several other lines tested, including melanomas, fibrosarcomas, and leukemias, were completely negative. Immunoperoxidase staining of frozen surgical specimens showed binding to both normal and malignant prostate and breast tissue. Injection of radioiodinated F77-129 into tumor-bearing nude mice showed specific in vivo targeting to prostatic cancer implants. The antigen also showed surface modulation by bound antibody, suggesting possible clinical utility of this antibody in delivering immunotoxins to tumors.
Deposition mechanism of oxide thin films on self-assembled organic monolayers

A mechanism for the deposition of oxide thin films from aqueous media at low temperatures onto functionalized organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is proposed. TiO 2 films deposited on sulfonate (SO 3 H-) SAMs on silicon consist of densely packed anatase crystallites, with a small quantity (10-20%) of amorphous TiO 2 . ZrO 2 -containing films deposited on SO 3 H-SAMs on silicon contain nanocrystallites of tetragonal zirconia and amorphous basic zirconium sulfate. Amorphous thin films of basic yttrium carbonate (which crystallize to cubic Y 2 O 3 on subsequent heating) were deposited on SO 3 H-SAMs on silicon and also on bare silicon substrates. The proposed mechanism accounts for the formation of all of these films on the basis of aggregation processes between the deposition surface and the solid particles that are known to exist in the aqueous deposition medium. Estimates, calculated using DLVO theory, of the interaction energies between the SAM and the particles, and between the growing film and the particles, are consistent with the experimental observations.
Measurement of Singlet-Oxygen In Vivo: Progress and Pitfalls

This article is a highlight of the paper by Jarvi et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology as well as a brief overview of the state of the field of singlet-oxygen ((1) O(2) ) detection in vivo. The in vivo detection of (1) O(2) using its characteristic 1270 nm phosphorescence is technically challenging. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in this area. Major advances have included the commercial development of photomultiplier tubes sensitive to 1270 nm light, techniques for spatially resolving the location of (1) O(2) at a subcellular level and more complex mathematical models for interpreting the kinetics of (1) O(2) emission from living cells. It is now recognized that oxygen consumption, photosensitizer bleaching, oxidation of biological molecules and diffusion of (1) O(2) can significantly change the kinetics of (1) O(2) emission from living cells.
Modeling of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell functionally graded electrodes and a feasibility study of fabrication techniques for functionally graded electrodes

With the large energy demands, finite natural resources, and concern about carbon emissions, a more efficient method to produce energy for the electrical power grid is needed. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) have demonstrated nearly 70% efficiency in full scale trials. Much time has been spent reducing the cost of SOFCs, but little investigative focus has been put on optimal power output based on electrode microstructure. Moreover, it appears that no modeling has investigated optimization behavior of functionally graded SOFC electrodes. Also, nonlinear functional grading of SOFC electrodes has not been explored. In this work, a complete SOFC electrode model from literature was adapted for use in analyzing and comparing the losses between homogeneous, linearly, and nonlinearly graded electrodes. The model is based on a coupled differential equation system that was iteratively solved for three dependent variables: voltage, electronic current, and reactant gas pressure. It was found that particle size and porosity functional grading reduce diffusion losses near the electrode’s free surface, while decreasing activation loss levels near the electrolyte interface. A range of particle sizes was identified around the optimal homogenous electrode particles size, where particle size grading is beneficial. Outside of this range, homogeneous structured electrodes show better performance. Nonlinear porosity grading shows an improvement over linear grading in voltage losses at small particle diameters (300 nm); little to no benefit is seen for larger particle diameters (3 μm). This work discusses (1) relative loss contribution in a SOFC electrode, (2) particle size and porosity grading ranges and their associated grading profiles for optimal performance, and (3) design criteria for the efficacy of particle size graded verses homogeneous electrodes. This work can be used to further explore the contribution of individual losses in a SOFC electrode. This information can then be used to further understand how to optimize SOFCs.
Application of Three-component PIV to the Measurement of Hypervelocity Impact Ejecta

Three-component Particle Image Velocimetry has been applied to the measurement of hypervelocity ejecta from meteoritic impact experiments. This work represents the first attempt at measuring ejecta from a ballistic event using the PIV technique. The ejecta particles are measured directly, within a plane, at any controlled instant after the impact. The particle trajectories are observed at all azimuthal positions relative to the impact point thus revealing both the shape of the curtain and the distribution of velocities at a given instance. By seeding the target with 10 µm hollow spheres, the fluid flow associated with the impact in an atmosphere is simultaneously observed with the ejecta. 3C PIV is demonstrated to be an ideally suited technique for investigations on ejecta trajectories, ejecta curtain morphology and the fluid mechanics in the presence of an atmosphere. Sample results are presented.
Coexistence and growth of micellar species in a sugar-based surfactant/phenol mixture studied by analytical ultracentrifugation

Knowledge of the shape and size of surfactant micelles in the presence of small organic molecules is important for understanding the solubilization properties of micellar phases. In this work, structural information on micelles of mixed n-dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside (DM) and phenol, including the aggregation number, diffusion coefficient, and effective radius, was obtained using an analytical ultracentrifugation technique. The micelles were found to increase in size and undergo shape transition from quasispherical to cylindrical with an increase in the surfactant and phenol concentrations in the micellar phase. Importantly, the coexistence of different micellar species was observed in certain cases with the larger species double the size of the smaller one. Based on the results obtained, a two-step micellar growth model is proposed to describe the micelles shape transition in the system. In the first step, the micelles expand continuously, whereas in the second step, it undergoes a sudden shift from the existing micellar species to a larger species causing the coexistence of two micellar species. This micellar growth is attributed to molecular packing and intermicellar interaction energy parameters. The mechanism proposed can be applied to other mixed systems and utilized for devising chemicals for the efficient removal of pollutants.
Measuring Deception: Test-Retest Reliability of Physicians’ Self-Reported Manipulation of Reimbursement Rules for Patients

This study examined the test-retest reliability of physicians' self-reported manipulation of reimbursement rules for patients. The test-retest reliability of self-report of three specific tactics were examined: (1) exaggerating the severity of patients' conditions, (2) changing a patient's official (billing) diagnosis, and (3) reporting signs or symptoms that patients did not have. The reliability of a scaled summary measure of physicians' manipulation of reimbursement rules was also assessed. Overall, the authors found high levels of test-retest agreement across all three items and the summary measure. These findings suggest that self-report can be used to produce reliable data on this controversial issue. Specifically, the three items reported here can be used to produce a reliable summary measure of physicians' manipulation of reimbursement rules to help patients obtain care that physicians perceive as necessary.
Rheolytic Pharmacomechanical Thrombectomy in Experimental Chronic Deep Vein Thrombosis: Effect of L-Arginine on Thrombogenicity and Endothelial Vasomotor Function

Endovascular removal of intravascular thrombus using the AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy (RT) system has been shown to be clinically effective. This system also permits the concomitant infusion of thrombolytic agent followed by thrombectomy, thus creating a novel strategy known as pharmacomechanical thrombectomy (PMT). Although these interventions have gained wide clinical application, little is known regarding the vessel wall response following thrombectomy therapy. The aims of this study were to assess the effect of thrombectomy interventions on endothelial function in a porcine model of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and to evaluate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) precursor L-arginine on endothelial function following thrombectomy therapy. Deep vein thrombosis was created in bilateral iliac veins by deploying a self-expanding stent-graft incorporating an intraluminal stenosis from a groin approach. Five pigs underwent sham operation. Following 14 days of DVT, animals were randomized to three groups: the first group received RT treatment (RT group, n = 5); the second group received pharmacomechanical thrombectomy (PMT) with tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase 10 mg; PMT group, n = 5); and the third group received PMT with tPA plus intravenous L-arginine (20 mmol/l) (arginine group, n = 5). Iliac vein patency was evaluated by venography and intravascular ultrasound at 1 week. Nitric oxide level was determined by a chemiluminescent assay of the nitrite/nitrate metabolites (NOx). Thrombogenicity was evaluated by radiolabeled platelet and fibrin deposition. Veins were harvested and evaluated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Endothelial function was evaluated using organ chamber analysis. The luminal areas in the sham, RT, PMT, and arginine groups were 34 ± 10 mm2, 21 ± 13 mm2, 35 ± 18 mm2, and 37 ± 16 mm2, respectively. All iliac veins remained patent at 2 weeks. No difference in endothelial cell structure was observed between the three treatment groups by means of light microscopic or SEM examination. A decrease in platelet deposition occurred in the arginine group compared to the RT and PMT groups (P < 0.05). The arginine group also showed a greater endothelium-dependent relaxation compared to the RT or PMT groups in response to A23187, bradykinin, and ADP (P < 0.05). Local NOx level was higher in the arginine group than in the RT or PMT group (2.6 ± 0.6 μmol/l versus 0.3 ± 0.1 μmol/l and 0.3 ± 0.2 μmol/l; P < 0.01). AngioJet RT and PMT interventions resulted in similar attenuated endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity and morphologic effect. L-Arginine supplementation preserves endothelial vasoreactivity and reduces platelet deposition following PMT in iliac DVT. Additionally, L-arginine enhances NO production at sites of venous thrombosis. The NO precursor L-arginine may have a therapeutic potential in preserving endothelial function following mechanical thrombectomy.
Efficacy of an Educational Intervention to Increase Consent for HIV Testing in Rural Appalachia.

This study sought to assess barriers and enhance readiness to consent to home and Planned Parenthood HIV testing among 60 out-patients from a mental health and substance abuse clinic in rural Appalachia. Testing barriers included not knowing where to get tested, lack of confidentiality, and loss of partners if one tested sero-positive. The intervention yielded lowered HIV stigma, increase in HIV knowledge, and agreement to take the HIV home test. These results are encouraging because they suggest that a brief educational intervention is a critical pathway to the success of the National Institutes on Drug Abuse’s Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain initiative in poor rural counties.
Teaching the client with schizophrenia about medication

Abstract An important part of providing care for the client with schizophrenia is teaching the client about medication. This paper discusses the multiple factors involved in compliance by the client with schizophrenia. Special learning problems of the client with schizophrenia are explained. Suggestions are offered for what the nurse should and should not teach.
Turbulent deposition of submicron particles on rough walls

Abstract The deposition rate of submicron particles from turbulent gas streams was investigated and found to be consistent with a correlation derived by Kader and Yaglom. The data include deposition measurements of particles having diameters ranging from 0.041 to 0.2 μm and roughness configurations varying from a spacing to height ratio, P/K of 2–25. The results indicate that the correlation developed by Kader and Yaglom can be used to predict submicron particle deposition over a wide range of roughness geometries. Their approach can also be extended to estimate deposition rates of molecules and molecular clusters on rough surfaces so that the entire range of rough wall deposition from molecular size to submicron particles can be estimated with good precision.
INHIBITION OF INFLUENZA C VIRUS BY HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE IN EMBRYONATED EGGS.

SummaryActive proliferation of Hemo-philus influenzae, type a in the amniotic fluid of embryonated eggs has a marked inhibitory but not completely suppressive effect on a concurrently established Influenza C virus infection. The nature of the inhibitory mechanism is undetermined. It is presumed that a labile substance or substances produced by the proliferating bacteria disrupt the process of production of virus constituents without appreciable damage to the host cells.
Temporal stability and pressure calibration of barium carbonate and talc/pyrex pressure media in a piston-cylinder apparatus

New melting experiments in a 0.5 inch piston-cylinder apparatus from 0.5 to 3.0 GPa on compositions along the diopside-wollastonite join show that the eutectic liquid composition, which varies with pressure, does not change with time in experiments with barium carbonate or with talc/pyrex pressure media. Mapping out the trace of the diopside-wollastonite eutectic curve in P-T space with both piston-in and piston-out experiments reveals high-temperature pressure intensification in piston-in experiments with barium carbonate or talc/pyrex assemblies, in contrast to frictional loss of pressure at lower temperatures. A new pressure correction algorithm, derived by multiple regression analysis, incorporates both effects. When applied to a barium carbonate experiment at the intersection of the CMAS spinel-lherzolite to garnet-lherzolite transition (SGT) with the model peridotite solidus, the model pressure increases from 2.25 to 2.82 GPa. When a similar type of correction is applied to piston-out experiments run in talc/pyrex assemblies, the pressure of the intersection of the SGT and the CMAS solidus decreases from 3.0 to ~2.9 GPa, in agreement with the barium carbonate experiments from this study and with experiments from other studies run with salt/pyrex assemblies.
Angiotensin II-induced changes in cochlear blood flow and blood pressure in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract Previous investigations in our laboratory have measured significant increases in the circulating levels of the potent vasoconstric-tive hormone, angiotensin II (AII; 26 and 64 pg/100 μl plasma, normal and noise exposed, respectively), during and following noise exposure in the alert rat (Wright et al., 1981). In the present study, these levels were approximated through intra-arterial infusion in the anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat. Laser Doppler flowmeter measurements of cochlear blood flow (CBF) indicated that despite equivalent All-induced elevations in systemic blood pressure, CBF in the SHR did not increase to the levels measured in the WKY. Pretreatment with the specific angiotensin receptor antagonist sarile, (Sar1,Ile8-AII), reduced All-induced elevations in systemic blood pressure in members of both strains, but did not change the overall pattern of CBF. These results indicate that SHRs may have a compromised cochlear circulation that is refractory to increases in systemic blood pressure.
Pseudomeningoceles diagnosed by metrizamide myelography and computerized tomography

Abstract Two cases of iatrogenic pseudomeningocele are described. The combination of computerized tomography (CT) and metrizamide myelography provides excellent radiographic detail.
Price of power in India

Abstract The Government of India liberalized its economy in 1991, opening up the power sector to private participation. The existing Central Electricity Authority guidelines for Independent Power Producers (IPPs) are analyzed to obtain the net price of power and the internal rate of return for coal and combined-cycle natural gas power plants, under different assumptions of input parameters. The results show rates of return higher than the nominal 16%. An uncertainty analysis reveals the relative importance of various parameters. Problems with the existing guidelines are shown, providing insights for policy changes. Adoption of modified guidelines for IPPs which are more transparent are likely to result in more affordable tariffs, less delays and yet provide adequate rates of return for investors.
Current Patterns on the West Florida Shelf from Joint Self-Organizing Map Analyses of HF Radar and ADCP Data

Abstract To assess the spatial structures and temporal evolutions of distinct physical processes on the West Florida Shelf, patterns of ocean current variability are extracted from a joint HF radar and ADCP dataset acquired from August to September 2003 using Self-Organizing Map (SOM) analyses. Three separate ocean–atmosphere frequency bands are considered: semidiurnal, diurnal, and subtidal. The currents in the semidiurnal band are relatively homogeneous in space, barotropic, clockwise polarized, and have a neap-spring modulation consistent with semidiurnal tides. The currents in the diurnal band are less homogeneous, more baroclinic, and clockwise polarized, consistent with a combination of diurnal tides and near-inertial oscillations. The currents in the subtidal frequency band are stronger and with more complex patterns consistent with wind and buoyancy forcing. The SOM is shown to be a useful technique for extracting ocean current patterns with dynamically distinctive spatial and temporal structures ...
The Role of Wind Stress Curl in Jet Separation at a Cape

Abstract A high-resolution numerical model is used to study the importance of spatial variability in the wind forcing to the separation of a coastal upwelling jet at a cape. An idealized topography and wind field based on observations from the Cape Blanco (Oregon) region are used. Several simulations are investigated, with both the intensity and the spatial structure of the wind forcing varied to isolate the importance of the observed intensification in the wind stress and wind stress curl magnitudes to the separation process. A simulation using a straight coast confirms that the presence of the cape is crucial for separation. Wind stress intensification by itself, with zero curl, does not aid separation. The wind stress curl intensification south of the cape, on the other hand, is important for controlling details of the process. Because the positive wind stress curl drives upwelling, isotherms in the offshore region tilt upward, creating a pressure gradient that sustains an intensification of the southw...
Septicemia in Childhood Malignancy Analysis of 101 Consecutive Episodes

One hundred one consecutive episodes of blood-culture-positive infec tion were evaluated in 83 children with malignancy between 1972 and 1977. Eighty-two per cent occurred in relapse, and 75% developed when the ab solute neutrophil count was less than 500 per μl. Forty per cent were fatal. Forty-five per cent of the episodes occurring in relapse and 17% occurring in remission were fatal. Of 88 cases of single-organism infection, 46% were due to gram-positive organisms with a 13% mortality (of these, 28% were due to Staphylococcus aureus with a 4% mortality); 52% were due to gram-negative organisms with a 52% mortality; and two episodes were due to fungal organ isms with no fatalities. Multiple-organism infection occurred 13 times, of which 11 episodes were fatal. The authors' data confirm observations by others that the organisms most commonly causing blood-culture-positive infection in children with malignancy are S. aureus and Escherichia coli and that infection due to gram-positive organisms, particula...
Off-odor Study with γ-Irradiated Orange Juice Using Sensory and Volatile Compound Analyses

ABSTRACT: As irradiation dosage increased from 0 to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 kGy, total volatile compounds increased by 12%, 15%, 24%, and 54%, respectively. Sensory evaluation showed that irradiated orange juice was significantly different from the nonirradiated control orange juice (P < 0.05). Dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and 2-butanone were found in irradiated orange juice but not in nonirradiated samples. As irradiation dosage increased, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide increased, and off-odor increased. Chemical mechanisms for the formation of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide by irradiation are proposed. Dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and possibly other sulfur-containing compounds seem to be partly responsible for the off-odor in irradiated orange juice.