cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of the dorsomedial hypothalamus, but not the medullary raphe pallidus, decreases hyperthermia and mortality from MDMA given in a warm environment

The central mechanisms through which MDMA mediates life-threatening hyperthermia when taken in a warm environment are not well described. It is assumed that MDMA alters normal thermoregulatory circuits resulting in increased heat production through interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and decreased heat dissipation through cutaneous vasoconstriction. We studied the role of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and medullary raphe pallidus (mRPa) in mediating iBAT, tail blood flow, and locomotor effects produced by MDMA. Rats were instrumented with guide cannulas targeting either the DMH or the mRPa-brain regions involved in regulating iBAT and cutaneous vascular beds. In all animals, core temperature and locomotion were recorded with surgically implanted telemetric transmitters; and additionally either iBAT temperature (via telemetric transmitter) or tail artery blood flow (via tail artery Doppler cuff) were also recorded. Animals were placed in an environmental chamber at 32°C and microinjected with either control or the GABA agonist muscimol (80pmol) followed by an intravenous injection of saline or MDMA (7.5 mg kg-1). To prevent undue suffering, a core temperature of 41°C was chosen as the surrogate marker of mortality. Inhibition of the DMH, but not the mRPa, prevented mortality and attenuated hyperthermia and locomotion. Inhibition of either the DMH or the mRPa did not affect iBAT temperature increases or tail blood flow decreases. While MDMA increases iBAT thermogenesis and decreases heat dissipation through cutaneous vasoconstriction, thermoregulatory brain regions known to mediate these effects are not involved. Rather, the finding that inhibiting the DMH decreases both locomotion and body temperature suggests that locomotion may be a key central contributor to MDMA-evoked hyperthermia.
Scattering properties of planetary regolith analogs

The physics of scattering of electromagnetic waves by media in which the particles are in contact, such as planetary regoliths, has been thought to be relatively well understood when the particles are larger than the wavelength. However, this is not true when the particles are comparable with or smaller than the wavelength. We have measured the scattering parameters of planetary regolith analogs consisting of suites of well-sorted abrasives whose particles ranged from larger to smaller than the wavelength. We measured the variation of reflectance as the phase angle varied from 0.05° to 140°. The following parameters of the media were then deduced: the single scattering albedo, single scattering phase function, transport mean free path, and scattering, absorption, and extinction coefficients. A scattering model based on the equation of radiative transfer was empirically able to describe quantitatively the variation of intensity with angle for each sample. Thus, such models can be used to characterize scattering from regoliths even when the particles are smaller than the wavelength. The scattering parameters were remarkably insensitive to particle size. These results are contrary to theoretical predictions, but are consistent with earlier measurements of alumina abrasives that were restricted to small phase angles. They imply that a basic assumption made by virtually all regolith scattering models, that the regolith particles are the fundamental scattering units of the medium, is incorrect. Our understanding of scattering by regoliths appears to be incomplete, even when the particles are larger than the wavelength.
The Clustering Dipole of the Local Universe from the Two Micron All Sky Survey

The unprecedented sky coverage and photometric uniformity of the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) provides a rich resource for investigating the galaxies populating the local universe. A full characterization of the large-scale clustering distribution is important for theoretical studies of structure formation. 2MASS offers an all-sky view of the local galaxy population at 2.15 μm, unbiased by young stellar light and minimally affected by dust. We use 2MASS to map the local distribution of galaxies, identifying the largest structures in the nearby universe. The inhomogeneity of these structures causes an acceleration on the Local Group of galaxies, which can be seen in the dipole of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We find that the direction of the 2MASS clustering dipole is 16° from the CMB dipole, confirming that the local galaxy distribution accelerates the Local Group. From the magnitude of the dipole, we find a value of the linear bias parameter b = 1.06 ± 0.17 in the Ks band. Thus, the linear bias parameter of Ks-selected galaxies is similar to the bias parameter found in other wave bands.
DRAWING WITH FAT EDGES

Traditionally, graph drawing algorithms represent vertices as circles and edges as curves connecting the vertices. We introduce the problem of drawing with "fat" edges, i.e., with edges of variable thickness. The thickness of an edge is often used as a visualization cue, to indicate importance, or to convey some additional information. We present a model for drawing with fat edges and a corresponding efficient polynomial time algorithm that uses the model. We first focus on a restricted class of graphs that occur in VLSI wire routing and then show how to extend the algorithm to general planar graphs. We show how to convert an arbitrary wire routing into a homotopically equivalent routing that maximizes the distance between any two wires, which is a desired property in VLSI design. Among such, we obtain the routing with minimum total wire length. A homotopically equivalent routing that maximizes the distance between any two wires yields a graph drawing which maximizes edge thickness. Our algorithm does not require unit edge thickness but can be applied as well in the presence of different edge weights.
Alkylation and annulation of 3-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-alkyl-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-ones

Abstract The hydroxylactams obtained from reduction of N-substituted phthalimides were phenylthiated and oxidized to give 3-(phenylsulfonyl)-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-ones. Deprotonation of the sulfones with sodium hydride followed by treatment with electrophiles gave substitution. Sulfones with suitably-disposed α,β-unsaturated ester groups gave cyclic products from intramolecular Michael addition. Desulfurization of the phenylsulfonyl intermediates was effected in quantitative yield using Raney nickel promoted by ultrasound.
Tracking Eigenvalues to the Frontier of Moduli Space I. Convergence and Spectral Accumulation

Abstract We consider the spectral behavior of the Laplace–Beltrami operator associated to a class of singular perturbations of a Riemannian metric on a complete manifold. The class of perturbations generalizes the well-known “opening node” perturbation of Teichmuller theory. In particular, we recover results of L. Ji and M. Zworski (J. Func. Anal.114 (1993), 412–420) and S. Wolpert (Invent. Math.108 (1992), 91–129) from our more general methods.
KAUFFMAN STATE SUMS AND BRACKET DEFORMATION

We derive a formula expanding the bracket with respect to a natural deformation parameter. The expansion is in terms of a two-variable polynomial algebra of diagram resolutions generated by basic operations involving the Goldman bracket. A functorial characterization of this algebra is given. Differentiability properties of the star product underlying the Kauffman bracket are discussed.
Massive Cooling Flow Clusters Inhabit Crowded Environments

With the availability of large-scale redshift survey data, it is now becoming possible to explore correlations between large-scale structure and the properties and morphologies of galaxy clusters. We investigate the spatial distributions of a 98% complete, volume-limited sample of nearby (z < 0.1) Abell clusters with well-determined redshifts and find that cooling flow clusters with high mass accretion rates have nearest neighbors which are much closer than those of other clusters in the sample (at the 99.8% confidence level) and reside in more crowded environments out to 60 h Mpc. Several possible explanations of this effect are discussed.
Indecision and the construction of self

This paper proposes a theoretically grounded definition of indecision and considers one of indecision’s potential functions. It argues that, despite a reputation as mere choice pathology, indecision may play an important role in identity formation and maintenance. In particular, the contemplations and conversations characteristic of indecision may help construct, discover, or affirm who one is, even if ostensibly they are intended only to clarify what one should do. In addition to positing an underexplored function of indecision, the possibility that indecision facilitates identity development suggests that concentrated identity work need not be an explicit objective or even a process of which one is cognizant; it can be an unwitting byproduct of frustrated attempts at choice.
Coordination chemistry of 2-diethylphosphonato-4,6-dipiperidino-1,3,5-triazine with uranyl nitrate

Abstract The known ligand, 2-diethylphosphonato-4,6-dipiperidino-1,3,5-triazine has been prepared and the crystal and molecular structure determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The molecule crystallized (−30°C) in the monoclinic space group P 1 (No. 2) with a = 8.698(3), b = 10.064(4), c = 12.798(5) A, α = 67.34(3), β = 77.08(3), γ = 68.01(3)°, Z = 2, V = 954.5(6) A 3 and ϱ calc = 1.33 g cm −3 . The structure was solved by direct methods and blocked least-squares refinement converged to R F = 4.9% and R w F = 5.2% on 295 variables and 2995 unique reflections with F > 3σ( F ). Selected bond distances for the ligand include: PC(1) 1.834(2) A, PO 1.452(2) A and CN(ring) avg 1.343(3) A. The complex UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 - {C 3 N 3 (C 5 H 10 N) 2 [(EtO) 2 P(O)]} 2 was obtained from a mixture of UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and the ligand in a 1:2 ratio and characterized by spectroscopic methods. The crystal and molecular structure of the compound was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The molecule crystallized (20°C) in the monoclinic space group P 1 (No. 2) with a = 10.050(2), b = 10.628(2), c = 12.464(2) A, α = 73.96(1), β = 70.25(1), γ = 75.32(3)°, Z = 1, V = 1185.2(3) A 3 , and ϱ calc =1.63 g cm −3 . The structure was solved by heavy atom methods and blocked least squares refinements converged to R F = 3.4% and R w F = 3.6% on 286 variables and 5271 unique reflections with F > 3σ( F ). The complex contains a linear UO 2 2+ group bonded to two bidentate nitrate ions and the phosphoryl groups of two trans situated phosphonate ligands. Several important bond distances include: UO 1.764(5) A, UO(phosphoryl) 2.381(3) A, UO(nitrate) avg =2.514(3) A, PO 1.472(4) A, PC(1) 1.817(4) A, CN(ring) avg 1.337(6) A.
Decoding the H-likelihood

The invitation for this discussion contribution came at the busiest time in my (professional) life with four courses and many more meetings attempting to com pensate, psychologically, for the lost endowment at Harvard. I could not possibly, however, decline David Madigan's kind invitation. The topic is dear to my heart, as it should be to any statistician's, for without "unobservables," we would be unemployable. And I always wanted to know what "h-likelihood" is! I first heard the term from my academic twin brother, An drew Gelman, who sent me his discussion of Lee and Neider (1996). Gelman's conclusion was that "To the extent that the methods in this paper give different an swers from the full Bayesian treatment, I would trust the latter." This of course did not entice me to read the paper. Indeed, I still did not know its definition when I started to type this Prologue, nor have I had any profes sional or personal contact with either author. I surmise this qualifies me as an objective discussant, though I hope in this case the phrase objective is not exchange able with noninformative or ignorant \ But surely, one may quibble, Gelman's comment must have influenced me. True, but I'm not the kind of Bayesian who is unwilling to change his/her prior. My pure interest is to decode the h-likelihood. If my brother is right, I'll be more proud of him. If he is wrong, I'll be wiser by learning something new. (But I do ask Professors Lee and Neider for their tolerance
Quiescent microwave emission from late-type stars

A diversity of stellar classes has been detected to be prolific sources of low-level, 'quiescent' microwave radiation. This emission is, in most cases, attributed to the persistent presence of mildly relativistic electrons in the coronae. Frequent or continuous particle acceleration is required to maintain a high level of gyrosynchrotron emission. Observations relevant to our understanding of quiescent microwave emission from stars are reviewed, with emphasis on nondegenerate, late-type stars. Though the nature of the acceleration process remains unkown, a large amount of crucial information is presently available, in particular observations of timescales of slow variations, estimates of particle energies, model calculations based on spectral observations, and correlative studies with soft X-ray emission.
Soft Null Hypotheses: A Case Study of Image Enhancement Detection in Brain Lesions

This work is motivated by a study of a population of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to identify active brain lesions. At each visit, a contrast agent is administered intravenously to a subject and a series of images are acquired to reveal the location and activity of MS lesions within the brain. Our goal is to identify the enhancing lesion locations at the subject level and lesion enhancement patterns at the population level. We analyze a total of 20 subjects scanned at 63 visits (∼30Gb), the largest population of such clinical brain images. After addressing the computational challenges, we propose possible solutions to the difficult problem of transforming a qualitative scientific null hypothesis, such as “this voxel does not enhance,” to a well-defined and numerically testable null hypothesis based on the existing data. We call such procedure “soft null” hypothesis testing as opposed to the standard “hard null” hypothesis testing. Th...
An approximation scheme for reflected stochastic differential equations

Abstract In this paper, we consider the Stratonovich reflected SDE d X t = σ ( X t ) ∘ d W t + b ( X t ) d t + d L t in a bounded domain O . Letting W t N be the N -dyadic piecewise linear interpolation of W t , we show that the distribution of the solution ( X t N , L t N ) to the reflected ODE X t N = σ ( X t N ) W t N + b ( X t N ) + L t N converges weakly to that of ( X t , L t ) . Hence, we prove a distributional version for reflected diffusions of the famous result of Wong and Zakai. In particular, we apply our result to derive some geometric properties of coupled reflected Brownian motion, especially those properties which have been used in the recent work on the “hot spots” conjecture for special domains.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Batzelladine F and Definition of Its Structure

Batzelladine F (1) was synthesized in enantioselective and stereoselective fashion in 15 steps (longest linear sequence) and 1.7% overall yield from two readily available enantioenriched β-hydroxy esters, methyl (R)-3-hydroxydecanoate and methyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate. Tethered Biginelli condensations are used to assemble both tricyclic guanidine fragments, with the second tethered Biginelli condensation (14 + 16 → 17) also being employed to join the guanidine fragments. Three diastereomers of batzelladine F, 2−4, were prepared also. A combination of HPLC, optical rotation and CD spectroscopy was employed to distinguish stereoisomers 1−4, proving that 1 is the correct structure of the hexacyclic marine alkaloid batzelladine F.
Crossing probabilities in critical 2-D percolation and modular forms

Abstract Crossing probabilities for critical 2-D percolation on large but finite lattices have been derived via boundary conformal field theory. These predictions agree very well with numerical results. However, their derivation is heuristic and there is evidence of additional symmetries in the problem. This contribution gives a preliminary examination some unusual modular behavior of these quantities. In particular, the derivatives of the “horizontal” and “horizontal–vertical” crossing probabilities transform as a vector modular form, one component of which is an ordinary modular form and the other the product of a modular form with the integral of a modular form. We include consideration of the interplay between conformal and modular invariance that arises.
Dual-task conditions modulate the efficiency of selective attention mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease

Given previous demonstrations of both selective and divided attention deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, understanding how declines in the integrity of component processes of selective attention in these patients interact with impairments to executive processes mediating dual-task performance has both theoretical and practical relevance. To address this issue, healthy elderly and AD patients performed computerized tasks of spatial orienting, Simon response interference, and visual search both in isolation and while simultaneously engaged in a visuomotor tracking task (i.e., maintaining car position within a simulated driving environment). Results from the single-task conditions confirmed previous demonstrations of selective attention deficits in AD. Dual-task conditions produced in AD patients (but not healthy elderly) a change in the efficiency of the selective attention mechanisms themselves, as reflected in differential effects on cue or display conditions within each task. Rather than exacerbating the selective attention deficits observed under single-task conditions, however, dual-task conditions produced an apparent diminution of these deficits. We suggest this diminution is due to the combination of deficient top-down inhibitory processes along with a decrease in the attention-capturing properties of cue information under dual-task conditions in AD patients. These findings not only increase our understanding of the nature of the attentional deficits in AD patients, but also have implications for understanding the processes mediating attention in neurologically intact individuals.
Financial risk management in restructured wholesale power markets: Concepts and tools

The goal of this tutorial is three-fold: to facilitate cross-disciplinary communication among power engineers and economists by explaining and illustrating basic financial risk management concepts relevant for wholesale power markets (WPMs); to illustrate the complicated and risky strategic decision making required of power traders and risk managers operating in multiple interrelated submarkets comprising modern WPMs; and to briefly discuss the potential of agent-based modeling for the study of this decision making.
The oxidation of methylene carbon-carbon double bonds under FeIII-TBHP and FeIII-TBHP-PA conditions

The oxidation of 1,1-diphenylethylene under FeIII-TBHP and FeIII-TBHP-PA conditions followed a pathway alkene to intermediateA to intermediateB to ketone. Intermediate A could be trapped by NaN3.
Inclined-substrate deposition of biaxially aligned template films for YBCO-coated conductors

Abstract Inclined-substrate deposition (ISD) of magnesium oxide (MgO) produces biaxially textured template films at high deposition rates. This process is promising for the fabrication of the second-generation superconducting wires. Biaxially aligned MgO films (≈1.5 μm thick) were deposited on polished Hastelloy C276 (HC) substrates by ISD at deposition rates of 20–100 A/s. Buffer films were subsequently deposited on these template films, and YBCO films were deposited epitaxially on the substrates by pulsed laser deposition. X-ray pole figure analysis and φ - and ω -scans were used for texture characterization. Good in- and out-of-plane textures were observed, with MgO(0 0 2) φ -scan full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of 9.2° and ω -scan FWHM of 5.4°, respectively. T c of 90 K with a sharp transition, and J c ≈2×10 5 A/cm 2 , were obtained on a 0.5 μm thick, 0.5 cm wide, and 1 cm long YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ (YBCO) film at 77 K in self-field.
Forecasting international growth rates using Bayesian shrinkage and other procedures

Forecasts of eighteen countries’ annual output growth rates, 1974–1984, are computed using an autoregressive model containing leading indicator variables and various forecasting procedures. It is found that Bayesian shrinkage forecasting techniques produced improved forecasts in terms of an out-of-sample root-mean-square criterion relative to those provided by the naive models and by autoregressive models with and without leading indicator variables. The precision of our forecasts compares favorably with that of OECD forecasts derived from complicated econometric ‘structural’ macroeconometric models and subjected to judgmental adjustments. Work to rationalize our forecasting models in terms of macroeconomic theory is in progress.
A Catalog of Galaxy Clusters Observed by XMM-Newton

Images and the radial profiles of the temperature, abundance, and brightness for 70 clusters of galaxies observed by XMM-Newton are presented along with a detailed discussion of the data reduction and analysis methods, including background modeling, which were used in the processing. Proper consideration of the various background components is vital to extend the reliable determination of cluster parameters to the largest possible cluster radii. The various components of the background including the quiescent particle background, cosmic diffuse emission, soft proton contamination, and solar wind charge exchange emission are discussed along with suggested means of their identification, filtering, and/or their modeling and subtraction. Every component is spectrally variable, sometimes significantly so, and all components except the cosmic background are temporally variable as well. The distributions of the events over the FOV vary between the components, and some distributions vary with energy. The scientific results from observations of low surface brightness objects and the diffuse background itself can be strongly affected by these background components and therefore great care should be taken in their consideration.
Regiospecific substitution of N-acyl-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones at C-5 via halogenation and cross-coupling

Abstract The C-5 position of N-Acyl-2-alkyl-2,3-dihydro-4-pyridones can be substituted by halogenation followed by a cross-coupling or carbonylation reaction.
Evolution and Long Run Equilibria in Coordination Games with Summary Statistic Payoff Technologies

Abstract This note applies the evolutionary dynamic of Kandori, Mailath, and Rob (Econometrica61(1993), 29–65) to class coordination games that the entire population plays simultaneously. In these games, payoffs and best replies are determined by a symmary statistic of the population strategy profile as in Crawford (Econometrica63(1995), 103–144). A simple characterization of the set of Long Run Equilibria, analogous to the one given by Kandori, Mailath, and Rob for random pairing, is provided.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Number: C79.
Monitoring, moral hazard, and turnover

I studied the effects of monitoring on political turnover, when the politicians’ early actions affect future economic outcomes. I considered an infinite-horizon environment, where the expectation about the potential successor’s policy is endogenous. As a result, the incentive to replace the incumbent is endogenous. In a stationary Markov equilibrium, the relationship between monitoring and turnover is non-monotone. The model sheds light on dynamic agency problems when the agent’s initial effort has persistent effects, and on the role of reputation in models with endogenous turnover.
A spatial model of wind shear and turbulence

The purpose of the spatial model considered in the present investigation is to generate the wind environment for use by others for flight simulation. Winds and gusts are provided over any finite area (e.g., aircraft body) from which aircraft loads and moments may be calculated. Three-dimensional autospectral information and correlation are contained in the data. It is pointed out that the three-dimensionality as contained in the spatial model affords much greater realism than widely used one-dimensional models. The resulting simulated wind is a nonlinear, non-Gaussian combination of real atmospheric winds and Gaussian, three-dimensional turbulence modulated by gust intensities which may vary freely as desired over space. The turbulence as represented by a product of a varying gust intensity and simulated turbulence is nonlinear and non-Gaussian.
The standard enthalpies of formation of some intermetallic compounds of transition metals by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Abstract The standard enthalpies of formation of some intermetallic compounds of transition metals have been measured by high temperature direct synthesis calorimetry at 1373 ± 2 K. The following results (in kJ/mol of atoms) are reported: ScM n 2 ( − 26.1 ± 1.9 ) ; S c 4 O s 11 ( − 22.6 ± 3.0 ) ; TiM n 2 ( − 8.6 ± 1.6 ) ; V 2 Hf ( − 16.7 ± 1.7 ) ; VIr ( − 28.1 ± 1.7 ) ; F e 2 Hf ( − 12.3 ± 1.1 ) ; F e 7 N b 6 ( − 6 .2 ± 1.8 ) ; C o 3 Nb ( − 7.4 ± 1.9 ) ; C o 3 Ta ( − 8.5 ± 2.2 ) ; NiY ( − 32.9 ± 1.7 ) The values are compared with some earlier experimental results obtained by EMF and by calorimetry. They are also compared with the predicted values of Miedema and co-workers. We will present a systematic picture of how the enthalpies of formation may be related to the atomic number of the transition metal.
On Unimodality of Hilbert Functions of Gorenstein Artin Algebras of Embedding Dimension Four

We prove that the Hilbert functions of Gorenstein Artin algebras R/I of embedding dimension four are unimodal provided I has a minimal generator in degree less than five. It is still an open question as to whether all Gorenstein Hilbert functions in codimension four are SI-sequences. It is not even known if they are all unimodal. In this article, we prove that Hilbert functions of all Gorenstein Artin algebras starting with (1, 4, 10, 20, h 4,…), where h 4 = 34 are unimodal. Combining this with previously known results, we obtain that all Gorenstein Hilbert functions (1, 4, h 2, h 3, h 4,…4, 1) are unimodal if h 4 ≤ 34.
A Synthetic Approach to Estimating the Impacts of Telecommuting on Travel

A multiplicative model is proposed as a framework for examining the current knowledge in forecasting the demand for telecommuting and the resulting transport impacts. A running illustrative example...
Effect of aperiodicity on the broadband reflection of silicon nanorod structures for photovoltaics

We carry out a systematic numerical study of the effects of aperiodicity on silicon nanorod anti-reflection structures. We use the scattering matrix method to calculate the average reflection loss over the solar spectrum for periodic and aperiodic arrangements of nanorods. We find that aperiodicity can either improve or deteriorate the anti-reflection performance, depending on the nanorod diameter. We use a guided random-walk algorithm to design optimal aperiodic structures that exhibit lower reflection loss than both optimal periodic and random aperiodic structures.
A central limit theorem for convex sets

We show that there exists a sequence \(\varepsilon_n\searrow0\) for which the following holds: Let K⊂ℝn be a compact, convex set with a non-empty interior. Let X be a random vector that is distributed uniformly in K. Then there exist a unit vector θ in ℝn, t0∈ℝ and σ>0 such that $$\sup_{A\subset\mathbb{R}}\left|\textit{Prob}\,\{\langle X,\theta\rangle\in A\}-\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma}}\int_Ae^{-\frac{(t - t_0)^2}{2\sigma^2}} dt\right|\leq\varepsilon_n,\qquad{(\ast)}$$ where the supremum runs over all measurable sets A⊂ℝ, and where 〈·,·〉 denotes the usual scalar product in ℝn. Furthermore, under the additional assumptions that the expectation of X is zero and that the covariance matrix of X is the identity matrix, we may assert that most unit vectors θ satisfy (*), with t0=0 and σ=1. Corresponding principles also hold for multi-dimensional marginal distributions of convex sets.
Grazing incidence liquid metal mirrors (GILMM) for radiation hardened final optics for laser inertial fusion energy power plants

Abstract A thin film of liquid metal is suggested as a grazing incident mirror for robust final optics in a laser inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant. The amount of laser light the grazing incidence liquid metal mirror (GILMM) can withstand, called the damage limit is limited by the surface disturbances initiated by rapid laser heating. For 0.35-μm light, the damage limit for a sodium film 85° from normal is calculated to be 57 J/cm 2 normal to the beam for a 20 ns pulse and 1.3 J/cm 2 for a 10-ps pulse (2 and 90 m 2 of mirror area per 100 kJ of laser energy at 20 ns and 10 ps, respectively). Feasibility relies on keeping the liquid surface flat to the required accuracy by a combination of polished substrate, adaptive (deformable) optics, surface tension and low Reynolds number, laminar flow in the film. The film's substrate must be polished to ±0.015 μm. Then surface tension keeps the surface smooth over short distances ( 10 mm). Adaptive optics techniques keep the substrate flat to within ±0.06 μm over 100-mm distance and ±0.6 μm over 1000 mm distances, even after 30 years of cumulative damage via neutron irradiation. The mirror can stand the X-ray pulse when located 30 m away from the microexplosions of nominal yield of 400 MJ (50 MJ of X-rays) when Li is used, but for higher atomic number liquids like Na there may be a significant rise in temperature, forcing the use of other X-ray attenuation methods such as attenuation by xenon gas. The GILMM should be applicable to both direct and indirect drive and pulse lengths appropriate to slow compression (∼20 ns) or fast ignition (∼10 ps). For direct-drive laser beams near the poles (70°, where 90° is vertical), stable thin films become more challenging. Proof of the concept experiments are needed to verify the predicted damage limit and required smoothness.
Genetic characteristics of self fertility in highbush and half-high blueberries

Parents and ten progeny from each of ten controlled crosses, and thirteen progeny from G65 x ‘Ashworth’ were self and outcross pollinated to study the inheritance of self fertility and the associations between self fertility and zygotic inbreeding levels in highbush and half-high blueberry genotypes. Reductions in self fertility were apparently a response to increased inbreeding. Both percent fruit set and seeds per pollination were negatively associated with family zygotic inbreeding coefficients. Although inbreeding depression was responsible for much of the observed self fertility responses, an environmental component was apparent as well. A continuous distribution of self fertility levels among the G65 x ‘Ashworth’ progeny provided little evidence for simple inheritance of this trait. Estimates of heritability were not significant and some evidence of specific combining ability was detected, indicating that parental self fertility was not predictive of the self fertility of the progeny in this study. Variation for self fertility including high levels in some individuals indicates a potential level of self fertility which could be incorporated into future selections and cultivars.
Osteocyte-Driven Bone Remodeling

Osteocytes, the most abundant cells in bone, have been long postulated to detect and respond to mechanical and hormonal stimuli and to coordinate the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The discovery that the inhibitor of bone formation sclerostin is primarily expressed in osteocytes in bone and downregulated by anabolic stimuli provided a mechanism by which osteocytes influence the activity of osteoblasts. Advances of the last few years provided experimental evidence demonstrating that osteocytes also participate in the recruitment of osteoclasts and the initiation of bone remodeling. Apoptotic osteocytes trigger yet-to-be-identified signals that attract osteoclast precursors to specific areas of bone, which in turn differentiate to mature, bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Osteocytes are also the source of molecules that regulate the generation and activity of osteoclasts, such as OPG and RANKL; and genetic manipulations of the mouse genome leading to loss or gain of function or to altered expression of either molecule in osteocytes markedly affect bone resorption. This review highlights these investigations and discusses how the novel concept of osteocyte-driven bone resorption and formation impacts our understanding of the mechanisms by which current therapies control bone remodeling.
Rectangular tileability and complementary tileability are undecidable

Does a given set of polyominoes tile some rectangle? We show that this problem is undecidable. In a different direction, we also consider tiling a cofinite subset of the plane. The tileability is undecidable for many variants of this problem. However, we present an algorithm for testing whether the complement of a finite region is tileable by a set of rectangles.
Chromium(0)-Promoted [6π + 2π] Cycloadditions of Allenes with Cycloheptatriene

Photoinitiated [6π + 2π] cycloadditions of allenes with (η6-cycloheptatriene)tricarbonylchromium(0) (1) are described. An example of asymmetric induction obtained by reaction of 1 with a chiral 1,3...
An Improved Performance Poly-Si Pirani Vacuum Gauge Using Heat-Distributing Structural Supports

A new micro-Pirani vacuum gauge that employs a ladder-shaped structure with two parallel bridges and crosslinks in between has been designed and fabricated. This design enhances the physical performance of the gauge by increasing structural rigidity, thus allowing for longer beams and a wider selection of materials, and by allowing for better heat distribution across the sensor - therefore improving the full-scale range of sensor response. Furthermore, this Pirani gauge can be fabricated in a one-, two-, or three-mask process without postprocessing steps such as KOH etching. In a CMOS-compatible process, poly-Si 4 times 2 times 250-mum and 4 times 2 times 1000-mum Pirani gauges with the ladder structure were fabricated and tested with pressure ranges from 10-3 to 50 torr (0.133 to 1 times 103 Pa) and 5 times 10-2 to 760 torr (6.67 to 1.01 times 105-Pa atmospheric pressure) and with resolutions of approximately 10-3 and 5 times 10-2 (0.133 to 6.67 Pa), respectively. Constant temperature circuitry and thermoelectric temperature stabilization would further extend the range of operation and the resolution of these devices. Furthermore, these sensors operate at very low powers ranging from 300 to 600 muW depending on their geometry and pressure measurement range.
Preparation of substituted enol derivatives from terminal alkynes and their synthetic utility.

Stereodefined enol derivatives of aldehydes are prepared from terminal alkynes. Specifically, terminal alkynes are known to undergo Cp2ZrCl2-catalyzed methylalumination. Here, we show that the resultant vinylalanes can be oxygenated with peroxyzinc species to generate trisubstituted enolates. Electrophilic trapping with carboxylic anydrides or silyl triflates yields trisubstituted enol esters or silanes, respectively. The tandem carbometalation/oxygenation tolerates free and protected alcohols, heterocycles, olefins, and nitriles. Stereodefined enol esters can undergo asymmetric dihydroxylation to yield optically active α-hydroxy aldehydes. Reduction with NaBH4 provides the diols of 1,1-disubstituted olefins in excellent ee. An application of this methodology to the enantioselective synthesis of the insect pheromone frontalin is presented. Finally, α-hydroxy aldehydes are shown to undergo homologation to a terminal alkyne, reductive amination, oxidation and olefination. Preliminary results indicate that t...
OC-seislet: Seislet transform construction with differential offset continuation

Many of the geophysical data-analysis problems such as signal-noise separation and data regularization are conveniently formulated in a transform domain, in which the signal appears sparse. Classic transforms such as the Fourier transform or the digital wavelet transform (DWT) fail occasionally in processing complex seismic wavefields because of the nonstationarity of seismic data in time and space dimensions. We present a sparse multiscale transform domain specifically tailored to seismic reflection data. The new wavelet-like transform — the OC-seislet transform — uses a differential offset-continuation (OC) operator that predicts prestack reflection data in offset, midpoint, and time coordinates. It provides a high compression of reflection events. Its compression properties indicate the potential of OC seislets for applications such as seismic data regularization or noise attenuation. Results of applying the method to synthetic and field data examples demonstrate that the OC-seislet transform can recon...
Friction Effect on Loading Process and Multiple Stable Flying States of Air Bearing Sliders

Load/unload (L/UL) technology has been widely applied in hard disk drives for a long period of time. One main promise of this technology compared with the contact start-stop (CSS) technology was no damage from the friction and stiction between sliders and disks during power on and off that exists in CSS. However, the friction between sliders and disks can still occur and has a strong effect on the L/UL process because sliders may contact disks during loading. When friction is large and the pitch static attitude (PSA) is not in the preferred range, the loading process might fail. In this paper, a new simplified friction model was proposed based on experimental observations. The model was implemented into a L/UL simulation code. Two cases were studied: a 10,000 rpm/84 mm server drive and a 3600 rpm/25.4 mm microdrive. The PSA and friction force effects on the loading process were simulated. A large PSA results in slider loaded onto a second stable state with a very large flying pitch angle. In this paper, a third stable state, which results from a small or negative PSA and a sufficiently large friction force, was discovered and investigated. It was found that the friction effect was smaller in the server drive case, while it was dramatic in the microdrive case. In the third stable state, the slider had a negative pitch angle, and its leading edge continuously dragged on the disk. In this state, reading/writing operation was not possible, and disks and sliders could be damaged.
Helicobacter hepaticus infection in mice: models for understanding lower bowel inflammation and cancer

Pioneering work in the 1990s first linked a novel microaerobic bacterium, Helicobacter hepaticus, with chronic active hepatitis and inflammatory bowel disease in several murine models. Targeted H. hepaticus infection experiments subsequently demonstrated its ability to induce colitis, colorectal cancer, and extraintestinal diseases in a number of mouse strains with defects in immune function and/or regulation. H. hepaticus is now widely utilized as a model system to dissect how intestinal microbiota interact with the host to produce both inflammatory and tolerogenic responses. This model has been used to make important advances in understanding factors that regulate both acquired and innate immune response within the intestine. Further, it has been an effective tool to help define the function of regulatory T cells, including their ability to directly inhibit the innate inflammatory response to gut microbiota. The complete genomic sequence of H. hepaticus has advanced the identification of several virulence factors and aided in the elucidation of H. hepaticus pathogenesis. Delineating targets of H. hepaticus virulence factors could facilitate novel approaches to treating microbially induced lower bowel inflammatory diseases.
Design of nanoslotted photonic crystal waveguide cavities for single nanoparticle trapping

We design and numerically simulate a photonic crystal waveguide cavity with a nanoslot structure for single nanoparticle trapping. A 135× enhancement of optical gradient trapping force compared to plain waveguide trapping devices has been achieved.
Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Family of Cone-Cylinder-Flare Projectiles

A systematic study of a number of flare-stabilized projectile geometries has been undertaken at the U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL). Ten projectile configurations having identical forebodies and a variety of flares were tested in the BRL Aerodynamics Ballistic Range, and the results were compared to numerical computations based on two design codes and a parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) code. The design codes, in general, gave good results. The PNS code complimented these results by providing more details on the development of the aerodynamic forces. The results show the drag and stability tradeoffs involved for the different configurations. This information can be used to tailor the flare geometry to meet future mission requirements.
Market response to policy initiatives during the global financial crisis

Abstract This paper examines the impact of macroeconomic and financial sector policy announcements in the United States, the United Kingdom, the euro area, and Japan on interbank credit and liquidity risk premia during the recent crisis. Overall, policy interventions were associated with a reduction in interbank risk premia, most significantly for recapitalization programs. By contrast, decisions to bail out individual banks in an ad hoc manner or let them fail were accompanied by a significant rise in interbank risk premia. Most policy announcements had international spillovers. These results are broadly robust to using alternative measures of financial distress and varying the size of the event window.
Purely transmitting defect field theories

Abstract We define an infinite class of integrable theories with a defect which are formulated as chiral defect perturbations of a conformal field theory. Such theories are massless in the bulk and are purely transmitting through the defect. The integrability of these theories requires the introduction of defect degrees of freedom. Such degrees of freedom lead to a novel set of Yang-Baxter equations. The defect degrees of freedom are identified through folding the chiral defect theories onto massless boundary field theories. The examples of the sine-Gordon theory and Ising model are worked out in some detail.
Contrast restoration of weather degraded images

Images of outdoor scenes captured in bad weather suffer from poor contrast. Under bad weather conditions, the light reaching a camera is severely scattered by the atmosphere. The resulting decay in contrast varies across the scene and is exponential in the depths of scene points. Therefore, traditional space invariant image processing techniques are not sufficient to remove weather effects from images. We present a physics-based model that describes the appearances of scenes in uniform bad weather conditions. Changes in intensities of scene points under different weather conditions provide simple constraints to detect depth discontinuities in the scene and also to compute scene structure. Then, a fast algorithm to restore scene contrast is presented. In contrast to previous techniques, our weather removal algorithm does not require any a priori scene structure, distributions of scene reflectances, or detailed knowledge about the particular weather condition. All the methods described in this paper are effective under a wide range of weather conditions including haze, mist, fog, and conditions arising due to other aerosols. Further, our methods can be applied to gray scale, RGB color, multispectral and even IR images. We also extend our techniques to restore contrast of scenes with moving objects, captured using a video camera.
A practical stereoselective synthesis of (2S, 3S)-3-hydroxyleucine

Abstract A practical and convenient procedure is described for the preparation of gram quantities of (2S, 3S)-3-hydroxyleucine. The key step involves the triflatemediated cyclization of spirooxazolidine 4 to the spirobicyclic compound 5, which is easily converted to the title compound in high yield.
Self-organization and geometry control of Pb islands grown on anisotropic substrates

The growth of uniform nanostructures requires discovering robust and reproducible ways to control the grown size and geometry. It is found that the growth of Pb on the anisotropic substrate Si(111)-In(4x1) leads to the control of both the island height and island width by exploiting the combined effects of two different stabilization mechanisms. Quantum size effects control the height and result in uniform four-layer islands while the strain anisotropy, due to the underlying reconstruction, controls the width selection.
Intracluster Planetary Nebulae in the Virgo Cluster. I. Initial Results

We report the initial results of a survey for intracluster planetary nebulae in the Virgo Cluster. In two 16' × 16' fields, we identify 69 and 16 intracluster planetary nebula candidates, respectively. In a third 16' × 16' field near the central elliptical galaxy M87, we detect 75 planetary nebula candidates, of which a substantial fraction are intracluster in nature. By examining the number of the planetaries detected in each field and the shape of the planetary nebula luminosity function, we show that (1) the intracluster starlight of Virgo is distributed nonuniformly and varies between subclumps A and B, (2) the Virgo Cluster core extends ~3 Mpc in front of M87, and thus is elongated along the line of sight, and (3) a minimum of 22% of Virgo's stellar luminosity resides between the galaxies in our fields, and the true number may be considerably larger. We also use our planetary nebula data to argue that the intracluster stars in Virgo are likely derived from a population that is of moderate age and metallicity.
Response to the presidential address: APA enters the twenty-first century.

It is exhilarating to become the first APA President to serve in the twenty-first century. I am the 129th President elected but only the 127th President to assume office because two of our respected colleagues expired before taking office. I am not surprised, considering the stresses of APA elections. My odyssey from a small New Mexico city, where I was clearly a member of a minority, through military school, engineering school, medical school, residency, and psychoanalytic training to the leadership of the largest, most prestigious psychiatric organization in the world is beyond my wildest imagination. What an honor and an awesome responsibility! However, I am eager to meet the challenges that accompany this position, knowing that I have the support and assistance of my extremely talented colleagues on the Board of Trustees, the many other members who volunteer countless hours to our organization, and the dedicated, hard-working staff. The understanding, encouragement, and loving support of my spouse, Bonnie, for the past 33 years and our son Jay made it possible for me to be in this position today. We are very proud of Jay. Aside from being a great person, he is Vice President of Engineering in charge of technical development for an Internet start-up company. Our relatives, Skip and Dede Priest, and special friends like Dan Belin, a brilliant attorney, and my closest psychiatric colleagues from Los Angeles have been particularly helpful. I will focus on some of the actions planned for next year. Many of these initiatives began through the pioneering efforts of previous Presidents. Through our business and industry initiative, through legislation and through litigation, if necessary, we will lead the way in restoring our patients’ access to high-quality care in both the public and private sectors. Patients must be able to choose their doctors. Treating physicians must be able to make unfettered medical decisions for their patients. Peter Drucker tells us, “The best way to predict the future is to create it.” That is our aim. Reallocating $2.4 million toward high priorities and a new corporate structure in January 2001 will help us reach our goals.