cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Ethnography's “Saloon Problem” and Its Challenge to Public Sociology:

This essay assesses the legacy of urban ethnography's (UE) early engagement with the “saloon problem.” Early sociologists (1880–1915) intervened in the national debate on alcohol on the basis of their long-term, in-depth understanding of the urban poor. Ethnographers highlighted the role of the saloon as a haven for maintaining social ties while socializing immigrants to American norms. Instead of prohibition or temperance, sociologists advocated replacing the saloon's positive functions with more democratic institutions, especially an egalitarian domestic sphere. This position was shared by both academic and settlement house sociologists whose saloon investigations offer a coherent sociological research paradigm that antedates the Chicago School. The activism of early sociologists exemplifies the characteristics of Michael Burawoy's recent call for public sociology. Yet the early sociologists failed to redeem the saloon amongst Progressives, who increasingly rallied around the National Anti-Saloon League and constitutional Prohibition. By only investigating alcohol in its public manifestations, sociologists failed to challenge the way the social problem was framed and may even have contributed to the stigmatization of the saloon. This voyeuristic opportunism has plagued the American tradition of urban ethnography, the ineffective legacy of which poses a challenge to a contemporary revival of public sociology.
Energy-Aware Scheduling for Streaming Applications on Chip Multiprocessors

Streaming applications have become increasingly important and widespread, and they will be running on soon- to-be-prevalent chip multiprocessors (CMPs). We address the problem of energy-aware scheduling of streaming applications, which are represented by task graphs, on a CMP using on/off and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) on a per-processor basis. The goal is to minimize the energy consumption of streaming applications while satisfying two typical quality-of-service (QoS) requirements, namely, throughput and response time. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first work to tackle this problem. We make a key observation: the trade-off between static power and dynamic power should play a critical role in both parallel processing and pipelining that are used to reduce energy consumption in the scheduling process. Based on this observation, we propose two scheduling algorithms, Scheduling 1D and Scheduling 2D, for linear and general task graphs, respectively. The proposed algorithms exploit the difference between the two QoS requirements and perform processor allocation, task mapping and task speed scheduling simultaneously. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms can achieve significant energy savings (e.g., 24% on average for 70 nm technology) over the baseline that only considers the response time requirement.
Prophylactic use of antibiotic bone cement: an emerging standard--in opposition.

Antibiotic-loaded bone cement (ABLC) is an effective delivery method of local antibiotics. ABLC for treatment should be high dose (>3.6 g per 40 g cement) for beads or spacers and 1 to 2 g antibiotic per 40 g cement for prosthesis fixation. Multiple antibiotics are required for treatment, with antibiotics being individualized according to culture susceptibilities. This approach requires hand mixing because there are no commercial high-dose products. ABLC should be low dose (≤1 g per 40 g cement) for prophylaxis purposes. Concerns with toxicity and cement mechanical properties are inconsequential with low-dose ABLC. Available clinical evidence supports low-dose ABLC for prophylaxis in revisions and high-risk primary joints, but concerns of emerging drug-resistant organisms probably outweigh routine use of low-dose ABLC in all uncomplicated primary arthroplasties.
Multiple myeloma presenting as spinal cord compression: a case report

Spinal cord compression is a potentially devastating condition that demands immediate attention. Efforts must be divided between addressing the symptoms of cord compression and identifying the precise etiology of the condition.
Low-Dose Radiation and Genotoxic Chemicals Can Protect against Stochastic Biological Effects

A protective apoptosis-mediated (PAM) process that is turned on in mammalian cells by low-dose photon (X and γ) radiation and appears to also be turned on by the genotoxic chemical ethylene oxide is discussed. Because of the PAM process, exposure to low-dose photon radiation (and possibly also some genotoxic chemicals) can lead to a reduction in the risk of stochastic effects such as problematic mutations, neoplastic transformation (an early step in cancer occurrence), and cancer. These findings indicate a need to revise the current low-dose risk assessment paradigm for which risk of cancer is presumed to increase linearly with dose (without a threshold) after exposure to any amount of a genotoxic agent such as ionizing radiation. These findings support a view seldom mentioned in the past, that cancer risk can actually decrease, rather than increase, after exposure to low doses of photon radiation and possibly some other genotoxic agents. The PAM process (a form of natural protection) may contribute substantially to cancer prevention in humans and other mammals. However, new research is needed to improve our understanding of the process. The new research could unlock novel strategies for optimizing cancer prevention and novel protocols for low-dose therapy for cancer. With low-dose cancer therapy, normal tissue could be spared from severe damage while possibly eliminating the cancer.
Mechanisms of Hepatic Fibrogenesis

Substantial improvements in the treatment of chronic liver disease have accelerated interest in uncovering the mechanisms underlying hepatic fibrosis and its resolution. Activation of resident hepatic stellate cells into proliferative, contractile, and fibrogenic cells in liver injury remains a dominant theme driving the field. However, several new areas of rapid progress in the past 5–10 years also have taken root, including: (1) identification of different fibrogenic populations apart from resident stellate cells, for example, portal fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and bone-marrow–derived cells, as well as cells derived from epithelial mesenchymal transition; (2) emergence of stellate cells as finely regulated determinants of hepatic inflammation and immunity; (3) elucidation of multiple pathways controlling gene expression during stellate cell activation including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms; (4) recognition of disease-specific pathways of fibrogenesis; (5) re-emergence of hepatic macrophages as determinants of matrix degradation in fibrosis resolution and the importance of matrix cross-linking and scar maturation in determining reversibility; and (6) hints that hepatic stellate cells may contribute to hepatic stem cell behavior, cancer, and regeneration. Clinical and translational implications of these advances have become clear, and have begun to impact significantly on the management and outlook of patients with chronic liver disease.
Identity and Specialization as a Waterfowl Hunter

Like specialization, identity offers a way for differentiating and understanding recreationists and for gaining insight into the question of participant progression in an activity. We examined how identity related to measures of specialization among lapsed and current waterfowl hunters. Lapsed hunters included those who had purchased a Minnesota waterfowl stamp between 2000 and 2004, but not since this time. Current hunters had purchased a 2010 stamp. Results suggested that some waterfowl hunters specialize and progress toward a waterfowl-hunter identity. Others, however, either hunt for years but never specialize and identify as waterfowl hunters, or move toward but do not attain a waterfowl hunter identity. Individuals who achieve a waterfowl hunter identity may also later relinquish this identity. Identification was associated with increased specialization and resistance to change from a preference for waterfowl hunting. Individuals who had relinquished their identity retained social and knowledge-base...
Introduction to Section I: New Horizons in Educational Development

In the early 1900s physics underwent a complete revolution. The predictions of those who had claimed it was dead proved premature. At first new and puzzling phenomena were observed. Then entire regions for investigation, such as subatomic physics, opened up in areas that had previously not even been imagined to exist.' The theories of relativity and quantum mechanics not only challenged the basic laws of physics but defied common sense and fundamentally altered the scientists' concept of knowledge. It was no longer possible to view man as a passive observer, for the actions and the reference frame of the observer could no longer be separated from the phenomena recorded. These theoretical breakthroughs led to a complete reconceptualization of science and spawned an unprecedented series of technological breakthroughs, beginning in the 1930s and continuing until today. These scientific developments have completely reshaped our world. I foresee similar developments in the next decade in education. Twenty years ago the prevailing view was that there was nothing more to be done in educational theory. The basic mechanisms of learning were thought to be understood and the future of education lay in refining existing approaches. Curriculum development was seen largely as a process of updating the knowledge base and clarifying the explanations. New technology could be employed to improve the presentation and to inspire the students' (or was it teachers'?) interest. But no fundamentally new modes of learning were envisaged. Education was a process of passing facts from those who had
Cryptogenic Subtype Predicts Reduced Survival Among Cancer Patients With Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose—Cryptogenic stroke is common in patients with cancer. Autopsy studies suggest that many of these cases may be because of marantic endocarditis, which is closely linked to cancer activity. We, therefore, hypothesized that among patients with cancer and ischemic stroke, those with cryptogenic stroke would have shorter survival. Methods—We retrospectively analyzed all adult patients with active systemic cancer diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke at a tertiary care cancer center from 2005 through 2009. Two neurologists determined stroke mechanisms by consensus. Patients were diagnosed with cryptogenic stroke if no specific mechanism could be determined. The diagnosis of marantic endocarditis was restricted to patients with cardiac vegetations on echocardiography or autopsy and negative blood cultures. Patients were followed until July 31, 2012, for the primary outcome of death. Kaplan–Meier statistics and the log-rank test were used to compare survival between patients with cryptogenic...
Designing and Troubleshooting Immunopanning Protocols for Purifying Neural Cells

Purifying and culturing cells from the central nervous system (CNS) has proved to be an incredibly powerful tool for dissecting fundamental neuron and glial properties, and especially powerful in understanding neuronal-glial interactions. In a series of detailed protocols, we have provided step-by-step instructions for purifying and culturing specific types of neurons, glia, and vascular cells from the CNS by immunopanning. This article discusses common pitfalls and errors as well as important design considerations for the immunopanning procedure.
Eating Behavior in Persons With Moderate to Late-stage Dementia: Assessment and Interventions:

Persons with various forms of dementia suffer from a progressive disease in which memory and the ability to function independently are lost. During moderate to late-stage dementia, individuals experience increased difficulty with eating and require more feeding assistance. Clinicians working with this population must acknowledge the multifactorial aspects of eating behavioral issues, use a team approach, and make careful assessments using appropriate instruments. Interventions should include attention to cognitive impairment, nutritional intake, training of caregivers, modification of the environment, and the quality of the interaction. Planning for care should include promoting the highest quality of life for these individuals and their caregivers. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc, 2008; 13(6), 360-367.
Hemerotrecha banksi (Arachnida, Solifugae), a diurnal group of solifuges from North America

The Hemerotrecha banksi group is revised and the status of the genus Hemerotrecha is examined. The female of H. truncata Muma 1951 is described for the first time, and five new species are named: H. hanfordana, H. kaboomi, H. prenticei. H. pseudotruncata, and H. vetteri.
Exploring adjacency in floorplanning

This paper describes a new floorplanning approach called Constrained Adjacency Graph (CAG) that helps exploring adjacency in floorplans. CAG extends the previous adjacency graph approaches by adding explicit adjacency constraints to the graph edges. After sufficient and necessary conditions of CAG are developed based on dissected floorplans, CAG is extended to handle general floorplans in order to improve area without changing the adjacency relations dramatically. These characteristics are currently utilized in a randomized greedy improvement heuristic for wire length optimization. The results show that better floorplans are found with much less running time for problems with 100 to 300 modules in comparison to a simulated annealing floorplanner based on sequence pairs.
Healthcare professionals may not be maintaining person-centred care for people with dementia hospitalised on acute wards

Commentary on: Clissett P, Porock D, Harwood RH, et al. The challenges of achieving person-centred care in acute hospitals: a qualitative study of people with dementia and their families. Int J Nurs Stud 2013;50:1495–503.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Many organisations have identified person-centred care as key to promoting quality of life for persons with dementia. The majority of efforts to enhance person-centred care have largely occurred in residential long-term settings as part of … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DInt%2BJ%2BNurs%2BStud%26rft.volume%253D50%26rft.spage%253D1495%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.ijnurstu.2013.03.001%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23548170%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.03.001&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23548170&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F17%2F4%2F126.atom
Characterization of canine osteosarcoma by array comparative genomic hybridization and RT-qPCR: signatures of genomic imbalance in canine osteosarcoma parallel the human counterpart.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most commonly diagnosed malignant bone tumor in humans and dogs, characterized in both species by extremely complex karyotypes exhibiting high frequencies of genomic imbalance. Evaluation of genomic signatures in human OS using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has assisted in uncovering genetic mechanisms that result in disease phenotype. Previous low-resolution (10‐20 Mb) aCGH analysis of canine OS identified a wide range of recurrent DNA copy number aberrations, indicating extensive genomic instability. In this study, we profiled 123 canine OS tumors by 1 Mb-resolution aCGH to generate a dataset for direct comparison with current data for human OS, concluding that several high frequency aberrations in canine and human OS are orthologous. To ensure complete coverage of gene annotation, we identified the human refseq genes that map to these orthologous aberrant dog regions and found several candidate genes warranting evaluation for OS involvement. Specifically, subsequenct FISH and qRT-PCR analysis of RUNX2, TUSC3, and PTEN indicated that expression levels correlated with genomic copy number status, showcasing RUNX2 as an OS associated gene and TUSC3 as a possible tumor suppressor candidate. Together these data demonstrate the ability of genomic comparative oncology to identify genetic abberations which may be important for OS progression. Large scale screening of genomic imbalance in canine OS further validates the use of the dog as a suitable model for human cancers, supporting the idea that dysregulation discovered in canine cancers will provide an avenue for complementary study in human counterparts. V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spirituality, drugs, and alcohol: a philosophical analysis

Spirituality has long been associated with recovery from the socially constructed "addictive disease." Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and its analogs have enjoyed widespread acceptance as a spiritual approach for achieving recovery. AA or its derivatives are the predominant approaches in treatment programs even though a wide array of evidence-based approaches are now promoted by governmental sources in the United States. This philosophical analysis contrasts the state of science about addictive disorders with the reliance on a spiritual approach that is heavily grounded in Christian theology. We present four problems that need consideration before accepting the applicability of 12-step spiritual practices as the backbone of addiction treatment or recovery.
China's Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou

New urban and economic development are transforming the fundamental nature and structure of China's cities. The distinctive patterns wrought by overlaying socialist ideals on the pre-1949 city are giving way to new forms reflecting the country's dynamic economic, social and political conditions. This article provides an analysis of the patterns and processes of change in urban form in contemporary Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Analysis of these rapidly changing cities highlights both the regional variation in urban development in China and the emergence of common trends in development and form. The article focuses on patterns of land-use specialisation, circulation and building height, and processes of planning, urban renewal and privatisation of the real estate market.
Widely Tunable, High Power, Mode-hop Free, CW External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser at 8.4μm

An external cavity quantum cascade laser (lambda =8.4 widely tunable, high power, mode-hop free, CW external cavity quantum cascade laser at 8.4 mum) is reported. The laser operating at -30degC exhibits a single mode tuning range of 135-1 providing up to 50 mW of CW laser radiation.
A Semester-long Student-directed Research Project Involving Enzyme Immunoassay: Appropriate for Immunology, Endocrinology, or Neuroscience Courses

The following project aimed at promoting integrated and long-lasting learning is described for an Immunology course, but it may be adapted to other disciplines. Students were asked to develop and carry out a research project to examine the relationship between immune function and stress. The experiments were required to include the assessment of salivary cortisol and salivary IgA (sIgA) with enzyme immunoassays. All other aspects of the experiments were developed by student groups with appropriate guidance from the instructor. Data are presented for one group project that assessed the effect of music on cortisol and sIgA. Overall levels of sIgA and cortisol were consistent with reported values. Students found a significant decrease in cortisol over time. Additionally, there was a trend that supported the overall student hypothesis regarding the effect of stress and immune function. Compared with the same Immunology course that included an instructor-designed experiment using enzyme immunoassays for cortisol and sIgA, several assessments (e.g., final grades and comments on student evaluations) show that overall learning seemed to be much better in the course with the student-directed research project.
A Comparison of the Anti-Luteolytic Activities of Recombinant Ovine Interferon-Alpha and -Tau in Sheep

Interferon tau (IFNT) is secreted by the trophectoderm of ruminant conceptuses during the peri-implantation period and serves an anti-luteolytic function. The question as to whether IFNT is superior as an anti-luteolytic agent to closely related Type I IFNs, such as IFN alpha (IFNA), which have a different function, remains unanswered. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether equivalent antiviral (AV) units of ovIFNA and ovIFNT are equipotent in extending estrous cycle length. Four distinct ovIFNA mRNA (ovIFNA1–4) were cloned from ovine lymphocytes. Recombinant ovine IFNs (ovIFNT4 and ovIFNA1) were prepared in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The AV activity of the purified IFNs was determined on a bovine cell line (MDBK) and on transformed ovine luminal uterine epithelial cells. Indwelling uterine catheters were fitted into crossbred ewes on Day 3 postestrus (Day 0 ¼estrus). Between Days 10 and 18 postestrus, ewes received twice-daily infusions of 0.7 3 10 7 IU of either ovIFNA1 or T4, plus serum albumin. Control ewes received serum albumin only. Daily blood samples were collected for progesterone determination, and ewes were monitored twice daily for estrus. Both ovIFNA (P ¼ 0.04) and ovIFNT (P ¼ 0.01) caused estrous cycle extension in nonpregnant ewes compared to controls when administered at equivalent AV doses. In conclusion, the uniqueness of IFNT as an anti-luteolytic agent most likely resides in its unique expression pattern rather than its special biopotency. conceptus, corpus luteum, endometrium, estrous cycle, pregnancy, progesterone, trophoblast
Laser-based system for ground-based measurement of backscatter surface reflectance

The on-orbit verification of spaceborne lidar systems relies on several approaches including those based on measuring the returned signal from the surface. This returned signal depends on both the atmospheric transmittance and the surface reflectance in the backscattered direction. Thus, knowledge of the surface reflectance is critical to such approaches. The Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona has developed a laser-based system to measure the backscatter surface reflectance at the ground for use in vicarious calibration of lidar systems. The device relies on a beam expander and fold mirror system to illuminate the ground. A detector is placed behind an aperture cut into the fold mirror to allow the backscattered signal to be measured. This work describes the results from the use of this system for the ground-based validation of GLAS using data from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. Measurements from a field-portable, passive spectrometer are also shown for comparison
Corrosion of Depleted Uranium in an Arid Environment: Soil-Geomorphology, SEM/EDS, XRD, and Electron Microprobe Analyses

Corrosion of anthropogenic uranium in natural environments is not well understood, but is important for determining potential health risks and mobility in the environment. A site in the southwestern United States contains depleted uranium that has been weathering for approximately 22 years. Soil-geomorphic, SEM/EDS, XRD, and electron microprobe analyses were conducted to determine the processes controlling the uranium corrosion. Schoepite and metaschoepite are the primary products of corrosion, and occur as silica-cemented, mixed schoepite-metaschoepite/clay/silt aggregates, as schoepite/metaschoepite-only aggregates, or rarely as coatings upon soil grains. Current extraction procedures do not adequately explain the behavior of uranium in alkaline soils when amorphous silica and clay coatings are present. Soil geomorphology and chemistry at this site limit uranium mobility and decreases potential health risks. However, if land-use and/or regional climate changes occur, uranium mobility could increase.
Correlates of respiratory cycle-related EEG changes in children with sleep-disordered breathing

Study Objectives: To explore newly-identified respiratory cycle-related electroencephalographic changes (RCREC), which may represent microarousals, as correlates of neurobehavioral outcomes in children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Design: Retrospective. Setting: University sleep laboratory. Participants: Ten research subjects, aged 6 to 10 years, with and without SDB. Intervention: Polysomnography, Multiple Sleep Latency Tests, and tests of auditory attention before and after clinically-indicated tonsillectomy (n = 9) or hernia repair (n = 1, control). Measurements: For the first 3 hours of nocturnal sleep, a computer algorithm quantified the degree to which delta, theta, and alpha electroencephalographic power varied within non-apneic respiratory cycles. Correlations between the RCREC and standard objective measures of SDB, sleepiness, and attention were explored. Results: Five children had SDB (> 1 obstructive apnea per hour of sleep). Preoperative delta, theta, or alpha RCREC were statistically significant (P <.01) in all subjects except 1 without SDB and the 1 control. Theta RCREC correlated with rates of apneas and hypopneas (P =.01) and decreased after the apnea was treated. Postoperative changes in delta and theta RCREC predicted changes in Multiple Sleep Latency Test scores (rho = -0.84, P =.002; rho = -0.64, P =.05), whereas changes in rates of apneas and hypopneas did not (rho = -0.24, P =.50). Postoperative changes in attention tended to correlate with changes in delta RCREC (rho = -0.54, P =.11) more strongly than with changes in rates of apneic events (rho = -0.07, P =.84). Conclusions: The RCREC may reflect brief but numerous microarousals that could help to explain neurobehavioral consequences of SDB. Citation: Chervin RD; Burns JW; Subotic NS et al. Correlates of respiratory cycle-related EEG changes in children with sleep-disordered breathing.
The Last Imagery of Dixie: Explaining Support the Confederate Flag in the Age of Obama

The church shooting at the historic Mother Emmanuel Church in Charleston South Carolina has sparked a reemergence of the debate over the appropriateness of the Confederate flag. This paper seeks to examine what explains support for Confederate flag in the age of Obama. Previous research has linked support for the Confederate flag to symbolic racism, regional loyalty, and conservatism. At the backdrop of the flag debate is whether or not support for the Confederate flag is a function of racism or southern heritage. Scholars examining support for the Confederate flag have primarily relied on white respondents thereby treating blacks as if they are a monolithic group (Orey 2004; Orey 2011 and Cooper and Knotts 2006). By failing to examine black attitudes towards the Confederate flag scholars have created a significant void within the academic literature. This paper will seek to fill this void by examining the attitudes of blacks and whites. To examining these attitudes, I utilize a representative sample of whites and blacks from two universities in the South and one Midwestern university.
Isolation of drugs and drug metabolites from biological fluids by use of salt-solvent pairs.

Simple rapid procedures based on salt-solvent pairs have been developed for the isolation of drugs and drug metabolites from urine, plasma, and breast milk. The best overall recovery of drugs (84-104%) was obtained by using ammonium carbonate—ethyl acetate extraction. Internal standards were added to the biological samples before the isolation procedure was begun; standards labeled with stable isotopes were preferred. The isolated drugs were quantitated by selective ion detection, with use of an LKB 9000-PDP 12 in electron impact mode, a Finnigan 1015-PDP 8/1 in chemical ionization mode, and an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer. Sensitivity of detection was in the nanogram to picogram range.
The Death of Academic Support: Creating a Truly Integrated, Experiential, and Assessment-Driven Academic Support and Bar Preparation Program (Part I of II)

For too long, academic support programs have been viewed as the unwanted stepchild of legal education. These programs have existed in the dark shadows of legal education, reserved for students deemed “at risk” for satisfactorily completing law school or successfully passing the bar examination, and focused on keeping students above the dreaded academic dismissal threshold. The time has arrived for the remedial – and stereotypical – character of academic support to meet its demise, and to be reborn as a program that helps all students to become better lawyers, not just better law students. In this article, we propose a groundbreaking academic success program that was adopted at Indiana Tech Law School, and that has revolutionized the way legal education is delivered. Part II discusses the flaws underpinning many academic support programs today, and examines the consequences, including the perception that academic support is only for “bad students” and the restrictive focus on academic rather than professional competency, that has undermined its pedagogical value. Part III sets forth the innovative academic success program at Indiana Tech Law School. The program incorporates experiential, integrated, and assessment-driven components in a manner that transcends the boundaries between academic success and the broader curriculum, and bridges the divide between legal education and law practice. After all, law schools have an ethical obligation to ensure that graduates can competently and ethically practice law, and legal education would “serve the public interest by...encouraging more attention to services, outcomes, and value delivered to law students.”
Master Class: Dispositive Motions

Commentary and analysis of the role of dispositive motions in class action litigation. The article addresses various questions, such as: (1) when and why would plaintiffs or defendants file dispositive motions in class litigation?, (2) what strategic considerations exist for filing dispositive motions?, (3) what effects do dispositive motions have on individual and class claims?, and (4) when and how should courts handle dispositive motions? The article notes that dispositive motions routinely are filed in class action litigation, both before and after class certification, but that most courts decline to rule on such motions until after class certification. The timing of such motions, and the court’s grant to denial, has different effects on the course of class litigation. Peculiar problems raised by Rule 56 summary judgment motions, in the context of Rule 23(b)(3) opt-out damage class actions. The article discusses Seventh Circuit cases and Judge Posner’s decision in Cowen v. Bank United, 70 F.3d 937 (7th Cir. 1995), as well as other federal cases on the effects of summary judgment motions in class litigation. The article also notes the Manual for Complex Litigation's best practice rules with regard to dispositive motions in class litigation.
Sulphation of proteochondroitin and 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside-chondroitin formed by mouse mastocytoma cells cultured in sulphate-deficient medium.

Abstract Mouse mastocytoma cells were cultured in medium containing [3H]GlcN and concentrations of [35S]sulphate varying from 0.01 to 0.5 mM. Intracellular [35S]sulphate incorporation increased severalfold from the lowest concentrations, reaching a maximum at 0.1-0.2 mM, whereas incorporation of [3H]hexosamine remained constant at all sulphate concentrations. Proteo[3H]-chondroitin [35S]sulphate was isolated and incubated with chondroitin ABC lyase, yielding 35S-labelled and/or 3H-labelled delta Di-0S and delta Di-4S disaccharide products. The increasing percentage of delta Di-4S was consistent with the increasing sulphate incorporation at each higher [35S]sulphate concentration. Examination of proteochondroitin [35S]sulphate size by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography indicated a range consistent with various numbers of glycosaminoglycan chains on the protease-resistant serglycin core protein. Alkali-cleaved chondroitin [35S]sulphate products indicated similar size distributions at all sulphate concentrations with no indication of preferential sulphation being related to smaller or larger size. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of [3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate glycosaminoglycans indicated a random undersulphation as [35S]sulphate concentration was lowered. Addition of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-xyloside to the cultures resulted in a 2-2.5-fold stimulation of [3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate synthesis with formation of beta-xyloside-[3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate which was much smaller, as estimated by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography, than the decreased amount of [3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate derived from proteo[3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate. Much higher concentrations of sulphate were necessary to produce sulphation of the beta-xyloside-[3H]chondroitin comparable with that of proteo[3H]-chondroitin, as indicated by chondroitin ABC lyase products and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The specific radioactivities of the [3H]GalN in the proteo[3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate and beta-xyloside-[3H]chondroitin [35S]sulphate were calculated from the 3H and 35S c.p.m. of isolated dual-labelled delta Di-4S from each, and indicated that the presence of the beta-xyloside resulted in a dilution of the [3H]GlcN by endogenous GlcN that was 4 times higher than that of cultures lacking the beta-xyloside. The higher sulphate concentrations needed for sulphation of beta-xyloside-chondroitin suggests that the membrane-bound nature of the proteochondroitin acceptor in juxtaposition to a chondroitin sulphate-synthesizing enzyme complex effectively reduces the apparent Km for adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulphate.
Fourier Transform Infrared spectrum of the OCD bending mode in methanol-D 1

Abstract The infrared (IR) spectra corresponding to OCD bending vibration of asymmetrically deuterated methanol species CH 2 DOH have been recorded with a Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The spectrum shows a typical structure of a parallel a -type band. This is expected because the bending vibration mainly executed parallel to the symmetry axis The Q-branch lines are grouped closely around 896 cm −1 and the P- and R-Branches show complex structure. Nonetheless it was possible to assign a-type P- and R-branch lines up to K value of 8 and J value up to about 20 in most cases. The Q-branch lines for higher K values can be followed to about J = 15, the presence of which confirmed the assignments. The observations suggest that in the OCD bend some energy levels are highly interacted by highly excited torsional state from the ground torsional state. A full catalogue is presented along with the effective molecular parameters. An intensity anomaly was also observed in the transitions. So far it has been possible to assign only transitions between e 0 ← e 0 states. Plausible explanations of intensity anomaly are presented. Lastly, a number of optically pumped far infrared (FIR) laser lines have been assigned either to exact or tentative quantum states. These assignments should prove valuable for production of new FIR laser lines.
A Study of the Lesions Produced by Bacillus Proteus

The proteus group of microorganisms has interested bacteriologists since the publication of Hauser's work on this family. Altho Hauser and others have described various strains belonging to this group of microorganisms, there seems to be little or no unanimity of opinion with reference to the biological characters by which the various strains may be recognized and differentiated. The question as to the pathogenic role which the proteus bacilli play in human and veterinary pathology is still unsettled. Metchnikoff believes B. proteus to be the cause of infantile diarrhea. CO. Jensen found it to be the cause of a form of diarrhea of calves. Meat poisoning, Weil's disease, peritonitis, and pleurisy have all been ascribed to this group of microorganisms. We became interested in B. proteus in March, 1912, when the organism was repeatedly isolated in pure culture from the wound of a patient at the University Hospital, who had undergone nephrectomy because of tuberculosis of the kidney. The organism proved to be pathogenic for rabbits and rats even when injected in very small doses. Since then we have isolated B. proteus in pure culture in two other cases of human infection in which it was found
INCREASED INCIDENCE OF TUMORS IN F1 AND F2 GENERATIONS FROM PREGNANT MICE INJECTED WITH A POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON.

SummaryPregnant Swiss mice were injected i.p. with 500 or 350 γ of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in tri-n-caprylin. Delivery occurred between 12 hours and 7 days after the injection. Five females, descendants from 2 pregnant mice injected with 350 γ of DMBA, were mated with their brothers. In both F1 and F2 untreated descendants a high incidence of tumors occurring at various sites was recorded. The most frequently occurring tumors were mammary carcinomas, granulosa cell tumors of the ovary and lung adenomas in the females, and lung adenomas, adenomas and carcinomas of the paraurethral gland in males. Many of the tumor-bearing animals bore more than one tumor. The transmission of the carcinogen via the mother's milk probably occurs in the mice of the F1 generation. The enhancement of an inherited low susceptibility to certain tumors seems to be the cause for the high incidence of tumors in the mice of the F2 generation.
III. Chemotherapy of Tumors in Rats with Certain Ethylenephosphoramides.

Summary1. About 70% of the King A rats with Sarcoma 231 and 72% of the Sprague-Dawley rats with Flexner-Jobling carcinoma were cured by treatment with N,N′,N′′-Triethylenephosphoramide (I). 2.a piperidyl, or morpholyl or azetidyl group did not affect the oncolytic properties significantly but did reduce the effect on testes; with a dose of .85 mg/kg/D of (I) given once daily for 45 days weight of testes of Sprague-Dawley rat was only about 35% of that of the normal controls, with a similar dose of (III) given in the same way for the same time it was about 79% of normal. Similarly, with a dose of .44 mg/kg/D of (I), once daily for 45 days the weight of the testes was 57% of normal while with a similar dose of (IV) given for 51 days weight of testes was 81% of normal. 3. The Flexner-Jobling tumor in the Sprague-Dawley rat regressed completely in about 70% of the animals treated with (III) and in about 80% of those treated with (IV). 4. At doses of about .2 mg/kg/D of (III) and (IV) good therapeutic results ...
123I-ioflupane SPECT findings of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration.

AbstractWe present a case of a 72-year-old man with a 9-year history of memory decline and 7-year history of parkinsonian symptoms. An MRI demonstrated an “eye-of-the-tiger” sign in the basal ganglia, suggestive of pantothenate kinase–associated neurodegeneration (formerly known as Hallervorden-Spat
mTrigger: An Event-Based Framework for Location-Based Mobile Triggers

Location-based triggers are the fundamental capability for supporting location-based advertisements, location-based entertainment applications, personal reminders, as well as presence-based information sharing applications. In this chapter, we describe the design and the implementation of mTrigger, an event-based framework for scalable processing of location-based mobile triggers (location triggers for short). A location trigger is a standing spatial trigger specified with the spatial region over which the trigger is set, the actions to be taken when the trigger conditions are met, and the list of recipients to whom the notification will be sent upon the firing of the location trigger. The mTrigger framework consists of three alternative architectures for supporting location triggers: (1) the client-server architecture, which allows mobile clients to register and install location triggers of interest on the mTrigger server system; the server being responsible for processing location triggers, performing associated actions and sending out notifications upon firing of triggers; (2) the client-centric architecture, which enables mobile users to manage and process location triggers on their own mobile clients; and (3) the decentralized peer-to-peer architecture, which allows mobile users to collaborate with one another in terms of location trigger processing. The server-centric architecture is particularly suitable for supporting public and shared location triggers, enabling effective sharing of location trigger processing among multiple users. The client-centric architecture is more suitable for users possessing mobile clients with high computational capacity and more sensitive to the location privacy of their location triggers. The decentralized peer-to-peer architecture provides on-demand and opportunistic collaboration in terms of location trigger evaluation. Clearly, the performance optimizations for server-centric architecture should focus on efficient and scalable processing of location triggers by reducing the bandwidth consumption and the amount of redundant computation at the server; whereas, the performance optimizations for clientcentric architecture and decentralized architecture should also take into account energy efficiency of mobile clients in addition to computational efficiency. In addition, processing of location triggers with moving target of interest requires the knowledge of position information of the moving target and may not be suitable for the client-centric architecture. This chapter will describe the design principles and the performance optimization techniques of the mTrigger framework, including a suite of energy-efficient spatial trigger grouping techniques for optimizing both wake-up times and check times of location trigger evaluations.
Correction for Rimbara et al., Draft Genome Sequence of Helicobacter fennelliae Strain MRY12-0050, Isolated from a Bacteremia Patient.

Volume 1, no. 4, [e00512-13][1], 2013. After publication, we detected the presence of a putative cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) gene cluster in Helicobacter fennelliae MRY12-0050. In the last paragraph before the accession numbers, the third sentence should read as follows: “ H. cinaedi and H.
SADC AND TERRORISM

Since the events of 11 September, regional organisations around the globe have realigned themselves to confront the new security threats posed by terrorism. While these threats can, and do, affect southern Africa in many ways, there has yet to be strong action taken at a regional level, and commitments to dealing with the issue have been varied. This essay attempts to explore why terrorism should demand more attention from southern African states, and reasons why those states should confront the issue through regional apparatuses. It also examines areas that the SADC region will have to fine-tune in order to successfully implement security measures against terrorism. The essay seeks to take stock of the present capacity within the region as well as learn from what other regions around the world are doing. It highlights how other regions have already taken steps to mitigate their collective vulnerabilities by emphasising coordination, cooperation and harmonization among members. The essay highlights how, b...
Health insurer market power and employer size: an empirical evaluation of insurer concentration and wages through compensating differentials

ABSTRACTThis article explores the differentiated effects of health insurer market concentration on net compensation of employees across distinct firm sizes. Consistent with the existing literature evaluating insurer market concentration and the theory of compensating differentials, we find evidence of higher premiums and reduced net compensation for employees in markets with more concentrated insurers. Furthermore, we find evidence that the magnitude of these effects is distinctly smaller for large employers. This implies that mergers of large health insurance companies may have a significant impact on small businesses but that the effect is mitigated for larger employers.
On-the-Fly Data Assessment for High-Throughput X-ray Diffraction Measurements.

Investment in brighter sources and larger and faster detectors has accelerated the speed of data acquisition at national user facilities. The accelerated data acquisition offers many opportunities for the discovery of new materials, but it also presents a daunting challenge. The rate of data acquisition far exceeds the current speed of data quality assessment, resulting in less than optimal data and data coverage, which in extreme cases forces recollection of data. Herein, we show how this challenge can be addressed through the development of an approach that makes routine data assessment automatic and instantaneous. By extracting and visualizing customized attributes in real time, data quality and coverage, as well as other scientifically relevant information contained in large data sets, is highlighted. Deployment of such an approach not only improves the quality of data but also helps optimize the usage of expensive characterization resources by prioritizing measurements of the highest scientific impac...
Synthesis and characterization of isosorbide bis-phosphorus esters

The synthesis of polymers and polymer additives from renewable biosources is of increasing interest. Products based on biosources offer independence from the uncertainty and fluctuation in petrochemical markets and may offer clear advantages over petrochemical counterparts in terms of toxicity, biodegradability, and environmental impact. Isosorbide is a diether diol available from glucose which may be obtained from starch produced by a variety of seed crops. Isosorbide may be converted to a variety of bis-phosphorus esters (phosphinate, phosphonate, phosphate) using either direct phosphorylation or the Atherton-Todd procedure.
Rapid and simple kinetic cytolysis assay of toxin by Flow Cytometry.

Background: Cell viability assays by using specific dyes such as florescence and radioactive materials are a necessary technique in the research laboratory. However, these methods are not suitable for cytolytic activity of membrane-damage toxins. Therefore, a new method to evaluate cytolytic activity is requisite for researchers. The aim of this study was to evaluate a flow cytometry for cell lysis assay of pore-forming toxin, a membrane-damage toxin. Materials and Methods: we used two light-scatter factors of flow cytometry (Side-Scattered for cell size and Forward-Scattered for cell granularity) to quantitatively analyze cell lysis by pore-forming toxin, alpha-hemolysin (αHL). To verify efficiency of our approach, we compared the results from flow cytometric cytolysis assay with that from conventional cell lysis assay with microplate reader. Results: We successfully assessed the cytolytic activity of αHL toward not only rabbit red blood cells but also cultured human cells with flow cytometry in time and concentration-dependent manner: Times to 50 % rabbit red blood cell lysis were 3 min, 6 min, and 9 min by 20 ul, 10 ul, and 5 ul of 0.5 nM alpha hemolysin respectively; times to 50 % human leukemia cells lysis were 25 min, 37 min, and 55 min by 40 ul, 20 ul, and 10 ul of alpha hemolysin respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that our approach, kinetic cytolysis assay using flow cytometry, allows researchers to simply monitor cell-mediated cytotolytic activity of membrane-damage toxin.