cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post Approval Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake Is Higher in Minorities Compared to Whites in Girls Presenting for Well-Child Care

Since introduction of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, there remains low uptake compared to other adolescent vaccines. There is limited information postapproval about parental attitudes and barriers when presenting for routine care. This study evaluates HPV vaccine uptake and assesses demographics and attitudes correlating with vaccination for girls aged 11–12 years. A prospective cohort study was performed utilizing the University of Virginia (UVA) Clinical Data Repository (CDR). The CDR was used to identify girls aged 11–12 presenting to any UVA practice for a well-child visit between May 2008 and April 2009. Billing data were searched to determine rates of HPV vaccine uptake. The parents of all identified girls were contacted four to seven months after the visit to complete a telephone questionnaire including insurance information, child’s vaccination status, HPV vaccine attitudes, and demographics. Five hundred and fifty girls were identified, 48.2% of whom received at least one HPV vaccine dose. White race and private insurance were negatively associated with HPV vaccine initiation (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.61–0.85 and RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.72–1.01, respectively). In the follow-up questionnaire, 242 interviews were conducted and included in the final cohort. In the sample, 183 (75.6%) parents reported white race, 38 (15.7%) black race, and 27 (11.2%) reported other race. Overall 85% of parents understood that the HPV vaccine was recommended and 58.9% of parents believed the HPV vaccine was safe. In multivariate logistic regression, patients of black and other minority races were 4.9 and 4.2 times more likely to receive the HPV vaccine compared to their white counterparts. Safety concerns were the strongest barrier to vaccination. To conclude, HPV vaccine uptake was higher among minority girls and girls with public insurance in this cohort.
Reexamination of Roadside Encroachment Data

Concerns about the Hutchinson and Kennedy (H&K) encroachment data used as the basis for AASHTO's Roadside Design Guide (RDG) procedures for computing guardrail runout length have led to proposed revised guidelines based on more recent data collected by Cooper in Canada. The revised guidelines result in guardrail lengths that are approximately 35 percent shorter. Data from the original H&K and Cooper studies were analyzed to determine why the two studies seem to have inconsistent findings. The concerns about the H&K data expressed by the authors who proposed the revised guidelines were found to be invalid. However, team-by-team comparisons of the Cooper data revealed inconsistencies in encroachment rates, lengths, and departure angles for highways with similar speed limits. Documented data collection problems and unanswerable questions about the methodology used to measure encroachment lengths and departure angles make it impossible to validate the accuracy of the Cooper data. Adjustments were made to the ...
Nanoscale-Resolution Coherent Diffractive Imaging using Tabletop Soft X-ray Light Sources

The combination of Coherent Diffractive Imaging (CDI) with new tabletop-scale coherent EUV and x-ray light sources has enabled a new imaging modality, with demonstrated resolution of ~20 nm and the potential for further rapid improvement
The parental melt of lherzolitic shergottite ALH 77005: A study of rehomogenized melt inclusions

Lherzolitic shergottite ALH 77005 is one of the most primitive martian meteorites. To characterize the parental melt of this primitive meteorite, olivine and chromite-hosted melt inclusions have been experimentally rehomogenized. The rehomogenization was performed with hydrostatic pressures (800–1000 bars) of CO2 + CO gas along with finely powdered graphite at temperatures of 1150–1185 °C. Equilibrium between the host and inclusion melt was determined based on the lack of zonation in the host surrounding the melt inclusion, equilibrium K D values of host and melt inclusions, and textures of the melt inclusion. Chromite-hosted melt inclusions, where chromite is poikilitically enclosed by olivine, contain ~7.5 wt% MgO. This composition most closely reflects the parental melt of ALH 77005. The melts trapped in Fo75 olivine contain ~7.1 wt% MgO when brought to equilibrium with the host. This olivine-hosted melt inclusion composition has lower SiO2 (~50 vs. 53.9 wt%) and higher Cr2O3 (~1.2 vs. 0.2 wt%) and P2O5 (~1.2 vs. 0.5 wt%) than previous estimates for ALH 77005. In addition, compared with the chromite-hosted inclusions, the olivine-hosted ones have higher Al2O3 and lower CaO than can be explained through crystallization of phases known to be on the liquidus. This finding suggests that magma mixing occurred between chromite and olivine crystallization or olivine-hosted inclusions were contaminated by secondary minerals such as phosphate. Both olivine-and chromite-hosted melt inclusions in ALH 77005 have slightly higher Al2O3 than olivine inclusions in Chassigny but significantly higher Al2O3 than nakhlites such as MIL 03346 and Nakhla at similar values of MgO.
R&D Competition when firms Choose Variance

I consider an ine nite-period race where players choose between low- and highvariance motion technologies. I provide sufe cient conditions under which, in equilibrium, the leader chooses a safe technology and the laggard a risky one, thus formalizing the sports intuition that the laggard has nothing to lose. Various examples and empirical implications are presented.
Transcriptional regulation of the prolactin gene by ergocryptine and cyclic AMP

A large body of evidence suggests that the synthesis1,2 and secretion3–7 of the pituitary hormone prolactin is inhibited by the hypothalamic hormone dopamine. The finding that dopamine inhibits adenylate cyclase activity of rat pituitary8 and human prolactin-secreting adenoma9 suggests that the dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin synthesis may be mediated by decreased levels of cyclic AMP. Recently, the dopaminergic inhibition of prolactin synthesis has been shown to involve decreased concentrations of prolactin mRNA2,10. Furthermore, monobutyryl cyclic AMP increases prolactin mRNA levels in pituitary cells treated with the potent dopaminergic agonist ergocryptine11. Such changes in prolactin mRNA levels could involve transcriptional or post-transcriptional events. Here we report that treatment of pituitary cells with ergocryptine leads to rapid inhibition of prolactin gene transcription and that addition of monobutyryl cyclic AMP to ergocryptine-pretreated cells results in a rapid stimulation of prolactin gene transcription.
Efficient algorithm and hardware/software co-design for chirp echo estimation in ultrasonic NDE applications

In this study, a computationally efficient method for echo detection and pulse compression based on ellipse fitting on the time-frequency representation of the signal is investigated. The algorithm successively estimates the chirplet parameters to decompose convoluted signals into a linear combination of chirp components. Analytical results show that the algorithm is efficient and successful in signal representation. For the real-time application, an embedded implementation of the ellipse fitting is implemented on Xilinx Vitex-5 FPGA platform. Based on the system constraints and the efficiency of estimations, the performances of different algorithm implementation schemes have been examined. The developed system-on-chip hardware/software co-design successfully demonstrates robustness in the chirplet decomposition of experimental signals.
Characterisation of keratin biomass from butchery and wool industry wastes

Abstract The chemical and structural characteristics of wool and horn–hoof were compared with the aim of better addressing possible exploitation of protein biomasses available as waste from textile industry and butchery. Amino acid analysis showed that wool has a higher amount of cystine and a lower amount of the amino acids that favour α-helix formation than horn–hoof. The difference in the α-helix content is confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Electrophoresis separation patterns showed two characteristic protein fractions related to low-sulphur proteins (between 60,000 and 45,000 Da) in wool, while different low-sulphur proteins are present in horn–hoof. These data are partially confirmed by DSC analyses that showed different endothermic peaks at temperatures higher than 200 °C in the horn–hoof thermograms, probably due to denaturation of α-keratins at different molecular weights. Moreover, wool keratin was more hygroscopic and showed a higher extractability with reducing agents than horn–hoof. On the basis of these results, waste wool is a more suitable source than horn–hoof for uses involving protein extraction, but application can be envisaged also in surfactant foams for fire extinguishers and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer.
Design and Evaluation of Polyox and Pluronic Controlled Gastroretentive Delivery of Troxipide

Objective. Objective of the present work was to develop site-specific gastroretentive drug delivery of Troxipide using polymers Pluronic F127 and Polyox 205 WSR. Troxipide is a novel gastroprotective agent with antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, and mucus secreting properties with elimination half-life of 7.4 hrs. Troxipide inhibits H. pylori-derived urease. It is mainly absorbed from stomach. Methods. 32 factorial design was applied to study the effect of independent variable. Effects of concentration of polymer on dependant variables as swelling index, hardness, and % drug release were studied. Pluronic F127 and Polyox 205 WSR were used as rate controlled polymer. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were used as effervescent-generating agent. Results. From the factorial batches, it was observed that formulation F5 (19% Pluronic F127 and 80% Polyox 205 WSR) showed optimum controlled drug release (98.60% ± 1.82) for 10 hrs with ability to float >12 hrs. Optimized formulation characterized by FTIR and DSC studies confirmed no chemical interactions between drug and polymer. Gastroretention for 6 hrs for optimized formulations was confirmed by in vivo X-ray placebo study. Conclusion. Results demonstrated feasibility of Troxipide in the development of gastroretentive site-specific drug delivery.
Development of ZnSe‐based white light emitting diodes with longer lifetimes of over 10,000 hr

We have demonstrated ZnSe-based white light emitting diodes (LEDs) with longer lifetimes of over 10,000 hr at 14.5A/cm2 by introducing an i-ZnMgBeSe/p-ZnMgSe double cladding structure, which includes a very thin i-ZnMgBeSe layer for suppressing electron overflow and a p-ZnMgSSe layer for efficient p-type carrier concentration. By adopting the double cladding layer instead of only the conventional p-ZnMgSSe cladding layer, rapid degradation is suppressed and the lifetime tendency becomes similar to that of the LEDs consisting of a III-V semiconductor system. The device simulation and the temperature dependence of optical power showed that the i-ZnMgBeSe layer played the main role in increasing electron confinement. Our experimental data and reliability test results indicate that the suppression of the electron overflow is essential to achieve a long lifetime acceptable for practical use. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 42–48, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20285
Non-Conventional Growth Hormone Therapy in Turner Syndrome: The United States Experience

Beginning in 1983, 71 girls with Turner syndrome were enrolled in a prospective, randomized study of human growth hormone (hGH), alone and in combination with oxandrolone; 4-5 patient-year data are cu
Development of Working Memory Maintenance

The neural circuitry supporting mature visual spatial working memory (VSWM) has been well delineated in nonhuman primates and in human adults. However, we still have limited understanding about developmental change through adolescence in this network. We present results from a fast event-related functional MRI (fMRI) study aimed at characterizing developmental changes in brain mechanisms supporting VSWM across different delay periods. Forty-three healthy subjects (17 adults, 18–30 yr; 13 adolescents, 13–17 yr; 13 children, 8–12 yr) were scanned as they performed an oculomotor delayed response (ODR) task with short (2.5 s) and long (10 s) delay period trials. Results showed that all age groups recruited a common network of regions to support both delay trials, including frontal, parietal, and temporal regions, indicative of a core circuitry needed to perform the task. Several age-related differences were found in the recruitment of regions, supporting short delay trials, including fronto-caudal areas, which could contribute to known differences in initial memory-guided saccade precision. To support extended delay trials, adults primarily recruited additional posterior parietal cortex (PPC), whereas children and adolescents recruited a considerably more extensive distributed circuitry. Our findings indicate that brain processes supporting basic aspects of working memory across cortex are established by childhood. We also find evidence for continued immaturities in systems supporting working memory precision, reflected by differences in the circuitry recruited by children and by continued refinement of fronto-insular-temporal regions recruited by adolescents. Taken together, these results suggest distinct developmental changes in the circuitry supporting visual spatial working memory.
RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS OF HERPESVIRUSES ISOLATED FROM TWO PENINSULAR BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS CREMNOBATES)

In 1989, herpesviruses were isolated from nasal swabs taken from two peninsular bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis cremnobates) in the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, San Diego County, California (USA). Using restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) with Pst1 enzyme, each isolate was found to be similar to the Cooper strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). The REA patterns of the two herpesviruses from bighorn sheep were typical of either field strains or vaccine strains of IBRV commonly associated with cattle in the USA.
Deactivation of I(52P1/2) by CF3I, CH3I, C2H5I, and CH4

The technique of laser photolysis of alkyl and perfluoroalkyl iodides at 266 nm followed by time-resolved detection of the 1.3-μm emission from I*(2P1/2) has been used to measure the rate constants for deactivation of I* by CH3I, C2H5I, CF3I, and CH4. The recommended values are (2.76± 0.22) × 10−13, (2.85 ± 0.40) × 10−13, (3.5 ± 0.5) × 10−17, and (7.52 ± 0.12) × 10−14, respectively, in units of cm3 molecule−1 S−1.
LDLT factorizations of adjacency matrices where D is block diagonal

Abstract For any symmetric matrix A over a field, it is shown there is a permutation matrix P such that PAPT has a factorization PAPT=LDLT where L is unit lower triangular and D is block diagonal with 1-by-1 or 2-by-2 blocks. In particular, for the adjacency matrix of a bipartite graph G, the vertices of G may be ordered so that adj G=LDLT where all diagonal blocks of D are 2-by-2. Furthermore, if G is a tree, this factorization may be done with integer matrices.
Cost-effective use of once-daily ceftriaxone in the treatment of moderate to severe infections: introduction to a symposium.

This workshop will examine various aspects of the clinical usefulness of ceftriaxone. In particular, its once-daily administration in the treatment of moderate to severe bactrial infections will be discussed
Transient, cyclic changes in mouse visual cell gene products during the light-dark cycle.

Temporal and spatial changes in the cellular and sub-cellular concentrations of photoreceptor cell gene products appear to be important features of pho-totransduction in rod photoreceptor cells. The time course of the rapid, light-dependent movement of S-antigen (S-Ag) (48k; Arrestin) from the inner segments to the outer segments was analyzed using poly-clonal and monoclonal antibodies. The concentrations of mRNA change about threefold for rhodopsin and about sixfold for S-Ag in cyclic, independent modes during the normal light-dark cycle. Kinetic analysis indicates that the oscillations of S-Ag mRNA levels are due to changes in the transcriptional activity of the gene itself. An experimental model is presented summarizing the relationships between mRNA levels, protein localization, disc shedding, and phototransduction in the photoreceptors cells.
Cooldown Flow Rate Limits Imposed by Thermal Stresses in Liquid Hydrogen or Nitrogen Pipelines

Warm cryogenic pipelines are usually cooled to operating temperature by a small, steady flow of the liquid cryogen. If this cooldown flow rate is too high or too low, undesirable stresses will be produced. Lower flow rate limits based on avoidance of stratified two-phase flow have already been developed [1]. A previous study [2] developed a relationship between cooldown flow rate and thermal stress in AISI 304 stainless steel flanges cooled with liquid hydrogen, thus permitting the selection of upper liquid hydrogen flow rate limits to keep the thermal stresses in safe bounds in these flanges. The purpose of the present study is to extend the previous calculations to the cooldown of AISI 304 steel and 6061 aluminum flanges by liquid hydrogen or liquid nitrogen.
The consequences of poor tax administration: collections, growth, and evasion

THE CONSEQUENCES OF POOR TAX ADMINISTRATION: COLLECTIONS, GROWTH, AND EVASION BY CHANDLER BLALOCK MCCLELLAN March 2013 Committee Chair: Dr. Jorge Martinez-Vazquez Major Department: Economics This dissertation examines three different aspects of tax administration's effect on tax revenue collection, economic growth, and tax evasion. By understanding the role of good tax administration, policymakers can pursue effective tax reform, increase tax revenues efficiently, and minimize the impact on taxpayers. The first study examines shortfalls in tax revenue, or the tax gap. The tax gap arises for a variety of reasons and understanding the root causes of the gap is a necessary first step in reducing or eliminating the gap. This study examines the contribution of four factors to the tax gap: willful tax evasion, errors in filing taxes, incompetence in the tax administration, and tax collector corruption. By combining firm level data from 79 countries with macroeconomic variables, this study finds that complexity leading to unintentional tax evasion and poor tax administration are significant drivers of the tax gap. Tax reform that reduces tax code complexity and increases the quality of tax administration services provides the largest marginal gains in reducing the tax gap. The second study uses the same data set to examine the effects of tax enforcement measures and tax revenue shortfall on economic growth. Lower tax revenues have a
A High Spectral Resolution Atlas of Comet 122P/de Vico

Abstract On 3 and 4 October 1995, we obtained high spectral resolving power (R=λ/Δλ=60,000) observations of Comet 122P/de Vico using the 2DCoude cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph on the 2.7-m telescope of McDonald Observatory. The spectra cover the wavelength range 3830–10,192 A. The spectra from 3830 to 5776 A are continuous, but from 5777 to 10,192 A there are increasing interorder gaps. The comet was at a heliocentric distance of 0.66 AU and a geocentric distance of 1.0 AU. Comet de Vico has a very high gas-to-dust ratio and the spectra have excellent signal/noise. These two factors combined to yield spectra with a large number of emission lines. We have collected laboratory molecular line lists and have used these line lists to identify as many of the detected lines as possible. We have identified 12,219 emission lines and have located another 4,055 lines which we cannot identify. We present representative spectra and identifications along with a description of our plans to make these spectra and identifications available to the scientific community. This atlas should prove to be a valuable tool for future studies of comets.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is a disorder, either congenital or acquired, in which antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is normal, but the ability to concentrate urine is reduced because of insensitivity of the collecting tubule to ADH. The antidiuretic action of arginine vasopressin requires binding of the hormone to the renal type V2 receptor on the basolateral membrane of the collecting duct principal cell. Binding results in activation of adenylate cyclase, generation of cAMP, and increased reabsorption of water across the apical membrane of the renal collecting duct cell. The defect in NDI may be located at any of the steps from binding of vasopressin to the final effect of the hormone on the luminal membrane.
Absorbable magnesium-based stent: physiological factors to consider for in vitro degradation assessments

Absorbable metals have been widely tested in various in vitro settings using cells to evaluate their possible suitability as an implant material. However, there exists a gap between in vivo and in vitro test results for absorbable materials. A lot of traditional in vitro assessments for permanent materials are no longer applicable to absorbable metallic implants. A key step is to identify and test the relevant microenvironment and parameters in test systems, which should be adapted according to the specific application. New test methods are necessary to reduce the difference between in vivo and in vitro test results and provide more accurate information to better understand absorbable metallic implants. In this investigative review, we strive to summarize the latest test methods for characterizing absorbable magnesium-based stent for bioabsorption/biodegradation behavior in the mimicking vascular environments. Also, this article comprehensively discusses the direction of test standardization for absorbable stents to paint a more accurate picture of the in vivo condition around implants to determine the most important parameters and their dynamic interactions.
Using deductive databases to facilitate the maintenance process

This paper focuses on how the novel integration of intermodule code analysis (IMCA) and deductive database (DD) technology facilitates program understanding and the software maintenance process. Specifically, we describe the implementation of IMCA for the object-based language Ada using the CORAL deductive database system. Since we have future plans to look at other languages and emerging database technologies, we call this implementation IMCA/sub DD//sup Ada/. Specifically, we describe in more detail the architectural issues of IMCA/sub DD//sup Ada/ and its implementation in the CORAL deductive database system, including the detailed schema of the facts and rules. A non-trivial code analysers example illustrates how the flexibility and extendibility of IMCA/sub DD//sup Ada/ facilitates the maintenance process, highlighting the advantages offered by the declarative technology. >
How bad are selfish investments in network security

We study a network security game where strategic players choose their investments in security. Since a player's investment can reduce the propagation of computer viruses, a key feature of the game is the positive externality exerted by the investment. With selfish players, unfortunately, the overall network security can be far from optimum. The contributions of this paper are as follows. 1) We first characterize the price of anarchy (POA) in the strategic-form game under an “Effective-investment” model and a “Bad-traffic” model, and give insight on how the POA depends on individual players' cost functions and their mutual influence. We also introduce the concept of “weighted POA” to bound the region of payoff vectors. 2) In a repeated game, players have more incentive to cooperate for their long term interests. We consider the socially best outcome that can be supported by the repeated game, as compared to the social optimum. 3) Next, we compare the benefits of improving security technology and improving incentives, and show that improving technology alone may not offset the price of anarchy. 4) Finally, we characterize the performance of correlated equilibrium (CE). Although the paper focuses on network security, many results are generally applicable to games with positive externalities .
Observations of a high-latitude stable electron auroral emission at ∼16 MLT during a large substorm

[1] During an interval when the interplanetary magnetic field was large and primarily duskward and southward, a stable region of auroral emission was observed on 17 August 2001 by IMAGE at ∼16 magnetic local time, poleward of the main aurora, for 1 h, from before the onset of a large substorm through the recovery phase. In a region where ions showed the energy dispersion expected for the cusp, strong field-aligned currents and Poynting flux were observed by Polar (at 1.8 RE in the Southern Hemisphere) as it transited field lines mapping to the auroral spot in the Northern Hemisphere. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the long-lasting electron auroral spot maps to the magnetopause region where reconnection was occurring. Under the assumption of conjugacy between the Northern and Southern hemispheres on these field lines, the Polar data suggest that the electrons on these field lines were accelerated by Alfven waves and/or a quasi-static electric field, primarily at altitudes below a few RE since the in situ Poynting flux (mapped to 100 km) is comparable to the energy flux of the emission while the mapped in situ electron energy flux is much smaller. This event provides the first example of an emission due to electrons accelerated at low altitudes at the foot point of a region of quasi-steady dayside reconnection. Cluster data in the magnetotail indicate that the Poynting flux from the reconnection region during this substorm is large enough to account for the observed nightside aurora.
Metastasis occurring eleven years after diagnosis of human papilloma virus-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papilloma virus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is associated with a favourable prognosis, although approximately 20–25% of patients ultimately develop recurrent cancer. Most disease recurrence events appear within 3 years; however, long-term follow-up of reported studies are limited, and the risk of late recurrence is unknown. We present a case report of a patient who developed distant metastases of HPV-related SCC 11 years after initial diagnosis and treatment of HPV-related OPSCC. Late disease recurrence may occur after initial diagnosis of HPV-related OPSCC. This observation has implications on the appropriate duration of follow-up and surveillance of these patients.
Dependence analysis for recursive data

The paper describes a general and powerful method for dependence analysis in the presence of recursive data constructions. The particular analysis presented is for identifying partially dead recursive data, but the general framework for representing and manipulating recursive substructures applies to all dependence analyses. The method uses projections based on general regular free grammars extended with notions of live and dead, and defines the analysis as mutually recursive grammar transformers. To guarantee that the analysis terminates, we use carefully designed approximations. We describe how to approximate argument projections with grammars that can be computed without iterating and how to approximate resulting projections with a widening operation. We design an approximation operation that combines two grammars to give the most precise deterministic result possible. All grammar operations used in the analysis have efficient algorithms. The overall analysis yields significantly more precise results than other known methods.
Integrating CSR with hospitality management programmes in higher education

Today’s business world is realising the benefits of incorporating social responsibility into their strategic plans. The majority of today’s Fortune 250 organisations are aggressively pursuing corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives (KPMG, 2005). This shift towards environmental business models leads to the question of preparedness in new hospitality management graduates that are working in every facet of the tourism industry, which is one of the largest industries in the world. The long-term sustainability of tourism is contingent on the ability of tourism professionals and business leaders to ensure the growth of tourism with minimum impact on the environment. In this green era, hospitality management programmes would serve the industry well by staying ahead of the curve and incorporating into its curricula the importance of measuring our impact on the planet and people in addition to profits.
Laboratory monitoring of children with precocious puberty

It is necessary not only to perform laboratory tests for the correct diagnosis of children with precocious puberty, but also to monitor laboratory tests to ensure adequacy of therapy. Careful laboratory testing is a requisite in the differentiation of central from peripheral precocious puberty. It is also required to determine whether the patient who presents with early physical changes of pubertal development with peripheral precocious puberty has evidence of pubertal hormonal secretion. The most useful single test is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gonadorelin) stimulation of luteinizing hormone release. The same stimulation test is also indicated to verify the adequacy of suppression of gonadotropin secretion among patients with central precocious puberty who are being treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue. It is necessary to know which gonadotropin assay is being used and the range of nomal levels to correctly interpret the tests. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1994;148:369-376)
Sinusoidal eye movements from brain stem stimulation in the cat

Abstract Ipsilateral sinusoidal eye movements may be produced in the anesthetized cat by stimulating the third nerve within the brain stem. Stimulation has been of the form of trains of pulses with a sinusoidally modulated pulse frequency. Sinusoidal responses are observed over the modulation frequency range of 0.5 to 20 c/s. These responses are characterized by a threshold and are obliterated by neuromuscular blocking agents. The sinusoidal output together with the results of static calibration indicate that the third nerve—medical rectus—eyeball system may be treated as a linear system for stimulus pulse frequencies between 50 and 150 pulses per second. Within this range the sensitivity of the system is approximately 0.12 degrees of eye movement/pulse per second. The static calibration curve of eye position versus stimulus frequency has the same shape as previously published curves of developed tension versus stimulation frequency.
Conventional chondrosarcoma: old controversies and new insights

Abstract Conventional chondrosarcomas comprise the largest group of malignant cartilaginous tumors. The distinction enchondroma and low-grade chondrosarcoma remains among the most challenging diagnoses for bone pathologists. Although numerous histologic criteria have been proposed to distinguish them, significant interobserver variability still exists. Fortunately, advances in diagnostic imaging and novel surgical approaches to low-grade tumors have lessened the need for definitive histologic diagnosis on biopsy material. In addition, the current WHO classification atypical or borderline cartilaginous tumors with Grade 1 chondrosarcoma in an attempt to facilitate diagnosis and treatment. While histologic grade remains the most important prognosticator in chondrosarcoma, the criteria for grading remain controversial. Finally, despite numerous insights into the pathobiology of cartilaginous tumors, targeted therapies remain elusive. However, there is an emerging role for isocitrate dehydrogenase mutational testing in the clinically important distinction between chondrosarcoma and chondroblastic osteosarcoma.
Delayed dispersal in western bluebirds: teasing apart the importance of resources and parents

Delayed and localized dispersal are fundamental life-history traits associated with formation of family groups and kin neighborhoods. Although the field has focused mainly on resource benefits and ecological constraints as drivers of delayed dispersal, social benefits of nepotism can also be important. Resources and nepotism are theoretically correlated as the affordability of nepotism scales with resource abundance. Rarely have both been analyzed simultaneously within a single analysis. Western bluebird sons (Sialia mexicana) stay in family groups on mistletoe-based territories for winter, disperse locally to form kin neighborhoods in spring, and have a low level of facultative helping by sons, brothers, and grandsons. Although a son’s tendency to remain on the natal territory increased with the number of parents present, mistletoe volume on the natal territory was a good predictor of sons staying home only for groups where the mother alone was present. Overwinter survival of sons was exceptionally high (95%) such that neither resources nor parental presence predicted survival advantages during the first year of life. When sons stayed on their natal territory for winter, their spring presence increased with the volume of mistletoe on their winter territory and was higher if they wintered with at least 1 parent. Stay-at-home sons acquired a portion of their parents’ territory in spring, including mistletoe that scaled with their parents’ mistletoe wealth. Our results indicate that although resources are undoubtedly important for the maintenance of family ties, the importance of maintaining connections with parents is underappreciated in studies of cooperative breeding.
Natural Variability in a Stable, 1000-Yr Global Coupled Climate–Carbon Cycle Simulation

Abstract A new 3D global coupled carbon–climate model is presented in the framework of the Community Climate System Model (CSM-1.4). The biogeochemical module includes explicit land water–carbon coupling, dynamic carbon allocation to leaf, root, and wood, prognostic leaf phenology, multiple soil and detrital carbon pools, oceanic iron limitation, a full ocean iron cycle, and 3D atmospheric CO2 transport. A sequential spinup strategy is utilized to minimize the coupling shock and drifts in land and ocean carbon inventories. A stable, 1000-yr control simulation [global annual mean surface temperature ±0.10 K and atmospheric CO2 ± 1.2 ppm (1σ)] is presented with no flux adjustment in either physics or biogeochemistry. The control simulation compares reasonably well against observations for key annual mean and seasonal carbon cycle metrics; regional biases in coupled model physics, however, propagate clearly into biogeochemical error patterns. Simulated interannual-to-centennial variability in atmospheric CO2...
Parametric results of the AlGaInAs quantum-well saturable absorber for use as a passive Q-switch

We have successfully designed, built and operated a microlaser based on a AlGaInAs multiple quantum well (MQW) semiconductor saturable absorber (SESA). Optical characterization of the semiconductor absorber, as well as, the microlaser output is presented.
Use of Handheld Wireless Technology for a Home-based Sickle Cell Pain Management Protocol

Purpose To evaluate use of a handheld electronic wireless device to implement a pain management protocol for participants with sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods Participants were 19 patients with SCD aged 9―20 who experienced vaso-occlusive pain. A single-session training on the use of cognitive―behavioral coping skills was followed by instruction on how to practice these skills and monitor daily pain experience using the device. Daily pain experience and practice of coping skills were collected for the 8-week intervention period using wireless technology. Results High rates of participation, daily diary completion and consumer satisfaction support the use of handheld wireless devices to implement this protocol. A comparison of the rates of self and device-recorded skills practice provides important information about the use of electronic monitoring for behavioral interventions. Conclusion Wireless data transfer technology has significant potential to become a practical method to improve symptom monitoring and communication between patients and providers.
Measuring the breathless brain: is real life too noisy?

The first brain study of “real-life” dyspnoea is limited by real-life, but gives us a renewed sense of direction http://ow.ly/T70dp
Does “Political” Science Exist Anymore? Embryonic Stem Cell Research in this New Political Climate

Undoubtedly, countless Americans and their families are affected by life threatening diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and heart disease. Cures and or treatments to eliminate these diseases remain complex at best. However, the future holds great potential in medical advances due to a discovery within our own bodies: stem cells. While stem cell research has not yet yielded a cure for any disease, scientists think that this medical advance is unique in its ability to unlock medical mysteries and to shed light on the early development of humans and the diseases that affect us. Over 100 million people currently suffering from diseases may someday be helped or cured by this research.While science will not and should not replace religion, the issue to ponder is the role of religion in government. Just as the decision to teach evolution over creationism in American classrooms could be regarded as a political agenda mired in religion, science in that instance prevailed. The transition from a faith-based presidency to a fact-based presidency has been abrupt, and perhaps overdue. Our nation is based on a system of checks and balances and those who strongly oppose this new era for scientific based research in an arena so important to our society will be afforded the opportunity of due process. President Obama, through Executive Order 13505 and the resultant NIH Guidelines on Human Stem Cell Research has spearheaded the process for cell stem research to reach heights for the ultimate betterment of our society.
Power efficient parallel optical communication links

The development of power efficient parallel optical communication links by using end-to-end power negotiation algorithm in conjunction with a robust and low latency line code is presented.
Using borehole logging and electron backscatter diffraction to orient an ice core from Upper Fremont Glacier, Wyoming, USA

While glacier fabric reflects the accumulated strain, detailed azimuthal information is required to link the microstructure to the flow, and this is not easily gathered at depth. Borehole logging provides a way to obtain a log of azimuthal orientation of tilted stratigraphic features that can be used to orient the core with respect to glacier flow. We demonstrate this using acoustic borehole logs and the ice core from a 162 m borehole in Upper Fremont Glacier, Wind River Range, Wyoming, USA. We measured the dip of tilted dust and bubble layers in the actual ice core, identified them on the borehole log, then used their strike to orient the core sections containing them. We examined the crystal orientation fabric of our samples, using electron backscatter diffraction in a scanning electron microscope. When we compared the orientation of the tilted layers in some samples with the fabric, we found that the normal to the foliation and the c-axes maxima both pointed in the direction of maximum shear stress. This illustrates the usefulness of borehole logs for orienting ice cores after removal from the borehole, and for developing a better understanding of fabric development.
PARADOXICAL LOW FLOW LOW GRADIENT SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS WITH PRESERVED LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION: IMPACT OF SURGERY VERSUS MEDICAL THERAPY

Combining transaortic flow and gradient defined four different aortic stenosis (AS) subgroups [normal flow, high gradient [NF/HG]; normal flow, low gradient [NF/LG]; low flow, high gradient [LF/HG] and low flow, low gradient [LF/LG]). The natural history and need for aortic valve replacement (AVR)
A Study of the Training of Basic Teaching Skills of the Students of Higher Vocation

The experiment was to offer a course of the training of basic teaching skills to the students of higher vocation.It aimed at cultivating the talents who were experts in one field while possessing all-round knowledge and ability,enlarging the students' possibility of being employed,remedying the shortage of local teachers,bringing up the recruit work, and sending qualified,stereoscopic talents who have one diploma and many certificates.The experiment has achieved the anticipated results.
Tumors of the Eye and Ocular Adnexal Tissues

This article reviews options in dealing with tumors of the cornea and conjunctiva, nictitating membrane neoplasms, and eyelid neoplasms. Orbital tumors, optic nerve and other intraocular tumors are also discussed.
History of the prosthetic treatment of urinary incontinence.

SUMMARY Prostheses for the treatment of urinary incontinence have evolved from early passive compressive devices, which were limited to use in men, to the current AS-800, which is suitable for both sexes. The device represents continued improvement and streamlining of several earlier models. Parallel advances in surgical technique and perioperative management have made prosthetic treatment of urinary incontinence a well-recognized and desirable solution for a difficult urologic problem.
Effect of Strychnine on the Gat's Electrocerebellogram

SummaryWhen strychnine is applied topically to the cat's cerebellum, injected intravenously or into the dentate nucleus in doses of .018 to .022 mg per kilo, or injected into the cerebellar cortex in doses of 0.3 mgr the electrocerebellogram develops rhythmical waves with a frequency of 10-30 per second and a voltage of 100 to 400 microvolts occurring in periodic discharges of 30 seconds to 3 minutes duration and recurring at intervals of 1 to 3 minutes for 30 minutes to an hour.
Foundations for a new tomorrow: how to bridge the gap in work force literacy.

U.S. companies face substantial challenges from abroad, and to meet these challenges they need workers who have the ability to learn on their own. Unfortunately, many workers lack the basic skills they must possess in order to respond to current and future changes. This article describes a new perspective on literacy in the workplace and presents a strategic approach to improving literacy. The approach includes determining what skills are truly needed, evaluating the current skill level of the work force, and tailoring education to meet the specific needs of particular groups of workers.
Strategic Management: Formulating Strategies for Stakeholders

INTRODUCTION This chapter shows how the stakeholder concept can be used to formulate specific programs for dealing with a broad range of stakeholder groups. In order for the implementation of “stakeholder thinking” to become a reality, the broad prescriptions and philosophical meanderings of the previous four chapters must be narrowed. Specifically, I shall explain how the stakeholder concept can be used at the process level to begin the task of implementing concrete action programs. This chapter explicitly addresses the program formulation task, while chapter Six addresses more directly, the question of implementation. In the previous pages I have shown that managers need to see the big picture in terms of those groups and individuals who can affect, and are affected by, their actions. I have shown how the stakeholder concept can be used to construct an enterprise strategy for the firm, and how the more traditional direction-setting processes can be enriched. While this “larger Systems” view of the Corporation is a necessary condition for managerial success in the current environment, I do not believe that it is sufficient. If managers merely(!) understand the role that their organizations play in society at large, and merely(!) understand their own values, we are not guaranteed that responsive action will occur.
Reduction of a Three-Dimensional Problem of the Theory of Bending of Thick Plates to the Solution of Two Two-Dimensional Problems

We propose a new theory of bending of thick plates in the case where its stressed state is not described by the Kirchhoff–Love or Timoshenko hypotheses. It is assumed that the three-dimensional stress-strain state of the plate can be split into symmetric bending and symmetric compression. To describe symmetric bending, we use three harmonic functions. Integrating over the thickness of the plate, we express the bending and torsional moments and shear forces via two two-dimensional functions. The relations of the three-dimensional theory of elasticity are satisfied and a closed system of sixth-order partial differential equations for the introduced functions is constructed without using any hypotheses about the geometric character of deformation of the plate. The analytic and numerical methods for their solution are proposed.
Using Landscapes to Tell Spatial Stories

This paper repurposes the concept of landscape as a useful way of thinking how we narrate abstract and concrete space. I explore an assignment in my class wherein student embody and narrate a concrete space. I analyze it through landscapes and consider how that discussed positionality, presentation, and layers. I conclude with exploring how the landscape can similarly be used to think critically about how we discuss faraway places in geography classes.
Hysteroscopic polypectomy prior to infertility treatment: A cost analysis and systematic review

The cost of fertility treatment is expensive and interventions that reduce cost can lead to greater efficiency and fewer embryos transferred. Endometrial polyps contribute to infertility and are frequently removed prior to infertility treatment. It is unclear whether polypectomy reduces fertility treatment cost and if so, the magnitude of cost reduction afforded by the procedure. The aim of this study was to determine whether performing office or operative hysteroscopic polypectomy prior to infertility treatment would be cost-effective. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane libraries were used to identify publications reporting pregnancy rates after hysteroscopic polypectomy. Studies were required to have a polypectomy treatment group and control group of patients with polyps that were not resected. The charges of infertility treatments and polypectomy were obtained through infertility organizations and a private healthcare cost reporting website. These charges were applied to a decision tree model over the range of pregnancy rates observed in the representative studies to calculate an average cost per clinical or ongoing pregnancy. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess cost savings of polypectomy over a range of pregnancy rates and polypectomy costs. Pre-treatment office or operative hysteroscopic polypectomy ultimately saved €6658 ($7480) and €728 ($818), respectively, of the average cost per clinical pregnancy in women treated with four cycles of intrauterine insemination. Polypectomy prior to intrauterine insemination was cost-effective for clinical pregnancy rates greater than 30.2% for office polypectomy and 52.6% for operative polypectomy and for polypectomy price <€4414 ($4959). Office polypectomy or operative polypectomy saved €15,854 ($17,813) and €6644 ($7465), respectively, from the average cost per ongoing pregnancy for in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treated women and was cost-effective for ongoing pregnancy rates greater than 26.4% (office polypectomy) and 31.7% (operative polypectomy) and polypectomy price <€6376 ($7164). These findings suggested that office or operative hysteroscopic polypectomy was cost-effective when performed prior to both intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization over a range of plausible pregnancy rates and procedural costs.