cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on "Total-energy calculations of solid H, Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs"

The presentation of recent augmented-plane-wave calculations of alkali-metal equilibrium crystal structures by Sigalas et al. [Phys. Rev. B 42, 11 637 (1990)] ignored what is known from both non-muffin-tin- (all-electron and pseudopotential) and muffin-tin-orbital calculations about the ground-state symmetry of those metals, and in some instances contradicted it. To illustrate the problem we give a thorough summary of the situation in Li, with brief remarks on other systems.
Bus Admittance Tearing and the Partial Inverse

Tearing permits larger problems to be solved on a given computer. It also permits solutions to parts of large network problems when the entire solution is unnecessary. This is very important to power organizations who find it increasingly impractical to solve an entire interconnected power pool when only local answers are desired. The partial inverse provides an excellent means for simplifying tearing while yielding useful intermediate results that have physical and electrical meanings. The tearing aspects presented in this paper have not been previously described.
Hodge spaces of real toric varieties

We define the ℤ2 Hodge spacesH pq (Σ) of a rational fan Σ. If Σ is the normal fan of a reflexive polytope Δ then we use polyhedral duality to compute the Σ2 Hodge Spaces of Σ. In particular, if the cones of dimension at most e in the face fan Σ* of Δ are smooth then we computeH pq (Σ) forp <e − 1. If Σ* is a smooth fan then we completely determine the spacesH pq (Σ) and we showX Σ is maximal, meaning that the sum of the ℤ2 Betti numbers ofX Σ(ℝ) is equal to the sum of the ℤ2 Betti numbers ofX Σ(ℂ).
A proposal for high frequency phonon detection via photoemission from metals

Abstract A scheme is proposed for the detection of high energy longitudinal acoustic phonons via photoemission measurements from metals, using as a photosource the recently developed tuneable organic dye lasers having narrow spectral output. Calculations are given which estimate that a ‘hot’ phonon mode temperature as low as 10°K can be detected in zinc with a p -terphenyl liquid laser photosource.
Involement of an acrosinlike proteinase in the sulfhydryl-induced degradation of rabbit sperm nuclear protamine

Previous studies demonstrated that proteolytic activity is associated with isolated rabbit sperm nuclei and is responsible for the degradation of nuclear protamine that occurs during thiol-induced in vitro decondensation of the nuclei (Zirkin and Chang, 1977; Chang and Zirkin, 1978). In this study, we present the results of experiments designed to characterize this proteolytic activity. Basic protein isolated from rabbit sperm nuclei incubated with 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and 1 percent Triton X-100 for increasing periods of time exhibited progressively faster migrating bands on acid-urea polyacrylamide gels, reflection the progressive degradation of protamine. Ultimately, a specific and characteristic peptide banding pattern resulted. When sperm nuclei were treated with the esterase inhibitor nitrophenyl-p-guanidino benzoate (NPGB) to inhibit the nuclear-associated proteolytic activity and then incubated with one of several exogenous proteinases in addition to DTT and Triton X-100, characteristic peptide banding patterns were seen for each exogenous proteinase employed. For trypsin, chymotrypsin, pronase, and papain, the peptide banding patterns differed from one another and from the pattern characteristic of protamine degradation by the nuclear-associated proteinase. By contrast, when rabbit acrosin served as the exogenous proteinase, the peptide banding pattern seen was identical to the pattern characteristic of the nuclear-associated proteinase. These results demonstrate directly that the proteinase associated with rabbit sperm nuclei and involved in sperm nuclear decondensation in vitro is acrosinlike.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SAMPLE INVARIANT PROPERTIES OF LINEAR AND CURVILINEAR OBSERVED‐ AND TRUE‐SCORE EQUATING PROCEDURES1,2

A sequence of simulations was carried out to aid in the diagnosis and interpretation of equating differences found between random and matched (nonrandom) samples for four commonly used equating procedures: Tucker linear observed-score equating, Levine equally reliable linear observed-score equating, Equipercentile curvilinear observed-score equating, and IRT curvilinear true-score equating. The results support the prediction based on theoretical grounds that observed-score equating methods are more affected by sample variation than are true-score equating methods. These results further suggest that matching equating samples on the basis of fallible measures of ability may not be advisable for any conventional equating method except the Tucker method. In addition, the results support a particular hypothesis about IRT equating, suggesting that the use of matched samples cannot be recommended for this equating method either.
Different patterns of mnemonic deficits in two organic amnestic syndromes.

Abstract A recall and recognition memory study of Korsakoff and post-herpes encephalitis patients employing percentage correct recall and the statistic d′ derived from signal detection theory supports Lhermitte's contention that these two patient groups represent two distinct organic amnesia syndromes. Post-herpes encephalitis patients show little evidence of encoding and storage of information. In contrast recognition memory of Korsakoff and normal control subjects was essentially similar for truly novel information. Recognition memory for English words was markedly impaired for Korsakoff patients and worsened with increased semantic organization of the material. In light of our findings it would seem advisable to utilize homogeneous groups, with respect to brain pathology, when studying memory processes in organic patients.
Clinical Interpretation of “Occupational Therapy Goal Achievement for Persons With Postacute Cerebrovascular Accident in an On-Campus Student Clinic”

Occupational therapy practitioners, educators, and researchers can gain important information from Lavelle and Tomlin's study for initiating programs that meet the needs of a population of persons who typically cannot access occupational therapy services. The study provides evidence of the effectiveness of occupational therapy for persons with postacute CVA for clinicians seeking alternative funding for community-based practice. The study also suggests that the free university clinic in which Lavelle and Tomlin's research took place was providing a valuable service to persons living near the university, creating important links between the university and the community in which it resides. Lastly, the study raises intriguing questions that provide research opportunities for occupational therapy practitioners, educators, and students that can enhance our understanding of the impact of occupational therapy services on persons long after a CVA.
Prolactin-immunoglobulin G complexes from human serum act as costimulatory ligands causing proliferation of malignant B lymphocytes.

Abstract Several lines of evidence indicate that immunoglobulin-bound prolactin found in human serum is not a conventional complex between an anti-prolactin antibody and prolactin but a different type of association of prolactin with the Fab portion of IgG heavy chains. The complex of prolactin with IgG was purified from serum by anti-human prolactin affinity chromatography and was shown to contain close to 1 mole of N epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine crosslinks per mole of complex, a characteristic feature in structures crosslinked by transglutaminase. Interestingly, the complex caused a proliferation of cells from a subset of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, while it was inactive in a cell proliferation prolactin bioassay. By contrast, human prolactin stimulated the proliferation of cells in the bioassay but had no effect on the complex-responsive cells from the patients. Competition studies with prolactin and free Fc fragment of IgG demonstrated a necessity for engaging both the prolactin and the immunoglobulin receptors for proliferation. More importantly, competition for the growth response by free prolactin and IgG suggests both possible reasons for the slow growth of this neoplasm as well as avenues for control of the disease.
The FreeD: a handheld digital milling device for craft and fabrication

We present an approach to combine digital fabrication and craft that is focused on a new fabrication experience. The FreeD is a hand-held, digitally controlled, milling device. It is guided and monitored by a computer while still preserving gestural freedom. The computer intervenes only when the milling bit approaches the 3D model, which was designed beforehand, either by slowing down the spindle's speed or by drawing back the shaft. The rest of the time it allows complete freedom, allowing the user to manipulate and shape the work in any creative way. We believe The FreeD will enable a designer to move in between the straight boundaries of established CAD systems and the free expression of handcraft.
Traveling wave pumping of ultra-short pulse x-ray lasers

Pumping of proposed inner-shell photo-ionized (ISPI) x-ray lasers places stringent requirements on the optical pump source. We investigate these requirements for an example x-ray laser (XRL) in Carbon lasing on the 2p - 1s transition at 45 angstrom. Competing with this lasing transition is the very fast auger decay rate out of the upper lasing state, such that the x-ray laser would self-terminate on a femto-second time scale. XRL gain may be demonstrated if pump energy is delivered in a time short when compared to the auger rate. The fast self-termination also demands that we sequentially pump the length of the x-ray laser at the group velocity of the x- ray laser. This is the classical traveling wave requirement. It imposes a condition on the pumping source that the phase angle of the pump laser be precisely de-coupled from the pulse front angle. At high light intensities, this must be performed with a vacuum grating delay line. We also include a discussion of issues related to pump energy delivery, i.e. pulse-front curvature, temporal blurring and pulse fidelity. An all- reflective optical system with low aberration is investigated to see if it fulfills the requirements. It is expected that these designs together with new high energy (greater than 1 J) ultra-short pulse (less than 40 fs) pump lasers now under construction, may fulfill our pump energy conditions and produce a tabletop x-ray laser.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recurrent seizures in the developing brain are harmful.

Pediatricians like children. In their desire to help their beloved patients and to reassure anxious families, they are sometimes reluctant to consider the possibility that their traditional therapeutic strategies might have been less than optimal. Yet this is precisely what they should consider at present when they think about status epilepticus (SE). The main foundation of the generally held belief that “It is not the status epilepticus that produces the damage but rather the underlying insult to the brain that causes both status epilepticus and damage” (1) is the experimental data showing that “there is no evidence . . . that SE produces structural damage in the young . . . as long as the animal has not reached adolescence” (2), and that assumption is changing. Several new experimental models show that seizures in themselves can damage the immature brain. The argument that the experimental data obtained in animals are irrelevant to humans is shaky. The human brain differs from that of other mammals more in size and organization than in its basic cell biology, and the latter is the main determinant of neuronal injury. Neither should therapeutic considerations influence the answer to the question asked in this debate. There may be circumstances in which treatment is more dangerous than the illness itself but that should not lead us to deny any possibility of seizure-induced damage when we are faced with evidence to the contrary. Finally, we should not forget that outcome studies can vastly underestimate the degree of brain damage. In most cell groups in the brain, clinical symptoms do not appear until 80% of the cells are lost. Furthermore, children make amazing recoveries from almost any insult. The outcome may be good even when considerable damage has occurred.
Police stress, state-trait anxiety, and stressors among U.S. Marshals

Abstract Unlike previous studies on stress in local police officers, this study was unique in that it used Deputy U.S. Marshals as the population pool. This study replicated the study conducted by Storch and Panzarella (1996) who determined stress levels and stressors of police officers. A standardized inventory of stress was combined with a questionnaire about job stressors, individual job and career variables, and personal variables. One hundred Deputy U.S. Marshals from offices across the country responded to an anonymous survey. Generally, deputies scored low on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983). The main stressors identified by the respondents were related to organizational variables, i.e., problems with management, bad bosses, and work environment. More stress was experienced by deputies who were inclined to think about job-related illnesses or being injured while on duty, those who were facing retirement, and those who disliked their current assignments.
High-temperature electron-hole superconductivity

Abrikosov's recent suggestion of high-temperature electron-hole superconductivity is analyzed in detail. It is shown that without umklapp scattering, hole-lattice stability requirements lead to a vanishingly small transition temperature, ${T}_{c}$, for the model proposed. If umklapp and intervalley processes contribute, ${T}_{c}$ can be raised significantly. The Rajagopal determination of the reduction of ${T}_{c}$ from renormalization and Coulomb effects is shown to be overestimated.
The tandem bypass: subclavian artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypass with dacron and saphenous vein grafts. Technical case report.

Abstract BACKGROUND Fusiform or dolichoectatic intracranial aneurysms often cannot be managed with conventional surgical or endovascular techniques, and instead require trapping and revascularization techniques. On rare occasions in elderly patients, extracranial sites used for anastomosing the bypass have been previously repaired with synthetic vascular prostheses. This circumstance in an elderly subarachnoid hemorrhage patient led to a novel bypass procedure, the tandem bypass: a long extracranial-to-intracranial bypass with two grafts of different materials assembled in series. CASE DESCRIPTION A 71-year-old man with carotid artery atherosclerotic disease and a previous vascular reconstruction (subclavian artery-to-internal carotid artery Dacron interposition graft) presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage from a dolichoectatic supraclinoid ICA aneurysm. The aneurysm was treated with trapping and distal revascularization. The final construct was a subclavian artery-to-middle cerebral artery bypass, with the graft being the previous Dacron prosthesis and a long saphenous vein. The vein graft was anastomosed end-to-side to the Dacron graft proximally, and end-to side to the middle cerebral artery distally. Subsequently, inflow to the aneurysm was occluded with clips on the Dacron graft beyond the proximal anastomosis of the vein graft, and outflow from the aneurysm was occluded with clips on the supraclinoid ICA. CONCLUSIONS The tandem bypass, which uses prosthetic graft material and saphenous vein in succession, is a technically straightforward technique in patients who need extracranial-to-intracranial bypasses and who also have pre-existing carotid reconstructions or lack sufficient saphenous vein to complete a long bypass.
Surface-bound immune complexes trigger transmembrane proximity between complement receptor type 3 and the neutrophil's cortical microfilaments.

To characterize the transmembrane associations participating in antibody-dependent binding, we have used resonance energy transfer (r.e.t.) microscopy to assess the molecular proximity of complement receptor type 3 (CR3) and Fc gamma R type II (Fc gamma RII) and type III (Fc gamma RIII) with microfilaments during neutrophil adherence to untreated surfaces, surfaces coated with BSA, surfaces coated with BSA/anti-BSA F(ab')2 complexes, or surfaces coated with BSA/anti-BSA rabbit IgG immune complexes. Receptors were labeled with fluorescein-conjugated antireceptor Fab fragments, whereas microfilaments were labeled with rhodamine-phalloidin. CR3-to-microfilament r.e.t. was dramatically increased in neutrophils adherent to IgG immune complex-coated surfaces but not untreated or control surfaces. However, the low level of r.e.t. between donor-labeled anti-Fc gamma RII Fab fragments and rhodamine-phalloidin was not affected by any condition including surface-bound immune complexes. Significant r.e.t. levels between Fc gamma RIII and microfilaments were not found under any condition. We suggest that CR3 plays an important role in tethering surface-attached immune complexes to the neutrophil's cytoskeleton.
Automated electron-density sampling reveals widespread conformational polymorphism in proteins.

Although proteins populate large structural ensembles, X-ray diffraction data are traditionally interpreted using a single model. To search for evidence of alternate conformers, we developed a program, Ringer, which systematically samples electron density around the dihedral angles of protein side chains. In a diverse set of 402 structures, Ringer identified weak, nonrandom electron-density features that suggest of the presence of hidden, lowly populated conformations for >18% of uniquely modeled residues. Although these peaks occur at electron-density levels traditionally regarded as noise, statistically significant (P < 10 25 ) enrichment of peaks at successive rotameric v angles validates the assignment of these features as unmodeled conformations. Weak electron density corresponding to alternate rotamers also was detected in an accurate electron density map free of model bias. Ringer analysis of the high-resolution structures of free and peptide-bound calmodulin identified shifts in ensembles and connected the alternate conformations to ligand recognition. These results show that the signal in high-resolution electron density maps extends below the traditional 1 r cutoff, and crystalline proteins are more polymorphic than current crystallographic models. Ringer provides an objective, systematic method to identify previously undiscovered alternate conformations that can mediate protein folding and function.
Multiscale modeling of organic-inorganic interface: From molecular dynamics simulation to finite element modeling

Bi-layer material systems are found in various engineering applications ranging from nanoscale components, such as thin films in circuit boards, to macroscale structures, such as adhesive bonding in aerospace and civil infrastructure. They are also found in many natural and biological materials such as nacre or bone. The structural integrity of a bi-layer system depends on properties of both the interface and the constitutive materials. In particular, interfacial delamination has been observed as a major integrity issue. Here we present a multiscale model, which can predict the macroscale structural behavior at the interface between organic and inorganic materials, based on a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach combined with the metadynamics method used to reconstruct the free energy surface (FES) between attached and detached states of the bonded system. We apply this technique to model an epoxy-silica system that primarily features non-bonded and non-directional van der Waals and Coulombic interactions. The reconstructed FES of the epoxy-silica system derived from the molecular level is used to quantify the traction-separation relation at epoxy-silica interface. In this paper, two different approaches in deriving the traction-separation relation based on the reconstructed FES are described. With the derived traction-separation relation, a finite element approach using cohesive zone model (CZM) can be implemented such that the structural behavior of epoxy-silica interface at the macroscopic length scale can be predicted. The prediction from our multiscale model shows a good agreement with experimental data of the interfacial fracture toughness. The method used here provides a powerful new approach to link nano to macro for complex heterogeneous material systems.
The ichthyoses--pathogenesis and prenatal diagnosis: a review of recent advances.

Abstract: Disturbances in the process of normal cornification leading to pathologic scaling provide the pathophysiologic basis for the ichthyoses. These disturbances may result from either abnormalities in protein metabolism (keratinization) (i.e., the “bricks”) or in lipid metabolism (i.e., the “mortar”) (Fig. 1). The evidence linking the various ichthyoses to defects in protein or lipid metabolism have been reviewed. It is likely that future advances will lead not only to a more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders, but also will shed significant light on the normal stratum corneum functions of barrier formation and desquamation, as well as lead the way to more rational and effective therapies. In recent years, prenatal diagnosis has been successfully performed in several of the ichthyoses. It is likely that improvements in our ability to prenatally diagnose those disorders will advance hand-in-hand with further progress in unraveling their underlying causes.
Gap junction channel gating at bass retinal electrical synapses

To further characterize the properties of retinal horizontal cell electrical synapses, we have studied the gating characteristics of gap junctions between cone-driven horizontal cells from the hybrid striped bass retina using double whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. In a total of 105 cell pairs, the macroscopic conductance ranged from 0.4–100 nS with most cell pairs exhibiting junctional conductances between 10 and 30 nS. The junctional current-voltage relationship showed that peak or instantaneous currents (I inst ) were linear within the V j range of ±100 mV and that steady-state junctional currents (I ss ) exhibited rectification with increasing voltage beginning around ±30–40 mV V j . The normalized junctional current-voltage relationship was well fit by a two-state Boltzmann distribution, with an effective gating charge of 1.9 charges/channel, a half-maximal voltage of approximately ±55 mV, and a normalized residual conductance of 0.28. The decay of junctional current followed a single exponential time course with the time constant decreasing with increasing V j . Recovery of junctional current from voltage-dependent inactivation takes about 1 s following a pulse of 80 mV, and is about five times slower than the inactivation time course at the same V j . Single-channel analysis showed that the unitary conductance of junctional channels is 50–70 pS. The overall open probability decreased in a voltage-dependent manner. Both the mean channel open time and the frequency of channel opening decreased, while the channel closure time increased. The ratio of closed time/total recording time significantly increased as V j increased. Increased V j reduced the number of events at all levels and shifted the unitary conductance to a lower level. Kinetic analysis of channel open duration showed that the distribution of channel open times was best fit by two exponentials and increased V j significantly reduced the slower time constant. These results indicate that bass retina horizontal cells exhibit voltage-dependent inactivation of macroscopic junctional current. The inactivation occurs at the single-channel level mainly by increasing the rate of closure of voltage-sensitive channels.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide on titanium surfaces: in situ imaging and step-polarization impedance spectroscopy of commercially pure titanium and titanium, 6-aluminum, 4-vanadium

To analyze titanium's response to representative surgical wound environments, a study was conducted on commercially pure titanium (CPTi) and titanium, 6-aluminum, 4-vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) exposed to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 30 mM of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) added. The study was characterized by simultaneous electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC AFM) and step-polarization impedance spectroscopy (SPIS). Surfaces were covered with protective oxide domes that indicated topography changes with potential and time of immersion. Less oxide dome coarsening was noted on surfaces treated with PBS containing H(2)O(2) than on surfaces exposed to pure PBS. Electrical data deduced from current transients collected while stepping voltage between 0 V and 1 V indicated that charge transfer in hydrogen peroxide solutions was an order of magnitude larger than it was in pure PBS. Oxide (early) resistances of CPTi samples were higher than were Ti-6Al-4V oxide resistances in both types of solutions, but CPTi oxide resistance was lower in the hydrogen peroxide solution compared to pure PBS. Capacitance data suggest that CPTi oxide films thicken in hydrogen peroxide solution more than they do in pure PBS. Differences in electrical properties between CPTi and Ti-6Al-4V surfaces suggest that CPTi, but not Ti-6Al-4V, has catalytic activity on H(2)O(2) and that the catalytic activity of CPTi oxide affects its ability to grow TiO(2). Differences in electrical properties are related to catalytic and oxidative mechanisms that take place directly on the titanium oxide surface and in wound environments. The study provides a foundation and theoretic basis for the porous oxide model on commercially pure titanium exposed to hydrogen peroxide.
A novel fragile watermarking technique

Several fragile watermarking techniques cannot detect vector quantization (VQ) attacks; the block-based approach, for example. Celik et al. (IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 585-595, 2002) proposed a hierarchical watermarking approach to reveal the VQ attacks. In order to improve the hierarchical watermarking approach, we present a new fragile watermarking technique based on genetic algorithms (GAs) to embed watermarks into the frequency domain of a host image. Different from existing schemes, the adjustment in the host image by GAs will achieve the embedding of fragile watermarks. The technique can provide a fundamental platform for other fragile watermarking techniques. Furthermore, the embedding of watermarks into frequency domain enhances the security in fragile watermarking
Chromosome Break-Induced DNA Replication Leads to Nonreciprocal Translocations and Telomere Capture

In yeast, broken chromosomes can be repaired by recombination, resulting in nonreciprocal translocations. In haploid cells suffering an HO endonuclease-induced, double-strand break (DSB), nearly 2% of the broken chromosome ends recombined with a sequence near the opposite chromosome end, which shares only 72 bp of homology with the cut sequence. This produced a repaired chromosome with the same 20-kb sequence at each end. Diploid strains were constructed in which the broken chromosome shared homology with the unbroken chromosome only on the centromere-proximal side of the DSB. More than half of these cells repaired the DSB by copying sequences distal to the break from the unbroken template chromosome. All these events were RAD52 dependent. Pedigree analysis established that DSBs occurring in G1 were repaired by a replicative mechanism, producing two identical daughter cells. We discuss the implications of these data in understanding telomerase-independent replication of telomeres, gene amplification, and the evolution of chromosomal ends.
Desipramine hydroxylation: Variability and effect of antipsychotic drugs

Steady-state plasma concentrations of desipramine (DM1), unconjugated 2-OH DM1, and total 2-OH DM1 were measured in 82 depressed inpatients, 35 of whom were concurrently receiving a phenothiazine or butyrophenone antipsychotic drug. In the patients not on an antipsychotic, the ratio of unconjugated metabolite to parent varied from 0.01 to 1.5, with a median of 0.48, and was inversely related to the parent drug level. Antipsychotic drug was associated with higher DM1 levels and a lower proportion of OH-metabolite (median, 0.23). In both groups the unconjugated form accounted for only about 10% of the total metabolite. No relationship of age, sex, drinking history, or smoking to DM1 or 2-OH DM1 levels was found. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 33, 322–328; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.40
Anyonic strings and membranes in anti-de Sitter space and dual Aharonov-Bohm effects.

It is observed that strings in AdS{sub 5}xS{sup 5} and membranes in AdS{sub 7}xS{sup 4} exhibit long range phase interactions. Two well separated membranes dragged around one another in anti-de Sitter space (AdS) acquire phases of 2{pi}/N. The same phases are acquired by a well separated F and D string dragged around one another. The phases are shown to correspond to both the standard and a novel type of Aharonov-Bohm effect in the dual field theory.
Electrical discharge propagating along a liquid fuel jet

Summary form only given. As traditional ignition schemes reach their efficiency limits or are found not to be optimal for alternative fuels, new techniques may expand these limits. Electrical discharge through a liquid fuel jet is one such technique being investigated. The fuel flows out of a needle charged to ~2030 kV across a 1-3 cm gap through a grounded conducting ring. The jet facilitates the electrical discharge, reducing the breakdown voltage for a given distance. The fluid undergoes electrospinning and transition to electrospraying as the applied voltage increases. This transforms the fuel jet into a fuel spray as the needle approaches the breakdown voltage. The electric potential thus both atomizes the fuel and provides an ignition source. Images taken of jet and spray provide measurements of the decreasing length of the jet, as well as a means of characterizing its shape. As the conductivity of the fluid increases, spinning and spraying occur at lower voltages. Experiments thus far have used line capacitance to provide the discharge energy of 1.5 mJ. This is lower than typical minimum spark ignition energies of ~35 mJ across shorter interelectrode distances. The electrical discharge occurs over a timescale of only a few tens of nanoseconds. High speed imaging was used to determine the characteristics of the flame kernel.
A BOLD IDEA: The "Population" Specialist

Emergency medicine today is very different from emergency medicine of the 1970s, when our practice was limited to the physical confines of the emergency department (ED) and the ambulance. So—WHO ARE WE ANYWAY? Family doctors take care of your family. Surgeons cut you open. Pediatricians take care of kids. Anesthesiologists put you to sleep. Cardiologists fix your heart. Emergency physicians…….? The definition of who we are is complicated by the fact that organ-specific specialties do not have discrete ‘rights’ to diagnostics or procedures that in the distant past might have characterized a specialty.1 ST segment elevation myocardial infarction) STEMIs are diagnosed by emergency physicians, family practice physicians, internists, cardiologists, and emergency medical technicians. Lacerations are repaired by emergency physicians, plastic surgeons, mid-level emergency care providers, and family practice physicians. And the exponential growth and globalization of emergency care has changed the whole concept of emergency medicine.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Counseling Women Competencies Scale (CWCS)

This article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Counseling Women Competencies Scale (CWCS). The CWCS is designed to assess clinicians' self-perceived competencies with regard to therapeutic practice with diverse female clients. Through an extensive review of the literature on counseling women and expert review by 32 members of the Section for the Advancement of Women (Division 17, APA), content validity was supported. Exploratory factor analysis, conducted on a sample of 321 male and female counseling and psychology graduate students and professionals, supported a two-factor model consisting of knowledge/skills and self-awareness factors. Findings also provided support for the internal consistency reliability and construct (convergent, divergent, and incremental) validity of the scale.
Ambler: an autonomous rover for planetary exploration

The authors are building a prototype legged rover, called the Ambler (loosely an acronym for autonomous mobile exploration robot) and testing it on full-scale, rugged terrain of the sort that might be encountered on the Martian surface. They present an overview of their research program, focusing on locomotion, perception, planning, and control. They summarize some of the most important goals and requirements of a rover design and describe how locomotion, perception, and planning systems can satisfy these requirements. Since the program is relatively young (one year old at the time of writing) they identify issues and approaches and describe work in progress rather than report results. It is expected that many of the technologies developed will be applicable to other planetary bodies and to terrestrial concerns such as hazardous waste assessment and remediation, ocean floor exploration, and mining. >
Mechanism of Annexin I-Mediated Membrane Aggregation†

It has been proposed that annexin I has two separate interaction sites that are involved in membrane binding and aggregation, respectively. To better understand the mechanism of annexin I-mediated membrane aggregation, we investigated the properties of the inducible secondary interaction site implicated in membrane aggregation. X-ray specular reflectivity measurements showed that the thickness of annexin I layer bound to the phospholipid monolayer was 31 ± 2 A, indicating that annexin I binds membranes as a protein monomer or monolayer. Surface plasmon resonance measurements of annexin I, V, and mutants, which allowed evaluation of membrane aggregation activity of annexin I separately from its membrane binding, revealed direct correlation between the relative membrane aggregation activity and the relative affinity of the secondary interaction site for the secondary membrane. The secondary binding was driven primarily by hydrophobic interactions, unlike calcium-mediated electrostatic primary membrane bindi...
“Free” computer too expensive

(This paper has been accepted for publication in the Proceedings, but the photo-ready form was not delivered in time. Copies of the paper should be available upon request at the presentation.)
A New Strategy for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection

Background. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The infective form of C. difficile is the spore, but the vegetative bacterium causes the disease. Because C. difficile spore germination is required for symptomatic infection, antigermination approaches could lead to the prevention of CDI. We recently reported that CamSA, a bile salt analog, inhibits C. difficile spore germination in vitro. Methods. Mice infected with massive inocula of C. difficile spores were treated with different concentrations of CamSA and monitored for CDI signs. C. difficile spore and vegetative cells were counted in feces from infected mice. Results. A single 50-mg/kg dose of CamSA prevented CDI in mice without any observable toxicity. Lower CamSA doses resulted in delayed CDI onset and less severe signs of disease. Ingested C. difficile spores were quantitatively recovered from feces of CamSA-protected mice. Conclusions. Our results support a mechanism whereby the antigermination effect of CamSA is responsible for preventing CDI signs. This approach represents a new paradigm in CDI treatment. Instead of further compromising the microbiota of CDI patients with strong antibiotics, antigermination therapy could serve as a microbiota surrogate to curtail C. difficile colonization of antibiotic-treated patients.
Interconversion of Yeast Mating Types III. Action of the Homothallism (HO) Gene in Cells Homozygous for the Mating Type Locus

Mating type interconversion in homothallic Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied in diploids homozygous for the mating type locus produced by sporulation of a/a/a/alpha and a/a/alpha/alpha tetraploid strains. Mating type switches have been analyzed by techniques including direct observation of cells for changes in alpha-factor sensitivity. Another method of following mating type switching exploits the observation that a/alpha cells exhibit polar budding and a/a and alpha/alpha cells exhibit medial budding.-These studies indicate the following: (1) The allele conferring the homothallic life cycle (HO) is dominant to the allele conferring the heterothallic life cycle (ho). (2) The action of the HO gene is controlled by the mating type locus-active in a/a and alpha/alpha cells but not in a/alpha cells. (3) The HO (or HO-controlled) gene product can act independently on two mating type alleles located on separate chromosomes in the same nucleus. (4) A switch in mating type is observed in pairs of cells, each of which has the same change.
Two-dimensional Green's functions in anisotropic multiferroic bimaterials with a viscous interface

We derive, by virtue of the unified Stroh formalism, the extremely concise and elegant solutions for two-dimensional and (quasi-static) time-dependent Green's functions in anisotropic magnetoelectroelastic multiferroic bimaterials with a viscous interface subjected to an extended line force and an extended line dislocation located in the upper half-plane. It is found for the first time that, in the multiferroic bimaterial Green's functions, there are 25 static image singularities and 50 moving image singularities in the form of the extended line force and extended line dislocation in the upper or lower half-plane. It is further observed that, as time evolves, the moving image singularities, which originate from the locations of the static image singularities, will move further away from the viscous interface with explicit time-dependent locations. Moreover, explicit expression of the time-dependent image force on the extended line dislocation due to its interaction with the viscous interface is derived, which is also valid for mathematically degenerate materials. Several special cases are discussed in detail for the image force expression to illustrate the influence of the viscous interface on the mobility of the extended line dislocation, and various interesting features are observed. These Green's functions can not only be directly applied to the study of dislocation mobility in the novel multiferroic bimaterials, they can also be utilized as kernel functions in a boundary integral formulation to investigate more complicated boundary value problems where multiferroic materials/composites are involved.
Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: a meta-analysis of contextual moderators

Despite evidence that men are typically perceived as more appropriate and effective than women in leadership positions, a recent debate has emerged in the popular press and academic literature over the potential existence of a female leadership advantage. This meta-analysis addresses this debate by quantitatively summarizing gender differences in perceptions of leadership effectiveness across 99 independent samples from 95 studies. Results show that when all leadership contexts are considered, men and women do not differ in perceived leadership effectiveness. Yet, when other-ratings only are examined, women are rated as significantly more effective than men. In contrast, when self-ratings only are examined, men rate themselves as significantly more effective than women rate themselves. Additionally, this synthesis examines the influence of contextual moderators developed from role congruity theory (Eagly & Karau, 2002). Our findings help to extend role congruity theory by demonstrating how it can be supplemented based on other theories in the literature, as well as how the theory can be applied to both female and male leaders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
Efficacy of Test of Memory Malingering Trial 1, Trial 2, the Retention Trial, and the Albany Consistency Index in a Criterion Group Forensic Neuropsychological Sample

The Test of Memory Malingering is one of the most popular and heavily researched validity tests available for use in neuropsychological evaluations. Recent research has suggested, however, that the original indices and cutoffs may require modifications to increase sensitivity rates. Some of these modifications lack cross-validation and no study has examined all indices in a single sample. This study compares Trial 1, Trial 2, the Retention Trial, and the newly created Albany Consistency Index in a criterion group forensic neuropsychological sample. Findings lend support for the newly created indices and cutoff scores. Implications and cautionary statements are provided and discussed.
A Culture of Teaching: Policy, Perception, and Practice in Higher Education

In an effort to identify policies that foster an institutional “culture of teaching,” or encourage use of effective pedagogies, this study uses data from 5,612 faculty members at 45 institutions to examine connections between institutional policies and faculty members’ perceptions and practices related to teaching and learning. A series of multi-level models suggests that academic policy variables have small and generally insignificant relationships to such faculty perceptions or practices. Instead, conventional institutional characteristics, such as selectivity and Carnegie classification, appear to be more influential factors.
Clean Energy Funds in Individual US States Provide Significant Support for Utility-Scale Wind Power

Federal support for wind power in the United States occurs primarily through the tax code, in the form of accelerated depreciation and a 10-year production tax credit. Support for wind power from individual States within the US, however, is much more diverse, and includes State clean-energy funds, State renewables portfolio standards, and various types of State tax incentives. This article focuses exclusively on State clean-energy funds, which exist in 14 States and in aggregate collect roughly $500 million per year to aid in the deployment of renewable energy. In 8 of these 14 States, a portion of funding has been allocated to utility-scale renewable energy projects. To date, utility-scale wind projects have been the dominant recipient of such funds, with 970 MW online through March 2006. This article reviews the experience of these 8 States in supporting utility-scale wind projects via clean-energy funds.
Governance by Litigation

This paper examines the role of shareholder litigation rights in corporate governance. For empirical identification, I use the staggered adoption of universal demand (UD) laws at the state-level. UD imposes a significant obstacle to lawsuits alleging breach of fiduciary duty by directors or officers. I find the laws are associated with decreased firm performance and elevated use of governance provisions that are commonly opposed by shareholders (e.g., classified boards). I also document changes to corporate policies (e.g., CEO compensation) that are potentially sensitive to agency conflicts. The results are driven by firms without an existing blockholder, suggesting litigation rights are particularly important when alternative governance mechanisms are weak. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of the deterrence function of litigation and cast doubt on the notion that lawsuits primarily benefit attorneys rather than shareholders.
Macrophage and Multinucleated Giant Cell Classification

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of macrophage subtype and multinucleated giant cell classification with a specific discussion of their role(s) in response to particulates and other foreign bodies. Topics covered for the different subtypes include the following: environmental factors involved in their generation, functional characterization, disease associations, and interactions with particulates. This chapter is separated into three major parts. The first portion describes the normal structure and functions of the macrophage. Second, the currently published macrophage subsets are outlined. The classifications included in the discussion are based on function (“M” polarization) rather than anatomical position (tissue-specific macrophages – Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, etc.). As shown in Fig. 1.1, the ontogeny of the various types of macrophages being discussed in this chapter depends on the pathway of activation. The third major section focuses on multinucleated giant cells, which are formed by fusion of individual macrophages. The ontogeny of each subset will be discussed and the current literature regarding particulate/foreign-body interaction will be reviewed.
The Dynamics of Jahn—Teller Crystals

This chapter deals with the spectrum of elementary excitations of Jahn—Teller elastics; in general they represent a set of dynamically coupled electron-phonon (or, as they are sometimes called, vibron-phonon) modes active in structural phase transition. The notion of elementary excitations in a crystal, one of the most fundamental precepts in solid-state physics, plays an extremely important role in the problem of phase transitions. This is attributable to the relationship of this notion to the soft-mode concept [1–3], according to which the frequency of one of the elementary excitations of the crystal tends to zero as the system approaches the phase transition temperature, thus accounting for the instability against the creation of a new phase.
Solar Cell Characterization

The solar cell characterizations covered in this chapter address the electrical power generating capabilities of the cell. Some of these covered characteristics pertain to the workings within the cell structure (e.g., charge carrier lifetimes), while the majority of the highlighted characteristics help establish the macro-performance of the finished solar cell (e.g., spectral response, maximum power output). Specific performance characteristics of solar cells are summarized, while the method(s) and equipment used for measuring these characteristics are emphasized.
miRNAs and High-Density Lipoprotein metabolism.

Altered lipoprotein metabolism plays a key role during atherogenesis. For over 50years, epidemiological data have fueled the proposal that HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) in circulation is inversely correlated to cardiovascular risk. However, the atheroprotective role of HDL is currently the focus of much debate and remains an active field of research. The emerging picture from research in the past decade suggests that HDL function, rather than HDL-c content, is important in disease. Recent developments demonstrate that miRNAs play an important role in fine-tuning the expression of key genes involved in HDL biogenesis, lipidation, and clearance, as well as in determining the amounts of HDL-c in circulation. Thus, it has been proposed that miRNAs that affect HDL metabolism might be exploited therapeutically in patients. Whether HDL-based therapies, alone or in combination with LDL-based treatments (e.g. statins), provide superior outcomes in patients has been recently questioned by human genetics studies and clinical trials. The switch in focus from "HDL-cholesterol" to "HDL function" opens a new paradigm to understand the physiology and therapeutic potential of HDL, and to find novel modulators of cardiovascular risk. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of HDL metabolism and function by miRNAs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs and lipid/energy metabolism and related diseases edited by Carlos Fernandez-Hernando and Yajaira Suarez.