cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety modelling and testing of lithium-ion batteries in electrified vehicles

To optimize the safety of batteries, it is important to understand their behaviours when subjected to abuse conditions. Most early efforts in battery safety modelling focused on either one battery cell or a single field of interest such as mechanical or thermal failure. These efforts may not completely reflect the failure of batteries in automotive applications, where various physical processes can take place in a large number of cells simultaneously. In this Perspective, we review modelling and testing approaches for battery safety under abuse conditions. We then propose a general framework for large-scale multi-physics modelling and experimental work to address safety issues of automotive batteries in real-world applications. In particular, we consider modelling coupled mechanical, electrical, electrochemical and thermal behaviours of batteries, and explore strategies to extend simulations to the battery module and pack level. Moreover, we evaluate safety test approaches for an entire range of automotive hardware sets from cell to pack. We also discuss challenges in building this framework and directions for its future development. Battery safety is a key focus in the design of electrified vehicles. Here, the authors survey literature approaches for modelling and testing battery safety under abuse conditions, and propose a multi-physics modelling and testing framework for real applications.
Effects of three fentanyl plasma concentrations on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)

OBJECTIVE To determine effects of 3 plasma concentrations of fentanyl on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MACiso) and cardiovascular variables in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). ANIMALS 6 adult parrots. PROCEDURES In phase 1, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane; intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was provided. The MACiso was determined for each bird by use of a bracketing method and supramaximal electrical stimulus. Fentanyl (20 μg/kg) was administered IV, and blood samples were collected over time to measure plasma fentanyl concentrations for pharmacokinetic calculations. In phase 2, pharmacokinetic values for individual birds were used for administration of fentanyl to achieve target plasma concentrations of 8, 16, and 32 ng/mL. At each concentration, MACiso and cardiovascular variables were determined. Data were analyzed with mixed-effects multilevel linear regression analysis. RESULTS Mean ± SD fentanyl plasma concentrations were 0 ng/mL, 5.01 ± 1.53 ng/mL, 12.12 ± 3.58 ng/mL, and 24.93 ± 4.13 ng/mL, and MACiso values were 2.09 ± 0.17%, 1.45 ± 0.32%, 1.34 ± 0.31%, and 0.95 ± 0.14% for fentanyl target concentrations of 0, 8, 16, and 32 ng/mL, respectively. Fentanyl significantly decreased MACiso in a dose-dependent manner. Heart rate and blood pressure significantly decreased at all fentanyl doses, compared with values for MACiso at 0 ng of fentanyl/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fentanyl significantly decreased the MACiso in healthy Hispaniolan Amazon parrots, but this was accompanied by a depressive effect on heart rate and blood pressure that would need to be considered for application of this technique in clinical settings.
Cardiac: Bypass Grafts

CT was used early on for non-invasive imaging of coronary artery bypass grafts (CABGs) in order to determine patency or occlusion because CABGs are generally larger and less mobile than native coronary arteries making them more forgiving imaging targets.1 CABG patency could be determined with > 90% sensitivity and specificity using contrast enhanced single-slice spiral CT. Subsequent generations of CT scanners, particularly since the introduction of multi detector-row CT, have enabled even finer diagnostic assessment.2,3 Thus, CABG evaluation serves as a paradigm for how a diagnostic test can be shifted from an invasive procedure to non-invasive imaging.
Depression and neuropsychological performance in the eosinophilia myalgia syndrome: A comprehensive analysis of cognitive function in a chronic Illness

The assessment of cognitive functioning in chronic medical illness is complicated by concurrent depression and medication use. Both can affect neuropsychological performance. We examined cognitive functioning and its relationship to depression and medication history in patients with eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS). EMS is a multisystem disorder caused by the toxic effects of ingesting contaminated L-tryptophan. Patients with EMS (n = 48) were compared to healthy (n = 36) and depressed (n = 18) controls on neuropsychological measures and psychiatric interviews. EMS patients had significantly more fatigue than both control groups (p < 0.05) and performed significantly worse on verbal memory Lp < 0.05) and visual search and attention Lp < 0.05). Increased levels of depressive symptoms were associated with poorer verbal memory for EMS patients but not for the depressed control group. Medicated EMS patients had significantly more fatigue (p < 0.05) but did not difFer in neuropsychological performance from nonmedicated EMS patients. The results ofthis study indicate that EMS patients are more cognitively impaired than healthy and depressed controls and that cognitive dysfunction in EMS cannot be attributed solely to medication or depression
Standardization of silver-silver chloride electrodes from 0 to 60°C

Reference values of the activity coefficient of hydrochloric acid at intervals of 5°C from 0 to 60°C are proposed. With their use, interlaboratory differences among silver—silver chloride electrodes can be eliminated.
Aulas-Espetáculo: Comunicação e Cultura Brasileira

RESUMO O artigo descreve a comunicacao como um processo social, cujo foco analisa a acao em defesa da cultura brasileira, desenvolvida pelo escritor, dramaturgo, romancista, poeta e professor Ariano Suassuna e de suas aulas-espetaculo. O metodo utilizado foi qualitativo e descritivo. Infere-se que as aulas-espetaculo sao veiculos acumuladores e aceleradores culturais e representam as novas correntes da folkcomunicacao. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Comunicacao; Cultura; Ariano Suassuna. ABSTRACT The article describes communication as a social process, whose focus analyzes the action in defense of Brazilian culture, developed by the writer, playwright, novelist, poet and teacher Ariano Suassuna and his show classes. The method used was qualitative and descriptive. It is inferred that show classes are accumulating vehicles and cultural accelerators and represent the new currents of folkcommunication. KEY-WORDS Communication; Culture; Ariano Suassuna.
Tumor-induced osteomalacia:

Tumor-induced osteomalacia is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome with approximately 500 cases reported. It presents with a variety of nonspecific symptoms including weakness, muscle and bone pain, and ...
'Racing to the Bottom' Again? Why Firms File Bankruptcy in Delaware

In the 10 years from 1990-2000, Delaware emerged as the most popular venue for large Chapter 11 filings, handling as many cases as the next ten largest bankruptcy courts combined. The ascendancy of Delaware's bankruptcy court from relative obscurity (Delaware handled only 1 percent of all filings in the 10 years prior to 1990) to the most popular bankruptcy court in the nation occurred entirely during the 1990s. Since bankruptcy law is federal law, and therefore uniform across the United States, as opposed to laws of incorporation which are state laws and can vary across states, theories explaining why firms incorporate in Delaware are largely inapplicable when used to explain Delaware's popularity as a bankruptcy venue. Two plausible explanations exist as to why so many firms in Delaware. Either the bankruptcy court is more efficient or it adjudicates in a way that is favorable to the filer. The efficiency hypothesis suggests that Delaware applies the same standard of law, but has superior extrinsic properties, such as processing speed and the ability to handle complex bankruptcies. If this is the case, then the benefits from filing in Delaware are accrued by the firm and the firm should have equal if not superior post-emergence performance. The second hypothesis suggests that Delaware is less strict in its reorganization process and that this greater leniency is beneficial to one or more of the economic agents involved in the venue selection process. If this second theory is correct, then the benefits of filing in Delaware are accrued by the economic agents involved in the venue selection process, rather than the firm, and the firm will have been sub-optimally reorganized and underperform after emerging. Prepackaged bankruptcies, bankruptcies requiring less court involvement, are more likely to be filed in Delaware casting doubt upon the efficiency hypothesis. Empirical evidence also establishes that firms which undergo traditional bankruptcies in Delaware have significantly poorer post-emergence operating performance and are significantly more likely to refile in the future. Since traditional bankruptcies require greater court intervention, increased Delaware court involvement is detrimental to the future prospects of the firm. This paper's findings are consistent with the position that Delaware fails to as effectively reorganize firms due to passive differences in Delaware's reorganization process and that Delaware's process has been the mechanism through which it has attracted the increased filings.
Projected shifts in loggerhead sea turtle thermal habitat in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean due to climate change

It is well established that sea turtles are vulnerable to atmospheric and oceanographic shifts associated with climate change. However, few studies have formally projected how their seasonal marine habitat may shift in response to warming ocean temperatures. Here we used a high-resolution global climate model and a large satellite tagging dataset to project changes in the future distribution of suitable thermal habitat for loggerheads along the northeastern continental shelf of the United States. Between 2009 and 2018, we deployed 196 satellite tags on loggerheads within the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) of the Northwest Atlantic continental shelf region, a seasonal foraging area. Tag location data combined with depth and remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) were used to characterize the species' current thermal range in the MAB. The best-fitting model indicated that the habitat envelope for tagged loggerheads consisted of SST ranging from 11.0° to 29.7 °C and depths between 0 and 105.0 m. The calculated core bathythermal range consisted of SSTs between 15.0° and 28.0 °C and depths between 8.0 and 92.0 m, with the highest probability of presence occurred in regions with SST between 17.7° and 25.3 °C and at depths between 26.1 and 74.2 m. This model was then forced by a high-resolution global climate model under a doubling of atmospheric CO2 to project loggerhead probability of presence over the next 80 years. Our results suggest that loggerhead thermal habitat and seasonal duration will likely increase in northern regions of the NW Atlantic shelf. This change in spatiotemporal range for sea turtles in a region of high anthropogenic use may prompt adjustments to the localized protected species conservation measures.
Development and validation of a simple, selective, and sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of remdesivir in human plasma.

Remdesivir, formerly GS-5734, has recently become the first antiviral drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Therapeutic dosing and pharmacokinetic studies require a simple, sensitive, and selective validated assay to quantify drug concentrations in clinical samples. Therefore, we developed a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of remdesivir in human plasma with its deuterium-labeled analog, remdesivir-2H5, as the internal standard. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex® Synergi™ HPLC Fusion-RP (100 × 2 mm, 4 µm) column by gradient elution. Excellent accuracy and precision (<5.2% within-run variations and. <9.8% between-run variations) were obtained over the range of 0.5-5000 ng/mL. The assay met the FDA Bioanalytical Guidelines for selectivity and specificity, and low inter-matrix lot variability (<2.7%) was observed for extraction efficiency (77%) and matrix effect (123%) studies. Further, stability tests showed that the analyte does not degrade under working conditions, nor during freezing and thawing processes.
Lifecourse socioeconomic changes and late-life cognition in a cohort of U.S.-born and U.S. immigrants: findings from the KHANDLE study

Low socioeconomic status (SES) in early and late life has been associated with lower late-life cognition. Less is known about how changes in SES from childhood to late life are associated with late-life cognition, especially among diverse populations of older adults. In a multi-ethnic sample (n = 1353) of older adults, we used linear regression to test associations of change in comprehensive measures of SES (financial, cultural, and social domains) from childhood to late life with semantic memory, episodic memory, and executive function. We tested whether the association between SES trajectory and late-life cognition differed by populations who resided in the U.S. during childhood or immigrated to the U.S. as adults. Participants with low childhood/high late-life financial capital had better semantic memory (β = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.32) versus those with low financial capital in both childhood and late life, regardless of childhood residence. We observed a significant interaction in the association of verbal episodic memory and cultural capital by childhood residence (p = 0.08). Participants with a foreign childhood residence had higher verbal episodic memory if they had low childhood/high late-life cultural capital (β = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.63), but lower verbal episodic memory if they had high childhood/low late-life cultural capital (β = − 0.40; 95% CI: − 0.94, 0.13). Having high lifecourse social capital was associated with better verbal episodic memory scores among those with a U.S. childhood (β = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.55), but lower verbal episodic memory among those with a foreign childhood (β = − 0.10; 95% CI: − 0.51, 0.31). High financial and cultural capital in late life is associated with better cognition, regardless of early childhood SES or childhood residence.
Optimization of Phosphate Limited Autoinduction Broth for 2-Stage Heterologous Protein Expression in E. coli

Autoinducible, 2-stage protein expression leveraging phosphate inducible promoters has been recently shown to enable not only high protein titers but also consistent performance across scales from screening systems (microtiter plates) to instrumented bioreactors. However, to date small scale production using microtiter plates and shake flasks rely on a complex autoinduction broth (AB) that requires making numerous media components, not all amenable to autoclaving. In this report, we develop a simpler media formulation (AB-2) with just a few autoclavable components. We show that AB-2 is robust to small changes in its composition and performs equally, if not better, than AB across different scales. AB-2 will facilitate adoption of phosphate limited 2-stage protein expression protocols.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence; Findings From a Community Sample of Hispanic Young Adults.

In the United States, a substantial proportion of the adult population (36% of women and 34% of men) from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds report experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV...
Perspectives of low-income mothers about their intimate partner relationships

To help fill the gaps in their support system and meet the needs of their families, low income mothers may develop or maintain intimate partner relationships (IPRs). This study employs the voices o...
The Politics of National Standards

Public education in the United States is essentially a political enterprise. The content and administration of public schooling are dependent on citizens' tax dollars determined by elected city and state officials and on policies fashioned by elected school boards and appointed state officials. Unfortunately, the politics of education is mostly ignored by educators, parents, students-and the general public. Our educational body politic suffers from tunnel vision. We consider educational ideas, programs, and reform movements mainly from a conceptual basis with no other societal links. In short, for many educators it is a case of education for education's sake.
Congressional Communication and Citizen Contact: An Exploration

Conventional wisdom holds that the citizenry is unlikely to make contact with their members of Congress or other public officials. How- ever, the volume of electronic mail to members of Congress has forced shutdowns of the e-mail service for citizens to contact their represen- tatives. Using new survey data, I examine the means and causes of citizen contact with their members of Congress, including informa- tion about use of electronic mail. Preliminary results indicate that a larger proportion than anticipated indicates making contact with their member of Congress, and a more diverse group than the prior liter- ature would predict. As the costs of contact are lowered, it appears that some inequalities in political expression are ameliorated. This has broader implications for issues of representation, as members of Congress must adjust to a more responsive and active constituency. Using new survey data from the Cooperative Congressional Election study, this paper also examines patterns of citizen communication with Congress, including means and reasons for communication, citizen sat- isfaction with their communication with their member of Congress, and the effects of this contact on member job approval. The paper also includes a brief presentation of data on the use of the franking privilege.
Neuromuscular Disorders and Sleep in Critically Ill Patients

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a frequent presenting manifestation of neuromuscular disorders and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. If not recognized and addressed early in the clinical course, SDB can lead to clinical deterioration with respiratory failure. The pathophysiologic basis of SDB in neuromuscular disorders, clinical features encountered in specific neuromuscular diseases, and diagnostic and management strategies for SDB in neuromuscular patients in the critical care setting are reviewed. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation has been a crucial advance in critical care management, improving sleep quality and often preventing or delaying mechanical ventilation and improving survival in neuromuscular patients.
A new spin on electronics

In this paper we discuss the spin on electronics on various magnetic devices are discussed. The author gives a brief historical review and a discussion of future prospects for spintronic devices, including magnetic sensors, random access magnetic memories (MRAM) and quantum computing.
Masculinity, work and the fountain of youth: Irving Fisher and the life extension Institute, 1914-31.

In 1914, Progressive Era reformer Irving Fisher and wealthy contractor Harold Ley founded the Life Extension Institute (LEI), a business venture organized to address the problems of American health. For approximately two decades, from 1914 until the death of its medical director in 1931, the Life Extension Institute widely promoted its health maintenance program of annual physical examinations and health literature. The advertised goal of the LEI was to extend life without old age, as well as improve masculinity and good business practices through adherence to health principles. The first two decades of activities of the Life Extension Institute offer a window for examining early twentiethcentury ideas about the relationships between health, old age, and masculinity. The LEI literature constructed a picture of healthy, vigorous, and efficient American working men that helped to cement ideals of masculinity to ideals of health.
Measurement of Lipid Accumulation in Chlorella vulgaris via Flow Cytometry and Liquid-State ¹H NMR Spectroscopy for Development of an NMR-Traceable Flow Cytometry Protocol

In this study, we cultured Chlorella vulgaris cells with a range of lipid contents, induced via nitrogen starvation, and characterized them via flow cytometry, with BODIPY 505/515 as a fluorescent lipid label, and liquid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy. In doing so, we demonstrate the utility of calibrating flow cytometric measurements of algal lipid content using triacylglyceride (TAG, also known as triacylglycerol or triglyceride) content per cell as measured via quantitative 1H NMR. Ensemble-averaged fluorescence of BODIPY-labeled cells was highly correlated with average TAG content per cell measured by bulk NMR, with a linear regression yielding a linear fit with r2 = 0.9974. This correlation compares favorably to previous calibrations of flow cytometry protocols to lipid content measured via extraction, and calibration by NMR avoids the time and complexity that is generally required for lipid quantitation via extraction. Flow cytometry calibrated to a direct measurement of TAG content can be used to investigate the distribution of lipid contents for cells within a culture. Our flow cytometry measurements showed that Chlorella vulgaris cells subjected to nitrogen limitation exhibited higher mean lipid content but a wider distribution of lipid content that overlapped the relatively narrow distribution of lipid content for replete cells, suggesting that nitrogen limitation induces lipid accumulation in only a subset of cells. Calibration of flow cytometry protocols using direct in situ measurement of TAG content via NMR will facilitate rapid development of more precise flow cytometry protocols, enabling investigation of algal lipid accumulation for development of more productive algal biofuel feedstocks and cultivation protocols.
Sum1-1: A Suppressor of Silencing Defects in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

The repression of transcription of the silent mating-type locus HMRa in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the four SIR proteins, histone H4 and a flanking site designated HMR-E. The SUM1-1 mutation alleviated the need for many of these components in transcriptional repression. In the absence of each of the SIR proteins, SUM1-1 restored repression in MAT alpha strains; thus, SUM1-1 appeared to bypass the need for the SIR genes in repression of HMRa. Repression was not specific to the genes normally present at HMR, since the TRP1 gene placed at HMR was repressed by SUM1-1 in a sir3 strain. Therefore, like the mechanisms of silencing normally used at HMR, silencing by SUM1-1 was gene-nonspecific. SUM1-1 suppressed point mutations in histone H4, but failed to suppress strongly a deletion mutation in histone H4. Similarly, SUM1-1 suppressed mutations in the three known elements of HMR-E, but was unable to suppress a deletion of HMR-E. These epistasis analyses implied that the functions required for repression at HMR can be ordered, with the SIR genes and silencer elements acting upstream of SUM1-1. SUM1-1 itself may function at the level of chromatin in the assembly of inactive DNA at the silent mating-type loci.
Infrared spectral studies of phosphiran and some related compounds

Abstract The infrared spectra of the three-membered heterocycles phosphiran, phosphiran-1- d , and 1-methylphosphiran have been studied over the range 4000-300 cm −1 , and the fundamental modes of vibration for these compounds have been assigned.
Fermi level effects on photoconductivity during optical degradation of amorphous silicon

Abstract During optical degradation and anneal of hydrogenated amorphous silicon, it is often observed that the photoconductivity changes by a larger factor and/or with a different dependence on time than the density of dangling bond defects measured by the constant photoconductivity method (CPM). It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that these effects can be described, for a set of degradation measurements at four different temperatures, by a simple model of photoconductivity with only one type of multivalent defect, when full recognition is made of the effects of varying Fermi level position with time because of the creation of additional dangling bond defects during the optical degradation. The lifetime decreases when the Fermi level approaches the negatively charged defect level (D(−/0) from above, and the apparent defect density decreases as measured by CPM as the Fermi level moves down below the D(−/0) defect level. Although a total description of all photoconductivity effects might require the consideration of other types of defect, the introduction of other tpes of defect level is not needed in the cases considered.
A comparative study of RNA synthesis in rat hepatic nuclei and mitochondria under the influence of cortisone

Abstract 1. A mixture of labeled [3H]uridine and [14C]guanine was employed in 10-minute pulse labeling experiments in vivo to study the nature of RNA synthesis in hepatic nuclei and mitochondria of adrenalectomized rats under the influence of cortisone. 2. Ten minutes after cortisone treatment there was a change in the nature of the newly synthesized total hepatic RNA. Specific activity measurements indicated that the U/G base labeling ratio of the total RNA of hormonally treated rats was elevated relative to controls as a consequence of a concurrent stimulation of U-rich RNA synthesis and a diminution of G-rich RNA synthesis. 3. Four hours after hormonal treatment, with a 10-minute pulse labeling period, the U/G base labeling ratio of the total hepatic RNA was shifted downward as a consequence of cortisone enhancement of G-rich ribosomal precursor RNA synthesis in the nucleus. 4. Mitochondria actively synthesized U-rich RNA which was stimulated by a 10-minute cortisone treatment. However, there was no reversal of the RNA labeling pattern after four hours of hormone treatment, as evidenced by an unchanged high U/G base labeling ratio. It is therefore concluded that the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genome is under a different mechanism of control than its nuclear counterpart. 5. In view of the fact that after a 10-minute pulse incorporation the U/G base labeling ratio of the RNA species was low in nuclei and high in cytoplasm, it is inferred that U-rich RNA synthesized in nuclei was rapidly transported into cytoplasm leaving behind the immature G-rich ribosomal RNA, whereas mitochondria retained their U-rich RNA. 6. Separate acid-soluble RNA precursor pools in nuclei and mitochondria seem to be present in liver cells, the former being high in U/G base ratio, the latter low. The U/G ratios of the acid-soluble precursor pools were relatively insensitive to cortisone both in nuclei and mitochondria after either 10 min or 4 h of hormonal treatment.
Comparison between hybrid direct aperture optimized intensity-modulated radiotherapy and forward planning intensity-modulated radiotherapy for whole breast irradiation.

Purpose To investigate the planning efficiency and dosimetric characteristics of hybrid direct aperture optimized (hDAO) intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) compared with forward planning (FP)-IMRT for whole breast irradiation with two tangential beams. Methods and Materials A total of 15 patients with left-sided breast cancer, categorized with three different breast volumes, were selected for this study. All patients were treated with FP plans to 50 Gy in 25 fractions. The hDAO plans were created by combining two open fields with eight segments in two tangential beam directions and were inversely optimized. Results The FP and hDAO plans achieved similar breast coverage and sparing of critical organs. The volume of breast receiving 105% of the prescription dose was significantly smaller in the hDAO than in the FP plans: 25% vs. 63% ( p = .008) for small, 22% vs. 57% ( p = .005) for medium, and 28% vs. 53% ( p = .005) for large breasts. Furthermore, the tumor cavity coverage was slightly better in the hDAO plans (92.4% vs. 90.9%). Conclusion Compared with FP-IMRT, hDAO-IMRT provided dosimetric advantages, significantly reducing the size of the hot spot and slightly improving the coverage of the tumor cavity. In addition, hDAO-IMRT required less planning time and was less dependent on the planner's ability.
Blood Loss During Endoscopic Sinus Surgery With Propofol or Sevoflurane: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol has been associated with reduced operative time, decreased perioperative risks, and decreased intraoperative blood loss compared with inhalational anesthesia (IA). During endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), reduced bleeding from the mucosal surfaces could improve visualization of the anatomy and decrease the risk of serious complications. Objective To compare blood loss during ESS between patients receiving TIVA with propofol and those receiving IA with sevoflurane. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective, randomized study of 33 patients undergoing ESS in an academic medical center. Interventions Patients received either TIVA or IA. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was rate of blood loss in milliliters per hour. The secondary outcomes included the quality of visibility measured by the surgeon's numeric rating score, ease of anesthesia as measured by the anesthesiologist's numeric rating score, and total blood loss. Results The mean (SEM) blood loss per hour in the TIVA group was 78.5 (14) mL/h, and in the IA group it was 80.3 (17) mL/h (P = .93). A post hoc subgroup analysis found that in patients with a Lund-Mackay score of 12 or lower, the propofol TIVA group had a lower rate of blood loss compared with the sevoflurane IA group (mean blood loss, approximately 18 mL/h vs approximately 99 mL/h). The anesthesiologist's numeric rating score was significantly higher (indicating greater ease of performance) in the IA group than in the TIVA group. There was no statistically significant difference in the surgical numeric rating score between the 2 groups. Conclusions and Relevance In this comparative study, our results did not show any difference in blood loss and surgical conditions between the TIVA and IA groups. Even further study is not likely to show a difference in blood loss between TIVA and IA during ESS.
Communicating collaborative leadership

Abstract Collaborative or shared leadership has frequently been advocated as an alternative to vertical or top-down leadership. Building on the conceptual and theoretical aspects of collaborative leadership developed in previous research, this study examined the specific communication behaviors and processes used to create collaborative leadership. Based on participant observation ethnography and interviews of all the major participants, the authors collaborated on this study to explore how the leader's attitudes, behaviors, and communication supported collaboration and how the group members participated in creating a collaborative culture. The findings may be transferable to other group endeavors in which leaders and members wish to create a collaborative group process.
Striatal activity in concept learning.

Striatal learning systems have been implicated in learning relationships between visual stimuli and outcomes. In the present study, the activity of the striatum during visual concept learning in humans was examined by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants performed three conceptlearning tasks and a baseline task. The participants were trained to criterion before fMRI scanning on two tasks, verbal and implicit. In the verbal task, classification could be performed on the basis of a simple verbal rule, but in the implicit task, there was no simple verbal rule. The novel-implicit learning task, in which an implicit structure was used, was not encountered by the participants before scanning. Across all three concept-learning tasks, there was significant activation in the striatum, in comparison with the baseline task. The striatum was recruited similarly in classification when the participants had different levels of expertise (novel-implicit vs. verbal and implicit) and were able to verbalize their learning to different degrees (verbal vs. implicit and novel-implicit). There was left lateral occipital activation when learning was implicit (implicit and novel-implicit), but not when learning was easily verbalized (verbal).
Dynamic response of stream temperatures to boundary and inflow perturbation due to reservoir operations

Dams and reservoir operations modify natural stream behaviour and affect the downstream characteristics such as mean temperatures and diurnal temperature amplitudes. Managing phase effects due to reservoir operation and the associated amplification of daily maximum temperatures in the downstream reaches remains a challenge. An analytical approach derived from a one-dimensional heat advection and dispersion equation with surface heating in the form of equilibrium temperature was developed to examine the potential for restoration of natural stream temperatures. The analytical model was validated with observed temperature data collected in the Clackamas River, Oregon, and was used to highlight key downstream temperature behaviour characteristics. Mean stream temperatures below the dam are relatively stable and upon deviating from natural stream mean temperatures, return asymptotically to their natural state. In contrast, the amplitudes of daily temperature variation are highly sensitive to the phase differences induced by the dam and could nearly double in natural amplitude within the first 24 h. The analysis showed that restoring average stream temperatures to natural levels through structural and operational modifications at the dam may not be sufficient as phase-induced temperatures maximums would continue to persist.
Rethinking the AAMI/ISO 'International Standard' for oxygen transfer performance of artificial lungs.

We believe we have fulfilled the five objectives outlined in the introductory section to this text. Unquestionably, the clinical perfusionist will be confronted with a set of conditions that do not match the very specific values proposed for our in vitro performance testing. The in vitro results for a particular brand of oxygenator can serve as a 'performance baseline', predicting oxygen transfer performance under standard conditions. It is encumbant upon the clinical perfusionist to assess the impact that each variable (i.e. Hb, blood flow and SvO2) will have on the overall oxygen transfer performance. Table 5 illustrates how increases or decreases in each of these three variables can influence the resulting VO2/minute. The clinical perfusionist must manipulate these variables in order to satisfy the oxygen transfer demand created by the patient on CPB. In order for the in vitro performance testing to be helpful in the clinical environment, the perfusionist must: (1) be familiar with the results and the conditions under which they were achieved; and (2) be able to assess and interpret how their current set of conditions on cardiopulmonary bypass will impact on the oxygenator's performance. Example Brand Y membrane oxygenator is being used clinically on a patient weighing 115 kg and consuming 320 ml O2/minute. According to Table 4, this VO2/minute exceeds the 277.2 ml O2/minute achieved during its in vitro performance test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The mathematical biophysics of some mental phenomena: II. Anxieties and elations

A neural mechanism is discussed which explains certain states of anxieties, in which an individual is worried about things which may be possible, but are exceedingly improbable. Certain quantitative relations are derived.Mutatis mutandis similar considerations apply to some states of elations. An application to certain types of paranoia is discussed.
Use of unextracted sunflower seeds as a protein source

Abstract Substitution of unextracted sunflower seeds for either 0, 25, 50 or 100% of the soya bean meal in pig diets produced no significant differences in digestible energy or apparent nitrogen retention. However, all diets containing unextracted sunflower seeds had significantly higher digestible nitrogen than the diets containing soya bean meal as the protein source. Replacement of 25% of the soya bean meal with unextracted sunflower seeds produced the greatest increase in digestibility. Rate and efficiency of gain in rats were used to evaluate the effects of autoclaving unextracted sunflower seeds at 115°C with 1.05 kg/cm2 pressure for 0, 5 or 10 minutes. Rats fed on the basal maize-soya bean meal diet gained significantly faster and more efficiently than the rats fed on the diets containing the sunflower seeds. An increase in heating time of the sunflower seeds produced a significant reduction in rate and efficiency of rat gain.
Methylation of the S f locus in almond is associated with S-RNase loss of function.

Self-compatibility in almond (Prunus dulcis) is attributed to the presence of the Sf haplotype, allelic to and dominant over the series of S-alleles controlling self- incompatibility. Some forms of the Sf haplotype, however, are phenotypically self-incompatible even though their nucleotide sequences are identical. DNA from leaves and styles from genetically diverse almond samples was cloned and sequenced and then analyzed for changes affecting S f -RNase variants. Epigenetic changes in several cytosine residues were detected in a fragment of 4,700 bp of the 5' upstream region of all self-compatible samples of the S f - RNases, differentiating them from all self-incompatible samples of S f -RNases analyzed. This is the first report of DNA methylation in a Rosaceae species and appears to be strongly associated with inactivation of the S f allele. Results facilitate an understanding of the evolution of self- compatibility/self-incompatibility in almond and other Pru- nus species, and suggest novel approaches for future crop improvement.
Immobilized anthraquinone dyes for affinity chromatography

Abstract Cibacron Brilliant Blue BR-P, a structural isomer of Cibacron Blue 3G-A (the chromophore in Blue Dextran), and Procion Brilliant Blue MR, Cibacron Brilliant Blue BR-P without the sulfonated benzyl moiety, were covalently attached to Sepharose CL-6B by the triazine rings. The use of these materials for column affinity chromatography was compared with commercial Blue Sepharose CL-6B, Cibacron Blue 3G-A covalently attached by its triazine ring to Sepharose CL-6B, and with a columns of agarose succinyl-polyacrylic hydrazine with Cibacron Blue 3G-A attached on its anthraquinone ring. It was found likely that the 1-amino-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid moiety was the critical structure for binding of the selected enzymes used, one kinase and three dehydrogenases. These enzymes, bound to the dyes, attached to the columns by their triazine rings and elution of the enzymes occurred at similar concentrations of eluting buffers indicating that the entire Cibacron Blue 3G-A molecule is not required for biospecific binding and elution. The new columns described in this report may allow for selective enzyme purification due to differences in binding and steric interactions of the proteins with the different dyes.
Blood Flow Characterization in a Perfused Collagen Vessel Bioreactor Using X-Ray Micro-PIV

Newly developed cancer therapies must pass through a series of increasingly complex testing regimens before obtaining FDA approval as valid treatments. The costs of these tests increase rapidly as the physiological accuracy of the platform increases, from initial proof-of-concept in static tissue cultures, to treatment of animal models, and ultimately to human clinical trials. Three-dimensional engineered blood-perfused tumor models are becoming increasingly important as intermediate platforms for the study and treatment of cancer, as they are superior to static two-dimensional cultures in their reproduction of relevant physiological conditions and are inexpensive in comparison to animal models. Because of this, the design of well-characterized adaptable in vitro vascular tumor models has become a central objective of the emerging field of tumor engineering. Characterization of the flow within three-dimensional tumor models is critical for quantifying fluid shear stress and determining its role in pivotal tumor development processes such as tumor cell angiogenesis and metastasis. Ultimately, this knowledge will provide new avenues for therapeutic modulation of the tumor microenvironment.© 2012 ASME
Flexoelectricity in soft materials and biological membranes

Abstract Flexoelectricity and the concomitant emergence of electromechanical size-effects at the nanoscale have been recently exploited to propose tantalizing concepts such as the creation of “apparently piezoelectric” materials without piezoelectric materials, e.g. graphene, emergence of “giant” piezoelectricity at the nanoscale, enhanced energy harvesting, among others. The aforementioned developments pertain primarily to hard ceramic crystals. In this work, we develop a nonlinear theoretical framework for flexoelectricity in soft materials. Using the concept of soft electret materials, we illustrate an interesting nonlinear interplay between the so-called Maxwell stress effect and flexoelectricity, and propose the design of a novel class of apparently piezoelectric materials whose constituents are intrinsically non-piezoelectric. In particular, we show that the electret-Maxwell stress based mechanism can be combined with flexoelectricity to achieve unprecedentedly high values of electromechanical coupling. Flexoelectricity is also important for a special class of soft materials: biological membranes. In this context, flexoelectricity manifests itself as the development of polarization upon changes in curvature. Flexoelectricity is found to be important in a number of biological functions including hearing, ion transport and in some situations where mechanotransduction is necessary. In this work, we present a simple linearized theory of flexoelectricity in biological membranes and some illustrative examples.
Numerical solutions of scramjet nozzle flows

The accurate prediction of nozzle flows for ramjets and scramjets is important for design and system performance analysis. The problem is made complex by the presence of strongly nonuniform entrance profiles, especially for scramjets (which have no throat at the end of the combustor). Thus, turbulent mixing and, often, chemical reactions can be expected to be under way during the expansion process. The rapid expansion common in nozzles implies substantial radial pressure gradients. Taken together, these requirements lead to the necessity of utilizing the full Navier-Stokes equations for a compressible, multicomponent, turbulent flow with finite-rate chemistry. For this work, the unsplit, explicit, MacCprmack unsteady/finite-difference method was used to solve the equations of motion. Turbulence transport is represented with a turbulent kinetic energy model. Chemistry is treated at this time by either frozen equilibrium or a simple, global finite-rate model. Calculations are presented for a typical scramjet case where the effects of nonuniform inflow profiles on the nozzle flowfield and performance are shown for different nozzle designs.
A simplified model for heat transfer from a cylinder immersed within a packed bed

Abstract A model is presented for heat transfer from an immersed cylinder within a packed bed of particles to gas flowing through the bed parallel to the cylinder's axis. Simplifications in the model permit a closed form solution which agrees closely with the results of a previous numerical solution [1] when similar correlations for the physical mechanisms are employed. The results are shown to be sensitive to the values of the heat transfer coefficient at the cylinder wall and the gas velocity close to the wall.
Nuclear rotational-vibrational collective motion with nonvanishing vortex-spin

The theory of linear collective motion is developed by the method of canonical transformations, recovering, as special cases, the earlier results of Casimir, Bohr-Mottelson, and Villars. In the approximation of constant Eckart-frame vectors, the kinetic energy Hamiltonian is shown to commute with the invariant operators of the collective motion symmetry group CM(3). The collective motion approach of Tomonaga, and the symmetry approach of Gell-Mann, are discussed and shown to be essentially equivalent, and to be properly contained in the CM(3) structure. The invariant operators of CM(3) are determined and shown to imply two invariants for nuclear collective motion: the volume Λ and the vortex-spin v. Representations of CM(3) are obtained and related to wavefunctions of the generator-coordinate form.
σ-Borane Complexes of Manganese and Rhenium

The late transition metal borane complexes (MeCp)Mn(CO)2(HBR2) (R = alkyl, alkoxy) and Cp*Re(CO)2(HBpin) (HBpin = pinacolborane, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) have been synthesized and isolated. All complexes were characterized spectroscopically, and X-ray crystal structure analyses were performed for (MeCp)Mn(CO)2(HBpin), (MeCp)Mn(CO)2(HBcat) (HBcat = catecholborane) and (MeCp)Mn(CO)2(HBCy2) (Cy = cyclohexyl). These data show that the complexes contain a borane ligand with a weakened but intact B−H bond. The borane ligand in (MeCp)Mn(CO)2(HBcat) is replaced by PhCCPh, Ph3SnH, Ph2MeSiH, CO, and excess HBpin in ligand substitution reactions. The mechanism of substitution by PhCCPh was investigated. Kinetic studies showed that the reaction is first-order in complex and that borane and PhCCPh react competitively with the 16-electron intermediate, (MeCp)Mn(CO)2. The ΔH⧧ value for borane dissociation was 24 ± 3 kcal/mol for (MeCp)Mn(CO)2(HBcat) and 21 ± 1 kcal/mol for (MeCp)Mn(CO)2(HBCy2), which provided ...
Cytokeratin-positive cells in sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer are not random events: experience in patients undergoing prophylactic mastectomy.

BACKGROUND The incidence of immunohistochemistry (IHC)-detected epithelial cell displacement in sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is unknown. In the current study, we address this question by examining the pattern of SLN involvement in patients undergoing prophylactic mastectomy (PM) at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY). METHODS Between January 1999 and January 2003, 5275 patients underwent SLN biopsy. Unilateral or bilateral PM with SLN biopsy was performed in 143 (2.7%) patients, representing 163 PM cases. RESULTS Occult carcinoma was identified in 13 of 163 (8.0%) PM specimens. Two patients with occult invasive carcinoma had positive SLNs (hematoxylin and eosin). In the remaining 150 PM cases without occult carcinoma (130 patients), 89% underwent IHC analysis of the SLNs. Of these 130 patients, 43 (33%) had one or more prior biopsies in their “cancer-free” breast, a median of 43 days (range, 3–314 days) before PM. A total of 310 SLNs were examined by IHC (mean, 2.3 lymph nodes per PM case). Only 1 of 130 (0.8%) patients without occult carcinoma had an IHC-positive SLN. This patient had Stage IIIC carcinoma of the contralateral breast. IHC-positive SLNs were not identified in any of the 43 patients with a history of prior biopsy. Therefore, only 1 IHC-positive SLN was detected in 310 (0.3%) lymph nodes examined. CONCLUSIONS IHC-positive cells in SLNs are rare in the absence of cancer and are not the result of previous breast instrumentation. Although the prognostic significance of IHC-positive cells remains controversial, the current study suggests that they are not random events. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.