cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meat quality of broiler breast meat following post-mortem electrical stimulation at the neck

Abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on breast fillets harvested at 1 h post-mortem and individually quick frozen (IQF) or aged on ice (ICE). Twelve birds were electrically stimulated (450 V, 750 mA, 2 s on/1 s off for 15 s) at the neck in a saline bath. Twenty-four unstimulated birds were used as controls. Breast fillets were harvested at 1 h post-mortem from ES and control carcasses or at 4 h post-mortem from control carcasses and were either IQF or ICE until 24 h post-mortem. Fillets were then analyzed for shear value, pH, R value, and color. Electrical stimulation significantly reduced shear values compared to the 1 h controls for both IQF and ICE treatments. The ICE fillets deboned at 1 h from ES-treated carcasses had shear values similar to those of ICE fillets deboned from the 4 h controls. Electrical stimulation increased the percentage of shear values at or below 8 kg/g for the fillets from ES-treated carcasses compared to the 1 h controls. Electrical stimulation accelerated the normal post-mortem decline in pH and increase in R value. There was no significant difference in L* or a* values between the fillets held for 1 or 24 h. The results suggest that by electrically stimulating carcasses at the neck using a saline bath, the aging period could be eliminated by removing fillets immediately after chilling at 1 h, decreasing the costs associated with aging whole carcasses or front halves.
Remotely forced nearshore upwelling in Southern California

[1] Alongshore winds in Baja California strongly influence nearshore temperatures hundreds of kilometers to the north at Point Loma, San Diego, California, on timescales of a week to a year. The time lag between wind and temperature is consistent with first mode coastal trapped wave phase speed. The nearshore cross-shelf circulation forced by the coastal trapped waves is, at least much of the year, oppositely directed at the surface and bottom. No relation is found between the winds and temperature for periods greater than a year. It is argued that similar results may be found elsewhere in the Southern California Bight. The relationship between stratification and bottom temperature varies over the 1.3 years of data, but for much of the time, warmer bottom waters are associated with even warmer surface waters and thus stronger stratification. The effects of the remotely forced cross-shelf exchange on coastal pollution, nutrient dynamics, and larval transport are briefly discussed.
Functional connectivity in the first year of life in infants at-risk for autism: a preliminary near-infrared spectroscopy study

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been called a “developmental disconnection syndrome,” however the majority of the research examining connectivity in ASD has been conducted exclusively with older children and adults. Yet, prior ASD research suggests that perturbations in neurodevelopmental trajectories begin as early as the first year of life. Prospective longitudinal studies of infants at risk for ASD may provide a window into the emergence of these aberrant patterns of connectivity. The current study employed functional connectivity near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in order to examine the development of intra- and inter-hemispheric functional connectivity in high- and low-risk infants across the first year of life. Methods: NIRS data were collected from 27 infants at high risk for autism (HRA) and 37 low-risk comparison (LRC) infants who contributed a total of 116 data sets at 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-months. At each time point, HRA and LRC groups were matched on age, sex, head circumference, and Mullen Scales of Early Learning scores. Regions of interest (ROI) were selected from anterior and posterior locations of each hemisphere. The average time course for each ROI was calculated and correlations for each ROI pair were computed. Differences in functional connectivity were examined in a cross-sectional manner. Results: At 3-months, HRA infants showed increased overall functional connectivity compared to LRC infants. This was the result of increased connectivity for intra- and inter-hemispheric ROI pairs. No significant differences were found between HRA and LRC infants at 6- and 9-months. However, by 12-months, HRA infants showed decreased connectivity relative to LRC infants.
Desalination with a Cascade of Cross-Flow Hollow Fiber Membrane Distillation Devices Integrated with a Heat Exchanger

Cost-efficient desalination technology was developed successfully by integrating a countercurrent cascade of the novel cross-flow direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) devices and solid polymeric hollow fiber-based heat exchange devices. Simulations have been carried out for the whole DCMD cascade to project values of gained output ratio (GOR) as a function of the number of DCMD stages as well as other important factors in the cascade vis-a-vis the temperatures and flow rates of the incoming hot brine and cold distillate streams. The simulation results were verified with experimental results from cascades consisting of two to eight stages. The numerical simulator predicts a GOR of 12 when unequal flow rates of the incoming brine and distillate streams are used. An artificial sea water was concentrated eight times successfully when a countercurrent cascade composed of four stages of the DCMD modules and a heat exchanger was used during the DCMD process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Design of a MEMS capacitive chemical sensor based on polymer swelling

This paper details the design of a MEMS sensor to detect swelling of polymer films. The sensor is a variable capacitor composed of two electrodes separated by a chemically sensitive polymer. The polymer is chosen such that it absorbs target chemicals (analytes). Upon analyte absorption, the polymer swells, which increases the distance between the two electrodes. This changes the capacitance of the device and can be electrically detected and measured. This paper presents the design of the sensor, the fabrication steps, and polymer selection criteria for the sensor.
Epstein-Barr Virus BHRF1 Micro- and Stable RNAs during Latency III and after Induction of Replication

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) microRNAs miR-BHRF1-1, -2, and -3 have been detected in latency III-infected lymphoblasts, where they are encoded within EBNA transcripts (X. Cai, A. Schafer, S. Lu, J. P. Bilello, R. C. Desrosiers, R. Edwards, N. Raab-Traub, and B. R. Cullen, PLoS Pathog. 2:e23, 2006). In latency III-infected lymphoblasts, we have also identified a stable 1.3-kb RNA, which begins 3' to miR-BHRF1-1, includes the BHRF1 open reading frame, and ends near miR-BHRF1-2. This 1.3-kb RNA is the residue of Drosha cleavage of the BHRF1 microRNAs from EBNA transcripts. Early after induction of EBV replication in latency I-infected Akata lymphoblasts, BHRF1 spliced 1.4-kb mRNA accumulated along with low levels of miR-BHRF1-2 and -3 and a 0.9-kb Drosha or miR-BHRF1-2 cleavage product of BHRF1 mRNA. The turning on of latency III infection at 48 to 72 h after induction of EBV replication was associated with higher miR-BHRF1-1, -2, and -3 levels; accumulation of the 1.3-kb RNA residue in the nucleus; abundant BHRF1 spliced 1.4-kb mRNA in the cytoplasm; and more abundant 0.9-kb mRNA cleavage product in the cytoplasm. These findings implicate miR-BHRF1-2 in 3' cleavage of BHRF1 mRNA in the cytoplasm and Drosha in cleavage of latency III EBNA and EBV replication-associated BHRF1 transcripts in the nucleus.
P19 progenitor cells progress to organized contracting myocytes after chemical and electrical stimulation: implications for vascular tissue engineering.

PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that a level of chemical and electrical stimulation exists that allows differentiation of progenitor cells into organized contracting myocytes. METHODS A custom-made bioreactor with the capability of delivering electrical pulses of varying field strengths, widths, and frequencies was constructed. Individual chambers of the bioreactor allowed continuous electrical stimulation of cultured cells under microscopic observation. On day 0, 1% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), known to differentiate cells into myocytes, was added to P19 progenitor cells. Additionally, for the next 22 days, electrical pulses of varying field strengths (0-3 V/cm), widths (2-40 ms), and frequencies (10-25 Hz) were continuously applied. On day 5, the medium containing DMSO was exchanged with regular medium, and the electrical stimulation was continued. From days 6-22, the cells were visually assessed for signs of viability, contractility, and organization. RESULTS P19 cells remained viable with pulsed electrical fields <3 V/cm, pulse widths <40 ms, and pulse frequencies from 10 to 25 Hz. On day 12, the first spontaneous contractions were observed. For individual colonies, local synchronization and organization occurred; multiple colonies were synchronized with externally applied electrical fields. CONCLUSION P19 progenitor cells progress to organized contracting myocytes after chemical and electrical stimulation. Incorporation of such cells into existing methods of producing endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and scaffolds may allow production of improved tissue-engineered vascular grafts.
Dose combinations of exendin-4 and salmon calcitonin produce additive and synergistic reductions in food intake in nonhuman primates

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and amylin mediate the feedback control of eating by seemingly separate, but overlapping mechanisms. This study examined the effects of combined doses of the GLP-1 a...
A bipartite analogue of Dilworth's theorem for multiple partial orders

Let r be a fixed positive integer. It is shown that, given any partial orders <"1, ..., <"r on the same n-element set P, there exist disjoint subsets A,[email protected]?P, each with at least n^1^-^o^(^1^) elements, such that one of the following two conditions is satisfied: (1) there is an i([email protected][email protected]?r) such that every element of A is larger than every element of B in the partial order <"i, or (2) no element of A is comparable with any element of B in any of the partial orders <"1, ..., <"r. As a corollary, we obtain that any family C of n convex compact sets in the plane has two disjoint subfamilies A,[email protected]?C, each with at least n^1^-^o^(^1^) members, such that either every member of A intersects all members of B, or no member of A intersects any member of B.
Attitude Stabilization and Control Using Trim Tabs for Spacecraft with Sun Shields

Solar radiation torque harnessed by large exposed surfaces such as sun shields and solar panels is of major concern for spacecraft operating at GEO and L2 orbits. The geometry and optical properties of these surfaces need to be designed to ensure attitude stability for the entire mission duration while mitigating solar radiation torque and thus momentum build-up. Using a conceptual spacecraft with a large sun shield, which contains similar characteristics of the James Webb Space Telescope, the relationships among the sun angle, sun shield geometry, surface optical properties, and vehicle center of mass are examined to define conditions that are required to provide passive attitude stability and to minimize solar radiation torque. Due primarily to optical property degradation over time, finding optimum sun shield properties that can be effective for the entire mission duration is not feasible with fixed sun shield geometry. It is shown in this paper that trim tabs can be employed effectively to augment the stability and to help maintain minimal solar radiation torque over the entire mission duration. The process of sizing the trim tabs and selecting their optical properties is presented to conduct these functions. A linearized control law for the trim tab is developed to generate commanded control torque by adjusting its deflection angles. Closed-loop attitude control examples using the conceptual spacecraft are provided to illustrate the process of employing the trim tabs to neutralize the solar radiation torque generated by the sun shield and to demonstrate the attitude stabilization capability of the trim tab control.
A Manipulator Can Aid Prediction Market Accuracy

Prediction markets are low volume speculative markets whose prices offer informative forecasts on particular policy topics. Observers worry that traders may attempt to mislead decision makers by manipulating prices. We adapt a Kyle-style market microstructure model to this case, adding a manipulator with an additional quadratic preference regarding the price. In this model, when other traders are uncertain about the manipulator's target price, the mean target price has no effect on prices, and raising the variance of the target price can increase average price accuracy, by boosting the returns to informed trading and thereby incentives for traders to become informed.
Formation of (dA-dT)n cruciforms in Escherichia coli cells under different environmental conditions.

Abstract We have detected cruciform formation of (dA-dT)n inserts in Escherichia coli cells by analyzing the superhelical density of isolated plasmid DNA samples and by probing intracellular DNA with chloroacetaldehyde. The plasmids we used were pUC19 containing inserts of (dA-dT)n. The cruciforms appeared after cells underwent different stresses: inhibition of protein synthesis, anaerbiosis, and osmotic shock. At the same time, all these stimuli led to an increase in superhelical density of the control pUC19 plasmid DNA. Therefore, we suggest that the increase in plasmid superhelicity in response to different environmental stimuli entails the appearance of cruciform structures. The use of the (dA-dT)n units of various lengths made it possible to estimate the superhelical density of the plasmid DNA in vivo.
Quantum plasmon resonances of individual metallic nanoparticles

The plasmon resonances of metallic nanoparticles have received considerable attention for their applications in nanophotonics, biology, sensing, spectroscopy and solar energy harvesting. Although thoroughly characterized for spheres larger than ten nanometres in diameter, the plasmonic properties of particles in the quantum size regime have been historically difficult to describe owing to weak optical scattering, metal-ligand interactions, and inhomogeneity in ensemble measurements. Such difficulties have precluded probing and controlling the plasmonic properties of quantum-sized particles in many natural and engineered processes, notably catalysis. Here we investigate the plasmon resonances of individual ligand-free silver nanoparticles using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging and monochromated scanning TEM electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). This technique allows direct correlation between a particle's geometry and its plasmon resonance. As the nanoparticle diameter decreases from 20 nanometres to less than two nanometres, the plasmon resonance shifts to higher energy by 0.5 electronvolts, a substantial deviation from classical predictions. We present an analytical quantum mechanical model that describes this shift due to a change in particle permittivity. Our results highlight the quantum plasmonic properties of small metallic nanospheres, with direct application to understanding and exploiting catalytically active and biologically relevant nanoparticles.
Continuous time planning for multiagent teams with temporal constraints

Continuous state DEC-MDPs are critical for agent teams in domains involving resources such as time, but scaling them up is a significant challenge. To meet this challenge, we first introduce a novel continuous-time DEC-MDP model that exploits transition independence in domains with temporal constraints. More importantly, we present a new locally optimal algorithm called SPAC. Compared to the best previous algorithm, SPAC finds solutions of comparable quality substantially faster; SPAC also scales to larger teams of agents.
Does overwinter temperature affect maternal body composition and egg traits in yellow perch Perca flavescens

Female yellow perch Perca flavescens exposed to three overwinter temperature regimes (4, 8 and 13° C) for 150 days spawned in markedly different proportions upon spring warming (37% of females in 4° C v. 64 and 91% in 8 and 13° C treatments, respectively), but exhibited no differences in fecundity, egg size or egg lipid content. Females held at 4° C also exhibited less within-clutch egg size variation than females held at 13° C. Moreover, eggs differed among temperature treatments in the overall proportions of 18 fatty acids, with the colder treatments resulting in potentially higher quality eggs containing more of the unsaturated fatty acids C16:1, C22:6-n3 and C18:2 cis. Female somatic condition also varied with temperature. Maternal somatic growth and protein content increased while lipid content decreased in 13° C compared to the colder treatments. There were, however, no differences among treatments in the fatty acid composition of maternal muscle. These results suggest that the temperatures experienced during winter may be less influential to P. flavescens egg size or number, which may exhibit relatively little plasticity in this species, but can alter both the number of females that spawn and the overall composition of eggs and maternal somatic tissues, which may have implications for future reproductive success.
Analyzing Potential Spatial Access to Primary Care Services with an Enhanced Floating Catchment Area Method

Floating catchment area methods have been noticeable in the analyses of spatial access to primary care. This paper enhances the existing floating catchment area methods by incorporating a modified Huff Model to articulate population demand on primary care services. The proposed method modifies the Huff Model with a Gaussian distance impedance function, and applies the modified Huff Model in calculating selection probability of floating catchment area method. The Huff Model–based selection probability considers both travel cost and capacity of service sites and therefore can better adjust population demand on primary care services. Furthermore, the proposed method uses the continuous Gaussian function instead of the predefined subzones in previous studies. A case study of the Springfield, MO, metro politan area is conducted by applying the proposed method and previous methods. Results show that the proposed method has moderating effects on measuring spatial access and can overcome the problems of over- and...
Evaluating Managed Care Effectiveness

Abstract Offered to almost everyone who receives employment-based health care benefits, managed care has become the predominant framework for health care plan design. Plan options that emphasize managed care have been added to Medicare and Medicaid programs, making managed care the primary model for health financing and delivery in many parts of the United States. This analysis provides an overview of the functional components of the managed care system. It discusses the market forces underlying the U.S. system for health care financing and delivery and suggests how market forces impact the health care industry. The analysis focuses on societal goals for health care delivery and on managed care’s effectiveness in enabling achievement of those goals. This paper develops and uses a descriptive model to summarize the complex interplay among the many stakeholders, or participants, in the health care system. The paper does not propose a quantitative approach to measuring effectiveness; rather, it sets up a mod...
Scientific Discovery: Computational Explorations of the Creative Processes

Scientific discovery is often regarded as romantic and creative -- and hence unanalyzable -- whereas the everyday process of verifying discoveries is sober and more suited to analysis. Yet this fascinating exploration of how scientific work proceeds argues that however sudden the moment of discovery may seem, the discovery process can be described and modeled. Using the methods and concepts of contemporary information-processing psychology (or cognitive science) the authors develop a series of artificial-intelligence programs that can simulate the human thought processes used to discover scientific laws. The programs -- BACON, DALTON, GLAUBER, and STAHL -- are all largely data-driven, that is, when presented with series of chemical or physical measurements they search for uniformities and linking elements, generating and checking hypotheses and creating new concepts as they go along. Scientific Discovery examines the nature of scientific research and reviews the arguments for and against a normative theory of discovery; describes the evolution of the BACON programs, which discover quantitative empirical laws and invent new concepts; presents programs that discover laws in qualitative and quantitative data; and ties the results together, suggesting how a combined and extended program might find research problems, invent new instruments, and invent appropriate problem representations. Numerous prominent historical examples of discoveries from physics and chemistry are used as tests for the programs and anchor the discussion concretely in the history of science.
The preparation and use of formalinized erythrocytes with attached antigens or haptens to titrate antibodies.

Summary1) Improved methods for preparation of formalinized red blood cells and a simple method using formalin to bind proteins to these cells yielding a stable, highly sensitive antigen have been described. 2) Cells prepared by these methods give agglutination patterns almost as distinct as those obtained using fresh cells, they are not agglutinated by traces of formaldehyde and are stable on storage at 3–5° C. 3) When cells were coupled with sulfanil-azo-groups a convenient and sensitive antigen for the estimation of antibody against this hapten was obtained.
Studies of C2H6/ air and C3H8/ air Plasma assisted combustion kinetics in a nanosecond discharge

The paper presents the studies of ethane and propane/air plasma assisted combustion at a pressure of 60 torr and temperature 300K. O atoms in the plasma have been measured as a function of time after a single discharge pulse using TALIF (Two photon laser induced fluorescence) at 60 torr and temperature of 300 K for these mixtures at various equivalence ratios. A plasma chemistry model of hydrocarbons has been developed. This is done by combining a reduced mechanism of the latest low temperature hydrocarbon mechanism with plasma air chemistry along with plasma and flame NO formation chemistry. The reaction rates of excited nitrogen species with hydrocarbons are not know accurately and have not been included. O atoms measured in air are compared with the new mechanism predictions. The O atom measurements compare well with the mechanism predictions. The O atoms decay slightly faster in the case of ethane than predicted. For the case of propane, the O atoms decay much faster than predicted by the mechanism. A better mechanism for low temperature hydrocarbon combustion is required for the plasma. The O atoms begin chain reactions giving rise to OH and H radicals. H2O is formed during these chain reactions. But soon all the radicals decay in ~1.5msec. After the end of chain reactions, species such as CH2O, CH4, C2H4, H2O2, O3 begin to accumulate. CO and CO2 are formed only at the end of these chain reactions through slow oxidation. The mechanism has been used to study ignition by a single discharge for air/fuel mixtures at high temperatures in the range 500-700K and pressures in the range 300-500 torr. An initial mole fraction of O atoms (~5 x 10 -5 ) has been added without a nanosecond discharge and the mixture is observed in time. It is found that for higher pressures of ~ 400torr, 700K, there is a two stage ignition in ~28msec for stoichiometric air while it is 43msec for same mixture at 300 torr showing that there is a dependence on initial pressure and temperature to be studied to take advantage of the nanosecond discharge.
Studies of cloning, chromosomal mapping, and embryonic expression of the mouse Rab geranylgeranyl transferase β subunit

The mouse Rab geranylgeranyl transferase beta subunit has been cloned from a mouse E8.5 embryonic cDNA library. Sequence comparison reveals 97.4% sequence identity at the amino acid level to the rat clone isolated from an adult rat brain cDNA library. This gene, given a gene symbol of Rabggtb, is mapped in the distal region of mouse chromosome 3. It is ubiquitously expressed in adult animals but displays an interesting pattern of expression during a specific time of embryonic development. The expression of this gene can be detected in the whole embryos during early embryonic stages and is specifically concentrated in the developing brain, heart, and liver between gestation stages of E11.5 and E13.5. In addition, the expression of this gene is induced by retinoic acid in a mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line, P19.
A Plan for Useful and Timely Family Medicine and Primary Care Research.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Our nation's health care system is changing. Nowhere is this more evident than in primary care, where fundamental improvements are necessary if we are to achieve the Triple Aim. Such improvements are possible if we can put useful and timely information into the hands of stakeholders to enable practical decision-making. To do this, family medicine and primary care researchers need to (1) build on our substantial current research foundation, (2) increase the relevance and pace of our research, (3) reconceive the research workforce to engage new partners, (4) disseminate findings more rapidly into the hands of those who can take action, and (5) build a "question-ready" research infrastructure to make this possible. Family medicine researchers face exciting opportunities: technical capacity to generate and manage large amounts of data; clinic- and system-level networks for testing innovations; digital health technologies for real-time and asynchronous monitoring and management of risk factors and chronic diseases; the know-how to make fast, local improvements in our systems of care; partnerships beyond those traditionally engaged in research that can multiply our capacity to generate new knowledge; and new methods for creating generalizable knowledge from the study of local efforts. This is a historic time for family medicine research. Now is the time to build on our past work, accelerate the pace, and capitalize on emerging opportunities that open an incredibly bright future.
Salvage of the ear in acute trauma.

The basic principle in ear trauma is to use all available ear tissue whether attached or unattached. Salvage procedures in lacerations, abrasions, and avulsion injuries are detailed.
Myofascial pain syndromes.

Just as pulling the trigger of a gun produces remote effects, so does stimulation of a trigger area in myofascial syndrome produce pain and associated reactions at another site. Pinpointing and treating the trigger area usually provides good relief of the pain.
PASTEURIZATION OF LIQUID MILK PRODUCTS | Principles, Public Health Aspects

Milk can be defined as the lacteal secretion, practically free of colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more cows, (parallel definitions apply also to milk from sheep, goats, and other lactating animals). However, from a microbiological perspective, milk can be viewed as a highly nutritious growth medium for beneficial organisms (e.g., lactic acid bacteria) as well as numerous spoilage organisms (e.g., Gram-negative psychrotrophs) and bacterial pathogens (e.g., Salmonella , Listeria ). Although bovine milk, as secreted by a healthy, non-mastitic cow, is sterile, contamination from the udder and teat surface as well as soil, bedding, manure, feed, milking equipment, and/or milk handlers invariably leads to the introduction of psychrotrophic and mesophilic bacteria at reasonably high numbers.
High-Dose Steroids in Rasmussen’s Syndrome

Ten of 17 patients with Rasmussen’s syndrome receiving IV methylprednisolone and/or oral predisolone, and eight of nine patients receiving immunoglobulins showed some short-term reduction in seizure frequency in a multicenter international report.
Multiple brooding as a reproductive strategy: time-conserving adaptations in Mourning Doves

-The Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) has a suite of adaptations that promotes multiple brooding, a common characteristic among columbids. Mourning Doves are well adapted for multiple brooding because they produce food (crop milk) for young nestlings in vivo and feed older nestlings a diverse granivorous diet. This facilitates extended breeding seasons and, thus, multiple brooding. Other traits such as constant incubation, fast nestling growth, and fledging at low weight serve to shorten the nesting cycle and enhance the number of broods that can be produced. Constant incubation also allows columbids to have no incubation patch. The effect of small clutch size on the length of the nesting cycle is ambiguous. Predation as a selective force augments the advantage of short nesting cycles. Mourning Doves also are adapted to renest quickly. By constructing small nests and reusing old nests, they can initiate nesting cycles quickly despite their ritualized building behavior. Small clutch size and a lesser role in crop-milk production allow females to initiate new clutches quickly, and sometimes to overlap nesting cycles. Received 7 January 1985, accepted 25 September 1985. THE importance of multiple brooding (i.e. producing two or more clutches per breeding season) as a reproductive tactic has been noted (e.g. Spencer and Steinhoff 1968, Burley 1980), but the relation between multiple brooding and other life-history traits has received little attention (but see Tinkle 1969, Parmelee and Payne 1973). Among North American birds, the Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) is the champion of multiple brooding. Unlike most temperate bird species that attempt one or two clutches per breeding season (Lack 1968), Mourning Doves often attempt from three to six (Swank 1955, Hanson and Kossack 1963). The species is impressively successful-although the Mourning Dove is the most frequently harvested game bird in North America (Keeler 1977), both the wintering (Alison 1976) and breeding ranges (Morse 1975) have extended northward in the last few decades. Mourning Doves are common breeders in all the contiguous states and parts of Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean (Goodwin 1983). Many behavioral and physiological traits of Mourning Doves can be explained by strong selection for multiple brooding. After briefly reviewing the breeding behavior of Mourning Doves, we identify a suite of traits that apparently are adaptations for multiple brooding. We focus on a single species for which there is extensive ecological and behavioral information, but the proposed "adaptive suite" (Bartholomew 1972) probably is applicable to pigeons and doves (family Columbidae) in general because members of the group are remarkably alike in breeding behavior (Kendeigh 1952).
Suppression of Defects and Deep Levels Using Isoelectronic Tungsten Substitution in Monolayer MoSe2

Defects formed during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) currently limit their quality and optoelectronic properties. Effective synthesis and processing strategies to suppress defects and enhance the quality of 2D TMDs are urgently needed to enable next generation optoelectronic devices. In this work, isoelectronic doping is presented as a new strategy to form stable alloys and suppress defects and enhance photoluminescence (PL) in CVD-grown TMD monolayers. The isoelectronic substitution of W atoms for Mo atoms in CVD-grown monolayers of Mo1– x W x Se2 (0 < x < 0.18) is shown to effectively suppress Se vacancy concentration by 50% compared to those found in pristine MoSe2 monolayers, resulting in a decrease in defect-mediated nonradiative recombination, ≈10 times more intense PL, and an increase in the carrier lifetime by a factor of 3. Theoretical predictions reveal that isoelectronic W alloying to form Mo1– x W x Se2 monolayers raises the energy of deep level defects in MoSe2 to enable faster quenching, which is confirmed by low temperature (4–125 K) PL from defect-related localized states. Isoelectronic substitution therefore appears to be a promising synthetic method to control the heterogeneity of 2D TMDs to realize the scalable production of high performance optoelectronic and electronic devices.
Professional and technical communication students as entrepreneurs-in-training

As director of a university professional and technical writing (PTW) program, my pedagogy must have two aims: to teach students strategies for using language effectively in various genres, and to train them to see themselves as working professionals. To meet the first aim, our program's course work requires students to examine a wide range of document types through a rhetorical lens. To meet the second aim, we advise students early in their college careers that their degree will be a credential, not a ticket to a job. They are encouraged to seek out, well before they graduate, internships, projects for businesses and organizations, and other work in the field. We advise them to think of themselves not simply as students majoring in a subject, but as professionals. In other words, we are training students to see themselves as "entrepreneurs-in-training." This paper advocates for a view of PTW students as entrepreneurs-in-training and includes an interview with a student who fulfilled this goal successfully.
Reevaluation of the Age and Provenance of the Giant Palmichnium kosinskiorum Eurypterid Trackway, from Elk County, Pennsylvania

Palmichnium kosinskiorum Briggs and Rolfe, 1983, is a fossil trackway recovered from sandstones of the purported marine Shenango Formation along the banks of Spring Creek, in Elk County, Pennsylvania. Discovered in 1948, the type specimen is interpreted as a trail made by a lower Mississippian eurypterid. Recent field work has disclosed that the trackway of P. kosinskiorum was recovered from an allocthonous block of pebbly sandstone inconsistent with the character of the surrounding Shenango Formation. The P. kosinskiorum block is one of more than a dozen out-of-place giant boulders that train up the valley wall. These boulders can be traced back to an outcrop of the Pennsylvanian Pottsville Group located several hundred feet up the side of the Spring Creek Valley. Thus, it can be demonstrated that P. kosinskiorum originated from lower Pennsylvanian, not lower Mississippian bedrock.Palmichnium kosinskiorum was recovered from the top of a trough cross-bedded conglomeratic sequence, indicating that it was deposited in a high-energy fluvial environment of the Olean Conglomerate, a formation of the Pottsville Group. This purported depositional environment is consistent with other Upper Carboniferous eurypterid discoveries.
Substrate and Lewis Acid Coordination Promote O–O Bond Cleavage of an Unreactive L2CuII2(O22–) Species to Form L2CuIII2(O)2 Cores with Enhanced Oxidative Reactivity

Copper-dependent metalloenzymes are widespread throughout metabolic pathways, coupling the reduction of O2 with the oxidation of organic substrates. Small-molecule synthetic analogs are useful platforms to generate L/Cu/O2 species that reproduce the structural, spectroscopic, and reactive properties of some copper-/O2-dependent enzymes. Landmark studies have shown that the conversion between dicopper(II)-peroxo species (L2CuII2(O22–) either side-on peroxo, SP, or end-on trans-peroxo, TP) and dicopper(III)-bis(μ-oxo) (L2CuIII2(O2–)2: O) can be controlled through ligand design, reaction conditions (temperature, solvent, and counteranion), or substrate coordination. We recently published (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 8513, DOI: 10.1021/ja300674m) the crystal structure of an unusual SP species [(MeAN)2CuII2(O22–)]2+ (SPMeAN, MeAN: N-methyl-N,N-bis[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amine) that featured an elongated O–O bond but did not lead to O–O cleavage or reactivity toward external substrates. Herein, we report that...
Katharina Schütz Zell, Idelette de Bure, and Reformed Women’s Views and Experience of Marriage

The Protestant movement had a significantly positive effect on early modern understandings of marriage, and women of the Reformed tradition participated actively in these changes. Protestants rejected celibacy as a good work to earn God’s favor and elevated marriage as an ideal for Christians, including for clergy. One way that Reformed women expressed their faith was by marrying priests, thus acting on their conviction of Biblical authority (e.g., 1 Tim. 3) over canon law which prohibited clerical marriage. Former nuns, citizens of good reputation, married reformers as expressions of faith. A second way that Reformed women contributed to the new ideal of marriage was by the ways that they managed their households, making these models of hospitality and partnership in following Christ. A number of Reformed women chose exile for their faith and their Protestant husbands. A few, like Katharina Schutz Zell, were articulate in defending their decision to marry priests and their calling to serve as “church mothers.” Some Reformed women, like Anne Askew, demonstrated their loyalty to their faith by rejecting marriage when it came to a choice between their faith and their marriages – or their lives. O movimento protestante teve um efeito significativamente positivo nos comecos da compreensao moderna sobre o casamento, e as mulheres da tradicao reformada participaram ativamente nestas mudancas. Os protestantes rejeitaram o celibato como boa obra para alcancar o favor de Deus e consideraram o casamento como um ideal para os cristaos, inclusive para o clero. Uma maneira que as mulheres reformadas expressaram a sua fe foi casando-se com sacerdotes, agindo desta forma a partir de suas conviccoes sobre autoridade biblica (por exemplo, 1 Tm 3) em oposicao a lei canonica que proibia o casamento clerical. Antigas freiras, cidadas de boa reputacao, casaram-se com os reformadores como expressoes de fe. Uma segunda maneira que as mulheres reformadas contribuiram para o novo ideal de casamento foi pela maneira como administravam suas familias, tornando-as modelos de hospitalidade e parceria no seguimento de Cristo. Algumas mulheres reformadas escolheram o exilio por causa de sua fe e seus maridos protestantes. Outras, como Katharina Schutz Zell, defenderam a decisao de se casarem com os sacerdotes e seu chamado para servir como “maes da igreja”. Outras ainda, como Anne Askew, demonstraram lealdade a sua fe ao rejeitar o casamento quando se tratava de uma escolha entre a fe e o casamento - ou suas vidas.
Trust in the Bayou City: Do Racial Segregation and Discrimination Matter for Generalized Trust?:

The key role that generalized trust plays in social capital formation is well documented, but its determinants are not well understood. Many studies suggest that racially and ethnically diverse are...
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty in Weight-Bearing Shoulders of Wheelchair-Dependent Patients: Outcomes and Complications at 2 to 5 years.

Abstract Background Wheelchair-dependent patients rely on their upper extremities for mobility and transfers. This entails the heavy use of upper extremities as weight-bearing joints, leading to shoulder overuse with increased prevalence of rotator cuff–related disorders and ultimately to challenging cases for shoulder surgeons when a joint replacement is needed. Objective To report the outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in wheelchair-dependent patients with arthritis and rotator cuff tears. Design Retrospective case series/cross-sectional study. Setting Tertiary university hospital. Patient (participants) All wheelchair-dependent patients undergoing RSA between 2004 and 2013. Methods/Interventions Of the 22 wheelchair-dependent patients undergoing RSA, 18 of them had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. There were 9 men and 9 women, with a mean (standard deviation) age and length of follow-up of 68 (8.5) years and 36 (24-63) months. A retrospective chart review and cross-sectional phone calls were conducted to obtain all data. Outcomes Pain, range of motion, functional scores (Neer scale, simple shoulder test, and American Shoulder and Elbow Society), satisfaction, complications/reoperations, radiographic loosening, and 90-day mortality/morbidity. Results RSA resulted in a significant improvement in pain ( P = .02) and nonsignificant improvements in forward flexion ( P = .3) and external rotation ( P = .07). There were 3 (16%) excellent, 12 (63%) satisfactory, and 4 (21%) unsatisfactory results. The mean (standard deviation) postoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Society score was 56.5 (16.5). All patients stated that they would undergo RSA again. There were no surgically related complications or reoperations. The 90-day mortality and morbidity rates were 0% and 26%, respectively. Conclusions RSA is a safe and effective procedure in wheelchair-dependent patients who use their shoulders for weight-bearing purposes. Although functional scores are not optimal and medical complications are not uncommon, 79% of patients had an excellent or satisfactory result. Level of Evidence III
The Interconnected Global Climate System—A Review of Tropical–Polar Teleconnections

AbstractThis paper summarizes advances in research on tropical – polar teleconnections, made roughly over the last decade. Elucidating El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts on high latitudes has remained an important focus along different lines of inquiry. Tropical to polar connections have also been discovered at the intra-seasonal timescale, associated with Madden-Julian Oscillations (MJO). On the timescale of decades, changes in MJO phases can result in temperature and sea ice changes in the polar regions of both hemispheres. Moreover, the long-term changes in SST of the western tropical Pacific, tropical Atlantic, and North Atlantic Ocean have been linked to the rapid winter warming around the Antarctic Peninsula, while SST changes in the central tropical Pacific have been linked to the warming in West Antarctica. Rossby wave trains emanating from the tropics remain the key mechanism for tropical and polar teleconnections from intraseasonal to decadal timescales. ENSO related tropical SST anomal...
Development and Testing of the Church Environment Audit Tool.

OBJECTIVES In this paper, we describe development and reliability testing of a novel tool to evaluate the physical environment of faith-based settings pertaining to opportunities for physical activity (PA) and healthy eating (HE). METHODS Tool development was a multistage process including a review of similar tools, stakeholder review, expert feedback, and pilot testing. Final tool sections included indoor opportunities for PA, outdoor opportunities for PA, food preparation equipment, kitchen type, food for purchase, beverages for purchase, and media. Two independent audits were completed at 54 churches. Interrater reliability (IRR) was determined with Kappa and percent agreement. RESULTS Of 218 items, 102 were assessed for IRR and 116 could not be assessed because they were not present at enough churches. Percent agreement for all 102 items was over 80%. For 42 items, the sample was too homogeneous to assess Kappa. Forty-six of the remaining items had Kappas greater than 0.60 (25 items 0.80-1.00; 21 items 0.60-0.79), indicating substantial to almost perfect agreement. CONCLUSIONS The tool proved reliable and efficient for assessing church environments and identifying potential intervention points. Future work can focus on applications within faith-based partnerships to understand how church environments influence diverse health outcomes.
Sudden Cardiac Death Risk Assessment

Sudden cardiac death is a major issue in patients with HCM. The young are at particular risk for SCD, while those over 60 are less affected by SCD. There are five traditional risk factors for sudden cardiac death in patients with HCM, including: massively thick myocardium, unexplained syncope, family history of SCD due to HCM, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and hypotensive response to exercise. Currently, an ICD is recommended for resuscitated SCD and/or those with sustained ventricular tachycardia, and reasonable for those with massive hypertrophy (>3 cm), unexplained syncope and/or a family history of SCD, and also reasonable for patients with NSVT or abnormal blood pressure response to exercise, but usually when combined with other markers of heightened risk.
Precise Predictions of GUTs and of the Higgs Meson Mass

At this meeting, we will hear a great deal about various grand unified theories (GUTs). We would, of course, eventually like to know which, if any, of these GUTs provides an accurate description of nature. While certain experimental results, such as neutrino oscillations, could eliminate some GUTs, distinguishing between them all necessitates precise theoretical predictions of certain quantities and precise experimental determination of these quantities. This is somewhat difficult since the symmetry of GUTs is, in most cases, only manifest at momentum transfers above 1014GeV (note that colliding e+e− rings with such energies would have a radius slightly larger than that of the observed universe, although by the time they are built, the universe may have expanded sufficiently). Predictions can be made1, however, using the renormalization group equations to extrapolate the current values of coupling constants and masses to high momentum transfers.
Discovery Algorithms without Causal Sufficiency

The preceding chapter complied with a common statistical fantasy, namely that in typical data sets it is known that no part of the statistical dependencies among measured variables are due to unmeasured common causes. We almost always fail to measure all of the causes of variables we do measure, and we often fail to measure variables that are causes of two or more measured variables. Any examination of collections of social science data gives the striking impression that variables in one study often seem relevant to those in other studies. Record keeping practices sometimes force econometricians to ignore variables in studies of one economy thought to have a causal role in studies of other economies (Klein, 1961). In many studies in psychometrics, social psychology and econometrics, the real variables of interest are unmeasured or measured only by proxies or “indicators.” In epidemiological studies that claim to show that exposure to a risk factor causes disease, a burden of the argument is to show that the statistical association is not due to some common cause of risk factor and disease; since not everything imaginably relevant can be measured, the argument is radically incomplete unless a case can be made that unmeasured variables do not “confound” the association. If, as we believe, no reliable empirical study can proceed without considering whether relevant variables are unmeasured, then few published uncontrolled empirical studies are reliable.