cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Exponential Lower Bound on the Sub-Packetization of Minimum Storage Regenerating Codes

An $(n,k,\ell)$ -vector MDS code over a field $\mathbb {F}$ is a $\mathbb {F}$ -linear subspace of $(\mathbb {F}^\ell)^{n}$ of dimension $k\ell $ , such that any $k$ (vector) symbols of the codeword suffice to determine the remaining $r=n-k$ (vector) symbols. The length $\ell $ of each codeword symbol is called the sub-packetization of the code. Such a code is called minimum storage regenerating (MSR), if any single symbol of a codeword can be recovered by downloading $\ell /r$ field elements (which is known to be the minimum possible) from each of the other symbols. MSR codes are attractive for use in distributed storage systems, and by now a variety of ingenious constructions of MSR codes are available. However, they all suffer from exponentially large sub-packetization $\ell \gtrsim r^{k/r}$ . Our main result is an almost tight lower bound showing that for an MSR code, one must have $\ell \geqslant \exp (\Omega (k/r))$ . Previously, a lower bound of $\approx \exp (\sqrt {k/r})$ , and a tight lower bound for a restricted class of “optimal access” MSR codes, were known.
An Integrated Approach to Musculoskeletal Performance, Disease, and Recovery.

Optimizing rehabilitation outcomes, including preventing pathology and its progression, relies on a comprehensive knowledge of the condition's etiology. Put simply, we cannot optimally prevent or treat what we do not understand. Understanding the etiology of musculoskeletal syndromes and diseases is challenging because these conditions likely result from the interaction between multiple complex factors including time, underlying biology and physiology, and task demands on the system. Furthermore, behavioral and social determinants of health likely play important roles. Research seeking to understand the etiology of a musculoskeletal condition requires a robust and comprehensive conceptual framework that explicitly identifies key variables, relationships, and outcomes measures. The validity of this framework ultimately determines the utility and clinical impact of the research, and therefore deserves frequent and careful scrutiny. In this point of view, we will explore the predominant conceptual framework that has guided research into the etiology of rotator cuff pathology and propose a framework that can help guide future research in an effort to optimally prevent and treat rotator cuff pathology. Although this point of view explores the proposed framework within the context of rotator cuff pathology, it can be generalized and applied across musculoskeletal rehabilitation and research.
Quality of Stroke Care Among Ischemic Stroke Patients Discharged from Non-Neurology Services (P2.068)

Objective: To describe differences in stroke care quality metrics among acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients discharged from non-neurology services following implementation of a comprehensive stroke center (CSC) program. Background: CSC designation defines hospitals capable of providing organized, high quality, guideline concordant stroke care. Standard stroke care is expected for all patients treated within a CSC, not only those admitted to a neurologic service line. Existing literature has described clinical characteristics of patients admitted to non-neurology services, but data reporting the quality of stroke care received by these patients is limited. Design/Methods: AIS discharges were identified by ICD-9 diagnosis codes between 1/1/2012–9/30/2015. We excluded in-hospital deaths, patients cared for during the washout period (11/1/2013–5/31/2014), as well as patients admitted to or discharged from the neurologic service line. Patients were divided into pre- and post- CSC designation groups for analysis. Quality metrics of interest included: stroke severity documentation, venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, dysphagia screening, rehabilitation assessment, stroke education and secondary stroke prevention (SSP) medication use in the hospital and at discharge. Results: We identified 410 AIS patients, 239 in the pre-CSC period and 171 in the post-CSC period. Following CSC designation, patients were at higher odds of receiving stroke severity documentation (OR 3.41, 95%CI 2.19–5.31, p Conclusions: CSC designation is associated with improvement in several quality metrics among AIS patients discharged from non-neurology services. Areas for improvement remain, particularly in the provision of dysphagia screening and stroke education. Disclosure: Dr. Gibson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Albright has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ellison has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lyerly has nothing to disclose.
Cosmological Attractors and Initial Conditions for Inflation

Inflationary $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-attractor models in supergravity, which provide excellent fits to the latest observational data, are based on the Poincar\'e disk hyperbolic geometry. We refine these models by constructing K\"ahler potentials with built-in inflaton shift symmetry and by making a canonical choice of the Goldstino K\"ahler potential. The refined models are stable with respect to all scalar fields at all $\ensuremath{\alpha}$; no additional stabilization terms are required. The scalar potential $V$ has a nearly Minkowski minimum at small values of the inflaton field $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ and an infinitely long de Sitter (dS) valley of constant depth and width at large $\ensuremath{\varphi}$. Because of the infinite length of this shift-symmetric valley, the initial value of the inflaton field at the Planck density is expected to be extremely large. We show that the inflaton field $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ does not change much until all fields lose their energy and fall to the bottom of the dS valley at large $\ensuremath{\varphi}$. This provides natural initial conditions for inflation driven by the inflaton field slowly rolling along the dS valley toward the minimum of the potential at small $\ensuremath{\varphi}$. A detailed description of this process is given for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-attractors in supergravity, but we believe that our general conclusions concerning naturalness of initial conditions for inflation are valid for a broad class of inflationary models with sufficiently flat potentials.
Amine-N-oxide rearrangements

Abstract The thermolysis of a series of structurally similar amine-N-oxides has been examined individually and as mixtures. Product analysis shows that in addition to the expected N-alkoxylamines, smaller amounts of t-amines, aldehydes, and bibenzyls are formed. Thermolysis of mixtures produces intermolecular rearrangement products thus challenging the previously favored intramolecular mechanism as the exclusive process for the Meisenheimer rearrangement. The data are consistent with a mechanism involving homolytic fission to intermediates which recombine to produce the N-alkoxylamines.
A PIV Methodology for High-Resolution Measurement of Flow Statistics

Particle-image velocimetry (PIV) is a flow-diagnostic technique that provides velocity fields from a comparison of images of particulate-laden flow. We have developed a PIV processing methodology that extracts measurements of the particle-displacement histogram from a flow video or ensemble of flow-image pairs. Single-pixel measurement of mean velocity can be obtained from an ensemble of {Omicron}10{sup 3} images. Measurements of higher-order moments of the velocity histogram require spatial averaging (i.e., lower spatial resolution), larger ensembles of images, or a combination of the two. We present single-pixel-resolution PIV measurements of a steady microflow and high-resolution measurements of the velocity histogram of a stationary turbulent flow. This methodology has applications in quantifying velocity statistics in other stochastic flows, e.g., bulk and near-wall boiling.
Other Dense‐Mode Multicast Routing Protocols: DVMRP and MOSPF

This chapter contains sections titled: Distance Vector Multicast Algorithm Multicast OSPF References
Inference of reactive rules from dependency models

Reactive rules are rules that specify reactions to events. In some cases it is easier and more intuitive for users to define a dependency model representing an ontology. In this paper, we introduce the ADI model and its inference capabilities to run-time rule execution. We introduce a case study on eTrade and define the model building blocks exemplified by this case study. Then we show the specific rule language that is being used as the execution infrastructure. We explain the inference mechanism and its dynamic nature. The paper concludes with related work and a discussion about its utilization.
Next generation of electronic packaging education at Georgia Tech Packaging Research Center

The Packaging Research Center (PRC), funded by NSF as one of its engineering centers in the US, views research and education being equally important in addressing the competitiveness need in electronic packaging in the next decade. The strategy to achieve this competitiveness goal involves two critical items: (1) development of next generation of technologies; and (2) development of human resources, by means of globally-competitive education to apply the technologies to the global market. The PRC views that four major education challenges must be addressed in order to meet the above need. These are: (1) system-level education. This is currently missing and includes technologies, manufacturing, business economics and management, global markets and foreign culture; (2) cross-discipline education: current university education is highly discipline-oriented, whereas electronic products are highly cross-disciplinary; (3) industry education: industry engineers are immersed in current, short term technologies and generally are not addressing the next generation needs; and (4) undergrad and pre-college education. To address the above challenge, an education strategy has been developed which consists of educational programs grouped into six strategic major categories: (1) undergraduate, (2) graduate; (3) under-represented outreach; (4) industry engineers; (5) national education; and (6) global education. This paper reviews all of these programs.
Termination detection using causality and vector time

A problem unique to distributed systems is the need to determine that a computation is terminated. We use vector clocks as a basis for a termination detection protocol in which each process is only contacted once following termination. In addition we also present a definition of termination that does not depend on global state. This definition is based on the causal relationships between events and is stated in terms of Lamport's "happens before" relation. Because the protocol is also specified in causal terms, this definition can be easily used to formally argue the correctness of the algorithm.
3‐Hydroxy‐1‐cyclohexene‐1‐carboxaldehyde

3-Hydroxy-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde intermediate: 1-(1,3-Dithian-2-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-ol (2) product: 3-Hydroxy-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (3) Keywords: acetal (and thioacetal) formation; addition, to CO; hydrolysis, acetals and ketals; rearrangements; ring opening reactions; boron trifluoride etherate; tetrahydrofuran; benzene
Conjugate points and intersections of bang-bang trajectories

The cut-locus of bang-bang trajectories is the set of all points where bang-bang trajectories of different switching orders intersect. Results on time-optimal control for 3-D systems show that the cut-locus plays an essential role in questions of optimality near a reference point. Here the cut-locus is related to conjugate points. Essentially it is proved that a nontrivial cut-locus can only bifurcate if the conjugate points satisfy certain regularity conditions. >
Generation of excited CN molecules electronically desorbed from alkali-rich surfaces

Abstract Exposure of alkali-halide crystal surfaces and alkali-metal surfaces to nitrogen- and carbon-containing gases is found to greatly enhance electron- and photon-stimulated desorption (ESD, PSD) of excited CN. The observations that the desorption yield of CN ∗ grows as a function of surface exposure to CO 2 and N 2 gases provide strong insight into the origin of the desorbed CN and the desorption process itself. In addition, the data unambiguously show that pre-irradiation of the alkali-halide surface by electrons or photons is required for this dose-dependent enhancement to occur. The rate of the growth is found to be correlated to the alkali component of the alkali-halide substrate. On the basis of this work we present a new model to explain electronic desorption of excited molecules from alkali-halide surfaces. The model involves three processes: (1) pre-irradiation produces alkali metal-rich surfaces via defect-mediated processes, (2) when the surface is exposed to CO 2 and N 2 , surface reactions generate CN molecules bonded to the alkali-rich surface, and (3) electron or photon bombardment induces the desorption of excited CN molecules from the surface by direct bondbreaking.
Cross‐market correlations and transmission of information

We investigate characteristics of cross-market correlations using daily data from U.S. stock, bond, money, and currency futures markets using a new multivariate GARCH model that permits direct hypothesis testing on conditional correlations. We find evidence that arrival of information in a market affects subsequent cross-market conditional correlations in the sample period following the stock market crash of 1987, but there is little evidence of such a relationship in the precrash period. In the postcrash period, we also find evidence that the prime rate of interest affects daily correlations between futures returns. Furthermore, we find that conditional correlations between currency futures and other markets decline steeply a few months before the crash and revert to normal dynamics after the crash. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:1059–1082, 2002
Disenchantment and hope: Will we ever occupy center stage? A personal odyssey

I discuss why I gravitated to behavioral approaches and grew disenchanted with psychoanalytic concepts, the thrill of being part of Wolpe's coterie of “conditioning therapists” in South Africa (circa 1956), the Philadelphia fiasco (circa 1968), and how the high hopes that objective behavioral approaches would displace subjective psychodynamic theorizing were not realized. The popularity of behavior therapy, having almost attained “front page glamour” in the 1970s, began to decline in the 1980s. The 1990s have witnessed not only the proliferation of psychodynamic speculations, but a slew of so-called New Age and other forces that place no value on empirical testing. Instead, we need to generate more data-based and established treatments, coupled with clearly articulated practice standards.
A five-year climatology of back trajectories from the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

Abstract The Air Resources Laboratories' trajectory model was used to calculate ten-day back trajectories from Mauna Loa Observatory (3400m) over a period of five years (February 1975 to January 1980). The trajectories were classified and summarized in order to produce a long-range trajectory climatology.The results show the strong east-west flow dichotomy across the Pacific during the period of study. As would be expected, individual years have marked variations from the five-year pattern.
Nanotribology of anti-friction coatings in MEMS

The polysilicon surfaces used to manufacture microelectromechanical systems are often coated with organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to reduce the adhesion and friction. While a large body of work exists on this topic, there is still not a fundamental understanding of the friction and adhesion between SAM-coated surfaces. This article reviews recent work on the nanotribology of SAM-coated silica surfaces. In particular, extensive molecular dynamics simulations have been performed to understand the effects of surface coverage, chain length, and fluorination on friction and adhesion. Also studied were the effects of interstitial water between the silica substrate and the SAM.
Hospitable Kinship in Theological Education: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Teaching and Learning as Gift Exchange

. Using an autobiographical approach for pedagogical reflection, the author raises questions about how to include “hospitable kinship” and “gift exchange” in teaching and learning. Her experience with a Zimbabwean community circle of hospitable kinship has prompted her to consider how this method of community formation might be employed in classroom situations. Definitions for hospitable kinship and gift exchange are woven throughout the narrative. Attention to the role of the teacher as host is provided as well. The essay prompts readers to turn their attention toward specific strategies that will aid in the formation of classroom community.
Effect of Prenatal Androgen on Adult Personality: Greater Openness with More Female-Typical 2D:4D Digit Ratios

One hundred seven university community participants (71 female, 36 male) were evaluated on the five personality factors (NEO-FFI), and finger lengths were measured to determine the ratio of the second to fourth digit (2D:4D). It is well-established that 2D:4D ratios are an index of prenatal androgenic activity. Sex differences were found such that the men had lower 2D:4D ratios than the women for both the left and right hands, and the women indicated greater Neuroticism than the men, as reported by others. Most interestingly, greater Openness was significantly associated with more female-typical (higher) 2D:4D ratios for the entire sample. This was significant for the male sample alone, and was found at a trend level in the female sample alone.
Single-step laser fabrication of refractive microlenses in semiconductor-doped glasses

Exposure of semiconductor-doped glasses to above-band-gap focused cw laser radiation results in the controllable formation of microlenses. A laser-driven thermal runaway is proposed to explain the low powers required for the process. A linear array of eight identically prepared microlenses is characterized and shown to exhibit diffraction-limited performance.
Observations on nudging cells in culture.

CELL behaviour has been studied widely in tissue culture, and in many cases individual cells have been shown to inhibit the locomotion of cells with which they make contact1. In the embryo, however, cells move mainly in sheets2 or streams3–5 and in the latter case their locomotion does not appear to be contact inhibited6. The question, then, is how the behaviour of individual cells is coordinated in these organised morphogenetic movements. While studying isolated deep cells of the fish, Fundulus heteroclitus, we have made some observations which relate to this question.
Characterization of large molecular weight ester‐functionalized norbornene and hydroxylated norbornane carboxylic acid polymers prepared by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization

5-Norbornene-2-ethyl ester (mixture of endo and exo) is polymerized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization, yielding polymers with molecular weights ranging from 50,000 to 5,000,000 g/mol. The polymers are hydroxylated and saponified without alteration of the molecular weight. The polymers are analyzed by NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Films are cast from the polymers at several molecular weights and their rheological properties are investigated. The results showed greater solid-like character with increasing molecular weight for all polymers analyzed. Cell viability studies showed that the films possessed minimal cytotoxicity.
Rapid down-regulation of [3H]zolpidem binding to rat brain benzodiazepine receptors during flurazepam treatment

Abstract In a previous study, it was found that down-regulation of benzodiazepine (BZ) binding in rats treated 4 weeks with flurazepam was relatively greater and more widespread when measured with [ 3 H]zolpidem, a selective ‘BZ 1 receptor’ ligand, than that measured with the non-selective ligand, [ 3 H]flunitrazepam. In the present study, the time course for down-regulation of [ 3 H]zolpidem binding was studied in rats treated with flurazepam. [ 3 H]Zolpidem binding was also studied in rats given a midazolam treatment shown to cause tolerance. Rats were chronically treated with flurazepam for 1 or 2 weeks, or with midazolam for 3 weeks, then killed immediately after the treatment. Another group of rats was acutely treated with desalkyl-flurazepam and killed 30 min later. After 2 weeks of flurazepam treatment, the B max of [ 3 H]zolpidem binding was decreased by 22% in cerebral cortex, 26% in cerebellum and 33% in hippocampus, with no change in the K d in any region. After 1 week of flurazepam treatment, the B max was decreased by 23% in cerebellum and 14% in hippocampus, but not changed in cerebral cortex. The K d was increased in cerebral cortex, but not in cerebellum or hippocampus. Neither the B max nor the K d of [ 3 H]zolpidem binding was affected by acute desalkyl-flurazepam treatment, or by 3 weeks of midazolam treatment. These results, in combination with previous findings, which showed no change in [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding after 1 or 2 week flurazepam treatment, and no change in cerebellum even after the 4 week treatment, may indicate a shift in BZ receptor subtypes in flurazepam-tolerant rats. Such a shift could be based on possible changes in the subunit composition or conformation of GABA A /BZ receptors after 1 or 2 week flurazepam treatment.
Influence of race/ethnic differences in pre-transplantation panel reactive antibody on outcomes in heart transplant recipients.

Objectives This study sought to investigate post-transplantation outcomes as a function of race and panel reactive antibody (PRA). Background PRA screening is used to determine the presence of pre-formed antibodies to population-wide human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) in patients being evaluated for heart transplantation (HT). Racial/ethnic differences in long-term survival after HT have been described. However, whether there are significant racial/ethnic differences in PRA among adults awaiting HT is poorly characterized. Methods We identified patients age ≥18 years in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation database with race/ethnicity of white, black, Hispanic, or Asian and listed for HT between 2000 and 2012 (N = 19,704). A PRA value of ≥10% was used to define clinically meaningful sensitization. Results Blacks had a higher peak PRA than did all other groups and were more likely to be sensitized. Black HT recipients were more likely to experience graft failure than were Hispanic, white, and Asian recipients (31% vs. 27%, 26%, and 21%, respectively; p Conclusions Race/ethnicity and level of sensitization are important predictors of graft survival.
Statistics as a Foreign Language—Part 2: More Things to Consider in Reading Statistical Language Studies*

As was Part 1 of this article, Part 2 is addressed to those practicing EFL/ESL teachers who currently avoid reading statistical studies. Assuming that the first article has been read, the discussion here continues by exploring more advanced strategies that will help in understanding statistical studies on language learning and teaching. To that end, five new strategies are proposed: (a) think about the variables of focus, (b) examine whether the correct statistical tests have been chosen, (c) check the assumptions underlying the statistical tests, (d) consider why the statistical tests have been applied, and (e) practice reading statistical tables. Along the way, necessary terminology is explained so that each of these strategies can be clearly understood. In addition, each of the strategies is discussed with appropriate tables, figures, and examples drawn from recent issues of the TESOL Quarterly-all of which are explained in turn. This article attempts to cover a very complex subject area, statistical language research, in a manner that will give readers the necessary means for gaining access to such studies. Hopefully, these introductory articles will also whet the appetite of a number of readers so that they will be inspired to continue expanding their knowledge in this vital area of language research.
Depressed mothers as informants in family history research—Are they accurate?

A sample of 333 mother-child dyads was used to examine the association between major depression in mothers and children's symptoms. Findings based on children's self-reports were compared to findings based on mothers' reports about the children. Children's data support a depression-specific transmission. In contrast, mothers' data show an increased risk for all psychiatric syndromes covered in the study (including depression, anxiety, oppositionalism, inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and antisocial acts). Results from multivariate analysis support the hypothesis that the discrepancy between mothers and children is in part a function of the tendency of depressed mothers to view their children as more symptomatic. The use of probands as informants may lead to an overestimation of familial aggregation, if the affected probands suffer from major depression or depressive symptoms.
MOLECULAR ORBITAL ANALYSIS OF NUCLEOPHILIC ATTACK ON A PLATINUM ALLYL COMPLEX

Abstract The platinum allyl complex, [(η3[sbnd]CH2C(CH3)C[dbnd]CH2)Pt(PPh3)2]+, behaves differently to-ward nucleophiles depending on their hardness. In the reaction with a “hard” nucleophile, nucleophilic attack occurs at the metal center. A “soft” nucleophile bonds to the middle carbon of the allyl ligand. The results of molecular orbital calculations suggest that both reactions are orbital controlled, which points to the metal as the preferred site of attack. However, the soft nucleophile attacks the allyl ligand due to steric constraints. A Mulliken population analysis reveals that the platinum center is directly bonded to only the two end carbons of the allyl ligand. The effect of basis set size and substitution of hydrogens for phenyl groups on the results of the calculations was also investigated. The choice of basis set had the largest effect on the charge distribution of the molecule. On the other hand, basis set size and inclusion of phenyl substituents on the phosphine ligands had minimal effec...
Benzo[a]pyrene and other aromatic hydrocarbons extractable from bituminous coal.

Abstract Benzo [a] pyrene, benz [a] anthracene, and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been shown to be present in bituminous coal. Extraction with toluene, chromatography on alumina, the Diels-Alder reaction, solubility in concentrated sulfuric acid, and catalytic iodination on alumina were coupled with ultraviolet spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry to obtain quantitative estimates of these compounds in the extracts.
General Theory of Spin-Wave Interactions

An ideal model of a ferromagnet is studied, consisting of a lattice of identical spins with cubic symmetry and with isotropic exchange coupling between nearest neighbors. The aim is to obtain a complete description of the thermodynamic properties of the system at low temperatures, far below the Curie point. In this temperature region the natural description of the states of the system is in terms of Bloch spin waves. The nonorthogonality of spin-wave states raises basic difficulties which are examined and overcome.The following new results are obtained: a practical method for calculating thermodynamic quantities in terms of a nonorthogonal set of basic states; a proof that in 3 dimensions there do not exist states (shown by Bethe to exist in a one-dimensional chain of spins) in which two spins are bound together into a stable complex and travel together through the lattice; a calculation of the scattering cross section of two spin waves, giving a mean free path for spin-spin collisions proportional to ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{7}{2}}$ at low temperatures; and an exact formula for the free energy of the system, showing explicitly the effects of spin-wave interactions.Quantitative results based on this theory will be published in a second paper.
Sample Size Determination for Equivalence Test Using Rate Ratio of Sensitivity and Specificity in Paired Sample Data

Before implementing a new diagnostic test, we may wish to study whether this test is noninferior to a reference test with respect to the sensitivity and/or the specificity. This paper discusses sample size determination for one-sided equivalence (or noninferiority) testing of the rate ratio using paired-sample data. Using large sample theory, this paper derives asymptotic sample size formulae for the required number of subjects giving a desired power 100(1 - beta)% at a specified alpha-level. To evaluate the accuracy of these formulae, this paper considers several test statistics and uses Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the corresponding type I error and power with the given resulting sample sizes in a variety of situations. Finally, this paper notes those situations for which the asymptotic sample size formulae developed here are of limited use and suggests a simple empirical adjustment to alleviate this limitation.
Rethinking Urban Competition and Sustainability in East Asia

The paper advances five interrelated propositions: 1) That, as major sites of economic growth in the global economy, cities constitute an interconnected global system. 2) That contemporary cities are best understood as regional in the scale of their interdependencies and should be treated as functionally integrated territorial units. 3) That intercity cooperation across national boundaries as important as competition among cities for global capital. 4) That the call for a “sustainable” city is nothing less than a call for the “good city” with its dimensions of good governance, good management, and good out-comes.5) That the scale of megacities requires governance processes that are structured according to the twin principles of “subsidiarity” and “democratic participation.”
Brain circuits in panic disorder

This paper reviews the pathophysiology of panic disorder (PD), within the context of newly described "fear circuitries," which have been well characterized in preclinical models. Substantial advances in the neurosciences have made it possible for clinical neuroscientists to refine our understanding of the pathophysiology of PD and the mechanisms of currently effective treatment. These advances have in turn helped generate testable hypotheses for future neurobiological and psychopharmacologic research. Perturbation of mutual modulation ("cross talk") between key brain transmitter systems (serotonin, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, corticotropin-releasing factor, and others) may underlie the pathogenesis of panic-anxiety. Restoration of normal homeostasis may be an important therapeutic component of antipanic therapy and may provide information about underlying neurocircuits. Neuroimaging, an important new tool, has already begun to bridge the gap between the preclinical and clinical neurosciences through confirmation of hypothesized dysfunction of the complex human prefrontal cortex and its subcortical components. In higher species, such as humans, dysfunction of cortical inhibition or excessive cortical activation of caudal limbic structures is postulated to lead to activation of the phylogenetically conserved amygdalofugal pathways. Consistent with probable subtypes of PD, overlapping theoretical models of panic neurocircuitries are proposed, including ventilatory dysregulation, which is coupled with neurovascular instability in a critical area of the panic neurocircuitry--the amygdalohippocampus. Neuroimaging appears a critical tool in guiding further elaboration of the interaction of cortical and subcortical components of the panic neurocircuitry, whereas challenge studies appear crucial in gathering further information regarding brain stem dysfunction.
Substrate studies of cesium-iodide photocathodes

Abstract We report on the quantum efficiency (QE) of cesium-iodide (CsI) photocathodes vacuum deposited on various substrates. The substrates, Ni, Au, solder, and Al were vacuum deposited on copper-clad FR4 and ceramic printed circuit boards. The results were obtained in a low-pressure, parallel-plate, pad-chamber with a solid CsI photocathode operated with ethane and isobutane gas. We present QE measurements for each of the different substrates used, the effect of substrate heating, the importance of surface quality, and our experience with ceramic printed circuit boards. Scanning electron microscope images of the photocathode surface are also shown for Cu and Al substrates.
Coronal Structure of Star-Like Block Ionomer Micelles: An Investigation by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

The coronal structure of starlike block ionomer micelles has been probed directly by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), using specific contrast labeling of different regions of the corona. Solutions of PS-b-dPS-b-PS-b-PACs starlike block ionomer micelles in toluene are studied; contrast is provided by perdeuterated polystyrene labels situated at different distances from the ionic core. For deuterated labels situated at 390 PS units from the core, the scattered intensity is found to scale as I ∼ q-1.7 at intermediate q, suggesting a semidilute environment for the labels and local swollen coil behavior. For labels 180 PS units from the core, steric perturbations are more extensive than those found under semidilute conditions, such that single chain scaling is not observed at any length scale; scattered intensity is found to scale as I ∼ q-1.3 at intermediate q. The stiffness of coronal chains next to the core is even greater, as indicated by I ∼ q-1.0 scaling for dPS labels attached directly to the ioni...
Differential gender orientation in public relations: Implications for career choices

Women have entered public relations at a much faster rate than men over the last two decades. Studies of the field show some gender segregation in PR, so it may not be accurate to generalize about the profession as a whole. This study surveyed PR students to determine whether specialty areas are perceived as gendered and the characteristics associated with male- and female-oriented areas. Findings indicated clear differences between “female” and “male” specialties, with their associated characteristics supporting values delineated in the feminist theory of public relations. Further, the study found that students consider gender orientation in selecting career paths.
Decohesion of Thin Films From Ceramic Substrates

Decohesion of thin films from ceramic or semiconductor substrates is strongly influenced by internal stresses in films and stress concentrations from edges or flaws as well as by interfacial fracture energy. Residual stresses can cause spontaneous delamination, splitting and curling of films under tension or delamination, buckling and spal ling of films under residual compression, even with good interfacial bonding. Delamination behavior is considered using simple fracture mechanics models, supplemented with preliminary measurements of interfacial fracture energies. Formation conditions largely control internal stresses in films; whereas fracture energies are dictated by interfacial chemistry and mechanical factors such as plasticity.
What is a "save"?: Outcome measures in clinical evaluations of automatic external defibrillators.

Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) represent an important technologic innovation in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. We propose the following concept: AEDs are machines with the limited task of ventricular fibrillation (VF) identification, countershock delivery, and defibrillation. They cannot be expected to produce "saves" independently. This study tested this concept by using the same AED in two different emergency medical systems: outcomes dependent upon the device should be the same in both groups, whereas outcomes dependent upon patient and system factors should be different. Paramedics, with the AED as their initial monitor/defibrillator, treated 16 cardiac arrest patients in VF; EMTs (emergency medical technicians), with the same AED, treated 17 patients in VF. There were no significant differences in the outcomes proposed to be machine-dependent: sensitivity, defined as the percentage of VF rhythm segments shocked; specificity, defined as the percentage of non-VF rhythms not shocked; and defibrillation of segments of VF to non-VF rhythms. There were, however, differences in the outcomes dependent on patient and system factors (paramedic group presented first): percent converted to a perfusing rhythm (23% vs 69%; p less than 0.05); percent admitted to the hospital (19% vs 65%; p less than 0.025); and percent discharged from the hospital (6% vs 29%; p = N.S.). We conclude that AEDs should be compared and evaluated on device-dependent outcomes and not on the basis of producing "saves".
Surgical Approaches to Strictures in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease resulting in multifocal intra- and extrahepatic biliary strictures. Dominant strictures occur commonly in PSC and may contribute to the progressive hepatic fibrosis in this disease. Extrahepatic bile duct resection should be considered for selected noncirrhotic patients with symptomatic biliary obstruction and dominant strictures, particularly in those who fail in endoscopic therapy. In addition, patients with dominant strictures and equivocal results on cancer screening tests should be managed with resection rather than prolonged efforts at cancer diagnosis.
Sensitivity and tolerance of Riparian arthropod communities to altered water resources along a drying river.

Background Rivers around the world are drying with increasing frequency, but little is known about effects on terrestrial animal communities. Previous research along the San Pedro River in southeastern AZ, USA, suggests that changes in the availability of water resources associated with river drying lead to changes in predator abundance, community composition, diversity, and abundance of particular taxa of arthropods, but these observations have not yet been tested manipulatively. Methods and Results In this study, we constructed artificial pools in the stream bed adjacent to a drying section of the San Pedro River and maintained them as the river dried. We compared pitfall trapped arthropods near artificial pools to adjacent control sites where surface waters temporarily dried. Assemblage composition changed differentially at multiple taxonomic levels, resulting in different assemblages at pools than at control sites, with multiple taxa and richness of carabid beetle genera increasing at pools but not at controls that dried. On the other hand, predator biomass, particularly wolf spiders, and diversity of orders and families were consistently higher at control sites that dried. These results suggest an important role for colonization dynamics of pools, as well as the ability of certain taxa, particularly burrowing wolf spiders, to withstand periods of temporary drying. Conclusions Overall, we found some agreement between this manipulative study of water resources and a previous analysis of river drying that showed shifts in composition, changes in diversity, and declines in abundance of certain taxa (e.g. carabid beetles). However, colonization dynamics of pools, as well as compensatory strategies of predatory wolf spiders seem to have led to patterns that do not match previous research, with control sites maintaining high diversity, despite drying. Tolerance of river drying by some species may allow persistence of substantial diversity in the face of short-term drying. The long-term effects of drying remain to be investigated.
The 19F(p, α)16O and 19F(p, 3He)17O reactions at 30.5 MeV

Abstract Absolute differential cross sections for the 19F(p, α)16O reaction leading to the ground state of 16O, the 19F(p, 3He)17O reaction leading to the ground state of 17O and the 19F(p, 3He)17O reaction leading to the first excited state of 17O (Eex = 0.871 MeV) have been measured for angles between 7 and 155°, 16 and 111° and 16 and 111° in the centre-of-mass system, respectively. The angular distributions showed strong forward peaking for all three reactions. The experimental data were compared with theoretical angular distributions obtained by distorted-wave methods. The calculated angular distributions fit the L = 0 data quite well; the L = 2 data are not so well fitted. The ratio of the experimental spectroscopic factors for the two (p, 3He) reactions agrees quite well with the computed ratio.
Against their will: Young women's nonagentic sexual experiences

This study introduces the notion of nonagentic sexual interaction and presents findings describing its prevalence, characteristics, and consequences among a representative sample of 566 undergraduate women. One third of respondents reported one or more nonagentic sexual interactions during a single academic year, and more than half of the senior respondents reported one or more interactions during their college careers. Relations between these interactions' behavioral characteristics and four psychological outcome measures provide limited empirical support for the notion that interactions involving a higher degree of physical intrusion and more forceful tactics are more distressing than those involving less intrusion and more subtle tactics. Narrative accounts illustrate the complexity of these interactions. Implications of nonagentic sexual experiences for healthy sexuality development are discussed.
Muslim "Orientalism" in medieval travel accounts of India

Depuis les annees 1970, le terme «orientalisme » a ete le plus souvent utilise pour postuler l'existence d'un regard europeen sur l'Autre oriental qui est a la fois exotique, romantique, et hegemonique. On percoit un regard semblable dans les recits de voyages en Inde des musulmans dit Moyen Orient et de l'Asie centrale pendant la periode medievale. Cette observation suggere que des tels regards sur l'Autre ne sont pas unique aux europeens, mais peuvent etre caracteristiques des cultures hegemoniques en generale.
Political efficacy: Enhancing the construct and its relationship to mobilization of people

Political efficacy is a term used to represent an individual's perceived ability to participate in and influence the political system. It has been suggested that political efficacy is composed of two distinct components: internal and external political efficacy (Balch, 1974; McPherson, Miller, Welch, & Clark, 1977). The purpose of this article is to work toward an even broader and more precise conceptualization of political efficacy and its relationship to mobilization of people. Collective political efficacy is proposed as a third component in the political efficacy construct. Research findings presented in the article offer some exploratory information concerning the relationships of this new component with the other political efficacy components. The findings are from a research project that involved the creation of a Homeless Persons Union. In addition to examining relationships among the political efficacy components, findings revealing effects of the intervention are briefly described in order to examine further the role of political efficacy in relation to mobilization of people.
Theorizing past and present women's organizations in Kenya

Abstract Women's groups are widespread in Kenya today and recognized as important fora for development. Yet scholars are divided on the issue of whether they challenge existing gender relations, or whether they are limited to providing for the survival needs of rural women. ‘Development’ includes enabling popular empowerment, yet I argue that these voluntary associations do so for women to a limited extent only. Molyneux's (1985) theoretical distinction between ‘strategic’ and ‘practical’ gender interests is applied to a comparison of today's women's groups with precolonial and colonial indigenous women's organizations. Past women's collectives are discussed for the Barabaig, Gikuyu and Giriama, followed by a comparison with today's women's organizations. The extent to which Kenyan women's groups became involved in three recent nationally renowned political events involving women are also described. These are: 1. (a)the case of S.M. Otieno's burial; 2. (b) the outspoken opposition of Wangari Maathai, leader of Kenya's Green Belt Movement, to government plans; and 3. (c) the 1992 strike and actions of Gikuyu mothers to the political detention of their sons. Kenyan women in patrilineal societies of the past are shown to have been better equipped through their indigenous women's organizations to protect the interests common to their gender than they are today. This is due to the continuous penetration by Westerners and Kenyans alike, including development workers, or a public/private paradigm from the West onto extant gender relations. Recommendations are made for incorporating features of these past organizations into modern women's groups.
Comparative assessment of lipid effects of endocrine therapy for breast cancer: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention in postmenopausal women.

Summary Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the developed world for both men and women. Women experience significant alterations in lipid profiles during the years following menopause, including a reduction in plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and an elevation of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and are at an increased risk of CVD. These changes are due in part to the reduction in estrogen production following the onset of the menopause. Therefore, agents that have anti-estrogenic effects, such as most endocrine therapies for breast cancer, may increase the risk of CVD. Tamoxifen, historically the standard endocrine therapy, has an overall beneficial effect on lipid profiles. However, long-term data from clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a cardioprotective effect and patients treated with tamoxifen did not experience fewer cardiovascular events compared with those receiving placebo. Indeed, a number of studies have shown that tamoxifen may have a detrimental effect, with a significantly increased risk of venous thromboembolic events, pulmonary embolism and stroke. The third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have demonstrated an improvement in efficacy and tolerability over previous treatments. Since they have a different mechanism of action to tamoxifen, they are not anticipated to exert the same impact on lipid profiles. Clinical trials with anastrozole demonstrated no clinically relevant impact on lipid profiles in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer. However, as lipid profiles are surrogate endpoints, the most appropriate endpoint is the incidence of cardiovascular events in long-term studies. This is of particular relevance in the treatment of early breast cancer, where endocrine agents may be used in the adjuvant setting for periods of 5 years or more. Long-term adjuvant anastrozole treatment resulted in significantly fewer thromboembolic and cerebrovascular events and a similar incidence of ischemic cardiovascular events compared with tamoxifen. The effects of the other AIs on lipid levels are variable, and any correlation with cardiovascular events is currently unknown.