cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School health in pediatric residency training: 1994.

Objective: To explore efforts of pediatric residency programs to provide future pediatricians with appropriate school health skills (given the growing recognition that school health programs have a positive effect on child health). Design: A survey was mailed to the directors of all 214 accredited pediatric residency programs in the United States. Results: Based on an overall response rate of 72%, a defined clinical experience in school health is required in only 34% of programs and offered by 43%. It usually consists of occasional half days during block rotations. Content included consultation on children with chronic illness, classroom observations, and participation in school-based clinics, health education classes, and multidisciplinary team meetings. Many residency programs viewed core topics in school health as appropriate for pediatric residency curriculum, and many of them included such instruction. In the programs that offered school health, dollars were generated only 16% of the time, and the funding level was seldom significant (>$50 000). Conclusions: Tomorrow's pediatricians will need training in comprehensive school health (including education, service provision, and the assurance of a medical home for some children in the school), but school health is a minor part of the curricular experience for today's pediatric residents. Future investigations should target barriers to comprehensive school health training (including financial impediments) and look at alternative school and community experiences and their effect on trainees, schools, and school-aged children. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:315-318)
Tensor LEED analysis of the Ni(111)-p(2 × 2)-CH3CN structure

Abstract The adsorption of acetonitrile on Ni(111) leads to an ordered (2 × 2) overlayer. In the first detailed surface structure determination of organic molecules containing both C and N, LEED intensity versus energy ( I – V ) curves for this structure have been measured and analyzed using an automated search method based on the tensor LEED approximation. The adsorbed acetonitrile is bound to the surface by both carbon and nitrogen with its C-N axis almost parallel to the metal surface. The adsorbed acetonitrile rehybridizes on the surface, becoming non-linear with a C-C-N angle estimated at 123°. This structure is in accordance with models which were proposed from HREELS and XPS studies for acetonitrile adsorbed on platinum and nickel surfaces. It is also somewhat similar to the structure of nitriles in tri-iron and tri-osmium clusters. A slight adsorbate induced relaxation of the surface nickel atoms is also observed.
Primary radiation therapy for medically inoperable patients with clinical stage I and II endometrial carcinoma

Abstract Objective To determine the outcomes associated with primary radiation therapy for medically inoperable, clinical stage I and II, endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC). Methods A multi-institution, retrospective chart review from January 1997 to January 2009 was performed. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), progression-free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP) were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Disease-specific survival was analyzed using a competing risks approach. Results Seventy-four patients were evaluable. The median age and BMI were 65years (range 36–92years) and 46kg/m 2 (range 23–111kg/m 2 ), respectively. 85.1% had severe systemic disease, most frequently cardiopulmonary risk and morbid obesity. With a mean follow-up of 31months, 13 patients (17.6%) experienced a recurrence. The median PFS and OS were 43.5months and 47.2months, respectively. Overall, 35 women died, including 4 women who died of unknown cause. Of the remaining 31 women, 7 patients (9.5%) died of disease, while 24 died of other causes (32.4%). The hazard ratio comparing the risk of death due to other causes to the risk of death due to disease was 3.4 (95% CI 1.4–9.4, p=0.003). Among patients who are alive three years after diagnosis, 14% recurred and the conditional recurrence estimate did not exceed 16%. Conclusions Primary radiation therapy for clinical stage I and II EAC is a feasible option for medically inoperable patients and provides disease control, with fewer than 16% of surviving patients experiencing recurrence.
Quantitative Multi-modal Brain Autoradiography of Glutamatergic, Dopaminergic, Cannabinoid, and Nicotinic Receptors in Mutant Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) Mice

Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) is a promising genetic susceptibility factor for major psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia. We hypothesized that the mutant DISC1 alters the homeostasis of multi-receptor interactions between dopaminergic [dopamine 2/3 (D2/3R)], glutamatergic [metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGluR5)], cannabinoid 1 (CB1R), and nicotinic acetylcholine (α4β2-nAChR) receptors in the brains of mice with inducible forebrain neuronal expression of dominant-negative mutant DISC1. The quantitative in vitro autoradiography was performed with positron emission tomography (PET) ligands using [11C]raclopride (D2/3R), [11C]ABP688 (mGluR5), [11C]OMAR (CB1R), and [18F]AZAN (nAChR). Total binding (pmol/cc) from standard and binding index, defined as [(region of interest − reference) / reference], was analyzed in the parasagittal sections. The cerebellum was used as a reference for D2/3R, mGluR5, and α4β2-nAChR, while the midbrain was the reference tissue for CB1R, because of the high density of CB1R in the cerebellum. We observed a significant positive correlation between mGluR5 and D2/3R in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in mutant DISC1 (rho = 0.6, p = 0.04; y = 0.02 x + 6.7) and a trend of negative correlation between those receptors in the dorsal striatum (DS) in control animals (rho = −0.5, p = 0.09; y = −0.03 x + 23), suggesting a co-release of dopamine (DA) and glutamate (Glu) in the NAc, but not in the DS. There were trends of an inverse relationship between striatal CB1R and D2/3R (rho = −0.7, p = 0.07) as well as between dorsal thalamic nAChR and striatal D2/3R (rho = −0.5, p = 0.08). There was no statistically significant difference of the individual receptor density in the majority of brain regions. The mutant DISC1 altered the homeostasis of multi-receptor interactions of coincident signaling of DA and Glu in the NAc, but not in the DS, and mutually negative control of striatal CB1R and D2/3R. Multi-receptor mapping with PET ligands in relevant animal models could be a valuable translational approach for psychiatric drug development.
Postradiotherapy neck dissection: an obsolete treatment paradigm?

The historical practice of a planned neck dissection either before or after a definitive course of radiotherapy has been of considerable controversy in the management of headand-neck squamous cell carcinomas, and reflects the strong prognostic influence of nodal metastases. Of these planned neck dissections, a prophylactic or elective neck dissection (i.e., one after a complete clinical response to radiotherapy) evolved because of increasing concerns of unsalvageable nodal relapses, especially in the treatment of bulky nodal metastases. The premise was that despite a complete clinical response in the nodal metastases, residual radioresistant microscopic carcinoma could eventually lead to nodal relapse that was often not detected early enough before becoming unresectable and unsalvageable.
Effects of d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on positive conditioned suppression

Six rats lever-pressed under a variable-interval 80-sec food reinforcement schedule. After responding had stabilized, an 8-sec tone terminating with food delivery was superimposed on the variable-interval schedule on the average once every five minutes without regard to the animal's behavior. This positive conditioned suppression procedure consistently reduced responding during the pre-food stimulus (tone). Neither d-amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) nor chlordiazepoxide (7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg) significantly affected the relative suppression produced by the tone. Instead, both drugs produced generally non-selective effects, similarly affecting response rate in the presence and absence of the tone.
A review: exercise and its influence on resting energy metabolism in man

Daily energy expenditure is composed of three major components: 1) resting metabolic rate (RMR); 2) the thermic effect of feeding (TEF); and 3) the thermic effect of activity (TEA). RMR constitutes 60 to 75% of daily energy expenditure and is the energy associated with the maintenance of major body functions. TEF is the cumulative increase in energy expenditure after several meals and constitutes approximately 10% of daily energy expenditure. Most investigators, however, have examined the thermic effect of a single meal test (TEM). TEA is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure and can constitute 15 to 30% of 24-h energy expenditure. This component includes energy expenditure due to physical work, muscular activity, including shivering and fidgeting, as well as purposeful physical exercise. Participation in purposeful exercise (both acute and chronic) is a subcomponent of TEA and has been found to influence resting energy expenditure (RMR and TEM). Reports in the literature, however, are discrepant regarding the direction and magnitude of the effects of exercise and exercise training on RMR and TEM. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that have examined the effects of exercise on RMR and TEM are reviewed. Possible explanations for divergent results in the literature are discussed. The major focus of this review is directed to human studies, although pertinent animal work is included. The role of genetic variation, gender specific responses, and methodological considerations for future studies examining the relation among RMR, TEA, and TEM are considered. Although still controversial, purposeful physical exercise appears to influence resting energy expenditure in man.
Corrigendum: recrystallization and grain growth induced by ELMs-like transient heat loads in deformed tungsten samples.

CORRIGENDUM: Recrystallization and grain growth induced by ELMs-like transient heat loads in deformed tungsten samples
Autonomy, beliefs and the learning of elementary mathematics teachers

Abstract Seven elementary teachers participated in a project designed to help them learn to teach mathematics according to reform recommendations. Teachers were provided opportunities to learn through both private reflection and public inquiry about their teaching and children's learning. The teachers’ instruction, reflection, and beliefs were studied. All of the teachers adopted some reform-based procedures including having children report problem-solving strategies. However, only three of them developed more complex practice in which children were involved in inquiry into one another's strategies. The groups had different beliefs about the autonomy of children to construct mathematics and their own autonomy to make instructional decisions.
Role of sp3 carbon and 7-membered rings in fullerene annealing and fragmentation

WHEN fullerenes1,2 are fragmented by laser irradiation, they lose C2 fragments and retain a closed carbon cage3. The detailed mechanism of this process remains unknown, although survival of the cage implies that annealing (rearrangement of the bonding) must play an important role3,4. Here we use ab initio quantum-chemical calculations to show that fullerene annealing happens more readily than fragmentation, and that both are intimately related. Our findings imply that the assumptions commonly made about fullerenes5—that they are composed of five- and six-membered rings of sp2 carbons— are not valid under high-energy conditions. In particular, the appearance of sp3 carbon and seven-membered rings is central in both the annealing and fragmentation processes. Our theoretical predictions imply that the high-energy processes of fullerene growth6–11 and coalescence12 are much richer than previously thought, and that their mechanisms may also involve structures containing sp3 carbon and seven-membered rings. Our results may aid in the design of experimental methods for controlling the nature of fullerene cages (for example, doping, opening and re-closing them).
Photosynthetic gas exchange response of poplars to steady-state and dynamic light environments

The steady-state and dynamic photosynthetic response of two poplar species (Populus tremuloides and P. fremontii) to variations in photon flux density (PFD) were observed with a field portable gas exchange system. These poplars were shown to be very shade intolerant with high light saturation (800 to 1300 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and light compensation (70 to 100 μmol m−2 s−1) points. Understory poplar leaves showed no physiological acclimation to understory light environments. These plants become photosynthetically induced quickly (10 min). Activation of Rubisco was the primary limitation for induction, with stomatal opening playing only a minor role. Leaves maintained high stomatal conductances and stomata were unresponsive to variations in PFD. Leaves were very efficient at utilizing rapidly fluctuating light environments similar to those naturally occurring in canopies. Post-illumination CO2 fixation contributed proportionally more to the carbon gain of leaves during short frequent lightflecks than longer less frequent ones. The benefits of a more dynamic understory light environment for the carbon economy of these species are discussed.
Ion survival probabilities for 3 keV He+, Ne+, and Ar+ scattering from La and adsorbate covered La surfaces

Abstract TOF spectra of scattered neutrals and ions for 3 keV He + , Ne + , and Ar + bombardment of La and adsorbate covered La surfaces show that the scattered ion fractions are 21.1% and 10.7% for Ar + on clean and adsorbate covered La, respectively, and
Protestant Parishes in the Old World and the New: The Cases of Geneva and Boston

There can be little doubt that for centuries the most important single unit of the Christian church has been the parish. It is surely the most fundamental of the structures upon which the institutional church has been built. Only by studying closely the parish and what goes on within it can we gain a real appreciation of what religion has meant and continues to mean to the average Christian at the grass roots level. It is somewhat surprising, given the general spread of interest in social history among contemporary historians, that there has not been more study of the parish. One can understand the superior appeal of historical theology to the historian who concentrates on ideas, given the range and sophistication of the systems of thought created over the centuries by theologians, but we should not forget that these systems could not even be comprehended by the great majority of Christians. One can similarly understand the superior appeal of ecclesiastical politics to the historian who concentrates on events, given the high drama in which ecclesiastical leaders have often been engaged, but we should not assume that these events necessarily even came to the attention of average Christians. But for the historian of society who is interested in the religious experience of the average man, the parish must be a starting point.
Influence of Food Distribution and Predation Pressure on Spacing Behavior in Palm Civets

The common palm civet, Paradoxurus hermaphroditus , was studied in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal, to determine daily and seasonal movements in relation to availability of food and predation pressure. Five adult animals (two females and three males) were captured and fitted with radiocollars and located every other day. Each animal was followed for 12 consecutive h/month. Palm civets were strictly nocturnal; activity began at ca. 1800 h and ended at ca. 0400 h. Animals were more active on dark nights than on bright, moonlit nights and typically rested during the day in the crown of vine-covered trees. Seeds of fruits were found in 84.5% of 193 scats of palm civets that were collected December 1989 to June 1990. In April, when ripe fruits were not readily available, a shift in diet from fruits to vertebrate and invertebrate prey occurred. Palm civets also fed on the nectar of Bombax ceiba and sap from stems of Vallaris solanacea . Home-range sizes varied inversely with the amount of food available. A high degree of home-range overlap indicated that individuals were not territorial. Documented predation and exclusive nocturnal activity suggest that palm civets are vulnerable to predation by large carnivores in the park. Strong predation pressure and high temporal and spatial variation in availability of food resources may account for the apparent absence of territorial behavior of palm civets in this population.
An experimental study of the response of nearly isotropic turbulence to a spectrally local disturbance

A grid-generated, nearly isotropic turbulent flow was subjected to a spectrally local disturbance whose scale was close to but larger than the Kolmogorov scale. A nearly sinusoidal ripple in the velocity was introduced by placing a low-solidity screen of very fine wires (called a ‘zither’ by Kellogg & Corrsin 1980) downstream of a classical biplane grid. Measurements of the fluctuating velocity components normal to the screen wires show strong spatial oscillations of the second-order moments. Close to the screen the flow is quite inhomogeneous and anisotropic, but relaxes toward isotropy. After a short period of initial growth, the longitudinal one-dimensional spectrum E 11 ( k 1 ) exhibits an unusual decay behaviour, especially after the Reynolds stress created by the mean shear of the boundary layers and ‘laminar’ wakes of the screen wires has vanished. Bispectra and one-dimensional transfer terms do not show evidence of any preferred interaction between longitudinal wavenumbers, but an increased energy transfer to large wavenumbers is observed at small x 1 / d . The resulting increase of energy in the high-wavenumber end of the spectra is consistent with results of Townsend (1951). An energy budget downstream of the zither shows that the pressure–velocity correlations are important in the nonlinear interactions.
Evolutionary importance of the South African "man-apes".

IN the past, the discovery of any man-like fossil has signalled the beginning of extended and heated controversy. After reading numerous recent publications on the South African ‘man-apes’, we have come to feel that history is repeating itself. The great importance of this remarkable series of fossils is being obscured by technical argument over minor points and by the creation of genera, and even subfamilies, of doubtful utility. The present controversies over the South African fossils started before the discovery of many of the best preserved and most critical specimens, and a general statement of opinion now may help to orientate discussion when these latest finds are described in detail. The basic ideas expressed here are not new, but the emphasis is perhaps different.
InGaAs/InGaP quantum dots and nanopillar structures for infrared focal plane array applications

InGaAs/InGaP quantum-dots have been grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique on GaAs substrate. The important growth parameters, such as growth temperature, V/III ratio, etc, have been optimized. A 10-stack quantum-dot infrared photodetector based on these InGaAs dots showed a detectivity of 3.6x1010 cmHz1/2/W at 95K. The peak photoresponse was 4.7 μm with a cutoff at 5.2μm. A 256x256 middle-wavelength infrared focal plane array based on our quantum-dot detectors was fabricated via dry etching technique. The detector array was bonded to a silicon readout integrated circuit via flip chip bonding with indium bumps. A noise equivalent temperature difference of 509 mK was achieved for this array at 120K. With the goal of improving array uniformity, exploratory work into nanopillar structure IR detectors was also performed. Experimental methods and characterization results are presented here.
X-ray Asterism and Work-hardening in Crystals

THIS communication reports some observations pertaining to an experiment on the plastic behaviour of age-hardenable alloy single crystals. The experiment formed a part of a senior year laboratory course and was intended to illustrate the strengthening effects due to well-known1 precipitates in aluminium base copper alloys and also the fact that predictable lattice rotations are obtained for a given amount of tensile deformation in cases where only one slip system prevails2. To this end it was planned that a number of crystals would be grown, their orientations determined, various heat treatments performed and elongations predetermined so as to give limited amounts of crystal rotation on the {111}-system which could be checked by a second orientation determination after tensile deformation.
Neural Network Development for the Forecasting of Upper Atmosphere Parameter Distributions

Abstract This paper presents a neural network modeling approach to forecast electron concentration distributions in the 150–600 km altitude range above Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The neural network was trained using incoherent scatter radar data collected at the Arecibo Observatory during the past two decades, as well as the Kp geomagnetic index provided by the National Space Science Data Center. The data set covered nearly two solar cycles, allowing the neural network to model daily, seasonal, and solar cycle variations of upper atmospheric parameter distributions. Two types of neural network architectures, feedforward and Elman recurrent, are used in this study. Topics discussed include the network design, training strategy, data analysis, as well as preliminary testing results of the networks on electron concentration distributions.
Felt age and cognitive-affective depressive symptoms in late life.

Objectives: This study examined both cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between felt age and cognitive-affective symptom dimensions of depression in late life.Method: Data for this study came from two interview waves (T1 and T2) of the National Health and Aging Trend Study. Sample persons (n = 6680) who resided in their own or another's home at T1 were included. At T2 (one year later), 5414 of the original 6680 were interviewed and depressive symptom data were available for 5371 sample persons. The associations between felt age and depressive symptoms were analyzed using stepwise linear regression analyses.Results: At T1, (1) more than 70% of the sample felt younger and 7% felt older than their chronological age; and (2) younger felt age was associated with lower depressive symptoms, and older felt age was associated with higher depressive symptoms. Controlling for T1 depressive symptoms and health conditions, older felt age at T1 also predicted higher depressive symptoms at T2; however, chron...
Basilar Artery Perforation as a Complication of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy

The morbidity and mortality associated with third ventriculostomy has decreased significantly over the past 75 years since its introduction by Walter Dandy. Now more commonly performed using an endoscopic method, the significant morbidity of third ventriculostomy has dropped to approximately 5%; essentially that associated with ventriculoscopy in general. However, the possible complication of massive subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from perforation of the basilar artery or its branches in the course of fenestration of the floor of the third ventricle has only recently been reported. In our case, subsequent to a vascular injury, a pseudoaneurysm developed at the site of vascular perforation, which was then appropriately controlled. The patient has since made a full recovery. Our goal is to remind the endoscopist of this unusual complication and to discuss our management strategies.
Passage efficiency of adult Pacific lampreys at hydropower dams on the lower Columbia River, USA

Abstract Hydropower dams in the lower Columbia River may contribute to declines in the populations of anadromous Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata by limiting access to historical spawning locations. To identify obstacles to migration, we documented the movements of radio-tagged adult Pacific lampreys in specific areas of fishways (entrances, collection channels, transition areas, ladders, and counting stations) at the first three dams they encounter as they move upstream (Bonneville, The Dalles, and John Day). From 1997 to 2000, 147-299 radio-tagged lampreys were released downstream from Bonneville Dam. In 1997 and 2000, we also moved 50 radio-tagged lampreys each year to positions upstream from Bonneville Dam to assess the passage success of fish that had not passed through an entire fishway (i.e., “naive fish”). The passage efficiency of lampreys at Bonneville Dam was 38-47%, and the median time required to pass over the dam ranged from 4.4 to 5.7 d. In contrast, 50-82% of the lampreys passed over Th...
Effect of Growth in Serum on Uptake of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Human Neutrophils

Because serum exposure precedes interaction of invasive Neisseria gonorrhoeae with neutrophils, neutrophil association with gonococci grown in serum was assessed. Uptake of a nonpiliated serum-resistant strain grown in 20% serum was reduced to 63.5% of control values. Heated serum (20%) yielded similar results. Stimulation of hexose monophosphate shunt activity in neutrophils by heated serum-grown gonococci (a phenomenon reflecting phagocytosis) was 64.5% of control values. Because gonococcal outer membrane (OM) structures mediate interaction with neutrophils, lithium acetate-treated OM preparations of gonococci grown in heated serum were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Multiple new protein bands and a quantitative decrease in amounts of proteins I, II, and III were noted. However, a decrease in the amounts of these membrane proteins was not observed with alternative membrane extraction techniques. Gonococcal growth in 20% serum dialyzed in 3,500-molecular-weight exclusion tubing allowed normal neutrophil association and OM protein expression.
Electrochemical Characterization of Pore Formation by Bacterial Protein Toxins on Hybrid Supported Membranes

The interaction of pore-forming streptolysin O (SLO) with biomimetic lipid membranes has been studied by electrochemical methods. Phosphatidylcholine lipid vesicles were deposited onto gold electrodes modified with supporting layers of hexyl thioctate (HT) or thioctic acid tri(ethylene glycol) ester (TA-TEGE), and integrity and permeability of the resulting membranes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Both positively and negatively charged electrochemical probes, potassium ferrocyanide, hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride, and ferrocene carboxylic acid (FCA), were employed to evaluate their suitability to probe the membrane permeability properties, with FCA exhibiting ideal behavior and thus employed throughout the work. Fusion of vesicles incubated with SLO on the electrodes yielded membranes that showed a distinctive response pattern for FCA as a function of SLO concentration. A direct dependence of both the currents and peak separation of FCA in the cyclic voltammograms ...
Participation and Power: Civic Discourse in Environmental Policy Decisions. W. Michele Simmons. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2007. 204 pp

The questions are, by now, familiar in our technologically advanced society: How can or should ordinary citizens influence public policy decisions when the problems under consideration call for the...
Components of wingless signalling in Drosophila

THE determination of specific cell fates and polarity within each segmental unit of the Drosophila embryo involves the products of the segment polarity genes1. One of these, wingless (wg), encodes a secreted protein2,3 that is homologous to the mammalian protooncogene Wnt-1 (refs 4, 5). In the embryonic epidermis, wg is expressed in a single row of cells within each segmental unit, although its activity is required for the correct patterning of most of the epidermis4,6. Initially Wg signals to adjacent posterior cells, maintaining engrailed (en) expression7,8. Later during embryogenesis, wg specifies the differentiation of naked cuticle9. Wg signalling functions by inactivating or antagonizing the activity of zeste-white 3 (zw3)l0. We have investigated the requirement in the Wg signal transduction pathway for the three genes armadillo (arm)11,12, dishevelled (dsh) and porcupine (porc)13, all of which have embryonic mutant phenotypes similar to wg. Our results indicate that dsh and porc act upstream of zw3, and arm acts downstream of zw3.
Subcell modeling of a plasmonic Drude nanosphere

A subcell model is presented that mimics the low frequency response of a Drude nanosphere. The approach is based on the observation that the inclusion of a dielectric sphere into a finite-difference time-domain cell requires to appropriately tailor the cell's material properties utilizing an effective medium approach. A circuit based methodology is employed that allows to easily incorporate the effective medium model in the finite-difference time-domain method. The theoretically derived results are supported by numerical experiments.
Molecular diagnostics for personal medicine using a nanopore

Semiconductor nanotechnology has created the ultimate analytical tool: a nanopore with single molecule sensitivity. This tool offers the intriguing possibility of high-throughput, low cost sequencing of DNA with the absolute minimum of material and preprocessing. The exquisite single molecule sensitivity obviates the need for costly and error-prone procedures like polymerase chain reaction amplification. Instead, nanopore sequencing relies on the electric signal that develops when a DNA molecule translocates through a pore in a membrane. If each base pair has a characteristic electrical signature, then ostensibly a pore could be used to analyze the sequence by reporting all of the signatures in a single read without resorting to multiple DNA copies. The potential for a long read length combined with high translocation velocity should make resequencing inexpensive and allow for haplotyping and methylation profiling in a chromosome.
A Classical Model for the Damped, Magnetic Dipole Oscillator

We propose a simple classical model for the damped, magnetic dipole oscillator based on a circuit analogy. The solution for the dynamical equation of the associated magnetic moment is found to be similar in form to the well-known solution for the damped, electric dipole oscillator, but with the magnetic vector of the incident electromagnetic wave as the forcing field, instead of the electric vector. This model has been successfully applied to a classical derivation of the polarization properties of the forbidden (M1) coronal emission lines.
CHANGES IN THE ANTERIOR HYPOPHYSIS OF THE MALE ALBINO RAT AFTER CASTRATION AND EXPERIMENTAL CRYPTORCHISM

In previous communications (Ellison and Wolfe, 1934 and 1935,‡ and Wolfe, 1934) we described the changes in the anterior hypophysis of the female rat occurring after castration. In this paper we wish to present similar studies carried out on male albino rats. Since it has frequently been stated in the literature that cryptorchism in the male rat results in changes in the anterior lobe suggestive of those of castration, we have compared the anterior lobes of castrated and cryptorchid males, sacrificed at equal time intervals after operation (either castration or abdominal suspension of the testes). Since we (Ellison and Wolfe, 1934) have previously reviewed the literature pertaining to castration in both male and female rats, it will be necessary to mention only a few papers pertinent to the subject considered here. It is generally agreed by many investigators that castration in the male rat leads to an increase in the size of the gland and that histologically there is an increase in the number and the siz...
Deep-Ultraviolet (UV) Source For Two-Level Resist Technology

High resolution optical lithography demands a sophisticated photoresist technology. Recent work in this arfa has concentrated on multilevel resists. An example is a two layer resist (TLR) technique which uses a thin top layer of positive resist over a thick layer of PMMA. The pattern formed in the thin top layer serves as a mask for a deep UV blanket exposure of the thick PMMA bottom layer. Previously, no deep UV source existed which was well suited to this application. This paper describes the development of such a UV source and its application to high resolution optical lithography. The TLR technique requires a UV source with output in the 200-230nm range and essentially no output below 200nm or between 230 and 300nm. A specially designed low pressure Cd arc lamp has been constructed for this application. The lamp is unique in the way the output is maximized in the 215-230nm range. The lamp is very efficient, converting 10% of its input into output at these wavelengths. Using the new lamp, resist (PMMA) structures of 0.5μ width having 3:1 vertical:horizontal aspect ratios have been fabricated. Such patterns have been used as etch masks for CC14 plasma etching of 0.5μ patterns in polysilicon. The large aspect ratio of the resist patterns was important in preventing resist degradation (during etching) from affecting the final polysilicon geometry.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Planar-Conformal Fiber Optic Acoustic Sensing Elements

A planar flexible fiber-optic interferometric acoustic sensor has been developed by wrapping optimized single-mode fibers in a planar spiral form and then embedding the fiber in a thin polyurethane layer. The acoustic response of the element was studied and it was found to be high and frequency independent. The acoustic response was then interpreted in light of calculations based upon an approximation to the sensing structure, normally one in which the polyurethane layer is placed concentrically over the sensing fiber. Excellent agreement was found between experiment and analysis. The acceleration response of the element was also studied. The planar fiber acoustic sensor was compared to a PVF2 sensor of similar geometry. It was found that in an acceleration controlled environment the fiber sensor acoustic performance compared favorably to that of the PVF2.
Public Tolerance for Community-Based Sanctions

Based on a factorial design survey of 237 Hamilton County (Cincinnati), Ohio, residents, we assessed not only whether respondents preferred, but also “tolerated” or viewed as acceptable, community-based sanctions. Rating vignettes in which the offender engaged in either burglary or robbery, a slight majority of the respondents favored a sentence involving incarceration. Even so, a sizable minority of the sample preferred to sanction offenders in the community, and tolerance for such a sanction was widespread. There was little support, however, for sanctions that did not involve the close supervision of the offender. We suggest that community-based sanctions will be embraced by the public only to the extent that a persuasive case can be made that the sanction punishes, restrains, and changes offenders—in short, that it “works.”
Robust and adaptive multigrid methods: comparing structured and algebraic approaches

SUMMARY Although there have been significant advances in robust algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods in recent years, numerical studies and emerging hardware architectures continue to favor structured-grid approaches. Specifically, implementations of logically structured robust variational multigrid algorithms, such as the black box multigrid (BoxMG) solver, have been shown to be 10 times faster than AMG for three-dimensional heterogeneous diffusion problems on structured grids. BoxMG offers important features such as operator-induced interpolation for robustness, while taking advantage of direct data access and bounded complexity in the Galerkin coarse-grid operator. Moreover, because BoxMG uses a variational framework, it can be used to explore advances of modern adaptive AMG approaches in a structured setting. In this paper, we show how to extend the adaptive multigrid methodology to the BoxMG setting. This extension not only retains the favorable properties of the adaptive framework but also sheds light on the relationship between BoxMG and AMG. In particular, we show how classical BoxMG can be viewed as a special case of classical AMG and how this viewpoint leads to a richer family of adaptive BoxMG approaches. We present numerical results that explore this family of adaptive methods and compare its robustness and efficiency to the classical BoxMG solver.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodological Issues in Cross-Cultural Counseling Research: Equivalence, Bias, and Translations

Concerns about the cross-cultural validity of constructs are discussed, including equivalence, bias, and translation procedures. Methods to enhance equivalence are described, as are strategies to evaluate and minimize types of bias. Recommendations for translating instruments are also presented. To illustrate some challenges of cross-cultural counseling research, translation procedures employed in studies published in five counseling journals are evaluated. In 15 of 615 empirical articles, a translation of instruments was performed. In 9 studies, there was some effort to enhance and evaluate equivalence between language versions of the measures employed. In contrast, 2 studies did not report using thorough translation and verification procedures, and 4 studies employed a moderate degree of rigorousness. Suggestions for strengthening translation methodologies and enhancing the rigor of cross-cultural counseling research are provided. To conduct cross-culturally valid research and deliver culturally appropr...
A block multirate paradigm for efficient parallel algorithm development

A new multirate paradigm is introduced. Multirate signal procesing is shown to be a powerful divide and conquer methodology capable of being applied to the entire field of numerical linear algebra. Multirate can be successfully applied to vector-vector, matrix-vector, and matrix-matrix operations. These operations form the foundation of such software suites as LAPACK. Since LAPACK is dependent upon BLAS, and BLAS is, in turn, dependent upon these three operations, it can be seen that multirate can be applied to problems encountered throughout the field of numerical linear algebra. As an example of practical numerical linear algebra problems (which happen to be encountered in signal processing), the new paradigm for multirate is applied to the FFT. In the case of the FFT, multirate provides an alternate means of generating the four step FFT reported by Van Loan (1992) for use in MIMD shared memory architectures. Thus, multirate can be applied to traditionally sequential algorithms to improve their performance.
Perceptions of scientific dissent undermine public support for environmental policy

This article shows that even modest amounts of scientific dissent reduce public support for environmental policy. A survey experiment with 1000 Americans demonstrates that small skeptical scientific minorities can cast significant doubt among the general public on the existence of an environmental problem and reduce support for addressing it. Public support for environmental policy is maximized when the subjects receive no information about the scientific debate, indicating that the general public's default assumption is a very high degree of scientific consensus. Accordingly, a stronger scientific consensus will not generate public support for environmental policy, unless skeptical voices become almost silent.
Enrichment of intersubtype HIV-1 recombinants in a dual infection system using HIV-1 strain-specific siRNAs.

Background: Intersubtype HIV-1 recombinants in the form of unique or stable circulating recombinants forms (CRFs) are responsible for over 20% of infections in the worldwide epidemic. Mechanisms controlling the generation, selection, and transmission of these intersubtype HIV-1 recombinants still require further investigation. All intersubtype HIV-1 recombinants are generated and evolve from initial dual infections, but are difficult to identify in the human population. In vitro studies provide the most practical system to study mechanisms, but the recombination rates are usually very low in dual infections with primary HIV-1 isolates. This study describes the use of HIV-1 isolate-specific siRNAs to enrich intersubtype HIV-1 recombinants and inhibit the parental HIV-1 isolates from a dual infection. Results: Following a dual infection with subtype A and D primary HIV-1 isolates and two rounds of siRNA treatment, nearly 100% of replicative virus was resistant to a siRNA specific for an upstream target sequence in the subtype A envelope (env) gene as well as a siRNA specific for a downstream target sequence in the subtype D env gene. Only 20% (10/50) of the replicating virus had nucleotide substitutions in the siRNA-target sequence whereas the remaining 78% (39/50) harbored a recombination breakpoint that removed both siRNA target sequences, and rendered the intersubtype D/A recombinant virus resistant to the dual siRNA treatment. Since siRNAs target the newly transcribed HIV-1 mRNA, the siRNAs only enrich intersubtype env recombinants and do not influence the recombination process during reverse transcription. Using this system, a strong bias is selected for recombination breakpoints in the C2 region, whereas other HIV-1 env regions, most notably the hypervariable regions, were nearly devoid of intersubtype recombination breakpoints. Sequence conservation plays an important role in selecting for recombination breakpoints, but the lack of breakpoints in many conserved env regions suggest that other mechanisms are at play. Conclusion: These findings show that siRNAs can be used as an efficient in vitro tool for enriching recombinants, to facilitate further study on mechanisms of intersubytpe HIV-1 recombination, and to generate replicationcompetent intersubtype recombinant proteins with a breadth in HIV-1 diversity for future vaccine studies.
Evolution of a Membrane Protein Regulon in Saccharomyces

Expression variation is widespread between species. The ability to distinguish regulatory change driven by natural selection from the consequences of neutral drift remains a major challenge in comparative genomics. In this work, we used observations of mRNA expression and promoter sequence to analyze signatures of selection on groups of functionally related genes in Saccharomycete yeasts. In a survey of gene regulons with expression divergence between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. paradoxus, we found that most were subject to variation in trans-regulatory factors that provided no evidence against a neutral model. However, we identified one regulon of membrane protein genes controlled by unlinked cis- and trans-acting determinants with coherent effects on gene expression, consistent with a history of directional, nonneutral evolution. For this membrane protein group, S. paradoxus alleles at regulatory loci were associated with elevated expression and altered stress responsiveness relative to other yeasts. In a phylogenetic comparison of promoter sequences of the membrane protein genes between species, the S. paradoxus lineage was distinguished by a short branch length, indicative of strong selective constraint. Likewise, sequence variants within the S. paradoxus population, but not across strains of other yeasts, were skewed toward low frequencies in promoters of genes in the membrane protein regulon, again reflecting strong purifying selection. Our results support a model in which a distinct expression program for the membrane protein genes in S. paradoxus has been preferentially maintained by negative selection as the result of an increased importance to organismal fitness. These findings illustrate the power of integrating expression- and sequence-based tests of natural selection in the study of evolutionary forces that underlie regulatory change.
Loop scheduling algorithm for timing and memory operation minimization with register constraint

We present a novel scheduling framework, called memory operation minimization rotation scheduling (MORS), for scheduling multi-dimensional applications subject to register constraints and other resource constraints. Under such constraints, MORS strives to shorten the schedule length while minimally inserting the load and store operations in the schedule to reduce the register requirement pressure. Experiments show that our approach is useful for reducing the schedule length without violating the register constraint of a target machine. Furthermore, the average reduction in the schedule length produced by these experiments reaches 36.6%.
The Effects of Television on Large‐Scale Attitude Change: Viewing “The Day After”1

To examine the effects of viewing the television film, “The Day After”, a questionnaire designed to measure attitudes, cognitions, and feelings about the threat of nuclear war was administered to 537 subjects before and after the airing of the film. A factor analysis of pre-viewing test responses yielded a seven-factor solution. Pre–post factor scores indicated increased worry and concern about nuclear war, decreased belief that nuclear war could be survived, increased concern about the occurrence of nuclear war, and increased agreement with views espoused by the nuclear-freeze movement only among subjects who had viewed the film. Subjects who chose not to view the film differed from those who did watch it in terms of greater denial and less involvement in nuclear related activities. The efficacy of the film as an agent of attitude change and the utility of the present questionnaire were discussed.
Bound Pool Fractions Complement Diffusion Measures to Describe White Matter Micro and Macrostructure

Diffusion imaging and bound pool fraction (BPF) mapping are two quantitative magnetic resonance imaging techniques that measure microstructural features of the white matter of the brain. Diffusion imaging provides a quantitative measure of the diffusivity of water in tissue. BPF mapping is a quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) technique that estimates the proportion of exchanging protons bound to macromolecules, such as those found in myelin, and is thus a more direct measure of myelin content than diffusion. In this work, we combined BPF estimates of macromolecular content with measurements of diffusivity within human white matter tracts. Within the white matter, the correlation between BPFs and diffusivity measures such as fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity was modest, suggesting that diffusion tensor imaging and bound pool fractions are complementary techniques. We found that several major tracts have high BPF, suggesting a higher density of myelin in these tracts. We interpret these results in the context of a quantitative tissue model.
On the Limits of the IMAGination

MENTAL IMAGERY IN auditory, sensual, and visual modes has played a central role in creative thought. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s auditory imagery permitted him to hear a new symphony “tout ensemble.” The great French mathematician and philosopher Henri Poincare’s “sensual imagery” led him to sense a mathematical proof in its entirety “at a glance.” Albert Einstein’s creative thinking occurred in visual imagery, and words were “sought after laboriously only in a secondary stage” (Hadamard, 1954).