cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MPI + OpenACC: Accelerating radiation transport mini-application, minisweep, on heterogeneous systems

Abstract Architectures are rapidly evolving, and exascale machines are expected to offer billion-way concurrency. We need to rethink algorithms, languages and programming models among other components in order to migrate large scale applications and explore parallelism on these machines. Although directive-based programming models allow programmers to worry less about programming and more about science, expressing complex parallel patterns in these models can be a daunting task especially when the goal is to match the performance that the hardware platforms can offer. One such pattern is wavefront. This paper extensively studies a wavefront-based miniapplication for Denovo, a production code for nuclear reactor modeling. We parallelize the Koch–Baker–Alcouffe (KBA) parallel-wavefront sweep algorithm in the main kernel of Minisweep (the miniapplication) using CUDA 9.0, OpenMP 4.0 ( SIMD ) and OpenACC 2.6. Our OpenACC implementation running on NVIDIA’s next-generation Volta GPU boasts an 85.06x speedup over serial code, which is larger than CUDA’s 83.72x speedup over the same serial implementation. We also explore the scalability of our solution using MPI to decompose our simulation domain, allowing us to run on many nodes and accelerators present in state-of-the-art HPC systems. Our parallelization effort across platforms also motivated us to define an abstract parallelism model that is architecture independent, with a goal of creating software abstractions that can be used by applications employing the wavefront sweep motif. Program summary Program Title: Minisweep Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/cbcp37t8gf.1 Licensing provisions: BSD 2-clause Programming language: C Nature of problem: The Minisweep proxy application [1] is part of the Profugus radiation transport miniapp project [2] that reproduces the computational pattern of the sweep kernel of the Denovo S n radiation transport code [3] . The sweep kernel is responsible for most of the computational expense (80%–99%) of Denovo. Denovo, a production code for nuclear reactor neutronics modeling, is in use by a current DOE INCITE project to model the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) fusion reactor [4] . The many runs of this code required to perform reactor simulations at high node counts make it an important target for efficient mapping to accelerated architectures. Solution method: This work proposes an abstract parallelism model for efficiently mapping wavefront application to modern HPC architectures. Minisweep is used as a case study for evaluating this technique. Our evaluation is performed using OpenACC to target many architectures.
Ships, Bread, and Work: Agrarian Conflict in the Mediterranean Countryside, 1914–1923

This article examines the collapse of the citrus industry in Valencia, Spain during the last years of World War I. In it, I argue that the strikes represent a key moment in the proletarianization of the region's agricultural working classes. By 1914, citrus had become one of Spain's most profitable exports, and prior to the 1917 crash, the landed and monied interests in control of the industry had enforced the notion of inter-class cooperation, which broke down under the economic stress of the War. In the wake of the collapse and the strikes that followed, workers began to organize in earnest and began to work towards improving working conditions and establishing fairer work contracts.
Putting Meat on the (Classroom) Table: Problems of Denial and Communication

Animal agriculture (including dairy) is the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions, after energy use by buildings. Animal agriculture is also a major source of air, soil, and water pollution, as well as animal suffering. Yet efforts to raise these issues in the classroom are hampered by the “meat paradox”: most people who like to eat meat do not like to harm animals, especially animals with minds and feelings. The resulting cognitive dissonance is typically resolved by a combination of denial and stigmatization of those who question the cultural dominance of meat consumption—a response similar to that of climate change deniers. Studies of what does and does not work in climate change communication offer valuable insights for educators interested in exploring the negative consequences of industrialized meat production: emphasize local impacts, co-benefits, and shared community values; avoid moral reproach; frame the issue to engage multiple values. If the educator’s goal is to explore the morality of meat consumption itself, however, these bridge-building techniques may founder upon the fundamental and ultimately irreconcilable philosophical gulf between those who believe that it is morally acceptable to breed and slaughter animals for food and those who believe that it is not.
A Pedagogy of the Parochial: Pedagogical Imperialism and Mutual Accompaniment in Christian Higher Education

AbstractHistorically, many North American educational engagements abroad have been entangled with colonialist logics that objectify and oppress those who live in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe (Ogden, 2008). How does contemporary Christian higher education (CHE) programming such as study abroad and international engagement navigate the history of colonialism with present desires to expand and grow into international territories? This article explores this question through the theme of mutual accompaniment, resulting from a study of more than 250 interviews that students from a U.S. college on study abroad conducted with Majority World church pastors or other congregational leaders in communities where students lived. Interviews included a series of nine questions, including, “What would you like to say to the church in North America or the West?” Church leader responses pointed to the concept of mutual accompaniment we explore in this paper. After briefly delineating this...
Triple oxygen isotope signatures of evaporation in lake waters and carbonates: A case study from the western United States

Abstract Evaporation can increase the δ 18 O values of lake waters and carbonates by several per mil. If not accounted for in geological studies, this can lead to substantial misinterpretation of δ 18 O values in terms of paleoclimate and paleoelevation. Evaporation also leads to a lowering in residual waters of Δ 17 O, a measure of the departure of δ ′ 17 O from a characteristic relationship with δ ′ 18 O. We present new triple oxygen isotope data from waters and carbonates from lakes and their source rivers in the western United States (Bear Lake, Great Salt Lake, Lake Tahoe, Mono Lake, and Pyramid Lake). Consistent with predictions from steady-state isotopic mass balance models, the data illustrate marked lowering of Δ 17 O in closed basin lakes and freshwater lakes relative to their source rivers. The evaporation slope in triple oxygen isotope space ( λ lake ) is similar for these lakes, averaging 0.5229 and ranging between 0.5219 and 0.5239. Moreover, models and data both show that the evaporation slope correlates with Δ 17 O, meaning that the slope can be estimated on the basis of the measured Δ 17 O value of the carbonate. We show how triple oxygen isotopes in lake waters and carbonates and ‘clumped isotopes’ ( Δ 47 ) in carbonates can be combined to reconstruct the δ 18 O values of primary (unevaporated) catchment precipitation ( δ 18 Orucp). We use our lacustrine carbonate data as a test case for this approach, and find that δ 18 Orucp values closely approximate independently-measured δ 18 O values of catchment precipitation. However, the δ 18 Orucp values are consistently higher than δ 18 O of catchment precipitation by ∼2‰, which may reflect present incomplete understanding of a number of triple oxygen isotope parameters used in the calculation, such as the fractionation exponent for carbonate-water equilibrium, the evaporation slope λ lake , and the Δ 17 O values of unevaporated meteoric waters. In conclusion, triple oxygen isotope analysis of lake waters and lacustrine carbonates is a promising new method for studying evaporation in fossil lake systems, but will benefit from additional research into triple oxygen isotope systematics relevant to meteoric waters, lake systems, and carbonate–water fractionation.
Oral Idasanutlin in Patients with Polycythemia Vera

A limited number of drugs are available to treat patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET). We attempted to identify alternative agents that may target abnormalities within malignant hematopoietic stem (HSCs) and progenitor cells (HPCs). Previously, MDM2 protein levels were shown to be upregulated in PV/ET CD34+ cells, and exposure to a nutlin, an MDM2 antagonist, induced activation of the TP53 pathway and selective depletion of PV HPCs/HSCs. This anticlonal activity was mediated by upregulation of p53 and potentiated by the addition of interferon-α2a (IFN-α2a). Therefore, we performed an investigator-initiated phase 1 trial of the oral MDM2 antagonist idasanutlin (RG7388; Roche) in patients with high-risk PV/ET for whom at least 1 prior therapy had failed. Patients not attaining at least a partial response by European LeukemiaNet criteria after 6 cycles were then allowed to receive combination therapy with low-dose pegylated IFN-α2a. Thirteen patients with JAK2 V617F+ PV/ET were enrolled, and 12 (PV, n = 11; ET, n = 1) were treated with idasanutlin at 100 and 150 mg daily, respectively, for 5 consecutive days of a 28-day cycle. Idasanutlin was well tolerated; no dose-limiting toxicity was observed, but low-grade gastrointestinal toxicity was common. Overall response rate after 6 cycles was 58% (7 of 12) with idasanutlin monotherapy and 50% (2 of 4) with combination therapy. Median duration of response was 16.8 months (range, 3.5-26.7). Hematologic, symptomatic, pathologic, and molecular responses were observed. These data indicate that idasanutlin is a promising novel agent for PV; it is currently being evaluated in a global phase 2 trial. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02407080.
Integrating Yoga into a Comprehensive School Counseling Program: A Qualitative Approach:

Using an exploratory phenomenological qualitative research design, this study investigated the lived experiences of 10 school counselors who integrate yoga into their comprehensive school counselin...
Physical characterization of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal and Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal

Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal (BDNPA) and bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal (BDNPF) are two commonly used energetic plasticizers in explosive and propellant composites. However, some of their physical ...
Analysis of respiratory pathogens for children respiratory tract infection by capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex PCR

Objective To investigate the effect of capillary electrophoresis-based multiplex PCR (CEMP) in detecting pathogens for children respiratory tract infection, and to provide scientific basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment rapidly and accurately. Methods The cases were defined according to the national monitoring program of febrile respiratory syndrome during the 12th Five-Year Plan, and the samples were collected from nasopharyngeal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and sputum of children with respiratory tract infection hospitalized in Changchun Children′s Hospital from January 2017 to February 2018.Multiplex PCR amplification was performed by one-step method, then PCR products were separated by DNA length size with capillary electrophoresis and pathogens were analyzed by "Genemapper software" software.Detecting pathogens included Influenza A virus (InfA), Human Adenovirus (HADV), Boca virus (Boca), Human Rhinovirus (HRV), Novel InfA-09H1 (InfA-09H1) and Seasonal Influenza virus H3N2 (InfA-H3N2), Parainfluenza virus (HPIV), Human metapneumonia virus (HMPV), Influenza B virus (InfB), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), Human Coronavirus (HCOV), Human Respiratory Syncytial virus (HRSV). Results The effective detection rate of the CEMP assay was 95.71%.The positive detection rate of respiratory tract pathogens was 62.84% and the mixed infection rate was 9.61%.The mixed infection was mainly InfA and HRSV.The highest three positive rates were named InfA, HRSV and Mp.The positive rate of HRSV was significantly higher in the 0-3 age group than that in older group.Different pathogens were detected in different age groups, and the high-occurrence season of respiratory tract infection with virus was from December to March of the next year.InfA-09H1 was the main prevalent influenza virus in January, February and March 2017, InfA-H3N2 was the main prevalent influenza virus in November and December 2017, and the outbreak of InfB was happened in Changchun in late 2017 and early 2018.HRSV was detected only in the coldest season in Changchun from November to March of the next year.Different pathogens were detected in different respiratory infection.HRSV was the main pathogen detected in pneumonia; InfA-03H2 and HPIV were the main pathogens detected in acute bronchitis; HRV and InfA were the main pathogens detected in upper respiratory tract infection. Conclusion CEMP is an efficient, rapid and accurate method for the detection of pathogens in patients with respiratory tract infections, and it will have a broad application prospect to develop reagents suitable for clinical diagnosis. Key words: Capillary electrophoresis; Respiratory tract infection; Respiratory pathogen; Multiplex PCR
Ideological Sorting of Physicians in Both Geography and the Workplace.

Context The distribution of physicians across geography and employers has important implications for the delivery of medical services. This study examines how the political beliefs of physicians influence their decisions about where to live and work. Methods Physician relocation and employment patterns are analyzed with a panel constructed from the National Provider Identifier directory. Data on political donations are used to measure the political preferences of physicians. Findings The "ideological fit" between a physician and his or her community is a key predictor of both relocation and employment decisions. A Democratic physician in a predominantly Republican area is twice as likely to relocate as a Republican counterpart living there; the reverse is also true for Republicans living in Democratic areas. Physicians who do not share the political orientation of their colleagues are more likely to change workplaces within the same geographic area. Conclusions Physicians are actively sorting along political lines. Younger physicians have trended sharply to the left and are increasingly drawn to urban areas with physician surpluses and away from rural areas suffering from physician shortages. The findings also help explain why physician shortages are more prevalent among left-leaning specialties such as psychiatry.
‘To work more, produce more and defend the revolution’: Copper workers from socialism to neoliberalism

On 11 July 1971, Chile’s National Congress, in a historic vote, unanimously approved reforming the constitution, which opened the door to nationalise the large-scale copper industry. Traditional historical accounts of the nationalisation of copper had emphasised a history of negotiations between foreign capital and the Chilean government, documenting how economists and political leaders experimented with different approaches to obtain a share of the profits from the country’s most valuable commodity. By focusing exclusively on the political economy, however, scholars have overlooked the role of workers during and after the process of nationalisation and failed to account for why copper miners continued to fight to protect a state-owned company. Influenced by Peter Winn’s Weavers of Revolution and recent studies on people’s experience during the Popular Unity (UP) era, this article looks at the nationalisation of copper from below. It analyses how workers fought for, understood and experienced the nationalisation; how the UP transformed labour relations at the local level; and how the military, after 1973, redesigned the state company. By placing workers at the centre of the nationalisation, this article can help better understand its importance as a matter of both political economy and workers’ power and explain why the copper mines became the first site of labour resistance against the military regime.
Diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea in a residential treatment program for veterans with substance use disorder and PTSD.

BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is often comorbid with both substance use disorders (SUD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet frequently goes undiagnosed and untreated. We present data on the feasibility and acceptability of objective OSA diagnosis procedures, findings on OSA prevalence, and the relationship between OSA and baseline SUD/PTSD symptoms among veterans in residential treatment for comorbid PTSD/SUD. METHODS Participants were 47 veterans admitted to residential PTSD/SUD treatment. Participants completed questionnaires assessing PTSD and sleep symptoms, and filled out a sleep diary for seven days. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was recorded using the overnight Home Sleep Apnea test (HSAT; OSA was diagnosed with AHI ≥ 5). RESULTS Objective OSA diagnostic testing was successfully completed in 95.7% of participants. Of the 45 veterans who went through HSAT, 46.7% had no OSA, 35.6% received a new OSA diagnosis, and 8.9% were previously diagnosed with OSA and were using positive airway pressure treatment (PAP); an additional 8.9% were previously diagnosed with OSA, reconfirmed with the HSAT, but were not using PAP. One hundred percent of respondents during follow-up deemed the testing protocol's usefulness as "Good" or "Excellent." CONCLUSION OSA diagnostic testing on the residential unit was feasible and acceptable by participants and was effective in diagnosing OSA. OSA testing should be considered for everyone entering a SUD and PTSD residential unit. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Toward an Early Start for Head Start Children: Evidence from a Literacy Enrichment Starting at Age Three

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of providing comprehensive literacy instruction to preschool children starting at age three. The literacy development in two groups of four-year-old children (N = 1320) was compared during their enrollment in a literacy-enriched Head Start program. The first group entered the program at age four and participated in the program for only one year (Group 4-1); the second group had previously participated in the program at age three and at the time of the study were in their second year of the program (Group 4-2). Multilevel growth modelling procedures were used to compare literacy performance levels and growth rates between the two groups after controlling for relevant child, family, and educational variables. Results showed that Group 4-2 exhibited significantly higher literacy skills than Group 4-1 at both the beginning and end of the program year, although Group 4-2 had a slower growth rate than Group 4-1 over the program year. The theoretical and practical implications of the study were discussed. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.11.14
Molten Fluorides as Power Reactor Fuels

A high-temperature reactor using molten uranium salts (Aircraft Reactor Experiment) was operated for a short time at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The reactor was of the circulating-fuel type, with a BeO moderator. The maximum outlet temperature achieved was greater than 1500°F (1100 K). It is believed that with further development the ARE could be a prototype for an economical uranium burner. Two very different schools of reactor design have emerged since the first reactors were built. One approach, exemplified by solid fuel reactors, holds that a reactor is basically a mechanical plant; the ultimate rationalization is to be sought in simplifying the heat transfer machinery. The other approach, exemplified by liquid fuel reactors, holds that a reactor is basically a chemical plant; the ultimate rationalization is to be sought in simplifying the handling and reprocessing of fuel. At the Oak Ridge National Laboratory we have chosen to explore the second approach to reactor development. The ORNL aqueous homogeneous reactor is the best-known embodiment of the liquid reactor approach; in a sense it represents the natural culmination of the aqueous reactor systems.
Redox aspects of Bcl-2 function.

The oncogene Bcl-2 has attracted recent research attention as recognition of the importance of Bcl-2 control over apoptosis commitment in disease development and clinical response to therapy has been targeted for pharmacological intervention. Much of the basic science research regarding Bcl-2 has focused on the role that Bcl-2 plays in directly regulating mitochondrial function. This has come about because of Bcl-2's localization to mitochondrial membranes and its reported interaction with the mitochondrial megachannel. During the time that the mitochondrial function of Bcl-2 was being investigated, a smaller, yet potentially as important, role for Bcl-2 was being pursued by investigators who were following up the initial study of Bcl-2 knockout mice. These mice expressed a phenotype consistent with that of mice exposed to chronic oxidative stress. This research into the redox aspects of Bcl-2 function has led to a hypothesis that Bcl-2-expressing cells have enhanced antioxidant capacities that suppress o...
Manganese-enhanced MRI detection of impaired calcium regulation in a mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy.

Purpose To use manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) to detect changes in calcium handling associated with cardiac hypertrophy in a mouse model, and to determine whether the impact of creatine kinase ablation is detectable using this method.
Inhibition of rat liver low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase by thiocarbamate herbicides: Occupational implications

Abstract S-Methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate (DETC-Me) is a metabolite formed during the bioactivation of disulfiram. The formation of its corresponding sulfoxide, S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide (DETC-MeSO), from DETC-Me is required for low Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2, EC 1.2.1.3) inhibition. DETC-Me is similar in structure to thiocarbamate herbicides with the general structure R1R2NC(O)SR3. Representative herbicides studied were n-propyl, n-propylthiocarbamate ethyl ester (EPTC), molinate, vernolate, ethiolate and butylate. All of these thiocarbamate herbicides inhibited rat liver ALDH2in vivo. The dose of these thiocarbamates that inhibited rat liver ALDH2 by 50% ( id 50) when administered 8 hr before determination of ALDH2, was found to be 5.2, 3.1, 1.6, 12, and 174 mg/kg, respectively. These thiocarbamates were ineffective rat liver ALDH2 inhibitors in vitro, unless rat liver microsomes and an NADPH-generating system were added to the incubation. The respective thiocarbamate sulfoxides were formed when the thiocarbamates were incubated with liver microsomes and an NADPH-generating system. The thiocarbamate sulfoxides all inhibited rat liver ALDH2in vitro. An equimolar dose of molinate and molinate sulfoxide inhibited rat liver ALDH2in vivo to the same degree. Molinate-treated rats challenged with ethanol exhibited a disulfiram-like ethanol reaction. In conclusion, thiocarbamate herbicides inhibit ALDH2, probably due to the formation of their sulfoxide, and therefore have the potential to produce a disulfiram-like ethanol reaction in an unsuspecting population.
Notes on Test Equality in Stratified Noncompliance Randomized Trials

In randomized clinical trials, we often encounter the situations in which there are some patients who do not comply with their assigned treatments and also some confounders that are needed to control in assessing a treatment effect. To account for both noncompliance and confounders, we developed four asymptotic test procedures: (1) the test procedures based on the risk difference (RD) using the intention-to-treat approach with the optimal weight derived by the weighted least squares method; (2) the test procedure based on the instrumental variable (IV) estimator for the RD with the corresponding weighted least squares optimal weight; (3) the test procedure based on the IV estimator for the RD with tamhr−1 (x) transformation; and (4) the test procedure based on the Mantel-Haenszel estimator for the RD using the intention-to-treat approach. We apply Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the finite sample performance of these test procedures in a variety of situations. Except for the test procedure using tanhr−1 (x) transformation, all the other procedures can perform well with respect to type I error even when the mean stratum size is moderate. We further find that when the mean stratum size is moderate, the test procedure based on IV estimator directly is generally preferable to the others with respect to power subject to maintaining type I error less than or approximately equal to the nominal α-level. When both the probability of compliance and the mean stratum size are large, however, we find that the test procedure based on IV estimator with tanh−1 (x) transformation is more powerful than the others without losing the accuracy of type I error. Finally, we use the data taken from a field trial of studying the effect of a multifactor intervention program on the mortality incidence from coronary heart disease in middle-aged men to illustrate the practical use of these test procedures.
Postmodernism and Gender Relations in Feminist Theory

As the thought of the world, [philosophy] appears only when actuality is already there cut and dried after its process of formation has been completed.... When philosophy paints its grey in grey, then has a shape of life grown old. By philosophy's grey in grey it cannot be rejuvenated but only understood. The owl of Minerva spreads its wings only with the falling of the dusk. [G. W. F. HEGEL, preface to Philosophy of Right]
Modified Model for Simulating Hydrologic Processes for Plastic Mulch Production Systems

AbstractA lumped hydrologic model (ACRU2K.1), developed from ACRU2000, was extended and evaluated to simulate water dynamics in a plastic mulch bedded system for vegetable production under high water table environments. The updated model (ACRU2K.2) and ACRU2K.1 were calibrated using data collected during the fall 2005 and spring 2006 crop seasons of a field study for a vegetable production system in south Florida. Both model versions were evaluated using data from the fall 2006 crop season. Graphical and statistical methods were applied to evaluate and compare the performance of ACRU2K.1 and ACRU2K.2 using observed and simulated water table depths (WTD). Graphical analyses showed no added advantage in using ACRU2K.2 with its new irrigation process. However, the introduction of a drainage process for ACRU2K.2 showed some improvement over ACRU2K.1 in simulating changes in the water table. For the calibration period, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) values for ACRU2K.1 and ACRU2K.2 were 0.73 and 0.65, respect...
Approximation methods for the solution of inverse problems in lake and sea sediment core analysis

A theoretical model employing one-dimensional (depth) transport equations to describe vertical redistribution of ocean-floor and lake-floor sediment (particulates, volcanic ash, microtektites, or radioactive tracers) by episodic and nonepisodic events including bioturbation is developed analytically and demonstrated. The principles underlying the model are explained; the model equations are derived; the inverse problem of identifying the depth-dependent bioturbation coefficient is addressed; two approximation theorems are presented; and numerical results for two sample problems are presented graphically. It is suggested that compatification, porosity effects, and depth-dependent sedimentation be taken into account when formulating future models.
Encoding of variability of landmark-based spatial information

Recent evidence suggests humans optimally weight visual and haptic information (i.e., in inverse proportion to their variances). A more recent proposal is that spatial information (i.e., distance and direction) may also adhere to Bayesian principles and be weighted in an optimal fashion. A fundamental assumption of this proposal is that participants encode the variability of spatial information. In a three-dimensional virtual-environment open-field search task, we provide evidence that participants encoded the variability of landmark-based spatial information. Specifically, participants searched for a hidden goal location in a 5 × 5 matrix of raised bins. Participants experienced five training phases in which they searched for a hidden goal that maintained a unique spatial relationship to each of four distinct landmarks. Each landmark was assigned an a priori value of locational uncertainty such that each varied in its ability to predict a goal (i.e., varied in number of potential goal locations). Following training, participants experienced conflict trials in which two distinct landmarks were presented simultaneously. Participants preferentially responded to the landmark with the lower uncertainty value (i.e., smaller number of potential goal locations). Results provide empirical evidence for the encoding of variability of landmark-based spatial information and have implications for theoretical accounts of spatial learning.
Gelation of mixed gels containing κ-carrageenan and skim milk components

The gelation characteristics of mixed gels containing κ-carrageenan and skim milk or milk fractions (skim milk permeate or retentate) obtained by ultrafiltration were examined. Increasing the skim milk solids content of mixtures containing carrageenan increased setting temperatures and gel strength. The milk proteins contributed to gel strength but did not influence the setting temperature of mixtures. The binding of denatured whey proteins to casein micelles affected gel network formation of milk-carrageenan mixtures containing 10% milk solids. Network formation in mixed gels containing carrageenan and milk or milk fractions was initiated by the carrageenan component and dictated primarily by the ionic content of the mixtures. Cette etude examine le role des sels et des proteines du lait et l'effet d'un pretraitement thermique du lait sur la gelification de melanges contenant des κ-carraghenanes. Les caracteristiques de gelification des melanges de κ-carraghenanes et de permeat ou de retentat de lait obtenus par ultrafiltration sont etudiees pour differencier les effets des composants proteines et mineraux du lait.
Equation of state from weak shocks in solids

The Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions for the increases across a shock of the normal stress, normal strain, and internal energy are not valid for weak shocks in solids. Correct jump equations for a solid can be obtained by integrating the equations for conservation of mass, momentum, and energy along the Rayleigh line through the shock process; these jump equations then depend on the details of the shock profile. Further, because a uniaxially compressed solid supports a nonzero shear stress, the locus of thermodynamic states reached behind planar shocks, which we call the anisotropic Hugoniot, requires for its description two stress variables and two strain variables. In the present paper the thermodynamic description of the anisotropic Hugoniot is given, and for the example of $6061\ensuremath{-}T6$ Al the shock-profile jump equations are derived, the weak-shock equation of state is computed, and the pressure on the principal adiabat is found to differ from the results of Rankine-Hugoniot theory by several percent in the range 0-100 kbar.
Chasma Boreale, Mars: Topographic characterization from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data and implications for mechanisms of formation

[1] Chasma Boreale, a large reentrant in the north polar cap of Mars, is distinct in scale, detailed topography, and orientation from the spiraling troughs that characterize the majority of the polar cap. We use new, high-resolution Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) and Viking images of the chasma region to assess hypotheses of origin of Chasma Boreale. These hypotheses include formation by glacial flow and ablation, by eolian processes (such as katabatic winds) and sublimation, by outflow of meltwater, or by a combination of two or more of these processes. We find that these new data support initial formation by outflow of meltwater with later modification by katabatic winds and sublimation. On the basis of our analysis we suggest a possible scenario in which outflow has occurred in several stages. The outflow appears to have begun near an enclosed depression at the head of the chasma; meltwater migrated within and below the ice down the regional slope and eventually broke out to the surface. Removal of material by melting caused subsidence and erosion of the polar deposits forming the chasma, which has subsequently undergone modification by eolian and sublimation processes. The outflow deposited most of its sediment in the form of a lobe that stratigraphically overlies the polygonal plains mapped at the mouth of the chasma and scoured some of the circumpolar sediment mantle in the surrounding region. The lowest portions of the North Polar Basin received the rest of the sediment as a deposit a few meters thick. MOLA data also reveal evidence for similar events of smaller magnitude elsewhere on the margins of the polar cap.
The Holt-Oram syndrome: the long and the short of it.

Abstract Two families with the Holt-Oram syndrome are described. These families demonstrate a wide variety of thumbs including a “fingerized” hypoplastic thumb, a triphalangeal thumb, a long clumsy-appearing thumb, and a normal thumb. Three of the patients studied had an atrial septal defect. Three affected patients do not have heart disease but do have an abnormal thumb. The cardiac defect in 1 is uncertain. These families are reported on to emphasize that the thumb may be normal or long rather than hypoplastic. Diagnosis of the Holt-Oram syndrome thus offers the excitement of making a cardiovascular diagnosis merely by looking at the hand as well as the discovery of a surgically curable lesion.
Comment: The EM Parametric Image Reconstruction Algorithm

(1985). Comment: The EM Parametric Image Reconstruction Algorithm. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 80, No. 389, pp. 20-22.
Impaired internal drainage and Aphanomyces euteiches root rot of pea caused by soil compaction in a fine-textured soil

Abstract The Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs. root rot in pea ( Pisum sativum L.) causes serious crop loss. Genetic resistance and fungicidal control are not available commercially. Moreover, the pathogen may remain viable in soil for many years. The disease is favoured in poorly drained soils, especially when soil compaction with heavy axle loading may impair drainage. Precrop species (oat ( Avena sativa L.), pea, and several others) and two different tillage tools (moldboard vs chisel) for late fall incorporation of the precrop residue were tested for disease control in two farm fields (fields 1 and 2) abandoned from processing pea production because of high inoculum concentrations of A. euteiches and poor drainage below the tilled layer. Disease severity, growth staging of the pea, and soil-water potential (SWP) were observed nearly every other day during the pea test-year. All pea plants were dead before the node-8 stage in 1991 and 1993 in field 1 and in 1993 in field 2. Pea in field 2 in 1994 produced a harvestable yield after a pea precrop, but the oat precrop increased yield at least 270%. Tensiometers repeatedly measured SWP>−5 kPa at the 15 cm depth when pea plants did not survive the disease in 1991 and 1993 in both fields. Periods of SWP>−5 kPa did not occur in 1994 at depths K sat ). K sat K sat in the tilled layer only and suppressed disease relief from use of an oat precrop. Pathogenic responses to poor internal soil drainage are likely explained by measured SWP near the soil surface, because SWP influences the mode of infection. When an oat precrop is grown the previous season as a cultural control for root rot, internal drainage must not be impaired by excessive compaction related to tillage and traffic management.
Genetic aspects of migration in a rhesus monkey population

Abstract Gene frequency distributions in subdivided populations are affected by migration of individuals between groups. This paper considers the effects of such migration on blood protein allele frequency distributions in social groups of the Cayo Santiago rhesus macaque colony. Gene frequencies for complete social groups and their migrant and natal segments were analyzed at four points within a four year period in the colony's history. Gene frequencies varied between the migrant segments of different groups. Gene frequencies of migrant segments of particular groups also varied substantially with time. Usually, but not always, the presence of migrants in groups reduced the levels of inter-group gene frequency differentiation. We suggest that our findings are explained by a model in which the recruitment of immigrants into social groups is largely random with respect to individual genotypes. Such a model implies that migration contributes to both stochastic and directed changes in gene frequencies in rhesus and similarly substructured populations.
Phosphates in pallasite meteorites as probes of mantle processes in small planetary bodies

Trace element analyses of the phosphates minerals in stony-iron pallasite meteorites are used here to investigate the magmatic history of the silicate portions of pallasites. In Eagle Station and seven other pallasites, the phosphates have relatively low concentrations of REEs and are strongly enriched in heavy relative to light REE. These patterns are consistent with formation of phosphate by subsolidus reactions between metal and silicate, in which phosphate inherits the REE pattern of olivine. In Springwater and Santa Rosalia, calcium-rich phosphates have higher concentrations of REE, are enriched in light relative to heavy REE, and have negative europium anomalies. These patterns are consistent with crystallization of phosphate from a europium-depleted chondritic liquid. This is unlikely to have happened near the base of the differentiating parent-body mantle; it suggests that some pallasites may come from regions of their parent bodies much nearer the surface than the core-mantle boundary.
AKNA: Another AT-hook transcription factor “hooking-up” with inflammation

Previous studies highlight a key role for AT-hook transcription factors as master regulators of fundamental cellular processes involved in development, immune function, cancer, diabetes and other human diseases 1, 2. The high mobility group A (HMGA) proteins are an important family of AT-hook chromatin remodeling proteins that orchestrate transcriptional complexes to regulate gene expression 1. Recent studies have uncovered links between HMG AT-hook transcription factors and inflammation 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Moreover, emerging evidence also indicates that inflammatory pathways and downstream effects on tissues are important precursor lesions in diverse cancers 1. Indeed, several previous studies suggest that HMG-AT-hook transcription factors drive inflammatory pathways to promote a poorly differentiated stem cell phenotype, tumor progression and refractory disease 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Thus, a better understanding of transcriptional networks downstream of AT-hook proteins should provide insights, not only into normal development, but also relevant to cancer and other diseases associated with inflammation and a stem-like state.
Obtaining smooth mesh transitions using vertex optimization

Mesh optimization has proven to be an effective way to improve mesh quality for arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) simulations. To date, however, most of the focus has been on improving the geometric shape of individual elements, and these methods often do not result in smooth transitions in element size or aspect ratio across groups of elements. We present an extension to the mean ratio optimization that addresses this problem and yields smooth transitions within regions and across regions in the ALE simulation. While this method is presented in the context of ALE simulations, it is applicable to a wider set of applications that require mesh improvement, including the mesh generation process. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired Statistical Learning in Developmental Dyslexia

Purpose Developmental dyslexia (DD) is commonly thought to arise from phonological impairments. However, an emerging perspective is that a more general procedural learning deficit, not specific to ...
Impact of HIV and aging on neuropsychological function.

Cognitive efficiency decreases with age, and advancing age is the leading risk factor for most neurodegenerative disorders that result in dementia. In HIV infection, risk for cognitive impairment is consistently linked to advancing chronological age. As the HIV epidemic enters its fourth decade in the USA, extended life expectancy will likely result in an increased prevalence of cognitive disorders by virtue of these factors. However, it is less clear if HIV potentiates or accelerates the risk for cognitive impairment given that most reports are mixed or demonstrate only a small interaction effect. More critically, it is unclear if HIV will modulate the neuropathology associated with non-HIV cognitive disorders in a manner that will increase risk for diseases such as cerebrovascular and Alzheimer’s disease. In the coming years, with increasing numbers of HIV+ patients entering their 60s and 70s, background risk for neurodegenerative disorders will be sufficiently high as to inform this issue on clinical grounds. This review summarizes knowledge of cognition in HIV as it relates to age and presents some emerging controversies.
Production of polarized Λ particles in the decay of kaonic atoms

Abstract We investigate the production of polarized Λ's in the decay of kaonic atoms [K − p]→Λγπ 0 . Large polarizations may be achieved when the Λπ 0 system lies in the vicinity of the ∑ ∗ (1385). Although the exact result depends on the BR[K − p]→∑ ∗ γ), which is not known, polarization as large as 30% are likely.
Age-related changes in RNA content and volume of the human hypoglossal neuron ☆

Abstract The effect of age on the neuronal RNA content and the volume of single nerve call bodies was examined in the hypoglossal nucleus. Human brain from 14 patients of ages ranging from 8 months to 94 years were obtained at postmortem examination. Both RNA content and cell volume showed adult levels at age 9 years. The RNA content remained unchanged until age 49 and the mean RNA content was 222.71 pg during this period. A decline in the RNA content followed with increasing age. The mean RNA content at age 92 was 116.80 pg, 48% less than that measured at age 49. Inspite of the prominent accumulation of lipofuscin pigments which accompanied increasing age, cell volume did not increase but rather remained unchanged up to the age of 80. The volume then decreased significantly in patients of more advanced age. Results from the present study have shown that the concomitant decrease in neuronal RNA is one of the significant aging changes in the hypoglossal nucleus.
Modeling Traffic Flow Dynamics on Managed Lane Facility: Approach Based on Cell Transmission Model

With the increasing attention paid to environmental effects and sustainable infrastructure, transportation agencies are now seeking more cost-effective and environmentally friendly countermeasures against traffic congestion than the traditional roadway expansion. Managed lane (ML) systems, as an innovative strategy for managing the roadway conditions in real time, have been gaining increasing popularity in the recent decade. However, the unique characteristics of ML facilities, such as the frictional effects between general purpose lanes (GPLs) and their adjacent ML, are not well studied and modeled. This paper investigates the interaction between GPLs and MLs, as buffer-separated ML facilities are readily affected by congestion in the adjacent GPLs. The frictional effect is quantified through development of speed-flow curves for the ML facility. A traffic flow model is developed on the basis of the cell transmission model incorporating this frictional effect to model the traffic evolution on the ML facil...
Topographic connections with density waves in Mars' aerobraking regime

[1] Atmospheric densities derived from measured acceleration of several Mars orbiters reveal large amplitude Sun-synchronous longitudinal density variations at altitudes of about 100–160 km. These variations are associated with vertically-propagating nonmigrating solar thermal tides that are excited near Mars' surface and propagate into the thermosphere. Excitation of these waves is associated with the zonally asymmetric component of the near-surface heating distribution and is commonly attributed to topographic modulation of solar heating. However, there are other possible contributors to the excitation of nonmigrating tides, including zonal variations in surface properties and wave-wave nonlinear interactions, whose relative contributions remain unexplored. In this study we use a general circulation model in combination with the Mars Global Surveyor accelerometer measurements to isolate the different waves responsible for the observed density structures. While it is evident that topography accounts for most of the waves' amplitudes, the surface thermal inertia and albedo are found to have a nonnegligible contribution to the eastward-propagating diurnal tide with zonal wave number s = −1 and the standing s = 0 diurnal tide. Previous studies have reported the dominance of wave numbers 2 and 3 in the resulting Sun-synchronous aerobraking density maps. We show that wave number 1 has a comparable amplitude and is mostly the result of mapping the diurnal standing wave into a near Sun-synchronous orbit. While most of the nonmigrating tides at thermospheric altitudes are generated by an interaction between the migrating solar radiation and the dominant topography harmonics, we also find that wave-wave interaction is necessary to explain some of the observed density features.
Correlating dilute solvent interactions to morphology and OPV device performance

Abstract Solvent additives have been explored as a reliable way to control the morphology in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) layers for improved device performance. We show that the choice of solvent additives has direct implications on morphological evolution, i.e. poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) BHJ films processed with a small amount of 1,8-diiodooctane or 1-chloronaphthalene have more crystalline PCBM domains compared to crystalline P3HT domains, while the opposite is true for films cast with nitrobenzene additive and films cast purely from chlorobenzene. The BHJ film cross-links when annealed at 300 °C in the presence of 1,8-diiodooctane. Cross-linking is found to occur even in pristine P3HT and PCBM films annealed under similar conditions. NMR spectroscopy is presented as a viable technique for quantitative analysis of the amount of solvents left in the BHJ films before and after heat treatment. Despite differences in the ways the additives affect the morphology of the BHJ layer, device performance remained stable over 300 h for all additives tested.