cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fetal Imaging of the Chest

Ultrasonography (US) is the screening method of choice for the evaluation of the fetal airway and chest. It is safe, inexpensive and easily performed. Advances in US technique including higher resolution transducers, Doppler and 3D/4D imaging have allowed for improved assessment of the congenital thoracic masses. The assessment of the fetal chest by US, however, is operator dependent and evaluation may be limited due to fetal position, maternal obesity, overlying bone and/or oligohydramnios. Ultrasound evaluation is sensitive in the diagnosis of many prenatal lung lesions but has low specificity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an alternative modality that uses no ionizing radiation, has excellent tissue contrast, a large field of view, is not limited by obesity or overlying bone and can image the fetus in multiple planes regardless of fetal lie. Faster scanning techniques allow studies to be performed without sedation in the second and third trimester with minimal motion artifact. Fetal MRI helps confirm the presence of masses identified by US, can delineate anatomy such as the trachea not visualized by US and may demonstrate additional subtle anomalies. Advances in US and MRI have improved our ability to accurately diagnose fetal airway and chest anomalies and furthered our understanding of the evolution of fetal lung lesions.
The Assessment of Protein Nutrition in the Hospitalized Patient

Inadequate protein intake or physiological stress can result in protein malnutrition, either marasmus or kwashiorkor, in the hospitalized patient. Composition analysis to determine somatic protein stores and function assessment to evaluate visceral protein production are critical in charting a course for the nutritional management of a patient. Methods to monitor the response of a patient to nutritional support are presented.
Abstract 4661: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for cancer drug delivery: The value of in vitro modeling

BACKGROUND: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted great interest for use as delivery vehicles for cancer and other diseases due to their ability to be functionalized and localized using external magnets. In the presence of a magnetic field, individual MNPs form aggregates, which in turn can be made to spin and surface walk, in response to rotation of the field. Here, we present data from the use of a in vitro model system, which is useful in mimicking the various conditions and distances that MNP-drug combinations may encounter in vivo. METHODS: A sterilizable acrylic tray was designed, which has 1/8th inch wide lanes and can be used with or without the addition of cultured cells. The tray is compatible with standard plate readers, and the lanes can be modified to mimic various conduits within the body. In studies described here, glioma cell lines and normal vascular endothelial cells were used in the tray. In order to test the effect of fluid viscosity on MNP velocity in response to the rotating magnetic field, lanes were filled with 1mL of PBS, culture medium, serum, or whole blood. Pre-magnetized and unmagnetized MNPs were aliquoted into the lanes at volumes from 10 - 100 uL. T-PA and trypan blue were used as a model drugs. Velocities of MNP aggregates were determined by videography at five different tray positions relative to the magnet: centered, offset, push, pull, and below. Particle adhesion to cells could be quantified using ImageJ. RESULTS: Using the model system, greater MNP velocities were achieved with pre-magnetization, and larger aliquots. For example, 100ul aliquots had a total average velocity 1.27± 0.21 times that of 20ul. MNP velocity was found to be inversely -related to fluid viscosity, but particles could be moved magnetically even through whole blood. Test drugs could be successfully delivered by convection, even without prior binding to MNPs. MNP velocity also varied according to magnet position, with speeds up to 0.75 +/- 0.05 cm/sec in the pull (fastest) position. In the offset position, a distance of 20 cm above the magnet produced the greatest velocity. MNPs moved more slowly over confluent monolayers of endothelial or glioma cells (with greater adhesion), but a mean velocity of 0.25 cm/sec +/- 0.03 cm was typically observed. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro modeling is extremely helpful in predicting the behavior of particles intended for clinical use in magnetically-enhanced drug delivery. The velocity and cell surface adhesion of MNP aggregates can be quantified, and the effect of factors - such as fluid viscosity, cell type, and position with respect to the magnet - analyzed in order to better understand the advantages and limitations of this technology. Citation Format: Sebastian P. Pernal, Alexander J. Willis, Herbert H. Engelhard. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for cancer drug delivery: The value of in vitro modeling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4661.
Using Twitter Hashtags to Gauge Real-Time Changes in Public Opinion: An Examination of the 2016 US Presidential Election

Polls have long been a tool for gauging public opinion, whether in general or in relation to specific events. Poll results, however, take a few days to be collected and published. Trending twitter hashtags, in contrast, are keywords that capture public sentiments about current events and could serve as a data source for gauging real-time changes in public opinion. This paper examines trending Twitter hashtags following the release of James Comey’s letter to Congress shortly before the 2016 US presidential election day. I find that trending Twitter hashtags mirror and, more importantly, precede the poll results of the same period.
A Study on the Security Implications of Information Leakages in Container Clouds

Container technology provides a lightweight operating system level virtual hosting environment. Its emergence profoundly changes the development and deployment paradigms of multi-tier distributed applications. However, due to the incomplete implementation of system resource isolation mechanisms in the Linux kernel, some security concerns still exist for multiple containers sharing an operating system kernel on a multi-tenancy container-based cloud service. In this paper, we first present the information leakage channels we discovered that are accessible within containers. Such channels expose a spectrum of system-wide host information to containers without proper resource partitioning. By exploiting such leaked host information, it becomes much easier for malicious adversaries (acting as tenants in a container cloud) to launch attacks that might impact the reliability of cloud services. We demonstrate that the information leakage channels could be exploited to infer private data, detect and verify co-residence, build covert channels, and launch more advanced cloud-based attacks. We discuss the root causes of the containers’ information leakage and propose a two-stage defense approach. As demonstrated in the evaluation, our defense is effective and incurs trivial performance overhead.
Re-energizing VHS Collections, Expanding Knowledge: A Conversation about VHS Archives

Scholars, activists, researchers, and artists of a certain age and inclination are burdened with a soon-to-be-obsolete but always-beloved, carefully tended but perhaps recently quieted collection that most likely sits on an office shelf gaining dust: their VHS Archive. Not a personal collection, but a professional one of continuing or even growing value if not usability, this archive has been lovingly built and used, probably over decades, for teaching and research and in support of the movements and issues that have mattered most to the collector. With the help of an Open Education Resources grant from CUNY we built an online teaching resource for a graduate course that would focus on just twelve of these tapes. We hope that the course and its lasting website asks, and will offer some answers about, best practices for reactivating knowledge that might be endangered due to medium obsolescence, and other broader cultural factors of forgetting.
Neuroimmune and epigenetic involvement in adolescent binge ethanol-induced loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: Restoration with voluntary exercise.

Binge drinking and alcohol abuse are common during adolescence and cause lasting pathology. Preclinical rodent studies using the adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE; 5.0 g/kg, i.g., 2-day on/2-day off from postnatal day [P]25 to P55) model of human adolescent binge drinking report decreased basal forebrain cholinergic (ie, ChAT+) neurons that persist into adulthood (ie, P56-P220). Recent studies link AIE-induced neuroimmune activation to cholinergic pathology, but the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to the persistent loss of basal forebrain ChAT+ neurons are unknown. We report here that the AIE-induced loss of cholinergic neuron markers (ie, ChAT, TrkA, and p75NTR ), cholinergic neuron shrinkage, and increased expression of the neuroimmune marker pNF-κB p65 are restored by exercise exposure from P56 to P95 after AIE. Our data reveal that persistently reduced expression of cholinergic neuron markers following AIE is because of the loss of the cholinergic neuron phenotype most likely through an epigenetic mechanism involving DNA methylation and histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2). Adolescent intermittent ethanol caused a persistent increase in adult H3K9me2 and DNA methylation at promoter regions of Chat and H3K9me2 of Trka, which was restored by wheel running. Exercise also restored the AIE-induced reversal learning deficits on the Morris water maze. Together, these data suggest that AIE-induced adult neuroimmune signaling and cognitive deficits are linked to suppression of Chat and Trka gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms that can be restored by exercise. Exercise restoration of the persistent AIE-induced phenotypic loss of cholinergic neurons via epigenetic modifications is novel mechanism of neuroplasticity.
Attitude change via repeated evaluative pairings versus evaluative statements: Shared and unique features.

When tested immediately, evaluative statements (ES; verbal information about upcoming categories and their positive/negative attributes) surprisingly shift implicit (IAT) attitudes more effectively than repeated evaluative pairings (REP; actual pairing of category members with positive/negative attributes). The present project (total N = 5,317) explored the shared and unique features of these two attitude change modalities by probing (a) commonalities visible in the extent to which propositional inferences created by ES infiltrate REP learning and (b) differences visible in performance of ES and REP learning over time. In REP, the number of stimulus pairings (varied parametrically from 4 to 24) produced no effect (Study 1), but verbally describing stimulus pairings as diagnostic versus nondiagnostic did modulate learning (Study 2), suggesting that even REP give rise to some form of propositional representation. On the other hand, learning from ES decayed quickly, whereas learning from REP remained stable over time both within an immediate session of testing (Study 3) and following a 15-min delay (Study 4), revealing a difference between these two forms of learning. Beyond their theoretical import, these findings may inform interventions designed to produce short- and long-term change in implicit attitudes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Testing the Effect of Vapor in ENDS Public Service Announcements on Current Smokers and ENDS Users' Psychophysiological Responses and Smoking and Vaping Urge.

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are increasingly popular, especially among young adults. Many ENDS advertisements and anti-ENDS public service announcements (PSAs) contain portrayals of...
General Properties of Dendritic Cell Populations in Cancer

Various, distinct populations of dendritic cells (DC) populate different normal, quiescent tissues in differing amounts, where they subserve a variety of functions generally for the benefit of the host. In cancers, the types, relative proportions, and functions of DC are altered, often to the detriment of the host. This chapter reviews the general issues related to imbalanced DC populations and their causes and dysfunctional consequences in the tumor microenvironment. Potential applications of this knowledge to novel anti-cancer immunotherapy strategies are outlined. Human and mouse disease models suitable for the study of tumor microenvironmental DC are discussed.
Outcomes of T-Cell Depleted Haploidentical Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation for Adult Acute Leukemia: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract Background: Ex-vivo T-cell-depleted graft is used to prevent acute and chronic GVHD for haploidentical hematopoietic SCT (HSCT). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the outcomes of T-cell-depleted grafts for peripheral blood haploidentical stem cell transplantation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Method: A comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science was conducted up to July 25, 2018. Two independent reviewers screened the literature and extracted data. The methodological quality was assessed using modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. CMA software v.3 was used for the analysis. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 test. Random-effect model was applied. Results: The search strategy identified over 550 articles; three studies (n = 404 patients; 1 prospective; 1 multi-center) were selected for this meta-analysis. The sample size of the studies varied between 34 and 266 patients. The median follow-up ranged from 6 to 47 months. Two studies (Aversa, F. et al. 2005)(n=104 patients); (Ciceri, F. et al. 2008)(n=266 patients) used CD34+ selected cells and other study used TCR-αβ depleted PBSC graft (Kaynar, L. et al. 2016) (n=34). All studies used myeloablative (MA) conditioning. In vivo T-cell-depletion by ATG was used in two studies. Two studies using mega-dose of CD34+ did not use GVHD prophylaxis and other study with αβ T-cell depleted graft used mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Engraftment rates ranged from 91% to 98%. Pooled rates (95%CI) of grade II-IV, III-IV aGVHD and chronic GVHD were 9% (4-20; I2=82%), 4.8% (1.7-13.1; I2=78%) and 10.7% (6.3-17.6; I2=64%), respectively. The pooled estimates (95%CI) showed a 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate of 30.8% (24.2-38.3; I2=54%), 2-year relapse incidence of 21.5% (17.4-26.2; I2=85%). The results are shown in figure 1. Conclusion: T-cell-depleted peripheral blood stem cell graft for haploidentical transplantation in acute leukemia may be an alternative treatment option. Larger prospective studies are needed to evaluate the outcomes of different manipulation techniques. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Abstract IA07: Hitting the target: T-cell receptors, cross-reactivity, and tumors

Cancer arises due to an accumulation of genetic alterations, which can lead to the production of mutant proteins that are not expressed by normal cells. Some of these mutant proteins can be processed into short peptides and presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex molecules as neoepitopes and CD8+ T cells can effectively recognize and mount responses against these neoepitopes across various cancer types. However, tumor-specific lymphocytes are generally characterized by an exhausted phenotype, which can in some circumstances be reversed with checkpoint blockade therapies that restore antitumor activity, with those cancer types and individual tumors that bear relatively high mutation burdens showing more robust responses. Using predictive algorithms to identify putative endogenous antitumor T-cell responses across solid tumor types has resulted in an average 2% of predicted neoepitopes associated with a detectable response. This has led to the assumption that low mutation burden tumors, which include many pediatric tumors, are poorly immunogenic. Here, we report that pediatric patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) possess broad pools of tumor-associated neoepitope-specific CD8+ T cells, responding to 86% of tested neoantigens and recognizing 68% of the tested neoepitopes. We characterized phenotypic and transcriptional profiles of these epitope-specific antitumor CD8+ T cells at the single-cell level and found a heterogeneous population that included many highly functional effector cells. Moreover, we observed immunodominance hierarchies among the neoepitope-specific CD8+ TILs, whereby a majority of tetramer-bound CD8+ T cells were restricted to one or two putative neoepitopes. Our results indicate that robust antitumor immune responses are induced in these pediatric ALL tumors despite their low mutation burdens and emphasize the importance of immunodominance in shaping cellular immune responses. These data suggest that pediatric cancers may be amenable to immunotherapies aimed at enhancing immune recognition of tumor-specific neoantigens. Citation Format: Paul G. Thomas. Hitting the target: T-cell receptors, cross-reactivity, and tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr IA07.
The effect of mifepristone pretreatment on bleeding and pain during medical management of early pregnancy loss.

Abstract Objectives To compare participant-reported bleeding and pain with two medication regimens for early pregnancy loss (EPL). Study Design We performed a secondary analysis of a randomized trial in which participants took either mifepristone 200 mg orally followed by misoprostol 800 mcg vaginally 24 hours later or misoprostol alone for medical management of EPL. Participants reported bleeding and pain (Numeric Pain Rating Scale, NPRS, 0-10) with daily paper diaries and at study visits on trial days 3, 8, and 30. We used, Fisher’s exact, Pearson chi-square, Wilcoxon rank sum, and Student’s t-tests to compare onset, duration, and severity of bleeding and pain symptoms between trial arms after misoprostol administration. Results Among 291 participants who submitted diary data, 143 received mifepristone pretreatment. A larger proportion of this group reported moderate or heavy bleeding on trial day 2, the day of misoprostol administration, compared with those who did not receive pretreatment (73% vs 47%, p Conclusions Mifepristone pretreatment increased the severity of pain but not bleeding and resulted in a shorter trajectory of symptoms during medical management of EPL. Implications Mifepristone pretreatment decreases the duration of heavy bleeding and there was a trend toward decreased duration of pain during medical management of miscarriage, indicating that this medication improves the efficiency, in addition to the efficacy, of this treatment.
Social Determinants of Shingles Vaccination in the United States.

Objective Only about one-third of older adults in the United States are vaccinated against shingles, contributing to approximately one million shingles cases annually. This study examines how sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and self-rated health are associated with shingles vaccine uptake. Method Data come from the 2017 wave of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, using a subset of older adults aged 60-plus (N=208,301). Logistic regression models test (1) for associations between individual-level sociodemographic characteristics and vaccine uptake and (2) whether health behaviors and self-rated health moderate these associations. Results Black and Hispanic older adults have almost 50% lower odds of shingles vaccination, compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Abstaining from alcohol, being employed, living with children, and having poor self-rated health are also associated with lower uptake. Unmarried (vs. married) individuals have lower odds of vaccination that are explained by broad differences in health behavior. Discussion Our study contributes to understanding how shingles vaccination coverage systematically differs among social groups. In doing so, it provides guidance for public health interventions to increase uptake. This line of research is increasingly salient in a world facing novel virus threats and anti-vaccine social movements.
Colon Crypts of Subjects With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Show an Increased Number of LGR5+ Ectopic Stem Cells

Introduction Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome characterized by accelerated adenoma development due to inherited (or de novo) mutations in the APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway (APC) gene. The mechanism underlying this accelerated polyp development in subjects with FAP has not been defined. Given that LGR5+ stem cells drive crypt cell proliferation, we hypothesized that FAP crypts would demonstrate aberrant leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) staining patterns. Methods Biopsies were taken from 11 healthy subjects, 7 subjects with Lynch syndrome, 4 subjects with FAP, and 1 subject with MUTYH-associated polyposis syndrome during routine screening or surveillance colonoscopy. Crypt staining was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Stem cell numbers were estimated by immunofluorescence staining of isolated crypts using antibodies against LGR5 and other proteins. Results Subjects with FAP exhibited a greater number of LGR5+ stem cells in their crypts than healthy subjects and subjects with Lynch syndrome and MUTYH-associated polyposis syndrome. Most crypts of subjects with FAP harbored LGR5+ cells located above the lower third of the crypts. Discussion These findings support a model in which inactivation of one copy of APC leads to increased numbers of LGR5+ stem cells, many of which are ectopic, in colon crypts of subjects with FAP. Overabundant and ectopic LGR5+ stem cells could lead to an expanded proliferative zone of dividing cells more likely to develop mutations that would contribute to the accelerated adenoma development observed in FAP.
Analytical and comparative investigation of 60 GHz wireless channels

This work analytically investigates the wireless channel characteristics at 60 GHz in five aspects: path loss on the range of a wireless communication system, multi-path fading, spatial diversity, high peak-to-average power ratio of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), and detection time of clear channel assessment. The analysis is conducted in comparison to the 2.4 GHz system. The observations are summarized as follows: the 60 GHz system experiences large path losses and can support only short range communications, approximately half of that at 2.4 GHz. However, it suffers lightly from multi-path fading due to its small average fade duration. Because of the short wave length, the 60 GHz communication can support packing a large number of antennas at a transceiver to exploit spatial diversity that can significantly boost the transmit or receive gains. One problem of 60 GHz in using OFDM to avoid frequency selective fading on its wide bandwidth is high peak-to-average power ratio that increases the cost and complexity in implementing transceivers. Due to its wide bandwidth that hints to high symbol rate, the 60 GHz system can achieve a fast detection of signals in carrier sense.
INCIDENTAL FINDINGS OF ASYMPTOMATIC FUNGAL INFECTION IN PARANASAL SINUSES: A CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW TO INCREASE AWARENESS AMONG DENTAL PROFESSIONALS

BACKGROUND Extensive fungal disease of the paranasal sinuses, an underrated entity that affects both immunocompromised and previously healthy patients, merits early diagnosis for effective diagnosis and treatment. Over the past few decades, the number of fungal infections in the sino-nasal tract has increased. The objective of this case report is to increase awareness of these conditions among dental professionals. CASE REPORT An asymptomatic 21-year-old white man was referred for potential implant placement. His medical history was unremarkable. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study portrayed a large polypoid soft tissue density mass occupying the right ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. Significant expansion of the lateral and medial walls of the right ethmoid sinus and perforation of the sphenoid sinus floor were apparent. Furthermore, extension of the lesion into the nasal cavity and mucosal thickening of the right maxillary sinus were evident with suspected mild displacement of the inferior medial wall of the right orbit. These aggressive radiographic features in an asymptomatic patient downgraded the inflammatory process in the differential diagnoses. The patient was immediately referred to an otolaryngologist for further evaluation. Noncontrasted multidetector computed tomography showed opacification and expansion of multiple sinuses with centrally dense inspissated materials. The skull base and the extraocular muscles were intact. These features were compatible with allergic fungal sinusitis. Subsequently, the patient was treated with surgical debridement without any complications. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS CBCT is commonly used for presurgical implant planning and paranasal sinuses are often imaged in the field of view. Moderate to severe allergic fungal sinusitis can lead to bony expansion and erosion with extension to the surrounding cranial and orbital region. These could progress into a potential life-threatening event. Timely diagnosis with early referral to an otolaryngologist could avoid serious complications such as blindness and rampant spread of infection that lead to irreversible outcomes.
Clinical case study of abbreviated cognitive behavioral therapy through an intersectional lens for women health-care workers during the era of COVID-19.

The unprecedented demands of the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) have imposed a significant degree of psychological distress on women health-care workers (WHCWs). Women comprise 76% of the health-care workforce in the United States and are subject to experience higher psychosocial ramifications in the pandemic era due to gender disparities. Accordingly, women who are dually mothers may be navigating complex interactions of role strain by managing abnormally high parental and occupational workloads. The psychological toll is exacerbated for women holding multiple oppressed identities across domains such as economic status, race and ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, and other identities of salience. To address WHCWs' unique needs during the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors present a clinical case example through an intersectional framework illustrating how an abbreviated, 4-session cognitive behavioral therapy model may be implemented to support women disproportionally affected by social and systemic factors with a focus on sexism and discrimination against mothers for this particular participant. This case study describes the treatment of a patient in an integrated women's health clinic to demonstrate how to clinically support WHCWs while promoting social justice and gender-based equity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Use of corticosteroids in Mycoplasma pneumoniae encephalitis: A case report and review of literature

Encephalitis is the most common central nervous system (CNS) complication of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. CNS involvement represents the second most common organ system involved other than respiratory system by M. pneumoniae. We report a case of 11-year old male child, who was referred to us with recurrent episodes of status epilepticus and worsening level of consciousness. M. pneumoniae encephalitis was diagnosed on the basis of positive serology and exclusion of other causes. High dose corticosteroid therapy was given, which resulted in rapid improvement in the patient's neurological condition and full recovery without any neurological sequel. This case emphasizes the importance of CNS complications of M. pneumoniae and shows that corticosteroid therapy has a place for treatment of mycoplasma encephalitis. The available literature regarding this subject is also presented.
Relaxation Theory: Density Matrix Formulation

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Review of the Literature 3 Strong Relaxation 4 Ensembles, Systems, Operators, and Representations 5 The Density Matrix and the Relaxation Matrix 6 Transition Rates 7 Linewidths and Off-Diagonal Elements 8 Effects of rf Fields: Spin Locking 9 Cross-Correlation Effects 10 Transverse Relaxation Rates and Dynamic Shifts 11 Derivation of the Relaxation Equation 12 Conclusions 13 Acknowledgements 14 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
The cellular receptor for gibbon ape leukemia virus is a novel high affinity sodium-dependent phosphate transporter.

The primate type C retrovirus gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV) has been shown to use a widely expressed, multiple membrane-spanning protein of unknown function as its cell surface receptor on human cells (GLVR1) (Johann, S. V., Gibbons, J. J., and O'Hara, B. (1992) J. Virol. 66, 1635-1640; O'Hara, B., Johann, S. V., Klinger, H. P., Blair, D. G., Rubinson, H., Dunni, K.J., Sass, P., Vitek, S. M., and Robins, T. (1990) Cell Growth Diff. 1, 119-127). Here we present evidence that the receptor for GaLV (GLVR1) functions as a sodium-dependent transporter of inorganic phosphate. GLVR1 is shown to have approximately 3-4-fold higher affinity for phosphate than other mammalian phosphate transporters described to date. Productive infection of GLVR1-expressing cells by GaLV, but not other retroviruses, results in the complete blockade of GLVR1-specific uptake of inorganic phosphate. Since productive infection of cells with GaLV is generally not cytotoxic, it is likely that more than one phosphate transporter exists on the cell surface. Our data suggest that GLVR1 represents a sodium-dependent phosphate transporter that differs from other mammalian phosphate transporters in structure, affinity for phosphate, and function.
Yes, the Primal Crime Did Take Place: A Further Defense of Freud's Totem and Taboo

Abstract Recent contributions to the study of the evolution of early human society from its prehuman primate predecessors make it possible to reassess Freud's theory of the “primal crime” put forward in the fourth essay of Totem and Taboo. Shorn of its antiquated language, and of its unnecessary “Lamarckism,” Freud's picture of the transition from prehuman to early hominid social structure turns out to have been remarkably plausible and prescient. [psychoanalytic anthropology, Freud's cultural theory, “Totem and Taboo,” human evolution, egalitarianism]
Complete mitochondrial genomes of the human follicle mites Demodex brevis and D. folliculorum : novel gene arrangement, truncated tRNA genes, and ancient divergence between species

Follicle mites of the genus Demodex are found on a wide diversity of mammals, including humans; surprisingly little is known, however, about the evolution of this association. Additional sequence information promises to facilitate studies of Demodex variation within and between host species. Here we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two species of Demodex known to live on humans—Demodex brevis and D. folliculorum—which are the first such genomes available for any member of the genus. We analyzed these sequences to gain insight into the evolution of mitochondrial genomes within the Acariformes. We also used relaxed molecular clock analyses, based on alignments of mitochondrial proteins, to estimate the time of divergence between these two species. Both Demodex genomes shared a novel gene order that differs substantially from the ancestral chelicerate pattern, with transfer RNA (tRNA) genes apparently having moved much more often than other genes. Mitochondrial tRNA genes of both species were unusually short, with most of them unable to encode tRNAs that could fold into the canonical cloverleaf structure; indeed, several examples lacked both D- and T-arms. Finally, the high level of sequence divergence observed between these species suggests that these two lineages last shared a common ancestor no more recently than about 87 mya. Among Acariformes, rearrangements involving tRNA genes tend to occur much more often than those involving other genes. The truncated tRNA genes observed in both Demodex species would seem to require the evolution of extensive tRNA editing capabilities and/or coevolved interacting factors. The molecular machinery necessary for these unusual tRNAs to function might provide an avenue for developing treatments of skin disorders caused by Demodex. The deep divergence time estimated between these two species sets a lower bound on the time that Demodex have been coevolving with their mammalian hosts, and supports the hypothesis that there was an early split within the genus Demodex into species that dwell in different skin microhabitats.
Indigenous People and Legal Culture in Spanish America

This article reviews recent literature on indigenous people and the legal systems in colonial Mexico and the Andes, with special emphasis on legal engagement as a form of politics and the making of legal culture. Through mastery of alphabetic writing systems, literacy, and Spanish language, native peoples used colonial courts as an arena in which to resolve conflict within and among Indian municipalities, and with Spanish officials, both civil and ecclesiastical. In this way, the legal system facilitated the negotiation of colonial rule, including the growth and transformation of legal institutions and practices, and the relationship between Indian and Spanish jurisdictions. The legal system also provided an arena for cultural encounter in which Spanish and native forms of law and knowledge were circulated and constructed. Scholarship on these topics is growing fast, putting ethnohistory into an exciting dialogue with comparative studies of law and empire.
Decomposition of 14C-labelled substrates by ectomycorrhizal fungi in association with Douglas fir

SUMMARY Ectomycorrhizas of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco were synthesized in pure culture with Cenococcum geophilum Fr., Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton, Rhizopogon vinicolor Smith, or Suillus lakei (Murr.) Smith and Thiers. The mycorrhizal plants were grown in sterile vessels with peat/vermiculite plus 14C labelled hemicellulose, cellulose, Douglas fir needles, or humic polymers as an organic substrate. The sum of the 14C respired and that found in the seedling after 240 d of growth was used to quantify decomposition of the labelled substrates. All mycobionts released at least 20–30% of the 14C in hemicellulose and all were able to release 14C from cellulose and needles, escept L. buolttr, which failed to release 14C from needles. S. lakei released the largest amount of 14C from cellulose. C. geophilum, S. lakei and R. filticolor released similar amounts of 14C from needles. Generally, substrates could be ranked in terms of ease of breakdown by the ectomycorrhizal fungi as follows: humic polymers < needles < cellulose < hemicellulose.
Antibodies with Preselected Specificities to Protein Regions Evoked by Immunization with Free Synthetic Peptides: Dose Response to Myoglobin Antigenic Sites Reveal an Optimum Dose for Each Antigenic Site

Previously, we have shown by radioimmune antibody binding studies that immunization with each of the five synthetic antigenic sites of sperm-whale myoglobin (Mb), in their free form (i.e. not coupled to a carrier), resulted in the formation of antibodies that bound specifically to Mb and exclusively to the peptide that was used in immunization. In the present series of studies we have immunized separate groups of Balb/cByJ mice with different amounts of each of the free synthetic antigenic sites so as to determine the optimum immunizing dose for eliciting serum antibodies that bind specifically to Mb. The synthetic peptides corresponded to: Site 1 (peptide 15-22), Site 2 (peptide 56-62), Site 3 (peptide 94-100), Site 4 (peptide 113-120, and Site 5 (peptide 145-151). The dose range of each of the antigenic sites used in immunization was from 6 micrograms to 100 micrograms. Radioimmune antibody binding studies indicated that there is an optimal immunizing dose for each of the five antigenic sites which was smaller than anticipated. The significance of these findings is discussed.
State Gender Equity Law & Athletic Participation Among Community Colleges in Washington State

This paper presents an overview of partial tuition waivers for athletic participation among community colleges in Washington State and its implications for state and federal gender equity policy and legislation. Using a mixed-methods approach, this article presents findings from Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act data, document analysis, and interviews with athletic directors and conference officials. Implications of the partial tuition waiver program on participation rates among Northwest Athletic Association for Community Colleges member institutions in Washington and the recommendations for gender equity are presented.
Private equity firms: unaccountable accountability and anti-social behaviour

The tale of Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) is a cautionary lesson concerning the exploits of private equity entities, who aided-and-abetted by insiders, reduced a healthy and vibrant corporation (HCA) into a crippled debt-laden basket-case. Perhaps, the best analogy is one of a vampire, whereby real assets were drained from HCA through a complex of charges for fees, taxes and other devices. This was not the usually fairytale of a turnaround of private equity firms’ contribution’ to American’s future, by making a failing firm into a more efficient enterprise. Rather, this is a case of taking a successful business and reducing it to a shadow of its former self.
What California’s Cost of Production Studies Reveal Concerning Poultry Management

Abstract The agricultural extension services in various states have spent considerable time and effort encouraging and teaching farmers to keep records. Forms have been outlined and numerous meetings conducted on the subject. Also farm calls, record keeping clubs, and record summaries have all helped to increase the number and use of farm records. Efforts have been made to simplify farm record keeping as much as possible. Yet on the whole, the results have not been particularly satisfactory. Two suggestions are offered which at the same time intimate reasons for a lack of greater response and interest in farm record keeping: 1. Poultry record forms should include factors which influence results as well as cost account data. 2. The extension service should render greater assistance in summarizing and analyzing the records obtained from cooperating farmers in order to better demonstrate the value of record keeping. A justifiable question arises regarding the time . . .
Multi-platform information-based sensor management

This paper shows how information-directed diffusion can be used to manage the trajectories of hundreds of smart mobile sensors. This is an artificial physics method in which the sensors move stochastically in response to an information gradient and artificial inter-sensor forces that serve to coordinate their actions. Measurements received by the sensors are centrally fused using a particle filter to estimate the Joint Multitarget Probability Density (JMPD) for the surveillance volume. The JMPD is used to construct an information surface which gives the expected gain for sensor dwells as a function of position. The updated sensor position is obtained by moving it in response to artificial forces derived from the information surface, which acts as a potential, and inter-sensor forces derived from a Lennard-Jones-like potential. The combination of information gradient and inter-sensor forces work to move the sensors to areas of high information gain while simultaneously ensuring sufficient spacing between the sensors. We evaluate the performance of this approach using a simulation study for an idealized Micro Air Vehicle with a simple EO detector and collected target trajectories. We find that this method provides a factor of 5 to 10 improvement in performance when compared to random uncoordinated search.
Light limitation creates patchy distribution of an invasive grass in eastern deciduous forests.

Species interactions and their indirect effects on the availability and distribution of resources have been considered strong determinants of community structure in many different ecological systems. In deciduous forests, the presence of overstory trees and shrubs creates a shifting mosaic of resources for understory plants, with implications for their distribution and abundance. Determination of the ultimate resource constraints on understory vegetation may aid management of these systems that have become increasingly susceptible to invasions by non-native plants. Microstegium vimineum (Japanese grass) is an invasive annual grass that has spread rapidly throughout the understory of forests across the eastern United States since it was first observed in Tennessee in 1919. M. vimineum occurs as extensive, dense patches in the understory of eastern deciduous forests, yet these patches often exhibit sharp boundaries and distinct gaps in cover. One example of this distributional pattern was observed relative to the native midstory tree Asimina triloba (pawpaw), whereby dense M. vimineum cover stopped abruptly at the drip line of the A. triloba patch and was absent beneath the A. triloba canopy. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments to test several hypotheses regarding the causes of this observed pattern of M. vimineum distribution, including allelopathy, seed dispersal, light limitations, and soil moisture, texture, and nutrient content. We concluded that light reduction by the A. triloba canopy was the environmental constraint that prevented establishment of M. vimineum beneath this tree. Whereas overstory tree canopy apparently facilitates the establishment of this shade-tolerant grass, the interaction of overstory canopy with midstory canopy interferes with M. vimineum by reducing the availability of sunflecks at the ground layer. It is likely that other midstory species influence the distribution and abundance of other herb-layer species, with implications for management of understory invasive plant species.
Theoretical Study of the Dimerization of Multiply-Bonded Aluminum−Nitrogen Compounds

The dimerizations of the Al−N analogues of ethylene, acetylene, and cyclobutadiene are studied by ab initio methods. The dimerizations occur without activation barriers, and the resulting structures are in good agreement with the experimental X-ray structures of known derivatives. The dimerizations of H2AlNH2 and [HAlNH]2 are intermolecular dative processes with energies of 30−35 kcal/mol per Al−N bond formed. The dimerization of HAlNH forms normal Al−N bonds, with 70−75 kcal/mol of energy released per Al−N bond created.
Cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality: exploring the interaction between CKD and cardiovascular disease.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Concurrently, CVD may promote CKD, resulting in a vicious cycle. We evaluated this hypothesis by exploring whether CKD and CVD have an additive or synergistic effect on future cardiovascular and mortality outcomes. Methods: Patients were pooled from 4 community-based studies: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, Framingham Heart, Framingham Offspring, and Cardiovascular Health Study. CKD is defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ( 2 ). Baseline CVD included myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, transient ischemic attack, claudication, heart failure, and coronary revascularization. The primary outcome is a composite of cardiac events, stroke, and death. Secondary outcomes included individual components. Multivariable analyses using Cox regression examined differences in study outcomes. The interaction of CKD and CVD was tested. Results: The study population included 26,147 individuals. During 10 years, 4% (n = 2,927) of individuals with no CKD or CVD developed the primary outcome, 33% (n = 518) with only CKD, 37% (n = 1,260) with only CVD, and 66% (n = 459) with both. Both CKD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 1.35; P P P = 0.74). Similar results were obtained for secondary outcomes. Conclusion: CKD and CVD are both strong independent risk factors for adverse cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in the general population. Although individuals with both risk factors are at extremely high risk, there does not appear to be a synergistic effect of CKD and CVD on outcomes.
Cryptoraptor: high throughput reconfigurable cryptographic processor

This paper describes a high performance, low power, and highly flexible cryptographic processor, Cryptoraptor, which is designed to support both today's and tomorrow's symmetric-key cryptography algorithms and standards. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed cryptographic processor supports the widest range of cryptographic algorithms compared to other solutions in the literature and is the only crypto-specific processor targeting future standards as well. Our 1GHz design achieves a peak throughput of 128Gbps for AES-128 which is competitive with ASIC designs and has 25X and 160X higher throughputs per area than CPU and GPU solutions, respectively.
Film Bulk Acoustic-wave Resonator (FBAR) based infrared sensor

This paper described an infrared (IR) radiation sensor based on Film Bulk Acoustic-wave Resonator (FBAR). The resonant frequency of FBAR sensor downshifts linearly when there is IR (peak wavelength at 780nm) illumination on the device. This effect attributed to the temperature sensitivity of the FBAR. The noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) and the detection limit for 780 nm IR of the sensor is 25 mK at 25 °C and 19 μW/mm2, respectively. This study has proven the feasibility of detection of IR using ZnO film based FBAR.
Product distribution for the reaction of HO2 with CℓO

The paper reports the direct measurement of the reaction product HOCl from the reaction of H2O with ClO, and sets an upper limit for the possible product O3, using a discharge flow/mass spectrometry/resonance fluorescence apparatus. The upper limits of the reaction channel producing HCl + O3 are 1.5% at 298 K and 3.0% at 248 K. It is seen that the HCl production rate from the HO2 + ClO reaction could be as large as that from the Cl + CH4 reaction in the lower and middle stratosphere. Thus, this reaction may possibly increase the HCl production rate appreciably and thereby reduce the calculated O3 destruction by chlorofluoromethanes.
Lighting Optimization for Sustainable Building Design Considering User Productivity

User productivity is a key component of an integrated sustainable building design framework, as a consideration in addition to operating and construction costs associated with sustainable building practices. Research has shown that employee productivity increases as visible light levels rise in the workplace. Incorporating efficient lighting systems into sustainable building techniques can potentially increase user productivity while reducing electricity costs. This paper presents a single criterion approach that captures the trade-offs between costs, users, and current building standards. A model has been created to explore the feasible design space of a commercial workspace by populating a repository of both active and passive lighting components that can be accessed to generate various lighting designs. A genetic algorithm is used to optimize potential lighting choices in a given workspace, and allows the designer to explore Pareto optimal productivity solutions that best fit the desired application. The result is an optimal solution for a given workspace lighting configuration that captures user productivity while minimizing operating costs.Copyright © 2012 by ASME