cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Punishment

Just as it was important in the previous chapter to articulate some desiderata of a theory of moral responsibility, it is also vital to elucidate some of the desiderata of a normative theory of punishment.1 First, it is desired that a theory of punishment provide a definition of “punishment” so as to avoid conceptual confusion. This leads naturally to a recognition of various senses of “punishment,” from imprisonment to physically hard treatment, compensation, among other means of dealing with criminals, each of which would properly constitute punishment. For some alleged theories of punishment which are proposed as positive theories (i.e., those which hold that punishment is sometimes morally justified) do not seem to be punishment theories at all, but something else, perhaps even negative theories of punishment (e.g., those which deny that punishment is ever morally justified). Second, it is desired that a theory of punishment respect John Rawls’ distinction between the justification of the institution of punishment and the justification of particular forms of punishment. For what justifies the former might not justify the latter, for example. It might well be the case that it is morally justified to punish criminals, but of the particular forms of punishment available for specific criminal cases, none is morally fitting. In any case, it is desired that a theory of punishment say what justifies punishment in both Rawlsian senses.
SOVIET POLICY TOWARD MALE HOMOSEXUALITY : ITS ORIGINS AND HISTORICAL ROOTS

Sodomy was a crime under tsarist criminal law. Having abrogated the tsarist legal codes in the name of socialist justice, the new Soviet regime did not at first impose criminal sanctions on sodomy. It was only in 1934, after Stalin had consolidated power, that an anti-sodomy statute was added to the Soviet criminal code. Although Russian radicals had never been friendly to variant sexual practices, which they viewed as the product of capitalist decadence, Soviet sexologists in the 1920s participated in the international movement for sexual reform and criminologists deplored the use of penal sanctions to censor private sexual conduct. The 1934 return to legal prosecution represented the recovery of two traditions: the radicals' disregard for issues of sexual freedom and tsarist legal custom. It was not, however, a clear reversal of the seemingly enlightened legal practice of the 1920s. This essay examines the trial of a group of homosexual men and the investigation of a lesbian couple, both from 1922, which show that Soviet courts tried to repress sexual variation even when homosexuality was not a crime. These cases and the status of homosexuality in general reflect on the murky status of the law and on the ambiguities of Soviet politics in the early years of the new regime.
An Information Scanning Approach for Learning to Work on the Internet

Access to global information fundamentally alters the information scanning function of decision-makers. The flattening of the management pyramid means information scanning of external sources is being performed by personnel in middle and lower levels of management, not only in the traditional ‘senior’ management level. Both graduate and undergraduate classes in information systems can effectively address the use of external information scanning through the teaching of Internet skills. This paper presents the course outline for a class in Global Communication Networks where a project-oriented approach was used to teach web-based skills. The importance of global information systems in decision-making and the use of the Internet as an information resource were emphasized in this class. A survey of students in the class found that this approach was successful in improving the perceived value of Internet-related tools for information scanning and professional decision-making.
Risk Assessment and Risk Management

Risk is a function of toxicity and exposure. Regulatory agencies assess the risks associated with pesticide usage, and act to mitigate workers' and the public's exposures to acceptable levels. The regulatory actions assume that there is a high degree of certitude associated with the values calculated by the risk assessment process. In truth, the degree of uncertainty may be very great. Sources that contribute to the uncertainty of the numbers vary, and the magnitude of the imprecision varies as well. The ambiguities contained in the risk assessments by two regulatory agencies concerning chlorpyrifos, molinate, thiabendazole, and phosphine are presented to gain insight by example. Despite the detailed uncertainties, risk assessments are still needed by regulatory agencies. Various interest groups and politicians try to use the uncertainties in a risk assessment to justify their positions. The appropriate place to take into account the views of disparate interest groups is in the risk management process. Risk assessments will be disputed from all sides, the logic employed should be carefully layed out, and the assessor should strive for as much accuracy as science permits. Keywords: pesticides; risk assessment; uncertainty; regulation; toxicology; exposure
Effects of an exceptional point on the dynamics of a single particle in a time-dependent harmonic trap

The time evolution of a single particle in a harmonic trap with time-dependent frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}(t)$ has been well studied. Nevertheless, here we show that when the harmonic trap is opened (or closed) as a function of time while keeping the adiabatic parameter $\ensuremath{\mu}=[d\ensuremath{\omega}(t)/dt]/{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}(t)$ fixed, a sharp transition from an oscillatory to a monotonic exponential dynamics occurs at $\ensuremath{\mu}=2$. At this transition point, the time evolution has an exceptional point (EP) at all instants. This situation, where an EP of a time-dependent Hermitian Hamiltonian is obtained at any given time, is very different from other known cases. In the present case, we show that the order of the EP depends on the set of observables used to describe the dynamics. Our finding is relevant to the dynamics of a single ion in a magnetic, optical, or rf trap, and of diluted gases of ultracold atoms in optical traps.
H.E.L.P: A GIS-based Health Exploratory AnaLysis Tool for Practitioners

The last two decades have been characterized by a growing number of Geographical Information System (GIS) applications to the field of health science. From a decision-making and policy perspective, undeniable benefits of GIS include the assessment of health needs and delivery of services, and also the appropriate allocation of workforce and prevention resources. Despite these attractive attributes, the literature suggests that there has been limited GIS uptake among health care decision makers. This paper presents a GIS-based Health Exploratory and anaLysis tool for Practitioners (H.E.L.P.) for the analysis and visualization of space-time point events, applied to hospital patients. H.E.L.P. is viewed as a spatial decision support system which provides a set of powerful analytical tools integrating the computational capabilities of Matlab with the visualization and database functionalities of GIS. The system outputs improve the understanding of disease dynamics and provide resources for decision-makers in allocating appropriate staffing. As an example, H.E.L.P. is applied to a dataset of hospital patients in Cali, Colombia.
The impact of prompted narrative writing during internship on reflective practice: a qualitative study

Narrative writing has been used to promote reflection and increased self-awareness among physicians. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of prompted narrative writing on reflection. Thirty-two interns at 9 internal medicine residency programs participated in a year-long qualitative study about personal growth beginning in July of 2002. Interns wrote narratives every 8 weeks. At study completion, interns wrote a final narrative describing the affect that being in the study had on them. Responses were reviewed and organized into domains. Writing throughout the year resulted in reflection and encouraged interns to reconsider their core values and priorities. Some found that the exercise promoted greater self-awareness and provided an emotional outlet. Writing about difficult experiences coupled with reflection motivated some interns to want to improve. Prompted narrative writing led to reflection among interns and promoted self-awareness. Educators may consider incorporating narrative writing into residency education.
Heavy mineral provinces of the Palos Verdes margin, southern California

Abstract Natural sources of sediment for the Palos Verdes margin, southern California, have been augmented by effluent discharged from Los Angeles County Sanitation District's sewage-treatment facility and by the reactivation of the Portuguese Bend landslide. Heavy minerals in very fine and fine sand (63–250 μm) from beach and shelf sites off the Palos Verdes Peninsula distinguish effluent-affected sediment from unaffected deposits, and track the sediment contributed by the Portuguese Bend landslide. Heavy minerals also identify heterogeneous sediment sources for the nearshore zone and relate outer-shelf sediment to depositional cells north and south of the area.
Origins and implications of zigzag rift patterns on lava lakes

Abstract The distinctive rift patterns observed on newly formed lava lakes are very likely a product of interaction between heat transfer (cooling of lava) and deformation of the solid crust in response to applied stresses. One common pattern consists of symmetric “zigzag” rifts separating spreading plates. Zigzags can be characterized by two measurable parameters: an amplitude A, and an angle θ between segments that make up the zigzags. Similar patterns are observed in analog wax experiments in which molten wax acts as cooling and solidifying lava. We perform a series of these wax experiments to find the relationship between θ, A, and the cooling rate. We develop a model to explain the observed relationships: θ is determined by a balance of spreading and solidification speeds; the amplitude A is limited by the thickness of the solid wax crust. Theoretical predictions agree well with experimental data; this enables us to scale the model to basaltic lava lakes. If zigzag rifts are observed on the surface of lava lakes, and if physical properties of the lava crust can be measured or inferred by other means, measurements of θ and A make it possible to calculate crust-spreading velocity and crust thickness.
Brain corticotropin-releasing hormone- and interleukin-1 beta-induced suppression of specific antibody production.

CRH serves as a central nervous system mediator of autonomic and visceral responses to stress. In addition, central infusion of CRH has a role in the modulation of in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immune function, such as natural killer cell activity and T-lymphocyte proliferation. The present study examined the effects of central CRH on an integrated in vivo immune response, specific antibody production to a novel antigen. Synthetic rat CRH (1.0 micrograms) microinjected into the lateral ventricle significantly (P < 0.001) slowed the induction of a specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response to the T-cell-dependent antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) after either primary or secondary immunization. CRH-induced suppression of the IgG response in vivo was found after immunization with a low threshold dose of KLH, but not when a 100-fold increased dose of antigen was given. Administration of CRH 20 min before immunization reduced the antibody response, whereas CRH infusion 24 h after KLH exposu...
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Mediates Palmitate-Induced Apoptosis But Not Inhibitor of Nuclear Factor-κB Degradation in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells

Plasma free fatty acids are elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes and contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. The p38 MAPK mediates stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Whether free fatty acids induce apoptosis and/or activate nuclear factor-kappaB inflammatory pathway in human coronary artery endothelial cells (hCAECs) and, if so, whether this involves the p38 MAPK pathway is unknown. hCAECs (passages 4-6) were grown to 70% confluence and then incubated with palmitate at concentrations of 0-300 microm for 6-48 h. Palmitate at 100, 200, or 300 microm markedly increased apoptosis after 12 h of incubation. This apoptotic effect was time (P=0.008) and dose (P=0.006) dependent. Palmitate (100 microm for 24 h) induced a greater than 2-fold increase in apoptosis, which was accompanied with a 4-fold increase in p38 MAPK activity (P<0.001). Palmitate did not affect the phosphorylation of Akt1 or ERK1/2. SB203580 (a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK) alone did not affect cellular apoptosis; however, it abolished palmitate-induced apoptosis and p38 MAPK activation. Palmitate significantly reduced the level of inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (IkappaB). However, treatment of cells with SB203580 did not restore IkappaB to baseline. We conclude that palmitate induces hCAEC apoptosis via a p38 MAPK-dependent mechanism and may participate in coronary endothelial injury in diabetes. However, palmitate-mediated IkappaB degradation in hCAECs is independent of p38 MAPK activity.
The impact of e-procurement systems on customer relationship management: a multiple case study

In the past, traditional methods of procurement offered little transparency and lesser satisfaction of negotiations with suppliers. In the current financial crisis, e-procurement offers the benefits of greater transparency, better pricing, wider geographical reach and lesser time of transaction; hence, it propels the technology as an essential safeguard in both the service and manufacturing sectors of the economy. Companies are adapting to new technologies in an effort to compete through minimising costs and improving productivity in the modern marketplace, especially technological adaptation in the area of procurement. By restructuring initiatives and making use of new information technologies, businesses are learning to compete by using electronic avenues of procurement. As a result, increased importance in data sharing and process integration is the tactical result. One of the first steps in this process is selecting the best possible e-procurement solution. Many companies have examined the benefits of risks of implementing of such a solution and becoming successful using an e-procurement package. Several case studies of the Pittsburgh, PA and north-east Ohio areas illustrate the growing trend towards strategically leveraging the internet through e-procurement systems.
Effect of steroid implants on sexual behavior of beef calves

The sexual behavior of 53 beef heifers and 66 beef steers was observed and recorded for 7 days following insertion of subcutaneous ear implants at 2 months of age. Thirty-five of the heifers were implanted with Synovex S (200 mg of progesterone and 20 mg of estradiol benzoate). Forty-four of the steers were implanted with Synovex H (200 mg of testosterone and 20 mg of estradiol benzoate). The remaining 18 heifers and 22 steers served as nonimplanted controls. Synovex S treatment increased the incidence of mounting (P < 0.005) and mounting receptivity (P < 0.005) of heifers, while Synovex H treatment had only slight effect, if any, on the mounting behavior (P < 0.25) and mounting receptivity (P < 0.25) of steers. Both steers and heifers mounted heifers more frequently than steers (P < 0.005). Heifers were mounted with similar frequencies by both heifers and steers (P < 0.90), while steers were mounted only by heifers (P < 0.15).
Effects of increased systolic Ca2+ and β-adrenergic stimulation on Ca2+ transient decline in NOS1 knockout cardiac myocytes

Abstract We have previously shown that the main factor responsible for the faster [Ca2+]i decline rate with β-adrenergic (β-AR) stimulation is the phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB) rather than the increase in systolic Ca2+ levels. The purpose of this study was to correlate the extent of augmentation of PLB Serine16 phosphorylation to the rate of [Ca2+]i decline. Thus, ventricular myocytes were isolated from neuronal nitric oxide synthase knockout (NOS1−/−) mice, which we observed had lower basal PLB Serine16 phosphorylation levels, but equal levels during β-AR stimulation. Ca2+ transients (Fluo-4) were measured in myocytes superfused with 3 mM extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o) and a non-specific β-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO, 1 μM) with 1 mM [Ca2+]o. This allowed us to get matched Ca2+ transient amplitudes in the same myocyte. Similar to our previous work, Ca2+ transient decline was significantly faster with ISO compared to 3 mM [Ca2+]o, even with matched Ca2+ transient amplitudes. Interestingly, when we compared the effects of ISO on Ca2+ transient decline between NOS1−/− and WT myocytes, ISO had a larger effect in NOS1−/− myocytes, which resulted in a greater percent decrease in the Ca2+ transient RT50. We believe this is due to a greater augmentation of PLB Serine16 phosphorylation in these myocytes. Thus, our results suggest that not only the amount but the extent of augmentation of PLB Serine16 phosphorylation are the major determinants for the Ca2+ decline rate. Furthermore, our data suggest that the molecular mechanisms of Ca2+ transient decline is normal in NOS1−/− myocytes and that the slow basal Ca2+ transient decline is predominantly due to decreased PLB phosphorylation.
Holmes's Pipe, Tobacco Papers and the Nineteenth-century Origins of Media Addiction

This article offers a new perspective on the literary character Sherlock Holmes, who, though often noted for his cocaine and morphine injections, was actually more significantly dependent on tobacco smoking and printed matter for mental stimulation. Interpreting the pipe as metaphor and metonym for print, and noting his dependency on it to solve his cases, the article proposes Holmes as an early example of the figure of the media addict. It draws on stories, novels and illustrations, primarily from the early part of the Holmes oeuvre, and focuses on ‘The Man with the Twisted Lip’ (1891) (in Conan Doyle, The Penguin Complete Sherlock Holmes (London: Penguin, 2009) to show how tobacco smoking becomes instrumental to the solution of the case, central to Holmes's persona, and reflective of readers' own addictive media consumption. The argument is contextualized by introducing readers to visual and literary tobacco discourse, the wealth of books, periodicals, smoke-room booklets, cigarette cards, reciters, pos...
Evaluating the role of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics in primary and secondary breast augmentation: a retrospective review.

Background: The use of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics following augmentation mammaplasty remains a controversial topic, with many surgeons opting for extended prophylaxis. Objectives: The authors evaluate the role of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics in both primary and secondary cosmetic breast augmentation. Methods: A five-year retrospective chart review was performed on all patients undergoing cosmetic breast augmentation at a single institution from January 2005 to December 2009. The four attending physicians in this study utilized similar perioperative protocol and implant materials. Patients were divided into two cohorts: those who had received three days of postoperative antibiotics (primarily cephalosporins) and those who had not. End points of particular interest included infection, capsular contracture (CC), and local wound complications. The mean follow-up time was 3.8 years. Results: A total of 605 implants were included over the five-year study period. The overall infection rate was 0.66%. For primary augmentation, 493 implants were studied, with 52% of those patients having received postoperative antibiotics. There was no statistically significant reduction in infection, CC, or total complication rate for those receiving postoperative antibiotics. Similarly, 112 implants were studied for secondary augmentation, and again, postoperative antibiotics were not associated with a reduction in complications. Conclusions: The data suggest that there was no reduction in the overall rate of total complications, infection, or CC with postoperative prophylactic antibiotics for either primary or secondary cosmetic breast augmentation. This study provides Level 3 evidence in support of discontinuing prophylactic postoperative antibiotics following cosmetic breast augmentation. Level of Evidence: 3. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Non-linear systems: stability and rationality

The problem of when a non-linear system can be represented as a quotient of two stable non-linear systems is considered. Attention is mainly directed toward nonlinear discrete-time recursive systems, where recursive means that the relationship between an input sequence and the corresponding output sequence can be expressed in terms of a finite number of recursive equations. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of a fraction representation of a recursive system, where the numerator and the denominator are stable recursive systems. The explicit construction of such a fraction representation is described.
Direct Observation of Hapten–Antibody Equilibria

IF the bivalency of antibodies, for which there is now considerable evidence, is accepted, it is to be expected that the addition of bivalent hapten to solutions of purified homologous antibody would bring about a linear association of alternating antibody and hapten molecules. The equilibrium extent of this association should be dictated solely by the value of the free energy of formation (ΔF 0) of a hapten–antibody bond and the concentration of the two reacting species. Hence a determination of the extent of association would provide the value of ΔF 0, and if this were done as a function of temperature the values of the entropy (ΔS 0) and the heat (ΔH 0) of bond formation would be available as well.
Bidirectional lateral insulated gate transistors operated in controlled latchup mode

The use of the lateral insulated transistor (LIGT) as an integrable MOS controlled power switch has been reported recently. The mode of operation is based on a MOS transistor turning on and subsequently saturating a bipolar transistor. Latchups of the parasitic thyristor are to be avoided so that the gate exerts full control at all times. It is shown that the latchup mode of operation can be controlled by the gate with proper design of the device structure. The advantages of operating the device in latchup mode are higher current capabilities and lower 'on' voltages than available in other modes of operation. The bidirectional LIGT is symmetrical in that it conducts current and block voltage in both directions. It can be readily implemented with conventional BICMOS process without any additional process steps. The operation, fabrication, and performance of the bidirectional device are briefly described. >
Capillary Perfusion and Wall Shear Stress Are Restored in the Coronary Circulation of Hypertrophic Right Ventricle

It has been shown that right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy involves significant compensatory vascular growth and remodeling. The objective of the present study was to determine the functional implications of the vascular growth and remodeling through a full flow analysis of arterial tree down to first capillary segments. A computer reconstruction of RV branches including the proximal right coronary artery to the posterior descending artery was established based on measured morphometric data in arrested, vasodilated porcine heart. The flows were computed throughout the reconstructed trees based on conservation of mass and momentum and appropriate pressure boundary conditions. It was found that the flow rate was significantly increased in large epicardial coronary arteries in hypertrophic as compared with control hearts but normalized in the intramyocardial coronary arteries and smaller vessels in RV hypertrophy primarily because of the significant increase in number of arterioles. Furthermore, the wall shear stress was restored to nearly homeostatic levels throughout most of the vasculature after 5 weeks of RV hypertrophy. The compensatory remodeling in RV hypertrophy functionally restores the perfusion at the arteriolar and capillary level and wall shear stress in most of larger vessels. This is the first full analysis of coronary arterial tree, with millions of vessels, in cardiac hypertrophy that reveals the compensatory adaptation of structure to function.
Space adaptive wavelet packet image compression

We present a technique for lossy image compression based on the joint-adaptive space and frequency decomposition of images. The algorithm adapts to image content by both developing wavelet packet bases for separate areas of the image and by segmenting image subbands as needed. The elements of the expansion are a two-channel filter bank and a complete and disjoint binary segmentation system. We construct the joint space and frequency library by cascading permutations of these elements. We also formulate the space and frequency operations to be commutative, which allows for the full cascade system to be organized into a graph. After the full expansion, a coding cost is assigned to all elements in the library. The best joint space and frequency basis is found by pruning the graph which indexes the library such that the embedded graph with least cost is found. Its terminal nodes correspond to the best complete basis. We show that encoding the image in its best joint space and frequency basis improves compression performance.
Effect of the counter-anion type and concentration on the liquid chromatography retention of β-blockers

Analysis of beta-blockers, basic pharmaceutical compounds with pKa values greater than 8.5, in reversed-phase HPLC can sometimes be challenging in terms of selection of the mobile phase pH, buffer concentration, and acidic modifier. The effect of the type and concentration of various mobile phase additives on the reversed-phase HPLC retention of these compounds was studied. HPLC analysis was performed at a mobile phase pH of 3 ensuring the protonation of the beta-blockers. It was found that at increasing perchlorate anion concentration at a constant mobile phase pH the retention factor for all beta-blocker compounds studied increased to varying degrees. The relative increase in the retention was attributed to ion interaction with the anionic mobile phase additive. Similar trends were observed when other types of inorganic salts such as NaH2PO4, NaPF6, NaBF4, and CF3CO2Na were employed. Differences in selectivity of the beta-blockers were obtained at a constant pH and an equimolar concentration of the different additives throughout the whole concentration range studied.
The Diamond Coal Mine of Linton, Ohio, and its Pennsylvanian-age vertebrates

ABSTRACT The village of Linton in Jefferson County, Ohio, was the site of the Ohio Diamond Coal Mine, a drift mine exploiting the Upper Freeport coal of the Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian (equivalent to late Westphalian D, Upper Carboniferous). Beginning in 1856, extensive collecting from the cannel underlying the coal has yielded a diverse assemblage of nearly 40 vertebrate genera making Linton the most prolific Upper Carboniferous vertebrate locality in the world. Examination of over 6000 Linton specimens indicates that fish remains are approximately ten times more abundant than tetrapods, with coelacanths, haplolepid palaeoniscoids, and xenacanth sharks predominating. The most common tetrapods are small aquatic amphibians, including urocordylid and keraterpetontid nectrideans, trimerorhachoid and colosteoid temnospondyls, aistopods, and lysorophid microsaurs. Other amphibian and reptilian genera are exceedingly rare and show more terrestrial adaptations, suggesting that they were biological tran...
Dr Robert McKechnie: Vancouver's pioneer surgeon and a patron of British Columbia sports & education

Abstract Robert E. McKechnie, M.D.C.M. (1861–1944), was a distinguished graduate of McGill Medical School and a pioneer in the early days of surgery in Vancouver, Canada. He was a long-standing Canadian leader in both clinical and academic surgery. In addition, he played an important role in the founding of the University of British Columbia. He also commissioned an important challenge cup for the British Columbia rugby championship team in the same time and place as the establishment of hockey's Stanley Cup.
Elastic properties of oxides in the NaCl-structure

Abstract The single crystal elastic constants and their first pressure derivatives have been measured by means of the ultrasonic pulse superposition technique for the NaCl-structure oxides CaO, SrO and BaO. Within the experimental precision the pressure dependence was found to be linear in the range up to 10 kbar, except for a few shear modes measured for SrO and BaO. This nonlinearity, however, was not sufficient to unambiguously determine second pressure derivatives of the elastic constants. The present values are in fundamental agreement with the results of other investigators who used both ultrasonic and static compression methods. However, the additional precision and accuracy afforded by the present technique allows a clear demonstration of the systematic behavior of the elastic properties of MgO, CaO, SrO and BaO with respect to interionic distance. As in the case of the alkali halides, it appears that the size of the cation provides the dominant effect on the elastic constants. Moreover, calculations based on a lattice theoretical model consisting of Coulomb and Born-Mayer type repulsive forces between first and second nearest neighbor ions also support the contention that cation size has the major effect on the systematic behavior of the first pressure derivatives of the bulk moduli of these oxides.
ENSO modes of the equatorial Pacific Ocean in observations and CMIP5 models

El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the predominant interannual variability of the global climate system. How might ENSO change in a warmer world? The dominant two Combined Empirical Orthogonal Functions (CEOF) of the equatorial ocean temperature and zonal and vertical motion identify two modes that shown a transition in the eastern Pacific from a warming eastward/downward motion to a cooling westward/upward flow. These results also suggest consistent changes to the west and at depths down to 300 m. These dominate CEOFs provide a compact tool for assessing Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 ocean model output for both the recent historical period and for the latter part of the twenty first century. Most of the analyzed models replicate well the spatial patterns of the dominant observational CEOF modes, but nearly always underestimate the magnitudes. Comparing model output for the twentieth and twenty first centuries there is very little change between the spatial patterns of the ENSO modes of the two periods. This lack of response to climate change is shown to be partly related to competing influences of climatic changes in the mean ocean circulation.
Does payer status matter in predicting penetrating trauma outcomes

Background Few data exist regarding payer status as a predictor of outcomes in penetrating trauma. This study determined whether insurance status impacts in-hospital complications and mortality in gunshot and stab wound patients at our inner-city, level I trauma center. Methods Penetrating trauma admissions from 2005 to 2009 were reviewed for patient demographics, insurance, Injury Severity Score, complications, duration of stay, and mortality. Results A total of 1,347 penetrating trauma patients were admitted with 652 (48.4%) uninsured. Although uninsured patients were more likely to be male (93.3% vs 89.8%, P = .030), there was no difference in age, ISS, or number of radiologic, operative, or interventional procedures. Uninsured patients had lesser intensive care unit (4.4 vs 3.3 days; P = .049) and total hospital length of stay (10.2 vs 8.3; P = .049). No uninsured patients were placed into a rehabilitation facility at the time of discharge (0.0% vs 1.6%, P P = .959) or mortality (odds ratio 0.905, 95% confidence interval 0.523–1.566, P = .722). Conclusion This is the first study to show that penetrating trauma patients who are uninsured have lesser duration of stay and decreased placement into a rehabilitation facility. Being uninsured added no additional risk of in-hospital complications or mortality.
On the Stability of Equilibrium Sets of Discrete Conservative Mechanical Systems

A generalized version of Lagrange-Dirichlet's stability theorem is presented for systems possessing a continuous set of equilibrium positions. The notion of "stability of a set" is used and the theorem is given in a form analogous to Andronov and Witt's theorem on the orbital stability of a periodic solution of an autonomous system. The theorem also holds true for steady motions in systems with cyclic coordinates. As an application, the steady motions of a dual spin satellite are discussed.
Evanescent waveguide absorption spectroscopy of trace gases

We demonstrate the detection of water vapor adsorbed into a sorbent polymer layer coated onto highly evanescent SiN rib waveguides by measuring the change in absorption as a function of wavelength, polarization, and analyte concentration.
A Closer Look at the Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Western Obsession with the Medieval Muslim Theological Obsession with Anthropomorphism

ABSTRACT Anthropomorphism is a topic that has attracted much attention from both medieval Muslim theologians and modern Western scholars. By examining the development of the medieval Muslim Rationalist-Traditionalist discourse surrounding this issue, and Western academic discussions of that discourse, I shall attempt to explain why the issue of anthropomorphism has repeatedly dominated discussions on Islamic theology. I will also attempt to show how various associations made with Muslim Rationalism and Traditionalism have influenced Western perceptions of these movements.
Pilot study to evaLuate the role of high-dose rAnibizumab 2.0 mg in the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration in patients with perSistent/recurrenT macular fluid <30 days following treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy (the LAST Study)

To determine the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab 2.0 mg in patients with recalcitrant neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This single-masked, randomized, prospective, pilot study enrolled patients with subfoveal neovascular AMD. All study eyes had persistent subretinal (SRF) or intraretinal fluid (IRF) on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) <30 days following at least 6 monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab or bevacizumab. Patients were randomized 2 : 1 to receive either ranibizumab 2.0 or 0.5 mg. Following three-loading treatments 4-weeks apart, both groups were treated using a ‘treat and extend’ regimen guided by eye-tracked SD-OCT through month 12. The primary end point was the mean change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at month 6. Nine eyes of 9 patients (mean age±SD, 82.0±5.8 years) were enrolled. Seven eyes received ranibizumab 2.0 mg and two eyes received 0.5 mg. Owing to the small number of patients enrolled, no statistical comparison could be made between the two dosages. At month 6, the mean improvement in BCVA was +6.1±3.7 (W=0, P<0.001) ETDRS letters and +2.0 ETDRS letters in the 2.0 and 0.5 mg groups, respectively. In the 2.0 mg group, there was a statistically significant decline in central foveal thickness, SRF and maximum pigment epithelial detachment height at 6 months compared with baseline. No adverse events were reported in either group. Ranibizumab 2.0 mg has the potential to maintain or improve BCVA in some patients with persistent or recurrent SRF or IRF secondary to neovascular AMD despite prior monthly intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with the standard dose.
A Review of Self-Management Interventions Targeting Academic Outcomes for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.

The purpose of this review was to report on the effectiveness and focus of academic self-management interventions for children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. Twenty-two studies published in 20 articles and involving 78 participants met inclusionary criteria. The overall mean effect size (ES) across those studies was 1.80 (range –0.46 to 3.00), indicating effects were generally large in magnitude and educationally meaningful. Self-monitoring interventions were the predominant type of self-management technique used by researchers. The mean ES for intervention types were self-evaluation (1.13), self-monitoring (1.90), strategy instruction techniques (1.75), self-instruction techniques (2.71), and multiple-component interventions (2.11). Interventions targeted improvement in math calculation skills more than any other area. The mean ES by academic area were math interventions (1.97), writing (1.13), reading (2.28), and social studies (2.66). There was evidence to support a claim of the generalization and maintenance of findings. Implications, limitations, and areas for future research are discussed.
Hepatic vitamin A status of rats during feeding of the hepatocarcinogen 2-aminoanthraquinone

Abstract Dietary administration of the dyestuff intermediate 2-aminoanthraquinone (AAQ) at a 2% level for periods of 2, 4, 8 or 12 weeks decreased the total liver vitamin A significantly (P
Comets: Groundbased observations of spacecraft mission candidates

Ground-based narrowband photometry results are presented for nine candidate comets for flyby and/or rendezvous missions. The comets include Churyumov-Gerasimenko, d'Arrest, Encke, Grigg-Skjellerup, Honda-Mrkos-Pajdusakova, Kopff, Tempel 1, Tempel 2, and Wild 2. On the basis of measured OH production rates and a model of the sublimation of water from the surface, limits are derived on the size of each cometary nucleus. A detailed analysis of the characteristics of these nine viable mission candidates can furnish the bases for the prioritization of targets of prospective missions.
Means, Generalized Divided Differences, and Intersections of Osculating Hyperplanes

Abstract We define means innvariables by taking the intersection point inRnofnosculating hyperplanes to a given curve inRn. These planes are the natural extensions of the osculating plane inR3. More precisely, letCbe a curve inRn, and let 0
Planet formation: the core problem.

Controversy over shock-wave experiments on the compression of hydrogen has broad implications — for understanding the cores of Jupiter and Saturn, and even the formation of extrasolar planets.
Effect of ion implantation species on the tribological response of stainless steel surfaces

The friction and wear properties of 304 and 15–5 PH stainless steels which were ion implanted with P and with P plus C have been examined and are compared with the properties of the same steels implanted with N and with Ti plus C. While benefits are obtained with the P and the P plus C implantation treatments, the N and the Ti plus C treatments give greater reductions in wear, which extend to more severe wear regimes; with Ti plus C, friction is also reduced. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the P and the P plus C implantations (with 20 to 30 at. pct metalloid concentrations) produce surface alloys with amorphous phases, as do Ti plus C treatments (approximately 20 at. pct each). The greater benefits obtained with the Ti plus C amorphous phase imply that this phase is mechanically superior to the amorphous phase with P plus C, even though the latter has been shown to have excellent mechanical properties when produced by melt quenching. Based on the above studies, Ti and C were selected for implantation into a 15–5 PH discriminator wheel of an electromechanical device for comparison with standard solid film lubrication (MoS2). In comparison to a solid film lubricated wheel, the implanted wheel (unlubricated) performed equally well with respect to time of operation, number of cycles, and tolerance control; in addition, the implanted wheel produced less debris. An alternative ion beam method was used to introduce high surface concentrations of Au for control of fretting corrosion and debris generation of a journal bearing in a different electromechanical device: a sputterdeposited Au film (50 nm) on 15–5 PH stainless steel was ion bombarded with 300 keV Xe-. This treated surface was compared with a sputtered Au film without ion beam treatment, with electrodeposited Au, and with a solid lubricating film. The ionmixed Au surface bearings had the least corrosion and debris.
Applications of the Dirichlet distribution to forensic match probabilities

The Dirichlet distribution provides a convenient conjugate prior for Bayesian analyses involving multinomial proportions. In particular, allele frequency estimation can be carried out with a Dirichlet prior. If data from several distinct populations are available, then the parameters characterizing the Dirichlet prior can be estimated by maximum likelihood and then used for allele frequency estimation in each of the separate populations. This empirical Bayes procedure tends to moderate extreme multinomial estimates based on sample proportions. The Dirichlet distribution can also be employed to model the contributions from different ancestral populations in computing forensic match probabilities. If the ancestral populations are in genetic equilibrium, then the product rule for computing match probabilities is valid conditional on the ancestral contributions to a typical person of the reference population. This fact facilitates computation of match probabilities and tight upper bounds to match probabilities.
Aboriginal Education in Rural Australia: A Case Study in Frustration and Hope:

This paper examines patterns in Aboriginal education documented over the past 25 years in one small country town in south west Queensland. This data is used to illustrate national patterns and trends. The discussion draws attention to the levels of systemic bias and structural violence hampering the positive developments adapting the predominantly monocultural education system to the needs and aspirations of Aboriginal communities. The author examines innovations related to school/community relations and the teaching of Aboriginal studies initiated by the Aboriginal community. General factors influencing these important components of Aboriginal education are analysed.
Method for Gradient Elution in Micro‐Flow Liquid Chromatography

This paper describes a new method for gradient elution at low flow rate. By adjusting the solvent composition flowing into a dynamic mixer, we can program the concentration of solvent, B, inside a dynamic mixer to form a time-resolved solvent gradient delivered to the column. The input gradient is related to the output gradient by the equation, Bin = Bout + τ × dBout/dt, in which τ is the gradient response time constant at specified flow rate, and Bin and Bout are input and output concentration of solvent B, respectively.
Schmorl’s nodes

Introduction First described in 1927, a Schmorl’s node (SN) is the herniation of nucleus pulposus (NP) through the cartilaginous and bony end plate into the body of the adjacent vertebra. SNs are common findings on imaging, and although most SNs are asymptomatic, some have been shown to become painful lesions. In this manuscript, we review the literature regarding the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, imaging, and management of SNs.
Flux conversion and evidence of relaxation in a high-β plasma formed by high-speed injection into a mirror confinement structure

High-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ plasmoids can survive the violent dynamics of supersonic reflection off mirror structures, producing a stable high-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ field-reversed configuration (FRC). This shows both the robustness of FRCs and their tendency to assume a preferred plasma state, possibly conforming to a relaxation principle. The key observations are (1) approximate preservation of the magnetic helicity, (2) substantial conversion from toroidal to poloidal magnetic flux, (3) substantial toroidal flow, and (4) a high-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ quiescent final state. These results are from the Translation, Confinement, and Sustainment experiment where a disorganized plasmoid is injected at super-Alfvenic speed into a confinement chamber. After successive reflections from end mirrors, the plasmoid settled into a near-FRC state with high $\ensuremath{\beta}$ and low toroidal magnetic field. The flux conversion and helicity preservation are inferred by an interpretive model.
Professional Virtue and the Public Sphere

The Journal of Mass Media Ethics continually seeks suggestions of both titles and thoughtful reviewers for books, software packages, films, and other materials that relate to teaching and research ...
Precipitation-characteristics West of the Cascade Mountains

Ten years ago, the senior writer of this paper engaged in a discussion with a hydrologist on the distinction existing between predicting the flow of a river on which a power-plant was contemplated and predicting the flow of a river on which a power-plant existed. The difference between the two problems produced this paper, which is still unfortunately a progress-report. It was hoped to bring this study to a close at this time but unexpected circumstances rendered that goal impossible. It might be added however that the conclusion-study would not require the time or effort the material in this paper required.
DNA mismatch repair deficient mice in cancer research

Abstract Biochemical and genetic approaches have been used to demonstrate that basic elements of a DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway are conserved between bacteria, yeast and mammals. Recently, mutations in the human MMR genes MSH2, MLH1, PMS1 and PMS2 have been implicated in a common form of hereditary colon cancer and in sporadic tumors of various tissues. In order to better understand the consequences of MMR deficiency in mammalian organisms, mice deficient for the Pms2, Mlh1 and Msh2 MMR gene homologues have been generated. MMR deficient mice display a general increase in spontaneous mutation rate and develop tumors during the first year of life. Additionally, loss of MMR appears to accelerate tumorigenesis in an Apc deficient background.