cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The TRP Superfamily of Cation Channels

The transient receptor potential (TRP) protein superfamily consists of a diverse group of cation channels that bear structural similarities to Drosophila TRP. TRP channels play important roles in nonexcitable cells; however, an emerging theme is that many TRP-related proteins are expressed predominantly in the nervous system and function in sensory physiology. The TRP superfamily is divided into seven subfamilies, the first of which is composed of the "classical" TRPs" (TRPC subfamily). Some TRPCs may be store-operated channels, whereas others appear to be activated by production of diacylglycerol or regulated through an exocytotic mechanism. Many members of a second subfamily (TRPV) function in sensory physiology and respond to heat, changes in osmolarity, odorants, and mechanical stimuli. Two members of the TRPM family function in sensory perception and three TRPM proteins are chanzymes, which contain C-terminal enzyme domains. The fourth and fifth subfamilies, TRPN and TRPA, include proteins with many ankyrin repeats. TRPN proteins function in mechanotransduction, whereas TRPA1 is activated by noxious cold and is also required for the auditory response. In addition to these five closely related TRP subfamilies, which comprise the Group 1 TRPs, members of the two Group 2 TRP subfamilies, TRPP and TRPML, are distantly related to the group 1 TRPs. Mutations in the founding members of these latter subfamilies are responsible for human diseases. Each of the TRP subfamilies are represented by members in worms and flies, providing the potential for using genetic approaches to characterize the normal functions and activation mechanisms of these channels.
A Socio-Cognitive Analysis of Summer Camp Outcomes and Experiences

In this paper, we describe the first phase of a longitudinal study focusing on young people's attitudes towards computing careers and their computational self-efficacy. Using summer camps as a springboard to pique their interests, we are interested in enhancing their knowledge in computing topics and assessing their views through surveys. Working from the findings of this first phase in the project, we discuss our future plans for an online community learning system that is grounded in a socio-cognitive learning process, and intended to engage young people in continuous engagement with and exposure to computing concepts and skills.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR FREE CONVECTION BETWEEN CONCENTRIC SPHERES AT MODERATE GRASHOF NUMBERS

Steady axisymmetric natural convection between two isothermal concentric spheres is Investigated by the method of series truncation. The flow variables and temperature distribution are expressed as series of orthogonal Gegenbauer functions and Legendre polynomials, respectively, with variable coefficients. Thus, the governing equations are reduced to three coupled sets of nonlinear ordinary differential equations of the second order with two-point boundary conditions. Numerical solutions are obtained by truncating the series at a certain stage and by using step-by-step methods. Detailed calculations are carried out for Grashof numbers in the range 1000-20,000 and for Prandtl numbers equal to 0.02, 0.7, and 6. Flow patterns, velocity components, and heat transfer results obtained are compared with published results.
The development of the ossific centres in some diseases in early childhood.

Summary It seems to be possible, by means of this type of examination in the early years of life, to gain some knowledge of disturbances in skeletal development, as well as the degree of this development.
Semaphores in Ada-94

The new protected type and requeue features in Ada-94 make possible the efficient implementations of many concurrent solutions, previously not possible in Ada-83. In this paper, the implementations of various semaphore systems in Ada-94 are presented. These systems are more general and powerful than the familiar binary and counting semaphores. As examples, the uses of the most general one, PVgeneral, in resource management and the synchronization of general mutual exclusion problems are discussed.
Growth-induced magnetic anisotropy and clustering in vapor-deposited Co-Pt alloy films

Polycrystalline and epitaxial (100)-, (110)-, and (111)-oriented ${\mathrm{CoPt}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}_{0.35}{\mathrm{Pt}}_{0.65}$ films were deposited at various growth rates and over a range of growth temperatures from -50 to 800 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Films grown at moderate temperatures (200--400 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) exhibit remarkable growth-induced properties: perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and large coercivity, as well as enhanced Curie temperature and low-temperature saturation magnetization. Magnetic measurements indicate significant Co clustering in these epitaxial fcc films. These properties are independent of crystallographic orientation, increase with increasing growth temperature, and vanish with annealing. We propose that the correlation between magnetic inhomogeneity, magnetic anisotropy, and enhanced moment is explained by clustering of Co into thin platelets in a Pt-rich lattice. This clustering occurs at the growth surface and is trapped into the growing film by low bulk atomic mobility.
A generator system for thallium‐20l

A new and efficient method is described for the separation of 201Tl from its parent 201Pb. Differences in ion exchange properties facilitate the use of a generator system for this separation. The procedure itself is simple and utilizes an exchange column which retains all lead isotopes, as well as other metals, while permitting elution of carrier-free 201Tl. Unlike current methods, the 201Tl can be made clinically available within hours of its generation and the need for elaborate extractions is avoided.
WARRANTY COST ESTIMATION: A GOAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH

This paper proposes a goal programming approach to the warranty cost estimation problem. Past research on this topic has mostly dealt with a single objective—the minimization of the warranty reserve cost or the maximization of profit. A more realistic approach to warranty cost problems could, however, involve several goals, some of which might be conflicting to others. In this paper, three goals are prioritized. The goals considered are minimization of warranty reserve cost per unit, offering a minimum level of warranty time based on an allowable proportion of failures within the warranty period, and capturing a minimum specified market share of the product. An example is illustrated using the proposed formulation, and goal achievements are discussed.
From iPads to fishing rods: checking out library materials

Purpose – The purpose of this column is to review an assortment of the latest non‐traditional materials lent by libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The paper surveys a selection of items, both technological and traditional, used by libraries in an effort to expand their horizons with a keen eye towards responding to the needs and expectations of their borrowers.Findings – The paper finds that libraries are eager to enhance an ever‐expanding universe of items to support the borrowing of non‐traditional materials. Once entered into the circulation system, the sky's the limit. The only limitation is the library's budget and creativity in selecting which items to purchase and circulate.Originality/value – The paper provides useful information on the latest non‐traditional materials lent by libraries.
SAFARI-2000 characterization of fuels, fire behavior, combustion completeness, and emissions from experimental burns in infertile grass savannas in western Zambia

Abstract Fires in African savannas produce emissions contributing to changes in global biogeochemical processes. In the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI-2000), fuels characteristics were measured before and after experimental burns in two different western Zambian grassland types (dambo and flood plain) situated on Kalahari Sands. The two land use types did not differ in terms of fuel characteristics, fire behavior or combustion completeness. As a consequence of a significantly wet year, fuel loads and moisture content were higher than those found during SAFARI-92. Use of moisture content and fire behavior component could increase the emission estimation through the fuel consumption calculation. Ranges of estimated emissions for CH 4 and NMHC were lower than previously stated.
Synthetic scene generation model (SSGM R6.0)

BMDO must simulate the detection, acquisition, discrimination and tracking of anticipated targets and predict the effect of natural and man-made backgrounds and environmental phenomena on optical and radar sensor systems designed to perform these tasks. The SSGM is designed to integrate state-of-science knowledge, data bases and valid phenomenology models to simulate ballistic missile engagement scenarios for both passive and active sensors aboard surveillance system platforms and defensive interceptor missiles -- thereby serving as a traceable standard against which different BMDO concepts and designs can be evaluated. This paper concentrates on describing the current capabilities and planned development efforts for SSGM. The focus will be on the functionality of the SSGM Release 7.0 and the planned development effort for subsequent SSGM releases. We shall demonstrate the current SSGM capability (R7.0, January 1996) with sample multi-phenomenology output scenes and videos. New capabilities include realistic 6-DOF dynamics for targets, simulated target radar cross section correlated with IR information, and authorative target model data sets based on actual flight experiments.
Fibrinogen Is a Ligand for Integrin α5β1 on Endothelial Cells

Abstract Previous studies have shown that fibrinogen can associate with endothelial cells via an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) recognition specificity. In the present study, we have characterized the specificity of fibrinogen binding to endothelial cells under different cation conditions. Fibrinogen binding to suspended endothelial cells was selectively supported by Mn2+ and was suppressed by Ca2+. The Mn2+-supported interaction was completely inhibited by RGD peptides but not by αvβ3 blocking monoclonal antibodies. In contrast, the interaction was completely blocked by two α5β1 monoclonal antibodies. This interaction was not mediated by fibronectin bound to the integrin; could be demonstrated with purified α5β1; and also was observed with a second α5β1-bearing cell type, platelets. The binding of fibrinogen to α5β1 on endothelial cells in the presence of Mn2+ was time-dependent, specific, saturable, and of high affinity (Kd = 65 nM). By employing anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies, the carboxyl-terminal RGD sequence at Aα 572-574 was implicated in fibrinogen recognition by α5β1. Two circumstances were identified in which α5β1 interacted with fibrinogen in the presence of Ca2+: when the receptor was activated with monoclonal antibody (8A2) or when the fibrinogen was presented as an immobilized substratum. These results identify fibrinogen as a ligand for α5β1 on endothelial and other cells, an interaction which may have broad biological implications.
TVA and Power Politics

The passage of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Revenue Bond Act in 1959 ended a quarter of a century during which the Authority was dependent upon Congressional appropriations to supply the capital investment for its growing electric power facilities. This development marked the first appearance of consensus in the long conflict over the role of TVA in the national economy. The consensus emerged from an impasse between TVA's lack of support in Congress—the result of its narrow geographical limits, its identification with a single political party, and the growing industrialization of states on its borders—and the inability or unwillingness of its opponents to have TVA sold to private investors—the result of intensive support for the Authority among an active few in Congress, the unified nature of the TVA power system, and the huge amounts of power which TVA supplied to defense installations. The resolution of this impasse by authorizing TVA to sell revenue bonds on the public market suggests that in an open political arena like the Congress a stable consensus on policy may arise despite the most ardent efforts of the main contenders to achieve other solutions. Indeed, conflict among independent political forces may well achieve solutions meeting a far wider range of preferences than would be the case if the decision were made by any single official. Since maintenance of adequate Congressional support is a perennial problem for federal agencies, it will be instructive to review the shifting basis of support for TVA in Congress and draw from this experience the appropriate lessons.
Rhamnolipids as affinity foaming agent for selective collection of β-glucosidase from cellulase enzyme mixture

Selective and effective separation can potentially be achieved with affinity foam fractionation using simple foaming setup and operation. In this study the use of affinity foam fractionation for selective collection and enrichment of β-glucosidase from a cellulase enzyme mixture was evaluated. Rhamnolipids, a group of glycolipids produced most commonly by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were used as the affinity foaming agent, because of their foaming property and the presence of dirhamnose moiety (a potential substrate analog for β-glucosidase) in some rhamnolipids. The effects of aeration rate, medium pH, cellulase concentration and rhamnolipid concentration on the foam fractionation performance were examined. Among the pH studied (3.1, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0), pH 5 was clearly the optimal for selective enrichment of β-glucosidase, presumably corresponding to the high binding affinity between the enzyme and the substrate analog (dirhamnose). With adequate rhamnolipid concentrations (≥0.1 g/L), the aeration rate of 0.1L/min (i.e., 2VVM) for 50 ml test samples was found to give the highest enrichment; higher aeration rates produced wetter foam and, thus, lower (diluted) enzyme activity in the foamate. The enrichment increased with the increasing rhamnolipids-to-cellulase ratio, in the range of 0-2 (w/w) investigated in this study. The finding indicated that rhamnolipids were the limiting compounds in these systems so that the amount of surfactant-enzyme complexes formed and removed into the foam phase would increase when more rhamnolipids were added. At the rhamnolipids-to-cellulase ratio of 2, the β-glucosidase activity in the foamate was about 9 times as high as the activity in the original sample of cellulase mixture and about 17 times the activity in the remaining solution (after foaming). The overall FPU (filter paper unit, a measurement of total cellulase activity) and the activities of endo- and exo-glucanases were only enriched 70-150%. The feasibility of affinity foam fractionation was demonstrated.
T cell antigen recognition at the cell membrane

T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) on the surface of T cells bind specifically to particular peptide bound major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs) presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). This interaction is a key event in T cell antigen recognition and activation. Most studies have used surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to measure the in vitro binding kinetics of TCR-pMHC interactions in solution using purified proteins. However, these measurements are not physiologically precise, as both TCRs and pMHCs are membrane-associated molecules which are regulated by their cellular environments. Recently, single-molecule forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and single-molecule mechanical assays were used to measure the in situ binding kinetics of TCR-pMHC interactions on the surface of live T cells. These studies have provided exciting insights into the biochemical basis of T cell antigen recognition and suggest that TCRs serially engage with a small number of antigens with very fast kinetics in order to maximize TCR signaling and sensitivity.
Firm newness, product novelty and aesthetic failure

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine product failures in the consumer technology products industry to explain why some firms experience more aesthetic-related failures than others. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses a unique data set of failed high technology consumer products identified by expert product reviewers of 75 online magazines during 2000-2010. The variables are constructed using two coders as well as using an automated content analysis process based on the information provided in the online product reviews. The study tests a hypothesis using multilevel logistic regression techniques on a sample of 606 product reviews of 323 products associated with 171 firms. Findings – The study demonstrates that older firms are much more susceptible than younger firms to suffer from aesthetic-related product failures when they pursue product innovations that are new for them. Likewise, older firms suffer fewer aesthetics-related product failures than younger firms when they exploit pro...
Interplanetary and near-Jupiter meteoroid environments - Preliminary results from the meteoroid detection experiment

Data on interplanetary and near-Jupiter micrometer-sized particle encounters from the meteoroid-detection experiment on Pioneer 10 indicate that Jupiter is much 'dustier' than interplanetary space. Whereas the near-earth particulate flux showed very little increase over the interplanetary flux, the near-Jupiter penetration flux was over two orders of magnitude higher than the interplanetary flux.
Malnutrition, learning, and behavior

This paper critically reviews the reported relationships between malnutrition and learning. Since malnutrition is not randomly distributed in the social system, the relationships between malnutrition and intellectual development are often confounded by the relationship between social class and malnutrition. The psychological consequences of malnutrition which have been reported are similar to those for social isolation among infants, and isolation may be a confounding factor in the development of infants hospitalized for malnutrition. The older malnourished child may be cut off from important learning opportunities, both by lack of energy to pay attention to these opportunities and by living in settings in which the opportunities do not exist. He may acquire a self concept and be responded to by others in ways which further inhibit his development. While few data exist on the effects of hunger, they may be similar to those of malnutrition. In addition, because those who are hungry are stigmatized, others ...
Monte Carlo Simulation of Coupled Ion‐Electron Transport in Semiconductors

The Monte Carlo ion-transport code TRIPOS is extended to a new version, TRIPOS-E, for modeling secondary-electron generation and transport along ion tracks. Energy deposition and radial electron-hole (e-h) pair profiles in silicon are evaluated for several energetic heavy ions. These profiles reflect a Gaussian-like central core which decreases exponentially at increasing radial distance. Analytical expressions for radial charge-density profiles at several depths of penetration are obtained. The excess charge density remains above background dopant concentrations beyond 0.25 μm radius from the ion path. This detailed evaluation of track structure should enhance modeling of charge collection from ion tracks in semiconductor devices. Der Monte-Carlo-Ion-Transport-Code TRIPOS wird zu einer neuen Fassung, TRIPOS-E, fur die Modellierung von Erzeugung und Transport von Sekundarelektronen entlang Ionenspuren, erweitert. Fur mehrere energetisch schwere Ionen in Silizium werden die Energieablagerung und die radialen Elektron-Loch-Paar-Profile abgeschatzt. Diese Profile widerspiegeln einen gausartigen zentralen Kern, der mit zunehmender radialer Entfernung exponentiell abfallt. Fur mehrere Profile der radialen Ladungsdichten werden fur verschiedene Eindringtiefen analytische Ausdrucke gefunden. Fur Radien groser als 0,25 μm hat die Uberschus-Ladungsdichte einen hoheren Wert als den „Doptierungs”-Hintergrundwert. Die ausfuhrliche Bewertung der Spurenstruktur kann fur die Modellierung der Ladungssammlung von Ionenspuren in Halbleitern genutzt werden.
Religious regimes and prospects for liberal politics: Futures of Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia

Abstract This paper interrogates Huntington's civilizational perspective in order to assess its power to explain cultural change in a non-Western context. As an alternative, it considers cultural change as issues resolutions. The paper then suggests that the nature of the national regime is one of the most important factors that shapes resolutions of issues—hence the state as one of the best predictors of the future of cultures in Islamic countries. From the values surveys carried out in Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, this article extrapolates trends in values change among the publics from these countries. Key features of these trends include shifts toward liberal democracy and individualism among Iranians, toward secular politics and nationalism among Iraqis, and away from religiosity and toward support for gender equality among Saudis.
AZT Drug Resistance Conferred by a Dipeptide Insertion in the Fingers of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Involves Multiple Mechanisms

HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) mutants containing a dipeptide insertion between codons 69 and 70 of HIV-1 RT (the “69 insertion complex”) are resistant to all nucleoside/nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTIs) currently approved by the US FDA. Pre-steady-state kinetic studies and global data analysis were performed to determine the mechanistic basis for the drug resistance against AZT by RTs containing the 69 insertion complex. We first measured kinetic constants governing nucleotide binding and incorporation for TTP and AZTTP by two chimeric RTs: the T69SSS and the 69 insertion complex. We showed that TTP binds more weakly to both mutants than AZTTP. However, this weaker ground-state binding is offset by the much more favorable substrate-induced isomerization step while rates of chemistry for TTP and AZTTP by each mutant are comparable. The results indicate that the fingers insertion only modestly improves discrimination against AZT. Consequently, it has been widely accepted that resistance arises predominantly by increasing rates of ATP-dependent excision of the chain terminator. However, data from our primer rescue and extension assays showed that that is not the case: the TAMs mutant increased the excision efficiency by ∼5-fold while the introduction of fingers insertion into the TAMs background actually decreased the excision efficiency to only ∼2 fold. On the other hand, the fingers insertion did interfere with the binding of the next correct nucleotide (dCTP), making its binding weaker by ∼1.5 fold. This change, however, will not affect the excision efficiency at the physiological nucleotide concentration due to the weak binding of dCTP to the 3’-end of AZT terminated primer. Thus, the discrimination and excision mechanisms cooperate together at multiple transcription sites, which conferred the clinically observed high level of nucleotide resistance.
How to build a research system in your spare time

This paper is based on a talk that I gave at CoNEXT 2009. Inspired by Hal Varian's paper on building economic models, it describes are search method for building computer systems. I find this method useful in my work and hope that some readers will find it helpful as well.
First report of sudden death syndrome caused by Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines on soybean in Pennsylvania.

A small, circular patch of soybean (Glycine max) showing symptoms consistent with sudden death syndrome (SDS) (2) was noted on July 25, 1998, in a producer's field in Jersey Shore, PA. Foliar symptoms included interveinal chlorosis and necrosis, leaf cupping, and leaf abscission. The vascular cylinder of roots and stems had areas of reddish-brown discoloration. A slow-growing Fusarium sp., which produced a bluish-purple color on potato dextrose agar, was isolated from the roots of several symptomatic plants. The fungus was identified as Fusarium solani by The Fusarium Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University. Koch's postulates were tested on soybean cultivars A2506, Stine 3171, Pioneer 9305 and 9306, and Jack. Five plants per cultivar were inoculated at growth stage V1 by pouring 35 ml of a 4 × 107 spores per ml suspension on the growth mix in each pot. Five plants per cultivar were treated similarly with sterile water. Foliar symptoms of SDS began to appear 3 weeks after inoculation. Seven week...
Direct Analytic Synthesis of Four-Bar Function Generators With Optimal Structural Error

This paper is a departure from the usual procedure for obtaining the optimal dimensions of a four bar function generator by iteration. In the usual procedure, the accuracy points are first chosen by means of Chebishev spacing or some other means. Using these accuracy points, a four bar linkage is synthesized and the error calculated. Freudenstein’s respacing formula may then be used to respace the accuracy points so as to minimize the errors. After the respacing of the accuracy points is calculated, a new mechanism is synthesized. The process is repeated until the magnitudes of the extreme errors occurring between accuracy points are equalized. The procedure adopted in this paper is to immediately force the extreme errors between accuracy points to be equal in magnitude by imposing additional constraints upon the problem. These constraints eliminate the arbitrary choice of the first set of accuracy points. This procedure results in a more extensive set of equations to be solved than the conventional method. However, once the equations are solved, they lead directly to equalized (and thus minimized) extrema of the magnitude of structural errors between the precision points. Thus there is no need to perform the iterative steps of conventional optimization. The proposed method is illustrated with an example.
Alcoholics and Children of Alcoholics: The Role of Leisure in Recovery

Abstract Teachers and leisure service providers must recognize the signs of alcoholism in those with whom they come into contact, as well as the signs of alcoholism in a family. They must also provide interventions to assist alcoholics and children of alcoholics in the recovery process.
Significant Acute Kidney Injury Due to Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Inpatient Setting

In the United States non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are freely available over-the-counter. Because of the adverse effects on the kidneys and the popularity of these drugs, unregulated use of NSAIDs is an under recognized and potentially dangerous problem. Fifteen inpatients, mean age of 15.2 ± 2.3 years (five males, 10 females), were referred to nephrology for acute kidney injury. All patients admitted to taking ibuprofen and six also consumed naproxen. None of the patients had underlying renal diseases at the time of admission. Nine patients had proteinuria and 12 had hematuria (including one with gross hematuria). One patient had nephrotic syndrome but the condition resolved spontaneously without steroids and has remained in remission for four years. Two patients required dialysis. Only one of the dialyzed patients required steroid therapy for recovery of renal function. The mean duration of hospitalization was 7.4 ± 5.5 days. The serum creatinine peaked at 4.09 ± 4.24 (range 1.2-15.3) mg/dL. All patients recovered renal function with normalization of serum creatinine to 0.71 ± 0.15 mg/dL. The estimated GFR (glomerular filtration rate) at peak of renal failure was 38.2 ± 20.5 mL/min but did improve to a baseline of 134 ± 26.2 mL/min (range 89-177, p < 0.01). However, the duration from onset to normalization of serum creatinine was 37 ± 42 days indicating that majority of patients had abnormal renal function for a prolonged period. In conclusion, NSAIDs pose a significant risk of renal failure for significant duration and as an entity may be under recognized.
Auger electron spectroscopy study of a sulfur-oxygen surface reaction on a Cu(110) crystal

Abstract The kinetics of a surface reaction between adsorbed sulfur and oxygen from the gaseous phase were investigated on a Cu(110) crystal in the temperature range 610–830°C and a partial pressure range of oxygen of 1.4 × 10−8−7 × 10−6 torr. The surface concentration of sulfur as a function of time was measured by Auger electron spectroscopy, and its rate of change was directly proportional to the actual reaction rate. The only reaction product in the gas phase as detected by residual gas analysis was SO2. On the basis of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, a kinetic model for this surface reaction was developed which predicts two kinetic ranges, a low temperature range with the rate proportional to the concentration of adsorbed oxygen, [Oad], and a high temperature range with the rate proportional to [Oad]2. The experimentally observed kinetics are in good agreement with the theoretical expressions in both temperature ranges. The apparent activation energies of the surface reaction lie in the range 27 to 34 kcal mole . The enthalpy of reaction for the formation of sulfur-monoxide from oxygen and sulfur, all in the adsorbed phase, is derived form the data and found to be −4 kcal mole .
The influence of phase changes on debris-cloud interactions with protected structures

Abstract The physical state of the debris cloud generated by the interaction of a projectile with a thin target depends on the energy balance associated with the impact event. At impact velocities well above the sound speeds of the materials involved, the cloud is expected to consist of material in solid, liquid, and vapor phases. A series of numerical calculations using the multi-dimensional finite-difference hydrocode CTH has been used to evaluate the effect of phase changes ( i.e. , different vapor fractions) on these clouds, and on their subsequent interaction with backwall structures. In the calculations, higher concentrations of vapor are achieved either by (1) increasing the initial temperature of both the projectile and the thin shield while keeping the impact velocity constant, or (2) by actually increasing the impact velocity. The nature of the debris cloud and its subsequent loading on the protected structure depend on both its thermal and physical state. This interaction can cause rupture, spallation, or simply bulging of the backwall. These computational results are discussed and compared with new experimental observations obtained at an impact velocity of ∼ 10 km/s. In the experiment, the debris cloud was generated by the impact of a plate-shaped titanium projectile with a thin titanium shield.
Adsorption Studies on Clays II*: The Adsorption of Bacteria by Activated Attapulgite, Halloysite, and Kaolin

A method for the quantitative determination of the adsorption of bacteria by clays has been described. Studies on the adsorption of four bacteria (all known causative agents in enteric infections) by activated attapulgite, halloysite, and kaolin have been carried out. The four bacteria were Staphyhcoccus aureus, Proteus vulgar is, Salmonella enteritides , and Sbigella paradysenteriae . Activated attapulgite was found to be superior to kaolin and halloysite as adsorbents for Staphyhcoccus aureus. None of the clays was found to be good adsorbents for the other bacteria. The results indicate that activated attapulgite warrants further investigation as an ingredient in intestinal adsorbent preparations.
Gross hematuria, irritative lower urinary tract symptoms, and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis: A concerning presentation of an ultimately benign case of concurrent nephrogenic adenoma and eosinophilic cystitis

Nephrogenic adenoma and eosinophilic cystitis are well-known, distinct pathologic bladder diagnoses that rarely occur concurrently in the published literature. We present the first adult case, and second reported case, of these two disease processes occurring synchronously. Our patient’s initial complaints were the characteristic symptoms of gross hematuria and urinary urgency, which were primarily worrisome for malignancy. She had no prior genitourinary history, whereas these two diagnoses are commonly associated with chronic bladder irritation, instrumentation, and trauma. Our patient did not respond to conservative management with prophylactic antibiotics and antihistamines, however experienced full resolution of her symptoms following resection of the lesions.
Understanding Arsenate Reaction Kinetics with Ferric Hydroxides

Understanding arsenic reactions with ferric hydroxides is important in understanding arsenic transport in the environment and in designing systems for removing arsenic from potable water. Many experimental studies have shown that the kinetics of arsenic adsorption on ferric hydroxides is biphasic, where a fraction of the arsenic adsorption occurs on a time scale of seconds while full equilibrium may require weeks to attain. This research employed density functional theory modeling in order to understand the mechanisms contributing to biphasic arsenic adsorption kinetics. The reaction energies and activation barriers for three modes of arsenate adsorption to ferric hydroxides were calculated. Gibbs free energies of reaction depended on the net charge of the complexes, which is a function of the system pH value. Physical adsorption of arsenate to ferric hydroxide proceeded with no activation barrier, with Gibbs free energies of reaction ranging from -21 to -58 kJ/mol. The highest Gibbs free energies of reaction for physical adsorption resulted from negative charge assisted hydrogen bonding between H atoms on the ferric hydroxide and O atoms in arsenate. The conversion of physically adsorbed arsenate into monodentate surface complexes had Gibbs free energies of activation ranging from 62 to 73 kJ/mol, and Gibbs free energies of reaction ranging from -23 to -38 kJ/mol. The conversion of monodentate surface complexes to bidentate, binuclear complexes had Gibbs free energies of activation ranging from 79 to 112 kJ/mol and Gibbs free energies of reaction ranging from -11 to -55 kJ/mol. For release of arsenate from uncharged bidentate complexes, energies of activation as high as 167 kJ/mol were encountered. Increasingly negative charges on the complexes lowered the activation barriers for desorption of arsenate, and in complexes with -2 charges, the highest activation barrier was 65 kJ/mol. This study shows that the slow kinetics associated with arsenic adsorption and desorption can be attributed to the high Gibbs free energies of activation for forming and breaking bonds with the ferric hydroxide.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Further evaluation of abnormal alveolar macrophages.

To investigate the function of alveolar macrophages (AM) and the mechanisms of impairment in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, we established in culture AM from three patients and from eight normal nonsmokers and assessed phagocytosis and phagolysosome fusion by the acridine orange assay with live yeast as the phagocytic challenge. Alveolar macrophages from the patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis ingested fewer yeasts per cell than did normal AM (mean ± SE, 2.3 ± 0.3 vs 3.3 ± 0.2; p
Nucleus-nucleus collisions and interpretation of cosmic-ray cascades above 100 TeV

We use low-energy data on pion production in collisions between nuclei to study some characteristics of high-energy cosmic-ray showers. The fact that pion production is suppressed in collisions initiated by heavy nuclei has the result that fluctuations in showers generated by such nuclei are larger than would be expected in some previously used models, though not so large as to impair use of air showers for studies of composition and cross section. We emphasize here implications for new cosmic-ray experiments around ${10}^{9}$ GeV.
Testing the intertemporal labor supply model: are jobs important?

Abstract The neoclassical life-cycle labor supply model assumes that hours of work are determined by labor supply choices alone and does not include a role for employers or job distinctions. An alternative model in which employers have an interest in employee hours and changing jobs is costly may reconcile weak and conflicting evidence regarding the neoclassical model. An important implication of such an alternative is that individuals may face hours constraints on a job and thus can choose hours freely only between jobs. This paper tests several implications of the neoclassical model against this alternative model of hours determination. Using a unique panel of individuals and jobs constructed using data on women from the 1988–1992 Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I compare hours variances and labor supply elasticities measured within and between jobs. Results provide some evidence against the neoclassical model and suggest that ignoring the role of employers in determining hours of work can lead to downward bias in estimates of labor supply elasticities.
Attachment Theory and Residential Treatment: A Study of Staff-Client Relationships

This qualitative study examines residential child care workers' styles of engaging adolescent clients. Analysis focuses on staff practices and behavior that facilitate a treatment context conducive to healthier client attachments. Findings demonstrate the complexity inherent in residential treatment and illuminate barriers to optimal staff-client relationships. Suggestions are offered for improvement of agency policies and for future research.
Age-related female mating decisions are condition dependent in wolf spiders

Female mating behaviors are known to be sensitive to a variety of individual factors both external and internal to a female; however, mating decisions are likely due to a suite of interacting factors. By independently manipulating female and male diet in the wolf spider Rabidosa rabida and testing females across age groups, we demonstrate that, in addition to its independent effect, female nutritional condition interacts with female age to influence female mating behavior. Overall, high-quantity diet (HD) females were more likely to mate than low-quantity diet (LD) females. Within the LD females, older individuals were more likely to mate than younger individuals, while within HD females, mating probabilities were equal across females of different age classes. With respect to mate choice, only female age influenced the likelihood of mating based on male diet. Young females were choosier as they were more likely to mate with HD males than LD males; in contrast, older females were equally likely to copulate with males of each diet treatment. In addition, the likelihood of pre-sexual cannibalism was dependent on both female and male diet. High-quantity diet females were more likely to cannibalize than LD females, and attacks were directed towards LD males most often. We discuss our results in terms of costs versus benefits of female mate choice.
Interocclusal distance: A comparison between American Caucasians and Negroes

Abstract Cephalometric analyses were performed on groups of American Negro and Caucasian subjects to establish whether or not there were differences in interocclusal distance attributable to ethnic origin. Statistically significant differences were found between the mean interocclusal distances of the two treatment groups, supporting the hypothesis that American Negroes have an average interocclusal distance which is less than that of Caucasians. The findings of this study support the concept that fixing the interocclusal distance at 3 mm. for all complete and partial denture patients is not justified.
Qualitative and Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Cripto(-/-) Embryonic Stem Cells by Means of Accurate Mass LC-MS Analysis

Cripto is one of the key regulators of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation into cardiomyocites vs neuronal fate. Cripto−/− murine ESCs have been utilized to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying early events of mammalian lineage differentiation. 2D/LC−MS/MS and a label-free LC−MS approaches were used to qualitatively and quantitatively profile the cripto−/− ESC proteome, providing an integral view of the alterations induced in stem cell functions by deleting the cripto gene.
Correlation of activation parameters and the case for substitution-controlled reduction of CoOHaq2+ and Co(NH3)2OHaq2+. Implications for electrocatalysis by aquocobalt(III) and other strongly oxidizing metal species

A correlation of the activation parameters for complexation and reduction of aquocobalt(III) species CoOHaq2+ by a wide range of substrates B indicates that the redox reaction rates are limited by substrate coordination at this metal center. The activation parameters are remarkably insensitive to the formal substrate charge. Although the rates of reduction of the homologue Co(NH3)2OHaq2+ by Braq−, H2O2, N2H5aq+ and NH3OHaq+ also suggest a substitution-controlled rate-determining step, we agree with M.P. Hayward and C.F. Wells (Inorganica Chimica Acta, 148 (1988) 241) that there are insufficient data available to make this conclusion as definite. The implications of substitution-controlled redox phenomena on electrocatalysis by the aquocations of cobalt(III), manganese(III) and silver(II) are considered.
Cholinergic agonist-induced binding of adrenomedullary nuclear proteins to the rat preproenkephalin promoter

Abstract Cholinergic receptors are well-recognized modulators of transmitter release and biosynthesis with newly identified actions mediated through trans -acting DNA binding proteins affecting gene expression at cis -acting regulatory elements. In the case of the rat preproenkephalin (ppEnk) gene, we have identified changes in ppEnk DNA binding proteins detected by gel mobility shift assay that correlate with a cholinergic induction of ppEnk RNA levels. Antibody competition experiments implicate Fos -like and Jun -like transcription factors in this phenomenon. Methylation interference footprinting identified two cholinergic-inducible enhancements in the regions −155 to −149 and −185 to −173 (BETA1 site). An additional footprinted region at the BETA2 site (−137 to −132) was unaffected by cholinergic agonist treatment. These footprint features are significantly different from those obtained from the striatum after identical cholinergic drug treatments. We speculate that basal as well as cholinergic agonist responsive transcription factors account for tissue-specific differences in ppEnk gene expression. Further characterization of these cholinergic agonist-inducible events will require functional analysis of footprinted domains to evaluate the in vivo role of these putative gene regulatory elements.
Successful Faculty Peer Relationships at Evangelical Christian Colleges.

While the concept of mentoring is used frequently in discussions about and within educational settings of all levels (primary, secondary, higher education), little is known based on empirical study about the nature of faculty members’ peer relationships. This qualitative study examined the characteristics of successful peer relationships among faculty members in evangelical Christian colleges and universities (CCCU member institutions). Of primary applied importance is whether these peer relationships could serve as a substitute for mentoring in faith-based institutions of higher education. Extended discussion and analysis of intensive interviews is provided. Implications and applications for faculty development programs in evangelical Christian colleges and universities are discussed along with limitations of the current study as well as possible future research.
Characterizing Diesel Fuel Spray Cone Angle From Back-Scattered Imaging by Fitting Gaussian Profiles to Radial Spray Intensity Distributions

Quantifying fuel spray properties including penetration, cone angle, and vaporization processes sheds light on fuel-air mixing phenomenon which governs subsequent combustion and emissions formation in diesel engines. Accurate experimental determination of these spray properties is a challenge but imperative to validate computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models for combustion prediction. This study proposes a new threshold independent method for determination of spray cone angle when using Mie back-scattering optical diagnostics to visualize diesel sprays in an optically accessible constant volume vessel. Test conditions include the influence of charge density (17.6 and 34.9 kg/m3 ) at 1990 bar injection pressure, and the influence of injection pressure (990, 1370, and 1980 bar) at a charge density of 34.8 kg/m3 on diesel fuel spray formation from a multi-hole injector into nitrogen at a temperature of 100°C. Conventional thresholding to convert an image to black and white for processing and determination of cone angle is threshold subjective. As an alternative, an image processing method was developed which fits a Gaussian curve to the intensity distribution of the spray at radial spray cross-sections and uses the resulting parameters to define the spray edge and hence cone angle. This Gaussian curve fitting methodology is shown to provide a robust method for cone angle determination, accounting for reductions in intensity at the radial spray edge. Results are presented for non-vaporizing sprays using this Gaussian curve fitting method and compared to the conventional thresholding based method.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Supporting Sporadic Pipelined Tasks with Early-Releasing in Soft Real-Time Multiprocessor Systems

Soft real-time sporadic multiprocessor task systems are considered that include processing pipelines. Conditions are presented for guaranteeing bounded deadline tardiness in such systems under global EDF or FIFO scheduling. "Early-releasing" is applied to make pipeline scheduling work-conserving. This lessens job response times in lightly-loaded systems.
Mycorrhizal networks counteract competitive effects of canopy trees on seedling survival

The dynamics of forest ecosystems depend largely on the survival of seedlings in their understories, but seedling survival is known to be limited by preemption of light and soil resources by overstory trees. It has been hypothesized that "common mycorrhizal networks," wherein roots of seedlings are linked to overstory trees by symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi, offset some or all of the negative effects of trees on seedlings. Here we report the results of an unambiguous experimental test of this hypothesis in a monodominant Pinus radiata forest. We also tested the hypothesis that adaptive differentiation among plant populations causes local plant genotypes to respond more positively to mycorrhizal networks than nonlocal plant genotypes. Our results demonstrate large positive effects of overstory mycorrhizal networks on seedling survival, along with simultaneous negative effects of tree roots, regardless of whether plant genotypes were locally derived. Physiological and leaf-chemistry measurements suggest that seedlings connected to common mycorrhizal networks benefited from increased access to soil water. The similar magnitude of the positive and negative overstory effects on seedlings and the ubiquity of mycorrhizal networks in forests suggest that mycorrhizal networks fundamentally influence the demographic and community dynamics of forest trees.