cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Hydrometeorological Changes of a Tropical Water Basin in the Caribbean and Its Sensitivity to Midterm Changes in Regional Climate

AbstractGlobal climate change manifests in the Caribbean basin as increased SSTs, precipitation anomalies, and changes in atmospheric moisture content, among other effects. These regional climate changes have a profound impact on the local human, flora, and fauna populations. Such is the case of the Enriquillo basin, a highly sensitive ecosystem located in the southwestern region of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. The major bodies of water in the basin, Lake Enriquillo and Lake Azuei, show a shrinking and expanding pattern since the early 1980s. The surface area of Lake Enriquillo was observed to reach minimum values in 2004 (170 km2), shifting to a rapid expansion to its current levels (>350 km2 as of late 2013). Lake Azuei is observed to grow at similar rates. This lake expansion could be attributed to regional climate change. Long-term regional climate data reflect increasing SSTs (~1°C), air temperatures (~0.37°C decade−1), dewpoint (~0.66°C decade−1), and precipitation (~30%); no reliable local p...
Women, Men, and Leadership: Exploring the Gender Gap at the Top

Elite-level leaders in business and government make significant and far-reaching decisions influencing many facets of society. However, relatively few of these powerful positions are held by women. This article explores gender in leadership by focusing on the difficulties women experience in attaining and being seen as effective in top leadership positions. It begins by revealing the lack of parity between the sexes in leadership and in the remaining sections it addresses empirical research that serves to illuminate the leadership labyrinth, or obstacles to women’s progress, also known as the glass ceiling. In the first section, research on gender and leadership styles, traits, and effectiveness is reviewed followed by a consideration of how both domestic responsibilities and current organizational cultures differentially impact women and men on their journey to top leadership positions. The focus then shifts to examining how stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination contribute to women’s under-representation in elite leadership roles by both impacting perceptions of and responses to women as well as impacting the experiences of women themselves. The final section concludes with thoughts on promoting parity in top-level leadership.
A Claim on Her Future: A Criminalized Woman's Right to Self-Defense

This paper takes up the tradition of critical race theory Harris helped inaugurate to think about the history of justified violence against black women’s bodies embedded within the legal determinations of innocence, security, and the lawful bounds of deadly force. In a 1975 issue of Ms. Magazine Angela Davis theorizes a “Dialectics of Rape” to explain the mutually reinforcing logics of white supremacy and patriarchy that threatened to make acts of rape and lynching justifiable long after the institution of chattel slavery was lawfully abolished. In her article Davis identifies JoAnn Little as “one of the most recent victims in this racist and sexist tradition” and, “the cultural grandchild of Cordella Stevenson,” a black woman raped and lynched outside Columbus, Mississippi in 1915 in retaliation for the destruction of a barn her son was rumored to have set on fire. The 1975 case then asked when, and by whom, the use of self-defense might be enjoyed. In “Whiteness as Property” Harris suggests that the right to have rights is not merely a matter of social standing in the present, but a claim on the expectations one has of one’s future. In this paper Syedullah is interested in the implications cases like Little’s have for shifting the legal parameters of self-defense from an expectation of one's natural right to self-preservation, to an inalienable claim on one’s right to have a future, particularly for those wards of the state whose futures customarily fall outside the “embrace of the law.” How might their imaginations of the meanings of imminence change the way the law tells time?
Armor-Piercing Bullet: 3-T MRI Findings and Identification by a Ferromagnetic Detection System

ABSTRACTThe objective of this project was to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) issues at 3 T for an armor-piercing bullet and to determine if this item could be identified using a ferromagnetic detection system. An armor-piercing bullet (.30 caliber, 7.62 × 39, copper-jacketed round, steel core; Norinco) underwent evaluation for magnetic field interactions, heating, and artifacts using standardized techniques. Heating was assessed with the bullet in a gelled-saline-filled phantom with MRI performed using a transmit/receive radio frequency body coil at a whole-body-averaged specific absorption rate of 2.9 W/kg for 15 minutes. Artifacts were characterized using T1-weighted spin echo and gradient echo pulse sequences. In addition, a special ferromagnetic detection system (Ferroguard Screener; Metrasens, Lisle, Illinois) was used in an attempt to identify this armor-piercing bullet. The findings indicated that the armor-piercing bullet showed substantial magnetic field interactions. Heating was not ex...
Modeling Land Surface Roughness Effect on Soil Microwave Emission in Community Surface Emissivity Model

Soil surface roughness is a crucial factor affecting the land surface microwave emissivity. Presented in this paper is a semiempirical model that analytically accounts for both roughness attenuation and cross-polarization-mixing effects in the frequency range of 1–100 GHz. The model is based on the finite linear superposition of hyperbolic tangent (tanh) functions over the normalized surface roughness and radiative parameter space, which proves to be very flexible and efficient in handling the distinct asymptotic features of roughness effects at the low-frequency end and high-frequency end and the nonlinear structure in between. The model performance was analyzed with the ground-based reflectivity measurements collected from different sources. In comparison with the existing semiempirical models in the literature, the new tanh-based roughness model demonstrated higher accuracy and consistent performance in the frequency range of 1.4–100 GHz and $0^\circ\!\sim\! 60^\circ$ incident angles.
Ab initio calculation of the electronic structure and spectroscopic properties of spinel γ − Sn 3 N 4

The electronic structure and physical properties of $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ in the spinel structure are investigated by first-principles calculations. The calculated band structure, electronic bonding, and optical properties are compared with two well-studied spinel nitrides $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$. $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ is a semiconductor with a direct band gap of 1.40 eV and an attractive small electron effective mass of 0.17. Its optical properties are different from that of $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ because of the difference in the conduction band minimum. The Sn $K$, Sn ${L}_{3}$, Sn ${M}_{5}$, and N $K$ edges of the x-ray-absorption near-edge structure spectra in $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ are calculated using a supercell approach and are found to be rich in structures. These spectra are discussed in the context of the electronic structure of the unoccupied conduction band in the presence of the electron core-hole interaction. These calculated spectra can be used for the characterization of this novel compound.
LBOVI‐B‐2

BACKGROUND Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency leads to life-threatening 5-Fluorouracil toxicity. We developed a 2-13C-uracil (13C-Ura) breath test (BT) to rapidly screen cancer patients. Deficient patients have low breath 13CO2 concentrations due to reduced catabolism of 13C-Ura to 13C-dihydrouracil (13C-DHU) and 13CO2. AIM Develop a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to simultaneously describe 13C-Ura and catabolite concentrations in plasma and breath from normal and DPD deficient subjects. METHODS Blood and breath samples were collected for 3h after oral 13C-Ura (6 mg/kg) administration to 19 normal and 10 DPD deficient subjects. Plasma 13C-Ura, 13C-DHU, and breath 13CO2 concentrations were quantified. ADAPT II simultaneously fitted parent, metabolite, and breath concentration-time data. Akaike's Information Criterion was used to select the model. RESULTS A one compartment linear absorption/elimination parent/metabolite model with cumulative breath13CO2 elimination described concentration-time data of 13C-Ura, 13C-DHU, and 13CO2. Significant differences in modeled PK parameters between normal and DPD deficient subjects were observed. CONCLUSION This is the first model to simultaneously describe orally administered 13C-Ura disposition in normal and DPD deficient subjects. Bayesian parameter estimation and simulation studies will be used to identify an optimal limited sampling strategy to detect DPD deficiency in patients who aren't candidates for BT screening. (See Table) PK Parameter Normal Subjects (Mean ± SD) DPD Deficient Subjects (Mean ± SD) Mann-Whitney U Test p Value 13C-Ura Half-life (h) 0.18 ± 0.07 0.60 ± 0.67 ≤ 0.001 13C-Ura Clearance (L/kg/h) 1.54 ± 0.63 0.77 ± 0.30 ≤ 0.001 13C-DHU Formation Rate Constant (1/h) 3.23 ± 2.48 1.24 ± 0.64 ≤ 0.001 Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 79, P83–P83; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.12.298
Deriving Population Growth Models by Growing Fruit Fly Colonies

Population growth presents a unique opportunity to make the connection between mathematical and biological reasoning. The objective of this article is to introduce a method of teaching population growth that allows students to utilize mathematical reasoning to derive population growth models from authentic populations through active learning and firsthand experiences. To accomplish this, we designed a lab in which students grow and count populations of Drosophila over the course of 12 weeks, modifying abiotic and biotic limiting factors. Using the data, students derive exponential and logistic growth equations, through mathematical reasoning patterns that allow them to understand the purpose of these models, and hypothesize relationships between various factors and population growth. We gathered student attitudinal data and found that students perceived the lab as more effective, better at preparing them for lecture, and more engaging than the previous lab used. Through this active and inquiry-based method of teaching, students are more involved and engaged in both mathematical and biological reasoning processes.
The Relationship Between Reticular Macular Disease and Choroidal Thickness.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) are the main structural lesion of reticular macular disease (RMD), a phenotype of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We aim to demonstrate spatiotemporal relationships between SDD and choroidal thickness (CTh) alterations in RMD+ and RMD– eyes.Methods: Thirty-three eyes (26 subjects) with early AMD/no SDD (RMD–) and 18 eyes (16 subjects) with early AMD/SDD (RMD+) underwent enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) for CTh measurements at 11 points per scan, in 5 horizontal B scans, creating a grid of 55 points/eye. The 55 points were treated as a cluster, controlling within-subject correlation. Marginal generalized estimating equation modeling was used to estimate the association between CTh and RMD status. All eyes were divided by their median age (≤82 and >82 years) for stratified analyses.Results: CTh was not significantly reduced in RMD+ eyes compared with RMD– eyes (mean difference [MD] −16.84 μm, P = 0.24). ...
Decreases in steady-state muscle performance and vessel density in reduced renal mass hypertensive rats

In this study we hypothesized that reduced renal mass (RRM) hypertension, which is associated with a chronic reduction in vessel density, could reduce steady-state muscle performance. Vessel density and isometric tetanic force from the in situ gastrocnemius-plantaris-soleus muscle group were studied in age-matched normotensive sham-operated control (HSS) and hypertensive RRM rats on a high-salt (4.0% NaCl) diet (HSRRM) and a low-salt (0.4% NaCl) diet (LSS and LSRRM, respectively). The Achilles tendon was isolated and connected to a force transducer. Peak isometric tension elicited by sciatic nerve stimulation (1/s for 10 min, 50 impulses/s for 330 ms) was not different between the groups. In the LSS, HSS, and LSRRM groups, tension decreased similarly at 3 min to 375 +/- 22, 447 +/- 26, and 424 +/- 21 g/g, respectively. Tension was significantly reduced in the HSRRM group (203 +/- 45 g/g) relative to the LSS, HSS, and LSRRM groups by 3 min. These differences in steady-state tension persisted throughout the remainder of the experiment. Microvessel density, measured by the lectin fluorescence technique, was reduced significantly only in the soleus, plantaris, and medial gastrocnemius of the HSRRM rats. We conclude that RRM hypertension results in reductions in vessel density (rarefaction) that are associated with decreased steady-state muscle performance.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Diagnosis and treatment guideline

Objective To critique the US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Clinical Practice Guideline on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Diagnosis and Treatment; and to provide an update on management and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) since the Guideline was published. Data sources A review of the published medical literature in MEDLINE from 1994 to April 1996, limited in focus to drug treatment of BPH, English language, and human subjects, was performed. Study selection Controlled clinical studies of drug treatment for symptomatic BPH that used objective parameters (e.g., urinary flow rate, prostatic volume, voiding symptom scores) were evaluated. A single reviewer assessed each study. Data extraction Study methods, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and treatment outcomes were assessed for all studies. Independent extraction was performed by a single observer. Data synthesis Management of BPH is directed at ameliorating voiding symptoms. For moderate or severe BPH, medical or surgical therapy should be offered to the majority of patients. Medical therapy options include alpha-adrenergic antagonists and finasteride. The former offer the advantage of a more prompt onset of action (within weeks) when compared with finasteride. Finasteride produces a lower response rate and smaller improvement in voiding symptoms. Combination therapy of terazosin and finasteride has not been proven to be more effective than terazosin monotherapy. Conclusions When medical therapy is indicated for moderate or severe BPH, alpha-adrenergic antagonists exhibit a faster onset of action and produce greater improvement of voiding symptoms than does finasteride.
In-vitro studies of aging.

Cellular senescence in vitro, defined as a decrease in proliferative vigor with increasing passage of normal diploid cells in culture, has been confirmed with many cell types from many different organisms. Cell life span in culture is inversely related to donor age and is reduced for cells derived from individuals with premature aging disorders. Additionally, as cells age in culture they become progressively unable to respond to mitogens. The finite life span of normal diploid cells is almost certainly under genetic control, but may be modified by factors such as viral infection or exposure to specific exogenous growth factors. Although cellular senescence is probably not the cause of organismic aging, alterations in function that accompany it may offer insight into the general problem of organismic aging.
Micromachined Polymeric Tip as An Electrospray Ionization Source

We have fabricated and tested a new electrospray ionization source integrated with a microfluidic channel for interfacing to a Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS). A triangle shaped polymeric tip was patterned using an optical lithography and plasma etching from a polymeric thin film deposited on a silicon wafer. The shaped emitter was peeled from a silicon wafer. The emitter tip was aligned at the exit of the microfluidic channel and bonded between two plastic pieces; one of which had a microfluidic channel embossed. Liquid was supplied to the emitter tip via a reservoir hole connected to the embossed microfluidic channel by a syringe pump. A gold wire was inserted into the reservoir as a high voltage supply for an electrospray ionization. The polymeric electrospray source tip was placed 1.0 cm away from an entrance orifice of TOF MS. Berberine was used as a test sample to characterize the performance of the electrospray device. The total ion current was stable for many minutes with fluctuations ofless than 4.0%.
Toward Understanding the Findability and Discoverability of Shading Gradients in Almost-Flat Design:

Prior usability studies have suggested that a raised appearance from shading gradients may improve the findability and discoverability of objects in a graphical user interface. The present research...
DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOCOMPATIBLE VASCULAR PROSTHESIS

Publisher Summary The development of a satisfactory blood vessel continues to be most difficult problem in vascular surgery. This chapter discusses the different procedures accomplished on Fibrocollagenous Tube (FCT) like synthesis of the fibrocollagenous tube, the immobilization of urokinase, in-vitro urokinase activity, in-vivo urokinase activity, and surgical implantation. Four urokinase-activated FCTs were assayed on the differential recirculation reactor for 70 hours of operation time, corresponding to approximately one year in storage time. The results for the time period indicated a stable graft of 100 CTA units urokinase/millimeter of graft plus or minus 20 CTA units/mm. These studies also indicate that the graft esterolytic activity is unaffected by its exposure to whole canine blood for an exposure time of at least 40 hours. The chapter presents the results of the clinical investigation. The autogenous saphenous vein was bilaterally interposed to establish a baseline surgical control parameter. The test period for patency evaluations was 60 days. A control and urokinase-bound FCT were tested and compared with other candidate prosthesis. The results indicate that implanted urokinase tubes are statistically more patent than other candidate prosthetic materials.
Preschool Children with ADHD

Differences in behavioral, social, and school functioning of 58 preschool-age (3 -5 years) children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 36 normal controls were examined at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA.
Methods for enhancing low-noise CFA performance (crossed-field amplifiers)

Excess noise generation in crossed-field devices is identified with the turbulent flow within the so-called hub region or the space-charge layer close to the cathode emitting surface. For magnetrons, ultralow noise operation is achieved by a decrease in externally supplied filament power to the thermionic emitter. However, in the case of pulsed, re-entrant CFAs (cross-field amplifiers) using secondary emitters, the means for attaining comparable reductions are more elusive, particularly for forward-wave versions of the device. Various methods for enhancing its signal-to-noise performance have been evaluated experimentally with modest success. Provision for RF circuits and geometrical structure such as axially directed grooves in the cathode generally has resulted in noise floor reduction by an order of magnitude. A barreling magnetic field shape of several percent has also demonstrated incremental efficiency improvements, extending the effective range over which the random noise improvement is achieved. >
Neither justice nor charity? Kant on ‘general injustice’

We often make a distinction between what we owe as a matter of repayment, and what we give or offer out of charity. But how shall we describe our obligations to fellow citizens when we are in a position to be charitable because of a past injustice on the part of the state? This essay examines the moral implications of past injustice by considering Immanuel Kant’s remarks on this phenomenon in his lectures and writings. In particular, it discusses the role of the state and the individual in addressing the problem.
Stability analysis and improvement of a dual active bridge (DAB) converter enabled DC microgrid based on a reduced-order low frequency model

This paper analyzes the harmonic instability due to interactions among power converters and negative incremental impedance of load converters in a dual active bridge (DAB) converter enabled DC microgrid. Based on derived system impedances, it is found that the challenge of a DAB converter enabled microgrid stability is low frequency terminal behaviors of integrated units, which is different from other converters powered DC microgrids. At this frequency range, tightly regulated load converter exhibits constant power load (CPL) behavior even with low control bandwidth, which degrades system stability by aggravating interactions among power converters. In addition, the deployed power management strategy enables mode transition of energy storage units to achieve high reliability, which further complicates system impedance characteristics. To solve these issues, global minor loop gain (GMLG) and unified stability metric (USM) are derived to analyze system stability under different operation mode. A reduced-order low frequency model is developed to provide an insightful view of resonance mechanism. Based on the proposed model, the effect of power converter interactions and constant power load behavior are analyzed coordinately. Finally, an effective impedance shaping technique is proposed to improve system stability by eliminating resonance path in the reduced-order low frequency model. Experimental results and more simulation results will be provided in the final paper.
Bad Data Identification Based on Optimized Local Outlier Detection Algorithm

This paper propose an optimized local outlier factor algorithm based on hierarchical clustering over grid bad measurement information, which affect the running safety of power grids phenomenon seriously. The method adopt statistical theory to evaluate the equipment running data and state information. Meanwhile, use clustering algorithm to analyze these data, to achieve the purpose of data reduction. While the relative entropy for data confirm the weight and thus enhance the accuracy of the algorithm. Experimental results show that the algorithm can quickly identify the bad power grid data.
Longitudinal Increases in Parent–Child Relationship Quality and Sensation Seeking Interact to Increase Risk-Taking During the College Transition:

We tested two competing predictions of whether changes in parent–child relationship quality buffer or exacerbate the association between sensation-seeking and risk-taking behaviors as individuals g...
Abstract TP60: Perfusion Abnormalities in Patients With Anterior Choroidal Artery (AChA) Stroke

Background: Prognosis after AChA stroke has been associated with NIHSS and lesion size, but there is limited data on the prevalence of perfusion abnormalities. The goal of this study was to determine the association of perfusion abnormalities and outcome in patients with AChA stroke. Methods: The study population was derived from ischemic stroke patients admitted to two primary stroke centers between 07/2000 and 07/2014. Patients received an MRI within 24 hours of symptom onset. Patients with ischemic stroke restricted to the AChA territory were included. A perfusion abnormality (MTT or TTP) which corresponded to DWI were categorized by visual assessment. Patients were excluded if DWI or PWI studies were incomplete or uninterpretable (N=58). Lesion size was measured as the largest diameter on DWI. Demographics, stroke risk factors, and discharge status was collected on all patients. Group comparisons were performed among patients with and without perfusion abnormalities with appropriate statistical tests as indicated. Results: Overall, 121 patients were included in the study; mean age was 66 (± 15.3 yrs.), 56% were male, and 41% white. Rates of stroke risk factors: hypertension (86%), hyperlipidemia (49%), diabetes (33%), prior stroke (22%) and atrial fibrillation (12%). The median (IQR) admit NIHSS was 5 (2-8), 25% received IV tPA, and 45% were discharged to home. Perfusion abnormalities were identified in 62% of patients. Lesion size (median, IQR) was greater among patients with a perfusion abnormality (1.63; 1.24-2.04) vs. those without (1.26; 0.99-1.6, p Conclusion: Two thirds of patients with AChA stroke have a perfusion abnormality. Patients with a perfusion abnormality have a higher NIHSS on admission and are less likely to be discharged home than patients without perfusion abnormalities.
Bioreactor culture duration of engineered constructs influences bone formation by mesenchymal stem cells.

Abstract Perfusion culture of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded in biomaterial scaffolds provides nutrients for cell survival, enhances extracellular matrix deposition, and increases osteogenic cell differentiation. However, there is no consensus on the appropriate perfusion duration of cellular constructs in vitro to boost their bone forming capacity in vivo . We investigated this phenomenon by culturing human MSCs in macroporous composite scaffolds in a direct perfusion bioreactor and compared their response to scaffolds in continuous dynamic culture conditions on an XYZ shaker. Cell seeding in continuous perfusion bioreactors resulted in more uniform MSC distribution than static seeding. We observed similar calcium deposition in all composite scaffolds over 21 days of bioreactor culture, regardless of pore size. Compared to scaffolds in dynamic culture, perfused scaffolds exhibited increased DNA content and expression of osteogenic markers up to 14 days in culture that plateaued thereafter. We then evaluated the effect of perfusion culture duration on bone formation when MSC-seeded scaffolds were implanted in a murine ectopic site. Human MSCs persisted in all scaffolds at 2 weeks in vivo , and we observed increased neovascularization in constructs cultured under perfusion for 7 days relative to those cultured for 1 day within each gender. At 8 weeks post-implantation, we observed greater bone volume fraction, bone mineral density, tissue ingrowth, collagen density, and osteoblastic markers in bioreactor constructs cultured for 14 days compared to those cultured for 1 or 7 days, and acellular constructs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that culturing MSCs under perfusion culture for at least 14 days in vitro improves the quantity and quality of bone formation in vivo . This study highlights the need for optimizing in vitro bioreactor culture duration of engineered constructs to achieve the desired level of bone formation.
Broadband and wide-angle nonreciprocity with a non-Hermitian metamaterial

We theoretically demonstrate a non-Hermitian metamaterial exhibiting broadband and wide-angle nonreciprocity. The metamaterial consists of planar metal-dielectric layers with a parity-time $(\mathcal{PT})$ symmetric distribution of loss and gain. With increasing loss and gain, the band structure and band gap are strongly modified; further, the $\mathcal{PT}$ potential leads to distinct internal field distributions when illuminated from different sides. Including nonlinearities arising from natural loss and gain saturation leads to nonreciprocal transmission in the visible over a 50-nm wavelength and $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{60}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ angular range.
Using Subjective and Objective Measures to Predict Level of Reading Fluency at the End of First Grade.

This study compared reading rate to reading fluency (as measured by a rating scale). After listening to first graders read short passages, we assigned an overall fluency rating (low, average, or high) to each reading. We then used predictive discriminant analyses to determine which of five measures—accuracy, rate (objective); accuracy, phrasing, pace (subjective)—would best predict our fluency ratings. The objective measure of rate and the subjective measure of phrasing were clearly the best predictors, classifying approximately 90% of the cases correctly. The results support the use of reading rate as a proxy for reading fluency in first grade.
First Results From the Ionospheric Extension of WACCM-X During the Deep Solar Minimum Year of 2008

New ionosphere and electrodynamics modules have been incorporated in the thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM‐X), in order to self‐consistently simulate the coupled atmosphere‐ionosphere system. The first specified dynamics WACCM‐X v.2.0 results are compared with several data sets, and with the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE‐GCM), during the deep solar minimum year. Comparisons with Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite of temperature and zonal wind in the lower thermosphere show that WACCM‐X reproduces the seasonal variability of tides remarkably well, including the migrating diurnal and semidiurnal components and the nonmigrating diurnal eastward propagating zonal wavenumber 3 component. There is overall agreement between WACCM‐X, TIE‐GCM, and vertical drifts observed by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite over the magnetic equator, but apparent discrepancies also exist. Both model results are dominated by diurnal variations, while C/NOFS observed vertical plasma drifts exhibit strong temporal variations. The climatological features of ionospheric peak densities and heights (NmF2 and hmF2) from WACCM‐X are in general agreement with the results derived from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) data, although the WACCM‐X predicted NmF2 values are smaller, and the equatorial ionization anomaly crests are closer to the magnetic equator compared to COSMIC and ionosonde observations. This may result from the excessive mixing in the lower thermosphere due to the gravity wave parameterization. These data‐model comparisons demonstrate that WACCM‐X can capture the dynamic behavior of the coupled atmosphere and ionosphere in a climatological sense.
IMC: energy-efficient in-memory convolver for accelerating binarized deep neural network

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely employed in modern AI systems due to their unprecedented accuracy in object recognition and detection. However, it has been proven that the main bottleneck to improve large scale deep CNN based hardware implementation performance is massive data communication between processing units and off-chip memory. In this paper, we pave a way towards novel concept of in-memory convolver (IMC) that could implement the dominant convolution computation within main memory based on our proposed Spin Orbit Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (SOT-MRAM) array architecture to greatly reduce data communication and thus accelerate Binary CNN (BCNN). The proposed architecture could simultaneously work as non-volatile memory and a reconfigurable in-memory logic (AND, OR) without add-on logic circuits to memory chip as in conventional logic-in-memory designs. The computed logic output could be also simply read out like a normal MRAM bit-cell using the shared memory peripheral circuits. We employ such intrinsic in-memory processing architecture to efficiently process data within memory to greatly reduce power-hungry and long distance data communication concerning state-of-the-art BCNN hardware. The hardware mapping results show that IMC can process the Binarized AlexNet on ImageNet data-set favorably with 134.27 μJ/img where ∼ 16x and 9x lower energy and area are achieved, respectively, compared to RRAM-based BCNN. Furthermore, 21.5% reduction in data movement in term of main memory accesses is observed compared to CPU/DRAM baseline.
A controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and whitening efficacy of a 9.5% hydrogen peroxide high-adhesion whitening strip in a teen population

PURPOSE To compare the efficacy and safety outcomes of two tooth-whitening systems. METHODS 44 subjects, 12-17 years of age, participated in the study and were divided into two balanced groups. 15 subjects received 6.5% hydrogen peroxide professional whitening strip treatment and 29 subjects received 9.5% hydrogen peroxide high-adhesion whitening strips to wear for 30 minutes twice a day. Teeth were bleached for 20 days with the 9.5% hydrogen peroxide strips and 21 days with the 6.5% hydrogen peroxide strips. Digital image analysis measured color in b*, L*, and a* color spaces, where b* indicated yellowness, L* indicated lightness, and a* indicated redness at days 8, 11 and 22 for both the maxillary and mandibular arches. Oral examinations and interviews were used to ascertain any adverse events that may have occurred during treatment. RESULTS 36 subjects completed the study. At each post-baseline visit, both of the treatment groups had statistically significant (P < 0.02) mean color improvement from baseline for b*, L* and a*. The 9.5% hydrogen peroxide strips group provided statistically greater reduction in yellowness (deltab*) relative to the 6.5% hydrogen peroxide strips group for each visit of in the maxillary arch (P < 0.02) and for Day 8 and Day 22 in the mandibular arch (P < 0.02). In addition, the 9.5% hydrogen peroxide high-adhesion strip group provided statistically greater improvement in lightness (deltaL*) relative to the 6.5% hydrogen peroxide strip group for each visit in the maxillary arch (P < or = 0.007) and for the final visit in the mandibular arch (P = 0.002). 18 subjects (62%) in the 9.5% hydrogen peroxide high-adhesion strip group reported adverse events compared to 8 subjects (53%) in the 6.5% hydrogen peroxide polyethylene strip group. Minor and transient tooth sensitivity and oral irritation were the most common adverse events.
Applications of Clifford Modules

Clifford modules, i.e., representations of Clifford algebras, were already used in the structure theory of the Clifford algebra; see Chapter 8D. It is an amazing fact that Clifford algebras and Clifford modules over the real and complex numbers lie at the core of an astonishing variety of problems in differential geometry and topology. In particular, they play an important role in the analysis of vector fields on spheres, Lie groups and algebras, Bott periodicity, partial differential equations, immersions of manifolds into spheres, curvature properties in Riemannian geometry, and the structure of isoparametric submanifolds. This chapter will be nothing more than a sequence of glimpses at some of these connections. For details, refer to the impressive recent volumes by Berline-Getzler-Vergne, Gilbert-Murray, and Lawson-Michelsohn; to Kazdan’s survey article; and to Stolz [1990] and Thorbergsson [1991]. The main references for the discussion that follows are Lawson-Michelsohn and Husemoller. In the analytical context the Clifford algebra is defined slightly differently, i.e., the requirement x2 =q(x) is replaced by x2 = -q(x). This leads to some notational differences between the references and the following discussion.
Exogenous DNA expression in eukaryotic cells following microinjection

Microinjection of nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, proteins, and any soluble material into living eukaryotic cells makes it possible to design experiments focused on single cells. In contrast facilitated transfer protocols requires hundreds of thousands of cells from which the expressed gene or intracellular effect must be detected within the culture. In addition to the immediate observable nature of the expressed product and intracellular reaction, microinjection bypasses the uptake toxicity associated with facilitated transfer of foreign material into cultured cells. The direct injection of material into the nucleus or cytoplasm allows the number of treated cells to be monitored and expression efficiencies to be observed directly. Microinjection of a hundred cells grown on small glass coverslips and subsequently counted for expression of the foreign material determines expression efficiency as a percentage of cells injected. The efficiency is based on detection of the foreign inserted gene product and does not control for relative promoter efficiency between constructs. The purpose is not to compare two constructs to each other but to monitor dual expression. The creation of marker fluorescent proteins, such as the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the same expression plasmid with a test gene allows the immediate observation of the GFP injected cells and within the same cells the positive or negative expression of the test gene. Expression of a foreign gene, such as SV40 T antigen cloned into an expression vector can be detected four hours after microinjection of the DNA. Fusing GFP into the same expression region of the T coding sequence labels T-GFP as a fusion protein with characteristic T immunological staining nuclear patterns but allows the cells to be studied without fixation through sequential periods of observation. The direct nature of microinjection allows comparison of gene expression in a variety of cells and the determination of the number of cells expressing the exogenous material in relationship to the number of cells injected.
On Some Global Measures of the Deviations of Density Function Estimates

We consider density estimates of the usual type generated by a weight function. Limt theorems are obtained for the maximum of the normalized deviation of the estimate from its expected value, and for quadratic norms of the same quantity. Using these results we study the behavior of tests of goodness-of-fit and confidence regions based on these statistics. In particular, we obtain a procedure which uniformly improves the chi-square goodness-of-fit test when the number of observations and cells is large and yet remains insensitive to the estimation of nuisance parameters. A new limit theorem for the maximum absolute value of a type of nonstationary Gaussian process is also proved.
The Riemann Hypothesis, Inverse Spectral Problems and Oscillatory Phenomena

In this chapter, we provide a geometric reformulation of the Riemann Hypothesis in terms of a natural inverse spectral problem for fractal strings. After stating this inverse problem in Section 7.1, we show in Section 7.2 that its solution is equivalent to the nonexistence of critical zeros of the Riemann zeta function on a given vertical line. This was done earlier in [LapMal-2], but now we use the point of view of complex dimensions and the explicit formulas of Chapter 4. Then, in Section 7.3, we extend this characterization to a large class of zeta functions, including all the number-theoretic zeta functions for which the extended Riemann Hypothesis is expected to hold.
DNA complementary to globin and immunoglobulin mRNA: a probe to study gene expression.

During the development of an embryo, various processes occur which induce the formation of differentiated tissues. Some of these processes can be observed at a molecular level, for example, myosin is synthesized in muscle cells, crystaline in lens tissue, keratin in skin, immunoglobulin in lymphocytes and hemoglobin in reticulocytes (1,2).
Prevalence of ocular surface dysfunction in patients presenting for cataract surgery evaluation.

Purpose To report the prevalence of ocular surface dysfunction in patients presenting for cataract surgery evaluation. Setting Duke University Eye Center and Weill Cornell Ophthalmology, single-physician practices. Design Prospective case series. Methods Consecutive patients presenting for cataract surgery evaluation were identified. Patient information including demographics, medical history, slitlamp findings, tear osmolarity, and tear matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were recorded. Patients were considered to have ocular surface dysfunction if any of the following outcomes were present: visually significant abnormal corneal surface examination, positive MMP-9 test, or abnormal osmolarity values (>307 mOsm/L or >7 mOsm/L intereye difference). Patient symptoms were recorded using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) or Symptom Assessment iN Dry Eye questionnaires. Results There were 120 patients (69% women), mean age 69.5 years ± 8.4 (SD). Abnormal osmolarity was found in 68 patients (56.7%), and abnormal MMP-9 in 76 patients (63.3%). Clinical findings showed that 47 patients (39.2%) had positive corneal staining on presentation, 9 patients (7.5%) had epithelial basement membrane dystrophy, and 2 patients (1.6%) had Salzmann nodules. Questionnaire data showed 54 (54.0%) of 100 patients reported symptoms suggestive of ocular surface dysfunction. In the asymptomatic group of 46 patients, 39 (85%) had at least 1 abnormal tear test (osmolarity or MMP-9) and 22 (48%) had both tests abnormal. Overall, 96 (80%) of 120 patients had at least 1 abnormal tear test result suggestive of ocular surface dysfunction and 48 patients (40%) had 2 abnormal results. Conclusions Objective ocular surface dysfunction findings were common among patients presenting for cataract surgery, yet many presented undiagnosed. Clinicians should be aware of this high prevalence and consider screening with tear testing before surgery.
Prevalence of High Risk Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Insomnia Ascertained by STOP and Insomnia Severity Index in Neurological Populations (P1.093)

Objective: To evaluated the results of the STOP and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and report the prevalence of high risk OSA (HR-OSA) and significant insomnia Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OAS) and insomnia are highly prevalent, however limited data exist using sleep screening instruments in neurological populations. Design/Methods: STOP and ISI were collected from March 2015–October 2016 at the first outpatient visit in Adult Psychiatry (AP), Movement Disorders (MD), Cerebrovascular (CV), Brain Tumor (BT) and Epilepsy (EP) Center in the Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute. HR-OSA was defined as STOP ≥2 and significant insomnia as ISI ≥15. The association between HR-OSA/significant insomnia and disease-specific outcomes including modified Rankin scale (CV), Unified Parkinson Disease Rating scale (UPDRS) II (MD), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance and Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scales (BT), Liverpool Seizure Severity scale (LSSS) (EP), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (AP) was examined using multivariate logistic regression models Results: 9159 patients were included with 7979 completing STOP and 8799 completing ISI. Crude prevalence for HR-OSA and significant insomnia were higher in CV and AP [47.89 (45.18–50.62), 33.64 (31.86–35.46) respectively]. Multivariate logistic regression comparing centers adjusted for covariates including PHQ-9 as reference showed difference in ISI score with higher odds of insomnia (OR 1.584;1.25–2.007) in BT and difference in STOP score with higher odds of HR-OSA in BT, CV and EP (OR1.427;1.165–1.748, OR 1.912;1.591–2.297, OR1.48;1.255–1.746, respectively). Individual models showed a significant association between PHQ-9 and HR-OSA and insomnia (p Conclusions: HR-OSA and significant insomnia are highly prevalent in neurological patients. More abnormal STOP and ISI scores were associated with worse disease-specific outcomes. Routine screening of common, treatable sleep disorders in neurological populations is recommended. Study Supported by: Cleveland Clinic Knowledge Program Data Registry and Neurological Institute Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation Disclosure: Dr. Somboon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Walia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kinzy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Katzan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Foldvary-Schaefer has nothing to disclose.
Beryllium capsule implosions at a case-to-capsule ratio of 3.7 on the National Ignition Facility

Beryllium is a candidate ablator material for indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments, motivated by its high mass ablation rate, which is advantageous for implosion coupling efficiency and stabilization of the ablation-front instability growth. We present new data on the shock propagation, in-flight shape, and hot spot self-emission shape from gas-filled capsules that demonstrate the feasibility of predictable, symmetric, controllable beryllium implosions at a case-to-capsule ratio of 3.7. The implosions are round (Legendre mode 2 amplitude ≲5%) at an inner beam power and the energy fraction of 26%–28% of the total, indicating that larger beryllium capsules could be driven symmetrically using the National Ignition Facility.
The promise and challenges of deep learning models for automated histopathologic classification and mutation prediction in lung cancer.

The histologic subclassification of tumors as either squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma is used by convention to guide systemic chemotherapy for patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (1,2). The current gold standard for histopathologic classification of tissue specimens is visual microscopic inspection of tissue specimens by pathologists.
Premonitory Symptoms in Episodic and Chronic Migraine From a Pediatric Headache Clinic.

Abstract Objective We evaluated the frequency of six commonly reported adult migraine premonitory symptoms in children and adolescents with episodic and chronic migraine and elicited psychological or behavioral comorbidities that may be associated with these symptoms. Background Premonitory symptoms are commonly reported in the adult migraine population; however, little information is available for the pediatric population. Methods Data were collected on new patients being evaluated in our multidisciplinary pediatric headache clinic over a six-month time interval. The data collected from patients diagnosed with migraine were then reviewed for the following premonitory symptoms: yawning, neck stiffness, fatigue, increased urination, mood changes, and food cravings. History was obtained regarding the frequency of headaches and other associated behavioral or psychological problems. Results A total of 176 patients were enrolled over a six-month interval, ranging in age from four to 18 years (mean age 12 years); 64% were female, and 42% (74 of 176) of the subjects had at least one premonitory symptom. Patients with migraine with aura were noted to have a significantly higher association with premonitory symptoms (59%, 30 of 51) (P Conclusions Premonitory symptoms occurred frequently in our population of pediatric patients with migraine. Fatigue and mood changes were the most frequent symptoms. There were no significant differences in premonitory symptoms by gender or age group (less than 12 years versus greater than 12 years). Anxiety and migraine with aura were correlated with an increased likelihood of premonitory symptoms.
India, China, and the World: A Connected History

There seems to be widespread consensus that the extensive and various global networks led by Asian countries should be considered before discussing Europe’s great divergence. Given the fact that Ta...