cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Population Estimate Based on Simulation for Capture-Recapture and Capture-Resight Data

The use of capture–resight data for population estimation has seldom been exploited. It offers potential flexibility and advantages to the design of biological investigations in which a population estimate is required. Presently, the Petersen model is the only method for estimating closed populations using capture—resight data. A simple Monte Carlo simulation method can lead to a full probability distribution for the population. From this probability distribution, one can compute maximum likelihood estimates and a likelihood interval on the population. The shape and asymmetry of the distribution and width of likelihood intervals are determined by sampling heterogeneity and sample size. The method is simple and can be used by anyone with access to a microcomputer. Since it is data—intensive, estimates based on small data sets (including capture—recapture) with few animals can be quickly calculated. The method is especially applicable to species and habitats in which capture–resight, radiotelemetry, or other tracking data can be obtained and to situations in which nonrandom catchability or sightability is likely after the initial capture. The technique successfully estimated populations of badgers, bison, and crested porcupines. We compare observed with theorectical sighting distributions to examine the effects of model and sampling biases.
Elevated carbon dioxide flux at the Dixie Valley geothermal field, Nevada; relations between surface phenomena and the geothermal reservoir

Abstract In the later part of the 1990s, a large die-off of desert shrubs occurred over an approximately 1 km 2 area in the northwestern section of the Dixie Valley (DV) geothermal field. This paper reports results from accumulation-chamber measurements of soil CO 2 flux from locations in the dead zone and stable isotope and chemical data on fluids from fumaroles, shallow wells, and geothermal production wells within and adjacent to the dead zone. A cumulative probability plot shows three types of flux sites within the dead zone: locations with a normal background CO 2 flux (7 g m −2 day −1 ); moderate flux sites displaying “excess” geothermal flux; and high flux sites near young vents and fumaroles. A maximum CO 2 flux of 570 g m −2 day −1 was measured at a location adjacent to a fumarole. Using statistical methods appropriate for lognormally distributed populations of data, estimates of the geothermal flux range from 7.5 t day −1 from a 0.14-km 2 site near the Stillwater Fault to 0.1 t day −1 from a 0.01-km 2 location of steaming ground on the valley floor. Anomalous CO 2 flux is positively correlated with shallow temperature anomalies. The anomalous flux associated with the entire dead zone area declined about 35% over a 6-month period. The decline was most notable at a hot zone located on an alluvial fan and in the SG located on the valley floor. Gas geochemistry indicates that older established fumaroles along the Stillwater Fault and a 2-year-old vent in the lower section of the dead zone discharge a mixture of geothermal gases and air or gases from air-saturated meteoric water (ASMW). Stable isotope data indicate that steam from the smaller fumaroles is produced by ≈100°C boiling of these mixed fluids and reservoir fluid. Steam from the Senator fumarole (SF) and from shallow wells penetrating the dead zone are probably derived by 140°C to 160°C boiling of reservoir fluid. Carbon-13 isotope data suggest that the reservoir CO 2 is produced mainly by thermal decarbonation of hydrothermal calcite in veins that cut reservoir rocks. Formation of the dead zone is linked to the reservoir pressure decline caused by continuous reservoir drawdown from 1986 to present. These reservoir changes have restricted flow and induced boiling in a subsurface hydrothermal outflow plume extending from the Stillwater Fault southeast toward the DV floor. We estimate that maximum CO 2 flux in the upflow zone along the Stillwater Fault in 1998 was roughly seven to eight times greater than the pre-production flux in 1986. The eventual decline in CO 2 flux reflects the drying out of the outflow plume.
A Complex Consisting of Human Replication Factor C p40, p37, and p36 Subunits Is a DNA-dependent ATPase and an Intermediate in the Assembly of the Holoenzyme

Abstract Human replication factor C (hRFC) is a multi-subunit protein complex capable of supporting proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-dependent DNA synthesis by DNA polymerases δ and e. The hRFC complex consists of five different subunits with apparent molecular masses of 140, 40, 38, 37, and 36 kDa. We have previously reported the expression of a three-subunit core complex, consisting of the p40, p37, and p36 subunits following coupledin vitro transcription-translation of the cDNAs encoding these proteins (Uhlmann, F., Cai, J., Flores-Rozas, H., Dean, F. B., Finkelstein, J., O’Donnell, M., and Hurwitz, J. (1996)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 6521–6526). Here we describe the isolation of a stable complex composed of the p40, p37, and p36 subunits of hRFC from baculovirus-infected insect cells. The purified p40·p37·p36 complex, like the five-subunit RFC, contained DNA-dependent ATPase activity that was stimulated by PCNA, preferentially bound to primed DNA templates, interacted with PCNA, and was capable of unloading PCNA from singly-nicked circular DNA. In contrast to the five-subunit RFC, the three-subunit core complex did not load PCNA onto DNA. The p40·p37·p36 complex inhibited the elongation of primed DNA templates catalyzed by the DNA polymerase δ holoenzyme. Incubation of the p40·p37·p36 complex with the hRFC p140 and p38 subunits formed the five-subunit hRFC complex that supported PCNA-dependent DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase δ.
Metal-ligand stretching, N-O stretching and C-H out-of-plane bending vibrations of pyridine N-oxide and hexakis (pyridine N-oxide) metal perchlorates

Abstract Infrared spectra of pyridine N-oxide and its metal complexes of the type [M(pyridine N-oxide)6](ClO4)n (MMn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Al3+, n = 2 or 3) were observed in the 2000–300 cm−1 region. The metal-ligand stretching and the N-O stretching vibration bands were respectively assigned below 450 cm−1 and at about 1200 cm−1. The CH out-of-plane vibration bands of the free and co-ordinated pyridine N-oxide, appearing in the region 1000–700 cm−1, were assigned by analysis of their combination bands. The frequencies of the metal-ligand stretching, of the N-O stretching and of the CH out-of-plane bending vibrations were found to be closely correlated. The CO stretching frequencies of 3- and 4-acetylpyridine N-oxide and of their metal complexes [M(acetylpyridine N-oxide)6](ClO4)n (MCo2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Fe3+) were also obtained and are discussed.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CYSTINE STORAGE IN CYSTINOSIS

Cystinosis is a disorder of lysosomal transport that is characterized by the lysosomal storage of the amino acid cystine. The disorder causes progressive renal failure and may damage other organs such as the thyroid, retina, and pancreas. Central nervous system function is generally thought to be normal in this disorder. We measured central nervous system cystine in autopsy specimens obtained from a 25 year old woman with nephropathic cystinosis who had a history of cerebral atrophy and short term memory loss. The dura, anterior pituitary, and choroid plexus had marked cystine storage with levels that were 450, 810, and 4,600 times those of controls, respectively. These levels approached 1 umol/mg protein and were comparable to hepatic and conjunctival cystine levels. The frontal lobes, corpus callosum, and cerebellum had the least storage with cystine levels that were 30-40 fold elevated over controls. All areas of the brain that were sampled had evidence of involvement including the midbrain, basal ganglia, medulla, pons, and spinal cord. While this patient's central nervous system problems cannot be attributed to cystinosis alone, the biochemical findings raise the question of eventual central nervous system dysfunction in cystinosis.
Effect of nicotine on the expression of leptin and forebrain leptin receptors in the rat.

We have previously reported that chronic nicotine administration (4.0 mg/kg/day by i.p. injection over 14 days) up-regulates orexin/hypocretin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression and peptide levels within the hypothalamus. Since there exists a coregulation between these neuropeptides and the protein leptin, the present study was undertaken to determine whether nicotine has a regulatory effect on leptin signaling. Under the same experimental regimen used previously, we found that nicotine down-regulates plasma leptin concentration by 48.8% (P<0.001) and leptin RNA level by 11.4% and 12.4%, respectively, in the perirenal and epididymal white adipose tissue (PWAT, EWAT) compared to the saline controls. We also measured an approximately 20% decrease in white and brown adipose tissue (BAT) by weight in nicotine-treated animals relative to saline controls (P<0.05). On the other hand, we found that chronic nicotine administration increased the expression levels of OB-Rb mRNA by 12% and OB-R mRNA by 25% in the medial basal hypothalamus compared to control rats. Subsequent radioligand binding assays indicated that nicotine also significantly increased leptin binding in ventromedial hypothalamic area (VMA), medial basal hypothalamic area (MBA), arcuate nucleus/median eminence, paraventricular nuclei and piriform cortex. Taken together, our results revealed that nicotine is involved in the regulation of leptin signaling, suggesting that leptin and its receptor play a role in the anorectic effects of nicotine on food intake and body weight in rats.
ON “BIOREGIONALISM”AND “WATERSHED CONSCIOUSNESS”∗

A diffused but philosophically sophisticated social movement, emphasizing the importance of the sense of place and a locally responsible stewardship of Nature, has been emerging in recent years in various parts of North America. Whether “bioregionalism”is a new way of thinking about our place on Earth and our relationship to it, as some would believe, or simply the ecologic perspective familiar to geographers and environmentalists, romanticized and dressed in a new vocabulary, it deserves our attention for its adherents are kindred souls.
Assessment of Hemolytic and Hemorrhagic Anemias in Preclinical Safety Assessment Studies

The general characteristics of anemia and the distinguishing features of hemolytic, hemorrhagic, hypoproliferative, maturation abnormality, and iron-deficiency anemias are described. Hemolytic anemias are differentiated initially from hemorrhagic anemias by excluding hemorrhage on clinical, necropsy, or histologic examination. Next, they are distinguished from the remaining types of anemia on the basis of higher reticulocyte counts or, in some instances, by the very rapid rate of decline of the PCV. Hemolytic anemias are distinguished from each other on the basis of incidence and the presence or absence of a dose-response (idiosyncratic vs toxic) and by the cause of hemolysis (oxidative, nonoxidative, or immune-mediated). Hemorrhagic anemias are subclassified on the basis of single- and multiple-site hemorrhage. The causes of multiple-site hemorrhage (hemostasis dysfunction) are established by first- and second-line tests, the type of bleeding, clinical data, and the information gained from an evaluation of the structure, activity, and metabolism of the compound.
ISAR imaging in sea clutter via compressive sensing

We investigate the application of compressive sensing (CS) to inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of moving targets. We present our results for a simulated target immersed in different levels of sea clutter. Comparison between traditional and CS approaches to ISAR imaging reveal that our based CS algorithm offers some advantages compared to traditional ISAR imaging under certain limited operating conditions that are nevertheless of practical interest. We conclude by pointing out directions for future work in extending the results of this paper.
Formulation of Orthogonal State Variables and Applications to Control Systems

A set of orthogonal state variables is formulated and used in the evaluation of performance indices in the form of integral-square error. An application to the evaluation of optimum locationals of the zeros of reduced-order models found by the dominant pole technique is discussed.
Application of the FIDAP code to the 8:1 thermal cavity problem

We present results using FIDAP on 3 meshes with 3 different elements (Q 1 Q 0 , Q 2 P -1 , Q 2 Q -1 ) employed on each. Whereas the bulk of the results were obtained via the 'classical' Galerkin finite element method (GFEM) and the trapezoidal (TR) time integrator, we also tested several alternative options: flux-conservative formulation, energy-conservative formulation, streamline upwinding, mass lumping, backward Euler time stepping, and one additional element (Q 2 Q 1 ). The most accurate of these options was the Q 2 Q -1 element in the advective formulation, no upwinding, trapezoidal time integration, and consistent mass; i.e. straight GFEM
Isoform-Specific Expression of Neuregulin Family Members in the Mouse Uterus During Embryo Implantation 299

Isoform-Specific Expression of Neuregulin Family Members in the Mouse Uterus During Embryo Implantation 299
The mouse and human excitatory amino acid transporter gene (eaat1) maps to mouse chromosome 15 and a region of syntenic homology on human chromosome 5

The gene for human excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT1) was localized to the distal region of human chromosome 5p13 by in situ hybridization of metaphase chromosome spreads. Interspecific backcross analysis identified the mouse Eaat1 locus in a region of 5p13 homology on mouse chromosome 15. Markers that are linked with EAAT1 on both human and mouse chromosomes include the receptors for leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin-7, and prolactin. The Eaat1 locus appears not be linked to the epilepsy mutant stg locus, which is also on chromosome 15. The EAAT1 locus is located in a region of 5p deletions that have been associated with mental retardation and microcephaly. 22 refs., 2 figs.
Histochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase in the developing first molar of the albino mouse.

Adenosine triphosphatase activity was localized during molar odontogenesis utilizing the method of Wachstein and Meisel (1957). The degree of enzyme activity increased after the second postnatal day. Peak activities were noted on the fifth postnatal day especially in the odontoblastic and ameloblastic cell layers.
Epidermotropism in Melanoma

Multiple malignant melanocytic lesions developed in a 54-year-old man 4 years after a primary malignant melanoma (Clark level IV) had been excised and 2 months after taking L-Dopa for Parkinsonism. Several of the recurrent lesions that showed junctional melanocytic components were considered primary melanomas and it was suggested that L-Dopa was responsible for malignant transformation of nevi and for rapid progression of the disease. The case was re-examined and on recent evidence it is likely that these lesions were epidermotropic metastases and that L-Dopa played no part in the progress of this unusual tumor.
Towards the design and operation of net-zero energy data centers

Reduction of resource consumption in data centers is becoming a growing concern for data center designers, operators and users. Accordingly, interest in the use of renewable energy to provide some portion of a data center's overall energy usage is also growing. One key concern is that the amount of renewable energy necessary to satisfy a typical data center's power consumption can lead to prohibitively high capital costs for the power generation and delivery infrastructure, particularly if on-site renewables are used. In this paper, we introduce a method to operate a data center with renewable energy that minimizes dependence on grid power while minimizing capital cost. We achieve this by integrating data center demand with the availability of resource supplies during operation. We discuss results from the deployment of our method in a production data center.
Families of backward differentiation methods based on trigonometric polynomials

Backward differentiation methods based on trigonometric polynomials for the initial value problems whose solutions are known to be periodic are constructed. It is assumed that the frequency wcan be estimated in advance. The resulting methods depend on a parameter v = hw, where his the step size, and reduce to classical backward methods if v→0. Neta and Ford [6] constructed Nystrom and generalized Milne-Simpson type methods. Those methods require the Jacobian matrix to have purely imaginary eigenvalues. The methods we construct here will not suffer of this deficiency.
From ‘The West and the Rest’ to Global Interconnectedness: China Historians and the Transformation of World History as a Discipline

Representative of the Eurocentric perspective in world history texts and scholarship is David Landes' The Wealth and Poverty of Nations . He argues that European culture was key to its achievement of wealth and power, and that China was doomed to fail by its "cultural triumphalism" and "petty downward tyranny." By adopting a globalist and comparative framework and disputing European exceptionalism, Andre Gunder Frank's ReORIENT: Global Economy in the Asian Age , R. Bin Wong's China Transformed , and Kenneth Pomeranz's The Great Divergence contribute to world history scholarship and teaching. These works collectively make the forceful case for Europe's rise as contingent on external and accidental factors such as the fortuitous abundance of readily accessible coal in Britain and the windfall profits from the Atlantic slave trade and the American colonies. They propose an inclusive vision of history that emphasizes multiple paths and possibilities rather than a single and inevitable path of the rise of industrialism in the West.
Fao/who international conference on nutrition: Plan of action for nutrition

(1994). Fao/who international conference on nutrition: Plan of action for nutrition. Ecology of Food and Nutrition: Vol. 32, The Ecology of Food and Nutrition, pp. 5-31.
Polymorphisms in the 13q33.2 gene G72/G30 are associated with childhood-onset schizophrenia and psychosis not otherwise specified.

Abstract Background Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS), defined as onset of psychotic symptoms by age 12 years, is a rare and severe form of the disorder that seems to be clinically and neurobiologically continuous with the adult disorder. Methods We studied a rare cohort consisting of 98 probands; 71 of these probands received a DSM-defined diagnosis of schizophrenia, and the remaining 27 were diagnosed as psychosis not otherwise specified (NOS) (upon 2–6 year follow-up, 13 have subsequently developed bipolar disorder). Two overlapping genes, G72 and G30 on 13q33.2, were identified through linkage-disequilibrium-based positional cloning. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the G72/G30 locus were independently associated with both bipolar illness and schizophrenia. We analyzed SNPs at this locus with a family-based transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haplotype analyses for the discrete trait, as well as quantitative TDT for intermediate phenotypes, using the 88 probands (including COS and psychosis-NOS) with parental participation. Results We observed significant pairwise and haplotype associations between SNPs at the G72/G30 locus and psychotic illness. Furthermore, these markers showed associations with scores on a premorbid phenotype measured by the Autism Screening Questionnaire, and with age of onset. Conclusions These findings, although limited by potential referral bias, confirm and strengthen previous reports that G72/G30 is a susceptibility locus both for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Implications of drug treatment for the social rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients.

The psychopathology of schizophrenia, characterized by dramatic manifestations such as hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre posturing, has tended to blind us to the more prevalent and disabling psychosocial aspects of this chronic disorder. Traditional treatment, which has focused primarily on symptom modification and removal of the patient from the community, has failed to affect the patient's impaired social and vocational functioning. Schizophrenic patients released from hospitals have generally not been successful in maintaining themselves in the community. Rehospitalization rates have indicated that between 40 and 60 percent of schizophrenic patients discharged from hospitals will be rehospitalized within 2 years (Mosher et al. 1971) and 65 to 75 percent by the end of 5 years (Anthony et al. 1972). The disruption caused by hospitalization (Fontana and Dowds 1975) may account for the fact that only between 15 and 40 percent of schizophrenic patients living in the community are able to support themselves (Anthony et al. 1972 and Mosher et al. 1971). The direct as well as indirect costs to our society for the care of the 2 to 3 million Americans carrying a diagnosis of schizophrenia have been estimated by Gunderson and Mosher (1975) " . . . at $11.6 to $19.5 billion annually. About two-thirds of this cost is due to lack of productivity by schizophrenic patients and about one-fifth to treatment costs" (p. 901).
Cautious Democrats: Religious Actors and Democratization Processes in Senegal

This article analyzes the role of religious actors at different stages in the long and gradual processes of democratization in Senegal. It examines the transformations in their political influence from pillars of the stable (but non-democratic) post-independence state, to a more ambiguous posture in the decade of democratic opening. A discussion of the interactive relationship between religious change and the transition to democracy over the course of the 1990s leads us to an analysis of the role of religious actors in debating the substantive content of Senegalese democracy in the decade that followed. The article concludes that while procedurally religious actors are playing an important role in the development of the democratic system in Senegal, substantively they are doing so in part by calling into question some understandings of what democracy entails. The ultimate evaluation of their contribution to the consolidation of democracy hinges at least in part on our conceptualization of democracy itself.
Commentary: Children and Predictive Genomic Testing: Disease Prevention, Research Protection, and Our Future

Genetic testing offered by direct-to-consumer companies—herein referred to as “predictive genomic testing”—has come under federal scrutiny. Critics claim testing yields uninterpretable and potentially harmful information. Supporters assert individuals have a right to this information, which could catalyze preventive health actions. Despite contentions that predictive genomic testing is a tool of primary disease prevention, little discussion has focused on its use with children. This partly stems from concerns expressed in existing professional guidelines about the potential for psychological and behavioral harm to children engendered by predictive genetic tests for Mendelian diseases. Conducting research to understand the actual benefits and harms is important for policy development and practice guidance and can be ethically justified within the pediatric regulatory framework of research that offers a prospect of direct benefit. Child health psychologists are well poised to contribute to this research effort, and promote the translation of genomic discoveries to improve pediatric medicine.
Low-temperature synthesis of CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots

A method for fabricating colloidal CdSe nanocrystals at low reaction temperatures was developed. The transition from CdSe clusters to continuously-growing nanocrystals was found to be crucial in the formation of high-quality quantum dots with narrow size distribution and efficient, tunable optical properties.
Building the bacterial orisome: high-affinity DnaA recognition plays a role in setting the conformation of oriC DNA.

During assembly of the E. coli pre-replicative complex (pre-RC), initiator DnaA oligomers are nucleated from three widely separated high affinity DnaA recognition sites in oriC. Oligomer assembly is then guided by low affinity DnaA recognition sites, but is also regulated by a switch-like conformational change in oriC mediated by sequential binding of two DNA bending proteins, Fis and IHF, serving as inhibitor and activator, respectively. Although their recognition sites are separated by up to 90 bp, Fis represses IHF binding and weak DnaA interactions until accumulating DnaA displaces Fis from oriC. It remains unclear whether high affinity DnaA binding plays any role in Fis repression at a distance and it is also not known whether all high affinity DnaA recognition sites play an equivalent role in oligomer formation. To examine these issues, we developed origin-selective recombineering methods to mutate E. coli chromosomal oriC. We found that, although oligomers were assembled in the absence of any individual high affinity DnaA binding site, loss of DnaA binding at peripheral sites eliminated Fis repression, and made binding of both Fis and IHF essential. We propose a model in which interaction of DnaA molecules at high affinity sites regulates oriC DNA conformation.
A systematic review of behavioural marker systems in healthcare: what do we know about their attributes, validity and application?

Objective Behavioural marker systems are advocated as a method for providing accurate assessments, directing feedback and determining the impact of teamwork improvement initiatives. The present article reports on the state of quality surrounding their use in healthcare and discusses the implications of these findings for future research, development and application. In doing so, this article provides a practical resource where marker systems can be selected and evaluated based on their strengths and limitations. Methods Four research questions framed this review: what are the attributes of behavioural marker systems? What evidence of reliability and validity exists? What skills and expertise are required for their use? How have they been applied to investigate the relationship between teamwork and other constructs? Results Behavioural markers systems are generally designed for specific work domains or tasks. They often cover similar content with inconsistent terminology, which complicates the comparison of research findings across clinical domains. Although several approaches were used to establish the reliability and validity of marker systems, the marker system literature, as a whole, requires more robust reliability and validity evidence. The impact of rater training on rater proficiency was mixed, but evidence suggests that improvements can be made over time. Conclusions A consensus of definitions for teamwork constructs must be reached to ensure that the meaning behind behavioural measurement is understood across disciplines, work domains and task types. Future development efforts should focus on the cost effectiveness and feasibility of measurement tools including time spent training raters. Further, standards for the testing and reporting of psychometric evidence must be established. Last, a library of tools should be generated around whether the instrument measures general or domain-specific behaviours.
Active Oxidation of SiC‐Based Ceramics in Ar–2% Cl2‐O2 Gas Mixtures at 1000°C

The corrosion in Ar–2% CI2 gas mixtures of four low-cost SiC-based materials suitable for use in high-temperature heat exchangers has been invesigated. The oxygen potential was controlled by addition of O2 or H2 at 1000°C. Little attack was observed in the reducing environment composed of Ar–2% Cl2–1% H2 or the oxidizing environment composed of Ar–2% Cl2–20% O2 but all of the materials were subject to active corrosion at intermediate oxygen potentials. Selective attack of the free silicon phase was obsrved for the siliconized silicon carbide materials. The severity of the active oxidation and the oxygen potentital at which the corrosion changed from active to passive were affected by the nature of the sintering aids used in the materials
Modeling Effects of Random Rough Interface on Power Absorption Between Dielectric and Conductive Medium in 3-D Problem

We study the effects of a random rough surface on the power absorption between a dielectric and conductive medium in a 3-D configuration where the surface height varies in both horizontal directions. The analytic small perturbation method of second order and numerical T-matrix method are used. The absorption depends on the root mean square height, correlation length, and correlation function of the random rough surface. A closed-form expression of power absorption enhancement factor is obtained from small perturbation method of second order. Results show that the T-matrix method agrees with the small perturbation method for rough surfaces with a small slope. We further compare the 3-D results to the previous 2-D results and show significant difference. The power absorption enhancement factor exhibits saturation for the Gaussian correlation function, but not for the exponential correlation function
Roost-Site Characteristics of the Pallid Bat (Antrozous pallidus) in the Red Hills of Kansas and Oklahoma

Little is known about roost-site characteristics of the pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) in the Red Hills region of Kansas and Oklahoma. The species is listed as a Species in Need of Conservation within the state of Kansas. We investigated diurnal roost characteristics of the pallid bat during two summers in the Red Hills region of Kansas and Oklahoma. Mist nets were used to capture bats within three 314-ha study sites. Radio transmitters were attached to 10 pallid bats and bats were tracked daily. Physical characteristics of 11 pallid bat roosts were recorded. Two of the 10 pallid bats radioed were females, one of which was tracked to a suspected maternity roost. The largest roost observed was a bachelor colony of 10 individuals. Most roosts (n = 8) were in vertical crevices, but pallid bats also used vertical or horizontal crevices or exfoliated cliff faces. Pallid bats roosted on cliff faces with a westerly aspect (mean = 285° ± 51.3° s). Lengths of roosting crevices ranged from 0.3 m to 3.2 m and appro...
Relationship -based Detection of Spoofing -related Anomalous Traffic in Ad Hoc Networks

Spoofing is a serious threat for both ad hoc and sensor networks, that can cause adverse effects on a network's operations. Although cryptographic authentication can assure the identity of a transmitter, authentication is not always desirable or possible as it requires key management and more extensive computations. In this paper we argue that it is desirable to have a functionality complementary to traditional authentication that can detect device spoofing with no dependency on cryptographic material. Towards this objective, we propose using forge-resistant relationships associated with transmitted packets to detect anomalous activity. Our strategy is generic, operates in a 1-hop neighborhood, and thus can locally provide protection in order to defend ad hoc or sensor networks from anomalous intrusions. As two specific constructions, we explore the use of monotonic relationships in the sequence number fields, and the enforcement of statistical characteristics of legitimate traffic. We then provide an example of how these relationships can be used to construct a classifier that provides a multi-level threat assessment. We validate the usefulness of these methods for anomalous traffic scenarios involving multiple sources sharing the same MAC address through experiments conducted on the ORBIT wireless testbed
A Framework for Dual-Agent MANET Routing Protocols

Nodes forming mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) can be logically partitioned into 1) a selfish user agent serving the interests of the end user (owner) and 2) a selfless network agent serving the broad interests of the network. The routing tasks performed by any mobile node can then be shared between physically distinct user and network agents. The user agent could be a laptop, PDA or any such mobile network device. The network agent can be a secure co-processor in the form of a SIM card. In the interests of protecting the integrity of the network agent and keeping its cost low, it is desirable to reduce its complexity. We identify four broad classes of attacks that can be perpetrated by the user agents on resource constrained network agents, and propose low complexity strategies within the scope of network agents, to overcome such attacks and ensure the integrity of the routing protocol.
Extraction of Piecewise-Linear Analog Circuit Models from Trained Neural Networks Using Hidden Neuron Clustering

This paper presents a new technique for automatically creating analog circuit models. The method extracts - from trained neural networks - piecewise linear models expressing the linear dependencies between circuit performances and design parameters. The paper illustrates the technique for an OTA circuit for which models for gain and bandwidth were automatically generated. The extracted models have a simple form that accurately fits the sampled points and the behavior of the trained neural networks. These models are useful for fast simulation of systems with non-linear behavior and performances.
Characterization of the Renal Pathology of a Familial Form of Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated With Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Clinical and Molecular Genetic Implications

We examined 12 patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease and renal cell carcinoma to characterize the pathological findings after renal surgery (total 161 lesions). Tissue from 15 partial nephrectomies and 1 radical nephrectomy was obtained for examination. Pathological evaluation identified 116 cystic lesions, 25 of which (21%) were malignant, and 45 solid lesions, 41 of which (91%) were renal cell carcinoma. Each kidney had a mean of 7.8 cystic and 3.0 solid lesions. Of 66 malignant lesions 35 (53%) were comprised of cells with only clear cell cytological features and 30 (45.5%) contained predominantly clear cells with scattered granular cells. One malignant lesion (1.5%) contained sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with clear and granular cells. Microscopic invasion of the pseudocapsule was common (13 of 25 clinically cystic tumors [52%] and 31 of 41 clinically solid lesions [76%]) but no tumor extended through the pseudocapsule. All lesions without a pseudocapsule were well circumscribed. Our study establishes the clear cell cytological features as the primary finding observed in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Many cystic lesions contained renal cancer, demonstrating the need for removal of all cystic lesions when this can be safely performed. The well circumscribed nature of the tumors lends them to parenchymal sparing procedures.
Normative multitrial recall performance, metacognitive judgments, and retrieval latencies for Lithuanian-English paired associates.

Memory researchers using paired associates have benefited greatly from the Swahili—English norms reported by Nelson and Dunlosky (1994). Given recent increases in the amount and kinds of research using paired associates, however, researchers would now benefit from an expanded set of normative measures for foreign language vocabulary words. We report data for 120 Lithuanian—English word pairs collected from 236 undergraduates. Participants completed three study-test trials and were asked to make metacognitive judgments for each item. We report normative recall performance, recall latencies, and error types for each item across trials, as well as the perceived difficulty of each item on the basis of metacognitive judgments.
Effects of vitamins C and E and β-carotene on the risk of type 2 diabetes in women at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene are major antioxidants and as such may protect against the development of type 2 diabetes via reduction of oxidative stress. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Design: In the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study, a randomized trial that occurred between 1995 and 2005, 8171 female health professionals aged ≥40 y with either a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or ≥3 CVD risk factors were randomly assigned to receive vitamin C (ascorbic acid, 500 mg every day), vitamin E (RRR-α-tocopherol acetate, 600 IU every other day), β-carotene (50 mg every other day), or their respective placebos. Results: During a median follow-up of 9.2 y, a total of 895 incident cases occurred among 6574 women who were free of diabetes at baseline. There was a trend toward a modest reduction in diabetes risk in women assigned to receive vitamin C compared with those assigned to receive placebo [relative risk (RR): 0.89; 95% CI: 0.78, 1.02; P = 0.09], whereas a trend for a slight elevation in diabetes risk was observed for vitamin E treatment (RR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.29; P = 0.07). However, neither of these effects reached statistical significance. No significant effect was observed for β-carotene treatment (RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.11; P = 0.68). Conclusion: Our randomized trial data showed no significant overall effects of vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene on risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women at high risk of CVD. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00000541","term_id":"NCT00000541"}}NCT00000541.
DENSITY, TERRITORY SIZE, AND LONG-TERM SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF A GUILD OF TERRESTRIAL INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS NEAR MANAUS, BRAZIL

Abstract From 1994 to 2003, I annually surveyed terrestrial insectivorous birds in a 100-ha plot within continuous rainforest near Manaus, Brazil. I used spot-map registrations and radiotagged birds to estimate territory size and density on the plot for 13 species. As in the few previous studies of Amazonian birds, territory sizes were large (mean = 13.0 ha) and densities were low (mean = 3.4 pairs per 100 ha). The most common species, Formicarius colma, was the only species with >10 pairs per 100 ha, and one of four species (with Myrmeciza ferruginea, Conopophaga aurita, and Corythopis torquatus) to have territories of 50% in any year. Territories appeared and disappeared between surveys; ∼71% of territories detected in a given survey were present in the next survey. The two rarest species, Myrmothera campanisona and Hylopezus macularius, were absent...
Analysis of force variance for a continuous miner drum using the Design of Experiments method

Continuous miners (CMs) are excavating machines designed to extract a variety of minerals by underground mining. The variance in force experienced by the cutting drum is a very important aspect that must be considered during drum design. A uniform variance essentially means that an equal load is applied on the individual cutting bits and this, in turn, enables better cutting action, greater efficiency, and longer bit and machine life. There are certain input parameters used in the drum design whose exact relationships with force variance are not clearly understood. This paper determines (1) the factors that have a significant effect on the force variance of the drum and (2) the values that can be assigned to these factors to minimize the force variance. A computer program, Continuous Miner Drum (CMD), was developed in collaboration with Kennametal, Inc. to facilitate the mechanical design of CM drums. CMD also facilitated data collection for determining significant factors affecting force variance. Six in...
A Social Network Analysis into the David Kelly Tragedy 1

This matter provides an excellent opportunity to study the inner workings of high levels of government because the Hutton Inquiry subpoenaed internal communications and has made them available to the public. From these documents, it is possible to construct the networks of discussion and authority behind the government’s actions. An important question in this case is who were the decision-makers that developed the strategy to release Kelly’s name to the press. The Prime Minister’s Office denied being heavily involved with this process, but the Hutton Inquiry documents reveal otherwise. This article uses social network analysis to examine internal government communications in the Kelly affair. Social network analysis can quantify the interactions among a group of social actors. It produces measures of actors’ power and centrality in a network, and it constructs diagrams, or “network maps,” that represent the interactions and relative positions of the actors. A social network analysis of the Hutton Inquiry documents does not offer any stark, new revelations, because certain documents already made clear that 10 Downing Street was intimately involved in the decision-making. However, this analysis provides a clear visual representation of the coordination among government officials as they confronted a thorny problem. It also quantifies the relative importance of the actors. This paper begins with a brief background on the immediate controversy over the Iraq dossier and the events leading up to Kelly’s suicide. Next I describe the data and methods in detail, then present results, and finally conclude.
Induction of ornithine decarboxylase by IL-3 is mediated by sequential c-Myc-independent and c-Myc-dependent pathways

Enforced c-Myc expression promotes continuous, growth factor-independent, cell cycle progression and activates expression of the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene and its promoter. c-Myc-responsiveness of murine ODC is mediated by two conserved c-Myc:Max E-boxes in ODC intron 1. c-Myc and ODC are both required for cell growth and their expression is sequentially induced in G0/G1 cells stimulated with mitogens, yet their expression is not modulated by the cell cycle in proliferating cells. Here we demonstrate that regulation of ODC and its promoter by Interleukin-3 (IL-3) in murine myeloid cells is mediated in part by c-Myc, c-Myc induced ODC through the same transcription start site as IL-3 and, in asynchronously growing cells, maximal activity of the ODC promoter required the intronic c-Myc binding sites. However, induction of ODC following IL-3 stimulation of quiescent cells is mediated by at least two pathways. The first phase of this response was independent of the intronic c-Myc:Max E-boxes and de novo protein synthesis. Sustained induction of the ODC promoter however required the c-Myc:Max binding sites and protein synthesis. Accumulation of c-Myc following stimulation of quiescent cells with IL-3 correlated with the delayed phase of the response. Consistent with a two pathway model of ODC regulation, inducible overexpression of dominant negative form of c-Myc (In373-Myc), which specifically inhibits the c-Myc-Max network, inhibited the delayed, but not immediate, induction of ODC promoter activity in response to IL-3. Dominant negative c-Myc protein also effectively suppressed induction of the endogenous ODC gene by IL-3. Therefore, c-Myc functions as a direct and required-regulator of ODC. These results also suggest a model whereby c-Myc's role in regulating its targets may be to convert a transient, immediate-early, activation event into the persistent induction of gene expression.
Developments in Public Administration, 1929

American public administration continues to be the subject of an unparalleled degree of attention. In an address before the Governmental Research Conference in November, 1929, surveying administrative progress, Dr. Luther Gulick declared: “As a nation, we have adopted in conspicuous degree the habit of research. This is a milestone in our progress.” Our intense preoccupation with our administrative institutions is undoubtedly in part a reflection of their imperfection, but in part also a typical American conviction that there are no discoverable limits, as yet, to the opportunity for perfection.On a national scale, the present tendency is signalized by the appointment by President Hoover of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, on the basis of whose first reports the President recommended, among other things, the transfer of the prohibition unit from the Treasury Department to the Department of Justice, modification of federal court structure to relieve congestion, and consolidation of frontier services. The President has also called a White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, which is to meet in 1930, and for which much preparatory investigation was carried on in 1929. More recently, the President appointed a Commission on Social Trends, and directed it to present an analysis of social movements broadly parallel to the study of recent economic trends. Several units of this study will be devoted to aspects of public administration.An enlarged program of research in public administration was inaugurated at the University of California under the direction of Professor Samuel C. May, with the assistance of a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.
Development of California Regulations to Govern Testing and Operation of Automated Driving Systems

Higher levels of road vehicle automation pose a regulatory challenge in the United States. At the national level, NHTSA has been responsible for ensuring vehicle safety through the mandatory Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and the voluntary New Car Assessment Program. Although NHTSA typically regulates the technology aspects of vehicle safety, state agencies, such as the department of motor vehicles, are responsible for the regulations governing training, evaluation, and licensing of drivers and the registration of vehicles. Automation that allows drivers to disengage from monitoring and control tasks introduces safety concerns related to the vehicle technology (typically regulated by NHTSA) and to the automated vehicle’s driving behavior and compliance with vehicle codes (typically regulated by states). Issues that need to be addressed in support of state regulations for manufacturers’ testing of automated vehicles on public roads and the general public’s operation of automated driving systems are...
Electronic nicotine delivery system dual use and intention to quit smoking: Will the socioeconomic gap in smoking get greater?

Abstract Introduction Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are popular among cigarette smokers; however, it is not known whether the use of ENDS assists or delays quitting cigarettes, especially among certain priority populations. We examined predictors of intention to quit smoking and patterns of dual use of ENDS and traditional cigarettes among priority populations. Methods This study used data from a 2014 survey of a national probability sample of 5717 USA adults. Descriptive statistics were used to examine differences in intention to quit cigarette use among current cigarette smokers ( n = 1014) and dual users of cigarettes and ENDS ( n = 248). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted on the overall sample and the subsample of dual users to determine whether dual use (versus cigarette only use) and demographic characteristics predict self-reported intention to quit and having attempted to quit in the past year. Significance was set at p Results Compared to cigarette smokers, dual users were slightly more educated ( p p = 0.001), and more likely to have attempted to quit smoking in the past year (AOR = 1.7, p = 0.003). Blacks reported higher intention to quit than Whites (AOR = 1.8, p = 0.003). Compared with high school education or less, dual users with some college (AOR = 1.5, p = 0.007) or a college degree (AOR = 2.5, p ≤ 0.0001) had high intention to quit. Conclusions Dual users of ENDS and traditional cigarettes are more likely to intend to quit smoking and have recently made quit attempts. If using ENDS contributes to increased smoking cessation among more educated individuals, disparity in smoking by level of education will increase.