cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF SPATIAL SCALE ON THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF FOX SQUIRRELS

The functional response is an essential component of any predator–prey interaction. We present a model to predict changes in a predator’s functional response at varying spatial scales of resource distribution and abundance. The model was tested using free-ranging fox squirrels, Sciurus niger, foraging for sunflower seeds in experimental food patches. We manipulated initial density of food at three spatial scales: foraging (initial abundance varied from patch to patch at a single station); intermediate (initial abundance varied from station to station at a single site); and landscape (initial abundance varied from site to site). We measured the giving-up density of seeds (GUD: food remaining in patches) following a day of foraging, allowing determination of the proportion and amount of food harvested. We predicted that foragers should harvest more resources from rich patches than from poor patches at the foraging scale and that foragers should harvest more resources from a patch in a poor environment than in a rich environment at the landscape scale. The results tightly corresponded with the predictions. At the foraging scale, there was an increase in the proportion of seeds harvested with increasing initial food abundance. At the landscape scale, the opposite was true. At the intermediate scale, the proportion of food harvested did not vary with initial abundance of seeds. The shapes of the functional response curves differed at each of the three spatial scales. With respect to proportion of food harvested with food abundance, they were similar to a Holling Type III (sigmoid) response at the foraging scale, to a Type I (linear) response at the intermediate scale, and to a Type II (decelerating) response at the landscape scale.
Dye-dilution techniques using aminohippurate sodium: do they accurately reflect amniotic fluid volume?

Objective: To determine whether the dye-dilution technique using aminohippurate sodium accurately measures amniotic fluid volume. Methods: Singleton pregnancies with intact membranes undergoing a Cesarean delivery had their amniotic fluid volume assessed by the dye-dilution technique and direct measurement. Results: Fifteen women were prospectively assessed. Six patients had their amniocentesis on the delivery table and nine patients at 4-24 h prior to the Cesarean delivery. The six women undergoing an amniocentesis just before delivery had good concordance between the dye-determined and direct measurement of amniotic fluid volume (r = 0.99, p = < 0.001). Among the nine women with varying times from amniocentesis to direct measurement, the correlation was not significant (r = 0.36, p = 0.08). The percentage difference between the dye-determined and directly measured amniotic fluid volume was significantly smaller in the women undergoing amniocentesis just prior to delivery (7%) than in the women with vary...
Anatomical substrates for the central control of sympathetic outflow to interscapular adipose tissue during cold exposure

The thermogenic activity of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) in response to physiologic stimuli, such as cold exposure, is controlled by its sympathetic innervation. To determine which brain regions might be involved in the regulation of cold-evoked increases in sympathetic outflow to IBAT, the present study compared central nervous system (CNS) areas activated by cold exposure with brain regions anatomically linked to the sympathetic innervation of IBAT. Immunocytochemical localization of Fos was examined in the brains of rats exposed to 4 degrees C for 4 hours. In a separate group of rats, the neural circuit involved in IBAT control, including the location of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, was characterized with pseudorabies virus, a retrograde transynaptic tracer. Central noradrenergic and serotonergic groups related to the sympathetic outflow to IBAT also were identified. Localization of viral antigens at different survival times (66-96 hours) revealed infection in circumscribed CNS populations, but only a subset of the regions comprising this circuitry showed cold-evoked Fos expression. The raphe pallidus and the ventromedial parvicellular subdivision of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), both infected at early survival times, were the main areas containing sympathetic premotor neurons activated by cold exposure. Major cold-sensitive areas projecting to spinal interneurons or to regions containing sympathetic premotor neurons, which became infected at intermediate intervals, included lateral hypothalamic, perifornical, and retrochiasmatic areas, anterior and posterior PVH, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, and Barrington's nucleus. Areas infected later, most likely related to reception of cold-related signals, comprised the lateral preoptic area, parastrial nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. These interconnected areas, identified by combining functional and retrograde anatomic approaches, likely constitute the central circuitry responsible for the increase in sympathetic outflow to IBAT during cold-evoked thermogenesis.
Word discrimination based on bigram co-occurrences

Very few pairs of English words share exactly the same letter bigrams. This linguistic property can be exploited to bring lexical context into the classification stage of a word recognition system. The lexical n-gram matches between every word in a lexicon and a subset of reference words can be precomputed. If a match function can detect matching segments of at least n-gram length from the feature representation of words, then an unknown word can be recognized by determining the subset of reference words having an n-gram match at the feature level with the unknown word. We show that with a reasonable number of reference words, bigrams represent the best compromise between the recall ability of single letters and the precision of trigrams. Our simulations indicate that using a longer reference list can compensate errors in feature extraction. The algorithm is fast enough, even with a slow processor, for human-computer interaction.
Structural insights into G protein-coupled receptor kinase function.

The atomic structure of a protein can greatly advance our understanding of molecular recognition and catalysis, properties of fundamental importance in signal transduction. However, a single structure is incapable of fully describing how a protein functions, particularly when allostery is involved. Recent advances in the structure and function of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) have concentrated on the mechanism of their inhibition by small and large molecules. These studies have generated a wealth of new information on the conformational flexibility of these enzymes, which opens new avenues for the development of selective chemical probes and provides deeper insights into the molecular basis for activation of these enzymes by GPCRs and phospholipids.
Exciplex Formation between Indole Derivatives and Polar Solutes

The interaction between 3-methylindole (3-MeI) in cyclohexane with the polar molecules ethyl acetate (EA) and dimethylacetamide (DMA) was studied. The kinetic analysis of the fluorescence data shows that 3-MeI forms an excited state complex with EA in a diffusion controlled process. The temperature dependence of the exciplex formation indicates that its dissociation rate constant too is of appreciable magnitude. UV, IR and fluorescence measurements all indicate that DMA forms complexes with 3-MeI both in the ground and in the excited states. The latter complex is rather strong i.e. its dissociation rate is negligibly small. The findings imply that the fluorescence properties of tryptophan residues within a protein often must be determined by their interaction with neighboring polar groups rather than by the degree to which they are exposed to the ambient solution.
Evaluation of AQUI-S (efficacy and minimum toxic concentration) as a fish anaesthetic/sedative for public aquaculture in the United States

A preliminary evaluation of efficacy and minimum toxic concentration of AQUI-S, a fish anaesthetic/sedative, was determined in two size classes of six species of fish important to US public aquaculture (bluegill, channel catfish, lake trout, rainbow trout, walleye and yellow perch). In addition, efficacy and minimum toxic concentration were determined in juvenile-young adult (fish aged 1 year or older) rainbow trout acclimated to water at 7 degrees C, 12 degrees C and 17 degrees C. Testing concentrations were based on determinations made with range-finding studies for both efficacy and minimum toxic concentration. Most of the tested juvenile-young adult fish species were induced in 3 min or less at a nominal AQUI-S concentration of 20 mg L(-1). In juvenile-young adult fish, the minimum toxic concentration was at least 2.5 times the selected efficacious concentration. Three out of five species of fry-fingerlings (1.25-12.5 cm in length and < 1 year old were induced in less than or equal to 4.1 min at a nominal concentration of 20 mg L(-1) AQUI-S, with the other two species requiring nominal concentrations of 25 and 35 mg L(-1) for similar times of induction. Recovery times were less than or equal to 7.3 min for all species in the two size classes. In fry-fingerlings, the minimum toxic concentration was at least 1.4 times the selected efficacious concentration. There appeared to be little relationship between size of fish and concentrations or times to induction, recovery times and minimum toxic concentration. The times required for induction and for recovery were increased in rainbow trout as the acclimation temperature was reduced.
Electrodynamics of a substorm‐related field line resonance observed by the Polar satellite in comparison with ground Pi2 pulsations

[1] Observations from the Polar satellite during a substorm on 29 August 1996 are used to characterize electrodynamic properties of a nightside field line resonance (FLR). A negative H bay and Pi2 pulsations were simultaneously observed at midlatitude SAMNET ground stations (L = 2.6 − 4.5, ∼0000 MLT). During the pulsations, Polar was moving outbound on a 0330 MLT meridian and crossing L shells from 4 to 5.3. While in the central plasma sheet and outside the plasmasphere, Polar recorded toroidal standing waves for ∼20 min starting simultaneously with the ground pulsations. The magnetic-field-aligned Poynting flux associated with the FLR was ≤4 μW m−2. Whereas on the ground at L ≤ 4, the Pi2 frequency remained nearly constant and was similar for all stations, the toroidal frequency of the in situ FLR (L ≥ 4) decreased as the satellite crossed field lines with increasing L value. Although this L dependence of frequency of in situ FLR has been inferred in previous studies using multiple satellites at different local times, the 29 August 1996 event directly confirms this frequency dependence for substorm-related FLR over a large L range on the same meridian. Furthermore, ground (L ≤ 4) and satellite (L ≥ 4) observations allow for the possibility that the oscillations were manifestations of two different magnetospheric oscillation modes, resulting from the same initial magnetospheric disturbance.
The interaction of task design and group performance strategies in determining group effectiveness

Abstract Norms controlling how members deal with performance strategies were altered experimentally in small task-oriented groups. The basic task required assembly of small electrical components. In one task condition (equal information) all task-relevant information was provided to each group member; in another (unequal information) it was spread unevenly among members, requiring exchange of information for optimum group performance. In the unequal information condition, an intervention inducing explicit discussion of task performance strategies improved group performance. In the equal information condition, effectiveness was increased by an intervention that reinforced existing norms against explicit discussion of performance strategies. Spontaneous discussion of strategy did not take place in control groups for either task condition, and control groups were lowest in performance effectiveness. Measures of interaction process and of member reactions to the group were affected substantially by the experimental interventions.
An Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Theory and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study of Conformers and Rotamers of 4-Substituted (Methyl, Hydroxymethyl, Methanoyl, Ethanoyl, Cyano, Fluoro, Chloro, Bromo, Acetoxy) Tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxides

The structures and energies of axial and equatorial conformers and rotamers of 4-substituted tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxides (tetrahydrothiopyran-1,1-dioxides, thiacyclohexane-1,1-dioxides, thiane-1,1-dioxides, and 1,1-dioxothianes; CH3, CH2OH, CHO, COCH3, CN, F, Cl, Br, and OCOCH3) were calculated using the hybrid density functionals B3LYP, B3P86, and B3PW91, as well as MP2 and the 6-31G(d), 6-31G(2d), 6-31G(3d), 6-31G(d,p), and 6-31+G(d) basis sets. MP2/6-31+G(d)/ /HF/6-31+G(d) [−ΔG° = 1.73 kcal/mol], B3P86/6-31G(d) [−ΔG° = 1.75 kcal/mol], and B3PW91/6-31G(d) [−ΔG° = 1.85 kcal/mol] gave conformational free energy (ΔG°) values at 180 K for 4-methyltetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide which were similar to the reported experimental values for methylcyclohexane (−ΔG° = 1.80 kcal/mol), 4-methyltetrahydro-2H-thiopyran (−ΔG° = 1.80 kcal/mol), and other 4-methyl-substituted heterocycles. All levels of theory showed that the conformational preferences of the 4-methanoyl (4-formyl), 4-ethanoyl (4-acetyl), and 4-cyano substituents were small. The HF calculations gave conformational free energy (ΔG°) values for 4-chlorotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1dioxide which were closer to the experimental value than the MP2 and density functional methods. The best agreement with available experimental data for 4-bromotetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide was obtained from the HF/6-31G(2d), HF/6-31G(3d), and B3LYP/6-31G(2d) calculations, and, for 4-acetoxytetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-1,1-dioxide, from the HF/6–31G(3d) calculations. The conformational free energies (ΔG°) and relative energies (ΔE) of the conformers and rotamers have been compared with the correspondingly substituted cyclohexanes and tetrahydro-2H-thiopyrans and are discussed in terms of dipole–dipole (electrostatic) interactions and repulsive nonbonded interactions (steric) in the most stable axial and equatorial conformers. The axial S=O bond lengths are shorter than the equatorial S=O bond lengths and the C2–C3 bond lengths in the substituents with carbon-bonded to the ring are shorter than the C3–C4 and C4–C-5 bond lengths. In contrast, the C2–C3 bond lengths in the 4-halogen and 4-acetoxy substituents are longer than the C3–C4 and C4–C-5 bond lengths.
THE MELT REFINING OF IRRADIATED URANIUM: APPLICATION TO EBR-II FAST REACTOR FUEL. X. THE BEHAVIOR OF ZIRCONIUM

Melt refining experiments in which irradiated uranium or synthetic EBR- II alloys were melted in oxide crucibles showed that removal of zirconium as an oxide does not occur at temperatares up to 1400 ts C. Removal of zirconium by carbon scavenging of the melt was approximately 50% in 5-hr melts at 1400 ts C; the mechanism and products of reactions which led to this separation are discussed. Zirconium contamination of uranium- cerium alloys melted in limestabilized zirconia crucibles was negligible. (auth)
Intra-Body Optical Channel Modeling for In Vivo Wireless Nanosensor Networks

In vivo wireless nanosensor networks (iWNSNs) consist of nanosized communicating devices, which can operate inside the human body in real time. iWNSNs are at the basis of transformative healthcare techniques, ranging from intra-body health-monitoring systems to drug-delivery applications. Plasmonic nanoantennas are expected to enable the communication among nanosensors in the near infrared and optical transmission window. This result motivates the analysis of the phenomena affecting the propagation of such electromagnetic (EM) signals inside the human body. In this paper, a channel model for intra-body optical communication among nanosensors is developed. The total path loss is computed by taking into account the absorption from different types of molecules and the scattering by different types of cells. In particular, first, the impact of a single cell on the propagation of an optical wave is analytically obtained, by modeling a cell as a multi-layer sphere with complex permittivity. Then, the impact of having a large number of cells with different properties arranged in layered tissues is analyzed. The analytical channel model is validated by means of electromagnetic simulations and extensive numerical results are provided to understand the behavior of the intra-body optical wireless channel. The result shows that, at optical frequencies, the scattering loss introduced by cells is much larger than the absorption loss from the medium. This result motivates the utilization of the lower frequencies of the near-infrared window for communication in iWNSNs.
Propagation of Theiler's virus in murine ascitic tumors.

SummaryAscitic forms of murine astro-cytoma and ependymoma have been developed. These support growth of Theiler's GD VII virus, in vitro, and under suitable conditions, in vivo. A variant strain of ependymoma, not susceptible to virus was obtained by passage of tumor in a partially tumor-resistant strain of mice. Ehrlich, Bashford 63 and Krebs 2 carcinomas and S3 7 sarcoma were not susceptible to Theiler's GD VII virus, in vitro, or in mice.
Sequential effects on latency and other indices in free operant discriminated avoidance

Six squirrel monkeys were run on a series of free operant discriminated avoidance schedules in which a variable warning stimulus duration (S1S2 interval), assigned values of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 sec, was paired with a constant safe stimulus duration (RS1 interval) of 4 sec. Three monkeys were exposed to the series of warning stimulus durations in ascending order (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 sec) and three were exposed to the series in descending order (16, 8, 4, 2, 1 sec). The ascending series generated shorter response latencies in the warning stimulus than the descending series, but in both cases latency was directly related to warning stimulus duration. The descending group had high shock rates under the 1- and 2-sec warning stimulus durations relative to the ascending group.
The effect of intentional, preplanned movement on novice conductors' gesture

Preplanning movement may be one way to broaden novice conductors’ vocabulary of gesture and promote motor awareness. To test the difference between guided score study and guided score study with preplanned, intentional movement on the conducting gestures of novice conductors, undergraduate music education students (N = 20) were assigned to one of two conditions and then evaluated on their conducting performance. The experimental group received two sessions of guided score study with planning and practicing of gestures, while the control group received two sessions of guided score study only. Participants were video recorded conducting the piece with a university instrumental ensemble and evaluated by four conducting experts on gestures of dynamics, articulation, cues, releases, and phrasing. Analysis of the mean scores for each rating revealed no significant differences between the two conditions. Analysis of postconducting interview transcriptions revealed several factors that may have contributed to the...
Responding to the Approaching Mass Departure of Building Code Professionals in Utah

AbstractNational studies have suggested that a large percentage of existing code professionals are expected to reach retirement age in the next 10 years. The purpose of this research project was to assess the health and long-term viability of the code professional industry in Utah, and explore the impacts of a mass departure of code professionals. The code professional spectrum was developed to illustrate the increasing complexity and body of knowledge contained within this industry. A statewide survey of over 300 licensed building inspectors was conducted to investigate the current demographics of the industry and explore the various levels of professional expertise contained within this group. It was determined that approximately half of all actively licensed building inspectors in the state of Utah will reach retirement age within the next 10 years. Correspondingly, there are many different certification areas in which over half of the current professionals will also be lost during this same time perio...
Three Men and a Maybe Identity and Privilege in Male Preservice Elementary School Teachers

Male preservice elementary teachers often receive special attention. However, identities consist of many complex components. Constant comparative methodology revealed emergent themes of privilege a...
Central pattern generator for escape swimming in the notaspid sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica.

Central pattern generator for escape swimming in the notaspid sea slugPleurobranchaea californica. Escape swimming in the notaspid opisthobranch Pleurobranchaea is an episode of alternating dorsal ...
Divergence and convergence in alternative agrifood movements: Seeking a path forward

As movements increase their focus on social justice, they can engage in critical reflection and dialogue to interrogate the nature of conditions of injustice and the causes behind these conditions. This would include examining how practices and discourses of racism, classism, and sexism – along with the ways they intersect – have shaped, reflect, and reproduce the food system. This process must privilege the participation, perspectives, and priorities of those who suffer from injustice. It can then best illuminate strategic definitions and pathways that can move toward transformation of a food system grounded in conditions of social justice.
The anterior medial temporal lobes: Their role in food intake and body weight regulation.

The anterior medial temporal lobes are one of the most studied parts of the brain. Classically, their two main structures – the amygdalae and the hippocampi – have been linked to key cognitive and affective functions, related in particular to learning and memory. Based on abundant evidence, we will argue for an alternative but complementary point of view: they may also play a major role in food intake and body weight regulation. First, an overview is given of early clinical evidence in this line of thought. Subsequently, empirical evidence is presented on how food intake, including in the extreme case of obesity, may relate to amygdalian and hippocampal functioning. The focus is on the amygdala's role in processing the relevance of food stimuli, cue-induced feeding, and stress-induced eating and on the hippocampus' involvement in the use of interoceptive signals of hunger and satiety, as well as memory and inhibitory processes related to food intake. Additionally, an elaboration takes place on possible reciprocal links between food intake, body weight, and amygdala and hippocampus functioning. Finally, issues that seemed particularly critical for future research in the field are discussed.
Cranial and Dental Features of a Southeastern Arizona Cochise Culture Burial

The cranial and dental features of a skull found in a Cochise Culture burial near St. David, Arizona, are described. The relationship of this skull to Brues’ San Simon type is discussed. The validi...
Glutamine synthetase and control of nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium

Rhizobia have recently been shown to fix nitrogen while living free1,2,3,4. Unfortunately, free-living fixation occurs only at the end of exponential growth, and there is no condition in which bacterial growth is dependent on reduction of dinitrogen by nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2). In the unrelated Klebsiella pneumoniae where fixation does occur in culture, nitrogenase expression is regulated by the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) (EC 6.3.1.2). Mutants lacking GS activty (glnˉ) fail to induce measurable nitrogenase activity5,6.
Microprobe analysis in pulmonary pathology

Microprobe analysis is a powerful technique which permits the detection and identification of foreign materials. Although there are a variety of different “microprobes”, this technology most often ...
The Concept of Induction in The Light of the Interrogative Approach to Inquiry

This paper is a part of a larger enterprise. In the last few years I have developed an essentially new approach to inquiry, prominently including scientific inquiry.1 This approach can be given the form of a model (or, more appropriately, a multidimensional spectrum of models) of inquiry, which I propose to call the interrogative model of inquiry. It can be used to understand a wide variety of phenomena and to solve a variety of problems. In this paper I will study one particular concept that can be put into an interesting systematic and historical perspective by means of the interrogative model, namely, the concept of induction.2 In the study of this notion the interrogative model of inquiry turns out to be especially useful. Among other conclusions, we shall find interesting reasons for assigning induction in the accepted sense of the word a rather lowly place on the map of scientific methodology. At the same time, the interrogative model helps us to uncover a historically earlier sense of induction which in our days is virtually forgotten and to assign to it an important role in the scientific process.
Measurement of Atherogenic Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment

In the past several decades, multiple landmark clinical trials have proven that certain lipoprotein abnormalities not only predict but also provoke atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Yet, there is a growing concern that traditional measures of atherogenic lipoproteins do not faithfully forecast risk in some populations. For instance, while the singular importance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is unchallenged, novel laboratory techniques have emerged to characterize it. This has led to reassessment of which measures of LDL best correlate with outcomes. In this chapter, we will discuss important markers of LDL and selected atherogenic lipoproteins. Several emerging lipoproteinrelated tests are now widely available, and it is not always easy to discern which ones best complement the traditional markers, or when to use them. We also discuss how Adult Treatment Panel III and other major consensus guidelines approach some of the lipoprotein-related markers. Finally, we move a step beyond current guidelines and propose a clinical strategy that leverages emerging lipoprotein markers to better identify at-risk patients.
Who gets a pouch after colectomy in New York state and why

Background This study identified variation and factors associated with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis after total colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Methods The Statewide Planning & Research Cooperative System was used to identify patients with ulcerative colitis who underwent total colectomy in New York state from 2000–2013. Bivariate and mixed-effects multivariable analyses were performed to assess patient, surgeon, and hospital-level factors as well as surgeon and hospital-level variation associated with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis after total colectomy. Results Across 2,203 patients, the rate of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis was 34%. Overall, 465 surgeons and 148 hospitals performed at least one total colectomy for ulcerative colitis from 2000–2013, and 178 surgeons and 80 hospitals performed at least one ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis during the study period. The median rate of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis creation was 14% (range = 6% to 69%) across surgeons and 14% (range = 7% to 63%) across hospitals. Patient-level factors independently associated with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis were younger age, lower comorbidity burden, and elective total colectomy. Surgeon and hospital-level factors independently associated with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis were colorectal surgery board-certification, surgeon ileal pouch-anal anastomosis volume, and hospital ileal pouch-anal anastomosis volume. Patient-level factors explained 43% of the surgeon and 47% of the hospital variation in ileal pouch-anal anastomosis creation while surgeon-level factors explained 26% of the surgeon and 21% of the hospital variation. Conclusion These findings suggest that variation in ileal pouch-anal anastomosis creation for ulcerative colitis is influenced largely by provider practices/preferences or lack of referral of patients after colectomy to surgeons and centers that perform ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Providers and hospitals that do not routinely perform ileal pouch-anal anastomosis should refer patients to centers with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis expertise after total colectomy.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by persistent and intrusive thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images (obsessions) resulting in significant anxiety or distress, coupled with compulsions or rituals used to reduce this distress. According to the (DSM-V; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), common obsessions feature fears of contamination, self-doubts, desires to have things in a specific order, aggressive/horrific images of harming loved ones, and religiosity, or disturbing sexual imagery. Compulsions consist of repetitive behaviors and mental acts (i.e., mental compulsions) and commonly involve, but are not limited to, checking, repetition, and washing. They may also include repetitive motor movements that can appear tic-like, such as walking down the steps in a particular way or avoiding stepping on cracks or particular colors on the floor. According to Swedo and colleagues (1989), washing rituals constitute the most common symptom of childhood OCD, affecting more than 85 % of children diagnosed.
Evaluation of provider response to positive depression screenings and physician attitudes on integrating psychiatric pharmacist services in primary care settings.

Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify potential gaps in the management of depression and assess the perceptions of primary care providers (PCPs) toward integrating psychiatri...
Unconventional Fragment Usage Enables a Concise Total Synthesis of (-)-Callyspongiolide.

An asymmetric synthesis of (−)-callyspongiolide is described. The route builds the macrolide domain atypically from a disaccharide and a monoterpene without passing through a seco-acid. Chiral iridium catalysis selectively joins fragments. Subsequent degradation of an imbedded butyrolactone via perhemiketal fragmentation affords a stereo- and regio-defined homoallylic alcohol that is engaged directly in a carbonylative macrolactonization. Further elaboration of the polyunsaturated appendage provides the natural product in a particularly direct and flexible manner.
Phosphoinositide-interacting regulator of TRP (PIRT) has opposing effects on human and mouse TRPM8 ion channels.

Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a cold-sensitive ion channel with diverse physiological roles. TRPM8 activity is modulated by many mechanisms, including an interaction with the small membrane protein phosphoinositide-interacting regulator of TRP (PIRT). Here, using comparative electrophysiology experiments, we identified species-dependent differences between the human and mouse TRPM8–PIRT complexes. We found that human PIRT attenuated human TPRM8 conductance, unlike mouse PIRT, which enhanced mouse TRPM8 conductance. Quantitative Western blot analysis demonstrates that this effect does not arise from decreased trafficking of TRPM8 to the plasma membrane. Chimeric human/mouse TRPM8 channels were generated to probe the molecular basis of the PIRT modulation, and the effect was recapitulated in a pore domain chimera, demonstrating the importance of this region for PIRT-mediated regulation of TRPM8. Moreover, recombinantly expressed and purified human TRPM8 S1–S4 domain (comprising transmembrane helices S1–S4, also known as the sensing domain, ligand-sensing domain, or voltage sensing-like domain) and full-length human PIRT were used to investigate binding between the proteins. NMR experiments, supported by a pulldown assay, indicated that PIRT binds directly and specifically to the TRPM8 S1–S4 domain. Binding became saturated as the S1–S4:PIRT mole ratio approached 1. Our results have uncovered species-specific TRPM8 modulation by PIRT. They provide evidence for a direct interaction between PIRT and the TRPM8 S1–S4 domain with a 1:1 binding stoichiometry, suggesting that a functional tetrameric TRPM8 channel has four PIRT-binding sites.
General Principles of Psychopharmacology

Much of psychopharmacology started as simple observations of chemical-induced improvement in psychotic and affective disorders. Once early antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers were discovered to have efficacy in the 1950s, considerable efforts were taken to describe the pharmacology and neurobiology of psychiatric conditions and medications. With the exponential increase in knowledge of psychotropes, clinicians have had trouble sifting through the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, indications, contraindications, side effects, interactions, dosages, and special indications for individual drugs and classes of these drugs. Despite the breadth, a basic understanding of psychotropes is necessary for patients to receive the most effective treatment while avoiding treatment-associated complications. Understanding some of the fundamentals of psychopharmacology will make drug navigation less of a task of memorization and more of an exercise in concept practice. When encountering complex patients on multiple medications, it can be comforting to consult a clinical guide for reminders of important issues such as hepatic P450 metabolic route and need for laboratory monitoring. Rather than mulling over every side effect of each individual drug, it’s helpful to remember mechanisms of action and predictable side effects from altering a neurotransmitter pathway such as adrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, or histaminergic neurotransmission.
The local zeta function in enumerating quartic fields

Abstract An exact formula is obtained for the Fourier transform of the local condition of maximality modulo primes p > 3 in the prehomogeneous vector space 2 ⊗ Sym 2 ( Z p 3 ) parametrizing quartic fields, thus solving the local ‘quartic case’ in enumerating quartic fields.
Effects of Dynamic Automation on Situation Awareness and Workload in UAV Control Decision Tasks

Complex unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations place high information processing demands on operators. Dynamic automation or function allocation (DFA) has been proposed as a method to address operator “overload” situations without compromising system/situation awareness. This study made use of a high-fidelity UAV simulation to investigate any benefits of DFA when applied to decision making tasks. Three modes of UAV control automation, including DFA and static high and low level of automation, were compared. A preliminary analysis of operator responses to situation awareness queries showed no significant differences; however, response accuracy in an aircraft detection task indicated superior situation comprehension under DFA as compared to static high level of automation. Results of an embedded secondary task indicated that participants experienced lower cognitive workload when operating under DFA as compared to static low level of automation. Findings of this study could be used for guiding design of DFA approaches for UAV control.
Very Low Surface Recombination Velocity of Silicon Substrates Passivated with Quinhydrone-Methanol (QHY-ME) Solution

The surface passivation effects of HF terminated silicon surfaces using quinhydrone-methanol and iodine-methanol are investigated. The surface recombination velocity (S) is demonstrated for various thicknesses and resistivities of silicon substrates passivated with these chemical solutions. Quinhydrone-methanol (QHY-ME) has bigger ionic radius and results in higher minority carrier lifetimes. It provides better chemical screening against oxygen and is therefore much stable in air as compared to iodine methanol passivation. QHY-ME is easy, nonhazardous, a room temperature passivation scheme, and gives repeatable results. It resulted in best minority carrier lifetime of 3.3 ms for n-type high resistivity 100 Ω-cm Si substrate (S of 7 cm/sec) and 1.1 ms for p-type low resistivity 280 μm substrate (S of 10.2 cm/sec); both at an injection level of 1x10 cm thus proving its utility as an important characterization tool for different types, resistivity and thicknesses of silicon substrates. The lifetime is measured using the WCT-120 Sinton Lifetime Tester and surface recombination velocity extracted. The injection level dependent lifetime of these chemically passivated silicon substrates is also demonstrated for the first time in this paper in order to determine the change in surface properties with carrier density.
The Incredible Years® Group-Based Parenting Program for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

A new Incredible Years® (IY) Parent Program for preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and language delays (ages 2–5) was recently developed and piloted. It is designed to either complement the 18–20-week IY Preschool Basic Program for parent groups where children have a mix of behavioral and developmental challenges or to be used independently in a combination of 14–18-week group-based course plus individual home coaching for parents with children with ASD. This chapter includes a summary of the rationale for IY parent program content that promotes social communication and language development, positive relationships and social skills, emotion- and self-regulation, and positive behavior management. The IY collaborative approaches for training and supporting parents are also presented. These approaches include mediating vignettes of children with ASD to trigger parent self-reflection; problem-solving and experiential practices with child-directed play and imitation; communicating with children with and without language skills; practicing parenting skills such as persistence, social and emotion coaching, gesturing, modeling, and prompting; incorporating social sensory routines; engaging in pretend play and using puppets to enhance joint play, social communication, and empathy; and learning the ABCs for managing behavior, including the concepts of antecedent accommodations and environmental modification to promote appropriate behavior, teaching replacement behaviors, and reinforcing target behaviors by providing praise, incentives, and sensory activities as rewarding consequences. Parents learn to identify behaviors that can be ignored and how to use differential attention and get into their child’s attention spotlight. The importance of parent goal setting, self-monitoring, home activities, stress management, self-care, and building parent support networks is emphasized.
What I See is What You Don't Get: The Effects of (Not) Seeing Emoji Rendering Differences across Platforms

Emoji are popular in digital communication, but they are rendered differently on different viewing platforms (e.g., iOS, Android). It is unknown how many people are aware that emoji have multiple renderings, or whether they would change their emoji-bearing messages if they could see how these messages render on recipients' devices. We developed software to expose the multi-rendering nature of emoji and explored whether this increased visibility would affect how people communicate with emoji. Through a survey of 710 Twitter users who recently posted an emoji-bearing tweet, we found that at least 25% of respondents were unaware that the emoji they posted could appear differently to their followers. Additionally, after being shown how one of their tweets rendered across platforms, 20% of respondents reported that they would have edited or not sent the tweet. These statistics reflect millions of potentially regretful tweets shared per day because people cannot see emoji rendering differences across platforms. Our results motivate the development of tools that increase the visibility of emoji rendering differences across platforms, and we contribute our cross-platform emoji rendering software to facilitate this effort.
Characterization of corneal deposition keratopathy in the setting of blood cell dyscrasia and a minimally invasive technique to clear the cornea in a single case.

Abstract Purpose To report 3 cases of corneal protein deposition occurring in association with systemic disease, with one case demonstrating a novel technique for clearing corneal deposits. Observations Three patients presented with corneal deposits associated with systemic disease. Corneal involvement was noted prior to diagnosis of systemic disease in two patients, leading to subsequent diagnosis of multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. OCT revealed protein deposition at various corneal levels, including at different stromal depths in the two cases of multiple myeloma. A novel technique of posterior endothelial scraping was performed in one case with deep stromal deposits, leading to significant corneal clearing. Conclusions and Importance This case series demonstrates that recognition of corneal deposits may precede the diagnosis of systemic disease. It incorporates the use of anterior segment OCT to characterize corneal deposits, and demonstrates a novel surgical technique for clearing certain types corneal deposits.
Symposium on political communication and social movements – the campfire and the tent: what social movement studies and political communication can learn from one another

In this symposium contribution, Dave Karpf offers three observations about the differences between the fields of social movement studies and political communication. He posits that the central diff...
The role of cell adhesion in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis

The cells of the bone marrow microenvironment are emerging as important contributors and regulators of normal hematopoiesis. This microenvironment is perturbed during leukemogenesis, and evidence points toward a bidirectional communication between leukemia cells and the normal cells of the bone marrow, mediated by direct cell-cell contact as well as soluble factors. These interactions are increasingly appreciated to play a role in leukemogenesis and possibly in resistance to chemotherapy. In fact, several compounds that specifically target the bone marrow microenvironment, including inhibitors of cell adhesion, are being tested as adjuncts to leukemia therapy.
Abstract P5-05-16: Role of estrogen receptor alpha acetylation in estrogen-dependent gene regulation in breast cancers

Estrogens, such as 17β-estradiol (E2), act through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), a ligand-regulated transcription factor that binds across the genome to promote enhancer formation and regulate gene expression. ERα is expressed in approximately 70% of breast cancers, where it regulates the transcription of genes involved in mitogenic and inflammatory pathways. We are exploring the the acetylation of ERα on lysines 266 and 268, a modification that enhances the DNA binding and transcriptional activities of ERα. ERα acetylation is catalyzed by the lysine acetyltransferases p300 and CBP in an E2- and steroid receptor coregulator (SRC)-dependent manner. Acetylation-dependent activation of ERα has potential implications in breast cancers associated with enhanced coregulator interactions, such as SRC-3/Amplified in Breast (AIB1) gene amplifications and gain-of-function ERα mutations in endocrine resistant metastatic tumors, such as Y537S and D538G. Increased association of ERα with SRCs and p300/CBP leading to enhanced ERα acetylation may promote gain-of-function ERα activity. Our hypothesis is that acetylation of ERα alters its function by increasing E2-responsive gene transcription and signaling in breast cancers. Our current efforts are focused on investigating the role of ERα acetylation on chromatin binding and accessibility, enhancer activity, and target gene transcription. We are using the ER-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with a knockdown/re-expression strategy with biochemical mimics of acetylated (K266/268Q) or unacetylated (K266/268R) ERα. Genomic ERα binding profiles using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) has defined overlapping, but unique, sets of transcriptional targets and recruitment kinetics for the ERα mutants. Current efforts are focused on defining global transcriptional responses associated with the unique binding activities using precision run-on sequencing (PRO-seq). Ultimately, our goal is to define how acetylation affects the binding of ERα to chromatin and its effect on the transcriptional activity of E2-target genes in breast cancers in the context of gain-of-function ERα mutations and coregulator amplifications. Supported in part by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Lalor Foundation to YMV, and grants from the NIDDK, NICHD, and CPRIT to WLK, as well as support from the Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences Endowment. Citation Format: Vasquez YM, Setlem R, Murakami S, Kraus WL. Role of estrogen receptor alpha acetylation in estrogen-dependent gene regulation in breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-05-16.
Moduli of Vector Bundles on Curves in Positive Characteristics

Let X be a projective curve of genus 2 over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 2. The Frobenius map on X induces a rational map on the moduli scheme of rank-2 bundles. We show that up to isomorphism, there is only one (up to tensoring by an order two line bundle) semi-stable vector bundle of rank 2 (with determinant equal to a theta characteristic) whose Frobenius pull-back is not semi-stable. The indeterminacy of the Frobenius map at this point can be resolved by introducing Higgs bundles.
Ribosolve: Rapid determination of three-dimensional RNA-only structures

The discovery and design of biologically important RNA molecules is dramatically outpacing three-dimensional structural characterization. To address this challenge, we present Ribosolve, a hybrid method integrating moderate-resolution cryo-EM maps, chemical mapping, and Rosetta computational modeling, and demonstrate its application to thirteen previously unknown 119- to 338-nucleotide protein-free RNA-only structures: full-length Tetrahymena ribozyme, hc16 ligase with and without substrate, full-length V. cholerae and F. nucleatum glycine riboswitch aptamers with and without glycine, Mycobacterium SAM-IV riboswitch with and without S-adenosylmethionine, and computer-designed spinach-TTR-3, eterna3D-JR_1, and ATP-TTR-3 with and without AMP. Blind challenges, prospective compensatory mutagenesis, internal controls, and simulation benchmarks validate the Ribosolve models and establish that modeling convergence is quantitatively predictive of model accuracy. These results demonstrate that RNA-only 3D structure determination can be rapid and routine.
Chemistry and Biochemistry in the Early 20th Century. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes in Berlin—Dahlem

The spectacular rise of science in German universities and Technischen Hochschulen in the latter part of the nineteenth century laid the foundation for the world leadership of German industry and thus formed the basis of the economic affluence of the Kaiserreich. A favorable atmosphere was created for the expansion of research in general and the establishment of institutes devoted exclusively to research. Such institutes already existed in France, England, and the United States (e.g., the Pasteur Institute, the Lister Institute, and the Rockefeller Institute). Farsighted leaders in science, industry, commerce, and government in Germany recognized the necessity of creating pure research institutes in which brilliant and outstanding scientists would have complete freedom and all the necessary facilities to perform their research work under the most favorable and efficient conditions.