cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Droplet size and spray pattern characteristics of an electronic flow controller for spray nozzles

An electronic flow control system for pressure atomization spray nozzles was evaluated. The control actuator was a direct-acting, in-line solenoid valve directly coupled to a standard agricultural spray nozzle tip. Variable flow was obtained by varying the frequency and duty cycle of the valve operation. The ratio of maximum to minimum volumetric flow rate over the range of continuous control (i.e., the turndown ratio) was 3·21:1, 3·55:1 and 2·51:1 for flat-fan, hollow-cone and solid-cone nozzle tips, respectively. Actuator frequencies, duty cycles and the corresponding turndown ratios were physically limited by the time required for complete opening and closing of the valve. The effects of the flow controller on the droplet size spectra and spray distribution patterns of the nozzles were quantified. As the nozzle flow was reduced from the uncontrolled (maximum) rate to the minimum controllable rate, the observed volume median diameter of the spray droplets increased by 8·1, 23·1 and 29·7% for the flat-fan, hollow-cone and solid-cone tips, respectively. For all nozzles tested, reduction in flow rate resulted in a more narrow spray distribution pattern.
Immunohistochemical localization of calretinin in the rat hindbrain.

The localization of calretinin in the rat hindbrain was examined immunohistochemically with an antiserum against calretinin purified from the guinea pig brain. Calretinin immunoreactivity was found within neuronal elements. The distribution of calretinin-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers is presented in schematic drawings and summarized in a table. Major calretinin immunoreactive neurons were found in the lateral and medial geniculate nuclei, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, interpeduncular nucleus, periaqueductal gray, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, superior and inferior colliculi, pontine nuclei, parabrachial nucleus, dorsal and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, cochlear nuclei, vestibular nuclei, medullary reticular nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema, substantia gelatinosa of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and cerebellum. These results show that distinct calretinin-immunoreactive neurons are widely distributed in the rat hindbrai.
Scanning the Market Horizon: Educational Futures in Historical Perspective

In the field of higher education, peering into the future is an increasingly popular occupation. Those who engage in the task the foolish and the brave rarely come away with a sanguine picture. Stability and prosperity lie beyond our grasp. The future is bleak, and the road to salvation is difficult. Each of the books reviewed in this essay offer, in one way or another, a worrisome picture of problems and pathways. To place our futurists in context, this essay attempts a brief historical taxonomy of past efforts to assess the fortunes of higher education in Britain and the USA. It surveys six schools of thought, culminating in what one may call 'Market Reality'. The other schools, in chronological order, include what I shall call the 'Utilitarians' and the 'Preservationists', the 'New Culture' school, the school of 'Resigned Pragmatists', and the school of 'Reorganization and Accountability'. To some degree, these schools reflect generational reactions to the growing public and political interest in universities and colleges as agents of socio-economic mobility, knowledge production, and economic development. Let us examine each in turn.
Phase transitions in the web of science

Abstract The Internet age is changing the structure of science, and affecting interdisciplinary interactions. Publication profiles connecting mathematics with molecular biology and condensed matter physics over the last 40 years exhibit common phase transitions indicative of the critical role played by specific interdisciplinary interactions. The strengths of the phase transitions quantify the importance of interdisciplinary interactions.
Decision rules for predicting vaccination status of preschool-age emergency department patients

We produced and tested rules to predict undervaccination among preschoolage emergency department (ED) patients. Data were gathered on demographics, vaccination status, health status, and health care utilization from parents, ED physiclans, and ED charts at an urban teaching hospital in Rochester, N.Y. Primary care charts were reviewed to verity faccination status. Using recursive partitioning, we developed decision rules to predict undervaccination. Decision rules were developed on a sample of 602 ED patients 4 to 48 months of age and then prospectively tested on 1832 ED patients aged 6 to 36 months. Factors associated with undervaccination for any vaccine included parental report of vaccination delay (odds ratio=8.1; p p p p p p
Gynecomastia and semen abnormalities induced by spironolactone in normal men

The clinical and hormonal effects of spironolactone on the pituitary-testicular axis were evaluated in healthy, young men. One group of nine men took 100 mg daily for 4 weeks, none for 4 weeks, then 400 mg daily for 4 weeks. The dialyzable fraction of testosterone increased by 20% (P < 0.01) during both periods of spironolactone administration. The serum concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone andestradiol, however, did not change during either period, nor did the FSH and LH responses to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Another group of 9 men took 400 mg of spironolactone daily for up to 24 weeks. During this time6 developed gynecomastia and 2 noted a decrease in libido. Two men had decreases in sperm density and motility that were apparently drug-related, although the mean sperm density of all 9 men did not change significantly. No change occurred in the mean serum concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone or estradiol. In vitro incubation of canrenone, the principal circulating metabolite of spir...
Synchronous retreat and acceleration of southeast Greenland outlet glaciers 2000–06: ice dynamics and coupling to climate

A large portion of the recent increase in the rate of mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet is from increased outlet glacier discharge along its southeastern margin. While previous investigations of the region’s two largest glaciers suggest that acceleration is a dynamic response to thinning and retreat of the calving front, it is unknown whether this mechanism can explain regional acceleration and what forcing is responsible for initiating rapid thinning and retreat. We examine seasonal and interannual changes in ice-front position, surface elevation and flow speed for 32 glaciers along the southeastern coast between 2000 and 2006. While substantial seasonality in front position and speed is apparent, nearly all the observed glaciers show net retreat, thinning and acceleration, with speed-up corresponding to retreat. The ratio of retreat to the along-flow stress-coupling length is proportional to the relative increase in speed, consistent with typical ice-flow and sliding laws. This affirms that speed-up results from loss of resistive stress at the front during retreat, which leads to along-flow stress transfer. Large retreats were often preceded by the formation of a flat or reverse-sloped surface near the front, indicating that subsequent retreats were influenced by the reversed bed slope. Many retreats began with an increase in thinning rates near the front in the summer of 2003, a year of record high coastal-air and sea-surface temperatures. This anomaly was driven in part by recent warming, suggesting that episodes of speed-up and retreat may become more common in a warmer climate.
Dynamics of ultracold molecules in confined geometry and electric field

We present a time-independent quantum formalism to describe the dynamics of molecules with permanent electric dipole moments in a two-dimensional confined geometry such as a one-dimensional optical lattice, in the presence of an electric field. Bose versus Fermi statistics and selection rules play a crucial role in the dynamics. As examples, we compare the dynamics of confined fermionic and bosonic polar KRb molecules under different confinements and electric fields. We show how chemical reactions can be suppressed, either by a ``statistical suppression'' which applies for fermions at small electric fields and confinements, or by a ``potential energy suppression,'' which applies for both fermions and bosons at high electric fields and confinements. We also explore collisions that transfer molecules from one state of the confining potential to another. Although these collisions can be significant, we show that they do not play a role in the loss of the total number of molecules in the gas.
Proposal of a Classification System for Patients With Neck Pain

It is likely that patients with neck pain are not a homogeneous group, but, instead, consist of a variety of subgroups, each of which may benefit from a specific intervention matched to the patient's signs and symptoms. Studies to date have largely failed to account for this possibility, which may compromise the statistical power of research and ultimately fail to provide guidance for clinical decision making. Classification provides a means of breaking down a larger entity into more homogeneous subgroups of patients, based on examination data. Classification can guide the determination of a patient's prognosis, and the selection of the most appropriate intervention strategy. Classification has received considerable attention in the management of patients with low back pain, and evidence is emerging regarding its benefits. There has been considerably less effort made towards examining classification as it pertains to patients with neck pain. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to examine the curren...
Ontogeny of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Histidyl Proline Diketopiperazine in the Rat Central Nervous System and Pancreas*

The ontogeny of TRH and of a proposed TRH metabolite, histidyl proline diketopiperazine (His-Pro DKP), was determined in the rat central nervous system and pancreas as a means of studying the interrelationship of these peptides. Various regions of the rat brain, spinal cord, and pancreas were dissected from animals ranging in age from prenatal day 17 to adult. The tissues were extracted for TRH and His-Pro DKP, and tissue levels of the two peptides were measured by specific RIAs. We found increasing TRH levels in the hypothalamus, spinal cord, and multiple extrahypothalamic brain regions in the developing rat [e.g. from 21 ± 3 (±SE) pg/hypothalamus on prenatal day 17 to 2606 ± 296 pg/hypothalamus in the adult]. In the rat pancreas, however, TRH levels initially increased from 354 ± 37 pg/pancreas on prenatal day 21 to 749 ± 68 pg/ pancreas on postnatal day 7, but from day 7 to adulthood, the TRH content fell dramatically, being undetectable in the adult rat pancreas. The His-Pro DKP content increased in n...
Expression of starch metabolic genes in the developing nectaries of ornamental tobacco plants

To understand the mechanisms that control starch metabolism in the nectary, this study combined TEM analysis of floral nectaries in ornamental tobacco with gene expression analysis of a number of starch metabolism genes over the time course of nectary development. Using TEM, we observed an increase in amyloplasts accumulating from early developmental stages until stage 9 (S9), and their subsequent disappearance prior to anthesis (S12). Nectary starch gene expression analysis was initiated by isolating 18 nectary-expressed cDNAs encoding different starch metabolic enzymes. Strong sucrose synthase gene expression was observed early in nectary development at the mRNA and protein levels. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) mRNA levels, protein levels, and enzymatic activities also were high at early stages of nectary development then declined as the nectary matured. Starch synthase 3 (SS3), the most strongly expressed SS, followed a similar expression pattern. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed three different regulatory patterns of gene expression, an anabolic pattern, a catabolic pattern and a constitutive pattern. The anabolic genes, including AGPS and SS3, were expressed early in development (S2 and S6), and down regulated after S9. In contrast, catabolic gene expression, including ISA1, AMY and BMY, was detected at S9 and later but not at early stages. The third class of genes was expressed throughout nectary development. The switch from starch anabolism to catabolism seems to be an important key to normal nectary development and function. These combined results provide a better understanding of the importance of starch metabolism to overall nectary activity.
"Aunt Grace Can't Have Babies"

One of the most necessarily sensitive areas of pastoral care is dealing with perinatal death. This case study grows from a need for care providers to understand better the feelings of a mother in the loss of her baby. This particular exploration evolved from a taped interview with the writer's aunt (now in her seventies) and her dealings with the multiple losses she experienced over fifty years ago. Her conversation in the interview gives credibility to many coping skills that we endeavor to teach today and that she developed for herself out of a need to survive.
Bioavailability of chromium from a used chrome lignosulphonate drilling mud to five species of marine invertebrates

Abstract The bioavailability of chromium from a used seawater chrome lignosulphonate drilling mud to three marine crustaceans, Portunus spinicarpus, Penaeus aztecus and Palaemonetes pugio , a polychaete worm, Neanthes virens , and a bivalve mollusc, Rangia cuneata , was evaluated. All five species showed an apparent accumulation of chromium during exposure to different types of mud-seawater mixtures. When the crustaceans were returned to mud-free seawater they rapidly released the accumulated chromium. Clams R. cuneata accumulated significant amounts of chromium when exposed to a substrate containing a layer of drilling mud. However, most of the chromium was released within 24 h when the clams were returned to a clean natural substrate, indicating that much of the chromium accumulated was in the form of unassimilated mud components in the digestive tract or on the gills. When the clams were exposed for 16 days to the mud aqueous fraction they accumulated up to 19 ppm chromium in their tissues. When returned to clean seawater, they released approximately half the chromium in 11 days. When exposed to the mud aqueous fraction, polychaetes Neanthes virerns accumulated less chromium than the other species studied, but retained nearly all the chromium during a 96 h depuration period. Bioavailability of chromium from a used chrome lignosulphonate drilling mud during short-term exposure is relatively low and is species dependent. Chromium associated with the soluble or fine particulate phase of the mud appears to be more bioavailable than that associated with the dense, rapidly sedimenting particles.
Controlled removal of a large uterus within a bowel bag and morcellation in the bowel bag from the vagina

AbstractObjective:This studyaimedtodemonstrate a surgical video where-in a large hysterectomy specimen is placed in a bowel bag andmorcellated vaginally in the bag.Methods: This is a step-by-step demonstration of a morcellationprocedure which was performed vaginally after robotic-assisted totalhysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy. The patient was a 46 year-old Caucasian with a history of endometriosis who failed multiplemedicalmanagementoptions.Theendometrialbiopsyrevealedinactiveendometrium and no evidence of malignancy. She was taken to theoperatingroomafterinformedconsentforrobotic-assistedtotalhyster-ectomy and bilateral salpingectomy. After the hysterectomy was per-formed, the large uterine specimen was placed in a bowel bag (3M™Steri-Drape™IsolationBag1003,St.Paul,MN)andthebagwasbroughtto the vagina. The morcellation was performed in a contained mannerwithout intra-abdominal spill [1,2]. Gynecologic Oncology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx⁎ Corresponding author at: 333 Cedar St, NewHaven,CT06520, USA.Tel.: +1 203 7857385; fax: +1 203 737 4377.E-mail address: diana.english@yale.edu (D. English).
A Simulation of the Draping of Bidirectional Fabrics over Arbitrary Surfaces

The development of a graphical simulation to describe the draping of bidirectional fabrics over arbitrary surfaces is reported. The simulation applies to any surface, described either analytically or numerically, and allows any number of draped configurations on a surface. A unique draped configuration results when one warp thread and one weft thread are constrained to specific paths on the surface. The warp and weft crossover-point locations are calculated by numerically solving the intersection equations of the surface and two spheres that represent all possible positions of the ends of a warp and weft segment. Fabric-wrinkling and fabric-bridging over surface depressions are extreme cases of deformation, which, as with thread orientation, can be controlled by the placement of the constrained threads on the surface to be draped. Several surfaces are draped with the simulation, which is used as a design tool for selecting suitable draped configurations for specific surfaces.
The Moving Target: Student Financial Aid and Community College Student Retention:

This article reviews recent literature on student financial aid as a retention tool at community colleges. Enrollment and tuition data from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), and federal direct grant student aid data from the IPEDS Student Financial Aid Survey are used to analyze changes from 2000–01 to 2005–06. The new 2005 Carnegie Basic Classification of Associate's Colleges is used to reveal differences among rural, suburban, and urban community college types, and the Grapevine definition is used to reveal differences among states with local funding and those without significant local funding. A key finding is that the 40% increase in tuition and the 2.2 million new students enrolled in the past five years overwhelmed the very modest increases in federal direct grant student aid (Pell and Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants) over the same period, lessening the ability of student aid to positively impact retention at America...
alpha 1-adrenergic agonists precondition rabbit ischemic myocardium independent of adenosine by direct activation of protein kinase C.

Ischemic preconditioning in the rabbit is initiated by adenosine A1-receptor stimulation, which activates protein kinase C (PKC). Additionally, alpha 1-adrenergic agonists can similarly protect ischemic myocardium, but there has been confusion about the role adenosine receptors play in this protection. To characterize the interaction between adrenergic and adenosine receptors and to study the possible role of PKC in this protection, we used isolated rabbit hearts perfused with oxygenated Krebs' buffer. All hearts were subjected to 30 minutes of regional myocardial ischemia and 2 hours of reperfusion. Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining. Pharmacologic preconditioning in hearts with a 5-minute phenylephrine (PE) infusion 10 minutes before the prolonged regional ischemia resulted in significantly smaller infarcts (9.7 +/- 1.3% of risk area) than in control hearts (31.0 +/- 2.6%, P < .05). This protection could be effectively blocked by administration of the alpha-adrenergic blocker phenoxybenzamine. Methoxamine, an alpha 1a-selective agonist, failed to protect, whereas the alpha 1b-selective antagonist chloroethylclonidine aborted the protective effect of PE. Polymyxin B, an inhibitor of PKC, also blocked the protective effect of PE, implying that PKC has an important role in preconditioning. The adenosine receptor blocker 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline (SPT) given at the same time as the PE infusion did not affect the protection, implying that an alpha 1-agonist could initiate protection independent of adenosine, presumably by direct coupling to PKC. However, the protective effect of PE could be blocked if SPT were administered during the 30-minute regional ischemia. This observation suggested that adenosine receptor occupancy is necessary during long ischemia to reactivate PKC and mediate the protection. However, the addition of a second PE infusion beginning 5 minutes before and continuing throughout the long ischemic period restored the protective effect of PE despite the presence of SPT. Thus, as long as at least one of the receptors (alpha 1-adrenegic or adenosine A1) is activated during long ischemia, protection will be realized. These data indicate that alpha 1 receptors do not precondition through an adenosine intermediate but that alpha 1-adrenergic and adenosine receptors activate parallel pathways within the myocyte that can trigger and mediate protection.
Response to Letter by Dr. Sciascia

We appreciate the insightful letter (“Medical Students Need Training to Approach Chronic Pain”) from Savino Sciascia, a medical student from the University of Turin, Italy. Because of the pervasiveness of chronic pain and its profound impact on individuals, Mr. Sciascia urges medical schools to develop and incorporate training in chronic pain management. In his opinion, this training should focus on principles of population-based medicine, specifically health promotion and the prevention of acute to chronic pain transition. In addition, medical students should be taught “dynamic” models to guide the multidisciplinary and multimodal management of chronic pain. These insights echo recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in their recently published report: “Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for …
CVC-STAR: Protecting data confidentiality while increasing flexibility and quality of responses

Confidentiality via Camoufiage (CVC) provides a practical method for giving unlimited, correct, numerical responses to ad-hoc queries to an on-line database, while not compromising confidential numerical data. CVC-POL guarantees confidentiality by hiding protected data points in a polytope and generating query answers over the polytope. In this paper we introduce CVC-STAR, which protects confidential data using a set defined by a union of line segments resembling a star. Solutions for determining CVC-STAR interval answers are given for several common query types. Computational experience shows that the answers for CVC-STAR are superior to those of CVC-POL while providing more robust confidentiality protection.
Causal Attributions of Underachieving Fourth-Grade Students in China, Japan, and the United States

Discrepancy between predicted and actual achievement scores was standardized within China, Japan, and the United States; 85 of 738 fourth-grade students were identified as underachievers. An equal-sized group of students achieving in the expected range was created with a matching procedure. All subjects responded to open-ended questions addressing their beliefs about the reasons for successful and unsuccessful mathematics performance. The students' responses were categorized and analyzed according to Weiner's attributional theory of achievement motivation. Asian students perceived controllable causes, particularly effort, to play a greater role in performance outcomes than did their American peers. Implications are discussed regarding the role causal beliefs and cultural factors may play in the underachievement phenomenon.
Classification of solutions for an integral equation

Let n be a positive integer and let 0 < α < n. Consider the integral equation We prove that every positive regular solution u(x) is radially symmetric and monotone about some point and therefore assumes the form with some constant c = c(n, α) and for some t > 0 and x0 ϵ ℝn. This solves an open problem posed by Lieb 12. The technique we use is the method of moving planes in an integral form, which is quite different from those for differential equations. From the point of view of general methodology, this is another interesting part of the paper. Moreover, we show that the family of well-known semilinear partial differential equations is equivalent to our integral equation (0.1), and we thus classify all the solutions of the PDEs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Power quality considerations for CNC machines: grounding

Computer numerical control (CNC) machines are used to shape metal parts by milling, boring, cutting, drilling, and grinding. A CNC machine generally consists of a computer-controlled servo-amplifier, servo-motors, spindle motor, and various tooling. The machine can be programmed to shape a part by use of a front control panel. More sophisticated models allow a computer-aided design drawing to be uploaded to the machine. The electronic components within a CNC machine are particularly sensitive to the grounding techniques used in the electrical supply to the machine. Malfunction, degradation, and damage to the electronics can often be traced to supplemental ground rods and lightning strikes to earth. Production downtime, product loss, and expensive repair bills result. With the wide-spread use of CNC machines across the world, these problems have become a significant financial concern to many CNC machine users and their electric utility companies. This paper begins with a brief explanation of the fundamentals of service and equipment grounding. The basic design of CNC machines is also explained. Based on a survey of several CNC machine representatives, the paper will explore the common grounding techniques recommended by many CNC machine tool builders with particular emphasis on the ground-rod problem. In addition, several actual case studies that support the ground-rod problem are described. Finally, a recommended powering and grounding practice is presented to help eliminate power quality related operating problems with CNC machines while maintaining the safety requirements of electrical codes.
On Scheduling Unit-Length Jobs with Multiple Release Time/Deadline Intervals

We consider the problem of scheduling n unit-time jobs with multiple release time/deadline intervals, which are intervals of time in which the job can be scheduled. A feasible schedule is one in which each job is run in its entirety within one of its release time/deadline intervals. We show that the general problem is NP-complete, but that for a special case one can determine in polynomial time if a feasible schedule exists. If there is a feasible schedule for the special case, then it is possible to obtain both a schedule that minimizes the maximum completion time and also one that minimizes the sum of the completion times of all jobs. If, on the other hand, there is no feasible schedule, then one can determine the minimum number of jobs that must be removed to make the problem instance feasible.
Fluctuations in artesian pressure produced by passing railroad-trains as shown in a well on Long Island, New York

Perhaps one of the chief interests of ground-water hydrologists is the study of water-level fluctuations. Since the beginning of the science of hydrology attempts have been made to interpret these phenomena and determine their significance. On the basis of actual observations and “with special reference to Long Island, New York,” Veatch [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] in 1906 considered in some detail several different causes of water-level fluctuations. He placed the known causes under two general headings, natural and human. However, considering proximate rather than ultimate causes a further classification might be, and indeed often is, made with regard to the conditions under which the fluctuations are produced by a given agency, natural or human. Thus we speak of ”water-table conditions“ and ”artesian conditions,“ realizing, however, that the distinction between the two is not always definite. The phenomena peculiar to artesian conditions are usually the result merely of the imperviousness of the confining beds relative to the particular aquifer under consideration. Indeed, it is recognized that perhaps even the most dense clay is not absolutely impervious to the flow of water, given a difference in head, sufficient to produce the flow, though it may be beyond the precision of the means now employed to detect the flow of water through such impervious strata.
The capacity and performance of a CPDLC system using VDL mode E

VDL mode E is a digital TDMA communications system proposed as a global standard for replacement of the 8.33 kHz and 25 kHz analog AM systems currently used for VHF aeronautical communications. VDL mode E is spectrum compatible with 8.33 kHz analog channels, providing an orderly phased-in upgrade of either 8.33 kHz or 25 kHz systems to provide increased channel capacity and security for both voice and data link communications. With air traffic communications migrating to data link systems, such as the VDL mode 2 link 2000+ CPDLC network in Europe, it is important that any new system provide adequate performance and capacity for this type of communications. The paper provides an overview of the design and estimation of capacity of a proposed data link configuration of VDL mode E optimized for CPDLC operation. It shows that the capacity provided exceeds that needed to support the forecasted levels of European air traffic through the year 2050.
Predicting Users' Preference from Tag Relevance

Tagging has become a powerful means for users to find, organize, understand and express their ideas about online entities. However, tags present great challenges when researchers try to incorporate them into the prediction task of recommender systems. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to infer user preference from tag relevance, an indication of how strong each tag applies to each item in recommender systems. We also present a methodology to choose tags that tell most about each user’s preference. Our preliminary results show that at certain levels, some of our algorithms perform better than previous work.
Are There Orthographic Impairments in Phonological Dyslexia

Two hypotheses have been advanced concerning the basis of acquired phonological dyslexia. According to the dual-route model, the pattern derives from impaired grapheme-phoneme conversion. According to the phonological impairment hypothesis, it derives from impaired representation and use of phonology. Effects of graphemic complexity and visual similarity observed in studies by Howard and Best (1996), orthographic effects on phoneme counting (Berndt, Haendiges, Mitchum, & Wayland, 1996), and data from patient LB (Derouesne & Beauvois, 1985) have been taken as evidence for an orthographic impairment in phonological dyslexia and therefore against the impaired phonology hypothesis (Coltheart, 1996). We present a computational simulation, results of two behavioral studies, and a critical analysis of the MJ and LB data, which suggest that the "orthographic" deficits in such patients arise from phonological impairments that interact with orthographic properties of stimuli.
Control of Total Systemic Vascular Capacity by the Carotid Sinus Baroreceptor Reflex

To attain a quantitative understanding of carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex control of cardiac output, we studied the reflex control of total systemic vascular capacity in vagotomized dogs. In experiments measuring blood volume shifts caused by the carotid sinus reflex (series 1), venous return was diverted into a reservoir while cardiac output and central venous pressure were maintained at constant levels. The pressure in the isolated carotid sinuses (ISP) was lowered or raised in 25-mm Hg steps between 75 and 200 mm Hg. This procedure mobilized blood into or out of the reservoir, indicating a decrease or an increase in total vascular capacity, respectively. The mean maximum volume shift, 3.6 ml/kg body weight, occurred in the same ISP region, 135 ± 12.5 mm Hg, where reflex control of total peripheral resistance was strongest. The total volume shift was approximately 7.5 ml/kg for ISP changes from 75 to 200 mm Hg. When mean arterial blood pressure was maintained constant during the ISP step changes, the ...
Zoospore interspecific signaling promotes plant infection by Phytophthora.

Background Oomycetes attack a huge variety of economically and ecologically important plants. These pathogens release, detect and respond to signal molecules to coordinate their communal behaviors including the infection process. When signal molecules are present at or above threshold level, single zoospores can infect plants. However, at the beginning of a growing season population densities of individual species are likely below those required to reach a quorum and produce threshold levels of signal molecules to trigger infection. It is unclear whether these molecules are shared among related species and what their chemistries are.
Mechanical reinforcement of tracheids compromises the hydraulic efficiency of conifer xylem

Wood structure and function of juvenile wood from 18 conifer species from four conifer families (Araucariaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae and Podocarpaceae) were examined for a trade-off between wood reinforcement and hydraulic efficiency. Wood density and tracheid ‘thicknessto-span’ ratio were used as anatomical proxies for mechanical properties. The thickness:span represented the ratio of tracheid double wall thickness to lumen diameter. Hydraulic resistivity (R) of tracheids on a cross-sectional area basis (R CA ) increased over 50-fold with increasing density and thickness:span, implying a strength versus efficiency conflict. The conflict arose because density and thickness:span were increased by narrowing tracheid diameter rather than by thickening walls, which may be developmentally difficult. In the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae species, density and thickness:span correlated strongly with protection from drought-induced embolism, suggesting that mechanical strength was required in part to withstand tracheid collapse by negative sap pressure. These species showed a corresponding trade-off between increasing R CA and embolism protection. In contrast, species of Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae were overbuilt for their embolism protection and were hydraulically inefficient, having greater density, thickness:span and R CA , none of which were correlated with vulnerability to embolism.
Reply by Author to D. P. Telionis

References 1 Sears, W.R. and Telionis, D.P., "Boundary Layers Separation in Unsteady Flow," SI AM Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 28, Jan. 1975, pp. 215-235. Riley, N, "Unsteady Laminar Boundary Layers," SI AM Review, Vol. 17, April 1975, pp. 274-297. Telionis, D.P., "Calculations of Time-Dependent Boundary Layers," Unsteady Aerodynamics, ed. R. B. Kinney, July 1975, pp. 155-190. 4 O'Brien, V., "Unsteady Separation Phenomena in a TwoDimensional Cavity,"AIAA Journal, Vol. 13, March 1975, pp. 415416. 5 Sears, W.R. and Telionis. D.P., "Unsteady Boundary Layer Separation,"Recent Research of Unsteady Boundary Layers, Proceedings of a Symposium of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Vol. 1, edited by E.A. Eichelbrenner, Quebec, Canada, May 1971, pp. 404-447.
Local H-theorem for a kinetic variational theory

A localH-theorem is derived for a recently proposed extension of Enskog kinetic theory to a dense model fluid composed of particles with interactions extending beyond a hard core.
Examination of electronic module immunity using transfer functions

In this paper, the immunity of electronic modules to external electromagnetic interference (EMI) was evaluated using transfer functions, which correlate the external disturbances with the noise encountered by the components inside the module. Simple lumped-circuit models are used to describe noise coupling mechanisms, and they can be verified by straight-forward test procedures. Based on these simple models, the dominant coupling mechanisms were identified and mitigation effectiveness verified. This approach was utilized to examine an electronic module with immunity weaknesses. The module was first studied on-bench, at no power. Counter measures were then applied and effectiveness quantified. This component was then tested on a functional vehicle, with measured effectiveness matching on-bench predictions flawlessly.
Perturbation analysis for subspace decomposition with applications in subspace-based algorithms

Subspace decomposition has been exploited in different applications. Due to perturbations from various sources such as finite data samples and measurement noise, perturbations arise in subspaces. Therefore, some loss is introduced to performance of subspace-based algorithms. Although first-order perturbation results have been proposed in the literature and applied to various problems, up to second-order perturbation analysis can provide more accurate analytical results and is studied in this paper. Based on the orthogonality principle, perturbations of subspaces and singular values (or eigenvalues) are derived explicitly as functions of a perturbation in the objective matrix up to the second-order, respectively, all in closed forms. It is shown that by keeping only the first-order terms, the derived results reduce to those from existing approaches. Examples to apply the proposed results to both matrix computation and subspace-based channel estimation are provided to verify our analysis.
Protection against infection with Vibrio cholerae by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies to outer membrane antigens.

Ten monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), produced by hybridomas obtained through the cell fusion of mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from mice immunized with outer membrane antigens of Vibrio cholerae, were mixed with suspensions of K cholerae and administered orally to infant rabbits. Six of these MAbs, each one recognizing a different outer membrane antigen, did not confer protection from fatal K cholerae infection. Four MAbs that reacted with the 18-kDa antigen, also called the cholera protective antigen, were highly protective against infection with V. cholerae. Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease for which there is no known prevention. Most of the present attention has focused on cholera vaccines with biochemical or genetic modifications (or both) of the cholera toxin or deletion of the toxin gene entirely. Other vaccines that have been field-tested are the B-subunit whole-cell-killed and whole-cell-killed preparations
To vote or not to vote: The paradox of nonvoting

One paradox of voting states that, in a general election, in which many citizens vote, the probability that a single voter can affect the outcome is so small that in general citizens have no rational reason for voting. However, if all citizens accept this reasoning, then none will vote, and so each vote has a large probability of affecting the outcome. Hence all should vote after all. The adoption of mixed strategies resolves this paradox: if each citizen adopts a certain (small) probability of voting, then the actual number of citizens voting will be just enough to make it worth those citizens' while to vote. A Nash equilibrium point thus occurs. Here we compute Nash equilibria for the simple case of majority voting; for the more complicated case of composite voting (for example, as in a presidential election), we draw certain qualitative inferences.
Definitions for The Fourth Dimension: A Proposed Time Classification System1

A time classification framework has been developed and presented which includes work time, committed (obligated and non-obligated) and uncommitted (planned and unplanned) time. The taxonomy is based on a synthesis and extension of the literature on economics, socio-cultural and psychological time. The classification system, when verified, will allow for more efficient approaches to product/service pricing and distribution.
Recurrence Quantitative Analysis of Postural Sway using Force Plate and Smartphone

Although modern medicine and new medical technologies offer enormous potential to improve diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, mortalities from fall accidents are steadily on the rise for the elderly. Since postural stability characteristics are considered to be important in maintaining functional independence free of falls and healthy life style especially for the growing elderly population, there is an imminent need in inexpensive and portable device that can assess balance. While inertial sensors embedded in smartphone are seen as an alternative to force plate (ground truth) to unobtrusively assess postural stability in home environments, no study has yet reported the non-linear physiological information captured by smartphone affixed at pelvic region. By using recurrence quantitative analysis (RQA), this study investigates non-linear dynamical features of postural sway measured from force plate and smartphone. The resultant position vector of postural sway from the two systems was highly coherent and was used for non-linear analysis. Even though most of RQA measures collected from the projected postural sway using the smartphone were significantly different than measures collected using the force plate, deterministic characteristics of postural sway were not found significantly different. This study opens new prospects of easy clinical testing using postural variables that may be relevant for assessing fall risks at home and patient environment in future.
German Democracy in the 1950's *

HOW stable, how deep, or how genuine is German democracy? The only answers we can provide at present are almost embarrassingly simple; but if instead of trying to arrive at answers we go into the further questions that the questions above raise, the picture becomes more complex-and more interesting. To start with the obvious: as long as economic trends continue to be by and large favorable, and as long as the balance of power between East and West does not shift so disastrously to the disadvantage of the West as to start a general run into the camp of the East, Germany will hold its place on the side of other Western industrial societies. It will continue as a stable and viable country governed with a maximal adherence to the practice of constitutional democracy. We are all familiar with the favorable circumstances that have allowed the Federal Republic to re-enter with eclat the ranks of politically mature industrial societies, societies which their adversaries honor with the name of monopoly capitalism and which we rather prefer to call-both for their partial fulfillment and for their promise-welfare states. The major favorable circumstances were: the very degree of physical destruction, creating a seemingly boundless demand for both capital and consumer goods; the availability of a skilled, docile, and industrious reservoir of labor, coupled with the total exhaustion of the workers' resources, depleted by devaluation, physical destruction and expulsions, and the consequences of a harsh currency reform that was socially discriminatory but marvelously effective in spurring reconstruction; the loss of poorer agricultural regions that for a long period had been an economic drain and, perhaps worse, a political liability; the absence, in the initial stages, of a native army, allowing the economy to concentrate on reconstruction and the conquest of foreign markets; and last, but not-with a side glance at Weimar history-least, the neat division of initial responsibility which gave over-all political leadership to a grosso modo benevolent American overlord, leaving the Germans free to gripe and, more important, to push reconstruction with complete singlemindedness of purpose. All these factors worked together to produce a Germany that even in its
Adjacent Channel Power Contributions of Silicon MOSFET Switches in RF and Microwave Systems

Spectral regrowth is a major design issue confronting the wireless transmitter and system designer. Considerable work has been performed by a number of investigators into the level of spectral regrowth produced by power amplifiers but little work to date has studied how the spectral regrowth is influenced by FET-based switches in the same RF path. This paper looks at the adjacent channel power generated by silicon MOSFET switches. A methodology based on a Taylor series expansion of both the channel resistance and the diffused region capacitance nonlinearities show how nonlinear signal contributions by silicon MOSFET switches influence spectral regrowth and how the MOSFET geometry may be changed to control this contribution.
TGF-β1 and fibroblast growth factor-1 modify fibroblast growth factor-2 production in type II cells

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, which stimulates DNA synthesis by type II cells in the lung, has been shown to be regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, an important inflammatory cytok...
News for a Revolution: The Exposé in America, 1768–1773

With the American Revolution taking shape about him, a Boston shopkeeper built a file of newspapers. Harbottle Dorr was a member of the Sons of Liberty, but he put more energy into his collection than into that radical organization. He numbered some 3,500 pages, bound them into four folios, constructed indexes, and then, through a complex code of numbers and letters, led the reader back and forth through a decade of news. Dorr scribbled praise of patriots and insults for crown officials in the margins. He hoped that all of this "very GREAT Trouble" would contribute to the political history of his country. Dorr saved pamphlets too, but their place-crushed beneath the thick layers of newsprint-is a reminder of how much more frequently newspapers first reached citizens with the issues of the day. The stories in the press that Dorr treasured do clarify how newspapers shaped the political culture of the Revolution and also how this political culture shaped the concept of "news. " 1 There are impressive demonstrations that general ideas of "corruption" and "virtue" took root in Anglo-American political life in the century before the Revolution. But it has been difficult to see exactly how such concepts entered the lives of Americans, especially when protest drifted. Newspaper exposes the dramatic revelations of hidden information-provide a fuller picture than we now have of how revolutionary ideology was translated into a language ordinary citizens could use to make sense of daily events. The drama of the Stamp Act crisis and the faster pace of resistance after the Tea Party has overshadowed the importance of an era of exposes.2 Most of Harbottle Dorr's collection is a record of the many months when British power seemed overwhelming, and all students of political language should be interested in these middle years.
Determination of Sulfadiazine silver by atomic absorption spectrometry

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for content determination of Sulfadiazine silver.METHODS AAS was used to perform the detection with standard curve method.RESULTS The average recovery rate of sample was 99.89% with RSD of 0.21%.CONCLUSION AAS is accurate,highly precise for content determination of Sulfadiazine silver,and can be used as the quality control method for Sulfadiazine silver.