cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DC partial discharge correlated with defect photographs

Partial discharge (PD) data taken by the dc ramp method were correlated with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photos of internal flaws in several groups of high voltage capacitors. These were BaTiO 3 capacitors for space use intended for dc service conditions; some were multilayer and some were single layer discs. Most passed the usual screening tests such as IR measurements and DWV, but several capacitors in each set had, compared to others in the same set, unusually high integrated corona charge transfer on ramping up to and also down from rated voltage. Heating at 85°C with leads shorted had to be done before each dc PD measurement to obtain reasonably repeatable data. Subsequent sectioning and SEM photographs revealed that if corona was above a certain level, the capacitors had cracks and delaminations as well as porosity, whereas below this they only had porosity. Data was also obtained on ac corona inception voltage to allow comparison with the above dc ramp test data. Ac and dc test methods are discussed in terms of arriving at approximate acceptance/rejection criteria.
Labour Market Responses To Immigration: Evidence From Internal Migration Driven By Weather Shocks

We study the labour market impact of internal migration in Indonesia by instrumenting migrant flows with rainfall shocks at the origin area. Estimates reveal that a one percentage point increase in the share of migrants decreases income by 0.97% and reduces employment by 0.24 percentage points. These effects are different across sectors: employment reductions are concentrated in the formal sector, while income reduction occurs in the informal sector. Negative consequences are most pronounced for low-skilled natives, even though migrants are systematically highly skilled. We suggest that the two-sector nature of the labour market may explain this pattern.
Suppression of the Landau-Zener transition probability by weak classical noise

When the drive, which causes the level crossing in a qubit, is slow, the probability ${P}_{LZ}$ of the Landau-Zener transition is close to 1. In this regime, which is most promising for applications, the noise due to the coupling to the environment reduces the average ${P}_{LZ}$. At the same time, the survival probability, $1\ensuremath{-}{P}_{LZ}$, which is exponentially small for a slow drive, can be completely dominated by noise-induced correction. Our main message is that the effect of weak classical noise can be captured analytically by treating it as a perturbation in the Schr\"odinger equation. This allows us to study the dependence of the noise-induced correction to ${P}_{LZ}$ on the correlation time of the noise. As this correlation time exceeds the bare Landau-Zener transition time, the effect of noise becomes negligible. On the physical level, the mechanism of enhancement of the survival probability can be viewed as an absorption of the ``noise quanta'' across the gap. With characteristic energy of the quantum governed by the noise spectrum, the slower the noise is, the lower the number of quanta for which absorption is allowed energetically is. We consider two conventional realizations of noise: Gaussian noise and telegraph noise.
Taking People as They Are: Evolutionary Psychopathology, Uncomplicated Depression, and Distinction between Normal and Disordered Sadness

In this chapter, we review the results of a research program aimed at testing a controversial hypothesis that was generated by an evolutionary approach to psychopathology. The evolutionary approach is in conflict with the standard symptom-based approach to diagnosis utilized by the American Psychiatric Association’s official Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2013). The conflict arises because many biologically designed features that are part of normal human functioning may be undesirably “symptomatic” or undesirable from our present value perspective. Such problematic normal conditions range from the pain of childbirth and the discomfort of teething to the intensity of grief, anxious vigilance regarding potential threats, and taste for fat and sugar. Evolutionarily shaped features such as these were presumably useful or neutral when they evolved but may be undesirable in our present quite different context. Such features, although often deserving treatment or some other social response (Cosmides & Tooby, 1999), are not necessarily medical disorders simply because they entail suffering or socially disvalued behavior. Distress and perceived need for help also occur in normal conditions in which nothing is going wrong in the organism because evolution has favored fitness over comfort and pleasure. This perspective has implications for the classification, research, and treatment of mental disorders as well as for DSM-5’s nosological distinction between disorders and what DSM-5 lists as “Z Codes,” that is, non-disorders about which clinicians may nonetheless be consulted.
The Plant Hormone Concept:Concentration, Sensitivity and Transport

The concept of control by changing concentrations is crucial to the original concept of hormones in mammals. A few years ago, a great stir was created amongst biologists working with plant hormones by the suggestion of Trewavas (56) that there is no evidence that plant hormones act via changes in the amount or concentration of the hormone, and that all change in response must be attributed to changes in the sensitivity of the tissue. The reason for this suggestion is the frequent lack of correlation between hormone concentrations measured in a tissue and the response of the tissue. In addition, in most plants, growth is proportional to the logarithm of the applied hormone concentration, such that there may be an increasing response over three orders of magnitude in concentration. However, changes in the endogenous concentration in tissues are usually far smaller than would be expected to produce the vast changes in growth or development observed; (plant hormone workers tend to regard a doubling in concentration as a large change!). If concentration changes cannot account for the differences in growth and development then something else must be responsible, and changing tissue sensitivity is the only other logical alternative. While our knowledge on factors influencing sensitivity (or responsiveness) to hormones is still elementary, documentation of differential sensitivities, elucidation of hormone binding (Chapters D4 and E3), and understanding of the mechanisms of regulation of gene expression are steadily increasing, so that the potential mechanisms for the regulation of hormone sensitivity are becoming more evident. Our best examples of changing sensitivity are to ethylene. Immature flower or fruit tissue show no response to ethylene, but mature tissue responds to ethylene with ripening or senescence (see Chapter G2). However, an important question is what we mean by the rather vague term “sensitivity”. As Firn (11) has pointed out, a change in sensitivity simply refers to an observation that the response to a given amount of hormone has changed.
Zebrafish Rfx4 controls dorsal and ventral midline formation in the neural tube

BACKGROUND Rfx winged-helix transcription factors, best known as key regulators of core ciliogenesis, also play ciliogenesis-independent roles during neural development. Mammalian Rfx4 controls neural tube morphogenesis via both mechanisms. RESULTS We set out to identify conserved aspects of rfx4 gene function during vertebrate development and to establish a new genetic model in which to analyze these mechanisms further. To this end, we have generated frame-shift alleles in the zebrafish rfx4 locus using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. Using RNAseq-based transcriptome analysis, in situ hybridization and immunostaining we identified a requirement for zebrafish rfx4 in the forming midlines of the caudal neural tube. These functions are mediated, least in part, through transcriptional regulation of several zic genes in the dorsal hindbrain and of foxa2 in the ventral hindbrain and spinal cord (floor plate). CONCLUSIONS The midline patterning functions of rfx4 are conserved, because rfx4 regulates transcription of foxa2 and zic2 in zebrafish and in mouse. In contrast, zebrafish rfx4 function is dispensable for forebrain morphogenesis, while mouse rfx4 is required for normal formation of forebrain ventricles in a ciliogenesis-dependent manner. Collectively, this report identifies conserved aspects of rfx4 function and establishes a robust new genetic model for in-depth dissection of these mechanisms. Developmental Dynamics 247:650-659, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Ethyl Esters, Oxygenated Terpenes, and Aliphatic γ- and δ-Lactones (C9–12) on Beer Fruit Aroma

Aliphatic γ- and δ- lactones with 9–12 carbons (γ-C9–12 and δ-C10&12) possess rich peach and coconut odors and could be a potential source of fruity, especially stone fruit (i.e., peach and apricot...
Experience with detection of heterozygous carriers and prenatal diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan disease.

For the purpose of genetic counselling, considerable efforts have been expended on the development of reliable methods necessary to identify the carriers of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, as well as to test in utero the sex of the fetus and its hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT, E.C. 2.4.2.8) activity.
Theory of Initial Value Problems

This chapter presents a brief overview of the theory of initial value problems (IVP). The existence and uniqueness for IVPs is based on a functional. The unknown variable in the differential equation is a function of the form x ( t ). The proof of the theorem is very much like the computation of inverse functions. The proof uses two maxima. In a sense, the maximum M below gives existence of solutions and the maximum L gives uniqueness. An important detail in the proof is a prior estimate of the time that a solution could last. When considering a microscopic view of a nonlinear equilibrium point, for every screen resolution θ and every bound β on the time of observation and observed scale of initial condition, there is a magnification large enough so that if |a| ≤ β and |b| ≤ β , then the error observed at that magnification is less than θ for 0 ≤ t ≤ β and, in particular, the solution lasts until time β . Also, if there is a lot of magnification, but not by an infinite amount, then it may be seen that a separation between the linear and nonlinear system after a very long time. The solutions of a dynamical system do not necessarily tend to an attracting point or to infinity. There are nonlinear oscillators that have stable oscillations in the sense that every solution (except zero) tends to the same oscillatory solution.
Mechanism of MicroRNA-Mediated Global DNA Demethylation in Human iPS Cells

Global DNA demethylation is the most essential epigenetic mechanism for reprogramming somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells or iPSCs). However, none of Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc) or Thomson factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28) can define such an important mechanism. Our studies for the first time reveal that a unique family of microRNA (miRNA), namely miR-302, is responsible for inducing not only global DNA demethylation but also chromatin modification in human iPSCs and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). miR-302 functions to concurrently silence multiple key epigenetic regulators, such as AOF1 (LSD2, KDM1B), AOF2 (LSD1, KDM1), MECP1/2, DNMT1, and HDAC2, to reset genomic DNA methylation patterns and hence reactivate the full spectrum of ESC-specific transcriptome expression. Moreover, silencing AOF2 further destabilizes DNMT1 activity and prevents replication-dependent DNA remethylation during iPSC division. Inhibition of both AOF1 and AOF2 also increases methylation of histone 3 on lysine 4 (H3K4me2/3), a chromatin mark for ESCs and reprogrammed iPSCs. These epigenetic events highly resemble zygotic reprogramming during early embryonic development. In this review, through deciphering the function of miR302, we explain how nuclear reprogramming is initiated in iPSCs, of which the knowledge is useful for improving the efficiency of current iPSC generation technologies.
Signals for Lorentz violation in gravitational waves

Lorentz violations in gravitational waves are investigated. Plane-wave solutions for arbitrary gauge-invariant violations in linearized gravity are constructed. Signatures of Lorentz violation include dispersion, birefringence, and anisotropies. Modifications to waves from coalescing compact binaries and to strain signals in gravitational-wave detectors are derived.
Where Is Dopamine and how do Immune Cells See it?: Dopamine-Mediated Immune Cell Function in Health and Disease.

Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that dopamine acts as an important regulator of immune function. Many immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopamine related proteins, enabling them to actively respond to dopamine and suggesting that dopaminergic immunoregulation is an important part of proper immune function. A detailed understanding of the physiological concentrations of dopamine in specific regions of the human body, particularly in peripheral systems, is critical to the development of hypotheses and experiments examining the effects of physiologically relevant dopamine concentrations on immune cells. Unfortunately, the dopamine concentrations to which these immune cells would be exposed in different anatomical regions are not clear. To address this issue, this comprehensive review details the current information regarding concentrations of dopamine found in both the central nervous system and in many regions of the periphery. In addition, we discuss the immune cells present in each region, and how these could interact with dopamine in each compartment described. Finally, the review briefly addresses how changes in these dopamine concentrations could influence immune cell dysfunction in several disease states including Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, as well as the collection of pathologies, cognitive and motor symptoms associated with HIV infection in the central nervous system, known as NeuroHIV. These data will improve our understanding of the interactions between the dopaminergic and immune systems during both homeostatic function and in disease, clarify the effects of existing dopaminergic drugs and promote the creation of new therapeutic strategies based on manipulating immune function through dopaminergic signaling.
Endovascular management and the risk of late failure in the treatment of ureteroarterial fistulas

Ureteroarterial fistula (UAF) is a rare and life-threatening source of hematuria. A high index of suspicion is warranted for early diagnosis and timely intervention. Because of high perioperative risk and comorbidities in UAF patients, the endovascular approach has become preferred for repair. Infection can complicate this mode of therapy, and treatment with antibiotics is important. Herein we present five cases of secondary UAFs treated with stent graft alone or stent graft and embolization.
Carbon based polyimide nanocomposites thin film strain sensors fabricated by ink-jet printing method

Abstract Carbon-nanotube (CNT) and graphene-nanoplate (GNP) are two popular fillers to fabricate carbon-based nanocomposite devices. In this study, CNT-polyimide (PI) and GNP-PI nanocomposite thin film piezoresistive strain sensors were fabricated on flexible polyimide substrates and their electromechanical properties were characterized. The percolation thresholds were first determined for the two nanocomposites by investigating the volumetric conductivity as a function of filler concentration. Inkjet printing technique was employed to produce the nanocomposite devices with filler concentrations around the percolation threshold. The interdigital electrodes pre-deposited on the substrate were used for the electrical measurement of the devices. The piezoresistive sensitivity of the nanocomposite strain sensors was characterized by uniaxial tensile tests. The optimal compositions of 1.8 wt% CNT-PI and 1.4wt% GNP-PI nanocomposites were suggested for maximum gauge factors of 3.5 and 26, respectively. The temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR) for the fabricated nanocomposite thin film strain sensors were also characterized. The results demonstrate that GNP-PI nanocomposite strain sensors exhibit higher strain sensitivity than the CNT-PI counterpart. Temperature compensation is therefore necessary in practical applications of these nanocomposite strain sensors.
Conceptualizations of Hooking Up Among Male Soldiers: A Qualitative Analysis

Introduction Hooking up is an impersonal sexual interaction, differing from sexual activity that occurs in the context of a committed relationship. Hookup behavior has been widely studied among college populations; however, this type of sexual behavior has yet to be explored in a military population. Methods The current study conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 male soldiers with high-risk drinking habits to explore conceptualizations of hooking up. Interviews were systematically coded and analyzed via thematic analysis. Results Five themes emerged: (1) definitions of hookups, (2) descriptions of why hookups occur, (3) how hookups occur (ie, the social context of hookups), (4) factors that facilitate hookups, and (5) differences between hookups and relationships. Conclusions Findings suggest that perceptions of hookups among participants who were male soldiers are generally consistent with college populations, with some varying aspects.
Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission During Flexible Laryngoscopy: A Systematic Review.

Importance Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reportedly infected otolaryngologists disproportionately in the early parts of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Recommendations from national and international health organizations suggest minimizing the use of flexible laryngoscopy as a result. Objective To review evidence on the risks of aerosolization and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from patients to health care personnel during endoscopy of the upper aerodigestive tract. Evidence Review A comprehensive review of literature was performed on April 19, 2020, using the PubMed/MEDLINE (1966-April 2020), Embase (1975-April 2020), and Web of Science (1900-April 2020) databases. All English-language primary research studies were included if they assessed the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-1 during procedures in the upper aerodigestive tract. The primary outcome measure was disease transmission among health care workers. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used for accuracy of reporting. Findings The queries for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 identified 6 articles for systematic review. No studies included in this review provided data for SARS-CoV-2 transmission during flexible laryngoscopy. A total of 204 of 1264 health care workers (16.1%) had procedure-specific infections of SARS-CoV-1 or SARS-CoV-2. Among those, 53 of 221 (24.0%) were exposed during intubation, 1 of 15 (6.7%) during bronchoscopy, and 1 of 1 (100%) during endoscopy-assisted intubation. Conclusions and Relevance A substantial lack of research precludes formal conclusions about the safety of flexible laryngoscopy and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from patients to health care workers. The use of appropriate precautionary measures and personal protective equipment appears to reduce the risk of transmission. Given the uncertainty in transmission and the known benefits of safety precautions, upper airway endoscopy may be reasonable to perform if precautionary steps are taken.
Julia Programming Language Benchmark Using a Flight Simulation

Julia's goal to provide scripting language ease-of-coding with compiled language speed is explored. The runtime speed of the relatively new Julia programming language is assessed against other commonly used languages including Python, Java, and C++. An industry-standard missile and rocket simulation, coded in multiple languages, was used as a test bench for runtime speed. All language versions of the simulation, including Julia, were coded to a highly-developed object-oriented simulation architecture tailored specifically for time-domain flight simulation. A “speed-of-coding” second-dimension is plotted against runtime for each language to portray a space that characterizes Julia's scripting language efficiencies in the context of the other languages. With caveats, Julia runtime speed was found to be in the class of compiled or semi-compiled languages. However, some factors that affect runtime speed at the cost of ease-of-coding are shown. Julia's built-in functionality for multi-core processing is briefly examined as a means for obtaining even faster runtime speed. The major contribution of this research to the extensive language benchmarking body-of-work is comparing Julia to other mainstream languages using a complex flight simulation as opposed to benchmarking with single algorithms.
Proclaiming the New: An Introduction:

This introduction to a special issue of Qualitative Inquiry on “new approaches to inquiry” questions the need for preexisting social science research methodologies for inquiry that aspires to produ...
Fungal superinfection in patients with COVID-19: Role of antifungal stewardship?

• Fungal superinfection is a concern in patients who are hospitalized with COVID-19. • There is concern that the COVID-19 pandemic will lead to the overuse of antifungals. • Antifungal use was not increased early in the COVID-19 pandemic at an academic medical center.
Care partner-assisted intervention to improve oral health for older adults with cognitive impairment: A feasibility study.

Background and objectives Older adults with cognitive impairment often experience poor oral health outcomes due to inadequate oral hygiene practices. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a care partner-assisted intervention to improve the oral hygiene of community-dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment. Material and methods The 6-month intervention included 25 older adults with mild dementia or mild cognitive impairment, who were randomly assigned to Treatment Group 1 or Treatment Group 2. Treatment Group 1 (n = 7) received an educational booklet. Treatment Group 2 (n = 18) received a booklet, a tailored care plan for the participants with cognitive impairment and the care partner received four coaching sessions to learn to facilitate good oral hygiene. Both groups received electric toothbrushes. The study consisted of a 3-month active intervention and 3-month maintenance phase. The outcomes of gingival index, plaque index and overall oral health status based on the Oral Health Assessment Tool were measured at baseline, 3 months (end of active intervention) and 6 months of the study. Results This study had very low dropout rate. Participants' oral hygiene improved in this study. In comparison to Treatment Group 1, participants in Treatment Group 2 had a greater reduction in plaque level and gingival inflammation, and greater improvement in overall oral health status. Conclusion This study demonstrates the feasibility of this intervention designed to improve the oral health of persons with cognitive impairment and it lays the foundation for using this protocol in a future large randomised clinical trial.
Viral diffusion of technology products: a comprehensive stage framework

The level of viral diffusion expected after a technology product or service is launched is important for determining the marketing budget, forecasting revenue, and understanding the resources necessary to manufacture and/or support the technology. Based on a review of academic and industry literature, this study proposes the “Comprehensive Framework of Viral Technology Diffusion—Stages and Factors.” The framework specifically draws on stage models developed by Wiedemann et al. (Wiedemann DG, Palka W, Pousttchi K (2008) Understanding the determinants of mobile viral effects-towards a grounded theory of mobile viral marketing. Paper presented at the 2008 7th international conference on mobile business) and Phelps et al. (Phelps et al., J Advert Res 44:333–348, 2004), other academic and industry viral marketing literature, and information systems literature including theories widely used in IS research, such as reasoned actioned (Fishbein and Ajzen Fishbein and Ajzen, Intention and behavior: an introduction to theory and research, Addison-Wesley, MA, 1975), Technology Acceptance Model (Davis 1989; Davis et al. 1989) and planned behavior (Ajzen Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior. In: Action control, Springer. New York, Ajzen, Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 50:179–211, 1991). It details five major stages of viral diffusion campaigns, their relationships to each other, and relevant findings from the literature. The five stages recognized are: content development; virality prediction; seed engagement; content propagation; and virality response. Each stage has been identified in prior studies; however, no comprehensive framework of these constructs, nor their relationships to one another, has so far been found. Some important factors included are, for example, at the propagation stage, consideration of the networks through which viral propagation occur and potential transmission costs faced by content forwarders. Our framework contributes to the literature by providing an outline and related set of factors that may be useful for understanding and positioning future research on viral marketing and may also help practitioners who seek to launch products virally. We also offer directions for future research.
Female Genital Cutting: Knowledge and Intervention in Egypt

In its most extreme form, female genital cutting (FGC) removes a woman’s clitoris and severely narrows the vaginal opening to the size of a dime. However, in its most minor form, a woman’s clitoris is scratched or minimally excised resulting in little permanent damage. Between 100 and 140 million women have undergone some form of FGC worldwide and this number is expected to increase by a projected number of two million every year.1 Doctors, lobbyists, journalists, NGOs and other interest groups in their discussion of FGC demand complete eradication of the practice due to its observable short-term and long-term health implications. Often, demands for complete eradication are coupled with the criticism of FGC as a practice which oppresses women. Internationally, any compromise, including harm-reduction policies, is condemned by the media and by western audiences. The most prominent of such policies is institutionalization in hospitals and medicalization, the education of doctors about FGC.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist in the Current Era of Pediatric Heart Transplantation.

ABSTRACT Background Previous studies have demonstrated that children in the United States who were of racial and ethnic minorities have inferior waitlist and post-heart transplant (HT) outcomes. Whether these disparities still exist in the contemporary era of increased ventricular assist device use remains unknown. Methods All children (age Results The waitlist cohort consisted of 2134 (52.2%) Caucasian, 840 (20.5%) African American, 808 (19.8%) Hispanic, 161 (3.9%) Asian, and 146 children of Other races (3.6%). At listing, Asian children mostly had cardiomyopathy (70.8%), whereas Caucasian children had congenital heart disease (58.7%). African American children were most likely to be listed as Status 1A and to have renal dysfunction and hypoalbuminemia at listing. African American and Hispanic children were most likely to be on Medicaid. After multivariable analysis, it was found that only African American children were at increased risk for waitlist mortality as compared to Caucasian children (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.25; P = 0.029). Post-HT, there were no disparities in early and midterm graft survival among groups, but African American children had increased numbers of rejection episodes compared to Caucasian and Hispanic children. Conclusion African American children continue to experience increased waitlist mortality and have increased rejection episodes post-HT. Studies exploring barriers to health care access and implicit bias as reasons for these disparities need to be conducted.
Histone “acidic patch”: a hotspot in chromatin biology

Molecular function within the cell is not only the information present in the DNA but also how it is being processed. Histones play an important role in regulating these processes, providing cues and platform for various factors to interact with the chromatin and express their function. Histone post translational modification is one of the major features in the regulation of the chromatin functionality, but recent studies have established the role of histone variants as important determinants. Among the canonical as well as variant histones, an aspect called “acidic patch” comes to the forefront. The acidic patch is a region generated by the 3D organization of the dimers (H2A/B), that exhibits a significant accumulation of acidic residues (aspartate and glutamate) on the surface of the octamer core. This review tries to highlight the importance of histone acidic patch, what is known about its structure and function and try to highlight how it may be important in H2A.Z containing nucleosomes.
Orthopedic Surgery Residency Program Website Content and Accessibility During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: The exceptional competitiveness of the orthopedic surgery specialty, combined with the unclear impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on residency recruitment, has presented significant challenges to applicants and residency program directors. With limited in-person opportunities in the 2020-2021 application cycle, applicants have been pressed to gauge chances and best fit by browsing program websites. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the accessibility and content of accredited orthopedic surgery residency program websites during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Using the online database of the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), we compiled a list of accredited orthopedic surgery residency programs in the United States. Program websites were evaluated across four domains: program overview, education, research opportunities, and application details. Each website was assessed twice in July 2020, during a period of adjustment to the COVID-19 pandemic, and twice in November 2020, following the October ERAS application deadline. RESULTS: A total of 189 accredited orthopedic surgery residency programs were identified through ERAS. Of these programs, 3 (1.6%) did not have functional website links on ERAS. Data analysis of content in each domain revealed that most websites included program details, a description of the didactic curriculum, and sample rotation schedules. Between the two evaluation periods in July and November 2020, the percentage of program websites containing informative videos and virtual tours rose from 12.2% (23/189) to 48.1% (91/189; P<.001) and from 0.5% (1/189) to 13.2% (25/189; P<.001), respectively. However, the number of programs that included information about a virtual subinternship or virtual interview on their websites did not change. Over the 4-month period, larger residency programs with 5 or more residents were significantly more likely to add a program video (P<.001) or virtual tour (P<.001) to their websites. CONCLUSIONS: Most residency program websites offered program details and an overview of educational and research opportunities; however, few addressed the virtual transition of interviews and subinternships during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Do Smart Cities Technologies Contribute to Local Economic Development

Governments around the world are exploring strategies that contribute to increased government performance and economic development that enable them to meet the service-tax expectations of their cit...
Unusual placement of a central venous catheter: left pericardiophrenic vein.

A 62-year-old man presented to the emergency department with hypotension and diarrhea secondary to Clostridium difficile infection. Due to poor peripheral access, a left internal jugular vein triple lumen central venous catheter (CVC) was inserted for fluid resuscitation. The CVC was placed under real-time ultrasound guidance, which revealed normal anatomy, with no resistance during placement. Good blood return was noted in all three ports. Follow-up chest radiograph showed an abnormal course of the CVC (Figure 1). Despite the abnormal course, blood gas analysis and pressure transduction via the CVC were consistent with venous placement. Chest computed tomography without contrast revealed placement of the CVC in the left pericardiophrenic vein (Figure 2). Figure 1 Chest radiograph shows left paramediastinal position of the central venous catheter (arrows) inserted via left internal jugular vein. Figure 2 Chest computed tomography without contrast (coronal sections) shows the course of the CVC (arrows) descending via the left internal jugular vein, crossing the left brachiocephalic vein, and then descending through the left pericardiophrenic vein. Left paramediastinal central line position can be extravascular with direct placement in the mediastinum or pleural space, arterial with extension into the descending thoracic aorta, or venous. Differential diagnosis of venous left paramediastinal CVC position includes left-sided superior vena cava, left internal mammary vein, left superior intercostal vein and left pericardiophrenic vein.1 The left pericardiophrenic vein accompanies the left pericardiophrenic artery and the left phrenic nerve along the left pericardium before joining the floor of the left brachiocephalic vein opposite to the entrance of left internal jugular vein. Misplaced catheter tip can migrate into the pericardial space resulting in cardiac tamponade due to fluid administration into the pericardium.2 The use of central venous catheters should be postponed, if possible, until a chest radiograph has documented correct placement.
Transhiatal Esophagectomy— Intraoperative Disasters

Intraoperative disasters associated with transhiatal esophagectomy (THE)—major mediastinal bleeding and tracheal tears—are rare, occurring in < 1 % of patients undergoing this operation. Risk factors include mid-third esophageal cancers or inflammatory strictures, mediastinal calcifications seen on CT scan, prior esophagomyotomy, prior esophageal perforation, and an obese “soft” body habitus. Because of the infrequency of these intraoperative mishaps, it is important that their management be “rehearsed” with emphasis on identifying the site of the injury, achieving at least temporary control, and the most effective approach to definitive correction.
The Atmosphere and Ionosphere of Jupiter

Selected topics in Jovian research are reviewed with an emphasis on recent results from Pioneer 10. The Pioneer 10 results for the temperature field in the lower atmosphere are not consistent with other observational constraints and must be rejected. The results for the ionosphere suggest that the thermosphere may be surprisingly hot, ∼ 103 K. It is suggested that this high temperature may be maintained by upward propagation of inertia-gravity waves.
Incorporating embedded system design into a CS curriculum

In the past, embedded system design has been associated with task specific applications such as engine control systems, industrial equipment, or household appliances. As processors become more powerful, however, embedded system designers are able to include design features traditionally associated with general-purpose computers including graphical user interfaces, TCP/IP networking, and database management. The result has been a tremendous growth in the industry with products such as PDAs, hand-held GPS units, Internet appliances, and home automation systems. The software engineer with experience in hardware design has a significant advantage over hardware engineers in this new market. This paper outlines the rationale, objectives, design, and implementation of an embedded systems design course as a senior-level elective in a computer science curriculum to take advantage of this situation. A discussion of the resources available for creating an embedded systems laboratory is included along with a description of the equipment selected for this implementation. The paper closes by presenting three of the lab exercises used in the course.
The Immersion Experience: Lessons from Study Abroad in Religion

This paper discusses strategies I employed during seven years of teaching within a study abroad program focusing on religion. This year-long program traveled to four Asian countries and included immersion experiences in monasteries, ashrams, and other religious institutions. I identify four principles and discuss accompanying exercises that guided my teaching: (1) Accept and observe anxiety. Inability to understand is a sign that direct and deep contact is taking place. (2) Educate about education. Help students to see the aims, assumptions, and context of the teaching strategies religious practitioners employ. (3) Make it practical. Devise exercises that students can do and do well and that do not demand synthetic, systematic comprehension even as a goal. (4) Stop making sense. Build pauses and breaks into the train of reflection on the meaning of experience. These spaces give room for the shifts in the ways of learning that study abroad demands. This essay is published alongside of six other essays, including a response from John Barbour, comprising a special section of the journal (see Teaching Theology and Religion 18:1, January 2015).
Detection of Trypanosoma brucei spp. in human blood by a nonradioactive branched DNA-based technique.

We have developed a nonradioactive branched DNA (bDNA)-based assay for the diagnosis of the African trypanosomiases in simple buffy coat preparations of human blood. Two repetitive DNA sequences specific to the Trypanosoma brucei complex were chosen as targets of the bDNA assay, a technique which amplifies the signal from a target molecule rather than the target itself. Comparable sensitivities were observed with cloned target sequences, purified T. brucei DNA, procyclic trypanosomes, and bloodstream trypomastigotes. The results of bDNA analysis of human blood samples from Cote d9Ivoire (n = 50) showed excellent agreement with those of buffy coat microscopy. The bDNA technology offers certain advantages over alternative molecular biological techniques, including the simplicity of sample preparation and of the procedure itself, the stability of the reagents, the ability to process large numbers of samples simultaneously, and freedom from crosscontamination artifacts. We have successfully applied the bDNA technique to the detection of T. brucei in clinical samples from regions where T. brucei infection is endemic; to our knowledge, this is the first report of the molecular detection of T. brucei in human blood.
The Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening for Optic Pathway Gliomas in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Objective To evaluate the utility of screening brain/orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a large population of children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) over a 20-year period. Study design A retrospective analysis of clinical and imaging data from children with NF1 seen at a single center between 1990 and 2010 was performed. Results During the 20-year study period, 826 individuals with NF1 (402 females, 424 males) ages 1-9 years were screened for optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) using brain/orbital MRI; 18% were identified with OPGs with a median age at detection of 3 years. Fifteen percent of patients with OPGs had radiologic or clinical progression requiring therapy. Children with chiasmatic and postchiasmatic tumors were more likely to require therapy compared with patients with prechiasmatic OPGs ( P P Conclusions Our findings confirm that chiasmatic and postchiasmatic OPG in children with NF1 have the highest risk for progression and vision loss. Early identification of OPG by screening MRI prior to the development of vision loss may lead to improved visual outcomes. Children with negative brain and orbital MRI screening at age 15 months or later did not develop symptomatic OPGs.
Determination of Serum Lipoproteins by Paper Electrophoresis after Preliminary Staining with Sudan Black-B

A modification of McDonald9s method for the determination of serum lipoproteins is described in which serum is prestained with Sudan Black B dye before paper electrophoretic separation. Normal values were determined in 24 adults. Average value for α lipoproteins was 39.2 per cent and for β lipoproteins 60.8 per cent. In 31 patients with proved coronary artery disease, 22.7 per cent α lipoprotein and 77.3 per cent β lipoprotein were found. These results are in general agreement with those of other investigators using different methods.
The Cultivation of Embryonic Chicken Skin in a Chemically Defined Medium, and the Response of the Epidermis to Excess of Vitamin A *

The epidermis of the metatarsal skin of embryonic chicks, begins to undergo keratinization at about the 13-14th day of incubation (1, 2). During this process the epidermis increases in thickness from 2-3 to 6-10 cell layers, and at about the 18th day the end product of keratinization, the stratum corneum appears.
The Rhetorical Boundaries of "the Law": A Consideration of the Rhetorical Culture of Legal Practice and the Case of the "Separate but Equal" Doctrine.

In the lexicon of contemporary liberal‐democratic legal practice, to “think like a lawyer” is to have mastered the fundamental, rational principles of “the law, “ a mastery which confers a technical, professional understanding of legal practices unavailable to ordinary, untrained people. This essay invites critics to take a different approach to jurisprudence, one that looks at the ways in which laws are negotiated within the broader rhetorical culture and then transformed into legal edicts. Using a case study of the “Separate But Equal” doctrine, the authors offer a set of characteristics that demarcate the rhetorical substance of legal practices within American rhetorical culture.
Nematode-transmitted viruses of sugar beet in England, 1965-1972

SUMMARY Tobacco rattle virus occurs in about 10 per cent, and tomato blackring virus in about 5 per cent, of fields in England affected with Docking disorder. Leaf symptoms caused by TRV, TBRV or by both viruses together may be indistinguishable in sugar beet. Sugar-beet plants showing TRV in June were symptomless in October and were then only half the weight of symptomless neighbouring plants. Sugar beet infected through the seed with TBRV were symptomless and not stunted under glasshouse conditions. Treatment with either ‘D-D’ soil fumigant or the systemic nematicide methomyl decreased the proportion of plants showing TRV in the field. Although widely distributed in England, neither TRV nor TBRV seems likely to cause a serious disease of sugar-beet crops.
Some Avenues for the Improvement of Price Forecasts Generated by Macroeconometric Models

Always hazardous, the prediction of price change appears to have become even more so in 1973 and 1974. This is true regardless of the forecasting method used. The purpose of this paper is to suggest ways in which price forecasts generated from econometric models can be improved. But first it is helpful to get some idea of the extent to which econometric models underpredicted the inflation of 1973-74. The average increase in the GNP deflator projected by eight econometric models in December 1972 for 1973 over 1972 was 3.4%; the actual increase was 5.6% (U.S. Cost of Living Council, p. 171). For 1974, quarter by quarter predictions of the GNP deflator made in December with four widely used econometric models and the actual change are given in table 1. Again the errors are substantial. When fourth quarter 1974 results are in, the GNP deflator, on a year over year basis, is likely to show a rise of 10% from 1973 to 1974 as compared with a forecast rise of 6.9% implicit in the average quarterly predictions of the four models. Over the 1972-74 period as a whole, these predictions of price change averaged two-thirds of the actual percentage change. In the specification of the typical econometric model built along Keynesian lines, there are four places to look to as sources of prediction errors: (a) prices that are treated as exogenous-usually those for crude industrial and farm commodities and imports, (b) wage rates, (c) output per man-hour and, (d) a variable markup over actual and/or standard unit labor costs and prices assumed to be exogenous (Eckstein, particularly pp. 309-24).
Industrial Polymerization Monitoring

Summary: Monitoring and control of polymerization reactions is essential for high process safety, high product quality and competitive production costs. Ideally the entire process chain is regarded, starting with raw material analysis and the polymerization reaction up to the measurement of polymer- and application- properties. Process data like temperatures and pressures can be used to monitor reaction trajectories in a cost effective way, e.g. using calorimetric evaluations. Additional sensors can provide chemical or morphological information but must be robust and inexpensive for commercial applications (e.g. NIR- or Raman spectroscopy). Data from these different sources can be used for multivariate data analysis, delivering additional insights that might not be obtained by direct measurement.
A whole-lake experiment to control invasive rainbow smelt (Actinoperygii, Osmeridae) via overharvest and a food web manipulation

Invasive rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) have spread rapidly throughout inland lakes of North America with detrimental effects on several native fishes. To test for the potential to control this species, we conducted an experimental removal of rainbow smelt in Sparkling Lake, Wisconsin during 2002–2009. We combined intensive spring harvest of rainbow smelt with an effort to increase predation on this invasive through restricted angler harvest of walleye and increased stocking of walleye (Sander vitreus). Over 4,170 kg of rainbow smelt were harvested during the experiment; up to 93% of adults were removed annually. We observed a significant decline in rainbow smelt gillnet catches during the removal. However, rainbow smelt relative abundances began increasing upon cessation of the removal effort. Bioenergetics modeling suggested that despite achieving higher than the regional average walleye densities, walleye consumed only a fraction of the rainbow smelt standing stock biomass. Our findings suggest that removal of rainbow smelt from invaded lakes may be difficult, and reinforce the importance of prevention as a strategy to limit the expansion of this invasive fish.