cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human risky choice: delay sensitivity depends on reinforcer type.

The present study was designed to help bridge the methodological gap between human and nonhuman animal research in delay-based risky choice. In Part 1, 4 adult human subjects made repeated choices between variable-time and fixed-time schedules of 30-s video clips. Both alternatives had equal mean delays of 15 s, 30 s, or 60 s. Three of 4 subjects strongly preferred the variable-delay alternative across all conditions. In Part 2, these 3 subjects were then provided pairwise choices between 2 variable-time schedules with different delay distributions. Subjects generally preferred the variabledelay distributions with a higher probability of short-reinforcer delays, consistent with accounts based on nonlinear discounting of delayed reinforcement. There was only weak correspondence between experimental results and verbal reports. The overall pattern of results is inconsistent with prior risky choice research with human subjects but is consistent with prior results with nonhuman subjects, suggesting that procedural differences may be a critical factor determining risk-sensitivity across species.
Taxones nuevos o relevantes de Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) argentinos y chilenos

Se describe Menonvillea filifolia subsp. marticorenae , destacandose sus caracteres diferenciales frente a M. filifolia subsp. filifolia . El genero Grammosperma se incluye en la sinonimia de Sarcodraba. Se presenta una clave para la identificacion de las cuatro especies de Sarcodraba , proponiendose la nueva combinacion S. dusenii . Se lectotipifica Skottsbergianthus sorianoi y se la incluye como sinonimo de Xerodraba colobanthoides .
Tree-Rewriting Models of Multi-Word Expressions

Multi-word expressions (MWEs) account for a large portion of the language used in day-to-day interactions. A formal system that is flexible enough to model these large and often syntactically-rich non-compositional chunks as single units in naturally occurring text could considerably simplify large-scale semantic annotation projects, in which it would be undesirable to have to develop internal compositional analyses of common technical expressions that have specific idiosyncratic meanings. This paper will first define a notion of functor-argument decomposition on phrase structure trees analogous to graph coloring, in which the tree is cast as a graph, and the elementary structures of a grammar formalism are colors. The paper then presents a formal argument that tree-rewriting systems, a class of grammar formalism that includes Tree Adjoining Grammars, are able to produce a proper superset of the functor-argument decompositions that string-rewriting systems can produce.
The impact of pre-matriculation summer educational enrichment program on student performance in medical gross anatomy course (534.6)

The University of Mississippi Medical Center offers a seven-week summer program to students who have been accepted into medical or dental schools but may encounter difficulty because of low scores on MCAT or other adverse factors. Besides concrete academic contents from first year basic science courses (Gross anatomy, Biochemistry and Histology), the program also emphasizes study skills and test-taking strategies. In the current study, grades in the Medical Gross Anatomy course from the past three years were analyzed. Since contents covered in the summer program match well with the actual Block 1 (back & upper limb) and Block 4 (head & neck) sections, we compared the differences between these two blocks with the other two un-targeted blocks (2-thorax & abdomen; 3-pelvis & lower limb). Result 1: Compared with the rest of the class, summer participants performed either at or above the class average for Block 1 and 4 exams; in contrast, their grades were lower or not different for Block 2 and 3 exams. Result...
Underwater robot visual place recognition in the presence of dramatic appearance change

This paper reports on an algorithm for underwater visual place recognition in the presence of dramatic appearance change. Long-term visual place recognition is challenging underwater due to biofouling, corrosion, and other effects that lead to dramatic visual appearance change, which often causes traditional point-based feature methods to perform poorly. Building upon the authors' earlier work, this paper presents an algorithm for underwater vehicle place recognition and relocalization that enables an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to relocalize itself to a previously-built simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) graph. High-level structural features are learned using a supervised learning framework that retains features that have a high potential to persist in the underwater environment. Combined with a particle filtering framework, these features are used to provide a probabilistic representation of localization confidence. The algorithm is evaluated on real data, from multiple years, collected by a Hovering Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (HAUV) for ship hull inspection.
Explanationist aid for phenomenal conservatism

Phenomenal conservatism is a popular theory of epistemic justification. Despite its popularity and the fact that some think that phenomenal conservatism can provide a complete account of justification, it faces several challenges. Among these challenges are the need to provide accounts of defeaters and inferential justification. Fortunately, there is hope for phenomenal conservatism. Explanationism, the view on which justification is a matter of explanatory considerations, can help phenomenal conservatism with both of these challenges. The resulting view is one that respects the internalist character of phenomenal conservatism and its motivating intuitions while providing an intuitive and elegant account of both inferential justification and the justificatory impact of defeaters.
Coccidioidin induction of skin sensitivity and positive serology.

SummarySerological responses demonstrable by an Ouchterlony technique, and skin sensitizations were produced in rabbits injected subcutaneously with coccidioidal antigen in either Freund's complete adjuvant or latex particles. Negative immunodiffusion results, but positive skin tests were produced by rabbits injected subcutaneously with antigen alone. The possibility of producing skin sensitivity by repeated intradermal injections of coccidioidin is discussed.
Intentional Removal of a Disturbing Object by an Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin

That captive Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus Montague, will often play with objects with which they may come in contact has already been fully documented by Townsend (Zoologica, 1(16): 290, 1914), McBride and Hebb (Jour. Comp. and Physiol. Psych., 41: 116–17, 1948), McBride (Nat. Hist., 45: 28, 1940), and Essapiah (Nat. Hist., 62: 392, 396, 1953). Some of these objects of play as described by the above writers are: a floating box, rubber inner tube, partly deflated rubber ball, pieces of rock or shell, colored disks, dead fish, and even live fish and turtles, which are caught and released unharmed, and, in the case of one large turtle, was stood up on edge and pushed all the way across the tank and up against the far wall. McBride and Kritzler (Jour. …
Anti-immigrant Anxieties in State Policy The Great Recession and Punitive Immigration Policy in the American States, 2005–2012

The Great Recession of late 2007 through 2009 had profound negative economic impacts on the U.S. states, with 49 states experiencing revenue decreases in their 2009 budgets representing more than $...
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone

Hyponatremia is a common complication among cancer patients. Certain antineoplastic agents have been associated with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of anti-diuretic hormone-induced hyponatremia. The most common agents associated with secretion of anti-diuretic hormone are vinca alkaloids, platinum compounds, and alkylating agents. We report a case of secretion of anti-diuretic hormone associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Sustainable Development in Malaysia and Indonesia

In this chapter, we discuss sustainable development in Malaysia and Indonesia in terms of geography, well-being, economic structure, and environmental sustainability.
Putting the Fear Back Again (and Within Individuals): Revisiting the Role of Fear in Persuasion.

ABSTRACTThe overwhelming majority of fear appeal research came from the between-individuals approach and yielded consistent evidence for a linear fear–persuasion relationship. A recent review suggested that the within-individuals approach might be more appropriate. Studies that measured fear at multiple time points have consistently revealed a curvilinear association between fear and persuasion predicted by the drive model. A Web-based experiment (N = 454) using tobacco warning labels was conducted to replicate the inverted-U shape curvilinear relationship between fear and persuasion, and to revisit the role of fear in fear appeal theories. Results showed that the inverted-U fear curve positively predicted persuasion and reduced maladaptive responses, and that the linear trajectory of fear positively predicted maladaptive responses and failure of persuasion.
Derivational analogy and its role in problem solving

Derivational analogy, a method of solving problems based upon the transfer of past experience to new problem situations, is discussed in the context of other general approaches to problem solving. The experience transfer process consists of recreating lines of reasoning, including decision sequences and accompanying justifications, that proved effective in solving particular problems requiring similar initial analysis. The derivational analogy approach is advocated as a means of implementing reasoning from individual cases in expert systems.
Semantic Understanding of Spatial Trajectories

The advances in location-acquisition technologies and the prevalence of location-based services have generated massive spatial trajectory data, which represent the mobility of a diversity of moving objects, such as people, vehicles, and animals. Such trajectories offer us unprecedented information to understand moving objects and locations that could benefit a broad range of applications.
Abstract 2399: Metabolic and epigenetic targets in multiple myeloma therapy

The dynamic interaction of transcription factors (TFs) with promoters and enhancers allows cells to continuously adjust gene expression. Whereas the composition and binding of TFs at genomic sites is the focus of a widespread research effort, relatively little is known about how these complexes are being removed. We previously devised a method to detect genomic locations that are associated with nuclear protein turnover mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Multiple myeloma, the second most common hematopoietic malignancy, has become a model disease for drugs that interfere with the UPS through either blocking or facilitating protein elimination. The proteasome inhibitor Velcade, for instance, has become first-line treatment in myeloma. Yet, our knowledge of how myeloma cells are killed by this drug is incomplete. Our research is focused on defining how proteolysis regulates transcriptional dynamics in this disease and how this impacts Velcade sensitivity. Following proteasome inhibition, we are utilizing next generation sequencing to identify sites of nuclear protein turnover and evaluate epigenetic changes. Our aim is to identify TFs and epigenetic marks that may qualify as more specific targets for treatment compared to blunt proteasome inhibition. Our findings reveal that certain TFs, including metabolic and cell growth regulators, are particularly sensitive to Velcade. Among these transcriptional regulators, the co-repressor NCoR1 plays a key role in controlling cell metabolism by adjusting mitochondrial gene expression. We are currently validating the mechanism of NCoR1 degradation, with a particular emphasis on the new role of its E3-ubiquitin ligase Seven in absentia 2 (Siah2) in mitochondrial regulation, to better understand how this degradation pathway impacts myeloma proliferation and metabolism. This research project will contribute to our understanding of epigenetic and transcriptional dynamics in multiple myeloma. With the focus on gene programs that are continuously adapting or changing, we seek to unlock new attractive targets for molecular therapy. Citation Format: Laure Maneix, Fu-Yuan Shih, Polina Iakova, Joanne I. Hsu, Andre Catic. Metabolic and epigenetic targets in multiple myeloma therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2399. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2399
Nutrition Facts Panel use is associated with diet quality and dietary patterns among Latinos with type 2 diabetes.

Objective The study aims were to (i) identify determinants of Nutrition Facts Panel (NFP) use and (ii) describe the association between NFP use and dietary intake among Latinos with type 2 diabetes. Design Baseline cross-sectional data from a clinical trial were used to assess the association between NFP use and dietary intake. Diet was measured using two methods: (i) a diet quality score (the Healthy Eating Index-2010) derived from a single 24 h recall and (ii) dietary pattern (exploratory factor analyses) from an FFQ. Multivariable logistic and non-parametric quantile regressions were conducted, as appropriate. Settings Hartford County, Connecticut, USA. Subjects Latino adults (n 203), ≥21 years of age, with diagnosed type 2 diabetes, glycosylated Hb≥7 %, and without medical conditions limiting physical activity. Results Participants' education level, diabetes-related knowledge and English speaking were positively associated with NFP use. At the higher percentiles of diet quality score, NFP use was significantly associated with higher diet quality. Similarly, NFP users were more likely to consume a 'healthy' dietary pattern (P=0·003) and less likely to consume a 'fried snack' pattern (P=0·048) compared with NFP non-users. Conclusions The association between reported NFP use and diet quality was positive and significantly stronger among participants who reported consuming a healthier diet. While NFP use was associated with a healthier dietary pattern, not using NFP was associated with a less-healthy, fried snack pattern. Longitudinal studies are needed to understand whether improving NFP use could be an effective intervention to improve diet quality among Latinos with type 2 diabetes.
Cannabis Use as a Determinant of Earlier Age at Onset of Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders

Cannabis use is associated with an earlier age at onset of psychosis in both nonaffective and affective psychotic disorders. Cannabis use typically precedes the onset of positive symptoms, and prodromal symptoms in most cases as well. Some literature suggests that cannabis use is associated with an earlier onset of prodromal symptoms, but there are no reports in the literature regarding whether cannabis use is associated with a faster conversion from prodrome to psychosis. Earlier and increased cannabis exposure both correlate with larger decreases in age at onset, which is likely moderated by sex and genetic factors and cannot be attributed to concurrent use of other drugs.
Search strategies in practice: Influence of information and task constraints.

Abstract The practice of a motor task has been conceptualized as a process of search through a perceptual-motor workspace. The present study investigated the influence of information and task constraints on the search strategy as reflected in the sequential relations of the outcome in a discrete movement virtual projectile task. The results showed that the relation between the changes of trial-to-trial movement outcome to performance level was dependent on the landscape of the task dynamics and the influence of inherent variability. Furthermore, the search was in a constrained parameter region of the perceptual-motor workspace that depended on the task constraints. These findings show that there is not a single function of trial-to-trial change over practice but rather that local search strategies (proportional, discontinuous, constant) adapt to the level of performance and the confluence of constraints to action.
Autoregressive Approaches to Disaggregation of Time Series Data

It is sometimes necessary to disaggregate (“interpolate”) a given economic time series to obtain values for shorter subperiods. For example, monthly values of GNP may be desired when only a sequence of quarterly data is available. We generalize a previous method so that it can be used to derive values for subperiods of any specified length which are consistent with available data for longer time periods. In addition to the theoretical development we discuss practical considerations for computational implementation.
Intermittent hypoxia exacerbates increased blood pressure in rats with chronic kidney disease

Kidney injury and sleep apnea (SA) are independent risk factors for hypertension. Exposing rats to intermittent hypoxia (IH) to simulate SA increases blood pressure whereas adenine feeding causes p...
Shear Bands in Isotropic Micropolar Elastic Materials

This investigation concerns localized deformation fields occurring due to jumps of second-order gradients of displacement across a standing singular surface in a micropolar elastic material. Such a standing singular surface gives rise to a shear band. The condition for the existence of a shear band is obtained in terms of an appropriate acoustic tensor for the micropolar continuum. The behavior of the inclination angle of the shear band is examined under varied loading conditions. Numerical calculations are presented for a micropolar elastic solid in the two cases of uniaxial tension and of tension of a thin plate.
An Approach to the Dodecahedral Conjecture Based on Bounds for Spherical Codes

The dodecahedral conjecture states that in a packing of unit spheres in \({\mathfrak{R}}^{3}\), the Voronoi cell of minimum possible volume is a regular dodecahedron with inradius one. The conjecture was first stated by L. Fejes Toth in 1943, and was finally proved by Hales and McLaughlin over 50 years later using techniques developed by Hales for his proof of the Kepler conjecture. In 1964, Fejes Toth described an approach that would lead to a complete proof of the dodecahedral conjecture if a key inequality were established. We describe a connection between the key inequality required to complete Fejes Toth’s proof and bounds for spherical codes and show how recently developed strengthened bounds for spherical codes may make it possible to complete Fejes Toth’s proof.
Morphometric Imaging Techniques and the Functional Liver Remnant

Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for select patients with primary and ­secondary hepatic malignancies. The goal of hepatic surgery is complete resection with preservation of sufficient liver parenchyma. Inadequate hepatic reserve can result in the development of hepatic dysfunction and failure. One parameter used to assess the adequacy of liver reserve is to measure the future liver remnant (FLR) volume. Accurate measurement of FLR is important not only as a surrogate marker for liver function, but also assists in the selection of patients for preoperative portal vein ­embolization (PVE). The preferred modality to provide accurate and reproducible measurements of FLR is computer tomography (CT) volumetry. CT volumetry measurements can be performed utilizing either manual or automated techniques. The measured FLR is standardized to the patient’s total liver volume (TLV), which is derived from the body surface area (BSA). Various equations have been derived that relate TLV to BSA. CT volumetry provides hepatic surgeons and radiologists an informed approach toward the surgical management of patients with complex liver disease.
Scalable histopathological image analysis via active learning.

Training an effective and scalable system for medical image analysis usually requires a large amount of labeled data, which incurs a tremendous annotation burden for pathologists. Recent progress in active learning can alleviate this issue, leading to a great reduction on the labeling cost without sacrificing the predicting accuracy too much. However, most existing active learning methods disregard the “structured information” that may exist in medical images (e.g., data from individual patients), and make a simplifying assumption that unlabeled data is independently and identically distributed. Both may not be suitable for real-world medical images. In this paper, we propose a novel batch-mode active learning method which explores and leverages such structured information in annotations of medical images to enforce diversity among the selected data, therefore maximizing the information gain. We formulate the active learning problem as an adaptive submodular function maximization problem subject to a partition matroid constraint, and further present an efficient greedy algorithm to achieve a good solution with a theoretically proven bound. We demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm on thousands of histopathological images of breast microscopic tissues.
Biodistance Evidence of Gene Flow from the Kayenta Region

Socioeconomic upheaval and environmental degradation pressured people in the Kayenta region of northeast Arizona to move south into large pueblo communities 800 years ago. This study tests if gene ...
Influence of Inundation and Suspended-Sediment Concentrations on Spatiotemporal Sedimentation Patterns in a Tidal Freshwater Marsh

Long-term marsh sustainability is threatened by environmental changes, especially accelerated rates of sea-level rise (SLR) and changing fluvial sediment supplies. Although direct observations of long-term marsh responses to these changes are challenging, this study examines shorter-term responses via bimonthly sedimentation measurements over 5 years in Dyke Marsh Preserve (DMP), a tidal freshwater marsh in the Potomac River (Chesapeake Bay tributary, USA). Observed patterns are evaluated with physical drivers (winds, river discharge, water-level changes, suspended-sediment concentrations (SSC)) that influence spatiotemporal variability within the marsh. Linear regression models reveal that water-level changes exert more influence on this variability than SSC in a system with plentiful sediment supply. Sedimentation rates increase linearly with inundation time, but a quadratic regression model explains more of the variability, especially for the inorganic fraction of sediment. This result indicates that fluvial sediment supply is key for marsh accretion and suggests an optimal response of sedimentation to increased inundation that non-linearly affects marsh vulnerability to future SLR. Ultimately, the SSC in adjacent waters is not available to nourish the marsh unless it is transported and retained on the platform. Self-sustaining feedbacks among inundation, sedimentation, elevation, and plants likely aid in maintaining equilibrium elevations over time and thus also marsh sustainability.
Clinical presentation, national practice patterns, and outcomes of breast adenomyoepithelioma.

Breast adenomyoepithelioma (AME) is a rare tumor with the published literature mainly in the form of case reports. Thus, there is currently only limited published data to guide evidence-based management. We sought to use a large, contemporary US database to evaluate how these patients are managed and describe expected outcomes. The National Cancer Database was queried (2004-2013) for women with AME. Statistics included multivariable logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier analysis to evaluate overall survival (OS) and Cox proportional hazards modeling. Overall, 110 patients were analyzed. At diagnosis, the median age was 67 years and the median tumor size was 2.0 cm. All but four patients had node-negative disease. A majority (55%) of tumors were estrogen receptor negative, and only one was positive for HER2/neu. The most common surgical procedure was lumpectomy (60%); a minority (10.9%) of subjects underwent complete axillary nodal dissection, with one-quarter not undergoing pathologic nodal sampling. Chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and radiotherapy were utilized in a minority of patients (26%, 8%, and 36%, respectively), and none were associated with OS. At median follow-up of 52 months, the 5-year OS for the entire population was 74.4%. Disease-related characteristics and practice patterns are described for AME, the largest study of this rare tumor to date. Resection is the most important aspect of management, and based on this dataset the low rate of nodal involvement suggests that in some cases nodal sampling could be safely omitted. Adjuvant therapy may be considered on a case-by-case basis. Taken together, these data provide valuable insight into a rare neoplasm that may better inform management of these patients.
Vertical manipulation of fluids through electrostatic formation: model development and experimental validation

A novel actuation method, called electrostatic formation (ESF), for MEMS and other applications, is introduced. The ESF mechanism uses a droplet of liquid material that is electrostatically deformed. ESF differs from Electrowetting and Electrowetting on Dielectric as the electrode used to apply the voltage is of a smaller diameter than the droplet being manipulated, and the electrode is located above the manipulated fluid. Modeling this movement requires adherence to the Lippmann and Young–Laplace equations simultaneously. In order to understand how the surface tension is specifically manipulated, as is required for the development of a model of representation of the phenomenon, a force-based interpretation of the Lippmann equation is outlined, with focus on how it compares to the force response provided by hydrostatic pressure under the influence of gravitational field forces. Additionally, it is demonstrated that a differential surface charge must be present of which the formulation is complex in nature, likely stemming from the combination of the internal pressure and a localized skin effect caused by an electric double layer that is present at the surface of the transformed liquid. In this study, a target liquid of gallium is manipulated under electrostatic charge in a physical experiment and compared against the geometry suggested by the developed model. By utilizing the assumptions highlighted in this article, a coefficient of variance (R2) of 0.907 was calculated between the measurements and model. This coefficient of variance was improved to 0.915 through the introduction of varied electrostatic and internal pressure terms.
Examining the Economic Impact of COVID-19 in India through Daily Electricity Consumption and Nighttime Light Intensity

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted economic activity in India. Adjusting policies to contain transmission while mitigating the economic impact requires an assessment of the economic situation in near real-time and at high spatial granularity. This paper shows that daily electricity consumption and monthly nighttime light intensity can proxy for economic activity in India. Energy consumption is compared with the predictions of a consumption model that explains 90 percent of the variation in normal times. Energy consumption declined strongly after a national lockdown was implemented on March 25, 2020 and remained a quarter below normal levels throughout April. It recovered subsequently, but electricity consumption remained lower even in September. Not all states and union territories have been affected equally. While electricity consumption halved in some, it declined very little in others. Part of the heterogeneity is explained by the prevalence of COVID-19 infections, the share of manufacturing, and return migration. During the national lockdown, higher COVID-19 infection rates at the district level were associated with larger declines in nighttime light intensity. Without effectively reducing the risk of a COVID-19 infection, voluntary reductions of mobility will hence prevent a return to full economic potential even when restrictions are relaxed. Together, daily electricity consumption and nighttime light intensity allow monitoring economic activity in near real-time and high spatial granularity.
Controlling Electric Field and Photoemission at the Tips of Triangular Gold Antennas

We show that the fields of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)—excited by infrared ultrafast laser light—can be highly concentrated at the corners of thin, micron-scale gold triangular platelets. We present multi-photon photoemission electron microscopy (nP-PEEM) images and finite element method (FEM) simulations that show that the magnitude of the SPP electric field can be adjusted over a large range via control of the polarization, wavelength, and angle of incidence of the applied laser light. As it is well known that the strength of SPP near-fields has a strong bearing on non-linear photoelectron emission rates, localized SPP fields might effectively be used as a nano-scale adjustable electron source.
Continuity and change in educators’ professional learning networks

While prior research suggests that many educators turn to social media to grow and enhance professional learning networks (PLNs) that extend beyond their schools, little is known about how PLNs shift over time. In this exploratory study, we investigated the nature of continuity and change in the PLNs of 192 K-12 and university educators from 17 countries. Participants responded to our request to comment on PLN descriptions they provided in a previous 2014 survey, and then identify continuity and change during the intervening years. Respondents overwhelmingly expressed that their PLNs had changed over the four years between the two surveys. The causes of PLN changes appeared to be diverse, dynamic, and interrelated. Various proximal and distal factors contributed to changes in professional activities. We frame the study through social ecological systems theory, discuss the significance of these findings, and consider implications for K-12 and higher education professional learning. Educators and those who lead and support their professional learning should reflect upon and attend to PLN change to ensure more educative results for teachers and students.
Growth of metallic delafossite PdCo O 2 by molecular beam epitaxy

The Pd- and Pt-based $AB{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ delafossites are a unique class of layered, triangular oxides with two-dimensional electronic structure and a large conductivity that rivals the noble metals. Here, we report successful growth of the metallic delafossite $\mathrm{PdCo}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The key challenge is controlling the oxidation of Pd in the MBE environment where phase segregation is driven by the reduction of $\mathrm{PdCo}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ to cobalt oxide and metallic palladium. This is overcome by combining low-temperature (300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) atomic layer-by-layer MBE growth in the presence of reactive atomic oxygen with a postgrowth high-temperature anneal. Thickness dependence (5--265 nm) reveals that in the thin regime (75 nm), the resistivity scales inversely with thickness, likely dominated by surface scattering; for thicker films, the resistivity approaches the values reported for the best bulk crystals at room temperature, but the low-temperature resistivity is limited by structural twins. This work shows that the combination of MBE growth and a postgrowth anneal provides a route to creating high-quality films in this interesting family of layered, triangular oxides.
Global Peace and Security without a Healthy Environment

The Article argues that we must broaden our understanding of global peace, security and welfare to include ecological resiliency and climate justice in the Anthropocene. Society must recognize that climate change, as well as the current pandemic and ongoing racial injustices, are sustainability and security crises. The three pillars of sustainability— environmental, social and economic welfare — essentially define “security.” Environmental law and policy face significant challenges in accounting for large scale disruptions due to climate change and environmental degradation including mass migration, food insecurity, natural disasters, inequality, access to clean water, and the breakdown of the civil society. More specifically, how can significant global security risks be accounted for and peace promoted when making environmental law, broadly defined (food, energy, land use, natural resources law)?
The Government Contractor Defense: Breaking the Boyle Barrier

The government contract defense, known as the Boyle defense, shields those successfully invoking it from liability for injuries caused by defective products they manufactured. The contract specification defense is afforded to both private and government contractors when they follow the directions and specifications of a third party, usually the employer. The first element of the Boyle defense requires that the government approve reasonably precise specifications for the equipment’s design. The contractor must show that a team-like effort existed in all communications between the contractor and the government, with the government providing general specifications and approval at various stages of project development. Boyle’s second element requires that the equipment conform to specifications provided by the government. This requirement motivates the contractor to ensure that any design-feature deviations are brought to the government’s attention. The third and final prong of the Boyle defense requires that the supplier warn the government about dangers involving the equipment known to the supplier but not known to the government. The best method to attack Boyle’s third element is for the plaintiff to establish intentional non-disclosure or negligence by the defense contractor. Although the Boyle defense places difficult hurdles before a plaintiff, overcoming these hurdles is not an impossible burden.
Telemetry Overuse and the Effect of Educational and Electronic Health Record-Based Interventions on an Academic Internal Medicine Ward.

OBJECTIVES Guidelines for appropriate use of telemetry recommend monitoring for specific patient populations; however, many hospitalized patients receive telemetry monitoring without an indication. Clinical data and outcomes associated with nonindicated monitoring are not well studied. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the impact of an education and an order entry intervention on telemetry overuse and to identify the diagnoses and telemetry-related outcomes of patients who receive telemetry monitoring without guidelines indication. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of hospitalized patients on internal medicine (IM) wards between 2015 and 2018 examining the effects of educational and order entry interventions at an academic urban medical center. A baseline cohort examining telemetry use was established. This was followed by the delivery of IM resident educational sessions regarding telemetry guidelines. In a subsequent intervention, the telemetry order entry system was modified with a constraint to require American Heart Association guidelines justification. RESULTS Across all of the cohorts, 51% (n = 141) of patients lacked a guidelines-specified indication. These patients had variable diagnoses. The educational intervention alone did not result in significant differences in telemetry use by IM residents. The order entry intervention resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of guidelines-indicated patients and a decrease in nonindicated patients on telemetry. No safety events were noted in any group. CONCLUSIONS A telemetry order entry system modification implemented following an educational intervention is more likely to reduce telemetry use than an educational intervention alone in IM resident practice. A variety of patients are monitored without evidence of need; therefore, the clinical impact of telemetry reduction is unlikely to be harmful.
Abuses of Shareholders Derivative Suits: How Far Is California's New Security for Expenses Act Sound Regulation

The California Legislature has taken an important step in a very controversial problem by adding to the Co porations Code, Section 834.1 This 1949 act is designed to protect corporations, their directors, officers and employees against so-called "strike suits" and the litigation expe ses which may be unjustifiably foisted upon t em. Stringent statutes wit t is aim in view have recently been adopted in New York, and, following that questionable example, in New Jersey, Pennsylva ia and Wisconsin.2 The New York act gave impetus to the California legislation and in part served as a source, but not as a model, for it. The proposal as originally made in Assem ly Bill 428 c pied in substance the New York General Corporation Law provisions. As a result of opposition that developed, a conference was arranged by the spons rs f the bill, and the worst features of the New York act were eliminated. Certai questionable provisions of the New York law have, however, b en included, nd some have even been exceeded. The New York act is said to be an outgrowth of the statutory scheme for reimbursement by the corporation of successful officials and employees s ed in derivative actions o behalf of corporations.? The California act goes even beyond that and imposes liability on the plaintiff for expenses of successful stranger defendants under certain conditions.
H/sub /spl infin// controller reduction with closed-loop stability considerations

Stable coprime factorization of controller and weighted balanced realization techniques are applied to H/sub /spl infin// controller reduction. The stability margin weighting is employed in the process of the reduction. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated by an example. >
Avoiding pediatric pathogenesis in the management of acute minor illness.

The management of acute minor illnesses constitutes a major portion of a physician9s work. The impact of such illness on the child9s development and the physician9s positive or negative influence on the child9s and the parents9 emotional adjustment are considered here. Very few data are available in the literature. Suggestions for management and research are presented. Diagnosis and therapy of acute minor illness are far from uniform or agreed upon. Accurate diagnosis and reasonable treatment are the pediatrician9s first responsibility. Over-, under-, and misdiagnosing and treating are to be avoided. Secondly, he should nurture the sick child by reducing stress and by promoting his adjustment to the illness situation. The child9s emotional health suffers from the pediatrician9s neglect, over-involvement with or mismanagement of his feelings during illness. Thirdly, the pediatrician should support the parents by helping them to deal with the specific illness and by promoting their capacity to cope with illness in general. If, instead, the pediatrician is overly dominant or submissive, neglectful or punitive in handling the parents9 needs, they may become frightened, dependent, demanding, confused, or angry. Their feelings of incompetence in handling illnesses affect their general child-rearing abilities.
A Role for CD103 in the Retention of CD4+CD25+ Treg and Control of Leishmania major Infection

Endogenous regulatory T cells (T(reg)) play a central role in the control of excessive or misdirected immune responses against self or foreign Ags. To date, virtually no data are available on the nature of the molecules and signals involved in the trafficking and retention of T(reg) in tissues where regulation is required. Here, we show that expression of alpha(E)beta(7) integrin is necessary for the homing of T(reg) at site of Leishmania major infection. The vast majority of T(reg) present in the dermis at steady-state conditions or during L. major infection express the alpha(E) chain (CD103) of alpha(E)beta(7). Genetically susceptible BALB/c mice that lack CD103 become resistant to infection, a phenotype that is associated with a poor capacity of T(reg) to be retained in the infected site. Such susceptible phenotype can be restored when T(reg) from wild-type mice were transferred in CD103(-/-) mice. The central role of CD103 in T(reg) retention was further demonstrated by usage of blocking Abs against CD103 and the transfer of T(reg) purified from CD103(-/-) mice. Our results strongly suggest that this molecule is induced and maintained on T(reg) following or just prior to their arrival in tissues. Furthermore, the expression of CD103 and the subsequent retention of T(reg) in tissues is highly regulated by their exposure to Leishmania Ag and the level of activation of the APCs they encounter. Thus, CD103, by controlling T(reg) retention, can contribute to the outcome of chronic infection by Leishmania.
Activity-dependent fluorescent staining and destaining of living vertebrate motor nerve terminals.

Living motor nerve terminals from several species can be stained in an activity-dependent fashion by certain styryl dyes, such as RH414, RH795, and a new dye, FM1–43, which can be imaged independently of the others. The dyes evidently become trapped within recycled synaptic vesicles. In frog cutaneus pectoris muscle, bright fluorescent spots spaced regularly along the length of the nerve terminals appear after stimulation in the presence of the dye. The spots align well with postsynaptic ACh receptors and are persistent for many hours, unless further stimulation is given, in which case the spots disappear. Destaining, like staining, requires transmitter release and proceeds gradually over several minutes at high stimulus frequencies (e.g., 30 Hz), and fluorescent spots in the same terminal disappear at about the same rate. We suggest that each spot is a cluster of hundred of synaptic vesicles and that the mechanism of staining involves the ability of the dyes to partition reversibly into the outer leaflet of surface membranes, without being able to penetrate the entire membrane thickness. Then, during endocytosis following transmitter release, dye molecules become trapped in recycled synaptic vesicle membranes. The dyes therefore make it possible optically to study vesicle exocytosis and recycling in living nerve terminals in real time, and should be useful for marking terminals in a variety of preparations according to their level of activity.
Theory of Coronal Mass Ejections

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are extremely important phenomena, both for understanding the evolution of the global corona and for understanding and predicting space weather. Despite this importance, the physical explanation of CMEs remains largely confused. A variety of theoretical models have been proposed, and we here attempt to organize them according to a classification scheme that identifies and differentiates their essential physical attributes. We propose five distinct classes of models, which we present with the aid of simple analogues involving springs, ropes, and weights. We also indicate how some of the models appear to be inconsistent with certain observations.
Canopy-level photosynthetic compensation after defoliation in a tropical understorey palm

1. Increases in photosynthesis of leaves remaining after defoliation may result from shifts in leaf photosynthetic characteristics or from an improved light penetration in the canopy. However, few studies have tried to estimate the relative contribution of these factors to mitigating the negative effects of defoliation. We present a quantitative framework for such an analysis. 2. In a field and greenhouse experiment, plants of the rain forest understorey palm Chamaedorea elegans were subjected to three levels of defoliation (0, 50 or 66% of leaves removed) and, in the greenhouse, grown at two irradiances (5 or 16% of daylight, ‘low light’ and ‘high light’ hereafter). For each plant, leaf photosynthesis and light penetration in the canopy were measured and these data were used to calculate whole-canopy carbon gain. 3. Defoliation significantly increased the light available to the remaining leaves. In the field and in the ‘high-light’ greenhouse plants, defoliation also resulted in an increase in the light-saturated photosynthesis per unit leaf area (Pmax), although in the ‘low-light’ plants this was not the case. 4. A sensitivity analysis revealed that in the ‘low-light’ plants, a proportional increase in leaf Pmax did not result in increased canopy-level carbon gain, while in the ‘high-light’ and field plants, it did. This suggests that the lack of plasticity in Pmax in response to defoliation, at low light, may be the appropriate pattern to maximize carbon gain. 5. Defoliated plants had 10–18% more average photosynthesis per unit leaf area (Parea) than the control plants, and this increase was mostly the result of an improved light penetration in the canopy. 6. A relatively small fraction (5–30%) of the total estimated loss in canopy carbon gain caused by the removal of leaves was compensated for by an increase in Parea. This suggests that in rain forest understorey plants, an increase in diurnal photosynthesis of remaining leaves has limited potential for mitigating the negative effects of defoliation.
Fractional rate phase detectors for clock and data recovery

Some recent PLL designs utilize a half-rate phase detector so that the VCO operates at a frequency that is one-half of the input data rate. In this paper, a technique is proposed to extend the half-rate phase detector structure to a rate of 1/2/sup n/, for integer n>1. The concept is explained using a rate 1/8 implementation and simulation results are presented to verify the scheme. These rate 1/2/sup n/ phase detectors can be used to raise the maximum operating frequency of clock and data recovery circuits in a given CMOS process technology.
Models of Mantle Viscosity

The viscosity of the mantle is one of the most important, and least understood material properties of the Elarth. Plate velocities, deep-earthquake source mechanisms, the stress distribution in subduction zones, and estimates of geochemical mixing time scales are all strongly affected by the pattern of convective flow which. in turn, is strongly influenced by the viscosity structure of the mantle. There are two approaches to understanding the viscosity structure of the Eh or studying the physical deformation properties of mantle minerals in the laboratory. Both approaches have advantages and drawbacks. Laboratory measurements of deformation indicate that the rheology of upper mantle minerals such as olivine ((Mg,Fe)$iO4) is a strong function of temperature, grain size and stress [e.g., 3, 24, 43, 45, 46, 61, 651. The deformation of minerals under mantle conditions generally follows a flow law of the form