cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The asparagine-linked oligosaccharides on bovine fetuin. Structural analysis of N-glycanase-released oligosaccharides by 500-megahertz 1H NMR spectroscopy

The structures of the entire population of sialylated asparagine-linked oligosaccharides present on bovine fetuin were elucidated. Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides were released from fetuin with N-glycanase, radiolabeled by reduction with NaB[3H]4, and fractionated by anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion-suppression amine adsorption HPLC, and concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The 3H-labeled oligosaccharide fractions obtained were analyzed by 500-MHz 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealing the presence of 23 distinct oligosaccharide structures. These oligosaccharides differed in extent of sialylation (3% mono-, 35% di-, 54% tri-, and 8% tetrasialylated), number of peripheral branches (17% di- and 83% tribranched), linkage (alpha 2,3 versus alpha 2,6) and location of sialic acid moieties, and linkage (beta 1,4 versus beta 1,3) of galactose residues. This represents the first time that the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of fetuin have been successfully fractionated and characterized as sialylated species. The sialylated oligosaccharides derived from fetuin were also used to further define the specificities of the lectins leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin and Ricinus communis agglutinin I. The behavior of these oligosaccharides during lectin affinity HPLC further establishes the structural features which predominate in the interaction of oligosaccharides with leukoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin and R. communis agglutinin I.
Measuring Use Value from Recreation Participation: Reply

In Whitehead (1992), I proposed a one-step method of estimating recreational use values. I appreciate the opportunity to clarify several points made in the original paper and correct some mathematical errors. The criticisms raise three major issues that should be addressed: the theoretical construct of use value, diminishing marginal utility, and empirical specification. Before I address the criticisms I would like to emphasize that the one-step, recreation-participation method is not viewed as superior to the two-step, travel-cost method or any of its extensions. The method is a means of obtaining order of magnitude use-value estimates if the travel-cost method can not be implemented. To re-state one of the conclusions: “The one-step method is a useful, low-cost substitute for two-step travel cost models when research budgets are limited (Whitehead, 1992 p. 118).” This notion was underemphasized in the original paper.
Preferential glutathione conjugation of a reverse diol epoxide compared to a bay region diol epoxide of phenanthrene in human hepatocytes: relevance to molecular epidemiology studies of glutathione-s-transferase polymorphisms and cancer.

Bay region diol epoxides are recognized ultimate carcinogens of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and in vitro studies have demonstrated that they can be detoxified by conjugation with glutathione, leading to the widely investigated hypothesis that individuals with low activity forms of glutathione-S-transferases are at higher risk of PAH induced cancer, a hypothesis that has found at most weak support in molecular epidemiology studies. A weakness in this hypothesis was that the mercapturic acids resulting from the conjugation of PAH bay region diol epoxides had never been identified in human urine. We recently analyzed smokers’ urine for mercapturic acids derived from phenanthrene, the simplest PAH with a bay region. The only phenanthrene diol epoxide-derived mercapturic acid in smokers’ urine was produced from the reverse diol epoxide, anti-phenanthrene-3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide (11), not the bay region diol epoxide, anti-phenanthrene-1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide (10), which does not support the hypothesis not...
E. B. Pusey and Holy Scripture

E. B. Pusey was so strongly identified with the Tractarian movement that it was often referred to as 'Puseyism' and he became the unrivalled leader of Anglo-Catholicism. Although low-church Protestants in the Victorian age often asserted that Anglo-Catholics did not have a strong commitment to the authority and centrality of Scripture, this assumption is not borne out by a study of Pusey's life and thought. This article seeks to recover Pusey as a Bible man. In particular, it explores the nature and impact of his biblical commentaries. Pusey himself saw commenting on Holy Scripture as at the core of his life's work and Christian ministry. Nevertheless, his biblical commentaries have been ignored by scholars, who have instead maintained a consistent preoccupation with his youthful volume on German theology. Pusey's Daniel the Prophet was actually an extremely thorough and formidable piece of scholarship. Indeed, even English critics unsympathetic to his defence of a traditional date for the book of Daniel uniformly found its substantive arguments unanswerable. Pusey's commentary on the Minor Prophets was part of a larger plan he had for providing a new, popular commentary on the Bible, a project which he saw as his primary response to the challenges of the modern age.
Modes of Bureaucratic Communications: Examples from Thai Local Administration

THEORIES OF organizations which describe organizational behavior in terms of communication processes (Dorsey, 1957; Deutsch, 1963) often result in overdrawn analogies or, at times, tautologies. Equivalences are made between the language of communications theory or cybernetics and the components of bureaucratic structure. More empirically oriented research (as summarized in Guetzkow, 1965) focuses upon the existence of various channels of communications, the frequency of their use, and their relationship to structural variables of an organization. Such research often relates the output of an organization to the effectiveness of the communication channels. Neither school of research focuses upon the crucial comparative questions relating the form of bureaucratic communications to the resulting functionalities for bureaucratic output. To avoid these difficulties, we shall define four patterns of bureaucratic communications in terms of structural features of an organization (Perrow, 1970). Such definitions permit uniform categorizations of communication patterns by form in differing organizations. Such categorizations can be used to analyze the functionalities and dysfunctionalities of each mode of communication for accomplishing particular goals.
Electrical and fluidic microbumps and interconnects for 3D-IC and silicon interposer

High-density electrical microbumps (25 μm diameter and 50 μm pitch) and fluidic microbumps are important to support high-bandwidth signaling, power delivery and microfluidic cooling of highperformance high-power chips in 3DICs and silicon interposer. Simultaneous fabrication of electrical and fluidic microbumps is demonstrated in this paper. Test vehicles are also fabricated for assembly. Four-point resistance measurements and preliminary fluidic testing demonstrate assembly results.
All-optical flip-flop based on vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers

We report the operation of an all-optical set-reset (SR) flip-flop based on vertical cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers (VCSOAs). This flip-flop is cascadable, has low optical switching power (~10 μW), and has the potential to be integrated on a small footprint (~100 μm2). The flip-flop is composed of two cross-coupled electrically pumped VCSOA inverters and uses the principles of cross-gain modulation, polarization gain anisotropy, and highly nonlinear gain characteristics to achieve flip-flop functionality. We believe that, when integrated on chip, this type of all-optical flip-flop opens new prospects for implementing all-optical fast memories and timing regeneration circuits.
Literature of Behavioral Economics, Part 1: Introduction and Books

Behavioral economics, a blend of cognitive psychology and economics, is a new field that has attracted much attention, both from economists and from the general public. Behavioral economists have won Nobel Prizes and written books that became New York Times bestsellers. Unlike traditional economists, whose models are based on a perfect “rational man,” behavioral economists study ways that people actually make decisions and incorporate those findings into economic theory. This article presents an overview and history of the development of behavioral economics and a selective annotated bibliography of books in the field.
Visit to the gastroenterology INSERM Units of France

On personal invitation, which is here gratefully acknowledged, of Professor C. Burg, the general director of the Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), I had the privilege and pleasure to spend the month of October 1976 in France touring Gastroenterology INSERM Units. The INSERM is the French analog of the National Institute of Health (NIH) in the United States. The purpose of my visit was to see the organization and performance of these research units, compare them with what I know about the gastroenterology research laboratories in the United States, and exchange scientific information with the French researchers on the topics of mutual interest. Professor Serge Bonfils was chosen with his kind approval as the host of my visit. His INSERM Unit (#10) at the Hospital Bichat in Paris, was elected as the “Host Unit” where my visit started and ended, and where the visits to the other units were organized. I owe him sincere gratitude for his guidance and help. After completing my tour, I was left with the feeling that what I had seen would be of interest to American gastroenterologists. Dr. John Farrar, the editor of this journal, encouraged me to review my tour and my impressions.
Reaction of esters of aromatic N-hydroxy amines and amides with methionine in vitro: A model for in vivo binding of amine carcinogens to protein

Abstract The in vivo formation of protein- and nucleic acid-bound derivatives of carcinogenic aromatic amines and their possible roles in carcinogenesis have received considerable study (reviewed in (1)), but the nature of the chemical reactions involved has not been elucidated. However, in studies with 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and its derivatives, the greater carcinogenic activity of the metabolite N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene ( N -HO-AAF) (2) and the higher levels of hepatic protein- and nucleic acid-bound derivatives after its administration (3–5) have suggested that N -HO-AAF or a further metabolite may be involved in the binding reactions. No in vitro reaction of N -HO-AAF with protein or nucleic acids has been demonstrated, although Kriek (6) has shown that N -hydroxy-2-aminofluorene ( N -HO-AF) reacts with guanine in nucleic acids at pH's below 6. The studies reported here show that, unlike N -HO-AAF or N -HO-AF, esters of N -HO-AAF and N -hydroxy- N -methyl-4-aminoazobenzene react with methionine and its peptides at physiological pH's.
Investigation of spontaneously adsorbed globular protein films using high-frequency bulk acoustic wave resonators

In this paper we use micromachined, high-frequency, quartz bulk acoustic wave resonators to systematically study the physical and viscoelastic properties of spontaneously adsorbed globular protein films with molecular weights (MW) spanning two orders of magnitude. Specifically, changes in the frequency and the Q-factor of the micromachined resonator array were studied as a function of concentration for three proteins, namely Human Serum albumin (HSA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Human Fibrinogen (Fib) at the fundamental and third resonance modes. The results obtained were interpreted using equivalent electrical impedance models for the multilayer stack on the QCM surface. Discrete changes in the protein adsorption rate constant and the viscoelastic behavior was observed for all the three protein films. The spherical core-shell protein model is used to provide a simple explanation of the results. The work presented is a systematic and quantitative evaluation of the density, thickness, viscosity, and elastic modulus of the globular protein films, which was possible, due the use of the micromachined high frequency bulk acoustic wave resonators.
Transfusion-related acute lung injury

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a life-threatening adverse effect of transfusion that is occurring at increasing incidence in the United States and that, in the past 2 reporting years, has been the leading cause of transfusion-related death. TRALI and acute lung injury (ALI) share a common clinical definition except that TRALI is temporally and mechanistically related to the transfusion of blood/blood components. In prospective studies, 2 patient groups, 1 requiring cardiac surgery and 1 with hematologic malignancies and undergoing induction chemotherapy, were predisposed. Two different etiologies have been proposed. The first is a single antibody-mediated event involving the transfusion of anti-HLA class I and class II or antigranulocyte antibodies into patients whose leukocytes express the cognate antigens. The second is a 2-event model: the first event is the clinical condition of the patient resulting in pulmonary endothelial activation and neutrophil sequestration, and the second event is the transfusion of a biologic response modifier (including lipids or antibodies) that activates these adherent polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), resulting in endothelial damage, capillary leak, and TRALI. These hypotheses are discussed, as are the animal models and human studies that provide the experimental and clinical relevance. Prevention, treatment, and a proposed definition of TRALI, especially in the context of ALI, are also examined.
The bit-complexity of discrete solutions of partial differential equations: Compact multigrid

Abstract The topic of partial differential equations (PDEs) is an interesting area where the techniques of discrete mathematics and numerical algorithms can be brought together to solve problems that would normally be considered more properly in the domain of continuous mathematics. We investigate the bit-complexity of discrete solutions to linear PDEs, which is a realistic measure for such computers as the Connection Machine CM-1 and MASPAR. We show that for a large class of linear PDEs satisfying some routine assumptions of the multigrid methods, the N point discretization of their solution can be compressed to only a constant number of bits per discretization point, without loss of information or introducing errors beyond the order of the discretization error. More specifically, we show that the bit-complexity of the compressed solution is O ( N ) for both storage space and the total number of operations. We also compute the compressed solution by a parallel algorithm using O (log N ) time and N /log N bit-serial processors. The best previous bounds on the bit-complexity (for both sequential time and storage space) were at least N log N ; furthermore, the order of N log N bit-serial processors were required to support the O (log N ) parallel time in the known algorithms. We believe this is the first case where a linear or algebraic system can be provably compressed (i.e. the bit-complexity of storage of the compressed solution is less than the solution size) and also the first case where the use of data compression provably speeds up the time to solve the system (in the compressed form).
Thomas Harrison'S Patented Numeral Notation System

Evening classes in music instruction appeared in many eighteenth-century American towns. These singing schools proliferated as a result of the concern of New England clergy about the deteriorating quality of their congregations' singing. Enterprising music masters often used, and sometimes wrote, music textbooks, each of which claimed to be more effective than its rivals in the method of music reading mastery. Most tunebook authors followed instructional trends, the most common being the representation of various degrees of the scale by geometric shapes; hence the name “shape-notes.” Thomas Harrison of Springfield, Ohio, originated his own notation system based on numerals for which he received a patent. Although the impact of Harrison-derived numeral tunebooks on music instruction was limited and regional, his efforts represent the typical, entrepreneurial, pioneering American character.
Estrogen-BDNF Interactions: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Since its' discovery over 20 years ago, BDNF has been shown to play a key role in neuronal survival, in promoting neuronal regeneration following injury, regulating transmitter systems and attenuating neural-immune responses. Estrogen's actions in the young and mature brain, and its role in neurodegenerative diseases in many cases overlaps with those observed for BDNF. Reduced estrogen and BDNF are observed in patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, while high estrogen levels are a risk factor for development of multiple sclerosis. Estrogen receptors, which transduce the actions of estrogen, colocalize to cells that express BDNF and its receptor trkB, and estrogen further regulates the expression of this neurotrophin system. This review describes the distribution of BDNF and trkB expressing cells in the forebrain, and the roles of estrogen and the BDNF-trkB neurotrophin system in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis.
Estimating auditory neuronal dynamic range using a fitted function.

Abstract To obtain the dynamic range of an auditory afferent, the neuron’s firing rate is plotted versus stimulus level, and the dynamic range is taken as the difference between the threshold for evoked firing, and the level at which firing rate saturates. Those dynamic range endpoints are typically defined in terms of the neuron’s spontaneous firing rate and its maximum firing rate, according to a plurality of schemes, each of which depends on user-chosen sets of numerical criteria. The dynamic ranges predicted by some of these schemes are compared for the first time, and the resulting estimates can differ by a factor of 2. A step can be taken towards standardizing the measurement of neuronal dynamic range, if dynamic range is incorporated into a rate-level function as a parameter. To build this function, it is first assumed that the neuron’s rate-level response reaches half its maximum at a level half-way between the threshold and the level at saturation, i.e. at threshold plus half the dynamic range. Then the firing rates at threshold and at threshold plus dynamic range are defined according to the most popular of the endpoint schemes. The resulting equation produces credible estimates of neuronal properties when fitted, and correctly predicts the behavior of the slope of the empirical rate-level plot [McGee, 1983. M.S. thesis, Creighton University; Ohlemiller et al., 1991. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90, 274–287]. Thus, despite not being deterministic, the new equation has remarkable predictive power. When two of the rate-level functions are added and weighted, the resulting equation fits sloping-saturating data better than any functions presently employed.
Plaque-forming cell response in rats receiving mycobacterial adjuvant on day zero and SRBC on day four.

Adjuvant disease was induced in Holtzman and Sprague-Dawley rats with intracutaneous tail injections of Mycobacterium butyricum in oil on Day 0. Four days later, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were administered intravenously. On Day 8, presence of specific antibody-producing cells from the excised spleens was demonstrated by the plaque-forming cell (PFC) technic. A total of 63 rats was studied in three separate plaquing experiments. There was an increase in PFC response in rats given M butyricum in oil over that observed in Control groups receiving SRBC only. Challenge with SRBC accelerated the onset and intensified subsequent joint inflammation in two of three experiments. Results were significant at the 95% confidence limit. These data support the suggestions of other investigators that adjuvant disease may mirror a hyperimmune state.
N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide predicts mortality in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.

Abstract Background Left ventricular hypertrophy adversely affects outcomes in patients with hypertension. Whether N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) adds incremental prognostic information in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is not well established. We aimed to study the prognostic value of NT-proBNP in hypertensive patients with LVH. Methods Echocardiography was performed in 232 patients (mean age 61±15, 102 males, 130 females) for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular mass was measured according to The American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. A blood sample was taken for NT-proBNP determination. NT-proBNP levels were analyzed in quartiles after log transformation. Long term survival was established by review of electronic medical records. Results Arterial hypertension was present in 130 patients (56%) and left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 105 patients (45%). In patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, NT-proBNP levels predicted long term survival (Chi-square=10, p =0.01). After adjusting by age, presence of coronary artery disease, ejection fraction, diabetes status, and hypertension; patients in highest NT pro-BNP quartile were twice as likely to die when compared to patients in the lowest NT-ptoBNP quartile (OR=2.2, 95% CI=1.0–4.6, p =0.03). Conclusion NT-proBNP is an independent predictor of survival in patients with hypertension and increased left ventricular mass.
Genetic relatedness of two nucleopolyhedrosis viruses pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata.

Abstract DNA from two nucleopolyhedrosis viruses pathogenic for Orgyia pseudotsugata showed no common patterns when restriction endonuclease fragments of both DNAs were compared by agarose-gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, DNA-DNA hybridization indicated at most 1% homology between DNAs from the two viruses.
Pulsed Power Switching of a 4 MM × 4 MM SIC Thyristor

While silicon carbide (SiC) is beginning to make its way into the low voltage (300-1200 V) commercial power diode market, its capabilities in pulse power applications have yet to be proven. A previous investigation by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) of SiC GTOs suggested that this emerging technology could provide pulsed current densities 40 to 60 times greater than is obtainable in silicon-based switches [1]. This study continues that earlier work by examining 4 mm times 4 mm 4H-SiC thyristors designed by CREE Inc. to reach 1 kV and 4 kA. These devices were successfully switched up to 3.89 kA with a current density reaching 56.1 kA/cm2, a specific rate-of-current-rise of 49 kA/mus/cm2 (for peak rise-time 7.8 kA/mus) and a pulse-width ranging from 2.0 mus to 2.6 mus. The thyristors were tested at both single shot and repetitive switching rates up to 5 Hz. Device characteristics were mapped on a curve tracer at different stages of testing, and the failure of each thyristor was analyzed.
Language policy and political strategy in India

The official language policy of India is described as a 3 ± 1 language outcome. The central question that guides this paper is to explain why, when Congress leaders attempted to provide for India a single indigenous language for official communication, have they suffered more opposition than have rulers of states that consolidated in earlier centuries? Standard explanations for the different outcome, relying on special attributes of Indian culture and history, are found to be inadequate. A game theoretic analysis of political strategy helps to highlight two variables that best explain India's language outcome: the world historical time of state consolidation; and the nature of politician/bureaucrat relations for postcolonial states.
Towards heterogeneous optoelectronics integration by low temperature 3D wafer bonding

Silicon CMOS and optoelectronics can greatly benefit from heterogeneous integration of compound semiconductors and dielectric waveguides by low temperature 3D wafer bonding. This paper will review progress of optoelectronics realized by low temperature 3D wafer bonding and discuss prospects of future computing and telecommunication systems-on-chip.
Short- and long-term outcome of esophageal perforation

Esophageal perforation is an important complication of endoscopy and dilation, but few data are available regarding long-term outcome in these patients. Thirty-one consecutive patients with esophageal perforation were studied. Long-term outcome was determined by office follow-up and questionnaires via mail or telephone. The study group included 16 men and 15 women with a mean age of 61±4 years. Instrumentation was the principal cause of perforation (77%), and pain was the principal symptom in the majority of cases. However, some patients reported no pain, their only symptom being shortness of breath or dysphagia on swallowing saliva. Contrast examinations were used to establish the diagnosis, but results were initially negative in 3 of 27 patients (11%). Seven patients were treated nonsurgically (nasogastric drainage, antibiotics, and intravenous alimentation). Fourteen patients underwent primary closure of the esophageal rent. Six patients underwent surgical drainage, 3 underwent total esophagectomy, and 1 died during surgery before the esophagus was exposed. Thirty-day mortality was 6.4%. Mean hospital stay was 26±5 days. Postdischarge follow-up was available in 28 of the 29 patients (97%) surviving initial hospitalization, and the mean follow-up was 47±9 months. Nineteen patients had persistent dysphagia, and 6 underwent dilation again. One of these patients had a second perforation. Contrary to results of some earlier studies, the mortality from esophageal perforation was low in our study because of early intervention in suspected cases. Results of contrast studies are sometimes negative in the early stages after perforation, and studies may need to be repeated. Long-term dysphagia is a difficult problem in patients with strictures, and some patients need further dilation, with the risk for another perforation. In contrast, long-term dysphagia is rare in patients with barogenic perforation.
Potentiation of fluroxene (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl ether) toxicity with polychlorinated biphenyls.

The effects of induction of rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 by commercial mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (100 mg/kg/day for 3 days) in potentiating the toxicity of the anesthetic fluroxene (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl ether) have been determined. The PCB mixtures used were Aroclors 1221, 1016, 1254, and 1260. All Aroclors significantly induced cytochrome P-450 relative to controls (1.4–2.1), and the more highly chlorinated PCB mixtures produced the greatest induction. The cytochrome P-450 composition of the Aroclor-induced microsomes was probed using R warfarin metabolism. Aroclor 1254-induced microsomes comprised mainly cytochrome P-448 of the 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible type, and Aroclor 1260-induced microsomes comprised mainly cytochrome P-450 of the phenobarbital-inducible type, although each contained lesser quantities of the other forms. Only Aroclor 1254 and 1260 induction produced death in rats (12/20 and 11/13 respectively) following ip administration of fluroxene (2.5 g/kg body wt). Fluroxene potentiated the destruction of cytochrome P-450 in vivo and this destruction was enhanced by Aroclor induction. Cytochrome P-448 suffered the greatest destruction in Aroclor 1221- and 1254-induced microsomes, and cytochrome P-450 was most extensively destroyed in Aroclor 1260-induced microsomes. The Aroclor 1254-induced cytochrome P-450 concentration did not return to the corresponding control value 24 hr after clearance of the fluroxene dose which implies that fluroxene metabolism interferes with the biosynthesis of cytochrome P-450. It is concluded that some Aroclors, through induction of cytochrome P-450 of the phenobarbital-inducible type, increase the rates of metabolism of fluroxene, which results in the production of toxic metabolites leading to liver necrosis, destruction of cytochrome P-450, and death.
The estimation of total serum lipids by a completely enzymatic ‘summation’ method

Abstract Expressing serum organic toxicant concentrations per weight of total lipid rather than by volume of serum is often advantageous, but it requires a reliable and convenient method for determining the total serum lipids. We compared a completely enzymatic ‘summation’ method for estimating serum total lipids with a traditional gravimetric analysis. Serum total cholesterol (TC), nonesterified cholesterol (FC), triglycerides (TG), and phospholipids (PL) were assayed by automated, enzymatic methods and total lipids (TL) were calculated from the expression TL = 1.677 ∗( TC - FC ) + FC + TG + PL . Examining three reference serum pools by both summation and gravimetric methods yielded results that agreed within 1–3%. The evaluation of thirty serum samples resulted in similar mean total lipid values (697 mg/dl gravimetric; 675 mg/dl summation) with excellent correlation between the two methods ( r 2 = 0.978). We conclude that the enzymatic summation procedure is a useful method for routinely estimating serum total lipid content.
Can automated alerts within computerized physician order entry improve compliance with laboratory practice guidelines for ordering Pap tests

Background: The electronic health record (EHR) provides opportunity to improve health and enhance appropriate test utilization through decision support. Electronic alerts in the order entry system can guide test use. Few published reports have assessed the impact of automated alerts on compliance of Pap ordering with published screening guidelines. Methods: Programming rules for Pap test ordering were developed within the EHR (Epic, Madison, WI) of the University of California, Davis Health System using American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology's 2009 guidelines and implemented in primary care clinics in 2010. Alerts discouraged Pap orders in women 71 years and displayed when an order was initiated. Providers were not prevented from placing an order. Results were measured during four calendar periods: (1) pre-alert (baseline) (July 2010 to June 2011), (2) post alert (alerts on) (July 2011 to December 2011), (3) inadvertent alert turn-off (glitch) (January 2012 to December 2012), (5) post-glitch (alerts re-instated) (1/2013-7/2013). Metrics used to measure alert impact were between time and period seasonally adjusted relative frequency ratios. Results: Alerts were most effective in the 70 year old group where the baseline relative frequency was 2.4 and declined to 2.1 post-alert, remained stable at 2.0 during the glitch period, and declined again to 1.7 post-glitch when alerts were reinstated. This likely reflects inclusion of women with a history of abnormal Pap tests for whom continued Pap testing is indicated, as well as reluctance by providers and patients to accept discontinuation of Pap testing for women with a history of normal Pap results. In both age groups, decreases in ordering were greatest when the alerts were functioning, indicating that the alerts had an effect beyond the influences of the environment. Conclusions: Discouraging alerts can impact ordering of Pap tests and improve compliance with established guidelines, thus avoiding unnecessary follow-up tests that can create potential patient harm and unnecessary expense. Alerts represent a potential model to address utilization of other lab tests. Longer study intervals are necessary to determine if provider compliance is maintained.
Monochromatic Measurement of the Volume Scattering of Natural Waters

A laboratory method is proposed for measuring, as a function of wavelength, the scattering per unit volume of distilled and natural waters. The method employs special fixtures and techniques on the G.E. Spectrophotometer. It is best suited to hydrosols in which scattering and absorption are not excessive.
Masking the energy behaviour of encryption algorithms

Smart cards are vulnerable to both invasive and noninvasive attacks. Specifically, noninvasive attacks using power and timing measurements to extract the cryptographic key have drawn a lot of negative publicity for smart card usage. The power measurement techniques rely on the data-dependent energy behaviour of the underlying system. Further, power analysis can be used to identify the specific portions of the program being executed to induce timing glitches that may in turn help to bypass key checking. Thus, it is important to mask the energy consumption when executing the encryption algorithms. The instruction set architecture of a simple five-stage pipelined smart card processor with secure instructions to mask the energy differences due to key-related data-dependent computations in DES and Rijndael encryptions is augmented. The secure versions operate on the normal and complementary versions of the operands simultaneously to mask the energy variations due to value-dependent operations. However, this incurs the penalty of increased overall energy consumption in the data-path components. Consequently, we employ secure versions of instructions only for critical operations; that is we use secure instructions selectively, as directed by an optimising compiler. Using a cycle-accurate energy simulator, the effectiveness of this enhancement is demonstrated. The approach achieves energy masking of critical operations, consuming 83% less energy compared to existing approaches employing dual rail circuits.
The modified nasal trumpet maneuver.

UNLABELLED The last decade has witnessed a proliferation of devices or methods that facilitate intubation in difficult circumstances, maintain ventilation, or which do both. These all require properly functioning and specially designed apparatus, the use of which requires variable degrees of expertise. This technical communication describes the author's experience with a simple technique that uses virtually universally available materials--a nasal trumpet (airway) and an endotracheal tube (ETT) connector--to rescue patients in the cannot-ventilate/cannot-intubate scenario. The methodology is straightforward, ventilation is usually immediate, stomach contents can be evacuated while ventilation proceeds, and it does not require mouth opening. Moreover, while ventilation and oxygenation is continuing, a fiber-optic intubation can proceed without interference. IMPLICATIONS A simple technique is proposed that can be used to rescue patients who are in a condition of cannot intubate/cannot ventilate. The described maneuver may save patients from requiring a surgical airway.
Synthesis, crystal structure and thermoelectric properties of IrSn1.5Te1.5 -based skutterudites

Abstract The mixed anion skutterudite IrSn1.5Te1.5 has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, thermopower and electrical resistivity measurements. Structural analysis reveals that Sn and Te order in layers perpendicular to the [111] direction of the skutterudite unit cell, and a distortion of the anion sublattice is evident. The thermopower ( S ) is 160 μV/K at room temperature, while the electrical resistivity ( ρ ) is 65 m Ω cm . The effects of chemical substitutions on the Ir site (Ru, Pd) and Sn site (In, Sb) have been investigated. The power factor ( S 2 / ρ ) was found to improve with In substitution but, at 0.9 μW/K2 cm, is too small for this material to be useful for thermoelectric applications.
Computational Study of Film-Cooling Effectiveness on a Low-Speed Airfoil Cascade: Part I — Methodology and Validation

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are presented for a study of film cooling on a linear turbine airfoil cascade. The simulations are for a single-row of streamwise-injected cylindrical holes on both the pressure and suction surfaces, downstream of the leading edge. The cases considered match experimental efforts previously documented in the open literature. Results are obtained for density ratio equal to 2.0, and a blowing ratio range from 0.5 to 2.0. The computational methodology minimizes error due to geometry modeling, grid, and numerical scheme, placing the simulations against the limits of the turbulence modeling. A commonly available two-equation turbulence model is used in combination with a two-layer near-wall treatment, and its performance is highlighted. Results are compared to experimental data in terms of downstream adiabatic effectiveness, and conclusions are drawn regarding the performance of the current approach.© 2002 ASME
Lacunary Wronskians on genus one curves

Let X be a nonsingular projective curve of genus one defined over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. Let D be a divisor of X of degree n>1 and let O be a (closed) point of X. As is well known, there exists a unique morphism φD,O:X→X such that φD,O(P)=Q if and only if the divisor nP-D-O+Q is principal. Our main result is a simple explicit description of the map φD,O in terms of Wronskians and certain Wronskian-like determinants lacunary in the sense that derivatives of some orders are skipped. Further, for n=2,3 we interpret our main result as a syzygy from classical invariant theory, thus reconciling our work with a circle of ideas treated in two papers by Weil and a recent paper by An, Kim, Marshall, Marshall, McCallum and Perlis.
Enzyme and bacteriophage concentration by membrane filtration

Abstract From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that membrane filtration offers an easy and rapid technique for concentrating moderate volumes of solution that contain biologically active substances. The rates of filtration are high, making this technique quite attractive for laboratory and pilot plant studies. However, the presence of polyvalent ions in the suspending fluid alter the polyelectrolyte membrane's properties so that filtration rates for distilled water should not be used as indices for comparison. The membranes can be used repeatedly without detecting any changes in them. Preliminary studies, however, showed that slight inactivation of trypsin was encountered during ultrafiltration. The reason for the enzyme inactivation may be due to adsorption of the enzyme onto the membrane.
Associations between Perceived Parent Behaviors and Middle School Student Fruit and Vegetable Consumption

Abstract Objective To examine whether (1) student perceptions of parent behaviors explain variations in fruit and vegetable consumption, (2) self-efficacy mediates this relationship, and (3) perceived home fruit and vegetable availability moderates this relationship. Design A cross-sectional survey. Setting Classrooms in 3 middle schools in 2 northeast Georgia counties. Participants 366 middle school students. The response and participation rates were 59% and 56%, respectively. Variables Measured Perceived authoritative parenting, perceived parent control, perceived parent modeling, perceived parent support, self-efficacy, perceived fruit and vegetable availability, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Analysis Hierarchical multiple regression; P Results Perceived parent modeling, perceived parent support, self-efficacy, and perceived fruit and vegetable availability were significant predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption. The relationship between perceived parent support and fruit and vegetable consumption was mediated by self-efficacy. The relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and both perceived parent modeling and support was moderated by perceived fruit and vegetable availability. Conclusions and Implications Parents appear to moderately influence middle school student fruit and vegetable consumption. Educators might focus on improving home fruit and vegetable availability and student self-efficacy, as well as parent support and modeling. The level of availability might indicate where efforts should focus for enhancing parent behaviors.
A modification of the glyoxylic acid induced histofluorescence technique for demonstration of catecholamines and serotonin in tissues of Aplysia californica

A modified glyoxylic acid technique was used to examine central and peripheral nervous tissues inAplysia californica. In addition to confirming the distribution of catecholamines and serotonin in the central nervous system, the method demonstrated the presence of monoamines in the opaline gland and bag cell clusters where they may act as transmitters. In conjunction with electrophysiological techniques this method may be useful to identify other monoamine-containing neurons inAplysia.
Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency as a Cause of Multiple Sclerosis: Controversy and Reality

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a relapsing and progressive disorder of the central nervous system. It is characterized most commonly by episodes of clinical worsening, followed by clinical improvement. Pathologically, MS is associated with focal areas of myelin destruction, inflammation, and axonal transection (“demyelinating plaques”) in the brain and spinal cord. Traditionally, MS has been considered an autoimmune disorder, with the primary pathophysiology arising from an errant immune system. Recent work has raised the possibility that MS is not caused primarily by an immune abnormality but may instead arise from venous anomalies affecting the jugular and/or azygos venous systems. This condition has been called chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). It has been proposed that CCSVI may be pathogenic in MS, causing venous back pressure and iron deposition, with a secondary immune response. Some investigators have proceeded to unblinded nonrandomized angioplasty and stenting procedures in patients with CCSVI, with anecdotal reports of symptom improvement. Because of conflicting data on the presence of CCSVI and the absence of controlled trials of CCSVI intervention, the current standard of clinical care is neither to evaluate multiple sclerosis (MS) patients for CCSVI anomalies, nor to intervene with procedures to alter such anomalies. There is intense interest and ongoing work to evaluate the presence of venous anomalies in MS patients as well as in normal controls and patients with other neurologic conditions; to characterize such anomalies, if present; and to further understand whether the concept of a “backpressure” pathology is borne out by the evidence. If CCSVI is indeed a pathogenic mechanism for some subset of the MS population, this would dramatically change the focus of attention for therapeutic endeavors and monitoring for this population and would bring MS therapeutics firmly into the area of vascular intervention. On the other hand, the history of MS research contains many novel and potentially paradigm-shifting ideas that were later disproved by other investigators.
Evaluating the Performance of Current Self-Pierce Rivet Technology for the Joining of High Strength Steel and Aluminum Alloys

The performance of a current self-pierce rivet (SPR) alloy, 10B37 boron steel, at commercial processing conditions has been evaluated in two case studies; the joining of USIBOR 1500 high strength steel to heat-treated 6000 series aluminum and the utilization of standard rivet and die combinations to join multiple different sheet metal stack ups. The mechanical properties of the rivet and related wire (raw material) were also assessed over the commercial automotive hardness range to draw correlations between rivet performance and material properties. Analysis of the rivet failures from attempts to join USIBOR 1500 to 6000 series aluminum indicated rivets with hardness values below 550 HV exhibited buckling of the rivet legs and rivets with hardness values above 550 HV developed fractures at the tail of the rivet. The fractures were consistent with those observed when attempting to join an alternate sheet metal stack up with a standard rivet and die combination. These fractures most likely form as a result of a hoop stress that develops at the rivet tail during flaring into the bottom substrate. It is inferred that embrittlement at prior austenite grain boundaries contributes to the formation of these fractures in rivets with hardness values in excess of 550 HV, causing limited performance in tension and the development of fractures along the circumference of the rivet after insertion. In order to provide satisfactory joining of these two different joining scenarios, an alternate alloy must be employed for use as a self-pierce rivet which has higher ductility than the current alloy at the strength levels required to prevent buckling of the rivet legs.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Topological analysis of networks with finite- and infinite-gain voltage amplifiers

Topological formulas are derived for the driving-point and transfer functions of networks containing a finite- or infinite-gain voltage amplifier. The derivation is based on the loop analysis of constrained 3-port and 4-port networks. The formulas may provide new insights for studying how network topology and element values are related to network functions such as the return differences and sensitivities.
A Narrowband Imaging Search for [OIII] Emission from Galaxies at z>3

We present the results of a narrow-band survey of QSO fields at redshifts that place the [OIII](5007) emission line in the 1% 2.16micron filter. We have observed 3 square arcminutes and detected one emission line candidate object in the field around PC 1109+4642. We discuss the possibilities that this object is a star-forming galaxy at the QSO redshift, z_em=3.313 or a Seyfert galaxy. In the former case, we infer a star formation rate of 170 Msun/yr for this Kprime=21.3 object. The galaxy has a compact but resolved morphology, with a FWHM=0.6arcs, or 4.2kpc at z=3.313 (H_0=50 km/s/Mpc and q_0=0.5). The comoving density of such objects in QSO environments appears to be 0.0033Mpc^3, marginally lower (<= 3sigma) than the density observed for Halpha-emitters in absorption-line fields at z~2.5, but similar to the density of Lyman Break Galaxies at z~3. If on the other hand, most of the line emission is [OIII] from a Seyfert 2 nucleus at z=3.31, then the high inferred volume density could imply a large evolution in the Seyfert 2 luminosity function from the current epoch. We find the field containing the object to also contain many faint extended objects in the Kprime image, but little significant excess over the expected number-magnitude relation. We discuss the implication of the emission line being a longer wavelength line at a lower redshift.
Literature Review of Data on the Incremental Costs to Design and Build Low-Energy Buildings

This document summarizes findings from a literature review into the incremental costs associated with low-energy buildings. The goal of this work is to help establish as firm an analytical foundation as possible for the Building Technology Program's cost-effective net-zero energy goal in the year 2025.
FREE TRADE AREAS AND RULES OF ORIGIN: ECONOMICS AND POLITICS

Incorporating an intermediate input into a simple small-union general-equilibrium model, this paper first develops the welfare economics of preferential trading under the rules of origin (ROO) and then demonstrates that ROOs can improve the political viability of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Two interesting outcomes are derived. First, a welfare-reducing FTA that was rejected in the absence of ROOs can become feasible in the presence of these rules. Second, a welfare- improving FTA that was rejected in the absence of ROOs can be endorsed in their presence, but upon endorsement it can become welfare inferior relative to the status quo.