cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A characterization model with spatial and temporal resolution for life cycle impact assessment of photochemical precursors in the United States

Traditional life cycle impact assessment methodologies have used aggregated characterization factors, neglecting spatial and temporal variations in regional impacts like photochemical oxidant formation. This increases the uncertainty of the LCA results and diminishes the ease of decision-making. This study compares four common impact assessment methods, CML2001, Eco-indicator 99, TRACI, and EDIP2003, on their underlying models, spatial and temporal resolution, and the level at which photochemical oxidant impacts are calculated. A new characterization model is proposed that incorporates spatial and temporal differentiation. A photochemical air quality modeling system (CAMx-MM5-SMOKE) is used to simulate the process of formation, transformation, transport, and removal of photochemical pollutants. Monthly characterization factors for individual US states are calculated at three levels along the cause–effect chain, namely, fate level, human and ecosystem exposure level, and human effect level. The results indicate that a spatial variability of one order of magnitude and a temporal variability of two orders of magnitude exist in both the fate level and human exposure and effect level characterization factors for NOx. The summer time characterization factors for NOx are higher than the winter time factors. However, for anthropogenic VOC, the summer time factors are lower than the winter time in almost half of the states. This is due to the higher emission rates of biogenic VOCs in the summer. The ecosystem exposure factors for NOx and VOC do not follow a regular pattern and show a spatial variation of about three orders of magnitude. They do not show strong correlation with the human exposure factors. Sensitivity analysis has shown that the effect of meteorology and emission inputs is limited to a factor of three, which is several times smaller than the variation seen in the factors. Uncertainties are introduced in the characterization of photochemical precursors due to a failure to consider the spatial and temporal variations. Seasonal variations in photochemical activity influence the characterization factors more than the location of emissions. The human and ecosystem exposures occur through different mechanisms, and impacts calculated at the fate level based only on ozone concentration are not a good indicator for ecosystem impacts. Spatial and temporal differentiation account for fate and transport of the pollutant, and the exposure of and effect on the sensitive human population or ecosystem. Adequate resolution for seasonal and regional processes, like photochemical oxidant formation, is important to reduce the uncertainty in impact assessment and improve decision-making power. An emphasis on incorporating some form of spatial and temporal information within standard LCI databases and using adequately resolved characterization factors will greatly increase the fidelity of a standard LCA.
Constructing Lives at Mission San Francisco: Native Californians and Hispanic Colonists, 1776-1821

Located at the tip of the San Francisco peninsula in the heart of what is now the city's Mission District, the Mission of San Francisco de Asis, established in 1776, was the sixth to be founded in the Alta California mission system. Northern California was home to many small tribal communities when the Franciscans began developing missions in the area in 1769. While no firsthand written accounts exist of Bay Area Indians' experiences at Mission San Francisco, there is evidence that, just as Hispanic colonists introduced Hispanic cultural customs to California, Bay Area Indians retained their own cultural traditions as they entered the missions. In this finely crafted study Quincy Newell examines the complexity of cultural contact between Franciscans and the native populations at Mission San Francisco. Records of traditional rituals and lifeways taking place alongside introduced doctrines and practices reveal the various ways California Indians adopted, adapted, and rejected aspects of mission life. Using baptismal, marriage, and death records to tell the history of these colonized people, Newell demonstrates that the priests' conversion and Hispanicization of the Bay Area Indians remained partial at best.
Meiosis: Making a Synaptonemal Complex Just Got Easier

In preparation for meiosis, chromosomes go through several massive structural transitions, including chromosome fragmentation, pairing and synapsis. A checkpoint factor and a SUMO ligase collaborate to keep things in order.
Genetic Information, Legal, Genetic Privacy Laws

Introduction Laws Regulating the Generation, Disclosure, and Use of Genetic Information State Laws Federal Laws Laws Regulating Research Basic Regulatory Framework DNA Banking for Research Purposes Research and Commercial Development Law and Chilling Effects on Research Other Emerging Issues Laws Regulating DNA Banks and DNA Databases DNA Collection by Law Enforcement DNA Collection by the Military Laws Regulating Family Relations Disclosure to Potentially Affected Family Members Testing of Children Paternity Determination Adoption Postmortem Testing for the Benefit of Family Members Miscellaneous Keywords: genetics; legal issues
Liberty, Rights, and Will in Hobbes: A Response to David Van Mill

David Van Mill recently argued in this journal that Hobbes's theory of freedom in Leviathan is fundamentally confused Van Mill finds that this confusion arises from the supposed inconsistency between Hobbes's initial account of liberty as "the absence of external impediments" in Chapter 14 and subsequent uses of the term in contexts where he must necessarily have held a different concept (This occurs most notably in Chapter 21, where he discusses the "liberty of subjects") According to Van Mill, the consequence of this confusion is nothing less than the disintegration of Hobbes's whole system Against this account, I argue that Hobbes presents a consistent, if somewhat flawed, account of freedom sufficient to save him from the dire conclusions drawn by Van Mill and others.
Extracting attack knowledge using principal-subordinate consequence tagging case grammar and alerts semantic networks

The increasing use of intrusion detection systems and a relatively high false alarm rate can lead to a huge volume of alerts. This makes it very difficult for security administrators to analyze and detect network attacks. Our solution for this problem is to make the alerts machine understandable. We propose a novel way to convert the raw alerts into machine understandable uniform streams, correlate the streams, and extract the attack scenario knowledge. The modified case grammar principal-subordinate consequence tagging case grammar and the 2-atom alert semantic network are used to generate the attack scenario classes. Alert mutual information is also applied to calculate the alert semantic context window size. Based on the alert context, the attack scenario instances are extracted and the attack scenario descriptions are forwarded to the security administrator.
Relationship between cytotoxicity and conversion of thiosangivamycin analogs to toyocamycin analogs in cell culture medium.

Non-nucleoside analogs of the pyrrolopyrimidine nucleosides toyocamycin, sangivamycin and thiosangivamycin have been synthesized and their cytotoxicity in mammalian cells determined. While studying the effects of Rhioamide-substituted analogs on cell growth, we observed an interesting phenomenon in which cells recovered spontaneously from growth inhibition during extended incubations. HPLC studies demonstrated that the 5-thioamide moiety of several structurally dissimilar 7-substituted 4-aminopyrrolo(2,3-djpyrimidines, including thiosangivamycin, is unstable in cell culture medium and is converted to the corresponding 5-nitrile with a half-life of approximately 48 hr. In contrast, different substituents at the 4-position of the heterocycle significantly affected the stability of the 5-thioamide moiety. Conversion of the thioamide to the nitrile was caused by components in the cell culture medium, not components of serum. The above observations demonstrate that caution should be exercised in interpreting biological data obtained in vitro for 5-thioamide pyrrolo(2,3-dlpyrimidines.
Direct Binary Search Computer-Generated Holograms: An Accelerated Design Technique And Measurement Of Wavefront Quality

The iterative direct binary search (DBS) algorithm for the synthesis of binary computer-generated holograms (CGH's) has been shown to yield lower reconstruction error and higher diffraction efficiency than conventional methods; but it is computationally intensive. To ameliorate this disadvantage, an acceleration technique is described which makes feasible the design of CGH's with moderate space-bandwidth product. The ability to control both the magnitude and phase of the reconstructed wavefront is an important advantage of DBS over the use of phase shaping to improve diffraction efficiency with conventional methods for CGH synthesis. To verify this capability, a procedure has been developed for measuring the phase of the reconstructed wavefront.
Frequency Selective Fading Relay Channels: Information Rates and Turbo Coding

We study coding techniques and information rate calculations for relay channels with frequency-selective (FS) fading. Our main objective is to extend the available results on flat fading channels to FS fading. We develop suitable channel trellises, and employ simulation-based techniques to calculate constrained capacity bounds. Furthermore, we propose a distributed turbo coding strategy and several detection/decoding schemes to ensure successful cooperative communication. Our results show that, with suitable turbo coding and iterative decoding, one can approach the constrained capacity limits closely.
Daily spermatozoal production, epididymal spermatozoal reserves and transit time of spermatozoa through the epididymis of the rhesus monkey.

Experiments were performed to establish the daily level of testicular production of spermatozoa the distribution of spermatozoa within the epididymis and the time required for transport of spermatozoa through the epididymis in 8 sexually rested rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of at least 6 years of age. The daily production of spermatozoa was similar among all animals averaging a production rate of 23 times 10 (6) sperm/gm of testicular parenchyma per day. However the weight of testicular parenchyma ranged from 15 to 32 gm. Per testis the average daily spermatozoal production was found to be 547 plus or minus 69 tomes 10(6). Consequently the normal average production of spermatozda for the rhesus monkey per day during the breeding seasson is about 1.1 times 10(9). The number of sperm in the caput corpus and cauda epididymis was found to be .6 plus or minus .1 2.1 plus or minus .3 and 2.9 plus or minus .3 times 10(9) respectively. 1 plus or minus .1 times 10(9) sperm were found in the proximal 49-70 mm of the ductus deferens. The mean transport times of sperm through the caput corpus and cauda epididymis were approximately 1.1 3.8 and 5.6 days respectively. The rate of transport of sperm through the epididymis was virtually the same between 2-5.5 days even though a 265-fold difference in epididymal reserves was found. The results indicate that sperm matures within the epididymis of this species within 5 days.
Ultrafast Interferometric Studies of Multiple Scattering of Light in Photonic Structures

We report the first observation of pronounced recurrent signals in the pump-probe interferometry measurements of structured metallic interfaces. The coherent multiple scattering of surface plasmons from the microsphere overlayer causes light localization in the photonic structure. Photonic structures have attracted extensive attention in the past decade because of their unprecedented potential for manipulating light.(1) Previous research on photonic structures almost exclusively employed CW light, thereby limiting the studies to static and linear properties.(2) Elucidation of the dynamics of wave packet propagation in the photonic structure requires ultrafast spectroscopic techniques.(3) Further, the use of high peak-intensity femtosecond pulses opens possibilities to exploit the nonlinearity of photonic materials.(4) Scattering of light plays a critical role in many important phenomena including multiple scattering as a precursor for light localization in a random medium.(5) Interference of scattered light in the photonic structure is responsible for the formation of photonic band-gaps. In our earlier studies, coherent multiple scattering of surface plasmon polaritons on rough metal surfaces was observed in pump-probe measurements(6). In the present study, surface waves associated with the surface plasmon that propagates on a decorated metal film are used as a 2-D model system. Surface plasmons can be launched by light by satisfying the dispersion relation at the interface.(7) Plasmon scattering can be introduced by spatially modulating the interfacial dielectric properties. In this paper, we report the first observation of pronounced recurrent interferometric signals resulting from multiple scattering of surface plasmons propagating in photonic structures. The ultrafast laser system and the experimental setup have been described elsewhere.(8) The surface plasmon was launched in the Kreschmann geometry.(7) The pump-probe laser pulses with controlled interferometric delay were sent to a prism coupler and focused onto a thin metallic film sample. A CCD camera was used to acquire the plasmon field distribution. The sample, a 46-nm thickness Ag film, thermally evaporated on a glass slip, was spin - coated with a monolayer of latex spheres (diameter = 2.1 μm). Optical contact between the glass slip and the prism hypotenuse was made by index matching oil. The interferometric signal resulting from the surface plasmon created by the pump beam scattering into the direction of the probe beam was detected by the lock-in
Cognitive Exertion and Subsequent Intention Execution in Older Adults

Objectives. Previous studies have demonstrated that increasing the demands of a prospective memory task is detrimental to older adults’ performance; however, no studies have investigated how prior cognitive demands influence subsequent prospective memory. The present study sought to address this gap by using a resource depletion paradigm. Methods. A sample of 107 older adults whose ages ranged from 60 to 85 years (M = 71.91, SD = 7.12) completed an initial task that was either cognitively taxing or relatively easy followed by either an attention-demanding prospective memory task or one that required minimal attentional resources. Results. Initial cognitive exertion led to decrements in prospective memory performance in the attention-demanding situation, particularly for the old–old participants (age ≥ 72); however, prior cognitive exertion did not influence subse quent prospective memory performance when the prospective memory task required minimal attentional resources. Discussion. This study extends the negative effects of prior cognitive exertion to prospective memory in older adults. Also, dovetailing with past work, the depletion effects were limited to prospective memory tasks that are thought to require demanding attentional processes. The depletion effects were most pronounced for the old–old, suggesting that increased age may be associated with decline in attentional resources.
Can low dose diagnostic dental radiation trigger Sjögren's syndrome?

Sjogren's syndrome (SS), first described by Swedish ophthalmologist Henrik Sjogren in 1930, is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disorder characterized by diminished lacrimal and salivary glands secretion resulting in keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. One factor instrumental in severe salivary gland damage and salivary flow decrement is radiation therapy. Apoptosis, implicated in autoimmune diseases, has been shown to be responsible for this damage. However, there are no studies investigating the effect of diagnostic radiation (low dose) on salivary glands. A safe level of radiation has not been established thus far. Diagnostic radiation has been used from 1896, but generally applied only from 1916. Dr. Sjogren identified SS in 1930. It is possible that the introduction of X-rays for diagnostic purposes is associated with SS onset. Available data show drastically reduced use of diagnostic dental radiation in developing countries and a concomitantly drastically reduced or lack of SS in these countries. In countries like India with a population of 1.1 billion (health care level II country), primary SS has been reported to be rare (total of 27 and 23 primary SS and secondary SS patients respectively reported thus far), while a health care level I country like USA, with a population of 300 million, there are about 2-4 million SS patients. Health care level IV countries do not have a single reported case of SS. There is also evidence for ultraviolet radiation inducing subcutaneous lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder. We hypothesize that diagnostic dental radiation could be a factor for the development of SS as a result of either radiation induced apoptosis or through oxidative modification of proteins.
Multiple protein structure alignment using time-frequency processing techniques

We propose a protein structure alignment method that exploits advances in time-frequency signal processing to increase the similarity measure accuracy between distantly-related proteins. The new method uses a waveform non-linear mapping technique and waveform transformations in time-frequency (TF) space. Specifically, protein amino acids are mapped to three-dimensional (3-D) linear frequency-modulated (LFM) Gaussian chirps that are translated and rotated to account for all possible protein structure matches. The protein structure directionality is changed by considering all possible chirp rate parameters. Furthermore, both local and global alignments can be identified between multiple protein structures due to the linear separability property of the Gaussian-type functions. Our results are successfully demonstrated using proteins structures from a known database without performing any pre-processing. The paper also introduces a web-based learning module Java-DSP that can be used to implement bioinformatics functions using signal processing methods.
Heat Capacity and Structural Relaxation of Enthalpy in As2Se3 Glass

The evolution of enthalpy of As2Se3 glass during structural relaxation in the glass transition region was measured via differential scanning calorimetry for two types of time-temperature programs: rate-heating at 10 K/min following a cool at a constant rate (-20 to -0.31 K/min) and isothermal annealing following a temperature step from an equilibrium state. The rate-heating data yield kinetic parameters for the structural relaxation which predict accurately the evolution of the enthalpy during isothermal annealing. The glass heat capacities were independent of cooling rate within experimental precision (≤0.2%). In this respect, As2Se3 is unlike previously studied glasses whose heat capacities are more dependent on thermal history.
A student practice experience focusing on the intellectually disabled

Abstract Objective To provide the foundation for unique psychiatric-based experiential rotations to fourth-year pharmacy students that focus on optimizing health care for intellectually disabled persons. Design The University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy faculty, Clinical Pharmacology Services unit (three faculty and one administrative support) provides an externally funded pharmacist-based consulting service that specializes in serving intellectually disabled persons. A variety of services is provided to community- and institutionally-based persons and is overseen by the Department of Human Services–Developmentally Disabled Services Division. Assessment Development of an increased knowledge base for the unique needs of this population and their medication use, as well as the development of enhanced oral and written communication skills are stressed. Students demonstrate their increased grasp of a variety of concerns related to this population through written and oral communications, including presentations, discussions, and participation in treatment activities. Conclusion The scope and nature of pharmacy practice continues to evolve and expand beyond traditional practice experiences. A number of nontraditional practice areas exist that provide unique practice opportunities for pharmacists. Exposure of pharmacy students to these opportunities is critical to their professional development, as well as for mentoring future practitioners for these specialty practices.
Becoming Innovators in an Era of Hyperchange

We live in a time of hyperchange--rapid, dramatic, complex, and unpredictable change occurring in today's society, which creates unprecedented challenges. High-speed advances in technology and knowledge and changes in society require that we shift our paradigms. We must become innovators of change. This lecture examines how occupational therapy is reacting to hyperchange as a profession. How is hyperchange influencing the roles and responsibilities of practitioners? How is hyperchange affecting education? And, in accepting hyperchange, what can we do as occupational therapy practitioners, educators, and scholars to shape our own future?
Competitive and Cooperative Interactions in the Respiratory Microflora

This chapter reviews aspects of interaction among the members of the respiratory microflora by considering relevant laboratory models and examples of both cooperation and competition. In general, the author focuses on the anatomic area between the nasal mucosa and the epiglottis, where several bacterial species coexist and may cocolonize for extended periods. The lower airway, below the epiglottis, is a sterile environment under normal conditions. In contrast, another neighbor of the nasopharynx, the oral cavity, is home to literally hundreds of distinct species of bacteria. Specific data regarding the anatomic localization of colonizing bacteria in the nasopharynx and the relative burdens of each species are limited; however, evolving concepts of interaction among the members of the commensal flora are furthering one's understanding of carriage. Evidence from colonization rates of children transferred from other nurseries suggested that the latter was the more likely possibility, so the investigators took the striking approach of directly testing the phenomenon of bacterial interference. In addition, many of the members of the upper respiratory flora are auxotrophs. Competition for nutrients among members of mixed bacterial populations has been proposed. Artificial alteration of colonization through vaccination or antibiotic therapy may disrupt the ecological balance in this microenvironment and have unintended consequences. Further research in this area, especially if relevant in vivo models are employed, will contribute to one's evolving understanding of the ecology of the upper respiratory tract.
Failed glaucoma drainage implant: long-term outcomes of a second glaucoma drainage device versus cyclophotocoagulation.

Background/aims To evaluate long-term efficacy of a second glaucoma drainage device (GDD) versus cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) after failure of primary drainage implant. Methods This is a non-randomised, retrospective cohort study. A chart review was conducted of patients who underwent GDD surgery between July 1986 and November 2012 requiring further glaucoma procedures for intraocular pressure (IOP) control. An additional GDD was placed in 15 eyes, while 32 eyes underwent CPC. The main outcome measurement was IOP control and/or time to failure of secondary intervention (IOP >18 mm Hg on two sequential measurements). Results Mean follow-up after the second procedure was 63±65.8 months (range 6–254 months) in the CPC group and 132±91.8 months (range 12–254 months) in the GDD group. Thirty-four per cent (11/32 eyes) undergoing CPC later required further treatment at a mean of 13.6±10.7 months with 10/11(91%) of additional interventions occurring within 2 years. Despite an initially high success rate for IOP control in the first 5 years, eventually 60% (9/15 eyes) that underwent a second tube required additional treatment at a mean of 73.4 months with only 2/9(22%) requiring this within the first 2 years. The risk of visual acuity worsening by 2 Snellen lines or more at 12 months was 5/14 for the GDD group (36%) and 4/23(17%) for the CPC group. Conclusions After failure of an initial drainage implant to control IOP, a sequential tube had a high initial rate of success but a relatively high likelihood of long-term failure, generally after 6 years. Eyes that received CPC tended to fail earlier, often within the first year, but had relatively few late failures.
MFG-E8 and Acute Lung Injury

Although milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor-factor 8 (MFG-E8) was initially identified as a pivotal factor for the clearance of apoptotic cells, subsequent studies revealed its diverse cellular functions which is not only confined to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but also other systemic and localized acute inflammatory diseases. Herein, we have described the promising role of MFG-E8 in terms of attenuating the consequences of acute lung injury (ALI) in several animal models adopted by either direct lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation or indirectly via clinically relevant approaches, e.g., sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion, and hemorrhages. Current chapter emphasizes the pathophysiology of ALI and the implications of MFG-E8 mode of actions towards implementing it as a potential therapeutic target to improve disease prognosis in critically ill patients.
Science Signaling Podcast: 26 May 2015

This Podcast features an interview with Min Zhao and Peter Devreotes, authors of a Research Article that appears in the 26 May 2015 issue of Science Signaling , about how cells migrate along an electrical gradient. Chemotaxis is the process by which cells move along a gradient of chemical cues. Cells can also be guided by electrical fields through a process called electrotaxis, also known as galvanotaxis. Whereas much is known about how cells sense and respond to chemical cues during chemotaxis, less is known about how cells sense and respond to electrical gradients. Electrical gradients are present in many tissues, and accumulating evidence indicates that electric fields are important for guiding cells during wound healing and regeneration. Gao et al . used a high-throughput screening technique to identify genes required for electrotaxis in the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum , which is a model that is often used to study chemotaxis. The screen revealed that chemotaxis and electrotaxis share many of the same protein mediators, including components of the target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways.
A network analysis of developmental change in ADHD symptom structure from preschool to adulthood.

Although there is substantial support for the validity of the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there is considerable disagreement about how to best capture developmental changes in the expression of ADHD symptomatology. This article examines the associations among the 18 individual ADHD symptoms using a novel network analysis approach, from preschool to adulthood. The 1,420 participants were grouped into four age brackets: preschool (ages 3–6, n = 109), childhood (ages 6–12, n = 548), adolescence (ages 13–17, n = 357), and young adulthood (ages 18–36, n = 406). All participants completed a multistage, multi-informant diagnostic process, and self and informant symptom ratings were obtained. Network analysis indicated ADHD symptom structure became more differentiated over development. Two symptoms, often easily distracted and difficulty sustaining attention, appeared as central, or core, symptoms across all age groups. Thus, a small number of core symptoms may warrant extra weig...
Adjoint-Based Design Optimization Using CAD Parameterization Through CAPRI

Within the field of computational design, there often exists a disconnect between the parametric model creation (performed in a CAD or other modeling environment) and the analysis codes used by the optimizer of the design process. In order to assure that optimization is occurring on the true surface and based on a parameterization that is applicable to the final product, an interface between the model generation and the optimization software has been created: the Computational Analysis PRogramming Interface (CAPRI 1 ). CAPRI is an API that allows communication with CAD software during the various stages of computational design.
Elizabethan Catholics and Romans 13: A Chapter in the History of Political Polemic

Let every soul be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and the authorities that exist are appointed by God. Therefore, whoever resisteth the authority resists the ordinance of God and those who resist will bring judgment on themselves. For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to evil. Do you want to be unafraid of the authority? Do what is good, and you have praise from the same. For he is God's minister to you for good. . . . Therefore you must be subject, not only because of wrath but also because for conscience sake. For because of this you also pay taxes, for they are God's ministers attending continually to this very thing. Render therefore to all their due: taxes to whom taxes are due, customs to whom customs, fear to whom fear, honor to whom honor.2
“Keeping up with the Joneses?” How Perceived SES Moderates the Relationship between Economic Problems and Instrumental Crime

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the moderating effects of perceived socioeconomic status (SES) on the relationship between economic problems and instrumental crime. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 14,754), results suggested that the effect of economic problems on crime exhibited an inverted-U-shaped curve. The effect was moderated by perceived SES such that those with the highest levels of perception reported the highest involvement in crime when experiencing a few economic problems. Conversely, high perceived SES among those experiencing excessive economic problems acted as a protective factor in criminal involvement.
Micropore Structure Type Identification Based on BP Neural Network

The micropore structure of the reservoir is fundamental factor that influences the residual oil distribution of high water-cut oilfield.Put forward is a method that estimates the micropore structure types according to the BP neural network.Introduced are the principle of the BP neural network,which uses the artificial neural network technique that has nonlinearity,fault-tolerant ability and stronger pattern recognition capability to implement estimating the micropore structure types through synthetical reasoning.Selected are the 7 logging curves which reflect the characteristics of the reservoir porosity type,including SP,GR,AC,etc.,to build sample mode.The neural network is found through calibration and normalization.Practical application in reservoir samples from the 5th Plant of Daqing Oilfield shows that the prediction coincidence rate reaches 80%.It is concluded that this method is feasible and effective in reservoir micropore structure prediction.
Promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1A in human breast carcinoma tissue and serum and its clinical significance

OBJECTIVE:To observe the promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1Agene in tissue and serum of human breast carcinoma,breast benign tumor patients,and study its clinical significance.METHODS:From 2011-06-01to 2012-12-31,in Weifang People's Hospital the promoter hypermethylation of RASSF1Ain tissues and sera of 116breast carcinoma,85breast benign tumor patients were detected by methylation specific PCR,and the relationship with clinicopathologic factors was studied.RESULTS:The methylation rate of RASSF1Ain breast carcinoma tissues was 71.55%, which in sera was 53.45%.The methylation rate of RASSF1Ain breast benign tumor tissues was 12.94%.The RASSF1A methylation was not detected in sera of 85breast benign tumor patients.There were no significant correlations between the rate of RASSF1Amethylation with the age(χ2=0.008,P=0.930),pathologictypes(χ2=0.010,P=0.995), clinical stage(χ2=0.216,P=0.642),and lymphnode metastasis(χ2=0.007,P=0.933)in tissues.There were significant correlations between the rate of RASSF1A methylation with clinical stage(χ2=4.796,P=0.029),and lymphnode metastasis(χ2=5.163,P=0.023)in sera.The RASSF1A methylation level of serum may be used in differentiated diagnosis between breast carcinoma and breast benign tumor,the sensitivity was 53.45%,the specificity was 100.00%,the accuracy was 73.13%.CONCLUSIONS:The level of RASSF1A methylation is obviously high in breast carcinoma patients. The RASSF1A methylation level of serum may be used in differentiated diagnosis between breast carcinoma and breast benign tumor.
Effects of Storage Temperatures on Ageing Indicators of Stone Milled Rice with Vacuum Package

Stone milled rice is the rice milled by stone and the outer parts of brown rice were preserved compared with polished rice. Stone milled rice was used to study the effects of storage temperatures on the changes of water content,hydrogen peroxidase activity and fat acidity value of vacuum packing stone milled rice. The results showed that when storage time was prolonged and storage temperature was increased, the water content and hydrogen peroxidase activity decreased(the moisture content reduced from 12.8 % to 7.6 %, hydrogen peroxidase activity reduced from 17.4 to 2.5 mg H2O2/ g) while the fat acidity value increased(101.3~184.9 mg / 100 g). It is advised to store milled rice with vacaum package under lower storage temperature to slow down physiological and biochemical metabolism and to reduce loss of the water content and hydrogen peroxidase activity.
Solidifying Segregation or Promoting Diversity? School Closure and Rezoning in an Urban District

Purpose: Layered with myriad considerations, school closure and rezoning processes in urban school systems are politically fraught with the potential for damaging consequences. This article explores the politics and impacts of a closure and rezoning process in Richmond, Virginia, through the lens of themes applicable to urban school systems and students across the nation. These include the intersection of closure and rezoning with growing White reinvestment in urban school systems, as well as the importance of focusing on diversity and equity during a time of intense pressure to close schools. Research Methods/Approach: Drawing on the case of Richmond, Virginia, we use an explanatory sequential mixed methods research design, employing qualitative methods to examine the political process of a 2013 school closure and elementary school rezoning effort and quantitative and spatial methods to examine its impact on racial composition and segregation in attendance zones and schools. Findings and Implications: We...
Carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus.

The treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic portion of the esophagus is reviewed. In the absence of any improvement in earlier diagnosis, the greatest possibility for better results appears to be in the area of preoperative combined radiation and chemotherapy. The necessity for prospective controlled trials is evident.
Seeming Knowledge: The Jacobean Years and Beyond

Characterizing the first half of England’s turbulent seventeenth century, Douglas Bush writes in 1945 that ‘from Donne to Dryden thoughtful men ask “What do I know?” Sharing the critical spirit, yet conscious of its destructive results, they seek standing-ground more firm than that which served their fathers.’ Bush goes on to list many of the questions regarding judgemental criteria and legitimate authority that troubled seventeenth-century intellectuals, focusing in particular on the moral, theological and political realms. But while he speaks of the ‘melancholy’ and ‘Jacobean pessimism’ so familiarly associated with the early Stuart years, he cautions against thinking exclusively in such terms. He thus questions longstanding stereotypes and complicates the narrative of the Elizabethan/Jacobean transition, in the process emphasizing many historical and ideological continuities.1 I wish to do much the same as I discuss the British reception of ancient scepticism in the period from the publication of Florio’s Montaigne to the death of James and the last flourishing of Jacobean tragedy.
Physics of the Mind, Dynamic Logic, and Monotone Boolean functions

The chapter discusses physics of the mind, a mathematical theory of higher cognition developed from the first principles, including concepts, emotions, instincts, the knowledge instinct, and aesthetic emotions leading to understanding of the emotions of the beautiful. The chapter briefly discusses neurobiological grounds as well as difficulties encountered by previous attempts at mathematical modeling of the mind encountered since the 1950s. The mathematical descriptions are complemented with detailed conceptual discussions so the content of the chapter can be understood without necessarily following mathematical details. Formulation of dynamic logic in terms of monotone Boolean functions outlines a possible future direction of research.
The Diabetic Hyperosmolar State

The diabetic hypersomolar state is defined by a serum glucose greater than 600 mg/dl and a serum osmolarity greater than 320 m Osm/L. Ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis may co-exist with DHS in the same patient. The incidence of this acute complication of diabetes is high enough (17.5 cases per 100,000 person-years) for primary care physicians to encounter a case every year or two. Predisposing factors include older age, female sex, nursing home residence, and infection. A substantial proportion of cases occur in patients with no prior history of diabetes. Common presenting signs include fatigue or weakness, polydipsia, polyuria, nausea, and alteration of consciousness. The mainstay of therapy is intravenous fluid replacement with close monitoring of glucose and electrolytes in a hospital setting. Current mortality figures are high, at 10% to 20%, and the chance of survival is adversely affected by older age, higher osmolarity, and the presence of an associated severe illness. Prevention includes screening for diabetes, educating diabetic patients and their care givers about the symptoms of hyperglycemia, prompt treatment of any infection in a diabetic person, avoidance of drugs that increase carbohydrate intolerance in diabetic people, and encouraging compliance with treatment of diabetes.
Policy and political advocacy: Comparison study of nursing faculty to determine current practices, perceptions, and barriers to teaching health policy

Abstract Purpose To better understand policy/advocacy concepts and methodology utilized in all levels of nursing educational programs and develop clarity concerning structure of policy content and integration across all levels of education. Design and methods Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained from a survey sent to 19,043 nursing faculty in the United States; 598 total responses; 514 complete responses. Quantitative data points were analyzed using SPSS and qualitative data was grouped and analyzed by theme. Findings Barriers and perceptions of student engagement and student learning outcomes along with institutional and faculty development barriers were explored in baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral level nursing programs. Thirty-six percent of respondents reported having experience in development and implementation of policy, ranging from local to international spheres and 21% reported active involvement in current state and federal policy development. Seventy percent of respondents have advocated for the nursing profession through professional organizations while 44% report current activity in legislative advocacy. Conclusions The value of nursing policy education, advocacy, and analysis must be valued in higher education.
Multivariable Recursive Subspace Identification with Application to Artificial Pancreas Systems

Abstract Designing a fully automated artificial pancreas (AP) system is challenging. Changes in the glucose-insulin dynamics in the human body over time, and the inter-subject and day-to-day variability of people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are two important factors that would highly undermine the performance of an AP that is based on time-invariant and non-individualized models. People with T1D show different responses to carbohydrate intake, insulin, physical activity and stress with day-to-day variability present between or within specific patients. Thus, the control law in an AP system requires a reliable time-varying individualized model to perform efficiently. In this work, a novel recursive identification approach called a Predictor-Based Subspace Identification (PBSID) method is used for identifying a linear time-varying glucose-insulin model for each individual. Model identification and validation are based on clinical data from closed-loop experiments. The models are evaluated by means of various performances indices: Variance Accounted For (VAF), Root mean square error (RMSE), Normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and Normalized mean square error (NMSE). The proposed method provides a stable time-varying state space model over time. It can be also individualized for each patient by defining the order of the system correctly. The approach proposed in this work has shown a strong potential to identify a consistent glucose-insulin model in real time for use in an AP system.
Investigation of the Physical and Bioactive Properties of Bromo- and Iodo-Containing Sponge-Derived Compounds Possessing an Oxyphenylethanamine Core

This research set out to identify compounds from marine sponges that can act as bacterial virulence blockers. Extracts from a total of 80 sponges collected from throughout Indonesia were screened in a high-throughput NF-κB-based screen that identifies compounds capable of inhibiting the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. An extract that was shown to inhibit T3SS-driven NF-κB expression was obtained from an Iotrochota cf. iota sponge and was the source of seven new bromo- and iodo-containing compounds, all of which contain a 2-(4-oxyphenyl)ethan-1-amine core. Five were determined to be new compounds and named enisorines A–E (1–5). The remaining two were determined to be new hemibastadinol analogues named (+)-1-O-methylhemibastadinol 2 (6) and (+)-1-O-methylhemibastadinol 4 (7). All seven compounds inhibited T3SS-dependent YopE secretion and did not affect the growth or metabolic activity of Y. pseudotuberculosis. The most potent inhibitors of T3SS activity were eniso...
Determinants of perioperative transfusion risk in patients with adult spinal deformity

OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of perioperative allogeneic packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusion requirement (total units transfused) in patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD). METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed records of patients aged 18 years or older who underwent surgical correction of ASD that involved 4 or more spinal levels by the same spine surgeon between 2010 and 2016. Data regarding patient characteristics, comorbidities, surgical factors, and perioperative transfusions (up to 10 days after surgery) were analyzed using a linear regression model. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS The authors analyzed 165 patients (118 women) with a mean (± SD) age of 61 ± 12 years. Three-column osteotomies were associated with a mean intraoperative transfusion volume of 1.74 additional units of pRBCs. Each unit of intraoperatively salvaged blood used was associated with a mean 0.39-U increase in postoperative transfusion volume (p = 0.031). Every unit of allogeneic blood transfused intraoperatively was associated with a mean 0.23-U decrease in postoperative transfusion volume (p = 0.001). A preoperative hemoglobin concentration of 11.5 g/dl or more was associated with significantly fewer units transfused intraoperatively; a preoperative hemoglobin concentration of 14.0 g/dl or more was associated with fewer units transfused postoperatively. A history of smoking and intraoperative antifibrinolytic use were associated with increased and decreased numbers of units transfused postoperatively, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Effective blood management is key to perioperative care of patients with ASD. Three-column osteotomies were associated with a greater number of units of blood transfused. When considering postoperative transfusion requirements, surgeons should note that intraoperative blood salvage might be inferior to intraoperative allogeneic blood transfusion. Using antifibrinolytics and increasing the preoperative hemoglobin concentration to 11.5 g/dl or more are strategies for decreasing the need for perioperative transfusion. A history of smoking is a risk factor for postoperative transfusion requirement (total units transfused).
Automated residential building detection from airborne LiDAR data with deep neural networks

Abstract Detection of building objects in airborne LiDAR data is an essential task in many types of geospatial data applications such as urban reconstruction and damage assessment. Traditional approaches used in building detection often rely on shape primitives that can be detected by 2D/3D computer vision techniques. These approaches require carefully engineered features which tend to be specific to building types. Furthermore, these approaches are often computationally expensive with the increase of data size. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that employs a deep neural network to recognize and extract residential building objects in airborne LiDAR data. This proposed approach does not require any pre-defined geometric or texture features, and it is applicable to airborne LiDAR data sets with varied point densities and with damaged building objects. The latter makes our approach particularly useful in damage assessment applications. The research results show that the proposed approach is capable of achieving the state-of-the-art accuracy in building detection in these different types of point cloud data sets.
Isolation of Hybridoma Cell Lines Producing Antibody against Cholera Enterotoxin

We have previously reported the in vitro synthesis of cholera toxin-related polypeptides in Escherichia coli cell free translation mixtures. These polypeptides were immunologically detected following treatment of reaction mixtures with anti-subunit A or anti-cholera toxin sera (1). Addition of cholera toxin to reaction mixtures was shown to bolck immunoprecipitation. These experiments strongly suggested that in vitro synthesis of cholera toxin-related polypeptides was being detected. However, identification was dependent on the purity of antisera used for immunoprecipitation. Since there was a possibility that the sera used contained minor components which might precipitate proteins other than cholera toxin-related polypeptides, we decided to develop a collection of cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against cholera toxin and its subunits. These antibodies would be important in the study of cholera toxin precursors and the secretion of cholera toxin from Vibrio cholerae.
Percutaneous ORIF of Periarticular Distal Tibia Fractures

Periarticular fractures of the distal tibia remain among the more challenging of fractures for the orthopedic surgeon. Traditional methods of treatment have included functional bracing, external fixation with or without limited internal fixation (hybrid fixation), intramedullary nailing, and formal open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Cadaveric studies have previously described the somewhat tenuous vascular supply to the distal metaphysis, which, combined with inherent limitations in the surrounding soft tissue envelope, pose a risk of nonunion and have led to increasing interest in “biologic” fixation techniques.1