cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating a Developing Agricultural Economy: Methodology and Planning Capability

SIMULATION-a systems analysis approachcan provide a comprehensive view of a complex system [3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 24, 29 ]. In development planning we are interested in studying and approximating, via a mathematical model, those relationships within the economy that are important in the development process. By translating this model into a computer language, the likely end results of alternative development schemes can be evaluated through manipulation of the specified computer simulation model. We are interested in exploring this approach to development planning because it might provide a more informed basis for planning development [ 12, 13 ]. The design of development, or planning, is especially important in less developed countries because they usually have comparatively few funds available relative to their apparent needs. Consequently, allocation mistakes appear to have a somewhat greater opportunity cost in terms of human well-being in the underdeveloped setting. Planning in any country is a process fraught with uncertainty. Frequently, there is uncertainty about likely immediate and longer range effects of development strategies. Further, the degree to which policies aimed at one set of economic phenomena may have unintended side effects on other aspects of the society is often uncertain. The paucity of information available for decision making is often cited in developed countries, with even more frequent mention in less developed countries. Poor communication facilities, especially prevalent in LDC's, often impede the accumulation of potentially available relevent information which might otherwise provide a reasonably well-informed basis for decision making. Given these difficulties and uncertainties, let us consider the utility of a systems analysis ap-
Enhancing the stability of kinesin motors for microscale transport applications

Biomolecular motors, such as kinesins, have great potential for micro-actuation and micro- or nanoscale active transport when integrated into microscale devices. However, the stability and limited shelf life of these motor proteins and their associated protein filaments is a barrier to their implementation. Here we demonstrate that freeze-drying or critical point-drying kinesins adsorbed to glass surfaces extends their lifetime from days to more than four months. Further, photoresist deposition and removal can be carried out on these motor-adsorbed surfaces without loss of motor function. The methods developed here are an important step towards realizing the integration of biological motors into practical devices, and these approaches can be extended to patterning and preserving other proteins immobilized on surfaces.
Prochelators triggered by hydrogen peroxide provide hexadentate iron coordination to impede oxidative stress.

Abstract Prochelators are agents that have little affinity for metal ions until they undergo a chemical conversion. Three new aryl boronate prochelators are presented that are responsive to hydrogen peroxide to provide hexadentate ligands for chelating metal ions. TRENBSIM (tris[(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzylidene)-2-aminoethyl]amine), TRENBSAM (tris[(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzoyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine), and TB (tris[(2-boronic acid-benzyl)2-aminoethyl]amine) convert to TRENSIM (tris[(salicylideneamino)ethyl]amine), TRENSAM (tris[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine), and TS (tris[2-hydroxybenzyl)2-aminoethyl]amine), respectively. The prochelators were characterized by 11B NMR, and the structures of TRENBSAM, TRENBSIM, and the Fe(III) complex of TS were determined by X-ray crystallography. Of the three prochelator/chelator pairs, TB/TS was identified as the most promising for biological applications, as they prevent iron and copper-induced hydroxyl radical generation in an in vitro assay. TB has negligible interactions with metal ions, whereas TS has apparent binding constants (log K′) at pH 7.4 of 15.87 for Cu(II), 9.67 Zn(II) and 14.42 for Fe(III). Up to 1 mM TB was nontoxic to retinal pigment epithelial cells, whereas 10 μM TS induced cell death. TS protected cells against H2O2-induced death, but only within a 1–10 μM range. TB, on the other hand, had a much broader window of protection, suggesting that it may be a useful agent for preventing metal-promoted oxidative damage.
Photochemistry of Quinone-Bridged Amino Acids. Intramolecular Trapping of an Excited Charge-Transfer State1

Linkages to amino acids that feature a chlorinated p-benzoquinone as a bridging group have been prepared by reaction of 2,5-dichloro-p-benzoquinone or chloranil with the free amine groups of alanine and proline. Electron-transfer capabilities of these peptide conjugates have been assessed through cyclic voltammetry and laser flash photolysis measurements. Phototransients are observed (λmax = 410 nm) that cannot be assigned to either triplet or radical anion intermediates normally associated with quinones. These intermediates are associated with novel biradical zwitterions that result from intramolecular trapping of an aminoquinone excited charge-transfer (CT) state.
Anelastic Magnetohydrodynamic Equations for Modeling Solar and Stellar Convection Zones

The anelastic approximation has strong advantages for numerical simulations of stellar and solar convection zones. The chief and generally known one is that it suppresses acoustic modes, permitting larger simulated time steps to be taken than would be possible in a fully compressible model. This paper clarifies and extends previous work on the anelastic approximation by presenting a new vorticity-based formulation that can be used for two- and three-dimensional MHD simulations. In the new formulation, all fluctuating thermodynamic variables except the entropy are eliminated from the equations. This shows in the plainest way how the anelastic approximation generalizes the Boussinesq approximation, which appears as a special limit. The roots of both models are traced to the mixing-length theory of convection, which establishes the scaling parameters for "deep" (weakly superadiabatic) convection at low Mach numbers. The Ogura & Phillips and the Glatzmaier derivations of the anelastic model are broadened to include a possible depth dependence in the thermodynamic properties of constituent gases. This permits a variable state of gas ionization, for example, which is important for stars like the Sun, in which the convecting regions coincide with the ionization zones of hydrogen and helium. Tests with the new model are presented, in which it is shown that the new model is capable of reproducing earlier results in the linear and nonlinear stages of convection.
BORN REPULSIVE ENERGY IN SODIUM CHLORIDE AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE CRYSTALS

Abstract It is shown that, contrary to recent statements in the literature, the accuracy with which the Born repulsive energy in an alkali halide crystal can be determined from available thermodynamic crystal data at atmospheric pressure is limited to the accuracy of the experimental electron affinity of the pertinent halogen atom. This is due to the ambiguity of the functional form of the Born repulsive energy. Other evidence is necessary, and partly available, to remove the ambiguity. When a specific form for the Born repulsive energy is assumed, the procedure proposed recently by Guggenheim, McGlashan and Prue for the determination of this energy from data at atmospheric pressure is shown to be equivalent to the traditional procedure, at least for the alkali halides whose Debye characteristic temperature is below room temperature. The detailed analyses are carried out for sodium chloride and potassium chloride crystals.
Alterations of ultrastructure and physiology of chemoreceptor dendrites in blowfly taste hairs treated with vinblastine and colchicine

Abstract Vinblastine (10 −3 M) and colchicine (10 −2 M) dissolved in fly Ringer solution were applied to chemoreceptor dendrites in individual tarsal taste hairs of blowflies ( Phaenicia serricata Meigen), and the resultant changes in the morphology and physiological responsiveness of the receptors were examined. While Ringer solution alone did not have any morphological or physiological effects, treatment with drugs dissolved in Ringer solution increased the latency of responses to sucrose and NaCl and decreased spike amplitude and frequency. The drugs also disrupted microtubules and caused the destruction of the distal end of the dendrites. The observations provide evidence that the microtubules have a role in maintaining the structural integrity of the dendrites. Anodal current applied along with a chemical stimulus (NaCl or sucrose) increased the action potential frequency of treated and untreated receptors, and the electrical current elicited spikes only from those receptors which were activated by the chemical stimulus alone. When drug treatment resulted in a complete cessation of response to chemical stimuli, the receptors were also unresponsive to electrical stimulation. The results of this study are discussed in relation to hypotheses of transduction in chemoreception.
Small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the pancreas are genetically similar and distinct from well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) of the pancreas are rare malignant neoplasms with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine the clinicopathologic and genetic features of poorly differentiated NECs and compare them with other types of pancreatic neoplasms. We investigated alterations of KRAS, CDKN2A/p16, TP53, SMAD4/DPC4, DAXX, ATRX, PTEN, Bcl2, and RB1 by immunohistochemistry and/or targeted exomic sequencing in surgically resected specimens of 9 small cell NECs, 10 large cell NECs, and 11 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) of the pancreas. Abnormal immunolabeling patterns of p53 and Rb were frequent (p53, 18 of 19, 95%; Rb, 14 of 19, 74%) in both small cell and large cell NECs, whereas Smad4/Dpc4, DAXX, and ATRX labeling was intact in virtually all of these same carcinomas. Abnormal immunolabeling of p53 and Rb proteins correlated with intragenic mutations in the TP53 and RB1 genes. In contrast, DAXX and ATRX labeling was lost in 45% of PanNETs, whereas p53 and Rb immunolabeling was intact in these same cases. Overexpression of Bcl-2 protein was observed in all 9 small cell NECs (100%) and in 5 of 10 (50%) large cell NECs compared with only 2 of 11 (18%) PanNETs. Bcl-2 overexpression was significantly correlated with higher mitotic rate and Ki67 labeling index in neoplasms in which it was present. Small cell NECs are genetically similar to large cell NECs, and these genetic changes are distinct from those reported in PanNETs. The finding of Bcl-2 overexpression in poorly differentiated NECs, particularly small cell NEC, suggests that Bcl-2 antagonists/inhibitors may be a viable treatment option for these patients.
Partially ethylated alditol acetates as derivatives for elucidation of the glycosyl linkage-composition of polysaccharides☆

Abstract The use of partially ethylated alditol acetates for the analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of the components of polysaccharides, and the glycosidic linkages of these components, is described. The derivatives are prepared by procedures analogous to those for the synthesis of partially methylated alditol acetates. Derivatization requires two successive ethylations and more-strenuous conditions of hydrolysis and reduction than for the methyl analogs. The partially ethylated alditol acetates are formed in nearly quantitative yield and give single, sharp peaks on gas chromatography. Retention-time data, relative to two internal standards, are given for 79 glycosidic linkage-isomers of mannose, galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, and fucose, on four g.l.c. columns. One of these columns is a newly developed, highly polar, capillary column. Direct comparisons of these retention times to retention times of partially methylated alditol acetates are made. The ethyl analogs are eluted sooner that the corresponding methyl derivatives, and the amount of this shift in elution time is dependent upon the number of alkyl groups in the derivative. This change in elution time allows separation of many polysaccharide components by g.l.c. that are not separable as their partially methylated alditol acetates. Others, separated as their O-methyl derivatives, are coeluted as their partially ethylated alditol acetates. The two derivatives thus provide excellent complementary procedures because of their differential chromatographic separation and because of the similarity of their preparation.
The Clinton Plan: A Salute to American Pluralism

Abstract: The strength of President Bill Clinton's health reform proposal lies in its commitment to universal, portable health insurance. To enhance the political appeal of his plan, however, the president has forged a compromise between two divergent ethical precepts: (1) that health care is a social good to be made available to all Americans, on equal terms, at a financial burden roughly proportional to a household's income; and (2) that health care is a private good to be financed by households with premiums that may impose a much heavier financial burden on the poor than on the wealthy, even after public subsidies for the poor. The price of that compromise is enormous complexity, which is probably unavoidable in these United States.
Prognosis in pediatric idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis.

Study objectives Previously, IPH patients have been reported to have an average survival of 2.5 years. However, at our institution, many IPH patients have survived longer than that. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the clinical course and current mortality of pediatric IPH patients treated with immunosuppressants. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Children's hospital. Participants Seventeen patients in whom IPH was diagnosed between 1972 and 1998. Measurements and results Mean age at diagnosis was 4.5 ± 3.5 years, and 12 patients were female. At diagnosis, all patients had anemia and pulmonary infiltrates; 85% had hypoxemia, 65% had hemoptysis, and 70% had fever. The diagnosis was made by open lung biopsy in 13 patients (76%), hemosiderin-laden macrophages in BAL fluid in 1 patient (6%), hemosiderin-laden macrophages in gastric aspirate in 2 patients (12%), or by clinical presentation alone in 1 patient (6%). The mean duration of follow-up for all patients was 3.6 ± 3.4 years (range, 0.7 to 10.2). Initial treatment consisted of prednisone only in 14 patients (82%), and prednisone and hydroxychloroquine in two patients (12%). Thirteen patients (76%) required long-term corticosteroids because of recurrent hemoptysis. Eight patients (47%) required other immunosuppressants (hydroxychloroquine or azathioprine) in addition to prednisone to control their hemoptysis. One patient who was not treated with prednisone remained asymptomatic for 1.8 years. Three patients (17%) died of acute massive pulmonary hemorrhage (4.1 ± 5.0 years postdiagnosis). Conclusion Five-year survival for IPH patients in our study was 86% (by Kaplan-Meier method). We conclude that these IPH patients who received long-term treatment had a better outcome than those previously reported who were not treated with extended courses of immunosuppressive therapy. We speculate that long-term immunosuppression therapy may improve the prognosis in IPH.
Model for Toughness Curves in Two‐Phase Ceramics: I, Basic Fracture Mechanics

A fracture mechanics model is presented for the toughening of ceramics by bridging from second-phase particles, resulting in toughness curve (T -curve) behavior. It is assumed that the second-phase particles are in a state of residual thermal expansion dilatational mismatch relative to the matrix. In the long-crack region, these stresses augment frictional sliding stresses at the interphase boundaries, enhancing the crack resistance; in the short-crack region, the same stresses drive the crack, diminishing the crack resistance. The principal manifestation of these countervailing influences is a reduced sensitivity of strength to initial flaw size, i.e., an increased flaw tolerance. In seeking to incorporate these key physical elements, our model opts for mathematical simplicity by assuming uniformly distributed stresses in two bridging domains: in the first, at small crack-wall separations, a constant opening stress; in the second, at larger separations, a constant closing stress. The uniform crack-plane distributions allow for simple closed-form solutions of the crack K-field equations, and thence an analytical formulation for the T-curve. Indentation-strength data on a “reference” Al2O3/Al2TiO5 ceramic composite are used to demonstrate the main theoretical predictions and to calibrate essential parameters in the T-curve formulation. The utility of the model as a route to microstructural design is addressed in Part II.
trance, initiation, and psychotherapy in Tamang shamanism

The “calling” that inflicts the neophyte Tamang shaman is a “creative illness” reflecting an endogenous process that has the structure and function of a rite of passage. Shamanic apprenticeship includes the deliberate induction and mastery of trance states that originally afflicted the shaman. Mastery is equivalent to a psychotherapy, and Tamang initiation involves techniques that are also found in its Western and Eastern (yoga) counterparts. However, it is distinct from both in its social and psychological goals. [shamanism, altered states of consciousness, psychotherapy, religious experience, symbolism]
Accumulation processes in the primitive solar nebula

Particle accumulation processes are discussed for a variety of physical environments, ranging from the collapse phase of an interstellar cloud to the different parts of the models of the primitive solar nebula constructed by Cameron and Pine (1973). The interstellar collapse phase, the settling of particles to the control plane, processes in the convective zone, the accumulation of planetary bodies, and gas accretion are discussed. Attention is given to the formation of satellites, angular momentum aspects of star formation, the formation of comets, the formation of Mercury, the T Tauri solar wind, the evolution of the terrestrial planets, the radial distances of the planets, and the dissipation of excess solids.
Primary central nervous system lymphoma: coming or going?

PCNSL is a rare disease, affecting about 1200 people each year in the United States. Its very name highlights its most unique feature: a diffuse, large B-cell lymphoma limited to the CNS. It may involve the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, spinal cord, or the eyes which are actually neural tissue. How does such a malignancy arise in the only organ system of the body that is devoid of lymph nodes and lymphatics?
FCS Measurement of Von Willebrand Factor Multimer Distributions for Coagulation Disorder Subtyping

We present measurement of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) multimer distributions using FCS as an early example of its applicability to clinical laboratory diagnostics.
Novel Asparagine-Derived Lipid Enhances Distearoylphosphatidylcholine Bilayer Resistance to Acidic Conditions

A novel asparagine-derived lipid analogue (ALA11,17) bearing a tetrahydropyrimidinone headgroup and two fatty chains (11 and 17 indicate the lengths of linear alkyl groups) was synthesized in high yield and purity. The thin film hydration of formulations containing 5 mol % or greater ALA11,17 in distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) generated multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) that remained unaggregated according to optical microscopy, while those formed from DSPC only were highly clustered. The MLVs were processed into unilamellar liposomes via extrusion and were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, turbidity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Results show that the presence of ALA11,17 in DSPC liposomes significantly alters the morphology, colloidal stability, and retention of encapsulated materials in both acidic and neutral conditions. The ability of ALA11,17-hybrid liposomes to encapsulate and retain inclusions under neutral and acidic conditions (pH < 2) was demon...
Effect of turning and age of egg on hatchability in the pheasant, chukar, and Japanese quail.

Abstract Eggs from pheasants, Chukar partridge and Japanese quail were stored 1 to 28 days in a cold box where temperature and relative humidity were maintained at approximately 16°C. and 70 percent, respectively. Half the eggs from each species was turned once daily from a 45° angle from the vertical to the opposite angle. Turning eggs prior to incubation had no appreciable effect on hatchability of eggs stored up to 28 days. Length of storage for eggs from the pheasant and quail was critical, with significant declines in fertility in eggs stored beyond 14 days. Storage of Chukar eggs up to 28 days had little effect on subsequent hatchability, and their holding quality was comparable to that for commercial strains of chickens and turkeys.
ORGANIZATIONAL SEGMENTATION AND LABOR TRANSFER POLICIES IN LABOR AND MACHINE LIMITED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

This paper describes a simulation study to examine the effects of different organizational structures on the performance of a dual-constraint job shop production system. A hypothetical shop in which machines and workers are constraining resources is the setting of the study. The shop consists of divisions comprised of work centers which contain machines to which workers are assigned. There are fewer workers than machines. Variations in organizational structure are achieved by segmenting a fixed number of work centers equally into varying numbers of divisions. Mean flow-time, flow-time variance, and worker transfers between divisions and work centers are used as performance measures. Changes in organizational segmentation are shown to affect the performance of the production system and the effects are dependent on the extent to which workers can be transferred between the divisions of the system.
Dipolar indicators of site acidity in metal oxides

Abstract The atomic polar tensor and its rotational invariants have been determined for SiO2 and SiO4H3X as model compounds for silicate-based materials. The rotational invariants, effective atomic charge (χn) and charge normalized anisotropy (αn) and dipole (γn) are used to characterize the charge distribution and chemical environment of the atomic sites. Comparison of αn and γn with a series of known Bronsted and Lewis acids and bases suggests that these rotational invariants may act as indicators for metal-oxide site acidities. Multiple chemical bonds can make these quantities particularly sensitive to basis set and electron correlation effects.
Plug flow transport of cohesive coal: Horizontal and inclined flows

Abstract An experimental study of the conveying of coal as a plug at low air velocity in a horizontal pipe and 45° inclined pipe were completed. The pressure drop and the plug velocity were measured at various air velocities and plug lengths Within the range of study, the pressure drop varied linearly with the plug length and it was essentially independent of the air velocity. Also, the plus velocity was independent of the plug length under the conditions studied. A model to predict the pressure drop was proposed and was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Both in the horizontal and inclined flows, the model suggested that the wall shear was controlling the flow. The failure was passive, that is, the radial compression stress was greater than the axial compression stress.
Hepatitis E indigenous to economically developed countries: to what extent a zoonosis?

Purpose of review Hepatitis E, a disease transmitted by hepatitis E virus, is increasingly recognized as being indigenous to affluent, temperate-zone countries. Issues pertaining to disease acquisition and hepatitis E virus infection, particularly in Western countries, are reviewed and highlighted. Recent findings Clinical hepatitis E in the West, as in Japan, manifests more commonly in older people (>60 years) and in men, but fulminant hepatitis appears less frequent than in Japan. There, specific gastronomic and culinary risk factors associated with disease are being identified, but in the West, data implicating hepatitis E as being foodborne have yet to emerge. While hepatitis E virus subgenomic sequences in Western case patients are found to be closely related to swine hepatitis E virus, a porcine linkage to their infection remains to be established. Weak associations between occupational contact with pigs and risk of infection have been noted. Findings from earlier studies implicating animals that cohabitate with humans as reservoirs, and sewage as vehicles of infection await confirmation. Summary Hepatitis E indigenous to developed countries is a distinct clinico-epidemiological entity. Humans, animals, food and the environment contribute and interact to cause human disease, and to sustain hepatitis E virus endemicity and enzooticity.
Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia in Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Purpose Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) are subject to the development of a liver disease syndrome known as nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH). The purpose of this study was to define the characteristics and course of this complication of CVID.
A primer on chronic daily headache in children

Abstract Chronic daily headache is a condition that is often seen in teenagers and younger children, and is quite debilitating for the patient. Many patients will complain of a combination of severe migraine episodes in addition to a milder, more constant headache. Finding an appropriate preventative medication, educating the patient and their family, and providing follow-up are cornerstones of appropriate therapy.
Characterization and agricultural utilization of swine waste lagoon effluents.

This investigation was conducted to determine the elemental composition of effluents from three anaerobic swine waste lagoons and one aerobic swine waste lagoon and to evaluate effects of effluent application on growth of corn (Zea mays L.) Wide variation occurred in the elemental composition of effluents among the four lagoons and among four sampling dates from each lagoon. Use of these effluents as irrigation water would lead to application of a wide range in amounts of nutrients to soil. Effluent application increased corn grain yield on a Woodstown loamy fine sand. This yield increase was attributed to alleviation of moisture stress and to correction of N deficiency.
Phase equilibria of bulk and confined colloid-polymer systems

Abstract The phase equilibria of aqueous colloid–polymer systems are studied theoretically and experimentally in three and two dimensions. The colloidal interactions are modeled by the depletion model, and the thermodynamic properties are evaluated from the colloid pair correlation functions, obtained in the Percus–Yevick approximation. The phases are identified by direct observation in three dimensions, and by enhanced video microscopy in two dimensions. Comparison is made between these theoretical predictions and experimental results.
The rehabilitation of malnourished rats with different sources of dietary lipids

Abstract Effects of different sources of dietary lipids with varying levels of essential fatty acids (EFA) were investigated as the only variables in the rehabilitation of rats previously malnourished by feeding a restricted amount of a low protein, low fat diet for 6 weeks. Five groups of the malnourished weanling rats were rehabilitated for 4 weeks with identical diets containing either soybean, peanut, sesame, palm or coconut oils, respectively. Adequacy of EFA in the diets improved appetite and food intake during rehabilitation. Coconut oil was least effective in growth recovery. Previous malnutrition left permanent growth stunting and deficits in the size of organs. Palm oil produced the highest concentration of plasma cholesterol while coconut oil produced the highest concentration of phospholipids. Total lipid and phospholipid concentrations were adversely affected by malnutrition, but in rehabilitated rats the response varied with the type of tissue and source of dietary lipids. The fatty acid profiles of phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) of the brain and liver were adversely affected by malnutrition, but in the rehabilitated rats, PC and PE fatty acids varied with the level of EFA, type of tissue and source of dietary lipids. Overall, post-malnutrition rehabilitation did not correct all the damage imposed by malnutrition. Recovery, in qualitative and quantitative terms, varied with the type of tissue and dietary lipid fed, and was related positively to the levels of EFA in the diets.
Frame bounds for finite dimensional frames

In the study of wavelet theory, frames and the computation of frame bounds play an important role. This short letter details the calculation of frame bounds in the case where the frame is composed of a finite number of elements. The final step in solving for the frame bounds uses the Rayleigh principle.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abortive infection of neural cells by herpes simplex virus type 2.

The nature of the refractoriness of C6 rat glioma cells to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) was examined. Infection of C6 cells with HSV-2 results in low virus yields, not exceeding the input virus. Although virus growth studies suggested a restricted cycle of virus replication, synthesis of HSV-2 DNA and HSV-2-specific antigens could not be detected. In addition, HSV-2 yields in C6 cells were unaffected by interferon, cycloheximide, tunicamycin, actinomycin D and cytosine arabinoside. However, trypsin, but not EDTA, treatment of infected C6 cells at 4 hours postinfection (p.i.) reduced maximal HSV-2 yields at 24 hours p.i. by 61 percent. These data: 1) indicate that HSV-2 fails to replicate in C6 cells and is prohibited from directing the synthesis of virus macromolecules; and 2) suggests that the increment of HSV-2 yields observed during the synthesis phase of the virus growth cycle represents re-envelopment and egress of a portion of the input virus.
The Evolution of Galactic Beryllium and Boron Traced by Magnesium and Calcium

Beryllium and boron abundances are consistently derived on the parameter scale of two recent uniform stellar Mg and Ca abundance studies, one utilizing non-LTE parameters and abundances, the other assuming LTE. The results are used to explore the BeB-Mg and BeB-Ca relations at low metallicity as urged by B. D. Fields and coworkers. The slopes of all logarithmic BeB-MgCa relations, regardless of light element (Be or B), metallicity tracer (Mg or Ca), or parameter scale (non-LTE or LTE), are found to lie in the range 1.1-1.3. These results using the α-elements Mg and Ca confirm the need for a metal-poor "primary" BeB production mechanism (perhaps in addition to standard Galactic cosmic rays) previously inferred from BeB-Fe and questioned BeB-O relations.
On adaptation: A reduction of the Kauffman-Levin model to a problem in graph theory and its consequences

It is shown that complex adaptations are best modelled as discrete processes represented on directed weighted graphs. Such a representation captures the idea that problems of adaptation in evolutionary biology are problems in a discrete space, something that the conventional representations using continuous adaptive landscapes does not. Further, this representation allows the utilization of well-known algorithms for the computation of several biologically interesting results such as the accessibility of one allele from another by a specified number of point mutations, the accessibility of alleles at a local maximum of fitness, the accessibility of the allele with the globally maximum fitness, etc. A reduction of a model due to Kauffman and Levin to such a representation is explicitly carried out and it is shown how this reduction clarifies the biological questions that are of interest.
Effect of pruning and early stopping on performance of a boosting ensemble

Generating an architecture for an ensemble of boosting machines involves making a series of design decisions. One design decision is whether to use simple "weak learners" such as decision tree stumps or more complicated weak learners such as large decision trees or neural networks. Another design decision is the training algorithm for the constituent weak learners. Here we concentrate on binary decision trees and show that the best results are obtained using the Z-criterion to build the trees without pruning. In using neural networks, early stopping is recommended as an approach to lower the training time. In examining the multi-class boosting algorithms, the jury is still out on whether using the all-pairs binary learning algorithm or pseudo-loss is better.
Discrepancy and Severity in the Learning Disabled: A Consolidated Perspective:

This paper presents a consolidated criteria model which can be used to identify the discrepancy and severity level of learning disabled students. Academic and socialization skills are evaluated in light of seven considerations: 1) the problem's effect on other abilities, 2) academic and socialization problem correspondence, 3) alteration of future life needs, 4) remediation versus compensation, 5) effect on social skills with peers and adults, 6) strengths and weaknesses, and 7) avoidance of problem areas. The seven criteria are applied to a mild, moderate, and severe learning disability grouping. Research indicating the need for continued investigation into the use of the model is reported. Recommendations for research and educational uses of the model are also presented.
RNA viral vectors for improved Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of heterologous proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana cell suspensions and hairy roots

Plant cell suspensions and hairy root cultures represent scalable protein expression platforms. Low protein product titers have thus far limited the application of transient protein expression in these hosts. The objective of this work was to overcome this limitation by harnessing A. tumefaciens to deliver replicating and non-replicating RNA viral vectors in plant tissue co-cultures. Replicating vectors derived from Potato virus X (PVX) and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) were modified to contain the reporter gene β-glucuronidase (GUS) with a plant intron to prevent bacterial expression. In cell suspensions, a minimal PVX vector retaining only the viral RNA polymerase gene yielded 6.6-fold more GUS than an analogous full-length PVX vector. Transient co-expression of the minimal PVX vector with P19 of Tomato bushy stunt virus or HC-Pro of Tobacco etch virus to suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing increased GUS expression by 44 and 83%, respectively. A non-replicating vector containing a leader sequence from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV-HT) modified for enhanced translation led to 70% higher transient GUS expression than a control treatment. In hairy roots, a TRV vector capable of systemic movement increased GUS accumulation by 150-fold relative to the analogous PVX vector. Histochemical staining for GUS in TRV-infected hairy roots revealed the capacity for achieving even higher productivity per unit biomass. For the first time, replicating PVX vectors and a non-replicating CPMV-HT vector were successfully applied toward transient heterologous protein expression in cell suspensions. A replicating TRV vector achieved transient GUS expression levels in hairy roots more than an order of magnitude higher than the highest level previously reported with a viral vector delivered by A. tumefaciens.
Extended abstract: An embedded flash memory vault for software Trojan protection

The protection from software Trojans in embedded systems is a difficult problem. The only way a software Trojan can be inserted into an embedded system is if the embedded systems instruction code is behaviorally modified. Trojans can be introduced into the system via new software installation, updates, or application input data such as buffer overflows. Trojans are really nothing more than unauthorized instructions being executed. We introduce an embedded vault architecture that prevents the insertion of Trojans in embedded systems which allow remote updating of the firmware.
Bone mineral status in breast-fed infants: influence of vitamin D supplementation.

To assess bone status using quantitative ultrasound (QUS) applied to the second metacarpus and to evaluate the influence of vitamin D supplementation on bone mineralization in exclusively breast-fed infants. Seventy seven healthy exclusively breast-fed infants aged <12 months underwent QUS evaluation with QUS DBM Sonic Aurora IGEA (MO, Italy), which measures speed of sound (mcSoS) and bone transmission time (mcBTT). Z-scores for age and length were also considered. Infants were divided into two groups, considering vitamin D supplementation. mcSoS and mcBTT were significantly lower in the group of breast-fed infants without vitamin D supplementation (respectively, P=0.001 and P=0.015). A statistically significant difference was also observed between the two groups for Z-scores of QUS parameters for age and length, with lower levels in infants not supplemented with vitamin D. Both mcSoS and mcBTT decline during the first year of life. mcSoS inversely correlated with weight at enrollment and BMI at enrollment. Our data support the importance of vitamin D supplementation in exclusively breast-fed infants in the first period of life to provide an adequate bone development.
Dynamic assessment in the language classroom

The focus of this paper is on the implementation of Dynamic Assessment (henceforth, DA) in the L2 classroom setting. DA is an approach to assessment and instruction derived from Vygotsky’s theory o...
Recognition of familiar food activates feeding via an endocrine serotonin signal in Caenorhabditis elegans

Familiarity discrimination has a significant impact on the pattern of food intake across species. However, the mechanism by which the recognition memory controls feeding is unclear. Here, we show that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans forms a memory of particular foods after experience and displays behavioral plasticity, increasing the feeding response when they subsequently recognize the familiar food. We found that recognition of familiar food activates the pair of ADF chemosensory neurons, which subsequently increase serotonin release. The released serotonin activates the feeding response mainly by acting humorally and directly activates SER-7, a type 7 serotonin receptor, in MC motor neurons in the feeding organ. Our data suggest that worms sense the taste and/or smell of novel bacteria, which overrides the stimulatory effect of familiar bacteria on feeding by suppressing the activity of ADF or its upstream neurons. Our study provides insight into the mechanism by which familiarity discrimination alters behavior. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00329.001
Late onset of leucoencephalopathy with cerebral calcifications and cysts.

Journal of Neuroradiology - In Press.Proof corrected by the author Available online since jeudi 20 janvier 2011
Bat‐cave catchment areas: using stable isotopes (δD) to determine the probable origins of hibernating bats

The application of stable hydrogen isotope (δD) techniques has swiftly advanced our understanding of animal movements, but this progression is dominated by studies of birds and relatively long-distance, north–south migrants. This dominance reflects the challenge of incorporating multiple sources of error into geographic assignments and the nature of spatially explicit δD models, which possess greater latitudinal than longitudinal resolution. However, recent progress in likelihood-based assignments that incorporate multiple sources of isotopic error and Bayesian approaches that include additional sources of information may advance finer-scale understanding of animal movements. We develop a stable-isotope method for determining probable origins of bats within hibernacula and show that this method produces spatially explicit, continuous assignments with regional resolution. We outline how these assignments can be used to infer hibernacula connectivity, an application that could inform spatial modeling of whi...
Tensile Properties and Static Fatigue Behavior of Cotton Warp Yams

Warp yams under a state of dynamic loading on a loom have to withstand cumulative damage caused by tensile fatigue at relatively low loads coupled with the abrasive action of the machine parts. To evaluate the fatigue phenomenon of sized cotton yams and its correlation with performance on a loom, one must first understand basic mechanical properties of yams in terms of fiber properties and fiber length distribution. The first section of this paper reports on the effect of fiber length distribution on tensile properties of yams at various tensile strain rates, and the second section presents the . fatigue behavior of 100% cotton yams. Fiber length and its distribution in cotton yams seem to influence the tensile behavior of both sized and unsized yams at all strain rates, but strain rates do not play a significant role in determining the properties of sized yams. Adding size tends to mask the effect of fiber length variation, particularly at higher size loading. The tensile properties of sized cotton yams ...
A biobehavioral approach to headache management.

1,2 While the biomedical model has led to important discoveries in the pathophysiological mechanisms of headache, the model has limitations, including the marked varied individual responses to identical treatments. 1 Headache has both sensory (e.g., pain location, intensity, and quality) and affective (e.g., depression, anxiety, distress) components. 3 The pain experience involves the interconnectivity of physical vulnerabilities (e.g., genetics), psychological predispositions (e.g., prior learning history), biological changes, psychological issues, and biopsychosocial contexts that influence an individual’s evaluation of and response to headache. 1 As a result, effective treatment of headache cannot rely solely on regulating the chemical and electrical signals within the pain pathways associated with headache, but must also address their cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Typically, nonpharmacologic treatment for headache has been considered an option when the patient’s presentation fell outside the normative patient experience. As headache has begun to be conceptualized as a chronic disease, 4 treatment also needs to reflect this conceptualization. Hence, a compre hensive, multidisciplinary treatment program to prevent headache is appropriate. The biobehavioral approaches with the strongest efficacy include cognitive behavioral therapy [CBT], relaxation training, biofeedback, and stress management.
Comparison of pulsed and CW ultraviolet light sources to inactivate bacterial spores on surfaces

The University of Missouri-Columbia is optimizing photosensitized UV processes for the decontamination of surfaces. The biological inactivation results obtained with high-power pulsed xenon flashlamps are compared to those of a continuous-wave medium-pressure mercury-argon lamp. The inactivation mechanisms associated with pulsed and continuous-wave multispectral light sources, which are used synergistically with a hydrogen peroxide photosensitizer, are discussed. Typically, the process yields more than six logs reduction of Bacillus subtilis spores on various surfaces.
Genomic predictors of interindividual differences in response to DNA damaging agents

Human lymphoblastoid cells derived from different healthy individuals display considerable variation in their transcription profiles. Here we show that such variation in gene expression underlies interindividual susceptibility to DNA damaging agents. The results demonstrate the massive differences in sensitivity across a diverse cell line panel exposed to an alkylating agent. Computational models identified 48 genes with basal expression that predicts susceptibility with 94% accuracy. Modulating transcript levels for two member genes, MYH and C21ORF56, confirmed that their expression does indeed influence alkylation sensitivity. Many proteins encoded by these genes are interconnected in cellular networks related to human cancer and tumorigenesis.
The formation of ethnic identity in South Omo: the Dassenech

Abstract The traditional history of the Dassenech is based almost entirely on oral sources. An amalgam of peoples who identify themselves as members of territorial sections, clans and sub-clans, the Dassenech came together as a people over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This paper reviews these various traditions and notes the particular role played by environmental and ecological disasters in causing individuals, families and larger groups of people at certain times to migrate and at other times to be absorbed as new immigrants by neighboring communities. Also considered are the mechanisms that facilitated these movements. More contemporary research makes clear that traditions, which recall such interethnic relationships, are still acknowledged and drawn upon in times of present-day violence and rapid change. However, as the last section of this paper notes, there is a serious lack of evidence from the period after 1925 as to the particular mechanisms that allow individuals, ...
A cloned human ribosomal protein gene functions in rodent cells.

Abstract Cloned fragments of human ribosomal protein S14 DNA (RPS14) were transfected into cultured Chinese hamster (CHO) cells. Transient expression assays indicated that DNA with as little as 31 base pairs of upstream flanking sequence was transcribed into a polyadenylated, 650-base mRNA that is largely bound to the polyribosomes. In these respects the exogenous human S14 message appeared to function normally in CHO cells. Interestingly, transcription of human RPS14 did not require the TATA sequence located 26 base pairs upstream of exon 1. Stably transformed clones were selected from cultures of emetine-resistant CHO cells (Emr-2) after transfection with pSV2Neo-human RPS14 constructs. Human RPS14 complemented the mutationally based drug resistance of the Chinese hamster cells, demonstrating that the cloned human ribosomal protein gene is functional in rodent cells. Analysis of transformed cells with different amounts of integrated RPS14 indicated that human S14 mRNA levels are not tightly regulated by CHO cells. In contrast, the steady-state S14 level fluctuated only slightly, if at all, in transformed clones whose S14 message contents differed by more than 30-fold. These data support the conclusion that expression of human RPS14 is regulated, at least partially, posttranscriptionally.