cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The message sent vs. the message received: designing training materials for Central and Eastern Europeans

The article is a case study embedded in theory which discusses the problems inherent in the cross-cultural dissemination of ideas and transfer of technology. It provides insight into how target audiences perceive the messages we send through their own cultural lenses. As the case study illustrates, one of the most important and difficult aspects of training in Central and Eastern Europe is negotiating meaning when we come from such different political and economic cultures.
Single‐step dyeing and finishing treatment of cotton with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid

A single-step dyeing and finishing (SDF) process was developed to eliminate dyeing problems associated with cotton crosslinked by polycarboxylic acid such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). This process consisted of several steps: (a) impregnation of the fabric by the bath containing BTCA, dye, and catalyst; (b) drying; and (c) curing at high temperature. Color strength (K/S) and dye fixation of cotton treated by the SDF process were excellent, especially with reactive dyes containing mono- or dichlorotriazinyl compounds and, in some cases, were higher than those of the sample dyed by a conventional batch process without finishing treatment. The presence of dye in the SDF process did not interfere with crosslinking of cotton. We believed that the reaction occurred between carboxyl groups of BTCA and s-triazinyl groups in reactive dyes in the presence of imidazole and other catalyst. FTIR, Raman, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies were used to confirm the mechanism of dye fixation. Elemental analysis also supported this mechanism. The SDF process can be an excellent way to dye fabric that also requires crosslinking treatment for smooth drying appearance. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Importance of Exposure Measurements In Risk Assessment Of Drugs

I am an outsider to the field of drug evaluation, although I have considerable experience with exposure and quantitative risk assessment for a variety of other environmental and occupational chemicals. Below I will first give my outsider’s view of the state of the art of “risk assessment” or “risk-benefit assessment” as applied to pharmaceuticals. Then I will survey some ways in which, with the aid of measures of in-use exposures, risk-benefit assessments of drugs might be made more quantitative and potentially helpful for optimizing drug therapeutic regimens.
Comparison of the quantized Hall resistance and ohm NRC

A report is given of the progress towards the establishment of a quantized Hall resistance (QHR) measurement system suitable for maintaining the NRC (National Research Center of Canada) representation of the ohm. A system using a cryogenic current comparator bridge is described and compared to the previously reported 15 T, 20-mK potentiometric system. General problems concerning the use of the quantized Hall resistance to realize a representation of the ohm are discussed. >
Mitochondrial Genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

New methods of screening for mitochondrial mutants in yeast have given fresh impetus to the developing field of mitochondrial genetics. The immediate aim in this area is to arrive at as complete a picture as possible of the genetic content of mitochondrial DNA in terms of the number of genes and the identity of their products. Because of the small genome size, there is good reason to think that these are realistic goals, achievable within the next few years. A detailed map of mitochondrial DNA will at once define the extent of autonomy of the organelle and perhaps reveal new organizational and regulatory features in a eukaryotic genome.
Effect of a new pelleting process on the level of contamination of poultry mash by Escherichia coli and Salmonella.

SUMMARY. The efficacy of a new pelleting process in eliminating naturally occurring Escherichia coli and salmonella from poultry mash was assessed by comparing the microbial load in raw and processed mash. Instead of using steam produced in a boiler, the new process conditioned mash in an Original Vertical Conditioner? with steam and other hot gases generated by direct combustion in a Vaporator?. E. coli was isolated from 72-100% of samples of raw mash in all trials, and the mean number of colony-forming units of E. coli/g of samples was 6.8 ? 4.0 x 104. Salmonellae (S. senftenberg, S. bredeney, and S. mbandaka) were isolated from 5-10% of samples of raw mash utilized in three of the seven trials. Within limitations of the sampling and analytical tests utilized, the new pelleting process eliminated salmonella from all mash in which the organism was known to be present but eliminated E. coli in only three trials. The process appeared to be 100% effective against both organisms when mash entering the pellet mill from the conditioner had a temperature of 85.7 C and a moisture content of 14.5% and had been retained and treated with steam and hot gases for 4.1 minutes.
Performance of a multilayer ceramic capacitor power system for pulsed plasma thrusters

The primary goals of this research are to evaluate alternative energy storage technologies and power system options for pulsed plasma thrusters (PPT). This paper describes novel techniques to reduce the mass and volume of PPTs which are emerging as interesting propulsion options for small spacecraft applications. The emphasis is on efficient capacitor energy storage, namely multi-layer ceramic capacitors, and the Marx bank concept for voltage multiplication. NOMENCLATURE Parameter C = capacitance [F] E = energy [J] I = current [A] I = current (time dependent) R = resistance [Q] Q = charge [C] t = time [s] V = voltage [V] T = time constant [s] Indices P s n LR mea = parallel = series = number of stages/units = load resistance = measured
Profiling User Behavior for Intrusion Detection Using Item Response Modeling

AbstractItem response theory (IRT) is a modern test measurement theory that has been widely used in many research areas over the last decade. This paper presents an IRT modeling approach that fits network traffic to a “test” (normal or abnormal) model and estimates an expected test score of being anomaly-free to profile user behavior. With four anomaly-free associated variables identified from previous studies, the findings demonstrate that there is a remarkable difference in item characteristic curves between the user behavior patterns with anomalies and those that are anomaly-free, and such a difference can be quantitatively measured with the expected test score ranging from 0 to 100 where a high score is more likely to be associate with an anomaly-free pattern. More specifically, there are approximately 25 (SD = 4.0) points’ differences between a pattern with anomalies and one without. Our study demonstrates the potential feasibility and achievability of applying IRT for modern network security.
Comics and medicine: peering into the process of professional identity formation.

ProblemMedical students experience transformative personal and professional changes during medical school. The medical education community has much to learn about how students perceive these changes, which can be dramatic and profound.ApproachOver the past six years (2009–2014), the author has taugh
Voluntary intake and ingestive behavior of steers grazing Johnstone or endophyte-infected Kentucky-31 tall fescue.

Effects of grazing low-endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams, less than 1% infection) Johnstone (J) or high-endophyte (60% infection) Kentucky-31 (K) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) on grazing behavior and voluntary intake were studied. Six Angus steers (average initial BW = 326 kg) grazed 1.21-ha plots of each forage cultivar (three steers per cultivar) in four 28-d periods beginning May 27. Daytime observations (0630 until 2130) revealed that J steers spent more (P less than .10) time grazing and lying down and took more (P less than .05) prehensile bites than K steers did; conversely, steers grazing K spent more (P less than .10) time standing and idling than J steers did. Idling time showed a forage x period interaction (P less than .10). Mean OM bite size (grams per bite) was not affected (P greater than .10) by forage but differed (P less than .10) among periods. Limited nighttime observations (2130 until 0630) revealed no effects (P greater than .10) of forage on grazing time or number of prehensile bites taken. Voluntary intakes of OM and NDF did not differ (P greater than .10) between steers grazing J and K; however, a forage x period interaction (P less than .10) existed such that, during Period 1, steers grazing J had greater (P less than .01) OM and NDF intakes than did steers grazing K. These data suggest that cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue display altered daytime grazing behavior and that reduction of voluntary intake attributable to endophyte infection may be less severe under free-grazing than has been reported for controlled environmental conditions.
Uncovering the Mechanism of Mitofusin 1 through Structural Studies

A balance between mitochondrial membrane fusion and fission is required for normal mitochondrial morphology and function. Mitofusins are outer mitochondrial trans-membrane proteins that are required for mitochondrial fusion and are members of the dynamin family of GTPases. Our goal is to reveal the mechanism of mitofusins by cryo-electron microscopy and biophysical assays. To accomplish this we are studying the structure of mitofusin 1 in a lipid bilayer as well as the function of a soluble truncation. Here, we present a purification strategy of mitofusin 1 and cryo-EM images of full-length mitofusin 1 in a lipid bilayer. In addition, we show that mitofusin 1 alone in the presence of GTP is capable of tethering proteolipsosomes and that the soluble G-domain truncation is enzymatically active. These preliminary findings imply that mitofusins are sufficient for initiating membrane fusion.
Imposing antecedent global change conditions rapidly alters plant community composition in a mixed-grass prairie

Global change drivers are altering climatic and edaphic conditions of ecosystems across the globe, and we expect novel plant communities to become more common as a result. In the Colorado Front Range, compositional changes have occurred in the mixed-grass prairie plant community in conjunction with shifts in winter precipitation and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition. To test whether these environmental changes have been responsible for the observed plant community change, we conducted an in situ manipulative experiment in a mixed-grass meadow near Boulder, CO. We simulated historical conditions by reducing N availability (+500 g C m(-2) year(-1)) and winter precipitation (with rainout shelters) for 2 years (2013-2014) and compared vegetation response to these treatments with that of ambient conditions. The site experienced an extreme precipitation event in autumn 2013 which allowed comparison of an exceptionally wet year with an average year. We measured pre-treatment species composition in 2012, and treatment responses in the spring and summer of 2013 and 2014. As predicted, simulating historical low N-winter dry conditions resulted in a plant community dominated by historically abundant species. Cool-season introduced species were significantly reduced in low N-winter dry plots, particularly the annual plants Bromus tectorum and Alyssum parviflorum. These same species responded strongly to the extreme precipitation event with large increases, while native grasses and forbs showed little change in productivity or composition under varying climatic or edaphic conditions. This work provides clear evidence linking on-going global change drivers to altered plant community composition in an otherwise relatively undisturbed grassland ecosystem.
New England Cod Collapse and the Climate

To improve fishery management, there is an increasing need to understand the long-term consequences of natural and anthropogenic climate variability for ecological systems. New England’s iconic cod populations have been in decline for several decades and have recently reached unprecedented lows. We find that 17% of the overall decline in Gulf of Maine cod biomass since 1980 can be attributed to positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This is a consequence of three results: i) a 1-unit increase in the NAO winter index is associated with a 17% decrease in the spring biomass of age-1 cod the following year; ii) this NAO-driven decrease persists as the affected cohort matures; iii) fishing practices appear to exacerbate NAO’s direct biological effect such that, since 1913, a 1-unit increase in the NAO index lowers subsequent cod catch for up to 19 years. The Georges Bank cod stock displays similar patterns. Because we statistically detect a delay between the NAO and subsequent declines in adult biomass, our findings imply that observed current NAO conditions can be used in stock forecasts, providing lead time for adaptive policy. More broadly, our approach can inform forecasting efforts for other fish populations strongly affected by natural and anthropogenic climatic variation.
The Learning Curve for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair With MitraClip

Objectives This study sought to assess the learning curve for TMVR for treatment of primary mitral regurgitation (MR). Background Data are lacking regarding the technical experience required to achieve optimal clinical outcomes with transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR) using the edge-to-edge MitraClip technique. Methods We examined the sequential experience of the first 75 patients (age 80 ± 9 years; 77% male) who underwent TMVR at our institution. A sequence number of each patient was assigned as a continuous variable and in tertiles for analysis. Results TMVR with MitraClip was successful in 97% with an average procedural time of 106 ± 39 minutes. The 30-day rate of major adverse cardiovascular events was 7%. With increased case experience, there were decreases in procedural time, fluoroscopy time, length of hospital stay, and major adverse cardiovascular events. Procedural success, residual mitral regurgitation and NYHA functional classification at 30-day follow-up remained unchanged throughout the experience. Conclusions The learning curve for TMVR with MitraClip for treatment of primary MR is characterized by a sequential reduction in procedure time, fluoroscopy time, procedural complications, and hospital length of stay at a tertiary academic medical center. Thirty-day procedural results are favorable and similar during the initial learning period.
Using Marginal Structural Modeling for Grade Retention Effects.

Vandecandelaere, Vansteelandt, De Fraine, and Van Damme (this issue) described marginal structural modeling (MSM) and used it to estimate the effects of a time-varying intervention, retention (holding back) in school grades, on students' math achievement. This commentary supplements Vandecandelaere et al. (this issue) and discusses several topics in retention studies and MSM. First, we discuss the importance of equating time-varying confounders in retention studies. Second, we discuss same-grade and same-age comparisons in retention studies. Third, we discuss one important section in the authors' overview of MSM: why standard methods (e.g., ANCOVA, propensity score analysis) cannot properly adjust for time-varying confounders. Finally, using the grade retention analyses in Vandecandelaere et al. (this issue) as an example, we provide our insights on four aspects of MSM: (a) covariate selection, (b) estimation of weights,
Development and implementation of a generic analysis template for structural-thermal-optical-performance modeling

Performance-related effects of system level temperature changes can be a key consideration in the design of many types of optical instruments. This is especially true for space-based imagers, which may require complex thermal control systems to maintain alignment of the optical components. Structural-Thermal-Optical-Performance (STOP) analysis is a multi-disciplinary process that can be used to assess the performance of these optical systems when subjected to the expected design environment. This type of analysis can be very time consuming, which makes it difficult to use as a trade study tool early in the project life cycle. In many cases, only one or two iterations can be performed over the course of a project. This limits the design space to best practices since it may be too difficult, or take too long, to test new concepts analytically. In order to overcome this challenge, automation, and a standard procedure for performing these studies is essential. A methodology was developed within the framework of the Comet software tool that captures the basic inputs, outputs, and processes used in most STOP analyses. This resulted in a generic, reusable analysis template that can be used for design trades for a variety of optical systems. The template captures much of the upfront setup such as meshing, boundary conditions, data transfer, naming conventions, and post-processing, and therefore saves time for each subsequent project. A description of the methodology and the analysis template is presented, and results are described for a simple telescope optical system.
Tracking reading strategy utilisation through pupillometry

Explicit reading strategies help low-knowledge readers make the inferences necessary to comprehend expository texts. Self-explanation is a particularly effective strategy, but it is challenging to monitor how well a reader is applying self-explanation without requiring the reader to externalise the self-explanations being generated. Studies have shown that different reading strategies vary in the amount of cognitive control required as well as the engagement of brain regions involved in internally-directed attention. Pupil diameter is related to task engagement and cognitive control via the brain’s locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Therefore, pupil diameter could be a method to unobtrusively measure a reader’s use of self-explanation. The current study assessed whether pupil diameter can be used to distinguish between the use of different reading strategies and whether it is linked to the quality and effectiveness of the strategy in terms of learning gains. Participants reread, paraphrased, and self-explained texts while pupil diameter was recorded, and completed comprehension tests. Average pupil diameter differed between all three reading strategies, and pupil diameter was related to learning gains and the quality of strategy use. The results suggest that pupil diameter could be used to track effective reading strategy utilisation.
Multi-Scale Investigation on the Mechanisms of Dyneins’ Motion on Microtubule

An investigation using multi-scale simulation methods has been applied to dynein-microtubule system to reveal the mechanisms of dyneins’ motion on microtubule. This study mainly focuses on the interactions between dynein's MTBD (microtubule biding domain) and microtubule. We find that the electrostatic interactions play important roles in dyneins’ motion: The electrostatic binding funnel around tubulin is observed, which guides the dynein's MTBD to bind to the binding pocket. Due to the binding funnel, the motor domain of a dynein does not need to deliver the MTBD into the tubulin binding pocket precisely.
Indigenous Parents Navigating School Choice in Constrained Landscapes.

ABSTRACTEducational reform policies in the United States promote school choice as a central tool to empower low-income and minoritized families in order to close the achievement gap. However, research on school choice rarely reflects the voice of minoritized families and offers little evidence that choice significantly addresses inequities in educational outcomes. This article analyzes the perspectives of Indigenous parents as they navigate school choice options with their children in the southwestern U.S. Through the conceptual lens of enduring struggle and educational survivance, ethnographic data offers insight into factors significant for three families as they select schools from a highly constrained landscape. Deeper analysis of why Indigenous families reject and select schools reveals an educational landscape fraught with persisting inequities, in spite of choice. The continued silencing of issues relevant to Indigenous education, such as the impacts of colonization, tribal sovereignty, and rights ...
A phase 2 trial of dasatinib in patients with locally advanced or stage IV mucosal, acral, or vulvovaginal melanoma: A trial of the ECOG‐ACRIN Cancer Research Group (E2607)

BACKGROUND KIT-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib have demonstrated benefits in KIT-mutant (KIT+) mucosal, acral, vulvovaginal, and chronically sun-damaged (CSD) melanoma. Dasatinib has superior preclinical activity in comparison with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors against cells with the most common KIT mutation, exon 11L576P. The ECOG-ACRIN E2607 trial assessed dasatinib in patients with these melanoma subtypes. METHODS Patients received 70 mg of oral dasatinib twice daily. The primary objective for this 2-stage phase 2 trial was response rate. Stage I was open to KIT+ and wild-type KIT (KIT–) mucosal, acral, and CSD melanoma (n = 57). Stage II accrued only KIT+ tumors (n = 30). To enrich the trial for KIT+ tumors, vulvovaginal melanoma was added, and CSD melanoma was removed from eligibility. Secondary objectives included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS From May 2009 to December 2010, the first stage enrolled 57 patients. Among the evaluable patients, 3 of 51 (5.9%) achieved a partial response: all were KIT–. Stage II closed early because of slow accrual (November 2011 to December 2015). In stage II, 4 of 22 evaluable patients (18.2%) had a partial response; the median duration was 4.2 months. The median PFS was 2.1 months (n = 73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-2.9 months). The median OS was 7.5 months (95% CI, 6.0-11.9 months). In exploratory analyses, no differences were seen in PFS or OS with the KIT status or subtype. Dasatinib was discontinued because of adverse events in 9 of 75 patients (12%). CONCLUSIONS The dasatinib response rate among KIT+ melanoma patients was low. In view of its clinical activity, it is recommended that imatinib remain the KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitor of choice for unresectable KIT+ melanoma. Cancer 2017;123:2688-97. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Magnesium-PMMA Composites Formed by Mechanical Alloying

The mechanical alloying process is used to form poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA)-5 vol.% magnesium (Mg) composites by high-energy ball milling the blends for up to 10 hours. The milling products and their compacted composites are characterized and compared with milled pure PMMA. Mechanical alloying can cause degradation of the amorphous thermoplastic polymer in the powder mixture but also allows for increasingly fine dispersion of Mg in the PMMA matrix with milling. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and image analysis of optical micrographs show that the magnesium remains crystalline, and its particle size reduces with milling time from an average of 200 microns to under 10 microns after 10 hours milling. Additionally, peak broadening from XRD analysis shows decreasing crystallite size within the particles. The hardness of the composite increases with milling time by up to 7%, whereas the hardness of the milled pure PMMA decreases with milling time by about 5%.
Thermally Stable Ni-rich Austenite Formed Utilizing Multistep Intercritical Heat Treatment in a Low-Carbon 10 Wt Pct Ni Martensitic Steel

Austenite reversion and its thermal stability attained during the transformation is key to enhanced toughness and blast resistance in transformation-induced-plasticity martensitic steels. We demonstrate that the thermal stability of Ni-stabilized austenite and kinetics of the transformation can be controlled by forming Ni-rich regions in proximity of pre-existing (retained) austenite. Atom probe tomography (APT) in conjunction with thermodynamic and kinetic modeling elucidates the role of Ni-rich regions in enhancing growth kinetics of thermally stable austenite, formed utilizing a multistep intercritical (Quench-Lamellarization-Tempering (QLT)-type) heat treatment for a low-carbon 10 wt pct Ni steel. Direct evidence of austenite formation is provided by dilatometry, and the volume fraction is quantified by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The results indicate the growth of nm-thick austenite layers during the second intercritical tempering treatment (T-step) at 863 K (590 °C), with austenite retained from first intercritical treatment (L-step) at 923 K (650 °C) acting as a nucleation template. For the first time, the thermal stability of austenite is quantified with respect to its compositional evolution during the multistep intercritical treatment of these steels. Austenite compositions measured by APT are used in combination with the thermodynamic and kinetic approach formulated by Ghosh and Olson to assess thermal stability and predict the martensite-start temperature. This approach is particularly useful as empirical relations cannot be extrapolated for the highly Ni-enriched austenite investigated in the present study.
Airways Response to Aerosolized Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Preliminary Report

Studies in the past three years have established a bronchodilator action for smoked marihuana in normal (Vachon, Fitzgerald, Solliday, Gould, and Gaensler, 1973; Tashkin, Shapiro, and Frank, 1974) and asthmatic (Tashkin, Shapiro, and Frank, 1973; Vachon, Mikus, Morrisey, Fitzgerald, and Gaensler, 1976) subjects. Additionally, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) the principal active ingredient of marihuana (Gaoni and Mechoulam, 1964) has been shown to have a bronchodilator effect in normal subjects (Tashkin et al, 1974) and asthmatic subjects who were asymptomatic (Tashkin et al, 1973) or who had experimentally induced bronchospasm (Tashkin, Shapiro, Lee, and Harper, 1975).
Topological Waveguiding near an Exceptional Point: Defect-Immune, Slow-Light, and Loss-Immune Propagation

Electromagnetic waves propagating in conventional wave-guiding structures are reflected by discontinuities and decay in lossy regions. In this Letter, we drastically modify this typical guided-wave behavior by combining concepts from non-Hermitian physics and topological photonics. To this aim, we theoretically study, for the first time, the possibility of realizing an exceptional point between coupled topological modes in a non-Hermitian nonreciprocal waveguide. Our proposed system is composed of oppositely biased gyrotropic materials (e.g., biased plasmas or graphene layers) with a balanced distribution of loss and gain. To study this complex wave-guiding problem, we put forward an exact analysis based on classical Green's function theory, and we elucidate the behavior of coupled topological modes and the nature of their non-Hermitian degeneracies. We find that, by operating near an exceptional point, we can realize anomalous topological wave propagation with, at the same time, low group velocity, inherent immunity to backscattering at discontinuities, and immunity to losses. These theoretical findings may open exciting research directions and stimulate further investigations of non-Hermitian topological waveguides to realize robust wave propagation in practical scenarios.
Chimpanzee food-associated calls display low referential potential in a wild population

Studies of non-human primate vocal communication commonly focus on “functionally referential signals,” which are thought to function like human words, informing receivers about stimuli in the external environment. Captive studies of the food-associated “rough-grunt” of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) report that their acoustic structure varies according to food quality and even type, suggesting the existence of functionally referential communication in humans' evolutionary cousins. Nevertheless, studies of wild chimpanzees have produced mixed evidence that rough-grunts function referentially in natural contexts. The current study builds upon these findings by conducting an acoustic analysis of rough-grunts produced by wild chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, examining acoustic variation in call duration and peak frequency both within and between feeding bouts. We found that peak frequency, but not duration, displayed a bimodal distribution, supporting the view that rough-grunts include at least tw...
Recalling courage: An initial test of a brief writing intervention to activate a ‘courageous mindset’ and courageous behavior

Though theoretical models propose that courage can be ‘activated,’ little experimental work exists to support this idea. The current study examines a writing intervention that asks individuals to r...
FURTHER STUDIES OF ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE IN CHARS, CARBONS AND GRAPHITES

Results of further experiments performed as a continuation and extension of previous studies of ESR in chars, carbons and graphites are reported. A second case of a char made from sulfur containing organic material and showing anomalous behavior in variation of width and g-value with heat treatment is presented. Heating chars in potassium vapor makes the ESR oxygen insensitive; subsequent heating in vacuum to 600°C destroys the spin centers permanently. Detailed studies were made of ESR for acceptor (HS04−) and donor (K+) compounds of carbons heat treated to 2000–3000°C. In cases where the ESR line in the original material is sufficiently narrow, no significant increase in spin-center concentration with doping was observed; it seems probable that in other cases the enhancement of resonance is only apparent and mostly caused by the great increase in sharpness of line. Thus for carbons with very broad lines doping represents an easy technique for checking the presence of the ESR. When the g-value is different from the free spin value, the g-value shifts as a result of doping for both types of doping towards the free spin value, thus showing the g-shift is not the result of a change in Fermi level, but is an effect of geometrical nature (spreading of graphite layers). In driving out the HSO4− ions interesting changes in line width are observed in the range 150–300°C which must be connected with internal rearrangements of ions throughout the compound. Implications of the results reported are discussed.
Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal: The Role of Nitric Oxide

Nitric oxide is an important messenger in the central nervous system and several types of evidence suggest that it mediates various alcohol effects. Treatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor enhances the acute central depressant or anesthetic effect of alcohol and decreases some stimulatory effects of alcohol withdrawal after chronic alcohol treatment. Conversely, treatment with a nitric oxide donor inhibits the anesthetic effect of alcohol, blocks the effect of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on alcohol anesthesia, and enhances the severity of some alcohol withdrawal signs. These results indicate that changes in nitric oxide synthesis mediate some aspects of alcohol intoxication and withdrawal and that nitric oxide systems represent an important therapeutic target for the development of agents to treat alcoholism and alcohol intoxication.
Mass Media and Tobacco Control

All of us need to regularly remind ourselves of why we are doing tobacco control and what our mandate for taking public health action is. Epidemiologists have done an excellent job in proving the causal association between smoking and disease, both for the individual smoker and for the nonsmoker exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. We know that we have a major and expensive public health problem. Our public health mandate is to undertake interventions to achieve a smokefree society. We use research to evaluate and improve these interventions and to contain the costs of them. I cannot overemphasize the importance of the feedback loop between evaluative research and interventions. If we are to be effective, our interventions must change to reflect our evaluative results.
Growth of Metallic and Metal-Containing Superlattices

Advances in the technology to produce ultra-high vacuums, and in development of several vapor deposition techniques, have now made possible the sequential monolayer-by-monolayer deposition of more than one material (each of which may be an element, alloy, or compound). Nearly flawless semiconductor superlattices have been synthesized, as described in the chapters in this book by E. Kasper, S. Luryi, J-Y. Marzin, D. B. McWhan, P. M. Petroff, K. Ploog, H. Sakaki, T. Sakamoto, C. Weisbuch, and R. H. Williams.
The Stochastic Integral

This chapter discusses stochastic integral. A stochastic process also a stochastic function. The chapter presents the approximation of functions by step functions. It provides an account of the indefinite integrals. The chapter discusses the stochastic integrals with stopping time. The chapter presents the derivation and application of Ito's formula. It also highlights stochastic integrals and differentials in n dimensions.
Measurement of the Sigma 0- Lambda transition magnetic moment.

The ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ transition magnetic moment has been measured to be $|\ensuremath{\mu}({\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Lambda})|=1.59\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$ nuclear magnetons. The ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ lifetime is $\ensuremath{\tau}({\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0})=(0.76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ see. The uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively.
Poverty in Retirement: The Long-Term Impact of Rising Economic Inequality

Income inequality is exacerbated by labor market trends that increase the demand for high skill occupations and those in low skill service occupations. This hollowing out of the middle of the income distribution means that an increasing portion of households will be less prepared for retirement as they approach age 65: they will have saved less, have diminished access to define benefit pension plans, and face smaller social security benefits due to lower life-time earnings even if the system is “fixed.” The cultural trend toward later marriage reduces household saving and delays home purchase that results in less house equity. These trends point to increased poverty among future cohorts in the over 65 age group. After social security, pensions, saving and home equity, continuing to work is the only remedy for combatting old age poverty. Labor market opportunities are most vibrant for highly skilled older workers, suggesting that workers with modest skills will face a higher probability of poverty after age 65.
Fullerene derivative induced morphology of bulk heterojunction blends: PIPCP:PC61BM

The performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) depends crucially on the morphology in bulk heterojunctions (BHJs), including the degree of crystallinity of the polymer and the amount of each material phase: aggregated donor, aggregated acceptor, and molecular mixed donor : acceptor phase. In this paper, we report the BHJ morphology of as-cast blend films incorporating the polymer PIPCP as the donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) as the acceptor. Tracking the scattering intensity of PC61BM as a function of PC61BM concentration shows that PC61BM aggregates into donor-rich domains and there is little to no phase where the PC61BM and PIPCP are intimately mixed. We further find that on blending the scattering peak due to PIPCP ordering along the backbone increases with decreasing PIPCP fraction, which is attributed to improved ordering of PIPCP due to the presence of PC61BM. Our results suggest that the improved ordering of PIPCP along the backbone (consistent with an increased conjugation length) with blending contributes to the observed low open-circuit voltage energy loss.
There Goes the PTA: Building Parent Identity, Relationships, and Power in Gentrifying Schools

In cities across the country, school communities must contend with new challenges introduced by gentrification and the arrival of middle class and white families. This collaborative research study ...
The City-States of Ancient Greece: Democracy, Science, and Legal-Rational Authority Emerge

The Citizens Assembly (which in Greece remained a warriors assembly based on the hoplite phalanx military formation) gained power over the oligarchic city council; majority rule replaced the unanimity principle of tribes; constitutional law replaced tribal customary procedures; jury trials replaced the tribal elders and city oligarchs; no kings or full-time priests existed in Greece, and, the rational-scientific worldview began to replace the deeply religious worldview held by the Middle Eastern and Egyptian civilizations the Greeks made contact with. Aristotle describes the transition to democracy in his Constitution of Athens.
XPS Investigation into the Passivity of an Amorphous Ni-20P Alloy.

In H2SO4 and HCl electrolytes, the amorphous Ni-20P alloy passivates in the potential range -0.3 to about 0.2 V vs.
Exploring Input Parameters in an Expressive Vocabulary Treatment With Late Talkers

Purpose The aims of this study were (a) to assess the efficacy of the Vocabulary Acquisition and Usage for Late Talkers (VAULT) treatment and (b) to compare treatment outcomes for expressive vocabulary acquisition in late talkers in 2 conditions: 3 target words/90 doses per word per session versus 6 target words/45 doses per word per session. Method We ran the treatment protocol for 16 sessions with 24 primarily monolingual English-speaking late talkers. We calculated a d score for each child, compared treatment to control effect sizes, and assessed the number of words per week children acquired outside treatment. We compared treatment effect sizes of children in the condition of 3 target words/90 doses per word to those in the condition of 6 target words/45 doses per word. We used Bayesian repeated-measures analysis of variance and Bayesian t tests to answer our condition-level questions. Results With an average treatment effect size of almost 1.0, VAULT was effective relative to the no-treatment condition. There were no differences between the different dose conditions. Discussion The VAULT protocol was an efficacious treatment that has the potential to increase the spoken vocabulary of late-talking toddlers and provides clinicians some flexibility in terms of number of words targeted and dose number, keeping in mind the interconnectedness of treatment parameters. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11593323.
Periprocedural Outcomes in Patients on Chronic Anticoagulation Undergoing Fistulograms.

Background Management of antithrombotic therapy with warfarin in patients undergoing fistulograms and possible interventions is controversial and difficult because of lack of adequate outpatient bridging options. Our goal was to assess periprocedural outcomes in patients managed using different anticoagulation strategies. Methods A retrospective, single-institution analysis of all patients on chronic anticoagulation with warfarin undergoing fistulograms from 2011 to 2017 was performed. Anticoagulation management strategies were classified as suspended warfarin (SW), continued warfarin (CW), and a heparin bridge with suspended warfarin (HB). Periprocedural outcomes were analyzed. Results There were 87 patients on chronic anticoagulation with warfarin who underwent 175 fistulograms. Median age was 63 years, and 43.4% were women. Indications for warfarin included atrial fibrillation (53%), prior pulmonary embolism/deep vein thrombosis (29%), and hypercoagulable state (14%). Distribution was SW (60%), CW (26%), and HB (14%). Approximately half (53%) were same-day procedures, 30% occurred during access-related admissions, and 14% were performed during nonaccess-related admissions. Common indications for a fistulogram included difficulty with dialysis (63.4%), access thrombosis (20.6%), and poor maturation (10.3%). Interventions included angioplasty (82.9%), thrombectomy/embolectomy (20.6%), and stenting (8.6%). Thirty-day outcomes for SW versus CW versus HB were similar for bleeding complications (5.7%, 6.5%, 8.3%; P = 0.89), systemic thrombotic complications (3.8%, 2.2%, 0%; P = 0.569), access rethrombosis (7.6%, 13%, 12.5%; P = 0.517), and tunneled dialysis catheter placement (11.4%, 13%, 12.5%; P = 0.958). After excluding procedures performed during a nonaccess-related admission, length of stay (LOS) was highest among HB (9.6 ± 7.8 days) compared with SW (2.6 ± 5.9 days) and CW (1 ± 2.8 days), (P Conclusions CW therapy in patients undergoing fistulograms was not associated with increased morbidity and was associated with shorter LOS. Bridging with heparin is not associated with improved outcomes, warranting a thorough consideration of continuing warfarin is safe and may streamline preservation of dialysis accesses without significantly increasing resource utilization.
The Transformational Efficacy of Postgraduate Courses

AbstractConsiderable literature exists pertaining to transformative education and academics seek to provide a transformative educational experience for students. The purpose of this research was to...
Catalytic Platinum Nanoparticles Decorated with Subnanometer Molybdenum Clusters for Biomass Processing

The development of improved technologies for biomass processing into transportation fuels and industrial chemicals is hindered due to a lack of efficient catalysts for selective oxygen removal. Here we report that platinum nanoparticles decorated with subnanometer molybdenum clusters can efficiently catalyze hydrodeoxygenation of acetic acid, which serves as a model biomass compound. In contrast with monometallic Mo catalysts that are inactive and monometallic Pt catalysts that have low activities and selectivities, bimetallic Pt-Mo catalysts exhibit synergistic effects with high activities and selectivities. The maximum activity occurs at a Pt to Mo molar ratio of three. Although Mo atoms themselves are catalytically inactive, they serve as preferential binding anchors for oxygen atoms while a catalytic transformation proceeds on neighboring surface Pt atoms. Beyond biomass processing, Pt-Mo nanoparticles are promising catalysts for a wide variety of reactions that require a transformation of molecules with an oxygen atom and, more broadly, in other fields of science and technology that require tuning of surface-oxygen interactions.
Data-driven Methods for Solving Large-scale Inverse Problems with Applications to Subsurface Imaging

Seismic full-waveform inversion is a typical non-linear and ill-posed large-scale inverse problem. It is an important and widely used geophysical exploration method to obtain subsurface structures. The existing computational methods for solving full-waveform inversion are not only computationally expensive but also yield low-resolution results because of the ill-posedness and cycle skipping issues of full-waveform inversion. To resolve those issues, we employ machine-learning techniques to solve the full-waveform inversion. Specifically, we focus on applying convolutional neural network˜(CNN) to directly derive the inversion operator so that the velocity structure can be obtained without knowing the forward operator. We build a convolutional neural network with an encoder-decoder structure to model the correspondence from seismic data to subsurface velocity structures. To evaluate the performance of our inversion technique, we compare it to both existing physics-driven methods and other data-driven methods. Our numerical examples using synthetic seismic reflection data show that our CNN model significantly improves the accuracy of the velocity inversion while the computational time is reduced. Through numerical tests, we also study the robustness of our CNN model and show that our model yields some weak generalization ability.
Low-Cost Validation for Complementary Filter-Based AHRS

This paper discusses a procedure to validate a complementary filter-based attitude and heading reference system for an off-the-shelf sensor-head using a prototype, low-cost validation apparatus and comparing course over ground measurements from GPS. A variation of an existing complementary filter design is implemented for validation. The apparatus costs less than $100 to build and shows promising validation potential for small, lightweight vehicles with budget restrictions. A small surface vehicle is used to log sensor-head and GPS data to show performance of the validated complementary filter. Comparing the attitude estimate from the complementary filter to an encoder attached to the validation apparatus, the attitude estimate matches the truth measurement to mean of less than 0.3°and standard deviation of less than 1.3°. The match between GPS course over ground to estimated yaw is more error prone, but still shows good agreement with sub-3° means and a standard deviation of less than 12°. The GPS comparison to yaw has some large errors due to lags in the measurement, but even so shows very good performance.
Sharp-interface calculations of the vaporization rate of reacting aluminum droplets in shocked flows

Abstract The vaporization rate of reacting aluminum droplets in high-speed flows plays a crucial role in determining the energy released during the combustion of aluminized solid propellants and explosives. This work develops a model for the vaporization rate of burning aluminum droplets in shocked flows using data from high-resolution simulations. A levelset-based sharp-interface method is used to resolve the dynamics at the droplet-air interface. Several reactive calculations of shock-droplet interaction are performed in the parameter space of Mach number (1.1 - 3.5) and Reynolds number (100 – 1000) to understand the influence of local flow parameters on the flame structure around the reacting aluminum droplet. The results show a transition from diffusion limited to kinetically limited combustion of the aluminum droplets when the Mach number is increased and the droplet size or the Reynolds number is decreased. The transition from diffusion-limited combustion to kinetically limited combustion is found to significantly affect the flame dynamics and vaporization rate of the reacting droplets. Therefore, empirical models for the vaporization rate of droplets, developed for diffusion limited combustion regimes, do not represent the kinetically limited combustion in high Mach number conditions. A new model for the Sherwood number spanning diffusion and kinetically limited regimes of the reacting aluminum droplets is developed using an economical multi-fidelity surrogate modeling technique. The current model for the Sherwood number for reacting aluminum droplets will be useful in predicting the energy released from the combustion of aluminized energetic materials in shocked flows. Although the current method is developed in the context of aluminum droplet combustion, it can be extended to develop surrogate models of Sherwood number for general liquid fuel droplets in compressible flows.
Reforming, Not Replacing, CDP

Collection Due Process (CDP) rights provided in IRC sections 6320 and 6330 provide necessary, but not perfect, taxpayer rights during the tax collection process. The most important aspect of CDP is the opportunity for judicial review. Although CDP, and its right to judicial review, can slow down the collection process, it provides protections for taxpayers with legitimate claims. The most problematic aspect of CDP is the potential for taxpayers asserting frivolous claims to slow down the collection process and abuse the system by dragging out the collection process through the use of all appeals mechanisms including judicial review. The solution to this problem is not elimination of judicial review, but rather reformation of the process to eliminate abusive conduct.
Rapid modeling of borehole measurements of nuclear magnetic resonance via spatial sensitivity functions

ABSTRACTBorehole measurements of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are routinely used to estimate in situ rock and fluid properties. Conventional NMR interpretation methods often neglect bed-boundar...