cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the compensation irradiance in the ocean: The importance of accounting for non-photosynthetic uptake of inorganic carbon

Abstract The compensation irradiance, the irradiance at which net photosynthesis is zero over a 24-h period, was estimated at station ALOHA (22°45′N, 158°W) from analysis of 14C uptake rates measured from 8 January 1989 to 13 June 1990 at depths ranging from 5 to 175 m. The estimates were made on the basis of linear regressions of the difference between light bottle and dark bottle 14C uptake in the light-limited region of the euphotic zone and determination of the depth at which the difference between the uptake rates was zero. About half of the non-photosynthetic 14C uptake at the compensation irradiance could be attributed to chemolithoautotrophy; the remainder was presumably due to anaplerotic processes. Deriving the compensation irradiance by extrapolating dawn-to-dawn light-bottle uptake above the compensation irradiance to zero resulted in underestimation of the compensation irradiance by a factor of 2. We estimated the compensation irradiance at station ALOHA to be 0.054 mol-photons m−2 d−1, about 0.11% of surface 400–700 nm radiation and 1% of surface 475-nm (blue) light.
Bell's Palsy-associated blepharospasm relieved by aiding eyelid closure

The efficacy of the blink reflex is maintained by adaptive control mechanisms. We describe a 39-year-old woman with the rare complication of blepharospasm-like symptoms appearing contralateral to an eyelid weakened by facial nerve palsy. The hyperexcitable blink reflex may be a maladaptive consequence of adaptive systems but was not accompanied by an expected increase in main sequence slope. Eyelid spasms were eliminated by the implantation of a gold weight to assist closure of the paretic eyelid. We suggest that aiding closure of the weak eyelid in this case caused a reduction in blink system excitability via the same compensatory mechanisms that initially produced the eyelid spasm. Data also suggest that blink-adaptive systems act via changes in reflex excitability and/or main sequence relationships, and that these may be regulated either synergistically or independent of one another.
Recombination of electron-ion pairs in liquid argon and liquid xenon.

We have measured the electric field dependence of electron-ion recombination in liquid argon and xenon. The observed relationship is incompatible with Onsager's geminate theory [Phys. Rev. 54, 554 (1938)] of recombination so we have developed a new, single-parameter model to describe the data. The model is based on realistic assumptions about liquid argon and xenon and yields a simple, analytic result. This work is part of a program to build a high-resolution liquid-xenon detector.
Comparative Versus Noncomparative Advertising: The Moderating Impact of Prepurchase Attribute Verifiability

We employed an attributional framework to test the differences between comparative and noncomparative ads when different attribute types were featured. Our experimental findings suggest that noncomparative ads might be more believable than comparative ads for experience attribute claims; however, for search attribute claims, the 2 might elicit similar levels of believability. We also find some support for the attributional underpinnings of lower believability associated with comparative-experience claims.
Turbulence-driven Solar Wind Heating and Energization of Pickup Protons in the Outer Heliosphere

We improve and extend the "dominant turbulence" model of Isenberg et al., which describes the turbulent heating of the distant solar wind by the dissipation of wave energy generated by the isotropization of interstellar pickup protons. We first modify some of the detailed expressions in Isenberg et al. to fully incorporate the effects of wave dispersion in the pitch-angle scattering of the newly ionized pickup protons. The corrected pickup proton distributions have a more involved shape, but the energy given up to the waves is only slightly smaller than that found in Isenberg et al. We then treat the effects of second-order Fermi acceleration of the pickup protons, which occurs through the same resonant cyclotron interaction that controls the pitch-angle scattering. In principle, the pickup proton energization is an energy sink that was not included in Isenberg et al. and so could modify the model results. In addition, since this turbulent-evolution model makes specific predictions of the intensity of resonant waves as a function of heliocentric radius, our quantitative results for the pickup proton evolution are on a firmer footing than possible in previous models. We find that neither of these modifications produces significant changes in the solar wind heating predicted by Isenberg et al. Thus, the results of the dominant-turbulence model appear to be robust in that they are not sensitive to the incorporation of second-order effects.
Rapid, simple technique to extend depth of field in microneurosurgical images: technical note.

OBJECTIVE: To increase the extent of the depth of field and focal sharpness in highly magnified image series from cadaveric microneurosurgical anatomic study or live surgery photographs obtained with the operating microscope, providing a higher quality and more satisfactory photographic and imaging experience. METHODS: We used a computer workstation, CombineZM software (Alan Hadley, United Kingdom, www.hadleyweb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/), an injected cadaver head specimen, and an operating microscope equipped with a digital single-lens reflex camera. Fifteen images were obtained of the dissection area through an anterior petrosal approach. The focus point was fixed to different points in each image. The images were loaded into CombineZM software for processing. RESULTS: The stacking process of photographs with CombineZM freeware provides significant increase in extent of depth of field and wider area of image clarity, producing a sharp, high-quality image. CONCLUSION: An image processed from a stack of photographs from cadaveric microneurosurgical studies or from the operating microscope in live surgery can be rendered to show extended 3-dimensional depth of field and clarity. This method offers improvements for editing, displaying, and publishing neurosurgical anatomic images.
Urban air quality improvements : a comparison of aggregate health and welfare benefits to hedonic price differentials

Abstract A comparison of two approaches to estimating the economic benefits of improvements in air quality shows that both methods yield similar results. The first approach uses a bottom-up methodology. All of the health and aesthetic effects of small changes in air pollution are estimated individually and then aggregated to estimate the economic marginal benefits. The second, a top-down approach, uses the hedonic methodology to estimate the addition to benefits.
The antibacterial effects of impregnated silastic and its possible applications in surgery.

Abstract We have made an in vitro preliminary study of the feasibility of incorporating suitable antibacterial agents with medical grade silicone rubber (“Silastic”) with reference to the immediate and sustained effects in similated conditions of use. The results are encouraging and further work is planned. The possible applications of such impregnated Silastic in clinical conditions involving implants of various kinds is discussed.
In vitro percutaneous absorption of sodium arsenate in B6C3F1 mice

We report the investigation of the percutaneous absorption of sodium [73As]arsenate through skin of female B6C3F1 mice under various conditions of exposure. In vitro diffusion experiments were conducted for 24 hr using previously clipped full-thickness dorsal skin in a flow-through system with HEPES-buffered Hanks' balanced salt solution as the receptor fluid. Doses of 5, 50, 500 or 5000 ng were applied to the skin surface (area = 0.64 cm2) as the solid compound, in aqueous vehicle (100 and 250 μl) or in soil (23 mg/cm2). Dermal absorption was quantified by summing the amounts of arsenate-derived radioactivity in the receptor fluid and skin following washing of the skin surface to remove unpenetrated compound. Absorption of sodium arsenate increased linearly with the applied dose from all exposure vehicles, with a constant fraction of the dose being absorbed. Maximum absorption (62% of the applied dose) was obtained from the 100-μl aqueous vehicle and the skin contained a higher level of the compound than the receptor fluid. Soil provided the least (<0.3% of the applied dose) absorption of the chemical, with the major portion (68%) of the absorbed dose residing within the skin. Even short-term (1 hr) dermal exposure to arsenate in water resulted in the passage of the chemical into the skin, which, on further perfusion (23 hr), passed into the receptor fluid. Thus, the exposure vehicle plays an important role in the in vitro dermal absorption of sodium arsenate in B6C3F1 mice, with the aqueous vehicle providing greater absorption than the soil.
Wet deposition variability as observed by MAP3S

Abstract MAP3S data for 1977–1979 are utilized to examine temporal, spatial and directional variability of wet deposition of the dominant ions in precipitation for selected sites in the northeastern United States. Linear regression analysis applied to 3-y cumulative totals is found to be applicable and provide a reasonable wet deposition predictive capability. Trajectory analysis is also applied to the data set for two stations to determine the percentage of total wet deposition associated with various approach sectors. Spatial variability in wet deposition is examined by normalizing deposition totals. No steep gradients in the normalized wet deposition of pollutant-related ions were found throughout the area of study.
The ascidian sperm reaction: Evidence for Cl− and HCO−3 involvement in acid release☆☆☆

Abstract Ascidia callosa sperm are triggered to undergo initiation of the sperm reaction (mitochondrial swelling) by increasing the pH or lowering the Na+ concentration of the medium. The optimal [Na+] for acid release is 20 mM with excellent correlation between acid release and initiation of morphological changes. Increasing the [K+] to around 20 mM inhibits acid release when applied up to 1 min after triggering the sperm but with less inhibition at 2 and 4 min, suggesting that K+ inhibits initiation of acid release rather than acid release itself. Acid release and the sperm reaction can also be triggered by Cl−-free (NO−3 or glutamate substituted) seawater (SW). Cl− efflux accompanies H+ efflux with twice as many Cl− being released as H+. Both H+ and Cl− release in Cl−-free SW are dependent upon CO2 being present in HCO−3-free medium, suggesting that H+ efflux is in part Cl− and HCO−3-mediated. However, the chloride channel blocking agent SITS has no effect on H+ release and augments Cl− release. Acid release results in a substantial increase in internal pH as determined by partitioning of 9-amino acridine. We envision acid release from ascidian sperm as involving two systems, the Na+-dependent acidification system of unreacted sperm and the Cl−- and HCO−3-mediated H+ release at activation. The mechanism controlling acid release would then involve inactivation of the internal acidification process and activation of the chloride-bicarbonate-mediated alkalinization process.
Cation-based resistive memory

This paper describes cation-based resistive memory, which utilizes a high resistance silver- or copper-containing oxide or higher chalcogenide electrolyte sandwiched between oxidizable and inert electrodes. Device function is via ion transport and redox reactions which form or dissolve a conductive metallic bridge. The on-state resistance is controlled by the programming conditions, allowing multi-level/multi-bit storage via discrete resistance states. A doped Si electrode may be used with the on-state filament to create an integrated rectifying isolation element which potentially allows multi-layer compact passive structures to be fabricated. The paper features foundry-produced arrays as well as some of the latest research findings on devices that utilize Ag-Ge-S and Cu-SiO 2 ion conducting films.
Purchase constraint analysis: An alternative perspective for marketers

The task of the marketer is to facilitate the exchange with consumers. This exchange process can be inhibited if consumers face constraints to the purchase. The focus of the marketer should be not only product attributes but also any constraining factors in the purchase environment. This article provides a framework to identify and discuss these purchase constraints. The constraints facing the consumer could be: marketing, cultural, social, personal, or structural constraints. In addition to the traditional dichotomy of controllable and uncontrollable constraints, it is suggested there are constraints that may not be uncontrollable but may be semicontrollable. A purchase constraint matrix is constructed to outline the constraints and is followed by the implications to marketing managers and researcher.
Controlling the direction of site-selectivity and regioselectivity in RNA ligation by Zn2+-dependent deoxyribozymes that use 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate RNA substrates

Our previous efforts have used in vitro selection to identify numerous Zn2+-dependent deoxyribozymes that ligate two RNA substrates with reaction at a 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate. Each deoxyribozyme creates one of several different RNA linkages, including native 3′–5′ and non-native 2′–5′ phosphodiester bonds as well as many unnatural linkages. In this report, we describe experiments to reveal design aspects of the selection strategy that favor site-selective and regioselective synthesis of native 3′–5′ RNA linkages. The results also reveal that an explicit selection pressure for RNA substrate sequence generality must be developed if the deoxyribozymes are to have practical generality.
A comparison of solar EUV intensities and K- coronameter measurements

Characteristics of the emission observed above the solar limb in four EUV lines, Sixiiλ499, Mgxλ625, Neviiiλ770, and Oviλ1032 are discussed. The mean temperature of the corona derived from the ratios of the intensities of Sixiiλ499 and Mgxλ625 is 1.8 million K. There do not appear to be significant temperature differences in regions with low EUV intensities and those with high EUV intensities, suggesting that the EUV emission from the lithium-like ions depends primarily on the integral of ne2 along the line of sight.
Laser range scanning for image-guided neurosurgery: investigation of image-to-physical space registrations.

In this article a comprehensive set of registration methods is utilized to provide image-to-physical space registration for image-guided neurosurgery in a clinical study. Central to all methods is the use of textured point clouds as provided by laser range scanning technology. The objective is to perform a systematic comparison of registration methods that include both extracranial (skin marker point-based registration (PBR), and face-based surface registration) and intracranial methods (feature PBR, cortical vessel-contour registration, a combined geometry∕intensity surface registration method, and a constrained form of that method to improve robustness). The platform facilitates the selection of discrete soft-tissue landmarks that appear on the patient’s intraoperative cortical surface and the preoperative gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) image volume, i.e., true corresponding novel targets. In an 11 patient study, data were taken to allow statistical comparison among registration methods within the context of registration error. The results indicate that intraoperative face-based surface registration is statistically equivalent to traditional skin marker registration. The four intracranial registration methods were investigated and the results demonstrated a target registration error of 1.6±0.5 mm, 1.7±0.5 mm, 3.9±3.4 mm, and 2.0±0.9 mm, for feature PBR, cortical vessel-contour registration, unconstrained geometric∕intensity registration, and constrained geometric∕intensity registration, respectively. When analyzing the results on a per case basis, the constrained geometric∕intensity registration performed best, followed by feature PBR, and finally cortical vessel-contour registration. Interestingly, the best target registration errors are similar to targeting errors reported using bone-implanted markers within the context of rigid targets. The experience in this study as with others is that brain shift can compromise extracranial registration methods from the earliest stages. Based on the results reported here, organ-based approaches to registration would improve this, especially for shallow lesions.
Executive functions in autism and Asperger's disorder : Flexibility, fluency, and inhibition

The Color-Word Interference Test, Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Design Fluency Test from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (Delis, Kaplan, & Kramer, 2001) were administered to 12 high-functioning adults and adolescents with autistic disorder or Asperger's disorder. Each test included a switching condition in addition to baseline and/or other executive-function conditions. Participants performed significantly below average on a composite measure of executive functioning adjusted for baseline cognitive ability. Complex verbal tasks that required cognitive switching and initiation of efficient lexical retrieval strategies produced the most consistent deficits, whereas cognitive inhibition was intact. We discuss implications of these findings for understanding the neurocognitive substrates of autistic spectrum disorders.
Fluid biopsy for solid tumors: a patient’s companion for lifelong characterization of their disease

Cancer is currently diagnosed and treated based on the results of a tissue biopsy of the primary tumor or a metastasis using invasive techniques such as surgical resection or needle biopsy. New technology for retrieving cancer cells from the circulation, developed in the last 5 years, has made it possible to obtain a ‘fluid biopsy’ from the bloodstream without the need for an invasive procedure. This technological development makes it possible to diagnose and manage cancer from a blood test rather than from a traditional biopsy. It also allows the repeated sampling of cancer cells from a patient, making it possible, in a practical manner, to interrogate the disease repeatedly in order to understand the mechanisms by which cancer cells evolve within a given individual. The ability to obtain cancer cells repeatedly also has the potential to substantially advance drug development by enabling early ex vivo validation of both targets and early-stage compounds, as well as creating new efficiencies in the drug development process during clinical trials.
Transition metal-doped rare earth vanadates: a regenerable catalytic material for SOFC anodes

The physical and electrochemical properties of cerium vandates in which a portion of the cerium cations have been substituted with transition metals (Ce1−xTMxVO4−0.5x, TM = Ni, Co, Cu) were investigated and their suitability for use in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes was assessed. Similar to other transition metal doped perovskites, the metals were found to move out of and into the oxide lattice in response to exposure to reducing and oxidizing conditions at elevated temperatures. This process produces nanoparticle metal catalysts that decorate the surface of the conductive cerium vanadate. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) with Ce1−xTMxVO3–YSZ composite anodes exhibited high electrochemical activity. It was also demonstrated that doping with the alkaline earth ions, Ca2+ and Sr2+ enhances the electronic conductivity of the vanadate and Ce0.7Sr0.1Ni0.2VO3–YSZ composite SOFC anodes were found to have both high electrochemical activity and unusually high redox stability.
From conceptual change to transformative modeling: A case study of an elementary teacher in learning astronomy

This case study describes a teacher's development of and creativity in ma- nipulating physical models in an astronomy course for in-service science teachers of K-8. Specifically, she organized a data table from several charts of numbers, constructed a moon-ball model in addition to a 2-D model, and created a hula hoop model as a con- crete realization of her mental model. Examination of the transformation and construction processes revealed how she revised existing models and added new elements. These recon- struction experiences afforded her with a higher level of comprehension and self-awareness of her mental models. Three of the teacher's actions contributed to her increased under- standing and deployment of the models: she enhanced her autonomy by changing the given models and solving problems she was interested in; she communicated with her partners and shared her knowledge by materializing her models; and she constructed new models
Identification of families of overlapping polypeptides coded by early "transforming" gene region 1 of human adenovirus type 2.

Abstract Antisera against four lines of adenovirus 2-transformed rat cells, including F17 cells which contain only early gene region 1 (map position 1.5–11) (the transforming region), immunoprecipitate major polypeptides of 53,000 (53K) and 15,000 (15K) daltons ( Gilead, Y.-H. Jeng, W. S. M. Wold, K. Sugawara, H. M. Rho, M. L. Harter, and M. Green, 1976 , Nature (London) 264,263–266; W. S. M. Wold and M. Green, 1976, J. Virol. 30,297–310). We show here that the 53Ks precipitated by three of these antisera as well as Adl-SV40 induced hamster tumor sera all have identical two-dimensional tryptic [35S]Met-peptide maps. Similarly, all 15Ks precipitated by these antisera have identical maps. Tryptic and chymotryptic maps demonstrate that most if not all of the [35S]Met-peptides of 15K are shared by 53K. Recent tryptic peptide maps (D. Halbert, D. Spector, H. J. Raskas, W. S. M. Wold, and M. Green, unpublished data) prove that the 53K corresponds to a 53K translated in vitro from a 22S RNA derived from map positions 4.5–11 (D. Halbert, D. Spector, and H. J. Raskas, J. Virol., in press). Thus, both the 53K and 15K are coded within map position 4.5–11. Four [35S]Met-labeled polypeptides of 40K–50K, specific to Ad2 early infected human cells, were isolated in O'Farrell-type 2D gels. These polypeptides are coded within map position 1.5-4.5 (D. Halbert, D. Spector, and H. J. Raskas, J. Virol., in press; D. Halbert, D. Spector, H. J. Raskas, W. S. M. Wold, and M. Green, unpublished data). As expected, our tryptic and chymotryptic peptide maps of these four polypeptides indicate no relationship to 53K or 15K. Two of the 40K–50K polypeptides are highly related, the other two are highly related, and all four are partially related. In addition to 53K and 15K, the F17 antiserum precipitated a 28K polypeptide and minor bands of 14K–16K, 18K–20K, and 11K–12K. Tryptic and chymotryptic maps of these polypeptides show that (1)14K–16K and 18K–20K polypeptides are members of the 53K/15K family, (2) 11K–12K polypeptides are related to each other but are unrelated to any other polypeptides, and (3) 28K is unrelated to any other polypeptides. We conclude that early region 1 codes for two (53K/15K family, 40K–50K family) or possibly more (e.g., 11K–12K family) families of polypeptides; the polypeptides included in each family overlap in amino acid sequence and therefore may be translated from overlapping spliced mRNAs. The possible contribution of these polypeptides to the phenotype of Ad2-transformed cells is discussed.
Rates of clustering in Strassen's LIL for partial sum processes

We provide a detailed description of the rate of clustering in Strassen's functional law of the iterated logarithm for partial sum processes. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for certain clustering rates in terms of moment-type conditions. In the process, we also derive a new strong approximation of sums of iid random variables by a Wiener process.
Effect of field peas, chickpeas, and lentils on rumen fermentation, digestion, microbial protein synthesis, and feedlot performance in receiving diets for beef cattle

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of pulse grains in receiving diets for cattle. In Exp. 1, 8 Holstein (615 +/- 97 kg of initial BW) and 8 Angus-crossbred steers (403 +/- 73 kg of initial BW) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were blocked by breed and used in a randomized complete block design to assess the effects of pulse grain inclusion in receiving diets on intake, ruminal fermentation, and site of digestion. Experiment 2 was a 39-d feedlot receiving trial in which 176 mixed-breed steers (254 +/- 19 kg of initial BW) were used in a randomized complete block design to determine the effects of pulse grains on DMI, ADG, and G:F in newly received feedlot cattle. In both studies, pulse grains (field peas, lentils, or chickpea) replaced corn and canola meal as the grain component in diets fed as a total mixed ration. Treatments included 1) corn and canola meal (control); 2) field pea; 3) lentil; and 4) chickpea. Preplanned orthogonal contrasts were conducted between control vs. chickpea, control vs. field pea, and control vs. lentil. In Exp. 1, there were no differences among treatments for DMI (11.63 kg/d, 2.32% of BW daily, P = 0.63) or OM intake (P = 0.63). No treatment effects for apparent ruminal (P = 0.10) and total tract OM digestibilities (P = 0.40) were detected when pulse grains replaced corn and canola meal. Crude protein intake (P = 0.78), microbial CP flow (P = 0.46), total tract CP digestibility (P = 0.45), and microbial efficiency (P = 0.18) were also not influenced by treatment. Total-tract ADF (P = 0.004) and NDF (P = 0.04) digestibilities were greater with field pea vs. control. Total VFA concentrations were lower for field pea (P = 0.009) and lentil (P < 0.001) compared with control. Chickpea, field pea, and lentil had lower (P < or = 0.03) acetate molar proportion than control. Ruminal pH (P = 0.18) and NH3 (P = 0.14) were not different among treatments. In Exp. 2, calves fed chickpea, field pea, and lentil had greater overall DMI (7.59 vs. 6.98 kg/d; P < or = 0.07) and final BW (332 vs. 323 kg; P < or = 0.04), whereas chickpea and lentil had greater ADG (1.90 vs. 1.71 kg/d; P < or = 0.04) than control. Gain efficiency (P = 0.18) did not differ among treatments. Steers fed pulse grains had similar CP and OM digestibilities compared with a combination of corn and canola meal in receiving diets. Pulse grains are a viable alternative for replacement of protein supplements in receiving diets for beef cattle.
Performance Outcomes of Purchasing Arrangements in Industrial Buyer-Vendor Relationships

Purchasing arrangements for repetitively used industrial supplies assume many different forms. Drawing on transaction cost analysis, the authors advance a conceptual framework that organizes these ...
Neocarzinostatin: Spectral characterization and separation of a non-protein chromophore

Abstract Chromatographically purified neocarzinostatin exhibits absorption, fluorescence, magnetic circular dichroic and circular dichroic spectral characteristics above and below 300 nm atypical for a protein with its reported aminoacid composition, indicating the presence of a non-protein chromophore. The drug complex, stable at acidic pH, can be dissociated by treatment with reducing or denaturing agents at neutral or basic pH. Chromatography of the dissociated complex, or more conveniently, methanol extraction of the lyophilized drug, separates a protein with an amino-acid composition identical to neocarzinostatin and a highly fluorescent chromophore free of amino-acids.
Effects of acid accelerators on hydrogen generation from solid sodium borohydride using small scale devices

Abstract This work describes hydrogen generation using a heterogeneous chemical system for small scale portable applications. Hydrogen generation using acidified water and solid sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is presented. The effects of two modes of contacts – (1) a flow through type and (2) a diffusion type – contact in a 5 mm3 device are discussed. The effects of contacting several mineral and benign acids with NaBH4 are compared by monitoring hydrogen yield. Among the mineral acids examined, HCl generates a maximum hydrogen yield of 97% of the theoretical yield at 3N concentration. The benign acids are required in higher concentration compared to mineral acids. Formic acid produces 87% of the hydrogen yield at 12N. The products of the reaction have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. A combination of acid strength, porosity of the interface, and solubility of the byproducts contributes to the different hydrogen yields in the presence of various acids.
IDENTIFICATION OF RESIDUES 99, 220, AND 221 OF HUMAN CYTOCHROME P450 2C19 AS KEY DETERMINANTS OF OMEPRAZOLE HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY

Human P450 2C19 is selective for 4′-hydroxylation of S-mephenytoin and 5-hydroxylation of omeprazole, while the structurally homologous P450 2C9 has low activity toward these substrates. To identify the critical amino acids that determine the specificity of human P450 2C19, we constructed chimeras of P450 2C9 replacing various proposed substrate binding sites (SRS) with those of P450 2C19 and then replaced individual residues of P450 2C9 by site-directed mutagenesis. The 339 NH2-terminal amino acid residues (SRS-1-SRS-4) and amino acids 160-383 (SRS-2-SRS-5) of P450 2C19 conferred omeprazole 5-hydroxylase activity to P450 2C9. In contrast, the COOH terminus of P450 2C19 (residues 340-490 including SRS-5 and SRS-6), residues 228-339 (SRS-3 and SRS-4) and residues 292-383 (part of SRS-4 and SRS-5) conferred only modest increases in activity. A single mutation Ile99→ His increased omeprazole 5-hydroxylase to ~51% of that of P450 2C19. A chimera spanning residues 160-227 of P450 2C19 also exhibited omeprazole 5-hydroxylase activity which was dramatically enhanced by the mutation Ile99→ His. A combination of two mutations, Ile99→ His and Ser200 → Pro, converted P450 2C9 to an enzyme with a turnover number for omeprazole 5-hydroxylation, which resembled that of P450 2C19. Mutation of Pro221 → Thr enhanced this activity. Residue 99 is within SRS-1, but amino acids 220 and 221 are in the F-G loop and outside any known SRS. Mutation of these three amino acids did not confer significant S-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylase activity to P450 2C9, although chimeras containing SRS-1-SRS-4 and SRS-2-SRS-5 of P450 2C19 exhibited activity toward this substrate. Our results thus indicate that amino acids 99, 220, and 221 are key residues that determine the specificity of P450 2C19 for omeprazole.
Biostratigraphy of the Caballos Novaculite-Tesnus Formation boundary, Marathon Basin, Texas

Abstract The Caballos Novaculite is a radiolarian/sponge spicule chert and siliceous mudstone which represents the final episode of a 200 Ma span of dominantly biogenous hemipelagic sedimentation in Marathon Basin. It is overlain by the Tesnus Formation, an upward-coarsening flysch sequence produced during the Ouachita Orogeny by the collision of Laurasia and Gondwana. Detailed radiolarian biostratigraphy of the boundary between these two units has provided greater age control as to the onset of flysch deposition and provides a greater understanding of the sedimentary patterns produced in Ouachita basinal facies when switching modes of sedimentation from a passive to an active regime. Radiolarians and conodonts recovered from this interval show a hiatus equivalent to much of the Early Mississippian occurring in the vicinity of the boundary between the Caballos and Tesnus formations. In three sections, Late Mississippian (Meramecian) radiolarians overlie earliest Mississippian (early Kinderhookian) radiolarians in an apparently conformable sequence of siliceous shale. In a fourth section, Meramecian radiolarians overlie Late Devonian (Famennian) radiolarians and conodonts, separated by a conglomerate layer. These data indicate that a hiatus equivalent to the late Kinderhookian to Osagean time period is present and that local erosion into the Famennian part of the section occurred. Lithostratigraphically, this hiatus is coincident with the Caballos Novaculite-Tesnus Formation boundary in the central part of the basin, while at the western margin, it occurs 8 m above the base of the Tesnus Formation, immediately above a clastic zone containing olistoliths. Results from this investigation show that localized deposition of olistoliths occurred in the western basin margin during the Famennian (Late Devonian), followed by an interval of non-deposition in the Early Mississippian. Finally, basin-wide flysch deposition in the Meramecian.
Accommodation of Particular Foods or Beverages into Spontaneously Ingested Evening Meals

Abstract Previous research has indicated that individual foods or beverages are ingested independently and do not produce adjustments to the intake of other constituents in the diet (de Castro, 1993; Wilson, 1991). In other to eliminate time of day as a potential contaminant, the present study investigated the accommodation of foods and beverages into the amount ingested at large evening meals only. Adults ( n = 601) were paid to maintain detailed diaries of the timings, quantities and preparation techniques of everything they ingested for seven consecutive days. With the exceptions of soup, beef and chicken, 12 out of 15 types of drinks or foods were found to add to the total calories ingested in evening meals without displacing calories ingested in other forms, while ingestion of non-caloric diet sodas was not associated with differences in intake. The fat and protein, but not carbohydrate, contents of the items correlated with a measure of the satiating properties of the particular food or beverage, namely the correlation between the amount ingested of the particular type and the amounts of other nutrients ingested in the meal. The results confirm that intake at a meal is quite elastic and can be significantly influenced by the presence or absence of particular components of the meal and their constituents.
Dynamizing static algorithms, with applications to dynamic trees and history independence

We describe a machine model for automatically dynamizing static algorithms and apply it to history-independent data structures. Static programs expressed in this model are dynamized automatically by keeping track of dependences between code and data in the form of a dynamic dependence graph. To study the performance of such automatically dynamized algorithms we present an analysis technique based on trace stability. As an example of the use of the model, we dynamize the Parallel Tree Contraction Algorithm of Miller and Reif to obtain a history-independent data structure for the dynamic trees problem of Sleator and Tarjan.
Optical gain in metamaterials and plasmonic systems: From loss compensation to stimulated emission

Localized surface plasmons (resonant oscillations of free electrons in metallic nanoparticles) and surface plasmon polaritons (surface electromagnetic wave propagating along interface between metals and dielectrics) play an increasing role in a vast variety of applications, including, but not limited to sensing [1], information technology [2], and biomedical testing [3] and treatment [4]. They often determine unparalleled optical properties of metamaterials - engineered composite materials with rationally designed geometry, composition and arrangement of subwavelength building blocks - whose applications range from sub-diffraction imaging [5] and nano-scale lithography [6] to quantum optics [7] and heat management [8].
Bolus Intravenous Injection of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Causes Hypotension by Acting as α1-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists

Bolus intravenous injections of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-ODN) into primates cause profound hypotension, which has been attributed to complement activation, the biochemical pathway leading to acute inflammatory response. Because the hypotension was not accompanied by peripheral or pulmonary edema and epinephrine was not effective, but administration of 200 ml Ringer's lactate was effective, we examined the possibility that the 15-base PS-ODN interferes with sympathetic tone. We administered doses ranging from 3.3 to 10 mg/kg of a 15-base PS-ODN as a 30-60 s iv bolus into the right atrium of conscious Macaca mulatta. Blood pressure fell to 27 mm Hg following a 5.0 mg/kg dose, but no hypotension was observed after a 3.3 mg/kg dose; 10 mg/kg was lethal. Adrenergic receptor binding was evaluated in radioligand binding assays using rat cerebral cortex membranes with radiolabeled prazosin. The 15-base PS-ODN competes with prazosin for the alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor with an IC50 of 14 microM, which favors binding over serum albumin (K(d) = 37 to 48 microM). Admixing serum albumin with 5.0 mg/kg 15-base PS-ODN prior to injection prevented hypotension, suggesting that unbound PS-ODN interferes with sympathetic tone before binding to plasma proteins. Interactions of the 15-base PS-ODN with the alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor in vivo were confirmed by a decreased response to phenylephrine. Reducing the length from 15 to 9 or 5 bases abolished alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor binding in vitro and bolus infusion of 5.0 mg/kg of 9-base PS-ODN no longer produced hypotension. In conclusion, the 15-base PS-ODN shows cooperative binding to the alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor, which produces cardiovascular effects that are oligomer length, dose, and formulation dependent.
Initial investigation of the Landers, California, Earthquake of 28 June 1992 using TERRAscope

The 1992 Landers earthquake (M_s =7.5, M_w =7.3) was recorded at six TERRAscope stations in southern California. Peak accelerations ranged from 0.16 g at SVD (Δ=63 km) to 0.0092 g at ISA (Δ=245 km), decreasing with distance away from the fault zone. The peak velocity showed a different pattern reflecting the rupture directivity from south to north. The largest peak velocity, 19 cm/sec, was observed at GSC (Δ=125 km). Moment tensor inversion of long‐period surface waves yielded a mechanism with M_0=1.1×10^(27) dyne‐cm (M_w =7.3), dip=74°, rake=−176°, and strike=340°. Inversion of teleseismic P and S waves revealed two distinct sub‐events of 6 and 8 sec duration and about 10 sec apart. The source parameters for the first and second events are: M_0=1.9×10^(26) dyne‐cm, dip=83°, rake=179°, strike=359°; and M_0=6.1×10^(26) dyne‐cm, dip=87°, rake=178°, strike=333°, respectively. The radiated wave energy, E_S, was estimated as 4.3×10^(23) ergs. The ratio E_s/M_0=3.9×10^(−4) corresponds to a stress drop of 280 bars, and suggests that the Landers earthquake belongs to the group of high stress drop earthquakes, and occurred on a fault with a long recurrence time. The rupture directivity can be seen clearly in the records from PFO (Δ=68 km) located to the south and GSC located to the north of the epicenter. The maximum displacement at PFO is only 13% of that at GSC despite the shorter epicentral distance to PFO than to GSC. The slip distribution determined with the empirical Green's function method indicates that the Landers earthquake consists of two distinct sub‐events about 30 km apart, with the second sub‐event to the north being about twice as large as the first one. This slip distribution is consistent with the teleseismic data and the surface offsets mapped in the field.
Seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum in the mesopause region at Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico

[1] Lidar observations of wind and temperature profiles between 85 and 100 km, conducted at the Starfire Optical Range (SOR), New Mexico, are used to characterize the seasonal variations of the vertical fluxes of heat and horizontal momentum and their relationships to gravity wave activity in this region. The wind and temperature variances exhibit strong 6-month oscillations with maxima during the summer and winter that are about 3 times larger than the spring and fall minima. The vertical heat flux also exhibits strong 6-month oscillations with maximum downward flux during winter and summer. The downward heat flux peaks near 88 km where it exceeds −3 K m s−1 in mid-winter and is nearly zero during the spring and fall equinoxes. The heat flux is significantly different from zero only when the local instability probability exceeds 8%, i.e., the annual mean for the mesopause region. The momentum fluxes also exhibit strong seasonal variations, which are related to the horizontal winds. Two-thirds of the time the horizontal momentum flux is directed against the mean wind field.
Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of the Aviation Turbine Fuel Jet A

As part of a large-scale thermophysical property measurement project, the global decomposition kinetics of the aviation turbine fuel Jet A was investigated. Decomposition reactions were performed at 375, 400, 425, and 450 °C in stainless steel ampule reactors. At each temperature, the extent of decomposition was determined as a function of time by gas chromatography. These data were used to derive global pseudo-first-order rate constants that approximate the overall decomposition rate of the mixture. Decomposition rate constants ranged from 5.9 × 10−6 s−1 at 375 °C to 4.4 × 10−4 s−1 at 450 °C. These rate constants are useful for planning property measurements at high temperatures. On the basis of the amount of time required for 1% of the sample to decompose (t0.01), we found that allowable instrument residence times ranged from about 0.5 h at 375 °C to less than 1 min at 450 °C. The kinetic data were also used to derive Arrhenius parameters of A = 4.1 × 1012 s−1 and Ea = 220 kJ·mol−1. In addition to the d...
Proposed research diagnostic criteria for neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Many sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed for neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) but there is a lack of uniformity. No universally agreed criteria exist currently for research purposes, thus making comparisons across studies very difficult. Most of them have flaws and detect too many false-positives based on an over-inclusive definition. The estimates of incidence rates of NMS vary because of differences in the sensitivity threshold of the diagnostic criteria used. A new set of diagnostic criteria is proposed for research purposes. It is hoped that with this set of stringent research diagnostic criteria, future epidemiological, aetiological and treatment research studies on NMS will be more meaningful and comparable across studies. For routine clinical purposes, the clinicians should continue to use their clinical acumen, sound clinical judgement and discretion. To avoid premature aetiological closure and broaden treatment options, we also propose renaming this syndrome descriptively as drug-induced hyperthermic catatonia (DIHC).
The largest set partitioned by a subfamily of a cover

Abstract Define λ(n) to be the largest integer such that for each set A of size n and cover J of A, there exist B ⊆ A and G ⊆ J such that |B| = λ(n) and the restriction of G to B is a partition of B. It is shown that when n ⩾ 3 n (1+1 n n) ⩽κ(n)⩽ 2(n − 1) (1 + 1 g (n − 1) − 1 g 1 g (n − 1)) . The lower bound is proved by a probabilistic method. A related probabilistic algorithm for finding large sets partitioned by a subfamily of a cover is presented.
A Novel Photographic Printing Process for the Preparation of Pt Nano-Particles for Fuel Cell Applications

A novel photographic printing process has been applied to the preparation of catalysts for application to fuel cells. This method is suitable for high volume manufacturing and is also compatible with integrated circuit fabrication for potential use in micro fuel cells. Pt nano-particles have been deposited by photo-printing onto Toray carbon paper and Nafion membranes. TEM images of the deposits revealed that Pt particles of less than 5 nm were deposited and they formed spherical clusters of up to 300 nm. These spherical clusters were more uniformly distributed on the surface of the Nafion membrane rather than on the carbon paper, as shown in SEM images. Electrochemical characterization by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) showed that the mass specific methanol oxidation current density could be as high as 197 mA/mg.
Flow microfluorometry analysis of DNA content in Chinese hamster cells following infection with simian virus 40.

Infection of secondary Chinese hamster cells with SV40 virus induces a population of cells into consecutive S periods. These changes in DNA content were examined at various times post infection by means of flow microfluorometry (FMF) which enabled a kinetic analysis to be made. At 12 h post infection, a population of 6C cells was observed which was induced from late S or G2 cells. By 24 h post infection, cells at 8C, 10C, 12C, 16C, and intermediate DNA contents were detected. The induction of this population of cells occurred within the first 24 h post infection. At later time intervals, there was a decrease in total number of cells with DNA contents of 8C or 16C.
Defensiveness of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is increased during colony rafting.

Colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, can survive flood conditions by forming a raft of ants that floats on the water’s surface until the flood recedes or higher ground is found. Having been forced from the protection of their subterranean nests, rafting colonies are totally exposed and are without retreat. I tested the hypothesis that rafting S. invicta colonies would compensate for their elevated vulnerability by increasing their defensiveness. I measured defensiveness using the amount of venom workers delivered per sting (venom dose), since the repellent effects (i.e., pain and tissue damage) of fire-ant venom are dose-dependent. In the laboratory I assayed colony defensiveness before and after flooding colonies from their nests with water. Colonies were consistently and significantly more defensive while rafting (i.e., each colony’s workers delivered higher venom doses when their colony was rafting than they did when it was assayed pre-flood). The larger venom doses of rafting colonies may reduce their chances of being damaged by encounters with other animals by reducing the duration of such encounters through increased repellency. Encounters with S. invicta during flood conditions have the potential to be unusually dangerous; large concentrations of workers are exposed and available for defense, and they deliver significantly larger venom doses when they sting.
Absence of somatic pairing of sex chromatin masses (inactivated X chromosomes) in cultured cells from a human XXXXY male

Abstract Peripherally placed sex chromatin masses in cultured skin fibroblasts from XXXXY males are located at random with respect to each other, showing no tendency for somatic pairing or association.
Consumers as Integrators of Marketing Communications: When Like is as Good as Buy

This case study explores how Falken Tire Corporation FTC leveraged motorsports to build brand credibility, and how consumer-based brand equity developed in virtual fan communities via social media marketing. This brand credibility and equity ultimately helped the company to establish powerful marketing relationships, and connect with distinctly different consumer groups. Findings suggest that consumers may be adept integrators of marketing communication channels and across media. Companies with strong virtual communities may benefit from the case study suggestions that are provided and discussed based on the theoretical perspective of customer-based brand equity. Marketing scholars and practitioners alike may find this case study of interest due to the growing desire by companies to develop strong bonds with consumers and their interest in effectively using social media as a marketing tool.