cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scale-up procedure for continuous grinding mill design using population balance models

Abstract This paper presents the development of a mill scale-up procedure based on population balance models of grinding circuits. Models containing various degrees of details in their representation of the kinetics of breakage, material transport through the mill, and performance of the classifier are examined; and the extent to which each may be useful for design is discussed. Special attention is given to the type of experimental information required at the bench, pilot-plant and plant scales to enable these models to be applied successfully to the design of continuous grinding mills. The grinding subprocesses: breakage, transport, and classification are taken into account in developing the present scale-up/design procedure. Utilization of the concept of specific energy consumption in kinetic models is demonstrated. The mechanics of design of a commercial-scale mill within the population balance model framework presented in this paper are illustrated using batch data obtained for the dry ball milling of limestone.
Motion detection and correction in functional MR imaging

Subject motion present during the time course of functional activation studies is a pervasive problem in mapping the spatial and temporal characteristics of brain activity. In functional MRI (fMRI) studies, the observed signal changes are small. Therefore, it is crucial to reduce the effect of subject motion during the acquisition of image data in order to differentiate true brain activation from artifactual signal changes due to subject motion. We have adapted a technique for automatic motion detection and correction which is based on the ratio-variance minimization algorithm to the fMRI subject motion problem. This method was used for retrospective correction of subject motion in the acquired data and resulted in improved functional maps. In this paper we have designed and applied a series of tests to evaluate the performance of this technique which span the classes of image characteristics common to fMRI. These areas include tests of the accuracy and range of motion as well as measurement of the effect of image signal to noise ratio, focal activation, image resolution, and image coverage on the motion detection system. Also, we have evaluated the amount of residual motion remaining after motion correction, and the ability of this technique to reduce the motion-induced artifacts and restore regions of activation lost due to subject motion. In summary, this method performed well in the range of image characteristics common for fMRI experiments, reducing motion to under 0.5 mm, and removed significant motion-induced artifacts while restoring true regions of activation. Motion correction is expected to become a routine requirement in the analysis of fMRI experiments. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tuning of PbSe Lasers by Hydrostatic Pressure from 8 to 22 μ

This paper reports the tuning by hydrostatic pressure of the wavelength of emission of a PbSe laser from 7.5 to 22.3 \ensuremath{\mu} in the infrared. Also discussed are the possibilities for further extension of the emission wavelength, the physical studies thereby rendered possible, the possibility of tunable devices, and the extension of similar ideas and techniques to other semiconductors of the PbSe family.
The role of book familiarity and book type on mothers’ reading strategies and toddlers’ responsiveness:

The purpose of the current study was to examine how maternal reading strategies and book type would impact on toddlers’ responsiveness as they became familiar with three books. Eleven mothers and t...
Discriminant analysis of the self-administered alcoholism screening test

For a sample of 1156 patients (520 alcoholics and 636 nonalcoholics), discriminant function analyses were performed on the total score, a nine-item version, and a two-item version of the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST). With sensitivities set at 90 and 95%, specificities for the total score and nine-item versions ranged from 96.4 to 99.4%. Cross-validation of the nine-item version with the “jackknife” procedure resulted in only one additional misclassi-fication of the 1156 subjects. Separate analyses of the male and female samples revealed that more items entered the discriminant function for women than for men and resulted in a higher, although clinically nonsignificant, percentage of correct classification for women. The results strongly support the use of either the total score or the nine-item version of the SAAST in large-scale screening for alcoholism in a medical patient population.
SU‐GG‐T‐255: Experimental Verification of Lung Tumor Dose with Radiochromic Film

Purpose: To assess the absorbed doses in and around lungtumor by performing radiochromic film measurements. Method and Materials: A phantom was made to have a water equivalent central core, a low‐density middle layer and a water equivalent outer layer to simulate tumor in the lung,lung and chest wall, respectively. GafChromic™ EBT films were placed in the anterior and posterior surfaces and middle plane of the tumor. Three plans with a single anterior beam, opposed anterior‐posterior beams and five‐field‐IMRT were delivered separately. A calibration curve was generated to convert the optical density to absorbed dose. The measured doses in the three planes were compared with the calculated doses from Eclipse™ system which uses a Pencil Beam convolution‐superposition Algorithm with modified Batho inhomogeneity correction. The single‐beam, opposed beams were delivered for both low (6 MV) and high (15MV) energy photon. The IMRT plan was delivered with 6 MV. Results: For both single‐ and opposed‐beam plans, the measured dose was very close to the calculated dose in the middle plane (<2 %). In the anterior and posterior surfaces of the tumor, the measured dose was substantially lower than the calculated one. For the single‐beam plan, the difference was 10.0% (6MV) and 13.6% (15MV) for the anterior surface and was 9.8% (6MV) and 6.8% (15MV) for the posterior surface. For opposed beams, the difference was about 8% (6MV) and 11% (15MV) for both surfaces. Similar dose differences were observed for the IMRT plan (∼ 10 %). Conclusion: EBT film measurements demonstrated that the dose calculation algorithm used by a typical treatment planning system is precise (<2%) for the deep locations inside the tumor, but may overestimate the surface dose about 10%.
A Novel Approach to Transients in Transmission Lines

Transient traveling waves in transmission lines can be analyzed by means of bounce diagrams. However, the procedures in deriving the transient responses are often mechanical and provide little physical insight to the solutions of wave equations. In this paper, the incident and reflected waves are described in terms of voltages and currents observed by moving observers. Using the results derived, we present a more logical procedure for the graphical analysis of transient waves using bounce diagrams. The method is general and can be extended to nonuniform transmission lines driven by arbitrary time-varying sources. The relation between voltage and current responses can be represented by means of trajectories in the V-I plane. These trajectories can be logically derived from the transient responses given in the x-t domain.
NMR spectroscopic filtration of polypeptides and proteins in complex mixtures.

Due to the inherent complexity of the natural biological environment, most studies on polypeptides, proteins and nucleic acids have so far been performed in vitro, away from physiologically relevant conditions. Nuclear magnetic resonance is an ideal technique to extend the in vitro analysis of simple model systems to the more complex biological context. This work shows how diffusion-based spectroscopic selection can be combined with isotopic labeling to tackle and optimize the NMR analysis of specific macromolecules in multicomponent mixtures. Typical media include cell-free systems containing overexpressed proteins, lysates and proteolytic mixtures. We present a few variants of diffusion-edited HSQC pulse sequences for the selective spectroscopic detection of protein and polypeptide resonances within complex mixtures containing undesired species of smaller molecular weight. Due to diffusion-based filtering, peak intensities of fast diffusing small molecules are attenuated more than peaks due to large molecules. The basic sequence, denoted as PFGSTE-HSQC, combines translational diffusion-ordering with two dimensional heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy. The GCSTE-HSQC and BPPSTE-HSQC sequences include bipolar gradients and are therefore suitable for both diffusion-based filtering and determination of diffusion coefficients of individual mixture components. Practical applications range from protein stability/folding investigations in physiologically relevant contexts to prescreening of tertiary fold and resonance assignments in structural genomics studies. A few applications of diffusion-edited HSQC to an E. coli cell lysate containing the 15N-labeled B domain of streptococcal protein G (GB1), and to a 15N-labeled N-acetylglycine/apomyoglobin mixture are presented. In addition, we provide specific guidelines for experimental setup and parameter optimization. Abbreviations: PFGSTE — pulse field gradient stimulated echo; GCSTE — gradient-compensated stimulated echo; BPPSTE — bipolar pulse pair stimulated echo; HSQC — heteronuclear single quantum coherence; GB1 — B domain of streptococcal protein G (T2E mutant).
Structural and functional changes of tropical riffle macroinvertebrate communities associated with stream flow withdrawal

Tropical island streams worldwide are threatened by existing or proposed dams and diversions that remove freshwater for human use; yet, there have been few studies that address the effects on aquatic communities. The objective of this study was to quantify changes in tropical macroinvertebrate communities associated with stream flow withdrawal. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from riffle habitats located above and below a stream diversion on Maui, Hawaii, from June to August 2000. Native and introduced taxa were identified from both locations. The most dominant taxon was midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) followed by two introduced caddisflies, Cheumatopsyche analis (Banks) (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) and Hydroptila potosina (Buenoa-Soria) (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). A native shrimp, Atyoida bisulcata, and beach fly, Procanace sp. (Diptera: Canacidae), were either eliminated from or significantly reduced below the diversion. Mean total macroinvertebrate densities were greater above (13 357 individuals/m2) the diversion compared to below (10 360 individuals/m2). Mean total macroinvertebrate biomass was significantly reduced by 60 per cent below the diversion, but specific taxa did not show this effect. These results suggest that diverted stream flow limited macroinvertebrate colonization and growth, expressed as reduced community density and biomass, which may alter the structure and function of other trophic levels within tropical stream food webs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of thrice weekly LAAM and daily methadone in employed heroin addicts

Abstract Forty-eight employed heroin addicts were maintained on daily doses of methadone for four months and then randomly assigned to continue methadone maintenance or be switched to thrice weekly levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM). LAAM patients had significantly less illicit drug use and longer treatment retention times than those remaining on methadone. They also preferred LAAM to methadone on nine of 15 criteria such as the dosage schedule, feeling ‘normal’, and reduction of craving for heroin. LAAM may be particularly useful with employed patients owing to the reduced frequency of clinic visits.
A mutation that blocks exopolysaccharide synthesis prevents nodulation of peas by Rhizobium leguminosarum but not of beans by R. phaseoli and is corrected by cloned DNA from Rhizobium or the phytopathogen Xanthomonas

A Tn5-induced mutant strain of R. phaseoli which failed to synthesize exopolysaccharide (EPS) was isolated and was shown to induce normal nitrogen-fixing nodules on Phaseolus beans, the host of this Rhizobium species. The corresponding wild-type Rhizobium DNA was cloned in a wide host-range vector and by isolating Tn5 insertions in this cloned DNA, mutations in a gene termed pss (polysaccharide synthesis) were isolated. These were introduced by marker exchange into near-isogenic strains of R. leguminosarum and R. phaseoli which differed only in the identity of their symbiotic plasmids. Whereas the EPS-deficient mutant strain of R. phaseoli induced normal nitrogen-fixing nodules on Phaseolus beans, the same mutation prevented nodulation of peas by a strain of R. leguminosarum which normally nodulates this host. Further, it was found that DNA cloned from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathover campestris could correct the defect in EPS synthesis in R. leguminosarum and R. phaseoli and also restored the ability to nodulate peas to the pss::Tn5 mutant strain of R. leguminosarum.
Dynamic Pace Controller for the Robotic Gait Trainer

With over 600, 000 people each year surviving a stroke, it has become the leading cause of serious long-term disability in the United States [1,2,3]. Studies have proven that through repetitive task training, neural networks can be re-mapped thus increasing the mobility of the patient [4–8]. This paper is a continuation of Kartik Bharadwaj’s and Arizona State University’s research on the Robotic Gait Trainer [9]. This work is funded in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), grant number - 1 R43 HD04067 01. Previously the gait cycle was fixed at two seconds. For a smooth gait the patient had to be trained to follow the frequency of the robot. Audible cues were sounded to help the patient keep rhythm with the robot. This device now has an updated control methodology based on a Matlab and Simulink platform that allows the robot to dynamically adjust to the patient’s pace of gait. Data collected from an able-bodied person walking with the new device showed that the device dynamically adjusted to any normal range of walking gait. This more flexible design will allow the patient to focus more on the therapy and walk at his/her natural pace.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Decrease in and Management of Urolithiasis After Kidney Transplantation

Purpose: Urolithiasis after kidney transplantation can involve several contributing factors and the treatment strategy is open to question. We determined the incidence and management of urolithiasis in kidney recipients.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed a single center series of 3,000 kidney graft recipients during 32 years to identify those with urolithiasis. We analyzed data by the prevalence per decade, including perioperative procedures (preoperative assessment, anastomosis type and urinary drainage) and long-term followup (urinary stenosis, time to presentation, size, site, treatment type, renal function and survival).Results: We identified 31 cases and noted a significant decrease in incidence from 2.1% to 0.6% during the 3 decades. Excluding 4 cases of donor in situ stones the mean time to diagnosis was 8.5 years. Surgical risk factors were ureteral obstruction in 41% of cases, infravesical obstruction in 14% and urinary-digestive anastomosis in 14%. A total of 12 cases (38%) were ...
Origin and distribution of cholecystokinin-containing nerve terminals in the lumbar dorsal horn and nucleus caudalis of the cat

Abstract Immunohistochemical bridge methods were used to localize cholecystokinin (CCK)-like immunoreactivity in the lumbar dorsal horn (DH) and nucleus caudalis (NC) of the cat. The CCK-positive structures were either dot- or fiber-like. The distribution of CCK-like immunoreactivity in the DH and NC was narrower than substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity in adjacent sections. CCK- and SP-like immunoreactivity in the DH and NC was severely depleted 7–10 days following rhizotomy of either the dorsal roots or the 5th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves, rescpectively; enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in adjacent sections was unaffected. Cervical hemisection had no effect on either CCK- or SP-like immunoreactivity in the DH.
An alignment-free approach to cluster proteins using frequency of conserved k-mers

Identifying conserved regions in protein sequences is a fundamental operation that is recurrent in numerous sequence-driven analysis pipelines. It is used as a way to decode domain-rich regions within proteins, compute protein clusters, annotate sequences with function, and compute evolutionary relationships among protein sequences. Current approaches to clustering and annotating protein sequences based on conserved regions depend either on prior knowledge of domains or on computing pairwise sequence similarity, which is not feasible for very large collections of protein sequences. In this paper we present a new clustering method, afClust, that uses the abundance of exact matching short subsequences (k-mers) to quickly detect conserved regions. Our method also lends itself to parallelization under the MapReduce paradigm. Our experimental results are promising. For bacterial protein domains from the SMART database, we detected up to 85% of the targeted domain regions. Our parallel implementation processed 700,000 sequences in approximately one minute. We provide scalability experiments for a smaller data set.
Winning probabilities in a pairwise lottery system with three alternatives

The pairwise lottery system is a multiple round voting procedure which chooses by lot a winner from a pair of alternatives to advance to the next round where in each round the odds of selection are based on each alternative’s majority rule votes. We develop a framework for determining the asymptotic relative likelihood of the lottery selecting in the final round the Borda winner, Condorcet winner, and Condorcet loser for the three alternative case. We also show the procedure is equivalent to a Borda lottery when only a single round of voting is conducted. Finally, we present an alternative voting rule which yields the same winning probabilities as the pairwise lottery in the limiting case as the number of rounds of the pairwise lottery becomes large.
LHPG grown crystal fibers of MgTiO3CaTiO3 eutectic system

Abstract Fiber crystals of MgTiO 3 CaTiO 3 eutectic system are grown using the laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique. The as grown crystal fibers of composition (Mg 0.95 Ca 0.05 )TiO 3 contain MgTiO 3 and CaTiO 3 crystals, and are analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction, SEM and EPMA. Crystal fibers grown between 1650 and 1680 °C represent 2:3 and 1:3 composite configuration, while those grown between 1700 and 1720 °C show 1:3 connectivity. CaTiO 3 crystal grows along the fiber growth direction and MgTiO 3 phase forms the body matrix of the fiber. The dielectric constants, loss factors of (MgO 0.95 Ca 0.05 )TiO 3 and CaTiO 3 ceramics are measured and their relationship to crystal growth conditions and microstructure are discussed.
Tolerance of forage legumes to lime‐stabilized sludge

Abstract Lime‐stabilized sludge (LSS) from dairy processing waste‐water treatment plants is a desirable product for land application. The material contains lime, which neutralizes soil acidity, and P, which is useful as a plant nutrient. The fineness of the lime and the solubility of P make LSS especially desirable in establishing forage legumes. This greenhouse study had two objectives: to determine a reasonable quantity of LSS for establishing forage legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and to prevent adverse effects on seedlings. Sludge was applied at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 g kg‐1 to an acid, low P soil in pots, and alfalfa and red clover seeds were sown. All treatments received 123 μg g‐1 potassium as KCl. A completely randomized design with four replications was used. Each species was handled as a separate study. Dry matter production was measured at one‐tenth bloom stage. Plant samples were analyzed for P, K, Ca, and Mg content. Soil samples taken at the end ...
Cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase: expression patterns in control and Alzheimer's disease brains.

Anti-inflammatory drugs reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease but fail to slow its progression. Studying the expression of prostaglandin E2 synthases downstream of cyclooxygenase-2 is important. Here, the expression patterns of cytosolic prostaglandin E 2 synthases, an immediate prostaglandin E2 source was investigated. Sections taken from the middle frontal gyrus of brains of 10 patients with Alzheimer's and 5 age-matched controls were examined by immunostaining for the presence of the synthases. Immunofluorescence analysis of control brains showed that cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthases co-localize with microglia, neurons, and endothelium markers, but not with astrocytes or smooth muscle cells. Immunohistochemical staining for the synthases was positive in the pyramidal neurons of controls but barely detectable in the brain of Alzheimer's patients. These findings revealed that cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthases is found in microglia, neurons, and endothelium of control human middle frontal gyrus an...
Two-year stability of free and total PSA in frozen serum samples

Abstract Objectives. To investigate the stability of free and total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in serum stored at −20°C and −70°C for 2 years. Methods. Fresh blood from 29 patients was drawn and allowed to clot at room temperature. Serum was prepared by centrifugation 1 hour later and tested to determine the free and total PSA levels. Samples were aliquoted, frozen at −20°C or −70°C, and monitored for long-term stability over the course of 2 years. Results. On average, 91% of the free PSA, 92% of the total PSA, and 89% of the percent free PSA values were recovered after 2 years of storage at −20°C; and 96% of the free PSA, 101% of the total PSA, and 95% of the percent free PSA values were recovered after 2 years of storage at −70°C. Seventy percent of the samples stored at −20°C and 100% of the samples stored at −70°C showed no statistically significant decline in free PSA values over the 2-year period. Only one total PSA sample (−20°C) showed a statistically significant loss after 2 years of storage. Conclusions. Our results suggest that samples stored frozen for up to 2 years at −70°C should give acceptable percent free PSA results.
A qualitative study of factors affecting chemotherapy use in older women with breast cancer: barriers, promoters, and implications for intervention.

Study objective: The incidence of breast cancer increases with advancing age and yet women 65 and older (hereinafter referred to as ‘older’ women) do not always receive the most intensive treatments, such as adjuvant chemotherapy. The causes of underutilization of chemotherapy in this age group are poorly delineated. The purpose of the study was to explore older breast cancer patients' attitudes towards chemotherapy and factors that influenced their decisions to use or not use this treatment modality. Design: Qualitative methods were used to conduct race/ethnicity-specific focus groups. A thematic analysis was performed using NVIVO. Setting and Participants: Drawn from the Washington, DC area, participants were 34 ethnically diverse older breast cancer survivors (18 Caucasians, 10 African-Americans, and 6 Latinas). Focus groups were conducted in a local church; a senior center, and the Lombardi Cancer Center. Main Results: Results showed that many women felt they had no ‘choice’ and did what the doctor told them to do. For those who reported participation in the decision, time spent exchanging information with the woman's physician and the inclusion of family members promoted perceptions of optimum decision-making leading to the use of chemotherapy. Two barriers to using chemotherapy were negative expectations about side effects and lack of information specific to the woman's individuals' circumstances. Women of color reported less physician communication and information, in part due to language difficulties and perceived bias; these factors acted as barriers to chemotherapy. Conclusion: Physicians could provide specific and limited information to patients and family members to promote realistic expectations and optimum decisions about chemotherapy, given the risks involved in this treatment modality. Interventions should be developed and tested to enhance communication that is sensitive to older women's culture, family structure, illness experiences, preferences, and expectations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in response to dietary iron deprivation in rat duodenum

We sought to identify novel genes involved in intestinal iron absorption by inducing iron deficiency in rats during postnatal development from the suckling period through adulthood. We then perform...
Current-driven transformations of the intermediate-state patterns in type-I superconductors

Dynamic structure of the intermediate state was studied in pinning-free thick Pb strips using real-time magneto-optical visualization. It is found that topological hysteresis can be lifted by applying sufficiently large transport current. Namely, laminar structure that appears in a static case when magnetic flux exits the sample is turned into a tubular pattern when sufficiently large transport current is applied. The tubes move under the influence of the Lorentz force and, at higher currents and fields, evolve into a dynamic pattern of equally spaced superconducting walls oriented perpendicular to the current (force-free configuration). Magnetic-field-current phase diagram of the intermediate state is discussed. Our results imply that tubular structure is more favorable than the laminar structure because it is topologically mobile, whereas tubular pattern is topologically constrained with the multitude of degenerate metastable state.
Predictive modeling of post bioprinting structure formation

Cellular particle dynamics (CPD) is an effective computational method to describe the shape evolution and biomechanical relaxation processes in systems composed of micro tissues such as multicellular aggregates. Therefore, CPD is a useful tool to predict the outcome of postprinting structure formation in bioprinting. The predictive power of CPD has been demonstrated for multicellular systems composed of identical volume-conserving spherical and cylindrical bioink units. Experiments and computer simulations were related through an independently developed theoretical formalism based on continuum mechanics. Here we generalize the CPD formalism to (i) include non-identical bioink particles often used in specific bioprinting applications, (ii) describe the more realistic experimental situation in which during the post-printing structure formation via the fusion of spherical bioink units the volume of the system decreases, and (iii) directly connect CPD simulations to the corresponding experiments without the need of the intermediate continuum theory inherently based on simplifying assumptions.
Insurance reimbursement for risk-reducing mastectomy and oophorectomy in women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations

Purpose: Risk-reducing surgery is an important option for women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. There are reports in the literature that insurance reimbursement for these procedures varies greatly. Because health insurance coverage significantly affects medical decision-making, current information regarding reimbursement practices of third-party payers is needed. Methods: Retrospective study of hospital billing records of 38 women with documented BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations who underwent either a risk-reducing mastectomy or a risk-reducing oophorectomy between March 1, 1997, and July 30, 2000. Results: Complete billing and reimbursement information was available for 35 women undergoing a total of 39 risk-reducing surgeries. A total of 38 of 39 (97%) risk-reducing surgeries were covered in full, less applicable coinsurance and deductibles. The rate of insurance reimbursement did not vary with type of insurance, personal history of cancer, or type of procedure. Conclusion: Insurance carriers reimbursed the vast majority of BRCA mutation carriers undergoing risk-reducing surgery.
Putting ourselves up for question: A postmodern critique of Richard Rorty's postmodernist bourgeois liberalism

Rorty a affirme de lui-meme que sa position etait un liberalisme bourgeois postmoderne. l'A. discute le sens de cette expression et la critique precisement au nom du postmodernisme
Contribution of substantia nigra glutamate to prediction error signals in schizophrenia: a combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy/functional imaging study.

Because dopamine neurons signal a mismatch between expected and actual reward called prediction error (PE), aberrant PE signals in schizophrenia have been attributed to known dopaminergic abnormalities. However, dysfunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on cortical γ-aminobutyric acid neurons, as hypothesized in schizophrenia, could lead to excess glutamate release in the substantia nigra (SN) and affect reward processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of SN glutamate to PE signals in healthy controls (HC) and patients with schizophrenia (SZ). We recruited 22 medicated SZ and 19 HC. We obtained (1) functional magnetic resonance imaging during a probabilistic monetary reward task to assess PE-related blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal and (2) magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure Glx (glutamate+glutamine) in the SN. To identify group differences in regions where the BOLD signal varies as a function of PE, we analyzed PEs generated during the task as parametric modulators of reward delivery. Finally, we examined the correlation of PE-related BOLD signal and SN Glx in each group. Relative to HC, PE-related BOLD signals in SZ were significantly different in the midbrain/SN and ventral striatum. In SZ, SN Glx was significantly elevated. In HC, but not in SZ, PE-related BOLD signal in SN was positively correlated with SN Glx. These results suggest a role of glutamate in the neural coding of PE in controls. They indicate that glutamatergic dysfunction might contribute to abnormal PE coding in schizophrenia, suggesting the use of glutamate-targeted approaches to improve these deficits. Treatments that target the neurotransmitter glutamate may improve some schizophrenia symptoms, say US researchers. Disruptions in reward processing, and specifically in prediction error signals important in anticipating rewards, are linked to certain schizophrenia symptoms. Research has previously suggested excess glutamate production in the brain region known as the subtantia nigra, which is involved in reward processing, could be implicated in schizophrenia. In a neuroimaging study, Adrienne Lahti at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and colleagues, examined glutamate-related neural signals during a monetary reward task in 22 medicated schizophrenia patients and 19 healthy controls. They observed significantly higher levels of glutamate in the substantia nigra of schizophrenia patients, and evidence that glutamatergic dysfunction might contribute to abnormal prediction error coding in patients.
The prevalence of previously diagnosed and undiagnosed psoriasis in US adults: Results from NHANES 2003–2004

Background Psoriasis is a predictor of morbidity. It is important to determine the extent to which psoriasis remains undiagnosed. Objective To determine the prevalence of psoriasis. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. Results The prevalence of diagnosed psoriasis was 3.15% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.18-4.53), corresponding to 5 million adults. Approximately 17% of these patients have moderate to severe psoriasis based on body surface area report and 25% rate psoriasis a large problem in everyday life. The prevalence of undiagnosed active psoriasis by conservative estimate was 0.4% (95% CI, 0.19-0.82), corresponding to approximately 600,000 US adults, and 2.28% (95% CI, 1.47-3.50) by a broader definition, corresponding to 3.6 million US adults. Undiagnosed patients had a trend toward being more likely to be male, nonwhite, less educated, and unmarried compared with patients who had received a diagnosis. Limitations The method for determining the presence of psoriasis had limited ability to detect mild disease and only fair interrater agreement. Conclusion More than 5 million adults have been diagnosed with psoriasis. A large number have undiagnosed psoriasis and there are important disparities which may be associated with not receiving medical attention.
Ependymal changes in experimental hydrocephalus

A morphologic investigation of ependyma over gray matter (caudate nucleus) and over periventricular white matter (tapetum) of the rabbit lateral ventricle was performed four months after the induction of experimental hydrocephalus. Ependymal cells over the caudate nucleus are not modified by hydrocephalus. They remain cuboidal and heavily ciliated. Numerous microvilli cover the cell surface. The extracellular space of the neuropil is not expanded. Ependymal cells over the periventricular white matter are markedly modified. The characteristic response of these ependymal cells is to enlarge and to form lacunae in their apical cytoplasm. Their apical, horizontal cytoplasmic processes elongate as adjacent ependymal cells separate. The ex-tracellular space of the neuropil is expanded. It is proposed that the changes seen in ependymal cells over periventricular white matter are a response to enlargement of the ventricular surface permitted by the orientation of neuronal and glial fibers parallel to the ventricular surface. With expansion of the ventricular surface, overlapping apical processes become elongated and modified, containing a terminal web. With further enlargement, sliding of an overlapping apical process of one cell uncovers the apical process of its neighboring cell. By this mechanism, the ventricular surface area of any ependymal cell whose surface has been partially covered by its neighbor is increased. With further progression, this compensation fails and the neuropil is exposed to the ventricular cavity. Over caudate nucleus, expansion of ventricular surface is hindered by the disposition of fascie adherentes along intercellular clefts oriented perpendicular to the ventricular surface. Lateral sliding of horizontal apical processes does not occur as such processes are not found in ependyma over the caudate nucleus. The differential response of the ventricular surface in these two areas characteristically seen in hydrocephalus is; determined by regional differences in the morphology of their ependymal cells and underlying neuropil.
Selective encoding of threat in panic disorder: Application of a dual priming paradigm

Patients with panic disorder and psychiatrically healthy control subjects performed a dual priming task whereby they viewed either lexical or non-lexical prime pairs before naming a target that had either threatening (e.g. collapse) or positive (e.g. cheerful) meaning. Lexical prime pairs comprised a threat word and a positive word, and non-lexical prime pairs comprised two rows of asterisks. Suggestive of a bias for encoding threat cues, panic disorder patients (under some conditions) were faster to name lexically primed threat targets than lexically primed positive targets. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that panic disorder is linked to an encoding bias for threatening relative positive information. A cognitive bias for selectively encoding threat cues may figure in the maintenance of anxiety states, such as panic disorder.
Simultaneous liver and pancreas transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Background. Improved survival in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has led to an increased incidence of extrapulmonary complications of this disease. Of these, cirrhosis and pancreatic insufficiency, including CF-related diabetes (CFRD) and exocrine insufficiency, are significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for cirrhosis in this setting, but the addition of an isolated simultaneous pancreas transplant in patients with CFRD has not been reported. Methods. Two female patients with CF underwent simultaneous pancreas and liver transplantation. Both had pancreatic insufficiency, CFRD, cirrhosis, and preserved renal function. In each case, the liver and pancreas were procured from a single cadaveric donor. The liver transplant was performed first. A lower midline extension was added for improved exposure of the iliac vessels. The donor pancreas transplant was performed with systemic venous drainage and enteric exocrine drainage. Immunosuppression included rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and early steroid withdrawal. Results. Both patients recovered well with normal liver function, resolution of portal hypertension, and normal blood glucoses independent of insulin. As a result of the enteric exocrine drainage of the pancreas, they are now independent of supplemental pancreatic enzymes. Conclusions. Simultaneous liver and pancreas transplantation in CF patients provides the advantages of normalization of glucose and improved nutrition for patients requiring liver transplantation and should be considered in CF patients with CFRD who require liver transplants.
Lithium Bis(N‐methyl‐N‐phenylcarbamoyl)cuprate

[85138-79-0] C16H16CuLiN2O2 (MW 338.80) InChI = 1S/2C8H8NO.Cu.Li/c2*1-9(7-10)8-5-3-2-4-6-8;;/h2*2-6H,1H3;; InChIKey = GTRFSMFWCVIELF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (carbamoylation of organic halides1) Alternate Name: lithium bis[(methylphenylamino)carbonyl]cuprate. Preparative Method: prepared in situ: a solution of 18.7 mmol of N-methylaniline in 45 mL of anhyd ether was placed in a reaction flask equipped with a balloon; n-Butyllithium in hexane (12 mL of a 15% solution) was added with stirring at 0 °C; the resulting pale yellow solution was stirred for 1 h and exposed to Carbon Monoxide for 0.5 h at 0 °C to inactivate excess n-BuLi; a homogeneous solution was formed after adding 9.35 mmol of purified Copper(I) Iodide at 0 °C; after reaction with CO at 0 °C for 3.5 h, the reagent formed as a white precipitate.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: air- and moisture-sensitive; handle under dry N2; irritant; the hazards of CO are well-documented.2
Communes as Moralnets

Communes are a type of close-knit community with strong social norms that characterize moralnets (moral networks). A sample of contemporary communes operating during the 1970s was selected to test the predictive power of the commitment scales over time and assess their usefulness for describing 20th-century communes. The mechanisms tested are the presence of strong leaders, cultural homogeneity of members, joint investment, isolation, shared ideology, distinctive customs, and disciplinary action for deviancy. Despite differences, the results of these analyses indicate that the commitment scales are robust; their patterns persist across samples, methods, and centuries.
Management and Utilization of Food Processing Wastes

ABSTRACT: Large quantities of both liquid and solid wastes are produced annually by the food processing industry. These waste materials contain principally biodegradable organic matter and disposal of them creates serious environmental problems. Factors affecting the costs of waste disposal are the volume or hydraulic load and the strength or organic load. The waste loads at the processing plant can be reduced significantly through the use of new or modified processing methods and through in-plant treatment and re-use. A number of waste treatment processes are available to make the wastewater suitable for discharge. The most widely applied processes are biological treatment, impounding in storage lagoons, and land irrigation. Most solid wastes are disposed of by returning them to the land. The key to minimizing the disposal cost is to remove excessive moisture from the wastes. Many opportunities exist for better utilization of food processing wastes. A variety of processes have been developed for converting the waste materials into bio-fuels, food ingredients, and other valuable bio-products.
Perceptual learning reduces interneuronal correlations in macaque visual cortex

SUMMARY Responses of neurons in early visual cortex change little with training and appear insufficient to account for perceptual learning. Behavioral performance, however, relies on population activity, and the accuracy of a population code is constrained by correlated noise among neurons. We tested whether training changes interneuronal correlations in the dorsal medial superior temporal area, which is involved in multisensory heading perception. Pairs of single units were recorded simultaneously in two groups of subjects: animals trained extensively in a heading discrimination task, and ‘‘naive’’ animals that performed a passive fixation task. Correlated noisewassignificantly weakerintrained versusnaive animals, which might be expected to improve coding efficiency. However, we show that the observed uniform reduction in noise correlations leads to little change in population coding efficiency when all neurons are decoded. Thus, global changes in correlated noise among sensory neurons may be insufficient to account for perceptual learning.
Reproduction and development of the sabellid polychaete Myxicola infundibulum

There are 290 described species in the tube-dwelling family Sabellidae (Fauchald, 1977), but our knowledge of their reproductive biology is limited, in whole or in part, to no more than 30 species (McEuen, Wu & Chia, 1983; Knight-Jones & Bowden, 1984). In the monogeneric subfamily Myxicolinae, the diminutive Myxicola aesthetica (=dinardensis) (Claparede) is known to undergo scissiparity (Caullery & Mesnil, 1920; Okada, 1934; Knight-Jones & Bowden, 1984). For the larger species, M. infundibulum (Reinier), the only information on reproduction is: an illustration of the sperm (Claparede, 1870), the conclusion that it spawns during the autumn in the Bay of Fundy and adjacent waters (MacKay, 1977 a, b), and that autotomy has not been observed and regeneration is limited to the branchial plume (Wells, 1952).
Physink: sketching physical behavior

Describing device behavior is a common task that is currently not well supported by general animation or CAD software. We present PhysInk, a system that enables users to demonstrate 2D behavior by sketching and directly manipulating objects on a physics-enabled stage. Unlike previous tools that simply capture the user's animation, PhysInk captures an understanding of the behavior in a timeline. This enables useful capabilities such as causality-aware editing and finding physically-correct equivalent behavior. We envision PhysInk being used as a physics teacher's sketchpad or a WYSIWYG tool for game designers.
Contingent Pathways from Joiner to Activist: The Indirect Effect of Participation in Voluntary Associations on Civic Engagement1

Many analysts of civil society argue that the path from activity in voluntary associations to political participation is largely mediated—membership leads to unintentional political socialization through discussion and ⁄ or cognitive engagement, which then leads to participation. Others, however, have noted that groups are often effective in the direct mobilization of their members. This article tests these competing claims, while also considering the extent to which the mediation process relies on negative social capital (targeted requests for activity). Employing a series of structural equation models, I find strong support for the mediation argument, as well as for the perspective that negative social capital is a significant mediator in the pathway from social joiner to political activist.
Efficacy of Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Pearl Millet for Grain Production

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is an alternative drought-tolerant grain crop for dryland summer production. Few insecticides are registered for use and insect management has not been extensively studied in pearl millet for grain production. Eleven trails were conducted during 2002-2004 in central and southern Georgia to understand the relative importance of insect pests and to evaluate the efficacy of currently registered insecticides against key pests. The main defoliator species were the fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] and striped grassworm (Mocis latipes Guenee). Main insects feeding on grain heads were the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie), sorghum webworm, (Nola sorghiella Riley), and stink bugs — brown stink bug (Euschistus spp.) and southern green stink bug [Nezara viridula (L.)]. All insects were effectively controlled by cypermethrin at 0.025 lb a.i./acre. The 0.015-lb a.i. rate was effective against sorghum webworm, striped grassworm, and stink bugs, but efficacy against the corn earworm was variable. Spinosad was effective against corn earworm, striped grassworm, and sorghum webworm but not against stink bugs. Azadirachtin was not effective against any insect tested. Grain yield was not significantly affected by treatments in any trial indicating that pearl millet is tolerant of insect injury. Further work will be needed to define economic thresholds for key insect pests of pearl millet for grain production.
Thawing glacial and permafrost features contribute to nitrogen export from Green Lakes Valley, Colorado Front Range, USA

Alpine ecosystems are particularly sus- ceptible to disturbance due to their short growing seasons, sparse vegetation and thin soils. Increased nitrogen deposition in wetfall and changes in climate currently affect Green Lakes Valley within the Col- orado Front Range. Research conducted within the alpine links chronic nitrogen inputs to a suite of ecological impacts, resulting in increased nitrate export. The atmospheric nitrogen flux decreased by 0.56 kg ha -1 year -1 between 2000 and 2009, due to decreased precipitation; however alpine nitrate yields increased by 40 % relative to the previous decade (1990-1999). Long term trends indicate that weath- ering products such as sulfate, calcium, and silica have also increased over the same period. The geochemical composition of thawing permafrost, as indicated by rock glacial and blockfield meltwater, suggests it is the source of these weathering products. Furthermore, mass balance models indicate the high ammonium loads within glacial meltwater are rapidly nitrified, contributing *0.5-1.4 kg N ha -1 to the growing season nitrate flux from the alpine watershed. The sustained export of these solutes during dry, summer months is likely facilitated by thawing cryosphere providing hydraulic connectivity late into the growing season. This mechanism is further supported by the lack of upward weathering or nitrogen solute trends in a neighboring catchment which lacks permafrost and glacial features. These findings suggest that reductions of atmospheric nitrogen deposition alone may not improve water quality, as cryospheric thaw exposes soils to biological and geochemical processes that may affect alpine nitrate concentrations as much as atmo- spheric deposition trends.