cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The kinetic ballooning/interchange instability as a source of dipolarization fronts and auroral streamers

The possibility that the dipolarization fronts (DFs) observed in the plasma sheet could be produced by the ballooning/interchange instability is explored using three-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations. The localized interchange heads produced in the nonlinear stage of the instability exhibit the main near-equatorial properties of a DF: the cross-tail extent is on the order of 1 RE, the ramp-ups in Bz and the magnitude of Ey as well as the sharp density decrease all occur on the ion inertial scale, while there is a more gradual increase in the bulk flow. The field-aligned currents associated with the breakup of the head should produce a structuring of the corresponding auroral streamer in the ionosphere, a result that is confirmed by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all-sky imager data. The dissipation associated with the head occurs in electron-scale regions in the center of the plasma sheet. Away from the center, the head is strongly modulated by waves with frequency on the order of the ion gyrofrequency. The strength of the accompanying Ey oscillations is in the range of 30–50 mV/m, and the δE/δB ratio is 3–4 times the local Alfven speed. The waves appear to be produced by the electromagnetic current-driven ion cyclotron instability.
7 MeV dipole ground state transitions in 207Pb, 208Pb and 209Bi

Abstract The Doppler-broadened 7.117 MeV line from the 19F(p, αγ)16O reaction has been used to resonantly excite levels in 208Pb at 7071±2 and 7091±2 keV, in 207Pb at 7186±5 and 7206±5 keV and in 209Bi at 7179±5 and 7202±5 keV. On the basis of angular distribution measurements the 7071 and 7091 keV levels of 208Pb are assigned spins of 1 and assuming 100% ground state branching the widths are calculated to be 31±3 and 17±2 eV respectively. It is suggested that the states in 207Pb and 209Bi arise from the weak coupling of a P 1 2 neutron hole and an h 9 2 proton respectively to one or the other of the 208Pb levels. The widths obtained in terms of gΓ o2/Γ are 15±4 and 25±5 eV for the 7186 and 7206 keV levels of 207Pb and 24±5 and 30±5 for the levels of 209Bi respectively. These values are consistent with the weak-coupling suggestion.
Greased and oiled substrates as bounce-free impaction surfaces

Abstract Oiled membrane filters and greased surfaces were evaluated for suitability as collection surfaces in cascade impactors. Collection efficiencies of dry, solid particles were measured as a function of substrate loading. Efficiencies of greased surfaces decreased dramatically with particle loading. An oil coated 10 μm Teflon membrane filter gave high collection efficiencies, which did not decrease with substrate loading. A minimum of 2 μl of oil applied to the center of the filter is required. The impactor cutpoints were unchanged by the collection surface. Other oiled membrane filters tested behaved less ideally.
Ethical Formation and Subjection

Abstract Ethical formation in and through subjection is an extremely widespread pattern that is not limited to particular traditions, time periods, or regions. Examining this pattern requires us to integrate the study of power with the study of virtue and self-cultivation: power is productive of selves, and selves appropriate the ideals presented to or pressed upon them. This paper refines our approaches to power and ethics by showing that we need to address at least three facets of ethical formation and subjection: (a) material power relations, including the ability to kill, torture, punish, imprison, confine, observe, and censor; (b) discourses, and particularly figurative discourses, that convey conceptions of the self as well as ethical ideals; and (c) emotions and motivations of embodied persons who encounter norms and ideals.
Central limit theorems of partial sums for large segmental values

Abstract Let ( X i , U i ) be i.i.d., X i real valued and U i vector valued, bounded random variables or governed by a finite state Markov chain. Assuming that E [ X ] P ( X > 0) > 0, central limit theorems are derived for Σ i U i on segments conditioned that Σ i X i is increasingly high, going to +∞. While these segments are exponentially rare, they are of importance in many models of stochastic analysis including queueing systems and molecular sequence comparisons. Particular applications give central limit theorems for the empirical frequencies over such segments and for their length.
Cortical neurite outgrowth and growth cone behaviors reveal developmentally regulated cues in spinal cord membranes.

Corticospinal axon outgrowth in vivo and the ability to sprout or regenerate after injury decline with age. This developmental decline in growth potential has been correlated with an increase in inhibitory myelin-associated proteins in older spinal cord. However, previous results have shown that sprouting of corticospinal fibers after contralateral lesions begins to diminish prior to myelination, suggesting that a decrease in growth promoting and/or an increase in inhibitory molecules in spinal gray matter may also regulate corticospinal axon outgrowth. To address this possibility, we carried out in vitro experiments to measure neurite outgrowth from explants of 1-day-old hamster forelimb sensorimotor cortex that were plated onto membrane carpets or membrane stripe assays prepared from white or gray matter of 1-to 22-day-old cervical spinal cord. On uniform carpets and in the stripe assays cortical neurites grew robustly on young but not older membranes from both white and gray matter. Mixtures of membranes from 1- and 15-day spinal cord inhibited neurite outgrowth, suggesting that the presence of inhibitory molecules in the 15-day cord overwhelmed permissive or growth promoting molecules in membranes from 1-day cord. Video microscopic observations of growth cone behaviors on membrane stripe assays transferred to glass coverslips supported this view. Cortical growth cones repeatedly collapsed at borders between permissive substrates (laminin or young membrane stripes) and nonpermissive substrates (older membrane stripes). Growth cones either turned away from the older membranes or reduced their growth rates. These results suggest that molecules in both the gray and white matter of the developing spinal cord can inhibit cortical neurite outgrowth. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 39: 393–406, 1999
Spared short-term memory in monkeys following medial temporal lobe lesions is not yet established: a reply to Alvarez-Royo, Zola-Morgan and Squire.

It is important to know whether or not short-term memory (STM) is preserved in monkeys, as sometimes claimed, following lesions to medial temporal lobe that disrupt longer term memory. As examined herein, the magnitude of the longer term deficit in the delayed matching-to-sample task is well correlated with slower learning at short delays. This learning deficiency with short delays can be severe, e.g., failure to reach criterion despite ten times the number of trials required by control animals, yet the same animals can perform some visual discriminations normally. Such slow learning may thus be most parsimoniously attributed to a STM deficit. Studies are also reviewed which compare delayed (non)matching-to-sample performance in lesioned monkeys at short and long delays. For those groups that received equal training at all delays, the short-term deficit is as large as the longer term deficit. For those groups trained only at the short delay the short-term deficit is small. Caveats for future studies are discussed.
Osteoblast culture on bioerodible polymers: studies of initial cell adhesion and spread

The development of systems for the growth of osteoblasts on bioerodible polymeric matrices was explored. Three classes of bioerodible polymers were studied as possible matrix supports for osteoblast growth: the poly(anhydrides), poly(phosphazenes) and poly(lactic acid/glycolic acid) copolymers. Neonatal calvarial cells from Sprague–Dawley rats were seeded onto polymer disks at a density of 1 × 104 cells/cm2. Initial attachment and spreading, rate of growth and morphology were determined, and retention of osteoblast-like phenotype was assessed through measurements of alkaline phosphatase activity in the presence and absence of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3. All results were considered relative to tissue culture polystyrene. Cells were found to attach to all polymers at 8 hr post-seeding. By 24 hr, cell numbers on all polymers were found to be decreased, except for poly(lactic acid/glycolic acid). Rat calvarial osteoblasts seeded on poly-(lactic acid/glycolic acid) reached confluency and retained their phenotype. Successful construction of viable osteoblast–bioerodible polymer composite materials, as presented in our study, may find their usefulness as grafts for atrophic non-unions of bone, for healing craniofacial and other defects and for use as prosthetic implants or coatings. Composite systems of osteoblast cultures may also find their usefulness in furthering our understanding of bone differentiation, maturation and metabolism in a matrix environment.
Modeling and Control for Cage Rotor Dual Mechanical Port Electric Machine–Part I: Model Development

A new type of electric machine with two free rotating rotors [dual mechanical port (DMP)] is investigated in this paper. Since this DMP machine has a squirrel-cage outer rotor, it is named as SCDMP machine. First, the electromagnetic characteristic of the SCDMP machine is analyzed. Then, the transient model and steady-state model of the SCDMP machine are derived. The proposed machine models are verified by finite element method and simulation. The results show that the proposed models accurately represent the unique electromagnetic characteristics of the SCDMP machine.
Effect of Phosphines on the Thermodynamics of the Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydroformylation System

Thermodynamic parameters relevant to the phosphine-modified cobalt hydroformylation reaction are reported. Equilibrium constants for the hydrogenation of Co2(CO)6L2 to yield HCo(CO)3L were determined using in situ 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy between 75 and 175 °C for various solvents and phosphine ligands. Special emphasis was placed on n-Bu3P, as this ligand is prototypical of the Shell hydroformylation process. The resultant van't Hoff plots yield the enthalpy and entropy change (ΔH = 7.0 ± 0.4 kcal/mol and ΔS = 2 ± 1 cal/mol·K) for the case of L = n-Bu3P in benzene solvent. These parameters were found to be relatively insensitive to changes in the solvent, suggesting that the hydride product is not very polar. Even for isobutyl alcohol solvent, the resultant enthalpy and entropy changes (ΔH = 5.8 ± 0.4 kcal/mol and ΔS = −2 ± 1 cal/mol·K) were found to be similar to those obtained in benzene and dioxane. Analysis of the 31P NMR line widths allows rigorous lower limits to be established for the catalytic...
Three Dimensional Constraint Effects on the Estimated (Delta)CTOD during the Numerical Simulation of Different Fatigue Threshold Testing Techniques

Variation in constraint through the thickness of a specimen effects the cyclic crack-tip-opening displacement (DELTA CTOD). DELTA CTOD is a valuable measure of crack growth behavior, indicating closure development, constraint variations and load history effects. Fatigue loading with a continual load reduction was used to simulate the load history associated with fatigue crack growth threshold measurements. The constraint effect on the estimated DELTA CTOD is studied by carrying out three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element simulations. The analysis involves numerical simulation of different standard fatigue threshold test schemes to determine how each test scheme affects DELTA CTOD. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) prescribes standard load reduction procedures for threshold testing using either the constant stress ratio (R) or constant maximum stress intensity (K(sub max)) methods. Different specimen types defined in the standard, namely the compact tension, C(T), and middle cracked tension, M(T), specimens were used in this simulation. The threshold simulations were conducted with different initial K(sub max) values to study its effect on estimated DELTA CTOD. During each simulation, the DELTA CTOD was estimated at every load increment during the load reduction procedure. Previous numerical simulation results indicate that the constant R load reduction method generates a plastic wake resulting in remote crack closure during unloading. Upon reloading, this remote contact location was observed to remain in contact well after the crack tip was fully open. The final region to open is located at the point at which the load reduction was initiated and at the free surface of the specimen. However, simulations carried out using the constant Kmax load reduction procedure did not indicate remote crack closure. Previous analysis results using various starting K(sub max) values and different load reduction rates have indicated DELTA CTOD is independent of specimen size. A study of the effect of specimen thickness and geometry on the measured DELTA CTOD for various load reduction procedures and its implication in the estimation of fatigue crack growth threshold values is discussed.
Characteristics of tropical Pacific SST predictability in coupled GCM forecasts using the NCEP CFS

The limits of predictability of El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in coupled models are investigated based on retrospective forecasts of sea surface temperature (SST) made with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) coupled forecast system (CFS). The influence of initial uncertainties and model errors associated with coupled ENSO dynamics on forecast error growth are discussed. The total forecast error has maximum values in the equatorial Pacific and its growth is a strong function of season irrespective of lead time. The largest growth of systematic error of SST occurs mainly over the equatorial central and eastern Pacific and near the southeastern coast of the Americas associated with ENSO events. After subtracting the systematic error, the root-mean-square error of the retrospective forecast SST anomaly also shows a clear seasonal dependency associated with what is called spring barrier. The predictability with respect to ENSO phase shows that the phase locking of ENSO to the mean annual cycle has an influence on the seasonal dependence of skill, since the growth phase of ENSO events is more predictable than the decay phase. The overall characteristics of predictability in the coupled system are assessed by comparing the forecast error growth and the error growth between two model forecasts whose initial conditions are 1 month apart. For the ensemble mean, there is fast growth of error associated with initial uncertainties, becoming saturated within 2 months. The subsequent error growth follows the slow coupled mode related the model’s incorrect ENSO dynamics. As a result, the Lorenz curve of the ensemble mean NINO3 index does not grow, because the systematic error is identical to the same target month. In contrast, the errors of individual members grow as fast as forecast error due to the large instability of the coupled system. Because the model errors are so systematic, their influence on the forecast skill is investigated by analyzing the erroneous features in a long simulation. For the ENSO forecasts in CFS, a constant phase shift with respect to lead month is clear, using monthly forecast composite data. This feature is related to the typical ENSO behavior produced by the model that, unlike the observations, has a long life cycle with a JJA peak. Therefore, the systematic errors in the long run are reflected in the forecast skill as a major factor limiting predictability after the impact of initial uncertainties fades out.
What is an anesthesiology resident worth

Abstract Study Objective To determine the cost of replacing an anesthesiology resident with a certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) for equal operating room (OR) work. Design Retrospective financial analysis. Setting Academic anesthesiology department. Participants Clinical anesthesia (CA)-1 through CA-3 residents. Measurements Cost of replacing anesthesiology residents with CRNAs for equal OR work was determined. Main Results The cost of replacing one anesthesiology resident with a CRNA for the same number of OR hours ranged from $9,940.32 to $43,300 per month ($106,241.68 to $432,937.50 per yr). Numbers varied depending on the CRNA pay scale and whether the calculations were based on the number of OR hours worked at our residency program or OR hours worked in a maximum duty hour model. Conclusions A CRNA is paid substantially more per OR hour worked, at all pay levels, than an anesthesiology resident.
Identification and potency of cyclodextrin-lipid inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin.

Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of bacterial keratitis, secretes α-toxin, a cytotoxin active on the corneal epithelium. This study describes the production and testing of chemical inhibitors of α-toxin action.Methods: Purified α-toxin was titered by its ability to lyse rabbit erythrocytes in buffered saline (PBS). To prepare potential toxin inhibitors, each of 18 lipids was incorporated into a complex with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). Serial dilutions of each lipid-cyclodextrin (CD-lipid) complex were mixed with α-toxin prior to the addition of rabbit erythrocytes. Select CD-lipid complexes were mixed with 12 hemolytic units (HU) α-toxin and injected into the rabbit corneal stroma so the resulting corneal erosions could be measured at 4 and 8 hours post-injection (PI). Eyes injected with toxin alone, MβCD, or HPβCD alone served as controls.Results: Neither form of CD alone inhibited α-toxin. Of the 36 complexes prepared, 6 lipid-CD complexes were fo...
The Brillouin gain coefficient of Yb-doped aluminosilicate glass optical fibers

Abstract Provided herein is a detailed analysis of the Brillouin spectroscopy of the ytterbia (Yb 2 O 3 ) dopant in aluminosilicate glass optical fibers. Yb-doped fiber lasers have become ubiquitous, and the results presented here may be used to design lasers and amplifiers for narrow linewidth systems and applications. It is found, with a high degree of certainty, that Yb 2 O 3 has an acoustic velocity that is lower than that of silica, a Brillouin spectral width (or material acoustic damping coefficient) that is about 80 times greater than that of silica, and photoelastic constants (Pockels’ coefficients) that are negative. It is found that the primary influence of ytterbia in concentrations typical of active fibers is to broaden the Brillouin gain spectrum, thereby reducing the peak Brillouin gain. A set of design curves is provided outlining the Brillouin gain coefficient as a function of alumina concentration for several ytterbia concentrations, which can be utilized to design fiber structures with reduced Brillouin gain. The Yb-doped aluminosilicate fiber system is compared to the Yb-doped phosphosilicate system, and a high degree of similarity is found between them at low Al 2 O 3 or P 2 O 5 doping levels. However, for fiber produced utilizing conventional techniques, the phosphosilicates are found to have the potential for lower Brillouin gain since more P 2 O 5 can be reliably incorporated into the glassy matrix.
The Moving Technology

A new technology must continue to grow and prosper if its continued existence is to be insured. Although the field of optics has existed for many years, the extension of optics into viable electro-optic signal processing is relatively new. The growing pains of any new technology are severe and those of electro-optics are particularly stressing because of the apparent lack of direction and confused terminology. These issues are discussed and several solutions offered to spur additional creative thought in the hope of establishing realistic technology goals and guidelines.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mass spectral characteristics of derivatized metabolites of benzo [A] pyrene

The electron impact (EI) mass spectra of the permethyl, peracetyl and per(trifluoroacetyl) derivatives of hydroxylated benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolites were determined and the fragmentation chemistry producing the spectra elucidated. The metabolites investigated were: 3-hydroxy-B[a]P; 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-B[a]P; 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-7,8,9-trihydroxy-B[a]P; and 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-B[a]P. In addition, the positive and negative methane chemical ionization spectra were determined for the derivatives of the BP-tetrol. The EI fragmentation patterns of the methylated metabolites that contained partially saturated rings were complex and, in the case of the di- and trimethoxy compounds, included apparent violations of the even-electron rule. The permethylated triol and tetrol cleaved through a retro-Diels-Alder reaction. The EI spectra of the peracetates were dominated by losses of acetic acid and ketene. The per(trifluoroacetyl) species fragmented by losing elements of trifluoroacetic acid, trifluoracetate radical and trifluoroacetyl. The spectra obtained from the permethylated tetrol permitted accurate prediction of the corresponding permethylated derivatives of tetrol metabolites of chrysene and benz[a]anthracene. The ability to predict spectra may be useful in trace analysis of hydrocarbon metabolites in biological samples.
Synthesis and structure of a semi-rigid dinucleating macrocycle containing the 2,6-bis(thiomethyl)pyridine unit and reactions of its copper(II) complex

A new dinucleating macrocyclic ligand (5), possessing two ‘soft’ pyridyldithio chelating units held rigidly apart by a m-xylyl group, is readily synthesized; its crystal structure has been determined, and its dinuclear copper(II) complex shows moderate activity as a catalyst for alkene oxidation and phosphate hydrolysis.
Reticulospinal Control of Rapid Escape Turning Maneuvers in Fishes

SYNOPSIS. In teleost fishes, the C-start is a rapid avoidance maneuver that steers the animal away from the strike trajectory of a predator. We review how the axial motor pattern underlying this movement is organized by the reticulospinal system. This system includes the prominent Mauthner cells and other identifiable neurons. Typical of reticulospinal cells, the Mauthner neuron has inputs from auditory, vestibular, and visual areas and has outputs to the trunk motoneurons by means of mono- and disynaptic contacts. Because reticulospinal organization and function is conserved among the vertebrates, the Mauthner network is advantageous as a model for understanding control of movement. We develop three major points. First, despite its seeming anatomical simplicity, the escape network is not a simple hierarchial system with one cell that directs the entire movement. We present evidence that the escape response is mediated by an array of neurons which include the Mauthner cells. Second, though the firing of this cell is adequate to result in a major component of the movement, the Mauthner cell is not indispensible for its execution. The network producing this movement is capable of regulating its output so that the animal produces the normal range of responses despite the absence of one of its major contributors. These findings can be accounted for by one of two models, though the most likely one involves lateral interactions, or corollary discharges, within the array. Third, our recent work also shows that the movement pattern is generated by a ballistic command which does not rely on movement-induced sensory feedback. These system properties allow the animal to produce a highly reliable and orchestrated motor command in only 15 msec from sensory stimulus to EMG.
Surface-Initiated Polymerization for Amplification of Self-Assembled Monolayers Patterned by Microcontact Printing.

Patterned polymer brushes can be prepared by a novel strategy that combines surface-initiated polymerization and microcontact printing (see picture; μCP SAM indicates the self-assembled monolayer formed by microcontact printing). The living nature of the polymerization process permits the thickness of the polymer brush and its physical properties to be accurately controlled.
National Trends in Esophageal Surgery—Are Outcomes as Good as We Believe?

Positive volume–outcome relationships in esophagectomy have prompted support for regionalization of care; however, outcomes have not recently been analyzed. This study examines national trends in provision of esophagectomy and reassesses the volume–outcome relationship in light of changing practice patterns and training paradigms. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was queried from 1998 to 2006. Quantification of patients’ comorbidities was made using the Charlson Index. Using logistic regression modeling, institutions’ annual case volumes were correlated with risk-adjusted outcomes over time, as well as presence or absence of fellowship and residency training programs. A nationwide total of 57,676 esophagectomies were recorded. In-hospital unadjusted mortality fell from 12% to 7%. Adjusting for comorbidities, greater esophagectomy volume was associated with improvements in the incidence of most measured complications, though mortality increased once greater than 100 cases were performed. Hospitals supporting fellowship training or a surgical residency program did not have higher rates of mortality or total complications. The current national mortality rate of 7% following esophagectomy is higher than is reported in most contemporary case series. A greater annual esophagectomy volume improves outcomes, but only up to a point. Current training paradigms are safe.
Primary prevention, smoking, and smoking cessation: implications for future trends in lung cancer prevention.

BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer, and most lung cancers have historically occurred among current cigarette smokers or recent quitters. The relative risk of developing lung cancer declines in former smokers to approximately twice that of never smokers after 20 years of cessation, but it remains elevated indefinitely. As an increasing fraction of those who have ever smoked become former smokers, the absolute risk of lung cancer in the population will decline; and an increasing fraction of lung cancer cases will occur among former smokers. METHODS Data from the 12-year follow-up of American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study I are used to estimate lung cancer death rates for smokers, never smokers, and former smokers by duration of cessation. These estimates are combined with population-based estimates of smoking status by birth cohort to generate models of lung cancer death rates for current and former smokers. RESULTS Modeled estimates of lung cancer death rates suggest that, in the near future, the majority of lung cancer cases will be occurring among former smokers. CONCLUSIONS Former smokers already have acted on the advice of their physicians to reduce their lung cancer risk; however, they will generate an increasing fraction of the cancers that are seen. Approaches must be developed for these former smokers to alter their risk if lung cancer death rates are going to continue to be affected. Additional primary preventive strategies, including chemoprevention, offer hope to these former smokers, as do secondary preventive efforts, such as screening. Cancer 2000;89:2506–9. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Getting back to zero with nucleated red blood cells: following trends is not necessarily a bad thing

BACKGROUND: The presence of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) has been identified as a poor prognostic indicator. We investigated the relationship of NRBC trends in patients with and without trauma. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed surgical intensive care unit admissions over 4 years, categorizing trauma and nontrauma patients and subdividing them into 3 groups: group A, all-zero NRBC; group B, positive NRBC value returning to zero; and group C, positive NRBC value that did not return to zero. We analyzed all groups for outcomes of length of stay and mortality. RESULTS: Group A was the largest and had the shortest length of stay and least mortality. Group C had the highest mortality rate. No statistical difference was observed with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Any positive NRBC was associated with poor outcome, and increasing NRBC was associated with increasing mortality. Trends in NRBC values showed that returning to zero was protective.
Karyotypic evolution in multiple myeloma

A patient with IgG kappa multiple myeloma was studied cytogenetically prior to therapy and was found to have a clone of 55,XX cells. After treatment leading to a clinical response, the patient relapsed with a clone of 57,XX cells, which were derivatives of the original neoplastic cell line. This is the first case of demonstrated clonal evolution of myeloma in a patient studied prior to chemotherapy.
The composition of terpenoid hydrocarbons from Pinus monophylla wood oleoresin

Abstract Monoterpenoids and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of Pinus monophylla wood oleoresin have been analyzed by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Three quarters to four fifths of the monoterpenoid hydrocarbons consisted of (+),(±) α-pinene; the rest was sabinene, 3-carene, myrcene, limonene and ocimene, with traces of camphene, β-pinene, β-phellandrene and terpinolene. Variability between trees and differences from Pinus edulis were relatively small. Oxygenated monoterpenoids were mainly linalool and bornyl acetate; 0·46% of ethyl caprylate was present compared with 10·5% in P. edulis . Sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons present in P. monophylla were α-cubebene, longipinene, cyclosativene, α-copaene, longicyclene, sativene, longifolene, α-guaiene, caryophyllene, β-farnesene, γ-muurolene, α-muurolene, γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene and calamenene.
A coupled FE and boundary integral equation method based on exterior domain decomposition for fluid-structure interface problems

Abstract A coupled finite element and exterior domain decomposition-based boundary integral formulations for the solutions of two- or three-dimensional time-harmonic fluid-structure interaction problems is described in this paper. It is known that the memory limitation of computers has been one of the major obstacles for solving large scale high frequency fluid-structure interface systems using various existing nonlocal finite element and boundary integral equation coupling techniques due to the fully populated resultant matrix generated from the boundary integral equation representation. The essence of this study is to decompose, through domain decomposition of the exterior region, the original exterior problem into arbitrary subproblems with data sharing only at the interfaces. By decomposing the exterior infinite domain into an appropriate number of infinite subdomains, this method not only ensures the validity of the formulation for all frequencies but also leads to a diagonalized, blockwise-banded system of discretized equations. The size of an individual submatrix (i.e. a block) that is associated with an exterior subdomain may be decided by the user, and may be selected such that the restriction due to the memory limitation of a given computer may be accommodated. In addition, the method is suited for parallel processing since the data associated with each subdomain (impedance matrices, load vectors, etc.) may be generated in parallel, and the communication needed will be only for the interface values. Most significantly, unlike the existing coupled finite element and boundary integral equation techniques that are valid for all frequencies, our method avoids the use of both the hypersingular operator and the double integrals, therefore reducing the computational complexity. Numerical experiments have been performed for elastic cylindrical shells subjected to a plane incident wave. The results have demonstrated the accuracy of the method for wavenumbers ranging from 0 to 30, both directly on the shell and in the far field, and have confirmed that the procedure is valid for all frequencies.
Excitotoxicity as a stochastic process.

SUMMARY 1. Neuronal death following excitotoxic insult appears to be a stochastic process involving transition through an intermediate biochemical state. 2. Hydrogen ion accumulation in the hours after toxic glutamate exposure may indicate that this transition has occurred.
An approximate relation for paramagnetic magnetizability emerging from the sum rules for Cartesian magnetic dipole moment derivatives

The magnetic dipole moment derivatives with respect to nuclear velocities obey certain translational and rotational sum rules. When the rotational sum rule derived for the abovementioned derivatives obtained from the magnetic field perturbation approach is combined with that derived for the same derivatives obtained from the localized molecular orbital method, it is found that the paramagnetic magnetizability χpαβ can be approximated as (e2/4me) σk[(rok)2δαβ—rokαrokβ] where e is the unit of electron charge, me is electron mass and rok is the centroid of the localized molecular orbital occupied by the kth electron. This approximate relation is found to satisfactorily reproduce the experimental χpαβ values for oxirane.
Super-resolving volume holographic profilometry

We address the use of transmission geometry volume holograms as depth-selective imaging elements in profilometry. We derive the point-spread function (PSF) of the volume holographic imaging system using volume diffraction theory and use the PSF to estimate depth resolution. Experimentally measured PSF and depth-selective images are presented to verify the theoretical predictions. Furthermore, we show that with prior knowledge of the object, depth resolution can be improved greatly with the method of inclined illumination. In more general cases, super resolution can also be achieved with digital post-processing methods such as Viterbi algorithm (VA). We show that computational complexity can be reduced with surface constraints. Resolution improvement by a factor of 5 was obtained in experimental demonstration.
Association between pH-Weighted Endogenous Amide Proton Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRI and Tissue Lactic Acidosis during Acute Ischemic Stroke

The ischemic tissue becomes acidic after initiation of anaerobic respiration, which may result in impaired tissue metabolism and, ultimately, in severe tissue damage. Although changes in the major cerebral metabolites can be studied using magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy (MRS)-based techniques, their spatiotemporal resolution is often not sufficient for routine examination of fast-evolving and heterogeneous acute stroke lesions. Recently, pH-weighted MR imaging (MRI) has been proposed as a means to assess tissue acidosis by probing the pH-dependent chemical exchange of amide protons from endogenous proteins and peptides. In this study, we characterized acute ischemic tissue damage using localized proton MRS and multiparametric imaging techniques that included perfusion, diffusion, pH, and relaxation MRI. Our study showed that pH-weighted MRI can detect ischemic lesions and strongly correlates with tissue lactate content measured by 1H MRS, indicating lactic acidosis. Our results also confirmed the correlation between apparent diffusion coefficient and lactate; however, no significant relationship was found for perfusion, T1, and T2. In summary, our study showed that optimized endogenous pH-weighted MRI, by sensitizing to local tissue pH, remains a promising tool for providing a surrogate imaging marker of lactic acidosis and altered tissue metabolism, and augments conventional techniques for stroke diagnosis.
The real females of human evolution.

When “woman-the-gatherer” was first proposed as a counter to “man-the-hunter,” we were only beginning to understand the many faces of primate females. In ensuing decades we have learned about the skills and talents of female chimpanzees in tool using, hunting, and transmitting behaviors from one generation to the next as teachers, and across space as newcomers to neighboring communities. The perspective of evolutionary time highlights the continuity of female lives from the origin of mammals to the origin of Homo sapiens. The combination of behavioral, fossil, and archeological information aid in reconstructing key ingredients acquired by females along the way that contributed to the success of our species. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling Land-Use Decisions in Rural Areas

A model of land-use choice in rural areas is developed in this article. The optimization condition from the model is applied to a land-use dispute in west central Illinois that evaluates corn versus coal, and yields quantitative estimates of alternative land-use values. Several scenarios were analyzed, including those that reflect market distortions caused by both air and water pollution and Federal subsidies to agriculture. Results from these evaluations provide the basis for cost-benefit analysis of rural land-use decisions when distortions cause markets to allocate land inefficiently.
A Strain Energy-Based Constitutive Model for Continuous-Fiber Tissue Engineered Valved Conduit Tissue

Understanding growth and remodeling of extracelluar matrix (ECM) embedded in a scaffold phase is crucial for improving tissue engineering efforts, especially within the context of a mechanically-demanding enviroment to which engineered heart valve tissues (EHVT) are subjected. Our previous modeling efforts at short in vitro timepoints (one to three weeks) [1] illustrated the strong dependency of ECM-scaffold composite mechanical properties on that of the existing continuous scaffold phase. In this work, we build on these efforts by developing a generalized, large-deformation continuum-based model for short timepoint in vitro/in vivo environments and validating it using a ECM-analog system to simulate remodeling tissue. It is our intent to estimate the ECM mechanical quality from the measured scaffold-ECM composite.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The multifactorial nature of HIV-1 latency

HIV-1 can avoid host immune responses and antiretroviral drugs through the latent infection of resting memory CD4 + T cells. Recently, latent viral genomes have been shown to reside within the introns of active host genes. Therefore, latency is not simply due to an inaccessibility of the integrated proviruses to the transcriptional machinery. Rather, latency might result from insufficient nuclear levels of the crucial activation-dependent host transcription factors required to overcome the transcriptional interference that is an automatic consequence of the nature of HIV-1 integration sites. In addition, resting cells lack sufficient levels of HIV-1 Tat and Tat-associated activation-dependent host factors that are necessary for processive transcription. Defects at consecutive steps of transcriptional initiation and elongation enable HIV-1 to remain hidden within resting CD4 + T cells.
Transvenous parasympathetic nerve stimulation in the inferior vena cava and atrioventricular conduction.

Parasympathetic Stimulation in the Inferior Vena Cava. Introduction: In previous reports, we demonstrated a technique for parasympathetic nerve stimulation (PNS) within the superior vena cava, pulmonary artery, and coronary sinus to control rapid ventricular rates during atrial fibrillation (AF). In this report, we describe another vascular site, the inferior vena cava (IVC), at which negative dromotropic effects during AF could consistently he obtained. Moreover, stimulation at this site also induced dual AV nodal electrophysiology. Methods and Results: PNS was performed in ten dogs using rectangular stimuli (0.1 msec/20 Hz) delivered through a catheter with an expandable electrode basket at its tip. Within 3 minutes and without using fluoroscopy, the catheter was positioned at an effective PNS site in the IVC at the junction of the right atrium. AF was induced and maintained by rapid atrial pacing. During stepwise increase of the PNS voltage from 2 to 34 V, a graded response of ventricular rate slowing during AF was observed (266 ± 79 msec without PNS vs 1,539 ± 2,460 msec with PNS at 34 V; P = 0.005 by analysis of variance), which was abolished by atropine and blunted by hexamethonium. In three animals, PNS was performed during sinus rhythm. Dual AV nodal electrophysiology was present in 1 of 3 dogs in control, whereas with PNS, dual AV nodal electrophysiology was observed in all three dogs. PNS did not significantly change sinus rate or arterial blood pressure during ventricular pacing. Conclusion: Stable and consistent transvenous electrical stimulation of parasympathetic nerves innervating the AV node can be achieved in the IVC, a transvenous site that is rapidly and readily accessible. The proposed catheter approach for PNS can be used to control ventricular rate during AF in this animal model.
Interprotein electron transfer in a confined space: uncoupling protein dynamics from electron transfer by sol-gel encapsulation.

In this paper, we describe the first observations of photoinitiated interprotein electron transfer (ET) within sol−gels. We have encapsulated three protein−protein complexes, specifically selected because they represent a full range of affinities, are sensitive to different types of dynamic processes, and thus are expected to respond differently to sol−gel encapsulation. The three systems are (i) the [Zn, Fe3+L] mixed-metal hemoglobin hybrids, where the α1-Zn and β2-Fe subunits correspond to a “predocked” protein−protein complex with a crystallographically defined interface (Natan, M. J.; Baxter, W. W.; Kuila, D.; Gingrich, D. J.; Martin, G. S.; Hoffman, B. M. Adv. Chem. Ser. 1991, 228 (Electron-Transfer Inorg., Org., Biol. Syst.), 201−213), (ii) the Zn−cytochrome c peroxidase complex with cytochrome c, [ZnCcP, Fe3+Cc], having an intermediate affinity between its partners (Nocek, J. M.; Zhou, J. S.; De Forest, S.; Priyadarshy, S.; Beratan, D. N.; Onuchic, J. N.; Hoffman, B. M. Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 2459−24...
Domestic Concerns, Transnational Fields: Two Recent Documentary Films from Mumbai and an “Interstitial Mode of Production”

This article ethnographically explores two recent documentary films by Raintree Films, a Mumbai-based filmmaking team consisting of director Nishtha Jain and writer/producer Smriti Nevatia. Lakshmi and Me (2008) and At My Doorstep (2009) self-reflexively critique inequality in Indian society by investigating the relationship between members of the filmmakers’ relatively privileged class and their domestic servants. Both films aim to create critical self-awareness in lower and upper class viewers alike, and ultimately to foster inclusive spaces of imagination and debate in the context of deeply ingrained practices of inequality only exacerbated by the exclusionary neoliberal logic. Although similar in politics and topic, the two films vary widely in the conditions of their production, their narrative form and mode of address, and in their routes and degrees of success along international and local itineraries. These differences, I argue, reflect iterative attempts by the filmmakers to realize their critica...
The Complexities of Operating Multiple Small Schools in a High School Conversion

School reformers hope that converting comprehensive high schools into collections of small schools will produce results similar to those realized in freestanding small schools. Three themes—personalization, professional community, and shared decision making—exemplify the early successes in conversions. But the challenge of sustaining these gains reveals a host of complications that were not anticipated by funders or early adopters of the reform. In particular, the arrangement of a “multiplex” high school can generate tensions between operating autonomous (or, more frequently, interrelated) small schools and maintaining many of the traditions and structures of the comprehensive high school. Examples of supports and inhibitors to small schools reform are highlighted.
BlueStar: a federation-based approach to building internet-scale data centers

This paper describes the architecture and the implementation of BlueStar, which uses a federation-based approach to design and build Internet-scale data centers. Instead of aggregating all of the compute, storage, and network resources in a single data center, our approach uses the concept of a federation in which differentsize data centers participate to provide the capacity needed to support Internet-scale applications. The main advantage of our approach is that due to the inherent geographic distribution of the data centers, applications can be easily provided with support for high availability, disaster recovery, and localized access (reduced latency). The approach also enables the service providers to realize benefits by deciding to locate the hosting of applications to take advantage of savings due to cost differentials between peak and offpeak hours, power rates, and cooling costs across data centers. Further, the approach enables individual data centers to maintain independence and operational control over their resources. We discuss the implementation of BlueStar using two sample composite applications: BlueMaps, a server-side mashup application (i.e., an application that provides data or functionality from more than one location), and Lotus® Connections, a collaboration application.
KINETIC BEHAVIOR OF EPR SIGNAL I: INDUCTION EFFECTS IN INTACT ALGAE

— There is considerable evidence that the light-induced narrow EPR signal I at g= 2·0025 in green algae is a reflection of the turnover of the photosynthetic reaction center, P700. A lag period or induction effect of the formation of this signal, subsequent to a dark period in whole fresh cells, is similar to induction effects for the bleaching of P700. The rate of formation of the signal is slower the longer the preceding dark period. DCMU does not much affect the induction phenomenon, but heating the cells to 60° abolishes it. Some substance or process which exists in the intact cell is altered by light and is detectable by its effect on signal I and on the rate of light-induced oxidation of P700 and cytochrome.
Social identification effects in product and process development teams

Abstract This study integrated theories of group effectiveness with social identity and social categorization theory to develop and test a model of team performance. The sample included 42 product and process development teams employed in three divisions of a Fortune 500 manufacturing firm. Performance data was collected at project midpoint and at project completion through both managers' and team members' assessments. The study found that team social identification was an important predictor of team performance, explaining variance beyond that explained by cohesiveness and external communication. Team social identification was influenced by top management support and recognition, project leader organizational influence, the extent to which members" time was dedicated to the team, and team functional diversity. Implications for scholars and professional managers are discussed.