cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hospitalist involvement in internal medicine residencies

CONTEXT: The ways hospitalists interact with and contribute to internal medicine residencies in the United States have been described locally, but have not been documented on a national level. OBJECTIVES: To describe the penetration of hospitalists into medicine residency faculty nationally, and document their contributions to teaching activities. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Survey of all 386 internal medicine residency directors in the United States in 2005 (272 respondents) and 2007 (236 respondents). MEASUREMENTS: Number of teaching hospitals utilizing hospitalists, number of programs utilizing hospitalists to teach, hospitalist teaching duties, and number with hospitalist tracks. RESULTS: In 2005, program directors recalled 54% of teaching hospitals employed hospitalists before and 73% after implementation of work-hour limitations. Of those employing hospitalists, 92% of programs in the Northeast and West used them to teach. Two years later, the Midwest (78%) and South (76%) continued to lag behind in the proportion of teaching hospitalists. Specific teaching activities of hospitalists included: attending on teaching service (92%), conducting rounds (81%), observation of clinical skills (67%), lectures (68%), and morning report (52%). Seven percent of program directors reported other duties of hospitalists, including: supervising procedures, reviewing night float patients, serving as associate program directors, and writing curricula. Eleven percent of training programs had hospitalist tracks. CONCLUSIONS: As hospitalists have become prevalent and have become efficient clinicians in community and university hospitals, the majority of internal medicine residencies have enlisted them to provide rounds, lectures, and bedside teaching. A small number of residencies are beginning to develop tracks to facilitate this new career option for graduates. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:471–475. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Spectroscopy of the Lower Excited States of Co 59

We have investigated the low-lying states of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$ by means of the (${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$, $d$) reaction on ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{58}$, using an incident beam whose energy was 22 MeV. In addition to strong $l=3$ transitions to the ${\frac{7}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ground state and a group of states centered at 2.08 MeV, strong $l=1$ transitions to the first, third, and fourth excited states were observed. From these results and the results of previous experiments, the first and third excited states can each be assigned spin and parity of ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. These assignments are consistent with the results from our study of the ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{60}(d, {\mathrm{He}}^{3}){\mathrm{Co}}^{59}$ reaction. The present results are in agreement with previous assignments of either ${\mathrm{\textonehalf{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ or ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the fourth excited state, but cannot distinguish between these values. Spectroscopic factors for these transitions were obtained from a comparison of the experimental data with the predictions of a distorted-wave calculation.
Concurrent three-dimensional characterization of the refractive-index and residual-stress distributions in optical fibers.

A three-dimensional index-stress distribution (3DISD) measurement method for determining concurrently the refractive-index distributions (RIDs) and residual-stress distributions (RSDs) in optical fibers is presented. The method combines the quantitative-phase microscopy technique, the Brace–Kohler compensator technique, and computed tomography principles. These techniques are implemented on a common apparatus to enable concurrent characterization of the RID and the RSD. Measurements are performed on Corning SMF-28 fiber in an unperturbed section and in a section exposed to CO2 laser radiation. The concurrent measurements allow for the first accurate comparison of the collocated RID and RSD. The resolutions of the refractive index and stress are estimated to be 2.34×10−5 and 0.35 MPa, respectively.
Energy Collection Efficiency of Tungsten Transition-Edge Sensors in the Near-Infrared

Single-photon detectors operating at visible and near-infrared wavelengths with high detection efficiency and low noise are a requirement for many quantum-information applications. Detection of visible and near-infrared light at the single-photon level and discrimination between one- and two-photon absorption events place stringent requirements on TES design in terms of heat capacity, thermometry, and optical detection efficiency. Energy loss in the conversion of the photon energy in tungsten TESs to heat degrades the performance of these devices. By fabricating TESs on surface-micromachined Si3N4 membranes we improved the energy collection efficiency by a factor of two, to ∼80% energy efficiency.
Determination of acetaminophen metabolites in urine by liquid chromatography/electrochemistry.

Abstract The application of liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to the determination of urinary acetaminophen (APAP) metabolites was investigated. A combination of thin-layer and liquid chromatographic techniques was found successful in the resolution of individual APAP metabolites from other sample components. With this approach, unchanged APAP, APAP-4(O)-glucuronide, APAP-4(O)-sulfate, 3-methoxy-APAP-4(O)-sulfate, APAP-3(O)-sulfate, 3-methoxy-APAP-4(O)-glucuronide, and 3(S)-cysteinyl-APAP were determined in human urine. Detection limits were in the picogram range for all compounds investigated.
A predicate-logical method for modelling design objects

Abstract The subject of this paper is to formulate a modeller to descibe and manipulate models of design objects primarily in discrete manufacturing in terms of whatever attributes, functions of or relations among them are desired. Critical analysis is made on samples from typical past and current methods to reveal that none of them meets the requirements proper to CAD/CAM. These requirements derive from the more fundamental characteristics of our universe of discourse, the core fact being that the target of modelling is the ‘real’ world of physical and sensible entities and phenomena. This fact together with the desired formalness of the modeller makes us turn to the theories of natural-scientific structures, particularly those of logical-positivistic tradition and choose D. Hilbert's formal-axiomatic method of constructing mathematical disciplines as our paradigm. A sketch of a modeller in accordance with this paradigm is given.A model to be constructed contains a set of first order predicate-logical formulae as axioms that represent design requirements and a fact database that is an interpretation. The language of a partial implementation of the said modeller which has been in practical use for several years is presented in more details.
Asymmetric Membrane Fiber-Based Carbon Dioxide Removal Devices for Ion Chromatography

The application of hollow and filament-filled single asymmetric membrane fibers, consisting of a thin silicone layer on a tubular microporous support, for removing CO2 in suppressed ion chromatography effluents is described. With appropriate choice of the removal device and operating conditions, the CO2 can be essentially quantitatively (99+%) removed. For carbonate-based eluents, the use of such devices greatly reduces or eliminates the water dip, permitting better quantitation of poorly retained anions that elute close to the dip, allows practical gradient chromatography, and improves noise levels and attainable detection limits. In hydroxide eluent chromatography, the device largely removes the response from CO2 present in the samples; this greatly aids atmospheric trace gas analysis by IC. Device dimensions are such that the dispersion introduced by the device is small.
Pseudo-spin structure and large N expansion for a class of generalized helium Hamiltonians

Abstract A pseudo-spin formulation of the 1 N expansion is employed to study the helium Hamiltonian and some of its generalizations. A Holstein-Primakoff representation is derived for the Sp(4, R) pseudo-spin algebra associated with such Hamiltonians. The semiclassical nature of the large N limit is discussed, and an algorithm for calculating higher-order corrections is presented. The first three terms for the low-lying eigenvalues are explicitly calculated. The calculated terms for the helium ground state exhibit the same behavior as the corresponding terms in the convergent hydrogen series. The same level of approximation yields better than 1% accuracy for crude quark-like Hamiltonians.
Orally‐Effective, Long‐Acting Sorbitol Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Structure‐Activity Relationships, And In Vivo Evaluations Of Novel Heterocycle‐Substituted Piperazino‐Pyrimidines

Optimization of a previously disclosed sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDI, II) for potency and duration of action was achieved by replacing the metabolically labile N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl group with a variety of heterocycles. Specifically, this effort led to a series of novel, in vitro potent SDIs with longer serum half-lives and acceptable in vivo activity in acutely diabetic rats (e.g., 62, 67, and 69). However, the desired in vivo potency in chronically diabetic rats, ED90 less than or equal to 5 mg/kg/day, was achieved only through further modification of the piperazine linker. Several members of this family, including 86, showed better than the targeted potency with ED90 values of 1-2 mg/kg/day. Compound 86 was further profiled and found to be a selective inhibitor of sorbitol dehydrogenase, with excellent pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic properties, demonstrating normalization of sciatic nerve fructose in a chronically diabetic rat model for approximately 17 h, when administered orally at a single dose of 2 mg/kg/day.
Protein ultrafiltration: A general example of boundary layer filtration

A rotating disk membrane was developed to investigate experimentally concentration polarization during the ultrafiltration of bovine serum albumin solutions. The experimental data supported analytical and numerical predictions which were developed as part of this study. Osmotic pressure and concentration dependent viscosity and diffusivity were demonstrated to be important tactors. The results were also extended to predict ultrafiltration in porous walled ducts. Finally, a formal description of protein ultrafiltration in terms of the Stephan-Maxwell flux equations was shown to provide a unifying description of all filtration processes from mechanical filtration to reverse osmosis.
Sex-related differences in cognition: Development during early childhood

Abstract Fifty-five right-handed children from right-handed families between 2- and 5-years-of-age were individually administered two batteries of hand preference, verbal and spatial measures with a six month interval separating administrations. Early between-sex differences in production and comprehension abilities were revealed. Girls outscored boys on measures of verbal fluency and graphic reproduction of shapes. Boys outscored girls on a measure of verbal comprehension. Within-sex differences between comprehension and production abilities were also apparent. At both administrations, boys scored significantly higher on verbal tests of knowledge, comprehension and reasoning than on measures requiring oral or manual production. Girls showed the reverse pattern. By the second administration, however, the high production/low comprehension pattern was only significant for girls consistently demonstrating high degrees of right-hand preference across testing times. Significant between-sex differences in these comprehension versus production ability patterns ranged between 1/2 to 11/6 standard deviations in magnitude and accounted for 8–10% of the variance in children's ability difference scores. These results are interpreted as support for a biological basis of early sex-related cognitive differences and Kimura's (1983) model of sex differences in the organization of the left hemisphere.
Enhancement of viral hepatitis B antibody (Anti-HBs) response to a synthetic cyclic peptide by priming with anti-idiotype antibodies.

Abstract In vivo injections of anti-idiotype antibodies were used to prime the immune system of mice to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Anti-idiotype reagents in conjunction with a cyclic synthetic peptide analogous to positions 122–137 of HBsAg induced an antibody response to HBsAg (anti-HBs) comparable to that obtained with a single injection of intact HBsAg particles. In addition, high anti-HBs titers were produced in mice injected with HBsAg following anti-idiotype priming. These data indicate that anti-idiotype antibodies may be useful in priming the immune system of a host to a potential infectious agent.
Amenorrhea as a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa: a review of the evidence and implications for practice.

Amenorrhea is currently a criterion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text rev. [DSM-IV-TR]) for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN). Recently, there has bee...
Nature-inspired design of motif-specific antibody scaffolds

Engineering motif-specific 'hot spots' into an antibody scaffold yields antibodies with high affinity to targets containing phosphoserine, phosphothreonine or phosphotyrosine.
On second sound in materials with memory

Vor kurzem haben Gurtin und Pipkin eine allgemeine nichtlineare Theorie der Warmeleitung entwickelt, die vollstandig mit den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik vereinbar ist und in welcher Warmestorungen sich mit endlicher Geschwindigkeit ausbreiten. Wir erweitern hier diese Theorie auf verformbare Korper.
An Institutional Quality Improvement Initiative for Pain Management for Pediatric Cancer Inpatients

Health care institutions must use the principles of quality improvement to demonstrate appropriate assessment and effective management of pain. Here, we describe the quality improvement initiative implemented at our pediatric institution to improve the quality of pain management. We conducted chart audits for the previous 24 hours during which patients received inpatient care. Over six years, 2,478 charts were audited for 87 24-hour periods (average 1.2 days/month) to answer the following: (1) Was pain intensity assessed as per the institutional pain standard of care, (2) What proportion of audited inpatients had significant pain (>or=5/10), and (3) When significant pain (>or=5/10) occurred, was treatment effective (pain score <or=4/10) within one hour of an intervention? Data were analyzed for quarterly time periods (n=24). Compliance with pain assessment guidelines improved from 77% initially to consistently greater than 90%. The mean proportion of patients with significant pain each quarter was 21%. Sixty-six percent of patients with significant pain had pain treated effectively within one hour of intervention. Lack of documentation of pain reassessment within one hour of the intervention was consistent throughout the study period (overall frequency 22%). Comprehensive pain management guidelines have been established. Leaders of health care organizations need to provide the support and resources needed to incorporate these guidelines and standards into institutional culture. We present a simple quality improvement approach to patient care that can be modified to fit the unique aspects of other institutions.
Bovine cytokine expression during different phases of bovine leukemia virus infection

The potential role of aberrant cytokine production in the pathogenesis of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was studied by analyzing cytokine mRNA expression in pokeweed-stimulated PBMLs of cows in different phases of disease progression. To analyze the mRNA, a semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay was developed. The RT-PCR assay was developed for detection of IL-2, -4, -6, -10, -12, IFN-gamma and actin using cDNA derived from phorbol-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. Using a PCR specific for BLV tax, agar gel immunodiffusion and white blood cell counts, BLV-negative, BLV-positive aleukemic (AL), and BLV-positive persistently lymphocytotic (PL) cattle were identified. Peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in vitro for 24 h in pokeweed mitogen were analyzed for cytokine production using the RT-PCR assay. Consistently elevated levels of IL-2 and IL-12 in AL and PL cattle in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cells was detected, while IFN-gamma was elevated in the AL but not the PL cattle.
Mbti Learning Style-Teaching Style Discongruencies

The learning style of students and teaching style of faculty within a college of business was assessed utilizing the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory. Professors were more likely to teach in an "intuiti...
Sex, Age, and Race/Ethnicity Do Not Modify the Effectiveness of a Diet Intervention among Family Members of Hospitalized Cardiovascular Disease Patients

Abstract Objective To determine whether effectiveness of a diet intervention for family members of cardiovascular disease patients varies by participant sex, race/ethnicity, or age because these characteristics have been associated with unique barriers to diet change. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting and Participants University medical center. Healthy adult family members of patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disease (n = 501; 66% women; 36% racial/ethnic minorities; mean age 48 years). Intervention A special screening and educational intervention (SI) vs control intervention (CI) to reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake throughout 1 year. Main Outcome Measures Absolute change in MEDFICTS ( m eats, e ggs, d airy, f ried foods, fat i n baked goods, c onvenience foods, fats added at the t able and s nacks) diet score, saturated fat, and dietary cholesterol in the SI vs CI from baseline to 1 year. Analysis t tests stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and age group; linear regression. Significance set at P Results The SI was effective to improve MEDFICTS score independent of sex, race/ethnicity, and age group ( β = –6.7; P β = .9; P = .84), race/ethnicity ( β = –1.1; P = .81), or age group ( β = –.6; P = .89) on change in MEDFICTS score or change in saturated fat or dietary cholesterol intake from baseline to 1 year. Conclusions and Implications Results support the potential for a hospital-based screening and education program to improve diet in diverse populations of cardiovascular disease patient family members.
Age-related decline in the microstructural integrity of white matter in children with early- and continuously-treated PKU: a DTI study of the corpus callosum.

Structural, volumetric, and microstructural abnormalities have been reported in the white matter of the brain in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU). Very little research, however, has been conducted to investigate the development of white matter in children with PKU, and the developmental trajectory of their white matter microstructure is unknown. In the current study, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to examine the development of the microstructural integrity of white matter across six regions of the corpus callosum in 34 children (7–18 years of age) with early- and continuously-treated PKU. Comparison was made with 61 demographically-matched healthy control children. Two DTI variables were examined: mean diffusivity (MD) and relative anisotropy (RA). RA was comparable to that of controls across all six regions of the corpus callosum. In contrast, MD was restricted for children with PKU in anterior (i.e., genu, rostral body, anterior midbody) but not posterior (posterior midbody, isthmus, splenium) regions of the corpus callosum. In addition, MD restriction became more pronounced with increasing age in children with PKU in the two most anterior regions of the corpus callosum (i.e., genu, rostral body). These findings point to an age-related decrement in the microstructural integrity of the anterior white matter of the corpus callosum in children with PKU.
A Parallel Multigrid Finite-Volume Solver on a Collocated Grid for Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations

Multigrid techniques are widely used to accelerate the convergence of iterative solvers. Serial multigrid solvers have been efficiently applied to a broad class of problems, including fluid flows governed by incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. With the recent advances in high-performance computing (HPC), there is an ever-increasing need for using multiple processors to solve computationally demanding problems. Thus, it is imperative that new algorithms be developed to run the multigrid solvers on parallel machines. In this work, we have developed a parallel finite-volume multigrid solver to simulate incompressible viscous flows in a collocated grid. The coarse-grid equations are derived from a pressure-based algorithm (SIMPLE). A domain decomposition technique is applied to parallelize the solver using a Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. The multigrid performance of the parallel solver has been tested on a lid-driven cavity flow. The scalability of the parallel code on both single- and multigri...
A wide-band simultaneous send-receive circuit for data cables

A coupled transmission line with passive terminations may be designed in such a way that a reflection-free structure results which behaves like a directional coupler. It exhibits large bandwidth and good directivity but high insertion loss. Its application to data cables in computation systems appears feasible.
Observations on predicted brain influx rates of neurotransmitter precursors. Effects of tumor, operative stress with tumor removal, and postoperative TPN of varying amino acid compositions.

Effects of tumor, operative stress and tumor removal, and postoperative TPN of varying amino acid compositions on brain levels of tryptophan or tyrosine as predicted by their brain influx rates were studied in normals and in malnourished cancer patients. Concentrations of the large neutral amino acids (LNAA) were determined in patients before and after tumor removal, and in postoperative patients before and after receiving either a standard TPN solution (STD-TPN), or a branched-chain amino acid solution (BCAA-TPN). The LNAA were altered in all groups versus normals. Brain influx rates showed the following: (1) in preoperative patients, predicted brain tryptophan levels were below normal (P < 0.001), whereas tyrosine levels were within or above normal; (2) no significant differences between pre- and postoperative tryptophan or tyrosine levels; (3) postoperative STD-TPN did not change predicted brain tryptophan concentration from preinfusion values, but BCAA-TPN decreased it (P < 0.001), underscoring the common transport carrier, and (4) preinfusion predicted brain tyrosine levels were decreased (P < 0.001) by both types of TPN solutions. These results imply low substrate levels for brain serotonin and catecholamine synthesis, possibly affecting functions dependent on their control. Cancer 59:1192-1200, 1987. HE USES AND BENEFITS of total parenteral nutrition T (TPN) are generally well known. However, during administration of TPN, homeostatic mechanisms controlling plasma nutrient levels and feeding behavior are overridden, altering the synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin and catecholamines) whose synthetic rates in the brain are dependent on circulating peripheral plasma concentrations of tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr).’-’ Fernstrom and Wurtman6 have shown that the brain levels of Trp (or Tyr) correlated directly with the ratio of the concentration of plasma Trp (or Tyr) to the sum of the concentrations of plasma leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), valine (Val), phenylalanine (Phe), and Tyr (or Trp). These amino acids, together with the other large
The relationship of attraction and sex composition to performance and nonperformance experimental outcomes in dyads

An experimental comparison of same- and mixed-sex dyads was conducted to investigate the relationship of interpersonal attraction and dyad sex composition to performance and nonperformance experimental outcomes. Ninety dyads each performed one verbal and one quantitative problem-solving task. Significant differences in speed of performance were found for dyad sex composition, but not for attraction. Attraction had its strongest impact on dyadic satisfaction, a non-performance outcome of the experiment. Among the all-female dyads racial composition of the dyad was significantly related to satisfaction: interracial dyads had higher levels of satisfaction than intraracial dyads. The results fail to demonstrate a significant association between attraction and performance, but do confirm that attraction and satisfaction are related, an assumption of the social exchange framework.
Comparison of developmental norms for the boston naming test

Abstract The Boston Naming Test was originally developed for use with adults, but has also been used with children. Several sets of developmental norms have been published, but the samples on which the norms are based are small to moderate in size, and vary along important dimensions, including geographic distribution and ethnic composition. To investigate their comparability, the norms from all published studies were subjected to analyses of variance comparing the mean levels of performance at each age level for children from 5 to 13 years of age. Significant differences were obtained between studies at several age levels, although the differences explained less than 10% of the variance in all but one analysis. Because the differences were small in magnitude, the norms were combined. The combined norms increase linearly with age, with significant differences between all but two of the adjacent age levels. These findings may improve the reliability and validity of neuropsychological assessment of children...
Timely financial reporting at corporate web sites

Considering the competitive advantage of having current financial information available online, it's curious how few institutions actually succeed in this regard.
T cell subsets and mortality in older community-dwelling women

Abstract The relationship between specific T cell subset alterations and mortality has not been well characterized in older adults. The specific aim was to determine whether specific T cell subsets are associated with an increased risk of death. We conducted a case-control study of T cell subsets (CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, and subsets of these cells defined by expression or non-expression of CD28, CD45RA, and CD45RO) nested within two complementary prospective cohorts of women aged 65 and over living in the community, the Women's Health and Aging Studies (WHAS). Cases consisted of 61 women who died during 5 years of follow-up, and controls consisted of 61 women matched by age, frailty, and morbidities who survived during 7 years of follow-up. There were no significant differences between cases and controls in any of the T cell subsets studied. When analyses were stratified by frailty status, these data suggest that CD8 + CD28 − lymphocyte counts were significantly higher among women who were frail compared with pre-frail and non-frail women.
Simultaneous uniqueness of infinite clusters in stationary random labeled graphs

In processes such as invasion percolation and certain models of continuum percolation, in which a possibly random labelf(b) is attached to each bondb of a possibly random graph, percolation models for various values of a parameterr are naturally coupled: one can define a bondb to be occupied at levelr iff(b)≦r. If the labeled graph is stationary, then under the mild additional assumption of positive finite energy, a result of Gandolfi, Keane, and Newman ensures that, in lattice models, for each fixedr at which percolation occurs, the infinite cluster is unique a.s. Analogous results exist for certain continuum models. A unifying framework is given for such fixed-r results, and it is shown that if the site density is finite and the labeled graph has positive finite energy, then with probability one, uniqueness holds simultaneously for all values ofr. An example is given to show that when the site density is infinite, positive finite energy does not ensure uniqueness, even for fixedr. In addition, with finite site density but without positive finite energy, one can have fixed-r uniqueness a.s. for eachr, yet not have simultaneous uniqueness.
The LLNL ion source — past, present and future

Abstract The Multi-user Tandem Laboratory (MTL) at LLNL is a general purpose laboratory for analysis using ion beam techniques. Our initial interest in AMS was for large throughput with modest precision. Toward this goal, we purchased a prototype GIC spherical ionizer source with a 60 sample cassette changer. The source has been extensively modified to increase reliability and to adapt it for AMS operation. The sample changing mechanism was completely rebuilt, pumping was increased in critical areas, electrical stress has been reduced in areas where failures were frequent and protection of insulators from cesium vapor has been increased. We are limiting the divergence to 20 mrad to match the present injection system and are only able to get about 50 μA of stable carbon beam in this configuration. Details of failures, changes to date and planned improvements will be discussed.
Association of noninvasively measured renal protein biomarkers with histologic features of lupus nephritis.

Objective To investigate the relationship of urinary biomarkers (UBM) and established measures of renal function (EMRF) to the histological findings with lupus nephritis (LN); and to test whether certain combinations of the above mentioned laboratory measures are diagnostic of specific histological features of LN.
The profile of an International Meeting

The aim of this study was to investigate the professional profile of participants in the “ACAST Colloquium”, one of the preliminary conferences leading to the United Nations Advisory Committee on Application of Science and Technology to Development (UNCSTD) meeting in Vienna in August of 1979, in order to study the different profile parameters of developing and “developed” country participants. We found that the developing countries seem to have a higher proportion of women and younger people than the “developed” countries. Participants on the whole tended to be older than a cross-section of the scientific and technological community. Approximately three-quarters considered themselves to be scientists rather than technologists. The scientists tended to be involved in some way with R & D, scientific or technological education, as well as management and administration. On the whole, the distribution of various parameters investigated was quite similar for developing and “developed” countries. Some interpretations of these results are offered.
Perceiving temporal regularity in music

We address how listeners perceive temporal regularity in music performances, which are rich in temporal irregularities. A computational model is described in which a small system of internal self-sustained oscillations, operating at different periods with specific phase and period relations, entrains to the rhythms of music performances. Based on temporal expectancies embodied by the oscillations, the model predicts the categorization of temporally changing event intervals into discrete metrical categories, as well as the perceptual salience of deviations from these categories. The model's predictions are tested in two experiments using piano performances of the same music with different phrase structure interpretations (Experiment 1) or different melodic interpretations (Experiment 2). The model successfully tracked temporal regularity amidst the temporal fluctuations found in the performances. The model's sensitivity to performed deviations from its temporal expectations compared favorably with the performers' structural (phrasal and melodic) intentions. Furthermore, the model tracked normal performances (with increased temporal variability) better than performances in which temporal fluctuations associated with individual voices were removed (with decreased variability). The small, systematic temporal irregularities characteristic of human performances (chord asynchronies) improved tracking, but randomly generated temporal irregularities did not. These findings suggest that perception of temporal regularity in complex musical sequences is based on temporal expectancies that adapt in response to temporally fluctuating input.
Path planning of solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles at low altitude

In this paper, the path planning strategy for solar powered UAVs at low altitude is examined including the weather factor in energy harvesting. The designed path will maximize the difference between the collected energy and the consumed energy, named net gain of energy, when flying from the specified initial point to the final point. A weather map providing information such as regional precipitation is utilized to predict the solar spectral density for the concerned areas. We propose a graph based approach which divides the concerned areas into small grids to evaluate the solar spectral density corresponding to the local weather and then build the energy intensity distribution map as a function of coordinates. The Bellman-Ford algorithm is utilized to find the optimal path which yields maximum net gain of energy at terminal point. Simulation results for level flight are presented.
Bis(binaphthylcyclopentadienyl)-derived metallocene peroxide complexes: Catalysts for the enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes

Abstract The enantioselective catalytic epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkyl and aryl olefins was conducted using titanocene and niobocene peroxide complexes incorporating a C 2 -symmetrical binaphthylcyclopentadienyl ligand (BpDMCp). Enantiomeric excesses up to 20% and activities up to 55 turnovers were obtained with the application of our chiral bis(binaphthylcyclopentadienyl)-derived metallocenes. A significant decrease in the enantioselectivity for the epoxidation of trans -3-hexene was observed when the metal was changed from titanium to niobium in these binaphthyl-derived C 2 -symmetrical complexes. The preparation of the bis(binaphthylcyclopentadienyl)-chloroniobium peroxide complexes and bis(indenyl)chloroniobium peroxide is described.
Experimental Observation of Nonlinear Landau Damping of Plasma Waves in a Magnetic Field

Experiments on nonlinear Landau damping and growth of longitudinal plasma waves that propagate nearly perpendicular to a magnetic field have been carried out. The measured value of the nonlinear wave-particle coupling coefficient is in good agreement with theory.
Elastosis perforans serpiginosa associated with morphea

A 16-year-old girl is described with elastosis perforans serpiginosa occurring within a lesion of morphea. Histologic examination showed a definite relationship between the abnormal elastic fibers in the perforation and in foci of surrounding morphea. Although the concurrence of these conditions may be coincidental, we believe that this case represents perforating morphea, a secondary form of elastosis perforans serpiginosa.
Optical Millimeter-Wave Generation and Transmission Without Carrier Suppression for Single- and Multi-Band Wireless Over Fiber Applications

A new optical millimeter-wave generation scheme to double the beating frequency without suppressing the carrier by taking advantages of the out-of-phase property between sidebands of a phase-modulated optical carrier is proposed for the first time. Theoretical analysis shows that the generated 60 GHz optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) can tolerant ±0.016 nm wavelength drifting with filter bandwidth ranging from 70 to 100 GHz to sustain first to second harmonic suppression ratio of 18 dB. The doubled frequency is continuously tunable from 60 to 90 GHz within 100 GHz filter bandwidth with RF power variation of less than 2 dB. In addition, simultaneously generating and transmitting multi-band signal: millimeter-wave band, microwave band, and baseband leveraging the same concept is also proposed. Error-free transmission of 2.5 Gb/s wireless baseband signals carried by the generated 60 GHz mm-wave is successfully demonstrated in both single- and multi-band network environments over a combined optical fiber and wireless distance with a proper equivalent isotropically radiated power of about 20 dBm for in-building access. Moreover, dispersion effect on the generated frequency-doubled optical mm-wave is analyzed by experimentally comparing the link performance of both single mode fiber (SMF-28) and dispersion-shifted fiber cases. It is concluded that for single-band service delivery, the proposed scheme is immune to the interference from the dispersion-induced, redundant 1st harmonics; however, to deliver multi-band services, launching lightwave at zero-dispersion wavelength over SMF-28 is highly recommended to mitigate inter-band interference.
ROADM subsystems and technologies

ROADM (reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers) subsystems can be implemented using a variety of architectures and technologies, each with their own trade-offs in performance and functionality. This paper describes the available technology options, and corresponding subsystem features, while highlighting the key advantages and implementation challenges associated with each.
Teamwork in controlling multiple robots

Simultaneously controlling increasing numbers of robots requires multiple operators working together as a team. Helping operators allocate attention among different robots and determining how to construct the human-robot team to promote performance and reduce workload are critical questions that must be answered in these settings. To this end, we investigated the effect of team structure and search guidance on operators' performance, subjective workload, work processes and communication. To investigate team structure in an urban search and rescue setting, we compared a pooled condition, in which team members shared control of 24 robots, with a sector condition, in which each team member control half of all the robots. For search guidance, a notification was given when the operator spent too much time on one robot and either suggested or forced the operator to change to another robot. A total of 48 participants completed the experiment with two persons forming one team. The results demonstrate that automated search guidance neither increased nor decreased performance. However, suggested search guidance decreased average task completion time in Sector teams. Search guidance also influenced operators' teleoperation behaviors. For team structure, pooled teams experienced lower subjective workload than sector teams. Pooled teams communicated more than sector teams, but sector teams teleoperated more than pool teams.
A Controlled Evaluation of Staging Dietary Patterns to Reduce the Risk of Diabetes in African-American Women

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the 3-month follow-up data of the Eat Well, Live Well Nutrition Program, a culturally specific, peer-led dietary change program designed to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in low-income African-American women. This peer-led program was delivered in the community and was tailored to the participants' stage of change for individual dietary patterns. We report the results of the 3-month intervention and the extent to which dietary changes and other key outcomes were maintained at a 3-month follow-up assessment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Using an experimental control group design, 294 overweight African-American women (ages 25-55 years), recruited in collaboration with a neighborhood organization, completed pre- and posttest and 3-month follow-up interviews of dietary behaviors, knowledge, attitudes, fat intake, and weight. RESULTS: Significant reductions were found in fat intake among women in the treatment condition when compared with women in the control group; these reductions were maintained at 3-month follow-up assessment. Likewise, significant changes in dietary patterns were reported after the study and were maintained, except for one dietary pattern (replacement). CONCLUSIONS: This model of health promotion, which individually tailors dietary patterns through staging and use of peer educators, has the potential for decreasing fat intake and increasing and maintaining specific low-fat dietary patterns among overweight African-American women at risk for diabetes.
Five-dimensional Yang-Mills-Einstein supergravity on orbifolds: Parity assignments

We discuss the options for parity assignments in (on-shell) $\mathcal{N}=2$ five-dimensional Yang-Mills-Einstein supergravity theories (YMESGTs) coupled to tensor and hypermultiplets on the orbifold spacetime ${\mathcal{M}}_{4}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{S}^{1}/{\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$. Along the lines of orbifold-grand unified theories (GUTs), we allow for general breaking of the five-dimensional gauge group at the orbifold fixed points. We then extend the discussion to the case where the orbifold is ${S}^{1}/({\mathbb{Z}}_{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbb{Z}}_{2})$. We do not presume the existence of fields with support only at fixed points. As in the familiar case of (rigid) super-Yang-Mills theories on such orbifolds, only bulk hypermultiplets can lead to chiral multiplets in complex representations of the gauge group on the boundaries. Massless chiral multiplets coming from bulk vector or tensor multiplets can potentially be used as Higgs supermultiplets, though a ``doublet-triplet'' splitting via parity assignments is not available for the tensor sector. We also find parity assignments for objects other than fields that appear in the Lagrangian, which will partially determine the structure of interactions of the boundary theories. Assigning odd parities to the scalar sector of vector/tensor multiplets requires the four-dimensional boundary moduli spaces to lie on the boundary of the classical K\"ahler cone, which corresponds to collapsed Calabi-Yau 2-cycles at the orbifold fixed points in a compactification of 11-dimensional supergravity. There is an ambiguity in how to affect odd parity for the field-independent ${C}_{IJK}$ tensor of the 5D theory, which may admit a classical interpretation as Calabi-Yau 4-cycles collapsing to either 2- or 0-cycles.
Formation of optoelectronics by integration of optical devices and VLSI circuits

Many applications of optical processing and optical interconnects require electronic data and control signals to be applied nearly simultaneously to a large number (10/sup 3/-10/sup 6/) of optical elements on a single optoelectronic device. Although device concepts and properties of the optical elements have been examined using electrical leads to individual element of moderate size arrays, large arrays are needed for many applications. Optoelectronic circuits can allow such large-element arrays to be addressed in manners that are compatible with the application. One approach to creating these devices is through integrating an optical chip with a separate electronic chip to form a hybrid optoelectronic circuit.
Femtosecond Laser Nano-Surgery for Nerve Regeneration Studies

Ultrashort laser pulses are increasingly being used to ablate subcellular structures inside living cells and multi-cellular organisms. We have recently demonstrated the feasibility of nano-axotomy in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and observed nerve regeneration of the severed axons. Neural regeneration process can be impaired by the amount of collateral damage. Such damage is due to expansion of the thermoelastic stress-induced cavitation bubbles and the shock-waves expanding beyond the focal volume of the laser beam. This study presents a systematic characterization of the extent of damage in C. elegans created by 100-fs pulses at 1-kHz repetition rate with energies varying from 2-nJ to 20-nJ per pulse and the total number of pulses ranging from 1 to 1000. The minimum energy required for ablation greatly depends on the total number of pulses used. While a single shot of 21-nJ of energy can severe an axon, the threshold drops to as low as 3.8-nJ for 1000 pulses.
Role of Ethnicity in Predicting Antipsychotic Medication Adherence

BACKGROUND:Clinicians treating schizophrenia face increasingly diverse ethnic populations. Ethnic groups may have different approaches to the management of schizophrenia, which could impact antipsychotic medication adherence.OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between adherence and ethnicity or the specific medication used after controlling for other factors.METHODS:Texas Medicaid claims were retrieved for persons aged 21–65 years, diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, after initiating treatment with olanzapine (n = 1875), risperidone (n = 982), or haloperidol (n = 726) between January 1997 and August 1998. The association between ethnicity (African American, Mexican American, white) or medication and days' use of the medication in the year following initiation was assessed using multivariate linear regression. Covariates included other patient demographics, region, comorbid mental health conditions, and prior medication and healthcare resource use.RESULTS:African American and Mexican...
The Fall and Rise of the Local Community: A Comparative and Historical Perspective

In pursuing an historical and comparative approach, the article aims at exploring the relation between local government and 'local community'. For comparative purposes, the paper draws primarily on...
AUTOINDUCTION AND ALDEHYDE CHAIN‐LENGTH EFFECTS ON THE BIOLUMINESCENT EMISSION FROM THE YELLOW PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH LUCIFERASE IN Vibrio fischeri STRAIN Y‐1b

Une couche bacterienne, emettant dans le jaune, Vibrio fischeri Y-1b, est isolee et caracterisee. Le rapport de croissance est estime par mesure de l'absorbance a 660 nm. La bioluminescence des cultures est mesuree par photometrie. Le rapport Jaune/Bleu, est mesure en fonction de la croissance des cellules, et de l'autoinduction de la luciferase
Improvements to VTS feature enhancement

By explicitly modelling the distortion of speech signals, model adaptation based on vector Taylor series (VTS) approaches have been shown to significantly improve the robustness of speech recognizers to environmental noise. However, the computational cost of VTS model adaptation (MVTS) methods hinders them from being widely used because they need to adapt all the HMM parameters for every utterance at runtime. In contrast, VTS feature enhancement (FVTS) methods have more computation advantages because they do not need multiple decoding passes and do not adapt all the HMM model parameters. In this paper, we propose two improvements to VTS feature enhancement: updating all of the environment distortion parameters and noise adaptive training of the front-end GMM. In addition, we investigate some other performance-related issues such as the selection of FVTS algorithms and the spectrum domain that MFCC is extracted from. As an important result of our investigation, we established the FVTS method can achieve comparable accuracy as the MVTS method with a smaller runtime cost. This makes FVTS method an ideal candidate for real world tasks.
Nanophysics and nanotechnology applied to sensors Part 2: Part 26 in a series of tutorials on instrumentation and measurement

In this paper, the author discusses quantum sensor devices of magnetic flux; properties of superfluids; the magnetic flux quantum; the superconducting quantum interference detector (SQUID); the scanning tunneling microscope (STM); cuprate superconductors; the working principles of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); compare MRI with SQUID and STM; and explain how tunneling spectroscopy works in superconductors. A SQUID application is presented that has the potential to lower the cost of MRI. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) affords the highest spatial resolution of any scanning sensor combined with a powerful spectroscopic capability, and its utility is illustrated in this tutorial with examples from the study of high temperature cuprate superconductors.