cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Constance v. Harvey--The Strong-Arm Clause Re-Evaluated

Section 70c of the Bankruptcy Act, colloquially known as the "strongarm clause," provides that a trustee in bankruptcy, as to all property upon which a credit r of t e b nkrupt could have obtained lien by legal r equitable proceedings, shall be deemed vested as f the ate of bankruptcy "with all the rights, remedies, and powers of a creditor then holdi g a lien thereon by such proceedings, whether or not such a creditor actually exists." This provision in its original fo m was first inserted in the Bankruptcy Act in 1910,2 in orde to strike do n ce tain cret liens and transfers made by a bankrupt, which would have be n vulnerable to his creditors in state court proceedings, but which had been upheld as against the trustee becaus he "stood in the shoes" of t e bankrupt.3 Prior to 1950, this clau e applied only to property which was in the possession or under the control of the bankrupt at he time of bankruptcy, " r otherwise coming int the p ssession of the bankruptcy court."4 Under this provision, it was clear, for example, tha a fraudulent transfer by the bankrupt, where possession was delivered to the transferee, could not be attacked by the trustee under this claus of Section 70c, since the pr perty was no longer in the possession of the bankrupt at the date of bank u tcy. As to such p operty, the trustee was vested by Section 70c only with he rights of a creditor who has had execution return d unsatisfied.5 However, in 1950 this striction was eliminated, and he strong-arm clause in the form s ated in the preceding paragraph now applies to "all property, whether or not coming into possession or control of th court ... ."6 Under this present provisio , the strong-arm clause arguably migh be used to
Emerging Concepts in Paracrine Mechanisms in Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine and Biology

In the past decade, substantial evidence supports the paradigm that stem cells exert their reparative and regenerative effects, in large part, through the release of biologically active molecules acting in a paracrine fashion on resident cells. The data suggest the existence of a tissue microenvironment where stem cell factors influence cell survival, inflammation, angiogenesis, repair, and regeneration in a temporal and spatial manner.
Overview of smartphone applications for sleep analysis.

Abstract Objective To review and assess the current selection of sleep analysis smartphone applications (apps) available for download. Methods The iOS and Google Play mobile app store were searched for sleep analysis apps targeted for consumer use. Alarm clock, sleep-aid, snoring and sleep-talking recorder, fitness tracker apps, and apps geared towards health professionals were excluded. App information and features were obtained from in-store descriptions, and the app developer website. Results A total of 51 unique sleep apps in both iOS and Google Play stores were included. The apps were rated 3.8/5 in both stores, and had an average price of $1.12 in the iOS store and $0.58 in the Google Play store. >65% of sleep apps report on sleep structure, including duration, time awake, and time in light/deep sleep, while reporting of REM was limited. The availability of extra features was variable, ranging from 4% to 73% of apps. Conclusions There are a variety of sleep analysis apps with a range of functionality. The apps with the most reviews from the each store are featured. Many apps provide data on sleep structure; however the algorithms are not validated by scientific literature or studies. Since patients may inquire about their sleep habits from these apps, it is necessary for physicians to be aware of the most common apps and the features offered and their limitations in order to properly counsel patients.
Teacher Characteristics and their Relationship to Change in the Congruency of Children’s Perception of Self and Ideal-Self,

IN THE PAST two decades self-theory has devel oped as a major construct in the behavioral sciences. The growing importance of self-theory is particular ly evident in those theories which postulate that an individual's perception of himself is a major factor influencing his behavior. These theories depict the self-concept as an or ganized configuration of perceptions of the self. Self concepts that are incongruent with perceived reality may exist; however, according to Rogers (7), the ex tent to which the individual dimly perceives these incongruencies is a measure of his internal tension and determines the amount of defensive behavior. Many investigators have studied perceptions of self in relation to perceptions of an ideal-self and computed discrepancy scores. These scores have been shown to be related to anxiety, nervousness, and maladjustment as defined by various investiga tors (4: 30). Perkins (6) found a tendency for children to ex hibit increasingly smaller discrepancy scores with age. It is possible that maturational factors alone might account for this convergence. However, since the self and ideal-self concepts are acquired through environmental influences, it is not unreasonable to postulate that a variation in environment might facil itate or retard the movement toward greater self ideal self congruency. It is believed that teachers exert a strong force on the developing child and influence children's per ceptions of self and ideal-self. Perkins (6) found that children whose teachers had completed a child study course showed significantly greater gains in self-ideal self congruency over a six-month period than did children whose teachers had never partici pated in child study. Thus, in a sense it might be possible to think of some teachers as being more therapeutic than others.
Euler and Quadratic Reciprocity

(1983). Euler and Quadratic Reciprocity. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 285-291.
Chemically Mediated Sexual Attraction of Male Cyclocephala lurida (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Other Scarabaeid Beetles to Immature Stages

Adult females of the southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala lurida Bland, produce a volatile sex pheromone that attracts conspecific males. Previously we documented that extracts of 3rd-instar Cyclocephala spp. grubs contain one or more compounds that attract males and stimulate copulatory attempts when these males arrive at the source of the odor. Attraction of males to larvae appears to be undocumented for any other insect species. We examined developmental expression of the production of this attractant within Cyclocephala spp., and evaluated hexane extracts of other species of scarabaeid grubs for attractiveness to C. lurida or conspecifics. We found that the attractant is not limited to the postoverwintering last instar, but rather is present in all larval stages and in male and female pupae. Extracts of Cyclocephala spp. grubs also attracted males of the northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis Arrow. Hexane extracts of 3rd instars of Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman, and green June beetles, Cotinis nitida L., were not attractive to male C. lurida , indicating that there is some phylogenetic specificity to this unusual production of a sex-specific attractant. Third instars of C. nitida do not attract conspecific males. Studies of male attraction to conspecific immature stages in Cyclocephala spp. and other Scarabaeidae may provide insights into the evolutionary origins of chemical communication systems.
Delays in Distributed Estimation and Control over Communication Networks

This chapter introduces a distributed estimation and control technique with application to networked systems. The problem consists of monitoring and controlling a large-scale plant using a network of agents which collaborate exchanging information over an unreliable network. We propose an agent-based scheme based on an estimation structure that combines local measurements of the plant with remote information received from neighboring agents. We discuss the design of stabilizing distributed controllers and observers when the interagent communication is affected by delays and packet dropouts. Some simulations will be shown to illustrate the performance of this approach.
Preferences of Patients With Myeloproliferative Neoplasms for Accepting Anxiety or Depression Treatment

Background Patients with chronic hematologic malignancies such as myeloproliferative neoplasms suffer from significant physical and psychological symptom burden. This study examined their willingness to accept an antidepressant and their preferences for which provider (mental health professional or hematologist/oncologist) prescribes an antidepressant for the management of anxiety and depression. Methods Anxiety and depression treatment preferences were measured with 3 questions assessing: (1) willingness to accept an antidepressant, (2) willingness to have their hematologist/oncologist prescribe the antidepressant, and (3) preference for treatment by a psychiatrist or mental health professional. Additionally, the Distress Thermometer and Problem List, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Risky Families Questionnaire, and demographic information were assessed to assess levels of distress, anxiety, and depression. Results Of the 117 participants, 69 (63.0%) were willing to accept an antidepressant in general and 61 (58.1%) were willing to accept an antidepressant from their hematologist/oncologist ( p p = 0.057). Participants already taking antidepressants and those with elevated chronic stress levels were more willing to receive an antidepressant from their hematologist/oncologist ( p = 0.035, p = 0.03, respectively). Treatment preferences did not vary based on myeloproliferative neoplasm type, length of time with myeloproliferative neoplasm, race/ethnicity, marital or working status, or by meeting distress/anxiety/depression criteria. A significant minority ( n = 28, 26.7%) would not accept any treatment. Conclusion Most patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm accepted an antidepressant and readily accepted the prescription from their hematologist/oncologist. The hematologists/oncologist׳s psychopharmacologic knowledge and their willingness to prescribe antidepressants should be assessed.
Green energy aware user association in heterogeneous networks

Greening information and communications technology is becoming an environmental and economic sine qua non, and has attracted much research attention. For a cellular network, the base stations (BSs) cost more than 50% of the energy consumption of the whole network. Therefore, BSs can be powered by green energy to reduce its on-grid power consumption. In this paper, we propose a greeN Energy Aware user associaTion (NEAT) scheme in the two-tier green heterogeneous network, that enables a BS depleting of green energy to offload its traffic load to other BSs with excessive green energy. Since the Macro BS (MBS) and Pico BS (PBS) employ different partitions of the licensed spectrum, we also consider the bandwidth allocation and adjust the two spectrum partitions dynamically. However, in the NEAT scheme, achieving the optimal user association in terms of minimizing the on-grid power consumption of BSs, is NP-hard. Therefore, we propose a heuristic NEAT algorithm to approximate the optimal solution with low computational complexity. Finally, the performance and viability of the algorithm are substantiated by simulation results.
Religion: A Contested Site in Theology and the Study of Religion

I first became acquainted with Richard Niebuhr's scholarship and thought in a German graduate seminar on Friedrich Schleiermacher and Ernst Troeltsch. Niebuhr's book, Schleiermacher on Christ and Religion, was a required text for the course and was regarded as the most significant study on Schleiermacher. My interest in Karl Rahner's theology had led me to go to Germany for doctoral studies. Once there, I discovered that much of what I had admired in Rahner had already been anticipated a century and a half earlier in Schleiermacher's work. Professor Niebuhr's study on Schleiermacher was the source of this insight. It influenced my decision later to translate into English Schleiermacher's On the Glaubenslehre: Two Letters to Dr. Lucke. My topic for this article, the theological retrieval of the category of religion, is obviously suggested by Niebuhr's study of Schleiermacher, which sought to overcome the dichotomies associated with the category of religion by the then-dominant Neo-orthodoxy. This topic is also a theme of Niebuhr's ensuing book, Experiential Religion, in which he elaborated his own constructive account of religion and experience. In addition, this topic appropriately relates to Niebuhr's activity at Harvard University, where he helped establish a program of studies in religion within the Committee on the Study of Religion.
“We’re all mad here” - Power and Identity in the Modern Era of Mental Illness

Mental illness is the modern term for the classification of conditions originally referred to as madness prior to The Enlightenment. Madness was identifiable by the outwardly deviant behavior of individuals acting out of unreason. This definition manifested in the absence of expert knowledge or organized efforts to study the nature of the condition. During this time, madness was seen as a condition of divine origins with the afflicted being blameless. This perception changed during The Enlightenment when madness was instead seen as a condition of moral error. The result was the widespread confinement of the mad. Confinement indirectly catalyzed the study of madness as a condition as it isolated the afflicted into a setting where they could be observed. This spurred the development of systems that classified specific mental-illnesses based on symptoms, thereby officially labelling madness as an illness. Despite dramatic advances in the study of mental-illness since the birth of psychology, diagnostic systems are heavily criticized for lacking specificity and holding the ability to diagnose any individual with a mental condition. This issue is further compounded by the stigmas associated with mental-illness. In order to combat stigma and extend treatment opportunities to a wider population of need, a system that recognizes each individual as existing on a continuum of mental wellness must be adopted. Current systems dichotomize mental health and mental illness in a manner that ascribes an identity to the diagnosed and limits their societal power. By recognizing conditions as often transient in nature and varying in severity, publics can empower the mentally ill while providing psychiatric care to those who would typically not receive its benefits.
Prospective evidence for independent nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of grasshopper (Chorthippus curtipennis) growth in a tallgrass prairie

Insect herbivores play a pivotal role in regulating plant production and community composition, and their role in terrestrial ecosystems is partly determined by their feeding behavior and performance among plants of differing nutritional quality. Historically, nitrogen (N) has been considered the primary limiting nutrient of herbivorous insects, but N is only one of many potential nutrients important to insect performance. Of these nutrients, phosphorus (P) is perhaps the most important because somatic growth depends upon P-rich ribosomal RNA. Yet relatively few studies have assessed the strength of P-limitation for terrestrial insects and even fewer have simultaneously manipulated both N and P to assess the relative strengths of N- and P-limitation. Here, we tested for potential N and P limitation, as well as N:P co-limitation, on Chorthippis curtipennis (Orthoptera, Acrididae), an abundant member of arthropod communities of central US prairies. Our results demonstrate weak evidence for both N and P limitation of C. curtipennis growth rates in laboratory feeding assays. Importantly, P-limitation was just as strong as N-limitation, but we found no evidence for NP co-limitation in our study. Furthermore, nutrient limitation was not apparent in field studies, suggesting that insect growth rates may be predominately controlled by other factors, including temperature and predation. Our results suggest that P should be jointly considered, along with N, as a primary determinant of herbivore feeding behavior under both current and future climate conditions.
Acquiring and Teaching Chinese Pronunciation

The author explores the specifics of learning/teaching Standard Chinese (SC) pronunciation, its goals and methods, within the broader context of L2 pronunciation learning/teaching. The ways in which research findings in Chinese phonetics and phonology might facilitate the acquisition of SC pronunciation by adult learners are investigated. An overview is provided of the textbooks and linguistic literature dealing with SC pronunciation. The usefulness of metalinguistic instruction is discussed. The following topics, among others, are addressed: the SC syllable structure, the third tone, acoustic correlates of stress, and the importance of unstressed function words.
Towards Improving Abstractive Summarization via Entailment Generation

Abstractive summarization, the task of rewriting and compressing a document into a short summary, has achieved considerable success with neural sequence-to-sequence models. However, these models can still benefit from stronger natural language inference skills, since a correct summary is logically entailed by the input document, i.e., it should not contain any contradictory or unrelated information. We incorporate such knowledge into an abstractive summarization model via multi-task learning, where we share its decoder parameters with those of an entailment generation model. We achieve promising initial improvements based on multiple metrics and datasets (including a test-only setting). The domain mismatch between the entailment (captions) and summarization (news) datasets suggests that the model is learning some domain-agnostic inference skills.
Mulvey and Trump on Citizen Kane

Mysteries suffuse and surround Citizen Kane.1 There are small puzzles about how to piece together the main character. There is a large mystery about the meaning of ‘Rosebud’. There is a question of...
Influence of alcoholism and cholesterol on TSPO binding in brain: PET [11C]PBR28 studies in humans and rodents.

Neuroinflammation appears to contribute to neurotoxicity observed with heavy alcohol consumption. To assess whether chronic alcohol results in neuroinflammation we used PET and [11C]PBR28, a ligand that binds to the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), to compare participants with an alcohol use disorder (AUD: n = 19) with healthy controls (HC: n = 17), and alcohol-dependent (n = 9) with -nondependent rats (n = 10). Because TSPO is implicated in cholesterol’s transport for steroidogenesis, we investigated whether plasma cholesterol levels influenced [11C]PBR28 binding. [11C]PBR28 binding did not differ between AUD and HC. However, when separating by TSPO genotype rs6971, we showed that medium-affinity binders AUD participants showed lower [11C]PBR28 binding than HC in regions of interest (whole brain, gray and white matter, hippocampus, and thalamus), but no group differences were observed in high-affinity binders. Cholesterol levels inversely correlated with brain [11C]PBR28 binding in combined groups, due to a correlation in AUD participants. In rodents, we observed no differences in brain [11C]PBR28 uptake between alcohol-dependent and -nondependent rats. These findings, which are consistent with two previous [11C]PBR28 PET studies, may indicate lower activation of microglia in AUD, whereas failure to observe alcohol effects in the rodent model indicate that species differences do not explain the discrepancy with prior rodent autoradiographic studies reporting increases in TSPO binding with chronic alcohol. However, reduced binding in AUD participants could also reflect competition from endogenous TSPO ligands such as cholesterol; and since the rs6971 polymorphism affects the cholesterol-binding domain of TSPO this could explain why differences were observed only in medium-affinity binders.
Virtual Integration in U.S. Senate Campaigns: An Active Learning Tool for Teaching American Government

The learning objectives of the introductory American Government course, one of the most common entry-level political science classes in American universities, span both content knowledge and civic ...
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION USED CLINICALLY FOR PAIN CONTROL

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the characteristics of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation used clinically for pain control. Studies on electrical stimulation and its effect on the tissue were originated from the development of the cardiac stimulation. To achieve optimum pain relief, the proper stimulus form is determined. The Physical Therapist's cart in a hospital contains a variety of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator (TENS) rather than a standardized device. The reason is that they have experienced a variety of responses from the treated patients dependent on the device used. In a study reviewed in the chapter, 13 models of TENS devices were tested for the purpose of identifying their characteristics and perhaps provide a reason for the difference in the patients' relief clinicians are experiencing. A tester was constructed in accordance with the AAMI proposed TENS standard, and simulated varying skin conditions by changing the sink impedance in the tester. The varying conditions included simulation of changes in skin conditions between wet, dry, and gelled. Those units that were able to dismantle undestructively, were studied for potential in-house servicing and construction quality. This study demonstrates that there is large variance of parameters between the TENS devices used clinically. Therefore, these parameters need to be defined in clinical studies that includes TENS devices. The generator, the electrodes, and the coupling medium together comprise a system. Each of these components contributes to the system's efficiency.
Literacy, Common Core State Standards and the School-Based Speech/Language Pathologist: Making Sense of It All

Abstract This pilot project was conducted by the ASHA Special Interest Group (SIG) 16 Ad Hoc Committee on Literacy Assessment: Trici Schraeder (Chair), Cornelia Cave, Barbara Decker, SallyAnn Giess, and Martha Testa. Christine Freiberg, SIG 16 coordinator and SIG 16 coordinating committee members Ruth Callahan and Judy Rudebusch served as the monitors. The project was approved by ASHA Staff. The ASHA SIG 16 Ad Hoc Committee on Literacy Assessment acknowledges the work of the Council of Chief State School Officers and National Governors Association Center for Best Practice for creating the Common Core State Standards.
The evolution and productivity of carbon fixation pathways in response to changes in oxygen concentration over geological time.

Abstract The fixation of inorganic carbon species like CO2 to more reduced organic forms is one of the most fundamental processes of life as we know it. Although several carbon fixation pathways are known to exist, on Earth today nearly all global carbon fixation is driven by the Calvin cycle in oxygenic photosynthetic plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria. At other times in Earth history, other organisms utilizing different carbon fixation pathways may have played relatively larger roles, with this balance shifting over geological time as the environmental context of life has changed and evolutionary innovations accumulated. Among the most dramatic changes that our planet and the biosphere have undergone are those surrounding the rise of O2 in our atmosphere—first during the Great Oxygenation Event at ∼2.3 Ga, and perhaps again during Neoproterozoic or Paleozoic time. These oxygenation events likely represent major step changes in the tempo and mode of biological productivity as a result of the increased productivity of oxygenic photosynthesis and the introduction of O2 into geochemical and biological systems, and likely involved shifts in the relative contribution of different carbon fixation pathways. Here, we review what is known from both the rock record and comparative biology about the evolution of carbon fixation pathways, their contributions to primary productivity through time, and their relationship to the evolving oxygenation state of the fluid Earth following the evolution and expansion of oxygenic photosynthesis.
Connecting Learning and Play in Farm-to-School Programs: Children’s Culture, Local School Context and Nested Inequalities

This article identifies mechanisms that constrain and enable farm-to-school programs’ success, drawing on evidence from an exploratory case study of a farm-to-school program in the Mid-Atlantic reg...
Earnings Management and Stock for Stock Mergers

This study investigates the relationship between stock for stock mergers and three earnings management methods: (1) accrual-based earnings management; (2) real earnings management; and (3) misclassification of items within the income statements. The findings show that stock for stock merger firms in the year of mergers are more likely to use accrual-based and real earnings management instead of classification shifting. In addition, this study develops an aggregate earnings quality index and compares future operating and stock market performance based on the earnings quality index.
Integrating access to care and tumor patterns by race and age in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, 2008–2013

Understanding breast cancer mortality disparities by race and age is complex due to disease heterogeneity, comorbid disease, and the range of factors influencing access to care. It is important to understand how these factors group together within patients. We compared socioeconomic status (SES) and comorbidity factors in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study Phase 3 (CBCS3, 2008–2013) to those for North Carolina using the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Study. In addition, we used latent class analysis of CBCS3 data to identify covariate patterns by SES/comorbidities, barriers to care, and tumor characteristics and examined their associations with race and age using multinomial logistic regression. Major SES and comorbidity patterns in CBCS3 participants were generally similar to patterns in the state. Latent classes were identified for SES/comorbidities, barriers to care, and tumor characteristics that varied by race and age. Compared to white women, black women had lower SES (odds ratio (OR) 6.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.2, 7.8), more barriers to care (OR 5.6, 95% CI 3.9, 8.1) and several aggregated tumor aggressiveness features. Compared to older women, younger women had higher SES (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4, 0.6), more barriers to care (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6, 2.9) and aggregated tumor aggressiveness features. CBCS3 is representative of North Carolina on comparable factors. Patterns of access to care and tumor characteristics are intertwined with race and age, suggesting that interventions to address disparities will need to target both access and biology.
Non-canonical Receptive Field Properties and Neuromodulation of Feature-Detecting Neurons in Flies

Summary Several fundamental aspects of motion vision circuitry are prevalent across flies and mice. Both taxa segregate ON and OFF signals. For any given spatial pattern, motion detectors in both taxa are tuned to speed, selective for one of four cardinal directions, and modulated by catecholamine neurotransmitters. These similarities represent conserved, canonical properties of the functional circuits and computational algorithms for motion vision. Less is known about feature detectors, including how receptive field properties differ from the motion pathway or whether they are under neuromodulatory control to impart functional plasticity for the detection of salient objects from a moving background. Here, we investigated 19 types of putative feature selective lobula columnar (LC) neurons in the optic lobe of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to characterize divergent properties of feature selection. We identified LC12 and LC15 as feature detectors. LC15 encodes moving bars, whereas LC12 is selective for the motion of discrete objects, mostly independent of size. Neither is selective for contrast polarity, speed, or direction, highlighting key differences in the underlying algorithms for feature detection and motion vision. We show that the onset of background motion suppresses object responses by LC12 and LC15. Surprisingly, the application of octopamine, which is released during flight, reverses the suppressive influence of background motion, rendering both LCs able to track moving objects superimposed against background motion. Our results provide a comparative framework for the function and modulation of feature detectors and new insights into the underlying neuronal mechanisms involved in visual feature detection.
When Managers Meet Models: Integrating Human Judgment and Analytics

Data analytics and machine learning are increasingly prevalent in emerging forecasting practice. Despite the growth in model-based forecasting, practitioners continue to employ human judgment to in...
One Bite, Two Patients: Disparate Clinical Courses Following Simultaneous Crotalus oreganus abyssus Envenomation.

A number of crotaline species have been associated with neurotoxic envenomation in North America. One clinical sign that can occur is myokymia: fine, involuntary, wave-like muscle movements occurring at regular intervals. We report an unusual scenario in which a single snakebite resulted in simultaneous envenomation of 2 patients. Both developed myokymia, with 1 having respiratory compromise. One patient also developed a hypersensitivity reaction to antivenom. Envenomation by the Grand Canyon rattlesnake, Crotalus oreganus abyssus, can produce significant neurotoxicity and resultant respiratory compromise. Antivenom may be helpful but can produce hypersensitivity reactions.
University Engagement for Enlightening CSR: Serving Hegemony or Seeking Constructive Change

Abstract This exploratory essay argues that of all organizations least analyzed for the quality, social impact, of their public relations engagement, universities probably head that list. Such impact, idiosyncratic to universities’ unique and complex sociopolitical role, justifies their corporate social responsibility (CSR) as organizational legitimacy, license to operate. Judged against strategic issues management’s (SIM) rationale for using stakeholder expectations to define legitimacy gaps (between organizational impact and stakeholder expectations), the engagement role unique to universities tests their functional and moral ability to enact themselves constructively in communities where they operate and in society at large. Stakeholder voices of all kinds engage to set CSR standards as means for improving the qualitative functioning of society; no society can be better than the organizations that engage to draw conclusions and create norms by which to enact it. Unique CSR engagement roles of universities include (1) elevating the functional and moral standards which guide them, (2) engaging in internal and external public arenas to foster constructive social impact, and (3) fostering research, teaching, and community service as engagement that produces social change by raising standards of moral and functional impact. This aspirational principle focuses attention as to whether universities’ CSR/legitimacy efforts reinforce hegemony or seek constructive social change.
Overcome radiation resistance in hypoxic cancer cells by inhibition of glycolysis

1229 Malignant solid tumors with insufficient blood supply contain a large portion of hypoxic cells that exhibit a high degree of resistance to radiation and chemotherapy partly due to increase of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and expression of other cellular survival molecules. The residual hypoxic cancer cells surviving radiotherapy/chemotherapy eventually proliferate and lead to cancer relapse. Because cancer cells in hypoxic environment largely depend on glycolysis to generate ATP due to lack of oxygen for the mitochondrial ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of glycolysis may severely deplete energy supply in hypoxic cancer cells, rendering them unable to repair DNA damage caused by radiation. Using human colon cancer HCT116 cells, we demonstrated that under hypoxic conditions the cancer cells were significantly less sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR) that under normoxic conditions. Inhibition of glycolysis effectively depleted cellular ATP, and preferentially killed cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Importantly, combination of IR with glycolytic inhibition exhibited synergistic activity against the hypoxic cancer cells, as demonstrated by colony formation assay. Fluorescent microscopic analysis demonstrated that inhibition of glycolysis suppressed the foci formation of the H2AX protein complex, suggesting that ATP depletion disabled the cellular ability to repair IR-induced DNA strand breaks. Furthermore, glycolytic inhibition led to a decrease in protein synthesis and significantly suppressed HIF-1α accumulation under hypoxia, likely further compromising the cell survival pathway. Our findings suggest that inhibition of glycolysis is an effective strategy to effectively kill hypoxic cancer cells, and its combination with radiotherapy is synergistic and may have significant clinical applications in cancer treatment.
Neural activation during anticipation of monetary gain or loss does not associate with positive subjective response to alcohol in binge drinkers

Abstract Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains an unresolved source of morbidity and mortality. Psychopharmacological challenge studies and neuroimaging experiments are two methods used to identify risk of problematic substance use. The present study combined these two approaches by examining associations between self-reported stimulation, sedation, liking or wanting more after a dose of alcohol and neural-based responses to anticipation of monetary gain and loss. Methods Young adult binge drinkers (N = 56) aged 21–29, with no history of Substance Use Disorder completed five experimental sessions. These included four laboratory sessions in which they rated their subjective responses to alcohol (0.8 g/kg for men, 0.68 g/kg for women) or placebo, and a single functional magnetic resonance imaging session in which they completed a monetary incentive delay task. During the scan, we recorded neural signal related to anticipation of winning $5 or $1.50 compared to winning no money (WinMoney-WinZero), losing $5 or $1.50 compared to losing no money (LoseMoney-LoseZero), and winning $5 or $1.50 compared to losing $5 or $1.50 (WinMoney-LoseMoney), in reward related regions. Results There were no significant associations between subjective ratings of “Feel Drug Effect”, “Like Drug Effect”, “Want More”, stimulation or sedation following the acute alcohol challenge and neural activation in reward related regions during anticipation of monetary gain or loss. Conclusions These results suggest that sensitivity of neural reward circuits is not directly related to rewarding subjective experiences from alcohol. Taken together with previous studies, the present findings indicate that the association between the subjective effects of drugs and reward-related brain activity depends on the drugs, tasks or subject samples under study.
Virality: Developing a Rigorous and Useful Definition of an Information Diffusion Process

This paper notes that while marketing has defined and written deeply about “viral marketing”, the process of virality has not been defined. And while Marketing scholarship is interested in creating, managing, modeling and predicting viral word-of-mouth (WOM), other fields may be more interested in studying naturally occurring viral diffusion events. I explore some of the questions that fields like Communications, Political Science and Information Science might be interested in asking about viral information events, and then, after discussing definitions of viral found in various bodies of literature, I argue for a definition of virality as a WOM diffusion process wherein a message is actively forwarded from person to person, within and between multiple weakly linked personal networks, and is marked by a period of exponential growth in the number of people who are exposed to the message. I further suggest that one result of a viral event is the creation of a temporally bound, self-organized, interest network where membership is based on an interest in the information content or an interest in being included in the interest network of others. In the discussion section I present areas of potential research related to viral processes and interest networks.
Lack of detectable short-term effects of a single dose of ivermectin on the human immune system.

Ivermectin is widely used in human and animal medicine to treat and prevent parasite nematode infections. It has been suggested that its mode of action requires the host immune system, as it is difficult to reproduce its clinical efficacy in vitro. We therefore studied the effects of a single dose of ivermectin (Stromectol®—0.15 mg/kg) on cytokine levels and immune cell gene expression in human volunteers. This dose reduces bloodstream microfilariae rapidly and for several months when given in mass drug administration programmes. Healthy volunteers with no travel history to endemic regions were given 3–4 tablets, depending on their weight, of either ivermectin or a placebo. Blood samples were drawn immediately prior to administration, 4 h and 24 h afterwards, and complete blood counts performed. Serum levels of 41 cytokines and chemokines were measured using Luminex® and expression levels of 770 myeloid-cell-related genes determined using the NanoString nCounter®. Cytokine levels at 4 h and 24 h post-treatment were compared to the levels pre-treatment using simple t tests to determine if any individual results required further investigation, taking p = < 0.05 as the level of significance. NanoString data were analysed on the proprietary software, nSolver™. No significant differences were observed in complete blood counts or cytokine levels at either time point between people given ivermectin versus placebo. Only three genes showed a significant change in expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells 4 h after ivermectin was given; there were no significant changes 24 h after drug administration or in polymorphonuclear cells at either time point. Leukocytes isolated from those participants given ivermectin showed no difference in their ability to kill Brugia malayi microfilariae in vitro. Overall, our data do not support a direct effect of ivermectin, when given at the dose used in current filarial elimination programmes, on the human immune system. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03459794 Registered 9th March 2018, Retrospectively registered https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03459794?term=NCT03459794&draw=2&rank=1 .
Bioenergetic potentials in terrestrial, shallow-sea and deep-sea hydrothermal systems

Abstract Chemolithotrophic microorganisms are key primary producers in hydrothermal environments. However, the complex thermal and compositional gradients that frequently describe these settings commonly obfuscate which reactions are fueling such complex ecosystems. Nonetheless, potential sources of microbial energy can be identified by combining analytical geochemical data from hydrothermal systems and thermodynamic calculations. This approach provides a quantitative assessment of how habitats are shaped by environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, pH and the concentrations of electron donors and acceptors. In this study, we have calculated the Gibbs energy available from 730 redox reactions in 30 terrestrial, shallow-sea, and deep-sea hydrothermal systems around the world (326 geochemical datasets) to reveal trends in how energy availability can shape hydrothermal ecology. The most energy-yielding (exergonic) reactions were predominantly the reduction of O2, NO2−, NO3−, and MnO2 and the oxidation of Fe2+, pyrite, CO, and CH4. In contrast, the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2 and oxidation of N2, Mn2+, and NO2−, though still often exergonic, yielded significantly less energy. Also, our results show that, in terms Gibbs energies of reactions, shallow-sea hydrothermal vent systems are more like terrestrial hot springs than deep-sea hydrothermal systems. Per kilogram of water in hydrothermal fluid, energy yields from inorganic redox reactions are much higher in deep-sea hydrothermal systems than in the other systems considered here. Our results provide a comprehensive view of the distribution of energy supplies from redox reactions in high-temperature ecosystems on a global scale.
Methods Evaluation for Rapid Concentration and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in Raw Wastewater Using Droplet Digital and Quantitative RT-PCR.

Wastewater surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging public health tool to understand the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in communities. The performance of different virus concentration methods and PCR methods needs to be evaluated to ascertain their suitability for use in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. We evaluated ultrafiltration and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation methods to concentrate SARS-CoV-2 from sewage in wastewater treatment plants and upstream in the wastewater network (e.g., manholes, lift stations). Recovery of viruses by different concentration methods was determined using Phi6 bacteriophage as a surrogate for enveloped viruses. Additionally, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in all wastewater samples was determined using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR), targeting three genetic markers (N1, N2 and E). Using spiked samples, the Phi6 recoveries were estimated at 2.6–11.6% using ultrafiltration-based methods and 22.2–51.5% using PEG precipitation. There was no significant difference in recovery efficiencies (p < 0.05) between the PEG procedure with and without a 16 h overnight incubation, demonstrating the feasibility of obtaining same day results. The SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers were more often detected by RT-ddPCR than RT-qPCR with higher sensitivity and precision. While all three SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers were detected using RT-ddPCR, the levels of E gene were almost below the limit of detection using RT-qPCR. Collectively, our study suggested PEG precipitation is an effective low-cost procedure which allows a large number of samples to be processed simultaneously in a routine wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2. RT-ddPCR can be implemented for the absolute quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers in different wastewater matrices.
Measures to Limit the Offshore Use of Currencies: Pros and Cons

Several Asian emerging market economies have recently adopted measures to limit the offshore trading of their currencies. This paper provides a general overview of such measures and evaluates the experiences of selected countries that resorted to such measures. It concludes that the measures could be effective if they were comprehensive and effectively enforced, and were accompanied by consistent macroeconomic policies and structural reforms. Such measures, however, could adversely affect investor confidence, financial market development, and nonspeculative economic and financial activities, and impose administrative burden on all parties involved.
Fast thin film vanadium dioxide microwave switches

A new concept in microwave and millimeter-wave switching structures is demonstrated. The switch is built on a GaAs substrate and is compatible with IC technology. The approach used to implement the concept is to place a variable-resistance element spanning a very short gap (compared to the width of the line) on a metal transmission line. Switching the gap material from the high resistance state to the low resistance state turns the line from an open circuit to the connected state. The topics discussed include the material system used, a specific demonstration of a microwave switch using this system, possible applications of the switch, and its present limitations and how they could be overcome. A switch is built which at 40 GHz has an insertion loss of less than 1 dB in the on-state and more than 12 dB in the off-state. Switching time is under 30 ns. >
Location recognition using prioritized feature matching

We present a fast, simple location recognition and image localization method that leverages feature correspondence and geometry estimated from large Internet photo collections. Such recovered structure contains a significant amount of useful information about images and image features that is not available when considering images in isolation. For instance, we can predict which views will be the most common, which feature points in a scene are most reliable, and which features in the scene tend to co-occur in the same image. Based on this information, we devise an adaptive, prioritized algorithm for matching a representative set of SIFT features covering a large scene to a query image for efficient localization. Our approach is based on considering features in the scene database, and matching them to query image features, as opposed to more conventional methods that match image features to visual words or database features. We find this approach results in improved performance, due to the richer knowledge of characteristics of the database features compared to query image features. We present experiments on two large city-scale photo collections, showing that our algorithm compares favorably to image retrieval-style approaches to location recognition.
Comment on “Flagellin as an Adjuvant: Cellular Mechanisms and Potential”

Mizel and Bates ([1][1]), in their review on flagellin as an adjuvant, state that “a number of flagellin-based vaccines for infectious diseases have already entered clinical trials.” I would like to add a cautionary note concerning the evaluation of the efficacy of these trials. Some people are
Carex sagei (Cyperaceae), nombre correcto de C. barrosii

The holotype of Carex sagei comes from central Chile, and this name has long been treated as a synonym of C. fuscula . Recent study indicates, however, that C. sagei is referrable to Carex section Ceratocystis, whereas C. fuscula belongs in section Spirostachyae. It is also demonstrated that C. sagei is the correct name for plants currently called C. barrosii . Carex sagei is known from Argentina, Chile, and the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), where it frequents hydric habitats, such as marshes, wet meadows, and the margins of lakes, from near sea level to about 850 m.