cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ternary phase diagram calculations of pentaerythritol–pentaglycerine–neopentylglycol system

Abstract The pentaerythritol (PE)–pentaglycerine (PG)–neopentylglycol (NPG) ternary system has been thermodynamically assessed using the CALPHAD method and Thermo-Calc software. The PE–PG, PG–NPG, PE–NPG binary systems have also been calculated using CALPHAD on the basis of reported binary experimental data. The solution phases are modeled as substitutional solutions, in which the excess Gibbs energies are expressed by the Redlich–Kister–Muggianu polynomial. The PE–NPG binary phase diagram was modeled using Henrian solution model, and the liquid phase was assumed ideal. The PG–NPG system was optimized using regular and sub-regular solution models and show invariant equilibria at 298 K. The PE–NPG binary system was calculated from room temperature to the liquid phase temperatures. The modeled phase diagrams and the experimental data are in good agreement. A set of self consistent thermodynamic parameters formulating the Gibbs energies of various phases in the PE–PG–NPG ternary system are obtained in the present work. Thermodynamic properties, several vertical and isopleth sections have been calculated and are in good agreement with experimental data.
Enhanced butanol production and reduced autolysin activity after chloramphenicol treatment of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824

Release of autolysin during the late exponential growth phase of Clostridium acetobutylicum resulted in early lysis of the culture and reduction of solvent formation. A simple and effective way of reducing autolysin activity and increasing solvent production is partial inhibition of protein synthesis with chloramphenicol (CAP). The extracellular autolytic activity in the culture, determined by following loss of turbidity of washed clostridial cells in 0.04m sodium phosphate buffer at 37° C, was decreased by 40% after CAP treatment. This caused an extension of cell viability by 12 h and an increase in butanol production by 30%. The optimal time of CAP addition was 12 h of incubation, and the optimal antibiotic concentration was 120 μg/ml. The effects of CAP on the fermentation are due to the inhibition of protein synthesis leading to a decrease in autolysin level in the culture. The results obtained provide economic advantages for industrial production of solvents by minimizing autolysin activity and maximizing solvent yield during the critical solvent-producing phase.
Hydrologic and geochemical properties of the San Andreas fault at the Stone Canyon well

The Stone Canyon well penetrates 600 m of highly fractured and severely altered quartz diorite intimately associated with the creeping segment of the San Andreas fault of central California. Geophysical logs reveal a complex hydrology dominated by major fractures. Fluid pressure in some fractures is sufficient to prevent invasion of the formation by heavy drilling mud, implying pore pressures at least 10% higher than hydrostatic ones. At least three chemically distinct waters are encountered, including a chloride brine clearly segregated from the shallow, potable groundwater. Chemical alteration of the quartz diorite persists throughout the well, far below the depth where the water-rock reactions responsible for the ubiquitous chlorite and mixed-layer clays can be considered weathering. Whole-rock δ18O analyses indicate significant interaction of the rocks with a low δ18O fluid within some of the fractured and altered zones, whereas a deeper sample shows18O enrichment. High pore pressures encountered in Stone Canyon may be due to tectonic compression. Measurements of temporal variations in the pore pressure at the well may provide a means of predicting earthquakes along this segment of the San Andreas fault.
On a problem of Kleitman and West

Abstract Kleitman and West pointed out that a discrete isoperimetric problem closely related to Kruskal-Katona's is particularly interesting because it does not have a nested family of solution sets. The combinatorial techniques which have been developed for solving discrete isoperimetric problems apparently do not work without that property. In this paper the K-W problem is first simplified by stabilization. Then a continuous limit of the simplified problem is found and solved by variational methods. Lastly, it is shown that a representative sample of special cases of the K-W problem may be embedded in a variant of the continuous problem for which the same variational argument gives the exact solution.
Functional architecture of the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry during motor task execution: correlations of strength of functional connectivity with neuropsychological task performance among female subjects.

The primary aim of this study was to enhance our understanding of the functional architecture of the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry during motor task execution. Twenty right-handed female subjects without any history of neuropsychiatric illness underwent fMRI at 3 T. The activation paradigm was a complex motor task completed with the nondominant hand. Analyses of functional connectivity strength were conducted for pairs of structures in input, intrinsic, and output segments of the circuitry. Next, connectivity strengths were correlated with results of neurocognitive testing conducted outside of the scanner, which provided information about both motor and cognitive processes. For input pathways, results indicate that SMA–striatum interactions are particularly relevant for motor behavior and disruptions may impact both motor and cognitive functions. For intrinsic pathways, results indicate that thalamus (VA nucleus) to striatum feedback pathway appears to have an important role during task execution and carries information relevant for motor planning. Together, these findings add to accumulating evidence that the GPe may play a role in higher order basal ganglia processing. A potentially controversial finding was that strong functional connectivity appears to occur across intrinsic inhibitory pathways. Finally, output (thalamus to cortex) feedback was only correlated with motor planning. This result suggests circuit processes may be more relevant for future behaviors than the execution of the current task. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pozzolanic filtration/solidification of radionuclides in nuclear reactor cooling water

Laboratory studies to investigate the feasibility of one- and two-step processes for precipitating/coprecipitating radionuclides from nuclear reactor cooling water, filtering with pozzolanic filter aid, and solidifying, are reported in this paper. In the one-step process, ferrocyanide salt and excess lime are added ahead of the filter, and the resulting filter cake solidifies by a pozzolanic reaction. The two-step process involves addition of solidifying agents subsequent to filtration. It was found that high surface area diatomaceous synthetic calcium silicate powders, sold commercially as functional fillers and carriers, adsorb nickel isotopes from solution at neutral and slightly basic pH. Addition of the silicates to cooling water allowed removal of the tested metal isotopes (nickel, iron, manganese, cobalt, and cesium) simultaneously at neutral to slightly basic pH. Lime to diatomite ratio was the most influential characteristic of composition on final strength tested, with higher lime ratios giving higher strength. Diatomaceous earth filter aids manufactured without sodium fluxes exhibited higher pozzolanic activity. Pozzolanic filter cake solidified with sodium silicate and a ratio of 0.45 parts lime to 1 part diatomite had compressive strength ranging from 470 to 595 psi at a 90% confidence level. Leachability indices of all tested metals in the solidified waste were acceptable. In light of the typical requirement of removing iron and desirability of control over process pH, a two-step process involving addition of Portland cement to the filter cake may be most generally applicable.
Quantitative analysis of fecal bile acids by gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract 1. 1. A method has been developed for the quantitative determination of fecal bile acids of the rat by gas-liquid chromatography of their methyl ester trimethylsilyl ethers on a 0.5% cyclohexanedimethanol polysuccinate phase supported on Gas-Chrom P. Recoveries of added amounts of pure bile acids were shown to vary from 92 to 98%. 2. 2. The principal bile acids found in the feces of rats fed a standard semisynthetic diet were tentatively identified as deoxycholic, hyodeoxycholic, lithocholic, and 12 ketolithocholic, and the daily excretion by adult male rats was 0.57, 1.00, 0.33, and 0.27 mg, respectively. Several bile acids of questionable identity were present in minor quantities.
Rotation and translocation of microtubules in vitro induced by dyneins from Tetrahymena cilia

Dynein, the force-generating enzyme that powers the movement of cilia and flagella, has been characterized biochemically, but no simple system has been available for examining its motile properties. Here we describe a quantitative in vitro motility assay in which dynein adsorbed onto a glass surface induces linear translocation of purified bovine microtubules. Using this assay, we show that both 22S and 14S dyneins from Tetrahymena cilia induce movement but have distinct motile properties. A unique property of 14S dynein, which has not been described for other motility proteins, is its ability to generate torque that causes microtubules to rotate during forward translocation. In the axoneme, 14S dynein-induced torque may induce rotation of central-pair microtubules and may play an important role in generating three-dimensional ciliary beating patterns.
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in an Evaporating Meniscus on a Moving Heated Surface

A stable meniscus is formed by a circular nozzle dispensing water over a heated circular face of a rotating cylindrical copper block. The nozzle is offset from the axis of rotation of the copper block and thus a moving meniscus is formed on the surface. The water flow rate, heater surface temperature, and the speed of rotation are controlled to provide a stable meniscus with continuous evaporation of water without any meniscus breakup. The study provides an important insight into the role of the evaporating liquid-vapor interface and transient heat conduction around a nucleating bubble in pool boiling
Zero Energy Communities with Central Solar Plants using Liquid Desiccants and Local Storage

The zero energy community considered here consists of tens to tens-of-thousands of residences coupled to a central solar plant that produces all the community’s electrical and thermal needs. A distribution network carries fluids to meet the heating and cooling loads. Large central solar systems can significantly reduce cost of energy vs. singlefamily systems, and they enable economical seasonal heat storage. However, the thermal distribution system is costly. Conventional district heating/cooling systems use a water/glycol solution to deliver sensible energy. Piping is sized to meet the peak instantaneous load. A new district system introduced here differs in two key ways: i) it continuously distributes a hot liquid desiccant (LD) solution to LD-based heating and cooling equipment in each home; and ii) it uses central and local storage of both LD and heat to reduce flow rates to meet average loads. Results for piping sizes in conventional and LD thermal communities show that the LD zero energy community reduces distribution piping diameters meeting heating loads by ~5X and meeting cooling loads by ~8X for cooling, depending on climate. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of PSE AG
ORYCTOANTIQUUS BOREALIS , NEW GENUS AND SPECIES FROM THE EOCENE OF OREGON, U.S.A., THE WORLD’S OLDEST FOSSIL DYNASTINE AND LARGEST FOSSIL SCARABAEID (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: DYNASTINAE)

Abstract Oryctoantiquus borealis Ratcliffe and Smith is described as a new genus and new species of fossil dynastine Scarabaeidae from West Branch Creek of the Middle Eocene Clarno Formation (44.6–46.8 Ma) of north-central Oregon, U.S.A. This specimen is the oldest specimen attributable to the subfamily Dynastinae and the largest fossil in the family Scarabaeidae.
Break-seq reveals hydroxyurea-induced chromosome fragility as a result of unscheduled conflict between DNA replication and transcription

We have previously demonstrated that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae replication, checkpoint inactivation via a mec1 mutation leads to chromosome breakage at replication forks initiated from virtually all origins after transient exposure to hydroxyurea (HU), an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. Here we sought to determine whether all replication forks containing single-stranded DNA gaps have equal probability of producing double-strand breaks (DSBs) when cells attempt to recover from HU exposure. We devised a new methodology, Break-seq, that combines our previously described DSB labeling with next generation sequencing to map chromosome breaks with improved sensitivity and resolution. We show that DSBs preferentially occur at genes transcriptionally induced by HU. Notably, different subsets of the HU-induced genes produced DSBs in MEC1 and mec1 cells as replication forks traversed a greater distance in MEC1 cells than in mec1 cells during recovery from HU. Specifically, while MEC1 cells exhibited chromosome breakage at stress-response transcription factors, mec1 cells predominantly suffered chromosome breakage at transporter genes, many of which are the substrates of those transcription factors. We propose that HU-induced chromosome fragility arises at higher frequency near HU-induced genes as a result of destabilized replication forks encountering transcription factor binding and/or the act of transcription. We further propose that replication inhibitors can induce unscheduled encounters between replication and transcription and give rise to distinct patterns of chromosome fragile sites.
The focal occurrence of histoplasmosis in house-dwelling bats on the Isthmus of Panama.

Histoplasma capsulatum was recovered from organs and fecal contents of 26 of 807 (3·2%) house bats (Molossus major) captured from 14 sites on the Isthmus of Panama. All positive bats came from 2 of these sites. H. capsulatum was recovered from 2 soil samples taken from one of the sites where the bats were culturally positive. The etiology of these positive soil areas is discussed.Temperature measurements in the bat roosts and of the bats themselves revealed that Molossus are neither homeothermic nor heterothermic. In their normal environment their body temperature may be as high as 40–42°C. The relationship of these temperature measurements to prior concepts of H. capsulatum growth in avians is discussed.
Recent insight into obesity and asthma.

Purpose of reviewThe worldwide pandemic of obesity is creating unique challenges for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma. A wealth of epidemiologic literature has established that whereas asthma can lead to obesity, obesity is a risk factor for asthma, but mechanisms are unclear. This review asses
Visiting Santa: another look.

An informal enquiry of the facial expressions of children as they queued up to meet Santa Claus during the 2003 Yuletide season showed that about 82% of the 300 children appeared to be indifferent ...
Simultaneous Measurement of In Vivo P-glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450 3A Activities

Digoxin and midazolam are routinely used as probe drugs to measure in vivo activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 3A4/5 (CYP3A), respectively. We investigated whether digoxin and midazolam could be coadministered to simultaneously determine P-gp and CYP3A activity without a significant pharmacokinetic interaction. In a randomized crossover design, digoxin (0.5 mg oral) or midazolam (2.0 mg oral) was administered individually or in combination (digoxin 1 hour after midazolam) to 14 healthy volunteers. Blood and urine samples were collected for up to 48 hours. Pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin, midazolam and 1'-OH midazolam were evaluated to determine the presence of an interaction. The geometric mean ratios of all measured pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin and midazolam were not significantly affected by coadministration. Coadministration of digoxin and midazolam can be used to simultaneously phenotype P-gp and CYP3A activity without a significant pharmacokinetic interaction.
Effect of doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide on left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with breast cancer in the North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 Intergroup Adjuvant Trial.

Purpose To evaluate changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after four cycles of adjuvant doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC) in women with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive (node-positive or node-negative) breast cancer enrolled onto the North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 Intergroup Adjuvant Trial. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned to receive standard doxorubicin (60 mg/m2) plus cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) every 3 weeks for four cycles followed by (1) weekly paclitaxel for 12 weeks; (2) weekly paclitaxel for 12 weeks, then weekly trastuzumab for 52 weeks; or (3) weekly paclitaxel plus trastuzumab for 12 weeks, then weekly trastuzumab for 40 weeks. LVEF was monitored before and after AC. Results Of the 1,576 eligible patients who completed AC, 1,458 had pre- and post-AC LVEF measurements taken using the same methodology (multiple-gated acquisition in 1,153 patients and echocardiogram in 305 patients). Among these 1,458 patients, 745 (51.1%) had ≤...
Anti-tetherin activities in Vpu-expressing primate lentiviruses

The anti-viral activity of the cellular restriction factor, BST-2/tetherin, was first observed as an ability to block the release of Vpu-minus HIV-1 from the surface of infected cells. However, tetherin restriction is also counteracted by primate lentiviruses that do not express a Vpu protein, where anti-tetherin functions are provided by either the Env protein (HIV-2, SIVtan) or the Nef protein (SIVsm/mac and SIVagm). Within the primate lentiviruses, Vpu is also present in the genomes of SIVcpz and certain SIVsyk viruses. We asked whether, in these viruses, anti-tetherin activity was always a property of Vpu, or if it had selectively evolved in HIV-1 to perform this function. We found that despite the close relatedness of HIV-1 and SIVcpz, the chimpanzee viruses use Nef instead of Vpu to counteract tetherin. Furthermore, SIVcpz Nef proteins had activity against chimpanzee but not human tetherin. This specificity mapped to a short sequence that is present in the cytoplasmic tail of primate but not human tetherins, and this also accounts for the specificity of SIVsm/mac Nef for primate but not human tetherins. In contrast, Vpu proteins from four diverse members of the SIVsyk lineage all displayed an anti-tetherin activity that was active against macaque tetherin. Interestingly, Vpu from a SIVgsn isolate was also found to have activity against human tetherin. Primate lentiviruses show a high degree of flexibility in their use of anti-tetherin factors, indicating a strong selective pressure to counteract tetherin restriction. The identification of an activity against human tetherin in SIVgsn Vpu suggests that the presence of Vpu in the ancestral SIVmus/mon/gsn virus believed to have contributed the 3' half of the HIV-1 genome may have played a role in the evolution of viruses that could counteract human tetherin and infect humans.
Theoretical effects of aluminum gel propellant secondary atomization on rocket engine performance

A one-dimensional model of a gel-fueled rocket combustion chamber has been developed. This model includes the processes of liquid hydrocarbon burnout, secondary atomization, aluminum ignition, and aluminum combustion. Also included is a model of radiative heat transfer from the solid combustion products to the chamber walls. Calculations indicate that only modest secondary atomization is required to significantly reduce propellant burnout distances, aluminum oxide residual size, and radiation heat losses. Radiation losses equal to approximately 2-13% of the energy released during combustion were estimated. A two-dimensional, two-phase nozzle code was employed to estimate radiation and nozzle twophase flow effects on overall engine performance. Radiation losses yielded a 1% decrease hi engine 7>p. Results also indicate that secondary atomization may have less effect on two-phase losses than it does on propellant burnout distance, and no effect if oxide particle coagulation and shear-induced droplet breakup govern oxide particle size. Engine 7.p was found to decrease from 337.4 to 293.7 s as gel aluminum mass loading varied from 0-70 wt%. Engine 7,p efficiencies, accounting for radiation and two-phase flow effects, on the order of 0.946 were calculated for a 60 wt% gel, assuming a fragmentation ratio of 5.
Involvement of noradrenergic neurotransmission in the stress- but not cocaine-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in mice: role for β-2 adrenergic receptors.

The responsiveness of central noradrenergic systems to stressors and cocaine poses norepinephrine as a potential common mechanism through which drug re-exposure and stressful stimuli promote relapse. This study investigated the role of noradrenergic systems in the reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-induced conditioned place preference by cocaine and stress in male C57BL/6 mice. Cocaine- (15 mg/kg, i.p.) induced conditioned place preference was extinguished by repeated exposure to the apparatus in the absence of drug and reestablished by a cocaine challenge (15 mg/kg), exposure to a stressor (6-min forced swim (FS); 20–25°C water), or administration of the α-2 adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonists yohimbine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) or BRL44408 (5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). To investigate the role of ARs, mice were administered the nonselective β-AR antagonist, propranolol (5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.), the α-1 AR antagonist, prazosin (1, 2 mg/kg, i.p.), or the α-2 AR agonist, clonidine (0.03, 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) before reinstatement testing. Clonidine, prazosin, and propranolol failed to block cocaine-induced reinstatement. The low (0.03 mg/kg) but not high (0.3 mg/kg) clonidine dose fully blocked FS-induced reinstatement but not reinstatement by yohimbine. Propranolol, but not prazosin, blocked reinstatement by both yohimbine and FS, suggesting the involvement of β-ARs. The β-2 AR antagonist ICI-118551 (1 mg/kg, i.p.), but not the β-1 AR antagonist betaxolol (10 mg/kg, i.p.), also blocked FS-induced reinstatement. These findings suggest that stress-induced reinstatement requires noradrenergic signaling through β-2 ARs and that cocaine-induced reinstatement does not require AR activation, even though stimulation of central noradrenergic neurotransmission is sufficient to reinstate.
Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular risk factors

Glucocorticoids remain a valuable and necessary component of therapy for many diseases. Nonetheless, sustained glucocorticoid treatment increases potential for future cardiovascular disease through multiple pathways, resulting in a tradeoff between benefit and harm. This article explores the potential mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Interactions between glucocorticoids and other potential cardiovascular risk factors are also reviewed. Safe, alternate strategies for minimizing the need for glucocorticoids are urgently needed.
Uniform access to Internet directory services

As networks and internetworks of computers expand in size and scope, discovery and location of resources becomes a primary function of the networked computing environment. Static tables describing network resources have been replaced by dynamic directory services, such as X.500 and the Internet Domain Name System. These dynamic directory services provide more timely and accurate information about network resources than static tables.A wide variety of services address various components of the resource discovery and location problem. These services can be loosely classified as either low-level protocols or high-level services. Low-level protocols, such as RARP and ICMP, are simple delivery protocols and provide limited information; high-level services, such as the Internet Domain Name System and X.500, use complex delivery protocols to answer complex queries. Neither class of directory service is appropriate in all situations. Low-level services are too restrictive in the type of queries and information they support, while high-level services may be too expensive for some low-function networks.
Taxonomy, Life History, and Population Sex Ratios of North American Dasineura (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Goldenrods (Asteraceae)

The four species of Dasineura Rondani previously reported from goldenrods in North America were revisited, resulting in the synonymy of two species and the redescription of diagnostic characters of adults and galls. Dasineura folliculi Felt is reported from Solidago rugosa Miller and S. gigantea Aiton, and D. carbonaria Felt is reported from Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nuttall. Both species induce simple leaf-cluster galls on shoot tips of their relative hosts. Dasineura folliculi completes for to five generations, and D. carbonaria completes at least two generations between May and October. Emergence rates were relatively low; they ranged from 36 to 51%, suggesting a large proportion of the larval population does not pupate and instead enters diapause in the ground. D. folliculi galls were attacked by five species of parasitic wasps and by inquilinous and predatory gall midges and caterpillars. Levels of attack by parasitoids increased, whereas levels of attack by inquilines decreased, as the season progressed. Field data and greenhouse experiments indicated that both Dasineura species exhibit monogeny, whereby females produce unisexual broods. Galls resulting from a single oviposition event exclusively yielded single-sex adults, whereas 7-33% of field-collected galls yielded adults of both sexes, suggesting they contained the progeny of more than one female. Gall sex ratios differed between generations of D. folliculi on S. rugosa but not on S. gigantea.
Measuring Negative Group Delay Dispersion Chirped Femtosecond Mirrors For A Modelocked Cr:LiSAF Laser

Chirped mirrors with negative GDD were measured using a new approach, then used with a saturable absorber mirror to modelock a Cr:LiSAF laser. 1 mW pulsed power was generated from 40 mW of CW output.
Self-Determination and Goal Aspirations: African American and Latino Males’ Perceptions of Their Persistence in Community College Basic and Transfer-Level Writing Courses

ABSTRACTThis Grounded Theory study utilized Self-determination Theory to analyze the interview results of 18 community college African American and Latino males. The goal was to learn what helped participants to succeed and persist in developmental and transfer-level writing courses despite the obstacles that they faced. Three major themes emerged: (a) Male students of color continued to take and complete English courses because they were determined to achieve their academic goals; (b) they sought assistance and guidance from their English professors, from the writing lab attached to the basic skills course and from the writing tutoring staff; and (c) when they felt overwhelmed and considered dropping their English classes, their determination to achieve their goals and the assistance they received from faculty and other writing staff ultimately kept them from doing so. Therefore, first, community colleges should encourage students’ ability to be autonomous. Second, they can help students develop a sense ...
Comparative Serum Potassium and Sodium Concentrations of Rat Blood Obtained by Different Methods

SummaryBlood obtained from anesthetized rats by cardiac puncture, severance of the tail tip, or decapitation, was analyzed for serum Na+ and K+. The lowest, least variable, and hence most reliable serum K+ values were obtained from heart blood. Tail-blood samples gave serum K+ values which, while often in a plausible range, were substantially higher. Trunk blood collected from decapitates gave inordinately high serum K+ and low Na+ values. These, while obviously inaccurate, could still be used to demonstrate the hypokalemic effects of mineralocorticoid hormone. If accuracy is essential, cardiac puncture is the only reliable method among those used for obtaining serum K+.
MATING PROPENSITY, CHROMOSOMAL POLYMORPHISM, AND DEPENDENT CONDITIONS IN DROSOPHILA PERSIMILIS II. FACTORS BETWEEN LARVAE AND BETWEEN ADULTS.

Significant association exists between mating propensity and chromosomal polymorphism in natural populations of Drosophila persimilis, but the control of courtship and mating success, while cytogenetically based, is at the same time apparently very delicately conditioned by complex environmental factors including those which may affect preadult stages as well as interactions among adults participating in the matings (Spiess, 1968a, b; Spiess and Spiess, 1967, 1969). Before being able to describe the genetic basis for the control of such a necessarily flexible property as mating propensity, we must explore more extensively the conditional limits during growth and development, as well as between mating adults. Not only shall we then be able to design experiments with greater reliability but hopefully be able to piece together more of the complexities of this adaptive behavior. Extension of our studies (1967) on the strains of Drosophila persimilis from Humboldt, California, was carried out to determine the influence of the following factors on mating propensity: (a) variables in preadult stages, changes in food and density among larvae; and (b) factors influencing adults: (1) density of flies in mating chambers, (2) sex ratio, (3) aging, (4) copulation time, and (5) assortative mating were tested. These experiments were originally designed to parallel similar work on D. pseudoobscura, using some techniques of Kaul and Parsons (1966) (discussed in Spiess, 1968b) involving single pairs rather than multiple pairs as in our previous work. However, we were led beyond our original intentions partly because D. persimilis. responded very differently from D. pseudoobscura in single pairs and partly because it was important at the same time to test certains hypotheses relevant to our studies in frequency dependency (Ehrman, 1966, 1967, 1968; Spiess and Spiess., 1969) especially the effects of sex ratio, assortative mating, and density among adults in a mating chamber.
Understanding of the diagnostic criteria and the reporting criteria of Hepatitis C in medical staff from Yanbian

Objective To investigate the understanding of the diagnostic criteria and the reporting criteria of Hepatitis C(HC)in the medical staff from high-epidemic area of Yanbian.Methods Data was collected by face to face interview with questionnaires in selected medical institutions.Results The correct understanding rate of the diagnostic criteria was 37.21% in low-epidemic area and 20.43% in high-epidemic area(P 0.001).The correct understanding rate of the reporting criteria was 72.09%in low-epidemic area and 45.43% in high-epidemic area(P0.001).Conclusions The reporting incidence of HC is higher than the average in Jilin province.The understanding of the diagnostic criteria and the reporting criteria of HC in the high-epidemic area were poorer than the area which the reporting incidence of HC is lower than the average in Jilin province.We need to promote the business training in diagnostic criteria of HC continuously improve the ability progress.
Waveforms Analysis and Over-voltage Calculation of Lighting Trip-out of Double-circuit Power Transmission Line on Same Tower

In recent years, several failures of double-circuit power transmission line on same tower due to lighting have happened. Although the transmission line can be reclosed successfully, the lighting strike is still a threat against the power grid security. In this paper, taking the Xi-Long 110 kV double-circuit power transmission line on same tower as an example, the relay protection action and recorded fault waveforms are analyzed, and the over-voltage level on the insulator strings is calculated. Based on the analysis and the calculation, the generation and development of the accident are deduced, and its cause is described. Conclusion is drawn that the lighting accident concerned terrain feature, large corner towers,strong thunderstorm weather and poor grounding contact of the tower.
Pharmacologic Therapy for the Hyperlipidemic Patient

Drug therapy should be Instituted only after appropriate diet treatment has been started and adequate baseline lipid and lipoprotein values are established. Nicotinic acid is useful in treating most lipoprotein disorders and the cutaneous flushing that develops during the early part of treatment is usually alleviated by aspirin. Cholestyramine and colestipol are nonabsorbable resins whose use is limited to type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Clofibrate is primarily effective in lowering triglyceride levels, but its clinical use has considerably declined following the World Health Organization study results that reported increased morbidity and mortality rates among patients receiving this drug. Based on the finding of increased mortality among a subset of patients participating In the Coronary Drug Project, dextrothyroxine is only recommended for treating patients who do not have clinically evident atherosclerotic heart disease. Probucol lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, but has the undesirable effect of simultaneously reducing high-density lipoprotein levels.
M2 receptor activation of nonselective cation channels in smooth muscle cells: calcium and Gi/G(o) requirements

Muscarinic stimulation of fura 2-loaded smooth muscle cells evoked a rapidly inactivating Ca(2+)-activated Cl- current [ICl(Ca)] and a sustained nonselective cation current (Icat) as well as a transient (delta Ca(tran)) and a sustained (delta Ca(sus)) elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Caffeine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate induced delta Ca(tran) and ICl(Ca) but not Icat or delta Ca(sus). M2 receptor antagonism blocked muscarinic activation of Icat and delta Ca(sus) but not ICl(Ca) and delta Ca(tran). M3 antagonism blocked activation of ICl(Ca) and Icat and a rise in [Ca2+]i, but application of caffeine with methacholine restored Icat and delta Ca(sus). After depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores, methacholine failed to induce Icat or a [Ca2+]i increase and, in pertussis toxin-treated cells, ICl(Ca) and delta Ca(tran) but not Icat or delta Ca(sus) were evoked. Anti-G alpha i-1/G alpha i-2 antibodies and anti-G alpha i-3/ G(o) alpha antibodies blocked Icat but did not affect ICl(Ca). Anti-Gq alpha/ G alpha 11 antibodies greatly inhibited ICl(Ca) but did not affect Icat. Activation of M2 receptors leads to the opening of nonselective cation channels through Gi/G(o) proteins in smooth muscle cells, resulting in a sustained rise in [Ca2+]i. Arise in [Ca2+]i is necessary but not sufficient for activation of nonselective cation channels.
The effect of morphine on the incorporation of 3H-leucine into retinal proteins and subsequent axonal transport in the optic system of rats.

Summary The acute administration of morphine caused a dose-dependent inhibition of leucine incorporation into retinal proteins of rats. This inhibitory effect was blocked by the administration of naloxone. In morphine-pelleted mice, tolerance to the inhibitory effect of morphine was observed 48 hr after pellet implantation. The fast and slow rates of axonal transport were not altered by acute or chronic administration of morphine or by abrupt withdrawal.
Elastoplastic Contact Force Due to Repeated Longitudinal Impacts on a Novel Percussive Drill

AbstractA series of special percussive drilling devices has been designed by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Honeybee Robotics Spacecraft Mechanisms Corporation for exploration of planetary bodies (e.g., Mars). The percussive mechanism of these special drilling devices consists of three main components: ultrasonic horn, free mass, and drill bit/rod. This paper presents the analysis of the interaction between the free mass/striker and the drill rod including the coupled effects of structural vibration; plastic deformation of the rod; repeated impacts; and the support condition of the rod on the contact force, contact duration, and coefficient of restitution. The impact between the free mass and the drill rod is analyzed by means of a modified Hertz force-indentation relation coupled with the structural vibration obtained using the mode superposition method. The material of the striker is considered elastic, while the rod is considered as an elastic perfectly plastic material. A numerical integration...
The Burdens of Proof: Discriminatory Power, Weight of Evidence, and Tenacity of Belief

Adjudicative tribunals in both criminal and non-criminal cases rely on the concept of the 'burden of proof' to resolve uncertainty about facts. Perhaps surprisingly, this concept remains clouded and deeply controversial. Written by an internationally renowned scholar, this book explores contemporary thinking on the evidential requirements that are critical for all practical decision-making, including adjudication. Although the idea that evidence must favor one side over the other to a specified degree, such as 'beyond reasonable doubt', is familiar, less well-understood is an idea associated with the work of John Maynard Keynes, namely that there are requirements on the total amount of evidence considered to decide the case. The author expertly explores this distinct Keynesian concept and its implications. Hypothetical examples and litigated cases are included to assist understanding of the ideas developed. Implications include an expanded conception of the burden of producing evidence and how it should be administered.
Abstract 2616: Inhibition of TGFß to prevent brain metastases of breast cancer

Introduction: Because systemic chemotherapy fails to effectively treat brain metastases, the need for novel strategies designed to prevent brain metastasis is urgent. Recently, transforming growth factor beta (TGFs) has been shown to influence the development of brain metastases of breast cancer and may offer a therapeutic target to prevent metastatic disease in brain. This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of TGFs inhibition, using losartan, at preventing metastases in an experimental model of brain metastases of breast cancer. Methods: Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231Br-Luc) were inoculated into female NuNu mice after TGFs knockdown or treatment with inhibitor; after 1-week mice were sacrificed, their brains removed and sliced, and metastatic cells counted and localized to determine seeding. Survival studies were then initiated with daily low (10mg/kg) or high (25mg/kg) doses of losartan, or SB431542 (5mg/kg) prior to the injection of one of two human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231Br-Luc or JIMT-1-Br3-Luc) transfected with luciferase. Treatments resumed daily until neurological symptoms developed. Animals were sacrificed, brains removed, and sliced to evaluate the number of metastases and their respective sizes. Results: The number of metastatic cells seeding brain was reduced after knockdown of TGFs (from 3,331 ± 263 cells to 1,079 ± 495 cells; p 0.05) in median survival was observed for the JIMT-1-Br3-Luc losartan (30 days, low; 26 days, high) or inhibitor (29 days) treatment groups. Conclusions: Inhibition of TGFs reduced the total number of metastatic MDA-MB-231Br cells seeding brain and simultaneously reduced the percentage of cells that had extravasated the vessel. While losartan did not increase survival for animals inoculated with JIMT-1-Br3-Luc cells, the MDA-MB-231Br model exhibited enhanced survival with losartan (15% survival rate; high dose), inhibitor (20% survival rate) treatment, and after TGFs knockdown (38% survival rate). The data indicate that TGFs offers a potential therapeutic target to reduce the risk of brain metastases of breast cancer. Citation Format: Chris E. Adkins, Afroz S. Mohammad, Emma Dolan, Jessica Griffith, Tori Terrell-Hall, Paul R. Lockman. Inhibition of TGFs to prevent brain metastases of breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2616.
Numerical simulation of dynamic stall phenomena in axial flow compressor blade rows

This article explores the simulation of stall phenomena in axial compressor blade rows. The approach is based on the numerical solution of the compressible, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. The results of both unforced and forced low-speed rotor stall are presented. In unforced cases, substantial flow separation is observed before the maximum pressure rise operating point is reached. These unsteady separation events manifest as oscillations in blade lift and pressure rise, at frequencies within an order of magnitude of the blade passing frequency. The introduction of stationary perturbations to the free-stream reference flow creates disturbances in the outflow which propagate at speeds different from the blade speed. An assessment of the variations in forced response with disturbance length scale shows that low frequency propagating waves in axial flow velocity develop as the disturbance wavelength is increased.
Implementation and Evaluation of Two Educational Strategies to Improve Screening for Eating Disorders in Pediatric Primary Care

Abstract Purpose Routine screening for disordered eating or body image concerns is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. We evaluated the ability of two educational interventions to increase screening for eating disorders in pediatric primary care practice, predicting that the "active-learning" group would have an increase in documented screening after intervention. Methods We studied 303 practitioners in a large independent practice association located in the northeastern United States. We used a quasi-experimental design to test the effect of printed educational materials ("print-learning" group, n = 280 participants) compared with in-person shared learning followed by on-line spaced education ("active-learning" group, n = 23 participants) on documented screening of adolescents for eating disorder symptoms during preventive care visits. A subset of 88 participants completed additional surveys regarding knowledge of eating disorders, comfort screening for, diagnosing, and treating eating disorders, and satisfaction with their training regarding eating disorders. Results During the preintervention period, 4.5% of patients seen by practitioners in both the print-learning and active-learning groups had chart documentation of screening for eating disorder symptoms or body image concerns. This increased to 22% in the active-learning group and 5.7% in the print-learning group in the postintervention period, a statistically significant result. Compared with print-learning participants, active-learning group participants had greater eating disorder knowledge scores, increases in comfort diagnosing eating disorders, and satisfaction with their training in this area. Conclusions In-person shared learning followed by on-line spaced education is more effective than print educational materials for increasing provider documentation of screening for eating disorders in primary care.
High Resolution ToA Estimation via Optimal Waveform Design

This paper introduces a novel method to improve the Time of Arrival (ToA) estimation resolution for a fixed available bandwidth in the presence of unknown multipath frequency selective (MPFS) channels. Here, the maximum rising level detector technique is proposed which utilizes oversampling and multiple correlation paths to evaluate with high resolution the path corresponding to the maximum rising level of matched filters output. However, employing such technique demands for transmission of waveform that creates a very high rising level at autocorrelation center. This paper proposes an efficient technique to design proper waveforms (very high rising level at autocorrelation center) via minimization of weighted integrated sidelobe level, exploiting the trust-region algorithm. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated via simulations of the ToA mean square error, and compared with the state-of-the-art approaches considering the same bandwidth, and Cramer–Rao lower bound as benchmark. Simulations confirm that the ToA resolution is improved as the number of correlation paths increases and verify the feasibility of the proposed technique compared with the available approaches for the MPFS channels.
Engineering Kunitz Domain of Human Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-2 to Selectively Inhibit Fibrinolysis: An Antifibrinolytic Agent with Potential to Replace Aprotinin

Abstract Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) inhibits factor XIa, plasma kallikrein and factor VIIa/tissue factor; accordingly, it has been proposed for use as an anticoagulant. Full-length TFPI-2 or its isolated first Kunitz domain (KD1) also inhibits plasmin and therefore it has been proposed for use as an antifibrinolytic agent. However, the anticoagulant properties of TFPI-2 or KD1 would diminish its antifibrinolytic function. In this report, structure based investigations and analysis of the serine proteases profiles revealed that coagulation enzymes prefer a hydrophobic residue at the P2′ (nomenclature of Schechter and Berger, BBRC , 27:157–162, 1967) position in their substrates/inhibitors, whereas plasmin prefers a positively charged arginine residue at the corresponding position in its substrates/inhibitors. Based upon this observation, we changed the P2′ residue Leu17 (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor/aprotinin numbering) in KD1 to Arg (KD1-L17R) and compared its inhibitory properties with the wild-type KD1 (KD1-WT). Both WT and KD1-L17R were expressed in E. Coli, folded and purified to homogeneity. Amino-terminal sequences and mass spectra revealed proper folding of the KD1-WT and KD1-L17R. As compared to KD1-WT, the KD1-L17R neither prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time of normal plasma nor it inhibited factor XIa, plasma kallikrein or factor VIIa/tissue factor. Further, KD1-L17R inhibited plasmin with ~4-fold increased affinity. In a mouse liver laceration model of bleeding from small vessels, KD1-L17R reduced total blood loss by 84% compared with KD1-WT, which reduced total blood loss by 10%. Moreover, in this bleeding model, KD1-L17R was more effective than aprotinin (70% reduction), which has been used as an antifibrinolytic agent to decrease blood loss during major surgery. In this model, KD1-L17R was also more effective than the lysine analogue tranexamic acid (52% reduction). In additional studies, in a tail transection model of bleeding from a large vessel, KD1-L17R reduced total blood loss by 70% and was more effective than KD1-WT (46% reduction), aprotinin (43% reduction) and tranexamic acid (67% reduction). Notably, as compared to aprotinin, renal toxicity manifesting as multifocal tubular necrosis by histopathology was not observed with KD1-L17R or KD1-WT. In conclusion, KD1-L17R is a specific inhibitor of plasmin without anticoagulant properties and is more effective in reducing blood loss compared with known antifibrinolytic agents in clinical use.