cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of High-CO2-Capacity Cationic Zeolites by Accurate Computational Screening

Solid porous materials such as cationic zeolites have shown great potential in energy-efficient separation processes. Conventional adsorbent design involves ad-hoc and inefficient experimental evaluation of a large structural and compositional space. We developed a computational methodology to screen cationic zeolites for CO2 separation processes with quantitative accuracy, and identified a number of novel high-performing materials. This study enabled us to develop an intuitive design workflow for selecting optimal materials and dramatically accelerate the development of industrially relevant separation processes.
The Design and Analysis of Shock Resistant Microsystems (MEMS)

As a first step towards formulating guidelines for the design of dynamically reliable MEMS, we analyze the nature of the mechanical responses of shock-loaded microsystems. MEMS are modeled as microstructures supported on elastic substrates, and the shock loads are represented as pulses of acceleration applied by the package on the substrate over a finite time duration. For typical MEMS and shock loads, the response of the substrate is closely approximated by rigid-body motion. Time-domain criteria, obtained to distinguish between the impulse, resonant, and quasi-static responses of the microstructures, correlate well with the experimentally observed behavior of shock-loaded MEMS.
Cancer Stem Cells in the Biology and Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Emerging evidence has demonstrated that the pathobiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is defined by the function of cancer stem cells. These cancer stem cells constitute a small fraction of the overall tumor cells, typically ranging between 1 and 5 % of the overall tumor mass. They share the properties of multipotency and self-renewal with physiological stem cells. However, cancer stem cells are endowed with high tumorigenic potential, which makes these cells an integral part of tumor initiation and progression toward metastasis. These findings have provided a strong rationale for targeted elimination of cancer stem cells in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer. Recent studies demonstrated that the cancer stem cells are highly resistant to conventional chemotherapy, which may explain why so many head and neck cancer patients experience tumor recurrence. Therefore, the elimination of these cancer stem cells will likely require the development of therapies specifically targeted to these cells. In this chapter, we will review the evidence on head and neck cancer stem cells and the perivascular niche where these cells typically reside and will also discuss initial attempts to overcome resistance to treatment by combining debulking therapies with cancer stem cell-targeted therapies.
Abstract 4378: Discovery and characterization of two novel drivers of hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver cancer is globally the sixth most commonly diagnosed and the third most deadly cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of the disease and a difficult cancer to treat due to inadequately understood pathways involved in tumorigenesis and progression. To obtain a better understanding of key HCC driver mutations, we performed a forward genetic screen using Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis in a damaged liver microenvironment. Briefly, T2Onc3; Rosa26-SB11lsl/lsl;Alb-Cre mice were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) during ongoing transposition. We then sequenced the resulting liver tumors using linker mediated PCR (LM-PCR) and Illumina sequencing. We analyzed the sequenced data using gene-centric common insertion site (gCIS) analysis that allowed us to determine common insertion sites across tumors. These common insertion sites are referred to as candidate driver mutations. This screen demonstrated the role of Glioma associated protein-2 (Gli2) and Fidgetin (Fign) as candidate driver mutations in a significant subset of HCC tumors (20% and 10% respectively). Gli2 is a key member of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, acting as a transcription factor for genes promoting cell proliferation. Fign is a relatively uncharacterized protein in the AAA-ATPase family with the ability to sever microtubules in vitro. We validated Gli2 as a driver of HCC by generating a hepatocyte specific Gli2-overexpression mouse model using hydrodynamic tail vein injection of Gli2 cDNA into FAH-/- mice. Mice underwent rapid tumorigenesis, regardless of CCl4 treatment, demonstrating that Gli2 is a strong oncogene. Additionally we have demonstrated that overexpression of Fign drives cell proliferation and promotes stabilization of the primary cilium in hepatocytes, a novel finding that provides insight into the mechanism of Fign-driven HCC. The discovery of two novel HCC candidate driver mutations, validation of Gli2 as a bona fide HCC oncogene, and mechanistic insight into these commonly mutated genes in HCC will allow for future research into understanding HCC tumorigenesis and potential therapeutic options. Citation Format: Charlotte R. Feddersen, Adam J. Dupuy. Discovery and characterization of two novel drivers of hepatocellular carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4378.
Logic-Based Methods for Intelligent Fault Diagnosis and Recovery in Power Electronics

This paper presents generalized logic-based methods for intelligent fault diagnosis in power electronic converters based on correlation between faults and basic measurements. Fault recovery is then applied based on this correlation by using necessary signals and quantities from existing measurements. The main purpose of the proposed fault diagnosis methods is for power electronic systems to survive from fault conditions that could occur in various components, to cope with the notion of a smart grid and extend their lifetime. The proposed methods are online, i.e., real-time or near-real-time, and can be applied to any power electronic system. Existing intelligent control of power electronic systems along with various short- and open-circuit faults in major power electronic components are reviewed. Two methods are established to diagnose faults and engage redundancy for fault recovery with one method using combinational logic and another using fuzzy logic. In both methods, two quantities are observed for each of the measured signals: 1) the signal's average value and 2) the signal's RMS value. Total harmonic distortion is also used in some simulations but is not required in experimental implementation. A systematic methodology to reduce the number of measured quantities while maintaining effective diagnosis is introduced. A solar PV microinverter in standalone mode is used as an example testing platform for the proposed methods. A simulation model is experimentally validated and the effect of each fault on different voltage and current measurements are observed, then both methods are tested in simulation and hardware. Results show the ability of both methods to diagnose several faults in the inverter's power stage along with their ability to engage redundancy for fault recovery.
Graphene Strained by Defects

Using graphene nanomechanical resonators we demonstrate the extent to which the mechanical properties of multilayer graphene films are controllable, in real time, through introduction and rearrangement of defects. We show both static and re-entrant (cyclical) changes in the tensile stress using a combination of ion implantation, chemical functionalization, and thermal treatment. While the dramatic increase in static tensile stress achievable through laser annealing can be of importance for various MEMS applications, we view the direct observation of a time-variable stress as even more significant. We find that defect-rich films exhibit a slow relaxation component of the tensile stress that remains in the resonator long after the laser exposure is finished (trelax ≈ 100 s ≫ tcooling), analogous to a wind-up toy. We attribute this persistent component of the time-variable stress to a set of metastable, multivacancy structures formed during the laser anneal. Our results indicate that significant stress field...
Multiple schedules, off-baseline reinforcement shifts, and resistance to extinction.

Resistance to extinction in a target multiple-schedule component varies inversely with the rate of reinforcement arranged in an alternative component during baseline. The present experiment asked whether changing the reinforcer rate in an alternative component would impact extinction of target component responding if those changes occurred in an off-baseline phase during which the target component was never experienced. Pigeons' key pecking was studied in three types of conditions, and each condition consisted of three phases. In Phase 1, pecking produced food in the target and alternative components of a multiple schedule according to variable-interval 60-s schedules. In Phase 2, the alternative-component stimulus was presented alone in a single schedule. Pecking during this phase produced the same reinforcer rate as in baseline in the Control condition, a higher rate of food (variable-interval 15 s) in the High-Rate condition, or was extinguished in the Extinction condition. Extinction of target- and alternative-component key pecking then was assessed in a multiple schedule during the final phase of each condition. Resistance to extinction of target-component key pecking was the same between the Control and High-Rate conditions but lower in the Extinction condition. These findings are discussed in terms of discrimination and generalization processes.
Latent class analysis of a heterogeneous international sample of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

Background: Individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) routinely display differences in symptomatology, as well as illness course, onset, duration, and functional ...
Unifying Vocational Psychology's Trait and Social–Cognitive Approaches through the Cognitive-Affective Personality System:

Vocational psychology is divided between two conflicting paradigms: Trait-based, exemplified by Holland's (1997) theory, and social–cognitive, exemplified by Social-Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). ...
Lemur fulvus albifrons (White-fronted lemur)

Lymphocyte cultures of a pair of lemurs at San Diego Zoo were employed for these karyotypes. Identification of all chromosomes is present with G-bands, top karyotype. The female metaphase is prepared with C-bands.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acquired Immune Deficiency States and Opportunistic Infections

The majority of conditions presented in this monograph are concerned with the management of infections occurring in presumably immunocompetent or normal hosts. Recently, an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with opportunistic infections (OIs), Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), and lymphoproliferative malignancies has been described in homosexually active men.1–8 In this chapter the clinical and immunologic evaluation of patients with AIDS and the diagnosis and management of infections caused by opportunistic pathogens are discussed. Further, the current status of attempts to modulate the immune response and an approach to counseling individuals at risk are presented.
Effects of Cyclic Histories on the Plastic Behavior of Aluminum 6061

ABSTRACT Cyclic loading results in anisotropic hardening and influences the subsequent deformation behaviors of the material. Biaxial tests were performed to study the effects of cyclic histories on the deformation of the annealed aluminum 6061 specimens. The experimental results are presented in this paper.
The California Coastal Commissions

The California coast stretches approximately 1100 miles from the Mexican border to Oregon.1 A visitor driving the southernmost 300 miles of the coastal highway in 1971 would have been struck, on the one hand, by the beauty of an almost unbroken string of excellent swimming and surfing beaches and, on the other, by the rapidly expanding urban development along most of the coastline. Driving north from Tijuana, one soon reaches San Diego with its large naval base and exclusive residential areas along the coast. The northern part of the county contains picturesque flower farms and some excellent beaches, although much of it is under the jurisdiction of the Camp Pendleton Marine Base. Portions of southern Orange County are still undeveloped, although much of the coast is dominated by wealthy residential enclaves and crowded public beaches. Los Angeles County is heavily urbanized but varies in character from the industrial ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles to moderate-income residential areas in Venice and Long Beach to massive condominiums at Marina del Rey to the very exclusive residential areas of Palos Verdes and Malibu. The drive north to Santa Barbara passes through several moderate-sized cities and military bases, the agriculturally rich Oxnard Plain, and several state beaches—some of them dotted with oil wells.
Simultaneous imaging of latent fingermarks and detection of analytes of forensic relevance by laser ablation direct analysis in real time imaging-mass spectrometry (LADI-MS)

Abstract Traditional analysis of latent fingermarks using dusting powders and cyanoacrylate fuming uncovers only the physical pattern of the fingerprint ridges, neglecting vast amounts of chemical information within the residue that could divulge more about the owner. Imaging mass spectrometry provides a means to retain the fingerprint ridge detail for identification while also revealing additional chemical information. The technique laser ablation direct analysis in real time imaging-mass spectrometry (LADI-MS) was applied to image the spatial distributions of small molecules of potential forensic relevance in latent fingermarks on non-conductive surfaces. By using this approach, no solvent, matrix, or high-vacuum conditions were required. An index finger was exposed to cocaine, psychoactive “legal high” plant material, pseudoephedrine, or the explosive RDX, and a fingermark was subsequently deposited on a glass slide for analysis. LADI-MS revealed the spatial distribution of endogenous cholesterol (localized to fingerprint ridges) and simultaneously detected the psychoactive small molecules cocaine, yangonin (derived from Piper methysticum), pseudoephedrine and the explosive RDX in latent fingermarks. The spatial distribution mapping of cholesterol in a lifted print on the non-conductive adhesive side of tape was also accomplished. The ion images of endogenous compounds and detection of exogenous molecules reveal details of chemical exposures, while connecting the exposure to the owner of the print.
EXACT TREATMENT OF THE HELICOIDAL WAKE IN THE PROPELLER LIFTING-SURFACE THEORY.

Abstract : An accurate mathematical treatment of the helicoidal wake supersedes the deformation of the helicoidal integral path to a staircase path. The kernel function is derived with correct directional derivatives normal to the helicoidal surface as well as with the simplified derivatives assumed in previous studies. The propeller blade is of sector form with arbitrary pitch, not necessarily low, and the loading distribution is taken to be that of a flat plate. The results of numerical calculations for the consistent mathematical model which treats the helicoidal wake exactly and uses the correct directional derivatives normal to the helicoid are found to compare favorably with the results obtained previously when a staircase approximation of the wake was used with the simplified, but physically consistent, directional derivatives in the axial direction. The closeness of the results for a propeller of not too low pitch indicates that the staircase approximation, which was introduced for low pitch angle, is a satisfactory model. (Author)
Numerical studies of the field dependence of the magnetic specific heat of Eu 0.25 Sr 0.75 S and Eu 0.54 Sr 0.46 S

We use numerical simulation methods to determine the magnetic specific heat of ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{0.25}$ ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.75}$ and ${\mathrm{Eu}}_{0.54}$ ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.46}$S as a function of field and temperature over the range $0.1\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}3$ K and $0\ensuremath{\le}B\ensuremath{\le}6$ T. For $x=0.25$ agreement with experiment is obtained at 1 K for $Bg1$ T; for $x=0.54$ agreement is obtained at 1 K in zero field and for fields above 1 T. Possible explanations for the discrepancy at low fields are advanced. The calculations are carried out in the independent-boson approximation so that as a by-product we obtain data on the field dependence of the distribution of magnon modes. The effect of fields above 3-4 T is to introduce a uniform shift in the magnon energies. At low fields the effect is more complicated as it involves a change in the relative distribution of the modes as well as a shift in their energies. Since the calculations involve no adjustable parameters, they provide additional confirmation of earlier results that magnons make the dominant contribution to the specific heat of Heisenberg spin glasses at low temperatures.
Robust capture of unknown objects with a highly under-actuated gripper

Capturing large objects of unknown shape and orientation remains a challenge for most robotic grippers. We present a highly under-actuated gripper well suited for this task. Prior work shows two primary limitations to these grippers: the grip force of each link tends to decrease as the number of links increases, and the stability of an under-actuated linkage depends on the configuration of the links so grippers with many links are unlikely to be stable for arbitrary surfaces. We address these concerns by implementing two complementary methods of stabilization: using high-friction materials and scaling forces into the surface. We show that gecko-inspired adhesives provide an adhesion-controlled friction that can stabilize the gripper and improve grasp performance without the need of large normal forces. The under-actuated linkages also conform around arbitrary shapes and provide capability beyond prior adhesion-based grippers. With these high-friction interfaces, we show highly under-actuated linkages successfully grasp in many configurations without strict stability. The gripper is capable of holding over 30 N and consists of two tendon driven linkages that are each 65 cm long. This type of gripper is well suited for tasks without a predefined target geometry or orientation such as satellite servicing.
Temperature Calibration on a Crystal-Free Mote

We present a method to calibrate a crystal-free wireless system on chip for use as an IoT temperature sensor between 0°C and 100°C. Using two clocks on the mote that would already be running during radio operation as a regular IoT node—a timer similar to a 32kHz crystal and another 2MHz chipping clock for the radio transmitter—we create a temperature sensor by finding a linear relationship between the ambient temperature and the ratio of these two clock frequencies. We show that a simple two-point temperature calibration is sufficient to find this linear model, and by averaging over a few temperature measurements, we observe a temperature error of less than 2°C. We can then use the mote as a tiny wireless temperature sensor by using the temperature estimate to calibrate the radio frequency oscillator.
SARS-COV-2 and the (Dark) future of society: A machiavellian approach to the end of body sovereignty and the beginning of bio-feudalism

As much as the event following 9/11 triggered massive changes in our understanding of privacy rights and increased our level of acceptance of government infringement on individuals' freedom, the pandemic of the SARS-COV-2 is threatening to change our understanding of societal hierarchy and democratic process In this essay, we imagine a society where two classes, defined by their susceptibility to infection, emerge, and a neo-feudal system is established We suggest that it is possible to evaluate how likely a dystopian outcome is by using Machiavelli's understanding of the impact of the Plague on medieval Florence We also recommend following his advice to avoid such a drift by reaffirming the primacy of politics over scientism Copyright © 2021 Andrea Molle
Does M1 or Total Loanable Funds Better Measure Offset Effects to Crowd Out

This chapter determines whether increases in M1 or in total loanable funds best explain the extent to which crowd out can be offset by adding liquidity to the financial system and concludes total loanable funds more accurately measure the extent to which crowd out can be offset by additional liquidity.
Keynesian Fordism and Neoliberal Financialization: A Comparison of Economic Models

The term neoliberal has been a source of some controversy in recent years, with critics denying its usefulness. In response to those criticisms this paper analyzes neoliberalism--what is here referred to as Neoliberal Financialization--as an economic model, elaborating it and substantially contrasting it with the model that prevailed prior to it, Keynesian Fordism, likewise elaborated here. In doing so this paper contends that Keynesian Fordism stressed a state-managed and sustained output of assembly line-produced consumer durables, substantially through enlarged welfare and warfare states which also kept financialization in check. By contrast Neoliberal Financalization, sees the state retreat from significant areas of economic life (notably the nurturing of industrial development and concessions to social welfare via deregulation, privatization and "austerity"), and unleashes the financial sector Keynesian Fordism kept in check as an engine of growth. Completing the model are "creditism," "globalization" and "digitalization," which have enlarged the resources available for financial activity, broadened and smoothed the field for its operation worldwide, and accelerated and intensified its operations in a distinct, if often problematic, pattern of activity that has produced financialization, and a high stress on speculative activity and global labor cost arbitrage.
Wanna grab some dinner? Social relations between helping professionals and members of community mental health or other human service organizations.

PURPOSE Could practitioners and members (consumers) of mental health or other organizations interact socially by regularly going out for drinks or dinner together, for example? The American Psychological Association explicitly states for example, "your psychologist shouldn't also be your friend." However such social interactions have occurred for decades in certain clubhouse-modeled community mental healthcare, and maybe research and a more balanced perspective is warranted. DESIGN/METHOD We interviewed six clubhouse staff that interact socially with members and held three focus groups with 20 members. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS In relation to what we call a social interaction policy, we herein highlight: (a) four policy dimensions (e.g. activity types; relationship closeness); (b) a spectrum of policy challenges (e.g., dealing with romantic overture; feelings of exclusion or hurt and effects on mental health; symptom flare-up while out socializing; financial constraints of members such as dinner costs on limited incomes); and (c) a wide variety of policy benefits such as: (a) learning opportunities for members who can process with staff the ups and downs of social relationships; (b) social skill and network development; (c) enhanced assessment across different times/settings; (d) addressing stigma among staff who must grapple with internal resistance to spend free time with members; (e) enrichment of staff social life; (f) reducing internalized stigma among members when staff value them more holistically; and (g) empowerment of members when staff freely (and optionally) offer a valuable resource (spare time). We offer suggestions for certain types of agencies that may wish to implement social interaction policies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
RNA BioMolecular Electronics: towards new tools for biophysics and biomedicine

The last half-century has witnessed the birth and development of a new multidisciplinary field at the edge between materials science, nanoscience, engineering, and chemistry known as Molecular Electronics. This field deals with the electronic properties of individual molecules and their integration as active components in electronic circuits and has also been applied to biomolecules, leading to BioMolecular Electronics and opening new perspectives for single-molecule biophysics and biomedicine. Herein, we provide a brief introduction and overview of the BioMolecular electronics field, focusing on nucleic acids and potential applications for these measurements. In particular, we review the recent demonstration of the first single-molecule electrical detection of a biologically-relevant nucleic acid. We also show how this could be used to study biomolecular interactions and applications in liquid biopsy for early cancer detection, among others. Finally, we discuss future perspectives and challenges in the applications of this fascinating research field.
VI. Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in posterolateral infarction

Abstract In thirty-three cases of pathologically established posterolateral infarction, electrocardiograms consisting of precordial Leads V 1 through V 6 and the Goldberger and standard limb leads were studied to evaluate the evidence furnished by these leads for the detection and localization of the infarct. The findings in Lead aV F were employed as an index of the posterior aspect of the lesion and the findings in Leads V 5 , V 6 , and aV L were used as an index of the lateral aspect. The interpretation of Lead aV L has been discussed in detail, whereas the criteria used for the other leads were established in previous reports. In eleven of the sixteen patients observed during the acute stage, precordial Leads V 1 through V 4 revealed reciprocal depression of the RS-T segment or exaggeration in the height of the R and/or T waves, sufficient to arouse the suspicion of posterolateral infarction. On the other hand, the standard limb leads were much less dependable than the unipolar limb leads and supplied no additional information. The findings in Leads aV F , aV L , V 5 , and V 6 were regarded as strongly suggestive to diagnostic of both aspects of the infarct in ten cases; of the posterior, but not the lateral, lesion in nine cases; of the lateral, but not the posterior, lesion in twelve cases; and were negative in the other two cases. The commonest cause for failure to detect the posterior portion of the infarct in Lead aV F was counterclockwise rotation into a semihorizontal to horizontal position. However, lesions that involved the posterolateral, but spared the posteroseptal, wall were sometimes not recognizable from Lead aV F , even though the heart was in a vertical to intermediate position. The commonest cause for failure to detect evidence of posterolateral infarction in Lead aV L was clockwise rotation. In nine patients with extensive infarction of the basal portion of the posterolateral wall, the QRS pattern in Lead aV L resembled that in one of the first four precordial leads, indicating that the potential variations of the left arm were transmitted chiefly from the anteroseptal wall of the right or left ventricle. Leads V 5 and V 6 seldom yielded abnormal Q-wave patterns unless the posterolateral infarct continued into the apical third of the anterolateral wall. The occasional association of abnormal Q-wave patterns in Lead V 6 or both Leads V 6 and V 5 with infarction of the apical third of the posterolateral wall was attributed to counterclockwise rotation of the heart or anterior displacement of the apex. Precordial Leads V 1 through V 6 , together with the Goldberger and standard limb leads, are inadequate for the accurate localization of posterolateral infarction, but generally reveal sufficient evidence to arouse the suspicion of at least one aspect of the lesion. Under these circumstances, Leads V 7 , V 8 , and supplementary high axillary leads are indicated to explore the apical and basal aspects, respectively, of the posterolateral wall.
Implementation and Use of Transactional Memory with Dynamic Separation

We introduce the design and implementation of dynamic separation (DS) as a programming discipline for using transactional memory. Our approach is based on the programmer indicating which objects can be updated in transactions, which can be updated outside transactions, and which are read-only. We introduce explicit operations that identify transitions between these modes of access. We show how to guarantee strong semantics for programs that use these DS operations correctly, even over an STM implementation that provides only weak atomicity. We describe a run-time checking tool (analogous to a data-race detector) that can test whether or not a program is using DS operations correctly. We also examine the use of DS in an asynchronous IO library.
Evaluation of the Role of Syringomycin in Plant Pathogenesis by Using Tn5 Mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Defective in Syringomycin Production

Abstract Syringomycin is a necrosis-inducing phytotoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. To determine whether syringomycin production is a determinant in virulence or pathogenicity, we isolated nontoxigenic (Tox−) Tn5-containing mutants and then quantitatively evaluated them for the ability to multiply and cause disease in immature sweet-cherry fruits. Transposon Tn5 was delivered to Tox+ strain B301D-R by using the suicide vector, pGS9, and the resultant kanamycin-resistant (Kmr) colonies were screened for changes in syringomycin production by testing for antibiosis against Geotrichum candidum. Southern blot analysis of KpnI-and EcoRI-digested DNA showed that 15 (0.3%) Tox− mutants were isolated which had Tn5 inserted into 1 of 14 distinct loci. Phenotypic characterization of the Tox− mutants identified three major groups, which were differentiated by pathogenicity and ability to cause a tobacco hypersensitive reaction (HR). The eight strains in group A were pathogenic (Path+) in cherry fruit assays, but the disease index was 17 to 66% lower (significant at P = 0.01) than for the parental Tox+ strain, B301D-R. The population dynamics of group A strains W4S770 and W4S116 in cherry fruits were, however, indistinguishable from that of strain B301D-R. The remaining seven Tox− strains were nonpathogenic; group B strain W4S2545 (Path− HR+) and group C strain W4S468 (Path− HR−) developed significantly lower populations (105 to 107 CFU per cherry fruit) 3 days after inoculation than strain B301D-R did (nearly 109 CFU per fruit). The data indicate that syringomycin is not essential for pathogenicity, but contributes significantly to virulence.
Cholecystectomy for acute gallstone pancreatitis: early vs delayed approach.

Background and Aims:The management of gallstone pancreatitis, in particular timing of cholecystectomy, has evolved substantially over the last decade. The trend has been toward earlier cholecystect...
Cell Staining: Fluorescent Labelling of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) performs functions of protein and lipid synthesis and calcium regulation. Under optimal conditions, its complex structure of interconnected tubules and cisternae can be imaged by high-resolution light microscopy. Immunofluorescence methods, which are useful in many situations, usually destroy the delicate ER structure during fixation and permeabilization. Keywords: tubules; cisternae; dyes; applications; visualization
Evaluation of Pluronic F127-based sustained-release ocular delivery systems for pilocarpine using the albino rabbit eye model

The overall objective of this study was to develop Pluronic F127 (PF127)-containing formulations of pilocarpine hydrochloride (PHCL) which can be used for sustained-release ocular delivery of PHCL. The PF127 formulations of PHCL containing methylcellulose (MC) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as an additive had previously exhibited the slowest dissolution rates and released the drug the slowest in vitro. This study was performed to assess the in vivo performance of these two formulations using miosis in the albino rabbit eye produced by PHCL as a measure of ocular bioavailability. The PF127MC formulation (20 µL) had a significantly greater intensity of miosis compared to the same volume of an isotonic solution of PHCL. The duration and the intensity of the miotic response increased significantly as the instilled volume of the PF127MC gel formulation increased. The miotic response, expressed as % bioactivity by assigning a value of 100% to the 20 µL PF127MC treatment, was increased as the volume instilled was reduced from 60 to 20 µL. However, no difference in bioactivity between the 60 and 100 µL volumes was observed. In addition, the 100 µL volumes of both the PF127MC and PF127HPMC gel formulations exhibited bioactivity equivalent to 20 µL of an isotonic PHCL solution. Thus, for a given instilled concentration, the larger the volume instilled the greater the amount of drug present in tear fluid and thus the higher the concentration delivered to the iris sphincter muscle and hence the greater the miotic response. However, the fraction of the dose reaching the iris sphincter muscle was greater for the smaller instilled volume. On the basis of these findings and previous in vitro results, the PF127 formulations of PHCL having MC or HPMC as an additive showed considerable potential as sustained-release ocular delivery systems for PHCL. This conclusion was based upon their ability to provide a substantial prolongation of drug action and an improvement in the ocular bioavailability of pilocarpine compared to conventional eye drops and previously utilized PF127 formulations of PHCL. It appears that ocular bioavailability can be increased more readily by altering both the rheological characteristics of the delivery system and by using a smaller dose volume.
Electrical properties of Paramecium caudatum: modification by bound and free cations

The amount of Ca++ which is bound to the surface of Paramecium can be controlled by the relative concentrations of cations, and determines, in part, the ciliary response to cationic stimuli (Naitoh and Yasumasu, 1967; Naitoh, 1968). Experiments were performed to examine the relationship between cationic concentration and binding on the one hand, and electrical behavior of the cell on the other. Solutions of Ca++, and solutions of calcium plus Mg++, Ba++, K+, Na+ or Rb+were tested at concentrations of 0.06 to 16 mM. In calcium solutions the I-V characteristics were relatively independent of [Ca], while the resting potential dropped with a slope of 20 mV per decade increase in [Ca]. In mixtures of Ca plus other cations I-V characteristics were also relatively independent of ionic concentrations, provided the amount of bound calcium was held constant. The slope resistance in the region of zero current was also dependent on bound calcium, but was somewhat complicated by specific properties of some cationic species. All the cations tested lowered the resting potential, and hence the membrane appears to have poor cation permselectivity. Cationic permeability was largely a function of the degree of saturation of the anionic binding sites with Ca++; with a decrease in bound Ca the conductance to any cation was increased.
Theoretical and numerical structure of unstable detonations

In this review, we emphasize the recent progress achieved in understanding the behaviour of unstable detonations through the interaction of theoretical, asymp­ totic, and numerical ideas. Theoretical predictions and numerical simulations for unstable one-dimensional detonations are described in detail as an important testing ground for the more complex ideas and phenomena that occur in several space dimensions. The linear and nonlinear theories for unstable detonations are generalized to several space dimensions. A new dedicated numerical method leads to better insight into the physical phenomena of unstable detonations, such as the nature of the turbulence generated in the wake of the front. Simplified models derived through asymptotics and comparisons between theoretical and numerical predictions are stressed throughout this paper.
Water Scarcity and Urban Africa: An Overview of Urban–Rural Water Linkages

A first review of urban Africa's dependence on larger landscapes for water is presented. Tables document: changing water sources between 1970s and 1990s; industrial and domestic wastewater treatment and disposal; electricity generation's dependence on water. Nearby groundwater and rivers were used in the 1970s; increasingly distant sources supplied the 1990s. Domestic and industrial wastes pollute groundwater and rivers. Africa's electricity depends upon large amounts of water, as dammed rivers or for power plant operation. Preserving urban Africa's scarce water supplies requires recognition of urban-rural water cycle linkages and holistic, coordinated, and equitable regional policies and practices that support ecosystem function.
Rapid Prototyping: An Alternative Instructional Design Strategy

There is a design methodology calledrapid prototyping which has been used successfully in software engineering. Given the similarities between software design and instructional design, we argue that rapid prototyping is a viable model for instructional design, especially for computer-based instruction. Additionally, we argue that recent theories of design offer plausible explanations for the apparent success of rapid prototyping in software design. Such theories also support the notion that rapid prototyping is appropriate for instructional design. We offer guidelines for the use of rapid prototyping and list possible tradeoffs in its application.
Fracture behavior of glass bead filled epoxies: Cleaning process of glass beads

Inorganic particles are commonly cleaned with solvents such as alcohols before being incorporated into thermoset polymers as fillers or tougheners, but the role of the cleaning process has never been examined. In this study, the effect of the cleaning process on the fracture behavior of particulate composites is investigated using glass bead filled epoxies as model systems. The cleaning process is shown to be a simple method to strengthen the interface between the glass beads and the epoxy matrix. Although the chemistry of the glass bead surface is unlikely to be altered by the cleaning process, submicron particles that exist on the glass bead surfaces are removed by cleaning with distilled water or ultrasonic vibration. The removal of submicron particles increases the interfacial strength between the glass beads and the matrix and changes the tensile strength of the composites. However, the modulus and fracture toughness of the composites is not significantly dependent on the cleaning process. Thus, it may be the case that debonding of the glass beads is not one of the major energy dissipating mechanisms in the fracture of glass bead filled thermoset systems. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1371–1383, 2001
Effects of starvation on plasma GH activity, pituitary GH and GH-RF levels in the rat.

The effects of complete food removal for 7 days were measured on plasma GH activity, hypothalamic content of growth hormone releasing factor (GH-RF) and pituitary concentration of growth hormone (GH) in male rats. Control male rats were fed ad lib. for 7 days. In another experiment, the starved rats received replacement doses of L-Na-thyroxine (2.5 μg/ 100 g body weight/day) beginning on day 2 starvation. On day 8 all rats were weighed, anesthetized with ether and bled from the abdominal aorta. The pituitaries were removed and individually weighed; the hypothalami were placed in ice cold O.lN HC1 (0.1 ml/hypothalamus). Hypothalamic GH-RF was assayed by an in vitro incubation method. Lyophilized plasma, anterior pituitaries and incubation medium were assayed for GH by the standard tibia test, using a 4-point assay procedure. Statistical analysis of the data showed a significantly lower plasma GH content in starved or thyroxine-treated starved rats (p<0.01). Pituitary GH content and hypothalamic content of ...
In-plane foundation-soil interaction for embedded circular foundations

Abstract Foundation soil interaction is studied using an analytical two-dimensional model, for circular foundations embedded in a homogeneous elastic half-space and for incident plane P- and SV- and for surface Rayleigh waves. The scattered waves are expanded in complete series of cyclindrical wave functions. A detailed analysis is presented of the foundation response to unit amplitude incident waves as a function of the type of incident waves and angle of incidence, the depth of the embedment and the foundation mass per unit length. It is shown that free-field translations and point rotation approximate well the foundation input motion only for very long incident waves. For shorter incident waves, those in general overestimate the foundation input motion. Neglecting the rotation of the foundation input motion (which is usually done in practice) may eliminate a major contribution to the base excitation of buildings and may cause nonconservative estimates of the forces in these buildings. Incident waves appear as ‘longer’ to a shallow foundation than to a deeper foundation. Therefore, deeper foundations are more effective in reflecting and scattering the short incident waves.
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns During Aminoglycoside Restriction

When amikacin first became available its use was restricted to prevent the emergence of resistant strains of gram-negative bacilli to this new agent. Gentamicin was the aminoglycoside most widely used at this time, and the incidence of gentamicin-resistant bacteria was 14%, while only 2.4% were resistant to amikacin. For a period of 15 months gentamicin use was restricted, and amikacin was used almost exclusively. Amikacin use was associated with a fall in the incidence of gentamicin-resistant bacteria to 9.2% (p less than .00005), while amikacin resistance remained unchanged at 2.2% (NS). During a period of 21 months after all aminoglycoside restrictions were lifted, gentamicin use again increased, and was accompanied by a return of gentamicin resistance to the baseline level of 15.3%. During this period, amikacin resistance also increased to 4.0% (p less than .0000001) but was due primarily to an increase in resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated gram-negative bacillus during all three periods, and it remained sensitive to both antibiotics regardless of the drug in use. In contrast, P. aeruginosa showed a high level of resistance to gentamicin, which fell when this antibiotic was restricted, only to return to a high level with reinstitution of gentamicin. While there was also an increase in amikacin resistant strains of P. aeruginosa with unrestricted aminoglycoside use, there was no apparent shift in the pattern of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes among a small random selection of amikacin-resistant bacteria. Impaired uptake of antibiotic was the predominant mechanism responsible for P. aeruginosa resistance among strains that did not produce aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC)(6').
A new definition of the information content of N.M.R. spectra suitable for use in maximum entropy signal processing

A new definition of spectral entropy appropriate for coherence spectroscopies such as pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is developed, based on an information theoretic analogue of the Von Neumann equation for entropy in quantum mechanics. It is shown that the resulting definition meets some important but previously unrecognized requirements for spectral entropy in coherence spectroscopies, and that it is possible to employ it, in a practical way, in maximum entropy signal processing. The definition is an extension of, but consistent with, the conventional one used in incoherent optical image processing.
Exact, Approximate, Optimized and Constrained Output Feedback Pole Assignment

The paper proposes a new formulation of the output feedback pole assignment problem. In this formulation, a unified approach is presented for solving the pole assignment problem with various additional objectives. These objectives include optimizing a variety of performance indices, and imposing constraints on the output feedback matrix structure, e. g. decentralized structure. Conditions for the existence of the output feedback are discussed. However, the thrust of the paper is on the development of a convergent pole assignment algorithm. It is shown that when exact pole assignment is not possible, the method can be used to place the poles close to the desired locations. Examples are provided to illustrate the method
The origin of equine endometrial cups. II. Invasion of the endometrium by trophoblast.

Light and electron microscopic examination of tissues fixed in situ by perfusion of the gravid horn of the uteri of mares between 36 and 38 days of gestation revealed that the equine endometrial cups are composed of trophoblast cells which originate from the discrete annulate portion of the foetal membranes known as the chorionic girdle. This structure consists of closely opposed villous projections of elongated trophoblast cells and it becomes firmly attached to the endometrium around the thirty-sixth day of pregnancy. The specialized girdle cells invade and phagocytose the endometrial epithelium and then migrate through the basal lamina into the endometrial stroma where they develop into endometrial cup cells.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE II IN MICROGLIA IN FOREBRAINS OF NEONATAL RATS

Abstract In the brains of adult rodents carbonic anhydrase II (CA) immunoreactivity has been observed in the choroid plexus and in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and myelin. Localization and functions of CA in the neonatal brain, however, have been controversial. One issue is whether the CAII-immunopositive round and ameboid cells in the corpus callosum and cingulum in the rat CNS during the first postnatal week are oligodendrocytes or microglia. Colocalization of C AH with the microglial antigen, EDI, and the microglia-specific isolectin, BSI-B4, suggested that most (approx. 60%) of the CAII-positive round and ameboid cells in rat brain during the first postnatal week were, indeed, macrophages and microglia. During that initial week, some CAII-positive protoplasmic astrocytes (approx. 40%) were observed as well. At the end of the first postnatal week smooth-surfaced CAII-positive cells began to appear in the corpus callosum. Those cells also bound MAbO4, a marker for the oligodendrocyte cell line. We conclude that during the first postnatal week most of the CAII-positive cells are macrophages and microglia, and that some are protoplasmic astrocytes. During the second postnatal week CAII-positive cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage become apparent, and by the end of that week there are few CAII-positive microglia. Confocal microscopy suggests that in brains of three-day-old rats the ameboid microglia are associated with nerve fibers, where they may perform phagocytosis of axons, directional guidance of axons, or disinhibition of axonal growth.
Patterns of interpersonal criticism in Japan and United States

Abstract To investigate patterns of interpersonal criticism in Japan and United States, preliminary interviews were conducted. Three major variables: sources of dissatisfaction; the status of communicative partners: and modes of giving criticism were identified. These variables were incorporated into an Interpersonal Criticism Questionnaire and then administered to 149 Japanese and 168 American college students of both sexes, after establishing cross-cultural equivalence. The results demonstrated a significant difference between the two cultures, but no significant difference between the sexes. Both cultures favored expressing dissatisfaction in a direct way, but Japanese more frequently employed passive forms of criticism and Americans active forms. While Japanese consistently adapted critical messages to the status of their communicative partners, Americans consistently adapted their critical messages to the character of the provocation.