cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Errors of fourier chemical-shift imaging and their corrections

Abstract From a finite and discrete Fourier transform point of view, we discuss the sources of localization errors in Fourier chemical-shift imaging, and demonstrate them explicitly by computer simulations for simple cases. Errors arise from intravoxel dephasing and the intravoxel asymmetry. The spectral leakage due to intravoxel dephasing is roughly 6–8% from one voxel to one of its nearest neighbors. Neighbors further away are influenced less significantly. The loss of localization due to intravoxel asymmetry effect is also severe. Fortunately, these errors can be corrected under certain conditions. The method for correcting the errors by postprocessing the data is described.
Signal and Noise Measurements for Muons in Scintillating Glass with Vacuum Photodiode Readout

We have been able to measure 6 photoelectrons per MeV of energy loss in scintillating glass, SCG-1, using large area vacuum photodiodes for readout with a signal to noise ratio of about 4.5.
Expedients for solving some specially structured mixed‐integer programs

In this paper we consider dual angular and angular structured mixed integer programs which arise in some practical applications. For these problems we describe efficient methods for generating a desirable set of Benders' cuts with which one may initialize the partitioning scheme of Benders. Our research is motivated by the computational experience of McDaniel and Devine who have shown that the set of Benders' cuts which are binding at the optimum to the linear relaxation of the mixed integer program, play an important role in determining an optimal mixed integer solution. As incidental results in our development, we provide some useful remarks regarding Benders' and Dantzig-Wolfe's decomposition procedures. The computational experience reported seems to support the expedients recommended in this paper.
Dilated ureter Classification and approach

Abstract A modified classification for the dilated ureter is offered. Each congenital state is discussed in terms of its own uniqueness.
Minimal Zero-Dimensional Extensions of Rings of Dimension Greater than One

Let R be a commutative ring with Noetherian spectrum in which zero is a primary ideal. We determine the minimal zero-dimensional extensions of R when every regular prime ideal of R is contained in only finitely many prime ideals. This extends previous results of the first author for dim (R) ≤1. We also present a characterization of the partially ordered set of prime ideals in a ring with Noetherian spectrum.
The effects of load placement on the EMG activity of the low back muscles during load carrying by men and women

An electromyographic (EMG) study of the lumbar paraspinal muscles during load carrying was undertaken in a group of 24 healthy subjects, 12 male and 12 female. Two different magnitude loads (10% and 20% of the subject's body weight) and four different carrying positions were compared with walking without an external load. Results indicated changes in back muscle activity showing a significant interaction between load magnitude and carrying position. Compared to walking without an external load, lumbar paraspinal EMG activity showed slight decreases when loads were carried in a backpack position or in the hand ipsilateral to the muscle. EMG activity contralateral to the hand carrying the load was significantly increased. Significant increases occurred when loads were carried anterior to the chest with the arms and a significant difference was found between male and female subjects for this carrying position. These findings have implications for the selection of carrying methods.
Understanding Pedestrian and Bicyclist Compliance and Safety Impacts of Different Walk Modes at Signalized Intersections for a Livable Community

With increasing energy costs as well as rampant congestion in major U.S. cities, the popularity of walk and bike mode choices has increased in recent years. NHTSA has estimated that, in 2011, 11.1% of pedestrian fatalities and 18.5% of bicyclist fatalities in the United States occurred in Florida, although the state accounted for just 6.1% of the nation's population. In addition, intersections are hot spots for vehicle-pedestrian conflicts. This finding has been confirmed by FHWA's estimate that in the United States nearly one in five pedestrian fatalities occurs at an intersection. Because signalized and nonsignalized intersections are conflict points for vehicles, pedestrians, and bicyclists, traffic control methods to ensure that safety is not compromised are essential. For the examination of the safety effects of walk modes at signalized intersections, four locations in the Tampa Bay area were chosen. Two of the locations operated with rest in walk and pedestrian recall, and the other two operated wit...
C-reactive protein and 6-keto prostaglandin F 1-α in patients with gynecologic cancer

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant that appears to have a variety of biologic effects, including stimulation of prostaglandin production by peripheral blood monocytes. Both CRP and 6-keto prostaglandin F 1-alpha (6-keto PGF1-alpha) have been noted to be elevated in the sera of patients with malignant disease, therefore the current study was undertaken to determine whether any correlation exists between serum levels of these two substances. Thirty-five samples of sera from 16 patients undergoing treatment for primary gynecologic malignancies were tested. CRP was elevated above normal in 97% of samples and 6-keto PGF1-alpha was elevated in 91% of samples. No correlation between levels of CRP and 6-keto PGF1-alpha was identified. Serial serum samples were available for 6 patients undergoing therapy; in 5 of 6 patients CRP levels reflected the clinical disease course. There was no apparent correlation between 6-keto PGF1-alpha levels and clinical progression or regression of disease.
Trimmed drag considerations

The distribution of lift between the wing and tail surfaces of a conventional aircraft is examined in order to determine that which would produce the minimum drag for a given lift. Further, the center of gravity position is determined which gives the desired lift distribution and, at the same time, maintains aircraft trim. Analytical expressions are developed which clearly show the dependence of this optimal e.g. position on the various aerodynamic and geometric parameters. In particular, it is shown how large changes in position of the optimal e.g. position can occur for small changes in the tail downwash angle. Numerical results are presented for a small twin-engine aircraft.
Beam tests of silicon microstrip detectors with VLSI readout

Abstract Two AC-coupled silicon strip devices were operated in a Fermilab test beam with Berkeley SVXD readout. Operation of the detectors is described and results for the spatial resolution are given.
Older adult treatment outcome following elder-specific inpatient alcoholism treatment

This study examined multidimensional 6-month outcomes of elder-specific inpatient alcoholism treatment for 90 participants over the age of 55. At baseline, physical health functioning was similar to that reported by seriously medically ill inpatients in other studies while psychosocial functioning was worse, and nearly one third of the sample had comorbid psychiatric disorders. Based on 6-month outcomes, participants were classified into the following groups: Abstainers, Non-Binge Drinkers, and Binge Drinkers. The groups did not differ on any baseline measures (demographics, drinking history, alcohol symptoms and age of onset, comorbidity, or length of treatment). General health improved between baseline and follow-up for all groups. Psychological distress decreased for Abstainers and Non-Binge Drinkers, but did not change for Binge Drinkers. Results suggest that a large percentage of older adults who receive elder-specific treatment attain positive outcomes across a range of outcome measures.
Phonological processing skills of adolescents with residual speech sound errors.

Purpose Research has shown that young children with speech sound disorders may have weaknesses in phonological processing. However, such skills have not been thoroughly examined in adolescents with residual speech sound errors. Therefore, this study compared the phonological processing abilities of adolescents with residual speech sound errors to those of normally speaking peers. Method Two nonword repetition tasks, multisyllabic word repetition, spoonerisms, phoneme reversals, and an elision task were used to compare the phonological processing skills of 10–14-year-olds with residual speech sound errors that include rhotic phonemes (RE, n = 13) to those of normally speaking (NS, n = 14) adolescents of similar age and receptive vocabulary abilities. Results The 2 groups were found to differ on 5 of the 6 phonological processing tasks. Discriminant analysis showed that 85% of the participants could be correctly classified into the RE and NS groups based solely on phonological processing skills. Conclusion ...
The compiled logic simulator

A two-value, zero-delay simulator that computes signatures and analyzes fault coverage for circuits with built-in self-test (BIST) is described. The simulator, called the compiled logic simulator (CLS), is used with a monitor that simulates BIST control logic at a high level. The simulator's compiled code is well suited to the IBM 3090 pipeline and fault simulation using flat random patterns. The linear-feedback-shift-register simulation monitor is discussed. Performance results are presented. Fault simulation with one million random patterns on a 40000-gate circuit was done in 16 CPU minutes. >
Second-order conditioning detects unexpressed morphine-induced salt aversion

Morphine failed to condition a salt taste aversion at a dose (15 mg/kg) sufficient to produce a robust aversion to a saccharin taste. Indeed, three different concentrations of salt (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) paired with the same morphine dose yielded no direct evidence for conditioned aversion. Yet, when a novel saccharin taste was paired in compound with the previously conditioned salt conditioned stimulus, we found evidence for a conditioning to the saccharin cue alone in three separate experiments. Control groups eliminated alternative accounts such as neophobia and differential exposure to morphine. Combined, these findings indicate that morphine conditioned a salt aversion. Although this aversion was not directly expressed, a second-order conditioning procedure was able to provide a more sensitive index of conditioning.
A Novel Combinatorial Nanotechnology-Based Oral Chemopreventive Regimen Demonstrates Significant Suppression of Pancreatic Cancer Neoplastic Lesions

Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease killing 37,000 Americans each year. Despite two decades of research on treatment options, the chances of survival are still less than 5% upon diagnosis. Recently, chemopreventive strategies have gained considerable attention as an alternative to treatment. We have previously shown significant in vitro chemopreventive effects with low-dose combinations of aspirin, curcumin, and sulforaphane (ACS) on pancreatic cancer cell lines. Here, we report the results of 24-week chemopreventive study with the oral administration of ACS combinations on the N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine (BOP)-treated Syrian golden hamster model to suppress the progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (PanIN) using unmodified (free drug) combinations of ACS, and nanoencapsulated (solid lipid nanoparticles; SLN) combinations of aspirin, curcumin, and free sulforaphane. The use of three different doses (low, medium, and high) of unmodified ACS combinations exhibited reduction in tumor incidence by 18%, 50%, and 68.7% respectively; whereas the modified nanoencapsulated ACS regimens reduced tumor incidence by 33%, 67%, and 75%, respectively, at 10 times lower dose compared with the free drug combinations. Similarly, although the unmodified free ACS showed a notable reduction in cell proliferation, the SLN encapsulated ACS regimens showed significant reduction in cell proliferation at 6.3%, 58.6%, and 72.8% as evidenced by proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Cell apoptotic indices were also upregulated by 1.5, 2.8, and 3.2 times, respectively, compared with BOP control. These studies provide a proof-of-concept for the use of an oral, low-dose, nanotechnology-based combinatorial regimen for the long-term chemoprevention of pancreatic cancer.
What have ablation studies told us about the neural substrates of stimulus memory

Abstract Recent studies examining the neural substrates of stimulus memory in monkeys have found that the ‘rhinal’ cortex (i.e. the entorhinal and perirhinal cortex), makes a pivotal contribution to memory. Indeed, the rhinal cortex appears to be the only critical medial temporal lobe structure for stimulus recognition and certain kinds of associative memory as well. Thus, the mnemonic contributions of certain medial temporal structures, especially the amygdala and hippocampus, appear to have been overemphasized, and should be reconsidered.
Binding of bovine follicular fluid glycosaminoglycans to fibronectin, laminin and low-density lipoproteins.

Interactions of bovine follicular fluid glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with extracellular matrix (ECM) components fibronectin and laminin and with low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were examined using affinity chromatography. Glycosaminoglycans from small (diameter less than 5 mm) and large (diameter 11-20 mm) follicles were isolated from follicular fluid. The dermatan sulphate or heparan sulphate from small or large follicles was applied to Fn-, Lm- or LDL-Sepharose columns. Portions of each fraction of the bound or unbound GAG were then subjected to gel filtration h.p.l.c. for quantification. The binding interaction between dermatan sulphate and fibronectin was significantly greater than between heparan sulphate and fibronectin (P less than 0.05); the binding interaction between GAGs from small follicles and fibronectin was significantly greater than between GAGs from large follicles (P less than 0.05). The binding interaction between GAGs from small follicles and laminin was significantly greater than for GAGs from large follicles (P less than 0.05). Dermatan sulphate from small follicles bound to fibronectin (42%), laminin (36%) and LDL (14%) and that from large follicles bound to fibronectin (14%), laminin (23%) and LDL (14%). Heparan sulphate from small follicles bound to fibronectin (17%), laminin (15%) and that from large follicles bound to fibronectin (13%), laminin (10%) and LDL (6%). These results suggest that dermatan sulphate, but not heparan sulphate, from follicles at different stages of development exhibit a varied ability to interact with components of the ECM. Both substances bound to LDL comparably in small amounts.
Effects of cortisone, ascorbic acid and piromen on phagocytosis in mice.

SummaryCortisone, ascorbic acid and Piromen were tested in mice for their effect upon macrophage activity as determined from the splenic uptake of colloidal ThO2 and upon the phagocytic activity of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity against Micrococcus aureus. Cortisone in high doses (0.1 to 1 mg every 12 hours) significantly enhanced phagocytic activity of both macrophages and leukocytes. Ascorbic acid in doses as high as 1 mg every 12 hours had no effect on the activity of macrophages but this dose did significantly enhance the phagocytic ability of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity. Piromen (0.1 μg every 12 hours) significantly increased the phagocytic activity of both types of cells. However, doses above or below this value were without significant effect in either type of experiment. The more potent auxophagocytic agents (cortisone and Piromen) were without salutary effect when tested singly and in combination in protection experiments in mice challenged with predetermined doses of Klebsiella pneu...
Legal Issues and Computer Use by School-Based Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists

The purpose of this report is to review the ethical and legal issues regarding the integration and application of computer technologies into the schools, particularly when used by speech-language p...
Quantum chemical and theoretical predictions of toxicity

Abstract Theoretical and quantum chemical predictions of toxicity and toxicology are even more challenging than prediction of pharmacology, which is usually a one‐stage event at a target site. For toxicity and toxicology, we have developed the concept of the “toxic triggering event,”; which then leads to the cascade of subsequent physiological events. The strategy for computer‐generated predictions in this area includes as the major components chemical automated substructure and “toxicophore”; identification by powerful chemical structure and substructure searching techniques, quantum chemical calculations (desirably ab‐initio, incorporating optimal strategies for such computations on large molecules) on both the toxicant and its metabolites (the structures of which were generated by computer‐assisted tracing of metabolic pathways), generation of the three‐dimensional electrostatic molecular potential contour maps around the toxicants and tneir metabolites and matching of these maps by reverse image holog...
Predicted Performance of an Integrated Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic System With Hybrid Turbine-Fuel Cell Cogeneration System With Cooling Loads

A general approach, the HLRP technique, for determining the performance of a hybrid turbine-fuel cell cogeneration system with a renewable energy sources is presented for a domestic residence for a summer day with cooling loads. The use of the ratio of the thermal load to required power parameter (HLRP), which scales the energy systems, allows the performance to be quickly determined and preliminary carbon dioxide production rates and cost effects to be estimated. The present paper includes solar energy systems, thermal and photovoltaic, as renewable energy to illustrate the development of this technique and its integration with the hybrid fuel cell cogeneration system. The analysis focused on matching the transient characteristics of the power and thermal loads with those of the renewable energy system. The results demonstrate that for a typical summer day in the location studied there are not large variations in the energy utilization factors for the four different systems investigated. Surprisingly, the photovoltaic system produces the lowest first law performance and the largest amounts of carbon dioxide. This observation points out the complexity of these systems. The explanation illustrates that saving power production while increasing the use of the most inefficient device (the furnace) decreases the system performance. The information provided by the performance graphs is used to estimate costs for each system and to easily determine which system is the most efficient for satisfying energy requirements and reducing green house gas emissions. The results provide site planners and physical plant operators with initial information that can be used to design new facilities or effectively integrate large plant expansion that include renewable energy systems in a manner that will minimize energy requirements and reduce pollution effects.© 2008 ASME
A 15.3 GHz satellite‐to‐ground path‐diversity experiment utilizing the ATS‐5 satellite

During 1970 and 1971 the characteristics of a diversity satellite-to-ground communication link were measured using the ATS-5 15.3 GHz downlink. These data were gathered at two ground receiving terminals spaced 4 km apart during 1970 and 8 km apart during 1971 in the vicinity of Columbus, Ohio. These data have been subsequently analyzed to determine the improvement in link performance resulting from the use of space diversity. The results of this analysis have shown that substantial improvements in link performance may be gained through the use of space diversity on satellite-to-ground paths. For example, the durations of fades having depths exceeding 10 dB were reduced by more than two orders of magnitude for both the 4 and 8 km site separation distances.
1516 CONSIDER LOCATION OF TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITOR ELECTRODE (TCM) WHEN MEASURING SKIN TEMPERATURES IN NEWBORNS

It is well-known that newborns in skin servo controlled environments are at risk of being over and underheated because of artifacts that may interfere with a thermistor's accurate transduction of temperature. As a corollary, it is likely, therefore that babies can be cold stressed when temperature sensing thermistors are placed too close to a TCM which, by design, causes heating of underlying skin to 43-44°C, and can be presumed by conduction to cause skin heating even beyond the electrode edge. We tested this as a hypothesis with newborns weighing 1030 to 2260g, who were studied once on the third to fifth day of life. 2 groups of 3 YSI series 400 thermistors were arranged over the abdomen at increasing distances from a TCM site (Litton SM 261). Temperatures before and after TCM placement were compared at sites 1), 0.5cm, 2), 1.5cm, and 3), 2.5cm from the edge of the TCM using paired t test analysis. There was a significant increase in mean skin temperature from 36.17±0.08°C to 36.40±0.09°C (±SEM) at 0.5cm from the TCM edge, (p<.01). The differences at the other 2 sites were not statistically significant (36.14±0.14 to 36.18±0.13°C at 1.5cm, 36.07±0.19 to 36.09±0.17°C at 2.5cm), although there was a rise of 0.2°C at 1.5 and 2.5cm in one patient. This could prove clinically significant when using some commercially available servo systems which respond to changes as small as 0.1°C. Therefore, skin probes placed 2.5cm from TCM's may detect falsely elevated temperatures and because of this could cause a decrease in incubator heater output, resulting in an underheated infant.
Thrombocytopenia in ulcerative colitis.

4, Edwards M J, Warner RA, and Mulley RC: Exencephaly in fetal hamsters following exposure to hyperthermia, Teratology 14:323, 1976. 5. Lecyk M: The effect of hyperthermia applied in the given stages of pregnancy on the number andform of vertebrae in the offspring of white mice, Experientia 22:254, 1966. 6. Skreb N, and Frank ZJ: Developmental abnormalities in the rat induced by heat shock, J Embryol Exp Morphol 11:445, 1963. 7. Hartley W J, Alexander G, and Edward M J: Brain cavitation and microencephaly in lambs exposed to prenatal hyperthermia, Teratology 9:299, 1974. 8. Poswillo D, Nunnerly H, Sopher D, and Keith J: Hyperthermia as a teratogenic agent, Ann R Coll Surg Engl 55:171, 1975. 9. Fraser FC, and Skelton J: Possible teratogenicity of maternal fever, Lancet 2:634, 1978. 10. Hendrickx AG, and Stone GW: Preliminary study on embryo toxicity of hyperthermia in the bonnet monkey (M. radiata), Teratology 13-24A, 1976. 11. Smith DW, Clarren SK, and Harvey MAS: Hyperthermia as a teratogenic agent, preliminary findings, J PEDIATR 92:878, 1978. 12. Miller P, Smith DW, and Shepard TH: Maternal hyperthermia as a possible cause of anencephaly, Lancet 1:519, 1978.
Absorption of sound in 3He4He vapor mixtures

Abstract We have studied the absorption of sound in helium vapor mixtures using a broad band heat pulse technique. The results are in good accord with the predictions of classical hydrodynamics.
Effects of porphyrinogenic (porphyria-producing) agents on avian embryonic hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity.

Summary Embryonic avian hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity was not significantly altered after 17-day-old chick embryos or cultured embryonic hepatocytes were treated for 24 h with various agents that influence δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) synthase activity. 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, an enlarger of ALA synthase, increased hepatic heme and cytochrome P-450 levels without altering the GSH S-transferase activity during 24 h of drug treatment. With a longer treatment schedule (3 to 4 days), however, GSH S-transferase activity was induced by 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide. Thus, the early induction of ALA synthase was dissociated from the induction of GSH S-transferase activity and does not appear to be an indirect effect mediated by a decrease in free heme as a result of the induction of heme-binding GSH S-transferases.
Comprehensive property retrieval and measurement of concrete spalling using machine vision for post-earthquake safety assessments

Current procedures in post-earthquake safety and structural assessment are performed by a skilled triage team of structural engineers/certified inspectors. These procedures, in particular the physical measurement of the damage properties, are time-consuming and qualitative in nature. Spalling has been accepted as an important indicator of significant damage to structural elements during an earthquake, and thus provides a sound springboard for a model in machine vision automated assessment procedures as is proposed in this research. Thus, a novel method that automatically detects regions of spalling on reinforced concrete columns and measures their properties in image data is the specific focus of this work. According to this method, the region of spalling is first isolated by way of a local entropy-based thresholding algorithm. Following this, the properties of the spalled region are depicted by way of classification of the extent of spalling on the column. The region of spalling is sorted into one of three categories by way of a novel global entropy-based adaptive thresholding algorithm in conjunction with well-established image processing methods in template matching and morphological operations. These three categories are specified as the following: (1) No spalling; (2) Spalling of cover concrete; and (3) Spalling of the core concrete (exposing reinforcement). In addition, the extent of the spalling along the length of the column is quantified. The method was tested on a database of damaged RC column images collected after the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, and comparison of the results with manual measurements indicate the validity of the method.
Traffic Data Acquisition and Distribution: Archived Data User Services Data Mine

The creation and use of an intelligent transportation systems archived data user services data mine that is available on the World Wide Web are described. The transportation infrastructure in the Seattle metropolitan area is instrumented with thousands of inductance loops. The data from these loops can be used in a variety of modeling and transportation planning activities. However, only with a large repository of this data, covering a significant geographical area and a long temporal period, can complex research and planning questions be posed and answered. Such a repository or data mine is described in terms of the steps necessary to create such a repository, the web interface to use the data mine, the lessons learned in the creation and use of the data mine, the diverse domains from which users have come, and some of the applications for which the data have been used.
New developments in the management of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is potentially curable. Immunochemotherapy, R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone) is the standard of care. This regimen has been incorporated in other approaches and reevaluated in different trials in different age groups. The duration of cycle therapy has varied from 14 to 21 days. In addition, R-ACVBP has been evaluated in randomized trials. Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been evaluated in randomized clinical trials. Ongoing studies are evaluating new regimens such as EPOCH-R and novel maintenance therapy approaches in the upfront management of DLBCL. In the relapse and refractory setting, autologous stem cell transplantation remains the standard of care with treatment with R-ICE or R-DHAP followed by different conditioning regimens prior to ASCT. The outcomes of patients who relapse following ASCT are improving with the treatment of new agents targeting different path...
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SELECTED PESTICIDES ON THE TWO‐SPOTTED SPIDER MITE AND ITS FUNGAL PATHOGEN NEOZYGITES FLORIDANA

Benomyl affected populations of Tetranychus urticae by interfering with the pathogenic fungus, Neozygites floridana. Benomyl delayed but prolonged spider mite outbreaks. Few mites were infected with the pathogen when benomyl was used. Reductions in mite populations treated with fentin hydroxide were associated with a high incidence of N. floridana infection, Benomyl did not affect sporulation of N. floridana but appeared to inhibit conidial germination or growth of the fungus. RESUME Interactions de pesticides selectionnes sur Tetranychus urticae et son champignon pathogene, Neozygites floridana Le benomyl a modifie les populations de Tetranychus urticae Koch en interferant avec son champignon pathogene, Neozygites floridana (Weiser & Muma). Le benomyl retardait mais prolongeait les pullulations de l'acarien. Peu d'acariens etaient infectes par le champignon quand on utilisait du benomyl. Les reductions des populations d'acariens traitees avec l'hydroxyde de fentine etaient associees a un haut niveau d'infection par N. floridana. Le benomyl ne modifiait pas la sporulation de N. floridana mais semblait inhiber la germination des conidies ou la croissance du champignon.
CINEGASTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF ANTICHOLINERGIC AND RELATED DRUGS ON GASTRIC AND PYLORIC MOTOR ACTIVITY.

Cinefibergastroscopic observations of the effect of the I.V. administration of propantheline bromide, atropine sulfate, morphine sulfate, and meperidine on antral motor activity were carried out in 25 patients. Peristaltic waves normally varied from 3–6/min. Of the drugs studied, propantheline bromide and atropine sulfate were able to produce complete cessation of gastric motor activity as recorded by cinefibergastroscopic filming. The minimal effective dose of these drugs necessary to produce aperistalsis and the duration of this effect was established. The pyloric aperture appeared to widen as the result of the effect of the anticholinergic drugs. Better visualization of the antrum, juxtapyloric area, and the pyloric aperture was obtained following I.V. administration of propantheline or atropine.
Implications of Pareto efficiency for two-agent (household) choice

We study when two-member household choice behavior is compatible with Pareto optimality. We ask when an external observer of household choices, who does not know the individuals’ preferences, can rationalize the choices as being Pareto-optimal. Our main contribution is to reduce the problem of rationalization to a graph-coloring problem. As a result, we obtain simple tests for Pareto optimal choice behavior. In addition to the tests, and using our graph-theoretic representation, we show that Pareto rationalization is equivalent to a system of quadratic equations being solvable.
Crystallization kinetics of polyethylene terephthalate. II. Dynamic crystallization of PET

The crystallization behavior of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), was investigated under isothermal and dynamic cooling conditions, as a function of molecular weight, polycondensation catalyst system, and polymerization conditions. Crystallization kinetic parameters were calculated for both cases by utilizing Avrami-type expressions. Analysis of the crystallization kinetic data indicates that the same mechanism is operative under isothermal and dynamic cooling crystallization conditions. The dynamic cooling crystallization method can establish the minimum cooling rate required to produce PET without detectable crystallinity. The results show that the cooling requirements for producing noncrystalline PET are dependent on the molecular weight of the resin, but more importantly, are dependent on the catalyst system used in the polycondensation step. These results are in good agreement with the results obtained under isothermal conditions.
Dual Roles of CD40 on Microbial Containment and the Development of Immunopathology in Response to Persistent Fungal Infection in the Lung

Persistent pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus neoformans in C57BL/6 mice results in chronic inflammation that is characterized by an injurious Th2 immune response. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of cryptococcal infection in wild-type versus CD40-deficient mice (in a C57BL/6 genetic background) to define two important roles of CD40 in the modulation of fungal clearance as well as Th2-mediated immunopathology. First, CD40 promoted microanatomic containment of the organism within the lung tissue. This protective effect was associated with: i) a late reduction in fungal burden within the lung; ii) a late accumulation of lung leukocytes, including macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells; iii) both early and late production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ by lung leukocytes; and iv) early IFN-γ production at the site of T cell priming in the regional lymph nodes. In the absence of CD40, systemic cryptococcal dissemination was increased, and mice died of central nervous system infection. Second, CD40 promoted pathological changes in the airways, including intraluminal mucus production and subepithelial collagen deposition, but did not alter eosinophil recruitment or the alternative activation of lung macrophages. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CD40 helps limit progressive cryptococcal growth in the lung and protects against lethal central nervous system dissemination. CD40 also promotes some, but not all, elements of Th2-mediated immunopathology in response to persistent fungal infection in the lung.
A spectrophotometric study of the Algol binary system RX Geminorum

IUE low-dispersion spectra and optical ITS scans of the semidetached Algol-type binary system RX Gem have been obtained. The spectral type of the primary component was determined to be A0, with good accuracy. Since the primary eclipse is only partial, the spectral type of the cooler component has been determined with less accuracy as K2 (+ or - 2). The system is only slightly reddened: its color excess is E(B-V) = 0.04 + or - 0.01 mag. Two models of the system are considered, depending on the luminosity class of the hotter star. Optically, the system is a Be star, since it displays Balmer line emission, visible most clearly during the primary eclipse. The ultraviolet spectrum observed near mideclipse does not display the expected 'W Serpentis-type' emission lines. Probably the main reason is that the primary eclipse is only partial.
Polyreactive Antibodies Plus Complement Enhance the Phagocytosis of Cells Made Apoptotic by UV-Light or HIV

Polyreactive antibodies are a major component of the natural antibody repertoire and are capable of binding a variety of structurally unrelated antigens. Many of the properties attributed to natural antibodies, in fact, are turning out to be due to polyreactive antibodies. In humans, each day, billions of cells undergo apoptosis. In the present experiments, we show by ImageStream technology that although polyreactive antibodies do not bind to live T cells they bind to both the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of late apoptotic cells, fix complement, generate the anaphylatoxin C5a and increase by as much as 5 fold complement-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages. Of particular importance, T cells undergoing apoptosis following infection with HIV also bind polyreactive antibodies and are phagocytosed. We conclude that the polyreactive antibodies in the natural antibody repertoire contribute in a major way to the clearance of cells made apoptotic by a variety of natural and infectious processes.
Behavior of the Oculomotor Vermis for Five Different Types of Saccade.

Single unit and lesion studies have implicated the oculomotor vermis of the cerebellum in the control of targeting saccades to jumping visual targets. However, saccades can be made in a variety of other target situations where they can occur with different reaction times (express or delayed saccades) in response to a remembered target location (memory-guided saccades) or between several targets that are always visible (scanning saccades). Here we ask whether the oculomotor vermis contributes to generating all these types of saccades by examining the simple spike discharge of its Purkinje cells. Twenty-six of 32 P-cells (81%) exhibited qualitatively similar phasic firing patterns for targeting, express, scanning, delayed, and memory-guided saccades. The remaining six exhibited a different pattern for just scanning saccades. Although a sensitive test of discharge patterns revealed significant differences for some pairs of saccade types in ∼29% of P-cells, there was no cell-to-cell consistency as to which pairs were associated with different patterns. Also, a less sensitive comparison identified substantially fewer cells (∼15%) with different patterns. Thus the lack of any consistent difference in firing for different saccade types leads us to conclude that the oculomotor vermis is not likely to contribute differently to targeting, express, scanning, delayed, or memory-guided saccades.
Selenium-75: a potential source for use in high-activity brachytherapy irradiators.

A study was made to find a high-specific-activity radioisotope having a longer half-life and lower gamma-ray energies than /sup 192/Ir in order to replace /sup 192/Ir in high-activity afterloading brachytherapy devices. Based upon a number of considerations, /sup 75/Se was selected. The present paper describes the physical properties of /sup 75/Se, its method of production, and the properties of an encapsulated source that was fabricated to prove the accuracy of our initial calculations.
High throughput screening and measurements of proton conductivity of newly developed PEM materials based on proton transport visualization

Abstract An electrochemical method for proton transport visualization was developed and applied to the investigation of proton-conducting membrane materials. The method employs the change in the visual appearance of chemo-chromic tungsten oxide WO3 in the presence of atomic hydrogen. An all-solid electrochemical cell arranged by substituting a fuel cell cathode with a thin film of WO3-electrode was built and shown to generate both optical and electrical response to hydrogen gas exposure. The design of the cell was extended to a high throughput screening system that was utilized to characterize proton transport properties of samples, including a number of new compounds synthesized in-house by sol–gel wet chemistry. Non-destructive introduction of superacidic groups promoting proton hopping in the membrane materials was achieved by photodecomposition of a photoacid generator just after membrane casting. A model quantitatively describing current–voltage relation in the cell was developed and successfully applied to derive area-specific resistance of proton-conductive membranes from the experimental results. Area-specific resistances of membranes are derived from the slopes of optically reconstructed voltage–current curves. Sensitivity and dynamic range of the screening method are discussed.
Spatial Regulation of Exocytosis: Lessons from Yeast

Many types of cells maintain specialized plasma membrane domains to which different subsets of secretory vesicles are targeted, enabling the cells' performance of specific functions. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae spatially and temporally regulates exocytosis, directing surface growth
Generalized weighted likelihood density estimators with application to finite mixture of exponential family distributions

The family of weighted likelihood estimators largely overlaps with minimum divergence estimators. They are robust to data contaminations compared to MLE. We define the class of generalized weighted likelihood estimators (GWLE), provide its influence function and discuss the efficiency requirements. We introduce a new truncated cubic-inverse weight, which is both first and second order efficient and more robust than previously reported weights. We also discuss new ways of selecting the smoothing bandwidth and weighted starting values for the iterative algorithm. The advantage of the truncated cubic-inverse weight is illustrated in a simulation study of three-component normal mixtures model with large overlaps and heavy contaminations. A real data example is also provided.
Inhibition of estrogen facilitation of sexual behavior by the intracerebral infusion of actinomycin-D

Abstract It has been shown previously that intracerebral actinomycin-D (Act-D) pellets inhibit estrogen facilitated female sexual behavior, but it was not possible to test the reversibility of this effect. In the present study an attempt was made to distinguish between the possible temporary interruption by Act-D of the biochemical action of estrogen which facilitates sexual receptivity and permanent toxic effects of the drug. Act-D in saline was infused into the third ventricle or the preoptic area (POA) to determine whether a reversible suppression of sexual behavior as measured by the lordosis quotient (LQ) could be produced. Ovariectomized rats were implanted with midline guide tubes entering the third ventricle (eight rats) or with bilateral tubes extending to the corpus callosum above the POA (67 rats). Each animal served as its own control since pretest and Act-D and recovery tests were performed 10–14 days apart in most subjects. For each behavioral test implanted subjects were primed with 3μg estradiol benzoate (EB) and 0.5 mg progesterone (P) 48 hr later. Behavioral tests, each involving 50 mounts, were performed 4–6 hr after P. Following the pretest the animals were retested under experimental conditions. Inner cannulae were inserted into the POA through the guide tubes and 0.11 μg Act-D infused 24 or 12 hr before, simultaneously with, or 6, 12, 18, or 26 hr after EB. A recovery test was performed 10–14 days later with no intracerebral infusion. The control procedure (infusion of of saline either simultaneously with or 12 hr after EB) did not alter the LQ. Act-D infusion produced a reversible suppression of lordosis which was dependent upon the time of administration of Act-D. Intraventricular infusion of Act-D 6 hr after EB reversibly inhibited lordosis behavior and no lesions were produced. Act-D infused into the POA simultaneously with EB or 6 hr later reversibly suppressed the LQ. In the 6 hr group, for example, the LQ fell from 78.3 to 35.7, but 10–14 days later reached 74.3. Although brain lesions of varying extent were produced by Act-D, the marked but reversible suppression of lordosis behavior is consistent with the view that Act-D inhibits estrogen facilitation of lordosis behavior by means of a biochemical rather than cytotoxic action.
A probabilistic derivation of gamma-ray attenuation and application: Bayesian mass estimation with a low count spectrum

This paper presents an intuitive derivation of the source and absorber factors in a slab geometry formulation of γ-ray emissions incident on a detector. Using the attenuation equations, an application to mass estimation from a passively observed, low count spectrum is developed for sources with γ-ray emissions. Propagation of error provides a confidence interval on the mass estimate. The developed methods are applied to experimental spectra from a known mass of plutonium 239 oxide. The proposed estimation method has potential in national security applications where the geometry of attenuation materials is unknown and there are time constraints on the acquisition of a spectrum. In these application settings, the first-order mass estimate developed in this paper is sufficiently accurate.
Artemisinin-Resistant Mutants of Toxoplasma gondii Have Altered Calcium Homeostasis

Artemisinin is a plant sesquiterpene lactone that has become an important drug for combating malaria, especially in regions where resistance to other drugs is widespread. While the mechanism of action is debated, artemisinin has been reported to inhibit the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA) in the malaria parasite. Artemisinin is also effective against Toxoplasma in vitro and in vivo, although it is less potent and, hence, is generally not used therapeutically to treat toxoplasmosis. To explore the mechanism of action, we generated chemically derived mutants of Toxoplasma gondii that were resistant to growth inhibition by this compound in vitro. Three artemisinin-resistant (ART r ) mutant clones that differed in their sensitivities in vitro by three- to fivefold compared with that of the wild-type parasites were obtained. ART r mutants were cross-resistant to other derivatives of artemisinin, the most potent of which was artemisone. Resistance was not due to molecular alterations or differences in the expression of SERCA or other putative targets, such as proteins that code for multidrug resistance or translationally controlled tumor protein. ART r mutants were resistant to the induction of protein secretion from micronemes, a calcium-dependent process that is triggered by artemisinin. ART r mutants were not cross-resistant to secretion induced by thapsigargin but were more sensitive and were unable to regulate cytoslic calcium following treatment with this compound. These studies implicate calcium homeostasis in the mechanism of action of artemisinins against apicomplexan parasites.
Global Network Inference from Ego Network Samples: Testing a Simulation Approach

Network sampling poses a radical idea: that it is possible to measure global network structure without the full population coverage assumed in most network studies. Network sampling is only useful, however, if a researcher can produce accurate global network estimates. This article explores the practicality of making network inference, focusing on the approach introduced in Smith (2012). The method uses sampled ego network data and simulation techniques to make inference about the global features of the true, unknown network. The validity check here includes more difficult scenarios than previous tests, including those that go beyond the initial scope conditions of the method. I examine networks with a skewed degree distribution and surveys that limit the number of social ties a respondent can list. For each network/survey combination, I take a random ego network sample, run the simulation method, and compare the results to the true values (using measures of connectivity and cohesion). I also test the met...
Equivalent electron fluence for space qualification of shallow junction heteroface GaAs solar cells

It is desirable to perform qualification tests prior to deployment of solar cells in space power applications. Such test procedures are complicated by the complex mixture of differing radiation components in space which are difficult to simulate in ground test facilities. Although it has been shown that an equivalent electron fluence ratio cannot be uniquely defined for monoenergetic proton exposure of GaAs shallow junction cells, an equivalent electron fluence test can be defined for common spectral components of protons found in space. Equivalent electron fluence levels for the geosynchronous environment are presented.