cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compressive sensing for multi-static scattering analysis

Compressive sensing (CS) is a framework in which one attempts to measure a signal in a compressive mode, implying that fewer total measurements are required vis a vis direct sampling methods. Compressive sensing exploits the fact that the signal of interest is compressible in some basis, and the CS measurements correspond to projections (typically random projections) performed on the basis function coefficients. In this paper, we demonstrate that ideas from compressive sensing may be exploited in the context of electromagnetic modeling, here multi-static scattering from an arbitrary target. In this context, the computational analysis may be viewed as a numerical experiment, and ideas from compressive sensing may be used to reduce the number of computations required for target characterization. It is demonstrated that the compressive sensing framework may be applied with relatively minor modifications to many existing numerical models, with examples presented here for a fast-multipole computational engine.
How widespread are sheepskin returns to education in the U.S.

Abstract Recent confirmation of sheepskin effects for white males, women, and minorities has been taken as evidence of widespread screening in the US labor market. Such a broad and general conclusion may be unwarranted. This paper examines differences in the pattern of sheepskin effects across a full set of union, nonunion, public and private labor markets. Sheepskin effects, and the resulting evidence in favor of screening, are strongest in private sector, nonunion labor markets and virtually absent in any public sector or unionized labor markets. This requires a more circumspect conclusion about the presence of screening and a discussion of why it appears in some labor markets but not others.
Comparative costs of promiscuity and monogramy: A test of reproductive effort theory

Sharp-tailed sparrows Ammospiza caudacuta and seaside sparrows A. maritima co-occupy salt marshes in northeastern North America and are ecologically similar. Female caudacuta care for their young unaided, in comparison to martima's dual parental behavior. The annual reproductive effort of female caudacuta is higher than that of female maritima. Under reproductive effort theory, as both species' reproductive output is the same, female caudacuta should have a lower probability of survival than female maritima. However, the annual survival of both groups was the same. We believe that these results are possible only in highly productive habitats, where the relative cost differences of derived and ancestral mating systems may not be as great as in less productive environments. Lack of penalty in terms of lifetime fitness may have set the stage for the evolution of promiscuity in the sharp-tailed sparrow.
Tuning a dynamic inversion pitch axis autopilot using McFarlane–Glover loop shaping

Honeywell and others have successfully applied dynamic inversion control to many flight control problems. It is a simple and systematic design procedure that guarantees nominal performance. However, unlike ℋ∞ methods, it does not provide any robustness guarantees. In this paper, we propose a procedure for designing a linear time-invariant dynamic inversion autopilot with guaranteed robustness. We will use the generalized stability margin to choose the dynamics that will be inverted (A and B matrices), and McFarlane–Glover loop shaping to select the C matrix of the inverted plant, the desired dynamics, and a robust state estimator. The proposed procedure is illustrated by designing a pitch axis autopilot that achieves robust performance with a number of Boeing 747 aircraft models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EFFECTS OF THE ADENOSINE A2A ANTAGONIST KW 6002 (ISTRADEFYLLINE) ON PIMOZIDE-INDUCED ORAL TREMOR AND STRIATAL c-Fos EXPRESSION: COMPARISONS WITH THE MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST TROPICAMIDE

Abstract Typical antipsychotic drugs, including haloperidol and pimozide, have been shown to produce parkinsonian motor effects such as akinesia and tremor. Furthermore, there is an antagonistic interaction between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in the basal ganglia, which is important for motor functions related to the production of parkinsonian symptoms. Several experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the selective adenosine A2A antagonist KW 6002 on both the motor and cellular effects of subchronic administration of pimozide. The motor test employed was tremulous jaw movements, which is used as a model of parkinsonian tremor. In addition, c-Fos expression in the ventrolateral neostriatum, which is the striatal area most associated with tremulous jaw movements, was used as a marker of striatal cell activity in animals that were tested in the behavioral experiments. Repeated administration of 1.0 mg/kg pimozide induced tremulous jaw movements and increased ventrolateral striatal c-Fos expression, while administration of 20.0 mg/kg of the atypical antipsychotic quetiapine did not. The tremulous jaw movements induced by pimozide were significantly reduced by co-administration of either the adenosine A2A antagonist KW 6002 or the muscarinic antagonist tropicamide. Pimozide-induced increases in ventrolateral striatal c-Fos expression were reduced by a behaviorally effective dose of KW 6002, but c-Fos expression in pimozide-treated rats was actually increased by tropicamide. These results indicate that two different drug manipulations that act to reduce tremulous jaw movements can have different effects on DA antagonist-induced c-Fos expression, suggesting that adenosine A2A antagonism and muscarinic receptor antagonism exert their motor effects by acting on different striatal circuits.
Fat transport mechanism.

The body uses several different mechanisms for the transport of fat in the aqueous medium of the blood. Fat is absorbed from the intestine in the form of chylomicrons, which are discrete particles, visible under the microscope. They consist primarily of triglycerides of the longer fatty acids. The chylomicrons are absorbedvia the lymphatic system, which ultimately empties into the blood stream. They are rapidly removed from the blood by several tissues, which either oxidize the fatty acids, store them, or return them to the circulation incorporated in liproproteins or bound to serum albumin. This latter mechanism of transporting fatty acids by binding them to albumin has recently been shown to be of great physiologic significance. Although the quantity of lipide so bound represents only a small percentage of the total serum lipides, it has a rapid turnover. The bulk of the serum lipides are carried as large lipoprotein molecules, of which there is a wide spectrum. Although several methods are now available for characterizing and quantitating these lipoproteins, little is known of their physiologic significance.
Direct identification of the rat hepatocyte arginine8 vasopressin receptor with a radiolabelled V1-selective antagonist.

AbstractWe compared [3H] arginine8 vasopressin (AVP) and [3H] 1-β-mercapto-β, β-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid, 0-methyl tyrosine2, arginine vasopressin (d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP), a selective V1 receptor antagonist, as radioligands for the rat hepatocyte V1 receptor. Both radioligands bound with high affinity to a site in partially purified membranes prepared from Long Evans rat hepatocytes. The binding site concentrations obtained with either radioligand, 608±101 fmol/mg protein (n=5) with [3H] AVP and 603±62 fmol/mg protein (n=5) with [3H]d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP, were not significantly (p>0.5) different. Furthermore, the rank order of potency of a series of synthetic vasopressin analogs and related peptides were identical in competition studies using either radioligand and were consistent with a V1 receptor interaction. Our results demonstrate that [3H] d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP is a suitable radioligand to study the V1 receptor subtype.
Erratum to: Using Socioscientific Issues in Primary Classrooms

Through an oversight, the authors of a Journal of Elementary Science Education manuscript, ‘‘Using socioscientific issues in primary classrooms’’ by Thomas J. Dolan, Bryan H. Nichols, and Dana L. Zeidler, omitted a citation from the manuscript. This manuscript appeared in Issue 21, Volume 3, Summer 2009, of the Journal of Elementary Science Education. The activity ‘‘The Black Bear Necessities’’ in the Dolan, Nichols, and Zeidler article should have included a reference citation to ‘‘How Many Bears Can Live in This Forest?’’ from the Project WILD K-12 Curriculum & Activity Guide published by the Council for Environmental Education (2003) in Houston, TX.
Comparison of conventional and CO2 quantitative angiography: fiz or fizzle?

Typically, quantitation of 2D angiographic data has been limited to assessment of luminal edges from a single or, at most, two views. Use of densitometric image information, which can give data more closely related to the 3D geometry of the vessel, has been largely ignored because of imaging problems associated with conventional contrast agents. Recently, in phantom studies, we have demonstrated that the use of CO2 as an angiographic contrast agent may eliminate many of the obstacles previously limiting the use of densitometric approaches to quantitating 2D angiograms. This may allow us to provide an evaluation more closely related to the 3D geometry of the vasculature of interest. In this paper, we discuss our approach to CO2 angiography and provide illustrative angiographic studies demonstrating the potential breakthrough CO2 angiography may provide in extracting 3D information from 2D data sets.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry of zwitterionic surfactants.

This work describes the on-line hyphenation of a packed capillary electrochromatography (CEC) column with an internally tapered tip coupled to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) for the analysis of betaine-type amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants (Zwittergent). A systematic investigation of the CEC separation and MS detection parameters comparing ESI and APCI is shown. First, a detailed and optimized manufacturing procedure for fabrication of the CEC−MS column with a reproducible internally tapered tip (7−9 μm) is presented. Next, the optimization of the separation parameters by varying the C18 stationary-phase particle size (3 versus 1.5 μm), as well as mobile-phase composition including acetonitrile (ACN) volume fraction, ionic strength, and pH is described. The optimized separation is achieved using 3-μm C18 packing with 75% ACN (v/v), 5 mM Tris at pH 8.0. Optimization for on-line CEC-ESI-MS detection is then do...
Varicella pneumonia in adults: a spectrum of disease.

Varicella (Chicken pox) is a contagious disease common in childhood but uncommon in adulthood. Pneumonia, however, is a relatively common complication of the disease in adults. Recognition of the potential for this complication in adult patients with varicella is essential for the emergency physician. Three cases of varicella pneumonia in adults are presented, representing the spectrum of disease. The first patient was a 58-year-old man without respiratory complaints who was managed successfully as an outpatient. The second patient was a 24-year-old woman who progressed from mild to marked respiratory distress over several hours, and was treated successfully with high-flow oxygen alone. The third patients was a pregnant 23-year-old woman who presented without respiratory symptoms but rapidly developed adult respiratory distress syndrome, resulting in death. Clinical assessment, patient management, and indications for hospitalization are discussed.
The in vivo metabolism of progestins: IV. the metabolic clearance rate and plasma binding of 6α-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione in women

In vivo research has shown that the gestagenic potency of MPA (medroxyprogesterone acetate) is greater than that of progesterone in virtually all species tested. It was hypothesized that this was due to a slower rate of metabolism of MPA relative to progesterone. In women the clearance rate of the 2 substances was found to be similar suggesting that the functional groups at the 6alpha- and 17alpha-positions might not influence the rate of progestin metabolism in humans as had been suspected. To test this hypothesis independent effects of the 6alpha-methyl and the 17alpha-acetoxy substitutions on the metabolism of progesterone were examined. For this purpose 6alpha-methylprogesterone was synthesized for metabolic studies. The clearance rate of this substance tested by plasma concentrations was found to be higher than that of either MPA or progesterone. This rate was not attributable to binding or metabolism by red cells. The differences in clearance rates do not seem to be related to steroid-protein interactions in plasma.
Double- and triple-labeling of functionally characterized central neurons projecting to peripheral targets studied in vitro.

The use of in vitro preparations such as brain slices poses difficulties in determining the correct identity of cells under study. To circumvent this problem, we first used a fluorescence pre-labeling technique (rhodamine-dextran-lysine) to identify cranial motoneurons projecting to the tongue (hypoglossal motoneurons) in the guinea-pig. Following preparation of slices, cells were recorded intracellularly and their electrophysioiogical properties determined. The cells were then intracellularly stained with both a fluorescence label (Lucifer Yellow) and with the stable, non-fading label biocytin. Under fluorescent illumination, the great majority of recorded cells within the hypoglossal nucleus were double-labeled (rhodamine and Lucifer Yellow) suggesting that most are indeed motoneurons. Biocytin injected into the same motoneurons provided permanent and detailed images of their morphology. Intracellularly stained cells surrounding the hypoglossal nucleus were not labeled with rhodamine and had distinct electro-physiological properties. The use of the retrogradely transported marker rhodamine-dextran-lysine allows the unambiguous identification of motoneurons in a brainstem slice. The combined intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow and biocytin provides a simple means of melding the advantages of a fluorescent label (compatible with other fluorescence labels and with immunocytochemistry) with the benefits of a stable, non-fading, electron-dense marker. Application of this technique should prove useful in establishing morphological and functional correlates in other areas of the CNS.
Bio-active peptides (Biogro™) supplementation improves work capacity during short-term resistance exercise in men

Background Inadequate recovery between training sessions leads to fatigue and imposes a hindrance on exercise performance. Bio-Active Peptides (BAPs) supplementation has been shown to reduce recovery time between strenuous exercise bouts and improve work capacity during subsequent bouts in athletes. However, few investigations have explored the efficacy of BAP supplementation on early performance adaptations in previously untrained men.
New economy businesses in rural, urban, and metropolitan locations

The service sector has replaced manufacturing as the primary employer in the United States. Fastest growing within this sector are producer services, i.e., those businesses that provide service inputs to other businesses and government. Theorists posit that the propensity of producer services to locate in metro areas advantages cities in relation to rural areas. They argue that significant numbers of producer services are unlikely to locate in rural areas due to the economic and cultural benefits offered by central cities and that producer services in rural locations are qualitatively different from metro firms. Perceptions of the environment, management strategies, and community citizenship were analyzed with data from 259 producer service business owners and managers in Iowa rural, urban, and metropolitan communities. The findings point to qualitative differences between the businesses based on community size, but also many similarities were found. Rural producer services reported more community citizenship than other businesses.
The legal status of account books in colonial America

From the first English settlement in colonial America to the beginning of the Revolution, the legal status of account books evolved. During this period, there was a scarcity of hard currency which made commercial transactions largely dependent upon a credit based, barter based economic system. Business transactions often were represented by book debt. As merchants brought legal actions over book debt disputes, American colonial courts and legislatures began to examine the English common law rules that placed several restrictions on the introduction of account books into evidence. Responding to economic and social necessity, colonial America developed a legal system that was more flexible and pragmatic than was the English system in regard to admitting account books into evidence. Thus, American colonial courts and legislatures met the commercial needs of the new world, and in so doing, provided the impetus for examining accounting standards, fiduciary duty and financial statements in today's American lega...
Error analysis for CGH optical testing

Computer generated holograms are widely used in optical testing and metrology. The primary role of the CGHs is to generate reference wavefront with any desired shape. Optical or electron-beam writers are commonly used for CGH fabrication. Limitations from the hologram fabrication processes cause errors in the reproduced wavefront. Errors in duty-cycle and etching depth have direct impact on both the amplitude and phase functions of the reproduced wavefront. A study using scalar diffraction model to simulate CGH fabrication errors and their effects on wavefront amplitude and phase functions are presented. Experimental analysis confirms the theoretical model. An example is given at the end to demonstrate one of the many applications of the wavefront sensitivity functions in CGH error budgeting for optical metrology.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Microstructure and magnetic properties of nanostructured Fe–Co powders prepared by series of milling and annealing treatments

Abstract Fe 1− x Co x ( x = 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 and 0.5) powders were prepared by different milling-annealing treatments, and magnetic properties were investigated based on microstructure. Elevated heating times led to an increase in crystallite size, and decrease in lattice parameter. Up to 20 min annealing, series 3 powders showed a decrease in microstrain 2.5 times more than series 2. The coercivity ( H C ) of 1-step milled and 60 min annealed Fe 50 Co 50 alloys decreased rigorously from 60 Oe to 19 Oe due to strain relief (from 0.3% to 0.08%) and grain growth (from 30 nm to 40 nm). For series 2 alloys, the H C (up to 60 min heating) increased from 72 Oe to 90 Oe, and decreased (up to 100 min heating) to 70 Oe. Compared to series 1, extra milling treatment of series 2 causes an increase in magnetization saturation ( M S ) due to completion of alloying and grain refinement. Also, compared to series 2, extra annealing treatment for series 3 resulted in larger values of M S caused by stain relief.
Evaluation of an Accelerometric Activity Monitor as an Exposure Assessment Tool in Ergonomic Studies

Abstract Valid and reliable methods of assessing exposures to repetitive and forceful activities are needed to address the relationship between work tasks and the development of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. The utility of wrist-worn activity monitors for measuring exposure to repetitive activities in hand-intensive work was examined in this study. Twenty-two grocery cashiers and ten noncashier retail workers wore activity monitors on both wrists and the left ankle during their normal work activities. Work activities were periodically observed and recorded on videotape. Data recorded by the monitors were matched against observational data. The results indicated that the monitors were effective in detecting significant work-related variations in physical activity in the three limbs studied. Compared with traditional observational procedures, activity monitoring represents a cost-effective approach to obtaining objective and quantitative information about the frequency and intensity of manual w...
Micropatterns of chemisorbed cell adhesion-repellent films using oxygen plasma etching and elastomeric masks

Cellular micropatterning has become an important tool to precisely design cell-to-substrate attachment for cell biology studies, tissue engineering, cell-based biosensors, biological assays, and dr...
Input impedance and current feedforward control for leading-lagging phase admittance cancellation in the AC-DC boost converter

This paper introduces an input impedance and current (IIC) feedforward control with leading-lagging phase admittance cancellation (LLPAC) for ac-dc boost converter applications requiring higher efficiency and higher power quality. Whereas the conventional voltage feedforward method guarantees its ideal input admittance by generating average switch voltage effectively under well-regulated current compensator, the proposed IIC method contains an extra compensation term reducing the effects of external input parameters as well as an average switch voltage, resulting in improving input power quality in low switching frequency and high line frequency applications. Consequently, the proposed method allows obtaining more constant input admittance in both regions of leading and lagging-phase. In order to compare three different control approaches, the small-signal input admittances of the ac/dc boost converters are modeled and analyzed. A MATLAB/Simulink model and a 1.2kW dual boost PFC prototype board controlled by a digital signal processor are implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed IIC feedforward control.
New technique for real-time interface pressure analysis: Getting more out of large image data sets

Recent technological improvements have led to increasing clinical use of interface pressure mapping for seating pressure evaluation, which often requires repeated assessments. However, clinical conditions cannot be controlled as closely as research settings, thereby creating challenges to statistical analysis of data. A multistage longitudinal analysis and self-registration (LASR) technique is introduced that emphasizes real-time interface pressure image analysis in three dimensions. Suitable for use in clinical settings, LASR is composed of several modern statistical components, including a segmentation method. The robustness of our segmentation method is also shown. Application of LASR to analysis of data from neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) experiments confirms that NMES improves static seating pressure distributions in the sacral-ischial region over time. Dynamic NMES also improves weight-shifting over time. These changes may reduce the risk of pressure ulcer development.
Influence of age and body weight on spine and femur bone mineral density in U.S. white men

Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in normal white males using 153 Gd dual-photon absorptiometry. Measurements were made on the lumbar spine (n = 315) and on the proximal femur (n = 282) utilizing three regions of interest. There was a small but significant age-related decrease in spinal BMD (r = -0.11; -0.001 g/cm2 per year) and trochanteric BMD (r = 0.27; -0.002 g/cm2 per year). The BMD of the other femoral sites decreased more rapidly; the femoral neck (r = -0.58; -0.005 g/cm2 per year) and Ward's triangle (r = -0.69; -0.007 g/cm2 per year) declined by about 21 and 34%, respectively, from age 20 to age 70. These femoral BMD decreases were three to four times greater than those usually seen in the peripheral skeleton in males but less than the decreases of 25-30 and 40% in the femoral neck and Ward's triangle of white females. This pattern of aging bone loss may partially explain the paucity of spine fractures and the lower incidence of hip fractures in males versus females.
Size matters: The implications of volume for the digital archive of tomorrow – a case study from the UK national archives

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on a highly significant yet under-recognised concern: the huge growth in the volume of digital archival information and the implications of this shift for information professionals. Design/methodology/approach – Though data loss and format obsolescence are often considered to be the major threats to digital records, the problem of scale remains under-acknowledged. This paper discusses this issue, and the challenges it brings using a case study of a set of Second World War service records. Findings – TNA’s research has shown that it is possible to digitise large volumes of records to replace paper originals using rigorous procedures. Consequent benefits included being able to link across large data sets so that further records could be released. Practical implications – The authors will discuss whether the technical capability, plus space and cost savings will result in increased pressure to retain, and what this means in creating a feedback-loop of volume. Social implications – The work also has implications in terms of new definitions of the “original” archival record. There has been much debate on challenges to the definition of the archival record in the shift from paper to born-digital. The authors will discuss where this leaves the digitised “original” record. Originality/value – Large volumes of digitised and born-digital records are starting to arrive in records and archive stores, and the implications for retention are far wider than simply digital preservation. By sharing novel research into the practical implications of large-scale data retention, this paper showcases potential issues and some approaches to their management.
ENERGY DEPOSITION IN POLYMERS BY REACTOR RADIATION

The temperature distribution in small polymer samples has been used to determine the rate of energy deposition by nuclear reactor radiation as a function of distance from the reactor core. Polyethylene, polystyrene, poly(hexamethylene adipamide), polytetrafluoroethylene, and polymerized epoxy resin were employed as specimen materials. The results for some of these are compared to calculated values based on a simplified radiation spectrum. The values are in good agreement, and it is thus suggested that the calculational method is valid for estimating the integral epithermal neutron flux and the relative energy deposition in different polymers.
The saola or spindlehorn bovid Pseudoryx nghetinhensis in Laos

In 1992 the discovery of a new bovid , Pseudoryx nghetinhensis, in Vietnam led to speculation that the species also occurred in adjacent parts of Laos. This paper describes a survey in January 1994, which confirmed the presence of P. ngethinhensis in Laos, although in low densities and with a patchy distribution. The paper also presents new information that helps clarify the phylogenetic position of the species. The low numbers and restricted range of P. ngethinhensis mean that it must be regarded as Endangered. While some admirable moves have been made to protect the new bovid and its habitat, more needs to be done and the authors recommend further conservation action .
Fiber-Matrix Adhesion and Its Effect on Composite Mechanical Properties. III. Longitudinal (0°) Compressive Properties of Graphite/Epoxy Composites

An experimental investigation was performed to quantify the relationship between fiber-matrix adhesion as determined by single fiber interfacial shear strength tests with the compressive properties...
Improving cancer care at the end of life

Excellent care for cancer patients and their families should extend throughout the illness, and should include care provided at the end of life. Recent evidence, including a report from the Institute of Medicine, has emphasised that major reform is needed to improve relief of pain, other symptoms, and psychosocial care. This paper reviews the critical necessity for reform in end-of-life care for the field of oncology and the major educational efforts required to ensure that oncology professionals can respond to this need.
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Tumors

Tumors of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can be congenital or acquired. They may also be classified as reactive, hypertrophic, hamartomatous, and neoplastic (Table 5.1) [1]. Those present at birth can be associated with systemic conditions such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). Acquired RPE tumors include benign and malignant lesions that are sometimes difficult to differentiate from choroidal neoplasms were it not for ancillary tests such as ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography. In this chapter we review the clinical features of congenital and acquired tumors of the RPE and their systemic associations.
Cultural Resonance and the Diffusion of Suicide Bombings: The Role of Collectivism

Why do some terrorist organizations, but not others, adopt suicide bombing as a tactic? Dominant accounts focusing on organizational capacity, ideology, and efficacy leave certain elements of the phenomenon unexplained. The authors argue that a key factor that influences whether a terrorist organization does or does not adopt suicide terrorism is cultural resonance. This is the idea that deep and specific cultural logics, which transcend religion and nationalism, enable and constrain the sorts of instrumental behaviors that can be utilized in the pursuit of group goals. The article investigates the role of a well-established cultural orientation of collectivism, which enables the authors to measure culture systematically. Case studies, survey data, and experimental research are used to illustrate that collectivism lowers the cost of adoption by facilitating the recruitment of attackers and reducing societal backlash against self-sacrifice. The authors then test for the relationship between collectivism an...
Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score for predicting outcome in critically ill medical patients with liver cirrhosis.

Abstract Purpose We hypothesized that the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score at admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) can predict in-hospital mortality for patients with liver cirrhosis. We also tested the MELD-natremia (Na) score and compared the predictive value of the 2 models. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. A total of 441 consecutive patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to the ICU were included. The MELD and MELD-Na scores and other variables were obtained upon patients' admission to the ICU. Results The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to predict in-hospital mortality was 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.73-0.82) for the MELD score and 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.73-0.81) for the MELD-Na score. Conclusion The MELD scoring system provides useful prognostic information for critically ill patients with liver cirrhosis admitted to an ICU. The MELD and MELD-Na scores had similar predictive value.
Maintenance of androdioecy in the freshwater shrimp, Eulimnadia texana: do hermaphrodites need males for complete fertilization?

Androdioecy (populations comprised of mixtures of males and hermaphrodites) is a rare mating system, found only in a few plants and animals. The rarity of this system stems from the limited benefits to males in an otherwise all-hermaphroditic population. One of the potential benefits to males is typified by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which hermaphrodites do not produce sufficient sperm to fertilize all of their eggs. Here we explore the possibility that males are needed for complete fertilization of hermaphrodites' eggs in a second androdioecious animal, the clam shrimp Eulimnadia texana. We compare the fertilization rate of outcrossed to selfed eggs to test whether the latter exhibit lower fertilization due to sperm limitation (as in C. elegans). Because this comparison confounds differences in egg fertilization due to sperm limitation with the potential for early inbreeding depression, we also used a third mating treatment, a brother/sister cross, to allow separation of sperm limitation from inbreeding depression. In both populations examined, the proportion of eggs that were fertilized decreased linearly with increasing relatedness: comparing eggs produced by outcrossing, brother/sister, and selfed matings, respectively. This pattern suggests that differences in fertilization among these three treatments were caused solely by inbreeding depression, and therefore that hermaphrodites are not sperm limited. These results are combined with previous data on this species to test whether the maintenance of males can be explained using a population genetics model specifically designed for this species.
Facial Action Coding Using Multiple Visual Cues and a Hierarchy of Particle Filters

In this paper we present a framework for tracking nonrigid facial landmarks by combining various visual cues at multiple levels of detail. Using a probabilistic framework consisting of a hierarchy of particle filters, we are able to track individual facial landmarks using multiple visual cues at the local level, as well as tracking results at more coarse level of detail. This allows for the fusion of global and local cues in an efficient and robust manner. Testing is performed by tracking and classifying facial action codes obtained from the Cohn-Kanade AU-Coded Facial Expression Database.
Expression and Regulation of Estrogen Receptors in Mesangial Cells: Influence on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9

Abstract . Diabetic glomerulosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the mesangium. Estrogens seem to retard whereas estrogen deficiency seems to accelerate progressive glomerulosclerosis. Thus, mesangial cells (MC) may be a target for estrogens. Estrogen action is mediated via estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes ERα and ERβ. Both ER subtypes were expressed in human and mouse MC. Using an estrogen-responsive reporter construct in transfection assays, it also was demonstrated that the nuclear ER were transcriptionally active. In the presence of 17β-estradiol (E 2 ; 10 -10 to 10 -8 M), there was a progressive increase in the mRNA levels of both ERα (approximately 1.8-fold and approximately 2.7-fold after 24 and 72 h, respectively) and ERβ (approximately 1.3-fold and approximately 2.2-fold after 24 and 72 h, respectively). ERα protein levels increased approximately 2.5-fold after 24 h (10 -10 M, E 2 ) and up to approximately 5.4-fold after 72 h (10 -9 M, E 2 ). ERβ protein levels increased approximately 2.1-fold in the presence of E 2 (10 -9 M) after 24 h. Thus, estrogens positively regulate the expression of the ER subtypes, thereby maintaining or increasing MC responsiveness to estrogens. Because diabetic glomerulosclerosis may be due partly to a decrease in ECM degradation, the effects of estrogens on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) were studied. It was found that E 2 (10 -10 to 10 -8 M) increased both MMP-9 mRNA and MMP-9 activity in MC. This may be an important mechanism by which estrogens influence ECM turnover and protect against progression of diabetic glomerulosclerosis.
Averaging facial expression over time

The visual system groups similar features, objects, and motion (e.g., Gestalt grouping). Recent work suggests that the computation underlying perceptual grouping may be one of summary statistical representation. Summary representation occurs for low-level features, such as size, motion, and position, and even for high level stimuli, including faces; for example, observers accurately perceive the average expression in a group of faces (J. Haberman & D. Whitney, 2007, 2009). The purpose of the present experiments was to characterize the time-course of this facial integration mechanism. In a series of three experiments, we measured observers' abilities to recognize the average expression of a temporal sequence of distinct faces. Faces were presented in sets of 4, 12, or 20, at temporal frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 21.3 Hz. The results revealed that observers perceived the average expression in a temporal sequence of different faces as precisely as they perceived a single face presented repeatedly. The facial averaging was independent of temporal frequency or set size, but depended on the total duration of exposed faces, with a time constant of approximately 800 ms. These experiments provide evidence that the visual system is sensitive to the ensemble characteristics of complex objects presented over time.
The Proper Scope of Social Psychology

Social Psychology is shown as having, in its rejection of grand theory, also abandoned many of its significant problems. The field of social psychology is defined in relation to sociology and psychology. The latter are each dealing with a complete logical system, which may or may not be in conflict or leave certain areas undefined. Social psychology is defined as an interstitial science covering the situations where actions of the individual and the forces of organized society interact. The need for full-range theory is shown and examples are given. ocial psychology started out with a conS cern for man's place in society. It has L achieved a detailed analysis of interpersonal relations. This, in a nutshell, has been the history of the science, its progress or constriction, depending on one's point of view. This development, of course, is not confined to social psychology. It seems that the general course of social science has been an escape from the searching questions which originally motivated its inception and a substitution of more exactly measurable problems. Probably the original questions were badly phrased and unanswerable as stated. Much has been gained by the introduction of operationally defined concepts and empirically verifiable problems. However, if a shift occurs and the subject matter changes, the price of scientific precision becomes a loss of importance. In one respect, however, the social psychologist is in a unique position. The problem of the scientist, of his shifting direction, his relation to the trends of the science and of society, and his assessment of his own efforts is itself a topic of social psychology. Social psychology is thus reflexive, and consideration of its own development is a prime example of a discussion of its own scope. In defining what social psychology should be, we can also understand how it has developed. We can include a social psychology of knowledge as a legitimnate division of social psychology.
Cross-layer rate optimization in multi-hop Aloha networks

In this paper, we address the problem of rate optimization in a multi-hop Aloha network, with the objective of achieving general utility-based fairness amongst the end-to-end flows. A general multi-hop wireless network is considered, where all nodes need not be within transmission range of each other. The rate optimization problem is considered within the framework of nonlinear programming and a cross-layer algorithm is proposed to solve the problem in a distributed manner. The algorithm works at both the link layer to adjust link attempt probabilities and at the transport layer to adjust flow rates. We prove that the algorithm converges to the local optimal solutions. Simulation results show that, when a logarithmic function is used as the utility function to achieve proportional fairness amongst the end-to-end flows, the proposed algorithm converges to the globally optimal solutions in various network scenarios.
Social Media in the Classroom An Experiential Teaching Strategy to Engage and Educate

This article outlines an approach to engaging and educating college students through the use of social media. The project is designed for a substance use course at the college/university undergraduate level. However, it could be adapted for any health education course/health issue where education and/or communication via social media are appropriate. It is well suited for both face-to-face and online classroom settings and has been utilized in both venues. This project capitalizes on the growing trend of technology and social media use among college students to build essential communication/education skills among future health educators, improve learning capacity in the millennial generation, and contribute to the amount of research-based information available to the public via the World Wide Web.
EFFECT OF SILVER ADDITION ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF YBA2CU3O7-X

The variation of grain morphology in silver-doped YBa2Cu3O7−x was investigated as a function of sintering temperature, atmosphere, and amount of Ag addition. In the presence of the liquid phase formed at 925 °C for undoped samples, and at 910 °C for silver-doped samples, the grain shape and size changed drastically from small and nearly equiaxed to large and elongated. The anisotropy in the grain shape was sensitive to both the silver content and the atmosphere. On the other hand, while the grain size was generally insensitive to the atmosphere, it decreased as the silver content increased. The silver phase, if sufficiently large, would block the grain growth in the matrix. The amount of silver for effective blocking was predicted from a microstructural model, and the prediction was in agreement with experimental results.
Enhancing Compiler Techniques for Memory Energy Optimizations

As both chip densities and clock frequencies steadily rise in modern microprocessors, energy consumption is quickly joining performance as a key design constraint. Power issues are increasingly important in embedded systems, especially those found in portable devices. Much research has focused on the memory subsystems of these devices since they are a leading energy consumer. Compiler optimizations that are traditionally used to increase performance have shown much promise in also reducing cache energy consumption. In this paper we study the interaction between performance-oriented compiler optimizations and memory energy consumption and demonstrate that the best performance optimizations do not necessarily generate the best energy behavior in memory. We also show a simple metric that a power-optimizing compiler can utilize in order to capture the energy impact of potential optimizations. Next, we present heuristic algorithms that determine a suitable optimization strategy given a memory energy upper bound. Finally, we demonstrate that our strategies will gain even more importance in the future when leakage energy is expected to play an even larger role in the total energy consumption equation.
Reducing Unavoidable Nutrient Losses from Florida's Horticultural Crops

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. best management practices, drainage, stormwater, tailwater reuse, nitrogen, phosphorus SUMMARY. Despite efforts to optimize water and nutrient inputs to Florida’s vegetable and fruit crops, the sandy soils, shallow water table, and tropical climate of Florida result in nutrient leaching losses that are unavoidable. Water quantity and quality management strategies that can reduce these nutrient losses from Florida’s horticultural crops were reviewed and research needs for quantifying their effectiveness were identified. The water quantity management strategies included water table management for irrigation, drainage management, detention of runoff and drainage, and summer flooding. In addition to the expected water quality benefits of these practices, potential effects on crop production and farm economics were also discussed. Watershed-scale adoption of stormwater harvesting has the potential to not only reduce the nutrient loadings but also become a source of additional income for landowners through water trading. The water quality practices included structural and managerial practices (e.g., vegetative filter strips and ditch cleaning). Key research needs for reducing the unavoidable nutrient discharges included the development of a crop-specific drainage management tool; quantification of farm and watershed-scale benefits of stormwater detention and its reuse with regards to nutrient loadings, water supply, crop production, and farm income; enhancement of hydraulic efficiency of detention areas; and effects of summer flooding and ditch maintenance and cleaning on nutrient discharges.
Structure–Property Correlations in the Heterobimetallic 4f/3d Materials Ln2M(TeO3)2(SO4) (Ln = Y, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu; M = Co or Zn)

Eighteen new lanthanide transition metal heterobimetallic compounds, Ln2Co(TeO3)2(SO4)2 (Ln = Y, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, or Lu) and Ln2Zn(TeO3)2(SO4)2 (Ln = Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, or Yb), have been prepared. They crystallize in triclinic space group P1 with two different structural topologies occurring because of a reduction in the Ln3+ coordination number from eight to seven with the smallest lanthanides, Yb3+ and Lu3+. Magnetic susceptibility studies of compounds with diamagnetic lanthanides and lanthanide-like ions suggest that antiferromagnetic interactions occur between the Co2+ ions. Similarly, the replacement of Co2+ with Zn2+ yields Ln2Zn(TeO3)2(SO4)2 (Ln = Gd, Dy, Ho, or Er), and these materials allow for the resolution of the nature of the interactions between lanthanide ions. The data suggest that the short-range Ln3+···Ln3+ interactions are ferromagnetic. However, a wide range of ferro- and antiferromagnetic interactions occur between the Ln3+ and the Co2+ cations, with several c...
Las sociedades y la elaboración de calendarios

El presente articulo versa sobre el desarrollo de las sociedades y su necesidad de confeccionar calendarios como mediciones del tiempo; para ello, utilizaron la observacion de los astros, fenomenos naturales, acontecimientos sociales relevantes, que dieron origen a festividades religiosas y seculares, las cuales por su importancia debian registrarse en el tiempo.
Sarcophaga Pallinervis and Related Species in the Americas.

Ravina was described as a genus in 1863 by Desvoidy (1, p. 434), and had for its outstanding character the course of the frontal bristles, which supposedly diverged but little anteriorly. The type of this genus was the European species haematodes Mg. Bottcher in his work on Palearctic Sarcophagidae (4) included Ravinia as a sub-genus of Sarcophaga. Parker (5), the first American to study Sarcophaga with special reference to the specific value of the male copulatory organs, returned Ravinia to generic rank and included in it several new North American species. Aldrich (6, p. 9) again reduced the genus to sub-generic standing because, as he states, “the character of the frontal row is less developed in the males,” and, “there are many species outside the group which show it.” Both statements are true, as many specimens examined sufficiently prove. In additional material recently worked over, the course of the frontal bristles range from parallel in some species to strongly divergent in others; all species possessing strikingly similar copulatory organs.
Dissociative Grazing Scattering of H2 + Ions from Metal Surfaces †

Energy distributions of H atoms resulting from grazing scattering of H 2 + from metal surfaces are calculated analytically and by using classical trajectories simulations. The main mechanism leading to dissociation of H 2 +is proposed to be dissociative capture of an electron from the metal into the antibonding state of the H 2 molecule. It is shown that the energy distributions of scattered atoms yield information of both the molecular axis orientation and the vibrational excitation of the molecules during the scattering process.