cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning for Classification of Normal Swallows in Adults.

Abstract Cervical auscultation is a method for assessing swallowing performance. However, its ability to serve as a classification tool for a practical clinical assessment method is not fully understood. In this study, we utilized neural network classification methods in the form of Deep Belief networks in order to classify swallows. We specifically utilized swallows that did not result in clinically significant aspiration and classified them on whether they originated from healthy subjects or unhealthy patients. Dual-axis swallowing vibrations from 1946 discrete swallows were recorded from 55 healthy and 53 unhealthy subjects. The Fourier transforms of both signals were used as inputs to the networks of various sizes. We found that single and multi-layer Deep Belief networks perform nearly identically when analyzing only a single vibration signal. However, multi-layered Deep Belief networks demonstrated approximately a 5–10% greater accuracy and sensitivity when both signals were analyzed concurrently, indicating that higher-order relationships between these vibrations are important for classification and assessment.
Medical management of deep ulcerative keratitis in cats: 13 cases.

Case series summaryDescribed are 13 cats diagnosed with deep ulcerative keratitis and successfully managed medically without grafting procedures. Typical treatment involved frequent topical applica...
Echocardiography of Right Heart

A significant part of right heart failure management is the accurate imaging of right heart chambers with the means of conventional echocardiography as well as advanced imaging. Because of the orientation of the right ventricular fibers, global assessment of the RV is difficult, with the two main sections contracting perpendicular to each other: the inflow portion longitudinally and the outflow portion circumferentially. The aim of this review manuscript is to highlight important measurements from two dimensional echocardiography as well as explaining how we implement three dimensional echocardiography as well as speckle tracking into right heart imaging.
1,3-Phenyl-enediammonium dinitrate.

In the title compound, C6H10N22+·2NO3−, the dication lies on a crystallographic twofold rotation axis. The nitrate ions are linked to the dications though N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.
Random Processes and Dynamical Systems

The theoretical fundamentals random variables, random processes, and dynamical systems are developed and elaborated. The emphasis is on discrete time, where the general notion of a dynamical system — a probability space along with a transformation — yields a random process when combined with a random variable. The transformation might, but need not, correspond to a time shift operation. Continuous time processes are discussed briefly by considering a family of ansformations or flow. Probability distributions describing the variables and processes are related using product σ-fields. The basic ideas of codes, filters, factors, and isomorphism are introduced.
Predicting the Atomic Configuration of 1- and 2-Dimensional Nanostructures via Global Optimization Methods

In the cluster structure community, global optimization methods are common tools for arriving at the atomic structure of molecular and atomic clusters. The large number of local minima of the potential energy surface of these clusters, and the fact that these local minima proliferate exponentially with the number of atoms in the cluster simply demands the use of fast stochastic methods to find the optimum atomic configuration. Therefore, much of the development work has come from (and mostly stayed within) the cluster structure community. Partly due to wide availability and landmark successes of high resolution microscopy techniques, finding the structure of periodically reconstructed semiconductor surfaces was not posed as a problem of stochastic optimization until recently, when we have shown that high-index semiconductor surfaces can posses a rather large number of local minima with such low surface energies that the identification of the global minimum becomes problematic. We have therefore set out to develop global optimization methods for systems other than clusters, focusing on periodic systems in one- and two- dimensions as such systems currently occupy a central place in the field of nanoscience. In this article, we review some of our recent work on global optimization methods (the parallel-tempering Monte Carlo method and the genetic algorithm) and show examples/results from two main problem categories: (1) the two-dimensional problem of determining the atomic configuration of clean semiconductor surfaces, and (2) finding the structure of freestanding nanowires. While focused mainly on optimization the atomic structure for a system with set periodic boundary conditions, our account also reviews a recent example of using genetic algorithms for growth of nanostructures into their global energy minima compatible with given confinement conditions
Inotropic agents. Catecholamines, digoxin, amrinone.

Agents used to support the failing circulation have been associated with many adverse effects. The most serious involve tachycardia, dysrhythmias, increased myocardial oxygen consumption, and excessive vasoconstriction. Metabolic, pulmonary, renal, and hematologic function may also be affected. Although each of the compounds reviewed can produce life-threatening complications, appropriate selection and monitoring minimize these unfavorable events.
Studying Successful Teachers

During your “apprenticeship” you studied the teachers who taught you. While this was a great opportunity to observe and learn, this was almost accidental learning. It is unlikely that back then you had a clear sense that education and teaching were your life goals. Moreover, your perspective then was as a student, often a very young student. While this gave you a valuable and unique perspective, your main goal in that classroom was not to learn how to teach, but rather simply to learn.
Multiple Puf proteins regulate the stability of ribosome biogenesis transcripts

Cells must make careful use of the resources available to them. A key area of cellular regulation involves the biogenesis of ribosomes. Transcriptional regulation of ribosome biogenesis factor genes through alterations in histone acetylation has been well studied. This work identifies a post-transcriptional mechanism of ribosome biogenesis regulation by Puf protein control of mRNA stability. Puf proteins are eukaryotic mRNA binding proteins that play regulatory roles in mRNA degradation and translation via association with specific conserved elements in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs and with degradation and translation factors. We demonstrate that several ribosome biogenesis factor mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing a canonical Puf4p element in their 3' UTRs are destabilized by Puf2p, Puf4, and Puf5p, yet stabilized by Puf1p and Puf3p. In the absence of all Puf proteins, these ribosome biogenesis mRNAs are destabilized by a secondary mechanism involving the same 3' UTR element. Unlike other targets of Puf4p regulation, the decay of these transcripts is not altered by carbon source. Overexpression of Puf4p results in delayed ribosomal RNA processing and altered ribosomal subunit trafficking. These results represent a novel role for Puf proteins in yeast as regulators of ribosome biogenesis transcript stability.
Nationwide Shift From Percutaneous Rhizotomy to Microvascular Decompression for Treatment of Trigeminal and Other Cranial Nerve Neuralgias.

Objective The aim of this study was to report the trends in the use of common surgical interventions over the past decade to treat cranial nerve neuralgias. Methods The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Part B National Summary Data File from 2000 to 2016 were studied. Results A total of 57.1 million persons were enrolled in 2016, up from 39.6 million persons in 2000. Suboccipital craniectomy done for cranial nerve decompressions (including cranial nerves V, VII, and IX) increased by 33.9 cases per year so that in 2016 the number of cases was 167% of what it was 17 years earlier (ie, from 655 cases in 2000 to 1096 cases in 2016). The less commonly used subtemporal approach craniectomy to treat trigeminal neuralgia (TN) increased by 1.13 cases per year (ie, from 25 cases in 2000 to 46 cases in 2016). The less invasive percutaneous rhizotomy procedures, including glycerol and radiofrequency ablation, for treatment of TN decreased by 42.9 cases per year (64%; ie, from 2578 cases in 2000 to 1206 cases in 2016). Conclusions Overall trends show increased use of open surgery and decreased use of percutaneous rhizotomy, including destruction of the trigeminal nerve using balloon compression, glycerol injection, or thermal injury. These trends may be related to differences in outcomes between treatment modalities.
Tracking Pesticide Residues to a Plant Genus Using Palynology in Pollen Trapped from Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at Ornamental Plant Nurseries

Worldwide studies have used the technique of pollen trapping, collecting pollen loads from returning honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foragers, to evaluate the exposure of honey bees to pesticides through pollen and as a biomonitoring tool. Typically, these surveys have found frequent contamination of pollen with multiple pesticides, with most of the estimated risk of acute oral toxicity to honey bees coming from insecticides. In our survey of pesticides in trapped pollen from three commercial ornamental plant nurseries in Connecticut, we found most samples within the range of acute toxicity in a previous state pollen survey, but a few samples at one nursery with unusually high acute oral toxicity. Using visual sorting by color of the pollen pellets collected in two samples from this nursery, followed by pesticide analysis of the sorted pollen and palynology to identify the plant sources of the pollen with the greatest acute toxicity of pesticide residues, we were able to associate pollen from the plant genus Spiraea L. (Rosales: Rosaceae) with extraordinarily high concentrations of thiamethoxam and clothianidin, and also with high concentrations of acephate and its metabolite methamidophos. This study is the first to trace highly toxic pollen collected by honey bees to a single plant genus. This method of tracking high toxicity pollen samples back to potential source plants could identify additional high-risk combinations of pesticide application methods and timing, movement into pollen, and attractiveness to bees that would be difficult to identify through modeling each of the contributing factors.
Helicobacter pylori-negative peptic ulcers: frequency and implications for management.

Most patients with peptic ulcers are infected with Helicobacter pylori, but the infection may not be responsible for the ulcer. It is increasingly recognized that different causes of ulcers coexist in a given patient, confounding determination of the exact cause of the ulcer. For example, in infected patients with ulcers who also are using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), it is not possible to establish the ulcer's cause. Moreover, recent studies in the United States in infected patients with duodenal ulcers who were treated with various regimens to prove their efficacy in eradicating H. pylori and preventing ulcer recurrence found that approximately 20% of patients suffered an ulcer recurrence despite successful H. pylori eradication. The infection clearly did not cause their ulcers but was originally thought to have done so. Thus, as many as one-fifth of patients with ulcers may have the cause falsely attributed to H. pylori infection. When this number is added to that of ulcer patients who are H. pylori-negative upon original presentation--at least 20% in other recent U.S. studies--it is evident that the proportion of non-H. pylori ulcer patients is larger than originally believed. This proportion is likely to increase with the declining incidence of H. pylori infection. Other causes of ulcers include the use of aspirin and NSAIDs (which may be surreptitious), hypersecretory states, Crohn's disease, and patients with "idiopathic" ulcers. Patients with "idiopathic" ulcers are characterized by postprandial hypersecretion of acid and hypergastrinemia with accelerated gastric emptying. H. pylori ulcers may be difficult to manage because antisecretory drugs are less effective in inhibiting gastric acidity in the absence of H. pylori infection.
Role of interaction network topology in controlling microbial population in consortia

Engineering microbial consortia is an important new frontier for synthetic biology given its efficiency in performing complex tasks and endurance to environmental uncertainty. Most synthetic circuits regulate populational behaviors via cell-to-cell interactions, which are affected by spatially heterogeneous environments. Therefore, it is important to understand the limits on controlling system dynamics and provide a control strategy for engineering consortia under spatial structures. Here, we build a network model for a fractional population control circuit in two-strain consortia, and characterize the cell-to-cell interaction network by topological properties, such as symmetry, locality and connectivity. Using linear network control theory, we relate the network topology to system output's tracking performance. We analytically and numerically demonstrate that the minimum network control cost for good tracking depends on locality difference between two cell population's spatial distributions and how strongly the controller node contributes to interaction strength. To realize a robust consortia, we can manipulate the environment to form a strongly connected network. Our results ground the expected cell population dynamics in its spatially organized interaction network, and inspire directions in cooperative control in microbial consortia.
When It Comes to Complex NPs, Not All Preschoolers Agree

ABSTRACTUsing an oral sentence production task, we investigated how preschoolers (N = 28) produce agreement with complex noun phrases and compared their performance to college students (N = 32) to ...
A Microtubule-Myelination Connection

Microtubules are critical for the extension of oligodendrocyte processes and myelin deposition, yet our knowledge of their microtubule biogenesis is limited. In this issue of Cell, Fu et al. (2019) identify an oligodendrocyte-enriched microtubule regulator that promotes microtubule growth from Golgi outposts and controls myelin sheath elongation, linking microtubule cytoarchitecture and myelination in the CNS.
Ecology helps bound causal explanations in microbiology

Experimental manipulations are a key means to establish causal relationships in microbiology. However, challenges remain to establish the applicability of such experiments beyond the precise conditions in which they were conducted. Ecological information can help address these challenges by describing the extent to which an experimentally-determined mechanism can explain the natural phenomenon that it is purported to cause.
Dual-wavelength photoacoustic imaging for guidance of hysterectomy procedures

Gynecologic surgery accounts for 75% of all intraoperative injuries to the ureters, which often occur due to the close proximity of the ureter to the uterine artery. We propose dual-wavelength photoacoustic imaging in order to distinguish the ureter from the uterine artery, identify the position of the surgical tool in proximity to these critical structures, and assist with guidance of hysterectomy procedures. Experiments were preformed in a pilot human cadaver study and a dual-wavelength approach was introduced to visualize the uterine artery and a ureter filled with urine and methylene blue. The ureter location was identified with low contrast at a wavelength of 750 nm and higher contrast at a wavelength of 690 nm, resulting in a 5.8 dB contrast difference in photoacoustic signals from the ureter at these two different wavelengths. The uterine artery was identified at laser wavelengths of both 690 nm and 750 nm, with similarly high contrasts of 17.4 dB and 16.0 dB, respectively. By using a dual-wavelength display, both the ureter and the uterine artery were identified and their position was estimated in the photoacoustic image. The proximity of a surgical tool tip to the ureter was additionally estimated based on the information provided in the dual-wavelength photoacoustic display and mapped to an auditory signal. This auditory information can be provided as either an alternative or an addition to photoacoustic images that inform surgeons of the risk of injury. Results highlight the promise of dual-wavelength photoacoustic imaging to achieve our ultimate goal of avoiding accidental ureteral injuries during hysterectomies and possibly other similar gynecologic surgeries and procedures.
Chapter 9 – Endocrinology

Physiology of the major hormones, from the pituitary to the thyroid and the adrenal will be discussed. Disease states of hypo and hyper function of each of these glands will be considered. This chapter will also include reproductive endocrinology, carcinoid syndrome, and ectopic ACTH syndrome. Common sources of errors in the measurement of hormone levels will also be discussed.
Can artificial intelligence identify effective COVID-19 therapies?

In this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine, Stebbing et al (2020b) validate an artificial intelligence-assisted prediction that a drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis could be a potent weapon against COVID-19. Using liver organoids infected with SARS-CoV-2, they confirm dual antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities and show that its administration in four COVID-19 patients is correlated with disease improvement, paving the way for more rigorous placebo-controlled trials.
Property rights and resource use: evidence from MLB starting pitchers

We conduct a unique test of the efficiency of property rights in major league baseball. The rights to the services of players are resources that can be possessed by the clubs or by the players them...
Exploration of Play Behaviors in an Inclusive Preschool Setting

Play-based learning is an integral component of the early childhood classroom; however, little research has been conducted around how children with and without disabilities engage in play within an inclusive preschool setting during center time. The present investigation utilizes the Play Observation Scale and Test of Playfulness to descriptively compare the play behaviors of children with speech-language impairments and developmental disabilities in relation to their peers. Findings indicate that while children with and without disabilities are more alike than they are different in terms of their play, there are trends in play preferences and interest across comparison groups in terms of dramatic play behaviors and sustained attention during play activities. Implications for researchers and practitioners’ facilitation of play in inclusive preschool settings are presented.
Liberalism and Disagreement in American Constitutional Theory

For forty years, American constitutional theory has been viewed as a clash between originalists and non-originalists. This depiction misunderstands and oversimplifies the nature of the debate within constitutional theory. Although originalism and non-originalism describe important differences between families of constitutional methodologies, the foundations of the disagreement among theorists are the justifications that they offer for those methodologies, not the methodologies themselves. Once the debate is refocused around the justifications that theorists offer for their constitutional methodologies, it becomes clear that the debate within constitutional theory is ultimately a debate about liberalism as a political theory. Specifically, it is a debate about two propositions that are central to the liberal tradition: individualism and rationalism. Viewed in this way, constitutional theorists often thought to be opposed to each other are, in fact, allies in the debate over liberalism, even if they disagree about whether their shared theoretical premises imply an originalist or non-originalist methodology. Conversely, theorists often seen as allies profoundly disagree about the premises of their constitutional theories because they disagree about liberalism. Reorienting American constitutional theory to focus on the disagreement over liberalism will help us identify which constitutional theory is best and better understand the outcomes in important constitutional cases.
Characterization of Shot Noise Suppression in Nanometer MOSFETs

Shot noise contributes significantly to the drain current noise in short-channel MOSFETs. The transport of carriers at the source-side of the channel is dominated by diffusion, leading to shot noise. However, channel resistance introduces carrier scattering, which eventually causes suppression of shot noise. The degree of suppression is described by a scaling factor, known as the Fano factor. This paper presents a detailed experimental evaluation of the Fano factor for nanometer-scale MOSFETs across seven different technology nodes, ranging from 12 nm to 180 nm. The dependence of the Fano factor on device bias, gate length, and channel doping is studied. We find that it is a strong function of device bias when the MOSFET operates at or close to the minimum noise bias. We also find that it rises for shorter gate length devices and is dependent on channel doping. The dependence of the Fano factor on channel doping hints to possible temperature dependence.
The Confirmation Conflagration: The Devolution of the Judicial Confirmation Process

The judicial confirmation process today is unrecognizable from the process that existed just twenty years ago. The nominees are different. The confirmation strategies are different. And the rules are different. But the results are clear: A president with the slimmest Senate majority can appoint virtually anyone—regardless of age, experience, or temperament—to a federal appellate judgeship with little to no resistance. This Article unpacks that devolution. First, it reviews the approaches taken towards judicial nominations by modern presidential administrations, paying special attention to how those approaches were shaped by historical differences in the ways Democrats and Republicans view the judiciary. Then, it examines how those changes in the process affected who was selected for judgeships, comparing and contrasting key characteristics like age, experience, and diversity (or lack thereof), and exploring what those trends say about the administrations’ differing visions for the judicial branch. Finally, it looks towards the future and considers both how far the appointment process has fallen and what rock-bottom might look like.
Understanding Conflict and Violence: Theoretical and Interdisciplinary Approaches

1. Introduction 2. Dimensions 3. Structural Violence 4. Functions 5. Innate 6. Learnt 7. Grievance 8. Mobilisation 9. Crises 10. Hegemony
OPTIMIZATION OF DESIGN CAPACITY OF AN AQUEDUCT

A methodology to determine aqueduct design capacity under varying damand conditions has been developed. Two models of increasing complexity have been presented. In the first model the demand functions have simultaneous peaks, whereas in the second model they are completely general. Both models are deterministic and use dynamic programming to maximize net benefits. The models have been tested on a hypothetical system.
Sources of Hydrocarbon Emissions in Rotary Engines

In many rotary engines, over 10% of the fuel passes through the engine unused. These unburned hydrocarbons represent a serious penalty in fuel economy and make exhaust cleanup difficult. Major sources of hydrocarbons were found to be associated with apex seal leakage, the cold wall zone, rotor surface temperature, residuals and chamber surface quench. Minor sources were found to be crevice volume, ignition and spark plug effects, mixture quality, turbulence, and lubricant effects. Apex seal leakage, accounting for 22% of the hydrocarbon emissions, allows hydrocarbons to slip from the combustion zone to the exhaust zone. The cure was to improve seal design and reduce housing distortion. By heating the cold wall zone, the top portion of the rotary engine between the intake port and the combustion zone, with exhaust gases, a reduction was made in the hydrocarbons that were wetting the wall and then being swept by the seals around to the exhaust port. The surface-to-volume ratio is higher on rotary engines, resulting in greater surface area per unit displacement and increased hydrocarbons. It was found that by increasing the temperature of the rotor and housing surfaces, hydrocarbon emissions were significantly reduced. Tests in a piston engine and rotary engine's higher residuals are a major source of its high hydrocarbons. High residuals at light load also had an adverse effect on brake specific fuel consumption. The crevice above the rotor side seals and the volume below the apex seal were found to be relatively small contributors to exhaust hydrocarbons, which could be reduced by raising side seals and reducing apex seal crevice volume. Mixture quality, ignition, spark plug and lubricant effects appeared to contribute about 8% of the hydrocarbons at low speed light load.
Asymmetrical polarization of spherical colloidal particle double layer in electrical fields

It has long been accepted that the drastic increase in the viscosity of electrorheological fluids subjected to electric fields is due to interactions between the induced dipole moments of the colloidal particles in the suspensions. Computer simulations of dipole-dipole interactions have produced chain and column formations of particles in the direction of the applied field that agree well with experimental observations.1
Gender Parity and Schooling Choices

AbstractWe examine the determinants of gender differences in schooling choices using data on 290,000 secondary school applicants in Ghana. Over a quarter of female students choose home economics as their preferred field of study compared to two per cent of males. We find that schooling choices vary significantly with academic performance and educational norms. Higher performing female students and those from districts with a history of gender parity in educational attainment are less likely to choose home economics. Differences across geographic areas account for more of the variation in schooling choices than observable individual, family, and school-level characteristics can explain.
(BaxSr1-x)Ti1+yO3+z interface contamination and its effect on electrical properties

Surface contamination and cleaning processes of (BaxSr1−x)Ti1+yO3+z(BST) and Pt films were investigated using in situ, real-time mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions (MSRI). MSRI analysis revealed that BST film surfaces exposed to atmospheric ambient are contaminated with carbon and hydrogen containing species, which could be removed by thermal decomposition/desorption in an oxygen ambient. Cleaning of the BST surface was accomplished by annealing at 500 °C in ⩾1 mTorr O2, resulting in complete elimination of these species. Similar contamination on Pt film surfaces could be eliminated with only 200 °C annealing in 5×10−4 Torr of O2. Annealing of the BST film surface in oxygen prior to deposition of the top Pt electrode results in a clean top Pt/BST interface that yields BST capacitors with much lower and more symmetric leakage current characteristics, and lower dielectric losses compared to BST capacitors with contaminated top Pt electrode/BST interfaces.
Associations between QSOs and galaxies

The evidence showing that many QSOs with large redshifts are physically associated with galaxies with small redshifts is summarized. The evidence for physical pairs is described, as is the evidence of the correlation of the angular separation between the QSO and galaxy (ϕ) with the redshift zc (or distance) of the galaxy. For a large sample of pairs ϕzg = constant. It is shown that there are at least four pairs, 3C 232 and NGC 3067, U4 and NGC 3079, Q1327-206 and ESO 1327–2041, and Q0248+430 and Anon. Galaxy, in which optical features showing absorption are seen to lie along the line joining the QSO and the galaxy. These alignments provide further strong evidence for physical associations.
Aspiration cytology of malignant neoplasms associated with granulomas and granuloma-like features: Diagnostic dilemmas

BACKGROUND Malignant lymphomas and solid tumors that mimic or are associated with epithelioid granulomas are widely recognized in surgical pathology, but have received little attention in the cytopathology literature. In this study the authors present their experience with six such cases in which the presence of granulomas or granuloma-like features posed a diagnostic difficulty on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). METHODS Clinical data, FNAC, and follow-up surgical specimens from six patients presenting with neck masses were reviewed. RESULTS Only one case was diagnosed confidently as metastatic squamous cell carcinoma with an extensive granulomatous response; the other five were interpreted as "atypical" with descriptive cytology and a differential diagnoses including granulomatous inflammation, in addition to a caveat of "cannot exclude malignancy." Biopsy studies in these cases were recommended in view of the atypical cytologic findings and strong clinical suspicion of malignancy in each case. The histologic findings in two cases revealed Hodgkin's disease with exuberant granulomatous response. The remaining three cases were found to be malignant neoplasms with epithelioid morphologic features and included one example each of diffuse large cell lymphoma, anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid, and lymphoepithelial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Malignancies associated with granulomas and tumor cells mimicking epithelioid histiocytes may be difficult to diagnose accurately on FNAC. The cytologic differential diagnosis of a "granulomatous" process should include malignant neoplasms. Excisional biopsy studies may be required for definitive diagnosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1998;84:84-91. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Conformational and activity changes on subtilisin cleavage of carboxypeptidase A

Carboxypeptidase A digestion with subtilisin Carlsberg yields, carboxypeptidase S, with 4–5 fold the esterase and 1/2 the peptidase activity of the native enzyme. An environmentally sensitive probe suggests that these changes are due to conformational alterations in the active center region of the protein.
A freeze-etch study of the ultrastructure of red algal pit plugs

Freeze-etch studies indicate that the fully-formed pit plug ofPalmaria palmata consists of a homogeneous plug core, a pair of plug caps, and associated membranes. A single cap membrane separates the two layers of each plug cap and is the only membrane found between the cytoplasm and the plug core. Due to the apparent junction of the plasmalemma and cap membranes, the plug core, along with the adjacent plug cap layer on either face of the core, is entirely membrane-bounded and essentially extracellular. Fracture faces of the cap membrane bear large populations of particles which are inconspicuous due to their low profile. The plasmalemma lining the plug core from cell to cell has numerous, very obvious particles on its fracture faces, more even than does the cytoplasmic plasmalemma.
Cell contact-dependent signaling.

SUMMARYto see how general their roles may be in the phenomenonCells have a whole range of mechanisms for short-rangeof contact inhibition.cell–cell communication, which are probably widely ex-There is abundant evidence implicating E-cadherin as aploited by developing systems. At one end are soluble para-tumor suppressor protein, in particular as a suppressor ofcrine growth factors that diffuse only a short distance fromtumor cell invasion (Vleminckx et al., 1991; Hedrick et al., their site of release, either because they associate with the1993; Berx et al., 1995). The most favored interpretation ofextracellularmatrix orother cell surfaceproteins or becausethe data has been that it acts by enhancing cell–cell adhe-theyare rapidly degraded.Juxtacrine signalinginvolvessim-sion, thereby suppressing the ability of the cells to migrateilar traditional types of ligand–receptor mechanisms, butaway and invade other tissues. Nevertheless, it is also quiteutilizes membrane anchored ligands. Finally, signaling di-possible that cadherins and/or cadherin-associated proteinsrectly through adhesion molecules may occur through theirare directly responsible for contact inhibition phenomena.association with intracellular signal transduction mole-However, due to their clear roles in regulating the state ofcules via intracellularcascades utilized by traditional signalcell contacts and potential subsequent effects on juxtacrinetransducing receptors. Accumulating ﬁndings indicate thatinteractions, it is extremely difﬁcult to assess whethercell junctions are important sites of signaling activity andcadherins play a direct role in transducing contact-depen-that cell–cell adhesion and communication are intimatelydent growth inhibitory signals.related. Another emerging notion is the existence of directOneintriguing possibilityis that cadherin expressionactstranslocation of signals from juxtacrine contacts and/or cellto suppress tumor cell growth by binding b-catenin andjunctions to the nucleus (Fig. 4). There are surprisingly fre-inhibiting its signaling activity. Although b-catenin signal-quent examples in which junctional proteins and/or pro-ing has not yet been shown directly to stimulate tumorteins directly associated with transmembranejuxtacrine re-growth,there iscircumstantialevidence tosupport thispos-ceptors act as transcription factors or translocate to the nu-sibility. WNT-1 was ﬁrst identiﬁed as a proto-oncogene forcleus. Any of these signaling mechanisms could bebreastcancer (Nusse and Varmus,1992), and it is reasonableresponsible for contact inhibition of cell growth, a widelyto propose that it signals via b-catenin. It is interesting inacknowledged but poorly understood phenomenon.this regard that a mutated form of b-catenin has been foundto have oncogenic activity in a cell transformation assay(Whitehead
A Task Driven Approach to the Synthesis of Spherical 4R Linkages Using Algebraic Fitting Method

This paper studies the problem of spherical 4R motion approximation from the viewpoint of extraction of circular geometric constraints from a given set of spherical displacements. This paper extends our planar 4R linkage synthesis work to the spherical case. By utilizing kinematic mapping and quaternions, we map spherical displacements into points and the workspace constraints of the coupler into intersection of algebraic quadrics (called constraint manifold), respectively, in the image space of displacements. The problem of synthesizing a spherical 4R linkage is reduced to finding a pencil of quadrics that best fit the given image points in the least squares sense. Additional constraints on the pencil identify the quadrics that represent a spherical circular constraint. The geometric parameters of the quadrics encode information about the linkage parameters which are readily computed to obtain a spherical 4R linkage that best navigates through the given displacements. The result is an efficient and largely linear method for spherical four-bar motion generation problem.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Nascent Aneurysm Formation at the Basilar Terminus Induced by Hemodynamics

Background and Purpose— Hemodynamic insults at arterial bifurcations are hypothesized to play a key role in intracranial aneurysm formation. This study investigates aneurysm-initiating vascular responses at the rabbit basilar terminus subsequent to common carotid artery ligation. Methods— Nine adult female New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to sham, unilateral, or bilateral common carotid artery ligation to produce varying degrees of compensatory basilar artery flow increase. Basilar artery flow velocity and geometry were monitored by transcranial Doppler and rotational angiography, respectively, for 12 weeks after surgery. Bifurcation tissues were harvested at 12 weeks and examined histologically. From the histological sections, we quantified the destructive structural changes at the basilar terminus and correlated them with the basilar artery flow rate increase. Results— Subsequent to common carotid artery ligation, basilar artery flow rate increased by 105% to 900% at the maximum. All common caro...
Resource use by stream-dwelling rock bass and smallmouth bass

Abstract We examined food and habitat use of sympatric smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui and rock bass Ambloplites rupestris in the Current and Jacks Fork rivers, Missouri. Use of food resources was similar between species and within a species. On a total caloric basis, the importance of prey ranked crayfish > fish > insects. The similarities of both prey types and the size selection of prey indicated that food resources were not a mechanism of ecological segregation between rock and smallmouth bass. Habitat use was evaluated by underwater observation. Location of both species was highly correlated with some aspect of cover, especially woody structure. Although cover use overlapped among size classes and species, rock bass were more often associated with rootwads and smallmouth bass with log complexes (aggregates of logs and branches). Cover use was independent of rock bass size, but smallmouth bass shorter than 350 mm long more often used vegetation and boulders and were more often found in open wate...
Endoscopic endoluminal radiofrequency ablation of Barrett's esophagus in patients with fundoplications.

Background Endoscopic endoluminal radiofrequency ablation using the Barrx device is a new technique to treat Barrett’s esophagus. This procedure has been used in patients who have not had antireflux surgery. This report is presents an early experience of the effects of endoluminal ablation on the reflux symptoms and completeness of ablation in post-fundoplication patients.
Interactive transfer function design on large multiresolution volumes

Interactive transfer function design techniques seek to leverage user knowledge to facilitate the discovery of data salience. In this process, interactive volume rendering is typically a necessity. Interactive volume rendering of large-scale data on workstations is often accomplished through the use of level of detail techniques, prioritizing information deemed to be salient over information deemed to be unimportant. If salience is not known a priori, and interactive transfer function design techniques that depend on volume rendering are to be applied to large-scale data using level of detail selection, then there is a cyclic dependency. Techniques must be applied that can support simultaneous development of salience both for the transfer function design technique and the level of detail selection technique. Building on recent work in LOD selection, we propose an interactive transfer function design technique that enables incremental salience discovery to support simultaneous construction of transfer functions and LOD selections on large-scale data.
Clinical evaluation of an acetaminophen meter for the rapid diagnosis of acetaminophen intoxication

Study objectives: To test the accuracy of a newly developed meter that determines serum acetaminophen concentration after a 30-second analysis of one drop of whole blood. Design: Sixty-six blood samples from patients with known or suspected drug overdose were analyzed for the presence of acetaminophen. In all cases determination of serum acetaminophen concentration was performed simultaneously with the meter and by a reference laboratory. Setting: Eligible patients were those who presented during a nine-month period to the emergency departments of two tertiary care hospitals (including a pediatric hospital). Results: Thirty-one specimens had a laboratory-confirmed detectable acetaminophen concentration. The meter identified these toxic specimens in all cases; there were no false-negatives (sensitivity, 100%). Among the 35 specimens not containing acetaminophen, the meter invariably confirmed a nondetectable serum acetaminophen concentration (specificity, 100%). Acetaminophen measurements by the meter correlated strongly with laboratory determinations (r = .985, P Conclusions: This meter identifies the possibility of rapid and accurate determinations of serum acetaminophen concentration. The instrument is ideally suited for patients with acetaminophen poisoning in whom expeditious and appropriate administration of antidotal therapy is desired.
Vortices in bubbly two-phase flow

Abstract The properties of a von Karman vortex street are examined theoretically for bubbly flow around a rectangular obstacle. The time-dependent, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations describing each field are coupled through local pressure equilibration, a phenomenological momentum exchange term and a new representation of the virtual mass acceleration terms. Bubble fragmentation and coalescence are represented by the effect of relaxation to local Weber number equilibrium in a transport equation for the time and space variations of bubble-number density. Turbulence is represented by an eddy viscosity model. High-speed computer results for an air-water system agree well with published data for downstream gas accumulation in the vortices. Variations in Strouhal frequency with upstream void fraction are discussed in terms of bubble sublayer growth along the sides of the obstacle and the resulting movement of the flow separation streamline. Satellite eddy formation is observed, and the alteration of street characteristics by bubble migration is examined.
Silicone arthroplasty of the wrist

Abstract Treatment of the painful arthritic radiocarpal joint in patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be difficult because ofthe frequent presence of bilateral wrist disease, other limitations in hand function, and other areas of involvement in the upper extremities. Although it is infrequently performed, silicone rubber wrist arthroplasty does have a place in the armamentarium for treatment of such patients. This article addresses the indications for the procedure, the operative technique, the postoperative rehabilitation, and the potential complications and pitfalls which may occur.
New strategies for improving speech enhancement

Abstract We describe two design strategies that could substantially improve the performance of speech enhancement systems. Results from a preliminary study of pulse recovery are presented to illustrate the potential benefits of such strategies. The first strategy is a direct application of a non-linear, adaptive signal processing approach for recovery of speech in noise. The second strategy optimizes performance by maximizing the enhancement system's ability to evoke target speech percepts. This approach may lead to better performance because the design is optimized on a measure directly related to the ultimate goal of speech enhancement: accurate communication of the speech percept. In both systems, recently developed ‘neural network’ learning algorithms can be used to determine appropriate parameters for enhancement processing.
Infant Growth and Development

1. Chris Plauche Johnson, MEd, MD* 2. Peter A. Blasco, MD† 1. 2. *Associate Professor of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 3. 4. †Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 1. Infant development occurs in an orderly and predictable manner that is determined intrinsically. It proceeds from cephalic to caudal and proximal to distal as well as from generalized reactions to stimuli to specific, goal-directed reactions that become increasingly precise. Extrinsic forces can modulate the velocity and quality of developmental progress. 2. Each developmental domain must be assessed during ongoing developmental surveillance within the context of health supervision.Generalizations about development cannot be based on the assessment of skills in a single developmental domain (ie, one cannot describe infant cognition based on gross motor milestones). However, skills in one developmental domain do influence the acquisition and assessment of skills in other domains. 3. Speech delays are the most common developmental concern seen by the general pediatrician, yet they often are not well understood or diagnosed expediently. A sound understanding of the distinction between an isolated speech delay (usually environmental and often can be alleviated) and a true language delay (a combined expressive and receptive problem that implies more significant pathology) will help the clinician refer appropriately for precise diagnosis and appropriate management. 4. It is essential to understand normal development and acceptable variations in normal developmental patterns to recognize early patterns that are pathologic and that may indicate a possible developmental disability. 5. Assessment of the quality of skills and monitoring the attainment of developmental milestones are essential to early diagnosis of developmental disabilities and expedient referral to early intervention programs. “Infant” is derived from the Latin word, “ infans ,” meaning “unable to speak.” Thus, many define infancy as the period from birth to approximately 2 years of age, when language begins to flourish. It is an exciting period of“ firsts”—first smile, first successful grasp, first evidence of separation anxiety, first word, first step, first sentence. The infant is a dynamic, ever-changing being who undergoes …
Muon polarization in the decay $$K_L \to \bar \mu \mu $$ in superstring inspired models

In superstring models, contributions to the muon longitudinal polarizationPL in the decay\(K_L \to \bar \mu \mu \) can arise from interactions involving the exoticD andDc superfields. It is shown that these interactions also contribute to the decay μ→eγ. After using the experimental limit to constrain this process, we find thatPL arising from these new interactions is less than 10−4.
Transfer Function Estimation for Natural Electromagnetic Fields

Four techniques are compared for estimating the transfer function between fields measured at one site with fields measured at another site, or with different fields measured at the same site. The techniques are: (1) Linear, point-to-point time domain estimation (LPP), (2) Conventional frequency domain transfer function estimation (FD), (3) Multichannel Wiener estimation in the time domain (WE); and (4) Adaptive filter processing in the time domain (AFP). These four transfer function estimation methods have been applied to high precision SQUID magnetometer array data collected in Grass Valley, Nevada and Long Valley, California, using natural fields in the frequency band 10-4 to 1.0 Hz. To monitor the 'signal' introduced by motion of the sensors in the Earth's large static field, high sensitivity cryogenic tiltmeters were used in each magnetometer. The transfer function estimation methods above have accounted for more than 50 db of the signals received at one site using fields measured at anoiner site. Removal of motion-induced magnetic signals provides as much as 10 db further reduction in the residual signal compared to using solely electromagnetic field signals.
Hydrogen-induced phase transformations in alloys based on Sm Co5 under pressures of up to 650 kPA

The interaction of alloys based on SmCo5 with hydrogen is studied by the methods of differential thermal and X-ray phase diffraction analyses under initial pressures of hydrogen of 200, 300, 400, 500, and 650 kPa at temperatures of up to 1223°K. The hydride of the alloy is formed up to a temperature of 343°K. Within the temperature ranges 388–408°K and 488–523°K, hydrogen is released from the hydrides of phases of the alloy. Within the temperature range 823–863°K, the alloy partially disproportionates into Sm Hx and Co. At 1008–1053°K, SmHx undergoes partial decomposition and the SmCo5 and Sm2Co17 phases are detected. The Co, SmCo5, and Sm2Co17 phases exist at temperatures above 1168–1188°K. The compositions of the phases depend on the duration of interaction of the alloy with hydrogen.