cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outcome after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children and young adults.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Factors predicting outcome after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in large pediatric cohorts are not well defined. We hypothesized that definable preoperative clinical factors predict the need for further intervention to provide enteral access after PEG. Our aim was to identify factors associated with PEG outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of 760 (407 boys and 353 girls) patients was performed after PEG at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center from 1994 to 2005. Logistic or multiple linear regression was used to analyze indication; diagnosis; age; prematurity; neurological impairment; weight-for-age z scores; modified barium swallow; postoperative complications; need for fundoplication (FP), gastrojejunal tube, or jejunostomy; and length of hospital stay. RESULTS The median age was 1 year (range 0-26 years). The most common indications given for PEG were failure to thrive (n = 373) and dysphagia (n = 27). Postoperative FP, gastrojejunal tube, or jejunostomy were performed in 66 (10%), 24 (4%), and 9 (1%) patients, respectively. Preoperative report indicated that dysphagia and direct aspiration on modified barium swallow was strongly associated with patients undergoing FP after PEG, 10.6% of patients (P = 0.008, odds ratio 2.4) and 11.2% of patients (P = 0.013, odds ratio 2.8), respectively. Younger preoperative age was also associated with the need for FP (P = 0.0006; median age of 5.8 vs 14 months). Patients with preoperative dysphagia had a longer median length of hospital stay: 8 versus 3 days (P < 0.00001). Patients with neurological impairment demonstrated greater weight gain than neurologically normal patients after PEG (P = 0.04). Minor postoperative complications (most commonly wound infection) were observed in 4% (27/747) of children before hospital discharge from PEG and in 20% of children (138/682) after discharge. There were only 2 major complications (gastric separation and gastrocolonic fistula.). There were no fatalities. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative diagnosis, indication, prematurity, and neurological impairment did not influence postoperative complications.
More controversies on the treatment of psychogenic pseudoseizures: An addendum

Abstract There is no shortage of controversies when it comes to psychogenic pseudoseizures (PPS). In this addendum to the Iriarte et al. paper [Epilepsy Behav 4 (2003) 354], I review some controversial issues related to the treatment of PPS. First, I advocate the point that our first goal of therapy is not to attempt to stop the occurrence of PPS, but to ensure that patients and families have accepted that they do not suffer from epilepsy, because the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality seen in these patients is related to their misdiagnosis as epilepsy patients and the resultant aggressive treatment in intensive care units. Remission of PPS should be our second goal! The second controversial point pertains to how long neurologists should continue to follow up patients after a diagnosis of PPS is reached, and I suggest some parameters to be used in reaching such decision. In the third controversial issue, I review the lack of communication between neurologists and psychiatrists exemplified by the misinterpretation by psychiatrists of the diagnostic value of video-EEG–telemetry studies and resulting mixed messages given to patients and families by neurologists and psychiatrists. The fourth controversial point pertains to the criteria to discontinue antiepileptic drugs after a diagnosis of PPS has been established. Finally, I discuss the timing of introducing a psychogenic cause during the presentation of the diagnosis to patient and family.
Coleman–Gurtin type equations with dynamic boundary conditions

Abstract We present a new formulation and generalization of the classical theory of heat conduction with or without fading memory. As a special case, we investigate the well-posedness of systems which consist of Coleman–Gurtin type equations subject to dynamic boundary conditions, also with memory. Nonlinear terms are defined on the interior of the domain and on the boundary and subject to either classical dissipation assumptions, or to a nonlinear balance condition in the sense of Gal (2012). Additionally, we do not assume that the interior and the boundary share the same memory kernel.
Condom-Related Allergic Contact Dermatitis

After 25 years of wearing a condom catheter, recurrent blisters and epidermal sloughing of the penile shaft developed in a patient. Patch testing revealed hypersensitivities to several allergenic components of the condom catheter (that is thiram and mercaptobenzothiazole). After immediate treatment with topically applied steroids, the condition improved and the patient successfully switched to a silicone condom without further irritation.
Blood flukes (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) of walking catfishes (Siluriformes: Clariidae): new genus and species from the Mekong River (Vietnam) with comments on related catfish aporocotylids

Nomasanguinicola canthoensis gen. et sp. n. infects the branchial vessels of bighead catfish, Clarias macrocephalus Gunther (Siluriformes: Clariidae), in the Mekong River near Can Tho, southern Vietnam. Nomasanguinicola differs from all other genera of fish blood flukes (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) by the combination of lacking body spines and by having an anterior sucker with two flanking columns of large denticles, an intestine comprising several short papilla-like caeca, an inverse U-shaped uterus, and an ootype located near the separate genital pores. The new species has an ootype that is posterior to the level of the female genital pore. That feature most easily differentiates it from the only other putative aporocotylid species having an anterior sucker with two flanking columns of large denticles, Plehniella dentata Paperna, 1964 and Sanguinicola clarias Imam, Marzouk, Hassan et Itman, 1984, which have an ootype that is lateral (P. dentata) or anterior (S. clarias) to the level of the female genital pore. These two species apparently lack extant type materials, infect North African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), and herein are considered incertae sedis, but likely comprise species of Nomasanguinicola. An updated list of hosts, sites of infection and geographic localities for the six species and three genera of blood flukes that mature in catfishes is provided. The new species is the first fish blood fluke recorded from Vietnam and only the third reported from a walking catfish (Clariidae).
Four Conserved Cytoplasmic Sequence Motifs Are Important for Transport Function of the LeishmaniaInositol/H+ Symporter

The protozoan Leishmania donovani has a myo-inositol/proton symporter (MIT) that is a member of a large sugar transporter superfamily. Active transport by MIT is driven by the proton electrochemical gradient across the parasite membrane, and MIT is a prototype for understanding the function of an active transporter in lower eukaryotes. MIT contains two duplicated 6- or 7-amino acid motifs within cytoplasmic loops, which are highly conserved among 50 members of the sugar transporter superfamily and are designated A1, A2((V)(D/E)(R/K)ΦGR(R/K)), and B1 (PESPRΦL), B2 (VPETKG). In particular, the three acidic residues within these motifs, Glu187(B1), Asp300(A2), and Glu429(B2) in MIT, are highly conserved with 96, 78, and 96% amino acid identity within the analyzed members of this transporter superfamily ranging from bacteria, archaea, and fungi to plants and the animal kingdom. We have used site-directed mutagenesis in combination with functional expression of transporter mutants in Xenopus oocytes and overexpression inLeishmania transfectants to investigate the significance of these three acidic residues in the B1, A2, and B2 motifs. Alteration to the uncharged amides greatly reduced MIT transport function to 23% (E187Q), 1.4% (D300N), and 3% (E429Q) of wild-type activity, respectively, by affectingV max but not substrate affinity. Conservative mutations that retained the charge revealed a less pronounced effect on inositol transport with 39% (E187D), 16% (D300E) and 20% (E429D) remaining transport activity. Immunofluorescence microscopy of oocyte cryosections confirmed that MIT mutants were expressed on the oocyte surface in similar quantity to MIT wild type. The proton uncouplers carbonylcyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone and dinitrophenol inhibited inositol transport by 50–70% in the wild type as well as in E187Q, D300N, and E429Q, despite their reduced transport activities, suggesting that transport in these mutants is still proton-coupled. Furthermore, temperature-dependent uptake studies showed an increased Arrhenius activation energy for the B1-E187Q and the B2-E429Q mutants, which supports the idea of an impaired transporter cycle in these mutants. We conclude that the conserved acidic residues Glu187, Asp300, and Glu429 are critical for transport function of MIT.
Mazindol Analogues as Potential Inhibitors of the Cocaine Binding Site at the Dopamine Transporter

A series of mazindol (2) and homomazindol (3) analogues with a variety of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups in the pendant aryl group and the benzo ring C, as well as H, methoxy, and alkyl groups replacing the hydroxyl group were synthesized, and their binding affinities at the dopamine transporter (DAT) on rat or guinea pig striatal membranes were determined. Several active analogues were also evaluated for their ability to block uptake of DA, 5-HT, and NE and inhibit binding of [125I] RTI-55 at HEK-hDAT, HEK-hSERT, and HEK-hNET cells. Mazindane (26) was found to be a pro-drug, oxidizing (5-H → 5-OH) to mazindol on rat striatal membranes and HEK-hDAT cells. The 4‘,7,8-trichloro analogue (38) of mazindol was the most potent and selective ligand for HEK-hDAT cells (DAT Ki = 1.1 nM; SERT/DAT = 1283 and NET/DAT = 38). Experimental results strongly favor the cyclic or ol tautomers of 2 and 3 to bind more tightly at the DAT than the corresponding keto tautomers.
High sensitivity HPLC assay for GABA in brain dialysis studies.

Abstract The measurement of GABA in brain dialysis experiments involves precolumn derivatization of the amino acid with o -phthaldehyde (OPA) in the presence of a thiol and subsequent high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. A method is described which employs an internal standard and coulometric preoxidation (+0.2 V) to eliminate unconjugated OPA/thiol prior to final oxidation (+0.4 V) of the derivatized sample. This allows for more efficient separation, providing a retention time for GABA of 9–10 min, a detection sensitivity of 2 to 5 × 10 − 14 mol/sample and chromatographic stability for at least 2 weeks of daily use.
Inhibition of hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase by carbon tetrachloride: An in vitro study

Abstract 1. 1. In vitro inhibition of rat liver mitochondrial and microsomal aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) under conditions of active CCl4 metabolism was investigated. 2. 2. Incubation of microsomes or mitochondria in the presence of NADPH alone caused significant, time-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial and microsomal ALDH. EDTA partially protected ALDH from inhibition. 3. 3. Incubation of microsomes or microsomes plus mitochondria in the presence of NADPH and CCl4 resulted in marked inhibition of microsomal and mitochondrial ALDH activity. The inhibition was both dose- and time-dependent and was relatively less in the presence of EDTA. 4. 4. It is proposed that the inhibition of membrane-bound ALDH may be one of the early events responsible for the genesis of CCl4-hepatotoxicity.
Immunophenotyping specimens from HIV-infected persons: Laboratory guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published laboratory guidelines for enumerating CD4+ T-cells from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons to help improve the quality of lymphocyte immunophenotyping. New data that clarify some of the variables in the process of immunophenotyping have been obtained. These include information relevant to both hematology and immunophenotyping procedures as well as quality control parameters that are important in producing reliable results. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterizing blood pressure control in individuals with Type 2 diabetes: the relationship between clinic and self-monitored blood pressure.

Aims To determine the relationship between blood pressure (BP) measurement in the clinic and self-monitored blood pressure (SMBP); and to evaluate the accuracy of self-reported data in patients with Type 2 diabetes treated intensively for hypertension. Methods Seventy subjects had baseline and 1-week follow-up clinic BP measured using an Omron 907® automated device. During a contemporaneous 14-day period these subjects measured their BP at least four times each day using an Omron IC® semiautomatic portable monitor which, unknown to them, contained an onboard memory capable of storing BP with corresponding time and date. Results There was no significant difference between mean clinic and mean self-monitored BP. Correlations between clinic BP and SMBP were r = 0.61 (P < 0.0001) for systolic BP and r = 0.69 (P < 0.0001) for diastolic BP. Clinic BP classified 56 subjects as uncontrolled hypertension (BP ≥ 130/80 mmHg, adjusted for diabetes) and 14 subjects as controlled hypertension. Using World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension criteria for SMBP (≥ 125/75 mmHg), 55 cases of clinic classified uncontrolled hypertension were confirmed, resulting in 98% sensitivity. Clinic and SMBP agreed in one case of controlled hypertension, resulting in 7% specificity. For all subjects, the median percent of values exceeding SMBP criteria for controlled hypertension was systolic 92% and diastolic 70%. Self-reporting precision averaged 89 ± 10% (range 45–100%); under-reporting was 25 ± 16% (ranging from 0 to 56%) and over-reporting was 12 ± 15% (ranging from 0 to 46%). The overall logbook mean was not significantly different from the downloaded data from the Omron IC® monitors. Conclusions SMBP was able to identify 13 patients with uncontrolled hypertension who, by clinic BP measurement, had been classified as controlled.
Selecting a classification method by cross-validation

If we lack relevant problem-specific knowledge, cross-validation methods may be used to select a classification method empirically. We examine this idea here to show in what senses cross-validation does and does not solve the selection problem. As illustrated empirically, cross-validation may lead to higher average performance than application of any single classification strategy, and it also cuts the risk of poor performance. On the other hand, cross-validation is no more or less a form of bias than simpler strategies, and applying it appropriately ultimately depends in the same way on prior knowledge. In fact, cross-validation may be seen as a way of applying partial information about the applicability of alternative classification strategies.
Room-temperature operation of index-coupled distributed-feedback 4.75 μm quantum cascade lasers fabricated without epitaxial regrowth

We demonstrate single-mode distributed-feedback quantum cascade lasers at 4.75 μm with etched index-coupled surface gratings and spin-on dielectric infilling. We observe continuous wave laser emission at room temperature with 5 W of electrical power consumption.
Upper Excited State Photochemistry: Solution and Gas Phase Photochemistry and Photophysics of 2- and 3-Cyclopropylindene1

The cyclopropylcarbinyl radical rearrangement has been used to probe the photochemistry and photophysics of S2 and S1 in 2-cyclopropylindene (2CPI) and 3-cyclopropylindene (3CPI). Studies in solution and the gas phase are described. Population of S2 with 254 nm light excitation in the gas phase produces the anticipated ring expansion products 2,3,3a,8-tetrahydrocyclopenta[a]indene (1, Φ1 = 0.1) and 1,3,3a,8-tetrahydrocyclopenta[a]indene (2, Φ2 = 0.06) from 2CPI and 3CPI, respectively (Scheme 3). Direct excitation into the S2 state (254 nm) of 2CPI in solution also produces compound 1. The efficiency of the solution phase chemistry is a function of excitation wavelength (Φ1 = 0.022 and 0.006 for 254 and 280 nm, respectively). The solution phase excitation spectrum of 2CPI shows an anomalous dependency on monitoring wavelength which is attributed to a conformational equilibrium. The S1 singlet lifetimes of the cyclopropylindenes are quite short (0.39 and 1.0 ns for 2CPI and 3CPI, respectively) relative to t...
Japanese Travelers' Service Preferences in U.S. Hotels

Abstract This empirical study identifies specific preferences of Japanese visitors staying in U.S. hotels. Relevant literature is reviewed in an attempt to identify guest services which Japanese visitors prefer. This paper offers hotel operators suggestions about what they need to understand in order to attract and retain Japanese visitors. The results of the study will help hotel operators select appropriate products and services in order to better serve Japanese customers.
Raman line shapes of anharmonic phonons.

Anharmonic effects in crystals typically result in the symmetric broadening of the single-phonon Lorentzian line shape. However, a simple model, based on consideration of a highly anharmonic potential, shows that anharmonicity can lead not only to asymmetric line shapes but also to line shapes composed of multiple subpeaks. Experimental Raman data on the soft ${\mathit{A}}_{1}$(TO) phonon in ferroelectric ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ indicates that this mode does indeed consist of a series of subpeaks whose intensities are accurately predicted (with no fitting parameters) by our model.
History, Security Studies, and the July Crisis

Most theories of war and peace in the modern world, whether they acknowledge it or not, emerge from three historical questions. Why did the First World War break out? Was Hitler’s Germany – and its...
Effect of Surface Reflection on the Angular and Spectral Distribution of Skylight

Abstract Laboratory measurements of the bidirectional reflectance of natural surfaces have been entered into the equation of radiative transfer for a plane parallel molecular atmosphere to determine the effects which are introduced into the skylight by solar radiation which is scattered downward by the atmosphere, after having been reflected one or more times from the underlying surface. Numerical results show that this surface-reflected component constitutes an important part of the total skylight, particularly at high sun elevations. Because of the normal increase of reflectance of mineral surfaces with increasing wavelength, radiation reflected from light colored sands, rocks, and desert surfaces in general can contribute as much as half of the total skylight at the longer wavelengths. The reflectance of black loam soil and the darker lavas and basalts is so low at all wavelengths that the surface-reflected component of skylight over such surfaces is only a minor part of the total field. Green vegetati...
Elimination of Intraluminal Colonization by Antibiotic Lock in Silicone Vascular Catheters

An in vitro model was designed to evaluate the efficacy of instilled antimicrobials to reduce or eliminate intraluminal microbial colonization. Minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration activity of appropriate test anti-infectives were determined using standard methodology against clinically derived and reference test strains commonly associated with catheter-related infection. Drug activity was validated by bioassay for the test anti-infectives. Reference and clinical test strains were inoculated to the intraluminal surface of silicone catheter segments and incubated for 30 min, after which the inoculum was replaced with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution and reincubated for 12 h. For 7 d, instillation of antibiotic and TPN solution was alternated every 12 h to simulate clinical conditions. On days 1, 4, and 7, catheter segments were rinsed, bisected, and sonicated for quantitative plate count to determine mean microbial counts per centimeter of catheter surface. Catheter segments were also prepared for scanning electron microscopy. A significant decrease in staphylococcal intraluminal colonization after instillation of nafcillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and vancomycin was demonstrated (P < 0.001). Aztreonam, ceftriaxone, and gentamicin completely eliminated gram-negative catheter colonization (P < 0.001). Yeast was eradicated from the internal catheter surface after treatment with amphoteracin B, and fluconazole significantly decreased intraluminal colonization (P < 0.001). Results show a significant decrease in staphylococcal, gram-negative, and fungal intraluminal colonization after instillation of appropriate antimicrobial. In vitro results support early clinical success using this technique. Future studies are warranted to identify optimal drug concentrations and dosing intervals.
GENDER BASED DIFFERENCES IN BENEFIT FROM NOVEL ORAL ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS COMPARED TO WARFARIN IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: AN ANALYSIS OF PUBLISHED STUDIES

Women develop atrial fibrillation at an older age and have a higher risk of stroke than men. Female gender is an independent risk factor for not being in the therapeutic range of warfarin in the recently published SAMe-TT2R2 score. Even within the therapeutic range of warfarin, women remain at
Response by Dairy Cows to Hay Supplement with Early Spring Grazing or to Delay in Turning to Pasture

Abstract Effects of moving cows from winter feeding to pasture at two stages of plant maturity and of supplementing long hay were observed. Holsteins were assigned to groups of seven as: A, moved to early pasture on May 2; B, same as A except supplemented with 2.7kg long hay dry matter per cow daily; and C, retained on barn feeding until moved to mature pasture on May 23. Groups A and B were observed on pasture for 6 wk and group C for 3 wk. Concentrate was fed according to production. Dry matter intake as pasture was 16.6 and 15.8kg per cow daily by groups A and B, respectively. Milk yield and milk protein percentage increased and milk fat percentage decreased when groups A and B went to pasture. Group C declined in milk yield and milk protein percentage compared with group A. Plasma stearic and linoleic acids were higher and oleic acid was lower in group B than in A. Plasma linolenic acid was lower in group C than in group A. There were no differences in rumen fluid composition or pH. The decline in milk fat content when cows were moved from indoor feeding to immature pasture appeared unrelated to inadequate dietary fiber or low ratio of acetate to propionate in rumen fluid.
Genetic effects of individual chromosomes in cotton cultivars detected by using chromosome substitution lines as genetic probes

Determination of chromosomes or chromosome arms with desirable genes in different inbred lines and/or crosses should provide useful genetic information for crop improvement. In this study, we applied a modified additive-dominance model to analyze a data set of 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines and their recurrent parent TM-1, five commercial cultivars, and their 70 F2 hybrids. The chromosome additive and dominance variance components for eight agronomic and fiber traits were determined. On average, each chromosome or chromosome arm was associated with 6.5 traits in terms of additive and/or dominance effects. The chromosomes or chromosome arms, which contributed significant additive variances for the traits investigated, included 2, 16, 18, 25, 5sh (short arm), 14sh, 15sh, 22sh, and 22Lo (long arm). Chromosome additive effects were also predicted in this study. The results showed that CS-B 25 was favorably associated with several fiber traits, while FM966 was favorably associated with both yield and fiber traits with alleles on multiple chromosomes or chromosome arms. Thus, this study should provide valuable genetic information on pure line development for several improved traits such as yield and fiber quality.
Small-diameter vascular prostheses: two designs of PTFE and endothelial cell-seeded and nonseeded Dacron.

Despite numerous advances in biomaterials design and utilization, the perfect artificial small-vessel substitute has yet to be developed. Dacron and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are two materials potentially appropriate for use as small-vessel prostheses. We report the patencies of endothelial cell-seeded and nonseeded 4 mm I.D. Dacron grafts and two designs of nonseeded 4 mm I.D. PTFE (Gore-Tex and Impra) in the carotid position in dogs. All graft lengths exceeded the calculated maximum critical length for the material being tested. Dacron grafts, both endothelial cell-seeded and nonseeded, achieved higher patencies than both designs of PTFE. Endothelial cell-seeded Dacron grafts achieved the highest patencies. Endothelium was present to a significant extent only on endothelial cell-seeded Dacron grafts. There was little pannus ingrowth or midgraft pseudointima on nonseeded Dacron or on patent PTFE grafts although thrombus-free surface areas of patent PTFE grafts were high. These comparative data support the utility of endothelial cell seeding in achieving high patencies of small-diameter vascular grafts.
Investigations of a Winter Mountain Storm in Utah. Part II: Mesoscale Structure, Supercooled Liquid Water Development, and Precipitation Processes

Abstract A comprehensive analysis of a deep winter storm system during its passage over the Tushar Mountains of southwestern Utah is reported. The case study, drawn from the 1985 Utah/NOAA cooperative weather modification experiment, is divided into descriptions of the synoptic and kinematic properties in Part I, and storm structure and composition here in Part II. In future parts of this series, the turbulence structure and indicated cloud seeding potential will be evaluated. The analysis presented here in Part II focuses on multiple remote sensor and surface microphysical observations collected from a midbarrier (2.57 km MSL) field site. The collocated remote sensors were a dual-channel microwave radiometer, a polarization lidar, and a Ka-band Doppler radar. These data are supplemented by upwind, valley-based C-band Doppler radar observations, which provided a considerably larger-scale view of the storm. In general, storm properties above the barrier were either dominated by barrier-level orographic clo...
Asbestos‐related x‐ray changes in foundry workers

Michigan has a statewide mandatory occupational disease reporting system. As part of that system, reports are received from hospitals, physicians, death certificates, the workers' compensation bureau, and company medical departments. Based on this reporting, the State of Michigan has a special emphasis program for the surveillance of silicosis, a known disease outcome among foundry workers. From 1985–1996, 115 cases reported to the State Surveillance System as silicosis, pneumoconiosis not specified, or pulmonary fibrosis were reclassified as having asbestos related x-ray changes after a B-reader interpretation of each case's chest x-ray. During this same period there were an additional 697 reports confirmed as silicosis and 6,724 cases reported to the surveillance system as asbestosis. Among the 115 reports reclassified as having asbestos-related x-ray changes without evidence of silicosis-related x-ray changes, 54 had worked in foundries. Only 7 (14.8%) of these individuals had their primary work in maintenance in the foundry; 40 (85.1%) had their primary foundry work in a production job; and for 10 individuals the occupation was not known. Asbestos has been used in foundries on pipe laggings, boiler coverings, as insulation in fan housings, in gloves, aprons and curtains, as insulation in cupolas, and in ladles and insulation in sand molds. Clinicians caring for foundry workers need to be aware that asbestos-related x-ray changes are not uncommon in this population and asbestos exposure should be considered as one of the carcinogens contributing to the known increased risk of lung cancer among foundry workers. Am J. Ind. Med. 34:197–201, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The relationship between migration and fertility in an historical context: the case of Morocco in the 1960s.

The relationship between migration and fertility was explored on the basis of data collected in a 1966 survey conducted in the 9 largest cities of Morocco. Existing contradictory findings suggest the need to specify and analyze the conditions under which fertility differentials by migration status are observed. The 2 theoretically most interesting conditions were considered: the historical context of migration; and the type of migration. A stratified area probability sample was selected with different sampling fractions within each city and city-strata. In each sampled household 1 married woman under age 50 and 1 50 years and over as well as single women ranging in age from 15-24 were selected at random and interviewed by female interviewers. The present analysis was limited to data for ever married women under age 50. The following variables were used as controls in the analysis of the relationship between migration status and fertility: the intermediate variable of age at marriage; measures of socioeconomic status; labor force participation of women; and measures of exposure to the modernizing influence of the city. If the 2 conditions of historical context and migration typology had been ignored in the analysis of data for Moroccos cities in 1966 meaningful fertility differentials would not have been evident. It was only after migration typology and historical context were considered that a more noticeable pattern of differential fertility emerged. Migrants of rural or urban origin who moved to the largest cities of Morocco after independence in 1956 had the lowest fertility of any group. The highest fertility was observed for women who moved to these cities before 1956. The fertility of urban natives and of urban migrants who moved before 1956 was between the 2 extreme levels. Controlling for the effects of age at marriage and various socioeconomic factors reduced the fertility differentials but failed to change their pattern. It was hypothesized that the lower fertility of recent migrants may be explained by social mobility.
Current knowledge of and willingness to perform Hands-Only™ CPR in laypersons

Abstract Introduction Recent simplified guidelines recommend Hands-Only™ CPR for laypersons and efforts to educate the public of these changes have been made. We determined current knowledge of and willingness to perform Hands-Only™ CPR. Methods Design—prospective anonymous survey. Setting—academic suburban emergency department. Subjects—adult patients and visitors in a suburban ED. Survey instrument—33 item closed question format based on prior studies that included baseline demographics and knowledge and experience of CPR. Main outcome—knowledge of and willingness to perform Hands-Only™ CPR. Data analysis—descriptive statistics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between predictor variables and knowledge of and willingness to perform Hands-Only™ CPR. Results We surveyed 532 subjects; mean age was 44 ± 16; 53.2% were female, 75.6% were white. 45.5% were college graduates, and 44.4% had an annual income of greater than $50,000. 41.9% had received prior CPR training; only 10.3% had performed CPR. Of all subjects 124 (23.3%) had knowledge of Hands-Only™ CPR, yet 414 (77.8%) would be willing to perform Hands-Only™ CPR on a stranger. Age ( P = 0.003) and income ( P = 0.014) predicted knowledge of Hands-Only™ CPR. A history of a cardiac related event in the family ( P = 0.003) and previous CPR training ( P = 0.01) were associated with likelihood to perform Hands-Only™ CPR. Conclusions Less than one fifth of surveyed laypersons knew of Hands-Only™ CPR yet three quarters would be willing to perform Hands-Only™ CPR even on a stranger. Efforts to increase layperson education are required to enhance CPR performance.
Modeling of Phonon Wind Shielding Effects on Moving Dislocation Arrays

An analytic geometric model of phonon–dislocation interaction is employed to simulate the shielding of phonon wind drag in moving dislocation arrays. In the model, we use assumptions that overestimate the shielding effect to calculate an upper bound for the deviation of drag on arrays from drag on single dislocations. For the system of a one-dimensional array of gliding dislocations in copper, we calculate that 6–25 % of the phonon drag is shielded by neighbor dislocations in the array. The model can be extended to other materials and dislocation distributions, but we show that for typical FCC crystals, calculating drag forces using a single dislocation is still a valid approximation.
Identification of constitutive and herbicide inducible cytochromes P-450 in Streptomyces griseolus

The elevated soluble cytochrome P-450 content of Streptomyces griseolus cells found after growth in the presence of sulfonylurea herbicides has been shown to be the result of the appearance of one predominant cytochrome P-450 form. This cytochrome P-450 is the major soluble protein found to increase in amount following herbicide treatment, and functions as part of a sulfometuron methyl hydroxylase system. A second minor inducible cytochrome P-450 has been observed only in cells grown in the presence of chlorimuron ethyl, and a third cytochrome P-450 has been found to be present in all cells independent of the presence of sulfonylurea inducers. The three cytochrome P-450 isozymes are distinguishable primarily by their anion exchange properties; however, spectral properties, substrate inducibility, and enzymatic activity provide several further distinguishing features. The recognition of these inducible, xenobiotic metabolizing cytochromes P-450 in S. griseolus provides the only known description of monooxygenase proteins related to herbicide metabolism in bacteria.
Estimating cotton canopy ground cover from remotely sensed scene reflectance

Many agricultural applications require spatially distributed information on growth-related crop characteristics that could be supplied through aircraft or satellite remote sensing. A study was conducted to develop and test a methodology for estimating plant canopy ground cover for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) from scene reflectance. Previous studies indicated that a relatively simple relationship between ground cover and scene reflectance could be developed based on linear mixture modeling. Theoretical analysis indicated that the effects of shadows in the scene could be compensated for by averaging the results obtained using scene reflectance in the red and near-infrared wavelengths. The methodology was tested using field data collected over several years from cotton test plots in Texas and California. Results of the study appear to verify the utility of this approach. Since the methodology relies on information that can be obtained solely through remote sensing,it would be particularly useful in applications where other field information, such as plant size, row spacing, and row orientation, is unavailable.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia with gastric volvulus presenting as an acute tension gastrothorax

This report describes a 3-month-old infant with acute severe respiratory distress in whom a diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with tension gastrothorax and gastric volvulus was made. A review of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is presented.
TH-E-BRE-11: Adaptive-Beamlet Based Finite Size Pencil Beam (AB-FSPB) Dose Calculation Algorithm for Independent Verification of IMRT and VMAT

Purpose: In current IMRT and VMAT settings, the use of sophisticated dose calculation procedure is inevitable in order to account complex treatment field created by MLCs. As a consequence, independent volumetric dose verification procedure is time consuming which affect the efficiency of clinical workflow. In this study, the authors present an efficient Pencil Beam based dose calculation algorithm that minimizes the computational procedure while preserving the accuracy. Methods: The computational time of Finite Size Pencil Beam (FSPB) algorithm is proportional to the number of infinitesimal identical beamlets that constitute the arbitrary field shape. In AB-FSPB, the dose distribution from each beamlet is mathematically modelled such that the sizes of beamlets to represent arbitrary field shape are no longer needed to be infinitesimal nor identical. In consequence, it is possible to represent arbitrary field shape with combinations of different sized and minimal number of beamlets. Results: On comparing FSPB with AB-FSPB, the complexity of the algorithm has been reduced significantly. For 25 by 25 cm2 squared shaped field, 1 beamlet of 25 by 25 cm2 was sufficient to calculate dose in AB-FSPB, whereas in conventional FSPB, minimum 2500 beamlets of 0.5 by 0.5 cm2 size were needed to calculate dose that was comparable to the Result computed from Treatment Planning System (TPS). The algorithm was also found to be GPU compatible to maximize its computational speed. On calculating 3D dose of IMRT (∼30 control points) and VMAT plan (∼90 control points) with grid size 2.0 mm (200 by 200 by 200), the dose could be computed within 3∼5 and 10∼15 seconds. Conclusion: Authors have developed an efficient Pencil Beam type dose calculation algorithm called AB-FSPB. The fast computation nature along with GPU compatibility has shown performance better than conventional FSPB. This completely enables the implantation of AB-FSPB in the clinical environment for independent volumetric dose verification.
But My Program Runs! Discourse Rules for Novice Programmers

In this article, we present an approach to critiquing and correcting novice programs that “work” (that is, they have correct I/O behavior for all input from the problem space), but are poorly constructed. Poorly constructed working code is often produced by beginning programming students, and it is important but difficult to teach them why some working code is better than others. Traditional explanations of these problems often rest on some kind of efficiency principle. We shall argue that using efficiency as a guiding principle in critiquing working code is inappropriate for novice programmers. Instead, we develop an approach to critiquing working but poorly constructed novice programs based on the principle of program readability. That is, we base our critique of working code on its ability to communicate to program readers.
Nonisothermal Pluto atmosphere models

The present thermal profile calculation for a Pluto atmosphere model characterized by a high number fraction of CH4 molecules encompasses atmospheric heating by solar UV flux absorption and conductive transport cooling to the surface of Pluto. The stellar occultation curve predicted for an atmosphere of several-microbar surface pressures (which entail the existence of a substantial temperature gradient close to the surface) agrees with observations and implies that the normal and tangential optical depth of the atmosphere is almost negligible. The minimum period for atmospheric methane depletion is calculated to be 30 years.
Issues and Solutions for Thermal Management in Plastic Packages

In current wireless applications, plastic packaging technologies are widely used for the components such as power amplifiers and SIP (system in package) modules. The semiconductor devices in those components dissipate significant amount of heat and requires effective thermal management to ensure the device reliability. The devices (semiconductor dies) in these packages are usually assembled by wire-bond interconnections on PCB substrates and encapsulated with Epoxy Mold Compound (EMC) by a transfer molding process. There are two major paths for thermal dissipations in these plastic packages: a. through the front side of the die and b. through the backside of the die. For low cost plastic packages using conventional molding process, more than 90% of the heat dissipation is through the backside of the die. It is extremely important that the heat path of the system is well designed and optimized. In this paper, technologies for thermal management in this type of packages are discussed. Critical design rules are presented and practical solutions are proposed.
Nucleus ambiguus projections to cardiac ganglia of rat atria: an anterograde tracing study.

We injected the anterograde fluorescent tracer 1,1;-dioleyl-3,3,3;, 3;-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI) into the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and used confocal microscopy to inventory NA fibers and axon terminals in whole-mounts of rat atrial tissues. Both the axons projecting to cardiac ganglia and the innervated principal neurons (PNs) were counted. Rats were injected unilaterally in the NA with DiI, either at four sites (between 600 microm rostral and 600 microm caudal to the obex) or at nine sites (1,600 microm rostral to 1,600 microm caudal). Fluoro-Gold was administered intraperitoneally to retrogradely label neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DmnX), NA, and cardiac ganglia. To verify that the DiI-labeled fibers examined in the atria originated exclusively from the NA, neurons of the DmnX and the nodose ganglia were surveyed for DiI labeling. Our observations established that (1) NA fibers in the cardiac branches of the vagus numbered in the range of 82-151, left; or 60-122, right. (2) Both left and right NA supplied substantial numbers of fibers to each of the three major cardiac ganglionic plexuses. (3) NA axons terminated in dense basket, or calyx, endings around individual PNs. (4) By issuing divergent collaterals, individual NA fibers supplied numerous PNs with these calyx endings. (5) Labeled axons innervated 2,248 (left vagus) and 1,784 (right), or at least 56% and 45%, of the cardiac PNs. (6) Divergence (i.e., NA axons:PNs innervated) averaged between 1:27 (left vagus) and 1:30 (right vagus). Several features of these NA projections to cardiac ganglia contrasted sharply with those of DmnX projections that we have recently characterized with the same tracing protocol: (1) NA fibers did not innervate small intensely fluorescent cell clusters in cardiac ganglia, whereas DmnX axons did. (2) NA efferent fascicles contained more large fibers (presumably B-type), whereas the DmnX issued more fine caliber fibers (presumably C-type). (3) NA fibers diverged about three times as extensively as did DmnX axons. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that vagal control of the heart involves the convergence and integration of distinct NA and DmnX projections within the cardiac plexuses.
Lamellar structures and self-replicating spots in a reaction-diffusion system.

Experiments on a ferrocyanide-iodate-sulfite reaction-diffusion system reveal several different planar spatial patterns: stationary lamellae arising from a transverse front instability and a front interaction; spot patterns that undergo a continuous process of growth through replication and death through overcrowding; waves with a repulsive front interaction; and conventional excitable waves that annihilate upon collision. The patterns form in a thin gel layer that is in contact with a continuously fed stirred reservoir. Lamellae are observed in both multistable and monostable regimes of the gel layer, while the self-replicating spots are found in a monostable regime. Numerical simulations on a one-dimensional, four-species model of the ferrocyanide-iodate-sulfite reaction describe the observed front interaction phenomena and some aspects of the bifurcation sequences observed in the laboratory experiments.
Low accuracy of interpretation of rotator cuff MRI in patients with osteoarthritis.

Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered to be a valuable tool for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears in patients with severe glenohumeral osteoarthritis who are indicated for tot...
Using a non-invasive method in chronic hemodialysis pediatric patients to estimate hemoglobin

Maintaining hemoglobin (Hgb) levels within a target range is difficult. Non-invasive hematocrit monitoring (NIVH) continuously monitors both the hematocrit and percent change in intravascular blood volume in real time. Based on the data reported here, NIVH can be utilized as a tool for anemia management in pediatric hemodialysis patients. Monthly, mid-week pre-dialysis, Hgb levels were obtained for 12 consecutive months. Concurrent with monthly Hgb, hematocrit was recorded at the start of the dialysis treatment using NIVH. Hgb (oHgb) was calculated using the adult equation Hgb = 0.3112*HCT + 0.71, and a linear regression model was used to derive a pediatric specific equation (pHgb = 0.28*CRIT Hct + 2.5). A total of 310 observations were obtained from 47 patients. The mean actual hemoglobin (mHgb) was 11.14 ± 1.4, and the mean derived hemoglobin from the adult equation, oHgb, was 10.3 ± 1.3 (p = 0.0001). For the target hemoglobin of 10–12 gm/dl, the adult equation was 72 % sensitive and 63 % specific, whereas the pediatric equation was 93 % sensitive and 70 % specific. The newly derived pediatric equation (pHgb = 0.28*CRIT Hct + 2.5) improved the prediction capability compared to the standard equation with lower false-negative and false-positive rates.
Met aknowledge: Undefeated justification

Internalism and externalism are both false. What is needed to convert true belief into knowledge is the appropriate blend of subjective and objective factors to yield the appropriate sort of connection between mind and the world. The sort of knowledge explicated is calledmetaknowledge and is knowledge that involves the evaluation of incoming information in terms of a background system. It is proposed that knowledge is equivalent to undefeated justification which is justification on the basis of every system that eliminates or corrects any error in what a person accepts. The system of such system is called the ultrasystem of the person. This account appeals both to internal factors and external factors and involves appeal to both normative requirements and empirical constraints. Justification is defined in terms of a comparative notion of rationality adapted from Chisholm.