cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ion Exchange Resins on Composition of Milk and Its Fractions

Abstract Ultracentrifugation and dialysis studies were made to determine the distribution of calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen in milk treated with ion exchange resins to remove radionuclides. In System I, milk was passed through Dowex 2-X8 (Cl :P :Cit) resin, acidified to pH 5.35 with citric acid, passed through IR-120 (Ca:Mg:K:Na) resin, and neutralized to pH 6.8 with KOH. In System II, the same cycle was followed, except that HCl was used to acidify milk and the milk was neutralized with IRA-68 (P:Cit:OH) weak base anionic resin. A comparison of the test results for treated samples and those for the control sample showed increased concentrations in the casein nitrogen and in acid soluble phosphorus in serum, and a decreased amount of sedimented casein. The amount of calcium and acid soluble phosphorus associated with the sedimented caseinates also decreased. The extent of these alterations depended upon the type of acid used to acidify the milk. The effect of these changes in the ionic balance on the coagulation of milk by rennin and ethanol is briefly discussed.
3-([3-125I]Iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl carbohydrazide, a new radioiodination reagent for ultrasensitive detection and determination of periodate-oxidized nucleoside derivatives and other carbonyl compounds.

Abstract A new radioiodination reagent for the identification and quantitation of periodate-oxidized ribonucleosides was developed. The reagent, 3-([3-125I]iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl carbohydrazide, was prepared by radioiodination of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester in the presence of chloramine T, followed by reduction of the latter with sodium arsenite and treatment of the radioiodinated ester with an excess of carbohydrazide. The reagent reacted quantitatively with periodate-oxidized nucleosides to form 125I-labeled morpholine derivatives which were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. The reagent was found to react also with other carbonyl compounds and thus may find more general application in the qualitative and quantitative ultramicroanalysis of aldehydes and ketones.
Submissive behavior in mice as a test for antidepressant drug activity

Previously, with the administration of antidepressant drugs, it has been demonstrated that the rat model of clinical depression, known as the reduction of submissive behavior model (RSBM), has considerable validity. The present study is an attempt to extend the model to mice. Several antidepressant drugs as well as a number of non-antidepressant agents were administered to mice that had been identified as submissive in a behavioral testing situation. Imipramine, desipramine, amoxapine and fluoxetine, representing three different classes of antidepressant drugs, were each able to increase competitive behavior in submissive mice and to decrease the dominance level between dominant and submissive mice in the behavioral tests. The stimulant amphetamine also reduced submissive behavior while yohimbine (also a stimulant), and the antianxiety agent diazepam had no such effect. The neuroleptic drug thiothixen had antidepressant-like effect on submissive C57BL/6J mice behavior. We conclude that like the rat model of depression from which it was developed, the mouse model responds to various antidepressants as predicted and thus may serve as a potential model of clinical depression.
Recurrent Hemoptysis in a 42-year-old Male: What Is Your Diagnosis?

A 42-year-old male nonsmoker presented with recurrent hemoptysis for 12 years requiring two hospitalizations and 11 units of blood transfusion, with occasional low-grade intermittent fever, and cough with scanty expectoration. Examination of lower respiratory system revealed biphasic and coarse crepitations over the left infrascapular area.
Flow Visualization Investigations of the Addition of Carbon Black and Oil to Elastomers in an Internal Mixer

Abstract Internal mixing is one of the most important of processing operations, being used to incorporate fillers, oils, and other compounding ingredients into elastomers and plastics. The development of internal mixers has a long history largely described in the patent literature. Published experimental studies of flow in an internal mixer have been few, and primarily involved measurements of energy consumption, temperature histories, and characteristics of dumped mixes. It is only recently that efforts have been made to directly observe the motions of elastomers in an internal mixer. Freakley and Wan Idris and Asai et al. have made flow visualization studies of the motions of silicone rubber and aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose solutions at room temperature. Freakley and his coworkers and Toki et al. have followed motions of rubber in an internal mixer using mounted pressure transducers. More recently, the present authors have developed experimental techniques to visualize the flow of commercial elastome...
Acoustic and Perceptual Description of Vowels in a Speaker With Congenital Aglossia

The goals of this study were to (a) compare the vowel space produced by a person with congenital aglossia (PWCA) with a typical vowel space; (b) investigate listeners’ intelligibility for single vowels produced by the PWCA, with and without visual information; and (c) determine whether there is a correlation between scores of speech intelligibility of PWCA speech and the acoustic properties of those speech samples. The main objective of this study was to determine whether a PWCA was able to compensate for the lack of tongue and whether listeners were able to compensate perceptually for the possible atypical acoustics of the PWCA. Cineradiography for this article was limited to observation of gross function of the tongue base and mylohyoid. An audiovisual recording of the PWCA speaker’s output was obtained for a series of isolated vowels, diphthongized vowels, and vowels in monosyllables. Production of vowels was analyzed acoustically and perceptually. Vowels were presented to listeners under two condition...
The Role of Drawing in Young Children's Construction of Science Concepts

It has been observed that many young children like making marks on paper and that they enjoy the activity. It is also known that children’s drawings are vehicles for expression and communication. Therefore, it would be logical and reasonable for teachers to incorporate children’s drawings into building science concepts. To demonstrate how drawings are utilized to help a child to acquire a science concept, the article first presents a vignette of an interaction between an adult and a 5-year-old boy, focusing on the science concept of the physical characteristics of a spider. It is then followed by several analytical explanations of how drawings build children’s understandings. Not only are the introduced strategies useful for one-on-one interactive communication, but also applicable to a small group of young children. The article ends with the specifics of how these strategies were applied to a group of four children in their acquisition of the science concept of the water cycle.
Small vessel vasculitis caused by hepatitis B virus immune complexes: Small vessel vasculitis and HBsAg

In a comprehensive study of 80 patients with vasculitis, 4 had concurrent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Polyarteritis nodosa was present in 2 and in the other 2, cutaneous vasculitis, presenting clinically as palpable or Henoch-Schonlein purpura. In one of these patients skin biopsies demonstrated granular deposits of IgM, C3, C4, and the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and electron-dense deposits of aggregated 20-nm particles resembling HBsAg in postcapillary venules. Evidence for circulating HBsAg-immune complexes included increased serum Clq binding activity, decreased serum complement, and a cryoprecipitate containing both HBsAg and IgM anti-HBs. Aggregated 20-nm particles resembling intact HBsAg were also seen by negative staining electron microscopy of the serum cryoprecipitate. This patient fulfills all the criteria for a specific immune complex vasculitis caused by his immune response to a chronic HBV infection. These findings emphasize that HBV infection may be associated with small vessel vasculitis as well as polyarteritis nodosa, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and glomerulonephritis. A similar immune response to other viral infections may be expressed as palpable (Henoch-Schonlein) purpura also.
Error comparison for different current patterns in electrical impedance imaging

Different current patterns used in electric-current computed tomography (ECCT) were compared for their sensitivity to noise. This comparison was made by examining the error produced in reconstructing one voltage pattern from measurements made using another. It was found that the adjacent-pair current pattern is more sensitive to noise than spatial trigonometric current patterns. The measured spatial trigonometric voltage patterns were not degraded when a simulated electrode contact impedance was introduced. >
Stellar Spectra in the Far Ultra-Violet

STELLAR spectra cannot be studied in the far ultra-violet spectral region, because the earth's atmosphere has too strong an absorption beyond about 3000 A., due to the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere. There is no doubt that this ozone is formed by the photochemical action of the sun's radiation. Most of this ozone is at a height of 45–50 km., although the measurements of Dobson and his co-workers show that perhaps about 30 per cent of this ozone diffuses to deeper layers, probably to 20 km. or lower. On the other hand, we can suppose that in the higher layers (100 km. and more) less ozone will be formed, corresponding to the lower pressure.
Cardiac output and stroke volume in swimming harbor seals.

Cardiac output was measured by the thermodilution method in three young harbor seals, at rest and while swimming up to the maximum effort for which they could be trained. Stroke volume was determined by counting heart rate simultaneously with determination of cardiac output. Cardiac outputs varied widely between surface breathing (7.8 ml · kg−1 · s−1) and breath-holding while swimming under water (1.8 ml · kg−1 · s−1). Stroke volume while at the surface was almost twice the volume white submerged. Surface cardiac output was always near maximal despite work effort, whereas submerged cardiac output gradually increased at higher work efforts. The cardiovascular performance of seals at the maximum MO2 we could induce from them is equivalent to that of the domestic goat.
Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on prostaglandin E2 production in cultured mouse parietal bones.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] was tested for its effects on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and bone resorption in cultured mouse parietal bones. We found that at 24 h 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased 45Ca release but did not affect PGE2 production. However, at 48 h 1,25-(OH)2D3 produced a dose-related increase in PGE2 production. PGE2 production was increased with 1,25-(OH)2D3 at 10−10-10−8 M, and 45Ca release was increased with 1,25-(OH)2D3 at 10−11-10−8 M. The effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on PGE2 production persisted in the presence of cortisol (10−8 M), and the effects were greater in the presence of arachidonic acid (10−5 M) or fetal bovine serum (10%). Human interleukin-1α (IL-1, 1 ng/ml) and bovine parathyroid hormone-(1–34) (PTH, 10 ng/ml) increased PGE2 production earlier and to a greater extent than 1,25-(OH)2D3. The PGE2 response to IL-1 and PTH was not affected by 1,25-(OH)2D3 at 24 h, but at 48 h 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10−8 M) increased the PGE2 response to both IL-1 and PTH. The stimulation of 45Ca release at 48 h by high concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3, PTH, or IL-1 was similar, and there was no evidence for an additive effect. To test for an effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on endogenous IL-1 production, experiments were performed in the presence of an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, 1000 ng/ml), which has been found to block selectively IL-1 effects on bone resorption and PG production. We found that IL-1Ra blocked the stimulatory effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10−8 M) on PGE2 production but not on 45Ca release. We conclude that 1,25-(OH)2D3 at high concentrations is a stimulator of PGE2 release from bone and can enhance the response to PTH and IL-1. Its effect is smaller and occurs later than that of PTH and IL-1. The effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on PGE2 production could be mediated by endogenous IL-1.
Generalized tax incidence results using the Harberger model with three factors

Abstract The Harberger (1962) model of corporate tax incidence, utilising a two-sector, two-factor, general equilibrium framework and Mieszkowski's (1967) extension yielded several interesting results on equivalences among general taxes as well as differential incidence of partial taxes. This paper reports on the generality of these theorems in the presence of a third factor. Not surprisingly, many results will be dependent upon the relative magnitudes of partial factor elasticities of substitution and sectoral factor ratios. Emphasis is given to an intuitive explanation of these dependencies.
The role of 99mTc methoxyisobutylisonitrile in imaging breast cancer

Multiple imaging modalities have been used in evaluating patients suspected of breast cancer. Mammography and ultrasound are the dominant modalities now used by most mammographers. Mammography has been shown to be inaccurate in patients with dense breast or in breasts where significant architectural distortion has occurred. Alternative modalities independent of breast density are currently being evaluated. These include ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine techniques. Recent reports indicate methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) to be promising in the evaluation of patients with difficult to evaluate mammograms. The current sensitivity and specificity figures for MIBI scintigraphy of the breast are dependent on a number of factors. A recent multicenter trial involving 673 patients sponsored by the DuPont-Merck Radiopharmaceutical Corporation indicated an overall sensitivity of 85% with a specificity of 81%. Nonpalpable lesions showed a sensitivity of 55% to 72%. The acceptance of MIBI breast imaging will be dependent on specific applications in which MIBI can be shown to be superior to alternative modalities. A promising subgroup of patients includes patients with dense breasts, breasts with architectural distortions, or extensive scaring from prior biopsies, especially if these patients are considered to be in a high risk category.
Chromans from helianthella quinquenervis

Abstract Investigation of Helianthella quinquenervis afforded, in addition to several known 6-acetylchromenes, 3-prenyl-4-hydroxyphenone and the benzofuran encecalin, cis - and trans -2,2-dimethyl-3,4,7-trihydroxy-6- acetylchroman.
Permeation of methomyl in Lannate L™ through nitrile gloves

Abstract The influence of the inert components on the permeation of methomyl in Lannate L water miscible pesticide formulation through 0.64 mm thick unsupported lined nitrile at 30°C was assessed using an ASTM-type permeation cell with isopropanol liquid collection medium. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis of 0.100 ml aliquots of the collection fluid taken every 10 min revealed that the breakthrough time for permeation of methomyl was >200 min with a steady state permeation rate of 5.24±1.00 μg cm−2 min−1. Reconstituted formulation with concentrations of methomyl, methanol and isopropanol being those found by direct GC/MS of Lannate L showed that these components did not explain all the permeation kinetic data.
351 FUROSEMIDE PHARMACOKINETICS AND DRUG RENAL EXCRETION IN PREMATURE INFANTS ON CHRONIC THERAPY

During the treatment of 12 normally hydrated prematures with furosemide (F) for chronic lung disease (BPD) F serum levels and urine excretion were measured using gas chromatography. Six hours post drug administration the diuretic responsewas monitored in treated group (TG) and compared to the control group (CG) of 10 premature infants. The mean gestational age of TG was 29 weeks (range 26-31) and of CG was 30 weeks (range 27-36). The TG received a single bolus IV dose of F (1mgm/kg/day) daily for 4 to 7 days. Eight patients entered the study on day 7, and 4 patients were 9-11 days old on entry. Duration of the study was 4-7 days. The mean renal clearance of F on day 1(D1) of the study was 0.04 cc/min (range 0.003cc/min to 0.13cc/min). The mean renal clearance after 4(D4) or 7(D7) days of therapy was 0.05cc/min (range 0.003cc/min to 0.12cc/min). On D1 mean serum F levels were 4.6 ugm/m1 at 2 hours and 3.66 ugm/m1 at 6 hours after F. On D4 and D7 the mean serum levels were 10.33 ugm/m1 (2 hrs) and 6.67 ugm/m1 (6 hrs). This is a significant increase in mean serum levels (P ≤ .01) from first day of treatment. 6 hour plasma half life (T½) in these patients changed from mean of 5.2 hours (D1) to 10 hours (D4 or D7). In 2 patients mean T½ over 12 to 24 hours was 7.15 hours (D1) and increased to 26.15 hours. Mean urine volume during 6 hours in TG was 33.9+21 ml and in CG was 25.3±13 m1 (p=.35NS). Six hour sodium excretion was 1.76 mEq (TG) and 1.45 mEq (CG). During daily F administration, there is serum drug accumulation due to the very low renal clearance.
Fabrication of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 thin film solar cell using chemical method

We report the growth, characterization and fabrication of the quaternary compound semiconductor Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) thin film solar cell using low temperature chemical synthesis. The constituent materials required for this p-type absorber are earth abundant and available at low cost. In addition, CZTS has large absorption coefficient in the order of 104 cm-1 and has optimum band-gap energy of about 1.5 eV required for an efficient photo-energy conversion. We have adopted a low temperature chemical route followed by spin coating to synthesize CZT layers. Essentially, a metal compound solution of CZT is formed by dissolving Copper (II) acetate, zinc (II) acetate and tin (II) chloride in 2-methoxyethanol and monoethanolamine. The CZT layer, which is formed by spin coating and annealing at around 300°C, is then sulphurized by using a safe organic sulphur source called di-tert-butyl-disulfide (TBDS) for a controlled sulphur transfer at temperature around 400°C to form stoichiometric Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 . The Cu to Zn+Sn and Zn to Sn ratios for an optimally synthesized film were 0.87 and 1.2 respectively. Techniques like EDX, XRD and XPS were used for composition, crystallinity and phase analysis.
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus entry mechanism requires late endosome formation and resists cell membrane cholesterol depletion

Virus envelope proteins determine receptor utilization and host range. The choice of receptor not only permits specific targeting of cells that express it, but also directs the virus into specific endosomal trafficking pathways. Disrupting trafficking can result in loss of virus infectivity due to redirection of virions to non-productive pathways. Identification of the pathway or pathways used by a virus is, thus, important in understanding virus pathogenesis mechanisms and for developing new treatment strategies. Most of our understanding of alphavirus entry has focused on the Old World alphaviruses, such as Sindbis and Semliki Forest virus. In comparison, very little is known about the entry route taken by more pathogenic New World alphaviruses. Here, we use a novel contents mixing assay to identify the cellular requirements for entry of a New World alphavirus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). Expression of dominant negative forms of key endosomal trafficking genes shows that VEEV must access clathrin-dependent endocytic vesicles for membrane fusion to occur. Unexpectedly, the exit point is different from Old World alphaviruses that leave from early endosomes. Instead, VEEV also requires functional late endosomes. Furthermore, unlike the Old World viruses, VEEV entry is insensitive to cholesterol sequestration from cell membranes and may reflect a need to access an endocytic compartment that lacks cholesterol. This indicates fundamental differences in the entry route taken by VEEV compared to Old World alphaviruses.
Introduction to the special issue on ownership, control and regulation

Different ownership structures and the separation of ownership and control interact with changes in the regulatory environment to affect firm performance, financial disclosures and contracts and compensation. The purpose of this symposium is to present a set of papers that provide insight into the effects of these interactions and their effects in a variety of settings. Three of our papers study the impact of corporate governance on firm performance and contracting with a particular focus on how firms in different countries mitigate agency problems that arise in corporations. Santiago-Castro and Brown (2011) identify distinctive characteristics of Latin American markets (e.g., a relatively weak legal environment coupledwith poormarket corporate governancemechanisms and the pervasiveness of family-controlled firms) that exacerbate the conflict of interest between majority and minority shareholders. SB show that the severity of this conflict is related to board of director structure, family control and CEO shareholdings. Interestingly, company affiliation with a grupo (a term used in Latin America for a form of business in which shareholders have control rights in excess of the cash flows rights) reduces minority shareholder expropriation. The second paper in this set (Praet 2011) studies Belgian firms with highly concentrated ownership.Again, focusing on the agency problem that ariseswhen a controlling shareholder has the ability to extract benefits at the expense of minority shareholders, Praet examines whether the decision by a company to divest assets is driven by this motive. Praet finds that poorly performing subsidiaries are more likely to lead to
Pilot study on the use of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging in the staging of cystic fibrosis associated liver disease.

Background: Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) is a novel technique for the measurement of hepatic stiffness, which could be valuable in clinical follow-up of patients affected by cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD). Methods: Seventy-five patients with suspected CFLD (35 males) underwent clinical and ultrasonographic evaluations, liver and pulmonary function tests, ARFI investigation, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Ten ARFI measurements were taken at the deep right hepatic lobe to compute median values of Shear Wave Velocity (SWV) for each individual. Results: SWV increased progressively from 1.02 m/s (95%, Confidence Interval, CI, 0.92–1.126) in patients with no evidence of CFLD at ultrasonography (N=16), to 1.12 (95%CI 1.049–1.19) in patients with CFLD and no signs of portal hypertension (PHT, N=23), and to 1.25 (95%CI 1.14–1.358) in those with CFLD and signs of PHT (N=28). SWV was 1.63 (95%CI 1.26–1.99) in patients with oesophageal varices (N=8) (pb0.0001). Conclusions: ARFI may represent an easy, fast and non-invasive tool for the clinical follow-up of patients with cystic fibrosis associated liver disease.
Gender at Play Fourth-Grade Girls and Boys on the Playground

This study explores the complicated social interactions related to gender that take place at school recess. Using grounded theory methodology and a social constructionist perspective, the researche...
Regulation of Energy Metabolism of the Heart during Acute Increase in Heart Work

We determined the contribution of all major energy substrates (glucose, glycogen, lactate, oleate, and triglycerides) during an acute increase in heart work (1 microM epinephrine, afterload increased by 40%) and the involvement of key regulatory enzymes, using isolated working rat hearts exhibiting physiologic values for contractile performance and oxygen consumption. We accounted for oxygen consumption quantitatively from the rates of substrate oxidation, measured on a minute-to-minute basis. Total beta-oxidation (but not exogenous oleate oxidation) was increased by the work jump, consistent with a decrease in the level of malonyl-CoA. Glycogen and lactate were important buffers for carbon substrate when heart work was acutely increased. Three mechanisms contributed to high respiration from glycogen: 1) carbohydrate oxidation was increased selectively; 2) stimulation of glucose oxidation was delayed at glucose uptake; and 3) glycogen-derived pyruvate behaved differently from pyruvate derived from extracellular glucose. Despite delayed activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase relative to phosphorylase, glycogen-derived pyruvate was more tightly coupled to oxidation. Also, glycogen-derived lactate plus pyruvate contributed to an increase in the relative efflux of lactate versus pyruvate, thereby regulating the redox. Glycogen synthesis resulted from activation of glycogen synthase late in the protocol but was timed to minimize futile cycling, since phosphorylase a became inhibited by high intracellular glucose.
The p542 gene encodes an autoantigen that cross-reacts with EBNA-1 of the Epstein Barr virus and which may be a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein.

In infectious mononucleosis (IM), anti-EBNA-1 antibodies are produced which cross-react with multiple normal human proteins. The cross-reactions can be inhibited with synthetic peptides representing the glycine/alanine repeat in EBNA-1, which implies that the cross-reactivity is due to anti-gly/ala antibodies that cross-react with host proteins containing configurations like those in the EBNA-1 repeat. Here we report the isolation of five gene fragments from a Raji B lymphocyte cDNA library encoding peptides reactive with autoantibodies in an IM serum. One of these, p542, encodes a glycine rich 28-mer which constitutes its cross-reactive epitope, as shown elsewhere. By Northern blots, p542 was identifiable in three B lymphocyte lines, a T cell line, and an epithelial cell line. In a search of the GenBank for proteins with sequence similarity to p542, we found a high degree of identity with the mid- and 3' terminal regions of the recently published mouse gene, Raly, which encodes a protein with the structure of a heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein (hnRNP). We confirmed by anchored RT-PCR our presumption that the 5' sequences of p542 also have a high degree of identity with Raly, including presence of RNA binding motifs characteristic of hnRNPs. There was also sequence homology with human hnRNP C2. From these observations and our previous studies, we conclude that the autoantigen for one of the cross-reactive autoantibodies generated during immune responses to the Epstein Barr virus, anti-p542, is probably an hnRNP.
Computer algorithm for electron beam treatment planning.

A computer algorithm has been developed for electron beamtreatment planning. The method uses a limited amount of stored experimental dose distribution data, performs interpolation, and stores generated beam information on an optimized fan line‐depth line grid. Experimental verification of the computer program showed agreement within ±5% for beam generation and air gap corrections.
Radial glia express aromatase in the injured zebra finch brain

Estrogens have neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. The synthesis of estrogen occurs via the expression of aromatase. Previous studies have shown that injury to the vertebrate brain results in a rapid and dramatic up-regulation of aromatase expression in astrocytes around the lesion. As part of experiments examining injury-induced glial aromatization, we identified aromatase in radial glia of the zebra finch brain. Adult female zebra finches received a penetrating injury to the right hippocampus. Twenty-four hours after lesioning, birds were administered bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and sacrificed 2 hours, 1 day, or 7 days later. We determined the distribution of aromatase and BrdU labeling by using immunocytochemistry. Radial aromatase was localized to cells lining the lateral ventricle adjacent to the lesioned hippocampus. Injury also induced a dramatic accumulation of newly generated cells labeled with BrdU around the lesion. BrdU labeling was strongly associated with aromatase-positive radial fibers, suggesting the migration of newly generated cells along these fibers. In the songbird brain, estrogen supports neuronal recruitment and promotes the survival and addition of new neurons. The presence of aromatase in radial glia provides a mechanism of estrogen delivery to postmitotic cells. Radial aromatization may be a key feature in the repair of the vertebrate brain following neural injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:261–269, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The obstetrician and gynecologist: primary care physician or specialist?

When candidate William Jefferson Clinton reviewed the public’s major concerns about domestic issues during the 1992 presidential election campaign, health care consistently ranked as either number one or two. In response, he made health care reform an important campaign issue, and on assuming the presidency, appointed a Health Care Reform Task Force. This task force was chaired by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton. The initial committee was composed of a broad segment of health care planners, none of whom were obstetrician-gynecologists. As the first working drafts of the committee and its subcommittees began to emerge through a large variety of “leaks,” it was noted that the plan had several key tenets. One of these issues was the concept of primary care physicians in the role of “gatekeeper.” The initial designation of these primary care physicians was limited to general internists, general pediatricians, and family practitioners. When the leadership of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists was made aware of this development, they became very concerned and initiated the “primary care initiative.”
Evaluation of marginal adaptation of all-ceramic crowns and metal ceramic crowns

The marginal adaptation of Renaissance crowns is compared with that of the widely used metal ceramic and Dicor crowns. This investigation shows that Dicor and metal ceramic crowns fit better than Renaissance crowns. Clinical implications of all three restorations are discussed.
Evaluation of heuristics for a class-constrained lot-to-order matching problem in semiconductor manufacturing

While semiconductors are being used in an increasing number of products, semiconductor manufacturers continually look for ways to make their processes more efficient. This paper will focus on an is...
Entropy generation in condensation in the presence of high concentrations of noncondensable gases

Abstract The physical mechanisms of entropy generation in a condenser with high fractions of noncondensable gases are examined using scaling and boundary layer techniques, with the aim of defining a criterion for minimum entropy generation rate that is useful in engineering analyses. This process is particularly relevant in humidification-dehumidification desalination systems, where minimizing entropy generation per unit water produced is critical to maximizing system performance. The process is modeled by a consideration of the vapor/gas boundary layer alone, as it is the dominant thermal resistance and, consequently, the largest source of entropy production in many practical condensers with high fractions of noncondensable gases. Most previous studies of condensation have been restricted to a constant wall temperature, but it is shown here that for high concentrations of noncondensable gases, a varying wall temperature greatly reduces total entropy generation rate. Further, it is found that the diffusion of the condensing vapor through the vapor/noncondensable mixture boundary layer is the larger and often dominant mechanism of entropy production in such a condenser. As a result, when seeking to design a unit of desired heat transfer and condensation rates for minimum entropy generation, minimizing the variance in the driving force associated with diffusion yields a closer approximation to the minimum overall entropy generation rate than does equipartition of temperature difference.
HLA-D gene studies in relation to immune responsiveness to a grass allergen Lol p III.

The grass pollen allergen Lol p III (Mr11 000) is a well-characterized antigen that has been found useful in immunogenetic studies of human immune responsiveness. Since immune responsiveness to this allergen is associated with HLA-DR3, we investigated whether there was any sequence in the HLA-D region that would render a person “susceptible” [antibody (Ab)-positive] to the allergen. By sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) slot-blot and sequence analyses of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified genomic DNA from Lol p III responder and nonresponder subjects, Ab responsiveness was found to be strongly associated with the sequence Glu-Tyr-Ser-Thr-Ser (EYSTS), present in the first polymorphic regions of DRβI polypeptide chains of DR3, DR11 (split of DR5), and DRw6. Of the 41 grass-allergic subjects investigated, 19 had the EYSTS sequence, of whom 18 (95%) were Lol p III immunoglobulin G (IgG) Ab responder; among the 22 EYSTS- subjects, ten were Lol p III responders (P=0.0001, relative risk=21.6). No such association was found with any polymorphic sequences in othe DRβ chains,or in DQαI and DQβI chains. These findings suggest that the EYSTS sequence is important in the presentation of an epitope of Lol p III; other sequence(s) may be involved in the presentation of othe epitope(s). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a strong association between a specific HLA sequence and immune responsiveness to a well-defined antigen. The paper shows that presence of the EYSTS sequence classifies subjects as Lol p III responders in 18/19 cases.
DISPOSITION OF PHARMACOLOGICAL DOSES OF VITAMIN E IN NEWBORN RABBITS

To study the effect of vitamin E dosage form and route of administration on tissue levels of vitamin E, newborn rabbit pups were given 100 mg/kg/day of α-tocopherol (T) or α-tocopherol acetate (TA) sc, po, and iv. Various tissues were obtained on days 1, 3, and 6 of life and analyzed for T and TC using HPLC. (All values represent mean ± SD, μg/g tissue, n=3-5). T levels in lung 1 day after T dosing were 36 ± 9 (sc), 13 ± 4 (po), and 92 ± 16 (iv); liver levels were 493 ± 110 (sc), 138 ± 73 (po), and 1362 ± 570 (iv). T tissue levels 1 day after sc TA administration were no different than controls (all ≤ 8 μg/g). T tissue levels 1 day after po and iv administration of TA were 18 ± 8 (po) and 79 ± 47 (iv) for lung and 253 ± 36 (po) and 10 ± 5 (iv) in liver. No TA was seen in tissues after po TA administration. In contrast, iv administration of TA resulted in tissue levels of TA at 1 day of 3957 ± 2589 in lung and 48 ± 30 in liver. T and TA tissue levels after 3 and 6 days of daily dosing with T or TA were similar to the 1-day data in distribution although increased in amount. From the results, we conclude that T given parenterally or orally results in marked increases in T tissue levels; whereas parenteral TA administration does not increase T tissue levels. Extensive hydrolysis of TA to T occurs with po administration of TA, but only minimal hydrolysis occurs with parenteral routes of administration. When given parenterally, TA may be ineffective as an antioxidant. (Supported in part by NIH GM12675.)
Tissue effects of iron deficiency in the rat.

Measurements of succinate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, iron, cytochrome c and myoglobin, were made on various hind-leg muscles, fast-twitch red and white muscle and heart and liver of male Wistar rats fed an iron-deficient diet on weaning. Rats fed the same diet and given 20 mg iron intraperitoneally as iron-dextran (Imferon®) served as controls. For iron-repletion studies anemic rats (hemoglobin < g/dl) were given a single injection of 10 mg iron (Imferon®) and the time course of change in the above parameters was followed up to 22 days after injection. The iron concentration of most iron-deficient muscles dropped to approx. 35% of control, the heart to 60% and liver to 13%. On repletion, the iron concentration of all tissues increase significantly by 4 days. While the levels of cytochrome c and myoglobin approximated the iron levels in muscle, they did not change significantly in the heart. Succinate dehydrogenase activity dropped profoundly in muscle, to 10–30% of control; on repletion, the activity increased significantly. Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity showed only small changes in iron-deficient tissues.
Microstructural evolution during silicon carbide (SiC) formation by liquid silicon infiltration using optical microscopy

Abstract Optical microscopy and quantitative digital image analysis were used to examine the formation of fully dense, net shape silicon carbide by liquid silicon infiltration (LSI) of porous carbon preforms. By examining the phase distribution and structural changes during the reaction, we identified six reaction stages (I–VI) that describe reaction mechanisms and their time scales. The initial stages (0–15 min) of the LSI reaction include (I) liquid silicon infiltration of the carbon preform, (II) dissolution of carbon, and (III) formation of silicon carbide at the liquid–solid interfacial regions. These initial stages occur simultaneously and very rapidly, and culminate in (IV) the completion of a continuous silicon carbide layer of about 10 μm at every liquid–solid interface. Further reaction can only be achieved by (V) carbon diffusion through this layer. The reaction is essentially complete after ∼120 min. Longer reaction times should be avoided because over-reacting causes (VI) long, thin silicon-filled cracks to develop within the continuous silicon carbide matrix.
Oscillating systems with one variable element

Abstract A passive electrical circuit composed of capacitance, inductance, and resistance in series is analyzed with the condition that the capacitance is caused to change monotonically with time. It is further assumed that dissipative effects are small enough to allow oscillation in the circuit. The changing capacitance produces changes in both the instantaneous frequency and the amplitude of oscillation. Amplitude changes can be related to the energy required to produce the change in capacitance. By causing the capacitance to vary appropriately, the amplitude of oscillation can be maintained constant, even though dissipative effects tend to make it decay. The instantaneous frequency may change considerably, however, under these conditions. Analogous mechanical systems are also considered briefly
Effect of IGFBP-3 on IGF- and IGF-analogue-induced insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGFIR) signalling.

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) binds IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity, at least an order of magnitude higher than the affiniy of the IGFs for the IGFIR. It has been hypothesized that IGFBP-3 inhibits IGF binding to the IGFIR via a mechanism independent of its ability to sequester IGFs. In the present study, we examined the effects of IGFBP-3 and its proteolytic fragments on the initial events of the IGFIR signalling pathway. IGFBP-3 inhibited IGF-I-, IGF-II-, Des(1-3)IGF-I- and Long(R3)IGF-I-induced IGFIR phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner at similar concentration range but not QAYL-induced IGFIR-P. The((1-97))IGFBP-3 fragment was able to inhibit only IGF-I-induced IGFIR-P. The((1-97))IGFBP-3 fragment but not intact IGFBP-3 inhibited insulin-induced IGFIR-P. Monolayer cross-linking with [(125)I]IGFBP-3 indicated that there is no direct interaction of IGFBP-3 with the IGFIR. This study demonstrates that the effect on the initial step of IGFIR signalling by IGFBP-3 is largely due to its ability to sequester IGF and the IGF analogues in the extracellular milieu and not the result of any interaction of IGFBP-3 with the IGFIR or a mechanism independent of its ability to bind IGFs.
Saint Cuthbert and war

Although Saint Cuthbert was not one of the ‘warrior saints’, according to many chroniclers and hagiographers he often played an important role in war. As Cuthbert's legend developed through the twelfth century, it included numerous instances in which he intervened in war to help his own people and to punish his enemies. The most important story appears in several accounts of the Battle of Edington, 878. King Alfred had retreated into the marshes at Athelney, where Saint Cuthbert appeared to him in a dream and exhorted him to fight the Danes. The other cases in which medieval authors tell of Cuthbert's intervention in war are also considered. In the later middle ages, after the saint's narrative tradition was largely completed, a banner of Saint Cuthbert became a most effective ensign and was carried into battle as late as the sixteenth century.
Conjugate Points Revisited and Neumann-Neumann Problems

The theory of conjugate points in the calculus of variations is reconsidered with a perspective emphasizing the connection to finite-dimensional optimization. The object of central importance is the spectrum of the second-variation operator, analogous to the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix in finite dimensions. With a few basic properties of this spectrum, one can gain a new perspective on the classic result that “stability requires the lack of conjugate points.” Furthermore, we show how the spectral perspective allows the extension of the conjugate point approach to variants of the classic problems in the literature, such as problems with Neumann-Neumann boundary conditions.
Costimulation of Chemokine Receptor Signaling by Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Mediates Enhanced Migration of IFN-α Dendritic Cells

Type I IFNs induce differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) with potent Ag-presenting capacity, termed IFN-alpha DCs, that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. In this study, we found that IFN-alpha DCs exhibit enhanced migration across the extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to chemokines CCL3 and CCL5 that recruit DCs to inflammatory sites, but not the lymphoid-homing chemokine CCL21. IFN-alpha DCs expressed elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which mediated increased migration across ECM. Unexpectedly, MMP-9 and its cell surface receptors CD11b and CD44 were required for enhanced CCL5-induced chemotaxis even in the absence of a matrix barrier. MMP-9, CD11b, and CD44 selectively modulated CCL5-dependent activation of JNK that was required for enhanced chemotactic responses. These results establish the migratory phenotype of IFN-alpha DCs and identify an important role for costimulation of chemotactic responses by synergistic activation of JNK. Thus, cell motility is regulated by integrating signaling inputs from chemokine receptors and molecules such as MMP-9, CD11b, and CD44 that also mediate cell interactions with inflammatory factors and ECM.
Coronary flow reserve as an index of cardiac function in mice with cardiovascular abnormalities

Mice are now commonly used as models of human cardiovascular diseases and conditions, but it is challenging to measure blood flow velocity in small vessels such as coronary arteries. Accordingly, we have developed a method using a 2 mm diameter 20 MHz pulsed Doppler probe applied to the chest of anesthetized mice to measure left main coronary blood flow velocity noninvasively. We also found that coronary flow velocity could be increased from baseline (B) to hyperemic (H) levels by changing the concentration of isoflurane gas anesthesia from 1% to 2.5% in oxygen. We used the ratio B/H to estimate coronary flow reserve (CFR) in young, adult, and old mice and in mice with obesity, atherosclerosis, pressure overload hypertrophy, and coronary artery occlusion. We found that B/H increases with age from 2.4 (young) to 3.6 (old) and is decreased to as low as 1.1 by all forms of heart and vascular disease studied. We conclude that CFR can be measured noninvasively and serially in mice as their cardiovascular systems adapt and remodel to various imposed or natural conditions, and that coronary flow reserve may be a good index of overall cardiac function in mice and potentially in man.
Optimizing a Widely Used Protein Structure Alignment Measure in Expected Polynomial Time

Protein structure alignment is an important tool in many biological applications, such as protein evolution studies, protein structure modeling, and structure-based, computer-aided drug design. Protein structure alignment is also one of the most challenging problems in computational molecular biology, due to an infinite number of possible spatial orientations of any two protein structures. We study one of the most commonly used measures of pairwise protein structure similarity, defined as the number of pairs of atoms in two proteins that can be superimposed under a predefined distance cutoff. We prove that the expected running time of a recently published algorithm for optimizing this (and some other, derived measures of protein structure similarity) is polynomial.
Centrioles, in absentia

The centriole is one of the organelles that defines eukaryotes. It was present in the last universal common eukaryotic ancestor ( 1 ), and persists in all major branches of the eukaryotic tree. The centriole nucleates the cilium, which is involved in sensory signaling and in cell motility. In animal cells, the centriole is also the hub of the centrosome, an accumulation of microtubule-nucleating and -organizing proteins that determine the spatial arrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Duplication and segregation of the centrioles are strictly controlled such that each cell begins the cell division cycle with a single pair of centrioles, which duplicate only once and are then segregated on the poles of the mitotic spindle ( 2 ). On page 1155 of this issue, Wong et al. ( 3 ) describe a small-molecule inhibitor of centriole duplication that allowed them to probe the effects of centriole loss. Surprisingly, it appears that some cancer cells can proliferate indefinitely without centrioles, whereas normal cells cannot.
Reliability of the Psychosocial Schedule for School Age Children

The Psychosocial Schedule (PSS) is an instrument derived from several pre-existing rating scales, which was designed to measure and record clinical data (other than the symptoms of the present episode of disorder) which are likely to be relevant to child psychiatric disorder. These data include: developmental and past symptomatic history, demographics, family functioning, and relationships. Reliability was tested by interrater and test-retest designs with mothers of prepubertal children. Overall, the instrument appeared to be quite reliable. Although it is subject to minor modifications, especially for use with adolescents, it is concluded that the PSS is a practical instrument which should be tested now in adolescents, and can be utilized in future studies with prepubertal subjects.