cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jmol SMILES and Jmol SMARTS: specifications and applications

SMILES and SMARTS are two well-defined structure matching languages that have gained wide use in cheminformatics. Jmol is a widely used open-source molecular visualization and analysis tool written in Java and implemented in both Java and JavaScript. Over the past 10 years, from 2007 to 2016, work on Jmol has included the development of dialects of SMILES and SMARTS that incorporate novel aspects that allow new and powerful applications. The specifications of “Jmol SMILES” and “Jmol SMARTS” are described. The dialects most closely resemble OpenSMILES and OpenSMARTS. Jmol SMILES is a superset of OpenSMILES, allowing a freer format, including whitespace and comments, the addition of “processing directives” that modify the meaning of certain aspects of SMILES processing such as aromaticity and stereochemistry, a more extensive treatment of stereochemistry, and several minor additions. Jmol SMARTS similarly adds these same modifications to OpenSMARTS, but also adds a number of additional “primitives” and elements of syntax tuned to matching 3D molecular structures and selecting their atoms. The result is an expansion of the capabilities of SMILES and SMARTS primarily for use in 3D molecular analysis, allowing a broader range of matching involving any combination of 3D molecular structures, SMILES strings, and SMARTS patterns. While developed specifically for Jmol, these dialects of SMILES and SMARTS are independent of the Jmol application itself. Jmol SMILES and Jmol SMARTS add value to standard SMILES and SMARTS. Together they have proven exceptionally capable in extracting valuable information from 3D structural models, as demonstrated in Jmol. Capabilities in Jmol enabled by Jmol SMILES and Jmol SMARTS include efficient MMFF94 atom typing, conformational identification, SMILES comparisons without canonicalization, identification of stereochemical relationships, quantitative comparison of 3D structures from different sources (including differences in Kekulization), conformational flexible fitting, and atom mapping used to synchronize interactive displays of 2D structures, 3D structures, and spectral correlations, where data are being drawn from multiple sources.
Tapeworms, Meat and Man: A Brief Review and Update of Cysticercosis Caused by Taenia Saginata and Taenia Solium.

Three species of tapeworms may be transmitted to man by ingestion of animal flesh: Taenia saginata , Taenia solium , and Diphyllobothrium latum . The first two are the subject of this brief review which concentrates on recent studies in the field and emphasizes concepts of importance in detection, control, and prevention of cysticercosis. T. saginata cysticercosis in beef (beef measles) continues to be a concern in developed countries such as the United States, as well as in developing areas such as East Africa where the infection is widespread. The high standards of meat inspection in the United States have not succeeded in eliminating beef cysticercosis which is seen primarily in feedlot cattle originating in the southwestern U.S. However, it should not be viewed as a strictly regional problem, due to the widespread movement of animals and meat within the United States. Beef cysticercosis is costly due to the special treatment required of infected carcasses; serious effects on human health are rare. In contrast, T. solium cysticercosis in swine (pork measles) is rarely reported in areas such as the U.S., Canada, and most European countries, but is still a definite human health concern in Mexico, some other Latin American nations and parts of Africa and Asia. In addition to being a financial burden, T. solium is a serious public health threat in those countries where it is prevalent.
Eelgrass and Macroalgal Mapping to Develop Nutrient Criteria in New Hampshire's Estuaries using Hyperspectral Imagery

ABSTRACT Pe'eri, S.; Morrison, J.R.; Short, F.; Mathieson, A., and Lippmann, T., 2016. Eelgrass and macroalgal mapping to develop nutrient criteria in New Hampshire's estuaries using hyperspectral imagery. In: Brock, J.C.; Gesch, D.B.; Parrish, C.E.; Rogers, J.N., and Wright, C.W. (eds.), Advances in Topobathymetric Mapping, Models, and Applications. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 76, pp. 209–218. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In recent years, mapping of seagrass beds for assessment of water quality has become more common in the United States and around the world. The static location of seagrass on marine sediments and its sensitivity to light make it a good environmental indicator and an alternative to water sampling of suspended particulates and dissolved matter. The New Hampshire (NH) Department of Environmental Services (DES) adopted the assumption that eelgrass survival could be used as the water quality target for nutrient criteria in NH's estuaries. One of the hypotheses...
Skin sensitizers in cosmetics and beyond: potential multiple mechanisms of action and importance of T-cell assays for in vitro screening

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction induced by repeated contact with sensitizers. The ability of a chemical to act as a sensitizer has most frequently been tested in animals. As the use of animals for these purposes is gradually and globally being phased out, there is a need for reliable in vitro surrogate assays. Currently proposed in vitro assays are designed to test four key events of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) involving covalent modification of self-proteins by sensitizers (haptenation) and presentation of new antigens (hapten/carrier complexes) to the immune system. There appears to be imperfect alignment of in vitro assays with clinical and/or animal data, suggesting possibly additional mechanisms of ACD development. Indeed, studies on allergies to small drugs, small chemical-induced HLA-peptide exchange for vaccination purposes and cosmetic ingredient-induced exposure of autoantigens suggest a possibility of DTH response promotion by hapten/carrier-independent mechanisms. Therefore, there is a need for additional appropriate in vitro assays, in order to achieve maximal concordance between clinical and/or animal data and in vitro assays. In this paper, we will review evidence supporting the idea of diverse mechanisms of ACD development. We will also discuss the impact of these multiple mechanisms, on the AOP and on the in vitro assays that should be used for allergen detection. We will propose alloreactivity-like reactions, aided by computer modeling and biochemical tests of compound-HLA binding, as additional tools for better prediction of DTH reactions, resulting from exposure to ingredients in cosmetic products. The combination of the proposed tests, along with the existing assays, should further enhance animal-free assessment of sensitizing potential of individual chemicals.
Atoms and Light

The poet Louise McNeill wrote quite imaginatively about electrons cascading down their atomic orbits: “Hush”the electrons sing/ Dropping/ Down/ Through their orbits/ From ring/ To glowing ring/ Lower/ And lower/ Hush.”* But she forgot the quantum leap. (Her word “dropping” conveys the notion of continuous movement.) The first triumph of the new quantum theory of the atom came from the analysis of the light emitted by an atom as one of its electrons jumped from a level of higher energy to one of lower energy, which showed clearly the discontinuous discreteness of atomic transitions.
Professional Development Through STEM Integration: How Early Career Math and Science Teachers Respond to Experiencing Integrated STEM Tasks

Teachers often struggle to utilize reform-based teaching strategies in their first few years of teaching for many reasons (Ball, Thames & Phelps, Journal of Teacher Education 59, 389–407, 2008; Berlin & White, International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 8, 97–115, 2010; Frykholm & Glasson, School Science and Mathematics 105, 127–141, 2005; Lederman & Lederman, Science Teacher Education 24, 1237–1240, 2013). An important part of teachers’ learning to implement these pedagogically ambitious strategies is for teachers to experience learning themselves through an immersive experience in the new strategy (Louks-Horsley, Stiles, Mundry, Love & Hewson, Designing professional development for teachers of science and mathematics, 2010). Building on this body of research and a host of recent national education standards documents, this paper explores the various dispositions early career high school science and math teachers from across the USA demonstrate when engaging together as learners in integrated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) tasks. Embedded within a multi-year professional development program, teachers were engaged in two integrated STEM tasks during two separate professional development experiences. Following the tasks, teachers responded to writing prompts asking them to reflect on their experience during the tasks. Analysis of the reflections about the integrated STEM tasks fell into two broad categories of dispositions: engager and observer. The data suggest various strategies for professional development providers who are interested in providing professional development focused on integrated STEM instruction.
A study on super capacitor wayside connection for energy recuperation in electric rail systems

A key solution to reduce energy consumption of electric rail systems is via reusing the energy regenerated during vehicle braking. One way to reuse this energy is by storing it in a wayside energy storage system, and reusing it when needed. Generally, there are two common ways to connect energy storage systems: direct connection (passive) and connection through a bidirectional converter (active). The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of wayside energy storage systems with passive and active connection to the electric rail system for energy recuperation. In this study, the focus has been on super capacitor as the energy storage medium, since it is a rapidly growing technology that is being deployed in different electric rail systems all around the word.
Macroscopic Quantum Tunnelling and Related Effects in Josephson Systems

These lectures discuss the possibility of using Josephson systems (current-biased junctions and SQUID rings) to examine the validity of the concept of superposition of states with macroscopically different properties. In particular, I examine the phenomena of “macroscopic quantum tunnelling” (the macroscopic analogue of the decay of a heavy nucleus by alpha-emission) and “macroscopic quantum coherence” (the analogue of the inversion resonance of the NH3 molecule), paying special attention to the question of the influence of dissipation on these phenomena. The experimental situation with regard to tunnelling is briefly reviewed.
Loss of Function of Canonical Notch Signaling Drives Head and Neck Carcinogenesis

Purpose: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a common cancer worldwide, is etiologically associated with tobacco use, high alcohol consumption, and high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV). The Notch signaling pathway, which is involved in cell differentiation decisions with differential downstream targets and effects depending on tissue type and developmental stage, has been implicated in human HNSCC. NOTCH1 is among the most frequently mutated genes in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC. These mutations are predicted to inactivate the function of Notch. Other studies have argued the opposite—Notch signaling is increased in HNSCC. Experimental Design: To assess the role of Notch signaling in HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC, we utilized genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models for conventional keratinizing HNSCC, in which either HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins or a gain-of-function mutant p53 are expressed, and in which we inactivated canonical Notch signaling via expression of a dominant negative form of MAML1 (DNMAML1), a required transcriptional coactivator of Notch signaling. Results: Loss of canonical Notch signaling increased tumorigenesis in both contexts and also caused an increase in nuclear β-catenin, a marker for increased tumorigenic potential. When combined with loss of canonical Notch signaling, HPV oncogenes led to the highest frequency of cancers overall and the largest number of poorly differentiated (high-grade) cancers. Conclusions: These findings inform on the contribution of loss of canonical Notch signaling in head and neck carcinogenesis. Clin Cancer Res; 1–11. ©2018 AACR.
The End is Not the Injury: Posttraumatic Growth After Sport Injuries

This quantitative study explored whether serious injuries in varsity high school or collegiate athletes could produce Posttraumatic Growth (PTG). The impact of injury (season- or career-ending) and an athlete’s highest level of competition played (varsity high school or collegiate) were examined on five elements on the 2-item Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI): (1) relating to others, (2) new possibilities, (3) personal strength, (4) spiritual change, and (5) appreciation of life. This study provides evidence that sport level does not impact an athlete’s ability to produce PTG and bring awareness to trauma and the role PTG can have in an athlete’s life.
Abstracts From the Proceedings of the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology (CREOG) and Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO)

The mission of the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO) is to promote excellence in women's health care by providing optimal resources and support to educators who inspire, instruct, develop, and empower women's health care providers of tomorrow. Each year, APGO holds a joint meeting with the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology, which focuses on improving medical education for students and residents studying women's health. The 2012 meeting entitled “Embracing Transitions in Healthcare: Educating for Tomorrow, Today” was held March 7 to 10, 2012, in Orlando, Florida, and exhibited a wide variety of abstracts and breakout sessions, including the first annual Film Festival featuring videos for learners related to teaching procedural, clinical, and educational skills. The main plenary sessions included David Irby, PhD, from UCSF School of Medicine, whose address “Rethinking How We Educate Physicians Across the Continuum” focused on the sweeping changes occurrin...
A Panoptic Approach to Information Policy: Utilizing a More Balanced Theory of Property in Order to Ensure the Existence of a Prodigious Public Domain

Public access to ideas and information is critically important to creativity, competition, innovation, and a democratic culture. Nonetheless, material that belongs in the public domain is increasingly being transformed into private property. Data which was once freely available has become inaccessible as a result of legislatively or judicially sanctioned technological and contractual constraints.This is due in large part to the fact that lawmakers promulgating legislation and judges resolving disputes concerning data have failed to adequately take into account the multi-dimensional problems involved in controversies concerning access to ideas and information. The focus is often inappropriately centered on the tangible property within which the information is contained, such as a software program or a computer server. Once an owner of such personal property is ascertained, all of the conventional attributes of ownership are normally granted, including the right to exclude. Furthermore, almost insurmountable obstacles are faced by any other party whose interests might be affected by such a declaration of property rights, as the burden almost always falls on these other parties to explain why the previously identified owner's rights should be limited. Such a myopic view of property rights allows for the tight control of access to and use of information contained within the tangible property. Although in certain circumstances this generally unrestricted power may seem reasonable, usually it is not.The traditional model of ownership lacks the necessary flexibility to recognize the context within which such data related disputes occur and the impact such decisions may have upon prospective users of material that arguably belongs in the public domain. Moreover, it also fails to adequately acknowledge that the way in which we structure property rights is reflective of the type of society we wish to create and the values we find important. We therefore need to adopt a more appropriate theoretical framework to evaluate conflicts that may result in the contraction of the public domain.Despite the inherent limitations of applying tangible property concepts to the information technology setting, a variation of the entitlement theory of ownership would appear to be the basis for a workable heuristic. This model shifts the inquiry away from determining an absolute owner of property to instead identifying the competing interests of all parties with legitimate claims to the property in question. In the case of controversies concerning ideas and information that potentially affect the public domain, such an approach would ensure that judges and policy makers give more comprehensive attention to the various interests involved, while also recognizing the role that property law plays in shaping social relations and the marketplace.
Predicting Post LVAD Acute Severe Right Heart Failure Using Bayesian Analysis

Purpose Right heart failure (RHF) continues to be a major adverse event post LVAD implantation. The risk of developing RHF post implant is multifactorial and difficult to predict. We have previously published Bayesian models to predict early and late RHF. In this analysis, we focused on pre-operative variables that predicted severe acute RHF as defined in INTERMACS as 'need for RVAD following LVAD or death during the VAD implants hospitalization with RHF as the primary cause'. Methods We used INTERMACS data from continuous flow LVADs from 2012-2016 (n=2,661). The model using pre-implant variables was made using Tree Augmented Naive Bayes Analysis (GeNie) and predictors ranked by their diagnostic value. The impact of these variables on each other as well as the final outcome (RHF) were noted. Results Post LVAD implantation, severe acute RHF was noted in 126 patients (4.7%). Vast majority of patients in INTERMACS were males (80%) with over 50% patients implanted as destination therapy. 34 pre-implant variables, including both modifiable and non-modifiable, were found to impact the risk of post-implant acute severe RHF. (Figure 1) Key factors included INTERMACS Profile, major clinical event pre-implant (ECMO, IABP, mechanical ventilation), inotropes, platelets, albumin and AST. The performance assessment using areas under the curve ROC was 0.79 for the derived model. Conclusion By using a Bayesian approach, we explored pre-implant factors that were predictive of post-operative acute severe RHF. This would allow further risk stratification for patients undergoing LVAD implantation.
Your Institution: Growing Within

In this chapter, we will explore the idea of growth and leadership positions within an institution. This is growth within your own context, where you are not only leading your own team as a scientist but you are also becoming a leader of other leaders. In the socioecological model described in chapter “ The Framework for this Book: The Socioecological Model,” these are the second (and third) circles of context around the individual (ME).
Relationships Between Radiation Exposure Dose, Time, and Projection in Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Studies

Purpose Clinicians are trained to rely on radiation exposure time as an indicator of patient radiation exposure in Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Studies (VFSSs). However, it has been shown in other medical uses of fluoroscopy that dose area product (DAP), the amount of radiation delivered to the patient, is a better indicator of overall patient radiation exposure than radiation exposure time. This study sought to understand the relationship of DAP in VFSSs with radiation exposure time and projection used (lateral vs. posterior-anterior [PA]). Method DAP, radiation exposure time, and projection were recorded in 200 adults undergoing clinically indicated VFSSs conducted in accordance with the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile guidelines. Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation and related sample Wilcoxon test. Results DAP and radiation exposure time did not correlate significantly in the lateral or upper PA projections. DAP was significantly higher in the PA compared to lateral projection (p < .01); however, time was shorter in PA versus lateral (p < .01). The average mGy-cm2 per second was 7 for lateral projections, 14 for upper PA projections, 17 for middle PA projections, and 34 for lower PA projections. Conclusions Radiation exposure time and DAP do not strongly correlate across VFSSs. Specifically, this means that 1 patient can have a low radiation exposure time with a high DAP relative to another person with a higher radiation exposure time but a lower DAP. The results of this study question the common clinical practice of using time (specifically the 5-min indicator) as a threshold for radiation exposure during a VFSSs.
The Effectiveness of Fluoroscopically Guided Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Radicular Pain; a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective Determine the effectiveness of fluoroscopically guided cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection (CTFESI) for the treatment of radicular pain. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Subjects Persons aged ≥18 years with cervical radicular pain due to disc herniation or degenerative spondylosis. Comparison Sham, placebo procedure, or active standard of care treatment, excluding alternative versions of epidural steroid injection. Outcomes The primary outcome measure was patient-reported improvement in pain of at least 50% from baseline, assessed four or more weeks after the treatment intervention. Secondary outcomes included validated functional assessment tools and avoidance of spinal surgery. Methods Randomized or nonrandomized comparative studies and nonrandomized studies without internal control were included. Three reviewers independently assessed publications in the Medline, PubMed, and Cochrane databases up to July 2018. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to evaluate risk of bias and overall quality of evidence. A meta-analysis was conducted for comparative measures of effect and for within-group response rates if applicable. Results There were no studies with an internal comparison group (control group) meeting the review's definition of comparison group. Therefore, comparative measures of effect were not calculated. In cohort studies, pooled response rates were 48% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 34-61%) at one month and 55% (95% CI = 45-64%) at three months. Conclusions Approximately 50% of patients experience ≥50% pain reduction at short- and intermediate-term follow-up after CTFESI. However, the literature is very low quality according the GRADE criteria, primarily due to a lack of studies with placebo/sham or active standard of care control comparison groups.
Explore uncooled quantum dots/graphene nanohybrid infrared detectors based on quantum dots/graphene heterostructures

Heterojunction nanohybrids based on low-dimension semiconductors, including colloidal quantum dots (QDs) and 2D atomic materials (graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, etc) provide a fascinating platform to design of new photonic and optoelectronic devices that take advantages of the enhanced light-solid interaction attributed to their strong quantum confinement and superior charge mobility for uncooled photodetectors with a high gain up to 1010. In these heterojunction nanohybrids, the van der Waals (vdW) interface plays a critical role in controlling the optoelectronic process including exciton dissociation by the interface built-in field that drives the follow-up charge injection and transport to graphene. In this paper, we present our recent progress in development of such heterostructures nanohybrids for uncooled infrared detectors including PbS and FeS2 QDs/graphene and 2D vdW heterostructures MoTe2/Graphene/SnS2 and GaTe/InSe. We have found that nonstoichiometric Fe1–xS2 QDs (x = 0.01–0.107) with strong localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) can have much enhanced absorption in broadband from ultraviolet to short-wave infrared (SWIR, 1–3 μm). Consequently, the LSPR Fe1–xS2 QDs/graphene heterostructure photodetectors exhibit extraordinary photoresponsivity in exceeding 4.32 ×106 A/W and figure-of-merit detectivity D* < 7.50 ×1012 Jones in the broadband of UV–Vis–SWIR at room temperature. The 2D vdW heterostructures allows novel designs of interface band alignments with uncooled NIR-SWIR D* up to 1012 Jones. These results illustrate that the heterostructure nanohybrids provide a promising pathway for low-cost, printable and flexible infrared detectors and imaging systems.
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders

Patients with epilepsy (also known as seizure disorder) are at significant risk of perioperative complications and require treatment optimization by the medical consultant. New onset seizures in patients without known epilepsy are more likely in certain clinical circumstances or in the setting of particular surgical procedures, and thus it is important for the medical consultant to know how to recognize and manage this occurrence.
Electrocautery Induced Damage of Total Knee Implants.

Abstract Background Pitting damage on implants has been reported and attributed to the use of electrocautery. This study aimed to determine how different total knee arthroplasty bearing surfaces are susceptible to this type of damage and whether surgeons are aware that this damage can occur. Methods A survey was sent to Hip and Knee Society members to determine what percentage of adult reconstructive surgeons use electrocautery after implantation of components. Three bearing surfaces for total knee arthroplasty were selected: cobalt chromium, Oxinium, and zirconium nitride to be damaged by electrocautery with a monopolar (MP) and bipolar (BP) electrocautery with 3 different energy settings. A comparison of surface damage using scanning electron microscopy and elemental differences using energy dispersion spectroscopy was performed. Average roughness (Ra), maximal peak-to-valley height (Rz), kurtosis (Rk), and skewness (Rsk) were recorded for comparison using a profilometer was performed. Results Median Rz and Ra measurements were larger for BP damaged areas compared to MP for all bearing surfaces. The Oxinium surface had the greatest increase in roughness parameters. Survey results indicate that a significant percentage of adult reconstructive surgeons use the electrocautery after implants are in place and are not aware of this type of damage. Backscatter scanning electron microscopy analysis found significant changes for BP damage compared to MP. Conclusion Surface damage caused by electrocautery can have significant effects on the bearing surfaces of implants but further study needs to be performed to determine if this is a clinical issue. Our survey determined that many arthroplasty experts are unaware that this damage can occur.
Does firm payout policy affect shareholders’ dissatisfaction with directors?

In this study we investigate the information content of firm payout policy to shareholders. We focus on the association between a firm’s payout policy and shareholders’ satisfaction with board directors, as expressed by the percentage of negative or withheld votes for directors during annual elections (shareholders’ dissent voting). We fill a gap in the literature by using shareholders’ voting results in the election of board members at annual meeting as a setting to examine shareholder perception of firms’ payout policies. We find that higher share repurchase and/or higher dividend payout are associated with lower shareholders’ dissenting votes. We also find that such relationship is conditional on the level of free cash flow, firm future performance, the degree of management entrenchment, and the type of institutional investors. Our study contributes to the payout literature by providing empirical evidence that shows the outcome of shareholders’ votes in director elections may be influenced by the board of directors’ payout decisions.
When robots lie a comparison of auto-defamation law

Communicating false information that harms the reputation of an individual or entity creates legal liability for the injuries incurred. Defamation is handled very differently, however, in America than overseas, particularly when the offending communication is networked. As a robotic future becomes increasingly present, the way in which legal systems will respond when robots lie presents a pressing social question. This article provides a background of the subject, compares various defamation laws, and lays forth a set of important questions that will need answers and hinge on the design and capability of robotic systems.
Pie-Crusting Capsulotomy Provides Similar Visualization With Increased Repair Stiffness Compared With a T-Capsulotomy: A Biomechanical Study.

Purpose To compare the area of visualization, capsular stiffness, and strength between the pie-crusting capsulotomy technique and the T-capsulotomy technique following repair. Methods Eight matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric hips (n = 16) were divided to either T-capsulotomy or pie-crusting capsulotomy followed by subsequent repair. The area of visualization was measured for all capsulotomy states using a digitizing probe. Hips were then distracted along the iliofemoral ligament in the intact, extended capsulotomy, and repair states. Afterwards, specimens were externally rotated to failure. Results An average force of 250.1 ± 16.1 N was required to distract intact hips to 6 mm. Both extended capsulotomy techniques reduced the force required to distract the hip 6 mm with no statistical difference between the two (T-capsulotomy [T-cap] = 114.3 ± 63.4 N vs pie-capsulotomy [Pie-cap] = 170.1 ± 38.8 N), P = .07. Subsequent repair of the extended capsulotomies demonstrated the pie-crust capsulotomy required significantly greater force to reach 6 mm of distraction than those with a repaired T-capsulotomy (T-cap = 165.04 ± 40.43N vs Pie-cap = 204.43 ± 10.13N), P = .03. There was no significant difference in ultimate torque to failure between the 2 techniques (T-cap = 22.0 ± 7.41 N·m vs Pie-cap = 27.01 ± 11.13 N·m), P = .28. Visualization significantly increased with each extended capsulotomy, with an average increase of 62% (P Conclusions The pie-crusting technique maintained similar strength and increased stiffness to the T-capsulotomy following repair while using less suture. Both techniques provided similar visualization. Clinically, the pie-crusting technique provides an alternative to the T-capsulotomy with similar biomechanical and visual outcomes. Clinical Relevance Visualization during hip arthroscopy can be difficult with large cam morphology. Techniques to improve visualization while restoring the native biomechanics of the hip as best as possible are important.
The Effects of Traditional Cigarette and E-Cigarette Tax Rates on Adult Tobacco Product Use

We study the effects of traditional cigarette and e-cigarette taxes on use of these products among adults in the United States. Data are drawn from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and National Health Interview Survey over the period 2011 to 2018. Using two-way fixed effects models, we find evidence that higher traditional cigarette tax rates reduce adult traditional cigarette use and increase adult e-cigarette use. Similarly, we find that higher e-cigarette tax rates increase traditional cigarette use and reduce e-cigarette use. Cross-tax effects imply that the products are economic substitutes. Our results suggest that a proposed national e-cigarette tax of $1.65 per milliliter of vaping liquid would raise the proportion of adults who smoke cigarettes daily by approximately one percentage point, translating to 2.5 million extra adult daily smokers compared to the counterfactual of not having the tax.
Why We Should Treat COVID-19 Long Hauler Syndromes with Convalescent Plasma; Contained Suppressive Exosomes are Likely COVID Antigen-Specific

There have been numerous very disappointing results of Convalescent Plasma Therapy (CPT) in active infections with COVID-19 virus, raises a question of how to account for this, given the huge history of seeming benefit of CPT in a variety of infectious diseases over more than the past 100 years. We propose the following as a possible explanation, based on our experimental evidence. In CPT there is a collision between developed desirable viral resistance promoting hyper-immune antibodies and undesirable convalescent exosomes antigen (Ag)-specifically suppressing cellular immune responses stimulated by the prior now recovered acute viral disease. These inhibiting exosomes, that act to suppress Ag presenting cells and anti-COVID-19-Ag-specific effector T cells, are appropriate to convalescence, but when given early in infection may interfere with endogenous early developing profitable cellular immune anti-viral responses. To account for the high incidence of the Long Haulers post COVID patients, we postulate that these are due to immune reactivity to Ag remnants of the virus and not residual infection. These are postulated to held by and augmented by remnants of highly pathogenetic neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We propose that CPT with its content of potential broadly COVID Ag-specific suppressive exosomes be considered for possible effective treatment of the COVID-19 Long Hauler Syndromes. This certainly is so compared to the purported value of therapy with vaccines, as the diverse Ag-specific extracellular vesicles in the convalescent plasma would be an inhibitory influence on multiple COVID Ag-specific responses, beyond just to the spike protein of the virus.
Common reading as a foundation for interprofessional education

Abstract A common reading as an educational strategy occurs frequently within the liberal arts; less so as part of interprofessional education (IPE) with students from health professions. In this paper we describe the development and implementation of an IPE common reading experience (ICRE). After the ICRE students will be able to 1. Interact with individuals of other professions while maintaining a climate of mutual respect and shared values 2. Recognize how others skills and knowledge complement and overlap with their own 3. Apply principles of effective communication 4. Demonstrate awareness of team dynamics and relationship building by valuing IP team members contributions. Over 200 students from seven health professional programs participated. Outcomes were assessed using items from the W(e)Learn Interprofessional Program Assessment and the Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Scale (ICCAS). Students reported a positive experience and significant differences in pre and post scores on ICCAS items related to learner objectives.
Using TrackMate to Analyze Drosophila Larval and Adult Locomotion

Drosophila adult and larvae exhibit sophisticated behaviors that are widely used in development, synaptic transmission, sensory physiology, and learning and memory research. Many of these behaviors depend on locomotion, the ability of an animal to move. However, the statistical analysis of locomotion is not trivial. Here we use an open-source Fiji plugin TrackMate to track the locomotion of Drosophila adults and larvae. We build optimal experimental setups to rapidly process recordings by Fiji and analyze by TrackMate. We also provide tips for analyzing non-optimal recordings. TrackMate extracts the X and Y positions of an animal on each frame of an image sequence or a video. This information allows for generating moving trajectories, calculating moving distances, and determining preference indices in two-choice assays. Notably, this free-cost analysis method does not require programming skills. Summary statementThis study uses an open-source Fiji plugin TrackMate to computationally analyze Drosophila adult and larval behavioral assays, which does not require programming skills.
Genome Resources for the Ex-type of Phytophthora citricola, and well-authenticated isolates of P. hibernalis, P. nicotianae and P. syringae.

Phytophthora is one of the most important genera of plant pathogens with many members causing high economic losses world-wide. To build robust molecular identification systems, it is very important...
Parallel Computing and Order-N Methods

Parallel computing will become increasingly important in the coming decade, its growth will be determined by the benefit obtained for the required recoding, which varies widely. The cost effectiveness of CMOS-RISC microprocessors will accelerate the growth of parallel computing by making more Unix processors available for parallel utilization. Algorithms well suited to the exploitation of the medium granularity of the parallel computers available in the 90s, can dramatically increase the utility of electronic-structure calculations for both science and materials engineering. This paper attempts to characterizx the forces that will determine the type of computers available to us in this decade and presents an example of the type of algorithm which is well suited to such computers.
Statistical and Deformable Model Approaches to the Segmentation of MR Imagery and Volume Estimation of Stroke Lesions

We propose two 3D methods to segment magnetic resonance imagery (MRI) of ischemic stroke patients into lesion and background, and hence to estimate lesion volumes. The first is a hierarchical, regularized method based on classical statistics that produces a rigorous confidence interval for lesion volume. This approach requires a limited amount of user interaction to initialize, but this step can be time-consuming. The second method integrates the first into the deformable models framework. This hybrid approach combines intensity-based information provided by the statistical method and shape-based information given by the deformable model. It also requires less initialization than the statistical method. Both procedures have been tested on real MR data, with volume estimates within 20% of those derived from doctors' hand segmentations. According to the physicians with whom we are working, these results are clinically useful to evaluate stroke therapies.
Protoarray analysis reveals novel autoantigens targeted by autoantibodies associated with DNA-repair pathway in systemic erythematosus lupus (HUM2P.330)

Systemic erythematosus lupus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by presence of autoantibodies (autoAbs) against a broad spectrum of self-antigens. In order to identify novel autoAbs associated with SLE, we utilized a Protoarray bearing 9,500 antigens to screen IgG and IgM autoAbs in sera of SLE patients. 446 IgG and 1218 IgM autoAbs were identified to be significantly elevated in SLE patients compared with healthy controls (p<0.05). Protoarray revealed not only the previously described autoAbs such as antibodies against dsDNA, SSA/SSB, Histone and Sm/RNP, but also uncovered autoAbs against a broad range of novel antigens including 151 nuclear-associated antigens and 150 cytoplasma or membrane-associated antigens. The Protoarray results were further validated by ELISA in a larger cohort of SLE patients and controls. Besides, 65 of the IgG autoAb-targeted proteins were also disregulated in SLE on mRNA level by microarray analysis. Pathway analysis recognized significant enrichment of antigens involved in cell proliferation and DNA repair pathways which were targeted by IgG autoAbs including APEX1, AURKA, CSNK1G1, EIF2C1, HMGB1, IFIT5, MAPKAPK3, PADI4, PRKRA, RALGPS1, UBE2S and VRK1. The elevated IgG autoAbs to APEX1 and other proteins in the pathway may reflect the compromised DNA-repair activity during DNA replication in SLE. In conclusion, identification of novel autoAbs by protoarray may shed light on some of the pathogenic pathways leading to disease in SLE.
The Informative Role of Subsidies

This paper investigates the effect of monopoly subsidies on entry deterrence. We consider a potential entrant who observes two signals: the subsidy set by the regulator and the output level produced by the incumbent firm. We show that not only an informative equilibrium can be supported, where information about the incumbent's costs is conveyed to the entrant, but also an uninformative equilibrium, where the actions of regulator and incumbent conceal the monopolist's type, thus deterring entry. While the regulator?s role can support entry-deterrence practices, we demonstrate that his presence is nonetheless welfare improving. Furthermore, we compare equilibrium welfare relative to two benchmarks: complete information environments, and standard entry-deterrence games where the regulator is absent.
Effects of caffeine on maternal repair systems in Drosophila melanogaster. Concentration-dependent reversals of the effects of caffeine on chromosome loss and autosome-autosome translocations induced by x-rays in the paternal genome.

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster females were treated with 1% caffeine, mated with X-rayed males and the frequencies of induced sex-chromosome loss, translocations between the major autosomes and between the Y-chromosome and the major autosomes determined. In a reversal of the results obtained previously with 0.2% caffeine by Mendelson and Sobels, treatment of females with 1% caffeine led to a decrease in sex-chromosome loss, confirming preliminary data of Zimmering and Osgood and an increase in autosome-autosome translocations. It is suggested that the higher concentration of caffeine inhibits replication permitting more time available for chromosomes-type restitutions by means of caffeine-insensitive repair mechanisms. In contrast with results for autosome-autosome translocation, the frequency of Y-autosome translocations was depressed below controls suggesting an isolation (by any one of several means) of Y-chromosome breaks from those in the autosomes.
Radiation hydrodynamics with dimitri, ZEUS, and Athena

Progress in the development and application of numerical algorithms for multidimensional radiation hydrodynamics is described. This includes a full‐transport algorithm using operator splitting implemented in the ZEUS‐2D code in the late 1980s, a three‐dimensional flux‐limited diffusion module using operator splitting implemented in the ZEUS code in the late 1990s, and most recently the development of a full‐transport radiation hydrodynamic algorithm for higher‐order Godunov methods, as implemented in the Athena code in the last few years. These algorithms have been developed primarily to study the dynamics of accretion disks around compact objects, and selected results from these applications are described. Adding radiation to Godunov methods without operator splitting is a significant challenge, and the techniques being developed for Athena are still being tested. However, they promise improved accuracy over current methods. This work would not have been possible without Dimitri Mihalas’s inspiration and guidance during my PhD thesis, and I briefly recount some of the ways Dimitri has influenced my career.
iPadagogy 101: Using Clinical ORthopedic Exam (C.O.R.E.) to Facilitate Evidence-Based Practice in the Orthopaedic Evaluation Classroom

Evidence-based practice (EBP) and educational technology have become fundamental skills within athletic training programs. The objective of this article is to share experiences implementing clinica...
Prolonged storage effects on the articular cartilage of fresh human osteochondral allografts.

Background: Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation is a well-established technique for the treatment of cartilage defects of the knee. It is believed that the basic paradigm of the technique is that the transplantation of viable chondrocytes maintains the articular cartilage matrix over time. Allograft tissue is typically transplanted up to forty-two days after the death of the donor, but it is unknown how the conditions and duration of storage affect the properties of fresh human osteochondral allografts. This study examined the quality of human allograft cartilage as a function of storage for a duration of one, seven, fourteen, and twenty-eight days. We hypothesized that chondrocyte viability, chondrocyte metabolic activity, and the biochemical and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage would remain unchanged after storage for twenty-eight days. Methods: Sixty osteochondral plugs were harvested from ten fresh human femoral condyles within forty-eight hours after the death of the donor and were stored in culture medium at 4°C. At one, seven, fourteen, and twenty-eight days after harvest, the osteochondral plugs were analyzed for (1) viability and viable cell density by confocal microscopy, (2) proteoglycan synthesis by quantification of 35SO4 incorporation, (3) glycosaminoglycan content, (4) indentation stiffness, (5) compressive modulus and hydraulic permeability by static and dynamic compression testing, and (6) tensile modulus by equilibrium tensile testing. Results: Chondrocyte viability and viable cell density remained unchanged after storage for seven and fourteen days (p > 0.7) and then declined at twenty-eight days (p 0.1) and then declined at fourteen days (p 0.8), indentation stiffness (p > 0.4), compressive modulus (p > 0.05), permeability (p > 0.3), or equilibrium tensile modulus after storage for twenty-eight days (p > 0.9). Conclusions: These data demonstrate that fresh human osteochondral allograft tissue stored for more than fourteen days undergoes significant decreases in chondrocyte viability, viable cell density, and metabolic activity, with preservation of glycosaminoglycan content and biomechanical properties. The cartilage matrix is preserved during storage for twenty-eight days, but the chondrocytes necessary to maintain the matrix after transplantation decreased over that time-period. Clinical Relevance: Fresh osteochondral allografting is well established and increasingly used, but little information is available about the changes in the tissue that occur during storage over a period of time. Surgeons who perform fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation should understand the consequences of prolonged storage on the quality of the graft.
Wireless laptop check-out

In this paper, I describe the strategies used to plan, implement and promote Idaho State University's wireless laptop check-out initiative.From July 2001 to August 2001, Idaho State University installed wireless access points in five buildings. Thirty laptops were purchased for student check-out and divided between three check-out locations: Eli Obler Library Computer Lab, Computer Center Computer Lab and the Student Union Information Desk.From August 2001 to May 2002, the check-out program has served nearly 2,000 students with over 16,000 check-outs. The second semester of implementation saw nearly triple the number of students and check-outs than the first semester.During this first year of implementation, we added more access points to cover various outdoor locations and installed the necessary infrastructure at the ISU Idaho Falls Center, adding three more buildings to the wireless network and an additional check-out location.
In response to R.E. Roux et al (2006) the longest surviving patient with classical maple syrup urine disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 29:190-194.

I read this paper with great and personal interest. Should the title be changed to “a long” instead of “the longest”? My own experience is that of a child born in June 1959 and started on treatment at 17 days of age. This patient is still living at the present age of 47 years. We delayed publication until 1964 for further investigation in subsequent cases (Snyderman et al 1964). Not only was this case significant for the first successful treatment but also for the emergence of new information: the neurotoxicity of leucine; the origin of the hallmark odour caused by a derivative of isoleucine; and