cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of pH on serotonin metabolism by rat tissue homogenates.

Abstract The metabolism of serotonin by rat tissue homogenates at varying pH levels has been investigated. Liver and brain preparations showed greatest serotoninmetabolizing activity at slightly alkaline levels, pH 8.1, while heart and kidney homogenates exhibited highest activity at pH 9.5. In the presence of an inhibitor of mono-amine oxidase, all preparations were effectively blocked at pH 7.4, but almost no protection against the disappearance of serotonin was present at pH 9.5 with the heart and kidney preparations. KCN, which did not affect serotonin metabolism at physiological levels of pH, inhibited considerably the activity of kidney and heart preparations. It is concluded that under the conditions of these experiments two enzyme systems are involved in the metabolism of serotonin. One, which is most active in liver and brain, is monoamine oxidase. The other, most active in heart and kidney, is a cyanide-sensitive enzyme which probably acts on the hydroxyl group of serotonin.
Association between depression severity and amygdala reactivity during sad face viewing in depressed preschoolers: An fMRI study

Background Previous research has indicated that symptom severity and amygdala reactivity during the viewing of facial expressions of emotion are related in depression. However, it remains unclear how early in development this can be detected.
FATE MAPPING MULTI-FOCUS PHENOTYPES

A central assumption used in the genetic fate mapping of anatomical sites responsible for certain mutationally induced abnormalities is that a single pair of bilaterally symmetric sites on the blastoderm gives rise to structures that control the expression of that abnormality. We report a new model that is not so constrained and test its efficacy in the analysis of several mutations that induce behavioral abnormalities.
Architecting kits for reuse

Our work on systematic domain-specific reuse has led to the notion of domain-specific kits, comprised of compatible, domain-specific components, frameworks and glue languages, and supported by a variety of tools. A key element of a successful kit is a flexible, open architecture. We discuss guidelines, methods and technologies that lead to more effective kits. >
Estimating when and how words are acquired: A natural experiment on the development of the mental lexicon

Purpose Sensitivity of subjective estimates of age of acquisition (AOA) and acquisition channel (AC; printed, spoken, signed) to differences in word exposure within and between populations that dif...
The Angiogenic Factor Cyr61 Activates a Genetic Program for Wound Healing in Human Skin Fibroblasts

Cyr61 is a heparin-binding, extracellular matrix-associated protein of the CCN family, which also includes connective tissue growth factor, Nov, WISP-1, WISP-2, and WISP-3. Cyr61 is capable of multiple functions, including induction of angiogenesis in vivo. Purified Cyr61 mediates cell adhesion and induces adhesive signaling, stimulates cell migration, enhances cell proliferation, and promotes cell survival in both fibroblasts and endothelial cells. In this study, we have used cDNA array hybridization to identify genes regulated by Cyr61 in primary human skin fibroblasts. The Cyr61-regulated genes fall into several groups known to participate in processes important for cutaneous wound healing, including: 1) angiogenesis and lymphogenesis (VEGF-A and VEGF-C); 2) inflammation (interleukin-1β); 3) extracellular matrix remodeling (MMP1, MMP3, TIMP1, uPA, and PAI-1); and 4) cell-matrix interactions (Col1α1, Col1α2, and integrins α3 and α5). Cyr61-mediated gene expression requires heparin binding activity of Cyr61, cellular de novo transcription, and protein synthesis and is largely dependent on the activation of p42/p44 MAPKs. Cyr61 regulates gene expression not only in serum-free medium but also in fibroblasts cultured on various matrix proteins or in the presence of 10% serum. These effects of Cyr61 can be sustained for at least 5 days, consistent with the time course of wound healingin vivo. Interestingly, Cyr61 can interact with transforming growth factor-β1 to regulate expression of specific genes in an antagonistic, additive, or synergistic manner. Furthermore, we show that the Cyr61 gene is highly induced in dermal fibroblasts of granulation tissue during cutaneous wound repair. Together, these results show that Cyr61 is inducibly expressed in granulation tissues after wounding and that Cyr61 activates a genetic program for wound repair in skin fibroblasts. We propose a model in which Cyr61 integrates its activities on endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages to regulate the processes of angiogenesis, inflammation, and matrix remodeling in the context of cutaneous wound healing.
How mothers influence the development of litter-mate preferences in Belding's ground squirrels

We performed three experiments to examine the role of mothers in the development of litter-mate preferences in captive juvenile Belding's ground squirrels, Spermophilus beldingi. First, when observed in the absence of mothers, juveniles did not play preferentially with litter-mates, which suggests that mothers somehow influence the ontogeny of litter-mate preferences. Second, when mothers were present but unable to intervene in social interactions, juveniles displayed litter-mate preferences, which suggests that mothers do not influence their offsprings' social development by directly intervening in social interactions. In another group, mothers were removed daily, a few hours before nocturnal immergence, and returned the following morning. Juveniles in this group did not display litter-mate preferences and at night they occupied burrows with many more non-litter-mates than litter-mates. These results suggest that associating with non-litter-mates can compromise the development of litter-mate preferences, and implies that mothers indirectly influence social development by affecting the identities of sleeping partners. Third, newly emergent juveniles that interacted only with litter-mates for 3 days in the absence of mothers subsequently preferred litter-mates over non-litter-mates as play partners. This result demonstrates that once litter-mate preferences are instilled, due in part to social experiences during juveniles' initial days above-ground, the preferences are expressed even in the absence of mothers. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the presence of S. beldingi mothers is important to juvenile social development, but that mothers do not actively direct the ontogeny of their offsprings' social relationships. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS AS DECISION AIDS: DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH*

Computer-generated graphics are becoming increasingly available to decision makers. Despite claims on the part of vendors that the use of graphics will improve decision speed and quality over traditional methods of data display, the available evidence is far from supportive. Initial studies show graphics to be no more effective in communicating information than tables. Correct interpretation of graphical displays appears to require training, which most users lack. Furthermore, there is evidence that those features that make a graph visually attractive—such as color, design complexity, and realism—may actually detract from accurate comprehension. This paper summarizes the literature dealing with the human use of graphics, develops several propositions based on persistent trends in the literature, and suggests directions for future research.
A study of charge, energy and angular momentum transfer in the 56Fe + 197Au and 56Fe + 107, 109Ag reactions at 7.2 and 8.3 MeV/nucleon

Abstract Kinetic energy spectra, charge and angular distributions have been measured for thirty elements produced in the reactions of 401 and 460 MeV 56Fe + 197Au and in the reaction of 470 MeV 56Fe + 107, 109Ag. In addition, γ-ray multiplicities were measured at the 470 MeV bombarding energy for both targets at a limited number of angles. The charge distributions for the deep-inelastic component of these systems increase monotonically with atomic number in the measured angular range, whereas, those for the quasielastic component are skewed toward Z-values below the projectile. The angular distributions for the Fe-induced reactions show a smooth evolution from a side-peaked to forward-peaked distributions with increasing mass transfer. This side peak is more intense and more persistent for mass transfers from the projectile to the target. In the quasielastic region the γ-ray multiplicity is observed to increase almost linearly with decreasing Q-value whereas for large negative β-values it is essentially constant and independent of the exit channel mass asymmetry. Finally, angular distributions, angle-integrated charge distributions and γ-ray multiplicities have been compared with a diffusion model in which the dynamics of shape evolution, N/Z equilibration, angular momentum and energy exchange occur via one-body forces.
ADSM: a multi-platform, scalable, backup and archive mass storage system

The ADSTAR Distributed Storage Manager (ADSM) is a client-server system whose goal is to provide the illusion of infinite storage for a range of applications. The first deployed application is backup and archive services. ADSM is a configurable system targeted to serve any client at user installations with heterogeneous architectures that offers the same level of data management for LANs, midrange and mainframe systems. ADSM moves the responsibilities of backup and archive media management to the server while maintaining the benefits of local workstation systems. In ADSM, incremental backups are all that a user needs to do to restore its data with maximum performance. The ADSM server has been deployed in five IBM and two non-IBM platforms, while the ADSM clients operate in more than twelve IBM and non-IBM platforms.
Improving access to public building energy use to promote better energy policy

We recently used money from a National Science Foundation grant to install additional monitoring and sensing equipment in the engineering building at our educational institution. This allows students access to various types of data used in the operation of the building. They now use the actual building as a Living Laboratory for thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and Heating, Ventilation, & Air-Conditioning (HVAC) classes. The data is accessed through an internet interface and is therefore accessible anywhere there is an internet connection. We have also used this data in visits with middle school children to illustrate the concepts of building energy use. Placing this data on a public website will enable the public at large to increase their understanding of the amount of energy it takes to run a building and where that energy is used. Better citizen education regarding how energy is used for building heating, cooling, and ventilation should result in better decisions in the development of public energy policy. This paper will discuss how we went about gaining access to that data, and the potential we see for taking this information to the public.
On the optimization criteria used in two-view motion analysis

The three best-known criteria in two-view motion analysis are based, respectively, on the distances between points and their corresponding epipolar lines, on the gradient-weighted epipolar errors, and on the distances between points and the re-projections of their reconstructed points. The last one has a better statistical interpretation, but is significantly slower than the first two. The author shows that, given a reasonable initial guess of the epipolar geometry, the last two criteria are equivalent when the epipoles are at infinity, and differ from each other only a little even when the epipoles are in the image, as shown experimentally. The first two criteria are equivalent only when the epipoles are at infinity and when the observed object/scene has the same scale in the two images. This suggests that the second criterion is sufficient in practice because of its computational efficiency. Experiments with several thousand computer simulations and four sets of real data confirm the analysis.
Factors affecting migratory bird routes over the Gulf of Mexico

Over half of the 332 migratory bird species that breed in North America and winter in the tropics are affected by the obstacle to migratory flight presented by the Gulf of Mexico. Landbird migration in the vicinity of the Gulf is considered from an historical perspective, and in light of netting and observational data from the western Gulf coast. A trans-Gulf crossing from the northern Gulf coast to, or over, Yucatan is the most commonly followed fall route for eastern Nearctic migrants that winter in Central America. The spring route for these species is different, involving a more westerly trans–Gulf course for some individuals, and a circum–Gulf route for others. Prevailing wind direction and the probability of meeting turbulence over the Gulf are suggested as the main selective factors affecting route form for Gulf–area migrants.
Change in failure mode of carbon nanofibers in nanocomposites as a function of loading rate

Vapor-grown carbon nanofiber (CNF)/epoxy composites are characterized under compression at 5 × 10−3–2800 s−1 strain rates. A difference in the fiber failure mechanism is identified based on the strain rate. CNFs show signs of deformation along their entire length under quasi-static compression. In contrast, the high-strain rate failure results in rupture of outer turbostratic carbon layers, leading to stress transfer to the inner graphite layers. The graphitic layers elongate and rupture, forming a conical tip at the fracture cross section of the CNFs. The strength of nanocomposites at high strain rate is measured to be up to 180 % higher depending on the composite composition and strain rate. CNFs substantially increase the localized plastic deformation of the matrix under quasi-static compression and result in nanoscale deformation features on the failure surface. The observed higher strength and modulus of nanocomposites at high strain rates are attributed to the difference in the matrix and fiber failure mechanisms at different strain rates.
WebWise: guide to the Sanger Center's web site.

This installment of the WebWise series reviews The Sanger Center’s web site (http://www.sanger.ac.uk/). The Sanger Center, one of the larger sequencing centers involved in the Human Genome Project, has made the necessary commitment to establish and maintain a world class web site. This web site also has a uniform style, which has the twofold benefit of making the whole site feel like a cohesive package, as well as enhancing the browsing experience. The Sanger Center provides a wealth of data on its web site; at the time of this writing, it reports having finished >30 million bases of human DNA sequence. Their main sequencing efforts are chromosomes 1, 6, 20, 22, and X, but they are also collaborating on sequencing small regions of chromosomes 3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 16. The site map depicted in Figure 1 illustrates the overall organization of this web site, and the main features of the web site are highlighted in Table 1. This web site is extensively interlinked, and for some features several alternate routes are provided to access the data; for example, links to the FTP site are provided on several different pages. In general, navigation is not difficult because a convenient header is provided at the top of most pages that allows the user to maneuver between different areas of the web site. Note that these internal links, as well as most duplicate or minor links, have been omitted from Figure 1.
Investigating the relationship between bilingualism, cognitive control, and mind wandering

ABSTRACTSome research has suggested that bilingualism produces cognitive control advantages, although it has recently been shown that reported advantages are influenced by a publication bias. If the bilingual (BL) advantage does exist, the specific causes and contexts for its appearance remain unclear. The purpose of the current study was twofold: one, to examine performance of BLs and monolinguals (MLs) on a variety of simple versus complex cognitive control tasks; and two, to determine whether there were language group differences in the tendency to mind wander, which has been heavily implicated in cognitive control tasks. Although we hypothesised that if BLs outperformed MLs on cognitive control tasks, this would be associated with less mind wandering for BLs, the results did not reveal any BL advantages or any differences in mind-wandering tendencies. These findings support calls to temper BL advantage claims and shows a need for future research to better specify which underlying factors of cognitive ...
In Defense of the Situation: An Interactionist Explanation for Performance on Situational Judgment Tests

Whereas Lievens and Motowidlo (2016) propose a model of situational judgment test (SJT) performance that removes the “situation” in favor of conceptualizing SJTs as a measure of general domain knowledge, we argue that the expression of general domain knowledge is in fact contingent on situational judgment. As we explain, the evidence cited by Lievens and Motowidlo against a situational component does not inherently exclude the importance of situations from SJTs and does overlook the strong support for a person–situation interaction explanation of behavior. Based on the interactionist literature—in particular, the trait activation theory (TAT) and situational strength literatures—we propose a model that both maintains the key pathways and definitions posited by Lievens and Motowidlo and integrates the situational component of SJTs.
Patrick Geddes' Heritage to “The Making of the Future”

build large and powerful movements. Those who wish to lead in influencing large numbers to change attitudes, to adopt policies, to further programs, should be sensitive to crisis situations, to unfulfilled needs, and thwarted human cravings, and present their programs in terms of the nature of these demands. It is possible to combine careful research and wide experimentation with the building of a movement for social change. Magnetic leadership, emotional appeal will draw certain types of people if and when they are in critical situations, but substantial movements may be built in the absence of such situations. In starting an effort to achieve a needed social reform, the resistances and the favorable aspects of the given culture must be considered. Mere logically demonstrated need of change is no guarantee that large groups will accept it. In this connection the use, by the educated person, of the language and symbols of the people whom he wishes to win is needed. Few of these movements illustrate the way in which a group may cooperatively further a desired objective, working together towards agreed-on ends, enlarging their influence by successful experiment and educational propaganda and modifying their objectives in view of their experience. The cooperative movement comes nearer to this ideally democratic process of social action than most of those studied. Some others approach such a procedure.
Preliminary Study of the Scholastic Progress of Veterans with Honorable and General Discharges

This study compared the academic performance at a two-year college of veterans with honorable discharges and with general discharges under honorable conditions (all receiving G.I. benefits). A search of the files of veterans no longer enrolled at the college identified 19 veterans with general discharges (about 1.5% of the veterans). These veterans were compared with a random sample of 19 veterans with honorable discharges who were no longer enrolled at the college. The two groups did not differ in year of birth (Ms = 1950.3 and 1946.5, respectively; SDs 5.8 and 7.8; t = 1.67, d f = 36), their year of discharge or the year in which they began college. No veteran with a general discharge had graduated from the college whereas 4 of those with honorable discharges had graduated (Fisher exact test, p = 0.05). The veterans with general discharges had attempted fewer
Almost Alternating Harmonic Series

(2004). Almost Alternating Harmonic Series. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 183-191.
Zika virus and public health

The widespread epidemic of Zika virus infection reported in 2015 in Brazil has become a serious public health problem due to association with the increased incidence of microcephaly in newborns of mothers infected with the virus. The Zika virus is spread primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, but can also be transmitted sexually from a man to his partners or from a pregnant woman to the fetus. The most common symptoms of the Zika virus disease are rash, pruritus, conjunctivitis, joint pain, headache and fever; these symptoms are generally mild and may persist for a few days to a week. Because of the problems due to intrauterine infection, especially microcephaly, pregnant women should take special precautions to avoid contamination. The Zika virus infection manifestations are neurological problems, congenital microcephaly and other development problems in children whose mothers were infected during pregnancy. In the general population, Zika may present with Guillain-Barre syndrome, myelitis and meningo-encephalitis. It is possible to detect the virus serology using RT-PCR during the acute phase of initial symptoms and viremia, and also in the urine, but usually by only for 3 to 14 days. Due to the non-existence of a test for commercial use, most cases are diagnosed clinically without any laboratory confi rmation. In terms of laboratory diagnosis, some techniques have been described, but they are not yet available to the general population. In USA, an experimental test was released on March 30 for screening of blood donors. Congenital intrauterine infection by the Zika virus is associated with microcephaly and fetal loss (by maternal infection during the fi rst trimester). BeEDITORIAL
Recurrent neural networks for predicting outcomes after liver transplantation: representing temporal sequence of clinical observations.

Objectives: This paper investigates a version of recurrent neural network with the backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm for predicting liver transplant graft failure based on a time series sequence of clinical observations. The objective is to improve upon the current approaches to liver transplant outcome prediction by developing a more complete model that takes into account not only the preoperative risk assessment, but also the early postoperative history. Methods: A 6-fold cross-validation procedure was used to measure the performance of the networks. The data set was divided into a learning set and a test set by maintaining the same proportion of positive and negative cases in the original set. The effects of network complexity on overfitting were investigated by constructing two types of networks with different numbers of hidden units. For each type of network, 10 individual networks were trained on the learning set and used to form a committee. The performance of the networks was measured exhaustively with respect to both the entire training and test sets. Results: The networks were capable of learning the time series problem and achieved good performances of 90% correct classification on the learning set and 78% on the test set. The prediction accuracy increases as more information becomes progressively available after the operation with the daily improvement of 10% on the learning set and 5% on the test set. Conclusions: Recurrent neural networks trained with BPTT algorithm are capable of learning to represent temporal behavior of the time series prediction task. This model is an improvement upon the current model that does not take into account postoperative temporal information.
Interlayer Coupling in Twisted WSe2/WS2 Bilayer Heterostructures Revealed by Optical Spectroscopy

van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures are promising building blocks for future ultrathin electronics. Fabricating vdW heterostructures by stamping monolayers at arbitrary angles provides an additional range of flexibility to tailor the resulting properties than could be expected by direct growth. Here, we report fabrication and comprehensive characterizations of WSe2/WS2 bilayer heterojunctions with various twist angles that were synthesized by artificially stacking monolayers of WS2 and WSe2 grown by chemical vapor deposition. After annealing the WSe2/WS2 bilayers, Raman spectroscopy reveals interlayer coupling with the appearance of a mode at 309.4 cm–1 that is sensitive to the number of WSe2 layers. This interlayer coupling is associated with substantial quenching of the intralayer photoluminescence. In addition, microabsorption spectroscopy of WSe2/WS2 bilayers revealed spectral broadening and shifts as well as a net ∼10% enhancement in integrated absorption strength across the visible spectrum with re...
Normalized lmQCM: An Algorithm for Detecting Weak Quasi-Cliques in Weighted Graph with Applications in Gene Co-Expression Module Discovery in Cancers.

In this paper, we present a new approach for mining weighted networks to identify densely connected modules such as quasi-cliques. Quasi-cliques are densely connected subnetworks in a network. Detecting quasi-cliques is an important topic in data mining, with applications such as social network study and biomedicine. Our approach has two major improvements upon previous work. The first is the use of local maximum edges to initialize the search in order to avoid excessive overlaps among the modules, thereby greatly reducing the computing time. The second is the inclusion of a weight normalization procedure to enable discovery of “subtle” modules with more balanced sizes. We carried out careful tests on multiple parameters and settings using two large cancer datasets. This approach allowed us to identify a large number of gene modules enriched in both biological functions and chromosomal bands in cancer data, suggesting potential roles of copy number variations (CNVs) involved in the cancer development. We then tested the genes in selected modules with enriched chromosomal bands using The Cancer Genome Atlas data, and the results strongly support our hypothesis that the coexpression in these modules are associated with CNVs. While gene coexpression network analyses have been widely adopted in disease studies, most of them focus on the functional relationships of coexpressed genes. The relationship between coexpression gene modules and CNVs are much less investigated despite the potential advantage that we can infer from such relationship without genotyping data. Our new approach thus provides a means to carry out deep mining of the gene coexpression network to obtain both functional and genetic information from the expression data.
Muscling In on Cancer

Investigators recently described a study of mouse models of cancer, in which they found that contracting muscle fibers synthesize an anticancer myokine, interleukin-6.
Effects of schedule and length of training on Reward-induced stereotypy and negative transfer in humans

Prior research by Schwartz (1982) indicates two things: (1) that human subjects are as lilkely to show reward-induced sequence stereotypy with 100% continuous reward (CRF) as with 50% partial reward (PR50) rates, and (2) that experienced subjects with a prior history of stereotypy take more trials than inexperienced hold subjects to identify rules governing solution of a novel problem on the stereotypy matrix (i.e., negative transfer). In conjunction with the latter results, Schwartz reports that stereotyped subjects test fewer hypotheses during the solution period and that the hypotheses themselves are inefficient. The results of the present study are only partially consistent with Schwartz’s. In Experiment 1, 11 of 11 CRF subjects showed stereotypy in comparison to only 4 of 13 PR50 subjects. In Experiment 2, subjects with 3 days of prior training showed negative transfer relative to hold subjects, whereas subjects with only 1 or 2 days of prior training performed at least as well as hold subjects. Additionally, presence vs. absence of negative transfer was not strongly related to prior schedule (i.e., CRF vs. PR50) or prior performance (i.e., presence vs. absence of stereotypy). Consistent with Schwartz’s findings, however, subjects showing negative transfer tended to use fewer hypotheses and inefficient ones.
Discrete dynamic feedback for a class of hybrid systems on a lattice

We address the problem of designing a dynamic output feedback control for a hybrid system in order to satisfy system specifications, once the continuous variables are measured. In absence of a structure on the discrete variable space, the design of such a controller requires a number of computations at least proportional to the size of the discrete variable set and to the size of the control set. In this paper, we propose to exploit a partial order structure on the set of discrete variables and inputs. The control input is thus computed as a function of two discrete variable values that are updated at each step. This algorithm is applied to a multi-robot game involving two teams competing against each other in a “capture the flag”-like game.
Anxiety and Nicotine Dependence: Emerging Role of the Habenulo-Interpeduncular Axis

While innovative modern neuroscience approaches have aided in discerning brain circuitry underlying negative emotional behaviors including fear and anxiety responses, how these circuits are recruited in normal and pathological conditions remains poorly understood. Recently, genetic tools that selectively manipulate single neuronal populations have uncovered an understudied circuit, the medial habenula (mHb)–interpeduncular (IPN) axis, that modulates basal negative emotional responses. Interestingly, the mHb–IPN pathway also represents an essential circuit that signals heightened anxiety induced by nicotine withdrawal. Insights into how this circuit interconnects with regions more classically associated with anxiety, and how chronic nicotine exposure induces neuroadaptations resulting in an anxiogenic state, may thereby provide novel strategies and molecular targets for therapies that facilitate smoking cessation, as well as for anxiety relief.
Predicting Learning and Affect from Multimodal Data Streams in Task-Oriented Tutorial Dialogue.

Learners experience a wide array of cognitive and affective states during tutoring. Detecting and responding to these states is a core problem of adaptive learning environments that aim to foster motivation and increase learning. Recognizing learner affect through nonverbal behavior is particularly challenging, as students display affect across numerous modalities. This study utilizes an automatically extracted set of multimodal nonverbal behaviors and task actions to predict learning and affect in a data set of sixty-three computer-mediated human tutoring sessions. Predictive models of post-session self-reported engagement, frustration, and learning were evaluated with leave-one-out cross-validation. Nonverbal behaviors conditioned on task events and typing were found to be more predictive than incoming student self-efficacy and pretest score. Face and gesture were predictive of engagement and frustration, while face and posture was predictive of learning. The nonverbal model features captured moments when students were most active on the task, such as writing and testing the Java program. These results provide initial evidence linking affect, moment-bymoment multimodal nonverbal behavior, and task performance during tutoring. They improve understanding of learner affect and enable automated tutorial interventions that adapt to student states as a highly effective human tutor would.
Possible mechanisms through which dietary lipids, calorie restriction, and exercise modulate breast cancer.

Though the exact cause of breast cancer still remains a mystery, years of investigations have suggested that several dietary and endocrine-related factors may induce and/or could modulate the growth of breast cancer. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence have indicated a close association between high-fat diets and increased incidence of breast cancer.1–3 Furthermore, several immunologic functions, including the levels of growth factors, cytokines, and sex steroid hormones, may be altered or regulated by dietary lipids.4,5 Excessive fat in the diet has been reported to enhance the growth of both spontaneously occurring and chemically induced colon and mammary tumors, as well as accelerated growth of transplantable carcinomas.6–8 Diets containing high levels of ω-6 fatty acids derived from vegetable fats appear to enhance tumorigenesis, while ω-3-containing lipids, either from vegetable or marine origin, or low levels of fat in the diet can diminish tumorigenesis. Recently, a number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the modulation of mammary tumorigenesis in experimental animals by increasing the levels of dietary fats.9,10 Initiation and promotion have been linked to immune suppression,11 prostaglandin production,12,13 free radical formation,14 membrane fluidity changes,15 intracellular transport system modulation,16 increased caloric utilization,17 increased mammotrophic hormone secretion,18 and cytokine changes.19,20 Over-expression of oncogenes and certain growth factors are other mechanisms that have been linked to dietary changes that may influence mammary tumori-genesis.
Explicit Salem sets in R2

Abstract We construct explicit (i.e., non-random) examples of Salem sets in R 2 of dimension s for every 0 ≤ s ≤ 2 . In particular, we give the first explicit examples of Salem sets in R 2 of dimension 0 s 1 . This extends a theorem of Kaufman.
PNEUMONIA | Community Acquired Pneumonia, Bacterial and Other Common Pathogens

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the number one cause of death from infectious diseases in the US, and the patient population that is affected is becoming increasingly more complex due to the presence of chronic illness which is commonly managed in outpatients who are at risk for pneumonia. The number one pathogen causing CAP is pneumococcus, which is commonly resistant to multiple antibiotics, thus complicating management. Other common pathogens include atypical organisms (Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae), Hemophilus influenzae, enteric Gram-negatives (especially in those with chronic illness and aspiration risk factors), and Staphylococcus aureus. Successful management requires careful assessment of disease severity so that a site-of-care decision can be made (outpatient, inpatient, intensive care unit), appropriate samples for diagnostic testing collected, and antibiotic therapy initiated in a timely and accurate fashion. Initial antibiotic therapy is empiric, but even with extensive diagnostic testing, less than half of all patients have an etiologic pathogen identified. All patients with CAP require therapy for pneumococcus, atypical pathogens, and other organisms, as dictated by the presence of specific risk factors. Because pneumonia has both short-term and long-term impact on mortality, it is also important to focus on prevention of this illness, which requires smoking cessation, and giving at-risk individuals both pneumococal and influenza vaccines.
A new genus and thirteen new species of sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinasteridae) from the Aleutian Island Archipelago

A new genus and thirteen new species of echinasterid sea stars are described from nearshore waters of the Aleutian Islands. The new genus Aleutihenricia is distinguished from Henricia by the morphology and arrangement of the skeletal ossicles. Henricia beringiana D'yakonov, 1950 is designated as the type species. The new species described include Aleutihenricia federi, Henricia lineata, H. uluudax, H. iodinea, H. rhytisma, H. gemma, H. echinata, H. vermilion, H. elachys, H. insignis, Odontohenricia aurantia, O. ahearnae, and O. violacea. In addition to the descriptions, associations between echinasterids and sponges are briefly discussed. A key to the shallow water (<20 m) Echinasteridae of the Aleutian Islands is provided.
Reduced Inferior and Orbital Frontal Thickness in Adolescent Bulimia Nervosa Persists Over Two-Year Follow-Up.

Objective Cross-sectional data suggest functional and anatomical disturbances in inferior and orbital frontal regions in bulimia nervosa (BN). Using longitudinal data, we investigated whether reduced cortical thickness (CT) in these regions arises early and persists over adolescence in BN, independent of symptom remission, and whether CT reductions are markers of BN symptoms. Method A total of 33 adolescent females with BN symptoms (BN or other specified feeding or eating disorder) and 28 healthy adolescents participated in this study. Anatomical magnetic resonance imaging and clinical data were acquired at 3 time points within 2-year intervals over adolescence, with 31% average attrition between assessments. Using a region-of-interest approach, we assessed group differences in CT at baseline and over time, and tested whether between- and within-subject variations in CT were associated with the frequency of BN symptoms. Results Reduced CT in the right inferior frontal gyrus persisted over adolescence in BN compared to healthy adolescents, even in those who achieved full or partial remission. Within the BN group, between-subject variations in CT in the inferior and orbital frontal regions were inversely associated with specific BN symptoms, suggesting, on average over time, greater CT reductions in individuals with more frequent BN symptoms. Conclusion Reduced CT in inferior frontal regions may contribute to illness persistence into adulthood. Reductions in the thickness of the inferior and orbital frontal regions may be markers of specific BN symptoms. Because our sample size precluded correcting for multiple comparisons, these findings should be replicated in a larger sample. Future study of functional changes in associated fronto-striatal circuits could identify potential circuit-based intervention targets.
Phase retrieval from local measurements in two dimensions

The phase retrieval problem has appeared in a multitude of applications for decades. While ad hoc solutions have existed since the early 1970s, recent developments have provided algorithms that offer promising theoretical guarantees under increasingly realistic assumptions. Motivated by ptychographic imaging, we generalize a recent result on phase retrieval of a one dimensional objective vector x ∈ ℂd to recover a two dimensional sample Q ∈ ℂd x d from phaseless measurements, using a tensor product formulation to extend the previous work.
Enhanced TPMS security through acceleration timed transmissions

Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) offer real-time diagnostics of the status of a vehicle's tires via a wireless communications link back to the vehicle. These links, which provide data, mandated by the NHTSA, generally possess low security/low privacy, leading to a demonstrated potential for spoofing attacks or tracking a person/vehicle through the unencrypted emission of the tire's unique identifier. Due to the radiation pattern of the valve stem (used as the TPMS antenna), much of the signal is directed away from the vehicle. This paper investigates the possibility of decreasing the required signal strength by using the already existing accelerometer on the TPMS to detect the angle of the wheel and to transmit data at an optimal wheel orientation. This paper shows that the received signal strength at the vehicle receiver can differ by up to 20 dB between the best and worst orientations and provides a low computation option for estimating the angle of the wheel. Implementation of this algorithm or a similar algorithm would provide better battery life and better security for the TPMS while keeping cost the same.
Structure, Proteolytic Processing, and Neutralization Antigenic Sites of Poliovirus

Poliovirus is a small naked icosahedral virion, composed of 60 copies each of 4 capsid proteins enclosing one 7.5 kb single-stranded, messenger-sense RNA. The RNA has a tract of poly(A) at the 3′ end (Yogo and Wimmer 1972) and is covalently linked to a small protein, VPg, which appears to be involved in priming RNA replication (Takagami et al. 1983; Wimmer 1982). The complete sequence of the RNA of all three serotype and the fine structure of the genetic map have been determined (Kitamura et al. 1981; Semler et al. 1981a, 1981b; Emini et al. 1982a; Racaniello and Baltimore 1981; Nomoto et al. 1982; Cann et al. 1983; Stanway et al. 1983, 1984; Toyoda et al. 1984).
Studies of Discrete Cosmic X-ray Sources at M.I.T.

The following is a brief summary of some of the recent results obtained at M.I.T. which bear on the properties of various discrete X-ray sources, both galactic and extragalactic. Most of the work referred to has been described in publications which contain more complete descriptions.
The metamorphosis of metaphor: from literary trope to conceptual key

The study of metaphor has long been hampered by the post-Aristotelian bias that metaphor is mere poetic figurative language. Such bias has been compounded by sequential models of cognitive processes cemented into scientific (and subsequently psychological) literature. During the last decade, however, cognitive scientists have begun to re-evaluate the importance of metaphor as a key element in abstract thinking, realizing particularly the universality of the metaphoric dynamic. This focus has been further underscored by findings in cognitive neuroscience that show both that language processing involves visual, motor, auditory, and other neural systems, and that multimodal experiences related to metaphor may converge in central processing areas. Further, they have noted that, rather than being geographically localized, language processing is distributed throughout the brain. To explain this distribution, one anthropological model proposes that growing societal complexity necessitated increased linguistic development for which the brain adapted existing brain areas. Such investigative insights support the assumption that metaphor -far from being a mere literary embellishment- is in reality a key element in the cognitive inferences by which all language users interpret and cope with their experiential world.
Developmental Trajectories of Opioid Use Among Juvenile Offenders: An Epidemiological Examination of Group Characteristics and Criminological Risk Factors.

Aims: Investigate patterns of change and continuity in opioid use among juvenile offenders during adolescence and early adulthood. Identify demographic characteristics of trajectory groups of opioi...
A dual radar and communication system facing uncertainty about a jammer’s capability

This paper considers a joint radar and communication system that is attempting to support two different mission objectives: track a distant radar target and communicate with a distant communication receiver in the presence of a jammer. In such a scenario, the system can adjust its power allocation in the waveform design to support both objectives. Interference can undermine the operation of such a joint system and often the capabilities of the jammer are not known: the jammer might focus on disrupting one or both objectives. This uncertainty makes the design of an anti-jamming strategy difficult, and to devise an anti-jamming strategy we formulate the problem as Bayesian game between the system and the jammer, where the system knows only a priori probabilities for the jammer’s capabilities. The equilibrium strategies are found in closed form, and the impact of a priori probabilities regarding the jammer’s capability on the system anti-jamming strategy is illustrated.
Use of serum citrulline concentrations from routine newborn screen as a biomarker for necrotizing enterocolitis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm neonates, lacks a reliable biomarker. Citrulline is primarily produced by enterocytes and correlates with intestinal function. Serum citrulline concentration (CIT) is routinely measured in routine newborn screening (NBS). The purpose of the study is to test if CIT from NBS may predict the occurrence of NEC and whether it correlates with the time to full feeds (TTFF) and length of stay (LOS), serving as a biomarker of NEC and intestinal health. In a retrospective case control study conducted on neonates with gestational age of 26–32 weeks, we compared CIT levels between cases (neonates with NEC) and controls (next-born neonate). NBS was collected within first 24 h, at day 5 and when the neonates achieved full feeds and were compared using non-parametric tests. There was no difference in CIT between the controls and cases on day 1 [11.42 (7.42–14.84 vs. 11.93 (6.85–18.8) µmol/L, p = 0.55], on day 5 [11.99 (7.99–16.55) vs. 13.70 (7.42–26.83) µmol/L, p = 0.05], or at full feeds [14.86 (6.85–25.69) vs. 15.7 (7.42–26.26) µmol/L, p = 0.87]. CIT on day 1 did not correlate with TTFF (r = 0.08, p = 0.53) or LOS (r = 0.23, p = 0.06), respectively). CIT from routine NBS does not serve as a biomarker to predict NEC in preterm neonates.
Did I have chicken for lunch

In this chapter, we explore key discursive patterns that underlie interactions that contain evidence of problems with memory about the recent past. Toward this end, we first situate the examination of these difficulties within ‘episodic memory’ (Tulving, Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of memory. Oxford: Academic, 1972; Kesney and Hunsacker, Behavioral Brain Research, 215(2), 299–309, 2010). We then characterize resourceful strategies used by some individuals with dementia to figure out how to answer questions by conversational partners that have uncovered a memory gap, followed by descriptions of repetitive language used by individuals with dementia in situations where they appear to have forgotten what they had just said or what they had just asked. We then focus on strategies used by conversational partners in the face of these stark memory problems, as they dismiss the need to recall the memory in question, build on the instance of forgetting, or change the topic abruptly.
Baloxavir Marboxil (Xofluza) for Influenza.

Single-dose baloxavir should be limited to ill patients who cannot tolerate or comply with a course of oseltamivir. For otherwise healthy adults with confirmed influenza or influenza-like illness, the high cost of baloxavir may not justify the one-day reduction in symptoms of a self-limited illness.
Impact of a Structured Early Detection Program on Adherence to Guidelines for Risk-Reducing Surgery in BRCA1/2 Carriers

Objective: To determine the proportion of women with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations participating in an ovarian cancer screening program who adhere to National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines...
COVID-19 and the Equity Market. A March 2020 Tale

In March 2020 the U.S. equity market is suffering large losses. This is primarily due to COVID-19, which probably also caused a drop in the shale oil price. US market indices are fluctuating this month much more than any time in history. In this short note, we are using two high frequency market measures we developed in our past work to create a market wide indicator we call Number of Detected Anomalies (NoDA). NoDA is a market-wide signal focused on analyzing intraday trading activity in the US equity markets. Although the cause of the current market event is very different from anything we have seen before, the market participants seem to take a typical attitude to unpredictable events, one of expectation and price discovery. In this work we are able to analyze specific public historical events and determine market reaction as measured by the NoDA indicator.