cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Discussion of the Inverse Problem in Electromagnetic NDT

The principal components of a nondestructive testing (NDT) system are shown in Figure 1. The specimen to be tested is energized by a transmitting transducer. The response of the energy-specimen interaction is picked up by a receiving transducer. This signal is then processed suitably and analyzed for defect characterization. The most critical step here is the inverse problem which involves the characterization of the specimen parameters given an NDT probe response signal. This paper is mainly concerned with the solution of the inverse problem.
Using MessageGrid to promote student collaboration

It is now commonplace to see laptop computers in the classroom. Some colleges and universities have mandated that incoming freshmen have a laptop computer when they arrive on campus. What is not obvious is that, with the right software package, these computers can serve as powerful tools for collaboration among students both inside and outside the classroom. This paper describes one such package called MessageGrid. With MessageGrid the instructor can construct grids that allow students to contribute to a large analytical piece, compare their results and learn from their peers, interact asynchronously with their teammates on a team project, or prepare extensive supplementary materials and make them conveniently available to their instructor and classmates. A capability to poll students can provide the instructor with class opinion on any topic, assess student understanding quickly during class time, in general provide feedback to the instructor on his or her effectiveness in conveying the lecture content. We briefly describe MessageGrid and ways that instructors and professors from very different disciplines have used it in their courses. We conclude with lessons learned and plans for future development.
An Intervention to Improve Medical Student Perception of Observation and Feedback During an Anesthesiology Clerkship.

Background: Between 2011 and 2013, medical students at a large, tertiary academic hospital reported a lower-than-expected perception of direct observation and feedback during their third- and fourth-year clinical clerkships. The anesthesiology clerkship is a team-based care model that involves an anesthesiologist, resident or anesthetist, and student. This model allows for direct supervision of all patient interactions and procedures. Despite this structure, medical students reported an acceptable but lower-than-anticipated perception of direct observation and feedback taking place during a 2-week anesthesiology clerkship. Methods: Interventions were proposed to improve student awareness of the supervision, teaching, and feedback taking place. A skills checklist for intravenous (IV) line placement that an anesthesia provider completed while observing the student was chosen as a meaningful intervention to improve the students9 perception of observation and feedback. This checklist required direct observation of the IV line placement clinical skill, and the evaluator was directed to give oral feedback to the student. Students were surveyed regarding their perceptions of direct observation and feedback during a 4-year period, 2 years prior to and 2 years after implementation of the IV checklist. Results: No statistically significant difference was noted between the preintervention and postintervention groups. Conclusion: While formal observation of and feedback on an IV placement did not change student perception, the intervention showed that a more in-depth analysis of the “educational alliance” desired during an anesthesiology clerkship is warranted, especially as medical education continues to evolve.
Development of a Web-based Curriculum to Prepare Diagnostic Radiology Residents during Post-Graduate Year 1 by Promoting Learning via Spaced Repetition and Interim Testing: If You Build It, Will They Come?

Rationale and Objectives The purpose of this pilot project was to determine the feasibility of creating a single web-based resource to allow independent study for pre-radiology interns during their first post-graduate year of training, and to measure intern use of and satisfaction with this resource. Materials and Methods A web-based curriculum, based on the principles of spaced learning and interim testing, was created and housed on an institutional learning management system. The curriculum consisted of narrated, interactive learning modules, electronic flashcards, and quizzes. We monitored the use of this curriculum by six pre-radiology interns. Surveys were completed to assess resident satisfaction. Results 73% of the total learning modules were completed. Of the completed modules, 90% were completed in either the first or the last three months of the study. The total hours spent reviewing the flashcards during the entire study period ranged from Conclusion Creating a web-based curriculum capable of monitoring intern use is feasible. There was variable use of the different components of the curriculum with clear clustering of use at the beginning and end of the study period. The users perceived the course as a useful resource and reported high satisfaction with the curriculum.
Robust Understanding of Statistical Variation.

This paper presents a framework that captures the complexity of reasoning about variation in ways that are indicative of robust understanding and describes reasoning as a blend of design, data-centric, and modeling perspectives. Robust understanding is indicated by integrated reasoning about variation within each perspective and across perspectives for four elements: variational disposition, variability in data for contextual variables, variability in relationships among data and variables, and effects of sample size on variability. This holistic image of robust understanding of variation arises from existing expository and empirical literature, and additional empirical study.
Knowledge retention after simulated crisis: importance of independent practice and simulated mortality.

Abstract Background Simulation is an important component of postgraduate medical education, but optimal parameters for simulation are not known. Managing simulations independently and allowing simulated morbidity and mortality have been shown to improve follow-up performance in simulation. We hypothesised that allowing simulated mortality improves performance in follow-up simulations more than independent practice. Methods Using a randomised, controlled, observer-blinded design, 48 first-year residents in anaesthesia were exposed to a hyperkalaemia scenario. Subjects were divided into two groups (n=24) that allowed for independent practice or support from an attending physician. Each of these groups was then subdivided into two groups (n=12) that allowed for simulated mortality or did not. All groups received a standardised debriefing. Six months later, the subjects returned to manage a different hyperkalaemia scenario independently with potential simulated mortality. The primary outcome was total treatment score; secondary outcomes included subjects' time to request diagnostic information, time to treatment, and simulator mortality rate. Results Subject characteristics were not statistically different. The independent practice–mortality possible group had the highest total treatment score (P=0.004), fastest time to treatment (P=0.009), and lowest mortality rate (P=0.002) compared with all groups. Two-way analysis of variance and least-squares means were calculated for each combination of variables. The overall practice effect was contrasted to the potential for mortality and was insignificant; however, their interaction effect (P=0.003) was significant and produced the best results. Conclusions Independence and the potential for simulated mortality have a greater impact on performance in follow-up simulations when combined than either factor alone.
New approach to waste-heat energy harvesting: pyroelectric energy conversion

Harvesting waste heat for useful purposes is an essential component of improving the efficiency of primary energy utilization. Today, approaches such as pyroelectric energy conversion are receiving renewed interest for their ability to turn wasted energy back into useful energy. From this perspective, the need for these approaches, the basic mechanisms and processes underlying their operation, and the material and device requirements behind pyroelectric energy conversion are reviewed, and the potential for advances in this area is also discussed. With two-thirds of the primary energy produced every year rejected as heat, the need for techniques that harvest low-grade waste heat with higher fractions of Carnot efficiency is clear. This article develops a perspective on pyroelectric energy conversion (PEC), that leverages the intrinsic coupling between electrical polarization and temperature in pyroelectric materials where a change in temperature begets a flow of electrical charge. This article will shed light on what thermo-electrical properties are crucial for PEC and the routes to enhance them. Subsequent discussion will cover thermodynamic cycles and device design rules to extract maximum work and power.
A General Model for Periodic Chemical Production Scheduling

We present a general mixed-integer programming model for periodic production scheduling. The formulation, which is based on the state-task network (STN) representation, allows us to model (1) accur...
The Nashville Statement's Undoing? Grappling with Evangelical Christianity's Ontology of Sex.

In August 2017, evangelical Christian leaders comprising the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood gathered in Nashville, Tennessee, and authored a manifesto on human sexuality, which they titl...
An Anisotropic Dual-Broadband CPC Metasurface

A dual broadband polarization conversion metasurface is presented in this paper. The metasurface is composed of periodic unit cells, each unit cell consists of a square-shaped resonator having three slits inside it. The surface efficiently transforms an incident linearly polarized electromagnetic (EM) wave into its cross component within the frequency bands of 7.4–10.5 GHz and 12.7–20 GHz. With its dual band operation on a single layer FR4 dielectric substrate, the subject metasurface is a good contender in the field of cross-polarization conversion metasurfaces.
Chapter 177 – Neosomy

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the neosomy, an enlargement or formation of new external structure in arthropod, or both, resulting from the secretion of new cuticle unrelated to a molt, during an active instar or in the adult. It is distinct from the more modest addition of cuticle that contributes to intermolt growth of many immature insects notably larvae of Endopterygota and that can be detected in some adult insects. Neosomy usually is associated with symbiosis and often with tachygenesis. Physogastry has been used overlappingly, but this term etymologically indicates abdominal swelling, and it usually has been defined as distension and not in relation to cuticular growth. Neosomy is widely present in the Acari, including some parasitic larval mites and all stages (larva, nymph, adult female) of hard ticks (Ixodidae). Female ixodid ticks generally increase in volume about 100 times or more, after first doubling cuticular thickness during the prolonged time they are attached to the host. Additionally, combination of neosomy with symbiosis results from the abundance of food provided by a host or host colony. Neosomy in a termite or ant queen suggests that although the association is intraspecific and hence not symbiotic, the queen's relation to the colony as a whole parallels symbiosis functionally. A female ixodid tick or a queen termite, for example, has unusual access to food and produces many eggs compared with related groups.
Between Borders: Pop Cultural Heroes and Plural Childhoods in IR

This chapter engages with the promise, problems, and prospects of studying childhood in disciplinary IR by exploring three questions: How might study of popular culture illuminate or obscure the roles that children and childhoods already play in world politics? Can it help us think holistically about the plurality of childhoods that IR might observe? How can we avoid foci that reproduce privilege and power asymmetries in world politics and in IR? In this chapter, an intergenerational, inter-racial, and cross-cultural research team adopts a “world-travelling” approach to remember and collectively deliberate on pop culture that was important to us in childhood. This approach disrupts the IR field’s often uncritical reliance on ‘credentialed’ voices and exclusionary knowledge-gathering and evaluating processes. Looking at the IR themes in the artifacts, practices, and ‘heroes’ that we recall as meaningful to us, we show how the ‘commonsense’ of IR is reproduced in and through children's lives. We also show how much is lost from the dominant IR narratives through the structural exclusion of diverse children’s perspectives and experiences and through failures of intergenerational curiosity and empathy. Our recollections reveal that children often are not protected, or are only partially protected, from world politics—from war, deportation, drugs, poverty, racism, and gangs—which is part of their everyday lives; and they use pop culture to help make meaning out of these experiences, and to shape how they/we act in the world. In integrating childhoods into IR, we need to be mindful of how children of color, including those in wealthy, donor states in the North are implicated, and of how the intersections in young lives of race, class, gender, and other identity factors can be fairly represented in the narratives of world politics.
Kinetic spectroscopic quantification using two-step chromogenic and fluorogenic reactions: From theoretical modeling to experimental quantification of biomarkers in practical samples.

Abstract Kinetic chromogenic (CG) and fluorogenic (FG) quantification deduces analyte concentration based on the reaction rate between the CG/FG probe and its targeted molecule. Little progress has been made in the past half century in either the theory or the applications of the kinetic spectroscopic quantification methods. Current kinetic CG/FG quantification is limited only to a subset of CG/FG reactions that can be approximated as the single-step process, and more problematically, to research samples with no matrix interferences. Reported herein is a kinetic quantification model established for multistep CG/FG reactions and a proof-of-concept demonstration of direct kinetic FG quantification of biomarkers in practical samples. The kinetic spectral intensity of the CG/FG reactions with two rate-limiting steps comprises three temporal regions: an accelerating period where rate of signal change is increasingly rapid, a linear region where the rate of signal change is approximately constant, and a deceleration region where the rate of signal increase becomes progressively small. Kinetic quantification is performed through simple linear-curve-fitting of the kinetic signal in its linear time-course region. The theoretical model is validated with the dual CG/FG 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) reaction. Proof-of-concept kinetic spectroscopic quantification of analytes in practical samples is demonstrated with the FG quantification of MDA in canned chicken. The only sample preparation is bench-top centrifugation followed by two sequential syringe filtrations. The total kinetic FG assay time is less than 10 min, more than 10 times more efficient than the current equilibrium-based MDA assay. The theoretical model and the measurement design strategies offered by this work should help transform the current kinetic spectroscopic quantification from a niche research tool to an indispensable technique for time-sensitive applications.
Who Are America’s Teachers of the Year?:

The Teacher of the Year (TOY) program is the longest-standing teacher recognition program in the United States. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of state and national TO...
EFFICIENCY UTILIZATION OF GREEN TIME AT COUNTDOWN SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION

The use of countdown traffic signals, although not common in North America, is increasing in Asia and European countries. Past studies conducted albeit outside the United States have addressed some operational benefits and issues associated with the use of countdown traffic signals, including but are not limited to effect on saturation flow rate, and red light running. Experience from the successful use of pedestrian countdown signals at urban traffic intersections has engendered some local interest in the use of countdown traffic intersections has engendered some local interest in the use of countdown traffic signal devices in the United States. The purpose of this research was to analyse using driver behaviour survey the efficiency of green-time utilization rate at countdown traffic signal devices in the United States. Specifically, this research performed a comparative analysis based on the postulation that countdown traffic signal is associated with underutilized effective green time when compared to the scenario at intersections controlled by traditional (non-countdown) traffic signals. Binary regression models were developed, using data obtained from the driver behaviour survey, to estimate decision probabilities for different combinations of vehicle position (i.e. distance to the stop line) and available green time (i.e. time left before the transition to yellow phase). A comparison between the estimated decision probabilities (determined from deductive reasoning) for traditional traffic supported a pattern of underutilization of green time for the countdown signal scenario. The underutilization of green time was associated with the likelihood of drivers slowing down prematurely to stop in reaction to the visual display of available green time before the change of signal phase. Underutilization of effective green time before the change of signal phase. Underutilization of effective green time translates into a lower saturation flow rate and hence reduced intersection capacity. The findings of this research could motivate additional studies pertaining to the determination of net operational benefits or plausibility of using countdown signal devices at urban traffic intersection in the United States.
Real-Time ZIP Load Parameter Tracking Using Sensitivity-Based Adaptive Window and Variable Elimination With Realistic Synchrophasor Data

Situational awareness and decision support for the power grid require accurately representing all the grid components in the modeling and analysis tools. Accurate load modeling is critical to understand the impact of voltage-dependent load behavior. The traditional constant power load model is incapable of accurately considering the load behavior. Real-time data-driven power system applications can be easily realized with the availability of synchronized data at a high reporting rate from phasor measurement units (PMUs). PMU data at substation buses can be used for the accurate estimation of aggregated load model parameters. In this work, two novel algorithms, adaptive least squares assisted by variable elimination ( A-LSVE ) and recursive least squares with reconfiguration of covariance matrix ( RLS-RC ), are proposed for load parameter estimation. A-LSVE uses least-squares assisted by sensitivity-based variable elimination and adaptive selection of estimation windows. It uses the current window and two past neighboring data windows with a similar load to voltage sensitivity for parameter estimation. RLS-RC , uses recursive least squares with the sensitivity-based reconfiguration of the estimated covariance matrix. A preprocessing framework is developed for measurement data, which uses an ensemble-based bad data detector to mitigate the impact of data anomalies and a cascade filter (median filter followed by the Kalman filter) to reduce the effect of noise in PMU data in parameter estimation. Moreover, a confidence factor computation framework is proposed to give insight regarding the accuracy of estimated parameters. The developed algorithms are validated using realistic load parameter estimation data with noise and anomalies for the IEEE test system modeled using electromechanical and electromagnetic simulators.
Normal Natural Deduction Proofs (in classical logic)

We provide a theoretical framework that allows the direct search for natural deduction proofs in some non-classical logics, namely, intuitionistic sentential and predicate logic, but also in the modal logic S4. The framework uses so-called intercalation calculi to build up broad search spaces from which normal proofs can be extracted, if a proof exists at all. This claim is supported by completeness proofs establishing in a purely semantic way normal form theorems for the above logics. Logical restrictions on the search spaces are briefly discussed in the last section together with some heuristics for structuring a more efficient search. Our paper is a companion piece to [15], where classical logic was treated.
Search reduction in hierarchical problem solving

It has long been recognized that hierarchical problem solving can be used to reduce search. Yet, there has been little analysis of the problem-solving method and few experimental results. This paper provides the first comprehensive analytical and empirical demonstrations of the effectiveness of hierarchical problem solving. First, the paper shows analytically that hierarchical problem solving can reduce the size of the search space from exponential to linear in the solution length and identifies a sufficient set of assumptions for such reductions in search. Second, it presents empirical results both in a domain that meets all of these assumptions as well as in domains in which these assumptions do not strictly hold. Third, the paper explores the conditions under which hierarchical problem solving will be effective in practice.
Cocatalytic Zinc Sites

Cocatalytic zinc sites occur in enzymes where two or three metals are closely grouped to bring about catalysis. There are over four dozen representatives of this type of zinc site with the great majority belonging to the Class III hydrolases. A novel feature of these sites is the bridging of two of the metal sites by a side chain moiety of a single amino acid residue, such as the ring nitrogens of the imidazole group of histidine or the carboxylate oxygens of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or of a carboxylated lysine, LysCO2−. Such an interaction requires the metals to be in close proximity to each other. The ligands to cocatalytic zinc sites often come from nearly the entire length of the protein, indicating that the metal sites may be important to the overall fold of the protein as well as to catalytic function. The secondary structure of the protein plays a major role in providing the ligands to these sites. In most cases, ligands are provided by amino acids residing within one or two residues before or after a β-sheet or an α-helix. The zinc ions are often penta-coordinate and arranged in a trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The bridging amino acids and H2O probably have critical roles in catalysis. Their dissociation from either metal atom during catalysis will change the charge on the metal promoting its action as a Lewis acid or allowing interaction with an electronegative atom of the substrate. Thus, it can be envisioned for hydrolytic enzymes that substrate binding involves one zinc site acting as a template for substrate binding, while the other zinc site provides hydroxide for nucleophilic attack on the sp2 center of the ester or amide bond of the substrate. In the next step, the roles of the metals can be reversed. In this manner, the metal atoms and their associated ligands play specific roles in each step of the reaction that works to bring about catalysis. The ligands in these sites, in particular the histidines, are often involved in further hydrogen-bonding interactions with other amino acids. These interactions should effect the charge on the metal and the stability of the metal complex, thus fine-tuning catalysis and the stability of the metal sites. Keywords: zinc/metabolism; amino acid motifs; molecular sequence data; sequence alignment; crystallography; X-ray; NMR; ligands; protein structure; amino acid sequence
Considerations for Providing Test Translation Accommodations to English Language Learners on Common Core Standards‐Based Assessments

In this article, we review translation, adaptation policies, and practices in providing test accommodation for English language learners (ELLs) in the United States. We collected documents and conducted interviews with officials in the 12 states that provide translation accommodations to ELLs on content assessments. We then summarized challenges to ensuring fair and valid accommodations to ELLs and provided recommendations to address the challenges involved in translating a content test while preserving its validity.
Multiple Africanized bee stings in a child

African honey bees, Apis mellifera scutellata (formerly adsonii) were imported to Brazil in 1956 to introduce a strain of bees with increased honey production which were more suited for the tropical climate.1,2 A year later, 26 African queen bees and their accompanying colonies accidentally escaped.1,2 The African queen bees soon began mating with established European bee races resulting in the hybrid Africanized honey bees.2 Like the pure African bees, the Africanized bees are more defensive with a greater tendency to sting than European bees.3 They respond quickly to the slightest disturbance of their nest and can send out many thousands of bees.
Diversification and the Accounting for New Projects On or Off the Balance Sheet

A debt financing transaction that is structured to avoid explicit liability recognition is known as off-balance sheet financing (OBSF). Purported benefits from OBSF include raising cheaper debt by guaranteeing debt repayments unencumbered by current debt contracts, maintaining desired debt-to-capitalization ratios, preserving credit ratings and future borrowing capacity, funding projects beyond approved capital budgets. Despite its appeal, many firms choose conventional financing (balance sheet financing or BSF). We demonstrate that allowing firms the choice between OBSF and BSF can play a positive informational role, notwithstanding the argument that permitting this choice compromises the representational faithfulness of the balance sheet. In the context of raising funds for a new project, we derive an equilibrium in which the firms divide themselves between OBSF and BSF in a manner that provides useful information for valuing the firms' stock prices. Consistent with anecdotal evidence we demonstrate riskier firms use OBSF and the projects financed are the riskier projects.
Fluid acquisition system for superfluid helium

To enable the resupply of liquid helium users on orbit, the technology for helium transfer in space is being developed. A key element of the resupply process is the fluid acquisition in the supply dewar; feeding the liquid to the pump. For the Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) flight experiment a number of fluid acquisition techniques have been examined. Subscale tests performed in one gravity on two of the candidates are described. The hope is that these results may be scaled to much larger systems in low gravity. These two types are a screened channel device and a capillary device. Flow rates versus negative head height are presented. Difficulties with each device and the test environment are explained. Some of the measurements to be made on orbit on the fluid acquisition for SHOOT are described.
H-NS Binding and Repression of the ctx Promoter in Vibrio cholerae

Expression of the ctx and tcp genes, which encode cholera toxin and the toxin coregulated pilus, the Vibrio cholerae O1 virulence determinants having the largest contribution to cholera disease, is repressed by the nucleoid-associated protein H-NS and activated by the AraC-like transcriptional regulator ToxT. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which H-NS controls transcription of the ctxAB operon, H-NS repression and binding were characterized by using a promoter truncation series, gel mobility shift assays, and DNase I footprinting. Promoter regions found to be important for H-NS repression correlated with in vitro binding. Four main H-NS binding regions are present at ctx. One region overlaps the high-affinity ToxT binding site and extends upstream, another overlaps the ToxT low-affinity binding site around the -35 element, and the remaining two are located adjacent to one another downstream of the transcriptional start site. Competition for binding to the overlapping H-NS/ToxT binding sites was observed in gel mobility shift assays, where ToxT was found to displace H-NS from the ctx promoter region. In addition, regulatory differences between the ctx and tcpA promoters were examined. H-NS was found to have a higher relative binding affinity for the ctx promoter than for the tcpA promoter in vitro. In contrast to ToxT-dependent activation of the tcpA promoter, ToxT activation of ctx did not require the C-terminal domain of the α-subunit of RNA polymerase. These findings demonstrate that transcriptional regulation of ctx and tcpA by H-NS and ToxT is mechanistically distinct, and this may lead to important differences in the expression of these coregulated genes.
Electrical synapse formation depends on interaction of mutually growing neurites.

A neuron9s competence to form electrical synapses depends on its growth status. Experiments in situ and in cell culture with identified neurons of the snail Helisoma demonstrate that active neurite outgrowth from both potential partners must be spatially and temporally coincident for electrical synapse formation to occur.
Inspiratory Muscle Training with a Pressure Threshold Breathing Device in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The inspiratory pressure load is an important variable in inspiratory muscle training (IMT), but previous studies with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients have not controlled for this variable. We compared the effects of two months of IMT with a pressure threshold breathing device at inspiratory pressure loads equal to either 15 or 30% of each patient's maximal inspiratory pressure (Plmax). This study was double blind and patients were randomly assigned to the treatment groups, 12 in the 15% group and ten in the 30% group. Dependent variables were measured at baseline, and after one and two months of IMT. Patients who exercised with the 30% load improved the following: Plmax by a mean of -12 +/- 9 cm H2O (p less than 0.01), endurance time while breathing against an inspiratory pressure load equal to 66% of Plmax by 5 +/- 9 min (p less than 0.01), and 12-min distance walk (12MD) by 199 +/- 90 feet (p less than 0.01). Patients who exercised with the 15% load demonstrated no improvements in Plmax, endurance time, and 12MD. There were no changes in patients' report of functional impairment (Sickness Impact Profile), mood (Profile of Mood States), health status (Health Perceptions Questionnaire), and pulmonary symptoms (respiratory symptom log). We conclude that the 30% load was more effective than the 15% load in this sample.
Respiratory tract infections: Another reason not to smoke

Smoking is a risk factor for a number of pulmonary infections, probably because of its adverse effects on respiratory defenses. It is associated with increased morbidity and mortality from pneumonia and influenza, as well as more days lost from work from lesser respiratory infections. Patients who smoke need to be informed about their increased risk of respiratory infections and of the benefits of both being vaccinated and stopping smoking.
Recent Advances on Linear Control Theory under Communication Constraints: A Survey

Recent developments in Networked Control Systems have focused on the issue of communications constraints. In this paper, we summarize the main results for stabilization and performance of networked control systems from an information theoretic point of view.
Thermoelastohydrodynamic Analysis of Spur Gears with Consideration of Surface Roughness

Thermoelastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL) analysis for spur gears with consideration of surface roughness is presented. The model is based on Johnson’s load sharing concept where a portion of load is carried by fluid film and the rest by asperities. The solution algorithm consists of two parts. In the first part, the scaling factors and film thickness with consideration of thermal effect are determined. Then, simplified energy equation is solved to predict the surfaces and film temperature. Once the film temperature is known, the viscosity of the lubricant and therefore friction coefficient are calculated. The predicted results for the friction coefficient based on this algorithm are in agreement with published experimental data as well as those of EHL simulations for rough line contact. First point of contact is the point where the asperities carry a large portion of load and the lubricant has the highest temperature and the lowest thickness. Also, according to experimental investigations, the largest amount of wear in spur gears happens in the first point of contact. Effect of speed on film temperature and friction coefficient has been studied. As speed increases, more heat is generated and therefore film temperature will rise. Film temperature rise will result in reduction of lubricant viscosity and consequently decrease in friction coefficient. Surface roughness effect on friction coefficient is also studied. An increase in surface roughness will increase the asperities interaction and therefore friction coefficient will rise.
Recent Climatology of Kinematic Variables in the TOGA-COARE Region

Abstract The importance of the “warm pool” region of the western Pacific on in situ and global-scale circulations has gained wide recognition in the last decade with the advent of TOGA and, more recently, with the field experiment TOGA-COARE. The objectives of this study are two fold: 1)to provide a climatology of the kinematic properties of the atmosphere over the tropical western Pacific and adjacent areas, based on 1985–90 analyses., and 2) to focus on a detailed diagnosis of the four-month period, November–February, since the intensive observing period of TOGA-COARE occurred during those months. The dataset used in this study is the WCRP/TOGA archive II analyses produced by ECMWF. The analyses contain uninitialized gridpoint values of several variables at 2.5° lat/long and at 14 mandatory pressure levels. The dataset also includes a full surface package at the same horizontal resolution. The variables examined are mean sea level pressure, zonal and meridional wind components, vertical velocity, and re...
Current drainage to a high voltage probe in a dilute plasma

The current drainage from a plasma through approximately 0.05 cm diameter holes in Kapton H polymide film, FEP type C, and quartz (7940 Corning glass) placed on a probe at voltages up to 2000 volts dc have been determined both analytically and experimentally. A Laplace field was used to numerically predict an upper limit for the drainage current. The measured current was less than the calculated current for the FEP and quartz, and the two were approximately in agreement for Kapton H. The measured currents were on the order of 5 microamperes with the calculated currents on the order of 10 microamperes.
Automatically increasing the fault-tolerance of distributed algorithms

Abstract The design of fault-tolerant distributed systems is a costly and difficult task. Its cost and difficulty increase dramatically with the severity of failures that a system must tolerate. This task is simplified through methods that automatically translate protocols tolerant of “benign” failures into ones tolerant of more “severe” failures. This paper describes two new translation mechanisms for synchronous systems: one translates protocols tolerant of crash failures into protocols tolerant of general omission failures and the other from general omission failures to arbitrary failures. Together these can be used to translate any protocol tolerant of the most benign failures into a protocol tolerant of the most severe. In addition, the paper also shows lower bounds on the fault-tolerance of translations between certain systems. These lower bounds are matched by some of the translations given, which are thus optimal with respect to fault-tolerance.
HEME SYNTHESIS AND MICROSOMAL MIXED FUNCTION OXIDATION IN HUMAN FETAL TISSUES

Knowledge of fetal drug metabolism is a necessary prerequisite for determining the safe and rational use of drug therapy during pregnancy. Heme synthesis and drug metabolism were studied in 40 human fetuses aborted by hysterotomy and prostaglandins. Δ aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS), the rate limiting enzyme in heme synthesis, could be measured in livers and adrenals of fetuses aborted by hysterotomy but not in fetuses aborted by prostaglandins. Mean levels of ALAS ± SE were 74.3 ± 6.4 mμmol/gm liver in 5 fetuses aborted by hysterotomy. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity (AHH) was highest in the adrenal gland and progressively lower in liver, intestine, testes, kidney and lung in fetuses from both groups. AHH activity in the adrenal gland was positively correlated with the concentration of microsomal cytochrome P-448 and negatively correlated with the concentration of cytochrome P-420. Secobarbital when added to human fetal liver and adrenal microsomes resulted in a type II difference spectrum (peak 430 nm, trough 406 nm) although when added to microsomes from chick embryos a type I spectrum (peak 385 nm, trough 419 nm) resulted. These studies 1) supply the first reported measurements of ALAS in human fetal tissues, 2) show that fetuses aborted by prosta-glandins are useful for studies of AHH activity, 3) provide evidence that AHH in the fetal adrenal is mediated by cytochrome P-448 and 4) show species differences in substrate binding to embryonic microsomal proteins.
Otolith trace element and stable isotopic compositions differentiate fishes from the Middle Mississippi River, its tributaries, and floodplain lakes

Naturally occurring stable isotope and trace elemental markers in otoliths have emerged as powerful tools for determining natal origins and environmental history of fishes in a variety of marine and freshwater environments. However, few studies have examined the applicability of this technique in large river-floodplain ecosystems. This study evaluated otolith microchemistry and stable isotopic composition as tools for determining environmental history of fishes in the Middle Mississippi River, its tributaries, and floodplain lakes in Illinois and Missouri, USA. Fishes were collected from 14 sites and water samples obtained from 16 sites during summer and fall 2006 and spring 2007. Otolith and water samples were analyzed for stable oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) and concentrations of a suite of trace elements; otoliths were also analyzed for carbon isotopic composition (δ13C). Tributaries, floodplain lakes, and the Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers possessed distinct isotopic and elemental signatures that were reflected in fish otoliths. Fish from tributaries on the Missouri and Illinois sides of the middle Mississippi River could also be distinguished from one another by their elemental and isotopic fingerprints. Linear discriminant function analysis of otolith chemical signatures indicated that fish could be classified back to their environment of capture (Mississippi River, floodplain lake, tributary on the Illinois or Missouri side of the Mississippi River, or lower Missouri River) with 71–100% accuracy. This study demonstrates the potential applicability of otolith microchemistry and stable isotope analyses to determine natal origins and describe environmental history of fishes in the Middle Mississippi River, its tributaries, and floodplain lakes. The ability to reconstruct environmental history of individual fish using naturally occurring isotopic markers in otoliths may also facilitate efforts to quantify nutrient and energy subsidies to the Mississippi River provided by fishes that emigrate from floodplain lakes or tributaries.
The uptake of dissolved free fatty acids from seawater by a marine filter feeder, Crassostrea virginica☆

Abstract 1. 1. Crassostrea virginica can remove free fatty acids from seawater at naturally occurring concentrations of 0.25 μM. 2. 2. The uptake is saturable for both palmitate and stearate but not oleate; above 3 μM the uptake is greatly enhanced by micellar formation. The V max for palmitate is 1.67 nmole/g per hr and stearate is 1.22 nmole/g per hr. 3. 3. The most rapidly labeled lipid in the CHCl 3 extracts of the animal bries is phosphatidyl choline. The V max for the palmitate incorporation into phosphatidyl choline is 850 nmole/g per hr.
Is Antisecretory Therapy After Pancreatoduodenectomy Necessary? Meta-analysis and Contemporary Practices of Pancreatic Surgeons

Marginal ulcer (MU) is a well-described complication of pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) whose incidence remains unclear. Gastric antisecretory medications likely attenuate the risk of marginal ulceration after PD; however, the true relationship between antisecretory medication and marginal ulceration after PD is not precisely known. The aims of this study were to document the incidence of MU after PD, identify any relationship between MU and gastric antisecretory medication, and survey current practice of MU prophylaxis among experienced pancreatic surgeons. the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Registrar of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases were searched from their inception to May 2014 for abstracts documenting ulceration after pancreatoduodenectomy. Two reviewers independently graded abstracts for inclusion in this review. Contemporary practice was assessed through a four-question survey distributed globally to 200 established pancreatic surgeons. After a review of 208 abstracts, 54 studies were graded as relevant. These represented a cohort of 212 patients with marginal ulcer after PD (n = 4794). A meta-analysis of the included references shows mean incidence of ulceration after PD of 2.5 % (confidence interval (CI) 1.8–3.2 %) with a median time to diagnosis of 15.5 months. Pylorus preservation was associated with a MU rate of 2.0 % (CI 1.0–2.9 %), while “classic” PD procedures report an overall rate of 2.6 % (CI 1.6–3.6 %). Documented use of postoperative antisecretory medication was associated with a reduced rate of 1.4 % (CI 0.1–1.7 %). One hundred forty-four of 200 (72 %) surveys were returned, from which it was determined that 92 % of pancreatic surgeons have dealt with this complication, and 86 % routinely prescribe prophylactic antisecretory medication after PD. The incidence of MU after PD is 2.5 % with a median time to occurrence of 15.5 months postoperatively. Gastric antisecretory medication prescription may affect the incidence of MU. The majority of pancreatic surgeons surveyed have encountered MU after PD; most (86 %) routinely prescribe prophylactic gastric antisecretory medication.
Objective evaluation of personality and psychopathology in temporal lobe versus extratemporal lobe epilepsy

Abstract Previous research has been equivocal on personality trait and psychopathology differences between temporal lobe and other types of epilepsy, as well as between patients with right and left temporal lobe seizure foci. In this study, personality differences between patients with right temporal (n = 23), left temporal (n = 21), and extratemporal (n = 24) epilepsy were investigated using the NEO Personality Inventory—Revised (NEO-PI-R). No statistically significant differences were found on any of the NEO-PI-R domains or facet trait scales. There were also no significant differences between groups on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2), a measure of psychopathology. However, mild elevations were seen in all groups on clinical scales related to physical symptoms, health concern, and depression. These data suggest there are no consistent personality or psychopathology differences, as measured by the NEO-PI-R and the MMPI-2, between patients with left temporal, right temporal, and extratemporal epilepsy whose seizures are localized using video/EEG monitoring.
Manufacturing Power Relations: An Organizational Simulation

The idea that power relations have systemic consequences for behavior in organizations is too abstract to be meaningful to many students. This article focuses on a simulation of a hierarchical manufacturing firm designed to promote an experiential understanding of how behavior is shaped by the distribution of power in organizations. The exercise may also generate learning on topics such as attributions, motivation, communication, and conflict. The author discusses how and why she developed the simulation, its strengths and drawbacks, and student reactions. The appendix provides detailed instructions for conducting the exercise.
Factors Influencing the Relationship Between Contract Providers and a State Funding Agency

This study examines relationships between the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services and the nonprofit child care agencies providing services through contract arrangements. The study tested the proposition that the administrators of contract child care agencies will define their agency's relationship with the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services as supplementary, complementary, or adversarial (Young, 1998) based on the administrator and agency demographic variables, administrator's attitude toward the role of government, the administrator's view on management, and the agency's financial characteristics. The study found that the percentage of budget from the state agency and the level of education of the administrator significantly predicted one type of relationship (complementary). None of the other structural factors identified were found to be significant predictors. The qualitative findings indicate that the social dimensions, such as mutual respect, fairness, and individual r...
Nonlinear effects on the carrier-envelope phase calculated with Maxwell’s equations

Calculations of nonlinear effects on the carrier-envelope phase of unchirped ultrashort pulses propagating in sapphire show the slope with respect to intensity changes signs whereas for pulses with initial chirp the phase increases monotonically.
Seven Generations of Selection for High and Low Blood Pressure in Chickens

Abstract THE inheritance of blood pressure has been reported in humans (McKusick, 1960; Pickering, 1955; Roberts, 1964; and Thomas and Ross, 1964), rabbits (Alexander et al., 1954), rats (Smirk and Hall, 1958; Sturtevant, 1953) and mice (Schalager, 1965; Schlager and Weibust, 1967). Heritability estimates were variable depending on the method of analysis and other factors, with values ranging from about 11 to 53 percent, but with most values between 20 and 40 percent. Sturkie et al. (1959) reported the heritability of blood pressure in chickens averaged 28 percent based on regression of offspring on mid-parent (average of three generations), but about 25 percent for the first year based on the difference in blood pressure of selected hypotensive and hypertensive strains, and less in subsequent generations. In that study most of the change in blood pressure with selection was in the hypertensive line, but no random line was used for comparison. Moreover,…
Back to the future: The continued relevance of behavior theory to modern behavior therapy

Although modern behavior therapy has become increasingly cognitive, empirically validated behavior and cognitive behavior therapies continue to be firmly based on modern learning theory. The relation between behavior theory and behavior therapy is critical to the continued advancement of behavior therapy in the modern era of radical changes within the mental health care system. Of particular relevance to the continued success of behavior therapy is behavior analysis. Not only is behavior analysis a direct, applied extension of behavior theory, but it is also a highly practical and effective approach for understanding, explaining, and modifying verbal behavior, behavioral trajectories, and the contextual factors that contribute to, and maintain, maladaptive behaviors.