cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression, Alcohol Dependence and Abuse, and Drinking and Driving Behavior.

BACKGROUND Alcohol dependence/abuse and depression are positively related. Prior studies focused on relationships between drinking and driving and alcohol dependence/abuse, drinking and driving and problem drinking, or drinking and driving and depression separately. No study has addressed how depression is linked to drinking and driving through various underlying channels in the same study. METHODS This study investigated relationships between depression, alcohol dependence/abuse, and the number of self-reported drinking and driving episodes. We also explored underlying behavioral channels between depression and alcohol dependence/abuse and binge drinking, reducing drinking amounts when planning to drive, and use of designated drivers. Data on 1,634 drinkers came from a survey fielded in eight U.S. cities. We employed ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and path analysis to assess drinking and driving and underlying channels. RESULTS With OLS, being depressed increased the number of drinking and driving episodes during the past year by 0.572. This increase decreased to 0.411 episodes/year increase after adding socio-demographic characteristics and household income and lost statistical significance after controlling for alcohol dependence/abuse. The path analysis showed that depression is positively associated with drinking and driving, indirectly operating through not using a designated driver, but is not directly associated with drinking and driving. Alcohol dependence/abuse is directly associated with drinking and driving, and indirectly with drinking and driving through binge drinking. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that treatment should focus on helping individuals with depression to obtain assistance from others, such as obtaining a designated driver. Since self-control of drinking in anticipation of driving did not significantly reduce drinking and driving episodes, this study finds no empirical support for emphasizing improved self-control when the treatment objective is reducing drinking and driving frequency. While binge drinking is associated with drinking and driving, the more appropriate way to influence binge drinking is treating alcohol dependence/abuse rather than depression per se.
Purkinje Cell Spike Firing in the Posterolateral Cerebellum: Correlation With Visual Stimulus, Oculomotor Response, and Error Feedback

Complex (CS)- and simple-spike (SS) discharge from single Purkinje cells (Pc) in the posterolateral cerebellum of two monkeys was recorded during a visually guided reach-touch task. A visual target appeared (TA) off-gaze at a random location on a screen. On initiation of arm reach, the target disappeared, then reappeared (TR) after a fixed delay. TR was either at the same location (baseline condition) or a shifted location at a fixed distance and direction from TA location (shift condition). Across trials, we observed one or two peaks of CS activity, depending on the reach condition. The first CS (T1 CS) peak was tuned to the location of TA on the screen, following TA by approximately 150 ms. The second CS (T2 CS) peak occurred only in the shift condition, was tuned to the shift location of TR, and followed TR by approximately 150 ms. The locational preferences of T1 and T2 CS peaks were the same. T1 and T2 CSs preceded saccades to TA and TR at the preferred location and occurred during reaches with either arm. T1 CSs occurred during trials in which the target appeared, and there was a saccade to target, but no subsequent arm reach followed. SS firing varied with TA/TR in the same preferred location as for the accompanying CS. We conclude that posterolateral Pc CS and SS firing changes following an off-gaze visual target appearance in a preferred location when there is a subsequent saccade to that location.
Solution-Processed Ambipolar Field-Effect Transistor Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole Functionalized with Benzothiadiazole

Ambipolar charge transport in a solution-processed small molecule 4,7-bis{2-[2,5-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3-(5-hexyl-2,2':5',2"-terthiophene-5"-yl)-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrolo-1,4-dione-6-yl]-thiophene-5-yl}-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTDPP2) transistor has been investigated and shows a balanced field-effect mobility of electrons and holes of up to ~10-2 cm² V-1 s-1. Using low-work-function top electrodes such as Ba, the electron injection barrier is largely reduced. The observed ambipolar transport can be enhanced over one order of magnitude compared to devices using Al or Au electrodes. The field-effect mobility increases upon thermal annealing at 150 °C due to the formation of large crystalline domains, as shown by atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Organic inverter circuits based on BTDPP2 ambipolar transistors display a gain of over 25.
Post-placement C-slow retiming for the xilinx virtex FPGA

C-slow retiming is a process of automatically increasing the throughput of a design by enabling fine grained pipelining of problems with feedback loops. This transformation is especially appropriate when applied to FPGA designs because of the large number of available registers. To demonstrate and evaluate the benefits of C-slow retiming, we constructed an automatic tool which modifies designs targeting the Xilinx Virtex family of FPGAs. Applying our tool to three benchmarks: AES encryption, Smith/Waterman sequence matching, and the LEON 1 synthesized microprocessor core, we were able to substantially increase the total throughput. For some parameters, throughput is effectively doubled.
The Urban Bureaucracy and the Chicago Political Machine: Who Gets What and the Limits to Political Control

It has long been assumed that urban political machines trade services for votes. However, this study of Chicago found no evidence to suggest that the political machine uses vital public services to reward loyal supporters and to punish enemies. With few exceptions, distribution patterns are a function of past decisions, population shifts, technological changes, and reliance upon technical-rational criteria and professional values. The urban bureaucracy is the major actor in the distributional process. Equity in the distribution of resources is accomplished according to formula and is increasingly a by-product of allegiance to professional standards.
Radiographic sizing for meniscal transplantation

Allograft or synthetic meniscal replacement has the potential to delay the arthritic sequelae of the meniscectomized knee. Meniscal implants must, however, be side and size specific. A cadaveric study was performed in which medial and lateral menisci were painted with a radiopaque tantalum powder-cyanoacrylic mixture. Radiographs of this preparation demonstrated reproducible relationships between each meniscus and established bony landmarks. When corrected for magnification, meniscal size could be derived from plain films. Meniscal width equaled the distance (coronal) from the peak of the tibial eminence to the periphery of the tibial metaphysis on anteroposterior films. Meniscal length was measured from lateral radiographs. Medial meniscal length was 80%, and lateral meniscal length was 70% of the measured sagittal length of the tibial plateau. Measurement error averaged 7.8% by these parameters.
Prey Consumed by Eight Species of Insectivorous Bats from Southern Illinois

Abstract We collected data on the diet of eight species of insectivorous bats (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae): big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), red bats (Lasiurus borealis), evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis), northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), little brown myotis (M. lucifugus), Indiana myotis (M. sodalis), southeastern myotis (M. austroriparius) and eastern pipistrelles (Perimyotis subflavus). Bats were mist netted during the summers of 1999 and 2000 at 41 forest sites throughout southern Illinois. We analyzed prey remains in fecal pellets of 305 individuals to assess diet similarity among species and relationships between bat body mass and prey diversity and hardness. Larger species included big brown bats and evening bats that ate primarily hard-bodied beetles (Coleoptera). These bats had the greatest dietary similarity index value compared with the other chiropterans in the community, and the highest hardness indices of prey consumed. Red bats, second only to E. fuscus in mean body mass, ate...
Learning from "The Struggle" A U.S. Counseling Psychologist in South Africa

This article describes the author's participation in a faculty exchange program between the University of Missouri and the University of the Western Cape in South Africa The discussion highlights the value of international experiences in a collectivist culture and lessons in courage.
Resonant Tunneling of Holes in Strained Layers—SiGe/Si

Resonant tunneling of holes in several Ge x Si 1- x /Si double barrier structures is reviewed. Magneto-tunneling along and perpendicular to the current transport direction has been investigated. With the perpendicular field direction, tunneling of light and heavy holes can he clearly discriminated, while the parallel magnetic field gives complicated results. A hot hole tunneling transistor has been successfully fabricated using a resonant tunneling emitter.
Chronic Systemic Immune Dysfunction in African-Americans with Small Vessel-Type Ischemic Stroke

The incidence of small vessel-type (lacunar) ischemic strokes is greater in African-Americans compared to whites. The chronic inflammatory changes that result from lacunar stroke are poorly understood. To elucidate these changes, we measured serum inflammatory and thrombotic biomarkers in African-Americans at least 6 weeks post-stroke compared to control individuals. Cases were African-Americans with lacunar stroke (n = 30), and controls were age-matched African-Americans with no history of stroke or other major neurologic disease (n = 37). Blood was obtained >6 weeks post-stroke and was analyzed for inflammatory biomarkers. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to assess immune responsiveness in a subset of cases (n = 5) and controls (n = 4). After adjustment for covariates, the pro-inflammatory biomarkers, soluble vascular cadherin adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and thrombin anti-thrombin (TAT), were independently associated with lacunar stroke. Immune responsiveness to LPS challenge was abnormal in cases compared to controls. African-Americans with lacunar stroke had elevated blood levels of VCAM-1 and TAT and an abnormal response to acute immune challenge >6 weeks post-stroke, suggesting a chronically compromised systemic inflammatory response.
The Environment-Immune Route to Chronic Disease

Specific environmental factors including chemicals, drugs, microbes, and both physical and psychological factors can affect the immune system producing dysfunction and, ultimately, an increased risk of chronic disease. Several different types of immune alterations can result from environmentally induced immunotoxicity and these connect immune insult to chronic disease. We illustrate how many immune-based chronic diseases arising in nonlymphoid tissues may be categorized based on the target tissue (e.g., skin, lung) rather than on the probable cause: a dysfunctional immune system. Finally, we discuss various factors that affect: (1) susceptibility to immunotoxicity and (2) the specific spectrum of disease outcomes following exposure.
Osteoporosis awareness protocol for patients with fragility fractures.

Objective To develop and implement a protocol that improves recognition of osteoporosis in patients with fragility fractures. Methods The awareness protocol included 6 meetings with the clinical staff of the emergency department (ED) and the orthopedic department to discuss osteoporosis awareness, a poster placed in the ED triage and orthopedic residents’ rooms, monthly verbal awareness reminders, and distribution of pocket-sized poster copies to the residents. Results Two hundred ninety-one patients with fractures were admitted to Howard University Hospital from June 2005-December 2005. Fractures were evident in 11% (n = 32). All were admitted from the ED. Of the patients with fractures, 81% were African American—62.5% were women with a mean age of 73.3 ± 15.8 years; the mean age of the men, 59.3 ± 14.9 years. The orthopedists requested an endocrine consult for 8 patients. Osteoporosis was evident in 25% of the fracture patients (n = 8). One of these patients was diagnosed on the basis of risk factors, thus 22% were diagnosed on the basis of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and pathological findings. As compared with a prior study, this is a significant increase (13%, p = .02) in the diagnostic rate at this institution. Bisphosphonates were prescribed for 3 of the 32 patients (9%) prior to discharge. Conclusion This pilot study presents an easy-to-execute awareness protocol that significantly improved the diagnosis of osteoporosis in a predominantly African American population with fractures. The diagnosis of osteoporosis may be enhanced by cooperative efforts among ED, orthopedics, endocrinology, and other disciplines.
Cultural Issues in Psychopharmacology: Integrating Medication Treatment with Lakota Sioux Traditions

Psychologists may soon be entering into the practice of pharmacologic treatment of mental illness. Although there has been some investigation of biologic differences in drug response among various ethnic and racial groups, very little attention has been paid to the nonbiologic differences. Cultural definitions of health, healing, and illness and specific cultural practices are likely to have a significant impact on various aspects of treatment, compliance, and interaction effects. This article addresses the issue of culture and the impact of cultural practices on the use of psychotropic medications with the Lakota (Sioux) people of the Northern Plains. Specific examples of traditional Lakota ceremonies and their potential interactions with psychotropic medications are presented with recommendations to prescribers for handling these situations in a culturally responsive manner. Emphasis is placed on creating collaborative relationships between prescribers and traditional spiritual healers in the care of Native American clients. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
The Influence of National Culture on Information Technology Development, Implementation, and Support Challenges in China and the United States

ABSTRACTRapidly changing information technology challenges information technology management throughout the world. In-group collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and assertiveness dimensions of national culture distinguish Chinese and U.S. culture. Vendor competitiveness, management confusion, incompatibility, poor quality, and training demands describe the challenges. Data from 91 Chinese and 246 American information technology managers revealed that U.S. information technology organizations experience more unexpected work, delays, and costs from management confusion and poor quality. Vendor competitiveness leads to management confusion, incompatibility, and poor quality in both cultures. However, only poor quality leads to training demands in China while management confusion, incompatibility, and poor quality do in the United States.
In Vivo Imaging of Pressure Effects in Normal Breast Tissue with Quantitative Multi-Spectral Near-Infrared Tomography

Near-infrared tomographic images of choromphores and scatterers have been validated with phantoms and used in imaging pressure effects in normal breast tissue. Dominant changes occur in water content and scattering power under applied external pressure.
Product compositions and potential erosion chemistries of solid gun propellants

A comparison of thermochemically computed product compositions of conventional single-, double-, and triplebase propellants is made with those from advanced thermoplastic-elastomer (TPE) binders and additives to reduce product molecular weights. The product compositions are examined in the light of potential chemical erosion mechanisms. The potential for tailoring combustion products, as well as flame temperatures, to mitigate possible erosion effects is discussed.
A commentary quiz: What musical composition best describes a primary contribution of your article?

The contributions in this Special Issue focus on relationships between sensemaking (primarily), learning, and dynamic complexity. They address a range of phenomena, including mindfulness, radical l...
Genetics of pediatric central nervous system tumors.

Purpose: Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors comprise a wide variety of histologic subtypes ranging from the benign juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma to the highly aggressive atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. Although some brain tumors are seen in association with inherited genetic disorders which predispose to malignancies, most are sporadic. Current knowledge regarding the cytogenetic and molecular genetic events which have been implicated in the development or progression of common brain tumors in children is the subject of this review. Methods: Combined cytogenetic and molecular genetic approaches, including fluorescence in situ hybridization, have been used to identify genomic alterations in different histologic types of pediatric brain tumors. Results: The most frequent abnormality in primitive neuroectodermal tumor/medulloblastoma is an i(17q), present in approximately 50% of cases. This finding implicates the presence of a tumor suppressor gene on 17p, which is important in tumor development. A number of genes on 17p have been eliminated as candidates for this locus, including TP53. A tumor suppressor gene in chromosome band 22q11.2 has been hypothesized to play a role in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, and positional cloning strategies are in progress to identify a rhabdoid tumor gene. Chromosome 22 deletions are also seen in meningiomas and a small percentage of ependymomas, but it is not yet known whether the same gene is responsible for more than one malignancy. With regard to childhood astrocytomas, tumor-associated genetic changes have not yet been identified for the common juvenile pilocytic or low grade diffuse astrocytoma. In contrast, malignant anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme have abnormalities similar to those seen in adults, including loss of alleles on 17p13 and TP53 mutations, trisomy 7, EGFR rearrangements, and loss of chromosomes 10 and 22. Conclusions: The presence of tumor-associated genetic abnormalities has clinical utility in a differential diagnostic setting, and has lead to the identification of genes which contribute to tumorigenesis.
EFFECTS OF SEX OF SUBJECT AND EMOTIONAL ROLE-PLAYING ON REACTANCE

48 males who role-played a script, which was obviously an attempt to make them anxious, reacted by scoring less anxious on a post measure. 48 females and the control groups did not react as predicted by reactance theory. The results indicate that research is needed to clarify the variables that influence predictions with reactance theory.
In-plane effective thermal conductivity of a single layered metallic wire-mesh screen

The primary objective of this study is to estimate the in-plane thermal conductivity of a single layered metallic wire-mesh screen using a finite element model. The wire diameter of this screen is on the order of tens of microns. A small portion of this wire-mesh screen is analyzed and the estimated numerical in-plane thermal conductivity is compared with analytical correlations from the literature. The future scope of this work is in the evaporator package model of a novel Two-Phase Heat Transfer Device (TPHTD) which is currently being employed in thermal management of light emitting diodes (LEDs). Three approximate screen geometries are investigated in this study and their effective thermal conductivities are computed using a finite element model. Based on the results of this current investigation, it is strongly recommended to conduct experimental measurements for estimating the thermal conductivity of the actual screen geometry.
Nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of intracellular sodium in the perfused normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rat heart

We have used 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine the relationship between intracellular sodium and cardiac muscle alterations in genetic hypertension. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) compared with the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) (aged 15 to 19 weeks), mean systolic blood pressures (measured using the tail-cuff method) were significantly (P < .05) different (WKY: 118 +/- 8 mm Hg, n = 5; SHR: 185 +/- 9 mm Hg, n = 5). Heart weights were also increased significantly (P < .05) in SHR (grams dry heart to kilograms body weight ratio was 0.73 +/- 0.04, n = 5, for SHR and 0.55 +/- 0.02, n = 5, for WKY). Intracellular sodium levels, measured using shift-reagent-aided and triple quantum filtered (TQF) nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, were significantly increased (P < .05) in the isolated Langendorff perfused hypertensive rat hearts (17.3 +/- 3.6 mmol/L, n = 5) compared with normotensive rat hearts (8.4 +/- 2.3 mmol/L, n = 5). These data demonstrate increased sodium in cardiac muscle in essential hypertension. We also investigated the effect of pacing on cardiac TQF 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance and found an increase in TQF Na+ content in both WKY and SHR hearts on stepped up pacing. These results support the existence of sodium pump lag in the rat heart perfused at physiologic Ca2+ concentration and suggest that the hypertensive rat heart has adapted to compensate for increased basal intracellular Na+ and maintain a normal response to increased heart rate. Our data appear to suggest an ionic contribution to the cardiac hypertrophy of genetic hypertension in the rat.
Race and Politics in the Age of Obama

Race has rarely mattered more in US politics than it does now. The election of President Obama has laid bare the racial divisions that continue to fracture the United States. In this review, I explore the emerging scholarship that assesses Obama's impact on social and political life in the United States. I first examine the symbolic meaning of Obama's election to black and white citizens. Second, I analyze how racism has influenced whites' political behavior and policy preferences. Next, I examine how President Obama has influenced public policy. Then, I suggest that the toxic political climate surrounding Obama is just another installment of a saga in which rapid social change is met with anxiety and anger by some whites who perceive their way of life as being under threat. Finally, I illustrate how the “Obama effect” combines with the perceived “Latino threat” to affect whites' political behavior.
Effects of alkali and alkaline-earth metal dopants on magnesium oxide supported rare-earth oxide catalysts in the oxidative coupling of methane

Abstract The oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to ethane and ethylene was studied over alkali metal (Li and Na) and alkaline earth metal (Mg and Ca) doped rare earth oxides (Sm2O3, TbOx, PrOy and CeO2) catalysts supported on nanoparticle magnesium oxide (n-MgO). It was found that the Li-TbOx/n-MgO catalyst outperformed all other combinations of rare earth oxide and dopant, in terms of initial activity and selectivity, except at temperatures below 600 °C where the undoped Sm2O3/n-MgO, Ca-Sm2O3/n-MgO and Ca-CeO2/n-MgO catalysts resulted in higher C2+ yields. Li doping was most efficient in yielding C2+ products over all rare earth oxides, followed by doping with Na. These dopants result in the most basic sites on the surface according to CO2 desorption experiments. However, these sites are blocked at lower reaction temperatures, which can explain why most Li- and Na-doped catalysts are not active below 650 °C. Below reaction temperatures of 650 °C moderately basic sites, which bind CO2 up to ∼350 °C, are important and correlate well with OCM activity. Li doping also resulted in the highest ethylene yields, which is a more desirable product than ethane, and the highest ethylene yield (9.7%) was obtained over the Li-CeO2/n-MgO (at 800 °C). However, Li-doped catalysts are not very stable, and the Na-TbOx/n-MgO catalyst therefore outperformed the Li-TbOx/n-MgO catalyst after only a few hours on stream. Removal of both Li and Na during reaction was also confirmed and is probably the reason for the loss in selectivity with time on stream. Tb2O3 is the only TbOx phase observed with XRD on the Na- and Li-doped TbOx/n-MgO catalysts after reaction and this is important since Tb2O3 is likely more selective to C2+ products than TbO1.81 in the OCM reaction.
Soft x-ray laser interferometry study of dense plasma jet collimation

Soft x-ray laser interferometry and hydrodynamic simulations were used to study the increase in collimation of laboratory plasma jets created with low energy (⇐ 1 J) short laser pulses irradiating target of varying atomic number.
What do first-year engineers and others consider cheating?

This paper reports student responses to a short survey presented within the first few weeks to a variety of first-term students including both engineers and non-engineers. Survey results for first-year engineering students from 2014 (N Eng2014 = 85) have previously been reported [1] and were included in this analysis. In 2015, an additional one hundred and seven engineering students (N Eng2015 = 103), thirty-eight nursing students (N Nur = 38), and sixty-four biology students (N Bio = 63) completed the same survey. The purpose of this survey was to build a dialog between faculty and students regarding ethical classroom behavior and to gain further insight into student attitudes regarding activities that may or may not be considered cheating. Students were anonymously asked to rank their level of agreement with eleven statements related to working with others on assignments, using solution materials for homework, and appropriate behavior for exams including the use of technology. After analysis indicated that the two engineering groups were not statistically different, the 2014 engineering group was combined with the 2015 engineering group. The results of these student surveys have been used to guide continuous improvement of the engineering program and will inform efforts to address ethical topics for future discussions campus-wide.
Ultrasonic Imaging in Solids Using Wave Mode Beamforming

This paper discusses some improvements to ultrasonic synthetic imaging in solids with primary applications to nondestructive testing of materials and structures. Specifically, the study proposes new adaptive weights applied to the beamforming array that are based on the physics of the propagating waves, specifically the displacement structure of the propagating longitudinal (L) mode and shear (S) mode that are naturally coexisting in a solid. The wave mode structures can be combined with the wave geometrical spreading to better filter the array (in a matched filter approach) and improve its focusing ability compared to static array weights. This paper also proposes compounding, or summing, images obtained from the different wave modes to further improve the array gain without increasing its physical aperture. The wave mode compounding can be performed either incoherently or coherently, in analogy with compounding multiple frequencies or multiple excitations. Numerical simulations and experimental testing demonstrate the potential improvements obtainable by the wave structure adaptive weights compared to either static weights in conventional delay-and-sum focusing, or adaptive weights based on geometrical spreading alone in minimum-variance distortionless response focusing.
Miscellaneous Cervical Venous Variants

The range of cervical venous anatomic variations is vast. The spectrum of minor variations is particularly extensive, but most are not of great import. However, the larger draining veins, such as the internal jugular veins (IJVs) and external jugular veins (EJVs), can be quite asymmetric, and such asymmetry in size or location, or changes in size and appearance in the time between initial and follow-up examinations, can simulate disease. Similarly, posteriorly, the vertebral veins (VVs) and various vertebral venous plexi have myriad appearances. Additionally, reflux of contrast into any of the aforementioned veins from the IJV or subclavian vein after injection of contrast can obscure adjacent anatomic structures, as discussed further in Chap. 44, “Artifacts on Craniocervical CT Angiography.”
Developmental Timing of Childhood Physical and Sexual Maltreatment Predicts Adult Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms

Child physical and sexual maltreatment have emerged as documented risk factors for a wide range of health problems in adulthood, including depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Prior research focuses on generalized childhood adversities without accounting for how different critical details about the maltreatment may affect outcomes in adulthood. The present study examines the impact of two critical details, timing and type of child maltreatment, on depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms in adulthood. Participants (N = 104) completed the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure scale (MACE) and the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Scale-Second Version (IDAS-II). Hierarchical multiple regressions compared three different models of child maltreatment predictors and their differential utility for predicting depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms in adulthood: (a) number of child maltreatment experiences, (b) severity of child maltreatment, and (c) timing of child maltreatment. Results indicate that severity of child maltreatment and timing of child maltreatment are greater predictors for adult depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms than number of child maltreatment experiences. Compared with other developmental periods, early childhood sexual maltreatment experiences (5 years of age and below) and late childhood physical maltreatment experiences (13 years of age and above) were stronger predictors of adult depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Children maltreated during these age groups may be prioritized for prevention and intervention efforts, particularly when there are limited resources. Clinical interviews with maltreated children should also be expanded to include information about developmental timing and severity of maltreatment, which have ramifications for later health problems. Implications for assessment of maltreated children, prevention of adult depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms, and future research directions are discussed.
$O(N)$ O ( N ) -Space Spatiotemporal Filter for Reducing Noise in Neuromorphic Vision Sensors

Neuromorphic vision sensors are an emerging technology inspired by how retina processing images. A neuromorphic vision sensor only reports when a pixel value changes rather than continuously outputting the value every frame as is done in an “ordinary” Active Pixel Sensor (ASP). This move from a continuously sampled system to an asynchronous event driven one effectively allows for much faster sampling rates; it also fundamentally changes the sensor interface. In particular, these sensors are highly sensitive to noise, as any additional event reduces the bandwidth, and thus effectively lowers the sampling rate. In this work we introduce a novel spatiotemporal filter with $O(N)$ O ( N ) memory complexity for reducing background activity noise in neuromorphic vision sensors. Our design consumes 10× less memory and has 100× reduction in error compared to previous designs. Our filter is also capable of recovering real events and can pass up to 180 percent more real events.
The Efficacy of Ectomycorrhizal Colonization of Pin and Scarlet Oak in Nursery Production

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of ectomycorrhizae inoculation of pin (Quercus palustris) and scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) during nursery production. Experiment 1 tested inoculum and substrate protocol. Vegetative and spore inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) were applied to pin and scarlet oak seedlings. All plants were grown in 0.9 liter (1 gal) containers filled with milled pine bark, sterilized milled pine bark, sterilized mineral soil, or sterilized vermiculite-based substrate. After two months, mycorrhizal colonization rates were assessed qualitatively. Vegetative inoculum was unsuccessful at infecting seedlings of both species when grown in all of the substrates. Best results were 90% and 60% of plants colonized with spore inoculum for pin and scarlet oak, respectively, grown in vermiculite-based substrate. Sixty percent of pin oaks were colonized by Pt in milled pine bark, whereas no scarlet oaks were colonized. Overall, the spore inoculum colonized pin oak at a...
Numerical Study of Composite Panels Subjected to Underwater Blasts

In this work, we characterize the performance of composite panels subjected to underwater impulsive loadings by finite element analysis (FEA). First, we present a finite element model that simulates the fluid-structure interaction experiment developed in our laboratory for testing the underwater blast resistance of marine composite panels. Then, we present the methodology used to calibrate this model (possessing a high number of degrees of freedom) from available experimental data presented in another talk. Both deflection profile histories and damage maps are used as a metric to identify unknown model parameters. The dynamic model incorporates layered-shell elements, damage initiation by Hashin criterion and damage evolution laws for laminae and interfaces. The calibrated model will help to improve the blast performance of marine structures by design optimization studies of solid and sandwich panels
The challenge of cultural blindness: implications for family-focused service delivery

When dealing with culturally diverse families, special education professionals need to be aware of the challenge of cultural blindness and acknowledge the cultural assumptions imbedded in the services they offer. Using data from qualitative interviews with Native American mothers and participant observations of a parent support group on their reservation, I analyze the implications of cultural blindness for the empowerment of minority families.
How the Unity of Science Saved Alfred Tarski

The evening before my talk at this conference on “Tarski and the Vienna Circle”, Professor Hans Sluga of the University of California at Berkeley made the important point that we should discuss not only the historical past but also its impact — in other words, what happened (or did not happen) as a result of that past. I agree completely and I am happy to say that I intend to deal with exactly those issues. My title, “How the Unity of Science Saved Alfred Tarski”, has two meanings: the first, quite literal. The second is less so and perhaps stretches the point, but it does bear on the question of “what happened.”
Feeds, Ration Formulation: Lactation Rations for Dairy Cattle on Dry Lot Systems

The formulation of rations for lactating dairy cows is both an opportunity and a challenge for nutritionists. The opportunity is to blend a wide variety of feeds, housing systems and feeding systems into a total nutrition program which permits dairy cows to express their genetic potential. The challenge is to do this within dry matter intake (DMI), economic and practical management constraints. An additional challenge is the need to apply formulation concepts that are biologically sound but for which research has not fully determined practical application and implementation. The nutritionist must decide at what point to incorporate these concepts into practical formulations for use on dairy farms. Current examples of these concepts include amino acids, physically effective fiber, biotin, choline, uNDF (undigested NDF) and sugar content of rations.
Parenting with Cancer II: Parenting at Different Stages of Illness

In the period immediately following a new diagnosis, parents often describe being in a state of shock, similar to the aftermath of a traumatic event. This overwhelming distress may cause parents to feel that they cannot think straight, their world has turned upside down, or that their sense of time and space has been altered. During this time, caring for themselves and gathering medical information are priorities. As much as possible, steadying themselves with reminders to take one day at a time, or even one hour at a time, can be crucial. It may be important to wait until this acute period has passed and parents once again have their feet underneath them before attempting to discuss the diagnosis with their children. It can be challenging to find an appropriate balance between allowing time for some emotional stabilization, while not letting too much time go by that parents risk children picking up on cues or overhearing conversations about the illness.
Defect Mobilities in Ionic Crystals Containing Aliovalent Ions

In ionic crystals, there is an opportunity to create a rather unique type of defect complex by the introduction of aliovalent impurities, i.e., impurity ions which differ in charge from the corresponding solvent ion. When such impurities are introduced, additional defects (either vacancies or interstitial ions) must accompany the aliovalent ions in order to achieve charge compensation, the defect possessing an effective charge equal and opposite to that of the impurity ion. Accordingly, the two entities will experience a Coulomb attraction tending to produce, if the temperature is not too high, a dipole or defect complex which possesses a relatively strong binding energy. The existence of such complexes profoundly affects many of the properties of ionic crystals, including mechanical as well as electrical properties. This chapter is concerned mainly with information about ionic motions which can be obtained by studying such doped crystals. On the one hand, diffusion of the aliovalent ion may be very different from self-diffusion, due to the presence of the compensating defect. On the other hand, the methods of dielectric and anelastic relaxation may be used to observe the reorientation of the complex in an appropriate externally applied field (electric or stress field, respectively). These measurements, therefore, give direct information on the kinetics of the rate-controlling steps in the re-orientation process. Combining this information with corresponding information on kinetics of migration (from diffusion measurements or the study of the dipole aggregation), can give a rather complete picture of the various ionic motions which take place in the presence of aliovalent impurity ions.
Structure preservation in comparatives

Comparatives involve various dimensions for comparison, but not anything goes: " more coffee" involves volume or weight, but not temperature, while " more coffees" involves number, not volume or weight. In general, the extant literature assumes that the difference between " more coffee / coffees" reflects a morphosyntactic ambiguity of " more" , such that it spells out MUCH - ER with bare nouns, and MANY - ER with plural nouns. Semantically, MUCH introduces a variable over measure functions (with constraints), whereas MANY introduces a cardinality function. I argue for an alternative, univocal theory based on the decomposition MUCH - ER , and account for the observed patterns of constrained variability by means of a stronger condition on the selection of measure functions than has previously been proposed.
Discovery of Antibiotic (E)‐3‐(3‐Carboxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐cyanostyryl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one.

A library of quinazolinones is prepared with a view to developing novel classes of antibiotics.
High-Performance Nonequilibrium InSb PIN Infrared Photodetectors

The cooling requirement is still a great burden of sensitive infrared (IR) detectors. To overcome this challenge, a detailed investigation of InSb P-intrinsic-N diodes was conducted. Its dark current was comprehensively studied for the design and optimization of high-performance nonequilibrium IR detectors. The doping concentration, exclusion junction, and layer geometry were engineered to lower the Auger suppression trigger current density ${J}_{\text {onset}}$ , leading to a low dark saturation current ${J}_{\text {sat}}$ . The result indicated that the Auger suppression can be triggered at ${J}_{\text {onset}}={15}$ A/cm2 and ${V}_{\text {onset}} = {0.8}$ V, while ${J}_{\text {sat}}$ can be kept as low as 10 A/cm2. The nature of Auger suppression has been studied by calculating the carrier concentration profile in the diode with different bias voltages. It is proven that the exclusion diode has the most significant effect on the Auger suppression. The specific detectivity of optimized nonequilibrium InSb detectors at different temperatures has been compared favorably with the results reported by other groups. Such a nonequilibrium InSb IR detector has a high potential in room temperature and above application.
Estimating Mediation and direct effects of the multiple model with application Kidney

This paper presented a study of the analysis of the mediation of a multi-model and the knowledge of the role of these variables in the transfer of the effect of the independent variable to the dependent variable. In this article, the delta method was used to estimate the standard error and because this method violates a number of assumptions, especially with small sampling sizes, the method of shoeboxes was used to overcome such problems. According to the results obtained from the application for this model, it was found that the shoe bass method is better than the Delta method according to numerical results.
Content Counts and Motivation Matters: Reading Comprehension in Third-Grade Students Who Are English Learners:

This study examined the role of science domain knowledge, reading motivation, and decoding skills in reading comprehension achievement in third-grade students who are English learners (ELs) and stu...
Supporting Self-Injury Recovery: The Potential for Virtual Reality Intervention

In this paper, we explore the use of virtual reality (VR) in assisting individuals who self-injure. Past work on self-injury in HCI has focused almost exclusively on mobile applications and message boards. As VR systems become more common, it is worth exploring what unique affordances of the technology can be leveraged to support self-injury reduction and cessation. Research on VR intervention and self-injury treatment informed the design of three novel virtual reality experiences. Nineteen interviews were conducted with individuals with current, or a past history of, self-injury with the goals of uncovering overall impressions of the perceived efficacy of VR with this population, as well as better understanding key mechanisms which impact their experience. Our analysis reveals four key elements common across all experiences: transportation, embodiment, immersion/distraction, and sense of control, and additional themes within each unique experience. We discuss the implications of these findings for future intervention design.
Upper Extremity Compressive Neuropathies in the Pediatric and Adolescent Populations

Although somewhat rare, upper extremity compressive neuropathies can occur in the pediatric and adolescent populations due to various etiologies. Some of the most common conditions seen include thoracic outlet syndrome, supracondylar process syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome with subluxation of the ulnar nerve, and carpal tunnel syndrome. This review will focus on these diagnoses and how to address them in the pediatric and adolescent populations. Due to the rarity of upper extremity compressive neuropathies in the pediatric and adolescent populations, substantial advancement in the literature does not routinely occur. However, recent literature has found a difference in the rate of various subtypes of thoracic outlet syndrome in children versus adults. Additionally, cubital tunnel syndrome associated with ulnar nerve subluxation/instability has recently been found to have better outcomes following surgical decompression of the ulnar nerve and transposition than those with stable ulnar nerves. In summary, this review provides the most recent knowledge surrounding upper extremity compressive and entrapment neuropathies in the pediatric and adolescent populations.
Anal Conditions: Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease of the apocrine gland-bearing skin that typically affects the axillary, perianal, perineal, and inframammary regions. It causes open comedones (clogged hair follicle), tender subcutaneous papules, inflammatory nodules, abscesses, sinus tracts and scarring. The prevalence of HS is 0.1 to 4% worldwide; the mean age of onset is 20 to 24 years. Cigarette smoking and obesity are risk factors for HS. Dietary triggers include dairy products and highly refined simple carbohydrates. The anal region is the second most commonly involved area after the axilla; 30% to 50% of patients with HS have perianal lesions. A number of comorbid conditions are present in patients with HS including acne, inflammatory bowel diseases, spondyloarthropathy, genetic keratin disorders and squamous cell cancer. Management of the disease includes medical and surgical treatment. Local and small lesions can benefit from medical treatment but recurrence rates are high. Widespread disease is an indication for radical surgical excision with possible need for reconstruction.
Training for Research Careers in Biomedical Informatics and Data Science Supported by the National Library of Medicine

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) has been the primary funder for university-based biomedical informatics training programs in the U.S. since the early 1970s. NLM has provided institutional training grants as well as informatics research opportunities for individual fellows. The programs supported by NLM have changed over time as the competencies needed for informatics research training have evolved. Over the years, the focus of the program has broadened to address a wide range of informatics needs, including the incorporation of bioinformatics and public health informatics training into programs that had earlier been focused almost exclusively on clinical informatics, and most recently incorporating biomedical data science as a fundamental component of the training. NLM also provides and supports training for biomedical research librarians. This chapter describes the evolution of grant-supported informatics training, identifies basic elements of informatics and data science curricula designed to produce interdisciplinary researchers, highlights new directions, and discusses data science training programs for librarians.
Virtual Reality: An Immersive Tool for Social Work Students to Interact with Community Environments

Research supports various benefits of using virtual reality (VR) within social work education. As a pilot study, this paper describes the impact of a 360 VR simulation designed to immerse students at a New York school of social work in a typical New York City neighborhood, with the goal of helping them learn about how its history, resources, demographics, and physical space impacts its inhabitants. This, in turn, is intended to support novice students in gaining familiarity with new social contexts and communities, and in connecting macro and micro nuances with practice. An overview of the role of VR in social work education is provided, followed by a description of the pilot 360 VR simulation developed by the authors of this paper, including the rationale for that development and the theoretical framework for its design. Using a mobile device and Google Daydream headset, students are guided through a panoramic urban environment by a pre-recorded voiceover that promotes reflective and analytical thinking as they observe the community through the lens of a social worker. Independent sample t-tests showed statistically significant changes in average scores between pre-and-post tests. Results of the pilot as indicated by pre- and post-survey of student perceptions and test of their knowledge are provided. Pedagogical and clinical practice implications for the 360 VR simulation are identified and discussed.