cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deintercalation of a chemically switchable polymer from a layered silicate nanocomposite

The phenomenon of intercalation is widely known as a key process in the area of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites. In the formation of such nanocomposites, a polymer chain is intercalated between the layers of a layered (silicate) host, typically giving a well-ordered multilayered stack with a repeat distance of only a few nanometers. Intercalated systems are excellent models for studies of confined geometries, and they often display enhanced material properties as well. In this study, we examined a series of polymers in which it was possible to reverse the intercalation process (i.e., to achieve deintercalation). Homopolymers and copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate) (PTHPMA) were intercalated into an organically modified synthetic fluoromica. Thermally induced deprotection of the tetrahydropyranyl group resulted in the transformation of PTHPMA into poly(methacrylic acid), which was then observed to deintercalate from the silicate host. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis were used to study the deintercalation process.
Design and synthesis of a potent and selective peptidomimetic inhibitor of caspase-3.

In this paper we report the synthesis and characterization of a novel potent and selective inhibitor of caspase-3, a member of the caspase family of cysteine proteases which plays an important role in many human disorders. This molecule represents 3(S)-acetylamino-N-{1-[(((3S)-2-hydroxy-5-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)carbamoyl)methyl]-2-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-3-yl}succinamic acid, a monocyclic conformationally constrained form of the tetrapeptide Ac-DEVD-H, in which a 1,4-benzodiazepine nucleus is introduced internally to the peptidic sequence.
A semiempirical SCF MO study of the interaction of odorant molecules with a biological substrate

The AM1 semiempirical SCF MOmethod developed by Dewar and co-workers has been employed to compute possible interaction processes of the odorant molecules cocaine, methyl benzoate, and benzaldehyde with the biological substrate lysine. The only process predicted as possible in each case was nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbons of each odorant by the nitrogen lone pairs on lysine. The remote amino group of lysine in each case was predicted to react with lower activation enthalpy than did the α-amino group, a prediction consistent with preliminary experimental data from these laboratories. Although the computed activation enthalpies were high (ca. 40 kcal mol−1) for the gas-phase processes, it is conceivable that such processes could occur by alternate pathways with considerably lower ctivation energies in solvated media such as exists in the presence of mucus-containing olfactory binding protein in vertebrate olfactory reception. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developmental differences in frequency judgments of words and pictures

Abstract Children in kindergarten, third, and fifth grades were presented a list of either pictures or words (with items presented for varying numbers of times on the study trial). In both picture and word conditions, half of the S s estimated how many times each item had been presented (absolute judgments) and the other half judged which of two items had occurred more often on the study trial (relative judgments). The primary finding was that while frequency judgment performance improved with age for both pictures and words, there was relatively greater improvement for pictures (i.e., the picture-word difference increased with age). These results lend strong support to the frequency theory of discrimination learning and, in particular, may be useful in accounting for effects associated with age and with age by stimulus mode interactions.
Clash in perspective between mental patients and staff.

The opinions of mental patients traditionally have been ignored by mental health researchers, although they are most relevant if patient care is to be improved. A comparison of patient and staff opinion reveals that patients have a more positive view of the hospital, and disagree with staff in their conceptions of what makes patients “get better.”
Phosphoinositide-containing polymerized liposomes: Stable membrane-mimetic vesicles for protein-lipid binding analysis

Stable phosphoinositide (PIPn)-containing liposomes were prepared using polydiacetylene photochemistry. Tethered pentacosadiynyl inositol polyphosphate (InsPn) analogues of Ins(1,3,4)P3, Ins(1,4,5)P3, and Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 were synthesized, incorporated into vesicles made up of diyne-phosphatidylcholine and -phosphatidylethanolamine, and polymerized by UV irradiation. The polymerized liposome nanoparticles showed markedly increased stability over conventional PIPn-containing vesicles as a result of the covalent conjugated ene-yne network in the acyl chains. The polymerized liposomes were specifically recognized by PIPn binding PH domains in liposome overlay assays and amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assays. Moreover, the biotin moiety allowed attachment of the nanoparticles to a streptavidin-coated sensor chips in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. The PIPn headgroups displayed on SPR sensors showed higher affinities for PH domains and PIPn monoclonal antibodies than did monomeric PIPn-analo...
Adverse Events Following Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccination in Children: Analysis of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.

Background The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' recommendations for influenza vaccination of children have expanded from the long-standing recommendation to vaccinate high-risk children aged ≥6 months, to vaccinating all 6- to 23-month-olds (2004), 2- to 4-year-olds (2006), and 5- to 18-year-olds (2008). Objective To identify new or unexpected adverse events (AEs) after trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in children. Methods We analyzed reports after TIV to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System from 1990-2006 in children aged 2 to 17 years, and from the 2008-2009 influenza season in children aged 5 to 17 years. Empiric Bayesian data mining techniques were used to identify new or unexpected AEs during 1990-2006. Results During 1990-2006, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System received 2054 reports of children aged 2 to 17 years with a peak in the 2003-2004 influenza season. In 2008-2009, 506 reports describing 5 to 17 year olds were received. The serious reports of tests performed after TIV were approximately 10% of all reports from 2001-2006, and 6% of the reports in the 2008-2009 season. Data mining showed an increased proportion of medication errors and Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS). The findings of GBS could not be interpreted as causally related to vaccination. Among 201 reports of medication error, 94% had no AE reported other than the medication error itself. Conclusion In this analysis, we found no unexpected AEs. Our review of medication error and GBS reports suggests that ongoing monitoring in these areas is appropriate.
Medical student retention of embryonic development: impact of the dimensions added by multimedia tutorials.

The purpose of this project was to develop Web-based learning modules that combine (1) animated 3D graphics; (2) 3D models that a student can manipulate independently; (3) passage of time in embryonic development; and (4) animated 2D graphics, including 2D cross-sections that represent different “slices” of the embryo, and animate in parallel. These elements were presented in two tutorials, one depicting embryonic folding and the other showing development of the nervous system after neural tube formation. The goal was to enhance the traditional teaching format—lecture combined with printed diagrams, text, and existing computer animations—with customized, guided, Web-based learning modules that surpassed existing resources. To assess module effectiveness, we compared quiz performance of control groups who attended lecture and did not use a supporting module, with study groups who used a module in addition to attending lecture. We also assessed our students' long-term retention of the material, comparing classes who had used the module with students from a previous year that had not seen the module. Our data analysis suggests that students who used a module performed better than those given only traditional resources if they used the module after they were already somewhat familiar with the material. The findings suggest that our modules—and possibly computer-assisted-instruction modules in general—are more useful if used toward the later stages of learning, rather than as an initial resource. Furthermore, our data suggest that the animation aids in long-term retention. Both medical students at the University of Cincinnati and medical faculty from across the country commented favorably on their experiences with the embryonic development modules. Anat Sci Ed 1:252–257, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Micellar properties of quillaja saponin. 2. Effect of solubilized cholesterol on solution properties

Abstract The interaction between cholesterol and the surfactant quillaja saponin has been investigated by measuring the effect of cholesterol on surface and micellar properties of quillaja saponin solutions. The aggregation properties of cholesterol in water were studied using fluorescent probe methods, with results indicating that cholesterol alone does not form micelles in aqueous solution. However, surface tension, dye solubilization, and light scattering measurements show that cholesterol and saponin mixtures do form micelles at well-defined critical micelle concentrations (cmc). The cmc for saponin solutions saturated with cholesterol was generally higher than that for saponin alone, with the extent of the increase dependent on the source — and most likely the composition — of the saponin. The addition of salt decreases the cmc values, while temperature dependence of these values is more complex. Surface adsorption studies show that cholesterol preferentially adsorbs at the air/water interface, forming a closely-packed monolayer, but that saponin can partially displace the cholesterol at high saponin concentrations. Finally, the size, intrinsic viscosity and the aggregation number of the cholesterol/saponin micelles are larger than those of saponin micelles alone, with the radius of the micelles between 20 and 40% larger at 298 K. These results indicate that cholesterol most likely solubilizes within quillaja saponin micelles, and in the process has a substantial impact on the micelle structure and the energetics of micelle formation.
TwoDay Method: a quick-start approach

Abstract Background Requiring that women wait until the onset of menses to initiate a family planning method is a medical barrier that can result in unintended pregnancies. In the efficacy study of the TwoDay Method, a new fertility awareness-based method of family planning, women were taught the method in the first seven days of their cycles. This study tested a quick-start approach (providing the method at any time in the cycle) to TwoDay Method delivery. Study Design In Peru, 167 women were counseled in TwoDay Method use (regardless of cycle day) and followed for up to 7 months. They were interviewed periodically to assess their use of and satisfaction with the method. Simulated clients gauged providers' ability to correctly counsel in method use at different times of the cycle. Results No significant differences were observed in correct use, continuation rates, and acceptability of the method among women who were counseled at different points in the cycle; quality of counseling was not undermined by the quick-start approach. Conclusions There is no need to limit delivery of the TwoDay Method to the first seven days of the menstrual cycle.
Object recognition contributions to figure-ground organization: Operations on outlines and subjective contours

In previous research, replicated here, we found that some object recognition processes influence figure-ground organization. We have proposed that these object recognition processes operate on edges (or contours)detected early in visual processing, rather than on regions. Consistent with this proposal, influences from object recognition on figure-ground organization were previously observed in both pictures and stereograms depicting regions of different luminance, but not in randomdot stereograms, where edges arise late in processing (Peterson & Gibson, 1993). In the present experiments, we examined whether or not two other types of contours—outlines and subjective contours—enable object recognition influences on figure-ground organization. For both types of contours we observed a pattern of effects similar to that originally obtained with luminance edges. The results of these experiments are valuable for distinguishing between alternative views of the mechanisms mediating object recognition influences on figure-ground organization. In addition, in both Experiments 1 and 2, fixated regions were seen as figure longer than nonfixated regions, suggesting that fixation location must be included among the variables relevant to figure-ground organization.
Losing weight without dieting. Use of commercial foods as meal replacements for lunch produces an extended energy deficit

High-protein liquid meal replacements have proven to be effective in reducing caloric intake and body weight. Recently, substituting high fiber breakfast cereals for the more expensive high-protein drinks has been found to be equally effective to reduce weight. The following study tested the hypothesis that the mechanism responsible for the reduced intake was not the dietary composition of the meal replacement, but the controlled portion sized meals. Seventeen volunteers ate all of their meals and snacks from foods provided by the research unit from Monday to Friday for five consecutive weeks. For the first week, all participants selected their food from a buffet where each food was weighed before and after eating. For the next two weeks, half of the group selected their lunch by choosing one food from a selection of six commercially available portion controlled foods. They could eat as much as they wished at other meals or snacks. For final weeks four and five, the conditions were reversed for the two groups. Consuming the portion controlled lunches resulted in about a 250 kcal reduction in energy intake. More importantly, no sign of caloric compensation was evident across the 10 days of testing, an observation substantiated by a significant loss of body weight. The results suggest that the mere substitution of one smaller portioned meal each day is sufficient to cause reduction in daily energy intake and a significant amount of weight.
CP27 function is necessary for cell survival and differentiation during tooth morphogenesis in organ culture.

CP27 is a novel gene involved in early vertebrate development that features a distinct expression pattern in developing tooth organs. In order to assess CP27 function in tooth organogenesis, we performed CP27 loss and gain of function studies in our tooth organ culture system. Cap stage mouse molar tooth organs were dissected and cultured for 12 days in serumless, chemically defined medium, and selectively treated either with; (i) CP27 derived peptides as a gain of function approach; (ii) antibodies against CP27 as a loss of function approach; and (iii) rabbit serum as a control for the antibody treatment. Following 12 days of culture, tooth organs were fixed, embedded, sectioned, and further analyzed. Morphometric analysis revealed an increase in tooth size in the peptide treated group and an extensive dissociation of the tooth organ in the CP27 antibody treated group. Controls yielded fully-differentiated crown stage tooth organs with enamel and dentin mineralized tissues. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP Nick end labeling staining for apoptosis demonstrated a significant increase of apoptotic cells in the CP27 antibody treated group. Immunohistochemistry for 5D4 keratansulfate proteoglycans in conjunction with changes in cell morphology suggested that cells in the CP27 antibody treated group had undergone a change in cell type toward cartilaginous characteristics. We interpret our studies to indicate that CP27 function alterations dramatically affect tooth organ size as well as individual cell fate and survival during tooth organogenesis.
Distance problems in computational geometry with fixed orientations

In computational geometry, problems involving only rectilinear objects with edges parallel to the x -and y-axes have attracted great attention. They are often easier to solve than the same problems for arbitrary objects, and solutions are of high practical value, for instance in VLSI design. This is because in VLSI design technology requirements often dictate the use of only two orthogonal orientations for the boundary edges of objects as well as wires.The restriction on the boundary edges motivates the study of rectilinear objects, while the restriction on wires brings the focus on the well-known L1-metric (the Manhattan distance). In short, given the two orthogonal orientations, both the shape of objects and the distance function are determined in a natural way.More recent VLSI fabrication technology is capable of creating edges and wires in both the orthogonal and diagonal orientations. This motivates us to study more general polygons, and to generalize the distance concept to the case where any fixed set of orientations is allowed. We introduce a family of naturally induced metrics, and the subsequent generalization of geometrical concepts. A shortest connection between two points is in this case a path composed of line segments with only the given orientations. We derive optimal solutions for various basic planar distance problems in this setting, such as the computation of a Voronoi diagram, a minimum spanning tree, and the (minimum and maximum) distance between two convex polygons. Many other theoretically interesting and practically relevant problems remain to be solved. In particular, the new family of metrics may help bridge the gap between the L1- and the L2-metrics, as those are the limiting cases for two and infinitely many regularly distributed orientations.
Stark spectroscopy with the CO laser: The ν2 fundamentals of H2CO and D2CO

Abstract The ν2 (CO stretching) vibration-rotation bands of H2CO and D2CO near 5.8 μm have been studied using the technique of laser Stark spectroscopy. The following vibrational and rotational constants have been determined: Constant H2CO D2CO Unit ν 0 1746.011 1701.620 cm−1 A′ 281807.8 ± 6. 141696.6 ± 7. MHz B′ 38608.7 ± 5. 32068.4 ± 7. MHz C′ 33738.7 ± 3. 25998.6 ± 10. MHz μ″ 2.328 ± 0.006 2.344 ± 0.006 Debye μ′ 2.344 ± 0.006 2.364 ± 0.005 Debye The ground and excited state dipole moments of D2CO and the excited state dipole moment of H2CO have not been determined previously. The remaining parameters agree well with earlier determinations. In addition, the frequencies of individual low J absorption lines have been determined with an accuracy limited only by the uncertainties in the CO laser frequencies.
Identifying the Relation Between the Function of Student Problem Behavior and Teacher Instructional Behavior

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the identified function of student problem behavior and different types of teacher behavior. Students with emotional/behavioral disorders and their teacher in one classroom were observed during reading instruction. Results showed consistent patterns of teacher attention across the classrooms that related to the identified function of student behavior. However, differences emerged when subtypes of teacher attention were analyzed. Results are discussed in terms of functional assessments and teacher interaction patterns.
Xylella fastidiosa Detected in New Mexico in Chitalpa, a Common Landscape Ornamental Plant.

Different strains of Xylella fastidiosa cause a variety of significant disease problems in agricultural and ornamental plants, including Pierce's disease in grapes, oleander leaf scorch, pecan bacterial leaf scorch, and alfalfa dwarf disease. X. fastidiosa has never been reported in New Mexico but is known to exist in surrounding states (California, Arizona, and Texas). During the summer of 2006, several chitalpa (Chitalpa tashkinensis) hybrid trees with leaf scorch symptoms and branch die back were observed in Las Cruces, NM and they tested positive for X. fastidiosa by ELISA. Additional samples from these plants and others were analyzed by ELISA, PCR (2), and cultured on XfD2 medium (1). Known positive and negative oleander samples from Arizona were included as controls. Fifteen of thirty tested chitalpa were PCR and ELISA positive, indicating that they were infected with X. fastidiosa. Bacterial colonies that were PCR positive were also recovered from 10 of the XF positive samples that were plated. DNA...
The α4 laminin subunit regulates endothelial cell survival

Abstract The α4 laminin subunit is a major structural component of assembling basement membranes of endothelial cells. We have been investigating its functions with regard to endothelial cell survival. An anti-laminin α4 antibody (2A3), directed against the G domain of the α4 laminin subunit of laminins-8 and -9, inhibits proliferation and enhances apoptosis of endothelial cells when cells are maintained in vitro. Activation of caspases-9 and -3 plays a role in 2A3 antibody-induced apoptosis, since inhibitors specific for these caspases and overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-X L , but not c-FLIP, inhibit 2A3 antibody-triggered endothelial cell death. Extracellular matrix is known to play a role in regulating programmed cell death in an integrin-dependent fashion. The α4 laminin subunit conforms to this idea since activation of β1 integrin subunits on endothelial cells blocks the ability of 2A3 antibody to induce endothelial cell death. In summary, our data indicate that complexes composed of α4 laminin/β1 subunit-containing integrins at the cell surface support endothelial cell survival. Furthermore, we propose that antagonists of α4 laminin function, including antibody 2A3, have value as angiogenesis inhibitors in a clinical setting where blocking aberrant growth of blood vessel by triggering apoptosis of endothelial cells may be therapeutic.
Monitoring bioaugmenation with single-well push-pull tests in sediment systems contaminated with trichloroethene.

Bioaugmentation to enhance the rate and extent of reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes was investigated in intermediate (∼1 m) scale physical aquifer models (PAMs) designed to simulate the groundwater flow field near an injection well. Push−pull tests were used to quantify the reductive dechlorination of injected trichloroethene (TCE) and trichlorofluoroethene (TCFE) in prepared sediment packs with and without an added dechlorinating culture containing Dehalococcoides spp. Distribution of the added culture throughout the sediment pack was confirmed by microscopic observation. Repeated additions of TCE (100−350 μM) were completely transformed to ethene in 14 days and a subsequent TCFE addition (114 μM) was completely transformed to fluoroethene (FE) in 24 days. Similar transformation rates, product distributions, and time courses for TCE and TCFE transformation were observed when these compounds were added together at similar initial concentrations. In the control PAM (nonbioaugmented), TCE and ...
TEMPERAMENT PROFILES OF HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN

An examination of temperament characteristics of hyperactive and control subjects indicates that, early in their lives, hyperactive children were viewed as having extreme temperament patterns characteristic of children difficult to rear. Primary hyperactive children were characterized by low threshold level, difficulties in staying on schedule, adjusting slowly to changes and being very active, and not being persistent. Implications of the findings for child-rearing practices are discussed.
Solution of the Elliptic Rendezvous Problem with the Time as Independent Variable

An explicit solution is given for the linearized motion of a chaser in a close neighborhood of a target in an elliptic orbit. The solution is a direct generalization of the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations that are widely used for circular orbits. In other words, when the eccentricity is set equal to zero in the new formulas, the well-known Clohessy-Wiltshire formulas are obtained. The solution is completely explicit in the time. As a starting point, a closed-form solution is found of the de Vries equations of 1963. These are the linearized equations of elliptic motion in a rotating coordinate system, rotating with a variable angular velocity. This solution is shown to be obtained simply by taking the partial derivatives, with respect to the orbit elements, of the two-body solution in polar coordinates. When four classical elements are used, four linearly independent solutions of the de Vries equations are obtained. However, the classical orbit elements turn out to be singular for circular orbits. The singularity is removed by taking appropriate linear combinations of the four solutions. This gives a 4 by 4 fundamental solution matrix R that is nonsingular and reduces to the Clohessy-Wiltshire solution matrix when the eccentricity is set equal to zero.
Communication Satisfaction and Satisfaction with Self and Other The Relevance of Relationship Level and Topic Level

This study examined the influence of topic level and relationship level on self and other as loci of emotional reactions to interactions. Findings indicate that self satisfaction was more strongly related to communication satisfaction for low topic intimacy and importance, and for the lowest level of relationship intimacy (acquaintances). On the other hand, satisfaction with other was more strongly related to communication satisfaction for high topic intimacy and importance, and higher levels of relationship intimacy (friends). Lovers and spouses, however, did not conform to this pattern. The findings, which were derived from a community sample, were compared to those of a previous study which had sampled college students.
A posteriori error indicators for Maxwell's equations

Abstract In this paper we shall analyze a class of a posteriori error indicators for an electromagnetic scattering problem for Maxwell's equations in the presence of a bounded, inhomogeneous and anisotropic scatterer. Problems of this type arise when computing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with biological tissue. We briefly recall existence and uniqueness theory associated with this problem. Then we show how a posteriori error indicators can be derived using an adjoint equation approach. The error indicators use both the jump in normal and tangential components of the field across faces in the mesh.
Prophylactic antibiotics prevent bacterial biofilm graft infection.

Bacterial biofilm graft infection is due to prostheses colonization by Staphylococcus epidermidis, a pathogen frequently recovered from perigraft tissues of man during vascular procedures despite the use of asepsis and prophylactic antibiotics. The effect of preoperative intraperitoneal cefazolin, administered at a standard (15 or 30 mg/kg) and high (120 mg/kg) dose, on the prevention of bacterial biofilm infection was studied in a rat model. Seventy-four Dacron grafts, colonized in vitro with S. epidermidis to produce an adherent biofilm (3.19 ± 0.71 × 107 colony-forming units/cm2 graft), were implanted in the dorsal subcutaneous tissue at 0.5, 2, and 4 hr after antibiotic administration. The study strain was a slime-producing clinical isolate with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 15–30 μg/ml to cefazolin. Subcutaneous tissue antibiotic levels were determined at each time interval. One week after implantation, the concentration of bacteria in the surface biofilm by quantitative agar culture was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) only for grafts implanted when antibiotic tissue levels were greater than or equal to the MIC of the study strain. The result of no growth by biofilm broth culture was significantly achieved (P < 0.01) only for grafts implanted 0.5 hr after high dose cefazolin, in which the tissue antibiotic level was above the MIC of the study strain. Antibiotics can markedly reduce the bacteria concentration of a prosthetic surface biofilm. The effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics on the prevention of graft infection is dependent upon maintaining an adequate antibiotic level in the perigraft tissues for the duration of the procedure.
Performance statistics of a time-sharing computer network

Abstract User interaction with a computer is a very complex process and some of the complexity is inherent in the nature of computing. Many experiments in time-sharing and networking of computers have been very extensive and expensive. Nevertheless, a knowledge of the performance and reliability of computer networks is vital for efficient operations. One major problem in the evaluation of any time-sharing network seems to be the lack of quantitative understanding of the relationship for planning future network requirements as well as aiding the process of evaluating existing performance the workload at any computer center is often unique and not typical of a wide variety of commercial environment. This paper presents the following using data collected under actual operating conditions of the LSU time-sharing network. 1. a) statistical properties of the input traffic on the network, computer service time demands and selected performance measures. 2. b) A model relating to performance measures of the network. The model developed in this paper consists of two phases: Phase one consists of characterizing the workload performance of time-sharing network by the following model: f(κ) = α + βeλκ, where α, β and λ are constant coefficients and κ is a performance variable of the network. Phase two consists of developing a regression model of the performance variables of the network. The quality of the model is tested with some real observed data and the difference between predicted values and the observe values are very small. This is supported by the residual analysis of the data.
p38γ Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Confers Breast Cancer Hormone Sensitivity by Switching Estrogen Receptor (ER) Signaling from Classical to Nonclassical Pathway via Stimulating ER Phosphorylation and c-Jun Transcription

Estrogen receptor (ER) α promotes breast cancer growth by regulating gene expression through classical estrogen response element (ERE) binding and nonclassical (interaction with c-Jun at AP-1 sites) pathways. ER is the target for anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen (TAM). However, the potential for classical versus nonclassical ER signaling to influence hormone sensitivity is not known. Moreover, anti-estrogens frequently activate several signaling cascades besides the target ER, and the implications of these "off-target" signaling events have not been explored. Here, we report that p38γ MAPK is selectively activated by treatment with TAM. This results in both phosphorylation of ER at Ser-118 and stimulation of c-Jun transcription, thus switching ER signaling from the classical to the nonclassical pathway leading to increased hormone sensitivity. Unexpectedly, phosphorylation at Ser-118 is required for ER to bind both p38γ and c-Jun, thereby promoting ER relocation from ERE to AP-1 promoter sites. Thus, ER/Ser-118 phosphorylation serves as a central mechanism by which p38γ regulates signaling transduction of ER with its inhibitor TAM.
Demonstration of pollution effects in aquatic microcosms

Trophic level interactions caused by an algicide, an insecticide, and two levels of organic enrichment were demonstrated in alga‐grazer‐bacteria microcosms; e.g., the insecticide caused an algal bloom by removing grazers. The technique was expanded to develop an unbiased bioassay of the effects of low levels of HgCl2, CdCl2, Toxaphene, and Aroclor (PCB) 1242. Problems of toxicant recovery, solvent effects, repeatability, and statistical analyses were uncovered. In an algal chemostat, Aroclor 1242 generally prevented the maintenance of steady state densities.
Leptogenesis and Yukawa textures

We study a set of textures giving rise to the correct masses and mixings of the charged fermions in the context of leptogenesis. The Dirac neutrino texture pattern is assumed to be identical with the up quark texture. The heavy Majorana neutrino mass matrix is obtained by inverting the type-I seesaw formula and using the neutrino masses and mixings required by the solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillation experiments as input. After making a feasibility study of the generated lepton asymmetry via the decay of the heavy right handed neutrino, we compute the generated baryon asymmetry by numerically solving the supersymmetric Boltzmann equations. We find for these models that both the hierarchy of the texture as well as the placement of the texture zeros are important to the viability of leptogenesis as the source of the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Competencies of Process: Toward a Relational Framework for Integrated Care

As integrated care (IC) has gained more traction within both the psychosocial and medical fields, the need to train medical family therapy students and established professionals in this care typology has increased in tandem. To address this stated need, there is a large body of literature pertaining to models of care, typologies of intervention, clinical and financial effectiveness, and now a burgeoning discussion related to the academic and practice-based competencies necessary for IC practice. While the ability of the medical family therapist as behavioral health provider (MedFT/BHP) to practice in integrated settings may rely on an understanding of population-based medicine, disease etiology, medication and psychopharmacology, as well as augmentations to patient conceptualization and practice, all of the specifics related to that care are ultimately leveraged on the relationships formed by the MedFT/BHP with their healthcare colleagues. What this means is while we have attempted to distill the gestalt of integrated care into its major practice-based parts (e.g., model development and implementation, competencies, financial viability, efficacy/effectiveness, mechanisms of activation, and marketing), we have not adequately described the competencies necessary to set the stage for these types of close working relationships: relationships that make integration, of any kind, a possibility. The following paper was written to discuss three competencies related to the relational process of integration: (a) conceptual flexibility, (b) understanding and acceptance, and (c) acknowledgment and appreciation, as well as how these competencies provide the backdrop against which integrated care, as a practice, can emerge.
Factors influencing sales call frequency of industrial salespersons

Abstract Industrial sales representatives face a problem of allocating their time in deciding which customers or prospects to call on and how frequently to make those calls. These decisions directly influence the firm's costs and revenues, yet research in this area has been sparse. This article reports an empirical study of the relationship between the call frequency of salespersons and select characteristics of the market, the customer, and the salesperson-customer interaction. Data for the study were collected by a self-administered questionnaire which was completed by 83 salespersons representing 34 different firms. Respondents provided data concerning their call frequency on a particular customer, time in the sales territory, and responses to a series of Likert statements. Eight summative scales were developed from the statements. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between call frequency and the independent variables. Several predictors (Role Consensus, Important Purchase Decision, Important Customer, and Customer Disposition) were salient variables in the model. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the research findings to marketing managers and researchers.
COMPLEX VARIABLES ANALOGUES OF HILBERT'S SEVENTEENTH PROBLEM

We prove several theorems concerning the representation of Hermitian symmetric polynomials as quotients of squared norms of holomorphic polynomial mappings, thus providing complex variables analogues of Hilbert's seventeenth problem. We consider the space of Hermitian symmetric polynomials R on Cn of degree at most d in z, with the Euclidean topology on the space of coefficients. We compare the collections of nonnegative polynomials &#x1d4ab;d and quotients of squared norms &#x1d4ac;d. We prove, for d ≥ 2, that &#x1d4ac;d strictly contains the interior of &#x1d4ab;d and is strictly contained in &#x1d4ab;d. We provide a tractable precise description of &#x1d4ac;d in one dimension. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition in general in terms of F and G in the holomorphic decomposition R = ||F||2 - ||G||2. We provide many surprising examples and counterexamples and briefly discuss some applications.
Transfusion after coronary artery bypass surgery: the impact of heparin-bonded circuits.

Objective: To identify the impact of heparin bonded (Carmedaw) circuits on the need for transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBC) after CABG independent of the influence of patient, procedural, and surgical experience variables. Methods: A prospective, randomized trial examined the impact of heparin-bonded circuits in 210 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery at Medical Center of Delaware (Christiana Care Health Services). Patients were randomized to either non-bonded circuits or heparin-bonded (Carmedaw) circuits. There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the treatment and control group. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the independent predictors of both the need for transfusion (logistic) and number of units of PRBC transfused (OLS). Results: The only significant (P , 0:05) independent predictors of need for transfusion were gender (odds ratioOORUa0:35 for males), use of anticoagulants prior to surgery (ORa 2:09), cross-clamp time (ORa 1:03 for each extra minute), and use of heparin-bonded circuits (ORa 0:50 for patients in the heparin-bonded; Carmedaw, circuit group). The only significant independent predictors of number of PRBCs were anticoagulants prior to surgery, cross-clamp time, catheterization procedure on the same day, body surface area, and use of heparin-bonded circuits. Other patient demographic variables, comorbidities, and surgical variables were not significant independent predictors of the need for transfusion or the number of units transfused. Conclusions: Several factors influence the probability of transfusion that patients face following coronary artery bypass surgery. The probability of transfusion is 50% less and the number of PRBCs transfused are 1.42 units less when heparin-bonded (Carmedaw) circuits are used, adjusted for patient demographics, comorbidities, or surgical variables. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects of electron beam loading on an operating piezoelectric transformer

Piezoelectric transformers (PTs) are currently being used to accelerate charged-particle beams for various applications [1, 2]. Beam interactions at the output of the PT can be treated as a parallel RC electrical load. The impedance of the load can affect the output voltage due to the small, finite amount of charge available in the PT. High output voltages necessary for beam acceleration cannot be achieved if the current output from the PT is too high. A thermionic electron emitter was used to provide a controllable beam current for testing the effects of electrical loading on the PT. The electron beam was operated in vacuum pressures of approximately 10-5 Torr. Variations in the electron beam current were used to vary the resistive portion of the load while beam distance was used to vary capacitance. The effects of such variations were measured via bremsstrahlung interactions at the output electrode of the PT to determine output voltage and optical techniques for finding internal operating parameters such as electric field. This paper focuses on determining an optimal beam current and PT placement such that high output voltages are still achieved.
A method for interpreting the data from depth-sensing indentation instruments

Depth-sensing indentation instruments provide a means for studying the elastic and plastic properties of thin films. A method for obtaining hardness and Young’s modulus from the data obtained from these types of instruments is described. Elastic displacements are determined from the data obtained during unloading of the indentation. Young’s modulus can be calculated from these measurements. In addition, the elastic contribution to the total displacement can be removed in order to calculate hardness. Determination of the exact shape of the indenter at the tip is critical to the measurement of both hardness and elastic modulus for indentation depths less than a micron. Hardness is shown to depend on strain rate, especially when the hardness values are calculated from the data along the loading curves.
Raised source/drain MOSFET with dual sidewall spacers

A raised source/drain (S/D) MOSFET with sidewall spacers formed both before and after selective epitaxial silicon deposition in S/D regions is discussed. The second spacer overlies any faceted regions of the epitaxial silicon near the gate edge and has advantages for MOSFETs with implant-doped or in-situ doped epitaxial silicon regions. In particular, the spacer can prevent S/D dopants from being implanted through any thinner faceted regions near the gate edge, which would otherwise result in a deeper than desired junction depth in the silicon substrate. Additionally, the spacer can prevent source-to-substrate salicide shorts through the thinner faceted regions. >
Vitamin A deficiency and behavioral and motor deficits in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transgenic rat.

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transgenic (Tg) rat model incorporates a noninfectious viral genome that is under similar regulatory control mechanisms in vivo as those that exist with natural infection in humans. Vitamin A (VA) deficiency in humans has been associated with progressive systemic HIV disease and with impaired cognition in rodent models. The effects on of VA deficiency on the development of behavioral abnormalities with HIV infection have not been previously described. In these studies, wild-type (Wt) and Tg rats maintained on either a normal (VA+) or a VA-deficient (VA−) diet were examined for activity in an open field (horizontal activity, total distance, vertical activity, and rearing) and on rotarod testing. On both open field and rotarod testing, the Tg rats performed worse than the Wt rats, with the most severe deficits noted in the TgVA− animals. Analysis of the specific effects of the presence of the HIV transgene and the diet on the performance on the open field tests showed a dominant effect from the transgene on all of the tests, with an effect from the diet on only the number of rearings. On rotarod testing, effects form both the diet and the transgene were observed at lower speeds, at the highest speeds, and on the accelerating rotarod. These studies therefore demonstrate that behavioral and motor abnormalities can be detected in this model and are likely due to similar mechanisms by which humans infected with HIV might develop cognitive-motor impairment in association with VA deficiency.
The cardiac literature 2009.

Despite the widespread use of cardioactive medications, such as vasopressors and antiarrhythmics, in the resuscitation of cardiac arrest victims, there is actually very little evidence to support these therapies. On the contrary, a recent multicenter center study demonstrated that the use of intravenous medications that are advocated in standard advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) guidelines was ineffective at improving survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest [1]. Olasveengen and colleagues now add further support to the contention that the use of intravenous medications in victims of nontraumatic cardiac arrest is not associated with improvements in meaningful outcomes. The authors performed a prospective randomized trial of consecutive adults with nontraumatic cardiac arrest that were treated within their emergency medical services (EMS) system in Oslo between 2003 and 2008. Patients were randomized to either receive standard ACLS therapies with intravenous drug administration (IV group) or ACLS therapies without any intravenous drugs (no IV group). A total of 851 patients were included in the study, 418 patients in the IV group and 433 in the no IV group. The researchers found there was an increase in survival to hospital admission with return of spontaneous circulation in the IV group vs the no IV group (32% vs 21%; P b .001); importantly, however, there was no difference between the groups with regard to survival to hospital discharge (10.5% vs 9.2%; P = .61), survival with favorable neurologic outcome (9.8% vs 8.1%; P = .45), or survival at 1 year (10% vs 8%; P = .53). The results demonstrate that with the use of IV ACLS medications, patients simply die in the hospital rather than at the scene or in the emergency department (ED). Practically speaking, this amounts to increased intensive care unit bed use, hospital resource use, and expenses—yet without any increase in meaningful survival. In this era of ED and hospital overcrowding
The Problem of Interrogation-Induced False Confession: Sources of Failure in Prevention and Detection

The most basic goal of police interrogation is to elicit a confession that leads to conviction. Sometimes, however, police interrogators elicit false confessions from factually innocent suspects. The psychological process that leads detectives to erroneously obtain false confessions from the innocent involves a series of errors, from misclassification (subjecting an innocent person to an interrogation that presumes their guilt) to psychological coercion (using interrogation techniques that cause the suspect to perceive that he has no meaningful choice to but to confess) to contamination (feeding the suspect nonpublic crime facts that the suspect then incorporates into his confession statement, erroneously making the confession statement appear to be corroborated and thus true). It is usually the combination of these errors that not only lead to false confessions but also to the wrongful conviction of the innocent based on false confessions. In this chapter, we review and analyze the history of police interrogation, noting the historical shift from more physically based to more psychologically based techniques; and the social psychology and practice of police interrogation, noting that it is inherently misleading, can easily become psychologically coercive, and remains a procedure with considerable risk not only to elicit false confessions from the innocent but also to corrupt the search for the truth. We also analyze mistaken cues of deception and guilt, the social psychology of influence principles, the problem of assessing voluntariness, the potential for interrogations to undermine the individual’s capacity for self-regulation, observer biases, context effects, and how available evidence can be selectively evaluated and distorted in cases of false confession leading to erroneous conviction. Finally, we discuss the impact of confession evidence on police, prosecutors, judges, and juries and why, when false, it still creates such a high risk of leading to the wrongful conviction of the innocent.