cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stem geometry changes initial femoral fixation stability of a revised press-fit hip prosthesis: A finite element study.

Background Stable femoral fixation during uncemented total hip arthroplasty is critical to allow for subsequent osseointegration of the prosthesis. Varying stem designs provide surgeons with multiple options to gain femoral fixation. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the initial fixation stability of cylindrical and tapered stem implants using two different underreaming techniques (press-fit conditions) for revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods A finite element femur model was created from three-dimensional computed tomography images simulating a trabecular bone defect commonly observed in revision THA. Two 18-mm generic femoral hip implants were modeled using the same geometry, differing only in that one had a cylindrical stem and the other had a 2 degree tapered stem. Surgery was simulated using a 0.05-mm and 0.01-mm press-fit and tested with a physiologically relevant loading protocol. Results Mean contact pressure was influenced more by the surgical technique than by the stem geometry. The 0.05-mm press-fit condition resulted in the highest contact pressures for both the cylindrical (27.35 MPa) and tapered (20.99 MPa) stems. Changing the press-fit to 0.01-mm greatly decreased the contact pressure by 79.8% and 78.5% for the cylindrical (5.53 MPa) and tapered (4.52 MPa) models, respectively. The cylindrical stem geometry consistently showed less relative micromotion at all the cross-sections sampled as compared to the tapered stem regardless of press-fit condition. Conclusions This finite element analysis study demonstrates that tapered stem results in lower average contact pressure and greater micromotion at the implant-bone interface than a cylindrical stem geometry. More studies are needed to establish how these different stem geometries perform in such non-ideal conditions encountered in revision THA cases where less bone stock is available.
The Man and His Vision

Robert Heilbroner is one of the most widely read economists of the twentieth century. His rare ability to distill complex economic jargon into clear elegant prose has allowed his numerous books and articles to enjoy considerable popularity with the general public as well as the academic community. Generations of economists have cut their teeth on his 1953 classic, The Worldly Philosophers, currently in its sixth edition with well over three million copies in print. This book, or ‘annuity’ in Heilbroner’s words, has lured more than one unsuspecting soul into the dark world of economics. The success of this text in recruiting today’s practising economists has even led some to say that Heilbroner is responsible, to some small degree, for the state of economic science today. I am sure that such high praise from his peers would make Heilbroner very, very uncomfortable. Sidestepping for the moment the obvious trepidations of bearing accountability for the ‘dismal science’, to say Heilbroner is responsible for the state of modem economics is quite a stretch. For that matter, to call Heilbroner an economist is also a stretch. Heilbroner often shirks the label economist in favour of ‘intellectual’, ‘economic historian’ or ‘economic sociologist’.
Urban sewershed overflow analysis using super-resolution weather radar rainfall

Abstract. In urban areas, a prevalence of combined sewer systems (CSS) exist that carry both storm water runoff and sanitary sewer flows in a single pipe, these system are considered combined sewers. In the absence of rainfall-runoff most of these systems function adequately, however CSS capacity is typically inadequate to carry peak stormwater runoff volume. In order to minimize sewage flooding into streets and backups into homes and businesses, most CSS (as well as separate sanitary sewer system) are designed to overflow into surface waters such as streams and rivers, lakes and seas. The primary factor causing overflows to occur is excessive precipitation with rainfall at high intensity or high volume. A framework for the application of radar-rainfall data to identify rainfall characteristics (spatial and temporal) associated with CSO events is presented in this work. An innovative component of the work is the identification of a relationship between weather radar reflectivity and ground-level rainfall. Additionally, the sewershed specific radar-rainfall region is extracted for use in defining CSO triggering rain event characteristics at sewershed spatial scale. Results show underestimation of rainfall is more problematic than overestimation. An optimal radar-rainfall relationship is developed to address reflectivity (Z) to rainfall (R) transformation and improves rainfall estimates in the higher reflectivity range (greater or equal to 46 dBZ). A large portion of quarter-hourly rainfall accumulations occurring at lower radar reflectivity, less than 46 dBZ, indicate optimal reflectivity-rainfall (Z-R) relation parameters range from [300, 1.4] to [250, 1.4] for convective storm types, and [250, 1.2] to {[80, 1.4], [120, 1.4]} for tropical rainfall types. Both rainfall and overflow events are identified using criteria proposed by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to define the physical continuity of natural rainfall processes and the corresponding hydrologic response. The methodology framework is illustrated using an urban sewershed, denoted as CSO 130, located in Louisville, Kentucky (USA). The role of specific rainfall event characteristics: total volume, intensity, duration, continuity, and storm types are shown to govern the overflow in the approximately 13-ha (30-ac) sewershed. Through discriminant analysis, the coupled rainfall and overflow events are categorized by overflow severity. Results indicate that use of fine-resolution radar-rainfall in this urban hydrologic system can reveal insights for planning CSO control and prevention measures for specific rainfall event regimes.
Evaluation of three different kinetic models for use with myocardial perfusion MRI data

Coronary artery disease (CAD), a leading cause of death in the US and worldwide, can be effectively diagnosed and assessed using non-invasive myocardial perfusion MRI. Tracer kinetic models play a crucial role in the analysis and quantification of perfusion. In this work, we evaluate the performance of 3 different kinetic models used to analyze perfusion: (a) a modified 2-compartment model (b) the Johnson-Wilson (JW) model and (c) a modified JW model. We hypothesized that three different models would give statistically different results and that the modified JW model would be better than the other two because it would most closely model the underlying physiological processes. Results indicate that the models are statistically different from each other but the 2-compartment model is more stable than both models (b) and (c) and that the modified JW model is the most sensitive to ischemia as compared to the others.
An octave-bandwidth Kerr optical frequency comb on a silicon chip

We demonstrate an octave-span Kerr frequency comb with 1 THz mode spacing based on a silicon-nitride microring. We report measurements of the comb's frequency noise properties and evidence for operation in the low-noise, cavity-soliton regime.
Observaciones en el diseño de ejercicios de expresión escrita en cursos universitarios de ELE online

Este trabajo pretende abordar algunas caracteristicas que se hacen necesarias a la hora de disenar ejercicios de espanol para extranjeros en entornos virtuales en los que se practique la expresion escrita. Es importante tener en cuenta que en ensenanzas no presenciales de lenguas extranjeras la tentacion del «copia-pega» desde diferentes fuentes puede jugar a los estudiantes malas pasadas. Por eso, a la hora de configurar ejercicios y actividades que evaluen la competencia escrita en cursos universitarios online, se deben considerar, ademas, criterios especificos que eviten estas sugestivas malas praxis. Palabras clave: expresion escrita, B2, ELE, online Spanish as a foreign language: Designing online writing exercises at university level Abstract : This paper tries to deal with what features are necessary when designing Spanish as foreign language online writing exercises. In this type of exercises, it is important to remind and to assume the student temptation of «copy-paste» from different sources. Language teachers must reject these dirty tricks. Therefore, planning these exercises and activities at university levels should take into account some specific criteria to avoid this suggestive bad praxis. According to these proposals, this paper sets some guidelines that will help teachers to raise good sketches and habits. Keywords: writing skills, B2, SFL, online
Stage Five: Renormalization

Renormalization is the fifth and final stage of our post-disaster population behavior model. It progresses through three substages (1) cultural adaptation to post-disaster circumstances, (2) normalization of vulnerability, and (3) domination of new modes of behavior. Through the renormalization process, behaviors which emerge during the aftermath of the disaster are absorbed into the daily fabric of life of those affected by these events.
Load-dependent hyperdeactivation of the default mode network in people with schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is associated with impairment in a range of cognitive functions. Neuroimaging studies have reported lower, but also higher, task-induced activation accompanying impaired performance. Differences in task-load and the ability of people with schizophrenia (PSZ) to stay engaged in the cognitive operations probed appear to underlie such discrepancies. Similarly, task-induced deactivation of the default mode network (DMN) was weaker in PSZ relative to healthy control subjects (HCS) in most studies, but some reported greater deactivation. An inability to stay engaged in the cognitive operations could account for these discrepancies, too, as it would lead to more time off-task and consequently less deactivation of DMN functions. The present study employed a change detection paradigm with small to moderate set sizes (SSs) of 1, 2, and 4 items. Task training prior to fMRI scanning abolished the group difference in no-response trials. Task-positive regions of interest (ROIs) displayed greater activation with increasing SS in both groups. PSZ showed greater activation relative to HCS at SSs 1 and 2. DMN ROIs displayed greater deactivation with increasing SS in PSZ, but not in HCS, and PSZ tended to hyperdeactivate DMN regions at SS 4. No hypodeactivation was observed in PSZ. In conclusion, when minimizing differences in task-engagement, PSZ tend to over-recruit task-positive regions during low-load operations, and hyperdeactivate DMN functions at higher load, perhaps reflecting heightened non-specific vigilance or effort when dealing with cognitive challenges. This speaks against an inability to down-regulate task-independent thought processes as a primary mechanism underlying cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
Incidence of extra-abdominal metastases and value of WB PET or WB PET/CT in the initial follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer

1720 Objectives: To determine the incidence of extra-abdominal metastases and the value of WB (Whole Body) PET or WB PET/CT in the detection of extra-abdominal metastases in the initial two years of the disease in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic reports of 98 patients (M58: F40; age range-22-93 years, mean age-61.6 years) with CRC who underwent WB PET or WB PET/CT within 2 years of initial presentation for disease staging for extra abdominal metastases. The radiology reports and imaging were reviewed for the presence of extra-abdominal metastases on WB PET or WB PET/CT and if these were detected and characterized on a staging CT exam. The diagnosis of metastases was established by surgery/biopsy of the dominant lesion or lesion growth on follow up imaging for a period of 6 months. Results: PET (n=36) and PET/CT (n=64) identified extra-abdominal metastases in 9 patients with CRC. Extra abdominal metastases to lung parenchyma (15 nodules) and mediastinal lymph nodes (2 nodes) were seen in only 9/98 patients. PET and CT detected all the 15 malignant lung nodules (mean 9 mm, range 6-17 mm). The sensitivity and specificity of PET for lung nodules was 100% and 100% whereas that of CT was 100% and 97.8%. Two lung nodules (7mm and 15mm) were false positive on CT. The sensitivity and specificity of PET for lymph node metastases was 50% and 98% whereas that of CT was 100% and 90%. Conclusions: Extra abdominal metastases are infrequent in the initial follow up of patients with CRC. PET and CT are comparable for the detection of lung metastases. Therefore, serial limited body PETs or limited body PET/CTs of the abdomen and concomitant chest CTs may suffice for the initial two year imaging surveillance of patients with colorectal cancer.
Some Dimensions of Creativity in Young Children

The difficulty of defining and measuring creativity in young children is widely known. Adults often describe the expressive acts of childhood as spontaneous, imaginative, and creative; then bemoan the disappearance of such creativity during the school years. Wilson and Robeck (1968) suggested that the freshness and originality in young children’s speech and painting might result partially from naivete regarding the conventions of the society and partially from the perceptual egocentrism of the age. These authors were concerned that young children, when entering kindergarten for the first time, should be encouraged to enjoy problem solving activities that could also be extended into creative self-direction in various areas of the curriculum. They defined creative self-direction as the fusion of cognitive conceptualizations (in the Piagetian sense) and affective conceptualizations (the recognized need to produce something that is not only one’s own but is also identifiable with oneself). This definition of creativity in childhood as a higher level of functioning than conceptualization made possible the expansion of activities for the expression of creativity based on cognition. Eleven items were structured into three levels of learning for the kindergarten: Associative Learning, Conceptualization, and Creative Self-Direction. These levels were subsequently used to research creative functioning.
Ethiopia, China, and the West

This chapter provides an assessment of the triangular relationship between Ethiopia, China, and the West and its impact on security on the Horn of Africa. Examining how geo-politics has impacted over time upon the policy options of external states like China and the United States with regard to Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, and the way that successive governments in Addis Ababa have sought to mobilize support or thwart interference from these external states is a key to understanding regional peace and security.
The Flipped Curriculum: Dewey’s Pragmatic University

Recently Graham Badley (Stud High Educ 41(4):631–641, 2016) made the case that the "pragmatic university” represents a viable future for the post-modern institution. In his construction of the pragmatic university, Badley largely draws upon the vision laid out by Richard Rorty (Philosophy and social hope. Penguin Books, London, 1999). While Rorty’s neopragmatism offers an important perspective on the pragmatic institution, I believe that John Dewey’s classical pragmatism offers a richer and more capable vision of the university. The aim of this paper is to develop a view of the pragmatic university drawn from Dewey’s philosophy. His writings on the university offer a unique and viable path forward because he directly engages a reconstruction of the relationship between knowledge and experience in the context of post-secondary education.
Environmental Dust Exposure as a Factor Contributing to an Increase in Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella Populations on Cattle Hides in Feedyards

A study was conducted to determine the impact of exposure to dust in the cattle load-out area in feedyards on pathogen contamination of cattle hides. A total of 250 cattle hides were sampled during summer and fall months, which are associated with elevated prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in West Texas. Animals were removed from their home pens and restrained in a chute and sampled prior to exposure to dust generated as a result of a simulated loading exercise. The cattle hides were sampled again after exposure to the loading dust to determine total numbers of pathogens on cattle hides on leaving their home pen (before loading) and on cattle hides after exposure to the dust in the loading area. Air and dirt samples from the home pens and the cattle load-out area were also collected. The presence of E. coli O157 and Salmonella was determined in all the samples, and when a positive sample was identified, the total numbers of these bacteria present were enumerated. The total numbers of pathogens increased...
A “New” Asset Location: The Family Corporation

Recent tax legislation has opened up a new avenue for analysis when deciding where an asset may best be held to be most tax efficient: the tax-paying C type corporation. The new law lowered the tax on these entities to 21% from 35%. With the corporate rate now considerably below the individual rate, families need to consider what assets, if any, would be better held in a C corp.
An automatable, field camera track system for phenotyping crop lodging and crop movement

Abstract High throughput phenotyping systems enable rapid data collection for plant breeders. Some plant traits such as lodging, or the breaking and falling over of plant stems under wind stress, are complex and not easily measured through existing high throughput imaging platforms. We present designs for an automatable camera system that can be used in the quantification of crop lodging and crop movement under field wind conditions. Using a 360FLY 4K hemispherical video camera, industrial curtain track, and a raspberry pi computer, the camera system is capable of capturing aspects of crop lodging and movement unquantifiable by other phenotyping systems, such as unmanned aerial vehicles. The design is versatile and inexpensive relative to commercial camera track systems, and could be employed to quantify a variety of plant traits from detailed images in a field setting.
Navigating tensions in qualitative research: methodology, geography, personality and beyond

AbstractIncreasingly, qualitative researchers are merging methods, processes and principles from multiple methodologies in all stages of a research study. Naturally, this brings tensions into the research process, with concerns about the integration (and/or lack of attention) of distinct historical, epistemological and theoretical approaches. While there is an emerging discourse connected to these methodological tensions, this often overlooks other tensions that qualitative researchers must navigate as part of a dyad or larger team. This includes tensions related to geography, project evolution, funding, personality, work style and student recruitment, training and supervision. In this paper, we share our experiences collaborating as a dyad on a multi-year qualitative research project that has evolved significantly (and still is), with a merging of methods, processes and principles from multiple methodologies (e.g. grounded theory, narrative inquiry). This evolution also includes shifting authorship and l...
Cylinder-specific model-based control of combustion phasing for multiple-cylinder diesel engines operating with high dilution and boost levels

Accurate control of combustion phasing is indispensable for diesel engines due to the strong impact of combustion timing on efficiency. In this work, a non-linear combustion phasing model is developed and integrated with a cylinder-specific model of intake gas. The combustion phasing model uses a knock integral model, a burn duration model and a Wiebe function to predict CA50 (the crank angle at which 50% of the mass of fuel has burned). Meanwhile, the intake gas property model predicts the EGR fraction and the in-cylinder pressure and temperature at intake valve closing (IVC) for different cylinders. As such, cylinder-to-cylinder variation of the pressure and temperature at intake valves closing is also considered in this model. This combined model is simplified for controller design and validated. Based on these models, two combustion phasing control strategies are explored. The first is an adaptive controller that is designed for closed-loop control and the second is a feedforward model-based control strategy for open-loop control. These two control approaches were tested in simulations for all six cylinders and the results demonstrate that the CA50 can reach steady state conditions within 10 cycles. In addition, the steady state errors are less than +/-0.1 crank angle degree (CAD) with the adaptive control approach, and less than +/-1.3 CAD with feedforward model-based control. The impact of errors on the control algorithms is also discussed in the paper.
Determinants of REIT Credit Ratings

Executive Summary This study examines the determinants of credit ratings for real estate investment trusts (REITs). Probit and ordered probit results generally suggest reduced ratings (S&P and Fitch) for REITs with greater financial constraints. Higher rated REITs are larger with greater dividends, lower cash holdings, and less volatile dividends. The significance of leverage is conditional on econometric methodology and operating performance measure. Unlike for Fitch, operating performance influences S&P's rating assignments through earnings and not FFO. The latter challenges the credibility of S&P in the effective monitoring of REITs and highlights differences in financial characteristics accounted for by rating agencies.
Bayesian updating rules and AGM belief revision

Abstract We interpret the problem of updating beliefs as a choice problem (selecting a posterior from a set of admissible posteriors) with a reference point (prior). We use AGM belief revision to define the support of admissible posteriors after arrival of information, which applies also to zero probability events. We study two classes of updating rules for probabilities: 1) “lexicographic” updating rules where posteriors are given by a lexicographic probability system 2) “minimum distance” updating rules which select the posterior closest to the prior by some metric. We show that an updating rule is lexicographic if and only if it is Bayesian, AGM-consistent and satisfies a weak form of path independence. While not all lexicographic updating rules have a minimum distance representation, we study a sub-class of lexicographic rules, which we call “support-dependent” rules, which admit a minimum distance representation. Finally, we apply our approach to the problem of updating preferences.
Evacuation Shelter Deficits for Socially Vulnerable Texas Residents During Hurricane Harvey

Background:Socially vulnerable residents of US Gulf Coast counties have higher exposure to physical hazards and disaster-associated risks. Evacuation is one way to mitigate the consequences of disa...
Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology in Pediatric Thyroid Nodules: Experience of a Tertiary Care Referral Center.

Context.— The Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer from The American Thyroid Association recommends fine-needle aspiration (FNA) as an essential...
Educational Games and Gamification: From Foundations to Applications of Data Analytics.

A large number of educational games and gamification systems have been developed over three decades. Research has shown game-based learning (GBL) to be effective in enhancing motivation and improving learner performance. However, we have faced challenges of understanding an individual’s learning experience within GBL, since learners bring a unique combination of background, context, and skills with them to the game environments, which yields various responses to the game mechanics. Researchers and practitioners therefore have underscored the need for understanding individual differences within the GBL environments. The growing area of data analytics has created possibilities of identifying individual learners’ personalities and their play styles within the system. This chapter first describes how educational games and gamification system have evolved in previous GBL research. We further explore the emergent role of data analytics in advancing current research of educational games and gamification, particularly the recent research efforts of understanding individual differences in GBL.
Sleep Supports Memory and Learning: Implications for Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology

Purpose This tutorial aims to draw attention to the interactions among memory, sleep, and therapy potential and to increase awareness and knowledge in the field of speech-language pathology of the potential impact of sleep as a mediating or moderating factor in promoting therapeutic outcome. Method We highlight key findings from the literature on the cognitive neuroscience of memory, the neurophysiology of sleep, how sleep supports memory, and how sleep disruption affects memory and learning abilities in populations commonly served in speech-language pathology. Results Research increasingly points to the critical importance of sleep quality and quantity to memory and learning, and sleep disruption is linked to deficits in functional cognition that may limit our clients' ability to benefit from speech pathology interventions. Conclusions As a field dedicated to promoting memory, learning, and relearning through our interventions, any systemic factors that affect these abilities demand our attention. Although speech-language pathologists do not treat sleep disturbance, we play a critical role in recognizing the signs and symptoms of sleep disturbance and making appropriate referrals, as undiagnosed and untreated sleep disturbance can have serious impacts on success in therapeutic contexts. By considering how related factors affect memory and learning, we have the opportunity to take a whole client approach to maximizing our clients' therapy potential and functional progress.
Effects of supplementing yeast fermentate in the feed or drinking water on stress susceptibility, plasma chemistry, cytokine levels, antioxidant status, and stress- and immune-related gene expression of broiler chickens.

Abstract This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae–derived yeast fermentate to the feed (XPC) or drinking water reduces stress in poultry. Day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: stressed control (CS), stressed + XPC (1.25 kg/metric ton feed, day 0–43; XPC), or stressed + AviCare (160 mL/100 L drinking water, day 0–43; AVI). All birds were spray-vaccinated for coccidiosis (day 0), raised on reused litter, spray-vaccinated for Newcastle/Bronchitis (day 18), and exposed to heat stress (32°C–34°C) and feed/water withdrawal for 12 h (day 18). Blood samples were collected to assess plasma corticosterone (CORT) and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio (60 birds/treatment; day 40); plasma biochemistry and growth hormone (12 birds/treatment; day 38); and serum serotonin and plasma prolactin, thyroid hormones, antioxidant capacity, and selected cytokines (12 birds/treatment; day 39). Composite asymmetry scores were obtained from 60 birds/treatment on day 41. Organs were collected from 20 birds/treatment on day 43 to measure gene expression of CYP1A2 and melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) in the adrenal glands and IL10 and AvBD1 in the spleen. Serotonin was lower in CS than XPC (P = 0.049), whereas AVI was intermediate. Plasma interleukin (IL)-1β was higher in AVI than CS (P = 0.009) and XPC (P = 0.009). The CS treatment had higher CORT than AVI (P = 0.013) and XPC (P = 0.037) and higher H/L ratios than AVI (P = 0.026) and XPC (P = 0.034). Expression of CYP1A2, MC2R, and IL10 was lower (P
δ Scores Predict Multiple Neuropsychiatric Symptoms

Objectives Dementia severity is strongly related to Spearman's general intelligence factor "g", via the latent dementia phenotype "δ" and is distinct from domain-specific cognitive impairments arising from disease-specific regional pathologies. It is an empiric question whether Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are associated with δ or with domain-specific constructs. Methods A recently developed δ homolog ("dDx") was tested as a predictor of one year prospective BPSD in n = 723 Mexican-American (MA) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) participants in the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium (TARCC). The informant-rated frequencies of 12 BPSD were rated by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-Q). Baseline BPSD, demographic features, selected biomarkers and treatment exposure to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) were used as covariates. Composite scores derived from orthogonal latent measures of domain-specific memory (MEM) and executive Function (EF) were also tested as predictors. Results "Functionally Salient Cognitive Impairment (FSCI)" i.e., categorical "dementia" as diagnosed by dDx was associated with increased prospective frequency of 11/12 BPSD, independently of baseline behavior and covariates. Age, depressive symptoms and EF were associated with individual BPSD. MEM was not associated with any. Dementia severity, as measured by dDx, was also associated with a prospective increase in total NPI-Q scores. Conclusions δ is associated non-specifically with multiple BPSD. This suggests the existence of a dementia-specific behavioral profile, arising from insults to general intelligence, and unrelated to disease-specific regional pathology(ie, s). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Young Adults' Vaping, Readiness to Quit, and Recent Quit Attempts: The Role of Co-use With Cigarettes and Marijuana.

INTRODUCTION E-cigarette cessation intervention research is limited. Young adult e-cigarette use and cessation is particularly nuanced, given various user profiles (ie, polytobacco use, co-use with marijuana) warranting different intervention approaches. METHODS The current study is an analysis of baseline survey data (collected September-December 2018) among 1133 young adult (aged 18-34) e-cigarette users in a 2-year longitudinal study. We examined (1) e-cigarette user profiles (ie, e-cigarette only; e-cigarette/other tobacco; e-cigarette/marijuana; e-cigarette/other tobacco/marijuana) and (2) correlates of readiness to quit e-cigarette use in the next 6 months and past-year e-cigarette quit attempts. RESULTS In this sample (Mage = 23.91, 47.3% male, 35.5% sexual minority, 75.2% White, 13.7% Hispanic), e-cigarette user profiles were as follows: 16.8% e-cigarettes-only, 23.4% e-cigarette/other tobacco, 18.0% e-cigarette/marijuana, and 41.8% e-cigarette/other tobacco/marijuana. Multinomial logistic regression (referent: e-cigarette-only use) indicated that all polyuse groups were more likely to use high-nicotine e-liquids (containing ≥9 mg of nicotine). Other predictors included e-cigarettes/other tobacco users being older and male; e-cigarettes/marijuana users using closed systems; and e-cigarettes/other tobacco/marijuana users being sexual minority (p's < .01). Readiness to quit e-cigarettes and past-year quit attempts were reported by 20.8% and 32.3%, respectively. Per multilevel regression, readiness to quit and quit attempts correlated with using fewer days, high-nicotine e-liquids, and closed systems, but not marijuana, as well as being heterosexual and Black (vs White); readiness to quit also correlated with being single; past-year quit attempts correlated with other tobacco use and being Hispanic. CONCLUSIONS Young adult e-cigarette users demonstrate distinct user profiles and cessation-related experiences that should be considered in developing cessation interventions. IMPLICATIONS The vast majority of young adult e-cigarette users use other tobacco products and marijuana. Unfortunately, few reported readiness to quit or attempting quit. Moreover, certain subgroups (eg, sexual/racial/ethnic minorities) are more likely to be ready or attempt to quit, but may not be successful. Vaping cessation interventions must attend to these nuances.
Hypertension, Obesity, and COVID-19: a Collision of Pandemics.

To highlight the epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension and obesity in COVID-19 infection Hypertension and obesity have emerged as significant risk factors for contracting the COVID-19 virus and the subsequent severity of illness. ACE2 receptor expression and dysregulation of the RAAS pathway play important roles in the pathophysiology of these associations, as do the pro-inflammatory state and cytokine dysregulation seen in obesity. Some of these patterns have also been seen historically in other viral illnesses. Understanding the mechanisms behind the associations between COVID-19, hypertension, and obesity is important in developing effective targeted therapies and monitoring vaccine response and efficacy. More research is needed to apply our growing knowledge of the pathophysiology of COVID-19, hypertension, and obesity to prevention and treatment. Interventions focusing on lifestyle modification in managing hypertension and obesity can potentially have a positive impact on containing this pandemic and future viral illness outbreaks.
CLUSTERING DICHOTOMOUS DATA FOR HEALTH CARE

Dichotomous data is a type of categorical data, which is binary with categories zero and one. Health care data is one of the heavily used categorical data. Binary data are the simplest form of data used for heath care databases in which close ended questions can be used; it is very efficient based on computational efficiency and memory capacity to represent categorical type data. Clustering health care or medical data is very tedious due to its complex data representation models, high dimensionality and data sparsity. In this paper, clustering is performed after transforming the dichotomous data into real by wiener transformation. The proposed algorithm can be usable for determining the correlation of the health disorders and symptoms observed in large medical and health binary databases. Computational results show that the clustering based on Wiener transformation is very efficient in terms of objectivity and subjectivity.
Theoretically Predicting Cyberbullying Perpetration in Youth With the BGCM: Unique Challenges and Promising Research Opportunities.

The psychological variables and processes germane to cyberbullying need additional empirical attention – especially for adolescent samples. Myriad studies and meta-analytic reviews have confirmed the deleterious psychological and behavioral consequences of being cyber-victimized. We argue that one method to curtail such effects is to inform interventions aimed at reducing cyberbullying perpetration regarding the why and for whom cyberbullying is likely. This review expands on these issues and emphasizes the Barlett Gentile Cyberbullying Model (BGCM) as the only validated cyberbullying-specific theory to predict cyberbullying perpetration. Our principal thesis is that the wealth of research validating the BGCM has been with adult samples and applying the BGCM to adolescents presents both challenging and exciting research opportunities for future research and intervention development in youth.
Advanced Neuroimaging of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) constitutes the majority of brain trauma cases. Despite its prevalence, detection in clinical imaging remains a challenge, as does the ability to predict duration and extent of disability. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods combined with improved data analytic techniques have already demonstrated the potential to meet this challenge. This chapter reviews the recent progress in detection and outcome prediction in mTBI using the latest MRI techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI and SWIM), among others. Several recent published reports have found that DTI is sensitive to alterations in white matter ultrastructure not revealed by conventional MRI. More specifically, DTI reveals alterations in the ultrastructure of white matter axons caused by traumatic shear and stretch, which have been shown to correlate with clinical severity indicators and neuropsychological deficits. By virtue of its excellent sensitivity to iron and deoxygenated hemoglobin, SWI/SWIM has demonstrated exquisite detection of micro-hemorrhages and further quantification of hemorrhage and blood oxygenation. Used together, these advanced imaging techniques have the potential to serve as a set of surrogate biomarkers which can be used in determining prognosis and will likely have a major role in animal and human therapeutic trials, both to improve selection criteria of experimental subjects and to provide a number of new biomarkers for use in addition to conventional clinical and behavioral measures.
Women and Small Apparel Business Ownership:A Cross-cultural Exploration of the Entrepreneurial Experience

Women-owned small businesses are making increasingly important contributions to the global economy and are developing at a faster pace than those of men (Langowitz & Minniti, 2007). Indeed, it is estimated that women-owned enterprises comprise approximately 30% of the total number of small businesses in most countries (Minniti & Naude, 2010). Within the entrepreneurship literature, women and small business ownership has primarily been studied from a motivational perspective.
Chebyshev minimax problems for skip trajectories

The dimensionless equations of motion for hypersonic flight in the upper layer of the atmosphere are presented. The necessary conditions for the Chebyshev minimax problems are provided. Some important properties concerning the peak heating rate, the peak dynamic pressure and the peak altitude drop for a skip trajectory are discussed. As application of the theory, the problem of minimizing the peak altitude drop is solved. The numerical results support the theory that the nearly-grazing trajectory is useful in reducing the peak heating rate and the peak dynamic pressure.
Azithromycin for the Prevention of COPD Exacerbations: The Good, Bad, and Ugly

Long-term azithromycin therapy has been shown to reduce exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and is recommended by recent society guidelines for use in COPD patients who are at risk for recurrent exacerbations. However, concerns about adverse effects have limited its widespread adoption. Physicians deciding whether to use long-term azithromycin therapy must weigh each patient's individual risk of cardiovascular complications and both the individual and population impact of macrolide resistance against the expected benefit. This review will summarize evidence on the effectiveness and safety of chronic azithromycin for the prevention of COPD exacerbations.
Cooperativity in DNA object self assembly

Two methods, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy, were used to monitor the initial steps in self assembly of DNA block structures which fuse to form two dimensional nanoarrays. The model system studied consisted of three strands of DNA, two non-interacting strands, and a crossover strand which crosslinks the other two strands. Assembly of this system appears to progress stepwise. Comparison of the assembly temperatures with theory indicates that disjoint sequences may display limited cooperativity.
Asking open-ended consumer questions to aid program planning: Variations in question format and length

Abstract The effects of question length and explicitness of directions (format) were examined for openended consumer satisfaction questions at nine health promotion workshops presented on a college campus. Expert judges rated 271 answers written by 97 program participants. Rating dimensions included usefulness for program planning, number of complimentary comments, and number of critical comments. Question format, but not question length, was related to the usefulness of answers. More explicit response directions elicited more useful answers. This relationship was mediated by the ability of explicit directions to elicit critical comments. Implications for the use and the wording of open-ended questions in consumer research are discussed.
Variability of the thrombin- and ADP-induced Ca2+ response among human platelets measured using fluo-3 and fluorescent videomicroscopy.

The intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) of individual human platelets localized between siliconized glass cover slips was determined at rest and after stimulation with thrombin and ADP using the Ca2+ indicator fluo-3 (0.97 +/- 0.30 mmol/l cell volume) with fluorescence video microscopy. Resting [Ca2+]cyt in the presence of 2 mM external Ca2+ showed only small inter-platelet variability ([Ca2+]cyt = 86 +/- 30 (S.D.) nM). Resting [Ca2+]cyt of individual fluo-3-loaded platelets measured as a function of time had a S.D. of 10 nM or 12% (S.D./mean). Individual platelets showed no affinity for the siliconized support and their [Ca2+]cyt showed no tendency to oscillate in either the resting or in the activated state. When 0.2 U/ml thrombin or 20 microM ADP were added, all platelets showed a characteristic Ca2+ transient whereby [Ca2+]cyt increased to peak values within 8-12 sec and then declined. The Ca2+ transients measured with fluo-3 were in approximate synchrony but peak [Ca2+]cyt values showed large inter-platelet variability. The ensemble average peak [Ca2+]cyt for thrombin and ADP were 672 +/- 619 (S.D.) nM and 640 +/- 642 (S.D.) nM, respectively. Thus inter-platelet variations (S.D./mean) were 92% or 100% as large as the average measured values. Mathematically-constructed averages of the single platelet experiments agreed reasonably well with platelet-averaged values obtained in parallel experiments with stirred platelet suspensions in a plastic cuvette, measured with a conventional spectrofluorometer. Peak [Ca2+]cyt values reflecting dense tubular Ca2+ release alone (external Ca2+ removed) also showed large interplatelet variation (171 +/- 105 (S.D.) nM with thrombin and 183 +/- 134 (S.D.) nM with ADP). Dense tubular Ca2+ release induced by cyclopiazonic acid (a dense tubular Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor) gave peak [Ca2+]cyt of 289 +/- 170 nM. Thus the size of the dense tubular Ca2+ pool has an inter-platelet variation of 59% (S.D./mean). Variability of the dense tubular pool size accounts for some, but not all, of the large interplatelet variation in peak (Ca2+]cyt seen with thrombin and ADP activation.
SCIENCE AND REALITY, RELIGION AND GOD: A REPLY TO HARRY PROSCH

. Michael Polanyi saw his epistemology as restoring the capacity of a scientific age to believe again in the reality of God known through religion. This central feature of Polanyi's thought, discussed in my book The Way of Discovery, is disputed by Harry Prosch, co-author with Polanyi of Meaning. Prosch's argument is that while in Polanyi's view science deals with an independent reality, religion and theology do not and are only works of our imagination. This article answers Prosch with a review of Polanyi's Christian affiliations, his conceptions of the common ground of science and religion, the levels of reality to which both science and religion provide access, and his expressed aim to liberate faith from scientific dogmatism.
Behavior of Amine-Modified Urea-Formaldehyde-Bonded Wood Joints at low Formaldehyde/ Urea Molar Ratios

Urea–formaldehyde-bonded wood products are limited to interior nonstructural applications because of their poor durability under cyclic moisture or humid environments. The stability of solid-wood joints and particleboards can be enhanced by bonding with urea–formaldehyde adhesives modified with di- and trifunctional amines at an effective resin formaldehyde-to-urea mol ratio (F/U) of 1.6; however, particleboard formaldehyde emissions were not improved over those from boards made with unmodified adhesives and were unacceptably high. The relative effectiveness of selected modifications was investigated at resin form aldehyde-to-urea (F/U) molar ratios of 1.4 and 1.2 Solid-wood joints and particleboards made with modified adhesives, an unmodified adhesive, and a phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin were subjected to cyclic soak-dry (cyclic stress) treatments and moist-heat aging. Formaldehyde emissions from particleboards were also determined. At F/U 1.4, the resistance of solid-wood joints made with modified adhesives to cyclic stress and moist-heat aging was equal to that of PF-bonded joints and superior to that of joints bonded with unmodified adhesive. The resistance of particleboards made with modified adhesives was greater than that of boards made with unmodified adhesive but less than that of PF-bonded board. Solid-wood joints and particleboards made with F/U 1.4 resins performed better than did those made with F/U 1.2 resins. Particleboards made with F/U 1.2 resins had formaldehyde emissions well below the standard, and room temperature aging or bonding at high temperature reduced emissions substantially. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1
Stimulation of Insulin Secretion by Theophylline

RECENT reports that epinephrine and glucagon, hormones which affect the generation of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP, also influence the release of pancreatic insulin1–5 have led us to examine the effect of this cyclic nucleotide on insulin secretion. In the present experiments the effects on insulin secretion of theophylline, a methyl xanthine derivative which inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase6 and increases the intracellular steady state level of cyclic 3′,5′-AMP, alone and in combination with epinephrine and alpha and beta adrenergic blocking agents, have been examined in the rat.
Evaluation of the Chest Pain Patient: Survey of Current Practice Patterns

The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of chest pain centers, and describe the associated protocols most commonly used to rapidly risk-stratify patients in these units. This study is a survey conducted from May to July 2003 via direct mail. A questionnaire was mailed to 4653 hospitals in the United States. A total of 462 questionnaires were returned, representing a return rate of approximately 10%. This survey revealed that approximately 64% of all hospitals have a protocol for the evaluations of patients who present with chest pain, and 38% of all hospitals reported a designated area for the evaluation of these patients. The majority of hospitals responding to this survey have a protocol for the evaluation of patients presenting with chest pain, however, the presence of a chest pain unit exists in only 38% of all responding institutions.
Pilot Study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy Versus Supportive Psychotherapy for Dysthymic Patients With Secondary Alcohol Abuse or Dependence

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) has demonstrated efficacy for depression but yielded negative results for substance disorders. Alcohol abuse frequently complicates mood disorders. This pilot study compared IPT with brief supportive psychotherapy (BSP) for dysthymic disorder and alcohol abuse. We hypothesized that effect sizes would suggest greater IPT efficacy for both diagnoses, despite limited statistical power. Subjects with primary DSM-IV dysthymic disorder and secondary alcohol abuse/dependence were randomly assigned 16 weeks of IPT (N = 14) or BSP (N = 12). Patients in both treatments reported improved depressive symptoms and alcohol abstinence. IPT had a large and BSP a moderate effect size in depression, whereas BSP had a moderate and IPT a small effect size in percentage of days abstinent. This pilot study offers initial data on IPT and BSP for comorbid chronic depression and alcohol abuse/dependence. Results suggest IPT may have specific antidepressant benefits for dysthymic alcoholic patients but not in treating alcoholism.