cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Who was the best?’: Power, knowledge and rationality in bilingual girls’ code choices1

This paper examines how pre-adolescent bilingual girls employ linguistic choices to construct relations of dominance and subordination in a competitive exchange of knowledge and expertise in a pretend-school activity. Quantitative and qualitative analyses demonstrate that code choices used by the girls to constitute and exploit different sources of power are systematically related to the construction of currently salient identities, prevailing structural constraints, and individual goals and desires. It is argued that even young children act as rational, social actors who actively make strategic and meaningful linguistic choices with the overall aim to achieve optimal outcomes in a given interaction.
Political and Structural Divide: An Holistic Approach to Family Literacy Programs at Community Colleges

ABSTRACT This study explores an holistic approach to family-literacy (FL) programs at community colleges by analyzing federal legislation for the William F. Goodling Even Start Family Literacy Programs. Exemplary state-level programs that incorporate the Even Start Family Literacy Programs into their community college's Adult Basic Education (ABE) programming are also examined. The objective of this paper is to explore the central role of community colleges in developing and implementing a comprehensive family-literacy program. The findings explain how the current funding structure may be divisive at the state level. The paper concludes with recommendations for community college policymakers and practitioners to work with state-level educational agencies to secure federal grants and expand current ABE programs to better serve their communities.
Ancient contexts and virtual reality: From reconstructive study to the construction of knowledge models

Abstract This paper describes the use of integrated methods for the creation of three-dimensional models using laser scanning techniques, digital photogrammetry, 3D photomodelling and direct surveying. The three-dimensional models established using these methods constitute the basis for the construction of advanced information platform, able to represent the buildings under study with great accuracy at various scales, including both detailed elements and the monumental arrangement as a whole, as well as the textural features of the internal and external surfaces. The main aim of our studies is to enable the public to enjoy the results of archaeological and historical researches, via the web or stand-alone products, and to “virtually visit” the monuments using RealTime 3D visiting systems. As well as showing the current state of the monuments, the visit includes reconstructions of previous phases in their history and examples of virtual restorations of the wall paintings. All the textures were obtained by processes of photomodelling and were applied to the geometrical forms in accordance with the radiosity algorithm, with lights and shadows of the ‘area’ type. The result of this integrated approach is extremely life-like, almost indistinguishable from reality.
The Structural Sources of Urban Female Violence in the United States: A Macrosocial Gender-Disaggregated Analysis of Adult and Juvenile Homicide Offending Rates

The present study departs from previous prior macrolevel research on homicide—which has targeted either total homicide rates or male homicide offending rates—by (a) disaggregating the homicide crime rate across U.S. cities by gender and age, (b) examining the effects of structural disadvantage variables on the homicide offending rates of adult women and juvenile girls, and (c) comparing the effects of the structural variables on females' homicide rates with those for adult males and juvenile males. Among adults, the authors find that structural disadvantage robustly affects female as well as male rates; whereas, among juveniles, the effects are large on adolescent male rates but much smaller on female juvenile rates (i.e., their rates are only weakly influenced by structural disadvantage). Apparently, the contexts for homicide among juvenile females are less shaped by adverse economic conditions and conditions of social disorganization than is the case among the other age-sex subgroups.
A hypothalamic stroke producing recurrent hemihyperhidrosis

A 40-year-old man awoke with exuberant sustained sweating of the entire left side of the body, which became intermittent over the next few days. MRI indicated a single linear hyperintensity in the right posterior hypothalamus, diminishing on a repeat scan. He continues to have episodes of left unilateral sweating precipitated by exercise or minor infection.
Earthquake mechanics and deformation in the Tonga‐Kermadec subduction zone from fault plane orientations of intermediate‐ and deep‐focus earthquakes

[1] We make use of rupture directivity to analyze 82 deep earthquakes (≥100 km depth) in the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone. Identifying the fault planes for 25 of them, we are able to place new constraints on both the physical mechanism of intermediate- and deep-focus earthquakes and deformation within the subducting slab. We find that half of deep earthquakes with MW ≥ 6 have detectable directivity. We compare the obtained fault orientations with those expected for the reactivation of outer-rise normal faults and with those expected for the creation of new faults in response to the ambient stress field. Earthquakes >300 km depth match the patterns expected for the creation of a new system of faults: we observe both subhorizontal and subvertical fault planes consistent with a downdip-compressional stress field. Slip along these faults causes the slab to thicken. Rupture propagation shows no systematic directional pattern. In contrast, at intermediate depths (100–300 km), all ruptures propagate subhorizontally and all identified fault planes, whether in the upper or lower region of the double seismic zone, are subhorizontal. Rupture propagation tends to be directed away from the top surface of the slab. After accounting for the angle of subduction, the subhorizontal fault plane orientation is inconsistent with the orientation of outer-rise normal faults, allowing us to rule out mechanisms that require the reactivation of these large surface faults. Subhorizontal faults are consistent with only one of the two failure planes expected from the slab stress field, suggesting that isobaric rupture processes or preexisting slab structures may also influence the fault plane orientation. If all deformation takes place on these subhorizontal faults, it would cause the slab to thin. Assuming the slab is incompressible, this implies that the slab is also lengthening and suggests that slab pull rather than unbending is the primary force controlling slab seismicity at intermediate depths.
Chambers of secrets

Once seen as a living fossil, the chambered nautilus turns out to be on a voyage of evolutionary discovery. Peter Ward explains
Risk and protective factors associated with stress in mothers whose children are enrolled in early intervention services.

Abstract Introduction Although considerable research has addressed children with special health care needs enrolled in early intervention (EI) services, little is known about families’ needs. This study provides baseline data on factors informing health promotion and prevention interventions for mothers of children enrolled in EI services who are experiencing high levels of stress. Methods A non-experimental descriptive-correlational study measured the following risk and protective factors in mothers of children enrolled in EI services: parent stress, severity of child’s behavior, stressful life events, family functioning, appraisal of the situation, resources, and social support. Results More than one third of mothers had stress and family-functioning scores necessitating referral. Services for cognitive or social-emotional delays, unhealthy family functioning, and many co-existing stress events were significantly associated with increased stress. Mothers did not find caring for a child with a disability stressful and were satisfied with their social support. Higher incomes and levels of education were significantly associated with less stress; however, this sample was highly educated with middle-class incomes. Discussion Many mothers with children enrolled in EI services could be helped by specific primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions by pediatric nurse practitioners and primary health care providers.
Does Earnings Guidance Affect Market Returns? The Nature and Information Content of Aggregate Earnings Guidance

We investigate whether earnings guidance affects aggregate stock returns through its effects on expectations about overall earnings performance and/or aggregate expected returns. We find that aggregate guidance, especially relative levels of quarterly downward guidance, is associated with analyst- and time-series-based measures of aggregate earnings news. We find more modest evidence that guidance, again, largely downward guidance, is associated with market returns - market returns appear to respond to guidance toward the end of each calendar quarter, when most earnings preannouncements are released, and there is some evidence that firm-level guidance affects market returns in short windows around its release.
On E‐Auctions for Procurement Operations

Electronic auctions have revolutionized procurement in the last decade. In many situations, they have replaced negotiations for supplier selection and price setting. While they have often greatly reduced transaction costs and increased competition, they have also encountered problems and resistance from suppliers resenting their intrusion on cooperative supplier/buyer relationships. In response to these issues, procurement auctions have evolved in radical new directions. Buyers use business rules to limit adverse changes. Some procurement auctions allow bidders to offer variants in the specifications of products to be supplied. Most important, some suppliers are allowing bidders to bid on packages of items, not just individual items. This tends to change procurement auctions from zero-sum fights over supplier profit margins to win-win searches for synergies. These changes have opened up many new research areas. Researchers are trying to improve how to deal with the computational issues involved in package auctions and to analyze the new auctions forms that are evolving. In general, equilibrium incentives are not known, and dealing with ties in package auctions is an issue. Computer scientists are analyzing the use of computerized bidding agents. Mechanisms that combine auctions with fixed buy prices or with negotiations need to be analyzed.
On the Trabecular Morphologies and Load Transfer to the Brain

The human brain trabeculae contain strands of collagen tissues connecting the arachnoid to the pia mater. In this paper the mechanotransductions of the external loads to the head passing through different trabecular architectures of the subarachnoid space were investigated. This has been accomplished by creating several local 2-D models consist of skull, dura mater, arachnoid, trabecular architecture and the brain. Different orientations of several architectures of the trabeculae were also analyzed. All models were subjected to the same loading and constraints. The strains in the brain for each model of the architecture and morphology were determined and compared to other corresponding models. It is concluded that the strain in the brain is less where the tree-shape trabeculae are upright, where the branches are attached to the arachnoid mater and the stems are attached to the pia mater. In addition, in the case of other morphologies the strain in the brain is less when the ratio of the trabecular area to the CSF space is less.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Photocurrent Generation in Noncovalently Assembled Multilayered Thin Films

Multilayered photocurrent generating thin films were fabricated by templated noncovalent assembly via stepwise assembly of molecular components. Each of films I-IV contained an underlying self-assembled monolayer (SAM) consisting of an alkanethiol linked covalently to a 2,6-dicarboxypyridine ligand that served as a binding site for attaching additional molecular components. The SAM subsequently was functionalized by sequential deposition of Cu(II), Co(II), or Fe(III) ions followed by a variety of substituted 2,6-dicarboxypyridine ligands as a means to incorporate one or more layers of pyrene chromophores into the film. The films were characterized by contact angle measurements, ellipsometry, grazing incidence IR, cyclic voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy after deposition of each layer, confirming the formation of ordered, stable layers. Following incorporation into a three-electrode system, photoexcitation resulted in the generation of a cathodic photocurrent in the presence of methyl viologen and an anodic photocurrent in the presence of triethanolamine. Using this strategy, systems were fabricated that produced up to 89 nA/cm(2) of reproducible photocurrent.
A Case of Ultrasound Diagnosis of Fetal Hiatal Hernia in Late Third Trimester of Pregnancy

Congenital hiatal hernia is a condition characterized by herniation of the abdominal organs, most commonly the stomach, through a physiological but overlax esophageal hiatus into the thoracic cavity. Prenatal diagnosis of this anomaly is unusual and only eight cases have been reported in the literature. In this paper we describe a case of congenital hiatal hernia that was suspected at ultrasound at 39 weeks' gestation, on the basis of a cystic mass in the posterior mediastinum, juxtaposed to the vertebral body. Postnatal upper gastrointestinal tract series confirmed the prenatal diagnosis. Postnatal management was planned with no urgency. Hiatal hernia is not commonly considered in the differential diagnosis of fetal cystic chest anomalies. This rare case documents the importance of prenatal diagnosis of this anomaly for prenatal counseling and postnatal management.
Evidence for cultivation of sesame in the ancient world

There is botanical and textual evidence for sesame cultivation in the ancient Old World. Excavations at the Indus civilization site of Harappa have yielded charred sesame from a stratum attributed to 3050–3500 B.C. The Vedic scriptures (ca. 1000B.C.) contain frequent references to sesame. The existence and identity ofSesamum indicum as a Mesopotamian oil source have been controversial since 1966 when H. Helbaek reported that not a single seed of sesame had been found in the Near East from earlier than Islamic times. The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary and some cuneiformists subsequently have translated se-gis-I as “linseed” (=flax, genusLinum, named by Linneaus). Helbaek’s assertion that no ancient sesame remains have been excavated is inaccurate, but the reported finds (Karmir Blur in Armenia, [ancient Urartu], ca. 600 B.C.; Hajar Bin Humeid in South Arabia, ca. 450 B.C.) are late. Sesame was a major item of agriculture in the Urartian economy and that kingdom was a northern neighbor of Mesopotamia. In the fifth century, B.C., Herodotus wrote that sesame was the only oil used in Babylonia. The crop was well known to ancient Greek and Roman authors. Records of sesame in Egypt and China are late (ca. 3rd c. B.C.). New evidence suggests that the Mesopotamian oil plant se-gis-I is sesame, and that the crop and one name for its oil,ellu, were introduced from India. A cuneiform text indicates that the barley harvest [in spring] was followed by the sowing of se-gis-I, a summer crop in Mesopotamia. Sesame can be distinguished clearly from flax, a cool-season crop, and their growing seasons differ as would be expected.
Buddhism, Behavior Change, and OCD:

For individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), the difficulty of their situation comes as no surprise. But what might be less expected is how directly their situation is spoken to in Buddhist teachings. Still, in nearly all mainstream discussions of psychiatric disorders, including OCD, the rich philosophical and spiritual dimensions of these conditions and the related treatment and care tend to be either ignored or disguised in euphemisms and vague explanations. This article sheds light on this hidden aspect of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing through a philosophical analysis of one of the most popular approaches to treating OCD, Schwartz's four-step method from Brain Lock. In so doing, the argument is made that sharing the philosophical and spiritual foundations of treatment and care promises not only to deepen the insights and skills of clinicians but also to empower clients as participants in their own journeys toward wellness and beyond.
An algebraic technique for generating optimal CMOS circuitry in linear time

Abstract We explore a method for quickly generating optimal CMOS functional circuits. The method is based upon an algebra we have derived that describes the composition of parallel-series graphs and their duals simultaneously , and as such, exactly describes the layout of CMOS functional circuits. The method is constructive; it creates the smallest components first, putting them together until the final circuit is realized. The constructed layout is representative of an unordered tree traversal, and is generated in time proportional to the number of input signals. After describing the required concepts from graph theory and CMOS layout practices, we introduce an alternative symbolism for describing parallel-series graphs. We develop, with these symbols, a composition algebra, and demonstrate that the properties in the alternative domain hold in the original. We then use the algebra to implement a linear-time algorithm for generating CMOS functional cells.
Modeling languages versus matrix generators for linear programming

Linear optimization problems (hnear programs) are expressed in one kind of form for human modelers, but m a quite different form for computer algorithms. Translation from the modeler's form to the algorithm's form is thus an unavoidable task in hnear programming. Traditionally, this task of translation has been divided between human and computer, through the writing of computer programs known as matrix generators An alternatwe approach leaves almost all of the work of translation to the computer. Central to such an approach is a computer-readable modehng language that expresses a linear program in much the same way that a modeler does It is argued that modehng languages should lead to more reliable application of linear programming at lower overall cost
Current status of three-dimensional silicon photonic crystals operating at infrared wavelengths

In this paper, the experimental realization and promises of three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals in the infrared and optical wavelengths will be described. Emphasis will be placed on the development of new 3D photonic crystals, the micro- and nano-fabrication techniques, the construction of high-Q micro-cavities and the creation of 3D waveguides.
Electrochromic performance of nanocomposite nickel oxide counter electrodes containing lithium and zirconium

Abstract Nickel oxide materials are suitable for counter electrodes in complementary electrochromic devices. The state-of-the-art nickel oxide counter electrode materials are typically prepared with multiple additives to enhance peformance. Herein, nanocomposite nickel oxide counter electrodes were fabricated via RF magnetron co-sputtering from Ni–Zr alloy and Li2O ceramic targets. The as-deposited nanocomposite counter electrodes were characterized with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). It was found that the stoichiometry, crystal structure and electronic structure of the nickel oxide-based materials could be readily tuned by varying the Li2O sputter deposition power level. Comprehensive electrochromic evaluation demonstrated that the performance of the nickel oxide-based materials was dependent on the overall Li stoichiometry. Overall, the nanocomposite nickel oxide counter electrode containing lithium and zirconium synthesized with a Li2O deposition power of 45 W exhibited the optimal performance with an optical modulation of 71% and coloration efficiency of 30 cm2/C at 670 nm in Li-ion electrolyte.
Multiwavelength monitoring of the dwarf nova VW Hydri. IV - Voyager observations

Results from Voyager far-ultraviolet (500-1200 A) observations of the dwarf nova VW Hyi are presented as part of a coordinated, multiwavelength program. Data from one normal outburst and one superoutburst are discussed in detail. Far-ultraviolet (1050 A) light curves are produced showing a significant delay (0.5 day) in the rise to maximum at 1050 A with respect to optical wavelength, followed by a simultaneous decline. The superoutburst data show a distinct double-peaked light curve with the first rise and decline closely resembling that of a normal outburst. These data suggest that the rise to supermaximum in the far-ultraviolet is also delayed with respect to optical wavelengths. The spectral distribution of VW Hyi shows the steeply falling spectrum shortward of 1200 A, characteristic of dwarf novae in outburst and absorption features at 985 (N III, C III and Ly gamma) and 1030 (Ly beta and O VI). No flux shortward of 912 A was detected in VW Hyi.
Assessing Personality Disorders in Adolescents: Seven Guiding Principles

In this article, we offer guiding principles for the assessment of personality disorders (PDs) in adolescents based on research on the development, manifestations, and impact of PDs in youth. First and most important, remember to assess PDs in youth, rather than assessing only non-PD conditions. Second, consider using the DSM-5 Alternative Dimensional Model of PDs. Third, assess acute symptoms and long-term underlying personality patterns and impairment. Fourth, evaluate past and present contextual factors (families, peers, schools, neighborhoods, SES, and culture). Fifth, gather information from both the adolescents themselves and knowledgeable informants. Sixth, focus assessment on problematic patterns of behavior, thinking, and feeling because those patterns will provide better targets for treatment than specific PD diagnoses. Seventh, highlight personality strengths and resources for change.
The relation between tax rates and pre-tax returns direct evidence from the 1981 and 1986 tax rate reductions

Abstract This study documents one effect of the theory of implicit taxes, providing evidence that a change in the tax rate results in a change in pre-tax returns. Yield spreads of pairs of Treasury bills maturing in the last week of December and the first week of January are examined. Year-ends not affected by rate changes show a significant positive yield spread between these pairs of bills, reflecting an upward-sloping yield curve. However, for year-ends coinciding with the tax rate reductions of 1981 and 1986 there is a significant negative yield spread between these pairs of bills.
Racial and Gender Disparities and the Role of Primary Tumor Type on Inpatient Outcomes Following Craniotomy for Brain Metastases

Race and gender disparities in outcomes have been documented in many cancers. Our study evaluated the role of race, gender, and tumor primary site in predicting in-hospital mortality, discharge disposition, and complications among patients with brain metastases. Using Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 1998 to 2007, we evaluated in-patient outcomes of brain metastases patients who underwent a craniotomy in U.S. hospitals. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the effect of patient/tumor characteristics in predicting the proposed outcomes. NIS estimated 78,170 patients with metastatic brain tumors underwent craniotomy between 1998 and 2007 in the United States. Median age was 59.2 years, 52.1 % were women, and 6.4 % were black. In-hospital mortality rate was 2.2 % with an average length of stay of 7.6 days. Black patients had significantly higher morbidity and nonroutine discharges than whites/others (p < .0001). Black women had almost twice the mortality (3.4 vs 1.8 %, p < .0001), a higher complication rate (24.6 vs 18.8 %, p < .0001), longer hospital stays (10.0 vs 7.3 days, p < .0001), and more nonroutine discharges (45.1 vs 36.8 %, p < .0001), compared with white/other women. Tumor histology was a significant predictor of outcomes, with female lung cancer patients having the highest odds of mortality and primary gastrointestinal tumors having the highest number of complications. Evidence of race and gender disparities in outcomes were found in black patients, especially in black females who underwent surgical resection for brain metastases. These findings highlight an opportunity to reduce the gap of outcome disparities in brain metastasis patients.
Asymmetry of a-b ridge count and behavioral discordance of monozygotic twins

Nondirectional asymmetry of paired morphological structures may reflect a decrease in developmental buffering, thereby increasing susceptibility to developmental noise. The palmara-b ridge count, measuring the size of the second interdigital area of the hand, yields a convenient and promising index of developmental canalization in normal adults. We constrasted 28 monozygotic twin pairs in which one or both members exhibiteda-b ridge-count asymmetry, with 32 paris exhibiting little or no left-right asymmetry. The asymmetric paris were significantly less similar for many Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales, and total variances of these scales tended to be greater among individual twins with extreme left-right asymmetries. The results suggest that an asymmetrica-b ridge count may identify individuals who are poorly buffered from developmental noise. But the asymmetry may arise from the twinning process itself, and our buffering hypothesis remains to be tested in twins of known placental type and in longitudinal instability of asymmetric nontwins.
Model for a first order phase transition in an electron-hole gas

Abstract A mean field theory description of electron-hole droplet condensation is presented.
Review of Experimental Observations About the Cold Fusion Effect

The experimental literature describing the cold fusion phenomenon is reviewed. The number and variety of careful experimental measurements of heat, tritium, neutron, and helium production strongly ...
Alcoholic patient with constant abdominal pain and normal amylase.

32-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with days of constant, moderately severe epigastric ain, radiating to the back and associated with nauea and vomiting. He denies fevers, chills, sweats, hange in weight, hematemesis, melena, hematocheia, or jaundice. He has consumed 12–18 beers per ay for the past 10 years, but his past medical istory is otherwise unremarkable. He takes no edications and denies recent trauma. On physical xamination he is afebrile and diaphoretic. His heart ate is 125 per minute with a blood pressure of 45/90. He is anicteric with no stigmata of chronic iver disease. His abdomen is flat with moderate enderness in the mid-epigastrium but without perioneal findings. Hemoglobin, white blood cell ount, electrolytes, liver tests, and serum amylase re normal.
Regulation of ACV synthetase activity in the beta-lactam biosynthetic pathway by carbon sources and their metabolites

The activity of δ-l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine catalysis. Addition of l-cysteine to fermentation media increased β-lactam production in both organisms and alleviated the negative carbon source regulation by glycerol in S. clavuligerus.
Capacitance-boost in ionic polymer metal composites due to electrode surface roughness

In this paper, we analyze the effect of electrode surface roughness on the capacitance of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs). We use the linearized Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) model to describe the steady-state spatial distribution of the electric potential and counterion concentration in the polymer region. We account for the electrode surface roughness by solving the PNP model in a three-dimensional region, whose planar dimensions are infinite and whose transverse dimension is varying in the neighborhood of a nominal constant thickness. In this framework, the electrode roughness is described by a zero-mean function whose key-features, such as spatial correlation and peak-to-peak variation, can be potentially inferred by IPMC microscopy. We use the method of asymptotic expansions to determine a second-order accurate solution of the PNP model in terms of the statistical properties of the electrode surface. Further, we establish a handleable closed-form expression for the IPMC capacitance that elucidates the interplay among the IPMC nominal dimensions, the statistical properties of the electrode surface, and the Debye screening length. We specialize our findings to isotropic surface roughness models, including random and fractal roughness. We validate our theoretical findings through extensive experimental work on Nafion-based IPMCs.
Control of particulate and gas emissions in photovoltaic module manufacture

Emissions of toxic gases and particulates from photovoltaic module RD when the concentration of hydrates is relatively high, a thermal oxidation unit should precede the bag-house scrubber for effective control. Finally, multicomponent mixtures can be treated either by wet scrubbing or combustion, depending on the mixture composition.
The Being of Leadership

The ethical foundation of the medical profession, which values service above reward and holds the doctor-patient relationship as inviolable, continues to be challenged by the commercialization of health care. This article contends that a realigned leadership framework - one that distinguishes being a leader as the ontological basis for what leaders know, have, and do - is central to safeguarding medicine's ethical foundation. Four ontological pillars of leadership - awareness, commitment, integrity, and authenticity - are proposed as fundamental elements that anchor this foundation and the basic tenets of professionalism. Ontological leadership is shaped by and accessible through language; what health care leaders create in language "uses" them by providing a point of view (a context) within and from which they orient their conversations, decisions, and conduct such that they are ethically aligned and grounded. This contextual leadership framework exposes for us the limitations imposed by our mental maps, creating new opportunity sets for being and action (previously unavailable) that embody medicine's charter on professionalism. While this leadership methodology contrasts with the conventional results-oriented model where leading is generally equated with a successful clinical practice, a distinguished research program, or a promotion, it is not a replacement for it; indeed, results are essential for performance. Rather, being and action are interrelated and their correlated nature equips leaders with a framework for tackling health care's most complex problems in a manner that preserves medicine's venerable ethical heritage.
Thermodynamics of electrocaloric phenomena in KC1: OH. Paraelectric cooling

Abstract The thermodynamics of low-temperature electrocaloric phenomena in alkali halides doped with polar impurities is developed, making use of the models for the tunneling splitting, dielectric saturation, and dipole correlations that pertain to KCl: OH. The thermodynamic theory is in good quantitative agreement with published data on the specific heat, adiabatic-depolarization temperature changes, and electrocaloric coefficient for KCl: OH, using a dipole moment of about 3·7 debye ( D ). The calculated hydroxyl concentrations, however, are consistently somewhat larger than the experimental concentrations. The observed concentration dependences of the final depolarization temperature and of the electrocaloric coefficient are explained quantitatively as arising from the dipole-dipole interactions contribution to the specific heat. The lowest temperature achievable in KCl: OH by the process of adiabatic depolarization is estimated to be 0·205°K (consistent with a tunneling splitting of 0·30°K), starting from an initial temperature of 1·27°K.
Modeling and Validation of a 915MHz Single Channel Pseudo Doppler Direction Finding System for Vehicle Applications

In this work, a simulation model of a single channel Pseudo Doppler (PD) radio frequency (RF) direction finding system for vehicle localization is presented. The model consists of two major parts: the channel model and the receiver model. The simulation model results are correlated with measurements from a prototype system mounted on a sedan, located in an open field, in four different locations. The measurements were taken at 36 distinct transmitter locations around a circle with a radius of 20 meters and a height of 1.2 meters. Both the model and the measurements produced consistent results in which the exterior roof location exhibited low mean and low standard deviation results in comparison with significantly worse results in terms of the mean and standard deviation for the three interior locations. The methodology and numerical results are described in the paper.
Angle-closure glaucoma complicating ciliochoroidal detachment.

Abstract Acute angle-closure glaucoma complicating ciliochoroidal detachment developed in eight eyes of six patients. The clinical presentation was uniform: extremely shallow central anterior chamber depth, flat peripheral anterior chamber, closed angle, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). There were three patients with uveal effusion syndrome, two with posterior scleritis, and one with an arteriovenous malformation. Cycloplegia, along with aqueous suppressants and corticosteroids, successfully resolved the acute glaucoma in all eyes. This rare, secondary glaucoma must be differentiated from primary angle-closure glaucoma, because the treatment is markedly different. Although primary angleclosure glaucoma is treated with miotics and peripheral iridectomy, such therapy may worsen the glaucoma in eyes with angle-closure glaucoma due to a ciliochoroidal detachment.
Self-collimation in planar photonic crystals

We analyze, in three dimensions, the dispersion properties of dielectric slabs perforated with two-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) of square symmetry. The band diagrams are calculated for all k-vectors in the first Brillouin zone, and not only along the characteristic high-symmetry directions. We have analyzed the equal-frequency contours of the first two bands, and we found that the square lattice planar photonic crystal is a good candidate for the self-collimation of light beams. We map out the group velocities for the second band of a square lattice planar PC and show that the group velocity is the highest in the region of maximum self-collimation. Such a self-collimated beam is predicted to show beating patterns due to the specific shape of the equal-frequency contours. A geometrical transformation maps the region of the first and second photonic bands where self-collimation takes place one onto the other and gives additional insights on the structural similarities of self-collimation in those two bands.
Reflector secondary pattern boresight error predictions resulting from log periodic feed manufacturing tolerances

Reflector antenna boresight stability is dependent on maintaining desirable primary feed characteristics that include axial phase center stability and amplitude/phase symmetry. Secondary pattern boresight error predictions for a 60 foot diameter reflector are estimated for several types of fabrication tolerances for a UHF log periodic antenna (LPA) used as a prime focus feed. covering the 350 MHz – 2300 MHz band
Effects of National Culture on Types of Knowledge Sharing in Virtual Communities

Organizations are using virtual communities to facilitate knowledge management and to enhance communication among employees, customers, and other interested individuals. Individual users can use virtual communities to engage in knowledge sharing. Professional communicators need to understand and adapt to a globalized and “flat” world, where people across different cultures interact freely and easily with one another in virtual communities. An intriguing question regarding virtual communities relates to whether national culture affects communication and types of knowledge sharing. This study examines the influence of US and Chinese national cultures on types of knowledge-sharing activities in virtual communities. The findings indicate that national culture differences between China and the US are also evident in virtual community environments.
Patterns of positional behavior in mixed-species troops of Callimico goeldii, Saguinus labiatus, and Saguinus fuscicollis in northwestern Brazil.

We present the results of a 4-month field investigation of positional behavior, vertical ranging, and species differences in limb proportions and body mass in a mixed-species troop of Saguinus fuscicollis, Saguinus labiatus, and Callimico goeldii in northwestern Brazil. Despite certain similarities in overall positional repertoire, patterns of positional behavior varied significantly between species. Travel in Callimico occurred principally in the lowest levels of the canopy, and was characterized by an exaggerated form of hindlimb-dominated bounding (bounding-hop), and leaping to and from vertical trunks (55.1% of leaps). In contrast, saddle-back tamarins traveled in the lower and middle levels of the canopy, and engaged in a range of leaping behaviors, including stationary leaps (37.3%), acrobatic leaps (31.3%), and trunk-to-trunk leaps (20%). Red-bellied tamarins exploited the highest levels of the arboreal canopy. Travel in this species was dominated by quadrupedal bounding and acrobatic leaps (67% of leaps) that began and ended on thin, flexible supports. Species differences in positional behavior correlated with species differences in limb proportions and locomotor anatomy, and provide a framework for understanding niche partitioning in mixed-species troops of Saguinus and Callimico.
Co-ordination of vapour and liquid phase water transport properties in plants

The pathway for water movement from the soil through plants to the atmosphere can be represented by a series of liquid and vapour phase resistances. Stomatal regulation of vapour phase resistance balances transpiration with the efficiency of water supply to the leaves, avoiding leaf desiccation at one extreme, and unnecessary restriction of carbon dioxide uptake at the other. In addition to maintaining a long-term balance between vapour and liquid phase water transport resistances in plants, stomata are exquisitely sensitive to short-term, dynamic perturbations of liquid water transport. In balancing vapour and liquid phase water transport, stomata do not seem to distinguish among potential sources of variation in the apparent efficiency of delivery of water per guard cell complex. Therefore, an apparent soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance based on relationships between liquid water fluxes and driving forces in situ seems to be the most versatile for interpretation of stomatal regulatory behaviour that achieves relative homeostasis of leaf water status in intact plants. Components of dynamic variation in apparent hydraulic conductance in intact plants include, exchange of water between the transpiration stream and internal storage compartments via capacitive discharge and recharge, cavitation and its reversal, temperature-induced changes in the viscosity of water, direct effects of xylem sap composition on xylem hydraulic properties, and endogenous and environmentally induced variation in the activity of membrane water channels in the hydraulic pathway. Stomatal responses to humidity must also be considered in interpreting co-ordination of vapour and liquid phase water transport because homeostasis of bulk leaf water status can only be achieved through regulation of the actual transpirational flux. Results of studies conducted with multiple species point to considerable convergence with regard to co-ordination of stomatal and hydraulic properties. Because stomata apparently sense and respond to integrated and dynamic soil-to-leaf water transport properties, studies involving intact plants under both natural and controlled conditions are likely to yield the most useful new insights concerning stomatal co-ordination of transpiration with soil and plant hydraulic properties.
Hormones and Calcium: Mechanisms Controlling Uterine Smooth Muscle Contractile Activity

The regulation of myometrial contraction is of paramount importance for the maintenance of pregnancy and for parturition. Understanding this regulation involves delineating the pathways that control myometrial contraction and relaxation and defining the regulation of these pathways. The pathways can be broken down further into those signalling cascades controlling the concentration of intracellular free calcium (Ca(2+)(i)) and those controlling the contractile apparatus itself. This discussion focuses primarily on the former and their regulation during pregnancy. In particular, cross-talk between the contractant and relaxant signalling pathways mediated through cyclic AMP is markedly changed at the end of pregnancy. Experimental Physiology (2001) 86.2, 223-237.
Effect of bioimpedance body composition analysis on function of implanted cardiac devices.

Background: It is routinely recommended that patients with pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), and cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillators (CRT-D) avoid bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)—a commonly used method to estimate body composition—because of the concern for the potential for BIA interference with pacemaker or ICD function. However, the prevalence of such interference is not known. Objective: Assess for incidence of interference between BIA and ICD or CRT-D devices. Methods and Results: Twenty patients with heart failure and cardiac implanted electronic devices (50% ICD, 50% CRT-D) underwent BIA during real-time device interrogation to detect interference. Study patients were 90% male, with mean age 54 ±14 years, and mean LVEF 23 ± 11%. Devices from all four leading cardiac device manufacturers were included. Device therapies were temporarily disabled to prevent inappropriate shocks. During body composition testing using BIA, no evidence of interference with ICD function was seen in any patient, including no telemetry disruption, no oversensing on any lead, and no patient symptoms. Conclusions: Despite the manufacturers’ recommendation to avoid BIA in patients with ICDs, this study showed no evidence of any interference in 20 patients. Bioimpedance analysis might be safe in such patients, but further confirmatory studies are required. (PACE 2012; 35:681–684)
Rethinking Sports-Based Community Crime Prevention: A Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship Between Midnight Basketball and Urban Crime Rates

The authors conducted a preliminary empirical test of the claim--dismissed by most scholars--that midnight basketball programs lower city-level crime rates. Results show cities that were early adopters of officially sanctioned midnight basketball leagues experienced sharper decreases in property crime rates than other American cities during a period in which there was broad support for midnight basketball programs. Although likely associated with a variety of confounding factors, these rather-surprising results suggest the need to reevaluate the deterrent effects of popular sports- and recreation-based prevention programs with a new emphasis on more diffuse, indirect mechanisms such as positive publicity and community trust. Further substantiation and refinement of these ideas could significantly reshape how these popular and well-established initiatives are implemented and evaluated.
Flow past a sphere in polystyrene-based Boger fluids: the effect on the drag coefficient of finite extensibility, solvent quality and polymer molecular weight

Abstract This study experimentally investigates how the drag behavior of a sphere falling in a Boger fluid is affected by the fluid's extensibility, solvent quality and chain molecular weight. By means of terminal velocity measurements under conditions of creeping flow, deviations from Newtonian drag behavior in a homologous series of three polystyrene-based Boger fluids were measured as a function of Weissenberg number ( We ). The polymer-solvent quality and polymer molecular weight of each of the Boger fluids were manipulated in a manner that produced a systematic variation in the degree of extensibility of the fluids. Here, we define extensibility in terms of the FENE model parameter L , the ratio of a fully extended coil length to an equilibrium coil length. It is expected that L varies by nearly a factor of three over this series of Boger fluids. The compositions and ranking of the degree of extensibility of the three Boger fluids are the following: a high extensibility fluid of 2.0 × 10 7 g mol −1 polystyrene in a poor, dioctyl phthalate (DOP)-based solvent, a medium extensibility fluid of 2.0 × 10 7 g mol −1 polystyrene in a good, tricresyl phosphate (TCP)-based solvent and a low extensibility fluid of 2.0 × 10 6 g mol −1 polystyrene in a poor DOP-based solvent. The principal result of the falling sphere experiments is that while the low extensibility fluid shows only small deviations from Newtonian behavior at all tested We , the two fluids of greater extensibility show drag enhancement of more than 300% for We > 1. These experiments are in agreement with the earlier work of Tirtaatmadja et al. and Chmielewski et al., indicating that the drag does not correlate with We alone. Here, by using monodisperse polymers and systems in which the polymerssolvent interactions have been characterized, we are also able to determine the sensitivity of the dimensionless drag to polymer molecular weight and polymer-solvent quality.
Metabolic engineering for bioproduction of sugar alcohols

Sugar alcohols find applications in pharmaceuticals, oral and personal care products, and as intermediates in chemical synthesis. While industrial-scale production of these compounds has generally involved catalytic hydrogenation of sugars, microbial-based processes receive increasing attention. The past few years have seen a variety of interesting metabolic engineering efforts to improve the capabilities of bacteria and yeasts to overproduce xylitol, mannitol, and sorbitol. Examples include heterologous expression of yeast xylose reductase in Escherichia coli for the production of xylitol, coexpression of formate dehydrogenase, mannitol dehydrogenase, and a glucose facilitator protein in Corynebacterium glutamicum for mannitol production from fructose and formate, and overexpression of sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in lactate dehydrogenase-deficient Lactobacillus plantarum to achieve nearly maximum theoretical yields of sorbitol from glucose.
Morphology of Molar Teeth and Occlusion in Young Rats

Knowledge of the gross anatomy and occlusion pattern of molar teeth in rats is necessary to relate experiments on dental caries in rats to research on causes of caries in man. The gross anatomy of the crowns in rat molars is described, and a hypothetical account of occlusion is advanced.