cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discussion of “Test fill on soft plastic marine clay at Onsøy, Norway”1

The comprehensive technical article by Berre (2014) on the plastic marine clay at Onsoy, Norway, merits further examination. We attempted to determine C /Cc for Onsoy clay using the Cc and C values in Table 1. The computed values of C /Cc based on tests Oed 1X to Oed 4X were, however, dissimilar and some of the values of C /Cc, for example for test Oed 4X, do not seem reasonable. Fortunately, the author has carefully defined the Cc and C values that are listed in Table 1. It turns out, according to the List of symbols, that the compression index Cc “has been calculated for the steepest part of the a ′ versus a plot above pc ′.” On the other hand the values of a ′ at which C wasmeasured are clearly shown on Figs. 20 to 23. For computing C /Cc for any soil, C and Cc must be defined at the same consolidation pressure (e.g., a ′ or v ′ , Mesri and Godlewski 1977; Mesri and Castro 1987). It is readily possible to determine from Figs. 20 to 23 the values of tangent Cc/(1 + eo), where eo is the initial or preconstruction void ratio, at consolidation pressures at which secondary compression was allowed to determine C . Note that the values of eo = ei are also listed in Table 1. The values of Cc determined from Figs. 20 to 23 together with the corresponding values of C from Table 1 are listed in Table D1. The computed values of C /Cc for the four oedometer tests’ data are nearly identical, and the average C /Cc for Onsoy marine clay is near the most representative value of 0.04 for inorganic soft clays (Terzaghi et al. 1996, Table 16.1, p. 110). Berre (2014) reports a Ko-value for Onsoy plastic clay equal to 0.60 determined by hydraulic fracturing tests in the field. It is interesting to compare the Ko-value of 0.60 by hydraulic fracture with the values of Ko computed by the empirical equations proposed by Mesri and Hayat (1993) for Ko of soft clay deposits.
Quenchable Neuroscience: Why JUNE Needs to Focus on Getting Indexed in PubMed

I am writing in response to William Grisham’s recent editorial in the Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education (JUNE) entitled ‘Unquenchable Neuroscience’ (Fall 2011, 10(1):E1-E1). In his piece, Grisham discusses challenges on the horizon, but fails to identify what I think is the biggest challenge facing JUNE and the journal’s readers: JUNE’s continuing absence on the search engine PubMed. In his essay, Grisham writes about how Santiago Ramon y Cajal initially did not receive the recognition he deserved because he wasn’t publishing in the lingua franca of neuroscientists in his time. Like it or not, PubMed is now part of the common neuroscience language of our time. Asking neuroscientists to submit work to a journal that is not indexed in PubMed is like asking them to deliberately publish work in a language that none of their peers read. At this point, the National Institutes of Mental Health and many academic departments only consider neuroscience publications to be valid if they have PubMed identifications. Many people simply can’t afford to invest time in creating manuscripts for JUNE if the end result doesn’t show up on PubMed. And if people do submit to JUNE, they may hold back their best work, because they will not want to ‘burn’ their best results in a non-PubMed indexed journal. Simply put, remaining unindexed promotes other journals at the expense of JUNE. Grisham points out that it is the responsibility of both the readers and the editorial board to ‘maintain the value of JUNE as a resource for educators.’ He also calls for increased submissions to the journal and declares that ‘JUNE is here to help.’ In my view, the simplest and most effective way to maintain the value of JUNE, increase submissions, and help readers is for the journal to get indexed in PubMed as quickly as possible. And I think that both readers and editors would be wise to focus all of our energies on solving this problem before we begin creating and supporting new types of articles in the journal (e.g., ‘Hot and Cool News’; Grisham, 2011). It is fair for the editors of JUNE to ask readers for continued support and submissions. But I think it is also fair for readers to ask the editors of JUNE for a clearly articulated strategy and time-line for getting JUNE indexed in the dominant neuroscience search engine. What are the requirements for indexing in PubMed? What is the journal doing to meet these requirements? How long will it take? As a reader, I would appreciate knowing the answers to these questions. I would also like to know what our community, the readers of JUNE, might be able to do to help. After all, everyone who reads and has published in JUNE has a vested interest in solving this problem.
Di(methylsulphonyl)quinacridone: synthesis, characterisation and application in nylon

The first quinacridone derivative with methylsulphonyl substituents, 2,9-di(methylsulphonyl)quinacridone, has been synthesised using two new sulphur-containing intermediates, 2,5-di(4-methylthioanilino)-terephthalic acid and 2,5-di-(4-methylsulphonylanilino)terephthalic acid. The key step in synthesising 2,9-di(methylsulphonyl)quinacridone involves the controlled and complete oxidation of the sulphide groups to their respective sulphonyl groups. The oxidation process is unique in that the presence of a catalyst is not required. The two different polymorphs of 2,9-di(methylsulphonyl)quinacridone range in colour from red to orange and exhibit extremely low solubility in organic solvents, water and acidic or basic media. When incorporated into nylon 6 by the extrusion/injection moulding method, both crystal forms of this pigment display excellent thermal and chemical stability up to a moulding temperature of 302 °C. The nylon–quinacridone compositions exhibit a high degree of light fastness, with a CIELAB ΔE*ab (colour difference) value >1.0 after a 200-h exposure time at 6500 W.
Abstract 1283: Phase I and pharmacokinetic evaluation of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine: A California Cancer Consortium study

Background: The California Cancer Consortium conducted the first-in-human clinical trial of the investigational new drug 5-fluoro-2′-deoxycytidine (FdC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor stable in aqueous solution, as a 3-hour infusion concurrent with 350 mg/m 2 of the cytidine deaminase inhibitor tetrahydrouridine (THU), included to prolong the half-life of FdC in vivo. Methods: A 3+3 design was used; initial FdC dose doubling ended when two moderate toxicities or one severe toxicity were observed. Pharmacokinetics of FdC and THU were obtained. Results: On the initial schedule, daily (QD) × 5 every 21 days (d), FdC was escalated from 2.5 to 80 mg/m 2 /d without treatment-related grade 3 toxicity other than anemia and lymphopenia. At FdC doses ≥20 mg/m 2 /d, peak plasma FdC concentrations were above those that inhibit DNA methylation in vitro (Beumer, et al., Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 62:363-8, 2008). The schedule was amended to QD × 5 for 2 consecutive weeks every 28 d, and patients (pts) were enrolled at 40, 67, 100, 134, and 180 mg/m 2 /d. Overall, 51 pts were treated [28 M; 23 F; median (range): age 63 (30-85), KPS 80 (60-100)]; 44 pts were evaluable for toxicity (1 cycle). 1/6 pts at 134 mg/m 2 /d had dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) (grade 3 colitis) and 2/2 pts at 180 mg/m 2 /d had DLT (1-grade 3 fatigue + LFT; 1-grade 4 mucositis + ANC + platelets). Of the 31 pts on 28-d cycles, 8 had clinical progression prior to the first scheduled evaluation at 8 weeks and 5 did not complete 2 cycles for other reasons; 7 pts had progressive disease at 8 weeks; and 10 pts had stable disease for ≥8 weeks. In addition, 1 heavily-pretreated pt with breast cancer, treated at 67 mg/m 2 /d, had a partial response lasting 1 year. Conclusions: The Maximum Tolerated Dose was 134 mg/m 2 /d FdC + 350 mg/m 2 /d THU QD × 5 for 2 consecutive weeks every 28 d. An expansion cohort is being accrued to determine the pharmacokinetics of oral FdC and THU. Based on the nature of the toxicities and the observed response at 67 mg/m 2 /d, a multi-histology Phase II trial has been initiated at 100 mg/m 2 /d QD × 5 for 2 consecutive weeks every 28 d. Supported by U01 CA62505, P30 CA33572, N01-CM-52202, and P30CA47904. The authors acknowledge the invaluable contribution of Dr. M. J. Egorin. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1283. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1283
Weighted order-dependent clustering and visualization of web navigation patterns

This study introduces a simple but effective visualization system that allows decision makers to easily identify groups of visitors with different sequential navigation patterns. In particular, navigation sequences of visitors are encoded as an order-dependent format so that early visited pages have more weights in the clustering process. Experimental results on a real-world dataset show that Markov state-transition diagrams with transition probabilities based on the proposed scheme can be very useful for developing Web marketing programs tailored to visitors' preferences and interests.
All Segregation is Not Equal: The Impact of Latino and Black School Composition

Latinos are a large, highly segregated minority group achieving less than whites in school, but the extent to which segregation is responsible for their relatively low achievement is not well known. The effect of proportion Latino on educational achievement is often assumed to be identical to the effect of proportion black. I use the NELS to test this assumption. Results reveal that segregation concentrates disadvantages for Latinos and blacks, but surprisingly, proportion Latino tends to positively influence test scores over the high school years. Proportion black, in contrast, does not affect test scores except for a negative effect for blacks in science. Integration of Latinos with whites would reduce some of the inequalities between schools, it would not hurt and in some areas would help the test scores of whites, but it would hurt Latinos unless some of the helpful features of predominantly Latino schools could be copied.
Youth Physical Fitness Awards

For more than 20 years national awards have been given to youth who have met predetermined standards on physical fitness test batteries. These awards were established to motivate improvements in youth fitness, to motivate youth to want to take fimess tests, and to encourage active lifestyles. Recently questions have been raised as to the effectiveness of these award schemes. Theoretical and practical factors that support or question the effectiveness of various award schemes are discussed.
Linear beam raster for cryogenic targets

Abstract Based on the H-bridge switch technique a linear beam raster system was developed in 2002. The system generates a rectangular raster pattern with highly uniform ( ∼ 95 % ) raster density distribution on cryogenic targets. The two raster frequencies are 24.96 and 25.08 kHz. The turning time at the vertex is 200 ns and the scan linearity is 98%. The beam-heating effect on the target is effectively eliminated. The new raster system allows the use of higher beam current toward 200 μ A in many of the experimental proposals at end station Hall A and Hall C of the Jefferson lab.
DIFFERENTIAL ALCOHOL USE PATTERNS AND PERSONALITY TRAITS AMONG THREE ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS ATTENDANCE LEVEL GROUPS: FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS OF THE AFFILIATION PROFILE*

Abstract The present study was designed to identify personality and drinking behavior correlates associated with membership in Alcoholics Anonymous (A.A.) Affiliation profiles were developed on the basis of frequency of A.A. attendance; subtypes were defined as non, low, and high affiliates, respectively. An initial canonical correlation analysis assessed the amount of common variance between personality and drinking characteristics. Subsequent discriminant function analyses on the second-order scales of the drinking and personality variables sets identified those variables differentiating the A.A. affiliation groups. High levels of affiliation were associated with a greater degree of anxiety, a tendency to be more affected by feelings rather than intellect, and more deterioration in the physical, psychological, and social areas of functioning. Regular attenders of A.A. also exhibited significant differences in perceived benefits, style, and consequences of alcohol usage. The potential therapeutic utility of A.A. affiliation profiles was discussed.
Qualitative and Multimethod Research: Organizations, Publication, and Reflections on Integration

Author(s): Collier, David; Elman, Colin; Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M; Brady, Henry E; Collier, David
Thermodynamic evolution of the central black hole of active galactic nuclei

Abstract Under the combined effect of accretion and the Blandford-Znajek process, the dimensionless angular momentum of the central black hole in AGNe grows to a stable value below that for the extreme Kerr black hole, so the third law of black hole thermodynamics is not violated. The stable value exists for both thin and thick disks; its size is determined by the strength of the B-Z process and the disk geometry and is independent of the black hole mass or the accretion rate.
Polyaniline nanofibers: chemical synthesis using surfactants

Nanofibers of doped polyaniline.HCSA having diameters 1–2 nm are observed in TEM images of bath sonicated aqueous dispersions of larger nanofibers (30–50 nm diameter) synthesized by surfactant-assisted chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in dilute aqueous organic acids.
Trustworthiness as a Clinical Variable: The Problem of Trust in the Management of Chronic, Nonmalignant Pain

The subjective nature of pain leads to many treatment difficulties. These problems can often be resolved if we know that the patient is trustworthy. Trustworthiness should be assessed as a distinct clinical variable. This is more easily achieved if we examine the three components of trustworthiness: the patient's subjective reports, which we call testimony; the reason that the patient seeks treatment, which we call motive; and the patient's adherence with efforts to get well, which we call responsibility. Because of difficulties with assessing testimony and motive, we propose that establishing the patient's responsibility is the key to assessing trustworthiness.
Conservation as a Territorial Ideology

Growth machine theory has typically interpreted successful contemporary conservation efforts as rare victories of elite liberal factions to protect their own use values or, alternatively, as greenw...
89 Hypoglycemia in Infants with Erythroblastosis Fetalis

Hyperplasia of the Islets of Langerhans is usually found in fetuses in infants who die as a result of erythroblastosis fetalis (EF) and the pancreas contains levels of insulin comparable to those found in infants of diabetic mothers (IDM). The clinical counterpart of these observations, hypoglycemia, is believed to occur rarely if at all in infants with EF. During the last 18 months we have observed hypoglycemia (< 30 mg/100 ml in term infants; < 20 mg/100 ml pre-term) in 11 infants. Borderline levels have occurred in 2 others. Five of the infants developed hypoglycemia prior to exchange transfusion (ET). Recently 16 consecutive infants with moderate to severe EF have had frequent blood glucose measurements following ET. 6 (30 %) developed symptomatic hypoglycemia with borderline values in 2 others. 9 infants had multiple measurements of blood glucose in the 3 h period following ET and 4 of these had simultaneous measurements of serum immuno active insulin. Serum insulin was elevated in all 4 infants. Glucose disappearance constants (Kt) were calculated for the first hour following ETand compared to Kt values for normals and IDM following IV glucose tolerance tests. The infants with EF who developed hypoglycemia had significantly greater Kt values than did the normals; their values approximated IDM. Because of the necessity for prompt treatment, blood glucose should be measured frequently in infants with EF both after birth and after ET. Intravenous glucose or fructose should be effective in prevention of hypoglycemia. (APS)
Victimization and restricted participation among young people with disabilities in the US child welfare system.

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the role of disability and victimization in young people's participation in developmentally salient activities by analyzing a nationally representative group of young people from the child welfare system (CWS). Method Data were obtained from interviews with young people and their parents, recorded by the second National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II). The sample group consisted of 405 females and 270 males, ranging in age from 11 to 17 years (mean age 13y 6mo), and residing with families throughout the USA. The relationships among disability status, victimization, and participation were explored using weighted logistic regression analysis. Results Controlling for demographical and family-related factors, the probability of young people with disabilities (YWD), involved with the CWS, reporting two or more victimizations was 120% higher (p<0.01) than that of young people without disabilities. YWD in the CWS were almost twice as likely as young people without disabilities to report participation in only one or no developmentally salient activities. Controlling for all other variables, the odds of restricted participation were 6.8-fold higher (p<0.05) for victimized YWD in the CWS. Interpretation Young people with disabilities who report victimization are significantly less likely than their typically developing peers to participate in developmentally salient activities. Without coordinated efforts to prevent victimization of YWD in the CWS, there will be significant barriers to their participation, well-being, and independent living outcomes.
The Effects of Sliding Velocity on the Frictional and Physical Properties of Heated Fault Gouge

The frictional properties of a crushed granite gouge and of gouges rich in montmorillonite, illite, and serpentine minerals have been investigated at temperatures as high as 600°C, confining pressures as high as 2.5 kbar, a pore pressure of 30 bar, and sliding velocities of 4.8 and 4.8×10−2 μm/sec. The gouges showed nearly identical strength behaviors at the two sliding velocities; all four gouges, however, showed a greater tendency to stick-slip movement and somewhat higher stress drops in the experiments at 4.8×10−2 μm/sec. Varying the sliding velocity also had an effect on the mineral assemblages and deformation textures developed in the heated gouges. The principal mineralogical difference was that at 400°C and 1 kbar confining pressure a serpentine breakdown reaction occurred in the experiments at 4.8×10−2 μm/sec but not in those at 4.8 μm/sec. The textures developed in the gouge layers were in part functions of the gouge type and the temperature, but changes in the sliding velocity affected, among other features, the degree of mineral deformation and the orientation of some fractures.
Decentralized Estimation Using Learning Vector Quantization

Decentralized estimation is an essential problem for a number of data fusion applications. In this paper we propose a variation of the Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ) algorithm, the Distortion Sensitive LVQ (DSLVQ), to be used for quantizer design in decentralized estimation. Experimental results suggest that DSLVQ results in high-quality quantizers and that it allows easy adjustment of the complexity of the resulting quantizers to computational constraints of decentralized sensors. In addition, DSLVQ approach shows significant improvements over the popular LVQ2 algorithm as well as the previously proposed Regression Tree approach for decentralized estimation.
Gas-phase reactivity of charged π-type biradicals

Four π,π-biradicals, 2,6-dimethylenepyridinium and the novel isomers N-(3-methylenephenyl)-3-methylenepyridinium, N-phenyl-3,5-dimethylenepyridinium, and N-(3,5-dimethylenephenyl)pyridinium ions, were generated and structurally characterized in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Their gas-phase reactivity toward various reagents was compared to that of the corresponding monoradicals, 2-methylenepyridinium, N-phenyl-3-methylenepyridinium, and N-(3-methylenephenyl)pyridinium ions. The biradicals reactivity was found to reflect their predicted multiplicity. The 2,6-dimethylenepyridinium ion, the only biradical in this study predicted to have a closed-shell singlet ground state, reacts significantly faster than the other biradicals, which are predicted to have triplet ground states. In fact, this biradical reacts at a higher rate than the analogous monoradical, which suggests that to avoid the costly uncoupling of its unpaired electrons, the biradical favors ionic mechanisms over b...
Combination of Scanning Electron Microscopy in the Characterization of a Nanometer-Sized Electrode and Current Fluctuation Observed at a Nanometer-Sized Electrode

To what extent the effective radius of a nanometer-sized electrode matches its geometric radius is a concern because it is believed that the continuum assumptions of the Nernst−Planck equation do not work when the diameter of the electrode is less than 100 nm. In our research, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy images have been employed to characterize the electrodes whose effective radii have been obtained from electrochemical methods. Thus, electrode geometric and effective dimensions could be compared. Our results show that the geometric radius matches the effective radius very well when the effective radius is larger than 20 nm. There is a significant difference between the effective and the geometric electrode radii when the effective electrode radius is smaller than 20 nm. Current fluctuation can be observed on a 1.6 nm radius electrode at slow scan rates. Possible reasons for the current fluctuation on the electrode are discussed.
Is It Farfetched That Some of Us Remember Our Arithmetic Facts

Baroody (1985) suggests repeatedly that rules and procedures can provide the answers to the basic number combinations in simple arithmetic. My research with older children and adults indicates they do not, at least in the general case. After correcting Baroody's description of my network retrieval model, I indicate five weaknesses in his argument. The debate over fact retrieval versus ruleand procedure-generated answers is an empirical one. I invite Baroody to report data that buttress his position.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from neonatal pigs with enteritis

Abstract The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eight antimicrobial agents was determined by the agar dilution method for 80 isolates of Clostridium difficile from neonatal pigs with enteritis. MICs50 for erythromycin, tilmicosin, and tylosin were relatively low (0.25–0.50 μg/mL), but MICs90 (64 or ⩾256 μg/mL) suggest in vivo resistance of a proportion of isolates. Susceptibility to tetracycline varied widely, with MIC50 and MIC90 of 8 and 32 μg/mL, respectively. The MICs90 for tiamulin (8 μg/mL) and virginiamycin (16 μg/mL) suggest moderate susceptibility. Bacitracin and ceftiofur (MICs90⩾256 μg/mL) have little activity against C. difficile. Tiamulin and virginiamycin may decrease fecal shedding of C. difficile by sows, and erythromycin, tetracycline, and tylosin may be useful for treatment of infected piglets.
Probing the Informational Content of Escherichia coli σ70 Region 2.3 by Combinatorial Cassette Mutagenesis

Abstract Combinatorial cassette mutagenesis was used to probe the informational content of region 2.3 of σ 70 , the RNA polymerase subunit that confers promoter specificity. Region 2.3 is highly conserved among major sigmas of diverse eubacteria, and has been predicted to have a role in melting the DNA duplex around the startpoint of transcription. This prediction was based on sequence similarity with the RNP-1 (ribonucleoprotein) motif of eukaryotic single-stranded RNA-binding proteins, and the abundance of aromatic and basic residues that could potentially interact with the single-stranded DNA. The mutagenesis technique used here consists of simultaneously mutagenizing several codons by cloning synthetic DNA cassettes, and characterizing the rare mutants that retain activity. The results show that most residues in region 2.3 are surprisingly tolerant of amino acid substitutions, including several conserved aromatics and other residues that match the RNP-1 motif. These conserved residues are not essential for transcription even at 17°C, where the DNA melting step is more likely to be rate-limiting. In contrast, Thr429 is quite intolerant to substitution and is predicted to have an important role in σ 70 function.
Some VLSI decompositions of the de Bruijn graph

Abstract We define a VLSI decomposition of a directed graph G to be a collection of isomorphic vertex-disjoint subgraphs of G which together contain all of G's vertices. We call the isomorphic subgraphs comprising the decomposition building blocks for the graph G, and we refer to the edges contained in the collection of subgraphs as internal edges. The efficiency of a VLSI decomposition of G is the fraction of the total number of edges in G which are internal edges. In this paper we will present a general construction for efficient VLSI decompositions for the family of de Bruijn graphs. Using the methods to be explained in this paper, we have found a 64-chip VLSI decomposition of the de Bruijn graph B13 with efficiency 0.754, which is being used by JPL design engineers to build a single-board Viterbi decoder for the K = 15, rate 1 4 convolutional code which will be used on NASA's Galileo mission.
Status Obeisance and Pupil Control Ideology

Schools are viewed as a special type of organization in which neither the organization nor its clients can exercise choice in the organization‐client relationship. That pupil control should he identified as central to organizational life in schools seemed reasonable. Status obeisance was theoretically related to a typology of pupil control ideology which ranges from “custodialism” at one extreme to “humanism” at the other: Teachers' status obeisance was hypothesized to be positively related to custodialism in pupil control ideology. This prediction along with two hypotheses from an earlier study were tested by multiple regression analysis. The principal hypothesis received strong support. The results of the study combined with those of previous investigations suggest that psychological variables may be important determinants of educators' orientations toward pupil control. Several directions for further inquiry on pupil control are presented.
A broadband VHF-UHF Yagi-Uda end-fire array

A broadband VHF-UHF end-fire Yagi-Uda array is proposed for possible air vehicle integration and operation within the 240-465 MHz frequency band. The array consists of a driven dipole, a reflecting dipole, and three directing dipoles. The broadband impedance, pattern, and gain responses are obtained by adding two parasitic metal strips adjacent to a fat driven strip dipole. The array has a peak gain greater than 7 dBi and Forward to Backward ratio (F/B) greater than 13 dB throughout most of the operating frequency band.
Agonistic behavior and neurochemistry in grouped Japanese quail.

1. 1. Aggressive behavior and whole brain neurochemistry were measured in stable and unstable pairs of male Coturnix coturnix japonica. 2. 2. Aggressive pecking peaked on day 5 of the daily regrouping regime and returned to a basal level on day 14. 3. 3. Aggressive behavior was associated with increased brain norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in unstable pairs. 4. 4. Habituation (12–15 days) and DA response to daily regrouping and inanition were inversely related in unstable and stable pairs respectively. 5. 5. Normal whole brain NE increases were attenuated in unstable pairs.
Charter Schools 1995

This report is the result of a group project undertaken by Tom Mauhs-Pugh's class in Policy and Politics in American Education at Dartmouth College during March-May of 1995. Specific attribution of authorship will be given in the text for relevant sections.
In-flight radiometric calibration of the Advanced Land Imager and Hyperion sensors on the EO-1 platform and comparisons with other Earth observing sensors

The radiometric calibration of the two optical sensors on the Earth Observing One satellite has been studied as a function of time since launch. The calibration has been determined by ground reference calibrations at well-characterized field sites, such as White Sands Missile Range and dry playas, and by reference to other sensors such as the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) on Landsat 7. The ground reference calibrations of the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) give results consistent with the on-board solar calibrator and show a significant shift since preflight calibration in the short wavelength bands. Similarly, the ground reference calibrations of Hyperion show a change since preflight calibration, however, for Hyperion the largest changes are in the short wave infrared region of the spectrum. Cross calibration of ALI with ETM+ is consistent with the ground reference calibrations in the visible and near infrared. Results showing the changes in radiometric calibration are presented.
Glu46 Donates a Proton to the 4-Hydroxycinnamate Anion Chromophore During the Photocycle of Photoactive Yellow Protein †

Photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is a photoreceptor containing a unique 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (pCA) chromophore. The trans to cis photoisomerization of this chromophore activates a photocycle involving first a short-lived red-shifted intermediate (pR), then a long-lived blue-shifted intermediate (pB), and finally recovery of the original receptor state (pG). The pCA chromophore is deprotonated in pG and protonated in pB, but the proton donor for this process has not yet been identified. Here we report the first FTIR spectroscopic data on pG, pR, and pB. The IR difference signals in the carbonyl stretching region of COOH groups (1700−1800 cm-1) reveal that a buried carboxylic group close to the chromophore (i) is protonated in pG, (ii) develops a stronger hydrogen bonding in pR, and (iii) becomes deprotonated in pB. These signals are unambiguously assigned to Glu46, on the basis of the IR data and the 1.4 A X-ray structure of PYP [Borgstahl et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6278−6287]. Our data demonstrate t...
Determining the absorption and scattering coefficients of suspended particles: a feasibility study

Abstract Presented in this paper is a feasibility study of a novel method for calculating the adsorption and scattering coefficients of particles dispersed in a liquid carrier. The composite medium must be optically thin and scatter nearly isotropically. In order to determine the scattering and absorption coefficients of the particles, prior knowledge of the absorption and extinction coefficients of the carrier must be known as well as the extinction coefficient of the particles.
Silhouette photography of polyacrylamide slab gels

A silhouette photography technique for making same-size negative films and positive contact prints of Coomassie blue-stained polyacrylamide slab gels is described. This technique does not require expensive photographic equipment and provides the resolution obtained with conventional camera systems.
BOX INVARIANCE OF HYBRID AND SWITCHED SYSTEMS

Abstract This paper investigates the concept of box invariance for classes of hybrid and switched systems. After motivating and defining the notion, we present a concise summary of results on its characterization for single-domain dynamical systems. The notion is then extended to the case of hybrid and switched systems. We provide sufficient conditions for a hybrid or switched system to be box invariant. Models of many real systems, especially those drawn from biology, have been found to be box invariant. This paper illustrates the concept using a pharmacodynamic model of blood glucose metabolism.
Characterization and purification of truncated human Rho-kinase II expressed in Sf-21 cells.

Abstract Rho-kinase II (ROCK-II) is a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in regulation of smooth muscle contraction and has been shown to contribute to the early stages of axon formation in neurons and the regulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Much of what is known about Rho-kinase function comes from cell-biological studies, whereas a paucity of biochemical characterization exists for the enzyme. In an effort to characterize ROCK-II biochemically we have cloned a truncated form of human ROCK-II comprising amino acids 1–543 and overexpressed it in Sf -21 cells. Utilizing the Sf -21/baculovirus expression system we isolated milligram quantities of ROCK-II (1–543) and purified the enzyme to near homogeneity. Optimal expression conditions revealed that infection of Sf -21 cells at a multiplicity of infection of 10 for 72 h yielded maximal protein expression. Expression of ROCK-II (1–543) as an N-terminal Flag fusion protein allowed a single-step purification yielding greater than 90% homogeneous protein as assessed by SDS–PAGE. Enzyme activity was linear over a range of enzyme concentrations and times. Capture of phosphorylated, biotinylated peptides on streptavidin membrane allowed assessment of peptide substrate preference and measurement of steady-state rate constants. The data indicated that an 11-mer peptide containing Ser235/Ser236 of the S6 ribosomal protein and a 12-mer peptide containing Thr508 of LIM kinase were preferred substrates for ROCK-II (1–543). Finally, staurosporine had an IC 50 value 215-fold more potent than that of the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. Collectively these data lay the foundation for the beginning of a biochemical characterization for this enzyme and provide methodology for more detailed biochemical, biophysical, and kinetic analysis.
THE ENERGY OF FORMATION OF INTERNAL LOOPS IN TRIPLE-HELICAL COLLAGEN POLYPEPTIDES

The sequence-dependent local destabilization in the interior of the collagen triple helix has been evaluated by means of conformational energy computations. Using a model poly(Gly-Pro-Pro) triple helix as the reference state, a method was developed for generating local loops, i.e., internal deformations, and analyzing their conformations. A seven-residue Gly-Pro-Pro- Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly fragment was replaced by the Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Ala-Ala-Gly sequence in one, two, or all three of the strands of the loop region. A set of loop conformations was generated in which the ends of the loop were initially fixed in the triple-helical structure. The potential energy of the entire deformed triple helix was then minimized, resulting in a variety of structures that contained deformed loops. The conformations of the triple helices at the two ends of the loops remained essentially unchanged in many of the low-energy conformations. In numerous high-energy conformations, however, the triple-helical segments were also partially or totally disrupted. The minimum-energy conformations of the whole structures were compared in terms of rms deviations of atomic coordinates with respect to the original triple helix, and of the shapes of the loops (using a distance function derived from differential geometry). Three new geometrical parameters-stretch S, kink K, and unwinding U-were defined to describe the changes in the overall orientation of the triple helices at the two ends of the loop. It is shown that, when the number of Pro residues in a short fragment is reduced, the triple helical structure can accomodate internal loops (i.e., distortions) within a 5 kcal/mol cutoff from the essentially unperturbed triple helical structure. For structures with a Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Ala-Ala-Gly sequence in all three strands, the probability of finding conformations with internal loops is small, i.e., 0.06. Internal loops affect the overall orientation of these structures, as measured by the helix-distortion parameters S, K, and U.
Catalytic effect of nitrosophenols on N-nitrosamine formation

THE effect of phenolic compounds on the rate of nitrosation of secondary amines is not a simple one. Tannins inhibit nitrosamine formation1, but in suitable conditions gallic acid catalyses the nitrosation of diethylamine, the rate being dependent on pH and gallic acid concentration2. Some phenolic constituents of smoked foods3 inhibit nitrosation of morpholine at pH 3.0. Phenolic compounds react with nitrite at a much faster rate than do secondary amines4, but chlorogenic acid and 4-methylcatechol catalyse5 the nitrosation of piperidine at gastric pH. We report here that nitrosophenols can catalyse N-nitrosamine formation.
THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD : II. ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE REACTIVE PROTEIN

Methods are described for isolating a protein commonly present in the blood of patients during the acute phase of various infections which, unlike the normal serum proteins, is precipitable by the C polysaccharide of Pneumococcus. The reactive protein is present in the fraction of serum albumin precipitated by either ammonium or sodium sulfate between 50 and 75 per cent saturation. From this fraction the reactive protein separates out on dialysis against tap water. Following removal of the alcohol-ether-soluble lipids from acute phase serum the reactive protein becomes soluble in tap water, and is no longer precipitable by traces of calcium but still retains its precipitability with the C polysaccharide.
Macroscopic Quantum Effects in Nanometer-Scale Magnets

Quantum tunneling, the passage of a microscopic system from one state to another by way of a classically forbidden path, is theoretically possible in the macroscopic world. One can now make direct observations of such macroscopic quantum tunneling in very small magnetic structures. This is possible because of significant advances both in the ability to obtain magnetic systems of almost any desirable size, shape, and composition and in the development of superconducting instrumentation for the detection of extremely weak magnetic signals. As an example, measurements on magnetic horse spleen ferritin proteins with the predictions of quantum tunneling theory are discussed and shown.
Age-based refinement of referral criteria for photoscreening.

Abstract Objective To evaluate examination results from preschool children referred from photoscreening, and to adjust referral criteria for suspected astigmatism. Design Cross-sectional study and noncomparative case series. Participants Thirty-one thousand fifty-three preschool children. Methods Analysis of (1) referral rate and unreadable photograph rate for all children screened, (2) examination results and treatment plan for all children referred for suspected astigmatism, and (3) examination results and treatment for all referred children aged less than 1 year. Main outcome measures Referral rate, unreadable photograph rate, predictive value positive, treatment plan. Results The referral rate dropped from 7.8% for children 6 to 11 months to 5.3% for all other ages. The unreadable photograph rate declined exponentially from 12.1% for children aged 6 to 11 months to 1.1% for children aged 4 years. The predictive value positive of a photoscreen referral for all children in the 6- to 11-month age group was 30%, and only 12 of the 94 referred children were treated. The predictive value positive for children less than 1 year of age referred with suspected astigmatism was even lower (25%), and only one child in this age group was treated. The predictive value positive increased with age, and a higher percentage of older children were treated. For children at least 3 years old referred for suspected astigmatism, the predictive value positive was 67% when the examination was performed by a pediatric ophthalmologist. Strabismus, anisometropia, and high hypermetropia were diagnosed in such patients age 2 and older but never in younger children. Conclusions Children less than 1 year of age have a much lower pass rate from photoscreening than do older children because of a higher referral rate and higher unreadable rate in this age group. When these children are examined, significant pathosis is usually absent, and intervention is rarely initiated. Most children age 2 and older who are referred for suspected astigmatism have a high likelihood of significant pathosis. It is probably unnecessary to examine children less than age 2 when their photoscreening suggests only astigmatism; conversely, referrals should still be provided for these children when their screening suggests other potentially amblyogenic factors.
Piezoreflectance of Dilute α-Phase Ag-In Alloys

The fractional change in reflectivity due to strain $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}R}{R}$ of evaporated film samples of four silver-indium alloys was measured in the energy range 2.5-4.5 eV. The films had indium concentrations of 0.4, 1.6, 3.3, and 5.0 at.%. A Kramers-Kronig inversion of $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}R}{R}$ yielded the change, due to strain, of the phase shift of the reflected electric field. The strain-induced changes of the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant, $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$, were calculated. Interpretation of the structure in $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ of silver and the four alloys yielded the following conclusions. (a) The structure in $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ at 4.06 eV in silver is due to the ${{L}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{1}$ (Fermi surface to conduction band) transition and not to the ${L}_{3}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{{L}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ ($d$ band to Fermi surface) transition as previously suggested. (b) The ${{L}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{1}$ band gap in silver is 4.15 eV and decreases to about 3.7-3.8 eV in the 5.0% indium alloy. (c) Indirect transitions contribute to ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ below the direct ${{L}_{2}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{1}$ transition energy in the silver-indium alloys.
Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Based Composites: Effect of Surfactants and Poly(ethylene oxide) on Filler and Composite Properties.

The uncontrolled aggregation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) particulate fillers and their uneven distribution within polymer matrices can have adverse effects on the properties of ACP composites. In this article, we assessed the influence of nonionic and anionic surfactants and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) introduced during the preparation of ACP on the particle size distribution and compositional properties of ACP. In addition, the mechanical strength of polymeric composites utilizing such fillers with a photo‐activated binary methacrylate resin was evaluated. Zirconia‐hybridized ACP (Zr‐ACP) filler and its corresponding composite served as controls for this study. Surfactant‐ and PEO‐ACPs had an average water content of 16.8% by mass. Introduction of the anionic surfactant reduced the median particle diameter about 45% (4.1 µm versus 7.4 µm for the Zr‐ACP control). In the presence of PEO, however, the dm increased to 14.1 µm. There was no improvement in the biaxial flexure strength (BFS) in any of t...
Exploiting the installed base using cross-merchandising and category destination programs

Abstract We investigate two ways to increase sales and customer loyalty by taking advantage of a store's installed base of current customers. We propose a classification of products into two types. Products of Type 1 are products for which consumers have a loyalty to a specific retailer and, as far as possible, always shop at that retailer for these products. The other products (Type 2) are not associated with any retailer and are bought at whichever retailer consumers happen to shop when they plan or remember to buy the product. With this in mind, we test the potential of two marketing tools to help retailers increase their share of sales of the Type 2 segment. Using a category destination program we show that one can successfully transform Type 2 into Type 1 products. Using cross-merchandising promotions, we show that one can increase the sales of Type 2 products thereby gaining a larger share of discretionary purchases than what one would receive from a straight random allocation. Both series of tests yielded significant increases in sales and profits and were deemed successful by the retailers who implemented them.
Hydrogenase enzymes: Recent structural studies and active site models

Recent developments in active site structure determination of the three types of hydrogenase enzymes are described. Aspects of recent studies using model complexes relevant to the structure and function of the enzymes are reviewed.
A perturbation analysis of the eigenproperties of equipment-structure systems

Abstract In the calculations involving the dynamic response of equipment, it often is of interest to include the effect of the dynamic interaction between the equipment and its supporting structure. This can be done by calculating the eigenproperties of the combined equipment-structure systems, through either a mode synthesis approach or a perturbation approach. Herein, the details of a systematic perturbation expansion scheme are given for the calculation of the combined modal properties. Ready-to-use closed form expressions are provided for calculating the frequencies, mode shapes and participation factors, both for a detuned as well as a tuned equipment. These expressions can be used for equipment which are not heavier than 1/10 the mass of the supporting floor. However, if only the combined frequencies are desired the expressions can also be utilized for equipment as heavy as one-half the mass of the supporting floor without much error.
``Hard‐Core'' Model of Liquids

Variants of the ``hard‐core'' model for liquids were studied. In the hard‐core model the interaction between molecules consists of a perfectly rigid repulsive core and finite, negative outer potential. Of primary concern were values of the potential energy per molecule, call it u, for the various model systems. The model systems studied were the lattice gas, hard‐core models with long‐range outer potentials, and hard‐core models at high temperatures. For the cases studied it was found that at high density u is dominated by a term which is a function only of the density n. Furthermore, in several cases this function of density is given either approximately or exactly by —an, where a is a constant. It was noted that certain thermodynamic properties of liquids at high density and low pressure are consistent with a potential energy with a dominant term of the form —an.
Dependence of the singlet-triplet splitting in heterosubstituted carbenes on the heteroatom electronegativity and conformation

Abstract It is shown by ab initio calculations and by semiquantitative arguments that along the sequence C(NH 2 ) 2 , C(OH) 2 , CF 2 , C(FH) 2 2+ the singlet-triplet gap decreases, due to decreased π bonding, as the substituent electronegativity increases.
Performance characteristics of a two-stage dementia screen in a population sample

We analyzed the performance of a two-stage screening protocol [the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS) or the Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline (IQCODE), and the Dementia Questionnaire (DQ)] in a weighted stratified sample of 839 subjects from a population survey of dementia in Cache County, UT. The subjects were subsequently examined using a standardized diagnostic assessment protocol. Using the method of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the main outcome measure was area under the ROC curve (AUC). The overall AUC estimates were 0.956 (95% confidence interval 0.943-0.968) for the 3MS/IQCODE and 0.945 (0.931-0.960) for the DQ. After adjustment for age, the efficiency of the both 3MS/IQCODE and the DQ was better for subjects with genotype epsilon4/epsilon4 at APOE, better among women, and better in those with two or more years duration of dementia. The optimal threshold for this two-stage screen yielded sensitivity and specificity estimates of 91.0% and 92.0%, respectively.