cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of prostaglandin E2 on the subcellular localization of Epac-1 and Rap1 proteins during Fcγ receptor mediated phagocytosis in alveolar macrophages

Recent studies have demonstrated a central role for the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) in the inhibition of Fcγ-receptor mediated phagocytosis and bacterial killing by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in macrophages. However, the subcellular localization of Epac, and its primary target Rap1, has yet to be determined in primary macrophages. Therefore, we used immunofluorescent techniques and phagosome isolation to localize Epac-1 and Rap1 in alveolar macrophages. Epac-1 was predominantly expressed on punctate and tubular membranes throughout the cell body; on the plasma membrane; and co-localized with microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Rap1 was abundant on punctate membranes, less abundant on plasma membrane, and also found on MTOCs. Following PGE2 treatment, Epac-1, but not Rap1, accumulated on the nuclear envelope and disappeared from MTOCs. By immunofluorescent microscopy, both Epac-1 and Rap1 were seen to associate with phagosomes containing IgG-opsonized beads, but this association appeared weak, as we failed to observe such interactions in phagosomes isolated from cells at various timepoints after bead ingestion. Strikingly, however, Epac-1, but not Rap1, appeared to accumulate on maturing phagosomes, but only after PGE2 treatment (or treatment with a selective Epac-1 agonist). This association was confirmed in isolated phagosome preparations. The changes in Epac-1 localization were too slow to account for the inhibitory effects of PGE2 on phagocytosis. However, the appearance of Epac-1 on late phagosomes following PGE2 treatment might be important for suppressing H2O2 production and inhibiting the killing of intraphagosomal pathogens. The absence of Rap1 on late phagosomes suggests that the effect of Epac-1 might not require Rap1.
Eating and general psychopathology in a sample of Caucasian and ethnic minority subjects.

Objective Most research on eating disorders (ED) has been conducted on Caucasian women. Considerable uncertainty remains as to the presentation of ED in ethnic minorities. The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether or not Caucasian and minority eating disorder subjects differ on key ED symptomatology and general psychopathology. Method: This descriptive investigation examined the separate and combined influences of ED diagnosis (bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or overweight subjects with no eating disorder) and ethnicity (Caucasian vs. minority) on ED symptomatology and general psychopathology. Suitable subjects, 109 Caucasian and 40 minority women, attended a clinical interview and completed several ED and general psychopathology questionnaires. Results: Clear differences were shown in terms of ED and general psychopathology between the ED groups, with bulimia nervosa subjects scoring consistently higher than the other two diagnostic groups. However, Caucasian and minority subjects scored similarly on the eating disorder and general psychopathology measures. Discussion: Therefore, the findings suggest that current ED treatment protocols found to be effective with Caucasian subjects may not need to be modified before application to minority patients with ED. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 21: 285–293, 1997.
The oscillation of differential transforms – entire Jacobi expansions

Abstract Let L = ( 1 − x 2 ) D 2 − ( ( β − α ) − ( α + β + 2 ) x ) D with α ⩾ − 1 2 , β ⩾ − 1 2 and D = d d x . Let f ∈ C ∞ [ − 1 , 1 ] , f ( x ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ C n p n ( α , β ) ( x ) , with p n ( α , β ) ( x ) normalized Jacobi polynomials and the C n decrease sufficiently fast. Set L k = L ( L k − 1 ) , k ⩾ 2 . Let ρ > 1 . If the number of sign changes of ( L k f ) ( x ) in ( − 1 , 1 ) is O ( k 1 / ( ρ + 1 ) ) , then f extends to be an entire function of logarithmic order ⩽ ρ ρ − 1 . For Legendre expansions, the result holds with 1 ρ + 1 replaced with 1 ρ .
Long-term follow-up (3-4 years) of treatment for smoking reduction.

Abstract The present paper reports the 3- and 4-year follow-ups of two smoking reduction clinics ( n = 103) employing a comprehensive, non-aversive, behavioral treatment using stimulus control and self-control techniques. Most of the data were gathered via phone contact, while some clients were interviewed in person with corroborative carbon monoxide measurements taken at that time. While the general findings were similar to those reported for other long-term follow-ups of smoking programs, unlike earlier-reports, the overwhelming majority of subjects were contacted (an average of 90% for all follow-up periods). The average percentage of baseline for smoking subjects was equal to 56% and average percentage abstinent equal to 24% at final follow-up. Data are also presented which suggest greater attention be paid to the potential efficacy of controlled smoking when assessing the effectiveness of smoking reduction programs.
Childhood asthma may be a consequence of vitamin D deficiency.

Purpose of reviewVitamin D deficiency has been rediscovered as a public-health problem worldwide. It has been postulated that vitamin D deficiency may explain a portion of the asthma epidemic. The purpose of this review is to present the evidence for a role of vitamin D in asthma.Recent findingsBoth
Successful treatment of a child with T/myeloid acute bilineal leukemia associated with TLX3/BCL11B fusion and 9q deletion.

Acute bilineal leukemias are rare and are commonly associated with t(9;22) and MLL abnormalities. Herein, we report a pediatric case of bilineal T/myeloid acute leukemia associated with del (9q)(q13q22) and TLX3/BCL11B fusion due to the cryptic t(5;14)(q35;32). FISH studies confirmed the TLX3/BCL11B fusion in both the myeloid and lymphoid blasts, while the 9q deletion was restricted to the lymphoid component. Optimal therapy for such patients remains controversial and it is not clear if they should be treated with ALL or AML-based chemotherapeutic regimens. Our patient has been in extended remission following ALL-based chemotherapy and a matched unrelated cord blood transplant. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:467–469. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
IgA anaphylactic transfusion reactions

Summary IgA anaphylactic transfusion reactions are rare events, estimated to occur in 1 in 20,000 to 47,000 transfusions. The signs and symptoms of these reactions do not differentiate them from other causes of anaphylaxis. The diagnosis of an anaphylactic transfusion reaction is established by showing an IgA-antibody in the patient's serum. Most laboratories that test for IgA antibodies rely on the PHA method, which uses red blood cells that are coated with serologically defined IgA multiple myeloma proteins. We tested sera referred from Red Cross regional blood centers and hospitals from patients with suspected IgA anaphylactic reactions and found an IgA antibody in 76.3% of IgA-deficient patients. However, only 17.5% of all samples referred contained an IgA antibody, indicating that most persons with suspected IgA anaphylactic reactions had experienced acute generalized reactions that were from causes other than anti-IgA transfusion. Using PHIA to measure serum concentrations of IgA and PHA to detect IgA antibodies, we found the frequency of IgA deficiency (
Transplantation for IgM Amyloidosis and IgM Myeloma

High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation is an accepted form of treatment for patients with AL amyloidosis and multiple myeloma. It is not widely recognized that patients with myeloma and amyloidosis might be associated with an IgM monoclonal protein. We review the pre-transplantation characteristics and outcomes of 17 IgM amyloidosis and 8 IgM myeloma patients who underwent transplantation at Mayo Clinic from 1989 through 2008. IgM patients are older, and the amyloidosis cohort has a higher incidence of neuropathy and lower incidence of cardiac involvement by echocardiography and troponin T level.
Selective S-methylation of cysteine in proteins and peptides.

Abstract Sulfhydryl groups in proteins and peptides may be quantitatively and selectively converted, under mild conditions, to the S-methyl derivatives by reaction with methyl p -nitrobenzenesulfonate. Amino acid analyses of reduced and methylated derivatives of eggwhite lysozyme and insulin B chain revealed, in each case, quantitative conversion of cysteine to S-methylcysteine. No additional amino acid modifications were detected.
Assessment and treatment of right ventricular failure

Right ventricular (RV) failure is a complex problem with poor outcomes. Diagnosis requires a high degree of clinical suspicion, because many of the signs and symptoms of this condition are nonspecific and can be acute or chronic. Identification of the underlying aetiology, which can include pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, congenital or valvular heart disease, and sepsis, is essential. Echocardiography is the technique of choice for first-line assessment, but cardiac MRI is the current gold standard for anatomical and functional assessment of the right ventricle. Therapy for RV failure should be directed at the underlying cause, although management of symptoms is also important. Therapeutic options range from pharmacological treatment to mechanical RV support and heart transplantation. The complex 3D geometry of the right ventricle and its intricate interactions with the left ventricle have left many questions about RV failure unanswered. However, promising new targeted therapies are under development and mechanical support is becoming increasingly feasible. The next decade will be an exciting time for advances in our understanding and management of RV failure.
Electroluminescence and photoluminescence in poly(di-n-octylfluorene) light-emitting diodes operated at elevated temperatures

Abstract Both electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence from conventional poly(di- n -octylfluorene) (PF8) light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been monitored in situ during thermal cycling at temperatures up to 410 K. Even after the PF8 polymer undergoes a thermotropic phase transition to a liquid crystal phase these LEDs continue to operate although at reduced currents. This behavior is likely caused by changes in the hole transport layer and/or polymer interfaces and not by the phase transition itself. Overall EL output is diminished but PL measurements indicate no evidence of PF8 degradation. The step-wise thermal cycling of a working device produces a decrease in the relative EL efficiency at higher applied bias voltages but results in a pronounced EL efficiency increase at voltages near the device turn-on threshold. EL emission and measured device currents are both time- and temperature-dependent.
The paradoxical situation of western philosophy and the search for Chinese wisdom

This introductory article begins by presenting the author's impression of contemporary Western philosophy as having become too professionalized to perform the functions of moral guidance and spiritual supervision. Herein lies a reason for the search for Oriental wisdom by some people in the West. The author then points out some fallacies often incurred in the pursuit of Chinese philosophy: the fallacy of ‘craving for cash value’, the fallacy of ‘the Procrustean bed’, and the fallacy of ‘the misplaced hamburger’. In the second half of the paper the author attempts a characterization of Chinese philosophy as a whole. As he interprets it, Chinese philosophy as a distinct tradition possesses five characteristics: (1) human centrality, (2) unity of theory and practice, (3) pedagogic universality, (4) methodological simplicity, and (5) dynamic harmony.
Boosting immune response with a candidate varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein subunit vaccine

A varicella-zoster virus (VZV) seropositive individual was immunized with 100 μg of purified VZV TgpI-511 glycoprotein subunit antigen formulated with monophosphoryl lipid A. Serum samples were obtained during a 40-day period post-immunization (PI) and analysed by immunoprecipitation and virus neutralization tests. The results from immunoprecipitation studies revealed an increase in VZV anti-gpI antibody titer as early as 6 days PI which continued to rise during 40 days PI. In addition, virus neutralization tests showed a 21.0% VZV neutralization 6 days PI with an increase to a 96.7% VZV neutralization 40 days PI. These results suggested that the candidate VZV glycoprotein subunit vaccine (TgpI-511) was capable of boosting the production of neutralizing antibodies in the immunized VZV seropositive human subject.
Application of elastomeric material to the reduction of turbulent boundary layer pressure fluctuations (three-dimensional analysis)

Abstract Turbulent boundary layer pressure fluctuations can be reduced by filtering the wave-number through a finite hydrophone, a hydrophone array, or a layer of elastomer. In general practice, various configurations of hydrophone arrays are embedded within a layer of elastomer, thus reducing turbulent boundary layer pressure fluctuations. The turbulent flow noise reduction through an elastomer layer depends on the layer thickness, the shear wave speed in the layer and the loss factor associated with the shear wave. The theoretical model considered in this study is a plane elastomer layer backed by a perfectly rigid surface; the other side of the layer is exposed to turbulent flow. A three-dimensional analysis is presented for the development of the transfer function that determines the amount of noise reduction (direct path attentuation).
Comparative displays among four species of tragopans and their derivation and function

This paper provides the first description and comparison of courtship behaviours in males of four species of tragopans in captivity. Inter-specific comparisons of each of the five displays (frontal, lateral, wing whir, flight, and lappet dropping) were similar with one main difference; Temminck's and Satyr tragopans assumed an arched posture, in addition to the upright posture during the lateral display. All frontal and lateral displays were performed only in front of females and most likely have a sexual function. In contrast, wing whir, flight, and lappet dropping displays were also performed in front of other males. Therefore, these displays are most likely to be sexual and aggressive in function and may also be a form of comfort behaviour in the lappet display. The first female displays are described for this genus. Intra- and inter-specific lateral displays in females were only directed towards other females and probably function as a threat display. Because of the similarities of the five displays a...
Mice Expressing Activated CaMKII Lack Low Frequency LTP and Do Not Form Stable Place Cells in the CA1 Region of the Hippocampus

Abstract To relate different forms of synaptic plasticity to the formation and maintenance of place cells in the hippocampus, we have recorded place cells in freely behaving, transgenic mice that express a mutated Ca 2+ -independent form of CaM Kinase II. These mice have normal long-term potentiation (LTP) at 100 Hz, but they lack LTP in response to stimulation at 5–10 Hz and are impaired on spatial memory tasks. In these transgenic mice, the place cells in the CA1 region have three important differences from those of wild types: they are less common, less precise, and less stable. These findings suggest that LTP in the 5–10 Hz range may be important for the maintenance of place-field stability and that this stability may be essential for the storage of spatial memory.
Screening for Intimate Partner Violence when Children are Present The Victim's Perspective

Although intimate partner violence (IPV) is routinely encountered in health care, it often goes undetected. Medical organizations recommend routine screening of women alone without children or partner. Separating a mother from her children may not be feasible in busy practices. Therefore, screening may not occur. Little research has examined women's desires about IPV screening in front of their children. This study interviewed 32 mothers/survivors who were in either an IPV shelter or support group regarding their wishes about IPV screening and discussions in front of their children. Interviews were audio taped, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. Major themes included mothers' comfort with the use of general IPV screening questions in front of children ages 3 to 12 years. In summary, most mothers/ survivors were comfortable with physicians using general questions to screen for IPV but preferred in-depth discussions about the abuse and resource sharing in private.
Abstract LB-342: MicroRNA-130b contributes to mesenchymal differentiation and leiomyosarcomagenesis

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a highly aggressive cancer of smooth muscle origin for which the molecular bases of transformation and progression are poorly defined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have been implicated in tumor development by acting as tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Therefore, identifying a mechanistic role for miRNAs in the biology of LMS will result in better understanding of this complex disease. Moreover, investigation of miRNAs that may also play a role in smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation might enhance our understanding of this highly undifferentiated neoplasia. MiRNA microarrays previously performed in our lab identified miR130b as upregulated in uterine LMS compared to normal myometrium. The objective of the current study is to investigate the role of this miRNA in SMC differentiation and LMS genesis and progression. Preliminary studies have demonstrated increased proliferation, invasion, and colony formation in LMS cell lines overexpressing miR130b indicating that it may be pro-oncogenic. Moreover, miR130b overexpression in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) induced to differentiate into SMCs inhibited their maturation. Target analysis thus far has revealed that miR130b reduces the levels of its predicted targets Tuberous sclerosis 1, Dicer1, and Connexin 43. Ongoing overexpression and knockdown studies will determine the necessity and sufficiency of miR130b on in vitro tumorigenic properties of LMS cell lines and SMC differentiation of hMSCs. Microarray expression studies and direct target analysis are being used to elucidate the molecules through which miR130b exerts its functions. Additionally, patient samples will be analyzed to determine the relevance of miR130b overexpression in LMS. Genomic amplification will be assessed as a potential mechanism for the increased levels of miR130b in LMS tissues. Human specimens will also be used to investigate correlations between miRNA expression and its direct targets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-342. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-342
Genotypic variations around the world: Is hepatitis C virus evolving?

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of chronic liver disease worldwide. HCV is characterized by genetic heterogeneity, with at least six genotypes identified. The geographic distribution of genotypes has shown variations in different parts of the world over the past decade because of variations in population structure, immigration, and routes of transmission. Genotype differences are of epidemiologic interest and help the study of viral transmission dynamics to trace the source of HCV infection in a given population. Hepatitis C genotypes are also of considerable clinical importance because they affect response to antiviral therapy and represent a challenging obstacle for vaccine development.
Cooling of a convecting intrusive sheet

The complete description of the cooling of a layered intrusive sheet is mathematically complex since even the simplest conceivable model involves a moving boundary—the floor or base of the convecting portion of the intrusion for which the boundary conditions are second-order equations including partial derivatives. Numerical solutions for reasonable thermal parameters and initial conditions demonstrate that for most situations between 90 and 100% of the heat loss of the liquid region is through the roof. In certain circumstances the layered series—the crystallized position of the intrusion—actually supplies heat to the convecting region in the late stages of cooling.
EVALUATION OF A DIRECT-INJECTION NEBULIZER (DIN) FOR LIQUID SAMPLE INTRODUCTION IN HELIUM MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY (MIP-MS)

A direct-injection nebulizer (DIN) has been evaluated for liquid sample introduction in helium microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry (MIP-MS). A short-term stability test with the direct-injection nebulizer was found to give less than 0.5% RSD for twenty minutes. Isotope abundances for K, Ca, Cr, and Se were determined with less than 10% error on all isotopes. All elements have linear dynamic ranges of two to three orders of magnitude. Detection limits are low to sub-ppb for all elements. Ion lens tuning plays an important role in multielement determinations. Oxide, hydroxide, and doubly charged ions are determined for Cr, As, Sr, Cs, Ba, and Pb. The effect of 10% methanol and high-dissolved salts is investigated.
Effect of Atomic-Scale Randomness on the Optical Polarization of Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Alloy systems such as Ga{sub 1-x}In{sub x}As consist of different random assignments {sigma} of the Ga and In atoms onto the cation sublattice; each configuration {sigma} having, in principle, distinct physical properties. In infinitely large bulk samples different {sigma}'s get self-averaged. However, in finite quantum dots (QDs) ({le} 10{sup 5} atoms), self-averaging of such configuration {sigma} may not be complete, so single-dot spectroscopy might observe atomic-scale alloy randomness effects. We examine theoretically the effect of such atomic-scale alloy randomness on the fine structure-splitting (FSS) of the multiexciton observed via the polarization anisotropy of its components. We find that (i) The FSS of the neutral monoexciton {chi}{sup 0} changes by more than a factor of 7 with {sigma}. Thus, dots provide clear evidence for the effect of the atomic-scale alloy randomness on the optical properties. (ii) For multiexcitons, the effect of alloy randomness can be so large that the polarization of given emission lines in samples that differ only in random realizations can be dramatically different, so it cannot be said that given transitions have fixed polarization. (iii) Polarization is affected both by atomic-scale randomness and by possible geometric elongation of the QD in one direction. Because of different random realizations,more » even 50% QD base elongation in [100] direction gives the same polarization as in a geometrically symmetric dot. Thus, measured polarization cannot be used to determine QD elongation.« less
Real-time through-wall imaging using an ultrawideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) phased array radar system

A real-time acquisition and processing architecture has been developed for an ultrawideband (UWB) S-band (2–4 GHz) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) phased array radar system that facilitates greater than 10 Hz imaging rates, providing a video-like radar image of what is behind a concrete wall. Video rate imaging enhances the interpretability of range vs. range through-wall and free-space radar imagery. Images are formed without a-priori information. Video framerate imaging is achieved by designing an electronically switched bi-static array using high-performance microwave components, a multi-threaded data pipeline, and efficient hardware-accelerated processing algorithms. Experiments successfully image low radar cross section (RCS) objects, fast moving objects in free-space, and a human behind a 10 cm-thick solid concrete wall.
Synthesis of 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-D-ribo-hexose hydrochloride.

Abstract The title sugar, the 5-epimer of daunosamine, was prepared in a sequence of high-yielding steps from methyl α- d -mannopyranoside (1). Conversion of 1 into methyl 3-acetamido-4-O benzoyl-6-bromo-2,3,6-trideoxy-α- d -ribo-hexopyranoside (2), followed by reduction with hydrogen and Raney nickel, gave the 4-benzoate (3) of methyl 3-acetamido-2,3,6-trideoxy-α- d -ribo-hexopyranoside (4). Saponification of 3 gave 4 as an oil that gave a crystalline 4-acetate (8). N-Deacetylation of 4 was effected with barium hydroxide, and the resultant glycoside was hydrolyzed to give 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy- d -ribo-hexose hydrochloride (7). The 3-benzamido analogue (5) of 4 was prepared from 4 by N-deacetylation and subsequent benzoylation, and hydrolysis of 5 gave crystalline 3-benzamido-2,3,6-trideoxy- d -ribo-hexose (6). The crystalline 3-acetamido analogue (9) of 6 was obtained by acid hydrolysis of the glycoside 4.
War and Forced Migration in the Indian Ocean: The US Military Base at Diego Garcia

Between 1967 and 1973, the indigenous people of the Indian Ocean's Chagos Archipelago were forcibly displaced from their homelands so the US Government could construct a strategic military base on the island of Diego Garcia. The people of Diego Garcia and the rest of the Chagos Archipelago now live in poverty in the island nations of Mauritius and Seychelles, nearly 2,000 kilometres from their homes. Analysing formerly classified government documents, this paper demonstrates how between the end of World War II and the final removals in 1973, the US Government planned, ordered, financed, helped orchestrate, and participated in the expulsion of the exiled people, known as Chagossians or Ilois. While some have detailed the role the British Government played in the removals, this paper clarifies how the US Government bears primary responsibility for the expulsion. Ultimately the creation of the base at Diego Garcia and the expulsion of the Chagossians reveal much about how the United States has exercised its political, economic, and military will on the world since World War II. The paper explains the significance of Diego Garcia and the expulsion of the Chagossians to post-war US foreign relations, incorporating comparative analyses of other forced migrations caused by the construction of US military facilities, including those in the Marshall Islands; Thule, Greenland; Okinawa, Japan; and Vieques, Puerto Rico.
Distinct faces of the Ku heterodimer mediate DNA repair and telomeric functions

The Ku heterodimer, comprised of Ku70 and Ku80 subunits, is a conserved complex involved in nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). However, it also functions in maintenance of telomeres, chromosome termini normally resistant to end-joining events. To elucidate the spatial organization of these functions, we rationally guided Ku mutagenesis in yeast with real-valued evolutionary trace (rvET). This revealed two ancestrally related α-helices: one on the Ku70 surface that is required in yeast for NHEJ, and a second on the Ku80 surface that is required in yeast for telomeric heterochromatin formation. When bound to a DNA end, the surface containing the NHEJ-specific Ku70 helix is oriented toward the DNA terminus, whereas the surface containing the telomeric function–specific Ku80 helix faces inward, toward telomeric chromatin, when bound to a telomere. We propose a 'two-face' model for Ku and that divergent evolution of these faces allowed Ku's dual role in NHEJ and telomere maintenance.
The Sensitivity of the PEP Beam Transport Line to Perturbations

The sensitivity of a beam-transport line to various perturbations determines the extent to which one can simplify component design and relax tolerances. For the PEP injection lines we have studied the effects of various fabrication errors, magnet misalignments, and residual gas scattering. Using the TURTLE ray-tracing program1), we find that magnetic-field errors corresponding to a relative sextupole strength in the dipoles of 0.5% and/or a relative sextupole or octupole strength in the quadrupoles of 5% are permissible. This allows relatively loose tolerances in magnet fabrication. Transverse misalignment of a quadrupole by a distance × causes the beam centroid to be displaced downstream by as much as 5×. This requires a quadrupole alignment accuracy of ± 0.5 mm or better. No compensation for the earth's field is necessary because an integral number of optical wavelengths and a short wavelength were used for the design. Analysis shows that beam broadening from multiple coulomb scattering is insignificant for pressures of less than 1/10 torr.
The buckling performance of composite stiffened panel structures subjected to combined in-plane compression and shear loading

In this paper a study is made of the buckling behaviour of some composite stiffened panel structures subjected to in-plane compression and shear load combinations. The finite strip method, a computer aided engineering analysis procedure, is employed to determine the buckling solutions. Since the prediction of structural performance is quickly and accurately determined through computer simulation, the analysis capabilities of the finite strip method promotes the examination of many design alternatives. The designer is encouraged and indeed readily aided to make the most efficient use of materials and thus the development of highly reliable structural components, which are able to operate at optimised performance levels, can be achieved. A basic strip formulation for composite material construction is presented which is able to predict the complex buckling modes associated with in-plane load combinations. The buckling displacement fields are represented by algebraic polynomials across the strip and trigonometric functions along the strip length. The inclusion of sufficient harmonics in the appropriate displacement representations provides the required flexibility of the strip formulation to accommodate the more elaborate buckling modes associated with the presence of in-plane shear loading. The results presented in the paper are those pertaining to the buckling capabilities of stiffened panels manufactured from high strength carbon-epoxy composite material. The results illustrate, graphically, the effect on buckling performance of changes in stiffener geometry. Interaction curves are presented in the paper which detail the limiting boundaries for critical load combinations of specific structural configurations.
Effects of Integrating Hypermedia into Elementary Science Professional Development on Science Content Knowledge

Past research has indicated that a number of problems in the teaching of science in elementary classrooms are rooted in the preparation of inservice teachers. One continuing concern is elementary teachers' lack of science content knowledge. As indicated by numerous research studies reporting positive results, one method of addressing these problems is through inservice teacher professional development workshops. While improved content knowledge has been reported as a positive result of professional development workshops, elementary science workshops have not resulted in the same success levels as other subject areas. One method of addressing some of the deficiencies in elementary science professional development workshops is with the integration of hypermedia into the professional development environment. This study examined whether the integration of hypermedia into elementary science professional development workshops resulted in greater increases in the science content knowledge of elementary teachers of science than traditional methods of elementary science professional development workshops. Workshops that integrated hypermedia into the professional development environment resulted in a significant increase in inservice elementary teachers' science content knowledge, when compared to the control group. However, when compared to the experimental group that participated in workshops without hypermedia, however, there was no significant difference in increases of science content knowledge. Implications of these outcomes are discussed.
Utility of an open field Shack-Hartmann aberrometer for measurement of refractive error in infants and young children

Purpose To assess the utility of an open-field Shack-Hartmann aberrometer for measurement of refractive error without cycloplegia in infants and young children. Method Data included 2698 subject encounters with Native American infants and children aged 6 months to Results The success rates of noncycloplegic PeWE measurement for near (70%) and distant targets (56%) significantly improved with age. Significant differences in mean spherical equivalent (M) across near versus distant fixation target conditions were consistent with the difference in accommodative demand. Differences in astigmatism measurements for near versus distant target conditions were not clinically significant. Noncycloplegic PeWE and cycloplegic Rmax measurements of M and astigmatism were strongly correlated. Mean noncycloplegic PeWE M was significantly more myopic or less hyperopic and astigmatism measurements tended to be greater in magnitude compared with cycloplegic Rmax. Conclusions The PeWE tended to overestimate myopia and underestimate hyperopia when cycloplegia was not used. The PeWE is useful for measuring accommodation and astigmatism.
Respiratory Illness in Nonsmokers Chronically Exposed to Tobacco Smoke in the Work Place

We evaluated CO levels as an index of cigarette smoke in the work place and analyzed diary entries on respiratory symptoms, eye irritation, chest colds and lost days from work due to respiratory illness in 40 passive smokers (nonsmokers chronically exposed to tobacco smoke in the work place) and 40 control subjects (nonsmokers not exposed to tobacco smoke in the work place) matched for age and gender. Passive smokers experienced greater CO levels during the workday. Also they reported significantly more cough, greater phlegm production, more shortness of breath, greater eye irritation, more chest colds and more days lost from work due to chest colds than control subjects. Nonsmoking workers and their employers are likely to incur significant financial loss because of missed workdays due to illnesses resulting from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.
Management of Tomato Bacterial Spot in the Field by Foliar Applications of Bacteriophages and SAR Inducers

Obradovic, A., Jones, J. B., Momol, M. T., Balogh, B., and Olson, S. M. 2004. Management of tomato bacterial spot in the field by foliar applications of bacteriophages and SAR inducers. Plant Dis. 88:736-740. Various combinations of the harpin protein, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and bacteriophages were compared for controlling tomato bacterial spot in field experiments. Harpin protein and acibenzolar-S-methyl were applied every 14 days beginning twice before transplanting and then an additional four applications throughout the season. Formulated bacteriophages were applied prior to inoculation followed by twice a week at dusk. A standard bactericide treatment, consisting of copper hydroxide plus mancozeb, was applied once prior to inoculation and then every 7 days, while untreated plants served as an untreated control. Experiments were conducted in north and central Florida fields during fall 2001, spring 2002, and fall 2002. In three consecutive seasons, acibenzolar-S-methyl applied in combination with bacteriophage or bacteriophage and harpin significantly reduced bacterial spot compared with the other treatments. However, it did not significantly affect the total yield compared with the standard or untreated control. Application of host-specific bacteriophages was effective against the bacterial spot pathogen in all three experiments, providing better disease control than copper-mancozeb or untreated control. When results of the disease severity assessments or harvested yield from the bacteriophage-treated plots were grouped and compared with the results of the corresponding nonbacteriophage group, the former provided significantly better disease control and yield of total marketable fruit.
Amphibolite/lherzolite composite xenolith from Szigliget, north of the lake Balaton, Hungary

Abstract The Szigliget compound xenolith is a Cr-spinel lherzolite intruded by an amphibolite vein. It is an extreme curiosity. The amphibolite is composed of a coarse-grained amphibole, a titaniferous pargasite, and an opaque mineral (probably ilmenite) as well as of a green, Cr-poor spinel (very subordinate). Its chemical composition is similar to that of a melilite nephelinitic lava. Similarities to other occurrences are discussed and it is argued that its origin may be connected with a diapiric rise of hydrous mantle material below the Pannonian basin which shows extensional tectonics and where the crust is only 22–25 km thick. Seventeen new microprobe analyses are presented.
The reduction of Na/H exchanger-3 protein and transcript expression in acute ischemia-reperfusion injury is mediated by extractable tissue factor(s).

Ischemic renal injury is a formidable clinical problem, the pathophysiology of which is incompletely understood. As the Na/H exchanger-3 (NHE3) mediates the bulk of apical sodium transport and a significant fraction of oxygen consumption in the proximal tubule, we examined mechanisms by which ischemia–reperfusion affects the expression of NHE3. Ischemia–reperfusion dramatically decreased NHE3 protein and mRNA (immunohistochemistry, immunoblot, and RNA blot) in rat kidney cortex and medulla. The decrease in NHE3 protein was uniform throughout all tubules, including those appearing morphologically intact. In the kidney cortex, a decrease in NHE3 surface protein preceded that of NHE3 total protein and mRNA. Kidney homogenates from rats exposed to mild renal ischemia-reduced cell surface NHE3 protein expression in opossum kidney cells in vitro, whereas homogenates from animals with moderate-to-severe ischemia reduced both total NHE3 protein and mRNA. The decrease in total NHE3 protein was dependent on the proteasomal degradation associated with NHE3 ubiquitylation measured by coimmunoprecipitation. The transferable factor(s) from the ischemic homogenate that reduce NHE3 expression were found to be heat sensitive and to be associated with a lipid-enriched fraction, and did not include regulatory RNAs. Thus, transferable factor(s) mediate the ischemia–reperfusion injury-induced decrease in NHE3 of the kidney.
Structural basis for the selective inhibition of human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 in human breast tumor MCF-7 cells

Abstract Human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase type 1 (3β-HSD1) is a critical enzyme in the conversion of DHEA to estradiol in breast tumors and may be a target enzyme for inhibition in the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Human 3β-HSD2 participates in the production of cortisol and aldosterone in the human adrenal gland in this population. In our recombinant human breast tumor MCF-7 Tet-off cells that express either 3β-HSD1 or 3β-HSD2, trilostane and epostane inhibit the DHEA-induced proliferation of MCF-7 3β-HSD1 cells with 12- to 16-fold lower IC50 values compared to the MCF-7 3β-HSD2 cells. The compounds also competitively inhibit purified human 3β-HSD1 with 12- to 16-fold lower Ki values compared to the noncompetitive Ki values measured for human 3β-HSD2. Using our structural model of 3β-HSD1, trilostane or 17β-acetoxy-trilostane was docked in the active site of 3β-HSD1, and Arg195 in 3β-HSD1 or Pro195 in 3β-HSD2 was identified as a potentially critical residue (one of 23 non-identical residues in the two isoenzymes). The P195R mutant of 3β-HSD2 were created, expressed and purified. Kinetic analyses of enzyme inhibition suggest that the high affinity, competitive inhibition of 3β-HSD1 by trilostane and epostane may be related to the presence of Arg195 in 3β-HSD1 vs. Pro195 in 3β-HSD2.
Preference, choice, and persons with disabilities: A synopsis of assessments, interventions, and future directions

A recent revolution in service delivery for persons with developmental disabilities encompasses increased client independence and improved quality of life. Specifically, care providers have focused on client expressions of preference, choice-making, and choice availability as key elements of study in this new revolution. We review and critique the primary methods of assessing preference and choice for persons with disabilities, including interviews and questionnaires, pictorial presentations, technological apparati, and direct observation. We also provide an overview of the burgeoning literature on intervention programs designed to enhance choice for this population, such as giving more choice to clients, teaching choice-making skills, and improving staff member skills regarding choice availability. Finally, we provide a synopsis of the future directions in this area that should receive the most attention from researchers and caregivers.
Illusory tip-of-the-tongue states.

The tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT) is the phenomenological experience that a target word is on the verge of being recalled. An illusory TOT occurs when a person experiences a TOT, but the actual target is either unavailable, forgotten, or never learned. Illusory TOTs were induced by asking participants to answer questions that did not have correct answers. In Experiment 1, an episodic-memory paradigm, participants were shown fictional animals, some of which were accompanied by the animal's name (identified targets) and some of which were not (unidentified targets). Some participants experienced TOTs for unidentified targets. In Experiment 2, a semantic-memory paradigm, participants were asked generalinformation questions, some of which were questions with no correct answer. Every one of the 31 participants experienced at least one illusory TOT. The characteristics of illusory TOTs are discussed in light of inferential and directaccess views of TOTS.
Practical advice on safe and effective use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants.

This editorial refers to ‘New oral anticoagulants: a practical guide for physicians’ by R. Hinojar et al ., on page 134 The most important public health goal in stroke prevention for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is to treat a larger proportion of patients with risk factors for stroke with oral anticoagulation. It has been estimated that of the 20 million patients with AF worldwide, only about half are treated with oral anticoagulation, resulting in hundreds of thousands of preventable strokes per year.1 The specific reasons for not using anticoagulation are poorly defined, but inability to reliably monitor INR or to keep patients in a target International Normalized Ratio (INR) range are important contributing factors.2 Physician and patient concerns over risks of bleeding (including intracranial haemorrhage) and of falling are also common reasons to not use oral anticoagulation.3 There are now three non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) approved by the EMA and FDA (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban) and a fourth (edoxaban) approved by the FDA. As a class, NOACs share three major advantages over vitamin K antagonists (VKAs): ease of use, lower risk of intracranial haemorrhage, and modestly lower mortality.4 Thus, the European Society of Cardiology has recommended NOACs in preference to VKAs in most patients with AF (class IIa, level of evidence … [↵][1]*Corresponding author. Tel: +1 919 668 8900, Fax: +1 919 668 7056, Email: christopher.granger{at}duke.edu [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Alkali-resistant Hæmoglobins in Prosimian Primates

PROSIMIAN Primates are a group of animals which share characteristics of behaviour, anatomy, biochemistry, cytogenetics, and physiology with the monkeys on one hand and the more primitive Insectivora on the other1. We have been examining the haemoglobins of a number of these animals. One of our most interesting discoveries is the relatively high level of alkali-resistant haemoglobin found in these animals.
Distribution and abundance of tidal marshes along the coast of maine

Planimetry studies of coastal geology maps prepared by the Maine Geological Survey show that there is more than an order of magnitude more tidal marsh area in the state of Maine than documented in previously published estimates. The highly convoluted coast of Maine, which is approximately 5,970 km long, contains almost 79 km2 of salt marsh, far more than any other New England state, New York, or the Bay of Fundy region. Reasonable estimates for the per-unit primary productivity of salt marshes lead to projections of total marsh productivity on the order of 1010 g dry weight yr−1 for the Maine coast and 1011 g dry weight yr−1 for the Gulf of Maine as a whole. Distribution of tidal marsh area is strongly controlled by coastal geomorphology, which varies considerably along the coast of Maine. The salt marsh area is concentrated in the southwestern coastal region of arcuate bays, where marshes have developed behind sandy beaches. A series of long islands and bedrock peninsulas in the south-central portion of the coast also provides sheltered areas where large marshes occur. Northeast of Penobscot Bay salt marshes become more numerous and smaller in average areal extent. A lack of protection from waves, along with limited sources of glacio-fluvial and glacio-marine sediments, restricts the occurrence of salt marshes in that region to the frignes of coves and tidal rivers.
Return to Play After Open Bankart Repair A Systematic Review

Background:Results of open Bankart repair have been well reported. However, less information is available outlining the timetable for return to play (RTP) in athletes after this procedure.Purpose:T...
Direct methods for detection of protein S-nitrosylation

S-nitrosylation of protein cysteine residues is known to be an important mechanism for nitric oxide signaling. However, the detection of protein S-nitrosylation is still challenging due to technical limitations of current methods. This chapter provides a brief review on recent developments of methods, which directly target S-nitroso moieties for detection. We also describe in detail the protocol of an organophosphine-based biotin labeling of protein S-nitroso moieties.
Response of bone and enamel formation to nutritional supplementation and morbidity among malnourished Guatemalan children.

The effects of changes in nutritional and health status upon bone and enamel development are examined in a sample of 63 rural Guatemalan children (24 females, 39 males). The number of ossified hand-wrist centers at 3 years and the number of linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH) in ∼0–3 year zones of developing teeth were used to monitor the response of bone mineralization and enamel matrix formation to illness and nutritional supplementation. Numbers of ossified centers and LEH were compared across sex, supplementation, and morbidity groups. Enamel matrix secretion responded positively to increased supplementation. Children who received less than 34.25 kcal/day in supplement had more LEH than those who received more supplement. No differences in ossification status were found between supplementation groups. These data suggest that enamel formation may be more sensitive to changes in nutritional status than is bone mineralization. Disruptions of bone and enamel formation were both associated with frequent illness. Children who were ill more than 3.6% of the time had more LEH and fewer ossified hand-wrist centers than children who were less frequently ill. Conclusions regarding relative environmental sensitivity must take into account the specific aspects of dental and skeletal development examined. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Forward osmosis extractors

Abstract Osmosis occurs when two solutions of differing osmolar concentrations are separated by a membrane permeable to the solvent but not (or nearly not) to the solutes. The paper derives the relationship between the kinetics and design parameters of systems designed for the purpose of applying this process to problems such as agricultural water reclamation, dehydration of solutions and the production of potable nutrient solutions from sea water. Three mathematical models that include increasingly complex fundamental process assumptions are presented. In all cases the fundamental mechanical device is assumed to be a continuous flow extractor that incorporates a semipermeable membrane.