cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DISC1 immunoreactivity at the light and ultrastructural level in the human neocortex

Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is one of two genes that straddle the chromosome 1 breakpoint of a translocation associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. DISC1 has been identified in the brain of various mammalian species, but no previous immunocytochemical studies have been conducted in human neocortex. We examined DISC1 immunoreactivity in frontal and parietal cortex (BA 4, 9, 39, and 46) in normal human brain. At the light microscopic level, immunolabeling was prominent in the neuropil, in multiple populations of cells, and in the white matter. At the ultrastructural level, staining was prominent in structures associated with synaptic function. Immunolabeled axon terminals comprised 8% of all terminals and formed both asymmetric and symmetric synapses. Labeled axon terminals formed synapses with labeled spines and dendrites; in some, only the postsynaptic density (PSD) of the postsynaptic structure was labeled. The most common configuration, however, was an unlabeled axon terminal forming an asymmetric synapse with a spine that had immunoreactivity deposited on the PSD and throughout the spine. The presence of DISC1 in multiple types of synapses suggests the involvement of DISC1 in corticocortical as well as thalamocortical connections. Staining was also present in ribosomes, parts of the chromatin, in dendritic shafts, and on some microtubules. Labeling was absent from the Golgi apparatus and multivesicular bodies, which are associated with protein excretion. These anatomical localization data suggest that DISC1 participates in synaptic activity and microtubule function, and are consistent with the limited data on its adult function. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:436–450, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evaluating energy storage technologies for wind power integration

Abstract In this paper we perform a cost analysis of different types of energy storage technologies. We evaluate eleven storage technologies, including lead-acid, sodium–sulfur, nickel–cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries, superconducting magnetic energy storage, electrochemical capacitors, flywheels, flow batteries, pumped hydro and compressed air energy storage systems. We perform economic analysis for key applications associated with a wind farm integrated into the electric grid, including load shifting, frequency support, and power quality. We identify the key characteristics that affect the economic viability for these technologies, perform sensitivity analyses based on key performance criteria and find improvement areas that could make them more competitive in the near future.
Chemically Regulated Transcription Factors Reveal the Persistence of Repressor-resistant Transcription after Disrupting Activator Function

Control of gene expression often requires that transcription terminates rapidly after destruction, inactivation, or nuclear export of transcription factors. However, the role of transcription factor inactivation in terminating transcription is unclear. We have developed a means of conducting order of addition and co-occupancy experiments in living cells by rapidly exchanging proteins bound to promoters. Using this approach, we found that, following specific disruption of activator function, transcription from active promoters decayed slowly, persisting through multiple cell divisions. This persistent transcriptional activity raised the question of what mechanisms return promoters to inactive states. By exchanging or directing co-occupancy of protein complexes bound to a promoter, we found that the transcriptional inhibitor, Ssn6-Tup1, lost its effectiveness as a repressor following activator dissociation. Similar experiments with another repressor, the histone deacetylase Sin3-Rpd3, reinforced this distinction between repression in the presence and absence of an activator. These results suggest that although repressors such as Ssn6-Tup1 and Sin3-Rpd3 prevent activation of gene expression, other mechanisms of repression return promoters to inactive states following the dissociation or inactivation of a transcriptional activator.
Modeling refrigerant maldistribution in microchannel heat exchangers with vertical headers based on experimentally developed distribution results

R410A and R134a upward flow in the transparent vertical header and distribution into the horizontal parallel microchannel tubes were investigated. Refrigerant entered into the header by the five tubes in the bottom pass and exited through the five tubes in the top pass, representing the flow in the outdoor coil under the heat pump mode of reversible systems. Inputting the experimental quality results into a microchannel heat exchanger model, the capacity degradation compared to the uniform distribution case was calculated. The capacity degradation is related to the coefficient of variation of refrigerant maldistribution, which is affected by header geometry and inlet conditions. The capacity degradation of the whole two-pass microchannel heat exchanger was calculated by inputting the derived empirical distribution function in to the model. It was found that the capacity was reduced by up to 30% for R410A and 5% for R134a, respectively, for the conditions examined.
DETERMINATION OF THE SENSORY FLAVOR ATTRIBUTES OF AGED NATURAL CHEESE

A highly trained, descriptive sensory panel identified, defined, and referenced 30 flavor attributes for cheese. The attributes generally could be described as dairy-like (buttery, cooked milk, dairy-fat, dairy-sour, dairy-sweet); fatty-acid/animal (animalic, butyric, decaying animal, fresh fish, fish oil, goaty, sweaty, waxy);fungal (moldy, mushroom); other aromatics (fermented fruity/winey, fruity, nutty, pineapple, sauerkraut, smokey, soy sauce); mouthfeelings (astringent, biting, pungent, sharp); and fundamental tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter). All attributes, except fresh fish and smokey, described significant differences among the 42 cheeses. Some of the flavor attributes, including many of the dairy attributes, the fundamental tastes, and sharp and astringent mouthfeelings, were common to all the cheeses tested in this study. Other attributes, such as buttery and butyric acid, were found in most cheeses. Several attributes, for example, cooked milk and sweaty, were specific to only a few cheeses. The factor analysis of the data was unclear, indicating that no one factor solution best described the data. Further study of the factors indicated that groupings of some attributes resulted in substantial loss of cheese description. Therefore, the original attributes probably cannot be reduced substantially in number and still adequately describe natural cheese flavor.
Inhomogeneous Flow Patterns in Undersaturated Road Networks

Travel conditions on a road network are described by a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) only when traffic is homogeneously distributed over all of the network's links. Otherwise, a network's measured traffic states fall beneath its MFD, and network flow therefore falls below the maximum. The present study found that inhomogeneous link flowed in a network may emerge before the beginning of a peak period, even before persistent queues had formed. This finding is potentially problematic because it is known that inhomogeneities of this kind can persist in a network for long durations. Therefore, the inhomogeneities that are predicted for undersaturated traffic conditions may persist as the network moves to the brink of congestion, and even well beyond. If drivers are left to their own devices, a network will never serve its peak period demand at the maximum rate. Steady state conditions in undersaturated networks of signalized intersections were modeled in simple ways. Analyses were performed for an idea...
Dark adaptation of the long-wavelength sensitive cones

Long-wavelength sensitive (L) cone dark adaptation curves were measured with a IO-msec, 20 v.a., 650 nm test Hash and a moderate intensity adapting field. When the 650 nm and 500 nm fields were equated for the L cones. the dark adaptation curve fell faster for the 500 nm field than for the 650 nm field. Over the range of adapting lights used, no adjustment of the intensities of the two fields made their dark adaptation curves similar. When 500 nm light was added to the 650 nm field, dark adaptation was faster. Visual sensitivity is not regulated by any single photoreceptor type in this experiment.
The Effects of Epidermal Debridement of Partial‐thickness Burns on Infection and Reepithelialization in Swine

. Objective: Early postburn debridement of burn blisters is controversial. This study was conducted to compare rates of infection and reepithelialization in debrided vs nondebrided second-degree burns in swine. Methods: This was a prospective, blinded, controlled, experimental trial using isoflurane-anesthetized swine. Standardized partial-thickness burns were inflicted by applying an aluminum bar preheated to 80°C to the backs and flanks of two young pigs for 20 seconds. In half of the burns the necrotic epidermis was manually debrided. All burns were randomly treated with octylcyanoacrylate spray (OCA) or dry gauze (C). Full-thickness biopsies were taken at 7, 10, and 14 days for blinded histopathologic evaluation. The primary outcomes were the proportions of infected burns at days 7 and 10 and the proportion of completely reepithelialized burns at day 14. Burns were considered infected in the presence of intradermal neutrophils containing bacteria (intraobserver agreement, κ= 1.00). A secondary outcome was the proportion of burns with the presence of scar tissue (abnormal collagen under polarized light; intraobserver correlation, κ= 0.93). Chi-square tests were used for group comparisons. This study had 90% power to detect a 40-percentage-point difference in infection rates (α= 0.05). Results: A total of 126 biopsies from 42 burns were available for review. Infection rates were higher in the debrided burns both at day 7 (55% vs 4.5%, p < 0.001) and at day 10 (65% vs 9%, p < 0.001) after injury. The proportion of nondebrided burns that were completely reepithelialized was higher at days 10 (68% vs 0%, p < 0.001) and 14 (100% vs 65%, p = 0.003). The presence of scar tissue was more common in debrided burns (75% vs 4.5%, p < 0.001). Burns treated with OCA had fewer infections than controls (4% vs 55%, p < 0.001). Fewer OCA-treated debrided burns were reepithelialized at 14 days than those that were not debrided (30% vs 100%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Under the current study conditions, early postburn epidermal debridement of second-degree burns resulted in more infections and slower reepithelialization rates in swine. The effects of early postburn epidermal debridement in humans should be explored.
Feeding and Managing Dairy Cows in Three versus One Production Group

Abstract Lactating Guernsey and Holstein cows were assigned randomly to either a statified here with high, medium, and low production groups or a one-group control herd. Complete rations were formulated to meet National Research Council requirements for average milk production of the group (medium and low) or group average plus 10% (high and control). Cows in the stratified herd were regrouped at monthly intervals. Mean body weights and average daily intakes of hay, silage, and concentrate over 3 yr were similar between treatments. Stratified and control herds did not differ significantly in milk production adjusted for age and season, fat, or reproductive performance. Stratified Guernsey in first lactation produced more milk and required fewer services per conception than controls. Lactation persistency of cows in the stratified herd was unaffected by intergroup transfer. Stratified cows had higher mean monthly Wisconsin Mastitis Test scores.
Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of Mg(OH) 2 micro-/nanostructure and its conversion to MgO

Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) micro- and nanostructures have been synthesized by a single step hydrothermal route. Surface morphology analysis reveals the formation of micro- and nanostructures with varying shape and size at different synthesis conditions. Structural investigations by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirm that the synthesized material is Mg(OH)2with hexagonal crystal structure. An optical band gap of 5.7 eVis determined for Mg(OH)2 nanodisks from the UV‐vis absorption spectrum. A broad emission band with maximum intensity at around 400 nm is observed in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Mg(OH)2 nanodisks at room temperature depicting the violet emission, which can be attributed to the ionized oxygen vacancies in the material. Furthermore, Mg(OH)2 has been converted to MgO by calcination at 450 8C. Optical studies of the MgO nanodisks have shown an optical band gap of 3.43 eVand a broadband PL emission in the UV region. Mg(OH)2 and MgO nanostructures with wide-band gap and short-wavelength luminescence emission can serve as a better luminescent material for photonic applications. # 2009 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.
Impact of nicotine on myocardial neutrophil uptake

Abstract Excessive cigarette smoking is recognized as a major risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Although the mechanism by which smoking enhances this risk is not known, multiple lines of indirect evidence suggest that an adverse effect of nicotine on the interaction between neutrophils and the myocardium may play a central pathogenic role. Accordingly, this study employed an isolated rabbit heart preparation perfused at a constant flow rate with physiologic salt solution containing autologous neutrophils to test the hypotheses that nicotine promotes myocardial neutrophil uptake and that an augmented myocardial neutrophil burden intensifies the actions of stimulated neutrophils on the coronary circulation. Addition of 10−7 m nicotine to the perfusion medium caused an abrupt and sustained sequestration of 111In-labeled neutrophils by isolated rabbit hearts. In contrast, preincubation of neutrophils in 10−7 m nicotine without inclusion of the alkaloid in the perfusion medium failed to promote neutrophil uptake. Nicotine neither enhanced myocardial neutrophil sequestration induced by perfusion with hypoxic medium nor potentiated neutrophil chemotactic responses evoked by leukotriene B4, the putative mediator of hypoxia-induced myocardial neutrophil uptake. In addition, nicotine failed to influence either baseline levels or the hypoxia-induced accumulation of immunoreactive leukotriene B4 detected in myocardial biopsies. The inflammatory cell stimulant, formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), increased coronary vascular resistance in neutrophil-perfused hearts but not in hearts perfused with neutrophil-free medium. The magnitude of the fMLP-induced coronary response was augmented when the myocardial neutrophil burden was increased by the addition of nicotine to the perfusion medium or by perfusion with hypoxic medium. These observations suggest that nicotine promotes myocardial neutrophil uptake by mechanisms that do not relate to enhanced release and/or effects of endogenous leukotriene B4 and that sequestration of neutrophils intensifies their actions on the coronary circulation.
Of mice and men: mouse models and the molecular mechanisms of post-transplant coronary artery disease.

m he threat posed to cardiac transplant recipients by the evelopment of post-transplant allograft coronary arery disease (ACD) is widely recognized. Multi-instituional outcomes studies show that ACD is the primary ause of death in approximately 22% of patients who ie 1 to 3 years post-transplantation. The proportion ncreases to as high as 29% beyond 3 years postransplantation. Yet, of all the major post-transplant henomena that adversely affect the outcome of cariac transplantation, ACD is arguably the most poorly nderstood. This is especially apparent when compared ith the rapid rate at which the understanding of ascular disease in the general population (i.e., “native” therosclerosis) has proceeded in recent years. In large part, this lag in understanding is due to the ncreased complexity of post-transplant disease, in hich established mechanisms of native atherosclerosis re overlaid by alloimmune responses of the recipient irected toward the donor organ. An additional imporant reason is that native atherosclerosis research has een facilitated by the development of a consensus round a relatively small number of standard animal odels, whereas no integrated hypothetical model has ppeared that incorporates the wide array of experiental systems used for the study of ACD. This review has 2 objectives. The first is to discuss he relative differences in current murine experimental ystems and the impact of these differences on the nterpretation of the data generated by them. The econd is to present a unified theoretical model of ACD. ecause of the paucity of data that directly address the echanisms of ACD, elements of the model presented ere are necessarily speculative since some evidence sed for building it must be drawn from experimental odels of other inflammatory diseases. Therefore, until
A minimum hot excess core design strategy for ESBWR

Abstract The Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) is GEH’s next evolution of advanced BWR technology. There are 1132 fuel bundles in the core and the thermal power is 4500 MWt. As part of design simplification it uses natural circulation flow with no recirculation pumps or their associated piping. The control blades are the primary control mechanism to address the need for performing reactivity adjustments (using fine-motion drives) at or near rated steady state power. This introduces the potential for duty-related fuel failure, which has to be rigorously addressed as part of reliable design and operation. As means to mitigate this potential for duty-related fuel failure and also to support a simplified ESBWR operation, this study investigates the feasibility of a fuel cycle core design strategy. The objective is to design fuel bundles, and to use them for developing a core design, that minimizes (but does not eliminate) the use of control blades during operation. The reduction in use is envisioned in their number as well as movement in the core. In such a strategy, the effect of the burnable poison in the fuel (that largely drives the core reactivity) is enhanced, and operationally the control blades react modestly to maintain the core critical. While the logic is simple, challenges exist in developing such a design because it needs to balance the requirement for having enough blade inventory in the core to address design/operational constraints and uncertainties. The strategy is conceptualized as “minimum hot excess (reactivity)” design. It reduces the number of blades in the core during normal operation by 50% in comparison to a similar fuel cycle core design with regular inventory of control blades. Because of the increased burnable poison, the minimum hot excess core design strategy comes at a cost of fuel cycle efficiency. This cost is determined in terms of an increased enrichment for the fresh fuel batch fraction.
Studying tectonic hazards along continental transform boundaries

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Marmara-Trans Workshop; Istanbul, Turkey, 13–16 June 2011 Continental transform boundaries such as the North Anatolia Fault (NAF) in Turkey cross heavily populated regions and are associated with destructive earthquakes. Transtension along the northern branch of the NAF is responsible for the formation of the Marmara Sea, which is 150 kilometers long and subdivided into three approximately 1200-meter-deep subsiding basins. This submerged segment of the NAF is considered a seismic gap presenting high risk to Istanbul and its surroundings. To the east, two earthquakes in 1999 caused much damage and approximately 17,000 deaths.
Spirituality Matters: Spirituality and the Community College Leader

The purpose of this study was to explore community college president and chancellor perceptions of the phenomenon of spirituality and the role of spirituality in their leadership style. A hermeneutic phenomenological research design guided this study. A total of 14 community college presidents and chancellors were purposely selected and participated in semistructured one-on-one interviews. Participants were selected because of their interest in the topic of spirituality and leadership, their demographic characteristics, and their leadership position. The major findings and conclusions connected spirituality to the work of community college leaders. The researchers conclude that community college leaders define spirituality using both religious and nonreligious associations, depict qualities of spirituality in their leadership, characterize their influence on organizational culture in terms of symbolic leadership. These leaders also endorse self-care and renewal for themselves and aspiring community colleg...
The effects of static multiple sources of noise on the visual search component of human inspection

Abstract Visual inspection is a commonly used inspection method, but effects of noise on visual inspection have not been studied extensively. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of noise on visual search performance. The effects of continuous, intermittent, and random noise conditions emitted from single and multiple sources on the accuracy of an inspector to perform easy and difficult inspection tasks was examined. When compared to the continuous noise treatment, random and intermittent noise patterns were shown to have negative effects on the easy search task accuracy. Additionally, the results indicate that single source noise enhances search performance of difficult tasks. A larger study would likely detect noxious effects of multiple noise sources on difficult search task performance. Relevance to industry A thorough understanding of inspection is important for continued quality, reliability and safety in manufacturing, maintenance, security and other industries. The results of this study can be applied to inspection tasks conducted in workplace conditions that are similar to those employed in the current study.
A mixture theory for longitudinal waves in materials reinforced by rectangular fiber arrays

Abstract This investigation employs a mixture theory to analyze the dispersion of time-harmonic waves which propagate parallel to the fibers in a fiber-reinforced composite. The fibers are considered to be arrayed in a rectangular pattern within the composite medium. The representative cell is spanned by two spatial co-ordinates and an approximate dispersion relation which contains four branches is derived. Dispersion curves are exhibited for typical composite materials.
Modified spectrum of atmospheric temperature fluctuations and its application to optical propagation

Recent experiments reveal the high-wave-number form of the power spectrum of temperature fluctuations in turbulent flow. It is precisely this high-wave-number portion of the temperature spectrum that strongly affects optical propagation in the atmosphere. An accurate model of the spectra of advected quantities, such as temperature, has been developed and is applied here to optical propagation. An outstanding feature of the model and the observed temperature spectrum is a “bump” at high wave numbers. The accurate model of the temperature spectrum is used to compute the temperature structure function, the variance of log intensity as a function of Fresnel-zone size, the covariance function of log amplitude, the structure function of phase, as well as the phase coherence length. These results are compared with the predictions of Tatarskii’s spectrum. The bump in the temperature spectrum produces a corresponding bump in the temperature structure function, the variance of log intensity, and the structure function of phase. The accurate model is also used to determine the shape of the structure function of aerosol concentration fluctuations; it is found that this structure function varies as the logarithm of the separation distance for small separations.
Managing the impacts of large public programs

Abstract This paper is the result of a research project which investigated the impact of the U.S. space program on the American economy. Based on their field studies of past space program impacts, the authors develop several conclusions regarding the overall management and strategic planning of large public programs. In this article, the author outlines a structured approach to strategic planning and evaluation which will aid public program managers to respond to the challenge of impact management.
Reliability and validity of MRI-based automated volumetry software relative to auto-assisted manual measurement of subcortical structures in HIV-infected patients from a multisite study

The automated volumetric output of FreeSurfer and Individual Brain Atlases using Statistical Parametric Mapping (IBASPM), two widely used and well published software packages, was examined for accuracy and consistency relative to auto-assisted manual (AAM) tracings (i.e., manual correction of automated output) when measuring the caudate, putamen, amygdala, and hippocampus in the baseline scans of 120 HIV-infected patients (86.7% male, 47.3+/-6.3y.o., mean HIV duration 12.0+/-6.3years) from the NIH-funded HIV Neuroimaging Consortium (HIVNC) cohort. The data was examined for accuracy and consistency relative to auto-assisted manual tracing, and construct validity was assessed by correlating automated and AAM volumetric measures with relevant clinical measures of HIV progression. When results were averaged across all patients in the eight structures examined, FreeSurfer achieved lower absolute volume difference in five, higher sensitivity in seven, and higher spatial overlap in all eight structures. Additionally, FreeSurfer results exhibited less variability in all measures. Output from both methods identified discrepant correlations with clinical measures of HIV progression relative to AAM segmented data. Overall, FreeSurfer proved more effective in the context of subcortical volumetry in HIV-patients, particularly in a multisite cohort study such as this. These findings emphasize that regardless of the automated method used, visual inspection of segmentation output, along with manual correction if necessary, remains critical to ensuring the validity of reported results.
An updated Lagrangian finite element sensitivity analysis of large deformations using quadrilateral elements

A continuum parameter and shape sensitivity analysis is presented for metal forming processes using the finite element method. The sensitivity problem is posed in a novel updated Lagrangian framework as suitable for very large deformations when remeshing operations are performed during the analysis. In addition to exploring the issue of transfer of variables between meshes for finite deformation analysis, the complex problem of transfer of design sensitivities (derivatives) between meshes for large deformation inelastic analyses is also discussed. A method is proposed that is shown to give accurate estimates of design sensitivities when remeshing operations are performed during the analysis. Sensitivity analysis for the consistent finite element treatment of near incompressibility within the context of the assumed strain methods is also proposed. In particular, the performance of four-noded quadrilateral elements for the sensitivity analysis of large deformations is studied. The results of the continuum sensitivity analysis are validated by a comparison with those obtained by a finite difference approximation (i.e. using the solution of a perturbed deformation problem). The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by applications in the design optimization of metal forming processes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of Life Outcomes after Isolated Limb Infusion

Isolated limb infusion (ILI) for the treatment of in-transit melanoma was originally described more than 10 years ago. Response rates of 45–53% have been reported in U.S. series. Long-term quality of life outcomes after this procedure have not been described. We hypothesized that ILI is rarely associated with long-term limb morbidity. ILIs performed at our institution between July 2005 and June 2009 were reviewed. Patients were contacted cross-sectionally at 2 time points. During these interviews, response to treatment and postoperative limb function were assessed. Thirty-two ILIs were performed during the time period. Twenty-seven patients were treated for in-transit melanoma; 5 were treated for recurrent Merkel cell carcinoma. The 30-day mortality was 0%. Three patients (9%) required fasciotomy. Durable complete responses were achieved in 41% of patients, with mean follow-up time of 19.4 ± 9.6 months after infusion; after this period, 53% reported progression of disease. The most common postprocedure symptoms were edema (88%), numbness (59%), and pain (59%). By 3 months and at the time of last follow-up, the most common symptoms were edema (82%), numbness (65%), and stiffness (35%). No patients reported impaired limb function at the time of last follow-up compared to baseline. Median survival was 19.2 ± 4.2 months after infusion. ILI for melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma is associated with postprocedure symptoms in most patients, most commonly edema, color change, and numbness. At last follow-up, no ILI patients had residual functional impairment in the treated limb.
Prism-coupled excitation of Dyakonov-Tamm waves

Abstract The prism-coupled excitation of Dyakonov–Tamm waves guided by the planar interface of a homogeneous, isotropic dielectric material and a periodically nonhomogeneous sculptured nematic thin film (SNTF) was investigated. The excitation of Dyakonov–Tamm waves was identified by correlating a high-absorptance band in the plots of absorptance vs. the incidence angle and the direction of propagation in the interface plane with the solutions of the underlying canonical boundary–value problem. Dyakonov–Tamm waves were found to have a much wider angular existence domain than Dyakonov waves, and broader absorptance peaks than both the Dyakonov and Tamm waves in the plots of absorptance vs. the incidence angle.
Structures and molecular motions in alkaline earth hexammines

The alkaline earth hexammines have novel structures and molecular motions. The ammonia molecules in these compounds adopt an entirely different geometry from that of normal ammonia. There are two motional transitions as the temperature is increased. The first transition is due to ammonia rotation, and the second results from ammonia diffusion.
The B Cell Receptor Dictates its Local Lipid Environment

The B cell receptor (BCR) is responsible for sensing and responding to intact antigen during the immune response and is hypothesized to nucleate a unique composition of lipids surrounding receptor clusters during antigen binding and signaling. This unique lipid composition, sometimes referred to as a “lipid raft,” is predicted to be enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol. An altered lipid composition surrounding the BCR could influence the partitioning and activity of regulatory proteins and lipids, acting as a mechanism for the B cell to regulate signal transduction following stimulus by antigen. However, without direct observations of this phenomenon, theories surrounding lipid compositional heterogeneity in B cells remain controversial. In this work, we utilize two-color super-resolution localization microscopy (STORM and PALM) to directly observe the lipid composition proximal to B cell receptors, using the photoactivatable fluorescent protein mEos3.2 anchored to the plasma membrane through posttranslational lipid modifications. These probes mimic important regulatory proteins involved in BCR signaling by their membrane anchor but lack the protein interaction domains or biological activity found in the native protein. By analyzing the co-distributions of the B cell receptor and lipid probes using correlation functions, we find that the membrane surrounding B cell receptor clusters is depleted of probes bearing unsaturated and branched geranylgeranyl modifications and is enriched in probes bearing saturated palmitoyl modifications. Quantification of lipid probe distributions reveals that B cell compositional heterogeneity influences the partitioning of these lipid modifications with order 1kBT of effective potential, as expected from predications of composition fluctuations in critical systems. These findings provide definitive evidence of membrane compositional heterogeneity in an important biological signaling system. Our results suggest that compositional fluctuations contribute to cellular responses by influencing the spatial distribution of specific components in the plasma membrane.
Self-management improves outcomes in persons with limb loss.

Abstract Wegener ST, Mackenzie EJ, Ephraim P, Ehde D, Williams R. Self-management improves outcomes in persons with limb loss. Objective To test the acceptance and effectiveness of a community-based self-management (SM) intervention designed to improve outcomes after limb loss. A priori hypothesis was that an SM intervention will be more effective than standard support group activities in improving outcomes. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting General community. Participants Intervention (N=287) and control participants (N=235) with major limb loss. Intervention(s) Nine, 90-minute SM group sessions delivered by trained volunteer leaders. Retention rates at immediate postintervention and 6-month follow-up were 97% and 91% for the SM group. Main Outcome Measure(s) Primary outcomes were depression, positive mood, and self-efficacy. Secondary outcomes were improved functional status and quality of life. Results By using intent-to-treat analyses, the odds for being depressed are significantly lower for those in SM group, 50% less likely at treatment completion (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.3–0.9) and 40% less likely at the 6-month follow-up (95% CI=.03–1.1). Treatment completers have a 70% reduction in likelihood of being depressed at posttreatment ( P P P P P Conclusions The study provides evidence that SM interventions can improve the outcomes of persons with limb loss beyond benefits offered by support groups.
Human immunodeficiency virus–positive patient with bilateral corneal endothelial deposits

Abstract Background Ocular disorders associated with the human immunodeficiency virus are numerous as are ocular side effects from medications used to treat all of the manifestations of the virus. This report presents a unique case of bilateral, peripheral, and corneal endothelial deposits that may be a result of either the human immunodeficiency virus or the medication rifabutin. Rifabutin was the only medication prescribed that is known to cause endothelial deposits. Rifabutin is part of a multidrug therapy to prevent or treat Mycobacterium avium complex, a common pulmonary disease of immunocompromised individuals. Case report A 69-year-old man with a 20-year history of being human immunodeficiency virus–positive presented with bilateral, asymptomatic, peripheral, and corneal endothelial deposits of unknown etiology. Literature research suggested that the deposits did not appear like cytomegalovirus retinitis–related deposits but rather a variant of rifabutin-associated deposits. Conclusions These rifabutin-associated deposits differed from known rifabutin-associated deposits previously reported in the literature. These deposits have increased in pigmentation and density 5 years after the patient discontinued the drug. This case may represent another variation of rifabutin-associated endothelial deposits. Knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus and all the associated ocular findings (owing to both the condition and its treatment) is important, because the length of time patients are living with human immunodeficiency virus is increasing.
Recovery of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Function after Long Term Suppression by Aminoglutethimide and Hy dr ocortisone *

Little data are available concerning recovery of adrenal function after prolonged inhibition of steroidogenesis by enzyme inhibitors. Aminoglutethimide (AG), a potent blocker of adrenal steroid biosynthesis, combined with physiological replacement doses of hydrocortisone (HC) is currently being used to treat women with metastatic breast carcinoma. We studied the time-course of recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after prolonged drug therapy in 10 women. Fifteen hours after stopping AG-HC therapy, 0900 h serum cortisol levels were normal [12.9 ± 3.4 (SEM) ¼g/100 ml], but increments observed after provocative stimulation were blunted. However, the cortisol responses to both insulin-induced hypoglycemia and Cortrosyn stimulation normalized 36 and 42 h after stopping AG and HC therapy. In addition, the concentration of plasma ACTH peaked at 175 ± 9.3 pg/ml 15 min after the nadir of hypoglycemia. Adrenal histology in two patients who died while on chronic AG and HC therapy showed hypertrophic c...
Dual-Task Research and the Development of Memory.

Abstract C. J. Brainerd and V. F. Reyna (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 47, 1–18, 1989) proposed an output-interference theory as an alternative to resource theory to account for the results from dual-task studies. The present paper questions whether the two theories can be differentiated empirically as readily as Brainerd and Reyna suggest. It is also argued here that the important differences between the theories may lie at a level of analysis which is different from that which is of interest to most memory development researchers.
Skeletal findings in Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome

Objective. To describe the appearance and frequency of skeletal abnormalities associated with the Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome of cerebellar ataxia, congenital cataracts, mental and physical retardation and myopathy. Subjects and methods. Seventeen individuals affected with the disorder, of common ancestry and marked consanguinity, were found in an isolated area in southwest Alabama; 11 were available for radiologic examination of parts of the skeleton. The range and frequency of skeletal abnormalities thus demonstrated were tabulated. Results and conclusion. A constellation of cranial and extracranial skeletal abnormalities – including a small posterior fossa, spinal abnormalities, gracile bones, elbow and hip valgus and asymmetric metacarpal and metatarsal shortening – can lead the radiologist or orthopaedist to suggest the diagnosis, especially if appropriate neurological/neuroradiological findings also are present.
Feeding behavior of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalusin) the Amboseli National Park, Kenya

The results of an 11-month field study of the feeding behavior of adult yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus)are presented. Although catholic feeders, the baboons are not unselective in their choice of foods, and a small number of foods account for the bulk of their feeding time and are significant determinants of their home-range utilization patterns. These preferred foods are consumed throughout the year, a response, perhaps, to relatively minor fluctuations in their availability. Seasonal changes in food abundance are, however, reflected in other aspects of the baboons’ feeding behavior, including a tendency to show greater day- to- day dietary variability during periods of higher rainfall and greater overall food availability. It is suggested that this, and other, aspects of baboon feeding behavior can be understood only in the context of the extremely “patchy” distribution of their food supplies.
Pore models of sheep lung microvascular barrier using new data on protein tracers.

Abstract Lung lymph to plasma concentration ( L P ) ratios for endogenous and tracer macromolecules were measured as a function of mean lung microvascular pressure in five chronically instrumented unanesthetized ewes. At an average lung microvascular pressure of 19 cm H2O, L P ratios (mean ± SD) were: albumin, 0.82 ± 0.06; “globulin,” 0.55 ± 0.05; fibrinogen, 0.25 ± 0.05; and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 0.25 ± 0.05. All L P ratios decreased proportionally as microvascular pressure increased. Fibrinogen and LDL had identical L P ratios under all conditions despite a presumed difference in their molecular conformations. The predictions of one-, two-, and three-pore models of the lung microvascular barrier were compared with L P ratio data in order to find the optimum number of pores and pore radii that could best describe our findings. No one-pore model could accurately predict all solute L P ratios. Optimum two- and three-pore models were found that could accurately predict all solute data simultaneously. These models predict that 73% of all albumin transport across the lung microvascular barrier occurs by convection. The contribution of convection to macromolecular transport increases as both vascular pressure and macromolecular size increase. We conclude that neither pore stretching, pore area recruitment, nor pressure-independent vesicular transport are necessary to explain macromolecular transport in the sheep lung.
Fertility regulation with cyclic luteal phase vaginal administration of prostaglandin F2α

Abstract A group of 10 women were treated with 100 mg of intravaginal prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) as the THAM salt in the form of lactose tablets for one or two days in the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Eight of the women were also treated with injections of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in order to mimic HCG production from an implanting embryo. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay and were correlated with the onset of the menstrual period. In all 10 women, PGF 2α in the dosages given did not shorten the time interval between the LH peak and the onset of menses when compared to their untreated control cycles or to previous cycles artificially lengthened by HCG. In addition, there was no significant difference in serum progesterone between PGF 2α treatment cycles and control cycles with or without HCG. During treatment, 9 of the 10 women had objectionable side-effects including diarrhea, abdominal cramping pain, pelvic pressure, nausea and vomiting. These data suggest that intravaginal PGF 2α in the dosage and formulation used was systemically absorbed but had no luteolytic effects.
Long-term anatomical results of intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

Abstract Two adult patients with tetralogy of Fallot died in accidents 18 and 28 months, respectively, after corrective operations. Anatomical and histological studies of their hearts showed the Dacron patches used for repairing the ventricular septal defect to be securely incorporated into the ventricular septum and evenly coated by connective tissue, endothelium, and even elastic fiber formation. A similar connective tissue reaction had covered the right ventricular outflow tract in the areas of infundibular resection. One of the patients, whose defect had necessitated extensive remodeling of the pulmonary outflow tract, showed aneurysmal dilatation of the proximal pericardial bolster. The aortic homograft with its retained valve was well preserved, but distortion and incompetence of one leaflet had resulted from dilatation of the adjacent pericardial patch.
Religion and Secularity: Transformations and Transfers of Religious Discourses in Europe and Asia, edited by Marion Eggert and Lucian Holscher, Brill: Leiden, 2013, xii + 286 pp. ISBN 978-9-004-25132-8, US$141.00 (hardcover)

This collection of essays investigates relationships between religion and secularity across different conceptual and temporal contexts, and doing so it successfully points out the problematic aspec...
Lack of trade-off between direct and indirect defence against grape powdery mildew in riverbank grape

1. The hypothesis that plants that invest more in an indirect defence will invest less in direct mechanisms was tested using genotypes of the riverbank grape Vitis riparia that varied in expression of acarodomatia, tufts of non-glandular trichomes on underside of leaves that are frequently occupied by mycophagous mites. Mycophagous mites in this system have been shown to protect vines from grape powdery mildew caused by the fungus Uncinula necator. 2. Multiple cane cuttings from 24 genotypes of V. riparia, a species native to North America, were obtained from the USDA grape genetics repository and planted out in a common garden. 3. Genotypes varied in size of acarodomatia by threefold and varied in density of mycophagous mites by over 10-fold. Genotypes originating from the western part of the distribution had smaller acarodomatia and fewer mycophagous mites than genotypes from the eastern part of the distribution. There was a positive genetic correlation between acarodomatia size and mite density. 4. In a separate experiment, where vines were kept free of mycophagous mites, genotypes showed 10-fold variation in percentage leaf surface colonised by mildew. There was, however, no relationship between mildew on leaves and size of acarodomatia. Mildew did not vary depending on origin of genotype, although female vines tended to have greater levels than males. 5. No evidence was found for a trade-off between investment in an indirect defence mediated through acarodomatia and investment in direct defence against grape powdery mildew. Mite/plant defence mutualisms are contrasted with ant/plant defence mutualisms where there is better evidence for trade-offs under field conditions.
Review of A Guide to the Rockfishes, Thornyheads, and Scorpionfishes of the Northeast Pacific

John L. Butler, Milton S. Love, and Tom E. Laidig. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 2012. 185 pages. US$29.95 (paperback).This beautiful book has been long awaited by anyone attempting...
Reconfigurable networking hardware: a classroom tool

We present an educational platform for teaching the design, debugging and deployment of real networking equipment in the operational Internet. The emphasis of our work is on teaching and, therefore, on providing an environment that is flexible, robust, low cost and easy to use. The platform is built around 'NetFPGAs'-custom boards containing eight Ethernet ports and two FPGAs. NetFPGA boards, when used with VNS (Virtual Network System-another tool we have developed), can be integrated into dynamically configurable network topologies reachable from the Internet. VNS enables a user-space process running on any remote computer to function as a system controller for the NetFPGA boards. NetFPGA and VNS are used at Stanford in a graduate level networking course to teach router implementation in hardware and software.
Process Orientated Guided Instruction (POGIL)

The POGIL method combines two prominent education philosophies: cooperative learning and the learning cycle (see also). According to Moog et al.(2008), when students construct understanding, discuss and debate various ideas, and share different ideas and understandings within a group setting, their individual performance improves.