cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytoplasm-to-myonucleus ratios in plantaris and soleus muscle fibres following hindlimb suspension.

In multinucleated skeletal muscle fibres the size of the cytoplasmic volume-to-myonucleus ratio is related to the myosin heavy chain phenotype, with the ratio being larger in those fibres expressing the fast myosin heavy chain phenotype. It is unknown, however, whether this ratio is modulated during muscle fibre adaptation, such as that which occurs following muscle unloading. In this study the relationship between cross sectional area, myonuclear number and myosin type, in single fibres from the plantaris and soleus muscles of adult rats following 28 days of hindlimb suspension was examined. Each fibre was cut transversely into two segments; one segment was used for immunohistochemical identification of myosin type, the other for determination of cross sectional area and myonuclei number. Single fibre analysis revealed significant atrophy of both plantaris fast and soleus slow fibres; the mean cross sectional area (μm2) of these fibres, 3104±183 and 2082±107 (mean ±se), being 70 and 45%, respectively, of control means. The decreases in cross sectional area were not accompained by corresponding decreases in the number of myonuclei (myonuclei/mm); in plantaris fast fibres the mean myonuclei counts were within the control range (88±8 (hindlimb suspension), 76±7 (control)), in soleus slow fibres the counts were significantly increased (185±12 (hindlimb suspension), 154±11 (control)). The changes resulted in a significant decrease in the cytoplasmic volume-to-myonucleus ratio (μm3×103) for both fibre types; the mean ratios of 39±3 and 12±1, were 60% and 36% of control means for the plantaris fast and soleus slow fibres, respectively. These results indicate that following hindlimb suspension atrophy of muscle fibres the myonuclei numbers remain constant or increase and, hence, the effective cytoplasmic-to-myonucleus ratio is decreased. Further, the described changes are significantly greater in soleus slow than plantaris fast fibres.
Data Analysis Terminable and Interminable: My Collaboration with Fritz Klein

The author began using Fritz Klein's Sexual Orientation Grid in research studies soon after he moved to San Diego, where Fritz lived for many years. The author and Dr. Fritz began a study that was partially published in an early issue of the Journal of Bisexuality and whose data analyses are ongoing. This article summarizes and reflects on that research.
Seasonal and interannual variations in photosynthetic carbon assimilation at Station

Abstract Autotrophic carbon assimilation measurements using a trace metal-free 14 C technique were performed at near monthly intervals between 1988 and 1992 in the North Pacific subtropical gyre (U.S. JGOFS-WOCE Sta. ALOHA; 22°45′N, 158°00′W). Integrated photosynthetic values ranged from 127 to 1055 mg C m −2 day −1 while the average carbon assimilation number ( P B ), defined as carbon assimilation rate per unit chlorophyll a (chi a ), varied between 1.6 and 12 g C (g chl a ) −1 h -1 in the 0–45 m depth range. Consistently low P B values ( a ) −1 h −1 , averaged in the upper 45 m of the water column) were observed during the first 2 years of this study but increased to > 5 g C (g chl a ) −1 h −1 during 1991–1992. This rise in PB was not associated with an increase in chi a . Furthermore, it occurred during a period of increased water column stability. Reduction in ATP and (NO 3 − + NO 2 − ) concentrations in the upper euphotic zone suggests that nutrient injections due to mixing events were minor or absent after January 1991. Two non-exclusive hypotheses are presented to explain the rise of P B in the absence of an enhancement of inorganic nutrient fluxes from below the euphotic zone: (i) high P B values observed during 1991–1992 are indicative of phytoplankton growth being balanced as a result of a decrease in the variability of nutrient injection due to a reduction in the frequency of mixing events, and (ii) the rise of PB during 1991–1992 is caused by an ecosystem shift from nitrogen to phosphorus limitation. The stability of the water column during 1991–1992 may have increased the availability of reduced nitrogen relative to phosphorus due to the enhancement of nitrogen fixation. Because these hypotheses do not require an increase in algal biomass or elemental fluxes across the base of the euphotic zone to explain an increase in autotrophic carbon assimilation, they imply that nutrient dynamics within the euphotic zone of the North Pacific subtropical gyre need to be understood in order to interpret changes in P B and predict carbon fluxes.
A Case of the Chinese (Dis)order? The Haoqiu zhuan and Competing Forms of Knowledge in European and Japanese Readings*

Abstract For mid-eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century European readers, the Haoqiu zhuan epitomized China’s “whole system of manners,” showing at one and the same time the orderly civility and the disorderly excess of the Chinese. These notions of wholeness and reversibility of order constitute the “anthropological” turn of Western knowledge, which was predicated on the finitude and perversion of humanity. Against the grain of such order-disorder totality, I read along with late Edo writers, whose rewriting of the Haoqiu zhuan focused on ninkyō/renxia (knight-errantry), a course of action presenting itself as an extreme case in which the norm is overextended to the point that it is no longer recognizable. The two competitive forms of knowledge—anthropology and case thinking—articulate the two sides of theatricality across the globe under the sway of commerce and print.
Fluctuating deposition of ocean water drives plant function on coastal sand dunes

Sea-level rise will alter the hydrology of terrestrial coastal ecosystems. As such, it becomes increasingly important to decipher the present role of ocean water in coastal ecosystems in order to assess the coming effects of sea-level rise scenarios. Sand dunes occur at the interface of land and sea. Traditionally, they are conceived as freshwater environments with rain and ground water as the only water sources available to vegetation. This study investigates the possibility of ocean water influx to dune soils and its effect on the physiology of sand dune vegetation. Stable isotopes are used to trace the path of ocean water from the soil to the vegetation. Soil salinity, water content and d 18 O values are measured concurrently with stem water and leaf tissue of eight species during the wet and dry season and from areas proximal and distal to the ocean. Our results indicate the dune ecosystem is a mixed freshwater and marine water system characterized by oceanic influence on dune hydrology that is spatially heterogeneous and fluctuates temporally. Ocean water influx to soil occurs via salt spray in areas 5‐12m from the ocean during dry season. Accordingly, vegetation nearest to the sea demonstrate a plastic response to ocean water deposition including elevated integrated water use efficiency (d 13 Cleaf) and uptake of ocean water that comprised up to 52% of xylem water. We suggest physiological plasticity in response to periodic ocean water influx may be a functional characteristic common to species on the leading edge of diverse coastal habitats and an important feature that should be included in modeling coastal ecosystems. Rising sea level would likely cause a repercussive landward shift of dune species in response to encroaching maritime influences. However, human development would restrict this process, potentially causing the demise of dune systems and the protection from land erosion they provide.
Thermal and Biological Treatments to Control Psychrotrophic Pathogens

Over the past decade, advances in egg processing technologies have permitted commercial production of ultrapasteurized liquid whole egg (LWE) products with a shelf-life of greater than 10 wk at 4 C. The inactivation and control of psychrotrophic pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophila in extended shelf-life LWE and conventionally pasteurized egg products is an ongoing food safety concern. This manuscript reports on the common features of these two psychrotrophic pathogens, their incidence in egg products, and their survival, growth potential, and heat resistance in liquid egg. Furthermore, this manuscript reports in detail on the results of two specific studies conducted in our laboratory whose objectives were: 1) to determine the heat resistance (D-values) of A. hydrophila in LWE using a low-volume immersed sealed glass capillary tube (ISCT) procedure; 2) to assess the impact of methodology (i.e., ISCT procedure vs a conventional capped test tube procedure) on the apparent thermal resistance of A. hydrophila; and 3) to report on the use of the bacteriocin nisin to restrict the survival of L. monocytogenes in ultrapasteurized LWE stored at refrigeration temperatures.
Multiple Coulomb scattering into a detector in charged particle coincidence measurements between reaction products

Abstract For the case in which the charged particles that strike a circular detector are assumed to be displaced by multiple Coulomb scattering according to a bivariate normal density function, this note displays the fraction of the detected particles that would have struck the detector plane outside a circle of specified larger radius if no scatterer were present. The problem is solved exactly by numerical quadrature, and approximately when the rms displacement caused by the scattering is much less than the detector radius. The latter form may be employed for noncircular detectors. Numerical results are exhibited. The results of this calculation are applicable to experiments in which the particles from a binary reaction are observed in coincidence. Multiple scattering in the target or in an interposed material may cause some of the charged particles striking the first detector to have conjugate particles outside the kinematically prescribed cone which maps the first detector in the plane of the second, and so if no coincidences are to be lost, the second detector must be larger than would be estimated with multiple scattering ignored. This consideration is important to scintillator neutron efficiency measurements by the D(T, 4 He)n reaction, and the calculation should apply to other experiments in which coincidence detection is used to define the reaction being studied. The results are approximate in that the normal density function is not an accurate description of the multiple scattering.
Adrenocortical Activity in Two Meadow Vole Populations

The object of this study was to observe the relation between population density and adrenocortical activity, as measured by adrenal weights and blood eosinophil levels, in free-living populations of the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus . The study was initiated to test the hypothesis presented by Christian (1950) that high population density constitutes a stress factor eliciting a response from the adrenopituitary systems of individuals making up the population and thus brings about the occurrence of the General Adaptation Syndrome of Selye (1946). The study was begun in the late summer of 1952 and extended through the fall of 1953. Two widely separate areas were chosen after inspecting a large number of areas in the vicinity of Madison, Wisconsin, for evidences of high meadow vole populations. One area, called the Mud Lake Area, had a very high population in the fall of 1952, while the other, the Hammersley's Marsh Area, had a low to normal population at this time. This research was carried out in the University of Wisconsin, Department of Zoology, with the aid of grant number G-3497 (C-C2) from the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Public Health Service, and with aid from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. At this point I would like to thank Dr. J. T. Emlen and Dr. R. K. Meyer for their advice and encouragement in the conduct of this research; helpful suggestions and friendly criticisms were also offered by numerous members of the Zoology Department. The Mud Lake Area is located in Dunn Township near the town of McFar-land, Wisconsin, and is 1 mile due west of Mud Lake. It consisted, at the time of study, of about three acres of grass marsh which became very wet during periods of high precipitation. The area was bordered on the west by a …
The photometric titration of Fe(III) with EDTA using tiron indicator

1 × 10−4M solutions of Fe(III) may be titrated photometrically with EDTA using tiron indicator. Equal concentrations of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cr(III), and Al(III) do not interfere, while Cu(II), Sn(IV), V(IV), and Ti(IV) do. However, Fe(III) concentrations of 2 × 10−5M cannot be accurately titrated since the change in absorbance is not sufficiently large enough to permit an accurate location of the equivalence point.
‘I Hate You. Please Help Me’: A Case Study From A Classic Boxall Nurture Group

This article is a case study of a five year old boy, Peter, and his entry and development within a classic Boxall Nurture Group. The author explores nurture groups in general as well as describing Peter's assessment, his challenging behaviour, the support he received and the final outcomes of the work.
Electrophysiological Observations in Hippocampal Slices from Rats Treated with the Ketogenic Diet

The electrophysiological effects of the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) were assessed in normal and epileptic [kainic-acid(KA)-treated] adult rats using hippocampal slices. In the first set of experiments, normal rats were fed the KD or a standard control diet for 6-8 weeks (beginning on postnatal day 56, P56), after which they were sacrificed for hippocampal slices. All rats on the KD became ketotic. The baseline effects of the KD were determined by comparing extracellular measures of synaptic transmission and responses to evoked stimulation, and hippocampal excitability was tested in Mg(2+)-free medium. There were no differences in EPSP slope, input/output relationship, responses to evoked stimulation or Mg(2+)-free burst frequency between slices from control and KD-fed rats. In another set of experiments, rats were made epileptic by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid (KA) on P54, which caused status epilepticus followed by the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) over the next few weeks. Two days after KA-induced status, rats were divided into a control-fed group and a KD-fed group. Animals on the KD had significantly fewer SRS over the ensuing 8 weeks. In hippocampal slices from KA-treated, KD-fed rats, there were fewer evoked CA1 population spikes than from slices of control-fed rats. These results suggest that the KD does not alter baseline electrophysiological parameters in normal rats. In rats made chronically epileptic by administration of KA, KD treatment was associated with fewer spontaneous seizures and reduced CA1 excitability in vitro. Therefore, at least part of the KD mechanism of action may involve long-term changes in network excitability.
Heart rate variability (HRV): an indicator of stress

Heart rate variability (HRV) can be an important indicator of several conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder and peripheral neuropathy [3], [4], [10] & [11]. Recent work has shown that some of the HRV features can potentially be used for distinguishing a subject’s normal mental state from a stressed one [4], [13] & [14]. In all of these past works, although processing is done in both frequency and time domains, few classification algorithms have been explored for classifying normal from stressed RRintervals. In this paper we used 30 s intervals from the Electrocardiogram (ECG) time series collected during normal and stressed conditions, produced by means of a modified version of the Trier social stress test, to compute HRV-driven features and subsequently applied a set of classification algorithms to distinguish stressed from normal conditions. To classify RR-intervals, we explored classification algorithms that are commonly used for medical applications, namely 1) logistic regression (LR) [16] and 2) linear discriminant analysis (LDA) [6]. Classification performance for various levels of stress over the entire test was quantified using precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity measures. Results from both classifiers were then compared to find an optimal classifier and HRV features for stress detection. This work, performed under an IRB-approved protocol, not only provides a method for developing models and classifiers based on human data, but also provides a foundation for a stress indicator tool based on HRV. Further, these classification tools will not only benefit many civilian applications for detecting stress, but also security and military applications for screening such as: border patrol, stress detection for deception [3],[17], and wounded-warrior triage [12].
Mechanical properties of lettuce

The fracture properties of Spanish Iceberg and English Round lettuce tissues were investigated using a tensile test on notched specimens. The level of notch sensitivity was investigated for samples of differing colour and vein orientation. Vein orientation perpendicular to the test direction proved to be the most notch sensitive and samples with vein orientation parallel to the test direction proved to be very notch insensitive, samples with a diagonal (45°) orientation showed an intermediate response. This response was interpreted in terms of the interaction of veins with the crack path. The strengths of English Round tissues were broadly comparable with those of Spanish Iceberg although the upper limits depended on vein orientation and were in the order: parallel > diagonal ≈ perpendicular. A similar ranking of vein orientation was found in estimates of stiffness.
The surface thickness of liquid argon near the critical point

Abstract The surface tension between liquid argon and its vapor is related to the width of the interfacial region. Through a comparison between the calculated and the experimental values of the surface tension, a theoretical estimate of the interfacial width L along the saturation curve from 95–140 K is made. The coefficient ν in the empirical expression L α ( T C T ) −ν has the value 0.65 in agreement with earlier determinations on other substances.
Further Evidence for an Unidentified Chick Growth Factor

Abstract The occurrence of an unidentified chick growth factor(s) was reported in casein and liver meal by Johnson et al. (1942). Subsequently, other workers have reported that dried skimmilk, liver meal, whey solubles, distillers’ dried solubles, meat scraps, fish by-products, cow manure and hen feces also contain an unidentified factor for chick growth. Heuser and Norris (1944) reported that the addition of 2 percent of white fish meal to a ration, deriving its supplementary protein chiefly from soybean oil meal, resulted in a marked increase in growth and feed efficiency of chicks up to eight weeks of age. The rations used by Heuser and Norris together with the results are given in Table 1. In order to determine the amount of known B-complex vitamins supplied by such a small addition of animal protein material, laboratory analyses were made of the basal ration and the ration which included 2 percent of white . . .
New developments concerning the Equal Pay Act

Considers why a wage gap still exists between men and women, despite the introduction in the USA of the Equal Pay Act (EPA) in 1963 and the Civil Rights Act (Title VII) in 1964. Details the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s (EEOC’s) interpretations of the two Acts’ provisions relating to employment discrimination on the basis of gender, looking in particular at the EPA’s determinants of job equality. Outlines the circumstances under which wage differentials are permissible, and discusses actions that can be taken in the case of EPA violations, explaining the EEOC’s filing requirements. Reviews the equal pay legislation in California, particularly relating to comparable worth, and provides an example of a successful wage discrimination case in which the Supreme Court looked beyond the EPA and considered a wider interpretation of the Bennett Amendment of Title VII. Suggests that this case sets a precedent for addressing equal employment issues, and urges employers to examine their compensation systems to ensure that no biases exist.
Studies on the iodination of LH-RH and the biological and immunological activities of the products.

Abstract Synthetic LH-RH was iodinated by the modified chloramine-T or lactoperoxidase method, using 127 INa or 125 INa. The yields of the products, the LH releasing activities of the monoiodinated peptides as well as binding to pituitary membrane fractions were measured. The variation in yield in the four procedures used for iodination was a function of the amount of oxidizing agent. Monoiodinated products obtained by the different procedures possessed comparable LH-releasing activities as well as binding affinity to pituitary plasma membranes.
The ability of dental therapists to perform oral prophylaxes.

In this investigation, the quality of prophylactic procedures performed by dental therapists was compared with that of procedures performed by senior dental students. The categories of calculus removal, stain removal, and tissue integrity were evaluated by three Birmingham general practitioners. There was no statistically significant difference in the results of the study, and dental therapists were judged to have performed as well as the dental students.
Standard enthalpy of solution and formation of cesium chromate. Derived thermodynamic properties of the aqueous chromate, bichromate, and dichromate ions, alkali metal and alkaline earth chromates, and lead chromate

Abstract Calorimetric measurements of the enthalpy of solution of cesium chromate gave ΔHsoln = (7622 ± 24) calth mol−1 for a dilution of Cs2CrO4·21128H2O. This result, along with the enthalpy of dilution gave the standard enthalpy of solution, ΔHsolno = (7512 ± 31) calth mol−1, whence the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHf0(Cs2CrO4, c, 298.15 K), was calculated to be −(341.78 ± 0.46) kcalth mol−1. Recomputed thermodynamic data for the formation of the other alkali metal chromates have been tabulated. From their solubilities and enthalpies of solution, the standard entropies, S0(298 K), of BaCrO4 and PbCrO4 were estimated to be (38.9 ± 0.9) and (43.7 ± 1.2) calth K−1 mol−1, respectively. There is evidence that ΔHf0(SrCrO4, c, 298.15 K) may be in error. Thermochemical, solubility, and equilibrium data, have been combined to update the thermodynamic properties of the aqueous chromate (CrO42−), bichromate (HCrO4−), and dichromate (Cr2O72−) ions. The new values at 298.15 K are as follows: S 0 / cal th K −1 mol −1 ΔH f 0 /kcal th mol −1 ΔG f 0 /kcal th mol −1 CrO42−(aq) (13.8 ± 0.5) −(210.93 ± 0.45) −(174.8 ± 0.5) HCrO4−(aq) (46.6 ± 1.8) −(210.0 ± 0.7) −(183.7 ± 0.5) Cr2O72−(aq) (67.4 ± 3.9) −(356.5 ± 1.5) −(312.8 ± 1.0) For CrO4−(aq), ΔHf0 has been taken directly from the most recent critical compilation of thermochemical data.
Introduction: Reinventing the American Postindustrial City

This article summarizes the goal of this special issue of the Journal of Urban History (JUH). Offering a variety of perspectives—ranging from the role of impromptu artists to that of immigrants and small, independent communities of activists—it details unconventional solutions offered for reviving the economically declining postindustrial American city. Akin to the articles included in this volume, this essay emphasizes ways in which revitalization can take place without necessarily engaging the top–down missions of governmental agencies, large corporations, or costly urban planning. As this introduction demonstrates, most articles in this volume reflect on current and recent developments in major postindustrial American cities. As such, this issue of JUH hopes to offer fresh perspectives on the role of ad hoc agents, a topic rightly deserving of further attention in the field.
The development of the concept of artistic style: A free classification study

Ss, ranging in age from 5 years to adult, were asked to sort a set of oil paintings into groups of their own choice. The results indicated that fI) subject matter was the strongest determiner of children’s sorting behavior, (2) only the adults showed a high frequency of groupings by artistic style, and (3) color was seldom used as a basis for sorting by any age group. These findings were interpreted in terms of their implications for teaching the artistic style concept to children.
A network-flow approach to timing-driven incremental placement for ASICs

We present a novel incremental placement methodology called FlowPlace for significantly reducing critical path delays of placed standard-cell circuits. FlowPlace includes: a) a timing-driven (TD) analytical global placer TAN that uses accurate delay functions and minimizes a combination of linear and quadratic objective functions; b) a network flow based detailed placer TIF that has new and effective techniques for performing TD incremental placement and satisfying row-length (white space) constraints. We have obtained results on three sets of benchmarks: i) TD versions of the ibm benchmark suite that we have constructed; ii) benchmarks used in TD-Dragon; iii) the Faraday benchmarks. Results show that starting with Dragon-placed circuits, we are able to obtain up to 34% and an average of 18% improvement in critical path delays, at an average of 17.5% of the run-time of the Dragon placer. Starting with a state-of-the-art TD placer TD-Dragon, for the TD-Dragon benchmarks we obtain up to about 10% and an average of 4.3% delay improvement with 12% of TD-Dragon's run times; this is significant as we are extracting performance improvements from a performance-optimized layout. Wire length deterioration on the average over all benchmark suites is less than 8%.
Central neural circuitry mediating courtship song perception in male Drosophila

Animals use acoustic signals across a variety of social behaviors, particularly courtship. In Drosophila, song is detected by antennal mechanosensory neurons and further processed by second-order aPN1/aLN(al) neurons. However, little is known about the central pathways mediating courtship hearing. In this study, we identified a male-specific pathway for courtship hearing via third-order ventrolateral protocerebrum Projection Neuron 1 (vPN1) neurons and fourth-order pC1 neurons. Genetic inactivation of vPN1 or pC1 disrupts song-induced male-chaining behavior. Calcium imaging reveals that vPN1 responds preferentially to pulse song with long inter-pulse intervals (IPIs), while pC1 responses to pulse song closely match the behavioral chaining responses at different IPIs. Moreover, genetic activation of either vPN1 or pC1 induced courtship chaining, mimicking the behavioral response to song. These results outline the aPN1-vPN1-pC1 pathway as a labeled line for the processing and transformation of courtship song in males.
DSP-Based Dual-Polarity Mass Spectrum Pattern Recognition for Bio-Detection

The bio-aerosol mass spectrometry (BAMS) instrument analyzes single aerosol particles using a dual-polarity time-of-flight mass spectrometer recording simultaneously spectra of thirty to a hundred thousand points on each polarity. We describe here a real-time pattern recognition algorithm developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory that has been implemented on a nine digital signal processor (DSP) system from Signatec Incorporated. The algorithm first pre-processes independently the raw time-of-flight data through an adaptive baseline removal routine. The next step consists of a polarity dependent calibration to a mass-to-charge representation, reducing the data to about five hundred to a thousand channels per polarity. The last step is the identification step using a pattern recognition algorithm based on a library of known particle signatures including threat agents and background particles. The identification step includes integrating the two polarities for a final identification determination using a score-based rule tree. This algorithm, operating on multiple channels per-polarity and multiple polarities, is well suited for parallel real-time processing. It has been implemented on the PMP8A from Signatec Incorporated, which is a computer based board that can interface directly to the two one-Giga-sample digitizers (PDA1000 from Signatec Incorporated) used to record the two polarities of time-of-flight data. By using optimized data separation, pipelining, and parallel processing across the nine DSPs it is possible to achieve a processing speed of up to a thousand particles per seconds, while maintaining the recognition rate observed on a non-real time implementation. This embedded system has allowed the BAMS technology to improve its throughput and therefore its sensitivity while maintaining a large dynamic range (number of channels and two polarities) thus maintaining the systems specificity for bio-detection
March (fatigue) fractures of the long bones of the lower extremity and pelvis.

Abstract 1. 1. March or “fatigue” fracture is primarily an occupational disease associated with military training. 2. 2. Because of the insidious nature of the disease, many cases of march fracture are overlooked by the uninitiated. 3. 3. Etiology is obscure, but the author believes, as in cases of march fracture of the metatarsals, that it is due to muscle fatigue or muscle imbalance. 4. 4. March fractures occur in specific areas of predilection. 5. 5. X-ray appearance is that of an “ice crack” fracture. 6. 6. Displacement of fragments is unusual except in the case of fracture of the neck of the femur, where, if the fracture is not protected from weight bearing, coxa vara commonly occurs. 7. 7. March fractures, even if incomplete and not of striking x-ray appearance, must be treated with great respect, and too early weight bearing should be prohibited. 8. 8. Ideal treatment of march fractures of lower extremity and pelvis is bed rest and prohibition of early weight bearing. In fractures of the neck of the femur, immobilization is indicated. 9. 9. No case of delayed or non-union was encountered. 10. 10. In 10,953 orthopedic cases seen in a period of nine months at an Army Station Hospital, twelve cases of march fracture of lower extremity and pelvis, excluding metatarsal march fractures, were encountered. 11. 11. Case histories of six march fractures of the tibia, one of the fibula, two of the femur, and three of the pelvis were reported.
Reinventing strategies for emerging markets: beyond the transnational model

With established markets becoming saturated, multinational corporations (MNCs) have turned increasingly to emerging markets (EMs) in the developing world. Such EM strategies have been targeted almost exclusively at the wealthy elite at the top of the economic pyramid. Recently, however, a number of MNCs have launched new initiatives that explore the untapped market potential at the base of the economic pyramid, the largest and fastest-growing segment of the world's population. Reaching the four billion people in these markets poses both tremendous opportunities and unique challenges to MNCs, as conventional wisdom about MNC global capabilities and subsidiary strategy in EMs may not be appropriate. How MNCs can successfully enter these low-income markets has not been effectively addressed in the literatures on global and EM strategies. An exploratory analysis, involving interviews with MNC managers, original case studies, and archival material, indicates that the transnational model of national responsiveness, global efficiency and worldwide learning may not be sufficient. Results suggest that the success of initiatives targeting low-income markets is enhanced by recognizing that Western-style patterns of economic development may not occur in these business environments. Business strategies that rely on leveraging the strengths of the existing market environment outperform those that focus on overcoming weaknesses. These strategies include developing relationships with non-traditional partners, co-inventing custom solutions, and building local capacity. Together, these successful strategies suggest the importance of MNCs developing a global capability in social embeddedness.
The frequency of suicides around major public holidays: some surprising findings.

This paper analyzes the recorded number of U.S. daily suicides, 1972-1976. The paper shows that: there is a dip in suicides on and just before major public holidays; there is a peak in suicides just after these holidays; and, the dip in suicides is somewhat larger than the peak--hence, there is a net decrease in suicides around the holidays. On balance, the holidays appear to reduce the number of suicides, not increase them, as previously believed. In addition, previous research has focussed on the negative psychological impact of holidays. Our findings indicate that holidays have a positive component, which should be taken into account in future research.
Reflections on the debate on disability and aid in dying.

Abstract Background A policy resolution supporting physician aid in dying was proposed to the American Public Health Association (APHA) in 2007 that prompted a debate with the Disability Section on its meaning for people with disabilities. Objective The present paper reflects on the issues revealed and lessons learned. Methods The debate included subcommittee discussion; review of research, polls, administrative reports; discussion with disability rights organizations; and floor-debate and vote by the APHA Governing Council. Results Reflections on the process are summarized under the themes: we all have our own views; it's highly personal; confusion among key concepts; I might want it for myself; it's about control and not about pain; the slippery slope and other arguments; and undue burden on people with disabilities. Conclusions The APHA resolution supporting aid in dying was passed in 2008 with some improvements in the language and a recommendation to measure pre-existing disability. Valuable lessons were learned through the debate process.
Folic acid for prevention of neural tube defects: pediatric anticipatory guidance.

Abstract The incidence of neural tube defects including myelomeningocele, which is one of the most common causes of infant and childhood disability, can be substantially reduced by folic acid supplementation to the diet of women before and during the early stages of pregnancy. All females of childbearing age should be taking folic acid supplements of 0.4 mg/day (400 μg/day) and consuming a diet rich in folate. Because many pregnancies are unplanned, supplementation should not await plans for pregnancy. Because pediatric nurse practitioners are in frequent contact with both adolescent patients and patients whose mothers are of childbearing age, and because pediatric nurse practitioners have an interest in preventing neural tube defects in future pediatric patients, they are in a good position to provide the necessary anticipatory guidance regarding the critical need for adequate folic acid intake by females of childbearing age. This article discusses and includes guidelines for providing this anticipatory guidance.
A brain-computer interface using electrocorticographic signals in humans.

Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) enable users to control devices with electroencephalographic (EEG) activity from the scalp or with single-neuron activity from within the brain. Both methods have disadvantages: EEG has limited resolution and requires extensive training, while single-neuron recording entails significant clinical risks and has limited stability. We demonstrate here for the first time that electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity recorded from the surface of the brain can enable users to control a one-dimensional computer cursor rapidly and accurately. We first identified ECoG signals that were associated with different types of motor and speech imagery. Over brief training periods of 3–24 min, four patients then used these signals to master closed-loop control and to achieve success rates of 74–100% in a one-dimensional binary task. In additional open-loop experiments, we found that ECoG signals at frequencies up to 180 Hz encoded substantial information about the direction of two-dimensional joystick movements. Our results suggest that an ECoG-based BCI could provide for people with severe motor disabilities a non-muscular communication and control option that is more powerful than EEG-based BCIs and is potentially more stable and less traumatic than BCIs that use electrodes penetrating the brain. M This article features online multimedia enhancements
Homogenization of aligned “fuzzy fiber” composites

Abstract The aim of this work is to study composites in which carbon fibers coated with radially aligned carbon nanotubes are embedded in a matrix. The effective properties of these composites are identified using the asymptotic expansion homogenization method in two steps. Homogenization is performed in different coordinate systems, the cylindrical and the Cartesian, and a numerical example are presented.
Hierarchical Space Shift Keying for Unequal Error Protection

In this letter, we introduce the concept of enabling unequal error protection (UEP) with space shift keying (SSK)-type modulation that encodes the source information entirely in the antenna indices. Unique characteristics associated with SSK-type modulation as compared with conventional pulse/quadrature amplitude modulation (PAM/QAM) are discussed in the context of UEP design. Three general design concepts for two-level and three-level UEP are presented. Simulation results confirm the multilevel bit protection capabilities of the proposed hierarchical spatial constellation designs.
Application of natural zeolites in the purification and separation of gases

Abstract There are many natural zeolites of which a small number including clinoptilolite, chabazite, mordenite, erionite, ferrierite and phillipsite offer the greatest promise for gas separation. Patents and other literature have been surveyed to identify the bulk separation and purification processes for which these zeolites have potential. The abundance and low raw material cost of natural zeolites have rarely offset such disadvantages as variable composition, low purity and often poorer separation performance compared to the more-favored synthetic zeolites. The results of the present study indicate that these natural zeolites are particularly well suited for trace-gas removal. In contrast, they are less likely to provide competitive performance in bulk separations. Clinoptilolite and chabazite are judged the most versatile, while also offering unique adsorption characteristics. Effective and efficient methods for screening all types of adsorbents are presented for various gas separations. Natural zeolites must demonstrate unique or superior performance to be serious contenders in commercial separations. Use of these methods should enhance such opportunities. The importance of including relevant process considerations in the analyses is demonstrated through application to processes for a bulk separation (O2 production from air) and purification (removal of trace levels of N2O from air). The results are not encouraging for the use of natural zeolites in air separation. Conversely, clinoptilolite and chabazite outperform commercially available synthetics in N2O removal from air.
Comparison of field calibrations for mehlich 3 P and K with Bray‐Kurtz P1 and ammonium acetate K for corn

Abstract Because of both economic and environmental concerns, soil testing is becoming an increasingly important component of crop‐production systems. This increasing demand for soil testing will necessitate more efficient methods for routine soil testing. The Mehlich‐3 soil test has been proposed as an extractant that can be used for simultaneous extraction of several nutrients including both P and K. Before this extractant can be used in place of the current extractants, it must be evaluated in field calibration studies. This study was designed to compare the ability of the Mehlich‐3 extractant to predict corn (Zea mays L.) yield response to P and K with the Bray‐Kurtz P1 extractant for P and the neutral, 1N ammonium acetate extractant for K. A field study was conducted at 67 locations across Pennsylvania over 4 yr. A factorial arrangement of P (0 and 88 kg ha‐1) and K (0 and 168 kg ha‐1) was applied at each location. Corn‐grain yield was measured as the response parameter. The Mehlich‐3 extractant was ...
Optimization of Virus-induced Gene Silencing to Facilitate Evo-devo Studies in the Emerging Model Species Mimulus guttatus (Phrymaceae)

Abstract Mimulus guttatus DC. (yellow monkey-flower; Phrymaceae) is an important model species for ecological and evolutionary studies, being locally adapted to a wide range of elevation, moisture and temperature gradients, soil types, and pollinator availabilities. In order to advance this species as a model for evolutionary genetic studies, we have developed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) using the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) to assay gene function. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS in two divergent populations of M. guttatus, Iron Mountain 767 (IM767) and Point Reyes (PR). Plants infected with a fragment of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway gene PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) cloned into the TRV2 vector exhibited endogenous PDS silencing and photobleached phenotypes. We further assayed for VIGS-induced floral phenotypes by silencing paralogous genes putatively affecting floral symmetry, CYCLOIDEA1 (CYC1) and CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2). Simultaneous silencing of CYC1 and CYC2 resul...
Intractable Nausea and Vomiting From Autoantibodies Against a Brain Water Channel

Background & Aims Antibodies against the water channel protein aquaporin (AQP)-4 cause a spectrum of inflammatory, demyelinating, central nervous system disorders called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs); these primarily affect the optic nerves and spinal cord but also the brain. Symptoms of intractable nausea, vomiting, and hiccups reflect involvement of AQP4 in the brainstem area postrema and account for gastroenterological presentations. We investigated the frequency of intractable nausea, vomiting, or hiccups in patients with NMOSD who tested positive for immunoglobulin G against AQP4 (AQP4-IgG). We also analyzed sera from patients with idiopathic nausea or vomiting for the presence of AQP4-IgG. Methods We reviewed the Mayo Clinic AQP4-IgG positive NMOSD database (n = 70) to identify patients who presented with vomiting, focusing on results from gastroenterological evaluations. We also tested serum samples (from the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium repository) from patients who presented with idiopathic nausea or vomiting for AQP4-IgG (controls, n=318 with gastroparesis and 117 without gastroparesis). Results Ten AQP4-IgG–positive patients diagnosed with NMOSD (14% of patients in the database) initially presented with intractable vomiting. Extensive gastroenterological evaluation was noninformative. AQP4-IgG was not detected in any of the controls. Conclusions Although NMOSDs are rare, tests for AQP4-IgG should be considered for patients who present with unexplained, intractable vomiting. Detection of the antibody before the development of optic neuritis or transverse myelitis allows patients to receive immunosuppressive therapy before the development of neurologic disabilities.
Resonant Injection Enhanced Field Effect Transistor for Low Voltage Switching: Concept and Quantum Transport Simulation

A Resonant Injection Enhanced Field Effect Transistor (RIEFET) device concept for low voltage switching has been developed. Two-dimensional electrostatically self-consistent ballistic quantum transport simulations of device operation are provided. To reduce simulation time, the two dimensional ballistic transport code was parallelized. The potential significance of parasitic phonon-assisted transport also is explored in quasi-one-dimensional simulations of transport through the resonant barrier.
Extracellular environment modulates the formation and propagation of particular amyloid structures

Amyloidogenic proteins, including prions, assemble into multiple forms of structurally distinct fibres. The [PSI+] prion, endogenous to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a dominantly inherited, epigenetic modifier of phenotypes. [PSI+] formation relies on the coexistence of another prion, [RNQ+]. Here, in order to better define the role of amyloid diversity on cellular phenotypes, we investigated how physiological and environmental changes impact the generation and propagation of diverse protein conformations from a single polypeptide. Utilizing the yeast model system, we defined extracellular factors that influence the formation of a spectrum of alternative self-propagating amyloid structures of the Sup35 protein, called [PSI+] variants. Strikingly, exposure to specific stressful environments dramatically altered the variants of [PSI+] that formed de novo. Additionally, we found that stress also influenced the association between the [PSI+] and [RNQ+] prions in a way that it superceded their typical relationship. Furthermore, changing the growth environment modified both the biochemical properties and [PSI+]-inducing capabilities of the [RNQ+] template. These data suggest that the cellular environment contributes to both the generation and the selective propagation of specific amyloid structures, providing insight into a key feature that impacts phenotypic diversity in yeast and the cross-species transmission barriers characteristic of prion diseases.
Partitioning and bioavailability of mercury in an experimentally acidified wisconsin lake

We studied the partitioning of mercury (Hg) among air, water, sediments and fish at Little Rock Lake, a clear water seepage lake in north-central Wisconsin. The lake was divided with a sea curtain into two basins, one acidified with sulfuric acid to pH 5.6 for two years and the other an untreated reference site (mean pH 6.1), to document the effects of acidification. Trace-metal-free protocols were used to measure Hg at the picomolar level in air and water. Total gaseous Hg in air samples averaged 2.0 ng/m3. Total Hg in unfiltered water samples collected in 1986 after the fall overturn averaged about 1 ng/L in the acidified and reference basins. Mercury in surficial sediments was strongly correlated with volatile matter content and ranged from 10 to about 170 ng/g (dry weight) in both basins. Total Hg concentrations in whole, calendar age-1 yellow perch (Perca flavescens), sampled after one year of residence in the lake, averaged 114 ng/g (fresh weight) in the reference basin and 135 ng/g in the acidified basin – a highly significant (p < 0.01) difference. The mean whole-body burden (quantity) of Hg in age-1 perch did not differ between basins after the first year, but was significantly greater in the treatment basin than in the reference basin after the second year of acidification. Differences between the two basins in the bioaccumulation of Hg were attributed to internal (within-lake) processes that influence the bioavailability of the metal. An initial Hg budget for the treatment basin of Little Rock Lake showed that atmospheric deposition and sedimentary remobilization of Hg are potentially important processes influencing its biogeochemical cycling and uptake by fish.