cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isotope Shifts in Some Lines of Nitrogen

The line spectrum of a mixture of approximately 70 atomic percent ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ to 30 atomic percent ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ was photographed with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. The source used was a liquid-air cooled quartz tube with external electrodes excited by a 12-meter oscillator. The tube was charged with helium at a few mm pressure containing about 0.03 mm of the before-mentioned nitrogen isotope mixture. The lines from this discharge were so sharp that it was possible to resolve the two components due to ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ in nine infra-red lines. No nitrogen lines were found in this type of discharge in the visible or ultraviolet. The oscillator excitation produced a remarkably high intensity in the lines observed. The lines arising from $^{4}P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{4}P$ and $^{4}S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{4}P$ transitions showed a negative isotope shift of the order of 0.06 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Those from $^{2}P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}P$ transitions showed a positive shift of the order of 0.07 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The variations in the isotope shifts within the $^{2}P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}P$ multiplets indicate some deviation from Russell-Saunders coupling. No hyperfine structure in either component was observed in any of the lines. The directions of the shifts were checked by obtaining the abundance ratio of the isotopes in the discharge from the intensities of the isotopic heads in the second positive ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ bands.
Modeling soil respiration and variations in source components using a multi-factor global climate change experiment

Soil respiration is an important component of the global carbon cycle and is highly responsive to changes in soil temperature and moisture. Accurate prediction of soil respiration and its changes under future climatic conditions requires a clear understanding of the processes involved. Most current empirical soil respiration models incorporate just few of the underlying mechanisms that may influence its response. In this study, a new partially process-based component model that separately treated several source components of soil respiration was tested with data from a climate change experiment that manipulated atmospheric [CO2], air temperature and soil moisture. Results from this model were compared to results from other widely used models with the parameters fitted using experimental data. Using the component model, we were able to estimate the relative proportions of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration in total soil respiration for each of the different treatments. The value of the Q 10 parameters for temperature response component of all of the models showed sensitivity to soil moisture. Estimated Q 10 parameters were higher for wet treatments and lower for dry treatments compared to the values estimated using either the data from all treatments or from only the control treatments. Our results suggest that process-based models provide a better understanding of soil respiration dynamics under changing environmental conditions, but the extent and contribution of different source components need to be included in mechanistic and process-based soil respiration models at corresponding scales.
Zionism in the USA on the Eve of the Balfour Declaration

(1988). Zionism in the USA on the Eve of the Balfour Declaration. Studies in Zionism: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 131-145.
A Method for Measuring Programmatic Dependency and Interdependency Between DoD Acquisition Programs

Large and complex enterprises that are primarily involved in product development and design often must manage their development portfolios against a backdrop of competing demands and realities. Given an existing product development process, there is currently no accepted method for quantitative measurement of development program interdependency. While some methods exist for measuring dependency or interdependency at the component or system level, these methods do not translate well to program interdependency measurement. This paper presents a model for measuring development program interdependency accurately and quantitatively.The model uses four Interdependency Factors to identify dependency relationships between programs. Specific Interdependency Levels are then used to measure the strengths of those dependencies. The model also accounts for measurement of dependencies upon programs that are not directly connected, i.e., programs that have a degree of separation from another program, and measurement of program criticality, or the extent to which a program is depended-upon by another program.In this paper, a small portion of the US Air Force’s product development portfolio is examined and used to demonstrate these measures. The measurement model is applied to an example development program to measure program dependency characteristics. The results demonstrate that the model can be effectively used to identify and measure program dependencies. The model gives the program manager a quantitative tool to determine how much a program depends upon other programs and the potential impacts of those dependencies. With this information, program managers can better protect their programs from vulnerabilities associated with interdependency effects from other programs and portfolio managers are given new insights into the management of their portfolio in the product development processes of the enterprise.
Pro-α2(V) Collagen Gene; Pairwise Analysis of the Amino-Propeptide Coding Domain, and Cross-Species Comparison of the Promoter Sequence

Type V collagen is a minor represented and poorly characterized fibrillar collagen type. Previous cDNA cloning experiments showed that the amino-propeptide of the pro-α2(V) chain shares structural features in common with pro-α1(I), proα1(II) and pro-α1(III) collagens. In the present paper, this analysis was extended to the gene level. Accordingly the exon/intron arrangement of the amino-propeptide coding domain was compared among pro-α1(I) (COL1A1), proα1(II) (COL2A1), pro-α1(III) (CO13A1) and pro-α2(V) (COL5A2) collagen genes. This revealed that COL3A1 is the most closely related gene to COL5A2. Based on the assumption that critical regulatory elements might be phylogenetically conserved, we also compared the promoter sequences of the mouse and human COL5A2 genes. This revealed the highest level of sequence homology (97%) in a 52-bp segment which was previously shown to be essential in conferring cell type specificity to the human promoter.
The Mathematics of Estimation: Possibilities for Interdisciplinary Pedagogy and Social Consciousness.

The purpose of this article is to report on the importance of providing pre-service and in-service teachers with experience and specific training in critical thinking skills. The essential concepts in elementary mathematics curricula can be augmented to include and cultivate critical thinking skills that have tremendous ramifications for future leaders and for those who move on to more technical training. A sample problem, along with pre-service teacher responses, is used here to show the necessity and importance of this kind of training as the responses show clear evidence of a certain naivete on the part of these college level students. The responses do show evidence of budding social conscience in the students, but the level of expertise in critical thinking is not at all sophisticated. We discuss and explore the implications of our approach.
Role of 5'-lipoxygenase metabolites in the activation of peritoneal macrophages for tumoricidal function.

Abstract Metabolites of arachidonic acid have been shown to be potent biological modulators of macrophage function. While the role of cyclooxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid have been well studied, metabolites of lipoxygenase have not. In this report, we evaluate the role that select 5′-lipoxygenase (5′-LO) products may play in macrophage activation for select tumoricidal functions. When thioglycollate-elicited macrophages were treated with inhibitors of 5′-LO during activation, cytolytic capacity, nitric oxide production, and tumor necrosis factor-α production were significantly inhibited. Moreover, both an inhibitor of the 5′-LO-activating protein and an inhibitor of glutathione- s -transferase (GST) significantly decreased macrophage tumoricidal function. The activating agents used were able to stimulate 5′-LO activity which was measured by quantitating secreted LTC 4 . Increased production of PGE 2 by shunting could have been the cause for decreased macrophage tumoricidal function. However, treatment of macrophages with inhibitors of 5′-LO during lipopolysaccharide stimulation did not increase formation of PGE 2 . When select 5′-LO metabolites were added to cultures during activation and 5′-LO inhibition, tumoricidal activity could not be restored, even when the metabolites were encapsulated in liposomes. These results suggest that the activity of 5′-LO and GST are important for macrophage activation. However, the specific role of 5′-LO metabolites has not been completely established.
Ovipositional Response Elicited by Normal, Irradiated, F1 Male Progeny, or Castrated Male Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The ovipositional response of untreated Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) females that had mated to unirradiated, irradiated, F/sub 1/ male progeny from irradiated males, or castrated males was studied. Females that mated with irradiated males or F/sub 1/ sons of irradiated males oviposited fewer eggs than females that mated with control males, when all females had received a normal quantity of eupyrene and apyrene sperm. Irradiated males and F/sub 1/ sons of irradiated males that transferred an apparently normal sperm complement elicited significantly better oviposition from untreated females than did treated males that transferred mostly apyrene sperm, apyrene sperm only, or no sperm. Males in the latter categories elicited a better ovipositional response from the untreated females than was observed in virgin females. Normal eupyrene sperm and possibly at least 1 accessory fiuid are required to initiate a completely normal ovipositional response in cabbage looper females. The accessory secretion triggers a significant increase in oviposition, but the greatest increase occurs when males contribute normal amounts of eupyrene sperm. The initiation of oviposition and female receptivity may be closely related in this species. (auth)
Detection of GI and GII Noroviruses in Ground Water Using Ultrafiltration and TaqMan Real-time RT-PCR

Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastrointestinal illness globally. These viruses can potentially contaminate rural private wells and non-community drinking water systems, and cause waterborne disease outbreaks related to consumption of contaminated ground water. Detection of NoVs in water samples can be challenging because they are genetically and antigenically diverse, and noncultivable. In the present study, the detection limits of a novel broadly reactive GI assay and an existing GII NoV real-time TaqMan reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay in ground water concentrates was determined. Ground water samples (50 l) from two sources (Lawrenceville, GA and Gainesville, FL, USA) were seeded with electron microscopy-enumerated and RT-qPCR quantified NoV and concentrated using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (UF) followed by either polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation or microconcentrators. Detection limits for GI NoV ranged from 1 × 104 (GA source) to 2 × 105 (FL source) virus particles in 50 l water samples (corresponding to 200–3,000 particles/l) and 5 × 104 (GA source) to 5 × 105 (FL source) virus particles (corresponding to 1,000–10,000 particles/l) for GII NoV. The reported UF method, sample processing procedures, and RT-qPCR assays should be effective tools for sensitive detection of NoVs in large-volume water samples.
A Likelihood Paradigm for Clinical Trials

Given the prominent role of clinical trials in evidence-based medicine, proper interpretation of clinical data as statistical evidence is not just a philosophical question but also has important practical implications. It has been recognized for some time that the likelihood paradigm, founded on the law of likelihood, provides an appropriate framework for representing and interpreting statistical evidence. As stated, the law of likelihood is limited to simple hypotheses and not applicable to composite hypotheses, despite the tremendous relevance of composite hypotheses in clinical trials and other applications. This article proposes a generalization of the law of likelihood for composite hypotheses, which helps expand the likelihood paradigm to cover clinical trials. The generalized law is developed in an axiomatic fashion, illustrated with real examples, and examined in an asymptotic analysis. Its implications are explored by making comparisons with common frequentist concepts, by drawing connections wit...
Reduction of Coactivator Expression by Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides Inhibits ERα Transcriptional Activity and MCF-7 Proliferation

Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) is a novel coactivator for steroid receptors that acts as an RNA molecule, whereas steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family members, such as steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and transcriptional intermediary factor 2 (TIF2) exert their biological effects as proteins. Individual overexpression of each of these coactivators, which can form multimeric complexes in vivo, results in stimulated ERα transcriptional activity in transient transfection assays. However there is no information on the consequences of reducing SRC-1, TIF2, or SRA expression, singly or in combination, on ERα transcriptional activity. We therefore developed antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (asODNs) to SRA, SRC-1, and TIF2 mRNAs, which rapidly and specifically reduced the expression of each of these coactivators. ERα-dependent gene expression was reduced in a dose-dependent fashion by up to 80% in cells transfected with these oligonucleotides. Furthermore, treatment of cells with combinations of S...
Contrasting visual working memory for verbal and non-verbal material with multivariate analysis of fMRI.

We performed a delayed-item-recognition task to investigate the neural substrates of non-verbal visual working memory with event-related fMRI (‘Shape task’). 25 young subjects (mean age: 24.0 years; STD=3.8 years) were instructed to study a list of either 1,2 or 3 unnamable nonsense line drawings for 3 seconds (‘stimulus phase’ or STIM). Subsequently, the screen went blank for 7 seconds (‘retention phase’ or RET), and then displayed a probe stimulus for 3 seconds in which subject indicated with a differential button press whether the probe was contained in the studied shape-array or not (‘probe phase’ or PROBE). Ordinal Trend Canonical Variates Analysis (Habeck et al., 2005a) was performed to identify spatial covariance patterns that showed a monotonic increase in expression with memory load during all task phases. Reliable load-related patterns were identified in the stimulus and retention phase (p<0.01), while no significant pattern could be discerned during the probe phase. Spatial covariance patterns that were obtained from an earlier version of this task (Habeck et al., 2005b) using 1, 3, or 6 letters (‘Letter task’) were also prospectively applied to their corresponding task phases in the current non-verbal task version. Interestingly, subject expression of covariance patterns from both verbal and non-verbal retention phases correlated positively in the non-verbal task for all memory loads (p<0.0001). Both patterns also involved similar frontoparietal brain regions that were increasing in activity with memory load, and mediofrontal and temporal regions that were decreasing. Mean subject expression of both patterns across memory load during retention also correlated positively with recognition accuracy (dL) in the Shape task (p<0.005). These findings point to similarities in the neural substrates of verbal and non-verbal rehearsal processes. Encoding processes, on the other hand, are critically dependent on the to-be-remembered material, and seem to necessitate material-specific neural substrates.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WHIRLING‐ AND CONVENTIONAL‐FLUIDIZED BEDS IN THEIR APPLICATION TO DEHYDRATION. II. ANALYSIS OF RESIDENCE TIME DISTRIBUTIONS AND QUALITY OF THE PROCESSED PRODUCT

Information obtained on residence time distributions of wheat grains in conventional- and whirling-fluidized beds showed that two-stage whirling beds exhibit closer to ideal mixing behavior. Deviations from ideality increased for the cases with two-stage and one-stage conventional fluidized beds. The presence of two stages as compared with only one stage during flui-dization demonstrated narrower residence time distributions and more even heat treatment of individual grains. Germination tests, selected as indicators of the severity of the heating process and mechanical damage inflicted upon the product, indicated that the extent of germination of the grain after processing was negatively influenced by increasing initial moisture content, tem-perature, and degree of agitation. Although the intense agitation existing in whirling fluidization appeared to increase particle damage as measured by germination tests, modifications in equipment design may be introduced to minimize such deleterious changes. Overall, whirling beds present an improved approach to dehydration systems.
Skeletal material associated with the Lindbergh kidnap case.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s an attempt was made to reopen the Lindbergh kidnap case. On May 25, 1977 Dr. Krogman x-rayed and examined the twelve (12) bones associated with the Lindbergh case which were supplied to him by the New Jersey State Police. On June 14, 1982 I made an examination of the same twelve (12) bones and took anthropometric measurements and photographs. I had been asked to look at the material by the lawyer representing Mrs. Hauptmann, widow of the convicted kidnapper, Bruno Hauptmann. Of the twelve (12) bones, ten (10) are human and two (2) are animal. Each bone is identified and a description and anthropometric measurements are given. The bones examined are from the hands and feet and are consistent with the skeletal development of a 20-month-old male.
Measurement of the Four Magnetic Transverse Effects

This paper presents in detail the experimental arrangements and technique used by the author in measuring the four magnetic transverse effects (the Hall, Ettingshausen, Nernst and Leduc effects) on the same strip of metal, in succession. The strip 5 cm long by 2 cm wide by.01 to.06 cm thick depending on the metal, is soldered to two brass end blocks which may be independently cooled or heated with water or steam. The pole pieces, 4.5 cm in diameter and 0.7 cm apart, are thermally insulated from the strip by flannel and mica. The temperature of these pole pieces is adjusted to approximately that of the middle of the strip, by water cooling or heating. Ten thermo-junctions are soldered at various points along one edge and along the median line of the strip and one at the middle of the other edge. These enable longitudinal and transverse potential and temperature gradients to be measured. Various corrections are discussed, including (a) effect of size of thermo-junctions, (b) the effect of the limited length of the strip with reference to the width, (c) masking influence of one transverse effect on another, (d) effects of non-uniformity of temperature gradients due to heat leakage to or from the strip. Also certain precautions in the measurement of the separate effects are given. Results for Au, Pd, Ni, Co, previously published in summary are here given with some details, including corrected values for the Ettingshausen effect for palladium.
Assessment of synchronous filtering as an alternative to phase-shifting masks at k1=0.4

This paper examines the extent to which off-axis illumination and pupil filtering can be combined as an interactive system to compensate the fundamental problem of the low diffraction efficiency of binary masks to improve working lithographic resolution. A sequential partial exposure and synchronous filtering technique is utilized which is a form of synthetic-aperture lithography (SAL) described by T. Sanstrom. An optimum off-axis illumination and filter transmission of 0.5 for an 0.35 (lambda) /NA equal line and space grating is shown to produce a lithographically useful contrast of 70 percent in best focus that only deteriorates to 63 percent at a full Rayleigh unit defocus. The feature type and size dependencies of this method are explored. Most improvement was observed for small dark feature in large bright fields which are suitable for printing small islands or logic gates in negative resists.
The Cliometricians Pursue Leviathan

Once upon a time, the denizens of history departments were charged with introducing undergraduates to the "narrative" surrounding great men and momentous events, while literature instructors talked about the "layers" of meaning in the texts that constituted the canon-a few good men reading a few good books, as one critic of the system put it. Those were the days, that is, if you were one of the few good men. The deconstructionist and multicultural revolutions transformed not only the way in which the humanities were taught but also what constituted narrative and the canon. (Indeed, the author's assumption that an objective reality called "narrative" or a specific collection called the "canon" even exists reflects his ethnic and gender biases.) So cultural history is in, and biography is out. Kate Chopin's The
Relationship between 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate, 2'-deoxyuridylate, and thymidylate synthase activity subsequent to 5-fluorouracil administration, in xenografts of human colon adenocarcinomas.

Abstract 5-Fluorouracil (FUra) has been administered to mice bearing xenografts of human colon adenocarcinomas. In two tumor lines, HxGC 3 and HxVRC 5 , intrinsically resistant to FUra, 2'-deoxy-uridylate (dUMP) accumulated 13.4- and 23.9-fold above basal levels. In HxELC 2 xenografts, which demonstrated some sensitivity to FUra, there was a decrease in dUMP concentration after drug administration. Maximal intratumor levels of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate (FdUMP) were found at 1 hr, but decreased in all tumor lines by 4 hr after administration of FUra. Data derived in tumor cytosols suggested that FdUMP levels in situ were not rate-limiting for formation of covalent ternary complex, but that accumulation of dUMP would retard the rate of complex formation. Subsequent to administration of FUra, thymidylate synthase activity was reduced >75% in all tumors, but it recovered rapidly in tumors resistant to FUra. In addition, the pretreatment level of activity of thymidylate synthase was 12.7-fold greater in HxVRC 5 tumors than in HxELC 2 tumors. This elevated activity in HxVRC 5 tumors appears not to be a consequence of gene amplification. Formation of FdUMP or the accumulation of dUMP did not correlate with the activity of phosphatases measured at pH 5.8 or pH 9.2 in each tumor line. Further, inhibition of phosphatase activity did not alter, significantly, the net rate of dissociation of the FdUMP-thymidylate synthase-[6 R ]-CH 2 -H 4 PteGlu complex.
Developing a systems thinking perspective of hospital water sustainability

A goal of water sustainability in hospitals is to manage the use of water without causing unacceptable social, economic, or environmental consequences. This paper discusses the development of a hospital water sustainability causal model including the model validation process, and validation results. The model provides a systems thinking representation of water sustainability in hospitals.
Screening for cannabis use disorders in an adolescent emergency department sample.

Cannabis, more often than alcohol, is the drug mentioned in substance-related reasons for treatment of an adolescent in an emergency department (ED). This study examined the prevalence of DSM-IV cannabis and alcohol diagnoses in an adolescent ED sample, evaluated the performance (i.e. sensitivity and specificity) of DSM-IV cannabis symptoms and other screening items as indicators of cannabis diagnosis status, and examined parent-adolescent agreement on the presence of cannabis and alcohol diagnoses. Adolescents (ages 13-19, n=442) admitted to an ED for a non-substance-related injury were administered the diagnostic interview schedule for children (DISC). Parents (n=272) of adolescents younger than age 18 completed the DISC-parent version to report on their child's drug use. A minority met criteria for a current DSM-IV cannabis or alcohol diagnosis: 7.9% for both alcohol and cannabis, 7.5% for cannabis-only, and 9.0% for alcohol-only. Frequency of cannabis use had the best overall performance in discriminating those with and without a cannabis diagnosis compared with items on perceived risk of cannabis use, peer cannabis use, and alcohol and cigarette use. Parent reports generally underestimated the adolescent's substance use. Questions on level of substance use generally provide an efficient method of screening adolescents for substance-related problems in an ED setting.
Myofibromas presenting in the oral cavity: a series of 9 cases.

Abstract Objectives. Solitary myofibromas are well described in the head and neck, but oral examples are less well known, and jaw lesions are rare. We studied the clinicopathologic features of a series of such lesions. Design. Nine cases of oral myofibromas were retrieved from archives and studied. Results. Two cases involved the mandible (intraosseous), 3 involved the gingiva, 2 involved the tongue, and 2, the hard palate. There were 4 men and 5 women, aged 9 months to 50 years (mean, 24 years; median, 27 years). Deep lesions showed typical histology, with paucicellular lobules and intervening hemangiopericytoma-like zones. In ulcerated submucosal lesions, these features blended superficially with cellular fascicles. The tumors expressed smooth muscle actin but lacked desmin and S100 protein. None of the tumors recurred or metastasized. Conclusion. Myofibromas appear in osseous, intramuscular, and submucosal aspects of the oral cavity. Ulceration imparts a fascicular appearance that makes superficial biopsy specimens difficult to interpret. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:343-8)
Risking big changes with small reforms.

Seemingly modest reforms could profoundly alter the health care system, warns Stuart Butler.
Treatment of ADHD with methylphenidate may sensitize brain substrates of desire: Implications for changes in drug abuse potential from an animal model

Aims. Currently, methylphenidate (MPH, trade name Ritalin) is the most widely prescribed medication for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We examined the ability of repeated MPH administration to produce a sensitized appetitive eagerness type response in laboratory rats, as indexed by 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (50-kHz USVs). We also examined the ability of MPH to reduce play behavior in rats which may be partially implicated in the clinical efficacy of MPH in ADHD. Design. 56 adolescent rats received injections of either 5.0 mg/kg MPH, or vehicle each day for 8 consecutive days, and a week later received a challenge injection of either MPH or vehicle. Measurements. Both play behavior (pins) and 50-kHz USVs were recorded after each drug or vehicle administration. Results. MPH challenge produced a substantial 73% reduction in play behavior during the initial treatment phase, and during the last test (1 week post drug), 50-kHz USVs were elevated approximately threefold only in animals with previous MPH experience. Conclusions. These data suggest that MPH treatment may lead to psychostimulant sensitization in young animals, perhaps by increasing future drug-seeking tendencies due to an elevated eagerness for positive incentives. Further, we hypothesize that MPH may be reducing ADHD symptoms, in part, by blocking playful tendencies, whose neuro-maturational and psychological functions remain to be adequately characterized.
HIV infection of human gastrointestinal submucosal cells: an in vitro model that mimics Kaposi's sarcoma.

Infection of human gastrointestinal submucosal mesenchymal cells with HIV-1 led to cell populations with abnormal growth properties, increased synthesis of endothelial cell and angioblast markers, and release of angiogenic factors. This system may be the first in vitro model for HIV-induced Kaposi’s sarcoma.
Cerebral oxygenation and processed EEG response to clamping and shunting during carotid endarterectomy under general anesthesia.

Clamping and shunting during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) surgery causes changes in cerebral blood flow. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare, side by side, the cerebral oxygenation (rSO2) and processed electroencephalogram (EEG) response bilaterally to carotid artery clamping and shunting in patients undergoing CEA under general anesthesia. With institutional approval and written informed consent, patients undergoing CEA under general anesthesia and routine carotid artery shunting were recorded bilaterally, simultaneously and continuously with an rSO2 and processed EEG monitor. The response of the monitors during carotid artery clamping and shunting were assessed and compared between monitors and bilaterally within each monitor. Sixty-nine patients were included in the study. At clamping the surgical-side and contralateral-side rSO2 dropped significantly below the baseline incision value (−17.6 and −9.4 % respectively). After shunting, the contralateral-side rSO2 returned to baseline while the surgical-side rSO2 remained significantly below baseline (−9.0 %) until the shunt was removed following surgery. At clamping the surgical-side and contralateral-side processed EEG also dropped below baseline (−19.9 and −20.6 % respectively). However, following shunt activation, the processed EEG returned bilaterally to baseline. During the course of this research, we found the rSO2 monitor to be clinically more robust (4.4 % failure rate) than the processed EEG monitor (20.0 % failure rate). There was no correlation between the rSO2 or processed EEG changes that occurred immediately after clamping and the degree of surgical side stenosis measured pre-operatively. Both rSO2 and processed EEG respond to clamping and shunting during CEA. Cerebral oximetry discriminates between the surgical and contralateral side during surgery. The rSO2 monitor is more reliable in the real-world clinical setting. Future studies should focus on developing algorithms based on these monitors that can predict clamping-induced cerebral ischemia during CEA in order to decide whether carotid artery shunting is worth the associated risks. From the practical point of view, the rSO2 monitor may be the better monitor for this purpose.
Cardioversion and defibrillation

The use of electrical energy for the immediate treatment of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias is practical and easily applied. The method, though simple, is the most effective method for terminating cardiac arrhythmias and is associated with only a low risk if properly employed. In symptomatic patients, the utilization of cardioversion reduces patient discomfort and complications which may occur while awaiting pharmacologic reversion of arrhythmia. At present, transthoracic defibrillation is the only practical method for terminating VF. Despite the safety of electrical reversion, proper precautions are necessary to prevent complications. In particular, the discharge of excessive energies, especially in the presence of digitalis toxicity, promises grave and life-threatening consequences. The use of antiarrhythmic medications is not supplanted by cardioversion and defibrillation. Rather, ongoing drug therapy is frequently necessary to prevent recurrence of arrhythmia.
Intramembrane charge movement in guinea‐pig and rat ventricular myocytes.

1. Non-linear capacitative current (charge movement) was studied in isolated guinea-pig and rat ventricular myocytes. Linear capacitance was subtracted using standard procedures. Most of the experiments were done with guinea-pig myocytes, while rat myocytes were used for comparison. 2. When a myocyte was held at -100 mV, depolarizing clamp steps produced a rapid outward current transient, which was followed by an inward current transient upon repolarization. This current was identified as the movement of charged particles in the cell membrane, rather than ionic movement across the membrane, for the following reasons: (1) the current saturated at membrane potentials positive to +20 mV; (2) the current was capacitative in nature, having no reversal potential; (3) in general, the charge moved during depolarization (Qon) approximated the charge moved during repolarization (Qoff). 3. Qoff was significantly less than Qon for a depolarization from -100 mV to 0 mV. However, the Qoff/Qon ratio approached unity if the cell was instead repolarized to -140 mV. This was interpreted as being due to the immobilization of a fraction of the charge during the depolarization, which recovered rapidly enough to be measured at -140 mV, but recovered too slowly at -100 mV. 4. Charge movement in these cells had a sigmoidal dependence on the membrane potential, which could be empirically described by the two-state Boltzmann equation Q = Qmax/(1 + exp[-(V-V*)/kappa]), where Q is the charge movement at potential V, Qmax is the maximum charge, V* is the membrane potential at Q = Qmax/2, and kappa is a slope factor. Qmax was 11.7 nC/microF, V* was -18 mV and kappa was 16 mV in guinea-pig myocytes held at -100 mV, while the values in rat myocytes were 10.9 nC/microF, -32 mV and 13 mV. 5. The charge movement could be partially immobilized by a prior depolarization. This effect developed over a broad voltage range, from -120 to +20 mV. The fraction of charge that could be immobilized by a 10 s pre-pulse to +20 mV was 59%. 6. The time course of decay of both Qon and Qoff could basically be described as a single-exponential process. The time constant was largest at -40 mV and decreased at both more positive and negative test potentials. A second, slower Qoff time constant, possibly representing remobilization of immobilized charge, could be seen under some conditions. 7. The temperature dependence of charge movement was studied between 11 and 35 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Boundary Integral Solution to the Diffraction and Surface Wave Mechanisms in the Coated Edge

A method for numerically extracting the diffraction and surface wave scattering mechanisms present in the coated edge is described. An exact boundary integral formulation is used without resorting to the impedance boundary condition approximation. To handle the semi-infinite problem numerically, the non-decaying physical optics (PO) and surface wave fields are removed from the boundary integral equation such that the final discretization domain involves only a finite region near the edge. Numerical diffraction coefficients and surface wave launch coefficients are extracted from the scattered field. Solutions to several finite sized coated strips are constructed using the numerical diffraction coefficients and are shown to be valid for a variety of strip configurations.
Pain in adolescent girls receiving human papillomavirus vaccine with concomitantly administered vaccines

Using the Faces Pain Scale - Revised, we assessed injection site pain 10 minutes after vaccination in young females randomized to receive either quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4) before or after concomitantly administered vaccines. Although pain was modestly more after HPV4 injection than after other vaccines, the pain intensity after HPV4 injection was significantly less in those who received HPV4 before receiving other concomitant vaccines.
Macrosegregation During Steady-State Arrayed Growth of Dendrites in Directionally Solidified Pb-Sn Alloys

The paper examines the growth parameter dependence of the longitudinal macrosegregation due to interdendritic thermosolutal convection during directional solidification of Pb-Sn alloys with a steady-state dendritic arrayed morphology. The experimentally observed longitudinal macrosegregation can be described by an empirical parameter, effective partition coefficient (kE), obtained from Cs = kEC0(1 - fs) super KI-1, where the original tin content is C0 and that corresponding to the fraction distance solidified (Fs) is Cs. Channel formation is strongly associated with the onset of thermosolutal convection in the interdendritic melt. The critical effective Rayleigh number for the onset of channel formation is about 0.07.
Sir Patrick Manson's Studies on the Transmission and Biology of Filariasis

In the obscurity of Amoy, South China, Patrick Manson first recognized that a bloodsucking arthropod can harbor--and presumably transmit--organisms of human disease: in particular, that the house mosquito is an intermediary of the filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti. Manson published his find in 1878 and within two years discovered that the parasite's "embryos" (microfilariae) exhibit "nocturnal periodicity," i.e., they absent themselves from the blood during the day and reappear at night coincident with the vector's greatest biting activity. The historical sequence of Manson's two findings have been confused and reversed in the literature, and in this paper evidence is adduced that the sequence given above is correct. Until the turn of this century, zoologists thought that mosquitoes took one blood-meal and died on water a few days later. Manson theorized that filarial larvae escaped from the mosquitoes into water and that people ostensibly infected themselves by drinking the contaminated water. When, however, infective larvae were found in 1900 in the mouthparts of mosquitoes, the concept that transmission occurred by bite (malaria transmission was by then understood) proved unavoidable. Nevertheless, about 70 years after the demise of Manson's old concept, workers succeeded in transmitting several kinds of W. bancrofti-related filarial organisms by mouth to gerbils. This finding served to support Manson's speculations of 1878-1900, altered the views of the parasite group to which the filariae belong, and now raises the difficult question of whether oral infection of humans does or does not occur naturally.
Ethnicity and race: Psychological perspectives

This article attempts to accomplish the following: (a) indicate the increasingly dangerous and troublesome disparity between biological knowledge and common practice in regards to the use of “race” to classify human groups and behavior; (b) review more than a decade of tumultuous debate among psychologists and educators on the issue of IQ and race to show how fruitless are the results of emphasizing racial taxonomies; (c) present alternatives of “ethnic group” and “ethnicity” which would more than replace race with reference to individual self‐identity and cultural‐social attachments; and (d) indicate the relationships among ethnic group identification, the “New Ethnicity,” pluralism of the U.S. and the rest of the world, and other elements of individual psychosocial schedule.
Health quality of life and colorectal cancer

Background. Quality of life associated with cancer and radiation treatment includes the dimensions of psychologic and physical well-being, nutrition concerns/ side effects, and radiation treatment-related anxiety/adjustment. An understanding of the impact of colorectal cancer and radiation treatment on these aspects of health quality of life can be reached by comparing this diagnostic group to others undergoing similar treatment. Methods. Thirty-six patients with colorectal cancers, 41 with uterocervical cancers, 43 with genitourinary tumors, 13 with leukemia or bone metastasis, and 129 with head and neck cancers undergoing radiation therapy provided complete health quality of life index (QLI-RT) data during weeks 1 and 3 of treatment and at the first follow-up visit after treatment completion. The QLI-RT was found to be reliable and valid. Results. Those with colorectal cancer had similar QLI-RT summary scores as the other groups at the beginning of treatment and during the follow-up period. QLI-RT scores tended to range from 62 to 84 for the summary score and individual-item scores; this was a narrow span considering the QLJ-RT uses a 0-100-mm linear analog-response scale. The exceptions were strength, which elicited scores in the 46-68 range and a couple of responses to worrying about radiation therapy. The largest change in QLI-RT score in relation to the treatment trajectory was 11 mm. Conclusions. These findings tend to support the notion that patients with cancer try to maintain health quality of life at an acceptable level despite the occurrence of stressful negative events. Future research should explore the stable versus dynamic attributes of health quality of life to learn more about the factors that contribute to the adaptive process that maintains such quality of life at an acceptable level.
Obstructive uropathy induced bladder dysfunction can be reversible: Bladder compliance measures before and after treatment

ABSTRACT Purpose We demonstrated that abnormal bladder compliance in the setting of obstructive uropathy can be improved by relief of bladder outlet obstruction. Materials and Methods A cohort of 9 men with nonneurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms and videourodynamics proven bladder outlet obstruction were identified prospectively from a university urology practice. Study exclusion criteria ensured absence of active urinary infection, hematuria and neurourological pathology. Testing specifically focused on assessment of the bladder compliance curve, and a compliance value was calculated (ml./cm. H 2 O). Treatment intervention consisted of transurethral incisions or resection of the prostate in 8 cases and transurethral balloon dilation of a urethral stricture in 1. Followup videourodynamics testing was performed 1 month after treatment to confirm relief of outlet obstruction and reassess bladder compliance. Results Mean patient age was 75.2 ± 6.16 years. Pretreatment mean bladder compliance ± SE was 3.06 ± 0.45 ml./cm. H 2 O. At 1 month after treatment videourodynamics testing confirmed relief of obstruction in the cohort. Posttreatment mean bladder compliance ± SE was 13.53 ± 0.45 ml./cm. H 2 O. Nonparametric paired t test analysis determined that the difference between pretreatment and posttreatment bladder compliance was statistically significant at p=0.0117. Conclusions This pilot study suggests that relief of obstructive uropathy even in elderly patients with long-standing lower urinary tract symptoms, can significantly improve bladder compliance.
Deformation and fracture in directionally solidified Co-CoAl eutectic

The effect of growth defects known as lamellar terminations on the yielding and fracture behaviour of Co-CoAl eutectic single crystals was studied using tensile tests and finite-element modelling. The yield strength and strain to fracture were found to decrease with increasing termination density. Observations of deformed surfaces and serial sectioning experiments on fractured tensile specimens revealed that crack initiation during the fracture process was enhanced by the presence of lamellar terminations. The fracture surfaces were found to have a staircase-type appearance, which indicated that the final fracture process was discontinuous with a step-wise propagation from one CoAl lamella to adjacent CoAl lamellae. A computer simulation was conducted to determine the stress distributions about lamellar terminations in model microstructures, since the experimental results suggested that the lamellar terminations behaved as stress concentrations in the microstructure. The finite-element calculation confirmed that lamellar terminations can influence the yielding process; the stress at which the first slip system was activated was found to decrease with increasing termination density.
Coresidence between Unmarried Aging Parents and their Adult Children Who Moved in with Whom and Why

Data from the 1993 to 1995 waves of the Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old were used to analyze unmarried elderly parents' and children's characteristics associated with their respective self-reported reasons for coresidence: always lived together, to help the child, to help the parent, or to help both. As compared to the parents in the always-lived-together pairs, parents as the help receivers were older, had more health problems, and were more likely to have moved in with an older, married child. Children as the help recipients were more likely to be sons than daughters and less likely to work or make a financial contribution to the household. Parents in the mutual-help group were more likely to have higher education and to have been divorced, separated, or never married than to be widowed, and the children were more likely to be married. Parental gender and race/ethnicity were not significant factors.
X-ray glow from planetary atmospheres

UNEXPECTEDLY high background X-radiation has been observed during a daytime stellar X-ray survey by rocket1. The source of the radiation is attributed to X-ray fluorescence of the Earth's atmosphere. The results of calculations of the X-ray fluorescence spectrum which could be observed from a spacecraft near a planet are presented here. This spectrum should be a valuable tool in the determination of the composition of planetary atmospheres, particularly with regard to the minor constituents such as neon and argon on Venus and Mars and nitrogen and carbon on Jupiter. It could also be used to detect and identify the atmosphere of Mercury.
Hepatitis C virus: Historical perspective and current concept

Over the past 30 years, hepatitis C has emerged from shadowy enigma to important of public health. The existence of the etiological agent of this disease was first appreciated two decadesago but significant progress in its understanding had to wait its molecular characterization within the past 5 years. The virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae and is the cause of aproximately 20% of clinical viral hepatitis in the United States. While the control of the transmission of hepatis C virus in blood and blood products has been nothing less than spectacular, the control of community-acquired hepatitis C will be a major challenge to the scientific and medical communities.
Mendelism in Early 20th-Century American Dermatology

Now, to review the appearance of mendelian concepts in American dermatology. In our world of instantaneous and sometimes overwhelming dissemination of new information and the apparent rapid incorporation of new knowledge into our specialty, it is useful to examine how heredity was incorporated in the dermatologic literature in the first 25 years of the 20th century. The dermatologic literature serves as a surrogate for the thought of the era. ( Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:1405-1408) MENDEL REDISCOVERED Gregor Mendel's life (1822-1884) and work has been reviewed elsewhere. 1 Mendel's laws, segregation, dominance, and independent assortment, were published in 1866 and formed the basis of the interpretation of his studies on peas. 2 The law of segregation states that "in the formation of the germ cells, the two factors for any characteristic are always separated from each other and end[ed] up in a different gamete." The law of independent assortment states that maternal and