cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF REWARD AND PUNISHMENT CUES ON RESPONSE SPEED IN ANXIOUS AND IMPULSIVE INDIVIDUALS

Four groups of subjects—neurotic extraverts, stable extraverts, neurotic introverts, and stable introverts—were instructed to trace a circle template as slowly as possible. The tracing task was performed under one of three conditions: Condition Rw entailed the presence of reward cues, Condition Pn entailed the presence of punishment cues, and Condition G(while involving the presence of goal stimulus) entailed neither type of conditioned stimulus. As predicted, high impulsive (neurotic extravert) subjects exhibited inappropriately rapid tracing speeds (i.e. behaved impulsively) to a greater extent than did low impulsive (stable introvert) subjects in Conditions Rw. Although, as expected, high anxious (neurotic introvert) subjects manifested the fastest tracing speeds among the four subject groups in the presence of punishment cues (i.e. in Condition Pn), they did not trace significantly faster than low anxious (stable extravert) subjects. Finally, replicating earlier research in which the presence of a salient goal stimulus was sufficient to engender rapid responding, high impulsive subjects traced significantly faster than did low impulsives in Condition G. These results are discussed in the context of a model of impulsive behavior that is primarily a synthesis of Eysenck's (The biological basis of personality, 1967) personality theory and Gray's (Elements of a two-process theory of learning, 1975) three arousal model. This synthesis maps the extraversion dimension onto the relative strengths of Gray's behavioral activation and inhibition systems, and identifies the neuroticism dimension with Gray's nonspecific arousal system.
Toward a Synthetic Physiological Psychology

The word “synthetic” in the title of this paper has three meanings, each of which highlights a fundamental problem with physiological psychology, and. at the same time, offers a solution. (1) Synthetic means artificial—made by man, not by nature. To separate physiological psychology from medicine, and to build a science of pure function in humans (which is what psychology is), apart from a science of the mechanics of living human tissue (which is what medicine is), synthetic physiological psychology adopts a physically achieved analytic approach to the design, not of people, but of robots that behave like people. This avoids the misuse of reductionism. (2) Analysis by itself is not adequate; every analysis must be validated immediately by synthesis. Some forms of physically achieved analysis and resynthesis, particularly appropriate for synthetic physiological psychology, are contrasted with the hypothetico-deductive method, as a complementary scientific method of arriving at simple facts about complex li...
Self-Protection by Cardiac Myocytes Against Hypoxia and Hyperoxia

Cardiac muscle must maintain a continuous balance between its energy supply and work performed. An important mechanism involved in achievement of this balance is cross talk via chemical signals between cardiac myocytes and the cardiac muscle vascular system. This has been demonstrated by incubating isolated cardiac myocytes in different concentrations of oxygen and then assaying the conditioned media for vasoactive substances on isolated aortic rings and small-resistance arteries. With increasing oxygen concentrations above 6%, cardiac myocytes produce increasing amounts of angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II by the blood vessel. The angiotensin II stimulates vascular endothelial cells to secrete endothelin and increase vascular tone. Below 6% oxygen, cardiac myocytes secrete adenosine, which acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to block the effect of alpha-adrenergic agonists and reduce vascular tone. In an intact heart, the net effect of these 2 regulatory systems would be the maintenance of oxygen concentration within a narrow range at the cardiac myocytes. By acting as oxygen sensors, cardiac myocytes modulate vascular tone according to the needs of the myocytes and reduce potential problems of hypoxia and extensive formation of reactive oxygen species.
The impact of GPX1 on the association of groundwater selenium and depression: a project FRONTIER study

Prior animal model and human-based studies have linked selenium concentrations to decreased risk for depression; however, this work has not focused on household groundwater levels or specific depressive symptoms. The current study evaluated the link between groundwater selenium levels and depression. We also sought to determine if a functional polymorphism in the glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) gene impacted this link. We used a cross-sectional design to analyze data from 585 participants (183 men and 402 women) from Project FRONTIER, a study of rural health in West Texas. Residential selenium concentrations were estimated using Geospatial Information System (GIS) analyses. Linear regression models were created using Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) total and subfactor scores as outcome variables and selenium concentrations as predictor variables. Analyses were re-run after stratification of the sample on GPX1 Pro198Leu genotype (rs1050454). Selenium levels were significantly and negatively related to all GDS and subfactor scores accounting for up to 17% of the variance beyond covariates. Selenium was most strongly protective against depression among homozygous carriers of the C allele at the Pro198Leu polymorphism of the GPX1 gene. Analyses also point towards a gene-environmental interaction between selenium exposure and GPX1 polymorphism. Our results support the link between groundwater selenium levels and decreased depression symptoms. These findings also highlight the need to consider the genetics of the glutathione peroxidase system when examining this relationship, as variation in the GPX1 gene is related to depression risk and significantly influences the protective impact of selenium, which is indicative of a gene-environment interaction.
Local 42°C Hyperthermia Improves Vascular Conductance of the R3230Ac Rat Mammary Adenocarcinoma during Sodium Nitroprusside Infusion

Abstract Meyer, R. E., Braun, R. D., Rosner, G. L. and Dewhirst, M. W. Local 42°C Hyperthermia Improves Vascular Conductance of the R3230Ac Rat Mammary Adenocarcinoma during Sodium Nitroprusside Infusion. The effect of sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension on the perfusion of the R3230 adenocarcinoma during local 42°C hyperthermia was studied using a combination of intravital microscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry. Fischer 344 rats were implanted with dorsal skin flap window chambers containing the R3230Ac tumor and allocated to three treatment groups (34°C with nitroprusside, 42°C with nitroprusside, and 42°C with 0.9% saline). After baseline observation at 34°C, tumors were locally heated to 42°C using a water bath and either 0.9% saline or nitroprusside sufficient to reduce blood pressure 20% below pretreatment baseline was infused. Nitroprusside at 34°C decreased tumor vascular conductance 40% with no effect on the diameter of arterioles entering the tumor. The diameter of arterioles entering 42°C ...
Cosmology Through Its Past

One of the characters in the 1950s British comedy radio series, The Goon Show, once remarked that “Everybody’s got to be somewhere.” The answer to the question of where we are in the universe and how we got there has changed dramatically over the centuries. It is a question that all cultures try to answer in one way or another. We begin with a Native American myth and then discuss Greek thought and the idea of rational inquiry. The development of theories of planetary motion are discussed leading to the work of Isaac Newton. The implications of Newton’s theory for the idea of an infinite universe are presented. The telescope enters the stage, and we discuss its use in changing our view of the solar system. The discovery of nebulae by telescopic observations leads us to the story of how the nature of galaxies was revealed. We end with the discovery of the expanding universe and the idea of the Big Bang.
Electrochemical Fabrication of TiO2 – Au Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites comprised of electrosynthesized/annealed TiO 2 on indium tin oxide substrates, using the electrogeneration of base method, followed by electrodeposited gold clusters are presented, and their photoelectrochemical response is examined. The TiO 2 films are nodular with a rough morphology. Gold nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto the electrogenerated TiO 2 with galvanostatic pulses. A step photoresponse analysis was employed to characterize the photoelectrochemical behavior of three different forms of the TiO 2 ―Au composite: (i) TiO 2 decorated with Au nanoparticles, TiO 2 /Au, (ii) TiO 2 with embedded Au nanoparticles in a sandwichlike fashion, TiO 2 /Au/TiO 2 , and (iii) TiO 2 with embedded and decorated Au nanoparticles, TiO 2 /Au/TiO 2 /Au. The TiO 2 /Au composite resulted in the highest photocurrent response under UV irradiation and in a broadening of the photocurrent response to the visible region, although with successive testing a decrease in the photocurrent response was observed. The photoresponse of the buried Au nanoparticles, TiO 2 /Au/TiO 2 , was slightly lower compared to Au decorating the TiO 2 electrosynthesized surface, TiO 2 /Au, but significantly higher than pristine electrosynthesized TiO 2 .
Effect of Estrone and Estriol on Salivary Glands and Dental Caries In Female Rats.

SummaryFemale rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were maintained on a car-iogenic diet and were injected subcutaneously daily with 0.2 mg estrone or 0.5 mg estriol for 6 weeks. Either treatment caused a decrease in absolute wet weights of the sub-mandibular and parotid salivary glands and a decrease in the number of diameter of sub-mandibular granular tubules. The incidence of dental caries of estriol- or estrone-treated rats was significantly increased, and the severity of dental caries was slightly increased in comparison with those of the controls. The effect of estriol and estrone on the submandibular glands and dental caries is identical to those caused by estradiol ben-zoate in the female rat.
Comment: Comparisons of reversal and nonreversal shift

It was argued that studies which employ comparisons between reversal (RV) and extradimensional(ED) shifts in order to test whether organisms use some media-tional process during discriminative learning are invalid for methodological reasons. However, adequate tests for mediation are possible from comparisons of intra-dimensional (ID) and ED shift problems. Data obtained from these comparisons support a mediational interpretation of discriminative learning.
Abstract A75: Preexisting kidney disorders and risk of renal cell carcinoma: Results from a population-based case-control study of Caucasians and African Americans

Background: In the United States, the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is higher among African Americans (AA) than among Caucasians. However, few studies have investigated potential risk factors that may contribute to racial disparities in RCC incidence. Established risk factors for RCC include smoking, obesity, and hypertension. Beyond these factors the etiology of RCC remains largely unknown, though previous observations suggest that patients with end-stage renal disease on long-term dialysis may be at increased risk of developing RCC. Methods: We conducted an investigation of RCC risk in relation to pre-existing kidney disorders in a population-based case-control study of AAs and Caucasians in the metropolitan regions of Chicago and Detroit. Personal interviews were conducted to obtain information on history of kidney disorders and other covariates from 1,217 RCC cases (361 AAs and 856 Caucasians) and 1,235 controls (523 AAs and 712 Caucasians). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using sample weighted unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, level of education, smoking status, body mass index, history of hypertension, family history of cancer, and study center. Analyses stratified by race and time since kidney disease diagnosis were also performed. Results: A statistically significant increased risk of RCC was observed among subjects who had been previously diagnosed with chronic renal failure (OR 4.7, 95% CI 2.2–10.1) or were on dialysis (OR 18.0, 95% CI 3.6–91.1). Stronger associations were observed among subjects who had renal failure or were on dialysis 10 or more years prior to RCC diagnosis. The association between chronic renal failure and RCC was considerably stronger among AAs than among Caucasians (ORs of 8.7 and 2.0, respectively; P-interaction=0.03). Among AAs, history of kidney stones, kidney cysts, and nephrotic syndrome were all associated with an elevated risk of RCC (OR≥2.0), though these findings were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The results of this large population-based study suggest that chronic renal failure and dialysis may be important risk factors for RCC development in both AAs and Caucasians. Our findings of differences in risk estimates by race, to our knowledge the first such report, require replication. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A75.
Do Managed Care Incentives Affect Hospital Treatment and Patient Outcome Patterns

This paper presents a compelling evidence that simple, cross-sectional comparisons between FFS and managed care plans can lead to misleading conclusions about the impacts of managed care financial incentives on hospital treatment and outcome patterns and consequently about their implications for quality of care. Using a simple fixed-effects approach, this paper attempts to explicitly control for the selection effects of managed care incentives and provide closer approximations to what may ultimately be of interest in terms of policy implications: the exogenous or pureeffects of financial incentives that would be obtained if hospitals' selections into different financial incentive schemes were random. The results also suggest some evidence of cross-planincentive effects, providing support for the spill-overhypothesis regarding the effects of hospital-level incentives. The analysis takes advantage of the recent developments in measures of hospital treatment and outcome patterns, patient discharge record data from a relatively large group of hospitals over a significant time period, and their detailed financial data available. Under a set of plausible assumptions, I argue that a fixed-effects approach provides a reasonable way of accounting for the unobserved characteristics of hospitals correlated with managed care incentives. Even if some of the assumptions were violated, the results nonetheless provide strong bases for rejecting the hypothesis that hospitals' selections into various managed care incentives are random. The conclusion is that ignoring the unobserved hospital heterogeneity that would account for hospital selection decisions would lead to significant biases in the regression coefficient estimates, and therefore to erroneous conclusions and policy implications regarding the effects of managed care in general.
Paradoxical reduction of synaptic inhibition by vigabatrin.

GABAergic inhibition, a primary target for pharmacological modulation of excitability in the CNS, can be altered by multiple mechanisms including alteration of GABA metabolism. Gamma-vinyl GABA (vi...
PURINE METABOLISM IN SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY

Publisher Summary This chapter explains purine metabolism in severe combined immunodeficiency. In a study described in the chapter, purine metabolism in four patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) was examined. One of them had ADA deficiency, while the others had normal ADA and nucleoside phosphorylase activities. Plasma and erythrocytes were quickly separated from heparinized blood and protein-free filtrates prepared using trichloracetic acid. Lymphocytes were isolated on Ficoll–Hypaque gradients and then extracted similarly. The methods of analysis of purine and pyrimidine intermediates included ion exchange and high-pressure liquid chromatography, spectrophotometry, and spectrofluorometry. In the ADA-deficient patient, accumulations of adenosine in the plasma and adenine in the plasma, erythrocytes and urine were noted. In addition, adenine nucleotides, especially ATP, were greatly increased in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of this patient. Cyclic AMP was three times greater than normal in the ADA-deficient lymphocytes. Pyrimidine nucleotides were normal or slightly increased in erythrocytes and lymphocytes.
Time evolution approach to steady state

Abstract We apply a time evolution approach to the statistical mechanics of one and two dimensional systems to study the evolution toward steady state. We have used the Feynman definition of an inverse operator to show that in one and two dimensions, there is an approach to steady state of hydrodynamic variables such as field velocities and pressure. Illustrative examples in 1D are shown to display steady state variables.
How and why coupled-cluster theory became the pre-eminent method in an ab into quantum chemistry

Publisher Summary The correlation problem has been a focal point of quantum chemistry for more than 40 years. Coupled-cluster methods typically offer its best numerical solution for molecules and atoms in terms of rigor and systematic convergence to the right answer. Coupled-cluster (CC) theory is not variational, but, more importantly, it is size-extensive making energy differences meaningful and applications to extended systems like polymers and solids possible. CC introduces higher excitations much more effectively and at less expense than analogous configuration interaction methods. As a nonvariational method, analytical gradients in CC theory require new developments compared to other methods. These new developments emphasize the role of the CC functional that underlies the CC theory for energies, forces, density matrices, and properties of ground and equation-of-motion (EOM-CC) excited states. The latter also permits facile applications for single, doubly, etc. ionized and electron-attached states. The evolution of the critical ideas that lead to coupled-cluster theory and its extensive applications in chemistry are enumerated, in an objective, but personal, first-hand account.
Claiming Cultural Belongings

The status of German cultural landmarks as schatzbares Gut, precious property, reflects the way in which identity is treated by both activists and the German state as a form of wealth—as distinctive, exclusively German cultural property to be accumulated and displayed as tangible evidence of (untainted) Germanness. Keeping in mind the character of fetishism, however, means that we must look behind these “German” objects for practices of identification. Landmarks and cityscapes are in the end only meaningful, I suggest, as objects made sacred by performances of appropriation and belonging.
Numerical Model Study of In Vivo Magnetic Nanoparticle Tumor Heating

Iron oxide nanoparticles are currently under investigation as heating agents for hyperthermic treatment of tumors. Major determinants of effective heating include the biodistribution and minimum iron oxide loading required to achieve adequate heating at practically achievable magnetic field strengths. These inter-related criteria ultimately determine the practicality of this approach to tumor treatment. Further, in our experience the currently used treatment assessment criterion for hyperthermia treatment—cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C, CEM43 —provides an inadequate description of the expected treatment effectiveness. Objectives : Couple numerical models to experimental measurements to study the relative heating effectiveness described by cell death predictions. Methods : FEM numerical models were applied to increase the understanding of a carefully calibrated series of experiments in mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. Results : The numerical model results indicate that minimum tumor loadings between approximately 1.3 to 1.8 mg of Fe per cm3 of tumor tissue are required to achieve the experimentally observed temperatures in magnetic field strengths of 32 kA/m (rms) at 162 kHz. Conclusion : We show that including multiple cell death processes operating in parallel within the numerical models provides valuable perspective on the likelihood of successful treatment.Significance: We show and believe that these assessment methods are more accurate than a single assessment figure of merit based only on the comparison of thermal histories, such as the CEM method.
Consensus of the nutrition screening initiative: Risk factors and indicators of poor nutritional status in older Americans

Dietetics professionals must become even more proactive in taking the lead in the nutritional screening and assessment of older Americans. They can do so by encouraging all health care providers to become familiar with each older American's circumstances and needs. In addition, as individuals and as a professional health care association, we should urge our colleagues and institutions to establish regular longitudinal surveillance and continuity of care in nutrition services delivery. The timely, appropriate, and cost-effective delivery of nutritional screening, assessment, and care will improve the health and well-being of this valued segment of the US population. Dietetics professionals are a vital part of this process.
Growing the lost crops of eastern North America's original agricultural system

Before maize-based agriculture, there existed in eastern North America a crop system that is now only known from archaeological data. Present research is exploring whether these crops, which sustained ancient societies for millennia, can be re-domesticated.
Ceramide activation of RhoA/Rho kinase impairs actin polymerization during aggregated LDL catabolism

Macrophages use an extracellular, hydrolytic compartment formed by local actin polymerization to digest aggregated LDL (agLDL). Catabolism of agLDL promotes foam cell formation and creates an environment rich in LDL catabolites, including cholesterol and ceramide. Increased ceramide levels are present in lesional LDL, but the effect of ceramide on macrophage proatherogenic processes remains unknown. Here, we show that macrophages accumulate ceramide in atherosclerotic lesions. Using macrophages from sphingosine kinase 2 KO (SK2KO) mice to mimic ceramide-rich conditions of atherosclerotic lesions, we show that SK2KO macrophages display impaired actin polymerization and foam cell formation in response to contact with agLDL. C16-ceramide treatment impaired wild-type but not SK2KO macrophage actin polymerization, confirming that this effect is due to increased ceramide levels. We demonstrate that knockdown of RhoA or inhibition of Rho kinase restores agLDL-induced actin polymerization in SK2KO macrophages. Activation of RhoA in macrophages was sufficient to impair actin polymerization and foam cell formation in response to agLDL. Finally, we establish that during catabolism, macrophages take up ceramide from agLDL, and inhibition of ceramide generation modulates actin polymerization. These findings highlight a critical regulatory pathway by which ceramide impairs actin polymerization through increased RhoA/Rho kinase signaling and regulates foam cell formation.
Jerusalem: Archaeologists Versus Residents?

Very few cities are defined as much by their antiquities as Jerusalem: religiously, culturally, politically, and economically. Erasing the Old City, or at least part of it, as suggested variously by Theodor Herzl and David Ben-Gurion, would have been an act difficult to reverse. The ruins of the past are now recognized and protected as the city's most distinct physical and visual attribute, in which past and present landscapes mingle to project the deceitful image of harmony. That said, this paper is not concerned with the usual questions of how certain monuments or artifacts inform us about past accomplishments or lost cultures. It in fact distances itself from the material and visual dimensions of Jerusalem's antiquities and addresses instead the human aspects exclusively, questioning the interaction between those who explore Jerusalem's antiquities and those who dwell amongst the surviving remnants. This polarized encounter between archaeologists and residents has defined most of Silwan's 150 years of excavation, reaching new heights of tension with the escalating geopolitical conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. As a case study, explorations in the City of David (figure 1), demonstrate how professional interests increasingly compromise and indeed violate the needs and rights of those who are most closely tied to, and indeed dependent on, the locus of exploration (Galor 2017, 126–131). Silwanis, both the small minority of Jewish settlers and the predominantly Palestinian population, have been persuaded and largely misguided as to the area's biblical heritage. In contrast, the 1300-years of nearly continuous Islamic presence, is perceived by neither as a legacy, which can be archaeologically explored and publicly validated.
Speech Perception and Spoken Word Recognition

Speech is an important mode of communication for many people with hearing losses, even with losses at severe (60–89 dB HL) or profound ( 90 dB HL bilaterally) levels. Individuals with hearing losses of these magnitudes occupy positions on a continuum between relying exclusively on spoken language and relying exclusively on manual language. Speech perception can depend totally on heard speech at one extreme and on seen speech (lipreading/speechreading) at the other. In addition, communication conditions can determine where on the continuum an individual is at any particular time. For example, students at Gallaudet University who relied on manual language in their classrooms and elsewhere on campus reported reliance on spoken language for communicating with their hearing friends, families, and the public (Bernstein, Demorest, & Tucker, 1998). This chapter focuses on spoken communication by adults with severe or profound hearing loss, although it includes relevant discussion of results from studies involving participants with mild to moderate hearing losses or with normal hearing. The chapter describes several fundamental issues in speech perception and spoken word recognition and reviews what is known about these issues in relation to perceivers with severe-to-profound hearing losses.
The Concept of Mental Illness (Disease)

The historical courtship and developing contention between the disciplines of law and psychology finally seems to have produced an understanding that “insanity” is a legal, not a psychiatric, concept. In the process of differentiating “insanity” from “mental illness,” a corollary has emerged and gained the status, in some quarters, of a self-evident truth: the corollary asserts that mental disease is a medical concept, and one that the medico-psychological expert is uniquely, if not solely, qualified to address. Some are no doubt content with this decoupling. After all, the error of the alienists—of conflating “the two quite distinct concepts” (Moore, 1984) of legal insanity and mental illness—has been undone, and now each discipline can deal with and decide matters that fall within its own special province. But like Neville Chamberlain’s “peace in our time” proclamation, there are reasons to suspect that the forecasted era of detente is an error of naive optimism.
GPR18 and NAGly Signaling: New Members of the Endocannabinoid Family or Distant Cousins?

A review of what is presently known about the G protein-coupled receptor GPR18, which activated by the phytocannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and N-arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) by an oxygenated metabolite of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide (AEA). The review will outline what is known about this receptor, the ligands that activate and block the receptor, and how these interactions fit within cannabinoid/endocannabinoid signaling.
NONLINEAR EQUATIONS AND PASSIVE NETWORKS

1. Consider a one-loop network consisting of a linear two-port L a nonlinear two-port N and an electromotive force e. The following equation u + ZFu = e governs this system. Here i = Fu is the equation for N, and uL = Zi is the equation for L, u is the voltage on N. It is often convenient to work with the equation Au + Fu = J, A = Z-l, J = Ae The following questions will be discussed (a) When does equation (1) have a unique solution in H, where H is an appropriate function space? In particular we consider the case when: (i) H = L2[0,T] is the space of T-periodic functions, (ii) H = B2, where B2 is the Besicovich space of almost-periodic functions, (iii) H is the space of bounded measurable functions (e.g. J is a bounded sequence of random pulses). (b) When is the solution stable in some sense? In particular stability in the large and stability with respect to a permanently acting perturbation are considered. (c) How is the solution calculated? 2. From the mathematical point of view (1) is an equation with an unbounded linear operator A and a bounded nonlinear operator F. Passiveness of the network means that A + F is monotone. The results obtained are in some sense best possible. This is shown by an example. 3. A detailed presentation of the results is given in [l]-[2] (see also[3]-[5]).
Notes on the Cranial Anatomy of the Subfossil Malagasy Lemurs

At a meeting of the Royal Society held on June 15, 1893, C. I. Forsyth Major described the skull of an extinct Malagasy primate, the first to come to scientific attention (Major, 1894). Since that time, the subfossil remains of some six genera and 12 species of extinct lemuroids have been recovered in Madagascar, many of them represented by quite abundant material.
Occupational Therapy Treatment for NTOS

When treating patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS), the focus of occupational therapy (OT) is to decrease the impact of symptoms on daily activities, teach proper body mechanics and/or compensatory positioning, and prevent symptoms from further impacting the patient’s life. OT can be used as the primary treatment for NTOS or as a part of the postoperative recovery process in patients who have undergone thoracic outlet decompression. A key to the alleviation of symptoms and an increase in recovery speed is teaching surgical and non-surgical patients to maintain appropriate posture while performing everyday activities. Providing the patient with information and skills needed regarding the positions that will close off the outlet and potentially increase symptoms and pain will aid the patient in independence in symptom management. Specific maneuvers include the avoidance of compression at the shoulder, side-lying sleep position, and the avoidance of prolonged or repetitive overhead arm use.
Surgeon experience and clinical and economic outcomes for shoulder arthroplasty.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that a high surgical volume for certain surgical procedures reduces morbidity and improves economic outcome; however, to our knowledge, no study has demonstrated a similar relationship between volume and outcome for total shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty. The objective of this study was to determine whether increased surgeon experience was associated with improved clinical and economic outcomes for patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty. Methods: We analyzed discharge data on patients treated between 1994 and 2000 from the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission, which has a statewide hospital discharge database of all patients in the state of Maryland. The database included all patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty. We assessed the relationship between surgeon volume (low, medium, and high) and the risk of complications, length of stay, and total charges. The statistics were adjusted for procedure, age, gender, race, marital status, comorbidity, diagnosis, insurance type, income, and hospital volume. Results: For the 1868 discrete total shoulder arthroplasties and hemiarthroplasties done in the state of Maryland, the risk of at least one complication associated with the procedures done by the high-volume surgeon group was nearly half that associated with the procedures done by the low-volume surgeon group (adjusted odds ratio, 0.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 0.9). High-volume surgeons were three times more likely than were low-volume surgeons to have patients with a hospital stay of less than six days (odds ratio, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.2 to 0.6). Although the average cost of hospitalization was $1000 less in the high-volume surgeon group compared with the low-volume surgeon group, this reduction did not reach significance after adjustment for multiple variables (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.4). Conclusions: This study indicates that the patients of surgeons with higher average annual caseloads of total shoulder arthroplasties and hemiarthroplasties have decreased complication rates and hospital lengths of stay compared with the patients of surgeons who perform fewer of these procedures. These analyses of hospital discharge data are limited because of a lack of prospective data, operative details, and patient outcomes data. However, this study emphasizes the importance of continued education for orthopaedic surgeons who perform shoulder arthroplasty. Level of Evidence: Prognostic study, Level II-1 (retrospective study). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Provider and Parent Perspectives on Enhanced Communication Tools for Human Papillomavirus Vaccine-Hesitant Parents.

Abstract Objective Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine initiation and completion rates remain far below the Healthy People 2020 goal, suggesting that additional tools and training may be needed to help medical staff provide a quality recommendation. As part of a larger pragmatic trial, we conducted a qualitative study to understand how a multifaceted communication intervention used by medical staff with HPV vaccine–hesitant parents can improve HPV vaccination rates in the primary care setting. Methods At 8 primary care intervention clinics in the Denver metro area, medical staff and parents of adolescent boys and girls ages 11 to 17 years eligible to start the HPV vaccine series at a recent well care visit were recruited for study participation. Focus groups with medical staff and in-depth interviews with hesitant parents were conducted during the post-intervention period. All data were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using established qualitative methods. Results Twenty parents and 46 medical staff participated. All parents and medical staff felt that the overall intervention was beneficial and should continue to be used and preferred the HPV vaccine fact sheet component. Medical staff reported that communication trainings (intervention component) that taught a presumptive approach and motivational interviewing were the most beneficial for introducing the HPV vaccine and for countering HPV vaccine hesitancy, respectively. Least favorable components were the decision aid, disease images, and parent website. Conclusions Select components of a multifaceted communication intervention were seen as beneficial to HPV vaccine-hesitant parents and medical staff. Future studies should look at how to implement these intervention components in a greater number of primary care settings.
Educational Reconstruction "By the Dawn's Early Light": Violent Political Conflict and American Overseas Education Reform.

Using a historical approach, Sobe examines the myths and ideals that have underlain U.S. educational initiatives in postconflict nations abroad. Building on its tradition of modern schooling designed to advance civic and social order, America has sought to extend its political and cultural values overseas through educational reforms in postconflict countries. Sobe tracks the development of these reform efforts, highlighting their significance as symbols of American forms of government and civic life and a belief in social transformation through education. Sobe draws upon this history to caution that educational reforms alone rarely accomplish social transformation, and that future U.S. initiatives must honor local and shared cultural values above American ideals.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach and Pylorus

The stomach is divided into four segments that are important guides when you plan a surgical resection: (1) the cardia; (2) the fundus; (3) the corpus or body; and (4) the antrum. The cardia is the most proximal part of the stomach located immediately after the gastroesophageal junction. The fundus is the region of the stomach that extends above the gastroesophageal junction. The corpus or body lies between the fundus and the antrum and is marked distally by the angularis incisura, a notch on the lesser curvature of the stomach located near to the pyloric end. The last segment is the antrum, which extends from the corpus or body to the pyloric sphincter, a thick muscular valve that separates the antrum from the duodenum. Each of these segments has histologic differences and is involved in unique roles in the process of digestion.
Salivary Cystatin SN Binds to Phytic Acid In Vitro and Is a Predictor of Nonheme Iron Bioavailability with Phytic Acid Supplementation in a Proof of Concept Pilot Study.

Background Acute phytic acid intake has been found to decrease iron bioavailability; however, repeated phytic acid consumption leads to iron absorption adaptation. Salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) have been shown to inhibit iron chelation to tannins and may mediate similar iron absorption adaptation with phytic acid intake. Objectives The objectives of this study were to determine whether salivary proteins bind to phytic acid in vitro, and to explore a proof of concept in a pilot study that examined the impact of 4-wk, daily phytic acid supplementation on individuals' iron status, bioavailability, and salivary PRP concentrations. Methods High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight were used to characterize in vitro salivary protein-phytic acid interactions. Nonanemic women (n = 7) consumed 350 mg phytic acid supplements 3 times daily for 4 wk, and meal challenges were employed to determine iron bioavailability, iron status, and salivary protein concentrations before and after supplementation periods. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of purified protein fractions and participant saliva identified proteins bound to phytic acid. Results In vitro salivary protein-phytic acid interaction identified cystatin SN, a non-proline rich salivary protein, as the specific bound protein to phytic acid. Iron bioavailability (P = 0.32), hemoglobin (P = 0.72), and serum ferritin (P = 0.08) concentrations were not reduced from week 0 to week 4 after phytic acid supplementation. Basic PRPs and cystatin SN concentrations were positively correlated with iron bioavailability at week 4. Conclusions Overall, results suggest that phytic acid binds to the non-PRP cystatin SN and that salivary protein production may improve iron bioavailability with phytic acid consumption.
Algorithm Concept for the Classification of Load Cases

In the previous chapter, a methodology was presented to derive a single-stage algorithm from the CIT values, on the basis of which a timely firing of restraint devices can be performed. This chapter proves that the information content of the CI values is also sufficient to classify the Fire load cases according to crash type and direction.
Impact of COVID-19 on Life Experiences of Essential Workers Attending a Dental Testing Facility.

COVID-19 poses a threat to health and well-being.Objectives:1) To compare the impact of COVID-19 on the life experiences of essential workers attending a COVID-19 antibody testing clinic at a denta...
Trends in the Representation of Women Among US Geoscience Faculty From 1999 to 2020: The Long Road Toward Gender Parity

Inequalities persist in the geosciences. Women and people of color remain underrepresented at all levels of the academic faculty, including positions of power. The proportion of women among geoscie...
A novel framework for designing a multi-DoF prosthetic wrist control using machine learning.

Prosthetic arms can significantly increase the upper limb function of individuals with upper limb loss, however despite the development of various multi-DoF prosthetic arms the rate of prosthesis abandonment is still high. One of the major challenges is to design a multi-DoF controller that has high precision, robustness, and intuitiveness for daily use. The present study demonstrates a novel framework for developing a controller leveraging machine learning algorithms and movement synergies to implement natural control of a 2-DoF prosthetic wrist for activities of daily living (ADL). The data was collected during ADL tasks of ten individuals with a wrist brace emulating the absence of wrist function. Using this data, the neural network classifies the movement and then random forest regression computes the desired velocity of the prosthetic wrist. The models were trained/tested with ADLs where their robustness was tested using cross-validation and holdout data sets. The proposed framework demonstrated high accuracy (F-1 score of 99% for the classifier and Pearson’s correlation of 0.98 for the regression). Additionally, the interpretable nature of random forest regression was used to verify the targeted movement synergies. The present work provides a novel and effective framework to develop an intuitive control for multi-DoF prosthetic devices.
The Second Law, Metaphysics, and Dialectics

After failing to comply with the first principle of formal logic embodied by Aristotle’s law of contradiction, Clausius second law analysis is, alongside the negentropic formulation, contrasted with the laws of dialectics. The results obtained indicate that while no correspondence can be found between Clausius formulation and dialectics; the negentropic formulation, on its part, appears to be the particular form adopted by the laws of dialectics when the evolution of our universe is approached from the thermodynamic perspective, through the entropy function.Motion is not merely change of place, in fields higher than mechanics it is also change of quality: F. Engels
Frameshifting at collided ribosomes is modulated by elongation factor eEF3 and by Integrated Stress Response regulators Gcn1 and Gcn20

Abstract Ribosome stalls can result in ribosome collisions that elicit quality control responses, one function of which is to prevent frameshifting by the stalled ribosome, an activity that entails interaction of the conserved yeast protein Mbf1 with uS3 on colliding ribosomes. However, the full spectrum of factors that mediate frameshifting during ribosome collisions is unknown. To delineate such factors in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we used genetic selections for mutants that either suppress or increase frameshifting from a known ribosome stall site, CGA codon repeats. We show that the general translation elongation factor eEF3 promotes frameshifting, while Integrated Stress Response (ISR) pathway components Gcn1 and Gcn20 suppress frameshifting. We found a mutant form of eEF3 that specifically suppressed frameshifting, but not translation inhibition by CGA codons. Thus, we infer that frameshifting at collided ribosomes requires eEF3, which facilitates tRNA-mRNA translocation and E-site tRNA release in yeast and other single cell organisms. By contrast, we found that removal of either Gcn1 or Gcn20, which bind collided ribosomes with Mbf1, increased frameshifting. Thus, we conclude that frameshifting is suppressed by Gcn1 and Gcn20, although these effects are not mediated through activation of the ISR. Furthermore, we examined the relationship of eEF3-mediated frameshifting to other quality control mechanisms, finding that the eEF3-mediated frameshifting competes with No-Go decay, Mbf1 and Gcn1/20. Thus, these results provide evidence of a direct link between translation elongation and frameshifting at collided ribosomes, as well as evidence that frameshifting competes with other quality control pathways that act on collided ribosomes.
Perioperative preparation, Intra-op monitoring during surgical removal of Thyroid Goiters in Children

Thyroid goiters can present at any age and can lead to mass effects and metabolic derangements from thyroid dysfunction. Early diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease in children is crucial. When surgical intervention is indicated, a systematic preoperative assessment with a multidisciplinary team is essential to medically optimize the patient for thyroid surgery. This chapter describes the basic anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland, manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of thyroid disease. The preoperative assessment and unique anesthetic considerations of thyroid surgery are described, as well as surgical considerations and techniques.
Immunogenic potential of neopeptides depends on parent protein subcellular location

Antigen presentation via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is essential for anti-tumor immunity, however the rules that determine what tumor-derived peptides will be immunogenic are still incompletely understood. Here we investigate whether protein subcellular location driven constraints on accessibility of peptides to the MHC associate with potential for peptide immunogenicity. Analyzing over 380,000 peptides from studies of MHC presentation and peptide immunogenicity, we find clear spatial biases in both eluted and immunogenic peptides. We find that including parent protein location improves prediction of peptide immunogenicity in multiple datasets. In human immunotherapy cohorts, location was associated with response to a neoantigen vaccine, and immune checkpoint blockade responders generally had a higher burden of neopeptides from accessible locations. We conclude that protein subcellular location adds important information for optimizing immunotherapies. HighlightsO_LIPeptides eluted from class I and II MHC reflect biases in the subcellular location of the parent proteins C_LIO_LIAn embedding-based indicator of parent protein location improves prediction of neoepitope immunogenicity and immunotherapy response C_LIO_LINeoepitope location improves estimation of effective neoantigen burden and stratification of potential for immunotherapy response C_LI
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has become an established method for the analysis of trace elements in semiconductor and other materials. The flexibility of this technique has led to its use in a wide variety of materials analysis problems. It is routinely used to determine dopant and trace contaminant levels in semiconductor devices of micron and submicron dimensions. It is used to determine isotopic abundances in mineral phases and it is used to study the localization of trace elements in biological tissues. Time-of-flight SIMS is becoming a standard tool for the analysis of polymeric and other high-mass materials. SIMS is a complementary technique for methods such as Auger electron spectroscopy and photoemission spectroscopy, discussed in Chapters 4 and 9 in this volume, respectively, and for the technique of laser ionization mass spectrometry, discussed in Chapter 10. This chapter will outline basic principles of the SIMS technique, the equipment used for the technique, and several closely related techniques (SIMS variants). Information which can be obtained by SIMS will be discussed and several examples presented.