cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abscisic acid [(+)-ABA] content in white spruce somatic embryo tissues related to concentration of fed ABA

Summary The availability of ABA and tissue content of (+)-ABA were investigated, when using different starting concentrations of (±)-ABA to stimulate white spruce somatic embryo maturation. ELISA analysis of tissue (+)-ABA in white spruce somatic embryos during maturation showed that tissue content of (+)-ABA rose proportionally to the concentration of fed ABA (between 12 and 60μmol·L −1 (±)-ABA). Irrespective of the starting concentration of fed (±)-ABA, peak values in tissue (+)-ABA were obtained after 3–7d. Following this there was a steady decline from approximately 12 to 28 d, after which tissue (+)-ABA remained at relatively constant low levels. The levels of tissue (+)-ABA under each starting concentration of (±)-ABA were very similar to one another by 28 d. There was no significant difference in tissue (+)-ABA content between embryos and embryo-free tissue fractions. Metabolism of fed (±)-ABA followed a similar pattern to (+)-ABA content, being proportional to the initial concentration. Metabolites of (+)-ABA were present in the medium in the first 6d, metabolism of (+)-ABA is likely to have depleted it from the medium between 12 to 28 d, irrespective of the initial concentration of (±)-ABA in the medium. These data indicate that the high levels of exogenous (±)-ABA that are needed to stimulate white spruce somatic embryo maturation, most likely have their major stimulatory effect on maturation during the first 12 d of the 6 to 8 wk culture period, there being no substantive difference among the concentrations in the period of (+)-ABA availability. To improve the yield of mature somatic embryos it will either be necessary to increase the abundance of responsive immature somatic embryos during this 12 d period, or to extend the period of availability of (+)-ABA to the embryo culture through periodic addition of (±)-ABA.
A three-factor path model of Florida suicide rates

Abstract Utilizing suitable indicators for anomie, isolation, and psychopathology the relative contributions of these factors to Florida white suicide rates were found by path analysis. When median age of the population is included in the model as an exogenous variable to suicide and these factors it is found to have the largest total effect on suicide. Zero order correlations do not accurately estimate the relative importance of anomie, isolation, or psychopathology to suicide rates
On the Bays-Lambossy theorem

The Bays-Lambossy Theorem states that if p is a prime then any pair of cyclic isomorphic t −( p, k, λ) designs are isomorphic by a multiplier map. For each prime, p ≡ 1(6), and n ⩾ 2 this paper gives examples of cyclic 2 − ( p π , 3, 1) designs (or Steiner triple systems) which are isomorphic but not isomorphic by any multiplier. These examples show that any generalization of the Bays-Lambossy theorem for the stated parameters would have to involve more than just multiplier maps.
Biomechanical comparison of anterior cervical plating and combined anterior/lateral mass plating.

Abstract Background context: Previous studies showed anterior plates of older design to be inadequate for stabilizing the cervical spine in all loading directions. No studies have investigated enhancement in stability obtained by combining anterior and posterior plates. Purpose: To determine which modes of loading are stabilized by anterior plating after a cervical burst fracture and to determine whether adding posterior plating further significantly stabilizes the construct. Study design/setting: A repeated-measures in vitro biomechanical flexibility experiment was performed to investigate how surgical destabilization and subsequent addition of hardware components alter spinal stability. Patient sample: Six human cadaveric specimens were studied. Outcome measures: Angular range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) were quantified during flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Methods: Nonconstraining, nondestructive torques were applied while recording three-dimensional motion optoelectronically. Specimens were tested intact, destabilized by simulated burst fracture with posterior distraction, plated anteriorly with a unicortical locking system, and plated with a combined anterior/posterior construct. Results: The anterior plate significantly ( p Conclusions: Anterior plating systems are capable of substantially stabilizing the cervical spine in all modes of loading after a burst fracture. The combined approach adds significant stability over anterior plating alone in treating this injury but may be unnecessary clinically. Further study is needed to assess the added clinical benefits of the combined approach and associated risks.
Fibrin D-Dimer Concentration, Deep Vein Thrombosis Symptom Duration, and Venous Thrombus Volume

Introduction: To determine the relationship between fibrin D-dimer levels, symptom duration, and thrombus volume, consecutive patients with incident deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were evaluated. Methods: In a cross-sectional study design, patient symptom onset was determined by careful patient questioning. Venous thrombosis was confirmed by compression duplex ultrasonography. Thrombus volume was estimated based on patient’s femur length using a forensic anthropology method. Fibrin D-dimer was measured by latex immunoassay. Results: 72 consecutive patients with confirmed leg DVT agreed to participate. The median symptom duration at the time of diagnosis was 10 days. The median D-dimer concentration was 1050 ng/dL. The median thrombus volume was 12.92 cm3. D-Dimer levels correlated with estimated thrombus volume (P < .0006 CI 0.12-0.41; R2adjusted = .15) but not symptom duration, patient’s age, or gender. Conclusions: Despite varying symptom duration prior to diagnosis, fibrin D-dimer remains a sensitive mea...
Metipranolol-associated nongranulomatous anterior uveitis.

Purpose To describe the findings in a patient with a nongranulomatous anterior uveitis, presumed to be induced by metipranolol. Method A 69-year-old woman developed bilateral, nongranulomatous, anterior uveitis while undergoing treatment with metipranolol 0.3% for primary open-angle glaucoma. Four months after resolution of the initial episode, the patient was challenged with metipranolol 0.3% in the right eye. Result On reinstituting metipranolol 0.3%, the patient once again developed a unilateral, nongranulomatous, anterior uveitis in the challenged eye. Conclusion Metipranolol 0.3% eyedrops, used to treat primary open-angle glaucoma, appear to cause a nongranulomatous anterior uveitis.
Acetyl-l-carnitine: Behavioral, electrophysiological, and neurochemical effects

Abstract —Aged rats were chronically administered acetyl- l -carnitine (AC) for 10 months. During this period they were tested on learning and sensorimotor tasks and were then subsequently tested electrophysiologically to assess induction and decay rates of long-term synaptic enhancement (LTE) in the hippocampus. Four groups were tested: young controls (4 mo-con), middle-aged controls (16 mo-con), old controls (24 mo-con), and old AC-treated rats (24 mo-AC). After completion of electrophysiological testing, each rat was sacrificed and investigated for age- or drug-related changes in three neurotransmitter markers; including, NMDA-sensitive glutamate receptors, high affinity choline uptake, and adenosine receptor number in the neocortex, hippocampus or caudate nucleus. Aging impaired spatial learning and there was a robust positive correlation between NMDA receptors in the hippocampus and acquisition of the spatial learning task. Induction of hippocampal LTE was reduced in 24 mo-AC rats and NMDA receptor number and high-affinity choline uptake in the frontal cortex was increased. Several suggestions are offered to explain the action of AC on these neurobiological parameters in old rats.
The estimation of shear stresses from near-bed turbulent velocities for combined wave–current flows

Abstract High frequency near-bottom velocities measured by a combined pressure gauge and flow-meter are analysed with a view to understanding and modelling waves and sediment transport in shallow waters. Data from five stations in different water depth, wave and current conditions are compared. Wave, tide/surge and turbulence components have been separated from the bottom velocity data and are used to derive a friction velocity and examine the bottom stress parameterisation. The horizontal component of turbulent velocity fluctuations near the bed is found to be well-correlated with the bed shear stress from a combined wave and current model. The model of Christoffersen and Jonsson [Christoffersen, J.B., Jonsson, I.G., 1985. Bed friction and dissipation in a combined current and wave motion. Ocean Engineering, 12, 5, 387–423] is in reasonable agreement with the observed data. The observed turbulence can shed light on the wave bed shear stress as well as the shear stress due to the current. A fitting procedure gives a derived Nikuradse length scale for each station which is similar to that obtained independently from bed grain size estimates.
On v-closed manis valution rings

(1990). On v-closed manis valution rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 775-788.
Control Circuit for Arbitrary Gating of Side-On Photomultipliers

In many experiments that use pulsed laser excitation, it is necessary to gate a photomultiplier tube either on or off to prevent saturation of the detector while recording much weaker events that follow only a few microseconds later. Several methods of gating photomultipliers have been reviewed in the literature, and commercial devices are also available. These circuits, in general, operate by adjusting the potentials of either the photocathode or the dynodes to inhibit collection of photoelectrons or electron multiplication, respectively. When the potential of the photocathode is varied to achieve the off state, and the tube is then illuminated, a space charge may be generated which can subsequently affect the anode current after the tube is returned to the on state. This undesired optical memory effect is eliminated in gating circuits that utilize intermediate dynodes as gating elements rather than the photocathode. Many gating circuits also require capacitive coupling to isolate the drive amplifier from the high dc potentials of the dynode chain. This coupling approach, however, induces an electrical memory effect and sets pulse width and duty cycle restrictions on the gating waveform. Consequently, such drive circuits cannot perform both normally off and normally on gating functions. Also most gating circuits typically require a second power supply whose adjustment critically influences the gain of the photomultiplier. Phototransistors have been used in place of capacitors to effectively overcome these difficulties, by optically coupling the gating signal to the dynode chain. Unfortunately, in this case the > 10 μs transition times between the on and off states are longer than desired in many applications because of the inherently slow response of the opto-electric coupling elements. These difficulties can be eliminated in dc-coupled gating circuits that control the appropriate dynode potentials.
A modular approach toward flexible manufacturing

A conceptual framework for structuring a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) environment called an open automation architecture (OAA) is proposed. The framework is based on the open‐systems approach to information system development. OAA proposes partitioning of the manufacturing environment into autonomous manufacturing entities called logical manufacturing shops, that communicate and cooperate during the manufacturing of products. The partitioning in OAA is not based on the traditional structuring of machines on the shop floor. Each logical manufacturing shop is structured to provide for data and process integration within its processing domain, supported by a stable grouping of machines on the shop floor. The framework is illustrated with a manufacturing case and a discussion of information system support in the form of expert systems.
COMPETITION IN THE UNSTIRRED CHEMOSTAT WITH PERIODIC INPUT AND WASHOUT

The model of an unstirred chemostat is generalized to that of a chemostat with time-dependent input/washout rates. The novelty of the new model is that time periodicity appears in the boundary conditions. The asymptotic dynamics of the competition between two microbial populations is determined in terms of the corresponding period map, which is shown to preserve the standard competitive ordering. It is shown that the dynamics of competition is similar to that of a chemostat with constant boundary conditions. Simple criteria for coexistence versus competitive exclusion are presented. 1. Introduction. The chemostat represents a basic model of an open system in microbial ecology. In its simplest form, it consists of three vessels. The rst, called the feed bottle, contains medium with all of the nutrients needed for growth in sur- plus except one, which hereafter is simply called the nutrient. The contents of the feed bottle are pumped at a constant rate into the second vessel, called the culture vessel or bioreactor. The culture vessel is charged with one or more populations of microorganisms. The contents of the culture vessel are pumped into the remaining vessel, called the over∞ow vessel, at a constant rate, keeping the volume of the reactor constant. The organisms compete for the nutrient in a purely exploitative manner. Basic assumptions include that the vessel is well mixed and that all other parame- ters (pH, temperature, etc.) are strictly controlled. The ∞ow rate is assumed to be sucient to preclude wall growth or the accumulation of metabolic products. Let S(t) denote the concentration of the nutrient in the culture vessel and xi(t), i =1 ; 2, denote the concentration of the competitors. LetS 0 denote the concentration of the input nutrient and let D denote the dilution rate (∞ow rate/volume). If growth is assumed to be proportional to consumption then the basic equations take the form
Cerebral blood flow changes associated with intracerebral hemorrhage

Recent advances have furthered our understanding of changes in CBF after ICH. Recent evidence from experimental and clinical studies has not supported the role of CBF changes in the pathogenesis of neuronal injury. A better understanding of these changes in ICH has modified the basis for formulating treatment strategies and developing innovative therapies.
The Future of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: A Confucian View

A Soviet type of “shock therapy” is not likely to take place in China since a gradual economic reform has already improved the overall economic conditions. Argues that, for further economic development, however, the Chinese communists must recognize two basic facts: (1) Chinese communism has already fulfilled its historical mission by expelling foreign imperialism and domestic feudalism; (2) Marxism and Leninism are of foreign origin. This recognition is able to pave the way for a final adoption of the Taiwanese model of economic development, which is based on the ideas developed by Sun Yat‐Sen, who had never stopped to insist that modernization should not abandon the Chinese tradition, especially Confucianism.
Use of Item Models in a Large-Scale Admissions Test: A Case Study.

Item models (LaDuca, Staples, Templeton, & Holzman, 1986) are classes from which it is possible to generate items that are equivalent/isomorphic to other items from the same model (e.g., Bejar, 1996, 2002). They have the potential to produce large numbers of high-quality items at reduced cost. This article introduces data from an application of item models for the generation of items for a large-scale assessment and investigates several research questions associated with the data. We begin by reviewing calibration techniques for the analysis of data involving item models; one method assumes that the items are isomorphic, while the other treats items generated from the same item model as distinct but related. A major question for these types of data is whether these items are isomorphic; that is, if they behave the same psychometrically. This article describes a number of rough diagnostic measures and a statistical diagnostic to assess the extent of isomorphicity in the items generated from an item model. ...
Synthesis, characterization, and light-controlled antibiotic application of a composite material derived from polyurethane and silica xerogel with embedded photoactive manganese nitrosyl.

The synthesis of a light-sensitive polyurethane-based composite material (PUX-NO) is described. In its polyurethane medium, PUX-NO contains entrapped silica xerogel particles in which a photoactive manganese nitrosyl has been incorporated. Green flexible films of PUX-NO readily release nitric oxide (NO) only when exposed to low power (mW) visible light. Incorporation of the nitrosyl in the xerogel not only retains the nitrosyl (NO donor) within the composite material but also provides the right extent of hydration. Pre-swelled films of PUX-NO have water content close to 30 Wt % and such films can be stored for months under slightly moist condition without loss in NO-delivering capacity. The NO-releasing parameters of the film have been determined. The NO-releasing capacity of PUX-NO films can be conveniently altered by changing the amount of the nitrosyl as well as the thickness of the films. Patches of PUX-NO film have been successfully employed to reduce drastically bacterial loads of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii under the total control of light. Effective control of infections by these bacterial pathogens via delivery of proper doses of NO only to the sites of infection appears feasible with PUX-NO films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 99B: 328–337, 2011.
Human DNA patent renewals on the decline.

The universe of human DNA patents may not be as large as previously anticipated if patent holders are not renewing their patents.
Lowrider space: aesthetics and politics of Mexican American custom cars

Well researched and deftly argued, Lowrider Space examines Mexican American lowriders in Austin, Texas during the late 1990s and early 2000s. With a keen ethnographic eye, Ben Chappell shows how ev...
Racial Minorities and Other High-Risk Groups with HIV and AIDS at Increased Risk for Psychological Adjustment Problems in Association with Health Locus of Control Orientation

This study compared minority subjects (n = 45) with non-minority subjects (n = 49) with HIV and AIDS, examining levels of perceived locus of control over health status, and whether different health locus of control (HLOC) orientations (internal, powerful others, or chance) determined psychological adjustment as measured by depression levels, and intrusive and avoidant thoughts. Gender, lifestyle orientation, and socioeconomic status were also included as predictor variables. It was determined that minority subjects were significantly more likely to believe that their health status was in the hands of powerful others or chance. Further, an external HLOC orientation, in most instances, was associated with problems in psychological adjustment for subjects overall, and particularly for females and those of lower socioeconomic status. Additional findings and implications for social work are discussed.
The influence of irrigation on the nitrogen, phosphorous and potash requirements of different potato varieties

1. Three years’ results are reported for a 3N, 3P, 3K factorial fertilizer experiment with and without irrigation, in which 3 or 4 varieties of potatoes were grown each year. 2. Green Mountain variety was grown each year and the three years indicated a need for more than 120 lbs. of nitrogen, providing the phosphorous level is kept below 160 lbs. P2O5 and potash is at a low to medium level. Without irrigation about 2000 lbs. of a 6-4-2 seemed best, but with irrigation 2000 lbs. of a 66-4-4 appeared best. 3. Katahdin was grown two years. Without irrigation about 2000 lbs. of a 6-4-6 and with irrigation 2000 lbs. of a 6-4-2 were best. 4. Mohawk was tested two years. Without irrigation about 2000 lbs of a 6-8-6 and with irrigation 2000 lbs. of a 6-8-4 was best. 5. Sequoia in 1946 without irrigation did best on a ton of 4-4-6, but with irrigation a ton of 6-12-6 was best. 6. Ontario in 1947 without irrigation needed a ton of 6-12-2 and with irrigation a ton of 4-12-2. 7. Cobblers in 1948 without irrigation needed a ton of 6-4-6 and with irrigation a ton of 6-8-6. 8. Results indicated a need for changes in the levels of the N, P, and K factors for the future conduct of this experiment.
Monitoring and Capacity Planning of Private Clouds: The Challenges and the Solution

Urban population is moving from independent houses to apartments in order to have more facilities at lesser cost. Similarly many enterprises are moving their workload/applications from individual dedicated servers to shared servers in cloud. Monitoring and managing cloud is very different from monitoring and managing individual servers. This paper will detail the challenges involved in monitoring private clouds and how IBM SmartCloud Monitoring can be used in this space by using its capabilities such as virtual server monitoring, capacity planning based on past usage data, policy based placement to support workload specific topology.
Distribution of Legumes along Gradients of Slope and Soil Electrical Conductivity in Pastures

Legumes establish and persist on backslope landscape positions but fail on summits and toeslopes in southeastern Iowa pastures, suggesting that these pastures be managed site specifically. Visual delineation of landscape positions, however, can be difficult, and characterization of spatial variability through soil sampling is expensive. Creation of digital elevation models (DEM) and apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC a ) mapping are inexpensive alternatives to describing field conditions. Our objective was to examine the relationship of DEM-derived slope, soil EC a , and legume distribution in pastures. We examined these relationships across four 1.4-ha pastures. Each pasture was divided into 0.46-ha plots that were assigned one of three stocking treatments: continuous, rotational, and nongrazed. We found that legumes, as a percentage of pasture cover, were greatest at 15 to 20% slopes and intermediate values of soil EC a , The absolute EC, value at which legumes were maximized varied by plot within each stocking system and year EC a was measured. When EC, was standardized by pasture and year, however, a nonlinear response curve explained 23 to 42% of the variation of legume cover across the plots. Grazing reduced competition from smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris anindinacea L). These grasses dominated at 0 to 8% slopes and where EC, was either low or high in value. We concluded that slope and soil EC a data are useful in identifying sites where legumes are successful in pastures and showed potential for use in site-specific management of pastures.
Diagnostic Substitution and Changing Autism Prevalence

I am grateful to the editor of Pediatrics for selecting my article on diagnostic substitution in US special education for comment and doubly honored that Dr Newschaffer,1 an esteemed epidemiologist and autism researcher, rendered that commentary. Newschaffer explores some of the limitations of my analyses including reliance on aggregate-level associations to make the case for diagnostic substitution, the inability to disentangle cohort effects in these data, and an incomplete discussion of the magnitude of association between changes in autism prevalence and corresponding changes in the prevalence of other categories. I have acknowledged and explored most of these limitations in my discussion and will not reiterate those points here. However, there are 2 comments to which I would like to … Address correspondence to Paul T. Shattuck, PhD, 533B Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705. E-mail: shattuck{at}waisman.wisc.edu
Numerical renormalization-group study of a Kondo hole in a one-dimensional Kondo insulator

We have studied a Kondo hole in a one-dimensional Kondo insulator at half-filling using a density matrix formulation of the numerical renormalization group. The Kondo hole introduces midgap states. The spin density introduced by the hole is localized in the vicinity of the hole. It resides primarily in the {ital f} spins for small exchange coupling {ital J} and in the conduction spins for large {ital J}. We present results on the spin gap, charge gap, and neutral gap. The presence of the Kondo hole reduces the charge gap but not the spin gap relative to a Kondo insulator without defects. For small {ital J}, the spin gap is smaller than the charge gap, while for large {ital J}, the spin gap is larger than the charge gap. RKKY interactions are reduced by the Kondo hole as can be seen in the staggered susceptibility. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Object vs. pixel: a systematic evaluation in urban environments

The objective of this paper is to compare object-based and per-pixel classifiers in a systematic manner using high resolution urban imagery. The prevailing opinion is that object-based methods perform better than single-pixel classifiers, but there has been no formal investigation of this claim using multiple images and identical training samples in a detailed land-cover classification. Furthermore, there has been no standardized study of how different object-based segmentation and scale parameters improve high resolution urban classifications. We used two subsets of QuickBird over Phoenix and Scottsdale, Arizona, to test these issues. Our results show that small-scale segmentation (10) produces higher accuracy. A combination of equally balanced shape and spectral homogeneity (0.5) with compactness parameter of 0.5 is the most effective for image segmentation. The highest overall accuracy was achieved using a per-pixel Minimum distance classifier, but it was only marginally more accurate than the object-b...
Surf and Turf: Toward better synthesis by cross‐system understanding

The goal of a truly synthetic, cross-systems ecology has been often lauded but rarely implemented. Here, our authors have embraced the challenge to achieve synthesis via a multi-paper dialogue and we hope this format will act as a springboard for new ecological ideas, experiments and theories.
Age Determinations in the Precambrian of Arizona and Nevada

Sr 87 -Rb 87 and Ar 40 -K 40 ages were determined from samples of Precambrian rocks from western Arizona, southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah. These and similar ages measured by other workers from rocks of a geographically contiguous region of California, Nevada, and Arizona and from widely distributed localities in Utah, Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico, indicate that the older Precambrian basement throughout the far southwestern United States was involved in an episode of metamorphism and plutonism 1600–1800 m.y. ago. Well-documented ages of 1350–1450 m.y. are not as extensive as previously thought. An isolated pluton that has an age of 1060 m.y. intruded the older metamorphic terrane in southern Nevada, which indicates that some of the plutonism in the far southwestern United States is later Precambrian.
Dynamical two-point correlation functions in a high-temperature Heisenberg paramagnet

The dynamical two-point correlation functions of the high-temperature Heisenberg paramagnet as described by nonlinear integral equations generated by moment expansions developed by Reiter are investigated. In particular, equations for the magnetic dipole correlation functions and magnetic quadrupole correlation functions are obtained and solved in a lowest-order self-consistent approximation. These correlation functions are directly measurable in electromagnetic, neutron-scattering, and acoustic experiments in dense magnetic insulators. From the solution for the dipole correlation functions, theoretical values for the spin-diffusion coefficient and the exchange-narrowed dipolar linewidth are obtained which are within 12% and 22%, respectively, of the measured values for RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$.
A Comparative Study of Distributed Learning Environments on Learning Outcomes

Advances in information and communication technologies have fueled rapid growth in the popularity of technology-supported distributed learning (DL). Many educational institutions, both academic and corporate, have undertaken initiatives that leverage the myriad of available DL technologies. Despite their rapid growth in popularity, however, alternative technologies for DL are seldom systematically evaluated for learning efficacy. Considering the increasing range of information and communication technologies available for the development of DL environments, we believe it is paramount for studies to compare the relative learning outcomes of various technologies.In this research, we employed a quasi-experimental field study approach to investigate the relative learning effectiveness of two collaborative DL environments in the context of an executive development program. We also adopted a framework of hierarchical characteristics of group support system (GSS) technologies, outlined by DeSanctis and Gallupe (1987), as the basis for characterizing the two DL environments.One DL environment employed a simple e-mail and listserv capability while the other used a sophisticated GSS (herein referred to as Beta system). Interestingly, the learning outcome of the e-mail environment was higher than the learning outcome of the more sophisticated GSS environment. The post-hoc analysis of the electronic messages indicated that the students in groups using the e-mail system exchanged a higher percentage of messages related to the learning task. The Beta system users exchanged a higher level of technology sense-making messages. No significant difference was observed in the students' satisfaction with the learning process under the two DL environments.
Introduction to Half Special Issue on Naturalizing Religion

In July 2012, the Kazimierz Naturalist workshop gathered in Kazimierz-Dolny, Poland to discuss the topic Naturalizing Religion. A group of 16 presenters with backgrounds in philosophy, cognitive science, psychology, and religious studies gave presentations with a general focus on the burgeoning field of the cognitive science of religion (CSR). This included keynotes from Robert McCauley, Jesper Sorensen, Helen de Cruz, and John Wilkins (whose paper appears in this issue). The current special issue contains three of the papers presented during the 4-day-long conference. They represent the scope and variety of the presentations, addressing both theoretical and empirical issues in the discussions of the new science of religion. The first paper, ‘Reduction, Explanation, and the New Science of Religion,’ by Christopher Pearson and Matthew P. Schunke, is a theoretical exploration of the term reduction and the ways in which it is applied to the scientific study of religion. Pearson and Schunke examine various ‘metainterpretive’ frameworks of explanations offered by the scientific study of religion and argue that no understanding of reduction directly supports one specific framework over another. The second paper, from Adam Green, titled ‘The Mind-Reading Debate and the Cognitive Science of Religion’ focuses on the relationship of how we understand other minds (mind-reading) and the ways in which this is co-opted to represent the extra-natural, with a specific focus on hyperactive agency detection device (HADD). Green shows that the nature of one’s understanding of mind-reading can have significant impact on the explanations of CSR. He then proceeds to demonstrate the impact various accounts of mind-reading have on our understanding of HADD. The final paper, ‘Gods Above: Naturalizing Religion in Terms of our Shared Ape Social Dominance Behavior’ by John Wilkins, shows the importance for any explanation of religion to clearly define its explanatory target. He then offers an explanation of religious social institutions based on the shared primate social psychology of African Great Ape clade. The three essays thus show the diversity of approaches that can be grouped under them of naturalizing religion, giving a sense of key issues in this still developing and emerging field. SOPHIA (2015) 54:45 DOI 10.1007/s11841-015-0467-z
1-to-N and N-to-1 Communication for Optical Networks

Efficient 1-to-N and N-to-1 communication benefits numerous data center applications that require group communication by reducing network traffic and improving application throughput. Meanwhile, optical interconnection networks are emerging as a key enabling technology for future data center networking. Optical networks not only support higher bit-rates through optical links, but can also dynamically reconfigure the network topology and link capacities through the optical switch, providing substantial flexibility to various traffic patterns. Currently, there exists limited support for efficient 1-to-N and N-to-1 routing that leverages the advanced features of optical networks.In this paper, we propose a set of algorithms to support 1-to-N and N-to-1 traffic flows in optical networks. We base our work on top of the Optical Switching Architecture (OSA). Through extensive analytical simulations, we show that the proposed algorithms are effective in minimizing the number of optical links used for 1-to-N traffic, while eliminating link bottlenecks for N-to-1 traffic.
Living ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters with epoxide-derived titanium alkoxides

The Ti III Cp 2 Cl-catalyzed radical ring opening of epoxides produces Ti alkoxides which initiate the ring-opening polymerization of e-caprolactone. A linear dependence of M n on conversion, linear kinetics, low M w /M n values, and the synthesis of block copolymers demonstrate a living process, while NMR spectroscopy confirms the presence of the initiator chain end. Epoxides are thus introduced as a new class of initiators for the Ti-catalyzed living ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters.
The Use of Program: Review and Update

SUMMARY This paper focuses on what has been thought of in social group work as “program”—program skills, program content, program media, or use of program—and what is now known as nonverbals, exercises, simulations or games, or expressive therapy. Certain dilemmas of the past, e.g., process vs. product (content), talking vs. doing, social work vs. recreation, are reviewed as obstacles to the integration of doing-oriented activities within the major theoretical approaches to group work in social work. Such obstacles have been less encumbering to other professions which have presently assumed the dominant theoretical leadership in this area. Some recent developments in knowledge, technology, and social-cultural forces are described which have contributed to a present milieu that places increased value of diverse modes of expressiveness. The paper concludes with seven future-oriented proposals that theory, practice. and research in this area demand.
Autocorrelation and crossed-sightline correlation of ECE for measurement of electron temperature and density fluctuations on ATF and TEXT

The great stumbling block in the quest for fusion power using magnetic confinement devices is anomalous transport. It is conjectured that turbulent plasma fluctuations may be responsible for the degraded energy confinement observed in experiments. There exists a clear need for more detailed experimental studies of plasma microturbulence. A conceptual design is presented for a diagnostic to measure electron temperature and density fluctuations using electron cyclotron emission (ECE). The proposed ECE systems will employ autocorrelation and cross‐correlation techniques to measure radiation from the Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and also from the Texas Experimental Tokamak (TEXT) at the University of Texas. This set of experiments on a stellarator and a tokamak will allow a unique comparative study of the fluctuation physics in the two different magnetic configurations. This article presents the theoretical basis and conceptual design of the diagnostic.
Gothic Repetition: Husbands, Horrors, and Things That Go Bump in the Night

Traditional accounts of Gothic plots are familiar enough. The Ur-plot is a terror-inflected variant of Richardsonian courtship narrative in which an unprotected young female in an isolated setting uncovers a sinister secret.' After repeated trials and persecutions, one of two possible outcomes usually follows. The master of the house is discovered as the evil source of her tribulations and is vanquished by the poor-but-honest (and inevitably later revealed as noble) young male, who marries the female; or the master of the house, apparently the source of evil, is revealed to be more sinned against than sinning. He marries the female. Strangely enough, in both scenarios the narrative is shaped by the mystery the male presents and not by the drama of the supposed protagonist, the Gothic heroine. In traditional psychological readings, we nonetheless focus on the repressed desire of the heroine as the key that opens the text and
Protecting Producers from Consumer Protection: the Politics of Products Liability Reform in Japan*

This article explores the processes and political origins of the new products liability regime and the impact of that regime on both consumers and producers in Japan. I show that, while the 1994 Products Liability Act is a significant step forward for consumer protection and an intriguing example of convergence between Japanese tort law and international norms, the Act has been weakened as an instrument of consumer protection by business interests and bureaucrats who control many of the non-statutory redress and discovery mechanisms that were either reformed or introduced after the law was enacted. I explain this apparent compromise between international trends and domestic political imperatives with reference to the role of consumer-related ideas and domestic power configurations within Japan's distinctive consumer protection policy-making system.
Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG inhibits progression of LuCaP35 xenograft prostate tumors to castration resistance.

BACKGROUND Advanced prostate cancer is currently treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT initially results in tumor regression; however, all patients eventually relapse with castration-resistant prostate cancer. New approaches to delay the progression of prostate cancer to castration resistance are in desperate need. This study addresses whether targeting Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) regulation of androgen receptor (AR) can inhibit prostate cancer progression to castration resistance. METHODS The HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG was injected intraperitoneally into nude mice bearing LuCaP35 xenograft tumors to determine the effect of HSP90 inhibition on prostate cancer progression to castration resistance and host survival. RESULTS Administration of 17-AAG maintained androgen-sensitivity, delayed the progression of LuCaP35 xenograft tumors to castration resistance, and prolonged the survival of host. In addition, 17-AAG prevented nuclear localization of endogenous AR in LuCaP35 xenograft tumors in castrated nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Targeting Hsp90 or the mechanism by which HSP90 regulates androgen-independent AR nuclear localization and activation may lead to new approaches to prevent and/or treat castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 72:1117–1123, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Near resonance charge exchange in ion-atom collisions of lithium isotopes.

Collisions of ions and atoms of 6Li and 7Li are explored theoretically over a wide range of energy from 10−14 to 1 eV. Accurate ab initio calculations are carried out of the Born−Oppenheimer potentials and the nonadiabatic couplings that are responsible for the near resonance charge exchange. Scattering studies show that the calculated charge exchange cross section follows Wigner’s law for inelastic processes for energies below 10−10 eV and that the zero temperature rate constant for it is 2.1 × 10−9 cm3 s−1. At collision energies much larger than the isotope shift of the ionization potentials of the atoms, we show that the near resonance charge exchange process is equivalent to the resonance charge exchange with cross sections having a logarithmic dependence on energy. A comparison with the Langevin model at intermediate energies is also presented.
On the temperature sensitivity of 1.5-/spl mu/m GaInNAsSb lasers

We analyze the temperature sensitivity of 1.5-/spl mu/m GaInNAsSb lasers grown on GaAs. Building on the method of Tansu and coworkers, we find evidence that the characteristic temperatures for the threshold current T/sub 0/ and external efficiency T/sub 1/ are balanced by a combination of monomolecular recombination and temperature destabilizing mechanism(s) near room temperature. At elevated temperatures, the destabilizing process(es) dominate, due to increased threshold current density J/sub th/. While it is difficult to definitively identify carrier leakage, Auger recombination, or a combination of the two as the responsible mechanism(s), results indicate that carrier leakage certainly plays a role. Evidence of intervalence band absorption was also found; T/sub 1/ was reduced, but J/sub th/ and T/sub 0/ were not significantly degraded. Conclusions are corroborated by supporting measurements of the Z-parameter with bias, spontaneous emission spectrum, and band-offsets. Spontaneous emission measurements show evidence of weak Fermi-level pinning within the active region at threshold, indicating a form of carrier leakage. This is consistent with the characteristic temperature analysis and a leakage mechanism is proposed. This process is partially responsible for the greater temperature sensitivity of device parameters and the poor internal efficiency. Methods for reducing the effects of each parasitic mechanism are also described.
Prey‐Dependent Recruitment of Largemouth Bass: A Conceptual Model

Abstract A prey-dependent recruitment model is depicted that relates recruitment of largemouth bass at age 1 + to the availability of small-sized bluegills as prey throughout the summer. These concepts were developed by comparing the dynamics of growth and recruitment of young-of-the-year largemouth bass and their prey in fertilized farm ponds, public fishing lakes, and a mainstream reservoir in Southeastern United States. The model suggests that management strategy for systems with diverse and possibly competing species hinges on being able to maintain adequate size structure within populations through bass predation so that each species reproduces periodically and a sufficient number survive and grow rapidly.
Introduction to Research Methods in Education by PUNCH, KEITH F

The article reviews the book "Introduction to Research Methods in Education," by Keith F. Punch.
Bulk magnetic properties of La 1-x Ca x MnO 3 (0⩽x⩽0.14) : Signatures of local ferromagnetic order

We report the bulk magnetic properties of hole-doped ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ $(0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.14)$ in the paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic regions; the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{4+}$ concentration was determined with chemical analysis. Significant enhancement of the effective paramagnetic moment illustrates the existence of ferromagnetic clusters (polarons). The data reveal a distinct crossover in the paramagnetic region, signifying competition between ferromagnetic clusters and antiferromagnetic correlations associated with the low-temperature magnetically ordered state. The results suggest similarity in the magnetic properties at low temperatures between hole-doped ${\mathrm{LaMnO}}_{3}$ and electron-doped ${\mathrm{CaMnO}}_{3}$.
Surreptitious warfarin ingestion

Munchausen by proxy has been reported involving children who have been given various drugs or toxins. In addition, there is a body of adult literature regarding covert anticoagulant ingestion. This is a case of an 11-month-old female who appears to combine features of both of these syndromes. This child presented with an acute left hemorrhagic otitis media. The physical examination was unremarkable except for the following: weight, fifth percentile; left external auditory canal filled with blood with the right external canal and tympanic membrane being normal; and several scattered 1 X 2 cm firm, movable, nontender, purple nodules on extremities, chest and forehead. The coagulation studies were consistent with Vitamin K deficiency secondary to anticoagulant ingestion. A serum warfarin study confirmed our suspicions. The mother was noted to have a dependent relationship with her child and characteristics of those involved in Munchausen by proxy: falsifying information and thwarting medical assessment. In addition, she displayed some of the characteristics found commonly in anticoagulant malingerers. She was depressed, with limited medical knowledge, and had access to warfarin. The mother was admitted for inpatient psychiatric care and the patient placed with an extended family member. This case report describes the use of an anticoagulant to induce illness in a child by a psychologically ill mother. This form of child abuse must be considered in the differential diagnoses of hemorrhagic disorders.
Comparison of 3D confromal radiotherapy and intensity modulated radiotherapy with or without simultaneous integrated boost during concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck cancers

Objective Radiotherapy techniques have evolved from 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) to intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) where boost fields are delivered either sequentially (IMRTseq) or with a simultaneous integrated boost (IMRT+SIB). Our goal was to compare the outcomes of patients treated with IMRT+SIB to traditional standards. Methods We analyzed the efficacy and toxicity of patients treated with concurrent chemoradiation using 3D-CRT, IMRTseq or IMRT+SIB. Between 1993 and 2012, 379 patients with non-metastatic Stage III-IV head and neck squamous cell cancer were treated with concurrent chemoradiation using 3D-CRT (n = 125), IMRTseq (n = 120) and IMRT+SIB (n = 134). Results Patients treated with any technique had similar rates of 2y local control, 2y regional control, 2y progression free survival and 2y overall survival. Patients treated with IMRT+SIB had lower rates acute toxicity according to Grade 3 or greater mucositis (3D-CRT: 44.0% vs. IMRTseq: 36.7% vs. IMRT+SIB: 22.4%; P<.0001), dermatitis (3D-CRT: 44.0% vs. IMRTseq: 20.0% vs. IMRT+SIB: 7.5%; P<.0001) and feeding tube placement during radiotherapy (3D-CRT: 80.0% vs. IMRTseq: 50.8% vs. IMRT+SIB: 44.0%; P<.0001) as well as late toxicity as measured by feeding tube use (P<.0001) and tracheostomy use (P<.0001). On multivariate analysis, IMRT+SIB predicted for less mucositis, dermatitis and feeding tube use compared to 3D-CRT and for less dermatitis compared to IMRTseq. Conclusions Compared to 3D-CRT and IMRTseq, IMRT+SIB provided similar outcomes and potentially less toxicity indicating it is a feasible technique for chemoradiation in locally advanced head and neck cancer.