cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary results on the apparent size of the sources of type III bursts observed at low frequencies

We present preliminary results on the apparent angular size of the sources of four type III bursts observed between 3500 and 50 kHz from the IMP-6 spacecraft. The observations were made with a dipole rotating in the plane of the ecliptic where the sources are assumed to be. The apparent angular sizes obtained are unexpectedly large. We discuss different explanations for the results. It seems that the scattering of radio waves by electron density inhomogeneities is the most likely cause.
Poster Sessions AP05: Neuronal and Glial Cell Biology

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is classically known for terminating cholinergic transmission, however, increasing evidence shows that the biological function of AChE is not limited to this role. Interestingly, the AChE gene is either amplified, mutated and/or aberrantly expressed by cells in a variety of human tumors despite the fact that AChE is not present in their normal counterparts. Studies from our laboratory and others have shown that AChE is transiently expressed during normal neural development when cells are invariably engaged in intense growth and movement. Together, these observations support the idea that AChE may play a role in tumorigenesis, however, this hypothesis has not been tested before. In support of this idea, we have found that neuroblastoma cells genetically engineered to over-express AChE developed tumors in vivo at a notably greater rate compared with transfection controls. Tumor cells were implanted into the brains of irradiated Fischer rats and following a 10-day survival period, macroscopic examination revealed that the tumor mass generated from the AChE over-expressing cells was six-fold greater than transfection controls. Moreover, histochemical and Western blot analyses of two human glioma cell lines revealed that the different levels of AChE expression in these cells directly correlated with their proliferation rates. These studies showed that the high AChE-expressing cells divided at a 50% greater rate than the low AChE-expressing cells. Interestingly, the high AChE-expressing cells also exhibited increased MAPK phosphorylation, a key step in the regulation of cell growth. These findings together with the consistent observation that AChE is misexpressed in human tumors, and the fact that AChE levels are up-regulated during normal development, support the idea that AChE plays a role in tumor cell growth.
The Viability of Scatter Analysis On the Wisc-r aNd the Sbis: Examining a Vestige

The history of scatter analysis on the WISC-R and the SBIS is reviewed. Evidence is presented that indicates that the practice of scatter analysis has yielded little of significance. Even in its most benign form, scatter analysis has the potential for doing more harm than good. Scatter analysis on the WISC-R, the SBIS, and similar tests is argued to be an exhausted research area, with little hope offered that any subsequent research efforts will prove beneficial.
High-speed imaging of transient diesel spray behavior during high pressure injection of a multi-hole fuel injector

Abstract Reliable prediction of spray penetration and spray break-up is required to achieve increases in fuel efficiency and reduction of emissions in diesel engines. Of particular interest is the early transient-flow regime. In the current work, diesel fuel spray development was studied using high-speed imaging of a high-pressure diesel common-rail fuel injector mounted in a spherical constant volume combustion chamber. The fuel injector nozzle had four holes aligned on a radial plane with diameters of 90, 110, 130, and 150 μm. Fuel was injected into a room temperature T = 298 K (±1.5%), nitrogen environment at chamber densities of 17.5, 24.2, and 32.7 kg/m 3 (±3%) and for fuel-rail pressures of 1000, 1500, and 2000 bar (±1.5%). High-speed images of the backlit fuel injection were captured at 100,000 frames per second. Image processing algorithms were used to determine fuel spray penetration distance and maximum penetration rate as a function of time. The early time history of the spray penetration was not sensitive to orifice size, orifice location or chamber density at the conditions studied. However, fuel injection pressure significantly affected the spray-tip penetration and time to spray break-up. The experimental results for maximum penetration rate and transition time were compared with various quasi-one-dimensional fuel-spray models. The experimental data indicated a power law relationship for the spray-tip penetration at early times in the spray development, which is consistent with recent recommendations. However, the experimental results for time to spray break up departed from the model predictions at most of the conditions studied, with the model significantly under-predicting the time for spray transition. Furthermore, the spray penetration data showed significant fluctuations in the spray geometry at early times. A fuel spray-tip tracking algorithm was developed and the results showed the maximum penetration distance did not occur along the spray center-line during the transient period of injection and the results quantified the angular location of the maximum penetration distance. These data provide valuable new insights into transient fuel spray behavior and will guide the development of the next generation of spray theory and models.
Increased glycodelin levels in gynecological malignancies.

Glycodelin, an immunosuppressive protein with contraceptive properties, is synthesized by a variety of tissues and cell types. The ability of reproductive tissues to synthesize glycodelin is of major interest in pregnancy and disease conditions. We studied glycodelin levels in subjects with malignant gynecological tumors and in control subjects. Using a polyclonal glycodelin antibody against the synthetic glycodelin peptide sequence, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was devised to measure plasma glycodelin levels. The assay detected as much as 5 ng/ml of glycodelin. There was a significant increase in plasma glycodelin levels in endometrial > ovarian > cervical cancer subjects when compared to those of controls. Strong expression of mRNA and protein were found in the ovarian and endometrial tumor tissues. Given glycodelin9s immunosuppressive abilities, increased level of glycodelin may facilitate tumor growth in gynecological malignancies.
Gallocyanin-Chrome Alum: II. Histochemistry and Specificity

Paraffin sections 6-8 μ thick of cat and albino rat spinal cord fixed in CaCl2-formalin or plain formalin were stained with Einarson's 1932 preparation of gallocyanin-chrome alum for 12-15 hr after the following procedures: methylation, deamination, the Wiley reaction, iodine treatment, 10% perchloric acid and combinations of these procedures. A comparison was made between gallocyanin-chrome alum and the chrome alum lakes of certain other oxazine dyes and hematoxylin. Tests for protein concentrations at the sites where gallocyanin-chrome alum ordinarily stains consisted of histochemical reactions for carboxyls, amino groups, tyrosine and histidine. Methylation, deamination, and the Wiley reaction as well as perchloric acid treatment decreased the staining of gallocyanin-chrome alum. We were unable to abolish staining completely with any combination of blocking reactions. Other dyes mordanted with chrome alum did not exhibit limited progressive staining like gallocyanin but stained in a nonspecific manner....
Comparative geochemistries of arsenic and antimony in rivers and estuaries

Abstract Arsenic and antimony are toxic substances in Group VA of the periodic table. Being in the same periodic group, it would be expected that their geochemistries would have many similarities. However, differences would also be expected between the metalloid, arsenic, and the more metallic antimony. Their geochemistries are complicated by transformations in the environment between oxidation states and the presence of environmentally produced organometallic compounds. While there is a reasonable amount of data on the distribution of arsenic in rivers and estuaries, little work has been done on the riverine and estuarine chemistry of antimony, and practically no comparative measurements of these two elements have been made in the same systems. The distributions of arsenic and antimony are presented for various river and estuarine systems ranging from pristine to highly polluted and from inorganically dominated to very organic rich. For rivers there is a general correlation between arsenic and antimony concentrations, except where there are large anthropogenic influences. In estuaries there can be large differences in the behaviors of arsenic and antimony, depending upon the dominant geochemical processes occurring in the specific estuary. These processes and their varying effects upon these two chemically related trace elements are examined.
Self-induced waking: changes in dreams and sleep patterns.

Summary Four of seven high school students who slept in a controlled experimental situation awoke at unlikely times specified by the experimenters. Each successful waker awoke from REM Stage 1 sleep and reported a dream. Although none of these dreams specified time, place or predream stimulus, all differed from the other dreams of the subjects.
FACE: A failure analysis and characterization environment for E-beam testing

Abstract VLSI circuits diagnosis demands a test environment with high automation degree. The FACE project has been defined for failure analysis and IC characterization with an electron beam test system. The purpose of this paper is to present Dynamic Fault Probing, one of the analysis methods of FACE, a tool for automatic waveform measurement and comparison. This requires the combination of probe fine positioning and waveform processing techniques, which insures the optimized acquisition, automatic processing and comparison of the signals.
Disagreement, Ambivalence, and Engagement: The Political Consequences of Heterogeneous Networks

Individuals with similar political orientations may find themselves in dissimilar social and political surroundings, with important consequences for the flow of political information among citizens. Analyses of data from the post-election survey of the 2000 National Election Study show that some individuals reside within extensive networks of political discussion and communication, whereas others are politically isolated. With respect to presidential candidate preference in 2000, some citizens in networks were surrounded by discussants who agreed with their preference, others by discussants who held ambiguous and undetermined preferences, and still others by discussants who held politically divergent preferences. These preference distributions have various implications for the formation of political opinion and for levels of political engagement and turnout.
HIGH ACCURACY METHOD FOR TURBULENT FLOW PROBLEMS

We present a method of high-order temporal and spatial accuracy for flow problems with high Reynolds number. The method presented is stable, computationally cheap and gives an accurate approximation to the quantities sought. The direct numerical simulation of turbulent flows is computationally expensive or not even feasible. Hence, the method employs turbulence modeling. The two key ingredients are the temporal deferred correction, combined with the family of Approximate Deconvolution models, which allows for arbitrarily high order of accuracy in both spatial and temporal variables. We prove stability and accuracy for the two-step method; the method is shown to be second order accurate in time and in the filtering width.
Associations between white matter microstructure and infants' working memory.

Working memory emerges in infancy and plays a privileged role in subsequent adaptive cognitive development. The neural networks important for the development of working memory during infancy remain unknown. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and deterministic fiber tracking to characterize the microstructure of white matter fiber bundles hypothesized to support working memory in 12-month-old infants (n=73). Here we show robust associations between infants' visuospatial working memory performance and microstructural characteristics of widespread white matter. Significant associations were found for white matter tracts that connect brain regions known to support working memory in older children and adults (genu, anterior and superior thalamic radiations, anterior cingulum, arcuate fasciculus, and the temporal–parietal segment). Better working memory scores were associated with higher FA and lower RD values in these selected white matter tracts. These tract-specific brain–behavior relationships accounted for a significant amount of individual variation above and beyond infants' gestational age and developmental level, as measured with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning. Working memory was not associated with global measures of brain volume, as expected, and few associations were found between working memory and control white matter tracts. To our knowledge, this study is among the first demonstrations of brain–behavior associations in infants using quantitative tractography. The ability to characterize subtle individual differences in infant brain development associated with complex cognitive functions holds promise for improving our understanding of normative development, biomarkers of risk, experience-dependent learning and neuro-cognitive periods of developmental plasticity.
Reply to Taylor

Peter Taylor questions the value of my disambiguation of the multiple uses of the 'construction' metaphor.1 I distinguished the construction of social objects through widespread acceptance of them, the construction of knowledge from fixed conceptual, material, and cultural points, the material construction of artefacts, and the neo-Kantian construction of properties and other worldly features.2 Taylor would counter my analysis with two things. First, he adopts an approach we might call 'heterogeneous constructivism', a category that includes thinking about actornetworks, ecologies of knowledge, intersecting social worlds, and the like. Heterogeneous constructivism does not discriminate among senses of 'construction'. Instead, those senses are brought down to their lowest common denominator: all identify scientists as builders. Therefore my analysis misses the analogies between the different forms of scientific building. Second, Taylor wants to add the idea of co-construction, whereby science helps to make material reality, social reality and knowledge match, through processes of mutual adjustment and reinforcement. Coconstructions become visible through the study of heterogeneous building. If I may provide an example, co-construction is what we engage in when we try to shape our experts so that they behave like computers, shape our computers so that they behave like experts, and shape our problems so that they can be solved by
EVALUATION OF OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSE MIXTURES CONTAINING CELLULOSE FIBERS

Open-graded friction courses (OGFCs) are special-purpose mixes used to improve friction, minimize hydroplaning, reduce splash and spray, improve night visibility, and lower pavement noise levels. OGFCs typically utilize a gap grading for aggregates and a low percentage of filler. The asphalt content for OGFCs is generally slightly higher than that for dense-graded mixes. The combination of uniform grading, low filler, and normal OGFC asphalt content can lead to the draining of asphalt binder from a mix (typically called draindown) during transportation and laydown procedures. States that use OGFC typically utilize fibers to help prevent draindown. Generally, these states have specified mineral fibers over organic fibers because of concern that organic fibers (cellulose) would absorb water and lead to moisture problems in the field. A study was conducted to evaluate the use of cellulose fibers in OGFC mixes. The study entailed both a field phase and a laboratory phase. Field work entailed conducting a visu...
Instability of the CsCl structure in ionic solids at high pressures

It is shown by a simple model calculation that the ionic solids in the CsCl phase transform discontinuously to a tetragonal phase under high pressures at a fractional volume in the neighborhood of 0.5. This general result follows as a consequence of competing Madelung energy and repulsive energy terms. The $\frac{c}{a}$ variation with pressure and transition volume fraction are in approximate agreement with the recent ultrahigh pressure experiments on cesium halides.
Cost effectiveness analysis of elementary school-located vaccination against influenza – Results from a randomized controlled trial

Abstract School-located vaccination against influenza (SLV-I) has been suggested to help meet the need for annual vaccination of large numbers of school-aged children with seasonal influenza vaccine. However, little is known about the cost and cost-effectiveness of SLV-I. We conducted a cost-analysis and a cost-effectiveness analysis based on a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an SLV-I program implemented in Monroe County, New York during the 2009–2010 vaccination season. We hypothesized that SLV-I is more cost effective, or less-costly, compared to a conventional, office-located influenza vaccination delivery. First and second SLV-I clinics were offered in 21 intervention elementary schools (n = 9027 children) with standard of care (no SLV-I) in 11 control schools (n = 4534 children). The direct costs, to purchase and administer vaccines, were estimated from our RCT. The effectiveness measure, receipt of ≥1 dose of influenza vaccine, was 13.2 percentage points higher in SLV-I schools than control schools. The school costs ($9.16/dose in 2009 dollars) plus project costs ($23.00/dose) plus vendor costs excluding vaccine purchase ($19.89/dose) was higher in direct costs ($52.05/dose) than the previously reported mean/median cost [$38.23/$21.44 per dose] for providing influenza vaccination in pediatric practices. However SLV-I averted parent costs to visit medical practices ($35.08 per vaccine). Combining direct and averted costs through Monte Carlo Simulation, SLV-I costs were $19.26/dose in net costs, which is below practice-based influenza vaccination costs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated to be $92.50 or $38.59 (also including averted parent costs). When additionally accounting for the costs averted by disease prevention (i.e., both reduced disease transmission to household members and reduced loss of productivity from caring for a sick child), the SLV-I model appears to be cost-saving to society, compared to “no vaccination”. Our findings support the expanded implementation of SLV-I, but also the need to focus on efficient delivery to reduce direct costs.
Health information literacy and mental health nursing.

Integrating nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom is the province of Nursing Informatics [NI] ([American Nurs...
Influence of charge transfer on the crystal field in rare-earth chalcogenides and pnictides

Crystal field parameters and pressure dependent susceptibility and Knight shift data for tri-valent rare-earth pnictide and chalcogenide compounds are analyzed. The three rare-earth valence electrons are assumed to distribute themselves amongst the anion p bands and rare-earth 5d bands. It is argued that under pressure, the charge transfer from the rare-earth to the anion p band is modified and that this process dominates in producing the observed pressure dependence of the crystalline electric field parameters. The rate of transfer of p electrons back to the rare-earth 5d band under pressure is found to be approximately one order of magnitude less for the chalcogenides than for the pnictides and it is suggested that this is due to smaller d-p overlap arising from the position of the chalcogenide p band with respect to the Fermi level and the d band level.
Unitary versus covariant quantization of parametrized theories and normal ordering in minisuperspace

Abstract A calculation of the one-loop approximation to wave functions of parametrized theories (such as the point particle in the stringy formalism and quantum cosmology in minisuperspace) is considered in the unitary gauge. We show that in these theories the ghost determinant is not cancelled by the contributions of unphysical momenta as could be thought, but instead it provides the well-known WKB preexponential factor 1 p . By taking this contribution into account we derive a normal ordering of the Wheeler-DeWitt minisuperspace equation for a specific choice of the path integral measure.
Quantitation of optic disc cupping.

Abstract In population-based studies and in clinical practice a reliable, objective measure of optic disc cupping is needed. This measure is of special importance when following patients with diagnosed or suspected glaucoma. We have developed a new system using stereoscopic fundus photographs for quantitating optic disc cupping from these photographs. Measurements of the cup are based on cup contour. For this system, measurements of longest and shortest cup and longest and shortest disc diameters by two observers were highly correlated, with correlation coefficients of 0.88, 0.88, 0.77, and 0.82, respectively. Mean cup to disc ratios for long and short disc diameters were within 0.04 (n = 330) between the two observers. The measurements show a high degree of inter- and intea-observer reliability, and are inexpensive in time and materials to perform. This method is well suited to population-based studies.
Quantitative Analysis of Cytomegalovirus Viremia in Lung Transplant Recipients

A quantitative culture method was used to test serial blood specimens from 28 lung transplant recipients at risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (donor [D] or recipient [R] seropositive for CMV). Viremia occurred in 26 (93%) of 28 patients. Highest levels were seen when the donor was seropositive. The median of individual maximum levels was 2.13 infectious centers (ICs/10(5) leukocytes for D+/R- patients (interquartile range [iqr], 0.12-21.77), 1.01 for D+/R+ (iqr, 0.3-2.32), and 0.10 for D-/R+ (iqr, 0.07-0.36; P = .030, Kruskal-Wallis test). Higher levels were seen in patients with biopsy-proven CMV pneumonitis compared with those with negative biopsies (mean, 0.24 [SD 0.51] ICs/10(5) leukocytes vs. 0.01 [SD 0.03]; P = .039, Wilcoxon test) and with symptomatic CMV episodes compared with asymptomatic episodes (median, 0.34 ICs/10(5) [iqr, 0.11-0.61] vs. 0.08 ICs/10(5) [iqr, 0.03-0.13]; P = .045, Wilcoxon test). Further studies are required to determine whether quantification of CMV viremia by this method will be of practical value in the recognition of significant CMV infection in lung transplant recipients.
Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Coal with Enhanced Coalbed Methane RecoveryA Review

This article reviews the storage of captured CO2 in coal seams. Other geologic formations, such as depleted petroleum reservoirs, deep saline aquifers and others have received considerable attention as sites for sequestering CO2. This review focuses on geologic sequestration of CO2 in unmineable coalbeds as the geologic host. Key issues for geologic sequestration include potential storage capacity, the storage integrity of the geologic host, and the chemical and physical processes initiated by the deep underground injection of CO2. The review topics include (i) the estimated CO2 storage capacity of coal, along with the estimated amount and composition of coalbed gas; (ii) an evaluation of the coal seam properties relevant to CO2 sequestration, such as density, surface area, porosity, diffusion, permeability, transport, rank, adsorption/desorption, shrinkage/swelling, and thermochemical reactions; and (iii) a treatment of how coalbed methane (CBM) recovery and CO2-enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) recovery a...
A Type-Free Godel Interpretation

In 1930, A. Heyting first specified a formal system for part of intuitionistic mathematics. Although his rules were presumably motivated by the "intended interpretation" or meaning of the logical symbols, over the years a number of other possible interpretations have been discovered for which the rules are also valid. In particular, one might mention the realizablity interpretation of Kleene, the (Dialectica) interpretation of Godel, and various semantic interpretations, such as Kripke models. (Each of these has several variants or close relatives.) Each such interpretation can be regarded as defining precisely a certain "notion of constructivity", the study of which may illuminate the still rather vague notions which underlie the intended interpretation; or, if one doubts that there is a single interpretation "intended" by all constructivist mathematicians, the study of precisely defined interpretations may help to delineate and distinguish the possibilities. In the last few years, Heyting's systems have been vastly extended, in order to encompass the large and growing body of constructive mathematics. Several kinds of new systems have been put forward and studied. The present author has extended the various realizability interpretations to several of these systems [B1], [B2] and drawn a number of interesting applications. The mathematical content of the present paper is an interpretation in the style of Gbdel's Dialectica interpretation, but applicable to the new systems put forward by Feferman [F1]. The original motivation for this work was to obtain certain metamathematical applications: roughly speaking, Markov's rule and its variants. (This means, if you can prove a decidable number theoretic predicate has a member using classical logic, then you can prove it constructively.) These results fit nicely into the general framework of [B3], where we consider the general question, when can a classical proof be automatically converted into a constructive proof? After these results were established, however, continued reflection led the author to have more interest in the interpretation for its own sake. There are two main reasons for this: (1) The interpretation does not have great generality, in the sense of being easily adapted to other styles of systems, such as Friedman's constructive set theories. Far from being a defect, this points to a certain beautiful "closure property" which is possessed by the systems to which it does apply. (2) There is an interesting possibility of constructing some "hybrid" systems to which the interpretation might apply, and which would have interesting metamathematical corollaries.
The origin of folded DNA rings from Drosophila melanogaster.

A group of experiments have been performed to determine the origin of folded rings from Drosophila melanogaster DNA. This report shows that: (1) DNA recovered from the non-satellite (main band) regions of actinomycin-caesium chloride gradients produces very few rings; (2) folded rings purified by the application of a nuclease that preferentially destroys linear fragments, leaves mainly (if not exclusively) DNA that bands as satellites in these same gradients; (3) salivary gland DNA, which consists mainly of polytenized euchromatic DNA, contains no visible satellites in these gradients; and (4) salivary gland DNA produces no significant quantity of folded rings. Thus, there is no evidence for the existence of tandem or intermittent tandemly repeating sequences in the chromomeres of Drosophila. This and other work cannot rule out the possibility that all chromomeres contain long (4000 base-pairs) tandem repeats; nor can it rule out the possibility that a small fraction (10%) of the euchromatic DNA is composed of tandemly repeating regions.
The inflation and output variability tradeoff: evidence from a Garch model

Abstract This paper empirically investigates the possibility of a tradeoff between the variability of inflation and output gap over the period 1960–1997 in light of a bivariate GARCH model. There is strong evidence of temporal instability in the GARCH process, and the variability tradeoff is more apparent for the post-October 1979 subperiod. The slope of the tradeoff, nevertheless, appears to be considerably flat.
DELAYED TREATMENT OF BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION AFTER SLING SURGERY: ASSOCIATION WITH IRREVERSIBLE BLADDER DYSFUNCTION

ABSTRACTPurpose: Our urethrolysis cohort demonstrated an unusual delay time to surgical treatment of bladder outlet obstruction. We determined whether urethrolysis outcomes, ie persistent bladder symptoms, were associated with time between sling and urethrolysis surgeries.Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent urethrolysis for post-sling voiding dysfunction between June 1997 and June 2002 was performed. We excluded from study 6 patients with a known history of overactive bladder symptoms, neurogenic bladder dysfunction and use of anticholinergic pharmacotherapy before stress incontinence surgery. The remaining 15 patients were stratified into 2 outcomes groups based upon the absence or presence of post-urethrolysis bladder storage symptoms. Patients (7) in group 1 have no current bladder symptoms. Patients (8) in group 2 still require anticholinergic drug therapy for significant bladder symptoms of frequency and urgency. Data collected for the 2 groups included mean ag...
Probing the Role of Protein Surface Charge in the Activation of PrfA, the Central Regulator of Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis

Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne intracellular bacterial pathogen capable of causing serious human disease. L. monocytogenes survival within mammalian cells depends upon the synthesis of a number of secreted virulence factors whose expression is regulated by the transcriptional activator PrfA. PrfA becomes activated following bacterial entry into host cells where it induces the expression of gene products required for bacterial spread to adjacent cells. Activation of PrfA appears to occur via the binding of a small molecule cofactor whose identity remains unknown. Electrostatic modeling of the predicted PrfA cofactor binding pocket revealed a highly positively charged region with two lysine residues, K64 and K122, located at the edge of the pocket and another (K130) located deep within the interior. Mutational analysis of these residues indicated that K64 and K122 contribute to intracellular activation of PrfA, whereas a K130 substitution abolished protein activity. The requirement of K64 and K122 for intracellular PrfA activation could be bypassed via the introduction of the prfA G145S mutation that constitutively activates PrfA in the absence of cofactor binding. Our data indicate that the positive charge of the PrfA binding pocket contributes to intracellular activation of PrfA, presumably by facilitating binding of an anionic cofactor.
Effects of varying the practice stimuli on clinical hypothesis-formation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of varying the form of practice stimuli (written, videotaped, live client) on trainees' ability to formulate clinical hypotheses. 20 counselor-trainees were randomly assigned to a written, videotaped or live-client simulation. Each group was presented a training module for clinical hypothesis-formation and were then given an opportunity to practice developing clinical hypotheses. Participants receiving practice with live clients performed significantly better than those receiving the written client presentation.
Effects of prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide and cyclo(leucyl-glycine) on the supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in brain induced by chronic administration of haloperidol to rats.

Abstract The effects of melanotropin release-inhibiting factor, a tripeptide (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH 2 ) derived from the hypothalamus, and its enzymatically stable analog, cyclo(Leu-Gly) on the supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in brain induced by chronic administration of haloperidol to male Sprague-Dawley rats was determined. Oral administration of haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg per day) for 21 days induced supersensitivity of dopamine receptors as shown by enhanced locomotor activity in response to apomorphine, and an increase in the number of binding sites for [ 3 H]spiroperidol in the striatum. Subcutaneous administration of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH 2 or cyclo(Leu-Gly) in doses of 2 mg/kg per day, given prior to the injection of haloperidol, inhibited both the enhanced response to apormorphine as well as the increase in the number of binding sites for [ 3 H]spiroperidol in the striatum. Chronic administration of either of the peptides alone did not modify either the apomorphine-induced response or the binding of [ 3 H]spiroperidol in the striatum. These studies suggest that the hypothalamic peptide, Pro-Leu-Gly-NH 2 and its long-acting analog, cyclo (Leu-Gly) can prevent the development of both behavioral and biochemical supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in brain induced by neuroleptic drugs and that these peptides may be useful in preventing the development of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia.
Corrigendum to “taxonomies of model-theoretically defined topological properties”

An error has been found in the cited paper; namely, Theorem 3.1 is false. 1. I would like to correct a simple, but serious, error in [1]; namely Theorem 3.1 therein is quite false: It can happen that there are compact Hausdorff spaces X and Y with X Y (indeed X Y) but X T, Y. I am most grateful to Lutz Heindorf for communicating [3] the following straightforward example: Let X and Y be any two Boolean spaces with infinite dense sets of isolated points. Then B(X) and B(Y) are Wallman bases for X and Y respectively, are infinite atomic Boolean algebras, and hence, by the Tarski invariants theorem, are elementarily equivalent. Thus X Y. However, one can easily pick X and Y as above so that X gT, Y; e.g., let X and Y be the ordinal spaces w + 1 and w02 + 1 respectively. Then Y has a point of CantorBendixson derivative 2, while X does not. This fact can be expressed in a sentence of It. The faulty inference in the proof of Theorem 3.1 of [1] occurs in the penultimate sentence: If W and Z are two Tichonov spaces with Wallman bases that are latticeisomorphic, it does not generally follow that W and Z are homeomorphic. (We could make the inference if either W and Z were both compact or the Wallman bases contained all the singletons, but in our case W and Z are topological ultrapowers and neither condition holds.) 2. In Professor Heindorf's communication [3], there were some further interesting facts that enrich the content of [1]. 2.1. The 3-cell j3 is characterized by TF in {metrizable} [2]. (This augments Theorem 1.2 in [1].) 2.2. There is a complete description of the spaces that are (finitely) characterized by certain taxonomies in {metrizable Boolean}. Let I be the class of R. S. Pierce's "compact 0-dimensional metric spaces of finite type" [7]. THEOREM [5]. For any metrizable Boolean space X, the following are equivalent: (i) X e. Received September 17, 1990. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classifications. (1985 Revision) Primary: 03C15, 03C20, 06D99, 54D30, 54F15, 54F25 ? 1991, Association for Symbolic Logic 0022-4812/91/5602-0002/$01.20
Therapy Insight: AIDS-related malignancies—the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management

Patients with HIV infection are at an increased risk of a number of malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and certain B-cell lymphomas. Most of these tumors are caused by oncogenic DNA viruses, including KS-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus. HIV contributes to the development of these tumors through several mechanisms, including immunodeficiency, immunodysregulation, and the effects of HIV proteins such as Tat. The development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the incidence of many HIV-associated tumors and has generally improved their responsiveness to therapy. However, the number of people living with AIDS is increasing, and it is possible that the number of AIDS-associated malignancies will rise and the pattern of tumors will change as more people live longer with HIV infection. The goal of KS therapy is long-term tumor control with minimal toxicity. HAART is an important component of this therapy, and some patients do not require other KS-specific therapies. By contrast, the goal of AIDS-related lymphoma therapy in most cases is the attainment of a complete response with curative intent, and the benefits of administering HAART during therapy must be weighed against possible disadvantages. The past decade has seen substantial improvements in the treatment of AIDS-related lymphoma, which is attributed partially to a shift in tumor type and more effective regimens. There is currently an interest in developing new therapies for HIV-associated malignancies, based on viral, vascular or other pathogenesis-based targets.
Hear effects, another method of studying electrodeposition processes

Abstract A study was made of the temperature effects obtained at electrodes during anodic dissolution and deposition of silver from silver nitrate solutions containing ammonia and potassium cyanide. From these measurements it was determined that the plating of silver from silver nitrate solutions is exothermic and the dissolution is endothermic. The addition of ammonia, because of its stronger energy of bonding with silver, causes the deposition to become endothermic and the dissolution to be exothermic. Because of polarization effects both the deposition and dissolution from cyanide baths are exothermic. The data showed that the formula of the silver aquo complex that is discharged is the same as that of the one that leaves the electrode surface during anodic dissolution. In addition, the formation of a surface film was indicated when silver was dissolved under certain conditions in cyanide solutions. Heat effects were observed in the absence of current after the formation of this film showing chemical reactions probably to remove the film and form a layer of chemisorbed cyanide on the fresh silver.
Polyhydramnios, fetal overgrowth, and macrocephaly: Prenatal ultrasound findings of Costello syndrome†

Costello syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome consisting of dysmorphic facies, cutis laxa, short stature, developmental delay, and mental retardation. Complications include failure to thrive, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with arrhythmias, and benign and malignant tumors. This report describes a new case of Costello syndrome in a preterm infant born at 27 weeks gestation and diagnosed with Costello syndrome at 7 weeks of life who died at 6 months of age due to cardiac and pulmonary complications. In addition, data were compiled from parent surveys including growth parameters on 16 infants who were subsequently diagnosed with Costello syndrome and had mutation confirmation. The most common prenatal findings in the literature and in this cohort were polyhydramnios and fetal overgrowth with relative macrocephaly. Based on this study, ultrasound identification of polyhydramnios in the context of prenatal overgrowth, especially with relative macrocephaly, needs to raise the possibility of a diagnosis of Costello syndrome in the fetus because of the life-threatening cardiac complications that may occur early in the newborn period.
Self-Organized Polyelectrolyte End-Grafted Layers Under Nanoconfinement

Layers of end-grafted weak polyelectrolytes in poor solvent self-organize into a rich variety of structures (such as micelles, micelles coexisting with nonaggregated chains, stripes and layers with solvent-filled holes) due to the subtle competition among hydrophobic, electrostatic and steric interactions and the chemical acid–based equilibria of the weak polyelectrolyte. In this work, a molecular theory has been used to systematically study how nanoconfinement modulates the competition among these interactions and, therefore, dictates the morphology of the self-assembled layer. Two different types of confinement were considered and compared: (i) soft lateral confinement due to increasing surface coverage in a planar polyelectrolyte brush and (ii) hard vertical confinement due to the interaction of a planar polyelectrolyte brush with an opposing surface, as typically found in AFM-colloidal-tip and surface-force-apparatus experiments. It is shown that increasing the surface coverage (soft lateral confineme...
Experiential tourism around the world and at home: definitions and standards

This paper examines the 'experiential tourism' concept as reported in the academic and practitioner literature. Examples of experiential tourism around the world are examined. Standards for the experiential tourism concept suggested by the literature are developed and presented. Using the standards framework developed, a specific rural regional planning process is used to describe a sample of activities based on the standards. The implications for both research and practitioners are discussed.
P4 Medicine and Pediatric Occupational Therapy

Pediatric occupational therapy practitioners face a complex and ever-changing health care environment, creating many challenges and opportunities. P4 medicine is a systems approach to health care that emphasizes proactive wellness over reactive acute care disease management. The four Ps of P4 medicine stand for predictive, personalized, preventive, and participatory, concepts that align well with the practice of pediatric occupational therapy. P4 medicine offers a model for pediatric occupational therapy practitioners to demonstrate the value of occupational therapy services.
Evidence for separate control mechanisms at the message, protein, and enzyme activation levels for transglutaminase during calcium-induced differentiation of normal and transformed human keratinocytes.

We analyzed the effects of three different calcium concentrations on the RNA and functional protein levels of transglutaminase (TGase) and involucrin (INV) over time in culture. We compared the results in normal human keratinocytes with those in a squamous cell carcinoma, SCC4. The highest calcium concentration (1.2mM) induced the greatest levels of INV and TGase message, INV protein and rates of CE formation, but not maximal levels of TGase protein. By examining cytosol and membrane fractions of keratinocytes, we found that after synthesis, TGase protein shifts, under the influence of calcium (both 0.1mM and 1.2mM), from the cytosol into the membrane in postconfluent cells. However, only 1.2mM calcium induced significant amounts of TGase activity. These data indicate that elevated calcium (1.2mM) achieves the expected induction in keratinocyte differentiation by regulation of not only INV and TGase message levels, but also the translation and activation of TGase protein. Our data suggest that this calcium-induced activation of TGase protein occurs while the protein is anchored in the membrane. In contrast, despite ample INV and TGase message levels within SCC4 cells, these RNA levels are not regulated by calcium or translated into protein, suggesting that the transformed phenotype of SCC4 cells results not only in a failure of calcium to regulate gene transcription, but also in a defect within the translation machinery of these differentiation-specific proteins.
Improved accuracy of measurements of complex permittivity and permeability using transmission lines

Abstract Strong damping of Higher-Order-Modes (HOMs) excited by the beam in accelerating cavities is a necessary condition for achievement of high currents and low emittances in storage rings, electron-positron colliders, and high average power Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs). Characterization of the electromagnetic properties of lossy ceramics and ferrites used in HOM loads is therefore an essential part of constructing these accelerators. Here we show how to improve these measurements beyond the state of the art. In the past, significant discrepancies have been typical between measured properties for different batches of the same material. Here we show that these can be explained not only by technological deviations in the material production but also by errors in the dimensions of the measured samples. We identify the main source of errors and show how to improve the accuracy of measuring the electromagnetic parameters of absorbing materials.
Carbide‐Derived Carbons – From Porous Networks to Nanotubes and Graphene

Carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) are a large family of carbon materials derived from carbide precursors that are transformed into pure carbon via physical (e.g., thermal decomposition) or chemical (e.g., halogenation) processes. Structurally, CDC ranges from amorphous carbon to graphite, carbon nanotubes or graphene. For halogenated carbides, a high level of control over the resulting amorphous porous carbon structure is possible by changing the synthesis conditions and carbide precursor. The large number of resulting carbon structures and their tunability enables a wide range of applications, from tribological coatings for ceramics, or selective sorbents, to gas and electrical energy storage. In particular, the application of CDC in supercapacitors has recently attracted much attention. This review paper summarizes key aspects of CDC synthesis, properties, and applications. It is shown that the CDC structure and properties are sensitive to changes of the synthesis parameters. Understanding of processing–structure–properties relationships facilitates tuning of the carbon material to the requirements of a certain application.
Submanifolds of real algebraic varieties

By the Nash-Tognoli theorem, each compact smooth manifold M is diffeomorphic to a nonsingular real algebraic set, called an algebraic model of M. We construct algebraic models X of M with controlled behavior of the group of cohomology classes represented by algebraic subsets of X.
Design and Preliminary Results of an Atmospheric-Pressure Model Gas Turbine Combustor Utilizing Varying CO2 Doping Concentration in CH4 to Emulate Biogas Combustion

Abstract Utilization of biogas can provide a source of renewable energy in both heat and power generation. Combustion of biogas in land-based gas turbines for power generation is a promising approach to reducing greenhouse gases and US dependence on foreign–source fossil fuels. Biogas is a byproduct from the decomposition of organic matter and consists primarily of CH4 and large amounts of CO2. The focus of this research was to design a combustion device and investigate the effects of increasing levels of CO2 addition to the combustion of pure CH4 with air. Using an atmospheric-pressure, swirl-stabilized dump combustor, emissions data and flame stability limitations were measured and analyzed. In particular, CO2, CO, and NOx emissions were the main focus of the combustion products. Additionally, the occurrence of lean blowout and combustion pressure oscillations, which impose significant limitations in operation ranges for actual gas turbines, was observed. Preliminary kinetic and equilibrium modeling was performed using Cantera and CEA for the CH4/CO2/Air combustion systems to analyze the effect of CO2 upon adiabatic flame temperature and emission levels. The numerical and experimental results show similar dependence of emissions on equivalence ratio, CO2 addition, inlet air temperature, and combustor residence time.
The demonstration with the electron microscope of the end-products of histochemical reactions in relation to the fine structure of cells

Abstract Methods of preparing tissues and the compromises necessary in the application of histochemistry to electron microscopy are reviewed. Three methods are described for demonstrating succinic dehydrogenase with the electron microscope and the results are compared with those for standard cytochemical procedures. A cholinesterase-like enzyme may be localized in striated muscle by a metal salt method. Azo-dye histochemical methods performed in vivo for the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase activity with the electron microscope reveal that the final dye product is picked up by the duodenal epithelium by pinocytosis. The dye particles are transported through the cells and discharged at the lateral cell margins. For the successful demonstration of alkaline phosphatase activity, prefixation is necessary to prevent the pinocytosis without destroying the enzyme.