cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ship to Grid: Medium-Voltage DC Concepts in Theory and Practice

Corporate research centers, universities, power equipment vendors, end users, and other market participants around the world are beginning to explore and consider the use of dc in future transmission and distribution system applications. Recent developments and trends in electric power consumption indicate an increasing use of dc-based power and constant power loads. In addition, growth in renewable energy resources requires dc interfaces for optimal integration. A strong case is being made for intermeshed ac and dc networks, with new concepts emerging at the medium-voltage (MV) level for MV dc infrastructure developments.
Candidate status, presidential approval, and voting for US senator

Abstract This research tests whether the effects of assessments of presidential performance on the senate voting decision are largest for out-party incumbents and smaller for out-party incumbents and candidates in open-seat contests, a pattern suggested by the restricted in-party culpability thesis. Analysis of data from the 1988–1990–1992 Pooled Senate Election Study reveals that the effects of appraisals of presidential performance are greatest in open-seat contests and those with in-party incumbents, contrary to the restricted in-party culpability thesis. For incumbents of the out-party and candidates in open-seat contests, the effects of assessments of presidential performance are principally a function of the competitiveness of the contest. Assessments of presidential performance shape the voting decision in contests with in-party incumbents regardless of the level of electoral competitiveness.
Feasibility interval for the transactional event handlers of P-FRP

Functional Reactive Programming (FRP) is a resource aware declarative approach for modeling and building safety-critical embedded systems. Recently, Priority-based FRP (P-FRP) was introduced as a formalism that guarantees real-time response. Due to the state-less nature of execution of functional programs, P-FRP implements a transactional nature of execution where preempted lower-priority tasks are aborted. This makes the response time of a lower-priority task completely dependent on the execution pattern of higher priority tasks. The feasibility interval in the classical preemptive model11In this paper the classical preemptive model refers to a real-time system in which tasks can be preempted by higher priority tasks and can resume execution from the point they were preempted. of real-time systems is known and is dependent on the least common multiple (LCM) of task periods. However, since the abort nature of preemption can induce side-effects on the execution of lower-priority tasks, it has been unknown to date if the feasibility in P-FRP is also dependent on the LCM. In this paper, we rigorously prove that these side-effects of preemption are bounded within the LCM and formally derive a value of the feasibility interval in P-FRP. This value of feasibility interval is vital for more robust schedulability analysis of the P-FRP execution model. Highlights� We rigorously prove that task abortions in P-FRP are bounded within the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of task periods. � We formally derive a value of the feasibility interval in P-FRP. � We address both synchronous and asynchronous releases of P-FRP tasks. � Feasibility intervals of synchronous releases in P-FRP are proved to be the same as those in the preemptive model. � A game-board method is proposed to compute the actual response time.
Heavy traffic analysis of maximum pressure policies for stochastic processing networks with multiple bottlenecks

A class of open processing networks operating under a maximum pressure policy is considered in the heavy traffic regime. We prove that the diffusion-scaled workload process for a network with several bottleneck resources converges to a semimartingale reflecting Brownian motion (SRBM) living in a polyhedral cone. We also establish a state space collapse result that the queue length process can be lifted from the lower-dimensional workload process.
Primary prevention of coronary heart disease by lowering lipids: results and implications.

Abstract Evidence to support the hypothesis that lowering total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol may reduce heart attacks and heart deaths has, until recently, not been available. Early primary prevention trials lacked definitive data on these “hard” end points. Since 1980, five primary prevention trials have attempted to demonstrate the benefit of lowering cholesterol. Three of these involved diet: the Osio Heart Trial and both the European and American Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trials (MRFITs). Two involved lipid-lowering drugs: the European Clofibrate Primary Prevention Trial and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's recently concluded Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT). The Oiso Heart Trial suggested a benefit from the dietary reduction of cholesterol; results of the other studies of diet were equivocal. Although clofibrate did demonstrate a reduced incidence of heart attacks in the treated group, the cardiac mortality rate was not altered in this group. A significant increase in the all-cause mortality rate (other than ischemic heart disease) observed in this trial in treated subjects makes clofibrate difficult to recommend. The LRC-CPPT study, involving cholestyramine, has provided conclusive evidence concerning the benefits of lowering cholesterol: significant reductions were observed in all cardiovascular end points measured, including the development of angina and positive exercise stress tests, referral for bypass surgery, and the hard primary study end point heart attack and heart attack death.
Suburbanization in Greater Philadelphia 1880–1941

The Philadelphia inner suburbs of Upper Darby, Landsdowne, and East Lansdowne, developed over more than half a century during several different transportation technologies. Investments in commuting railroad, electric streetcar, rail elevated-subway, and motor vehicle networks led to active land subdivision, especially during economic boom periods of the late 1880s, 1900–09, and the 1920s. Many opportunities for residential development created by transportation investments, however, remained unfulfilled for lengthy periods after initial subdivision of land. Residential development is best viewed as a sequential process in which the final construction stage is related not only to transportation but also to such factors as economic cycles and affordability of housing. Affordability, involving the relation of average incomes to suburban housing and commuting costs, was one factor among others that influenced the pace of suburban residential construction. In this way, housing affordability also helped to shape the broad patterns of residential location through different transportation eras.
Clodronate kinetics and dynamics.

Clodronaie disodium (C12MDP) was given intravenously in doses of 3, 6, and 10 mg/kg to six men (aged 23 to 30 yr). Volume of distribution was 0.2720 ± 0.0255 l/kg (x ± SD) after 3 mg/kg dose, 0.3037 ± 0.0445 l/kg after 6 mg/kg, and 0.2528 ± 0.0417 l/kg after 10 mg/kg. The elimination rate constant was 0.3787 ± 0.0546 hr−1, 0.3492 ± 0.0616 hr−1, and 0.3962 ± 0.0358 hr−1 after 3, 6, and 10 mg/kg. Corresponding total body clearances were 0.1026 ± 0.0149, 0.1049 ± 0.0159, and 0.0998 ± 0.0172 1/kg/hr. Renal clearance accounted for 73% of total body clearance; 73% of the drug was excreted unchanged in the urine in 24 hr. After Cl2MDP serum phosphate decreased approximately 13%; this was associated at the 10 mg/kg dose with a transient fall in fractional phosphate excretion. There were no significant changes in the serum concentration or fractional excretion of calcium, sodium, or uric acid. Creatinine clearance and renal concentrating ability were not altered by Cl2MDP. After short-term administration Cl2MDP is excreted primarily by the kidney but has no significant effects on renal function. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 114–120; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.135
Dynamics of mule deer forage in the Sonoran Desert

Abstract Forage availability for mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in the Sonoran Desert depends on plant biomass, which is influenced by rainfall. We determined how rainfall, temperature and plant characteristics affected biomass of deer forage. We measured forage biomass, rainfall and temperature every 3 months from April 2000 to December 2002. Quarterly rainfall ranged from p 0.001 ), and a negative relationship between biomass and average temperature the previous 3 months ( p 0.001 ). Quarterly forage growth was positively influenced by rainfall ( p 0.001 ) and negatively influenced by forage biomass ( p 0.001 ). The relationships between deer forage and environmental factors established here will be useful in understanding population ecology of mule deer as part of an interactive model of plant–herbivore dynamics in arid environments.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of incessant, medically resistant supraventricular tachycardia in infants and small children

Abstract Objectives. This study retrospectively evaluates initial experience with radiofrequency catheter ablation in a group of seven infants and small children with a history of incessant, medically resistant supraventricular tachycardia. Methods. Before attempted catheter ablation, all patients had had unsuccessful conventional medical therapy (with digoxin or propranolol, or both) and, in addition, each continued to have daily episodes of supraventricular tachycardia while taking amiodarone or a class IC antiarrhythmic agent alone or in combination. The average patient age was 10 months (range 1 to 27) and the average patient weight was 6 kg (range 3 to 13). Electrophysiologic diagnosis included reentrant supraventricular tachycardia in six patients and atrial ectopic tachycardia in one patient. Results. These seven patients underwent a total of nine catheter ablation procedures. The atrial approach to ablation was employed in eight of the nine procedures. Overall, radiofrequency catheter ablation was totally successful in five of the seven patients, partially successful in one patient and unsuccessful in the remaining patient. The combination of radiofrequency catheter ablation and surgical ablation was successful in controlling tachycardia in all patients; with at least 5 months of follow-up study, no patient has had a recurrence of supraventricular tachycardia or reappearance of a delta wave. Conclusions, Surgical ablation of arrhythmogenic substrates in the pediatric age group, although rarely indicated, has been found in the past to be safe and effective. Our initial experience with radiofrequency catheter ablation in infants and small children demonstrates that this procedure is a promising nonpharmacologic therapeutic alternative to surgical ablation.
Absorption Spectra Of Toxic Compounds At CO2 Laser Wavelengths

Absorption coefficient data are reported for acrolein, styrene, ethyl acrylate, trichloroethylene, vinyl bromide, and vinylidene chloride at up to seventy-two CO2 laser wavelengths each. These compounds are toxic industrial substances for which improved ambient air detection methods are desired. Absorption data for these compounds are needed to determine their detectabilities by CO2 laser-based photoacoustic, long-path absorption, and laser radar (lidar) techniques. The absorption data obtained for these compounds indicate that sub parts-per-billion (ppb) level, interference-free detection limits should be possible for these compounds by the CO2 laser photoacoustic technique. CO2 laser photoacoustic detectabilities of 40 ppb or less should be possible for these compounds in the presence of expected ambient air concentrations of water vapor and other anticipated interferences. In addition, absorption data on the first four compounds are needed to assess the capability of using CO2 laser spectroscopic techniques to detect low levels of the toxic hydrazine-based rocket fuels in air samples containing these compounds as interferences. The absorption data obtained for these four compounds indicate that the hydrazine-fuels should be detectable by the CO2 laser photoacoustic technique at concentrations below proposed workplace standards for hydrazines as low as 30 ppb in the presence of expected airborne concentrations of these compounds together with other expected interferences.
Comparative study of pulsed Ho:YAG versus Tm:YAG: impulse-induced pressure in porcine aorta

The goal of this study is to measure the average impulse induced pressure in porcine aorta by one laser pulse for both a free running Tm:YAG (2.014 microns) laser and a free running Ho:YAG (2.1 microns) laser. The pulsed Tm:YAG and Ho:YAG lasers operated at a repetition rate of 2 Hz and a FWHM pulse width of 150 microseconds. The laser energy was delivered to the tissue via a 600 micron core diameter low-OH silica fiber. The impulse pressure induced in the aortic wall was evaluated using tissue samples (n equals 50) mounted on a pendulum to measure the transferred momentum from the laser pulse to the tissue. The impulse induced pressure was determined using a contact mode, where the fiber tip and tissue surface are within 0.5 mm of each other. The impulse induced pressure was studied over a fluence range of 35 - 350 J/cm2, fifteen measurements were taken at each fluence level. The results showed that the average impulse induced pressure of the Ho:YAG pulsed laser in the fiber contact mode was 2 - 6 times greater than in the non-contact mode, where the energy at the fiber tip was imaged onto the tissue surface. The results also showed that both the Ho:YAG and the Tm:YAG average impulse induced pressure, in the contact mode, increased linearly at lower fluences, reaching a peak at approximately 13 - 14 atm.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Computer Simulations of Thermal Expansion in Lanthanum-Based Perovskites

Differential thermal expansion is important when two strongly bonded ceramics are subjected to high temperatures, as in solid oxide fuel cells. Free energy minimization (EM) and molecular dynamics (MD) techniques were used to simulate the thermal expansion of the perovskites (La, Ca)CrO{sub 3} and (La, Sr)(Co, Fe)O{sub 3} on the atomistic scale. This paper explores the use of empirical partial charge interatomic potentials to represent the partially covalent bonding in these materials. The EM simulations underpredicted the thermal expansion coefficients (CTEs) by up to 26% due to limitations in the potentials. The MD simulations predicted the CTEs to within 17% of experimental data for (La, Ca)CrO{sub 3}. MD predictions of the CTEs for (La, Sr)(Co, Fe)O{sub 3} were significantly lower than the experimental data due to the approximate nature of the Co{sup 4+} and Fe{sup 4+} interatomic potentials. Improvements in these results are possible if more extensive databases become available for refining the potentials and effective charges.
Testing Slutsky symmetry in systems of linear demand equations

Abstract Two methods are suggested for controlling the size of the F test for Slutsky symmetry in systems of linear demand equations. The F test is a multiple of the well-known Wald test (size corrected) in this context and we focus on F because of its simplicity and widespread use. The power of the F test is shown to be comparable to that of the likelihood ratio and Lagrange multiplier tests for a variety of simulated data sets. The size of the F test is such that the ratio of a percentile from the true distribution of F to the corresponding percentile from an F distribution is determined primarily by the sample size and the number of equations in the system. The nature of the data is found to be relatively unimportant, particularly in large systems. Size corrections for the F test for a wide variety of sample and system sizes are given. These should prove useful in applied work. A method of approximating the distribution of the F statistic is also presented.
A review of in vitro testicular steroidogenesis in rodents, monkeys and humans.

Abstract This review covers pertinent literature regarding the synthesis of androgens by the testis of the rodent, the subhuman primate and man. By increasing the activity of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage mitochondrial enzyme complex, LH is rate-limiting for the synthesis of testicular androgens by regulating the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. In the rat, available information suggests that pregnenolone is converted to testosterone primarily through the 4-ene pathway. Testosterone is the major metabolite of pregnenolone and progesterone in the newborn and adult rat, while in the immature rat 5α-reduced androgens are predominant. In subhuman primates, the 4-ene pathway also appears to be predominant for testosterone synthesis in more primitive species, such as the marmoset and the baboon. However, in higher primates, such as the orang-utan, both the 4-ene and the 5-ene pathways appear to be utilized for testosterone synthesis. In man, the 5-ene pathway is the major pathway for the metabolism of pregnenolone to testosterone, and this pathway may involve the conversion of sulfated intermediates to testosterone. There is apparently little 5α-reductase activity in the prepubertal human testis, but the activity of this enzyme increases with age after puberty. The reduction in 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity prior to puberty may invoke the onset of puberty in man.
Distributed health care imaging information systems

We have developed an ATM network-based system to collect and catalogue cardio-angiogram videos from the source at a Kaiser central facility and make them available for viewing by doctors at primary care Kaiser facilities. This an example of the general problem of diagnostic data being generated at tertiary facilities, while the images, or other large data objects they produce, need to be used from a variety of other locations such as doctor's offices or local hospitals. We describe the use of a highly distributed computing and storage architecture to provide all aspects of collecting, storing, analyzing, and accessing such large data-objects in a metropolitan area ATM network. Our large data-object management system provides network interface between the object sources, the data management system and the user of the data. As the data is being stored, a cataloguing system automatically creates and stores condensed versions of the data, textural metadata and pointers to the original data. The catalogue system provides a Web-based graphical interface to the data. The user is able the view the low-resolution data with a standard Internet connection and Web browser. If high-resolution is required, a high-speed connection and special application programs can be used to view the high-resolution original data.
Cosmological constraints from the large-scale weak lensing of SDSS MaxBCG clusters

We derive constraints on the matter density \Om and the amplitude of matter clustering \sig8 from measurements of large scale weak lensing (projected separation R=5-30\hmpc) by clusters in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey MaxBCG catalog. The weak lensing signal is proportional to the product of \Om and the cluster-mass correlation function \xicm. With the relation between optical richness and cluster mass constrained by the observed cluster number counts, the predicted lensing signal increases with increasing \Om or \sig8, with mild additional dependence on the assumed scatter between richness and mass. The dependence of the signal on scale and richness partly breaks the degeneracies among these parameters. We incorporate external priors on the richness-mass scatter from comparisons to X-ray data and on the shape of the matter power spectrum from galaxy clustering, and we test our adopted model for \xicm against N-body simulations. Using a Bayesian approach with minimal restrictive priors, we find \sig8(\Om/0.325)^{0.501}=0.828 +/- 0.049, with marginalized constraints of \Om=0.325_{-0.067}^{+0.086} and \sig8=0.828_{-0.097}^{+0.111}, consistent with constraints from other MaxBCG studies that use weak lensing measurements on small scales (R<=2\hmpc). The (\Om,\sig8) constraint is consistent with and orthogonal to the one inferred from WMAP CMB data, reflecting agreement with the structure growth predicted by GR for an LCDM cosmological model. A joint constraint assuming LCDM yields \Om=0.298 +/- 0.020 and \sig8=0.831 +/- 0.020. Our cosmological parameter errors are dominated by the statistical uncertainties of the large scale weak lensing measurements, which should shrink sharply with current and future imaging surveys.
Employee Network Groups; Self‐Help Strategy for Women and Minorities

: Employee network groups are growing in popularity for female and minority employees. They are important as a way for employees to gain access to information and support in organizations, enhancing their effectiveness and prospects for career advancement. Evidence shows that Black managers in companies with network groups are more optimistic about their careers than those in companies without network groups. At the same time, network groups stimulate fear among managers and peers. These fears are discussed, along with strategies used by effective network groups for overcoming those fears.
Multiplication in changing bases: A note on Lewis Carroll

Abstract In this note, we examine a Carrollian treatment of the base of a number system as it appears in Alice in Wonderland.
Validated risk score predicts the development of congestive heart failure after presentation with unstable angina or non-ST–elevation myocardial infarction: results from OPUS-TIMI 16 and TACTICS-TIMI 18

Abstract Background Few data are available about development of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients with unstable angina/non-ST–elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI). We developed and validated a risk score to predict which patients will develop CHF. Methods A subset of 4681 patients from the Orbofiban in Patients With Unstable Coronary Syndromes-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (OPUS-TIMI 16) trial with UA/NSTEMI and without a history of CHF were included in this analysis and stratified according to the development of CHF at 10 months. A risk score was created from significant variables and validated in the Treat Angina With Aggrastat and Determine Cost of Therapy With an Invasive or Conservative Strategy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TACTICS-TIMI 18) trial. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) was then added to the initial multivariate analysis and validated in the TACTICS-TIMI 18 trial. Results The incidence of CHF at 30 days was 4.9%, and at 10 months it was 5.6%. Significant variables on multivariate analysis included age >65 years, heart rate >100 beats/min, history of diabetes mellitus, lateral electrocardiographic changes, and history of angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. The risk of CHF increased 10-fold across the number of risk factors ( P P = .01). The median BNP value doubled across the number of risk factors ( P Conclusions In patients with UA/NSTEMI, a simple clinical risk score can aid in assessing the risk of developing CHF. BNP adds to the predictive capacity of this risk score. This score may assist in identifying patients who warrant more careful monitoring and therapy for CHF prevention inhospital and during follow-up.
Stimulation hierarchy: optimal sequence for double and triple extrastimuli during electrophysiological studies.

To determine the optimal ventricular stimulation sequence, an 11-step programmed electrical stimulation (PES) protocol was completed, even if a ventricular arrhythmia (VA) was induced with earlier steps. The protocol consisted of one, two, and three extrastimuli during sinus rhythm (SR), and at two drive pacing rates (VP1 and VP2) plus rapid burst and ramp pacing. By analyzing the 79 completed protocols that induced the clinical arrhythmia, the following were determined: (1) the frequency of induced clinical and nonclinical VA with each stimulation step; (2) the yield ratio (YR) of each step, defined as the probability of inducing clinical versus nonclinical arrhythmia; (3) the cumulative yield of induced clinical and nonclinical arrhythmia with two widely used stimulation sequences, i.e., triple extrastimuli delivered early in the stimulation protocol (MMC sequence) and triple extrastimuli delayed until after double extrastimuli failed to induce the clinical arrhythmia (B sequence); (4) the relative efficiency of these sequences were determined. The percentage of induced clinical and nonclinical arrhythmia with SR + 3 extrastimuli, VP1 + 2 extrastimuli, and VP2 + 2 extrastimuli were (53%, 5%), (36%, 5%), and (41%, 9%), respectively. The cumulative yield of induced clinical VA with the MMC-type sequence reached 55% by the third step of the protocol, whereas 50% was attained only at the eighth step of the B-type sequence. The cumulative percentage of induced nonclinical VA with either sequence was similar during the early steps of the protocol. The MMC sequence was more efficient, requiring overall 36% of potential steps for clinical arrhythmia induction, compared with 48% for the B sequence (P less than 0.001). For questionable arrhythmia states, e.g., syncope of unknown origin and nonsustained VT, a modified sequence is proposed that may further reduce the induction of uninterpretable arrhythmias.
Mammalian formin-1 participates in adherens junctions and polymerization of linear actin cables.

During epithelial sheet formation, linear actin cables assemble at nascent adherens junctions. This process requires α-catenin and actin polymerization, although the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we show that formin-1 interacts with α-catenin, localizes to adherens junctions and nucleates unbranched actin filaments. Furthermore, disruption of the α-catenin–formin-1 interaction blocks assembly of radial actin cables and perturbs intercellular adhesion. A fusion protein of the β-catenin-binding domain of α-catenin with the actin polymerization domains of formin-1 rescues formation of adherens junctions and associated actin cables in α-catenin-null keratinocytes. These findings provide new insight into how α-catenin orchestrates actin dynamics during intercellular junction formation.
Listeria monocytogenes infection in pregnant guinea pigs is associated with maternal liver necrosis, a decrease in maternal serum TNF-α concentrations, and an increase in placental apoptosis

Abstract Stillbirths and spontaneous abortions can result when pregnant women are exposed to the food borne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes . Fetuses and neonates account for one-third of the 2500 cases annually. The objectives were to determine the dose dependent trends of immunological and pathological effects in pregnant guinea pigs after infection with L. monocytogenes . Timed pregnant guinea pigs were treated on gestation day (gd) 35 with doses of 10 4 to 10 8 colony forming units (CFUs) and sacrificed on gd 56. Hepatic lesions were found in dams treated with ≥10 5 CFUs. Apoptosis was detected in significantly more placentas from dams treated with ≥10 6 CFUs compared to controls. Maternal serum TNF-α concentrations were significantly decreased in all dose groups compared to controls. In conclusion, increases in premature delivery, maternal hepatic effects and placental apoptosis along with a decrease in TNF-α concentrations were associated with L. monocytogenes infection in pregnant guinea pigs.
Effect of surface degradation on optical performance of potassium dihydrogen phosphate optics

We have measured scatter produced by roughening of bare potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) surfaces and by surface degradation (etch pits) that develop beneath a porous solgel coating on KDP after exposure to ambient relative humidity. The etch pits that form on coated KDP scatter incident light into strongly anisotropic angular distributions characteristic of the defect size and shape. The total integrated scatter (TIS) can be as high as 9% for a crystal with etch pits as compared with 0.05% for the as-manufactured crystal. The amount of TIS correlates with the area obscured by defects as measured by optical microscopy.
Animals as Property and the Law

In this paper I would like to examine a well circumscribed but scarcely investigated area of law: the laws concerning animals.
The cortical basis of visual scene processing

Several lines of evidence suggest that the human brain contains special-purpose machinery for processing information about visual scenes. In particular, a region in medial occipitotemporal cortex—the “parahippocampal place area”, or PPA—represents the geometric structure of scenes as defined primarily by their background elements. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that the PPA responds preferentially to scenes but not to the objects within them, while neuropsychological studies have shown that damage to this region leads to an impaired ability to learn new scenes. More recent evidence suggests that the PPA encodes novel scenes in a viewpoint-specific manner and that these codes are more reliable in good navigators than bad navigators. The PPA may be part of a larger network of regions involved in processing navigationally relevant spatial information. The role of this region in place recognition and gist comprehension is also discussed.
Average fraction of jet momentum carried by highP ⊥ leading hadrons

The average fraction, , of jet momentum carried by the associated charged leading hadron has been determined in the reactionp+N→h 1+h 2+X whereN is the target nucleon;h 1,h 2 are the leading particles of two jets produced at highP ⊥. An 800 GeV/c proton beam and 4 nuclear targets: Be, Al, Fe and W were used. The distributions agree with the QCD-parton model predictions for single independent protonnucleon scattering and independent fragmentation process.
Enhancement by Restraint Stress of Natural Killer Cell Activity and Splenocyte Responsiveness to Concanavalin A in Fischer 344 Rats

Stress usually has a depressing effect on immune function. However, we observed apparent immune enhancement following restraint stress. Fischer 344 rats were restrained in snug-fitting wire mesh tubes for 14 hr/day during the light portion of a daily 14:10 hr light/dark cycle for 0, 11, 22, or 33 days. Animals were sacrificed immediately after the last restraint session, and trunk blood and spleens were collected. Blood neutrophil percent was significantly higher after 11 or 22 days of restraint than in controls, as expected, and returned to baseline at 33 days. However, natural killer activity of spleen cells against Yac-1 targets, measured by a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, was higher than controls after all periods of restraint, and especially after 11 days. Responses to concanavalin A by spleen cells from restrained rats were also higher than controls after all periods of restraint.
A Unified Theory of Development: A Dialectic Integration of Nature and Nurture

The understanding of nature and nurture within developmental science has evolved with alternating ascendance of one or the other as primary explanations for individual differences in life course trajectories of success or failure. A dialectical perspective emphasizing the interconnectedness of individual and context is suggested to interpret the evolution of developmental science in similar terms to those necessary to explain the development of individual children. A unified theory of development is proposed to integrate personal change, context, regulation, and representational models of development.
The transportation problem and patient travel to physicians and hospitals

The aim of these experiments was to discover whether some very simple modifications of the transportation model could be found to take advantage of the efficiency implications by shifting hospital capacities and to gain realism by recognizing some distance indifference and thereby increase significantly the number of paths taken. These experiments seem successful and the simple elegance of the transportation model preserved.
Protein requirements for sister telomere association in human cells

Previous studies in human cells indicate that sister telomeres have distinct requirements for their separation at mitosis. In cells depleted for tankyrase 1, a telomeric poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, sister chromatid arms and centromeres separate normally, but telomeres remain associated and cells arrest in mitosis. Here, we use biochemical and genetic approaches to identify proteins that might mediate the persistent association at sister telomeres. We use immunoprecipitation analysis to show that the telomeric proteins, TRF1 (an acceptor of PARsylation by tankyrase 1) and TIN2 (a TRF1 binding partner) each bind to the SA1 ortholog of the cohesin Scc3 subunit. Sucrose gradient sedimentation shows that TRF1 cosediments with the SA1–cohesin complex. Depletion of the SA1 cohesin subunit or the telomeric proteins (TRF1 and TIN2) restores the normal resolution of sister telomeres in mitosis in tankyrase 1-depleted cells. Moreover, depletion of TRF1 and TIN2 or SA1 abrogates the requirement for tankyrase 1 in mitotic progression. Our studies indicate that sister telomere association in human cells is mediated by a novel association between a cohesin subunit and components of telomeric chromatin.
Proteolytic Enzymes Initiating Cell Division and Escape from Contact Inhibition of Growth

BRIEF treatment with very low concentrations of proteolytic enzymes can bring about a change in the cell surface similar to that occurring in the chemical or viral transformation of normal to malignant cells1. This suggests to us that proteolytic enzymes may not only convert the surface structure into the type seen in malignant cells but that the whole cell may respond to the proteolytic enzyme with initiation of new rounds of cell division and a concomitant escape from contact inhibition of growth, as is the case for malignant cells in tissue culture2.
A role for the angiotensin AT4 receptor subtype in overcoming scopolamine-induced spatial memory deficits

Abstract There is increasing interest in the role of the brain angiotensin AT 4 receptor subtype in cognitive processing. This receptor subtype is activated by angiotensin IV (AngIV), is heavily distributed in the mammalian hippocampus, neocortex, and cerebellum, and has been linked with a learning and memory function. The present investigation utilized intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)-infused scopolamine hydrobromide (scop), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, to disrupt acquisition of the circular water maze task of spatial memory. All animals received 2 days of training trials (five trials/day) using a visible platform in an effort to preclude subsequent confounding by scopolamine-induced sensory and/or motor impairments. In the first experiment, i.c.v.-infused scopolamine (70 nmol) was followed by 0, 10, 100, or 1000 pmol i.c.v. doses of Nle 1 –AngIV in separate groups of rats. Results indicated that each dose of Nle 1 –AngIV improved the poor acquisition of this task induced by scopolamine treatment. However, the 100- and 1000-pmol doses were most effective with respect to latency and distance to find the submerged pedestal. A second experiment demonstrated that treatment with a specific AT 4 receptor antagonist, Nle 1 , Leual 3 –AngIV (1000 pmol), blocked the ability of Nle 1 –AngIV (100 pmol) to improve the performance of scopolamine-compromised rats. These results support the notion that hippocampal AT 4 receptors are involved in spatial memory processing, and that activation of these binding sites can overcome the disruption of spatial memory accompanying treatment with a muscarinic receptor antagonist.
The history of blue pus

Infectious diseases have become the third leading cause of death in the United States, and for over 100 years of American surgery, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been recognized as an important cause of pneumonia and blood, wound, and urinary tract infections. The overall frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections has not decreased this past decade. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) data derived from the 1990–1992 National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report that Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused 9% of infections of all sites and 8% of surgical site infections. Centers for Disease Control data from 1980–82 report that Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused 8.5% of nosocomial infections of all sites and 8.1% of surgical wound infections. Centers for Disease Control 1990–1992 nosocomial data also show that Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused 11% of urinary tract infections, 16% of pneumonias, and 3% of bloodstream infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9%) is one of the top five causes of nosocomial infections in all sites behind Escherichia coli (12%), Staphylococcus aureus (12%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (11%), and Enterococcus spp. (10%), and causes a higher mortality than most pathogens. NNIS data from 1986–1990 indicate that Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogen in intensive care units (ICU) and is the leading cause of nosocomial pneumonia in ICU and hospital-wide patients. Similarly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was one of the most frequently reported microorganisms in a 1992 European study of the prevalence of ICU-acquired infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic extracellular pathogen whose hospital prevalence has paralleled the emergence of transcutaneous medical devices, immunosuppressive therapies, mechanical ventilators, the increased incidence and survival of immunosuppressed patients, and most importantly, the development of antibiotic resistance promoted by factors such as inappropriate antibiotic use. Another factor facilitating the emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a predominant pathogen causing invasive burn wound infections is the initial use of broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against Staphylococcus during a patient’s course of treatment. Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses multiple virulent factors to infect high-risk, immune suppressed patients with burns, cystic fibrosis, cancer, trauma, organ transplants, and serious underlying disease. Intrinsic multidrug resistance to a variety of antimicrobial agents plays a major virulent role and results from mechanisms including mutation of the DNA gyrase gene, synthesis of altered penicillin-binding proteins, b-lactamases, low outer membrane permeability to antibiotics, and from plasma membrane antibiotic efflux pumps. Additional virulent factors include endotoxin, pyocyanin, proteolytic enzymes (eg, elastase, collagenases), a functioning flagellum, toxins, alginate (mucoid coat), surface adhesins such as pili, and various outer membrane proteins collectively referred to as nonpilin adhesins.
Indium Telluride (II'): Transitory Intermediate Phase in the Transformation InTe(II) to InTe(I)

The high-pressure cubic metallic form of indium telluride, InTe(II), transforms at 1 atmosphere to a new transitory polymorph, designated InTe(II9), which, in turn, transforms to the stable tetragonal polymorph InTe(I). The new polymorph is apparently tetragonal with unit-cell dimensions a0 = 6.06 A, c0 = 6.55 A. The transformation rates of InTe(II) to InTe(II9) and of InTe(II9) to InTe(I) are dependent on both time and temperature; the former is very rapid above 60°C and the latter is very rapid above 125°C.
Revealed Parking Choices and the Value of Time

This study uses 2005-2006 University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison) parking applications to model lot choice in terms of parking prices and walking distances and to determine how parkers value their walking times. UW-Madison employees apply for annual lot parking permits each year by ranking as many as four lots; the employees know that the highest ranked lot with available space will be offered to them. Parking choices are modeled as functions of walking distances, lot prices, and department priority indexes that reflect income, seniority, and status. The sample consists of 4,032 employees who work in 150 campus buildings and park in more than 60 lots. Lot prices vary from $435 to $1,025 per year, and walking distances from workplaces to lots range from a few feet to nearly 2 mi. The results are consistent across specifications. The estimated values of walking time vary from less than $4/h for low-status employees parking in low-priced lots to more than $30/h for high-status employees in high-priced l...
Parent-Child Relationships in Early Adulthood: College Students Living at Home

ABSTRACT Tuition rates for higher education continue to rise at the same time a growing number of young adults are deciding that they need college training to attain their career goals. One common method to cope with the financial strain is for students to remain in the home of their parents while they complete college. Freshmen attending community colleges and their parents were interviewed to identify what they perceived to be the challenges and benefits of living together for a longer time than was the custom in the past. Recommendations for reciprocal learning and revising generational expectations are explored.
Tracheal advancement flap for postlaryngectomy stomal stenosis

Background Tracheal stenosis can be a troubling consequence of laryngectomy. Some revision techniques disturb the posterior stoma site of a current or planned tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP). Methods A revision technique which advances the trachea out of the stoma, divides the anterior tracheal wall, and leaves the posterior tracheal wall undisturbed was designed. The paper describes the technique in detail. “Success” was defined as producing a stable, trouble-free stoma requiring no stenting; “partial success” as an improved stoma requiring some stenting; and “failure” as no improvement and continuous stenting. Results Fifteen patients underwent the procedure. Median time from laryngectomy to revision was 10 months. Preoperative to postoperative median stoma size increased from 63 mm2 to 135 mm2. Seven patients were classified as successful, six patients were partially successful, and two patients had no improvement. Conclusion The tracheal advancement flap is a safe technique for the laryngectomy patient who has undergone or might undergo voice restoration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 19: 211–215, 1997.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Recurrence 5 Years After Nephrectomy for Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: We analyzed characteristics in patients with recurrent renal cell carcinoma 5 years or later after nephrectomy and determined predictors of survival after recurrence.Materials and Methods: From July 1989 to October 2008 at total of 2,368 nephrectomies were done for clinically localized, unilateral renal cell carcinoma at our institution. Of 256 patients with disease recurrence 44 had recurrence 5 years or more after nephrectomy. We compared clinicopathological characteristics in patients with disease recurrence before vs after 5 years. Survival from time of recurrence was assessed based on Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center risk score, symptoms at recurrence, metastasectomy, tumor diameter, and recurrence stage and site.Results: Patients with late recurrence tended to have fewer symptoms at presentation, smaller tumors (median 8.5 vs 7 cm) and less aggressive disease (pT1 in 18% vs 39%). Median overall survival was 6.1 years from time of recurrence. Five-year actuarial survival was 85% in 28 ...
Encapsulation of neutral guests by tri(ethylene oxide)-pyrrole-terminated dendrimer hosts in water.

This work focuses on the synthesis and guest hosting capabilities of novel, water-soluble tri(ethylene oxide)-pyrrole-functionalized poly(propylene imine), PPI, dendrimers (DAB-TEOPyn). The high-generation DAB-TEOPyn (n = 32 and 64) possesses the ability to encapsulate hydrophobic guest molecules, such as Nile Red, in aqueous media.
Calibrated Labeling Method for Generating Bicyclist Route Choice Sets Incorporating Unbiased Attribute Variation

Discrete choice model estimation requires specification of the alternatives considered for each observed choice. In route choice problems based on real-world travel observations, generally only the chosen route is observed, and the rest of the choice set remains hidden from the analyst. In dense travel networks, thousands of paths may connect a given origin or destination, necessitating methods for generating a reasonable subset of options. A new method is proposed for generating deterministic route choice sets. The technique modifies the labeled routes method, in which multiple criteria are optimized individually to generate attractive routes. The proposed method offers two potential improvements: (a) multiple routes are generated for each label by allowing a sensitivity parameter to vary and (b) a calibration step fits the alternative shortest path deviation distribution to observed behavior. The resulting process is more flexible than traditional labeled routes, yet it maintains strong links to behavio...
Japanese Immigrant Settler Colonialism in the U.S.-Mexican Borderlands and the U.S. Racial-Imperialist Politics of the Hemispheric “Yellow Peril”

The scholarship on the “Yellow Peril” looks at Japanese immigrants (Issei) as an object of anti-Asian racialization in domestic politics or as a distraction in U.S.-Japanese bilateral diplomacy. Seldom do historians consider its ramifications outside those contexts. They also lack perspective on the impact of Issei practice on the geopolitics of Yellow Peril, which spread from California to the U.S.-Mexican borderlands and beyond. This article examines the role of Issei settler colonialism, as well as its unintended consequences, in the formation of discourse on the transborder Yellow Peril. That discourse propelled white America to reaffirm its commitment to the Monroe Doctrine, shifting the nature of U.S. diplomacy from the endeavor to keep European rivals out of the Western Hemisphere to one that sought to exclude the Japanese racial enemy from America’s “backyard.” It culminated in the construction of a hemispheric national security regime.
God at the Edge: Searching for the Divine in Uncomfortable And Unexpected Places

God At the Edge explores one man’s spiritual adventures as he grows from a typical college boy into a Rabbi and a man. Goldstein uses a combination of story relating and historical accounts to take the reader through an exploration of faith and spirituality. Although a Jewish Rabbi, the book explores the history of faiths from Buddhism to Catholicism and, at times, draws parallels between multiple faith perspectives.
Synchronous vs asynchronous behavior of Hopfield's CAM neural net

The performance of Hopfield's neural net operating in synchronous and asynchronous modes is contrasted. Two interconnect matrices are considered: (1) the original Hopfield interconnect matrix; (2) the original Hopfield interconnect matrix with self-neural feedback. Specific attention is focused on techniques to maximize convergence rates and avoid steady-state oscillation. We identify two oscillation modes. Vertical oscillation occurs when the net's energy changes during each iteration. A neural net operated asynchronously cannot oscillate vertically. Synchronous operation, on the other hand, can change a net's energy either positively or negatively and vertical oscillation can occur. Horizontal oscillation occurs when the net alternates between two or more states of the same energy. Certain horizontal oscillations can be avoided by adopting appropriate thresholding rules. We demonstrate, for example, that when (1) the states of neurons with an input sum of zero are assigned the complement of their previous state, (2) the net is operated asynchronously, and (3) nonzero neural autoconnects are allowed, the net will not oscillate either vertically or horizontally.