cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mercury delays cerebellar development in a model songbird species, the zebra finch

Mercury exposure can disrupt development of the cerebellum, part of the brain essential for coordination of movement through a complex environment, including flight. In precocial birds, such as fowl, the cerebellum develops embryonically, and the chick is capable of leaving the nest within hours of hatching. However, most birds, including all songbirds, are altricial, and spend weeks in the nest between hatching and fledging. The objective of this study was to describe the normal development of the cerebellum in a model altricial songbird so as to determine the effect of exposure to mercury on cerebellar maturation. Adult zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) pairs were fed either a control diet, or a diet augmented with one of four treatment-levels of methylmercury (0.3–2.4 μg/g wet weight), and their offspring, the subjects of this study, were fed the same diet by parents. We documented, for the first time, the schedule of cerebellar development in an altricial bird, and compared stages of development among methylmercury-exposed groups. For all treatments of methylmercury, the age of completion of cellular migration was later than for control zebra finches, indicating a delay in cerebellar maturation. Displaced (heterotopic) Purkinje neurons, a pathology typical of methylmercury exposure in developing vertebrate brains, were more numerous in methylmercury-exposed birds, and persisted at least until the age of independence. Delays in maturation of the cerebellum could delay fledging in altricial bird species, with potential serious implications for the fitness of exposed individuals, as predation rates in the nest are often very high.
Power Wasting Circuits for Cloud FPGA Attacks

Recent research has exposed a number of security issues related to the use of FPGAs in cloud computing environments. Circuits that deliberately waste power can be carefully crafted by a malicious cloud FPGA user and deployed to cause denial-of-service and fault injection attacks. The main defense strategy used by FPGA cloud services involves checking user-submitted designs for circuit structures that are known to aggressively consume power. In this work, we evaluate a variety of circuit power wasting techniques that typically are not flagged by design rule checks imposed by FPGA cloud computing vendors. We demonstrate that a multi-stage circuit based on standard logic operations can be exploited to induce delay faults in co-located circuits. The efficiency of five power wasting circuits, including our new design, is evaluated in terms of power consumed per logic resource.
Nurse Practitioner COVID-19 Experience in Skilled Nursing Facilities.

Health care providers have faced unprecedented changes in practice since the COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020. Advanced practice nurses in skilled nursing are no exception. This article reflects on the experience of Nurse Practitioners (NP) caring for older adults with COVID-19 in skilled nursing facilities in Northern California. The personal impact of COVID on NPs is as varied as the symptoms of the patients.
Rotavirus induces intercellular calcium waves through ADP signaling

Rotavirus causes severe diarrheal disease in children by broadly dysregulating intestinal homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of rotavirus-induced dysregulation remains unclear. We found that rotavirus-infected cells produce paracrine signals that manifested as intercellular calcium waves (ICWs), observed in cell lines and human intestinal enteroids. Rotavirus ICWs were caused by the release of extracellular adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) that activated P2Y1 purinergic receptors on neighboring cells. ICWs were blocked by P2Y1 antagonists or CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of the P2Y1 receptor. Blocking the ADP signal reduced rotavirus replication, inhibited rotavirus-induced serotonin release and fluid secretion, and reduced diarrhea severity in neonatal mice. Thus, rotavirus exploited paracrine purinergic signaling to generate ICWs that amplified the dysregulation of host cells and altered gastrointestinal physiology to cause diarrhea.
Non-malleable Codes, Extractors and Secret Sharing for Interleaved Tampering and Composition of Tampering

Non-malleable codes were introduced by Dziembowski, Pietrzak, and Wichs (JACM 2018) as a generalization of standard error correcting codes to handle severe forms of tampering on codewords. This notion has attracted a lot of recent research, resulting in various explicit constructions, which have found applications in tamper-resilient cryptography and connections to other pseudorandom objects in theoretical computer science. We continue the line of investigation on explicit constructions of non-malleable codes in the information theoretic setting, and give explicit constructions for several new classes of tampering functions. These classes strictly generalize several previously studied classes of tampering functions, and in particular extend the well studied split-state model which is a “compartmentalized” model in the sense that the codeword is partitioned a prior into disjoint intervals for tampering. Specifically, we give explicit non-malleable codes for the following classes of tampering functions.
[Ultrasonic assisted-dispersive solid-phase extraction for rapid enrichment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water].

Objective a novel and rapid analytical method was established for the extraction of N-nitrosodimethylamine in large-volume water samples. Methods Pretreatment was on the basis of ultrasonic-assisted-dispersed solid phase extraction. Coco housing activated carbon was incorporated into the water samples, and the rapid enrichment of N-nitrosodimethylamine was realized by implementing ultrasonic-assisted dispersion. After that, the suspension was filtered by suction, and the residue was eluted by dichloromethane. The eluate was collected and then concentrated to dry using rotary evaporation. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer, which equipped with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source was employed for determination under the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Results Limit of detection and quantification for N-nitrosodimethylamine in 500 mL water was 2. 0 ng/mL and 6. 0 ng/mL, respectively. Throughout the validation, good linearity with R~2g0. 999 were achieved with the range from 0. 5 ng/mL to 150. 0 ng/mL. Satisfactory recovery(95. 7%-100. 8%) and inter-day reproducibility(l4. 2%) were obtained by three-level spiking experiments in different water matrices. Finally, the established method was applied for analysis of 48 real samples, the detectable concentrations of positive samples were in the range of l2. 0 ng/L to 14. 4 ng/L. Conclusion Compared with the traditional solid-phase extraction method, this method ology showed the characteristics of rapid and more efficient, and could save at least 50% of the pretreatment time. Meanwhile, the result of method ology validation were satisfactory.
ODR and Social Justice: Technology not Tricknology

Reducing barriers to a system of justice that may be experienced as unequal is providing access to that unequal justice, but no social justice. When one thinks of online dispute resolution being asked to do more than better provide the justice the system provides – something that many experience already as very hard in the various polities – it seems a bridge too far in my view. It should be quite obvious that online dispute resolution cannot be the magic bullet to get us to social justice. At most, it can assist the providing of justice if its forms protect the kinds of norms we have described above. Put another way, it would be wonderful if online dispute resolution did not exacerbate social injustice that may be endemic to the laws and norms of a given polity. To ask online dispute resolution to cause that polity to change those unequal laws and norms is to require a methodology to impact powerful groups in a polity and change them. That kind of change being a movement derived from online dispute resolution as opposed to some other wellspring of discontent would appear unlikely.
Conditional progression-free survival in men on active surveillance for prostate cancer stratified by NCCN risk.

222Background: Active surveillance (AS) is an accepted management strategy for men with very low, low, and select cases of favorable intermediate National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk p...
Science knowledge and attitudes of lifelong learners in an astronomy massive open online course

The basic science knowledge and attitudes toward science have been compared for (1) adult free-choice learners in an astronomy online course or MOOC, (2) undergraduate non-science majors, and (3) p...
Better Off Alone? A Distributive Justice Theory of Self-Determination

If de-colonization and American independence were justified, then it must be that there are certain cases in which secessionist groups have a valid claim to territory. The present paper is a novel attempt at devising a theoretical framework that can successfully make sense of these. Building on Primary Right Theories (Ascriptivist and Plebiscitary) as well as Just Cause Theories (Two-Conditions and Less- Limited), I find their main lacunae to be twofold: an excessively minimal consideration of distributive justice issues in secession cases, and a systemic vulnerability in theory to the threat of secession on economic grounds. To begin filling these gaps in the literature, I propose an original theory on the broader principle of self-determination that goes beyond the secessionist context, grounding my views in a liberal theory of territorial jurisdiction and group rights. What emerges is a nuanced account that can better grapple with the complex and controversial cases of secession that exist in the world today.
Application of Reference Methods in Ambient Air Monitoring Programs

Publisher Summary The Ambient Air Monitoring Reference and Equivalent Methods Regulations provide a mechanism for formal designation of acceptable methodology for ambient air pollutant measurements. They were promulgated and became effective in February 1975. Prior to promulgation, the regulations received extensive review by the air monitoring community, including manufacturers of continuous air monitoring instrumentation. The reference or equivalent methods are required by law to be used in the State Implementation Plans (SIP) monitoring network to determine compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Each method must meet formal specifications and requirements as set forth in detailed test procedures. The requirements as they apply to continuous analyzers, place the burden of testing on the applicant—generally the manufacturer of the analyzer. However, application for an environment protection agency (EPA) designation as a reference or equivalent method may be made by any interested party. Equivalent methods may also be manual or automated. To qualify for formal designation by EPA as a manual equivalent method, the method must demonstrate a consistent relationship to the reference method when measuring ambient air. To be designated an automated equivalent method, the method must meet the same performance tests as specified for the reference method and must meet the consistent relationship criteria.
Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen of France, Queen of England – By Ralph V. Turner

The author of this book is but the latest historian to try his hand at writing a biography of Eleanor, whose story has been the subject of enduring scholarly and popular interest despite the signif...
Interaction of nucleotides with liver uridine diphosphate-glucose-4'-epimerase.

Abstract UDP-d-glucose-4'-epimerase from calf liver has been obtained in highly purified form by conventional procedures and affinity chromatography using 3-picolylamine analogue of DPN linked to Sepharose. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 70,000 and is a dimer. The enzyme binds all DPN analogues which contain the ADP-ribose portion of DPN. Enzyme containing bound DPNH and to a lesser extent ADP-ribose, or 3-pyridine aldehyde-DPN forms very tight ternary complexes with UDP-galactose, but enzyme containing 3-acetylpyridine-DPN or thionicotinamide-DPN does not bind substrate tightly. In a normal catalytic cycle, DPN only dissociates once in every 9,000 catalytic events. Evidence has been obtained suggesting multiple conformation of the enzyme, induced by different coenzyme analogues, but only DPN induces a conformation which results in enzyme activity.
The pleiotropic dividends of genomics

Genomics is a relatively new field that has arisen from the sequencing of genomes and advances in microarray technology. Until recently, the methods for obtaining and analyzing genome-scale amounts of information were the main research concerns. Talks at the recent Whitehead Institute Symposium on Genomic Information showed that genomics is now emerging from its embryonic stage and beginning to yield significant results in many areas of research. The sessions covered disparate fields reflecting the diverse disciplines currently benefiting from genomic information. In addition, the talks showed that the increase in breadth of approach, from the single gene to the genomic level, concomitantly expanded the scope of the results. This report summarizes a subset of the Symposium talks, illustrating the powerful contributions of genomics to the topics of human disease, protein evolution, and the origins of species.
Ion-chamber beam-loss-monitor system for the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility

A new loss monitor system has been designed and installed at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF). The detectors are ion chambers filled with N/sub 2/ gas. The electronics modules have a threshold range of 1:100, and they can resolve changes in beam loss of about 2% of the threshold settings. They can generate a trip signal in 2 /spl mu/s if the beam loss is large enough, and if we include the response time of the Fast Protect System, the beam will be shut off in about 37 /spl mu/s.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and Listeria monocytogenes on Inoculated Alfalfa Seeds with a Fatty Acid–Based Sanitizer

Alfalfa seeds were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104, or Listeria monocytogenes by immersion to contain approximately 6 to 8 log CFU/g and then treated with a fatty acid-based sanitizer containing 250 ppm of peroxyacid, 1,000 ppm of caprylic and capric acids (Emery 658), 1,000 ppm of lactic acid, and 500 ppm of glycerol monolaurate at a reference concentration of 1X. Inoculated seeds were immersed at sanitizer concentrations of 5X, 10X, and 15X for 1, 3, 5, and 10 min and then assessed for pathogen survivors by direct plating. The lowest concentration that decreased all three pathogens by >5 log was 15. After a 3-min exposure to the 15X concentration, populations of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, and L. monocytogenes decreased by >5.45, >5.62, and >6.92 log, respectively, with no sublethal injury and no significant loss in seed germination rate or final sprout yield. The components of this 15x concentration (treatment A) were assessed independently and in various combinations to optimize antimicrobial activity. With inoculated seeds, treatment C (15,000 ppm of Emery 658, 15,000 ppm of lactic acid, and 7,500 ppm of glycerol monolaurate) decreased Salmonella Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes by 6.23 and 5.57 log, 4.77 and 6.29 log, and 3.86 and 4.21 log after 3 and 5 min of exposure, respectively. Treatment D (15,000 ppm of Emery 658 and 15,000 ppm of lactic acid) reduced Salmonella Typhimurium by >6.90 log regardless of exposure time and E. coli )157:H7 and L. monocytogenes by 4.60 and >5.18 log and 3.55 and 3.14 log after 3 and 5 min, respectively. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between treatments A, C, and D. Overall, treatment D, which contained Emery 658 and lactic acid as active ingredients, reduced E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and L. monocytogenes populations by 3.55 to >6.90 log and may provide a viable alternative to the recommended 20,000 ppm of chlorine for sanitizing alfalfa seeds.
The association of low socio-economic status in metropolitan Adelaide with maternal demographic and obstetric characteristics and pregnancy outcome.

The South Australian perinatal statistics collection for 1988 was used to consider the association of low socio-economic status in metropolitan Adelaide (South Australia) with maternal demographic and obstetric characteristics and pregnancy outcome in 12047 singleton births. Socio-economic status — low, middle or high — was inferred from the socio-economic rating of the postcode of residence. Chi-squared analyses were carried out to test for significant trends in proportions of pregnancy and pregnancy outome variables across the socio-economic groupings. There was trend for the proportions of adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes to decrease with increasing level of socio-economic status. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for maternal age, marital status, race, parity and gestational age, confirmed the findings of the trend analyses, namely that mothers from the poor socio-economic areas were at a greater risk for poor pregnancy outcome. These poor outcomes included Apgar scores of less that 7 at both 1 and 5 minutes after birth, delay in onset of regular breathing of 5 minutes or longer; the need for intubation; the use of narcotic antagonists; low birthweight of under 2500 g; the need for special nursey care; and neonatal death.
Density functional theory study of possible mechanisms of folic acid photodecomposition

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G*//B3LYP/6−31G* level of theory on a series of folic acid, pterin, and p -aminobenzoic acid (PABA) models to further understand the anaerobic mechanism of folic acid photodecomposition. After initial excitation of the pterin ring at 350 nm, an energetically favored intramolecular electron-transfer reaction occurs from the PABA ring to the pterin (−11.9 kcal/mol; PCM using water as the dielectric constant). The resulting zwitterionic species can then undergo an exothermic heterolytic bond cleavage which results in bond fragmentation between the PABA and pterin rings (−15.9 kcal/mol). The pterin radical is then hypothesized to undergo oxidation to produce the reported 6-carboxypterin. Natural population analyses (NPA) were performed on all radical and radical ion structures to establish reasonable resonance structures used in the proposed photodecomposition mechanism of folic acid by determining the most reasonable location of the radicals and ions on the aromatic rings. A proposed mechanism of the photolysis of folic acid in the absence of oxygen is then proposed based upon the DFT calculations which agree well with the currently existing data of this process.
The Formation and Annealing of Amorphous Layers of Al2O3

The critical dose for formation of an amorphous layer of Al2O3 by ion irradiation at 77 K has been determined. It is found to lie between 2 and 3 × 1015/cm2 if the sample is irradiated near the axis of the substrate and is found to lie in the neighborhood of 2 × 1016/cm2 if the irradiation is near the $\langle {1\bar 210} \rangle$ axis. The amorphous layers are found to recrystallize epitaxially if annealed at 1190 degrees C and to form a metastable microstructure upon annealing at 800 degrees C.
Grassroots mobilization and Diaspora politics: Armenian interest groups and the role of collective memory

This article examines the grassroots mobilization of Armenian‐Americans and the role of two ethnic interest groups: the Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) and the Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA). It is hypothesized that reliance upon traumatic collective memory and religious symbolism are related to some successful grassroots movements. Interest‐group publications, press releases and ‘Congressional Action Alerts’ are analysed and interest‐group leaders interviewed to ascertain the roles of collective memory and religion in mobilizing Armenian‐Americans during the 1997 White House visit of Azeri President Gaidar Aliev. It is determined that genocidal memory is important in providing a cohesive group ideology for Armenian‐Americans, while religion is important in contributing to the opportunity structure for ethnic mobilization.
Acrylamide quenching studies with azurin B

The acrylamide quenching of holoazurin B was studied as a function of emission wavelength in order to investigate discrepancies in interpretation of previous fluorescence measurements. A red-fluorescing acrylamide-quenchable component, which may be an impurity, is observed, suggesting that prior studies need to be interpreted with great caution. The presence of this component is not detectable when the 3-fold more fluorescent apo form is studied. Significant acrylamide quenching of apoazurin B is observed. The quenching constant of 5 · 107 M−1 · s−1 at 20°C and the activation energy of 17 kcal/mol obtained are the most extreme values yet reported for a single tryptophan-containing protein. Since azurin B's indole is definitively known to be buried in the hydrophobic interior of the molecule, these results provide additional support for the contention that light-excited proteins undergo structural fluctuations in the nanosecond time range.
Exteroceptive stimulation of maternal behavior in the naive rat

Abstract Systematic removal of either vision, audition or olfaction in primiparous naive rats relieved of young by Caesarean section on Days 18–22 of gestation does not eliminate maternal behavior toward foster pups; it only alters components of the total maternal response. Deafening (produced by destruction of the basilar membrane) increased the latency of retrieving and sniffing. The initiation of these two behaviors is thus facilitated by audition. Blinding by enucleation increased the duration of licking and crouching. Vision may thus be said to hamper or lessen the short-term maintenance of maternal behavior. In contrast, anosmia (produced by removal of the olfactory bulbs) had little effect on either the initiation or maintenance of maternal behavior. In all of the animals the incidence of cannibalism was rare. Only 9% (n=58) ate young. In general, then, maternal behavior remained intact in most of the rats. It would appear therefore that no one exteroceptive sense is necessary for maternal behavior in naive Caesarean-delivered rats.
Physician Trust Moderates the Internet Use and Physician Visit Relationship

Prior research found that Internet use for health information leads to more frequent physician visits. This study explores the conditions under which this effect works by examining whether trust in health information from health professionals plays a moderating role in the associations between Internet use and the frequency of physician visits. This study uses a two-wave panel dataset with a U.S. nationally representative sample gathered in 2005 and 2006. The results show that the effects of Internet use on physician visits are larger for those who have low levels of trust in both cross-sectional and panel analyses.
Research of regularity of throwing movement for solid particle on the Shaker’s screen

by means of Delta-function & unit step function to express the force of solid particle on plane inertial shaker’s screen, an mathematical model of the differential equation type was set up and solved. According to analysis of the solution, the relation is given between the throw period & displacement with the parameters of shaker design & solid particle. The method of numerical value calculation & analysis for the relation is given too.
Loading of gold bromo species onto anion exchange resin

Abstract The loading characteristics of gold-bromo species onto an anion exchange resin were evaluated using a batch system. The observed apparent saturation capacity for gold-bromo species by the resin was found to be 64 meq Au/g dry resin (4000 kg Au/tonne resin), substantially higher than the salt-splitting capacity of 12.5 meq Cl/g. The overall extraction of gold onto the resin continues indefinitely (within the experimental range) so long as there is gold in solution, and it appears to be irreversible. Therefore equilibrium considerations were not of much use, but rate considerations were important. The loading capacity increased with increasing temperature and decreasing initial gold concentration in solution. The apparent saturation capacity was proportional to the ratio of mass of gold in solution to mass of adsorbent used. The correlation between the apparent saturation capacity and the ratio was described by an empirical linear equation. The mechanism for the loading of gold-bromo species onto the resin is postulated to consist of the initial adsorption of Au[Br 4 ] − species by a simple ion exchange process and the reduction of ionic gold species to elemental Au 0 by an electron exchange reduction reaction. Elution of gold from the loaded resin was feasible provided the resin had not been loaded to high capacity levels. If the gold loading is carried to high levels, complete elution becomes impractical and the gold may be recovered by ashing the loaded resin. The abnormally high loading capacity of the resin for gold may have potential economic benefits for the bromine process for gold recovery.
Evolution and dissemination of β-lactamases accelerated by generations of β-lactam antibiotics

beta-Lactamases are the principal mechanism of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. In recent years the number and variety of new beta-lactamases detected has risen at an alarming rate, apparently in response to the clinical use of novel classes of beta-lactam antibiotics. This paper reviews the structure and evolution of beta-lactamases in an attempt to understand the pressures that have contributed to their emergence.
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Mechanisms for Bone Loss; Evaluation of Strategies for Prevention

Osteoporosis is a common complication of chronic glucocorticoid therapy, especially in older patients who already are at risk of having a reduced bone mass. Glucocorticoids cause bone loss by altering the bone remodeling sequence: bone resorption by osteoclasts is increased, and bone formation by osteoblasts is decreased. Serum levels of osteocalcin, a protein made by osteoblasts, are decreased with glucocorticoid therapy, further evidence of decreased osteoblast function. Glucocorticoids decrease calcium absorption by the gastrointestinal tract and increase renal calcium excretion. Several recent studies suggest that low-dose glucocorticoid therapy is not associated with bone loss. Calcium supplementation with vitamin D is recommended. Several short-term studies have shown prevention of glucocorticoid-induced bone loss with bisphosphonates, calcitonin, and progesterone. Long-term clinical trials should be undertaken to determine strategies to prevent this type of osteoporosis.
The diffusivity of lattice atoms in dilute interstitial solid solutions

Abstract The enhancement of the diffusivity D of host atoms in a lattice containing dissolved interstitial atoms has been discussed in terms of a model in which the enhancement is due to complexes formed due to vacancy-(interstitial atom) interactions and a model which considers that the enhancement is primarily due to the lattice dilation caused by the presence of the interstitial atoms. The validity of these two concepts is discussed in terms of experimental data.
Perceived Effectiveness of Couples' Conversational Complaints.

This study is third in a series of three which examines couples’ complaint interactions. The first study provided a descriptive taxonomy of couples’ complaints and complaint responses while the second study compared the complaint interactions of adjusted and maladjusted couples, who were found to differ significantly in their complaint behavior. The present study determined which complaint sequences were considered to be effective and which were considered ineffective. It also was determined that adjusted couples were twice as likely to use effective sequences, while maladjusted couples were almost twice as likely to use ineffective sequences.
Response of symmetric rectangular composite laminates with nonlinear damping subjected to acoustic loading

Effects of both nonlinear damping and large-deflection are included in the analysis in an attempt to explain the experimental phenomena of aircraft panels excited at high sound pressure levels; that is the broadening and flattening out of the strain response peaks and the increasing of the response frequency. A nonlinear damping model is considered in the analysis using a single-mode approach. Root-mean-square (RMS) maximum deflection, RMS strains, spectral density functions of strain, and equivalent linear frequency are obtained for clamped and simply supported rectangular symmetric laminated composite plates. It is demonstrated that nonlinear damping is the one which causes the broadening of the response peaks, and it has great influence on RMS panel deflection, RMS strains, and frequency.
Curvature effects on the E 33 and E 44 exciton transitions in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes

The ${E}_{33}$ and ${E}_{44}$ optical transitions of small diameter $(0.7--1.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes are probed using deep blue $(415--465\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ resonance Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy in the UV and blue regions $(280--488\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$. Individual radial breathing mode features, as well as Raman and photoluminescence excitation maxima, are assigned to specific nanotube chiralities. The chiral angle dependence of Raman intensity within a given $2n+m$ branch is found to continue, as does the trend toward increased excitation linewidths and weaker Raman intensities as higher lying transitions are accessed. The semiconducting ${E}_{33}$ and ${E}_{44}$ transition energies obtained for the largest observed diameters confirm recent results [P. T. Araujo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 067401 (2007)] that show that these transitions reside on a blueshifted scaling-law line, separate from that describing ${E}_{11}$ and ${E}_{22}$ behaviors. Energies for nanotubes with diameter less than $0.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$, however, are not explained by any previous scaling-law fits. This behavior at small diameters is interpreted in terms of both a crossing over of the ${E}_{33}$ and ${E}_{44}$ energy trend lines for a given $2n+m$ branch and a chirality dependence in the many-body exciton effects that becomes significant at high curvatures.
The incidence and causes of re-operation after press-fit condylar (PFC) total knee arthroplasty

In summary, experience with 1000 consecutive posterior cruciate-retaining primary total knee arthroplasties has shown a re-operation rate of 3.5%, at an average follow-up of 6 years. Polyethylene wear of flat tibial inserts was the most common reason for re-operation. This was followed by worn metal-backed patellar components and metastatic infection. Changes in prosthetic design, surgical technique, and patient selection, and lessons learned from this experience should lead to a decreasing re-operation rate in the future.
Remission of rapidly growing desmoid tumors after tamoxifen therapy

A patient is described with Gardner's syndrome manifested initially by an extra-abdominal desmoid which was resected. The case was complicated by metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon and recurrence of several large painful desmoid lesions. In view of the predilection of desmoids to occur in women in their childbearing years, it was decided to treat these painful lesions with an anti-estrogen, tamoxifen (20 mg orally, four times daily). This therapy led to a complete relief of pain within 1 week and a progressive decrease in the size of the desmoid tumors to less than 50% of their initial volume by the end of the second week. Unfortunately, the patient's metastatic adenocarcinoma progressed and was complicated by sepsis leading to her death. This case suggests that the growth of desmoid tumors is under hormonal influence, a suggestion which deserves further investigation.
The Process of Schema Emergence: Assimilation, Deconstruction, Unitization and the Plurality of Analogies

Schemas are a central concept in strategy and organization theory. Yet, despite the importance of schemas, little is known about how they emerge. Our in-depth historical analysis of how groups in the life insurance industry developed their schema for the computer from 1945-1975 addresses this gap. We identify three key processes--assimilation, deconstruction, and unitization--that collectively explain and resolve an inherent tension related to schema emergence: how to make the unfamiliar familiar but conceptually distinct. We also find that each process relates to analogical transfer, but in a more pluralistic and dynamic way than the existing literature describes. Broadly, these findings have important implications for organizational change and managerial cognition.
t-Designs from the large Mathieu groups

A t-design (X, @?) is a @u-set X together with a family @? of k-subsets from X, called blocks, such that each subset of X of size t is contained in exactly @l members of @?. A t-design with the above parameters is also called a t-(@u, k, @l) design. Here, we allow repeated k-sets in @?, i.e. @? is a multiset. We describe the action of the Mathieu groups M"n, n = 24, 23, 22, on the power sets of the respective X (Chang Choi and John H. Conway have done this for M"2"4), and then determine all of the quadruples of parameters t, n, k, @l with 2 =< t < k =< 1/2n for which there is a t-(n, k, @l) design with M"n as automorphism group. Among the many new t-designs found there is, for example, an 11-(24, 12, 6) design which is the union of three orbits of 12-sets under M"2"4, two of which are repeated six times.
Calculating potential and actual evaporation from a bare soil surface by simulation of concurrent flow of water and heat

Abstract A numerical method is described by which the instantaneous evaporation rate from bare soil, regardless of its wetness, can be estimated from standard weather data and the physical characteristics of the soil profile. It is used to calculate potential evaporation from a surface energy balance without the commonly used approximations. The results show that the soil heat flux and the soil surface emittance may vary enough with soil water content so as to make the concept of potential evaporation ambiguous. From a practical viewpoint, however, these differences in the evaporation rate from a wet surface are not large enough to invalidate the simpler combination or energy balance formulas, in which the surface albedo and roughness are the only non-climatic parameters. The method is particularly useful in simulating the evaporation process from drying surfaces. The results support the existence of separate potential and falling rate stages of evaporation, but not that of a third, constant rate stage. A rapid increase of the diurnal amplitude of the surface temperature is the clearest indicator of the transition between the two stages.
Automated lung segmentation and computer-aided diagnosis for thoracic CT scans

Abstract Automated segmentation of the lungs in thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans represents an essential process in the development of computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) methods and computer-assisted quantification techniques. A core segmentation process may be developed for general application; however, modifications may be required for specific clinical tasks. We have developed such an automated lung segmentation method based on gray-level thresholding techniques and have applied this method (1) as a pre-processing step for automated lung nodule detection and (2) as the foundation for a computer-assisted technique to measure the extent of pleural mesothelioma. In the automated detection of lung nodules, we have developed a method that has achieved 71% nodule detection sensitivity with an average of 0.4 false-positive detections per section on a database of 38 CT scans. Our method for the computer-assisted quantification of mesothelioma achieved a correlation coefficient of 0.97 with the average manual measurements of four observers based on 134 measurement sites in 22 CT scans. Important differences exist in the specific approaches to automated lung segmentation required for these two clinical tasks.
On the slow decay of O(2) correlations in the absence of topological excitations: Remark on the Patrascioiu-Seiler model

For spin models withO(2)-invariant ferromagnetic interactions, the Patrascioiu-Seiler constraint is |arg(S(x))−arg(S(y))|⩽θ0 for all |x−y|=1. It is shown that in two-dimensional systems of two-component spins the imposition of such contraints with θ0 small enough indeed results in the suppression of exponential clustering. More explicitly, it is shown that in such systems on every scale the spin-spin correlation function obeys 〈S(x)·S(y)〉≥1/(2|x−y|2) at any temperature, includingT=∞. The derivation is along the lines proposed by A. Patrascioiu and E. Seiler, with the yet unproven conjectures invoked there replaced by another geometric argument.
The role of observation in the recall of informational text

Abstract This study, which reports on previously unpublished data gathered in connection with a summer literacy-science program, Summer Explorers ( Bruning & Schweiger, 1997 ), examined the role and timing of observation on informational text recall by elementary school students. Students (N = 206) in Grades 3–5 observed and read about the Madagascar Giant Hissing Cockroach (MHC). Three conditions were employed: (1) students first observing live MHCs, then reading facts about them; (2) students first reading facts about MHCs and then observing them; and (3) students only reading facts about MHCs. Students in the observation conditions recalled more facts than those in the no observation condition, with Grade 4 and 5 students benefitting more from the observation experience than Grade 3 students. Grade 3 students showed heightened levels of interest but not improved recall in the observation conditions, findings consistent with potential developmental differences in metacognitive awareness for instructional activities.
The design of servomechanism controllers for uncertain plants and input signals

Abstract This paper summarizes a methodology for the design of servomechanism controllers for multivariate plants and reference/disturbance signals which may be uncertain or weakly non-linear. This framework represents a departure from the idealized tracking/disturbance rejection problem in the direction of realistic design considerations. The objective becomes ‘good’, though not exact, error regulation for applied signals which may be unknown or random in nature.
Regional catecholamine content in the rat brain: Sex differences and correlation with motor activity ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Rats were pretreated with α-methyl- p -tyrosine methylester, i.p., 80 mg kg , every 4 hr for 12hr. At 2, 4, 8 and 12hr of the recovery phase, spontaneous motor activity (SMA), as measured by photocell, and wheel running activity (WRA) were recorded and brain samples taken for assay. α-Methyltyrosine decreased both types of activity and both amines in most brain areas. Overall, SMA was positively correlated with norepinephrine (NE) in midbrain, cerebellum, and cortex and with dopamine (DA) in striatum and midbrain of both males and females. Wheel running activity was positively correlated in females with NE levels in striatum, midbrain and medullapons and with DA levels in striatum and midbrain. Significant differences were noted between male and female controls both in activity and amine levels. The data indicated that females may have a higher utilization rate for NE in the midbrain. The data supports the hypothesis that NE and DA are involved in the central regulation of motor activity.
Design, fabrication, and characterization of a free spectral range doubled ring-resonator filter

Two-point coupling is used to double the free-spectral-range (FSR) of a ring-resonator filter. The filter, designed using rigorous electromagnetic simulations and fabricated using direct e-beam write, demonstrates 22 dB unwanted resonance suppression yielding an effective 40.8 nm FSR
Urban development in karst and collapse-prone geologic environments

The development of marginal land necessitated by urban sprawl is producing undesirable consequences derived from inadequate design or construction, or both, of storm water systems in karst and collapse-prone geologic environments. The St. Peters, Missouri karst area is presented as an example. Sufficient knowledge of the geohydrologic setting, combined with proper planning of water discharge, is essential for engineers, developers, and property owners when developing storm water drainage systems. The design of community and individual storm water drainage systems, lot sizes, roads, and selection of vegetative cover are controlled more often by economics and aesthetics than by existing natural conditions. Frequently, the geohydrologic character of the bedrock, composition and stability of the surficial material, existing topography, and adjoining land use may not fully be considered. Improper design and location of storm drainage discharge leads to sinkhole development as well as increased erosion. In developed karst settings with thick loess deposits, residential lot sizes are frequently too small to control erosion; the structures and infrastructure tend to be located adjacent to valley walls and on steeply sloping topography. The vegetative cover is typically stripped, promoting slope instability, resulting in increased erosion and mass wasting. Road placement, structure location, and drainage design can direct surface water to infiltrate localized areas of surficial materials. This promotes adhesive dissolution in weakly cemented loess, resulting in slope instability and eventual collapse. It is clear that three factors influencing collapses are frequently overlooked in the development of marginal land areas. First, it is essential to recognize the presence of soluble bedrock that exhibits a high degree of secondary permeability. Second, loess is weakly cemented and it loses cohesiveness with water infiltration, making it more erodible and collapse-prone. Third, the hydrology of the site is closely associated with the bedrock and surficial material and significantly influences the occurrence of subsidence and collapse events.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Crustal deformation measured in Southern California’”]

Rydelek and Sacks do not dispute the correctness of our method and results. Rather they question whether our result is a new discovery, and whether we have given enough review to the previous literature on the phenomena and modeling of post-seismic viscoelastic relaxation. We agree that others before us found evidence for non-elastic deformation following earthquakes. We cited Thatcher [1983] as an example of such previous studies. Because Eos policy allows no more than 10 references per article, we never set out to do an extensive review on any subject our article covered, including post-seismic deformation. Had we intended to write a review, there would have been many other relevant papers besides those mentioned by Rydelek and Sacks. Instead, we reported newly available data, remarkable because of their precision, consistency, and spatial resolution, and because the measurements span nearly the entire width of the plate boundary.
Community discourse and the emerging amenity landscapes of the rural American West

We explore the construction of community meaning on an emerging amenity landscape in the western United States through in-depth interviews and ethnographic fieldwork with residents of rural Fremont County, Colorado. The meanings ascribed to community center on different interpretations of home, social interaction, and personal identity. Although in some cases these differences correspond to the conventional division between new and long-term residents, the more significant finding was a discourse of “co-opetition” that captures a broader countywide understanding of community as simultaneous cooperation and competition among local stakeholders. Ultimately, this conceptualization of rural community is a way of negotiating the form and function of the amenity landscape. The production of meaningful social interaction points to opportunities for engaging residents in land management as they interact with one another and the landscape.
Ultrasonic Processing of Materials

Irradiation of high-energy ultrasonic vibration in metals and alloys generates oscillating strain and stress fields in solids, and introduces nonlinear effects such as cavitation, acoustic streaming, and radiation pressure in molten materials. These nonlinear effects can be utilized to assist conventional material processing processes. This article describes recent research at Oak Ridge National Labs and Purdue University on using high-intensity ultrasonic vibrations for degassing molten aluminum, processing particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites, refining metals and alloys during solidification process and welding, and producing bulk nanostructures in solid metals and alloys. Research results suggest that high-intensity ultrasonic vibration is capable of degassing and dispersing small particles in molten alloys, reducing grain size during alloy solidification, and inducing nanostructures in solid metals.
The Role of Coat Color and Ear Shape on the Perception of Personality in Dogs

This study investigated a question related to people's perceptions of dog personality. We examined whether people attribute personality characteristics to dogs based on physical features of the dog...
Cyclic AMP metabolism in pigeon arteries: comparison of atherosclerotic-resistant and -susceptible strains.

Abstract Cyclic AMP levels were higher in the aortas of pigeons susceptible to atherosclerosis (White Carneau) than in the aortas of resistant (Show Racer) pigeons. Basal levels, and fluoride-stimulated levels, of adenylate cyclase were similar in arteries of both kinds of pigeons. Cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase levels were similar in arteries from the two pigeon strains, but the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase levels of the susceptible pigeon arteries were higher. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors produced similar effects in soluble extracts from both kinds of pigeon. Separation methods indicated the presence of the same phosphodiesterases in the arteries of White Carneau and Show Racer. DEAE-cellulose chromatography resolved two forms of phosphodiesterase and a heat-stable activator. Disc-gel electrophoresis resolved three peaks of phosphodiesterase activity; the heat-stable protein activator specifically affects one of these enzymes.
Initial uncoordinated expression of three types of voltage-gated currents in cultured Xenopus myocytes.

Abstract The expression of three types of voltage-gated ionic currents, namely the Na + inward current, K + outward rectifier current and K + inward rectifier current, was examined in cultured developing Xenopus myocytes. In the population of myocytes, the Na + inward current and K + outward rectifier current appeared at around 32 h after fertilization (stage 27) and gradually increased during the period of observation, up to more than 44 h after fertilization (stage 33 34 ). The developmental time course of these two types of currents was similar. However, during the transition period individual myocytes did not necessarily express these two types of currents in a coordinated fashion. Some myocytes had a large Na + inward current and small K + outward rectifier current or vice versa. The K + inward rectifier current was observed in some cells earlier than stage 27 and also gradually increased during the observation period. The initial expression of this current was not correlated with the K + outward rectifier current or with the Na + inward current.