cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of the membrane systems in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803

Among prokaryotes, cyanobacteria are unique in having highly differentiated internal membrane systems. Like other Gram-negative bacteria, cyanobacteria such as Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 have a cell envelope consisting of a plasma membrane, peptidoglycan layer, and outer membrane. In addition, these organisms have an internal system of thylakoid membranes where the electron transfer reactions of photosynthesis and respiration occur. A long-standing controversy concerning the cellular ultrastructures of these organisms has been whether the thylakoid membranes exist inside the cell as separate compartments, or if they have physical continuity with the plasma membrane. Advances in cellular preservation protocols as well as in image acquisition and manipulation techniques have facilitated a new examination of this topic. We have used a combination of electron microscopy techniques, including freeze-etched as well as freeze-substituted preparations, in conjunction with computer-aided image processing to generate highly detailed images of the membrane systems in Synechocystis cells. We show that the thylakoid membranes are in fact physically discontinuous from the plasma membrane in this cyanobacterium. Thylakoid membranes in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 thus represent bona fide intracellular organelles, the first example of such compartments in prokaryotic cells.
Improving the analysis of phylogenetic data.

Abstract Methods of phylogenetic analysis are presented that result in corrections of highly biased data sets, particularly those in which there are great differences between mutation and/or substitution rates from one nucleotide site to another along a DNA sequence. Two approaches are discussed. In the first, pairwise comparisons of a set of sequences are used to determine whether the most recent substitutions take place at the sites that are most polymorphic—that is, where the mutational “hot spots” are located. In the second, a “topiary pruning” method is used to remove selectively the bases in the data set that are most likely to occupy these hot spots and therefore to result in homoplastic substitutions. The two methods combined yield new and substantially older estimates of the time at which the mitochondrial Eve lived, and increase the likelihood that she lived in Africa. In these data, transversions provide a more satisfactory yardstick for phylogenetic analysis than transitions, because there is no detectable tendency for transversions to occur at mutational hot spots.
AUTONOMOUS LOW-EARTH-ORBIT DETERMINATION FROM MAGNETOMETER AND SUN SENSOR DATA

Abatch  lter has been designed to autonomouslyestimate the orbit of a spacecraft usingonly sensor data froman onboardmagnetometerand sun sensor. The goalhas been to prove the feasibility of a proposed low-cost, moderateaccuracy autonomousorbit determination system. The system uses a batch  lter to estimate the Keplerian orbital parameters, a drag parameter, magnetometer biases, and corrections to the Earth’s magnetic  eld. It does this by minimizing the square errors between measured and estimated values of two quantities, the Earth’s magnetic  eld magnitude and the cosine of the angle between the sun vector and the Earth’s magnetic  eld vector, both measured at the spacecraft. The proposed system is observable, and reasonable accuracy is obtainable. Given a magnetometer with a 10-nT 1-3⁄4 accuracy and a sun sensor with a 0.005-deg 1-3⁄4 accuracy, the system can achieve 1-3⁄4 position accuracies on the order of 500 m for inclined low Earth orbits.
A method to separate germinated from ungerminated pollen grains

Abstract A simple, non-toxic and effective method to separate germinated from ungerminated pollen grains has been developed using pollen from corn ( Zea mays L. cv. Pioneer 3747). After separation, 99.1% of the grains in the sample of germinated pollen grains had tubes; 97.2% of the grains in the sample of ungerminated pollen grains had no tubes. Recovery was 18.1% of the total grains for germinated and 1.5% for ungerminated pollen grains. The separated germinated pollen grains retained viability and continued tube growth when placed in culture medium.
Specialized transduction of the Salmonella hut operons by coliphageλ: Deletion analysis of the hut operons employing λphut

Abstract The hut (histidine utilization) genes of Salmonella typhimurium have been incorporated into coliphage λ. These genes map between the gal and bio loci in S. typhimurium but are absent from Escherichia coli . They were transferred by Hfr conjugation from S. typhimurium to E. coli . The resultant hybrid was lysogenized with λ. From an induced lysate of this strain, plaque-forming phages carrying various lengths of the hut region were isolated at high frequency among those mutants (Spi − ) able to grow on a P2 lysogen. From a λp hut carrying the entire hut region, deletions extending into hut were obtained at high frequency among those mutants resistant to sodium citrate. The deletion map generated by these two sets of phages confirms the order of the hut genes previously determined by generalized transduction in S. typhimurium . The methods used for the isolation of the transducing phages and for the isolation of deletions within the transduced genes are novel in that they do not rely upon any property of the incorporated genes. The usefulness of these techniques for study of the hut operons and other systems is discussed.
Metal cation dependence of interactions with amino acids: Bond energies of Rb to Gly, Ser, Thr, and Pro

The interactions of cesium cations with five amino acids (AA) including glycine (Gly), proline (Pro), serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), and cysteine (Cys) are examined in detail. Experimentally, the bond dissociation energies (BDEs) are determined using threshold collision-induced dissociation of the Cs+(AA) complexes with xenon in a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. Analyses of the energy-dependent cross sections include consideration of unimolecular decay rates, internal energy of the reactant ions, and multiple ion–neutral collisions. Bond dissociation energies (0 K) of 93.3 ± 2.5, 107.9 ± 4.6, 102.3 ± 4.1, 105.4 ± 4.3, and 96.8 ± 4.2 kJ/mol are determined for complexes of Cs+ with Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, and Cys, respectively. Quantum chemical calculations are conducted at the B3LYP, B3P86, MP2(full), and M06 levels of theory with geometries and zero-point energies calculated at the B3LYP level using both HW*/6-311+G(2d,2p) and def2-TZVPPD basis sets. Results obtained using the former basis sets are ...
Differential regulation of Pyk2 phosphorylation at Tyr-402 and Tyr-580 in intestinal epithelial cells: roles of calcium, Src, Rho kinase, and the cytoskeleton.

Abstract The calcium-dependent proline-rich tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, associates with focal adhesion proteins, and has been linked to proliferative and migratory responses in a variety of mesenchymal and epithelial cell types. Full Pyk2 activation requires phosphorylation at functionally distinct sites, including autophosphorylation site Tyr-402 and catalytic domain site Tyr-580, though the mechanisms involved are unclear. The pathways mediating Pyk2 phosphorylation at Tyr-402 and Tyr-580 were therefore investigated. Both sites were rapidly and transiently phosphorylated following cell stimulation by Ang II or LPA. However, only Tyr-580 phosphorylation was rapidly enhanced by intracellular Ca2+ release, or inhibited by Ca2+ depletion. Conversely, Tyr-402 phosphorylation was highly sensitive to inhibition of actin stress fibers, or of Rho kinase (ROK), an upstream regulator of stress fiber assembly. Ang II also induced a delayed (30–60 min) secondary phosphorylation peak occurring at Tyr-402 alone. Unlike the homologous focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Pyk2 phosphorylation was sensitive neither to the Src inhibitor PP2, nor to truncation of its N-terminal region, which contains a putative autoinhibitory FERM domain. These results better define the mechanisms involved in Pyk2 activation, demonstrating that autophosphorylation is ROK- and stress fiber-dependent, while transphosphorylation within the kinase domain is Ca2+-dependent and Src-independent in intestinal epithelial cells. This contrasts with the tight sequential coupling of phosphorylation seen in FAK activation, and further underlines the differences between these closely related kinases.
Minimizing validation error with respect to network size and number of training epochs

A batch training algorithm for the multilayer perceptron is developed that optimizes validation error with respect to two parameters. At the end of each training epoch, the method temporarily prunes the network and calculates the validation error versus number of hidden units curve in one pass through the validation data. Since, pruning is done at each epoch, and the best networks are saved, we optimize validation error over the number of hidden units and the number of epochs simultaneously. The number of required multiplies for the algorithm has been analyzed. The method has been compared to others in simulations and has been found to work very well.
Mothers, household managers, and productive workers: The International Labor Organization and Women in Development:

Focused on the International Labor Organization (ILO), this article historicizes the concept of ‘women in developing countries’ by looking at its own development through use by women researchers and others within the ILO context. It traces the construction of ‘women in developing countries’ as a distinct category of woman worker. In doing so, it advances the understanding of the very terms of policy that we take for granted, contextualizing a category that has managed to both justify first-world non-governmental organization (NGO) intervention and reflect the aspirations of women in the Global South for better lives. In capturing this tension, it suggests that we must complicate our analysis of global policymaking for, about, and by women. I begin to redirect attention from trends in the literature that either celebrate the generation who developed the Women in Development (WID) approach or critique their projects as hopelessly modernist. My goal is to underscore the institutional settings in which the co...
Dimensionality crossover and magnetic field frustration in disordered proximity coupled arrays

We have fabricated site-diluted disordered arrays of proximity coupled superconducting junctions. We have measured the critical current superconducting phase boundary, I c (H), as a function of disorder and found that the higher order frustration-induced structure is significantly reduced with the introduction of as little as 10% disorder. Lower order structure, however, persists out to higher disorder than indicated by simulations. We see no evidence of a dimensionality crossover in the phase boundary for our disordered arrays, in agreement with recent data on percolating superconducting wire networks.
Solving CFD Problems with Open Source Parallel Libraries

Parallel computers are often viewed as the only way to provide enough computing power to solve complex problems in scientific simulation. Unfortunately, the complexity of developing and validating a parallel program has limited the use of massive parallelism to "heroic" programmers. One solution to this problem is to build better, more programmable parallel computers or more effective parallel languages. Unfortunately, scientific computing no longer drives computing, even for parallel computers. As a result, the systems that many researchers use do not provide good support for massively parallel programming, and help is unlikely to come from computer system vendors. At the same time, numerical algorithms are increasingly sophisticated, making it difficult for any one group to develop or maintain a state-of-the-art code. The solution to these problems is the development of community-based standards and software for scientific computing. Open source software in particular has been an effective method for developing and distributing software, in large part because it makes it easy for any interested party to participate. Open source software such as the PETSc or Parasol libraries also makes it possible to tackle large scale scientific simulation problems. This point is illustrated by the success of PETSc in achieving over 220 GFlops on a fully unstructured CFD application, running on over 6000 processors.
Unilateral lens extraction for high anisometropic myopia in children and adolescents.

Introduction A subpopulation of children with anisometropic myopia, amblyopia, and neurobehavioral disorders is noncompliant with spectacle wear and ill-suited to correction using contact lenses. We report the results of refractive surgery in a series of these children treated using lensectomy alone (clear lens extraction) or lensectomy with simultaneous implantation of an intraocular lens (refractive lens exchange). Methods Clinical course and outcome data were collated retrospectively in a group of 7 children and adolescents (mean age, 9.1 years; range, 4-20 years) with neurobehavioral disorders and noncompliance with spectacle wear for anisometropic myopia. Myopia in the 7 eyes ranged –11.9 to –24.5 D (mean, –16.7 D). Goal refraction was 0 to + 4 D. Correction was achieved by lensectomy in 5 eyes and lensectomy with intraocular lens implantation in 2 eyes. Primary posterior capsulectomy/subtotal vitrectomy was performed during the primary procedure in 5 eyes (71%). Mean follow-up was 3.8 years (range, 0.5-5.4 years). Results Myopia correction averaged 17.3 D. A total of 86% (6 eyes) were corrected within ± 3 D of the goal refraction and the remaining 14% to within ± 4 D. Uncorrected visual acuity improved postoperatively in all 7 eyes, albeit modestly (average gain 0.14 Snellen fraction; gain from a mean 20/2550 to a mean 20/130). Myopic regression averaged ∼0.43 D/year. Capsular opacification necessitated YAG-laser membranectomy in the 2 eyes that had preservation of the posterior capsule at the primary procedure. Retinal detachment has not occurred in any of the eyes during the follow-up period. Conclusions Refractive myopic lensectomy reduced high anisometropia and improved functional vision in children who have high myopia beyond the range of excimer laser correction and who will not wear glasses. Further study is indicated to determine the long-term safety of this procedure in similar pediatric populations.
Deformations of Foamed Elastomers

Geometrical shapes of interstices of two types of closest packing of uniform spheres, 1) hexagonal closest packing, 2) face centered cubic closest packing are studied, and the structures of interstices of these two types of packing are used to represent those of the actual foamed elastomers.Equivalent elastic constants for these two structures are calculated in terms of the slenderness of a thread (which is a function of voids content) l'/A where l is the length of a thread and A its cross-sectional area, and of the elastic constants of the interstices. The calculated value of Poisson's ratio of a model containing 67 percent of the interstices of hexagonal closest packing and 33 percent those of face centered cubic packing corre lates fairly well with existing experimental data.
Correlation Between Liver Volume, Portal Vascular Anatomy, and Hepatic Perfusion in Dogs With Congenital Portosystemic Shunt Before and After Placement of Ameroid Constrictors

Objective To correlate changes in hepatic volume, hepatic perfusion, and vascular anatomy of dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts, before and after attenuation with an ameroid constrictor. Study Design Prospective study. Animals Dogs (n = 22) with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Methods CT angiography and perfusion scans were performed before and after attenuation of a portosystemic shunt with an ameroid constrictor. Changes in hepatic volume, hepatic perfusion, and vascular anatomy were measured. Portal scintigraphy was performed in 8 dogs preoperatively and 22 dogs postoperatively. Results Dogs with smaller preoperative liver volumes had greater increases in liver volume postoperatively compared with those with larger preoperative liver volumes. Hepatic arterial fraction was increased in dogs preoperatively and returned to normal range after shunt attenuation, and was correlated with increase in liver size and decreased shunt fraction. Three dogs with no visible portal vasculature preoperatively developed portal branches postoperatively. Conclusions Dogs with smaller preoperative liver volumes had the largest postoperative increase in liver volume. Hepatic arterial perfusion and portal scintigraphy correlate with liver volume and are indicators of successful shunt attenuation. Dogs without visible vasculature on CT angiography had visible portal vasculature postoperatively.
Mechanical properties of amorphous hard carbon films prepared by cathodic arc deposition

Cathodic arc deposition combined with macroparticle filtering of the plasma is an efficient and versatile method for the deposition of amorphous hard carbon films of high quality. The film properties can be tailored over a broad range by varying the energy of the carbon ions incident upon the substrate and upon the growing film by applying a pulsed bias technique. By varying the bias voltage during the deposition process specific properties of the interface, bulk film and top surface layer can be obtained. We report on nanoindentation and transmission electron microscopy studies as well as stress measurements of cathodic-arc amorphous hard carbon films deposited with varied bias voltage. The investigations were performed on multilayers consisting of alternating hard and soft amorphous carbon.
Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Pd Nanocrystals in Aqueous Solutions

This article provides an overview of recent developments regarding synthesis of Pd nanocrystals with well-controlled shapes in aqueous solutions. In a solution-phase synthesis, the final shape taken by a nanocrystal is determined by the twin structures of seeds and the growth rates of different crystallographic facets. Here, the maneuvering of these factors in an aqueous system to achieve shape control for Pd nanocrystals is discussed. L-ascorbic acid, citric acid, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) are tested for manipulating the reduction kinetics, with citric acid and B-ions used as capping agents to selectively promote the formation of {111} and {100} facets, respectively. The distribution of single-crystal versus multiple-twinned seeds can be further manipulated by employing or blocking oxidative etching. The shapes obtained for the Pd nanocrystals include truncated octahedron, icosahedron,octahedron, decahedron, hexagonal and triangular plates, rectangular bar, and cube. The ability to control the shape of Pd nanocrystals provides a great opportunity to systematically investigate their catalytic, electrical, and plasmonic properties.
Misclassification cost-sensitive fault prediction models

Traditionally, software fault prediction models are built by assuming a uniform misclassification cost. In other words, cost implications of misclassifying a faulty module as fault free are assumed to be the same as the cost implications of misclassifying a fault free module as faulty. In reality, these two types of misclassification costs are rarely equal. They are project-specific, reflecting the characteristics of the domain in which the program operates. In this paper, using project information from a public repository, we analyze the benefits of techniques which incorporate misclassification costs in the development of software fault prediction models. We find that cost-sensitive learning does not provide operational points which outperform cost-insensitive classifiers. However, an advantage of cost-sensitive modeling is the explicit choice of the operational threshold appropriate for the cost differential.
Low-truncation-error finite difference equations for photonics simulation. I. Beam propagation

A methodology is presented that allows the derivation of low-truncation-error finite difference equations for photonics simulation. This methodology is applied to the case of wide-angle beam propagation in two dimensions, resulting in finite difference equations for both TE and TM polarization that are quasi-fourth-order accurate even in the presence of interfaces between dissimilar dielectrics. This accuracy is accomplished without an appreciable increase in numerical overhead and is concretely demonstrated for two test problems having known solutions. These finite difference equations facilitate an approach to the ideal of grid-independent computing and should allow the simulation of relevant photonics devices on personal computers.
How to make a semantic web browser

Two important architectural choices underlie the success of the Web: numerous, independently operated servers speak a common protocol, and a single type of client the Web browser provides point-and-click access to the content and services on these decentralized servers. However, because HTML marries content and presentation into a single representation, end users are often stuck with inappropriate choices made by the Web site designer of how to work with and view the content. RDF metadata on the Semantic Web does not have this limitation: users can gain direct access to information and control over how it is presented. This principle forms the basis for our Semantic Web browser an end user application that automatically locates metadata and assembles point-and-click interfaces from a combination of relevant information, ontological specifications, and presentation knowledge, all described in RDF and retrieved dynamically from the Semantic Web. Because data and services are accessed directly through a standalone client and not through a central point of access (e.g., a portal), new content and services can be consumed as soon as they become available. In this way we take advantage of an important sociological force that encourages the production of new Semantic Web content while remaining faithful to the decentralized nature of the Web.
Intelligent decisions and dynamic coordination: properties of geometrical representation by generalized frames intrinsic to neural and robotic systems

System neuroscience and robotics face comparable problems that can best be overcome if the two fields are unified by common concepts and formalisms. An approach to neurobotics is based on the axiom that the CNS functions by means of generalized natural coordinates that are intrinsic to the organism. Neural nets that embody internal geometrical representations of the external world and are composed of metric tensors of the sensory- and motor-spacetime domains, allow intelligent decisions on possible dynamic trajectories. By setting up a modifiable sequence of associations of trajectory-endpoints with commands, they also make possible trained and learned (skilled) performance. >
The carboxy‐terminal portion of TnsC activates the Tn7 transposase through a specific interaction with TnsA

Tn7 transposition requires the assembly of a nucleoprotein complex containing four self-encoded proteins, transposon ends, and target DNA. Within this complex, TnsC, the molecular switch that regulates transposition, and TnsA, one part of the transposase, interact directly. Here, we demonstrate that residues 504–555 of TnsC are responsible for TnsA/TnsC interaction. The crystal structure of the TnsA/TnsC(504–555) complex, resolved to 1.85 A, illustrates the burial of a large hydrophobic patch on the surface of TnsA. One consequence of sequestering this patch is a marked increase in the thermal stability of TnsA as shown by differential scanning calorimetry. A model based on the complex structure suggested that TnsA and a slightly longer version of the cocrystallized TnsC fragment (residues 495–555) might cooperate to bind DNA, a prediction confirmed using gel mobility shift assays. Donor DNA binding by the TnsA/TnsC(495–555) complex is correlated with the activation of the TnsAB transposase, as measured by double-stranded DNA cleavage assays, demonstrating the importance of the TnsA/TnsC interaction in affecting Tn7 transposition.
Homicide Among Miami's Ethnic Groups: Anglos, Blacks, and Latinos in the 1990s

Previous homicide research has largely ignored the Latino population despite the large numbers of Latinos in most urban areas of the United States. This article examines the relationship between Latino victims and offenders, along with Anglos and Blacks, and other homicide event characteristics in Miami, Florida. Results show that incorporating a Latino category extends our understanding of urban homicides by acknowledging that killings among three ethnic groups vary by victim or offender ethnicity, in addition to circumstances such as type of weapon used in homicides. In sum, despite a constant flow of Latino immigrants and declining homicide rates throughout the 1980s, contemporary Miami is characterized by a high rate of Black homicides and, in particular, a high level of Black-on-Black killings.
Laminar and turbulent flow continuous interfacial polycondensations of nylon 66

The interfacial polycondensations of nylon 66 in a continuous reaction system have been studied. An experimental stirred flow reactor was used to determine both yield and intrinsic viscosity (molecular weight) as functions of reactant ratio (adipoyl chloride/hexamethylene-diamine), and Reynolds number from laminar to turbulent flow. It was found that mass transfer was the controlling factor in the reaction system. The yield as a function of Reynolds number was found to directly correlate with the behavior of the combination of mass transfer coefficient and interfacial area. Intrinsic viscosity had maximum values in the same reactant ratio range as for batch and continuous cascade systems studied earlier. Intrinsic viscosity behavior was shown to relate to interfacial area behavior.
Plant Hormone Signalling: Current Perspectives on Perception and Mechanisms of Action

Plant growth and development are regulated by a chemically and structurally diverse group of hormones. During the last few decades many advances have been made in understanding the perception and mechanisms of action of these plant hormones. While certain hormone responses are not necessarily related to gene regulation, all these hormones are involved in modulating gene expression by controlling either the abundance of transcriptional factors or repressors, or their activities through post-translational modifications. In this regard, ubiquitin mediated protein degradation has become a central theme in many plant hormone signalling pathways. Additionally, a multitude of novel signalling mechanisms have been uncovered for several other plant hormones during the past decade. This review discusses the recent findings related to these hormonal signalling pathways highlighting the mechanisms of hormone perception and subsequent signalling pathways leading to the regulation of gene expression. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v42i1.5895 Ceylon Journal of Science ( Bio. Sci. ) 42 (1): 1-17, 2013
Potential for semiarid community type differentiation via exploitation of the directional signal: tests with AVHRR data

Community-level vegetation type differentiation is regarded as an important application of remote sensing in monitoring the health of semiarid environments and yet it has proved difficult to discriminate more than two or three community types with confidence when using coarse spatial resolution data from off-nadir scanning sensors such as the AVHRR, even when multi-temporal datasets are used. Attempts to relate vegetation phenology to community type using AVHRR data have produced mixed results and large classification errors have been attributed to subpixel scale topographic and soil background variations, lack of in-flight calibration, inaccurate reflectance retrieval and poor registration. While these are important factors, anisotropy in surface reflectance as a result of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) also causes severe perturbations in the signal and yet this is rarely accounted for adequately. Recent years have seen a wider acknowledgement of this fundamental aspect of optical remote sensing, although it is usually approached as a problem. The extent of the improvement in community type differentiation may be considerable when a BRDF model is used to separate isotropic and anisotropic components. This potential is tested using data from the AVHRR over semi-arid regions.
The Effects of Brief Waterpipe Tobacco Use Harm and Addiction Education Messages Among Young Adult Waterpipe Tobacco Users

INTRODUCTION This study investigated the immediate effects of brief education messages delivered online about harms and addictiveness of waterpipe tobacco use among young adult waterpipe users aged 18 to 30 years. METHODS Participants (n = 327, mean age 24.8 years, 62.1% male, 77.6% white, 67.8% used waterpipe monthly, 26.4% weekly, 5.8% daily) were recruited online and randomized to one of three experimental conditions: (1) Control condition viewing no messages; (2) Harms condition viewing messages about harms of waterpipe tobacco; (3) Harms and addiction condition viewing messages about harms and addictiveness of waterpipe tobacco. Outcomes included perceived harm and addictiveness of waterpipe, worry about harm and addiction, and desire to quit. RESULTS Compared to the control condition, participants in the harms condition reported significantly greater perceived harm and addictiveness of waterpipe relative to cigarettes, perceived risk of harm and addiction, worry about harm and addiction, and desire to quit. There were few significant differences in these outcomes between participants in the harms condition and the harms and addiction condition. Mediation analyses suggest waterpipe tobacco use harm messages may increase desire to quit by producing greater worry about harm and addiction. CONCLUSIONS Brief education messages about waterpipe tobacco use harm increased young adult's perceptions of harm and addictiveness of waterpipe tobacco use and generated stronger desire to quit. The waterpipe tobacco use addiction messages tested had little added impact. Studies should prospectively examine the real-world impact of waterpipe tobacco use harm messages and investigate more effective strategies for designing addiction messages. IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that brief education messages about waterpipe tobacco use harm can increase young adult waterpipe tobacco user's perceptions of harm and addictiveness of waterpipe tobacco use and generate stronger desire to quit. The findings indicate messages on addictiveness of waterpipe tobacco use have no added impact on these outcomes.
Three-dimensional registration of cardiac positron emission tomography attenuation scans

A method is described and tested which allows three-dimensional registration of two cardiac PET attenuation scans of the same subject acquired at different times. The alignment method is based on maximizing the correlation coefficient between the stacks of slices obtained during each of the two imaging sessions. The method appears accurate to better than 1 mm in x, y and z, and better than 1.5 degrees in the three angles of rotation. The method has been tested by using it to realign deliberately misaligned attenuation scans, and also by using realigned attenuation scans to correct fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) emission scan data. The FDG emission data reconstructed with the realigned attenuation scans do not differ appreciably from the FDG data obtained using the original attenuation data. The method should be useful in realigning emission data (using the alignment coordinates predicted by realigning the attenuation scans), correcting for subject motion between scans (especially multiple intervention scans) and may allow a subject to leave the scanning table between scans during long imaging sessions.
Normal and anomalous plasmonic lattice modes of gold nanodisk arrays in inhomogeneous media

We study plasmonic lattice modes in two dimensional arrays of large metallic nanodisks in strongly inhomogeneous environments with controlled dielectric asymmetries. This is done within the two limits of positive (air/substrate) and negative (Si/substrate) asymmetries. In the former, the nanodisks are exposed to air, while in the latter, they are fully embedded in a dielectric material with a refractive index much higher than that of the glass substrate (Si). Our results show that in the air/substrate limit, the arrays can mainly support two distinct visible and infrared peaks associated with the optical coupling of multipolar plasmonic resonances of nanodisks in air and substrate (normal modes). As the nanodisks are gradually embedded in Si, i.e., going from the positive to negative asymmetry limit, the visible peak undergoes more than 200 nm red shift without significant mode degradation. Our results show that as this transition happens, a third peak (anomalous mode) becomes dominant. The amplitude and ...
Knee Pain and a Prior Injury Are Associated with Increased Risk of a New Knee Injury: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Objective. We explored whether knee pain or a history of knee injury were associated with a knee injury in the following 12 months. Methods. We conducted longitudinal knee-based analyses among knees in the Osteoarthritis Initiative. We included both knees of all participants who had at least 1 followup visit with complete data. Our first sets of exposures were knee pain (chronic knee symptoms and severity) at baseline, 12-month, 24-month, and 36-month visits. Another exposure was a history of injury that we defined as a self-reported injury at any time prior to baseline, 12-month, 24-month, or 36-month visit. The outcome was self-reported knee injury during the past year at 12-month, 24-month, 36-month, and 48-month visits. We evaluated the association between ipsilateral and contralateral knee pain or history of injury and a new knee injury within 12 months of the exposure using generalized linear mixed model for repeated binary outcomes. Results. A knee with reported chronic knee symptoms or ipsilateral or contralateral history of an injury was more likely to experience a new knee injury in the following 12 months than a knee without chronic knee symptoms (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.57–2.16) or prior injury (prior ipsilateral knee injury: OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.56–2.09. Prior contralateral knee injury: OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.23–1.66). Conclusion. Knee pain and a history of injury are associated with new knee injuries. It may be beneficial for individuals with knee pain or a history of injury to participate in injury prevention programs.
Archaeological Survey of a Proposed Riverside Park Trail at the Victoria Municipal Park, Victoria, Texas

During April 1985, personnel from the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, conducted a pedestrian survey and shovel testing of the area to be affected by a proposed riverside park trail within the Victoria Municipal Park in Victoria County, Texas. The investigation was sponsored by the City of Victoria. The purpose of the survey was to locate any archaeological sites which might be impacted by construction of the proposed trail. No archaeological sites were identified during the project, and it is recommended that no further archaeological investigations are needed.
Most Premature Surveillance Colonoscopy Is Not Attributable to Bowel Preparation or New Clinical Indications.

Background and Aims Surveillance colonoscopy frequently occurs prior to recommended intervals. Studies delineating the reasons why premature surveillance occurs are limited. We sought to define the frequency in which premature surveillance colonoscopy occurs in the setting of an inadequate bowel preparation or with a provided patient clinical indication versus when premature surveillance colonoscopy occurs without any provided discernible rationale in the setting of adequate bowel preparation.
P‐166: High‐Efficiency and Long‐Lifetime Green Phosphorescence Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Three novel green phosphorescent iridium complexes OP-01, OP-02, and OP-09 have been successfully synthesized and characterized. By using these materials, we demonstrated the high efficiency OLED devices. The best efficiency was achieved for device using OP-01 as the dopant, exhibiting 88.1 cd/A current efficiency, 84.2 lm/W power efficiency and 25.2% EQE at 1000 cd/m2. Moreover, when using co-host device structure, OP-01 shows a long-lifetime of LT50 = 100,000 hours for an initial luminance of 1000 nits.
Investigation of Millennial Students’ Responses to a Shelter-in-Place Experience

This study investigated millennial students’ responses to an armed gunman threat and shelter-in-place warnings that occurred on a university campus. Using descriptive statistics and quantitative analysis, several significant differences were found for students’ responses for sheltering-in-place and engaging in protective behaviors. Baxter Magolda’ self-authorship model is used as the theoretical basis for assessing differences in students’ responses. This study’s findings have implications for student affairs professionals in helping students make appropriate decisions regarding self-protective behaviors.
Numerical and Experimental Robustness Investigation of Time-Domain Realization/Identification Techniques

The need for accurate and reliable system realization/identification techniques continues to increase in aerospace and other applications. Proposed large space structures will be constructed and operated unlike traditional earth structures, and, due to more critical safety margins, performance specifications, etc., require very accurate structural dynamic models. For a number of reasons, time-domain techniques may be more desirable for the model realization/identification problem. In this paper, we outline an ongoing project in which we compare state-of-the-art time-domain realization/identification techniques, using both numerical and experimental tests, for robustness with respect to measurement uncertainty.
Literacy as translingual practice: between communities and classrooms

This compilation of studies based on the concept of translingual practice brings a long-awaited perspective to the study of literacy and language learning. This perspective does not automatically a...
Factors Perceived as Influencing Local Health Department Involvement in Mental Health

Introduction Local health departments (LHDs) are potentially well positioned to implement population-based approaches to mental health promotion, but research indicates that most LHDs are not substantively engaged in activities to address mental health. Little is known about factors that influence if and how LHDs address population mental health. The objectives of this qualitative study were to (1) understand how LHD officials perceive population mental health; (2) identify factors that influence these perceptions and LHD activities to address population mental health; and (3) develop an empirically derived conceptual framework of LHD engagement in population mental health. Methods Twenty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of LHD officials and analyzed using thematic content analysis in 2014–2015. Transcripts were double coded, inter-rater reliability statistics were calculated, and categories with κ ≥0.60 were retained. Results Respondents perceived mental health as a public health issue and expressed that it has emerged as a priority through community health needs assessment processes, such as those conducted for health department accreditation. However, most LHDs were not substantively engaged in population mental health activities because of limited resources, knowledge, data, and hesitancy to infringe upon the territory of local behavioral health agencies. LHDs and local behavioral health agencies had difficulty communicating and collaborating because of divergent perspectives and financing arrangements. Conclusions LHD officials are eager to embrace population mental health, but resources, training and education, and systems-level changes are needed. Contemporary reforms to the structure and financing of the U.S. health system offer opportunities to address these challenges.
Sudden Versus Slow Death of Cities: New Orleans and Detroit

This paper constitutes a follow-up to an argument made during the late fall of 2005 that posited that many of the approaches and responses to sudden natural disasters might be effectively applied to areas experiencing more chronic economic decay. Using census, budgetary, and political data, including an analysis of planning and development documents, the paper addresses the following research questions: • What were the economic and social trajectories of Detroit and New Orleans prior to their respective disasters? • How did the responses to the hurricane impact New Orleans? • Despite the attention given to New Orleans, why do current conditions differ little from Detroit? The findings suggest that Detroit and New Orleans were clearly both highly distressed cities, with large minority populations and significant inequality prior to Katrina, although Detroit’s situation was arguably more severe. Significant media attention and investment in New Orleans appeared to follow in the wake of the hurricane. However, looking at federal and state investment in context suggests that it was not as high as might have been expected and implementation delays may well have lessened its impact. It is not at all clear that the response in New Orleans changed its economic trajectory much beyond that of Detroit, suggesting that the response to sudden disaster might not have aided the slow death of Detroit.
Non-Born-Oppenheimer calculations of the rovibrational spectrum of H2 excited to the second rotational level

Abstract Quantum mechanical, non-relativistic, non-Born-Oppenheimer (non-BO) calculations are performed for the rovibrational spectrum of H 2 excited to the second rotational level. The non-BO wave functions of the considered states are expanded in terms of all-particle explicitly correlated Gaussian functions. The dissociation energies and rovibrational transition energies are calculated and compared with experimental values and values obtained in calculations performed by others. The average interparticle distances are calculated and compared with the corresponding values for HD. They show that H 2 is a more “diffuse molecule”. The nuclear-nuclear correlation functions are calculated and plotted to visualize the “non-BO molecular structure” of H 2 .
Gastrointestinal fate of emulsion-based ω-3 oil delivery systems stabilized by plant proteins: Lentil, pea, and faba bean proteins

Abstract Functional foods are being fortified with bioactive lipids to improve human health. The formulation of these products from plant-based ingredients, rather than synthetic or animal-based ones, is often preferred by consumers. However, there is concern that encapsulation of bioactive lipids using plant-based ingredients may decrease their oral bioavailability. The aim of this study was to provide an understanding of the impact of plant-protein coatings on the gastrointestinal fate of omega-3 (ω-3) oil droplets. A simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including mouth, stomach and small intestine stages, was used to compare the gastrointestinal fate of lipid droplets coated by plant proteins (lentil, pea, faba bean proteins) with those coated by an animal protein (whey protein). All the emulsions behaved fairly similarly in the GIT model: the droplets were highly negative in the mouth and small intestine, but slightly positive in the stomach; extensive droplet aggregation occurred in the mouth and stomach; the droplets were digested in the small intestine. No significant differences in free fatty acids released in the small intestine were observed among the different systems, suggesting plant proteins did not inhibit lipid digestion and release.
Tribological performance of quaternary CrSiCN coatings under dry and lubricated conditions

Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of friction and wear performance of quaternary CrSiCN coatings deposited on a hardened H-13 steel substrate by a plasma enhanced magnetron sputtering (PEMS) technique. Friction and wear tests were conducted with a reciprocating line contact between a hardened 4370 steel roller and coated and uncoated flat specimens under dry and lubricated conditions. The effects of coating thickness (1, 3.5 and 7.5 µm) on the mechanical properties, friction and wear performance were also assessed. In dry sliding, the friction of coated surfaces was about the same as for uncoated surfaces, except for the 1-µm coating, which had higher friction. Friction for coated surfaces under lubricated contact was in general higher than for uncoated surfaces. There was no measurable wear on any of the coated surfaces, under either dry or lubricated conditions. However, wear was higher on the steel roller counterface sliding against the coated surfaces, with the amount of wear proportional to the mating coating thickness. The effectiveness of formulated lubricant additives was also modified by the coating, resulting in major effects on friction and wear behavior. This reduction in lubricant additive efficacy is due to the fact that the additives were designed and optimized for ferrous surfaces.
Psychiatric Comorbidities in HIV Infection

Comorbid psychiatric disorders are common in HIV infection. Mood disorders (e.g., depression) have received the most attention in the literature; however, neuropsychiatric features of apathy and irritability and severe mental illnesses (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) have also emerged as important comorbidities that warrant attention. While the former may develop secondary to infection, the latter are believed to place individuals at increased risk for contracting HIV and, once infected, poor HIV-related health outcomes. Psychiatric comorbidities have been linked to a host of adverse functional outcomes, such as increased suicide attempts, drug abuse, and failure to adhere to ARV medications. Differentiating neuropsychiatric features of HIV infection from pre-existing symptoms is particularly important for healthcare providers involved in making diagnostic decisions and treatment recommendations. The following chapter reviews historical and current literature on psychiatric disturbances commonly associated with HIV, with emphasis on assessment. We also provide a brief review of treatments, including non-pharmacological evidence-based treatments.
Resilience of Coastal Transportation Networks Faced with Extreme Climatic Events

Infrastructure systems, especially those including civil infrastructure (e.g., transportation networks, water distribution systems, and power transmission lines) are inarguably critical to the everyday functions of society. The ability of an infrastructure system to withstand, to adapt to, and to recover rapidly from extreme events is paramount in the ability to serve users. The effects of historical climatic events have resulted in a growing concern for preparedness against such hazards, specifically in coastal communities. The continuing function of society and its economy relies heavily on an accessible transportation network. Roads, highways, railroads, ports, and airports make up a complex infrastructure vital for the travel of goods and people. Extreme events of climatic source that disturb the transportation network affect all aspects of daily life, both directly and indirectly. To estimate the resilience of coastal transportation networks to extreme events, topological graph properties are measure...