cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melt foaming, foam stability and redox in nuclear waste vitrification☆

Abstract Foaming and redox relationships in simulated nuclear waste glasses are reviewed. Foaming is primarily caused by the release of water vapor and oxygen from the melt. Reducing melt conditions minimize foaming problems mainly because foams become unstable at the melt surface. This is suggested to result from glass/water reactions due to an ireased proportion of water vapor released under reducing conditions relative to oxygen. The redox state of the glass can be quantitively measured by the ferrous/ferric ratio, which exhibits theoretical behavior at values above about 0.05, even in the presence of other multivalent species. The ferrous/ferric ratio is thus useful for redox control in the vitrification process in order to avoid foaming under oxidizing conditions and metallic phase formation under highly reducing conditions. Several analytical methods have been evaluated for ease of measurement of the ferrous/ferric ratio, including wet chemistry, Mossbauer spectroscopy and color analysis of glass powder. The application of these methods for radioactive glasses in a hot-cell environment will pose different problems and will be a challenge for the analyst. Correlations among foaming tendency, foam stability and redox are presented.
Transition from a Nonbonding to a Bonding Interaction in a Tetranuclear [Mo2]2(μ-OR)4 Cluster

Tetranuclear Mo4 clusters with two quadruply bonded Mo24+ units, [Mo2(cis-DAniF)2] (DAniF = N,N‘-di-p-anisylformamidinate), linked by alkoxides (OCH3 for 1 and OC2H5 for 4) have been prepared. The nonbonding separation between the midpoints of the quadruply bonded units, ca. 3.24 A, is the shortest among compounds having two linked Mo24+ units. Electrochemical measurements show two redox waves for each compound with large ΔE1/2 values (554 and 587 mV for 1 and 4, respectively) that correspond to KC values on the order of 109. The large electronic communication is attributed to the short separation between dinuclear units that favor direct δ-to-δ orbital interactions between the two dimetal centers. Compound 1 was chemically oxidized using stoichiometric amounts of ferrocenium salts to a one-electron oxidation product 2 (in which the counteranion is PF6-) and a two-electron oxidation product 3 (which contains two BF4- anions). Upon oxidation there are significant decreases in the distance between the two [...
Effect of ozone on mean linear intercept in the lung of young beagles

Although photochemical air pollutants are believed to be associated with respiratory illness, there is also a need to consider their possible effects on postnatal lung maturation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the maturation of lungs of young beagle dogs might be altered by an inhalation exposure to ozone that represents a severe 5-d episode of photochemical oxidant air pollution. Exposures were at 6 wk of age to purified air, 1 or 2 ppm ozone for 4 h/d on 5 consecutive days. After holding for 6 wk in clean air, lungs were removed and weighed, and the left lung was fixed both by inflation at 30 cm pressure and immersion using buffered formalin. Histologic sections were used for morphometric measurements. Statistical analysis showed that the mean linear intercept (inversely related to lung surface area) was greater than controls (up to about 5%) in the 1 ppm ozone-exposed group. This effect was not seen at 2 ppm ozone, apparently due to large variations in mean linear intercept. No significant differences were seen in body weight, chest girth, lung weight, or volumes of the fixed, inflated lungs. It is concluded that if anatomic maturation of the lung was retarded by this brief regimen of ozone exposure, the effect was small and not likely to have major health consequences.
Rearrangement of epithelial cell types in an insect wing monolayer is accompanied by differential expression of a cell surface protein

The distribution of adhesive molecules on surfaces of cells represents covert information for specifying positions of cells within a tissue. In insect wing epithelia where cells are arranged in two monolayers separated by an extracellular space, these adhesive molecules are found on basal and lateral surfaces of cells. Protein 3B11 is one surface protein whose expression changes in concert with movement and alignment of cells in wing monolayers of Manduca as well as with migration of tracheoles between the two monolayers of the wing. As epithelial cells segregate into periodic, transverse rows of alternating cell types (scale cells and generalized epithelial cells), the expression of 3B11 changes from a uniform distribution throughout the epithelial monolayer to a distribution correlated with a cell's final position and phenotype. Initially protein 3B11 is uniformy expressed on nonadherent surfaces of cells, but with the inception of cell rearrangement, differential expression of 3B11 on basolateral surfaces of cells—both adherent and nonadherent surfaces—becomes a function of epithelial cell type. At the completion of the cell movements associated with segregation of cell types, 3B11 is once again uniformly expressed throughout the wing epithelium. Also, as the upper and lower epithelial monolayers interact at their basal surfaces during adult development, 3B11 is expressed at the interface between the two epithelial monolayers and presumably functions in the nonspecific interaction between these monolayers. Examining the expression pattersn of this protein as well as other adhesion molecules in wing epithelia should reveal general rules about either the simplicity or the complexity of the molecular prepatterns that orchestrate overt tissue patterns in epithelial monolayers. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The application of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in the management of CNS tumors

A variety of clinical reports have described the application of the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index as an adjunct to conventional pathological examination of CNS tumors. This index has proven useful in predicting the clinical outcome associated with many such tumors. Furthermore, because of its efficacy as a radiosensitizing agent, bromodeoxyuridine (and the closely related iododeoxyuridine) has been used in combination with radiation therapy for malignant glial neoplasms, with some encouraging results. Although most studies suggest that bromodeoxyuridine is safe, there is evidence that this compound does have potential side-effects, including the observation that it is a mutagen and carcinogen in some experimental systems. A number of new alternative approaches for predicting the clinical outcome of CNS tumors has been developed based on an increased understanding of their molecular biology. However, until such approaches are better characterized, the clinical application of bromodeoxyuridine will continue to play an important role in predicting the clinical behavior of many CNS tumors.
Ferritin: Protection of enzymatic activity against the inhibition by divalent metal ions in vitro

Ferritin binds a large quantity of Be2+ (Price D.J. and Joshi, J.G. J. Biol. Chem. 258 (1983) 10873) as well as other divalent metal ions. Therefore the ability of this protein to protect enzymes against or reverse the inhibition by metal ions was studied. Evidence presented here shows that the inhibition by Be2+ of the enzymes Na+K+ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphoglucomutase is reversed by ferritin. Be2+ can be transferred reversibly between phosphoglucomutase and ferritin depending upon the relative concentrations of the 2 proteins. Ferritin also reactivated phosphoglucomutase inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+, or Cd2+. Incubation of ferritin containing Be2+ with 4-10 fold molar excess of phosphoglucomutase (with respect to Be2+) removed 90% of the Be2+ from ferritin. The rates of inactivation of phosphoglucomutase by Be2+ donated by apoferritin or ferritin were identical. Based upon these observations it is suggested that Be2+ bound to the protein shell and to the iron core are in equilibrium with each other with the equilibrium favoring ferritin-Be2+ complex.
Copolymers of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate with Quadrol Methacrylate and with Various Aminoalkyl Methacrylamides as Fibroblast Cell Substrata

Universal application of hydrophilic hydrogels like poly(hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) [p(HEMA)], as biomaterials is limited due to their inabil ity to favorably affect eukaryotic cell growth. In an attempt to favorably manipulate surface properties, a series of HEMA copolymers was made with 10-40% aminoethyl methacrylamide (AEMA), aminopropyl methacrylamide (APMA), Quadrol methacrylate (QM), N,N'-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)aminoethyl meth acrylamide (HPAEMA) or dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). Balb/c 3T3 fibroblast cell growth was observed on HEMA:AEMA (80:20), HEMA:QM (80:20) and HEMA:HPAEMA (90:10) copolymers. Cell growth on HEMA: AEMA (80:20) was comparable to HEMA:DMAEMA (60:40). HEMA copolymers containing APMA, a homolog of AEMA, exhibited cytotoxicity.Cationic groups of primary and tertiary amines present in the HEMA copoly mer hydrogels favorably contribute to the support of cell growth. The effect of hydroxyl groups on cell growth appears to be favorable. The extent of cell growth varied with the...
Peripheral nerve stimulators can inhibit monitor display of pacemaker pulses

The operating room monitors that are currently available use digital signal processing techniques to acquire and display electrocardiograms (ECGs). As a result, pacemaker impulses are interpreted as noise and thus filtered from the final display. For these signals to be displayed, the monitor must be manually reconfigured away from the default state. However, the displaying of the pacemaker impulse remains a digital process, and the monitor "paints" this signal (and other noise) back into the displayed ECG as a pacemaker impulse. Two surgical cases are reported that demonstrate monitor malfunction in systems with digitally processed ECGs during application of nerve stimulator signals to the patient. In one case, application of a 100-Hz tetany signal completely abolished the displayed pacemaker pulses. In the second case, application of a 50-Hz tetany signal abolished appropriate display but caused the monitor to display artifactual pacemaker pulses. Knowledge of undesirable monitor behavior can reduce inappropriate therapy in the operating room.
Characterizing dispersion in the enclosed-space radio channel using a composite mode model

Wireless communications inside enclosed space environments (e.g. aircraft wings and fuselage, auto-mobile engine compartments, etc.) provides a unique opportunity for sensor networks and instrumentation systems native to these spaces to operate with improved reliability, flexibility and capabilities. Since these enclosed environments are typically surrounded by reflective boundaries (i.e. metallic walls), the enclosed-space radio channel is very dispersive and presents a significant challenge to radio communications. In this work, empirical dispersion measurements in representative enclosed space environments are made and a simple model which considers only the enclosure volume, surface area, conductivity and frequency of operation, is found to predict dispersion parameters in the enclosed space channel with good results.
Calcium Absorption and Kinetics Are Similar in 7- and 8-Year-Old Mexican-American and Caucasian Girls Despite Hormonal Differences

To assess the possibility of ethnic differences in mineral metabolism in prepubertal children, we compared measures of calcium metabolism in 7- and 8-y-old Mexican-American (MA) and non-Hispanic Caucasian (CAU) girls (n = 38) living in southeastern Texas. We found similar fractional calcium absorption, urinary calcium excretion, calcium kinetic values and total-body bone mineral content in the MA and CAU girls. In contrast, parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were greater in MA girls (4.01 +/- 0.47 vs. 1. 96 +/- 0.50 pmol/L, P = 0.005) than in CAU girls. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were lower in MA girls (68.9 +/- 7.7 vs. 109.4 +/- 8.4 nmol/L, P = 0.001) than in CAU girls, but 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations did not differ between groups. Seasonal variability was seen for 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in girls of both ethnic groups, but values in all of the girls were >30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL). We conclude the following: 1) greater PTH levels in MA girls than CAU girls are present without evidence of vitamin D deficiency; and 2) differences in 25-hydroxyvitamin D and PTH concentrations between MA and CAU girls do not have a large effect on calcium absorption, excretion or bone calcium kinetics. These data do not provide evidence for adjusting dietary recommendations for mineral or vitamin D intake by MA girls.
Novel noninvasive assays to predict transplantation rejection and tolerance: enumeration of cytokine-producing alloreactive T cells.

Treatment and prevention of allograft loss in organ transplant recipients relies chiefly on non–antigen-specific immunosuppression. Current approaches to the management of these immunosuppressive drugs are largely empiric and reactive because of lack of immune monitoring assays. Alloreactive T cells play a key role in acute rejection and in development of chronic allograft nephropathy, the leading cause of late allograft failure. There is thus an increasing interest in development of simple, reliable, noninvasive assays measuring allogeneic anti-donor responsiveness or donor-specific nonresponsiveness to predict ransplantation rejection and tolerance. Because the frequency and cytokine profile of alloreactive T cells play an important role in these processes, this article mainly focuses on assays that enumerate cytokine-producing alloreactive T cells.
Examining the Relation Between Ethical Focus and Financial Performance in Family Firms: An Exploratory Study

Empirically, the confluence of family involvement, ethics, and performance is a sparse research area. The authors explore a rich theoretical framework relating family involvement, ethical focus, and firm performance and empirically test a mediated model using a sample of 526 family businesses. The results illustrated that a firm’s ethical focus mediated the relation between family involvement and financial performance. Specifically, data supported the relation between family involvement and a firm’s ethical focus. And increased ethical focus predicted increased financial performance. The authors discuss the implications of these findings and offer potential areas for future research in family business studies.
Surgical Correction of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Lung Transplant Patients Is Associated With Decreased Effector CD8 Cells in Lung Lavages: A Case Series

Background Lung transplantation is associated with a high incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The presence of GERD is considered a risk factor for the subsequent development of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), and surgical correction of GERD by gastric fundoplication (GF) may be associated with increased freedom from OB. The mechanisms underlying a protective effect from OB remain elusive. The objective of this study was to analyze the flow cytometric properties of BAL cells in patients who have undergone GF early after transplant. Methods In a single-center lung transplant center, eight patients with GERD who were in the first transplant year underwent GF. Prior to and immediately following GF, BAL cells were analyzed by polychromatic flow cytometry. Spirometry was performed before and after GF. Results GF was associated with a significant reduction in the frequency of BAL CD8 lymphocytes expressing the intracellular effector marker granzyme B, compared with the pre-GF levels. Twenty-six percent of CD8 cells were granzyme Bhi pre-GF compared with 12% of CD8 cells post-GF (range 8%-50% pre-GF, 2%-24% post-GF, P = .01). In contrast, GF was associated with a significant interval increase in the frequency of CD8 cells with an exhausted phenotype (granzyme Blo, CD127lo, PD1hi) from 12% of CD8 cells pre-GF to 24% post-GF (range 1.7%-24% pre-GF and 11%-47% post-GF, P = .05). No significant changes in spirometry were observed during the study interval. Conclusions Surgical correction of GF is associated with a decreased frequency of potentially injurious effector CD8 cells in the BAL of lung transplant recipients.
Recent developments in zinc/bromine battery technology at Johnson Controls

Zinc/bromine battery technology is being developed for use in electric vehicles, and for electric utility load leveling applications. The authors describe the zinc/bromine system and discuss its performance characteristics. The bipolar electrode design gives 2-3 times the energy storage of existing lead acid batteries and is capable of delivering power densities as high as 200 W/kg. The electrolyte is circulated to reduce self-discharge of the battery and to improve the thermal management of the system. The battery operates at room temperature, consists of nearly all plastic parts, uses conventional molding and plastic joining methods for construction, and is almost totally recyclable. Zinc/bromine is a low cost, rechargeable system with a potentially long cycle life. Recent advances made in computer modeling of this technology are also reported. >
Perspectives on Learning, Thinking, and Activity:

We continue the discussion of cognitive and situative perspectives by identifying several important points on which we judge the perspectives to be in agreement: (a) Individual and social perspectives on activity are both fundamentally important in education; (b) Learning can be general, and abstractions can be efficacious, but they sometimes aren’t; (c) Situative and cognitive approaches can cast light on different aspects of the educational process, and both should be pursued vigorously; (d) Educational innovations should be informed by the available scientific knowledge base and should be evaluated and analyzed with rigorous research methods.
Both Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and NADPH Oxidase Contribute to the Control of Virulent Phase I Coxiella burnetii Infections

Host control of Coxiella burnetii infections is believed to be mediated primarily by activated monocytes/macrophages. The activation of macrophages by cytokines leads to the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) that have potent antimicrobial activities. The contributions of ROI and RNI to the inhibition of C. burnetii replication were examined in vitro by the use of murine macrophage-like cell lines and primary mouse macrophages. A gamma interferon (IFN-γ) treatment of infected cell lines and primary macrophages resulted in an increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a significant inhibition of C. burnetii replication. The inhibition of replication was reversed in the murine cell line J774.16 upon the addition of either the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (NGMMLA) or the H2O2 scavenger catalase. IFN-γ-treated primary macrophages from iNOS−/− and p47phox−/− mice significantly inhibited replication but were less efficient at controlling infection than IFN-γ-treated wild-type macrophages. To investigate the contributions of ROI and RNI to resistance to infection, we performed in vivo studies, using C57BL/6 wild-type mice and knockout mice lacking iNOS or p47phox. Both iNOS−/− and p47phox−/− mice were attenuated in the ability to control C. burnetii infection compared to wild-type mice. Together, these results strongly support a role for both RNI and ROI in the host control of C. burnetii infection.
The role of FDG-PET, ictal SPECT, and MEG in the epilepsy surgery evaluation

2-[18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), ictal single-photon-emission computed tomography (ictal SPECT), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) represent three established functional imaging tests that offer unique information toward the localization of epilepsy for surgery evaluation and treatment. When these tests are combined with high-resolution magnetic fresonance imaging (MRI), epilepsy related structure and function disturbances may be localized with a degree of confidence and understanding not possible with electroencephalography (EEG), even ictal recordings with intracranial electrodes, the mainstay of tools for seizure localization. Use of these alternative tests allows an increased percentage of patients to be considered for surgical treatment. In particular, the additional information provided by these techniques has been demonstrated to help those patients with nonlocalizing MRI or extratemporal lobe epilepsy. Studies that address optimal use of these tests (alone and in combination) will build toward the next major advancement in the surgical treatment of epilepsy by allowing better patient selection, less risk, and better surgical outcomes. Ultimately, appropriate use of these tests, combined with more comprehensive functional brain mapping (e.g., with MEG or functional MRI), may lead to completely noninvasive epilepsy surgery evaluation.
PHOTOGENERATION OF HIGHLY ABSORBING TRANSIENT CHARGE STATES FROM MODEL DENDRITIC MACROMOLECULES BASED ON BIS-(DIPHENYLAMINO)DIPHENYLPOLYENE REPEAT UNITS

Bis-(diphenylamino)diphenylpolyenes form exceptionally stable, highly absorbing, bipolaronic charge states when oxidatively doped in solution, even at the stilbene level. These chromophores also display exceptionally large two-photon absorption cross-sections for ns laser pulses. 1,2-Bis-(diphenylamino)-E-stilbene moieties have now been incorporated into 3-arm and four-arm dendrimer structures as formal repeat units. These new G-0 model dendrimers also form exceptionally stable, highly-absorbing bipolaronic charge states when oxidized in solution. As such these new materials are attractive candidates for various photonic applications which depend on the fast photogeneration of highly absorbing transient states. In the current study we have demonstrated that such states can indeed be photogenerated from the model dendrimers in solution in the presence of efficient electron acceptors, such as C60. In order to follow both the generation and decay of these excited state transient species, new spectroscopic techniques have been developed that have unique capabilities for examining transient state formation and subsequent dynamics.
Gender and emotion in everyday event memory

While women often recall more detailed and socially oriented event memories than men, it is not clear at which stage of remembering such gender differences emerge. This study investigated this question in a sample of young adults (N=60). A random sampling method was used where participants received a text message three times a day during a 1-week period and were asked to record as soon as they read the message what was happening during the past 30 minutes. At the end of the week they received a surprise memory test for the events that they had recorded. Compared with men, women recorded a greater number of event details at the encoding phase and provided more detailed and accurate memories at the delayed recall, although there was no gender difference in the forgetting function during retention. Gender difference in the social orientation of memory was not apparent until recall. In addition the effects of emotion intensity and valence were observed on the detailedness, accuracy, and content of memory. The findings shed new light on the mechanisms underlying gender differences in episodic memory.
Chalcogenide Glass-Fiber-Based Mid-IR Sources and Applications

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is developing chalcogenide glass fibers for applications in the mid-and long-wave IR wavelength regions from 2 to 12 mum. The chalcogen glasses (i.e., glasses based on the elements S, Se, and Te) are transparent in the IR, possess low phonon energies, are chemically durable, and can be drawn into fiber. Both conventional solid core/clad and microstructured fibers have been developed. Chalcogenide glass compositions have been developed that allow rare earth doping to enable rare-earth-doped fiber lasers in the IR. Also, highly nonlinear compositions have been developed with nonlinearities ~1000times silica that enables nonlinear wavelength conversion from the near IR to the mid-and long-wave IR. In this paper, we review rare-earth-doped chalcogenide fiber for mid-and long-wave IR lasers, and highly nonlinear chalcogenide fiber and photonic crystal fiber for wavelength conversion in the mid-and long-wave IR.
Conformations of polymer chains in voids with an external electric field by Green's function methods

The statistical conformations of a length of polymer chain, such as DNA, trapped in a void within a gel under the influence of an external electric field, have been studied by the method of Green's functions. Based upon a rectangular box approximation for the void shape, the method gives an explicit analytical expression for the end-to-end distance (Rx) as a function of applied field strength, number of chain segments coiled within the void, and size of a chain segment. Results of calculations show that the field compresses the entrained coil into more compact configurations, as would be expected. Such compression is believed to affect the electrophoretic mobility of a long chain molecule like DNA in a dilute gel. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Global health experiences of U.S. Physicians: a mixed methods survey of clinician-researchers and health policy leaders.

Interest and participation in global health activities among U.S. medical trainees has increased sharply in recent decades, yet the global health activities of physicians who have completed residency training remain understudied. Our objectives were to assess associations between individual characteristics and patterns of post-residency global health activities across the domains of health policy, education, and research. Cross-sectional, mixed methods national survey of 521 physicians with formal training in clinical and health services research and policy leadership. Main measures were post-residency global health activity and characteristics of this activity (location, funding, products, and perceived synergy with domestic activities). Most respondents (73%) hold faculty appointments across 84 U.S. medical schools and a strong plurality (46%) are trained in internal medicine. Nearly half of all respondents (44%) reported some global health activity after residency; however, the majority of this group (73%) reported spending ≤10% of professional time on global health in the past year. Among those active in global health, the majority (78%) reported receiving some funding for their global health activities, and most (83%) reported at least one scholarly, educational, or other product resulting from this work. Many respondents perceived synergies between domestic and global health activities, with 85% agreeing with the statement that their global health activities had enhanced the quality of their domestic work and increased their level of involvement with vulnerable populations, health policy advocacy, or research on the social determinants of health. Despite these perceived synergies, qualitative data from in-depth interviews revealed personal and institutional barriers to sustained global health involvement, including work-family balance and a lack of specific avenues for career development in global health. Post-residency global health activity is common in this diverse, multi-specialty group of physicians. Although those with global health experience describe synergies with their domestic work, the lack of established career development pathways may limit the benefits of this synergy for individuals and their institutions.
Outcrossed cottonseed and adventitious Bt plants in Arizona refuges

Outcrossing of non-Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum (L.)) in refuges by transgenic Bt cultivars could reduce the efficacy of refuges for delaying resistance in seed-feeding pests. Based on reports that outcrossing decreased as distance from Bt cotton increased in small-scale studies, we hypothesized that increasing refuge width or distance from Bt fields would reduce outcrossing. In a large-scale study in Arizona, we quantified Bt seed in refuges of experimental and commercial fields, comparing outcrossing between in-field (narrow) and external (wide) refuges and among rows of refuges at various distances from Bt fields. Some refuges, including those in tightly controlled experimental plots, contained up to 8% adventitious Bt plants. Some, but not all, Bt plants likely resulted from Bt seed in the non-Bt seed bags. We did not detect a difference in outcrossing between in-field and external refuges. However, statistical power was low because outcrossing was low ( 0.4% of seeds) in both treatments. Higher outcrossing levels (≤ 4.6% of seeds) were observed in the studies measuring outcrossing at various distances from Bt fields, yet outcrossing did not decrease as the distance from Bt fields increased. We hypothesize that Bt plants in refuges cross-pollinated surrounding non-Bt plants, overshadowing the expected association between distance from Bt fields and outcrossing.
Hydroclimatic trends in the Mississippi river basin from 1948 to 2004

The trends of the surface water and energy budget components in the Mississippi River basin from 1948 to 2004 are investigated using a combination of hydrometeorological observations and observationconstrained simulations of the land surface conditions using the latest version of the Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3). The atmospheric forcing data for the CLM3 were constructed by adding the intramonthly variations from the 6-hourly National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis to observation-based analyses of monthly precipitation, surface air temperature, and cloud cover. The model-based analysis suggests that, for the surface water budget, the observed increase in basin-averaged precipitation is compensated by increases in both runoff and evapotranspiration. For the surface energy budget, the decrease of net shortwave radiation associated with observed increases in cloudiness is compensated by decreases in both net longwave radiation and sensible heat flux, while the latent heat flux increases in association with wetter soil conditions. Both the simulated surface water and energy budgets support the view that evapotranspiration has increased in the Mississippi River basin from 1948 to 2004. Sensitivity experiments show that the precipitation change dominates the evapotranspiration trend, while the temperature and solar radiation changes have only small effects. Large spatial variations within the Mississippi River basin and the contiguous United States are also found. However, the increased evapotranspiration is ubiquitous despite spatial variations in hydrometeorology.
Factor analysis of the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory: Structure and validity

Principal components (PC) factor analysis of the Mayo Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI) was conducted using a sample of outpatients (n=189) with acquired brain injury (ABI) to evaluate whether outcome after ABI is multifactorial or unifactorial in nature. An eight factor model was derived which explained 64.4% of the total variance. The eight factors were interpreted as representing Activities of Daily Living, Social Initiation, Cognition, Impaired Self awareness Distress, Social Skills Support, Independence, Visuoperceptual, and Psychiatric, respectively. Validation of the Cognition factor was supported when factor scores were correlated with various neuropsychological measures. In addition, 117 patient self rating total scores were used to evaluate the Impaired Self awareness Distress factor. An inverse relationship was observed, supporting this factor's ability to capture the two dimensional phenomena of diminished self awareness or enhanced emotional distress. A new subscale structure is suggeste...
The light meson spectroscopy program

Recent discoveries of a number of unexpected new charmomium-like meson states at the BaBar and Belle B-factories have demonstrated how little is still known about meson spectroscopy. In this talk we will review recent highlights of the light quark spectroscopy from collider and fixed target experiments.
EXPERIMENTS ON WIMPS, SIMPS, AND HOT DARK MATTER

The particle which constitutes more than 90% of the mass of the universe is not one of those in the Standard Model of particle physics. The search for this dark matter particle has now eliminated or severely restricted many candidates. While accelerator-produced results and indirect searches have helped, the most extensive exclusions have come from attempts at direct detection using semiconductor ionization detectors. The region excluded by direct detection extends over 12 orders of magnitude in particle mass and 20 orders of magnitude in cross section for Dirac particles. The need is now to get to cross sections less than one-tenth the weak cross section for Dirac masses >20 GeV and to use detectors having nuclei with spin for Majorana masses ≳10 GeV. Light neutrinos, while not detectable directly, can be eliminated as dominant dark matter if the 17-keV neutrino exists.
Umbilical and periumbilical dermatoses

The umbilicus may be the site of congenital and acquired malformations and may harbor clinical clues to the diagnosis of potentially fatal inherited disorders, primary skin conditions, and a variety of infectious diseases. Both benign and malignant tumors may involve the umbilicus, and some are unique to this site. Finally, cutaneous signs localized to this anatomic location may be found in diverse systemic diseases.
A few methods for fitting circles to data

Five methods are discussed to fit circles to data. Two of the methods are shown to be highly sensitive to measurement error. The other three are shown to be quite stable in this regard. Of the stable methods, two have the advantage of having closed form solutions. A positive aspect of all of these models is that they are coordinate free in the sense that the same estimating circles are produced no matter where the axes of the coordinate system are located nor how they are oriented. A natural extension to fitting spheres to points in 3-space is also given.
Education Unleashed: Participatory Culture, Education, and Innovation in Second Life

While virtual worlds share common technologies and audiences with games, they possess many unique characteristics. Particularly when compared to massively multiplayer online role-playing games, virtual worlds create very different learning and teaching opportunities through markets, creation, and connections to the real world, and lack of overt game goals. This chapter aims to expose a wide audience to the breadth and depth of learning occurring within Second Life (SL). From in-world classes in the scripting language to mixed-reality conferences about the future of broadcasting, a tremendous variety of both amateurs and experts are leveraging SL as a platform for education. In one sense, this isn't new since every technology is co-opted by communities for communication, but SL is different because every aspect of it was designed to encourage this co-opting, this remixing of the virtual and the real.
Cross-Validation Assessment of Alternatives to Individual-Level Conjoint Analysis: A Case Study:

Recently, both Hagerty and Kamakura have proposed insightful suggestions for improving the predictive accuracy of conjoint analysis via various types of averaging of individual responses. Hagerty u...
Monophyly and phylogeny of the Schiffornis group (Tyrannoidea)

A cladistic analysis of 19 characters was used to investigate the phylogeny of the Schzjornis group, a monophyletic assemblage of six genera of suboscine passerines which are currently placed in three different tyrannoid families: Schzfirnis (Pipridae, manakins), Laniisoma, Zodopleura (Cotingidae, cotingas), Laniocera, Xenopsaris, and Pachyramphus (Tyrannidae, tyrant flycatchers). The character systems analyzed include syringeal and cranial morphology, plumage, and nest architecture. Monophyly of the Schijornis group was supported by two syringeal synapomorphies. Within the group, the phylogenetic relationships of five of the six genera were resolved; Schzfirnis is the sister group to Laniisoma and Laniocera, and Xenopsaris is the sister group of Pachyramphus. The relationship of Zodopleura to these two corroborated clades was not resolved. The higher-level relationships of the Schzjornis group to other tyrannoids was not resolved. Results of two previous biochemical phylogenies of tyrannoids both corroborate and conflict with this morphological hypothesis. Comparative analysis of the evolution of breeding systems in tyrannoids indicates that polygyny may have developed independently within the group, resulting in the evolution of a novel form a male advertisement behavior without conspicuous sexual dimorphism and a distinct type of spatial dispersion of male territories.
Status of Residents' Influenza Vaccination and Related Impact Factors in Jiaxing City

[Objective] To understand the status of residents' influenza vaccination as well as related impact factors in Jiaxing city. [Methods] A survey using stratified random sampling method was conducted among 7 215 residents who had been living in Jiaxing city for more than 3 months by questionnaires. A total of 6 765 questionnaires were collected. [ Results] The total population coverage of influenza vaccination was 12.72%. Statistical correlations were found between the influenza vaccination rate and seven factors including age, region, marital status, educational level, occupation, family per capita annual income, history of chronic diseases(all P 0.05). The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis also suggested that these seven factors were statistically correlated with the status of influenza vaccination(P 0.05), while gender, pregnancy, and health insurance did not. [Conclusion] The overall influenza immunization rate is low(12.72%), and may be influenced by various factors in Jiaxing.
Digestion Kinetics of Sintered Clinker to Extract Alumina from Fly Ash with Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfate Roasting Process

The digestion kinetics of sintered clinker to extract alumina from fly ash with ammonium hydrogen sulfate roasting process was investigated.The effects of temperature,stirring intensity and mass ratio of liquid to solid(L/S)on aluminum dissolution rate were studied.The results show that digestion process is controlled by external diffusion.The digestion process includes the first stage for 0~20min,and the second stage for following 20~60min.The activation energies of the two stages are 8.013kJ/mol and 4.973kJ/mol respectively.The aluminum dissolution rate reaches 93%under the optimal conditions including temperature of 90℃,stirring intensity of 300r/min,L/S of 9∶1and duration of 60min.
Comparison of different types of phacoemulsification tips. I. Quantitative analysis of elemental composition and tip surface microroughness.

Purpose To evaluate the elemental composition of phacoemulsification tips and their surface roughness in the microscale. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center and Utah Nanofab, College of Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Seven types of phacoemulsification tips were studied. The phaco tips were examined through energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for elemental composition. In addition, the roughness of the opening in all tips was assessed through 3-dimensional white-light interferometry. Results Elemental analysis showed considerable differences in the surface layers between manufacturers. Alcon tips had a thinner oxidized titanium (Ti) layer in their surface. Through XPS, vanadium was not detected in the superficial layers of any tip, but only in deeper levels. The microroughness surface analysis showed comparable results regarding their root-mean-square (RMS) metric. Maximum peak valley distance values varied and appeared to be dependent on the quality of material process rather than the material itself. Conclusions Phacoemulsification tips are made of Ti alloys and showed differences between models, especially regarding their composition in the superficial layers. Their opening end roughness showed an overall appropriate RMS value of less than 1.0 μm in all cases. The existence of small defected areas highlights the importance of adequate quality control of these critical surgical instruments. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Myeloid neoplasms with isochromosome 17q: A distinct entity with unique clinicopathologic and genetic features

I isochromosome 17q, i(17q), accounts for less than 1% of myeloid neoplasms that are commonly classified as myelodysplastic/ myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). These cases have distinctive clinicopathologic features with an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. However, their molecular mutation profile has not been studied. Here, we present the mutation profile of myeloid neoplasms with isolated i(17q) that included AML, MDS/MPN, MDS and MPN. In addition to the i(17q) as a common finding, these neoplasms had frequent mutations in SRSF2 (55%), SETBP1 (59%), ASXL1 (55%) and NRAS (31%); TET2 and TP53 mutations were rare. Eight of 28 patients (29%) showed concurrent mutations in ASXL1, SRSF2, SETBP1 and RAS. There was a significant association between mutations in SETBP1 and RAS (p=0.003). The mutation pattern was independent of the morphologic diagnosis. Sequential mutational analysis of a subset of cases showing evolution from a diploid karyotype to i(17q) showed that SRSF2 and ASXL1 mutations precede the detection of i(17q) whereas SETBP1 mutations are associated with i(17q).
Automatic Video Scene Segmentation to Separate Script for OCR

In Text or character recognition in images or video frames is a difficult problem to achieve video data. This paper proposes improved template matching algorithm that applied for the automatic extraction of text from image and video frames. Optical character recognition using template matching is a system model that is useful to recognize the character, digits& special character by comparing two images of the alphabet. The objectives of this system model are to develop a
Chaos starts to communicate

A laser is a device that exemplifies the notions of stability, coherence and purity. Yet it is now well known that the behaviour of a laser can easily become unstable and chaotic. While most research has been devoted to eliminating such behaviour and establishing lasers as uncontaminated light sources, the 1990s have seen increasing interest in the idea of using chaotic laser signals in communications.
Conflict and performance monitoring throughout the lifespan: An event-related potential (ERP) and temporospatial component analysis.

Abstract Cognitive control includes higher-level cognitive processes used to evaluate environmental conflict. Given the importance of cognitive control in regulating behavior, understanding the developmental course of these processes may contribute to a greater understanding of normal and abnormal development. We examined behavioral (response times [RTs], error rates) and event-related potential data (N2, error-related negativity [ERN], correct-response negativity [CRN], error positivity [Pe]) during a flanker task in cross-sectional groups of 45 youth (ages 8–18), 52 younger adults (ages 20–28), and 58 older adults (ages 56–91). Younger adults displayed the most efficient processing, including significantly reduced CRN and N2 amplitude, increased Pe amplitude, and significantly better task performance than youth or older adults (e.g., faster RTs, fewer errors). Youth displayed larger CRN and N2, attenuated Pe, and significantly worse task performance than younger adults. Older adults fell either between youth and younger adults (e.g., CRN amplitudes, N2 amplitudes) or displayed neural and behavioral performance that was similar to youth (e.g., Pe amplitudes, error rates). These findings point to underdeveloped neural and cognitive processes early in life and reduced efficiency in older adulthood, contributing to poor implementation and modulation of cognitive control in response to conflict. Thus, cognitive control processing appears to reach peak performance and efficiency in younger adulthood, marked by improved task performance with less neural activation.
Cationic Polymerization: From Photoinitiation to Photocontrol

During the last 40 years, researchers investigating photoinitiated cationic polymerizations have delivered tremendous success in both industrial and academic settings. A myriad of photoinitiating systems have been developed, thus allowing polymerization of a broad array of monomers (e.g., epoxides, vinyl ethers, alkenes, cyclic ethers, and lactones) under practical, inexpensive, and environmentally benign conditions. More recently, owing to progress in photoredox catalysis, photocontrolled cationic polymerization has emerged as a means to precisely regulate polymer chain growth. This Minireview provides a concise historical perspective on cationic polymerization induced by light and discusses the latest advances in both photoinitiated and photocontrolled processes. The latter are exciting new directions for the field that will likely impact industries ranging from micropatterning to the synthesis of complex biomaterials and sequence-controlled polymers.
Observation of pulses on an interface

abstract Recent theoretical results show that, in addition to P and S pulses, two pulse-like phenomena, denoted by P and S , can be defined near the boundary of an elastic solid. The S pulse is the classic Rayleigh pulse in Lamb9s problem and is the classic Stoneley pulse in Cagniard9s problem. When the Stoneley existence conditions are violated, the S pulse still exists for many solid pairs and can be regarded as a radiating interface pulse. The P pulse is distinct only when σ (Poisson9s ratio) is greater than about 0.4. It seems to be the dual to the S pulse. It is the classic Stoneley pulse in Strick9s problem. The P pulse has been observed by Kisslinger in loess and clay near Florrisant, Missouri. The radiating S pulse has been observed by Pod99yapol9ski and Vassil9ev on a clay/granite interface, and by Roever and Vining on a fluid/solid interface. Roever and Vining may also have observed the P pulse on pitch. Two dimensional seismic model studies of the S pulse suggest that it is most easily recognized from its particle orbit. Model results for both the trapped and the radiating S pulse agree well with theoretical calculations of orbital motion and orbital tilt. The tilt of the P orbit in Lamb9s problem is virtually independent of the elastic parameters and the P velocity is very nearly twice the S velocity. In dispersion problems both radiating P and S pulses appear as kinks in the dispersion curves.
Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Pediatric Critical Care

Status epilepticus (SE) and seizures are common pediatric neurologic emergencies, yet management is highly variable and treatment delays have been reported. Rapid management is needed to manage systemic complications, identify and manage precipitating conditions, and terminate seizures. While evidence-based management data are limited, a predetermined management plan that emphasizes rapid progression through appropriately dosed antiseizure medications may help streamline and optimize management. Children with or without prior convulsive seizures may experience electrographic seizures requiring electroencephalographic monitoring for identification. This chapter reviews the identification and management of seizures and status epilepticus and the use of electroencephalographic monitoring among children in the pediatric intensive care unit.