cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The importance of the geometric phase effect for the H + D2 → HD + D reaction☆

Abstract The results of accurate quantum calculations of the differential cross sections for the H + D2(v,j) → HD(v′,j′) + D reaction which include the effect of the geometric phase differ significantly from those which do not include this effect, demonstrating its importance for that reaction. Recent measurements of the H + D2(v = 0, j = 0, 1, 2) → HD(v′ all, j′ all) + D angular distribution display a peak around 20° directly attributable to this effect.
Hermitian function matrices which commute with their derivative

Abstract Spectral properties of analytic function matrices are studied. The results obtained are then used to prove that analytic hermitian function matrices which commute with their derivative must be functionally commutative.
Genetic basis of the polymorphisms of the αI domain of spectrin

Defects of alpha spectrin have been identified in many cases of hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP). To aid in the genetic analysis of families with these disorders, the locations of three alpha-spectrin gene polymorphisms were mapped, the genetic basis of these polymorphisms identified, and PCR-based assays designed for their identification. The frequencies of these polymorphisms were determined in two populations and in patients with alphaI/50a HE and HPP. These studies identified two distinct haplotypes and provided evidence that two HE/HPP mutations associated with the alphaI/50a protein phenotype, L207P and L260P, arose on separate chromosomal backgrounds.
The crystal and molecular structure of (1,1′-trimethylenedicyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (1,1′-trimethylenedicyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride, [(CH2)3(C5H4)2]TiCl2, has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray data collected by counter techniques. The coordination about the titanium atom is a distorted tetrahedron comprised of the two chlorine atoms and the centroids of the π-cyclopentadienyl rings of the 1,1′-trimethylenedicyclopentadienyl group. The Cl-Ti-Cl bond angle is 93.69(5)° and the (centroid)-Ti-(centroid) angle is 132:64°. The Ti-Cl bond distances are 2.372(1) and 2.364(3) A . The titanium- (ring centroid) distances are 2.061 and 2.060 A and the range of the Ti-C distances associated with the π-cyclopentadienyl rings, 2.407(3) to 2.360(4) A , establishes the pentahapto coordination mode of these groups. Crystal data: a = 8.490(2), b = 14.209(4), c = 10.185(2) A , β = 90.43(2)°, space group P21/n, Z = 4, Do = 1.57(1) and Dc = 1.57 g·cm-3. The structure was refined by least-squares techniques, using 1668 independent reflections for which F2o > 3σ(F2o), and the refinement converged to a conventional R factor (on F of 2.9%.
Optical radiation safety

Recent studies of light damage to the retina and studies of the hazards to the eye and skin from laser radiation have permitted the development of occupational exposure limits for optical radiation from lamps and lighting systems. Although concerns for potential hazards from the ultraviolet radiation emitted from some lamps have always existed, few have previously been concerned about potential harm to the eyes from visible radiation. Recent studies show that short wavelength light may in some instances be harmful to the retina. Furthermore, infrared radiation hazards to the eye are probably less than was once believed. Exposure limits for ultraviolet radiation and guidelines for visible and near-infrared radiation have been promulgated in the USA and some other countries. A proper understanding of the changing nature of environmental exposures to sunlight throughout the day permits the development of exposure limits for repeated, chronic exposure. The use of the present limits and guidelines for a given ...
Physics as a decision theory

Abstract We show that there is a close mathematical relationship between physics and the Analytic Hierarchy Process. We argue that numerical scales used in physics must be interpreted in terms which the scientist understands through experience and through theories advocated by experts in the field. In physics there are primary varibles and secondary variables defined in terms of them, all measured on ratio scales. We show that hierarchic composition in the AHP works in a similar way to physics and we illustrate this with an example.
TU‐D‐224C‐08: Effect of Different Physical Processes and Data Sets On HVL Calculations

Purpose: To study the role of electron impact ionization (EII), Rayleigh scattering, and photo‐absorption and bremsstrahlung cross‐section selection in Monte Carlo half value layer (HVL) calculations. Method and Materials: The NRC x‐ray system is modeled using BEAMnrc to obtain phase space files for several x‐ray beam qualities (between 135 kV and 200 kV). An EGSnrcMP user‐code, cavity, is used to compute air‐kerma ratios (with and without absorber) at 1 m from the source on a 5 mm radius scoring field. This user‐code allows one to include several geometries in one run, which further reduces the uncertainty in the kerma ratios due to the strong correlations. These ratios are then used to obtain the HVL's from a quadratic fit of the simulated data. Results: Excluding Rayleigh scattering produces a 6 % overestimation for all beam qualities. The effect of neglecting EII is energy dependent and overestimates the HVL by 1.5% at 135 kV and by 5% at 200 kV. Using Bethe‐Heitler bremsstrahlung cross sections instead of the NIST cross sections causes an underestimation between 3% at 135 kV and 6% at 200 kV. Selecting the photo‐absorption cross sections from the Storm and Israel tabulations instead of XCOM overestimates HVL's by 0.4%. EGSnrc reproduces the measured HVL's within 2% or better when the best cross‐sections available are employed. Conclusion: EII and Rayleigh scattering have a significant impact and must be included in HVL calculations. HVL's in this energy range are not very sensitive to the selection of photo‐absorption cross‐sections. NIST bremsstrahlung cross sections should be used in order to achieve better agreement with the experiment. A 2% reduction of the photo‐electric cross‐sections or a slightly harder bremsstrahlung spectrum would remove the remaining discrepancies between calculated and measured HVL values. Such changes are within the reported uncertainties of these cross‐sections.
Prospects of uncooled HgCdTe detector technology

Over the last several years cooled applications of HgCdTe at low temperatures have proliferated. Having low fundamental dark current at any given wavelength and temperature makes HgCdTe attractive for high temperature applications as well. We are exploring detectors with cut off wavelengths from the near to middle infrared region (∼1.5 to ∼4 µm). Theory allows applications from low light level imaging in starlight and “nightglow” to thermal imaging, both with useful sensitivities at room temperature. The demonstrated possibility of reducing or eliminating traditional recombination processes (radiative and Auger) further increase the attractiveness of HgCdTe. Current materials technology shows some evidence that these sensitivities can be attained. Current detector technology, being limited by SRH traps, appears to require modest cooling (to about 250K). Improved materials and processes should eliminate the need for even this cooling.
Round-trip privacy with nfsv4

With the advent of NFS version 4, NFS security is more important than ever. This is because a main goal of the NFSv4 protocol is suitability for use on the Internet, whereas previous versions were used mainly on private networks. To address these security concerns, the NFSv4 protocol utilizes the RPCSEC GSS protocol and allows clients and servers to negotiate security at mount-time. However, this provides privacy only while data is traveling over the wire.We believe that file servers accessible over the Internet should contain only encrypted data. We present a round-trip privacy scheme for NFSv4, where clients encrypt file data for write requests, and decrypt the data for read requests. The data stored by the server on behalf of the clients is encrypted. This helps ensure privacy if the server or storage is stolen or compromised. As the NFSv4 protocol was designed with extensibility, it is the ideal place to add roundtrip privacy. In addition to providing a higher level of security than only over-the-wire encryption, our technique is more efficient, as the server is relieved from performing encryption and decryption. We developed a prototype of our round-trip privacy scheme. In our performance evaluation, we saw throughput increases of up to 24%, as well as good scalability.
Effect of human growth hormone and insulin on [3H]thymidine incorporation, cell cycle progression, and cyclin D expression in 3T3-F442A preadipose cells

Cellular growth- and cyclin D expression-regulating activities of GH and insulin were investigated in 3T3-F442A preadipose cells under serum-free culture conditions. The present report provides evidence that the proliferative potential of 3T3-F442A cells is reduced by GH in a time- and concentration-dependent manner based on [3H]thymidine incorporation assay and cell cycle analysis. In contrast, treatment of 3T3-F442A cells with insulin resulted in cellular proliferation. The insulin-induced proliferation of 3T3-F442A cells was diminished in the presence of GH. In an effort to define biochemical events relevant to the regulatory activities of GH and insulin on the proliferation of 3T3-F442A cells, the effects of these peptides on the expression of cyclin D were studied using Western blotting. Treatment of 3T3-F442A cells with insulin led to an increase in cyclin D expression relative to that in untreated cells. The insulin-elicited expression of cyclin D was time and dose dependent. In addition, the abili...
Procaine spinal neurotoxicity.

THE rare but devastating complication of cauda equina syndrome (CES) after spinal anesthesia has been reported with several local anesthetics, most frequently lidocaine. 1 A separate complication of spinal anesthesia, transient neurologic syndrome (TNS), consisting of potentially severe but transient lumbosacral pain, has also been reported and is also most frequent with lidocaine. 2 The mechanism of CES from local anesthesia is most likely necrotic or apoptotic neuronal death, depending on the intensity of the local anesthetic exposure. 3 The mechanism of TNS is unknown but seems to be distinct from that of CES. 4,5 Lidocaine's pharmacokinetics are ideal for spinal anesthesia for short-duration, ambulatory surgery. The increased frequency of CES and TNS with lidocaine has encouraged the study of other local anesthetics to substitute for lidocaine, without complete success. 6-8 Procaine has been reported to be less likely to produce TNS than lidocaine, with a kinetic profile also suitable for short-duration surgery. 9,10 However, there has been no modem study of procaine and CES. We now report a case of permanent CES after procaine spinal anesthesia.
Effects of iodide ion and amines on the free radical alkylation of 1,4-enediones by alkylmercury halides

Abstract Iodide ion promotes the photostimulated reductive alkylation of α,⨿-unsaturated ketones by electron transfer from RHgl2- to the adduct enolyl radicals. Amines such as Dabco can promote oxidative alkylation by removal of a proton from the adduct radicals.
Multiparadigm distributed computing with TPVM

Distributed concurrent computing based on lightweight processes can potentially address performance and functionality limits in heterogeneous systems. The TPVM framework, based on the notion of ‘exportable services’, is an extension to the PVM message-passing system, but uses threads as units of computing, scheduling, and parallelism. TPVM facilitates and supports three different distributed concurrent programming paradigms: (a) the traditional, task based, explicit message-passing model; (b) a data-driven instantiation model that enables straightforward specification of computation based on data dependencies; and (c) a partial shared-address space model via remote memory access, with naming and typing of distributed data areas. The latter models offer significantly different computing paradigms for network-based computing, while maintaining a close resemblance to, and building upon, the conventional PVM infrastructure in the interest of compatibility and ease of transition. The TPVM system comprises three basic modules: a library interface that provides access to thread-based distributed concurrent computing facilities, a portable thread interface module which abstracts the required thread-related services, and a thread server module which performs scheduling and system data management. System implementation as well as applications experiences have been very encouraging, indicating the viability of the proposed models, the feasibility of portable and efficient threads systems for distributed computing, and the performance improvements that result from multithreaded concurrent computing. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stunning example for a spontaneous reaction with a complex mechanism: the vinylidene–acetylene cycloaddition reaction

The chelotropic addition reaction (1): singlet vinylidene + acetylene → methylenecyclopropene (MCP), was investigated using different levels of theory (B3LYP, CASSCF, CCSD(T), G2M) and different basis sets (6-31G(d,p), 6-311G(d,p), 6-311++G(3df,3pd), cc-pVTZ). The concerted reaction is spontaneous at room temperature (activation enthalpy of 3 kcal mol−1) and strongly exothermic (ΔE = −64 kcal mol−1; ΔH(298) = −59 kcal mol−1). Analysis of the reaction mechanism with the help of the Unified Reaction Valley approach reveals a complicated sequence of structural and electronic changes, which can be best described by partitioning the mechanism into seven phases: (1) van der Waals, (2) electrophilic attack, (3) biradical, (4) allene, (5) carbene, (6) ring closure, and (7) MCP formation phase. In the transient regions from one phase to the next, structures are located that possess properties of hidden transition states (TSs) or hidden intermediates, i.e. by variation of the electronic nature or the environment of...
Ventricular access device versus ventriculosubgaleal shunt in post hemorrhagic hydrocephalus associated with prematurity.

Objective. Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) secondary to germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) continues to be a common problem affecting preterm neonates. Two different devices are used to treat hydrocephalus in preterm neonates under 2.5 kg: (1) ventricular access device (VAD) and (2) ventricular to subgaleal shunt (VSGS). We aim to determine the differences between VAD and VSGS in daily patient management and shunt requirement outcome in premature infants with PHH.Method. The medical records of 32 preterm neonates diagnosed with GMH-IVH with PHH treated with a VAD or VSGS were reviewed. The grade of GMH-IVH, need for CSF taps, complications, malfunctions, and need for permanent VP shunt placement were compared between VAD and VSGS groups.Results. All (16/16) VAD patients required daily taps while 4/16 VSGS patients required daily taps. The VAD group had one complication while the VSGS group had five complications. About 28.57% of the patients treated with a VSGS did not r...
In utero detection of ventriculomegaly during the second and third trimesters by transvaginal sonography.

The purpose of this study was two-fold. The first was to extend the previously developed and published nomograms of the fetal lateral ventricles from 18 weeks back to 14 weeks of gestation using transvaginal sonography, and, second, to test the performance of the nomograms by plotting the measurements of 36 fetuses whose transabdominal and/or qualitative transvaginal scans were suspicious for ventriculomegaly. In all the cases in which postnatal confirmation of the diagnosis was possible, prenatal ultrasound correctly identified the lesion. Although a total of nine nomograms was created, the clinically meaningful measurements were: the height of the occipital horn on the parasagittal plane, and the two ratios derived from the measurements performed on the parasagittal plane. In conclusion, the transvaginally generated nomograms were useful for the correct identification of fetuses with ventriculomegaly. Copyright © 1994 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
New Agents in the Chemical Control of Plaque and Gingivitis-Reaction Paper

The papers of Drs. Christersson, Marsh, Cummins, and Ciancio focus on the issues and problems associated with the efficacious delivery of chemical agents intended to control plaque and gingivitis. The infectious nature of periodontal disease, the importance of oral microbial ecology, the success of triclosan formulations, and the review of our current knowledge based upon clinical trials are emphasized.
A Method of BGA Bump and Solder Joint Design for Optimal Solderability

This paper provides a method and algorithm for fast design of BGA bump/solder joints, quick analysis of solder defect root cause and design improvement in a cost saving manner. The method uses a general and explicit form to incorporate the cause and effect relationship of design and process parameters into BGA solder interconnect designs, provides a design for reducing or eliminating voids in BGA solder joints. The design method for BGA bump, dummy bump, solder interconnect and pad stack designs enables rapid design evaluation for BGA solderability. Typically, it provides 1) fast design for BGA bump and solder joint with respect to high solderability; and 2) a quantitative guideline on how to improve BGA designs for an optimal solderability.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Taxonomy of seven species of Sagittaria from eastern North America

Sagittaria graminea and allies as herein interpreted include a natural morphological complex of seven species and two varieties:S. graminea (including vars.chapmanii, weatherbiana, andgraminea), S. platyphylla, S. rigida, S. teres, S. isoetiformis, S. cristata, andS. fasciculata. This group is characterized by nonsagittate leaves, pubescent dilated filaments, and reflexed sepals ; all taxa are monoecious. Taxonomic conclusions are based on field and herbarium studies and cross-compatibility experiments.
Epidemiologic and pathophysiologic links between obesity and hypertension

The literature confirms a well-established relationship between obesity and hypertension. However, the nature and strength of this association is inconsistent between certain racial/ethnic groups and between sexes; it also differs according to body distribution and at the extreme ranges of body mass and blood pressure. Similarly, the mechanism underlying the association of body mass to blood pressure is unclear, with several potential pathophysiologic mechanisms accounting, in part, for this relationship. Increased sympathetic nervous system activity, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, hyperleptinemia, insulin resistance, hemodynamic changes, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress have all been implicated and appear somewhat interconnected. Yet there is no evidence that one mechanism underlies the complement of physiologic derangements. This review highlights key epidemiologic studies and provides an overview of seven pathophysiologic mechanisms that account for the often-described but little understood association between body mass and blood pressure.
Intra-speaker variability in palatometric measures of consonant articulation.

Abstract Electropalatometry is a useful clinical and research tool for measuring linguapalatal contact. The goal of this study was to examine intra-speaker variability in performance. Twenty individuals spoke VCV nonsense words using a schwa in the initial position, the 15 palatal consonants, and three corner vowels, /ɑ/, /i/, /u/. A variability index was created to examine speaker consistency. Different aspects of articulation (i.e. place, manner, voicing, coarticulation) were compared. Significant differences for variability were found for place of articulation in the /i/ vowel context and for manner of articulation in the /ɑ/ vowel context. Also for the /ɑ/ vowel, significant differences were found between the commonly misarticulated /l/, /r/, and /s/. The data reveal differences in production variability across sounds within an individual, as well as from one speaker to another. This knowledge of typical performance may guide the interpretation of data from disordered speakers in future studies. Learning Outcomes: The reader will be able to: (1) Describe how articulatory performance and variability can be assessed with the palatometer; (2) Describe which sounds are typically most or least variable in their production; and (3) Understand the significance of individual speaker differences in normal consonant articulation.
Endothelial Cell Response to Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Is Mediated by IL-1

Reperfusion injury involves the adhesion and activation of neutrophils (PMN) both in affected tissues and distant organs. Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) such as endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) are known to mediate, at least in part, the adherence of activated PMN to the endothelium. To characterize the cellular mechanisms of this phenomenon, we exposed cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HU-VEC) to hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) using an incubator chamber purged of oxygen with 100% nitrogen. Confluent monolayers of HUVEC were subjected to 60 min of hypoxia followed by variable periods of reoxygenation (120 and 240 min). Flow cytometry was utilized to assess the expression of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1, expressed as percent shift from baseline expression. To determine what role endothelium-derived cytokines such as IL-1 play in the expression of CAM after H/R, we performed additional experiments in the presence of recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). ICAM-1 was present on unstimulated HUVEC while ELAM-1 was not constitutively expressed. Following exposure of cells to hypoxia and reoxygenation, significant increases in ELAM expression were seen (8.4 +/- 2.4% at 120 min; 19.1 +/- 7.4%, P < 0.05). While there was similar trend in ICAM expression, this did not achieve statistical significance (0.10 < P < 0.05). The addition of IL-1RA (10 ng/ml) to hypoxic HUVEC consistently attenuated ELAM-1 upregulation during reoxygenation (0.8 +/- 0.7% at 120 min and 5.9 +/- 4.1% at 240 min) such that expression was not significantly greater than baseline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ensuring Progress in Primary Care — What Can Health Care Reform Realistically Accomplish?

In the current political environment, forging consensus on health care reform has proven challenging. Yet the value of a strengthened primary care infrastructure is one apparent zone of agreement among policymakers. Leading professional societies have converged upon principles for restructuring primary health care in their support of the patient-centered medical home (see Table 1).1 In addition to this reorganization of primary care delivery, experts have recommended three other areas of improvement: payment reform, augmentation of the primary care workforce, and better tracking of care coordination between primary care physicians and specialists.2,3 Despite the apparent agreement on reforming primary care, there . . .
Agonist and Antagonists Induce Homodimerization and Mixed Ligand Heterodimerization of Human Progesterone Receptors in Vivo by a Mammalian Two-Hybrid Assay

This study utilizes the mammalian two-hybrid system to examine the role of ligand in the dimerization of human progesterone receptor (hPR). The GAL4 DNA-binding domain and the herpes simplex virus VP16 transactivation domain were fused to the amino terminus of full-length hPR (both the A and B isoforms) to produce chimeric proteins. PR dimerization was detected by the ability of cotransfected GAL4/PR and VP16/PR chimeras in COS cells to induce expression of a reporter gene under the control of GAL4-binding sites (pG5CAT). Hormone agonist-dependent interactions were observed between the two like isoforms of PR (A-A and B-B) and between PR-A and PR-B (A-B), indicating that hormone can stimulate the formation of the three possible dimeric forms of PR within cells. In contrast, neither type I (ZK98299) nor type II (RU486, ZK112993) progestin antagonists stimulated interaction between these same hybrid PR proteins. However, activation of the VP16/PR chimera by antagonists on a progesterone response element-con...
Zonulae occludentes of the rat nephron under conditions of experimental expansion of blood and/or fluid volume

The zonula occludens (Z.O.) has been implicated as a major pathway for passive fluid movement from lateral intercellular spaces to lumen in response to an expansion of blood or fluid volume. The present study examines the Z.O. of adult rat nephrons in control and Ringer-Locke or whole blood infused animals to determine whether varying the conditions of passive fluid movement would influence the structure of the Z.O. Rats were infused over 20 minutes with Ringer-Locke (7% body weight) or whole blood (2.3% body weight). In the controls, 92%–94% of all Z.O. observed in proximal tubules and 100% of Z.O. from distal tubules and collecting ducts had fused outer leaflets. The approximate linear extent of the Z.O. was 140 A for proximal tubules, 2,500 AR for distal tubules and 3,000 AR for collecting ducts. There was no significant difference in any of these values following the infusion with either Ringer-Locke or whole blood. We conclude that expansion of blood or fluid volume causes no detectable alteration in the fine structure of Z.O. under the conditions used in the present study.
A modified extensigraph method for evaluating dough properties of hard wheat breeding lines.

ABSTRACT A modified extensigraph method reduced sample quantity to 100 g from 300 g and testing time by half with easy dough preparation compared to the AACC standard extensigraph method, which challenges wheat breeding programs where the sample size is small and evaluations of large numbers of samples are demanded. Correlation coefficients (r) for 93 pairs of each of six extensigraph dough characteristics of 31 different tested wheat samples were r = 0.95 for resistance-to-extension, r = 0.80 for extensibility, r = 0.93 for ratio of resistance-to-extension to extensibility, r = 0.92 for ratio of maximum resistance-to-extension to extensibility, and r = 0.81 for area under the curve (energy). Correlation coefficients for the measurements of extensigraph dough characteristics at each of three rest-time tests between the modified and standard methods were significant. Some dough mixing characteristics and bake tests correlated better with dough extension characteristics when determined by the modified metho...
Silyl Derivatives of [Bis(8-quinolyl)methylsilyl]iridium(III) Complexes: Catalytic Redistribution of Arylsilanes and Dehydrogenative Arene Silylation

The reactive complex (NSiN)Ir(H)(OTf)(coe) (1; NSiN = bis(8-quinolyl)methylsilyl, coe = cyclooctene) was generated by reaction of the previously reported (NSiN)Ir(H)Cl(coe) with 1 equiv of AgOTf. Addition of Ph3SiH to 1 in benzene led to Si−H bond activation and octane elimination with formation of the α-Ph-migrated, 16-electron product (NSiN)IrPh(SiPh2OTf) (2). The 29Si{1H} NMR resonance of 2 at δ 54.0 indicates iridium silyl character, and X-ray crystallography reveals the presence of a highly distorted triflatosilyl group. In acetonitrile, 1 reacts with various silanes to give stable, cationic Ir(III) complexes of the type [(NSiN)IrSiR3(NCMe)2][OTf] (R = OSiMe3, Et, Ph) or [(NSiN)Ir{SiH(R)Ph}(NCMe)2][OTf] (R = H, Ph) in good yields. Complex 1 is an active catalyst for arylsilane redistribution and for the dehydrogenative silylation of arenes. The cationic, THF complex [(NSiN)Ir(H)(coe)(THF)][B(C6F5)4] (10), a product of the reaction of 1 with 1 equiv of Li(Et2O)3[B(C6F5)4] in THF, is a slower catalyst ...
Kinetic model for the short-term dissolution of a rhyolitic glass

Abstract Aqueous dissolution experiments with the vitric phase of a rhyolitic tuff were performed at 25°C and constant pH in the range 4.5–7.5. Results suggest interchange of aqueous hydrogen ions for cations situated both on the surface and within the glass. At time intervals from 24 to 900 hr., dissolution kinetics are controlled by ion transport to and from sites within the glass. Experimental data indicate that parabolic diffusion rate of a chemical species from the solid is a nonlinear function of its aqueous concentration. A numerical solution to Fick's second law is presented for diffusion of sodium, which relates it's aqueous concentration to it's concentration on glass surface, by a Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The pH influence on sodium diffusion in the model can be accounted for by use of a pH-dependent diffusion coefficient and a pH-independent adsorption isotherm.
Effect of growth temperature on the properties of p-type GaN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract p-type GaN films were grown at two different temperatures, 650 and 700°C, by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) using a radio frequency (RF) plasma source. High hole concentrations of the order of 10 18 cm −3 were achieved for both films without any post-growth treatment. For (0 0 0 2) diffraction from the p-type films grown at 700°C, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the double-crystal X-ray rocking curve was 7.8 arcmin, the smallest ever reported for p-type GaN films grown on sapphire substrates. The room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements on both films showed that band edge emission at 365 nm dominated the PL spectra of the films grown at 700°C, while emission at 413 nm, associated with deep Mg complexes, dominated those of the films grown at 650°C. The films grown at 700°C showed better crystalline quality and optical properties than those grown at 650°C.
Map location of arginyl-tRNA synthetase mutations in Escherichia coli K-12.

Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 previously isolated in the authors' laboratory have reduced arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity. The mutants fall into two classes. All mutants grow slowly on arginine-free medium. On arginine-supplemented medium some mutants grow at a normal rate (Class I) while others still grow slowly (Class II). Matings were performed to located a Class I and a Class II mutation on the E. coli chromosome map, and on the basis of our results we have assigned both to one locus, argS.
Utility for Risk Behavior as a Function of Selected Self-Acceptance and Response-Set Measures

(1964). Utility for Risk Behavior as a Function of Selected Self-Acceptance and Response-Set Measures. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 65-69.
Short-term controls on the age of microbial carbon sources in boreal forest soils

low or increased soil moisture. We measured the radiocarbon (D 14 C) and stable isotope (d 13 C) signature of CO2 respired from organic soils from six black spruce forests (0 to 150 years since fire). We identified major C substrates contributing to decomposition by comparing D 14 Co f CO2 to D 14 C of roots, mosses, needles, and wood separated from bulk SOM. The D 14 C signatures of these components allow an estimation of their turnover times, further constraining their relative contribution to respiration. Fastest turnover rates were observed for herbaceous litter and needles (annual to decadal) for mosses, with intermediate turnover times for roots. Dominant microbial C sources in 5 to 40 year old stands were fire remnants and litter of early succession species, while substrates with longer turnover times accounted for a larger proportion of CO2 in mature stands. At both low and increased moisture levels, the increase in CO2 efflux at higher temperatures was accompanied by a decline in d 13 CO2, but no shift in D 14 CO2. This suggests that temperature sensitivity is not greater for recalcitrant C and that changes in d 13 C likely reflect temperature dependence of microbial fractionation
Comparison of alcohol dehydrogenases from wild-type and mutant strain, JW200 Fe 4, of `Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus`

A mutant strain of ‘Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus’ (ATCC 31 550) designated JW200 Fe 4 contains primary and secondary alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs). The primary ADH from JW000 Fe 4 was formed early in the growth cycle compared to the primary ADH form the wild-type strain (JW200 wt). The secondary ADH displayed 2.5-fold greater activity during the growth cycle of JW200 Fe 4 compared to the secondary ADH form JW200 wt. Both primary and secondary ADHs from JW200 Fe 4 were purified to homogeneity ADHs from JW200 Fe 4 were purified to homogeneity as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-gel electrophoresis. Relative molecular weight estimations indicated that both ADHs were tetrameric. Each ADH from JW200 Fe 4 contained approximately four Zn atoms per subunit and displayed Arrhenius plots similar to the ADHs from JW200 wt. The substrate specificity for the ADHs from JW200 Fe 4 was similar to that of the ADHs from JW200 wt. The secondary ADH oxidized 2-propanol at 51 times the rate of ethanol. Both ADHs from JW200 Fe 4 apparently reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol while only the secondary ADH from JW200 wt was suggested to contribute significantly to ethanol production.
Cholestasis and cholestatic syndromes.

Purpose of review This review focuses on the recent advances in cholestatic liver diseases. While there is an emphasis placed on translational and treatment-focused studies, basic science studies with the greatest impact on the field are also covered. Recent findings Highlights include new discoveries for the role of the farsenoid X receptor and sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide; new insights into the pathogenesis of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1, biliary atresia, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and primary biliary cirrhosis; new information for assessing prognosis in biliary atresia and primary biliary cirrhosis; and important clinical trials in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Summary The studies of 2006 have furthered our understanding of cholestasis and cholestatic syndromes. While we continue to add to our knowledge of pathogenesis and treatment for many of these diseases, much work remains.
FREE RADICAL FORMATION IN A GAMMA-IRRADIATED PYRIMIDINE--PURINE CO-CRYSTAL COMPLEX.

Free radicals formation in gamma irradiated pyrimidine-purine co-crystal complex, using electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Food intake, body composition and blood lipids following treadmill exercise in male and female rats

Body weight gain, food intake, body composition and blood lipids of male and female Osborne Mendel rats were compared on the same exercise treadmill program. To mimic their nocturnal habits, rats were exercised daily at the beginning of the 12 hour dark cycle and food intake was measured for both light and dark cycles. After a 10 day treadmill adaptation period, the duration of exercise was successively increased over a 12 day period until 60 min/day at 21.3 meters/min was reached. Relative to their respective controls, exercised male rats showed a reduction in body weight and light cycle food intake while female runners showed no change in body weight or food intake. Exercise resulted in a decrease in percent body fat in both males and females while only male runners increased percent protein. Both males and females reduced serum triglycerides while serum cholesterol was reduced only in the males. The short term exercise program produced highly significant changes in the males while the females were more resistant to the same exercise regimen.
THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF SOLID PARTICLES : I. QUARTZ.

1. A new quantitative method of measuring phagocytosis of solid particles is described. 2. A method of calculating the chances of collision between leucocytes and quartz particles of different sizes is developed. 3. The speed with which three suspensions of different sized quartz particles should be ingested by leucocytes is predicted from the calculated chances of collision, and the prediction is verified experimentally. 4. The formula for the chances of collision is also verified by varying the speed of rotation of the tubes in which the phagocytic mixtures are incubated.
Efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of globotriose and its derivatives with a recombinant α-(1→4)-galactosyltransferase

A truncated alpha-(1-->4)-galactosyltransferase (LgtC) gene from Neisseria meningitidis was cloned. The recombinant glycosyltransferase was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain with high specific activity (5 units/mg protein). Its acceptor specificity was carefully characterized. Then the purified enzyme was utilized in highly efficient syntheses of globotriose and a variety of alpha-(1-->4)-galactosylated derivatives as potential antibacterial agents.
The Enactment of Bayh–Dole

The Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 reversed 35 years of public policy and gave universities and small businesses the unfettered right to own inventions that resulted from federally funded research. The Act was opposed by the Carter administration, which had a different view of how to utilize the results of federally funded research to drive economic development. It is not widely appreciated that the bill had died in the regular sessions of the 96th Congress and was only passed into law in a lame duck session necessitated to pass the budget. Only a magnanimous gesture of respect for Senator Birch Bayh, who had been defeated in the 1980 election, on the part of Senator Russell Long allowed the bill to receive the unanimous consent needed to pass a bill in lame duck session. This article lays out the roles of the key congressional staffers who forged this historic compromise and the last minute maneuvers needed to obtain President Carter's signature.
Thin films of YBaCuO grown in-situ by co-evaporation and plasma oxidation

Abstract We use a differentially pumped e-beam evaporator and oxygen plasma to grow films of YBaCuO at 540C on bare silicon and sapphire which are completely superconducting by 73K. The best films are grown on SrTiO 3 (110) at 570C and have zero resistance by 84K. Other orientations and substrates yield lower Tc. All the processing is done in-situ, with temperatures never exceeding the deposition temperature.
Cytoplasmic streaming in neurospora: disperse the plug to increase the flow?

Filamentous fungi grow as extending and branching tubular cells (hyphae) that generate radially symmetric colonies. As colonies expand, hyphal tips at the periphery avoid each other to allow maximum coverage of the medium, while hyphal tips at the colony center actively fuse to generate an interconnected network of hyphae that allows the bulk movement of cytoplasm toward the colony edge [1]. Hyphal growth is a wonderful adaptation for efficient penetration and acquisition of nutrients from live or dead organisms, especially plants. Unlike multicellular eukaryotes that exist as collections of distinct cells, the syncytial mode of growth places filamentous fungi at serious risk of “bleeding” to death if there is a break in the cell wall. To avoid this fate, fungal hyphae have cross-walls or septa that are perforated to allow the flow of cytoplasm, but can be plugged in response to cellular wounding [2]–[4]. The septal “plug” used by filamentous ascomycete fungi is known as the Woronin body, and it is typically tethered to the rim of the septal pore [4]–[8].
The role of material properties in adhesion

When two solid surfaces are brought into contact strong adhesive bond forces can develop between the materials. The magnitude of the forces will depend upon the state of the surfaces, cleanliness and the fundamental properties of the two solids, both surface and bulk. Adhesion between solids is addressed from a theoretical consideration of the electronic nature of the surfaces and experimentally relating bond forces to the nature of the interface resulting from solid state contact. Surface properties correlated with adhesion include, atomic or molecular orientation, reconstruction and segregation as well as the chemistry of the surface specie. Where dissimilar solids are in contact the contribution of each is considered as is the role of their interactive chemistry on bond strength. Bulk properties examined include elastic and plastic behavior in the surficial regions, cohesive binding energies, crystal structure, crystallographic orientation and state. Materials examined with respect to interfacial adhesive interactions include metals, alloys, ceramics, polymers and diamond. They are reviewed both in single and polycrystalline form. The surfaces of the contacting solids are studied both in the atomic or molecularly clean state and in the presence of selected surface contaminants.
Collective Excitations, Metastability, and Nonlinear Response of a Trapped Two-Species Bose-Einstein Condensate

We present a new theoretical treatment of the collective excitation spectrum of a two-species Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a magnetic trap. We show that the interspecies interaction significantly modifies the excitation spectrum and gives rise to a rich set of new phenomena. We identify a novel metastable state of the double condensate and show that under external perturbation there can be a macroscopic quantum transition between this metastable state and the true ground state of the double condensate system.
Comment on ‘Analytical solution for solute transport resulting from instantaneous injection in streams with transient storage’ by F. De Smedt, W. Brevis, and P. Debels, 2005. Journal of Hydrology 315, 25–39

De Smedt et al. (2005) presented an analytical solution for equations that describe the one-dimensional advective/dispersive transport of solutes in a stream channel, linked to stagnant water zones in pools or dead end channels by a first-order mass exchange term. As the authors discussed, the literature includes many examples of how these transient storage models have been applied to explain the results of experimental studies conducted in streams. The purpose of this comment is to bring attention to so-called mobile–immobile zone models, which have been used to model solute transport in groundwater, and are mathematically identical to transient storage models. In fact, Goltz and Roberts (1986) presented the solution to a mobile– immobile zone model describing solute transport in groundwater which, as we show below, is identical to the solution derived in De Smedt et al. (2005).
Cost Effectiveness of Newer Antiviral Agents for Herpes Zoster: Is the Evidence Spotty?

Famciclovir and valaciclovir were approved for use in the treatment of herpes zoster despite controversy over antiviral therapy in zoster due to high costs and uncertain benefits. To explore these issues, a Markov decision model was developed, and the incremental cost effectiveness of antiviral treatment for herpes zoster was estimated using these agents compared with no antiviral therapy. A third-party payer perspective was taken. Sensitivity analyses were performed, modeling differences in antiviral efficacy, postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) risk, and other illness parameters. Treatment of severely symptomatic acute zoster was found reasonable from a cost-effectiveness standpoint in base-case and worst-case scenarios. Treatment of mildly symptomatic acute zoster was more expensive but would likely be considered cost effective in scenarios where PHN risk was higher, PHN duration longer, or antiviral shortening of PHN greater. Further research comparing antiviral efficacy in herpes zoster is needed.
A positively charged loop on the surface of kallistatin functions to enhance tissue kallikrein inhibition by acting as a secondary binding site for kallikrein.

Kallistatin is a serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) that specifically inhibits tissue kallikrein. The inhibitory activity of kallistatin is abolished upon heparin binding. The loop between the H helix and C2 sheet of kallistatin containing clusters of basic amino acid residues has been identified as a heparin-binding site. In this study, we investigated the role of the basic residues in this region in tissue kallikrein inhibition. Kallistatin mutants containing double Ala substitutions for these basic residues displayed a 70–80% reduction of association rate constants, indicating the importance of these basic residues in tissue kallikrein inhibition. A synthetic peptide derived from the sequence between the H helix and C2 sheet of kallistatin was shown to suppress the kallistatin-kallikrein interaction through competition for tissue kallikrein binding. To further evaluate the function of this loop, we used α1-antitrypsin, a non-heparin-binding serpin and slow tissue kallikrein inhibitor as a scaffold to engineer kallikrein inhibitors. An α1-antitrypsin chimera harboring the P3-P2′ residues and a sequence homologous to the positively charged region between the H helix and C2 sheet of kallistatin acquired heparin-suppressed inhibitory activity toward tissue kallikrein and exhibited an inhibitory activity 20-fold higher than that of the other chimera, which contained only kallistatin's P3-P2′ sequence, and 2300-fold higher than that of wild-type α1-antitrypsin. The α1-antitrypsin chimera with inhibitory characteristics similar to those of kallistatin demonstrates that the loop between the H helix and C2 sheet of kallistatin is crucial in tissue kallikrein inhibition, and this functional loop can be used as a module to enhance the inhibitory activity of a serpin toward tissue kallikrein. In conclusion, our results indicate that a positively charged loop between the H helix and C2 sheet of a serpin can accelerate the association of a serpin with tissue kallikrein by acting as a secondary binding site.
Lack of ozone effect on plasma concentrations of retinol, ascorbic acid, and tocopherol

Abstract Plasma concentrations of vitamin A, C, and E were measured in mature female rabbits exposed to 0.1 to 0.6 ppm of ozone for 3 h. No significant changes were found in the plasma concentration of any of the measured vitamins.
Vulnerability of Pulmonary Capillaries in Heart Disease

Abstract The pulmonary blood-gas barrier presents a dilemma. It must be extremely thin for efficient gas exchange. However, it also needs to be immensely strong because the stresses in the pulmonary capillary wall become extremely high when the capillary pressure rises. Stress failure of the capillaries occurs in several pathological conditions. It causes high-permeability edema as in neurogenic pulmonary edema or high-altitude pulmonary edema; alveolar hemorrhage, which occurs in all galloping racehorses; or a combination of the two as in severe congestive heart failure. The vulnerability of the capillary wall to increased mechanical stress has not previously been sufficiently appreciated.
Sex Differences in Mortality Rates Have Increased in China Following the Single- Child Law

Male behavior and physiology is designed for enhanced competitiveness at the expense of longevity, resulting in higher mortality rates compared to females in most species. These differences vary across populations consistent with factors indicating the intensity of male mating competition. Reproductive dynamics are strongly influenced by the relative proportions of potentially reproductive males and females in a population. Because the reproductive strategies of men and women are somewhat divergent, market influences on the intensity of mating competition and selectivity for partners produce different outcomes in female biased and male biased populations. The single-child law implemented in China in 1979 has led to increasing proportions of men in the Chinese population. Using historical mortality data, we found a trend for increasing sex differences in Chinese mortality rates from 1982 to 2000. This increase was most prevalent in young adulthood, when male mating competition is most intense as males reach sexual maturity and seek female partners. In contrast, males exhibited more survival gains than females in infancy and early childhood.