cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Superactive Peptidomimetic Analog of a Farnesylated Dodecapeptide Yeast Pheromone

Abstract TheS. cerevisiaea-factor, YIIKGVFWDPAC( s -farnesyl)-OCH3, is one of two peptide mating pheromones which mediate cell-cell communication inS. cerevisiae.We previously reported that replacing Gly5with d -Ala led to a 4–6 fold increase in activity while the l -Ala5homolog was 4 to 16-fold less active than the wildtype. To clarify the structural implications of these findings, we conformationally restricted the center of the pheromone by inserting γ-lactam constraints in place of either the Lys4Gly5or the Gly5Val6dipeptide unit. Incorporation of (R)-3-amino-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetic acid in place of Lys4Gly5led to a super-active agonist which exhibited a 32-fold higher bioactivity than that of thea-factor. In contrast, an analog with (S)-3-amino-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetic acid in place of Gly5Val6is about 30 to 60-fold less active than thea-factor. These data strongly suggest that thea-factor adopts a reverse turn as its bioactive conformation.
Topics in Persian VPs

In this paper the Persian morpheme -râ is examined. The examination sheds light on a number of current issues in the theory of case such as whether multiple case marking is an instance of case assigned by a functional head to more than one specifier, and what kinds of semantic properties case can correlate with. The morpheme -râ is of great interest in that (a) it appears to be a case marker, yet can appear more than once in the same clause, and (b) it appears to be a definiteness marker yet can cooccur with indefinite marking. It is argued that -râ case-marks noun phrases that are adjoined to VP. Syntactically such adjunction is free; however, it is claimed that all such noun phrases must be thematically licensed. Thematic licensing occurs either when the noun phrase is construed as the direct object (via theta-role assignment) or when the noun phrase is construed as a topic (via coindexation with a thetamarked element). Semantically, it is argued that -râ marks noun phrases that satisfy a number of different properties all correlating with high transitivity, such as definiteness, animacy or topic-hood. Especially with respect to the latter, the syntactic and semantic functions of -râ converge.
Spectral-spatial measurements of fundamental and third-harmonic light of intense 25-fs laser pulses focused in a gas cell

We present spatially and spectrally resolved measurements of light emerging from the focus of an intense 25-fs laser pulse in gaseous media. The pulses are focused inside a chamber backfilled with either argon or air to nominal vacuum intensities of up to 5×1015 W/cm2, far in excess of that necessary for ionization. We have recorded spectral-spatial maps for various pressures and pulse energies and have compared the results of argon and air. This survey is done in the regime where ∼0.1% of the laser light is converted into the third harmonic, which is of practical importance since it is the largest conversion efficiency measured to date while maintaining such a short pulse duration. These measurements are, to our knowledge, the first of their type and are performed with a laser beam of very high spatial quality. The dynamics of an intense laser focusing into a gas cell is complicated, and these measurements provide a way to compare numerical simulations with an array of experimental information. The experiments also determine the conditions for optimal third-harmonic spatial beam quality in this regime.
Classical Möbius-ring resonators exhibit fermion-boson rotational symmetry.

The behavior of coupled harmonic oscillators in systems with specified boundary conditions is typically characterized by resonances whose frequency spectra represent harmonics according to properties of the individual oscillators, the interactions between them, and the overall symmetry of the system. Here it is demonstrated that classical one- and two-dimensional radio frequency resonators constrained to a Mobius topology are the formal partners of cylindrical ring resonators, and specifically give rise to half-integral harmonic excitations that are orthogonal to the integral excitations of a ring. In particular, the half-integral harmonics are formally invariant under rotations at a minimum of 4pi rather than 2pi rad, in analogy to the rotational symmetry of fermions in quantum mechanics. The results offer a pathway for discovery in other physical systems as well as the design of novel materials and electronic instrumentation.
Oxidative dissolution of UO2 in a simulated groundwater containing synthetic nanocrystalline mackinawite

Abstract The long-term success of in situ reductive immobilization of uranium (U) depends on the stability of U(IV) precipitates (e.g., uraninite) in the presence of natural oxidants, such as oxygen, Fe(III) hydroxides, and nitrite. Field and laboratory studies have implicated iron sulfide minerals as redox buffers or oxidant scavengers that may slow oxidation of reduced U(IV) solid phases. Yet, the inhibition mechanism(s) and reaction rates of uraninite (UO2) oxidative dissolution by oxic species such as oxygen in FeS-bearing systems remain largely unresolved. To address this knowledge gap, abiotic batch experiments were conducted with synthetic UO2 in the presence and absence of synthetic mackinawite (FeS) under simulated groundwater conditions of pH = 7, P O 2 = 0.02 atm, and P CO 2 = 0.05 atm. The kinetic profiles of dissolved uranium indicate that FeS inhibited UO2 dissolution for about 51 h by effectively scavenging oxygen and keeping dissolved oxygen (DO) low. During this time period, oxidation of structural Fe(II) and S(-II) of FeS were found to control the DO levels, leading to the formation of iron oxyhydroxides and elemental sulfur, respectively, as verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mossbauer, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). After FeS was depleted due to oxidation, DO levels increased and UO2 oxidative dissolution occurred at an initial rate of rm = 1.2 ± 0.4 × 10−8 mol g−1 s−1, higher than rm = 5.4 ± 0.3 × 10−9 mol g−1 s−1 in the control experiment where FeS was absent. XAS analysis confirmed that soluble U(VI)-carbonato complexes were adsorbed by iron oxyhydroxides (i.e., nanogoethite and lepidocrocite) formed from FeS oxidation, which provided a sink for U(VI) retention. This work reveals that both the oxygen scavenging by FeS and the adsorption of U(VI) to FeS oxidation products may be important in U reductive immobilization systems subject to redox cycling events.
QCD string structure in vector confinement

We demonstrate that the Nambu-Goto string spectroscopy with massless quarks is replicated in highly excited states of the linear vector confinement potential. For deep radial excitations we observe that the Regge slope, spacing between daughter trajectories, and absolute state energies agree with those of the QCD string.
Librarian–Faculty Collaboration on a Library Research Assignment and Module for College Experience Classes

A librarian and faculty member collaborated on creating a library research module for students in the faculty member's college success classes to help them learn the fundamentals of information literacy. Using the assignment “My Ideal Job,” the students met four or more times with the librarian in a computer classroom to learn how to do basic research for their topic and how to use the database citation generators. The faculty member required that the students assemble a portfolio of the articles found, summaries of those articles with citations, and an essay on their findings.
Characterization of Striatal Neuronal Loss and Atrophy in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease

Striatal neuronal degeneration and loss is an important feature of human Huntington's disease (HD). R6/2 HD mice recapitulate many features of human HD including striatal atrophy. While striatal neuronal atrophy and loss is reported in R6/2 HD mice the degree of neuronal loss and the characteristics of cell body atrophy are unclear. We used stereological approaches to estimate whole striatal neuronal numbers and characterize changes in striatal neuronal size distribution. R6/2 HD mice had ~126000 fewer neurons per striatum (~12% decline) at 12 weeks of age than wild-type litter-mates; differences were not present at 5 weeks. Analysis of striatal neuronal numbers per cell body size category revealed declines in neuron numbers in the size ranges 550-1050 µm3 suggesting that larger striatal neurons are more susceptible to atrophy or loss in late stages of disease. R6/2 HD mice have a striatal neuronal loss phenotype. As striatal neuronal loss in human HD is dramatic, neuronal loss in R6/2 striatum provides an important late-stage outcome measure for study of disease modifying interventions.
Positron annihilation study of mechanically polished iron single crystals

On applique les techniques d'annihilation de positons a la mesure du profil de concentration des defauts dans les couches au-dessous de la surface de monocristaux de fer polis mecaniquement
Development of pyroprocessing technology

A compact, efficient method for recycling IFR fuel is being developed. This method, known as pyroprocessing, capitalizes on the use of metal fuel in the IFR and provides separation of actinide elements from fission products by means of an electrorefining step. The process of electrorefining is based on well-understood electrochemical concepts, the applications of which are described in this chapter. With only the addition of head-end processing steps, the pyroprocess can be applied with equal success to fuel types other than metal, enabling a symbiotic system wherein the IFR can be used to fission the actinide elements in spent nuclear fuel from other types of reactor.
Synthesis, and measurement of structural and magnetic properties, of La1-xNaxFeO3 (0.0≤x≤0.3) perovskite oxides

Abstract Polycrystalline La1-xNaxFeO3 (0.0≤x≤0.3) solid solutions were synthesized by a solution combustion method using glycine as a fuel. The combustion synthesized compounds were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffused reflectance (DR) in the UV-vis, and magnetic measurements. The crystal structure examined by X-ray powder diffraction indicated that the samples were single phase and crystallized in an orthorhombic (space group, Pbnm no.62) structure. The parent and sodium-substituted compounds showed canted anti-ferromagnetic behavior associated with an increase in magnetic moment as Na content increased. The changes in magnetic properties of the materials were correlated to the changes in structural features, as shown by Rietveld structural refinement of the materials.
Response to ‘Disaster-related education for dialysis patients’

Dr Wiwanitkit is concerned that, in the event of a disaster, dialysis patients in poor countries may lack opportunities to go to another location for dialysis, as well as resources to manage dialysis in the home setting.1 These difficulties highlight the more general point that poor patients are likely to be especially vulnerable in a disaster, as Abdel-Kader and Unruh2 have emphasized. For all patients, possible disaster scenarios should be discussed, and there should be a detailed disaster plan that is repeatedly reviewed and practiced. Each patient should have a ‘survival kit’ that contains a list of the patient's medications and information about the specific treatment prescription, information needed by medical relief workers. It is especially important that patients receive information about following strict fluid restriction and emergency diet policy when the availability of dialysis treatments is limited for a period of time.3 Sever et al.3 have also recommended that patients store potassium exchange resins as a way to prevent hyperkalemia when dialysis treatment cannot be obtained in the initial days after a disaster.
Integration and evaluation of a near-infrared camera utilizing a HgCdTe NICMOS3 array for the Mt. Palomar 200-inch Observatory

In this paper we describe the main subsystems that constitute the Mt. Palomar Prime Focus InfraRed Camera (PFIRCAM), together with some of the characterization data obtained for the focal plane array. This camera is currently a facility instrument at the 200-inch Mt. Palomar Observatory. It helps to satisfy the observational needs of astronomers in the spectral range of 1 micrometers to 2.5 micrometers by utilizing a HgCdTe NICMOS3 array. The camera has a plate scale of 0.54 arcsec/pixel for an overall FOV of 138 X 138 arcsec.
A Simple Method to Improve Etching Uniformity when Making Phase Type CGHs on a Thick Glass Substrate

A simple method to optimize the etching uniformity when making a CGH on a thick optical glass substrate is described, which uses a Teflon ring to enclose the substrate during reactive-ion etching (RIE).
A two-component model definition of two-body nucleon diffraction dissociation in πp → π(Nπ)reactions at 3.9 GeV/c and comparison with other experiments☆

Abstract Four low-mass “diffractive like” reactions π ± p → π ± (p π 0 ) and π ± p → π ± (n π + ) have been studied at 3.9 GeV/ c incident pion momentum. These channels have been studied in the framework of a two-component model and we have proposed a definition of the diffraction dissociation amplitude. The following three features of the data are discussed: (1) an apparent violation of the predictions of isospin invariance for the cross section ratios, (2) the marked anisotropy of the s -channel helicity distributions and (3) the absence of the cross-over effect in the differential cross sections. The predictions of a two-component model previously used to explain the low mass I = 1 2 ( N π) enhancement [1] and s - and t -channel helicity non-conservation [2] are seen to be in agreement with these observations. Predictions are also made for higher energy incident pions and incident K, p, and p projectiles. These predictions are compared with available data including recent results at Fermilab and ISR energies.
Treatment outcomes for substance use disorder among women of reproductive age in Massachusetts: a population-based approach.

Abstract Introduction Longitudinal patterns of treatment utilization and relapse among women of reproductive age with substance use disorder (SUD) are not well known. In this statewide report spanning seven years we describe SUD prevalence, SUD treatment utilization, and differences in subsequent emergency department (ED) use and post-treatment relapse rates by type of treatment: none, ‘acute only’ (detoxification/stabilization), or ‘ongoing’ services. Methods We linked a statewide dataset of hospital discharge, observation stay and ED records with SUD treatment admission records from hospitals and freestanding facilities, and birth/fetal death certificates, in Massachusetts, 2002–2008. We aggregated episodes into individual woman records, identified evidence of SUD and treatment, and tested post-treatment outcomes. Results Nearly 150,000 (8.5%) of 1.7 million Massachusetts women aged 15–49 were identified as SUD-positive. Nearly half of SUD-positive women (71,533 or 48.3%) had evidence of hospital or facility-based SUD treatment; among these, 12% received acute care/detoxification only while 88% obtained ‘ongoing’ treatment. Treatment varied by substance type; women with dual diagnosis and those with opiate use were least likely to receive ‘ongoing’ treatment. Treated women were older and less likely to have a psychiatric history or chronic illness. Women who received ‘acute only’ services were more likely to relapse (12.4% vs. 9.6%) and had a 10% higher rate of ED visits post-treatment than women receiving ‘ongoing’ treatment. Conclusions Many Massachusetts women of reproductive age need but do not receive adequate SUD treatment. ‘Ongoing’ services beyond detoxification/stabilization may reduce the likelihood of post-treatment relapse and/or reliance on the ED for subsequent medical care.
Spatially Explicit Methane Emissions from Petroleum Production and the Natural Gas System in California

We present a new, spatially resolved inventory of methane (CH4) emissions based on US-EPA emission factors and publically available activity data for 2010 California petroleum production and natural gas production, processing, transmission, and distribution. Compared to official California bottom-up inventories, our initial estimates are 3 to 7 times higher for the petroleum and natural gas production sectors but similar for the natural gas transmission and distribution sectors. Evidence from published “top-down” atmospheric measurement campaigns within Southern California supports our initial emission estimates from production and processing but indicates emission estimates from transmission and distribution are low by a factor of approximately 2. To provide emission maps with more accurate total emissions we scale the spatially resolved inventory by sector-specific results from a Southern California aircraft measurement campaign to all of California. Assuming uncertainties are determined by the uncertai...
Equations of state of several iron–tin intermetallic compounds

Abstract An angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction study was performed on the Fe–Sn intermetallic compounds FeSn2, FeSn, and Fe3Sn to a pressure of 25 GPa using nitrogen as a pressure-transmitting medium and gold as a pressure marker. The samples were prepared with phase purities of more than 97%. These intermetallics show no phase transition to the highest pressure achieved. Our data fitted to the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state yield: K 0 = 86 ( 2 ) GPa for FeSn2, K 0 = 94 ( 2 ) GPa for FeSn, and K 0 = 122 ( 3 ) GPa for Fe3Sn. The c/a ratio increases with pressure for FeSn2 and Fe3Sn but decreases for FeSn.
Comparative judgment of temporal duration as a function of numerosity

Two stimuli, each bearing a number of dark dots, were presented in sequence, and the duration of the second stimulus was judged in comparison with the duration of the first stimulus. The tendency to judge the second stimulus duration as longer than the first stimulus duration was a monotonically decreasing function of numerosity of dots of the first stimulus, and was a monotonically increasing function of numerosity of dots of the second stimulus. This monotonicity was not appreciably affected by the interval separating two stimuli.
Distribution and species grouping of millipedes (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) in dry biotopes in Saxony-Anhalt/Eastern Germany

Abstract Within an extensive study on endangered biotopes in the State of Saxony-Anhalt/Eastern Germany, the millipede fauna of 50 dry habitats, belonging to 5 types of biotopes was studied from 1995 to 1998 using pitfall traps. The most abundant species were Glomeris marginata and Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus. By applying a combination of the criteria repraesentanz, constancy and dominance a new criterion, the “common-habitat-relation”, has been introduced to establish biotope-characteristic species and communities of millipedes. The results show that by using these criteria together, distinct groups can be formed consisting of “characteristic” and “companion species”. Eleven out of 34 species that occurred on the sites fitted into this grouping. Characteristic species groups were determined for mesoxeric meadows (C. caeruleocinctus, G. marginata and Glomeris hexasticha) and “succession” sites (Allaiulus nitidus and Polydesmus angustus). The sandy dry meadows were characterized by companion species only (Megaphyllum unilineatum and Ommatoiulus sabulosus), the heavy-metal grassland by the characteristic species Craspedosoma rawlinsii without companion species. For dwarf-shrub heaths no typical species groups could be found.
Viral-Induced Self-Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles Allows the Detection of Viral Particles in Biological Media

Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with virus-surface-specific antibodies self-assemble in the presence of specific viral particles to create supramolecular structures with enhanced magnetic properties, as detected by magnetic resonance methods (NMR/MRI). The observed magnetic relaxation changes that occur upon viral-induced assembly allowed for highly sensitive and selective detection of a virus in complex biological media. The developed method was shown to specifically detect adenovirus-5 and herpes simplex virus-1 at concentrations of 5 viral particles/10 muL without the need of extensive sample preparation. The applications of this new method span from high-throughput NMR detection of viruses in biological samples to potential MR imaging of viral distribution in vivo.
Malignant tumor with chest wall pain mimicking Tietze's syndrome.

Chest pain is commonly caused by musculoskeletal chest wall disorders. Tietze’s syndrome is a relatively rare cause of chest wall pain characterised by non-suppurative, painful swelling of the upper costal cartilages. The diagnosis should be based on these classic clinical features after excluding other potential causes of pain. A patient who was diagnosed with Tietze’s syndrome but was found to have squamous cell carcinoma of the mediastinum with unknown primary site invading the sternum and anterior chest wall is presented for discussion.
Leapfrogging an IT labor force: multinational and indigenous perspectives

Throughout the world countries recognizing the economic benefits of IT are rapidly developing information sectors. Advanced industrialized nations have been moving gradually from industrial to post-industrial work while newly industrializing nations are leapfrogging directly from agrarian to information-intensive work. At the close of the twentieth century some interesting tensions result from these two types of nations moving in the same direction. An important issue for both advanced industrialized countries and newly industrializing nations is the human resource issue. Managers at multinational firms as well as policy makers in newly industrializing countries recognize the need for developing qualified IT personnel. The Irish IT sector provides a valuable setting for studying human resource issues associated with the rapid development of an information sector because it affords the opportunity to explore both the multinational and the indigenous viewpoints. Two key human resource issues for the global IT sector are explored in this paper: ensuring a supply of qualified IT workers in the host country and managing IT workers in a cross-cultural work environment. This paper is based upon an ethnographic study of the information sector in Ireland. The issues that are raised represent the experiences of American and Irish managers, Irish policy makers and Irish IT workers.
Testing the toxicity of sediments contaminated with diesel fuel using glochidia and juvenile mussels (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

Sediment toxicity was evaluated for one site upstream and three sites downstream of a diesel fuel spill that occurred in Fish Creek (OH and IN) in September 1993 using glochidia and juvenile unionid mussels. This fourth order tributary of the St. Joseph River has the only known remaining population of white cat's paw pearly mussel, Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua, and populations of several other federal and state endangered mussels. The impact of the oil spill was of great concern because of the potential long term threat it poses to the survival of these mussels. Sediment samples collected two years after the spill contained low heavy metal concentrations, and detectable, but not quantifiable levels of organic components of diesel fuel. These levels coincided with their lack of toxicity to juvenile Villosa villosa and Lampsilis siliquoidea mussels after 9-day exposures. Fish Creek sediments may be toxic to L. siliquoidea glochidia.
Body mass index of healthy men compared with healthy women in the United States

Objective To compare the distributions of body mass index (BMI) in relatively healthy nonsmoking men and women in the United States. Design Cross-sectional national survey data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Subjects I n total, 11,404 nonsmoking men (n = 4894) and women (n = 6510), ages 20 years and above, drawn from a representative population sample. Measurements Increasingly stringent definitions of 'health' were applied, based on self-reported health, medical history, measurements of blood pressure, blood lipids, serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and behavioral factors including smoking and physical activity. Main outcome measures were mean and median BMI by health level, 5th and 95th percentiles of BMI, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Results For both men and women, the distribution of BMI became less skewed at better health levels. The range of BMI values that included 90% of healthy men and women was approximately 19.5-30 kg/m2 for men and 18-30 kg/m2 for women, with median values of approximately 24.5 kg/m2 for men and 21.5 kg/m2 for women. The prevalence of overweight declined sharply with increasing health level for women but varied little for men; the prevalence of obesity declined at higher health levels for both men and women. Conclusions Only about 5% of healthy younger men or women would be classified as obese by BMI levels. However, the distribution of BMI differs between healthy men and healthy women. Relative to the distribution of BMI values for healthy men, the distribution of BMI values for healthy women is shifted to the left and is more skewed.
Bioclimatic predictions of habitat suitability for the biofuel switchgrass in North America under current and future climate scenarios.

Abstract Dedicated biofuel crops, while providing economic and other benefits, may adversely impact biodiversity directly via land use conversion, or indirectly via creation of novel invasive species. To mitigate negative impacts bioclimatic envelope models (BEM) can be used to estimate the potential distribution and suitable habitat based on the climate and distribution in the native range. We used CLIMEX to evaluate the regions of North America suitable for agronomic production, as well as regions potentially susceptible to an invasion of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) under both current and future climate scenarios. Model results show that >8.7 million km2 of North America has suitable to very favorable habitat, most of which occurs east of the Rocky Mountains. The non-native range of western North America is largely unsuitable to switchgrass as a crop or potential weed unless irrigation or permanent water is available. Under both the CGCM2 and HadCM3 climate models and A2 and B2 emissions scenarios, an overall increase in suitable habitat is predicted over the coming century, although the western US remains unsuitable. Our results suggest that much of North America is suitable for switchgrass cultivation, although this is likely to shift north in the coming century. Our results also agree with field collections of switchgrass outside its native range, which indicate that switchgrass is unlikely to establish unless it has access to water throughout the year (e.g., along a stream). Thus, it is the potential invasion of switchgrass into riparian habitats in the West that requires further investigation.
Development of an instrument for the dynamic measurement of consensus

A new instrument for measuring consensus in small decision making groups is developed. The instrument is based on mathematical procedures from the theory of fuzzy sets. A pilot study is reported in which the instrument was applied to eight classroom groups. Implications of this new measuring instrument for future research in group decision making are outlined.
Hybrid Monte Carlo

Abstract I discuss the Hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm for performing lattice gauge theory calculations. This is a large step method which has none of the discrete step size errors usually associated with the Molecular Dynamics, Langevin, or Hybrid algorithms. The method allows the inclusion of dynamical fermion fields in a straightforward way.
Surgical lessons learned on the battlefield.

(Figure 1) The origins of military medicine in the United States date to the first days of the Revolutionary War. (3) In that campaign, a physician-patriot named Dr. Prescott, of Lexington, Mass, was involved in the activation of the minutemen, fought in the Concord engagement beside these first soldiers, and subsequently transported and cared for those wounded in his home. During the revolution, the Continental Congress approved a medical department, but this was dissolved at the end of the war. At the time of hostilities with Britain in 1812, there was a provision for hospital surgeons but no medical department or surgeon general. Although this was eventually addressed, it was not until after the war with Mexico in 1846 that a study was performed that resulted in the introduction of ambulances for the transport of the wounded from the battlefield. When the American Civil War began, military resources were limited and unprepared for the magnitude of the task required of them. Many different factors contributed to the nonexistent state of readiness present in the medical deparment. (3-5) There was only a small standing army supported by limited medical resources. The policy of hands-off Federalism practiced at the time resulted in limited commitment of funds to support the medical department, compounded by a surgeon general who publicly denounced the costly practices in the medical care of the day. The standards for medical training in the United States resulted in physicians trained in a variety of different methods with little consistency or competence. Yet all called themselves physicians. The militia system depended on to field the large volunteer army necessary for the conflict was unsuited to the recruitment, training, and equipping of the forces who responded to the call. Death from illness far exceeded death from wounding, with the common soldier and officers sharing equally in the risk of dying from diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. (5, 6) Death from wounding was also a significant risk. More soldiers died from wounds in this conflict than in any of the subsequent major wars fought by the United States in total. (4) Several factors, including an ill-prepared military, an inadequate medical department, and the horrendous death rates from illness and wounding, frequently overshadowed the good accomplished by the medical department as it improved during the war years.
A new synthesis of cord factors and analogs

Abstract Treatment of 6,6′-di- O -trityl-trehalose (1) [2] with benzyl chloride in dioxane followed by acid hydrolysis and chromatography gave the chromatographically pure 2,3,4,2′,3′,4′-hexa- O -benzyl trehalose (2). Compound 2 was converted into the corresponding 6,6′-di- O -methane-sulphonyl derivative 3 in quantitative yield. Treatment of the latter compound with the potassium salts of 4-[ p -(hexadecyloxy)-phenyl]butyric acid, corynomycolic acid and mycolic acid from Mycobacterium bovis afforded the corresponding benzylated-6,6′-di- O -acyl esters 4, 5 and 6 respectively. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of 4, 5, and 6 yielded 6,6′-di- O -4-[ p -(hexadecyloxy)-phenyl] butyryl-trehalose 7; 6,6′-di- O -corynomycolyl-trehalose 8; and 6,6′-di- O -bovi-mycolyl-trehalose 9 respectively.
Regulation of β-Glucan Synthetase Activity by Auxin in Pea Stem Tissue II. Metabolic Requirements

The 2- to 4-fold rise in particle-bound β-glucan synthetase (uridine diphosphate-glucose: β-1, 4-glucan glucosyltransferase) activity that can be induced by indoleacetic acid in pea stem tissue is not prevented by concentrations of actinomycin D or cycloheximide that inhibit growth and macromolecule synthesis. The rise is concluded to be a hormonally induced activation of previously existing, reversibly deactivated enzyme. The activation is not a direct allosteric effect of indoleacetic acid or sugars. It is blocked by inhibitors of energy metabolism, by 2-deoxyglucose, and by high osmolarity, but not by Ca2+ at concentrations that inhibit auxin-induced elongation and prevent promotion of sugar uptake by indoleacetic acid, and not by α, α′-dipyridyl at concentrations that inhibit formation of hydroxyproline. Regulation of the system could be due either to an ATP-dependent activating reaction affecting this enzyme, or to changes in levels of a primer or a lipid cofactor.
Comparative and optimized dabsyl-amino acid analysis of synthetic phosphopeptides and glycopeptides

The optimal conditions for amino acid analysis of phosphopeptides and N-acetylglucosamine- and N-acetylgalactosamine-containing glycopeptides were investigated by dabsyl-Cl derivatization and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation. By comparing the chromatographic behaviour of the dabsylated phosphoamino acids and dabsylated aminosugars on three different columns, it appears that the mechanism of binding to the column is different for the two modified dabsyl derivatives. The acid sensitivities of sugar and phosphate groups were also investigated. We found that while the optimal hydrolysis conditions for phosphopeptide analysis are peptide sequence-dependent, there is generally an applicable condition for the highest recovery of glycopeptides. A 1-h gas-phase hydrolysis time seems to be appropriate for the majority of glycopeptides and 1.5 h is suitable for the majority of phosphopeptides. The analysis was extended to the successful verification of the presence of the N-acetylglucosamine and the N-acetylgalactosamine moieties when these sugars were incorporated as parts of a disaccharide side chain of glycopeptides.
Religiosity and perceived emotional intelligence among Christians

Abstract Despite copious studies relating religiosity to various psycho-social criteria, it has not been thoroughly explored in relation to emotional intelligence (EI), the ability to perceive, understand and manage emotions toward adaptive behavior. This study examined the extent to which religiosity, operationalized as religious orientation and behavior, was related to perceived EI in self-report measures among 148 church attending adult Christians. Results showed a positive correlation between intrinsic religious orientation and perceived EI, and in particular, its subcomponent emotional understanding, as well as emotional and cognitive empathy. Among behavioral measures of religiosity, only emotional understanding correlated with behavioral indices, though perceived EI overall varied significantly between groups of different levels of religious commitment, as indicated by church status and ministry service. While both attitudinal and behavioral religiosity factors were significantly predictive of perceived EI, the former proved to be more predictive than the latter. Implications of these results and limitations of the study are discussed.
Heterogeneous nucleation of amorphous alloys on catalytic nanoparticles to produce 2D patterned nanocrystal arrays

Templates are widely used to produce artificial nanostructures. Here, laser-assisted self-organization has been used to form one- and two-dimensional (D) nanoarrays of Cu nanocrystals. Using these nanoarrays as a template, a 2D patterned ferromagnetic nanostructure of FeCrSi nanocrystals has been produced by heterogeneous nucleation and growth of nanocrystals by partial devitrification from an amorphous Fe64.5Cr10Si13.5B9Nb3 alloy with the Cu nanoparticles acting as catalytic nucleation sites. The interaction among the ferromagnetic nanocrystals via the residual amorphous matrix can be controlled by suitable choice of the amorphous alloy composition. Although demonstrated for a ferromagnetic system, the processing method may have much wider applicability for producing artificial nanostructures of a wide variety of materials when materials-specific catalysts and amorphous alloy compositions are judiciously chosen.
Kinetic and Equilibrium Aspects of Floc Coagulation

Abstract The kinetics of colloid flocculation are examined within the framework of a modified Gouy-Chapman model, and the rate of flocculation formulated as a time constant for passage over a barrier in the floc-floc interaction potential. Equilibrium considerations are investigated theoretically by viewing flocculation as a phase change involving cooperative interactions. Critical temperatures and colloid concentrations necessary for flocculation are found to depend on ionic strength, particle size, and zeta potential.
Abdominal actinomycosis: A complication of colonic perforation.

Actinomycosis is a chronic, suppurative, mycotic infection, which tends to form abscesses and fistulas. The organism is a saprophyte of the human mouth. When a break in the normal contiguity of the gastrointestinal tract occurs, the organism may gain access to the surrounding tissues and become almost impossible to eradicate without surgical extirpation and administration of a long course of antibiotics. The diagnosis of actinomycosis should be considered for any patient in whom persistent or unusual enterocutaneous fistulas develop, when there is a recent history of perforated viscus or surgical intervention involving the gastrointestinal tract, such as appendectomy. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of “sulfur granules” in the fistulous tracts.
Neighbor-Stranger Discrimination On the Basis of A Threat Vocalization In the Great Black-Backed Gull

Abstract Neighbor-stranger discrimination is the ability to recognize and respond differentially to familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. This type of recognition is common in species that aggressively defend territories, such as the colonially nesting Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). This species has a large agonistic signal repertoire, which includes the “yeow,” a short-range threat vocalization. A playback experiment was used to determine whether Great Black-backed Gulls are capable of recognition on the basis of this call type. Subjects maintained alert postures for significantly longer in response to unfamiliar yeows than to those of their mates or neighbors. To my knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate neighbor-stranger discrimination on the basis of a threat vocalization.
Architectures and algorithms for millisecond-scale molecular dynamics simulations of proteins

The ability to perform long, accurate molecular dynamics (MD) simulations involving proteins and other biological macromolecules could in principle lead to important scientific advances and provide a powerful new tool for drug discovery. A wide range of biologically interesting phenomena, however, occur over time scales on the order of a millisecond - several orders of magnitude beyond the duration of the longest current MD simulations. Our research group is currently building a specialized, massively parallel machine, called Anton, which should soon be capable of executing millisecond-scale MD simulations of proteins at an atomic level of detail. Antonpsilas highly accelerated execution of such simulations is attributable in large part to specialized logic for the high-speed calculation of pairwise interactions between particles and/or gridpoints separated by no more than some specified cutoff radius.In particular, each of Anton's 512 ASICs, which are implemented using 90-nm technology,includes a "high-throughput interaction subsystem" incorporating 32 highly specialized pipelines running at 800 MHz. During every cycle, each of these pipelines produces a pairwise-interaction result that would require approximately 50 arithmetic operations to calculate on a general-purpose processor. Novel algorithms and architectural features are used to greatly reduce the requirements for inter- and intra-chip communication, allowing Anton to feed these pipelines and collect their results at a speed sufficient to take advantage of the machine's computational power. The ASIC also includes a "flexible subsystem" based on eight programmable "geometry cores", each containing eight arithmetic pipelines. This talk will provide an overview of our work on parallel algorithms and machine architectures for high-speed MD simulation, with special attention to the respective roles of specialized vs. general-purpose hardware, and to the techniques used to minimize communication at various levels within the system.
Proteins Needed to Activate a Transcriptional Response to the Reactive Oxygen Species Singlet Oxygen

ABSTRACT Singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) is a reactive oxygen species generated by energy transfer from one or more excited donors to molecular oxygen. Many biomolecules are prone to oxidation by 1 O 2 , and cells have evolved systems to protect themselves from damage caused by this compound. One way that the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides protects itself from 1 O 2 is by inducing a transcriptional response controlled by ChrR, an anti-σ factor which releases an alternative sigma factor, σ E , in the presence of 1 O 2 . Here we report that induction of σ E -dependent gene transcription is decreased in the presence of 1 O 2 when two conserved genes in the σ E regulon are deleted, including one encoding a cyclopropane fatty acid synthase homologue (RSP2144) or one encoding a protein of unknown function (RSP1091). Thus, we conclude that RSP2144 and RSP1091 are each necessary to increase σ E activity in the presence of 1 O 2 . In addition, we found that unlike in wild-type cells, where ChrR is rapidly degraded when 1 O 2 is generated, turnover of this anti-σ factor is slowed when cells lacking RSP2144, RSP1091, or both of these proteins are exposed to 1 O 2 . Further, we demonstrate that the organic hydroperoxide tert -butyl hydroperoxide promotes ChrR turnover in both wild-type cells and mutants lacking RSP2144 or RSP1091, suggesting differences in the ways different types of oxidants increase σ E activity. IMPORTANCE Oxygen serves many crucial functions on Earth; it is produced during photosynthesis and needed for other pathways. While oxygen is relatively inert, it can be converted to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that destroy biomolecules, cause disease, or kill cells. When energy is transferred to oxygen, the ROS singlet oxygen is generated. To understand how singlet oxygen impacts cells, we study the stress response to this ROS in Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a bacterium that, like plants, generates this compound as a consequence of photosynthesis. This paper identifies proteins that activate a stress response to singlet oxygen and shows that they act in a specific response to this ROS. The identified proteins are found in many free-living, symbiotic, or pathogenic bacteria that can encounter singlet oxygen in nature. Thus, our findings provide new information about a stress response to a ROS of broad biological, agricultural, and biomedical importance.
High-confidence cyber-physical co-design

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) [4] are characterized by combining computations, networks, and physical processes. Engineering cyber-physical systems is not new; high-end automobiles have for decades included complex embedded systems that interact with the physical environment. As an intellectual discipline, however, CPS design poses both new opportunities and challenges. The rapid development of a CPS with high-confidence of its functional correctness is a co-design problem---the design of the cyber part (embedded control systems and networks) and the physical part influence each other. For instance, when designing an industrial robot, the thickness of the robot arms changes the physical behavior of the system; thinner arms have less inertia and can move faster, but introduce more flexibility and spring behavior, making the control algorithm harder to design. As a consequence, to meet increasingly challenging systemlevel objectives, the cyber and physical parts need to be concurrently designed.
Winter westerly disturbance dynamics and precipitation in the western Himalaya and Karakoram: a wave-tracking approach

Extratropical cyclones, including winter westerly disturbances (WWD) over central Asia, are fundamental features of the atmosphere that maintain energy, momentum, and moisture at global scales while intimately linking large-scale circulation to regional-scale meteorology. Within high mountain Asia, WWD are the primary contributor to regional precipitation during winter. In this work, we present a novel WWD tracking methodology, which provides an inventory of location, timing, intensity, and duration of events, allowing for a comprehensive study of the factors that relate WWD to orographic precipitation, on an individual event basis and in the aggregate. We identify the relationship between the strength of disturbances, the state of the background environment during their propagation, and precipitation totals in the Karakoram/western Himalaya. We observe significant differences in convective and mechanical instability contributions to orographic precipitation as a function of the relationship between the intensity of WWD and the background temperature and moisture fields, which exhibit strong intraseasonal variability. Precipitation is primarily orographically forced during intense WWD with strong cross-barrier winds, while weaker WWD with similar precipitation totals are observed to benefit from enhanced instability due to high moisture content and temperature at low levels, occurring primarily in the late winter/premonsoon. The contribution of these factors is observed to fluctuate on a per-case basis, indicating important influences of intraseasonal oscillations and tropical-extratropical interactions on regional precipitation.
Children judge "perspective" transformations of letterlike forms as different from prototypes.

Abstract Children from 5 to 11 years old made same-different judgments of prototypes of letterlike forms paired with transforms of these prototypes generated on a dimension either critical or noncritical for object identification. For compression transformations (noncritical: as in perspective shift), frequency of correct “different” judgments increased as the degree of compression in the transform increased. This result challenges the view that dimensions irrelevant in object identification are ignored or not detected in graphic discrimination.