cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do host-consumed resources increase endoparasitic but decrease ectoparasitic infections?

Habitat loss and disease outbreak play a major role in the decline of biodiversity. Habitat degradation is often associated with reduced food resources, which can lead to less investment in host immunity and increased infections. However, pathogens use host resources for replication and pathogen traits, such as infecting hosts internally or short generation times, might allow pathogens to rapidly capitalize on host-consumed nutrients. Thus, it is unclear whether increased food consumption by hosts should reduce or amplify pathogen levels. conducted experiments on Cuban treefrogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) to test how food availability affects infection levels of Ranavirus and the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which are both associated with mass die-offs of amphibians. Given that Ranavirus is an endoparasite with a much shorter generation time than the ectoparasitic Bd, we postulated that Ranavirus might be able to capitalize on host-consumed resources more quickly than Bd. We hypothesized that increased food availability to hosts might reduce Bd infections more than Ranavirus infections. As predicted, augmenting food access decreased Bd infection intensity, but increased Ranavirus infection intensity. Future work should assess whether pathogen traits, such as generation time and endo- versus ectoparasitism, generally affect whether food resources more positively benefit hosts or pathogens.
Environmental Public Health Survelliance for Exposure to Respiratory Health Hazards: A Joint NASA/CDC Project to Use Remote Sensing Data for Estimating Airborne Particulate Matter Over the Atlanta, Georgia Metropolitan Area

Describes the public health surveillance efforts of NASA, in a joint effort with the Center for Disease Control (CDC). NASA/MSFC and the CDC are partners in linking nvironmental and health data to enhance public health surveillance. The use of NASA technology creates value - added geospatial products from existing environmental data sources to facilitate public health linkages. The venture sought to provide remote sensing data for the 5-country Metro-Atlanta area and to integrate this environmental data with public health data into a local network, in an effort to prevent and control environmentally related health effects. Remote sensing data used environmental data (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] Air Quality System [AQS] ground measurements and MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth [AOD]) to estimate airborne particulate matter over Atlanta, and linked this data with health data related to asthma. The study proved the feasibility of linking environmental data (MODIS particular matter estimates and AQS) with health data (asthma). Algorithms were developed for QC, bias removal, merging MODIS and AQS particulate matter data, as well as for other applications. Additionally, a Business Associate Agreement was negotiated for a health care provider to enable sharing of Protected Health Information.
RevisitingStreet Corner Society

Almost 50 years after its publication,Street Corner Society was the focus of new scholarly attention inReframing Organizational Culture and a special issue of the Journal of Contemporary Ethnology. Whyte comments on the issues raised regarding the intellectual background of the book and his relations with the community studied. He also discusses the new style of criticism embodied in critical epistemology in its relations with social science.
Assessment of Viability, Immunofluorescence, and DNA Content

This unit addresses the difficult and important area of differentiation between viable and nonviable cells, a question of particular interest for DNA studies. The basic protocol describes the determination of DNA content using pyronin Y combined with dead cell discrimination using 7-AAD. Alternate protocols present methods for DNA content and viability assessment and simultaneous surface or intracellular antigen expression.
Superconducting Toroidal Field Magnets for a Tokamak Engineering Test Reactor

A Tokamak engineering test reactor (TETR) will be an important component of any national or international program to achieve viable Tokamak fusion power reactors. The functions of such an engineering reactor are to test blanket and shield designs, to perform materials and radiation damage studies, and to determine solutions to other major engineering problems such as remote handling, tritium extraction, and tritium leakage control. A reactor designed with these goals in mind need not, however, be a power reactor or produce a net electric power.
Student-Teacher Relationship: A Buddhist Perspective

(1996). Student-Teacher Relationship: A Buddhist Perspective. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 69, No. 5, pp. 285-286.
A Review of “Encyclopedia of Crime Scene Investigation”

The emphasis on the investigation of crime scenes is to conceptually discriminate between that and more traditional criminal investigation. The latter is at least as concerned with questions of mot...
Ground water in perspective

. Owing to their enormous capacity, ground-water reservoirs are at least equal in importance to the ground water itself. As regulators of water movement in the hydrological cycle, these reservoirs surpass all lakes combined, natural and manmade. While many aquifers are not well understood, data on many others are adequate for long-range broad-scale planning. An example is the basalt aquifer of the Snake River Plain in Idaho. However, the area has managerial problems which concern the time, the place and the feasibility of manipulations of water. All continents of the world contain great aquifers. For every huge aquifer, however, hundreds of smaller ones occur, and even these contain astonishing amounts of water. Aquifers in the Ohio River Basin of the United States are good examples. Management of total water resources is a difficult problem at many places. But many problems could be met and many water shortages alleviated or eliminated by use of aquifers, not merely as sources of water, but as reservoirs for management of water.
The Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 Instrument Charge-Coupled Device Detectors

The Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) is a new instrument planned for deployment during Servicing Mission 4 in 2004. One of its key scientific goals is to provide panchromatic coverage from the near-UV through the near-IR. This is accomplished using two detector technologies, Marconi Applied Technologies back-thinned CCDs and Rockwell Scientific Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride (HgCdTe) IR focal planes. The Marconi CCDs have been delivered and characterized. The performance of these devices is exceptionally good, and will provide a new wide-field, near-UV capability for the observatory. Several notable advances are described.
2072 Rapid evaluation of left atrial volumes using CMR and its relation with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction

Methods 33 patients with a first episode of heart failure were evaluated using CMR. Patients with a severe valvular disease, atrial fibrillation or antecedent of coronary artery disease were excluded. Short and long-axis cines were performed to acquire the entire left ventricle and LA. LA end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes were estimated using the ellipsoidal formula from a bi-plane view. Mitral inflow velocity images were assessed using a phase-contrast velocity sequence. LVDD was classified into four categories: normal (E/A = 1–2 and deceleration time (DT) > 200 ms), impaired relaxation (E/A 2 and DT < 160 ms).
Achieving Educational Excellence: A Strategic Initiative to Enhance Orthopedic Resident Academic Performance

Orthopedic resident training involves not only the hands-on learning of surgery but also should equally involve instructing the core knowledge of musculoskeletal medicine. Our program has developed a strategy that enhances resident educational performance; the educational curriculum entails conferences daily. Conferences include gross and surgical anatomy, orthopedic basic science, multidisciplinary trauma, radiology, pathology, journal club, and orthopedic subspecialty conferences. The primary purpose of the conference schedule is to provide the residents with a comprehensive education in orthopedic surgery. It is not geared toward taking the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination (OITE). The OITE is administered annually by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and serves as an objective measure of knowledge acquisition. There has been a scientifically validated correlation between performance on the OITE and passage of the American Board for Orthopaedic Surgery Part I Examination. As a collective program, we have achieved at or above the 98th percentile nationally from 2004 to 2009. This academic success has not impacted the total surgical case volume negatively or interfered with Residency Review Committee (RRC) policies.
Probing the human brain with stimulating electrodes: The story of Roberts Bartholow's (1874) experiment on Mary Rafferty

Abstract Roberts Bartholow’s 1874 experiment on Mary Rafferty is widely cited as the first demonstration, by direct application of stimulating electrodes, of the motor excitability of the human cerebral cortex. The many accounts of the experiment, however, leave certain questions and details unexamined or unresolved, especially about Bartholow’s goals, the nature and quality of the evidence, and the experiment’s role in the history of theory and research on localisation of function. In this article, we try to fill these gaps and to tell the full story. We describe Bartholow’s career up to 1874, review the theoretical and empirical background for the experiment, and present Bartholow’s own account of the experiment as well as those of his supporters and critics. We then present our own analysis, assess the experiment’s influence on contemporaneous scientific opinion about cortical excitability, and trace its citation record into our own time. We also review and assess ethical criticisms of Bartholow and their effects on his career, and we close by discussing the role we think the experiment deserves to play in the history of theory and research on cortical excitability.
Photoreflectance characterization of semiconductors and semiconductor heterostructures

The electromodulation method of photoreflectance (PR) is becoming an important tool for the characterization of semiconductors, semiconductor interfaces and semiconductor microstructures such as superlattices, quantum wells, multiple quantum wells and heterojunctions. Since PR is contactless, requires no special mounting of the sample and can be performed in a variety of transparent ambients it can be utilized for in-situ monitoring of growth at elevated temperatures, in-situ elevation at 300K before the samples are removed from the growth/processing chamber as well as convenient ex-situ characterization. This invited article discusses some recent uses of PR to measure (a) the direct gap (and spin-orbit split component) of InP up to 600° C, (b) strains in Si at the Si/SiO2 interface, (c) changes in the surface Fermi level of GaAs caused by photowashing, (d) quantized intersubband transitions in a GaAs/Gao0.82Al0.18As multiple quantum well and (e) two-dimensional electron gas effects in selectively dopedn-Gao.7Alo.3As/ GaAs heterostructures.
BARRIERS TO ADHERENCE TO COPD GUIDELINES AMONG PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS

Summary Background Despite efforts to disseminate guidelines for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), adherence to COPD guidelines remains suboptimal. Barriers to adhering to guidelines remain poorly understood. Methods Clinicians from two general medicine practices in New York City were surveyed to identify barriers to implementing seven recommendations from the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. Barriers assessed included unfamiliarity, disagreement, low perceived benefit, low self-efficacy, and time constraints. Exact conditional regression was used to identify barriers independently associated with non-adherence. Results The survey was completed by 154 clinicians. Adherence was lowest to referring patients with a forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) 1 to guide management (12%); and ordering pulmonary function tests (PFTs) in smokers (17%). Adherence was intermediate to prescribing inhaled corticosteroids when FEV 1 1 Conclusions Poor familiarity with recommendations, low self-efficacy, and time constraints are important barriers to adherence to COPD guidelines. This information can be used to develop tailored interventions to improve guideline adherence.
Mobile Agent and Semantic Web Based Frameworks for the Realization of Virtual Manufacturing Enterprises

In a virtual Manufacturing Enterprise (VME), the manufacturing and software resources are geographically distributed and communicate electronically using mediums such as the Internet. In such a context, there is a need to explore the design of distributive computing frameworks for the realization of VMEs. In this paper, 2 frameworks are discussed which are based on a mobile agent paradigm and the notion of a ‘semantic web’ respectively. In this paper, the first segment explores the design of such a mobile agent framework to support process planning and manufacturing activities; in the second segment of this paper, the creation of preliminary software modules as part of a ‘mini’ semantic web is described; the use of such a ‘semantic web’ based framework provides a new dimensionality of ‘meaning’, thereby enabling better cooperation and interaction between machines and humans.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Current state of microprocessors

Abstract An overview of the current state of microprocessor development is given. The impact on design engineers and the semi-conductor industry has been revolutionary, yet microprocessors are earnestly accepted. Several reasons for this acceptance are offered. Basic microprocessor architecture is reviewed. The current state of the semiconductor technology indicates that integrated injection logic (I2L) is the most promising. Software development is still in its infancy and is a major obstacle to gaining a general class of users (other than presently predominant design engineers). With further development in hardware and software technologies, microprocessors will find an enormous range of applications.
Ion-cleaning damage in (100) GaAs, and its effect on schottky diodes

Abstract This study investigates the effect of ion cleaning damage of (100) GaAs in the 100–1000 eV range, and also its recovery with thermal annealing to 400°C. It is shown that GaAs could be annealed to a considerable extent if the ion-damage was ⩽ 100 eV. However, full recovery was not achieved. On the other hand, samples damaged at ⩾ 400 eV became progressively worse with annealing. Measurements indicate that these samples are dominated by the effect of arsenic variances within the bulk. These remain in the bulk, but are distributed spatially upon annealing. They behave as deep donors, so that the net electron concentration in the bulk is enhanced. Aluminum-n GaAs Schottky diodes were used as a vehicle for this study.
Proprieties of Coalition: Blacks, Asians, and the Politics of Policing:

Black populations in the post-civil rights era USA face forms of racial discipline generated not only by organizations and institutions representing the white mainstream and contributing to the preservation or restoration of white supremacy, but also increasingly by organizations and institutions representing non-black people of color and contributing to the deepening and rationalization of ‘the new black/non-black divide. This article takes a critical look at the framing of urban multiracial coalition politics by professional intellectuals during the aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles uprising, specifically academics in the field of Asian American Studies that attempted to explain the nature and sources of conflict between African Americans and Asian Americans.
Volume-dependent effect of perihaematomal oedema on outcome for spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhages

Introduction It is still unknown whether subsequent perihaematomal oedema (PHE) formation further increases the odds of an unfavourable outcome. Methods Demographic, clinical, radiographic and outcome data were prospectively collected in a single large academic centre. A multiple logistic regression model was then developed to determine the effect of admission oedema volume on outcome. Results 133 patients were analysed in this study. While there was no significant association between relative PHE volume and discharge outcome (p=0.713), a strong relationship was observed between absolute PHE volume and discharge outcome (p=0.009). In a multivariate model incorporating known predictors of outcome, as well as other factors found to be significant in our univariate analysis, absolute PHE volume remained a significant predictor of poor outcome only in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) volumes ≤30 cm 3 (OR 1.123, 95% CI 1.021 to 1.273, p=0.034). An increase in absolute PHE volume of 10 cm 3 in these patients was found to increase the odds of poor outcome on discharge by a factor of 3.19. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the effect of absolute PHE volume on functional outcome following ICH is dependent on haematoma size, with only patients with smaller haemorrhages exhibiting poorer outcome with worse PHE. Further studies are needed to define the precise role of PHE in driving outcome following ICH.
Particle velocity field measurements in a near-wall flow using evanescent wave illumination

Evanescent waves from the total internal reflection of a 488 nm argon-ion laser beam at a glass–water interface were used to measure velocity fields in creeping rotating Couette flow within 380 nm of the stationary solid surface. Images of fluorescent 300 and 500 nm diameter polystyrene and silica particles suspended in water recorded at 30 Hz were processed using cross-correlation particle image velocimetry to determine the two in-plane velocity components with an in-plane spatial resolution of 40×40 µm over a 200 µm (h)×150 µm (v) field of view. The results are in reasonable agreement with the exact solution for the corresponding single-phase Stokesian flow. These data are, to our knowledge, the first velocity field measurements with this small out-of-plane spatial resolution (in all cases less than 380 nm), and the first such measurements in this interfacial or near-wall region. This paper describes the novel experimental diagnostic technique used to obtain these results.
The phenomenal determination of retroaction and proaction: III. Contextual vs. temporal organization of two lists

A study was run dealing with RI and PI in which subjects learned two stories, one about Christmas Eve and the other about New Year’s Eve. Each story contained pairs, consisting of color names and CVC trigrams. The recall of the response items was assessed at delays of 20 min and 24 h. One group learned the Christmas Eve story followed by the New Year’Eve story, and another group learned them in reverse order. While RI and PI effects were found in both groups, there was a significant reduction of RI for the second group, in which the contextual sequence of the stories conflicted with their temporal order. These findings suggested that RI and PI may result from the manner in which materials are organized in memory, as opposed to unlearning at the point of interpolated practice.
Tragedy and Triumphalism

AbstractThe 9/11 attacks were more than a criminal act. They were a terrorist war crime directed chiefly against unarmed civilians and a civil society which the planners and facilitators hoped ultimately to subdue in the name of Islam. It's easy to say, apologetically, that these war criminals "hijacked Islam." But there were many who applauded their heinous act, even as they sought to deny the loyalties and the inspiration of the perpetrators. The problem 9/11 poses for Muslims worldwide is not an image problem but a moral and spiritual one. The 9/11 attacks were planned, sponsored, and perpetrated by real Muslims who were sincere in their faith and meant what they were doing to bear witness to their faith. That fact presents a challenge and an opportunity to Muslims. The challenge is actively to reject the tactics of the terrorists and their henchmen. The opportunity is to reject the triumphalism that motivates such tactics. Blood-drenched means pollute the ends they serve. The pursuit of world dominati...
Behind a Thin Veneer: What Lurks Beneath the Scientist-Practitioner Label?

In many ways, the field of psychotherapy is strong and vibrant. However, there is a risk that some mental health professionals may present themselves as scientist-practitioners while not really integrating these two roles. The current manuscript proposes a few core standards to be adopted by mental health professionals. First, it is essential to integrate the science and practice of psychology in all aspects of professional work. Second, more research is needed that truly examines applied clinical issues. Third, mental health professionals are encouraged to remain active in ongoing clinical practice throughout their careers. Fourth, mental health professionals should value, highlight, and utilize the power of the mind in all aspects of their work. Fifth, the field is improved through the integration of a diverse spectrum of ideas. Sixth, it is usually optimal to combine creativity, intellectual curiosity, and scientific skepticism. When these six core standards are adopted, the field is more likely to maintain its strengths and move toward a strong and sturdy future. A woodworking metaphor is used to highlight the importance of solid training and the accurate presentation of professional experience.
Glucose Loss and Maillard Browning in Solids as Affected by Porosity and Collapse

The effects of porosity and collapse on the kinetics of glucose loss and brown pigment formation via the Maillard reaction were analyzed in solid low-moisture model food systems. Equimolar glucose and glycine were incorporated into amorphous polyvinylpyrrolidones having different porosities, ranging from high porosity to totally collapsed. Samples were equilibrated and stored in desiccators at water activity 0.33 or 0.44 and 25 °C. Glucose loss and brown pigment development were monitored for 3 months. Glucose loss rate constants were lower in collapsed systems compared to non-collapsed systems. The extent of porosity did not affect glucose loss rate constants. Collapse and porosity had minimal effects on the browning rate constants. Porosity and collapse affect chemical reactivity in low-moisture solids and should be considered during product development and shelf-life testing.
Influence of Texture on Mechanical Behavior of Friction-Stir-Processed Magnesium Alloy

Friction stir processing (FSP) improves the mechanical properties of metallic materials. In this study, a magnesium alloy AZ31B was friction stir processed by using single and multiple pass. The friction-stir-processed magnesium alloy exhibits higher tensile strength and ductility in the transverse direction (TD) compared to the longitudinal direction (LD). Both single pass and multiple (two) pass friction-stir-processed material show similar anisotropy in tensile properties, but the multiple pass friction-stir-processed material shows fine-grained microstructure with higher tensile strength and ductility. The tensile anisotropy in the friction-stir-processed AZ31B originated from the textured microstructure that evolved during FSP.
Obstructive sleep apnea: a pediatric epidemic

Sleep disordered breathing is a continuum of breathing abnormalities that affects children and adults. In children, the diagnosis of the most severe form, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is difficult. Polysomnography is not widely used, rather the diagnosis is based on clinical history and physical exam. These children may suffer from cardiorespiratory and neurobehavioral effects from the OSA. Treatment for children is primarily tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy surgery. Children who desaturate intermittently during sleep appear to be more sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of opioids. Careful postoperative care for those at risk for complications is warranted.
Satellite panicum mosaic virus coat protein enhances the performance of plant virus gene vectors

The coat protein of satellite panicum mosaic virus (SPCP) is known to effectively protect its cognate RNA from deleterious events, and here, we tested its stabilizing potential for heterologous virus-based gene vectors in planta. In support of this, a Potato virus X (PVX) vector carrying the SPMV capsid protein (PVX-SPCP) gene was stable for at least three serial systemic passages through Nicotiana benthamiana. To test the effect of SPCP in trans, PVX-SPCP was co-inoculated onto N. benthamiana together with a Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) vector carrying a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene that normally does not support systemic GFP expression. In contrast, co-inoculation of TBSV-GFP plus PVX-SPCP resulted in GFP accumulation and concomitant green fluorescent spots in upper, non-inoculated leaves in a temperature-responsive manner. These results suggest that the multifaceted SPMV CP has intriguing effects on virus-host interactions that surface in heterologous systems.
Diagnosis and treatment of xerostomia (dry mouth)

Xerostomia (dry mouth) is a common complaint with widespread implications such as impaired quality of life, oral pain, and numerous oral complications. There are a variety of salivary and nonsalivary causes of xerostomia, the most frequent being medication side effects and systemic disorders. A systematic approach should be employed to determine the etiology of this condition, with distinctions made between patients with subjective complaints of xerostomia alone and those with measurable salivary gland dysfunction. Management is multidisciplinary and multimodal. This review summarizes the current literature on the etiology, diagnosis, and complications of xerostomia, and on the management of patients with xerostomia.
Structure of a rhamnolipid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract The rhamnolipid produced in culture filtrates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown on glycerol has been shown to have the structure 2-O-α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-α- l rhamnopyranosyl-β-hydroxydecanoyl-β-hydroxydecanoate. Periodate oxidation of the rhamnolipid resulted in the consumption of 2.8 moles of periodate per mole of substrate in 120 hours. Sodium borohydride reduction, acid hydrolysis, and paper chromatography of the products of the oxidation over the 120-hour period showed the initial (24 hours) appearance of both propylene glycol and butanetriol with complete loss of rhamnose. At the end of the oxidation period, only propylene glycol remained, an indication that the first 2 moles of periodate each attacked a different rhamnosyl moiety with slow oxidation of the terminal rhamnose by the third mole of periodate. Methylation of the rhamnolipid, subsequent hydrolysis, and identification of the methylrhamnoses by paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, and gas chromatography showed the presence of 2,3,4-tri- O -methylrhamnopyranoside and 3,4-di- O -methylrhamnopyranoside. The constituent methylrhamnosides were further identified by forming the phenylhydrazide of the bromine-oxidized 2,3,4-tri- O -methylrhamnopyranoside and by reducing the dimethyl compound to the 3,4-di- O -methylrhamnitol and identifying the formaldehyde formed after periodate oxidation. The alpha configuration has been assigned to the rhamnosyl residues of the rhamnolipid on the basis of a high negative optical rotation, increase in rotation during acid hydrolysis, and infrared spectral similarities with methyl α- l -rhamnopyranoside.
Regulation of sesquiterpene cyclase gene expression.Characterization of an elicitor-and pathogen-inducible promoter

The promoter for a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) sesquiterpene cyclase gene, a key regulatory step in sesquiterpene phytoalexin biosynthesis, has been analyzed. The EAS4 promoter was fused to the [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and the temporal and spatial expression patterns of GUS activity were examined in stably transformed plants and in transient expression assays using electroporated protoplasts of tobacco. No GUS activity was observed in any tissues under normal growth conditions. A low level of GUS activity was detected in wounded leaf, root, and stem tissues, whereas a much higher level was observed when these tissues were challenged with elicitors or microbial pathogens. The GUS expression pattern directed by the EAS4 promoter was identical to the induction patterns observed for the endogenous sesquiterpene cyclase genes. Neither exogenous salicylic acid nor methyl jasmonate induced GUS expression; and H2O2 induced GUS expression to only a limited extent. Although the EAS4 promoter contains cis-sequences resembling previously identified transcriptional control motifs, other cis-sequences important for quantitative and qualitative gene expression were identified by deletion and gain-of-function analyses. The EAS4 promoter differs from previously described pathogen-/elicitor-inducible promoters because it only supports inducible gene expression and directs unique spatial expression patterns.
Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Adolescent-Onset Substance Use Disorders

Substance dependence disorders are chronic relapsing disorders with immense societal consequences. Twin and family studies have found that there are critical genetic and environmental components in the inheritance of substance use disorders, and modern advances in genetics are making it possible to identify specific variants that may predispose an individual to these disorders. Adolescence is a crucial period for initiation, experimentation, and the establishment of more regular patterns of use of alcohol and other drugs. Adolescent substance use is a known risk factor for the development of later alcohol and substance use problems, as well as related externalizing disorders such as antisocial personality disorder. Understanding the early risk factors and processes that make these youths vulnerable to substance use disorders is crucial to the development of effective strategies for prevention. This article reviews the genetic origins of adolescent substance use problems and the potential this field of research offers for prevention.
Increase in cognitive eating restraint predicts weight loss and change in other anthropometric measurements in overweight/obese premenopausal women.

Abstract In modern societies characterized by food abundance, dietary restraint may serve as a factor in the successful control of weight or facilitation of weight loss. This secondary analysis of data examined whether changes in cognitive eating restraint (CER) and disinhibition predicted weight loss in a sample of 60 overweight/obese premenopausal women [mean ± SD, age = 35.9 ± 5.8 y; weight = 84.4 ± 13.1 kg; body mass index (BMI) = 31.0 ± 4.3 kg/m2]. Changes in weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body fat percentage (BF%) were examined in relation to changes in CER, disinhibition and hunger as measured by the Eating Inventory questionnaire at baseline and week 18 of an 18-week dietary intervention. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of weight loss and changes in other anthropometric variables from baseline to study completion. Increase in CER was found to be the most robust predictor of reduction in weight (P
Nation, History, and the Idea of Cultural Origin in Melville Herskovits

Melville Herskovits stated explicitly that he would study Dahomey (present-day Benin) as a “primitive culture” from which he could learn about “New World Negro culture.” In the preface to his ethno...
The Lorentz reciprocal theorem for micropolar fluids

A generalization of the Lorentz reciprocal theorem is developed for the creeping flow of micropolar fluids in which the continuum equations involve both the velocity and the internal spin vector fields. In this case, the stress tensor is generally not symmetric and conservation laws for both linear and angular momentum are needed in order to describe the dynamics of the fluid continuum. This necessitates the introduction of constitutive equations for the antisymmetric part of the stress tensor and the so-called couple-stress in the medium as well. The reciprocal theorem, derived herein in the limit of negligible inertia and without external body forces and couples, provides a general integral relationship between the velocity, spin, stress and couple-stress fields of two otherwise unrelated micropolar flow fields occurring in the same fluid domain.
Actomyosin ATP-sensitivity in the aging male house fly, musca domestica L.☆

Abstract Natural actomyosin was extracted from the thoracic flight muscle of newly emerged, mature, middle-aged, and senescent male house flies. The age-related change in the ATP-sensitivity of the actomyosin parallels the age-related distribution of the specific activity of the actomyosin ATPase, being significantly lower in the actomyosin of newly emerged and senescent male house flies than in the actomyosin extracted from mature organisms. These results indicate that the isolated flight muscle protein is, indeed, different for various ages of the house fly, most likely consisting of different ratios of the individual components of actomyosin.
Semantic rule modelling for intelligent supplier discovery

Formal representation of manufacturing capabilities is a critical requirement for autonomous deployment of agile supply chains in distributed environments. In this context, manufacturing ontologies play a key role by providing the required means for explicit knowledge representation. Manufacturing Service Description Language (MSDL) is an OWL (Web Ontology Language)-based ontology developed with the purpose of modelling manufacturing capability in a service-oriented framework. This paper presents the rule-based extension of MSDL that enhances the ontology semantically and enables advanced ontological reasoning. The particular focus of this paper is on analysing the reasoning and inference patterns used by human experts during the supplier discovery process and formally representing them, to the possible extent, using Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL). Two categories of rules, namely, property inference and classification rules are introduced and implemented in this research. In order to capture the rules ...
Influence of dopaminergic systems on the lateral habenular nucleus of the rat

The alterations in glucose utilization in the lateral habenular nucleus following the systemic administration of a putative dopaminergic agonist and antagonist have been examined in 48 rats by means of the autoradiographic 2-deoxyglucose technique. The administration of apomorphine (0.15--5 mg/kg) resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions (by 25 +/- 5% following 0.5 mg/kg) in glucose utilization in the lateral habenula. Haloperidol administration (0.01--10 mg/kg) was associated with increased (by 46 +/- 17% with 0.1 mg/kg) glucose utilization in the lateral habenula. The effects of apomorphine upon metabolic activity in the lateral habenula can be prevented by the prior administration of haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg). These observations provide evidence that metabolic activity in the lateral habenula, a nucleus occupying a strategic position between the forebrain and the mesencephalon, may be regulated by the activity in dopaminergic systems.
Some results on the estimation of logistic models based on retrospective data

SUMMARY The logistic model (Cox, 1970, Chapter 2) has been widely used in the analysis of retrospective studies. This paper discusses two methods of analysis, one based on work by Mantel (1973) and Anderson (1972) and a second based on a conditional likelihood. The motivation for the first method is clarified and some efficiency calculations are presented.
Biosynthesis and Accumulation of Formic Acid in the Poison Gland of the Carpenter Ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus

Formic acid synthesis in the poison gland of Camponotus pennsylvanicus is closely related to the C-1 metabolism of the glandular cells. Serine, glycine, and histidine are potential C-l donors to formic acid by several tetrahydrofolate intermediates. Formic acid is accumulated by its transfer to an insulated reservoir, so that the ant avoids the acid9s cytotoxicity. This combination of biochemical and morphological features provides an autodefensive mechanism. Possible factors that regulate the biosynthesis of formic acid in the poison gland apparatus are discussed.
Central projections of portions of the vestibular ganglia innervating specific parts of the labyrinth in the rhesus monkey

In 40 monkeys attempts were made to determine the central projections of cell groups in the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia (SVG, IVG) which innervate distinctive parts of the labyrinth, by: (1) severing peripheral branches of the ganglia, (2) resecting portions of the ganglia, and (3) producing discrete partial lesions in the ganglia. Serial sections of the temporal bones were stained with Sudan black B, and Nauta-stained sections of the brain stem were cut transversely and horizontally. Section of peripheral branches of the vestibular ganglia produced no central degeneration and unreliable cell changes in the ganglia. Partial lesions of the SVG, innervating the cristae of the anterior and lateral canals, produced maximal degeneration in the superior and medial (rostral part) vestibular nuclei. Partial lesions of the SVG, innervating the macula of the utricle, produced maximal degeneration in the medial (caudal part) and inferior (mediodorsal part) vestibular nuclei. Some descending fibers related to the utricle entered the accessory cuneate nucleus. Discrete lesions in portions of the IVG indicate relationships between: (1) the crista of the posterior canal and the superior vestibular nucleus (caudomedial part), and (2) the saccule and dorsolateral parts of the inferior vestibular nucleus. Cells of the vestibular ganglia innervating distinctive parts of the labyrinth have unique, as well as common, central projections within the vestibular nuclear complex.
The Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model in light of chiral perturbation theory

Abstract We analyze the quark mass dependence of the chiral parameters calculated from an SU(2) Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model in the context of chiral perturbation theory. We find that in the mean-field approximation the model is unable to reproduce, within the experimental bounds, two parameters of the low-energy SU(2) effective lagrangian of Gasser and Leutwyler. Our results suggest that the model is not suited to give quantitative predictions concerning quark mass dependences. We also comment on the strange quark mass dependence of the chiral parameters in the SU(3) version of the model.
The diffusion equation for an atom on a solid surface

Abstract We describe the motion of an atom on a solid surface with the aid of a model in which the particle interacts with the periodic field of the lattice and with the random fluctuations caused by the thermal motion. We consider the case when the periodic potential is such that at the temperature of interest the description of the atomic motion must consider more than one band. We show that in this case the motion of the particle cannot always be described by a simple diffusion equation, even though the mean square displacement of the particle is proportional to the time and hence allows the definition of a diffusion coefficient. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient does not satisfy the Arrhenius law in all cases. When it does, the activation energy is equal to an “average” band gap plus the energy of the distortion of the lattice by the chemisorbtion of the atom.
Fluid flow and heat transfer in plasma reactors—I. Calculation of velocities, temperature profiles and mixing

Abstract A mathematical representation has been developed to describe the velocity field and the associated temperature and concentration fields in a plasma jet system, which involves the injection of additional gas streams. In the statement of the problem, allowance was made for the swirl of the plasma jet, and one important objective of the work was to explore the effect of this swirl on the principal process variables. It was found that swirl plays an important role in providing mixing between the plasma jet and a reactant or diluent gas stream introduced through an annular port. It was shown, furthermore, that the model may be used for representing the quenching of the system by an axi-symmetrically introduced gas stream, having a direction perpendicular to the axis of the jet.
Context-driven online learning for activity classification in wireless health

Enabling accurate and low-cost classification of a range of motion activities is of significant importance for wireless health through body worn inertial sensors and smartphones, due to the need by healthcare and fitness professonals to monitor exercises for quality and compliance. This paper proposes a novel contextual multi-armed bandits approach for large-scale activity classification. The proposed method is able to address the unique challenges arising from scaling, lack of training data and adaptation by melding context augmentation and continuous online learning into traditional activity classification. We rigorously characterize the performance of the proposed learning algorithm and prove that the learning regret (i.e. reward loss) is sublinear in time, thereby ensuring fast convergence to the optimal reward as well as providing short-term performance guarantees. Our experiments show that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms in terms of both providing higher classification accuracy as well as lower energy consumption.
Vulnerability to Friends’ Suicide Influence: The Moderating Effects of Gender and Adolescent Depression

This paper examines whether severity of depression reduces or intensifies the relationship between friends' suicide attempt and adolescent's own attempt to commit suicide, and whether there are gender differences in this interrelationship. Using logistic regression and data from a nationally representative sample of adolescents studied at 2 points in time, this study yielded significant findings. First, friends' suicide attempt and adolescent depression each predicts adolescent's own attempt to commit suicide, and these effects are similar for both boys and girls. Second, highly depressed adolescents are less likely than low- or nondepressed adolescents to attempt suicide when their friends attempt suicide, and this relationship is observed mainly among adolescent boys. Finally, for adolescent girls, depression reduces the relationship between friends' suicidal attempt and adolescent's own attempt but this effect is not statistically significant. These results are discussed in light of their theoretical importance and policy implications.
Ac-AP-12, a novel factor Xa anticoagulant peptide from the esophageal glands of adult Ancylostoma caninum ☆

Immunoscreening an Ancylostoma caninum cDNA library with canine hookworm-infected dog serum resulted in the isolation of a 461 bp cDNA encoding Ac-AP-12, a new 9.1 kDa anticoagulant peptide (100 amino acids) with 43-69% amino acid homology to other nematode anticoagulant peptides (NAPs) from Ancylostoma hookworms. Messenger RNA transcription and expression of Ac-AP-12 was unique to the adult stage of A. caninum. The yeast expressed recombinant Ac-AP-12 demonstrated potent anticoagulant activity on human blood plasma in a concentration dependent manner, and was shown to specifically inhibit human factor Xa activity. Immunolocalization with specific rabbit antiserum showed that Ac-AP-12 was exclusively located in the esophageal glands of adult hookworm. Ac-AP-12 is hypothesized to facilitate both parasite blood feeding and digestion.
Study of Hard Disk and Slider Surfaces Using X-Ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy and Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy

X-ray Photo Emission Electron Microscopy (X-PEEM) and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy were applied to study the properties of amorphous hard carbon overcoats on disks and sliders, and the properties of the lubricant. The modification of lubricants after performing thermal desorption studies was measured by NEXAFS, and the results are compared to the thermal desorption data. The study of lubricant degradation in wear tracks is described. Sliders were investigated before and after wear test, and the modification of the slider coating as well as the transfer of lubricant to the slider was studied. The studies show that the lubricant is altered chemically during the wear. Fluorine is removed and carboxyl groups are formed.
Some physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties of pine (Pinus pinea) nuts

Abstract Selected physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties often required for the designing of storage, hopper, handling and processing equipment were determined for pine nuts, at a moisture content of 5.48% (db). The average of each of the three principal diameters, geometric mean diameter and nut mass were 18.67, 8.97, 7.39, 10.72 mm and 0.77 g, respectively. Mean values for nut volume, sphericity, surface area and projected area were 417.87 mm3, 57.53%, 364.46 and 151.24 mm2, respectively. The true density, bulk density and porosity were 983.59, 619.85 kg/m3 and 36.96%, respectively. Cracking forces of pine nut for loading on the lateral axis, vertical axis and thickness were determined to be 429.27, 639.53 and 468.18 N, respectively. The coefficient of static friction was 0.46 on plywood, 0.43 on galvanized steel sheet and 0.35 on fibreglass. Dynamic angle of repose for the three structural materials namely plywood, galvanized steel sheet and fibreglass were found to be 26.18°, 23.52° and 15.21°, respectively. The terminal velocity for the nut, kernel and hull were 8.23, 6.98 and 3.76 m/s, respectively.
Memory formation, consolidation and transformation

Memory formation is a highly dynamic process. In this review we discuss traditional views of memory and offer some ideas about the nature of memory formation and transformation. We argue that memory traces are transformed over time in a number of ways, but that understanding these transformations requires careful analysis of the various representations and linkages that result from an experience. These transformations can involve: (1) the selective strengthening of only some, but not all, traces as a function of synaptic rescaling, or some other process that can result in selective survival of some traces; (2) the integration (or assimilation) of new information into existing knowledge stores; (3) the establishment of new linkages within existing knowledge stores; and (4) the up-dating of an existing episodic memory. We relate these ideas to our own work on reconsolidation to provide some grounding to our speculations that we hope will spark some new thinking in an area that is in need of transformation.
Equation of motion for non-geodesic laboratory bodies

The gravitational equation of motion of laboratory bodies made up of electrically interacting molecules, the bodies being coupled to non-geodesic laboratories, is obtained for metrical theories of gravity. Application is made to the experiment of Witteborn and Fairbank in which electrons or positrons are ‘dropped’ inside a conducting shield. We show that the inertial and gravitational weight of a body depends on the location of the supporting force, and that a laboratory body, in general, possesses an inertial or gravitational masstensor which differs from the body's energy content divided by the speed of light squared.