cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biology and pathogenicity of a microsporidian (Nosema trichoplusiae sp. n.), of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)

Abstract Biological studies of a microsporidian pathogenic for the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), were conducted and its effect on the host was determined. Comparisons of certain characteristics of this Microsporidia with those of other Nosema revealed apparent differences, indicating an undescribed species. The name Nosema trichoplusiae sp. n. has been proposed for it. The life cycle of N. trichoplusiae was studied in Giemsa-stained smears of infected larvae, and the developmental stages were arranged on the basis of the present knowledge of cell division and nuclear changes. The effect on N. trichoplusiae on the reproductive capacity of T. ni varied with the intensity of infection in the larval stage. Adults from heavily infected cabbage loopers laid only one-fourth to one-sixth as many eggs as uninfected adults and the viability of these eggs was very low. On the other hand, lightly infected females produced a number of eggs comparable both in number and viability to that of the uninfected adults. However, the few larvae that did hatch from the eggs laid by any of the infected females were infected and died before completing the larval cycle. Thirteen lepidopteran species in five families were found to be susceptible to infection by N. trichoplusiae. However, none of the Diptera which were used as candidate species were affected by the microsporidian.
Evolved lavas from the Snake River Plain: Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho

Holocene lavas from Craters of the Moon (COM) National Monument are representative of “differentiated” lavas which occur around the margins of the Snake River Plains (SRP) and they range serially in composition from alkali- and phosphorous-rich ferrobasalts to ferrolatites. Petrographic study indicates that these lavas evolved primarily by cotectic crystallization of olivine, plagioclase, magnetite and apatite in the mafic members of the suite (ferrobasalts), and by cotectic crystallization of plagioclase, magnetite, clinopyroxene and minor olivine in the salic members. Quantitative phase relations in the COM lavas, calculated by means of a leastsquares mixing program, indicate that the observed range in composition among these lavas corresponds to at least 70 percent crystallization of a magma similar to the most mafic COM lavas. Anhydrous one-atmosphere experimental crystallization studies fail to reproduce exactly the inferred phase relations; the discrepancy is attributed to the presence of water in the naturally crystallized magmas. The origin of COM parental magma cannot be unequivocably resolved. Available evidence suggests that COM lavas do not represent melts derived directly from the mantle: (1) high Sr87/Sr86 ratios (0.708 to 0.712), (2) relatively high Fe/(Fe+Mg) and excluded-element content in even the most mafic COM lavas, (3) occurrence of megacrysts of inferred high-pressure origin in the Lava Creek flow. Megacrysts occur in the Lava Creek flow as clusters of labradorite, aluminous clinopyroxene, and olivine. Analogy with the experiments of Thompson [1] and least squares mixing calculations indicate that intermediate (ca. 8 to 10 Kbar) pressure fractionation of such megacrysts from olivine tholeiite magma may yield derivative COM-type liquids.
Getting Registered and Getting to the Polls: The Impact of Voter Registration Strategy and Information Provision on Turnout of College Students

Each election year, colleges and universities across the nation witness a plethora of on-campus voter registration activities. The results of these drives are most often assessed by tallying the number of voter registration cards collected. Little has been done, however, to more carefully investigate these results. As a first attempt to examine postdrive results more thoroughly, we ask two questions. First, do students who register through an on-campus voter registration drive actually make it to the voting booth? Second, does providing basic information about the voting process increase turnout among students who register through an on-campus voter registration drive? In this study, we investigate the overall turnout rate of students registering to vote in the 2008 presidential election through on-campus registration drives by validating votes through the office of the county voting registrar. We then compare the turnout rate of students who registered through the on-campus drives with the turnout rate of similar young people nationwide. Finally, we investigate whether the provision of information through certain avenues boosts turnout. Our findings show that students who registered through an on-campus voter registration drive turned out to vote at a higher rate than similar young people nationwide. Additionally, we found small but important effects of information provision through different formats.
The SOHO Solar Oscillations Investigation on the Web

Abstract The Solar Oscillations Investigation (SOI) is an international project to study the Sun's interior using data from the Michelson Doppler Imager on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory and the newly developing techniques of the field of helioseismology. We have committed to using the World-Wide Web not only to provide information and public data, but as an active tool for defining science objectives, planning and conducting the mission operations and attendant data processing, as well as distribution of data to team members. SOI is organized into a number of Science Teams with responsibility for various aspects of the mission. As the team members are widely dispersed geographically, the Web will be used to provide them with operational views into all aspects of the data flow from observations through the production of organized calibrated datasets. The same tools will be available to team members and guest investigators conducting individual science investigations.
On actual significance levels of combined tests

We examine the actual significance level of a testing procedure which rejects when the most significant outcome of several tests exceeds the standard normal critical valueu x. We show that the level of such a procedure can exceed a considerably. The results are illustrated by examples from medical research
Quantitative trace-level speciation of arsenite and arsenate in drinking water by ion chromatography

We describe an improved method for the determination of inorganic arsenic in drinking water. The method is based on comprehensive optimization of the anion-exchange ion chromatographic (IC) separation of arsenite and arsenate with post-column generation and detection of the arsenate–molybdate heteropoly acid (AMHPA) complex ion. The arsenite capacity factor was improved from 0.081 to 0.13 by using a mobile phase (2.0 mL min−1) composed of 2.5 mM Na2CO3 and 0.91 mM NaHCO3 (pH 10.5). A post-column photo-oxidation reactor (2.5 m × 0.7 mm) was optimized (0.37 µM potassium persulfate at 0.50 mL min−1) such that arsenite was converted to arsenate with 99.8 ± 4.2% efficiency. Multi-variate optimization of the complexation reaction conditions yielded the following levels: 1.3 mM ammonium molybdate, 7.7 mM ascorbic acid, 0.48 M nitric acid, 0.17 mM potassium antimony tartrate, and 1.0% (v/v) glycerol. A long-path length flow cell (Teflon AF, 100-cm) was used to measure the absorption of the AMHPA complex (818 ± 2 nm). Figures of merit for arsenite/arsenate include: limit of detection (1.6/0.40 µg L−1); standard error in absorbance (5.1 × 10−3/3.5 × 10−3); and sensitivity (2.9 × 10−3/2.2 × 10−3 absorbance units per ppb). Successful application of the method to fortified surface and ground waters (100 µL samples) is also described.
Monte Carlo Calculations for Alcohols and Their Mixtures with Alkanes. Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria. 5. United-Atom Description of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols

The transferable potentials for phase equilibria-united atom (TraPPE-UA) force field for hydrocarbons is extended to primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols by introducing the following (pseudo-)atoms: common hydroxyl O and H for all alcohols, α-CH3, α-CH2, α-CH, and α-C for methanol, primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, respectively. In the TraPPE-UA force field, the nonbonded interactions of these sites are governed by Lennard−Jones 12−6 potentials and Coulombic interactions of fixed partial charges. The values of these partial charges were borrowed from the optimized potentials for liquid simulations-united atom (OPLS−UA) force field [Jorgensen, W. L. J. Phys. Chem. 1986, 90, 1276]. The Lennard−Jones well depth and size parameters for the new interaction sites were determined by fitting to the single-component vapor−liquid-phase equilibria of a few selected model compounds. Although the well-depth parameters for the α-carbons could be taken directly from the TraPPE-UA parameters for the corres...
Family Meals and Substance Use: Is There a Long-Term Protective Association?

Abstract Purpose To examine 5-year longitudinal associations between family meal patterns and subsequent substance use in adolescents. Methods A total of 806 Minnesota adolescents were surveyed in public schools in 1998–1999 (mean age, 12.8 years) and again by mail in 2003–2004 (mean age, 17.2 years) as part of a longitudinal population-based study. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use at follow-up for adolescents reporting regular family meals at baseline compared with those without regular family meals, adjusting for family connectedness and prior substance use. Results Family meal frequency at baseline was associated with significantly lower odds of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and marijuana use at follow-up among female adolescents, even after adjusting for baseline substance use and additional covariates. Family meals were not associated with use of any substance at follow-up for male adolescents after adjusting for baseline use. Conclusions Results from this study suggest that regular family meals in adolescence may have a long-term protective association with the development of substance use over 5 years among females. Parents should be encouraged to establish a pattern of regular family meals, as this activity may have long lasting benefits
Bimolecular exothermic reaction with vaporization in the half-wetted slab catalyst

Abstract The steady-state behavior of a partially wetted, porous slab which catalyzes an exothermic, bimolecular reaction (A + D → B) is simulated. One face of the catalyst is wetted by a flowing liquid film and the other is exposed directly to the gas. The interplay between partial external wetting, exothermic reaction, vaporization, imbibition and intraparticle and external transport processes is assessed by examining the dependence of catalyst effectiveness, degree of pore filling, and other state variables on the catalytic activity (Thiele modulus). The simulations reveal an interesting competition between the gas and liquid phases for the void space. While liquid imbibition, capillary condensation, and the endothermic demands of the vaporization process promote the filling of the pores with liquid , the exothermic reaction, rapid transport in gas-filled pores, and ineffective heat removal from the nonwetted face combine to help fill the pores with gas. The outcome of the competition has a significant impact on the catalyst effectiveness. The effectiveness dependence on Thiele modulus can consist of hysteresis and multiple local minima and maxima. The analysis demonstrates a smooth transition between the case of the completely filled, essentially isothermal pellet within which only diffusion and reaction occur, and the mostly gas-filled pellet within which dramatic nonisothermal and nonisobaric transport and reaction occurs. Performance comparisons between the half-wetted slab and a completely nonwetted slab elucidate the differences between the single-phase and multiphase situations.
Applying Buddhist Practices to Advocacy: The Advocacy-Serving Model

Creating and retaining empathic connections with the most disenfranchised among us can take a toll on the wellness of counselor advocates. The Advocacy-Serving Model is introduced as a creative approach to strengthening the ability of advocates to serve through enhancing awareness, focusing actions, and connecting to community. The model integrates Buddhist practices into advocacy work. This article includes a brief description of advocacy, an overview of applicable Buddhist approaches, and an illustration of the model used in individual advocacy work.
IMPACT OF FEMALE GENDER ON MORTALITY AFTER ISOLATED CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING

Short & long term mortality in women undergoing CABG has been evaluated in multiple studies with conflicting results. We conducted meta–analysis of existing literature to evaluate the impact of female sex on mortality in patients undergoing isolated CABG. A comprehensive literature search (PubMed
Local stability of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome c2 probed by solution phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry

The hydrogen/deuterium exchange kinetics of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome c2 have been determined using mass spectrometry. As expected, the relative domain stability was generally similar to that of the cytochrome c2 structural homolog, horse heart cytochrome c, but we were able to find evidence to support the presence of a second, small β-sheet not found in the horse cytochrome, which stabilizes a structural region dominated by Ω loops. Importantly, we find that the so-called hinge region, comprised of 15 amino acids, which include the methionine sixth heme ligand (M96), is destabilized on oxidation, and this destabilization is propagated to a portion of the second Ω loop, most likely through perturbation of two hydrogen bonds that couple these two domains in the three dimensional structure. The mutation of a lysine at position 93 to proline amplifies the destabilization observed on oxidation of the wild-type cytochrome c2 and results in further destabilization observed in regions 52–60, 75–82, and 83–97. This suggests that hydrogen bond interactions involving two bound waters, the T94 hydroxyl, the front heme propionate and the Y75 hydroxyl, are significantly compromised upon mutation. In summary, these observations are consistent with the ∼20-fold increase in the movement of the hinge away from the heme face in the oxidized cytochrome c2 as determined by ligand binding kinetics. Thus, H/D exchange kinetics can be used to identify relatively subtle structural features and at least in some cases facilitate the understanding of the structural basis of the dynamic properties of proteins.
Elevated serum creatinine levels associated with fenofibrate therapy

Purpose. The case of a patient who developed clinically relevant increases in serum creatinine (SCr) levels while receiving fenofibrate therapy is reported. Summary. Fenofibrate therapy was initiated for a 60-year old Hispanic man with stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Two weeks after taking 48 mg of fenofibrate daily, the patient’s SCr and blood urea nitrogen concentrations increased from 3.0 and 25 mg/dL, respectively, to 3.5 and 30 mg/dL, respectively. His estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) had decreased from 24.8 to 17.9 mL/min/1.73 m2. One month after initiating fenofibrate, his SCr concentration had increased to 3.7 mg/dL, a 32% increase from baseline. Because of persistently high triglyceride concentrations (e.g., 402 mg/dL), the fenofibrate dosage was increased to 145 mg daily. The patient’s SCr concentration rose to 4.7 mg/dL (a 62% increase from baseline), and his eGFR was calculated as 13 mL/min/1.73 m2. The patient was referred by the nephrology service for vascular-access placement in preparation for hemodialysis. Four days after discontinuation of fenofibrate, the patient’s SCr concentration dropped to 3.3 mg/dL and returned to baseline approximately six weeks later, with an eGFR of 20.5 mL/min/1.73 m2. Preparation for hemodialysis was terminated, and the patient’s eGFR remained stable at 20.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 for the 12 months after fenofibrate discontinuation. A score of 4 on the Naranjo et al. probability scale indicated that there was a possible association between fenofibrate and renal dysfunction in this patient. Conclusion. A 60-year-old patient developed renal impairment after receiving fenofibrate for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia.
The Moderating Influence of Asthma Diagnosis on Biobehavioral Health Characteristics of Women of Reproductive Age

Promoting healthy behaviors to improve pregnancy outcomes requires an understanding of the factors influencing health behaviors among at-risk populations. We hypothesized that women with an asthma diagnosis would have poorer biobehavioral health risk factors and pregnancy outcomes compared to women without an asthma diagnosis. The Central Pennsylvania Women’s Health Study (CePAWHS) included a population-based survey examining health status indicators, risk factors and outcomes, and detailed pregnancy histories among 2,002 women (ages 18–45). 213 asthmatics were identified. Compared with Non-asthmatic women (NA), Asthmatic (A) women reported lower rates of excellent health status (45% A vs. 65% NA, P < 0.001), were more likely to be overweight or obese (68% A vs. 50% NA, P < 0.001), and were more likely to have smoked cigarettes during their first pregnancy (25% A vs. 17% NA, P < 0.01). Psychological measures (psychosocial hassles, low self-esteem, depression) were reported more often in asthmatics than non-asthmatics. Also, asthmatics reported a higher incidence of gestational diabetes (10% A vs. 6% of NA, P = 0.05), preterm births (25% A vs. 16% NA, P < 0.01), and had a higher proportion of low birth weight infants (20% A vs. 13% NA, P = 0.03) compared with non-asthmatics. As predicted, asthmatics had poorer biobehavioral risk factors and outcomes compared to non-asthmatics. These findings illustrate the need to target asthmatic women of reproductive age, particularly in this largely rural setting, with interventions to reduce biobehavioral risk factors as part of a strategy to improve pregnancy outcomes.
Pharmacological properties of recombinant "diazepam-insensitive" GABAA receptors.

Abstract Both native and recombinant “diazepam-insensitive” GABAA receptors (DI) are characterized by the very low affinities of prototypic 1,4-benzodiazepines such as diazepam and the high affinity of an imidazobenzodiazepine, Ro 15-4513. The presence of either an α4 or α6 subunit imparts this unusual pharmacological profile to DI. Based on the affinities of these compounds at recombinant DI, the pharmacological properties of α4- and α6-bearing receptor isoforms appear to be very similar if not identical. Using a larger sample of structurally diverse compounds, we now demonstrate distinct but related ligand binding profiles of recombinant α4β2γ2 and α6β2γ2 DI. Comparison of 18 ligands drawn from three principal structural groups (β-carbolines, imidazobenzodiazepines and pyrazoloquinolinones) revealed that the affinity of at least one representative from each group differed by >5-fold between α4- and α6β2γ2 receptors. While the high correlation (r2 = 0.926; p
Evidence for a transketolase-mediated metabolic checkpoint governing biotrophic growth in rice cells by the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

The blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae threatens global food security through the widespread destruction of cultivated rice. Foliar infection requires a specialized cell called an appressorium that generates turgor to force a thin penetration hypha through the rice cuticle and into the underlying epidermal cells, where the fungus grows for the first days of infection as a symptomless biotroph. Understanding what controls biotrophic growth could open new avenues for developing sustainable blast intervention programs. Here, using molecular genetics and live-cell imaging, we dismantled M. oryzae glucose-metabolizing pathways to reveal that the transketolase enzyme, encoded by TKL1, plays an essential role in facilitating host colonization during rice blast disease. In the absence of transketolase, Δtkl1 mutant strains formed functional appressoria that penetrated rice cuticles successfully and developed invasive hyphae (IH) in rice cells from primary hyphae. However, Δtkl1 could not undertake sustained biotrophic growth or cell-to-cell movement. Transcript data and observations using fluorescently labeled histone H1:RFP fusion proteins indicated Δtkl1 mutant strains were alive in host cells but were delayed in mitosis. Mitotic delay could be reversed and IH growth restored by the addition of exogenous ATP, a metabolite depleted in Δtkl1 mutant strains. We show that ATP might act via the TOR signaling pathway, and TOR is likely a downstream target of activation for TKL1. TKL1 is also involved in controlling the migration of appressorial nuclei into primary hyphae in host cells. When taken together, our results indicate transketolase has a novel role in mediating - via ATP and TOR signaling - an in planta-specific metabolic checkpoint that controls nuclear migration from appressoria into primary hyphae, prevents mitotic delay in early IH and promotes biotrophic growth. This work thus provides new information about the metabolic strategies employed by M. oryzae to enable rice cell colonization.
Improved thermal properties of etched-well surface-emitting lasers with highly-doped P-cladding

ABSTRACT A comprehensive, self-consistent thermal-electrical model of etched-well GaAs/A1GaAsvertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL5) is utilized to study thermal properties of cwoperating devices. Various configurations of doping concentration in both cladding layers are considered. It is shown that significant improvement in controlling excessive heating of VCSELscan be achieved by relatively straightforward technological means, provided thermal behavior of the device is well understood. In particular, by increasing the doping level in the P-AlGaAs layer, the active region temperature can be reduced dramatically. The iV-AlGaAs doping levelhas a decisive influence on the homogeneity of current injection into the active region. 1 . INTRODUCTIONVertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL5) carry a formidable potential for novel ap-plications such as optical interconnects, optical information processing, free-space communica- tions, optical recording, etc. Compared to grating surface emitters or deflected-beam diodelasers, VCSELs offer the advantages of high packing density, unconstrained arrangement of
Design, implementation, and use of a real-time distributed simulation testbed for mobile communication networks

There is a need to design, develop, and test new mobile communication networks for military applications. The hardware cost to outfit a single node may be quite high. Much of the cost is in rf hardware, modems, and encryption devices. Replicating such costs over several nodes and adding the cost of maintaining a field site can quickly lead to unacceptable budget levels. One solution to this problem is, in the initial development and testing phase, to develop network communication systems that can operate with either real or simulated transmitters, receivers, modems, etc. This paper describes how we accomplished this task for the development of a high frequency, data/voice (D/V) mobile network. The underlying, distributed, real-time simulation software evolved from Sim++2. On top of this we built a simulation package to model mobile communication networks. Software for the SubNet Controller (SNC) of the hf D/V Network was developed to work with these simulation packages as well as to work with real rf equipment. The SNC software was tested in a 6-node network in which some of the rf equipment was simulated and some was real. The resultant system provides a testbed for examining the performance of command and control systems that must operate over mobile rf communication systems.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Observations on the effect of urea on crystalline pepsin.

Abstract A marked loss of the enzymic activity occurs if pepsin is kept in urea-containing buffers at temperatures above 20 °C. The rate of the inactivation process is a function of the urea concentration, pH, and the composition of the solvent. The loss of activity, moreover, is accompanied by changes in the ultraviolet absorption of the protein, in the electrophoretic properties, and in its solubility in trichloroacetic acid.
Di-ionizable calix[4]arene-1,3-crown-4 ligands in 1,3-alternate, cone, and partial-cone conformations: synthesis and metal ion extractions

Abstract Di-ionizable calix[4]arene-1,3-crown-4 compounds locked in 1,3-alternate, cone, and partial-cone conformations are synthesized for evaluation in metal ion separations. The ionizable functions include carboxylic acid and N-(X)sulfonyl carboxamide groups in which the acidity is tuned by variation of the electron-withdrawing ability of X. Similar synthetic routes were employed for preparation of the cone and 1,3-alternate ligand series. A different preparative route utilizing protection and deprotection was required to obtain the partial-cone analogues. Ligand conformations were confirmed by their proton and/or carbon NMR spectra. X-ray diffraction verified an unusual 1,2-alternate conformation in the solid-state for one synthetic intermediate. Effects of ligand conformation and ionizable group variations on competitive solvent extractions of alkali and alkaline earth metal cations from aqueous solutions into chloroform were assessed. Single species solvent extractions of Hg2+ and Pb2+ were also performed.
Role of NDE in bridge health monitoring

In the last decade, many advanced sensing and measurement technologies have been developed or transferred from defense use to infrastructure applications. It is now possible to measure various properties of a structural system, its elements and materials. However, the development of new technologies and tools should be considered in conjunction with fundamental changes and new paradigms as opposed to simple modifications to civil infrastructure systems engineering practice. It may be useful to start with a bold vision for an integrated bridge structural and operational management capability, and to properly design, develop, validate, demonstrate and standardize the technologies that are needed in conjunction with this vision. The term `health-monitoring', used in relation to intelligent infrastructure, will be helpful for formulating a complete and coherent vision for the bridge management of the future. The writers define `health monitoring,' as the measurement of the operating and loading environment and the critical responses of a structure in order to track and evaluate the symptoms of operational anomalies and/or deterioration or damage that may impact service or safety reliability.
Description of an influenza vaccination campaign and use of a randomized survey to determine participation rates.

Objectives. To describe the procedures used during an influenza immunization program and the use of a randomized survey to quantify the vaccination rate among healthcare workers with and without patient contact. Design. Influenza immunization vaccination program and a randomized survey. Setting. Johns Hopkins University and Health System. Methods. The 2008/2009 Johns Hopkins Influenza Immunization Program was administered to 40,000 employees, including 10,763 healthcare workers. A 10% randomized sample (1,084) of individuals were interviewed to evaluate the vaccination rate among healthcare workers with direct patient contact. Results. Between September 23, 2008, and April 30, 2009, a total of 16,079 vaccinations were administered. Ninety‐four percent (94.5%) of persons who were vaccinated received the vaccine in the first 7 weeks of the campaign. The randomized survey demonstrated an overall vaccination rate of 71.3% (95% confidence interval, 68.6%–74.0%) and a vaccination rate for employees with direct...
Patterns of interdependence in cooperative work of elementary children

Abstract Following a theoretical analysis of factors which foster interpersonal cooperation, this study explored conditions conducive to school children's working together harmoniously and productively. Seventy-six like-sexed triads of fourth- and fifth-graders were asked to cooperate in making a block picture on a round board. Five conditions were created, varying in patterns of interdependence. All conditions included goal interdependence; they differed systematically in the presence of task requirements, task roles, and group roles. Behavior was precoded into various group oriented and individual oriented categories. An index of quality of performance was constructed. As hypothesized, while goal interdependence was sufficient to bring about friendly interactions, it did not maximize occurrence of group oriented behavior. Children worked together most, and performance was significantly better, under conditions where taks requirements, task roles, and group roles were present together. A strong consistent pattern of sex differences was found, with boys showing greater independence from experimental role inductions than did the girls, whose cooperative work pattern and performance increased systematically as their interdependence was strengthened in the five conditions. Implications for instructional practice are examined.
Simultaneous transport of heat and moisture in a partially saturated porous media

Abstract The equations governing the transfer of heat and mass in a partially saturated soil are presented and solved numerically. A parametric study showing the effect of various terms on the distributions of temperature and moisture within the soil are given.
Multi-mechanism anisotropic model for granular materials

Abstract By representing the assembly by a simplified column model, a constitutive theory, referred to as sliding–rolling theory, was recently developed for a two-dimensional assembly of rods subjected to biaxial loading, and then extended to a three-dimensional assembly of spheres subjected to triaxial (equibiaxial) loading. The sliding–rolling theory provides a framework for developing a phenomenological constitutive law for granular materials, which is the objective of the present work. The sliding–rolling theory provides information concerning yield and flow directions during radial and non-radial loading. In addition, the theory provides information on the role of fabric anisotropy on the stress–strain behavior and critical state shear strength. In the present paper, a multi-axial phenomenological model is developed within the sliding–rolling framework by utilizing the concepts of critical state, classical elasto-plasticity and bounding surface. The resulting theory involves two yield surfaces and falls within the definition of the multi-mechanism models. Computational issues concerning the solution uniqueness for stress states at the corner of yield surfaces are addressed. The effect of initial and induced fabric anisotropy on the constitutive behavior is incorporated. It is shown that the model is capable of simulating the effect of anisotropy, and the behavior of loose and dense sands under drained and undrained loading.
Cerebral blood flow responses to indomethacin in awake newborn pigs

ABSTRACT: The prostaglandin H-synthase inhibitor in-domethacin decreases cerebral blood flow (CBF) in newborn pigs. The duration of this effect on CBF has not been established in piglets in the awake state. The purpose of the study was to determine in awake piglets the duration of cerebral vascular responses to a single dose of indo-methacin and the CBF responses to a second dose of indomethacin. Two groups of animals were studied. Newborn pigs 3–5 d old were instrumented the day before experiments. On the next day, sagittal sinus catheters were placed after the piglets were given local anesthesia. The experiments were performed on unanesthetized piglets that were put in a cloth sling and fed via an orogastric tube. In the first group of piglets (n = 8), the baseline CBF (microspheres) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) measurements were made 30 min after sagittal sinus catheter placement. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) was then given slowly over a 5-min period, and CBF and CMRO2 measurements were made at 10, 60, 120, and 240 min. Total CBF (mean ± SEM) decreased significantly after indomethacin administration from 98 ± 12 mL·min−1·100 g−1 to 50 ± 3, 56 ± 7, and 70 ± 11 mLmin·−1· 100 g−1 at 10, 60, and 120 min, respectively. The total CBF returned to baseline levels at 240 min (101 ± 16 mL−1·min−1·100 g·−1). After indomethacin administration, the CMRO2 decreased significantly from the baseline level of 3.57 ± 0.52 mL O2/100 g−1min−1 to 2.50 ± 0.39, 2.69 ± 0.52, and 2.41 ± 0.31 mL O2/100 g−1min−1 at 10, 60, and 120 min, respectively. The CMRO2 returned to baseline by 240 min (3.09 ±0.46 mL O2/100 g−1min−1). In the first group of piglets, we observed maximum CBF responses between 10–60 min of indomethacin administration and return of CBF to baseline values within 4 h. Therefore, in another group of piglets (n = 10) we determined the effect of a repeated dose of indomethacin on CBF. The first baseline CBF measurements were made, and then indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) was given. The CBF measurements were repeated at 30 min. Four hours later, a second baseline CBF determination was made, and a second dose of indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) was administered. Thirty minutes after the second dose of indomethacin, CBF was measured again. Total CBF decreased significantly (p < 0.05) 30 min after the first dose of indomethacin (91 ± 10 to 52 ± 5 mLmin−1·100 g−1). By 4 h, total and regional CBF returned to baseline values (NS). With the second dose of indomethacin, total CBF again decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from baseline values (from 77 ± 4 to 55 ± 6 mL·min−1·100 g−1). We conclude that i.v. administration of indomethacin at 5 mg/kg to unanesthetized piglets results in decreased CBF and CMRO2, which return to baseline levels by 4 h after treatment, and that a second dose of indomethacin also results in a decrease in CBF similar to that evoked by the first dose.
Polylysogeny for Bacteriophage Lambda.

Abstract Polylysogenic subclones are found in most of the colonies of Escherichia coli K12 surviving a multiple infection with genetically marked λ phages. Establishment of double lysogeny by superinfection of singly lysogenic strains with a genetically marked λ is relatively rare; its frequency is increased, however, by irradiating the superinfecting phage with ultraviolet (UV) light previous to its adsorption. Doubly lysogenic strains produced by these three methods were examined. All are unstable in respect to their total prophage content: segregants showing loss of one or more prophage markers are produced at a rate of 10 −2 to 10 −3 per cell division. Any of the phage markers examined can be lost; the relative frequencies of their loss suggests differences in the nature of doubly lysogenic strains of different origin. No λ-sensitive segregants were found. The two phage genomes of doubly lysogenic strains are found in unequal, strain-specific amounts in UV-induced lysates, which also contain a large amount of recombinant types. Both prophages of each doubly lysogenic strain examined appear to be fixed to the bacterial chromosome in the characteristic λ-region. They could not be separated either by bacterial recombination or by transduction by phage P1 from nonlysogenic donors into doubly lysogenic acceptors. Joint transfer of two λ prophages by P1 occurs if P1 is grown on donors doubly lysogenic for λ: λ-sensitive acceptors infected with such a lysate and plated with λ indicator give λ plaques which are due to transfer induction and contain both λ genotypes of the donor. Exceptional surviving clones being transduced jointly for gal markers and λ lysogeny are, however, always singly lysogenic specifically for one of the two prophages of the donor.
Raman studies of the C-H and C-D stretching regions in stearic acid and some specifically deuterated derivatives

Abstract Raman spectra of polycrystalline stearic acid- d 0 , stearic acid- d 35 , 16:16- d 2 -18:18:18- d 3 -stearic acid, 18:18:18- d 3 -stearic acid, 17:17- d 2 -stearic acid, 17- d 1 -stearic acid, 16:16- d 2 -stearic acid, 12:12- d 2 -stearic acid and 12- d 1 -stearic acid have been obtained for the region containing the C-D and C-H stretching vibrations. Assignments of the methyl, methyl- d 3 , methylene, methylene- d 2 and methylene- d 1 stretching vibrations are discussed.
Solvent effects on rechargeable lithium cells

The behaviour of several solvents in rechargeable lithium cells employing two different structure type cathodes, ns-V6O13 a framework oxide, and TiS2 a layered material, was compared. Excellent cycling behaviour and high energy were obtained for the Li/ns-V6O13 cell at current densities as high as 5 mA cm−2 in the temperature range 25 to −40 °C. Cells utilizing an electrolyte of 2 M LiAsF6 in methyl formate were discharged at a current density of 2 mA cm−2 at −40 °C with 37% cell efficiency at an energy density of 255 W h kg−1 (based on active material). Use of an LiAsF6/2-MeTHF electrolyte with ns-V6O13 resulted in satisfactory cycle-life, but at significantly reduced capacities than observed with the LiAsF6/MF electrolyte. This is attributed to the lower conductivities of 2-MeTHF solutions. The results for Li/TiS2 cells are in direct contrast with those observed for ns-V6O13. Use of MF solutions with TiS2 results in extremely low capacities while capacities and cycle life in 2-MeTHF solutions are quite good. These differences are attributed to a combination of factors including solvent co-intercalation, ion salvation, and solvent decomposition.
Dissociation Energies of Silicon Clusters: A Depth Gauge for the Global Minimum on the Potential Energy Surface

We have modeled the dissociation of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{n}$ neutrals and cations in the $n\ensuremath{\le}26$ range. The fragmentation pathways up to $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}26$ and dissociation energies up to $n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}20$ have been calculated assuming a statistical decomposition process. The results for the cations are in good agreement with the measurements. This indicates that our search of configuration space for the silicon clusters in this size range has indeed found the global minima---a family of ``stacked ${\mathrm{Si}}_{9}$ tricapped trigonal prisms.'' This is the first time that dissociation energies have been used to test the results of a global optimization.
The Syrian hamster model of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a relatively rare, but frequently fatal disease associated with New World hantaviruses, most commonly Sin Nombre and Andes viruses in North and South America, respectively. It is characterized by fever and the sudden, rapid onset of severe respiratory distress and cardiogenic shock, which can be fatal in up to 50% of cases. Currently there are no approved antiviral therapies or vaccines for the treatment or prevention of HPS. A major obstacle in the development of effective medical countermeasures against highly pathogenic agents like the hantaviruses is recapitulating the human disease as closely as possible in an appropriate and reliable animal model. To date, the only animal model that resembles HPS in humans is the Syrian hamster model. Following infection with Andes virus, hamsters develop HPS-like disease which faithfully mimics the human condition with respect to incubation period and pathophysiology of disease. Perhaps most importantly, the sudden and rapid onset of severe respiratory distress observed in humans also occurs in hamsters. The last several years has seen an increase in studies utilizing the Andes virus hamster model which have provided unique insight into HPS pathogenesis as well as potential therapeutic and vaccine strategies to treat and prevent HPS. The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of HPS disease progression in Syrian hamsters and discuss the suitability of utilizing this model to evaluate potential medical countermeasures against HPS.
Measurement of rain parameters by optical scintillation: computer simulation of the correlation method.

Earlier analysis of the use of laser-beam scintillations to measure path-averaged rainfall rate and drop-size distribution has been well verified for pathlengths up to 140 m even though, for such a path, overlapping of the scintillation patterns violates a simplifying assumption of the analyses. Analytic extension of the theory to the case where the scintillation patterns overlap appears intractable, so a computer simulation has been used to investigate that limitation of the theory. That simulation, presented here, verifies that the original scintillation–covariance technique for measuring rainfall parameters is, with only a slight modification, still applicable in the presence of overlapping scintillation patterns from many raindrops.
Variation in susceptibility to experimental dermatomycosis in genetic strains of mice, I. Preliminary studies

Results of a preliminary study of the degree of susceptibility of two inbred mouse strains (C 57 B1/6 and DBA2) and the F1 progeny (BDF1) of these lines are reported. The possible significance of our findings are discussed in respect to the published accounts of the influence of the age, physiological response mechanisms, and immunological defense mechanisms of the suscept host and the age and strain of the fungus and the size of the inoculum. The possibility of theTrichophyton mentagrophytes carriers being animals that had the disease several times in the past, resulting in immunity or a high degree of resistance, is suggested. The results of this study have indicated several technical refinements which will be incorporated into subsequent experiments.
Thurstone scaling via binary response regression

Abstract Thurstone scaling is a widely used tool in marketing research, as well as in areas of applied psychology. The positions of the compared items, or stimuli on a Thurstone scale are estimated by averaging the quantiles corresponding to frequencies of each stimulus’s preference over the other stimuli. We consider maximum likelihood estimation for Thurstone scaling that utilizes paired comparison data. From this perspective we obtain a binary response regression with a probit or logit link. In addition to the levels on a psychological scale, the suggested approach produces standard errors, t -statistics, and other characteristics of regression quality. This approach can help in both the theoretical interpretation and the practical application of Thurstone modeling.
Relationships among habitat, ecomorphology and diets of cichlids in the Bladen River, Belize

The Neotropical Cichlidae is among the most species-rich and ecologically diverse groups of freshwater fishes. This study investigated interspecific morphological and ecological relationships within an assemblage of six cichlids in the Upper Bladen River, Belize. This portion of the river drains a nearly pristine watershed within a nature reserve, and thus should provide a natural ecological context for interpretation of ecological patterns. Species distributions within morphological, habitat and dietary space yielded patterns consistent with a hypothesis of niche partitioning. Statistical analyses of the species assemblage revealed relationships between two principal morphological gradients from multivariate analysis with several diet and habitat variables, and these patterns were consistent with prior functional morphological interpretations. Given that this local cichlid assemblage contains no congeneric species, it is apparent that morphological divergence resulting in niche segregation reflects selective establishment of species from a more species-rich regional species pool rather than in situ adaptive evolution.
Scaling toxicity data across species

The response of various species to doses of chemicals can often give the impression that some (such as cattle in the case of molybdenum) are much more susceptible than others to these chemicals. These impressions usually rely on an underlying assumption that equivalent doses are based on mg of the chemical per kg body weight of the animal. That is, that doses scale as the first power of body weight. This assumption is more often wrong than right. When viewed in a more general way, where the scaling is proportional to a power of the body weight and the exponent determined empirically, it is often found that equivalent doses scale with an exponent in the range of 0.6 to 0.8. As a result, larger animals are indeed more susceptible to toxicity on a mg kg−1 body weight basis, but this is not because of unique differences in the species, but only because of different body sizes. This method of scaling is called allometry or allometric scaling. An early version of this approach was based on body surface area where the exponent is 2/3. More recently, pharmacokinetics has revealed that the reason for the different response of larger animals is related to the slower metabolic and clearance rates for larger animals which give rise to larger biological half-lives for chemicals in the body and to higher tissue concentrations per given dose.
Synchronization of finite-state pulse-coupled oscillators

Abstract We propose a novel generalized cellular automaton (GCA) model for discrete-time pulse-coupled oscillators and study the emergence of synchrony. Given a finite simple graph and an integer n ≥ 3 , each vertex is an identical oscillator of period n with the following weak coupling along the edges: each oscillator inhibits its phase update if it has at least one neighboring oscillator at a particular ”blinking” state and if its state is ahead of this blinking state. We obtain conditions on initial configurations and on network topologies for which states of all vertices eventually synchronize. We show that our GCA model synchronizes arbitrary initial configurations on paths, trees, and with random perturbation, any connected graph. In particular, our main result is the following local–global principle for tree networks: for n ∈ { 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } , any n -periodic network on a tree synchronizes arbitrary initial configuration if and only if the maximum degree of the tree is less than the period n .
The Current Impact and Carryover of Advertising on Sales in the Restaurant Industry

ABSTRACT A common source of conflict in the relationship between restaurant franchise and franchisee involves advertising fees. Conflict arises when the franchisee feels that he or she has not received an adequate return on his or her advertising investment. This paper reports the results of a study conducted on both the short-term and long-term effectiveness (duration) of advertising among restaurant chains. The findings suggest that only a small proportion of restaurant chains enjoy immediate, positive returns to their advertising fees. However, over half of all chains examined realized a significant carryover effect of advertising. Several explanations are offered as to why these results are found and recommendations are made as to how restaurant chains should react to these findings.