cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Far-infrared studies in epitaxial films of III–V and IV–VI semiconductors*

The conventional two-oscillator model together with the assumption of an abrupt interface has been used to fit far-infrared reflection and transmission data for the epitaxial-substrate systems PbSe on NaCl, Pb0.79Sn0.21Te on Pb0.79Sn0.21Te, and InAs on semi-insulating GaAs. The model worked well for the first system but failed for the other two. These results suggest, as Tennant and Cape found for PbSnTe, that interface effects appear in far-infrared data. The interface phenomena appear to involve free-carrier mixing across the interface in the PbSnTe system and both carrier and lattice mixing in InAs–GaAs. The joint measurement of reflection and transmission was found especially helpful in analyzing interface behavior. A new high-power pumped far-infrared laser spectrometer was used to make the transmission measurements.
Changing mortality and average cohort life expectancy

Period life expectancy varies with changes in mortality and should not be confused with the life expectancy of those alive during that period. Given past and likely future mortality changes a recent debate has arisen on the usefulness of the period life expectancy as the leading measure of survivorship. An alternative aggregate measure of period mortality which has been seen as less sensitive to period changes the crosssectional average length of life (CAL) has been proposed as an alternative but has received only limited empirical or analytical examination. Here we introduce a new measure the average cohort life expectancy (ACLE) to provide a precise measure of the average length of life of cohorts alive at a given time. To compare the performance of ACLE with CAL and with period and cohort life expectancy we first use population models with changing mortality. Then the four aggregate measures of mortality are calculated for England and Wales Norway and Switzerland for the years 1880 to 2000. CAL is found to be sensitive to past and present changes in death rates. ACLE requires the most data but gives the best representation of the survivorship of cohorts present at a given time. (authors)
Cochlear implantation in a patient with superficial siderosis: an update

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to present follow-up on a previously reported case of successful cochlear implantation in a patient with superficial siderosis. Study design Retrospective case review. Results For the first 6 years after implantation, the patient had maintained a successful result; however, she developed a progressive decline in the benefit from her implant. Conclusion Benefit from cochlear implants in patients with superficial siderosis is variable and may not be long standing.
Transposon Tn7 preferentially inserts into GAA*TTC triplet repeats under conditions conducive to Y*R*Y triplex formation.

Background Expansion of an unstable GAA•TTC repeat in the first intron of the FXN gene causes Friedreich ataxia by reducing frataxin expression. Structure formation by the repeat has been implicated in both frataxin repression and GAA•TTC instability. The GAA•TTC sequence is capable of adopting multiple non-B DNA structures including Y•R•Y and R•R•Y triplexes. Lower pH promotes the formation of Y•R•Y triplexes by GAA•TTC. Here we used the bacterial transposon Tn7 as an in vitro tool to probe whether GAA•TTC repeats can attract a well-characterized recombinase. Methodology/Principal Findings Tn7 showed a pH-dependent preference for insertion into uninterrupted regions of a Friedreich ataxia patient-derived repeat, inserting 48, 39 and 14 percent of the time at pH 7, pH 8 and pH 9, respectively. Moreover, Tn7 also showed orientation and region specific insertion within the repeat at pH 7 and pH 8, but not at pH 9. In contrast, transposon Tn5 showed no strong preference for or against the repeat during in vitro transposition at any pH tested. Y•R•Y triplex formation was reduced in predictable ways by transposon interruption of the GAA•TTC repeat. However, transposon interruptions in the GAA•TTC repeats did not increase the in vitro transcription efficiency of the templates. Conclusions/Significance We have demonstrated that transposon Tn7 will recognize structures that form spontaneously in GAA•TTC repeats and insert in a specific orientation within the repeat. The conditions used for in vitro transposition span the physiologically relevant range suggesting that long GAA•TTC repeats can form triplex structures in vivo, attracting enzymes involved in DNA repair, recombination and chromatin modification.
Picking up speed: advances in the genetics of primary ciliary dyskinesia

Abnormal ciliary axonemal structure and function are linked to the growing class of genetic disorders collectively known as ciliopathies, and our understanding of the complex genetics and functional phenotypes of these conditions has rapidly expanded. While progress in genetics and biology has uncovered numerous cilia-related syndromes, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) remains the sole genetic disorder of motile cilia dysfunction. The first disease-causing mutation was described just 13 y ago, and since that time, the pace of gene discovery has quickened. These mutations separate into genes that encode axonemal motor proteins, structural and regulatory elements, and cytoplasmic proteins that are involved in assembly and preassembly of ciliary elements. These findings have yielded novel insights into the processes involved in ciliary assembly, structure, and function, which will allow us to better understand the clinical manifestations of PCD. Moreover, advances in techniques for genetic screening and sequencing are improving diagnostic approaches. In this article, we will describe the structure, function, and emerging genetics of respiratory cilia, review the genotype-phenotype relationships of motor ciliopathies, and explore the implications of recent discoveries for diagnostic testing for PCD.
Modulation of Basolateral Amygdala Neuronal Firing and Afferent Drive by Dopamine Receptor Activation In Vivo

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is implicated in responding to affective stimuli. Dopamine (DA) is released in the BLA during numerous conditions; however, the neurophysiological effects of DA in the BLA have not been examined in depth. In this study, the effects of DA receptor manipulation on spontaneous and afferent-driven neuronal firing were examined using in vivo extracellular single-unit recordings in parallel with systemic and iontophoretic drug application, and stimulation of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area in the rat. The effects of DA receptor activation in the BLA were found to depend on the characteristics of the BLA neuron examined, causing an increase in the firing rate of putative interneurons and a decrease in the firing of identified projection neurons. Additionally, DA receptor activation attenuated short-latency spikes evoked by electrical stimulation of prefrontal cortical and mediodorsal thalamic inputs to the BLA while potentiating the responses evoked by electrical stimulation of sensory association cortex. DA receptor activation can thus attenuate BLA projection neuron firing via two mechanisms: (1) by a direct inhibition, and (2) by indirect actions mediated via activation of BLA interneurons. This is hypothesized to lead to a global filtration of weaker inputs. Moreover, DA potentiates sensory inputs and attenuates medial prefrontal cortex inputs to the BLA. Conditions in which DA is released in the BLA, such as during the presentation of an affective stimulus, will lead to a potentiation of the strongest sensory input and a dampening of cortical inhibition over the BLA, thus augmenting the response to affective sensory stimuli.
Coexistence of tuberculous and cryptococcal meningitis.

A case is reported in which tuberculous meningitis and cryptococcal meningitis are thought to coexist. This has not been reported previously in the literature. Apparent remission of the cryptococcal meningitis followed therapy with ethyl vanillate. A review of the literature, including the treatment of cryptococcosis is presented.
Pacemakers in large arrays of oscillators with nonlocal coupling

We model pacemaker effects of an algebraically localized heterogeneity in a 1 dimensional array of oscillators with nonlocal coupling. We assume the oscillators obey simple phase dynamics and that the array is large enough so that it can be approximated by a continuous nonlocal evolution equation. We concentrate on the case of heterogeneities with positive average and show that steady solutions to the nonlocal problem exist. In particular, we show that these heterogeneities act as a wave source. This effect is not possible in 3 dimensional systems, such as the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation, where the wavenumber of weak sources decays at infinity. To obtain our results we use a series of isomorphisms to relate the nonlocal problem to the viscous eikonal equation. We then use Fredholm properties of the Laplace operator in Kondratiev spaces to obtain solutions to the eikonal equation, and by extension to the nonlocal problem.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF HEADINGS, QUESTIONS, AND LOCUS OF CONTROL TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST PERFORMANCE

This experiment examined the effects of headings and adjunct questions embedded in expository text on the delayed multiple-choice test performance of college students. Subjects in the headings-present group performed significantly better on the retention test than did the subjects in the headingsabsent group. The main effect of adjunct questions was not significant, but there was a significant interaction of locus of control group and adjunct questions. For subjects with an internal locus of control, performance in the questions-present condition significantly exceeded performance in the questions-absent condition; however, adjunct questions did not significantly affect the performance of subjects with an external locus of control. The results support the view that headings may promote the organization of passage information so as to increase its general availability, and the results suggest possible differences in the organizational effects of adjunct questions in readers differing in locus of control. This paper reports the results of an experiment investigating the effects of headings in text, when used in conjunction with adjunct questions, on multiple-choice test performance. The issue of the possible interaction of headings and questions in influencing multiple-choice test performance is an important one, given the prevalent use of multiple-choice tests in educational settings as a means of assessing text memory. The beneficial effects of adjunct questions on memory for prose have been reported in a large number of studies (see, for example, review articles by Anderson & Biddle, 1975; Andre, 1979; Rickards, 1979). In particular, Anderson and Biddle report in their review that a number of studies have found that
The protein kinase C pathway mediates cardioprotection induced by cardiac-specific overexpression of fibroblast growth factor-2.

Elucidation of protective mechanisms against ischemia-reperfusion injury is vital to the advancement of therapeutics for ischemic heart disease. Our laboratory has previously shown that cardiac-spe...
Petrology of the Composite Snoqualmie Batholith, Central Cascade Mountains, Washington

The Miocene epizonal Snoqualmie batholith consists of at least eight intrusive phases emplaced in a mafic to silicic sequence. This magma suite is characterized by the initial injection of olivine-bearing aluminous calcic gabbros followed by diorites, minor quartz diorites, abundant granodiorites, quartz monzonites, and biotite aplitic alaskites. The batholith consists of approximately 80 percent granodiorite, 12 percent quartz monzonite and alaskite, and 8 percent gabbro and diorite. Analyses of the major oxides from 100 rocks conclusively demonstrate the continuous and systematic range of composition of this calc-alkaline trend. An extensive range of composition is shown by CaO-K 2 O-Na 2 O and MgO-FeO(total iron)-alkali plots. Chemical trends closely parallel those of the Bald Mountain batholith, the Guadalupe Complex, the Southern California batholith, and Cascade volcanic lavas. The chemistry, mineralogy, structural features, and regional geologic setting of the batholith are compatible with a parent magma of approximate andesitic composition. The strong zoning of plagioclase, the successive appearance of several mafic mineral phases in most rocks, the sequence of emplacement, and the chemical trends of the intrusive suite suggest the operation of fractional crystallization. Differentiation of the parent magma produced progressively more granitic magmas which were subsequently emplaced in the crust. Partial or complete assimilation of unknown quantities of cognate mafic rocks may have been a modifying process. Both differentiation and assimilation appear to have occurred at deeper levels than are now exposed. Biotite alaskites plotted in the Ab-Or-Q-H 2 O system suggest that they were derived from quartz monzonite magmas at a depth between 4 and 7 km (1 to 2 kb). Stratigraphic reconstruction suggests batholithic emplacement between depths of 4000 to 8000 feet. The roof zone is presently exposed. Rocks of the batholith are directionless, relatively free of inclusions, and in sharp contact with the wall rocks. Emplacement probably occurred by lateral dilation and uplifting of the roof.
Objective Determination of Cloud Heights and Radar Reflectivities Using a Combination of Active Remote Sensors at the ARM CART Sites

Abstract The U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program is deploying sensitive, millimeter-wave cloud radars at its Cloud and Radiation Test Bed (CART) sites in Oklahoma, Alaska, and the tropical western Pacific Ocean. The radars complement optical devices, including a Belfort or Vaisala laser ceilometer and a micropulse lidar, in providing a comprehensive source of information on the vertical distribution of hydrometeors overhead at the sites. An algorithm is described that combines data from these active remote sensors to produce an objective determination of hydrometeor height distributions and estimates of their radar reflectivities, vertical velocities, and Doppler spectral widths, which are optimized for accuracy. These data provide fundamental information for retrieving cloud microphysical properties and assessing the radiative effects of clouds on climate. The algorithm is applied to nine months of data from the CART site in Oklahoma for initial evaluation. Much of...
Neuromuscular Performance Characteristics in Elite Female Athletes

The purpose of this research was to identify possible predisposing neuromuscular factors for knee injuries, particularly anterior cruciate ligament tears in female athletes by investigating anterior knee laxity, lower extremity muscle strength, endurance, muscle reaction time, and muscle recruitment order in response to anterior tibial translation. We recruited four subject groups: elite female (N = 40) and male (N = 60) athletes and sex-matched nonathletic controls ( N = 40). All participants underwent a subjective evaluation of knee function, arthrometer measurement of anterior tibial translation, isokinetic dynamometer strength and endurance tests at 60 and 240 deg/sec, and anterior tibial translation stress tests. Dynamic stress testing of muscles demonstrated less anterior tibial translation in the knees of the athletes (both men and women) com pared with the nonathletic controls. Female athletes and controls demonstrated more anterior tibial laxity than their male counterparts and significantly less...
Retail Infrastructure Costs Comparison for Hydrogen and Electricity for Light-Duty Vehicles

Both hydrogen and plug-in electric vehicles offer significant social benefits to enhance energy security and reduce criteria and greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. However, the rollout of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) and hydrogen retail stations (HRS) requires substantial investments with high risks due to many uncertainties. We compare retail infrastructure costs on a common basis - cost per mile, assuming fueling service to 10% of all light-duty vehicles in a typical 1.5 million person city in 2025. Our analysis considers three HRS sizes, four distinct types of EVSE and two distinct EVSE scenarios. EVSE station costs, including equipment and installation, are assumed to be 15% less than today's costs. We find that levelized retail capital costs per mile are essentially indistinguishable given the uncertainty and variability around input assumptions. Total fuel costs per mile for battery electric vehicle (BEV) and plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) are, respectively, 21% lower and 13% lower than that for hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) under the home-dominant scenario. Including fuel economies and vehicle costs makes FCEVs and BEVs comparable in terms of costs per mile, and PHEVs are about 10% less than FCEVs and BEVs. To account for geographic variability inmore » energy prices and hydrogen delivery costs, we use the Scenario Evaluation, Regionalization and Analysis (SERA) model and confirm the aforementioned estimate of cost per mile, nationally averaged, but see a 15% variability in regional costs of FCEVs and a 5% variability in regional costs for BEVs.« less
Emotion regulation via the autonomic nervous system in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Despite growing interest in conceptualizing ADHD as involving disrupted emotion regulation, few studies have examined the physiological mechanisms related to emotion regulation in children with this disorder. This study examined parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system reactivity via measures of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) in children with ADHD (n = 32) and typically developing controls (n = 34), using a novel emotion task with four conditions: negative induction, negative suppression, positive induction, and positive suppression of affect. Both groups showed strong task-response effects in RSA. However, typically developing children showed systematic variation in parasympathetic activity (RSA) depending on both emotion valence (more activation for negative emotion, reduced activation for positive emotion) and task demand (more activation for suppression than induction). In contrast, children with ADHD displayed a stable pattern of elevated parasympathetic activity (RSA) across all task conditions compared to baseline. No group differences in sympathetic activity (PEP) were observed. It is concluded ADHD in childhood is associated with abnormal parasympathetic mechanisms involved in emotion regulation.
Antioxidant Capacity, Phenolic Content, and Polysaccharide Content of Lentinus edodes Grown in Whey Permeate-Based Submerged Culture

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), phenolic content, and crude water-soluble polysaccharide (WSP) were determined for Lentinus edodes mycelia grown on both whey permeate (WP)-based medium with lactose content of 4.5% and controlled medium, and harvested after 5, 10, 15, or 20 d of fermentation at 25 degrees C. Both methanol extracts and water extracts of L. edodes in this study were found to exhibit high free radical scavenging capacity. The harvesting time was found to contribute to most of the variability in the free radical scavenging capacity. High levels of antioxidant capacities (0.28 +/- 0.03 and 0.29 +/- 0.06 mmol TAE/g dry weight for methanol and water extracts, respectively) were observed in mycelia grown on whey permeate and harvested on day 10. Harvesting time and the type of media can interact to alter the chemical content of mycelia. Mycelia grown in whey permeate had greater (P < 0.05) WSP than mycelia grown in the synthetic media. High levels of WSP (4.1 x 10(2)+/- 71 mg polysaccharide/g dried mycelia) were found in mycelia grown in whey permeate and harvested on day 10. Whey permeate grown mycelia had phenolic compounds ranging from 4.2 +/- 0.1 to 8.0 +/- 0.8 mg GAE/g dried mycelia. The overall means of total phenolic contents of mycelia grown in whey permeate were 5.9 +/- 0.5 and 6.2 +/- 0.6 mg GAE/g dried mycelia for methanol and water extracts, respectively.
Assessing the Impact of Irrigation Return Flow on River Salinity for Colorado's Arkansas River Valley

AbstractA river salinity model has been developed on the 21 major canal areas in the lower Arkansas River Basin in Colorado to address the impact of irrigation return flow on the river. The quantity of the return flow is predicted by constructing response functions for tailwater, canal leakage, and in-field deep percolation so that the spatial and temporal distribution of the return flow can be simulated. A groundwater table surface is generated using water table elevation data from 974 wells in the study area to establish flow paths and travel time for groundwater. The quality of the return flow is predicted by simulating the evapoconcentration process in the root zone soil in which hydro-chemical reactions occur and affect the salinity of in-field deep percolation water. The effects of shallow water table and high soil salinity on crops are simulated to account for the impacts that these two factors have on crop consumptive use. Model calibration and validation over a 192-month period from January 1986 ...
Requirements Coverage as an Adequacy Measure for Conformance Testing

Conformance testing in model-based development refers to the testing activity that verifies whether the code generated (manually or automatically) from the model is behaviorally equivalent to the model. Presently the adequacy of conformance testing is inferred by measuring structural coverage achieved over the model. We hypothesize that adequacy metrics for conformance testing should consider structural coverage over the requirementseither in place of or in addition to structural coverage over the model. Measuring structural coverage over the requirements gives a notion of how well the conformance tests exercise the required behavior of the system. We conducted an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stating structural coverage over formal requirements is more effective than structural coverage over the model as an adequacy measure for conformance testing. We found that the hypothesis was rejected at 5% statistical significance on three of the four case examples in our experiment. Nevertheless, we found that the tests providing requirements coverage found several faults that remained undetected by tests providing model coverage. We thus formed a second hypothesis stating that complementing model coverage with requirements coverage will prove more effective as an adequacy measure than solely using model coverage for conformance testing. In our experiment, we found test suites providing both requirements coverage and model coverage to be more effective at finding faults than test suites providing model coverage alone, at 5% statistical significance. Based on our results, we believe existing adequacy measures for conformance testing that only consider model coverage can be strengthened by combining them with rigorous requirements coverage metrics.
Comparisons of Exact Amplitude-Based Resummation Predictions and LHC Data

Using the MC Herwiri1.031, we present the current status of the comparisons with LHC data of the predictions of our approach of exact amplitude-based resummation for precision QCD calculations.
Investigating the long-term consequences of adverse medical events among older adults

Objective To investigate the long-term effect of medically serious adverse medical events (AMEs) among older adults. Methods We linked nationally representative survey and claims data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (1998–2004) with non-response files (1999–2005) and the Area Resource File, providing 12 541 beneficiaries with 428 373 person-months for analysis. Latent class analysis was used to assign severity status to episodes. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify AME risk factors. The long-term consequences of AMEs on Medicare expenditures were examined by population average models. Survival analyses examined the long-term risk of death. Results Nearly 19% of participants experienced at least one AME, with 62% from outpatient claims. The risk of AMEs is greater among participants in poorer health, and increases with comorbidity and with impairment in performing activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living. Medicare expenditures during an AME episode increased sharply and remained higher than what would have otherwise been expected in quarters following an AME episode, and failed to return to pre-AME expenditure levels. Differences in survival rates were observable long after the AME episode concluded, with only 55% of the patients sustaining an AME surviving to the end of the study. In contrast, nearly 80% of those without an AME were estimated to have survived. Conclusions The impacts of AMEs are observable over extended periods of time and are associated with considerable excess mortality and costs. Efforts to monitor and prevent AMEs in both acute care and outpatient settings are warranted.
Controlling tuberculosis: we can't do it if we don't find the cases.

Objectives: detection and control Organized public health programmes for the control of tuberculosis were made possible by the development of modern chemotherapy to treat the disease. Shortly after chemotherapy was shown to be able to permanently cure tuberculosis patients, a national conference was called in the United States of America to discuss how such a programme might be structured [1]. The conference stressed the importance of government responsibility for tuberculosis control, ambulatory chemotherapy for tuberculosis patients, standardization of treatment regimens, passive case detection, bacteriological monitoring and the use of bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination.
Recursive Inversion Models for Permutations

We develop a new exponential family probabilistic model for permutations that can capture hierarchical structure and that has the Mallows and generalized Mallows models as subclasses. We describe how to do parameter estimation and propose an approach to structure search for this class of models. We provide experimental evidence that this added flexibility both improves predictive performance and enables a deeper understanding of collections of permutations.
Numerical Prediction of a Cold-Air Outbreak: A Case Study with Ensemble Forecasts

Abstract The forecastability of a cold-air outbreak over eastern North America during January 1985 has been studied with ensemble forecasts from the NCAR Community Climate Model version 2 run at T42 horizontal resolution. The cold-air outbreak case was characterized by a pool of very cold air (T < −35°C at 850 mb) that moved southward into the central United States and intensified. The ensemble’s 10 member forecasts were initialized at 0000 UTC 15 January 85, a few days before the cold-air pool began its southward movement and reached its peak intensity. The ensemble members predicted the southward passage of the cold air but faster and weaker than analyzed. The predicted weakening of the cold-air pool was consistent with the model’s systematic error. Quasi-Lagrangian diagnosis of the 850-mb temperature tendency budget revealed that the analyzed intensification of the cold-air pool was due to residual rather than adiabatic effects. These residual effects could have been diabatic in origin but also attribu...
The role of liver cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase in ethanol metabolism in DBA and C57Bl mice.

Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase (A1DH) activity was increased in DBA and C57B1 mice following phenobarbital (Pb) treatment. The kinetic constants for the control and induced enzymes were similar in both inbred strains. The DBA mice showed enhanced rates of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism after Pb treatment, whereas the C57B1 mice did not. It was concluded that the cytosolic enzyme is more important for acetaldehyde metabolism in the DBA than in the C57B1 mice.
Informal Budgeting Mechanisms and the Expenditure Response to Revenue Sharing Transfers: Evidence from the State of Baja California, Mexico

This article contributes to ongoing discussions about the organization of Mexico's fiscal federal system and the incentives on state governments that it creates. New empirical evidence suggests that revenue sharing transfers (participaciones) in Mexico have an asymmetric impact on state government expenditures outcomes. It is argued in this article that such asymmetries are due in part to informal decision-making mechanisms that influence intergovernmental budget negotiations and may place some entities in a advantageous position to access extra-budgetary funds. This research uses the Mexican state of Baja California as a case study to understand the way in which unofficial agreements could be affecting the expenditure response to revenue sharing transfers. The analysis allows one to generate hypotheses about features of the intergovernmental system that existing studies have not considered, and which may affect the sustainability of Mexico’s intergovernmental fiscal pact.
A new family of regularized integral kernels for the Poisson equation

In this paper, we introduce a new family of regularized kernels, suitable for boundary integral solutions to Poisson's equation. These high-order kernels are derived by a Taylor expansion of the non-regularized kernel about (r 2 + 2 ); consequently, a sequence of increasingly accurate kernels can be derived. This paper proves the validity of the regularized kernels, and illustrates the benets of using high-order kernels. A detailed error analysis showing the impact of using regularized kernels is presented, and they are tested on a harmonic oscillator.
Introduction: Negotiating the Terrain

In “Introduction: Negotiating the Terrain” we explain the rationale for this project, stipulate our intended audience, and outline the scope of this work. In this chapter, we introduce the external narratives appearing throughout the text, including current conversations on the realities of contingent faculty work in higher education, we define our terms, and we explore possibilities for expanding existing notions of scholarly inquiry. In addition to offering an overview of the text, we suggest strategies for using this volume as part of developing a scholarly research agenda and supporting professional development.
Intrinsic Motivation, Learning Goals, Engagement, and Achievement in a Diverse High School.

Using structural equation models, with gender, parent education, and prior grade point average (GPA) as control variables, we examined the relationships among intrinsic motivation to learn, learning goals, behavioral engagement at school, and academic performance (measured by GPA) in 1,575 students in an ethnically and racially diverse high school. Intrinsic motivation to learn was indirectly and positively related to academic performance via classroom engagement. Seventy-five percent of the variance in engagement and 33% of the variance in GPA were explained by variables in the study. Results were generally replicated when the model was tested separately with the 336 African American students and the 311 Latin@ students. The significant indirect effect of intrinsic motivation to learn on GPA via engagement, as well as the positive direct association between learning goals and academic performance, suggest that students will benefit from schools fostering intrinsic motivation to learn and learning goals.
Attenuation of angiotensin II-induced hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice overexpressing a type 1 receptor mutant.

BACKGROUND The angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1) regulates cardiovascular function by activating various signal pathways. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a mutant AT1 receptor on AngII-responding blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in conjunction with altered AngII activation of RhoA and Akt. METHODS A mutant AT1 receptor was constructed and overexpressed in C57BL mice using a ubiquitous-expression vector pCAGGS. The phenotype and signal transduction of the transgenic (TG) mice were compared with the wild-type (WT) mice. RESULTS The TG mice showed a similar baseline phenotype as WT mice, but their blood pressure in response to continuous AngII infusion was significantly lower, as measured on days 3, 4, 7, and 14, with a difference of 20 mm Hg by day 14. There was also a significantly larger heart-to-total-body-weight ratio in the WT mice, whose heart weight (HW) was 0.441 +/- 0.008% of total body weight (BW) compared to the TG mice at 0.416 +/- 0.008%. Aortic endothelial cells isolated from these TG mice displayed an altered signaling profile, such as diminished activation of Akt and RhoA in response to AngII. In contrast, Galphaq coupling and ERK/JNK activation did not change. CONCLUSION The expression of an AT1 mutant receptor in the presence of WT receptor can effectively modulate AngII-effected signaling. Furthermore, the elimination of Akt and RhoA activation by AngII significantly reduces but does not eliminate its hypertensive effect.
Andro-stanazole, A New Orally Active Anabolic Steroid

SummaryAndro-stanazole (17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrostano[3,2-c] pyrazole) has been evaluated for its nitrogen-retaining and androgenic activities in castrated male rats. Orally, it appears to be 30 times more anabolic and 1/4 as androgenic as methyl-testosterone. Parenterally, it appears to be 1/20 as anabolic and 1/40 as androgenic as testosterone propionate. Andro-stanazole is clearly an agent which merits further investigation for oral administration to patients under conditions where maximum anabolic action with minimum androgenic side effects is desired.
Anthony Blunt, Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600

(1941). Anthony Blunt, Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600. The Art Bulletin: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 332-335.
Abstract 2491: High-dose acetaminophen with N-acetylcysteine rescue enhances the efficacy of cisplatin chemotherapy

Acetaminophen (AAP) has been shown to enhance cisplatin (CDDP) cytotoxicity in hepatoblastoma cell lines. Further, one published case report demonstrated clinical efficacy of administering acetaminophen in conjunction with cisplatin and followed 6 hours later with n-acetylcysteine (NAC) rescue. In this study, atypical rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) and germinoma cells were treated with CDDP and AAP with or without NAC rescue. We then evaluated the cells with western blots for cleaved PARP and caspase 3 to demonstrate effects on apoptosis. Further, MTS assays were performed to evaluate cell viability of treated cells. To evaluate the effects of the various treatments on oxidative stress, dihydroethidium (DHE) and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) assays were performed to test for superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels, respectively. It was demonstrated that AAP enhances CDDP cell kill and apoptosis in germinoma and ATRT cell lines. Further, both AAP and CDDP, independently and together, cause increased oxidative stress as measured by DHE and DCFE, but this oxidative stress is only reversed by NAC in the DCFE assay. This makes sense because NAC, a glutathione precursor, detoxifies peroxide but not superoxide. Further, our group has learned of five previously unpublished patients with recurrent liver tumors (hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma) treated with AAP and CDDP with delayed NAC rescue. All patients tolerated the treatment well. Two of the five patients responded to the treatment, suggesting the potential of this approach. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2491. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2491
Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus Due to Cancer Chemotherapy and Other Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy

Hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) is a potentially life-threatening disorder induced by cancer chemotherapy and other forms of immune suppressive drug therapy (ISDT). It occurs in patients with resolved as well as active HBV infection. The clinical spectrum ranges from mild aminotransferase elevations to fulminant liver failure, and it can be associated with a significant risk of morbidity as well as fatalities. HBVr occurs most commonly in patients treated for hematologic malignancies, in particular when B cell depletion therapy is used as part of the regimen. However, it has been frequently reported with anthracycline-based regimens for breast cancer and many other types of malignancy including transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Biologic agents such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha inhibitors are widely used for rheumatic, dermatologic, and inflammatory disorders of the intestine and they can also cause HBVr. This is of some concern because prescribing providers have incomplete awareness of HBVr during ISDT and its means of prevention. Reactivated hepatitis B is likely to become more common in the future due to the rapid expansion of new biologic approaches to the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Much remains to be done in the future to reduce the incidence rates of this potentially fatal yet preventable clinical disorder.
Comparison of Clark Electrode and Optode for Measurement of Tissue Oxygen Tension

Measurement of PsqO2 has proven clinically valuable. The optode is more stable and reliable than the Clark electrode, does not consume oxygen, measures temperature, and is relatively simple to use. The good correlation between values obtained by the Clark electrode and the optode in this study demonstrate that the optode may replace the Clark electrode without loss of prior data.
Poincaré’s Theory of Predicativity

Poincare’s theory of predicativity is a central and exciting component of his general philosophical position. As is well known, his philosophy of mathematics was foundational for intuitionism. It is also well known that he was concerned about the set-theoretic paradoxes, and that he was one of the first to write about the ‘Vicious Circle Principle’ (VCP). Just what constitutes Poincare’s version of the VCP, the theory of predicativity which underlies it, and his contribution to the solution of the contradictions of classical mathematics, is much more obscure. To be sure, his work in this area ought to be regarded as ancestrally related to modem programmes in predicative analysis and predicative set theory. However, just as it is wrong to consider a modern formalised intuitionism as a natural extension of his general philosophical views, so is it a mistake to consider a predicative version of axiomatised set theory as a programme he would have unequivocally endorsed. In fact, in view of the formality of both of these programmes, he probably would have opposed them.
Milking Machines and Milking Parlors

A well-designed milking machine will harvest milk quickly and gently, make efficient use of labor, maintain animal udder health, and will be easy to clean and sanitize. This chapter provides an overview of milking machine components, their function and design criteria to meet these goals. Milking machines have specific requirements regarding slope of pipelines and physical relationships between animals and machines. Other physical relationships, while although not absolutely required, will greatly improve the performance of the milking system. Further detail is provided in this chapter on the design of milking parlors and the specific requirements for the different areas of a milking parlor regarding sanitary construction methods and accommodation of the milking machine.
Cross-Cultural Construct Equivalency: A Study of Adult Women in Six Countries

A series of seven female attitudinal scales were backtranslated and compared with samples of adult women in mall intercepts in New Zealand, the U.S., Mexico, Japan, Thailand, and Malaysia. The scales were found to be reliable and valid when comparing factor structures and Cronbach Alpha coefficients. Differences in responses across the populations were reassessed in terms of profile analysis, and evidence of response set bias was found. Further analysis using confirmatory factor analysis indicated serious problems with construct equivalency. Implications for cross-cultural perceptual research are provided.
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant in Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects approximately 100,000 people in the United States and over 25 million people worldwide. The hemoglobin S mutation in the β-globin chain leads to hemoglobin polymerization under deoxygenated conditions and results in a myriad of acute and chronic complications and early death.
Anticonvulsants and Brainstem Auditory EP

The effects on brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) of carbamazepine in 18 and of valproate in 10 epileptic children were determined after 13 months of therapy at Istanbul University, Turkey.
An Improved Synthesis of Tetramethylammonium Azide

An improved synthesis of tetramethylammonium azide, N(Me)4 N3 –, is presented. It involves a neutralization of tetramethylammonium hydroxide with sulfuric acid, followed by a metathetical reaction with sodium azide in methanol. Tetramethylammonium azide is then separated from the less soluble Na2SO4 via filtration. This method provides a convenient access to tetramethylammonium azide. It is therefore more usable in a typical academic laboratory setting than previously reported syntheses.
Issues in the Application of Nonlinear Estimation for Improving Product Quality Control in Batch and Semi-Batch Processes

Abstract Inferential control techniques offer an attractive approach to overcome batch-to-batch variations in product quality, In order to calculate effective control moves, inferential techniques must have accurate on-line estimates of the key process states based on available secondary measurements. The focus of this paper is on the problem of nonlinear estimation of batch processes because of its importance to the inferential control approach. First, some of the important issues in applying nonlinear estimation techniques to batch and semi-batch processes are outlined. Then, methods for improving the estimation of initial batch conditions and the speed of convergence of the state estimates are considered. A practical example process, the nylon 6,6 autoclave reactor, is included to provide the physical motivations for many of the issues examined and to demonstrate the effectiveness of techniques proposed to address these issues. Finally, some areas where future research is needed to improve the effectiveness of the inferential approach are indicated.
Relationship between the gut and the spine: a pilot study of first-degree relatives of patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have a high frequency of asymptomatic acute and chronic gut inflammation resembling inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with as many as 60% displaying evidence of microscopic gut inflammation in the absence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.1 Further, there is considerable overlap in susceptibility loci between AS and IBD but this pleiotropic phenomenon likely only explains part of the clinical co-occurrence.2 3 Animal model data investigating molecular mechanisms point to a critical relationship between the gut and AS and the potential role of the gut in the pathogenesis of AS.4 5 Several markers are utilised in clinical practice to determine the likelihood that a patient has IBD, the most common of which is the faecal calprotectin which has an estimated sensitivity and specificity of upwards of 80% for identification of patients with IBD and thus serves as a very useful marker of gut inflammation.6 Similarly, various IBD-related antibodies including anti - Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), anti-I2 (associated with anti- Pseudomonas activity), anti- Escherichia coli outer membrane porin C (anti-OmpC) and antiflagellin antibodies (anti-CBir1) have been shown to have very good utility in distinguishing individuals with IBD from healthy controls, particularly when these tests are used in combination and thus serve as useful serological biomarkers for IBD.7 Using the above biomarkers along with advanced imaging studies, this pilot study investigated if first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with AS, who themselves do not carry a diagnosis of AS or IBD, have evidence of mucosal dysregulation, subclinical gut or sacroiliac joint inflammation that could potentially precede the development of overt IBD or AS. We postulate that this group will provide insights into the relationship between the gut and AS. The investigators collaborate in a large AS and IBD consultation and research centre where …
Adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate in Euglena gracilis.

Abstract Euglena gracilis contains in high concentration the enzymes for the synthesis and degradation of cyclic AMP. The synthetic enzyme, adenyl cyclase is mainly associated with a particulate fraction which sediments at 7,000–30,000xg whereas the degradative enzyme, 3′5′ nucleotide phosphodiesterase, is soluble (does not sediment at 78,000xg). The adenyl cyclase activity is stimulated somewhat by prostaglandins and by catecholamines, agents which markedly stimulate cyclase in appropriate mammalian tissues. There is no detectable activity of guanyl cyclase, the enzyme which synthesizes cyclic GMP. Euglena also contains a cyclic AMP stimulated protein kinase which is associated with a particulate fraction sedimenting at 30,000xg.
Mobility and the Modern Intellectual: Translated Images from Early 20th-Century Literary Works in Spanish by Carmen Lyra and Luisa Luisi

This essay juxtaposes original translations of contrasting images from the novel En una silla de ruedas [In a Wheelchair] by Costa Rican writer Carmen Lyra and Poemas de la inmovilidad [Poems of Immobility] by Uruguayan writer Luisa Luisi to reveal how representations of intellectuals who are paralyzed might complicate discourses of the artist, social hygiene, and eugenics in early 20th-century Spanish America. Lyra portrays her protagonist's paralysis as a tragedy, but his disability is also the source of social mobility that allows the novel to depict marginalized members of Costa Rican society. Luisi contests modernista aesthetics of perfect forms, countering with a multifaceted exploration of inner space enabled by physical stillness. Through their depictions of hospitals, asylums, and sanitariums, both writers bear witness to bodies the modernizing project would prefer to hide, and imagine alternative forms of progress.
An Experimental Study of the Molten Glass/Water Thermal Interaction Under Free and Forced Conditions

Molten glass interacts explosively with water under certain contact mode conditions. The contact mode found explosive is as follows: Molten glass enters the water bath in the film boiling regime (as predicted by Dhir's correlation), and soon after entry the vapor film is perturbed sufficiently by an external pressure pulse. The ensuing reaction proceeds basically along the same lines as energetic tin/water interactions observed by several investigators. In the absence of this pressure pulse, the event is nonenergetic. The present findings are for a combination in which the hot material has a very low thermal diffusivity and the calculated interface temperature is significantly (approximately 180 K) below its melting temperature. This is similar to the characteristics of the UO/sub 2//sodium or UO/sub 2//water combinations. The observed explosive glass/water interactions show growth times on the order of a few milliseconds. The particulate size distribution from the present tests was coarser than the particulate size distribution from some in-pile and out-of-pile UO/sub 2//sodium interaction tests.
Fermi Liquid and Non Fermi Liquid Phases of the Extended Hubbard Model

We outline the auxiliary boson approach to the one band and two band Hubbard model. In this framework we find Fermi. Liquid and Non Fermi Liquid behavior in different regions of the phase diagram. Differences and similarities with the heavy Fermion problem are emphasized.