cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulation of methane oxidation: contrasts between anoxic sediments and oxic soils

Although the majority of organic matter mineralization occurs under oxic conditions, significant rates of mineralization occur in the anoxic guts of herbivores, and in the anoxic sediments and water columns of freshwater and marine ecosystems (Henrichs, Reeburgh 1987). Anaerobic metabolism in these systems is often coupled to methane production, with variations in the extent of methanogenesis among systems a function of organic matter, nitrate, ferric iron, and sulfate availability. Controls of anaerobic metabolism and methanogenesis have been reviewed extensively elsewhere (e.g., Henrichs, Reeburgh 1987; Oremland 1988), and will not be considered further here. Instead, I will illustrate the controls of methane oxidation by comparing two very different: anaerobic methane oxidation in marine systems and methane consumption in terrestrial systems.
Experimental Observation of Ordered States of Cellular Flames

ABSTRACT Ordered states of cellular flames, consisting of concentric rings of approximately equally sized cells, are observed over a wide range of parameters in our experiments using heavy hydrocarbon-air mixtures on a circular porous plug burner at low pressure. These ordered states have been found with cell numbers ranging from five to thirty. At a critical value of the flow rate, which depends on the equivalence ratio, a transition to a disordered state is observed, in which the ring structure disappears; the cells change their shape, size and number; and they move about in an irregular manner.
Multisensory perception of action in posterior temporal and parietal cortices

Environmental events produce many sensory cues for identifying the action that evoked the event, the agent that performed the action, and the object targeted by the action. The cues for identifying environmental events are usually distributed across multiple sensory systems. Thus, to understand how environmental events are recognized requires an understanding of the fundamental cognitive and neural processes involved in multisensory object and action recognition. Here, we investigated the neural substrates involved in auditory and visual recognition of object-directed actions. Consistent with previous work on visual recognition of isolated objects, visual recognition of actions, and recognition of environmental sounds, we found evidence for multisensory audiovisual event-selective activation bilaterally at the junction of the posterior middle temporal gyrus and the lateral occipital cortex, the left superior temporal sulcus, and bilaterally in the intraparietal sulcus. The results suggest that recognition of events through convergence of visual and auditory cues is accomplished through a network of brain regions that was previously implicated only in visual recognition of action.
The Evolution of Citizenship Norms among Scandinavian Adolescents, 1999–2009

In the recent debate about changing citizenship norms in advanced democracies, Scandinavian countries are often considered the frontrunners of the development of a new kind of engaged citizenship. The majority of recent empirical scholarship in this field, however, has focused on the United States. In this article latent class analysis is used to ascertain whether the ideal types of engaged citizenship and duty-based citizenship norms are relevant concepts for adolescents in Scandinavia, and whether there are significant changes in these norms between 1999 and 2009. The findings confirm that engaged and duty-based citizens can be clearly identified and that engaged citizenship norms are becoming more prevalent. It is also found, however, that engaged and duty-based norms are not the only norms identified in the analysis, and that important differences are evident in the background characteristics of those ascribing to different citizen norms that contradict expectations in the literature. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for changing citizenship norms in advanced democracies, including the potential implications of these changing norms for political behaviour.
Some Concepts on the Ecological Basis of Biological Control of Weeds

Contrary to a common conception, employment of biological control of weeds is fundamentally the same as the employment of biological control of insect pests. The goal in each case is not eradication but the reduction of pest populations to non-injurious levels. The ecological relationships which apply in the regulation of any organism by natural enemies in the undisturbed natural scene also apply when we attempt to introduce a natural enemy not already present. While it is true that our work has an economic or applied objective, the pursuit of objectives in biological control in general takes us deeply into fundamental considerations – fundamentals which constitute the broad science of ecology.
Inventing Tradition at Gunpoint: Culture, Caciquismo and State Formation in the Región Mixe, Oaxaca (1930–1959)

This article examines the links between the creation of a post-revolutionary Mexican culture and the maintenance of traditional forms of cacical control. Taking as a case study Luis Rodriguez, a cacique from the state of Oaxaca, it is argued that he utilised state notions of indigenismo and indigenous cultural production to assert and maintain his position as the strongman of the Mixe ethnic group. However, despite the employment of state discourses, Rodriguez’s fiefdom was never subsumed into the corporate revolutionary state. Rather, these claims of ethnic unity were used as a smokescreen to deter state intervention. As a result, Rodriguez was forced to use intimidation and violence to control pueblos outside his immediate sphere of influence during the 1940s and 1950s.
Design of Current Sensors in IGBT's

Summary form only given. The operation of current sensors (or pilots) in IGBTs (insulated-gate bipolar transistors) is described experimentally and with two-dimensional simulations. Two different sensor structures are compared. In the most conventional structure, a small IGBT, separated from the main device by metallization only, is used as a current sensor (or pilot) and the emitter of this small IGBT is connected to ground via a resistor. As the voltage at the emitter of the current sensor increases due to increasing current flow, the forward drop across the current sensor decreases and the ratio between the main current and the sensor current decreases. Experimentally, the dependence of the normalized current sensor (or pilot) voltage on the main IGBT current of a 500-V, n-channel, asymmetric IGBT has been shown to be fairly linear, except when a small main current or a large pilot resistor is used. The main-to-pilot current ratio increases with increasing carrier lifetime and increasing distance from the main IGBT. >
Measurement of diffusion within the cell wall in living roots of Arabidopsis thaliana

To quantify the diffusion constant of small molecules in the plant cell wall, fluorescence from carboxyfluorescein (CF) in the intact roots of Arabidopsis thaliana was recorded. Roots were immersed in a solution of the fluorescent dye and viewed through a confocal fluorescence microscope. These roots are sufficiently transparent that much of the apoplast can be imaged. The diffusion coefficient, Dcw, of CF in the cell wall was probed using two protocols: fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence loss following perfusion with dye-free solution. Diffusion coefficients were obtained from the kinetics of the fluorescent transients and modelling apoplast geometry. Apoplastic diffusion constants varied spatially in the root. In the elongation zone and mature cortex, Dcw¼(3.261.4)310 211 m 2 s 21 , whereas in mature epidermis, Dcw¼(2.560.7)310 212 m 2 s 21 , at least an order of magnitude lower. Relative to the diffusion coefficient of CF in water, these represent reductions by approximately 1/15 and 1/195, respectively. The low value for mature epidermis is correlated with a suberin-like permeability barrier that was detected with either autofluorescence or berberine staining. This study provides a quantitative estimate of the permeability of plant cell walls to small organic acids—a class of compounds that includes auxin and other plant hormones. These measurements constrain models of solute transport, and are important for quantitative models of hormone signalling during plant growth and development.
Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery for Indeterminate Pulmonary Nodules

The approach to patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules is poorly defined. Should every pulmonary nodule be biopsied, is needle biopsy adequate, and other questions are challenges. Video assisted thoracic surgery or thoracoscopy has added a new diagnostic possibility which is evaluated in this paper. Fifty-five patients underwent thoracoscopy for diagnosis of a solitary pulmonary nodule. There were few complications and mortality was zero. A definitive diagnosis was obtained in all patients, although one required a second thoracoscopic wedge resection and 10 required conversion to an open thoracotomy. As discussed in the paper, thoracoscopy provides the opportunity for safely establishing a definitive diagnosis in all patients with solitary nodules and the authors believe will become a standard part of the evaluation of these patients.
The relationship between experience, education and teachers' use of incidental focus-on-form techniques

This paper reports the findings of an empirical study that explored whether ESL teachers’ use of incidental focus-on-form techniques was influenced by their level of experience. The results showed that experienced ESL teachers used more incidental focus-on-form techniques than inexperienced teachers. A follow-up study investigated whether inexperienced ESL teachers’ awareness and use of incidental focus-on-form techniques could be influenced by education, specifically, their participation in a teacher education workshop. Overall, the studies demonstrate the importance of taking experience and education into account in research on teacher-initiated incidental focus on form.
Planes Crazy: Transformations of Pictorial Space in 1930s Cartoons

A regarder les courts metrages qu’ont produits les studios Disney durant les annees 1930, il appert que la facon de penser la representation de l’espace a beaucoup evolue au cours de cette decennie. A l’epoque, les grands studios cherchaient tous a ameliorer l’illusion de la troisieme dimension dans la composition des dessins. L’intention etait peut-etre de produire des courts metrages qui, plutot que de contraster avec les longs metrages aux cotes desquels ils figuraient dans les programmes, fonctionneraient selon des codes visuels similaires. Le present article s’attarde aux innovations dans la representation de l’espace ainsi qu’aux usages de nouvelles techniques dans les films des studios Disney et des studios concurrents.
Conventional neurocritical care and cerebral oxygenation after traumatic brain injury

Object. Control of intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is the foundation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) management. In this study, the authors examined whether conventional ICP- and CPP-guided neurocritical care ensures adequate brain tissue O2 in the first 6 hours after resuscitation. Methods. Resuscitated patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score # 8 and Injury Severity Scale score $ 16) who were admitted to a Level I trauma center and who underwent brain tissue O2 monitoring within 6 hours of injury were evaluated as part of a prospective observational database. Therapy was directed to maintain an ICP of 25 mm Hg or less and a CPP of 60 mm Hg or higher. Data from a group of 25 patients that included 19 men and six women (mean age 39 6 20 years) were examined. After resuscitation, ICP was 25 mm Hg or less in 84% and CPP was 60 mm Hg or greater in 88% of the patients. Brain O2 probes were allowed to stabilize; the initial brain tissue O2 level was 25 mm Hg or less in 68% of the patients, 20 mm Hg or less in 56%, and 10 mm Hg or less in 36%. Nearly one third (29%) of patients with ICP readings of 25 mm Hg or less and 27% with CPP levels of 60 mm Hg or greater had severe cerebral hypoxia (brain tissue O2 # 10 mm Hg). Nineteen patients had both optimal ICP (, 25 mm Hg) and CPP (. 60 mm Hg); brain tissue O2 was 20 mm Hg or less in 47% and 10 mm Hg or less in 21% of these patients. The mortality rate was higher in patients with reduced brain tissue O2. Conclusions. Brain resuscitation based on current neurocritical care standards (that is, control of ICP and CPP) does not prevent cerebral hypoxia in some patients. This finding may help explain why secondary neuronal injury occurs in some patients with adequate CPP and suggests that the definition of adequate brain resuscitation after TBI may need to be reconsidered.
The Dignity of Resistance: Women Residents' Activism in Chicago Public Housing

Foreword Sheila Radford-Hill Preface and acknowledgments Part I. Introduction: 1. Struggle for homeplace Part II. Wentworth Gardens' Historic Context: 2. US public housing policies: Wentworth Gardens' historic backdrop 3. Memory of a better past, reality of the present: the impetus for resident activism Part III. Everyday Resistance in the Expanded Private Sphere: 4. The community household: the foundation of everyday resistance 5. The local advisory council (LAC): a site of women-centered organizing 6. Women-centered leadership: a case study 7. The appropriation of homeplace: organizing for the spatial resources to sustain everyday life Part IV. Transgressive Resistance in the Public Sphere: 8. The White Sox Battle: protest and betrayal 9. Linking legal action and economic development: tensions and strains 10. Becoming resident managers: a bureaucratic quagmire Part V. Conclusions: 11. Resistance in context Epilogue Appendices References Index.
T Cell, Ig Domain, Mucin Domain-2 Gene-Deficient Mice Reveal a Novel Mechanism for the Regulation of Th2 Immune Responses and Airway Inflammation

The development of asthma and other atopic diseases is influenced by cytokines produced by Th2 effector T cells. How effector T cell responses are regulated once these cell populations are established remains unclear. The recently described T cell and airway phenotype regulator locus, containing the T cell, Ig domain, mucin domain (TIM) genes, is genetically associated with Th2 cytokine production and Th2-dependent immune responses. In this study, we report the phenotype of the TIM-2 gene-deficient mouse, and demonstrate exacerbated lung inflammation in an airway atopic response model. Immune responses in the TIM-2-deficient mouse reveal disregulated expression of Th2 cytokines, and adoptive transfer experiments show that the T cell compartment is responsible for the heightened inflammatory phenotype. These studies show that TIM-2 is a novel and critical regulator of effector T cell activity.
Characterization of three components of human adenovirus proteinase activity in vitro.

Human adenovirus contains a virion-associated proteinase activity essential for the development of infectious virus. Maximal proteinase activity in vitro had been shown to require three viral components: the L3 23-kDa protein, an 11-amino acid cofactor (pVIc), and the viral DNA. Here, we present a quantitative purification procedure for a recombinant L3 23-kDa protein (recombinant endoproteinase (rEP)) expressed in Escherichia coli and the procedure that led to the purification and identification of pVIc as a cofactor. The cofactors stimulate proteinase activity not by decreasing Km, which changes by no more than 2-fold, but by increasing kcat. rEP alone had a small amount of activity, the kcat of which increased 355-fold with pVIc and 6072-fold with adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2) DNA as well. Curves of Vmax of rEP•pVIc complexes with the substrate (Leu-Arg-Gly-Gly-NH)2-rhodamine as a function of pH in the absence and presence of Ad2 DNA indicate that the pKa values of amino acids that affect catalysis are quite different from those that affect catalysis by the cysteine proteinase papain. The pKa values in the absence of Ad2 DNA are 5.2, 6.4, 6.9, 7.5, and 9.4, and those in its presence are 5.2, 6.5, 7.4, and 8.8.
Endogenous Interleukin-2 Serum Levels in Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in serum obtained from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children at health maintenance visits were measured to characterize endogenous IL-2 responses and to examine the association between these responses and progression of immunosuppression. IL-2 was detectable (level >8.7 pg/mL) in the serum of 28 of 45 HIV-infected children; 42% (19 of 45) had serum IL-2 levels of >39 pg/mL. Children without evidence of immunosuppression (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric HIV Classification Immunologic Category 1, n = 15) and children with severe immunosuppression (immunologic category 3, n = 20) had statistically significant lower serum IL-2 levels (mean +/- [SD], 134.4 +/- 227.3 pg/mL and 18.2 +/- 30.3 pg/mL, respectively) than those with moderate immunosuppression (mean +/- [SD], 450.5 +/- 311.8 pg/ml; immunologic category 2, n = 10) (P < .05, Wilcoxon rank sum test). In those children in whom immunosuppression was evident, decreasing serum IL-2 levels correlated with depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes (r = 0.74), whereas there was an inverse correlation between serum IL-2 levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts (r = -0.47) in children with no or moderate immunosuppression.
African American and European American Mothers’ Limit Setting and Their 36-Month-Old Children’s Responses to Limits, Self-Concept, and Social Competence

Maternal limit-setting behaviors and patterns were observed and examined in relation to 36-month-old children’s capacities for self-regulation in 50 African American (AA) and 66 European American (EA) mother–child dyads. Children’s capacities for self-regulation were assessed through their self-concept, social competence, and observed responses to limits. Accounting for demographic risk and children’s gender, there were no ethnic differences in children’s self-regulation. In both ethnic groups, a maternal authoritative limit-setting pattern was associated with more optimal children’s self-concept and responses to limits. Maternal limit setting was associated with social competence in the EA sample, but not in the AA sample. Although further research is required to understand contributions to social competence in AA children, these data provide support for the benefits of authoritative (teaching-based) limit setting in both AA and EA mothers with 36-month-old children.
A Historical Overview of Informants

[This abstract describes the entire work, Ratting: The Use and Abuse of Informants in the American Justice System, by Robert M. Bloom. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002. Chapter 1 A Historical Overview of Informants is available here for downloading.] In our society today in order to investigate a great many bad acts, informants have become a necessary evil. With many crimes involving willing participants, it is often necessary for the government to utilize individuals with nefarious motives to investigate these crimes. This book will explore the use and for that matter the abuse of informants in a variety of settings and with diverse motivations. Each of the informants has one salient feature. They provide information to the government, which in some way helps the government to investigate people who they wish to prosecute. Actual informants are introduced in a narrative form. In Chapter 1, the history of the use of informants, the focus is on probably the most infamous informant Judas Iscariot. In Chapter 2, political informants, Linda Tripp, whose informing resulted in the impeachment proceedings of the President of the United States, is the focus. In Chapter 3, the non-existant informant, the book explores an imaginary informant who is fabricated by a police officer to justify their affidavit for a search warrant. In Chapter 4, jailhouse informants, the spotlight is on the activity of Leslie White and Anthony Saviola who were used to gather evidence within the prison or jailhouse context. In Chapter 5, high-level informant, the conduct of Whitey Bulger and Stephen Flemmi, who were used to infiltrate and destroy organized crime operation, is explored. In Chapter 6, the end of the story, the book concludes with suggestions as to how to use informants without incurring high societal costs. In looking at these informants we will explore their motivation. We will see that informants are motivated by a variety of reasons, including: financial gain, political power, attention, elimination of their competition, and the avoidance of criminal punishment. We will also explore how the law intersects with the activities of these informants.
Solar energy

Solar energy can now compete with animal power and manpower, but there will be no era of solar prosperity in the near future. With the coming shortages in fuel supply, however, extensive programs of research and development on the utilization of solar energy should not be delayed.
Comparing the thermodynamic behaviour of Al(l) + ZrO2(4%Y2O3) and Al(l) + Al2O3

In an effort to better determine the thermodynamic properties of Al(g) and Al 2 O(g) the vapour in equilibrium with Al(1) + 4 at. % yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was compared to the vapour in equilibrium with Al(1) + Al 2 O 3 (s) over the temperature range 1197-1509 K. This comparison was made directly by Knudsen effusion-cell mass spectrometry with an instrument configured for a multiple effusion-cell vapour source (multi-cell KEMS). Second-law enthalpies of vaporization of Al(g) and Al 2 O(g) together with activity measurements show that Al(1) + YSZ is thermodynamically equivalent to Al(1) + Al 2 O 3 (s), indicating that Al(1) remained pure and Al 2 O 3 (s) was present in the YSZ-cell. Subsequent observation of the Al(1)/YSZ and vapour/ YSZ interfaces revealed a thin Al 2 O 3 -layer had formed, separating the YSZ-cell from Al(1) and Al(g) +Al 2 O(g), effectively transforming it into an Al 2 O 3 effusion-cell. This behaviour agreed with observations made for β-NiAl(Pt) alloys measured in YSZ effusion-cell.
Genetic origin, immunobiology, and gonadotropin expression in trophoblast and nontrophoblast neoplasms.

A sequence of chronologic steps leading to the identification of exclusively paternal chromosomes in most hydatidiform moles has been developed. It had long been recognized that most moles were chromatin-positive at the nuclear margin. This was confusing, however, since one would ordinarily expect a 50:50 ratio of chromatin-positive to chromatin-negative moles. The initial large study by Baggish and Woodruff (1) on moles treated in Singapore revealed that all 90 moles studied showed well-defined heterochromatin bodies.
Liquid chromatographic determination of residual reactants and reaction by-products in polyethylene terephthalate

Le chauffage du PET entraine une migration de composes residuels, nuisibles au consommateur, dans les aliments. Le dosage du PET comprend une etape de precipitation et la chromatographie liquide. Conditions operatoires. Application au dosage de ces residus dans les emballages pour produits alimentaires
Design and application of the Microscopy Image Analysis Tool

Advancements in microscopy instrumentation have resulted in larger volumes of acquired image data and, consequently, increased memory and space requirements for the processing and storage of the data. To address the issue in software, the Microscopy Image Analysis Tool (MIATool) was created to support processing of large image sets that makes efficient use of available resources. Implemented in MATLAB using object-oriented design, MIATool works with image pointer arrays to utilize RAM effectively and to support the analysis of different interpretations of data. Furthermore, the software provides image editing tools which operate on parameter objects that are saved in lieu of processed images to exploit the available disk space. A detailed image analysis example is given to illustrate the design and features of MIATool.
Projectors and learned projects in early modern England

Commenting in 1692 on the “Projecting Humour that now reigns” in England, Daniel Defoe nicknamed the period the “Projecting Age.” He dated its start to c. 1680, even as he conceded that “it had indeed something of life in the time of the late Civil War” as well. Defoe was wrong. Decades earlier both Elizabethan and Jacobean commentators had inveighed against the rampant passion for schemes, a perception increasingly documented by scholars. For the most part, however, the appraisal of early modern projects has been confined to the domain of economic and social history. Monopolies, inventions, plans to ameliorate the condition of the poor and infirm, and schemes guaranteeing the enrichment of the nation, have drawn the attention of historians; only sporadic attention has been paid to the numerous scholarly projects that also proliferated during the same period. My intention here is not to be exhaustive, but to offer a snapshot of the large number of proposals that sought to establish new institutions of higher learning, usually through substantial outlays of public capital.
Pueritia: Boys and Girls

This chapter explores children in Chaucer’s work between seven and fourteen years of age, beginning with the ten-year-old Lowys, the son of the poet, depicted in the Treatise on the Astrolabe. When a child is silent, as litel Lowys is, the artifacts and objects surrounding that child—toys, cradles, and even astrolabes—create a material context that makes a reading of that child possible. The children addressed here include the anonymous schoolmate of the litel clergeon, the two daughters of the widow in the Nun’s Priest’s Tale, the maid child of the Shipman’s Tale, Canacee of the Squire’s Tale, and Emelye of the Knight’s Tale.
Integrated Assessment Models of the Food, Energy, and Water Nexus: A Review and an Outline of Research Needs

Food, energy, and water (FEW) systems play a fundamental role in determining societal health and economic well-being. However, current and expected changes in climate, population, and land use place these systems under considerable stress. To improve policies that target these challenges, this review highlights the need for integrating biophysical and economic models of the FEW nexus. We discuss advancements in modeling individual components that comprise this system and outline fundamental research needs for these individual areas as well as for model integration. Though great strides have been made in individual and integrated modeling, we nevertheless find a considerable need for improved integration of economic decision-making with biophysical models. We also highlight a need for improved model validation.
Molecular Genetics of Chloroplast Ribosomes In Chlamydomonas

The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an ideal model organism in which to investigate the cooperation of nuclear and chloroplast genomes in chloroplast ribosome formation from both developmental and evolutionary perspectives. Mutations affecting a variety of ribosomal components have been isolated and mapped genetically (see Boynton et al., 1990a and Harris, 1989 for reviews), and both the chloroplast (Boynton et al., 1988, 1990b; Blowers et al., 1989) and nuclear genomes (Debuchy et al., 1989; Kindle et al., 1989; Mayfield and Kindle, 1990; Diener et al., 1990) can be manipulated using newly developed transformation methods. In this paper we review our recent work on 1) the genetics and molecular biology of mutations to antibiotic resistance affecting the rRNA genes; 2) identification of chloroplast and nuclear genes encoding chloroplast ribosomal proteins (r-proteins); 3) expression of chloroplast genes encoding r-proteins; and 4) the transformation of chloroplast rRNA genes. We also outline the direction our current research is taking to define more precisely the rRNA-r-protein interactions involved in chloroplast ribosome biogenesis and function, as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating expression of chloroplast r-protein genes.
Getting What You Pay For: Divergent Conceptions of Knowledge in Practitioner Inquiry.

AbstractIn this paper, I report on the work of a practitioner inquiry group that went awry when the sponsor refused to publish and disseminate the participants' final reports, stating that they were of poor quality and did not contribute to the knowledge base. I, the facilitator of the group, disagreed strongly with her. I suggest that the difference between her evaluation and mine may have seemed to be about different views of what counts as quality, but were likely indicators of deeper differences with regard to our views on knowledge. I conclude by stating that examinations of knowledge conceptions are key to practitioner inquiry stakeholders finding consensus on appropriate outcomes, or at least making spaces for alternatives, and the potential value of the work that practitioners do in inquiry groups.
How interface formats gain market acceptance: The role of developers and format characteristics in the development of de facto standards

Abstract New product introductions often rely on formats and technologies that are subject to strongly contested standards wars. Using a unique data set of interface formats and standard setting ventures in the consumer electronics industry, this research examines the relationships between the characteristics of standard setting ventures, and the market acceptance of interface formats developed and promoted by the venture. Specifically, this paper focuses on the firms that develop and introduce the format. Results indicate that the relationship between the size of the venture and the market acceptance of an interface format is inverted U-shaped. This suggests that more members in the venture per se cannot be counted upon to lead to market acceptance of the format. The findings also suggest that ventures with a greater proportion of firms with broad partnership experience are better at developing formats that find widespread acceptance in the market. The results also suggest that the broader the applicability of a format, the greater its market acceptance, and that marketing intensity in the years prior to developing the format is an important determinant of its market acceptance.
Association of MRI T2 Signal Intensity With Desmoid Tumor Progression During Active Observation: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify predictors of desmoid progression during observation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Untreated desmoids can grow, remain stable, or regress, but reliable predictors of behavior have not been identified. METHODS Primary or recurrent desmoid patients were identified retrospectively from an institutional database. In those managed with active observation who underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) with T2-weighted sequences, baseline tumor size was recorded, and 2 radiologists independently estimated the percentage of tumor volume showing hyperintense T2 signal at baseline. Associations of clinical or radiographic characteristics with progression-free survival (PFS; by RECIST) were evaluated by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier statistics. RESULTS Among 160 patients with desmoids, 72 were managed with observation, and 37 of these had serial MRI available for review. Among these 37 patients, median age was 35 years and median tumor size was 4.7 cm; all tumors were extra-abdominal (41% in abdominal wall). Although PFS was not associated with size, site, or age, it was strongly associated with hyperintense T2 signal in ≥90% versus <90% of baseline tumor volume (as defined by the "test" radiologist; hazard ratio = 11.3, P = 0.003). For patients in the ≥90% group (n = 20), 1-year PFS was 55%, compared with 94% in the <90% group (n = 17). The percentage of baseline tumor volume with hyperintense T2 signal defined by a validation radiologist correlated with results of the test radiologist (ρ = 0.75). CONCLUSION The percent tumor volume characterized by hyperintense T2 signal is associated with desmoid progression during observation and may help distinguish patients who would benefit from early intervention from those who may be reliably observed.
Electrochromic Window Demonstration at the 911 Federal Building, 911 Northeast 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon

Author(s): Lee, Eleanor; Fernandes, Luis; Touzani, Samir; Thanachareonkit, Anothai; Pang, Xiufeng; Dickerhoff, Darryl | Abstract: Switchable electrochromic (EC) windows are part of a new class of dynamic, energy-efficient technologies that enable real-time, active load management in response to weather conditions and the unique operating conditions of individual buildings. Owners can now specify a solid-state technology that reacts to various stimuli like the skin of a living entity. The technology can be controlled to address multiple criteria to achieve a more optimal energy-efficient and comfortable indoor environment than one with static or manually operated technologies. Inputs can include data on outdoor solar conditions, utility rates, occupancy status, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), or operating emergency or security mode. The outputs then dictate how the EC window is controlled, whether as a self-contained autonomous unit that achieves specific zonal objectives or as a part of an integrated system designed to address whole building, campus and gridrelated goals. Since windows typically have a 30-year life, these dynamic qualities enable the building to be adaptable and more resilient as the environmental, operating and economic context evolves.
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder May Learn from Caregiver Verb Input Better in Certain Engagement States

The relation between caregiver follow-in utterances with verbs presented in different states of dyadic engagement and later child expressive verb vocabulary in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was examined in 29 toddlers with ASD and their caregivers. Caregiver verb input in follow-in utterances presented during higher order supported joint engagement (HSJE) accounted for a significant, large amount of variance in later child verb vocabulary; R2= .26. This relation remained significant when controlling for early verb vocabulary or verb input in lower support engagement states. Other types of talk in follow-in utterances in HSJE did not correlate with later verb vocabulary. These findings are an important step towards identifying interactional contexts that facilitate verb learning in children with ASD.
Intraparenchymal extravasation of gadolinium mimicking an enhancing brain tumor.

Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging plays an essential role in the detection, characterization, and staging of intracranial neoplasms and vascular abnormalities. Although Gd is help...
Monitoring of a Zr-based conversion coating on galvanised steel and its performance against corrosion

New protective coatings with satisfactory performance and low impact are required by the surface treatment industry as effective Cr(VI)-free substitutes. Recently conversion coating systems contain...
The place of performance in a landscape of conquest: Raja Mansingh’s akhārā in Gwalior

ABSTRACTIn the forested countryside of Gwalior lie the vestiges of a little-known amphitheatre (akhārā) attributed to Raja Mansingh Tomar (r. 1488–1518). A bastioned rampart encloses the once-vibra...
THERMAL STABILITY AND NOISE OF A MINIATURE J-T HEAT EXCHANGER REFRIGERATOR SYSTEM

At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory we are developing small gas adsorption refrigerators that will be used to cool sensors and detectors on spacecraft. The detectors and pre-amplifiers can then be mounted directly adjacent to the J-T valve and result in a very compact integrated system ideally suited for spacecraft applications where size and weight are often at a premium. Measurements of the thermal stability using silicon diodes indicate that the J-T cooling system temperature is relatively insensitive to input pressure variations.
Assessing Recent Agent-Based Accounts of Right Action (and More)

Agent-based virtue ethical theories must deal with the problem of right action: if an action is right just in case it expresses a virtuous motive, then how can an agent perform the right action but for the wrong reason, or from a vicious motive? Some recent agent-based accounts purport to answer this challenge and two other related problems. Here I assess these accounts and show them to be inadequate answers to the problem of right action (and one of the other problems for agent-basing). Overall, it is shown that the most recent and promising attempts at squaring agent-based virtue ethics with commonsense morality are flawed, and so, the case for agent-basing in general that much dimmer.
Chapter 12 – PRML channels

Publisher Summary When recording densities are low, each transition written on a magnetic medium results in a relatively isolated voltage peak, and a peak detection channel works well to recover written information. At high channel densities, however, the peak detection channel cannot provide reliable data detection. Superposition of pulses, referred to as linear intersymbol interference (ISI), shifts the peaks of readback signal and increases the probability of errors in the zero-crossing detector. At the same time, the signal amplitude is lowered at high densities and the errors in the threshold detector also increase. The partial-response maximum likelihood (PRML) channels were proposed to overcome the problem of linear ISI and are now the dominant detection schemes in commercial magnetic disk drives. The PRML detection method is not based on voltage peaks, but rather takes into account the fact that the signals from adjacent transitions interfere. PRML channels consist of two relatively independent parts―partial response equalization and maximum likelihood detector.
(In)Congruent Parent–Child Reports of Parental Behaviors and Later Child Outcomes

This study evaluated hypothesized relations of (in)congruent parent–child perceptions of parental warmth and hostility at age 7 with changes in child and parent reports of children’s depressive symptoms and rule-breaking behaviors from ages 7 to 10. Dyads consisted of 193 parents (93.3% biological mothers) and children (49.2% female; 46.1% Latinx) drawn from a longitudinal study of child development. Child and parent reports of parental warmth and hostility were collected using parallel measures at age 7. Child and parent reports of child depressive symptoms and rule-breaking behaviors were collected at ages 7 and 10. After controlling for children’s prior symptomatology and individual informant effects, polynomial regression analyses revealed a significant relation between (in)congruent perceptions of parental warmth and child-reported depressive symptoms. Specifically, congruent perceptions of high parental warmth at age 7 predicted decreased levels of child-reported depressive symptoms from ages 7 to 10, whereas congruent perceptions of low parental warmth predicted increased levels of child-reported depressive symptoms, especially among daughters. (In)congruent perceptions of parental hostility were related to child-reported rule-breaking behaviors. Specifically, congruent perceptions of high parental hostility predicted increased rates of child-reported rule-breaking behaviors, whereas incongruent perceptions of high parent-reported and low child-reported parental hostility predicted decreased rates of child-reported rule-breaking behaviors, especially among sons. This study documented the adaptive significance of parent–child (in)congruence in perceptions of parenting across middle childhood and revealed the potential specificity of relations by domain of adaptation and/or gender, thereby suggesting important implications for risk identification and treatment.
Closed-loop machine-controlled CPR system optimises haemodynamics during prolonged CPR.

Abstract Objectives We evaluated the feasibility of optimising coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with a closed-loop, machine-controlled CPR system (MC-CPR) that sends real-time haemodynamic feedback to a set of machine learning and control algorithms which determine compression/decompression characteristics over time. Background American Heart Association CPR guidelines (AHA-CPR) and standard mechanical devices employ a “one-size-fits-all” approach to CPR that fails to adjust compressions over time or individualise therapy, thus leading to deterioration of CPR effectiveness as duration exceeds 15–20 ​min. Methods CPR was administered for 30 ​min in a validated porcine model of cardiac arrest. Intubated anaesthetised pigs were randomly assigned to receive MC-CPR (6), mechanical CPR conducted according to AHA-CPR (6), or human-controlled CPR (HC-CPR) (10). MC-CPR directly controlled the CPR piston’s amplitude of compression and decompression to maximise CPP over time. In HC-CPR a physician controlled the piston amplitudes to maximise CPP without any algorithmic feedback, while AHA-CPR had one compression depth without adaptation. Results MC-CPR significantly improved CPP throughout the 30-min resuscitation period compared to both AHA-CPR and HC-CPR. CPP and carotid blood flow (CBF) remained stable or improved with MC-CPR but deteriorated with AHA-CPR. HC-CPR showed initial but transient improvement that dissipated over time. Conclusion Machine learning implemented in a closed-loop system successfully controlled CPR for 30 ​min in our preclinical model. MC-CPR significantly improved CPP and CBF compared to AHA-CPR and ameliorated the temporal haemodynamic deterioration that occurs with standard approaches.
NT-PGC-1α deficiency attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity by modulating food intake, fecal fat excretion and intestinal fat absorption.

Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α and its splice variant NT-PGC-1α regulate metabolic adaptation by modulating many gene programs. Selective ablation of PGC-1α attenuates diet-induced obesity through enhancing fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis by upregulation of NT-PGC-1α in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Recently, we have shown that selective ablation of NT-PGC-1α reduces fatty acid oxidation in BAT. Thus, the objective of this study was to test our hypothesis that NT-PGC-1α-/- mice would be more prone to diet-induced obesity. Male and female NT-PGC-1α+/+ (WT) and NT-PGC-1α-/- mice were fed a regular chow or 60% high-fat (HF) diet for 16 weeks. Contrary to our expectations, both male and female NT-PGC-1α-/- mice fed HFD were protected from diet-induced obesity, with more pronounced effects in females. This lean phenotype was primarily driven by reduced dietary fat intake. Intriguingly, HFD-fed female, but not male, NT-PGC-1α-/- mice further exhibited decreased feed efficiency, which was closely associated with increased fecal fat excretion and decreased uptake of fatty acids by the intestinal enterocytes and adipocytes with a concomitant decrease in fatty acid transporter gene expression. Collectively, our results highlight the role for NT-PGC-1α in regulating whole body lipid homeostasis under HFD conditions.
Dynamic Matching Markets in Power Grid: Concepts and Solution using Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Traditional bulk load flexibility options, such as load shifting and load curtailment, for managing uncertainty in power markets limit the diversity of options and ignore the preferences of the individual loads, thus reducing efficiency and welfare. This paper proposes an alternative to bulk load flexibility options for managing uncertainty in power markets: a reinforcement learning based dynamic matching framework. More specifically, a novel hybrid learning model is proposed for determining the matching policy that is a composition of a fixed rule-based function and a trainable component that can be trained by matching data with no prior knowledge or expert supervision. The output of the trainable component is a probability distribution over the matching decisions for the individual customers. The proposed hybrid learning model enables the learning algorithm to find an effective matching policy and simultaneously satisfy the load servicing constraints. The simulations show that the proposed learning algorithm learns an effective matching policy for different generation-consumption profiles and exhibits better performance compared to standard online matching heuristics such as Match on Arrival, Match to the Highest, and Match to the Earliest Deadline policies.
Clinical Reasoning: A 59-Year-Old Woman Presenting With Diplopia, Dysarthria, Right-Sided Weakness, and Encephalopathy

A 59-year-old woman with a history of FLT3-ITD mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) presented for evaluation of horizontal diplopia, progressive dysarthria, right facial weakness, and somnolence. She was initially diagnosed with AML 15 months prior to the current presentation. Complete remission was attained 9 months from AML diagnosis after induction chemotherapy with daunorubicin, cytarabine, and midostaurin, and consolidation chemotherapy with high-dose cytarabine followed by allogenic stem cell transplantation. The patient relapsed 4 months after transplantation, prompting reduction of immune suppression and initiation of the FLT3 inhibitor gilteritinib. She developed graft vs host disease of the skin, necessitating maintenance tacrolimus and dexamethasone. She again achieved complete remission on gilteritinib. Five months following gilteritinib initiation, she presented to her outpatient oncologist for evaluation of 10 days of intermittent horizontal diplopia associated with left eye pain and a new headache. On examination, she had new left eye esotropia and veered left with ambulation, while the remainder of the neurologic examination was intact. Her medication regimen at this time included gilteritinib, tacrolimus, dexamethasone, and prophylactic acyclovir, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and fluconazole.
Classical Information and Entropy

All physical systems register bits of information, whether it be an atom, an electrical current, the location of a billiard ball, or a switch. Information can be classical, quantum, or a hybrid of both, depending on the system. For example, an atom or an electron or a superconducting system can register quantum information because the quantum theory applies to each of these systems, but we can safely argue that the location of a billiard ball registers classical information only. These atoms or electrons or superconducting systems can also register classical bits because it is always possible for a quantum system to register classical bits. The term information , in the context of information theory, has a precise meaning that is somewhat different from our prior “everyday” experience with it. Recall that the notion of the physical bit refers to the physical representation of a bit, and the information bit is a measure of how much we learn from the outcome of a random experiment. Perhaps the word “surprise” better captures the notion of information as it applies in the context of information theory. This chapter begins our formal study of classical information. Recall that Chapter 2 reviewed some of the major operational tasks in classical information theory. Here, our approach is somewhat different because our aim is to provide an intuitive understanding of information measures, in terms of the parties who have access to the classical systems. We define precise mathematical formulas that measure the amount of information encoded in a single physical system or in multiple physical systems. The advantage of developing this theory is that we can study information in its own right without having to consider the details of the physical system that registers it. We first introduce the entropy in Section 10.1 as the expected surprise of a random variable. We extend this basic notion of entropy to develop other measures of information in Sections 10.2–10.6 that prove useful as intuitive informational measures, but also, and perhaps more importantly, these measures are the answers to operational tasks that one might wish to perform using noisy resources. While introducing these quantities, we discuss and prove several mathematical results concerning them that are important tools for the practicing information theorist.