cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enabling the Cross-Coupling of Tertiary Organoboron Nucleophiles through Radical-Mediated Alkyl Transfer

The construction of quaternary centers is a common challenge in the synthesis of complex materials and natural products. Current cross-coupling strategies that can be generalized for setting these centers are sparse and, when known, are typically predicated on the use of reactive organometallic reagents. To address this shortcoming a new, photoredox-Ni dual catalytic strategy for the cross-coupling of tertiary organoboron reagents with aryl halides is reported. In addition to details on the cross-coupling scope and limitations, full screening efforts and mechanistic experiments are communicated.
The Heart as a Pump

This chapter describes the anatomic location of the heart in the center of the thorax, and how it connects to the great vessels. It describes how the heart is a series of muscular bags of varying thickness. Contraction of the muscle produces a force that, in the first approximation, obeys the Law of Laplace. The sequence of blood flow through the heart is described, along with the anatomic location and function of the heart valves. The closure of the heart valves produces the heart sounds that are audible upon auscultation. Heart murmurs are discussed briefly. The timing of the events in the cardiac cycle is presented in a modified Wiggers diagram. The chapter ends with a description of the electrical system that controls the heart beat.
A Taniyama Product for the Riemann Zeta Function

A Taniyama product for the Riemann zeta function is defined and an analogue of Mertens’ theorem is proved.
New Light on the T-Cell Receptor in Relation to Antibody Binding Sites

For the reader who is not a cellular immunologist, I now seek to put the following contributions into perspective. N.A. Mitchison remarked at the start of the Forum (cf. Foreword) that this is a very good time to be studying immunology because things have become so simple and answers are arriving fast. I have much respect for his shrewdness. T-cell receptor knowledge is indeed advancing fast. The question is, are the results making things simpler? We can look at the past decade of immunology as a series of plateaus. When we first reach the plateau, there is a discernible sigh of relief that at last we have got it right. But we soon realize that out in front of us is not the horizon but yet another climb to yet another plateau. The T-cell receptor has had more plateaus than any other aspect of immunology; but Mitchison and I would agree that while there is more of a climb ahead before the horizon is reached with the T-cell receptor, the rate at which the picture is emerging gives us hope that we will soon be seeing the horizon. Hope beats eternal.
Carbidopa: a selective Ah receptor modulator (SAhRM)

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was discovered as the intracellular receptor that bound with high affinity to the environmental toxicant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and the AhR is required for mediating the toxicity induced by TCDD. Subsequent studies show that the AhR binds structurally diverse chemicals including plant-derived compounds that promote health and several AhR-active pharmaceuticals that exhibit anticancer activity. In this issue, there is a report that carbidopa, a drug used for treating Parkinson's disease, is also an AhR ligand, and this compound inhibits pancreatic cancer cell and tumor growth. These results are consistent with activities of other AhR-active compounds that inhibit carcinogenesis. Like carbidopa, these chemicals are selective AhR modulators with potential clinical applications that are AhR-dependent.
Does a Criminal Past Predict Worker Performance?: Evidence from One of America's Largest Employers

This paper is one of the first systematic assessments of ex-felons' workplace performance. Using FOIA-requested data from the Department of Defense, we follow 1.3 million ex-offender and non-offender enlistees in the US military from 2002 to 2009. Those with a felony background show no difference in attrition rates due to poor performance compared to those without criminal records. Moreover, exfelons are promoted more quickly and to higher ranks than other enlistees. At the same time, we find that ex-felons are slightly more likely to commit a legal offense in the military system (5 percent of non-felons compared to 6.6 percent of ex-felons). We also find a higher rate of work-related deaths among the ex-felon sample; closer evaluation of limited data suggests this may be driven by ex-felons being assigned more often to combat positions. Overall, our study shows that the military's criminal history screening process can result in successful employment outcomes for exfelons, at least in terms of job mobility and reliability, to the mutual benefit of employer and employee. An important question arising from this analysis is whether the military's "whole person" review can apply successfully to the civilian sector.
Economic Benefit Analysis of Process Control for Predominantly Transient Processes

The question of how to assess the monetary value of process control has been of significant interest from both the academic and industrial points of view since the inception of the field. While metrics exist for addressing this problem in the case of predominantly steady-state processes, no work has been reported for predominantly transient processes. In this paper, we develop two performance metrics that allow the evaluation of the monetary value of improving process control for predominantly transient processes. We demonstrate the utility of the metrics in assessing (1) whether improvement of process control would yield any worthwhile monetary benefits, and (2) for control structures that carry out multiple production transitions within a production schedule, the specific areas where improvement of process control would yield the highest economic benefits.
Sleep-related functional impairment as a moderator of risky drinking and subsequent negative drinking consequences in college students.

Abstract Objective Poor sleep quality and insufficient total sleep time have been shown to modify the relationship between college drinking and negative drinking consequences. This study aimed to examine whether prospective associations between risky drinking and negative drinking consequences similarly differ by sleep-related functional impairment, which is novel to the literature. Method Data were obtained from a 2-month prospective study of 157 college drinkers (mean age = 19 years [SD = 1.11], 30% male, 76% White). Online questionnaires were administered at both Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2) to measure sleep-related functional impairment (assessed by Insomnia Diurnal Impact Scale; Ruiz, Guilera, & Gomez-Benito, 2011 ) and drinking behaviors and negative drinking consequences (assessed retrospectively over the past 2 months). Results Prospective negative binomial regression analyses demonstrated that associations of both maximum drinks and binge drinking frequency at T1 with negative drinking consequences at T2 differed by T1 sleep-related functional impairment after controlling for covariates (sex, negative mood, total sleep time, insomnia symptoms, morning preference, and negative drinking consequences at T1). Students reporting lower sleep-related functional impairment experienced high levels of negative drinking consequences only at high levels of risky drinking, whereas students reporting higher sleep-related functional impairment experienced consistently high levels of negative drinking consequences regardless of their risky drinking levels. Conclusion Findings indicate that sleep-related functional impairment may exacerbate negative drinking consequences of risky drinking. Thus, sleep-related functional impairment helps to explain individual differences in the association between risky drinking and negative drinking consequences in college students.
Digital Health Apps in the Clinical Care of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Scoping Review.

Background: Digital health is poised to transform health care and redefine personalized health. As Internet and mobile phone usage increases, as technology develops new ways to collect data, and as clinical guidelines change, all areas of medicine face new challenges and opportunities. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of many chronic diseases that may benefit from these advances in digital health. This review intends to lay a foundation for clinicians and technologists to understand future directions and opportunities together. Objective: This review covers mobile health apps that have been used in IBD, how they have fit into a clinical care framework, and the challenges that clinicians and technologists face in approaching future opportunities. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify mobile apps that have been studied and were published in the literature from January 1, 2010, to April 19, 2019. The search terms were (“mobile health” OR “eHealth” OR “digital health” OR “smart phone” OR “mobile app” OR “mobile applications” OR “mHealth” OR “smartphones”) AND (“IBD” OR “Inflammatory bowel disease” OR “Crohn's Disease” (CD) OR “Ulcerative Colitis” (UC) OR “UC” OR “CD”), followed by further analysis of citations from the results. We searched the Apple iTunes app store to identify a limited selection of commercial apps to include for discussion. Results: A total of 68 articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 11 digital health apps were identified in the literature and 4 commercial apps were selected to be described in this review. While most apps have some educational component, the majority of apps focus on eliciting patient-reported outcomes related to disease activity, and a few are for treatment management. Significant benefits have been seen in trials relating to education, quality of life, quality of care, treatment adherence, and medication management. No studies have reported a negative impact on any of the above. There are mixed results in terms of effects on office visits and follow-up. Conclusions: While studies have shown that digital health can fit into, complement, and improve the standard clinical care of patients with IBD, there is a need for further validation and improvement, from both a clinical and patient perspective. Exploring new research methods, like microrandomized trials, may allow for more implementation of technology and rapid advancement of knowledge. New technologies that can objectively and seamlessly capture remote data, as well as complement the clinical shift from symptom-based to inflammation-based care, will help the clinical and health technology communities to understand the full potential of digital health in the care of IBD and other chronic illnesses.
Collaboration between the breast and plastic surgeon in restoring sensation after mastectomy

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed invasive cancer in women worldwide. While hypoesthesia is a known sequela after mastectomy, patients are now inquiring with renewed interest about the degree and timing of sensation after mastectomy. This is a topic that has generated much research interest. However, while there have been advances in the field, there are few, well-done studies that allow for an accurate answer to this question. In this article, relevant breast and donor site anatomy is reviewed for sensate autologous breast reconstruction. Additional donor sites apart from the typically utilized abdomen are analyzed with relevant anatomical discussions. Outcomes are presented; however, due to the heterogeneity of the patient population, surgical approach and postoperative sensory testing, it is difficult to compare results between studies. Future directions and unanswered questions regarding sensate autologous breast reconstruction are highlighted. While great strides have been made in providing sensate autologous breast reconstruction, there are still many unanswered questions. Thus, the collaboration between surgical teams and sharing of outcomes is crucial to allow for optimization of this powerful surgical approach.
Increased Incidence of Villitis in Placentas Exposed to Chemotherapy During Pregnancy: Is There a Correlation?:

We have identified 9 pregnant patients who were diagnosed with malignancy and initiated chemotherapy during their second trimester (cervical cancer [n = 3], leukemia [n = 3], breast cancer [n = 2],...
Infant foundations in Down syndrome: early constraints on cognitive skill acquisition

Abstract In this review, we examine how early presentations in infants with Down syndrome may constrain experiences and initiate developmental cascades that contribute to challenges with cognitive skill acquisition. We examine three candidate areas that are hypothesized to influence cognitive skill acquisition in infants with Down syndrome: early motor, communication, and regulatory foundations. For each of these areas, there is empirical support for a unique presentation during the earliest stages of development in Down syndrome. We discuss how these early presentations may serve as constraints during infancy that lead to specific developmental cascades. We also address the translational relevance of early infant science for treatment and intervention in Down syndrome.
The Relationships Between Physical Health and Chronic Disease, Stress, and Resource Strain in Head Start Employees.

Background: Emerging research indicates that Head Start employees often struggle with health issues and may not be able to model the healthy behaviors that they hope to instill in young children. T...
Should Audit Committee Directors Serve on Multiple Audit Committees? Evidence from Cost of Equity Capital

We find a significant negative association between cost of equity and audit committee directors' simultaneous service on multiple audit committees (ACNUM). However, this association is not linear a...
The Small Business Screen: A Way to Evaluate Small Business Opportunities

A Small Business Screen is developed which prospective small business owners can use to screen business opportunities according to market attractiveness and their ability to compete . Assessments of market attractiveness and ability to compete are used to plot the position of each proposed business. The resulting plot shows which businesses are likely to succeed and which are likely to fail. The Small Business Screen is a logical extension of the concepts used to develop the General Electric/McKinsey industry attractiveness-business strength screen . Its use should prevent many prospective small business owners from entering businesses in which they are almost certain to fail .
The GABA a agonist muscimol enhances locomotor activity, but does not alter the behavioural effects of CRH in juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)†

The present study investigated the effects of manipulating the GABAergic system on locomotor activity in juvenile spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. In addition, we evaluated whether the GABAergic system is important for mediating the behavioural effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). An intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the GABAa agonist muscimol caused an acute and dose dependent increase in locomotor activity in juvenile spring chinook salmon. ICV injections of the GABAa antagonist bicuculline prevented the increase in activity when administered concurrently with muscimol. The GABAb agonist baclofen had no effect on locomotor activity in this study. Furthermore, we found no evidence that the locomotor response to exogenous CRH was altered by the concurrent administration of muscimol or bicuculline. These results provide evidence to support the hypothesis that endogenous GABA within the central nervous system is involved in the control of locomotor activity in fish. The data also suggest that there is no interaction between the GABAergic system and CRH with regards to the control of locomotor activity in this species.
An untethered isoperimetric soft robot

For robots to be useful for real-world applications, they must be safe around humans, be adaptable to their environment, and operate in an untethered manner. Soft robots could potentially meet these requirements; however, existing soft robotic architectures are limited by their ability to scale to human sizes and operate at these scales without a tether to transmit power or pressurized air from an external source. Here, we report an untethered, inflated robotic truss, composed of thin-walled inflatable tubes, capable of shape change by continuously relocating its joints, while its total edge length remains constant. Specifically, a set of identical roller modules each pinch the tube to create an effective joint that separates two edges, and modules can be connected to form complex structures. Driving a roller module along a tube changes the overall shape, lengthening one edge and shortening another, while the total edge length and hence fluid volume remain constant. This isoperimetric behavior allows the robot to operate without compressing air or requiring a tether. Our concept brings together advantages from three distinct types of robots-soft, collective, and truss-based-while overcoming certain limitations of each. Our robots are robust and safe, like soft robots, but not limited by a tether; are modular, like collective robots, but not limited by complex subunits; and are shape-changing, like truss robots, but not limited by rigid linear actuators. We demonstrate two-dimensional (2D) robots capable of shape change and a human-scale 3D robot capable of punctuated rolling locomotion and manipulation, all constructed with the same modular rollers and operating without a tether.
Triazoxins: Novel nucleosides with anti-Giardia activity.

Abstract Novel nucleoside analogues named “triazoxins” were synthesized. Of these, two analogues were found to be highly effective against Giardia lamblia, an intestinal parasite and a major cause of waterborne infection, worldwide. While compound 7 reduced the growth of trophozoites in culture (IC50, ~5 μM), compound 21 blocked the in vitro cyst production (IC50 ~5 μM). Compound 21 was also effective against trophozoites (IC50, ~36 μM). A third analogue (compound 8) was effective against both trophozoites (IC50, ~36 μM) and cysts (IC50, ~20 μM) although at higher concentration. Thus triazoxin analogues are unique and exhibit morphology (i.e., trohozoites or cysts) -specific effects against Giardia.
VisualDx Mobile App

VisualDx is an evidence-based, point-of-care tool for diagnosing visible health concerns and diseases. The VisualDx mobile app takes the web platform and puts it in the hands of the health care pro...
20MHz, Two Phase Negative Coupled Inductor Design for Integrated Voltage Regulator in Smartphone Applications

In order to provide a compact and efficient power solution for high-performance processors in smartphone application, three-dimensional integrated voltage regulator operating at ultra-high frequency(beyond 10MHz) becomes a promising solution. One of the most challenging parts is ultra-low profile magnetic design with small footprint, loss and large current handling capability. In this paper, a novel, two phase negative coupled inductor structure with TKOIN metal- flake composite magnetic material is proposed. The structure exploration and design process are illustrated with the help of finite element tool. The new inductor structure features very small inductor loss(<0.15W per phase) and footprint(<4mm2 per phase), large inductance density and current handling ability(3A dc current per phase) operating at 20MHz switching frequency. Three different inductor samples are fabricated and experimentally tested to verify the design and evaluate thermal performance of inductors.
Embedding Online Runtime Verification for Fault Disambiguation on Robonaut2

Robonaut2 (R2) is a humanoid robot onboard the International Space Station (ISS), performing specialized tasks in collaboration with astronauts. After deployment, R2 developed an unexpected emergent behavior. R2’s inability to distinguish between knee-joint faults (e.g., due to sensor drift versus violated environmental assumptions) began triggering safety-preserving freezes-in-place in the confined space of the ISS, preventing further motion until a ground-control operator determines the root-cause and initiates proper corrective action. Runtime verification (RV) algorithms can efficiently disambiguate the temporal signatures of different faults in real-time. However, no previous RV engine can operate within the limited available resources and specialized platform constraints of R2’s hardware architecture. An attempt to deploy the only runtime verification engine designed for embedded flight systems, R2U2, failed due to resource constraints. We present a significant redesign of the core R2U2 algorithms to adapt to severe resource and certification constraints and prove their correctness. We further define an optimization enabled by our new algorithms and implement the new version of R2U2. We encode specifications describing real-life faults occurring onboard Robonaut2 using Mission-time Linear Temporal Logic (MLTL) and detail our process of specification debugging, validation, and refinement. We deployed this new version of R2U2 on Robonaut2, demonstrating successful real-time fault disambiguation and mitigation triggering of R2’s knee-joint faults without false positives.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of New Beta-Lactam Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Antibiotics Versus Colistin for the Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Infections:

Introduction: Carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs) present a serious public health problem. Limited treatment options has led to increased use of colistin and polymyxin. Since 2014, the US Food an...
Differing Strategies to Meet Information-Sharing Needs: Publicly Supported Community Health Information Exchanges Versus Health Systems’ Enterprise Health Information Exchanges

Context: The United States has invested billions of dollars to encourage the adoption of and implement the information technologies necessary for health information exchange (HIE), enabling providers to efficiently and effectively share patient information with other providers. Health care providers now have multiple options for obtaining and sharing patient information. Community HIEs facilitate information sharing for a broad group of providers within a region. Enterprise HIEs are operated by health systems and share information among affiliated hospitals and providers. We sought to identify why hospitals and health systems choose either to participate in community HIEs or to establish enterprise HIEs.Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with 40 policymakers, community and enterprise HIE leaders, and health care executives from 19 different organizations. Our qualitative analysis used a general inductive and comparative approach to identify factors influencing participation in, and the success of, each approach to HIE.Findings: Enterprise HIEs support health systems’ strategic goals through the control of an information technology network consisting of desired trading partners. Community HIEs support obtaining patient information from the broadest set of providers, but with more dispersed benefits to all participants, the community, and patients. Although not an either/or decision, community and enterpriseHIEs compete for finite organizational resources like time, skilled staff, and money. Both approaches face challenges due to vendor costs and lessthan- interoperable technology.Conclusions: Both community and enterprise HIEs support aggregating clinical data and following patients across settings. Although they can be complementary, community and enterprise HIEs nonetheless compete for providers’ attention and organizational resources. Health policymakers might try to encourage the type of widespread information exchange pursued by community HIEs, but the business case for enterprise HIEs clearly is stronger. The sustainability of a community HIE, potentially a public good, may necessitate ongoing public funding and supportive regulation.
Screening for primary aldosteronism in the hypertensive obstructive sleep apnea population is cost-saving.

Abstract Background Guidelines recommend screening for primary aldosteronism in patients diagnosed with hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea. Recent studies have shown that adherence to these recommendations is extremely low. It has been suggested that cost is a barrier to implementation. No analysis has been done to rigorously evaluate the cost-effectiveness of widespread implementation of these guidelines. Methods We constructed a decision-analytic model to evaluate screening of the hypertensive obstructive sleep apnea population for primary aldosteronism as per guideline recommendations in comparison with current rates of screening. Probabilities, utility values, and costs were identified in the literature. Threshold and sensitivity analyses assessed robustness of the model. Costs were represented in 2020 US dollars and health outcomes in quality-adjusted life-years. The model assumed a societal perspective with a lifetime time horizon. Results Screening per guideline recommendations had an expected cost of $47,016 and 35.27 quality-adjusted life-years. Continuing at current rates of screening had an expected cost of $48,350 and 34.86 quality-adjusted life-years. Screening was dominant, as it was both less costly and more effective. These results were robust to sensitivity analysis of disease prevalence, test sensitivity, patient age, and expected outcome of medical or surgical treatment of primary aldosteronism. The screening strategy remained cost-effective even if screening were conservatively presumed to identify only 3% of new primary aldosteronism cases. Conclusions For patients with hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea, rigorous screening for primary aldosteronism is cost-saving due to cardiovascular risk averted. Cost should not be a barrier to improving primary aldosteronism screening adherence.
Information Production and Capital Allocation: Decentralized versus Hierarchical Firms

This paper asks how well different organizational structures perform in terms of generating information about investment projects and allocating capital to these projects. A decentralized approach—with small, single-manager firms—is most likely to be attractive when information about projects is “soft” and cannot be credibly transmitted. In contrast, large hierarchies perform better when information can be costlessly “hardened” and passed along inside the firm. The model can be used to think about the consequences of consolidation in the banking industry, particularly the documented tendency for mergers to lead to declines in small-business lending. IN THIS PAPER ,I TAKE UP the following question: How does organization design inf luence the process by which capital is allocated to competing investment projects? I contrast two basic organizational forms. The first is “decentralization,” in which small, single-manager firms choose between relatively few projects. The second is “hierarchy,” in which large firms with multiple layers of management evaluate many projects. The goal is to understand what projectlevel characteristics lead either decentralization or hierarchy to be the preferred design. This question can be given a concrete motivation. Over the last several years, there has been enormous consolidation in the banking industry, both in the United States and worldwide. This consolidation has been accompanied by widely voiced concerns that the resulting larger banks will lend less to small businesses, which are especially dependent on intermediaries for financing. And indeed, a number of researchers have documented that, when two banks merge, the resulting larger entity tends to cut back significantly on its small-business lending. Moreover, the evidence suggests that the loans that are cut are, at least on average, positive-NPV.1 Why would a newly enlarged bank ever turn its back on a profitable line of business in this way? An informal argument is given by Berger, Demsetz, and Strahan ~1999, pp. 165–166!:
Cost-Sharing and Out-of-Pocket Cost for Women Who Received MRI for Breast Cancer Screening.

BACKGROUND The financial protection of the Affordable Care Act's (ACA) prevention provision doesn't apply to breast MRI but only to mammography for breast cancer screening. The purpose of the study is to examine the financial burden among women who received breast MRI for screening. METHODS This observational study used the Marketscan® database. Women underwent breast MRI between 2009 and 2017 and had screening mammography within 6 months of the MRI were included. We compared the time trend of the proportion of zero cost-share for women undergoing screening mammography and that for MRI. We quantified out-of-pocket (OOP) costs as the sum of copayment, coinsurance, and deductible and defined zero cost-share as having no OOP cost. We conducted multivariable logistic regression and two-part model to examine factors associated with zero cost-share and OOP costs of MRI, respectively. RESULTS 16,341 women had a screening breast MRI during the study period. The proportion of screening MRI claims with zero cost-share decreased from 43.1% (2009) to 26.2% (2017). The adjusted mean OOP cost for women in high-deductible plans was more than twice the cost for their counterparts ($549 vs. $251, 2-sided P < .001). Women who resided in the South in the post-ACA era were less likely to have zero cost-share and paid higher OOP costs for screening MRI. CONCLUSIONS Many women are subject to high financial burden when receiving MRI for breast cancer screening. Those enrolled in high-deductible plans and who reside in the South are especially vulnerable financially.
The Paradox of Organizational Rigidity A Contingency Model for Information Processing During Times of Opportunity and Threat

This article proposes that similar rigidity effects that occur under conditions of resource scarcity and threat also occur in opportunistic environments characterized by resource abundance. As orga...
A Review of Introduction to Forensic Toxicology

This book is intended for use by both teachers and practicing professionals in forensic toxicology. It is divided into three sections, and the first section, “Principles for Forensic Toxicology,” includes information on the pharmacological and analytical principles necessary for the forensic toxicologist to fulfill his professional obligations. Chapters on the history of forensic toxicology and the pathology of poisoning are also included. The second section deals with the practice of forensic toxicology and describes the type of work involved in a routine forensic toxicology laboratory. The final section, “Applications of Forensic Toxicology,” includes chapters on data reporting and handling, interpretation of toxicological data, and appearing as an expert witness.
Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Modeling of the Coastal Zone

Abstract : The long-range goal of this project is to improve our ability to understand and predict environmental conditions in the coastal zone. The primary scientific objectives of the proposed research are to use a coupled atmosphere-ocean model to investigate and quantify the interaction between the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers and its effect on environmental conditions in the coastal zone. The main focus will be on boundary layer interactions under coastal upwelling conditions in which cold, upwelled ocean surface water induces the development of stable internal boundary layers in the atmosphere and thereby reduces low-level winds and surface stress. Research will also investigate the effects of coastal terrain and diurnal heating and the interaction of forced coastal atmospheric flows on ocean circulation. The approach used in this project is to combine numerical model results with in-situ and remote-sensing observations to understand and quantify physical processes in the coastal, coupled atmosphere-ocean and test their representation in mesoscale atmospheric models. Efforts this year have focused on understanding the relative importance of atmosphere-ocean coupling in comparison with coastal terrain and diurnal forcing. Simulations were conducted using an idealized coastline with a single point; they emphasized how coastal features interact with diurnal heating and boundary layer coupling. Results with and without coupling are being analyzed to determine how both the atmosphere and ocean respond and will be reported in a publication in preparation.
Localization and Characterization of Peroxidases in the Mitochondria of Chilling-Acclimated Maize Seedlings

We present evidence of two peroxidases in maize (Zea mays L.) mitochondria. One of these uses guaiacol and the other uses cytochrome c as the electron donor. Treatments of fresh mitochondria with protease(s) indicate that ascorbate and glutathione peroxidases are likely bound to the mitochondria as cytosolic contaminants, whereas guaiacol and cytochrome peroxidases are localized within the mitochondria. These two mitochondrial peroxidases are distinct from contaminant peroxidases and mitochondrial electron transport enzymes. Cytochrome peroxidase is present within the mitochondrial membranes, whereas guaiacol peroxidase is loosely bound to the mitochondrial envelope. Unlike other cellular guaiacol peroxidases, mitochondrial guaiacol peroxidase is not glycosylated. Digestion of lysed mitochondria with trypsin activated mitochondrial guaiacol peroxidase but inhibited cytochrome peroxidase. Isoelectric focusing gel analysis indicated guaiacol peroxidase as a major isozyme (isoelectric point 6.8) that is also activated by trypsin. No change in the mobility of guaiacol peroxidase due to trypsin treatment on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was observed. Although both peroxidases are induced by chilling acclimation treatments (14[deg]C), only cytochrome peroxidase is also induced by chilling (4[deg]C). Because chilling induces oxidative stress in the maize seedlings and the mitochondria are a target for oxidative stress injury, we suggest that mitochondrial peroxidases play a role similar to catalase in protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage.
Entrepreneurial Discovery and Alertness

Discovery opportunities are assumed to arise from competitive imperfections in markets due to changes in technology, consumer preferences, or some other attributes of the context within which a market or industry exists. In particular, these opportunities emerge independent of the actions of those seeking to generate economic profits from exploiting them and thus are “objective” and “real” in the sense those terms are used by scholars who adopt a critical realist philosophy. The task of those seeking to exploit discovery opportunities, thus, is to be “alert” to the existence of these objective opportunities and to “claim” those that hold the greatest economic potential. However, as discovery opportunities are considered by discovery theorists to be objective and real, in principle, they could be discovered by anyone operating in an imperfectly competitive market. Keywords: discovery; alertness; opportunity
A stereotactic near-infrared probe for localization during functional neurosurgical procedures: further experience: Clinical article

Object The authors previously developed an optical stereotactic probe employing near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to provide intraoperative localization by distinguishing gray matter from white matter. In the current study they extend and further validate this technology. Methods Near-infrared probes were inserted 203 times during 138 procedures for movement disorders. Detailed validation with postoperative imaging was obtained for 121 of these procedures and with microelectrode recording (MER) for 30 procedures. Probes were constructed to interrogate tissue perpendicular to the probe path and to incorporate hollow channels for microelectrodes, deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes, and other payloads. Results The NIR data were highly correlated to imaging and MER recordings for thalamic targets. The NIR data were highly sensitive but less specific relative to imaging for subthalamic targets, confirming the ability to detect the subthalamic nucleus and to provide warnings of inaccurate localization. The ...
Do employees use report cards to assess health care provider systems

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate consumers' use of report cards that provide information on service quality and satisfaction at the provider group level. DATA SOURCES: In 1998 we conducted a telephone survey of randomly selected employees in firms aligned with the Buyers Health Care Action Group (BHCAG) in the Minneapolis-St. Paul market. STUDY DESIGN: Univariate probit models were used to determine report card utilization, perceived helpfulness of the report card, and ease of selecting a provider group. The characteristics used in the models included health status, age, gender, education, residency, job tenure, marital status, presence of dependent children, household income, and whether consumers changed provider groups. DATA COLLECTION: Our sample consists of survey responses from 996 single individuals (a response rate of 91 percent) and 913 families (a response rate of 96 percent). The survey was supplemented with data obtained directly from employers aligned with BHCAG. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Consumers who changed to a new provider group are more likely to use report card information and find it helpful, consumers employed in large firms are less likely to use the report card, and families who use information from their own health care experiences are less likely to find the report card helpful. In addition, individuals who changed to a new provider group are more likely to find the selection decision difficult. CONCLUSION: The findings show that health care consumers are using satisfaction and service-quality information provided by their employers.
Robotic simulation of dynamic plume tracking by Unmanned Surface Vessels

Using autonomous mobile robots to dynamically track oil plume propagation in ocean environments is challenging. Based on a model of advection-diffusion equation that describes point-source pollution propagation in marine environments, we have previously proposed a model-based estimator-controller design for autonomous robots to dynamically track plume front propagation. In this paper we study the robustness of the controller in a robot simulator, and evaluate it's performance in a realistic environmental model setup. A probabilistic Lagrangian environmental model is used that can capture both the time-averaged, idealized structure and the instantaneous, realistic structure of a dynamic plume. The controller is implemented on the Field Robotics Lab Vehicle Software, which uses Lightweight Communication and Marshalling library to facilitate process communication and for easy transit to field testing. Simulation results are shown with discussions and lessons learned to guide future field experiments.
Multiring probe in a flowing ionospheric plasma.

Description of a multiring probe placed in an ionospheric flow simulation chamber utilizing a modified Kaufman ion engine for its plasma source. The pertinent details of the probe design, instrumentation, and operating procedures are discussed, and the preliminary results obtained are presented.
Stress Accumulated Mechanisms on Strike-Slip Faults

The tectonic framework causing seismicity on the San Andreas and North Anatolian faults can be understood in terms of plate tectonics. However, the mechanisms responsible for the distribution of seismicity in space and time on these faults are poorly understood. The upper part of the crust apparently behaves elastically in storing energy that is released during an earthquake. The relatively small distances from the fault in which stress is stored argue in favor of a plate with a thickness of 5–10 km. The interaction of this plate with a lower crust that is behaving as a fluid damps the seismic cycling in distances of the order of 10 km from the fault. Low measured heat flow also argues in favor of a thin plate with a low stress level on the fault. Future measurements of stress, strain, and heat flow should help to provide a better understanding of the basic mechanisms governing the behavior of strike-slip faults.
Problems of Physical Education

(1920). Problems of Physical Education. American Physical Education Review: Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 239-249.
Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome in Adolescents

Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) is encountered more frequently in teen and young adults than in the general population. The hormones of puberty play a triggering role in the onset of the syndrome. The pertinent neuroanatomy is reviewed in this article, including the role of the retinal ganglion cells, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and hypothalamus. The physiology underpinning the disorder is described, including the role of melanopsin and melatonin. The genetic predispositition is managed by the interaction of the genes per, tim, and clock ultimately manifesting as the circadian rhythm. Understanding the interplay of the circadian rhythm and homeostatic drive in Borbely’s two-process model helps to create the foundation for clinical evaluation of persons with this syndrome. Details for careful clinical evaluation are described. Identifying DSPS reduces the stigma associated with issues such as school truancy and informs the clinician so that recommendations in accord with the circadian rhythm can be provided. Successful treatment can prevent sequelae including difficulties with mood regulation, accidents, substance abuse, and poor academic performance. Currently used diagnostic evaluation tools including the sleep log, the “morningness/eveningness” scale, and actigraphy are described. Future tools including salivary melatonin assays are reviewed. Therapeutic interventions including phototherapy, chronotherapy, and pharmacotherapy are also reviewed.
A Rapid and Specific Ultramicro Method for Total Serum Cholesterol

A modification of the Zak cholesterol reaction is described in which ethanol is substituted for glacial acetic acid. This modification avoids the hazard of purifying glacial acetic acid and also increases the specificity of the reaction by eliminating interference from bromide or iodide salts. The ethanolic reaction has the absorbance spectrum, sensitivity, and stability of the usual acetic acid reaction. A rapid ultramicro method has been developed based on this ethanolic reaction. A 0.01- to 0.05-ml. sample of serum is extracted with 2.5 ml. of ethanol, and a 2.0-ml. aliquot of this extract is reacted directly with 2.0 ml. of a Zak color reagent. Cholesterol concentrations as determined by this procedure and by the Sperry-Webb method showed satisfactory agreement for monkey and human sera, including normal, hemolyzed, high cholesterol, and severely lipemic or jaundiced sera..
Segmental Bulge of the Linear Thoracic Paraspinal Shadow (Paravertebral Line)

1. Greater attention should be placed upon the finding, on roentgenograms, of the segmental bulge of the linear paraspinal shadow as an indication of disease of the thoracic spine. The paravertebral line is readily seen on the anteroposterior roentgenogram of the thoracic spine and is often apparent on the frontal roentgenograms of the chest. 2. A segmental paraspinal bulge with associated destruction of the disc space almost invariably indicates an underlying infection—most frequently, tuberculosis. 3. If the interspace is normal, the most probable diagnosis is that of a tumor. In my series, metastatic lesions were more frequent than primary lesions. 4. Recent trauma or collapse should be considered in vertebral fractures if there is a bulge of the paravertebral line. The bulge indicates the presence of a hematoma and disappears within one month of the time of injury.
Macrophages and Myeloid Dendritic Cells Lose T Cell-Stimulating Function in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Associated with Diminished IL-12 and IFN-α Production

Impaired T cell responses are a defining characteristic of HIV infection, but the extent to which altered mononuclear phagocyte function contributes to this defect is unclear. We show that mononuclear phagocytes enriched from rhesus macaque lymph nodes have suppressed ability to stimulate CD4 T cell proliferation and IFN-γ release after acute SIV infection. When individual populations were isolated, myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and macrophages but not plasmacytoid DC (pDC) had suppressed capacity to stimulate CD4 T cell proliferation, with macrophage function declining as infection progressed. Macrophages, but not pDC or mDC, had suppressed capacity to induce IFN-γ release from CD4 T cells in acute infection, even after stimulation with virus-encoded TLR7/8 ligand. Changes in expression of costimulatory molecules did not explain loss of function postinfection. Conversely, pDC and mDC had marked loss of IFN-α and IL-12 production, respectively, and macrophages lost production of both cytokines. In T cell cocultures without TLR7/8 ligand, macrophages were the primary source of IL-12, which was profoundly suppressed postinfection and correlated with loss of IFN-γ release by T cells. TLR7/8-stimulated pDC, mDC and macrophages all produced IL-12 in T cell cocultures, which was suppressed in chronic infection. Supplementing IL-12 enhanced mDC-driven IFN-γ release from T cells, and IL-12 and IFN-α together restored function in TLR7/8-activated macrophages. These findings reveal loss of macrophage and mDC T cell-stimulating function in lymph nodes of SIV-infected rhesus macaques associated with diminished IL-12 and IFN-α production that may be a factor in AIDS immunopathogenesis.
Creating an online dictionary of abbreviations from MEDLINE.

Objective: The growth of the biomedical literature presents special challenges for both human readers and automatic algorithms. One such challenge derives from the common and uncontrolled use of abbreviations in the literature. Each additional abbreviation increases the effective size of the vocabulary for a field. Therefore, to create an automatically generated and maintained lexicon of abbreviations, we have developed an algorithm to match abbreviations in text with their expansions. Design: Our method uses a statistical learning algorithm, logistic regression, to score abbreviation expansions based on their resemblance to a training set of human-annotated abbreviations. We applied it to Medstract , a corpus of MEDLINE abstracts in which abbreviations and their expansions have been manually annotated. We then ran the algorithm on all abstracts in MEDLINE, creating a dictionary of biomedical abbreviations. To test the coverage of the database, we used an independently created list of abbreviations from the China Medical Tribune . Measurements: We measured the recall and precision of the algorithm in identifying abbreviations from the Medstract corpus. We also measured the recall when searching for abbreviations from the China Medical Tribune against the database. Results: On the Medstract corpus, our algorithm achieves up to 83% recall at 80% precision. Applying the algorithm to all of MEDLINE yielded a database of 781,632 high-scoring abbreviations. Of all the abbreviations in the list from the China Medical Tribune , 88% were in the database. Conclusion: We have developed an algorithm to identify abbreviations from text. We are making this available as a public abbreviation server at \url{ }.