cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invited review: The effect of native and nonnative enzymes on the flavor of dried dairy ingredients

Dried dairy ingredients are used in a wide array of foods from soups to bars to beverages. The popularity of dried dairy ingredients, including but not limited to sweet whey powder, whey proteins and milk powders, is increasing. Dried dairy ingredient flavor can carry through into the finished product and influence consumer liking; thus, it is imperative to produce a consistent product with bland flavor. Many different chemical compounds, both desirable and undesirable, contribute to the overall flavor of dried dairy ingredients, making the flavor very complex. Enzymatic reactions play a major role in flavor. Milk contains several native (indigenous) enzymes, such as lactoperoxidase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, proteinases, and lipases, which may affect flavor. In addition, other enzymes are often added to milk or milk products for various functions such as milk clotting (chymosin), bleaching of whey products (fungal peroxidases, catalase to deactivate hydrogen peroxide), flavor (lipases in certain cheeses), or produced during the cheesemaking process from starter culture or nonstarter bacteria. These enzymes and their possible contributions will be discussed in this review. Understanding the sources of flavor is crucial to produce bland, flavorless ingredients.
Characterization of the kringle fold and identification of a ubiquitous new class of disulfide rotamers

Abstract The disulfide-bridged chains in the kringle (K) and fibronectin type II (FN2) domains are characterized using a taxonomy that considers the regularities in both β-secondary structure and cystine cluster. The structural core of the kringle fold comprises an assembly of two β-hairpins (a “β-meander”) accommodating two overlapping disulfides; one cystine is incorporated in adjacent β-strands, whereas the other is located just beyond the ends of non-adjacent β-strands. The dispositions of the (N, C) termini of the two overlapping disulfides in the kringle fold are given as (m, j + 1) and (i − 1, k + 1), in which m, i, j, and k (m
Reinterpretation and simplified implementation of a discontinuous Galerkin method for Hamilton-jacobi equations

Abstract In this note, we reinterpret a discontinuous Galerkin method originally developed by Hu and Shu [C. Hu, C.-W. Shu, A discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 21 (1999) 666–690] (see also [O. Lepsky, C. Hu, C.-W. Shu, Analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin method for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, Applied Numerical Mathematics 33 (2000) 423–434]) for solving Hamilton–Jacobi equations. With this reinterpretation, numerical solutions will automatically satisfy the curl-free property of the exact solutions inside each element. This new reinterpretation allows a method of lines formulation, which renders a more natural framework for stability analysis. Moreover, this reinterpretation renders a significantly simplified implementation with reduced cost, as only a smaller subspace of the original solution space in [C. Hu, C.-W. Shu, A discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 21 (1999) 666–690; O. Lepsky, C. Hu, C.-W. Shu, Analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin method for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, Applied Numerical Mathematics 33 (2000) 423–434] is used and the least squares procedure used in [C. Hu, C.-W. Shu, A discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 21 (1999) 666–690; O. Lepsky, C. Hu, C.-W. Shu, Analysis of the discontinuous Galerkin method for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, Applied Numerical Mathematics 33 (2000) 423–434] is completely avoided.
Visible-To-Infrared Image Converter Using The Hughes Liquid Crystal Light Valve

This paper reviews the current state of development of a high-performance infrared image transducer for use in advanced real-time infrared scene simulation. This transducer is based upon the silicon liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) technology developed at Hughes Research Laboratories. Results are presented for simulations in the 3 to 5 Am and the 8 to 12 μm spectral regions.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Light-induced oxidation-reduction reactions in a cell-free preparation from the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum: the role of cytochrome f, cytochrome b558, C550, and P700 in noncyclic electron transport.

Abstract 1. Cytochrome f (λmax = 554 nm, Em = +0.35 V) and cytochrome b558 (λmax = 558 nm, Em = +0.35 V) were photooxidized by Photosystem I and photoreduced by Photosystem II in a cell-free preparation from the blue-green alga Nostoc muscorum. The steady-state oxidation levels of both cytochromes were affected by noncyclic electron acceptors and by inhibitors of noncyclic electron transport. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of NADP reduction by water involves a Photosystem II and a Photosystem I light reaction operating in series and linked by a chain of electron carriers that includes cytochrome f and cytochrome b558. 2. Phosphorylation cofactors shifted the steady-state of cytochrome f to a more reduced level under conditions of noncyclic electron transport but had no effect on cytochrome b558. These observations suggest that the noncyclic phosphorylation site lies before cytochrome f (on the Photosystem II side) and that cytochrome f is closer to this site than is cytochrome b558. 3. A Photosystem II photoreduction of C550 at 77 °K was observed, suggesting that in blue-green algae, as in other plants, C550 is closely associated with the primary electron acceptor for Photosystem II. A Photosystem I photooxidation of P700 at 77 °K was observed, consistent with P700 serving as the primary electron donor of Photosystem I.
Professional Development Schools: Persisting Questions and Lessons Learned:

Le mouvement de reforme appele professional development schools (PDS) est un mouvement pedagogique cree en 1990 aux Etas-Unis qui relie la theorie a la pratique a travers un partenariat entre les enseignants et leurs formateurs. Dans cet article, les AA. discutent du role de la collaboration dans les PDS et du changement qu'apporte ce mouvement aux relations entre formateurs et formes
A novel memory size model for variable-mapping in system level design

It is predicted that 70% of the chip area will be occupied by memories in future system-on-chips. The minimization of on-chip memory hence becomes increasingly important for cost, performance and energy consumption. This paper proposes a novel memory size model for algorithms which map the variables of a system behavior to memories of a system architecture. To our knowledge, it is the first memory estimation approach that analyzes the variable lifetime for the system behavior, which consists of hierarchically-modelled and concurrently-executed processes and contains variables with different sizes. Experimental results show that significant improvements can be achieved.
Sulfate reduction in Louisiana marsh soils of varying salinities

Potential sulfate reduction and in situ hydrogen sulfide emission rates for three Louisiana marsh soils of varying salinities (salt, brackish, and freshwater) were used to evaluate the influence of soil physicochemical parameters on sulfur transformations in different seasons (summer, winter, and spring). Solid adsorbent preconcentration and emission flux chambers were used in field experiments to measure hydrogen sulfide emissions. Soil redox potential (Eh) was measured at depths between 5 and 50 cm. Duplicate soil cores were obtained and sectioned for laboratory analysis. The fresh and brackish marsh soils were composed predominantly of organic matter, while the salt marsh soils were composed of predominantly minerals. Fresh marsh soils were generally the most oxidized and salt marsh soils the most reduced. In situ hydrogen sulfide emissions, but not potential sulfate reduction rates, were highest for the brackish marsh. Potential sulfate reduction assays may have overestimated in-situ rates, particular...
Metastable Crystallization, Phase Partitioning, and Grain Growth of ZrO2─Gd2O3 Materials Processed from Liquid Precursors

This patent describes aqueous mixtures of Zr(C[sub 2]H[sub 3]O[sub 2])[sub 4] and Gd(NO[sub 3])[sub 3] used to prepare chemically homogeneous ZrO[sub 2]-GdO[sub 3] solid solutions containing 0 to 9 mol% Gd[sub 2]O[sub 3]. The application of kinetically limited equilibria concepts explains why a metastable tetragonal phase crystallized subsequent to precursor pyrolysis from compositions containing [lt]6.5 mol% Gd[sub 2]O[sub 3] and a metastable cubic phase crystallized from precursors with [gt]6.5 mol% Gd[sub 2]O[sub 3]. Partitioning experiments for a composition containing 3 mol% Gd[sub 2]O[sub 3] showed that the maximum equilibrium solid-solubility of Gd[sub 2]O[sub 3] in tetragonal ZrO[sub 2] is 1.0 [plus minus] 0.1 mol% and the minimum equilibrium solid-solubility in cubic ZrO[sub 2] is 8.0 [plus minus] 0.2 mol% at 1400[degrees].
Boots for oily surfaces

A field trial of footwear was commenced 5 years ago to try and find the most suitable boots to prevent slipping accidents on floors contaminated with mineral oil. After preliminary trials nitrile rubber (NR) and microcellular polyurethane (PU) were selected for comparison. Boots soled and heeled with these materials were worn by 12 volunteers for periods of up to 2 years. Friction was measured at intervals throughout the trial by determining the angle of slip on an oily steel plate. Smooth, wet or oily floors caused polishing of the soles, whereas loose metal chippings on the floor roughened the surface and improved friction. Microcellular PU resisted polishing better than NR and had a longer life. In the final phase of the trial, volunteers who had tested NR boots wore PU and vice versa. A direct comparison of the two materials tested by seven volunteers revealed that PU always produced higher angles of slip than NR. Mean coefficient of friction (COF) for PU was 0·26 and for NR was 0·18. The COF of PU bo...
Generation of Bone Marrow Derived Murine Dendritic Cells for Use in 2-photon Imaging

Several methods for the preparation of murine dendritic cells can be found in the literature. Here, we present a method that produces greater than 85% CD11c high dendritic cells in culture that home to the draining lymph node after subcutaneous injection and present antigen to antigen specific T cells (see video). Additionally, we use Essen Instruments Incucyte to track dendritic cell maturation, where, at day 10, the morphology of the cultured cells is typical of a mature dendritic cell and <85% of cells are CD11chigh. The study of antigen presentation in peripheral lymph nodes by 2-photon imaging revealed that there are three distinct phases of dendritic cell and T cell interaction. Phase I consists of brief serial contacts between highly motile antigen specific T cells and antigen carrying dendritic cells. Phase two is marked by prolonged contacts between antigen-specific T cell and antigen bearing dendritic cells. Finally, phase III is characterized by T cells detaching from dendritic cells, regaining motility and beginning to divide. This is one example of the type of antigen-specific interactions that can be analyzed by two-photon imaging of antigen-loaded cell tracker dye-labeled dendritic cells.
Predictive efficiency as a function of amount of information and level of professional experience.

Abstract Both the amount of information available to judges and their level of professional training have been identified as variables relevant to accurate personality predictions. This study represented an attempt to determine the optimal amount of Rorschach protocol information essential to accurate personality descriptions for judges at various levels of professional experience. Four groups of 25 judges (Fellows in the Society for Projective Techniques, recently graduated Ph.D.'s, Graduate and Undergraduate students) responded to sets of true-false personality statements which referred to a patient whose Rorschach protocol had been supplied to them. The results indicated that aside from occasional exceptions: 1. No significant improvement in predictive accuracy occurred as the level of training and/or experience increased. 2. Increases in the amount of protocol information did not significantly improve the judges' understanding of the patient, as measured by the criterion. 3. The Rorschach appears best...
TeV Gamma Rays from Geminga and the Origin of the GeV Positron Excess

The Geminga pulsar has long been one of the most intriguing MeV-GeV gamma-ray point sources. We examine the implications of the recent Milagro gamma-ray Observatory detection of extended, multi-TeV gamma-ray emission from Geminga, finding that this reveals the existence of an ancient, powerful cosmic-ray accelerator that can plausibly account for the multi-GeV positron excess that has evaded explanation. We explore a number of testable predictions for gamma-ray and electron or positron experiments (up to approximately 100 TeV) that can confirm the first "direct" detection of a cosmic-ray source.
Interpolation of weighted-average samples using cubic B-spline functions

An algebraic formulation is presented here to model the finite area sampling process in a more general form. Previously reported results are shown to be special cases of this formulation [4]. It also leads us to interpolate arbitrary weighted-average samples with better accuracy. Computer results show an order-of-magnitude improvement of accuracy over those of previous schemes
PROSTAGLANDIN E-1 (PGE-1) & PULMONARY VASCULAR RESIS- TANCE IN NEONATAL LAMBS

PGE-1, a known pulmonary vasodilator in isolated lungs, has been proposed as a mediator of the rapid fall in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in neonates. A previous study found that in fetal animals a 50% drop in PVR was accompained by severe systemic effects including a 44% drop in placental flow. To exclude such effects we studied chronic PGE-1 infusion directly into the pulmonary circulation of 7 neonatal lambs. Animals were instrumented in utero under maternal anesthesia. Peripheral arterial and venous catheters were placed. Thoracotomy was performed with placement of a pulmonary arterial catheter and a pulmonary trunk electromagnetic flow transducer. The ductus was ligated, the animal delivered, and mechanical ventilation instituted. Systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, pulmonary arterial flows, heart rate, and arterial blood gases were monitored. PVR was calculated before and during infusion under normoxemic and hypoxemic conditions. In 9 infusions in 7 animals, basal PVR was 0.225 mm/Hg/ml/min and rose to 0.521 with hypoxia. Basal systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was 0.534, and rose to 0.568 with hypoxia. With PGE-1 infusion at a mean dose of 1.6 mcg/kg/min PVR fell 27% to 0.185 in room air while SVR fell 25% to 0.400. Under hypoxic conditions PVR fell 49% to 0.264 while SVR fell 44% to 0.319. We conclude that PGE-1 is a nonspecific vasodilator which during infusion is not degraded in a single pass through the lungs. It decreases PVR and SVR equally during both normoxemia and hypoxemia.
Fluidity and Intersubjectivity: A Feminist Perspective on Embodying Uprightness

In “The Upright Posture,” Straus argues that “we first become our true selves” in opposition to nature and one another. Though this anthropology expresses truths about human existence, it also conc...
Reliability - security model

This paper includes the conditional probability of security failures given the occurrence of reliability failures. To our knowledge, this is the first research to perform this type of integration of reliability and security. It was necessary for us to use hypothetical but realistic probability distributions and parameters because, unfortunately, cyber attack data is not publicly available. In our model, we calculate error rates between predicted and actual values of reliability and security quantities. We provide a discussion of the policy implications for mitigating reliability and security problems based on model results. Our approach is most applicable to critical infrastructure systems.
Actin gene duplication and the evolution of morphological complexity in land plants.

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein that is a key component of cells. Genes encoding actin occur in single copies in most green algae, in 2–3 copies in bryophytes, and in increasingly more complex gene families in ferns and seed plants. We use the well-resolved phylogenetic frameworks of the Streptophyta as a guide to reconstruct the patterns of actin gene duplication in early diverging land plants. Our working hypothesis is that the origin of novel tissues in the bryophytes (e.g. multicellular sporophyte) may be reflected in the functional diversification of duplicate actin genes in these taxa. Actin is used as a model cytoskeletal protein with the assumption that its evolutionary history represents those of other cytoskeletal elements and the coevolved binding proteins. Here we provide a phylogenetic perspective on the origin of green algal and land plant actin genes and use this information to speculate on the role of plant actin in early plant evolution.
Side effects of chemotherapeutic oculo-toxic agents: a review.

Patients with cancer are often prescribed chemotherapeutic substances that can be extremely oculo-visual-toxic in nature. Over the past several years, advances in cancer treatment have resulted in increased survival rates and patient longevity. Unfortunately, greater survival rates and longevity mean increased exposure to potentially harmful oculo-toxic substances and a higher incidence of oculo-visual side effects. Patients receiving chemotherapy may complain of symptoms that can imitate functional disorders such as blurred vision and photophobia (i.e. disorders of accommodation) and also include dry eyes or other symptomology commonly associated with disorders of the primary eye care system. These deleterious side effects affect the patient's quality of life and warrant our attention. It is essential that eye and vision care professionals appropriately diagnose and manage these induced disorders. This review presents the oculo-visual side effects of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents, the available treatment options when these unwanted side effects occur, and when known, the mechanism by which these agents cause oculo-visual toxicity.
Polyblends. I. Mechanical properties of polyblends of butadiene–acrylonitrile elastomers and copolymers of vinyl stearate and vinyl chloride

Several nitrile rubber elastomers were polyblended, across the composition range, with selected polymeric compositions containing vinyl chloride. The compositions incorporated were (a) bulk poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC); (b) copolymers of vinyl stearate and vinyl chloride containing, respectively, 0.21, 0.36, and 0.47 weight fraction of the vinyl ester; and (c) mixtures containing the same weight fractions of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) with PVC. Mechanical, viscoelastic, optical, and volatility properties were studied on all blends in this first paper. To accurately compare the mechanical properties of polyblends of different systems, a criterion of mechanical equivalence was taken as the observance of similar stresses at break for compositions selected to have identical 100% moduli. Optimum mechanical equivalence, therefore, occurred at the largest ratios of 100% modulus to break stress for all systems compared. Optimum mechanical property equivalence was observed for NBR blends with PVC and for similar blends of both internally and externally plasticized systems containing 0.21 weight fraction of plasticizer. However, considerably more nitrile rubber was needed for PVC blends to acquire the properties of the plasticized systems. Mechanical equivalence was observed, but was not optimum for systems having more plasticizer because tensile strengths were lower. Polyblending with NBR improved the toughness and low-temperature properties of starting vinyl stearate copolymers. Improved toughness was indicated by the expansion of areas under stress–strain curves. Refractive index matching appeared to explain the transparency of the best films and their relative freedom from haze. On heating at 85°C, poly(vinyl chloride) and the copolymer polyblends suffered no volatility loss. Volatility of DOP from the blends was 1.5 times greater than for PVC–DOP mixtures. Because modulus–temperature curves and mechanical Tg values of the filler component shifted with composition, the mechanical behavior of these blends was in harmony with an accepted standard of interdomain compatibility.
Effect of interlayer modulus on fracture mode ratio for interleaved composite laminates

Results are presented from a study to assess the effect of the interlayer modulus on the energy release rate and fracture mode ratio in interleaved composite laminates. Two different geometries and material systems are studied. It is found that the fracture mode ratio is a very strong function of the interlayer modulus, and that varying the interlayer modulus can significantly change the percentage of opening mode which occurs for a given remote loading. The significance of these results is addressed with respect to choice of an interleaving system, as well as with respect to methodologies to eliminate computational difficulties associated with the oscillatory stress singularity in non-interleaved composites.
Mutagenic and lethal effects of near-ultraviolet radiation (290-400 nm) on bacteria and phage

Despite decades of study of the effect of near-ultraviolet radiation (NUV) on bacterial cells, insights into mechanisms of deleterious alterations and subsequent recovery are just now emerging. These insights are based on observations that 1) damage by NUV may be caused by a reactive oxygen molecule, since H2O2 may be a photoproduct of NUV; 2) some, but not all, of the effects of NUV and H2O2 are interchangeable; 3) there is an inducible regulon (oxyR) that responds to oxidative stress and is involved in protection against NUV; 4) a number of NUV-sensitive mutants are defective either in the capacity to detoxify reactive oxygen molecules or to repair DNA damage caused by NUV; and 5) recovery from NUV damage may not directly involve induction of the SOS response. Since several distinctly different photoreceptors and targets are involved, it is unknown whether NUV lethality and mutagenesis result from an accumulation of damages or whether there is a particularly critical photoeffect. To fully understand the mechanisms involved, it is important to identify the chromophore(s) of NUV, the mechanism of toxic oxygen species generation, the role of the oxidative defense regulon (oxyR), the specific lesions in the DNA, and the enzymatic events of subsequent repair.
Lysosomal vacuolar apparatus of cardiac myocytes in heart of starved and refed rabbits.

Abstract The cardiac lysosomal changes that accompany prolonged starvation and refeeding were studied using biochemical, immunohistochemical, and cytochemical techniques. Biochemical activities of lysosomal enzymes changed in a heterogeneous manner during starvation: cathepsin D increased significantly, acid phosphatase and β-glucosaminidase were altered minimally, and cathepsin B decreased significantly. During 1 to 3 days of refeeding, all activites returned toward normal except acid phosphatase. Morphological studies revealed that the increases in cathepsin D and acid phosphatase were localized in elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and secondary lysosomes; upon refeeding, these acid hydrolases were incorporated within autophagic vacuoles with simultaneous loss of staining within the endoplasmic reticulum. The results indicate that different cardiac lysosomal proteinases are not regulated in a coordinate manner during starvation. Moreover, changes in cathepsin D appear more likely to play an important metabolic role during the period of refeeding than during the period of starvation per se .
Ovarian development, fertility and fecundity in Podisus maculiventris Say (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae): an analysis of the impact of nymphal, adult, male and female nutritional source on reproduction

Summary The rate of ovarian maturation, stages of follicle development, fertility and fecundity of the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were examined under various nymphal and adult feeding regimes. In Heteroptera, both juvenile and adult nutrition potentially impact on reproductive development and fecundity. Natural larval prey (Trichoplusia ni Hubner) and an insect-free artificial diet (liver and egg-based) were used as food sources for nymphal and adult P. maculiventris. Results showed that nymphal and adult food source both played a significant role in ovarian development and reproductive output of females. The nymphal food source played a significant role in the process of oogenesis, as seen by the formation of follicles at the pre-vitellogenic stage. The adult food source significantly influenced the process of vitellogenesis as seen by the number of vitellogenic and chorionated follicles present within the ovarioles. Feeding on larval prey, at the adult st...
Locus of control, motivation, and expectancy: Predicting hypnotic susceptibility from personality variables

Abstract Subjects were divided into high and low halves on three locus-of-control measures. Susceptibility to hypnotic suggestion was measured following a description of hypnosis as either situationally determined or personally determined. A control group received no description. The results suggest that individual differences in locus of control interacted with the perceived hypnotic situation to produce increased or decreased levels of hypnotic susceptibility. The results are interpreted in support of Endler and Magnusson's person × situation interactional approach to personality research. In addition, prehypnotic measures of expectancy of susceptibility and motivation to be hypnotized suggest that the person × situation interaction is mediated by these two variables. No relation between subject's attitude toward hypnosis and susceptibility was found.
Intraventricular insulin suppresses the acoustic startle response in rats.

Abstract We and others have previously reported that the hormone insulin alters brain noradrenergic function at the synaptic and molecular levels. In the present study, we examined the in vivo effect of insulin (administered chronically via osmotic minipumps at a dose of 5 mU/day into the third cerebral ventricle) on the acoustic startle response. Rats receiving chronic intraventricular insulin had a significantly reduced startle response relative to vehicle-treated controls (i.e., 47 ± 21% of baseline control startle response). Because our previous findings suggest that on an acute basis, insulin may enhance endogenous noradrenergic activity by inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake, we speculate here that the chronic effect of insulin is similar to that of the noradrenergic reuptake blocker, desipramine, which has been reported to decrease baseline startle performance.
Automated capillary liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of neuroactive amines and amino acids

A method for the separation and quantitative determination of neuroactive amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, citrulline, arginine, glycine, taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid) and neuroactive amines (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) in a single chromatographic analysis is presented. The method is based on pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde and tert.-butyl thiol, on-column preconcentration and separation using 50 microns I.D. packed capillary columns, and detection by amperometry. Mass limits of detection are 80-900 amol for all neurotransmitters with RSDs of 0.71 and 4.6% or better for retention time and peak area, respectively. The method was demonstrated by application to the determination of neurotransmitters in microdialysis samples collected from striatum of live rats and tissue samples extracted from butterfly brains.
Photoluminescence dynamics and Auger fountain in three-dimensional Si/SiGe multilayer nanostructures

In three-dimensional cluster morphology multilayer Si/SiGe nanostructures, we find an anticorrelation between photoluminescence (PL) originating from SiGe clusters and the PL associated with electron-hole droplets (EHDs) localized within nanometer-thick Si separating layers. We show that Auger processes eject holes from SiGe clusters and facilitate the exciton/EHD phase transition in the Si layers. An unusual $N$-shaped SiGe cluster PL decay curve is attributed to the reverse EHD/electron-hole gas phase transition and carrier redistribution between Si spacer layers and SiGe clusters.
Consolidation therapy revisited: intravenous chemotherapy.

The administration of ‘consolidation’ therapy is designed to maximize the benefits achieved from primary chemotherapy, to both improve progression-free and overall survival. Paclitaxel is an excellent agent to consider for a consolidation strategy in ovarian cancer, based on its activity in the disease, its cycle-specificity, and the lack of serious cumulative toxicity (except for neuropathy). A recently reported randomized trial conducted by the South-west Oncology Group and the Gynecologic Oncology Group revealed that 12-monthly cycles of single-agent paclitaxel (175 mg/m2 over 3 h) improves progression-free survival (PFS), compared to 3-monthly cycles of the agent (median PFS: 28 months versus 21 months, P = 0.0023, and hazard ratio 2.31). Further exploration of consolidation/maintenance therapy in the management of ovarian cancer is indicated, focusing on agents that are easy to administer (eg, oral) and that result in limited cumulative toxicity.
Novel lead free nanoscale nonconductive adhesive (NCA) for ultra-fine pitch interconnect applications

Recently, non-conductive adhesive (NCA) bonding technology has attracted increasingly research interests as lead-free interconnect due to the fine pitch capability and low cost. The NCA usually requires no conductive tillers, but needs a relatively high pressure for bonding between the IC chip and the substrate coupled with heat. During bonding, the heat and pressure are applied for some time and the direct physical contact between the two surfaces of the IC bump and the substrate bond pad can be made with NCA resin curing/solidification. Contact of bottom and top pads/electrodes, via their up-and-hill (represents the uneven bond pads surfaces) surface structures, leads to the electrical conduction of NCA joints. In order to create the electrically conductive NCA joints, relatively high pressure and high degrees of the solidification of the polymer resin are required. This paper introduces a novel lead-free nanoscale NCA interconnect material with trace amount of in-situ formed nanoconductive fillers. These uniformly distributed nanosized conductive fillers were in-situ formed in the epoxy resin and were well dispersed within the polymeric matrix. As such, the novel NCA joints were formed with lower bonding pressures and exhibited an improved electrical performance without sacrificing the fine pitch advantages of NCAs. The dramatic improvement was attributed to the enhanced interface properties by the nanoconductive fillers, which assisted the electrons tunneling and current flow.
Computationally Efficient Data-Driven Surge Map Modeling for Centrifugal Air Compressors

For the compressor operation, surge is a detrimental phenomenon of large oscillating pressure and flow in air compressors, which occurs usually at too low flow rate for a given discharge pressure. For many industrial air compressors, surge map is widely used for surge avoidance control. Field operation of centrifugal air compressors for manufacturing plant has shown that the surge map of a compressor may vary dramatically with ambient and operational conditions. In our previous work, data-driven surge map modeling method has been developed to obtain surge maps under different ambient air conditions, where the asymmetric support vector machines (ASVM) were developed for obtaining the surge map models based on actual surge test data. Support vector machine algorithms are generally computationally intensive, which may increase the complexity and cost of implementation. In this paper, a method of effectively selecting the support vectors is applied to the ASVM based surge map modeling framework. The modeling results correctly predict all gathered surge conditions with much less support vectors and lower orders kernel. About four times reduction of model complexity was resulted.
Cochlear implantation in children younger than 12 months.

Objectives. As a result of universal new- born hearing screening and improved evaluation tools, many children with severe to profound hearing loss are being diagnosed as infants. This affords the opportunity to provide these children access to cochlear implantation, although medical and audiologic challenges must be ad- dressed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of cochlear implantation in children who are younger than 1 year. Methods. A prospective study was conducted of 18 children who had confirmed severe to profound sensori- neural hearing loss and received cochlear implants at our medical center before 12 months of age. The length of device usage ranged from 6 months to 4 years, 5 months. The main outcomes measured were perioperative and postoperative surgical/medical aspects, the Infant- Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale and age- appropriate phoneme, and word and sentence recognition tests, when appropriate. Results. All children had full insertions of the elec- trode array without surgical complications and are devel- oping age-appropriate auditory perception and oral lan- guage skills. Conclusions. Early implantation is feasible and ben- eficial in some children who are younger than 12 months and should be considered with attention to variables involved in the decision-making process, including pos- sible increased surgical risk, skull size and scalp thickness, and mastoid development. Pediatrics 2005;116:e487-e493.
The oxylipin signal jasmonic acid is activated by an enzyme that conjugates it to isoleucine in Arabidopsis.

Despite its importance in a variety of plant defense responses, our understanding of how jasmonic acid (JA) functions at the biochemical level is limited. Several amino acid conjugates of JA were tested for their ability to complement the JA-insensitive Arabidopsis thaliana mutant jar1-1. Unlike free JA, JA-Ile inhibited root growth in jar1-1 to the same extent as in the wild type, whereas JA-Val, JA-Leu, and JA-Phe were ineffective inhibitors in both genotypes. Thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of products produced in vitro by recombinant JAR1 demonstrated that this enzyme forms JA-amido conjugates with several amino acids, including JA-Ile. JA-Val, -Leu, -Ile, and -Phe were each quantified in Arabidopsis seedlings by GC-MS. JA-Ile was found at 29.6 pmole g−1 fresh weight (FW) in the wild type but was more than sevenfold lower in two jar1 alleles. JA-Leu, -Val, and -Phe were present at only low levels in both genotypes. Expression of wild-type JAR1 in transgenic jar1-1 plants restored sensitivity to JA and elevated JA-Ile to the same level as in the wild type. The ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) conjugated to JA was also found in plant tissue at 18.4 pmole g−1 FW. JA-ACC was determined not be an effective jasmonate root inhibitor, and surprisingly, was twofold higher in the mutants than in the wild type. This suggests that another JA-conjugating enzyme(s) is present in Arabidopsis. Synthesis of JA-ACC might provide a mechanism to coregulate the availability of JA and ACC for conversion to the active hormones JA-Ile and ethylene, respectively. We conclude that JAR1 is a JA-amino synthetase that is required to activate JA for optimal signaling in Arabidopsis. Plant hormone activation by conjugation to amino acids and the enzymes involved in their formation were previously unknown.
Resonant plasmon-exciton coupling in zinc oxide quantum well-aluminum nanodisc heterostructure arrays

The emergence of Fano resonances in the extinction spectra of arrays of aluminum nanodiscs 30–200 nm in diameter deposited on [Zn, Mg]O quantum wells provide the first evidence of strong coupling in zinc oxide heterostructures.
Machine Intelligence Meets Neuroscience

With each passing year, the goal of achieving "artificial intelligence" seems to recede further into the distance.
Behavioral changes and pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in goats following intravenous and intramuscular administration.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate disposition of butorphanol (BUT) in goats after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration and to relate behavioral changes with plasma concentrations of BUT. Each of six healthy 3-year-old neutered goats (one male, five females) (46.5 ± 0.5 kg) were given BUT (0.1 mg kg−1, IV or IM) using a randomized crossover design with a one week wash out period. Plasma BUT concentrations were determined for 14 hours after drug administration (IV: 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, 480, 600, 720 and 840 minutes; IM: 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 360, 480, 720 and 840 minutes). Pharmacokinetic values were calculated using a computerized model. Behavior was scored subjectively (3 = fractious; 2 = fidgety; 1 = quiet with heightened alertness; 0 = normal) at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes after butorphanol administration. Estimated peak plasma concentration of BUT after IM administration was 54.98 ± 14.60 ng mL−1; time to maximum concentration was 16.2 ± 5.2 minutes; bioavailability was 82 ± 41%. Volume of distribution at steady state after IV BUT was 1.27 ± 0.73 L kg−1; systemic clearance was 9.6 ± 2.4 mL kg−1 minute−1. Elimination half-life after IV BUT was 112.4 ± 89.4 minutes and after IM administration was 165.1 ± 115.9 minutes. Plasma BUT concentrations were greater than 10 ng mL−1 for 240 minutes. Behavioral scores for goats at 15 and 30 minutes were significantly different from baseline and 240 minutes after IM BUT. With IV BUT, baseline behavioral scores were different from those at 15 minutes; those at 15 minutes were different from scores at 120 and 240 minutes. Both time and plasma BUT concentration predicted behavior. Every 15 minutes that passed lowered the behavior score by 13% after IV BUT, and by 10% after IM BUT; each ng increase in plasma concentration increased the behavior score by 4% after IV BUT and by 7% after IM BUT. Behavioral scores had returned to baseline by 120 minutes after IV BUT and by 240 minutes after IM BUT. The dose of BUT that we use clinically to treat postoperative pain in goats results in an acceptable half-life for ease of dosing; plasma concentrations meet or exceed target plasma concentration (10 ng mL−1) for 4 hours. Behavioral changes occur after IV and IM BUT in goats without pain. Further investigation is needed to validate the efficacy of BUT as an analgesic in goats.
Heterogeneous Chemical Reaction and Equilibrium

Consider the following reaction among the end-member components of py­roxene (Px), feldspar (Fs), and quartz (Q).
Provider expectations and experiences of comanagement

BACKGROUND: Hospitalist comanagement of complex surgical and medical specialty patients is increasingly common, but it is unclear how provider expectations and experiences under the collaborative practice model differ from those of traditional consultations. METHODS: We analyzed survey data examining expectations and experiences on a medical hepatology comanagement service. Participating hospitalists, nonphysician providers (NPPs), hepatologists, and fellows completed a Baseline Survey that addressed preferences for decision-making under comanagement. Repeated Surveys, administered to each unique team of comanagers, addressed their experiences with decision-making on their rotations on the service between April and October 2008. RESULTS: All 43 providers completed the Baseline Survey. Among these, 32 providers who rotated on the service completed 79% (177/223) of Repeated Surveys. The majority of respondents indicated understanding their role. More providers of every professional role indicated their preference for hospitalists to participate in every management decision and for hepatologists not to participate in every management decision. Most indicated that they both preferred and experienced the direction of management issues by a single physician leader. Almost all indicated at baseline that comanagement tends to improve patient care (hospitalists 94%, hepatologists 83%, NPPs 100%, fellows 100%), although fewer NPPs (40%) and fellows (50%) felt comanagement actually improved care following their rotations. CONCLUSIONS: Preferences and experiences about provider roles are not uniform under comanagement, and conflicting preferences exist around decision-making processes. Providers generally agreed that comanaging hospitalists should participate broadly in management decisions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Δ4‐Cholesten‐3,6‐dione

Δ4-Cholesten-3,6-dione product: Δ4-cholesten-3,6-dione byproduct: 3,4-seco-Δ5-cholesten-3,4-dioic acid Keywords: oxidation, CH2 CO; oxidation, CHOH CO; Claisen's alkali (KOH in aq. methanol)
Strategic quality management: the role of process ownership, management and improvement

This article discusses process management concepts that are essential to improvement initiatives such as strategic quality management, total quality management, Six Sigma, and lean manufacturing. One critical element to understand is ‘process’ because processes must be documented, and process owners must be identified before processes can be validated, managed and improved. A key concept is the role that process stakeholderstm play in the improvement of processes. Another vital concept is the relevance of empowerment to process ownership and improvement. The concept of value and its importance to customers is also discussed. The question is asked (and answered): “What must people do in order to improve processes?” Finally, measurement and baselines are discussed, and examples of processes, process owners, measurements and suggestions for improvement are provided.
The Politics of Consumption: A Re-Inquiry on Thompson and Haytko's (1997) “Speaking of Fashion”

This article explores Thompson and Haytko's ([1997][1]) interpretation of fashion discourses by bringing together two opposing perspectives on consumers' use of objects as signs. The first perspective assumes that the consumer has free reign in the play of signs (i.e., the consumer is constituting). The second assumes that the consumer is imprisoned by the signs and codes of the historical moment (i.e., the consumer is constituted). The dialectical and discursive tension between these two perspectives is used as an orienting framework in the hermeneutic analyses of 14 phenomenological interviews. Thompson and Haytko's ([1997][1]) findings/claims remain pertinent in a professional, middle-class context. In addition, this research contributes to their lived hegemony premise by emphasizing the dominating tendencies of marketing systems. [1]: #ref-42
Effect of Muscle Biomechanics on the Quantification of Spasticity

The impact of muscle biomechanics on spasticity was assessed by comparison of the reflex responses of the elbow and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) flexor muscles in individuals with chronic spastic hemiplegia following stroke. Specifically, methods were developed to quantify reflex responses and to normalize these responses for comparison across different muscle groups. Stretch reflexes were elicited in the muscles of interest by constant velocity ramp-and-hold stretches at the corresponding joint. The muscles were initially passive, with the joint placed in a midrange position. Estimates of biomechanical parameters were used to convert measured reflex joint torque and joint angle into composite flexor muscle stress and stretch. We found that the stretch reflex response for the MCP muscle group had a 74% greater mean stiffness modulus than that for the elbow muscle group, and that the reflex threshold was initiated at an 80% shorter mean muscle stretch. However, we determined that initial normalized fiber length was significantly greater for the experiments involving the MCP muscles than for those involving the elbow muscles. Increasing the initial composite fiber length of the elbow flexors produced significant reduction of the reflex threshold (p < 0.001), while decreasing the initial length of the MCP flexors significantly reduced their measured reflex stiffness (p < 0.001). Thus, biomechanical parameters of muscle do appear to have an important effect on the stretch reflex in individuals with impairment following stroke, and this effect should be accounted for when attempting to quantify spasticity. © 2001 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Pop-up Retailing: The Design, Implementation, and Five-Year Evolution of an Experiential Learning Project

Educators continually seek innovative methods by which to engage students. Kolb’s experiential learning theory was a catalyst for designing and incorporating a pop-up retail consignment store into ...
Coccidial Infections and Iron Absorption

Abstract Four-week-old chicks were infected with single oral doses of 1,000,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, or 40,000 sporulated oocysts of E. necatrix, or 50,000 sporulated oocysts of E. brunetti, or 50,000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, or left uninfected. At intervals of 1, 3, 6, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after infection, absorption of 5 μCi Fe-59 was measured in five birds selected at random from each of the five experimental groups. Iron absorption was markedly decreased during the acute phase (day 6) of E. acervulina infections, less marked decreases were observed in E. necatrix infections, while no decreases in iron absorption were seen in the acute phase (day 6) of E. brunetti and E. tenella infections. Thus, the most critical area of the intestine for iron absorption, as shown by the largest decrease in amount of iron absorbed during the acute phase of coccidial infections, was located in the duodenum. During the recovery phase of all infections, periods of increased iron absorption were seen. This effect was most marked in E. acervulina and E. tenella infections.
Chronic Pain and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Integrative Review

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is often used to treat chronic pain; however, more information is needed about what are the most efficacious dose and delivery methods. The aims of this review were to determine (a) which CBT doses, delivery methods, strategies, and follow-up periods have been explored in recent intervention studies of individuals with chronic pain and (b) whether the outcomes described in the selected studies were consistent with recommendations by the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials. The CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycInfo, and SCOPUS databases were searched for randomized controlled trials published from 2009 to 2015 testing CBT for adults with chronic pain. Thirty-five studies were included in this review. Results revealed that CBT reduced pain intensity in 43% of trials, the efficacy of online and in-person formats were comparable, and military veterans and individuals with cancer-related chronic pain were understudied.