cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response by Zhou et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Loss of Adult Cardiac Myocyte GSK-3 Leads to Mitotic Catastrophe Resulting in Fatal Dilated Cardiomyopathy".

We thank Drs Karlstaedt and Taegtmeyer for their favorable comments on our recent report demonstrating mitotic catastrophe as a key mechanism of fatal dilated cardiomyopathy in glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)–deficient hearts (conditional GSK-3α/β double knockout [DKO]).1 Considering the complex biology of GSK-3 in regulating numerous biological processes and cellular functions, we completely agree with Drs Karlstaedt and Taegtmeyer that there may be additional layer(s) of complexity to be elucidated for the complete understanding of the molecular basis of the observed phenotype. Indeed, our focus on cell cycle regulation and mitotic catastrophe was guided by unbiased microarray analysis. It is well established that GSK-3 is a central regulator of nutrient and energy homeostasis. In response to the comments of Karlstaedt et al regarding metabolism, now we have examined the metabolic consequences of the complete loss of GSK-3 in adult hearts. As expected, an increased Periodic acid–Schiff–diastase positivity demonstrated enhanced glycogen deposition in the DKO hearts (Online Figure IA). …
Sales Research: Where is the Cutting Edge?

Professors Greg Marshall, William Locander, and Daniel Ladik proposed a special session for the Selling & Sales Management Track titled “Sales Research: Where is the Cutting Edge? ” at the 40th Anniversary Conference of the Academy of Marketing Science. Professor Daniel Ladik will present the data, theme by theme, while a panel of Professors Michael Ahearne, Andrea Dixon, Douglas Hughes, William Locander, and Greg Marshall, will comment on each theme. The explicit goal of this session is to explore cutting edge sales force research topics. A number of excellent articles have been published in the Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management and elsewhere with a historical perspective examining where the sales discipline has been. By contrast, our study looks ahead and investigates where the sales discipline is heading, more in the spirit of Leigh and Marshall (2001).
India: In the Legal Arena, 1889–1922

Every British magistrate in India is in a false position when he has to try a case in which European and native interests clash. In theory he is administering an impartial system of justice; in practice he is part of a huge machine which exists to protect British interests, and he has often got to choose between sacrificing his integrity and damaging his career. … Nevertheless, owing to the exceptionally high traditions of the Indian Civil Service, the law in India is administered far more fairly than might be expected. George Orwell, 1938 The arena of criminal justice in India was structured by a Code first drafted in the 1840s by Thomas Macaulay, though only enacted (with revisions) in 1860. The Indian Penal Code was shaped on the model of England's criminal law, cleansed of many technicalities and obscurities that had accumulated over the centuries, and with additions and deletions to accommodate Indian conditions, like specific provision for the greater incidence of infanticide and “dacoity” (robbery by groups). As extended and modified by Fitzjames Stephen's 1872 Criminal Procedure and Evidence Acts, the Code contained provisions that both favored and restrained state power. On the one hand, it facilitated prosecution by doing away with some burdensome procedural requirements inherited from earlier English times. It also responded to the scarcity of British officials by leaving a larger role for (Indian) police, who were under less effective supervision than their counterparts in England.
Implementing Noise, Multi-Frequency Stimulus, and Realtime Analysis to Nonlinear Model Tracking

Crack initiation in a cantilevered beam subject to harmonic excitation near the beam’s second natural frequency has been determined using Nonlinear Model Tracking (NMT), a health monitoring technique. This method assumes a second order nonlinear differential equation model with cubic stiffness; the nonlinear parameter is tracked until catastrophic failure using a Continuous Time based System Identification. Previous research has shown that significant change in the value of the nonlinear parameter indicates the system’s transition from healthy to unhealthy. This study introduced Gaussian noise into the raw stimulus and response data at various signal-to-noise ratios. The results were compared with those of the original data to highlight the technique’s effectiveness in determining a change in the system’s health. The model’s robustness was also investigated by exciting the system at a range of frequencies near resonance, and the results of this test were compared to results from excitation at a single frequency. New methods of identifying crack formation in the beam were also implemented. The raw acceleration response data was plotted next to the nonlinear parameter in real time, and the system’s natural frequency was recorded before and after crack initiation.
Minute Ventilation Limitations of Two Field Transport Ventilators.

ABSTRACT Knowledge of transport ventilator performance impacts patient safety. This study compared minute ventilation (VE) of the MOVES and Uni-Vent 731 when ventilating the VentAid Training Test Lung with compliance (C) ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 L/cm H2O and three different airway resistances (R) (none, Rp5, or Rp20). Tidal volume (VT) was 800 ± 25 mL. Respiratory rate was increased to ventilator's maximum or until auto-PEEP > 5 cm H2O. Respiratory parameters were recorded with the RSS 100HR Research Pneumotach. Data were reported as median (interquartile range). Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of the Uni-Vent and MOVES ranged from 22.3 (22.2–22.5) to 82.6 (82.2–83.2) and 20.8 (20.6–20.9) to 50.6 (50.2–50.9) cm H2O, respectively. VE of the Uni-Vent and MOVES ranged from 17.7 (17.7–17.7) to 31.5 (31.5–31.5) and 11.3 (10.5–11.3) to 20.2 (19.7–20.5) L/min, respectively. Linear regression demonstrated strong, negative correlation of VE with PIP for the MOVES (VE [L/min] = 26 − 0.31 × PIP [cm H2O], r = −0.97)...
Carrier Dynamics and Electro-Optical Characterization of High-Performance GaN/InGaN Core-Shell Nanowire Light-Emitting Diodes.

In this work, we demonstrate high-performance electrically injected GaN/InGaN core-shell nanowire-based LEDs grown using selective-area epitaxy and characterize their electro-optical properties. To assess the quality of the quantum wells, we measure the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) using conventional low temperature/room temperature integrated photoluminescence. The quantum wells show a peak IQE of 62%, which is among the highest reported values for nanostructure-based LEDs. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) is also used to study the carrier dynamics and response times of the LEDs. TRPL measurements yield carrier lifetimes in the range of 1–2 ns at high excitation powers. To examine the electrical performance of the LEDs, current density–voltage (J-V) and light-current density-voltage (L-J-V) characteristics are measured. We also estimate the peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) to be 8.3% from a single side of the chip with no packaging. The LEDs have a turn-on voltage of 2.9 V and low series resistance. Based on FDTD simulations, the LEDs exhibit a relatively directional far-field emission pattern in the range of $$\pm $$ 15°. This work demonstrates that it is feasible for electrically injected nanowire-based LEDs to achieve the performance levels needed for a variety of optical device applications.
Study of the 63Cu(d, n)64Zn and 65Cu(d, n)66Zn reactions

Abstract The 63, 65 Cu(d, n) 64, 66 Zn reactions have been studied with an 8 MeV, pulsed, vector polarized deuteron beam. Angular distributions of the relative cross section and vector analyzing power have been measured for transitions to the ground and first excited states in 64 Zn and 66 Zn. Distorted-wave calculations are in reasonable agreement with the measurements for the j p π = 3 2 − ground state transitions. For the transitions to the J π = 2 + first excited states a comparison of the distorted-wave calculations with the cross section and vector analyzing power shows that these transitions are dominated by l p = 1 and j p = 3 2 , respectively.
On Eyraud-Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern Random Processes

It is shown that stationary EFGM processes in continuous-time do not have the usual regularity properties and in discrete-time they cannot display the most common types of dependence! The maximal correlation of an EFGM distribution is also determined.
You're Encroaching on my Territory: Proxemics and the College Reading Specialist

(1973). You're Encroaching on my Territory: Proxemics and the College Reading Specialist. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 6, Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference of the WCRA. Technological Alternatives in Learning, pp. 125-129.
The Initiation Factors

Initiation of protein synthesis is the process whereby the ribosome binds mRNA and the first aminoacyl-tRNA to form an initiation complex which is capable of entering the elongation phase of protein synthesis. The pathway is complex and involves numerous steps: First, the 80S ribosome dissociates into 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits; the 40S subunit forms a preinitiation complex with methionyl-tRNA and mRNA; this is joined by the 60S subunit to complete formation of the 80S initiation complex. During these steps, two critical events occur: the ribosome selects for translation a specific mRNA from among numerous species of mRNAs; and the methionyl-tRNA interacts with a specific initiator site on the mRNA to assure proper translation in the correct phase. The reactions are promoted or catalyzed by a complex array of initiation factors and involve the hydrolysis of ATP and GTP.
The Washington Monument - Post-earthquake Damage Inventory, Repair, and Seismic Vulnerability Assessment

Due to a 2011 earthquake, The Washington Monument—one of the tallest unreinforced masonry structures in the world—sustained cracking, spalling, and permanent displacement of its marble components. This occurred most significantly in its pyramidion, the pyramidal construction comprising its upper 17 m. After its closure, a post-earthquake damage assessment employing rope access inventoried damage providing a benchmark for calibrating computer models. A seismic vulnerability assessment relating to future earthquake response focused on the monument’s three distinct structural regions; its pyramidion, shaft, and foundation. Seismic hazard studies were conducted to develop a science-based understanding of the shaking intensity that actually occurred during the 2011 event, and of the shaking that might someday occur during future MCE earthquakes. Models designed to capture the most important structural characteristics of the unreinforced masonry tower were subjected to Nonlinear Modal Time History Analysis. These include soil-structure interaction and explicit modelling of the P-V interaction at critical stone block interfaces to simulate the behavior of mortared joints. After the models were validated using the 2011 ground motions and the damage inventory, the effects of postulated MCE events were determined and the significance of the predicted damage was evaluated and compared to what occurred in 2011. Relying on the inherent strengths of the historic masonry, recommendations for repair and supplemental supports were developed that targeted only critical vulnerabilities identified by the assessment and were carried out during a repair project prior to re-opening of the monument in 2014.
Hyperuricemia-associated Mesoamerican Nephropathy: Case Report and Review of Literature

Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN), formerly called chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu), refers to chronic kidney disease (CKD) that presents in young and middle-aged Central Americans in the absence of any clear etiology. MeN is a relatively new diagnosis with rapidly rising prevalence in specific regions of El Salvador and Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. It is seldom associated with hyperuricemia. We present a case of a patient with gouty arthritis and hyperuricemia with associated CKD due to MeN. We also provide a review of literature of this disease.
Electric Circuit Theory Based Minimal Cut-Set Realization for Reliability Evaluation of Non-Directional Networks

Reliability evaluation of cyber-power interdependent systems have increased the computational burden. The need for innovative approaches to reduce the computational burden in various methods such as non-sequential Monte Carlo simulations, worst-case reliability computation, etc. have been proposed in the literature. This work proposes a new method to determine the minimal cut-sets of a given non-directional network, which could be used along with other approaches. This method is based on the circuit theory. The relative admittance between voltage and output current is used to determine the minimal cut-sets. An IEC 61850 based substation is used as a case study to illustrate the proposed method. The work presented in this paper is a preliminary starting point in making a combinational use of these two branches of engineering in the theory of system reliability studies.
136 – Macrophage elastase

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the structural chemistry of macrophage elastase. Macrophage elastase is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family and hence its alternate name is matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12). Murine macrophage elastase cDNA codes for a proenzyme of 53 kDa. The proenzyme has the typical signal peptide, propiece, catalytic domain and C-terminal hemopexin-like domain found in all matrix metalloproteinases except matrilysin. During purification, both the propiece and the C-terminal domain become removed, leading to an active enzyme of 22 kDa. Human macrophage elastase codes for a protein of 54 kDa and, like the murine enzyme, it undergoes processing to an active 22 kDa form during purification. The activation occurring upon isolation explains the markedly increased total elastase activity recovered after purification in early studies and eliminates the likelihood that the enzyme is dissociated from an endogenous inhibitor in the course of purification. Murine macrophage elastase is present in conditioned medium of cultures of normal peritoneal macrophages and murine macrophage cell fines. Macrophage elastase cleaves and inactivates a number of proteins besides elastin, including basement membrane components entactin, laminin, fibronectin and various proteoglycans.
Infrared Photon Pair-Production in Ligand-Sensitized Lanthanide Nanocrystals

This report details spectroscopic characterizations of rare-earth, core-shell nanoparticles decorated with the f-element chelator 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO). Evidence of photon downconversion is corroborated through detailed power dependence measurements, which suggest two-photon decay paths are active in these materials, albeit only representing a minority contribution of the sum luminescence, with emission being dominated by normal, Stokes' shifted fluorescence. Specifically, ultraviolet ligand photosensitization of Nd3+ ions in a NaGdF4 host shell results in energy transfer to a Nd3+/Yb3+-doped NaGdF4 nanoparticle core. The population and subsequent decay of core, Yb3+ 2 F 5/2 states result in a spectral shift of 620 nm, manifested in a NIR emission displaying luminescence profiles diagnostic of Yb3+ and Nd3+ excited state decays. Emphasis is placed on the generality of this material architecture for realizing ligand-pumped, multi-photon downconversion, with the Nd3+/Yb3+ system presented here functioning as a working prototype for a design principle that may be readily extended to other lanthanide pairs.
When Determining Brain Death in Adults, Time Is of the Essence! The Last Nail in the Coffin of Dual Examination in Brain Death.

Neurologic catastrophes may lead to brain death (BD), an unfortunate endpoint affecting approximately 1 victim in America every 30 minutes.1 BD is better designated as death by neurologic criteria (DNC)2,3 and relies on a precise process of determining the etiologic context of this neurologic catastrophe, establishing the brain injury, affirming irreversibility of the pathologic process, excluding medical confounders, confirming adequate perfusion and safety requisites for a complete examination before ascertaining clinically the lack of cortical and brainstem functions as a whole, and finally resorting to ancillary testing only when the clinical examination is uncertain or incomplete.2,3 This BD determination process must be accurate, but DNC also needs to be determined as early as practical to open the door of a possible brighter prospect in these most tragic scenarios through organ donation.4,5
Shell Morphology and Morphometry of Larval and Post-Larval Donax fossor Say (Bivalvia: Donacidae)

Scanning electron micrograph sequences are presented of the disarticulated shell valves of laboratory-reared larval and post-larval stages of Donax fossor obtained from adult specimens collected in the oceanic surf zone of beaches along the east coast of Assateague Island, VA. These sequences accurately depict the gross morphologies/morphometries and hinge (provinculum) structures of consistently-oriented, disarticulated shell valves of the larvae and/or postlarvae of this species. It is emphasized, however, that a scanning electron microscope is not necessary to observe even fine hinge structures associated with the early ontogenetic stages of the individual specimens depicted in these sequences. Such structures are readily visible using a wide range of optical compound microscopes equipped with high-intensity reflected light sources. The depicted morphologic and morphometric characters provide researchers with invaluable aids for discriminating (using routine optical microscopic techniques) the early life history stages of D. fossor from those of other sympatric species of bivalves isolated from plankton and benthic samples.
Growth, Consumption, and Happiness: Modeling the Easterlin Paradox

Since the 1970s, there has been mounting empirical evidence that after a certain point, income and happiness, or life satisfaction, are not correlated. However, despite the growing empirical evidence, the new dynamic has not been adequately modeled mathematically. To remedy this gap, in this paper, we go through the literature on the relationship between consumption, income, and happiness and provide a novel mathematical model. As we will see, our model can explain all of the empirical nuances encountered by happiness studies and also helps understand the relationship between reported life-satisfaction and other variables like inequality.
La société malade: LE GOFF, Jean-PierreParis: Stock, 2021.215 pp., 15.50 e (paperback), ISBN: 9782234091221

Jean-Pierre Le Goff’s philosophical/sociological perspective and his personal experience as a sufferer of the virus generate a powerful analysis of the Covid pandemic in France. The author argues t...
Freedom of Thought in the United States: The First Amendment, Marketplaces of Ideas, and the Internet

Freedom of thought is not directly protected as a right in the United States. Instead, US First Amendment law protects a range of rights that may allow thoughts to be expressed. Freedom of speech has been granted especially robust protection. US courts have extended this protection to a wide range of commercial activities judged to have expressive content. In protecting these rights, US jurisprudence frequently relies on the image of the marketplace of ideas as furthering the search for truth. This commercial image, however, has increasingly detached expressive rights from the understanding of freedom of thought as a critical forum for individual autonomy. Indeed, the commercialization of US free speech doctrine has drawn criticism for “weaponizing” free speech to attack disfavoured economic and regulatory policies and thus potentially affecting freedom of thought adversely. The Internet complicates this picture. This paper argues that the Supreme Court’s expansion of the First Amendment for the benefit of commercial actors lies in the problematic tension with the justification for individual freedom of thought resting in personal self-direction and identity.
Near-Perfect Automation: Investigating Performance, Trust, and Visual Attention Allocation.

ObjectiveAssess performance, trust, and visual attention during the monitoring of a near-perfect automated system.BackgroundResearch rarely attempts to assess performance, trust, and visual attenti...
Pricing Risk, Oil and Financial Factors in Saudi Sector Index Returns

Among all the global and domestic factors including systematic risk considered, oil price has the most positive impact and is priced the most in the returns of all the six Saudi equity sectors. The World Capital Market as represented by MSCI has the least impact on those isolated equity sectors. The beta risk estimates for all these sectors, while controlling for the general market, suggest that that higher risk is compensated by greater returns. In the “up” and “down” markets, the sectors have asymmetric risk exposure, which implies that these sectors (or those who invest in them) inhabit an environment that requires serious hedging during the “down” market. JEL classification: G15
Exposing and Reframing Welfare Dependency

Defining the phrase «welfare dependency» from a feminist perspective offers a way to understand how the rhetoric around the use of this phrase continues to legitimize current changes in Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) while simultaneously diverting the public's attention from the real issues of poverty of and discrimination against women. This article includes a detailed definition of welfare dependency, a brief history of its usage, and a reconceptualization of women's use of AFDC on a long-term basis. This reconceptualization expands on international dependency theory and reframes dependency as interdependency that builds on women's strengths, women's rights, and women's role in the public and private spheres. Specifically, it calls for a research and practice focus on understanding the daily lives of individuals and groups of women who receive AFDC on a long-term basis in an effort to understand women's strengths, situations, and needs
Conformational changes in aspartate transcarbamylase. I. Proteolysis of the intact enzyme.

Abstract Evidence is presented for the existence of several ligand-stabilized forms of aspartate transcarbamylase, as identified by their susceptibilities to proteolysis. The rate of tryptic digestion of the enzyme is significantly increased when the substrate, aspartate, is present in the digestion mixture. On the other hand, both ATP and CTP, allosteric activator and inhibitor, respectively, cause a marked decrease in the digestibility of the enzyme. The apparent loosening of the enzyme structure caused by aspartate and the opposite effect produced by the allosteric effectors are shown not only by digestion with trypsin, but also with subtilisin, Pronase, and, to a smaller extent, chymotrypsin. The tryptic digestibility of the enzyme shows a sigmoid dependence on the aspartate concentration, thus mimicking the substrate activity curve. As in the substrate activity curves, the co-operative nature of the digestibility is more pronounced in the presence of CTP, while the presence of ATP causes the loss of the sigmoid character. It seems, therefore, that conformational changes accompany the binding of the substrate, and that these effects are modified by the presence of the allosteric effectors. Tryptic hydrolysis of the enzyme results in a complete loss of allosteric properties, both homotropic and heterotropic, at an extent of digestion at which no impairment of catalytic activity can be observed. This and other observations indicate that the primary target of tryptic attack is the regulatory subunit. Both CTP and ATP, when present during digestion, protect against the loss of allosteric properties. The results are discussed in relation to the allosteric theories of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux (J. Mol. Biol., 12, 88 (1965)) and of Koshland, Nemethy, and Filmer (Biochemistry, 5, 365 (1966)). The "relaxed" conformation resulting from substrate binding is predicted by the former theory, while the sequential nature of the conformational change upon substrate binding is the cardinal feature of the latter. It appears, however, that neither model accounts fully for the behavior of aspartate transcarbamylase.
Conformational Changes upon Conversion of Fibrinogen into Fibrin

Conformational changes upon conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin result in the exposure of multiple binding sites that provide its interaction with various proteins and cells and, thus, its participation in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Here we focus on conformational changes in the fibrinogen D regions (domains) and alpha C-domains that are directly involved in intermolecular interactions upon fibrin assembly. According to the current view, two alpha C-domains that interact intramolecularly in fibrinogen undergo an intra- to intermolecular switch to form alpha C-polymers in fibrin. The availability of recombinant fragments that correspond to the alpha C-domain made it possible to further clarify this mechanism and to reveal novel cryptic sites in this domain for plasminogen and its activator tPA, whose exposure may play an important role in the regulation of fibrinolysis. To elucidate the mechanism of exposure of cryptic sites in the D regions, we tested the accessibility of their fibrin specific epitopes (A alpha 148-160 and gamma 312-324) that are also involved in binding of plasminogen and tPA, in several fragments derived from fibrinogen (fragment D), and crosslinked fibrin (fragment D-D and its non-covalent complex with the E1 fragment, D-D:E1). Neither D nor D-D bound tPA, plasminogen, or anti-A alpha 148-160 and anti-gamma 312-324 monoclonal antibodies. At the same time both epitopes became accessible in the D-D:E1 complex. Melting of D and D-D revealed that their domains have the same stability while in the D-D:E1 complex they became more stable. These results indicate that upon fibrin assembly, driven primarily by the interaction between complementary binding sites of the E and two D regions, the latter undergo conformational changes that cause the exposure of their cryptic sites. They also suggest that the fibrin specific conformation of the D regions is preserved in the D-D:E1 complex.
Abstract 3925: ThePIK3CAH1047Rmutation can initiate tumorigenesis in the colon

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Our understanding of how mutations within the intestinal epithelium result in tumor development and progression is continuously evolving. We have previously described the FC PIK3ca* murine colon cancer model which expresses a constitutively activated phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) in the intestinal epithelium. The expression of this dominantly active form of PI3K resulted in invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas in the proximal colon through a non-canonical mechanism. We sought to determine if the hotspot PIK3CA H1047R mutation, commonly found in human colorectal cancers, can also induce intestinal tumorigenesis. Methods: Female FVB mice carrying a conditional PIK3CA H1047R mutation (PIK3CAH1047R) were crossed to B6 males carrying atransgene in which the fatty acid binding protein promoter is fused to Cre recombinase (FC). (FVB x B6)F1 FC PIK3CAH1047R progeny express this constitutively active form of PI3K in epithelial cells of the distal small bowel and colon. 22 F1 FC PIK3CAH1047R mice were examined. Necropsy was performed at approximately 200 days of age or once moribund. Results: 50% of FC PIK3CAH1047R mice develop invasive adenocarcinomas within the colon. These cancers are highly mucinous and often penetrate through the serosal layer of the colon. These lesions can be found throughout the colon, but are more common proximally. No tumors were identified within the small intestine. These cancers can have associated invasion into the regional lymphatics and metastases to the mesentery. Interestingly these cancers have a minimal luminal component compared to the amount of submucosal extension. Precursor lesions are able to be identified and are not polypoid. These cancers demonstrate activation of the AKT signaling pathway, but do not demonstrate nuclear localization of β-catenin. Conclusion: This is the first report of the hotspot PIK3CA H1047R mutation leading to intestinal tumorigenesis through a non-canonical mechanism, resulting in flat mucinous invasive adenocarcinomas. Citation Format: Cheri Pasch, Molly Maher, Dustin Deming. The PIK3CA H1047R mutation can initiate tumorigenesis in the colon. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3925. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3925
Nettl's Elephant: On the History of Ethnomusicology

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Bruno Nettl Year: 2010 Pages: 280 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 978-0-252-03552-4 (hard cover). Prices: 978-0-252-07742-5(hard cover).
Purity, Algebraic Compactness, Direct Sum Decompositions, and Representation Type

The idea of purity pervades human culture, from religion through sexual and moral codes, cleansing rituals and dietary rules, to stratifications of societies into castes. It does so to an extent which is hardly backed up by the following definition found in the Oxford English Dictionary: freedom from admixture of any foreign substance or matter. In fact, in a process of blending and fusing of ideas and ideals (which stands in stark contrast to the dictionary meaning of the term itself), the concept has acquired dozens of additional connotations. They have proved notoriously hard to pin down, to judge by the incongruence of the emotional and poetic reactions they have elicited. Here is a small sample: Purity is obscurity.Ogden Nash One cannot be precise and still be pure. Marc Chagall. Unto the pure all things are pure. New Testament To the pure all things are impure. Mark Twain To the pure all things are indecent. Oscar Wilde ;Blessed are the pure in heart for they have so much more to talk about. Edith Wharton Be thou as chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape calumny. Get thee to a nunnery, go. W. Shakespeare. Necessary, for ever necessary, to burn out false shames and smelt the heaviest ore of the body into purity. D. H. Lawrence. Necessary, for ever necessary, to burn out false shames and smelt the heaviest ore of the body into purity.D. H. Lawrence. Mathematics possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty - a beauty cold and austere, like that of a sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, sublimely pure, and capable of a stern perfection such as only the greatest art can show. Bertrand Russell. Purity strikes me as the most mysterious of the virtues and the more I think about it the less I know about it.Flannery O’Connor.
The Influences of Buddhism and Comparative Religion on Matthew Arnold

The life of Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) encompassed the period of the Western ‘discovery’ of Buddhism, the emergence of the comparative religious study of Eastern religions, and the spread of the appearance in British popular and literary works of such concepts as karma, reincarnation, and nirvana. This essay first provides a summary of the European encounter with Buddhism in the nineteenth century and the emergence of the field of comparative religion, which took Buddhism as a primary object. It then surveys Arnold’s exposure to Buddhism and to comparative religion, in particular his study of Eugene Burnouf’s Introduction to the History of Indian Buddhism. Finally, I analyze, as no previous scholar has, Arnold’s incorporation of Buddhist and comparative religious elements into his own religious criticism, focusing on Literature and Dogma (1873), a book about how to read the Bible that surprisingly draws upon certain aspects of Buddhist thought while rejecting others. Though writing as a devoted Christian, Arnold gained the conviction to challenge the central Protestant tenet of salvation by faith, as well as the traditional reliance on revelation through miracles, in part from the ethical focus and historicism that he learned from Buddhism and, even more so, from the methodology of comparative religion.
Robotic planetary mission benefits from nuclear electric propulsion

Several interesting planetary missions are either enabled or significantly enhanced by nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) in the 50 to 100 kW power range. These missions include a Pluto Orbiter/Probe with an 11-year flight time and several years of operational life in orbit versus a ballistic very fast (13 km/s) flyby which would take longer to get to Pluto and would have a very short time to observe the planet. (A ballistic orbiter would take about 40 years to get to Pluto). Other missions include a Neptune Orbiter/Probe, a Jupiter Grand Tour orbiting each of the major moons in order, an Uranus Orbiter/Probe, a Multiple Mainbelt Asteroid Rendezvous orbiting six selected asteroids, and a Comet Nucleus Sample Return. This paper discusses potential missions and compares the nuclear electric propulsion option to the conventional ballistic approach on a parametric basis.
Optimizing the glenoid contribution to the stability of a humeral hemiarthroplasty without a prosthetic glenoid.

Background: In a shoulder requiring arthroplasty, if the glenoid is flat or biconcave, the surgeon can restore the desired glenoid stability by using a glenoid prosthesis with a known surface geometry or by modifying the surface of the glenoid to a geometry that provides the desired glenoid stability. This study tested the hypotheses that (1) the stability provided by the glenoid is reduced by the removal of the articular cartilage; (2) the stability contributed by the glenoid is compromised by loss of its articular cartilage, and this lost stability can be restored by spherical reaming along the glenoid centerline; and (3) the stability of a reamed glenoid is comparable with that of a native glenoid and with that of a polyethylene glenoid with similar surface geometry; and (4) the glenoid stability can be predicted from the glenoid surface geometry. Methods: The stability provided by the glenoid in a given direction can be characterized by the maximal angle that the humeral joint reaction force can make with the glenoid centerline before the humeral head dislocates; this quantity is defined as the balance stability angle in the specified direction. The balance stability angles were both calculated and measured in eight different directions for an unused polyethylene glenoid component and eleven cadaveric glenoids in four different states: (1) native without the capsule or the rotator cuff, (2) denuded of cartilage and labrum, (3) after reaming the glenoid surface around the glenoid centerline with use of a spherical reamer with a radius of 25 mm, and (4) after reaming around the glenoid centerline with use of a spherical reamer with a radius of 22.5 mm. Results: The calculated and measured balance stability angles for each direction in each glenoid were strongly correlated. Denuding the glenoids of the articular cartilage reduced the glenoid contribution to stability, especially in the posterior direction. Reaming the glenoid restored the stability to values comparable with those of the normal glenoid. For example, the average calculated balance stability angle (and standard deviation) in the posterior direction for all eleven glenoids was 24° for the native glenoids, 14° for the denuded glenoids, 25° for the glenoids reamed to a radius of 25 mm, and 33° for the glenoids reamed to a radius of 22.5 mm. The values for the glenoids reamed to 25 mm (25°) were similar to those of a polyethylene glenoid of the same radius of curvature. For glenoids reamed to 22.5 mm, the average difference between the actual balance stability angle and that predicted from the glenoid geometry was 3.4° ± 2.4°. Conclusions: The glenoid contribution to shoulder stability was decreased by the removal of cartilage and labrum and was restored by spherical reaming to a level similar to resurfacing the glenoid with a polyethylene component. Clinical Relevance: These data suggest that, in humeral hemiarthroplasty, when the stability contributed by the glenoid has been compromised, spherical reaming of the glenoid may help to restore it.
Molecular Genetics of Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a universally fatal disease characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow [1]. It accounts for 2 % of all cancer deaths and 15 % of all hematologic malignancies, with about 13,000 deaths per year in the USA [2]. In most cases of MM, it is believed to be preceded by a pre-malignant clonal population of plasma cells called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), which is the most common lymphoid tumor in humans [3]. Despite some evidence of familial clustering, the effects of genetic background and environment remain to be clarified. Some early reports of MM risk genes are just emerging.
RADIOTHERAPY OF THE EXPREMITIES: Tissue tolerances and complications

Physical and patient factors relative to orthovoltage and supervoltage radiotherapy treatment planning for extremity lesions are described. The radiation tolerance of the limb and the pathogenesis of radiation injury are reviewed. Prevention of radiotherapy injury by modification of physical and patient factors in the treatment protocol is discussed. The treatment of radiotherapy complications encountered in the extremities is sumarized.
Theories of kin and group selection: a population genetics perspective.

The elucidation of the evolution of altruism has been described as “the central theoretical problem of sociobiology” (Wilson, 1975, p. 3). While altruistic “socially valuable but individually disadvantageous” (Haldane, 1932), traits are by definition necessary for the functioning of semisocial and eusocial insect societies in which workers exhibit reduced fertility (E. 0. Wilson, 1971, p. 4), the significance of altruism to the evolution of social systems in general may be questioned. Nevertheless, if one accepts Wilson’s (1975, p. 7) definition of a society as a group of cooperating individuals of the same species, it is useful to consider the general problem of the evolution of cooperation from the perspective of the “worst” case, in which cooperative individuals incur a cost in fitness in order to benefit other members of the group. The purpose of this paper is to review the major hypotheses which have been advanced for the evolution of altruism under kin selection and group selection, and to attempt to relate the various verbal and mathematical arguments which have been applied to the problem. The theoretical context will be a population genetic one. In this view, the model of evolution is one of gene frequency change; strategy arguments based outside of the dynamical theory of genotype frequency change are not addressed. First, mathematical models of kin selection are surveyed and the results compared to the qualitative predictions proposed by Haldane (1955) and Hamilton (1964a,b). Second, various definitions of group
Infestations of yellow nutsedge in cropped soil: Effects on soil nitrogen availability to the crop and on associated N transforming bacterial populations

Abstract Nutsedge infestation decreased total dry weight and total N contents of silage corn, tomato fruit, and soybean grain. Decreases were most severe in the corn + nutsedge association and a nitrogen balance revealed that N uptake by nutsedge accounted for only 38% of the decrease in N content of nutsedge-infested silage corn. It is suggested that nutsedge roots may decrease the availability of N to corn roots during the growing season by enhancing the activity of those bacteria which denitrify NO 3 − to N 2 . This is supported by the facts that the N content of the entire corn + nutsedge biomass failed to account for more than 79% of that contained in the corn biomass produced in the absence of nutsedge, that populations of denitrifying bacteria were larger in nutsedge-infested soil, and that populations of heterotrophic aerobes, which require preformed organic C compounds for growth and maintenance, were significantly larger in soil planted to corn and infested with nutsedge roots than in soil containing corn roots alone.
Evidence for Abnormal Forward Trafficking of AMPA Receptors in Frontal Cortex of Elderly Patients with Schizophrenia

Several lines of evidence point to alterations of α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor trafficking in schizophrenia. Multiple proteins, including synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97), glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1), and N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF), facilitate the forward trafficking of AMPA receptors toward the synapse. Once localized to the synapse, AMPA receptors are trafficked in a complex endosomal system. We hypothesized that alterations in the expression of these proteins and alterations in the subcellular localization of AMPA receptors in endosomes may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Accordingly, we measured protein expression of SAP97, GRIP1, and NSF in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and found an increase in the expression of SAP97 and GRIP1 in schizophrenia. To determine the subcellular localization of AMPA receptor subunits, we developed a technique to isolate early endosomes from post-mortem tissue. We found increased GluR1 receptor subunit protein in early endosomes in subjects with schizophrenia. Together, these data suggest that there is an alteration of forward trafficking of AMPA receptors as well as changes in the subcellular localization of an AMPA receptor subunit in schizophrenia.
A Theory of Conglomerate Mergers

produce some increase in market power, when they produce a technological or managerial economy of scale, or when the managers of the acquiring firm possess some special insight into the opportunities for profit in the acquired firm which neither its managers nor its stockholders possess.3 While these "synergistic" effects and managerial insights are often said to be present in various merger situations, their existence in sufficient strength to warrant the high premiums paid for other firms, often appears implausible when the merger is between firms in seemingly unrelated or loosely related industries. This is especially true when, as frequently happens, the acquired firm is left to operate as an autonomous division of the larger unit, operated by the same management team that controlled it before the merger. * This paper was written with the support of the Brookings Institution under a grant from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Alfred E. Kahn and John E. Tilton made a number of important suggestions which improved the paper, although they are not responsible for any errors that remain. The views presented here are those of the writer and do not necessarily represent those of the other staff members, officers, or trustees of the Brookings Institution.
Monetary secrecy and selective disclosure: The emerging market case of Mexico's monetary reporting

Abstract The International Monetary Fund (IMF) adopted a code of good conduct to increase the transparency of official operations in emerging markets, in part prompted by the 1994 peso and other emerging market crises. In the case of Mexico, its central bank increased monetary reporting from thrice a year to weekly monetary disclosures following the peso crisis. However, increasing evidence has established that emerging financial markets are strong form efficient with respect to public disclosures, implying substantial insider trading. This conclusion raises an important selective disclosure issue. If emerging market insiders can frontrun outside investors, asymmetric information costs increase, lessening the transactional and economic efficiency in the economy. This study's results suggest that the selective disclosure issue should be more widely discussed and addressed.
Semiconductors at high pressure: New physics with the diamond-anvil cell

Abstract A brief review is given of experiments on semiconductors at high pressure, using the diamond-anvil cell. Experimental techniques are discussed first, with emphasis on the reasons why they have revolutionized high-pressure science. Then, examples of experimental results are given, including X-ray diffraction (equation of state, structural phase transitions, metastable phases), Raman and Brillouin spectroscopy (lattice-mode frequencies), photoluminescence spectroscopy (electronic and defect energies), resistivity and galvanomagnetic effects (scattering mechanisms and electronic transitions). These examples are taken from Si, GaAs, InP and solid H2.
Modeling of mid-infrared dust emission from P\Swift-Tuttle

Abstract Comet P\Swift-Tuttle was observed at 11.7 μm on 12 nights over the course of three weeks in November 1992 using the UCSD mid-infrared imaging camera ( Fomenkova et al., 1995 ). The large number of images obtained and the overall high quality of the data permit the continued study of the rich dust structures apparent in this active comet. We present a model to interpret the features observed in these images using olivine spheres (MgFeSiO4) as representative dust grains, and illustrate the validity of the model by applying it to the image taken on UT 9.1 November. A fully three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation based on the Finson–Probstein model ( Fomenkova et al., 1995 ) is performed, and Mie scattering theory is used to characterize the properties of the grains. We found that the comet executes simple rotation about an axis whose obliquity is 45±10°. Our best-fit dust grain size distribution in the size range from 0.6 to 10.0 μm is of the form f (a) ∼ a−β with β = 2.5±0.5, not quite as steep as the distribution (β = 3.7) measured for comet P\Halley ( McDonnell et al., 1991 ).
Relativistic treatment of hypernuclear decay

We compute for the first time the decay width of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-hypernuclei in a relativistic mean-field approximation to the Walecka model. Due to the small mass difference between the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-hyperon and its decay products---a nucleon and a pion---the mesonic component of the decay is strongly Pauli blocked in the nuclear medium. Thus, the in-medium decay becomes dominated by the nonmesonic, or two-body, component of the decay. For this mode, the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-hyperon decays into a nucleon and a spacelike nuclear excitation. In this work we concentrate exclusively on the pionlike modes. By relying on the analytic structure of the nucleon and pion propagators, we express the nonmesonic component of the decay in terms of the spin-longitudinal response function. This response has been constrained from precise quasielastic $(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p},\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n})$ measurements done at LAMPF. We compute the spin-longitudinal response in a relativistic random-phase-approximation model that reproduces accurately the quasielastic data. By doing so, we obtain hypernuclear decay widths that are considerably smaller---by factors of 2 or 3---relative to existing nonrelativistic calculations.