cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intonation Units and Grammatical Structure in Wardaman and in Cross-linguistic Perspective

The distribution of grammatical units (GUs) across intonation units (IUs) is analyzed in a corpus of 2,072 intonation units of Wardaman monologic oral narrative, and compared to a previously published study of English and several other languages. Since English and Wardaman are structurally very different languages, any common patterns in the mapping of grammatical units to intonation units would be of considerable interest as potential grammar-discourse universals. The Full GU Condition—IUs are almost always full GUs—holds in Wardaman as well as English and other languages. Both English and Wardaman employ a substantial number of grammatically independent noun phrase intonation units. Three factors constrain the occurrence of GUs in a single IU in English, in descending order of strength: parallelism, complexity and distance. All three factors also hold in Wardaman in the same order of strength. The behaviour of the IU–GU mapping in Wardaman supports critiques of the analyses of arguments as adjuncts and ...
Equipartition of energy in a one-dimensional model of diatomic molecules

A one-dimensional model of diatomic molecules with harmonic intramolecular forces and highly anharmonic (hard-rod) intermolecular forces is studied numerically. This interaction allows a numerical integration of the equations of motion with only rounding errors, but no truncation errors. The goal was to investigate the transition from dynamics to classical statistical mechanics for this model; in particular, to check deviations from equipartition and ergodicity which have been reported in the literature for similar models. For a given number of molecules and small vibrational frequencies (much lower than those which occur in nature), no equipartition is found. However, with increasing frequency, equipartition is established, first between the two vibrational degrees of freedom and then also with the translational motion of the molecules. While for a small number of molecules and small frequencies Kol'ogorov-Arnol'd-Moser\char21{}like motion dominates, this behavior changes with increasing frequency to chaotic motion. The decay time of the vibrational-energy\char21{}time correlation function does not show any increase with frequency, in contrast to what G. Benettin, L. Galgani, and A. Giorgilli [Phys. Lett. A 120, 23 (1987)] found for a model, similar to ours but with a soft repulsive interaction. Thus, the present model behaves in accordance with classical statistical mechanics.
Efficient VLSI algorithm and an implementation architecture for gray-scale morphology

This paper presents an efficient VLSI architecture for the real-time implementation of grayscale morphological operations. The proposed architecture employs a bit-serial approach which allows grayscale morphological operations to be decomposed into bit-level binary operations by a bit-modification algorithm, and thus requires only p binary operation units for the p-bit grayscale signal. In this realization, grayscale opening and closing are accomplished by local rather than cascade operations, providing greatly increased data throughput. It is shown that this realization is simple and modular in structure and is suitable for VLSI implementation.
Factors that Determine the Adoption of Cloud Computing: A Global Perspective

Cloud computing has spread within enterprise faster than many other IT innovations. In cloud computing, computer services are accessed over the Internet in a scalable fashion, where the user is abstracted in varying degrees from the actual hardware and software and pays only for resources used. This paper examines the adoption of cloud computing in various regions of the world, as well as the potential of cloud computing to impact computing in developing countries. The authors propose that cloud computing offers varying benefits and appears differently in regions across the world, enabling many users to obtain sophisticated computing architectures and applications that are cost-prohibitive to acquire locally. The authors examine issues of privacy, security, and reliability of cloud computing and discuss the outlook for firms and individuals in both developing and developed countries seeking to utilize cloud computing for their computing needs.
Determination of residual stresses in a single crystalline 3C-SiC micro-fabricated structure using FE model and measured resonance frequencies

Residual stresses can significantly affect the performance of micro-electromechanical devices. In this work, a set of single crystalline 3C-SiC microbeams (cantilevers and bridges) were fabricated for the purpose of determining residual stresses in the bridges. The cantilevers and bridges were actuated mechanically using a piezoelectric disc. The cantilevers exhibit no residual stresses. Residual stress in the bridges was estimated using an FE ANSYS developed model together with the measurement of resonance frequencies. Residual stress in the bridges was estimated to be 426 ± 29 MPa. The estimated residual stress lies between the upper (string model) and lower (stress-free mode shape model) stress values which were calculated to be 491 and 394 MPa respectively.
Biliteracy Practices and Issues in Secondary Schools.

Literacy has emerged as one of the major focuses of attention in education of linguistically and culturally diverse youth. During the last decade, a number of issues related to literacy have dominated the discussion about minority education. Much of the discussion about literacy and biliteracy is about the complex notion of literacy and is fraught with myths, hidden assumptions, over generalizations, and demands for immediate responses to the challenges presented. This discussion is particularly heated when related to biliteracy or literacy in a second language. The biliteracy or second language context issues include many of the same complexities, contradictions, and debates found in first language literacy. Second language literacy can best be understood by expanding perspectives from first language literacy, reading, and writing.
The Mrs1 Splicing Factor Binds the bI3 Group I Intron at Each of Two Tetraloop-Receptor Motifs

Most large ribozymes require protein cofactors in order to function efficiently. The yeast mitochondrial bI3 group I intron requires two proteins for efficient splicing, Mrs1 and the bI3 maturase. Mrs1 has evolved from DNA junction resolvases to function as an RNA cofactor for at least two group I introns; however, the RNA binding site and the mechanism by which Mrs1 facilitates splicing were unknown. Here we use high-throughput RNA structure analysis to show that Mrs1 binds a ubiquitous RNA tertiary structure motif, the GNRA tetraloop-receptor interaction, at two sites in the bI3 RNA. Mrs1 also interacts at similar tetraloop-receptor elements, as well as other structures, in the self-folding Azoarcus group I intron and in the RNase P enzyme. Thus, Mrs1 recognizes general features found in the tetraloop-receptor motif. Identification of the two Mrs1 binding sites now makes it possible to create a model of the complete six-component bI3 ribonucleoprotein. All protein cofactors bind at the periphery of the RNA such that every long-range RNA tertiary interaction is stabilized by protein binding, involving either Mrs1 or the bI3 maturase. This work emphasizes the strong evolutionary pressure to bolster RNA tertiary structure with RNA-binding interactions as seen in the ribosome, spliceosome, and other large RNA machines.
Emerging role of FDG-PET/CT in assessing atherosclerosis in large arteries

Atherosclerosis is a dynamic inflammatory disorder. The biological composition and inflammatory state of an atherosclerotic plaque, rather than the degree of stenosis or its size are the major determinants of acute clinical events. A noninvasive technique to detect vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque is critically needed. FDG-PET/CT, a combined functional and structural whole-body imaging modality, holds great potential for this purpose. FDG uptake in large arteries has been frequently observed and is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. FDG accumulates in plaque macrophages and uptake is correlated with macrophage density. It is known that vascular FDG uptake and calcification do not overlap significantly and changes of FDG uptake are common, suggesting that FDG uptake may represent a dynamic inflammatory process. It has been reported that vascular FDG uptake can be attenuated by simvastatin in patients, and by the antiinflammatory drug probucol in rabbits. Vascular FDG uptake has been linked to cardiovascular events in some preliminary studies. Data from basic sciences, and animal and clinical studies support the emerging role of FDG-PET/CT in assessing atherosclerosis in large arteries in humans.
Problem areas in computer security assessment

An important problem area in providing security in computer systems is to avoid excessively costly and constraining security practices while providing an adequate level of security. In addition, there are problems in determining an appropriate level of investment in techniques and practices which enhance security and in the measurement of returns on those investments, i.e., to what degree is security improved by any given technique?The resolution of these problems depends on the development of a capability for identifying and evaluating the risks of storing and processing sensitive data in imperfectly secure computing environments. This paper provides background information on security assessment, surveys recent work and the present status of computer security assessment, and identifies the research needed to move this field forward.
Design of Directive Broad-Band Antennas

Mutual coupling between the individual antennas of a direction-finding system causes an asymmetry in their respective field patterns which prevents complete cancellation of radiation in the direction of the "null." Instead, it produces a radiation minimum combined with an error in direction. By a suitable arrangement of parasitic antennas the original symmetry can be restored and a correct and true null can be obtained.
Preservation of myocardial β-adrenergic receptor signaling delays the development of heart failure after myocardial infarction

When the heart fails, there is often a constellation of biochemical alterations of the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling system, leading to the loss of cardiac inotropic reserve. βAR down-regulation and functional uncoupling are mediated through enhanced activity of the βAR kinase (βARK1), the expression of which is increased in ischemic and failing myocardium. These changes are widely viewed as representing an adaptive mechanism, which protects the heart against chronic activation. In this study, we demonstrate, using in vivo intracoronary adenoviral-mediated gene delivery of a peptide inhibitor of βARK1 (βARKct), that the desensitization and down-regulation of βARs seen in the failing heart may actually be maladaptive. In a rabbit model of heart failure induced by myocardial infarction, which recapitulates the biochemical βAR abnormalities seen in human heart failure, delivery of the βARKct transgene at the time of myocardial infarction prevents the rise in βARK1 activity and expression and thereby maintains βAR density and signaling at normal levels. Rather than leading to deleterious effects, cardiac function is improved, and the development of heart failure is delayed. These results appear to challenge the notion that dampening of βAR signaling in the failing heart is protective, and they may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to treat heart disease via inhibition of βARK1 and preservation of myocardial βAR function.
A Modeling Case Study of Heavy Rainstorms along the Mei-Yu Front

On 12‐13 June 1991, a series of convective rainstorms (defined as mesoscale precipitation systems with rainfall rates exceeding 10 mm h21) developed successively along the Mei-Yu front. During this event, new rainstorms formed to the east of preceding storms at an interval of approximately 300‐400 km. The successive development and eastward propagation of these rainstorms produced heavy rainfall over the Jiang-Huai Basin in eastern China, with a maximum 24-h accumulation of 234 mm. This study presents the results of a numerical simulation of this heavy rainfall event using the Penn State‐NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5) with a horizontal resolution of 54 km. Despite the relatively coarse horizontal resolution, the MM5, using a moist physics package comprising an explicit scheme and the Grell cumulus parameterization, simulated the successive development of the rainstorms. The simulated rainstorms compared favorably with the observed systems in terms of size and intensity. An additional sensitivity experiment showed that latent heat release is crucial for the development of the rainstorms, the mesoscale low-level jet, the mesolow, the rapid spinup of vorticity, and the Mei-Yu frontogenesis. Without latent heat release, the maximum vertical motion associated with the rainstorm is reduced from 70 to 6 cm s 21. Additional model sensitivity experiments using the Kain‐Fritsch cumulus parameterization with grid sizes of 54 and 18 km produced results very similar to the 54-km control experiment with the Grell scheme. This suggests that the simulation of Mei-Yu rainstorms, the mesoscale low-level jet, and the mesolow is not highly sensitive to convective parameterization and grid resolution. In all the full-physics experiments, the model rainfall was dominated by the resolvable-scale precipitation. This is attributed to the high relative humidity and low convective available potential energy environment in the vicinity of the Mei-Yu front. The modeling results suggest that there is strong interaction and positive feedback between the convective rainstorms embedded within the Mei-Yu front and the Mei-Yu front itself. The front provides a favorable environment for such rainstorms to develop, and the rainstorms intensify the Mei-Yu front.
The design of ES/9000 module

The technology enhancements appearing in the glass ceramic TCM (thermal conduction module) of the ES/9000 systems are described and related to the system performance requirements. This module is larger, holds more circuits, supports higher power chips, and has more and faster signal connections than any of its predecessors. To assure the operational integrity of this module, much attention was paid to its electrical design. The interconnection and noise rules were carefully generated through extensive modeling and circuit simulation. Sophisticated design tools were generated to keep track of the noise and estimate the delay on each and every path in the TCM. A comprehensive set of measurements on specially built test vehicles measured in specialized testers was used to confirm the accuracy of the modules and rules. As a result, the TCM can support more functions and faster cycle times at a better quality level. >
A 8×5 Gb/s source-synchronous receiver with clock generator phase error correction

This paper describes the design and implementation of a 8times5 Gb/s source-synchronous receiver in a 0.13 mum CMOS technology. The receiver employs a cascaded-DLL architecture that avoids filtering of the jitter on the received clock to enhance jitter tolerance bandwidth. A technique is proposed to correct phase spacing mismatch in DLLs that reduces the error standard deviations by more than 40% and improves receiver timing margins.
Electron photodetachment from [Fe(CN)6]4−: photoelectron relaxation and geminate recombination

Abstract The relaxation of photoelectrons detached from aqueous [Fe(CN)6]4− is captured via 50 fs pump-multicolor probe spectroscopy. The recovered relaxation (570 fs, 0.53 eV exponential spectral shifting due to solvation) is very similar to the electron dynamics subsequent to ionization of water, however the trapping time is slower (∼ 310 fs ). The observed geminate recombination varies strongly with the effective charge on the photodetached species. The influence of the Coulomb potential is successfully unraveled from the recombination dynamics while extracting the average electron photoejection distance. In contrast to threshold detachment of monovalent anions, electrons are ejected to ∼ 15 A .
Exploring exponentially weighted moving average control charts to determine the warm-up period

In this paper, we examine the use of exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts for the detection of initialization bias in steady state simulation experiments. EWMA charts have the interesting property of being more sensitive to shifts in the data as compared to other control charting techniques. We exploit this sensitivity by developing a criteria for searching for the deletion point when the EWMA is applied to the reversed data sequence. This allows us to more easily detect and count the number of times the smoothed sequence remains in control. Our results indicate that the procedure can quickly find and recommend a deletion point. In addition, the properties of the resulting estimators are good if the dataset that is being analyzed does not have an overtly large amount of biased data points. We use experimental test cases to illustrate the properties of the procedure.
Alosetron controls bowel urgency and provides global symptom improvement in women with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.

Alosetron controls bowel urgency and provides global symptom improvement in women with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome
The Politics of Plastics: The Making and Unmaking of Bisphenol A “Safety”

Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical used in the production of plastics since the 1950s and a known endocrine disruptor, is a ubiquitous component of the material environment and human body. New research on very-low-dose exposure to BPA suggests an association with adverse health effects, including breast and prostate cancer, obesity, neurobehavioral problems, and reproductive abnormalities. These findings challenge the long-standing scientific and legal presumption of BPA's safety. The history of how BPA's safety was defined and defended provides critical insight into the questions now facing lawmakers and regulators: is BPA safe, and if not, what steps must be taken to protect the public's health? Answers to both questions involve reforms in chemical policy, with implications beyond BPA.
The Microenvironment of the Human Antral Follicle: Interrelationships among the Steroid Levels in Antral Fluid, the Population of Granulosa Cells, and the Status of the Oocyte in Vivo and in Vitro

A number of parameters in human antral follicles were investigated. They were: the number of granulosa cells in each follicle; the concentrations of progesterone, androstenedi-one, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, and 17β-estra-diol in antral fluid; and the status of the oocyte immediately after removal from the follicle and again after 48 h in culture. In addition, the phase of the menstrual cycle at the time of ovariectomy and the diameter of each dissected follicle were recorded. The number of granulosa cells present in each follicle and the viability of the oocyte before culture as well as its subsequent in vitro behavior were correlated with the concentration of estra-diol and⁄or the ratio of androgen to estrogen in antral fluid. It is tentatively suggested that follicles with a potential for further development are those with 1) more than 50‰ of their full complement of granulosa cells for their respective diameters, 2) high concentrations of 17β-estradiol (≥1000 ng⁄ml) in their antral fl...
Superconducting, metallurgical and synthesis properties of Nb 3 Ga

We present a review of the superconducting, metallurgical and synthesis properties of Nb 3 Ga which are important for its potential application. The superconducting properties to be discussed are T c , H c2 (T) and the dc critical current J c (H). Special metallurgical features of the Nb-Ga system which put severe constraints on synthesis techniques of potential practical importance for this material are discussed. Superconductivity data for materials synthesized by the techniques of quenching and annealing, chemical vapor deposition and vacuum co-evaporation are reviewed. Recent results on the effects of radiation damage and its recovery by annealing are reviewed.
Apolipoprotein E Type 4 Allele and Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Relatives at Risk for Familial Alzheimer Disease

Objective. —Cerebral parietal hypometabolism and left-right asymmetry occur early in the course of Alzheimer disease (AD), and the apolipoprotein E type 4 alal- ( APOE e4) is a risk factor for familial AD. To determine if APOE e4 is associated with lowered brain function in nondemented relatives at risk for familial AD, we studied 12 relatives with APOE e4 and 19 relatives without APOE e4. We also compared them with seven patients with probable AD. Design. —After grouping subjects according to diagnosis and genotype, brain function measures were compared among groups. Setting. —University medical center. Patients. —At-risk subjects had mild memory complaints, normal cognitive performance, and at least two relatives with AD. Subjects with APOE e4 did not differ from those without APOE e4 in mean age at examination (56.4 vs 55.5 years) or in neuropsychological performance (mean Mini-Mental State Examination score, 28.8 vs 29.3). Main Outcome Measures. —Cerebral glucose metabolism was measured using positron emission tomography and fludeoxyglucose F 18. Results. —Parietal metabolism was significantly lower and left-right parietal asymmetry was significantly higher in at-risk subjects with APOE e4 compared with those without APOE e4. Patients with dementia had significantly lower parietal metabolism than did at-risk subjects with APOE e4. Conclusions. —These results suggest that the inheritance of APOE e4 is associated with reduced cerebral parietal metabolism and increased asymmetry in nondemented relatives at risk for probable AD. Longitudinal study will determine if glucose metabolic measures provide a means to monitor experimental treatment responses during the early phases of the disorder. ( JAMA . 1995;273:942-947)
Designing for conservation of insects in the built environment

The conservation of insects is not a priority for most urban dwellers, yet can be accomplished in urban settings by the careful design of urban nature. Our goal is to foster cross-talk between practitioners of insect conservation biology who develop the knowledge base and professional design practitioners who are poised to apply this knowledge in designs and management plans for urban green space. The collaborative product promises a built environment that promotes human well-being and urban beauty while maximizing the potential for the conservation of insects. 2. There is precedence for collaboration between science and design communities to achieve conservation, and existing professional and civic organizations offer a structure to formalize and expand collaboration. Design professionals, particularly landscape architects, are trained to support insect conservation in the urban landscape through land planning and ecological site design. 3. Ecological site design is based in principles of sustainability and so must address the well being of humans and nature simultaneously. This powerful approach for insect conservation is illustrated in examples from around the world focusing on roadway-easement corridors, stormwater management areas, and greenroofs. 4. To improve insect conservation and its public support we offer recommendations, organized in response to cultural aspects of sustainability. Considerations include: a) social drivers for support of conservation practices, b) public perception of urban space, c) applying conservation biology principles in urban areas, and d) merging insect conservation goals with human cultural demands.
Burning Issues in Tomography Analysis

Polystyrene and other polymers can become safer when blended with flame retardants such as Saytex BT-93. In this installment, the authors discuss how to assess such blending's effectiveness using 3D multispectral imaging methods, such as synchrotron X-ray tomography.
Stretch induces cytokine release by alveolar epithelial cells in vitro.

Mechanical ventilation can injure the lung, causing edema and alveolar inflammation. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) plays an important role in this inflammatory response. We postulated that cyclic cell stret...
"Brighter the moon over my home village": Some patterned ways of speaking about home among rural-urban migrant workers in China

ABSTRACTDrawing on a social constructionist approach and Philipsen's theoretical framework of cultural communication, this study examines how rural–urban migrant workers in China construct the meaning of home in their communication about migration. Interviews with migrant workers and participant observation of their everyday conversations reveal that migrant workers frequently evoke a cultural code of home attachment and actively construct a political code of displacement to construe their prolonged liminality between the city and the countryside. Implications for studying the use of culturally specific and politically situated discursive practices to address common challenges of displacement are discussed.
Family Migration: Lucas and Virgilio Basbas

In 1959, like many other immigrants, Lucas Basbas worked hard in the U.S. territory of Guam in order to provide for his family in the Philippines. However, the search for financial stability caused great sacrifice for the Basbas family. Lucas made the decision to leave his two young sons and his young wife Bella and work in the United States where he believed higher wages would help give his family the life of which they had always dreamed.
Prediction of a metastable phase of silicon in the Ibam structure

In a study aimed at finding new useful forms of silicon, we use an ab initio random structure searching (AIRSS) method to identify a new phase of silicon in the Ibam structure. The Ibam phase is found to be semimetallic within density functional theory with a small band overlap, and it is expected that quasiparticle corrections using the GW approximation would yield a semiconducting state with a small band gap. Calculation of the lattice dynamics reveals that the structure is locally stable. Enthalpy-pressure relations are calculated for the Ibam structure as well as all other known Si structures, including the previously predicted phases st12 and bct. These results indicate that Ibam silicon is metastable over the pressure range considered. Calculated coexistence pressures of the other known phase transitions are in good agreement with experimental observation.
High power cascade diode lasers emitting near 2 μm

High-power two-stage cascade GaSb-based type-I quantum welldiode lasers emitting near 2 μm were designed and fabricated. Coated devices with cavity length of 3 mm generated about 2 W of continuous wave power from 100-μm-wide aperture at the current of 6 A. The power conversion efficiency peaked at 20%. Carrier recycling between quantum well gain stages was realized using band-to-band tunneling in GaSb/AlSb/InAs heterostructure complemented with optimized electron and hole injector regions. Design optimization eliminated parasitic optical absorption and thermionic emission, and included modification of the InAsquantum wells of electron and composition and doping profile of hole injectors. Utilization of the cascade pumping scheme yielded 2 μm lasers with improved output power and efficiency compared to existing state-of-the-art diodes.
In Situ Diagnostics of Methane/Hydrogen Plasma Interactions with Si(100)

Methane/hydrogen plasmas have been reported to be sources both for a-C:H film deposition and for compound semiconductor etching. In this work, an in situ diagnostic study of methane/hydrogen plasma interactions with a silicon surface is carried out, focusing on the effect of hydrogen dilution. A remote electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma using a H 2 /Ar mixture excites methane gas near a Si(l 00) substrate. In situ multiple internal reflection Fourier transform infrared (MIR-FTIR) spectroscopy is used to probe the surface species at different hydrogen dilution ratios. We find that at low methane pressure without hydrogen dilution, a-C:H films are deposited. With H 2 dilution, the results suggests that some sputter/etching of the silicon surface occurs. Hence, methyl groups are identified as potential etchants for silicon materials. The data suggest that there is a competition between etching and deposition chemistry which depends strongly upon the methane pressure and hydrogen ratio in the plasma.
Correlated Equilibria for Approximate Variational Inference in MRFs

Almost all of the work in graphical models for game theory has mirrored previous work in probabilistic graphical models. Our work considers the opposite direction: Taking advantage of recent advances in equilibrium computation for probabilistic inference. We present formulations of inference problems in Markov random fields (MRFs) as computation of equilibria in a certain class of game-theoretic graphical models. We concretely establishes the precise connection between variational probabilistic inference in MRFs and correlated equilibria. No previous work exploits recent theoretical and empirical results from the literature on algorithmic and computational game theory on the tractable, polynomial-time computation of exact or approximate correlated equilibria in graphical games with arbitrary, loopy graph structure. We discuss how to design new algorithms with equally tractable guarantees for the computation of approximate variational inference in MRFs. Also, inspired by a previously stated game-theoretic view of state-of-the-art tree-reweighed (TRW) message-passing techniques for belief inference as zero-sum game, we propose a different, general-sum potential game to design approximate fictitious-play techniques. We perform synthetic experiments evaluating our proposed approximation algorithms with standard methods and TRW on several classes of classical Ising models (i.e., with binary random variables). We also evaluate the algorithms using Ising models learned from the MNIST dataset. Our experiments show that our global approach is competitive, particularly shinning in a class of Ising models with constant, "highly attractive" edge-weights, in which it is often better than all other alternatives we evaluated. With a notable exception, our more local approach was not as effective. Yet, in fairness, almost all of the alternatives are often no better than a simple baseline: estimate 0.5.
Analysis on the Partial Discharge Test Technology of UHV Transformer Bushing

In order to test the partial discharge of UHV AC transformer’s bushing and guiding partial discharge measurements of UHV equipment,the anti-interference and measurement methods of partial discharge test of UHV AC bushing were studied at the voltage of 1100 kV.According to UHV transformer bushing type test requirements,the maximum test voltage is 1100 kV,and partial discharge magnitude should be less than 10 pC.The test requirements have reached the limits of experimental conditions in domestic.In the laboratory,the test was accomplished.The results show that,the layout of equipment in laboratory,the environment control including temperature and humidity,and so on,will affect the measurements of partial discharge of bushing,using ultraviolet imaging and infrared imaging device can quickly and effectively exclude the interference of suspended discharge within the test site,using no entirely balanced test circuit can further eliminate interference to the success of partial discharge measurement of UHV AC bushing.
Effects of Pinus taeda leaf anatomy on vascular and extravascular leaf hydraulic conductance as influenced by N-fertilization and elevated CO 2

Silvicultural practices (e.g., nitrogen addition through fertilization) and environmental changes (e.g., elevated [CO2]) may alter needle structure, impacting mass and energy exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere through alteration of stomatal function. Hydraulic resistances in leaves, controlling the mass and energy exchanges, occur both in the xylem and in the flow paths across the mesophyll to evaporation sites, and therefore largely depends on the structure of the leaf. We used the Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment, providing a unique setting for assessing the interaction effects of [CO2] and nitrogen (N) supply to examine how leaf morphological and anatomical characteristics control leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees subjected to ambient or elevated (+200 ppmv) CO2 concentrations (CO2a and CO2e, respectively) and to soil nitrogen amendment (N). Our study revealed that CO2e decreased the number of tracheids per needle, and increased the distance from the xylem vascular bundle to the stomata cavities, perturbing the leaf hydraulic system. Both treatments induced a decrease in Kleaf, and CO2e also decreased leaf extravascular conductance (Kextravascular), the conductance to water flow from the xylem to the leaf-internal air space. Decline in Kleaf under CO2e was driven by the decline in Kextravascular, potentially due to longer path for water movement through the mesophyll, explaining the decline in stomatal conductance (gs) observed under CO2e. This suggests that the distance from vascular conduits to stomata sub-cavity was a major constraint of leaf water transport. Across treatments our results showed that needle vein conductivity was slightly more limited by the lumen than by the bordered-pits, the latter accounting for 30-45% of vein resistance. CO2e-induced reduction in Kleaf was also consistent with an increased resistance to xylem collapse due to thicker cell wall. In addition, stomatal closure corresponded to the water potential inducing a reduction in 50% of leaf vascular conductance (Kvascular) via xylem wall rupture. The water potential that was estimated to induce complete xylem wall collapse was related to the water potential at turgor loss. Our study provided a framework for understanding the interaction between CO2e and N availability in affecting leaf anatomy, and the mechanisms for the response of Kleaf to the treatments. These mechanisms can be incorporated into predictive models of gs, critical for estimating forest productivity in water limited environments in current and future climates and a landscape composed of sites of a range in soil N fertility.
Use of Congenic and Recombinant Inbred Mouse Strains to Link a Highly Conserved Idiotype Marker to an Igh-C Region Allotype Locus and to Map This New Member of the Q52 Gene Family Within the Igh-V Gene Complex

The gene coding for a highly conserved idiotype marker associated with the murine response to the hapten phthalate (Xmp) was linked to the IgCH allotype locus using a pair of congenic resistant mouse strains, CB.20 and BC.8. These two strains of mice produce the same level of anti-phthalate antibody when immunized with phthalate-KLH. However, the idiotype marker identified as CRI-Xmp was found in the anti-phthalate antibody obtained from BC.8 but not CB.20 immune mice. The presence or absence of the CRI-Xmp in the phthalate immune sera of several different wild mouse populations was also monitored. In these studies, we observed some nonconcordance in the expression of the idiotype and the heavy chain allotype marker. This nonconcordance is most likely due to a crossover event occuring between Igh-C and Igh-V gene complexes. Using BXD recombinant inbred strains, the VH-Xmp was mapped with respect to other known VH gene markers. Based upon these studies VH-Xmp was found to map close to the constant region immunoglobulin gene cluster, i.e., between VH-S14 and VH-Ox. Preliminary sequence data indicate the VH-Xmp is a member of the Q52 gene family.
Health information seeking on the Internet: The role of involvement in searching for and assessing online health information

This study focuses on how young people with differing levels of involvement seek and evaluate information about the human papillomavirus online. The results, which are drawn from an experiment and a self-administered survey, suggest that compared to people with a low level of involvement, people with a high level of involvement engage in more information search activity. The results also indicate that those with a high level of involvement in a given subject place a higher value on a website's message features than on its structural features. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Impact of a killed Tritrichomonas foetus vaccine on clearance of the organism and subsequent fertility of heifers following experimental inoculation.

Abstract Tritrichomonas foetus is a sexually transmitted reproductive pathogen of cattle that causes transient infertility, early embryonic death, metritis, pyometra, and sporadic abortions. The objective of this research was to assess the impact on reproductive health of vaccinating naive heifers with a killed T. foetus vaccine (TrichGuard) before experimental exposure followed by breeding. A total of 40 beef heifers were randomly assigned into two treatment groups. Heifers where then vaccinated with two doses of TrichGuard or sham vaccinated with 0.9% sterile saline according to their respective groups. Sixty days following vaccination or sham vaccination, heifers were intravaginally inoculated with 2 × 106 organisms of a cloned isolate of T. foetus of bovine origin (CDTf-4) during synchronized estrus. Three days following inoculation of T. foetus, bulls free of T. foetus were introduced for natural breeding. Three bulls were maintained with the 40 heifers (20 vaccinated; 20 sham vaccinated) for a 49-day breeding season. Cervical mucous samples were obtained from each heifer at Day 0 and at 29 additional time points throughout the study for T. foetus culture. Pregnancy assessments were performed routinely by using transrectal palpation and ultrasonography. Pregnancies were detected in 19/20 (95%) vaccinated heifers and 14/20 (70%) sham-vaccinated heifers (P = 0.046). Only 4/20 (20%) of the sham-vaccinated heifers gave birth to a live calf compared with 10/20 (50%) of the vaccinated heifers (P = 0.048). Thus, embryonic or fetal loss was detected in 9/19 (47%) vaccinated heifers and 10/14 (71%) sham-vaccinated heifers (P = 0.153). The interval of time between inoculations with T. foetus and conceptions of pregnancies that were maintained until birth did not differ significantly between groups (vaccinated = 18.7 days; sham-vaccinated = 17.3 days; P = 0.716). The infectious challenge in this study proved to be very rigorous as a positive culture was detected from all heifers. The culture-positive results on the last culture day did not differ significantly (P = 0.115) between vaccinated heifers (63.9 days) and sham-vaccinated heifers (79.2 days). All uterine culture samples collected from the 26 nonpregnant heifers on Day 207 postinoculation did not result in the detection of T. foetus. These findings indicate that the killed, whole cell vaccine used in this study (TrichGuard) was effective in improving reproductive health evidenced by significantly reducing losses associated with T. foetus infections.
Significant changes in the 6th edition of FACT-JACIE standards affecting apheresis facilities

FACT-JACIE cellular therapy standards are being revised every 3years and currently in their 6th edition. Significant changes in the 6th edition of the standards that affect apheresis facilities participating in cellular therapy product collections are presented.
Informing policy with science

We recently witnessed the peaceful—if controversial—transition of the United States presidency. As with any major change in federal government, the scientific community has concerns about new directions and priorities that may affect the way science is conducted, funded, and used in the United States and elsewhere. Of particular note with this new administration are concerns that President Trump may not fully value science-based evidence, and that information and policy decisions will be made without due consideration of scientific evidence.
A Double-Snare Technique for Safe Retrieval of Embolized Left Atrial Appendage Occluders.

A 71-year-old patient with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation, CHADVASC2 score of 3, and HASBLED score of 4, was referred for a left atrial appendage occluder (LAAO) implantation. He has been intolerant to oral anticoagulation because of recurrent epistaxis. After a
Treatment of Osteoarthritis with Tiaprofenic Acid and Indomethacin

Cage-matched control and experimental greyhounds were sacrificed 12 weeks after production of instability in the right knee, due to anterior cruciate ligament cut. Eroded osteoarthritis and normal articular cartilage were used for the analyses. In these tissue samples, significant histological protection against cartilage breakdown was afforded by orally administered tiaprofenic acid 5 mg/kg bodyweight but not by orally administered indomethacin 1 mg/kg bodyweight. Tiaprofenic acid caused preservation of fast sedimenting proteoglycan aggregates, as well as retention of hyaluronate content and favourable proteoglycan aggregate S value levels. Biochemical data on indomethacin remain to be reported.
The dynamic interaction between pain and opioid misuse

In 2014, drug overdose surpassed automobile accidents as the number one cause of accidental death for the first time in the history of the United States. The overdose epidemic is largely driven by opioids, and genuine prescription opioid analgesics play the biggest role in this phenomenon. Despite advancements in abuse deterrent formulations, prescription drug monitoring programmes and clinical assessments for the detection of abuse potential, drug overdoses continue to escalate. The Center for Disease Control has recently issued new guidelines for opioid prescription, yet even these recommendations have their shortcomings. Furthermore, undertreated pain in patients with comorbid substance use disorder poses a major clinical challenge, particularly for patients on opioid replacement therapy. Despite the seemingly obvious interaction between the presence of pain and the abuse of pain-relieving opioids, there is surprisingly little mechanistic data to further our understanding of this vitally important topic. The need for novel pain interventions that minimize abuse liability is critical. Without a fundamental characterization of pain neurobiology and the interaction between chronic pain and the brain's reward system, we are unlikely to make progress in the alleviation of the opioid epidemic. Linked articles This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc.
Minimally Invasive Arterial Interventions for Wounds

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) refers to rest pain or ulceration/gangrene that develops in the extremities from extensive peripheral atherosclerosis. Open bypass surgery has long been the gold standard technique to offer revascularization and limb salvage to these often ill and complex patients. However, over the last several decades, a minimally invasive technique based on the intra-arterial use of wires and catheters has been developed which has revolutionized the way CLI is treated. Currently, numerous endoluminal treatment strategies exist, including balloon angioplasty, stenting, and atherectomy, which can generate reasonable limb salvage rates. More research is necessary, however, to identify which device is optimal with regard to durability and costs as well as which patients should undergo endovascular surgery as opposed to a bypass.
Data Archives: International

Archives of quantitative social science data began in the 1940s in the United States and have since spread to much of the world. Two major thrusts underlay this movement: (a) the need for transparency in the conduct of research and (b) the potential of data archives to facilitate comparative and time-series research. There is now a widely shared ethic of data sharing in the social sciences, which is codified in rules of a number of granting agencies. The holdings of data archives consist of microdata and macrodata, the codebooks describing those data, and various supporting materials such as finding aids. Archives have exercised care to protect the privacy and confidentiality of respondents in the surveys in their collections; today, laws often buttress those practices. Secure data enclaves are a means of providing access to highly sensitive data, but they offer less convenience to the researcher as a result of the conditions that they must impose. Archives dealt with major technological changes in information technology and telecommunications over the decade of the 1990s. Modern information technology has brought the services of data archives directly to the desktop of the researcher. Modern telecommunications have permitted the rapid dissemination of data around the world and the effective creation of global virtual data archives.
Morphine and Immunosuppression in the Context of Tumor Growth and Metastasis

Morphine has been recognized as a highly potent analgesic agent used in cancer and non-cancer (neuropathic, surgical) pain management. Cancer patients may be prescribed morphine at different stages of the disease, during neoplastic growth and progression, during surgical resection and even in end stage palliative care. Morphine has been shown to suppress immune cell activation, ­functionality and cytokine secretion. While the initial infiltration of immune cells during tumor growth can be beneficial in destroying stressed tumor cells, ­prolonged accumulation results in a dampened immune response, enhanced angiogenesis, tumor growth and thus metastasis. The aim of this chapter is summarize the ­immunosuppressive effects of morphine as it relates to metastasis. We describe the effects of morphine as it pertains to tumor cell proliferation and growth, immune cell contribution to angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling within the tumor microenvironment.
Widening Spectrum of Prions Causing Neurodegenerative Diseases

The field of prion biology still seems to be in its infancy. Over the past three decades, there has been a steady accumulation of evidence that each neurodegenerative disease is caused by a particular protein that becomes a prion. As with the prion diseases caused by the aberrant prion protein (PrPSc), amyloid deposits in other neurodegenerative disorders were found to have the same protein as that identified by molecular genetic studies of patients with inherited neurodegeneration. While the number of prions identified in mammals (now at more than half a dozen) and in fungi (now more than ten) will undoubtedly continue to expand, we have no idea about prions in all the other phylogeny. The mammalian prions composed of PrP, Aβ, tau, α-synuclein, SOD1 and huntingtin all cause distinct neurodegenerative diseases. In each of these disorders, the respective mammalian proteins adopt a β-sheet–rich conformation that readily oligomerizes and becomes self-propagating. The oligomeric states of mammalian prions are thought to be the toxic forms, and assembly into larger polymers such as amyloid fibrils seems to be a mechanism for minimizing toxicity. To date, there is not a single medication that halts or even slows a neurodegenerative disease caused by prions. This may be a bellwether of the unique pathogenic mechanisms that feature in each of the prion diseases and of the urgent need to develop informative molecular diagnostics and effective antiprion therapeutics.
Current Status of Abacus Training in Teacher Education Institutions

This study describes the results of a survey of 25 teacher-training institutions about the kinds of abacus programs available to trainees and the effectiveness of these programs. On the basis of re...
Science Fiction in South and North Korea: Reading Science and Technology as Fantasized in Cultures

In his foreword to The Physics of Star Trek, Stephen Hawking reflects on the value of science fiction for science: Science fiction like Star Trek is not only good fun but it also serves a serious p...