cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The guidance of saccadic eye movements to perceptually mislocalized visual an non-visual targets.

The present experiment examined whether saccadic eye movements to visual targets are dependent on the perceived directions of the targets or on their retinally specified directions. Perceptual mislocations of visual targets were induced by having the target light attached to a subject's stationary hand while his biceps or triceps muscle was vibrated. Such vibration leads to apparent extension or flexion of the subject's restrained forearm and perceived visual motion of the stationary target light. Subjects always made accurate saccadic eye movements to a visual target, even when the target was perceptually mislocalized by as much as 20 deg. By contrast, when subjects made saccadic eye movements to a nonvisual target, the location of their hand in the dark, they always looked to the perceived direction of the target even though it did not necessarily correspond to the true direction. These findings indicate that a distinction is maintained between 'reflexive aspects' of oculomotor control related to foveation and the computation of perceived visual direction.
Dietary Treatment during the Induction and Resorption Phases of Experimental Amyloidosis

We have postulated that the administration of azocasein to amyloid susceptible mice overwhelms the proteolytic capacity of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), either by inhibition of specific cell membrane associated enzymes or by activation of serine esterase inhibitors, one of which may be SAP or serum amyloid P component. The influence of strain, age and gender of the mouse on the incidence and severity of amyloid is presumably reflected in reduced MPS activity which in turn can be modified by altering dietary factors, particularly the content of milk protein (casein) and the level of antioxidants (vitamin E and santoquin).
The Neglected Freedom

Philosophers concerned with the general concept of freedom fall into two main camps. The older tradition emphasizes freedom from constraint as the central concept. This is usually referred to as "negative freedom". Among its main adherents are Hobbes, Locke, and more recently Cranston. To them "to be free" means "X is free from Y". A recent variant of negative freedom extends the meaning of "X is free" to "X is free from Y to do Z". This meaning was developed by Gerald Macf.allum" and later held by Joel Feinberg. Their phrase is held to be the' total meaning of freedom. The second main general theory of freedom, which I call "the enabling means theory" also has restricted and extended advocates. A restricted theorist, such as P. H. Partridge, argues that in addition to freedom from coercion complete freedom requires adequate political and economic freedom. A person needs the means to be enabled to have these. The extended theory is represented by Mortimer Adler and Herbert Muller. They believe freedom has three main components: natural freedom or free will; acquired freedom or the free personality; and finally circumstantial freedom, which has as sub-categories economic, political, and social freedom. I would add climatic-geographical freedom as well. This paper concerns one aspect of acquired freedom what it is, why it has been neglected, and finally its application to Isaiah Berlin's concept of "positive freedom".
Novel applications of topological indices: Part 4. Correlation of arene absorption spectra with the Randić molecular connectivity index

Abstract A novel application of the first-order Randic molecular connectivity index, 1 χ , is described. It is demonstrated that, for several series of arene systems, 1 χ correlates linearly with the logarithm of both the β and para electronic absorption bands. The arene systems are represented in terms of their caterpillar tree in each case. A caterpillar tree is a tree in which the set of nonadjacent numbers is identical to the set of resonant numbers for the arene system under consideration. Our new technique of data reduction using caterpillar trees is employed here for the first time for correlational purposes.
Serial block face-scanning electron microscopy: a method to study retinal degenerative phenotypes.

Retinal degenerative conditions can vary in their clinical presentation and often present with subtle phenotypic features before the onset of clinically overt disease. To capture these isolated events that precipitate disease, large representative areas of the retina must be imaged at high resolution. Compared to light microscopic methods, traditional electron microscopy can provide images at sufficient resolution to detect subtle pathologic changes in the retina, but are limited to the area being surveyed. The advent of serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) provides the resolution needed with the unprecedented advantage of imaging large volumes of retinal tissue. Furthermore, automation of SBF-SEM bypasses errors from manual sectioning and can produce reliable serial sections as thin as 25 nanometers. Moreover, the three-dimensional structures generated can highlight cellular connectivity and interactions in the retina and reveal pathological changes. Using SBF-SEM, we have identified subtle phenotypic features in mouse models of various human retinal dystrophies. This method will allow researchers to identify and monitor the time course of these pathologies. Here, we summarize the SBF-SEM methodology and its application to mouse models of retinal degeneration.
Alienability, Rivalry, and Exclusion Cost: Three Institutional Factors for Design

Twentieth century social science developed penetrating analyses of formal and informal institutions on many levels, yet both philosophers and specialists in design have yet to avail themselves of the implications that these analyses have for understanding the technological transformation of the material world. Three ideas from institutional theory are particularly relevant to technical change. Exclusion cost refers to the effort that must be expended to prevent others from usurping or interfering in one’s use or disposal of a given good or resource. Alienability refers to the ability to tangibly extricate a good or resource from one setting, making it available for exchange relations. Rivalry refers to the degree and character of compatibility in various uses for goods. These concepts allow us to pose questions that have been asked by Herbert Marcuse, and Langdon Winner in a more pointed way: if technology is in part responsible for the shape of our institutions, and if institutional change in the sphere of law and custom can be subjected to philosophical critique and democratic guidance, why should not technology be subjected to the same critique and guidance? Specifically, why should not technical designers account for factors such as exclusion cost, alienability, and rivalry in considering alternative designs? Why should not the developers of technology also be socially and politically accountable for consequences accruing from alterations in alienability, rivalry, or exclusion cost?
Theoretical model of a piezoelectric composite spinal fusion interbody implant

Failure rates of spinal fusion are high in smokers and diabetics. The authors are investigating the development of a piezoelectric composite biomaterial and interbody device design that could generate clinically relevant levels of electrical stimulation to help improve the rate of fusion for these patients. A lumped parameter model of the piezoelectric composite implant was developed based on a model that has been utilized to successfully predict power generation for piezoceramics. Seven variables (fiber material, matrix material, fiber volume fraction, fiber aspect ratio, implant cross-sectional area, implant thickness, and electrical load resistance) were parametrically analyzed to determine their effects on power generation within reasonable implant constraints. Influences of implant geometry and fiber aspect ratio were independent of material parameters. For a cyclic force of constant magnitude, implant thickness was directly and cross-sectional area inversely proportional to power generation potential. Fiber aspect ratios above 30 yielded maximum power generation potential while volume fractions above 15% showed superior performance. This investigation demonstrates the feasibility of using composite piezoelectric biomaterials in medical implants to generate therapeutic levels of direct current electrical stimulation. The piezoelectric spinal fusion interbody implant shows promise for helping increase success rates of spinal fusion. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 975–981, 2014.
Measurement of aminoacylases.

The unit describes the assays for aminoacylase activity, with specific emphasis on aminoacylase III. The methods are based on the determination of deacetylated products of the aminoacylase-catalyzed reactions in fluorescence and absorbance assays. The unit also provides methods for isolation of the aminoacylase III from tissues and bacterial or mammalian cells and subsequent purification and analysis. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 35:6.14.1-6.14.20. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: aminoacylase; amino acids; deacetylation
Inhibitory and facilitatory areas of the rostral pons mediating ACTH release in the cat.

To define the role of the rostral pons in the control of release of ACTH, we stimulated electrically (30 sec, 200 μA, 50 Hz) 128 sites in the dorsal rostral pons of 20 cats anesthetized with chloralose/urethane. Responses of arterial pressure to electrical stimulation were prevented by lesions placed previously in the medulla. Plasma concentrations of ACTH were measured by radioimmunoassay. Active areas consisted of three regions: 1) lateral inhibitory: Locus subcoenileus and anteroventral locus coeruleus (mean δACTH: −189, −164, −145 pg/ml at 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 min respectively, P < 0.01); 2) intermediate facilitatory: principal locus coeruleus and lateral ventral tegmental nucleus (mean δACTH: +81, +68, +37 pg/ml; P < 0.05); and 3) medial inhibitory: dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe and medial ventral tegmental nucleus (mean δACTH; −211, −212, −115 pg/ml; P < 0.01). The former two areas receive direct projections from medullary neurons activated or inhibited by atrial stretch, and, in turn, give ris...
Cross-property relations and permeability estimation in model porous media.

Results from a numerical study examining cross-property relations linking fluid permeability to diffusive and electrical properties are presented. Numerical solutions of the Stokes equations in three-dimensional consolidated granular packings are employed to provide a basis of comparison between different permeability estimates. Estimates based on the \ensuremath{\Lambda} parameter (a length derived from electrical conduction) and on ${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{c}}$ (a length derived from immiscible displacement) are found to be considerably more reliable than estimates based on rigorous permeability bounds related to pore space diffusion. We propose two hybrid relations based on diffusion which provide more accurate estimates than either of the rigorous permeability bounds.
INDIRECT ADAPTIVE ROBUST CONTROL OF SISO NONLINEAR SYSTEMS IN SEMI-STRICT FEEDBACK FORMS

Abstract In this paper, the modularized adaptive backstepping designs are incorporated into the recently proposed adaptive robust control framework to synthesize indirect adaptive robust controllers that achieve not only good output tracking performance but also better parameter estimation processes to obtain accurate parameter estimates for secondary purposes such as machine health monitoring and prognostics. Departing from the modularized adaptive backstepping designs, the proposed indirect adaptive robust control (IARC) uses available a priori knowledge on the physical bounds of unknown parameters, along with preset adaptation rate limits, to construct projection type parameter estimation algorithms with rate limits for a controlled estimation process. By doing so, regardless of the estimation algorithm to be used, a guaranteed transient performance and final tracking accuracy can be achieved even in the presence of disturbances and uncertain nonlinearities, a desirable feature in applications. In addition, the theoretical performance of the adaptive designs, asymptotic output tracking in the presence of parametric uncertainties only, is also preserved. The precision motion control of a linear motor drive system is used as an application example. Experimental results are obtained to show the improved parameter estimation process of the proposed IARC design.
Marital status in a developing economy: gender, ethnicity and family structure

This article employs population survey data for Trinidad and Tobago to investigate the likelihood of being married, both legal and common law in the present or the past, as compared to being never married, in a developing economy. The article finds support for the sex-specialized theory of marital formation, with men valued more and women valued less for their economic contributions to the family. Socioeconomic status and ethnicity play an important role in marital formation with sex specialization less likely to occur among Africans than the more advantaged ethnic groups. One of the consistent findings is that family structure matters crucially in predicting both legal and common law marriages. For example, living in a large, multigenerational household tends to impact the likelihood of marriage, as compared to remaining single, in opposite ways for men and women, with men in large households more likely to be married but women less likely to be married.
Effect of polyclonal anti-procyclic antibodies on development of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in tsetse flies.

Results obtained in experiments testing the efficacy of anti-procyclic-form rabbit sera on the development of homologous and heterologous stocks ofTrypanosoma brucei brucei inGlossina morsitans morsitans indicated that this development was affected little, or not at all, by such sera. The absence of effect of antiprocyclic stage antibodies can be explained by the failure to detect by either direct or indirect fluorescent antibody methods the presence of antibodies acquired in vivo by either the nidgut procyclic forms or by uncoated salivary gland forms.
Accelerated maturation of chick embryo skin treated with a prostaglandin (PGB1): an electron microscopic study.

One of the fatty acid derivatives called prostaglandins, PGB1, when applied to organ cultures of developing chick skin with feather organ loci, completely blocks feather organ development, but stimulates proliferation and keratinization of the epidermis. Control and PGB1 treated explants were harvested after one, two, and three days in culture and processed for study by electron microscopy. Fine structural observation of control and treated skins indicate the following. (1) Tonofilaments appear much sooner in treated explants than in controls, and are distributed at all levels of the epidermis. (2) The cristae of mitochondria in epidermal cells of treated skins are long, closely apposed, and oriented parallel to the longest axis of the organelle as contrasted with a transverse orientation for them in control epidermis. (3) There is increased deposition of collagen in the mesenchyme of treated skins as contrasted to that observed in controls. (4) Unusual structures (inclusion bodies) occur throughout the stratified and superficial epidermis of treated skins and are composed of fine filaments and granules measuring about 30 A in diameter. They are often associated with tonofilaments. (5) Small but numerous vacuoles appear in the epidermal cells of treated skins and seem to develop from cisternae of the Golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum. The change in orientation of cristae of the mitochondria, vacuolation of the epidermis, and appearance of the inclusion bodies first occurs after two days of treatment with PGB1 in culture. These observations coincide with previous data demonstrating that restitution of feather organ development can be accomplished after one day of treatment with PGB1, but not after two days of treatment. The observations are consistent with an accelerated maturation process, but may be correlated with a specific and irreversible change in a metabolic event necessary for feather development.
Optimum design of a reinforced plastic bridge girder

Abstract This paper describes the results of an analytical and experimental investigation concerned with the optimum design of a fiberglass-reinforced plastic flexural number. In the initial phase of the study, seven members were designed, fabricated, load-tested and subsequently analyzed. Design modifications were made in each subsequent specimen based on results from the experimental and analytical study. The initial configurations were selected on the basis of intuitive arguments and empirical optimum design concepts. In order to achieve a more efficient and economical structural system, an iterative algorithm for optimum geometric configuration was developed and used in conjunction with an optimality criterion for optimum member sizing. This procedure was applied to the design of five separate flexural members and final design data for these members are presented and discussed.
Continuous Wavelet Transform Based Nanoscale Strain Field Measurement Using Moire´ Interferometry With Phase Shifting

Moire Interferometry (MI) provides real-time full strain field measurement for the structure under the dynamic loading. It has been successfully applied to the reliability testing of the electronic packaging under different loadings (e.g. thermal cycling, electrical current stressing and etc). The miniaturization of the microelectronic packaging calls for the operation of MI at a level with higher sensitivity and better resolution. The proposed operation of MI combines two novel methods in the interferometry, phase shifting (PS) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to achieve a 164 nm/pixel spatial resolution. The entire operation procedure is completed automatically by computer programs. A two-level zooming system is designed and implemented in MI to give a high spatial resolution. The idea of combination of CWT and PS here is to put both spatial phase calculation and temporal phase calculation together. By introducing both the spatial and temporal redundancy, the authors show that the hybrid methods take the advantages from both of them. Furthermore, the direct calculation of the spontaneous spatial frequency of the interferogram is carried out using the property of the maximum power ridge of CWT. This method doesn’t require unwrapping and differentiation, which avoid the possible numerical noise introduced in these two steps. In the proposed system, pixel by pixel in-plane strain tensors can be calculated from the intensity map of interferograms using phase-based method for MI in contrast with the traditional fringe counting. The resulting strain tensor can be used to model constitutive relationship or compare with finite element analysis results. A thermal experiment on BGA packaging is used to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed new design.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The influence of staple size on fistula formation following distal pancreatectomy.

Pancreatic fistula continues to be a source of significant morbidity following distal pancreatic resections. The technique of pancreatic division varies widely among surgeons, and there is no evidence that identifies a single method as superior. In our practice, the technique of distal pancreatic resection has evolved from cut-and-sew to stapled technique with green and recently white cartridge. The aim of our study was to evaluate the rate of clinically significant fistulas [International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) grade B or C] following distal pancreatectomy and to identify variables associated with a low rate of fistula development. Clinical records of all patients who underwent distal pancreatic resections between February 1999 and July 2010 by a single surgeon were retrospectively reviewed focusing on the incidence and type of pancreatic fistula as defined by ISGPF. Study variables included age, gender, surgical approach, extent of resection, ASA classification, type of stapler cartridge, use of Seamguard™, and ISGPF classification. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Sixty-four patients (median age 60, range 21–85; 54% male) underwent distal pancreatic resection (laparoscopy 50% vs. open 50%). The most common indications were pancreatic adenocarcinoma (N = 15; 23%) and neuroendocrine neoplasms (N = 14; 22%). Clinically significant pancreatic fistula developed in 24% (N = 15). The rate of fistula with cut-and-sew technique was 36% (4/11), with stapled green cartridge 31% (9/29) and only 5% (1/21) with stapled vascular cartridge. Univariate logistic regression identified vascular cartridge size (p = 0.04, OR 0.11) and open stapled technique (p = 0.05, OR 0.12) as variables significantly associated with a low fistula rate. Both vascular cartridge size (p = 0.05, OR 0.10) and open stapled technique (p = 0.04, OR 0.08) remained significant when analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Division of pancreatic parenchyma with vascular cartridges resulted in significantly (p = 0.03, OR 9.0) lower fistula rate compared to green cartridges. The use of Seamguard™ did not affect fistula rate (16% vs. 27%; p = 0.34) nor did the performance of multivisceral resection vs. distal pancreatectomy/splenectomy alone (21% vs. 23%, p = 1.0). The optimal technique of pancreatic division has not been conclusively established. Dividing the pancreas utilizing vascular (2.5 mm) staple cartridges significantly decreased the rate of clinically significant pancreatic fistula and we have changed our practice accordingly. A prospective randomized trial is necessary to validate these results.
Lower-Class Behavior: Cultural and Biosocial

"Cultures of poverty" or lower class cultures are formed by the interaction of biosocial forces that affect all human societies. Although differing societal cultures and situations will lead to a wide variety of lower class subcultures, models of class differentiation can be developed that represent a typical result of the interaction of biosocial forces. In terms of these models lower classes will develop in nearly all societies with subcultures distinct from middle-class subcultures. The interactions of the forces that produce and reinforce typical lower-class subcultures are diagrammed. Some of the ways in which the diagramming approach reveals the structure of the problem are discussed.
Development of Chemical EOR Formulations for a High Temperature and High Salinity Carbonate Reservoir

Although over 60% of the world-wide hydrocarbon reserves are held in carbonate reservoirs, chemical flooding application and research endeavors have been focused on sandstones rather than carbonates. Challenges to develop chemical EOR formulations for carbonate reservoirs are significant and unique because of the complexity of rock mineral compositions, matrix pore structures, rock surface properties, fracture density, aperture and orientation, as well as oil types. The fact that some chemical EOR technologies have been successfully used in sandstone reservoirs cannot be simply extrapolated to carbonate reservoirs. Carbonate reservoirs are usually characterized as low permeability matrix with fractures, while a considerable portion present high permeability matrix with fractures as shown in the Middle East. This paper presents the development of chemical formulations addressing the challenges of chemical EOR in a representative Middle East carbonate reservoir, which has high reservoir temperature and high brine salinity. In the screening process, more than 50 surfactants and 30 polymers were studied at both ambient and reservoir conditions. Few surfactant-polymer (SP) formulations were optimized in terms of good compatibility with field brines, low interfacial tensions between the crude oil and chemical solution, and low adsorption of chemicals on the carbonate core samples. The results of the compatibility tests showed that an effective SP slug can be prepared in regular Arabian Gulf seawater without the requirement of water softening. Amphoteric surfactants showed a promising performance for the given reservoir conditions. Oil displacement tests using selected SP formulations demonstrated significant recovery potential in tertiary mode. This paper presents an overview of the chemical EOR research for the carbonate reservoir and provides insights of chemical enhanced oil recovery from carbonate rather than sandstone reservoirs.
Spatial Signatures of Mapping Expertise Among Field Geologists

Geologists consider field mapping skills necessary for the development of expertise in geology. We discuss the results of a day-long geology mapping exercise in the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana, USA. Sixty-seven volunteer geologists, chosen specifically to represent a continuum from novice to expert, were asked to create a map of bedrock geology for approximately 70 square hectares. In order to identify and assess field mapping strategies, GPS tracks of each participant's field activities were analyzed using GIS and sequence alignment techniques. Results indicate differences in routes used during the field task by participants with varying levels of mapping expertise. To investigate this result, the field area was divided into thirty-three sub-regions based on topography, vegetation, rock outcrops, and participant traffic. Using these sub-regions, multiple variables such as amount of time spent in each sub-region and the order in which these sub-regions were visited were determined for each participant...
Rapid prototyping work space optimization

Rapid prototyping (RP) is becoming more affordable and the preferred method because the technology is shifting from making only prototypes to being used as a process for simultaneously producing multiple parts. The part placement in the RP systems is a time consuming and tedious task for the operators. This paper discusses component development in RP and part placement of models in the rapid prototyping machine work space to optimize utilization of RP systems. The algorithm proposed fills the work space with parts by partitioning the work volume into layers, and then filling these layers one after another.
Form-birefringence structure fabrication in GaAs by use of SU-8 as a dry-etching mask.

A thin layer of a SU-8 submicrometer pattern produced by holographic lithography was directly used as the dry-etching mask in a chemically assisted ion-beam-etching system. With optimized etching parameters, etching selectivity of 7:1 was achieved together with a smooth vertical profile. As an application, a half-wavelength retardation plate for a 1.55-µm wavelength was produced and evaluated.
Eicosanoids and Platelet-activating Factor in Allergic Respiratory Diseases

The nature of the lipid mediators released at an inflammatory site in the airways is dependent not only on the individual cells and inflammatory stimuli present but also on a complex interaction between neighboring cells and their lipid products. These lipid mediators share overlapping activities, and current research is directed toward determining the critical molecules involved in the pathogenesis of particular inflammatory states.How may the release of these lipid mediators play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma? Allergic persons after inhalation of specific allergen have a dual bronchospastic response. The early asthmatic response occurring shortly after allergen challenge is most likely secondary to the action of bronchoconstrictor molecules (e.g., LTC4, PGD2, PAF) released by human lung mast cells as a consequence of IgE-mediated degranulation. An inflammatory process then occurs in the airways that is characterized by an influx of eosinophils and neutrophils into the airway epithelium and bronch...
Fracture mechanics of the angled elliptic crack under uniaxial tension

Abstract The behavior of the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plate with an elliptic crack under uniaxial tensile stress is investigated. The direction of fracture propagation and the critical stress which causes the fracture initiation are predicted and compared with experimental data available in the literature. The Yeh-Stratton criterion is applied to the said problem in the form of the maximum principal stress theory by utilizing the exact stress field around the elliptical cavity.
Unusual growth in a rugose coral

A small, solitary rugose coral, probably belonging to Aulacophyllum hemicrassatum Sloss, from the Middle Devonian of Iowa, U.S.A., grew normally (conically) for three-fourths of its length, then, in an apparent reversal of pattern, decreased in diameter so that the uppermost part of the corallum is an inverted cone. The reversal of normal growth is attributed to polyp injury or disease that gradually, rather than suddenly, decreased the polyp's ability for normal growth and skeleton building.
Atrioventricular node functional remodeling induced by atrial fibrillation

Background The atrioventricular node (AVN) plays a vital role in determining the ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation (AF). AF results in profound electrophysiological and structural remodeling in the atria as well as the sinus node. However, it is unknown whether AVN undergoes remodeling during AF. Objective To determine whether AVN undergoes functional remodeling during AF. Methods AVN conduction properties were studied in vitro in 9 rabbits with AF and 10 normal controls. A previously validated index of AVN dual-pathway electrophysiology, His-electrogram alternans, was used to monitor fast-pathway or slow-pathway (SP) AVN conduction in these experiments. AVN conduction properties were further studied in vivo in 7 dogs with chronic AF and 8 controls. Results Compared with the control rabbits, the rabbits with AF had a longer AVN conduction time (83 ± 16 ms vs 68 ± 7 ms; P P P P P Conclusions Pronounced AVN functional electrophysiological remodeling occurs after long-term AF, which could lead to a spontaneous slowing of the ventricular rate. Furthermore, the SP dominance during AF underscores the effectiveness of its modification by ablation for ventricular rate control during AF.
Trends in Popular Support for the Wars in Korea and Vietnam

In an examination of responses to public opinion poll questions designed to assess the degree of generalized support for the wars in Korea and Vietnam, popular support for the two wars was found to follow highly similar patterns. Support was high initially but declined as a logarithmic function of American casualties, a function remarkably similar for both wars. While support for the war in Vietnam did finally drop below those levels found during the Korean War, it did so only after the fighting had gone on considerably longer and only after American casualties had greatly surpassed those of the earlier war. These trends seem to have been fairly impervious to particular events in either of the wars. It is suggested that the greater vocal opposition to the Vietnam War reflects mainly a shift of opinion within the intellectual left on the wisdom of the two wars. Armed with new techniques of protest learned in its identification with the civil rights movement, the intellectual left has been able effectively to garner great attention for its cause during the Vietnamese War. Also noted was the presence of a rather large body of opinion inclined to follow the President on war policy, giving him considerable room for maneuver, at least in the short run, and making public opinion in this area highly sensitive to current policy. A crude comparison with data from World War II suggests that, while the earlier war was unquestionably more "popular" than the wars in Korea and Vietnam, support was less consensual than might be expected. The popularity of the Korean War rose slowly after its conclusion, but this sort of retrospective support for World Wars I and II may have declined as time went by and, at any rate, was quite sensitive to current events, In repeated instances, differences in question wording were found to alter substantially the response generated to poll questions about the wars.
Resistance to hyperoxia with heme oxygenase-1 disruption: role of iron.

In many models, a protective role for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the rate-limiting enzyme in heme degradation, has been demonstrated. Also, HO-1 null mice (KO) are more susceptible to inflammation and hypoxia and transplant rejection. Nonetheless, their response to hyperoxia (> 95% O2) has not yet been evaluated. Surprisingly, after acute hyperoxic exposure, KO had significantly decreased markers of lung oxidative injury and survived chronic hyperoxia as well as wild-type (WT) controls. Disrupted HO-1 expression was associated with decreased lung reactive iron and iron-associated proteins, decreased NADPH cytochrome cP450 reductase activity, and decreased lung peroxidase activity compared to WT. Injection of tin protoporphyrin, an inhibitor of HO, in the WT decreased acute hyperoxic lung injury, whereas transduction of human HO-1 in the KO reversed the relative protection of the KO to acute injury and worsened hyperoxic survival. This suggests that disruption of HO-1 protects against hyperoxia by diminishing the generation of toxic reactive intermediates in the lung via iron and H2O2.
FEEDING FROGS, TONGUES AND TEMPERATURE

![][1] My proficiency at eating is not usually determined by temperature, unless it's one of those ridiculously hot summer days on which a little air conditioning can go a long way. The same cannot be said for ectothermic vertebrates, whose digestive processes and skeletal muscle
Computer simulation of ion beam mixing

Abstract A highly optimized dynamic Monte Carlo program TAMIX has been developed to simulate the ion beam mixing process. In addition to the collisional features, some of the diffusional processes are taken into account in TAMIX for elevated temperature irradiation applications. TAMIX can be run in three modes, i.e. Static mode, collisional dynamic mode, and collisional-diffusional dynamic mode. TAMIX is a non-analog vectorized Monte Carlo program for the full use of the capability of vector computers such as the Cray. In TAMIX, sophisticated models have been adopted to obtain both speed and accuracy, including tabulation of the scattering angles, energy-dependent mean free path for nuclear collisions, “random surface model” for sputtering, and concentration-dependent surface binding energies. The simulation results applied to a wide range of situations show good agreement with experimental data.
Effect of Coil Collapse on Photon-Harvesting Polymers with Phenanthrene Chromophores

Fluorescence measurements were used to explore the effect of solvent-induced polymer coil collapse on electronic energy transport for both methacrylate and methacrylic acid copolymers with pendant phenanthrene chromophores. Changes in the quantum yield and efficiency of excitation transport show that the efficiency of electronic energy transport to a covalently bound anthracene trap increases with coil contraction, although this increase is part of a complex chain of events in which phenanthrene-phenanthrene self-quenching plays an important role even though classical excimer formation is negligible. Room temperature solution and 77 K matrices display qualitatively similar behavior. Measurements for polymethacrylic acid-co/alt-poly(vinylphenanthrene) polymers in aqueous solution at room temperature and at 77 K illustrate analogous behavior as a function of pH.
Non-Darcy flow through anisotropic porous media

Abstract Non-Darcy flow occurs in the near-wellbore region of high-capacity gas and condensate reservoirs. Forchheimer’s equation describes this flow in isotropic media. Many naturally occurring porous media are, however, anisotropic. This study is directed at understanding the non-Darcy flow behavior in porous media that are anisotropic at the pore-scale. Three structural models of anisotropy are proposed: size-induced, connectivity-induced and spatial correlation-induced. Non-Darcy flow has been computed in these netwoks, as well as the tortuosity and porosity of the media. A tensorial form of the Forchheimer equation has been proposed and verified. The non-Darcy term has been found to be tensorial and proportional to the square of the superficial velocity at the macroscopic scale. As the pore-scale anisotropic parameter increases, non-Darcy and tortuosity components increase, but permeability components decrease. An approximate correlation is derived between the non-Darcy coefficient, the permeability, and the tortuosity tensors.
Aerosol Mineralization of Chlorofluorocarbons by Sodium Vapor Reduction

This paper describes a new method for the destruction of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The process consists of mixing vapor-phase CFCs and sodium at atmospheric pressure in an exothermic single-pass process leading to the miner- alization of the carbon and halogen components. The process has demonstrated high destruction efficiencies for a surrogate CFC (CF4) as well as high efficiency for the formation of the equilibrium-predicted products of reaction: benign salt-coated carbon aerosols, large enough to be filtered with existing filtering technologies, with no volatile products. The rapidity of the chemistry and condensation process and the low cost of sodium should enable the construction of industrial-scale reactors that are fairly small and economical to build and operate. The application of this chemistry would be toward destruction of CFC stockpiles and as a treatment of the effluent of plasma reactors used in semiconductor processing.
Encoding hydrologic information via a fractal geometric approach and its extensions

We present the application of a deterministic fractal geometric approach—the so-called fractal-multifractal procedure, FMFP—to the modeling of hydrologic data at different resolutions. The FMFP can generate a wide range of complex patterns that are virtually indistinguishable from observed hydrologic data sets (e.g., rainfall series, radar images, clouds, contamination plumes, width functions). We illustrate the use of the FMFP for hydrologic data encoding and model simplification by comparing a few representative rainfall time series to FMFP-generated patterns. We also present the time evolution of two-dimensional FMFP-patterns reminiscent of rainfall-radar images. As the deterministic FMFP-generated patterns are completely characterized by a small number of geometric parameters, we discuss the prospect of compact descriptions of hydrologic data sets. We also discuss how this parsimonious deterministic parameterization may eventually lead to the classification of patterns and simplification in the records’ parameter space. Finally, we highlight some connections between the FMFP and nonlinear and chaotic dynamics.
Left Pansinusitis and Periorbital and Intracranial Abscesses Due to Actinomyces Species

Paranasal sinusitis may occasionally be complicated by intraorbital or intracranial spread of infection. In this presentation, the authors report the case of a 17-year-old male with left pansinusitis complicated by periorbital and intracranial abscess secondary to an infection associated with Actinomyces spp. and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. This appears to be the first case report of Actinomyces involvement in the orbit or frontal sinus. The potential morbidity and/or mortality associated with locally invasive paranasal sinus abscess is reviewed. The combined medical and surgical management of this problem is presented.
Optical spectroscopy measurements of shock waves driven by intense z-pinch radiation

Abstract Z-pinches, created using the Z accelerator, generate ∼220 TW, 1.7 MJ radiation pulses that can heat large (∼103 cm) hohlraums to 100–150 eV temperatures for times of order 10 ns. We are performing experiments exploiting this intense radiation to drive shock waves for equation of state studies. The shock pressures are typically 1–10 Mbar with 10 ns duration in 6-mm-diameter samples. We demonstrate the ability to perform optical spectroscopy measurements on shocked samples located in close proximity to the z-pinch. These experiments are particularly well suited to optical spectroscopy because of the relatively large sample size and long duration. The optical emission is collected using fiber optics and recorded with a streaked spectrograph. Other diagnostics include VISAR and active shock breakout measurements of the shocked sample and a suite of diagnostics that characterize the radiation drive. Our near term goal is to use the spectral emission to obtain the temperature of the shocked material. Longer term objectives include the examination of deviations of the spectrum from blackbody, line emission from lower density regions, determination of kinetic processes in molecular systems, evaluation of phase transitions such as the onset of metallization in transparent materials, and characterization of the plasma formed when the shock exits the rear surface. An initial set of data illustrating both the potential and the challenge of these measurements is described.
Programmable ubiquitous telerobotic devices

We are investigating a field of research that we call ubiquitous telepresence, which involves the design and implementation of low-cost robotic devices that can be programmed and operated from anywhere on the Internet. These devices, which we call ubots, can be used for academic purposes (e.g., a biologist could remote conduct a population survey), commercial purposes (e.g., a house could be shown remotely by a real-estate agent), and for recreation and education (e.g., someone could tour a museum remotely). We anticipate that such devices will become increasingly common due to recent changes in hardware and software technology. In particular, current hardware technology enables such devices to be constructed very cheaply (less than $500), and current software and network technology allows highly portable code to be written and downloaded across the Internet. In this paper, we present our prototype system architecture, and the ubot implementation we have constructed based on it. The hardware technology we use is the handy board, a 6811-based controller board with digital and analog inputs and outputs. Our software includes a network layer based on TCP/IP and software layers written in Java. Our software enables users across the Internet to program the behavior of the vehicle and to receive image feedback from a camera mounted on it.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Theory of Economic Oscillations

Introduction, 1. — Walrasian equations, 3. — Partial elasticity of demand, 9. — Partial elasticity of supply, 15. — Coefficients of production, 17. — A moving general equilibrium, 23. — Economic oscillations, 26. — Conclusions, 28.
Revised lunar surface thermal characteristics obtained from the Surveyor V spacecraft.

Lunar surface thermal characteristics revised from analysis of error sources in daytime lunar surface temperatures derived from Surveyor 5 compartment data
Spectroscopy and Photochemistry of Triplet Methylpentadiynylidene (Me−C≡C−C̈−C≡C−H)

Triplet carbene methylpentadiynylidene, MeC5H (1), was investigated in cryogenic matrices by IR, UV/vis, and EPR spectroscopy. Broadband irradiation (λ > 497 nm) of the isomeric diazo compounds, 1-diazo-hexa-2,4-diyne (2) or 2-diazo-hexa-3,5-diyne (3), generates triplet carbene 1. EPR spectra yield zero-field splitting parameters (|D/hc| = 0.62 cm−1, |E/hc| 399 nm, triplet 1 undergoes photochemical 1,2-hydrogen migration to form hex-1-ene-3,5-diyne (6).
Tuning genetic clocks employing DNA binding sites.

Periodic oscillations play a key role in cell physiology from the cell cycle to circadian clocks. The interplay of positive and negative feedback loops among genes and proteins is ubiquitous in these networks. Often, delays in a negative feedback loop and/or degradation rates are a crucial mechanism to obtain sustained oscillations. How does nature control delays and kinetic rates in feedback networks? Known mechanisms include proper selection of the number of steps composing a feedback loop and alteration of protease activity, respectively. Here, we show that a remarkably simple means to control both delays and effective kinetic rates is the employment of DNA binding sites. We illustrate this design principle on a widely studied activator-repressor clock motif, which is ubiquitous in natural systems. By suitably employing DNA target sites for the activator and/or the repressor, one can switch the clock “on” and “off” and precisely tune its period to a desired value. Our study reveals a design principle to engineer dynamic behavior in biomolecular networks, which may be largely exploited by natural systems and employed for the rational design of synthetic circuits.
Dynamics of water probed with vibrational echo correlation spectroscopy

Vibrational echo correlation spectroscopy experiments on the OD stretch of dilute HOD in H(2)O are used to probe the structural dynamics of water. A method is demonstrated for combining correlation spectra taken with different infrared pulse bandwidths (pulse durations), making it possible to use data collected from many experiments in which the laser pulse properties are not identical. Accurate measurements of the OD stretch anharmonicity (162 cm(-1)) are presented and used in the data analysis. In addition, the recent accurate determination of the OD vibrational lifetime (1.45 ps) and the time scale for the production of vibrational relaxation induced broken hydrogen bond "photoproducts" ( approximately 2 ps) aid in the data analysis. The data are analyzed using time dependent diagrammatic perturbation theory to obtain the frequency time correlation function (FTCF). The results are an improved FTCF compared to that obtained previously with vibrational echo correlation spectroscopy. The experimental data and the experimentally determined FTCF are compared to calculations that employ a polarizable water model (SPC-FQ) to calculate the FTCF. The SPC-FQ derived FTCF is much closer to the experimental results than previously tested nonpolarizable water models which are also presented for comparison.
The Dimensions of Excellence in Programs Preparing Teachers for Urban Poverty Schools.

Schools that serve children and youth in poverty are getting worse, not better. This reflects societal conditions such as poverty, violence, racism, and various forms of child abuse. Schools seriously exacerbate the problem when they continue to offer limited curricula using authoritarian means of instruction. School personnel in ever-expanding urban school bureaucracies are major contributors to this escalation. So, too, are many principal and teacher failures and burnouts. In spite of these horrendous conditions, it is clear that a substantial minority of teachers are engaged in exemplary forms of practice and are demonstrating extremely positive influence even in these worsening schools. By analyzing how such teachers are still able to generate student achievements, it is possible to identify a knowledge base for selecting and preparing other urban educators to also be effective with children and youth in poverty. The guidelines which follow inform teacher education programs that aspire to social significance; those that would prepare teachers for the real world of urban poverty. In almost every case these guidelines represent markedly different assumptions and practices from those which characterize traditional programs of teacher education. Excellence in educating teachers for poverty schools is achieved by having star teachers mentor carefully selected beginners using their craft knowledge as the primary knowledge base. This on-site training must occur as beginning teachers assume the full role and responsibilities of teachers in the poorest schools under the very worst conditions of practice.