cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-hoc analyses in multiple regression based on prediction error

Abstract A well-known problem in multiple regression is that it is possible to reject the hypothesis that all slope parameters are equal to zero, yet when applying the usual Student's T-test to the individual parameters, no significant differences are found. An alternative strategy is to estimate prediction error via the 0.632 bootstrap method for all models of interest and declare the parameters associated with the model that yields the smallest prediction error to differ from zero. The main results in this paper are that this latter strategy can have practical value versus Student's T; replacing squared error with absolute error can be beneficial in some situations and replacing least squares with an extension of the Theil–Sen estimator can substantially increase the probability of identifying the correct model under circumstances that are described.
Tests for Equality of Variances with Paired Data

The normal theory test for equality of variances with paired data is shown to be nonrobust to violation of the assumption of normality. Nonparametric tests are shown to provide a much safer alterna...
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of dentate and fastigial afferents identified by electron microscopic autoradiography in the cat thalamus

Abstract Dentato- and fastigiothalamic afferents were identified in the VM and medial VA and VL using electron microscopic (EM)-autoradiography. Synaptic vesicles in labeled dentate and fastigial boutons differed significantly in both their size and shape, which allows these two types of terminals to be distinguished in the normal neuropil. Differences in the mode of terminations of cerebellar afferents upon the neurons in the thalamic nuclei studied are also discussed.
Quantity versus uncertainty: When winning one prize is better than winning two

Abstract We predicted that a state of uncertainty would prolong a positive mood, but that people would not anticipate this when making affective forecasts. In Study 1, participants learned that they had won one prize (certain condition), two prizes (two-gift condition), or one of two prizes (uncertain condition). People in the uncertain condition were in a positive mood longer than people in the other two conditions. In Study 2, forecaster participants underestimated the benefits of uncertainty and overestimated the benefits of quantity (getting two gifts instead of one). Under some circumstances, and contrary to people’s predictions, uncertainty can prolong positive mood, and winning one prize under a state of uncertainty can bring more short-term pleasure than winning two prizes.
c-Jun, krox-20, and integrin β4 expression following chronic nerve compression injury

Abstract Limited work has been done to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the process of demyelination and remyelination that occurs in response to chronic nerve compression (CNC) injury. In the present study, we investigated the expression of the transcription factors krox-20 and c-jun, positive and negative regulators of myelination, respectively. A decrease in krox-20 expression and an increase in c-jun expression in both its phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated states were observed. In addition, we investigated the role of integrins, specifically the β4 subunit of the α6β4 dimer, as a possible upstream signal transducer in the signaling cascade leading to demyelination. We detected a decrease in β4 integrin expression at 2 and 4 weeks post-injury and a concomitant relocalization to the Schmidt–Lanterman Incisures, suggesting a role for the β4 integrin in facilitating Schwann cell–extracellular matrix interaction. The observed changes in transcription factor and integrin expression are temporally correlated with the process of demyelination, and suggest further investigation to define their definitive role in regulating the myelin response to CNC injury.
Developmentally Appropriate Education for 4‐Year‐Olds

(1989). Developmentally Appropriate Education for 4‐Year‐Olds. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 28, Public Schooling at 4?, pp. 47-52.
Maintenance Effects of a DVD-Delivered Exercise Intervention on Physical Function in Older Adults

Successful aging is highly dependent on the maintenance of physical function in older adults (1). However, the aging process is inherently associated with an array of negative health-related consequences, including greater physical limitations, poorer functional performance, and increased levels of disability. These age-related declines can have major repercussions on the physical, mental, and social health of older adults. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nearly one third of adults aged ≥65 years experience moderate to severe declines in functional performance which has significant implications for mobility (2). These functional decrements are further accelerated by poor lifestyle choices and behaviors, such as physical inactivity (3,4). Given that the older adult population is projected to more than double by 2050 (5), it is imperative for researchers and clinicians to develop and identify new, innovative strategies aimed at minimizing the magnitude of declines in functional performance in older adults. Indeed, reducing the proportion of older adults who experience moderate to severe limitations in physical function has been identified as a major public health goal (6). Regular, sustained participation in physical activities, including targeted exercises, can significantly offset the declines in physical function that are associated with aging (7,8). Furthermore, in some cases, these benefits may be maintained up to 2 years following the cessation of formal activity (9). In a recent study, we reported the efficacy of a 6-month, DVD-delivered, home-based exercise program for improving flexibility, strength, and balance outcomes in a sample of older adults (ie, the FlexToBa Trial) (10). When compared with an attentional control condition, which received a DVD focusing broadly on topics of healthy aging, the FlexToBa DVD condition evidenced clinically significant improvements in the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (11,12) and significant gains in upper body strength and lower body flexibility. Our findings were consistent with the extant evidence that suggests behavioral interventions can generally produce positive, albeit short-term, changes in physical activity behaviors and health-related benefits (13,14), although such improvements brought about by exercise training are maintained beyond program termination is unclear. Herein, we report on the maintenance of improvements in functional performance resulting from the FlexToBa intervention 6 months after its cessation in the absence of any telephone contact or feedback. We hypothesized that the DVD-delivered home-based exercise program would sustain or possibly increase 6-month gains relative to the attentional control condition.
Interlaminar shear fatigue behavior of glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy composites

Abstract This work addresses a strong need in accurate fatigue properties of glass- and carbon-fiber reinforced polymer–matrix composites. In particular, interlaminar shear fatigue properties of glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy composite tape material systems used in aircraft fatigue-critical applications are needed. The interlaminar shear fatigue material properties, essential for the development of the analysis methods able to capture fatigue delamination failure onset in composite structures, are presented in this work. S–N curves are generated based on custom short-beam shear (SBS) fatigue tests. The custom SBS test configurations ensure a consistent interlaminar shear failure mode. This work extends the recently developed methodology, published in Composites Science and Technology to characterize nonlinear shear properties of composite materials using digital image correlation (DIC) and finite element analysis, to fatigue loading. Test data sets used to develop the fatigue properties, include approximately 20 glass/epoxy and 30 carbon/epoxy SBS coupons. All tests were run in load control at 0.1 load ratio. To better understand material behavior under cyclic loading, surface shear strain was monitored using the DIC technique. Accurate shear stress approximation resulted in similar S – N curve shapes for the glass-fiber and the carbon-fiber composites.
Grid security: requirements, plans and ongoing efforts

Currently, members of the Grid community are working within the Global Grid Forum to articulate their security requirements, and to fill the gaps that are perceived to exist within industry-wide standardization efforts. Probably the main difference between the Grid community's requirements and those seen in the rest of the industry is the focus on how we can express, communicate and enforce the different security policies while crossing adminstrative boundaries.This presentation will discuss some Grid specific use cases to emphasize this difference in focus, briefly discuss the Open Grid Services Architecture that provides the framework in which we try to address these requirements, enumerate how security aspects can be addressed by existing standards and where the gaps are, and specifically show some details on our current work to address-many of our distributed authorization problems.
Motivational versus confrontational interviewing: A comparison of substance abuse assessment practices at employee assistance programs

The aim of this study was to conduct a quasi-experimental comparison of two employee assistance program (EAP) assessment approaches with substance abusers: confrontational interviewing (CI) and motivational interviewing (MI). A total of 176 EAP clients from 14 study sites met the study criteria, and 89 (51%) agreed to participate in the study. At three and nine months postassessment, both the MI and CI groups showed similar changes in readiness for change, completion of initial treatment plans, and subsequent treatment. Most important, both the MI and CI participants showed significant and comparable improvement on all of the substance abuse baseline measures as well as measures of family-social well-being and effects of drinking/drugging on work performance. The results open the door for EAP counselors to use an empirically supported assessment style that is at least as effective as the traditional confrontational approach.
Airborne Endotoxins: An Association with Occupational Lung Disease

Abstract Endotoxins are a component of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria and have been implicated as the etiological agent of byssinosis as well as the cause of pulmonary responses attributed to other organic dusts. Recent studies have proposed threshold values for airborne endotoxin and suggest that consideration be given to developing an occupational standard for endotoxin. Endotoxins occur at significant levels in many work environments, and the industrial hygienist should be aware of the disease potential of this agent. The structure, biological activity, measurement, and occurrence of endotoxin in the work environment is reviewed. The feasibility of an occupational standard is discussed and recommendations made for practical evaluation of endotoxin and for additional research. Jacobs, R. R.: Airborne Endotoxins: An Association with Occupational Lung Disease. Appl. Ind. Hyg. 4:50–56; 1989.
The sensitivity of decapod foregut muscles to acetylcholine and glutamate

1. The contractile sensitivity of spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) foregut muscles to acetylcholine and glutamate was examined. Muscles were of three types: Class I, sensitive only to acetylcholine; Class II, sensitive only to glutamate; and Class III, sensitive to both acetylcholine and glutamate. 2. Foregut muscles of Maine lobsters (Homarus americanus), west coast crabs (Cancer magister), blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), and rock crabs (Cancer borealis andirroratus) were tested for sensitivity to acetylcholine and glutamate. In general, homologous muscles in all species showed similar contractile sensitivity to either acetylcholine, glutamate, or both, except that inCallinectes, andC. irroratus andborealis acetylcholine sensitivity in muscles of Class III was reduced or absent. 3. Both glutamate and acetylcholine produce depolarizations of similar magnitude in the same muscle fibers of dually sensitive muscles. Estimated reversal potentials obtained by extrapolation of glutamate and acetylcholine activated depolarizations are in both cases above −20 mV. 4. Acetylcholine. receptors are distributed diffusely on fibers of dually sensitive muscles while glutamate receptors are localized to discrete foci. 5. Blockade of synaptic transmission by alteration of divalent cation concentrations does not block depolarizations of acetylcholine or glutamate. 6. Cholinergic blockers do not block synaptic transmission to dually sensitive muscles, nor do they diminish glutamate depolarizations. 7. The results indicate that dually sensitive muscle fibers probably receive glutamatergic innervation while acetylcholine receptors are distributed extra-junctionally. 8. The best transmitter candidate for the LG, MG, and DG neurons of the decapod stomatogastric ganglion is glutamate. Thus, all intrinsic muscles of the decapod foregut receive glutamatergic innervation, while extrinsic muscles receive cholinergic innervation.
OUTCOME OF SIBLING VESICOURETERAL REFLUX

Purpose: We determine the efficacy of a prospective screening analysis of an asymptomatic sibling of patients with reflux.Materials and Methods: A total of 78 siblings of patients with reflux were evaluated and 40 (51%) had reflux. The resolution rate and necessity for surgical intervention were evaluated.Results: A total of 40 patients had vesicoureteral reflux, including grade I in 12, II in 33, III in 19 and IV in 1. No patient had gross renal scar on ultrasound or renal pelvis dysmorphism on voiding cystourethrogram. Treatment consisted of prophylactic antibiotics in all. One patient required surgical correction for breakthrough urinary tract infection. Followup was available in 31 patients, of whom reflux resolved completely with medical management in 26. Reflux was downgraded in 4 patients. Of the patients in whom reflux resolved completely grades I to II vesicoureteral reflux were in 18, and II to IV in 8. Mean time to resolution was 15.6 months.Conclusions: The incidence of sibling reflux is signi...
Time-dependent self-correlations in fluids at intermediate wave numbers

A new type of infinite-order perturbation treatment of the incoherent intermediate scattering function ${F}_{s}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},t)$ yields analytic expressions for the spectrum ${S}_{s}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},\ensuremath{\omega})$ and the Van Hove self-correlation function ${G}_{s}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}},t)$ valid at intermediate to very large values of the wave number $k$. Predictions of this "intermediate-$k$" theory agree quantitatively with the results of computer simulations of fluid argon for $k$ as small as 6.75 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at the triple point and 2 or 3 ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ away from the triple point. The present theory is qualitatively and quantitatively superior to competing large-$k$ theories and predicts a scaling of dynamical variables associated with ${S}_{s}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}},\ensuremath{\omega})$ that differs from that predicted by generalized Boltzmann-Enskog theory. The deviation of the Boltzmann-Enskog "scaling law" from experiment is fully accounted for in the present theory, with its new "scaling law." Relations between the "intermediate-$k$" model and previous models in various limits are discussed.
Quasi-exchange Formulas for Wavelet Transforms of Distributions

We investigate the wavelet transforms of tempered distributions in a way that closely links their Fourier transforms and wavelet transforms. Two exchange formulas of the convolution and the multiplication of wavelet transforms of tempered distributions are established. We call these formulas the quasi-exchange formulas for wavelet transforms of distributions, because of the resemblance between these formulas and the well-known exchange formula for Fourier transforms.
The Application of Poynting's Vector to the Determination of Synchronous Machine Impedances

Synchronous machine impedances are determined from the "power flow" in the machine, using the Poynting Vector. Resistance and reaction, as a function of frequency and including saturation effects, are calculated. Comparison is made with values from classical formula and test data.
Nicotinic receptors on the rat phrenic nerve: Evidence for negative feedback

The effects of low concentrations (nanomolar) of d-tubocurarine (TC) on end-plate potential (EPP) and miniature end-plate potential (MEPP) amplitude, and quantal transmitter release were examined at the rat neuromuscular junction in an attempt to identify the functional role of nicotinic receptors on the nerve terminal. TC (50 and 75 nM) significantly depressed the MEPP amplitude but not the amplitude of the initial EPPs during a train-of-six stimulation at 50 Hz. The lack of depression in EPP amplitude by TC was due to an increase in quantal release. The nearly equipotent response of the pre- and post-synaptic effects of TC suggests that the autoreceptors on the nerve terminal are very similar to the nicotinic receptors on the end-plate. These results suggest that nicotinic autoreceptors are functional even with a single action potential. The results support the hypothesis that ACh released from the nerve terminal normally has a negative feedback effect by depressing transmitter release.
Up-Regulation of Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin in Transgenic Mouse Hearts Expressing N-Terminal Truncated Cardiac Troponin I without Hypertrophy or Failure

Myocardial remodeling is a structural adaptation in response to injury or stress, and is characterized by changes such as hypertrophy and weakened contractility, potentially resulting in heart failure. A naturally occurring N-terminal truncation of cardiac troponin I (cTnI-ND) has been shown to be an adaptation to heart failure (Yu et al., JBC 276:15753-60, 2001). Over-expression of cTnI-ND in the hearts of transgenic mice has shown functional benefit such as increased relaxation and myocardial compliance (Barbato et al., JBC 280:6602-9, 2005; Feng et al., JBC 283:33384-93, 2008), but the mechanism remains to be investigated. Microarray analysis of cardiac mRNA from 2 months old cTnI-ND mice without cardiac hypertrophy or failure revealed prominently up-regulated (3.3-fold) expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), an actin isoform normally expressed in differentiated cardiomyocytes and a marker for myocardial hypertrophy due to pressure overload. Immunohistochemical analysis of heart slices showed significant increases in concentration of blood vessels in the ventricular wall of cTnI-ND hearts, however this increase was comparable to another group of transgenic mouse hearts with no change in SMA. There was no evidence of vessel thickening. Instead, immunohistochemical quantification suggested that SMA was increased within cTnI-ND cardiomyocytes. using quantitative immunoblotting, the expression of SMA in cardiomyocytes was confirmed in isolated myocytes, but not isolated myofibrils, from cTnI-ND mouse hearts. Specific subcellular localization of the SMA remains to be determined. Our results suggest that SMA may play a role in compensatory myocardial remodeling in cTnI-ND hearts, possibly via its function in the cytoskeleton of cardiomyocytes.
Faunal gradients in surface and subsurface shelly accumulations from a recent clastic tidal flat, Bahia la Choya, northern Gulf of California, Mexico

Abstract Do the shelly remains already accumulated at depth reflect the faunal composition and environmental gradients evident in surface deposits, or do many years of selective destruction and post-mortem transportation limit the spatial resolution possible in studies of nearshore marine faunas? We sampled shelly molluscan remains at the surface and at depth along two 2 km transects across the intertidal zone of Bahia la Choya, Sonora, Mexico. At each site we collected surface samples from the upper 5 cm and depth samples from a ubiquitous shelly layer approximately 25 cm below the surface. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the samples differ by approximately 800 years in age. We used the 25 most common species in subsequent analyses. Faunal composition and distribution patterns vary systematically among the four sets of samples. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) show that subsurface transects reflect species distributions of their surface counterparts more closely than species distributions in surface (or depth) transects resemble each other. MDS of samples also highlights a distinctive gradient in species distributions: Dimension 1 consistently expresses the depth gradient across the tidal flats. Dimension 2 appears to represent subtle changes in substrate mobility. These results suggest that, despite the potential for shell transport and extensive time-averaging, surface heterogeneity is accurately recorded in the subsurface shelly bed. Environmental gradients may have remained constant during the ∼500–1300 years since deposition of the subsurface bed, reworking may have completely mixed the sedimentary interval, or both. Spatial resolution of approximately 100 m may be possible in intertidal flat habitats in the stratigraphic record.
The Concurrent Validity of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests Relative to the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Among Retarded Adolescents.

To investigate the concurrent validity of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests (WRMT) and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT), both instruments were administered to 56 adolescents. Scores on the PIAT reading and spelling subtests were correlated with scores on the WRMT subtests which were designed to measure similar skills. Partial correlation coefficients were calculated for male, female, black, and white children as well as for the total group. The presence of relatively high and positive partial correlations between appropriate subtests supported the concurrent validity of the WRMT relative to the PIAT and to criterion variables. Grade equivalents were higher on the Peabody than on the Woodcock. Possible interpretations of the results were discussed.
Elastic amplitudes and power corrections in QCD

Abstract We discuss two power-suppressed quantities in hadronic scattering: elastic amplitudes at fixed angles and power corrections to inclusive hadronic cross sections. Generalized factorization theorems allow us to determine the asymptotic behavior of elastic scattering and to relate 1 Q 2 corrections in deeply inelastic scattering and the Drell-Yan process.
Carotenoid intakes, assessed by food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs), are associated with serum carotenoid concentrations in the Jackson Heart Study: validation of the Jackson Heart Study Delta NIRI Adult FFQs

Approximately 600 different carotenoids are known to exist in nature(1). Whereas plants, fungi, algae and bacteria can synthesise these compounds, animals cannot and therefore need to obtain them from their diet(2). The only clearly proven function of carotenoids in humans is their provitamin A activity. The major carotenoids found in human sera are α- and β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin and cryptoxanthin. Of these, α- and β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin have provitamin A activity(3). Recently, non provitamin A-related activities of carotenoids have received attention. These include possible contribution to reducing the risk for diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD)(4–6), cancer(7–9), cognitive decline(10), age-related macular degeneration and cataract(11–13). However, many of these associations are yet to be proved conclusively. CVD has been a dominant cause of death in the USA for the past 50 or more years. Heart disease and stroke are the first and third specific causes of death in this country. Within the USA, African Americans have the highest rates of morbidity and mortality from CVD, and the south-eastern part of the USA has the highest rates of hospitalisations due to stroke and heart failure(14). Much of the available data relating risk factors and CVD have come from predominantly white populations(15). The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) was therefore initiated to investigate the causes of CVD in an all African American cohort based in Jackson, Mississippi(16). Given the health disparities that exist among African Americans with respect to CVD and the protective role that carotenoid intake and status may play in the prevention of this group of diseases, the objectives of the current study were: To assess the dietary intake and serum concentrations of α- and β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein plus zeaxanthin, and lycopene among participants of the Diet and Physical Activity Sub-Study (DPASS) of the JHS using three dietary assessment tools – two regional food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and four 24 h recalls. To evaluate the associations between carotenoid intake measures and serum concentrations. To identify the relative contributions of foods to carotenoid intakes in this population.
Brain atrophy rates in first degree relatives at risk for Alzheimer's

A positive family history (FH) raises the risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease though, other than the known risk conferred by apolipoprotein e4 (ApoE4), much of the genetic variance remains unexplained. We examined the effect of family history on longitudinal regional brain atrophy rates in 184 subjects (42% FH+, mean age 79.9) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) enrolled in a national biomarker study. An automated image analysis method was applied to T1-weighted MR images to measure atrophy rates for 20 cortical and subcortical regions. Mixed-effects linear regression models incorporating repeated-measures to control for within-subject variation over multiple time points tested the effect of FH over a follow-up of up to 48 months. Most of the 20 regions showed significant atrophy over time. Adjusting for age and gender, subjects with a positive FH had greater atrophy of the amygdala (p < 0.01), entorhinal cortex (p < 0.01), hippocampus (p < 0.053) and cortical gray matter (p < 0.009). However, when E4 genotype was added as a covariate, none of the FH effects remained significant. Analyses by ApoE genotype showed that the effect of FH on amygdala atrophy rates was numerically greater in e3 homozygotes than in E4 carriers, but this difference was not significant. FH+ subjects had numerically greater 4-year cognitive decline and conversion rates than FH− subjects but the difference was not statistically significant after adjusting for ApoE and other variables. We conclude that a positive family history of AD may influence cortical and temporal lobe atrophy in subjects with mild cognitive impairment, but it does not have a significant additional effect beyond the known effect of the E4 genotype.
Observing the Power Grid: Working Toward a More Intelligent, Efficient, and Reliable Smart Grid with Increasing User Visibility

As an essential fixture of modern society, electricity is often taken for granted. In many cases, it becomes invisible or is ignored until it is not there or it is time to pay the electric bill. Electricity has been around for well over a century, and the march of industry and progress have created the most complex interconnected system in existence. In a delicate balancing act, the amount of electricity generation must track the amount consumed to prevent the system from collapsing, as there is only very limited storage capacity on the grid. The balance is maintained via a combination of predictions and control systems distributed across the grid. How well this balance is maintained produces signals that propagate across the entire system from the large generators to the wall outlets that are ubiquitous across the world. Observing these signals can provide a great deal of insight into the current status and operation of the power grid and can be done cheaply and accurately from inside a home or office.
Fractionary fuzzy ideals and Dedekind domains

We show that a finite-valued fractionary fuzzy ideal of R with invertible level ideals has a finite minimal generating set (as a fuzzy R-submodule). We also characterize Dedekind domains in terms of the factorization of fuzzy ideals as products of prime fuzzy ideals and also in terms of the invertibility of certain fractionary fuzzy ideals. We also examine the factorization of fractionary fuzzy ideals.
Determination of Dislocation Interaction Strengths Using Discrete Dislocation Dynamics of Curved Dislocations

In latent interactions of dislocations, junction formation is one of the most important phenomena that contribute to the evolution of strength. In this work, the latent hardening coefficients for pure aluminum are estimated using 3D multiscale dislocation dynamics program (MDDP). Three well-known junction configurations, namely, the Hirth lock, the glissile junction, and the Lomer lock, are studied using 3D discrete dislocation dynamics simulations. The evolution of strength is discussed as a function of the resolved shear stress (RSS) and the number of junctions for the three junctions investigated. Hirth lock and Lomer lock are found to be the weakest and strongest junctions, respectively. Collinear reaction of dislocations does not form a junction but causes a higher strength than a Lomer lock. Quantitative and qualitative results are compared with those found in the literature.
The temporal pattern of vitellogenin synthesis in Drosophila grimshawi.

The temporal pattern of protein production and, in particular, vitellogenin protein synthesis during the sexual maturation of Drosophila grimshawi females has been studied in vivo by briefly feeding the flies with 35S-methionine and 3H-amino acids. The overall level of incorporation was very low in young flies; it then progressively increased to reach a maximum with the onset of sexual maturity at 13-15 days. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analyses revealed three classes of proteins: those synthesized throughout the age spectrum, which constitute the majority of protein species; proteins synthesized primarily or only in young flies; and proteins synthesized only by the older flies. In this Drosophila species, the three vitellogenins (V1, V2, and V3) appeared to be synthesized in a two-phase pattern. In the first phase, small quantities of V1 and V2 were detected immunologically in the fat body and hemolymph of newly emerged and 1 day-old flies. These proteins did not accumulate in the hemolymph or the ovaries, apparently being unstable proteins. The second phase commenced in early vitellogenesis (7-9 days of age) with synthesis in the fat body of small quantities of V1 and V2, followed by V3 proteins. These proteins were secreted and accumulated in themore » hemolymph and 24 h later were found in the ovaries. Their quantities increased rapidly and a steady state of synthesis, release into the hemolymph, and uptake by the ovaries was reached by days 13-15. We have estimated that during the steady state of vitellogenin synthesis, a fly can synthesize in 24 h at least 152 micrograms of vitellogenins, which is more than 2% of its body weight, at an average rate of about 6.3 micrograms vitellogenins/h. About 2 micrograms of this are synthesized in the fat body, and about 4 micrograms in the ovaries.« less
Preharvest factors influencing flavor of fresh fruit and vegetables

Abstract Perception of fruit and vegetable flavor is a composite of sensory responses in the nose and mouth to aroma and taste. A diverse array of fruit and vegetable constituents including acids, sugars, volatiles and many other compounds individually elicit sensory responses that are recognized in total as flavor. Accumulation of these compounds during development as well as dynamic changes during ripening and/or senescence are determined in large part by the genetics of each species as well as developmental stage at harvest. However, other factors that influence development prior to harvest subsequently impact flavor. For horticultural crops, environment, cultural practices, agrichemicals and nutrition are some of the factors impacting flavor through effects on plant development.
Sex- and Age-Related Differences in Ribosomal Proteins L17 and L37, as well as Androgen Receptor Protein, in the Song Control System of Zebra Finches

The zebra finch song system is sexually dimorphic—only males sing, and the morphology of forebrain regions controlling the learning and production of this song is greatly enhanced in males compared to females. Masculinization appears to involve effects of steroid hormones as well as other factors, perhaps including the expression of sex chromosome genes (males: ZZ, females: ZW). The present study investigated three proteins—two encoded by Z-linked genes, ribosomal proteins L17 and L37 (RPL17 and RPL37), including their co-localization with androgen receptor (AR), from post-hatching day 25 to adulthood. Extensive co-expression of AR with the ribosomal proteins was detected in the three song nuclei investigated (HVC, robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA), and Area X) across these ages. In general, more cells expressed each of these proteins in males compared to females, and the sex differences increased as animals matured. Specific patterns differed across regions and between RPL17 and RPL37, which suggest potential roles of one or both of these proteins in the incorporation and/or differentiation of song system cells.
A simple micro starch gel electrophoresis method applicable to immunodiffusion.

Abstract A simple two-step method combining micro starch gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion is described. In the first step electrophoretic separation of the antigens is performed on a thin layer of starch gel. This gel is subsequently transferred to a conventional agar gel surface and antibody is introduced into trenches cut through the two gels. The zones of precipitate that appear in the agar gel may be photographed after removal of the starch gel. Examples illustrating the usefulness of the method in separating the different haptoglobulin antigens with similar charge but different molecular weights are presented.
Justice and care: The implications of the Kohlberg-Gilligan debate for medical ethics

Carol Gilligan has identified two orientations to moral understanding; the dominant ‘justice orientation’ and the under-valued ‘care orientation’. Based on her discernment of a ‘voice of care’, Gilligan challenges the adequacy of a deontological liberal framework for moral development and moral theory. This paper examines how the orientations of justice and care are played out in medical ethical theory. Specifically, I question whether the medical moral domain is adequately described by the norms of impartiality, universality, and equality that characterize the liberal ideal. My analysis of justice-oriented medical ethics, focuses on the libertarian theory of H.T. Engelhardt and the contractarian theory of R.M. Veatch. I suggest that in the work of E.D. Pellegrino and D.C. Thomasma we find not only a more authentic representation of medical morality but also a project that is compatible with the care orientation's emphasis on human need and responsiveness to particular others.
TEXTURAL CHANGES AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF PECTIC CONSTITUENTS IN RIPENING PEACHES

SUMMARY Pectic constituents were isolated from the alcohol insoluble solids of freestone peaches at four stages of ripeness. The varieties studied were Poppy, Loring, Southland and Rio Oso Gem. The pectic substances were fractionated into pectinic acids, pectic acids and protopectin fractions and the molecular weight of each fraction was calculated from its intrinsic viscosity value. The purity and degree of esterification of each fraction were determined. Corresponding shear press firmness values were also measured. Decrease in the molecular weight values of the pectinic acid fraction was found to be closely related to the increase in proportion of pectinic acids with advancing ripeness. A decrease in esterification of the pectic constituents with advancing ripeness was found mainly in the protopectin fraction. These changes were also closely related to the reduction in shear press firmness of the tissue during the ripening process in all varieties of freestone peaches studied. These results seem to provide a basis for studies of enzymatic reactions which influence fruit ripening.
Joint invariant estimation of RF impairments for reconfigurable Radio Frequency(RF) front-end

To support a multi-standard platform using Software Defined Radio (SDR), reconfigurable Radio Frequency (RF) front-ends have recently been proposed as a more reliable front-end than the currently used fixed wide-band RF front-ends. With these reconfigurable front-ends, each possible configuration must be characterized in terms of its RF impairments, to decide its suitability for a particular communication standard. RF impairment estimation has previously been studied for fixed RF front-ends, with respect to the impairment most likely to affect a particular standard. However, in a reconfigurable RF system, several RF impairments may simultaneously be present, since only a few of the many possible configurations will be suitable as a front-end. In this paper, we show how several RF parameters can simultaneously be estimated using the baseband signal. The RF parameters chosen are the ones that are most likely to affect the heterodyne front-ends that are popular in current SDRs; namely nonlinearity, frequency offset, noise figure and gain. The invariance of each parameter's estimator to the other parameters is accomplished by using a subspace-based approach based on a carefully chosen bilinear model. Simulation results demonstrate that the designed invariant estimators are more accurate than previous estimators, since the latter are designed for single impairment estimation.
Genetic-algorithm based approach to optimize building envelope design for residential buildings

Abstract A simulation–optimization tool is developed and applied to optimize building shape and building envelope features. The simulation–optimization tool couples a genetic algorithm to a building energy simulation engine to select optimal values of a comprehensive list of parameters associated with the envelope to minimize energy use for residential buildings. Different building shapes were investigated as part of the envelope optimization, including rectangle, L, T, cross, U, H, and trapezoid. Moreover, building envelope features were considered in the optimization analysis including wall and roof constructions, foundation types, insulation levels, and window types and areas. The results of the optimization indicate rectangular and trapezoidal shaped buildings consistently have the best performance (lowest life-cycle cost) across five different climates. It was also found that rectangle and trapezoid exhibit the least variability from best to worst within the shape.
Relationship of the lactic dehydrogenase factor to certain murine tumours.

RECENTLY, Riley and Wroblewski1 reported a close correlation between the level in plasma of the enzyme lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and the growth of several transplanted tumours in mice. This was followed by the observation that a transmissible factor, capable of elevating the plasma LDH in normal animals, was associated with all 26 different types of mouse neoplasms studied2. Organ extracts or plasma from these tumour-bearing animals with the factor produced a 5–10-fold rise in the level in plasma of lactic dehydrogenase usually within 72 hr. after injection into normal recipients. This increase in enzyme persisted for periods exceeding 2 months2. The nature of this agent and its relation to the neoplastic process remained obscure.
Origin of the continental crust in the Colorado Plateau: Geochemical evidence from mafic xenoliths from the Navajo Volcanic Field, southwestern USA

Abstract Mafic xenoliths from the Navajo Volcanic Field (NVF) in the Colorado Plateau are represented by four lithologies, in order of decreasing abundance: garnet granulite, amphibolite, gabbro, and pyroxene granulite, Eight geochemical groups are defined based chiefly on REE (rare earth element) and HFSE (high field strength element) distributions. Mg number exhibits a broad negative correlation with SiO 2 , and most xenoliths plot in the hy-di-ol-plg volume of the CIPW normative basalt tetrahedron. REE distributions include groups with LREE enrichment (Gps I, IV, VII), LREE depletion (Gp II), HREE depletion (Gps III, V), flat REE patterns (Gp VI), and u-shaped patterns (Gp VIII). With the exception of Groups VI and VII, all of the NVF mafic xenoliths show negative Ta Nb anomalies on primitive-mantle-normalized diagrams; also, all groups show negative Th anomalies, and all but Gp IV show positive Sr anomalies. Thorium and Sr anomalies appear to reflect introduction of Rb, Ba, Sr, and K during xenolith alteration. Nickel changes rapidly in concentration with only a small change in Zr, suggesting the rocks are dominantly mafic cumulates. Geochemical results also indicate that the mafic xenoliths are not genetically related to the host minettes. Associated spinel lherzolite xenoliths are depleted in incompatible elements, and cannot serve as sources for any of the mafic xenoliths, but they may represent restite left during extraction of the xenolith protolith liquids. Garnet lherzolite xenoliths, which are enriched in incompatible elements, could have served as sources for the LREE-enriched mafic xenolith groups. If there is no sampling bias in the NVF mafic xenoliths, mafic xenolith Groups IV, V, VI, and VII dominate in the lower crust of this region. A component of enriched lower crust, as represented by xenolith Group IV and by xenoliths from the San Francisco Volcanic Field, occurs only northwest of a boundary extending from near Flagstaff, Arizona, into northwestern New Mexico and may be coincident with a buried Early Proterozoic crustal boundary. Published geochemical and Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic data from Proterozoic surface rocks and from NVF mafic xenoliths indicate that the crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the Colorado Plateau is dominantly Early proterozoic (2.0–1.75 Ga) in age. With the possible exception of gabbros from Moses Rock, there is no evidence among the mafic crustal xenoliths for later magmatic underplating. Incompatible element distributions are consistent with an origin for the crust by Early Proterozic arc accretion, and they do not reflect a contribution from submarine plateaus. Also, a negative Eu anomaly must exist in both the upper and lower crust in this region.
Electrical characteristics and irradiation sensitivity of IGFETs with rapidly grown ultrathin gate dielectrics

Results are reported on n-channel insulated-gate field effect transistors (IGFETs) with gate insulators (50-60 AA) formed by rapid thermal processing (RTP) in O/sub 2/ and NH/sub 3/ ambients. Two types of gate dielectrics were grown: rapid thermal oxides grown in O/sub 2/ and nitroxides formed by multicycle processing in NH/sub 3/ and O/sub 2/. RTP was also used for annealing AS/sup +/-implanted source-drain junctions at 1050 degrees C for 30 s. The transistors were characterized by measuring mu /sub eff/, V/sub T/, subthreshold slope, Q/sub f/, D/sub if/, D/sub bd/, and hot-electron immunity. The observed trends are discussed. The results demonstrate excellent device characteristics, including, in particular, increased hot-electron immunity and resistance against high-energy electron irradiation. >
Just Old Age? A Study of Prostatism in General Practice

This study examines the proposal made by urologists that prostatism should be treated at an earlier stage by surgical intervention. A review of the notes of all male patients over the age of 60 years in a general practice showed that 43% of patients with prostatism had developed either acute or chronic retention prior to surgery. A prospective enquiry was therefore performed which revealed that 6% of the study population had undisclosed marked prostatism and a further 14% had mild prostatism. It was concluded that opportunistic screening should be considered as a method for achieving the earlier and more elective treatment of prostatism.
Deaf readers' comprehension of relative clause structures

It is commonly found that most deaf readers display an overall depressed level of reading performance in conjunction with specific difficulties in complex syntax. In this study, deaf good and poor readers' comprehension of relative clause structures was tested in written English, signed English, and American Sign Language. It was found that the behavior of deaf good and poor readers was parallel across relative clause sentence types, and that the deaf readers generally performed similarly to hearing readers tested in a different study. These results support the hypothesis that a specific syntactic disability does not differentiate deaf good and poor readers. Instead, it is suggested that a processing deficit may underlie the poor readers' comprehension difficulties.
A Comparative Analysis of Techniques for Electric Vehicle Battery Prognostics and Health Management (PHM)

Batteries are widely used as storage devices and they have recently gained popularity due to their increasing smaller sizes, lighter weights and greater energy densities. These characteristics also render them suitable for powering electric vehicles. However, a key gap exists in that batteries are solely used as storage devices with a lack of information flow. Next-generation battery technologies will constitute the enabling tools that would lead to information-rich batteries, thus allowing the transparent assessment of a battery’s health as well as the prediction of a battery’s remaining-useful-life (RUL) and its subsequent impact on vehicle mobility. Various methods and techniques have been employed to predict battery RUL in order to improve the accuracy of the State of Charge (SoC) estimation. This paper presents a comparative study of emerging prognostics and health management (PHM) techniques that can give an accurate quantification of the State of Health (SoH) of Li-ion battery cells and predict their remaining useful life. Two models, Adaptive Neural Network (AdNN) and Linear Prediction Error Method (L-PEM), will be used for battery capacity estimation and remaining useful life prediction. Their prediction performance (i.e. accuracy, robustness, sensitivity, etc.) is benchmarked using three Li-ion data sets. It can be concluded that both algorithms can successfully estimate battery capacity one-step-ahead and provide a remaining useful life of the rated capacity which is highly correlated to the battery health. It was observed that Adaptive Neural Networks provide a more accurate capacity estimation of one-step ahead while PEMs showed higher performance in remaining useful life prediction. Such prognostic capabilities applied to everyday battery technologies can digest large amounts of raw battery data (ex. voltage, current, impedance, etc.) and convert it to useful battery health and risk information. This can provide further intelligence to existing on-board Battery Management Systems (BMS) to relate battery health condition to vehicle mobility.