cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is dynamical systems modeling just curve fitting

The development of mathematical tools for describing dynamical systems has made it possible to characterize forms of behavior that could not be characterized before. This represents progress, but the enterprise runs the risk of being nothing more than curve fitting if investigators fail to identify the physical, biological, or psychological mechanisms which are common to systems that follow the same dynamical regime and which are not common to systems that do not follow the same dynamical regime.
TRANSMISSIBILITY FUNCTION OF THE HEALTHY HUMAN KNEE (IN VIVO STUDY)

ABSTRACT The principles and results of a noninvasive in vivo procedure to evaluate the transmissibility function of the healthy knee are presented. The technique described here concentrates on the ways in which a shock wave is transmitted through the knee joint. Measurements, therefore, have been taken from two points close to the knee. The obtained signals were fed into the computer through a 12-bit resolution A/D board, stored, and later accessed for evaluation by the FFT procedure. These results allow us to calculate the knee's transmissibility function. Thus, experimentally obtained transmissibility function of the human knee may serve as input information for constructing a dynamic model of the healthy human knee. It seems, therefore, that the use of the noninvasive in vivo technique in the assessment of the knee's transmissibility function holds promise as being both a challenging and rewarding endeavour. The potential for clinical use of this technique is worthy of further pursuit.
Differences in the Tissue Distribution of Green Tea Compared to Black Tea Polyphenols

The polyphenols in green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) are very different due to the different post-harvest processing of the tea leaves, which result in polymerization of GT polyphenols as a result of auto-oxidation. Eighty percent of tea is consumed as BT, while the majority of the literature on the health benefits of tea concerns GT. GT contains higher concentrations of monomeric polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), while BT contains polymeric polyphenols such as theaflavins and thearubigins. We have studied the distribution of GT and BT polyphenols in urine and prostate tissue in humans after consumption of brewed GT or BT prior to prostatectomy. Overall, higher concentrations of polyphenols are found in the circulation after GT consumption. While EGCG, 4″-O-MeEGCG and ECG are present in prostate tissue following GT consumption, BT polymers are not found in either blood or prostate tissue. In contrast to human prostate tissue, mouse and rat tissues have detectable levels of both gallated and non-gallated GTPs, suggesting differences in their tissue metabolism of GTPs compared to humans. In both humans and mice, the majority of gallated GTPs are found in the free form, whereas 100% of non-gallated GTPs are conjugated and excreted in the urine. In humans and mice, about 50% of GTPs occur in the methylated form. Future research is needed to investigate how to increase the bioavailability of GTPs.
Mapping discontinuous epitopes for MRK-16, UIC2 and 4E3 antibodies to extracellular loops 1 and 4 of human P-glycoprotein

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-dependent efflux pump, is associated with the development of multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Antibody-mediated blockade of human P-gp activity has been shown to overcome drug resistance by re-sensitizing resistant cancer cells to anticancer drugs. Despite the potential clinical application of this finding, the epitopes of the three human P-gp-specific monoclonal antibodies MRK-16, UIC2 and 4E3, which bind to the extracellular loops (ECLs) have not yet been mapped. By generating human-mouse P-gp chimeras, we mapped the epitopes of these antibodies to ECLs 1 and 4. We then identified key amino acids in these regions by replacing mouse residues with homologous human P-gp residues to recover binding of antibodies to the mouse P-gp. We found that changing a total of ten residues, five each in ECL1 and ECL4, was sufficient to recover binding of both MRK-16 and 4E3 antibodies, suggesting a common epitope. However, recovery of the conformation-sensitive UIC2 epitope required replacement of thirteen residues in ECL1 and the same five residues replaced in the ECL4 for MRK-16 and 4E3 binding. These results demonstrate that discontinuous epitopes for MRK-16, UIC2 and 4E3 are located in the same regions of ECL1 and 4 of the multidrug transporter.
Low Cost Broadband Phased Array System

This paper presents the design reviews of 8 to 36 GHz phased array system using piezoelectric transducer (PET). The PET controlled phased array provides benefits such as a low cost, extremely wide bandwidth, and easy fabrication. The proposed phased array system employs a lx4 power divider, PET controlled phase shifter, and four antipodal tapered slot antennas (ATSAs). The multi-thru PET controlled phase shifter showed a total perturbation loss of less than 4 dB up to 40 GHz, with a maximum phase shift of more than 650°. The measured radiation pattern validates the beam scanning performance of the fabricated broadband array system.
Blum-Goldwasser Cryptography

Blum-Goldwasser cryptography is a modern incarnation of a Vernam cryptosystem (see Chap. 1) that solves the problem in the Vernam system that sender and receiver need to share a long sequence of random numbers in order to encrypt and decrypt. Encrypting and decrypting of a message is done by using a secret shared “pseudo-random” sequence k of bits. The sequence is obtained by successive squaring a secret starting number b modulo a large public modulus m that is the product of two secret primes p and q. This chapter describes how to choose p and q so that the period of the sequence k is large, what the sender sends to the receiver (who is the only person who knows the prime factors of m) to enable the receiver to reconstruct the sequence k, how the receiver can obtain the sequence efficiently using the Chinese Remainder Theorem, and, most crucially, why it is essentially necessary for a third party to factor the modulus m in order to crack the cryptosystem.
High Gain, Low Dark Current Al 0.8 In 0.2 As 0.23 Sb 0.77 Avalanche Photodiodes

We report Al0.8In0.2As0.23Sb0.77 avalanche photodiodes with high gain ( $M>1300$ ) and low dark current at room temperature. Impact ionization coefficients for this material system are also extracted, indicating electron-dominant impact ionization. Low avalanche breakdown temperature dependence is demonstrated.
HISTAMINE-CONTAINING NEURONS IN APLYSIA

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the role of histamine in the central nervous system of the invertebrate mollusk Aplysia californica. Histamine plays an important role in synaptic neurotransmission. The evidence favoring a neuronal function for histamine is almost entirely biochemical. Although there is currently a great deal of interest regarding the function of brain histamine, the evidence for its role in neurotransmission remains decidedly suggestive. There is an abundance of correlative cellular physiological, neuropharmacological, and biochemical data pertaining to established neurotransmitters in the central nervous system of Aplysia californica, making it the desired animal for studying the role of histamine as a synaptic transmitter. The nervous system of Aplysia consists of eight major ganglia that are linked together by connectives, which contain axons that carry information between ganglia. This amine is released by them as a neurotransmitter. Histamine in Aplysia ganglia are about 10 to 15 times larger than those found in the vertebrate central nervous system. Also, histamine might be predominantly localized to connective tissue rather than nervous tissue per se. Therefore, at present, we have no reasonable metabolic explanation for the presence of low concentrations of histamine in certain Aplysia neurons.
Clinical utility of PSA density and PI-RADS for deferring biopsy for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer.

298Background: We sought to identify PSA density (PSAD) and Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data Systems (PI-RADS) category cut-offs that would allow deferring biopsy in men with suspicion for clini...
Sub-Surface Microstructural Evolution and Chip Formation During Turning of AF 9628 Steel

Abstract High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels are desired for their high strength-to-weight ratio, relatively low cost, good overall mechanical properties, and relative ease of processing. The development of Eglin steel and AF 9628 has facilitated the current wave of research into next-generation HSLA steels. These alloys are characterized by both high levels of strength and increased levels of ductility and impact toughness over traditional HSLA alloys such as AISI 4340/4330. AF 9628 has proven difficult to machine due to strain hardening while turning. Manual and CNC turning experiments were carried out on AF 9628 cylindrical bars based on current machining practices. In an effort to optimize material removal rate and tool life, quantitative measurements of tool flank wear, surface roughness, hardness, microhardness, and chip thickness were taken. Qualitative observations made on microstructural evolution and chip color and morphology are also discussed.
Expert Cyclist Route Planning: Hazards, Preferences, and Information Sources

Cycling in the United States has continued to increase, but relatively few empirical studies examine cycling behavior outside of commuting. A focus on commuting is potentially problematic as recreational cycling is the most common form of cycling in the US. In this study, cyclists who ride extensively on the roads primarily for recreation were surveyed. The results indicate that expert cyclists share many safety concerns with commuters (heavy traffic loads, high-speed traffic, and other hazardous conditions) but differ in other factors they consider during route planning. The data also suggest that computer applications do not meet expert cyclists’ route planning needs as they report a preference for getting route information from fellow cyclists or local bike shops and clubs. Therefore they seek advice from sources that are not always easily accessible. The development of successful technology to support bicycle route planning is an ongoing challenge. Bicycle route generation requires the incorporation of nuanced and dynamic information (e.g., traffic load by time of day). This study highlights a disconnect between the resources recreation cyclists use to plan new cycling routes and the resources available.
Modeling, Design, and Evaluation of Active $\mathrm{\text{} d }v/\mathrm{\text{} d }t$ Balancing for Series-Connected SiC MOSFET s

Series connection of SiC MOSFET s provides an effective alternative to achieving higher blocking voltage with simpler circuit topologies. However, the voltage imbalance during the switching transient remains a critical issue. Recently, an active $\mathrm{\text{} d }v/\mathrm{\text{} d }t$ control approach utilizing a controllable equivalent Miller capacitor has been proved to be an effective, low-loss, and compact solution. This article renders an improved control circuit with comprehensive modeling and analysis. First, the original circuit is modified with an additional bipolar-junction-transistor and pulsed control signal so that the external capacitor can be fully reset every switching cycle. Second, a simplified model of the active $\mathrm{\text{} d }v/\mathrm{\text{} d }t$ control is derived to unveil the linear correlation between the control voltage and the device $\mathrm{\text{} d }v/\mathrm{\text{} d }t$ during the turn- off transient. Third, a feedback control model is described by difference equations for stability analysis, offering parameter selection guidelines for the control process. Fourth, experimental results with two series-connected SiC MOSFET s under 1.5-kV dc-link voltage are demonstrated to validate the open-loop control model and closed-loop stability. Finally, the control method is expanded to eight series-connected devices under 6 kV to prove its scalability and potential for medium-voltage high-current applications.
Recruiting for diversity in immunotherapy trials for breast and gynecologic cancers: moving beyond under-representation

The evolving treatment for patients with advanced/recurrent breast and gynecologic malignancies increasingly includes targeted and immune modulating agents. This creates an essential need for understanding how racial and ethnic differences are associated with clinical and biological outcomes.
4.2.2 The Perception-Reaction Simulation Model for Enterprise Control Systems

Throughout the history of warfare, battle decisions have been made based on the perceptions of both friendly and enemy forces. Perceptions in early history were based on visual sightings and relayed back to the commander through a slow communication system of runners. Technology has changed the methods of information collection and transmission, but the concept of battle has not changed the fact that commanders make decisions based on their perception of the battlefield. What technology has done is to place so much information in front of the commander at an ever increasing pace that misunderstanding or completely missing vital information could drastically affect the outcome of the battle. The purpose of the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC) Project is to revolutionize military command and control, specifically in Joint Aerospace Operations. The Joint Air Operations Enterprise will consist of three major components: a control system, a feedback system, and a plant. This paper discusses the use of a perception-reaction simulation model to perform the physical actions of the plant. The definition and relationship of the three components are described in terms of their contribution to the Joint Air Operation Enterprise. A description of the perception-reaction model and its relationship to the physical actions of the battlespace are given. Examples of current perception-reaction methodology are provided. Finally, the perception-reaction model is integrated into the Joint Air Operations Enterprise, and it is shown how the perception-reaction model can fully support the enterprise.
Evaluating the Social Effects of Environmental Leadership Programs

In the past decade, EPA and over 20 states have created voluntary environmental leadership programs designed to recognize and reward businesses that take steps that go beyond compliance with the strictures of environmental law. Environmental leadership programs seek not only to spur direct improvements to environment quality but also to advance broader social goals that may lead indirectly to environmental improvements, such as improving business-government relationships and changing business culture. Measuring progress toward leadership programs' social goals is a particularly challenging but essential task if researchers and decision makers are to understand the full impacts of these programs. In this paper, Jonathan C. Borck, Cary Coglianese, and Jennifer Nash present strategies for overcoming the three core challenges in evaluating the social effects of leadership programs and any voluntary environmental initiative: (1) defining appropriate measures of social goals, (2) inferring whether programs achieve those goals, and (3) linking social effects to environmental outcomes. Only through careful attention to these three empirical issues will it be possible to rule out alternative explanations and determine whether environmental leadership programs are truly generating their intended positive social effects as well as improvements to the environment.
Distinguishing stent from stone: use of bone windows.

Abstract Objectives To present a simple method to assist in distinguishing stents or nephrostomy tubes from urinary tract stones. Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) is now routinely used for the diagnosis and follow-up of urinary tract stones. When stents or nephrostomy tubes are in place, it may be difficult to differentiate the stent from the stone. Methods Three representative patients with ureteral stents or nephrostomy drainage catheters (stents/tubes) who were suspected of having residual urinary tract stones were studied by visualizing the suspicious density on CT. Abdominal windows were used for initial viewing, then bone windows were used, and the two techniques were compared. The Hounsfield units (HU) of the various stents/tubes were measured in vitro to establish reference points. The pixel densities of stones have a known range and, in our experience, may be as high as 1600 HU. Results Using the abdominal window, no difference was observed in the radiographic appearance of the stents/tubes compared with urinary calculi. However, when viewed in the bone window, the stone appeared less dense than the stent/tube. The in vitro pixel densities of the stents/tubes measured 1600 to 2600 HU compared with the calculi, which do not exceed 1600 HU. Conclusions Using the abdominal window, stents and stones may have the same CT appearance. However, the bone window allows a visual distinction between a stent/tube and a stone. This distinction is accounted for by differences in pixel density. This observation allows one to distinguish a stent/tube from a stone on CT in patients in whom a nephrostomy tube or ureteral stent is present.
Using volunteers for IT work: research questions

Voluntary organizations (VOs) offer important services the private and public sectors cannot or will not provide. Unfortunately, VOs tend not to use information technology (IT) to the extent they could, and so don't receive the benefits IT offers. One problem is that many VOs must rely on volunteers for IT support. This paper examines the challenges using IT volunteers creates, including limits in availability, expertise, commitment, organizational knowledge, and equipment ownership. A framework for discussing the effectiveness of IT volunteers is presented. Research questions arising from the framework are identified.
ACTIVE VIBRATION SUPPRESSION OF BEAM STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO MOVING LOADS: A FEASIBILITY STUDY USING FINITE ELEMENTS

Abstract The active suppression of vibration induced in a beam structure as a concentrated force traverses the span is examined. The dynamic response of the beam structure is simulated by a specialized finite element model capable of handling various boundary conditions, intermediate supports and moving loads. An optimal control methodology is utilized to develop the vibration suppression system. The optimal control action consists of two parts: (1) closed loop type control, which is dependent on the current states; (2) open loop type control, which is independent of current states. Implementation of the approach is discussed and simulations were performed to examine the effects of weighting matrices and required control effort on the achievable level of vibration suppression. The results indicate that the moving load type problem appears to be an excellent candidate for practical implementation of active control technology.
Isolation and structure of a hoplonemertine toxin.

Abstract The toxin of a hoplonemertine, Paranemertes peregrina Coe, was purified by solvent fractionation, aluminum oxide chromatography, and crystallization of the picrate. Spectral measurements indicated that the toxin is anabaseine, 2-(3-pyridyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine. Comparison of the pure toxin with synthetic anabaseine provided final verification of the proposed structure. This is the first reported occurrence of this compound as a natural product. Paranemertes toxin resembles Bacq's ‘amphiporine’ in possessing nicotinoid properties, but it lacks any direct action on crustacean nerve bundles.
How geneticists can help reporters to get their story right.

It is a common complaint that science journalists misrepresent genetics stories. The blame probably lies as much with geneticists themselves as with the reporters, and this article provides guidelines for getting the message across to journalists accurately. Many geneticists are disgruntled with the coverage of genetics in the mass media, yet geneticists themselves have a part to play in improving that coverage. This article aims to help geneticists to do so by explaining the forces that shape science news. It provides some specific options for reducing hype, countering genetic determinism and preventing the use of genetics to reinforce discriminatory messages, slants that many reporters are inclined to give to their articles.
Effects of radiation on established forensic evidence containment methods

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Laboratory is currently exploring needs and protocols for the storage of evidentiary items contaminated with radioactive material. While a large body of knowledge on the behavior of storage polymers in radiation fields exists, this knowledge has not been applied to the field of forensics and maintaining evidentiary integrity. The focus of this research was to evaluate the behavior of several traditional evidentiary containment polymers when exposed to significant alpha, beta, gamma, neutron and mixed radiation sources. Doses were designed to simulate exposures possible during storage of materials. Several products were found to be poorly suited for use in this specific application based on standardized mechanical testing results. Remaining products were determined to warrant further investigation for the storage of radiologically contaminated evidence.
COMPARISON OF ORGANIZATIONAL, PROFESSIONAL, UNIVERSITY, AND ACADEMIC COMMITMENT SCALES

5zrmmay.-Prohssional, Academic, and University Commitment Scales were developed and validated based on Mowday, Steers, and Porter's 1979 Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. Data from 74 working students supported use of the separate scales. For many years researchers have been defig and operationalizing commitment in dfierent ways. This, in turn, has directly resulted in diEficulty synthesizing the results of various hes of research. In addition, many worlung adulrs are returning to universities to obtain additional training while still n~aintaining their current employment. Therefore, we felt it was important to see if working students possess commitment to their university or academic programs as well as to their work. Utilizing previous research on organizational commitment (2, 3), measures of academic, university, and professional commitment were developed. Academic commitment refers to a commirment to higher education in general, while university commitment refers to one's commirment to a specific universiry. Similarly, professional commitment refers to one's commitment to a selected profession, while organizational commitment refers to one's commitment to the organization for which one is currently working. It was expected that the scores on measures of organizational and university commitment would correlate significantly with each other in that they both measure commitment to a specific unit or organization. Similarly, it was anticipated that scores on the measures of professional and academic commitment would correlate significantly as they measure more broadly based attitudes, albeit in relation to difFerent settings. It was also anticipated that scores on the Organizational Commitment Scale would be positively correlared with the new Professional Commitment Scale because items represent similar domains. Similarly, we anticipated that the scores on the University Conlmitment Scale would be positively correlated with the Academic Commitment Scale in chat they represent similar domains. These two sets of correlations were expected to be even stronger than those for commitment to university vs org3nlzation and academic vs profession as persons are Wtely to associate constructs within a common domain (university versus work) before constructs at a common level (specific organization versus academics or a profession in general). These hypotheses were justified by Parson and Hulin's (1982) work on the hierarchical nature of artitudinal constructs. Other relationships were not expected to be signficant. Method.-Participants were 74 working students from a large western university. Their mean age was 27.5 yr. (Mdn=25). The sample included 35 men, and 44 participants were single. The racial or ethnic breakdown was 51 Euro-American, 10 Hispanic, 8 Asian-American, 4 "other," and 1 African-American. The subjects worked an average of 27.8 hr. a week.
Short-term effect of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine on selected aspects of the canine blastogenic response.

Abstract The short-term, in vitro responses of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation and serum immunoglobulin concentrations were evaluated following treatment with currently recommended doses of cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. Cyclophosphamide had no significant effect on either the serum immunoglobulin concentrations or the blastogenic response of lymphocytes to mitogenic stimulation. Serum immunoglubulin concentrations remained unchanged following azathioprine treatment. The blastogenic response was significantly suppressed following one week of azathioprine therapy and returned to baseline values one week following cessation of treatment. The response to phytohemagglutinin was most suppressed, followed, in order, by the response to concanavalin A, and to pokeweed mitogen. These results suggest that the short-term use of azathioprine, but not cyclophosphamide, in clinically used dosages, does suppress selective aspects of the canine immune system, and the T cells appear to be more susceptible than B cells to the immunosuppressive effect of this drug.
Endoluminal arterial injury in plasminogen-deficient mice.

Background. Vascular remodeling following arterial injury is characterized by an initial inflammatory reaction. Prior experiments using peritoneal inflammatory models have shown that the plasminogen system plays a role in the intensity of the inflammatory response. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that an absence of plasminogen would lead to a decrease in vascular remodeling. Methods. A left carotid artery injury was created with a flexible guidewire in both wild-type [Plg(+/+)] and plasminogen deficient [Plg(−/−)] mice. The right carotid artery was uninjured and used as a control. Three weeks postinjury, the mice were sacrificed and perfusion fixed, and the bilateral carotid arteries were sectioned for histological examination and collection of morphometric data. Results. After arterial injury, electron microscopy of the acutely injured artery revealed that the endothelium was denuded, that there were breaks in the internal elastic membrane, and that there was disruption of the medial layer of smooth muscle cells. The intimal and medial areas were significantly increased between the uninjured and injured carotid arteries of both Plg(+/+) (+80% intimal, +41% medial, P < 0.05) and Plg(−/−) [+48% intimal, +24% medial, P < 0.05) mice. However, although there was a significant increase in the adventitial area of Plg(+/+) mice (+18%, P < 0.05), there was no difference in Plg(−/−) mice (−6%). Interestingly, even after 3 weeks, four of six injured arteries in Plg(−/−) mice had persistent thrombus within the medial layer, whereas this was not found in any of the nine Plg(+/+) mouse arteries. Discussion. Plasminogen deficiency inhibited the increase in adventitial area seen after injury in Plg(+/+) mice, but not the increase in intimal or medial areas. Not surprisingly, plasminogen-deficient mice also demonstrated a severe alteration in intramural thrombus clearance. Thus, specific aspects of the vascular remodeling response are dependent on plasminogen.
Parameterization of cloud droplet size distributions: comparison with parcel models and observations

This work examines the efficacy of various physically based approaches derived from one-dimensional adiabatic parcel model frameworks (a numerical model and a simplified parameterization) to parameterize the cloud droplet distribution characteristics for computing cloud effective radius and autoconversion rate in regional/global atmospheric models. Evaluations are carried out for integrations with single (average) and distributions of updraft velocity, assuming that (1) conditions at s_(max) are reflective of the cloud column or (2) cloud properties vary vertically, in agreement with one-dimensional parcel theory. The predicted droplet distributions are then compared against in situ cloud droplet observations obtained during the CRYSTAL-FACE and CSTRIPE missions. Good agreement of droplet relative dispersion between parcel model frameworks indicates that the parameterized parcel model essentially captures one-dimensional dynamics; the predicted distributions are overly narrow, with relative dispersion being a factor of 2 lower than observations. However, if conditions at cloud maximum supersaturation are used to predict relative dispersion and applied throughout the cloud column, better agreement is seen with observations, especially if integrations are carried out over the distribution of updraft velocity. When considering the efficiency of the method, calculating cloud droplet spectral dispersion at s_(max) is preferred for linking aerosol with droplet distributions in large-scale models.
Decay rate of the neutral pion

The method of Gell-Mann and collaborators to obtain the Goldberger-Treiman formula for the charged pion decay is extended to obtain the rate of neutral pion decay from a study of the Compton scattering of protons.
State-selective single- and double-electron capture by Ar4+ and Ar5+ ions from rare-gas atoms

Single- and double-electron capture into selected states has been measured by means of translational energy spectroscopy for collisions of multiply charged Ar4+ and Ar5+ ions with He, Ne, Ar and Kr at collision energies of q*3 keV, where q is the ion charge state. In all the collision systems studied, the dominant reaction channels are due to capture into the excited states of the projectile product. Contributions due to capture accompanied by target excitation and transfer ionisation are also detected. The collisional energy gain spectra for single-electron capture processes are interpreted qualitatively in terms of the reaction windows, which are calculated using a multichannel Landau-Zener model.
Motion Planning for Multi-Segmented Robots in Complex Scenarios

Multi-segmented robots are predestined for autonomous or teleoperated inspection tasks in complex scenarios. As these systems have many degrees of freedom (DOF), their redundancy can be used to solve kinematic deadlocks. Such deadlocks can occur due to collisions in a cluttered environment or due to the wish to drive complex maneuvers that need a high-dimensional control vector. As an example, a complex maneuver can be the following: "Position particular segments at a given position while driving the robot forward". This paper analyzes inspection tasks for general multi-segmented robots and defines maneuvers and poses that are relevant for the motion planner. The multi-segmented robot platform KAIRO-II is presented. This robot is capable of performing such an inspection task. The mechanical and electrical design and the integrated sensor systems of the platform meet the requirements for navigation in complex scenarios. A closed-loop control scheme uses detected sensor information to drive predefined maneuvers and poses and to manage motion planning strategies.
Isolation and purification of cadmium binding proteins from rat liver.

Abstract A simple procedure for the isolation and pruification of metallothionein from rat liver is described. This method involves only four steps and is especially useful for large scale isolation of this protein. The final isolated preparation was homogeneous both in Sephadex gel filteration and in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Isoelectric focussing shows the presence of two cadmium binding proteins with isoelectric points of 4.2 and 4.7. Metallothionein is isolated from dog liver using this method.
The fiber component of the midcervical vagus nerve implicated in vagotomy-induced lung edema

Abstract Mechanisms which have been proposed to explain the lung edema following bilateral midcervical vagotomy in guinea pigs include the loss of parasympathetic impulses to the heart and lungs, interference with motor control of laryngeal musculature, loss of sympathetic impulses to the superior cervical ganglia, and interruption of afferent vagal impulses to the brain stem. By means of several surgical manipulations, each of these fiber components of the midcervical vagus nerve was sectioned preferentially at the level of the nodose ganglion. Guinea pigs subjected to one of these operative procedures were compared with animals undergoing midcervical vagotomy or sham operation for differences in lung weights and survival times. The results indicate that bilateral interruption of afferent impulses of the tenth cranial nerve is the factor that initiates vagotomy-induced lung edema.
Technetium-99m-Labeled N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) Methacrylamide Copolymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and in Vivo Biodistribution

Purpose. To synthesize novel technetium-99m (99mTc)-labeled N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers and characterize the effect of charge and molecular weight on their biodistribution in SCID mice.
High-Affinity Binding of the Neonatal Fc Receptor to Its IgG Ligand Requires Receptor Immobilization†

The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binds maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) during the acquisition of passive immunity by the fetus or newborn. In adult mammals, FcRn also binds IgG and returns it to the bloodstream, thus protecting IgG from a default degradative pathway. Biosensor assays have been used to characterize the interaction of a soluble form of FcRn with IgG. We use the statistical method of cross-validation to show that there are two classes of noninteracting binding sites, and these are sufficient to account for previously observed nonlinear Scatchard plots of FcRn/IgG binding data. We demonstrate that immobilization of FcRn on the biosensor surface reproduces the high-affinity IgG binding observed for membrane-bound FcRn, whereas immobilization of IgG results in lower affinity binding similar to that of the FcRn/IgG interaction in solution. The dependence of FcRn/IgG binding affinity on the coupled molecule provides further evidence in support of the previously hypothesized model that an FcRn dimer forms the high-affinity IgG binding site.
Block relaxation strategies

It is desired to solve the linear system Ax = b, where the matrix A is n x n block tridiagonal with block size m. This system is to be solved by block line relaxation when the largest block problem with block size m that can be cheaply solved directly is l x l. Iteration steps, strategies, and results are summarized. It is concluded that the convergence rate of some block relaxation strategies is much faster than that of the strategies generally used. (RWR)
MULTI‐PURPOSE TELEVISION

Summary The closed circuit television tools I have discussed here will soon be available to our entire medical school as part of a Biomedical Communications Center which will incorporate and coordinate existing services and explore new methods of communication as well. I believe that closed circuit television–especially two-way television–will be a valuable tool in our medical education, service and research. It is also logical that its effectiveness will be measured in direct proportion to the amount of careful planning put into the selection of the best system, the determination of the most appropriate uses, and the encouragement of faculty and student interest and participation.
Unobstructive Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return: Impact of Early Elective Repair on the Need for Prolonged Mechanical Ventilatory Support

Optimal timing for elective repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) in the case of an unobstructed anomalous pathway is unclear. All infants with a diagnosis of TAPVR as an isolated lesion who underwent surgical repair at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin from 1991 to 2007 were reviewed to assess location of drainage, presence of obstruction, age at presentation, age at surgery, death, need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), length of hospital stay, length of mechanical ventilation (MV), and late pulmonary venous obstruction. A total of 65 patients were identified: 38 (59%) with supracardiac drainage, 10 (15%) with cardiac drainage, 11 (17%) with infracardiac drainage, and 6 (9%) with mixed drainage. For 39 (60%) of the 65 patients, obstruction was identified preoperatively. Three early and five late deaths occurred after surgery (12%), all involving patients with preoperative obstruction. Most of the late deaths (80%) involved patients who experienced recurrent obstruction. Of the 65 patients, 26 (40%) had no obstruction preoperatively, and none died, required ECMO support, or experienced late obstruction. For the 26 patients without obstruction, the timing of surgery was elective at the discretion of the supervising cardiologist. Among these 26 patients, 15 had surgery less than 10 days after presentation (median age, 18 days), and 53% of these 15 patients (8/15) had MV less than 5 days. In contrast, all 11 patients who had elective surgery more than 10 days after presentation (median age, 56 days) required MV for more than 5 days (p = 0.007). Isolated TAPVR appears to be at the highest risk for death and late postoperative obstruction when obstruction is present preoperatively. Patients with unobstructive TAPVR do very well, but potential morbidity related to prolonged MV appears to be significantly reduced by early elective surgery.
The removal of Mr. Herbert's feeding tube.

In 1981, Robert Nejdl and Neil Barber, two Los Angeles physicians, were charged with murder for taking a severely braindamaged comatose patient off a respirator and stopping intravenous feeding. On March 9, 1983, Municipal Court Judge Brian Crahan dismissed the charges at a preliminary hearing sought by the doctors' attorneys, holding that there was no evidence of malicious intent, and hence no evidence to sustain murder charges. However, he warned that this dismissal did not rule out criminal charges in other cases. Judge Crahan's dismissal suggested that a doctor acting under the reasonable belief that a patient is in a condition of irreversi-
Specific and global processing by preschool children and college adults

Possible developmental differences in global and specific processing of pictures were examined in preschool and college-age subjects. Participants were required to indicate whether comparison stimuli were the same as or different from a standard. On half of the trials, the comparison stimuli were identical to the standard, and on half they were different. The different comparison stimuli were the same background with different details, a different background with the same details, or a different background with different details. Half of the subjects were tested in a perception condition, in which the standard was present during response, and half were tested in a memory condition, in which the standard was absent during response. All subjects performed well on all item types. This finding indicates that both global and specific aspects of stimuli were perceived and remembered by young children and adults. Nevertheless, for both age groups, in both test conditions, performance was somewhat worse for same-background/different-detail items. This finding indicates that specific information was somewhat less likely to be available or used than was global information. The patterns of reaction times for children and adults differed. The adults’ data were consistent with a sequential dimension comparison model, whereas the children’s data were consistent with a simultaneous dimension comparison model. The results suggest that young children and adults extract and retain similar information from complex pictures, although they use this information differently.
Isolation of an aerobic sulfur oxidizer from the SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade.

Bacteria from the uncultured SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade of gamma proteobacterial sulfur oxidizers (GSOs) have the genetic potential to oxidize reduced sulfur and fix carbon in the tissues of clams and mussels, in oxygen minimum zones and throughout the deep ocean (>200 m). Here, we report isolation of the first cultured representative from this GSO clade. Closely related cultures were obtained from surface waters in Puget Sound and from the deep chlorophyll maximum in the North Pacific gyre. Pure cultures grow aerobically on natural seawater media, oxidize sulfur, and reach higher final cell densities when glucose and thiosulfate are added to the media. This suggests that aerobic sulfur oxidation enhances organic carbon utilization in the oceans. The first isolate from the SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade was given the provisional taxonomic assignment ‘Candidatus: Thioglobus singularis’, alluding to the clade’s known role in sulfur oxidation and the isolate’s planktonic lifestyle.
Single channel source separation using smooth Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with Markov Random Fields

This paper presents a single channel source separation method based on an extension of Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) algorithm by smoothing the original posterior probabilities with an additional Markov Random Fields (MRF) structure. Our method is based on the alternative interpretation of NMF with β-divergence as latent variable models. By doing so, we can redefine NMF-based separation procedure as a Bayesian labeling problem where each label stands for the mask for a specific source. This understanding leads us to intervene in the calculation of posterior probabilities, so that the priors from MRF's neighboring structure can smooth out isolated masking values that have different labeling results from their neighbors. Experiments on several dictionary-based source separation tasks show sensible performance gains.
INFANT FORMULAS: PRACTICAL ANSWERS FOR COMMON QUESTIONS

The pediatric health care provider is often faced with myriad decisions related to the use of infant formula. This article compares human milk to cow's milk. It addresses the composition, classification, and use of some of the most common infant formulas manufactured for use with the term infant in the outpatient setting. Common clinical situations are discussed, including the role for low-iron, goat's milk, and follow-up formulas, and formula use for the infant with diarrhea, colic, and atopic disease. The article highlights the poor quality of research and the lack of definitive answers available to the clinician when managing the infant with atopic disease. It concludes with a review of practical aspects of infant formula feeding for use in client education and management, including guidelines for formula preparation, calculating necessary formula intake, frequency, and quantity of infant feedings, and provisions of the WIC program.
An Analysis of 20 Years of Meteorological and Oceanographic Data from Ocean Station N

Abstract Meteorological and oceanographic data for Ocean Station Vessel N (30N, 14OW) are analyzed over 20 years (1951–70) and 7 years (1964–70), respectively. A rainfall estimate is constructed for the 20-year period. The yearly average rainfall is 23 cm, far less than existing estimates. Daily and seasonal variations are presented. Heat budgets of the surface show that the two decades (1951–60, 1961–70) are distinctly different. Anomalies of the 20 years of all meteorological variables are calculated. The pressure anomaly appears to be loosely correlated with anomalous large-scale events in the equatorial Pacific. Time series cross sections are shown of the mixed layer depth, bottle temperature and salinity. The near-surface density appears to be largely controlled by temperature.
Efficient synthetic entry to oxygen-bridged lactaranes using organometallic methodology: A short synthesis of furanether B

Abstract A 9-step synthesis of the sesquiterpene furanether B from 2-methylfuran is described; the furan moiety is carried through the last 5 steps, which include Pauson-Khand cycloaddition, the key to the synthesis.
Vena Cava Thrombectomy and Primary Repair After Radical Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Single-Center Experience

Background Inferior vena cava (IVC) reconstruction for locally advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) includes resection with and without interposition grafting, patch graft, or primary repair. The proposed benefits of lateral venorrhaphy and primary repair are avoidance of foreign material, a more expeditious repair, and preservation of lower extremity venous outflow. Methods A single-center retrospective review of 22 patients with RCC and IVC tumor thrombus treated with radical nephrectomy, lateral venorrhaphy, thrombectomy, and primary vena cava repair between July 2002 and June 2009 was carried out. Demographic data, diagnostic information, radiographic cross-sectional imaging, and procedural outcomes were examined. Results Among the 13 men and nine women, the mean age was 62.1 years (42-83); mean tumor size was 9.8 cm (3-17 cm), and 90% ( n = 18) of the cases with RCC were identified pathologically as clear cell adenocarcinoma; on the basis of the classification system adopted by Neves, level I was for 50% ( n = 11), level II for 32% ( n = 7), level III for 9% ( n = 2), and level IV for 9% ( n = 2) of the patients. All patients underwent en bloc radical nephrectomy with tumor thrombus removal and primary IVC repair. Mean total operative time was 547.9 ± 138.5 minutes, whereas mean IVC cross-clamp time was 10.8 minutes (6-29 minutes). There were no intraoperative deaths or pulmonary embolism and all IVC margins were found to be pathologically negative. Postoperative complications included one pulmonary embolism, one exacerbation of chronic lymphedema, and two cases of new onset erectile dysfunction. Mean follow-up was 36.4 ± 23.2 months (6-92 months). There were no radiographic or clinically significant changes in mean IVC diameter during follow-up. Five late deaths (23%) occurred as a result of metastatic RCC over a mean period of 24 months (range, 12-48), but without any local recurrences. Conclusion For advanced RCC with tumor thrombus extension into the IVC, lateral venorrhaphy and primary IVC repair avoids complicated caval reconstructions and results in high patency rates with a low local tumor recurrence rate.
Effect of an oral iron chelator or iron-deficient diets on uroporphyria in a murine model of porphyria cutanea tarda.

Porphyria cutanea tarda is a liver disease characterized by elevated hepatic iron and excessive production of uroporphyrin (URO). Phlebotomy is an effective treatment that probably acts by reducing hepatic iron. Here we used Hfe(−/−) mice to compare the effects on hepatic URO accumulation of two different methods of hepatic iron depletion: iron chelation using deferiprone (L1) versus iron-deficient diets. Hfe(−/−) mice in a 129S6/SvEvTac background were fed 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which results in hepatic URO accumulation, and increasing doses of L1 in the drinking water. Hepatic URO accumulation was completely prevented at low L1 doses, which partially depleted hepatic nonheme iron. By histological assessment, the decrease in hepatic URO accumulation was associated with greater depletion of iron from hepatocytes than from Kupffer cells. The L1 treatment had no effect on levels of hepatic cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2). L1 also effectively decreased hepatic URO accumulation in C57BL/6 Hfe(−/−) mice treated with ALA and a CYP1A2 inducer. ALA-treated mice maintained on defined iron-deficient diets, rather than chow diets, did not develop uroporphyria, even when the animals were iron-supplemented either directly in the diet or by iron dextran injection. Conclusion: The results suggest that dietary factors other than iron are involved in the development of uroporphyria and that a modest depletion of hepatocyte iron by L1 is sufficient to prevent URO accumulation. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)