cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The NetRexx language

80633-1 NetRexx is a new human-oriented programming language, designed as an effective and simple alternative to the Javatm language. With NetRexx, you can create programs and applets for the Java environment faster and more easily than by programming in Java. Using and writing Java classes is especially easy in NetRexx, as the different types of numbers and strings that Java expects are handled automatically by the language. Inspired by two very different programming languages, Rexx and Java, NetRexx blends the easy-to-learn syntax of Rexx with the robustness and portability of the Java environment. The result is a language which is tuned for both scripting and application development, and is therefore truly general-purpose.
Keynote Address to the Memorial Commemorating the Genocide of Halabja, Iraqi Cultural Center, Washington DC

This transcribed address was delivered by Professor Newton as the keynote comments at the Halabja Commemoration held at the Iraqi Cultural Center in Washington D.C. on March 16, 2012. The themes of this speech relate to the modern relevance of Halabja and its place within the larger scope of genocide committed against the Kurdish people.
Pitch range and women's sexual orientation

AbstractThe interaction between intonational patterns and speaker gender has long been noted in the language and gender literature (e.g., Brend 1972, Lakoff 1975, McConnell-Ginet 1983, Ohara 1992). It has also been hypothesized (Moonwomon 1985, Queen 1997) that intonation may be a locus of difference between lesbian and heterosexual women's speech. This paper investigates the question of whether there is an interaction between pitch range and sexual orientation in women. An experiment was carried out in San Francisco in which 24 lesbians and straight women were individually audiotaped recounting the plot of the movie The Wizard of Oz. Data are thus controlled as much as possible for content and communicative situation, while remaining as natural speech. Acoustic analysis of the recordings suggests that pitch range is not a distinguishing factor for female sexual orientation.
Hyperbolic derivatives and generalized Schwarz-Pick estimates

In this paper we use the beautiful formula of Faa di Brune for the nth derivative of composition of two functions to obtain the generalized Scliwarz-Pick estimates. By means of those estimates we show that the hyperbolic derivative of an analytic self-map of the unit disk is Lipschitz with respect to the pseudohyperbolic metric.
Violence against Women: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal

Violence against Women: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal (VAW) is a peer-reviewed journal published monthly by SAGE Publications and is dedicated to publishing research on all aspects of the problem of violence against women. The journal was founded in 1995 by Claire M. Renzetti, who continues to edit the journal. VAW employs a broad definition of violence and includes articles from a variety of disciplines that examine a wide range of types of violence; risk and protective factors for perpetration and victimization; consequences of violent victimization; violence prevention and interventions; and policy, practice, and advocacy issues throughout the world. The journal is especially committed to publishing research on understudied and underserved groups. Keywords: family violence; gender; violence; women
Triple Whammy! Violent Games and Violent Controllers: Investigating the Use of Realistic Gun Controllers on Perceptions of Realism, Immersion, and Outcome Aggression

Previous research links violent video game play and aggression, and shows that playing games using natural mapping motion capturing controllers increases immersion and perceptions of realism. We extend current research by experimentally testing whether the “weapons effect” emerges when using a realistic gun controller to play a violent first-person shooter video game. The results provide compelling evidence that using a realistic firearm controller positively impacts cognitive aggression. Participants playing with the gun controller also experienced increased perceptions of game realism and feelings of immersion. The findings raise concerns about the harmful effects of popular realistic firearm controllers and are discussed in terms of the model matching hypothesis and the weapons effect.
Observation of public health risk behaviours, risk communication and hand hygiene at Kansas and Missouri petting zoos - 2010-2011.

Summary Outbreaks of human illness have been linked to visiting settings with animal contact throughout developed countries. This study details an observational study of hand hygiene tool availability and recommendations; frequency of risky behaviour; and handwashing attempts by visitors in Kansas (9) and Missouri (4), USA, petting zoos. Handwashing signs and hand hygiene stations were available at the exit of animal-contact areas in 10/13 and 8/13 petting zoos, respectively. Risky behaviours were observed being performed at all petting zoos by at least one visitor. Frequently observed behaviours were as follows: children (10/13 petting zoos) and adults (9/13 petting zoos) touching hands to face within animal-contact areas; animals licking children’s and adults’ hands (7/13 and 4/13 petting zoos, respectively); and children and adults drinking within animal-contact areas (5/13 petting zoos each). Of 574 visitors observed for hand hygiene when exiting animal-contact areas, 37% (n = 214) of individuals attempted some type of hand hygiene, with male adults, female adults and children attempting at similar rates (32%, 40% and 37%, respectively). Visitors were 4.8× more likely to wash their hands when a staff member was present within or at the exit to the animal-contact area (136/231, 59%) than when no staff member was present (78/343, 23%; P < 0.001, OR = 4.863, 95% CI = 3.380–6.998). Visitors at zoos with a fence as a partial barrier to human–animal contact were 2.3× more likely to wash their hands (188/460, 40.9%) than visitors allowed to enter the animals’ yard for contact (26/114, 22.8%; P < 0.001, OR = 2.339, 95% CI = 1.454–3.763). Inconsistencies existed in tool availability, signage and supervision of animal contact. Risk communication was poor, with few petting zoos outlining risks associated with animal contact, or providing recommendations for precautions to be taken to reduce these risks.
Lymphangiomas of the Alveolar Ridges in Neonates

Blue-domed, fluid-filled lesions on the alveolar ridges of neonates were noted in 3.7% of all normal black newborns examined. None were found in whites. On microscopic examination of eight such lesions, the diagnosis of lymphangioma was made. These lymphangiomas should not be confused with Epstein9s pearls, Bohn9s nodules, eruption cysts, or mucous retention phenomena. The natural history of such lymphangiomas is unknown. However, spontaneous regression was noted in several cases.
Asymptotic behavior of extremal solutions and structure of extremal norms of linear differential inclusions of order three

Asymptotic properties of extremal solutions of linear inclusions of order three with zero Lyapunov exponent are investigated. Under certain conditions it is shown that all extremal solutions of such inclusions tend to the same (up to a multiplicative factor) solution, which is central symmetric. The structure of the convex set of extremal norm is studied. A number of extremal points of this set are described.
Examining preferences for search engines and their effects on information behavior

The article reports the results of a study that explored users' preference for search engines in relation to other information sources. The study used qualitative and quantitative methods to examine participants' information seeking with and without access to search engines. The study identified search engine features that users find valuable, such as perception of convenience, independence and privacy, as well as specific functionality (keyword searching, autocomplete feature). The study found that inability to use search engines caused an increase in negative emotions, especially among seekers with limited information horizons; led to the decrease in use of other electronic channels and increased inquiries to other individuals and the use of print sources. Our findings suggest that seekers operate within digital and traditional information fields and do not easily switch between the fields without major disruption to their habitual pattern. The discussion about positive and negative effects of search engine preference is included.
Modeling and implementation of Z-number

Computing with words provides symbolic and semantic methodology to deal with imprecise information associated with natural languages. It encapsulates various fuzzy logic techniques developed in past decades and formalizes them. Z-number is an emerging paradigm that has been utilized in computing with words among others. The concept of a Z-number is intended to provide a basis for computation with numbers, specifically with reliability of information. Z-numbers are in confluence between the two most prominent approaches to uncertainty, probability and possibility, that allow computations on complex statements. Certain computations related to Z-numbers are ambiguous and complicated leading to its slow adaptation into areas such as computing with words. The biggest contributing factor to the complexity is the usage of probability distributions in the computations. This paper seeks to provide an applied model of Z-number based on certain realistic assumptions regarding probability distributions. Algorithms are presented to implement this model and integrate it into an expert system shell for computing with words called CWShell. CWShell is a software tool that abstracts the underlying computation required for computing with words, and provides a convenient way to represent and compute with unstructured natural language using specialized language called Generalized constraint language (GCL). This paper introduces new constructs for Z-numbers to GCL and provides detailed inference mechanism and computation strategy on those constructs. We present two case studies to demonstrate the working and feasibility of the approach.
Performance analysis of interconnected metropolitan area circuit-switched telecommunications networks

A circuit-switched telecommunications network is considered that consists of two metropolitan area networks (MANs) interconnectd by a multiaccess communications channel, such as a satellite or multiaccess multichannel terrestrial trunk. The blocking probability performance of this network is computed, using a finite-source-traffic model, by setting up a Markov chain model and applying results based on the reversibility of this chain to compute the underlying state probabilities. Local and long-distance blocking probabilities are calculated. each in terms of its two components: circuit-blocking and destination-busy probabilities. Both dedicated and shared circuit allocation policies are used in allocating the circuits of a MAN between its local and long-distance calls. Explicit performance equations are presented. Illustrative results and performance curves are given, indicating the various underlying system performance characteristics and tradeoffs. >
Motif discovery for proteins using subsequence clustering

We propose an algorithm for discovering motifs using clustering of subsequences. In our previous approach, we were successful in guiding motif discovery by sampling subsequences and inputting them to an existing motif discovery tool MEME. In this paper, we show that clustering subsequences can also detect motifs without using other motif discovery tools. Generally, motif discovery algorithms do not perform well when the input set consists of non-homogeneous sequences. Clustering tools have the inherent ability to generate clusters of homogeneous sequences when the input sequences are non-homogeneous. For this reason, we use our clustering algorithm to generate aligned subsequence clusters and then rank them according to their information contents to produce final motifs. The algorithm was tested with PROSITE database and the results suggest that the algorithm is very effective in finding motifs even when input sequences are from different protein families.
Shrinking core models in hydrometallurgy: What students are not being told about the pseudo-steady approximation

Abstract There is a significant amount of early work that has been largely forgotten that deals with the validity of the pseudo-steady approximation for liquid–solid reactions. Much of this was originally published in the chemical engineering literature but is highly relevant to hydrometallurgical processes. The purpose of this paper is to summarize some criteria that have been developed by various authors for determining the error associated with use of shrinking core models for liquid–solid systems and to provide an illustrative example using data for a mineral leaching reaction.
On using selection procedures with binomial models

An important aspect of quality assurance receiving increased attention recently is that of vendor (supplier) selection. Such selection involves consideration of quality, price, delivery terms, and other critical aspects. In this article, we formulate and address a selection procedure based on the quality assessment of a sample of n items from each vendor. It is assumed that an appropriate test for quality is available and so the relevant test statistic for the ith vendor is Xi, the number of conforming items from the sample of an items. If pi denotes the probability that an item supplied by the ith vendor is a conforming item, then Xi has the binomial distribution with parameters pi and n. In selecting a preferred subset of k vendors, we consider a decision rule of the form: Select the ith vendor if and only if Xi ≥ max Xj−d, where d is a nonnegative integer lample;jample;k chosen to insure that the probability of a correct selection is at the least a user given (usually large) value. In this context, a correct selection means the inclusion of the vendor characterized by the largest (population) proportion of conforming items. The number of vendors selected with this decision rule is an integer-valued random variable.The operating characteristics (i.e. selection probabilities and expected size of the selected subset) of this selection procedure are related to the underlying pi 's, the common sample size n, and d. We present formulae, tables, and figures relating these quantities as a guide to sample size requirements. Both exact and asymptotic formulae are given to facilitate calculations applicable to general parametric configurations.
The Influence of Values, Information, and Decision Orders on a Public Policy Decision

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of personal values, information, and decision order on choice and commitment to choice when the decision involved a complex matter of public policy. Findings indicated that values determined piorities, but not decisions; information did not influence choice, but had a curvilinear effect on the commitment to the choice; the decision order did not influence the components of the decision process, but did determine the proportion of value-consistent decisions. The significance of these findings to public policy and the need for future research are discussed.
Unsteady motion of a non-linear viscoelastic fluid

Abstract In this paper, we study the unsteady flow of a generalized second grade fluid. Specifically, we solve numerically the linear momentum equations for the flow of this viscoelastic shear-thinning (shear-thickening) fluid surrounding a solid cylindrical rod that is suddenly set into longitudinal and torsional motion. The equations are made dimensionless. The results are presented for the shear stresses at the wall, related to the drag force; these are physical quantities of interest, especially in oil-drilling applications.
Art therapy and group process

This paper is concerned primarily with the use of art by three major groups the family. persons dwelling in the same setting such as patients on a psychiatric ward, and those who are banded together for a common purpose, such as a psychotherapy group. The art form to be considered is that of group murals. The focus will be primarily upon the formal principles of group art function and analysis as seen by an interested outsider. I have been impressed, to say the least, by the remarkable results achieved through group murals. on the wards of Jacobi Hospital and the Bronx Psychiatric Center, in family therapy sessions conducted with my wife (who is an occupational and art therapist). and as reported in the literature (e.g., Harris & Joseph, 1973). It is evident that through the mural the group expresses a range and depth of symbols, feelings. attitudes, and thoughts which are otherwise rare in group therapy. My perception of these murals has been infhrenced by psychological test evaluation and graphic tests in particular. I am against the psychologizing of art productions. using “psychologizing” in Frankl’s (19.55) sense of “exposing” the personality dynamics and weaknesses behind these productions. That is a violation of aesthetic rights, It is true, nevertheless. that many valid psychological insights are communicated through art or by test procedures based upon art-like productions. The works of Machover (1949). Hammer (1958). and Buck (1948) on Human Figure Drawings. The House-Tree-Person test. and other graphic procedures; Altschuler and Hatwick ( 1947) and Birren ( 1973) for their presentations of the relationship between color preferences and personality are outstanding examples. For the broader theoretical context, the psychoanalysts have been a seminal influence, especially Freud’s Interpretation of dreams (1958) and Kris’s ~.vc~oun~~vtic explorations in art (1952), Kris formulated the concept of “regression in the service of the ego.“ The implication here is that the energies and logic of the unconscious or the primary process are utilized, but in harmony with the ego and the rest of the personality, and as an expression of creativity rather than pathology. In the primary process thinking of the psychotic, on the other hand, the regressive forms of thought have taken over. The contrasting features might be seen in a comparison of a Picasso portrait with that of a confused schizophrenic. In both there might be distortions of form and perspective. Picasso, however. did so for a conscious artistic intent, and he did so deliberately. The psychotic could not do otherwise, insofar as he was psychotic. Both, however, utilized the primary process forms of thinking and communication. The value of both individual and group art productions in therapy is that the primary process forms of thought and perception can be expressed in a way and in a setting that is relatively safe and protected, and where the constructive forces of the ego can eventually take over. Other major contributions were made by Heinz Werner (1948), who brought the insights of gestalt psychology to bear on art and human relationships:
Allocytotoxic T cell clones: both Leu 2+3− and Leu 2−3+ T cells recognize class I histocompatibility antigens

T cell clones were selected which were cytotoxic for human class I major histocompatibility target antigens. Specificity was based on target cell panel studies and inhibition by monoclonal antibodies to class I determinants. Eight clones were Leu 2+3-. The cytotoxicity of these clones was inhibited by antibody to the Leu 2 antigen. Two clones expressed the Leu 2-3+ phenotype and were not inhibited by anti-Leu 2a or anti-Leu 3a antibodies. These studies indicate that class I-specific cytotoxic T cells are distributed in both T cell subsets, though predominantly in the Leu 2+3- group. In addition, these studies suggest that the Leu 3 molecule may not function in identical fashion in Leu 3+ cytotoxic T cells, which recognize class I target antigens, as in those which recognize class II targets.
Mathematical model of oxygen transport in the cerebral cortex

To estimate the magnitude of hyperemia necessary to support oxidative metabolism in the cerebral cortex during functional activation, a mathematical model of O2 transport from capillary to tissue was developed. Radial and axial gradients of O2 pressure in tissue surrounding a single capillary were calculated at normal and increased cerebral metabolic rates for O2. Cone-shaped tissue geometry and nonlinear oxyhemoglobin dissociation were assumed. Local O2 consumption was assumed to be supported with local tissue pO2 greater than 1 mmHg. The distribution of tissue pO2 was also calculated during moderate hypoxemia (paO2=42 mmHg), using experimental values of red blood cell velocity measured in individual capillaries of the rat cerebral cortex using intravital video-microscopy. The model predicted that moderate increases (</=50%) in cerebral O2 consumption were supported by proportional increases in capillary blood flow. Large increases in O2 consumption (50-110%) were supported by disproportional increases in flow. During moderate hypoxemia, average tissue pO2 decreased but oxygen utilization was sustained when capillary flow was increased to a level measured in experiments. The results suggest a proportional relationship between cerebrocortical blood flow and oxygen consumption in the normal physiological range of functional activation.
Heuristic relay assignments for green relay assisted device to device communications

Device to device (D2D) communications is a promising concept to improve data rates and the energy efficiency of mobile networks. User devices (UEs) participated in D2D communications may increase their own data rates by retrieving the content from their neighboring peers instead of from the base stations. Meanwhile, UEs may drain their batteries while performing as content providers and transmitting the content to their peers. Increasing the data rates of D2D communications is desirable to alleviate the UEs' power consumption. In this paper, we propose a novel green relay assisted D2D communication architecture, in which the relay nodes powered by green energy are deployed to increase the data rates of D2D communications. However, achieving the optimal relay assignment for green relay assisted D2D communications is challenging. We propose a heuristic green relay assignment algorithm which maximizes the minimum data rates of the D2D pairs while considering the green load capacity of the relay nodes. We show that the proposed algorithm approximates the optimal solution with low computational complexity, and validate its performance by using simulation results.
Photometric modeling of Asteroid 5535 Annefrank from Stardust observations

Abstract In this paper the Stardust disk-integrated phase curve at phase 47.2–134.6° of the Asteroid 5535 Annefrank, combined with groundbased observations (at phase 2.3–18.3°), are fit with Hapke’s photometric model. We confirm Newburn et al.’s (Newburn, R.L. et al. [2003]. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (E11), 5117. doi: 10.1029/2003JE002106 ) observation that Annefrank exhibits a steep phase curve. This manifests itself in an unusually high fit surface roughness parameter of 49°. The single particle scattering albedo is 0.62, also high for an S-asteroid, while the fit phase function is more forward scattering than the typical S-asteroid being nearly isotropic with an asymmetry parameter of −0.09. The fit opposition surge width ( h = 0.015) is typical of S-asteroids. However these fits assume a spherical shape to the asteroid. Li et al. (Li, J., A’Hearn, M.F., McFadden, L.A. [2004]. Icarus, 415–431) have shown that this assumption may lead to significant errors particularly at high phase angles leading to higher modeled single particle scattering albedos, macroscopic roughnesses and more forward scattering phase functions than actually exhibited. Our results confirm this finding—fitting only the data below 90° phase yields lower particle albedos (0.41) and roughnesses (20°) and more backscattering particles (−0.19) than the fit including the high phase angle data. Overall Annefrank appears to be on the bright side but otherwise is typical for an S-type asteroid suggesting that it may be a recent collisional fragment with a relatively immature surface which has had relatively little time to be weathered.
A 2D Maxwell's fish eye lens using waveguide-based inhomogeneous artificial dielectrics

We realize a 2D Maxwell's fish eye lens using waveguide-based inhomogeneous artificial dielectrics. The lens images a source at the perimeter to a diametrically opposite location, regardless of the direction of the input illumination.
Cost-effectiveness of alternative outpatient pelvic inflammatory disease treatment strategies.

Objective:Effectiveness differences between outpatient pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) treatment regimens are uncertain, but significant differences in cost exist.Goal:To examine the influence of antibiotic costs on PID therapy cost-effectiveness.Study Design:The authors used a Markov decision mod
Detection of SSH host spoofing in control systems through network telemetry analysis

Modern networking architecture is designed with high scalability in mind. Different protocols can be encapsulated to support different systems. Machine identifiers (IP and MAC addresses) in network packets can be modified easily. This modification prevents servers from determining whether the connecting machines are allowed to communicate. Cryptographic functions have been used in protocols such as Secure Shell (SSH) to establish network node authenticity, but they can be circumvented by social engineering and brute force attacks. This research effort created a new classifier that processes network telemetry to determine authenticity of SSH clients in a control system's network. The developed classifier, within the control system's network, was able to differentiate with a 100% accuracy SSH connections from machines that were transmitting identical MAC and IP addresses, and had the same RSA key for authentication.
Use of knowledge-based restraints in phenix.refine to improve macromolecular refinement at low resolution.

Traditional methods for macromolecular refinement often have limited success at low resolution (3.0–3.5 A or worse), producing models that score poorly on crystallographic and geometric validation criteria. To improve low-resolution refinement, knowledge from macromolecular chemistry and homology was used to add three new coordinate-restraint functions to the refinement program phenix.refine. Firstly, a `reference-model' method uses an identical or homologous higher resolution model to add restraints on torsion angles to the geometric target function. Secondly, automatic restraints for common secondary-structure elements in proteins and nucleic acids were implemented that can help to preserve the secondary-structure geometry, which is often distorted at low resolution. Lastly, we have implemented Ramachandran-based restraints on the backbone torsion angles. In this method, a φ,ψ term is added to the geometric target function to minimize a modified Ramachandran landscape that smoothly combines favorable peaks identified from non­redundant high-quality data with unfavorable peaks calculated using a clash-based pseudo-energy function. All three methods show improved MolProbity validation statistics, typically complemented by a lowered Rfree and a decreased gap between Rwork and Rfree.
Technologies to measure and modify physical activity and eating environments.

Context: The explosion of technologic advances in information capture and delivery offers unparalleled opportunities to assess and modify built and social environments in ways that can positively impact health behaviors. This paper highlights some potentially transformative current and emerging trends in the technology arena applicable to environmental contextbased assessment and intervention relevant to physical activity and dietary behaviors. Evidence acquisition: A team of experts convened in 2013 to discuss the main issues related to technology use in assessing and changing built environments for health behaviors particularly relevant to obesity prevention. Each expert was assigned a specific domain to describe, commensurate with their research and expertise in the field, along with examples of specific applications. This activity was accompanied by selective examination of published literature to cover the main issues and elucidate relevant applications of technologic tools and innovations in this field. Evidence synthesis: Decisions concerning which technology examples to highlight were reached through discussion and consensus-building among the team of experts. Two levels of impact are highlighted: the “me” domain, which primarily targets measurement and intervention activities aimed at individual-level behaviors and their surrounding environments; and the “we” domain, which generally focuses on aggregated data aimed at groups and larger population segments and locales. Conclusions: The paper ends with a set of challenges and opportunities for significantly advancing the field. Key areas for progress include data collection and expansion, managing technologic considerations, and working across sectors to maximize the population potential of behavioral health technologies. (Am J Prev Med 2015;48(5):630–638) & 2015 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
A new direction in coastal management

Abstract This paper argues for a stronger integration of marine sciences and coastal management studies that generates better formulated marine policies and viable policy implementation strategies. Integration of natural and social sciences in environmental management has surfaced as a key issue recently in the fields of sustainability science, ecosystem-based management, and social–ecological resilience. This paper promotes such trend in marine studies, and examines the rationale, progress, and examples of the integration.
Single particle model for pyrolysis of oil shale

ABSTRACT In many heterogeneous pyrolysis reactions the porous solid undergoes geometrical changes due to the consumption of solid reactant which decrease the compressive strength of the solid matrix. In this study a volume expansion model is proposed for pyrolysis of a single shale particle. This model not only takes into account the structural changes and the intraparticle gradients, but also the functional dependencies of various parameters on the variation of solid reactant conversion and internal temperature distribution. Effects of various parameters which are expected to be encountered in an in-situ retorting process were investigated. Primary emphasis was placed on determining the manner in which transport processes affect the yield of pyrolysis product. The results indicate that Intraparticle heat transfer is a dominant factor in the pyrolysis of oil shale and that volume expansion favors the decomposition rate.
Vertebrate central nervous system: same neurons mediate both electrical and chemical inhibitions

Identified goldfish medullary interneurons previously shown to inhibit the Mauthner cell electrically also produce a classical postsynaptic inhibition of that cell. Failure of active spike propagation in the processes of these interneurons underlies generation of the electrical component, and the resultant electrotonic terminal depolarization is sufficient to evoke inhibitory transmitter release.
Saving-Investment Correlations: Immobile Capital, Government Policy or Endogenous Behavior?

The high postwar correlations between saving and investment, both across countries and over time, are analyzed. A major reason for these correlations over the recent period is found to be government policy.
Relation of molecular structure to Franck-Condon bands in the visible-light absorption spectra of symmetric cationic cyanine dyes.

Abstract A Franck–Condon (FC) model is used to study the solution-phase absorbance spectra of a series of seven symmetric cyanine dyes having between 22 and 77 atoms. Electronic transition energies were obtained from routine visible-light absorbance and fluorescence emission spectra. Harmonic normal modes were computed using density functional theory (DFT) and a polarizable continuum solvent model (PCM), with frequencies corrected using measured mid-infrared spectra. The model predicts the relative energies of the two major vibronic bands to within 5% and 11%, respectively, and also reproduces structure-specific differences in vibronic band shapes. The bands themselves result from excitation of two distinct subsets of normal modes, one with frequencies between 150 and 625 cm−1, and the other between 850 and 1480 cm−1. Vibronic transitions excite symmetric in-plane bending of the polymethine chain, in-plane bends of the polymethine and aromatic C–H bonds, torsions and deformations of N-alkyl substituents, and in the case of the indocyanines, in-plane deformations of the indole rings. For two dyes, the model predicts vibronic coupling into symmetry-breaking torsions associated with trans–cis photoisomerization.
Adhesive wall slip on organic surfaces

Abstract This paper demonstrates an adhesive mechanism for wall slip by showing experimental results obtained using low surface energy fluoropolymer-coated die walls. A transparent slit die is constructed to allow direct flow visualization of wall slip. By ‘coloring’ polybutadiene and polyethylene with carbon black and coating the lower half of the slit die wall with a fluoropolymer, we show by visual inspection that the blackened polymers stick to the clean half of the die wall and slip over the coated portion.
The Relationship Between Ultrasound and Densitometric Measurements of Bone Mass at the Calcaneus in Women

Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the calcaneus predicts axial density in women and is decreased in women who sustain hip fractures. To determine the relationship between ultrasonic and densitometric assessments of bone mass at the same site, BUA and velocity of sound (VOS) were correlated with bone density as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the calcaneus in 64 Caucasian women aged 35–83 years. BUA, VOS, and bone density in these women decreased annually as a function of age by 1.0%, 0.3%, and 0.9%, respectively. Holding age, years since menopause, height and weight constant, BUA correlated with VOS (r=0.74, P<0.001), and calcaneal density correlated with BUA (r=0.73, P<0.001) and with VOS (r=0.66, P<0.01). The results indicate that both BUA and VOS measurements reflect density at the calcaneus, but suggest that they measure properties of bone other than density and different from each other. The assessment of these additional properties may be useful in the prediction of fracture risk.
Trajectories of Perceived Friendship Quality During Adolescence: The Patterns and Contextual Predictors

Findings are presented from an ecologically grounded, longitudinal study of 206 urban, ethnic minority adolescents that used hierarchical linear modeling to examine: (1) individual trajectories of change in adolescents' perceptions of general and closest same-sex friendship quality from middle to late adolescence; (2) the effects of gender and ethnicity on these trajectories of change; and (3) the relative influence of adolescents' perceptions of individual-level (i.e., self-esteem) and contextual-level (i.e., family relationships and school climate) variables on change over time in perceptions of friendship quality. Findings indicated that adolescents' perceptions of the quality of friendships improved from middle to late adolescence. Boys reported sharper increases over time than girls in their perceptions of the quality of their closest, same-sex friendships. Furthermore, perceptions of contextual level variables (i.e., family relationships, teacher/student relations, and student/student relations) were significantly associated with change over time in perceptions of general and/or closest same-sex friendship quality.
Semi-supervised sequence classification using abstraction augmented Markov models

Supervised methods for learning sequence classifiers rely on the availability of large amounts of labeled data. However, in many applications because of the high cost and effort involved in labeling the data, the amount of labeled data is quite small compared to the amount of unlabeled data. Hence, there is a growing interest in semi-supervised methods that can exploit large amounts of unlabeled data together with small amounts of labeled data. In this paper, we introduce a novel Abstraction Augmented Markov Model (AAMM) based approach to semi-supervised learning. We investigate the effectiveness of AAMMs in exploiting unlabeled data. We compare semi-supervised AAMMs with: (i) the Markov models (MMs) (which do not take advantage of unlabeled data); and (ii) an expectation maximization (EM) based approach to semi-supervised training of MMs (that make use of unlabeled data). The results of our experiments on three protein subcellular localization prediction tasks show that semi-supervised AAMMs: (i) can effectively exploit unlabeled data; and (ii) are more accurate than both the MMs and the EM based semi-supervised MMs.
Hepatitis C Infection in HIV

Douglas T. Dieterich, M.D., is a professor in the Department of Medicine at The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Attending Physician at The Mount Sinai Medical Center. Dr. Dieterich received a B.S. degree in Intensive Biology from Yale University, an M.P.S. degree in Health Care Administration from C.W. Post Center of Long Island University, and his M.D. degree from New York University School of Medicine. He has served on several committees of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), including as Chair of the Enteric Parasites Committee, Co-chair of the Protozoan Committee, a member of the Steering Committee of the Opportunistic Infections Core Committee, and a member of the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Committee. He has also served on the NIH Study Sections for CMV and cryptosporidiosis. Dr. Dieterich has served as co-principal investigator for clinical trials evaluating new therapeutic strategies for treating patients with HIV and hepatitis C infection.
Grain growth of chemical vapour deposited tungsten-22 wt % rhenium alloy

The structures of chemical vapour deposited (CVD) tungsten and a tungsten-22 wt % rhenium alloy in the as-deposited condition, were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Deposition occurs by the advancement of ledges up the {111} surfaces of four-sided pyramids. Grain growth was studied in the alloy at thirteen temperatures between 1400 and 2780°C. For annealing times of less than 1 h the apparent activation energy was 62±2 kcal mol−1. After several hours at temperatures above 2270°C the rate of grain growth decreased because of the development of bubbles at grain boundaries. Lamellar composition fluctuations were noted metallographically and by electron probe microanalysis. For CVD tungsten, the widening of columnar grains was studied at ten temperatures between 1290 and 2555°C. The rate of increase of columnar grain width became significant only at temperatures above 1980°C.
Cytotoxicity of 3-hydroxykynurenine in a neuronal hybrid cell line.

Abstract The toxicity of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK), an endogenous tryptophan metabolite which is markedly elevated in rat CNS tissue as a result of neonatal vitamin B-6 deficiency, was investigated in a neuronally derived hybrid cell line (N18-RE-105). At concentrations in excess of 100 μM, 3HK was toxic to greater than 85% of cultured cells over the course of 24 h. The time course of 3HK toxicity was studied in cultures exposed to 500 μM 3HK. Cell lysis proceeded linearly to completion in 8–12 h, but the toxic effects of exposure for 2 h were irreversible. 3HK was the most potently toxic among several related kynurenine metabolites tested. The toxic effects of 3HK exposure were markedly attenuated or abolished in the presence of either catalase or glutathione, indicating a role of oxidative stress in 3HK toxicity.
Reverse osmosis in multicomponent systems

Abstract A mathematical analysis based on boundary layer theory is presented for the case of reverse osmosis in multicomponent systems. The integral method is used to solve the nonlinear convective diffusion problem. Typical results are shown for ternary systems. Numerical examples are given to illustrate how one of the solutes could exceed the saturation concentration and precipitate. The analysis assumes flat velocity and concentration profiles at the entrance, two dimensional laminar flow, steady state and constant physical properties. The analysis is applicable to both short- and long-conduit cases.
SOFTLY UNBIASED ESTIMATION, PART 1 : THE GAUSS-MARKOV MODEL

Abstract In the Gauss-Markov Model, weighted least-squares adjustment generates the BLUUE (Best Linear Uniformly Unbiased Estimator). Sometimes the requirement of unbiasedness is questioned as to its usefulness. Without it the corresponding principle of minimizing the mean square estimation error among all linear estimates, including the biased ones, leads to the BLE (Best Linear Estimator). Here we present a way to gradually soften the unbiasedness constraint in order to allow a continuous transition from BLUUE to BLE, thereby relying heavily on matrix algebra.
Differences in Agonist Energy at the Neurotransmitter Binding Sites in the Neuromuscular Acetylcholine Receptors

Each neuromuscular AChR has 2 agonist binding sites located in the extracellular domain, at αδ and either αe (adult) or αγ (fetal) subunit interfaces. Though in most species γ- is replaced by the e-subunit during perinatal development, the rationale for the subunit swap is little understood. We used single-channel electrophysiology to measure the effects of mutations of 5 conserved aromatic residues at each type of agonist site, with regard to their contribution to the free energy of agonist binding to active vs. resting receptors (ΔGB1; in mouse AChRs with only 1 functional binding site expressed in HEK cells). The agonist binding sites in both adult and fetal AChRs operate independently. For 4 different agonists (including ACh and choline) ΔGB1 is ∼-2 kcal/mol more favorable at αγ compared to αe and αδ. Of the aromatic residues, only 3 contribute to the ΔGB1 at the adult sites (αY190, αY198 and αW149), whereas all 5 do so at αγ (including αY93 and γW55). The non-α tryptophan (W55) is a variable energy source that makes a huge contribution to ΔGB1 only at αγ, where it shapes the binding pocket by interacting with some of the α-subunit aromatics. The hydroxyl and benzene groups of loop C residues αY190 and αY198 behave similarly at all three kinds of site, but the benzene of αY93 contributes to ΔGB1 only at αγ. We are studying other residues on the non-α side of the pocket for their contribution to ΔGB1 to understand the interactome network at the three binding sites. It is possible that the different sensitivities of the fetal α-γ site vs. the adult α-e and α-δ sites to ACh and choline are important for the proper maturation and function of the neuromuscular synapse.
Helium permeability of coated aramid papers

Materials and technologies for cryogenic tanks design are still in the developmental stage. New design concepts demand that composite structure not only carries mechanical loads but provides hermetism. This paper aims at defining a cryogenic tank concept design and developing a barrier layer with impregnated aramid paper to prevent permeation of gases through a composite sandwich wall of the tank. A number of aramid fiber paper sheets have been coated with different resin systems and tested for helium permeability. Permeation kinetics show that there are at least two mass transport mechanisms running simultaneously: diffusion and hydrodynamic flow through micro-porous media. The long period of unsteady permeability was determined. Despite some technological imperfections of the laboratory-made samples, a low level of permeability was achieved, which satisfied the official requirements. Both steady level of permeability and kinetics of unsteady period can be used for quality control purposes.
Prediction of Adults' Reading Performance as a Function of Auditory and Visual Cognitive Styles and Intelligence

120 students were administered the Auditory Cognitive Styles Test and the Matching Familiar Figures Sequential Presentation Test to assess cognitive style. Estimates of intelligence were based on the California Test of Mental Maturity. Performances were used to predict achievement on the Diagnostic Reading Test: comprehension, vocabulary, and total reading. Canonical correlation indicated an over-all relationship between the cognitive style variables and intelligence in the predictor set and the three reading measures of the criterion set. Only intelligence and errors on the auditory test contributed significantly to the variance of the reading measures. Importance of auditory factors in understanding adults' reading is supported.
Experimental and theoretical investigation of surface- and bulk-induced attenuation in solution-deposited waveguides

Experimental measurement of modal attenuation in solution-derived Si02-Ti02 waveguides is compared to the total waveguide attenuation predicted by surface and volume scattering models. The surface scatter model utilizes measurements of the film index and thickness, and the rms roughness and correlation lengths (measured by Atomic Force Microscopy) of the film and substrate surfaces, to facilitate a realistic comparison of theoretical and experimental waveguide attenuation. Theoretical attenuation, calculated by means of a perturbation technique, in conjunction with a stationary phase method, is used to demonstrate the influence of the most important waveguide and microstructural parameters. The plots provide guidelines for acceptable surface roughness and bulk refractive index fluctuations to fabricate low- loss waveguides. Volume-induced scattering is shown to be the dominant loss mechanism in these waveguides.
Interaction of Dietary Salt, Calcium, and Phosphorus Levels for Laying Hens

Abstract Two experiments, each of 280 days duration, were conducted with White Leghorn pullets housed in individual laying cages to study the interactive effect of feeding various levels of salt and calcium or phosphorus. A 3 X 3 factorial treatment arrangement was employed between supplemental salt levels of .18, .35, or .70% and total calcium levels of 2.25, 3.5, or 6%. When salt and phosphorus were dietary variables, total salt levels of .18, .35, or 70% were again used in all combinations with .45 or .70% total phosphorus. Six percent calcium was fed with the latter treatment combinations. The interaction of calcium and salt level was found to be significant for egg production. Increasing the salt level through .70% provided consistently significant improvements of egg production, while a calcium level of 3.5% supported statistically improved egg production over either 2.25 or 6.0% calcium. Feed efficiency improved significantly between the .18 and .70% salt level and between 2.25 and 3.50% calcium. Increasing calcium was significantly related to decreasing feed intake at each level of supplementation. In the salt X phosphorus phase of experimentation, .35% salt was associated with a significant improvement of egg production. The interaction of salt and phosphorus was also significant for egg production.
Security of information processing: implications from social research

Many social research programs are characterized by a stringent requirement that identifiable data collected on the subjects of research be kept confidential. This requirement, coupled with the increasing number of sensitive, sometimes controversial research efforts, has stimulated social scientists' interest in legal, administrative, and technical methods for assuring that confidentiality is maintained. We concern ourselves primarily with the technical methods in this paper, treating "security" as a partial operationalization of the notion of confidentiality.