cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A remark on the Conway-Norton conjecture about the “Monster” simple group

Abstract By the method of second quantization we construct an infinite-dimensional graded module for the centralizer of an involution of the Fischer-Griess “Monster” simple group F1 so that the Thompson series are those conjectured by Conway and Norton. As a consequence we obtain some identities and congruences relating modular functions j and η. We are hopeful that this representation can be extended to the whole group F1, proving all the conjectures by Conway and Norton in their recent paper [Conway, J. H. & Norton, S. P. (1979) Bull. London Math. Soc. 11, 308-339].
From computational thinking to computational values

SIGCSE members love the beauty of computational thinking. They know the joy of bringing those ideas to young people. That love for computational thinking entails respect for the computational values that empower people in the digital world. For academics, those values have been central to the flowering of computing as an intellectual endeavor. Today, those values are increasingly threatened by stresses from both within and outside academia: squabbles over who owns academic work, increasingly stringent and overreaching intellectual property laws, and the replacement of open computing platforms by closed applications and walled-garden application markets.In this talk I'll describe some things we've done at MIT to support computational values, like open publication of all our course materials, our faculty policy on open publication of academic research, and our recently announced initiative for open online instruction based on non-proprietary software platforms. I'll discuss Creative Commons licensing and Free Software, and the importance of tinkerability for empowering citizens in an information society. And I'll describe App Inventor for Android, a new programming tool motivated by the vision that all of us us can experience mobile computing as creators using tools that we can control and reshape, rather than only as consumers of packaged applications.
3D reconstruction by combining data from sections cut oblique to different unit cell axes

Abstract Oblique section reconstruction (OSR) can produce a 3D image from a single micrograph of a section through a 2D or 3D crystal. Resolution, however, is limited in a direction perpendicular to the section plane. When data from sections cut at different orientations are combined, the inherent resolution limitation for single sections can be overcome. In the extreme, combination of sections cut oblique to different principal planes of the unit cell can produce a 3D reconstruction with isotropic resolution. The merging of data from different sections requires determination of section thickness and orientation. A method for section thickness determination is described that is generally applicable even to space groups with little or no symmetry. In addition, an approach has been developed to determine rotational orientation within the hexagonal lattice of insect flight muscle. Finally, an iterative least-squares fitting method is applied to determine a 3D set of deconvoluted structure factors from the merged data.
AGU Council adopts position statement on scientific expression

[1] On 17 August the AGU Council voted to adopt an American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement on free and open communication of scientific findings as an official position of AGU. The statement appears below. Recent attacks on scientists who present facts that are controversial or politically charged, such as in cases involving climate science, have sparked action by AGU and other scientific societies, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Open communication and collaboration are essential to the scientific process and must not be deterred by politics, media, or faith. In a recent letter to the New York Times, AGU president Michael McPhaden stated that “misguided attempts to suppress scientific research, particularly through political pressure, will not make climate change or the role human activity plays in it magically disappear. It will, however, make the objective knowledge needed to inform good policy decisions disappear.”
Deviations from the Matthiessen rule

Deviations from the Matthiessen rule due to weak anisotropy of the Fermi surface of monovalent cubic metals containing different point defects are investigated. They are found to be smaller than about 2% of the total resistivity for Fermi surfaces not touching the Brillouin-zone boundary. The dependence of deviations from the Matthiessen rule on the point defect concentration is discussed for metals containing point defects and screw dislocations and compared with experiments.
Before the New Deal: Social Welfare in the South, 1830-1930

The Civil War and Reconstruction changed the face of social welfare provision in the South as thousands of people received public assistance for the first time in their lives. This book examines the history of southern social welfare institutions and policies in those formative years. Ten original essays explore the local nature of welfare and the limited role of the state prior to the New Deal. The contributors consider such factors as southern distinctiveness, the impact of gender on policy and practice, and ways in which welfare practices reinforced social hierarchies. By examining the role of the South s unique political economy, the impact of racism on social institutions, and the region s experience of war, this book makes it clear that the South s social welfare story is no mere carbon copy of the nation s."
Prospects for detecting oxygen, water, and chlorophyll on an exo-Earth

The goal of finding and characterizing nearby Earth-like planets is driving many NASA high-contrast flagship mission concepts, the latest of which is known as the Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST). In this article, we calculate the optimal spectral resolution R = λ/δλ and minimum signal-to-noise ratio per spectral bin (SNR), two central design requirements for a high-contrast space mission, to detect signatures of water, oxygen, and chlorophyll on an Earth twin. We first develop a minimally parametric model and demonstrate its ability to fit synthetic and observed Earth spectra; this allows us to measure the statistical evidence for each component's presence. We find that water is the easiest to detect, requiring a resolution R ≳ 20, while the optimal resolution for oxygen is likely to be closer to R = 150, somewhat higher than the canonical value in the literature. At these resolutions, detecting oxygen will require approximately two times the SNR as water. Chlorophyll requires approximately six times the SNR as oxygen for an Earth twin, only falling to oxygen-like levels of detectability for a low cloud cover and/or a large vegetation covering fraction. This suggests designing a mission for sensitivity to oxygen and adopting a multitiered observing strategy, first targeting water, then oxygen on the more favorable planets, and finally chlorophyll on only the most promising worlds.
Teratogenic activity of several phthalimide derivatives in the golden hamster

Abstract The teratogenic and embryotoxic effects of phthalimide and several of its derivatives were studied in the golden hamster. Effects of single administration of folpet, captan, Difolatan, and Hercules 14503 were compared with effects of repeated administration throughout organogenesis. Single administration was found to be a more sensitive method of detecting teratogenicity. Maternal mortality or fetal resorption were the predominant results of repeated administration of toxic levels.
Multiplexed and Electrically Modulated Plasmon Laser Circuit

With unprecedented ability to localize electromagnetic field in time and space, the nanometer scale laser promises exceptionally broad scientific and technological innovation. However, as the laser...
Innovation, ethics, and entrepreneurship

This paper is a response to Ray's (2004) recent proposal that the intellectual property rights (IPR) attached to potentially life saving/life sustaining innovations should become public goods in cases where markets are either unable or unwilling to pay for the creation of the intellectual property. Using a free market approach to innovation based on Western moral philosophy, we suggest that treating intellectually protected life saving/life sustaining innovations as public goods will likely reduce social welfare over the long term.
Delayed induction of the cell body response and enhancement of regeneration following a condition/test lesion of frog peripheral nerve at 15 °C

Abstract Axons subjected to a prior injury exhibit an enhanced regenerative capability following a subsequent lesion. This phenomenon, known as the ‘conditioning effect’ has been demonstrated in both central and peripheral axons from a vareity of species, but the locus of enhancement has remained in doubt. Several reports have tentatively concluded that the effect involves processes located in the cell body of the injured axon, while other investigators have implicated local processes at the site of the injury. The present experiments made use of a previous observation, the apparent suppression of the cell body response in injured frog neurons when the animals are housed at 15 °C, to investigate the location of the conditioning effect. The effect occurred in frog neurons from ahe animals at 25 °C in the presence of a cell body response. The prior (conditioning) lesion produced a significant increase in regeneration rate (12–17%) and a significant decrease in the latency to the onset of regenerative outgrowth (12%). In contrast, regeneration was initially unaffected by the earlier conditioning lesion when the frogs were kept at 15 °C. After a 26–30 day interval, however, the rate of regeneration increased by 27%, coincident with the appearance of chromatolysis in the injured cell bodies. The ‘conditioned’ axons also continued to elongate, in contrast to singly-lesioned axons at 15 °C, and eventually reinnervated their target muscles. The cell body appeared to be the primary locus of the ‘conditioning effect’ in these experiments. This conclusion was further examined by measuring regenerative outgrowth in 15°C neurons in which a cell body response had been induced prior to the test lesion. This was accomplished by maintaining frogs at 25 °C for 7 days after the conditioning lesion. The animals were then returned to the 15 °C environment for an additional 7 days before producing the test lesion. With this paradigm, regenerative outgrowth was enhanced without the 26–30 day delay interval. These results also suggest that the conditioning effect stimulates processes in the cell body on the injured axon, but the experiments do not indicate which processes were affected.
Teaching digital hardware by using complex lab projects

Indiana University's Department of Computer Science teaches digital hardware organization and design as a two-semester course sequence at the senior/graduate level. The courses are four credit hours each and have classroom and laboratory components. Our goals have been to provide a firm foundation of theoretical and practical knowledge of digital hardware so that our graduates can understand electronic devices, design digital hardware, and work effectively on large projects with engineers, scientists, and managers.In the laboratory our students confront a small number of large and complex problems, with few or no small-scale isolated experiments. This philosophy is consistent with the approach usually taken in the software areas of our curriculum—to try as best we can to teach the student to cope with the complex issues found in real-world problem-solving. Achieving this goal in the digital hardware instructional laboratory requires a substantial commitment of funds and faculty and staff effort.
Medical Case Teaching on the Web

Background: Little is known about strategies for developing teaching cases and strategies for identifying design features that optimize a learner's interactions with Web-based cases. Purposes: We examined design features in Web cases that facilitated interactive and engaging learning. Methods: Nine collaborators reviewed selected Web cases and documented the presence of features that facilitate interactive learning, including opportunities for information gathering, decision making, and receiving feedback. Results: Eighteen Web sites offered cases. These cases mainly were narrated based on biomedical information without patient voices. The cases were organized in a linear structure from patient presentation to follow-up. Many cases presented only a single case. We found little use of features for augmenting a learner's interaction with cases. Only a handful of cases generated feedback on the basis of the learners' responses. Conclusion: Our study suggests ways to improve the development of Web cases. Thes...
Characterization of state-independent automata

Abstract The class of all state-independent automata is characterized as a subclass of all semigroup automata (automata generated by semigroups). A state-independent automaton is identified as an automaton over a finite semigroup that is stationary on the right. Associated results are included.
Sporadic incidence of factor XI deficiency in Holstein cattle

BACKGROUND: Factor XI (FXI) is a plasma serine protease involved in the early activation of the blood coagulation cascade. A survey of Holstein cattle, and Czech Simmental cattle crossed with Holstein, was done to determine whether animals heterozygous for FXI deficiency were present. Mutations in exon 12 and in exon 9 were analysed. RESULTS: The method used was based on the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent distinction of the length of fragments. In the panel analysed (279 Holsteins and 30 Simmentals), one heterozygous carrier of the recessive allele in exon 12 (a German Holstein cow) was found. Some authors have found that the frequency is high in some breeding lines and low in others. Evidently the lines in our analysis are part of the group with a low frequency. In exon 9, all the animals (100 Holsteins and 52 Simmentals), were homozygous wild type. To date, the mutation in exon 9 has been found only in Japanese black cattle, and its breed-specific occurrence was therefore not disconfirmed by our assay. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed a low occurrence of F11 mutant alleles. The DNA-based test determines all genotypes regardless of phenotype and FXI activity. This is important as veterinarians need a reliable method. Of course, the testing of numerous sires by molecular methods is not necessary from the breeders' point of view, but in breeding lines where testing is deemed appropriate heterozygous animals could be easily and surely detected. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Changes in and Stability of Cardiovascular Responses to Behavioral Stress: Results from a Four‐Year Longitudinal Study of Children

This study examined the changes in and stability of cardiovascular responses to behavioral stress among 132 children in a 4-year longitudinal study. Children's heart rate and blood pressure were measured at rest and while performing 3 tasks: serial subtraction, mirror image tracing, and isometric exercise. This procedure was followed at study entry when children were in grades 2-12 (ages 6-18 years) and at follow-up when children were in grades 6 through post-high school (ages 11-21 years). Results showed that blood pressure and heart rate responses during the tasks were reliable across time for all measures except heart rate responses during isometric exercise. Systolic blood pressure responses to all tasks increased with age for boys, but not for girls. These results support the notion that cardiovascular responses to behavioral stress are a stable individual difference variable.
Margarine and shortening oils by interesterification of liquid and trisaturated triglycerides

Liquid vegetable oils (VO), including cottonseed, peanut, soybean, corn, and canola, were randomly interesterified with completely hydrogenated soybean or cottonseed hardstocks (vegetable oil trisaturate; VOTS) in ratios of four parts VO and one part VOTS. Analysis of the reaction products by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that at 70°C and vigorous agitation, with 0.5% sodium methoxide catalyst, the reactions were complete after 15 min. Solid-fat index (SFI) measurements made at 50, 70, 80, 92, and 104°F, along with drop melting points, indicated that the interesterified fats possess plasticity curves in the range of commercial soft tub margarine oils prepared by blending hydrogenated stocks. Shortening basestocks were prepared by randomly interesterifying palm or soybean oil with VOTS in ratios of 1:1 or 3:1 or 4:1, respectively. Blending of the interesterified basestocks with additional liquid VO yielded products having SFI curves very similar to commercial all purpose-type shortening oils made by blending hydrogenated stocks. Other studies show that fluid-type shortening oils can be prepared through blending of interesterified basestocks with liquid VO. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the desirable β′ crystal structure is achieved through interesterification and blending.
NEXRAD Detection of Hazardous Turbulence

*† ‡ Historical data suggest that over 60% of turbulence-related aviation accidents are due to convectively-induced turbulence (CIT), a phenomenon that is particularly difficult to forecast accurately. In order to provide airline dispatchers, air traffic controllers, and pilots an improved tactical and strategic decision support tool for the avoidance or mitigation of CIT encounters, the FAA’s Aviation Weather Research Program has sponsored the development of the NCAR Turbulence Detection Algorithm (NTDA). The NTDA makes use of NEXRAD-measured reflectivity, radial velocity, and spectrum width to perform quality control and produce estimates of eddy dissipation rate (EDR), a commonly-used turbulence intensity metric. It is anticipated that NTDA EDR data will be used along with in situ aircraft, satellite, and numerical weather model data to produce a rapid-update “nowcast” enhancement to the current operational Graphical Turbulence Guidance (GTG) product, supplying a 4-D grid of turbulence intensity over the conterminous U.S. As a first step toward this goal, a real-time demonstration of the NTDA was performed in the summer of 2005 using data from sixteen NEXRADs in the upper Midwest. The resulting EDR estimates were mosaicked onto a 3-D grid and made displayed available via a web-accessible Javabased display, and customized 2-D turbulence hazard maps were generated and uplinked to a select number of United Airlines aircraft via the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS). The NTDA’s performance was evaluated based on comparisons of the 3-D EDR grids with collocated in situ turbulence measurements produced by an automated EDR reporting system operating on a large number of United Airlines’ B-757 aircraft. A website allowed pilots to provide feedback on the uplinked text messages. In addition, messages were created for all United Boeing 757s entering the domain, and the subsequent in situ EDR reports used to perform a statistical evaluation.
Compensation of gravity-induced structural deformations on a beam-waveguide antenna using a deformable mirror

At the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) Goldstone Complex, located in the Mojave Desert in California, a 34-meter-diameter beam-waveguide (BWG) antenna, DSS-13, was constructed, and has become an integral part of an advanced systems program and a test bed for technologies being developed to introduce Ka-band (32 GHz) frequencies into the DSN. The antenna efficiency at 32 GHz was found to depend significantly on the elevation angle, i.e., it decreased from 45% to 35% as the elevation angle changed from 45 degrees to 20 degrees. This elevation angle dependence is due to the deformation of the main reflector caused by the resulting change in gravitational force applied to the antenna structure. A method for compensating the gravity-induced structural deformations in a large ground-based beam-waveguide antenna is presented. A deformable flat plate (DFP) is installed at the M6 mirror location in the beam-waveguide optics.
Closed ideals of finite codimension in regular self-adjoint Banach algebras

Soit #7B-A une algebre de Banach unitaire et #7B-M un sous-espace clos de codimension finie n. Soit S le spectre de #7B-A. On suppose que pour chaque x dans #7B-M, la transformee de Gelfand x^ a au moins k zeros distincts dans S. Alors il existe un sous-ensemble Z de S de cardinalite k tel que x^(t)=0 pour tout x dans #7B-M et tout t dans Z
Shallow flow past a cavity: attenuation of oscillations via a bed perturbation

Fully turbulent shallow flow past a cavity can give rise to highly coherent oscillations, which arise from coupling between the inherent instability of the separated shear layer along the cavity opening and a gravity standing wave within the cavity. The objective of the present investigation is to attenuate these oscillations by a single geometric perturbation (cylinder) on the bed (bottom surface), which is located near the leading corner of the cavity. The patterns of the flow structure are characterized as a function of height of the cylinder above the bed by using particle image velocimetry. Reduced amplitude of the coupled oscillation can be attained for values of cylinder diameter and height nearly an order of magnitude smaller than the water depth. The reduction of oscillation amplitude is associated with an increased width of the separated shear layer along the opening of the cavity, even at elevations above the bed much larger than the height of the cylinder. Near the bed, a vorticity defect in the separated shear layer and deflection of the layer away from the cavity opening are evident. The attenuation of the oscillation amplitude is associated with: a major decrease in the peak values of the normal and shear Reynolds stresses in the separated shear layer; degradation of coherent, phase-averaged patterns of vortex formation; and decreased scale of the coherent vortical structures that propagate downstream along the cavity opening. These changes in the stresses and the flow structure are, in turn, directly correlated with lower values of exchange velocity along the opening of the cavity, which is due to the decreased entrainment demand of the separated shear layer. This decrease in magnitude of the exchange velocity in the presence of the cylinder results in a 50 % reduction of the value of mass exchange coefficient between the cavity and the mainstream.
"Gaps" in the K-T Record

In their letter “Ancient sharks and rays,”(9 Jan., p. [161][1]), J. Mark Erickson et al. state that, where they work in North Dakota, “the K-T [Cretaceous-Tertiary] boundary section is not complete because units of terrestrial Hell Creek and Ludlow Formations intervene.…” They then state,
Mixed-Methods and Evaluation Research: Trends and Issues

In this article, the authors attempt an initial exploration of the relevancy of the newly emerging field of mixed-methods research for educational evaluation. They give a brief introduction concerning the intent and variety of mixed-methods designs and models. They focus the analysis on some of the general issues and problems of this emerging field, including the lack of clear-cut procedural rules and differing ontological commitments. However, they argue that a particular form of mixed-methods design called quantitative-dominant sequential analysis might prove useful for some educational evaluation and policy studies.
Towards a managerial model of creativity in information systems

This paper presents an early attempt at developing a framework for studying organizational creativity in the IS domain. A managerial model of organizational creativity is proposed, tying together organizational inputs, creative processes, creative outputs and organizational outcomes based an research in organizational creativity, organizational innovation and strategic management. The model is discussed in the setting of the IS domain and shows not only how critical factors of the IS organization could affect the creative IS processes, but also how the outputs of the IS creative processes are related to organizational outcomes. We discuss the business value of IS creativity in terms of increased organizational effectiveness and efficiency. The model with supporting literature on creativity and IS is used to develop a framework for studying IS creativity. Several research propositions are suggested to test the model. >
Berries and Ellagic Acid Prevent Estrogen-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis by Modulating Enzymes of Estrogen Metabolism

To determine whether dietary berries and ellagic acid prevent 17β-estradiol (E2)–induced mammary tumors by altering estrogen metabolism, we randomized August-Copenhagen Irish rats ( n = 6 per group) into five groups: sham implant + control diet, E2 implant + control diet (E2-CD), E2 + 2.5% black raspberry (E2-BRB), E2 + 2.5% blueberry (E2-BB), and E2 + 400 ppm ellagic acid (E2-EA). Animals were euthanized at early (6 wk), intermediate (18 wk), and late (24 wk) phases of E2 carcinogenesis, and the mammary tissue was analyzed for gene expression changes using quantitative real-time PCR. At 6 weeks, E2 treatment caused a 48-fold increase in cytochrome P450 1A1 ( CYP1A1; P < 0.0001), which was attenuated by both BRB and BB diets to 12- and 21-fold, respectively ( P < 0.001). E2 did not alter CYP1B1 levels, but both berry and EA diets significantly suppressed it by 11- and 3.5-fold, respectively, from baseline ( P < 0.05). There was a 5-fold increase in 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 7 ( 17βHSD7 ), and this was moderately abrogated to ∼2-fold by all supplementation ( P < 0.05). At 18 weeks, CYP1A1 was elevated by 15-fold in E2-CD and only E2-BB reduced this increase to 7-fold ( P < 0.05). Catechol- O -methyltransferase expression was elevated 2-fold by E2 treatment ( P < 0.05), and all supplementation reversed this. At 24 weeks, CYP1A1 expression was less pronounced but still high (8-fold) in E2-treated rats. This increase was reduced to 3.2- and 4.6-fold by E2-BRB and E2-EA, respectively ( P < 0.05), but not by E2-BB. Supplementation did not alter the effect of E2 on steroid receptors. The diets also significantly suppressed mammary tumor incidence (10-30%), volume (41-67%), and multiplicity (38-51%; P < 0.05). Berries may prevent mammary tumors by suppressing the levels of E2-metabolizing enzymes during the early phase of E2 carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res; 3(6); 727–37. ©2010 AACR.
Cell Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields

Attempts to establish extremely low-frequency (ELF) threshold sensitivity limits in biological systems are presently based on estimates of thermal noise in the cell membrane. The Weaver-Astumian (Science 247:459–462, 1990) threshold (8 × 10−3 V/m) should in principle also apply to electric fields produced by Faraday induction. However, the 60-Hz magnetic field required to induce an electric field of 8 × 10−3 V/m is improbably large and at variance with the experimental facts, implying either that Faraday induction is not the mode of weak ELF magnetic field biointeractions or that such interactions have nothing to do with the cell membrane, which constitutes only 1 % of the cell volume. We explore the possibility that magnetic field interactions are connected to the periodic changes in free calcium concentration associated with the cellular Ca2+ oscillator (CaO). Estimates of the free energy associated with the CaO reveal cyclic voltage changes of the order of 20 mV, suggesting that already existing electr...
Relationships between radium and radon occurrence and hydrochemistry in fresh groundwater from fractured crystalline rocks, North Carolina (USA)

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 21 October 2008 Naturally-occurring radionuclides (uranium, radium, and radon), major dissolved constituents, and trace elements were investigated in fresh groundwater in 117 wells in fractured crystalline rocks from the Piedmont region (North Carolina, USA). Chemical variations show a general transition between two water types: (1) slightly acidic (pH 5.0-6.0), oxic, low-total dissolved solids (TDS) waters, and (2) near neutral, oxic to anoxic, higher-TDS waters. The uranium, radium, and radon levels in groundwater associated with granite (Rolesville Granite) are systematically higher than other rock types (gneiss, metasedimentary, and metavolcanic rocks). Water chemistry plays a secondary role on radium and radon distributions as the 222 Rn/ 226 Ra activity ratio is correlated with redox-sensitive solutes such as dissolved oxygen and Mn
Association of Allelic Variation in Genes Mediating Aspects of Energy Homeostasis with Weight Gain during Administration of Antipsychotic Drugs (CATIE Study).

Antipsychotic drugs are widely used in treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Many of these drugs, despite their therapeutic advantages, substantially increase body weight. We assessed the association of alleles of 31 genes implicated in body weight regulation with weight gain among patients being treated with specific antipsychotic medications in the CATIE trial, we found that rs2237988 in ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 8 (ABCC8) , and rs11643744 and rs9922047 in Fat Mass and Obesity Associated (FTO) were associated with such weight gain.
DNA Topology-Mediated Control of Global Gene Expression in Escherichia coli

Because the level of DNA superhelicity varies with the cellular energy charge, it can change rapidly in response to a wide variety of altered nutritional and environmental conditions. This is a global alteration, affecting the entire chromosome and the expression levels of all operons whose promoters are sensitive to superhelicity. In this way, the global pattern of gene expression may be dynamically tuned to changing needs of the cell under a wide variety of circumstances. In this article, we propose a model in which chromosomal superhelicity serves as a global regulator of gene expression in Escherichia coli, tuning expression patterns across multiple operons, regulons, and stimulons to suit the growth state of the cell. This model is illustrated by the DNA supercoiling-dependent mechanisms that coordinate basal expression levels of operons of the ilv regulon both with one another and with cellular growth conditions.
Phototropism and local adaptation in Phycomyces sporangiophores.

Phototropic responses to unilateral ultraviolet stimuli were studied to determine whether the response of one side of the cell is affected by the previous exposure of the opposite side to ultraviolet. It has been found that the direction of bending is not parallel to the stimulus direction, but is along a straight line rotated 17° clockwise from the stimulus direction. This deviation indicates that the photoreceptors may be in a state of continual clockwise rotation. If before the stimulus the cell is exposed briefly to ultraviolet and rotated through 90°, the response is not along the 17° line, but is deviated a greater or lesser amount, depending on whether the 90° rotation is clockwise or counterclockwise. This difference is evidence that the first ultraviolet exposure leaves a persistent patch of light-adapted receptors and the shaded part of the cell remains dark adapted. The phototropic stimulus straddles the edge between light- and dark-adapted regions, and the differing responses of the two regions affects the direction of phototropic bending. A phototropic mechanism is proposed which combines the features of local adaptation and photoreceptor rotation.
Using Handheld Computers to Support Improved Classroom Assessment in Science: Results from a Field Trial

A variety of handheld applications and curricular materials have been developed to support inquiry science learning in recent years, but there are few handheld-supported assessment activities available to teachers. In Project WHIRL, researchers from SRI International worked in partnership with teachers from Beaufort County School District (SC) to develop a suite of handheld software applications that could be used to support classroom assessment in upper elementary and middle school science classrooms. In this paper, we will analyze results from a field trial conducted in 2003–2004 with 18 teachers in the district, focusing on how teachers’ enactment of handheld-supported assessment activities altered the frequency and quality of their assessment practices.
International cash management for a multinational corporation

This paper presents an analysis of broad and varied approaches to international cash management in terms of: (i) the differences between international cash management techniques and methods related primarily to domestic cash management, (ii) the scope of international cash management activities and those related to domestic business. It also focuses on a variety of major activities and strategies, by outlining the integral relationship of international cash management and overall financial planning for corporate needs, domestic as well as international, into an overall perspective.
The future of clinical research and the ACC: empowerment through registries, data, and our members.

![Figure][1] Clinical research provides the evidence base for American College of Cardiology (ACC) documents that help guide clinical practice, including expert consensus documents, guidelines, performance measures, and appropriate use criteria. It has been acknowledged that clinical research
Antibiotic Synergism Requires Simultaneous Presence of Both Members of a Synergistic Drug Pair.

Summary and Conclusions(1) It has been demonstrated in two systems that antibiotic synergism is observed only when both members of a synergistic pair of drugs are acting simultaneously on the bacterial population, not when they act in sequence. It may, therefore, be suggested that antibiotic synergism is not usually the result of a modification in a bacterial population induced by one drug, which renders the microorganisms more susceptible to the other drug of a synergistic pair. (2) These findings would tend to favor a hypothesis of synergism involving simultaneous blocking of alternate enzymatic pathways.
Defects Annealing of Si^+ Implanted GaAs at RT and 100°C

Annealing behavior of point defects near room temperature is studied by measuring the strain relaxation of Si+ implanted GaAs. Polished semi-insulating GaAs wafers were implanted with 300keV Si^+ at liquid nitrogen (LN_2) and room temperature (RT). The strain profile was obtained by the X-ray Double Crystal Diffraction (DCD) technique and kinematical fitting. The maximum strain of the samples stored at RT and elevated temperature 100°C in air, decreases with time, which indicates the reduction of point defects. Relaxation is exponential in time. At least two time constants of 0.24hrs and 24hrs are needed to fit the data, suggesting that two different processes are responsible for annealing defects. Time constants are obtained for different doses at RT and LN_2 implantation temperature, and found to be insensitive to both these quantities. The activation energy for defect migration is estimated using simple diffusion model.
Criteria for intervention in Rh pregnancy.

Spectrophotometric analysis of amniotic fluid has become an important guide to the timing of delivery of erythroblastotic infants. Intervention in the Rh pregnancy might well include intrauterine transfusion. At the Mayo Clinic this procedure is reserved for fetuses who, in the opinion of the Rh committee, have no chance of survival until maturity.
Appropriateness of the use of serum digoxin and digitoxin assays

The use of 145 digoxin and digitoxin assays was studied in a teaching hospital to determine if performance of assays was appropriate and therapeutically beneficial. Patient charts (121) were randomly selected from a list of all patients for whom digoxin or digitoxin assays were performed. Charts were compared with established criteria to determine whether the assay was indicated and performed correctly and whether dosage was adjusted correctly based on assay results. Of the assays reviewed, 49% were performed for irrational indications; 86% were performed appropriately under steady-state conditions; and 96% used serum samples appropriately drawn more than six hours after administration of the last digitalis glycoside dose. Of the assays performed at appropriate times in relation to dose and at steady-state plasma concentrations (120), 31 should have and 89 should not have resulted in a dosage change. Of the latter, 98% were evaluated correctly. Of the former, 36% were not evaluated correctly (i.e., indicated dosage adjustments were not made). Control of the use of digitalis glycoside assays is needed. Pharmacists should become involved in monitoring drug assays to assure appropriateness of assay request, interpretation and follow-up.
When Genome Maintenance Goes Badly Awry

Genetic abnormalities are present in all tumor types, although the frequency and type can vary. Chromosome abnormalities include highly aberrant structures, particularly chromothriptic chromosomes. The generation of massive sequencing data has illuminated the scope of the mutational burden in cancer genomes, identifying patterns of mutations (mutation signatures), which have the potential to shed light on the relatedness and etiologies of cancers and impact therapy response. Some mutation patterns are clearly attributable to disruptions in pathways that maintain genomic integrity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of genetic changes occurring in cancers and the roles of genome maintenance pathways.
Wolf by the Ears: The Missouri Crisis, 1819–1821 . By John R. Van Atta.

Wolf by the Ears: The Missouri Crisis, 1819–1821 . Witness to History Series. By John R. Van Atta. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015. xiii + 199 pp. Illustrations, maps, table, notes, bibliographical essay, index. $50.00, cloth; $19.95, paper; $19.95, e-book.) Slavery’s expansion spurred a national conversation during the Missouri crisis of the early nineteenth century, and as John R. Van Atta concisely explains, concerns about the future of the republic lay at the heart of this polarizing debate. In Wolf by the Ears , he situates this conflict regarding Missouri’s statehood within the larger historical context, focusing less on the political intricacies and internal dynamics of Congress and more on public … kkepps{at}uca.edu
Some chemical properties underlying arsenic's biological activity

Publisher Summary Chemical properties (soft acid and sulfhydryls, nucleophilicity, free radicals and ROS, atomic and molecular orbitals, electronegativity, valence state, enthalpies, and ionization energies) can explain only a part of the biological activity of arsenicals. Interaction studies between various arsenicals and the appropriate target biological molecules can be expected to be much more fruitful. It may eventually be found that one or more of the chemical properties of arsenicals may enable arsenic (As) species to act through several modes of carcinogenic action at many stages of multistage carcinogenesis. Important future research questions include (1) which or how many of the known As chemical species are causally active in toxicity/carcinogenesis and (2) is there a single predominant mode or mechanism of As toxicity/carcinogenesis or do many modes/mechanisms participate. Identifying biological targets that respond at low-tissue concentrations of arsenicals is a matter of great importance. A scientific and risk assessment issue of major importance is how one should mathematically extrapolate from the higher arsenic exposure concentrations associated with known toxicity and carcinogenicity to the lower arsenic concentration region below that in which human epidemiology and experimental biological experimentation can give useful data.
A Dual Probe and Two Tones Reveal Dual Waves in the Cochlea.

The cochlea is a supercharged physiological sensor. When we compare the cochlea to the retina for example, the cochlea is much more sensitive and can detect signal at only 10 times the noise level compared to 100 times the noise level for the retina. Its dynamic range covers six orders of magnitude compared to two orders of magnitude for the retina. The cochlea can discriminate ∼2000 tones compared to 200 hues for the retina. The cochlea responds to 10 frequency doublings compared to two for the retina, and it can respond four-orders-of-magnitude faster.
Anhedonia in the daily lives of depressed Veterans: A pilot report on experiential avoidance as a moderator of emotional reactivity

Abstract Background Decreased enjoyment from pleasant events is a key component of anhedonia, but evidence has been inconsistent demonstrating its association across levels of depressive symptom severity. We test the hypothesis that depressed participants who engage in greater (rather than lower) concurrent use of experiential avoidance strategies will demonstrate impaired positive (PA) and negative (NA) emotional reactivity when pleasant events take place. Methods 50 Veterans with a range of depression severity completed a 7-day phone-based ecological momentary assessment protocol that assessed the pleasantness of their recent activity, level of PA and NA, and concurrent use of experiential avoidance strategies. Results As events were rated as more pleasant, depressed Veterans using less experiential avoidance were distinguished from depressed Veterans using greater experiential avoidance, such that greater experiential avoidance interfered with PA and NA reactivity. Limitations Small sample of primarily older men, all were Veterans, and assessments relied on self-reports of event pleasantness and depression; we did not include a control group. Conclusions It is critical to understand how depressed individuals experience potentially rewarding aspects of their environments. Our study provides preliminary data that depressed individuals may benefit from positive events in daily life when experiential avoidance is low and may demonstrate impaired reactivity when avoidance is high. This study may help clinicians to identify the contexts that support hedonic responses to potentially rewarding aspects of their depressed patients’ environments.
The intergenerational effects of education on delinquency

Abstract Children of less educated parents are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. One explanation for this is that better educated parents are inherently more likely to raise children in ways that are less conducive to criminal participation. Alternatively, additional parental education may change parents’ behavior in ways that reduces their children’s propensity to commit crime. Using data from the NLSY79 and variation induced by changes in compulsory schooling laws in the United States, we find that an increase in parental education reduces delinquent behavior among the children of those exposed to compulsory schooling laws. This research is the first to uncover evidence of an intergenerational effect of education on crime in the United States. We conclude that previous analyses of compulsory schooling laws − and investments in education more generally − appreciably underestimate the full benefits of investments in education.
The Circadian System and Aging of Drosophila

Circadian clocks generate daily rhythms in gene expression, cellular functions, physiological processes and behavior. The core clock mechanism is cell-autonomous and consists of molecular negative feedback loops that turn over with an endogenous circa 24 h period. While daily oscillations in the activity of clock genes and proteins are well understood in young fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster, much less is known about how the clock mechanism changes during organismal aging. Emerging data suggest that aging is associated with reduced expression of some core clock genes in peripheral head clocks, while a similar reduction may not occur in central clock neurons regulating behavioral rhythms. Clock-controlled processes also change with age. Similar as in humans, rest/activity rhythms tend to weaken with age in fruit flies, suggesting conservation of aging-related circadian impairments. The importance of circadian clocks for healthy aging is supported by observations that their genetic or environmental disruption is associated with reduced healthspan and lifespan . For example, arrhythmia caused by mutations in core clock genes lead to symptoms of accelerated aging in both flies and mammals, including neurodegenerative phenotypes. Despite the wealth of descriptive data, the mechanisms by which functional clocks confer healthspan and lifespan benefits are poorly understood. Recent studies in Drosophila discussed here are beginning to unravel causative relationships between circadian system and aging. They also suggest that clocks may be involved in inducing rhythmic expression of specific genes late in life in response to age-related increase in oxidative stress. The goal of this chapter is to summarize modest insights that were so far made into links between circadian system and aging and to illuminate the power of Drosophila for future mechanistic research in this important area.
Pathological upstaging of clinical T1 renal cell carcinoma: an analysis of 115,835 patients from National Cancer Data Base, 2004-2013.

Clinical staging is vital for treatment decision-making by renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Some RCCs clinically appear T1 on CT, but are actually T3a due to extension into fat or renal vein, causing the tumor to be pathologically upstaged. The objective of this study to determine the rate, survival, and predictors of RCC upstaging, for patients with cT1 disease treated surgically. Using the National Cancer Data Base Participant User File for RCC from 2004 to 2013, we selected AJCC cT1 patients, who underwent surgical resection and whose AJCC pathological T stage (pT) was available. Upstaging was characterized dichotomously—overall (any pT > T1) and pT3a-specific upstaging. Patient and tumor characteristics of those upstaged and not were compared using Chi-squared analyses. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze predictors of upstaging, and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate overall survival hazards ratios. Overall upstaging (pT > T1) was observed in 8252 (7.1%) patients, and T3a-specific upstaging was observed in 3380 (5.4%) patients. Patients who were older, male, and had comorbidities, and tumors that were cT1b, underwent RN, and had high Fuhrman grade were at a higher risk of pathological upstaging. Upstaging led to a 40% increased risk of death compared to patients who were not upstaged. The rate of upstaging is not negligible (5–7% of the time), negatively impacts survival, and various patient and tumor characteristics can be used to predict upstaging.
Application of the Hot Stamping Process to Aluminum Alloy Structural Components

It has long been accepted that one primary way to achieve vehicle lightweighting is to incorporate aluminum alloys wherever possible. As such, panel-type components have since been produced using these alloys. Structural components, however, still present a challenge for the aluminum hot forming field. In order to help bridge this knowledge gap, the National Research Council Canada (NRC) explored the applicability of subjecting two heat-treatable aluminum alloys, namely a medium strength 6082 and a high strength 7021, to a rapid hot forming process, notably hot stamping, in order to simultaneously form and quench a part destined for structural applications. A full-scale structural part was hot stamped in ~30 s, which is in very good agreement with the time constraints reported in the literature. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to optimize blank soaking conditions. Finally, artificial aging tests were carried out to restore the T6-temper strength of the initial as-received sheet.