cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased Fluoroquinolone-Susceptibility and Preserved Nitrofurantoin-Susceptibility among Escherichia coli Urine Isolates from Women Long-Term Care Residents: A Brief Report

Suspected urinary tract infection is a common indication for antimicrobial therapy in long-term care residents. We sought to characterize antimicrobial susceptibilities among urine isolates collected from women long-term care residents enrolled in a clinical trial across 21 long-term care facilities in Connecticut, United States of America between August 2012 and October 2015. Among 967 urine cultures collected from 175 women long-term care residents with and without suspected urinary tract infection, we identified 456 bacterial isolates. Escherichia coli (55.3%), Klebsiella (13.8%) and Enterococcus (8.3%) species were the predominant organisms identified. Among all 456 urine isolates, 68.1% were ciprofloxacin-susceptible, 77.2% were trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-susceptible, 86.3% were cefazolin-susceptible, and 72.6% were nitrofurantoin-susceptible. Among 252 Escherichia coli urine isolates, 60.2% were ciprofloxacin-susceptible, 73.7% were trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole-susceptible, 84.5% were cefazolin-susceptible, and 86.5% were nitrofurantoin-susceptible. These findings suggest that trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may be favorable empiric therapy while the urinary isolate is unknown, and nitrofurantoin may be optimal therapy for uncomplicated urinary tract infection due to Escherichia coli in women long-term care residents.
A 0.26% BER, 10 28 Challenge-Response Machine-Learning Resistant Strong-PUF in 14nm CMOS Featuring Stability-Aware Adversarial Challenge Selection

A 1028 challenge-response strong-PUF in 14nm CMOS, demonstrates machine learning (ML) attack resistance across 6-million training samples. The 2-stage non-linear cascaded PUF array with adversarial challenge selection limits ML attack accuracy to ∼50%. The configurable cross-coupled inverter-based entropy source with stability-aware challenge pruning enables 9.8× higher array density and 0.26% peak BER across 650–850mV and 0–100°C.
Getting the Final Girl Out of Get Out

Get Out does not conform to the general expectations of horror films but instead plays with, inverts, and makes light of horror tropes. The slasher subgenre is a recognizable form that recurs in th...
Absolute coordinate system adjustment and calibration by using standalone alignment metrology system

We propose a construction and calibration method of an absolute coordinate system for lithography tools. In the conventional overlay control system, subsequent layers are overlaid on the 1st layer that could have unknown wafer distortion. This is inefficient, because the distortion of the 1st layer may be large. A high-level overlay control can be realized with the absolute coordinate system by correcting the 1st layer to zero distortion. This can be possible by using absolute alignment metrology system. In order to confirm our theory, we report experimental results of the absolute grid construction and matching accuracy among multiple lithography tools.
AFLAP: assembly-free linkage analysis pipeline using k-mers from genome sequencing data

Our assembly-free linkage analysis pipeline (AFLAP) identifies segregating markers as k-mers in the raw reads without using a reference genome assembly for calling variants and provides genotype tables for the construction of unbiased, high-density genetic maps without a genome assembly. AFLAP is validated and contrasted to a conventional workflow using simulated data. AFLAP is applied to whole genome sequencing and genotype-by-sequencing data of F1, F2, and recombinant inbred populations of two different plant species, producing genetic maps that are concordant with genome assemblies. The AFLAP-based genetic map for Bremia lactucae enables the production of a chromosome-scale genome assembly.
EPIC: inferring relevant cell types for complex traits by integrating genome-wide association studies and single-cell RNA sequencing

Abstract More than a decade of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified genetic risk variants that are significantly associated with complex traits. Emerging evidence suggests that the function of trait-associated variants likely acts in a tissue- or cell-type-specific fashion. Yet, it remains challenging to prioritize trait-relevant tissues or cell types to elucidate disease etiology. Here, we present EPIC (cEll tyPe enrIChment), a statistical framework that relates large-scale GWAS summary statistics to cell-type-specific gene expression measurements from single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We derive powerful gene-level test statistics for common and rare variants, separately and jointly, and adopt generalized least squares to prioritize trait-relevant cell types while accounting for the correlation structures both within and between genes. Using enrichment of loci associated with four lipid traits in the liver and enrichment of loci associated with three neurological disorders in the brain as ground truths, we show that EPIC outperforms existing methods. We apply our framework to multiple scRNA-seq datasets from different platforms and identify cell types underlying type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia. The enrichment is replicated using independent GWAS and scRNA-seq datasets and further validated using PubMed search and existing bulk case-control testing results.
Investigation of (001), (010), and (100) surface termination and surface energies of the Zintl Ca5Ga2Sb6

Abstract Zintl Phases are a class of intermetallic compounds that combine ionic and covalent bonding to form charge-balanced structures, leading to semiconducting properties. The Ca5M2Sb6 family of Zintl compounds, (M =Al, Ga, In), have demonstrated promising thermoelectric efficiency, meaning they can be used to convert a temperature gradient into useful electrical energy. Ca5M2Sb6 compounds crystallize in a highly anisotropic structure comprised of chains of corner-linked MSb4 tetrahedra, in which each neighboring chain is joined via Sb-Sb covalent bonds, forming an infinite polyanionic “ladder”. In the present study, we used first principles calculations to study various surface terminations of the Ca5Ga2Sb6 structure as a mechanism to understand its crystal growth morphology. Our results indicate that the calcium stoichiometry of the crystal surface plays an important role in surface reconstruction, specifically leading to the formation or breaking of covalent bonds. Our results suggest that surface energy as a function of stoichiometry and crystallographic orientation is only one piece of the puzzle in understanding the growth habits of Ca5Ga2Sb6 crystals.
The association between polymorphisms in PITX2 and congenital esophageal atresia susceptibility.

OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate and analyze the connection between PITX2 polymorphisms and the susceptibility of congenital esophageal atresia. METHODS From January 2015 to June 2020, 46 children with congenital esophageal atresia undergoing surgery were recruited for the study and placed in an observation group, and 40 neonates born in pediatrics during the same period were also recruited for the study and placed in a control group. The alleles and distribution frequencies of the polymorphisms of PITX2 gene rs2200733 were analyzed, and the odds ratio (OR) of esophageal atresia caused by the rs2200733 polymorphism were calculated using a logistic analysis. RESULTS In the observation group, there were 23 patients (50.00%) with the TT genotype of rs2200733, 21 patients with the TC genotype (45.65%), and 2 patients with the CC genotype (4.35%). In the control group, there were 13 patients with the TT genotype (32.50%), 17 patients with the TC genotype (42.50%), and 10 patients with the CC genotype (25.00%), and the differences in the genotypes between the two groups were statistically significant (P 0.05). Taking the CC genotype as a reference, the neonates with the TC genotype (OR=2.978, 95% CI=1.084~7.952, P=0.042) or the neonates with the TT genotype (OR=4.778, 95% CI=1.208~13.492, P=0.009) had an increased risk of esophageal atresia, of which the TT genotype indicated a higher risk. CONCLUSION The polymorphic site rs2200733 (T/C) of the PITX2 gene is connected to the incidence of congenital esophageal atresia. The T-allele is a risk factor for congenital esophageal atresia, and compared with the CC genotype, the TT genotype has an increased risk of esophageal atresia.
Collective (Mis)Representation of U.S. Immigration Laws

This paper examines historic federal immigration policies that demonstrate how the United States has rendered entire groups of people living inside and outside of its territory as outsiders. Collective representations like the Statue of Liberty suggest that the U.S. is a nation that welcomes all immigrants, when in reality, the U.S. has historically functioned as a “gatekeeper” that excludes specific groups of people at different times. The concurrent existence of disparate beliefs within a society’s collective consciousness influences the public’s views toward citizenship and results in policy outcomes that contrast sharply from the ideal values that many collective representations signify. As restrictive immigration controls are refined, insight into how immigrant exclusion via federal policy has evolved is necessary to minimize future legislative consequences that have the potential to ostracize current and future Americans.
Detection of plastic-associated compounds in marine sponges

Plastic waste is a ubiquitous form of marine pollution and recent studies have identified threats of plastic debris and the associated chemical compounds to wildlife. Sponges pump substantial quantities of water and are important in benthic-pelagic coupling, making them susceptible to interacting with such pollutants in the water column. Here, a method to detect common plastic-associated compounds including phthalates, a phthalate metabolite, bisphenol-A, and a brominated flame retardant in sponge tissue was developed. The method was applied to samples of Xestospongia muta and Niphates digitalis from a reef in the Florida Keys. All sponge samples had quantifiable levels of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, with trace levels of the associated metabolite detected in some N. digitalis samples. There was no quantifiable detection of bisphenol-A, or the brominated flame retardant. This work is a preliminary assessment of the relationship between plastic marine debris and marine sponges.
Post-Local-Buckling Behavior of Continuous Beams

A numerical method is presented for predicting the post-buckling response of thin-walled continuous beams. The proposed method includes a numerical integration procedure in conjunction with the flexibility matrix method of analysis. Nonlinearities due to local buckling and nonlinear material characteristics are accounted for by the nonlinear moment-curvature relations derived with the aid of the effective width concept. Using the moment distribution of an elastic prismatic beam based on the nonbuckling analysis, with an appropriate selection of the correction factor, the numerical iterative procedure converges rapidly. Typical beam sections and loading and support conditions are investigated. The difference between the computed moment distribution and that of an elastic prismatic beam is not appreciable for symmetrical sections with ordinary loading conditions. Simplified design methods with acceptable accuracy for predicting deflections in the post-buckling domain are developed.
Psychic Health, Mental Clarity, Self-Knowledge and Other Virtues

In recent years, discussions about the concept of mental health have been much preoccupied with the influences — for good or ill — of something called ‘the medical model’. The ways in which we talk or think about, and deal with, people who are afflicted of mind or spirit, and who seek out professional help in coping with these afflictions, have been increasingly guided (it is said) by patterns of thought borrowed from somatic medicine. In consequence we have been tempted to carry over, both in our attitudes towards the mental sufferer, and into the procedures that we employ in treating him, presuppositions and postures that are appropriate to his condition only to the extent that there is a true analogy between physical or physiological affliction/disease/therapy/cure/health etc., on the one hand, and mental or psychological affliction/disease/therapy/cure/health and the rest, on the other.
The Contingencies of Project Management: A Factor Analytic Approach to Complexity and Novelty

Contingency theory is one of the major theoretical perspectives in management research. Contingency theory argues that there is ‘no one best way.’ Superior performance results from matching managerial actions with internal organizational characteristics and external environments. This is contrary to much AEC research where there has been an attempt to identify ‘the way’ to manage a project. This article proposes that the adoption of a contingency theory perspective holds significant promise for AEC research. It focuses on internal project characteristics and argues that the project management activities need to match the novelty and complexity of the project if superior performance is to be achieved. A measurement model that captures project novelty and complexity is introduced. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses are employed to explicate the model. Novelty and complexity are shown to be multifaceted constructs that define tangible characteristics of the project. The measurement model for novelt...
Fat Digestion in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants: Effect of Addition of Human Milk to Low-Birth-Weight Formula

The possible compensatory role of human milk lipase in the digestion of dietary fat was examined in a group of very low-birth-weight infants. Fat excretion was studied in 15 preterm infants of gestational age 26 to 33 weeks and birth weight 660 to 1,695 gm. The amount and composition of fecal fat were determined in stools collected for 72 hours. Eight infants were fed Similac 24 LBW exclusively and seven infants were fed a mixture of fresh human milk (40%) and formula (60%). Fat excretion was lower in infants fed a mixture of human milk and formula than in infants fed formula only (4.7% -+/- 0.50% vs 11.9% +/- 1.4% of intake, respectively). Excretion of calcium soaps, when expressed as percent of total fat, was higher in the group fed the human milk-containing diet (18.9% +/- 13.5%), than in the group fed formula only (6.8 +/- 2.5%); however, the absolute amounts excreted were similar in both groups (65 +/- 46 and 45 +/- 17 mg/kg/day, respectively). The lower fat excretion in infants fed a mixture of fresh human milk and formula could be related to the lipase present in human milk. These data suggest that human milk lipase probably contributes to the digestion and absorption of dietary fat in the "tiny premature" infant.
Advanced terrain data processor

The Quiet Knight Technology Demonstration Program has developed an integrated avionics system that greatly enhances covert penetration capabilities of the C-130 aircraft. The system centers around an enhanced digital map called the Advanced Terrain Data Processor (ATDP). The ATDP enhances covert capability by fusing data from different sensors and sources. Aggressive terrain following is accomplished by blending Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radar, Ladar, and radar altimeter with Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED). Accurate navigation, required by terrain following, combines data from the INS, GPS, radar altimeter, and DTED. Threat avoidance is accomplished by merging on-board and over the horizon intelligence data with DTED culminating in an automatic replan. All three functions combine to provide excellent situational awareness that keeps the aircraft safe front terrain impact and enemy engagement. >
A Review of Essentials of Forensic Anthropology: Especially as Developed in the United States

Since 1971 forensic anthropology, a branch of biological anthropology, has become an established discipline within the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Since its establishment the field has developed in two directions: the identification of group biology of remains in question and the identification of personal biology, the second type of identification being relatively new. Comparison of the present volume with previous publications on forensic anthropology, for example, The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine (1962) by Wilton M. Krogman (Springfield: Charles C Thomas), clearly indicates these developments.
Unmasking Project Finance: Risk Mitigation, Risk Inducement, and an Invitation to Development Disaster?

Each year one in every five foreign direct investment dollars in the Global South flows through project finance transactions. These transactions consist of large-scale energy and infrastructure projects, and consistently produce deleterious effects on third parties. Until now, much of the legal scholarship in the infrastructure development field has focused its attention on the complex mechanics of project finance, including understanding the ways in which project promoters utilize project finance to manage commercial and political risks. Much of the human rights and environmental advocacy related to negative development outcomes is limited to seeking ex post fact relief. To date, very few scholars have delved into the intersection between these bodies of scholarship (project finance and human rights), and queried whether project finance transactions, ex ante, have a relationship to the externalities produced in large-scale development projects.This article squarely engages this inquiry, and argues that the risk diffusion mechanisms native to project finance transactions work together to undermine limits on risky behavior on the part of project sponsors and thereby lead to the externalization of risk. To remedy this transactional failure, I recommend that three of the key risk-mitigation features of project finance - (1) non-recourse debt, (2) high debt-to- equity ratios, and (3) the use of special purpose entities - be abrogated in order recalibrate the development calculus and force project sponsors to bear more of the risk of their activities. Ultimately, more rigorous, interdisciplinary, examination of project finance is required to understand fully how this pervasive method of financing infrastructure externalizes many of the costs of development, however, this article provides a useful starting point for the discussion.
Administering Justice: Removing Statutory Barriers to Reentry

After years of swelling prison populations, the reentry into society of people with criminal convictions has become a central criminal justice issue. Scholars, advocates, judges, and lawmakers have repeatedly emphasized that, even after prison, punishment continues from severe civil penalties that are imposed by federal and state statutes on anyone with a conviction. To alleviate the impact of these punishments, they have increasingly endorsed state legislation that creates certificates of rehabilitation. Seven states offer these post- conviction certificates, and six others proposed such legislation in 2011. Many look to New York’s statute as the best model because it is the oldest and most robust. Yet no article has examined New York’s experience with Certificates of Rehabilitation.This Article draws lessons from the fifty-year history of New York’s Certificates of Rehabilitation to describe features of an ideal administrative mechanism that removes statutory barriers to reentry. I argue that a model Certificate of Rehabilitation statute will have a strong enforcement mechanism and clear directives for administering authorities. Successful implementation also requires committed administrative leadership and an effective means for making certificates accessible to the population they serve. Certificates of Rehabilitation do not erase a person’s criminal history, but they offer legal and social recognition that after a criminal conviction, a person deserves a second chance.
Continuous time Markovian decision processes average return criterion

Abstract Continuous time Markovian decision models with countable state space are investigated. The existence of an optimal stationary policy is established for the expected average return criterion function. It is shown that the expected average return can be expressed as an expected discounted return of a related Markovian decision process. A policy iteration method is given which converges to an optimal deterministic policy, the policy so obtained is shown optimal over all Markov policies.
Low Social Support Level is Associated with Non-Adherence to Diet at 1 Year in the Family Intervention Trial for Heart Health (FIT Heart)

Abstract Objective Evaluate the relationship between low social support (SS) and adherence to diet in a cardiovascular disease (CVD) lifestyle intervention trial. Design Prospective substudy. Setting and Participants Blood relatives/cohabitants of hospitalized cardiac patients in a randomized controlled trial (n = 458; 66% female, 35% nonwhite, mean age 50 years). Main Outcome Measures Non-adherence to diet using MEDFICTS (Meats, Eggs, Dairy, Fried foods, fat In baked goods, Convenience foods, fats added at the Table, and Snacks) tool; SS using the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease Patients Social Support Instrument. Analysis Logistic regression models adjusted for confounders. Results Significant predictors (P Conclusion and Implications Low SS at baseline was independently associated with non-adherence to diet at 1 year, suggesting that family members with low SS may be at heightened CVD risk as a result of poor dietary adherence.
The Impact of Different Radiation Therapy Techniques on Oncologic and Functional Outcomes of Locally Advanced Laryngeal Cancer

The Impact of Different Radiation Therapy Techniques on Oncologic and Functional Outcomes of Locally Advanced Laryngeal Cancer B. Dhanireddy, W.F. Mourad, S. Patel, C. Concert, M. Ryniak, R.A. Shourbaji, M. Gamez, J.N. Lukens, T. Nabhani, E. Katsoulakis, D. Blakaj, A. Blakaj, A. Khorsandi, P. Kang, T. Tran, M. Urken, M. Persky, D. Shasha, K.S. Hu, and L.B. Harrison; Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY
A New Localization Method Using an Adiabatic Pulse, BIR-4

A new method is described for accomplishing localized spectroscopy with an adiabatic pulse, BIR-4. The method has advantages similar to previously described combinations of outer-volume suppression (OVS) and ISIS, with the additional advantages that localization is achieved with only three radiofrequency pulses and the localization remains accurate even in the presence of intense signals with short relaxation times. This new localization pulse sequence is referred to as integrated OVS-ISIS. Computer simulations, experimental images of the localized volumes, and in vivo 1H spectroscopy measurements demonstrate the high degree of localization achievable with integrated OVS-ISIS.
Comparisons of Instructional and Complete Versions of Thermodynamic Engine Cycle Simulations for Spark-Ignition Engines:

Instructional and complete versions of thermodynamics engine cycle simulations for spark-ignition engines were compared. The instructional version of the cycle simulation used constant specific heats as compared to using variable properties and composition for the complete simulation. For the proper selection of constant properties, the global engine performance parameters obtained from the instructional version of the cycle simulation were in close agreement to the values obtained from using the complete version of the simulation. The specific values of items such as maximum pressure and temperature, however, were not exactly duplicated. Examples are given based on a commercial, spark-ignition engine. For the cases studied here, the brake power and thermal efficiency as obtained from the constant property version of the simulation (for a ratio of specific heats of 1.30 and a gas constant of 0.287 kJ/kg K) were in excellent agreement with the same parameters from the complete simulation for a range of ope...
Myocardial strain in sub-acute peri-infarct myocardium.

Purpose In the absence of additional ischemic insults, the peri-infarct region surrounding the infarct myocardium can recover function. T2 weighted MRI signal is sensitive to edema and used to detect peri-infarct, salvageable myocardium. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the alterations in myocardial strain in the peri-infarct myocardium as compared to normal and infarct myocardium. Materials and methods Comprehensive MRI of the myocardium was performed in five pigs 6–7 days following coronary artery occlusion–reperfusion myocardial injury. MRI included tagged cine images for myocardial strain, T2weighted (T2w)-images and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) for assessing myocardial viability. Automated signal intensity thresholds were used to define tissue edema and myocardial infarct. Maximum-shortening strains were analyzed in the infarct, peri-infarct and normal myocardial sectors. The results were correlated with triphenyltetrazolium-chloride (TTC) and hemotoxylin–eosin stained tissue images. Results We found an excellent correlation of LGE with TTC (r = 0.94, P < 0.05). T2w-images markedly overestimated the infarct size (25 ± 3%). Both the healthy and peri-infarct myocardial sectors had higher myocardial strain than infarct myocardial sectors (P < 0.05). Clear demarcation between infarct and non-infarct myocardium was noted on histology. Conclusion Peri-infarct myocardium continues to demonstrate T2 signal enhancement to at least 7 days, but this region has preserved mechanical function. T2-weighted imaging and myocardial strain measurements provide complementary information and both may be useful for characterization of the peri-infarct myocardium.
Roles of reactive oxygen species in hepatocarcinogenesis and drug resistance gene expression in liver cancers

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has traditionally been an attractive system for cancer research because many animal HCC models are available. It is well known that liver tumors in animals can be induced by many different protocols, such as chronic hepatitis viral infections, carcinogens, toxins, steroid hormones, and dietary intervention. Although these different inducers have different cellular targets and modes of cytotoxic effects, their common denominator is the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, we present compelling evidence to support the hypothesis that ROS play important roles in hepatocarcinogenesis and the associated upregulation of drug resistance gene expression.
Optical cross-correlator based on supercontinuum generation.

A novel cross-correlator that can be used for temporal characterization of femtosecond laser pulses has been developed. The correlation trace is obtained by “sampling” the structure of the laser pulse with a single, high-contrast pulse produced through femtosecond white-light generation in a line focus. This correlator has, therefore, fewer “ghosts” than a conventional third-order cross-correlator and it can be used with laser pulses that span across a wide wavelength range. Both scanning and single-shot experimental arrangements are described.
Nodulation competition among Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains as influenced by rhizosphere bacteria and iron availability

Bacteria isolated from the root zones of field-grown soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were examined in a series of glasshouse experiments for an ability to affect nodulation competition among three strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (USDA 31, USDA 110, and USDA 123). Inocula applied at planting contained competing strains of B. japonicum with or without one of eleven isolates of rhizosphere bacteria. Tap-root nodules were harvested 28 days after planting, and nodule occupancies were determined for the bradyrhizobia strains originally applied. Under conditions of low iron availability, five isolates (four Pseudomonas spp. plus one Serratia sp.) caused significant changes in nodule occupancy relative to the corresponding control which was not inoculated with rhizosphere bacteria. During subsequent glasshouse experiments designed to verify and further characterize these effects, three fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. consistently altered nodulation competition among certain combinations of bradyrhizobia strains when the rooting medium did not contain added iron. This alteration typically reflected enhanced nodulation by USDA 110. Two of these isolates produced similar, although less pronounced, effects when ferric hydroxide was added to the rooting medium. The results suggest that certain rhizosphere bacteria, particularly fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., can affect nodulation competition among strains of R. japonicum. An additional implication is that iron availability may be an important factor modifying interactions involving the soybean plant, B. japonicum, and associated microorganisms in the host rhizosphere.
Optical Constants of Water in the Infrared

The infrared reflectance of water in the region 5000–300 cm−1 has been measured at near-normal incidence and at an incidence angle of 53°. On the basis of the measured values of spectral reflectance and the existing data on spectral transmittance, we have obtained values for the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of water. The resulting values, which are presented in both graphical and tabular form, are compared with recent determinations by other investigators.
Size evolution of highly amphiphilic macromolecular solution assemblies via a distinct bimodal pathway

Micelles find applications in areas such as drug delivery systems, and as such, the kinetic stability of these structures is of high interest. Here the authors show that individual block copolymer micelles can continue to evolve after transfer to a selective solvent.
Dual Agency for VA Clinicians: Defining an Evolving Ethical Question

Changing patterns of military service have altered the circumstances of patients being treated in the facilities of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Formerly, all patients seen by the VA we...
Individual differences in auditory electric responses: comparisons of between-subject and within-subject variability. I. Absolute latencies of brainstem vertex-positive peaks.

Recently, we (Lauter & Loomis, 1986) reported variability measures of the latency of five vertex-positive auditory brainstem response (ABR) peaks collected under a repeated-measures experimental design. Seven subjects were tested, each on eight separate sessions, for brainstem auditory evoked response to monaural right, monaural left, and binaural stimulus presentation. This paper presents variability measures for amplitudes of the same series of responses. Three types of variability measurement were made: 1) amplitude of each peak of the response to monaural right, monaural left, and binaural stimulation; 2) amplitude difference for each peak comparing binaural with right, and binaural with left; and 3) amplitude difference comparing binaural with the sum of the amplitudes of the two monaural responses. As in the previous report, between-subject variability and within-subject variability were expressed using a ratio of mean divided by standard deviation (this is the reciprocal of Pearson's Coefficient of...
Dreaming sleep in man - Changes in urine volume and osmolality.

Epochs of dreaming sleep, as measured by rapid eye movements, consistently correlated with biphasic change in urine volume and osmolality in catheterized human subjects. Marked decrease in volumne and increase in oslnolality were followed by a hypotonic diuresis.
Proton magnetic resonance investigation of enzyme-coenzyme complexes.

THE unique potentialities of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance as a method for obtaining detailed information on molecular structure and molecular interactions in solution are well recognized1,2. However, the applicability of the method to the examination of interactions in biological systems has been hampered by its low sensitivity, requiring the use of comparatively concentrated solutions (∼ 0.05 M or higher).
Rotational sliding contact dynamics in a non-linear cam-follower system as excited by a periodic motion

Abstract The rotational sliding contact dynamics of a cam-follower system is investigated using a single degree-of-freedom system given a periodic motion by the cam rotating about a fixed pivot. This mechanical system includes kinematic, dry friction, and contact non-linearities (loss of contact, non-linear contact stiffness, and non-linear damping) as it operates in both sliding contact and no-contact regimes. The Hertzian contact theory is used to calculate the contact stiffness under both line and point contacts. The non-linear formulation is numerically solved to calculate the dynamic motions and forces in time and frequency domains. Alternate damping formulations, including combined viscous-impact damping models, are assessed under impacting conditions, and the results are successfully compared with experimental results as available in the literature. The applicability of the coefficient of restitution model is critically analyzed. The friction and contact non-linearities of the system are investigated in the sliding contact regime. Finally, the kinematic non-linearity is studied in comparison with a linearized model.
Creativity Training: Developing the Agency‐Client Creative Interface

Creative role‐reversal training is demonstrated to be a powerful instrument for improving the creative and creative‐related effectiveness of product managers and agency account managers. Beneficial results appear to have been maintained into the longer term, with greater confidence and professional compatibility achieved with the agency creative development. The Learning Style Inventory developed by Kolb and Fry was used to evaluate participants' learning styles, and Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scales were used to measure effective‐ineffective course performance.
Rapid evolution in response to high-temperature selection

TEMPERATURE is an important environmental factor affecting all organisms1,2, and there is ample evidence from comparative physiology that species1,3 and even conspecific populations4,5 can adapt genetically to different temperature regimes. But the effect of these adaptations on fitness and the rapidity of their evolution is unknown, as is the extent to which they depend on pre-existing genetic variation rather than new mutations. We have begun a study of the evolutionary adaptation of Escherichia coli to different temperature regimes, taking advantage of the large population sizes and short generation times in experiments on this bacterial species6–10. We report significant improvement in temperature-specific fitness of lines maintained at 42 °C for 200 generations (about one month). These changes in fitness are due to selection on de novo mutations and show that some biological systems can evolve rapidly in response to changes in environmental factors such as temperature.
Adaptive structures - An overview

Introduction A DAPTIVE structures is defined in this paper as a structural system whose geometric and inherent structural characteristics can be changed beneficially to meet mission requirements either through remote commands and/or automatically in response to external stimulations. A similar definition has been used by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) in Japan. The author believes the concepts related to adaptive structures will make possible future NASA missions such as the large deployable reflector (LDR) and optical interferometer as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The requirements for these missions that drive the need for adaptive structures can be generalized as micron-level precision for 20 m structures that must operate for 20 to 30 years. The number of organizations working in areas related to adaptive structures has increased dramatically, and several Centers for research have been established; examples are the Center for Space Engineering Research focused on controlled structures technology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Smart Materials and Structures Laboratory at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Other organizations, such as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and ISAS, have emphasized adaptive structures in their structures research program. The number of meetings and sessions at technical meetings related to this area has increased; as an example, three sessions on adaptive structures were presented at the 30th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials (SDM) Conference in Mobile, AL, in March 1989; sessions are being developed for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Winter Annual Meeting in Dec. 1989, and plans are under way to establish a joint U.S./Japan meeting on adaptive structures in 1990. This paper will summarize briefly the activities in adaptive structures; however, a large number of references are included. The author would appreciate input on inadvertent omissions of key contributions. Only information available to the author from the open literature and the abstracts submitted to the 30th SDM Conference were used. The objective is not to provide an inclusive list of references and contributors but to use references and examples available to the author to convey the intended information. Adaptive structures is a multidisciplinary activity that includes materials, actuators, sensors, controls, composites, structures, concepts, and dynamics; the emphasis is on the end deliverable hardware system, a structure that meets the mission performance requirements.
Calculation of equilibrium compositions of systems of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

When a system of enzyme-catalyzed reactions does not involve H2O as a reactant, the equilibrium composition at specified temperature, pH, and ionic strength can be calculated using the Mathematica programs equcalcc, which uses the conservation matrix, or equcalcrx, which uses the stoichiometric number matrix. When H2O is involved as a reactant, equcalcrx must be used because H2O is not in the stoichiometric number matrix. It is shown here that the use of equcalcrx is equivalent to using the further transformed Gibbs energy G‘ ‘ that eliminates oxygen from the conservation matrix. Calculations presented here show that the calculation of further transformed Gibbs energies of formation of reactants other than coenzymes can be avoided by using equcalcrx to calculate equilibrium concentrations.
Twelve maxims for creating and sustaining a successful e‐learning enterprise

E-learning programs bring new challenges and opportunities to community colleges. This chapter identifies twelve maxims for developing and sustaining a successful program, and illustrates the ways in which one community college has applied them.
Glycerol phosphate shuttle in virus-transformed cells in culture

The glycerol phosphate shuttle is shown not only to be present and functional in virus-transformed cells, but its level is higher than in normal cells in culture. The increased aerobic glycolysis that has been demonstrated for these cells after transformation, therefore, is not due to an impairment of hydrogen transfer pathways.
Axial Shear Strain Imaging for Differentiating Benign and Malignant Breast Masses

Axial strain imaging has been utilized for the characterization of breast masses for over a decade; however, another important feature namely the shear strain distribution around breast masses has only recently been used. In this article, we examine the feasibility of utilizing in vivo axial-shear strain imaging for differentiating benign from malignant breast masses. Radio-frequency data was acquired using a VFX 13-5 linear array transducer on 41 patients using a Siemens SONOLINE Antares real-time clinical scanner at the University of Wisconsin Breast Cancer Center. Free-hand palpation using deformations of up to 10% was utilized to generate axial strain and axial-shear strain images using a two-dimensional cross-correlation algorithm from the radio-frequency data loops. Axial-shear strain areas normalized to the lesion size, applied strain and lesion strain contrast was utilized as a feature for differentiating benign from malignant masses. The normalized axial-shear strain area feature estimated on eight patients with malignant tumors and 33 patients with fibroadenomas was utilized to demonstrate its potential for lesion differentiation. Biopsy results were considered the diagnostic standard for comparison. Our results indicate that the normalized axial-shear strain area is significantly larger for malignant tumors compared with benign masses such as fibroadenomas. Axial-shear strain pixel values greater than a specified threshold, including only those with correlation coefficient values greater than 0.75, were overlaid on the corresponding B-mode image to aid in diagnosis. A scatter plot of the normalized area feature demonstrates the feasibility of developing a linear classifier to differentiate benign from malignant masses. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve utilizing the normalized axial-shear strain area feature was 0.996, demonstrating the potential of this feature to noninvasively differentiate between benign and malignant breast masses.
Scheduling and student performance

We present data showing strong correlation between students' time management and a successful outcome on programming assignments. Students who spread their work over more time will produce a better result without additional expenditure of total effort. We examined performance of students who sometimes did well and sometimes did poorly, and found that their good performance occurred on the projects where they displayed better time management. While these results will not surprise most instructors, hard data is more compelling than intuition when trying to train students to use good time management.
Exchange Value in the Value Hierarchy

Fundamental to an understanding of how ethical and economic principles mesh in human action is clarifying the relation between the concepts of philosophic value and economic value, the very names suggesting that in the beginning scholars perceived, however confusedly, a relation between the two.
Signal processing for cryogenic micro-calorimetry

We describe electronics and signal processing techniques used to acquire data with our micro-calorimeters. The system includes front end electronics with cold FETs, an amplitude-independent trigger, pulse digitization and storage, and digital signal processing in software. We discuss some ideas for processing signals from devices which exhibit a variation in pulse shape.
Increased bile duct-pancreatic fluid flow in benzene and halogenated benzene-treated rats.

Abstract Benzene and certain halogenated benzenes at a dose of 5.0 mmol/kg, ip, increased bile duct-pancreatic fluid (BDPF) flow and decreased its protein concentration 24 hr after treatment. Agents which produced this effect were benzene, bromobenzene (BB), chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene had no effect. The mechanism by which these hydrocarbons increase BDPF flow is not known, but it does not involve secretin or cholinergic stimulation of the pancreas. Moreover, the increase in BDPF flow does not occur secondary to liver damage because benzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene which did not increase SGPT activity increased BDPF flow and reduced its protein concentration. Also pretreatments known to protect against or potentiate BB-induced liver necrosis did not consistently alter effects of BB on the pancreas. This lack of parallelism between effects of BB on the two organs suggests that the mechanism by which BB produces liver necrosis is different from that for increasing BDPF flow.
Primary lymphoma of the thyroid: A review of the Mayo Clinic experience through 1978.

At the Mayo Clinic, 103 patients with primary malignant lymphoma of the thyroid have been diagnosed and treated through 1978. This study examines the clinical findings in the 57 new cases seen since the last review in 1966; pathology and survival are evaluated for the series as a whole, including the 46 patients reported previously. Age and sex patterns were unchanged since the earlier review; thyroid lymphoma tended to occur in middle- to older-aged women, and patients typically presented with a fairly rapidly enlarging, painless, and firm thyroid mass. The most common histologic subtype of lymphoma encountered was diffuse large cell (diffuse histiocytic). Hashimoto's disease was found in 36% of the pathologic specimens available for review. Follow-up was completed for all patients up to 1979. Age, sex, and histologic subtype of tumor did not appear to be significant determinants of prognosis. Patients in whom the lymphoma was confined to the thyroid (intrathyroidal type) had a better overall 5-year survival rate (86%) than those in whom tumor invaded soft tissues surrounding the hyroid or involved regional cervical nodes (38% for the extrathyroidal type). Almost all of the patients who had intrathyroidal tumors underwent surgical resection before irradiation. However, 3 of the 5 patients in this group who were treated by radiotherapy alone survived more than 5 years. There were approximately equal numbers of patients with the extrathyroidal type of lymphoma who were treated either by radiotherapy combined with surgical resection or by radiotherapy alone. The one form of therapy was just as effective as the other.