cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BEING CONCRETE ABOUT CULTURE AND CULTURAL EVOLUTION

Culture consists of behavior. The units are practices shared by members of a group and acquired as a result of membership in the group. Although it is common to define the units of culture as abstractions, such as culturgens or memes, these abstractions in no way help to explain a group’s practices. Instead, they only direct research away from the context and consequences that result in transmission of a practice from one group member to another. If culture is to be described as an evolutionary process, one must have a sufficiently general definition of “evolutionary process” to allow genetic evolution and cultural evolution to be examples. This may be accomplished by defining an evolutionary process as composed of variation (within a pool of replicators), transmission (by copying), and selection (by differential transmission). The replicators of cultural evolution are practices, which are units of operant behavior (i.e., behavior under control of consequences and context). Practices are transmitted from individual to individual by imitation and instruction. Instruction may be understood with the concept of a rule, which is a verbal discriminative stimulus (i.e., a verbally created context). Instruction consists of rule-giving, which results in rule-following on the part of the instructee. New rules come into a culture frequently as a result of rule-making, the generation of new rules on the basis of non-social stimuli. Selection in cultural evolution occurs because imitation and instruction of competing practices have differential consequences in the long run, consequences that impact reproductive potential. Since such long-term consequences have little effect on behavior, an adaptive practice (i.e., one that pays in the long run, called “self-control”) is strengthened in the short-term by social reinforcers delivered by rule-givers. A behavioral analysis focuses on environmental events that are observable and, so, susceptible to research. The postulating of fictitious inner entities, whether they be memes, “devices,” or “modules,” only impedes understanding of culture and cultural evolution. Natural selection, because it is short-sighted and opportunistic, may be expected to produce mechanisms that aid and abet valuable behavioral functions. The key to understanding cultural evolution lies in understanding practices in the light of their environmental contexts and short- and long-term consequences.
Challenges in assessing long-term health effects studies.

The assessment of long-term health effects from exposure to pesticides has been a serious challenge to research scientists for several decades. Causal inferences following exposures to pesticides and acute disease usually proceed without difficulty since the exposure and resultant disease are close in time. To the contrary, long-term health effects are much more difficult to assess and many factors related to person-place-time-agent interactions must be evaluated.
(+)-11,11′-Dideoxyverticillin A

The dimeric epipolythiodiketopiperazine alkaloids are a family of fungal metabolites renowned for their structural and functional complexity [1]. Isolated across eight genera of fungi, over 40 members of this class of natural products have been discovered since the isolation of their inaugural members, (+)-chaetocin A (2) [2] and (+)-verticillin A [3], in 1970 (Fig. 9.1). As evidenced by the large number of constituents comprising this family, there are many avenues by which each member derives its identity.
Intralesional and Topical Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for equine tumors. Conservative treatment approaches which preserve function and appearance are increasingly used in clinical practice. This article covers the principles and applications of two conservative treatment modalities including local chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The therapeutic benefit of local chemotherapy is based on the direct drug delivery to tumor tissue, i.e., topical and intratumoral administration of cytotoxic agents in slow release formulation. This treatment modality is very effective for cutaneous tumors and does not result in any permanent damage to normal tissue. Immunotherapy produces antitumor effects primarily through the action of natural host defense mechanisms against tumor cells. Although the use of immunotherapy is still under investigation there are many examples of its successful application to treatment of selected equine tumors.
Disentangling factors governing Dzyaloshinskii domain-wall creep in Co/Ni thin films using Pt x Ir 1 -x seed layers

We characterize asymmetric growth of magnetic bubble domains in perpendicularly magnetized Co/Ni multilayers grown on ${\mathrm{Pt}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ seed layers by application of perpendicular and in-plane magnetic fields. Using a refined model of domain wall creep that incorporates contributions from the anisotropic elastic energy, $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$, and a chirality-dependent prefactor, ${v}_{0}$, we elucidate factors that govern the mobility of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls as a function of seed-layer composition. The interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) magnitude is found to decrease monotonically with ${x}_{Ir}$, which is independently confirmed by Brillouin light scattering. Moreover, the persistence of significant asymmetry in velocity curves across the full composition range supports previous assertions that a chirality-dependent attempt frequency akin to chiral damping could play a critical role in the observed trends. This work helps resolve fundamental questions about the factors governing Dzyaloshinskii domain-wall creep and demonstrates varying Pt-Ir seed-layer composition as a method to tune DMI.
A rare population of tumor antigen-specific CD4+CD8+ double-positive αβ T lymphocytes uniquely provide CD8-independent TCR genes for engineering therapeutic T cells.

High-affinity tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) gene is required to engineer potent T cells for therapeutic treatment of cancer patients. However, discovery of suitable therapeutic TCR genes is hampered by the fact that naturally occurring tumor antigen-specific TCRs are generally of low-affinity, and artificial modification of TCRs can mediate cross-reactivity to other antigens expressed in normal tissues. Here, we discovered a naturally occurring T-cell clone which expressed high-affinity HLA-A*02:01 (A*02)-restricted TCR against NY-ESO-1 from a patient who had NY-ESO-1-expressing ovarian tumor. A*02-restricted NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell clones were established from peripheral blood of patients who had NY-ESO-1-expressing ovarian tumors. TCR α and β chain genes were retrovirally transduced into polyclonally activated T cells. Phenotype and function of the parental and TCR-transduced T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, ELISA and cytotoxicity assay. In vivo therapeutic efficacy was investigated in a xenograft model using NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγ-deficient (NSG) mice. A rare population of NY-ESO-1-specific T cells, which we named 19305DP, expressed cell surface CD4, CD8α, and CD8β but not CD56 and recognized A*02+NY-ESO-1+ cancer cell lines in a CD4- and CD8-independent manner. 19305DP showed a gene expression profile that is consistent with a mixed profile of CD4+ and CD8+ single-positive T cells. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were retrovirally transduced with 19305DP-derived TCR gene (19305DP-TCR) showed strong reactivity against A*02+NY-ESO-1+ cancer cells, whereas TCR genes from the conventional A*02-restricted NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ single-positive T-cell clones functioned only in CD8+ T cells. Both 19305DP-TCR gene-engineered CD4+ and CD8+ T cells eliminated A*02+NY-ESO-1+ tumor xenografts in NSG mice. Finally, based on reactivity against a series of alanine-substituted peptides and a panel of normal human tissue-derived primary cells, 19305DP-TCR was predicted to have no cross-reactivity against any human non-NY-ESO-1 proteins. Together, our results indicate that the naturally occurring 19305DP-TCR derived from CD4+CD8+ double-positive αβ T cells, is a promising therapeutic TCR gene for effective and safe adoptive T-cell therapy in A*02+ patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor.
Echinocandins in the management of invasive fungal infections, part 1.

Purpose. The chemistry, pharmacology, spectrum of activity, resistance, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, adverse effiects, drug interactions, dosage and administration, cost, and place in therapy of echinocandins are reviewed. Summary. Three echinocandins are currently available: caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin. The principal mechanism of action of the echinocandins is the noncompetitive inhibition of β-(1,3)-dglucan synthase, an essential component of the cell wall of many fungi that is not present in mammalian cells. Echinocandins exhibit fungicidal activity against Candida species, including triazole-resistant isolates, and fungistatic activity against Aspergillus species. While fungistatic against mold, echinocandins may hold promise for the treatment of these pathogens when given in combination with amphotericin B or broad-spectrum triazoles, such as voriconazole. To date, resistance to echinocandins has been reported in only two patients. Echinocandins exhibit concentration- dependent activity against Candida species. In clinical trials, caspofungin has demonstrated efficacy in treating candidemia, esophageal candidiasis, and febrile neutropenia. Micafungin has demonstrated efficacy as antifungal prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Anidulafungin received approved labeling from the Food and Drug Administration in February 2006. Clinical efficacy data will be forthcoming. Conclusion. Echinocandins are fungicidal against yeast and fungistatic against mold. Their limited toxicity profile and minimal drug–drug interactions make them an attractive new option for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Their cost may limit their use as initial therapy for patients with fungemia in medical centers or intensive care units with a high rate of triazoleresistant Candida infections.
Ad hoc network routing and security: A review: Research Articles

Ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a local area network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. One problem in the design of such network is its wireless vulnerabilities and limited physical security. This paper considers the security attributes and goals of ad hoc network, reviews the latest developments of current routing and security mechanissm including encryption, protocols, user authentication, and physical security. It also explores the new approaches trying to solve current problems and points out the future research directions. These methods will be helpful in the military and other security-sensitive fields. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of Customer’s Subscriptions to Movie and Sport Packages

Subscription-based television services providers, which operate in a highly competitive industry with high saturation, are finding it exceedingly difficult to grow their customer base. The ability to identify customers with a higher possibility of subscribing to the premium plans, is undoubtedly critical to increasing future sales. In that vein, we seek to identify predictors to premium packages selection behavior by jointly modeling customer subscriptions of premium movie, premium sport and basic sport packages. We show that, the customer subscriptions of different TV packages can be highly correlated. Moreover, our model profiles likely subscribers to premium movie, premium sport and basic sport packages using both subscriber demographic and lifestyle information.
Impact of Technique and Technology on Mitral Isthmus Ablation

Mitral isthmus ablation is an established strategy in the treatment of peri-mitral atrial flutter and as an adjunct to pulmonary vein isolation. The objective of this review is to summarize the techniques and specific strategies that allow for increased success and durability of mitral isthmus ablation. Achieving bidirectional block across the mitral isthmus remains a challenge due to the increased thickness in this region, convective cooling as a result of coronary sinus blood flow, and the occurrence of epicardial connections. Several strategies to achieve durable mitral isthmus block, such as coronary sinus ablation, coronary sinus balloon occlusion, ethanol ablation via the vein of Marshall, and using alternate mitral lines in select cases, are described in detail in this review.
Optimism and Wishful Thinking: Consistency Across Populations in Children's Expectations for the Future.

Two studies investigated 5- to 10-year-olds' (N = 194) positivity bias when forecasting the future. Children from two geographic locations (mostly Caucasian, higher income college town; mostly African American, lower income urban community) completed a future expectations task (FET). For multiple scenarios, children predicted whether a positive versus negative (optimism items) or a positive versus extraordinary positive (wishful thinking items) outcome would occur, including its likelihood. In both samples, optimism and wishful thinking decreased with age, optimism was higher than wishful thinking, children did not show a comparative self-optimism bias, and individual differences in the FET optimism score correlated with self-reported dispositional optimism and hope. Exploratory comparisons revealed between-sample equivalence in responses to all measures, except for less tempered wishful thinking in the urban community.
Power Analysis, p Values, and Bayesian Techniques: How Bayesian Techniques Can Be Used in HRD Literature:

The ProblemResearchers have described challenges and problems in reporting research that uses only p values and power to make decisions to reject the null hypothesis. Confusion about how to interpr...
A Systematic Review of Universal Screeners Used to Evaluate Social-Emotional and Behavioral Aspects of Kindergarten Readiness

Universal screening practices that utilize reliable and valid screening measures are vital for identifying social-emotional and behavioral (SEB) concerns for students at-risk for future behavioral ...
High Time Resolution Monitoring of Inorganic Nitrogen Fluxes into Hillsborough-Tampa Bay from the Alafia River, Florida

Limiting the nutrient loading to the Tampa Bay estuary may improve the growth of seagrasses and the overall quality of the Tampa Bay watershed. As a preliminary step to understanding nutrient loading and recycling within Tampa Bay, we investigated the fluxes of Inorganic Nitrogenous Nutrient (INN) species (ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate) from the Alafia River into the Hillsborough Bay, a segment of the greater Tampa Bay estuary. Sampling was focused on periods of high precipitation during an El Nino period, a period when an unusually high precipitation occurred. High concentrations of ammonium were initially seen in surface waters, indicating probable runoff from the nearby Cargill fertilizer plant. With the normal monthly or bi-monthly sampling by this group or the Hillsborough Environmental Protection Commission (HEPC), we found that it was not possible to accurately determine inorganic nitrogen loads, point and non-point sources, or nutrient cycling as a result of the transient character of the inorganic nitrogen fluxes. However, with a High Time Re solution Monitoring (HTRM) program developed by this group, it was possible to identify a region characterized by either vigorous nutrient cycling in which high levels of ammonium were generated locally or as a result of ammonium-rich groundwater discharge, particularly in the more saline bottom waters of the deeper parts of the estuary.
Geochemistry of the new Permian-Triassic boundary section at Sitarička Glavica, Jadar block, Serbia

Abstract The new Permian-Triassic boundary section at Sitaricka Glavica is unusual for the Alpine-Dinaride area, in that it is dominantly detrital in the early Triassic. It shows a change from late Permian limestones and shales with a diverse algal-brachiopod-echinoid-molluscan biota deposited in quieter normal marine water (unit 1), into similar sediments, with coarser calcisiltites and a reduced fauna (unit 2), into a post-extinction early Triassic calcareous micaceous siltstones and silty limestones (unit 3) with only molluscan fossils. The major element ratios to Al, reported previously, change little through the section, but with slightly higher ratios just above the extinction horizon (except for K) at the top of unit 2, and show moderate chemical weathering, and change to slightly less mature sediments above. Trace element ratios to Al show little consistent change, except for higher values of most ratios at the contact of units 1 and 2, where slight but temporary increases in TOC, δ13Corg and δ15Norg, and C/N, and decrease in δ34Spyrite occur. Low HFSE (Zr, Nb, REE, Th, U, Ta) values and ratios to other elements indicate that the resistant mineral containing these elements were somehow removed prior to deposition in residual lags by preferential wind erosion. Paleoredox indicators are inconsistent but anoxia seems present in unit 1 and 2 with mostly oxic conditions in unit 3 above. The geochemistry of this section does not show the concentrations of Ni and other elements attributed to Siberian Trap sources and evidence of volcanic input to the sediments is confined to below and above the extinction horizon. The main geochemical changes occur at the top of unit 1, corresponding with a faunal diversity decrease, but not extinction, and at the +5 metre horizon, which seems to- have no faunal changes associated with it. The carbon and other organic-related elements and isotopes indicate a terrestrial input of freshwater and organic matter just before the main negative spike in carbon isotopes, which greatly reduced the diversity of the fauna, and was shorty followed by an input of intermediate volcanic ash. The actual extinction and paleontological Permian-Triassic boundary occurred at the top of unit 2, and has little geochemical changes associated with it. These events can be recognized in other Alpine-Dinaride sections -. All Alpine-Dinaride sections also show a latest Permian ostracod-dominated horizon with a negative spike in organic carbon and sulphur isotopes that indicate an input of freshwater and land plant material, reducing the surface waters to almost brackish, followed by a return to normal salinities with the return of a reduced latest Permian fauna, accompanied by a gradual negative shift in carbonate carbon isotopes accompanied by input of intermediate volcanic material. The main extinction is accompanied by a drop in the difference between carbon and organic carbon isotopes, indicating less land plant input; but otherwise there is little geochemical change at this horizon.
Enantioselective Aryl-Iodide-Catalyzed Wagner-Meerwein Rearrangements.

We report a strategy for effecting catalytic, enantioselective carbocationic rearrangements through the intermediacy of alkyl iodanes as stereodefined carbocation equivalents. Asymmetric Wagner–Mee...
Lawyers as Directors: Who Serves and Why?

A survey returned by 800 lawyers indicates that few serve as board members of client companies. A majority of respondents do not favor a change in current ethics rules, which allow the practice with client informed consent. Lawyer service on non-profit client boards may be the only source of legal advice available. A model consent form calling attention to typical conflicts of interest is suggested.
The Role of RNA Modifications and RNA-modifying Proteins in Cancer Therapy and Drug Resistance

The advent of new genome-wide sequencing technologies has uncovered abnormal RNA modifications and RNA editing in a variety of human cancers. The discovery of reversible RNA N6-methyladenosine (RNA: m6A) by fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) demethylase has led to exponential publications on the pathophysiological functions of m6A and its corresponding RNA modifying proteins (RMPs) in the past decade. Some excellent reviews have summarized the recent progress in this field [1-11]. Compared to the extent of research into RNA: m6A and DNA 5-methylcytosine (DNA: m5C) [12], much less is known about other RNA modifications and their associated RMPs, such as the role of RNA: m5C and its RNA cytosine methyltransferases (RCMTs) in cancer therapy and drug resistance [13-17]. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress surrounding the function, intramolecular distribution and subcellular localization of several major RNA modifications, including 5' cap N7-methylguanosine (m7G) and 2'-O-methylation (Nm), m6A, m5C, A-to-I editing, and the associated RMPs. We will then discuss dysregulation of those RNA modifications and RMPs in cancer and their role in cancer therapy and drug resistance.
Constipation on abdominal radiograph as potential risk factor for recurrent urinary tract infection development

To compare clinical history and measurements of fecal load on abdominal radiography (AR) in the prediction of urinary tract infection (UTI) recurrence in children. We combined data from two multicenter longitudinal studies in which children less than 6 years of age with a first or second UTI were followed for recurrence of UTI. Two radiologists reviewed the scout abdominal radiographs of initial voiding cystourethrograms obtained at enrollment from children at two participating sites and measured stool visible in various parts of the colon. We examined how well clinical variables (e.g., voiding and bowel history, use of laxatives at enrollment) and measurements of fecal load predicted recurrence of UTI within 12 months of enrollment. One hundred and ninety-two children were included. On univariate analyses, age, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), cecal diameter, rectal diameter, and total stool length on AR were associated with recurrence of UTI. After controlling for age, the odds of recurrent UTI in children with VUR at baseline was 3.85 (95% CI: 1.62, 9.14) higher than in children without VUR. Recurrent UTI was 2.57 (95% CI: 1.01, 6.55) times more likely in children with cecal diameter > 3.10 cm than children with lower cecal diameters; time to first recurrent UTI was shorter in children with elevated cecal diameters (p = 0.0023). Cecal diameter on abdominal radiographs predicts UTI recurrence in children with a previous UTI. However, its accuracy is suboptimal to serve as a screening test. Accordingly, its routine use for this indication is not supported. If cecal diameter on an AR ordered for another indication is > 3.10 cm, then management of constipation could be considered.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and State Healthcare Capacity: Government Responses and Citizen Assessments in Estonia, Georgia, and Ukraine

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic raises concerns about the capability of governments to develop policies addressing its effects. This article evaluates citizens’ attitudes about their governm...
Unravelling the mystery of female meiotic drive: where we are.

Female meiotic drive is the phenomenon where a selfish genetic element alters chromosome segregation during female meiosis to segregate to the egg and transmit to the next generation more frequentl...
Development and validation of genomic and epigenomic signatures associated with tumor immune microenvironment in hepatoblastoma

This study aimed to probe and verify aberrantly methylated and expressed genes in hepatoblastoma and to analyze their interactions with tumor immune microenvironment. Aberrantly methylated and expressed genes were obtained by comprehensively analyzing gene expression and DNA methylation profiles from GSE81928, GSE75271 and GSE78732 datasets. Their biological functions were predicted by the STRING and Metascape databases. CIBERSORT was utilized for inferring the compositions of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in each sample. Correlation between hub genes and immune cells was then analyzed. Hub genes were validated in hepatoblastoma tissues via western blot or immunohistochemistry. After transfection with sh-NOTUM, migration and invasion of HuH-6 and HepG2 cells were investigated. The nude mouse tumorigenesis model was constructed. Totally, 83 aberrantly methylated and expressed genes were determined in hepatoblastoma, which were mainly involved in metabolic and cancer-related pathways. Moreover, their expression was liver-specific. 13 hub genes were screened, which were closely related to immune cells in hepatoblastoma tissues. Among them, it was confirmed that AXIN2, LAMB1 and NOTUM were up-regulated and SERPINC1 was down-regulated in hepatoblastoma than normal tissues. NOTUM knockdown distinctly weakened migration and invasion of HuH-6 and HepG2 cells and tumor growth in vivo. This study identified aberrantly methylated and expressed signatures that were in relation to immune microenvironment in hepatoblastoma. Targeting NOTUM hub gene could suppress migration and invasion of hepatoblastoma cells. Thus, these aberrantly methylated and expressed genes might act as therapeutic agents in hepatoblastoma therapy.
Bridging cultures with acoustical materials research

This talk will provide a short overview and insights associated with the education and early career of the author over the past two decades and how his experiences with different cultures, both social and professional, has influenced scientific advancements. This will include a short overview of formal education in both the United States and France and professional growth as a researcher at the Applied Research Laboratories at The University of Texas at Austin (UT) and then as a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at UT. The talk will highlight research done in each context and how those experiences have improved outcomes in scientific and personal contexts.
Comparative decay of Catellicoccus marimmalium and enterococci in beach sand and seawater

Abstract Most studies characterize microbial source tracking (MST) target performance using sensitivity and specificity metrics. However, it is important to also consider the temporal stability of MST targets in relation to regulated microbial pollutants. Differences among bacterial target stabilities may lead to erroneous conclusions about sources of contamination. The present study evaluates the relative stability of MST targets and fecal indicator organisms using the gull/pigeon-associated Catellicoccus marimammalium (CAT) marker and enterococci (ENT). The decay rates of CAT and ENT measured by culture (cENT) and QPCR (tENT) were compared in sand and seawater laboratory microcosms under environmentally relevant conditions (subject to tidal wetting versus no wetting in sand, and sunlit versus dark conditions in seawater). Bacterial targets were more persistent in beach sand than in seawater with decay rates on the order of 0.01–0.1 per day and 1 to 10 per day, respectively. Targets were more persistent in unwetted compared to wetted sand, and dark compared to sunlit seawater. During the first 8 days of the sand experiment, the decay rate k of CAT was greater than that of cENT. The decay rates of CAT, tENT, and cENT were similar in sand after day 8 and in dark seawater. In sunlit seawater, the decay rates were different between targets with k cENT > k CAT > k tENT . The decay rates presented here are useful for fate and transport models and also inform the use of MST marker concentrations to infer ENT sources in the environment.
Initial chemotherapy for clinically localized lymphomas of unfavorable histology

Forty-five patients with localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of unfavorable histologic type (41 patients had diffuse histiocytic, 2 had nodular mixed, and 2 had minimally nodular histiocytic lymphoma) were treated with initial chemotherapy (28 patients), including cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP), or with initial CHOP followed by involved field radiotherapy (17 patients). Patients were clinically staged and found to have stage I (7 patients), stage IE (8), stage II (12), and stage IIE (18). Despite the presence of potentially adverse prognostic factors, including age older than 65 yr (11 patients), bulky disease (17), gastrointestinal involvement (9), and “B” symptoms (4), 44 of 45 patients (98%) achieved a complete response. Forty-two patients (93%) are alive with a median follow-up time of 41 mo (range 3–128 mo). Thirty-eight patients (84%) remain continuously free of disease. Neither the pretreatment clinical features nor the type of treatment significantly influenced the outcome for patients treated with initial chemotherapy. Patients who failed treatment relapsed at distant sites or in initially involved sites whether or not they received radiotherapy. Initial treatment for localized lymphomas of unfavorable histology with chemotherapy regimens of proven curative potential in advanced disease is a successful treatment strategy and obviates the need for extensive staging. The role of involved field radiotherapy following initial chemotherapy needs to be defined.
Ground fault detection in NSTX coil power system

The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) has been designed and installed in the existing facilities at Princeton Plasma Physic Laboratory (PPPL). Most of the hardware, plant facilities, auxiliary sub-systems, and power systems originally used for the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) have been used with suitable modifications to reflect NSTX needs. The NSTX power system has eleven (11) circuits. Each circuit is a floating DC system. Ground detection and protection device is provided for each circuit. The TFTR ground detection scheme had to be modified for the new application. The coaxial helicity injection system (CHI) requires special scheme to detect grounds in the main power loop since the circuit can be back fed from during neutral beam injection. For CHI, the vacuum vessel is divided into a) inner vessel and b) outer vessel, insulated from one another. Special ground protection devices are being designed for the CHI. An additional system to detect grounds and generate alarms while performing maintenance on the vacuum vessel has also been installed. This was necessary to maintain the insulation integrity of the vessel. Also techniques used to trouble shoot vessel grounds are outlined. This paper describes the changes and addition to the electrical power circuit ground detection and monitoring for the NSTX magnet systems and CHI electrodes.
Spin quantum Hall effects in featureless nonfractionalized spin-1 magnets

The Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki state (or Haldane phase) in a spin-1 chain represents a large class of gapped topological paramagnets that host symmetry-protected gapless excitations on the boundary. In this work, we show how to realize this type of featureless spin-1 state on a generic two-dimensional lattice. These states have a gapped spectrum in the bulk, but they support gapless edge states protected by spin rotational symmetry along a certain direction, and they exhibit the spin quantum Hall effect. Using a fermion representation of integer spins, we show a concrete example of such spin-1 topological paramagnets on a kagome lattice, and we suggest a microscopic spin-1 Hamiltonian that may realize it.
Strictureplasty for ileocolic anastomotic strictures in Crohn's disease.

PURPOSE: Because of the limited experience, the use of strictureplasty for a strictured ileocolic anastomosis associated with Crohn's disease was reviewed. METHODS: We reviewed 22 patients who had a strictureplasty to treat symptomatic ileocolic anastomotic strictures related to Crohn's disease. The median interval between a previous ileocolic anastomosis and strictureplasty was 2 years (range, 1 to 26 years). The median age was 39 years and there were 15 males and 7 females. The median followup was 2 years. RESULTS: Strictureplasty on a strictured ileocolic anastomosis was either a Heineke-Mikulicz (n=15) or a Finney (n=7) strictureplasty. Fifteen (68 percent) patients needed 47 additional strictureplasties in other sites of the small bowel and 5 (23 percent) patients had synchronous small bowel resection mainly for separate areas of phlegmonous disease. Only five (23 percent) patients did not have a synchronous procedure on the small bowel. There was no mortality or major septic complications. After surgery, relief of obstructive symptoms was noted in all patients. The median weight gain at six months after surgery was 3 kg (range, −5 to +10 kg) and 75 percent of the patients were weaned off steroids. Symptomatic “recurrence” occurred in two (9 percent) patients from new strictures at sites unrelated to previous strictureplasties; only one needed reoperation for recurrence. Patency of the strictureplasty on ileocolic anastomosis in asymptomatic patients was confirmed by small bowel contrast study (n=12) and colonoscopy (n=4). CONCLUSIONS: Strictureplasty preserves small bowel length and may be a viable alternative to repeat ileocolic resection in suitable cases
Identification of neighboring protein pairs in the 60 S ribosomal subunits from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by chemical cross-linking.

Protein-protein cross-linking was used to determine the spatial arrangement of proteins within the 60 S ribosomal subunits of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Protein cross-links were generated by treatment of intact ribosomal subunits with dimethyl 3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate. Proteins were extracted from the treated subunits and fractionated by Cm-cellulose chromatography. Cross-linked proteins in these fractions were analyzed by electrophoresis on two-dimensional diagonal Polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Component members of cross-linked pairs were radiolabeled with 125I and identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and comparison with nonradioactive ribosomal protein markers. Seventeen pairs involving 16 of the 45 60 S subunit proteins were identified. Several proteins were detected in numerous cross-linked dimers and were used as foci for constructing a model depicting the arrangement of proteins within the 60 S ribosomal subunit. The model also incorporated previously published data on structure and function of proteins from the yeast 60 S subunit.
Analogía de las corrientes de relaciones públicas en las americas

The author’s aim is a comparative study of the social vision in Public Relations among the various dominant schools In the United States, and the different views applied in Latin America. The author defines social roles from these perspectives -pragmatic, conservative, radical and idealistic and discuss a new critical perspective for theory and practice In Public Relations which he calls postmodern. Based on recent studies, the author claims that ordinary citizens keep more and more watch on moral organizational behavior, which challenges professionals to guarantee the organizations communicate in an ethical and responsible manner. Finally, the author affirm that the various professional viewpoints to point out the Public Relations Professional’s function as active and transforming, an aspect in which some American researches coincide with their Latin American colleagues. He illustrates the case of Brazil to point out possible lines of action for this part of the Continent
The Nomenclature for Intra-articular Vertical Impact Fractures of the Tibial Plafond: Pilon Versus Pylon:

Although most of the controversy surrounding the treatment of intra-articular, vertical impact fractures of the lower tibia is due to the difficult clinical problems they pose, there is a minor, ongoing dispute regarding nomenclature. In the last several decades, these fractures have been called either pilon or pylon fractures. This study traces the etymology of both terms and relates them to their usage in the orthopaedic literature. Based on the origins of each word, and how they were introduced into the orthopaedic literature, it is concluded that the correct term for an intra-articular, vertical impact fracture of the lower tibia is pilon fracture.
SIA Roadmap: test must not limit future technologies

There will inevitably be much debate about the accuracy of the 1997 SIA Roadmap. Will we be building devices of 100M transistors that go at frequencies of a GHz by the year 2002-or will it happen later? Although many of the actual numbers and dates will be different than predicted in the SIA Roadmap, some key trends are obvious and will inevitably impact testing methods. These key trends include: increased design speeds, increased circuit densities, reduced time-to-market, increased integration of functional macros (systems-on-a-chip), and increased leakage currents. The SIA Roadmap trends suggest that functional testing will hit a number of barriers.
Effects of Dietary Cholesterol on the Activity of Some Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzymes in the Liver of Rats

The effect of cholesterol-cholic acid feeding on the activity of several carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in the liver of rats was studied. Glu- cose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADP-malic enzyme, hexokinase, glucokinase and pyruvate kinase activities were determined in the hepatic tissue from rats which were fed the following: a) sucrose diets containing 0 or 1% cholesterol + 0.5% cholic acid for 12 weeks and then killed while being fed ad libitum or refed after a period of starvation; b) sucrose or starch diets with or without cholesterol-cholic acid supplementation for 12 weeks and then killed in a fed state; and c) sucrose diets with or without cholesterolâ€"cholic acid supplementa tion for 12 days and killed in a fed state. The results show that liver glucokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-malic enzyme activities were sig nificantly reduced by cholesterol-cholic acid feeding under all of the conditions tested. Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase were not significantly changed except when the rats were refed after a period of starvation. A dietary regimen of fast ing and refeeding elevated the activity of these two enzymes. The alterations in enzyme activities are interpreted as regulatory effects exerted by dietary choles terol-cholic acid supplementation. J. Nutr. 102: 1039-1044, 1972.
The phylogeny and revised classification of Machaerotidae, the tube‐making spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopoidea)

Machaerotidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopoidea) is a taxonomically small but morphologically diverse family of spittlebugs with approximately 115 described species in 31 genera and an exclusively Palaeotropical distribution. Results are presented of the first molecular phylogenetic investigation of Machaerotidae, examining relationships among the currently recognized subfamilies and tribes, as well as determining the phylogenetic placement of the genera Enderleinia Schmidt, Neuromachaerota Schmidt, Labramachaerota Bell & Cryan, and Kyphomachaerota Bell & Cryan. DNA nucleotide sequence data from eight loci (12s rDNA, 16s rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, histone 2A, histone 3, wingless and NADH Dehydrogenase subunit 4) were analysed to reconstruct the phylogeny. The evidence generated in this study supports the following systematic conclusions: (i) Machaerotidae is a monophyletic family; (ii) Machaerotini, Hindoloidini (with the new inclusion of Kyphomachaerota), and Enderleiniini (excluding Kyphomachaerota and Apomachaerota Schmidt) are monophyletic tribes; (iii) the genus Apomachaerota was recovered as the most anciently diverged lineage of extant Machaerotidae, and a new subfamily (Apomachaerotinae subfam.n.), is proposed on the basis of its phylogenetic placement as sister lineage to all other extant Machaerotidae.
A new parallel algorithm for connected components in dynamic graphs

Social networks, communication networks, business intelligence databases, and large scientific data sources now contain hundreds of millions elements with billions of relationships. The relationships in these massive datasets are changing at ever-faster rates. Through representing these datasets as dynamic and semantic graphs of vertices and edges, it is possible to characterize the structure of the relationships and to quickly respond to queries about how the elements in the set are connected. Statically computing analytics on snapshots of these dynamic graphs is frequently not fast enough to provide current and accurate information as the graph changes. This has led to the development of dynamic graph algorithms that can maintain analytic information without resorting to full static recomputation. In this work we present a novel parallel algorithm for tracking the connected components of a dynamic graph. Our approach has a low memory requirement of O(V) and is appropriate for all graph densities. On a graph with 512 million edges, we show that our new dynamic algorithm is up to 128X faster than well-known static algorithms and that our algorithm achieves a 14X parallel speedup on a x86 64-core shared-memory system. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first parallel implementation of dynamic connected components that does not eventually require static recomputation.
A reexamination of the relationship between active rheumatoid arthritis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Three patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that remitted with the development of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been described in the literature, and this has contributed to the belief that RA and HIV infection or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cannot coexist. However, a computerized MEDLINE literature search revealed reports of 4 patients who did have active RA and AIDS or HIV infection, as well as other case reports of symmetric polyarthritis compatible with RA in patients with HIV infection. Each of the patients whose RA remitted had received standard disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy, and 1 of the 3 had a normal T helper:T suppressor ratio at the time of remission. Of the 4 previously reported patients with active RA and AIDS or HIV infection, all had decreased numbers of T helper lymphocytes. The present report describes a fifth patient with both RA and AIDS and reviews the data concerning the coexistence of these 2 diseases. It appears that active RA may indeed coexist with AIDS. It remains to be seen under what settings HIV may have a disease-modifying effect in RA. These issues have important implications regarding the pathogenesis and therapy of RA, especially in terms of the role of CD4+ lymphocytes and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy.
Effect of light source and time on the polymerization of resin cement through ceramic veneers

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of 3 different light sources to polymerize a light curing resin cement beneath 3 types of porcelain veneer materials. Materials and Methods A conventional halogen light, a plasma arc light, and a high intensity halogen light were used to polymerize resin cement (Variolink II; Ivoclar North America Inc, Amherst, NY) through disks of veneer materials. Equal diameter and thickness disks of feldspathic porcelain (Ceramco II; Ceramco Inc, Burlington, NJ), pressable ceramic (IPS Empress; Ivoclar North America Inc), and aluminous porcelain (Vitadur Alpha; Vident Inc, Brea, CA) were used as an interface between the curing light tips and the light polymerized resin cement. The resin cement/veneer combinations were exposed to 4 different photopolymerization time protocols of 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 15 seconds, and 20 seconds for high intensity light units (Apollo 95E [Dental Medical Diagnostic Systems Inc, Westlake Village, CA] and Kreativ 2000 [Kreativ Inc, San Diego, CA]), and 20 seconds, 40 seconds, 60 seconds, and 80 seconds for conventional halogen light (Optilux; Demetron Research Inc, Danbury, CT). A surface hardness test (Knoop indenter) was used to determine the level of photopolymerization of the resin through the ceramic materials with each of the light sources. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and a post-hoc Scheffe test (p < .05). Results The data indicates that the Variolink II Knoop Hardness Number values vary with the light source, the veneer material, and the polymerization time. For a given light and veneer material, Knoop Hardness Number increases with longer polymerization times. The Kreativ light showed statistically significant differences (p < .05) between all test polymerization times. Use of this light required a polymerization time of greater than 20 seconds to reach maximum resin cement hardness. For samples polymerized with the Apollo light, there were statistically significant (p < .05) differences in surface hardness between samples polymerized at all times, except for the 15-second and 20-second times. Samples polymerized with the halogen light showed no statistically significant (p < .05) differences in hardness between polymerization times of 60 seconds and 80 seconds. Conclusions High intensity curing lights achieve adequate polymerization of resin cements through veneers in a markedly shorter time period than the conventional halogen light. However, the data in this report indicate that a minimum exposure time of 15 seconds with the Kreativ light and 10 seconds with the Apollo 95E light should be used to polymerize the Variolink II resin, regardless of the composition of the veneer. Conventional halogen lights required a correspondingly greater polymerization time of 60 seconds.
Small animal imaging platform for quantitative assessment of short-wave infrared-emitting contrast agents

We report the design, calibration, and testing of a pre-clinical small animal imaging platform for use with short-wave infrared (SWIR) emitting contrast agents. Unlike materials emitting at visible or near-infrared wavelengths, SWIR-emitting agents require detection systems with sensitivity in the 1-2 μm wavelength region, beyond the range of commercially available small animal imagers. We used a collimated 980 nm laser beam to excite rare-earth-doped NaYF 4 :Er,Yb nanocomposites, as an example of a SWIR emitting material under development for biomedical imaging applications. This beam was raster scanned across the animal, with fluorescence in the 1550 nm wavelength region detected by an InGaAs area camera. Background adjustment and intensity non-uniformity corrections were applied in software. The final SWIR fluorescence image was overlaid onto a standard white-light image for registration of contrast agent uptake with respect to anatomical features.
The effects of intake pressure, fuel concentration, and bias voltage on the detection of ions in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine

Abstract Determining when the combustion event occurs in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine can prove challenging given that the combustion event is governed by temperature sensitive chemical-kinetics which results in auto-ignition of the fuel/air mixture. Auto-ignition variability can affect emissions and efficiency. Thus, measuring and controlling the combustion event is of the utmost importance. Ion sensors can be used reasonably to detect the combustion event for various fuels used in HCCI engines over a wide range of operating conditions. Experiments have been conducted to measure ion signals produced from the combustion of gasoline, ethanol, and n -heptane in a 4-cylinder HCCI engine with different equivalence ratios and intake pressures. It was found that the ion signal is reduced under several situations: with an increase in intake pressure, reducing equivalence ratio (under lean conditions), and decreasing the bias voltage source. Results from a Well-Mixed-Reactor (WMR) model suggest that gasoline and ethanol produces more ions than n -heptane during combustion under the same operating conditions; these predictions are supported by experiments.