cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of maximum aerobic power in untrained females.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to develop an equation for predicting [Vdot]O2 max from values of percent body fat, weight, and submaximal values of heart rate, [Vdot]E, respiratory quotient (RQ), and [Vdot]O2. Subjects were 30 nontrained female volunteers. Each subject was administered three separate tests to determine the submaximal values of [Vdot]E, heart rate, RQ, [Vdot]O2, and [Vdot]O2 max. All variables were submitted to a multiple linear regression analysis to determine which combination of variables best predicted [Vdot]O2 max. The most administratively feasible equation in terms of time and technical assistance without sacrificing validity was: The equation had a standard error of estimate of 228 milliliters/minute or about 9.1% of the true [Vdot]O2 max. It was concluded that the developed equations were as valid as other equations with the additional advantage of being developed on a nontrained female sample.
WHISPER: a problem-solving system utilizing diagrams and a parallel processing retina

Diagrams are of substantial benefit to WHISPER, a computer problem-solving system, In testing the stability of a "blocks world" structure and predicting the event sequences which occur as that structure collapses. WHISPER'S components include a high level reasoner which knows some qualitative aspects of Physics, a simulated parallel processing "retina" to "look at" Its diagrams, and a set of re-drawing procedures for modifying these diagrams. Roughly modelled after the human eye, WHISPER'S retina can fixate at any diagram location, and Its resolution decreases away from its center. Diagrams enable WHISPER to work with objects of arbitrary shape, detect collisions and other motion discontinuities, discover coincidental alignments, and easily update its world model after a state change.
Connotative Meanings of Student Performance Labels Used in Standard Setting

The purpose of this study was to investigate the connotation of performance labels used in standard setting. For example, do the performance labels basic, proficient, and advanced hold different connotations than limited knowledge, satisfactory, and distinguished?If these terms hold different connotations, such differences may play a role in the standard-setting process. A nationally representative sample of participants (n = 167) provided connotation ratings to an online instrument containing an experimental manipulation. Results suggested that the selected terms themselves do hold different connotations. After definitions were provided with the terms, the differences in the evaluative nature of the labels were mitigated. However, some differences remained; the term limited knowledge was persistently perceived as less favorable than basic and apprentice, and satisfactory was persistently perceived as less favorable than proficient.
CC-1065 CBI analogs: an example of enhancement of DNA alkylation efficiency through introduction of stabilizing electrostatic interactions.

Abstract The three trimethylammonium salts 3–5 proved to be 100 times more efficient at alkylating DNA than 2 and exhibited DNA alkylation efficiencies identical to that of (+)-CC-1065 ( 1 ). In addition, the agents 3 and 4 exhibited DNA alkylation selectivities identical to that of 2 . This may be attributed to spatially well-defined stabilizing electrostatic interactions between the positively charged trimethylammonium salt lying on the peripheral face of the agents and the bracketing, negatively charged phosphates located in the DNA backbone that enhance the DNA noncovalent binding affinity without affecting DNA binding or alkylation selectivity. The agent 5 exhibited an altered and more discriminating AT-rich adenine N3 alkylation selectivity than 2–4 that may be attributed to the groove placement of the large trimethylammonium salt.
Optical Absorption Band Edge in Anisotropic Crystals

The shape of the optical absorption band edge in insulating crystals is discussed for both direct and indirect electronic transitions. Selection rules are invoked to explain the apparent shift in the band edge with polarization observed in anisotropic crystals. The absorption coefficient obeys a law of the form $K\ensuremath{\propto}{(\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}E)}^{n}$, where $E$ is closely related to the minimum band gap and $n$ is \textonehalf{} for allowed direct transitions, $\frac{3}{2}$ for forbidden direct transitions, and 2 for indirect transitions. The experimental observations of the shift in CdS and Te are analyzed in terms of conduction and valence band extrema at k=0 with symmetry types such that the transition is allowed for light polarization perpendicular to the hexagonal axis and forbidden for the polarization parallel to this axis.
LCD motion-blur analysis, perception, and reduction using synchronized backlight flashing

One of the image quality issues of LC TV is the motion blur. In this paper, the LCD motion blur is modeled using a frequency domain analysis, where the motion of an object causes temporal component in the spatial/temporal spectrum. The combination of display temporal low-pass filtering and eye tracking causes the perception of motion blur. One way to reduce motion blur is to use backlight flashing, where the shorter "on" duration reduces the display temporal aperture function, thus improves the temporal transfer function of the display. The backlight flashing was implemented on a LCD with a backlight system consisting of an array of light emitting diodes (LED). The LED can be flashed on for a short duration after LCD reaches the target level. The effect of motion blur reduction was evaluated both objectively and subjectively. In the objective experiment, the retina image is derived from a sequence of captured images using a high speed camera. The subjective study compares the motion blur to an edge with a simulated edge blur. The comparison of objective and subjective experiments shows a good agreement. Both objective measurement and subjective experiment shows clear improvement in motion blur reduction with synchronized backlight flashing.
Template-directed adsorption of block copolymers on alkanethiol-patterned gold surfaces.

Functionalized alkanethiols have been self-assembled on gold to modify the wetting properties of the surface and promote or hinder the adsorption of block copolymers containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of spin-coated polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PE-b-PEO) copolymers on 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA)-, octadecanethiol (ODT)-, and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol (PFDT)-covered surfaces have been performed. In the case of an 80 wt % PEO block copolymer, spin-coating on a gold surface precovered with MHDA results in a polymer film thick enough to completely attenuate Au 4f photoelectrons; spin-coating on the more hydrophobic ODT and PFDT monolayers leads to significantly thinner polymer films and incomplete attenuation of the gold photoelectrons. The opposite results are observed when a 20 wt % PEO block copolymer is used. Angle-resolved XPS studies of the 80 wt % PEO block copolymer spin-coated onto an MHDA-covered surface indic...
Extended single transverse neck incision for composite resections: An update of technique and results†‡

A composite resection for carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract was performed on 42 patients using a single transverse neck incision for the neck dissection, and an extension of this incision for inclusion of the primary lesion. This incision satisfies all the criteria that should be considered when designing a flap. Surgical exposure was adequate, no skin necrosis occurred, compatibility with reconstructive procedures was excellent, and resultant cosmetic deformity was minimal.
Characterization, purification, and analysis of solvent yellow 33 and solvent green 3 dyes

Abstract Thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with linear photodiode array detection (LPDA) were used to separate impurities from two commercial dyes. Gravity flow liquid chromatography was used to purify reference standards of the dyes. Normal phase HPLC and LPDA detection was used to determine purities of submitted samples by comparing responses to those of the reference standards. Electron impact mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were utilized to confirm structures of the dyes and their impurities.
Energy efficient MapReduce with VFI-enabled multicore platforms

In an era when power constraints and data movement are proving to be significant barriers for high-end computing, multicore architectures offer a low-power and highly scalable platform suitable for both data- and compute-intensive applications. MapReduce is a popular framework to facilitate the management and development of big-data workloads. In this work, we demonstrate that by using a wireless NoC-enabled Voltage Frequency Island (VFI)-based multicore platform it is possible to enhance the energy efficiency of MapReduce implementations without paying significant execution time penalties. Our experimental results show that for the benchmarks considered, the designed VFI system can achieve an average of 33.7% energy-delay product (EDP) savings over the standard baseline non-VFI mesh-based system while paying a maximum of 3.22% execution time penalty.
Global Transcriptomic and Proteomic Responses of Dehalococcoides ethenogenes Strain 195 to Fixed Nitrogen Limitation

Bacteria of the genus Dehalococcoides play an important role in the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes. A systems-level approach was taken in this study to examine the global transcriptomic and proteomic responses of exponentially growing cells of Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 to fixed nitrogen limitation (FNL), as dechlorination activity and cell yield both decrease during FNL. As expected, the nitrogen-fixing (nif) genes were differentially upregulated in the transcriptome and proteome of strain 195 during FNL. Aside from the nif operon, a putative methylglyoxal synthase-encoding gene (DET1576), the product of which is predicted to catalyze the formation of the toxic electrophile methylglyoxal and is implicated in the uncoupling of anabolism from catabolism in bacteria, was strongly upregulated in the transcriptome and could potentially play a role in the observed growth inhibition during FNL. Carbon catabolism genes were generally downregulated in response to FNL, and a number of transporters were differentially regulated in response to nitrogen limitation, with some playing apparent roles in nitrogen acquisition, while others were associated with general stress responses. A number of genes related to the functions of nucleotide synthesis, replication, transcription, translation, and posttranslational modifications were also differentially expressed. One gene coding for a putative reductive dehalogenase (DET1545) and a number of genes coding for oxidoreductases, which have implications in energy generation and redox reactions, were also differentially regulated. Interestingly, most of the genes within the multiple integrated elements were not differentially expressed. Overall, this study elucidates the molecular responses of strain 195 to FNL and identifies differentially expressed genes that are potential biomarkers to evaluate environmental cellular nitrogen status.
Bioavailability of Chelated and Soil-Adsorbed Copper to Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

The effect of chelated and soil-adsorbed copper on whole-cell soluble methane monooxygenase activity in Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was measured to assess the bioavailability of these forms of copper. Strongly binding chelating agents (Log K > 16) added to the growth medium at a concentration of 20 μM were able to reduce copper bioavailability. As these chelating agents limited equilibrium binding of copper by cell-produced copper binding ligands and limited accumulation by passive uptake mechanisms, it appears the ability of the cells' copper uptake system to sequester copper in a bioavailable form is compromised by these competing ligands. Copper sorbed as surface complexes on montmorillonite clay, γ-alumina, ferrihydrite, and goethite were bioavailable. However, with increasing concentration of surface sites, bioavailability decreased, indicating the competitive advantage for copper binding provided by high concentrations of binding sites limited the ability of the cells' copper uptake system to ac...
Guided resonances in photonic crystal slabs studied with terahertz time domain spectroscopy

Photonic crystal slabs with hexagonal-lattice air-hole arrays are studied experimentally using coherent single-cycle terahertz pulses. Transmission measurements reveal the properties of guided resonances, in both time and frequency domain.
Evaluation of Clustering and Genotype Distribution for Replication in Genome Wide Association Studies: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) assess correlation between traits and DNA sequence variation using large numbers of genetic variants such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed across the genome. A GWAS produces many trait-SNP associations with low p-values, but few are replicated in subsequent studies. We sought to determine if characteristics of the genomic loci associated with a trait could be used to identify initial associations with a higher chance of replication in a second cohort. Data from the age-related eye disease study (AREDS) of 100,000 SNPs on 395 subjects with and 198 without age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were employed. Loci highly associated with AMD were characterized based on the distribution of genotypes, level of significance, and clustering of adjacent SNPs also associated with AMD suggesting linkage disequilibrium or multiple effects. Forty nine loci were highly associated with AMD, including 3 loci (CFH, C2/BF, LOC387715/HTRA1) already known to contain important genetic risks for AMD. One additional locus (C3) reported during the course of this study was identified and replicated in an additional study group. Tag-SNPs and haplotypes for each locus were evaluated for association with AMD in additional cohorts to account for population differences between discovery and replication subjects, but no additional clearly significant associations were identified. Relying on a significant genotype tests using a log-additive model would have excluded 57% of the non-replicated and none of the replicated loci, while use of other SNP features and clustering might have missed true associations.
Water source utilization and foliar nutrient status differs between upland and flooded plant communities in wetland tree islands

Tree islands in the Everglades wetlands are centers of biodiversity and targets of restoration, yet little is known about the pattern of water source utilization by the constituent woody plant communities: upland hammocks and flooded swamp forests. Two potential water sources exist: (1) entrapped rainwater in the vadose zone of the organic soil (referred to as upland soil water), that becomes enriched in phosphorus, and (2) phosphorus-poor groundwater/surface water (referred to as regional water). Using natural stable isotope abundance as a tracer, we observed that hammock plants used upland soil water in the wet season and shifted to regional water uptake in the dry season, while swamp forest plants used regional water throughout the year. Consistent with the previously observed phosphorus concentrations of the two water sources, hammock plants had a greater annual mean foliar phosphorus concentration over swamp forest plants, thereby supporting the idea that tree island hammocks are islands of high phosphorus concentrations in the oligotrophic Everglades. Foliar nitrogen levels in swamp forest plants were higher than those of hammock plants. Linking water sources with foliar nutrient concentrations can indicate nutrient sources and periods of nutrient uptake, thereby linking hydrology with the nutrient regimes of different plant communities in wetland ecosystems. Our results are consistent with the hypotheses that (1) over long periods, upland tree island communities incrementally increase their nutrient concentration by incorporating marsh nutrients through transpiration seasonally, and (2) small differences in micro-topography in a wetland ecosystem can lead to large differences in water and nutrient cycles.
THE RADIO SPECTRUM OF THE PHENYL RADICAL

The phenyl radical, C6H5, derived from benzene by removal of one hydrogen atom, was detected at centimeter wavelengths in a pulsed supersonic molecular beam and subsequently at millimeter wavelengths in a low-pressure direct current glow discharge. Fourteen rotational transitions between 9 and 40 GHz and over 50 transitions between 150 and 330 GHz, each split by spin doubling, have been measured for the normal isotopic species, and a comparable number have been measured for the fully deuterated species. The spectrum of both isotopic species at millimeter wavelengths is reproduced to an uncertainty of 0.5 km s-1 or better with seven spectroscopic constants. Rotational constants predicted from high-level molecular structure calculations are in excellent agreement with the measurements. Phenyl is a prime candidate for astronomical detection, because it is the prototypical aromatic hydrocarbon radical and a possible progenitor of other aromatic species.
PDGF receptor activation induces p120-catenin phosphorylation at serine 879 via a PKCα-dependent pathway

p120-catenin (p120) is required for cadherin stability and is thought to have a central role in modulating cell-cell adhesion. Several lines of evidence suggest that S/T phosphorylation may regulate p120 activity, but the upstream kinases involved have not been established, nor has a discreet measurable function been assigned to an individual site. To approach these issues, we have generated p120 phospho-specific monoclonal antibodies to several individual phosphorylation sites and are using them to pinpoint upstream kinases and signaling pathways that control p120 activity. Protein Kinase C (PKC) has been implicated as a signaling intermediate in several cadherin-associated cellular activities. Signaling events that activate PKC induce rapid phosphorylation at p120 Serine 879 (S879), suggesting that p120 activity is regulated, in part, by one or more PKC isoforms. Here, we find that physiologic activation of a G-protein coupled receptor (i.e., endothelin receptor), as well as several Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, induce rapid and robust p120 phosphorylation at S879, suggesting that these pathways crosstalk to cadherin complexes via p120. Using Va2 cells and PDGF stimulation, we show for the first time that PDGFR-mediated phosphorylation at this site is dependent on PKCalpha, a conventional PKC isoform implicated previously in disruption of adherens junctions.
ASEAN cooperation: the legacy of the economic crisis

Author(s): Solingen, E | Abstract: This article examines the implications of domestic political changes in the post-1997 era for ASEAN's regional cooperation and institutionalization. The conceptual framework traces regional relations to the makeup and grand strategies of domestic coalitions (internationalizing, hybrid, backlash). Had some predictions in the immediate aftermath of the crisis been fulfilled, the advent of domestic backlash coalitions would have portended lower levels of regional cooperation. Alternatively, in the absence of changes in the fundamental nature of most ruling coalitions after the crisis, ASEAN's cooperative thrust was expected to be maintained. The article explores the extent to which ASEAN's activities in the post-crisis era supports either of these two propositions. It finds that a shock of major proportions in Southeast Asia led to some immediate challenges to bilateral relations. At the same time, the aftermath of the crisis led to considerable multilateral and bilateral cooperation on economic issues, expansion, intervention, and security. Furthermore, cooperation may have indeed improved despite subsequent crises, including 9/11 and its aftermath. Yet no linear progression or irrevocable process towards internationalization or regional cooperation can be assumed. Alternative coalitions, and their potential for changing regional trajectories, must be reckoned with. © Oxford University Press and the Japan Association of International Relations 2005, all rights reserved.
Fluorinated molecules in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

The use of fluorinated molecules as drugs and imaging agents for CNS disorders has been studied extensively over the years. Incorporating a fluorine atom into the structure of a drug changes its physiochemical properties and can thereby lead to much more desirable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. This change can help to facilitate blood-brain barrier permeability, which is a critical matter for drugs intended for CNS activities. Fluorine incorporation into structures of drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has been an attractive field for drug discovery. Such incorporation can greatly influence the physicochemical properties, metabolic stability and receptor binding affinity of the resulting molecule. Some studies have shown that when a proton was substituted with fluorine, the binding or inhibitory potency was greatly increased. The fluorine-18 isotope, (18)F, is utilized in detection and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, whereas (19)F compounds are used in the treatment of these diseases and in MRI. (18)F is widely used in PET imaging because it offers the advantage of a longer half-life compared with other radionuclides. It is used for imaging various receptors and transporters that have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and multiple system atrophy. Fluorine plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of many CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. The use of fluorine in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, will be discussed in this review.
Overvaluation of shape and weight as a mediator between self-esteem and weight bias internalization among patients with binge eating disorder.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the roles of self-esteem and overvaluation of shape and weight in accounting for the internalization of weight bias among patients with binge eating disorder (BED) and obesity.
Preventing Juvenile Delinquency in Taiwan

The people and government of Taiwan have made special efforts to curb the increasing juvenile delinquency of recent years. This report provides the most current statistics concerning juvenile delin...
Radiation induced adult medulloblastoma: a case report

Adult medulloblastoma is a rare intracranial tumor. Our patient is a 61 year old woman treated with cranial irradiation 15 years previously for a low grade astrocytoma in the left posterior temporal lobe that was recently diagnosed with medulloblastoma in the right cerebellum. This is the first reported case of radiation induced adult medulloblastoma.
Local composition model for chainlike molecules: A new simplified version of the perturbed hard chain theory

A simple analytical equation for chainlike molecules interacting with square-well potential is derived by replacing the complicated attractive term in the perturbed hard chain theory (PHCT) of Beret, Donohue, and Prausnitz with a theoretical but simple expression derived by Lee, Lombardo, and Sandler. The resulting simplified perturbed hard chain theory (SPHCT) reproduces both experimental vapor pressure and liquid density data for a number of fluids over a wide temperature and pressure range with good accuracy. The three pure-component parameters in the SPHCT have been obtained for several n-alkanes and multipolar fluids. Average errors in predicted vapor pressures and liquid densities, over a wide temperature and pressure range, are about 3 and 4%, respectively. Preliminary mixture calculations indicate that the SPHCT predicts K factors and Henry's constants with reasonable accuracy without the use of any binary parameters.
Novel surface specialization on a sea anemone egg: “Spires” of actin‐filled microvilli

The ultrastructure of the "spiny" surface of Tealia crassicornis eggs is examined in detail by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in order to understand its function. Long microvilli are clustered together in spiral aggregates of 50-75 microvilli called "spires." There are about 15,000 spires per egg. Dense bundles of microfilaments making up the cores of these microvilli are shown to be composed of actin by staining with the fluorescent dye nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-phallacidin. It is postulated that the bundles of actin and the spires of microvilli are stiff and provide reinforcement to the egg surface. Such postulated properties would provide physical protection for these large eggs which, unlike the eggs of most invertebrates, appear to lack all extracellular investing coats.
Refining of Nanopillars Induced by Mn-doping in Epitaxial Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Films

Microstructures of the epitaxially grown Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 (BZT) and Mn-doped Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 (Mn:BZT) thin films on (001) MgO substrate fabricated by pulsed laser deposition were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM. The XRD studies showed that both epitaxial thin film structures are c-axis oriented. TEM and high-resolution TEM studies demonstrated that both BZT and Mn:BZT films consist of a continuous epitaxial layer near the interface followed by the formation of twin-coupled nanopillars, united by sharing their {111} or {110} plane as a common plane. The microstructure evolution from the epilayer to nanopillars is accomplished by alternatively introducing {111} and {110} plane twin boundaries, resulting in gradual shrinking/enlarging of the lateral size of the epitaxial grains/twin-coupled nanopillars. The lateral size of the nanopillars in BZT films is about four times larger than that in the Mn:BZT films. The refining of the nanopillars in the M...
Nonsurgical Treatment of Monarticular Nontraumatic Synovitis of the Second Metatarsophalangeal Joint

Thirteen patients with second metatarsophalangeal joint synovitis in 14 feet were seen during 4.5 years for monarticular nontraumatic synovitis of the metatarsophalangeal joint. They were treated with a nonsurgical regimen of intra-articular corticosteroids, along with the modification of a regular laced shoe to provide a rockerbottom effect. Nine feet of 8 patients were available for follow-up at an average of 75 months. Seven feet were asymptomatic, with no recurrence. One patient with bilateral involvement continued with symptoms unchanged. There were no recurrences. The treatment was unsuccessful for one patient who underwent surgical synovectomy. The above regimen seems to satisfactorily resolve the symptoms in 70% of the patients treated.
Auto-SCT for AML in second remission: CALGB Study 9620

We studied the feasibility and efficacy of a two-step approach to Auto-SCT for patients with AML in second remission. Step 1 consisted of consolidation chemotherapy using cytarabine 2000 mg/m2 i.v. every 12 h for 4 days plus etoposide 40 mg/kg total dose by continuous i.v. infusion over the same 4 days. PBSC were collected after G-CSF stimulation during recovery from this chemotherapy. Step 2, auto-SCT, used a preparative regimen of oral BU 16 mg/kg over 4 days followed by etoposide 60 mg/kg i.v. Of the 50 patients entered on Step 1, two died from treatment complications, and seven failed to proceed to transplantation. A median CD34+ cell dose of 5.9 × 106/kg was collected in a median of three collections. With a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) is 28%. The most important prognostic factor was cytogenetics, with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients having a 5-year DFS of 67% compared with 16% for others. We conclude that this two-step approach to autologous transplantation produces good CD34+ mobilization and that this approach has cured some patients. Results in patients with APL are especially promising.
Three-dimensional segmentation and skeletonization to build an airway tree data structure for small animals

Quantitative analysis of intrathoracic airway tree geometry is important for objective evaluation of bronchial tree structure and function. Currently, there is more human data than small animal data on airway morphometry. In this study, we implemented a semi-automatic approach to quantitatively describe airway tree geometry by using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) images to build a tree data structure for small animals such as rats and mice. Silicon lung casts of the excised lungs from a canine and a mouse were used for micro-CT imaging of the airway trees. The programming language IDL was used to implement a 3D region-growing threshold algorithm for segmenting out the airway lung volume from the CT data. Subsequently, a fully-parallel 3D thinning algorithm was implemented in order to complete the skeletonization of the segmented airways. A tree data structure was then created and saved by parsing through the skeletonized volume using the Python programming language. Pertinent information such as the length of all airway segments was stored in the data structure. This approach was shown to be accurate and efficient for up to six generations for the canine lung cast and ten generations for the mouse lung cast.
Detecting Deceptive Communication Through Computer-Mediated Technology: Applying Interpersonal Deception Theory to Texting Behavior

Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) argues that deception is an interpersonal action where people employ communication tactics to achieve various goals. Deception is a global concept; thus, much investigation has been conducted to determine the roots of such deceptive behavior. Through IDT, deception is categorized as a dynamic process where both the sender and receiver need to be engaged for deception to be successful. In extension of IDT, a study was conducted to determine the degree to which undergraduate students engage in deceptive behavior via text messaging. Through a survey design, undergraduate students' deceptive texting behaviors and deceptive detection traits were assessed. Results indicate that among undergraduate students, text messaging is an interpersonal form of communication that circumvents professionalism and power. Further, undergraduate students were much more likely to engage in deceptive texting with family and friends, but did so with significantly less frequency in the organizat...
Does Moral Virtue Require Knowledge? A Response to Julia Driver

A long-standing tenet of virtue theory is that moral virtue and knowledge are connected in some important way. Julia Driver attacks the traditional assumption that virtue requires knowledge. I argue that the examples of virtues of ignorance Driver offers are not compelling and that the idea that knowledge is required for virtue has been taken to be foundational for virtue theory for good reason. I propose that we understand modesty as involving three conditions: 1) having genuine accomplishments, 2) being aware of the value of these accomplishments, and 3) having a disposition to refrain from putting forward one’s accomplishments. When we understand modesty this way, we can properly identify genuine cases of modesty and see how modesty requires knowledge. Something similar can be said about other alleged virtues of ignorance. With the proposal in place, we have no serious reason to think that moral virtue requires ignorance. Additionally, we have good reasons for thinking that acting virtuously requires having good intentions and that a necessary condition of having a virtue is having knowledge. Although some might take these results to be trivial or obviously true, I think the Julia Driver’s challenge should not be dismissed out of hand. Even though there are some reasons for thinking that some situations suggest that knowledge and virtue can be separated from one another, close analysis reveals this impression is only surface deep.
A tricky late occurrence of Bochdalek's hernia.

A 32-year-old man with unremarkable medical history was urgently admitted with acute hypogastric pain of 24 h onset. On presentation he was apyrexial. Clinical examination revealed low abdominal tenderness with moderate rebound; bowel sounds were normal. The patient reported undisturbed stool and flatus passage; digital rectal examination revealed the presence of stool in the rectum without any tenderness or blood. Complete blood count showed a marked leukocytosis of 18 610/μL with an elevated neutrophilic differential (92.4%). …
Evolving practicum issues in school psychology preparation

Practicum experiences have been a critical aspect of the education and training of school psychologists at both the specialist and doctoral level. At the specialist level, the National Association of School Psychologists recently updated their standards for practicum, but the content, quality, and length of practicum vary tremendously across training programs. At the doctoral level, recent guidelines from the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards allow for the emerging option to include practicum experience together with internship toward licensure requirements. However, this raises a number of questions unique to the context of school psychology training, including what hours and activities count, appropriate credentials for supervisors, appropriate sites for practicum experiences, what competencies are to be gained, and how to assess those competencies. The Council of Directors of School Psychology Programs has organized a task force to address issues of competencies and supervision in practicum experiences to inform recommendations and regulations regarding practicum experiences. This article summarizes the nature and context of these issues, and makes recommendations for school psychology training programs, national professional organizations, and credentialing organizations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the existence of two forms of NaNiF3

Abstract Forbidden reflections of flux grown single crystal NaNiF 3 were checked for multiple diffraction effects in an attempt to test the recently assigned P 2 1 2 1 2 1 − D 4 2 space group. The sum total of the evidence suggests the existence of two forms of NaNiF 3 .
836. Changes in Maturation Profiles of Dendritic Cells Transduced with a CD40-Targeted Adenoviral Vector

Introduction: Adenovirus (Ad)-mediated transduction of dendritic cells (DCs) is inefficient because of the lack of the primary Ad receptor, CAR. CD40 is a surface marker expressed by DCs that plays a crucial role in their maturation and subsequent stimulation of T cells. DC infection with Ad targeted to the CD40 results in increased gene transfer. Recently, we characterized a new model using a mouse ovarian carcinoma cell line (MOVCAR) that expresses the SV40 large T-Ag and forms tumors in syngeneic immunocompetent B6C3F1 mice. The SV40 large T-Ag is highly immunogenic, inducing both antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Since this antigen is synthesized in MOVCAR cells, the SV40 large T-Ag is an attractive candidate as a model system for the development of a DC-targeted cancer vaccine. We describe the further characterization of the CD40-targeting approach using an adapter molecule that bridges the fiber of the Ad5 to CD40 on mouse DC. This adapter molecule, CFm40L, consists of the ectodomain of CAR genetically linked via a trimerization motif to the extracellular domain of mouse CD40 ligand. We have demonstrated that DCs transduced with a CD40-targeted Ad vector expressing SV40 T-Ag (Ad5-SV40-TAg) showed an increased expression of cell surface activation markers and were effective in inducing an antigen-specific CTL response. To examine CD maturation induced by transduction with the CD40-targeted Ad vector, we examined changes in a panel of cytokines and chemokines. In addition, we examined the kinase signalling pathways involved in cytokine regulation.
Transient Hypoxemia in Firemen Following Inhalation of Smoke

Mild to moderately severe hypoxemia was documented in 19 of 21 mostly asymptomatic firemen who were exposed to dense smoke containing polyvinylchloride and other pulmonary irritants. The hypoxemia was transient, with nearly complete reversibility within 24 hours. Subsequent tests for pulmonary function one month later demonstrated that this transient hypoxemia was not related to previous underlying pulmonary disease. The potential for serious complications of inhalation of smoke, particularly smoke from burning plastics, is heightened by the frequent lack of symptoms associated with this type of exposure, despite the development of moderately severe hypoxemia in addition to carboxyhemoglobinemia. Precautionary measures should include uninterrupted use of an effective breathing apparatus by firemen exposed to smoke and to noxious fumes and temporary oxygen supplementation, even in asymptomatic firemen, following exposure to dense smoke.
Diffusion constant of K+ inside Gramicidin A: A comparative study of four computational methods

The local diffusion constant of K+ inside the Gramicidin A (GA) channel has been calculated using four computational methods based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, specifically: Mean Square Displacement (MSD), Velocity Autocorrelation Function (VACF), Second Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem (SFDT) and analysis of the Generalized Langevin Equation for a Harmonic Oscillator (GLE-HO). All methods were first tested and compared for K+ in bulk water—all predicted the correct diffusion constant. Inside GA, MSD and VACF methods were found to be unreliable because they are biased by the systematic force exerted by the membrane-channel system on the ion. SFDT and GLE-HO techniques properly unbias the influence of the systematic force on the diffusion properties and predicted a similar diffusion constant of K+ inside GA, namely, ca. 10 times smaller than in the bulk. It was found that both SFDT and GLE-HO methods require extensive MD sampling on the order of tens of nanoseconds to predict a reliable diffusion constant of K+ inside GA.
Effect of denture adhesive on the retention and stability of mixillary dentures

This study used quantitative methods to measure the effects of a denture adhesive on the retention and stability of the maxillary denture. Denture movements were measured on 20 patients during standardized chewing, swallowing, and speaking activities, first with no adhesive, and then at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after application of an over-the-counter cream adhesive. The major findings were that the denture adhesive produced a statistically significant improvement in the retention and stability of the maxillary denture during the various chewing, swallowing, and speaking activities, for up to 8 hours; there were no statistically significant differences in improvement between a poorly fitting and well-fitting denture; and patients were able to produce significantly greater levels of incisal bite force with the use of the adhesive.
Documentation of a venous resistance in the baboon.

Abstract In the steady state, blood flow out of the heart must be the same as blood flow into the heart. Thus, flow in the cardiovascular system should depend not only on cardiac determinants of flow—pericardial pressure, afterload, heart rate, and contractility—but also on systemic venous determinants of flow as well. We studied the venous determinants of flow in nine baboons. The mean systemic pressure, the upstream driving pressure for venous return, was 10 mm Hg higher than the right atrial pressure. Flow generated by this upstream pressure was modulated by a venous resistance. This resistance acted as if it were interposed between the upstream capacitance vessels and the right atrium. These determinants of venous return in the baboon would be inadequately described by classical concepts of cardiovascular physiology. We suspect that classical concepts would be inadequate in man as well.
Organizing Insurgency: Networks, Resources, and Rebellion in South Asia

A central question in civil war research is how state sponsorship, overseas funding, involvement in illicit economics, and access to lootable resources affect the behavior and organization of insurgent groups. Existing research has not arrived at any consensus, as resource wealth is portrayed as a cause of both undisciplined predation and military resilience. A social-institutional theory explains why similar resource wealth can be associated with such different outcomes. The theory argues that the social networks on which insurgent groups are built create different types of organizations with differing abilities to control resource flows. There is no single effect of resource wealth: instead, social and organizational context determines how these groups use available resources. A detailed comparative study of armed groups in the insurgency in Kashmir supports this argument. A number of indigenous Kashmiri insurgent organizations received substantial funding, training, and support from Pakistan from 1988 ...
Enthalpies of dilution and relative apparent molar enthalpies of aqueous copper perchlorate

Abstract Relative apparent molar enthalpies L φ for aqueous cadmium perchlorate were measured at 298.15 K over the molality range 0.002 to 2.9 mol kg −1 . The values were smoothed and extrapolated with guidance from functions based on Debye-Huckel theory. The values of L φ were compared with those for several other 2-1 perchlorates, and the similarities in behavior of L φ for zinc, cadmium, and mercury(II) perchlorates were noted. The standard enthalpy of solution for Cd(C1O 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O(s) was calculated: ΔH soln o (298.15 K) = (0.50 ± 0.12) kcal th mol −1 .
The UN Security Council, Indifference, and Genocide in Rwanda

I was on the Delta Shuttle from New York to Washington on April 6,1994 when I first learned, by way of the New York Times, that the plane carrying President Habyarimana of Rwanda had mysteriously crashed as it approached the Kigali airport. My first response was to study the photograph of the dead president; after closely covering his comings and goings for the past several months, it struck me as odd that the first time that I would see his face was in a newspaper article announcing his death. Then I felt frustration bordering on exasperation. As a political officer at the U.S. Mission to the United Nations who was assigned to cover Rwanda, I had spent the last part of March consumed by the negotiations on the mandate extension of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR). Although many of the Security Council debates on whether to extend a mandate and under what conditions have a scripted quality that foreordain renewal, this instance was uncharacteristically lengthy and contentious. UNAMIR was charged with overseeing the implementation of the Arusha Accords, the blueprint to end the civil war between the Tutsi-backed Rwandan Patriotic Forces (RPF) and the Hutu-dominated Rwandan government, and to install a new, more representative, government. For some months, the Rwandan government had been dragging its heels and failing to produce the transitional government, leaving many on the Security Council increasingly irritated. The U.S. position was that the Rwandan government should be notified that unless it quickly established the transitional government, the UN operation would be ended. How strong these signals should be, and how serious the threat to close the operation should be, was a principal point of contention during the negotiations over the mandate's extension. The Security Council approved an extension just as the mandate expired in early April, the United States was satisfied that its concerns had been communicated to the Rwandan government, and I was relieved to have Rwanda off my desk and be able to turn my attention to other matters. The president's death changed all that, for bad and for good. Exhausted from the hectic pace, I would now not have my long awaited break. Still,
Debugging an Artifact, Instrumenting a Bug: Dialectics of Instrumentation and Design in Technology-Rich Learning Environments

This article explores ways of conceptualizing the design of innovative learning tools as emergent from dialectics between designers and learner-users of those tools. More specifically, I focus on the reciprocities between a designer’s objectives for student learning and a user’s situated activity in a learning environment, as these interact and co-develop in cycles of design-based research. Recent investigations of technology-supported mathematics learning conducted from an ‘instrumental’ perspective provide a powerful framework for analyzing the process through which classroom artifacts become conceptual tools, simultaneously characterizing the ways students come to both implement and understand a device in the context of a task. Similarly, design-based approaches to investigating instructional activity offer epistemological grounds for treating the process of designing artifacts to support learning as unfolding in concert with rather than concluding prior to situated student use. Drawing on each of these perspectives, I describe the design and initial implementation of a set of software artifacts intended to support students’ collaborative problem solving through locally networked handheld computers. Through detailed analyses of three classroom episodes, I report on the ways one student group’s innovative and unexpected use of these tools served as an opportunity to both examine student learning in the context of that novelty and to refine the software design. This account provides an empirical example through which to consider the potential for instrumental genesis to inform design, and for design research epistemology to broaden the scope of instrumental theory.
Response rate comparisons of e-mail- and mail-distributed student evaluations.

Background: The proliferation of electronic information delivery systems has led to increasing use of e-mail as a rapid method of gathering information. Little research has been conducted on the use of e-mail for collecting curriculum evaluations. Purpose: To compare e-mailed and mailed educational evaluations for 4th-year medical students. Methods: Curriculum evaluations were sent to 4th-year medical students who were randomly assigned to receive the survey either by mail or e-mail. Results: Mailed evaluations yielded a higher return rate, fewer number of students omitting items, and shorter responses to an open-ended question than evaluations completed via e-mail. Conclusions: Although the findings have limited generalizability because of low response rates and small sample sizes, the results suggest caution when using e-mail to collect curriculum evaluations from 4th-year medical students
Endothelium as an organ system

The endothelium is a highly dynamic cell layer that is involved in a multitude of physiologic functions, including the control of vasomotor tone, the trafficking of cells and nutrients, the maintenance of blood fluidity, and the growth of new blood vessels. Over the past several decades, advances in basic research of the endothelium have far outstripped those in the clinic. One explanation for this growing bench-to-bedside chasm relates to the inflexible and largely outdated nature of the present-day medical infrastructure. The constraints of medical subspecialization have created a conceptual blind spot, namely, the inability to appreciate the endothelium for what it is: a cell layer that is teeming with life, every bit as active as any other organ in the body. The overall goal of this review is to bring the endothelium "to life" and to argue that future breakthroughs in biomedicine are contingent on acceptance of the endothelium as a bona fide organ system.