cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Self-Control, Gang Membership, and Parental Attachment/Identification on Police Contacts Among Latino and African American Youths:

This study assessed the correlates of self-control and police contact in a sample of Chicago public high school students. The investigation examined the effects of parental attachment/identification, family structure, and peer association on self-control and the effects of parental attachment/identification, family structure, peer association, and self-control on police contact. Differences between African American and Latino youth on the predictors of the two dependent measures were tested in separate regression models. Weak parental attachment/identification and gang affiliation (peer association) predicted low self-control among all students. Among African American youth, only weak maternal attachment/identification predicted low self-control; both weak maternal attachment/identification and gang affiliation predicted low self-control among Latino youth. Gang affiliation predicted police stops (delinquency) among African Americans but not among Latinos. However, both African American and Latino students with lower self-control were more likely to be stopped by the police than those with higher self-control.
Nicotine increases dopamine clearance in medial prefrontal cortex in rats raised in an enriched environment.

Environmental enrichment results in differential behavioral and neurochemical responsiveness to nicotine. The present study investigates dopamine clearance (CLDA) in striatum and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using in vivo voltammetry in rats raised in enriched (EC) or impoverished conditions (IC) and administered nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or saline. Baseline CLDA in striatum or mPFC was not different between EC and IC. Across repeated DA application, striatal CLDA increased in saline-control EC and IC. CLDA increased in mPFC in saline-control IC; CLDA did not change in saline-control EC. Thus, enrichment differentially alters dynamic responses of the dopamine transporter (DAT) to repeated DA application in mPFC, but not in striatum. In EC, nicotine increased mPFC CLDA compared to saline-control, but had no effect on CLDA in IC; nicotine had no effect in striatum in EC or IC. Compared to respective saline-controls, nicotine increased dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content in striatum and mPFC in EC, but not in IC. Nicotine also had no effect on DA content in striatum or mPFC in EC or IC. Results indicate that enrichment eliminated the dynamic response of mPFC DAT to repeated DA application in saline-control and augmented the nicotine-induced increase in DAT function in mPFC, but not in striatum.
Internal Excitation in Nonreactive Molecular Collisions: Resonance Widths in the Scattering of an Atom by a Rigid Rotor

Approximate methods are employed in an attempt to reproduce the exact dependence of the widths of subexcitation resonances upon energy and the asymmetry (coupling) parameter in the scattering of an atom by a rigid rotor. Two approximation procedures are investigated. One is based on the “distortion” approximation to the resonance energies. It is shown that, except for cases of extremely weak coupling, this approximation is quite unsatisfactory. The other procedure, an extension of the “adiabatic” approximation to the resonance energies, is computationally as simple as the first method in that it does not require the numerical differentiation of the adiabatic wavefunctions. Agreement with the exact widths is quite good, suggesting that the approximation should be of considerable value in predicting whether or not a given resonance might be observable.
Boundary eigensolutions in elasticity. I. Theoretical development

The theory of fundamental boundary eigensolutions for elastostatic boundary value problems is developed. The underlying fundamental eigenproblem is formed by inserting the eigenparameter and a tensor weight function into the boundary condition, rather than into the governing differential equation as is often done for vibration problems. The resulting spectra are real and the eigenfunctions (eigendeformations) are mutually orthogonal on the boundary, thus providing a basis for solutions. The weight function permits effective treatment of non-smooth problems associated with cracks, notches and mixed boundary conditions. Several ideas related to the behavior of eigensolutions in the domain, integral equation methods, variational methods, convergence characteristics, flexibility and stiffness kernels, and solutions to problems with body forces are also introduced. Of particular note are the integral equation and variational formulations that lead to the development of new computational formulations for boundary element and finite element methods, respectively. An example with closed form and numerical results is included to illustrate some aspects of the theory.
Mass spectrometric analysis of complex mixtures then and now: the impact of linking liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

Abstract On-line compound isolation (using column switching) for the analysis of complex mixtures encountered in the pharmaceutical development process has been investigated. The strategy was used for the analysis of low-level compounds that responded poorly (or not at all) under standard atmospheric pressure ionization LC/MS conditions. Analytes were prepared using small secondary columns after the analytical separation. Subsequently, the retained compounds were eluted and interrogated using experimental conditions designed to maximize mass spectrometric information content; these conditions included optimized solvent systems, optimized flow rates, chemical manipulation of the sample, extended acquisition time, and other appropriate mass spectral techniques. The challenges of obtaining comprehensive qualitative information about a mixture component under the restrictive conditions of validated regulatory HPLC methods are discussed in the context of the historical framework of direct mixture analysis using mass spectrometric approaches.
GF-GC Theory of Human Cognition: Differentiation of Short-Term Auditory and Visual Memory Factors.

A principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation was performed for 50 subjects on 18 cognitive and achievement variables. Four, five, six, and seven factors were specified for extraction. Variables were chosen to allow for investigation of factor loadings among measures of short-term auditory and short-term visual memory. Also included in the analysis were tests representative of other Gf-Gc factors. The results provide support for a model of Gf-Gc theory with distinct and separate short-term visual and short-term auditory memory factors.
Periodic points of holomorphic maps

On donne des criteres pour qu'une application holomorphe ait une infinite de points periodiques
Transdermal alcohol concentration data collected during a contingency management program to reduce at-risk drinking.

Abstract Background Recently, we demonstrated that transdermal alcohol monitors could be used in a contingency management procedure to reduce problematic drinking; the frequency of self-reported heavy/moderate drinking days decreased and days of no to low drinking increased. These effects persisted for three months after intervention. In the current report, we used the transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) data collected prior to and during the contingency management procedure to provide a detailed characterization of objectively measured alcohol use. Methods Drinkers ( n = 80) who frequently engaged in risky drinking behaviors were recruited and participated in three study phases: a 4-week Observation phase where participants drank as usual; a 12-week Contingency Management phase where participants received $50 each week when TAC did not exceed 0.03 g/dl; and a 3-month Follow-up phase where self-reported alcohol consumption was monitored. Transdermal monitors were worn during the first two phases, where each week they recived $105 for visiting the clinic and wearing the monitor. Outcomes focused on using TAC data to objectively characterize drinking and were used to classify drinking levels as either no, low, moderate, or heavy drinking as a function of weeks and day of week. Results Compared to the Observation phase, TAC data indicated that episodes of heavy drinking days during the Contingency Management phase were reduced and episodes of no drinking and low to moderate drinking increased. Conclusions These results lend further support for linking transdermal alcohol monitoring with contingency management interventions. Collectively, studies to date indicate that interventions like these may be useful for both abstinence and moderation-based programs.
Ascorbate levels in red blood cells and urine in patients with sickle cell anemia

Ascorbic acid can be important in sickle cell anemia (SCA) because significant oxidative stress occurs in the disease. Ascorbate could contribute to reduction of the increased oxygen free radicals generated in sickle red blood cells (SRBC) and to the recycling of vitamin E in the cells, while renal loss could contribute to the low plasma levels. Evaluation of red blood cell (RBC) and urine ascorbate in SCA has not been reported. Results showed (1) ascorbate levels in SRBC were similar to those in normals; (2) urine ascorbate excretion was increased in 36% of patients; (3) plasma levels of ascorbate were decreased. Conclusions: (1) Ascorbate is present in SRBC, most likely due to ascorbate recycling, despite increased free-radical generation. (2) The increase in renal excretion may contribute to the low plasma levels of ascorbate. (3) The presence of ample ascorbate in SRBC and decreased plasma ascorbate suggests that ascorbate movement across the SRBC membrane may differ from normal RBC. Am. J. Hematol. 65:174–175, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Testicular GnRH-like factors: Characterization of biologic activity

Observations that gonadotropin releasing hormone and its agonists directly inhibit gonadal function by binding to receptors on the Leydig cells had led to search for testicular GnRH-like peptide(s). This communication presents evidence that GnRH-like factors isolated from rat testis by immunoaffinity chromatography and previously characterized by radioimmunoassay and radioreceptor assay possess biologic activity. The partially purified material led to dose dependent inhibition of oLH stimulated testosterone production in a mixed Sertoli-Leydig cell monolayer culture. Pre-incubation of the cells with a potent GnRH antagonist prevented the inhibitory effects of the partially purified material suggesting that inhibition of oLH stimulated testosterone production may be receptor mediated.
HIGH RATE OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN WOMEN WITH PERIPARTUM CARDIOMYOPATHY AND IMPLANTED CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATORS

The benefit of Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICD) for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) has been well established in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM). However, the frequency of appropriate ICD therapy delivery in the subset of patients with peripartum
Détente in Space

The space programs of the United States and Soviet Union have been bound together for nearly two decades through rivalry, competition, and, most recently, cooperation. The scientific consequences of these space activities have been to revolutionize the study of the solar system, to open the high-energy (x-ray, gamma ray, and cosmic ray) window to astrophysical observation, and to significantly influence the study of Earth itself, especially its atmosphere. Nevertheless, scientific research in itself never has been the principal justification for space expenditures.
Evidence-Based Practices for Parentally Bereaved Children and Their Families

Parental death is one of the most traumatic events that can occur in childhood, and several reviews of the literature have found that the death of a parent places children at risk for a number of negative outcomes. This article describes the knowledge base regarding both empirically-supported, malleable factors that have been shown to contribute to or protect children from mental health problems following the death of a parent and evidence-based practices to change these factors. In addition, nonmealleable factors clinicians should consider when providing services for children who have experienced the death of a parent are reviewed.
Gyro pump wear and deformation analysis in vivo study: creep deformation.

: The Gyro pump has a double pivot bearing system to support its impeller. In this study, the integrity of the bearing system was examined after ex vivo studies. The pumps were implanted into calves and evaluated for different periods as a paracorporeal left ventricular assist device (LVAD). One pump was subjected to a test of 30 days, 1 for 15 days, 4 for 14 days, 1 for 10 days, 1 for 7 days, 2 for 4 days, and 4 for 2 days. One additional pump was subjected to percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) condition for 6 days (total pressure head 500 mm Hg with a pump flow rate of 3 L/min). The anticoagulation treatment consisted of a continuous administration of heparin to maintain an achieved clotting time (ACT) of 200–250 s during the LVAD study and 250–300 s during the PCPS study. After the experiment, the pumps were disassembled, and the wear and deformation of male and female bearings were analyzed. There were no dimensional changes on male bearings but there were on female bearings. Wear and deformation of the female bearings were calculated as follows: wear and deformation = (depth of female before pumping) − (depth after pumping). Thirteen assembled Gyro pumps were disassembled to measure the depth of the female bearings before pumping. There was no statistical relationship between the wear and deformation and the motor speed × driving period. From these results, the deformation was not due to wear but to the creep or elastic deformation. This study suggested that the double pivot bearing system of the Gyro pump is highly durable.
Development of a compact LTD pulse generator for X-ray backlighting of planar foil ablation experiments

Summary form only given. A 70kV, 100kA compact pulse generator (0.7m × 0.9m × 0.3m) has been constructed and successfully tested with a resistive load using a linear LTD-type capacitor-switch configuration. The generator consists of 6 bricks connected in parallel, where each brick contains two oppositely charged capacitors (+/-70kV, 40nF) and a low inductance L-3 spark-gap switch (93nH). The bricks are connected to the load through a parallel plate transmission line. The generator is designed to drive a hybrid x-pinch to serve as a diagnostic for planar foil ablation experiments on the 1-MA LTD at the Michigan Accelerator for Inductive Z-pinch Experiments (MAIZE) facility.[1,2] The hybrid x-pinch diagnostic consists of a 35-50μm Al or Mo wire between two conical tungsten electrodes and will be used as a backlighter in addition to the current 775nm Ti:sapphire laser. The construction of the hybrid x-pinch chamber and transmission line is currently underway. In addition, the generator may be used to create external magnetic fields for magneto Rayleigh-Taylor (MRT) experiments on the 1-MA LTD. Preliminary results of generator characterization will be presented.
Inferring Large-Scale Computation Behavior via Trace Extrapolation

Understanding large-scale application behavior is critical for effectively utilizing existing HPC resources and making design decisions for upcoming systems. In this work we present a methodology for characterizing an MPI application's large-scale computation behavior and system requirements using information about the behavior of that application at a series of smaller core counts. The methodology finds the best statistical fit from among a set of canonical functions in terms of how a set of features that are important for both performance and energy (cache hit rates, floating point intensity, ILP, etc.) change across a series of small core counts. The statistical models for each of these application features can then be utilized to generate an extrapolated trace of the application at scale. The fidelity of the fully extrapolated traces is evaluated by comparing the results of building performance models using both the extrapolated trace along with an actual trace in order to predict application performance at using each. For two full-scale HPC applications, SPECFEM3D and UH3D, the extrapolated traces had absolute relative errors of less than 5%.
Renal salvage from a giant multiloculated primary echinococcal cyst

This case report illustrates the importance of performing conservative renal surgery, rather than nephrectomy, in patients with giant echinococcal lesions, even if preliminary peroperative assessment suggests a need to sacrifice the kidney.
Acute methanol intoxication generates free radicals in rats: an ESR spin trapping investigation

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been used to investigate free radical generation in rats with acute methanol poisoning. The spin trapping technique was used where a spin trapping agent, alpha-(4-pyridyl 1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN), reacted with the corresponding alcohol-derived or alcohol-dependent radical to form radical adducts. One radical adduct was detected in both bile and urine samples 2 h after acute methanol poisoning in male Sprague Dawley rats. The hyperfine coupling constants for the radical adduct from [(13)C]-labeled methanol detected in the bile were a(N) = 15.58, a(beta)(H) = 2.81 G, and a(beta)(13C) = 4.53 G, which unambiguously identified this species as POBN/*CH@OH. The same radical adduct was detected in urine. The identification of a methanol-derived radical adduct in samples from bile and urine provided strong direct evidence for the generation of the alcohol-derived radicals during acute intoxication by methanol. Simultaneous administration of the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole and methanol resulted in an increase in the generation of the free radical metabolite detected in the bile. This is the first ESR evidence of methanol-derived free radical generation in an animal model of acute methanol intoxication.
Novel Rf-Plasma System for the Synthesis of Ultrafine, Ultrapure Sic and Si3N4

A novel high-temperature plasma tube has been developed that overcomes the meltdown problem of the conventional water- and gas-cooled quartz plasma tubes commonly used. The key feature of this system is the placement of heavywalled, water-cooled copper fingers inside a quartz mantle to shield the mantle from the intense radiation of the plasma. The copper fingers act as transformers to couple the plasma to the applied rf field. This system has been used to produce ultrafine, ultrapure silicon carbide powder by reaction of silane and methane. Powder of β-SiC has been obtained with a BET surface area of >160 m2 /g and a particle size range of 10 to 20 nm as measured by TEM. Likewise, powder of silicon nitride has been synthesized by reaction of silane and ammonia in the plasma. The resulting powder is approximately 50% Si3N4 with a mixture of α- and β-polymorphic forms. Boron carbide has also been successfully synthesized from diborane and methane.
English demonstratives: A case of semantic expansion

Abstract This paper studies the English demonstratives, this ( these ) and that ( those ). It shows that all the uses of these demonstratives that previous writers have noted, such as denoting the spatial and temporal relationship to the speaker, referring anaphorically and cataphorically in discourse, expressing the speaker's emotion, and indicating the focus of attention, can be accounted for as a case of semantic expansion. This seeming versatility of the demonstratives is in fact a result of the interplay of the semantics of these demonstratives and the linguistic environments in which they are used.
AMTEC/TE static converters for high energy utilization, small nuclear power plants

Abstract A conceptual design of static converters for small, co-generation modular nuclear power plants is developed and analyzed. Each converter is comprised of an alkali metal thermal-to-electric conversion (AMTEC) top cycle and thermoelectric (TE) bottom cycle cooled by natural convection of air. In addition to electricity production at a net efficiency in the low thirties, the small nuclear power plants with AMTEC/TE converters could provide co-generation heat for space heating, seawater desalination and/or high temperature process heat or steam. For the potassium AMTEC/TE converter, the conversion efficiency is about 1% point higher, the hot side temperature >100 K lower and the co-generation heat is slightly lower than for the sodium AMTEC/TE converter when operated at the same anode vapor pressure. On the other hand, when operated at the same hot side temperature, the efficiency of electricity production of power plants with K-AMTEC/TE converters could be ∼25% higher, while the co-generation thermal energy for space heating is ∼25% lower than with Na-AMTEC/TE converters. The present analysis showed that K- and Na-AMTEC/TE converters could be sized to produce up to 64 and 81 kWe each at hot side temperatures of 1030 and 1150 K, respectively, while achieving >90% total utilization of the nuclear reactor’s fission energy for the plant.
Prediction of Modified Release Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics from In Vitro, Immediate Release, and Intravenous Data

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the value of mechanistic simulations in gaining insight into the behaviors of modified release (MR) formulations in vivo and to use the properly calibrated models for prediction of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). GastroPlusTM (Simulations Plus, Inc.) was used to fit mechanistic models for adinazolam and metoprolol that describe the absorption, PK, and PD after intravenous (i.v.) and immediate release (IR) oral (p.o.) administration. The fitted model for adinazolam was then used to predict the PD profile for a MR formulation and to design a new formulation with desired onset and duration of action. The fitted metoprolol model was used to gain insight and to explain the in vivo behaviors of MR formulations. For each drug, a single absorption/PK model was fitted that provided simulated plasma concentration–time profiles closely matching observed in vivo profiles across several different i.v. and p.o doses. Sedation score profiles of adinazolam were fitted with an indirect PD model. For metoprolol, the fitted absorption/PK model for IR p.o. doses was used to select in vitro dissolution conditions that best matched the in vivo release of MR doses. This model also explained differences in exposure after administration of MR formulations with different release rates. Mechanistic absorption/PK models allow for detailed descriptions of all processes affecting the two drugs’ bioavailability, including release/dissolution, absorption, and intestinal and hepatic first pass extraction. The insights gained can be used to design formulations that more effectively overcome identified problems.
Broadband random phase diffuser for ultrasonic imaging.

Abstract In reflective imaging, waves must be scattered by the object over a broad solid angle so that some of the reflected waves impinge upon the collecting aperture. Surfaces such as biological specimens under study in acoustic imaging are considered smooth at the wavelengths used (e.g., 1 mm) and therefore act as specular reflectors. In order to obtain reflection over a broad spatial range, large aperture, sector or compound scanning are used. In certain types of systems, diffuse insonification is sometimes used by imaging a raster of random phase points onto the surface. However interference between the waves from these point sources produces random fringes or “speckle-like” patterns overlaying the image. In optics these fringes have been reduced by rotating the diffuser. A similar approach has been taken here. This paper describes a simple random phase plate having two levels, 0° and 180° phase that can, by rotation, change the relative phases of the diffuse insonification points so as to reduce the speckle-like effect in the image. The temporal bandwidth of the random phase plate is narrow because of standing waves in it. To reduce standing waves the diffuser is intimately coupled to a wedged transducer. This combination is used to obtain diffuse insonification with broad spatial and temporal bandwidth.
Disparities and quality: the next phase for high-performing pediatric care.

That report included a synthesis of the medical literature showing irrefutable evidence of pervasive disparities throughout the health care system. Although the report was criticized for not examining a large number of studies related to child health, subsequent work focusing on child health measures showed that pediatric patients also experience disparities in their health care and health outcomes. 2 The IOM report focused on disparities associated with race/ethnicity. It should also be noted that there are significant disparities that result from other characteristics such as immigration status, coverage status, and living in rural locations. However, this commentary will focus on disparities associated with race/ethnicity. Furthermore, it is important to note the distinction between disparities in health care, which are disparities in the delivery of health services, and disparities in health outcomes, which may be caused by disparities in health care or by other social factors, environmental factors, or a combination of the two. In recent years, much of the emphasis in disparities has been on health care, and efforts have focused on framing disparities as a health care quality issue to help identify clinically based interventions that could be effective for reducing disparities. 3 Includingequity (ie,thelack of disparities)as anintegral aspect of health care quality was first proposed in an IOM report, Crossing the Quality Chasm, and has proven to be a useful framework for thinking about disparities. The inclusion of disparities in the IOM definition of quality underscores the importance of eliminating disparities as one mechanism for achieving high-quality care. It also provides a way to address disparities through quality improvement. First, most measures of health care disparities are essentially measures of other components of clinical quality stratified by race, ethnicity, primary language, or other demographic factors. Thus, there is no need to develop “new” measures of health care disparities. Instead, one measures the quality of health care and then stratifies the results by race and ethnicity to determine whether disparities exist. Once a difference has been identified, the next step is to determine the root cause and whether this is a naturally occurring difference or a disparity resulting from differential treatment of a particulargroup of patients. If the cause is related to differential treatment of a certain group as a result of bias, income level, resource allocation, orsomeothersociallybasedcause,thenthatindicatesthisis a disparity, which can be addressed by interventions to ameliorate the underlying cause. Second, studies to understand the root causes for disparities in the quality of care have been conducted in settings ranging from hospitals to ambulatory care. Many have found that health care for patients of color is concentrated among a subset of providers in resource-poor settings; these providers tend
Generation of entangled ancilla states for use in linear optics quantum computing

Quantum logic operations can be performed using linear optical elements, additional photons (ancilla photons), and postselection based on measurements made on the ancilla. Here we describe a method for generating the required entangled state of $n$ ancilla photons using elementary logic gates and postselection. This approach is capable of generating the ancilla states required for either the original proposal by Knill, Laflamme, and Milburn [E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and G. J. Milburn, Nature 409, 46 (2001)] or those required for the more general high-fidelity approach [J. D. Franson, M. M. Donegan, M. J. Fitch, B. C. Jacobs, and T. B. Pittman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 137901 (2002)]. We also show that the entangled ancilla photons could be generated using a series of quantum wells coupled with tunnel junctions.
Pulsed Laser Spectroscopy

Abstract Since laser action was first achieved two decades ago, technological developments have improved the versatility of laser devices so that today we are able to design spectroscopic experiments largely without concern for the limitations of the irradiation source. Further, the development of laser techniques has presented new opportunities for spectroscopic research because of the new and unique properties of laser radiation. Much of the progress has been made possible through the development of tunable dye lasers and the new science of nonlinear optics. Lasers currently provide the purest, most intense sources of radiation while still offering tunability over a wide spectral range, in particular the region 150 to 11, 000 nm. Also, the special conditions of laser operation have allowed the generation of the shortest pulses known from any source of energy down to Fourier-transform-limited single pulses of ∼10−13 sec duration.
Synthesis of zeolites A and X: Influence of cosolvents

Cosolvents such as hexamethylphosphoramide and dimethyl sulfoxide added to typical zeolite A and X synthesis preparations influence the nucleation process by enhanced solvation of cations, by decreased solvation of hydroxide ions, and by lowering the solubility of aluminosilicate species. These effects are manifested in a faster nucleation process and increased yields at high Si/Al ratio reactant mixtures.
Core implementation via dynamic game forms

Implementation of a social choice correspondence (SCC) involves finding a decentralized choice mechanism for which the solution is a manifestation of the SCC. We examine whether dynamic game forms with corelike solutions are feasible candidates for implementation. When the solution is the α-, β-, or “intermediate”-cores respectively, such feasibility is found to require a choice structure which embeds a sequential dictatorship, in turn implying the SCC has a partial dictator. Implementation via the strong equilibrium set is found feasible iff society consists of a single citizen. Tapering the range of “permissible” utility profiles to include only von Neumann-Morgenstern utilities does little to rectify these impossibility results. Effectivity functions are used as analytical tools and several new effectivity function concepts are introduced.
Glycosylation of purified enveloped nucleocapsids of the granulosis virus infecting Plodia interpunctella as determined by lectin binding.

Abstract Using various iodinated plant lectins and a sensitive in vitro lectin binding procedure in which the radiolabeled lectins are applied directly to viral proteins on nitrocellulose sheets transferred from sodium dodecyi sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (Bartles and Hubbard, 1984; Glass et al., 1981), the proteins of the granulosis virus infecting Plodia interpunctella were probed for carbohydrate moieties. Six proteins (Mr 39700, 31000, 29900, 26300, 17800 and 12600) could be detected using a probe for α- d -N- acetylgalactosamine . Three proteins were also detectable with the probe specific for α- l -fucose (Mr 44900, 31000 and 17800). One protein (Mr 17800) was detected with the probe for sialic acid.
Horizontal spread of transposon mutagenesis: new uses for old elements

Abstract The mutagenic potential of transposable elements has been widely exploited in research on organisms to clone genes using transposon sequences as molecular tags (‘transposon tagging'). However, the application of transposon tagging to plants has until recently been restricted to species with active, well-characterized transposon systems, such as maize and Antirrhinum . Significant advances have now been made in the use of maize transposons for mutagenesis in other species. In particular, a series of spectacular successes over the past two years has demonstrated that it may now be possible to clone any gene from any plant species by the application of transposon tagging.
Surgical and endovascular flow disconnection of intracranial pial single-channel arteriovenous fistulae.

Introduction Intracranial pial single-channel arteriovenous (AV) fistulae are rare vascular lesions of the brain. They differ from AV malformations in that they lack a true "nidus" and are composed of one or more direct arterial connections to a single venous channel. They often are associated with a venous varix because of their high-flow nature. The pathological aspects of pial AV fistulae arise from their high-flow dynamics; therefore, we think that disconnection of the AV shunt is enough to obliterate the lesion, and that lesion resection is unnecessary. Flow disconnection can be accomplished via surgical or endovascular means. Certain lesions have angiogeometric configurations, however, that are unfavorable for endovascular treatment. We reviewed the experience in our combined neurosurgical and neuroendovascular unit in the treatment of patients with pial single-channel AV fistulae. Methods From 1991 to 1999, the combined neurovascular unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital treated nine consecutive patients with nontraumatic intracranial pial single-channel AV fistulae. Carotid-cavernous fistulae and vein of Galen malformations were excluded from this analysis. The combined neurovascular team planned the treatment strategy for each patient on the basis of the anatomic location and the angiogeometry of each lesion. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, office charts, operative reports, endovascular reports, and x-rays for each patient. Radiographic outcome was assessed by use of posttreatment angiography. Clinical outcome was assessed by an independent nurse practitioner. Results A treatment strategy of flow disconnection was used in all nine patients and was accomplished surgically in six patients, endovascularly in two patients, and by combined techniques in one patient. All nine lesions were completely obliterated as demonstrated radiographically, including obliteration of the venous varices associated with three of the lesions. With a mean long-term clinical follow-up of 3.2 years (range, 0.3-8.4 yr), four patients were neurologically excellent with no deficits, two patients had pretreatment neurological deficits that did not worsen after treatment, one patient had transient dysphonia and dysphagia postoperatively that resolved, one patient had mild weakness after treatment, and one patient had moderate homonymous hemianopia after treatment. Conclusion Single-channel pial AV fistulae can be treated by a strategy of flow disconnection. Resection of the lesion is not necessary. Flow disconnection can be accomplished either surgically or endovascularly; however, certain angiogeometric configurations are more favorable for surgical treatment. An experienced combined neurosurgical and neuroendovascular team can carefully determine the most appropriate treatment modality on the basis of patient-specific and angiospecific factors.
Portal vein thromboembolectomy/TIPS: a novel preliver transplant interventional approach to rendering the untransplantable patient transplant-ready

Purpose Introduction: Complete portal vein occlusion is considered a relative contraindication to liver transplantation (LT). Intra-operative techniques (interposition grafts, portal arterialization, cavoportal transposition, multivisceral transplantation) are suboptimal solutions to this challenging problem. Portal vein thrombo-embolectomy/TIPS (PVTE-TIPS) is a novel pre-transplantation approach to re-establish portal flow making traditional LT possible in the otherwise potentially untransplantable. Aim: To evaluate the feasibility/efficacy of PVTE-TIPS to re-establish PV continuity prior to LT and confirm LT candidature. Materials and Methods LT candidates assessed in transplant clinic presenting between 2007 and 2011 with complete PVT (complete non-visualization of PV on cross-sectional imaging) were considered for PVTE-TIPS. Subjects were considered candidates in the absence of visualization of any portal vein by imaging, rendering them less than optimal candidates for transplantation. Results 30 patients underwent successful PVTE-TIPS. There were no technical failures; none required main portal vein stenting. Average procedure time was 3 hours (range 2-8). A combination of percutaneous and transjugular access (with snaring) was necessary in most cases. There were 2 periprocedural adverse events (1 hemoperitoneum not requiring operative intervention, 1 hemobilia with decompensation/subsequent transplantation). 15/30 have been transplanted; >1.5 cm of patent PV was encountered in all subjects with excellent antegrade flow permitting standard end-end anastomoses. Postoperative PV flows (doppler-postop day # 1) were in excess of 1.5 ml/min. Follow-up 1 and 3 month splenoportography demonstrated patent PVs in all cases despite no stenting. Conclusion Pre-LT PVTE/TIPS is a novel approach to a challenging, if not untransplantable population. As the technique evolves, so too will patient selection in order to identify optimal candidates and periprocedural management (anticoagulation). With these advances, PVTE/TIPS may become standard of care in management of LT candidates with complete PVT.
Public Administration, 1927

The following pages represent an experiment. They are devoted to an initial attempt to summarize the most important events in the field of public administration in the United States for a calendar year. A series of such summaries, if they could be made reasonably complete, would presumably be of substantial value, at least to the academic world; the present survey, incomplete and unsatisfactory from many points of view, may at least serve as a point of departure for later enlargements and improvements. I am indebted to many correspondents for assistance in gathering the materials on which it is based; and I acknowledge my gratitude to them, without implicating them in the result. Administrative Reorganization. Although the movement for reorganization of public administration has slowed down, significant steps were taken in 1927. Two large-scale state reorganizations were effected, in California and Virginia, the latter following a careful survey by the National Institute of Public Administration. In California the bulk of the state work is consolidated in nine departments, the directors of which comprise the governor's council. This is an interesting legal reconstruction of the governor's council inherited from the eighteenth century in Massachusetts, Maine, and New Hampshire. The department of finance (Chap. 251) is given general powers of supervision over all matters concerning financial and business policies of the state, including specifically authority to audit, to visit and inspect institutions, and with the governor to authorize expenditures in excess of appropriations.
Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate the Activation of Akt/Protein Kinase B by Angiotensin II in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Angiotensin II, a hypertrophic/anti-apoptotic hormone, utilizes reactive oxygen species (ROS) as growth-related signaling molecules in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Recently, the cell survival protein kinase Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) was proposed to be involved in protein synthesis. Here we show that angiotensin II causes rapid phosphorylation of Akt/PKB (6- +/- 0.4-fold increase). Exogenous H(2)O(2) (50-200 microM) also stimulates Akt/PKB phosphorylation (maximal 8- +/- 0.2-fold increase), suggesting that Akt/PKB activation is redox-sensitive. Both angiotensin II and H(2)O(2) stimulation of Akt/PKB are abrogated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 (2(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one), suggesting that PI3-K is an upstream mediator of Akt/PKB activation in VSMCs. Furthermore, diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of flavin-containing oxidases, or overexpression of catalase to block angiotensin II-induced intracellular H(2)O(2) production significantly inhibits angiotensin II-induced Akt/PKB phosphorylation, indicating a role for ROS in agonist-induced Akt/PKB activation. In VSMCs infected with dominant-negative Akt/PKB, angiotensin II-stimulated [(3)H]leucine incorporation is attenuated. Thus, our studies indicate that Akt/PKB is part of the remarkable spectrum of angiotensin II signaling pathways and provide insight into the highly organized signaling mechanisms coordinated by ROS, which mediate the hypertrophic response to angiotensin II in VSMCs.
Considerations of anthropometric, tissue volume, and tissue mass scaling for improved patient specificity of skeletal S values

It is generally acknowledged that reference man (70 kg in mass and 170 cm in height) does not adequately represent the stature and physical dimensions of many patients undergoing radionuclide therapy, and thus scaling of radionuclide S values is required for patient specificity. For electron and beta sources uniformly distributed within internal organs, the mean dose from self-irradiation is noted to scale inversely with organ mass, provided no escape of electron energy occurs at the organ boundaries. In the skeleton, this same scaling approach is further assumed to be correct for marrow dosimetry; nevertheless, difficulties in quantitative assessments of marrow mass in specific skeletal regions of the patient make this approach difficult to implement clinically. Instead, scaling of marrow dose is achieved using various anthropometric parameters that presumably scale in the same proportion. In this study, recently developed three-dimensional macrostructural transport models of the femoral head and humeral epiphysis in three individuals (51-year male, 82-year female, and 86-year female) are used to test the abilities of different anthropometric parameters (total body mass, body surface area, etc.) to properly scale radionuclide S values from reference man models. The radionuclides considered are 33 P , 177 Lu , 153 Sm , 186 Re , 89 Sr , 166 Ho , 32 P , 188 Re , and 90 Y localized in either the active marrow or endosteal tissues of the bone trabeculae. S value scaling is additionally conducted in which the 51-year male subject is assigned as the reference individual; scaling parameters are then expanded to include tissue volumes and masses for both active marrow and skeletal spongiosa. The study concludes that, while no single anthropometric parameter emerges as a consistent scaler of reference man S values, lean body mass is indicated as an optimal scaler when the reference S values are based on 3D transport techniques. Furthermore, very exact patient-specific scaling of radionuclide S values can be achieved if measurements of spongiosa volume and marrow volume fraction (high-resolution CT with image segmentation) are known in both the patient and the reference individual at skeletal sites for which dose estimates are sought. However, the study indicates that measurements of the spongiosa volume alone may be sufficient for reasonable patient-specific scaling of S values for the majority of radionuclides of interest in internal-emitter therapy.
PRECISE FINITE SPEED AND UNIQUENESS IN THE CAUCHY PROBLEM FOR SYMMETRIZABLE HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS

Precise finite speed, in the sense of the domain of influence being a subset of the union of influence curves through the support of the initial data, is proved for hyperbolic systems symmetrized by pseudodifferential operators in the spatial variables. From this, uniqueness in the Cauchy problem at spacelike hypersurfaces is derived by a Holmgren style duality argument. Sharp finite speed is derived from an estimate for propagation in each direction. Propagation in a fixed direction is proved by regularizing the problem in the orthogonal directions. Uniform estimates for the regularized equations are proved using pseudodifferential techniques of Beals-Fefferman type.
Isolation of Cuticle and Vascular Bundles of Leaves by Maceration in Rumen Fluid

We report a new macerating technique for plant leaves which permits the isolation of cuticle and vascular bundles. The maceration medium is rumen fluid, a complex mixture of interacting microorganisms, used full strength or diluted with a nutrient buffer solution in the ratio of 2:5. An incubation period of up to 72 hours at 39 C permits cuticle and vascular-bundle networks to be isolated. The technique is illustrated with fresh leaf samples from pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides; orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata; and alfalfa, Medicago sativa.
Observations of secondary spectrophotometric standards in the wavelength range between 5840 and 10800 Å.

Twenty-three stars that are suitable for use as secondary spectrophotometric standards are compared with Alpha Lyrae in the wavelength range between 5840 A and 1.1 microns. The consistency of the present data with previously existing measurements is discussed, along with the reliability of the present data. It is found that there is good agreement with previous data in some cases, but moderate or substantial discrepancies are exhibited in others. It is suggested that extinction variation is the most probable cause of the discrepancies, and observational procedures that may improve the situation with regard to the discrepancies are proposed.
Children’S Perceptions of their Teachers’ Feelings Toward them Related to Self-Perception, School Achievement and Behavior

THE CHILD'S self-concept arises and develops in an interpersonal setting (30). Feelings about the self are established early in life and are mod ified by subsequent experiences. Among the sig nificant people believed to affect the child's feel ings about himself are first, his parents, and, later, his teachers. Ausubel (2) and Jourard and Remy (16) are among the few investigators who have reported results which support these theo retical contentions. Rogers (24), Snygg and Combs (27), among others, assign the self-concept a central place in their personality theories and suggest that the in dividual's self-concept is a major factor influ encing his behavior. Vigorous research in this areaby Martire (17) and Steiner (28) has produced corroborative evidence for these views. Only recently has the concept of the self been introduced into the school setting. Typical studies are those by Jersild (15), Reeder (23) and Stev ens (29). Jersild demonstrated the value of the self-concept theory in making the educative pro cess more valuable. Reeder, using grade school children and Stevens, working with college stu dents, explored the relation between self-concept and school achievement. Both of these investi gators found that positive feelings about the self are associated with good academic achievement. A series of studies dealing with teacher-pupil relations have sought to determine a) how children see and feel about their teachers (11); b) how teachers see and feel about their pupils (5, 20); and c) how teachers think their pupils see them selves (22). It has been widely recognized that teachers in fluence the personality development of their pu pils (21). Perkins, for example, found that teachers who had completed several years of child study were able to promote healthier personality growth in children, defined in terms of congru ency between the self and the ideal self. For this reason, many researchers, among them, Barr and Jones (3) andSymonds (31) are engaged in the study of personality development of the teacher herself. Despite the abundance of research on these as pects of t h e school setting, an important dimen sion, not previously investigated, is how the child perceives his teacher's feelings toward him. In an investigation of this interaction, we not only may gain insight into the question of what qualities make for an effective teacher but also an under standing of how the child's perception of his teach er's feelings, irrespective of its accuracy, re lates to his self concept, school achievement and classroom behavior. It is the purpose of this investigation to deter mine what the relation is between children's per ception of their teachers'feelings toward them and the variables: self-perception, academic achieve ment, and classroom behavior. Specifically, three hypotheses were tested: