cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilayer splitting and c -axis coupling in bilayer manganites showing colossal magnetoresistance

By performing angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of the bilayer colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) manganite, ${\text{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}2x}{\text{Sr}}_{1+2x}{\text{Mn}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{7}$, we provide the complete mapping of the Fermi-level spectral weight topology. Clear and unambiguous bilayer splitting of the in-plane $3{d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ band, mapped throughout the Brillouin zone, and the full mapping of the $3{d}_{3{z}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{r}^{2}}$ band are reported. Peculiar doping and temperature dependencies of these bands imply that as transition from the ferromagnetic metallic phase approaches, either as a function of doping or temperature, coherence along the c-axis between planes within the bilayer is lost, resulting in reduced interplane coupling. These results suggest that interplane coupling plays a large role in the CMR transition.
Steroid and cytokine regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in endometriosis and the establishment of experimental endometriosis in nude mice.

The cyclic expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by human endometrium has been suggested to play a role in the invasive process necessary to establish endometriosis. The ability of progesterone exposure to inhibit endometrial MMP-3 and MMP-7 expression requires the local action of TGF and may also be linked to the local production of retinoic acid by stromal cells. A continuous expression of several MMPs in endometriotic lesions has been reported, indicating a failure of progesterone or locally produced factors to suppress these enzymes. To address cell-specific MMP regulation associated with endometriosis, we examined expression of MMP-3 and MMP-7 mRNA in eutopic endometrium and endometriotic lesions acquired during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. We examined the in vitro regulation of MMP-3 and MMP-7 protein in similar tissues. We also examined the in vitro regulation of MMP secretion by progesterone, retinoic acid, and TGF in endometriosis tissues relative to the establishment of experimental disease. Our studies indicate that either eutopic or ectopic tissue from women with endometriosis exhibit patterns of altered MMP regulation in vivo. A lack of responsiveness to progesterone was demonstrated in vitro, associated with a failure to suppress MMP expression and an enhanced ability of the tissue to establish experimental endometriosis. However, in vitro treatments with retinoic acid and TGF restored the ability of progesterone to suppress MMPs in vitro and prevented the establishment of experimental disease. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 4782– 4791, 2002)
SAFT1 for Associating Fluids: Alkanols

The SAFT1 equation of state is extended using Wertheim's theory to model associating fluids and tested on pure alkanols and mixtures containing alkanols. For small 1-alkanols, SAFT1 is found to represent the vapor pressure and liquid density. The SAFT1 parameters are shown to be well-behaved and hence possible to estimate for high-molecular-weight 1-alkanols and hydroxy polymers on the basis of their molecular weight alone.
Evidence for a satellite secretory pathway in neuronal dendritic spines

Long-term information storage within the brain requires the synthesis of new proteins and their use in synapse-specific modifications [1]. Recently, we demonstrated that translation sites for the local synthesis of integral membrane and secretory proteins occur within distal dendritic spines [2]. It remains unresolved, however, whether a complete secretory pathway, including Golgi and trans Golgi network-like membranes, exists near synapses for the local transport and processing of newly synthesized proteins. Here, we report evidence of a satellite secretory pathway in distal dendritic spines and distal dendrites of the mammalian brain. Membranes analogous to early (RER and ERGIC), middle (Golgi cisternae), and late (TGN) secretory pathway compartments are present within dendritic spines and in distal dendrites. Local synthesis, processing, and transport of newly translated integral membrane and secretory proteins may thus provide the molecular basis for synapse-specific modifications during long-term information storage in the brain.
Comparative ultraviolet sensitivity of regeneration in the genus Blepharisma.

SYNOPSIS. Regeneration of different stocks of Blepharisma representing several species is retarded to different degrees by identical doses of UV radiation (2654 A). UV susceptibility of regeneration is greater in some small-sized stocks than in some large-sized stocks and in stocks with a lesser amount of pigment than in the more deeply pigmented ones. For the same dose regeneration is retarded more by low-intensity than by high-intensity short wavelength UV radiation. The UV action spectrum for regeneration delay in the Rao A stock, determined with UV of similar intensity at various short UV wavelengths, resembles absorption by nucleoprotein more than ahsorption by other cell constituents. Post-regeneration division is also retarded by UV, and the aotion spectrum for division delay resembles that for regeneration delay, except that 2801 A is relatively more effective in retarding division than regeneration. Possible explanations for the results are considered.
A Continuous Reactive Separation Process for Ethyl Lactate Formation

The continuous formation of ethyl lactate (L1E) from aqueous lactic acid solution and ethanol is carried out in a reactive separation column. Nearly complete conversion of lactic acid can be achieved with L1E yield exceeding 85%; byproduct lactate oligomer esters and acids formed can be further converted to additional L1E. Concentrated (88 wt % in water) lactic acid feedstock gives the best results, with as little as 40% excess ethanol required to achieve >95% conversion of lactic acid. Similar conversion can be obtained using 50 wt % lactic acid feed solution, but with much higher ethanol feed rates. Optimal column operation in both cases is observed with no reflux, so that operation is as a reactive stripping column. Limiting the quantity of ethanol added or vaporizing feed ethanol makes it possible to eliminate ethanol and water from the bottom stream of the column, thus simplifying recovery and purification of L1E product and facilitating the recycle of byproduct oligomers. Reaction of oligomeric bypr...
Qualitative research in nursing - Advancing the humanistic imperative

Die boek spreek nie net die filosofiese dimentsies van kwalitatiewe navorsing aan nie, maar ook die metodologiese aspekte. *Please note: This is a reduced version of the abstract. Please refer to PDF for full text.
Use of, Preferences for, and Expectations Regarding Personal Health Records among People Affected by Cancer: Results of a LIVESTRONG Survey and the 2008 Health Information National Trends Survey

Personal Health Records (PHRs) have the potential to benefit health care consumers who are working to maintain health or navigate a health crisis. In 2010, LIVESTRONG collected an on-line survey to measure preferences for and expectations of PHR functional capabilities. The results were analyzed across four groups: individuals on treatment for cancer (n=428); living with cancer as a chronic illness (n=296); post-treatment cancer survivors (n=2315); and individuals without a personal history of cancer (n=5251). The survey used items from the 2008 National Cancer Institute's Health Information National Trends Survey. Less than half of respondents had used a PHR. The functional capabilities focused on helping users to actively manage and organize their health information were rated highest. Rated lowest was the desire to engage in social networking via the PHR. We discuss implications for continued design and implementation of PHRs in cancer and health care.
Identification of neogene woods from Alaska-Yukon

Abstract Woods collected from early Middle Miocene to Late Pliocene localities at high latitudes (more than 60° N) of Alaska and Canada were examined microscopically to determine taxonomic affinities. All were conifers and most are Pinaceae. Features useful in the identification of conifers are reviewed, including characteristics of growth rings, resin canals, cross-field pitting, ray tracheids, longitudinal and ray parenchyma, helical thickenings and cell sizes. Some of the problems in feature recognition in fossil conifer woods due to compression and fungal and microbial degradation are discussed. Although relatively few wood samples were examined, these samples provide information consistent with that derived from the pollen, leaf, and fruit and seed record obtained from the same deposits, and provide additional documentation for a cooling of climate and changes in the flora and vegetation from the early Middle Miocene to the Late Pliocene. In the early Middle Miocene samples from northeastern Alaska, there are woods of Taxodiaceae and soft pines (Pinus spp.) with growth rings greater than 1 cm wide; in the Late Pliocene there are woods of spruce (Picea) and larch (Larix) with growth rings less than 1 mm wide.
Mathematical and experimental studies on the mechanics of plated transverse fractures

Abstract A combined experimental and mathematical stress analysis approach to study the mechanics of a plated transverse fracture is described. Experimental results were obtained by placing strain gages on an equine third metacarpal and a bone plate. Two mathematical models for the mechanics of a bone and bone plate are presented. One is based on simple beam bending theory. The other is based on a more refined finite element representation for the deformations. Comparisons of experimental data and predicted results from the simple model are given and discussed. These comparisons provide a degree of confidence in the ability of a theoretical model to represent the actual deformations. The comparisons also show limitations of the simple beam model and the need for a more refined model such as a finite element representation. The resulting stress protection of the bone due to the bone plate and the percentage of load transferred through the plate are presented for a uniform loading condition. The advantages of a combined experimental and theoretical mechanics study are pointed out.
The Responsibility to Protect and luxurious war

Since the creation of the Responsibility to Protect, many critics have focused on the risk that this doctrine creates a dangerous Western ‘right to intervene.’ This article argues that the ‘right to intervene’ thesis is only part of the story and that it fails to account for shifts in the practices of war that shape the Responsibility to Protect. Drawing on the work of Georges Bataille, Gilles Deleuze, and Felix Guattari, this article argues that the Responsibility to Protect emerges in response to the accumulation and intensification of global military force, and that this accumulation offers both new ethical possibilities for intervention and new dangers in the application of military force. If the forms of humanitarian governance envisioned by the Responsibility to Protect remain subordinate to these late developments in warfare, then supposedly limited episodes of intervention have the capacity to transform into explosive outbursts of political violence.
Review of cw high-power diode-pumped green lasers

Recent progress in pump sources and basic materials have allowed the production of commercially viable, high-power, diode-pumped, continuous-wave, green lasers. We will review the history and the technological developments that have allowed this progress.
Role of Tob55 on mitochondrial protein biogenesis in Trypanosoma brucei.

Mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) proteins in parasitic protozoa like Trypanosoma brucei are poorly characterized. In fungi and higher eukaryotes, Tob55 is responsible for the assembly of β-barrel proteins in the MOM. Here we show that T. brucei Tob55 (TbTob55) has considerable similarity in its primary and secondary structure to Tob55 from other species. TbTob55 is localized in T. brucei MOM and is essential for procyclic cell survival. Induction of Tob55 RNAi decreased the level of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) within 48 h. Although the primary effect is on VDAC, induction of TbTob55 RNAi for 96 h or more also decreased the levels of other nucleus encoded mitochondrial proteins. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced at this later time point possibly due to a reduction in the level of the proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. However, mitochondrial structure was not altered due to depletion of Tob55. In vitro protein import of VDAC into mitochondria with a 50–60% reduction of TbTob55 was reduced about 40% in comparison to uninduced control. In addition, the import of presequence-containing proteins such as, cytochrome oxidase subunit 4 (COIV) and trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) was affected by about 20% under this condition. Depletion of VDAC levels by RNAi did not affect the import of either COIV or TAO. Furthermore, TbTob55 over expression increased the steady state level of VDAC as well as the level of the assembled protein complex of VDAC, suggesting that similar to other eukaryotes TbTob55 is involved in assembly of MOM β-barrel proteins and plays an indirect role in the biogenesis of mitochondrial preproteins destined for the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Sensory Properties of Rib and Round Muscle Roasts from Two Beef Breed-Types on Two Feeding Regimes

Roasts from the rib and three round muscles obtained from Angus and Simmental Angus (SA) steers on two feeding regimes, high concentrate (HC) and pasture followed by short term HC, were roasted to an internal temperature of 65–68°C. Time of roasting, cooking losses, shear values, and pressed juice were determined. A trained sensory panel evaluated flavor, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability. Sensory panelists scored flavor acceptability higher in SA roasts (P < 0.05) than in roasts from Angus steers. Flavor acceptability, overall acceptability, and tenderness were found to be higher in round muscle roasts from the HC feeding regime (P < 0.05) than in round roasts from the cattle fed pasture followed by short term HC.
Follow the Yellow Brick Path: Finding Our Way Home Via Banathy's User-Design

This paper examines the intersection of work focused on user-design between Drs. Banathy and Carr-Chellman. Definitions of user-design and evolution of the field are offered along with directions for future research and theory.
Ab initio reaction path analysis of benzene hydrogenation to cyclohexane on Pt(111)

First-principles density functional theory calculations were performed to obtain detailed insight into the mechanism of benzene hydrogenation over Pt(111). The results indicate that benzene hydrogenation follows a Horiuti-Polanyi scheme which involves the consecutive addition of hydrogen adatoms. A first-principles-based reaction path analysis indicates the presence of a dominant reaction path. Hydrogenation occurs preferentially in the meta position of a methylene group. Cyclohexadiene and cyclohexene are expected to be at best minor products, since they are not formed along the dominant reaction path. The only product that can desorb is cyclohexane. Along the dominant reaction path, two categories of activation energies are found: lower barriers at ∼75 kJ/mol for the first three hydrogenation steps, and higher barriers of ∼88 kJ/mol for steps four and six, where hydrogen can only add in the ortho position of two methylene groups. The highest barrier at 104 kJ/mol is calculated for the fifth hydrogenati...
Surgical Options and Locoregional Recurrence in Patients Diagnosed with Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast.

Recent consensus guidelines on margins for breast-conserving surgery (BCS) recommend the use of “no ink on tumor” as the standard for an adequate margin. The recommendations extend to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), but the data on this subset are limited. We reviewed our modern dataset on margin status with outcomes of ILC. We performed a retrospective cohort study on 736 patients with a diagnosis of stage I–III ILC treated at our cancer center between May 1997 and December 2007. Clinicopathologic data were extracted from the Clinical Research Information Systems Database. Margin status was defined using the latest ASCO/ASTRO/SSO consensus guideline criteria. The initial surgery performed was mastectomy in 352 patients (48 %) and BCS in 384 patients (52 %). In multivariate analysis, tumor size and multifocality were significantly associated with high rates of mastectomy and positive surgical margins at initial BCS. After initial BCS, additional surgery was performed in 92 patients (24 %). During a 72-month median follow-up period, 12 (3.1 %) ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences (IBTR) and 5 (1.3 %) other locoregional recurrences (LRR) were observed. Patients with margins with ink on tumor who did not receive further surgery were found to have significantly increased LRR [odds ratio (OR) 5.5; p = 0.02] and IBTR (OR 8.5; p = 0.006), whereas patients with close margins (1–3 mm) and margins within 1 mm were not. Our study supports the validity of using “no ink on tumor” as the standard for a negative margin for pure and mixed ILC treated with multimodality therapy.
Golgi electron microscopic study of the cerebral cortex after transient cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in the gerbil.

Abstract Fine structures of defined neurons and their dendritic processes were studied in the cerebral cortex of gerbil brains by using Golgi electron microscopy during progressive cerebral ischemia for 10 and 20 min and after reperfusion for up to 72 h following transient ischemia for 20 min. The periphery of ascending dendrites of the vulnerable neurons in layers III and Vb became distended immediately after ischemia with swollen mitochondria and disintegrated microtubules, but the proximal portion of the same dendrites remained unchanged. After reperfusion for 6 h, distension of the dendroplasm of the impregnated dendrites in layer I receded, but the proximal portion of the same dendrites showed indentation caused by swollen astrocytic processes and derangement of microtubules inside. Polyribosomes in most neuronal perikarya were disaggregated, but severe neuronal damage was rarely found among those neuronal cell bodies impregnated by the Golgi method. Recovery with reaggregation of polyribosomes and realignment of microtubules was more clearly observed after reperfusion for 24 h and thereafter in impregnated neurons. These results indicated that impregnation during progressive ischemia occurred in many neurons with progressive structural damage but that impregnation during reperfusion occurred in a limited number of neurons with limited damage, allowing us to observe the recovery process, and that neuronal derangement in the dendrosomatic direction initially occurred both in the irreversibly damaged neurons and in the reversibly damaged ones. It is possible that disintegration of microtubules and the resulting disruption of dendritic transport may contribute to subsequent development of delayed neuronal death, if the recovery process does not take place promptly. Golgi electron microscopy is useful for ultrastructural investigation of defined neurons and their dendrites together and may be applicable for investigation of selected neuropathologic conditions.
Islamic Banking and Credit Policies in the Sadat Era: the Social Origins of Islamic Banking in Egypt

In 1971 President Sadat charted a new course for the Egyptian economy, away from the socialism of the Nasser era and towards greater encouragement for the development of the private sector and investment by private individuals and companies, whether Egyptian or foreign. Starting gradually, the process of liberalisation gained momentum in the mid-70s. The most important landmark of the new policy came in 1974, when Law 43 of that year was enacted to give major incentives to both foreign and Egyptian private capital to invest in Egypt. One of the most striking consequences of the Inhtah, or open-door policy, was the sudden proliferation of banks, beginning in 1974. lEreviously, there had been in the Egyptian bag system only the four nationalised banks the Bank Misr, the Bank of Alexandria, the Bank of Cairo, and the National Bank of Egypt-and a small number of specialised banks dealing with mortgages, co-operative credit, social security, and the like. In addition to these and operating administratively as foreign banks outside the nationalised banlig system were the Arab African Bank and the Arab Internanonal Bank for Trade and Development. In a special category there was the new Nasser Social Bank, founded in 1971. Of course there was also the Central Bank of Egyptj which like central banks elsewhere, was the banker's bank, controller of the volume of credit, custodian of the buLk of government funds, and the government's agency and adviser in financial matters. After 1974 these organisations were quickly joined by dozens of new banks, which included several private banks as well as banks that were joint ventures between the naiionalised Egypiian banks and foreign partners. In 1980, various new banks were being set up, and it was apparent that the Sadat goverrunent viewed the continued expansion and development of banking as an important component of Egypt's econoniic transformaiion.
Additions of allylboronates to sulfenimides

Abstract The addition of allyllioronates to sulfenimines gives homoallylsulfenamides which are potentially versatile Intermediates for alkaloid synthesis.
An mRNA bound initiation factor and its role in translation of natural message.

THREE types of factors that control the initiation of mRNA translation in bacterial and mammalian systems1,2 have been identified. They are involved in binding and positioning of the AUG region of mRNA on ribosomes and in recognition of initiator tRNA. We have studied initiation of mRNA translation in insects3 and found that in a cell-free system of Tenebrio the smaller (40S) ribosomal subunit binds mRNA during the initiation of protein synthesis. An 80S ribosomal initiation complex is formed by association of free 40S and 60S subunits. When natural mRNA was used, formation of the complete 80S initiation complex was found to require protein initiation factors in addition to GTP, aminoacyl-tRNA and ribosomal subunits. Omission of one of these resulted in failure of the ribosomal subunits to reassociate into 80S initiation complex.
DIAGNOSIS OF EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) BY A SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE (Bz-Ty-PABA)

DIAGNOSIS OF EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF) BY A SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE (Bz-Ty-PABA)
Effect of Solubilized Methanol on Micelle Size in a Nonpolar Solvent

Abstract The behavior and state of aggregation of barium dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate in toluene, toluene-methanol, and methanol solutions were studied by ultracentrifugation and viscometry. The aggregation number of its micelles is reduced from about 10 in pure toluene to about 4 when the mole fraction of free methanol in the solvent is approximately 0.03. In pure methanol micelles do not exist, and the monomers dissociate ionically. Results of the investigation supplement an earlier observation that the solubilization of methanol diminishes the size of sulfonate and carboxylate micelles in nonaqueous solvents.
Evidence of coprophagy in freshwater zooplankton

Summary 1. Vertical transport of nutrients in sedimenting faecal material is greatly reduced by coprophageous organisms. Unfortunately, nearly all work on faecal production, sedimentation and coprophagy has dealt with copepods in marine ecosystems. Here, we report the first evidence of coprophagy in freshwater zooplankton from oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes. We used 14C-labelled algae and faecal material to estimate the rates of algal clearance and coprophagy. 2. Measured feeding rates per individual on faecal material were similar (Daphnia pulex, D. rosea, Leptodiaptomus tyrelli) or even higher (D. lumholtzi) than filtering rates on phytoplankton. This finding does not necessarily implicate active selection of faeces over algae because: (i) we did not use the same food concentrations for faeces and algae, and (ii) grazers of slightly different sizes were used in each test. 3. Weight-specific clearance rates of L. tyrelli and Holopedium gibberum on faecal matter (0.084–0.089 mL μg−1 h−1) were higher than in the daphniids (0.026 mL μg−1 h−1). 4. The data indicate that coprophagy in freshwater ecosystems is an important mechanism of nutrient recycling, and this process should be taken into account when studying nutrient fluxes within lakes and reservoirs.
Determination of aerosol optical depth and land surface directional reflectances using multiangle imagery

Spectral aerosol optical depths, surface hemispherical-directional reflectance factors, and bihemispherical reflectances (albedos) are retrieved for an area of Glacier National Park using spectral, multiangle imagery obtained with the airborne advanced solid state array spectroradiometer (ASAS). The retrieval algorithms are described and are identical in principle to those being devised for use by the multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) which will fly on the EOS-AM1 spacecraft in 1998. As part of its science mission, MISR will produce global coverage of both aerosol amounts and land surface reflection properties. The results in this paper represent the initial effort in applying the MISR algorithms to real data. These algorithms will undergo additional testing and validation as more multiangle data become available.
Increased Bioactivity of Rat Atrial Extracts Relation to Aging and Blood Pressure Regulation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible role of atrial factor(s) in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis and their relationship to aging. Rats were anesthetized and received jugular vein, carotid artery, and bilateral ureteral catheterization. After a half-hour equilibration period, the rats received 0.5 ml of atrial extract with a concentration of proANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) of 150 microg/ml prepared from either aged (18-20 month, "aged extract group", n = 12) or young (2-3 month, "young extract group", n = 12) rats. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal function were monitored over five 20-minute periods. The atrial extract caused MAP to fall significantly in the aged extract group (p < .05) but MAP was unchanged in young extract group. There was a significant difference in MAP between the two groups (p < .05). Urine output increased significantly in both groups after extract infusion (p < .05 in both cases). Sodium and potassium excretion showed similar responses. However, the diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis after extract infusion would have been expected to be relatively lower in the aged extract group compared to the young extract group considering the significantly lower MAP in the aged extract group. High performance gel permeation chromatography (HP-GPC) analysis of the atrial extract showed an increased quantity of a large molecular weight C-terminal peptide in atrial extracts from aged rats compared to young rat atria. Plasma levels of ANP and proANP 1-30 both increased significantly after extract infusion in both aged and young groups, and there was no significant difference in ANP concentration between the two groups. However, the concentration of proANP 1-30 was significantly increased in the aged group compared to the young group after extract infusion. These results suggest that changes in the structure or processing of proANP in aging may contribute to the different hemodynamic responses.
Influence of Static Aeroelasticity on Oblique Winged Aircraft

Interest has recently been expressed about the impact of static aeroelasticity on the lateral control of oblique winged aircraft. An attempt is made to illustrate, by use of a simple example, together with results from published literature, an aeroelastic phenomenon which is believed to be unique to oblique winged aircraft. This phenomenon is the aeroelastic roll moment and occurs because upward bending deflection of the sweptforward wing generates additional lift while the converse is true of sweptback wings.
The Plateau; or the Case for Comprehension: the “Concept” Approach

thus far has been concerned with current practices in teaching based on the audio-lingual method and/or the grammar-translation method. Despite evidence and counter evidence in favor of one method or the other, the total effort made to improve foreign language learning has produced favorable results. In fact, one might say that the state of foreign language learning has never been so good. Yet few can deny that there is still room left for improvement.
Irreducible U(3) tensor interactions in the symplectic collective model

Abstract The potential V ( β , γ ) of the Bohr-Mottelson and symplectic collective models is expressed as a linear combination of U(3) irreducible tensor operators in the symplectic enveloping algebra. This many-body collective potential is then projected onto the symplectic two-body tensor operators. The projected two-body potential is shown to give results similar to the many-body potential in 20 Ne. Hence, in the symplectic shell model, one has obtained a collective model with two-body forces.
Site-Specific Models of the Received Power for Radio Communication in Urban Street Canyons

This paper presents site-specific models for the real-time prediction of the received power from waves propagating through urban street canyons (i.e., in the horizontal plane containing the transmitter and receiver) for radio communication in urban environments. The line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) models presented here are based on the two-ray model and are used to predict the small-area average received power (i.e., long-term/shadow fading and distance-dependence). These models have two adjustable parameters that account for clutter such as road traffic and pedestrians, and for scattering from objects and buildings at street intersections, respectively. Validation of these models is performed with mobile-to-mobile measurements recorded in the high-rise sections of Denver and New York City for frequencies ranging from 430 MHz to 4.86 GHz.
Alcohols as H-donor media in coal conversion. 1. Base-promoted H-donation to coal by isopropyl alcohol☆

Abstract At 400 °C in 20 min runs, coal was converted by methanol/KOH systems to a product which was extractable by pyridine fully, and 15–25% by methanol. The methanol-sotuble fraction is significantly enriched in hydrogen relative to the starting coal, reduced in both N and organic S, and was fluid at room temperature. It was established that this liquid product was derived from the coal, and not the methanol. The liquid was distillable at 300 °C/133 Pa (1 torr), and an analysis of the liquid by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques shows it to consist of significant quantities of butyrolactone, polymethyl phenols, and some unidentified compounds having major C4H7O and C4H7O2 MS fragments. The methanol-insoluble products were hydrogen-enriched also, but to a lesser degree. The suggested conversion scheme is similar to that proposed for isopropyl alcohol, where alkoxide ion donates hydride to the coal, followed by proton abstraction by the anionic intermediate from the alcohol medium. In model-compound studies at 400 °C with the system, it was found that phenyl ether was converted in 33% yield to a collection of polymethyl phenols, similar to those found in the coal distillate. Anthracene was converted in about 80% yield to 9,10-dihydroanthracene. Biphenyl, phenanthrene and bibenzyl were found to be unreactive in our system.
Myelin synthesis during postnatal nutritional deprivation and subsequent rehabilitation.

Newborn Long-Evans rats were undernourished by maternal deprivation so that by 20 days of age their body and brain weights were about 45 and 80%, respectively, of the values obtained for control (well-nourished) values. Proteins from myelin of undernourished and control rats were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. At 15 and 20 days of age the proportion of basic and proteolipid protein was reduced in the starved animals relative to controls, indicative of a delay in maturation. However, by 30 days of age the composition of myelin from starved and control animals appeared similar. At all ages the yield of myelin from brains of starved rats was less than 25% of that obtained from control animals. A series of isotope labeling experiments, using a double label design, was carried out to compare relative rates of incorporation of radioactive amino acids into individual proteins of various brain subcellular fractions. In 20-day-old rats the incorporation of [3H] OR [14C] leucine or glycine into myelin proteins, relative to incorporation into proteins of other subcellular fractions, is preferentially depressed (about 60%) in starved animals. Synthesis of all the myelin proteins was depressed, supporting the hypothesis that the high molecular weight proteins isolated with myelin are true myelin constituents. Similar experiments were conducted using [3H]-and [14C] acetate, choline, or glycerol as precursors of lipids. Incorporation of isotope into lipids of myelin, relative to lipids of other subcellular fractions, was also depressed by about 60% in starved animals. In several experiments we studied synthesis during rehabilitation (ad libitum feeding) following 20 days of postnatal starvation. After 6 days of rehabilitation, incorporation of radioactive precursors into myelin, relative to other subcellular fractions, was still depressed. This result was true for both proteins and lipids, and was interpreted as evicence against the initiation of a process leading to a net recovery of myelin (i.e., an irreversible deficit of myelin synthesis is induced by this regime of nutritional deprivation).
Optical properties and electronic structure of ordered and disordered Cu 3 Au

We have carried out measurements of the reflectance spectrum from 1 to 13 eV on ordered and on disordered ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au. Optical constants were computed via Kramers-Kronig analyses. In addition, we used a sensitive comparison technique to measure directly the reflectance difference between ordered and disordered alloys. This is the first time that such a modulation technique has been applied to the optical study of an order-disorder transformation. As a result, spectral detail is observed which is not apparent in other measurements. Bulk samples were utilized for our studies of ordered and of quench disordered ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au. For the comparison technique, thin-film samples of ordered, disordered, and amorphous ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au of varying stoichiometry were prepared. We have found that the second principal maximum in ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ for ordered ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au is located at 3.28 eV, in contrast to 3.6 eV in the earlier measurements of Nilsson and Norris. They believe that this peak arises from a new gap upon ordering whereas we attribute it to new transitions in the same region of $k$ space. Electron transitions involved with various optical features of the ordered alloys are based principally upon folding considerations applied to the copper and gold band structures.
Process analytical technology: chemometric analysis of Raman and near infra-red spectroscopic data for predicting physical properties of extended release matrix tablets.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this work was to develop a correlation between pharmaceutical properties such as hardness, porosity, and content with prediction models employed using Raman and near infra-red (NIR) spectroscopic methods. Metoprolol tartrate tablets were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation methods. NIR spectroscopy and chemical imaging, and Raman spectra were collected, and hardness, porosity, and dissolution were measured. The NIR PLS model showed a validated correlation coefficient of >0.90 for the predicted versus measured porosity, hardness, and amount of drug with raw and second derivative NIR spectra. Raman spectra correlated porosity of the tablets using raw data for directly compressed tablets and wet granulated tablets ( r 2 > 0.90). A very close root-mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and root-mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values were found in all the cases indicating validity of the calibration models. Raman spectroscopy was used for the first time to predict physical quality attribute such as porosity successfully. Chemical imaging utilizing NIR detector also demonstrated to show physical changes due to compression differences. In conclusion, sensor technologies can be potentially used to predict physical parameters of the matrix tablets.
Urine-induced reflex ovulation in anovulatory rats may be a vomeronasal effect

EXPOSURE to urine has been shown to influence the reproductive physiology of immature and mature female rodents. It affects the onset of puberty, as measured by vaginal opening1,2 and by uterine growth3,4, and the maintenance of pregnancy in mice5–7, as well as the timing of oestrous cycles in both mice8,9 and rats10,11. These effects seem to be elicited differentially by particular components of urine3. Although an ovulatory cycle eventually follows exposure to urine in all these examples12, reflex ovulation (that is, ovulation occurring shortly after brief exposure to a sensory stimulus) in response to male urine, has not been demonstrated previously. Also, traditionally, behavioural, as well as gonadal effects of urine were assumed to occur through the primary olfactory system4,12, rather than through one of the accessory olfactory systems, such as the vomeronasal system13–16. However, a role for the vomeronasal system was recently found for male hamster mating behaviour17. Furthermore, Raisman has pointed out that the vomeronasal system is brought into relationship with neural systems that are of importance in gonadotrophic release as well as sexual behaviour18. We demonstrate here that male urinary factors can elicit reflex ovulation in rats in the absence of coitus, mounting or removal to a novel cage. The present study is also the first to suggest that the vomeronasal system (in addition to, or instead of, the primary olfactory system) is involved in the effects of urinary chemicals on gonadal function.
Solute carbon and carbon segregation in magnesium oxide single crystals — a secondary ion mass spectrometry study

If carbon is to be analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) in an oxide such as MgO, one has to know how the carbon is incorporated in the oxide host structure, before a successful experiment can be planned. If the carbon impurities derive from dissolved CO2 component which form a solid solution while the crystal grew from a melt in equilibrium with CO2, upon cooling, the solid solution becomes supersaturated with respect to the volatile CO2 component. This creates a thermodynamic driving force for exsolution leading to carbon segregation towards the surface. At the surface rapid degassing occurs in vacuum, enhanced by ion bombardment and electron irradiation. Using freshly cleaved synthetic MgO single crystals it can be shown by SIMS (i) that contamination during short exposure to air and during evacuation remains slight, (ii) that rapid surface/subsurface segregation of solute carbon seems to compete with rapid degassing so that, while no extended segregation profile builds up, the carbon concentration in the bulk beneath the surface decreases to a constant level, (iii) that electron irradiation speeds up degassing, (iv) that heating speeds up carbon diffusion, hence its segregation from the bulk, and (v) that Ar+ ion sputtering for the purpose of removing possible contaminants reduces the driving force for carbon surface segregation to the point that no segregation profile can be observed. By placing freshly cleaved MgO crystals under isotopically 99 percent pure 13CO2 for various periods of time subsequent SIMS analysis reveals extended 12C profiles, probably about 1 μm wide, which can only have formed by 12C segregation from the bulk. These results confirm earlier reports that solute carbon exists as mobile impurity in synthetic MgO and natural olivine, probably due to dissolved CO2 component.
Diurnal cycle of precipitation determined from the CMORPH high spatial and temporal resolution global precipitation analyses

[1] The diurnal cycle of precipitation is examined both regionally and globally in this paper using high spatial and temporal resolution precipitation analyses that have been produced by NOAA's Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH). The 8-km spatial resolution (at the equator) and 30-minute temporal resolution of these analyses permit an in-depth look at the diurnal cycle of precipitation over the globe. First, a macroscopic global view of the diurnal cycle of precipitation is presented. Power spectrum analysis reveals that the diurnal variations in global precipitation dominate the variability compared to all other timescales. Next, detailed regional examinations are made over the Americas that reveal intricate features of the diurnal cycle that have not been documented extensively to date. The results of this examination are contrasted with earlier studies that are based on IR data, and with, studies that make use of spaceborne passive microwave data that are considerably less complete in space and time than are used in this study.
Correlation between crack tortuosity and fracture toughness in cementitious material

This paper proposes a new technique for the evaluation of fractal dimension (D) of fracture surface and a quantitative correlation between D and fracture toughness of cementitious materials. The experimental program has been performed on compact tension (CT) specimens (600 × 525 × 125 mm) with three different aggregate sizes (dmax=4.7 mm, 18.8 mm and 37.5 mm). The fractal geometry concept is utilized in the evaluation of fracture surface roughness. To avoid indirect or destructive experimental procedures that are prohibitively laborious and time consuming, a new non-destructive technique is presented. Results of the analysis indicate that the concept of fractal geometry provides a useful tool in the fracture surface characterization. The results also suggest that the fracture toughness can be correlated with the fractal dimension of fracture surface.
Regulation and function of Scr, exd, and hth in the Drosophila salivary gland.

Salivary gland formation in the Drosophila embryo is dependent on the homeotic gene Sex combs reduced (Scr). When Scr function is missing, salivary glands do not form, and when SCR is expressed everywhere in the embryo, salivary glands form in new places. Scr is normally expressed in all the cells that form the salivary gland. However, as the salivary gland invaginates, Scr mRNA and protein disappear. Homeotic genes, such as Scr, specify tissue identity by regulating the expression of downstream target genes. For many homeotic proteins, target gene specificity is achieved by cooperatively binding DNA with cofactors. Therefore, it is likely that SCR also requires a cofactor(s) to specifically bind to DNA and regulate salivary gland target gene expression. Here, we show that two homeodomain-containing proteins encoded by the extradenticle (exd) and homothorax (hth) genes are also required for salivary gland formation. exd and hth function at two levels: (1) exd and hth are required to maintain the expression of Scr in the salivary gland primordia prior to invagination and (2) exd and hth are required in parallel with Scr to regulate the expression of downstream salivary gland genes. We also show that Scr regulates the nuclear localization of EXD in the salivary gland primordia through repression of homothorax (hth) expression, linking the regulation of Scr activity to the disappearance of Scr expression in invaginating salivary glands.
The Limits of Reframing: A Response to Professor Snow

Professor Snow's (2000) response to my paper(Gee, 1999c) does not deal with most of the is-sues I discussed. Her purpose seems primarilyto charge me with demeaning the members ofthe panel and, at points, misreading the report.What I wish to do here is to respond, in the spiritof dialogue, to some of Professor Snow's com-ments, so that readers of my paper and her replymay more freely enter into the issues and makeup their own minds.One. Professor Snow is concerned with myclaim that the report was "written to and for thegovernment" and that it is, thus, "not liable toadvocate for the return of... social programs asthe key answer to the 'literacy crisis.'" Page iv ofthe report (National Research Council, 1998) de-scribes the National Academy of Sciences and theNational Research Council in the following terms[italics added]: "Upon the authority of the char-ter granted to it by the Congress in 18 63, the Acad-emy has a mandate that requires it to advisethe federal government.... the Council has be-come the principle operating agency of both theNational Academy of Sciences and the NationalAcademy of Engineering in providing services toJ LR
Human Pheromone Detection by the Vomeronasal Organ: Unnecessary for Mate Selection?

Recently, Foltan and Sedy proposed a hypothesis stating that the adult human VNO is integral to the prevention of inappropriate mate selection. In this commentary, we address the authors’ assumption that humans have a functional VNO, that pheromones are detected exclusively by the VNO, and that human pheromones are responsible for negative stimuli during mate selection. After examining the published literature on human vomeronasal function, we argue that their hypothesis is critically flawed. We offer a brief review of the adult human VNO in support of our argument.
The Theory of Essence. III: Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Aspects of Interactionism

This article continues the construction of a dualistic interactionist theory of the near-death experience (NDE), the theory of essence, which was begun in two previous articles (Arnette, 1992, 1995). The present work represents an extension of the theory to the microscopic level of analysis, in order to specify in detail the mechanism of essence-brain interaction and to address some general and specific objections to interactionism and the theory of essence. In the theory construction process, a second issue is addressed: that of the apparent multiplicity of causes of NDEs or NDE-like experiences. I show that this multiplicity is simply a manifestation of the mode of essence-brain interaction and is accurately predicted by the theory.
Iterative method for the design of a dual-phase-conjugation-mirror resonator with multiple apertures

Apertures have been used to select the low-order transverse modes in resonators. The additional diffraction losses result in a change in the transverse-mode structure, and the presence of apertures inside a resonator generally distorts the mode shape. The optimization of a multiple-aperture resonator demands an approach that differs from the conventional method in which the mode theory is used. We demonstrate an iterative design method to find optimal phase profiles for the reflector surfaces to build a resonator with multiple apertures to produce a lowest-order mode with much smaller diffraction loss and to satisfy the phase-conjugation conditions at the mirrors. The results are compared with conventional stable resonators, and we show that substantial improvement in round-trip loss and beam quality can also be obtained.
Economically Disadvantaged Students in a School for the Academically Gifted: A Postpositivist Inquiry into Individual and Family Adjustment:

In this paper, we report the results of an inquiry into the effects of the placement of five economical disadvantaged minority students from central Harlem, who were identified in kindergarten as p...