cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active control of fan noise from a turbofan engine

A three-channel active control system is applied to an operational turbofan engine to reduce tonal noise produced by both the fan and the high-pressure compressor. The control approach is the feedforward filtered-x least-mean-square algorithm implemented on a digital signal processing board. Reference transducers mounted on the engine case provide blade passing and harmonics frequency information to the controller. Error information is provided by large area microphones placed in the acoustic far field. To minimize the error signal, the controller actuates loudspeakers mounted on the inlet to produce destructive interference. The sound pressure level of the fundamental tone of the fan was reduced using the three-channel controller by up to 16 dB over a +/- 30-deg angle about the engine axis. A single-channel controller could produce reduction over a +/- 15-deg angle. The experimental results show the control to be robust. Outside of the areas contolled, the levels of the tone actually increased due to the generation of radial modes by the control sources. Simultaneous control of two tones is achieved with parallel controllers. The fundamental and the first harmonic tones of the fan were controlled simultaneously with reductions of 12 and 5 dBA, respectively, measured on the engine axis. Simultaneous control was also demonstrated for the fan fundamental and the high-pressure compressor fundamental tones.
Synthesis and cationic photopolymerization of 1‐butenyl glycidyl ether

1-Butenyl glycidyl ether was prepared in high yield by the ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization of crotyl glycidyl ether. This ambifunctional monomer underwent facile photoinitiated cationic polymerization using diaryliodonium salts as photoinitiators. The progress of the polymerizations was followed using Fourier transform real-time infrared spectroscopy, and the reactivity of this monomer under various experimental conditions determined. A comparison of the rates of polymerization of the epoxy and vinyl ether groups suggested that the polymerization may take place by an intramolecular cyclization process that generates cyclic acetal units in the backbone of the polymer. It was further shown that crotyl glycidyl ether undergoes regioselective cationic ring-opening polymerization to give a polyether, and then isomerization was carried out to give an oligomer bearing reactive pendant 1-butenyl ether groups. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1179–1187, 1998
How does Program Performance Assessment Affect Program Management in the Federal Government

The term program performance has taken on a new priority and focuses the attention on what programs deliver. Changing management culture to promote the use of program data when making changes to improve program design and delivery or to reallocate resources is recognized as a challenging reform goal. Managerial decision making is certainly affected by many factors. Ongoing communication and fruitful dialogue among program managers, evaluators, and oversight officials on what performance data demonstrate about the viability and success of programs enhance management in government. Learning how to use performance measurement effectively to promote collective learning will evolve slowly and probably not in every public policy arena. In a fragmented service delivery system involving many players, efforts to improve communication and coordination are clearly beneficial, and conceptual learning is a very likely outcome.
Molecular markers of cardiomyopathy in cyanotic pediatric heart disease

Abstract Cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) accounts for approximately 25% of all types of CHD, encompassing a variety of cardiac anomalies. Children with cyanotic CHD are at risk for heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias. In addition to the hemodynamic burden, recent data suggest that hypoxia may contribute to heart failure. Previous studies have shown that neonatal hypoxia results in significant myocardial gene expression alterations that persist in adulthood after the termination of the hypoxic stimulus in the neonatal period or early infancy. In this article we review the current knowledge on molecular biomarkers of cyanotic CHD pathobiology, and expand on how the current knowledge establishes the basis for future studies to further define the role of molecular tools in cyanotic CHD to improve diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies.
Social Skills A Basic Subject

A systematic social skills curriculum should be given high priority in the education of LD students.
Resistance to Anti-HER2 Therapies

s / The Breast 20 (2011) S12–S55 S16 one of the few drugs to provide a substantial benefit in survival for MBC patients. It was then studied and approved as adjuvant treatment for early HER-2 positive BC. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for trastuzumab but much is still unknown and subject to constant research. Notwithstanding these important advances and even if this agent targets the most important pathway that drives this type of BC, resistance, both primary and acquired, does occur. There are several postulated mechanisms of resistance to trastuzumab and several ways of potentially overcoming it have been and continue to be studied. Very interestingly, trastuzumab changed a paradigm in oncology therapy since, unlike other anti-cancer drugs that are stopped at progression of disease, continuing trastuzumab beyond progression (associated with a different cytotoxic agent) has proven to be a very valid option. With the approval of trastuzumab as standard adjuvant treatment for HER2 positive early BC and the emergency of resistance to this drug, new antiHER2 agents needed to be developed. The most advanced one is lapatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that binds to the intra-cellular domain of the HER-2 receptor. Lapatinib, combined with capecitabine, has been approved for the treatment of HER-2 positive MBC previously treated with trastuzumab. Lapatinib is currently being evaluated in both the adjuvant and neo-adjuvant settings. The association of trastuzumab or lapatinib to endocrine agents is an important option for the specific sub-type of ER+/HER-2+ MBC. Many other agents with anti-HER-2 action are being developed such as pertuzumab (another monoclonal antibody, also recently started to be evaluated in the early setting), neratinib (an irreversible anti-HER2 TKI), TD-M1 (a very innovative compound which consists of trastuzumab bond to DM-1, an anti-microtubulin agent), and others. Anti-HER-2 therapy has also taught us the crucial importance of correct patient selection and of the development of reliable methods to detect the drug target. Recently the concept of dual-blockade of the HER-2 receptor has been evaluated both in the advanced and early settings with promising early results. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered and some are currently been studied in clinical trials. Some examples are: a) at the time of progression after trastuzumab should both the cytotoxic agent and antiHER-2 agent be changed or is it better tomaintain trastuzumab and change only the cytotoxic agent? b) For how long should we block the HER-2 pathways in the metastatic setting? c) Which biomarkers can be reliably used to identify which patients benefit from each individual anti-HER-2 therapy? d) Can a combination of anti-HER-2 agents overcome the need for chemotherapy and if yes, in which circumstances? These and other issues will be discussed in this lecture with aims to provide a short overview of the currently available options for patients with HER-2 MBC.
Community Context and Theories of Deviant Behavior: An Examination of Social Learning and Social Bonding Theories

The social learning and social bonding theories of deviant behavior were investigated in four community contexts: farm, rural-nonfarm, suburban, and urban. The mean differences across these contexts on pertinant variables did not form a continuum from rural to urban. Rather, the farm and suburban areas were similar, and the rural-nonfarm and urban areas were more alike than either of the other two contexts. A number of the social bonding variables interacted with community context, but no systematic pattern was observed. Social learning variables did not interact with context. Rather, the different level of these variables appeared to account for the variance in deviant behavior.
BASE SEQUENCE SELECTIVITY IN THE ALKYLATION OF DNA BY 1,3-DIALKYL-3-ACYLTRIAZENES

The base sequence selectivity of DNA alkylation for a series of structurally related 1,3-dialkyl-3-acyltriazenes was examined with calf thymus DNA or polymers containing the sequences GGG, CGC, TGT...
Stochastic Galerkin model updating of randomly distributed parameters

In this paper, we present a new stochastic model updating methodology to identify spatially varying material properties based on experimental data. This data is typically obtained from ambient or forced vibration measurements. For this purpose, a linear elastic property is modeled as a random field. Stochastic properties of the random field are quantified using an exponential covariance kernel. In order to combine the stochasticity with a Galerkin numerical model of a structure, the covariance kernel is discretized using the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansion. In the KL expansion, the covariance kernel is decomposed in the spectral domain by numerically solving a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation. For model updating, stochastic parameters are updated so that the Galerkin model provides dynamic properties matching with realizations that have been identified in experiments. In this paper, Gaussian realizations for varying properties have been employed for the corresponding reference model. This proposed method demonstrates its ability to identify the updating stochastic properties.
Variation of atmospheric optical depth for remote sensing radiance calculations

Abstract An analysis of the radiative transfer processes in the atmosphere suggests that the ratio between the diffuse radiance flux and the directly transmitted flux may be a useful parameter for investigating the variation of atmospheric optical depth. The radiative parameter is derived for an observer at the top of the atmosphere in the position of a satellite. One of the important variables required in the computations of the radiative parameter is the aerosol phase function which can be satisfactorily fitted by the two-term Henyey-Greenstein function. When the surface reflectance equals zero, representing the atmospheric radiance alone without any influence from an oceanic surface, the study shows that the variation of the optical depth is associated with the changing of aerosol size distribution. The optical depth increases with the presence of large aerosol particles. The results indicate that inhomogeneities in aerosol optical properties, such as the variation of the scattering phase function due to the changes in aerosol size distribution, can affect the magnitude of the optical depth.
Alterations in Rat Fetal Morphology Following Abuse Patterns of Toluene Exposure

Abstract Toluene is a commonly abused organic solvent. Inhalant abusers are increasingly women in their prime childbearing years. Children born to mothers who abused solvents during pregnancy may exhibit characteristics of a “fetal solvent syndrome” which may include dysmorphic features. This study examined the teratological effects of an abuse pattern of binge toluene exposure during gestation on skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities, body weight, and body size in fetal rats. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed for 30 min, twice daily, from gestational day (GD) 8 through GD20 to either air (0 ppm), 8000 ppm, 12,000 ppm, or 16,000 ppm toluene. Two-thirds of each litter was prepared for skeletal examination using Alizarin Red S staining while the remaining third of each litter was fixed in Bouin's solution for Wilson's soft tissue evaluation. Exposure to toluene at all levels significantly reduced growth, including decreases in placental weight, fetal weight, and crown-rump length. In addition, numerous gross morphological anomalies were observed such as short or missing digits and missing limbs. Skeletal examination revealed that ossification of the extremities was significantly reduced as a result of toluene exposure at all levels. Specific skeletal defects included misshapen scapula, missing and supernumerary vertebrae and ribs, and fused digits. Soft tissue anomalies were also observed at all toluene levels and there was a dose-dependent increase in the number of anomalies which included cryptorchidism, displaced abdominal organs, gastromegaly, distended/hypoplastic bladder, and delayed cardiac development, among others. These results indicate that animals exposed prenatally to levels and patterns of toluene typical of inhalant abuse are at increased risk for skeletal and soft tissue abnormalities.
Effect of dietary vitamin E and prey supplementation on semen quality in male black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes)

Over the recent years, the captive population of the endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes; ferret) has experienced a decline in normal sperm (NS) morphology (from 50% to 16%), which may be linked to inbreeding depression or it may have been a dietary change. We examined the role of dietary vitamin E, selenium (SE), and vitamin A on serum levels of vitamin E, SE, and vitamin A and semen quality. Ferrets (n = 55 males) were randomly assigned to one of five diet treatments (n = 11 per treatment): (1) horsemeat diet (control); (2) horsemeat diet + vitamin E (400 IU/kg Dry Matter) daily; (3) horsemeat diet + whole prey; (4) horsemeat diet + vitamin E daily + whole prey; and (5) beef diet. Both blood (prediet and postdiet change) and diets were analyzed for vitamin E, vitamin A, and SE concentrations. Electroejaculates were collected monthly and evaluated for sperm concentration, sperm motility index (includes percent motile and forward progression), and percent NS. Results reveal that the beef and horsemeat diets had comparable (P = 0.05) vitamin E and SE concentrations and all diets met most nutrient requirements for small carnivores; however, the horsemeat diet was excessive in vitamin A and the beef diet was deficient in vitamin A. Vitamin E supplementation increased (χ1(2)=25.83; P < 0.001) serum vitamin E. Ferrets fed the beef diet or prey had improved (H4 = 15.596; P = 0.004) sperm motility index than the horsemeat control group, and ferrets fed the horsemeat diet supplemented with vitamin E had the lowest (H4 = 18.408; P = 0.001) NS. In conclusion, the high levels of vitamin A in the horsemeat diet could compete with vitamin E as evidence by serum levels, which may reduce reproductive success in this endangered species.
Derivatives and Risk Management

A process for using derivatives to manage risk should be integrated into an investor9s investment management strategy. The authors discuss the changing risk environment, which has given rise to a more strategic focus on risk management. They examine the role of derivatives in risk management and demonstrate how various instruments can be applied to specific types of identifiable risk.
Impact of irradiation and immunosuppressive agents on immune system homeostasis in rhesus macaques

Summary In this study we examined the effects of non-myeloablative total body irradiation (TBI) in combination with immunosuppressive chemotherapy on immune homeostasis in rhesus macaques. Our results show that the administration of cyclosporin A or tacrolimus without radiotherapy did not result in lymphopenia. The addition of TBI to the regimen resulted in lymphopenia as well as alterations in the memory/naive ratio following reconstitution of lymphocyte populations. Dendritic cell (DC) numbers in whole blood were largely unaffected, while the monocyte population was altered by immunosuppressive treatment. Irradiation also resulted in increased levels of circulating cytokines and chemokines that correlated with T cell proliferative bursts and with the shift towards memory T cells. We also report that anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) treatment and CD3 immunotoxin administration resulted in a selective and rapid depletion of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells and increased frequency of memory T cells. We also examined the impact of these treatments on reactivation of latent simian varicella virus (SVV) infection as a model of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection of humans. None of the treatments resulted in overt SVV reactivation; however, select animals had transient increases in SVV-specific T cell responses following immunosuppression, suggestive of subclinical reactivation. Overall, we provide detailed observations into immune modulation by TBI and chemotherapeutic agents in rhesus macaques, an important research model of human disease.
Applications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to pediatric cardiac surgery

The stability of the membrane oxygenator has led to its applicaton as a means of long-term cardiopulmonary support. The use of technology is neonates has led the process achieved in adylt respiratory support. In the infant and neonate with congenital heart disease, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used for both cardiac, and pulmonary support, and in situations of unrecoverable cardiac failure as a bridge to transplantion. Significant progres has bee made, and valuable lessons have been learned. Indications, techniques, and results of the application of ECMO to children with congenital heart disease are summarized here.
Neutral Lipid Storage with Acid Lipase Deficiency: a New Variant of Wolman's Disease with Features of the Senior Syndrome

Summary A girl presented with small stature, obesity,. tapetoretinal de­ generation, deafness, psychomotor regression, seizures, acanthosis nigricans, hepatomegaly, and chronic tubulointerstitial nephropa­ thy. She died at age ten with renal insufficiency and uncontrolled seizures. Histochemistry showed lipid storage in hepatocytes, histiocytes, smooth muscles and, to a much lesser extent, kidney tubules and cortical neurons. The liver had increased cholesterol esters (5-fold) and triacylglycerols (8-fold), and decreased phos­ pholipids (50%). Methyllumbelliferyl-oleate, oleylcholestrol, tri­ oleylglycerol, and tripalmitylglycerol lipase activities were mark­ edly reduced in the liver, in the range found in Wolman's disease. In cirrhotic fatty livers these activities ranged from 7-87% of the normal mean. The patient's brain had limited neutral lipid storage and normal methyllumbelliferyl-oleate lipase. Trioleylglycerol li­ pase activity was 14-60% of controls; tripalmitylglycerol lipase activity 14-25% of controls; and oleylcholestrol lipase activity 12-33% of controls.
A moment-based approach for nonlinear stochastic tracking control

This paper describes a new stochastic control methodology for nonlinear affine systems subject to bounded parametric and functional uncertainties. The primary objective of this method is to control the statistical nature of the state of a nonlinear system to designed (attainable) statistical properties (e.g., moments). This methodology involves a constrained optimization problem for obtaining the undetermined control parameters, where the norm of the error between the desired and actual stationary moments of state responses is minimized subject to constraints on moments corresponding to a stationary distribution. To overcome the difficulties in solving the associated Fokker–Planck equation, generally experienced in nonlinear stochastic control and filtering problems, an approximation using the direct quadrature method of moments is proposed. In this approach, the state probability density function is expressed in terms of a finite collection of Dirac delta functions, and the partial differential equation can be converted to a set of ordinary differential equations. In addition to the above mentioned advantages, the state process can be non-Gaussian. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated in an example including robustness with respect to predefined uncertainties and able to achieve specified stationary moments of the state probability density function.
Bispectral EEG index during nitrous oxide administration

BackgroundNitrous oxide (N2 O) is a commonly used sedative for painful diagnostic procedures and dental work. The authors sought to characterize the effects of N2 O on quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) variables including the bispectral index (BIS), a quantitative parameter developed to cor
A complicated fracture of the mandibular symphysis.

Abstract This case primarily points out the importance of good x-rays and careful examination for any abnormal condition that may exist. In the case of a very displaced fracture with a tooth or teeth missing or a portion of the tooth absent, the fracture line area should be very carefully examined. One can easily conjecture as to the acute complication that obviously would have arisen if the displaced tooth had not been discovered while reading the x-rays. Since the displaced tooth was found the patient had an uneventful recovery. Another point is, to assure a normal anterior curvature of the arch with very displaced, compound, oblique fractures of the mandibular symphysis, because of the multiple muscular action in so many different directions, very often a labial arch wire ligatured in place in addition to the usual Stout's splint is required.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas respond to corn and soybean cropping history

summary Communities of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi were studied in a long-term crop rotation experiment at two locations (Waseca and Lamberton, Minnesota, USA). Spores of mycorrhizal fungi were counted and identified in experimental plots with a cropping history of either corn (Zea mays L.) or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Mycorrhizal fungal communities were affected by both location and cropping history. At Waseca, Glomus aggregation Schenck & Smith, G. leptotichum Schenck & Smith and G. occultum Walker spores were more abundant in soil with a corn history than a soybean history, while spores of G. microcarpum Tul. & Tul. exhibited the reciprocal pattern. Approximately 90% of the spores recovered at Lamberton were G. aggregation and did not vary with crop history. However, the spores of three other species: G. albidum Walker & Rhodes, G. mosseae Gerdemann & Trappe, and G. occultum, were more abundant in plots with a corn history than a soybean history. Densities of G. aggretatum spores were negatively correlated with soil pH at Waseca, but were unrelated to pH at Lamberton were the mean soil pH was lower. Our results indicate that mycorrhizal fungal species are individualistic in their responses to cropping history and edaphic factors.
AUTOMATED CORE SAMPLE HANDLING FOR FUTURE MARS DRILL MISSIONS

Signs of microbial life on Mars, if they exist, will probably exist underground. This paper describes a robotics system for handling and sub-sampling cores taken from a robotic drill. The system prepares samples for analysis and life detection experiments. This system has been integrated with a drill and other instruments and tested in the field. This paper presents a description of the system and observations from the field test.
Combined Alloreactive CTL Cellular Therapy with Prodrug Activator Gene Therapy in a Model of Breast Cancer Metastatic to the Brain

Purpose: Individual or combined strategies of cellular therapy with alloreactive CTLs (alloCTL) and gene therapy using retroviral replicating vectors (RRV) encoding a suicide prodrug activating gene were explored for the treatment of breast tumors metastatic to the brain. Experimental Design: AlloCTL, sensitized to the HLA of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, were examined in vitro for antitumor functionality toward breast cancer targets. RRV encoding the yeast cytosine deaminase (CD) gene was tested in vivo for virus spread, ability to infect, and kill breast cancer targets when exposed to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). Individual and combination treatments were tested in subcutaneous and intracranial xenograft models with 231BR, a brain tropic variant. Results: AlloCTL preparations were cytotoxic, proliferated, and produced IFN-γ when coincubated with target cells displaying relevant HLA. In vivo , intratumorally placed alloCTL trafficked through one established intracranial 231BR focus to another in contralateral brain and induced tumor cell apoptosis. RRV-CD efficiently spread in vivo , infected 231BR and induced their apoptosis upon 5-FC exposure. Subcutaneous tumor volumes were significantly reduced in alloCTL and/or gene therapy–treated groups compared to control groups. Mice with established intracranial 231BR tumors treated with combined alloCTL and RRV-CD had a median survival of 97.5 days compared with single modalities (50–83 days); all experimental treatment groups survived significantly longer than sham-treated groups (median survivals 31.5 or 40 days) and exhibited good safety/toxicity profiles. Conclusion: The results indicate combining cellular and suicide gene therapies is a viable strategy for the treatment of established breast tumors in the brain. Clin Cancer Res; 19(15); 4137–48. ©2013 AACR .
Any Given Sunday: Weekly Church Attendance in a Midwestern City

I analyze the weekly attendance figures from 71 Protestant churches from across the conservative-to-liberal spectrum in a Midwestern city using multilevel modeling (HLM 6.0). The impact on attendance of factors that are experienced by all churches in the city (bad weather, summer, religious holidays, and secular holidays) and factors unique to individual churches (size, if the church is liturgical or nonliturgical, and denominational affiliation) are assessed to determine if all churches experience similar week-to-week fluctuations or if differences exist based on congregational factors. I interpret the results in light of rational choice theory and the strict church hypothesis in an effort to explain changes in church attendance from one week to the next.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MAGIC TO SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

. Many anthropological explanations of magical practices are based on the assumption that the immediate cause of performing an act of magic is the belief that the magic will work as claimed. Such explanations typically attempt to show why people come to believe that magical acts work as claimed when such acts do not identifiably have such effects. We suggest an alternative approach to the explanation of magic that views magic as a form of religious behavior, a form of communication that promotes or protects cooperative social relationships. We suggest that all forms of religious behavior involve persons communicating acceptance of a supernatural claim and that this act communicates a willingness to accept nonskeptically the influence of the person making such a claim. Thus, religious behavior communicates a willingness to cooperate with the claim maker and others who accept his or her influence. We suggest that magic, which can be distinguished by the communicated acceptance of the claim that certain techniques have supernatural effects, also promotes cooperation. Different types of magic, including sorcery, love magic, and curing magic, can be shown to communicate different types of messages, such as a threat to use violence to punish unsocial behavior, sexual desire, or concern for a person's well-being. Ethnographic examples are used to support this hypothesis. This approach requires no assumptions about whether the practitioners of magic do or do not believe that the magical acts work as claimed. It attempts only to account for the identifiable talk and behavior that constitute magical acts by examining the identifiable, and often important, effects of these acts on the behavior of others.
Bioavailability, distribution and clearance of tracheally-instilled and gavaged uncoated or silica-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles

Nanoparticle pharmacokinetics and biological effects are influenced by several factors. We assessed the effects of amorphous SiO2 coating on the pharmacokinetics of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) following intratracheal (IT) instillation and gavage in rats. Uncoated and SiO2-coated ZnO NPs were neutron-activated and IT-instilled at 1 mg/kg or gavaged at 5 mg/kg. Rats were followed over 28 days post-IT, and over 7 days post-gavage. Tissue samples were analyzed for 65Zn radioactivity. Pulmonary responses to instilled NPs were also evaluated at 24 hours. SiO2-coated ZnO elicited significantly higher inflammatory responses than uncoated NPs. Pulmonary clearance of both 65ZnO NPs was biphasic with a rapid initial t1/2 (0.2 - 0.3 hours), and a slower terminal t1/2 of 1.2 days (SiO2-coated ZnO) and 1.7 days (ZnO). Both NPs were almost completely cleared by day 7 (>98%). With IT-instilled 65ZnO NPs, significantly more 65Zn was found in skeletal muscle, liver, skin, kidneys, cecum and blood on day 2 in uncoated than SiO2-coated NPs. By 28 days, extrapulmonary levels of 65Zn from both NPs significantly decreased. However, 65Zn levels in skeletal muscle, skin and blood remained higher from uncoated NPs. Interestingly, 65Zn levels in bone marrow and thoracic lymph nodes were higher from coated 65ZnO NPs. More 65Zn was excreted in the urine from rats instilled with SiO2-coated 65ZnO NPs. After 7 days post-gavage, only 7.4% (uncoated) and 6.7% (coated) of 65Zn dose were measured in all tissues combined. As with instilled NPs, after gavage significantly more 65Zn was measured in skeletal muscle from uncoated NPs and less in thoracic lymph nodes. More 65Zn was excreted in the urine and feces with coated than uncoated 65ZnO NPs. However, over 95% of the total dose of both NPs was eliminated in the feces by day 7. Although SiO2-coated ZnO NPs were more inflammogenic, the overall lung clearance rate was not affected. However, SiO2 coating altered the tissue distribution of 65Zn in some extrapulmonary tissues. For both IT instillation and gavage administration, SiO2 coating enhanced transport of 65Zn to thoracic lymph nodes and decreased transport to the skeletal muscle.
Direct control of visual perception with phase-specific modulation of posterior parietal cortex

We examined the causal relationship between the phase of alpha oscillations 9-12 Hz and conscious visual perception using rhythmic TMS rTMS while simultaneously recording EEG activity. rTMS of posterior parietal cortex at an alpha frequency 10 Hz, but not occipital or sham rTMS, both entrained the phase of subsequent alpha oscillatory activity and produced a phase-dependent change on subsequent visual perception, with lower discrimination accuracy for targets presented at one phase of the alpha oscillatory waveform than for targets presented at the opposite phase. By extrinsically manipulating the phase of alpha before stimulus presentation, we provide direct evidence that the neural circuitry in the parietal cortex involved with generating alpha oscillations plays a causal role in determining whether or not a visual stimulus is successfully perceived.
Doing without Desert

The idea of ‘moral responsibility’ is typically linked with praise and blame, and with the notion of ‘the voluntary’. It is often thought that if we are free, in the relevant sense, we may “deserve” praise or blame; otherwise, we do not. But when we look at whether and why we need the notions of praise and blame, we find that they are not as intimately connected with desert as many philosophers have thought. In particular, this paper challenges the idea that forms of evaluation and behavior tied to our “reactive attitudes” (especially resentment) best further morality’s aims, properly understood.
TREATMENT OF BURNS OF THE HAND WITH SILICONE DRESSING AND EARLY MOTION.

Eight patients with severely burned hands were treated with continuous exposure to silicone fluid in non-permeable plastic bags. This non-immobilization technique permits finger motion, obviating, in part, permanent joint contractures and promoting a painless debridement. Graft take over full-thickness burn wounds was consistently excellent and residual limitation of joint motion in grafted hands was minimized. The technique appears especially suitable for treatment of burned hands in older patients in whom various degrees of permanent deformities are not infrequent. Where the burn depth is mixed and healing occurs spontaneously, the healed skin has almost normal texture and mobility. In our experience utilizing more conventional techniques, even hands with deep second-degree burns not infrequently had various degrees of permanent joint stiffness after healing. The results achieved by the method described suggest it is a worth-while addition to our armamentarium in burn therapy.
Integrating Cancer Control into Global Health

Many in the global health community have recently proposed that current efforts be expanded to include diseases typically associated with advanced economies, such as heart disease, mental health disorders, diabetes, and cancers. Here, we discuss ways in which the National Cancer Institute's newly formed Center for Global Health plans to stem the rising cancer burden in developing countries.
Active vibration isolation of multiple DOF systems using a position-tracking approach

New formulations of active vibration isolation problems for multiple degree-of-freedom (DOF) systems are presented. A position-tracking approach via partial emulation is proposed to take advantage of the natural dynamics of a particular type of actuator: the electrohydraulic actuator. A specific 2DOF system with nonminimum phase dynamics and a noncollocated sensor and actuator pair is chosen to implement this position-tracking approach. Experimental results demonstrate good vibration isolation performance.
Electric and magnetic noise blocks the 60 Hz magnetic field enhancement of steady state c-myc transcript levels in human leukemia cells

We have previously demonstrated that exposure of human cultured cells to 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic fields causes an increase in steady state transcript levels for the proto-oncogene c-myc. A study by Litovitz et al. (T.A. Litovitz D.Krause and J.M. Mullins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 178(1991) 862) suggests that the induction of bioeffects from exposure to 60 Hz fields requires that the exposure field be coherent for some minimum length of time (approximately 10s). A related study demonstrated that these effects can be blocked by superposition of temporally incoherent magnetic noise fields. In this paper we investigate whether or not the superposition of a magnetic noise field can block the bioeffect of a coherent 60 Hz magnetic field on the transcript levels of the proto-oncogene c-myc in HL60 cells. Experiments were performed using band-limited magnetic noise fields (30-90 Hz, 6.7 PT rms), and coherent 60 Hz magnetic fields (6.7 PT rms). The results show that exposure to the 60 Hz field alone produces approximately a 40% enhancement in the steady state level of the c-myc transcript. Superposition of the noise field on the 60 Hz field inhibited the enhancement of the c-myc transcript to the extent that no statistically significant was observed. This study provides additional proof of the coherence time requirement, and of the validity of the noise superposition method to block electric and magnetic field induced bioeffects.
A THURSTONE-COOMBS MODEL OF CONCURRENT RATINGS WITH SENSORY AND LIKING DIMENSIONS

A popular product testing procedure is to obtain sensory intensity and liking ratings from the same consumers. Consumers are instructed to attend to the sensory attribute, such as sweetness, when generating their liking response. We propose a new model of this concurrent ratings task that conjoins a unidimensional Thurstonian model of the ratings on the sensory dimension with a probabilistic version of Coombs' (1964) unfolding model for the liking dimension. The model assumes that the sensory characteristic of the product has a normal distribution over consumers. An individual consumer selects a sensory rating by comparing the perceived value on the sensory dimension to a set of criteria that partitions the axis into intervals. Each value on the rating scale is associated with a unique interval. To rate liking, the consumer imagines an ideal product, then computes the discrepancy or distance between the product as perceived by the consumer and this imagined ideal. A set of criteria are constructed on this discrepancy dimension that partition the axis into intervals. Each interval is associated with a unique liking rating. The ideal product is assumed to have a univariate normal distribution over consumers on the sensory attribute evaluated. The model is shown to account for 94.2% of the variance in a set of sample data and to fit this data significantly better than a bivariate normal model of the data (concurrent ratings, Thurstonian scaling, Coombs' unfolding model, sensory and liking ratings). Un nouveau modele d'evaluation sensorielle et des preferences est presente. Il est base sur le modele Thurstonien (dimension sensorielle) et sur le modele probabilistique de Coombs, pour la dimension de la preference. Le modele presuppose que les caracteristiques sensorielles du produit ont une distribution normale. Pour estimer sa preference, le consommateur imagine un produit ideal et compare sa perception du produit a l'image qu'il se fait du produit ideal.
Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding the α-subunit of the rat pituitary glycoprotein hormones

The gene encoding the common a subunit of the rat pituitary glycoprotein hormones was isolated from a rat genomic DNA library. The gene spans approximately 8 kb, and contains four exons and three intervening sequences of 5.4 kb, 1.1 kb and 0.6 kb. Blot hybridization of restriction enzyme digests of rat genomic DNA suggests that the a gene is present in a single copy. The coding region and 424 bp of the 5' -flanking region of the gene were sequenced. Primer extension and S l nuclease analyses revealed a single transcriptional start point downstream from consensus promoter elements. The organization of the rat a-subunit gene is similar to that of the human and bovine genes including the sizes and locations of the four exons and three introns. In addition, a region of strong sequence similarity has been identified in the 5' -flanking region of the rat, human and bovine genes. This region includes sequences which are similar to a putative triiodothyronine regulatory element and the previously identified cAMP regulatory region; such sequences may mediate the known effects of these factors on a-subunit gene expression.
Two Approaches to an Archaeology of the Social

Social Theory in Archaeology. Michael Brian Schiffer. ed. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000. 235 pp. Social Transformations In Archaeology: Global and Local Perspectives. Kristian Kristiansen and Michael Row. lands. London: Routledge, 1998. 438 pp.
lordif: An R Package for Detecting Differential Item Functioning Using Iterative Hybrid Ordinal Logistic Regression/Item Response Theory and Monte Carlo Simulations

Logistic regression provides a flexible framework for detecting various types of differential item functioning (DIF). Previous efforts extended the framework by using item response theory (IRT) based trait scores, and by employing an iterative process using group--specific item parameters to account for DIF in the trait scores, analogous to purification approaches used in other DIF detection frameworks. The current investigation advances the technique by developing a computational platform integrating both statistical and IRT procedures into a single program. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo simulation approach was incorporated to derive empirical criteria for various DIF statistics and effect size measures. For purposes of illustration, the procedure was applied to data from a questionnaire of anxiety symptoms for detecting DIF associated with age from the Patient--Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.
Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Diabetic Nephropathy: Lessons from Diabetic eNOS Knockout Mice

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in many countries. The animal models that recapitulate human DN undoubtedly facilitate our understanding of this disease and promote the development of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic interventions. Based on the clinical evidence showing the association of eNOS dysfunction with advanced DN, we and others have created diabetic mice that lack eNOS expression and shown that eNOS-deficient diabetic mice exhibit advanced nephropathic changes with distinct features of progressive DN, including pronounced albuminuria, nodular glomerulosclerosis, mesangiolysis, and arteriolar hyalinosis. These studies clearly defined a critical role of eNOS in DN and developed a robust animal model of this disease, which enables us to study the pathogenic mechanisms of progressive DN. Further, recent studies with this animal model have explored the novel mechanisms by which eNOS deficiency causes advanced DN and provided many new insights into the pathogenesis of DN. Therefore, here we summarize the findings obtained with this animal model and discuss the roles of eNOS in DN, unresolved issues, and future investigations of this animal model study.
Development and testing of a nutrition, food safety, and physical activity checklist for EFNEP and FSNE adult programs.

Abstract Objective To develop and assess reliability and validity of the Nutrition, Food Safety, and Physical Activity Checklist to measure nutrition, food safety, and physical activity practices among adult Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and Food Stamp Nutrition Education program (FSNE) participants. Methods Test-retest reliability (Cronbach α), internal consistency (Pearson Correlation), criterion-related validity (Spearman Correlation Coefficients), and sensitivity-to-change, were calculated for dietary quality, food safety, and physical activity, based on data collected from 73 EFNEP and FSNE participants. Results Nutrition and physical activity domains achieved reliability coefficients of 0.70. The instrument scored Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.20 for nutrition, 0.34 for food safety, and 0.28 for physical activity. Conclusions and Implications The instrument consistently measured dietary and physical activity practices, but not food safety. All domains obtained low correlation coefficients, although consistent with other studies' validity results.
Monsters and Growling Dogs: A Dual-Source Theory of the Child's Concept of Fear

Prior research suggests that young children associate fear with imaginary creatures more strongly than with realistic threats to safety. We propose an alternative: the Dual-Source Account of children's understanding of fear. In this account, as early as the age of 3 years, children associate both realistic and imaginary causes of fear with being scared, and this understanding increases with age. In the current study, children (N=48, 3-5 years) labeled the emotion of a story's protagonist who encountered either a realistic or imaginary fear-eliciting creature. Young preschoolers attributed fear to both imaginary and realistic creatures approximately half of the time, and their attribution of fear to both imaginary and realistic creatures increased steadily with age. Thus, as predicted by our account and evolutionary theorizing, the basis of children's understanding of fear includes both realistic and imaginary causes of fear.
Selective Association of Outer Surface Lipoproteins with the Lipid Rafts of Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi contains unique cholesterol-glycolipid-rich lipid rafts that are associated with lipoproteins. These complexes suggest the existence of macromolecular structures that have not been reported for prokaryotes. Outer surface lipoproteins OspA, OspB, and OspC were studied for their participation in the formation of lipid rafts. Single-gene deletion mu- tants with deletions ofospA,ospB, andospCand a spontaneous gene mutant, strain B313, which does not express OspA and OspB, were used to establish their structural roles in the lipid rafts. All mutant strains used in this study produced detergent- resistant membranes, a common characteristic of lipid rafts, and had similar lipid and protein slot blot profiles. Lipoproteins OspA and OspB but not OspC were shown to be associated with lipid rafts by transmission electron microscopy. When the abil- ity to form lipid rafts in live B. burgdorferi spirochetes was measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), strain B313 showed a statistically significant lower level of segregation into ordered and disordered membrane domains than did the wild-type and the other single-deletion mutants. The transformation of a B313 strain with a shuttle plasmid containing ospA restored the phenotype shared by the wild type and the single-deletion mutants, demonstrating that OspA and OspB have redun- dant functions. In contrast, a transformed B313 overexpressing OspC neither rescued the FRET nor colocalized with the lipid rafts. Because these lipoproteins are expressed at different stages of the life cycle of B. burgdorferi, their selective association is likely to have an important role in the structure of prokaryotic lipid rafts and in the organism's adaptation to changing environ- ments. IMPORTANCE Lipid rafts are cholesterol-rich clusters within the membranes of cells. Lipid rafts contain proteins that have func- tions in sensing the cell environment and transmitting signals. Although selective proteins are present in lipid rafts, little is known about their structural contribution to these domains. Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, has lipid rafts, which are novel structures in bacteria. Here, we have shown that the raft-associated lipoproteins OspA and OspB selectively con- tribute to lipid rafts. A similar but non-raft-associated lipoprotein, OspC, cannot substitute for the role of OspA and OspB. In this study, we have demonstrated that lipoprotein association with lipid rafts is selective, further suggesting a functional adapta- tion to different stages of the spirochete life cycle. The results of this study are of broader importance and can serve as a model for other bacteria that also possess cholesterol in their membranes and, therefore, may share lipid raft traits with Borrelia.
Prosthodontic Considerations in Post-cancer Reconstructions

The restoration of function after oncologic surgery of the oral cavity constitutes one of the major challenges facing head and neck oncology. Within the general objective of securing esthetic as well as functional reconstructions, dental rehabilitation is crucial for achieving a good outcome. Adequate dental rehabilitation allows the patient to chew food and considerably improves speech and swallowing. These reconstructions will be driven biologically or prosthetically following surgical design and outcome.
Reverberation fluctuations from a smooth seafloor

High-frequency shallow-water reverberation statistics were measured from a smooth, sandy, featureless seafloor. The reverberation statistics are presented as a function of source frequency (20-180 kHz), grazing angle (30 degrees , 20 degrees , 9.5 degrees ), and source beamwidths (1.2 degrees -2.75 degrees ). Generally, the reverberation statistics did not follow a Rayleigh fading model. The model dependence of the reverberation statistics exhibited a complex behavior that ranged from near Gaussian to beyond log-normal. The results show that small changes in the source frequency, grazing angles, and beamwidths caused large variations in the model dependence of the reverberation statistics. >