cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A dual luciferase system for analysis of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in Leishmania

Gene expression in kinetoplastid parasites is regulated via post-transcriptional mechanisms that modulate mRNA turnover, translation rate, and/or post-translational protein stability. To facilitate the analysis of post-transcriptional regulation, a dual luciferase system was developed in which firefly and Renilla luciferase reporters genetically fused to compatible drug resistance genes are integrated in place of one allele of the gene of interest and of an internal control gene, respectively, in a manner that preserves the cognate pre-mRNA processing signals. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay coupled with the ability to rapidly assemble reporter integration constructs render the dual luciferase system suitable for analysis of multiple candidates derived from global expression analysis platforms. To demonstrate the utility of the system, regulation of three genes in response to purine starvation was examined in Leishmania donovani promastigotes. This dual luciferase system should be directly applicable to the analysis of post-transcriptional regulation in other kinetoplastids.
RMS delay spread in indoor LOS environments at 5.2 GHz

Measurements and modelling of RMS delay spread (RDS) in indoor line-of-sight (LOS) conditions at HIPERLAN/U-NII frequencies (5.2 GHz) with omni-directional antennas show that the maximum RDS in a room is dependent on the dimensions of the room and the reflection coefficient of the walls. Furthermore, in a given room, RDS increases with distance from the transmitter up to a maximum value and plateaus at this maximum over a large part of the room.
On the specta of X-ray bursters: Expansion and contraction stages

The theory of spectral formation during the explosion and contraction stages of X-ray bursters, which include the effects of Computonization and free-free absorption and emission, is described. Analytical expressions are provided for color ratios, and the spectral shape is given as a function of input parameters, elemental abundance, neutron star mass and radius, and Eddington ratio. An Eulerian calculation is used to determine the photospheric evolution accurately during the Eddington luminosity phase. The developed analytical theory for hydrodynamics of the expansion takes into account the dependence of Compton scattering opacity on electron temperature. An analytical expression is derived from the sonic point position and the value of the sonic velcoity. Using this value as a boundary condition at the sonic point, the velocity, density, and temperature profile are calculated throughout the whole photosphere. It is shown that the atmopsphere radiates spectra having a low-energy power-law shape and blackbody-like hard tail. In the expansion stage the spectra depend strongly on the temperature of the helium-burning zone at the neutron star surface. The X-ray photosheric radius increases to approximately 100 km or more, depending on the condition of the nuclear burning on the surface of the neutron star in the course of the expansion.
Discriminative effects of morphine administered intracerebrally in the rat.

Abstract Rats were trained in a two-choice discrete trial avoidance paradigm to discriminate between saline and 3.0 mg/kg of morphine administered S.C. The microinjection of 0.3–3.0 μg of morphine into the lateral ventricle produced discriminative effects equivalent to those of the systemic training dose as measured by responding on the morphine-appropriate choice lever. Discriminative effects equivalent to those of the morphine training dose were not consistently produced by administration of morphine into the periaqueductal gray, lateral septum or dorsomedial thalamus in doses as high as 10 μg. However, the discriminative effects of systematically administered morphine were blocked by 10–30 μg of naloxone administered intracerebrally at all of the brain sites tested. Thus, the primary site at which morphine acts to produce discriminative effects in the rat is central, although the specific brain areas mediating these effects remain unidentified. The actions of naloxone could be the result of diffusion of the drug into the ventricular system or into the systemic circulation.
Variations in rates of primary school access and enrolments in sub-Saharan Africa: a pooled cross-country time series analysis

Abstract African nations lag behind in school enrolment rates. This article examines the national characteristics that explain variation in indicators of entry into first grade and primary school enrolment rates. Pooled cross-country time series analysis for the period 1980–1997 for 29 sub-Sahara African nations is used. Overall, the results strongly suggest that the major determinants of both indicators of primary education in sub-Saharan Africa are: government expenditure on education, percent urban population, and West African region. GNP per capita and debt categories are significantly associated with primary enrolment rates, and with first grade entry rates when controlling for year. A country’s level of ethnic diversity has no significant impact on either measure. On the basis of these results we discuss policy implications for governments, and directions for future research.
A comparison between the scientific communication model and the mass communication model: Implications for the transfer and utilization of scientific knowledge: A PSYCHOM '72 paper

A comparison between the models of scientific communication and mass communication is made in terms of the basic components in the communication processes. Differences between the two models are emphasized so that the sources of ineffective communication can be identified. Several suggestions are made to bridge the communication gaps between science, technology, and the public.
Confessions of a Pharmaceutical Company: Voice, Narrative, and Gendered Dialectics in the Case of Gardasil

Despite the fact that both men and women carry the human papillomavirus (HPV) and jointly contribute to its status as an epidemic, the promotion of Gardasil, a vaccine that blocks infection from four strains of HPV, has largely been designated as a women's-only health issue. The following case study contributes to ongoing efforts in the field of health communication to identify problematic assumptions informing contemporary health policy and practices. Specifically, I analyze how Merck Pharmaceuticals, the creator of Gardasil, strategically imbues direct-to-consumer advertisements with contradiction to preserve traditional notions of both women and medicine. I found that three gendered dialectics characterize Merck's efforts to invoke complacency among female consumers: public/secret, education/ignorance, and structured/individualist. In the case of the HPV vaccination, the implications of these dialectics are the perpetuation of complacency among female audiences that threatens both the success of this p...
Prognostic Significance and Molecular Associations of Tumor Growth Pattern in Colorectal Cancer

Background Infiltrative growth pattern at the tumor margin has been associated with shorter patient survival. However, little is known about the prognostic significance of tumor growth pattern, independent of tumoral molecular alterations and other histologic features.
Lactic acid production in mouse calvaria in vitro with and without parathyroid hormone stimulation: lack of acetazolamide effects.

Abstract The effect of acetazolamide on lactic acid production in mouse calvaria expiants was examined in an attempt to explain in vivo inhibition of Ca mobilization from bone by sulfonamide inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase. Lactic acid production was evaluated in 8–10-week-old CD-1 mouse calvaria over a time period consistent with acetazolamide inhibition of both PTH-stimulated and nonstimulated Ca mobilization from bone in vivo. Labeled lactate, derived from [3,4-14C]glucose, and total lactate production were determined at 2-h intervals for up to 8 h. Simultaneous assessment of 14CO2 production and [14C]pyruvate levels established that acetazolamide produced no other related metabolic effects and that the drug did not block PTH stimulation of CO2 production. Acetazolamide (4.5 × 10−4 M) was found to have no effect on labeled or total lactate production in mouse calvaria for up to 8 h of treatment. In addition, acetazolamide did not block PTH (10−7 M) stimulation of lactate production. However, CI 13,850 (10−4 M), a structural analog of acetazolamide devoid of inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase or Ca mobilization from bone, was shown to significantly reduce lactate production from mouse calvaria. These results, therefore, suggest that acetazolamide does not inhibit Ca mobilization from bone through inhibition of lactic acid production and fail to support a mechanistic relationship between lactic acid production and Ca mobilization from bone.
Applications of microfabrication techniques in electrochemical sensor development

Electrochemical sensors have been used either as a whole or as an integral part of a chemical and biological sensing device. Microfabrication technology has been used in the development of electrochemical sensors. The recent advancement of micromachining techniques adds new impetus to electrochemical sensor development. Most noticeable is the application of anisotropic chemical etching, plasma etching, sacrificial layer methods, and high aspect ratio X-ray lithography to enhance the opportunity to produce scientifically and commercially viable electrochemical sensors. Examples will be used to illustrate the potential of microfabrication and micromachining techniques in electrochemical sensor development.
Double-balloon enteroscopy in the elderly: safety, findings, and diagnostic and therapeutic success

Background Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) is an important tool in the evaluation and management of small-bowel disease. Limited data are available on the safety, findings, and outcomes of DBE in elderly patients. Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of DBE in elderly patients. Design Single-center, retrospective analysis of prospectively collected database. Setting Open-access, tertiary care referral center. Patients A total of 176 patients undergoing DBE (216 procedures) for evaluation of small-bowel disease between August 2007 and August 2008. Interventions Argon plasma coagulation of bleeding small-bowel lesions. Main Outcome Measurements DBE complication rate, diagnostic/therapeutic success of DBE. Methods An age cutoff of 75 years and older was used to designate patients as elderly. Data on complications, indications, findings, and diagnostic and therapeutic success of DBE were compared between age groups. Results The mean age of patients was 66 ± 16.4 years (range 20-95 years). DBE was performed in 185 patients, including 60 patients age 75 years and older and 110 patients younger than age 75. An overall complication rate of 0.9% was seen for DBE in this study, with no significant difference between age groups. No major complications were observed in elderly patients. Elderly patients were more likely to have angioectasias (39% vs 23%; P = .01) and were more likely to require endoscopic therapy during DBE (46.8% vs 29.2%; P = .01). Limitations Single-center, retrospective study. Conclusions DBE is safe in elderly patients. Elderly patients are more likely to have angioectasias and to require endoscopic therapy during DBE.
EXPRESSION OF STEROID METABOLIZING ENZYMES BY AGGREGATING FETAL BRAIN CELLS IN CULTURE: A MODEL FOR DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION OF THE PROGESTERONE 5α-REDUCTASE PATHWAY

In this study, we established an in vitro model system for the study of developmental regulation of steroid enzyme expression in the perinatal brain. Single cell suspensions were prepared from the hypothalamic - olfactory tubercle region of 18-day-old rat fetuses, and aggregates were formed by incubation under constant rotation. On day 0, 3, 6, or 12 of culture, aggregates were incubated for 4 or 20 h with 3H-progesterone (P4) and the profile of H-steroids in the medium analyzed. Five major metabolites were formed from 3H-P4: 5o-pregnan-3,20-dione (DHP), 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (3α-0H-DHP), 3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one (3β-0H-DHP), and two unidentified polar substances designated A and B. Progressively with aggregate-age in culture, there was a decrease in the relative amounts of 3H-P4 recovered in the medium and a sequential increase in DHP, 3β-0H-DHP, 3α-0H-DHP, A and B. Aggregates maintained in a chemically defined, serum-free medium metabolized P4 at an accelerated rate compared to those maintain...
Determination of prehospital blood glucose: a prospective, controlled study

Abstract Study Objective: To determine if emergency medical personnel can effectively rule out hypoglycemia in the prehospital setting. Design: During a 10-week period, emergency medical personnel determined the fingerstick glucose on all prehospital patients with altered mental status using the Chemstrip bG®. Statistical comparisons were made to serum glucose levels performed by hospital laboratory personnel on blood samples obtained prior to glucose administration. A serum glucose level less than 60 mg/dL was considered a positive test for hypoglycemia. Participants: 170 consecutive patients with altered mental status (AMS) ranging in age from 13 to 90 years were enrolled. Measurements and Main Results: Of these patients, 158 were normal or hyperglycemic, 12 were hypoglycemic, and one patient was hypoglycemic but had only a borderline negative fingerstick test. Thus, a sensitivity of 91.7% and a negative predictive value of 99.3% were obtained. The specificity was 92.4%, and positive predictive value was 47.8%. Conclusion: The Chemstrip bG may be used safely in the prehospital setting to rule out hypoglycemia.
Estimating Phosphorus Concentrations Following Alum Treatment Using Apparent Settling Velocity

ABSTRACT The apparent settling velocity (Vs) is a term used in empirical, steady-state, mass-balance lake models to represent the net phosphorus flux from the water column. The Vollenweider (1969) mixed-reactor lake model was rearranged and used to calculate Vs values for total phosphorus (TP) for three lakes treated with alum to reduce the internal flux of P to the water column (Delavan Lake, Wisconsin; Lake Morey, Vermont; and West Twin Lake, Ohio). An analysis of Vs values was conducted using data from these three lakes for both the pre- and post-alum treated conditions. Analysis of Vs values for both the pre- and post-alum conditions in Lake Morey and West Twin Lake resulted in a post-treatment mean Vs value of 7 ± 2.0 m·yr−1. The effect of the alum treatment, although short-lived in Delavan Lake, resulted in a mean post-treatment Vs value of 3.4 ± 0.3 m·yr−1. The consistency in the post-treatment Vs values in Lake Morey and West Twin Lake is used to demonstrate a predictive analysis method for water ...
Multidisciplinary care improves amputation-free survival in patients with chronic critical limb ischemia

Background This study was conducted to quantify the effect of multidisciplinary care (MDC) on amputation-free survival (AFS) and wound healing within a chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) population. Methods We performed a retrospective, single-center cohort study of consecutive CLI patients presenting to the Vascular Surgery Service. Patients who received initial and follow-up wound care from the MDC were compared with patients who received standard wound care (SWC). The MDC team consisted of vascular, plastic, and podiatric surgeons who jointly managed wound care and directed any other consults or services as deemed necessary. SWC consisted of an inconsistent mix of providers without a defined manager, including nurses, wound care midlevel providers, general surgeons, internists, or the patients themselves. The referring physician determined the allocation of patients. The primary outcome variable was AFS, with a secondary evaluation of wound healing. The effects of baseline demographics, comorbid medical conditions, laboratory values, ischemic lesion severity and location, Rutherford classification, and participation in MDC were assessed. Significant univariate predictors ( P Results Between August 2010 and June 2012, 146 CLI patients (91 male [63%]) were evaluated by the Vascular Surgery Service and were followed up for a median of 539 days (interquartile range 314-679 days). Ischemic tissue loss was present in 85 patients (38 at Rutherford category 5, and 47 at Rutherford category 6). Within this cohort, 51 (60%) had MDC, and 34 (40%) had SWC. Fifty-eight patients (68%) underwent revascularization (open in 17, endovascular in 35, and hybrid in 6), 14 (8%) were managed with primary major amputation, and 13 (15%) declined revascularization. AFS was superior for patients in the MDC arm vs the SWC arm (593.3 ± 53.5 days vs 281.0 ± 38.2 days; log-rank, P = .02). Wound-healing times favored the MDC arm over the SWC arm (444.5 ± 33.2 days vs 625.2 ± 126.5 days), although this was not statistically significant (log-rank, P = .74). Multivariate modelling revealed that independent predictors of major amputation or death, or both, were nonrevascularized patients (hazard ratio [HR], 3.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78-8.02; χ 2 , P χ 2 , P = .012), and baseline nonambulatory status (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.17-2.85; χ 2 , P Conclusions MDC pathways for the management of a population of CLI patients improved AFS by greater than twofold and should be the standard of care for the CLI population. Baseline nonambulatory status and unrevascularized patients also predict worse AFS. Wound healing remains prolonged regardless of preoperative or postoperative wound care. Future study is required to evaluate the costs and functional outcomes for MDC in the management of CLI.
Primary Intramedullary Histiocytic Sarcoma

Intramedullary primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare central nervous system (CNS) malignancy affecting mostly the brain, but it may also involve the leptomeninges, eyes, and spinal cord. A 71-year-old woman presented with back pain and progressive unilateral lower extremity weakness owing to an intramedullary primary histiocytic sarcoma of the spine, a rare PCNSL subtype. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of an intramedullary PCNSL caused by histiocytic sarcoma.
Importance of implant dosimetry for patients undergoing prostate brachytherapy

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the disease and treatment-related factors for predicting biochemical freedom from recurrence (BFR) in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer undergoing permanent prostate brachytherapy. Methods Between November 1992 and June 1998, 883 consecutive patients with T1-T2 prostate cancer underwent permanent prostate brachytherapy. Computed tomography-based dosimetry was performed, and the minimal dose to 90% of the prostate volume relative to the prescribed dose (D 90 ) was calculated. BFR was defined as three prostate-specific antigen (PSA) rises from nadir, with patients having one or two PSA rises censored early. Follow-up was calculated by censored events. Kaplan-Meier actuarial outcome was determined, and multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the significance of the D 90 , initial PSA value, Gleason score, addition of external beam radiotherapy, addition of hormonal therapy, and isotope selection. Results The mean follow-up was 55 months (range 3 to 125). The 10-year BFR rate was 79.1%. Cox proportional analysis identified D 90 as a predictor of BFR ( P P = 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.011, respectively). The addition of external beam radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, and isotope selection did not have an impact on BFR ( P = 0.128, P = 0.399, and P = 0.224, respectively). Conclusions The quality of permanent prostate brachytherapy as measured by the D 90 was the most significant predictor for BFR in this study cohort at 10 years. Furthermore, adding external beam radiotherapy and/or hormonal therapy as adjuvant therapies did not independently predict for BFR. Overall, the reported 10-year BFR rates in this study were favorable. Strategies for ensuring the best quality implant should be used and, when reporting brachytherapy outcomes, the implant quality should be noted.
Dispersion characteristics of cusptron vacuum waveguide modes

With successful demonstration of the ‘proof-of-principle’ experiment of the cusptron, the configuration of the cusptron waveguide gains importance. Although the dispersion relation for the cusptron rf circuit has been derived and experimentally verified before, the detailed properties of its dispersion characteristics are not well understood. In this paper, we will examine various aspects of the dispersion properties in conjunction with the design process of the cusptron tubes. In particular, two unique properties of the cusptron rf circuit, the mixture and the specific grouping of the azimuthal mode numbers are closely examined and demonstrated with simple physics. Special emphases are on the identification and designation of the modes, the profiles of various field components, the spectral distribution with respect to azimuthal mode numbers, and their relation to the cusptron microwave tube design
Self-compassion among college counseling center clients: An examination of clinical norms and group differences

There has been growing interest in the mental health benefits of self-compassion. This study was designed to establish norms on the Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form, a popular measure of self-compassion for individuals seeking counseling, and to examine group differences in self-compassion based on gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, previous counseling, and psychiatric medication use. Data for this study were collected through the Center for Collegiate Mental Health, a practice-research network of more than 240 college and university counseling centers.
Purification of human leukocyte interferon alpha by carboxymethyl controlled pore glass bead chromatography

Human leukocyte-derived alpha interferon [HuIFN-α(Le)] has been purified and/or concentrated on Carboxymethyl derivatized Controlled Pore Glass (CML-CPG240) beads. These glass beads adsorb HuIFN-α(Le) efficiently at acid pH and at physiological ionic strengths. Elution of HuIFN-α(Le) may be accomplished by several methods. Using buffers at relatively high ionic strengths (approximately 0.6 M) and pH values ranging from 2.6 to 6.9 for elution, preparations with specific activities of 105–106 IU/mg were obtained with approximately 90 percent recoveries. Alternatively, using elution buffers at the same high ionic strength and at pH values ranging from 7.0 to 8.0, five-fold or better concentration and complete recovery of crude HuIFN-α(Le) were achieved. The resulting preparations were suitable for direct application to an antibody affinity chromatography column.
Effect of particle size on the cariostatic action of potassium acid phosphate

Abstract Four batches of potassium acid phosphate crystals of different particle sizes (10–20,20–30,30–40,40–50 mesh) were added at a 1.7% level to a caries-producing diet, thus doubling its phosphorus content. The unsupplemented diet (A) and the four supplemented diets (B, C, D, E, respectively) were fed to groups of twenty-four rats for 98 days, beginning at 8 days of age. The molar teeth were then scored for dental caries development. The average caries scores of groups A to E were 38.8, 36.4, 7.7, 13.5 and 11.8, respectively. Thus, the score of the group (B) fed the coarse 10–20 mesh phosphate supplement was essentially the same as that of the control group. The greatest reduction in caries development (80 per cent) was observed in the group (C) fed the 20–30 mesh phosphate. The two groups (D, E) fed finer granulations of phosphate showed 65 and 70 per cent reductions, respectively. These results indicate that the cariostatic action of potassium acid phosphate is predominantly on the tooth surface, and that the particle size of a dietary supplement of phosphate can significantly influence its cariostatic action.
Surface Modification of Wood Using Nitric Acid

Abstract Surface modification of wood flakes by oxidation with nitric acid has been investigated at three different moisture contents of wood, and two different concentrations of the oxidant. It is shown that a significant number of the acid groups generated are chemically linked to wood. Increasing moisture content in wood has the effect of local dilution of the nitric acid oxidant while reduction in moisture content of wood during drying makes potential oxidation sites less accessible. Thus, two different regimes of oxidation, one of more accessible, and another, of less accessible, sites are observed. The nature of the generated acid is established as carboxylic, which is capable of undergoing a coupling reaction with 2-(l-aziridinyl)ethyl methacrylate. The catalysis of in situ polymerization of furfuryl alcohol by bound acid has also been shown to occur.
Syntactic and semantic factors in the classification of nonspeech transient patterns.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the role of both syntactic (i.e., temporal structure) and semantic (i.e., knowledge of the source events) factors in a two-alternative (target/ nontarget) categorization task involving patterns of nonspeech acoustic transients. The results demonstrated that both factors can play an important role in the classification of such patterns. Although pattern syntax influenced performance in all three experiments, the effects of syntactic structure were clearest in Experiment 1, in which listeners categorized meaningless tonal patterns. Listeners who categorized a syntactically structured target set performed better than did those with an unstructured set. Experiments 2 and 3 were similar to Experiment 1, but listeners classified patterns of familiar, brief-duration, complex sounds rather than tones. When listeners in Experiment 3 were given explicit descriptive information about the pattern components in their instructions, performance actually improved for interpretable, but not for uninterpretable, patterns. This suggests that syntactic and semantic factors interact in an important way to influence performance. It was argued that many complex nonspeech patterns have both syntactic and semantic structure, which is determined by the sequence of source events that produce them. In classifying such patterns, as in the case of speech, listeners rely on their knowledge of these factors as well as on the perceptual information in the sound itself.
Optimum Sensitivity-Based Statistical Parameters Estimation from Modal Response

Based on the concept of optimum sensitivity, we present a method for estimating the mean and covariance of parameters of a mechanical system from the statistics of its measured modal response. The optimum sensitivity, defined as the sensitivity of system parameters with respect to observed output, is obtained by direct differentiation of the Kuhn-Tucker optimality criteria for a nonlinear least-squares output error estimator. With the optimum sensitivity derivatives up to the second order, we can estimate the second-order approximation of both the mean and covariance of the system parameters by applying methods developed originally for evaluating the output of uncertain systems based on the more conventional notion of sensitivity, the sensitivity of system response with respect to system parameters. The present approach allows us to assess the bias due to nonlinearities in the least-squares estimator whereas conventional sensitivity-based methods do not. Furthermore, the present method is generally much more efficient than Monte Carlo simulation because nonlinear optimization is performed only once. We demonstrate through example problems that, compared to the conventional sensitivity-based methods, the present method provides statistical indices that are more consistent with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.
In Memoriam: Banning Gray Lary (1924–2013)

Banning Gray Lary, an American surgeon and innovator, passed away at his home in South Miami on January 3, 2013 at the age of 88. Born in Winchester, Kentucky, Banning was the son of Virgil Pendleton and Thelma Gray Lary. During Lary’s freshman year at a junior military academy near Cookeville, Tennessee, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, which led him to enlist in the U.S. Army. His company was sent to fight in North Africa, but he was held back, made a platoon sergeant, and assigned to train the next wave of recruits. At age 18, he was transferred to an Army specialized officer training program at Ohio State University and became a cadet colonel. His acumen for medicine emerged, and he was sent to the University of Illinois to train as an Army doctor. When the war ended, he continued his studies under the G.I. Bill and graduated with a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1948. During his medical school years in Chicago, Lary fell in love with Katherine Lee Tedrow, a lovely young woman from Princeton, Illinois, who attended Northwestern University. They married in 1948 and had four sons, each of whom found success later in their chosen fields. Their youngest son Brett sadly passed away at the age of 22. Lary interned at St. Luke’s Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, where he rotated through the various specialties. It was surgery, however, for which he felt his greatest affection. He was especially entranced with the work and writings of Dr. Warren H. Cole, with whom he spent a year focusing on gallbladder disease research. While in Cole’s laboratory, Lary made a pivotal discovery. Earlier studies had shown that oxygen delivered in large bubbles could be fatal. Working on canine subjects, Lary found a way to make small bubbles using a wetting agent. When those tiny bubbles were introduced into the venous system, they were able to supply life-saving oxygen for the first time without delivering it through the lungs. His work was published in the Surgical Forum and was presented at the 1952 annual meeting of the American College of Surgeons. A few years later, Richard DeWall, a research fellow in the laboratory of Dr. Walton Lillehei, developed the first DeWall–Lillehei bubble oxygenator, which made feasible creation of the heart–lung machine. Their experimental work in 1955 was based on a similar method of passing small oxygen bubbles through a series of small hypodermic needles to allow oxygenation of blood. When the Korean War broke out, Lary was called up from the Air Force Reserves, but St. Luke’s Hospital managed to get him deferred as chief resident. He worked with Drs. Harold Wiggers and Raymond Ingraham, who at that time were researching hemorrhagic shock with Banning Gray Lary (1924-2013)
Sequences homologous to retrovirus-like genes of the mouse are present in multiple copies in the Syrian hamster genome

Abstract The genome of M. musculus contains many copies of DNA sequences homologous to the 35S RNA of intracisternal type-A particles (IAP) (1,2). A major class of IAP genes has been identified and isolated from a mouse library in Charon 4A (3). Cloned mouse IAP genes were used as probes to study homologous sequences in the DNA of other species. Sequences related to mouse IAP genes were detected in the DNAs from a variety of animal cells. DNAs from rat, gerbil, and hamster cells all gave strong reactions which could be localized to discrete restriction fragments on genomic blots. The reaction of Syrian hamster DNA was particularly strong. Fragments derived from different parts of the IAP gene all reacted with Syrian hamster DNA, and the reactive restriction fragments in the Syrian hamster DNA could be ordered with reference to the known restriction map of the IAP genes. The data suggest that sequences related to mouse IAP genes make up a 7 Kb unit in the Syrian hamster genome. Since the majority of the hamster sequences are quite divergent from those in the mouse, the ease with which they are detected suggests that they must be reiterated in the hamster genome.
Quantifying peak discharges for historical floods

Abstract It is usually advantageous to use information regarding historical floods, if available, to define the flood-frequency relation for a stream. Peak stages can sometimes be determined for outstanding floods that occurred many years ago before systematic gaging of streams began. In the United States, this information is usually not available for more than 100–200 years, but in countries with long cultural histories, such as China, historical flood data are available at some sites as far back as 2,000 years or more. It is important in flood studies to be able to assign a maximum discharge rate and an associated error range to the historical flood. This paper describes the significant characteristics and uncertainties of four commonly used methods for estimating the peak discharge of a flood. These methods are: (1) rating curve (stage-discharge relation) extension; (2) slope conveyance; (3) slope area; and (4) step backwater. Logarithmic extensions of rating curves are based on theoretical plotting techniques that results in straight line extensions provided that channel shape and roughness do not change significantly. The slope-conveyance and slope-area methods are based on the Manning equation, which requires specific data on channel size, shape and roughness, as well as the water-surface slope for one or more cross-sections in a relatively straight reach of channel. The slope-conveyance method is used primarily for shaping and extending rating curves, whereas the slope-area method is used for specific floods. The step-backwater method, also based on the Manning equation, requires more cross-section data than the slope-area ethod, but has a water-surface profile convergence characteristic that negates the need for known or estimated water-surface slope. Uncertainties in calculating peak discharge for historical floods may be quite large. Various investigations have shown that errors in calculating peak discharges by the slope-area method under ideal conditions for recent floods (i.e., when flood elevations, slope and channel characteristics are reasonably certain), may be on the order of 10–25%. Under less than ideal conditions, where streams are hydraulically steep and rough, errors may be much larger. The additional uncertainties for historical floods created by the passage of time may result in even larger errors of peak discharge.
Modeling and experimental verification using the sensoriactuator circuit for passive vibration damping

It has been shown that passive electronic damping can be successfully achieved using tuned RL circuits to shunt piezoelectric materials on structures. These designs provide electronic equivalents of tuned-vibration dampers where the coupling coefficient plays the role of the mass ratio in similar mechanical devices and is the primary factor in determining performance. However, in many applications the coupling coefficient is too small to produce desired or acceptable changes in performance. In addition, changes in system parameters, such as the piezoelectric's capacitance, detune the system also limiting performance. A sensoriactuator circuit offers the ability to eliminate the effects of the piezoelectric's capacitance and improve the coupling coefficient. Thus, electronic dampers built with a sensoriactuator circuit could see improved performance over their strictly passive counterparts. A cantilevered beam test article is modeled with a sensoriactuator attached. The sensoriactuator and appropriate control filter are used in place of the passive shunt circuitry. An optimal circuit design criteria somewhat analogous to that of the resonant shunt damper is developed. The sensoriactuator circuit is built using this design criteria, and the effects of the sensoriactuator electronic damping scheme are included in the model.
Sex‐role and eating behaviors among college women

According to one theory, compulsive eating among most women represents an unconscious rejection of the roles and behaviors traditionally perceived as “feminine” by our society. To examine this issue, 162 college women were surveyed with self-report measures assessing sex-related attributes, covert hostility, compulsive eating, and dieting. Results contradicted the theory: Though compulsive eaters tended to perceive themselves as relatively low in feminine qualities, they desired to be more, rather than less, feminine. In contrast, restrictive dieters perceived themselves as being relatively high in feminine traits. Demographic and experimental variables together accurately predicted 27% of the variance in the Compulsive Eatirig Scale, 17% of the variance in the Dieting Scale. Compulsive eating and dieting were each associated with the perception that mother had played a relatively traditional feminine role within the family. Need for Social Approval emerged as a variable of paramount importance, both in relation to compulsive eating and in relation to subjects' perceptions of sex-typed attributes. In toto, results suggested that compulsive eating may have been a response to feelings of inadequacy, and that dieting was inherent in “femininity,” as it was defined by young adults.
Towards efficient power system state estimators on shared memory computers

We are investigating the effectiveness of parallel weighted- least-square (WLS) state estimation solvers on shared-memory parallel computers. Shared-memory parallel architectures are rapidly becoming ubiquitous due to the advent of multi-core processors. In the current evaluation, we are using an LU-based solver as well as a conjugate gradient (CG)-based solver for a 1177-bus system. In lieu of a very wide multi-core system we evaluate the effectiveness of the solvers on an SGI Altix system on up to 32 processors. On this platform, as expected, the shared memory implementation (pthreads) of the LU solver was found to be more efficient than the MPI version. Our implementation of the CG solver scales and performs significantly better than the state-of-the-art implementation of the LU solver: with CG we can solve the problem 4.75 times faster than using LU. These findings indicate that CG algorithms should be quite effective on multicore processors.
Thermal modeling and simulation of the chilled water system for future all electric ship

A system-level model for a combatant ship's chilled water system is described and developed in this paper. Some major thermal components related to dynamic aspects are identified in detail. Given the vital heat load for each compartment and equipment, the steady state performances are evaluated for the normal two-loop alignment. Dynamic behaviors are also investigated at different operating conditions. Several extreme cases such as pipe rupture in the vital branch and time to overheat are also studied to evaluate the system survivability. The work presented in this paper continuous the efforts for using Virtual Test Bed as a potential system-level dynamic simulation platform for an all-electric ship thermal management.
Addiction science as a hedgehog and as a fox

Redish et al. provide a significant advance in our understanding of addiction by showing that the various addictive processes are in fact all decision-making processes and each may undergird addiction. We propose means for identifying more central addiction processes. This recognition of the complexity of addiction followed by identification of more central processes would help guide the development of prevention and treatment.
SoftArch: an architecture-level tool for modeling and analyzing soft errors

Soft errors are a growing concern for processor reliability. Recent work has motivated architecture-level studies of soft errors since the architecture can mask many raw errors and architectural solutions can exploit workload knowledge. This paper proposes a model and tool, called SoftArch, to enable analysis of soft errors at the architecture-level in modern processors. SoftArch is based on a probabilistic model of the error generation and propagation process in a processor. Compared to prior architecture-level tools, SoftArch is more comprehensive or faster. We demonstrate the use of SoftArch for an out-of-order superscalar processor running SPEC2000 benchmarks. Our results are consistent with, but more comprehensive than, prior work, and motivate selective and dynamic architecture-level soft error protection mechanisms.
Homage to Rita Levi-Montalcini. Molecular mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease: NGF modulation of APP processing

The therapeutic focus of the scientific community in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been moving in the last years from attempting late rescue against cholinergic degeneration and amyloid beta plaque clearance to (i) the discovery of blood or cerebrospinal fluid markers for early diagnosis, and (ii) early therapeutic intervention with modulators of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. It is currently accepted idea that subtle synaptic alterations determine the first neuronal dysfunctions and cognitive deterioration, progressing overtime into neuronal degeneration in the sporadic and late onset form AD (LOAD), the most diffuse one (90% of AD cases). Synaptic loss occurs long before the appearance of a frank neuronal degeneration in LOAD. The perturbation of the nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling system in brain neurodegenerative disease like AD and Down's syndrome was for long time considered to be a pathological event, subsequent to amyloid-driven disruption of NGF retrograde transport from the cortex and hippocampus to the cell bodies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Nowadays, an increasing amount of data indicate that the observed dysregulation of NGF-TrkA (tyrosine kinase A) and proNGF-p75NTR signaling systems is a good candidate for being the primus movens in the neuropathology of sporadic AD. Accordingly, an amyloid-independent strong correlation of cognitive deficits with reduction of NGF and TrkA, and accumulation of proNGF has been recently observed in mild cognitive impairment and its progression to AD. This review highlights the current knowledge about NGF and early events occurring in LOAD. The involvement of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, cholesterol, sirtuin1, insulin-like growth factor-1, and Sunday driver protein in APP processing are also discussed. The studies reported here confirm a multitasking ability of NGF in slowing down, through both distinct and overlapping mechanisms, the amyloidogenic processing of APP in neurons of the central nervous system. Adipobiology 2013; 5: 7-18.
Good Governance Practices in Professional Associations for Public Employees: Evidence of a Public Service Ethos?

Professional associations and occupational societies play an important role in educating and credentialing public employees. Very little research has attempted to connect, empirically, a public service ethos to the professional memberships that public employees carry. Nowhere is that potential influence more likely to be seen than in the governing boards of these nonprofit associations, whose behavior is subject to strong normative and mimetic influences as a result of the public's expectations for good governance. This article uses a large generalizable sample of boards of directors, controlling for many organizational characteristics known to influence board behavior, to compare the governance practices of professional and trade associations serving public employees with those serving the private sector. The results suggest that governance practices are shaped by many forces but that public employees do indeed carry their public values into the associations they join, and these values, in turn, are positively related to board behavior.
Connected reorientations of mixed multigraphs

We study here the problem of reorienting the directed edges of mixed multigraphs so as to establish or preserve reachability, which may be destroyed by edge removal. We develop a linear time/space algorithm which tests whether reorienting designated directed edges can reestablish reachability, and which constructs such a reorientation whenever possible. We also develop a linear time/space algorithm which, when reachability has been destroyed by the removal of a single edge, optimally restores reachability through the reversal of selected edges. Finally, we show the reliability of a graph allowing reversals to be twice that of a graph for which reversals are not permitted.
Immune regulatory effects of central nervous system antigens in culture

Evidence from several different experimental systems suggests that regulatory cells specific for self-antigens exist in the normal immune repertoire, and that these cells are necessary for maintenance of self-tolerance and prevention of autoimmune disease. We attempted to demonstrate the existence of regulatory cells specific for central nervous system (CNS) antigens in normal mice. We tested the effects of myelin basic protein (MBP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and a mixture of soluble brain proteins (SBP) on cultured splenocytes. MBP at 50 microg/ml inhibited antigen-driven proliferation and this suppressive effect could be partially blocked by neutralizing antibodies to transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. MBP decreased expression of mRNA for the cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma, and slightly increased mRNA expression for TGF-beta. These effects did not appear to be mediated by regulatory cells specific for MBP, since MBP also suppressed proliferation in MBP-deficient shiverer mice and the suppressive effect could not be reproduced with selected MBP peptides. SBP at 250 microg/ml also inhibited antigen-driven proliferation, but this effect could not be blocked by neutralizing antibodies against IL-4, IL-10 or TGF-beta. SBP reduced expression of mRNA for IL-2, IL-10 and TGF-beta. These results are more consistent with the presence of a soluble inhibitory factor than with the action of SBP-specific regulatory cells. GFAP had no significant effect on proliferation. These results do not support the existence of regulatory cells specific for CNS antigens. Further investigation into non-antigen-specific mechanisms will be important in defining how autoimmune damage in the CNS is prevented.
A Review of Peroryctes broadbenti, the Giant Bandicoot of Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT The giant bandicoot, Peroryctes broadbenti (Ramsay, 1879), is represented in museum collections by 23 specimens collected at 12 localities in the lowlands of the southeastern peninsula (the “Papuan Peninsula”) of Papua New Guinea. Available data on P. broadbenti are reviewed, including its comparative anatomy and morphological variability, taxonomic relationships, geographic and elevational distribution, dietary and reproductive traits, and conservation status. Despite previous confusion between this species and P. raffrayana (Milne-Edwards, 1878), the two species are readily distinguished by a suite of external, cranial, and dental characters. Diagnostic characters are enumerated and illustrated, and comparisons drawn with other New Guinean bandicoots. Generic distinction of Peroryctes Thomas, 1906, in cranial morphology from other New Guinean bandicoots is also reviewed. A striking degree of sexual dimorphism is documented in both body size and dentition for P. broadbenti; these comparisons are...
Orbital Radiology for the Ophthalmologist

(1988). Orbital Radiology for the Ophthalmologist. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 64-80.