cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design, implementation and test of a wireless peer-to-peer network for roadway incident exchange

The existing paradigms for vehicular traffic monitoring and control have a strong infrastructure bias. Data collection and processing typically require a support system that may be prohibitively expensive or suffer from scalability issues. Current research aims to solve these problems with local-area wireless technology, allowing the vehicles themselves to form an ad hoc network. Our vision of such a traveller-centric, zero-infrastructure system is called Autonet. In this paper, we present the key Autonet concepts, validated through a prototype implementation and field measurements. In the prototype, an in-vehicle client with an informative GUI continuously listens for other clients, exchanging knowledge about network state once contact is made. We show that knowledge about traffic conditions can be propagated successfully using this system. The prototype also enabled benchmarking of 802.11b wireless technology in a transportation environment. These measurements establish its maximum throughput at approximately 3,500 traffic incidents for two vehicles passing at highway speeds.
SHOULD WE ESTIMATE THE PROBABILITY OF CORRECT SELECTION

Summary Various authors, given k location parameters, have considered lower confidence bounds on (standardized) dserences between the largest and each of the other k - 1 parameters. They have then used these bounds to put lower confidence bounds on the probability of correct selection (PCS) in the same experiment (as was used for finding the lower bounds on differences). It is pointed out that this is an inappropriate inference procedure. Moreover, if the PCS refers to some later experiment it is shown that if a non-trivial confidence bound is possible then it is already possible to conclude, with greater confidence, that correct selection has occurred in the first experiment. The short answer to the question in the title is therefore ‘No’, but this should be qualified in the case of a Bayesian analysis.
Transmitter sensitivities of some nerve and muscle cells in culture

Cells were dissociated from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), dorsal root ganglion (DRG), diaphragm and heart (atrium) of 1-day-old rats and cultured on collagen-coated coverslips for 2–30 days. Membrane potential of these cultured cells was recorded intracellularly, while acetylcholine (ACh), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine and glutamic acid were administered iontophoretically or into the bath. ACh depolarized the SCG neurons and the skeletal muscle cells. Both cells were desensitized to ACh. α-Bungarotoxin antagonized ACh only in the muscle cells, althoughd-tubocurarine blocked ACh action of both SCG and muscle cells. ACh hyperpolarized the atrial cells and stopped their beating. ACh action on atrial cells was blocked by atropine but not byd-tubocurarine or α-bungarotoxin. DRG neurons were not affected by ACh. GABA depolarized both SCG and DRG neurons. Some atrial cells were hyperpolarized by norepinephrine, GABA or glutamate. These results obtained from cultured cells were compared with properties of the same type of cells in vivo.
Select acetophenones modulate flagellar motility in chlamydomonas.

Acetophenones were screened for activity against positive phototaxis of Chlamydomonas cells, a process that requires co-ordinated flagellar motility. The structure–activity relationships of a series of acetophenones are reported, including acetophenones that affect flagellar motility and cell viability. Notably, 4-methoxyacetophenone, 3,4-dimethoxyacetophenone, and 4-hydroxyacetophenone induced negative phototaxis in Chlamydomonas, suggesting interference with activity of flagellar proteins and control of flagellar dominance.
Replacement of NOAA's National Tide and Water Level Measurement System

This paper describes the missions, products and system requirements for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) next-generation tide and water level measurement system. It traces the ongoing process of system improvements which are necessary to: (1) maintain and enhance operation of the measurement system; (2) maintain and improve the quality of the data collected, and (3) ultimately improve the timeliness of the output products based on that data.
James Redpath and American Negro Colonization in Haiti, 1860–1862

COLONIZATION of the Negro somewhere beyond the territorial limits of the United States had an irresistible appeal to many nineteenth-century Americans anxious to steer a middle course between abolitionist and pro-slavery extremists. Though united in believing the colored man to be an intruder impossible to assimilate into the predominant Anglo-Saxon culture, colonizationists could never agree on the methods or the agencies of removal, nor on the site for the new Negro homeland. Thomas Jefferson suggested the Louisiana Purchase; others spoke of Florida, Texas, the trans-Mississippi West. As the frontier pressed forward, Canada became a more favored spot, and Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. The American Colonization Society, a national philanthropic body with auxiliaries north and south, sent some twelve thousand Negroes to their protege state of Liberia on the west coast of Africa.
Merging path and gshare indexing in perceptron branch prediction

We introduce the hashed perceptron predictor, which merges the concepts behind the gshare, path-based and perceptron branch predictors. This predictor can achieve superior accuracy to a path-based and a global perceptron predictor, previously the most accurate dynamic branch predictors known in the literature. We also show how such a predictor can be ahead pipelined to yield one cycle effective latency. On the SPECint2000 set of benchmarks, the hashed perceptron predictor improves accuracy by up to 15.6p over a MAC-RHSP and 27.2p over a path-based neural predictor.
Self-organization of protrusions and polarity during eukaryotic chemotaxis

Many eukaryotic cells regulate their polarity and motility in response to external chemical cues. While we know many of the linear connections that link receptors with downstream actin polymerization events, we have a much murkier understanding of the higher order positive and negative feedback loops that organize these processes in space and time. Importantly, physical forces and actin polymerization events do not simply act downstream of chemotactic inputs but are rather involved in a web of reciprocal interactions with signaling components to generate self-organizing pseudopods and cell polarity. Here we focus on recent progress and open questions in the field, including the basic unit of actin organization, how cells regulate the number and speed of protrusions, and 2D versus 3D migration.
Umbilical arterial blood flow in the mouse embryo during development and following acutely increased heart rate.

In anesthetized, pregnant ICR mice, we measured embryonic umbilical arterial velocity at baseline and during bipolar atrial or ventricular pacing. Pregnant mice were anesthetized with pentobarbital (60 mg/kg intraperitoneal) and ventilation was mechanically supported via a tracheotomy. Embryos were exposed through a mid-line laparotomy and regional hysterotomy. We recorded umbilical velocity using a 1-mm diameter piezoelectric crystal and 20-MHz, pulsed Doppler velocimeter at embryo day (ED) 10.5 (n = 8), 12.5 (n = 10), 13.5 (n = 27), 14.5 (n = 12), and 16.5 (n = 17). We then acutely altered embryonic heart rate in n = 8 ED 13.5 mouse embryos by bipolar atrial and ventricular pacing. Embryonic heart rate in this experimental preparation increased from 123 ± 7 to 193 ± 11 beats/min from ED 10.5 to 16.5 (p < 0.05). Peak instantaneous average velocity increased from 21 ± 2 to 55 ± 6 mm/s from ED 10.5 to 16.6 (p < 0.05), as did stroke volume and blood flow (p < 0.05 for each). In contrast to human umbilical arterial velocity profiles, significant forward diastolic flow was not seen at these stages, suggesting higher placental resistance in mice versus humans at comparable developmental time points. As previously noted for the chick embryo, murine embryonic umbilical arterial velocity decreased after atrial pacing and disappeared after ventricular pacing. Thus, we can determine embryonic umbilical blood flow during the overlapping periods of murine cardiac and placental morphogenesis.
Serum proteins and haptoglobins of caribbean rodents

Abstract 1. Blood proteins of the Plagiodontia hylaeum, Capromy's pilorides and Geocapromys ingrahami, all beloning to a rare primitive family of rodents, Capromyidae, were examined by strach gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Patterns characteristics of the species were found. 3. 3. Comparisons were made the blood proteins of the most closely related living family Myocastoridae, Myocastor coypus (nutria) 4. 4. Data on unique haptoglobin variants in the Capromys pilorides are presented. Three phenotypes are demonstrated.
Bacillus anthracis on Gruinard Island.

During the Second World War, trials of Bacillus anthracis as a potential agent of biological warfare (BW) were carried out on Gruinard Island off the west coast of Scotland (57°56′N, 5°35′W). Small bombs containing a slurry of spores of B. anthracis were detonated: most were suspended, about 6 feet above ground, from a gantry but one was dropped from an aircraft. The resulting aerosol clouds of spores were observed to pass through lines of sheep tethered at various distances down-wind of the detonation site and after a few days several sheep died of anthrax. The lethal nature of BW weapons used in the open had, therefore, been shown; the unfortunate legacy was an island heavily contaminated with the persistent spores of a virulent microorganism. Soil samples were tested annually from 1948 to 1968 and again in 1972 by Ministry of Defence staff and were found to contain viable spores of B. anthracis (unpublished work), although accurate counts were not made. We report here the results of the first full survey of the extent of the contaminated area and the numbers of viable spores of B. anthracis present. The survey, carried out in 1979, shows that areas around the gantry remain contaminated to a detectable level but a much wider surrounding zone of undetectable contamination, possibly containing localized high concentrations of spores, could also constitute a hazard.
Female Genital Mutilation: Balancing Intolerance of the Practice with Tolerance of Culture

A recent influx of immigrants from African and Asian countries where female genital mutilation (FGM) is performed has made this practice a public health issue in the US. In 1996 according to estimates from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention over 150000 women and girls in the US were at risk of FGM. US medical associations have condemned this practice and in 1996 the US Congress passed a law making FGM a felony punishable by up to five years in prison. The bill authorizes the prosecution of anyone who "circumcises excises or infibulates the whole or any part of the labia majora or labia minora or clitoris of another person who has not attained the age of 18." Parents who arrange for the procedure also can be prosecuted. The law further mandates the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to implement outreach activities with the involvement of ethnic groups practicing FGM to educate relevant communities about the physical and psychological damage associated with FGM. Although criminalization of FGM should promote an atmosphere of intolerance toward this practice evidence from other countries suggests that additional measures are required. Health care professionals can have the greatest impact by understanding the culture-based root causes of requests for FGM (e.g. concerns to safeguard family honor against the flagrant sexual behavior of many US youth) and through culturally sensitive education and counseling explaining its dangers to patients and their families.
Clinical, angiographic and anatomic findings in acute severe ischemic mitral regurgitation.

Abstract Severe mitral regurgitation (MR) due to coronary artery disease unfavorably alters prognosis for medical therapy and is also associated with increased surgical mortality. In this report, the clinical, angiographic and pathoanatomic findings in 50 consecutive patients with severe ischemic MR were characterized. Forty-two patients (84%) either presented with acute myocardial infarction or a well-documented prior infarction. Eleven patients (22%) were in cardiogenic shock at the time of catheterization. Forty patients (80%) had >70% stenosis of the right and left circumflex coronary arteries with or without left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis. Segmental asynergy of the left ventricular wall was present in 48 patients (96%) and involved the inferior wall in 43 (86%). Mean ejection fraction for the group was 51 ± 7%. A total of 15 patients had direct inspection of the mitral valve apparatus at surgery or autopsy. Posteromedial papillary muscle involvement was found in 14 patients, fibrosis or necrosis in 10 and rupture in 4, with anterolateral papillary muscle rupture in 1 patient. Thus, acute severe ischemic MR is usually associated with significant narrowing of both right and left circumflex coronary arteries, and posteromedial papillary muscle involvement.
OCCURRENCE OF HIGH‐ANGLE STRATIFICATION IN LITTORAL AND SHALLOW NERITIC ENVIRONMENTS, CENTRAL GEORGIA COAST, U.S.A.1

SUMMARY High-angle stratification (greater than 20°) is produced in several areas of shallow marine sedimentation along the barrier islands of the central Georgia coast. The maximum angle of inclination is 30° which is the angle of repose for the saturated, fine-grained, angular sand of this area. High-angle stratification forms in the following locations: (1) The depositional margin of tidal channel inlets. Under some wave and current conditions, sand accumulates near low tide level and steepens the depositional interface to the angle of repose. (2) The steep face of asymmetrical megaripples developed by tidal currents. Ripples with amplitudes as much as 3 ft. and wave lengths of 20–40 ft. commonly develop in channel inlets and other areas of sand sediments. (3) The steep face of sand waves formed in channel inlets. These large asymmetrical ripples have amplitudes as great as 12 ft. and wave lengths of ca. 300 ft. Lengths along the crests are over 600 ft. (4) The landward side of low bars developed on the beach. Bars and troughs (ridges and runnels) are common on the beaches of this area. The bars, which are as much as 5 ft. high, shift landward by deposition on the steep landward face. (5) The oceanward side of large sand waves at the mouth of offshore tidal channels. Large sand waves are located 6 miles offshore from Doboy Sound inlet in 20–25 ft. of water. The steep face of these asymmetrical sand waves is orientated toward the ocean. Amplitude of these large ripples is as much as 17 ft. and length along the crests is over 1/2 mile.
Flow microsphere immunoassay for the quantitative and simultaneous detection of multiple soluble analytes.

Publisher Summary This chapter develops a quantitative and highly sensitive assay, named “flow microsphere immunoassay (FMIA),” permitting the simultaneous quantification of several analytes in a sample. The method employs several discrete size classes of plastic microspheres of 5, 7, 10, and 15 pm diameter, each class coated with a specific capture reagent. The four size classes of coated microspheres are mixed together and added to the sample under analysis. Each microsphere acts as an accumulator that removes from the sample and concentrates specific analyte for later measurement. Following incubation in the sample, the microspheres are washed to remove unbound sample and labeled with a fluorescent reagent that reacts only with the microsphere-accumulated analyte, labeling only those microsphere. Following washing, the microsphere suspension is analyzed using a flow cytometer that measures microsphere size and fluorescence. As it passes through the sensor region of a cytometer, the size of each microsphere is measured identifying the microsphere class and, thereby, the capture reagent. Fluorescence of the microsphere is measured; the amplitude of the signal indicates the quantity of the analyte in the sample.
An Energy Criterion for the Onset of Shear Localization in Thermal Viscoplastic Materials, Part II: Applications and Implications

Necessary and/or sufficient conditions for the onset of shear flow localization in thermal viscoplastic materials were derived by Shawki (1994) through the analysis of a one-dimensional model of dynamic simple shear with velocity-controlled boundaries. In the former work, an energy-based viewpoint of localization allows for the association of the positive rate of change of the total kinetic energy of the absolute perturbations with the onset of shear strain localization. Here, we derive explicit conditions for the onset of shear localization without the need to obtain exact linear solutions. Explicit localization conditions are then applied to a number of empirical constitutive descriptions of material response. The effects of inertia, heat conduction, thermal softening, strain hardening, and strain rate sensitivity as regards the onset of shear localization are thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, the validity of conclusions based on a constant homogeneous solution is quantified together with the validity of conclusions based on a quasi-static approximation. Moreover, we examine the inadequacy of the notion of asymptotic stability for shear localization in the presence of heat conduction effects. A critical wavelength threshold is derived, for a general description of material response, below which perturbations will not grow. This threshold may also serve as a lower bound for shear band thickness.
ATTACHMENT STYLE AND BEREAVEMENT REACTIONS

This study explored specific associations between global attachment styles (e.g., secure, anxiousambivalent, avoidant),attachment to the deceased, suddenness of death, and three specific reactions to bereavement (grief, depression, and somatization) in a sample of 91 adults (21 men, 70 women) who had lost a loved one in the past 18 months. A path model on cross-sectional data (obtained after the bereavement) examined several specific predictions, controlling for background variables such as gender, age, and education of the respondents, age of the deceased, time since the death, and social desirability responding. As predicted, individuals who reported having a closer attachment to the deceased and had a more sudden loss reported greater levels of grief. Individuals with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style reported greater levels of grief and depression. Somatization was more likely to be reported by those with an avoidant attachment style. Although not predicted, we also found that individuals with a ...
Maternal obesity and risk of postcesarean wound complications.

Objective To estimate the effect of increasing severity of obesity on postcesarean wound complications and surgical characteristics. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive cesarean deliveries at a tertiary care facility from 2004 to 2008. Four comparison groups were defined by body mass index (BMI; kg/cm2): Results Of the 2,444 women with complete follow-up data, 266 (10.9%) developed a wound complication. Compared with nonobese women (6.6%), increasing BMI was associated with an increased risk of wound complications: BMI 30.0 to 39.9, 9.2%, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99 to 2.0); BMI 40.0 to 49.9, 16.8%, aOR 2.6 (95% CI 1.7 to 3.8); BMI ≥50, 22.9%, aOR 3.0 (95% CI 1.9 to 4.9). Increasing BMI was also associated with increased rates of midline vertical incision, longer operative time, higher EBL, and lower rates of subcuticular skin closure. Conclusion A dose–response relationship exists between increasing BMI and risk of postcesarean wound complications. Increasing obesity also significantly influences operative outcomes.
Reconstruction of a nasomaxillary defect with traditional and infraorbital zygomaticus implants: Report of a case

Treatment planning of edentulous patients may reveal a lack of adequate bone in the posterior maxilla for the placement of standard-type endosseous implants. To avoid bone grafting, an alternative method is the use of a zygomaticus implant (Nobel Biocare, Yorba Linda, CA), which is a threaded titanium implant of 3.75 mm in diameter graduating in size to 4.0 mm and available in lengths up to 50 mm. 1 Branemark and others have reported the use of the zygomaticus fixture with follow-up to 10 years in a small number of patients, with larger numbers over 5 years in function. The patient population treated by Branemark includes patients with totally edentulous intact maxillas as well as maxillectomy cases after tumor resection. The reported success rate is in excess of 96%.2-4 The recommended protocol includes the placement of 2 zygomaticus implants, with 1 on each side of the maxilla, in combination with 2 to 4 anteriorly placed standard-length endosseous implants. After 6 months for integration of the zygomaticus fixture to the zygomatic bone, the restoration is completed with the fabrication of a rigid bar connecting the 2 zygomaticus implants to the anterior implants. The final prosthesis is an implant-supported full arch fixed or fixed/removable prosthesis.1 The treatment of patients with nasomaxillary defects can be difficult after tumor ablative surgery. The choice to use vascularized or local flaps usually is not a viable option due to the amount of tissue missing and the fact that many of these patients are treated with radiation therapy. More frequently, these patients are prosthetically reconstructed to enhance their oral function and aesthetics. Very often, patients with nasomaxillary defects have a dual defect. The nasal cavity is confluent with the oral cavity via an anterior maxillary defect. Prosthetic reconstruction relies on segmental methods of intraoral and extraoral anchorage and conjoint anchorage with samarium cobalt magnets. The result is the combination of 2 separate prostheses that may be stable based on the underlying structures. Certain anatomic structures are needed, however, to make these prosthetics stable enough to function effectively. The maxilla should have sufficient anterior posterior length to be effective in providing an anterior stop. Natural teeth can aid in providing this stability. Because the nasal prosthesis derives its support in part from the maxillary prosthesis, anterior stability is paramount to result in a steady and reasonably anchored nasal prosthesis. This case report shows the use of 2 zygomaticus implants, placed horizontally in the orbital rims, combined with 3 nasal bone implants, to support nasal and maxillary prostheses in a patient who had had a radical rhinectomy and partial maxillectomy.
Late‐onset warfarin‐induced skin necrosis: case report and review of the literature

Warfarin-induced skin necrosis is a rare complication of therapy with warfarin or other coumarin derivatives. When it occurs it usually appears 3 to 6 days after initiation of therapy and almost always between days 1 and 10. We report a case of late-onset (16 days after initiation of therapy) warfarin-induced skin necrosis and review the literature on this rarely reported variant of warfarin-induced skin necrosis. The skin lesion in our patient was not associated with either deficiency of protein C or resistance to activated protein C.
Potential Flow Over Bodies of Revolution in Unsteady Motion

The problem of axisymmetric bodies performing rigid and bending oscillations in an incompressible flow has been investigated. A line source/doublet element method has been developed for computation of pressures, forces, and moments for bodies in steady and oscillatory motion. A new "\L~ a rule" is derived to relate the dipole strength to the local body geometry in the crossflow instead of extending the commonly used "inset distance" method. The bodies under consideration are required to be smooth in curvature and have closed ends. The method is otherwise general in body geometries, reduced frequencies, and mode shapes of oscillations. In the case of steady flow, good agreement is found with the results of Mess's surface panel method and Lamb's exact solution. For bodies in rigid oscillations, studies were carried out to investigate the effects of the body thickness and nose curvature on the unsteady pressures and stability derivatives. It is found that bodies with blunt noses are statically unstable and dynamically stable whereas those with sharp noses are statically and dynamically unstable. For elastic bodies in bending oscillations, unsteady pressures and local damping forces are obtained, including body thickness effects at high reduced frequencies. In all cases considered, the present results approach the slender-body-theory limit in a consistent manner.
Bar-Coded Pyrosequencing Reveals Shared Bacterial Community Properties along the Temperature Gradients of Two Alkaline Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park

An understanding of how communities are organized is a fundamental goal of ecology but one which has historically been elusive for microbial systems. We used a bar-coded pyrosequencing approach targeting the V3 region of the bacterial small-subunit rRNA gene to address the factors that structure communities along the thermal gradients of two alkaline hot springs in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. The filtered data set included a total of nearly 34,000 sequences from 39 environmental samples. Each was assigned to one of 391 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified by their unique V3 sequence signatures. Although the two hot springs differed in their OTU compositions, community resemblance and diversity changed with strikingly similar dynamics along the two outflow channels. Two lines of evidence suggest that these community properties are controlled primarily by environmental temperature. First, community resemblance decayed exponentially with increasing differences in temperature between samples but was only weakly correlated with physical distance. Second, diversity decreased with increasing temperature at the same rate along both gradients but was uncorrelated with other measured environmental variables. This study also provides novel insights into the nature of the ecological interactions among important taxa in these communities. A strong negative association was observed between cyanobacteria and the Chloroflexi, which together accounted for ∼70% of the sequences sampled. This pattern contradicts the longstanding hypothesis that coadapted lineages of these bacteria maintain tightly cooccurring distributions along these gradients as a result of a producer-consumer relationship. We propose that they instead compete for some limiting resource(s).
In vivo gene transfer into murine corneal endothelial and trabecular meshwork cells

Purpose. To determine whether a reporter gene can be introduced into adult mammalian corneal endothelial and trabecular meshwork cells in vivo using a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus. Methods. Purified replication-deficient adenovirus containing the cytomegalovirus-promoted Escherichia coli reporter gene, lacZ was injected into the vitreous cavities or anterior chambers of 30 adult CD-1 mice using the contralateral eyes as controls. LacZ expression was assessed histochemically in enucleated eyes from 2 to 21 days after injection using the β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) assay. Results. LacZ expression was demonstrated in corneal endothelial and trabecular meshwork cells for as long as 14 days after injection. β-Gal activity was also observed in lens and iris epithelial cells. There was no toxicity of the adenoviral vector demonstrated histologically, and no nonocular tissues expressed lacZ as measured by β-Gal assay. Conclusions. A functional gene can be transferred in vivo into adult mammalian corneal endothelial and trabecular meshwork cells using a replication-defective adenoviral vector. Gene expression is relatively short-lived compared to that demonstrated previously in other ocular tissues (photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium). Adenoviral vectors may be a viable means for short-term delivery of therapeutic genes in vivo to cells in the anterior segment of the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :2211-2215.
Near-Field Scanning Optical Tomography: A Nondestructive Method for Three-Dimensional Nanoscale Imaging

We present the theoretical foundation for near-field scanning optical tomography, a method for three-dimensional optical imaging with subwavelength resolution. An analysis of the forward problem for both scalar and vector optical fields is described. This is followed by the construction of the pseudoinverse solution to the linearized inverse scattering problem. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations
Incorporating Innovation into Iterative Software Development Using the Inventive Problem Solving Methodology

Iterative software methodologies allow development teams to be agile in their response to changing requirements. However, the software development team is usually at the mercy of requirements changes, rather than being part of the project engineering staff defining the changes to the solution architecture. Therefore, projects tend to implement inferior solutions. Integrating a project-level innovation technique called Inventive Problem Solving into agile software development methodologies such as the spiral model, the Rational Unified Process, and Scrum, allows the development team to affect the overall solution architecture utilizing their expertise in information technology to the maximum benefit. As a result, more creative, innovative, and efficient solutions to the problem are conceived and implemented.
Alveolar NF-κB signaling regulates endotoxin-induced lung inflammation.

ABSTRACTPurpose/aim. The alveolar epithelium participates in host defense through inflammatory pathways that activate NF-κB. Lung infections involving endotoxins trigger acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adult and pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that overexpression of NF-κB would worsen and conditional deletion of NF-κB signaling would improve endotoxin-induced lung inflammation using transgenic mouse models. Materials and Methods. Two previously described transgenic mouse models were used in which overexpression of the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-κB was targeted to the lung epithelium using an SPC promoter (SPC-RelA) and conditional deletion of the IKKβ molecule involved in NF-κB signaling was targeted to the lung epithelium using Nkx2.1Cre (Nkx2.1Cre;IKKβF/F). Adult transgenic and control mice were injected with intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline followed by lung harvest at 48 h. Collected tissue included whole lungs from transgenic and contr...
Cholesterol Enhances Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Antibiotics and LL-37

The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori steals host cholesterol, modifies it by glycosylation, and incorporates the glycosylated cholesterol onto its surface via a cholesterol glucosyltransferase, encoded by cgt. The impact of cholesterol on H. pylori antimicrobial resistance is unknown. H. pylori strain 26695 was cultured in Ham's F12 chemically defined medium in the presence or absence of cholesterol. The two cultures were subjected to overnight incubations with serial 2-fold dilutions of 12 antibiotics, six antifungals, and seven antimicrobial peptides (including LL-37 cathelicidin and human alpha and beta defensins). Of 25 agents tested, cholesterol-grown H. pylori cells were substantially more resistant (over 100-fold) to nine agents than were H. pylori cells grown without cholesterol. These nine agents included eight antibiotics and LL-37. H. pylori was susceptible to the antifungal drug pimaricin regardless of cholesterol presence in the culture medium. A cgt mutant retained cholesterol-dependent resistance to most antimicrobials but displayed increased susceptibility to colistin, suggesting an involvement of lipid A. Mutation of lpxE, encoding lipid A1-phosphatase, led to loss of cholesterol-dependent resistance to polymyxin B and colistin but not other antimicrobials tested. The cgt mutant was severely attenuated in gerbils, indicating that glycosylation is essential in vivo. These findings suggest that cholesterol plays a vital role in virulence and contributes to the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of H. pylori.
High-Temperature Stress-Strain Behavior of MgO in Compression

Compressive stress-strain curves for several types of polycrystalline MgO specimens were correlated with those for single crystals and analyzed as a function of grain size and grain-boundary character at 1200° and 1400°C for several strain rates. The results for fully dense specimens were explained in terms of grain-boundary sliding and intergranular separation in addition to slip. The modification of grain-boundary nature concurrent with heat treatment for grain growth, caused by residual LUF, was associated with enhanced grain-boundary sliding and intergranular separation. For grain sizes <30 μm, it was concluded that the von Miss criteria for ductility could be relaxed by the Occurrence of dislocation climb and, to a limited extent, by intergranular separation. Yield drop corresponding to dislocation multiplication occurred when grain-boundary sliding was initially promoted. Specimens with a liquid phase of adequate viscosity also indicated plasticity accompanied by high strength. Specimens with clean grain boundaries exhibited ductility and normal strain hardening with no intergranular separation.
Situating Scotland in Eighteenth-Century Studies

This essay surveys general trends in book-length studies of 18th-century Scottish literature and culture to examine how moving Scotland from the peripheries to the centre of 18th-century studies has transformed our understandings of the field. It describes three categories or phases of scholarship – canon formation, contextualization and comparison, and methodological reflection – and suggests what kind of work remains to be done in each category. It also discusses how new approaches to reading minor literatures, including those informed by postcolonial theory, Atlantic studies, and devolutionary criticism, have shaped and been shaped by scholarship on 18th-century Scottish literature and culture over the past two decades.
Four-dimensional sound source recovery from arbitrary acoustic arrays

Current acoustical recording systems provide limited flexibility in sound recovery; single microphone systems reconstruct sound over time at a single spatial location, or "one-dimensional" (temporal) recording, whereas arrays may provide isolation in an azimuthal direction of along a pencil beam (two or three dimensional, respectively). Full four-dimensional recovery of a source at any spatial location, particularly using an arbitrary, modest array of acoustical sensors, enables many new applications. A modified frequency-domain MVDR adaptive beamforming algorithm especially tailored for high-performance recovery of nonstationary targets in similar background demonstrates in simulation SIR gains of over 12 dB for speech-in-speech acoustic target recovery, even in situations with more sources than sensors.
Dewatering of Sewage Sludge

Dewatering of sewage sludges is usually carried out using belt filter presses or centrifuges. The ability to remove water from sludges by mechanical dewatering is a property of both the sludge and the equipment used for dewatering. Newer high-solids centrifuges can remove more water than a belt press but require a higher chemical conditioning dose. The Gt value, the product of the mean velocity gradient and the shear time, has been found to be a useful parameter for characterizing the shear in mechanical dewatering equipment. Dewatering can be considered a two-step process, filtration followed by expression. The expression step is the most important of these and the benefits of various sludge processing techniques and conditioning chemical types remains a fruitful area of research.
A marching method for solving Poisson's equations in the ETA10

A marching method for solving Poisson's equation in three dimensions is described and its suitability for a supercomputer is discussed. A more stable variant and its performance on a Cyber 205 supercomuter is then presented. Finally, a parallel vector processor under development, the ETA10, is described, implementation of the algorithm on this machine is discussed and estimated execution times are presented.
Transforming Rooted Agreement into Unrooted Agreement

ABSTRACT We give a simple technique that allows to transform dynamic programming type algorithms for the Maximum Agreement Subtree problem (MAST) for rooted trees into algorithms for the Maximum Agreement Subtree problem for unrooted trees (UMAST). Using this technique we obtain an 0(n log n)-time algorithm for the UMAST problem for binary trees. This matches the complexity of the best known algorithm for the rooted case.
Digitizing Chart Recorder Data: Coordinate System Conversion for Rain Gauges and Similar Recording Instruments

Abstract Though chart recorder data are widely available for many environmental parameters over long periods of record, the nonorthogonal coordinate systems of many types of recorder charts complicates data extraction such that it is almost always manual; a tedious chore involving hand-counting tiny red boxes. Perhaps the most common data available on these types of charts are precipitation from weighing-type recording rain gauges. Unfortunately, because most digitizer software assumes the data being digitized have an orthogonal coordinate system, the nonorthogonality inherent in these charts prevents simple digitization of the data. If methodologies exist for electronically extracting rain gauge data, they are not widely known; recent texts still outline manual break-point tabulation in detail with no reference to any software or published methodologies for electronic data extraction. A simple procedure is presented here to transform digitized chart recorder data into meaningful, accurate data using read...
INHIBITORY GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR CHANNELS IN CULTURED LOBSTER STOMATOGASTRIC NEURONS

Cleland, Thomas A. and Allen I. Selverston. Inhibitory glutamate receptor channels in cultured lobster stomatogastric neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 3189–3196, 1998. Inhibitory glutamate receptor ch...
The Role of Protein Phosphorylation in the Response of Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Channels to Membrane Depolarization in Mammalian Pituitary Tumor Cells

The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of serine and threonine alters the activity of a wide variety of proteins that contribute to the characteristic structure and function of cells in the brain (Nestler & Greengard, 1986). In fact, since electric fields act only on charged molecules, it may seem obvious in retrospect that adding or removing a densely charged phosphate group should alter the response of ion channels to changes in the voltage across the membrane. In that regard it is interesting to note that, despite the striking structural homology in the putative membrane spanning portions of voltage-activated sodium and calcium channel proteins (Tanabe et al., 1987), only sodium channels continue to respond to depolarization when the cell’s cytoplasm is replaced with artificial saline solutions lacking the ingredients to support protein phosphorylation (Baker et al., 1962; Hagiwara & Nakajima, 1966). The recent advances in electrophysiological techniques which allow one to observe the current passing through individual ion channels in cell-free patches of native membrane (Hamill et al., 1981) have made it possible to investigate such differences directly by studying the phosphorylation-dependent alterations in ion channel activity produced by purified kinases and phosphatases and inhibitors of their native counterparts. We have used this approach to study the role of protein phosphorylation in the regulation of a prominent class of voltageactivated calcium channels in cells derived from a rat pituitary tumor (GH3; Tashjian, 1979).
Abstract 2661: Unique Attributes Of Asian-Indian Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) Patients: Results of a Prospective Multi-ethnic Hospital-based Registry

Introduction: The New Jersey Neuroscience Institute (NJNSI) serves the Middlesex County, NJ which, has a population of 750,000 (68.4% white, 7.3% Asian-Indian, 9.1% African-American, 15.2% others; 13.6% Hispanic of any race, based on 2000 US Census). This prospective multi-ethnic hospital-based registry provides a unique opportunity to study Asian-Indian stroke/TIA patients. Hypothesis: There are differences of stroke risk factors/subtypes between Asian-Indian and Caucasian stroke/TIA patient groups, in light of similar differences noted in the African-American and Hispanic groups individually in relation to the Caucasian group. Methods: Between 1998 and 2009, data on stroke risk factors and stroke subtypes were collected on 1100 consecutive stroke/TIA patients (1037 or 94.3% non-Hispanic; 63 or 5.7% Hispanic) admitted to the NJNSI. Of the non-Hispanics, 768 (74.1%) were Caucasian, 99 (9.6%) Asian-Indian, 139 (13.4%) African-American, 31 (3.0%) were others. Stroke risk factors assessed included age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation evaluated by 48-hour Holter monitor, hyperlipidemia evaluated by fasting lipid profile, prevalent coronary artery disease, smoking history, alcohol use, carotid stenosis (>70%) evaluated by duplex ultrasound, fasting homocysteine level and stroke subtypes (using TOAST classification). Asian-Indians, African-American and Hispanic groups were individually compared with the Caucasian group (control) in this study using odds ratio (OR) analyses and X2 test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. Results: The Asian-Indian group was younger (66±12 vs 72±14, p Conclusions: The Asian-Indian stroke/TIA group in this community has unique attributes in respect to stroke risk factors and stroke subtype. There are few similarities in the stroke risk factors with the Hispanic stroke/TIA group.
Governance of Foreign Affiliates as a Distinctive Choice between Networks, Market, and Hierarchy

I argue that distinctive attributes of foreign affiliates, arising from their foreignness and multinationality, affect their choices between networks, market, and hierarchy as alternative modes of governance. Comparative analyses of 193 foreign and local professional services firms in London confirm these theoretical expectations. Market relationships are the preferred mode of foreign affiliates, challenging the view of the MNEs hierarchy as a major source of resources of affiliates. I outline direction for future research that follows from this study, including further inquiry into the distinctiveness of the MNE and the study of international activities of professional services firms.
Creating Three-Dimensionally Confined Nanoscale Strained Structures Via Substrate Encoded Size-Reducing Epitaxy and the Enhancement of Critical Thickness for Island Formation

Substrate encoded size-reducing epitaxy (SESRE) is utilized to fabricate, in-situ, threedimensionally confined InAs volumes on oriented square mesas patterned onto GaAs(001) substrates. As a function of InAs deposition thickness two remarkable results are found: (i) the strain relief available in mesas of linear size ≤ 100 nm allows the mesa top InAs layers up to thickness ∼ 11 ML to remain coherent and maintain 2D morphology even though on unpatterned substrates onset of 3D island formation at ∼ 2 ML InAs is well documented. (ii) With increasing deposition, once the InAs thickness on mesa tops of linear size ∼ 75 nrn reaches ∼ 11 ML, no further growth occurs even for deposition amounts in excess of twice this value. This suggests complete migration of In away from the mesa top to the sidewalls once the InAs thickness on the mesa top reaches ∼ 11 ML even though, at the early stages of deposition, In migrates from the sidewalls to the mesa top. A strain-induced “self-limiting” growth behavior on sub 100nm mesas is thus indicated for the first time.
Synchronizing Mass Emergence of Xyletinus peltatus (Harris) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) Adults

Possible stimuli for the mass emergence of adult beetles [Xyletinus peltatus (Harris)] were studied by exposing five test groups of 78-week-old larvae within wood to several combinations of temperature and relative humidity (RH) for arbitrary periods while a control group was maintained in constant favorable (25°C, minimum 70% RH) conditions. Differences in patterns of adult emergence from the six test groups were analyzed with the three-parameter Weibull probability function as a model. The analyses showed all stress treatments did cause significantly more (α ≤ 0.05) beetles to emerge in a shorter period than in the control group, but the treatments did not change the time of earliest potential emergence or the basic right-skewed emergence pattern. Potential factors for the synchronization of mass emergence are discussed.
Abstract 4096: Diffused intrinsic pontine glioma: An analysis of coding and non-coding RNA species

Diffused intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is one of the most difficult pediatric cancers to treat. To date, there is only scant information on the molecular characteristics of this tumor because of the paucity of adequate tissue for investigation due to its inoperable location within the brainstem. In an attempt to uncover the pathogenesis of DIPG, we have generated comprehensive molecular profiles of coding and non-coding RNA species obtained from pediatric DIPG autopsy specimens. Coding and non-coding RNA species play an important role in oncogenesis. Micro RNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are the more recent non-coding RNA species that have been shown to play an essential role in cancer development and cancer biology. Our aim was to gain insight into the molecular underpinnings of DIPG by generating the complete miRNA and mRNA profiles of the tumor. Three frozen autopsy DIPG specimens were analyzed. Adjacent non-tumor areas were identified by a neuropathologist and used as controls. Total RNA was extracted and coding and non-coding small RNA were profiled using the Affymetrix platform. Human and viral non coding RNAs (n=13) were shown to be differentially expressed in DIPG tumors compared to the adjacent normal tissues. RNA species that showed to be dysregulated were further validated by RT-PCR (ABI platform). Furthermore, correlation analyses were done to assess expression levels of mRNAs and their corresponding miRs. Our preliminary data indicates specific dysregulation of micro RNA and RNA species that control cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. Although preliminary, this is to our best knowledge, the first report of comprehensive RNA profiling of DIPG. Correlation of coding and non-coding RNA species observed here will require further validation. Understanding the molecular makeup of DIPG will provide insight into its pathogenesis and perhaps lead to the development of targeted therapeutics for this disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4096.
Enhancement of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Resistance in Bermudagrass Through Cell Culture

Tissue culture methods were used to develop regenerated plants from three bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., genotypes: ‘Brazos,’ ‘Grazer,’ and OSU LCB W26. The regenerated plants were compared with the original genotypes for resistance to the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Of the seven regenerated plants tested, two lines (Brazos-R3 and OSU LCB W26-R2) appeared to have increased resistance to fall armyworm. The other five lines were slightly more resistant or exhibited no increased resistance to the fall armyworm than the parent from which they were developed.