cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Observations of Extra-Disk Molecular Gas in Interacting Galaxy Systems, Including a Two-Component System in Stephan's Quintet

We present new CO (1 - 0) observations of eleven extragalactic tails and bridges in nine interacting galaxy systems, almost doubling the number of such features with sensitive CO measurements. Eight of these eleven features were undetected in CO to very low CO/HI limits, with the most extreme case being the NGC 7714/5 bridge. This bridge contains luminous H II regions and has a very high HI column density (1.6 X 10^21 cm^-2 in the 55" CO beam), yet was undetected in CO to rms T(R)* = 2.4 mK. The HI column density is higher than standard H2 and CO self-shielding limits for solar-metallicity gas, suggesting that the gas in this bridge is metal-poor and has an enhanced N(H2)/I(CO) ratio compared to the Galactic value. Only one of the eleven features in our sample was unambiguously detected in CO, a luminous HI-rich star formation region near an optical tail in the compact group Stephan's Quintet. We detect CO at two widely separated velocities in this feature, at ~6000 km/s and ~6700 km/s. Both of these components have HI and H-alpha counterparts. These velocities correspond to those of galaxies in the group, suggesting that this gas is material that has been removed from two galaxies in the group. The CO/HI/H-alpha ratios for both components are similar to global values for spiral galaxies.
Rotary mechanical circulatory support systems

A detailed survey of the current trends and recent advances in rotary mechanical circulatory support systems is presented in this paper. Rather than clinical reports, the focus is on technological aspects of these rehabilitating devices as a reference for engineers and biomedical researchers. Existing trends in flow regimes, flow control, and bearing mechanisms are summarized. System specifications and applications of the most prominent continuous-flow ventricular assistive devices are provided. Based on the flow regime, pumps are categorized as axial flow, centrifugal flow, and mixed flow. Unique characteristics of each system are unveiled through an examination of the structure, bearing mechanism, impeller design, flow rate, and biocompatibility. A discussion on the current limitations is provided to invite more studies and further improvements.
Synergism of TNF-α and IFN-γ Triggers Inflammatory Cell Death, Tissue Damage, and Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cytokine Shock Syndromes

COVID-19 is characterized by excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute lung damage associated with patient mortality. While multiple inflammatory cytokines are produced by innate immune cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we found that only the combination of TNF-α and IFN-γ induced inflammatory cell death characterized by inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis. Mechanistically, TNF-α and IFN-γ co-treatment activated the JAK/STAT1/IRF1 axis, inducing nitric oxide production and driving caspase-8/FADD-mediated PANoptosis. TNF-α and IFN-γ caused a lethal cytokine shock in mice that mirrors the tissue damage and inflammation of COVID-19, and inhibiting PANoptosis protected mice from this pathology and death. Furthermore, treating with neutralizing antibodies against TNF-α and IFN-γ protected mice from mortality during SARS-CoV-2 infection, sepsis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and cytokine shock. Collectively, our findings suggest that blocking the cytokine-mediated inflammatory cell death signaling pathway identified here may benefit patients with COVID-19 or other infectious and autoinflammatory diseases by limiting tissue damage/inflammation.
Contextual Predictions for Parker Solar Probe. II. Turbulence Properties and Taylor Hypothesis

The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) primary mission extends seven years and consists of 24 orbits of the Sun with descending perihelia culminating in a closest approach of ($\sim 9.8~R_\odot$). In the course of these orbits PSP will pass through widely varying conditions, including anticipated large variations of turbulence properties such as energy density, correlation scales and cross helicities. Here we employ global magnetohydrodynamics simulations with self-consistent turbulence transport and heating \citep{usmanov2018} to preview likely conditions that will be encountered by PSP, by assuming suitable boundary conditions at the coronal base. The code evolves large-scale parameters -- such as velocity, magnetic field, and temperature -- as well as turbulent energy density, cross helicity, and correlation scale. These computed quantities provide the basis for evaluating additional useful parameters that are derivable from the primary model outputs. Here we illustrate one such possibility in which computed turbulence and large-scale parameters are used to evaluate the accuracy of the Taylor "frozen-in" hypothesis along the PSP trajectory. Apart from the immediate purpose of anticipating turbulence conditions that PSP will encounter, as experience is gained in comparisons of observations with simulated data, this approach will be increasingly useful for planning and interpretation of subsequent observations.
Causal Inference in Higher Education: Building Better Curriculums

Higher educational institutions constantly look for ways to meet students' needs and support them through graduation. However, even though institutions provide degree program curriculums and prerequisite courses to guide students, these often fail to capture some of the underlying skills and knowledge imparted by courses that may be necessary for a student. In our approach, we use methods of Causal Inference to study the relationships between courses using historical student performance data. Specifically, two methods were employed to obtain the Average Treatment Effect (ATE): matching methods and regression. The results from this study so far, show that we can make causal inferences from our data and that the methodology may be used to identify courses with a strong causal relationship - which can then be used to modify course curriculums and degree programs.
On observation of position in quantum theory

Newtonian and Scroedinger dynamics can be formulated in a physically meaningful way within the same Hilbert space framework. This fact was recently used to discover an unexpected relation between classical and quantum motions that goes beyond the results provided by the Ehrenfest theorem. A formula relating the normal probability distribution and the Born rule was also found. Here the dynamical mechanism responsible for the latter formula is proposed and applied to measurements of macroscopic and microscopic systems. A relationship between the classical Brownian motion and the diffusion of state on the space of states is discovered. The role of measuring devices in quantum theory is investigated in the new framework. It is shown that the so-called collapse of the wave function is not measurement specific and does not require a ``concentration" near the eigenstates of the measured observable. Instead, it is explained by the common diffusion of a state over the space of states under interaction with the apparatus and the environment. This in turn provides us with a basic reason for the definite position of macroscopic bodies in space.
The tree of knot tunnels

We present a new theory which describes the collection of all tunnels of tunnel number 1 knots in S (up to orientation-preserving equivalence in the sense of Heegaard splittings) using the disk complex of the genus–2 handlebody and associated structures. It shows that each knot tunnel is obtained from the tunnel of the trivial knot by a uniquely determined sequence of simple cabling constructions. A cabling construction is determined by a single rational parameter, so there is a corresponding numerical parameterization of all tunnels by sequences of such parameters and some additional data. Up to superficial differences in definition, the final parameter of this sequence is the Scharlemann–Thompson invariant of the tunnel, and the other parameters are the Scharlemann–Thompson invariants of the intermediate tunnels produced by the constructions. We calculate the parameter sequences for tunnels of 2–bridge knots. The theory extends easily to links, and to allow equivalence of tunnels by homeomorphisms that may be orientation-reversing.
THERMAL PRESSURES IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM OF THE MAGELLANIC CLOUDS

We discuss the thermal pressures ($n_H T$) in predominantly cold, neutral interstellar gas in the Magellanic Clouds, derived from analyses of the fine-structure excitation of neutral carbon, as seen in high-resolution HST/STIS spectra of seven diverse sight lines in the LMC and SMC. Detailed fits to the line profiles of the absorption from C I, C I*, and C I** yield consistent column densities for the 3--6 C I multiplets detected in each sight line. In the LMC and SMC, $N$(C I$_{\rm tot}$) is consistent with Galactic trends versus $N$(Na I) and $N$(CH), but is slightly lower versus $N$(K I) and $N$(H$_2$). As for $N$(Na I) and $N$(K I), $N$(C I$_{\rm tot}$) is generally significantly lower, for a given $N$(H$_{\rm tot}$), in the LMC and (especially) in the SMC, compared to the local Galactic relationship. For the LMC and SMC components with well determined column densities for C I, C I*, and C I**, the derived thermal pressures are typically factors of a few higher than the values found for most cold, neutral clouds in the Galactic ISM. Such differences are consistent with the predictions of models for clouds in systems (like the LMC and SMC) that are characterized by lower metallicities, lower dust-to-gas ratios, and enhanced radiation fields -- where higher pressures are required for stable cold, neutral clouds. The pressures may be further enhanced by energetic activity (e.g., due to stellar winds, star formation, and/or supernova remnants) in several of the regions probed by these sight lines. Comparisons are made with the C I observed in some quasar absorption-line systems.
Nonlinear saturation and oscillations of collisionless zonal flows

In homogeneous drift-wave turbulence, zonal flows (ZFs) can be generated via a modulational instability (MI) that either saturates monotonically or leads to oscillations of the ZF energy at the nonlinear stage. This dynamics is often attributed as the predator–prey oscillations induced by ZF collisional damping; however, similar dynamics is also observed in collisionless ZFs, in which case a different mechanism must be involved. Here, we propose a semi-analytic theory that explains the transition between the oscillations and saturation of collisionless ZFs within the quasilinear Hasegawa–Mima model. By analyzing phase-space trajectories of DW quanta (driftons) within the geometrical-optics (GO) approximation, we argue that the parameter that controls this transition is N ~ γ MI/ω DW, where γ MI is the MI growth rate and ω DW is the linear DW frequency. We argue that at N 1, ZFs oscillate due to the presence of so-called passing drifton trajectories, and we derive an approximate formula for the ZF amplitude as a function of time in this regime. We also show that at N 1, the passing trajectories vanish and ZFs saturate monotonically, which can be attributed to phase mixing of higher-order sidebands. A modification of N that accounts for effects beyond the GO limit is also proposed. These analytic results are tested against both quasilinear and fully-nonlinear simulations. They also explain the earlier numerical results by Connaughton et al (2010 J. Fluid Mech. 654 207) and Gallagher et al (2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 122115) and offer a different perspective on what the control parameter actually is that determines the transition from the oscillations to saturation of collisionless ZFs.
Jointly optimizing preprocessing and inference for DNN-based visual analytics

While deep neural networks (DNNs) are an increasingly popular way to query large corpora of data, their significant runtime remains an active area of research. As a result, researchers have propose...
Spherical-harmonic tensors

The authors construct a tensor representation of scalar and spin-weighted spherical harmonics, that enables an algebraic spherical decomposition of scalar- and tensor-valued functions.
An incoherent feedforward loop interprets NFκB/RelA dynamics to determine TNF-induced necroptosis decisions

Balancing cell death is essential to maintain healthy tissue homeostasis and prevent disease. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) not only activates nuclear factor κB (NFκB), which coordinates the cellular response to inflammation, but may also trigger necroptosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death. Whether TNF-induced NFκB affects the fate decision to undergo TNF-induced necroptosis is unclear. Live-cell microscopy and model-aided analysis of death kinetics identified a molecular circuit that interprets TNF-induced NFκB/RelA dynamics to control necroptosis decisions. Inducible expression of TNFAIP3/A20 forms an incoherent feedforward loop to interfere with the RIPK3-containing necrosome complex and protect a fraction of cells from transient, but not long-term TNF exposure. Furthermore, dysregulated NFκB dynamics often associated with disease diminish TNF-induced necroptosis. Our results suggest that TNF's dual roles in either coordinating cellular responses to inflammation, or further amplifying inflammation are determined by a dynamic NFκB-A20-RIPK3 circuit, that could be targeted to treat inflammation and cancer.
Coronal mass ejections observed by heliospheric imagers at 0.2 and 1 au - The events on April 1 and 2, 2019

Context. We study two coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed between April 1 to 2, 2019 by both the inner Wide-Field Imager for Parker Solar Probe (WISPR-I) onboard the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft (located between about 46 and 38 solar radii during this period) and the inner heliospheric imager (HI-1) onboard the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory Ahead (STEREO-A) spacecraft, orbiting the Sun at about 0.96 au. This is the first study of CME observations from two viewpoints in similar directions but at considerably different solar distances.Aims. Our objective is to derive CME kinematics from WISPR-I observations and to compare them with results from HI-1. This allows us to understand how the PSP observations affect the CME kinematics, especially due to its proximity to the Sun.Methods. We estimated the CME positions, speeds, accelerations, propagation directions, and longitudinal deflections using imaging observations from two spacecrafts and a set of analytical expressions that consider the CME as a point structure and take the rapid change in spacecraft position into account. We derived the kinematics using each viewpoint independently and both viewpoints as a constraint.Results. We found that both CMEs are slow ( ), propagating eastward of the Sun-Earth line (westward of PSP and STEREO-A). The second CME seems to accelerate between ~0.1 and ~0.2 au and deflect westward with an angular speed consistent with the solar rotation speed. We found some discrepancies in the CME solar distance (up to 0.05 au, particularly for CME #1), latitude (up to ~10°), and longitude (up to 24°) when comparing results from different fit cases (different observations or set of free parameters).Conclusions. Discrepancies in longitude are likely due to the feature that is tracked visually, rather than instrumental biases or fit assumptions. For similar reasons, the CME #1 solar distance, as derived from WISPR-I observations, is larger than the HI-1 result, regardless of the fit parameters considered. Error estimates for CME kinematics do not show any clear trend associated with the observing instrument. The source region location and the lack of any clear in situ counterparts (both at near-Earth and at PSP) support our estimate of the propagation direction for both events.
AI Playground: Unreal Engine-Based Data Ablation Tool for Deep Learning

Machine learning requires data, but acquiring and labeling real-world data is challenging, expensive, and time-consuming. More importantly, it is nearly impossible to alter real data post-acquisition (e.g., change the illumination of a room), making it very difficult to measure how specific properties of the data affect performance. In this paper, we present AI Playground (AIP), an open-source, Unreal Engine-based tool for generating and labeling virtual image data. With AIP, it is trivial to capture the same image under different conditions (e.g., fidelity, lighting, etc.) and with different ground truths (e.g., depth or surface normal values). AIP is easily extendable and can be used with or without code. To validate our proposed tool, we generated eight datasets of otherwise identical but varying lighting and fidelity conditions. We then trained deep neural networks to predict (1) depth values, (2) surface normals, or (3) object labels and assessed each network’s intra- and cross-dataset performance. Among other insights, we verified that sensitivity to different settings is problem-dependent. We confirmed the findings of other studies that segmentation models are very sensitive to fidelity, but we also found that they are just as sensitive to lighting. In contrast, depth and normal estimation models seem to be less sensitive to fidelity or lighting, and more sensitive to the structure of the image. Finally, we tested our trained depth-estimation networks on two real-world datasets and obtained results comparable to training on real data alone, confirming that our virtual environments are realistic enough for real-world tasks.
Local self-interaction correction method with a simple scaling factor

A recently proposed local self-interaction correction (LSIC) method [Zope et al., J. Chem. Phys., 2019, 151, 214108] when applied to the simplest local density approximation provides a significant improvement over standard Perdew–Zunger SIC (PZSIC) for both equilibrium properties such as total or atomization energies as well as properties involving stretched bond such as barrier heights. The method uses an iso-orbital indicator to identify the single-electron regions. To demonstrate the LSIC method, Zope et al. used the ratio zσ of von Weizsacker τWσ and total kinetic energy densities τσ, (zσ = τWσ/τσ) as a scaling factor to scale the self-interaction correction. The present work further explores the LSIC method using a ratio of orbital and spin densities as a simpler scaling factor in place of the ratio of kinetic energy densities. We compute a wide array of both, equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties using LSIC and orbital scaling methods using this simple scaling factor and compare them with previously reported results. Our study shows that LSIC with the simple scaling factor performs better than PZSIC, with results comparable to those obtained by LSIC(zσ) for most properties, but has slightly larger errors than LSIC(zσ). Furthermore, we study the binding energies of small water clusters using both scaling factors. Our results show that LSIC with zσ has limitations in predicting the cluster binding energies of weakly bonded systems due to the inability of zσ to distinguish weakly bonded regions from slowly varying density regions. LSIC when used with the density ratio as a scaling factor, on the other hand, provides a good description of water cluster binding energies, thus highlighting the appropriate choice of the iso-orbital indicator.
Wiener Indices of Maximal k-Degenerate Graphs

A graph is maximal k-degenerate if each induced subgraph has a vertex of degree at most k and adding any new edge to the graph violates this condition. In this paper, we provide sharp lower and upper bounds on Wiener indices of maximal k-degenerate graphs of order $$n \ge k \ge 1$$ . A graph is chordal if every induced cycle in the graph is a triangle and chordal maximal k-degenerate graphs of order $$n \ge k$$ are k-trees. For k-trees of order $$n \ge 2k+2$$ , we characterize all extremal graphs for the upper bound.
Nutritional deficiency and infants’ health outcomes

Abstract. Previous studies show that prenatal shocks to embryos could have adverse impacts on health endowment at birth. Using the universe of birth data and a difference-in-difference-in-difference strategy, I find that exposure to Ramadan during prenatal development has negative birth outcomes. Exposure to a full month of fasting is associated with 96 grams lower birth-weight. These results are robust across specifications and do not appear to be driven by mothers’ selective fertility. Keywords. Birth weight, Fetal origin hypothesis, Nutrition, Ramadan, Health, Religion. JEL. I12, J13, Z12, D13.
Metrics induced by Jensen-Shannon and related divergences on positive definite matrices

Abstract We study metric properties of symmetric divergences on Hermitian positive definite matrices. In particular, we prove that the square root of these divergences is a distance metric. As a corollary we obtain a proof of the metric property for Quantum Jensen-Shannon-(Tsallis) divergences (parameterized by α ∈ [ 0 , 2 ] ). When specialized to α = 1 , we obtain as a corollary a proof of the metric property of the Quantum Jensen-Shannon divergence that was conjectured by Lamberti et al. (2008) [13] , and recently also proved by Virosztek (2019) [28] . A more intricate argument also establishes metric properties of Jensen-Renyi divergences (for α ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ); this argument develops a technique that may be of independent interest.
Dynamic Spectrum Access Using Stochastic Multi-User Bandits

A stochastic multi-user multi-armed bandit framework is used to develop algorithms for uncoordinated spectrum access. In contrast to prior work, it is assumed that rewards can be non-zero even under collisions, thus allowing for the number of users to be greater than the number of channels. The proposed algorithm consists of an estimation phase and an allocation phase. It is shown that if every user adopts the algorithm, the system wide regret is order-optimal of order ${O}$ (log ${T}$ ) over a time-horizon of duration ${T}$ . The regret guarantees hold for both the cases where the number of users is greater than or less than the number of channels. The algorithm is extended to the dynamic case where the number of users in the system evolves over time, and is shown to lead to sub-linear regret.
The Role of Proxy Advisory Firms: Evidence from a Regression-Discontinuity Design

Proxy advisory firms have become important players in corporate governance, but the extent of their influence over shareholder votes is debated. We estimate the effect of Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) recommendations on voting outcomes by exploiting exogenous variation in ISS recommendations generated by a cutoff rule in ISS voting guidelines. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that from 2010 to 2011, a negative ISS recommendation on a say-on-pay proposal leads to a 25 percentage point reduction in say-on-pay voting support, suggesting a strong influence over shareholder votes. We also use our setting to examine the informational role of ISS recommendations.Received April 13, 2015; editorial decision June 13, 2016 by Editor Itay Goldstein.
Fire sale acquisitions: Myth vs. reality

Abstract We provide empirical evidence on the conjecture that in economic crises, firms could be forced to sell at deep discounts, or fire sale prices. Using the conventional stock price near the announcement date, we find instead distressed firms in crisis periods receive a 30% higher offer premium than distressed firms in normal periods; they also receive a 34% higher premium than non-distressed firms in crisis periods. Acquirers also do not gain, at announcement and over the long-term. Acquirers, however, may perceive they realize fire sale discounts if the reference is the targets’ highest price in the previous 52 weeks.
New Evidence on Measuring Financial Constraints: Moving Beyond the KZ Index

We collect detailed qualitative information from financial filings to categorize financial constraints for a random sample of firms from 1995 to 2004. Using this categorization, we estimate ordered logit models predicting constraints as a function of different quantitative factors. Our findings cast serious doubt on the validity of the KZ index as a measure of financial constraints, while offering mixed evidence on the validity of other common measures of constraints. We find that firm size and age are particularly useful predictors of financial constraint levels, and we propose a measure of financial constraints that is based solely on these firm characteristics. The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org., Oxford University Press.
Competition, governance, and relationship‐specific investments: Theory and implications for strategy

This paper uses biform games to examine the endogenous decision to invest in relationship-specific assets. It addresses the questions of how competition affects suppliers' decisions to produce a general-purpose product or a relationship-specific product for a buyer and under what circumstances a governance arrangement designed to share investment costs between the transacting parties increases the investment in relationship-specific assets. We offer a balanced perspective that emphasizes both the superior transaction value of relationship-specific products and their high transaction costs while considering the competition effects generated by alternative investment plans. The model and its extensions generate new insights into investment decisions regarding relationship-specific assets. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acquisition Activity and IPO Underpricing

We propose an “M&A activity” hypothesis as a partial explanation for initial public offering (IPO) underpricing. When going public during active corporate control markets, managers may take actions to safeguard their control. In support of this conjecture, we find that pre-IPO M&A activity directly explains IPO underpricing. We also find that underpricing and ownership dispersion are positively correlated, as are ownership dispersion and the probability of remaining independent. Considering the possibility that some managers take their firms public to be acquired, we find that the positive link between M&A activity and underpricing is not robust for firms that are viewed as likely targets.
Beating Earnings Benchmarks and the Cost of Debt

Prior research documents that firms tend to beat three earnings benchmarks—zero earnings, last year's earnings, and analyst's forecasted earnings—and that there are both equity market and compensation‐related benefits associated with beating these benchmarks. This study investigates whether and under what conditions beating these three earnings benchmarks reduces a firm's cost of debt. I use two proxies for a firm's cost of debt: credit ratings and initial bond yield spread. Results suggest that firms beating earnings benchmarks have a higher probability of rating upgrades and a smaller initial bond yield spread. Additional analyses indicate that (1) the benefits of beating earnings benchmarks are more pronounced for firms with high default risk; (2) beating the zero earnings benchmark generally provides the biggest reward in terms of a lower cost of debt; and (3) the reduction in the cost of debt is attenuated but does not disappear for firms beating benchmarks through earnings management. In sum, result...
Estimating the Return to Schooling: Progress on Some Persistent Econometric Problems

This paper reviews a set of recent studies that have attempted to measure the causal effect of education on labor market earnings by using institutional features of the supply side of the education system as exogenous determinants of schooling outcomes. A simple theoretical model that highlights the role of comparative advantage in the optimal schooling decision is presented and used to motivate an extended discussion of econometric issues, including the properties of ordinary least squares and instrumental variables estimators. A review of studies that have used compulsory schooling laws, differences in the accessibility of schools, and similar features as instrumental variables for completed education, reveals that the resulting estimates of the return to schooling are typically as big or bigger than the corresponding ordinary least squares estimates. One interpretation of this finding is that marginal returns to education among the low-education subgroups typically affected by supply-side innovations tend to be relatively high, reflecting their high marginal costs of schooling, rather than low ability that limits their return to education.
The age distribution and business cycle volatility: International evidence

Abstract We estimate the age distribution’s effect on business cycle fluctuations across a large number of countries. A 10 percentage point increase in the middle-aged share of the population decreases output volatility by 15 percent for the average country.
How different are safeguards from antidumping ? evidence from us trade policies toward steel

Use of temporary trade barriers has proliferated across countries, industries, and even policy instruments. This paper constructs a panel of bilateral, product-level United States steel imports that are matched to a unique data set on trade policy exclusions that are associated with the 2002 United States steel safeguard in order to compare the trade impacts that result from application of various temporary trade barrier policies over 1989-2003. The analysis finds that the trade effects of an applied safeguard -- which is statutorily expected to follow the principle of nondiscriminatory treatment -- can nevertheless compare closely with the application of the explicitly discriminatory antidumping policy. The results on trade policy substitutability complement other recent research on these increasingly important forms of import protection.
The Mexican Peso Crisis: Sudden Death or Death Foretold?

Abstract We argue that allowing for the possibility of a self-fulfilling panic helps to understand several features of the recent Mexican crisis. Self-fulfilling expectations became decisive in generating a panic only after the government ran down gross reserves and ran up short-term dollar debt. We present a simple model to explain how and why multiple equilibria can occur for some levels of reserves or debt, but not for others. Lastly, we argue that the imperfect credibility of Mexican exchange rate policy made it advisable to follow more contractionary fiscal and monetary policies in 1994. Our model formalizes the reasons why this is so.
Compulsory Vaccination, the Constitution, and the Hepatitis B Mandate for Infants and Young Children

This article examines whether the hepatitis B vaccination mandate for infants and young children, which exists in 47 states, is constitutional. It reviews relevant judicial and statutory precedents, including constitutional precedents on autonomy, bodily integrity and medical decision making. After considering the history of the hepatitis B mandate, the article concludes that this mandate is questionable under the 14th Amendment due process and equal protection clauses.
An Appreciation of Marc Galanter's Scholarship

I had the good fortune to be one of Marc Galanter’s students. From 1989 to 1995, I was a doctoral student in sociology at the University of WisconsinMadison. I had gotten my law degree in 1980, practiced law and mediation, and then decided to get a doctoral degree as a foundation for an academic career focusing on dispute resolution. In my second semester at Wisconsin, I took Galanter’s “Sociology and Law” course, which was cross-listed in the Law School and Sociology Departments. I had previously read his Why the “Haves” Come Out Ahead article and knew that he was a leading figure in the law-andsociety world. He had been interested in dispute resolution and decided to focus the entire course on various aspects of dispute resolution. He assigned a lot of reading, which provided me with a wonderful introduction to the socio-legal literature on dispute resolution. I made a wise decision in this course, which had a major impact on my career. The course required students to write a paper and, early in the semester, I made an appointment to meet with Professor Galanter to discuss possible paper topics. Since I was interested in dispute resolution generally, I was open to writing about many different things. I asked if he was working on anything in which my research could be helpful. I was offering, in effect, to be an unpaid research assistant. I figured that he would be more interested in my work if I wrote about something he was already interested in. In addition, he would presumably pick a more significant topic than I would have on my own. My plan worked. Galanter described several different pieces he was working on and I quickly decided to focus on what he called “private courts.” He suggested that I research court-annexed arbitration, private judging, organizational tribunals “embedded” within private organizations, private tribunals organized to handle complaints by outsiders, and independent professional service providers. I wrote a decent paper (which got an “A”) but,
Administering Election Law

In recent years, commentators have expressed heightened concern about the harms to democratic legitimacy caused by political actors making decisions about the electoral process on partisan or incumbent-protecting bases. This concern has been recognized in a number of judicial opinions, but has not taken form in election law doctrine. This Article argues that administrative law presents a well-developed doctrinal resource for addressing concerns about democratic legitimacy in the electoral process. Administrative law trades off some direct electoral control for some demonstrated expertise and shores up the democratic element through lines of accountability to the legislature, the executive, and the public. The resulting framework seeks an optimal balance in effective democratic governance. Despite the institutional differences between administrative law and election law, both confront the central challenge of securing democratic legitimacy in contexts of governance by state actors who are shielded from robust accountability mechanisms. In connecting the treatment of democratic values across the administrative law and election law settings, reflecting the operation and selection of government, I contend that these settings demand similar models of governmental decisionmaking. This approach calls for regulation of elections on a standard of instrumental rationality as to the means of reaching politically determined and constitutionally valid ends, thereby promoting the effective operation of the democratic process. To illustrate this approach, I sketch a framework for adapting administrative law tools to the election law setting, with examples from current controversies in the field.
Rent-Seeking and Inter Partes Review: An Analysis of Invalidity Assertion Entities in Patent Law

This Essay is the first analysis of a recent entrant on the patent landscape: the Invalidity Assertion Entity (IAE). IAEs engage in rent-seeking by demanding payment from patent holders in exchange for not attempting to invalidate their patents through administrative action before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The response to IAEs has been uniformly negative. Reflexive proposals have been raised in Congress (unsurprisingly) to terminate the IAE business model. In contrast to the common response to IAEs, this Essay discusses how profit-driven IAEs may generate socially beneficial externalities and why legislating to end the IAE business model is
Measuring Tail Risks at High Frequency

I exploit information in the cross-section of bid-ask spreads to develop a new measure of extreme event risk. Spreads embed tail risk information because liquidity providers require compensation for the possibility of sharp changes in asset values. I show that simple regressions relating spreads and trading volume to factor betas recover this information and deliver high-frequency tail risk estimates for common factors in stock returns. My methodology disentangles financial and aggregate market risks during the 2007–2008 financial crisis; quantifies jump risks associated with Federal Open Market Committee announcements; and anticipates an extreme liquidity shock before the 2010 Flash Crash. Received April 27, 2016; editorial decision August 10, 2018 by Editor Andrew Karolyi. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online
The Commandeerer in Chief

As Hurricane Katrina demonstrated, federalism can impede the government's ability to plan for and respond to emergencies. Many emergencies transcend federalist divisions of power and responsibility, rendering unclear which level of government should respond. In addition, while emergencies may require a coordinated response by local, state, and national government, getting different levels of government to work together in times of crises is difficult. Further, even when states and localities call for outside assistance, they tend to resist undue federal interference in their affairs; a national government that lacks experience working with local actors on the ground can find it difficult to implement relief programs. Given the widely recognized failures of the government's response to Katrina and the urgent need for reform, some federal officials have proposed that, in a future emergency, rather than try to work with state and local response personnel, the federal government should simply deploy the military to take over the relief effort. This Article presents an alternative solution: emergency commandeering. This solution would allow the federal government, when it responds to certain kinds of emergencies, to call into periods of mandatory federal service the emergency response personnel of the state in which the emergency occurs, and, if necessary, emergency response personnel from other states. These state employees - police, firefighters, emergency medical technicians, urban search and rescue teams, and public health specialists - would serve with compensation under the command of the President. Emergency commandeering allows the national government to mount an effective response, one that draws upon the skills and experiences of state and local personnel, without the hindrance of multiple command structures or other forms of state and local resistance. Emergency commandeering is authorized by the Constitution, consistent with federalism, and, compared to the alternative of sending the military into our streets, good for democracy.
Shooting The Messenger

This essay reviews Ward Churchill’s “On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality” (2003). One of the most talked about — but least read — books of recent years, ”On the Justice of Roosting Chickens” documents a long history of U.S. wars, invasions, and violations of international law on the way to concluding that when the terrible events of 9/11 took place, the U.S. deserved and should have expected retribution. In popular language, we ”had it coming.” As the reader may recall, when Hamilton College rescinded Churchill’s invitation to speak in the winter of 2004, it set in motion a cascade of events including further such cancellations, efforts in Colorado to dismiss him from his tenured position, and nightly discussion on Fox News. The review evaluates Churchill’s argument that the U.S. is an outlaw nation, as well as his ”little Eichmanns” corollary that the investment bankers and stockbrokers who perished in the conflagration were complicit with the U.S. war machine and thus legitimate targets of the Muslim suicide bombers. It breaks his argument down into its component parts or premises, shows which ones are moral and which ones factual, and evaluates each one’s plausibility and cogency. The review also addressed the author’s treatment at the hands of Colorado authorities and the implications of that treatment for academic freedom. * University Distinguished Professor of Law & Derrick Bell Fellow, University of Pittsburgh. J.D., University of California-Berkeley (Boalt Hall), 1974. 1. Thomas Friedman, The Calm Before the Storm?, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 13, 2005, at A19 (arguing that U.S. intelligence community does not understand Arab street nor radical Jihadists’ motives); see also Book Review, Why They Hate Us, N.Y. TIMES, July 17, 2005, (Book Review), at 11. 2. See Why Do They Hate Us?, NEWSWEEK, Oct. 15, 2001 (cover story) (including essays by Fareed Zakaria and others on reasons why some in the Muslim world detest the West); see
Teaching macroeconomics through flowcharts

Abstract Flowcharts are an invaluable tool for explaining complex mechanisms. They are used in Biology, Chemistry and many other disciplines as a teaching tool, as well as in research. However, flowcharts are hardly used in economics. This paper suggests that flowcharts could supplement graphs and algebra in the teaching of economics, especially in undergraduate courses. In order to demonstrate their effectiveness the paper presents a series of flowcharts that describe the IS-LM/AD-AS model. These flowcharts could be used in various undergraduate courses in macroeconomics, as a supplement to the standard IS-LM and AD-AS graphs.
Economics of Breeding, Gestating and Farrowing Hogs in “Natural Pork” Production; Financial Comparison

Naturally raised pork has become a fast-growing niche market for small mid-western livestock operators. Producer marketing organizations such as Niman Ranch and Eden Natural are working to meet growing demand. While financial numbers have been comprehensively calculated for grow-finish operations in this sector, particularly with hoop production systems being compared to conventional production systems, there has been a lack of information on the breeding and farrowing stages. The objective of this report is to provide an analysis of breeding and farrowing production costs and financial analysis for naturally raised pigs in a hoop production system. A low investment pork operation typical to that of a Niman Ranch sized operation (100 breeding sows) is utilized for the analysis. The lactating period is 5 weeks with therapeutic use of antibiotics only. We will examine costs per weaner pig for different types of facilities and herd management techniques.
Libel in the Blogosphere: Some Preliminary Thoughts

This brief essay attempts to account for the paucity of libel litigation relating to weblogs, and to explore ways in which the law of libel may change in response to the different character of weblogs, and new media in general.
A survey of Stackelberg differential game models in supply and marketing channels

Stackelberg differential game models have been used to study sequential decision making in noncooperative games in diverse fields. In this paper, we survey recent applications of Stackelberg differential game models to the supply chain management and marketing channels literatures. A common feature of these applications is the specification of the game structure: a decentralized channel composed of a manufacturer and independent retailers, and a sequential decision procedure with demand and supply dynamics and coordination issues. In supply chain management, Stackelberg differential games have been used to investigate inventory issues, wholesale and retail pricing strategies, and outsourcing in dynamic environments. The underlying demand typically has growth dynamics or seasonal variation. In marketing, Stackelberg differential games have been used to model cooperative advertising programs, store brand and national brand advertising strategies, shelf space allocation, and pricing and advertising decisions. The demand dynamics are usually extensions of the classical advertising capital models or sales-advertising response models. We begin by explaining the Stackelberg differential game solution methodology and then provide a description of the models and results reported in the literature.
Revisiting Prosecutorial Disclosure

After the exoneration of more than 200 people based on post-conviction DNA evidence, a growing movement against wrongful convictions has called increased attention to the prosecutorial suppression of material, exculpatory evidence. Commentators frequently study prosecutorial failures to disclose as a form of intentional misconduct, coloring both the description of the problem and the recommended solutions. This Article, in contrast, explores how even ethical prosecutors might fail to disclose exculpatory evidence because of flaws in the Brady doctrine itself - specifically, the Court's limitation of the doctrine to "material" exculpatory evidence. The materiality standard preys upon cognitive biases that distort even an ethical prosecutor's application of Brady, leading to systematic underdisclosures of exculpatory evidence. The doctrine also inflates the tension between a prosecutor's dual obligations to protect the innocent while punishing the guilty, causing conscientious prosecutors to conclude they are "doing justice" by suppressing exculpatory evidence that does not appear to be material. Accordingly, it is the doctrine itself that must be re-examined. This Article proposes a prophylactic open-file rule to effectuate defendants' Brady rights. This doctrinal move would expand defendants' federal constitutional rights to discovery, while respecting the Court's long-established view that only access to material exculpatory evidence is essential to due process. The Article situates the proposal within a jurisprudence of constitutional criminal procedure that often favors clear rules over open-ended standards, and compares the current need to safeguard defendants' Brady rights to the necessity more than forty years ago to shift to a rule-based approach in Miranda v. Arizona to regulate custodial interrogations.
Bodies and Bureaucracy: Legal Sex Classification and Marriage-Based Immigration for Trans* People

In most jurisdictions in the United States, a birth certificate’s sex marker, as decided by the appearance of the infant’s genitals, creates a rebuttable presumption of legal sex requiring specified (but widely varying) evidence to overcome. These requirements for recognition are generally illogical, inconsistent, and unattainable for most trans* people. As a result, the majority of trans* people end up with conflicting sex markers on their identity documents. This regime of a legal sex designated at birth directly harms the most vulnerable and unfairly distributes life chances. The current U.S. rules governing marriage-based immigration for trans* people provide a valuable case study of the inadequacy of the predominant approach to sex classification in the United States. This is particularly true when viewing the many other harms that trans* people (and queer cisgender people) experience partly as a result of legal sex categorization and regulation. The major shortcomings of the U.S. rules governing marriage-based immigration for trans* people demonstrate that the only solution is the total elimination of “sex” as a legal category.
Handicaps Which Threaten Others and the Prohibition of Discrimination Under the Rehabilitation Act

This paper explores whether persons whose handicaps constitute a potential threat to others are in any measure protected by federal law from discrimination in employment. After reviewing the evolution of section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the principal federal safeguard for handicapped workers, the author examines whether alcoholics, drug addicts, and carriers of contagious diseases, like Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (hereinafter AIDS), are included within the statute's coverage. He reviews the Supreme Court's 1987 decision in School Board of Nassau County v. Arline which required federally funded employers to explore ways of safely accommodating workers handicapped with infectious diseases before discharging them. He closes by examining the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 19871 in which Congress effectively codified Arline.