cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of climate change (global warming) for the healthcare system

Summary What is known and Objective: Temperature-sensitive pathogenic species and their vectors and hosts are emerging in previously colder regions as a consequence of several factors, including global warming. As a result, an increasing number of people will be exposed to pathogens against which they have not previously needed defences. We illustrate this with a specific example of recent emergence of Cryptococcus gattii infections in more temperate climates. Comment: The outbreaks in more temperate climates of the highly virulent––but usually tropically restricted––C. gattii is illustrative of an anticipated growing challenge for the healthcare system. There is a need for preparedness by healthcare professionals in anticipation and for management of such outbreaks, including other infections whose recent increased prevalence in temperate climates can be at least partly associated with global warming. What is new and Conclusion: (Re)emergence of temperature-sensitive pathogenic species in more temperate climates will present new challenges for healthcare systems. Preparation for outbreaks should precede their occurrence.
Slip and twinning dislocations in sapphire (α-Al2O3)

Abstract The 1/3 (1010) partial dislocation plays a crucial role in the plastic deformation of sapphire (α-Al2O3). During deformation at high temperatures, basal slip (1/3(1120) (0001)) has the lowest critical resolved shear stress; 1/3 (1120) perfect dislocations undergo dissociation (which is probably restricted to the dislocation core) to 1/3(1010) and 1/3 (0110) half-partial dislocations. These partials glide on an electrically neutral motion plane within a puckered cation array. The 1/3(1010) partial also acts as the twinning partial when basal twinning occurs at intermediate temperatures, say 600–1000°C. Twinning occurs when a pinned screw partial sweeps out on this same motion plane, forms a complete loop of a microtwin and then cross-slips onto the next available motion plane to permit twin thickening. New transmission electron microscopy evidence is presented, confirming several predictions of this new model of basal twinning. Prism plane slip ((1010) {1210}) is actually the preferred slip system...
Preparation for Practice: Elementary Preservice Teachers Learning and Using Scientific Classroom Discourse Community Instructional Strategies.

Despite historical national efforts to improve elementary science education, science instruction continues to be marginalized, varying by state. This study was designed to address the ongoing challenge of educating elementary preservice teachers (PSTs) to teach science. Elementary PSTs are one of the science education community's major links to schools and science education reform. However, they often lack a strong background in science, knowledge of effective science teaching strategies, and consequently have low confidence and self-efficacy. This investigation explored the initial learning of elementary PSTs using an interdisciplinary model of a scientific classroom discourse community during a science methods course. Findings post-methods course suggested that the PSTs gained confidence in how to teach inquiry-based elementary science and recognized inquiry-based science as an effective means for engaging student learning. Additionally, PSTs embraced the interdisciplinary model as one that benefits students' learning and effectively uses limited time in a school day.
Development and Impact of the Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, in Florida Strawberries

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), an Asian pest of strawberries and other thin-skinned fruit, was first detected in the Americas in California in the fall of 2008, and its first discover...
A Multidimensional Scaling Study Of Administrators' And Teachers' Perceptions Of Disabilities

There is a growing recognition that the perceptions educators hold about youngsters with disabilities may affect the way they classify and treat these children in their classes. The present investigation focused on the perceptions of disabilities of four groups of educators: elementary school principals, special education administrators, regular elementary teachers, and special education teachers. The study examined differences in the perceptual spaces of the four groups. Multidimensional scaling was utilized to assess the perceptions of disabilities. Results indicated that perceptions of disabilities were multidimensional and that the perceptual structure differed for the four groups. Despite the differences among the perceptual spaces, the groups shared some commonalities relating to physical, behavorial-emotional, perceptual, and sensory disabilities.
Optical fiber sensors for characterization of materials and structures

Optical fiber systems have been developed during the past twenty-five years for primary applications in the high speed digital communication of information. Using much of the same rapidly-developing technology optical fiber sensor systems have been developed during the past fifteen years for the measurement of a wide range of physical observables and applications in aerospace and hydrospace, civil structures and biomedical instrumentation systems. The major advantage of optical fiber sensor methods over conventional sensor systems is the all-dielectric nature of the fiber and the intrinsic avoidance of electromagnetic interference and ground loops that plague wire and metal-based sensing networks. For physical property measurements in smart materials where actuator elements and arrays are driven by high voltage electrical signals, such immunity is especially important. Another major advantage is the operation of fiber sensors above the temperatures at which most conventional sensor instrumentation will not operate. Such operation allows the use of properly designed fiber sensors in situ for the analysis of the fabrication conditions of smart materials, as well as their performance in high temperature environments. Sensor elements incorporated into the material during fabrication may in some cases be used for material evaluation post processing. This paper briefly suggests the use of such optical fiber sensor elements during the fabrication, inservice lifetimes and damage and degradation phases of smart material and structural systems.
Legal Mechanisms Supporting Accountable Care Principles

Public health and private providers and facilities may shape the future of the US health system by engaging in new ways to deliver care to patients.“Accountable care” contracts allow private health care and public health providers and facilities to collaboratively serve defined populations. Accountable care frameworks emphasize health care quality and cost savings, among other goals.In this article, I explore the legal context for accountable care, including the mechanisms by which providers, facilities, and public health coordinate activities, avoid inefficiencies, and improve health outcomes. I highlight ongoing evaluations of the impact of accountable care on public health outcomes.
Wireless key establishment with asynchronous clocks

Recently, there has been great research interest in utilizing the phase response of multipath fading channels as sources of common randomness to achieve information-theoretic key establishment. Previous work along this direction assume a common time reference is shared among the keying nodes such that each node can obtain absolute phase estimations. However, such assumption is impractical in some scenarios where common time reference is not available. Without the common time reference, each keying node in the system has to estimate the channel phase based on its own independent and imperfect local clock, resulting in a phase offset between its local estimates and the absolute estimates. In this paper, we study the effect of clock deviations among keying nodes and propose a novel key generation protocol with asynchronous clocks among the keying nodes. Our contributions include: 1) Mitigate the reliance on common time reference to get a desired key agreement probability; 2) Improve the key generation rate by utilizing additional randomness provided by the relay nodes. Numerical and simulation results show that a desired estimation accuracy and key generation rate could be achieved with the help of a rely node.
RXRα mRNA expression is associated with cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation in Hep3B cell

Retinoids are well-characterized differentiation and anti-proliferation agents. The functional role of retinoid x receptor alpha (RXRalpha) in cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation is not well understood. Using human Hep3B cell line, we showed that the mRNA level of RXRalpha was closely associated with cell growth. RXRalpha mRNA expression elevated along with the proliferation of Hep3B cells. This association was most evident in RXRalpha and was also noted with retinoic acid (RA) receptor alpha (RARalpha), but not found in other RARs and RXRs. The expression of RXRalpha and cyclin A mRNA was co-regulated when Hep3B cells were cultured in serum-free medium. The mRNA levels of RXRalpha and cyclin A appeared to be highest in G1/S phase in Hep3B cells treated by aphidicolin. Taken together, our data suggest that RXRalpha may be actively involved in cell proliferation and cell cycle regulation in Hep3B cells.
Children with inadequate language development: management guidelines for otolaryngologists☆

Otolaryngologists are in the front line of physicians asked to evaluate children whose language development is lagging. The 4 most prevalent conditions to consider in the differential diagnosis are impaired hearing, mental deficiency, developmental language disorder or dysphasia, and one of the disorders on the autistic spectrum. Guidelines on when to become concerned and what to do about such children are provided. Early diagnosis is essential in order to provide remedial education at the language learning age when intervention is likely to be most efficacious.
Design and analysis of asynchronous adders

An asynchronous adder can take advantage of the shorter carry propagation chains that occur in practice and exhibit a data-dependent computation delay. Basically, an asynchronous adder has a mechanism to announce early completion by detecting when it is done. Such an adder is extremely useful in asynchronous implementation of computing structures. In this paper we evaluate the designs tradeoffs of well-known asynchronous adder configurations based on ripple-carry and carry lookahead topologies. We show that, using complex gates, carry lookahead asynchronous adders can be realised that outperform ripple-carry asynchronous adders, both in average-case delay and worst-case delay without increasing the area and power consumption. The underlying timing assumptions and applications of the adder in asynchronous pipelines (micropipelines) are also discussed.
The Gibbs Fracture Zone: A double fracture zone at 52°30′N in the Atlantic Ocean

A bathymetric survey of the offset in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Crest at approximately 53°N revealed an east-west offset of 190 nautical miles and north-south offset of 75 nautical miles. The offset is filled with two valleys separated by a sill below 1900 fm. The valley strend approximately 95° east of north and are inconsistent with spreading poles calculated for the north Atlantic. Their trends have been used by earlier authors to calculate poles of rotation. It is proposed to name the offset The Gibbs Fracture Zone after the ship that made the survey.
Diagnostic utility of video EEG monitoring in paroxysmal events

ObjectivesA retrospective study was conducted to evaluate clinical usefulness of video EEG monitoring in patients with suspected epileptic seizures. Material and methodsA total of 444 patients who had diagnostic video EEG from January 1989 to December 1992 were studied after excluding those with known medically refractory focal epilepsy undergoing presurgical evaluation. Most were outpatients and had video EEG monitoring during normal working hours over 1–5 days. ResultsThe procedure had a success rate of 73%; characteristic events were captured and categorized in 53% of the patients. Patients with an event frequency of at least one per week or those who had events characterized by motor manifestations showed a higher yield. Thirty-two percent of the patients had psychogenic seizures. Thirty-four percent of the patients had either epileptic seizures recorded during the study or showed clear-cut interictal epileptiform abnormalities providing strong evidence of underlying epileptic process. ConclusionIn patients with frequent paroxysmal events, a video EEG study provides diagnostically critical information. It can be performed usually as an outpatient investigation.
The Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen 1 N Terminus Is Essential for Chromosome Association, DNA Replication, and Episome Persistence

To persist in latently infected, proliferating cells, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) episomes must replicate and efficiently segregate to progeny nuclei. Episome persistence in uninfected cells requires latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA1) in trans and cis-acting KSHV terminal repeat (TR) DNA. The LANA1 C terminus binds TR DNA, and LANA1 mediates TR-associated DNA replication in transient assays. LANA1 also concentrates at sites of KSHV TR DNA episomes along mitotic chromosomes, consistent with a tethering role to efficiently segregate episomes to progeny nuclei. LANA1 amino acids 5 to 22 constitute a chromosome association region (Piolot et al., J. Virol. 75:3948-3959, 2001). We now investigate LANA1 residues 5 to 22 with scanning alanine substitutions. Mutations targeting LANA1 5GMR7, 8LRS10, and 11GRS13 eliminated chromosome association, DNA replication, and episome persistence. LANA1 mutated at 14TG15 retained the ability to associate with chromosomes but was partially deficient in DNA replication and episome persistence. These results provide genetic support for a key role of the LANA1 N terminus in chromosome association, LANA1-mediated DNA replication, and episome persistence.
Crystal chemistry of lithium in octahedrally coordinated structures III. A new structure-type in the system K2O:Li2O:TiO2 (KxLixTi4−x2O8)

A new compound in the system K2O:Li2O:TiO2 corresponding to the formula KxLixTi4−x2O8 was found to be orthorhombic with a=3.821, b=15.921, c=2.973A space group Cmcm. The similarity between this unit cell and those of RbxMnxTi2−xO4 and FeO(OH) has been used to predict the structure of this new phase. From the composition of this phase and that of the hollandite and ramsdellite phases in this system, it can be deduced that some of the Li+ ions occur in the tunnels as well as in octahedral coordination substituting for titanium.
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma: What Is It?

Liposarcoma (LPS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma, frequently found in the thigh and retroperitoneum. LPS is commonly classified into well-differentiated LPS and dedifferentiated LPS. Histologic subtype, tumor location, and completeness of surgical resection are important prognostic indicators for LPS. Magnetic resonance imaging best characterizes extremity lesions, whereas computed tomography is most often used for intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal tumors. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment. Adjuvant radiation is considered for close margins. Survival for extremity tumors is favorable. However, difficulty in obtaining wide margins in the retroperitoneum predisposes to local recurrence and, ultimately, death from unresectable disease.
New Method for Separation of Skeletal Material from a Plankton Sample

All the most widely known methods described in the literature fall short of these requirements . In the "classical" method described by Be (1969a) and Boltovskoy (1966), the total • sample is inspected through a microscope and any foraminiferal tests visible are removed by a pipette or a brush. The method is time-consuming and inaccurate in that the worker is unconsciously selective towards larger and more conspicuous species such as the red Globigerinoides rubev or Hastigerina pelagiaa. Another source of biased error is the element of fatigue, which causes a decrease in operator accuracy through the working period. In the floatation method proposed by Be (1959b), a saturated NaCl solution is used to separate shelled from soft-bodied plankton. When placed in this solution in a settling tube, ideally the soft-bodied plankton remain floating while foraminifera, with the other shelled organisms, sink to the bottom. A major draw-back of this method is that spinose species are commonly entangled with the other soft-bodied plankton and remain floating. By the ignition method, proposed by Sachs et_ al^ (1964) samples are initially treated with hydrogen peroxide. After the excessive soft organic material is digested, the samples are ignited in a muffle furnace at 500°C. This treatment removes all organic material, leaving only skeletal matter. Both the initial treatment with the digestive and the final treatment in the furnace attacks the calcareous material to some extent. For example, the surfaces of the tests of foraminifera and pteropods is etched and most of the spines are removed in this process. In many instances it was found that samples had exploded in the furnace causing loss and contamination of the sample.
Depth of anesthesia and bispectral index monitoring.

In a comprehensive review on monitoring anesthesia, Stanski (1) concluded that both specific defined stimuli and specific responses are needed to assess anesthetic depth. He stated that no unifying clinical measure of anesthetic depth spans all classes of anesthetic drugs and that clinical measures
1359 BILIRUBIN (BR) FLUX AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE BRAIN

Carotid artery injection of Evans Blue or albumin-bound bilirubin (ALB+BR) for 60 sec. in adult rats produced no cortical staining with an intact blood-brain barrier(BBB) and non-uniform “tufted” perivascular staining after barrier opening to ALB by 1.8 Molar Urea × 30 sec. Unbound BR given for 10-60 sec. to 25 rats without barrier opening, followed by carotid perfusion with saline, produced uniform staining, and the uptake of BR measured by chloroform extraction was dose-dependent (r=0.641, p<0.001). Retained BR was 11.6±6.2% (MEAN±S.D.) of the dose injected, and the permeability-surface area (P.S) product for BR was 0.13±0.05 ml·min−1 · g−1. The estimated volume of distribution for unbound BR at 60 sec. was 195±72 μl/g. When injection of unbound BR was followed by re-infusion with 5% ALB, residual brain BR decreased as shown: Bound BR crossing a disrupted BBB and unbound BR crossing an intact barrier appear to have different extravascular patterns of distribution, consistent with the greater lipid solubility and capillary permeability of unbound BR, versus the tendency of ALB + BR to cross the barrier only at osmotically opened capillaries. Because ALB decreases residual brain BR, we speculate that BR is initially distributed in a “shallow” compartment and is not immediately strongly bound or irreversibly precipitated in the brain.
Calculated follicle deviation using segmented regression for modeling diameter differences in cattle.

Abstract Segmented linear regression alone or in combination with simple linear regression was evaluated as an objective method to calculate the beginning of follicle deviation by modeling the sequential (Experiment 1) and non-sequential or single-point (Experiment 2) differences in diameter between the future dominant (F1) and largest subordinate (F2) follicles of Wave 1 in cattle. The segmented regression consisted of Segment 1 representing the common growth phase, Segment 2 representing the period of dominance, and a Join Point connecting the two segments and representing the end of the common growth phase and the beginning of deviation. The model was fit to the diameter differences for each heifer in Experiment 1 ( n =15) and the group of heifers in Experiment 2 ( n =40). The optimal Join Point value that corresponded to the maximum R 2 was designated the calculated hour (Experiment 1) or diameter of F1 (Experiment 2) at the beginning of deviation. In Experiment 1, simple linear regression was used to calculate the corresponding diameter of F1 at the beginning of deviation. Observed deviation was determined by inspection of the diameter profiles of F1 and F2 for comparison to calculated deviation. In Experiment 1, the observed method determined the beginning of deviation in 80% of the heifers, whereas, the regression method calculated deviation in 93% of the heifers including two of the three heifers in which observed deviation was not discernable (no significant difference between methods). The mean hours of deviation after wave emergence (Hour 0) and diameters of F1 at the corresponding hours were not significantly different between the observed (62 h and 8.4 mm) and calculated (61 h and 8.8 mm) methods. In Experiment 2, the diameter of F1 at the beginning of calculated deviation was 8.2 mm. The results indicated that the segmented regression model can provide an objective and more accurate alternative to estimate follicle deviation, especially when observed deviation is obscured by the complexity of follicle development in some waves.
Thermoelectric properties of amorphous antimony

Abstract We have measured the electrical resistivity and thermoelectric power of evaporated amorphous antimony films from 85 K to their crystallization temperatures near ambient. In addition to conduction by variable-range-hopping, as observed by others, we have identified a new contribution at higher temperatures due to thermally activated carriers. The thermoelectric power, which is here reported for the first time, appears also to be activated in the higher temperature range. Our analysis of the thermopower data in terms of bi-modal conduction implies an implausibly large contribution from variable range hopping which decreases with increasing temperature.
A combinatorial proof of the equivalence of the classical and combinatorial definitions of Schur function

Abstract We provide a new, simple and direct combinatorial proof of the equivalence of the determinantal and combinatorial definition of Schur functions Sλ(x1, …, xn). There are a number of algebraic proofs of this equivalence. For example, Macdonald gives a proof in his book (“Symmetric Functions and Hall Polynomials,” Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1979) which has the advantage that it generalizes to a number of variations of Schur functions; see (J. G. Macdonald, in “Actes 28e Seminaire Lotharingien, 1992,” Publ. I.R.M.A. Strasbourg, pp. 5–39). A simple algebraic proof can be found in ( R. A. Proctor, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 51 (1989 ), 135–137) where one proves that the determinantal and combinatorial definitions of Schur functions both imply the recursion Finally there is an implicit combinatorial proof based on the work of Gessel and Viennot (preprint) who gave a combinatorial proof of the Jacobi-Trudi identity S λ (x 1 , …, x n ) = det ‖ S (λ i + i - j) ‖ where Sλ(x1, …, xn) is defined combinatorially and the work of Goulden (Canad. J. Math. 37 (1985 ), 1201–1210) who gave a combinatorial proof of S λ (x 1 , …, x n ) = det ‖ S (λ i + i - j) ‖ where Sλ(x1, …, xn) is defined algebraically as the quotient of determinants. We note that Bressoud and Wei have given a lattice path interpretation of Goulden's combinatorial proof (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 60 (1992), 277–286) and both the Gessel-Viennot proof and the Bressoud—Wei version of Goulden's proof can be found in (Contemp. Math. 143 (1993), 59–64). However, with these combinatorial tools, one would have to use several applications of the involution principle of Garsia and Milne (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 31 (1981 ), 290–339) to obtain an explicit equivalence of the combinatorial and determinantal definitions.
Immature granule neurons from cerebella of different ages exhibit distinct developmental potentials

Cultured cerebellar granule neurons exhibit different developmental potentials in culture dependent on cerebellar age at plating. In cultures prepared at postnatal days (P)2-6, when all granule neurons reside in the external germinal layer (EGL) in vivo, levels of the GABA(A) receptor beta2 and gamma2 subunit mRNAs are constant. In contrast, in cultures prepared at P8-10, when neurons have begun to migrate into the internal granule cell layer (IGL), the mRNAs increase several-fold in a pattern mimicking that found in vivo. To determine the relationship between neuronal differentiation in culture and potential to express GABA(A) receptor beta2 and gamma2 subunit transcripts in the mature pattern, neuronal maturity in P6 and P10 cultures was compared. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling studies demonstrated that P10 as well as P6 cultures contained neurons only from the EGL. Moreover, the maturation of cultured P10 and P6 neurons appeared virtually identical. Cells dissociated at both ages expressed mRNAs encoding the EGL markers MATH-1 and TAG-1. The MATH-1 transcript disappeared from cultures maintained 4 days when expression of the GABA(A) receptor alpha6 subunit, a marker of mature cells, was initiated. Thus, although cultured P6 and P10 granule neurons exhibit the same maturation markers, P10 neurons presumably have been modulated by environmental cues specifying increases in GABA(A) receptor beta2 and gamma2 subunit expression. This possibility is supported by the finding that extracts of dissociated P10 cells but not P6 cells induce increases in GABA(A) receptor subunit expression in P6 cultures.
Molecular Mechanics (MM4) Calculations on Amides

The amide compounds have been studied, and their parameters have been developed for the MM4 force field. The structures, moments of inertia, vibrational spectra, conformational energies, barriers t...
Morphology and Genetics of Biomass in Little Bluestem

Little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash] was the most important dominant species of uplands in the tallgrass prairie. Presently, it is a dominant species, most significantly on coarse-textured soils, in the mixed-grass prairie region of the United States and Canada. This wide geographical adaptation to dry soils suggests little bluestem has potential for biomass production in areas unsuitable for most other grass species in the North American steppe. Primary objectives of this research were to (i) describe the morphology and determine the distribution of biomass among main stem and axillary components of little bluestem, and (ii) determine genetic variation for morphology and biomass production in 'Camper' little bluestem. Morphological analysis was conducted on tillers collected from natural populations in South Dakota and Montana and from swards of Camper and 'Badlands' ecotype in eastern South Dakota. Sixteen genotypes of Camper were evaluated for three years at two locations for determination of genotypic variation for biomass and biomass components. Quadratic models explained relationships between phytomer position and leaf and internode lengths and mass of individual phytomers of natural and selected populations. Genotypic variation occurred for phytomers per tiller, tillers per plant, mass per tiller, axillary branches per tiller, and biomass (range: 102-387 g plant -1 ). However, the correlation between locations for biomass was not significant for genotypes due to genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. High frequency of survival over two winters for all genotypes indicated Camper has adequate winter hardiness to serve as a source population for cultivar development for biomass in the northern Great Plains.
Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Differential rates of NH proton-exchange reactions of hydrazine-carbothioamide and 4-methylhydrazine-carbothioamide in dimethyl sulfoxide†

The proton-coupled nitrogen-15 NMR spectra of hydrazinecarbothioamide and 4-methylhydrazinecarbothioamide have been taken at the natural-abundance level in neutral, basic and acidic solutions at 25°C. The N-H proton-exchange reactions of the hydrazino-NH_2 groups in both compounds were found to be very rapid in the presence of acid, but quite slow in the presence of base. The hydrazino-NH protons of hydrazinecarbothioamide exhange six times and 200 times faster than the amide protons in the presence of either base or acid, respectively. Similarly, acid- and base-catalyzed N-H proton exchanges of the hydrazino-NH group of 4-methylhydrazinecarbothioamide were found to be two to three orders of magnitude faster than those of N-methylamido protons. These results can be rationalized by consideration of the effect of the lone pair on the hydrazino-NH_2 group on the reactivity of the adjacent -NH- group.
Development issues raised during the "People's Movement" of 1990

The PDF of this file is 2,529 kbytes in size and therefore will take a long time to download if you click on the PDF link below. If you would like the file to be sent to you by email, please send a request to info@nepjol.info. Please include the citation below in your request. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v4i0.1084 Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.4 1994 p.33-49
Charge Stripes and Antiferromagnetism in Copper-Oxide Superconductors

Superconducting cuprate compounds are obtained by doping holes into antiferromagentic insulators. Neutron scattering studies have provided evidence that the doped holes tend to segregate into charge stripes, which act like domain walls between antiferromagnetic regions. The interaction between the spatially segregated holes and the magnetic domains may be responsible for the strong pairing interaction found in the cuprates.
Studies on the regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase in tomato using monoclonal antibodies.

A partially purified preparation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) fruit tissue was used to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for the two different MAbs yielded a 50-kDa polypeptide as shown by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) capable of detecting <1 ng of antigen was developed. The ELISA system was used to demonstrate that two of the MAbs recognized different epitopes on the ACC-synthase protein. Wound-induced increases in ACC-synthase activity in tomato fruit tissue were correlated with changes in ELISA-detectable protein. In-vivo labeling of wounded tissue with [35S]methionine followed by extraction and immunopurification in the presence of various protease inhibitors yielded one major radioactive band of 50 kDa molecular mass. Pulse labeling with [35S]methionine at various times after wounding indicated that the wound-induced increase in ACC-synthase activity involved de-novo synthesis of a rapidly turning over 50-kDa polypeptide.
A Solution-Cascading Approach to the Decomposition of Staircase Linear Programs

A computationally efficient decomposition technique for large-scale linear programs with an underlying linked staircase structure is presented in this paper. The technique utilizes a solution-cascading approach with subproblem solutions. On a set of test problems, drawn from a variety of applications, the procedure has resulted in a reduction in computation time averaging about 68% of the undecomposed time. Similar tests on groups of randomly generated problems resulted in time savings as high as 95%. Three features of the approach make it particularly attractive. First, it is a meta-algorithm. That is, it can be embedded within any appropriate LP solver, implying even better time savings with more efficient solvers. Second, the procedure should become relatively less expensive as the problem size increases. Third, the procedure easily lends itself to parallel processing.
A DNA-directed DNA polymerase from murine liver mitochondria

A DNA-directed DNA polymerase has been isolated from murine liver mitochondria. The mitochondrial DNA polymerase is distinguishable from other DNA polymerases found in the nucleus and cytosol of murine cells by several enzymatic and physical properties. It is stimulated 5--6-fold by 0.15 M KCl, does not require a sulfhydryl reducing agent for activity, and is inhibited by ethidium bromide or ATP. The enzyme has a sedimentation coefficient of 8.8 S in the presence of up to 0.5 M KCl, a molecular weight of 150--170000, and utilizes natural templates in the following order of preference: activated DNA (100%), single stranded DNA (24%), and native DNA (5%).
Inhibition from semantically related primes: evidence of a category-specific inhibition.

The phenomenon of inhibition from generating successive items within a category, reported by A. S. Brown (1981), was examined in two experiments. Subjects responded on target trials by either generating targets (e.g., generating BASS to B when it followed the category name FISH, Experiment 1) or reading them (reading BASS when it followed the category name FISH, Experiment 2). Prior to target trials, all subjects received priming trials consisting of either one or four exemplars from a single semantic category, which could be either the same category as the target’s category (related priming condition) or an unrelated category (unrelated priming condition). In both experiments, different groups of subjects either read or generated primes. When primes were read, target response times (RTs) were always facilitated in the related priming condition compared with in the unrelated priming condition. However, when primes were generated, this facilitation from related primes was eliminated, except in the one-prime condition, when targets were also generated. When primes and targets were both generated, RTs in the related priming condition were slower following four primes than following one prime. Thus, category-specific inhibition from multiple related primes is greatest when both primes and targets must be actively retrieved.
EFFECT OF AGE AND HORMONAL STATE ON CYTOKINE SYNTHESIS IN THE MONKEY

The authors studied plasma cytokine activity using cross reactive polyclonal antibodies to human cytokines in young and old female monkeys to determine if age had any effect on cytokine secretion, and compared hormonal effects as well. While interleukin 1 (IL-1) was not higher in aged cycling monkeys, it was after menopause. Menopause depressed IL-2 activity also. Variable results were seen with the other cytokines.
Magmatism and Geodynamics: Terrestrial Magmatism Throughout the Earth's History

Magmatism and Geodynamics presents a comprehensive review of the origin of magmas and their relation to geodynamic processes through the Earth's history by O.A. Bogatikov and three of his colleagues, V I. Kovalenko, E. V Shakov, and V.V.Yarmolyuk, from the Institute of Ore Deposits, Petrology, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The work presents a global view of magmatism and its geodynamic setting through geologic time, and is based primarily on Russian literature, although the authors have added an appropriate discussion of non-Russian studies. The principal question the authors address is whether, and to what extent, the geochemical and tectonic setting of magmatism has changed during geologic time. This is a difficult task, because even at the present, no clear and detailed consensus has been established for the geochemical and structural setting of many igneous events. The authors are successful in illustrating significant changes in the structural environment of magmatism during the Earth's history although many of their conclusions represent a highly personal view and are more conjectural than based on solid evidence. Perhaps the most valuable asset of the book, therefore, is that it provides a rich and extensive review, although somewhat dated, of Russian petrologic literature not previously available in English.
Extracellular Matrix Fibronectin Mechanically Couples Skeletal Muscle Contraction with Local Vasodilation

During exercise, local mechanisms in tissues cause arterioles to rapidly dilate to increase blood flow to tissues to meet the metabolic demands of contracting muscle. Despite decades of study, the mechanisms underlying this important aspect of blood flow control are still far from clear. We now report a novel mechanism wherein fibronectin fibrils in connective tissue matrices transduce signals from contracting skeletal muscle to local blood vessels to increase blood flow. Using intravital microscopy, we show that local vasodilation in response to skeletal muscle contraction is specifically inhibited by an antibody that recognizes the matricryptic site in the first type III repeat of fibronectin (FNIII-1). In the absence of skeletal muscle contraction, direct application of FNIII-1–containing fibronectin fragments to cremaster muscle arterioles in situ, triggered a rapid, specific, and reversible local dilation that was mediated by nitric oxide and required the cryptic, heparin-binding sequence of FNIII-1. Furthermore, application of function-blocking FNIII-1 peptides to cremaster muscle arterioles rapidly and specifically decreased their diameter, indicating that the matricryptic site of fibronectin also contributes to resting vascular tone. Alexa fluor 488–labeled fibronectin, administered intravenously, was rapidly assembled into elongated, branching fibrils in the extracellular matrix of intact cremaster muscle, demonstrating active polymerization of fibronectin in areas adjacent to blood vessels. Together, these data provide the first evidence that a matricryptic, heparin-binding site within fibronectin fibrils of adult connective tissue plays a dynamic role in regulating both vascular responses and vascular tone.
The phospholipid fatty acid composition of liver, kidney, heart and spleen mitochondria from rats of various age groups

Abstract 1. 1. The fatty acid compositions of phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, isolated by silicic acid paper chromatography from the lipid extracts of mitochondria from rat liver, kidney, heart, and spleen, were determined from animals 73,159 and 252 days of age which had been maintained on laboratory chow. 2. 2. Stearic acid was found to be the major fatty acid component of phosphatidyl inositol. The levels of palmitate and linoleate were higher in the phosphatidyl cholines than in the phosphatidyl ethanolamines, whereas the phosphatidyl ethanolamines exhibited larger amounts of stearate and arachidonate than the phosphatidyl cholines. 3. 3. A decrease in the phosphatidyl inositol stearate content with age was noted in liver, kidney and heart mitochondria. Lower levels of palmitate occurred with age in heart and spleen phosphatidyl inositol. Stearate increased while linoleate of spleen phosphatidyl ethanolamine decreased in the older animals. With these exceptions, the fatty acid composition of the mitochondrial phospholipids remained relatively unchanged with age in the tissues examined.
Body out of balance: understanding metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

Use an arterial blood gas analysis to quickly recognize these common acid-base imbalances and plan appropriate patient care.
RNA Editing of Androgen Receptor Gene Transcripts in Prostate Cancer Cells

Reactivation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway represents a critical step in the growth and survival of androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer (CaP). In this study we show the DU145 and PC3 AI human CaP cell lines respond to androgens and require AR expression for optimal proliferation in vitro. Interestingly, AR gene transcripts in DU145 and PC3 cells harbored a large number of single base pair nucleotide transitions that resulted in missense mutations in selected AR codons. The most notable lesion detected in AR gene transcripts included the oncogenic codon 877T→A gain-of-function mutation. Surprisingly, AR gene transcript nucleotide transitions were not genome-encoded substitutions, but instead the mutations co-localized to putative A-to-I, U-to-C, C-to-U, and G-to-A RNA editing sites, suggesting the lesions were mediated through RNA editing mechanisms. Higher levels of mRNA encoding the A-to-I RNA editing enzymes ADAR1 and ADARB1 were observed in DU145 and PC3 cells relative to the androgen-responsive LNCaP and 22Rv1 human CaP cell lines, which correlated with higher levels of AR gene transcript A-to-I editing detected in DU145 and PC3 cells. Our results suggest that AR gene transcripts are targeted by different RNA editing enzymes in DU145 and PC3 cells. Thus RNA editing of AR gene transcripts may contribute to the etiology of hormone-refractory phenotypes in advanced stage AI CaP.
Inhomogeneous Field MSFVW-Optical Interaction

The experimentally determined bandwidth of the interaction of laser light with magnetostatic waves (MSWs) has been limited, until recently, to about 30 MHz. This limitation is caused by the pronounced dispersiveness of the MSW. We report an approach employing an inhomogeneous bias magnetic field which has yielded a significant improvement in the bandwidth of Bragg diffraction of an optical guided wave from magneto-static forward volume waves (MSFVWs). In the experiment, a bandwidth of about 350 MHz was observed.© (1987) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
POLARIZATION OF FLUORESCENCE FROM BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL IN CASTOR OIL, IN CHROMATOPHORES AND AS P870 IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS

— The polarization of fluorescence from isolated photosynthetic reaction centers and from light harvesting chlorophyll in photosynthetic units was measured over a wide range of exciting wavelengths. In addition, the fluorescence polarization of bacteriochlorophyll was measured. The simplest interpretation of the data is that in the bacterial reaction center, the three chlorophyll molecules closely associated with photochemical oxidation do not have their transition moments parallel to one another. Highly polarized fluorescence was also observed from the intact photosynthetic unit.
Effect of triethylenemelamine (TEM) on endocrine system of the male rat.

Five to six days following the termination of a 5-day treatment of rats with TEM (0.2 mg/kg daily), the weight and capacity of the dorsolateral prostate to take up Zn/sup 65/ was diminished, indicative of a diminished androgen level. Dorsolateral prostate weight and Zn/sup 65/ uptake were maintained in TEM-treated rats by administration of testosterone, pituitary ICSH, or chorionic gonadotrophin. (auth)
Altered monamine metabolism in caudate-putamen of iron-deficient rats.

The effect of iron deficiency on brain monoamine metabolism using in vivo microdialysis techniques has not been previously reported. We, therefore, examined the monoamines, dopamine and norepinephrine, and their metabolites at steady state by in vivo microdialysis in rat brain caudate-putamen in 11-week-old iron-deficient anemic (hemoglobin 14 g/dl). Caudate-putamen dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations were increased by 53%, 57%, and 30% (p < 0.001), respectively, in iron-deficient rats in samples collected over a 4-h period. While diminished numbers of D2 receptors have been previously reported, the present findings suggest an additional defect in monoamine uptake and catabolism.
Low-pressure reactive dc-magnetron sputter deposition of metal-oxide thin films

Improvements in magnetron sputtering technology have made it possible to deposit compound thin films at total pressures as low as approximately 1 X 10-4 torr. Deposition at these lower pressures increases the mean free path of molecules within the vacuum chamber, thereby allowing for greater adatom energies on the substrate surface. By increasing adatom energy, low-pressure dc-magnetron sputtering can lead to the deposition of dense metal-oxide films that are resistant to the adsorption of atmospheric water (H2O). We report results showing improved environmental stability in single-layer films of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) deposited using a 8-in-diameter dc magnetron source. Metal targets were used, with argon (Ar) as the sputtering gas and oxygen (O2) as the reactive gas. The silicon target was doped with 5-percent Al to improve its electrical conductivity. The effects of target voltage, Ar partial pressure, and O2 partial pressure were studied. In addition, several source geometries were tested in order to optimize the coating thickness uniformity. Film moisture content was characterized by spectral transmittance near the H2O optical absorption band at 2.8 micrometers . Deposition at total pressures < 3 X 10-4 torr resulted in SiO2 coatings with minimal H2O content, while all Al2O3 coatings exhibited no H2O content.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heroin addiction, crime and economic cost: A critical analysis

The conceptual framework for measuring the economic cost of crime is reviewed. Although this framework is generally accepted, specific applications are shown to contain conceptual errors. In the drug abuse area, where the greatest number of applications have been made, serious misapplications are documented. Because of these conceptual flaws and careless extrapolation of estimates that are hardly more than guesses, the total economic cost of drug-related crime has been greatly overestimated. The result has been to reinforce the policy emphasis on law enforcement and to mislead the public as to the important sources and magnitude of the total economic cost of drug abuse.
Dispersion requirements in coherent frequency-to-time mapping

The frequency-to-time mapping technique (also known as the temporal far-field phenomenon) usually requires a significant amount of dispersion to stretch an ultrashort optical pulse so that the intensity profile becomes a scaled replica of its optical spectrum. In this work, we study the near-to-far-field transition and find that the far-field condition can be relaxed in some cases relevant for radio-frequency (RF) waveform generation. This observation has allowed us to achieve intensity signals with an ultrabroad RF bandwidth content.
Two Extensions Of Fourier Optical Processors

We discuss two generalizations of the continuous Fourier transform performed by coherent optical systems. The first concerns the introduction of an appropriate exponential damping factor in the input plane, which leads to a processor that evaluates a two-dimensional slice through the four-dimensional complex Laplace transform domain. By performing Laplace filtering, rather than Fourier filtering, one can in principle trade off dynamic range in the filter plane for dynamic range in the input plane. Using a Laplace transform, it is also possible to find the complex roots of polynomials. The second generalization concerns modification of the continuous Fourier transform to behave as a discrete Fourier transform. With such a modification, it is in principle possible to find (in a single step, without iterations) the eigenvalues of any circulant matrix, or any circulant approximation to a Toeplitz matrix (including correlation matrices) using a coherent optical processor. Furthermore, if a light valve having a suitable nonlinear relation between amplitude transmittance and exposure is available, it is possible to obtain the inverse of any matrix in the class described above in a single pass through a coherent optical processor.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.