cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small-footprint lidar estimation of sub-canopy elevation and tree height in a tropical rain forest landscape

Meso-scale digital terrain models (DTMs) and canopy-height estimates, or digital canopy models (DCMs), are two lidar products that have immense potential for research in tropical rain forest (TRF) ecology and management. In this study, we used a small-footprint lidar sensor (airborne laser scanner, ALS) to estimate sub-canopy elevation and canopy height in an evergreen tropical rain forest. A fully automated, local-minima algorithm was developed to separate lidar ground returns from overlying vegetation returns. We then assessed inverse distance weighted (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) geostatistical techniques for the interpolation of a sub-canopy DTM. OK was determined to be a superior interpolation scheme because it smoothed fine-scale variance created by spurious understory heights in the ground-point dataset. The final DTM had a linear correlation of 1.00 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 2.29 m when compared against 3859 well-distributed ground-survey points. In old-growth forests, RMS error on steep slopes was 0.67 m greater than on flat slopes. On flatter slopes, variation in vegetation complexity associated with land use caused highly significant differences in DTM error distribution across the landscape. The highest DTM accuracy observed in this study was 0.58-m RMSE, under flat, open-canopy areas with relatively smooth surfaces. Lidar ground retrieval was complicated by dense, multi-layered evergreen canopy in old-growth forests, causing DTM overestimation that increased RMS error to 1.95 m. A DCM was calculated from the original lidar surface and the interpolated DTM. Individual and plot-scale heights were estimated from DCM metrics and compared to field data measured using similar spatial supports and metrics. For old-growth forest emergent trees and isolated pasture trees greater than 20 m tall, individual tree heights were underestimated and had 3.67- and 2.33-m mean absolute error (MAE), respectively. Linear-regression models explained 51% (4.15-m RMSE) and 95% (2.41-m RMSE) of the variance, respectively. It was determined that improved elevation and field-height estimation in pastures explained why individual pasture trees could be estimated more accurately than old-growth trees. Mean height of tree stems in 32 young agroforestry plantation plots (0.38 to 18.53 m tall) was estimated with a mean absolute error of 0.90 m (r 2 =0.97; 1.08-m model RMSE) using the mean of lidar returns in the plot. As in other small-footprint
Circulating Phylloquinone Concentrations of Adults in the United States Differ According to Race and Ethnicity

Differences in micronutrient status are reported to contribute to racial and ethnic differences in chronic diseases. Diseases related to vitamin K are reported to differ by race and ethnicity, but it is unclear if circulating vitamin K concentrations similarly differ. We examined racial and ethnic differences in serum phylloquionone (K1) in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) (mean ± SD age = 62 ± 10 y; 52% female; 262 white, 180 African American, 169 Hispanic, 93 Chinese American). Overall, 25% had serum K1 <0.1 nmol/L (the lower limit of detection). The prevalence of low serum K1 was 4% in Chinese Americans compared with 24% of whites, 29% of African Americans, and 33% of Hispanics. Compared with whites, Chinese Americans were significantly less likely to have serum K1 <0.1 nmol/L [OR (95% CI): 0.23 (0.09-0.23), adjusted for serum TG, K1 intake, age, sex, BMI, smoking, total cholesterol, site, season, and lipid-lowering medication use]. African Americans and Hispanics had similar odds to whites for having serum K1 <0.1 nmol/L [OR(95% CI): 1.30 (0.79-2.15) and 1.19 (0.66-2.15), respectively; fully adjusted]. In participants with detectable concentrations (n = 523), (natural log) serum K1 was higher in the Chinese Americans compared with whites, African Americans, and Hispanics (geometric mean ± SEM = 2.2 ± 0.1 nmol/L vs. 1.2 ± 0.1 nmol/L, 1.5 ± 0.1 nmol/L, and 1.1 ± 0.1 nmol/L, respectively, adjusted for serum TG, K1 intake, and additional covariates; all P < 0.001). These findings suggest circulating K1 differs by race and ethnicity in U.S. adults, especially among those of Chinese American descent, which merits consideration in the design and interpretation of future population-based and clinical studies of vitamin K and related diseases.
Use of a Three‐Domain Repesentation to Enhance GIS Support for Complex Spatiotemporal Queries

As the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) proceeds to advanced scientific and societal applications, there is an emerging need to enhance GIS support for complex spatiotemporal queries. Dynamic GIS representations (as opposed to static, map-based representations) that can integrate proper data elements in the production of geographic information are required. This paper demonstrates the use of a three-domain representation that facilitates compilation of higher-level information (such as frequency and rate) from preliminary data records (such as time and location) stored in a database. The three-domain representation is compared with snapshot, space-time composite, and spatiotemporal object models using a sample data set for forest transitions. While the three-domain representation is a normalization of these data models, it offers a conceptual alternative that enables GIS to represent spatiotemporal behaviors of geographic entities, in addition to entities as well as histories at locations as emphasized in most GIS data models. The comparison shows that the three-domain representation has combined the strengths of the space-time composite and spatiotemporal object models. Moreover, it enables aggregations of analytical use along with dynamic mappings between geographic concepts and locations, a distinct capability that takes GIS query processing beyond the level of information support offered by static map-based data models.
Exact Stationary Solution Method for the Wadati-Konno-Ichikawa-Shimizu (WKIS) Equation

We consider a method of obtaining exact implicit relations governing stationary solutions to the Wadati-Konno-Ichikawa-Shimizu (WKIS) equation. After a suitable transform, we put the WKIS equation into the form of a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. This equation has exact first and second integrals of motion. From this second integral, the exact equation governing the stationary solution to the WKIS equation is obtained. This relation may easily be inverted and plotted, to give the exact solution profiles. Furthermore, an exact formula for the period of oscillation in terms of the model parameters is obtained. Subject Index: 010, 030
Evaluation of Skin Lesions in the Cosmetic Patient Made Simple: Actinic Keratosis

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are the earliest form of malignant transformation in the skin. The primary initiator of this malignant transformation is exposure to ultraviolet radiation, which explains their clinical predilection for the head and neck, dorsal hands, and extremities. Many times, patients with AKs will present chiefly with what they perceive to be a cosmetic complaint, such a dry or rough skin. In the context of an aesthetic practice, recognition of AKs has important medical implications for the patient. Left untreated, AKs can progress into invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Event-Related Potentials in Cognitive Science

How is it that the physicochemical processes in the brain give rise to the phenomena of the mind? This transcendent question can be phrased in the jargon of several disciplines and addressed at many levels, with the choice often dictated by the experimental tools available. Investigators in various arms of the behavioral and neural sciences have for the most part forged ahead independently and found, at best, partial solutions to the problem. lt is becoming apparent that the enormity of the endeavor necessitates a liaison—if not a marriage—between disciplines.
A Rapid Cetane Number Prediction Method for Petroleum Liquids and Pure Hydrocarbons Using Proton NMR

A previous methodology of predicting the cetane number of middle distillates and heavy marine diesel fuels from hydrogen type distribution determined by proton NMR has been extended to cover the olefinic hydrocarbon structures and pure hydrocarbon compounds. Although, an ability to predict cetane numbers of olefinic fuels and pure hydrocarbons is not of immediate practical importance, from a more fundamental point of view, such a capability may lead to a better understanding of the ignition/fuel structure relationship in diesel engine combustion. The proposed technique is capable of predicting the ignition quality of almost all types of petroleum liquids including pure hydrocarbons
Decontamination of plastic and wooden cutting boards for kitchen use.

Decontamination of Plastic and wooden cutting boards was studied, with a view to preventing cross-contamination of foods in home kitchens. New and used Plastic (four polymers plus hard rubber) and wood (nine hardwoods) boards were cut into 5-cm square blocks (25 cm2 area) for these experiments. Bacterial contaminants-- Escherichia coli (two nonpathogenic strains plus serotype O157:H7), Listeria innocua , L. monocytogenes , or Salmonella typhimurium --applied to the block surface in nutrient broth or chicken juice, were recovered by soaking the surface in nutrient broth or pressing the block onto nutrient agar, within minutes or ≥12 h later. Persistence and overnight multiplication of bacteria on plastic surfaces depended on maintenance of humidity so as to prevent drying of the contaminant. New plastic cutting surfaces were relatively easy to clean and were microbiologically neutral, but plastic boards with extensive knife scars were difficult to clean manually, especially if they had deposits of chicken fat on them. Fewer bacteria were generally recovered from wooden blocks than from plastic blocks. Clean wood blocks rapidly absorbed all of the inoculum, after which the bacteria could not be recovered within 3 to 10 min. If the board surface was coated with chicken fat, some bacteria might be recovered even after 12 h at room temperature and high humidity. Cleaning with hot water and detergent generally removed these bacteria, regardless of bacterial species, wood species, and whether the wood was new or used.
Post-conflict transition and sustainability in Kosovo: establishing primary healthcare-based antenatal care.

Introduction: Kosovo is a post-conflict nation with an extensively damaged infrastructure, a weak primary care base, and poor maternal-child health outcomes. The Kosovo-Dartmouth Alliance for Healthy Newborns (the Alliance) sought to improve maternal and neonatal health in Kosovo by providing family medicine-based antenatal care (ANC). Methods: The ANC Program used a modification of the World Health Organization's four-visit, prenatal care model. The program is based in family medicine and requires minimal medical equipment, such as a blood pressure cuff, fetal doppler, measuring tape, urine dipstick, and charting materials. Patient education and counseling are stressed. Women are taught about danger signs in pregnancy and establishing an emergency plan, so that they can respond promptly if complications occur. Antenatal care doctors and nurses are trained to refer women to obstetricians for deviations from normal pregnancy. The providers are taught using a “Training of Trainers” approach, building on an existing system of family medicine trainers. In order to address challenges in implementation and sustainability, microsystems methodology is used to focus on implementing change and assuring quality improvement through shared decision-making and the study of outcomes. Results: Based on chart reviews and direct observation, ANC providers showed mastery of the components of ANC, including physical examination, recognition and referral of high-risk pregnancies, and patient education. After an initial pilot project, Kosovo's Ministry of Health recommended this program for dissemination throughout the country. During the next year, ANC was implemented at 27 Family Medicine Centers in nine municipalities; 1,671 women were seen for a total of 3,399 visits. Currently, the Alliance's model of ANC is offered in 30% of Kosovo's municipalities. Discussion: International aid projects often lack attention to long-term sustainability. Microsystems training gives participants the tools and framework to implement and sustain change, even after international support is withdrawn. Conclusions: The Alliance's model of family medicine-based ANC is simple to teach and emphasizes sustainability. It may be modified for use in different cultures and healthcare systems and offers the opportunity to improve maternal and infant health by providing low cost antenatal care, available in a woman's own community.
A Simple Derivation of Jordan Canonical Matrices Over Arbitrary Fields

1. In [I ] Cater gave a rather simple derivation of the Jordan canonical form of a matrix representing a linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field. Cater's derivation just missed being elementary in that he made use of factor spaces, a tool not always available in first courses in linear algebra. There is presented below an extension of Cater's method to finite-dimensional vector spaces over arbitrary fields. The procedure is completely elementary. Because the usual derivations of the Jordan canonical form are beyond the scope of many undergraduate courses, the method used here is of interest. Standard results on minimal polynomials, elementary divisors, and invariant factors can be derived easily as corollaries.
Behavior and Nesting Success Relative to Nest Location in Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)

This study is an experimental evaluation of the hypothesis that differences in nest positions within and outside Adelie Penguin colonies influence behavior, egg loss rates, and nest characteristics. "Colony" and "rookery" are used in this report as defined for Adelies by Penney (1968:85): "A colony is a geographically continuous group of breeding birds whose territorial boundaries are contiguous," and a rookery is a "geographical area ... that contains one or more colonies."
Activation of protein kinase C inhibits extraction of serotonin by perfused rat lung in situ.

Pulmonary endothelial extraction (E) of serotonin (5-HT) is decreased after exposure to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in intact (D. Riggs, A. M. Havill, B. R. Pitt, and C. N. Gillis. J. Appl. Phy...
Control System of Hot Flow Pipe Network Based on Configuration Software

By use real bridge configuration software 6.0,built the frame of software,and completed the function,the software package consists of the following parts:graphics configuration software,real-time database system,report form and so on.Having friendly MMI,good flexibility,the whole system is worth to popularize.
Management of the male urethra after cystectomy for bladder cancer.

SUMMARY All patients with locally advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder should undergo thorough precystectomy assessment of the prostatic urothelium for evidence of malignancy. Those with carcinoma or carcinoma in situ should not be considered candidates for orthotopic continent diversion, and urethrectomy should be recommended. Regardless of risk status, all patients with a urethral remnant after cystectomy should have semiannual urethral washings performed for cytologic analysis. Any positive result should be followed by urethrectomy. By identifying and modifying the treatment plan for those patients who are clearly at increased risk of developing a urethral recurrence, it should be possible to reduce the morbidity and anxiety that urethral recurrence can entail. More importantly, the risk of noncompliance in follow-up with disastrous results is reduced, and both the patient and the physician can be assured that the best management for urothelial malignancy has been offered, not simply isolated treatment of the primary bladder carcinoma.
Treatment of arrhythmias with tolamidol.

Tolamidol (UK-6558-01), a beta adrenergic blocking agent with less myocardial depressant effect than propranolol, was given intrauenously to 30 patientl with cardiac arrhythmias. It abolished or greatly reduced digitalis-induced arrhythmias in 5 of 5 patients, the arrhythmias being frequent premature ventricular beats, ventricular tachycardia, frequent premature atrial beats, and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with 2:1 atrioventricular block. Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular rate, paroxysmal atrial flutter, and frequent premature atrial beats, were abolished or improved in many instances. Tolamidol was useful in treating digitalis-induced arrhythmias and supraventriculiar arrhythmias, but was not very effective in treating frequent premature ventricular beats, not digitalis induced.
GaN/AlGaN high electron mobility transistors with f of 110 GHz

The performance of 50 nm gate length GaN/AlGaN HEMTs is reported. The device layers were grown by MBE directly onto an SiC substrate. Devices exhibit a maximum drain current density of 1.2 A/mm, an extrinsic f/sub /spl tau// of 110 GHz and an f/sub max/ of over 140 GHz. The f/sub /spl tau// of 110 GHz is the highest reported to date for a GaN/AlGaN HEMT, a nearly 50% increase over the previous record.
Unfreedom Papers: Trafficking, Refugee Protection, and Expertise after Neo-Abolitionism

Trafficking is not simply a new form of slavery, but rather a complex multivalent and multi-sited process (Anderson and O’Connell Davidson, 2003). This article explores the exit strategies employed by coerced laboring subjects (Fernandez 2014; O’Connell Davidson 2015), to shed light on some of the many “varieties of unfreedom” (O’Neill 2011) in the global labor marketplace. Just as documentation has become indispensable for contemporary global mobility (Bales 1999; de Genova 2003; de Genova and Peutz 2010; Lawrance and Stevens 2017), trafficking survivors also need documentation to protect their newfound liberty. I argue that today trafficking victims deploy “unfreedom papers” as powerful evidentiary counterweights to resist securitized migration policies that would seek to reinstantiate their vulnerability and their potential for further trafficking, and in so doing obviate gradations of trafficking subjecthood created by the politicization of asylum. In the absence of corroborating testimony, trafficking survivors and their advocates engage expert witnesses in order to gain humanitarian protection. “Unfreedom papers”—documentation consisting of diverse records detailing the persistence of coercion and the failures of neo-abolitionist legislation interpreted with the authoritative voice of an expert witness—are now indispensable to trafficking survivors.
Mutational analysis of the MS2 lysis protein L.

Small single-stranded nucleic acid phages effect lysis by expressing a single protein, the amurin, lacking muralytic enzymatic activity. Three amurins have been shown to act like ‘protein antibiotics’ by inhibiting cell-wall biosynthesis. However, the L lysis protein of the canonical ssRNA phage MS2, a 75 aa polypeptide, causes lysis by an unknown mechanism without affecting net peptidoglycan synthesis. To identify residues important for lytic function, randomly mutagenized alleles of L were generated, cloned into an inducible plasmid and the transformants were selected on agar containing the inducer. From a total of 396 clones, 67 were unique single base-pair changes that rendered L non-functional, of which 44 were missense mutants and 23 were nonsense mutants. Most of the non-functional missense alleles that accumulated in levels comparable to the wild-type allele are localized in the C-terminal half of L, clustered in and around an LS dipeptide sequence. The LS motif was used to align L genes from ssRNA phages lacking any sequence similarity to MS2 or to each other. This alignment revealed a conserved domain structure, in terms of charge, hydrophobic character and predicted helical content. None of the missense mutants affected membrane-association of L. Several of the L mutations in the central domains were highly conservative and recessive, suggesting a defect in a heterotypic protein–protein interaction, rather than in direct disruption of the bilayer structure, as had been previously proposed for L.
Higher dietary intake of vitamin D may influence total cholesterol and carbohydrate profile independent of body composition in men with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

Study Design: A case-control design.Objectives: To determine the effects of dietary vitamin D intake on insulin sensitivity (Si), glucose effectiveness (Sg), and lipid profile in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).Methods: 20 male, paraplegic (T3-L1) with chronic (> one year) motor complete SCI (AIS A or B) were recruited. Three-day dietary records were analyzed for dietary vitamin D (calciferol), and participants were assigned to one of two groups, a high vitamin D intake group and a low vitamin D intake group based on the mid-point of vitamin D frequency distribution. Individuals in both groups were matched based on age, weight, time since injury and level of injury. Sg, Si and lipid profiles were measured of the two groups.Results: The high vitamin D group had an average intake of 5.33 ± 4.14 mcg compared to low vitamin D group, 0.74 ± 0.24 mcg. None of the 20 participants met the recommended guidelines for daily vitamin D intake. The higher vitamin D group had a significantly lower (P = 0.035) ...
Measurement of electrons from albedo neutron decay and neutron density in near-Earth space

Electrons derived from cosmic rays become trapped in the radiation belts that surround Earth, but how the electrons are generated has been uncertain; new measurements confirm the involvement of neutron decay. When cosmic rays hit the upper atmosphere, the collisions with atoms create 'albedo neutrons' which subsequently decay to protons and electrons (and electron antineutrinos) with a half-life of about 10 minutes. This is the main source of the protons trapped in Earth's Van Allen radiation belts. In principle, this process could also be the source of the trapped electrons, but it has been difficult to clarify because the electron intensity varies greatly whereas the neutron-decay rate should be fairly constant. Xinlin Li and collaborators report measurements of the electron density near the inner edge of the inner radiation belt and demonstrate that this population of electrons indeed comes from neutron decay. The Galaxy is filled with cosmic-ray particles, mostly protons with kinetic energies greater than hundreds of megaelectronvolts. Around Earth, trapped energetic protons, electrons and other particles circulate at altitudes from about 500 to 40,000 kilometres in the Van Allen radiation belts. Soon after these radiation belts were discovered six decades ago, it was recognized that the main source of inner-belt protons (with kinetic energies of tens to hundreds of megaelectronvolts) is cosmic-ray albedo neutron decay (CRAND)1. In this process, cosmic rays that reach the upper atmosphere interact with neutral atoms to produce albedo neutrons, which, being prone to β-decay, are a possible source of geomagnetically trapped protons and electrons. These protons would retain most of the kinetic energy of the neutrons, while the electrons would have lower energies, mostly less than one megaelectronvolt. The viability of CRAND as an electron source has, however, been uncertain, because measurements have shown that the electron intensity in the inner Van Allen belt can vary greatly, while the neutron-decay rate should be almost constant2,3. Here we report measurements of relativistic electrons near the inner edge of the inner radiation belt. We demonstrate that the main source of these electrons is indeed CRAND, and that this process also contributes to electrons in the inner belt elsewhere. Furthermore, measurement of the intensity of electrons generated by CRAND provides an experimental determination of the neutron density in near-Earth space—2 × 10−9 per cubic centimetre—confirming theoretical estimates4.
Effects of price discount on consumers’ perceptions of savings, quality, and value for apparel products: mediating effect of price discount affect

Extending the price–quality–value model (Monroe and Krishnan in The perception of merchandise and store quality 209–232, 1985) and means-end model (Zeithaml in J Mark 52:2–22, 1988), we developed a conceptual model to investigate the mediating role of price discount affect (feeling aroused by price discounts) in the relationship between price discounts and consumers’ perceptions (perceived savings, quality, and value) and in the relationship between perceived value and purchase intentions in the context of online apparel products. A between-subject experimental design with four levels of price discounts (10, 30, 50, and 70%) was used. Jeans were selected as the product stimulus. Web pages were developed to create a fictional online store and to collect data. A total of 209 usable responses were collected by a research firm in the United States, and structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the data. The results showed that price discount affect played an important mediating role in the relationship between price discounts and consumers’ perceptions. When the direct effect of price discounts on perceived quality was examined, consumers perceived the apparel product with higher discounts as lower quality (i.e., a negative direct relationship). However, when price discount affect served as a mediator, the feelings created by a price discount led to a positive perception of product quality (i.e., a positive indirect relationship). By considering the influence of price discount affect, our model provides a better understanding of the effect of price discounts on consumers’ perceptions of apparel products.
“Que se quede el infinito sin estrellas”: El devenir diva en la performance de Pedro Lemebel

Within the practices of subversion that are promoted in the performance of Pedro Lemebel, a ritualized use of the figuration of some Latin American divas of the middle of the XX century persists. At the time of deconstructing the homophobic discourse of the Chilean civic-military dictatorship, Lemebel traces from her reappropriations not only a becoming woman but a becoming diva, which, among its various dimensions, in-corporates differences of gender, sex, ethnicity, language, claiming a diversity of challenging bodies. The complicity that can be seen with these figurations of the feminine, opens an attractive field of analysis to explore common places and suggestive vanishing points, where they are mobilized as references of old and future irreverence.
Educational Preparation for Clinical Practice: Reflections of Newly Graduated RNs.

Background Preparedness of newly graduated RNs to provide safe, competent patient care is a significant concern because of increasing work demands and complexities in health care systems. Purpose This qualitative study explored the perceptions of newly graduated RNs about how their educational experiences as prelicensure students prepared them to enter the nursing workforce. Methods Face-to-face, semi structured interviews were conducted with 10 RNs who held baccalaureate degrees, were employed in acute care settings, and practiced for 1 to 2 years. Results Analysis of the interview data revealed that nursing education programs did not adequately prepare graduates for their multifaceted roles and responsibilities as RNs. The participants offered recommendations for faculty use in prelicensure nursing programs to better prepare students for successful transition into clinical practice. Conclusions Nursing faculty should implement practice-oriented educational experiences to facilitate students to assume professional roles and responsibilities when they enter the nursing workforce.
Making Data Spatial

This chapter illustrates how geographic information systems (GIS) can complement micro-level survey research data. We provide several examples of the use of spatial technology in surveys, introduce some GIS terminology needed by survey researchers, and discuss issues in linking contextual and survey data using GIS methods. We identify some key barriers to incorporating spatial methods into the design, execution, and analysis of micro-level surveys and suggest approaches to dealing with them effectively. Combining GIS with traditional survey research methods can deepen understanding of phenomena represented by survey data by enlightening the underlying relationships between geographic location and spatial proximity. Such relationships may be uncovered using both visual displays and spatial statistical methods, yielding statistical estimates with increased reliability. More importantly, they yield a better understanding of the research phenomena themselves. This chapter concentrates on GIS as a visualization tool for depicting spatial relationships but includes a short section on recent advances in spatial statistics and their applications.
Discussion on the methods for English translation of traditional Chinese medicine

To discuss the principles, methods and laws for English translation of terminologies in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) basic theories. The author suggested that the word-formation laws of medical English should be explored in referring to the historical experience of medical word-formation by way of retrieving Chinese and foreign literature concerning TCM English translation, and applied in the English translation of TCM terms. The program for English translation of TCM should be multiple method, the principle for word chosen should be concise and chastening, thus to gradually make the English translation of TCM terms standardized.
Stabilization and Control of the International Ultraviolet Explorer Including a Summary of Flight Performance

The paper discusses the International Ultraviolet Explorer Mission sequence, spacecraft equipment, and control laws. Flight data from the precision control modes are presented, to illustrate the performance achieved; the subarc second pointing at sources for 60 min periods is accomplished routinely. Two modes of precision control are available: one is of a bright guide star which is in the vicinity of the target source, so that the guidance mode includes a star tracker for position information and a gyro system for rate damping. When a guide star is not available, precision hold is accomplished solely on a well trimmed gyro reference with low frequency updates from a dim source. The three axis maneuvers, the maneuver angle, and the gyro data used are discussed, concluding that these data used in conjunction with star tracker data provide a good source of information for orbital performance evaluation.
Trends in the "Off-Label" Use of GnRH Agonists Among Pediatric Patients in the United States.

Background. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are FDA approved for the treatment of precocious puberty. The therapy consists of histrelin acetate (Supprelin), a surgically implanted de...
Testing Injustice: Examining the Consequential Validity of edTPA

In this case study, we examine the consequential validity of using edTPA in a social justice-oriented, urban teacher preparation program. According to the developers of edTPA, a primary purpose is ...
Perceived linkages to politicians and group deprivation sentiment

The political reasons for why individuals perceive their group to be deprived are not well understood. This article proposes that individuals who perceive having linkages to political leaders are l...
Bob Dylan at the March on Washington: Prophet of the Bourgeoisie

Bob Dylan’s performance at the 1963 March on Washington is often interpreted as reflective of the same kind of commitment to social justice manifested by other leading participants at the March. Ho...
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BACK PAIN IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY OF 2,001 AMERICAN YOUTH:

Background:Back pain is a common condition that affects millions of Americans each year, including both adult and pediatric populations. To our knowledge, there has been no study that has epidemiol...
Scientific Considerations in the Approval of Complex Generics

A fundamental premise for generic approval is that the generic drug product contains the “same” active pharmaceutical ingredient as the brand name product. The vast majority of generics are traditional “small-molecule” drugs that have a simple chemical structure that is easily characterized. For those cases it is relatively straightforward to demonstrate the active ingredient is the “same” as the brand name. In complex drug substances, the active ingredient is not a traditional single-entity small molecule, but rather a distribution of molecular species. For those cases, there are scientific challenges toward demonstrating the “same” active ingredient. Over the past few years, FDA has approved generic versions of some complex active ingredients, including Lovenox (enoxaparin sodium) injection and Copaxone (glatiramer acetate) injection. Despite the fact these two active ingredients possess a significant level of molecular heterogeneity, an understanding of the origin of this heterogeneity, based upon source material and manufacturing process considerations, provides the basis for a simplified framework to demonstrate active ingredient sameness. This book chapter provides an overview of the common themes used to approve generics of these complex mixtures.
Everyday stress components and physical activity: examining reactivity, recovery and pileup

The experience of naturally-occurring stress in daily life has been linked with lower physical activity levels. However, most of this evidence comes from general and static reports of stress. Less is known how different temporal components of everyday stress interfere with physical activity. In a coordinated secondary analysis of data from two studies of adults, we used intensive, micro-longitudinal assessments (ecological momentary assessments, EMA) to investigate how distinct components of everyday stress, that is, reactivity to stressor events, recovery from stressor events, and pileup of stressor events and responses predict physical activity. Results showed that components of everyday stress predicted subsequent physical activity especially for indicators of stress pileup. In both studies, the accumulation of stress responses over the previous 12 h was more predictive of subsequent physical activity than current stress reactivity or recovery responses. Results are compared to the effects of general measures of perceived stress that showed an opposite pattern of results. The novel everyday stress approach used here may be fruitful for generating new insights into physical activity specifically and health behaviors in general.
Selective removal by laser processing for the sensor mold

In order to achieve the stress free structure of the sensor chip, it is necessary to remove the epoxy molding compound (EMC) around the sensor chip. However, removing the EMC close to the sensor chip may damage the sensor chip, and it adversely affects the sensor characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the processing method that can remove only EMC without damaging the sensor chip. As the processing method, Er:YAG laser is adopted by focusing on the difference of energy absorption rate vs. wavelength between the sensor chip and the EMC. In order to measure the difference of energy absorption rate vs. the laser wavelength, FT-IR was selected Moreover, a laser energy distribution was visualized by a laser beam analysis of a spherical aberration characteristic, and the damaged zone of the sensor chip and the removed zone of the EMC within the laser spot diameter were clarified. With 2940nm wavelength Er:YAG, energy absorption rate of the sensor chip is 12.7% and that of the EMC is 95.5%. From this result, it is estimated that the resin close to the sensor chip can be removed due to high energy absorption rate and the sensor chip is not damaged due to low energy absorption rate. In addition, by visualizing the energy distribution of the laser, the focus position is considered to achieve both the selective removal and a processing time. As a result, selective removal can be achieved by setting the focus position to 0.4 mm out of focus side.
South Sudan’s Civil War: Violence, Insurgency and Failed Peacemaking, by John Young

John Young’s recent book is a remarkable illustration of the difficulties of writing balanced yet topical works of contemporary history. It is a difficulty, which is particularly salient when one d...
Liver epithelial focal adhesion kinase modulates fibrogenesis and hedgehog signaling

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an important mediator of extracellular matrix-integrin mechano-signal transduction that regulates cell motility, survival, and proliferation. As such, FAK is being investigated as a potential therapeutic target for malignant and fibrotic diseases, and numerous clinical trials of FAK inhibitors are underway. The function of FAK in nonmalignant, nonmotile epithelial cells is not well understood. We previously showed that hepatocytes demonstrated activated FAK near stiff collagen tracts in fibrotic livers. In this study, we examined the role of liver epithelial FAK by inducing fibrotic liver disease in mice with liver epithelial FAK deficiency. We found that mice that lacked FAK in liver epithelial cells developed more severe liver injury and worse fibrosis as compared with controls. Increased fibrosis in liver epithelial FAK-deficient mice was linked to the activation of several profibrotic pathways, including the hedgehog/smoothened pathway. FAK-deficient hepatocytes produced increased Indian hedgehog in a manner dependent on matrix stiffness. Furthermore, expression of the hedgehog receptor, smoothened, was increased in macrophages and biliary cells of hepatocyte-specific FAK-deficient fibrotic livers. These results indicate that liver epithelial FAK has important regulatory roles in the response to liver injury and progression of fibrosis.
Towards Designing Out Helplessness: AI Interventions for Videogame Learnability

I research how we can utilize artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to make videogames more effective teachers of their own internal complexities. I focus on exploring how we can design more graceful tutorials by finding inspiration from the learning sciences and inclusive design domains. Towards this end I study theories of failure in videogames, build tools that emphasize best learning practices and develop AI systems that improve videogame learnability.
Poor Medication Adherence in African Americans Is a Matter of Trust

The purpose of this paper was to explore the lack of medication adherence in the African American patient community. The paper will address myths that many African American patients believe related to type 2 diabetes, hypertension treatment, and natural remedies. Research has shown that the disparities in the acceptance of healthcare provider advice and prescriptions are a significant concern particularly in African American patients. The acceptance of a provider's diagnosis and subsequent intervention can vary based on several issues including healthcare access, patient preferences, trust of a provider, and treatment recommendations. Patient influences can range from their ability to trust the provider (and what he/she says) to following through with their advice. Several studies have looked at the beliefs and misconceptions some African Americans hold regarding the treatment of hypertension and diabetes with some showing a preference for "natural remedies." This paper will leverage a literature review to seek out myths from African American patients to understand why they are dealing with challenges related to adherence with medication. The searches identified 58 research papers. The study applied an inductive content analysis approach to assess the research papers and identify themes. The barriers identified in this study include disbelief of the diagnosis, distrust for medication, mistrust for physicians and healthcare system, belief in alternative medicine, cultural/generation norms, and access/affordability of care. One of the most prominent factors that crossed all barriers was medical mistrust.
Reply to letter to the editor: do complication rates differ by gender after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty? A systematic review.

W e would like to Thank Dr. Amstutz and Mr. Le Duff for their comments regarding our systematic review evaluating gender differences in metal-on-metal (MoM) hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA). The authors have published a number of articles in the realm of hip replacement, and in particular HRA, which have shaped the field, and thus we truly appreciate their input. As it was highlighted in a recent CORR editorial [6], there has been a relative lack of reporting of genderspecific outcomes in orthopaedic research. This subsequently led to a number of recommendations, including the importance of reporting data stratified by gender. We collectively agree with this stance, and feel strongly about the transparency of data, including data regarding gender, that are reported in the scientific studies. However, the intention of our paper was not to specifically look at the causative effect of gender on HRA outcomes. Rather, we aimed to survey what has been published and present a summary of the highest level of evidence available on gender differences in HRA outcomes. Systematic reviews are inherently limited by the available data. In our particular case, our analysis could not include a number of factors including the component design and sizes utilized, component positioning, or underlying diagnosis (such as dysplasia versus osteoarthritis) to name a few. As our limitations section stated, ‘‘Although our data have demonstrated higher rates of complications in women after MoM HRA, the cause of this finding remains elusive; unfortunately, a causative relationship cannot be explored with the data available.’’ However, as Dr. Amstutz has indicated in his thoughtful letter to the editor, a number of factors have been implicated in the etiology of failure of HRA that are related, but not directly tied, to gender. As we stated in our manuscript, ‘‘Suggested causes for higher rates of failure in women have included an increased incidence of metal allergy in women, gender differences in (Haughom BD, Erickson BJ, Hellman MD, Jacobs JJ. Do Complication Rates Differ by Gender After Metal-on-metal Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty? A Systematic Review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473:2521–2529). The authors certify that they, or any members of their immediate families, have no commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/ licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR or The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. B. D. Haughom MD, B. J. Erickson MD, M. D. Hellman MD, J. J. Jacobs MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
Revisiting The Averaged Problem in The Case of Mean-Motion Resonances of The Restricted Three-Body Problem. Global Rigorous Treatment and Application To The Co-Orbital Motion.

A classical approach to the restricted three-body problem is to analyze the dynamics of the massless body in the synodic reference frame. A different approach is represented by the perturbative treatment: in particular the averaged problem of a mean-motion resonance allows to investigate the long-term behavior of the solutions through a suitable approximation that focuses on a particular region of the phase space. In this paper, we intend to bridge a gap between the two approaches in the specific case of mean-motion resonant dynamics, establish the limit of validity of the averaged problem, and take advantage of its results in order to compute trajectories in the synodic reference frame. After the description of each approach, we develop a rigorous treatment of the averaging process, estimate the size of the transformation and prove that the averaged problem is a suitable approximation of the restricted three-body problem as long as the solutions are located outside the Hill's sphere of the secondary. In such a case, a rigorous theorem of stability over finite but large timescales can be proven. We establish that a solution of the averaged problem provides an accurate approximation of the trajectories on the synodic reference frame within a finite time that depend on the minimal distance to the Hill's sphere of the secondary. The last part of this work is devoted to the co-orbital motion (i.e., the dynamics in 1:1 mean-motion resonance) in the circular-planar case. In this case, an interpretation of the solutions of the averaged problem in the synodic reference frame is detailed and a method that allows to compute co-orbital trajectories is displayed.
Improving SeaSonde radial velocity accuracy and variance using radial metrics

The surface current observations made by HF radar systems are increasingly being relied on to support decision-making by coastal ocean users and managers. Thus, the need for high quality data with defined error characteristics has never been higher. Building on previous efforts, this paper examines the use of ‘radial metrics’, the ancillary output of the direction finding algorithm used by the SeaSonde radar system, to improve both accuracy and error characterization. The radial metrics provide non-velocity based parameters that can be used to eliminate low-quality data and or weight the contribution of individual returns on the resulting spatially averaged radial velocity. While their effects on the data are different, both thresholding and weighted averaging based on the metrics are shown here to significantly increase the accuracy and reduce the error of the resulting velocity estimates. Thus, we suggest that operators should take advantage of these advancements to improve the accuracy of existing systems.
The Role of the Oceans in Climatic Change: A Theory of the Ice Ages

Changes in the surface salinity distribution in the World Ocean, by changing the extent of sea ice in the North Atlantic and Antarctic, can lead to climatic change. By reducing the water vapor flux across Central America, the salinity of the North Atlantic is reduced. If this change persists over a sufficient length of time, a glacial climate could be initiated. An examination of the “Little Ice Age” tends to confirm this hypothesis. A return to an interglacial climate may be the result of overextension of glaciers followed by stagnation of the bottom water. Stagnation is terminated by geothermal heating at the ocean floor, followed by vertical mixing of the warmed, saltier water into the subarctic gyre of the North Atlantic. This, in turn, results in a reduction of sea ice and in climatic warming.