cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Supernumerary Chromosomes on Production of Pigment in Haplopappus gracilis

One of the two types of supernumerary chromosomes found in Haplopappus gracilis effects pigment production in the achene walls. When one, two, and four supernumerary chromosomes were added to the basic complement, a corresponding increase in the amount of one type of pigment was found to occur. No overlapping of the effects on pigment production was observed among different numbers of supernumeraries or between the supernumeraries and normal chromosome complement.
Using the Improvement-Focused Model to Evaluate an Online Teacher Education Program

The purpose of this evaluation was to determine the effectiveness of an online reading teacher and literacy instructor training program. A mixed-method research design was used in conjunction with the improvement-focused model of program evaluation to help the researcher identify strengths and weaknesses of the program. Overall, data showed the program was effectively preparing teachers to become literacy instructors and beginning reading specialists though literacy instructors felt more prepared. Results also showed that addressing the program objectives was not all teachers needed to feel confident in their teaching positions. Teachers identified four key areas where more information was needed. Additional key findings pertain to the needs of learners in the online environment.
Ethanol-induced tolerance to heat and to adriamycin

HEAT can induce a transient state of thermal tolerance so that mammalian cells surviving one exposure to hyperthermia are much more resistant to a subsequent heat exposure1,2. Studies of the combined and sequential cytotoxic effects of hyperthermia and adriamycin (ADM) show that cells exposed to heat could then also develop considerable resistance to ADM3. The most reasonable explanation for the latter finding is that prolonged heat exposure modifies the cell membrane permeability to ADM. No precise mechanisms were postulated as being responsible for either type of tolerance. We report here that ethanol induces tolerance to heat and also tolerance to ADM. The qualitative patterns of cellular survival closely resemble those induced by heat exposure. These results reinforce the hypothesis that one of the prime targets of inactivation of mammalian cells by heat is the cellular membrane.
Kinetic and Modeling Investigationon on Two-Stage Reverse-Flow Reactoras Applied to Dilute-Acid Pretreatment of Agricultural Residues

The kinetics of dilute-acid pretreatment/hydrolysis of the hemicellulose in a mixture of corn cobs and corn stover was investigated. The kinetic data confirmed that the hemicellulose in this feedstock is of a biphasic nature. The kinetic model recognizes the presence of soluble xylose oligomers, xylose monomer, and the decomposition of xylose. The kinetic parameters were determined over the conditions of 120-150°C, and sulfuric acid concentration of 0.44–1.90%.
The Domestic Politics of International Religious Defamation

From 2005 to 2010, the Organization for Islamic Cooperation attempted to ban the defamation of religion internationally through a series of United Nations resolutions. Although many opposed the resolutions for their potential effects on political rights, numerous non-Muslim states supported them. What explains the dynamic of this support, especially the resolutions' religious nature and significant non-Muslim backing? I argue that non-democratic states that restrict religion have an incentive to take action on contentious international issues — such as the religious defamation resolutions — to gain support from religious groups and justify their restrictive policies, even though Muslim religious defamation concerns and developing country solidarity also contributed to support. I demonstrate this through a mixed-method study, with a quantitative analysis of states' votes on the resolutions and case studies of Belarus and Pakistan. The article contributes to the study of religion and politics, as well as studies on the dynamics of United Nations voting.
Isolation and nucleotide sequence of rat Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase cDNA clones.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD: EC 1.15.1.1) catalyzes the dismutation of oxygen radicals and is thought to protect cells against free radical damage. We have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones of the rat Cu/Zn SOD, and have used these clones to map the rat genomic sequences coding for this enzyme. Rat Cu/Zn SOD is coded for by a single copy gene which is transcribed into an mRNA species of approximately 800 bases. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of rat and human SOD cDNAs shows that they are homologous over 83% of the coding sequences and that in the 3′-untranslated region the extent of homology drops to 66%. The predicted rat SOD amino acid sequence is very similar to that of other eukaryotic SODs, showing 70% homology with the SODs of other mammals. Sequence conservation is particularly high in domains believed to be of functional importance.
Multiple immunological abnormalities in patients with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.

Revue sur les nombreuses anomalies immunologiques rencontrees dans la diabete de type I: certaines sont transitoires, la plupart pourraient etre liees a l'insuffisance en insuline ou a sa regulation defectueuse. Discussion sur la chronologie des evenements (role des cellules effectrices ou des cellules cibles)
High-intensity sources of hard X-rays and MeV y-photons: feasibility, new physics, applications

Recent theoretical and experimental study of plasma driven by high-intensity ultrafast lasers have demonstrated generation of substantial amounts of relativistic electrons with energies in MeV range, see e.g. [1,2].
Medical and dermatology dictionaries: An examination of unstructured definitions and a proposal for the future

Abstract Medical dictionaries serve to describe and clarify the term set used by medical professionals. In this commentary, we analyze a representative set of skin disease definitions from 2 prominent medical dictionaries, Stedman's Medical Dictionary and Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary . We find that there is an apparent lack of stylistic standards with regard to content and form. We advocate a new standard form for the definition of medical terminology, a standard to complement the easy-to-read yet unstructured style of the traditional dictionary entry. This new form offers a reproducible structure, paving the way for the development of a computer readable "dictionary" of medical terminology. Such a dictionary offers immediate update capability and a fundamental improvement in the ability to search for relationships between terms.
The Conversion of Ruth in Targum Ruth

Abstract In the book of Ruth there is no doubt that the title character is a central figure. Targum Ruth re-presents her as the Rabbinic proselyte par excellence. This is accomplished primarily through additions to 1:16–7. But Ruth’s status as the ideal convert is also confirmed thorough Boaz’s announcement that she would be “saved from the judgment of Gehenna so that [her] portion may be with Sarah and Rebekah and Rachel and Leah” (TgRuth 2:12) and that she is “a righteous woman and there is in [her] strength to bear the yoke of the commandments of the LORD” (TgRuth 3:11). Examining these and other changes to the biblical text introduced by the Targumist, this article demonstrates how, in the Targum, Ruth becomes not just an admirable woman who acts out of kindness to her mother-in-law but is truly the Rabbinic exemplar for all converts.
DNMT1 maintains progenitor function in self-renewing somatic tissue

Progenitor cells maintain self-renewing tissues throughout life by sustaining their capacity for proliferation while suppressing cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation. DNA methylation provides a potential epigenetic mechanism for the cellular memory needed to preserve the somatic progenitor state through repeated cell divisions. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) maintains DNA methylation patterns after cellular replication. Although dispensable for embryonic stem cell maintenance, the role for DNMT1 in maintaining the progenitor state in constantly replenished somatic tissues, such as mammalian epidermis, is unclear. Here we show that DNMT1 is essential for epidermal progenitor cell function. DNMT1 protein was found enriched in undifferentiated cells, where it was required to retain proliferative stamina and suppress differentiation. In tissue, DNMT1 depletion led to exit from the progenitor cell compartment, premature differentiation and eventual tissue loss. Genome-wide analysis showed that a significant portion of epidermal differentiation gene promoters were methylated in self-renewing conditions but were subsequently demethylated during differentiation. Furthermore, UHRF1 (refs 9, 10), a component of the DNA methylation machinery that targets DNMT1 to hemi-methylated DNA, is also necessary to suppress premature differentiation and sustain proliferation. In contrast, Gadd45A and B, which promote active DNA demethylation, are required for full epidermal differentiation gene induction. These data demonstrate that proteins involved in the dynamic regulation of DNA methylation patterns are required for progenitor maintenance and self-renewal in mammalian somatic tissue.
A New Direction in Low-Back Pain Research

This article suggests reasons for the difficulty in understanding and preventing low-back pain (LBP), provides a framework for understanding the causes of reported LBP, and highlights an important new direction in research that could accelerate progress in reducing LBP. Fundamental to understanding LBP is the recognition that it is a symptom not an underlying condition. Worker reports of LBP depend not only on the extent and nature of underlying injury but also the worker's perceptions and the likelihood of reporting the symptoms. Each of these factors, in turn, depends on a number of other proximal and distal factors. Identifying the root causes of underlying injury is essential to improving prevention programs. Yet, many of the methods used to study LBP and its causes have serious shortcomings, adding to the confusion over appropriate preventive strategies. An important gap in LBP research has been the factors influencing preventive behaviors for both workers and managers. If workers or managers attribu...
Gastrointestinal bleeding in the elderly

Gastrointestinal bleeding affects a substantial number of elderly people and is a frequent indication for hospitalization. Bleeding can originate from either the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract, and patients with gastrointestinal bleeding present with a range of symptoms. In the elderly, the nature, severity, and outcome of bleeding are influenced by the presence of medical comorbidities and the use of antiplatelet medication. This Review discusses trends in the epidemiology and outcome of gastrointestinal bleeding in elderly patients. Specific causes of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding are discussed, and recommendations for approaches to endoscopic diagnosis and therapy are given.
Nimodipine neuroprotection in cardiac valve replacement: report of an early terminated trial.

Background We conducted a double-blind, randomized clinical trial in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement to determine whether nimodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, reduced the risk of new neurological, neuro-ophthalmologic, or neuropsychological deficits—common complications associated with cardiac surgery—1 week after surgery. Methods and Results Enrollment for a total of 400 patients started in May 1992 and was stopped in September 1994, with 150 patients randomized to the study. Nimodipine was given to the patients during the perioperative period. Patients underwent examinations before surgery and at approximately 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after surgery. Major adverse events, including deaths and strokes, were monitored monthly. The trial was terminated early because of both an unexpected disparity in death rates between groups and a lack of evidence of a beneficial effect of nimodipine. New deficits were observed in 72% of the placebo group versus 77% of the nimodipine group ...
A simple approach to providing a more consistent Arctic sea ice extent time series from the 1950s to present

Abstract. Observations from passive microwave satellite sensors have provided a continuous and consistent record of sea ice extent since late 1978. Earlier records, compiled from ice charts and other sources exist, but are not consistent with the satellite record. Here, a method is presented to adjust a compilation of pre-satellite sources to remove discontinuities between the two periods and create a more consistent combined 59-yr time series spanning 1953–2011. This adjusted combined time series shows more realistic behavior across the transition between the two individual time series and thus provides higher confidence in trend estimates from 1953 through 2011. The long-term time series is used to calculate linear trend estimates and compare them with trend estimates from the satellite period. The results indicate that trends through the 1960s were largely positive (though not statistically significant) and then turned negative by the mid-1970s and have been consistently negative since, reaching statistical significance (at the 95% confidence level) by the late 1980s. The trend for September (when Arctic extent reaches its seasonal minimum) for the satellite period, 1979–2011 is −12.9% decade−1, nearly double the 1953–2011 trend of −6.8% decade−1 (percent relative to the 1981–2010 mean). The recent decade (2002–2011) stands out as a period of persistent decline in ice extent. The combined 59-yr time series puts the strong observed decline in the Arctic sea ice cover during 1979–2011 in a longer-term context and provides a useful resource for comparisons with historical model estimates.
Media for Detecting Pectolytic Gram-Negative Bacteria Associated with the Softening of Cucumbers, Olives, and Other Plant Tissuesa

SUMMARY The limitations of cosine methylene blue or basic fuchsin polypectate gels prompted further investigations to develop a selective pectate gel that could be used to enumerate or isolate gram-negative pectolytic bacteria even when they composed a minor portion of the microbial population. Crystal violet and brilliant green with bile proved the most effective of several selective agents studied. Of the two, crystal violet was much less inhibitory. Actidione, 10 mg per L added after sterilization, is helpful in the control of growth of molds and yeasts on this medium. The crystal violet medium has a productivity comparable to that of standard plate-count agar when pure cultures are used. It was successfully used to enumerate known populations of pectolytic gram-negative bacteria among mixed populations of other nonpectolytic gram-negative and -positive bacteria. It is also being used routinely for enumeration and isolation of pectolytic gram-negative bacteria from natural sources. Thus far, pectolytic bacteria belonging to 5 genera, including Aerobacter, Escherichia, Paracolobactrum, Aeromonas, and Achromobacter, have been isolated by use of the crystal violet gel.
Scratching Behavior and Fos Expression in Superficial Dorsal Horn Elicited by Protease-Activated Receptor Agonists and Other Itch Mediators in Mice

Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 and PAR-4 are implicated in nonhistaminergic itch. We investigated dose dependence, tachyphylaxis, and cross-tachyphylaxis of itch-associated scratching elicited by intradermal injections of PAR-2 and PAR-4 agonists, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and histamine in ICR mice, as well as μ-opioid modulation of PAR-2 agonist-evoked scratching. Each agent elicited dose-related increases in scratch bouts. Scratching elicited by the PAR-4 agonist and histamine both exhibited significant tachyphylaxis but no cross-tachyphylaxis with each other. Scratching evoked by 5-HT did not exhibit significant tachyphylaxis but did exhibit significant cross-tachyphylaxis to scratching evoked by the PAR-2 and PAR-4 agonists and histamine. Naltrexone and high-dose morphine (10 mg/kg) attenuated PAR-2 agonist-evoked scratching, whereas lower dose morphine (1 mg/kg) had no effect. High-dose morphine also significantly increased circling behavior, which may have interfered with scratching. The PAR-2 agonist and 5-HT produced overlapping distributions of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the superficial dorsal horn. These results indicate that PAR-2 and PAR-4 agonists, histamine, and 5-HT elicit itch-related scratching and activate superficial dorsal horn neurons that may participate in scratch reflex and ascending itch signaling pathways.
Freedom and God: The Meeting of East and West

Speaking for the theology of the East, Masao Abe says: ‘I do not see the ontological ground on which (in the West) being has priority over non-being’. Professor Abe is speaking of Tillich's assertion (in The Courage To Be, p. 34, 40) that there is an ‘ontological priority of being over nonbeing’, but Abe's question is more or less directed to the whole Western metaphysical tradition and illustrates the fundamental philosophical point at issue between the East and West. Nonbeing can be ruled out of consideration as Parmenides and Wittgenstein have done (what cannot be said clearly should not be spoken about). Or, like Plato and Tillich, being can be said to embrace both itself and nonbeing, even if this is not explained in detail very clearly. Yet the challenge of the East still stands: What embraces both being and nonbeing may not be ‘Being’ but ‘that which is neither being nor non-being’. If the East and the West are to meet metaphysically, we can no longer simply assume the priority of being over nonbeing. We must begin by considering the alternative of the East and then justify any choice between competing first principles by prior metaphysical argument.
Immunohistochemical characterization of subtypes of male breast carcinoma

Introduction Male breast cancer accounts for around 1% of all breast cancer cases but the incidence has risen in recent years. This study aimed to classify the molecular subtypes of male breast cancers based on the expression profile of immunomarkers and to evaluate their association with clinicopathological features and expression patterns of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB).
Concepts of Illness in Icelandic Children

Objective: To investigate the development of illness concepts among healthy Icelandic children. Methods: Participants were 68 schoolchildren, 6-7, 10-11, and 14-15 years of age, and their parents. Cognitive developmental level and understanding of physical illness were assessed within a Piagetian framework. In addition, illness experience and illness behaviors (Child Illness Behavior Questionnaire) were assessed. Results: Results were consistent with previous studies in that the development of illness concepts among Icelandic children was consistent with Piaget's theory of cognitive development. No relation was found between illness experience and understanding of illness. A more mature understanding of illness was related to willingness to report the onset of illness. Conclusions: The results suggest that findings from previous studies may be generalized to a broader population.
Incorporating prior information when true priors are unknown: An Information-Theoretic approach for increasing efficiency in estimation

We develop a new way to incorporate prior information within an Information-Theoretic (IT) estimation framework. The estimator considers many potential priors and uses a simple statistic to choose the optimal solution. Our method outperforms its competitors for all finite data.
The surfaces and interiors of Saturn's satellites

The photometric and bulk parameters of the known and suspected satellites of Saturn are presented in updated tables and are compared. The surface compositions of all the satellites are discussed in terms of modern photometry and spectroscopy; most, if not all, of the inner bodies have water frost surfaces, but the outer three satellites have surfaces of unknown composition. The few reliable mass values of some inner satellites, together with the best current values for the satellite radii, suggest mean densities representative of bulk compositions dominated by frozen volatiles, though Titan may have a substantial volume fraction of silicates. The special case of Iapetus is considered in the light of new studies of its two distinct faces and polar cap.
Prospective evaluation of the sonographic murphy sign in suspected acute cholecystitis

The sonographic Murphy sign, the presence of maximal tenderness elicited over a sonographically localized gallbladder, has been considered useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. We prospectively evaluated this sign in 427 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of acute cholecystitis. The overall accuracy of the sonographic Murphy sign in the 219 patients with sufficient confirmation to be included in the statistical analysis was 87.2%. Sensitivity was 63% and specificity was 93.6%. The predictive value of a positive sign was 72.5%, while the predictive value of a negative sign was 90.5%. The sonographic Murphy sign is a useful, albeit imperfect, adjunct in the assessment of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis.
Hume's Conception of Proper Reflection

The concept of reflection plays an equivocal role in the Treatise . It is identified as both the key to the formation of more accurate beliefs and the means to the destruction of belief altogether. I attempt to resolve this apparent paradox by showing that there are two distinct kinds of reflection in Book 1: legitimate, or “proper,” reflection and illegitimate reflection. Despite evidence to the contrary—including Hume’s own claim that he cannot establish that excessive reflections (one variant of illegitimate reflection) should not affect our beliefs—I argue that Hume can justifiably draw a distinction between proper and illegitimate reflection based on epistemological grounds available to him that he does not recognize.
Protection of innate immunity by C5aR antagonist in septic mice

Innate immune functions are known to be compromised during sepsis, often with lethal consequences. There is also evidence in rats that sepsis is associated with excessive complement activation and generation of the potent anaphylatoxin C5a. In the presence of a cyclic peptide antagonist (C5aRa) to the C5a receptor (C5aR), the binding of murine 125I-C5a to murine neutrophils was reduced, the in vitro chemotactic responses of mouse neutrophils to mouse C5a were markedly diminished, the acquired defect in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production of C5a-exposed neutrophils was reversed, and the lung permeability index (extravascular leakage of albumin) in mice after intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes was markedly diminished. Mice that developed sepsis after cecal ligation/puncture (CLP) and were treated with C5aRa had greatly improved survival rates. These data suggest that C5aRa interferes with neutrophil responses to C5a, preventing C5a-induced compromise of innate immunity during sepsis, with greatly improved survival rates after CLP.
Sex, ethnicity, and antipsychotic medication use in patients with psychosis

Previous studies suggested that African American patients with psychotic disorders receive higher doses of antipsychotic medication than white patients, are more likely to receive depot antipsychotics, and are less likely to be prescribed second-generation antipsychotics. African-American men in particular may be most likely to receive excessive doses of antipsychotics and depot antipsychotics, although this is less clear. Few studies have examined how sex and ethnicity interactions affect treatment of psychotic disorders. In this study, we examined whether the interaction of sex and ethnicity predicted the use of depot antipsychotics and the dosing of antipsychotics in a sample of inpatients with psychotic disorders. The inpatient records of 167 patients with psychotic disorders were evaluated for type and dose of medication at discharge. African-American men received depot antipsychotic medication more frequently than African-American women and white patients. This difference persisted after controlling for sociodemographic and clinical variables. African-American men and women with psychotic mood disorders were also more likely to be discharged on high antipsychotic doses compared with white patients. There were no ethnic or sex differences in the dosing of antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. There were also no ethnic or sex differences in the use of second-generation antipsychotics.
Use of serum immune complexes in a new test that accurately confirms early Lyme disease and active infection with Borrelia burgdorferi.

The present recommendation for serologic confirmation of Lyme disease (LD) calls for immunoblotting in support of positive or equivocal ELISA. Borrelia burgdorferi releases large quantities of proteins, suggesting that specific antibodies in serum might be trapped in immune complexes (ICs), rendering the antibodies undetectable by standard assays using unmodified serum. Production of ICs requires ongoing antigen production, so persistence of IC might be a marker of ongoing or persisting infection. We developed an immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture assay (EMIBA) measuring IC-derived IgM antibodies and tested it using three well-defined LD populations (from an academic LD referral center, a well-described Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) serum bank, and a group of erythema migrans patients from whose skin lesions B. burgdorferi was grown) and controls (non-Lyme arthritis inflammatory joint disease, syphilis, multiple sclerosis, and nondisease subjects from a region where LD is endemic, perhaps the most relevant comparison group of all). Previous studies demonstrated that specific antigen-antibody complexes in the sera of patients with LD could be precipitated by polyethylene glycol and could then be disrupted with maintenance of the immunoreactivity of the released antibodies, that specific anti-B. burgdorferi IgM was concentrated in ICs, and that occasionally IgM to specific B. burgdorferi antigens was found in the IC but not in unprocessed serum. EMIBA compared favorably with commercial and CDC flagellin-enhanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and other assays in confirming the diagnosis of LD. EMIBA confirmed early B. burgdorferi infection more accurately than the comparator assays. In addition, EMIBA more accurately differentiated seropositivity in patients with active ongoing infection from seroreactivity persisting long after clinically successful antibiotic therapy; i.e., EMIBA identified seroreactivity indicating a clinical circumstance requiring antibiotic therapy. Thus, EMIBA is a promising new assay for accurate serologic confirmation of early and/or active LD.
Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen

Abstract Acetaminophen is a mild analgesic and antipyretic agent that is safe and effective when taken in therapeutic doses. Ingestion of overdoses, however, may lead to acute liver failure accompanied by centrilobular degeneration and necrosis. Although the toxicity of acetaminophen is generally thought to be caused by direct interaction of its reactive metabolites with cellular macromolecules, recent studies have suggested that nonparenchymal cells also may contribute to tissue injury indirectly through the release of cytotoxic mediators. We analyzed the potential role of hepatic macrophages in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by examining the effects of modulating the activity of these cells on tissue injury. Treatment of male Long Evans Hooded rats with acetaminophen (800 mg/kg) was found to induce extensive centrilobular hepatic necrosis. Pretreatment of the rats with either dextran sulfate or gadolinium chloride, two inhibitors of hepatic macrophage functioning, completely blocked hepatic necrosis, as well as increases in serum transaminase levels induced by acetaminophen. Interestingly, treatment of rats with the macrophage activator, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also reduced tissue injury induced by acetaminophen. To exclude the possibility that the effects of gadolinium chloride, dextran sulfate, or LPS were due to alterations in acetaminophen metabolism, we analyzed the effects of these agents on various pharmacokinetic properties of this analgesic. Dextran sulfate and gadolinium chloride had no effect on the half-life of a low dose of acetaminophen (20 mg/ kg), or on the activity of any of its individual pathways of metabolism, including the formation of acetaminophenmercapturic acid. LPS treatment of rats caused a general depression of acetaminophen metabolism involving all of the known pathways of metabolic clearance, resulting in a decrease in the blood half-life of the drug. However, the fraction of the dose converted to the toxic metabolite (NAPQI) was not different from that ob served in rats given acetaminophen alone. Collectively, these data indicate that the protection afforded the animals by pretreatment with macrophage modulators was not due to suppression of the formation of NAPQI and hence support the hypothesis that macrophages may contribute directly to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by an independent mechanism.
Global cellular response to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis

How cancer cells globally struggle with a chemotherapeutic insult before succumbing to apoptosis is largely unknown. Here we use an integrated systems-level examination of transcription, translation, and proteolysis to understand these events central to cancer treatment. As a model we study myeloma cells exposed to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, a first-line therapy. Despite robust transcriptional changes, unbiased quantitative proteomics detects production of only a few critical anti-apoptotic proteins against a background of general translation inhibition. Simultaneous ribosome profiling further reveals potential translational regulation of stress response genes. Once the apoptotic machinery is engaged, degradation by caspases is largely independent of upstream bortezomib effects. Moreover, previously uncharacterized non-caspase proteolytic events also participate in cellular deconstruction. Our systems-level data also support co-targeting the anti-apoptotic regulator HSF1 to promote cell death by bortezomib. This integrated approach offers unique, in-depth insight into apoptotic dynamics that may prove important to preclinical evaluation of any anti-cancer compound. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01236.001.
Optimizing CASCADE data aggregation for VANETs

We present an analysis of the CASCADE (cluster-based accurate syntactic compression of aggregated data in VANETs) data aggregation technique. CASCADE organizes known vehicles into clusters, the size of which determines both the frame size used to distribute aggregated data and the distance ahead that vehicles are aware of (local view). In this paper, we determine the optimal cluster size to balance the trade-off between local view length and expected frame size.
Relationships Among Private Speech and Creativity in Head Start and Low—Socioeconomic Status Preschool Children

The purpose of this study was to explore Vygotsky's notion of private speech as a cognitive self-regulatory process and how it related to creativity measures among at-risk children. Thirty-two Head Start and state-funded Pre-K children completed the Torrance creativity test Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement (TCAM). The children's private speech was collected in an open play context and while children completed structured logical-mathematical activities. Results revealed that both originality and fluency creativity were related to self-direction private speech and grand total private speech. Findings support that cognitive self-regulating private speech may be related to creative thinking and that private speech may offer a method for assessing early creative thinking in children from various cultural and economic backgrounds.
On the Internal Inconsistency of the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model

We study the information structure implied by models in which the asset price is always risky and there are no arbitrage opportunities. Using the martingale representation of Harrison and Kreps (1979), a claim takes its value from the stream of discounted expected payments. Equivalently, a pricing-kernel is sufficient to value the payment stream. If a price process is always risky, then either the payment or the discount factor must also be continually risky. This observation substantially complicates the valuation of contingent claims. Many classical option pricing formulas abstract from both risky dividends and risky discount rates. In order to value contingent claims, one of the assumptions must be abandoned.
The AAHE Scholar Award: Profile of the First Decade

(1987). The AAHE Scholar Award: Profile of the First Decade. Health Education: Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 29-30.
Interwoven Statesmanship and Sports Fandom: World Cup Consumption Antecedents Through Joint Lenses of Nationalism and Fanship

Social identification–based theories (fan identification and nationalism) were used to delineate whether degrees of sports fandom and/or national identity are significant predictors for television ...
Management of intracranial hypertension

Intracranial hypertension is the final common denominator of morbidity and mortality for diverse neurologic problems, and its proper treatment requires the heuristic application of the available therapeutic alternatives when the clinical situation and patient's prognosis warrants treatment. The initial therapeutic focus for ICP reduction should be control of factors that may aggravate intracranial hypertension such as inappropriate head and body position, elevated body temperature, pain, noxious stimuli, elevated airway pressure, elevated blood pressure, seizures, and hypotonic intravenous fluids. The appropriate conventional therapies (e.g., hyperventilation, osmotic agents, sedatives, barbiturates, and cerebrospinal fluid removal) should be selected based on the details of each individual case. Surgical removal of intracranial mass lesions may be indicated in some circumstances, particularly for intractable intracranial hypertension and progressive, severe brain tissue shifts.
Investment Banking and Security Speculation in the Late 1920's*

The stock market boom and bust of the late 1920's has been closely associated by scholars and public alike with the great changes in American life that followed closely thereafter. Actually, the interrelationship is far from clear, and a better understanding of the capital market is needed. Historical evidence points to the absence of effective market regulation and to the violation of accepted norms of monetary policy, but the only clear-cut causal connection between levels of economic activity and the stock boom lies in the effect of security inflation on the psychological climate of the business community.
Characterization of Precipitates Decorating Stacking Faults in Single Crystal Silicon

Oxidation of silicon wafers containing lattice damage at the surface normally results in the formation of extrinsic stacking faults. Optical microscope investigation following decorative etching shows that on certain samples the faults have a straight line appearance while on others the ends of the defect are much enlarged giving a “dog-bone” shape. TEM investigation confirmed that the dog-bone shaped faults were decorated with colonies of precipitates near their edges. These colonies resided on the (111) fault planes and extended over several thousand angstroms. Precipitate spots were not found in the diffraction pattern due to the small volume fraction, but translational Moire fringes were observed for certain matrix g-vectors, thus aiding in the crystallographic analysis. EDX analysis was also performed and revealed that precipitates were due to Cu and Ni contamination. The electrical impact of the defects on P-N junction was measured, showing a strong influence on both reverse and forward bias current/voltage characteristics.
Study on optimum spacing of TBM disc cutters

In order to obtain the optimum cutting parameters for the tunnel boring machine(TBM) disc cutters and improve the efficiency of rock breaking,the rock fragmentation mechanism was analyzed based on the fracture mechanics of rock,and a three-dimensional(3D) numerical model was used to simulate the rock fragmentation process.Based on the damage constitutive models of rock fragmentation in which the combined action of rolling and thrust force of disc cutters take effect,the optimal spacing of disc cutters was researched,and the optimal cutting parameters for different rock models were given,and last,the linear cutting machining(LCM) test was done to validate the simulation result.The results indicate that this numerical simulation could not only reflect the rock fragmentation mechanism of disc cutters,but also determine the optimum parameter of TBM disc cutters,as well as assessing the performance of TBM.
Endocrine consequences of prolonged ovarian hyperstimulation: hyperprolactinemia, follicular atresia, and premature luteinization * †

Eighteen normal ovulatory cynomolgus ( Macaca fascicularis ) monkeys were given an extended fixed-dose regimen of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), which was followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. Ovarian hyperstimulation developed in responsive subjects to various degrees. Based on their serum estradiol (E 2 ) response, 16 were arbitrarily categorized as high responders (E 2 >1000pg/ml), 3 were medium responders (E 2 500 to 1000pg/ml), and 2 were low responders (E 2 150 to 500pg/ml). Interestingly, one female did not respond to exogenous gonadotropin therapy. The endocrine consequences of prolonged ovarian hyperstimulation include (1) hyperprolactinemia in the luteal phase of 50% of responsive monkeys; (2) frequent atresia of growing follicles, marked by a precipitous decline in serum E 2 , despite continuous hMG therapy; and (3) seven monkeys with premature serum progesterone elevations up to 1week before hCG injection, without an overt luteinizing hormone surge. Only 1 of 18 females manifested a typical midcycle luteinizing hormone surge during hMG/hCG treatment. These findings have physiologic implications that are relevant to ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization therapy in infertile women.
Planning and analysis of evaluations of health case interventions in developing countries.

Molecular biology is beginning to revolutionise the study of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases. DNA hybridization is used to classify strains at the generic and specific level and, when combined with the polymerase chain reaction, may rapidly detect very small amounts of mycobacterial DNA in clinical material. Restriction endonuclease mapping or the more refined restriction length polymorphism analysis is used to type strains at the sub-specific level for epidemiological purposes. Detection of plasmids is also an epidemiological aid and there is considerable interest in the role of plasmids as determinants of pathogenicity and virulence of some mycobacterial species. Genomic libraries provide a source of DNA probes for use in hybridization and restriction length polymorphism analysis and pure antigens in large quantities for experimental and diagnostic use. Vectors for the insertion of genes into mycobacteria provide a way of analysing genes relevant to virulence and protective immunity and a means of producing new vaccines for use against leprosy as well as tuberculosis. Finally, the ability to clone mammalian genes in bacteria enables immunological mediators to be produced in quantity for the elucidation of immune mechanisms in mycobacterial infections and possibly for therapeutic use.
Approach to Renal Diagnostic Testing

A 65-year-old man with hypertension and coronary artery disease but no previous kidney disease is seen by the renal consult service for decreased urine output and increased serum creatinine 1 day after undergoing a right hemicolectomy for colon cancer. The patient is in the intensive care unit and his blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. His urine output for the last 24 h was 250 mL despite receiving 4 L of intravenous fluids. He is alert and oriented. Examination of the chest reveals faint crackles at both lung bases; the abdomen is slightly distended with decreased but present bowel sounds. He has trace lower extremity and sacral edema. His urine output did not increase following 200 mg of intravenous furosemide.
The benefit of self-testing and interleaving for synthesizing concepts across multiple physiology texts.

A testing-based learning strategy is one that relies on the act of recalling (i.e., testing) information after exposure, and interleaving is a strategy in which the learning materials are presented...
The roles of statistics and planning tools in IT project management

Project management is typically a logistic challenge; including planning, coordinating, tracking and informing employees, suppliers, management, customers and other stakeholders. However in information technology the challenge normally comes not from complex logistics but from the quickly evolving technology that causes poor predictability of planned tasks. While one cannot improve the predictability of individual tasks, understanding statistics enables one to counter the effect of the poor predictability. This study describes how active planning techniques, some of which are counter intuitive, takes advantage of statistics, technical insight gained during the project, and early project's achievements to finish the project on time, on budget and on specifications.
Stop Randomizing All Cardiac Arrests.

The field of resuscitation science is characterized nearly uniformly by failed clinical trials: be it sodium bicarbonate, epinephrine at low or high dose, vasopressin, continuous or interrupted chest compressions, temperature management, antiarrhythmic drug use, or devices to augment perfusion, none has been shown convincingly to be of value. Nearly all of these large expensive trials included victims of cardiac arrest who met entrance criteria and received efforts to resuscitate to the point in time of the intervention. In many of these trials, a subgroup appears to have greater survival in 1 of the arms of the study. Those subgroups are often patients with likely better survival because the arrest is witnessed and a higher frequency of initial shockable rhythm is present. We are then prone to believe the correctness of the benefit in the subgroup and approach guidelines for treatment with these subgroups in mind. An extensive review and cautionary note on the risks of subgroup analysis when the overall result is null, and the risk of believing borderline statistically significant overall results, has been published recently by Pocock and Stone.1 Even recognizing these concerns, I predict, recent clinical trial subgroup differences will haunt cardiopulmonary resuscitation guideline committees going forward. One example is the recently published study2 of amiodarone, lidocaine, and placebo in refractory ventricular tachycardia …
Young patients with bladder cancer: Outcomes from the National Cancer Database.

380Background: Bladder cancer (BC) affecting young patients is not well characterized but seems to be increasingly diagnosed. We aim to describe pathologic findings and BC outcomes in patients less than 40 years old using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), a US population based cohort capturing approximately 70% of newly diagnosed cancer cases. Methods: We identified 362,091 patients diagnosed with BC from 2004 to 2013. We compared demographic, clinical and pathologic information between those younger and older than 40 years. Univariate analysis was performed using Chi-square test for categorical variables and Independent Samples t-test for continuous variables. Multivariable Cox regression was used for survival analysis with hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Multivariable model was used to identify independent predictors of mortality (overall survival, OS). Results: 3,799 patients (1.1%) were 40 or younger with mean age of 34.5 years. Fewer young patients were women (25.2% vs 30.3%,...
A Review of the Long-Term Impact of Child Maltreatment on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Its Comorbidities: An Emotion Dysregulation Perspective

This review examines posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to child maltreatment in adults, PTSD comorbidities, and complex PTSD, with a focus on emotion dysregulation. Adults maltreated as children report high rates of PTSD. Although all forms of child maltreatment are associated with increased PTSD risk, effects are stronger for child sexual and emotional abuse, abuse in the context of other adverse childhood experiences, and cumulative abuse. PTSD comorbidities that involve emotion dysregulation are examined, including substance use disorders, eating disorders, and borderline personality disorder. Emotion dysregulation appears to be a coalescent factor in the nexus of child maltreatment, PTSD, and other comorbidities. Treatment recommendations are made for adults with child maltreatment–related PTSD and comorbidities.
General Music Teachers' Backgrounds and Multicultural Repertoire Selection.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how teachers’ backgrounds could contribute to their decisions to include music from diverse cultures. Analysis of interviews with three general music teachers indicated that their music training and experiences, ethnic backgrounds, and years of teaching experience may have influenced their familiarity with multicultural music. That familiarity, in turn, may have affected their multicultural repertoire selection. In addition, the findings revealed that participants included multicultural music in spite of their relatively homogeneous student populations, because they recognized the need to provide their students with global perspectives. However, the teachers primarily focused on teaching Western music concepts, employing music from different cultures mainly as a way to offer variety in their repertoire.
Analysis of Factors Associated with Patient or Caregiver Regret following Surgery for Fecal Incontinence

Purpose: Malone antegrade continence enema has been a successful and widely used procedure for achieving fecal continence in children. We present data on the previously uninvestigated issue of patient and caregiver regret following surgery for intractable constipation and fecal incontinence.Materials and Methods: We reviewed all patients undergoing antegrade continence enema or cecostomy creation at a single institution between 2006 and 2016. Patients and caregivers were assessed for decisional regret using the Decisional Regret Scale. Results were correlated with demographics, surgical outcomes and complications.Results: A total of 81 responses (49 caregivers and 32 patients) were obtained. Mean followup was 49 months. Decisional regret was noted in 43 subjects (53%), including mild regret in 38 (47%) and moderate to severe regret in 5 (6%). No statistical difference in regret was noted based on gender, complications or performance of concomitant procedures. On regression analysis incontinence was strong...