cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructure development in concentrated suspensions in a spinning ball rheometer

The spinning ball rheometer has been proposed as a method to measure the microstructure effect on the bulk rheological properties of concentrated suspensions. Recent experiments have shown that the measured extra torque on the spinning ball decreases as the radius of the spinning ball becomes comparable to the size of the suspended particle. We have performed a series of three-dimensional boundary element calculations of the rheometer geometry to probe the microstructure effects that contribute to that apparent slip. We present a series of quasi-static results based on random initial configurations as well as fully three-dimensional transient calculations, both of which are compared to the available experimental data. For the two cases, the apparent viscosity decreased as the size of the spinning ball decreased relative to the suspended particle. Comparison of the quasi-static and transient simulations indicates that the microstructure development is critical even at short times. In the transient calculations, the viscosity was observed to increase substantially relative to the torque based on the random initial configuration. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
α,5-Didehydro-3-picoline Diradicals from Skipped Azaenediynes: Computational and Trapping Studies of an Aza-Myers−Saito Cyclization

On the basis of density functional calculations, the isomerization of skipped azaenediynes (C-alkynyl-N-propargylimines) to azaenyne allenes and subsequent rapid aza-Myers−Saito cyclization to α,5-didehydro-3-picoline were predicted. We prepared the N-propargylimine of 1-phenyl-3-tri(isopropyl)silylprop-2-yn-1-one, which undergoes proto-desilylation and isomerization to an azaenyne allene when treated with tetrabutylammonium fluoride. In the presence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene, this azaenyne allene affords 6-phenyl-3-picoline and other products corresponding to the trapping of an α,5-didehydro-3-picoline diradical.
Guidelines for a Scientific Approach to Critical Thinking Assessment

Assessment of student learning outcomes can be a powerful tool for improvement of instruction when a scientific approach is taken; unfortunately, many educators do not take full advantage of this a...
Characterization of growth of rubella virus in LLC-MK2 cells

1. A characteristic CPE of rubella virus in LLC-MK 2 cells is described and its usefulness and limitations in experimental work are discussed. 2. Growth characteristics of this agent in LLC-MK 2 cells have been studied following moderate and high multiplicities of infection, and they are analyzed as preliminary information on the kinetics of virus production.
Comparison of infrared reflectance spectra of fluoride perovskites

Abstract Vibrational frequencies of 11 alkali-metal-fluorides with the cubic perovskite structure were found to relate directly to either the cation mass, reduced mass μ, lattice constant a, or to reduced force constant a −3 2 μ−1. These simple relationships are used to predict peak positions for missing or inactive modes. Lattice constant has the strongest affect on frequency. If lattice constant is more than 4.1 A (mostly perovskites with heavy cations), then the infrared (IR) frequencies depend linearly on force constant, with non-parallel slopes. The variation in behavior is consistent with assignments based on symmetry analysis, i.e. from low to high frequency, the IR modes are mainly a translation of the dodecahedral cation, an octahedral bend, and an octahedral stretching motion. If the lattice constant is less than 4.1A (mostly perovskites with light cations), then IR frequencies depend linearly on force constant and have parallel slopes, indicating that their modes are largely mixed. Force constants in perovskite were found to be slightly lower if the electronic configuration of the octahedral cation is spherical, rather than non-spherical.
The value of barium as a gastrointestinal contrast agent in MR imaging: a comparison study in normal volunteers.

Preliminary data suggest that barium sulfate suspension is a potentially useful negative gastrointestinal contrast agent for MR imaging. To evaluate this hypothesis in a controlled fashion, abdominal and pelvic MR studies of 10 normal volunteers were performed before and after both oral (600-900 ml) and rectal (400 ml) administration of barium. Standard spin-echo coronal T1-, axial T1-, proton density-, and T2-weighted images were obtained at 1.5 T. Images obtained were randomized and interpreted by three observers, who evaluated bowel visualization and delineation of normal anatomy. Bowel segments evaluated were stomach, duodenum, proximal small bowel, proximal colon, distal colon, and rectum. Anatomic structures examined were pancreatic head, pancreatic body, pancreatic tail, retroperitoneum, spleen, liver, pelvic side walls, uterus, vagina, bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles. Data concerning barium tolerance and safety were recorded. Descriptive, percent change, and kappa statistics were analyzed....
Independent control during myogenesis of histone and high-mobility-group (HMGs) chromosomal protein heterogeneity.

Abstract The ontogeny of high-mobility-group chromosomal protein and histone heterogeneity was followed in differentiating chicken skeletal muscle. The high-molecular-weight, high-mobility-group chromosomal proteins (HMGs 1, 2A, and 2B) showed a substantial change in their relative amounts during the period from 8 to 18 days. During this period HMG 2A decreases relative to HMG 1. There is also a decrease in the high-molecular-weight HMGs relative to the low-molecular-weight HMGs (HMGs 14 and 17). The microheterogeneity of the histones extracted from purified nuclei isolated from 8-, 11-, and 18-day embryonic myogenic tissue was analyzed by: (1) NaDodSO 4 , (2) acid-urea, and (3) Triton acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast to the HMGs, the pattern of histone microheterogeneity for both H1 and H2A remained remarkably constant, despite the dramatic changes occurring in the rates of proliferation and the quality of gene expression in muscle cells during this developmental period. As would be expected from the decrease in cell proliferation occurring between days 8 and 18, increased amounts of phosphorylated H1 subspecies could be identified at the earlier stage. There was no change, however, in the proportion of the 4 major H1 parental variants. Thus, since the tissue-specific distribution of the H1s and HMGs are established at different times during myogenesis, it is likely that the two groups of chromatin proteins are involved in different events required for the establishment of the tissue-specific pattern of gene expression.
A transient network of intrinsically bursting starburst cells underlies the generation of retinal waves

Pharmacologically isolated starburst amacrine cells (SACs) in perinatal rabbit retinas spontaneously generated semiperiodic calcium spikes and long-lasting after-hyperpolarizations (AHPs), mediated by calcium-activated, cyclic AMP-sensitive potassium currents. These AHPs, rather than a depletion of neurotransmitters (as was previously believed), produced the refractory period of spontaneous retinal waves and set the upper limit of the wave frequency. Each SAC received inputs from roughly 10-30 neighboring SACs during a wave. These inputs synchronized and reshaped the intrinsic bursts to produce network oscillations at a rhythm different from that of individual SACs. With maturation, the semiperiodic bursts in SACs disappeared, owing to reduced intrinsic excitability and increased network inhibition. Thus, retinal waves are generated by a transient and specific network of cell-autonomous oscillators synchronized by reciprocally excitatory connections.
The impact of caring on exchange choices and efficiencies: a modification of Boulding’s three social organizers

Abstract In this article, a system is developed for modeling traditional exchanges and those based, wholly or in part, on threats or interdependent utility functions (i.e., caring). This structure is used to analyze 1) the impact of interpersonal and intergroup perceptions on exchange choice and efficiency; 2) factors influencing firm decisions to accede to or resist coerced exchanges; and 3) conditions under which exchanges involving involuntary parties are rational. It is argued that, in addition to impacts on psychic returns, caring impacts on exchange efficiency through its effects on the quantity of information, due to attraction or aversion, and the quality of information processing, due to bias. Malevolence is never conducive to efficient exchange, but high levels of benevolence may also be detrimental. It also is shown that the economics of coerced exchanges bear strong similarities to analyses regarding price discrimination and using free samples for marketing. Firms are most likely to resist coerced exchanges if their marginal costs are rapidly rising or if acceding to the coerced exchange would reduce market demand. Possible trends in the importance of caring in exchange are also discussed.
Polydactyly in the prehistoric American Southwest

General surveys of skeletal collections from Arizona for evidence of trauma and pathology led to the identification of polydactyly in two subadults. Polydactyly is a congenital condition characterised by the presence of extra digits on the hands or feet. Both affected subadults exhibit a sixth digit in the form of a branching fifth metatarsal. One of the affected individuals is an infant from the Tapia del Cerrito site exhibiting Y-shaped fifth metatarsals indicative of postaxial type A polydactyly. The second individual is a juvenile from the Nuvakwewtaqa (Chavez Pass Ruin) site exhibiting a left fifth metatarsal with a lateral branch, also diagnosed as postaxial type A polydactyly. These two cases appear to be the first examples of polydactyly from archaeological contexts identified among subadults, and bring the total number of known cases from the American Southwest to six. Discovery of so many examples of this relatively rare condition amongst the Puebloan people of the Southwest adds to the evidence that, rather than simply being an artistic motif, rock art depictions featuring hands and feet with six digits were probably inspired by observation of the condition amongst living people. Furthermore, burial treatment of the Tapia del Cerrito infant suggests that polydactyly may have conferred a special status on the bearer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma-mediated excimer laser ablation of bone: A potential microsurgical tool

A pulsed ultraviolet excimer laser was used to ablate bone in vitro at 193, 248, 308, and 351 nm and in vivo at 193 nm. Ablation was dependent on sufficient fluence (energy delivered per unit area per pulse) for plasma formation at the target site at all wavelengths. Adjacent tissue damage at various fluences for each wavelength was examined using a light microscope. Damage was minimal at 193 nm (1 to 3 microns) and most extensive at 351 nm (60 to 75 microns). This is in sharp contrast to the 1 to 3 mm of adjacent thermal damage produced when carbon dioxide lasers are used to ablate bone. Differences in the degree and type of damage to adjacent tissues among the wavelengths studied indicated that other ablation mechanisms and tissue interactions are involved in addition to simple plasma vaporization of bone. Bleeding during and after ablation demonstrated that the use of this laser does not cause thermal damage, which would cauterize adjacent vessels. Pre- and post-mortem lesions made at identical power and pulse settings were of equal depth, indicating that bleeding does not affect the ablation rate. The excimer laser has potential as a microsurgical instrument for the precise removal of bone with minimal damage to adjacent structures.
Alterations in Lung Surfactant Disaturated Phosphatidylcholine, SP-A, and SP-B in Meconium Injured Rats Lavaged with Perfluorochemical (PFC) or KL4 Surfactant † 1600

Meconium aspiration remains a common cause of respiratory distress from lung injury and surfactant inhibition. Meconium debris in the lung can be removed by lavage with KL4 surfactant, a mixture of phospholipids (PL) and synthetic peptide (Revak, Pediatr Res, 41;264A,1997), or with PFC which are used to maintain gas exchange. In these models, however the status of lung surfactant composition remains unclear. In a rat model of meconium injury, we have evaluated if lung lavage alters the surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and proteins SP-A and SP-B in spontaneously breathing animals. Adult rats were intubated and given 0.3 ml meconium (13.5 mg dry wt) or saline (NS, n=3) endotracheally. Ten minutes later, meconium instilled lungs (Mec) were lavaged (x 3) with 6 ml/kg aliquots of saline (NSL, n=5) or PFC (PFCL, n=5). One group of Mec rats was lavaged twice with saline suspension of KL4 at 2.5 mg/ml, and once at 10 mg/ml (KL4L, n=5); another group was lavaged twice with saline, followed by once with KL4 at 10mg/ml, in order to replenish surfactant washed out with saline lavages (SKL4L, n=5). Animals were extubated after recovering from anesthesia (1-2 hours) to spontaneously breathe room air for 18 hours, a period previously shown to correlate with maximal lung injury in this model. Thereafter, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) was obtained on excised lungs and seperated into large(Lag) and small surfactant aggregates. BAL fractions and lung tissue were analyzed for DSPC content and Lag for SP-A and SP-B. DSPC levels (μg lipid phosphorus/lung) were similar in Lag of Mec (12.5±2.1, mean±SE, n=4) and NS animals (9.5±0.2, p=0.06). They were slightly elevated in PFCL group (14.0±0.5, p>0.05, vs Mec) and significantly elevated in KL4L (87±19, p<0.001, vs Mec) and NSKL4L groups (48±8, p<0.001, vs Mec). DSPC levels in the lung tissue were similar in Mec(138±14) and NS animals 189±17, p=0.06). The lungs of KL4L(330±85, p<0.02) and NSKL4L animals (256±42, p<0.05) also showed higher levels of DSPC compared to Mec animals (138±20). In Western blots of Lag, both SP-A and SP-B were decreased in NSL group compared with NS or Mec animals, suggesting that saline lavage depleted SP. Both proteins were elevated in KL4L compared to NSL animals. We speculate that KL4 lavage may lead to metabolic changes that result in increased retention of PL in lung tissue, and may affect SP metabolism to prevent their depletion in lung surfactant. KL4 was a gift of Acute Therapeutics, Inc, Doylestown, Pa.
The sensitivity of nicotinic synapses in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia to α-bungarotoxin and neuronal-bungarotoxin

Abstract 1. The sensitivity of nicotinic synapses to alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt) and neuronal-bungarotoxin (n-Bgt) was measured in the B and C cell systems of bullfrog paravertebral sympathetic ganglia 9 and 10 by recording extracellular compound postganglionic action potentials from the rami communicantes. 2. High concentrations (10 microM) of alpha-Bgt applied for up to 8 h had no effect upon synaptic transmission in either the B or C cell system. Ganglia pretreated with collagenase were also insensitive to alpha-Bgt. In control experiments on isolated sartorius muscle preparations, nerve-evoked twitches were fully blocked by 30-100 nM alpha-Bgt. 3. Nicotinic transmission in the B and C cell systems was reversibly blocked by 30-300 nM n-Bgt. Block appeared within 25-45 min of exposure to toxin and reversed fully with a half-time of 40-80 min. This was indistinguishable from washout times after block by 100 microM (+)-tubocurarine. 4. The results demonstrate close parallels between the bungarotoxin sensitivity of neuronal nicotinic receptors mediating ganglionic transmission in functional subclasses of bullfrog sympathetic neurones and the bungarotoxin sensitivity which has been reported for autonomic in avian and mammalian preparations.
Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams of high Tg epoxy systems: competition between cure and thermal degradation

Abstract : The cure behavior and thermal degradation of high T sub g epoxy systems have been investigated by comparing their isothermal time-temperature- transformation (TTT) diagrams. The formulations were prepared from di- and trifunctional epoxy resins, and their mixtures, with stoichiometric amounts of a tetrafunctional aromatic diamine. The maximum glass transition temperatures (T sub g infinity) were 229 C and greater than 324 C for the fully cured di- and trifunctional epoxy materials, respectively. Increasing functionality of the reactants decreases the times to gelation and to vitrification, and increases the difference between T sub g after prolonged isothermal cure and the temperature of cure. At high temperatures, there is competition between cure and thermal degradation. The latter was characterized by two main processes which involved devitrification (decrease of modulus and T sub g) and revitrification (char formation). The experimentally inaccessible T sug g infinity (352 C) for the trifunctional epoxy material was obtained by extrapolation from the values of T sub g infinity of the less highly crosslinked systems using a relationship between the glass transition temperature, crosslink density, and chemical structure. Originator-supplied keywords include: Epoxy resins, Glass transition temperature, Cure, Degradation, Gelation, Vitrification, Devitrification, and Torsional braid analysis.
Torture in Abu Ghraib

Iraqi detainees subjected to torture and mistreatment at Abu Ghraib prison may continue to suffer from significant physical and psychological consequences of their abuse. This article reports two cases of Iraqi individuals allegedly tortured at Abu Ghraib. Detailed forensic evaluations were conducted approximately one year after their abuse in accordance with international guidelines. The findings of these evaluations substantiate their allegations of torture and confirm the profound health consequences of torture. Furthermore, these cases support assertions that abuse of prisoners was not limited to being perpetrated by guards, but also occurred systematically in the context of interrogations. These cases also raise concerns about inadequate medical care for Iraqi detainees.
Sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer using subareolar injection of blue dye

Abstract Background: Lymphatic mapping in breast cancer performed solely by intraparenchymal injections of blue dye remains an accepted method of identifying sentinel nodes, largely because of its simplicity. As currently practiced, the technique is associated with a marked learning curve, variable identification rates of sentinel nodes, and high false-negative rates. The purpose of this study is to improve dye-only lymphatic mapping of the breast by using an alternative site for injection of blue dye: the subareolar lymphatic plexus. Study Design: In the 10 months between August 1998 and May 1999, 40 women with operable breast cancer in stages I and II underwent lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy performed solely by subareolar injections of blue dye, followed by complete axillary node dissection. The technique involved the injection of 5 mL of 1% isosulfan blue into the subareolar plexus, which consists of breast tissue located immediately beneath the areola. No peritumoral injections of blue dye were performed. The ability of subareolar dye injections to identify sentinel nodes and accurately predict the pathologic status of the axilla was determined and compared with published results for dye-only lymphatic mapping using intraparenchymal injections. Results: The identification rate of sentinel nodes was 98% (in 39 of 40 patients). Axillary basins harboring positive lymph nodes were found in 15 of these 39 patients (38.5%). Sentinel nodes correctly predicted the status of these 15 positive axillary basins in 100% of the patients. There were no false-negative sentinel node biopsies, indicating a false-negative rate of 0 (in 0 of 15). The overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 100%. Conclusions: Compared with other series of dye-directed lymphatic mapping, the present study of dye-only injections into the subareolar plexus demonstrates a high sentinel node identification rate, absent false-negative rate, and rapid learning curve. On the basis of these findings, we propose that injections into the subareolar lymphatic plexus are the optimal way to perform dye-only lymphatic mapping of the breast.
Agglutinating and Precipitating Capacity of Rabbit Anti-Salmonella typhosa γG and γM Antibodies During Prolonged Immunization

Pike, Robert M. (University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas), Mary L. Schulze, and Cleo H. Chandler. Agglutinating and precipitating capacity of rabbit anti-Salmonella typhosa γG and γM antibodies during prolonged immunization. J. Bacteriol. 92:880–886. 1966.—Antibody produced in rabbits immunized with acetone-dried typhoid bacilli was followed over a period of 445 days by agglutination and by quantitative precipitation. Repeated injections of vaccine resulted in suppression of antibody titers. Both γG and γM antibodies were rapidly increased by booster injections after rest periods during which titers had decreased to low levels. The O agglutinin titers and the amount of antibody protein, as determined by precipitation with endotoxin, generally were parallel, except in serum specimens in which unusually large proportions of the agglutinating activity were found in the γG fraction. These exceptions were explained by the greater agglutinating capacity of the γM. Endotoxin precipitated about 10 times as much antibody from γG preparations as it did from γM fractions of equivalent agglutinating strength. A much higher proportion of the serological activity, therefore, was found in the γG fractions when antibody was measured by precipitation than when agglutination was used as the measure of activity.
Algorithmic and software techniques for embedded vision on programmable processors

In the last few years, programmable architectures centered around high-end DSP processors have emerged as the platform of choice for high-volume embedded vision applications, such as automotive safety and video surveillance. Their programmability inherently addresses the problems presented by the sheer diversity of vision algorithms. This paper provides an overview of high-impact algorithmic and software techniques for embedded vision applications implemented on programmable architectures and discusses several system-level issues. We provide a general discussion and practical examples for the following categories of algorithmic techniques: fast algorithms, reduced dimensionality and mathematical shortcuts. Additionally, we discuss the importance of software techniques such as the use of fixed-point arithmetic, reduced data transfers and cache-friendly programming. In our experience, each of these techniques is a key enabler for real-time embedded vision systems.
Evaluation of a victim's response to an attempted robbery: The effect of victim gender

This study investigated attitudes towards a victim's response to an attempted street robbery. Participants (N=247) read a brief narrative in which three variables were manipulated in a 3 times 2 × 2 factorial design. The independent variables were (1) victim response (compliance, flight, resistance), (2) victim gender, and (3) victim's possession of a defensive weapon (mace, no mace). It was hypothesized that participants' attitudes would be based on a risks-benefits analysis of the victim's response and that this analysis would be guided by gender stereotypes. Consistent with this reasoning, results showed that compliance by a male victim was judged less favourably than compliance by a female victim, and that resistance by a female victim was judged less favourably than resistance by a male victim. Participants were most approving of the female's behaviour when she complied, somewhat less approving when she attempted to escape, and least approving when she resisted. In contrast, participants were most approving of the male victim's attempt to flee, while approval ratings were about equal when he complied or resisted. Contrary to expectations, possession of a defensive weapon did not influence participants' approval of the victim's response. Language: en
A brief history of fruits and frugivores

In this paper we briefly review the evolutionary history of the mutualistic interaction between angiosperms that produce fleshy fruits and their major consumers: frugivorous birds and mammals. Fleshy fruits eaten by these vertebrates are widely distributed throughout angiosperm phylogeny. Similarly, a frugivorous diet has evolved independently many times in birds and mammals. Bird dispersal is more common than mammal-dispersal in all lineages of angiosperms, and we suggest that the evolution of bird fruits may have facilitated the evolution of frugivory in primates. The diets of fruit-eating bats overlap less with those of other kinds of frugivorous vertebrates. With a few exceptions, most families producing vertebrate-dispersed fruit appeared substantially earlier in earth history than families of their vertebrate consumers. It is likely that major radiations of these plants and animals have occurred in the past 30 Ma, in part driven by geological changes and also by the foraging behavior of frugivores in topographically complex landscapes. Overall, this mutualistic interaction has had many evolutionary and ecological consequences for tropical plants and animals for most of the Cenozoic Era. Loss of frugivores and their dispersal services will have a strong negative impact on the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of tropical and subtropical communities.
Potassium deficiency in marmots during hibernation.

Semiquantitation of potassium deficiency in the renal papillae indicates that woodchucks ( Marmota monax ) are deficient in potassium annually during the time they subsist on stored fats. The deficiency begins prior to hibernation, progresses during hibernation, and, in males, continues during the immediate postemergence period.
Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 Expression Correlates With Cardiac Rejection and Development of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

Background— Standard morphological features of endomyocardial biopsy specimens do not necessarily correlate with the efficacy of immunotherapy or development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). We hypothesized that expression of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1), a cytokine-inducible, calcium-binding protein associated with vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, would be associated with allograft rejection and development of CAV. Methods and Results— A total of 157 endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 26 patients with heart transplants were examined for expression of AIF-1 mRNA by semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. A significant relation was found between the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation rejection grade and expression of AIF-1 (P<0.001). The calculated odds ratio indicates that a biopsy has 2.5 times the chance of AIF-1 expression per grade of rejection. The relative concentrations of AIF-1 and GAPDH mRNA were calculated and the res...
Concurrent chain extension and crosslinking of hydroxyl‐terminated poly(dimethyl siloxane): Possible formation of catenate structures

Difunctional and tetrafunctional ethoxysilanes in varying proportions were used to simultaneously chain-extend and crosslink dihydroxyl-terminated poly(dimethyl siloxane). When only dimethyl deithoxysilane was used an insoluble product, possibly a catenate, was formed. Its swelling behavior was equivalent to that of a tetrafunctional network obtained by end-linking chains approximately twice as long as those actually used.
Production of a monoclonal antibody to and molecular characterization of B-cell stimulatory factor-1.

B-cell stimulatory factor-1 (BSF-1)1, formerly designated B-cell growth factor, is a T-cell-derived factor required for entry into the S phase of the cell cycle by B cells stimulated with low concentrations of anti-IgM antibodies2–5. BSF-1 acts directly on resting B cells to prepare them to synthesize DNA more promptly on subsequent exposure to competent stimuli6,7 and to strikingly enhance their expression of class II molecules of the major his-tocompatibility complex8,9. Previous studies have shown that murine BSF-1 can be separated physically from interleukin-2 (IL-2) and that the molecule has an apparent relative molecular mass (Mr) of ∼ 15,000 and pI values of 6.4–6.7 and 7.4 (ref. 10). Here, we report the production of a monoclonal antibody to BSF-1, its use in characterizing BSF-1, and functional studies demonstrating that this molecule is distinct from IL-1, IL-2 and IL-3.
Environmental marketing strategy and firm performance: Effects on new product performance and market share

Recent studies on marketing and the natural environment have called for research that links environmental marketing strategies to the performance of the firm. This research operationalizes the enviropreneurial marketing (EM) construct and examines its relationship with firm performance. It is the first empirical research to operationalize the EM construct. The new scale, albeit a first attempt, demonstrates encouraging psychometric properties. According to the resource-based view of the firm, a resource such as EM should directly influence firms’ capabilities (e.g., new product development success) but not competitive advantage (e.g., change in market share). A nationwide study of top-level marketing managers supports this perspective. In addition, although market turbulence also affects new product development success, it does not have an impact on EM. This suggests that EM formation is driven by internal rather than external forces.
Adhesive contact of a rigid circular cylinder to a soft elastic substrate--the role of surface tension.

This article studies the effects of surface tension on the adhesive contact mechanics of a long rigid cylinder on an infinite half space comprising an incompressible elastic material. We present an exact solution based on small strain theory. The relationship between the indentation force and contact width was found to depend on a single dimensionless parameter , where R is the cylinder radius, Wad is the interfacial work of adhesion, and σ and μ are the surface tension and shear modulus of the half space, respectively. For small ω the solution reduces to the classical Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) theory, whereas for large ω the solution reduces to the small slope version of the Young–Dupre equation. The pull-off phenomenon was carefully examined and it was found that the contact width at pull-off reduces to zero when surface tension is larger than a critical value.
Social media provides a megaphone for organizations intent on shaping the corporate environment

Purpose – The author offers a leaders' guide to managing relations with “shapeholders” the political, regulatory, media and activist actors in the firm's operating environment that shape, constrain, or expand a firm's opportunities and raise certain risks. Design/methodology/approach – The author, a former US congressman, shows how companies can adopt a program of analysis, foresight and preparation, and successfully engage shapeholders to advance mutual goals and preempt open conflict. Findings – The author warns that seeking unjustified advantage for your company or industry often trades transient benefits for long-term risks and reduced standing in seeking a level playing field in international markets. Practical implications – The author suggests several practical preparation techniques, citing the need to train for a rapid response to shapeholder pressures in today's hyper-connected world. When a controversy goes viral on social media, it's too late to debate options, policy and tactics. Originality/...
Narrative Processes of Identity Construction: Micro Indicators of Developmental Patterns Following Transition to University

Research strategies are needed that enable investigators to examine linkages between real-time, micro identity processes and longer term, ontogenetic processes. We address this topic in analyses of semistructured interviews with 10 entering university students, continued over a 2-year period. Our ontogenetic narrative analysis was based on Freeman and Robinson's (1990) formulation of the developmental process. The micro analysis was guided by Josephs and Valsiner's (1998) dialogical approach to meaning construction. Differences were found in incidence and configurations of micro indicators for students whose narratives reflected the strongest developmental change over the study period, compared to students who told narratives of stability. The former group of students, compared to the latter, had spiked rather than flat configurations of micro indicators over time. Students in the former group were more likely to state oppositions in their interviews, which we interpret as a problem-generation mechanism. ...
The perception of biological motion by human infants

When a small number of lights are placed on the limbs and joints of a moving human (or animal), the motions of the lights (biological motion) are sufficient to enable adult observers to perceive immediately the activity of the human. This perception of biological motion has been hypothesized to be an intrinsic capacity of the visual system. The results of this experiment, which demonstrate that infants 4 to 6 months of age exhibit a preference for biological motion patterns, support that hypothesis.
'Deep time' metaphor: Mnemonic and apotropaic practices at Lepenski Vir

How does ‘material memory’ work? Should monumental sites be considered as places of social memory par excellence or perhaps citational practices? With these questions in mind the concepts of citation, trace and repetition are singled out as elements of ‘material memory’. This article addresses evidence from the prehistoric site of Lepenski Vir in south-east Europe, and suggests that the concept of ‘deep time’ constituted the main structuring trope of the sequence. Over the long term, people adhered to physical traces of ‘deep time’, through re-figuring, displacement and circulation of material fragments, which maintained a collective (material) memory. The significance of apotropaism is suggested as a constitutive part of cultural practices and understood as a ‘technology of protection’ with ontological and epistemological relevance, such that it empowers individual agents to cope with various vicissitudes of life by an effective mobilization of ‘deep time’ residues. Examples of narrative sequences at Lepenski Vir are explored, which relate to specific individuals and life cycles of houses.
Integration of Substation Data

Abstract To improve reliability and security of the power system, operation data from all substation devices has to be integrated and useful information has to be extracted. Achieving data integration is a complex task and it is closely related to the interoperability paradigm. Interoperability is one of the most important and complex issues and it needs to be well understood and properly handled to assure the proposed concepts have long lived role through upgrading and expanding initial solutions. Having a standardized communication protocol facilitates integration of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) into systems, but it does not solve the problem of inconsistent and incomplete data formats and types. This paper describes means of achieving solution interoperability using Grid-Wise Architecture Council (GWAC) interoperability framework and it presents example applications.
Investigating the attributes and expectations of engineering Ph.D.s working in industry

Many engineering Ph.D.s are finding career opportunities in industry. Despite the increase in number of Ph.D. engineers working in industry, there is little research on what it takes to be a successful engineering Ph.D. in industry. This study explores the characteristics, and expectations of engineering Ph.D.s by interviewing ten engineering Ph.D.s working in industry. These preliminary findings reveal that responsibilities of engineering Ph.D.s in industry include more than research and development. Among other things, engineering Ph.D.s that work in this sector are expected to communicate effectively and teach others. The characteristics that engineering Ph.D.s need to possess to be successful in industry are also discussed.
Condensed-phase species distributions about Al particles reacting in various oxidizers

Abstract Experimental results on the combustion of single, isolated aluminum particles, laser ignited in quiescent environments consisting of pure N 2 O, CO 2 , CO and in mixtures of 21% O 2 / 79% N 2 and 21%O 2 / 79% Ar are reported. Combustion measurements consisted of photographic observations and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of the condensed-phase product composition and radial distribution. Aluminum particles in O 2 , CO 2 , and N 2 O atmospheres were found to burn with envelope flames. Of these oxidizers, the largest flame envelope, as determined by the condensed-product distribution, occurred for Al combustion in the O 2 /Ar mixture, followed by Al combustion in the O 2 /N 2 mixture, the CO 2 atmosphere, and the N 2 O atmosphere. Combustion in the CO atmosphere appeared to occur on (near) the particle surface with only a weak envelope reaction. Consistent with previous results in the literature, Al particle disruption was not observed in O 2 /Ar environments, but was observed in O 2 /N 2 environments. Although speculated in the literature, the present work confirms the existence of aluminum nitrides (oxy-nitrides) in the fuel-rich region near the particle surface for nitrogen-containing oxidizers (i.e., O 2 /N 2 and N 2 O). Equilibrium calculations indicate that near the surface, solid-phase AlN may exist to temperatures well above the melting temperature of aluminum oxide. Thus, its presence may affect the fragmentation process. Finally, condensed-phase carbon (possibly in the form of aluminum carbide) was found throughout the surrounding gas-phase for CO combustion.
Scanning and rendering scene tunnels for virtual city traversing

This paper proposes a visual representation named scene tunnel to capture and visualize urban scenes for Internet based virtual city traversing. We scan cityscapes by using multiple cameras on a vehicle that moves along a street, and generate a real scene archive more complete than a route panorama. The scene tunnel can cover high architectures and various object aspects, and its data size is much less than video. It is suitable for image transmission and rendering over the Internet. The scene tunnel has a uniformed resolution along the camera path and can provide continuous views for visual navigation in a virtual or real city. This paper explores the image acquisition methods from slit calibration, view scanning, to image integration. A plane of scanning is determined for flexible camera setting and image integration. The paper further addresses the city visualization on the Internet that includes view transformation, data streaming, and interactive functions. The high-resolution scenes are mapped onto a wide window dynamically. The compact and continuous scene tunnel facilitates the data streaming and allows virtual traversing to be extended to a large area.
Toolkits in first year computer science: a pedagogical imperative

Traditional first year computer science courses teach the principles of computing using the basic features of some chosen programming language such as C, C++, Java, Ada, Scheme, Eiffel, etc. Abstraction and encapsulation focus on entities such as algorithms, functions, data structures, classes, objects, and closures that can be built directly on top of the raw language. If a facility such as windows and graphics is not directly available in the language then it is not used. This means that student exercises tend to look inward at computer science issues rather than outward to the exciting applications that show the breadth and power of computing.The fundamental thesis of this article is that teaching students in the framework of powerful toolkits is essential to maintain student interest and is pedagogically important precisely because toolkits are a rich source of examples that illustrate the principles of computation. We hope to convince computer science faculty that the use of toolkits is imperative in a modern first year curriculum.We will first discuss in general why toolkits are important. We will spice this discussion with some simple illustrations and with references to the use of toolkits by faculty at other institutions.We will then describe the toolkits we have developed at Northeastern University and explain both what they do and why they are pedagogically valuable. We will see how toolkits enable students to do more interesting and effective work and how principles of design and algorithms can be demonstrated by the key components of the toolkits.We will conclude with some general remarks and explain why the arguments made against toolkits do not have sufficient weight to change our conclusions. We will also give the web site address where our toolkits are available.
Secretory protein expression patterns during rat parotid gland development.

The rat parotid gland produces a number of well-characterized secretory proteins. Relatively little is known, however, about the onset of their synthesis and cellular localization during gland development. Secretory protein expression was studied in parotid glands of fetal and postnatal rats using light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and Northern blotting. Amylase, parotid secretory protein (PSP), common salivary protein-1 (CSP-1), and SMGB were first detected by immunofluorescence in parotid glands of 18 day fetuses. By 5 days after birth, light and electron microscopic immunolabeling localized all of these proteins to the secretory granules of developing acinar cells. Labeling of acinar cells for DNAse I, however, was not observed until 18 days after birth. Between 9 and 25 days, CSP-1 and SMGB reactivity of acinar cells declined, but increased in intercalated duct cells. After 25 days, CSP-1 and SMGB were found only in intercalated ducts, and amylase, PSP, and DNAse I were restricted to acinar cells. Levels of CSP-1 and SMGB mRNA were relatively constant through 21 postnatal days, but declined significantly after that. Amylase and PSP mRNA increased rapidly and continuously from five days after birth to the adult stage. In contrast, DNAse I mRNA was not detectable until 18 days after birth. The immunocytochemical and molecular analyses define three basic patterns of protein expression in the rat parotid gland: proteins whose synthesis is initiated early in development and is maintained in the acinar cells, such as amylase and PSP; proteins that are initially synthesized by immature acinar cells but are restricted to intercalated ducts in the adult gland, such as CSP-1 and SMGB; and proteins that are synthesized only by mature acinar cells and first appear during the third postnatal week, such as DNAse I. The parotid gland exhibits four distinct developmental stages: prenatal, from initiation of the gland rudiment until birth; neonatal, from 1 day up to about 9 days postnatal; transitional, from 9 days to 25 days of age; and adult, from 25 days on. Although differences exist in timing and in the specific proteins expressed, these developmental stages are similar to those seen in the rat submandibular gland. Additionally, the results support the suggestion that intercalated ducts may differentiate from the neonatal acini. Anat. Rec. 252:485–497, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A guide for applying principal-components analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to quantitative electroencephalogram data

Principal-components analysis (PCA) has been used in quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) research to statistically reduce the dimensionality of the original qEEG measures to a smaller set of theoretically meaningful component variables. However, PCAs involving qEEG have frequently been performed with small sample sizes, producing solutions that are highly unstable. Moreover, solutions have not been independently confirmed using an independent sample and the more rigorous confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) procedure. This paper was intended to illustrate, by way of example, the process of applying PCA and CFA to qEEG data. Explicit decision rules pertaining to the application of PCA and CFA to qEEG are discussed. In the first of two experiments, PCAs were performed on qEEG measures collected from 102 healthy individuals as they performed an auditory continuous performance task. Component solutions were then validated in an independent sample of 106 healthy individuals using the CFA procedure. The results of this experiment confirmed the validity of an oblique, seven component solution. Measures of internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the seven component solution were high. These results support the use of qEEG data as a stable and valid measure of neurophysiological functioning. As measures of these neurophysiological processes are easily derived, they may prove useful in discriminating between and among clinical (neurological) and control populations. Future research directions are highlighted.
Student-Directed Transition Planning: Increasing Student Knowledge and Self-Efficacy in the Transition Planning Process

This study examined the effectiveness of a new school to adult life transition planning lesson package titled Student-Directed Transition Planning. The Student-Directed Transition Planning lessons teach transition terms and concepts to provide a means to increase self-determination skills and student participation in transition IEP (Individualized Education Program) meeting discussions. An experimental pre—post design utilizing random assignment of secondary-aged students with IEPs determined differences between intervention and control groups in knowledge of transition terms and concepts, and self-efficacy perceptions of the transition planning process. Study results indicated that students receiving Student-Directed Transition Planning instruction experienced a statistically significant knowledge gain, and an increase in perceived self-efficacy in 7 out of 10 transition planning process indicators.
Turning a corner on HIV neutralization

HIV vaccine development has been hampered by the inability of conventional immunogens to elicit antibodies capable of neutralizing primary isolates of the virus. Recent studies using 'fusion-competent' immunogens that capture transitional intermediate structures of the functioning envelope protein suggest that this goal may now be achievable.
From Bubbles to Clusters in Fluidized Beds

Clusterlike solutions are reported for volume-averaged equations of motion in fluidized gas-particle suspensions (i.e., fluidized beds). A connection between bubbles and clusters is established through bifurcation analysis and numerical continuation in the mean volume fraction of the suspension. The robustness of this connection is established by varying the model parameters and the closures. The bubbles and clusters are shown to belong to the same family of nonuniform solutions.
Stability of a high order mode CARM amplifier

A TE/sub 01/-mode CARM (cyclotron autoresonance maser) amplifier is studied with a multimode particle simulation code with emphasis on the oscillation caused by the TE/sub 11/ mode absolute instability. Simulation results verify the existence of the absolute instability and show that it quickly reaches a high saturation level. The dominance and persistence of the absolute instability prevent any steady-state amplification of the TE/sub 01/ mode. The linear and nonlinear characteristics of a TE/sub 11/ mode CARM amplifier are also examined. It is noted that a high-quality electron beam is essential in order to reach the interesting regime of operation. >