cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guide to the Services Trade Restrictions Database

A new Services Trade Restrictions Database collects and makes publicly available information on services trade policy assembled in a comparable manner across 103 countries, five sectors (telecommunications, finance, transportation, retail and professional services) and the key modes of service supply. It contains richly textured policy information as well as a preliminary quantification of policy measures. This paper is a guide to the database, and provides a description of the data, how it was collected, how policy information was quantified, and how the data are presented in the publicly available, interactive Web database. The database is best seen as a first response to the strong demand for better information from policy-makers, negotiators, researchers and the private sector. Even in its present version, the database can play an important role in advancing policy reform by facilitating the analysis of services policies, informing international negotiations by providing data on actual policies, and provoking dialogue and refinements by making information on policies publicly available. Through feedback from various interested parties, the database may evolve into a collectively created public good.
Eigenvectors and Reconstruction

In this paper, we study the simple eigenvectors of two hypomorphic matrices using linear algebra. We also give new proofs of results of Godsil and McKay.
An Accumulative Model for Quantum Theories

For a general quantum theory that is describable by a path integral formalism, we construct a mathematical model of an accumulation-to-threshold process whose outcomes give predictions that are nearly identical to the given quantum theory. The model is neither local nor causal in spacetime, but is both local and causal is in a non-observable path space. The probabilistic nature of the squared wavefunction is a natural consequence of the model. We verify the model with simulations, and we discuss possible discrepancies from conventional quantum theory that might be detectable via experiment. Finally, we discuss the physical implications of the model.
Solution-Phase Conversion of Bulk Metal Oxides to Metal Chalcogenides Using a Simple Thiol–Amine Solvent Mixture†

A thiol-amine solvent mixture is used to dissolve ten inexpensive bulk oxides (Cu2O, ZnO, GeO2, As2O3, Ag2O, CdO, SnO, Sb2O3, PbO, and Bi2O3) under ambient conditions. Dissolved oxides can be converted to the corresponding sulfides using the thiol as the sulfur source, while selenides and tellurides can be accessed upon mixing with a stoichiometric amount of dissolved selenium or tellurium. The practicality of this method is illustrated by solution depositing Sb2Se3 thin films from compound inks of dissolved Sb2O3 and selenium that give high photoelectrochemical current response. The direct band gap of the resulting material can be tuned from 1.2-1.6 eV by modulating the ink formulation to give compositionally controlled Sb2Se(3-x)S(x) alloys.
When do enterprises prefer informal credit

This paper tests the hypothesis that enterprises may forgo formal finance in lieu of informal credit by choice. They do so to avoid the additional regulatory scrutiny and harassment that engaging with the formal financial sector invites. We test this hypothesis using enterprise-level data on 3,564 enterprises in 29 countries. In this sample, enterprises finance approximately 57 percent of their working capital requirements with external finance. This external finance comes from formal sources, such as commercial banks (53 percent) and informal sources (42 percent), such as trade creditors, or family and friends. In our sample, 14 percent of enterprises rely exclusively on informal finance. We find that the likelihood of enterprises preferring to only use informal finance is inversely related to the quality of the regulatory environment, particularly the quality of tax administration and overall governance. For example, we find that when an enterprise has been asked for bribes by tax inspectors, it is 17 percent more likely to prefer informal finance.
The structure of ill structured problems

Reviews of the state of the professional practice in Requirements Engineering (RE) stress that the RE process is both complex and hard to describe, and suggest there is a significant difference between competent and "approved" practice. "Approved" practice is reflected by (in all likelihood, in fact, has its genesis in) RE education, so that the knowledge and skills taught to students do not match the knowledge and skills required and applied by competent practitioners.
Efficient sum-of-exponentials approximations for the heat kernel and their applications

In this paper, we show that efficient separated sum-of-exponentials approximations can be constructed for the heat kernel in any dimension. In one space dimension, the heat kernel admits an approximation involving a number of terms that is of the order O(log(T?)(log(1??)+loglog(T?)))$O(\log (\frac {T}{\delta }) (\log (\frac {1}{\epsilon })+\log \log (\frac {T}{\delta })))$ for any x??$x\in \mathbb R$ and ?≤t≤T, where ?? is the desired precision. In all higher dimensions, the corresponding heat kernel admits an approximation involving only O(log2(T?))$O(\log ^{2}(\frac {T}{\delta }))$ terms for fixed accuracy ??. These approximations can be used to accelerate integral equation-based methods for boundary value problems governed by the heat equation in complex geometry. The resulting algorithms are nearly optimal. For NS points in the spatial discretization and NT time steps, the cost is O(NSNTlog2T?)$O(N_{S} N_{T} \log ^{2} \frac {T}{\delta })$ in terms of both memory and CPU time for fixed accuracy ??. The algorithms can be parallelized in a straightforward manner. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the accuracy and stability of these approximations.
Astroturf: Interest Group Lobbying and Corporate Strategy

We study three corporate nonmarket strategies designed to influence the lobbying behavior of other special interest groups: (1) astroturf, in which the firm covertly subsidizes a group with similar views to lobby when it normally would not; (2) the bear hug, in which the firm overtly pays a group to alter its lobbying activities; and (3) self-regulation, in which the firm voluntarily limits the potential social harm from its activities. All three strategies reduce the informativeness of lobbying, and all reduce the payoff of the public decision-maker. We show that the decision-maker would benefit by requiring the public disclosure of funds spent on astroturf lobbying but that the availability of alternative influence strategies limits the impact of such a policy.
Fractional quantum Hall effect in suspended graphene: Transport coefficients and electron interaction strength

Recently, fractional-quantized Hall effect was observed in suspended graphene (SG), a free-standing monolayer of carbon, where it was found to persist up to $T=10\text{ }\text{K}$. The best results in those experiments were obtained on micron-size flakes, on which only two-terminal transport measurements could be performed. Here we address the problem of extracting transport coefficients of a fractional quantum Hall state from the two-terminal conductance. We develop a general method, based on the conformal invariance of two-dimensional magnetotransport, and employ it to analyze the measurements on SG. From the temperature dependence of longitudinal conductivity, extracted from the measured two-terminal conductance, we estimate the energy gap of quasiparticle excitations in the fractional-quantized $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/3$ state. The gap is found to be significantly larger than in GaAs-based structures, signaling much stronger electron interactions in suspended graphene. Our approach provides a tool for the studies of quantum transport in suspended graphene and other nanoscale systems.
A Course On Human Values for the Management Curriculum

While interest in the subject of values has grown markedly over the last decade, reflected in a flow of conceptual and empirical papers in the management and organization literature, the subject of...
Pyrrolidine-based chiral pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs) as recyclable and highly efficient organocatalysts for the asymmetric Michael addition reactions

A novel series of pyrrolidine-based chiral pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs) have been developed by using commercially available (S)-(2-aminomethyl)-1-N-Boc-pyrrolidine. These chiral ILs have been found to be recyclable and efficient organocatalysts for the asymmetric catalytic Michael addition reactions of ketones to nitroolefins with high yields, high enantioselectivies, and diastereoselectivies.
Population-based outcomes for pediatric thyroid carcinoma.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to determine clinical features and clinical outcomes for pediatric thyroid carcinoma. Study Design: Cross-sectional analysis of national cancer database. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1988–2000) was surveyed, extracting all cases of pediatric thyroid carcinoma. Clinical features including age, gender, tumor type, tumor size, nodal disease, treatment modality, and survival variables were retrieved. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to determine actuarial survival according to histological type. Cox regression analysis was conducted to determine prognostic factors affecting survival in pediatric carcinoma. Results: In all, 566 cases of thyroid carcinoma were extracted for the time period. Mean patient age at presentation was 16.0 years, with a female predominance (84.8%). There were 378 cases of papillary carcinoma, 137 cases of follicular variant of papillary carcinoma, and 51 cases of follicular carcinoma. The average tumor size was 2.6 cm, and 37.1% of patients presented with positive nodal disease. Overall survival was excellent with mean survivals greater than 145 months for each histological type. Follicular carcinoma exhibited a slightly poorer survival that was statistically significant (P = .017) Conclusion: Pediatric thyroid carcinoma primarily affects girls. Clinical features of tumor presentation are similar to those of adults with thyroid carcinoma. However, overall survival for pediatric thyroid carcinoma is excellent, with few patients dying of disease.
Modeling fund and portfolio risk: A bi-modal approach to analyzing risk in turbulent markets☆

Abstract Following the financial crisis of 2008, it has been argued that Value at Risk (VaR), and risk analysis in general, failed to alert risk managers of the turbulence on the horizon. This is a misguided view that should not have come as a surprise because many widely circulated academic papers and discussions suggested, well before the crisis, that simple VaR results could easily be misinterpreted if the circumstances for its proper use are not fully understood. This paper addresses some ways in which VaR concepts may be applied more effectively. Non-standard Monte Carlo simulations are utilized. Whereas standard mean–variance defined methodologies using Monte Carlo analysis may not capture how “fat” a lower tail may actually be, a bi-modal switching structure between assumed normal periods and possible turbulent economic periods may help resolve the problem. Lower boundaries (worst case paths) of the different (normal versus bi-modal) processes are mapped to illustrate implied riskiness of portfolios if turbulence occurs. The analysis implies that no mechanical risk analysis is sufficiently divorced from a judgment call about possible market disruptions; however, a bi-modal approach allows quantification of the said judgment in conjunction with empirical observations from history.
Liquid-liquid equilibria for polymer solutions and blends, including copolymers

Abstract A simplified perturbed hard-sphere-chain (PHSC) theory is applied to interpret, correlate, and (in part) predict liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) for polymer solutions and blends, including copolymers. The PHSC equation of state uses a hard-sphere-chain reference system plus a van der Waals attractive perturbation. Three pure-component parameters are obtained from readily available thermodynamic properties. Mixture parameters are obtained using pure-component parameters, conventional combining rules, and one or two binary constants. Theoretical and experimental coexistence curves and miscibility maps show good agreement for selected blends containing polymers and copolymers. For LLE of dilute or semi-dilute solvent/polymer solutions, it is necessary to decrease the pure-component polymer chain length in the perturbation term, probably because the mean-field approximation is not suitable for such solutions.
The Speed and Orientation of the Parsec-Scale Jet in 3C 279

A high degree of relativistic beaming is inferred for the jets of blazars on the basis of several lines of evidence, but the intrinsic speed and angle of the jet to the line of sight for individual sources are difficult to measure. We have calculated inverse Compton Doppler factors for 3C 279 using the collection of VLBI data (including high-resolution space VLBI data at low frequencies) recently published by us (as Wehrle et al. and Piner et al.) and the collection of multiwavelength spectra recently published by Hartman et al. From the Doppler factor and superluminal apparent speed, we then calculate the Lorentz factor and angle to the line of sight of the parsec-scale relativistic jet. We follow the method previously used by Unwin et al. for 3C 345 to model the jet components as homogeneous spheres and the VLBI core as an unresolved inhomogeneous conical jet, using K?nigl's formalism. The conical jet model can be made to match both the observed X-ray emission and the VLBI properties of the core with a suitable choice of Doppler factor, implying that the core makes a significant contribution to the X-ray emission, in contrast to the situation for 3C 345, where the jet components dominated the X-ray emission. The parameters of the K?nigl models indicate that the jet is particle dominated at the radii that produce significant emission (from ~5 to 20 pc from the apex of the jet for most models) and is not in equipartition. At the inner radius of the K?nigl jet the magnetic field is of order 0.1 G and the relativistic-particle number density is of order 10 cm-3. The kinetic energy flux in the jet is of order 1046(1 + k) ergs s-1, where k is the ratio of proton to electron energy, which implies a mass accretion rate of order 0.1(1 + k)/? M? yr-1, where ? is the efficiency of conversion of mass to kinetic energy. When all components are included in the calculation, then on average the core produces about half of the X-rays, with the other half being split between the long-lived component C4 and the brightest inner-jet component. We calculate an average speed and angle to the line of sight for the region of the jet interior to 1 mas of v = 0.992c (? = 8) and ? = 4? and an average speed and angle to the line of sight for C4 (at r ? 3 mas) of v = 0.997c (? = 13) and ? = 2?. These values imply average Doppler factors of ? = 12 for the inner jet and ? = 21 for C4.
Library and Information Center Accessibility: The Differently-able Patron's Perspective

This article explores library services and accessibility in public, school, and academic libraries from the perspective(s) of patrons who are differently-able. 1 For this study, five individuals, each of whom has unique experiences with disability and society, participated in in-depth interviews. Qualitative data analysis revealed the following themes: love for libraries and reading; disability as a socially-constructed phenomenon; physical limitations and barriers to library accessibility and services; technology and adaptation; and legislative compliance versus compassion. Through participants' voices, the study lends understanding to the “lived experiences” of library patrons who are differently-able and offers suggestions on how library accessibility may be improved.
Catalytic Cross-Coupling of Alkylzinc Halides with α-Chloroketones

The cross-coupling of alkylzinc halides with α-chloroketones catalyzed by Cu(acac)2 is described. Using this method, primary and secondary alkyl groups are introduced adjacent to a ketone carbonyl under mild reaction conditions and in good yield. Cyclic, acyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic α-chloroketones are suitable substrates. Optically active α-chloroketones are converted to optically active products. The reaction was found to proceed stereospecifically with inversion of stereochemistry. The reaction is proposed to occur by direct substitution of the chloride with the alkyl group of an organocopper, -magnesium, or -zinc species.
Synthesis of exo-5-Azidonorbornene and exo-2,exo-5-Diazidonorbornene

Abstract Polar addition of HN3 to norbornadiene (1) affords exo-5-azido-norbornene (2, 70%). Subsequent azidomercuration-demercuration of 2, performed by using in situ generated Hg(N3)2 followed by reductive demercuration, proceeds stereospecifically to afford exo-2,exo-5-diazidonorbornane (5, 68% yield).
Enhancing scatterplot matrices for data with ordering or spatial attributes

The scatterplot matrix is one of the most common methods used to project multivariate data onto two dimensions for display. While each off-diagonal plot maps a pair of non-identical dimensions, there is no prescribed mapping for the diagonal plots. In this paper, histograms, 1D plots and 2D plots are drawn in the diagonal plots of the scatterplots matrix. In 1D plots, the data are assumed to have order, and they are projected in this order. In 2D plots, the data are assumed to have spatial information, and they are projected onto locations based on these spatial attributes using color to represent the dimension value. The plots and the scatterplots are linked together by brushing. Brushing on these alternate visualizations will affect the selected data in the regular scatterplots, and vice versa. Users can also navigate to other visualizations, such as parallel coordinates and glyphs, which are also linked with the scatterplot matrix by brushing. Ordering and spatial attributes can also be used as methods of indexing and organizing data. Users can select an ordering span or a spatial region by interacting with 1D plots or with 2D plots, and then observe the characteristics of the selected data subset. 1D plots and 2D plots provide the ability to explore the ordering and spatial attributes, while other views are for viewing the abstract data. In a sense, we are linking what are traditionally seen as scientific visualization methods with methods from the information visualization and statistical graphics fields. We validate the usefulness of this integration by providing two case studies, time series data analysis and spatial data analysis.
The Effect of Gravitational-Wave Recoil on the Demography of Massive Black Holes

The coalescence of massive black hole (MBH) binaries following galaxy mergers is one of the main sources of low-frequency gravitational radiation. A higher order relativistic phenomenon, the recoil as a result of the nonzero net linear momentum carried away by gravitational waves, may have interesting consequences for the demography of MBHs at the centers of galaxies. We study the dynamics of recoiling MBHs and its observational consequences. The "gravitational rocket" may (1) deplete MBHs from late-type spiral galaxies, dwarf galaxies, and stellar clusters; (2) produce off-nuclear quasars, including unusual radio morphologies during the recoil of a radio-loud source; and (3) give rise to a population of interstellar and intergalactic MBHs.
Optimizing venture capital investments in a jump diffusion model

We study two practical optimization problems in relation to venture capital investments and/or Research and Development (R&D) investments. In the first problem, given the amount of the initial investment and the cash flow structure at the initial public offering (IPO), the venture capitalist wants to maximize overall discounted cash flows after subtracting subsequent investments, which keep the invested company solvent. We describe this problem as a mixture of singular stochastic control and optimal stopping problems. The second problem is concerned with optimal dividend policy. Rather than selling the company at an IPO, the investor may want to harvest technological achievements in the form of dividend when it is appropriate. The optimal control policy in this problem is a mixture of singular and impulse controls.
An application of extremal field guidance in statistical low thrust guidance analysis

The subject of this paper is the application of extremal field guidance to the covariance analysis of low thrust retargeting guidance. The general procedure for low thrust navigation analysis is briefly reviewed. The basic equations of trajectory optimization and extremal field guidance are presented with emphasis on the low thrust problem. The adopted formulation includes thruster on-off times as control variables and accounts for the effects of model parameter variations. A method of solution of the guidance equations is outlined; and the application of the solution in a covariance analysis, including a procedure for the treatment of model parameter variations as either biases or first order Gauss-Markov stochastic processes, is discussed.
Deoxycholic Acid and Selenium Metabolite Methylselenol Exert Common and Distinct Effects on Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and MAP Kinase Pathway in HCT116 Human Colon Cancer Cells

The cell growth inhibition induced by bile acid deoxycholic acid (DCA) may cause compensatory hyperproliferation of colonic epithelial cells and consequently increase colon cancer risk. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence for the efficacy of certain forms of selenium (Se) as anticancer nutrients. Methylselenol has been hypothesized to be a critical Se metabolite for anticancer activity in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that both DCA (75–300 μmol/l) and submicromolar methylselenol inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation by up to 64% and 63%, respectively. In addition, DCA and methylselenol each increased colon cancer cell apoptosis rate by up to twofold. Cell cycle analyses revealed that DCA induced an increase in only the G1 fraction with a concomitant drop in G2 and S-phase; in contrast, methylselenol led to an increase in the G1 and G2 fractions with a concomitant drop only in the S-phase. Although both DCA and methylselenol significantly promoted apoptosis and inhibited cell growth,...
On Examples of Intermediate Subfactors from Conformal Field Theory

Motivated by our subfactor generalization of Wall’s conjecture, in this paper we determine all intermediate subfactors for conformal subnets corresponding to four infinite series of conformal inclusions, and as a consequence we verify that these series of subfactors verify our conjecture. Our results can be stated in the framework of Vertex Operator Algebras. We also verify our conjecture for Jones-Wassermann subfactors from representations of Loop groups extending our earlier results.
Statistics of responses of a mistuned and frictionally damped bladed disk assembly subjected to white noise and narrow band excitations

In this paper, the effects of friction dampers on the vibration of a mistuned bladed disk assembly are examined for the following types of random excitation: white noise and narrow band. To compute the statistics of nonlinear response, an analytical technique is developed based on the equivalent linearization method. The validity of the analytical technique has been established by comparison with the results from numerical simulations. The relation between the vibration mode of the system and the performance of friction dampers is investigated.
On the Degrees of Freedom Achievable Through Interference Alignment in a MIMO Interference Channel

Consider a K-user flat fading MIMO interference channel where the kth transmitter (or receiver) is equipped with Mk (respectively Nk) antennas. If an exponential (in K) number of generic channel extensions are used either across time or frequency, Cadambe and Jafar [1] showed that the total achievable degrees of freedom (DoF) can be maximized via interference alignment, resulting in a total DoF that grows linearly with A even if Mk and Nk are bounded. In this work we consider the case where no channel extension is allowed, and establish a general condition that must be satisfied by any degrees of freedom tuple (d1. d2....dK) achievable through linear interference alignment. For a symmetric system with Mk = M, Nk = N, dk = d for all k, this condition implies that the total achievable DoF cannot grow linearly with K, and is in fact no more than K(M + N)/(K + 1). We also show that this bound is tight when the number of antennas at each transceiver is divisible by d, the number of data streams per user.
p-GROUPS HAVE UNBOUNDED REALIZATION MULTIPLICITY

In this paper we interpret the solutions to a particular Galois embedding problem over an extension K/F satisfying Gal(K/F) ≃ Z/p n Z in terms of certain Galois submodules within the parameterizing space of elementary p-abelian extensions of K; here p is a prime. Combined with some basic facts about the module structure of this param- eterizing space, this allows us to exhibit a class of p-groups whose realization multiplicity is unbounded.
An efficient Rh-catalyst system for the intramolecular [4+2] and [5+2] cycloaddition reactions

Abstract A new Rh-catalyst system has been developed for the [4+2] and [5+2] cycloaddition reactions. This new system shows high reactivity at room temperature and the Rh-center bears tunable phosphine ligands. Up to 1000 turnovers have been obtained for the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction at room temperature.
Gathering requirements for a personal health management system

Applications are being designed to make health information available to the healthcare consumer. However, little is known about the support people need in using health information. We conducted semi-structured interviews to find out how people use health information to manage the chronic illness type-2 diabetes. We found that diabetics want to be motivated to treat the disease seriously and that the patient's social network takes on additional work that is unrelated to their existing social role to support the patient's health-related activities. Based on our findings, we propose a set of formative requirements to be included in the design of a personal health management system.
Chemoenzymatic and electrochemical oxidations in the synthesis of octahydroisoquinolines for conversion to morphine. Relative merits of radical vs. acid-catalyzed cyclizations

Abstract Second-generation stereoselective synthesis of octahydroisoquinoline 3 , a potential key intermediate for the projected synthesis of the natural enantiomer of morphine, has been accomplished in five steps from arene cis -diol 8 . Electrochemical oxidation of 9b furnished 7b , a precursor for the key benzoate-assisted acyl0iminium cyclization.
Chemistry and Physics of Alkali Metals on MoS2 Surfaces

The interaction of alkali metal with surfaces has been of great interest to the community of catalysis since alkali metal can play an important role as a promoter. On alkali-doped MoS2, such a promotion effect of alkali metal has been exemplified in the direct synthesis of linear alcohols from CO and H2, where the alkali-doping switches the catalyst selectivity from methanation to alcohol synthesis. This paper reviews recent high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments that have provided directobservation of electron transfer from alkali metals to a model single crystal MoS2 and the capture of the supra-valence electrons in the subsequent oxidation reactions.
Does Shareholder Composition Matter? Evidence from the Market Reaction to Corporate Earnings Announcements

We examine whether institutional ownership composition is related to parameters of the market reaction to negative earnings announcements. When firms report earnings below analysts' expectations, the stock price response is more negative for firms with higher levels of ownership by momentum or aggressive growth investors. There is no evidence, however, that these institutions cause an "overreaction" to earnings news. Ownership structure is also related to trading volume and to stock price volatility on days around earnings announcements. Our findings are consistent with the idea that the composition of institutional shareholders effects stock price behavior around the release of corporate information. INSTITUTIONAL OWNERSHIP OF U.S. EQUITIES has increased dramatically during the past two decades. This rise has led to much debate concerning the impact of trading by institutional investors on stock prices. At one extreme, institutional investors are viewed as causing stock prices to deviate from fundamental values and causing excess volatility.1 At the other, institutions are seen to increase firm value via their monitoring capabilities.2 Empirically, the broad goal of our research is to understand whether and how the identity of a firm's institutional shareholders matters. In this paper, we examine the relation between the composition of firms' institutional ownership and parameters of the market reaction to negative earnings announcements.3 We focus on corporate earnings news because this is central to
The Cichon diagram

We conclude the discussion of additivity, Baire number, uniformity, and covering for measure and category by constructing the remaining 5 models. Thus we complete the analysis of Cichon's diagram.
Diffraction-limited Imaging and Photometry of NGC 1068

The nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 was observed with speckle imaging techniques in the near-infrared H band (1.6 μm) with the 200-inch Hale Telescope on Palomar Mountain and K band (2.2 μm) with the 10 m Keck I Telescope at the W. M. Keck Observatory. Images with diffraction-limited or near–diffraction-limited resolutions of 0”.05–0”.1 were obtained and used to search for structure in the nuclear region. Images of the nucleus of NGC 1068 reveal an extended region of emission, accounting for nearly 50% of the nuclear flux in the K band. This region extends 10 pc on either side of an unresolved point-source nucleus that is at most 0”.02 or 1.4 pc in size. Both the point source and the newly imaged extended emission are very red, with identical H-K colors corresponding to a color temperature of 800 K. While the point source is of a size to be consistent with grains in thermal equilibrium with the nuclear source, the extended emission is not. It must consist either of nuclear emission that has been reflected off an extended dusty disk or of small grains raised to transiently high temperatures by reflected UV photons.
Rapid prototyping of information management systems

Rapid prototyping is especially effective when implementing interactive information management systems. With the right tools, the development process for these systems involves the generation of successive prototypes where each successor is closer to the user requirement. The final prototype becomes either the production system or a production subsystem which is integrated into the total system. The tools used to generate successive prototypes are called application generators and program generators. There are several software engineering issues addressed by these tools.
The heavy quark potential in QCD with 2 flavors of dynamical quarks

Abstract We compute the heavy quark potential on configurations generated by the HEMCGC Collaboration with dynamical staggered fermions at 6/g2=5.6 and with dynamical Wilson fermions at 6/g2= 5.3. The computations are done on 163 × 32 lattices, corresponding to physical sizes of about 1.6 and 2.3 fm, respectively. Up to the distances probed no sign of string breaking is detectable. We also compute the recently proposed scale r0 defined by r02F(r0) = 1.65.
Basics of generalized unitarity

We review generalized unitarity as a means for obtaining loop amplitudes from on-shell tree amplitudes. The method is generally applicable to both supersymmetric and non-supersymmetric amplitudes, including non-planar contributions. Here, we focus mainly on Yang–Mills theory, in the context of on-shell superspaces. Given the need for regularization at loop level, we also review a six-dimensional helicity-based superspace formalism and its application to dimensional and massive regularizations. An important feature of the unitarity method is that it offers a means for carrying over any identified tree-level property of on-shell amplitudes to loop level, though sometimes in a modified form. We illustrate this with examples of dual conformal symmetry and a recently discovered duality between color and kinematics. This article is an invited review for a special issue of Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical devoted to ‘Scattering amplitudes in gauge theories’.
Dynamical screening and radiative parton energy loss in a quark-gluon plasma

Abstract Dynamical screening in the magnetic part of the one-gluon exchange interaction is included in the study of radiative energy loss of a fast parton propagating inside a quark-gluon plasma. As a result the final radiative energy loss is about twice as large as when only the electric part of one-gluon exchange interaction is considered. A non-perturbative magnetic screening mass is also used in the estimate of the mean-free-path of parton scattering in a hot QCD matter.
Practical cone-beam lambda tomography

As a potentially important technology for medical x-ray computed tomography (CT), lambda tomography (LT) is to reconstruct a gradient-like image only from local projection data. Based on our recently derived exact fan-beam LT formula, [H. Y. Gu and G. Wang, Int. J. Biomed. Imaging 2006(1), 1-9 (2006)] here we propose a practical cone-beam LT algorithm for LT reconstruction from local data collected along an arbitrary smooth three-dimensional curve. A key step in our algorithm is to determine an appropriate vector perpendicular to the line connecting the x-ray source and an image point. The algorithm is implemented assuming an equispatial planar detector and a nonstandard spiral trajectory. The numerical simulation results demonstrate the merits of our method.
Tides, Interactions, and Fine-Scale Substructures in Galaxy Clusters

We present the results of a study on galaxy interactions, tides, and other processes that produce luminous fine-scale substructures in the galaxy clusters: Coma, Perseus, Abell 2199, AWM 3, and AWM 5. All unusual structures in these clusters can be categorized into seven morphologies: interacting galaxies, multiple galaxies (noninteracting), distorted galaxies, tailed galaxies, line galaxies, dwarf galaxy groups, and galaxy aggregates. The various morphologies are described, and a catalog is presented, of 248 objects in these five clusters along with color, and positional information obtained from CCD images taken with the WIYN 3.5 m telescope in broadband B and R filters. Distorted, interacting, and fine-scale substructures have a range of colors extending from blue objects with B-R ≈ 0 to redder colors at B-R ≈ 2.5. We also find that the structures with the most disturbed morphology have the bluest colors. In addition, the relative number distributions of these structures suggest that two separate classes of galaxy clusters exist: one dominated by distorted structures and the other dominated by galaxy associations. The Coma and Perseus clusters, respectively, are proposed as models for these types of clusters. These structures avoid the deep potentials of the dominant D or cD galaxies in the Coma and Perseus clusters, and tend to clump together. Possible mechanisms for the production of fine-scale substructure are reviewed and compared with observations of z ≈ 0.4 Butcher-Oemler clusters. We conclude, based on color, positional, and statistical data, that the most likely mechanism for the creation of these structures is through an interaction with the gravitational potential of the cluster, possibly coupled with effects of weak interactions with cluster ellipticals.
APC2 and Axin promote mitotic fidelity by facilitating centrosome separation and cytoskeletal regulation

To ensure the accurate transmission of genetic material, chromosome segregation must occur with extremely high fidelity. Segregation errors lead to chromosomal instability (CIN), with deleterious consequences. Mutations in the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) initiate most colon cancers and have also been suggested to promote disease progression through increased CIN, but the mechanistic role of APC in preventing CIN remains controversial. Using fly embryos as a model, we investigated the role of APC proteins in CIN. Our findings suggest that APC2 loss leads to increased rates of chromosome segregation error. This occurs through a cascade of events beginning with incomplete centrosome separation leading to failure to inhibit formation of ectopic cleavage furrows, which result in mitotic defects and DNA damage. We test several hypotheses related to the mechanism of action of APC2, revealing that APC2 functions at the embryonic cortex with several protein partners, including Axin, to promote mitotic fidelity. Our in vivo data demonstrate that APC2 protects genome stability by modulating mitotic fidelity through regulation of the cytoskeleton.
Household Vegetable Demand in the Philippines: Is There an Urban-Rural Divide?

A Nonlinear Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (NQAIDS) that accounts for censoring and endogeneity problems is used to assess the vegetable demand behavior of rural and urban households in the Philippines. Detailed household consumption data for a number of vegetable commodities are utilized in the analysis. The results show that most of the expenditure and own-price elasticities of the vegetables analyzed are near or larger than unitary in both rural and urban areas. For majority of the vegetable commodities examined, only the expenditure elasticity is significantly different between rural and urban households. On the other hand, own-price and cross-price elasticities of most vegetables do not significantly differ between rural and urban households. The disaggregate vegetable demand elasticities in this study, as well as the insights from the rural/urban comparisons, provide valuable information that can be utilized for the analysis and design of various food-related policies in the Philippines. [JEL Classification: R21; Q11] © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 511–527, 2007.
Specification testing and quasi-maximum-likelihood estimation

Abstract This paper develops robust, regression-based conditional moment tests for models estimated by quasi-maximum-likelihood using a density in the linear exponential family. The tests are relatively simple to compute, while being robust to distributional assumptions other than those being explicitly tested. The conditional mean tests assume only that the conditional mean is correctly specified under the null hypothesis, but are asymptotically equivalent to standard forms of the tests if the conditional variance is correctly specified. Tests for conditional variance misspecification assume only that the first two moments are correctly specified under the null hypothesis. An empirical application to individual arrest data is included.
Formation of Scalemic Aziridines via the Nucleophilic Opening of Aziridines.

Introduction As part of our work in the preparation of aziridineallylsilanes1 we had need of a method for the preparation of simple monosubstituted, scalemic aziridines such as 1. The preparation of scalemic aziridines has been well covered in a number of reviews.2 Two methods seemed particularly well suited for the preparation of the types of aziridines needed for our work. First, an amino acid can be converted into a substituted aziridine.3 The use of amino acids, however, is quite limiting as to the identity of R. Second, the aziridination of an olefin with PhIdNTs and a copper catalyst has been shown to be useful in some cases.4 While this method can be extremely useful, again the choice of R can be limited. For example, other olefins in the molecule can be a problem, and optimal yields are only obtained with cyclic or strained olefins. Our plan (Scheme 1) was to prepare the aziridine 2 and to examine the reactivity of this molecule with a variety of organometallic reagents. The reaction of the aziridine ring with cuprates, organolithium reagents, and Grignard reagents is well known.5 We were not certain where nucleophilic attack would take place with an
High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Ultracompact LMXB Pulsar 4U 1626–67

We report results from four recent observations of the ultracompact LMXB pulsar 4U 1626-67. These observations obtained high-resolution X-ray spectra with Chandra HETGS and XMM RGS, allowing us to study in detail the prominent Ne and O emission-line complexes. The observations were spaced over a period of 3 yr, enabling us to monitor the line regions as well as the overall spectral and timing properties. The structure of the emission lines and the helium-like Ne IX and O VII triplets support the hypothesis that they are formed in the high-density environment of an accretion disk. We do not find any significant variability in the line widths or ratios, though we note that the equivalent widths decrease. Using the most recent calibration products, we are able to place constraints on the strengths of the Ne K, Fe L, and O K photoelectric absorption edges. In contrast to our earlier analysis, the data do not require an overabundance of Ne or O in the system relative to the expected ISM values. We find that the pulsar is still spinning down but note that the pulse profile has changed significantly from what was found prior to the torque reversal in 1990, suggesting a change in the geometry of the accretion column. The flux of 4U 1626-67 continues to decrease, following the trend of the last ≈30 yr over which it has been observed. Taking into consideration current theory on disk stability, we expect that 4U 1626-67 will enter a period of quiescence in 2-15 yr.
Subsystem performance analysis using PC-based scientific spreadsheet

In recent years, with the advance in analytical and calculating ability of scientific spreadsheets and the increasing speed of PC machines, it is now possible for any sensor system designer to carry out basic performance analysis without always having to refer to special purpose performance models. The designer can use these spreadsheets to custom-make any system and subsystem models for his own purpose. The spreadsheet models presented in this paper will demonstrate the analysis of horizontal and vertical 4- bar target responses of a serial scan FLIR system by using a commercially available scientific spreadsheet (i.e., MathCAD version 4.0). The results from the model have shown excellent correlation with actual measured data. Finally, this ability to accurately predict subsystem performances have proven to be extremely useful not only during the design phase, but also during the prototyping and preproduction integration phase. Because during trouble-shooting efforts, it provides the engineers the ability to understand subsystem problems in an almost real time fashion.
Wide Compositional and Structural Diversity in the System Tl/Bi/P/Q (Q = S, Se) and Observation of Vicinal P−Tl J Coupling in the Solid State

The compounds α-TlBiP2Se6 (I), β-TlBiP2Se6 (II), TlBiP2S6 (III), Tl3Bi3(PS4)4 (IV), TlBiP2S7 (V), and Tl3Bi(PS4)2 (VI) were synthesized, and the structures of I−V were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structure of I features infinite chains. Those of compounds II, III, and V are layered. The structure of IV features a three-dimensional framework. Tl4Bi2(PS4)2(P2S6) (VII) was also prepared for comparison to the title compounds. The band gaps of each compound are 1.23, 1.27, 1.81, 1.88, 2.06, 1.98, and 1.97 eV for I−VII, respectively. Compounds I, III, IV, and VI melt congruently at 544, 595, 495, and 563 °C, respectively, and compounds II, V, and VII melt incongruently at 544, 509, and 600 °C, respectively. Solid-state 31P NMR spectroscopy of the reported compounds demonstrates chemical shifts and chemical shift anisotropies in line with related chalcophosphate materials. Evidence for two-bond P−Tl J coupling was observed in 31P NMR spectra (J = 481−1781 Hz), and to the best of ...
Development of the [3 + 2] annulations of cyclohexenylsilanes and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate: application to the total synthesis of (+/-)-peduncularine.

The synthesis of (±)-peduncularine was accomplished using the [3 + 2] annulation of an allylic silane with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to assemble the bicyclic core of the alkaloid. The stereochemistry of the annulation product was employed to control the installation of the indolylmethyl side chain at C-7 with complete stereoselectivity.
Dynamical Weyl Groups and Applications

Abstract Following a preceding paper of Tarasov and the second author, we define and study a new structure, which may be regarded as the dynamical analog of the Weyl group for Lie algebras and of the quantum Weyl group for quantized enveloping algebras. We give some applications of this new structure.
Communicating policy change: Media framing of economic news in post-communist Bulgaria:

This study analyzes the role of media type, political institutions and type of news on the use of episodic, thematic, economic consequences, human interest and conflict frames when reporting econom...
ASYMMETRIC ALLYLIC ALKYLATION CATALYZED BY PALLADIUM COMPLEXES WITH A NEW CHIRAL BISPHOSPHINE LIGAND

Abstract A novel, chiral bisphosphine ligand has been synthesized and its palladium complexes have been used in asymmetric allylic alkylation. High reactivity and moderate selectivity have been realized in the reaction between 1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate and dimethyl malonate.
Model Test of a 1:8-Scale Floating Wind Turbine Offshore in the Gulf of Maine

A new floating wind turbine platform design called VolturnUS developed by the University of Maine uses innovations in materials, construction, and deployment technologies such as a concrete semi-submersible hull and a composite tower to reduce the costs of offshore wind. These novel characteristics require research and development prior to full-scale construction. This paper presents a unique offshore model testing effort aimed at de-risking full-scale commercial projects by providing properly scaled global motion data, allowing for implementation of full-scale structural materials, and demonstrating full-scale construction and deployment methods. The model is a 1:8-scale model of a 6MW semi-submersible floating wind turbine and was deployed offshore Castine, Maine, USA in June, 2013. The model uses a fully operational turbine and was the first grid connected offshore wind turbine in the Americas.The testing effort includes careful treatment of the offshore test site, scaling methods, model design, and construction. A suitable test site was identified that provides the correct proportions of wind and wave loading in order to simulate design load cases prescribed by the American Bureau of Shipping Standard for Building and Classing Floating Offshore Wind Turbines.Sample model test data is provided. Model test data is directly compared to full-scale design predictions made using coupled aeroelastic/ hydrodynamic software. VolturnUS performance data from scaled extreme sea states show excellent agreement with predictive models. Model test data are also compared to a numerical representation of the physical model for the purposes of numerical code validation. The numerical model results compare very favorably with data collected from the physical model.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
An Improved Synthesis of 3-Methyl-5-hydroxy Protected Indoles

Abstract The synthesis of 3-methyl-5-alkoxy indoles 14 and 15 was accomplished through the use of DIBALH to effect the reductive-cyclization of an amino-nitrile intermediate. The mild conditions used to induce cyclization allowed for the use of a benzyl protecting groups which is normally sensitive to palladium catalyzed reducing conditions.