cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Somatic embryogenesis in two Gossypium hirsutum genotypes on semi-solid versus liquid proliferation media

A comparison of semi-solid vs. liquid embryo proliferation media was made using two Gossypium hirsutum L. genotypes (Coker 312 and T25) and two callus initiation media. Sections of petioles from mature, flowering plants were cultured on two modified Murashige and Skoog media. Medium 1 included 4.0 mg l-1 NAA and 1.0 mg l-1 kinetin; medium 2 contained 0.1 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.1 mg l-1 kinetin. After six weeks, callus was removed from each explant and divided in half. One callus portion was placed in liquid proliferation medium and the other on semi-solid (0.2% Gelrite) proliferation medium. Composition of proliferation medium was identical to that of initiation medium, except no growth regulators were added. Embryos were counted after eight weeks. The percentage of explants forming callus was influenced by genotype/initiation medium combination. Analysis of variance procedures revealed significant variability for callus initiation media, proliferation media (semi-solid or liquid), and an initiation medium x genotype interaction. Paired t-tests indicated that more embryos were produced in liquid proliferation medium (227.3 embryos/culture) than on semi-solid proliferation medium (134.6 embryos/culture).
Victim Reports of Bystander Reactions to In-Person and Online Peer Harassment: A National Survey of Adolescents

Bullying prevention is increasingly targeting education to bystanders, but more information is needed on the complexities of bystander actions across a wide variety of incidents, including both online and in-person peer harassment. The current study analyzes victim report data from a nationally representative survey of youth ages 10–20 (n = 791; 51 % female). Bystander presence was common across all harassment incident types (80 % of incidents). In contrast to previous research, our study found that supportive bystander behaviors occurred at relatively high rates. Unfortunately, antagonistic bystander behaviors, although less common, were predictive of higher negative impact for the victim. A large percentage of victims (76 %) also disclosed the harassment to confidants, who play an important role as secondary bystanders. While friends were the most common confidant, incidents were also disclosed to adults at high rates (60 %) and with mostly positive results. The findings suggest that prevention programs could increase their impact by targeting education to both direct witnesses and confidants, and considering a wider variety of peer victimization incident types.
Influence of descriptive terminology on management of atypical thyroid fine-needle aspirates.

BACKGROUND The Bethesda System category of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) is used to classify a variety of mild abnormalities in thyroid FNAs. Modifying terminology is often added to FNA reports, but it is unknown whether specific phrases affect clinical management. To answer this question, the authors correlated treatment of patients who had initial AUS/FLUS diagnoses from Baptist Hospital (Miami, Fla) (BH) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, Mass) (BWH) with the language used in pathology reports. METHODS In total, 146 FNAs from BH, including 115 women and 31 men with a median age of 53 years (range, 21-79 years), and 300 FNAs from BWH, including 241 women and 59 men with a median age of 66 years (range, 10-85 years), were included. FNA reports were evaluated for predetermined descriptive phrases and were correlated with subsequent management. RESULTS More patients with available follow-up underwent excision at BH than at BWH (86% vs 8%; P .05). CONCLUSIONS In practice settings that follow The Bethesda System management guidelines, descriptive report terminology does not modify patient treatment. In less standardized settings, terminology associated with differing risk of malignancy on subsequent excision, pathologist recommendations, and phrases indicative of limited sampling significantly alter patient management. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:175–181. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Changes in plasma lipoproteins during low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets: effects of energy intake

BACKGROUND Low-fat diets can increase plasma triacylglycerol and reduce HDL cholesterol. Changes in energy intake and body weight can influence the lipoprotein response. OBJECTIVE We sought to prospectively examine the effects of euenergetic and ad libitum dietary fat restriction on plasma lipoproteins in healthy postmenopausal women. DESIGN Participants first received a controlled euenergetic diet in which dietary fat was reduced stepwise from 35% to 25% to 15% over 4 mo. Thereafter, participants followed an ad libitum 15%-fat diet for 8 mo; 54 women completed the intervention. RESULTS During the controlled euenergetic diet, plasma triacylglycerol increased from 1.70 +/- 0.10 to 2.30 +/- 0.16 mmol/L, total cholesterol decreased from 5.87 +/- 0.13 to 5.53 +/- 0. 13 mmol/L, LDL cholesterol decreased from 3.41 +/- 0.10 to 2.87 +/- 0.10 mmol/L, HDL cholesterol decreased from 1.76 +/- 0.08 to 1.50 +/- 0.08 mmol/L, and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I decreased from 5.11 +/- 0.14 to 4.78 +/- 0.14 mmol/L (P < 0.0001 for all changes). Hormone replacement therapy did not affect the relative change in HDL cholesterol. Plasma glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A(1C,) free fatty acid, and apo B concentrations did not change significantly. During the ad libitum 15%-fat diet, participants lost 4.6 +/- 0.4 kg. Plasma triacylglycerol and LDL cholesterol returned to baseline values (1.77 +/- 0.12 and 3.31 +/- 0.08 mmol/L, respectively), whereas HDL cholesterol and apo A-I remained low (1.40 +/- 0.08 and 4.82 +/- 0.18 mmol/L, respectively). HDL cholesterol and apo A-I concentrations stabilized in subjects who were not receiving hormone replacement therapy but continued to decline in women who were receiving hormone therapy. CONCLUSIONS The ad libitum 15%-fat diet resulted in significant weight loss. The euenergetic but not the ad libitum diet caused hypertriacylglycerolemia. HDL cholesterol decreased during both low-fat diets.
A field evaluation of plate and screen microlayer sampling techniques

Abstract Field studies of surface microlayer sampling methods involving simultaneous use of glass plates and two depths of screens have been conducted. Intercomparisons of the two methods are based upon thicknesses of sample and amounts of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved UV-absorbing phenolic materials, chlorophyll a, ATP and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen collected. Plate samples are always thinnest, and are influenced by wave state and bulkwater temperature. Amounts of materials collected generally follow sample thicknesses. Biases toward fractions of microlayer materials are not evident in either method. It was concluded that intercomparisons of data collected separately by the two methods is inadvisable.
Potential new tool for weed control in organically grown agronomic crops

Field experiments were conducted during summer 2007 to determine a baseline information on crop and weed tolerance to broadcast flaming utilizing different rates of propane. The species evaluated were: maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum halepense), soybean (Glycine max), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), barnyardgrass (Echinocloa crus-galli), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). The propane rates applied were 0, 12.1, 30.9, 49.7, 68.5 and 87.22 kg/ha. The response of the plants to propane rates were described by log-logistic models. Plant response to flame varied depending on the species, growth stage and propane rate. Broadleaf weeds were more susceptible to flames than grasses. Field maize and sorghum were less susceptible, while soybean and sunflower were severely injured. Of all crops tested, broadcast flaming has the most potential for use in field maize.
Another look at hand-washing behavior

Hand-washing behavior among individuals at a large regional university was observed. The authors noted how hand-washing behavior varied by race, gender, and having an observer present. Of the 410 students observed, most (221) were men and 232 were white. The authors expected that more women than men would wash their hands and that few participants would wash their hands for the time (15 seconds or more) recommended by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The data support both of these propositions.
Occupational Therapists’ and Teachers’ Differing Beliefs About How They Can Assist Continuation High School Students’ Transition to Postsecondary Education

In this study the authors highlight the conceived roles of occupational therapists by contrasting them with the conceived roles of teachers in assisting students at risk of academic failure in a continuation high school transition to postsecondary education. From analyzing transcripts of one-on-one semi-structured interviews with five teachers of a continuation high school and with seven occupational therapy staff in a life-skills training program, three themes emerged with relevance to the youths’ transition, which differentiated the teachers from the occupational therapy staff. Both cohorts recognized college as the preferred path to adult roles, but differed in regard to their view of the achievability of the goal for the at-risk youth served. Both cohorts identified the youths’ personal behaviors as impediments to these youth meeting their goals. Teachers emphasized academics and occupational therapy staff emphasized life skills when assisting the young people. Occupational therapy staff’s interventions underscore hope and support of students’ long-term goals with the aim of engaging these
Resolution of the Scaling Exponent Puzzle for Weakly Compensated Crystalline Silicon and Germanium Metal-Insulator Systems

Using a classical theory for ionized impurity scattering, it is demonstrated that in the degenerate regime the conductivity scales as sqrt[epsilon(F)] where the Fermi energy is measured with respect to the mobility edge. The approach, a special case of alloy theory, explains the conductivity scaling exponent s = 1 / 2 observed for weakly compensated, doped crystalline Si and Ge. The results explain the breadth of scaling range and suggest how to obtain a consistent picture of the scaling of the mobility, diffusion coefficient, and Hall coefficient.
First international cystinosis research symposium

Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive disorder with an estimated incidence of 1 in 100,000 to 200,000 live births. In nephropathic cystinosis, free cystine accumulates in lysosomes, eventually causing damage to most body tissues. Major advances in our understanding of cystinosis in the past quarter-century include finding that cystinosis is caused by a defect in cystine egress from lysosomes in 1982, the approval of Cystagon™ by the FDA in 1994 and mapping the defective gene, CTNS, to chromosome 17p13 in 1995 and cloning this gene in 1998. In the last ten years it has become increasingly difficult to obtain funding from government agencies to study rare diseases. This was especially true for a disease like cystinosis where so much is already known. Thus, support from private groups has been essential for continuing studies of this disorder.
Numerical Simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean at 1/10°

Abstract In this paper an initial analysis of an 0.1° simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean using a level-coordinate ocean general circulation model forced with realistic winds covering the period 1985–96 is presented. Results are compared to the North Atlantic sector of a global 0.28° simulation with similar surface forcing and to a variety of satellite and in situ observations. The simulation shows substantial improvements in both the eddy variability and the time-mean circulation compared to previous eddy-permitting simulations with resolutions in the range of 1/2°–1/6°. The resolution is finer than the zonal-mean first baroclinic mode Rossby radius at all latitudes, and the model appears to be capturing the bulk of the spectrum of mesoscale energy. The eddy kinetic energy constitutes 70% of the total basin-averaged kinetic energy. Model results agree well with observations of the magnitude and geographical distribution of eddy kinetic energy and sea-surface height variability, with the wavenumber–fre...
Research Note: The Results of Formatively Evaluating an Augmented Reality Curriculum Based on Modified Design Principles

This paper describes the results of a formative analysis of a redesigned Augmented Reality AR curriculum. The curriculum, Gray Anatomy, was designed based on lessons learned from the design and implementation process of a previous AR curriculum, Alien Contact! The positive and negative impacts of these modifications were evaluated through a qualitative analysis of gameplay and interview videos taken during two implementations of Gray Anatomy. Results are generally positive, showing that the modifications served their intended purpose; however, there were unintended consequences of these changes that warrant additional inspection.
The Triumph of Fear: Connecting the Dots about Whistleblowers and Surveillance

Edward Snowden was castigated by government officials and mainstream mass media as a traitor, spy, and international criminal when he released information about the National Security Agency (NSA) secret and massive surveillance of virtually all U.S. electronic communication. More than â€œwiretappingâ€ is involved in the spin being put on Snowden's revelations. A lot of institutional duplicity has been revealed. The reaction of United States officials can be seen as a dramatic performance to demonstrate their moral resolve and complete power (even as Snowden challenged it) in order to dissuade other whistleblowers from following suite, as well as maintain authority and a discourse of fear about terrorism that justifies surveillance and other forms of social control.
Exercise-induced silent ischemia: age, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial infarction and prognosis

The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the prognosis of silent ischemia in an unselected group of patients referred for exercise testing, and 2) to assess whether age or the presence of myocardial infarction or diabetes mellitus influences the prevalence of silent myocardial ischemia during exercise testing. The design was retrospective, with a 2 year mean follow-up period. The study group consisted of 1,747 predominantly male in-patients and outpatients referred for exercise testing at a 1,200 bed Veterans Administration hospital. The main result was that the mortality rate was significantly greater (p = 0.02) among patients with abnormal ST segment depression than in patients without ST depression. The presence or absence of angina pectoris during exercise testing was not significantly related to death. The prevalence of silent ischemia was not significantly different among patients categorized according to myocardial infarction or diabetes mellitus status, but was directly related to age. It is concluded that, in patients with an ischemic ST response to exercise testing, the presence or absence of angina pectoris during the test does not alter the risk of death. The prevalence of silent ischemia during exercise testing is not statistically different among patients with recent, past or no myocardial infarction or with insulin-dependent or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Temperature dependence of dephasing of impurities in amorphous hosts

Abstract The temperature dependence of the optical linewidth of an impurity imbedded in a glassy matrix is investigated. The model hamiltonian couples the impurity to two-level systems (TLSs) characteristic for the glassy state and the TLSs to the acoustic phonons of the matrix. It is shown that the linewidth depends strongly on the parameters describing the TLSs and that it shows a linear temperature dependence also well below the Debye temperature.
Biodegradation of bisphenol A by Heliscus lugdunensis, a naturally occurring hyphomycete in freshwater environments.

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental contaminant that has been under investigation for its detrimental effect on the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, an aquatic fungus, Heliscus lugdunensis Saccardo & Therry (live and heat-inactivated by autoclaving) was evaluated for its ability to utilize BPA as a carbon source. Both live and heat-inactivated fungal cultures were exposed to 10 mg L −1 bisphenol A after cultivation in glucose for 3 d. Extraction of BPA in the medium was carried out using PrepSep™ C-18 mini columns followed by quantification of recovered BPA by high performance liquid chromatography after sample clean-up. While heat inactivation sufficiently disrupts the ability of the fungal cells to utilize BPA, the live fungal cultures removed over 70% of BPA after 12 d. Our results suggest that H. lugdunensis is capable of biodegrading BPA and utilizing it as an energy source.
Carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation: A spin trapping study

Abstract It has been suggested that the active species responsible for carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation is trichloromethyl radical (· CCl3). Direct evidence for the existence of this reactive species can be obtained by spin trapping techniques, however, there are conflicting reports as to the identity of this free radical trapped. We have found that upon addition of carbon tetrachloride to a mixture of rat hepatic microsomes, NADPH and the spin trap, α(4-pyridinyl-1-oxide)-N-t-butyl nitrone (4-POBN) an electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectrum appeared. This spectrum was identical to that observed in the absence of carbon tetrachloride, except for enhanced rate of formation. We were able to identify this free radical, using model systems as a lipid peroxyl radical (LOO ·).
Interpersonal influence in science: Mathematicians in Denmark and Israel☆

Abstract Influence by one person upon another is conceptualized as a combination of one's influentiality as influence upon others generally; the other's susceptibility to receive influence from others generally; and the particular influence by one upon the other. These three components can be estimated by a loglinear model, given a network of influence. Among the Danish and among the Israeli mathematicians, particular influence is most salient, influentiality second, and susceptibility least salient. Interpersonal influence can be explained by accounting for each component. A mathematician's susceptibility is promoted by access to colleagues but decreases with age, a scientist's influentiality is favored by expertise and experience and also by access to colleagues but decreases with age, and particular influence between researchers depends on educational and collegial ties between them, especially colleagueship in specialization, but hardly on status ties.
Conformation of the central, three-helix junction of the 5 S ribosomal RNA of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.

Abstract The current investigation has focused on the structure of the central, three-helix junction of the 5 S ribosomal RNA from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius , a thermoacidophilic archaebacterium. The 5 S molecule from S. acidocaldarius represents a paradigm for the study of the 5 S junction (and branched RNA structures in general) due to its unusually high degree of predicted secondary structure and stability. In order to study the junction in isolation, a set of three RNA heteroduplex molecules was assembled in which pairs of helices bounding the junction were extended by 70 base-pairs per helix. Since the extended helices comprise more than 95% of the heteroduplex structure, the relative solution conformations of the heteroduplex molecules, in effect, "report" the interhelix (branch) angles bounded by the extended pairs of helices. Examination of these heteroduplex molecule, using a combination of gel electrophoresis and transient electric birefringence measurements, has revealed a tertiary structure for the central branch in which helices I and V are essentially collinear, and in which helix II is relatively free to reorient with respect to the I-V axis.
INKJET PRINTING FOR BUILDING MULTILAYER DEVICES

There are many available techniques for patterning materials at low temperature, including microcontact printing, dip pen lithography, inkjet printing and others. As with conventional printing methods, each has particular advantages and disadvantages and each will find its place in a technology of organic electronics.This paper reviews the factors that will guide the application of inkjet printing to making device structures. In particular, the process does lend itself to forming multilayer structures, either by sequentially printing many layers of a single material in order to make a thick line, or by printing sequences of different materials that react on the substrate to form insoluble solids. One concern with inkjet printing is the limitation of the resolution to that of the nozzle diameter, typically 25–50 µm. Various strategies have been discussed for improving on this. We have found that printed particles often center in the deposited drops and therefore may be the basis for high resolution printing with a low resolution printer.
Evidence that carcinogenesis involves an imbalance between epigenetic high-frequency initiation and suppression of promotion

Abstract Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that cancer development depends on an imbalance between highly frequent epigenetic initiation and suppression of promotion of the initiated cells. When irradiated clonogenic mammary epithelial cells are transplanted and hormonally stimulated, they give rise to clonal glandular structures within which carcinomas may arise. In the current study, the cancer incidence in grafts of approximately 13 7-Gy-irradiated clonogens per site indicated that at least 1 of approximately 95 clonogens was radiogenically initiated. A similar initiation frequency had been seen in grafts of approximately 5 methylnitrosourea (MNU)-treated clonogens. Such initiation is thus far more frequent than specific locus mutations. In sites grafted with larger cell inocula, cancer incidences per clonogen were suppressed inversely as the numbers of irradiated or MNU-treated clonogens per graft increased. Addition of unirradiated cells to small irradiated graft inocula also suppressed progression. Radiation and MNU thus produce quantitatively, and perhaps qualitatively, similar carcinogenesis-related sequelae in mammary clonogens.
Change of velocity and ergodicity in flows and in Markov semi-groups

Let {T(t)}t≧0 be a strongly continuous semi-group of Markov operators on C(X) with generator G. If m∃C(X) is strictly positive, mG generates a semigroup. If {T(t)} is a group given by a flow, m may have isolated zeros and, under some regularity conditions, mG will still generate a flow, constructed explicitly. The connection between some ergodic properties of the new and original flow is studied. For the Markov semi-groups, the new one is strongly ergodic if and only if the original one is strongly ergodic.
Technetium-99m labeled red blood cells in the evaluation of hemangiosarcoma

Imaging with Tc-99m labeled red blood cells (RBC) is increasingly being used in the detection of acute gastro-intestinal bleeding, especially in patients with intermittent bleeding. A patient is presented in whom the labeled RBC scan was helpful in the incidental discovery of a previously unsuspected probable angiosarcoma of the right femur and adjacent soft tissues of the right hip due to the blood pool or blush effect of the labeled cells. The labeled RBC scan also identified extravasation due to active gastrointestinal bleeding from a previously unknown angiosarcoma of the ascending colon. Thus, the Tc-99m labeled RBC scan was useful in simultaneously detecting extravasation and blood pool effect at two remote tumor sites in the same patient.
Urban Optimism and Reform Thought in the Progressive Era

(1989). Urban Optimism and Reform Thought in the Progressive Era. The Historian: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 239-262.
Inorganic Write-Once Optical Disc for Blue Laser Recording System

A new inorganic write-once material has been developed for blue laser disc. Experimental result shows that the recording characteristics of PRSNR and SbER are obtained to be respectively 16.3 dB and 9x10-6 on land/groove track.
Centrifugal drum filtration: I. A compression rheology model of cake formation

A compression rheology model is used to describe the behavior of networking solids undergoing centrifugal filtration under batch operation. A description of the batch filtration process is accomplished through the use of the rheologic functions for compressive yield stress py(ϕ) and the hydrodynamic resistance R(ϕ), with a characteristic pressure scaling, timescaling, and membrane resistance. Comparison of the results of this model to those found in engineering text books indicates that noncompression models fail to describe the variation in the cake resistance. The compression rheology model also predicts that the effective cake resistance is approximately 20% larger than that predicted by conventional theory. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Explicit Solutions for Transcendental Equations

A simple method to formulate an explicit expression for the roots of any analytic transcendental function is presented. The method is based on Cauchy's integral theorem and uses only basic concepts of complex integration. One convenient method for numerically evaluating the exact expression is presented. The application of both the formulation and evaluation of the exact expression is illustrated for several classical root finding problems.
Comparison of a silver-coated needleless connector and a standard needleless connector for the prevention of central line-associated bloodstream infections.

OBJECTIVETo assess the impact of a novel, silver-coated needleless connectors (NCs) on central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates compared with a mechanically identical NCs without a silver coating.DESIGNProspective longitudinal observation studySETTINGTwo 500-bed university hospitalsPATIENTSAll hospitalized adults from November 2009 to June 2011 with non-hemodialysis central linesINTERVENTIONSHospital A started with silver-coated NCs and switched to standard NCs in September 2010; hospital B started with standard NCs and switched to silver-coated NCs. The primary outcome was the difference revealed by Poisson multivariate regression in CLABSI rate using standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention surveillance definitions. The secondary outcome was a comparison of organism-specific CLABSI rates by NC type.RESULTSAmong 15,845 hospital admissions, 140,186 central-line days and 221 CLABSIs were recorded during the study period. In a multivariate model, the CLABSI rate per 1,000 central-line days was lower with silver-coated NCs than with standard NCs (1.21 vs 1.79; incidence rate ratio=0.68 [95% CI: 0.52–0.89], P=.005). A lower CLABSI rate per 1,000 central-line days for the silver-coated NCs versus the standard NCs was observed with S. aureus (0.11 vs 0.30, P=.02), enterococci (0.10 vs 0.27, P=.03), and Gram-negative organisms (0.28 vs 0.63, P=.003) but not with coagulase-negative staphylococci (0.31 vs 0.36) or Candida spp. (0.42 vs 0.40).CONCLUSIONSThe use of silver-coated NCs decreased the CLABSI rate by 32%. CLABSI reduction efforts should include efforts to minimize contamination of NCs.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–8
Do Crisis Intervention Teams Reduce Arrests and Improve Officer Safety? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis:

Until the 1950s, state mental health hospitals accommodated the majority of individuals suffering from mental illness. Today, however, following the closing of state mental hospitals, persons with ...
Macroscopic lateral heterogeneity observed in a laterally mobile immiscible mixed polyelectrolyte–neutral polymer brush

We studied mixed poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) brushes. The question we attempted to answer was: when the chain grafting points are laterally mobile, how will this lateral mobility influence the structure and phase behavior of the mixed brush? Three different model mixed PEO/PDMAEMA brush systems were prepared: (1) a laterally mobile mixed brush by spreading onto the air-water interface a mixture of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PEO-PnBA) and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PDMAEMA-PnBA) diblock copolymers (the specific diblock copolymers used will be denoted as PEO113-PnBA100 and PDMAEMA118-PnBA100, where the subscripts refer to the number-average degrees of polymerization of the individual blocks), (2) a mobility-restricted (inseparable) version of the above mixed brush prepared using a PEO-PnBA-PDMAEMA triblock copolymer (denoted as PEO113-PnBA89-PDMAEMA120) having respective brush molecular weights matched with those of the diblock copolymers, and (3) a different laterally mobile mixed PEO and PDMAEMA brush prepared from a PEO113-PnBA100 and PDMAEMA200-PnBA103 diblock copolymer combination, which represents a further more height-mismatched mixed brush situation than described in (1). These three mixed brush systems were investigated by surface pressure-area isotherm and X-ray (XR) reflectivity measurements. These experimental data were analyzed within the theoretical framework of a continuum self-consistent field (SCF) polymer brush model. The combined experimental and theoretical results suggest that the mobile mixed brush derived using the PEO113-PnBA100 and PDMAEMA118-PnBA100 combination (i.e., mixed brush System #1) undergoes a lateral macroscopic phase separation at high chain grafting densities, whereas the more height-mismatched system (System #3) is only microscopically phase separated under comparable brush density conditions even though the lateral mobility of the grafted chains is unrestricted. The macroscopic phase separation observed in the laterally mobile mixed brush system is in contrast with the microphase separation behavior commonly observed in two-dimensional laterally mobile charged small molecule mixtures. Further study is needed to determine the detailed morphologies of the macro- and microphase-separated mixed PEO/PDMAEMA brushes.
Adiabatic excitation of multilevel band systems

Abstract We show that the multiple-photon excitation (MPE) of multiplet systems can be described more accurately using the adiabatic than the sudden approximation for many experimentally important cases.
A comparative analysis of vibrissa count and infraorbital foramen area in primates and other mammals

Vibrissae are specialized sensory "hairs" that respond to mechanical stimuli. Sensory information from vibrissae is transmitted to the brain via the infraorbital nerve, which passes through the infraorbital foramen (IOF). Several analyses have documented that primates have smaller IOFs than non-primate mammals, and that haplorhines have smaller IOFs than strepsirrhines. These grade shifts in IOF area were attributed to differences in "vibrissa development." Following earlier analyses, IOF area has been used to derive a general estimate of "whiskeredness" in extinct primates, and consequently, IOF area has been used in phylogenetic and paleoecological interpretations. Yet, the relationship between IOF area and vibrissa count has not been tested, and little is known about how IOF area and vibrissa counts vary among mammals. This study explores how relative IOF area and vibrissa count differ among 25 mammalian orders, and tests for a correlation between IOF area and vibrissa count. Results indicate that primates and dermopterans (Primatomorpha) have smaller IOFs than most non-primate mammals, but they do not have fewer vibrissae. In addition, strepsirrhines and haplorhines do not differ from one another in relative IOF area or vibrissa counts. Despite different patterns documented for IOF area and vibrissa count variation across mammals, results from this study do confirm that vibrissa count and IOF area are significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.0001). However, there is considerable scatter in the data, suggesting that vibrissa counts cannot be predicted from IOF area. There are three implications of these finding. First, IOF area reflects all mechanoreceptors in the maxillary region, not just vibrissae. Second, IOF area may be an informative feature in interpretations of the fossil record. Third, paleoecological interpretations based on vibrissae are not recommended.
Banach algebras and analytic functions

Introduction 1. TheAlgebrasP(X) 52 2. The GeneralCase 55 3. Maximal Subalgebras 60 4. Dirichlet Algebras 63 5. Examples of Dirichlet Algebras 68 6. Boundaries 70 7. Polynomial Approximation in the Plane 74 8. Use of the Theory of Several Complex Variables ..... 78 9. Special Spaces 83 10. Analytic Structure in Maximal Ideal Spaces ........ 87 11. Bounded Analytic Functions 90 12. The Real Functions in A 92 Notes 93 References 98
FORMATION OF H(2p) AND H(2s) IN COLLISIONS OF PROTONS AND HYDROGEN ATOMS WITH HYDROGEN MOLECULES.

Cross sections for emission of Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation owing to formation of $\mathrm{H}(2p)$ and $\mathrm{H}(2s)$ in collisions of 5-25-keV protons and hydrogen atoms with molecular hydrogen have been determined. The intensity of Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emitted spontaneously from $\mathrm{H}(2p)$ was measured at 54.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} or 125.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the projectile beam in an essentially field-free collision chamber with an oxygen-filtered photometer calibrated by reference to previous results for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ on Ar. The narrow bandwidth of the oxygen filter allowed separation of the Doppler-shifted Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$, emitted by $\mathrm{H}(2p)$ formed in electron capture by fast incident protons or collisional excitation of fast incoming hydrogen atoms, and the virtually unshifted Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ emitted by the far slower $\mathrm{H}(2p)$ produced in dissociative excitation of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. The increase in intensity of Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ when an electric field, oriented in the direction of the beam, was applied within the collision chamber has been used to derive separate cross sections for formation of $\mathrm{H}(2s)$ owing to projectile and dissociative excitation. The experimental configuration was designed to minimize the effect of polarization of the light emitted from $\mathrm{H}(2p)$ and $\mathrm{H}(2s)$, and, after small corrections for cascade effects, the data yield cross sections for population of these states. The total cross section for formation of $\mathrm{H}(n=2)$ via projectile excitation exceeds that for dissociative excitation in either ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ or H impact. ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ is generally more efficient than H in the production of Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ at low energies in projectile excitation and at all energies in dissociative excitation, and the cross section for formation of $\mathrm{H}(2p)$ usually exceeds that for $\mathrm{H}(2s)$. Scaling relationships from limiting high-energy-scattering theory are found to have only moderate success in relating our results to previous measurements involving excitation of H to the $n=3 \mathrm{and} 4$ states in projectile excitation and as well as in dissociative excitation by other heavy particles.
Racial differences in urban neighboring

Despite mixed expectations generated by existing theories and evidence, this analysis documents clear racial differences in urban neighboring behavior. Using data from a survey of Nashville, Tennessee, residents, we show that blacks interact with their neighbors more often than whites do, and in a greater variety of ways. The only noteworthy similarity between the two groups is the positive impact of neighboring on feelings of community affect. Overall, our results support the view that neighbor relations — like other kinds of informal participation — have helped blacks cope with constrained social opportunities and provided them with access to resources unavailable through formal institutional channels.
Minette lavas and associated leucitites from the western front of the Mexican Volcanic Belt: petrology, chemistry, and origin

During the late Pliocene, K-rich minette and leucitite lavas erupted in the western Mexican Volcanic Belt near the town of Los Volcanes, a region which is located much closer to the Middle America Trench than the main line of currently active andesite stratovolcanoes. During this period the tectonic regime in western Mexico was highly complex due to the simultaneous occurrence of active subduction of the young Rivera Plate, and rifting caused by crustal extension. Most of these basic lavas contain phenocrysts of phlogopite, augite and apatite, along with microphenocrysts of leucite and Fe-Ti oxide. Olivine is absent from all but two of the flows: one an olivine leucitite, and the other a felsic minette. The phlogopite phenocrysts and high whole rock Fe2O3/FeO ratios which are characteristic of this suite record evidence of high magmatic water contents and oxygen fugacities. All of these rock types are highly enriched in the large ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, with Sr≤5100 ppm, Ba≤4800 ppm and Ce≤330 ppm. They are also mildly enriched in the high field strength elements (e.g. Zr 260–700 ppm) and display the strong relative enrichment of the LILE over the HFSE that is characteristic of magmas erupted in convergent margins. Consideration of high pressure phase equilibria in the Mg2SiO4-CaMgSi2O6-KAlSiO4-SiO2 system shows that the minettes from this region are not related through fractional crystallization to the more MgO-rich, olivinebearing minettes which have erupted in other parts of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt during the Quaternary. This conclusion is consistent with both the trace element geochemistry of these lavas and with the results of fractional crystallization models. Instead, the data suggests that these high-K magmas were derived from a source region which consists predominantly of phlogopite, clinopyroxene and apatite, and which has formed through hydrous enrichment of the subarc mantle in response to subduction.
Covalent binding of ethylene dibromide and its metabolites to albumin.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to determine covalent binding of [1,2-14C]ethylene dibromide (EDB) to albumin under in vivo and in vitro conditions. For the in vivo covalent binding, 25 mg kg body weight of [1,2-14C]EDB was given daily to male rats for 12 consecutive days and the animals were sacrificed at 24 h following the last dose. Blood was withdrawn from inferior vena cava in heparinized tubes and plasma was separated, dialyzed against ice-cold 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and then subjected to size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). A major radioactive peak eluted at an elution volume corresponding to 65 000 dalton molecular mass was found to be associated to albumin at a level of 0.14 nmol equivalent EDB mg protein. For the in vitro covalent binding, human plasma or purified albumin was incubated with [1,2-14C]EDB in the presence of phenobarbital-treated rat liver microsomes and NADPH-generating system for 2 h at 37°C. The 100 000 × g supernatant of the incubation mixture was dialyzed extensively and analyzed as described for the in vivo studies. Approximately 0.28 nmol equivalent EDB mg protein was found to be associated to albumin (about 2-fold higher than the in vivo binding). Binding of 14C-label to albumin under in vivo and in vitro conditions was further supported by the affinity chromatography of albumin fraction isolated by SE-HPLC. Reversed-phase HPLC analysis of pronase digest of the albumin obtained from in vitro studies indicated formation of several amino acid adducts of EDB and/or its metabolites. Structure elucidation of such amino acid adducts will be helpful in developing a relatively non-invasive method of measuring the EDB exposure.
Genomics to tree breeding and forest health

Genomic discovery in forest trees follows paradigms from both agricultural crop and livestock improvement and human medicine. Forest trees in a domesticated state can be improved using genomic-based breeding technologies, whereas the health of trees in a natural and undomesticated state might be managed using those same technologies. These applications begin by first dissecting complex traits in trees to their individual gene components and for that the association genetics approach is quite powerful in trees. This is true for several reasons including large, random mating, and unstructured populations and the rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium in many tree species. Once marker by trait associations are discovered, they can be used in genomic-based breeding and forest health diagnostics. Initial studies in trees have found ample nucleotide diversity in candidate genes to perform association studies and single nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with economic and adaptive traits. Population genetic neutrality tests have been applied to identify genes probably under natural selection and thus make good candidates for developing forest health diagnostic tools.
Linear systems having nonnegative least squares solution

Necessary conditions are developed for a system of the form Aλ=B with A≥0 and B≥ to have a least squares solution X which is nonnegative. Also it is shown that if a nonnegative matrix A has a nonnegative W-weighted { 1,3 -inverse for some nonnegative positive definite symmetric matrix W. then A has a nonnegative (1, 3) -inverse. As, a consequence of this, a short proof is obtained of a recent theorem of Jain and Egawa concerning nonnegative best approximate solutions (SIAM J. ALG. DISC. METH., 3 (1982), 197-213).
Spirituality Among Alzheimer's Caregivers: Psychometric Reevaluation of the Intrinsic Spirituality Scale

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to reevaluate psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Spirituality Scale (ISS) and to compare its results to the original psychometric report. Attendees of Alzheimer's caregiver support groups constituted the sample, relevant to this measure given their traditional, frequent use of spirituality as a coping resource. Data were randomly split for factor and reliability analyses (N 1= 152) and validity analysis (N 2= 152). Factor analysis on the ISS loaded all items on a single dimension of spirituality. Reliability was strong. Convergent validity was suggested via significant correlations with prayer measures. Enhanced with the original findings, these results lend credibility to the ISS as a viable spiritual assessment tool. The ISS offers social service professionals a valuable tool for assessing spirituality that is inclusive of individuals whose spirituality is nontheistic or for whom spirituality exists independently from, or outside of, organized religious struc...
APPLICATIONS FOR BACTERIAL MEMBRANE FRACTIONS IN STERILE PHARMACEUTICAL QUALITY CONTROL

The commercially available bacterial membrane preparation Oxyrase was examined for use in quality control laboratory procedures for culturing anaerobic microorganisms, and as a media additive for parenteral product filling line validation by media fill to detect anaerobes. Comparison studies between Oxyrase products and conventional anaerobic culturing methods were performed. The results from the studies showed Oxyrase for Broth to be effective in promoting the growth of anaerobes in nonprereduced media not normally used for anaerobic cultivation.
Successful Programs for Undergraduate Women in Science and Engineering: Adapting versus Adopting the Institutional Environment

This article focuses upon programs for undergraduate women in science and engineering, which are a strategic research site in the study of gender, science, and higher education. The design involves both quantitative and qualitative approaches, linking theory, method, questions, and analyses in ways not undertaken previously. Using a comprehensive, quantitative, cross-institutional, and longitudinal method, two extreme groups of programs are distinguished: those associated with the “most successful” and “least successful” outcomes in undergraduate degrees awarded to women in science and engineering. Qualitative analyses of interview data with key players in the programs in these two groups point to ways in which definitions of issues, problems, and solutions diverge (as well as converge), and thus to conceptual underpinnings that have important real-life consequences in these organizational settings of higher education. The programs that regard issues, problems, and solutions of women in science and engineering as rooted in “institutional/structural-centered,” as opposed to “individual/student-centered,” perspectives are associated with the most positive outcomes in undergraduate degrees awarded to women in science and engineering.
A Common Ground: Communication and Alliance between Cataloguer and Curator for Improved Access to Rare Books and Special Collections

Rare book catalogers and special collections curators can benefit greatly from cooperating on matters concerning cataloging policy and practice. This alliance is necessary for providing full access to special collections in a rapidly changing library environment. The authors examine rare book cataloging from the perspectives of cataloger and curator; discuss the areas where a cataloger–curator alliance can affect cataloging, as well as relevant factors over which the two have little control; and promote a concept of customized cataloging for special collections materials.
The evolution of a constitutional right to an abortion Fashioned in the 1970s and secured in the 1980s

Tracing the historical evolution of the right to abortion the discussion devotes particular attention to the various standards of judicial review that have been used by the Supreme Court and lower courts in abortion cases. The constitutionality of specific types of abortion regulation is reviewed and the supreme Courts most recent abortion decisions--City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health Inc. Planned Parenthood Association v. Ashcroft and Simopoulos v. Virginia -- are analyzed. In these recent cases the Court resolves the confusion surrounding appropriate standards for judicial review of abortion regulations and guides legislators regarding the kinds of regulations that are constitutionally sufficient. A womans fundamental constitutional right to abortion was first recognized in 1973 in the Roe v. Wade case and is thus a relatively "new" constitutional right. In Doe v. Bolton a companion case to Roe v. Wade the Court determined the constitutionality of various provisions of a more modern Georgia statute. The decisions in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton did not end the controversy surrounding abortion. Legislative attempts to thwart the abortion right were cut short by courts that were unified in their application of the strict scrutiny standard of review of abortion legislation. In the Maher Poelker and Harris cases the court upheld measures that limited the ability of a woman to secure an abortion for reasons that were misconstrued by the lower courts. Consequently confusion ensued in this area during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health Inc. eliminated the cause of confusion. The Court rejected application of the "unduly burdensome" standard of review of abortion regulations and reaffirmed its Roe v. Wade holding that heightened scrutiny was required. The City of Akron showed that the Court was unwilling to further retreat from its earliest decisions. The Court offered no indication that it had 2nd thoughts about its Maher Poelker and Harris decisions. The Court continued to perceive the right of minors to an abortion differently from that of adult women. In Ashcroft the Court upheld a parental or judicial consent statute that could work as an absolute veto of the right of abortion for some minor females.