cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of the morphological aspects of remyelination

The advent of proper preparative and experimental techniques has allowed us to investigate the central nervous system myelin both in the normal animal and during remyelination. Remyelination often follows the pattern of myelination during development but, in addition, shows certain variations such as participation of Schwann cells, and is apparently always incomplete. Observations in multiple sclerosis indicate that the abortive remyelination which occurs in the demyelinated plaque is similar to that seen in the experimental animals.
On Wendt's determinant

Wendt's determinant of order m is the circulant determinant Wm whose (i,j)-th entry is the binomial coefficient ( m |i-j| ), for 1 ≤ i,j ≤ m. We give a formula for W m when m is even not divisible by 6, in terms of the discriminant of a polynomial T m+1 , with rational coefficients, associated to (X + 1) m+1 - X m+1 - 1. In particular, when m = p - 1 where p is a prime = -1 (mod 6), this yields a factorization of W p-1 involving a Fermat quotient, a power of p and the 6-th power of an integer.
Neuronal differentiation in the Drosophila ommatidium

Using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies as differentiation markers, we have found that the eight photoreceptors of the Drosophila ommatidium differentiate in a fixed sequence. The foundation photoreceptor, R8, expresses neural antigens first. The paired photoreceptors R2/5 are next to express, followed by the pair R3/4, followed by the pair R1/6; R7 is the final photoreceptor to differentiate. From previous studies it is known that Drosophila photoreceptors use local, positional cues to select their identities. Together with the morphological picture of ommatidial development, the sequential order of photoreceptor differentiation demonstrated here suggests that these cues may be encoded in the particular combination of cells an undetermined cell finds itself in contact with.
Metformin Activates AMP Kinase through Inhibition of AMP Deaminase

The mechanism for how metformin activates AMPK (AMP-activated kinase) was investigated in isolated skeletal muscle L6 cells. A widely held notion is that inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is central to the mechanism. We also considered other proposals for metformin action. As metabolic pathway markers, we focused on glucose transport and fatty acid oxidation. We also confirmed metformin actions on other metabolic processes in L6 cells. Metformin stimulated both glucose transport and fatty acid oxidation. The mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor rotenone also stimulated glucose transport but it inhibited fatty acid oxidation, independently of metformin. The peroxynitrite generator 3-morpholinosydnonimine stimulated glucose transport, but inhibited fatty acid oxidation. Addition of the nitric oxide precursor arginine to cells did not affect glucose transport. These studies differentiate metformin from inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and from active nitrogen species. Knockdown of adenylate kinase also failed to affect metformin stimulation of glucose transport. Hence, any means of increase in ADP appears not to be involved in the metformin mechanism. Knockdown of LKB1, an upstream kinase and AMPK activator, did not affect metformin action. Having ruled out existing proposals, we suggest a new one: metformin might increase AMP through inhibition of AMP deaminase (AMPD). We found that metformin inhibited purified AMP deaminase activity. Furthermore, a known inhibitor of AMPD stimulated glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation. Both metformin and the AMPD inhibitor suppressed ammonia accumulation by the cells. Knockdown of AMPD obviated metformin stimulation of glucose transport. We conclude that AMPD inhibition is the mechanism of metformin action.
Integrating Communities of Practice in E-Portfolio Assessment: Effects and Experiences of Mutual Assessment in an Online Course

Abstract This study investigated the effects and experiences of a mutual assessment framework (CoPf) in an online graduate course at a mid-west university. CoPf was integrated into the course structure as an innovative application of the standard e-portfolio assessment tool. Using a mixed method, the study first explored the effects of CoPf compared to the standard e-portfolio in relation to the promotion of revisions to students' work, students' final course grades, and interactions both between the students and the instructor and among students. Qualitative analysis was then conducted to inquire the students' experiences in the CoPf course and how they perceived these experiences. Findings from the data analysis were presented and the contributions/implications of the study were discussed.
Effects of diabetes and glycogen on the distribution between soluble and particulate fractions of activities of enzymes involved in hepatic glycogen metabolism.

Abstract The large decreases in hepatic glycogen associated with alloxan diabetes in fed rats were accompanied by apparent decreases in total activities of glycogen synthase, phosphorylase, protein kinase and synthase phosphatase determined on 8000 × g supernatants of liver homogenates. Inclusion of 4% glycogen in the extraction buffer normalized total soluble activities of synthase in the diabetic. Whereas inclusion of 4% glycogen in the extraction buffer doubled total soluble phosphorylase, total activity remained lower in the diabetic than in the normal. Extraction and assay of soluble protein kinase were unaffected by added glycogen. When activities were determined on whole homogenates, total glycogen synthase activities were the same in normal and diabetic liver. Although the decreases in total activities of phosphorylase, kinase and phosphatase were less when determined on whole homogenates of livers from diabetic rats, the diabetes-related decreases in total activities remained significant. Therefore, it appears that while alloxan diabetes results in absolute decreases in total hepatic activities of phosphorylase, kinase and phosphatase, it may also result in redistribution of hepatic synthase and phosphorylase between soluble and particulate fractions, a phenomenon possibly related to tissue glycogen concentrations. Such a redistribution might be involved in the lack of control of hepatic glycogenesis observed in alloxan diabetic rats.
Effect of Obesity on Falls, Injury, and Disability

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of obesity on the propensity of older adults to fall, sustain a fall-related injury, and develop disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) after a fall. DESIGN: Longitudinal population-based survey. SETTING: Five waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 1998-2006. PARTICIPANTS: Ten thousand seven hundred fifty-five respondents aged 65 and older in 31,602 person-intervals. MEASUREMENTS: Falls within any 2-year interval (9,621 falls). Injuries requiring medical attention (3,130 injuries). Increased ADL disability after a fall within any 2-year interval (2,162 events). Underweight and three classes of obesity (body mass index (BMI) 30.0-34.9 kg/m(2) , Class 1) 35.0-39.9 kg/m(2) , Class 2; ≥40.0 kg/m(2) , Class 3), calculated from self-reported height and weight. Self-reported presence of lower body limitation, pain, dizziness, or vision problems. Self-reported doctor's diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, stroke, or arthritis. RESULTS: Compared with normal-weight respondents, the odds ratios (OR) for risk of falling were 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.24) for obesity Class 1, 1.26 (95% CI = 1.05-1.51) for obesity Class 2, and 1.50 (95% CI = 1.21-1.86) for obesity Class 3. Conditional on falling, only obesity Class 3 was related to a lower propensity for a fall-related injury (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.44-0.87). Obesity Classes 1 and 2 were associated with a higher risk of greater ADL disability after a fall than normal-weight respondents (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.02-1.34; OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.10-1.75, respectively). Being underweight was not related to risk of falling or to reported injury or greater ADL limitation after a fall. The presence of measured health problems and chronic conditions was associated with greater risk of falling and, of those who fell, greater ADL limitation but not serious injury. CONCLUSION: Obesity appears to be associated with greater risk of falling in older adults, as well as a higher risk of greater ADL disability after a fall. Obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m(2) ) may reduce the risk of injury from a fall. Further investigation of the mechanisms of obesity on falls and related health outcomes is warranted. Language: en
Unexpected C-C bond cleavage and C-C bond formation observed in the reaction of a cationic iridium complex with heteroatom-substituted cyclopropanes.

Iridium complex Cp*(PMe3)Ir(CH3)OTf (1) and alkylaminocyclopropanes react via a well-understood initial C−H bond activation with a subsequent C−C bond-breaking step to yield a variety of π-allyl complexes [Cp*(PMe3)Ir(η3-C3H4NR1R2)][OTf] (R1 = R2 = Bn; R1 = Bn, R2 = Ph) and methane. However, diphenylamino, alkoxy, or siloxycyclopropanes, when treated with complex 1, yield a new π-allyl complex [Cp*(PMe3)Ir(η3-C3H4CH3)][OTf] (8) and the corresponding amine or alcohol. The methyl group initially bound to iridium is no longer extruded as methane, but instead is incorporated into the allyl moiety to give a new carbon−carbon bond. A detailed mechanistic study provides evidence in support of an initial C−C bond activation mechanism as opposed to the initial C−H bond activation observed with other known substrates.
Soft Tissue Attenuation of Acoustic Emission Pulses

The soft tissue attenuation of acoustic emission signals was measured by transmitting pulses through volunteers and measuring the decay of the waveform characteristics of the pulse as a function of the thickness of the interposed tissue. Waveform characteristics of the received signal (signal duration, number of counts, peak amplitude, energy, and rise time) demonstrated an exponential decrease with increasing tissue thickness. The decrease appeared insensitive to the frequency of the pulse within the range of 50 to 600 KHz.
B-lymphocyte depletion ameliorates Sjögren's syndrome in Id3 knockout mice.

Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease in which immune cells chronically attack the lachrymal and salivary glands. The Id3 knockout mouse is a newly established animal model for primary Sjogren's syndrome. To address the role of B cells in Sjogren's syndrome and autoimmune disease, we studied the effect of CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment on the disease in Id3 knockout mice. Antibody treatment at 2-month intervals led to efficient and sustained B-cell depletion in Id3 knockout mice. A significant improvement of histopathology was observed accompanied by the recovery of saliva secretory function after CD20 antibody treatment. We further show that serum immunoglobulin G3, which is abnormally high in untreated Id3 knockout mice, was reduced after CD20 antibody treatment. This study establishes a new animal model for immunotherapy of Sjogren's symptoms and suggests a possible link between immunoglobulin G3 and disease pathology in Id3 knockout mice.
GEOACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY: RANGE DEPENDENT INVERSIONS ON A SINGLE SLICE

A hybrid inversion scheme is used for the inversion of bottom geoacoustic properties using synthetic data as well as broadband signals from explosive sources. This technique is shown to be effective for range dependent inversion on a single slice using synthetic and experimental data. The experimental data was acquired during the Shelf Break Primer Experiment. Time-frequency analysis was performed using wavelets. Group speeds obtained from the time-frequency scalograms were used as data for the inversion. The hybrid method consists of a Genetic Algorithm, which performs the global search, and a Levenberg-Marquardt method, which hastens the descent to the global minimum. Error estimates based on Hessians and a posteriori variances are also provided. Resolution is estimated using an a posteriori analysis.
The effect of the adrenal and thyroid glands on erythrocyte glycolysis.

Thyroidectomized rats (14 to 26 days after operation) failed to show a marked change in erythrocyte glycolysis. Erythrocytes from similar rats maintained on 225 μg% thyroxine concentration in the drinking water exhibited a significant increase of 32%, whereas erythrocytes from normal animals given 1000 μg% thyroxine water exhibited a significant decrease of 25%. 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine water at 108 μg% concentration given to normal and thyroidectomized rats, and thyroxine water at 225 and 500 μg% concentration given to normal rats produced no significant differences in erythrocyte glycolysis from the controls. Adrenalectomized rats, with or without daily cortisone injections (5 to 9 days), failed to show marked changes from control values for erythrocyte glucose metabolism. Normal rats treated similarly showed a significant decrease of 21%.
On Theory and Method: Critical Ethnographic Approaches to Urban Regulatory Restructuring

This study positions urban ethnography as a powerful methodology for the investigation of neoliberal regulation, urban governance (governmentality), and urban informality. State regulation theorists have assumed a prominent role in mapping the local exigencies of institutionally inherited landscapes as well as the uneven rescaling and activation tendencies of regulatory change. Governmentality theorists emphasize the ways in which urban policy knowledge forges links between fiscal austerity projects and the capillary systems of consent operating at the level of conduct and ethical subjectivity. Urban informality theorists focus on how contemporary urban restructuring operates increasingly within the realm of street-level poverty survival mechanisms, enacting sociospatial transformations negotiated through elaborate legal and extralegal systems of neoliberal regulation. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to consider how the theoretical insights of these three leading analytics can be mobilized for e...
An Improved Method of Staining the External Organelles of Hypotrichs

A simple, rapid method of staining the external organelles of hypotrichous ciliates is described. Specimens are fixed and stained with Noland's combined phenol-formaldehyde, gentian violet fixative and stain. The staining solution is displaced with iodized glycerine as soon as the external structures are stained to prevent it from coloring the cell body. Cirri and membranelles are stained jet black in sharp contrast to the clear amber background.
GaN layers re-grown on etched GaN templates by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy

The growth of high-quality GaN by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is challenging, in part due to the constraint of heteroepitaxy since GaN substrates are not yet commercially available and isotropic nature of growth. Despite the large lattice and thermal mismatch between sapphire and GaN, the former is still the most commonly used substrate for the GaN-based optical devices at present. In this paper, we demonstrate a re-growth technique to obtain an improved quality GaN by MBE on GaN template on sapphire where the grossly defective regions have been removed. This GaN template is formed by MBE growth of GaN followed by wet chemical etching to selectively remove the defective region. Improved quality GaN was re-grown on such a template under Ga rich conditions to a thickness of about 1 micron. After re-growth, the surface of GaN is atomically smooth with spiral features in the short range. The low temperature PL of the re-grown GaN is superior to those of MBE GaN films directly on sapphire. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images reveal a two-dimensional re-growth initiating in regions free of extended defects. The results show that the selectively etched GaN on sapphire can be used as a good template to improve the quality of GaN.
The Demand for Money

Quite possibly the most disputed area in macroeconomics is that which bears directly or indirectly on the demand for money. This has long been the case, as even a casual glance at the history of economic thought will bear out, but late-ly, no doubt on account of the persistent and variable in-flation we have observed in recent years, interest seems to have been revived, that is, if the recent outpouring of literature on the subject has any significant bearing on the underlying problems (of unemployment and, especially, inflation) . The demand for money is involved in these issues in two major ways: (a) it is quite possibly the object of monetary policy to influence it, and (2) it is a key function in all models of the economy, whether they be large or small. The latter point hardly needs elaboration, since we have already taken the consumption function in this spirit, but we should explain the unique policy attention. This, briefly, arises from the possibility that if a simple and stable demand for money exists then an activist monetary policy can gain a simple and direct leverage on both monetary and real variables in the economy. We will not be interested in the direct policy issues here although we will attempt a summary of where we stand on the stability debate; instead, we will concentrate on the traditional literature in a fashion parallel to our discussions in Chapter 2.
Building the Skill of Delivering Bad News

Delivering bad news in the emergency department can be a stressful and reluctantly performed undertaking. However, from the patient's or family's perspective it is a very critical time in their life and therefore demands that the medical practitioner deliver the news in the most helpful way possible. Having a method to perform this task can empower the practitioner to improve the experience for the patient and ultimately provide better patient care. The 5 steps presented: site preparation, building the foundation, using the level, adapting to unexpected obstacles, and planning for the future, will provide an approach and a paradigm to perform this very important task. The skills of building rapport and reflective listening, along with the ability to calmly deal with a wide variety of emotions will also be discussed. These tools and skills will assist the pediatric emergency physician to better approach this important mission.
Modeling Sorption Transport In Rooms And Sorption Filtration Systems For Building Air Quality Analysis

Adsorption, desorption and chemisorption are known to impact the dispersal of volatile organic and chemically reactive compounds in buildings. These same three processes may be used to advantage to control the levels of these compounds indoors using building sorption filtration devices. To add to the understanding of these processes, to provide the means to predict the impact of these processes on human exposure and to provide the tools needed to design gaseous filtration systems to mitigate the exposure to these compounds, a general approach to modeling the dynamics of these processes is presented. Equations are presented to account for the elemental advection, diffusion, sorption, and chemical transport steps affecting single component sorption dynamics in rooms and sorption filtration systems. These element equations are based on general principles and formulated in terms of fundamental physical parameters that may be determined using standard procedures. Models to predict room and sorption filtration system dynamics are formulated using assemblages of these element equations and a series of simplified models of these systems are derived. Initial applications to model single-component sorption transport in rooms and sorption filtration systems indicate that the approach has the potential to provide accurate predictions providing the sorption and chemical characteristics of the sorbate-sorbent system being considered are well-characterized. This potential is, however, compromised by the lack (or present uncertainty) of fundamental data relating to sorption equilibrium, porous diffusion, surface chemistry, and boundary layer mass transport
The impact of adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery on atypical meningioma recurrence following aggressive microsurgical resection.

Object Patients with atypical meningioma often undergo gross-total resection (GTR) at initial presentation, but the role of adjuvant radiation therapy remains unclear. The increasing prevalence of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the modern neurosurgical era has led to the use of routine postoperative radiation therapy in the absence of evidence-based guidelines. This study sought to define the long-term recurrence rate of atypical meningiomas and identify the value of SRS in affecting outcome. Methods The authors identified 228 patients with microsurgically treated atypical meningiomas who underwent a total of 257 resections at the Barrow Neurological Institute over the last 20 years. Atypical meningiomas were diagnosed according to current WHO criteria. Clinical and radiographic data were collected retrospectively. Results Median clinical and radiographic follow-up was 52 months. Gross-total resection, defined as Simpson Grade I or II resection, was achieved in 149 patients (58%). The median prolifera...
Challenges of Capacity Building in Multisector Community Health Alliances

Capacity building is often described as fundamental to the success of health alliances, yet there are few evaluations that provide alliances with clear guidance on the challenges related to capacity building. This article attempts to identify potential challenges of capacity building in multistakeholder health alliances. The study uses a multiple case study design to identify potential challenges and trade-offs associated with capacity building in four community health alliances in the United States. Multiple challenges were found to be common across the four alliances, including specifying appropriate governance structures and decision-making frameworks, aligning stakeholder interests with the vision of the alliance, balancing short-term objectives with long-term goals, and securing resources to sustain the effort without compromising it. These challenges often involved trade-offs and choices that alliances need to prepare for if they are to approach capacity building in a planful rather than a reactive manner.
Capacity benefits of node B power sharing in a homogenous circuit switched UMTS network

This paper sets out - in a simulation environment - the capacity and coverage benefits of node B power sharing, hereafter referred to as NBPS, in a homogeneous circuit switched UMTS network. Various scenarios are investigated by considering the outage statistics and node B power requirements. The network simulated consists of 37 3-sector sites in a macrocellular environment. The main input parameters varied to evaluate the performance include user distribution and users' mix of services. The results represent the performance statistics under a steady state condition with no explicit modelling of motion. Capacity gains of up to 50% have been observed as a result of NBPS.
Structures and Polymorphic Interactions of Two Heptad-Repeat Regions of the SARS Virus S2 Protein.

Entry of SARS coronavirus into its target cell requires large-scale structural transitions in the viral spike (S) glycoprotein in order to induce fusion of the virus and cell membranes. Here we describe the identification and crystal structures of four distinct alpha-helical domains derived from the highly conserved heptad-repeat (HR) regions of the S2 fusion subunit. The four domains are an antiparallel four-stranded coiled coil, a parallel trimeric coiled coil, a four-helix bundle, and a six-helix bundle that is likely the final fusogenic form of the protein. When considered together, the structural and thermodynamic features of the four domains suggest a possible mechanism whereby the HR regions, initially sequestered in the native S glycoprotein spike, are released and refold sequentially to promote membrane fusion. Our results provide a structural framework for understanding the control of membrane fusion and should guide efforts to intervene in the SARS coronavirus entry process.
Green tracker: a tool for estimating the energy consumption of software

The energy consumption of computers has become an important environmental issue. This paper describes the development of Green Tracker, a tool that estimates the energy consumption of software in order to help concerned users make informed decisions about the software they use. We present preliminary results gathered from this system's initial usage. Ultimately the information gathered from this tool will be used to raise awareness and help make the energy consumption of software a more central concern among software developers.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor binding: autoradiographic localization in rat brain.

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is a second messenger generated by stimulation of the phosphoinositide cycle, thought to release calcium from intracellular stores. We have mapped the distribution of 3H- inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor binding sites in rat brain by autoradiographic techniques. The cerebellum contains the highest level of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding sites in brain, which appear to be selectively localized to Purkinje cells. Moderate levels of binding sites are present in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, caudate, and substantia nigra. Lesion studies indicate that binding in the hippocampus is restricted to intrinsic neuronal elements and in the nigra is found on terminals of the striatonigral projection. Overall, the autoradiographic distribution of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors resembles the distribution of phorbol ester binding sites associated with protein kinase C. However, the inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate receptor has a more restricted distribution since it is not detectable in the spinal cord or olfactory bulb, regions with substantial levels of protein kinase C.
The CARLSBAD database: a confederated database of chemical bioactivities.

Many bioactivity databases offer information regarding the biological activity of small molecules on protein targets. Information in these databases is often hard to resolve with certainty because of subsetting different data in a variety of formats; use of different bioactivity metrics; use of different identifiers for chemicals and proteins; and having to access different query interfaces, respectively. Given the multitude of data sources, interfaces and standards, it is challenging to gather relevant facts and make appropriate connections and decisions regarding chemical–protein associations. The CARLSBAD database has been developed as an integrated resource, focused on high-quality subsets from several bioactivity databases, which are aggregated and presented in a uniform manner, suitable for the study of the relationships between small molecules and targets. In contrast to data collection resources, CARLSBAD provides a single normalized activity value of a given type for each unique chemical–protein target pair. Two types of scaffold perception methods have been implemented and are available for datamining: HierS (hierarchical scaffolds) and MCES (maximum common edge subgraph). The 2012 release of CARLSBAD contains 439 985 unique chemical structures, mapped onto 1,420 889 unique bioactivities, and annotated with 277 140 HierS scaffolds and 54 135 MCES chemical patterns, respectively. Of the 890 323 unique structure–target pairs curated in CARLSBAD, 13.95% are aggregated from multiple structure–target values: 94 975 are aggregated from two bioactivities, 14 544 from three, 7 930 from four and 2214 have five bioactivities, respectively. CARLSBAD captures bioactivities and tags for 1435 unique chemical structures of active pharmaceutical ingredients (i.e. ‘drugs’). CARLSBAD processing resulted in a net 17.3% data reduction for chemicals, 34.3% reduction for bioactivities, 23% reduction for HierS and 25% reduction for MCES, respectively. The CARLSBAD database supports a knowledge mining system that provides non-specialists with novel integrative ways of exploring chemical biology space to facilitate knowledge mining in drug discovery and repurposing. Database URL: http://carlsbad.health.unm.edu/carlsbad/.
Potential distributions and excitation time maps recorded with high spatial resolution from the entire ventricular surface of exposed dog hearts

The authors recorded potential maps, excitation and recovery time maps from the entire ventricular surface of exposed dog hearts using an epicardial sock with 630 electrodes spaced 4 mm, during atrial pacing or ventricular pacing at various intramural depths. Results made it possible to describe complex distributions of excitation and recovery isochrones. Ventricular pacing produced five epicardial areas characterized by different densities of isochrone lines, during both excitation and recovery. Potential maps revealed times and locations of up to 17 epicardial breakthroughs and enabled localization of a number of electrical events that were difficult to detect with previously used electrode arrays. >
Effect of T. spiralis infection on intestinal motor activity in the fasted state

We sought to determine the effects of Trichinella spiralis infection on small intestinal motor activity in the fasted state in dogs and relate it to clinical symptoms during the intestinal phase of trichinosis. Motor activity was recorded by strain gauge force transducers. Infection with T. spiralis resulted in a significant increase in the incidence and proximal origination of giant migrating contractions (GMCs) during the first 5 days postinfection. This was also the time when the dogs had diarrhea. The dogs were often restless and showed signs of discomfort during proximally originating GMCs. The incidence of retrograde giant contractions (RGCs) increased significantly on the 2nd and 3rd day postinfection. RGCs were followed by vomiting 71% of the time during infection. The migrating motor complex cycle length increased significantly, and this was due to intestinal "amyogenesia" and "dysmyogenesia". During these phenomena, electrical control activity was almost completely obliterated in the proximal half of the small intestine (amyogenesia) and became irregular and unstable in the distal half (dysmyogenesia). Intestinal amyogenesia and dysmyogenesia lasted up to 4 h and were terminated by a GMC. We conclude that diarrhea induced by T. spiralis infection is closely associated with an increase in the incidence and proximal origin of GMCs. These GMCs may also be the motor correlates of abdominal cramping and pain during the intestinal phase of trichinosis.
Dynamic view-dependent partitioning for structured grids with complex boundaries for object-order rendering techniques

Object-order rendering techniques present an attractive approach to run-time visualization of structured grid data, particularly when combined with a parallel rendering paradigm such as image composition. The ability of this combination to exploit hardware exceeds that of parallel image order methods. However, certain configurations of grid boundaries prevent composition from being performed correctly. In particular, when the boundary between two partitions contains concave sections, the partitions may no longer be depth sorted correctly, a requirement for some visualization techniques such as direct volume rendering. This occurs because the concave boundary prevents even the simple ordering of two adjacent partitions. If the data may be repartitioned such that it can be depth sorted correctly, then an image composition approach is a viable option. To facilitate such an operation, we present an algorithm to analyze the geometric structure of a grid boundary and extract knowledge about how the boundary impacts depth sorting and therefore image composition. We then show through examples how this knowledge may be applied to create a set of partitions that may be properly depth sorted.
Associative Processes and Task Relations in Perceptual Learning

Although it is commonly assumed that past experience, involving associative processes, influences perception, little agreement exists regarding either the nature or the manner of this influence. Early experiments served as convincing demonstrations of the effects of various experiences on perception, but they did not provide a specification of the details or functional relations in the processes involved. Some of the questions concerning these details have been brought into sharper focus by the generalization and differentiation hypotheses of E. J. Gibson, and by experiments stemming from the hypothesis of acquired distinctivenss and equivalence of cues of Dollard and Miller. However, the designs of tasks employed in these experiments have been such as to compound perceptual and associative processes in the same task. It is suggested that discussions leading to the development of a clearer taxonomy of tasks, for use in experiments on perceptual learning, would reduce confusion of these processes and permi...
Alleviating abrasive wear in ceramic industry handling equipment

Abstract Abrasive wear of equipment and parts which come in contact with raw materials in ceramic forming and fabricating processes is, at present, costly. Though the result of wear is easily understood, the processes and causes of abrasive wear are rather complex and not always fully appreciated. It is the purpose here to point out the problems associated with abrasive wear of ceramic equipment components, discuss what developments have been made in alleviating abrasive wear, and to suggest that the manufacturers of ceramic products for insulator, refractory, building, and ornamental use give serious consideration to the many new technological advances in materials for alleviating wear problems in ceramic plant equipment. Abrasive wear can often be reduced by giving careful consideration to the environmental conditions — humidity, abrasiveness of material being handled, frictional energy expended, and resultant surface temperatures — and then selecting materials which have the proper combination of hardness, toughness and resilience, resistance to corrosion, and cost. The hardest material may not always be the best material for alleviating abrasive wear. For example, in a corrosive environment, the use of a more corrosion resistant alloy, though softer than a less corrosion resistant material, may offer advantages in certain applications through extended life and reduced maintenance costs. It is suggested that abrasive wear may also be alleviated by the judicious use of hard surfacing materials applied by welding, brazing, plating, certain diffusion processes, and flame spraying of ceramics and cermets. It might be well for plant management to review maintenance records periodically to see where costs attributable to wear can be profitably decreased. An effective way of embarking on a wear-combatant plant program is to consult with specialists in the field of abrasive wear.
The Speech-Language Pathologist's Role in Screening for Head and Neck Cancer

The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)'s Preferred Practice Patterns for the Profession of Speech-Language Pathology (ASHA, 2004) and Prevention of Communication Disorders (ASHA, 1988) advise speech-language pathologists to engage in activities to educate and prevent diseases and disorders that affect speech and swallowing. However, many speech-language pathologists may be unfamiliar with the use of head and neck cancer screening that can be easily integrated into oral mechanism examinations and perceptual voice evaluations. This paper reviews the problem created by the lack of knowledge and reduced risk perception by the general public and healthcare professionals regarding signs, symptoms, and risks for head and neck cancer. A simple six-step screening tool is included to aid the reader in integrating head and neck cancer screenings into a general oral mechanism and speech/voice evaluation.
Associative stochastic automaton for reactor power ascent

The dynamics of experimental nuclear reactors exhibit strong non-linearities, while the constraints associated with their operation embody a number of safety-related decision points and protective trips. For power maneuvering, existing control technologies include human operators, state variable feedback controllers, and digital model-based controllers. In this work, we demonstrate the use of an associative stochastic automaton as an alternative. Factors which lead to the success of the application are discussed. >
Alteration of Rat Liver 20S Proteasome Activities by Age and Food Restriction

The effects of age and food restriction on proteasome function in rat liver supernatant (100,000 x g) were investigated. The cellular level of the proteasome has been quantitated by using Western blot analysis. The level of the proteasome was not affected by either age or food restriction. The three best-characterized proteasomal peptidase activities, chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L), trypsin-like (T-L), andpeptidylglutamylpeptide hydrolyzing (PGPH) activities, were measured in the presence and absence of the proteasomal activator, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Basal ChT-L, T-L, and PGPH activities were not markedly affected by either age or food restriction. SDS-stimulated ChT-L and T-L activities increased ~15% and =30%, respectively, between 7 and 26 months of age, and the increase of both activities was prevented by food restriction. In marked contrast, the SDS-stimulated PGPH activity decreased =40% with age. Food restriction, while not preventing the age-related decline, maintained higher levels of SDS-stimulated PGPH activity at all ages. The proteolytic activity of the proteasome toward casein was not altered by either age or food restriction. In conclusion, the cellular level of the proteasome as well as the caseinolytic activity of the proteasome appear to be unaffected by either age or food restriction. It appears unlikely that the proteasome activity changes are related to the reported age-associated decline of protein degradation. Simultaneously, proteasomal peptidase activities appear to be differentially regulated by both age and food restriction. It suggests more subtle age-related changes in proteasome function, which could include an effect on proteasomal subunit composition.
Effects of bright light on age-related changes in the locomotor activity of Syrian hamsters.

Syrian hamsters display age-related changes in the expression of circadian rhythms and in responsiveness of the circadian system to photic and nonphotic stimuli. This study characterized the effect...
Investigations of mechanisms of reactive metabolite formation from (R)-(+)-pulegone

1. (R)-(+)-Pulegone is a monoterpene that is oxidized by cytochromes P-450 to reactive metabolites that initiate events in the pathogenesis of hepatotoxicity in mice, rats and humans. 2. Selective labelling of (R)-(+)-pulegone with deuterium revealed that menthofuran was a proximate hepatotoxic metabolite formed by oxidation of the allylic methyl groups of pulegone. Incubations of pulegone with mouse liver microsomes in an atmosphere of 18O2 resulted in the formation of menthofuran that contained only oxygen-18 in the furan moiety. These results are consistent with oxidation of pulegone to an allylic alcohol that reacts intramolecularly with the ketone moiety to form a hemiketal that subsequently dehydrates to generate menthofuran. 3. Studies on the metabolism of menthofuran revealed that it is oxidized by cytochromes P-450 to an electrophilic gamma-ketoenal that reacts with nucleophilic groups on proteins to form covalent adducts. In addition, diastereomeric mintlactones are formed. Investigations with H2(18)O and 18O2 are indicative of a furan epoxide intermediate, or a precursor, in the formation of the gamma-ketoenal and mintlactones.
Relative contributions of quantum and double layer capacitance to the supercapacitor performance of carbon nanotubes in an ionic liquid

Motivated by promising demonstrations of carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes in supercapacitors, we evaluate the capacitive performance of a (6,6) CNT in [BMIM][PF6] ionic liquid (IL), with particular attention to the relative contributions of the electric double layer (EDL) capacitance (CD) at the CNT/IL interface and the quantum capacitance (CQ) of the CNT. Our classical molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the use of the CNT improves CD when compared to planar graphene, which we discuss in terms of how the electrode curvature affects both the electric field strength and IL packing density. In addition, according to density functional theory calculations, the CQ of the CNT is constant and significantly larger than that of graphene near the Fermi level, which is a consequence of the larger number of available electron states in the CNT. Our study also shows that the relative performance of the CNT- and graphene-based electrodes can be a strong function of applied voltage, which we attribute to the shifting contributions of CQ and CD.
Up-Stream Dissolved Oxygen TMDL Project Quality Assurance ProjectPlan

A quality assurance project plan (QAPP) for the execution of an ecosystem level monitoring and research program examining algal ecology in highly impaired rivers. Procedures for executing both field and laboratory surface water quality and flow analysis are described. The procedures described here are compatible with the California Surface Water Ambient Monitoring program (SWAMP).
Interdisciplinary Team Teaching: Negotiating Pedagogical Differences

Abstract. Four different team teaching experiences are described with collaborators from a variety of disciplines. The pedagogical differences between the teachers created unique challenges. A description of each collaboration is provided, followed by an analysis of the four experiences. An examination of the challenges that arose are summarized to facilitate planning for teachers who might be considering team teaching.
Describing local boards of health: insights from the 2008 National Association of Local Boards of Health Survey.

Objectives. We examined findings from the 2008 National Association of Local Boards of Health Survey to provide information about this understudied entity to the public health community.
Direct care nurses on the shared governance journey towards positive patient outcomes.

Aims and objectives To describe shared governance in action through the example of one paediatric institution's decision to institute daily chlorhexidine bathing. Background Shared governance processes are discussed extensively in the literature; however, implementation of the processes can be challenging. Recently nurses at one paediatric hospital were involved in a hospital-wide practice change where the theoretical approach of shared governance was actualised. Several questions arose from direct care nurses about unwarranted variations in bathing practices across settings and whether bathing standardisation could address the recent increase in central line-associated bloodstream infections. Shared governance council members identified daily chlorhexidine bathing as a potential intervention to standardise bathing across the hospital and to decrease infection rates. At this time, chlorhexidine bathing had been widely adopted in adult hospitals but was less commonly practiced in paediatric institutions. Design This is a position paper describing the use of shared governance to make a house-wide practice decision and positively impact patient outcomes. Method Inquiry Council members conducted a systematic evidence search on best practices around chlorhexidine bathing. This evidence was used in Practice Council discussions to standardise house-wide practice. Once consensus was achieved, council members collaborated with Education Council to ensure understanding, competency, and the adoption and sustainment of the practice change. Conclusions Patients with central lines are at decreased risk for acquiring a central line-associated blood stream infection due, in part, to the change in nursing practice to include daily chlorhexidine bathing. The shared governance structure was the vehicle through which this practice was vetted and instituted. Relevance to clinical practice This paper provides a real-life example of leveraging shared governance structures and the direct care nurse leaders within the councils when an organisation faces critical needs in patient care.
Introducing living labs to innovate software engineering

This paper describes the implementation of the living lab approach in an undergraduate, advanced software engineering course where students were challenged with implementing application development of innovative technologies. Living labs are aimed at fostering innovative thinking within a user-centric environment. A living lab implementation is traditionally an industry-based practice however living labs are gaining momentum in the educational arena. By using a living lab approach, instead of a traditional lecture-based classroom setting, openness of communication and the empowerment of users were both encouraged by following living lab best practices. Results show that the open learning environment of the living lab produced motivated students who developed innovative solutions to problems where there was no solution known a priori.
Preparation Of Copper And Copper-Barium-Yttrium Sols From Metal 2-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)Ethoxides and Conversion Of Copper-Barium-Yttrium Alkoxide Precursors to Ba2YCu3O7−δ

The hydrolysis of copper 2–(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxide solutions and barium-yttrium copper 2–(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxide solutions were investigated. Copper sols with particle sizesof 3–10 nm have been prepared from THF solutions. Sols from barium-yttrium-copper alkoxides were also prepared in THF with particle sizes of 4–10 nm as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 50–80 nm as determined by photon correlation. Compositional analysis showed that the sols had a similar composition to the parent solution. Choice of atmosphere and solvent system played an important role in the progress of the hydrolysis reaction. Powders obtained from barium-yttrium-copper solutions can be converted to Ba2YCu3O7−δ.
Multimodality treatment of non small cells lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases: Long term outcome

17046 Background: Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths and has the highest incidence for brain metastases of all malignancies. The prognosis of these patients (pts) remain poor wit...
Bioorthogonal vibrational imaging of dynamic metabolism in living organisms

We developed a bioorthogonal vibrational imaging platform, by coupling stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with small, vibrant and bioorthogonal tags (e.g. isotopes, C≡C), to probe dynamic metabolism in living organisms with superb sensitivity, specificity and biocompatibility.