cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human mononuclear phagocytes express the insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor.

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II/mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor, which targets acid hydrolases to lysosomes, is a multifunctional protein with separate binding sites for IGF-II and M6P. The purpose of this study was to determine if alveolar macrophages (AM) and their precursor cells, blood monocytes, expressed this receptor.AM expressed IGF-II/M6P receptors as detected by [125I]IGF-II surface binding that was not reduced by recombinant IGF-I or IGF-I receptor monoclonal antibody (αIR3). Surface binding was also detected on blood monocytes and could be upregulated approximately 4-fold by incubation with lipopolysaccharide. There were no differences in surface binding by AM lavaged from individuals with asbestos exposure or from normal volunteers. Using the polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcriptase to reverse-transcribe mRNA from mononuclear phagocytes, specific IGF-II/M6P receptor cDNA was amplified and detected by agarose gel electrophoresis from both AM and blood monocytes. The IGF-I...
Monitoring of fogwater chemistry in the gulf coast urban industrial corridor: Baton Rouge (louisiana).

Seventeen fog events were sampled in Baton Rouge, Louisiana during 2002–2004 as part of characterizing wet deposition by fogwater in the heavily industrialized corridor along the Louisiana Gulf Coast in the United States. These samples were analyzed for chemical characteristics such as pH, conductivity, total organic and inorganic carbon, total metals and the principal ion concentrations. The dominant ionic species in all samples were NH4 +, NO3 −, Cl− and SO4 2−. The pH of the fogwater sampled had a mean value of 6.7 with two cases of acidic pH of 4.7. Rainwater and fogwater pH were similar in this region. The acidity of fogwater was a result of NO3 − but partly offset by high NH4 +. The measured gaseous SO2 accounted for a small percentage of the observed sulfate concentration, indicating additional gas-to-particle conversion of SO2 to sulfate in fogwater. The gaseous NO x accounted for most of the dissolved nitrate and nitrite concentration in fogwater. The high chloride concentration was attributable to the degradation of chlorinated organics in the atmosphere. The metal composition was traced directly to soil-derived aerosol precursors in the air. The major metals observed in fogwater were Na, K, Ca, Fe, Al, Mg and Zn. Of these Na, K, Ca and Mg were predominant with mean concentrations > 100 μM. Al, Fe and Zn were present in the samples, at mean concentrations < 100 μM. Small concentrations of Mn (7.8 μM), Cu (2 μM), Pb (0.07 μM) and As (0.32 μM) were also observed in the fogwaters, and these were shown to result from particulates (PM2.5) in the atmosphere. The contribution to both ions and metals from the marine sources in the Louisiana Gulf Coast was minimal. The concentrations of all principal ionic species and metals in fogwater were 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than in rainwater. Several linear alkane organic compounds were observed in the fogwater, representing the contributions from petroleum products at concentrations far exceeding their aqueous solubility. A pesticide (atrazine) was also observed in fogwater, representing the contribution from the agricultural activities nearby.
A successful female crack dealer: case study of a deviant career

This paper traces the career of a successful female crack dealer in Harlem. “Rachel” is a deviant among deviants: a female in a male‐dominated profession who caters to the “hidden” crack user rather than the stereotypical addict, uses techniques common among middle‐class dealers rather than those more typical of her inner‐city location, and is herself a crack addict who manages to avoid both arrest and dereliction. The paper describes how Rachel's career evolved around shifts in the drug market, from marijuana to cocaine to crack; illuminates an unknown side of the drug economy—the world of the older, better educated, middle class drug user; reveals how gender affects drug distribution in a profession dominated by males; and examines how those involved in deviant careers cope with social opprobrium and attempt to justify their activities. Rachel's relative success in her profession is attributed to a unique combination of historical contingencies, personal qualities, and career choices.
Transformation of BALB/c-3T3 cells: III. Development of a co-culture clonal survival assay for quantification of chemical cytotoxicity in high-density cell cultures.

A co-culture clonal survival assay was developed to measure the cytotoxicity of test chemical treatments to BALB/c-3T3 cells because the standard clonal survival assay using 200 wild type (WT) cell...
Observed behaviors of subjects during informed consent for an emergency department study.

Study objective To determine emergency department patients' behaviors during informed consent for an intimate partner violence survey. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study during administration of informed consent. Research assistants recorded whether informed consent was read, time spent reading it, whether questions were asked, and whether the patients took a copy of the form that was handed to them. Results are reported as percentage of frequency of occurrence. Results Of 1,609 patients approached for the intimate partner violence study, 1,312 (82%) patients participated. After verbal description of the study, 53% of patients read the informed consent but only 13% spent more than 2 minutes doing so. Only 20% of patients asked questions and less than half (49%) accepted a copy of the form when it was handed to them. Conclusion Patients who participated in an intimate partner violence study did not spend a lot of time reading the consent document, asked few questions, and did not take the copy of the consent form with them. Future studies of the current consent process should determine whether it provides adequate human subjects protections in a manner desired by the patient.
Social networks and social support: living with chronic renal disease.

Individuals with chronic renal disease who receive dialysis treatment are continually faced with major adjustments. These may include dealing with changes in work and economic status, social roles, activity levels, self-image, health status, and normal routines, as well as learning to live with uncertainty and loss. The individual's social network plays a key role as the individual experiences and moves through various stages of adjustment. Networks with certain characteristics (e.g. provision of affective support, reciprocal ties) may be more effective than others lacking these characteristics in meeting the individual's changing needs during the process of adjusting to chronic renal disease. This paper examines this relationship between the characteristics of an individual's social network and adjustment to chronic renal illness. The discussion focuses on the impact of chronic renal disease on the individual, the composition and characteristics of the social network, and on the relationships between network members. How the social network affects a person's adjustment to stages of adaptation to chronic renal disease is also addressed. Finally, suggestions are presented for how health care professionals can intervene at the individual, network, and organizational level to strengthen and enlarge social networks in order to enhance social support.
Determinants of publication productivity: An empirical analysis

Academic performance is typically measured as some combination of teaching, publishing, and professional service. This paper focuses on the publication aspect of academic output, estimating the determinants of publication productivity using data for Robert D. Tollison (RDT). Robert Tollison published 433 articles and books, and collaborated with 524 coauthors while at a dozen institutions over thirty-eight years. Our findings indicate that RDT’s output is significantly correlated with several factors, including co-authorship, the diversification of his research portfolio, business cycles, and academic pay. To a lesser extent, his production pattern is influenced by non-work interests and specific institutional affiliations.
Combination psychotropic regimens in community practice.

ne of the cross-cutting findings to emerge from the large federally funded O clinical treatment trials of the common childhood psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), adolescent depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety disorders, is that many children do not achieve remission from available pharmacologic or psychological monotherapies. When faced with patients who do not remit or even respond to standard treatments, physicians commonly venture into therapeutic territory that is uncharted by clinical research. Armed with their clinical experience and judgment, the patient’s treatment history and current clinical presentation, and an understanding of the principles of pharmacology, physicians set off in search of a medication regimen that is effective and well tolerated by their patients. In this issue of The Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Rubin and colleagues provide a valuable portrait of national trends (2004 to 2008) in the use of psychotropic medication combinations to treat children and adolescents in the Medicaid program. They focus primarily on treatment with antipsychotic medications in combination with other psychotropic classes, including stimulants, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, or a2-agonists. Given the recent overall increase in treatment of young people with antipsychotic medications and the ongoing review of new national quality measurements in this area, such a careful examination of antipsychotic prescribing practices arrives at an opportune time. We learn from Rubin et al. that these combination regimens are common, typically long in duration, and on the rise. The highest rates of use of antipsychotics with other medication classes occur in children and adolescents with severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or autism, who
Phase transfer Pd(0) catalyzed polymerization reactions. III. Polymerization by cross-coupling of alkyl–boron compounds and aromatic halides catalyzed by PdCl2 (dppf) and bases†

This paper describes a novel polymerization reaction which consists of a sequence of hydroboration of a diolefin with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) followed by the intermolecular cross-coupling of the resulting 1,1′-bis(B-alkanediyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes with dihaloarenes. The reaction is performed in the presence of dichloro[1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] palladium (II) [PdCl2 (dppf)], a base, and a phase transfer catalyst. Both steps are performed in the same reaction flask. Alternatively, this polymerization reaction can be applied to bifunctional monomers containing an olefin and a haloarene group, for example, p-bromostyrene.
COMPRESSIBLE “TURBULENCE” OBSERVED IN THE HELIOSHEATH BY VOYAGER 2

This paper describes the multiscale structure of the compressible 'turbulence' observed in the high-resolution (48 s) observations of the magnetic field strength B made by Voyager 2 (V2) in the heliosheath behind the termination shock from 2007 DOY 245.0-300.8 and in a unipolar region from 2008 DOY 2.9-75.6. The magnetic field strength is highly variable on scales from 48 s to several hours in both intervals. The distributions of daily averages and 48 s averages of B are lognormal in the post-termination shock (TS) region and Gaussian in the unipolar region, respectively. The amplitudes of the fluctuations were greater in the post-TS region than in the unipolar region, at scales less than several hours. The multiscale structure of the increments of B is described by the q-Gaussian distribution of nonextensive statistical mechanics on all scales from 48 s to 3.4 hr in the unipolar region and from 48 s to 6.8 hr in the post-TS region, respectively. The amplitudes of the fluctuations of increments of B are larger in the post-TS region than in the unipolar region at all scales. The probability density functions of the increments of B are non-Gaussian at all scales in the unipolar region, but theymore » are Gaussian at the largest scales in the post-TS region. Time series of the magnitude and direction of B show that the fluctuations are highly compressive. The small-scale fluctuations are a mixture of coherent structures (semi-deterministic structures) and random structures, which vary significantly from day to day. Several types of coherent structures were identified in both regions.« less
Immunomodulation with interleukin-10 and interleukin-4 compared with ketorolac tromethamine for prevention of postoperative adhesions in a murine model

Abstract Objective: To assess the effects of two macrophage down-regulating cytokines (interleukin [IL]-10 and IL-4) and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac tromethamine on postoperative adhesion formation. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Research center vivarium. Animal(s): Six-week-old Swiss Webster mice. Intervention(s): One hundred eighty animals were randomized to serve as nonsurgical controls or to undergo a standardized adhesion-inducing procedure. Subsequently, animals were randomized to nine different treatment groups to receive no injections, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) only, IL-10, IL-4, ketorolac, IL-10 plus IL-4, IL-10 plus ketorolac, IL-4 plus ketorolac, or all three agents. Main Outcome Measure: Adhesion scores on postoperative day 10. Result(s): Postoperative adhesion scores were significantly reduced in all groups of animals treated with IL-10 or ketorolac. Animals treated with IL-4 showed a nonsignificant trend toward reduction of adhesions. There were significantly more animals with adhesion scores of ≤3 in the IL-10 and ketorolac treatment groups than in the control groups receiving no treatment or PBS only. Conclusion(s): Although treatment with IL-10 and ketorolac did not completely prevent adhesion formation, treatment with these drugs did lead to a significant reduction in adhesion formation. Adhesions also tended to be thin and filmy rather than thick and vascular. Addition of IL-4 did not augment these effects.
Ultralow temperature Josephson primary thermometry

Abstract We are developing a primary thermometer for operation from 4.2 K down to millikelvin temperatures. The principle of the thermometer is to measure thermal fluctuations in a thin-film resistor by transducing them into phase fluctuations in a Josephson junction. These fluctuations are then inductively coupled to a DC SQUID preamplifier. All elements are fabricated on a single integrated circuit chip in niobium technology using Ti/Pd/Au as shunt resistors and the thermometric device. Our SQUIDs are fully operational down to millikelvin temperatures.
Rheumatoid factor (RF) distribution in periodontal disease.

This study investigated the occurrence of an autoantibody, IgM rheumatoid factor, that may result from the chronic inflammation noted in periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. In order to detect IgM-RF, a biotin-avidin ELISA was developed. This assay was found to be sensitive and accurate by testing a rheumatoid arthritis population. The characteristics of this rheumatoid arthritis group were further determined, such that the total serum immunoglobulin concentrations were slightly elevated although within the normal range for IgM, IgG, and IgA; IgG antibody levels were elevated against oral microorganisms of the genusCapnocytophaga, while elevated IgM antibody levels were noted toBacteroides species. In a population of 260 subjects of which 171 were periodontal disease patients, 16 of 171 (9.4%) were seropositive for IgM-RF, of which the predominant disease types were advanced destructive periodontitis and adult periodontitis. For comparison, a random population of seronegative periodontal disease patients was constructed that was matched for sex and approximate age to the seropositive group. The total immunoglobulin levels of the two groups were not significantly different and the means of both were slightly lower than the rheumatoid arthritis group. When the antibody profiles of the two periodontal disease populations were compared it became evident that the RF-positive group showed IgM and IgG antibody that was significantly elevated toCapnocytophaga species andF. nucleatum. Therefore, the chronic inflammation associated with periodontitis appears to increase significantly the formation of IgM-RF; however, there does appear to be a relationship between IgM-RF and elevated antibody to selected oral microorganisms.
Residues of Phorate and Five of Its Metabolites: Their Persistence in Forage Corn and Grass

Coastal bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., and corn, Zea mays L., field treated with an emulsifiable concentrate of phorate, at 0.5, 1.0, and 2,0 lb (active ingredient) per acre and sampled 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment were analyzed for residues of the parent compound and 5 of its metabolites. In corn, total residue consisting of the parent compound (P=S, S), its sulfoxide (P=S, SO) and sulfone (P=S, SO2), and phoratoxon sulfoxide (P=O, SO) and phoratoxon sulfone (P=O, SO2), was less than 1.0 ppm 14 days posttreatment for all 3 rates of application. Residues of phoratoxon (P=O, S) were not detected in any corn samples. Total residues in grass, consisting of the same metabolites found in corn, were found to be less than 1.0 ppm 21 days posttreatment. In corn silage, made from 1-day post-field treatments of corn at the 3 rates of application and ensiled at 85°F for 30 days in glass jars, the residues consisted mainly of phorate, its sulfoxide and sulfone, and phoratoxon sulfoxide which were relatively stable.
Deactivation of nitrile hydrogenation catalysts: New mechanistic insight from a nylon recycle process

In the recycling of nylon-6 and nylon-6,6, high temperature ammonolysis leads to reversion of the polymers to monomer units and dehydration of amide monomers to nitrile molecules. The resulting product is a mixture of 6-aminocapronitrile, caprolactam, adiponitrile, hexamethylenediamine and other species. To complete the recycle loop the nitrile molecule can be hydrogenated to hexamethylenediamine. This liquid phase hydrogenation has been studied over Raney® Ni and Raney® Co catalysts at less than 100 °C and 3.5 MPa in semi-batch mode. Raney® Ni exhibited rapid deactivation in the absence of sodium hydroxide, while Raney® Co provided long catalyst life. In comparison studies, Raney® Ni also deactivated during hydrogenation of pure adiponitrile, in the absence of sodium hydroxide. While sodium hydroxide inhibits Raney® Ni deactivation, it presents an economic and environmental challenge for waste handling. Analysis of recovered catalyst samples by ESCA showed an increase in nitrogen and carbon on the surface of deactivated Raney® Ni samples compared to recovered Raney® Co and control samples. The observed overlayer was consistent with the formation of oligomeric secondary amines, which covered the catalyst surface and prevented further reaction. Amine coupling reactions were favored for Raney® Ni compared to Raney® Co.
Multispectral track features for the general case of an unknown target spectral signature

Typically, a tracker receives the position coordinates of the threshold exceedances from the detection process. The threshold nonlinearity serves to prevent superfluous data from entering the tracker; it also prevents other information about a detection from being used by the tracker. Track features were developed to provide a shunt for useful information around the detection threshold. Track features such as the measured C(C+N)R of a detection or local measures of clutter severity have been shown to significantly reduce track confirmation times and the probability of confirming a false track. This paper considers the development of track features for multispectral data. The multispectral track features are used in conjunction with available spatial and temporal track features. Ideally, multispectral track features would provide the tracker with information about how target-like the spectral signature of a detection is. Unfortunately, the spectral signature of the target is unknown a priori because of its dependence upon unmeasured environmental variables, uncertainties in factors effecting the emissivity and reflectivity of the target's surface and unknown operating history. This prevents the general development of a multispectral track features that provide target- likeness. The alternative, which is developed in this paper, is to use the consistency of the spectral signatures of the detections that form a track as a track feature. This multispectral track feature helps suppress the formation of tracks from random detections. It also inhibits a true track from branching to a false detection. Finally, it reduces the true track confirmation time.
A study of denotative similarity with restricted word associations

Data for this study were collected in two parts. In the first, 70 S s responded to a list of stimuli in seven tasks of restricted association. The second part of the study employed stimuli consisting of 11 of these original stimuli plus their primary responses in each of the seven tasks. These were given to 50 new S s under the same seven task instructions. The seven tasks were Superordinates, Coordinates, Similars, Contrasts, Functions, Qualities, and Parts. The main analysis of data was the derivation of matrices of response overlap for the seven semantic relationships corresponding to the restricted-association tasks. Primary interest centered on similarity relationships. High overlap along the diagonal of the response-overlap matrix characterized the Similars. Overlap in five of these diagonal cells was found to discriminate Similars from the other relationships. A measure of the degree of Restricted-Association Similarity (RAS) was derived, based on this discriminating overlap.
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS FOR A SEISMIC WARNING SYSTEM

Following the collapse of the Cypress structure, which killed 42 people in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) initiated a series of studies of the seismic vulnerability of the Alaskan Way Viaduct (AWV). The AWV, which carries nearly 100,000 vehicles per day, is one of only two north-south highways through downtown Seattle. The studies showed that this double-deck structure is vulnerable to extensive damage during and shortly after strong earthquake shaking. The structural vulnerabilities, associated with reinforced concrete details typical of 1950s construction, are exacerbated by the presence of highly liquefiable soils beneath the AWV, and by the seismic vulnerability of a seawall that is located immediately west of the AWV. To make decisions about closing the viaduct during or after an earthquake, WSDOT will need to have reliable and timely information about the likelihood of potential damage. To this end, a study was undertaken to develop design requirements for an instrumentation system that would detect the onset of soil liquefaction and provide input to a collapse warning system. Given the uncertainties associated with predictions of ground-shaking intensity, site response, liquefaction, and structural performance, it is difficult to predict levels of damage accurately. Therefore, an important part of this study was the identification and quantification of sources of uncertainty that needed to be considered in the development of a criterion for collapse potential. A framework based on the total probability theorem was developed to evaluate the probabilities of failure. For each source, a conditional probability distribution function was developed across the anticipated range in values. The results take the form of probabilities of liquefaction-induced collapse as a function of triggering criteria.
Parallel application memory scheduling

A primary use of chip-multiprocessor (CMP) systems is to speed up a single application by exploiting thread-level parallelism. In such systems, threads may slow each other down by issuing memory requests that interfere in the shared memory subsystem. This inter-thread memory system interference can significantly degrade parallel application performance. Better memory request scheduling may mitigate such performance degradation. However, previously proposed memory scheduling algorithms for CMPs are designed for multi-programmed workloads where each core runs an independent application, and thus do not take into account the inter-dependent nature of threads in a parallel application. In this paper, we propose a memory scheduling algorithm designed specifically for parallel applications. Our approach has two main components, targeting two common synchronization primitives that cause inter-dependence of threads: locks and barriers. First, the runtime system estimates threads holding the locks that cause the most serialization as the set of limiter threads, which are prioritized by the memory scheduler. Second, the memory scheduler shuffles thread priorities to reduce the time threads take to reach the barrier.We show that our memory scheduler speeds up a set of memory-intensive parallel applications by 12.6% compared to the best previous memory scheduling technique.
Brain white-matter changes in the elderly prone to falling.

• Falls and impaired gait are a major source of morbidity in the elderly. Why some elderly become prone to falling is often unclear. We analyzed the gait, equilibrium, and brain computed tomography results of 40 elderly subjects without evidence of neurologic disease known to be associated with falls. Twenty of these subjects were prone to falling and the remaining 20 were nonfalling controls. These two groups were comparable in terms of age and sex (mean age, 83.3 years [SE, 1.7 years]). The group of fallers had significantly worse gait and equilibrium scores and a greater degree of white-matter hypodensity on computed tomography. White-matter hypodensity correlated with impaired gait and equilibrium scores but not with impaired performance on cognitive testing. This study reveals the association of white-matter disease with gait and balance impairment leading to falls in the elderly.
Building and accessing clausal representations: The advantage of first mention versus the advantage of clause recency☆

We investigated two seemingly contradictory phenomena: the Advantage of the First-Mentioned Participant (participants mentioned first in a sentence are more accessible than participants mentioned second) and the Advantage of the Most Recent Clause (concepts mentioned in the most recent clause are more accessible than concepts mentioned in an earlier clause). We resolved this contradiction by measuring how quickly comprehenders accessed participants mentioned in the first versus second clauses of two-clause sentences. Our data supported the following hypotheses: Comprehenders represent each clause of a two-clause sentence in its own mental substructure. Comprehenders have greatest access to information in the substructure that they are currently developing; that is, they have greatest access to the most recent clause. However, at some point, the first clause becomes more accessible because the substructure representing the first clause of a two-clause sentence serves as a foundation for the whole sentence-level representation.
Reflex influence of selective coronary artery occlusion on the total capacitance vasculature in the dog.

Abstract While the reflex influence of selective coronary arterial occlusion on the resistance vasculature has been well delineated, the reflex influence of coronary occlusion on the total capacitance vasculature has not been examined. Thus, selective coronary occlusions were performed in 65 anesthetized dogs. Blood was drained from the vena cavae and returned to the right atrium at a constant rate so that changes in total intravascular volume could be recorded as reciprocal changes in extracorporeal reservoir volume. In 10 animals, 2.5 min of left anterior descending occlusion was associated with only an insignificant total volume increase of 6 +/- 4 ml (SEM), whereas 2.5 min of left circumflex occlusion was associated with a 27 +/- 4 ml (P less than 0.001) increase in volume, which was significantly attenuated (P less than 0.001) to only a 7 +/- 3 ml increase after cervical vagectomy. Epicardial lidocaine in four animals reduced the volume increment associated with circumflex occlusion from 30 +/- 3 to 11 +/- 4 ml (P less than 0.025). The volume increase was attenuated from 45 +/- 6 to 24 +/- 5 ml with propranolol administration (P less than 0.001) (seven animals) and from 26 +/- 5 to 17 +/- 6 ml with atropine (P less than 0.025) (eight animals), but was not attenuated with phenoxybenzamine (28 +/- 7 ml before and 25 +/- 2 ml after phenoxybenzamine) (five animals). Double blockade with propranolol and atropine reduced the volume increase to 3 +/- 2 ml (NS) in four of these animals. In order to compare the influences of selective beta-1 adrenergic blockade and combined beta-1 and beta-2 blockade, volume responses were assessed before and after administration of metoprolol or propranolol in doses that produced the same amount of beta-1 blockade (15 animals). The volume increase associated with circumflex occlusion was not attenuated after beta-1 blockade (20 +/- 4 ml before and 18 +/- 5 ml after metoprolol) (eight animals) but was attenuated from 30 +/- 5 to 14 +/- 5 ml after propranolol (P less than 0.05) (seven animals). To examine further the efferent limb of the observed reflex, circumflex occlusions were performed before and after either vagectomy at the level of the diaphragm or section of the sympathetic splanchnic nerves in 12 animals. The volume increment was significantly attenuated after either procedure. In four animals undergoing prior arterial baroreceptor denervation, volume still increased 30 +/- 6 ml (P less than 0.001) with circumflex occlusion. Thus, inferior myocardial ischemia is associated with an autonomic reflex that acts to increase total intravascular volume. The afferent limb is mediated through the vagi, and the efferent limb, throug
Kurt Lewin and the Invisible Bird on the Flagpole: A Reply to Graebner

Our conceptual understanding of democratic leadership in small group or organizational settings is inadequate. The differences between legitimate democratic leadership, manipulative pseudo-democratic leadership, and laissez-faire leadership are poorly understood, even by scholars. Recent criticisms by Graebner (1986), “The Small Group and Democratic Social Engineering, 19001950,” Journal of Social Issues, 42(1), 137–154) of Kurt Lewin's research on leadership are assessed in the context of Lewin's ideas about democracy, and are rejected.
A Systematic Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Screen to Fine-Map Alcohol Dependence Genes on Chromosome 7 Identifies Association With a Novel Susceptibility Gene ACN9

Background Chromosome 7 has shown consistent evidence of linkage with a variety of phenotypes related to alcohol dependence in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) project. With a sample of 262 densely affected families, a peak logarithm of odds (LOD) score for alcohol dependence of 2.9 was observed at D7S1799. The LOD score in the region increased to 4.1 when a subset of the sample was genotyped with the Illumina Linkage III panel for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 (GAW14). To follow up on this linkage region, we systematically screened single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across a 2 LOD support interval surrounding the alcohol dependence peak. Methods The SNPs were selected from the HapMap Phase I CEPH data to tag linkage disequilibrium bins across the region. Across the 18-Mb region, genotyped by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), 1340 SNPs were analyzed. Family-based association analyses were performed on a sample of 1172 individuals from 217 Caucasian families. Results Eight SNPs showed association with alcohol dependence at p ACN9 gene. We conducted additional genotyping across ACN9 and identified multiple variants with significant evidence of association with alcohol dependence. Conclusions These analyses suggest that ACN9 is involved in the predisposition to alcohol dependence. Data from yeast suggest that ACN9 is involved in gluconeogenesis and the assimilation of ethanol or acetate into carbohydrate.
Coupling between Sea Surface Temperature and Low-Level Winds in Mesoscale Numerical Models

Abstract This study evaluates the impacts of sea surface temperature (SST) specification and grid resolution on numerical simulations of air–sea coupling near oceanic fronts through analyses of surface winds from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. The 9 May 2001 change of the boundary condition from the Reynolds SST analyses to the NOAA Real-Time Global (RTG) SST in the ECMWF model resulted in an abrupt increase in mesoscale variance of the model surface winds over the ocean. In contrast, the 21 November 2000 change of the grid resolution resulted in an abrupt increase in mesoscale variability of surface winds over mountainous regions on land but had no significant effect on winds over the ocean. To further investigate model sensitivity to the SST boundary condition and grid resolution, a series of simulations were made with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model over a domain encompassing the Agulhas return current (ARC: also called “retroflection”) region in ...
Human trophoblast noncoding RNA suppresses CIITA promoter III activity in murine B-lymphocytes

Abstract Trophoblasts lack expression of all classical MHC antigens. Determination of the mechanism involved could provide insight into selective gene suppression and allograft tolerance. Suppression of class II expression in trophoblasts is secondary to dominant negative trans-acting factors that suppress class II transactivator (CIITA) transcription. We recently described a trophoblast-derived noncoding RNA (TncRNA) that suppresses class II expression. Murine B-cells CH27 were stably transfected with TncRNA and analyzed for MHC class II and CIITA expression by FACS and Northern blots. Functional assessment of CIITA promoter III (pIII) was performed by transient transfection of promoter–reporter constructs. Methylation of pIII was assessed by Southern blots and FACS. TncRNA suppressed constitutive I-Ak and CIITA expression in murine B-cells CH27. The mechanism involves inhibition of CIITA pIII activity. The mechanism does not involve methylation of the promoter.
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in ataxia-telangiectasia

Existing descriptions of liver abnormalities in ataxia-telangiectasia have been associated with co-existent hepatitis virus infection. Here we report veno-occlusive disease of the liver in 2 patients with ataxia telangiectasia that is not attributable to bone marrow transplantation or coincidental hepatitis infection.
A study of structure-activity relationships in regard to species difference in the phenylbutazone series

Abstract Physicochemical properties of phenylbutazone analogues were correlated with their physiological disposition, in particular with reference to species difference. While in man there exists a direct relationship between pKa and half-life, no such correlation was observed in dogs. Half-life in dog appears to depend on factors such as fat/buffer partition coefficient (Kp), plasma protein binding, tissue distribution and drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Rate of metabolism of analogues, based on plasma level decline, varied extensively in both species. In man it ranged from 1 to 72 hr; in the dog from 0.5 to 33 hr. There are some striking species differences for certain compounds. For instance, oxyphen-butazone has a half-life of 0.5 hr in the dog whereas in man it is 72 hr. On the other hand, the half-life of G-15140 (p,p′-dichloro analogue of phenylbutazone) is of the same order of magnitude for both species. An anomaly to the pKa hypothesis, G-34208 (tertiary-butyl analogue of oxyphen-butazone, pKa 7-1), has been shown to be excreted as a glucuronide. This conversion provides a ready explanation for the short half-life of G-34208, since glucuronides have pKa values of about 3. Another sterically hindered analogue, G-13838 (isopropyi analogue of phenylbutazone), was found to have a volume of distribution twice that of phenylbutazone both in man and dog. The results are discussed in relation to the importance of these factors in the search for new drugs.
Reliability studies and design improvement of mirror image CSP assembly

Abstract In this paper, both simulation and testing techniques were used to address the reliability issue of mirror chip scale package (CSP) assembly. First, finite element modeling was employed to study the stress and strain of a mirror image CSP with comparison to a single-sided CSP. The study clearly illustrates that the strain distribution is not equally distributed across both sides of the CSP. The highest strain on one side of the mirror image CSP is often larger than the other one, which reduced the reliability of the package as a whole. In order to study the effects on the reliability of the mirror image CSP assembly, several parameters, such as PCB board materials selection, board thickness and warpage, PCB via design and routing, were investigated. Moreover, a design of experiment matrix was constructed to identify significant factors to minimize the highest strain in solder joints of mirror image. The test vehicle was then designed and assembled. Thermal cycling (0 to 100 °C) and thermal shock tests were thereafter performed to the mirror image CSPs and single-sided CSPs to compare with the simulation results.
Encephalopathy of Prematurity Includes Neuronal Abnormalities

The dominant encephalopathy of premature infants is considered generally to involve principally white matter.1 Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the major form of white matter injury and consists classically of focal necrotic lesions, with subsequent cyst formation, and a less severe but more diffuse injury to cerebral white mater, with prominent astrogliosis and microgliosis but without overt necrosis. Injury to premyelinating oligodendrocytes appears to be a feature of the diffuse lesions,2 although the nature and extent of this cellular injury require additional study. This diffuse, noncystic white matter injury without focal necrosis is much more common than classic PVL. Results of neonatal imaging studies indicate that classic PVL with focal necrotic/cystic lesions occurs in ∼3% to 5% of very low birth weight premature infants (<1500 g), whereas the more diffuse noncystic lesions are demonstrable, on average, in 20% to 50%, depending on the imaging modality and the definition of abnormality (see ref 1 for review). Despite the longstanding emphasis on cerebral white matter among premature infants, numerous recent MRI studies of such infants at term and later ages suggest strongly that cerebral neuronal structures are abnormal frequently (see below). These observations are of particular importance because of the high incidence (∼50%) among survivors of prematurity of subsequent cognitive deficits without prominent motor deficits, a combination classically attributed in neurology to neuronal abnormalities rather than white matter abnormalities. The report by Lodygensky et al3 published elsewhere in this issue is focused on abnormal gray matter development, defined with volumetric MRI, among premature infants studied at 8 years of age and is highly relevant to the issue of neuronal abnormalities among premature infants. In addition, this work addresses the effect of postnatal hydrocortisone administration on subsequent structural and functional brain development. The focus on hydrocortisone is presented briefly next, and … Reprint requests to (J.J.V.) Department of Neurology, Fegan 1103, Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: joseph.volpe{at}childrens.harvard.edu
Differences in selectivity of inhaled glucocorticoids (IGCs) to the glucocorticoid receptors (GR)

Abstract Rationale Newer inhaled glucocorticoids are characterized by very high receptor binding affinities to the glucocorticoid receptor. As potential side effects might be also related to binding of these compounds to other steroid receptor, we compare here the binding affinities of a number of inhaled glucocorticoids to both the glucocorticoid (GR) and progesterone receptor (PR). Methods The competitive binding assays were conducted in the cytosol of rat lung and sheep uterus using selective radioligands for both receptors. The ratios of relative binding affinities (RBA PR /RBA GR ) were used to describe the selectivity (with higher ratios indicating the lowest selectivity). Results Mometasone furoate (MF) showed the lowest GR selectivity (PR/GR ratio of 0.878) while the higher selectivity of the other glucocorticoids tested was indicated by selectivity ratios ranging from 0.022 to 0.1 (mometasone: 0.022, budesonide: 0.022, triamcinolone acetonide: 0.035, fluticasone propionate: 0.084, beclomethasone monopropionate: 0.11). The relatively high selectivity for mometasone (lacking the 17-furoate ester) clearly indicates that the interaction of 17β furoate moiety in mometasone furoate is responsible for the high affinity towards the progesterone receptor. Conclusion The study shows that there are differences in selectivity among various steroids tested to GR, and that mometasone furoate is the least specific glucocorticoid investigated.
Beam dynamics optimization in the rare isotope accelerator driver Linac

A preliminary design of the superconducting linear accelerator of the Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) facility has been previously reported. The driver linac consists of about 400 superconducting independently-phased RF cavities, and is able to accelerate beams of any ion, including uranium, to energies of 400 MeV per nucleon and beam power of 400 kW. The linac has the novel capability of accelerating multiple-charge-state beams, which results in a significant increase in available beam current. Use of multiple-charge states imposes strict requirements on the steering procedure to avoid effective emittance growth. A program of detailed beam dynamics studies has been initiated to simplify the accelerator design, enhance its performance, and develop specifications for the engineering design of the accelerator systems. As part of the program, a correction algorithm has been developed that takes into consideration solenoid induced couplings. The correction method and initial results of corrections applied to the low- and medium-energy driver linac sections are presented
Long-term (1979–1990) changes in the thermal, dynamical, and compositional structure of the Venus Mesosphere as inferred from microwave spectral line observations of 12CO, 13CO, and C18O

Abstract Microwave spectral line observations of 12 CO (1.3, 2.6 mm) and 13CO (1.4 mm) were obtained for Venus near inferior conjunctions in 1982, 1985, 1986, 1988, and 1990. Detailed analyses of these whole-disk spectra were performed to derive low to midlatitude average CO mixing profiles (75–105 km) and temperature profiles (85–100 km) for the nightside Venus mesosphere. Mesospheric temperatures determined for the 1982, 1988, and 1990 periods are in good agreement with those returned by Pioneer Venus spacecraft observations in 1979. However, the 1985 and 1986 observations indicate 20–40 K increases in low to midlatitude atmospheric temperatures at 85- to 100-km altitude, relative to the 1979 Pioneer-Venus measurements. The 1985–1986 temperature profiles are similar to the mesospheric temperature profile returned by Venera 10 in 1975. Comparisons with 60- to 90-km temperatures observed between 1978 and 1987 by Pioneer-Venus radio occultations indicate a reversal in the latitudinal gradient of atmospheric pressure within the Venus mesosphere in late 1984, early 1985. Cyclostrophic balance appears to persist throughout the Venus mesosphere at this time, as opposed to the breakdown of cyclostrophic balance above 80-km altitude observed by Pioneer Venus in 1979. Mesospheric CO abundances inferred from the microwave observations also exhibit large changes in 1985–1986. The CO mixing ratio at 80-km altitude increased by several hundred percent between 1982 and 1985. The CO column density above 1 mbar (∼86 km) presented a similar increase between 1985 and 1986. Furthermore, the appearance of an extreme solar-zenith-angle gradient in the nightside distribution of mesospheric CO is inferred from the 1986 observations. We suggest that these 1985–1986 perturbations in mesospheric CO and temperatures, the 5- to 10-year cyclical variations in cloud top dynamics, and the 1979 decay of cloud top SO2 are all related phenomena of interannual variations in the global-scale dynamics within and above the cloud layers of the Venus atmosphere. We also present a 1.4-mm spectrum of C18O observed in 1986 which, combined with analysis of the 1986 13 CO spectrum, yields a terrestrial ratio (5.6 ± 0.8) for 13 CO/C 18 O in the Venus mesosphere.
Vasodilator Therapy for Primary Pulmonary Hypertension in Children

Background—This report presents 13 years of experience with vasodilator therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) in children. Two eras were involved: between 1982 and 1987, oral calcium channel blockers were the only agents available for long-term therapy; after 1987, prostacyclin (PGI2) has been available for long-term intravenous use. Methods and Results—Seventy-four children underwent short-term vasodilator testing with intravenous PGI2. Those who manifested pulmonary vasodilation (“acute responders”) were treated with oral calcium channel blockers. Until 1987, “acute nonresponders” were treated in the same way as long as they had no serious side effects. When PGI2 became available for long-term administration, all nonresponders, as well as those who failed to improve clinically and hemodynamically on calcium channel blockers, were treated with long-term PGI2. In the 31 responders, calcium channel blockers improved survival compared with the 43 nonresponders (P=0.0002). Survival was also better...
Global stability analysis of a TCP/AQM protocol for arbitrary networks with delay

We investigate global stability of fast AQM scalable TCP (FAST), a network congestion control scheme for the Internet modelled by a nonlinear delay differential equation with heterogeneous delays. The stability conditions resemble the ones from the linearization, are delay-dependent and scalable for arbitrary network sizes; the special structure of the system and the choice of TCP/AQM dynamics allow the construction of appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals in a scalable way.
A Tale of Two Cities: A Comparative Analysis of Quality of Life Initiatives in New York and Bogotá

In the 1990s, city officials made a concerted effort to enhance security and civility in two large cities long associated with fear and danger: New York City and Bogota, Colombia. In this article, ...