cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Experience With the Intel iPsc/860 At Oak Ridge National Laboratory

This report summarizes the early experience in using the Intel iPSC/860 parallel supercomputer at Oak Ridge Na tional Laboratory. The hardware and software are de scribed in some detail, and the machine's performance is studied using both simple computational kernels and a number of complete applications programs.
Observations on the mechanism of one type of so-called supernormal A-V conduction.

Abstract The mechanism of one type of so-called supernormal A-V conduction was elucidated in 11 subjects during premature atrial stimulation studies using His bundle electrogram recordings. At relatively long R-P intervals atrial impulses failed to conduct to the ventricles and were blocked distal to the bundle of His. At shorter R-P intervals A-V conduction resumed. The more premature atrial impulses encountered greater A-V nodal delay (longer A-H interval) and arrived within the His-Purkinje system after the latter was more completely repolarized. The electrophysiological mechanism for this type of so-called supernormal A-V conduction is based on the relationship between the state of refractoriness of the A-V nodal and His-Purkinje conduction systems.
Developmental pattern of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase and NAD glycohydrolase in the brain of the fetal and neonatal rat.

Poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase and NAD glycohydrolase were examined in nuclear fractions from rat brain at sequential times during late fetal and the first two weeks of neonatal life. In whole brain, both enzymes were demonstrable at all stages of development, but followed separate patterns. Activity of the synthetase which was greatest in fetal life, fell steadily with fetal maturation from 3.90 +/- 0.06 nmol/mg DNA at 16 days, to reach a nadir of 1.36 +/- 0.09 nmol/mg DNA on the 4th postnatal day. Subsequently it underwent a non sustained neonatal rise reaching a peak of 2.46 +/- 0.07 nmol/mg DNA on the 8th day. By contrast, NAD glycohydrolase activity increased steadily throughout late fetal and during the first two weeks of neonatal life, from 12.77 +/- 0.40 nmol/mg DNA on day 16 of gestation to 25.80 +/- .95 nmol/mg DNA on neonatal day 12. In neonatal cerebellum the activity of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase was greater at 8 than at 4 days, could be stimulated with graded concentrations of sonicated DNA up to 100 micrograms, but was inhibited by higher concentrations of DNA and by all concentrations of exogenous histone. In an in vitro culture system of fetal rat brain cells, the activity of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase increased steadily over six days. Cycloheximide 10(-3) M completely inhibited the activity of this enzyme. NAD glycohydrolase activity increased progressively in vitro, and after 6 days in cycloheximide (10(-3) M), the cultures contained significantly greater levels of enzyme activity. It is suggested that changing activities of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase and NAD glycohydrolase could both provide potential markers for brain cell differentiation in this system.
Out-of-equilibrium forces between colloids

Two colloidal probe particles are held with optical traps orthogonal to a uniformly flowing suspension of colloidal bath particles. Using confocal microscopy, the local bath suspension microstructure is characterized as a function of the probe separation and flow velocity. At sufficiently close separations, bath particles are excluded from passing between the probes, resulting in an asymmetric, non-equilibrium microstructure in which the major features are a depleted region between the probes and dense boundary layers along the surfaces that face away from the neighboring probe. As a consequence, the drag force acting on the probes is lower than that acting on a single probe and a net force pushes the probes together along their line of centers. The strength of the latter mutual force increases with increasing flow velocity. These experiments demonstrate that depletion-like forces can be induced between two particles by a non-equilibrium microstructure in a strongly driven suspension.
Abstract 5700: Establishing candidate biomarkers for the pharmacodynamic action of sulforaphane in the breast

The goal of this study is the discovery of biomarkers reflecting the pharmacodynamic action of sulforaphane (SFN), initially in the normal human mammary epithelial MCF10A cell line and then in tissue obtained from healthy patients undergoing reduction mammoplasty surgery. SFN is formed by the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin, a water soluble glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables with especially high levels measured in 3 day old broccoli sprouts. Chemoprevention by SFN is achieved in part through the upregulation of cytoprotective enzymes via the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Preliminary dose response and time course studies in MCF10A cells established that SFN upregulated cytoprotective genes as indicated by increased levels of NQO1 transcripts, protein and activity. NQO1 induction is dependent on the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway since NQO1 transcripts, protein and activity were enhanced by KEAP1 siRNA knockdown in MCF10As. For the biomarker discovery phase isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was used to quantify global protein changes using mass spectrometry. Two independent 8-plex iTRAQ experiments determined the pharmacological actions of SFN on protein expression, compared to a vehicle control, and the genetic regulation of protein expression following knockdown of KEAP1 compared to a non targeting control siRNA. In both experiments protein expression was analyzed at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hour time points after SFN treatment or KEAP1 knockdown. In addition to confirming NQO1 to be a good candidate biomarker, the iTRAQ analysis identified other upregulated candidates to be aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1), DJ-1 protein, and thioredoxin. NQO1 and AKR1C1 transcripts were also elevated in the MCF10A cells, as assessed by microarray assay. Candidate biomarkers identified from microarray and iTRAQ studies reflecting the pharmacodynamic action of SFN in human cells will be analyzed by Western blot, qRT-PCR and enzyme assays in tissue from reduction mammoplasty patients. These women have been randomized in a clinical trial to receive either a broccoli sprout preparation containing 100 micomole SFN or a placebo beverage daily for 10 days prior to surgery. Supported by P50 CA088843, U54 RR020839 and BC073262. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5700.
Theoretical Estimation of Lithium Isotopic Reduced Partition Function Ratio for Lithium Ions in Aqueous Solution

The reduced partition function ratio for lithium ions in an aqueous solution is derived from the extrapolation of the values of the reduced partition function ratio ( ) of hydrated lithium ion clus...
The mechanics of network polymers with thermally reversible linkages

Abstract Network polymers with thermally reversible linkages include functionalities that continuously break and form covalent bonds. These processes dynamically change the network connectivity, which produces three distinct behaviors compared with conventional thermosetting polymers (in which the network connectivity is static): permanent shape evolution in the rubbery state; dependence of the number density of chains and associated thermal and mechanical properties on temperature and chemical composition; and a gel-point transition temperature above which the connectivity of the network falls below the percolation threshold, and the material response changes from a solid to liquid. This last property allows such materials to be non-mechanically removed, which is an attractive material capability for encapsulation in specialized electronics packaging applications wherein system maintenance is required. Given their complex, multi-physics behavior, appropriate simulation tools are needed to aid in their use. To meet this need, a thermodynamically consistent constitutive model is developed that accounts for the thermal–chemical–mechanical behavior of such materials. This model includes a representation for the permanent shape evolution that accompanies the dynamic network connectivity as well as non-equilibrium viscoelastic behavior to represent the material's glassy response. Analytic solutions in the rubbery state are derived to show the effects of competing time scales in the material, and the model is calibrated and validated against experimental data published in the literature. Finally, simple encapsulation scenarios are examined that demonstrate a substantial difference in behavior between conventional polymer networks and those with thermally reversible linkages under thermal–mechanical cycling.
Avogadro Constant—Corrections to an Earlier Report

Corrections are required to values of silicon crystal density and lattice parameter used in our determination of ${N}_{A}$. The corrections are of the order of 1 ppm but taken together result in a change of the previously reported value of 0.03 ppm. A published suggestion that the lattice-parameter measurement might require a much larger correction appears unsupported.
Genetics of Complex Traits in Psychiatry

Virtually all psychiatric traits are genetically complex. This article discusses the genetics of complex traits in psychiatry. The complexity is accounted for by numerous factors, including multiple risk alleles, epistasis, and epigenetic effects such as methylation. Risk alleles can individually be common or rare, and can include, for example, single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants that are transmitted or are new mutations, and other kinds of variation. Many different kinds of variation can be important for trait risk, either together in various proportions or as different factors in different subjects. Until more recently, approaches to complex traits were limited, and consequently only a few variants, usually of individually minor effect, were identified. At the present time, a much richer armamentarium exists that includes the routine application of genome-wide association studies and next-generation high-throughput sequencing and the combination of this information with other biologically relevant information, such as expression data. We have also seen the emergence of large meta-analysis and mega-analysis consortia. These developments are extremely important for psychiatric genetics, have advanced the field substantially, and promise formidable gains in the years to come as they are applied more widely.
Practice effects in the absolute judgment of frequency

Two methods of training Ss to make absolute judgments of pitch are compared. Regular feedback, which requires the S to name the note with which he is presented, and A feedback, which requires the S to judge whether the note with which he is presented is an A, both produce similar increases in performance. Apparently, labeling of the stimuli to be judged is not necessary for improvement of absolute judgments. Detailed analysis of the data suggest two learning mechanisms: Ss’ judgments improve as a result of exposure to the range of the notes to be judged, and Ss appear to develop a sense of the range of the notes, and of the endpoints and midpoint of the range, so that they can place notes more accurately within the range. A-feedback training may, in addition, promote learning of notes in the immediate region of A.
Altered hepatobiliary permeability induced by Amanita phalloides in the rat and the protective role of bile duct ligation.

Abstract The effect of an extract of the toxic mushroom Amanita phalloides (Fr. Secr.) on the transfer of metabolically inert, water-soluble solutes across the biliary tree epithelium of male Sprague-Dawley rats was studied by the segmented retrograde intrabiliary injection (SRII) technique. The purpose was to see if indications for a change in the permeability of the biliary tree could be obtained in vivo. This technique involved the introduction into the biliary system, through a bile duct cannula, of an initial “segment” of solution containing a radioactive marker compound followed by a volume of 0.9% saline given in excess of the biliary tree capacity. Bile flow was immediately reestablished and bile drops were serially collected. The radioactive content was determined and expressed as a percentage of the total administered dose of radioactivity. Evaluated 24 hr following the ip administration of an extract of Amanita phalloides, the biliary recoveries of [3H]mannitol, [3H]sucrose, [3H]inulin, and [3H]dextran were all found to be significantly decreased when compared to controls. These decreased recoveries were consistent with an increase in hepatobiliary permeability. This increase in permeability was not accompanied by any change in liver weight or bile flow. Bile duct ligation, 24 hr before administration of a lethal dose of the extract, protected rats against the alteration in permeability as well as the lethality. Bile duct ligation itself increased bile flow and increased the distended biliary tree capacity.
A practical method to determine the light source distribution in bioluminescent imaging

Optical signatures of tumor cells may be generated by expression of reporter genes encoding bioluminescent/fluorescent proteins. Bioluminescent imaging is a novel technique that identifies such light sources from the light flux detected on the surface of a small animal. This technique can effectively evaluate tumor cell growth and regression in response to various therapies in medical research, drug development and gene therapy. In this paper, the diffusion approximation is employed to describe the propagation of photons through biological tissues. Then, a practical method is proposed for localizing and quantifying bioluminescent sources from external bioluminescent signals. This method incorporates prior knowledge on permissible source regions, and transforms the inverse bioluminescent problem into a finite element-based constrained optimization procedure. This approach is validated and evaluated with ideal and noise data in numerical simulation.
Controversies in the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy

Optimum treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy is both controversial and challenging. The most extensively studied and frequently used immunosuppressive regimens for this disease comprise alkylating agents plus corticosteroids or ciclosporin. All of these treatment options have inherent problems: they are not effective in all patients, partial-rather than complete-remissions are common, adverse effects are worrisome, and relapses after treatment cessation remain problematic. Alternative immunosuppressive agents have been tested in an effort to overcome these unresolved issues. This paper reviews the available evidence regarding both established and new agents for the treatment of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy, with an emphasis on the results of the most recent clinical trials.
How to Do Comparative Law

What do we teachers and scholars of comparative law tell our students when they ask for guidance on how to write a comparative law seminar paper, note, or comment? How do we respond to colleagues who say they are interested in using the "comparative law method" but want to know what it is? When we are asked to evaluate comparative law scholarship, what standards do we apply? Like most fields of legal scholarship, we do not have an official canon of great works for writing in the field to emulate. Is there even really a "comparative law method"?' If there is, does it need an overhaul in light of the persistent criticism that comparative law as a field of intellectual endeavor has failed to live up to its promise?2 I believe that there is a "comparative method" and that it continues to offer strong benefits for the study of law. Most of us who teach and write in the field of comparative law, however, were not taught formally how to do comparative law. Rather, we have for the most
Bulk Viscosity of Color-Superconducting Quark Matter

At sufficiently high density, quark matter is expected to be in a color superconducting state. One way to detect the presence of such matter in a compact star is via the bulk and shear viscosities, which damp r-modes, preventing the star from spinning down quickly via an r-mode instability. I discuss recent calculations of the bulk viscosity of color-superconducting quark matter, and their application to observations of compact stars.
Wild-type adenoviruses from groups A-F evoke unique innate immune responses, of which HAd3 and SAd23 are partially complement dependent

Alternative human and non-human Ad serotype vectors are currently studied for gene therapy and/or vaccine applications to capitalize upon their likely ability to avoid pre-existing immunity to HAd5. However, relatively little attention has been given to the nature and scope of innate immune responses generated by alternative Ad serotypes. In this study, we characterized several innate immune responses after intravenous administration of wild-type Ad serotypes HAd31, HAd3, HAd5, HAd37, SAd23 and HAd41, representing groups A–F, respectively. Notably, biodistribution studies revealed significant differences between the serotypes, with high levels of HAd3 genomes found in the liver and lung, and HAd37 genomes found in the spleen after systemic administration. Relative to similar treatments with other Ad serotypes, HAd3 and SAd23 induced altered innate immune responses, illustrated by induction of higher levels of cellular gene transcription in several tissues, and higher plasma levels of cytokines and chemokines. We also investigated whether complement interactions have a role in HAd3- and SAd23-induced responses. We confirmed complement dependent gene transcription, plasma cytokine/chemokine responses, and liver toxicities incurred after administration of HAd3 and SAd23. This study highlights the potential benefits and/or limitations to the proposed use of alternative Ad serotypes for gene therapy or vaccine applications.
What Are the Functional Outcomes of Endoprosthestic Reconstructions After Tumor Resection

Background The majority of published functional outcome data for tumor megaprostheses comes in the form of subjective functional outcome scores. Sparse objective data exist demonstrating functional results, activity levels, and efficiency of gait after endoprosthetic reconstruction in patients treated for orthopaedic tumors. Patients embarking on massive surgical operations, often in the setting of debilitating medical therapies, face mortality and a myriad of unknowns. Objective functional outcomes provide patients with reasonable expectations and a means to envision life after treatment. Objective outcomes also provide a means for surgeons to compare techniques, rehabilitation protocols, and implants.
On the applicability of using multiprogramming level distributions

A computer system's workload is represented by its multiprogramming level, which is defined as the number of tasks (jobs, customers) which actively compete for resources within the system. In a product-form queuing network model of the system, the workload is modeled by assuming that the multiprogramming level is either fixed (i.e., closed model) or that the multiprogramming level depends upon an outside arrival process (i.e., open model). However, in many actual systems, closed and open models are both inappropriate since the multiprogramming level is neither fixed nor governed by an outside arrival process.In an actual system., the multiprogramming level varies due to features such as task spawning, killing, blocking, parallel processing, and/or simultaneous resource possession. The multiprogramming level is a random variable with an associated distribution. This paper demonstrates that improved models can result from using this multiprogramming level distribution information. Several examples relative to open versus closed models, subsystem models, actual system models, and blocking models are given which demonstrate the applicability of using multiprogramming level distributions. This applicability, shown via the examples, is the main contribution of the paper. The examples also motivate interesting theoretical results relating to open models, closed models, and subsystem models.
ORAL PERCEPTION AND ARTICULATION LEARNING

10 children with inaccurate oral perception were less able to learn new consonant articulations than 10 Ss with accurate oral perception. Oral stereognosis was discussed as a substrate of articulation skill. The linguistic significance of experimental sound learning was pondered.
Can Cassini Magnetic Field Measurements Be Used To Find The Rotation Period of Saturn’s Interior?

[1] We investigate the determination of the rotation period of Saturn's interior using magnetic field measurements from Cassini. First, we vary the rotation period and search for the period that yields the smallest rms misfit of a magnetic field model to the data. Second, we search for the period that yields the most power in the non-axisymmetric components of a magnetic field model. Neither method enables us to determine the rotation period. However, we are able to place a bound on the magnitude of the non-axisymmetric component of Saturn's magnetic field finding it to be no greater than 4–5% of the axisymmetric component.
On the design of optimal adaptive routers for direct networks

Adaptive routing systems for direct networks can make use of the multiple paths that exist between pairs of nodes, and thus have the potential to deliver low latency communication. The performance of such systems, however, is dependent on the choice of the message buffering scheme as well as on the routing algorithm used. In this paper, we describe a general adaptive routing system for direct networks which can route the maximum number of messages out of a node at any time. We apply this design to the case of a two-dimensional k-ary n-cube, for which we derive an approximate analytic queueing model. This queueing model is validated through simulation experiments, and the performance potential of the adaptive routing system is evaluated and analysed. >
Design guidelines on the effect of resonant transitions of forward converter on efficiency with active clamp

Design guidelines are proposed on how to achieve efficiency benefit from the active clamp technique used in single- ended forward converters. The presented guidelines are analyzed and tested based on the effect of resonant transitions on efficiency from three design parameters of magnetizing current, delay time, and LC resonant frequencies.
Prostate cancer cells show elevated urokinase receptor in a mouse model of metastasis

Background The urokinase receptor (uPAR) governs several functions necessary during invasion and metastasis such as motility, degradation of the extracellular matrix and adhesion. This receptor has been recently associated with clinical prostate cancer progression. Experimentally, inhibition of uPAR reduces colonization of extra-prostatic sites in animal models. Our objective in this study was to compare uPAR expression in orthotopic vs. metastatic foci in vivo and to examine at the cellular level how uPAR might promote early stages of metastasis.
Socrates' Critique of Cognitivism

Ethics and lexicography would seem, prima facie, to have little to do with each other. Yet Aristotle testifies that Socrates pursued both:Socrates was busying himself about ethical matters and neglecting the world of nature as a whole but seeking the universal in these ethical matters, and fixed thought for the first time on definitions. Socrates occupied himself with the excellences of character, and in connection with them became the first to raise the problem of universal definitions.
The Possible Application of Raman Scattering Measurements to Turbulent Mixing Layers

Many flow configurations of engineering significance involve free turbulent mixing. In this paper we discuss some of the characteristics of this phenomenon, and the possibility of using Raman scattering to examine its detailed behavior.
Accurate and efficient static timing analysis with crosstalk

We have developed an accurate and efficient methodology to perform static timing analysis (STA) in combinational logic blocks in the presence of multiple crosstalk-induced noise effects. The crosstalk model used is more accurate because it considers skew, input transition times, and driver strengths. This crosstalk model is enhanced to handle timing ranges for performing STA. The methodology also uses more accurate delay models for gates. The presence of one or more coupling capacitances can create cyclic timing dependencies, even in an otherwise acyclic circuit. We have developed an approach to partition the circuit into minimal timing-iterative subcircuits (TISs) that encapsulate the cyclic timing dependencies. When used in conjunction with our levelization procedure, iterative timing analysis is confined within individual TISs. We have demonstrated that the maximum arrival time values computed by the proposed STA using integrated delay models are much closer to detailed circuit simulation results than an STA that uses the 3C/sub c/ delay model.
ANALYSIS OF AXISYMMETRIC COMPOSITE PRESSURE DOMES BY THE MULTIPLE SHOOTING METHOD

The governing equations for axisymmetric, composite, doubly curved shells are presented in first-order state vector form. A solution procedure is detailed for the direct numerical integration of the state vector equation by the method of multiple shooting. A number of example problems are solved. Agreement of the solutions thus obtained to known solutions is excellent.
The Uncertainty-of-Outcome Hypothesis and the Industrial Organization of Sports Leagues: Evidence From U.S. College Football

The uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis (UOH) posits that sports fans value competitive contests, implying that competitive imbalance within a league will motivate stronger teams to leave. Testable hypotheses can be formulated utilizing the many college football conference realignments over the last century. The results support the UOH. For example, schools leaving an existing conference to form a new major conference, or join a preexisting one, were on average stronger than their former associates in the years before their departure. Also, the number of seed conference championships won by departing schools generally exceeded their “fair share” under an equal-likelihood assumption.
Membrane protein biosensing with plasmonic nanopore arrays and pore-spanning lipid membranes

Integration of solid-state biosensors and lipid bilayer membranes is important for membrane protein research and drug discovery. In these sensors, it is critical that the solid-state sensing material does not have adverse effects on the conformation or functionality of membrane-bound molecules. In this work, pore-spanning lipid membranes are formed over an array of periodic nanopores in free-standing gold films for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetic binding assays. The ability to perform kinetic assays with a transmembrane protein is demonstrated with α-hemolysin (α-HL). The incorporation of α-HL into the membrane followed by specific antibody binding (anti-α-HL) red-shifts the plasmon resonance of the gold nanopore array, which is optically monitored in real time. Subsequent fluorescence imaging reveals that the antibodies primarily bind in nanopore regions, indicating that α-HL incorporation preferentially occurs into areas of pore-spanning lipid membranes.
Distortions of Three-Dimensional Space in the Perceptual Analysis of Motion and Stereo

A fundamental issue in the study of human vision is the accuracy with which observers can perceive the three-dimensional structures of objects in the environment. The formal mapping from physical to perceived space is considered as a geometric transformation, and the literature is reviewed to identify which aspects of object structure are systematically distorted by this transformation and which ones remain invariant. In the perceptual analysis of several different sources of optical information, including motion and stereo, both individually and in combination, there is a consistent pattern of results to indicate that perceived depth intervals are scaled differently from comparable intervals in either horizontal or vertical directions. These and other findings provide strong evidence that the relationship between physical and perceived space is noneuclidean, and that the three-dimensional structures of objects can appear systematically distorted even when viewed under full cue conditions.
Permeability dependence study of the focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening at distinct pressures and microbubble diameters using DCE-MRI

Blood–brain barrier opening using focused ultrasound and microbubbles has been experimentally established as a noninvasive and localized brain drug delivery technique. In this study, the permeability of the opening is assessed in the murine hippocampus after the application of focused ultrasound at three different acoustic pressures and microbubble sizes. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, the transfer rates were estimated, yielding permeability maps and quantitative Ktrans values for a predefined region of interest. The volume of blood–brain barrier opening according to the Ktrans maps was proportional to both the pressure and the microbubble diameter. A Ktrans plateau of ~0.05 min 21 was reached at higher pressures (0.45 and 0.60 MPa) for the larger sized bubbles (4– 5 and 6–8 mm), which was on the same order as the Ktrans of the epicranial muscle (no barrier). Smaller bubbles (1–2 mm) yielded significantly lower permeability values. A small percentage (7.5%) of mice showed signs of damage under histological examination, but no correlation with permeability was established. The assessment of the blood–brain barrier permeability properties and their dependence on both the pressure and the microbubble diameter suggests that Ktrans maps may constitute an in vivo tool for the quantification of the efficacy of the focused ultrasound-induced blood–brain barrier opening. Magn Reson Med 66:821–830, 2011. V C 2011 Wiley
Automatic summarization of search engine hit lists

We present our work on open-domain multi-document summarization in the framework of Web search. Our system, SNS (pronounced "essence"), retrieves documents related to an unrestricted user query and summarizes a subset of them as selected by the user. We present a task-based extrinsic evaluation of the quality of the produced multi-document summaries. The evaluation results show that summarization quality is relatively high and does help improve the reading speed and judge the relevance of the retrieved URLs.
Counterview: Pre-operative breast MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is not recommended for all patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer

For the woman with a newly diagnosed early stage breast cancer, the routine use of pre-operative breast MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is not indicated beyond conventional breast imaging (i.e., mammography with correlation ultrasound as indicated). There is no consistent evidence that a pre-operative breast MRI confers a benefit to the patient by improving clinical outcomes or surgical procedures. In a meta-analysis of studies reporting on the use of pre-operative breast MRI for the patient with an established index cancer, multifocal or multicentric disease was found on breast MRI in 16% of the patients, a rate substantially higher than the rate of local recurrence after breast conserving surgery plus definitive radiation treatment. In the largest retrospective study of patients treated with breast conserving surgery plus radiation, no gain was found for adding a breast MRI to conventional breast imaging. No randomized clinical trial has been designed to evaluate long term clinical outcomes associated with adding a pre-operative breast MRI. Adding pre-operative breast MRI can alter clinical management in ways that are potentially harmful to patients, for example, increased ipsilateral mastectomies, increased contralateral prophylactic mastectomies, increased work-ups, and delay to definitive surgery. In summary, the routine use of pre-operative breast MRI is not warranted for the typical patient with a newly diagnosed early stage breast cancer.
Apoptosis in Lung Fibrosis and Repair

Cell death by apoptosis has fundamental significance in both normal lung homeostasis and a variety of pathologic processes, and for this reason apoptosis in the lung is a rapidly growing area of investigation. Evidence from human lung biopsy specimens and from animal models of lung fibrosis points to important roles for apoptosis in both the pathogenesis and resolution of fibrotic lesions. As more evidence accumulates, the more apparent becomes the paucity of information on the regulation of this mode of cell death in the many different cell types of the lung parenchyma. This discussion will review the current state of knowledge regarding the roles of apoptosis in lung fibrosis and will focus on its role in pathogenesis.
Role of impaired endothelial cell Ca(2+) signaling in uteroplacental vascular dysfunction during diabetic rat pregnancy.

Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy is associated with impaired endothelium-mediated dilatation of maternal arteries, although the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we hypoth...
A foundation beam for studying morality from a personological point of view: Are individual differences in moral behaviors and thoughts consistent?☆

Abstract Morality is a topic of burgeoning scientific interest, and the relevance of personological factors to moral behavior has interdisciplinary implications for the social sciences, public policy, and philosophy. However, relatively little research has investigated the role of personological factors in moral life, perhaps because of lingering skepticism about the robustness of moral traits. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether morality is consistent across many occasions of everyday life, implying that personological factors play an important role in moral behavior. A novel method of assessing moral behaviors was developed and employed in two experience sampling studies (4075 total observations). Results showed that moral behavior is consistent in many different ways, suggesting that personological factors substantially impact moral life.
A MATERNAL PRODUCT OF THE PUNCH LOCUS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER IS REQUIRED FOR PRECELLULAR BLASTODERM NUCLEAR DIVISIONS

The Punch locus of Drosophila melanogaster encodes the pteridine biosynthesis enzyme guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase. One class of Punch mutants is defective for a maternal function that results in embryonic death. We demonstrate here that the embryos exhibit nuclear division defects during the precellular blastoderm stage of development. These defects include abnormal nuclear distribution, mitotic asynchrony, and persisting chromatin bridges. Daughter nuclei that do not complete chromosome separation nevertheless initiate new interphase and mitotic cycles. As a result, interconnected mitotic figures are observed. Mitotic spindles and nuclear envelopes appear essentially normal. A mutant phenocopy was induced in wild-type embryos by treatment with the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase inhibitor, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, at a very early cleavage stage. Furthermore, an inhibitor of a terminal step in pteridine biosynthesis produced an identical phenotype. Immunolocalization experiments define expression of Punch protein in nurse cells during oogenesis. The protein is packaged into granules as it is transported into the oocyte cytoplasm. As syncytial blastoderm nuclear divisions proceed, Punch protein levels decrease and disappear by cellularization. Defects in the expression of the protein in Punch maternal effect mutants correlate well with the early phenotypes. These results show that a Punch product is directly involved in early nuclear divisions and suggest a possible role in chromosome separation.
The General Setup: Analyzing the Structure and Representations of an Arbitrary Semisimple Lie Algebra

This is the last of the four central lectures; in the body of it, §14.1, we extract from the examples of §11-13 the basic algorithm for analyzing a general semisimple Lie algebra and its representations. It is this algorithm that we will spend the remainder of Part III carrying out for the classical algebras, and the reader who finds the general setup confusing may wish to read this lecture in parallel with, for example, Lectures 15 and 16. In particular, §14.2 is less clearly motivated by what we have worked out so far; the reader may wish to skim it for now and defer a more thorough reading until after going through some more of the examples of Lectures 15-20.
Plurality Rules, Political Parties, and Democracy in Latin America

The vast majority of scholars have favored plurality rules for the election of the president over runoff rules. However, this paper shows that, in Latin America, plurality rules have led to an inferior quality of democracy. The paper argues that 1) plurality rules facilitate the continuation in power of not-very-democratic political parties but also that 2) over time not-very-democratic parties have worn out their welcome, alternative parties have emerged, and the number of parties has increased--raising the risk of the election of presidents less than 40% of the vote, executive-legislative gridlock, and outsider presidents. The paper also shows that, in both the first and second situations, strategic coordination among political parties is more difficult than plurality advocates anticipated.
Zapatismo: other geographies circa “the end of the world”

A chorus of activists and intellectuals claim that the Zapatista Army of National Liberation has either ceased to exist or become politically irrelevant for Mexico and the world. In this paper I put forward the rather different thesis that despite the enormity of their task, the Zapatista project continues apace and merits careful consideration. To this end, I first argue that much of the confusion regarding the ‘death’ of the Zapatistas arises from a change in Zapatista strategy in response to the decomposition of Mexican society resulting from the contemporary global crisis of capitalism. Next, I detail how, having foreseen this decomposition, the Zapatistas set out to both theorize the nature of contemporary capitalism and reconceptualize anticapitalist politics accordingly. Since the early 2000s this reconceptualization has led to a shift in Zapatista strategy that, although not easily intelligible to contemporary media or much academic discourse, centers on the construction of ‘other geographies’. Finally, I argue that judging from the events of the past few years, this strategy has allowed the Zapatistas not only to persevere but also to pose a concrete alternative to the dominant strains of left political and spatial strategy.
Rating the Quality of Entrustable Professional Activities: Content Validation and Associations with the Clinical Context

BACKGROUND Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) have been developed to assess resident physicians with respect to Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies and milestones. Although the feasibility of using EPAs has been reported, we are unaware of previous validation studies on EPAs and potential associations between EPA quality scores and characteristics of educational programs.
Sensitive Method of Measuring Microwave Surface Impedance of Superconducting Films

We used a microwave technique in which a small strip of YBCO film is induced to self-resonant in order to measure the surface impedance at 21 GHz. Both the amplitude and phase of the transmission coefficient, S21, as a function of frequency was measured at different temperatures. The surface resistance, Rs, was obtained from {ie407-1} at resonant frequency, where Z0is the waveguide impedance. The surface reactance, Xs was obtained from the measurement of frequency shift with temperature. We found that Rs changed about 3 orders of magnitude as T decreased from 90K to 80K reaching a low value of 4.9 x 10-4Ω. From Ra and Xa we deduced the London penetration depth to be λ ∼ 1800A at 4K and 8000A at 86.5K.
New delivery systems in pain management.

Abstract Technologic innovations have led to the development of new delivery systems in pain management. Prolonged-release morphine, implanted reservoirs, and external and internal infusion pumps are now employed to improve pain management techniques. These advances have allowed entry to previously inaccessible or difficult-to-enter sites such as the intravenous, subcutaneous, epidural, intrathecal, and intraventricular routes. The role of the nurse is paramount in applying these new technologies to pain control. The nurse must employ sound pain-management principles when choosing the route and delivery system that will meet the patient's needs. Nurses are responsible for implementation of the therapy, patient education, ongoing assessment, management of side effects, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the technique. Future innovations will lead to further advances in pain management techniques. As integral members of the health care team, nurses must be involved in the clinical research and evaluation of these new therapies. Advanced technology and supportive nursing care can then be united to ensure optimal pain control for our patients.
The Effect of Online Reviews on Physician Demand: A Structural Model of Patient Choice

Social media platforms for healthcare services are changing how patients choose doctors. The digitization of healthcare reviews has enabled patients to thoroughly evaluate doctors before booking an appointment, and has increased the transparency of the relationship between patients and doctors. In this paper, we wish to derive the impact of online information on patient choice of outpatient care doctors. We are especially interested in how operational factors influence demand. To do so, we study a unique data set from one of the leading appointment booking websites in the United States, that contains online doctors' appointments made over a five-month period, along with other online information. We propose a random coefficient logit model to characterize consumer heterogeneity in doctor choices, taking into account both numeric and textual user-generated content with text mining techniques. Based on the estimation of the model, we infer the impact of various operational factors, such as location flexibility, online appointment book, service time, and waiting time, on demand. We proceed with counterfactual experiments, and simulate the impact of proposed policy changes. We then provide managerial insights derived from these experiments, and make suggestions to help increase doctors' demand. On a broader note, this paper illustrates how social media can be mined and incorporated into a demand estimation model to derive the impact of operational factors in healthcare delivery. Our interdisciplinary approach provides a framework that combines machine learning and structural modeling techniques with empirical operations management.
Spatial Competition and Preemptive Entry in the Discount Retail Industry

Big box retail stores have a large impact on local economies and receive large subsidies from local governments. Hence, it is important to understand how discount retail chains choose store locations. In this paper, I study the store location decisions of those firms, examine the role of preemptive incentives, and evaluate the impact of government subsidies on those decisions. I model firms' store location decisions using a dynamic entry game. It extends the empirical models of dynamic oligopoly entry by allowing for spatially interdependent entry and introducing ma-chine learning tools to infer market divisions from data. The results suggest that preemptive incentives are important in chain stores' location decisions and that they lead to loss of production efficiency. On average, the loss of producer surplus due to preemption is about one million dollars per store.
Advanced Motor Technologies: Converter Fed Machines (CFMs)

Until recently, all electrical machines have been designed on the basis of having available a utility supply. That is, it has been assumed that the machine is excited with a sinusoidal voltage supply. This assumption inevitably leads to design of conventional induction, wound field synchronous and permanent magnet machines in which the stator windings are distributed sinusoidally around the air gap so as to couple optimally with the sinusoidally supply. However, the emergence of power electronic converters has removed the need for such a concept as the basis for machine design. Beginning with the switched reluctance machine a new era of electrical machine technology has been evolving based on the principle that the best machine design is the one that simply produces the optimum match between the machine and the power electronic converter, the converter fed machine (CFM). This paper documents the new perspective in machine design that is taking place and points to recent developments.
Cingulate Cortex and Pain Architecture

This chapter assesses cingulate cortex from four perspectives: (1) Regional, areal and cellular organization with special emphasis given to midcingulate cortex (MCC) as it is a relatively new entrant to rodent research; (2) Autonomic, thalamic and cortical connections of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); (3) Anterior cingulate pain architecture in terms of thalamic afferents, intracortical processing and regulation by μ-opioid receptors, and output systems including descending inhibitory and facilatory control mechanisms; and (4) Comparative organization of rat and human cingulate cortices. Throughout the chapter there are a number of overarching themes such as differentiation of ACC and MCC with cytological, connection and ligand binding methods. Although MCC has never been studied behaviorally, a new theory of its functions is presented to guide future research efforts. Finally, the cumulative outcome of this review is a new rat flat map that includes dorsal and ventral area 32, MCC areas 24a′ and 24b′, and anterior and posterior divisions of retrosplenial areas 29 and 30. This comprehensive map provides the basis for explicit comparative neuroanatomical studies and will be of particular value in devising rodent models of human cingulate diseases.
Yield Improvement Through X-RAY Lithography

As lithographic dimensions progress through sub-micron sizes, the effect of contamination becomes more severe. The occurance of small particulates rises rapidly as their size decreases, not only because of the larger number of small airborne particulates but also because of the particulates from tools and semiconductor materials. Even with better clean rooms, this larger defect density can cause drastic yield reductions unless specific measures are taken to reduce its impact.
A Remark on Bilinear Square Functions

We provide some remarks concerning a bilinear square function formed by products of Littlewood–Paley operators over arbitrary intervals. For 1 2∕3 and unbounded when p < 2∕3.
Effects of Propolis on Eggshell

Abstract Propolis is a resinous-like substance produced by bees collected from plants that is used to protect and maintain the structural integrity of the hive. Propolis contains varying amounts of resin, beeswax, volatile oils, pollen, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Propolis is complex due to the wide array of components in its chemical composition. It contains more than 300 substances including flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenes, and sugars. Propolis has antibacterial and antifungal effects. The antimicrobial activity is due to the flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenolic acid esters, and terpenes in its composition. Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to propolis than Gram-negative bacteria. Propolis applied to eggshells reduced surface microbial activity without affecting hatch rate or subsequent growth of hatchlings. Thus, propolis, as a naturally biologically active compound, could serve as an alternative to chemicals in the sanitation of hatching eggs.