cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the role of electro-migration in the evolution of radiation damage in nanostructured ionic materials

Abstract Radiation resistant materials are needed for a large number of applications. One route to enhancing radiation resistance is to introduce a high density of defect sinks such as grain boundaries. However, there are still important questions regarding the role of grain boundaries in enhancing radiation tolerance, particularly in ionic materials. Experiments have found large improvements in the amorphization resistance of oxides at temperatures where defect mobilities are too low to easily reach the boundaries. Standard reaction-diffusion models are inadequate in explaining this behavior. Here, we examine the role of electro-migration in the overall transport of irradiation-induced defects in ionic systems. We find that electro-migration can have a large impact on the steady state point defect concentrations as compared to models that do not include the effect of electro-migration. In particular, defect concentrations can change by nearly seven orders of magnitude for certain conditions. We conclude that radiation tolerance in nanocrystalline ionic ceramics will be driven both by enhanced sink density via small grain sizes and, critically, the effects of electro-migration induced by charge segregation to grain boundaries.
Do the surgical results in the National Lung Screening Trial reflect modern thoracic surgical practice

Abstract Introduction Surgical data from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) has yet to be closely examined. We sought to analyze surgical procedures and complications from the NLST to determine their relevance to modern surgical practice. Methods The NLST database was queried for patients who underwent surgical resection for confirmed lung cancer, specifically evaluating postoperative complications. Numerical variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were compared using the χ2 test. Logistic regression uni- and multivariable analysis of independent risk factors of postoperative complications was performed. Results At operation, 80% of patients (n = 821) had lobectomy, 4.1% (n = 42) had pneumonectomy, and 16.1% (n = 166) had sublobar resection, among whom 69% (n = 114) had wedge resection. Only 29.6% (n = 305) of the cohort had a thoracoscopic resection. Although the overall rate of surgical patients with any complication was 31% (n = 318), only 15.5% of patients (n = 160) had major complications, most commonly prolonged air leaks (n = 67, 6.5%). Respiratory failure (n = 28, 2.7%), prolonged ventilation (n = 9, 0.9%), myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest (n = 7, 0.7%), and stroke (n = 2, 0.2%) were rare events. Overall 30-day mortality in patients undergoing resection was 1.7% (n = 18). On multivariable analysis, greater smoking pack history (odds ratio [OR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.001-1.01) and pulmonary comorbidities (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.98-1.82) were significant or approached significance for an association with complications/death, whereas sublobar resection (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.94) and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery approach (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.56-1.04) were significant or approached significance for an association with decreased rates of complications/death. Conclusions Operative mortality and postoperative morbidity were very low in patients undergoing resection for screen-detected lung cancer. Increased use of sublobar resection and minimally invasive surgical approaches may be associated with fewer complications.
Visiting the Clinic: A Child and Family Tale

This chapter prepares readers for a review of the history of evidence-based practice debates and definitions and a subsequent examination of common myths and misconceptions that will be addressed by facts. In this chapter, an allegorical story of an African-American family and their daughter begins to differentiate evidence-based practice from eclectic approaches, as well as child-centered, family-centered, and family-driven practice.
Maintaining physical activity during (head and neck) cancer treatment (MPACT): Results of a pilot controlled trial.

e20606 Background: Concurrent chemotherapy and radiation (CCRT) to treat head and neck cancer (HNCa) is associated with significant reductions of weight, mobility and quality of life (QoL). Support...
Influenced Consensus for Multi-Scale Networks

In this paper we consider single input influenced consensus for networked systems featuring agents acting on independent time scales. We are able to show that some key characteristics from mono-scale networks are retained by our formulation, which allows us to investigate the performance limitations for scaled networks under the influence of constant and time-varying input signals. In contrast to results for mono-scale networks, the performance of the scaled network to an influencing signal is dependent on the selected influence node; we use this feature to offer insights into how to best interact with scaled networked systems.
Increased Risk of Second Malignancies In Young Patients with Mycosis Fungoides Diagnosed Before 30 Years of Age: A Population-Based Study

Abstract Abstract 1994 Background: It has been reported that adults with mycosis fungoides have an increased risk of developing second malignancies. Although children and young adults with mycosis fungoides appear to have a higher proportion of early-stage disease and a more favorable outcome than adults, the risk of second malignancies in this population is not known. Patients and Method: A total of 178 patients diagnosed with mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome (MF/SS) before 30 years of age were identified from nine Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries in the U.S. from 1973 to 2007. The risk of second malignancies was assessed by calculating the standard incidence ratio (SIR), which compares the observed cancer incidence in the MF/SS cohort with the expected incidence in the age-, sex-, race-matched general population. Overall survival was calculated among 166 patients diagnosed with MF/SS before age 30 years, identified from the California Cancer Registry between 1988 and 2007. Results: In the MF/SS cohort from 1973 to 2007, 8 second cancers at all sites were reported in 7 patients, among which 5 cases were Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The SIR for a secondary malignancy at any site was 3.60 (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.55-7.10). Significantly increased risks of lymphoma and melanoma were observed, with SIR=24.23 (95% CI=7.87-56.55) and SIR=10.61 (95% CI=1.29-38.33), respectively. The median time to secondary malignancy was 2.9 years (range = 1.4 to 15.8 years). Among MF/SS patients diagnosed in California from 1988 to 2007, the 5- and 10-year overall survival was 96% (95% CI=91.4-98.5) and 92% (95% CI=86.1-96.5), respectively. Conclusion: Patients with MF/SS diagnosed before 30 years of age have favorable overall survival. However, these patients appear to have an increased risk of developing secondary cancers, similar to what we have seen in the adult MF/SS patients. Additional multi-center studies on the long term outcome of this young patient population are warranted. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Sleep Timing and Duration Predict Levels of Repetitive Negative Thinking the Following Day

Multiple forms of psychopathology characterized by repetitive negative thinking (RNT) are often comorbid with sleep problems. This study aimed to use a longitudinal method to extend previous research regarding this connection. Participants (N = 127) were undergraduate students who completed daily measures of sleep, mood, and RNT for 18 days that encompassed a transition to and from a holiday break. At baseline, insomnia severity and circadian disruption severity per self-report measure revealed small to moderate correlations with RNT, and these relations remained significant after statistically controlling for the influence of negative affect. When looking longitudinally within person, later bedtimes and shorter sleep durations were predictors of heightened RNT the next day, even after statistically controlling for negative affect. RNT did not predict sleep variables when running the reverse of these models, yet negative affect emerged as a significant predictor of sleep timing and sleep duration. Results indicate that bedtime and sleep duration may be contributors to RNT, and that sleep disruptions may precede the onset of RNT.
Fluorinated Aminopyridines: Synthesis, Structure, and Rare Liquid-Liquid Cocrystal Formation Driven by Unusually Short N–H∙∙∙F–C Hydrogen Bonding

The role of hydrogen bonding in the crystal packing of a series of 4-aminoperfluoropyridines was studied using single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The aminoperfluoropyridines were synthesized usi...
Law and Reputation: How the Legal System Shapes Behavior by Producing Information

The legal system affects behavior not just directly, by imposing sanctions, but also indirectly, by producing information on how people behave. For example, internal company documents exposed during litigation will help third parties assess whether they trust a company and want to keep doing business with it. The law therefore affects behavior by shaping reputations. Drawing on economics, communications, and a nascent multidisciplinary literature on reputation, Roy Shapira highlights how reputation works, and how information from the courtroom affects the court of public opinion, with a particular emphasis on the role of the media. By fleshing out interactions between law and reputation, Shapira corrects common misperceptions about the ability of market forces to discipline corporate behavior and adds to timely, ongoing debates such as the desirability of heightened pleading standards or mandatory arbitration clauses. Law and Reputation should interest any scholar who invokes notions of market discipline in their work.
Preventing Ubiquitination Improves CAR T Cell Therapy via 'CAR Merry-Go-Around'.

Summary Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are potent drivers of antitumor immunity, but promoting durable CAR T cell responses remains challenging. In this issue of Immunity, Li et al. (2020) show that blockade of CAR ubiquitination induces CAR recycling to the cell surface, leading to increased CAR T cell cytotoxicity and longevity by amplifying 41BB-dependent signaling and mitochondrial metabolism.
Predictor-corrector schemes for nonlinear space-fractional parabolic PDEs with time-dependent boundary conditions

Abstract We propose novel second-order accurate methods for nonlinear space-fractional PDEs with time-dependent boundary conditions. The matrix transfer technique is used for spatial discretization of the parabolic PDEs to obtain systems of ordinary differential equations. The treatment of the boundary conditions gave rise to a source term which depends on the temporal variable only. Methods based on rational approximations to the exponential function and which uses Gaussian quadrature points are developed for integrating the systems of differential equations. We develop new schemes based on the ( 1 , 1 ) -, ( 0 , 2 ) -Pade approximations and the real distinct pole approximation to the exponential function with Gaussian quadrature points. Error estimates are provided for the convergence analysis. Stability and reliability of the resulting schemes are discussed. A partial fraction decomposition technique is used for the efficient implementation of the schemes. Finally, numerical results in one and two spatial dimensions are presented to corroborate our theoretical observations.
Speckle-free imaging of dynamic targets without motion blur using pulsed laser arrays

Incoherent microlaser arrays producing 11 mJ pulses with 5 ns duration were developed as light sources for speckle-free imaging. Imaging targets with speeds up to 300 m/s was achieved without motion blur. Additionally, this light source is shown to be effective for imaging through mist.
Molecular Dynamics Examination of Sliding History-Dependent Adhesion in Si–Si Nanocontacts: Connecting Friction, Wear, Bond Formation, and Interfacial Adhesion

We simulate the contact between nanoscale hydrogen-terminated, single-crystal silicon asperities and surfaces using reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results are consistent with recent experimental observations of a more than order-of-magnitude sliding-induced increase in interfacial adhesion for silicon-silicon nanocontact experiments obtained using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In particular, the MD simulations support the hypothesis that the increased adhesion results from sliding-induced removal of passivating species, in this case hydrogen, followed by rapid formation of Si–Si covalent bonds across the interface, with little plastic deformation of the asperities. The MD results concur with the additional hypothesis that subsequent readsorption of passivating species explains the experimental observation that adhesion reverts to low values upon subsequent contact. However, the simulations further reveal that the sliding-induced adhesion increase is only observed when there are a sufficient number of preexisting surface defects in the form of incomplete hydrogen coverage. Increased hydrogen coverage suppresses interfacial bonding, within the time span of the simulations. Furthermore, the relative alignment of the surface crystal axes plays a strong role in affecting the probability of bond formation during sliding and the subsequent adhesive pull-off force. Also, the hydrogen coverage and sliding distance significantly impact friction at low to moderate hydrogen coverages. Atomic-scale wear does occur during the sliding process primarily through Si–Si bond formation across the interface followed by pull-out of Si atoms from the tip. At low hydrogen coverages, wear is far more severe, Archard’s wear law is obeyed, and significant morphological changes of the asperity occur. The bond formation process is highly stochastic, but shows a general trend of greater numbers of bonds with greater sliding distances. Tips wear by losing large clusters of material, then smaller clusters and individual atoms, and eventually enter into a wearless regime as hydrogen termination increases. A hydrogen-terminated Si tip (green and blue) in sliding contact with a hydrogen-terminated Si substrate (yellow and red). The sliding direction is indicated by the black arrow. At this level of hydrogen termination, wear is initiated by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the tip (blue atoms at left of figure). Continued sliding causes the formation of interfacial Si-Si bonds followed by the transfer of Si and H from the tip to the surface.
Socioeconomic Factors Influence Health Information Seeking and Trust Over Time: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional, Pooled Analyses of HINTS Data.

Purpose:Assessed socioeconomic factors in health information seeking behavior and trust of information sources from 2007 to 2017.Design:Pooled cross-sectional survey data.Setting:Health Information...
Demystifying mentorship: Tips for successfully navigating the mentor-mentee journey.

Background Quality mentorship is crucial for long-term success in academia and overall job satisfaction. Unfortunately, formal mentorship training is lacking, and there is little recourse for failed mentor-mentee relationships. Methods We performed a literature review to understand the current state of mentorship research with a focus on: (1) what mentorship is and why it is important for success; (2) establishing mentor-mentee relationships; and (3) the role of diversity, equity, and inclusion. Results From the literature review, we compiled a number of mentorship recommendations for individuals, departments, institutions, and professional associations. These recommendations focus on building a mentorship network, establishing formalized mentorship training, how to build a productive and mutually beneficial mentor-mentee relationship, and instituting a system of mentorship accountability . Conclusion We hope that by centralizing this information and providing a list of resources and actionable recommendations we inspire and encourage others to make meaningful changes in their approach to mentorship to create a more kind, caring, and equitable environment in which to conduct our work.
After Theranos: Using point-of-care testing to advance measures of health biomarkers in human biology research.

OBJECTIVES The rise and fall of the health technology startup Theranos is emblematic of the promise and peril of point-of-care testing (POCT). Instruments that deliver immediate results from minimally invasive samples at the location of collection can provide powerful tools to deliver health data in clinical and public health contexts. Yet, POCT availability is driven largely by market interests, which limits the development of inexpensive tests for diverse health conditions that can be used in resource-limited settings. These constraints, combined with complex regulatory hurdles and substantial ethical challenges, have contributed to the underutilization of POCT in human biology research. METHODS We evaluate current POCT capabilities and limitations, discuss promising applications for POCT devices in resource-limited settings, and discuss the future of POCT. RESULTS As evidenced by publication trends, POCT platforms have rapidly advanced in recent years, gaining traction among clinicians and health researchers. We highlight POCT devices of potential interest to population-based researchers and present specific examples of POCT applications in human biology research. CONCLUSIONS Several barriers can limit POCT applications, including cost, lack of regulatory approval for non-clinical use, requirements for expensive equipment, and the dearth of validation in remote field conditions. Despite these issues, we see immense potential for emerging POCT technology capable of analyzing new sample types and used in conjunction with increasingly common technology (e.g., smart phones). We argue that the fallout from Theranos may ultimately provide an opportunity to advance POCT, leading to more ethical data collection and novel opportunities in human biology research.
Hermitian, Hermitian -Symmetric, and Hermitian -Skew Symmetric Procrustes Problems

Let be a nontrivial unitary involution; i.e., . We say that is -symmetric (-skew symmetric) if = = −A). Let be one of the following subsets of : (i) hermitian matrices; (ii) hermitian -symmetric matrices; (iii) hermitian -skew symmetric matrices. Given , we characterize the matrices in that minimize (Frobenius norm), and, given an arbitrary , we find the unique matrix among the minimizers of in that minimizes . We also obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of such that = , and, assuming that the conditions are satisfied, characterize the set of all such .
How Language Began: Gesture and Speech in Human Evolution

Human language is not the same as human speech. We use gestures and signs to communicate alongside, or instead of, speaking. Yet gestures and speech are processed in the same areas of the human brain, and the study of how both have evolved is central to research on the origins of human communication. Written by one of the pioneers of the field, this is the first book to explain how speech and gesture evolved together into a system that all humans possess. Nearly all theorizing about the origins of language either ignores gesture, views it as an add-on or supposes that language began in gesture and was later replaced by speech. David McNeill challenges the popular 'gesture-first' theory that language first emerged in a gesture-only form and proposes a groundbreaking theory of the evolution of language which explains how speech and gesture became unified.
Routine Genetic Testing for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection in a Clinical Setting.

Background Hereditary factors play an important etiologic role in thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD), with a number of genes proven to predispose to this condition. We initiated a clinical program for routine genetic testing of individuals for TAAD by whole exome sequencing (WES). Here we present our initial results. Methods The WES was performed in 102 patients (mean age 56.8 years; range 13 to 83; 70 males [68.6%]) with TAAD. The following 21-gene panel was tested by WES: ACTA2, ADAMTS10, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL5A1, COL5A2, ELN, FBLN4, FLNA, FBN1, FBN2, MYH11, MYLK, NOTCH1, PRKG1, SLC2A10, SMAD3, TGFB2, TGFBR1, TGFBR2. Results Seventy-four patients (72.5%) had no medically important genetic alterations. Four patients (3.9%) had a deleterious mutation identified in the FBN1, COL5A1, MYLK, and FLNA genes. Twenty-two (21.6%) previously unreported suspicious variants of unknown significance were identified in 1 or more of the following genes: FBN1 (n = 5); MYH11 (n = 4); ACTA2 (n = 2); COL1A1 (n = 2); TGFBR1 (n = 2); COL3A1 (n = 1); COL5A1 (n = 1); COL5A2 (n = 1); FLNA (n = 1); NOTCH1 (n = 1); PRKG1 (n = 1); and TGFBR3 (n = 1). Identified mutations had implications for clinical management. Conclusions Routine genetic screening of patients with TAAD provides information that enables genetically personalized care and permits identification of novel mutations responsible for aortic pathology. Analysis of large data sets of variants of unknown significance that include associated clinical features will help define the mutational spectrum of known genes underlying this phenotype and potential identify new candidate loci.
Iron and Heart Disease

In 1981 Jerome Sullivan (1) proposed a new theory to explain the differences in coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and mortality between men and women. He noticed that as men and women age the gaps between them in heart disease incidence and in body iron stores both decrease (2,3). Lower stores of iron levels in women are mostly a result of menstrual blood loss and with menopause the differences in iron stores decrease. As a result, he theorized that body iron stores are directly or positively related to CHD risk, i.e., the higher your body iron stores the greater your CHD risk. Until the publication of results from Finland by Salonen et al. (4) showing a positive relationship between serum ferritin levels, a measure of body iron stores, and the risk of heart attack in men the hypothesis was largely ignored. Since then, however, there has been an almost explosive interest in the relationship of body iron stores to the risk of heart disease.
Mental Health and Religion

The pioneering work of Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) and numerous subsequent studies show us that mental health varies systematically according to religion. While general religious involvement tends to promote mental health, religious struggles tend to undermine it. Taken together, these patterns are of sociological interest because they emphasize that the mental health of individuals and groups is intimately tied to involvement in institutions of religion. Keywords: culture; mental health; religion; sociology of health and illness; sociology of mental health
Spotting subsequences matching a HMM using the average observation probability criteria with application to keyword spotting

This paper addresses the problem of detecting keywords in unconstrained speech. The proposed algorithms search for the speech segment maximizing the average observation probability along the most likely path in the hypothesized keyword model. As known, this approach (sometimes referred to as sliding model method) requires a relaxation of the begin/endpoints of the Viterbi matching, as well as a time normalization of the resulting score. This makes solutions complex (i.e., LN2/2 basic operations for keyword HMM models with L states and utterances with N frames). We present here two altemative (quite simple and efficient) solutions to this problem. a) First we provide a method that finds the optimal segmentation according to the criteria of maximizing the average observation probability. It uses Dynamic Programming as a step, but does not require scoring for all possible begin/endpoints. While the worst case remains O(LN2), this technique converged in at most 3(L+2)N basic operations in each experiment for two very different applications. b) The second proposed algorithm does not provide a segmentation but can be used for the decision problem of whether the utterance should be classified as containing the keyword or not (provided a predefined threshold on the acceptable average observation probability). This allows the algorithm to be even faster, with fix cost of (L+2)N.
Localizing chronic disease management: information work and health translations

Based on interviews with people who had diabetes, high blood pressure, and kidney disease in Flint, Michigan, we found people actively doing information work to manage their health in the face of poverty, potentially violent conditions, high stress, and a distrust of institutionalized medicine. More specifically, we observed people translating information into the context of their everyday lives. We present various translations of health information in the form of local strategies for chronic illness management. Study findings highlight initial implications to support health information services on a community level.
Modeling Spatially and Temporally Complex Land-Cover Change: The Case of Western Honduras*

This article presents an econometric analysis of land-cover change in western Honduras. Ground-truthed satellite image analysis indicates that between 1987 and 1996 net reforestation occurred in the 1,015-km2 study region. While some reforestation can be attributed to a 1987 ban on logging, the area of reforestation greatly exceeds that of previously clear-cut areas. Further, new area was also deforested between 1987 and 1996. Thus, the observed land-cover changes represent a complex mosaic of changing land-use patterns across time and space. The analysis contributes to the literature on land-cover change modeling in that: (1) it compares two econometric approaches to capture complex and often bidirectional changes in land cover from 1987 to 1996 as a function of agricultural suitability and transportation costs, and (2) it addresses techniques to identify and correct for spatial autocorrelation in a categorical regression framework.
At the Virtual Frontier: Introducing Gunslinger, a Multi-Character, Mixed-Reality, Story-Driven Experience

Gunslinger isan interactive-entertainment application of virtual humans that transforms an iconic Wild West movie scene into a vivid semblance of reality. The project combines virtual humans technology with Hollywood storytelling and set building into an engaging, mixed-reality, story-driven experience, where a single participant can interact verbally and non-verbally with multiple virtual characters that are imbedded in a real, physical saloon. The Gunslinger project pushes the frontier of virtual humans research by combining question-answering dialogue techniques with explicit story representation. It incorporates speech recognition techniques and visual sensing to recognize multimodal user input. It further extends existing behavior generation methods such as SmartBody to drive tightly coupled dialogue amongst characters. These capabilities strive to seek a balance between open ended dialogue interaction and carefully crafted narrative.
High-temperature magnetic properties and microstructural analysis of Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr) z permanent magnets

Abstract The high-temperature magnetic properties of two precipitation hardened Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr) z magnets, namely 1 : 7 and 2 : 17 magnets, have been studied and correlated with their microstructure. Surprisingly the 1 : 7 magnet has a better temperature dependence of coercivity with a temperature coefficient of coercivity β (RT−423 K) −0.16%/°C as compared to −0.32%/°C for the 2 : 17 magnet. The initial magnetization curve shows a uniform strong domain wall pinning behavior for the magnet with smaller β (RT−423 K). But for the commercial SmCo 2 : 17 magnet, domain wall movement occurs at very low applied field followed by pinning at fields up to 15 kOe as indicated by the initial magnetization curve. TEM studies showed that the SmCo 1 : 7 magnet has much smaller and more uniform cells, which lead to a stronger and more uniform domain wall pinning. The smaller cell size (average diameter of the cells) and narrower cell size distribution are essential for the smaller temperature coefficient of coercivity. The density of the lamella phase of SmCo 1 : 7 magnets is slightly higher than that of the SmCo 2 : 17 magnets. High density of lamella phase is believed to help to form more uniform and smaller cells by providing diffusion path for Cu segregation.
The context: investigation into hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy

From the 1940s to the late 1960s, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation's Division of Research was a hub of advanced laboratory and clinical hypertension studies. Irvine H. Page, M.D., first chairman of Research, whose “mosaic theory of hypertension” outlined the multifactorial cardiovascular aspects of hypertension, was concentrating on the renin–angiotensin system in Clinic patients with both essential and renal hypertension. Page (and the City of Cleveland) became central to scientific interchange by founding the National Foundation for High Blood Pressure (precursor to the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association). Page had recruited F. Merlin Bumpus, Ph.D., in 1949 to investigate angiotensin and its antagonists; then, when high blood pressure was thought to be a ‘good’ response of the heart to stress, no one knew that the renin–angiotensin system was a control mechanism in hypertension. By 1969 Bumpus had synthesized angiotensin II, making that vasopressor peptide commercially available for all subsequent research. These studies of some 30 years ago ‘provided the basis for the development and application of major new classes antihypertensive agents, such as converting enzyme, and angiotensin II-receptor blockers.’ In 1968 I joined these world-class hypertension research efforts. American science was rapidly changing, with a most significant change being research funding. It was not until the 1970s that funding from the National Institutes of Health became the prime source of competitively awarded research funding. The Clinic's laboratories, with proven scientific innovations, were well positioned to compete, and one of the first successful awards was made to the Cleveland Clinic group for hypertension research. In particular, our work was to find out why hypertensive humans showed normal cardiac output in the setting of increased vascular resistance. We were finding that hypertrophy occurred early in hypertension; we began to see the heart as an active participant, rather …
Comparison Of Object-Oriented And Structured Programming For Image Processing Applications

The object-oriented paradigm offers a new approach to the development of software for image processing applications. The fundamental concept of the object-oriented paradigm is that problem solutions are implemented by sending messages to objects. This requires that the objects in a solution be defined along with messages to which each object will respond. This is in contrast to structured programming wherein one defines data structures and sends those data structures to a procedure as parameters.
GaN yellow-light emitting diodes

Abstract We have previously described the performance of green [1] and of blue [2] electroluminescent diodes using insulating to n-type (i-n) transitions in GaN. Here, we shall report the observation of yellow CW emission at room temperature from GaN i-n structures.
Musculoskeletal disorder symptoms in correction officers: why do they increase rapidly with job tenure?

Objective:In this study, we sought to explain the rapid musculoskeletal symptomatology increase in correction officers (COs).Background:COs are exposed to levels of biomechanical and psychosocial stressors that have strong associations with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in other occupations, possibly contributing to their rapid health deterioration.Method:Baseline survey data from a longitudinal study of COs and manufacturing line workers were used to model musculoskeletal symptom prevalence and intensity in the upper (UE) and lower (LE) extremity. Outcomes were regressed on demographics and biomechanical and psychosocial exposures.Results:COs reported significantly higher prevalence and intensity of LE symptoms compared to the industrial workers. In regression models, job tenure was a primary driver of CO musculoskeletal outcomes. In CO models, a single biomechanical exposure, head and arms in awkward positions, explained variance in both UE and LE prevalence (β of 0.338 and 0.357, respectively), and ...
Non-human primate (baboon) anti-gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 antibody infusion in four women with metastatic breast carcinoma.

Four women with metastatic breast carcinoma and elevated plasma levels of human breast gross cystic disease fluid protein of 15,000 dalton monomer size (GCDFP-15) were treated IV with non-human primate (baboon) anti-GCDFP-15 antibody. Three patients were given a single IV infusion of antibody, while the fourth patient received four sequential IV infusions. Antibody dosage patients, after antibody infusion the plasma level of GCDFP-15 decreased to 0 ng/ml and remained there as long as “free” circulating anti-GCDFP-15 antibody was present. The plasma half-life of the antibody ranged between 1 and 40 h and the duration of detectable free antibody ranged from 6 to 240 h. No toxicity was observed for the dosage range of antibody tested. No anti-baboon antibody response was detected. In the patient who received four sequential infusions of antibody partial regression of subcutaneous metastatic nodules occurred. The other three patients showed no clinically detectable changes from the antibody infusion.
Order preference in serial learning

Thirty-six Ss arranged three sets of 15 words into easy serial orders. Approximately three weeks later they were required to learn three serial lists derived from the same sets of words. One serial list conformed to S’s own preferred order, one conformed to a preferred order developed by another S, and one was presented in a random order. Lists and presentation order of the three serial arrangements were counterbalanced. Serial learning was more rapid with easy orders, but there were only slight differences between the two preferred orders.
Binary discontinuous compact protein domains

Few methods exist that identify discontinuous protein domains containing more than one polypeptide chain. This paper describes a new method for locating such discontinuous domains based on their compactness, and applies the methodology to locate the most compact domains in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, ribonuclease, cytochrome c and myoglobin. The compactness of all binary discontinuous peptide combinations is first exhaustively evaluated. Several screening steps are then used to locate those compact units that represent global minima of compactness. Since domains are generally taken to be large, mutually exclusive structures that span most of the protein's sequence, compact domains were found by examining all compact units (both continuous and discontinuous) to locate two or three units that span most of the protein's sequence, have little mutual overlap and good overall compactness. Compact domains compare well with domains found by other methods and with experimental evidence that may differentiate domain structure. The strongest experimental evidence for the existence of compact discontinuous domains comes from the work of Oas and Kim [(1988) Nature, 336, 42-48] where a peptide that corresponds almost exactly to a compact domain has been synthesized and shown to have native-like structure in solution.
Raman Scattering Spectrum Along a Bevel Etched GaAs on Si, Tem Study and GaAs P-I-N Photodetector on Si

Raman scattering is measured along a bevel etched GaAs epitaxial film grown on Si by molecular beam epitaxial (MBE). From the correlation length profile of Raman scatteringmost dislocation lines are confined in the 2000A regions close to the interface. The strain profile calculated from the Raman peak shift shows that about 0.6% compressive strain exists near the interface because of lattice mismatch. However, as one moves away from the interface, the compressive strain is gradually counterbalanced by thermal expansion. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies of the local dislocation image and properties show that an ultra clean Si surface is essential for dislocation confinement. From high resolution TEM, we find that the distance between dislocations at the interface is nonuniform, varying from 50A to 125A with an average distance at 81A. Finally, a GaAs p-i-n photodetector on Si substrate is fabricated. Even though a normal photoresponse curve is obtained, the high dark current (50nA) and relatively low responsivity (0.01A/W) show that the material quality needs to be further improved to make a minority carrier vertical transition device.
Cognitions, coercion, and IPV: Sex differences in pursuing resisted physical intimacy

Communication in close relationships impacts social development and the meeting of personal desires and wants. Since interpersonal violence (IPV) is common in close relationships, this study investigated the extent to which context-relevant cognitions were associated with use of verbal IPV (e.g., coercion) when communicating for resisted physical intimacy. Based on a convenience sample of U.S. college students, results confirmed that a constellation of cognitions related to the use of coercion and that the rate of use and set of cognitions related to use of coercion differ between males and females. Discussion suggests that examination into the complexities of the cognition–behavior relationship will advance understanding of communication processes related to goal pursuit and use of verbal IPV in interpersonal contexts.
Ambiguous Loss Experienced by Transnational Mexican Immigrant Families

In this study, an ambiguous loss framework as described by Boss (1999, Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief, First Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) was used to examine and understand the family experiences of Mexican immigrant agricultural workers in Minnesota. Transcripts from interviews with 17 workers in Minnesota and 17 family members in Mexico were analyzed using qualitative methodology to identify experiences of ambiguous loss in the participants' narratives. Key dimensions of ambiguous loss identified in the transcripts include: psychological family, feelings of chronic/recurring loss, finding support, and meaning making. In the category of psychological family, participants in both Mexico and the United States mourned the physical absence of their family members and experienced ambiguity regarding family responsibilities, but worked to maintain their psychological roles within the family. In the category of chronic/recurring loss, participants in both countries experienced chronic worry from not knowing if family members were safe, ambiguity regarding when the immigrant would return, and chronic stressors that compounded these feelings of loss. Participants in both countries coped with both real and ambiguous losses by accessing family support and by using ambiguous communication to minimize worry. Participants in Mexico also accessed work and community-based support. Participants in both countries made meaning of the ambiguous loss by identifying ways their lives were improved and goals were met as a result of the immigration for agricultural work in Minnesota.
Novel circular forms of mengovirus-specific double-stranded RNA detected by electron microscopy.

Abstract Examination of mengovirus replicative form (RF) RNA by electron microscopy has revealed a substantial frequency of circular double-stranded RNAs which have an unusual projection on their circular contour. Circular structures comprised 14–16% of the genome-length double-stranded RNA in different preparations and have a contour length of 2.25 ± 0.08 μm corresponding to 8840 ± 310 nucleotide pairs in the A-form nucleic acid. The projection from the circular contour was typically found on more than 98% of the molecules and has an average heterogeneous length of 0.08 ± 0.02 μm (300 ± 80 nucleotide pairs). Linear duplex molecules with opposed ends were also detected at frequencies of 5–9% in different preparations and appear to be derived from dissociation of circular structures at the site of the projection. These linear duplexes had a length 2.32 ± 0.08 μm (9100 ± 310 nucleotide pairs) which is slightly greater than the contour length of circular structures excluding their projection. Linear dimers (3–6% of total), circular dimers (0.3%), and catenanes of two and three circular RF molecules, respectively, have been detected at low frequencies; such molecules usually contained a projection. The integrity of circular structures was destroyed by mild treatment with ribonucleases A, T1, or T2 or by incubation in 50% formamide or 40% formamide plus 2 M urea but was unaltered by treatment with DNase I or proteinase K. When examined by electron microscopy in the presence of formamide or formamide plus urea, approximately 14–17% of the linear duplex molecules were detected which contain one single-strand terminus typically less than 500 nucleotides in length. We suggest that circular structures are formed by noncovalent association of one single-strand terminus and one double-strand terminus of linear duplex molecules and that this association produces circular structures with the projection described at the site of association. A fixed fraction of linear RF RNA molecules in any given preparation contains termini suitable for association into circular structures that may have biological significance in the replication of picornaviruses.
Inheritance and Allelism of Mitomycin C- and Streptomycin-Induced Recessive Genes for Male Sterility in Cultivated Sunflower

Nuclear male sterility (NMS) conditioned by recessive genes provides a useful tool for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) breeding and genetics programs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate seven induced NMS mutants derived from inbred line HA 89 and two lines, B11A3 and P21, for their mode of inheritance, allelic relationships, and agronomic characteristics. Self-pollinated F 2 progenies from heterozygous F 1 male-fertile (MF) plants and BC 1 F 1 progenies from crossing male-sterile (MS) with F 1 heterozygous MF plants segregated in ratios of three MF to one MS and one MF to one MS, respectively, indicating single recessive gene control of male sterility(.)
Oxidative metabolism during recurrent seizures in the penicillin treated hippocampus

Abstract Changes in intracellular NADH fluorescence, which directly reflect changes in the rate of oxidative metabolism, were monitored during hippocampal epileptiform activity induced by penicillin. With interictal and ictal activity the oxidation rate would transiently increase and then return to the previous oxidation level after each spike or in the postictal depression period, respectively. Seizures were preceded by increased spike activity with simultaneously increasing oxidation. Maximum oxidation rates were reached at termination of each ictal episode. When the K+ concentration of the fluid bathing the hippocampus was increased, repetitive seizures occurred, at first followed by postictal periods, but at higher K+ levels ictal activity was more frequent and postictal periods were eliminated. As the K+ concentration was increased the interictal or recovery rate of oxidation rose; however, also at the higher K+ concentrations oxidation rates during ictal episodes tended not to be as high as at low K+. Thus the overall changes in rate of oxidation observed in the transition from interictal to ictal activity were smaller at high K+ than at low K+ concentrations. Direct current electrical correlates of epileptiform activity tended to mirror the changes in oxidation with a negative D.C. shift accompanying an increase in oxidation and vice versa. These results indicate a close relationship between extracellular K+ concentration, ictal activity and oxidative metabolism which could possibly be explained by the effects of varying K+ concentrations on the electrogenic pump (Na-K-ATPase).
Granule cell genesis in the hippocampus of rats treated neonatally with hydrocortisone

Rats were injected with hydrocortisone acetate on postnatal days 1–4 and the genesis of granule cells in the dentate gyrus was followed by autoradiographic techniques using tritiated thymidine. In short-survival autoradiographic experiments, the number of cells labeled by [3H] thymidine throughout the dentate hilus and stratum granulosum was decreased during and immediately after hydrocortisone treatment, but recovered to control values during the second week. Growth of this region was retarded as indicated by a 20% reduction in volume of the stratum granulosum at 7 days and 14% deficit in de-oxyribonucleic acid content in the whole hippocampus on days 4–6. At 60 days, however, the volume of the stratum granulosum in treated rats was not significantly different from that of controls. Granule cell ‘birthdays’ at dorsal and ventral levels of the hippocampus were investigated by longsurvival autoradiography in treated and control groups. Dorsally, the pattern of granule cell birthdays over the first 3 postnatal weeks was not significantly affected. Ventrally, granule cell genesis in treated rats was significantly depressed on day 5 when that in controls was maximal. This delayed the peak of granule cell birthdays at this level by several days. These experiments demonstrate that the rate and pattern of postnatal granule cell genesis in the rat hippocampus are altered by neonatal glucocorticoid treatment. Specific effects are compared to those previously reported for cerebellar neurogenesis in the glucocorticoid-treated rat.
Effects of the maturation-inducing steroid on LH secretion and the GnRH system at different stages of the gonadal cycle in Atlantic croaker.

The effects of treatment with the maturation-inducing steroid 17,20beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20beta-S) on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analog (LHRHa)-induced LH secretion were examined during several phases of the gonadal cycle in Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus. 20beta-S (1 and 5 microg/g of body wt) was administered by intraperitoneal (ip) injection, 24 h prior to injection with LHRHa (10-50 ng/g of body wt) and fish were bled 1 h after LHRHa injection. Treatment with both doses of 20beta-S resulted in plasma concentrations of the steroid within the normal physiological range for this species during final oocyte maturation and ovulation. The 20beta-S treatments altered the LH response to LHRHa throughout the reproductive cycle in both sexes, but the direction and magnitude of the response varied. 20beta-S treatment decreased the LH response to LHRHa in fish with recrudescing and fully recrudesced gonads and in females with regressed gonads. On the other hand, 20beta-S treatment significantly increased the LH response to LHRHa in males with regressing or regressed gonads. 20beta-S treatment also altered preoptic anterior hypothalamic (POAH) and pituitary seabream gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sbGnRH) contents, and the patterns of these changes were similar to those observed in LH secretion. The finding that moderate increases in plasma 20beta-S concentrations, similar to those occurring during final oocyte maturation, significantly inhibit the LH response to LHRHa at the end of the reproductive cycle suggests that this action of 20beta-S is of physiological importance during the periovulatory period. Moreover, the fact that concurrent changes occur in POAH and pituitary sbGnRH contents suggests that the actions of 20beta-S on LH secretion are at least partly mediated via the GnRH system.