cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoreflectance for the in-situ monitoring of semiconductor growth and processing

Photoreflectance a contactless form of electromodulation is a very useful technique for the in-situ monitoring of important growth/processing parameters. This paper will discuss some recent applications including (a) determination of substrate temperature (GaAs InP) and alloy composition (GaAlAs InGaAs) during actual growth condition at elevated temperatures (b) evaluation of interfacial quality of a strained layer In0 2Ga0 8As/GaAs single quantum well and (c) studies of Fermi level pinning. The latter includes measurements in an MBE machine before (and after) exposure to air and the effects of metallization (Schottky barrier formation) in a UHV chamber.
Effect of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on aztreonam pharmacokinetics

Aztreonam, a new monobactam, will be widely used because of its broad aerobic gram-negative bacterial coverage and its apparent low risk of allergic phenomena in penicillin/cephalosporin-sensitive patients. We examined aztreonam kinetics in patients during hemodialysis and in the interdialytic period and in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and related aztreonam to urea clearance (CL). In hemodialysis patients, aztreonam serum half-life was 7.9 hr between and 2.7 hr during dialysis sessions. CLserum, CLrenal, and CLother were 24.4, 0.5, and 23.9 ml/min, respectively, during the interdialytic period. Four hours of dialysis removed 38.2% (range, 27 to 58%) of antibiotic. CL of aztreonam by hemodialysis was 36.6 to 43.2 ml/min, 50 to 77% greater than interdialytic CL. CL of urea by hemodialysis was 112.4 to 115.6 ml/min; CLaztreonam/CLurea ratio was 0.28 to 0.33 during the hemodialysis sessions. During CAPD, aztreonam serum half-life after intravenous dosing was 7.1 hr; dialysate recovery, 9.7% of the dose; CLserum, CLrenal, CLperitoneal dialysis, and CLother were 23.8, 0.5, 2.1, and 21.3 ml/min, respectively. CLurea by CAPD was 6.5 ml/min. Thus, CLaztreonam during CAPD was 32% of CLurea. Aztreonam was detectable in dialysate at 48 hr (eight exchanges) after peritoneal administration in the first exchange. Hemodialysis and CAPD patients given aztreonam treatment should receive the standard dose of aztreonam as a loading dose, followed by one-fourth the loading dose at standard dose intervals. Hemodialysis patients should receive a supplemental dose equal to half their usual maintenance dose immediately after each dialysis session. For CAPD patients with peritonitis due to susceptible organisms, a 1-g i.v. loading dose followed by a 0.5-g i.p. dose every 6 hr is suggested. In any individual patient undergoing hemodialysis or CAPD, the relationship between CLurea and CLaztreonam should allow appropriate antibiotic dose adjustment.
A Small Signal Amplifier Based on Ionic Liquid Gated Black Phosphorous Field Effect Transistor

In this letter, we report an analog small signal amplifier based on semiconducting black phosphorus (BP), the most recent addition to the family of 2D crystals. The amplifier, consisting of a BP load resistor and a BP field-effect transistor (FET), was integrated on a single flake. The gain of the amplifier was found to be $\sim 9$ and it remained undistorted for input signal frequencies up to 15 kHz. In addition, we also report record high on current of 200 $\mu \text{A}/\mu \text{m}$ at $V_{\rm DD} =-0.5$ V in the BP FETs. Our results demonstrate the possibility for the implementation of BP in the future generations of analog devices.
Thinking for Thousands: Emerson's Theory of Political Representation in the Public Sphere

This article develops Emerson's theory of representative democracy as it applies to a deliberative public sphere. By highlighting the democratic content of Emerson's thought, this article challenges tradition readings of Emerson that claim his thought to be elitist or antipolitical. According to Emerson, the public sphere is structured by representative individuals who are analogous to those representatives found in electoral institutions. These representatives make public the beliefs and values present in their “constituencies.” They deliberate in the name of their constituencies, saying what their constituencies could and would say, were they to also directly engage in such deliberations. Representative individuals are tied to their constituencies through bonds of “sympathy and likeness.” The moral consequences of a representative public sphere include the development of a sense of deliberative justice on the part of the citizenry and the reduction of the possibility of domination and oppression by ideologically oriented elites.
Nanoscale Motion Control With a Compact Minimum-Actuator Magnetic Levitator

This paper presents a novel magnetically levitated (maglev) stage developed to meet the ever-increasing precise positioning requirements in nanotechnology. This magnetic levitator has 6 independent linear actuators necessary and sufficient to generate all 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) motions. This minimum-actuator design concept led to a compact, 200 g lightweight moving part and the power consumption less than of a Watt, thereby reducing the thermal-expansion error drastically. The analysis and sizing of the magnetic linear actuators and the working principle of the maglev stage are presented. We designed and implemented stabilizing controllers for 6-DOF motion control with the dynamic model based on the actuator analysis. Test results showed nanoscale step responses in all six axes with 2 nm rms horizontal position noise. A noise propagation model and analysis identified the capacitance sensor noise and the floor vibration as the dominant noise sources in the vertical and horizontal dynamics, respectively. A comparison of noise performances with controllers closed at 25, 65, and 90 Hz crossover frequencies illustrated how the selection of the control bandwidth should be made for nanopositioning. Experimental results including a 250 μm step response, sinusoidal and square-wave trajectories, and spherical motion generation demonstrated the three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale motion-control capability of this minimum-actuator magnetic levitator. Potential applications of this maglev stage include manufacture of nanoscale structures, atomic-level manipulation, assembly and packaging of microparts, vibration isolation for delicate instruments, and seismic motion detection.
Nature of Molecular Interactions of Peptides with Gold, Palladium, and Pd-Au Bimetal Surfaces in Aqueous Solution

We investigated molecular interactions involved in the selective binding of several short peptides derived from phage-display techniques (8−12 amino acids, excluding Cys) to surfaces of Au, Pd, and Pd−Au bimetal. The quantitative analysis of changes in energy and conformation upon adsorption on even {111} and {100} surfaces was carried out by molecular dynamics simulation using an efficient computational screening technique, including 1000 explicit water molecules and physically meaningful peptide concentrations at pH = 7. Changes in chain conformation from the solution to the adsorbed state over the course of multiple nanoseconds suggest that the peptides preferably interact with vacant sites of the face-centered cubic lattice above the metal surface. Residues that contribute to binding are in direct contact with the metal surfaces, and less-binding residues are separated from the surface by one or two water layers. The strength of adsorption ranges from 0 to −100 kcal/(mol peptide) and scales with the s...
Customers on the web are not all created equal: the moderating role of internet shopping experience

Consumers' previous shopping experience has been found to be an important influence on future shopping intentions. Prior internet shopping experience, however, has been largely overlooked as a moderator of attitudes and online-retail outcomes. Specifically, key influences on online retail buying behavior such as site reputation, advertising likeability, site security and hedonic and utilitarian shopping values can be expected to have differential effects on intentions to repatronize an e-commerce website based on the level of internet shopping experience by prospective buyers. This study proposes and tests an integrated model in which level of prior internet shopping experience is treated as a moderator of relationships among attitudinal variables and repatronage intentions with the variable attitude toward the site as a mediator of buying intentions. Findings are consistent with the proposed model with an interesting exception. Perceptions of site security were in the opposite direction of the model pred...
The Kurtzman Community Dental Health Ideology Scale with students in a combined degree (AB-DDS) program.

Summary.-To increase the database and potential usefulness of a Community Dental Health Ideology Scale in the counseling and guidance of dental students, data from East Coast students were compared with those available from West Coast students. Intra-group East Coast data are discussed in terms of age/education and gender differences. Students in health-related professions are faced with choices between private practice and community practice. Educational requirements and requisite attitudes for these fields overlap but they are also distinct. Moreover, professional satisfaction and probably professional success are a function of the congruence between students' attitudes and the requirements of the type of practice chosen. To facilitate such a march it would be invaluable in student counseling to have a procedure available for the systematic assessment of students' practice attitudes which would enable students to plan properly for their future careers. A technique that holds promise in this regard, for a field that has received relatively little attention, dental education, is Kurtzman's ( 1977 ) Community Dental Healch Ideology Scale. Data for the scale are currently available only for West Coast dental students and graduate dentists. The purpose here is to extend the scale's database by reporting data collected from an East Coast predental population and thus to answer the following questions: ( 1 ) To what extent are West Coast and East Coast data comparable? (2) Are there gender differences in the data? (3) To what extent are scale scores affected by age or education? Answers to these questions will contribute to the scale's usefulness as a tool in guidance programs.
Promoting hearing health and the combined risk of noise-induced hearing loss and ototoxicity

The ototoxicity of therapeutic drugs has been a concern in the field of audiology for many years. In comparison, only recently has the ototoxicity of chemicals found in the environment from contaminants in air, food or water, and in the workplace become a concern for audiologists and other health professionals. Studies have shown that some toxins can reach the inner ear through the bloodstream. They were found in the inner ear fluids and have caused damage to some of the inner ear structures and functions. The damage, however, is not always restricted to the cochlea. The onset, site, mechanism and extent of ototoxic damage caused by these toxins vary according to risk factors that include type of chemical, interactions, exposure level and duration of exposure as is the case with therapeutic drugs. Noise exposure has been reported to potentiate or interact synergistically with several toxins. Moreover, it makes the detection and diagnosis of the ototoxicity effect more challenging. The new evidence has pro...
Deceptive communication in asymmetric fights of the stomatopod crustacean Gonodactylus bredini

When fighting for ownership of cavities, newly moulted stomatopods, Gonodactylus bredini, bluffed opponents by producing meral spread threat displays, even though their soft condition prevented them from delivering or withstanding blows. Newly moulted stomatopods adjusted the frequency of bluffing according to the relative size of their opponent, apparently in response to the risk of probing. Newly moulted residents were more likely to threaten and less likely to flee when facing intruders that were 15% smaller than when facing intruders that were the same size or 15% larger. Bluffs by residents inhibited escalation by intruders and increased the probability of successful cavity defence. This effect was strongest when the intruder was smaller than the resident. When stomatopods fought twice in the laboratory, they often modified their fighting behaviour according to the nature of their first encounter. However, no evidence was found that intruders developed scepticism towards the meral spread threat display after successfully evicting a bluffing resident. Furthermore, newly moulted animals did not decrease their use of the bluff following unsuccessful attempts to deter intruders.
Transient global amnesia during a professional cello concert

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a great curiosity in medicine, the underlying pathophysiology of which remains under debate. When an episode occurs during the performance of a task requiring refined technical skills and an intense level of concentration such as a musical performance, it draws attention to the relationship between memory and performance. It also raises questions of access to procedural memory and other aspects of stored information. We encountered a renowned and highly proficient musician who was amnestic for a challenging concert.
CRITICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE FIELD-DEPENDENT SPECIFIC HEAT OF A YBa2Cu3O7-x SINGLE CRYSTAL

The heat capacity anomaly of YBa2Cu307-, at Tc is reduced in amplitude and broadened upon application of a magnetic field along the c-axis. However, the shift, as measured by the point of maximum increase with decreasing temperature, is much smaller than expected from estimates of the upper critical field. The possibility of critical behavior is discussed. Following the exciting discovery of superconduc- tivity in YBazCu307-,, measurements of its proper- ties were analyzed in the context of the Ginzburg- Landau model (I). Most of the results agreed satisfac- torily with a strong-coupling picture of a type I1 super- conductor, intermediate between the clean and dirty limits 121. Recently, however, this agreement has been called into question by reports from IBM (3) that the reported upper critical field is in fact a line separating reversible and irreversible behavior. Similarly, detailed measurements of the reversible magnetization suggest that the true line Hc2 (T) rises much more steeply than supposed. We present here heat capacity data on a twinned crystal of YBazCu307-, taken in magnetic fields up to 6 T applied along the c-axis. The 600 pg sample was grown by flux methods, as described elsewhere 141. The heat capacity was measured by the ac method reported earlier (5). Data were taken by cooling the sample in an applied field and then measuring the heat capac- ity as the temperature was slowly increased. No field dependence of the heat capacity could be detected at 77 K. This temperature was used as a common cali- bration point for the ac signal. Identical results are obtained if the calibration point is chosen well above Tc= 90.8 K.
The application of fibre optic temperature sensing for under insulation monitoring of subsea infrastructure

The use of insulation within the oil and gas industry to provide heat retention during production downtime is important to reduce the risk of hydrate formation within the flow-loops in the subsea infrastructure. Hydrate formation can significantly decrease the production efficiency and hence the profitability of the well. Hydrates can also introduce serious safety risks, if formed with in critical components such as safety valves. During production downtime the elevated temperature of equipment such as XTs will begin to equalize to the ambient subsea temperature. The accurate assessment of the effectiveness of such insulation is thus critical. Monitoring insulation performance during cool down trials is typically performed during test and assembly of production equipment using a limited number of electrical sensors. The use of multiplexed fibre optic sensors offers a reduction in the number of penetrations in the insulation, when compared to traditional electrical sensors and thus allows far more representative temperature measurements to be made. Additionally, conventional electrical sensors will rapidly degrade in the subsea environment, making them unsuited for long term subsea monitoring. In this paper we report the use of embedded optical fibre sensors, which should maintain their full performance over the lifetime of the subsea equipment. This would enable the long term insulation performance to be assessed after a tree is recovered for maintenance, or even allow continuous monitoring of the insulation performance during service. Results of tests carried out in an environmental chamber to show the performance of the sensors during cooling cycles are reported and initial results taken during production testing prior to deployment of the equipment subsea are reported.
The solubility of aragonite in seawater at 25.0°C and 32.62‰ salinity

The apparent solubility product of aragonite in 32‰ seawater at 25.0°C is reported as K′sp = (0.869±0.049) × 10−6(mol2 kg seawater−2) thus confirming the value of R.A. Berner, 1976 (Am. J. Sci., 276: 713–730). The apparent solubility product ratio for aragonite and calcite is reported as K′aragoniteK′calcite = 2.05 The deviation of this value from the thermodynamic ratio is atttributed to the formation of a stable low Mg-calcite coating on pure calcite in seawater measurements of solubility.
Outcomes of Carotid Revascularization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) carries an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) including cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs). There are multiple etiologies for CVA, and among them extracranial carotid artery disease accounts for approximately 25% of ischemic strokes. It has been shown that carotid revascularization by carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery angioplasty and stenting can decrease the risk of CVA in appropriately selected population with carotid artery disease. Both these techniques of carotid revascularization have been shown to be safe and clinically effective in many large multicentered randomized clinical trials. However, most of these large trials have predominately excluded the patients with kidney failure. Most of the evidence for the management of carotid disease in CKD is based on small clinical trials and expert opinions. There is an urgent need to conduct large clinical trials in patients with CKD to enable better understanding and to improve techniques of various carotid revascularization therapies in CKD patients.
Model Prediction of Long-Term Reactive Core Mat Efficacy for Capping Contaminated Aquatic Sediments

AbstractThis paper describes the development and validation of a one-dimensional, large-strain consolidation-coupled contaminant transport model. The RCM-XPORT2 model uses the CS2 large-strain consolidation approach coupled with reactive advective/dispersive solute transport through a deforming saturated porous media, capped with a reactive sequestering geomaterial known as a reactive core mat (RCM). Validation of the model is presented by simulating consolidation-coupled contaminant transport experiments performed on naphthalene-spiked sediment from the Neponset River in Milton, Massachusetts. Finally, the paper presents a hypothetical case study of pre- and post-RCM application polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) fate and transport in the Lower Neponset River using RCM-XPORT2 and U.S. EPA Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program surface water quality model. The Neponset River case study evaluates the long-term effect of sediment RCM capping on reducing the water column PCB concentration.
Advanced reburning measurements of temperature and species in a pulverized coal flame

Abstract An experimental program has been completed where detailed measurements of a pulverized coal flame with advanced reburning have been obtained. Maps of species (CO, CO2, O2, NO, HCN, and NH3), temperature, and velocity have been obtained consisting of approximately 60 measurements across a cross sectional plane of the reactor. Two maps at a single operating condition were obtained and are compared. In addition to the mapping data, effluent measurements of gaseous products were obtained for various operating conditions, while investigating the affect of reburning zone stoichiometric ratio (SR), ammonia nitrogen to NO ratio (NSR), ammonia injection location, and burner swirl. Advanced reburning was achieved by injecting natural gas downstream of the primary combustion zone to form a reburning zone followed by ammonia injection and then tertiary air. The data showed advanced reburning was more effective than either reburning or NH3 injection alone. At one advanced reburning condition (SR=1.05, Swirl=1.5, NSR=2.5) over 95% NO reduction was obtained. Ammonia injection was most beneficial when following a reburning zone which was slightly lean, SR=1.05, but was not very effective when following a slightly rich reburning zone, SR of 0.95. In the cases where advanced reburning was most effective (reburning SR=1.05), higher NSR values improved NO reduction, but the effect of NSR was secondary to NH3 injector location. The optimal location for injection was found to coincide with changes in the temperature field. The mapped temperature, species and velocity data for advanced reburning showed that the largest drops in NO occurred in a region where the O2 concentration was between 0.7 and 3.0%, NH3 was between 0 and 2961 ppm, and temperatures were between 1274 and 1343 K. These are similar to optimal conditions known for SNCR. Significant NO reductions were seen when NSR values were near one, suggesting NH3 was very effective at NO reduction when surrounding temperature and species conditions were favorable. Because this was only one detailed set of data, it is difficult to conclude that these conditions are optimal or need to exist for optimal NO reduction. More detailed mapping data at other operating conditions would be useful in identifying optimal advanced reburning conditions.
DIET AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Abstract Data are presented to suggest that a geographical predisposing factor (G.P.F.) in multiple sclerosis (M.S.) may reflect regional dietary differences, and, further, that this factor is directly related to milk production or consumption. A number of biochemical hypotheses are proposed which would predict a resultant weakened blood-brain barrier or immunological defence, or the production of defective myelin, which would then increase susceptibility to the aetiological agent, possibly a virus. From the standpoint of brain development, two different ideas emerge—one, that differences in the composition of bovine and human milk, particularly during weaning, lead to the G.P.F.; the other, that drinking of milk beyond the normal nursing period is detrimental. More epidemiological studies are needed, with emphasis on diet, especially during periods of rapid brain development. Cow's milk may be an unfortunate substitute for human milk in infancy or a risky food source thereafter, or both. Epidemiological data raise these questions but do not provide ready answers. The milk correlation could be spurious, but at least ideas based on such a correlation pay attention to the most important epidemiological clue in M.S.—namely, the geographical distribution of the disease.
Full-wave reflection of lightning long-wave radio pulses from the ionospheric D region: Comparison with midday observations of broadband lightning signals

[1] We are developing and testing a steep-incidence D region sounding method for inferring profile information, principally regarding electron density. The method uses lightning emissions (in the band 5-500 kHz) as the probe signal. The data are interpreted by comparison against a newly developed single-reflection model of the radio wave's encounter with the lower ionosphere. The ultimate application of the method will be to study transient, localized disturbances of the nocturnal D region, including those instigated by lightning itself. Prior to applying the method to study lightning-induced perturbations of the nighttime D region, we have performed a validation test against more stable and predictable daytime observations, where the profile of electron density is largely determined by direct solar X-ray illumination. This article reports on the validation test. Predictions from our recently developed full-wave ionospheric-reflection model are compared to statistical summaries of daytime lightning radiated waveforms, recorded by the Los Alamos Sferic Array. The comparison is used to retrieve best fit parameters for an exponential profile of electron density in the ionospheric D region. The optimum parameter values are compared to those found elsewhere using a narrowband beacon technique, which used totally different measurements, ranges, and modeling approaches from those of the work reported here.
Medium effect on kaon production from heavy-ion collisions

Abstract Both the nucleon-nucleon inelastic and the kaon-production cross sections in dense nuclear matter are evaluated in the one-pion exchange model. The medium effect is included by using the dressed pion propagator determined in the delta-hole model. Compared with the cross sections in free space, it is found that the nucleon-nucleon inelastic cross section is substantially enhanced at high nuclear-matter densities while the kaon-production cross section is only moderately increased. In the normal Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model for heavy-ion collisions the total kaon yield is seen to be sensitive to the nuclear equation of state.
Large plane deformations of thin elastic sheets of neo-hookean material

Large plane deformations of thin elastic sheets of neo-Hookean material are considered and a method of successive substitutions is developed to solve problems within the two-dimensional theory of finite plane stress. The first approximation is determined by linear boundary value problems on two harmonic functions, and it is approached asymptotically at very large extensions in the plane of the sheet. The second and higher approximations are obtained by solving Poisson equations. The method requires modification when the membrane has a traction-free edge. Several problems are treated involving infinite sheets under uniform biaxial stretching at infinity. First approximations are obtained when a circular or elliptic inclusion is present and when the sheet has a circular or elliptic hole, including the limiting cases of a line inclusion and a straight crack or slit. Good agreement with exact solutions is found for circularly symmetric deformations. Other examples discuss the stretching of a short wide strip, the deformation near a boundary corner which is traction-free, and the application of a concentrated load to a boundary point.
Fibrin sealants or cell saver eliminate the need for autologous blood donation in anemic patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty.

Reducing allogeneic blood transfusions remains a challenge in total knee arthroplasty. Patients with preoperative anemia have a particularly high risk for perioperative blood transfusions. 176 anemic patients (Hb < 13.5 g/dl) undergoing total knee replacement were prospectively evaluated to compare the effect of a perioperative cell saver (26 patients), intraoperative fibrin sealants (5 ml Evicel®, Johnson & Johnson Wound Management, Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) (45 patients), preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) (21 patients), the combination of fibrin sealants and preoperative autologous blood donation (44) and no intervention (40 patients) on perioperative blood loss and transfusion requirements. All protocols resulted in significant reduction of allogeneic blood transfusions. Transfusion rates were similar with the use of PABD (19 %), Evicel® (18 %), and cell saver (19 %), all significantly lower than the control group (38 %, p < 0.05). Combining Evicel® with PABD resulted in significantly higher wastage of autologous units (p < 0.05) with no significant reduction in allogeneic transfusion rate (14 %). The use of fibrin sealant resulted in a significant reduction of blood loss compared to the PABD group (603 vs. 810 ml, p < 0.005) as well as the control group (603 vs. 822 ml, p < 0.005). While PABD proved to be the most cost-effective treatment option in anemic patients, fibrin sealants and cell saver show similar reduction in allogeneic transfusion rates compared to controls. The combination of fibrin sealants and PABD is not cost-effective and increases the number of wasted units.
The effect of surgical impairment of biliary excretion on the toxicity of rotenone to rainbow trout and rats

Abstract 1. Surgical impairment of biliary excretion has little effecton rotenone toxicity to either rats or fish. 2. The selective toxicity of rotenone to fish may be primarily caused by different routes of entry.
Monad compositions ii: Kleisli strength

In this paper we introduce the concept of Kleisli strength for monads in an arbitrary symmetric monoidal category. This generalises the notion of commutative monad and gives us new examples, even in the cartesian-closed category of sets. We exploit the presence of Kleisli strength to derive methods for generating distributive laws. We also introduce linear equations to extend the results to certain quotient monads. Mechanisms are described for finding strengths that produce a large collection of new distributive laws, and consequently monad compositions, including the composition of monadic data types such as lists, trees, exceptions and state.
Small cell lung cancer: Analysis of treatment factors contributing to prolonged survival

Seventy-one consecutive patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were treated in the Radiation Oncology Branch of the National Cancer Institute using six different radiation regimens in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and doxorubicin chemotherapy. Patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy-irradiation (CT-RT) experienced better local tumor control than patients treated with sequential CT-RT. Maximum survival with minimum toxicity occurred in the group given a three-week course of concurent CT-RT. Although concurrent therapy appeared more toxic than sequential therapy, it also appeared to result in more effective tumor control. Precise details of the timing of CT and RT represent important variables in study design of combined modality therapy for SCLC. Carefully controlled clinical trials should be undertaken to define the optimal timing and sequential of CT-RT, as well as the optimal dose of RT.
Raman molecular imaging of brain frozen tissue sections.

Raman spectroscopy provides a molecular signature of the region being studied. It is ideal for neurosurgical applications because it is non-destructive, label-free, not impacted by water concentration, and can map an entire region of tissue. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the meaningful spatial molecular information provided by Raman spectroscopy for identification of regions of normal brain, necrosis, diffusely infiltrating glioma and solid glioblastoma (GBM). Five frozen section tissues (1 normal, 1 necrotic, 1 GBM, and 2 infiltrating glioma) were mapped in their entirety using a 300-µm-square step size. Smaller regions of interest were also mapped using a 25-µm step size. The relative concentrations of relevant biomolecules were mapped across all tissues and compared with adjacent hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, allowing identification of normal, GBM, and necrotic regions. Raman peaks and peak ratios mapped included 1003, 1313, 1431, 1585, and 1659 cm−1. Tissue maps identified boundaries of grey and white matter, necrosis, GBM, and infiltrating tumor. Complementary information, including relative concentration of lipids, protein, nucleic acid, and hemoglobin, was presented in a manner which can be easily adapted for in vivo tissue mapping. Raman spectroscopy can successfully provide label-free imaging of tissue characteristics with high accuracy. It can be translated to a surgical or laboratory tool for rapid, non-destructive imaging of tumor margins.
INTERACTIONS OF VITAMIN C WITH LEAD AND MERCURY

Ascorbic acid has been found to interact with several elements in such a manner as to render them less available for animals. This property of the vitamin has a negative effect on the animals fed a copper-deficient diet, but a positive effect on those fed toxic levels of copper, selenium, vanadium, and cobalt. The effect of ascorbic acid in alleviating cadmium toxicity has been attributed to the effect of the vitamin on iron metabolism, since ferrous iron will also alleviate cadmium toxicity in the Japanese quail. The results of studies reported here indicate that iron will alleviate lead toxicity but ascorbic acid is ineffective. Ascorbic acid will alleviate mercury toxicity, but iron exacerbates this condition. For these two elements, the effects of iron and ascorbic acid are independent of each other.
Factor Costs and the Diffusion of Ring Spinning in Britain Prior to World War I

A key contribution to the attempt by "new" economic historians to absolve the British economy of the charge of technological conservatism in the late nineteenth century is Lars Sandberg's analysis of the choice of technique between ring spinning and mule spinning. In this article I demonstrate that Sandberg's analysis has serious problems and that a careful reexamination of the rings versus mules question is in order. While I point out some of the methodological problems of the neoclassical approach to choice of technique, the major focus of this paper is on the empirical shortcomings of Sandberg's analysis. My primary empirical conclusions are that the extent of the diffusion of ring spinning prior to World War I was much less than Sandberg's analysis would indicate and that it was the vertically specialized structure of the industry which imposed the major factor-cost constraint on its more rapid introduction.
UMBILICAL VEIN BLOOD FLOW IN THE OVINE FETUS: COMPARISON OF DOPPLER AND STEADY STATE TECHNIQUES 246

UMBILICAL VEIN BLOOD FLOW IN THE OVINE FETUS: COMPARISON OF DOPPLER AND STEADY STATE TECHNIQUES 246
Phenelzine-induced hypomania: effect of verapamil.

In 1982, we reported that verapamil, a calcium antagonist, appeared to be a useful treatment for an acutely manic patient (Dubovsky et al. 1982). A year later, we noted that verapamil was superior to placebo in the first three patients enrolled in a doubleblind placebo-controlled crossover study in which no other treatment was used for acutely manic patients (Dubovsky and Franks 1983). As this study has been expanded, verapamil is proving to be an effective medication in about 70% of unselected manic patients (Dubovsky et al., unpublished data). Another recent study comparing verapamil directly with lithium suggested that verapamil was an effective antimanic agent in 10 acutely manic patients (Giannini et al. 1984). Calcium antagonists may also have been of some benefit to three other manic patients (Caillard and Mass6 1982), a depressed patient (Hoschl 1983), and a "bipolar" patient (Goldstein 1984). It is now well established that bipolar depressed patients are at high risk for devleoping mania (Prien et al. 1974) as well as an increased frequency of depressive episodes (Angst et al. 1969; Van Scheyen 1973) when they are treated with tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (Bunney et al. 1972). Administering lithium carbonate alone or in combination with the antidepressant may prevent this eventuality in at least some cases (Quitkin et al. 1981). In view of the suggestive evidence that verapamil may possess antimanic properties that are similar to those of lithium in acutely manic patients, it seems appropriate to begin investigating whether or not calcium antagonist drugs also can prevent manic attacks and help to stabilize mood in bipolar patients taking antidepressants.
Differential recognition of geometric isomers by the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Evidence for only three essential components in aggregation pheromone

For two decades, the aggregation pheromone of the boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis Boh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was thought to consist of four compounds: I [(+)-(Z)-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclobutane ethanol]; II [(Z)-3,3-dimethyl-ΔI,β-cyclohexane ethanol]; III [(Z)-3,3-dimethyl-Δ1,α-cyclohexane acetaldehyde); and IV [(E)-3,3-dimethyl-Δ1,α-cyclohexane acetaldehyde). Evidence is presented from behavioral and electrophysiological studies to show that only three of these components, I, II, and IV, are essential for attraction. Competitive field tests, in which each possible three-component blend was tested against the four-component mixture, demonstrated that omission of I, II. or IV resulted in decreased trap captures (P < 0.01). Trap captures by these blends lacking I, II, or IV resembled those by the hexane solvent alone in a similar experiment. However, omission of III did not significantly alter field attractiveness of the blend. Dosage-response curves constructed from electroantennogram responses of both males and females to serial dilutions of III, IV, and a 50∶50 mixture of the geometric isomers III and IV showed both sexes to be 10- to 100-fold more sensitive to IV than III. Data from the electrophysiological studies were consistent with a single acceptor type for the (E)-cyclohexylidene aldehyde, IV, for males, and possibly one or two acceptor types for III and IV for females. Possible roles for the (Z)-cyclohexylidene aldehyde, III, and implications for the pheromonal attractant currently used in boll weevil eradication/suppression programs are discussed.
Recruiting Effective Math Teachers: Evidence From New York City:

For well over a decade school districts across the United States have struggled to recruit and retain effective mathematics teachers. In response to the need for qualified math teachers and the difficulty of directly recruiting individuals who have already completed the math content required for qualification, some districts, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and New York City, have developed alternative certification programs with a math immersion component to recruit otherwise well-qualified candidates who do not have undergraduate majors in math. This article examines the qualifications, student achievement gains, and retention of Math Immersion teachers in New York City compared to New York City mathematics teachers who began their careers through other pathways.
Moving frames and prolongation algebras

Differential ideals generated by sets of 2-forms which can be written with constant coefficients in a canonical basis of 1-forms are considered. By setting up a Cartan-Ehresmann connection, in a fiber bundle over a base space in which the 2-forms live, one finds an incomplete Lie algebra of vector fields in the fields in the fibers. Conversely, given this algebra (a prolongation algebra), one can derive the differential ideal. The two constructs are thus dual, and analysis of either derives properties of both. Such systems arise in the classical differential geometry of moving frames. Examples of this are discussed, together with examples arising more recently: the Korteweg-de Vries and Harrison-Ernst systems.
Role of acid milieu in the gastroprotective and ulcer-healing activity of sucralfate

Sucralfate prevents the formation of acute gastric lesions induced by various ulcerogens and enhances the healing of chronic gastroduodenal ulcerations, but the mechanism of these effects has not been fully explained. This study was designed to determine the importance of intragastric pH in the sucralfate-induced gastroprotection against 100% ethanol, acidified aspirin, taurocholate, or stress, and in the healing of chronic gastroduodenal ulcerations induced by acetic acid. Sucralfate acidified to pH 2.0 showed significantly stronger protective activity against all four irritants, its protective potency against 100% ethanol being about eight times greater and the duration of the protection about four times longer than those obtained with sucralfate at its pH of 5.0. Pretreatment with indomethacin to suppress mucosal generation of prostaglandin or the removal of salivary glands to eliminate the endogenous source of epidermal growth factor failed to affect sucralfate-induced gastroprotection. In contrast, the rate of healing of chronic gastric ulcerations was significantly delayed by indomethacin or sialoadenectomy; but sucralfate enhanced the healing, and a marked inhibition of gastric acid secretion by ranitidine did not eliminate this enhancement. We conclude that the protective activity of sucralfate depends on the presence of acid milieu in the stomach, but that the ulcer-healing effects of this drug occur even after a marked inhibition of gastric acid secretion.
Feelings, Emotional Empathy and Decision Making: Listening to the Voices of the Heart

Argues that managers may rely too heavily on cognitively based decision‐making processes in an attempt to appear rational, logical and objective. However, the quality of decision making may be enhanced by also recognizing the legitimacy of an affective dimension of decisions, i.e. an ability to empathize with the feelings of employees, consumers and others affected by decisions. Discusses implications and makes recommendations for nurturing a sensitivity to the affective dimension.
Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels in airway smooth muscle are inhibited by cytoplasmic adenosine triphosphate.

Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels were studied in membranes of cultured rabbit airway smooth muscle cells, using the patch-clamp technique. In cell-attached recordings, channel openings were rare and occurred only at very positive potentials. Bradykinin (10 μM), an agonist which releases Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, transiently increased channel activity. The metabolic blocker 2,4-dinitrophenol (20 μM), which lowers cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, induced a sustained increase of channel activity in cell-attached patches. In excised patches, these channels had a slope conductance of 155 pS at 0 mV, were activated by depolarization and by increasing the Ca2+ concentration at the cytoplasmic side above 10−7 mol/l. ATP, applied to the cytoplasmic side of the patches, dose-dependently decreased the channel's open-state probability. An inhibition constant (K i) of 0.2 mmol/l was found for the ATP-induced inhibition. ATP reduced the Ca2+ sensitivity of the channel, shifting the Ca2+ activation curve to the right and additionally reducing its steepness. Our results demonstrate that cytoplasmic ATP inhibits a large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel in airway smooth muscle. This ATP modulation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels might serve as an important mechanism linking energy status and the contractile state of the cells.
Nurse IOM members’ contributions to the Institute of Medicine

Abstract Background Nursing is the largest health care profession, and Institute of Medicine (IOM) nurse members have the potential to contribute to health policy through IOM activities. We studied reported activities of IOM nurse members. Purpose To describe activities of IOM nurse members within the IOM. Method An e-mail survey was conducted that asked nurse IOM members to assess self-reported IOM activities. Of 57 members, 47 had functioning e-mail addresses, and 33 usable responses were received. The survey consisted of 9 questions dealing with roles and responsibilities undertaken in the previous 5 years. Data analyses were descriptive. Discussion The data suggest that nurses have made considerable contributions to the IOM and their participation seems to be as high, or higher, than other disciplines. Conclusions In an era of health care reform, there is additional opportunity for nurse IOM members to enhance their work in the IOM.
Optical-model analysis of d-Ca polarization and cross-section measurements from 5 to 34 MeV

Abstract Vector and tensor polarization parameters were measured for deuterons elastically scattered by 40 Ca at 5, 7, 9 and 11 MeV. These data together with polarization data at 22 MeV and all available elastic scattering cross-section data from 5 to 34 MeV were analysed in terms of the optical model with vector spin-orbit coupling. A potential whose parameters change smoothly with energy describes the cross-section and vector polarization data reasonably well. Calculations performed at 9 and 22 MeV in which a tensor spin-orbit coupling was included gave somewhat better fits to the observed tensor polarizations than were obtained with a vector spin-orbit coupling alone. Some calculations on the 40 Ca(d, p) 41 Ca reaction were also performed to test the usefulness of the deuteron potential found here as a distorting potential in distorted-wave theory. The calculations reproduce qualitatively the observed j -dependence in the stripping cross section. The predicted polarizations of outgoing protons show little similarity to the measurements.
Use of the dye Hoechst 33258 in a modification of the bromodeoxyuridine photolysis technique for the analysis of DNA repair.

— A modification of the bromodeoxyuridine photolysis technique is described in which the cells are treated with the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258 to enhance the bromodeoxyuridine photolysis produced by 365 nm or by black light. Use of the modified assay overcomes several difficulties encountered in the original 313 nm photolysis technique and demonstrates that excision repair of damage produced in the DNA by 7,12-dimethylbenz(fl)anthracene 5,6-oxide takes place by a long patch type of repair pathway.
Demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in the granules of the blood cells of the lobster,Homarus americanus

Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the granules found in the blood cells of the lobster,Homarus americanus. Sites of activity were observed to be localized in the granules of all three types of cells—the eosinophil, the ovoid basophil, and the spindular basophil. Due to the concentration of reactive sites on the limiting membrane and on the stroma, it is suggested that the enzyme is either bound to, or associated with, the membrane, or else the membrane, is the specific site of action for the enzyme.
Noninvasive paternity assignment in Gombe chimpanzees.

The relative success of chimpanzee male mating strategies, the role of male dominance rank and the success of inbreeding avoidance behaviour can only be assessed when paternities are known. We report the probable paternities of 14 chimpanzees included in a long-term behavioural study of chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. DNA samples were collected noninvasively from shed hair and faeces and genotyped using 13‐16 microsatellite loci characterized in humans. All 14 offspring could be assigned to fathers within the community. While there is a positive relationship between male rank and reproductive success, we demonstrate that a range of male mating strategies (possessiveness, opportunistic mating and consortships) can lead to paternity across all male ranks. Several adult females were at risk of breeding with close male relatives. Most successfully avoided close inbreeding but in one case a high-ranking male in the community mated with his mother and produced an offspring. In contrast to recent data on chimpanzees ( P. t. verus ) from the Tai forest, Cote d’Ivoire, no evidence of extra-group paternity was observed in our study. Reanalysis of Tai data using a likelihood approach casts doubt on the occurrence of extra-group paternity in that community as well.