cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A combined watershed-water quality modeling analysis of the Lake Waco reservoir: II. Watershed and reservoir management options and outcomes.

In this study, calibrated watershed and reservoir models are used to explore a range of possible watershed conditions and potential management options to reduce available nutrients and algal growth in the Lake Waco reservoir. The management options are divided between watershed and reservoir options. The watershed management options include wetland construction, manure haul-off, agriculture conversion to pasture, absolute nutrient retention in the watershed and control of urban nutrient run-off. For the reservoir, management options of phosphorus inactivation and increased algal consumption by grazers were evaluated. For all individual management scenarios, only complete conversion of agricultural lands into rangeland decreased nutrient levels and algae growth significantly and achieved target levels for chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus. Combined management scenarios including wetland construction, manure haul-off from dairy operations and increased in-reservoir herbivory could further reduce chlorophyl...
Phase stability and transformations in NiTi from density functional theory calculations

Abstract We used density functional theory to characterize various crystalline phases of NiTi alloys: (i) high-temperature austenite phase B2; (ii) orthorhombic B19; (iii) the monoclinic martensite phase B19′; and (iv) a body-centered orthorhombic phase (BCO), theoretically predicted to be the ground state. We also investigated possible transition pathways between the various phases and the energetics involved. We found B19 to be metastable with a 1 meV energy barrier separating it from B19′. Interestingly, we predicted a new phase of NiTi, denoted B19′′, that is involved in the transition between B19′ and BCO. B19′′ is monoclinic and can exhibit shape memory; furthermore, its presence reduces the internal stress required to stabilize the experimentally observed B19′ structure, and it consequently plays a key role in NiTi’s properties.
Complex boundary elements for contaminant transport

Abstract Recent numerical advances in the Complex Variable Boundary Element Method (CVBEM) provide easier-to-use analysis procedures in the study of advection-dominated contaminant transport of conservative specie migration in a steady groundwater flow field. In this paper, the CVBEM is applied to groundwater advection contaminant transport problems, and the CVBEM numerical error is evaluated by use of the approximate boundary graphical technique. Besides providing actual solutions to many groundwater flow and advective contaminant transport problems, the CVBEM can be used to develop analytic test cases to be used in numerically calibrating other groundwater and contaminant transport numerical models for other classes of problems. In this paper, the CVBEM model is developed by use of a coupled L2/Collocation fit to prescribed boundary conditions.
Acid-base balance in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients

Acid-base balance in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. Endogenous acid production has never been measured directly in dialysis patients and an empiric formula is used to estimate acid production from their protein catabolic rate. We have studied acid-base balance in 19 stable CAPD patients attending the peritoneal dialysis clinic of Mount Sinai Hospital. They obtained a 24 hour collection of peritoneal dialysis fluid and urine while consuming their usual diet and performing their usual activities. Total alkali gain was calculated from net GI alkali absorption plus urinary net acid excretion plus alkali gain from dialysate, while total acid production was measured directly from the urinary and dialysate excretions of sulfate and organic anions. Net GI alkali absorption was estimated from the difference between cations (Na + K + Ca + Mg) and anions (Cl + 1.8P) in the 24 hour dialysate and urine collections minus the daily total amount of lactate infused. All of our patients had a normal or high serum bicarbonate concentration, which was stable with time. Total alkali gain was virtually identical to total acid production (54.2 vs. 52.4 mEq/day) which suggests that these patients were in neutral acid-base balance. Net GI alkali absorption (22.7 mEq/day) was one of the same range as that of chronic renal failure patients not on dialysis and represented almost one half of the total daily alkali gain. The daily acid production of 52.4 mEq/day was numerically equal to 84% of the protein catabolic rate expressed as g/day, which is similar to the predicted value of 77% of PCR reported in the literature. However, the main source of alkali loss, that is, acid production, was the loss of organic anions in dialysate and urine. Daily sulfate excretion (16 mEq/day) was lower than expected for the level of protein intake (protein catabolic rate of 62 g/day). The stable serum bicarbonate concentrations on long-term dialysis suggests a steady state and neutral acid-base balance in these patients. The almost perfect agreement between acid production and total alkali gain supports the validity of our methods for measuring the various parameters of acid-base balance, including net GI absorption of alkali.
The limit distributions of likelihood ratio and cumulative sum tests for a change in a binomial probability

Abstract We obtain limit theorems for likelihood ratio and cumulative sums tests. In the case of the likelihood ratio the centralising and normalising sequences go to infinity and the limit is the Gumbel (double exponential) distribution. The first and the last few observations determine the limit, which also explains why the likelihood ratio test is very powerful on the tails.
The relationship between chlorophyll-protein complexes and chloroplast membrane polypeptides

Abstract The profile of polypeptides obtained by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis of green, lipid-containing chloroplast membrane preparations has been compared with that obtained following the electrophoresis of lipid-extracted membrane preparations. We show that two of the Group II polypeptides whose molecular weight is in the range of 30 000 are part of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex, and that they are seen upon the electrophoresis of both types of preparations. From the study of mutant strains of Chlamydomonas, Hordeum and Pisum in which there are little or no grana formation we propose that the Group II polypeptides are associated with the capacity of chloroplast membranes to stack and that these polypeptides are active at the chloroplast membrane surface both in establishing the position of the light-harvesting chlorophyll and the contacts between membranes. We have also studied the polypeptides that are associated with the chlorophyll-protein complex of Photosystem I. The 110 000-dalton polypeptide seen upon the electrophoresis of lipid-containing preparations is not detected in the electrophoresis of lipid-free preparations; two Group I polypeptides of molecular weight around 60 000 appear instead. We show here that these polypeptides are derived from the 110 000-dalton polypeptide of the Photosystem I chlorophyll-protein complex. Studies of wild-type and mutant strains presented here and elsewhere show that the two polypeptides are not involved in membrane stacking. They may, however, play a role in establishing the site of the chlorophyll a of Photosystem I.
An experimental and analytical investigation of in-plane deformation of 2036-T4 aluminum sheet

Abstract Sheet aluminum alloy (2036-T4) specimens of several geometries were photogrid-ded and pulled in a tensile testing machine while precision photographs were taken of the photogrid. This technique allowed determination of strain distributions and load-displacement points. These results are compared with corresponding results obtained by Finite Element Modeling based on Hill's anisotropic plasticity theory and experimental tensile stress-strain data. FEM predictions and experimental results are in excellent agreement; verifying Hill's model for the case of in-plane deformation of 2036-T4 aluminum alloy between the strain states of plane strain tension and uniaxial tension.
Beyond FAFSA Completion

Earning a college degree has never been more important. People with a college education have on average substantially higher earnings, pay more taxes, live healthier lives, and have more stable mar...
Depths of fracture-initiating flaws and initial stages of crack propagation in glass

Scanning electron micrographs of points of fracture initiation on soda-lime glass surfaces show that the initial stages of crack propagation are complex. The circular intersection of the initial crack path with the final fracture plane is not a measure of the critical flaw depth for initiation of fracture; flaw depths measured by an etching technique are more reliable. Possible explanations for the initial crack paths observed are explored.
Mahler and Stern: Irreconcilable differences?

Recent observational research on infants, particularly that reported by Daniel Stern, challenges some of the basic assumptions of traditional psychodynamic developmental theory. Specifically, Stern takes issue with Margaret Mahler's formulation of separation-individuation and proposes an alternative conceptual framework for charting early development. The purpose of this article is to compare Mahler's and Stern's theories in terms of their epistemology and assumptions, research methods, and developmental schemata. This comparison suggests that, although they appear polarized, the two researchers' ideas can be integrated in ways that enrich social work theory-building and practice.
A REPORT ON THE SHANGHAI THEATRE ACADEMY WINTER INSTITUTE 2013: “SHANGHAI ENCOUNTERS”

On January 10–20, 2013, the Shanghai Theatre Academy (Shanghai xiju xueyuan 上海戲劇學院; hereafter STA) held its second annual Winter Institute, an eleven-day global theater institute and workshop co-sp...
Initiation of lipid peroxidation by a reduced metal ion

Abstract Ferrous iron was more effective than ferric in the initiation of peroxidation of heterogeneous linoleatc at 30 °C. The oxidation observed for ferric catalysis was autocatalytic in nature. Ferrous iron caused a linear uptake of oxygen, except in the more dilute solutions in which the reaction was first linear and subsequently autocatalytic. The results are considered in relation to a hypothesis that the reduced ion is involved in initiation of lipid peroxidation. It is proposed that a perhydroxyl radical is produced by the reduced metal ion. The hypothesis is discussed in relation to other systems.
Burr Minimization in Face Milling: A Geometric Approach

Experimental studies indicate that two types of burrs occur in face milling-primary and secondary burr, which are sensitive to the depth of cut and cutter exit angle. The primary burr is much larger in size compared to the secondary burr and needs to be removed by a deburring operation subsequent to machining, for effective performance of precision parts. In this paper we present a strategy for minimizing burrs in face milling. We develop a representation in a CAD framework to parametrize the edges of a part into primary and secondary burr zones. We present an algorithm which minimizes the primary burrs along the edges of the part, using a variety of objective functions reflective of deburring complexity. The parameters varied in the optimization process are of a geometric nature, affecting the cutter exit angle, and include cutter approach angle, cutter center position and the cutter radius.
The Hall effect in amorphous (Zr0.64Ni0.36)1?x M x alloys (M=Al, Ga)

Values of the room temperature Hall coefficients and electrical resistivity of amorphous melt spun (Zr0.64Ni0.36)1−x Al x and (Zr0.64Ni0.36)1−x Ga x alloys forx=0–0.25 are reported. Addition of Al or Ga to Zr0.64Ni0.36 dramatically increases the already positive Hall coefficient of this alloy and also increases the electrical resistivity and crystallization temperature.
Mechanisms of schistosome immunity.

In 1953, Vogel and Minning [50] published their well-documented study of acquired resistance to S. japonicum in Macaca mulatta, following long-term infection. Since then, immunity has been produced in macaques with the cattle adapted Taiwan strain of S. japonicum [7, 34], and with gamma-radiated cercariae of the human-pathogenic strains of S. japonicum and S. mansoni [6, 33]. Recent results indicate that a high degree of resistance can be attained by repeated infection of macaques with “attenuated” schistosomes, but the applicability of these findings to human vaccination is not clear. The present status of this research has been ably summarized by Sadun [30]. Both practical and biological considerations demand that research be directed toward the underlying mechanisms of schistosome immunity. Progress in this field, however, has been slow.
Attachment styles and interpersonal approach and avoidance goals in everyday couple interactions

Sixty undergraduates at a public university in the northwest United States recorded their approach and avoidance communal (closeness), uncommunal (distance), agentic (assertion), and unagentic (submission) goals during a total of 836 naturalistic interactions with romantic partners. They also completed a self-report measure of attachment style. Secure attachment predicted more approach than avoidance goals, especially agentic goals. Avoidant attachment predicted goals to avoid and not to approach closeness and submission. Anxious attachment predicted more intense and inconsistent goals; for example, anxiety predicted focusing more on avoiding distance yet less on creating closeness and predicted more within-person variability across interactions in goals to approach distance, avoid closeness, avoid assertion, and avoid submission. In sum, the study revealed strong relationships between enduring attachment styles and momentary interpersonal goals in everyday life.
LINK COBORDISM IN RATIONAL HOMOLOGY 3-SPHERES

We define the 2-signatures, 2-nullities and Arf invariants (when possible) for links which are null-homologous modulo two in a rational homology three-sphere. We define these invariants using the Goeritz form on non-oriented spanning surfaces. We develop their cobordism properties from this point of view. We give a good way to index these invariants. We also define d-signatures and d-nullities for links which are null-homologous modulo d in a rational homology sphere from the point of view of branched covers. We index d-signatures and d-nullities and develop their cobordism properties. Finally we define Arf invariants (when possible) in a general closed 3-manifold using spin structures.
Cross Validating Ocean Prediction and Monitoring Systems

With the ongoing development of ocean circulation models and real-time observing systems, routine estimation of the synoptic state of the ocean is becoming feasible for practical and scientific purposes. The models can assist in ocean monitoring and regional dynamics studies, but only after they have been validated. For the first time, beginning 1 November 2004, independent ocean model estimates of the Florida Current (FC) volume transport are available, in real time, for cross validation with observed transport variations forced by cold front passages, tropical cyclones, and other weather systems. The FC flows poleward through the Straits of Florida and ultimately becomes the Gulf Stream. The FC originates from both the large-scale, wind-driven circulation of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre and the trans-equatorial Atlantic thermohaline overturning circulation (i.e., the “global conveyor belt”). The FC is constrained by Florida to the north and/or west and by Cuba and the Bahamas to the south and east, respectively (Figure 1).
Pseudo‐transposition of a Tn5 derivative in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

We constructed a Tn5 derivative for potential use in transposon mutagenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It was incorporated into the chromosome apparently at random following transformation, but the insertion events were dependent on a functional RecA and independent of a functional transposase. Furthermore, in most cases there was an incomplete transposon inserted with little or no IS50 insertion sequence. These observations suggest that TnJ transposition may not be possible in N. gonorrhoeae and that this organism may have an unexplored illegitimate recombination system.
Accounting Information Systems: Essential Concepts and Applications

From the Publisher: This one semester accounting information systems text provides complete coverage of major accounting information systems themes such as controls, transaction cycles, decision making and reporting, and information systems development. Includes extensive pedagogy designed to reinforce concepts and expose students to AIS in practice.
Influence of Growth Conditions on Phase Separation of InGaN Bulk Material Grown by MOCVD

Different types of phase separation in thick InGaN layers were studied using photoluminescence (PL) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). InGaN films of 100 nm in thickness were grown on 2 μm GaN templates with an In molar fraction ranging from 0% to 20% by metal organic chemical phase deposition (MOCVD). It is shown that suppression of the phase separation in InGaN can be made possible by increasing the TMIn flow rate, decreasing the layer thickness and decreasing the growth rate. Based on the results, two types of phase separation, microscopic quantum dots and macroscopic domains, are proposed accordingly. The influence of the growth conditions on each type is summarized respectively in this paper.
Scientific basis and practical aspects of creatine supplementation for athletes

A large number of studies have been published on creatine supplementation over the last decade. Many studies show that creatine supplementation in conjunction with resistance training augments gains in muscle strength and size. The underlying physiological mechanism(s) to explain this ergogenic effect remain unclear. Increases in muscle fiber hypertrophy and myosin heavy chain expression have been observed with creatine supplementation. Creatine supplementation increases acute weightlifting performance and training volume, which may allow for greater overload and adaptations to training. Creatine supplementation may also induce a cellular swelling in muscle cells, which in turn may affect carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Several studies point to the conclusion that elevated intramuscular creatine can enhance glycogen levels but an effect on protein synthesis/degradation has not been consistently detected. As expected there is a distribution of responses to creatine supplementation that can be largely explained by the degree of creatine uptake into muscle. Thus, there is wide interest in methods to maximize muscle creatine levels. A carbohydrate or carbohydrate/protein-induced insulin response appears to benefit creatine uptake. In summary, the predominance of research indicates that creatine supplementation represents a safe, effective, and legal method to enhance muscle size and strength responses to resistance training.
On The Origins of The Cute as a Dominant Aesthetic Category in Digital Culture

In theories of media prior to the digital age, it was imagined that a liberated or socialized media would result in a proliferation of communications for, of, and by the people. It would be possible for media to emerge directly from their publics, and to represent those publics in their fundamental or foundational values and projects. Many theorists, including John Dewey (1927), Hans Enzensberger (1970), and Ivan lllich (1973), gave grounds to expect the general availability of mass communications to be a boon for humanist politics, either democratic or socialist.
A fast algorithm for computing minimum cross-entropy positive time-frequency distributions

An algorithm for obtaining nonnegative, joint time-frequency distributions Q(t, f) satisfying the univariate marginals |s(t)|/sup 2/ and |S(f)|/sup 2/ is presented and applied. The advantage of the algorithm is that large time series records can be processed without the need for large random access memory (RAM) and central processing unit (CPU) time. This algorithm is based on the Loughlin et al. (1992) method for synthesizing positive distributions using the principle of minimum cross-entropy. The nonnegative distributions with the correct marginals that are obtained using this approach are density functions as proposed by Cohen and Zaparovanny (1980) and Cohen and Posch (1985). Three examples are presented: the first is a nonlinear frequency modulation (FM) sweep signal (simulated data); the second and third are of physical systems (real data). The second example is the signal for the acoustic scattering response of an elastic cylindrical shell structure. The third example is of an acoustic transient signal from an underwater vehicle. Example one contains 7500 data points, example two contains 256 data points, and example three contains in excess of 30000 data points. The RAM requirements using the original Loughlin et al. algorithm for a 7500 data point signal is 240 mega bytes and for a 30000 data point signal is 3.5 billion bytes. The new algorithm reduces the 240 mega byte requirement to 1 mega byte and the 3.5 billion byte requirement to 4 million bytes. Furthermore, the fast algorithm runs 240 times faster for the 7500 data point signal and 3000 times faster for the 30000 data point signal as compared with the original Loughlin et al. algorithm.
Cascaded Finite-State Machines

In this paper, networks of finite-state machines, rather than individual machines, are discussed. The investigation centers around cascade networks, where the output of one machine serves as an input to another. It is shown how, by means of connection matrices, the characteristics of such a network can be obtained from those of the component machines, and how a specified machine can be decomposed into a number of cascaded components. The advantages of such a decomposition, as well as some of the problems that remain to be solved in this area, are discussed.
Weight-induced stresses and the recent seismicity at Lake Oroville, California

Lake Oroville is a large artificial lake created by the construction of a 235-m-high earth dam on the Feather River, California, near the city of Oroville. Its storage capacity is about 4.4 × 10^9 m^3, and its maximum depth is about 200 m. There was no significant increase in seismic activity in the lake region following impoundment of the dam late in 1967 until the occurrence of many small seismic events which began in June 1975. This activity lead to a M = 5.7 main shock on August 1, 1975 with an epicenter about 11 km SSW of the Oroville dam. The main shock produced significant damage in the city of Oroville which lies about 7 km NNW of the epicenter. With several cases of reservoir-induced activity already documented, it is natural to inquire whether the Oroville seismicity was due to the presence of the reservoir. As part of such a study, the stresses induced in the neighboring lithosphere by the weight of Lake Oroville are determined. On the basis of present geological data, it is unlikely that these stresses were responsible for the main shock of August 1, 1975. The weight-induced shear stress across the fault plane in the hypocentral region has a component of about 0.04 bar parallel to the reported fault movement but in opposition to this movement. The greatest weight-induced shear stress is about 3.4 bars and this occurs under the deepest portion of the lake. The greatest vertical deflection at the surface due to the weight of Lake Oroville is calculated to be about 5.5 cm.
On the possibility of 'real-time' Monte Carlo calculations for the estimation of absorbed dose in radioimmunotherapy

Abstract Dosimetry calculations of monoclonal antibodies (MABs) are made difficult because the focus of radioactivity is targeted for a nonstandard volume in a nonstandard geometry, precluding straighforward application of the MIRD formalism. The MABDOS software addresses this shortcoming by interactive placement of a spherical perturbation into the Standard Man geometry for each tumor focus. S tables are calculated by a Monte Carlo Simulation of photon transport for each organ system (including tumor) that localizes activity. Performance benchmarks are reported that measure the time required to simulate 60 000 photons for each penetrating radiation in the spectrum of 99m Tc and 131 I using the kidney as source organ. Results indicate that calculation times are probably prohibitive on current microcomputer platforms. Mini and supercomputers offer a realistic platform for MABDOS patient dosimetry estimates.
Global Environmental Degradation and International Organizations

International organizations are critical for global environmental policymaking as catalytic agents of desirable change, and in the case of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) as the coordinative mechanism as well. Only in the face of severe degradation or impending catastrophies has the world community responded to challenges. However, for the policy to be effective, the necessary financial support needs to be generated, assured, and vastly increased; and the locus of policy making shifted to a main organ of the United Nations-conceivably as an Environmental Council, supplanting the Trusteeship Council and being co-equal in status with the Economic and Social Council, with the UNEP as its coordinative arm. From the perspective of global policy, the issue of environmental degradation has moved rapidly from a low-priority item to one of the highest priority in international governmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as in the increasingly significant international ad hoc conferences which involve a large number of states. By the end of the 1980s, the environmental agenda has come to vie for priority with the resources and social agendas, with which it is inextricably intertwined. However, despite encouraging indications reflected in the positions of the two superpowers and other major states in the United Nations system, environmental considerations do not seem as yet to weigh as heavily as the economic and political ones at the global policy levels. It is the inescapable tension between the politico-economic considerations on the one hand and environmental ones on the other which has characterized world policy making in the 1980s (see Soroos, 1986; Brown et al, 1989). For the purposes of this paper, environmental degradation is viewed as: contamination or drastic human transformation of the land, air, and water on the planet, or of the condition of outer space, which is injurious to the components of the global eco-system and sometimes in a synergistic way for the system as a whole; significant reductions in the numbers, or even extinction, of plant and animal species as well as microorganisms in the global eco-system due to drastic changes brought about by human activity or societal processes, such as excessive pollution or deforestation; erosion of the soil at such a rate that its organic layer disappears more
Juggling Scarves or Inclusion for What? Young Children with Special Needs in an Era of School ‘Reform’

The article raises questions about the discourse of difference, the meaning of inclusion, the impacts of school ‘reform’ on young children with special needs, and the purposes of schools in the USA. The author uses her own story as a mother of a first-grade daughter with special needs chastised for not wanting to juggle scarves to ask, Inclusion for what? To what end? The author highlights the connections between the economic and educational systems in the USA and asks educators to rethink what schools are for. Finally, she calls for all educators concerned with social justice to take on the transformation of society and schools to move them in a more humane direction.
Performance analysis for stable mobile robot navigation solutions

Robot navigation in complex, dynamic and unstructured environments demands robust mapping and localization solutions. One of the most popular methods in recent years has been the use of scan-matching schemes where temporally correlated sensor data sets are registered for obtaining a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) navigation solution. The primary bottleneck of such scan-matching schemes is correspondence determination, i.e. associating a feature (structure) in one dataset to its counterpart in the other. Outliers, occlusions, and sensor noise complicate the determination of reliable correspondences. This paper describes testing scenarios being developed at NIST to analyze the performance of scan-matching algorithms. This analysis is critical for the development of practical SLAM algorithms in various application domains where sensor payload, wheel slippage, and power constraints impose severe restrictions. We will present results using a high-fidelity simulation testbed, the Unified System for Automation and Robot Simulation (USARSim).
Febuxostat-induced acute liver injury.

Febuxostat is a unique xanthine oxidase inhibitor that was approved for the prevention of gout in the United States in 2009.1 Unlike allopurinol, febuxostat is not a nucleoside analogue and has a higher specificity for xanthine oxidase. Although this drug has not been on the market for a long time, febuxostat may be safer than allopurinol.2,3 Importantly, febuxostat appears to be safer than allopurinol, which has been linked to many instances of severe hypersensitivity reactions, including skin rash with eosinophilia and systemic manifestations (DRESS syndrome), Stevens Johnson syndrome, acute nephritis, acute icteric hepatitis and acute liver failure.3,4 While febuxostat is not infrequently associated with serum enzyme elevations during treatment, it has yet to be linked to cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury.3, 4 We report a case of acute liver injury with jaundice due to febuxostat and which was identified in a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States.5
Bureaucracy, Power, and Threat: Unions and Strikes in The United States, 1990-2001

The bureaucratization of many social movements has generated controversy among scholars and activists alike. While there is considerable evidence that formalized social movement organizations (SMOs) tend to be successful, critics maintain that such actors invariably shift resources away from protest, reducing their disruptive potential. The current research seeks to reorient this debate by introducing the concept of threat as an integral, but overlooked, dimension of protest. Specifically, I hypothesize that the costs associated with collective action will motivate formalized SMOs to leverage the threat of protest to achieve new gains. The empirical case is made using data from a sample of labor unions and their strike activity from 1990-2001, a period of growing acrimony between organized labor and firms that is particularly well suited for analyzing threat. The findings highlight the role of threat in movement challenges and how it interacts with the broader environment within which the SMO is embedded.
Neurosyphilis in AIDS

The presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities does not necessarily predict the development of neurosyphilis. The characteristic spinal cord syndrome associated with parenchymatous neurosyphilis is tabes dorsalis. A more rapid development of neurosyphilis in HIV-infected individuals than would otherwise be expected may result from the impairment of delayed hypersensitivity. Despite the associated immunosuppression, serum nontreponemal titers at the time of presentation of neurosyphilis in the HIV-infected individual are typically high, averaging 1:128. In general, those neurologic manifestations occurring early in syphilis, namely, asymptomatic neurosyphilis and syphilitic meningitis, are readily treatable and typically resolve without neurologic sequelae. Dependence on the CSF for determining the adequacy of treatment for neurosyphilis in HIV-infected individuals often yields inaccurate results, due to the frequency with which CSF abnormalities are detected with HIV infection alone. Neurosyphilis is broadly defined as the occurrence of neurological complications due to infection with Treponema pallidum. While the diagnosis of syphilis is relatively straightforward with serum tests for demonstration of treponeme or immune response to this pathogen, the diagnosis of neurosyphilis is more complicated. The goal of neurosyphilis treatment is to reach treponemicidal levels of penicillin in the CSF. The best determinant of treatment adequacy for neurosyphilis is the resolution of CSF abnormalities, although it often yields inaccurate results in HIV patients because of irregularities due to HIV infection alone. HIV-seropositive patients should be monitored for neurosyphilis relapse for at least 2 years following treatment.
Seeing algebraic thinking in the classroom: a study of teachers' conceptualizations of algebra

Ideas about how students learn algebra have shifted over the years. Reform curricula have been developed to address these changes. Teachers' conceptualizations of algebra play a large role in how they view and implement reform curricula. This paper explores teachers' conceptualizations of algebra and investigates how they draw on their conceptualizations in the moments of instruction through the use of new methods that incorporate teacher-selected classroom video clips. Data revealed that teachers' verbal descriptions of student algebraic thinking did not always align with moments of instruction they selected as providing evidence of student algebraic thinking.
Management of Large Wood in Streams: An Overview and Proposed Framework for Hazard Evaluation†

Instream and floodplain wood can provide many benefits to river ecosystems, but can also create hazards for inhabitants, infrastructure, property, and recreational users in the river corridor. We propose a decision process for managing large wood, and particularly for assessing the relative benefits and hazards associated with individual wood pieces and with accumulations of wood. This process can be applied at varying levels of effort, from a relatively cursory visual assessment to more detailed numerical modeling. Decisions to retain, remove, or modify wood in a channel or on a floodplain are highly dependent on the specific context: the same piece of wood that might require removal in a highly urbanized setting may provide sufficient benefits to justify retention in a natural area or lower-risk urban setting. The proposed decision process outlined here can be used by individuals with diverse technical backgrounds and in a range of urban to natural river reaches so that opportunities for wood retention or enhancement are increased.
Binary Bullets: The Ethics of Cyberwarfare, edited by Fitz Allhoff, Adam Henschke and Bradley Jay Strawser

How should we best balance the normative dimensions of “cyberwarfare” against the implications of these fundamentally ethical considerations on policy? Binary Bullets: The Ethics of Cyberwarfare, a...
Perioperative Dexamethasone and the Development of Chronic Postmastectomy Pain: A Single-Center Observational Cohort Study.

Background and Objectives Perioperative modulation of the surgical inflammatory response has been hypothesized as a viable pharmacological preventive target for the development of chronic pain after surgery. The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate an association between intravenous dexamethasone 4 to 20 mg on the day of surgery with self-reported pain in the breast or axilla 3 months or more after mastectomy. Methods The study was a secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort investigation. Subjects who have undergone mastectomy surgery were evaluated at least 3 months after the surgical procedure for the presence of chronic postsurgical pain using validated pain questionnaires. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds of development of chronic postsurgical pain in subjects who did and did not receive perioperative dexamethasone. Results Three hundred ten patients were included in the study. Fifty-two patients (17%) met the IMMPACT (Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials) criteria for chronic pain in the breast and/or axillary region. Two hundred eleven (68%) of 310 subjects received perioperative dexamethasone on doses varying from 4 to 20 mg. The incidence of chronic pain in the mastectomy group who received perioperative dexamethasone was not different, 15 (15.2%) of 84 compared with 37 (17.5%) of 211 in the group who did not receive perioperative dexamethasone, difference −2% (95% confidence interval, −10 to 7; P = 0.75). Conclusions Perioperative dexamethasone is not associated with a reduction in the incidence and/or severity of chronic postmastectomy pain. In addition, we did not detect a dose-response effect of dexamethasone on the incidence of chronic postsurgical pain.
Iconoscopy Between Phaneroscopy and Semeiotic

Phaneroscopy and semeiotic study two entities with distinct modes of being : the phaneron and the sign. Each consists in a continuum, one of first intention, the other of second intention, the latter lying within the former. Peirce sought to solve the question of the passage from one to the other since the time of his first publication ‘Upon a New List of Categories’. The mature writings reveal the important role the notion of image plays in this transition. Peirce indeed develops a pragmatic conception of image that turns the latter into the fundamental ingredient of the concrete experience of signs. An image in this sense is not a drawing or a picture, but at first a logical concept with a mathematical basis that helps explain the psychological phenomenon. The image is at the junction between the percept (phaneral element) and the perceptual judgment (the most elementary kind of semiotic event) through the percipuum, and it can be observed through a special kind of activity called iconoscopy. I shall present those properties of the image that allow it to govern the transition between phaneron and sign, and clarify in what sense Peirce could assert that images ‘instigate to judgment’.
Aromatic solute photoionization studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy

Femtosecond pump-probe techniques are used to study the photoionization of aromatic molecules in polar solution.
Increasing Prevalence and the Problem of Diagnosis

Early estimates proposed an autism prevalence of 4 in 10,000 children worldwide. The Centers for Disease Control reported that the US prevalence rate had increased to 1 in 88 children by 2008, and a population prevalence study conducted from 2005 to 2009 in Korea reported an autism prevalence rate of 1 in 37 children. Causes for the sharply increasing prevalence of autism included diagnostic criteria changes, diagnostic substitution, special education policy changes, increased availability of services, and heightened awareness of autism. However, some researchers argued that a portion of the increased prevalence was likely to represent a true increase in incidence. DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder were criticized by parents, advocacy groups, and some psychiatrists because the criteria were predicted to reduce prevalence at the cost of excluding previously diagnosed groups. Analysis of the criteria further suggested that DSM-5 did not address the problem of heterogeneity in autism.
Summary and Future Challenges

We are on the verge of an extraordinary and exciting time in cardiovascular medicine. Until recently, it was believed that tissue damaged during a myocardial infarction was permanently lost. We now understand that there is a stem cell-based repair process that attempts to repair the injured myocardium. Unfortunately, this is a clinically inefficient process because of the short period during which the molecular signals are expressed, too few stem cells and/or the wrong cell type entering the injured tissue, or the lack of coordinating and/or differentiation signals expressed in the injured tissue. Importantly, we are now actively developing strategies that we believe could not only recover cardiac function but regenerate myocardial tissue as well. Further development and clinical fruition of these strategies for the treatment and/or prevention of chronic heart failure will require a high level of collaboration between the basic scientist and clinician and a great deal of rigorous work on both sides. The combination of the increasing prevalence of congestive heart failure, the economic burden of caring for these patients and the morbidity and mortality associated with the diagnosis, the potential human and societal benefits of unlocking the potential of stem cell therapy as a treatment is extraordinary.
Attitudes and Decision Making Related to Pregnancy Among Young Women with Cystic Fibrosis

Introduction The number of female patients with CF able to consider pregnancy has increased with improved therapies. This study explored attitudes and decision making regarding pregnancy among young women with CF. Methods Twenty-two women with CF ages 18–30 years completed semi-structured, in-person interviews exploring experiences with preconception counseling and reproductive care in the CF setting. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using a thematic analysis approach. Results Participants indicated CF is a major factor in pregnancy decision making. Although women acknowledged that CF influences attitudes toward pregnancy, many expressed confusion about how CF can affect fertility/pregnancy. Many perceived disapproval from CF providers regarding pregnancy and were dissatisfied with reproductive care in the CF setting. Discussion Young female patients with CF reported poor understanding of the effect of CF on fertility and pregnancy and limited preconception counseling in CF care. Improvements in female sexual and reproductive health care in CF are warranted.
Genetic Uncoupling of the Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Quiescence and Self-Renewal.

Abstract It is usually stated that HSCs must choose to either self-renew or to differentiate and lose some of their multi potentiality. Recently, we demonstrated that MEF, an ETS family of transcription factor, played an important role in regulating HSC quiescence, illustrating a third choice for the HSC, namely to make an “active” choice and remain quiescent, without undergoing either self-renewal, or differentiation. MEF null HSCs are more quiescent than normal HSCs. In addition, MEF null mice exhibit greater numbers of hematopoietic stem cells and show resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Little is known about the regulation of self-renewal vs. quiescence of HSCs, however the cdk inhibitor p21 has been implicated in regulating both HSC quiescence and proliferation. In the absence of p21, hematopoietic stem cell numbers are reported to be increased, but so is proliferation, leading to stem cell exhaustion. This implies that while p21 may maintain HSCs in their quiescent state, MEF functions to facilitate the entry of quiescent HSCs into the cycle, To investigate the potential opposing roles of MEF and p21 in HSC quiescence and self-renewal and to test whether the quiescent state of MEF null HSCs is dependent on the presence of p21, we have generated MEF / p21 double-knockout (DKO) mice. These mice are viable and born at normal mendelian frequency. MEF / p21 DKO mice have a higher than normal proportion of HSCs in the G0 phase, based on Pyronin Y/Hoechst staining and staining for the proliferation antigen Ki-67. Thus, the increased quiescence is not dependent on the presence of p21. However, by measuring LSK cells, we have observed a normal number of HSCs in the bone marrow of MEF / p21 DKO mice, in contrast to the increased number of HSCs in the bone marrow of MEF null mice. This suggests that the increased number of hematopoietic stem cells in MEF null mice is dependent on p21. Ongoing studies will further address the unique mechanisms that control HSC vs. stem cell expansion.
Set Your Agricultural Publications Free in the HathiTrust Repository

The HathiTrust repository contains agricultural Experiment Station and Extension Service publications from all 50 of the United States. But to freely display the post-1923 documents, HathiTrust requires a Permission Agreement form giving them a nonexclusive permission to distribute from the copyright holder. Agriculture librarians are encouraged to obtain signed Permission Agreement forms for the agricultural publications in HathiTrust from their state. Once Permission Agreement forms are obtained from your local copyright holding administrators, submit them to HathiTrust at (feedback@issues.hathitrust.org).
A large-area strain sensing technology for monitoring fatigue cracks in steel bridges

This paper presents a novel large-area strain sensing technology for monitoring fatigue cracks in steel bridges. The technology is based on a soft elastomeric capacitor (SEC), which serves as a flexible and large-area strain gauge. Previous experiments have verified the SEC's capability to monitor low-cycle fatigue cracks experiencing large plastic deformation and large crack opening. Here an investigation into further extending the SEC's capability for long-term monitoring of fatigue cracks in steel bridges subject to traffic loading, which experience smaller crack openings. It is proposed that the peak-to-peak amplitude (pk–pk amplitude) of the sensor's capacitance measurement as the indicator of crack growth to achieve robustness against capacitance drift during long-term monitoring. Then a robust crack monitoring algorithm is developed to reliably identify the level of pk–pk amplitudes through frequency analysis, from which a crack growth index (CGI) is obtained for monitoring fatigue crack growth under various loading conditions. To generate representative fatigue cracks in a laboratory, loading protocols were designed based on constant ranges of stress intensity to limit plastic deformations at the crack tip. A series of small-scale fatigue tests were performed under the designed loading protocols with various stress intensity ratios. Test results under the realistic fatigue crack conditions demonstrated the proposed crack monitoring algorithm can generate robust CGIs which are positively correlated with crack lengths and independent from loading conditions.
Management of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: engaging in physical activity

Regular physical activity is an important component in the management of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM), as it has the potential to improve glycemic control, delay cardiovascular complications, and increase overall well-being. Unfortunately, many children and adolescents with diabetes do not partake in regular exercise and physical activity for multiple reasons. This review identifies the barriers to participation from the aspect of the patient, caregiver, and the healthcare provider. The management of physical activity of children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus is unique and requires an understanding of exercise physiology and how it differs in these children and adolescents from those without the condition. These individuals are at risk for important and potentially life threatening complications including, but not limited to, severe or delayed nocturnal hypoglycemia. It is essential to identify these risks as well as, monitor and manage adjustments to carbohydrate intake and insulin dosing through basal-bolus regimen or insulin pump adjustments appropriately before, during, and after the exercise activity. This review discusses these issues and also outlines differences in management between patients with T1DM and T2DM.
Emotional Intelligence and OCB: The Moderating Role of Locus of Control

Despite widespread interest in emotional intelligence (EI), little empirical research has tested the fundamental assumption that EI contributes to organizational effectiveness. In this study, we so...