cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health and Climate Benefits of Heat Adaptation Strategies in Single-Family Residential Buildings

As the frequency and severity of extreme heat increases with global climate change, residential buildings play a key role in defining personal temperature exposures. In recent decades, residential buildings have become the focus of energy efficiency and cost savings programs and initiatives. Residential buildings can also mitigate high indoor temperatures and heat-related health impacts, but these heat adaptation interventions have not been fully evaluated for their potential energy, climate, and health benefits. We aimed to quantify the health and climate benefits of energy and indoor temperature reductions that result from heat adaptation strategies applied to residential (specifically single-family detached built between 1990-2010) buildings in 10 U.S. cities. Building energy models were used to simulate energy reduction retrofits, including changing roof reflectivity, adding window overhangs, improving window properties, and roof/wall insulation, as well as the addition of shade trees and indoor phase change materials. We used the building simulation results to estimate attendant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria air pollution (AP) emissions from the electrical grid, and used the damage estimates to evaluate the resulting climate and health benefits. Under light and deep retrofit scenarios respectively, we estimate that the simulated heat adaptation retrofits in this subset of relatively new buildings have the potential to yield $1.10 or $1.57 billion in direct utilities savings. There is an additional $462.9 million ($301.3 - $909.9 million) or $692.8 million ($442.6 million - $1.385 billion) in climate and health benefits, due to avoided GHG and AP emissions. Put simply, the climate and health benefits may account for an additional 42-44% of the direct utility savings, on average. Climate and health benefits were generally highest for adaptations simulated in hot climates (Dallas, TX and Houston, TX) or in areas with dirtier fuel mixes (Chicago, IL and Philadelphia, PA). When climate and health savings are included, the payback periods of these interventions can decrease by nearly half. We also discuss the potential additional health benefits of reducing indoor temperatures during extreme heat. These significant savings from avoided climate and public health damages should be factored into climate adaptation decision making by stakeholders and policymakers.
Incremental prognostic value of visually estimated coronary artery calcium in patients undergoing positron emission tomography imaging.

Objective Visually estimated coronary artery calcium (VECAC) from chest CT or attenuation correction (AC)/CT obtained during positron emission tomography (PET)–myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is feasible. Our aim was to determine the prognostic value of VECAC beyond conventional risk factors and PET imaging parameters, including coronary flow reserve (CFR). Methods We analysed 608 patients without known coronary artery disease who underwent PET–MPI between 2012 and 2016 and had AC/CT and/or chest CT images. We used Cox regression to estimate the association of VECAC categories (≤10, 11–400, >400 Agatston units (AU)) with the primary outcome of all-cause death, acute coronary syndrome or stroke (mean follow-up 4.3±1.8 years). C-statistics assessed the relationship between PET parameters and VECAC with the primary outcome. Results Mean age was 58±11 years, 65% were women and 67% were black. VECAC ≤10, 11–400 and >400 AU was observed in 68%, 12% and 20% of subjects, respectively. Compared with VECAC ≤10, VECAC categories 11–400 (HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.24 to 4.08) and >400 AU (HR 3.05, 95% CI 1.87 to 4.98) were associated with the primary outcome after adjusting for traditional risk factors, MPI findings and CFR. Adding VECAC to a model that included PET–MPI, CFR and clinical risk factors improved the prognostic value for the primary outcomes (c-statistic 0.71 to 0.75 with VECAC, p=0.01). Conclusions VECAC is a potent predictor of events beyond traditional risk factors and PET imaging markers, including CFR. These data further support the importance for routine VECAC implementation.
Effects of Local Culture and Teacher Efficacy on Teacher Enactment of Curriculum Reform in South Korea

Guided by social cognitive theory (SCT), this research investigates the structural relationships among local culture, teacher efficacy, and teachers’ exercise of curricular autonomy. A total of 605...
PTC: an interactive tool for phylogenetic tree construction

A phylogenetic tree represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. In this work, we introduce a novel interactive tool for constructing phylogenetic trees, phylogenetic tree construction package. The package supports four well-known algorithms, unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average, neighbor joining, Fitch Margoliash, and maximum parsimony.
Efficient shared memory and RDMA based design for MPI_Allgather over infiniband

MPI_Allgather is an important collective operation which is used in applications such as matrix multiplication and in basic linear algebra operations. With the next generation systems going multi-core, the clusters deployed would enable a high process count per node. The traditional implementations of Allgather use two separate channels, namely network channel for communication across the nodes and shared memory channel for intra-node communication. An important drawback of this approach is the lack of sharing of communication buffers across these channels. This results in extra copying of data within a node yielding sub-optimal performance. This is true especially for a collective involving large number of processes with a high process density per node. In the approach proposed in the paper, we propose a solution which eliminates the extra copy costs by sharing the communication buffers for both intra and inter node communication. Further, we optimize the performance by allowing overlap of network operations with intra-node shared memory copies. On a 32, 2-way node cluster, we observe an improvement upto a factor of two for MPI_Allgather compared to the original implementation. Also, we observe overlap benefits upto 43% for 32x2 process configuration.
Process technology for achieving government online dispute resolution

We have taken on the challenge of using process technology to help create Government Online Dispute Resolution (GODR) systems. The creation of even straightforward digital government applications has lagged parallel developments in e-commerce, due in part to the stringent requirements we place on digital government and to the requirements for collaboration among all stakeholders our system of government imposes. Our premise is that to meet these requirements and overcome resistance to change we must focus on establishing and maintaining trust in all stakeholders. We envision that the development of digital government systems will be viewed as the design, analysis, implementation, execution, and modification of efficient, effective processes with stringent fairness requirements. We are merging powerful process definition and analysis approaches into participatory design methods to overcome resistance to change in order to create digital government systems that are efficient and effective and also convey a strong sense of fairness leading to a high level of trustworthiness.
Ergodic and Bernoulli properties of analytic maps of complex projective space

We examine the measurable ergodic theory of analytic maps F of complex projective space. We focus on two different classes of maps, Ueda maps of P n , and rational maps of the sphere with parabolic orbifold and Julia set equal to the entire sphere. We construct measures which are invariant, ergodic, weak- or strong-mixing, exact, or automorphically Bernoulli with respect to these maps. We discuss topological pressure and measures of maximal entropy (h μ (F) = h top (F) = log(deg F)). We find analytic maps of P 1 and P 2 which are one-sided Bernoulli of maximal entropy, including examples where the maximal entropy measure lies in the smooth measure class. Further, we prove that for any integer d > 1, there exists a rational map of the sphere which is one-sided Bernoulli of entropy log d with respect to a smooth measure.
Factors Influencing the Photodynamic Action of Benzo[a]pyrene on Escherichia coli

Death of Escherichia coli resulted when a buffer suspension was exposed simultaneously to colloidal benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and 355-mμ illumination. Neither hydrocarbon nor illumination alone caused death; oxygen had to be present. The survival curve had a shoulder, and then death proceeded exponentially with time. Death rate was independent of temperature between 6 and 32 C. The duration of the shoulder, however, decreased slightly with increase in temperature. The shoulder was not due to delay in BP entering the cell. Death was influenced by the composition of the medium in which the cells were grown prior to illumination. The amount of BP bound to the cells was determined after three ethyl alcoholether extractions. Appreciable binding occurred in the presence of 355-mμ illumination with air, and relatively little binding occurred under nitrogen; very little binding occurred in the dark with nitrogen or air. At the outset, rate of binding under illumination with air was not temperature-dependent, but with time it became strongly temperature-dependent. Binding under illumination with nitrogen was temperature-independent. Bound BP was associated primarily with cell protein. Cells in growth medium resisted death and BP binding. At 21 and 32 C, deoxyribonucleic acid damage occurred during exponential death. No damage was detected at 21 and 32 C in the dark with BP, under illumination in absence of BP, or under illumination with BP in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Observations of the outer atmospheric regions of α Orionis

We present three separate observational studies of mass flows above the photosphere of α Ori (M2 Ia-Ib). The Ca II infrared triplet lines and Hα are asymmetric showing a systematic blue shift with decreasing residual intensity. These lines remain fixed in wavelength although the weak photospheric lines vary by ±4 km/sec. Observations of the 4.6μ vibration-rotation spectrum of CO show two sharp, cold components expanding at velocities of 10 and 17 km/sec relative to the centre of mass. Direct photographs of the shell in the light of KI λ7699 show that the cold shell is asymmetric and extends outward to at least 50”. Details of these studies are either in press or will be submitted to “The Astrophysical Journal”.
Stability of antibiotics under growth conditions for thermophilic anaerobes.

It was shown that the inhibitory effect of kanamycin and streptomycin in a growing culture of Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum JW 102 is of limited duration. To screen a large number of antibiotics, their stability during incubation under the growth conditions of thermophilic clostridia was determined at 72 and 50 degrees C by using a 0.2% yeast extract-amended prereduced mineral medium with a pH of 7.3 or 5.0. Half-lives were determined in a modified MIC test with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus megaterium as indicator strains. All compounds tested were similar at the two temperatures or more stable at 50 than at 72 degrees C. The half-life (t1/2) at pH 7.3 and 72 degrees C ranged from 3.3 h (k = 7.26 day-1, where k [degradation constant] = 1/t1/2) for ampicillin to no detectable loss of activity for kanamycin, neomycin, and other antibiotics. Apparently some compounds (e.g., lasalocid and neomycin) became more potent during incubation (k greater than 0). A change to pH 5.0 caused some compounds to become more labile (e.g., kanamycin) and others (e.g., streptomycin) to become more stable than at pH 7.3.
Building a labor anthropology

At the port of Charleston, South Carolina in January of 2000, members of the predominantly African-American Local 1422 of the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) picketed a ship being unloaded by nonunion workers. Their picket turned into a police riot, and in the aftermath, five dockworkers were arrested and charged with a felony. On the Global Waterfront: The Fight to Free the Charleston 5 by writer and former union organizer Suzan Erem and anthropologist E. Paul Durrenberger is an account of the successful international campaign on behalf of these workers. I attended an event sponsored by the New York City Charleston 5 Defense Committee in 2001. Defense committees were formed throughout the country, and there were dozens of meetings like this one. At the New York event, held in Brooklyn's Lafayette Presbyterian Church, an institution well known for its support of progressive causes, I listened to Local 1422 president Ken Riley and Bill Fletcher (then assistant to the president of the AFL-CIO) explain that the dockworkers were under house arrest and faced five years in jail. They also told us that the small, 600 member local was being sued for millions by both the shipping company, Nordana, and the union-busting stevedoring firm, WSI. As I learned that evening, and as Erem and Durrenberger masterfully show in On the Global Waterfront, this was not an ordinary labor-management dispute. The stakes were so high that they suggested class interest and struggle that went well beyond the particular conflict. The political ambition of the state Attorney General Charlie Condon was on the table. Condon pushed the Charleston police to up the riot charges to a felony so he could summon South Carolina's racist and anti-union legacy as he used this case to pursue higher office. Also at stake was the intense pressure for capital accumulation in the global shipping industry, a sector that used containerization for decades to
Branch number and height effects on the multi-branch dual-band monopole antenna

Dual-band antennas with one feed have some advantages over multi-feed antennas and were proposed for cellular applications. These antennas can also be used for dual-band ISM applications. The antenna, proposed by Liu (see IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium and URSI Radio Science Meeting Proceedings, Orlando, Florida, vol.3, p.1578-81, 1999) consists of a monopole and one or more branches as shown. The branches have an equal length and are circumferentially connected to the monopole a short distance away from the monopole feed point. The branches are parallel to and a small distance away from the monopole. In this design, the center monopole, roughly speaking, works for the low band, while the branches work for the high band. We study the effects of the number of branches and the branch height on the antenna performance. The method of moments is used to find the input impedance of the antenna, while the genetic algorithm is used for searching the resonating monopole and branch lengths for a given number of branches, branch height and the distance between the monopole and the branches.
Does timing of neonatal inguinal hernia repair affect outcomes

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine practice variability and compare outcomes between early and delayed neonatal inguinal hernia repair (IHR). Methods Patients admitted to neonatal intensive care units with a diagnosis of IH who underwent IHR by age 1year in the Pediatric Health Information System from 1999 to 2011 were included. IHR after the index hospitalization was considered delayed. Inter-hospital variability in the proportion of delayed repairs and differences in outcomes for each group were compared. A propensity score matched analysis was performed to account for baseline differences between treatment groups. Results Of the 2030 patients identified, 32.9% underwent delayed IHR with significant variability in the proportion of patients having delayed repair across hospitals (p Conclusions Significant variability in practice exists between children's hospitals in the timing of IHR, with delayed repair associated with incarceration and early repair with a higher rate of reoperation.
On the use of modern tropical domed peats as analogues for petrographic variation in Carboniferous coal beds

Abstract A series of peat cores were collected along four transects in Indonesia and Malaysia for the purpose of developing modern analogues for the development of bright and dull lithofacies in coal (Fig. 1). Each deposit consists of a number of well-defined zones of peat which reflect the original plant types and the degree of degradation. These components vary with respect to their position within the peat body. For example, the Sumatran deposit consists of predominantly of moderately decomposed woody peat with thin interbeds of coarser peat which become thicker in the central upper portion of the deposit (Fig. 2.). In contrast, the cross sections from the Malyasian transects show more distinct stratification in peat types and thicker coarse peat zones in the center of the deposit (Fig. 3). Presumably, as the coast progrades, the near-coastal peats are being progressively overlain by inland forest peats as evidenced in the more mature deposits landward (Anderson, 1964). Although comparisons of bright to dull trends in coal (i.e., decreasing vitrain band thickness and/or vitrinite content) have been made to the internal strata of the peat on the basis of the decreasing distribution of large wood fragments upwards within the deposits (Esterle and Ferm, 1986; Esterle and Tie, in press) the “premaceral” composition of these peats has not been fully established. For this purpose, a series of samples from each deposit was selected for petrographic examination in reflected light using coal petrologic methods. Wet peat samples were first frozen in liquid nitrogen, lyophilized and finally vacuum-impregnated with a low-temperature bioplastic. Impregnated samples were then set up as blocks, ground and polished for petrographic examination using brown-coal terminology. Preliminary results show striking differences between the distinctly domed peat at Tg. Pasir in Sarawak, and the relatively flat-topped peat in Jambi, Sumatra. Although the composition of both deposits is dominated by macerals of the huminite group which show relative decreases in the amount of structured textinite and humotelinite downhole and towards the margins of the deposit, internite contents vary differently. In the Sarawak domed deposit, inertinite macerals are virtually absent throughout and only occur in low percentages ( The results of preliminary petrographic examination suggest that modifications are needed for the usage of modern domed peat deposits as analogues for petrographic variation in Carboniferous coal beds. Although the decrease in the size and amount of wood fragments in modern domed peat deposits supports a dulling-up, or decreasing vitrain-band thickness model for coal on a megascopic scale, the petrographic data show contradictory evidence.
Quantum Unique Ergodicity and Number Theory

A fundamental problem in the area of quantum chaos is to understand the distribution of high eigenvalue eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on certain Riemannian manifolds. A particular case which is of interest to number theorists concerns hyperbolic surfacess arising as a quotient of the upper half-plane by a discrete “arithmetic” subgroup of SL2(R) (for example, SL2(Z), and in this case the corresponding eigenfunctions are called Maass cusp forms). In this case, Rudnick and Sarnak have conjectured that the high energy eigenfunctions become equi-distributed. I will discuss some recent progress which has led to a resolution of this conjecture, and also on a holomorphic analog for classical modular forms
Fractured States: Smallpox, Public Health and Vaccination Policy in British India, 1800–1947; Health and Society in Bengal: A Selection from Late 19th-Century Bengali Periodicals

Fractured States: Smallpox, Public Health and Vaccination Policy in British India, 1800–1947 Sanjoy Bhattacharya, Mark Harrison and Michael Worboys New Delhi, Orient Longman, 2005 x + 264 pp., ISBN...
Survival of tumor and normal cells upon targeting with electron-emitting radionuclides

Purpose: Previous studies have shown that the mean absorbed dose to a tissue element may not be a suitable quantity for correlating with the biological response of cells in that tissue element. Cell survival can depend strongly on the distribution of radioactivity at the cellular and multicellular levels. Furthermore, when cellular absorbed doses are examined, the cross-dose from neighbor cells can be less radiotoxic than the self-dose component. To better understand how the nonuniformity of activity among cells can affect the dose response, a computer model of a 3D tissue culture was previously constructed and showed that activity distribution among cells is significantly more relevant than the mean absorbed dose for low-energy-electron emitters. The present work greatly expands upon those findings. Methods: In the present study, we used this same computer model but restricted the number of labeled cells to a fraction of the whole cell population (50%, 10%, and 1%, respectively). The labeled cells were randomly distributed among the whole cell population. Results: While the activity distribution is an important factor in determining the tissue response for low-energy-electron emitters, the fraction of labeled cells has an even more pronounced effect on survival response. For all electron energies studied, reducing the percentage of cells labeled significantly increases the surviving fraction of the whole population. Conclusions: This study provides abundant information on killing tumor and normal cells under some conditions relevant to targeted radionuclide therapy of isolated tumor cells and micrometastases. The percentage of cells labeled, activity distribution among the labeled cells, and electron energy play key roles in determining their response. Most importantly, and not previously demonstrated, lognormal activity distributions can have a profound impact on the response of the tumor cells even when the radionuclide emits high-energy electrons.
Myelin‐associated glycoprotein in multiple sclerosis lesions: A quantitative and qualitative analysis

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), myelin basic protein (MBP), and proteolipid protein (PLP) were quantitated by immunoassays in nine plaque, inner periplaque, outer periplaque, and normal-appearing white matter regions from brains of five multiple sclerosis patients and compared with the levels found in white matter samples of control subjects matched for age, postmortem time, and brain region. In plaque and inner periplaque regions, all three proteins were substantially reduced due to extensive myelin loss. In outer periplaque regions, MBP and PLP were close to control levels, but MAG was significantly reduced to a mean of 57% of control. All three proteins were close to control levels in the normal-appearing white matter samples. MAG in the various regions was qualitatively examined on Western blots by binding of lectins and by immunostaining with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against carbohydrate and protein epitopes of MAG. Densitometric scanning of these blots did not reveal any qualitative differences in the oligosaccharide or polypeptide moieties of MAG between samples from control subjects and those from multiple sclerosis patients. However, a high proportion of the MAG in the multiple sclerosis samples was often in the form of dMAG, a proteolytic derivative of MAG that is formed by a myelin-associated, Ca2+-activated, neutral protease. The preferential loss of MAG at the periphery of multiple sclerosis plaques may be initiated by its proteolytic conversion to dMAG.
A new model of reticulopodial motility and shape: Evidence for a microtubule‐based motor and an actin skeleton

Cytoskeletal inhibitors were used as probes to test the involvement of microtubules and actin microfilaments in the development, motility, and shape maintenance of the pseudopodial networks (i e, reticulopodia) of the foraminifers Allogromia sp strain NF and Allogromia laticollaris. Agents that disassemble cytoplasmic microtubules (cold, colchicine, and nocodazole) arrest all movement but have variable effects on reticulopodial shape. Electron microscopy reveals a granulofibrillar matrix but few, if any, microtubules in these motility-arrested reticulopods. Allogromiids treated with cytochalasin B or D lose substrate adhesion and undergo dramatic changes in shape and motile behavior, highlighted by the coalescence of reticulopodial cytoplasm into irregularly shaped bodies with chaotic motility. Serial semithick sections of such preparations, viewed by high-voltage electron microscopy, document a striking rearrangement of microtubules within these cytochalasin-induced bodies. All aspects of cytochalasin-altered motility are completely inhibited by colchicine. Actin is present in reticulopodia, as determined by staining with rhodamine-phalloidin; this staining is not observed in cytochalasin-treated organisms. These data provide compelling evidence that microtubules are required for reticulopodial motility. An actin-based cytoskeleton is thought to play a role in maintaining shape, mediating pseudopod/substrate adhesion, and coordinating the various microtubule-dependent processes.
Reduced Parameter Formulation for Incorporating Fiber Level Viscoelasticity into Tissue Level Biomechanical Models

Collagen is known to be a viscoelastic material and therefore is an important source of time dependent behavior in soft tissue. Though there are material models for soft tissue that rely on properties and structure of constituent collagen fibers, such models generally utilize only the elastic properties of collagen, and thus the resulting tissue level response does not possess any viscoelastic features. Here, the time dependent properties of collagen are directly incorporated into a fiber based hyperelastic model using the one dimensional theory of quasi-linear viscoelasticity within the context of a locally defined, anisotropic representation of extracellular matrix structure. The resulting model possesses seven material parameters and, using numerical and computational analysis, is shown to successfully predict many key features of soft tissue response including anisotropy, strain hardening, preconditioning, and rate independent hysteresis. A formulation is also introduced for incorporating fiber level viscoelasticity into structural models derived from a continuous representation of fiber structure.
Quinone methide as a reactive intermediate formed during the biosynthesis of papiliochrome II, a yellow wing pigment of papilionid butterflies.

Mushroom tyrosinase and the recently identified, 4-alkyl-a-benzoquinone: 2-hydroxy-p-quinone methide isomerase were used to investigate the mechanism of biosynthesis of papiliochrome II pigment found in the yellow scales of the papilionid butterflies. Incubation of N-β-alanyldopamine (NBAD) and L-kynurenine with mushroom tyrosinase resulted in the formation of adducts tentatively characterized as NBAD quinone - L-kynurenine adducts. If quinone isomerase was included in this reaction mixture, the formation of two new products could be witnessed. These two products exhibited the same retention time and the same UV and visible spectral properties as those of papiliochrome II diastereoisomers. Since quinone isomerase catalyzes the conversion of quinones to quinone methides, the above studies indicate that papiliochrome II biosynthesis involves non-enzymatic and hence non-stereoselective condensation of enzymatically generated NBAD quinone methide with L-kynurenine.
Island identification in customer-driven micro-grids

In this paper, the potential of a completely decentralized multi-agent based control architecture is explored for the identification of viable islands in a customer-driven micro-grid prior to a fault or disturbance. The agents follow a set of rules and determine the prospective islands, in case a fault results in the opening of sub-station breaker, by communicating only with their immediate neighbors. An IEEE 34-bus test system was analyzed by running simulations on Matlab/Simulink. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed in JAVA for the visualization of islands formed in the network.
Distribution of calcium differs in relaxed and contracted myocardial cells of the rat.

Myocardial cells from left ventricles of beating hearts of rats were fixed by immersion in an osmium tetroxide solution containing potassium pyroantimonate to study the electron-microscopic distribution of calcium, the cation being precipitated as an electron-opaque salt (calcium antimonate) by this cytochemical technique. The observed myocytes could be divided into two groups according to their contractile state, evaluated by sarcomere length measurements. In contracted cells (mean sarcomere length 1.43 μm) the intramyoflbrillar precipitate was confined to areas of I-bands bordering the A-bands, the intermyofibrillar space showing scarce content in reaction product. Relaxed cells (mean sarcomere length 1.69 μm) presented a heavy deposition of reaction product over the sarcomeres, the electron-opaque dots being absent on the H and Z bands. The sarcotubular system and mitochondria were also clearly marked by the reaction product. This second pattern of calcium distribution has not been previously described in heart muscle cells and is interpreted as corresponding to the phase of rise of intracellular calcium which is mediated by membrane depolarization. Our results suggest that different bands of heart sarcomeres show different abilities to bind calcium. The I bands retain the cation even in cells under sustained contraction, probably due to their content in calmodulin; Z and M bands are apparently not involved in calcium sequestration, whereas the content in calcium of the A bands seems to be dependent on the contraction-relaxation cycle of heart myocytes.
Metal ions as matchmakers for proteins.

Matchmakers have been shown to be valuable for single men and women in both ancient and modern societies. Matchmakers bring together two people who otherwise have little chance of being associated with each other, nurture the closeness between the two parties by enhancing their commonality and smoothing out their differences, and then quietly disappear after the marriage. In this issue, Salgado et al. (1) describe such a matchmaker for single-domain proteins, with significant implications for protein structural evolution and design (Fig. 1).
Social cognition of monkeys and apes

This paper reviews what is known about the social cognition of monkeys and great apes. The literature reviewed is divided into three main content areas: (1) social interaction, including knowledge of individuals, knowledge of social relationships, alliance formation, and cooperation; (2) communication, including alarm calls, calls for recruiting allies, gestures, and the “language” skills of human-raised apes; and (3) social learning, including the “cultural transmission” of food-preparation behaviors, the social learning of tool use, and the social learning of vocal and gestural communication. Contrary to the hypotheses of a number of recent investigators, we find no compelling differences in the social cognition of monkeys and great apes. It is possible that differences in the social behavior of these two classes of primate are due to processes of nonsocial cognition, and it is possible that the social behavior of apes is more strongly influenced by human interaction and training.© 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Systemic or Intrahippocampal Delivery of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Facilitates Fear Extinction

Several recent studies have shown that chromatin, the DNA-protein complex that packages genomic DNA, has an important function in learning and memory. Dynamic chromatin modification via histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and histone acetyltransferases may enhance hippocampal synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent memory. Little is known about the effects of HDAC inhibitors on extinction, a learning process through which the ability of a previously conditioned stimulus, such as a conditioning context, to evoke a conditioned response is diminished. The authors demonstrate that administration of the HDAC inhibitors sodium butyrate (NaB) systemically or trichostatin A (TSA) intrahippocampally prior to a brief (3-min) contextual extinction session causes context-evoked fear to decrease to levels observed with a long (24-min) extinction session. These results suggest that HDAC inhibitors may enhance learning during extinction and are consistent with other studies demonstrating a role for the hippocampus in contextual extinction. Molecular and behavioral mechanisms through which this enhanced extinction effect may occur are discussed.
A relaxation model for property changes during the cure reaction of filled and unfilled silicone elastomers

A generalized kinetic model of cure, which is described by a distribution relaxation function, is used to predict physical and mechanical properties of silicone elastomers during isothermal and nonisothermal cure reactions. The model can also predict the effect of filler and cure behavior of filled elastomers. The structural relaxation times of the molecular state of uncured and cured elastomers is also discussed.
Lactation defect in a widely used MMTV-Cre transgenic line of mice.

Background MMTV-Cre mouse lines have played important roles in our understanding about the functions of numerous genes in mouse mammary epithelial cells during mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. However, numerous studies have not included MMTV-Cre mice as controls, and many investigators have not indicated which of the different MMTV-Cre founder lines were used in their studies. Here, we describe a lactation defect that severely limits the use of one of the most commonly used MMTV-Cre founder lines.
How Do Teacher Preparation Programs Promote Desired Dispositions in Candidates

1. Steven Rose[1][1] 1. 1Simpson College–Education, Indianola, IA, USA 1. Steven Rose, Simpson College–Education, 701 N. C Street, 306 Wallace Hall, Indianola, IA 50125, USA. Email: steve.rose{at}simpson.edu This article describes the results of a national survey of teacher preparation programs in the United States. It asks three major questions: (a) What strategies do programs use to promote and teach the dispositions they desire in preservice teachers? (b) What strategies are used relatively, commonly? and (c) How do institutions perceive the effectiveness of the strategies they use to promote and teach dispositions? The purpose is to fill a void in the scholarship about the promotion of desired dispositions, the means by which this is done, and institutions’ perceptions of perceived effectiveness, not to recommend or compare strategies. [1]: #aff-1
Childhood Abuse and Neglect: Specificity of Effects on Adolescent and Young Adult Depression and Suicidality

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the magnitude and independence of the effects of childhood neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse on adolescent and adult depression and suicidal behavior. Method A cohort of 776 randomly selected children was studied from a mean age of 5 years to adulthood in 1975, 1983, 1986, and 1992 during a 17-year period. Assessments included a range of child, family, and environmental risks and psychiatric disorders. A history of abuse was determined by official abuse records and by retrospective self-report in early adulthood on 639 youths. Attrition rate since 1983 has been less than 5%. Results Adolescents and young adults with a history of childhood maltreatment were 3 times more likely to become depressed or suicidal compared with individuals without such a history ( p p p Conclusions Individuals with a history of sexual abuse are at greater risk of becoming depressed or suicidal during adolescence and young adulthood. Adolescence is the most vulnerable period for those youths who may attempt suicide repeatedly. Many of the apparent effects of neglect, in contrast, may be attributable to a range of contextual factors, suggesting broader focus for intervention in these cases.
A Pneumatic Sampling Fire Detection System in an Underground Haulageway

A multipoint fast response fire detection system for underground haulageways, the concept of which was developed by the US Bureau of Mines (BOM), has been designed and fabricated by Brunswick Corporation and is undergoing field testing at Plateau Mine in Price, UT. The system is composed of a centrally located sampling station which draws air from various haulageway locations through tubing where the sample is analyzed by a smoke detector. Any generated alarm signal, as well as system performance data, is transmitted to an aboveground monitoring station from the smoke detector. The system description, basic design parameters used, the control system design, and the data retrieval system utilized are presented.
Making yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia translucent.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to provide a design guideline for developing tetragonal yttria-stabilized zirconia with improved translucency. Methods The translucency, the in-line transmission in particular, of 3 mol.% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (3Y-TZP) has been examined using the Rayleigh scattering model. The theory predicts that the in-line transmission of 3Y-TZP can be related to its thickness with grain size and birefringence the governing parameters. To achieve a threshold value of translucency, the critical grain size of 3Y-TZP was predicted for various thicknesses (0.3–2.0 mm). The threshold value was defined by a measured average in-line transmission value of a suite of dental porcelains with a common thickness of 1 mm. Our theoretical predictions were calibrated with one of the very few experimental data available in the literature. Results For a dense, high-purity zirconia, its in-line transmission increased with decreasing grain size and thickness. To achieve a translucency similar to that of dental porcelains, a nanocyrstalline 3Y-TZP structure was necessitated, due primarily to its large birefringence and high refractive index. Such a grain size dependence became more pronounced as the 3Y-TZP thickness increased. For example, at a thickness of 1.3 mm, the mean grain size of a translucent 3Y-TZP should be 82 nm. At 1.5 mm and 2 mm thicknesses, the mean grain size needed to be 77 nm and 70 nm, respectively. Significance A promising future for zirconia restorations, with combined translucency and mechanical properties, can be realized by reducing its grain size.
Evidence for olefin metathesis catalyzed by metallic molybdenum proceeding via an associative mechanism at high temperature

The reaction of ethylene catalyzed by metallic molybdenum at 875 K yields higher hydrocarbons (>C2) with a distribution that is well described by a Schulz-Flory plot suggesting that their formation arises from the polymerization of surface C1 species. This observation is in accord with results from surface science experiments that show facile C=C cleavage in alkenes. A similar molybdenum-catalyzed reaction of propylene yields metathesis and hydrogenolysis products. In view of the product distribution found with ethylene, these products are proposed to arise from the recombination of surface species formed by propylene dissociation. This result is confirmed by modifying the Schulz-Flory function assuming equal surface coverages of carbenes and methyl carbenes which adequately predicts the measured product distribution.
Lichen Sclerosus in Pregnancy: Presentation of Two Cases

Abstract: Numerous skin diseases occurring in the pregnant patient have been reported. Some of these diseases are unique to pregnancy and some, including vulvar varicosities, vulvar edema, postpartum labial adhesions, and hematomas, are a result of physiological changes of pregnancy or the birth process. In addition, a variety of viral and bacterial infectious diseases of the vulva may occur during pregnancy. Vulvar neoplasms may also be found in pregnancy. In two patients, ages 27 and 31, lichen sclerosus first was diagnosed during their initial prenatal visits. Only one of the patients was symptomatic. The symptomatic patient used topical steroids for relief of vulvar itching. Two patients with lichen sclerosus of the vulva in pregnancy are reported, with emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer in 2-(2'-arylsulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazole derivatives: the effect of donor and acceptor substituents.

A series of water-soluble 2-(2‘-arylsulfonamidophenyl)benzimidazole derivatives containing electron-donating and accepting groups attached to various positions of the fluorophore π-system has been synthesized and characterized in aqueous solution at 0.1 M ionic strength. The measured pKa's for deprotonation of the sulfonamide group of monosubstituted derivatives range between 6.75 and 9.33 and follow closely Hammett's free energy relationship. In neutral aqueous buffer, all compounds undergo efficient excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) to yield a strongly Stokes-shifted fluorescence emission from the phototautomer. Upon deprotonation of the sulfonamide nitrogen at high pH, ESIPT is interrupted to yield a new, blue-shifted emission band. The peak absorption and emission energies were strongly influenced by the nature of the substituents and their attachment positions on the fluorophore π-system. The fluorescence quantum yield of the ESIPT tautomers revealed a significant correlation with ...
Synthesis of Potential Antineoplastic Agents XXII: Compounds Related to 1-Nitro-3-[(p-phenylbenzylidene)amino]guanidine

The nitroguanylhydrazone of 4-biphenylcarboxaldehyde exhibits antineoplastic activity in the Walker 256 and KB test systems. Other nitroguanylhydrazones and other derivatives of 4-biphenylcarboxaldehyde were prepared and found to be devoid of antineoplastic activity.
Liver Damage and Hypoglycemia in Acute Iron Poisoning

(1977). Liver Damage and Hypoglycemia in Acute Iron Poisoning. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 287-289.
Choice between response rates.

Three pigeons were required to peck a single key at a higher and a lower rate, corresponding to two classes of shorter and longer concurrently reinforced interresponse times. Food reinforcers arranged by a single variable-interval schedule were randomly allocated to the two reinforced interresponse times. The absolute durations of reinforced interresponse times were varied while the total reinforcements per hour was held constant and the relative duration, i.e., the relative reciprocal, of the shorter reinforcer class was held constant at 0.70. Preference for the higher rate of responding, as measured by the relative frequency of responses terminating interresponse times in the shorter reinforced class, depended on the absolute reinforced response rates. Preference for the higher reinforced rate increased from a level of near-indifference (0.50) at high reinforced response rates, through the matching level (0.70) at intermediate reinforced response rates, to a virtually exclusive preference (>0.90) at low reinforced response rates. These results resemble corresponding preference functions obtained with two-key concurrent-chains schedules and thereby provide another sense in which it may be said that interresponse-time distributions from interval schedules estimate preference functions for the component response rates corresponding to different classes of reinforced interresponse times.
Phosphorylation-dependent derepression by the response regulator HnoC in the Shewanella oneidensis nitric oxide signaling network.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that regulates diverse physiological processes in all domains of life. In many gammaproteobacteria, NO controls behavioral responses through a complex signaling network involving heme-nitric oxide/oxygen binding (H-NOX) domains as selective NO sensors. In Shewanella oneidensis, H-NOX–mediated NO sensing increases biofilm formation, which is thought to serve as a protective mechanism against NO cytotoxicity. The H-NOX/NO-responsive (hno) signaling network involves H-NOX–dependent control of HnoK autophosphorylation and phosphotransfer from HnoK to three response regulators. Two of these response regulators, HnoB and HnoD, regulate cyclic-di-GMP levels and influence biofilm formation. However, the role of the third response regulator in the signaling network, HnoC, has not been determined. Here we describe a role for HnoC as a transcriptional repressor for the signaling genes in the hno network. The genes controlled by HnoC were identified by microarray analysis, and its function as a repressor was confirmed in vivo. HnoC belongs to an uncharacterized family of DNA-binding response regulators. Binding of HnoC to its promoter targets was characterized in vitro, revealing an unprecedented regulation mechanism, which further extends the functional capabilities of DNA-binding response regulators. In the unphosphorylated state HnoC forms a tetramer, which tightly binds to an inverted-repeat target sequence overlapping with the promoter regions. Phosphorylation of HnoC induces dissociation of the response regulator tetramer and detachment of subunits from the promoter DNA, which subsequently leads to transcriptional derepression.
Titrating luteinizing hormone replacement to sustain the structure and function of the corpus luteum after gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist treatment in rhesus monkeys

These studies were designed to identify 1) a regimen of a third generation GnRH antagonist that abolishes primate luteal function, and 2) the amount of LH replacement required to maintain the structure and functional life span of the corpus luteum of the menstrual cycle after GnRH antagonist treatment. A single injection of antide at 3 or 5 mg/kg BW on day 6 of the luteal phase suppressed serum progesterone levels within 1 day of treatment, but levels recovered within 4 days. Administration of antide (3 mg/kg) for 3 days (luteal days 6–8) reduced (P < 0.05) serum progesterone below 1 ng/mL and maintained these low levels for the entire sampling period; in subsequent experiments, all monkeys received this antide regimen. Fixed doses (5, 10, or 20 IU) of recombinant human LH administered at 8-h intervals during and after antide treatment stimulated progesterone production in a dose-dependent manner; these monkeys menstruated earlier than controls regardless of treatment group. Replacement with an escalating...
PREFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF LINEAR ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA ON THE SECTORIAL PREMOLARS OF RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA)

Three hundred and sixty rhesus macaque specimens at the Caribbean Primate Research Center were examined for evidence of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH). A previously unreported intertooth pattern in LEH was observed. Defects occur preferentially on the sectorial premolar of both males and females. Relative to other teeth, the sectorial premolar exhibits more prominent defects and is more likely to exhibit multiple defects. This pattern is unlike the human intertooth LEH pattern and unlike patterns previously reported for monkeys and apes. These observations are discussed in the context of factors thought to influence the intertooth distribution of LEH in humans and in nonhuman primates. The authors reject crown height, the timing of crown development, and the duration of crown formation as factors contributing to the observed pattern and favor an explanation involving enamel thickness, perikymata spacing, and/or prism orientation. Am J Phys Anthropol 107:179–186, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.