cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A decade of experience emphasizes that testing for Y microdeletions is essential in American men with azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.

Objective To evaluate the benefit of Y microdeletion testing. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting University-based male fertility clinic and genetics laboratory. Patient(s) A total of 1,591 men with sperm concentrations less than 5 million sperm/mL. Intervention(s) Semen analysis, Y microdeletion testing, microdissection testicular sperm extraction (TESE). Main Outcome Measure(s) Sperm concentration, incidence and nature of Y microdeletions, microdissection TESE outcome. Result(s) We identified 149 microdeletions (9.4%). 10.4% of azoospermic men and 10.1% of men with sperm concentrations >0–1 million sperm/mL harbored microdeletions. Two-thirds of microdeletions in azoospermic men were AZFa, AZFb, AZFb+c, or complete Yq deletions. Virtually all microdeletions in oligozoospermic patients were AZFc deletions. Seven hundred eighteen patients underwent microdissection TESE, including 41 with microdeletions. Microdissection TESE failed in all patients with AZFa, AZFb, AZFb+c, and complete Yq deletions. Sperm were retrieved in 15/21 AZFc deleted patients (71.4%). The presence of an AZFc deletion was associated with increased likelihood of sperm retrieval when compared with the 48.8% retrieval rate in 385 idiopathically azoospermic men who consecutively underwent microdissection TESE at our institution during the study period. Clinical pregnancy was achieved in 10/15 azoospermic AZFc deleted patients for whom sperm were successfully retrieved. Conclusion(s) Of azoospermic and severely oligozoospermic American men, 10% harbor Y microdeletions that alter prognosis for surgical sperm retrieval and are vertically transmissible. Y microdeletion testing is essential for genetic and preoperative counseling in these patients.
Phenotypic Analysis of T-Cells in Extensive Alopecia Areata Scalp Suggests Partial Tolerance

This study demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of using flow cytometric analysis with intracellular cytokine staining for characterization of T-cell phenotype and functional status in extensive alopecia areata (EAA) scalp skin. Cell suspensions were made from scalp punch biopsies taken from 12 patients with long-standing EAA (average disease duration 14 years, 95% hair loss) and six control subjects. EAA samples had a lower percentage of CD-3-expressing cells, but CD-4/CD-8 ratios remained similar to controls. Expression of CD-69 was found only in EAA scalp biopsies, suggesting that T-cells from EAA scalp have undergone activation. No difference was found in tumor necrosis factor α expression. Surprisingly, EAA scalp T-cells produced less IL-2 and CD-8 T-cells produced less IFN-γ. Immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens demonstrated that IFN-γ-producing cells in EAA scalp were not greater in number than in normal specimens. The few identified IFN-γ-producing cells demonstrated no tendency to localize to the perifollicular region, and were similarly distributed as in control specimens. The abnormalities in cytokine production may explain the relative paucity of inflammatory change observed in the clinical setting and suggest that T-cell responses in EAA scalp are tightly, albeit aberrantly, regulated via mechanisms of peripheral T-cell tolerance.
Jobs, Authority, and Earnings Among Managers The Continuing Significance of Sex

Explanations for women's historic underrepresentation in managerial jobs include actual or assumed sex differences in relevant qualifications, institutional barriers, and men's desire to retain the advantages afforded by managerial status. To the extent that women's increasing representation in managerial jobs stems from declines in real and stereotyped sex differences in qualifications, management jobs should afford women both the organizational authority and the rewards authority customarily gives men. If women's greater share of managerial jobs represent employers' minimal response to antidiscrimination pressures, managers' sex should continue to affect their authority and rewards, net of their inputs and organizational status. This article investigates these alternatives by examining the effect of sex in the access to and returns to authority, using data from a survey of self-described managers. Analyses revealed that women managers were concentrated low in chains of command, that they tended to super...
Nanoparticle size distributions measured by optical adaptive-deconvolution passivated-gel electrophoresis.

Abstract We image visible light scattered from dispersions of charged spherical nanoparticles propagating through a passivated agarose gel during electrophoresis. By analyzing one-dimensional light intensities along different lanes, we measure the mobility distributions of the nanoparticles and thereby infer their size distributions, which become time-independent after adequate propagation and separation have occurred. For a given large-pore passivated agarose gel, experiments using monodisperse, surfactant-free, sulfate-stabilized, polystyrene nanopheres establish the propagation distance as a function of time for a range of different sphere radii having known surface charges. As bands of monodisperse nanospheres propagate through the gel, the bands become smeared, developing asymmetric tails as some nanospheres experience additional delays compared to others of the same size. After background subtraction, these bands, including their tails, can be fit well using a modified log–normal distribution, yielding deconvolution parameters that vary with propagation distance and transit time. To demonstrate the approach for complex nanosphere dispersions, such as a multi-modal mixture or a broadly polydisperse nanoemulsion, we measure scattered light intensities as a function of propagation distance and time during gel-EP. Iterative deconvolution using a modified log–normal point-spread function, which changes shape according to propagation distance and time, directly yields unsmeared, high-resolution electrophoretic mobility distributions, from which detailed particle size distributions are inferred.
A Remark on Code Sets and Context-Free Languages

Given two nonempty sets of nonempty codewords S = {s 1 ,...,s n } and T = {t 1 ,...,t m }, it is decidable whether there are i 1 ,...,l k and j 1 ,...,j k such that s i1 ...s ik = t j1 ...t jk , and furthermore, the set of all such solutions is a one counter language.
A DSP-based power integrated circuit controller/driver board for stepper motors

Abstract This article proposes the use of a DSP56001 digital signal processor in a multi-axis controller for stepper motors. Traditionally, these controllers have been based on microprocessors or special purpose integrated circuits. The proposed technique was implemented using the DSP56001 board from Motorola, and 32 stepper motors of various types. There are three innovative aspects of this work. First, the proposed controller was implemented using a single-chip digital signal processor (DSP). Second, the number of power driver integrated circuits was drastically reduced. This improvement reduced the cost and power consumption of the controller, and also improved its reliability. Finally, this concept can be expanded to simultaneously and independently control hundreds of motion devices such as stepper motors, D.C. motors, relays and solenoids.
Staggered-spin contribution to nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in two-leg antiferromagnetic spin- 1 2 ladders

We study the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate ${1/T}_{1}$ in the two-leg antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 Heisenberg ladder. More specifically, we consider the contribution to ${1/T}_{1}$ from the processes with momentum transfer $(\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\pi}).$ In the limit of weak coupling between the two chains, this contribution is of activation type with gap $2\ensuremath{\Delta}$ at low temperatures $(\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is the spin gap), but crosses over to a slowly decaying temperature dependence at the crossover temperature $T\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{\Delta}.$ This crossover possibly explains the recent high-temperature NMR results on ladder-containing cuprates by Imai et al.
Formation of Ni 3 Fe by mechanical alloying

Ni and Fe powders in a 75∶25 atomic proportion were mechanically alloyed using a high-energy ball mill.57Fe Mossbauer measurements were made to determine the reaction mechanism for alloy formation by means of analysis of the evolution of the Fe hyperfine fields during milling. After a latent period of 2 hours, the spectral area of an Fe-like component decreased monotonically with milling time, disappearing after 8 hours. It was replaced by a well-resolved Zeeman pattern with hyperfine fieldH=29.1 T and outer lines of width 0.75 mm/s which is attributed to Fe in disordered Ni3Fe. The evolution of hyperfine fields rules out alloy formation by dissolution of Ni in the Fe matrix or of Fe in the Ni matrix, so that formation must occur by reaction of Ni and Fe at the interfaces between their grains.
Effects of ethanol on hippocampal place-cell and interneuron activity.

Abstract Mounting evidence suggests that ethanol exerts effects on learning and memory by altering cellular activity in the hippocampus and related structures. However, little is actually known regarding ethanol’s effects on hippocampal function in awake, freely-behaving animals. The present study examines the effects of ethanol on hippocampal place-cell and interneuron activity in freely-behaving rats. Signals from individual hippocampal neurons were isolated while subjects traversed a symmetric Y-maze for food reward. Following 15 min of baseline recording, subjects were injected with one of four doses of ethanol (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg), and cellular activity was monitored for a 1-h time period. Following sufficient time for recovery (minimum of 3 h post injection), cellular activity was monitored for an additional 15-min period. Both 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg ethanol potently suppressed the firing of hippocampal place-cells without altering place-field locations. Ethanol did not significantly suppress out-of-field firing rates, leading to a decrease in spatial specificity (i.e. the ratio of in-field/out-of-field firing rates). Interneuron activity was not altered by 1.0 g/kg ethanol, but was occasionally suppressed by 1.5 g/kg ethanol. Results are interpreted in light of recent behavioral and electrophysiological studies examining the effects of ethanol on hippocampal function.
The Internal Forces on Communication Integration: Co-Created Meaning, Interaction, and Postmodernism in Strategic Integrated Communication

Communication integration, a priority in strategic communication management, is at a crucible in its development. Until now, most research has considered integration a program of centralized control and has explored the impact of messaging and media that are coordinated for strategic impact. Underexplored are the internal implications of a concept that requires organizational change and stands to redefine functional boundaries. This study identifies the social, cultural, and interpretive influences of communication integration in a case of integration.
Sporadic ALS and chromosome 22: evidence for a possible neurofilament gene defect.

ALS is associated with the P2 blood group phenotype. Molecular evidence now shows the gene encoding this antigen to be on the long arm of human chromosome 22 near the newly discovered gene for heavy neurofilament (NF-H). Since an ALS-type condition can be generated in transgenic mice expressing the human NF-H gene, and since the gene for the CNTF-related cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is located adjacent to this gene, it is hypothesized that a defect on the chromosome 22 band region q12 is involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Glocalization Process of Shin Buddhism in Brasilia

The glocalization process of Shin Buddhism in Brasilia is the focus of this article. The first part of this work presents a historical and sociological overview of the introduction and settlement of Shin Buddhism in Brazil, and the second part examines the specificities of the contemporary temple situation in Brasilia. This paper illustrates how external cultural inflows interact and negotiate with daily local actions and demand and thus acquire a distinctive connotation at the local level. However, due to the mixture of local cultural elements in interaction with imported ones the processes of appropriation and transformation may allow the emergence of something new and unique. In the glocalization of Shin Buddhist practices in Brasilia the work of innovation and articulation conducted by some members of the clergy has been fundamentally important. Especially, the clergy have understood the demand for self-cultivation practices coming from a larger audience and incorporated meditation in the temple space.
Effect of filament Drawdown on aerodynamic Drag and heat transfer in fiber spinning

The momentum and thermal boundary layer equations are solved numerically to assess the effects of filament drawdown on aerodynamic drag and heat transfer in melt fiber spinning. It is found that, relative to the case without drawdown (constant filament velocity and diameter), the aerodynamic drag on the filament increases substantially, but the heat transfer rate is suppressed. Moreover, the air velocity profile eventually becomes fully developed (unlike the zero drawdown case), and the (velocity) boundary layer thickness, rather than continuing to grow with distance beneath the spinneret, eventually becomes proportional to the filament diameter, and thus decreases with increasing axial distance. Quantitative results are presented for the dimensionless drag force per unit length along the filament (the Drag number) and the Nusselt number as functions of the dimensionless axial distance and a new dimensionless parameter, the Drawdown Reynolds number. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 898–905, 2004
Molecular orientation and mechanical property size effects in electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers

Abstract Electrospinning of polymeric solutions entails high jet velocities which could orient the polymer molecules along the jet direction. Polarized Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and Microelectromechanical System (MEMS)-based single nanofiber mechanical property experiments were employed to investigate the molecular orientation and crystallinity in electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers produced under different electrospinning conditions with diameters mainly varying between 100 and 300 nm. FTIR measurements with nanofibers fabricated at three different electrospinning distances, but under the same electric field intensity, revealed an enhanced molecular orientation only for the longest electrospinning distance. At long electrospinning distances the fiber solvent content is substantially reduced resulting in high viscosity, and, therefore, sustained shear stresses, which, in turn, allows for permanent molecular orientation. The orientation factors from polarized FTIR were in good agreement with the mechanical property trends obtained from individual nanofibers, where high elastic moduli and yield strengths were recorded from nanofibers with diameters smaller than 300 nm, which were fabricated at the longest electrospinning distance. WAXD studies on bundles of aligned PAN nanofibers showed small crystallinity which did not follow the trends in the mechanical properties and varied rather non-monotonically from 7%, for fibers spun at the shortest distance, to 17% for fibers spun at the longest distance used in this study.
MAGNETIC CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES ON MICROSOMAL ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE: COMPARISON WITH CYTOCHROME b5 AND CYTOCHROME P-450cam

Abstract Magnetic circular dichroism spectra are reported for the visible and near ultraviolet spectral regions of liver microsomes from dimethylbenzanthracene-treated rats. The sequential addition of NADH, dithionite, and carbon monoxide enables us to determine contributions to the magnetic circular dichroism by cytochromes b 5 and P-450, which dominate the spectra. The magnetic circular dichroism of the microsomal preparation is compared with that of purified oxidized and reduced cytochrome b 5 from pig liver and with the camphor-complexed and camphor-free oxidized, reduced, and reduced carbonmonoxy cytochrome P-450 cam from Pseudomonas putida . The magnetic circular dichroism spectra of the membrane bound cytochrome b 5 are similar to those of the purified protein, indicating that little or no alteration in the environment of the heme occurs during the isolation procedure. The soluble bacterial cytochrome P-450 cam also appears to be a suitable model for microsomal P-450, although differences in the magnetic circular dichroism intensity are observed for the two enzymes. No effect of dimethylbenzanthracene on the magnetic circular dichroism spectra of induced compared to control rat microsomes could be observed.
The origin of spurious resonances in composite resonators

Abstract Three-dimensional models have been developed to explain the characteristics of composite resonators. Simple disc or rectangular plate models predict resonance frequencies that are in excellent agreement with the results of experimental measurement. In particular, agreement with the relatively complicated spurious resonance frequency spectra is remarkable, whereas a standard one-dimensional model lacks this feature. The geometry of the resonator is found to be directly responsible for the spurious resonances as well as the principal resonances. It is suggested that a way of eliminating or at least controlling the unwanted modes can be found since the origin of the spurious frequencies is now understood.
Contextual strategy instruction: Socially/emotionally maladjusted adolescents with language impairments

Abstract Ten socially/emotionally maladjusted adolescents with language impairments (SEM/LI) and ten non-impaired adolescents received four treatment sessions in the use of a “context clues strategy” for facilitating comprehension of unfamiliar words in four sentence types. Both groups improved their ability to use a context clues strategy following direct instruction. The SEM/LI subjects exhibited greater difficulty with the appositive sentence type than did the non-impaired subjects. The results indicated that SEM/LI adolescents probably would benefit from receiving direct instruction involving any of the three other sentence types (i.e., cause/effect, example, grouping), prior to instruction involving the appositive sentence type.
the named and the nameless: gender and person in Chinese society

Personal naming provides an insight into the construction of gender and person in Chinese society. The process of naming marks important social transitions for Chinese men; the more names a man has the more socialized and also, in a sense, the more individuated he becomes. By contrast, married women in rural China are essentially nameless. If personhood is a process of social growth, judged against the standard of men, the evidence presented here suggests that Chinese women do not, indeed cannot, attain full personhood.
AM2389, a high-affinity, in vivo potent CB1-receptor-selective cannabinergic ligand as evidenced by drug discrimination in rats and hypothermia testing in mice

Rationale The endocannabinoid signaling system (ECS) has been targeted for developing novel therapeutics since ECS dysfunction has been implicated in various pathologies. Current focus is on chemical modifications of the hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) nabilone (Cesamet®).
Oral tolerance, food allergy, and immunotherapy: Implications for future treatment

The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is exposed daily to an array of dietary proteins. The vast majority of proteins are tolerated through suppression of cellular or humoral responses, a process known as oral tolerance. However, in approximately 6% of children and 4% of adults in the United States, tolerance to a given dietary antigen either is not established or breaks down, resulting in food hypersensitivity. Although food allergies can result in sudden and life-threatening symptoms, their prevalence is remarkably low considering the complexities of the gut-associated mucosal system. Suppression involves signaling by an array of nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells, as well as lymphocyte anergy or deletion. Several factors, including antigen properties, route of exposure, and genetics and age of the host, contribute to the development of oral tolerance. Although the current standard of care for patients with food allergies is based on avoidance of the trigger, increased understanding of the mechanisms involved in tolerance has shifted focus of treatment and prevention toward inducing tolerance. Data from early-phase clinical trials suggest both sublingual and oral immunotherapy are effective in reducing sensitivity to allergens. In this article we review the mechanisms of tolerance, discuss aberrations in oral tolerance, and provide information on novel prevention and treatment paradigms for food allergy.
Sol-Gel Synthesis of Rare-Earth-Doped Lanthanum Halides For Highly Efficient Optical Amplification

There exists a tremendous growth in photonic materials and device research as a result of both the explosion in telecommunications as well as the expected traffic requirements needed for interactive video and multimedia services.
RELATIVE EFFECTS OF COLOR-, TEXTURE-, AND DENSITY-CODING ON VISUAL SEARCH PERFORMANCE AND SUBJECTIVE PREFERENCE

Previously, it had been found that texture-coding was ineffective at reducing search time (Perlman & Swan, 1993). In the experiment reported here, 16 subjects searched for blank-, color-, texture-, and density-coded targets of varying complexity in a naturalistic task. The data showed that all non-blank methods were significantly and about equally more effective at reducing search time than blank-coding (no coding). The difference of outcome with previous results is explained by task simplification and by the control of possibly confounding factors. The difference suggests that coding techniques using texture, and possibly other methods, should be evaluated in context. The similar performance of color-, texture-, and density-coding is explained by the use of equalsaturation and equal-brightness colors. Recommendations for the design of effective coding methods and for future research are discussed.
Measurement of dietary restraint: Validity tests of four questionnaires

This study tested the validity of four measures of dietary restraint: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Eating Inventory (EI), Revised Restraint Scale (RS), and the Current Dieting Questionnaire. Dietary restraint has been implicated as a determinant of overeating and binge eating. Conflicting findings have been attributed to different methods for measuring dietary restraint. The validity of four self-report measures of dietary restraint and dieting behavior was tested using: (1) factor analysis, (2) changes in dietary restraint in a randomized controlled trial of different methods to achieve calorie restriction, and (3) correlation of changes in dietary restraint with an objective measure of energy balance, calculated from the changes in fat mass and fat-free mass over a six-month dietary intervention. Scores from all four questionnaires, measured at baseline, formed a dietary restraint factor, but the RS also loaded on a binge eating factor. Based on change scores, the EI Restraint Scale was the only measure that correlated significantly with energy balance expressed as a percentage of energy required for weight maintenance. These findings suggest that, of the four questionnaires tested, the EI Restraint Scale was the most valid measure of the intent to diet and actual caloric restriction.
On the theoretical understanding of high performance permanent magnet materials

Abstract The magnetization and complicated magnetic anisotropy of single-crystal R2Fe14B intermetallic compounds can be remarkably well described by crystalline electric field theory in the mean field approximation, although the poor scaling of the exchange parameters between rare earth elements (and also the crystal field parameters themselves when screening is taken into account) indicates that most of this success may be due to the fact that crystal field theory correctly describes the symmetry of interactions between the 4f localized moments and the lattice whereas the magnitudes of both the exchange and the crystal field parameters depend on the electronic structure. Calculations at a more fundamental level based on electronic band structure are clearly needed for improved understanding of the intrinsic properties of these materials. Because coercivity dependes on both the properties of the main crystallographic phase and secondary phases as well as the details of the microstructure, it is much less well understood in any sort of fundamental way. Both computer modeling and a new generation of experiments may be needed to develop such an understanding.
The microRNA mir-71 inhibits calcium signaling by targeting the TIR-1/Sarm1 adaptor protein to control stochastic L/R neuronal asymmetry in C. elegans.

The Caenorhabditis elegans left and right AWC olfactory neurons communicate to establish stochastic asymmetric identities, AWCON and AWCOFF, by inhibiting a calcium-mediated signaling pathway in the future AWCON cell. NSY-4/claudin-like protein and NSY-5/innexin gap junction protein are the two parallel signals that antagonize the calcium signaling pathway to induce the AWCON fate. However, it is not known how the calcium signaling pathway is downregulated by nsy-4 and nsy-5 in the AWCON cell. Here we identify a microRNA, mir-71, that represses the TIR-1/Sarm1 adaptor protein in the calcium signaling pathway to promote the AWCON identity. Similar to tir-1 loss-of-function mutants, overexpression of mir-71 generates two AWCON neurons. tir-1 expression is downregulated through its 3′ UTR in AWCON, in which mir-71 is expressed at a higher level than in AWCOFF. In addition, mir-71 is sufficient to inhibit tir-1 expression in AWC through the mir-71 complementary site in the tir-1 3′ UTR. Our genetic studies suggest that mir-71 acts downstream of nsy-4 and nsy-5 to promote the AWCON identity in a cell autonomous manner. Furthermore, the stability of mature mir-71 is dependent on nsy-4 and nsy-5. Together, these results provide insight into the mechanism by which nsy-4 and nsy-5 inhibit calcium signaling to establish stochastic asymmetric AWC differentiation.
Controlled trials in bipolar I depression: focus on switch rates and efficacy

Until recently, the rate at which patients switch from bipolar depression to the manic or hypomanic phase of the disorder during treatment with antidepressant medications was poorly defined. The completion of three large-scale, double-blind controlled trials in bipolar I depression has improved understanding of this phenomenon. The low switching rates observed in these studies of lamotrigine, paroxetine and moclobemide may indicate a special application of these drugs in the management of patients prone to antidepressant-induced switching. These studies also confirm prior suggestions that tricyclic antidepressants present the highest risk of switching. At present there is no consensus over the optimal definition of switching. Standardising the definition may lead to improvements in the clinical management of bipolar disorder.
Linear perspective limitations on virtual reality and realistic displays

The visual images of the natural world, with their immediate intuitive appeal, seem like the logical gold standard for evaluating displays. After all, since photorealistic displays look so increasingly like the real world, what could be better? Part of the shortcoming of this intuitive appeal for displays is its naivete. Realism itself is full of potential illusions that we do not notice because, most of the time, realism is good enough for our everyday tasks. But when confronted with tasks that go beyond those for which our visual system has evolved, we may be blindsided. If we survive, blind to our erroneous perceptions and oblivious to our good fortune at having survived, we will not be any wiser next time. Realist displays depend on linear perspective (LP), the mathematical mapping of three dimensions onto two. Despite the fact that LP is a seductively elegant system that predicts results with defined mathematical procedures, artists do not stick to the procedures, not because they are math-phobic but because LP procedures, if followed explicitly, produce ugly, limited, and distorted images. If artists bother with formal LP procedures at all, they invariably temper the renderings by eye. The present paper discusses LP assumptions, limitations, and distortions. It provides examples of kluges to cover some of these LP shortcomings. It is important to consider the limitations of LP so that we do not let either naive assumptions or the seductive power of LP guide our thinking or expectations unrealistically as we consider its possible uses in advanced visual displays.
Ethnic differences in pediatric SLE early disease severity: a comparison between Hispanic-Americans and European-Americans.

Purpose Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with higher incidence and increased disease severity, including increased medication requirements and morbidity, in people not uniquely of European descent. Few studies explore the differences between ethnic groups at presentation and early in the disease process, and no studies exist to our knowledge specifically evaluating the pediatric Hispanic population. We hypothesize, based on clinical experience, that pediatric SLE patients of Hispanic descent have an earlier, more severe disease course compared to patients of European descent.
Hyperoxic Reperfusion after Global Cerebral Ischemia Promotes Inflammation and Long-Term Hippocampal Neuronal Death

Abstract In this study we tested the hypothesis that long-term neuropathological outcome is worsened by hyperoxic compared to normoxic reperfusion in a rat global cerebral ischemia model. Adult male rats were anesthetized and subjected to bilateral carotid arterial occlusion plus bleeding hypotension for 10 min. The rats were randomized to one of four protocols: ischemia/normoxia (21% oxygen for 1 h), ischemia/hyperoxia (100% oxygen for 1 h), sham/normoxia, and sham/hyperoxia. Hippocampal CA1 neuronal survival and activation of microglia and astrocytes were measured in the hippocampi of the animals at 7 and 30 days post-ischemia. Morris water maze testing of memory was performed on days 23–30. Compared to normoxic reperfusion, hyperoxic ventilation resulted in a significant decrease in normal-appearing neurons at 7 and 30 days, and increased activation of microglia and astrocytes at 7, but not at 30, days of reperfusion. Behavioral deficits were also observed following hyperoxic, but not normoxic, reperfu...
Copper in surface waters of the Bering Sea

Copper concentrations have been measured in surface <75 m waters of the central Bering Sea. Concentrations of 2–4 nmole kg−1 were measured in the Zhemchung Canyon region where water depths are greater than 1000 m. Concentrations are higher 2–25 nmole kg−1 on the shallow <100 m continental shelf, inshore of a hydrographic front at the 100 m isobath. Copper-depth profiles on the continental shelf water mass are dominated by Cu concentrations increasing toward the sediments. These trends may be maintained by a flux of Cu from surficial sediments. A frontal system over the 100 m isobath acts to control the flux of Cu, a significant part of which apparently emanates from the sediments, between the continental shelf and the central Bering Sea basin. The benthic shelf Cu flux was constrained to be less than 3 nmole cm−2 yr−1.
STATIONARY DISCRETE AUTOREGRESSIVE‐MOVING AVERAGE TIME SERIES GENERATED BY MIXTURES

supported in part by National Science Foundation under Grant NSF-ENG-79-01438 and NSF-ENG-79-10825; and by the Office of Naval Research under Grant NR-42-284 and NR-42-469.
The Youth Video Project: An Innovative Program for Substance Abuse Prevention

ABSTRACT This article describes an innovative drug prevention pilot in which developing a substance abuse video served as a vehicle for teaching youth healthy attitudes and behaviors. Seven 10- to 12-year-old African Americans from a public housing development participated in 10 weekly sessions focusing on video skills and substance abuse. Based on the principles of capacity building and cognitive dissonance theory, the children learned about substance abuse in their community and movie-making, which they used to created an antidrug video. Six activities were identified as critical to the program's success: family involvement, community engagement, adapting drug education content to fit community characteristics, using the camcorder as a central vehicle for learning, community field assignments, and evaluation-based learning.
Politics, Citizens, and the Good Life: Assessing Two Versions of Ethical Liberalism

According to a number of recent critics, various efforts to justify liberalism in a neutral or merely "political" fashion have failed badly In response, William Galston and Ronald Dworkin, as well ...
Mass Decompounding and Vehicle Lightweighting

Although mass reduction can be associated with additional costs, a decision to lightweight a structural subsystem may, depending on when in the vehicle development process the decision is taken, result in secondary (additional) mass savings such that the value of lightweighting is substantially increased. This paper overviews a method to estimate the potential for secondary mass savings in different vehicle subsystems. We close by describing current research efforts aimed at developing new lightweight product solutions for both body and powertrain applications along with commensurate manufacturing processes.
Determination of olanzapine in human plasma and serum by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) assay was developed for the quantitative determination of olanzapine (LY170053, OLZ) in human plasma and serum. Bond Elut C2 solid-phase extraction cartridges (single cartridge or 96-well format), in conjunction with a positive pressure manifold, were used to extract OLZ and its internal standard, LY170222, from the biological matrix. Chromatographic resolution of OLZ from endogenous plasma interferences and its metabolites was accomplished with a MetaChem monochrom HPLC (4.6 x 150 mm, dp 5 microns). Detection was effected with a Perkin-Elmer SCIEX API III Plus mass spectrometer using positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and a multiple reaction monitoring protocol. The linear dynamic range was from 250 pg ml-1 to 50 ng ml-1 of human plasma/serum using a 0.5 ml aliquot. The inter-day precision (relative standard deviation) and accuracy (relative error) in plasma ranged from 6.26 to 7.66% and from -3.54 to 7.52%, respectively. The intra-day precision and accuracy in serum ranged from 3.46 to 8.76% and from -8.06 to 12.46%, respectively. This assay is sensitive and selective, and will be used to support both human clinical and toxicological analyses. Furthermore, using the 96-well solid-phase extraction format, sample preparation can be easily automated.
New Raman Spectroscopy Cells for Routine Study of Electrode Surfaces and Flow Through Systems

As Raman spectroscopy is applied to a growing variety of sample types, the need for cells which are easily used continues. Novel designs for thermostatted liquid and rotating vacuum cells for Raman spectroscopy and a versatile vacuum cell for infrared spectroscopy have appeared. For Raman spectroelectrochemical studies, a cell which is easily filled, cleaned, and aligned is desirable. Similarly, a cell that permits flowthrough observation of discrete liquid samples without realignment is needed. The lack of such capabilities led directly to the design of the cells described below.
Biogeographic variation in Mytilus galloprovincialis heat shock gene expression across the eastern Pacific range

Abstract As modern environments are altered by a range of perturbations and abiotic changes, little is known about the ability of organisms to adapt or acclimatize to these variables on evolutionarily short time scales and across a variety of habitats. To examine acclimatization across environmental conditions, the plasticity of transcriptional activity related to the heat shock response (HSR) was examined in subtidal populations of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis at multiple sites along the coast of California, USA. Transcript levels of the constitutive heat shock cognate hsc71 and the inducible isoform hsp70 were observed for field populations at multiple sites along the biogeographic distribution. Field levels of both hsc71 and hsp70 exhibited an inverse relationship with latitude, with the highest transcript abundances in the southern, warm-acclimatized population and lower levels at more northern sites. Up-regulation of the HSR was also characterized for each population via acute temperature exposures across a thermal gradient. In response to these acute thermal challenges, constitutive hsc71 transcripts did not significantly up-regulate, while inducible hsp70 transcripts did increase. The temperature of initial hsp70 induction (Ton) varied with latitude, up-regulating at 17 °C at the northern-most site, 22.5 °C in central populations, and 25.5 °C for the southern population. However the temperature and abundance of maximal transcription (Tmax) did not vary between sites. Results demonstrate latitudinal acclimatization in M. galloprovincialis, reveal the capacity of the HSR to exhibit different acclimatization patterns, and support the suggestion that elevated levels of hsp70 and hsc71 heat shock proteins may provide a buffer to low level acute thermal stresses.
Rhetorical peaks, a video game for first-year writing

This report describes the development of Rhetorical Peaks, an interactive 3D video game intended to help teach basic rhetorical communication skills to undergraduate students. As the project is ongoing, this report will focus on our original design and the first stages of implementation, and outline the next few phases of development.
Energy-dependent uptake of ochratoxin A by mitochondria.

Abstract The interaction of ochratoxin A, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, with isolated rat liver mitochondria and plasma membranes has been studied. Cell membranes bind [14C]ochratoxin A poorly and do not show saturation in the concentration range examined. The uptake of the toxin by mitochondria is saturable, with an apparent Km at 0 °C of 30 nmol/mg of protein. Sonication or freeze-thawing reduces the extent of incorporation by 88%. Ochratoxin A uptake is energy dependent, resulting in a depletion of intramitochondrial ATP. Uncouplers such as m-chlorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone or the respiratory inhibitors rotenone and antimycin A inhibit uptake 60–85%, while ATP reverses the antimycin and rotenone inhibition. Phosphate transport is sensitive to inhibition by the toxin, as measured by Ca2+ plus Pistimulated respiration and [32P]Pi incorporation. In turn, phosphate inhibits nearly completely [14C]ochratoxin A uptake at 22 °C and causes a concomitant mitochondrial swelling yet is not incorporated into the matrix space. Thus, the saturable uptake of ochratoxin A is accompanied by a decrease in the energy state and inhibition of Pi transport, which results in deteriorative changes of the mitochondria, as evidenced by large-amplitude swelling.
Nanowire-based frequency-selective capacitive photodetector for resonant detection of infrared radiation at room temperature

Characteristics of a capacitive infrared photodetector that works at room temperature by registering a change in capacitance upon illumination are reported. If used in an ideal resonant inductor-resistor-capacitor circuit, it can exhibit zero dark current, zero standby power dissipation, infinite detectivity, and infinite light-to-dark contrast ratio. It is also made frequency-selective by employing semiconductor nanowires that selectively absorb photons of energies close to the nanowire's bandgap. Based on measured parameters, the normalized detectivity is estimated to be ∼3 × 107 Jones for 1.6 μm IR wavelength at room temperature.
The good faith exception to the exclusionary rule: Some implications for the police

Abstract Since 1961, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained by unreasonable search and seizure would not be admissible as evidence in state courts, police officers have had to work within the constraints imposed by the so-called “exclusionary rule.” This article traces the history of the exclusionary rule, reviews the Supreme Court's changing rationale for its existence, and examines a variety of proposed alternatives. Law enforcement officials need to be aware of the alternatives, for virtually all of them would remove the burden of the results from the prosecutors and the courts and place them on the officer and/or the agency. This article concludes that the implications of a good faith exception have ramifications for both the officer and the agency, ramifications that would fall most heavily, however, on agency policies and resources.
Transient natural convection of low‐Prandtl‐number fluids in a differentially heated cavity

The transient convective motion in a two-dimensional square cavity driven by a temperature gradient is analysed. The cavity is filled with a low-Prandtl-number fluid and the vertical walls are maintained at constant but different temperatures, while the horizontal boundaries are adiabatic. A control volume approach with a staggered grid is employed to formulate the finite difference equations. Numerically accurate solutions are obtained for Prandtl numbers of 0•001, 0•005 and 0•01 and for Grashof numbers up to 1×10 7
Temperature-Dependent Distortions of the Host Structure of Propylene Oxide Clathrate Hydrate

A detailed study of the water host of a structure II clathrate hydrate with propylene oxide as the guest has been performed on high-resolution, constant-wavelength neutron powder diffraction data. The structure is cubic in space group Fd3m, with lattice parameters falling in the range (1.7086−1.7282) nm in the temperature range (5−250) K. Static disorder of water molecules and dynamic disorder of deuterium atoms produces a hydrogen-bond geometry in the host water structure, which is significantly different from that of 2H2O ice Ih, but displays similarities to high-pressure ices and to crystalline hydrates of inorganic salts. The structural description of the water host can be divided into three regimes of temperature, where the bond distances and angles display greater or lesser similarity to those of 2H2O ice Ih. These temperature-dependent variations in structure are related to size, shape, and dynamics of the guest molecules, as well as the dynamics of the host itself. As in other hydrates experienci...
Eigen-Functions of Linearized Unsteady Boundary Layer Equations

The Lam and Rott theory of linearized unsteady boundary layers is revisited, and some new results are obtained. The exact outer eigen-solution for a flat plate found in the original paper is shown to be a special case of the Prandtl-Glauert transposition theorem. The streamwise coordinate-dependent factor of the inter Eigen-solutions, first found by M.E. Goldstein for the flat plate, is generalised for arbitrary pressure gradients.
Gas Turbine Aero-Engine First Stage Turbine Blade Failure Investigation

Plugging material in some of the film cooling channels of a failed aero-gas turbine engine first stage turbine blade is analyzed using the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in an environmental scanning electron microscope. The objective of the analysis was to identify the nature and source of the plugging material that appears to have caused overheating and eventual failure of some of the blades. The results of the analysis indicate that the plugging material, which occurs as a dense aggregate of 0.1 m diameter fibers, is mainly composed of Zr, Y, and O. In addition, the material shows presence of micron size particles dispersed between the fibers. The analysis of the particles indicates they are fluoride-rich compounds, possibly of yttrium or calcium. Small or trace amounts of Ca, Na, and Mg are also observed in the plugging material. The analysis of the areas surrounding the plugged cooling channels shows presence of Cr―Co―Ni―aluminide bond coat and a discontinuous platinum coat over the bond coat. In contrast, the areas surrounding the fractured surface and melted edge show significant presence of calcium fluoride and Mg―Al―silicate. The analysis of melted edge shows presence of all the elements representing various coating layers as well as the impurities; however, Zr and Y were not detected in the melted areas.
Total synthesis and evaluation of C25-benzyloxyepothilone C for tubulin assembly and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Abstract The total synthesis of C25-benzyloxy epothilone C is described. A sequential Suzuki–Aldol–Yamaguchi macrolactonization strategy was utilized employing a novel derivatized C8–C12 fragment. The C25-benzyloxy analog exhibited significantly reduced biological activity in microtubule assembly and cytotoxicity assays. Molecular modeling simulations indicated that excessive steric bulk in the C25 position may reduce activity by disrupting key hydrogen bonds that are crucial for epothilone binding to β-tubulin.
Metabolism of selenium in skeletal muscle and liver of mice with genetic muscular dystrophy.

SummaryThe specific activity of glutathione peroxidase and the concentration of selenium in muscles from mice with genetic muscular dystrophy were both significantly increased over those of control mice. Following pretreatment with sodium selenite (10 μg/100 g body wt) for 3 days, the specific activity of glutathione peroxidase and the concentration of selenium in muscle from the dystrophic mice were both significantly increased over values in muscle from control mice. When the dystrophic and control mice were fed a diet deficient in selenium, both the activity of glutathione peroxidase and the selenium concentration were significantly decreased in muscle from both groups. However, the magnitude of decrease was significantly greater in the muscle from the control mice than in the muscle from the dystrophic mice. These results suggest that muscle from dystrophic mice has a greater capacity for selenium absorption and retention than does muscle from control mice.
Thermal dissociation behavior and dissociation enthalpies of methane-carbon dioxide mixed hydrates

Thermal Dissociation Behavior and Dissociation Enthalpies of Methane– Title: Carbon Dioxide Mixed Hydrates Tae-Hyuk Kwon 1 , Timothy J. Kneafsey 2 , and Emily V. L. Rees 3 Authors: Affiliations: Corresponding Author, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd. Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A. Tel: 1-510-486-4201 Fax: 1-510-486-5686 Email: thkwon@lbl.gov Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd. Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A. Tel: 1-510-486-4414 Fax: 1-510-486-5686 Email: tjkneafsey@lbl.gov Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd. Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A. Tel: 1-510-486-4096 Fax: 1-510-486-5686 Email: evrees@lbl.gov Corresponding Author: Tae-Hyuk Kwon
Transesophageal echocardiographic detection of thoracic aorta dissection extending into the celiac artery

Special positioning of a transesophageal echocardiography probe allows visualization of the superior portion of the abdominal aorta including the celiac artery branch. This case report describes a thoracic aorta dissection that extended into the abdomen and involved the celiac artery.