cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure distributions about yawed cones and ogives.

N methods are available for determining the pressure coefficients of circular cones at angle of attack. This note presents an extension of the tangent-cone method, utilizing empirical correlation plots, which retains the simplicity of this method while increasing its accuracy. Equivalent-cone semivertex angles (creq) are determined for the windward and leeward sides of a body at angle of attack. This angle is the unyawed cone surface angle that has the same surface pressure coefficient at a given Mach number as the actual body at angle of attack. Once these creq are found, the surface pressure coefficients can be obtained from standard unyawed cone tables. The logical correlation parameters will be functions of = 0°), and the minus sign is for the leeward side (<£ = 180°). The general form of the correlation plots can be de-
Coherence in doubled groups

The double of a free nonabelian group over a subgroup of finite index greater than two is shown not to be coherent, answering a question of C. T. C. Wall.
Hyperexcitability of CA3 pyramidal cells in mice lacking the potassium channel subunit Kv1.1.

Summary: Purpose: To investigate further the membrane properties and postsynaptic potentials of the CA3 pyramidal cells in mice that display spontaneous seizures because of a targeted deletion of the Kcna1 potassium channel gene (encoding the Kv1.1 protein subunit). Methods: Intracellular recordings were obtained from CA3 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices prepared from Kcna1-null and control littermates. CA3 pyramidal cells were activated: orthodromically, by stimulating mossy fibers; antidromically, by activating Schaffer collaterals; and by injecting intracellular pulses of current. Responses evoked under these conditions were compared in both genotypes in normal extracellular medium (containing 3 mM potassium) and in medium containing 6 mM potassium. Results: Recordings from CA3 pyramidal cells in Kcna1-null and littermate control slices showed similar membrane and action-potential properties. However, in 33% of cells studied in Kcna1-null slices bathed in normal extracellular medium, orthodromic stimulation evoked synaptically driven bursts of action potentials that followed a short-latency excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)-inhibitory PSP (IPSP) sequence. Such bursts were not seen in cells from control slices. The short-latency γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A-mediated IPSP event appeared similar in null and control slices. When extracellular potassium was elevated and excitatory synaptic transmission was blocked, antidromic activation or short pulses of intracellular depolarizing current evoked voltage-dependent bursts of action potentials in the majority of cells recorded in Kcna1 null slices, but only single spikes in control slices. Conclusions: Lack of Kv1.1 potassium channel subunits in CA3 pyramidal cells leads to synaptic hyperexcitability, as reflected in the propensity of these cells to generate multiple action potentials. The action-potential burst did not appear to result from loss of GABAA receptor–mediated inhibition. This property of CA3 neurons, seen particularly when tissue conditions become abnormal (e.g., elevated extracellular potassium), helps to explain the high seizure susceptibility of Kcna1-null mice.
Space Shuttle main engine product improvement

The current design of the Space Shuttle Main Engine has passed 11 certification cycles, amassed approximately a quarter million seconds of engine test time in 1200 tests and successfully launched the Space Shuttle 17 times of 51 engine launches through May 1985. Building on this extensive background, two development programs are underway at Rocketdyne to improve the flow of hot gas through the powerhead and evaluate the changes to increase the performance margins in the engine. These two programs, called Phase II+ and Technology Test Bed Precursor program are described. Phase II+ develops a two-tube hot-gas manifold that improves the component environment. The Precursor program will evaluate a larger throat main combustion chamber, conduct combustion stability testing of a baffleless main injector, fabricate an experimental weld-free heat exchanger tube, fabricate and test a high pressure oxidizer turbopump with an improved inlet, and develop and test methods for reducing temperature transients at start and shutdown.
Tripartite structure of the Brassica campestris mitochondrial genome

Physical mapping studies indicate a novel sequence arrangement, consisting of three circular chromosomes, for the mitochondrial genome of Brassica campestris (Chinese cabbage, turnip). A master chromosome, 218 kilobases (kb) long, contains the entire sequence complexity of the mitochondrial genome, including two copies of an ∼2-kb element present as direct repeats separated by 135 and 83kb. The two smaller circles are 135 and 83kb in size, contain one copy each of the 2-kb repeat element, and are postulated to interconvert with the master chromosome via a co-integration-resolution pathway mediated by reciprocal recombination within the 2-kb repeat.
EFFECT OF THE FORM OF THE AVAILABLE NITROGEN ON THE CALCIUM DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS IN THE BEAN PLANT.

Calcium has been found to be one of the most important mineral elements needed for normal plant growth. In its absence plants exhibit very severe deficiency symptoms usually very early and if calcium is withheld further, death always results. Nightingale et. al. (7) made a detailed study of the responses of the tomato plant to calcium deficiency. The reason that calcium deficiency has a more severe effect on a plant than the deficiency of almost any other single element is probably in part because calcium has been found to have many functions in growth and development. These various r?les of calcium will not be discussed here, with the exception of one : the effect of calcium on nitrogen metabolism, as it is directly concerned with this report. After Eckerson (2) devised a method for measuring reductase activity, the plant's capacity to reduce nitrates to nitrites, which is the first phase of protein synthesis, she later studied the conditions which affect nitrate reduction and found calcium among other things to be essential (3). Other workers have also found that calcium malnutrition impairs normal nitrogen metabolism. Burrell (1) found soybeans grown without calcium to accumulate nitrates in the leaves, and to have a much smaller amount of insoluble and amino acid nitrogen than plants grown with calcium ; he believes this condition is brought about by reduced nitrate reduction. Ginsburg and Shive (5) on the other hand, also working with the soybean believe that calcium has no effect on the protein content. Hibbard and Grigsby (6) found calcium-deficient peas to contain smaller amounts of protein than the control plants but believe this is caused by the general disturbance of the plants rather than by the lack of any particular element. Presenting calcium and nitrogen analyses of a large number of plants Parker and Truog (8) found a very close correlation between the calcium and nitrogen content.
Combinatorics and flexure

Combinatorial identities, trigonometric formulas, together with complex variable techniques are used to derive exact and closed expressions for the six flexure functions of certain isotropic cylinders under flexure. The cross sections are bounded either by the closed curvesr=a cosn (θ/n) (−π 1).
Skeletal Muscle Function in COPD

Few effective therapies exist for patients with COPD. Rehabilitative therapy aimed at curing dysfunction of the peripheral muscles may be an appropriate addition to this short list. This review does the following: (1) presents evidence that skeletal muscle dysfunction is present in COPD patients; (2) considers the mechanisms of this dysfunction; (3) describes the role of exercise training in correcting this disorder; and (4) speculates that anabolic hormone supplementation may find a place in COPD therapy. Further research will be necessary to refine these concepts.
Measuring supply chain performance

The process of choosing appropriate supply chain performance measures is difficult due to the complexity of these systems. The paper presents an overview and evaluation of the performance measures used in supply chain models and also presents a framework for the selection of performance measurement systems for manufacturing supply chains. Three types of performance measures are identified as necessary components in any supply chain performance measurement system, and new flexibility measures for supply chains are developed.
The effect of CO2 laser excision on local tumor recurrence

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of CO2 laser surgery on the incidence of local recurrence following tumor recurrence and to study the effect of “sterilization” of the operative site on this phenomenon. Sixty Fisher 344 rats were implanted with R323OAC mammary carcinoma. Animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital, and all tumors were completely excised at 21 days postimplantation. The animals were randomized into groups of 12 as follows: Group S underwent excision with the scalpel. Group E underwent excision with electrocautery (Bovie, Valley Labs, Boulder, CO). Group L and LV underwent excision with the Sharplan 733 CO2 laser (Laser Industries, Israel) (TEMoo, 125-mm handpiece, 25-W continuous wave). Group LV wounds were then “sterilized” by using the laser defocused to a 5-mm spot size and gently heating the site without producing blanching or charring of the tissues. Primary tumor size was 2.0 ± 0.5 cm and was similar in all groups. Animals were observed for recurrence for 33 days postoperatively. Mortalities were excluded from analysis. Tumors recurred in 7/9 (78%) in group S, 5/11 (45%) in group E, 4/10 (40%) in group L, and only 1/12 (8%) in group LV. AH results are significant at P<0.05. The CO2 laser is an effective surgical adjunct to reduce local tumor seeding and recurrence. This effect is enhanced by “sterilizing” the surgical site with the defocused laser beam.
Specialisation and extinction: Cope's law revisited

Some lineages, specific and supraspecific, tend to be extinction‐prone, others extinction‐resistant in the face of environmental change. Recent attention to the theoretical causes of extinction has focused almost entirely on physical (exogenous) factors. In most higher taxa, species appearing first are commonly characterised by having small to average size, and relatively generalised morphology. Species appearing later in many groups frequently include forms characterised by significant morphologic departures from the early‐appearing, but persistent norm. Such specialised features may include excessive ornamentation such as spinosity, and large, even giant size. Generalists within a genus occupy a considerable spectrum of environments (and communities), but specialists in the same genus tend to occur in a single environment and a single community. Particularly in the benthos, specialists tend to be biogeographically endemic and generalists cosmopolitan, unless the spectrum of environments is extensive and...
A note on Roth's Theorem

Abstract We give a quantitative version of Roth's Theorem over an arbitrary number field, similar to that given by Bombieri and van der Poorten.
RISK‐TAKING BEHAVIOR AND MANAGEMENT OWNERSHIP IN DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS

We examine the relation between risk and ownership structure among depository institutions. The empirical results provide evidence that the relation between managerial ownership and depository institution risk is negative and significant, suggesting that as managerial ownership increases the level of risk-taking decreases. This finding, which supports a risk aversion hypothesis, is consistent across several market-based risk measures. Furthermore, we document greater risk and greater risk aversion for savings institutions relative to commercial banks.
Interconnect limits on gigascale integration (GSI) in the 21st century

Twenty-first century opportunities for GSI will be governed in part by a hierarchy of physical limits on interconnects whose levels are codified as fundamental, material, device, circuit, and system. Fundamental limits are derived from the basic axioms of electromagnetic, communication, and thermodynamic theories, which immutably restrict interconnect performance, energy dissipation, and noise reduction. At the material level, the conductor resistivity increases substantially in sub-50-nm technology due to scattering mechanisms that are controlled by quantum mechanical phenomena and structural/morphological effects. At the device and circuit level, interconnect scaling significantly increases interconnect crosstalk and latency. Reverse scaling of global interconnects causes inductance to influence on-chip interconnect transients such that even with ideal return paths, mutual inductance increases crosstalk by up to 60% over that predicted by conventional RC models. At the system level, the number of metal levels explodes for highly connected 2-D logic megacells that double in size every two years such that by 2014 the number is significantly larger than ITRS projections. This result emphasizes that changes in design, technology, and architecture are needed to cope with the onslaught of wiring demands. One potential solution is 3-D integration of transistors, which is expected to significantly improve interconnect performance. Increasing the number of active layers, including the use of separate layers for repeaters, and optimizing the wiring network, yields an improvement in interconnect performance of up to 145% at the 50-nm node.
Facile post-growth doping of nanostructured hematite photoanodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation

We report a facile approach to perform post-growth doping of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanostructures by depositing titanium (Ti) precursor solution and subsequent annealing in air. Using hematite nanowire photoanodes on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates as a model system, the doping conditions were carefully optimized and highly photoactive hematite photoanodes were prepared at a more practically acceptable temperature of 650–700 °C than the ≥800 °C commonly used in previous works. A combination of microstructural characterization, elemental analysis, photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis were employed to confirm the distribution of Ti atoms in hematite nanostructures and the role of Ti dopants in enhancing the photocurrent of hematite photoanodes. It was found that the Ti-treatment increases the donor concentration of hematite by about 10 fold and facilitates majority carrier transport and collection, which may account for the performance enhancement. Moreover, EIS measurements under illumination and Mott–Schottky analysis clearly showed that Ti dopants interact with the surface trap states of hematite, suggesting that surface passivation may also contribute to the improved PEC performance. This facile post-growth doping method can be applied to other hematite nanostructures such as electrochemically deposited hematite films and expanded to other dopants such as zirconium (Zr).
Non-Linear Dimensionality Reduction

A method for creating a non-linear encoder-decoder for multidimensional data with compact representations is presented. The commonly used technique of autoassociation is extended to allow non-linear representations, and an objective function which penalizes activations of individual hidden units is shown to result in minimum dimensional encodings with respect to allowable error in reconstruction.
Evidence for Impaired Metabolism in Liver during Induced Lactation Ketosis of Dairy Cows

Ketosis was induced in four lactating dairy cows at an average of 36 d postpartum and 24 d after initiation of a protocol for inducing ketosis. Liver and adipose biopsies were taken at five stages; once prepartal, once early postpartal, once during an induction protocol, once during ketosis, and once during recovery after treatment of ketosis. At each stage, in vitro estimates were made of capacities of liver slices for gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis and of capacities of adipose tissue slices for lipogenesis and lipolysis. There were no significant differences for any metabolic capacity between prepartal and early postpartal stages; however, a significant decrease in hepatic metabolic activity was associated with ketosis. Gluconeogenic rates from all substrates tested were decreased significantly during ketosis, and similar decreases were measured for oxidation of gluconeogenic substrates and fatty acids. Treatment of ketosis resulted in complete recovery from impairments of metabolism in liver. Results suggest that a prolonged energy deficit, plus a major influx of ketone precursors, is accompanied by eventual hepatic impairment, that clinical ketosis is associated with this impairment, and that the impairment is reversed by effective treatment of ketosis.
Surgical treatment of ankyloglossia

Ankyloglossia, although difficult to define and quantify, is present in approximately 4%-5% of the pediatric population. Tongue-tie typically presents with difficulty in breast-feeding because of reduced mobility of the tongue and is implicated in difficulty with speech later in life. The lingual frenulum is typically a structure with low vascularity innervation and amenable to surgical treatment in an outpatient clinic as well as the operating room. Multiple techniques from simple division to multiple-flap frenuloplasties have been developed to treat the disorder and are tolerated well, with near-immediate improvement in breast-feeding quality.
Characterization and test methods for printed circuit board ESD

ESD (electrostatic discharge) from printed circuit boards can be a serious threat to the components on a board. Measurements performed on four representative PCBs (printed circuit boards) indicate that a charged board can discharge a current with tens of amperes and subnanosecond risetimes. In some circumstances discharge current may flow through a single pin of an IC if the discharge is from a point connected to that pin. The discharge current waves in some cases are much higher in amplitude and faster in risetime than the standard test waves used in IC ESD testing. Thus, an IC on a PCB can fail at a much lower ESD voltage level than published ESD ratings would indicate. >
Mesodermal mixed tumors of the body of the uterus

Abstract A case of mesodermal mixed tumor of the body of the uterus plus a superimposed adenocarcinoma has been described. Fourteen similar cases have been collected from the literature. The histogenesis is obscure; the Mullerian duct theory seems the most acceptable, but far from satisfactory. The diagnostic importance of striated embryonic muscle tissue has been emphasized. Total hysterectomy and removal of the tubes and ovaries, followed by adequate irradiation, appears to be the treatment of choice. There have been no five-year cures of verified cases reported.
DNA folding and melting observed in real time redefine the energy landscape

We report real-time observations of the folding and melting of DNA by probing two active sites of a hairpin structure, the bases and the stem end, and using an ultrafast T-jump. Studies at different initial temperatures (before, during, and after melting) provide the time scale of water heating (<20 ps), single-strand destacking (700 ps to 2 ns), and hairpin destacking (microseconds and longer) in solutions of various ionic strengths and pH values. The behavior of transient changes gives direct evidence to the existence of intermediate collapsed structures, labile in destacking but compact in nature, and indicates that melting is not a two-state process. We propose a landscape that is defined by these nucleation structures and destacking for efficient folding and melting.
Culture in the Cockpit: Do Hofstede’s Dimensions Replicate?

Survey data collected from 9,400 male commercial airline pilots in 19 countries were used in a replication study of Hofstede's indexes of national culture. The analysis that removed the constraint of item equivalence proved superior, both conceptually and empirically, to the analysis using Hofstede's items and formulae as prescribed, and rendered significant replication correlations for all indexes (Individualism-Collectivism .96, Power Distance .87, Masculinity-Femininity .75, and Uncertainty Avoidance .68). The successful replication confirms that national culture exerts an influence on cockpit behavior over and above the professional culture of pilots, and that "one size fits all" training is inappropriate.
Proteomics Analysis Reveals Overlapping Functions of Clustered Protocadherins

The three tandem-arrayed protocadherin (Pcdh) gene clusters, namely Pcdh-α, Pcdh-β, and Pcdh-γ, play important roles in the development of the vertebrate central nervous system. To gain insight into the molecular action of PCDHs, we performed a systematic proteomics analysis of PCDH-γ-associated protein complexes. We identified a list of 154 non-redundant proteins in the PCDH-γ complexes. This list includes nearly 30 members of clustered Pcdh-α, -β, and -γ families as core components of the complexes and additionally over 120 putative PCDH-associated proteins. We validated a selected subset of PCDH-γ-associated proteins using specific antibodies. Analysis of the identities of PCDH-associated proteins showed that the majority of them overlap with the proteomic profile of postsynaptic density preparations. Further analysis of membrane protein complexes revealed that several validated PCDH-γ-associated proteins exhibit reduced levels in Pcdh-γ-deficient brain tissues. Therefore, PCDH-γs are required for the integrity of the complexes. However, the size of the overall complexes and the abundance of many other proteins remained unchanged, raising a possibility that PCDH-αs and PCDH-βs might compensate for PCDH-γ function in complex formation. As a test of this idea, RNA interference knockdown of both PCDH-αs and PCDH-γs showed that PCDHs have redundant functions in regulating neuronal survival in the chicken spinal cord. Taken together, our data provide evidence that clustered PCDHs coexist in large protein complexes and have overlapping functions during vertebrate neural development.
How does the brain regulate negative bias to stigma

The current study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether regulating negative bias to stigmatized individuals has a unique neural activity profile from general emotion regulation. Participants were presented with images of stigmatized (e.g. homeless people) or non-stigmatized (e.g. a man holding a gun) social targets while undergoing fMRI and were asked either to maintain or regulate their emotional response. Their implicit bias toward these stigmatized group members was also measured. Analyses were conducted in both, an event-related fashion, considering the event to be the onset of regulation, and in a blocked-design fashion, considering the sustained activity throughout the 8-s regulatory period. In the event-related (onset) analyses, participants showed more activity throughout the prefrontal cortex when initiating a regulatory response to stigmatized as compared with non-stigmatized images. This neural activity was positively correlated with their implicit bias. Interestingly, in the block (sustained) analyses, general emotion regulation elicited a more widespread pattern of neural activity as compared with stigma regulation. This activity was largely posterior, suggesting that general emotion regulation may engage more visuo-spatial processing as compared with stigma regulation. These findings suggest that regulating negative affect toward stigmatized targets may occur relatively more quickly than regulating negative affect toward non-stigmatized targets.
The hierarchical structure of self-reported impulsivity

The hierarchical structure of 95 self-reported impulsivity items, along with delay-discount rates for money, was examined. A large sample of college students participated in the study (N = 407). Items represented every previously proposed dimension of self-reported impulsivity. Exploratory PCA yielded at least 7 interpretable components: Prepared/Careful, Impetuous, Divertible, Thrill and Risk Seeking, Happy-Go-Lucky, Impatiently Pleasure Seeking, and Reserved. Discount rates loaded on Impatiently Pleasure Seeking, and correlated with the impulsiveness and venturesomeness scales from the I(7) (Eysenck, Pearson, Easting, & Allsopp, 1985). The hierarchical emergence of the components was explored, and we show how this hierarchical structure may help organize conflicting dimensions found in previous analyses. Finally, we argue that the discounting model (Ainslie, 1975) provides a qualitative framework for understanding the dimensions of impulsivity.
A Systematic Design Flow for Optimal Capacitance Assignment in Switched-Capacitor Biquads

This paper presents a systematic design flow for optimal capacitance assignment in switched-capacitor biquad circuits. The proposed design flow starts with a biquad template configuration, which is defined based on circuit regularity. Then, the symbolic transfer function in the z-domain is derived for the biquad template. Given the desired transfer function to be realized, a set of equality constraints can be obtained from coefficient matching of the symbolic transfer function and the desired one. In addition, we also formulate an exact closed-form expression for the output swing constraint so that output swings for the biquad are equalized. Other constraints, such as direct charge coupling, are also formulated. Finally, a nonlinear programming technique is used to solve for capacitance variables subject to optimal capacitance assignment, which is defined as minimizing total capacitance, total number of capacitors and circuit sensitivity. The main advantage of the proposed design flow is that an optimal biquad configuration can be obtained in an automated and accurate way. Experiments confirmed the flexibility of the design flow on obtaining optimal biquad configurations under various design tradeoffs.
Transaction‐Cost Economics: Past, Present, and Future?

Oliver Williamson is the founder and chief developer of transaction-cost economics (TCE). In this brief essay, on the occasion of his Nobel Memorial Prize, I offer a partial discussion of Williamson's contributions by first summarizing some of the accomplishments of TCE-past and then sketching some of the opportunities for TCE-future. Most of the topics in both sections (TCE-past and TCE-future) start with a quotation from Williamson's early work that I think still speaks volumes today. That is, while fellow travelers and successors have acted on one set of Williamson's insights, helping to produce the accomplishments of TCE-past, another collection of Williamson's insights has gone relatively unremarked, creating some of the opportunities for TCE-future.
Estimating the Mediating Effect of Intervening Variables in Pooled Cross-Sectional and Time Series Designs Model Specification and Estimation Procedures

An important contribution of evaluation research is information regarding the extent to which the effect of an intervention is mediated by characteristics of the unit in which it is introduced and/or variations in the way the intervention is implemented in different units. It is shown in this article that by extending the type of model specified by Berk and his associates (1979), this type of information can be obtained from pooled cross-sectional and time series designs. However, the conventional estimation procedure for pooled cross-sectional and time series data, such as that embedded in PROC TSCSREG in SAS, is not appropriate for this purpose because it produces inefficient estimates of the coefficients which are of central interest in this type of problem, that is, those coefficients that characterize the effect of the intervention and the extent to which it is mediated by characteristics of the unit in which it is introduced and/or variations in the way the intervention is implemented. Two alternati...
The Canonical Wnt Signal Restricts the Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/Fbw7-Dependent Ubiquitination and Degradation of Eya1 Phosphatase

Haploinsufficiency of Eya1 causes the branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome, and abnormally high levels of Eya1 are linked to breast cancer progression and poor prognosis. Therefore, regulation of Eya1 activity is key to its tissue-specific functions and oncogenic activities. Here, we show that Eya1 is posttranslationally modified by ubiquitin and that its ubiquitination level is selflimited to prevent premature degradation. Eya1 has an evolutionarily conserved CDC4 phosphodegron (CPD) signal, a target site of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) kinase and Fbw7 ubiquitin ligase, which is required for Eya1 ubiquitination. Genetic deletion ofFbw7and pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 significantly decrease Eya1 ubiquitination. Conversely, activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the canonical Wnt signal suppresses Eya1 ubiquitination. Compound Eya1 / ;Wnt9b / mutants exhibit an increased penetrance of renal defect, indicating that they function in the same genetic pathway in vivo. Together, these findings reveal that the canonical Wnt and PI3K/Akt signal pathways restrain the GSK3/Fbw7dependent Eya1 ubiquitination, and they further suggest that dysregulation of this novel axis contributes to tumorigenesis.
The utility of negative refractive index metamaterials as passive UHF RFID tag inlays

Recently, there has been much work in exploring the physics of negative refractive index (NRI) metamaterials [1, 2] as applicable experimentally. NRI metamaterials are fabricated materials that have negative permittivity (e r ) and permeability (μ r ) values. These materials were first suggested in 1967 by Vaselago [3], where they were theoretically studied to reach the proposed conclusion that such mediums should be deemed as possessing negative refractive indexes since (n = −√Eμ). This proposal endured many criticisms, due to the unconventional utilization of physical concepts and non-existence of materials possessing these behaviors at that time. In the last decade, the study of NRI metamaterials (NRM) has experienced huge interests spanning both theoretical and experimental physicist. This recent excitement is due to the fact that NRM's have now been discovered experimentally through fabrication techniques utilizing the combination of a −μ r and a −e r material(s) [1]. Furthermore, the prediction and verification by Pendry [4] that NRM's could be utilized as perfect lenses with higher resolutions than conventional lenses provided the required breakthrough.
Forwardflow: a scalable core for power-constrained CMPs

Chip Multiprocessors (CMPs) are now commodity hardware, but commoditization of parallel software remains elusive. In the near term, the current trend of increased core-per-socket count will continue, despite a lack of parallel software to exercise the hardware. Future CMPs must deliver thread-level parallelism when software provides threads to run, but must also continue to deliver performance gains for single threads by exploiting instruction-level parallelism and memory-level parallelism. However, power limitations will prevent conventional cores from exploiting both simultaneously. This work presents the Forwardflow Architecture, which can scale its execution logic up to run single threads, or down to run multiple threads in a CMP. Forwardflow dynamically builds an explicit internal dataflow representation from a conventional instruction set architecture, using forward dependence pointers to guide instruction wakeup, selection, and issue. Forwardflow's backend is organized into discrete units that can be individually (de-)activated, allowing each core's performance to be scaled by system software at the architectural level. On single threads, Forwardflow core scaling yields a mean runtime reduction of 21% for a 37% increase in power consumption. For multithreaded workloads, a Forwardflow-based CMP allows system software to select the performance point that best matches available power.
Introduction to Mathematical Programming: Linear Programming

This note provides an introduction to mathematical programming (in general) and linear programming (in particular). A spreadsheet-based approach is used, accompanied by a graphical description of the fundamental underlying characteristics of resource-allocation problems exploited by linear programming.
Power Normalization for Mass Spectrometry Data Analysis and Analytical Method Assessment

Biomarker profiling using mass spectrometry plays an essential role in biological studies and is highly dependent on the data analysis for sample classification. In this study, we introduced power nomination of the mass spectra as a method for systematically altering the weights of peaks at different intensity levels. In combination with the use of support vector machine method (SVM), the impact on the sample classification has been characterized using data in four studies previously reported, including the distinctions of anomeric configurations of sugars, types of bacteria, stages of melanoma, and the types of breast cancer. Comprehensive analysis of the data with normalization at different power normalization index (PNI) was developed and analysis tools, including error-PNI plots, reference profiles, and error source profiles, were used to assess the potential of the analytical methods as well as to find the proper approaches to classify the samples.
Summary, Perspective and Direction for Future Research

Curcumin is consumed as a dietary supplement for centuries and is considered pharmacologically safe. It produces its health benefits through its antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic, and antiapoptotic properties. These properties are particularly relevant for the treatment of AD. Thus, by binding to senile plaques, reducing Aβ levels and plaque burden, blocking aggregation and fibril formation, lowering oxidative stress and reducing neuroinflammation, reversing cognitive deficits, curcumin alleviates cell death and neuronal loss in cellular and animal models of AD. Curcumin reduces soluble Tau protein and elevates heat shock proteins, which promote Tau protein clearance even after the formation of tangles. In animal models curcumin reverses Tau protein-dependent behavioral abnormalities and synaptic deficits. Other activities of curcumin, which may beneficial in AD patients include reduction of blood cholesterol level, prevention of low density lipoprotein oxidation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, suppression of thrombosis and myocardial infarction.
Fourth International Conference on Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy of Prostate Cancer: Overview Consensus Statement.

0 n March 29th and 30th, 1996, The First International Conference on Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy of Prostate Cancer (NHT), cochaired by Drs. William R. Fair, MD and Marc B. Garnick, MD was convened in Boston, Massachusetts. The primary impetus for the meeting came from an accumulation of published data and ongoing clinical trials in the United States, Canada, and Europe that suggested that NHT may provide benefits to a large population of patients with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer. Yet, despite this literature and experience, the 2 conference organizers were not aware of a centralized body of accessible information to critically assess the data, and provide an emerging consensus relating to the practice of NHT. The optimal patient selection criteria, NHT type, and duration of treatment, pathological criteria, analysis of study design, molecular biological correlates of NHT response, and other issues had not been reviewed, discussed, and debated openly in an appropriate forum. Thus, the First International Conference on Neoadjuvant Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer was born. The attendees included international experts representing urology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, tumor biology, molecular biology, radiology, pathology, endocrinology, regulatory science, governmental biomedical research, biostatistics, and patient advocacy. Participants were invited based upon their acknowledged contributions to either clinical or basic understanding of prostate cancer management and biology. Each session, consisting of approximately 40 minutes of formal presentation,
Characterization of the capillary performance of copper inverse opals

In this work, we characterize the capillary performance of copper inverse opals (CIOs) fabricated using template-assisted electrodeposition. A bed of sintered 5 µm-diameter polystyrene spheres is used as a template. The extent of sintering tailors the window diameter between adjacent pores of the CIOs; these windows largely determine the permeability and capillary characteristics of the CIO structures. Capillarity is characterized through rate-of-rise measurements and compared with corresponding changes in permeability determined previously. Trends in these measured values are studied as a function of sintering parameters for the template and resulting porosities of the CIO structures. Findings from this study provide insights into the flow characteristics of copper inverse opal structures, paving the way for designing optimal thermal solutions to electronic cooling applications with microporous metals.
Computational homogenization and micromechanical analysis of textured polycrystalline materials

Abstract We present a numerical methodology for the thermomechanical analysis of real polycrystalline material microstructures obtained using electron backscatter diffraction techniques. The asymptotic expansion homogenization method is used in conjunction with the finite element method to perform comprehensive micromechanical analyses and determine the effective thermoelastic properties of polycrystalline materials. Smooth grain boundaries are generated from the discretely sampled electron backscatter diffraction data of real polycrystalline materials. The microscale displacements, strains and stresses are related to the macroscale temperature change and strains through 21 distinct characteristic functions. The three-dimensional equilibrium equations at the microscale yield a system of partial differential equations for the characteristic functions which are solved using the finite element method. The effective properties of the polycrystalline material are obtained from the single-crystal thermoelastic properties, crystallographic orientations of the crystallites and the characteristic functions. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by considering electron backscatter diffraction maps of zinc, stainless steel, and natural quartzite rock. Results are presented for homogenized properties such as elastic stiffnesses, thermal expansion coefficients, and seismic wavespeeds, as well as for microscale stress distributions resulting from different macroscale loading conditions. The bulk thermoelastic properties are compared with those obtained using the Voigt, Reuss, Voigt–Reuss–Hill and self-consistent methods. Details are provided regarding a freely available software package that has been developed for the thermomechanical analysis of polycrystalline materials based on the proposed numerical framework.
An Architecture for Multi-Security Level Network Traffic

Increasing availability and decreasing prices of encryptors raise the question, "Can secure and regular network traffic be carried over one infrastructure?" If this is feasible without compromising the security of network data or attached systems, benefits in both money and reliability can be realized. This paper examines the trends in encryption hardware, presents a possible consolidated architecture, highlights potential benefits, and discusses obstacles and details that would need to be worked out before wide-spread adoption.
Deriving ARX models for synchronous generators

Parameter identification of a synchronous generator based on Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data requires autoregressive exogenous (ARX) models. This paper presents ARX model derivation and validation of two synchronous generator models. The first one is a third-order ARX model including electromechanical dynamics, turbine-governor dynamics and primary frequency control. Input of the model is power while output is frequency. The second one is a fifth order generator model extending from the simplified one, with additional rotor flux dynamics and excitation dynamics. Generator terminal voltage is treated as input while real power, reactive power and frequency are treated as outputs. Nonlinear model simulation data from Power System Toolbox (PST) are used as PMU data. The derived ARX models are validated by comparing the measurement outputs with the outputs generated from the ARX models. High matching degrees are observed. The coefficients of the ARX models are also compared based on two approaches: (i) calibration from the known generator parameters and (ii) system identification. High matching degrees are also observed.
Antenatal Glucocorticoid Therapy: Hormone Concentrations

The use of prenatal glucocorticoid therapy for prevention of RDS has provided opportunities to study serum concentrations of administered hormones in both mother and fetus. Data are available from women treated in the third trimester with betamethasone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone. The amount of transplacental passage of these corticosteroids and the kinetics of their appearance and disappearance in the fetal circulation are discussed. In addition, I review the effect of glucocorticoid treatment on various endogenous hormones in both mother and fetus.
Retrieval Cues On Tests: A Strategy for Helping Students Overcome Retrieval Failure

Students often struggle to recall information on tests, frequently claiming to experience a “retrieval failure” of learned information. Thus, the retrieval of information from memory may be a roadb...
Development of a total colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis rat model to evaluate colonic metaplasia.

Abstract Background Ulcerative colitis is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of the colon that may require surgical intervention including proctocolectomy and either ileal pouch-anal anastomosis or in the pediatric population, low ileorectal anastomosis (IRA). Often, subsequent physiologic alteration (or colonic metaplasia) occurs in the anastomosed small bowel that includes changes in mucin content, villous blunting, and increased expression of WNT5A , a marker of colonic crypt regeneration. We developed a rat low IRA model to assess and study the development of colonic metaplasia. Materials and methods We subjected male Sprague–Dawley rats ( n = 17) to total colectomy and low IRA surgery and evaluated healing periodically by endoscopic evaluation. The ileum upstream of the anastomosis was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the mucin content was measured by high iron diamine-Alcian blue staining. Wnt5a transcripts were quantified by reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction at the 8-wk study end point. Results Although no gross endoscopic evidence of inflammation was seen throughout the course of the study, colonic metaplasia in the small bowel was detected in 7 out of 10 (70%) rats at the study end point. In rats with colonic metaplasia, enhanced expression of Wnt5a was evident at the study end point compared to levels in the terminal ileum at the time of surgery. Conclusions Within 4-8 wk, the majority of rats subjected to IRA developed colonic metaplasia defined by villous blunting, changes in mucin content, and increased expression of Wnt5a . This model provides a method to study small bowel colonic metaplasia.
Effect of Ankle Position and Noninvasive Distraction on Arthroscopic Accessibility of the Distal Tibial Plafond.

BACKGROUND Osteochondral lesions of the tibial plafond (OLTPs) can lead to chronic ankle pain and disability. It is not known how limited ankle motion or joint distraction affects arthroscopic accessibility of these lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different fixed flexion angles and distraction on accessibility of the distal tibial articular surface during anterior and posterior arthroscopy. METHODS Fourteen below-knee cadaver specimens underwent anterior and posterior ankle arthroscopy using a 30-degree 2.7-mm arthroscopic camera. Intra-articular working space was measured with a precision of 1 mm using sizing rods. The accessible areas at the plafond were marked under direct visualization at varying fixed ankle flexion positions. Arthroscopic accessibilities were normalized as percent area using a surface laser scan. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the relationship between preoperative ankle range of motion, amount of distraction, arthroscopic approach, and arthroscopic plafond visualization. RESULTS There was significantly greater accessibility during posterior arthroscopy (73.5%) compared with anterior arthroscopy (51.2%) in the neutral ankle position ( P = .007). There was no difference in accessibility for anterior arthroscopy with increasing level of plantarflexion ( P > .05). Increasing dorsiflexion during posterior arthroscopy significantly reduced ankle accessibility ( P = .028). There was a significant increase in accessibility through the anterior and posterior approach with increasing amount of intra-articular working space (parameter estimates ± SE): anterior = 14.2 ± 3.34 ( P < .01) and posterior = 10.6 ± 3.7 ( P < .05). Frequency data showed that the posterior third of the plafond was completely inaccessible in 33% of ankles during anterior arthroscopy. The frequency of inaccessible anterior plafond during posterior arthroscopy was 12%. CONCLUSION Intra-articular working space and arthroscopic accessibility were greater during posterior arthroscopy compared with anterior arthroscopy. Improved accessibility of OLTPs may be achieved from posterior arthroscopy. Arthroscopic accessibility was heavily dependent on the amount of intraoperative joint working space achieved and not on ankle position. CLINICAL RELEVANCE OLTPs are often encountered in tandem with talar lesions, and safely achieving intra-articular working space through noninvasive distraction greatly improved arthroscopic accessibility.
ClbS Is a Cyclopropane Hydrolase That Confers Colibactin Resistance

Certain commensal Escherichia coli contain the clb biosynthetic gene cluster that codes for small molecule prodrugs known as precolibactins. Precolibactins are converted to colibactins by N-deacylation; the latter are postulated to be genotoxic and to contribute to colorectal cancer formation. Though advances toward elucidating (pre)colibactin biosynthesis have been made, the functions and mechanisms of several clb gene products remain poorly understood. Here we report the 2.1 A X-ray structure and molecular function of ClbS, a gene product that confers resistance to colibactin toxicity in host bacteria and which has been shown to be important for bacterial viability. The structure harbors a potential colibactin binding site and shares similarity to known hydrolases. In vitro studies using a synthetic colibactin analog and ClbS or an active site residue mutant reveal cyclopropane hydrolase activity that converts the electrophilic cyclopropane of the colibactins into an innocuous hydrolysis product. As the...