cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moynihan Was Right: Now What?

In 1965, Daniel Patrick Moynihan predicted that the exposure of so many black children, especially males, to fatherless families would prevent many from seizing new opportunities through the civil rights revolution. Although Moynihan was excoriated in the academic world and beyond, subsequent events have proven him correct. Today, in part because of the continuing demise of married-couple families, the average black is far behind the average white in educational achievement, employment rates, and earnings; blacks also have much higher crime and incarceration rates. These outcomes have led to growing recognition that the promise of the civil rights revolution will not be achieved until the black family is repaired. This article proposes a series of policies intended to increase and reward work, reduce nonmarital births and increase marriage rates, expand preschool education, and reduce incarceration rates and integrate former prisoners back into society—all designed to reduce lone parenting or deal with it...
Exploring the Phase Diagram of Nuclear Matter with Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

I will review the present status of relativistic heavy ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC with special emphasis on the most recent discoveries, which characterize the deconfined phase of matter and the phase diagram itself.
Constructing a Neo-Romantic Rhetorical Theory

Hugh Blair and Thomas De Quincey demonstrate that the aesthetic in rhetoric could trigger powerful effects. Their ultimate aim was to achieve the sublime. Their rhetorical theory was part of the Romantic Movement that swept through the arts. Viewing Blair and De Quincey through the Romantic lens not only provides a new reading of these theories, it also provides a foundation on which to build a Neo-Romantic theory by borrowing from relevant segments of contemporary rhetorical theory. The end result is a unique perspective on discourse, an aesthetic lens that seeks to achieve the sublime built on the defining elements of Romanticism: nature, nationalism and narrative.
Effects of Different Constant Temperatures on Adult Longevity, Development Time, and Progeny Production of Hyposoter exiguae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Developmental time, progeny production, and adult longevity of Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) varied with temperature with Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) as host. As temperature increased from 15.5° to 35.0°C, immature developmental periods and adult longevity decreased. Time of total development ranged from ca. 37 days at 15.5°C to ca. 14 days at 32.2°C. Male longevity ranged from 31.3 to 2.4 days and female longevity from 35.8 to 3.5 days at 15.5° and 35.0°C, respectively. Access to food and water materially affected adult longevity. The parasite immatures developed in parallel with T. ni at temperatures ranging from 15.5° to 32.2°C. The upper functional limit of H. exiguae was between 32.2° and 35.5°C; the optimal temperature between 21.1° and 26.7°C. The lower functional limit was ca. 15.5°C. Progeny production was highest at 21.1°C, with a peak of 26.1 progeny in 24 h. At this temperature, the female:male sex ratio was 2:1.
Studies on Resistance of Strawberries to Mites. 3. Preference and Nonpreference Responses of Tetranychus urticae and T. turkestani to Essential Oils of Foliage

The two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the strawberry spider mite. T. turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski were tested for their reaction to essential oils of strawberry foliage form ‘Citation,’ a cultivar relatively susceptible to injury from these phytophagous mites. The following 11 essential oils were assayed for response of the mites: furfural, trans -2-hexen-l-ol, nonyl alcohol, linalool, nonyl aldehyde, pelargonic acid, cis -3-hexen-ol, α-terpineol, octyl alcohol, methyl salicylate, and methyl naphthalene. A test designed to study the reaction of T. urticae on bean leaf disks while they are enclosed with vapors of essential oils showed that, with a few exceptions, the oils elicited an avoiding response from the mites. Nonyl alcohol and α-terpineol at 0.1 % did not repel. The choice-tube technique served as the main bioassay method; trans -2-hexen-l-ol was an attractant or repellent, depending on concentration, to both species of mites. Generally the essential oils showed a repellent action: however, 0.01% and 0.1% trans-2-hexen-1-ol, mixtures of 0.1% and 1.0% octyl alcohol + furfural, and 0.1% solution of α-terpineol + methyl saicylate attracted T. urticae . Six oils at low concentrations were also significantly attractive to T. turkestani .
Internal Bremsstrahlung from P 32

The spectral distribution of the internal bremsstrahlung associated with the beta decay of ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$ has been measured with a NaI scintillation spectrometer from 80 to 900 kev. The shape of the experimental spectrum is compared with the theoretical distribution, corrected for detector response, for three different beta interactions: (1) allowed; (2) first-forbidden; scalar; (3) first-forbidden; tensor; $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=2$, yes. The results show that of these interactions, only the allowed case gives a theoretical curve within the estimated error (10 percent) of the experimental points over the entire range of energy.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Affects Growth Hormone Secretion by a Direct Pituitary Interaction

Administration of 50, 250, and 1,250 ng/kg iv of recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (RBTNF) did not affect basal plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) or thyroid-stimulating hormone in male calves. However, when administered 30 min before challenge with 1 microgram/kg iv of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 250 ng/kg of RBTNF increased the subsequent incremental GH response. At 1,250 ng/kg of RBTNF, GH response to TRH was significantly blunted. For each dose of RBTNF administered, the incremental change in plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone following TRH was not significantly different from control. To examine direct effects of RBTNF on pituitary function, fresh bovine pituitaries were sliced into 1-mm cubes and incubated with 0 or 10(-8), 10(-9), or 10(-10) M RBTNF. Additional cultures were treated with 10(-8) or 10(-9) M GH-releasing factor or 10(-8) M TRH and 0 or 10(-8) M RBTNF. Media GH increased in cultures with 10(-10) M RBTNF and declined linearly as RBTNF concentration increased. RBTNF blocked GH release from GH-releasing factor- and TRH-challenged pituitary slices. Membranes prepared from homogenized bovine pituitaries had specific saturable binding characteristics for monomeric 125I-RBTNF. Membranes treated with 4 M MgCl2 for 10 min and washed free of Mg2+ produced Scatchard plots fit to a two-site model (high affinity site Kd = 6.6 nM), while Scatchards of non-Mg(2+)-treated membranes fit a single site (Kd = 8.9 nM). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of 125I-RBTNF cross-linked pituitary membranes showed specific binding of monomeric 125I-RBTNF to protein components ranging in molecular weight from 19,000 to 77,000. The data suggest that RBTNF has modulatory effects on the regulation of GH secretion acting directly at the pituitary through specific receptors.
EFFORTS TO MEASURE IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL STAY

In spite of great improvements in the programmes of correctional institutions for adults and juveniles, there are still no feasible ways of measuring the impact of institutional stay on the inmate. Outcome on after-care and out come after expiration of sentence, say a year or more after release, appears to be almost completely unrelated to the impact of the institutional programme. The reasons for this are that post-institutional outcome depends very much upon the type of environment to which the releasee returns, the personality of the releasee, the releasee's involvement with associates, and the readiness of the after-care officer or the police to take the releasee into custody. When the latter happens, failure is recorded. Another important factor is the size of the correctional institution. In our present thinking, the smaller the institution, the more chance for positive impact of institutional stay. Still another important item is the quality of staff, particularly of those staff members who have the closest and most frequent contacts with inmates. A staff member selected on the basis of his ability to develop relationships with institutionalized persons has a good chance of exerting a positive influence, especially when he has to supervise only a small number of inmates (say 20). Initial Efforts in Studying Impact The senior author for almost a generation has been interested in the discovery of ways and means to assess the effect of stay in a correctional institution on the inmate. (Reckless, 1942). Several of his doctoral students as well as his colleagues attempted to obtain indications of impact of institutional stay on inmates. (Reckless, 1955). Insights were obtained from observations of correctional institutions for youth in England and in Europe. (See Reckless,
Breast cancer sentinel node metastases: histopathologic detection and clinical significance.

Background: Lymphatic mapping with sentinel lymphadenectomy (LM/SL) is an accurate and less morbid means of determining the tumor status of the axilla in breast cancer patients than standard level I and II axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). This review addresses the handling and pathologic examination of the sentinel node (SN), the clinical significance of tumor within the SN, and the risk factors for non-SN tumor involvement. Methods: The seminal works that have addressed pathologic examination of ALND specimens and SN specimens are summarized, and the important studies attempting to identify predictors of non-SN metastases in patients with a tumor-involved SN are reviewed. Results: Standard single-section hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) examination is inadequate for reliable detection of axillary or SN metastases. Large studies appropriately powered to detect a survival difference for patients with micrometastatic disease are reviewed. The current data on the clinical significance of micrometastatic nodal disease is inconclusive. While several strong predictors of non-SN tumor involvement have been identified, none is reliable enough to allow omission of ALND in patients with a tumor-involved SN. Conclusions: Routine examination of the SN specimen should include serial sections with H&E stain. Ongoing prospective clinical trials should help to define the clinical significance of SN micrometastases. Furthermore, these trials could help identify predictors of non-SN metastasis that would allow a subset of patients with a tumor-involved SN to avoid the morbidity of ALND.
Pure electrical, highly-efficient and sidelobe free coherent Raman spectroscopy using acousto-optics tunable filter (AOTF)

Fast and sensitive Raman spectroscopy measurements are imperative for a large number of applications in biomedical imaging, remote sensing and material characterization. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy offers a substantial improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio but is often limited to a discrete number of wavelengths. In this report, by introducing an electronically-tunable acousto-optical filter as a wavelength selector, a novel approach to a broadband stimulated Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated. The corresponding Raman shift covers the spectral range from 600 cm−1 to 4500 cm−1, sufficient for probing most vibrational Raman transitions. We validated the use of the new instrumentation to both coherent anti-Stokes scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) spectroscopies.
Written corrective feedback in L2 writing: Connors & Lunsford (1988); Lunsford & Lunsford (2008); Lalande (1982)

Written corrective feedback (CF) has been the most heavily researched topic in second language (L2) writing over the past 20 years. As a recent research timeline article in this journal (Ferris 2012; see also Bitchener & Ferris 2012) shows, studies of error correction in student writing have crossed disciplines (composition and rhetoric, foreign language studies, applied linguistics) and have utilized a range of research paradigms, including descriptive text analysis, quasi-experimental designs, and quantitative and qualitative classroom research. This article highlights two landmark studies on this topic, both from the 1980s, representing two of these research traditions. It explains why replication of these two studies would further advance our knowledge about written CF and makes specific suggestions about how the replications should be completed.
Chapter 10 – Concluding Remarks

The final chapter provides some concluding remarks, and particularly describes benefits of the predictive dynamics approach as a general methodology that can be used to formulate and simulate many human tasks. Implementations and significance of this approach are addressed. Future directions of research on the subject are also discussed.
The visual perception of distance ratios outdoors.

We conducted an experiment to evaluate the ability of 32 younger and older adults to visually perceive distances in an outdoor setting. On any given trial, the observers viewed 2 environmental distances and were required to estimate the distance ratio—the length of the (usually) larger distance relative to that of the shorter. The stimulus distance ratios ranged from 1.0 (the stimulus distances were identical) to 8.0 (1 distance interval was 8.0 times longer than the other). The stimulus distances were presented within a 26 m × 60 m portion of a grassy field. The observers were able to reliably estimate the stimulus distance ratios: The overall Pearson r correlation coefficient relating the judged and actual distance ratios was 0.762. Fifty-eight percent of the variance in the observers’ perceived distance ratios could thus be accounted for by variations in the actual stimulus ratios. About half of the observers significantly underestimated the distance ratios, while the judgments of the remainder were essentially accurate. Significant modulatory effects of sex and age occurred, such that the male observers’ judgments were the most precise, while those of the older males were the most accurate.
Dietary behaviour of man-eating lions as revealed by dental microwear textures.

Lions (Panthera leo) feed on diverse prey species, a range that is broadened by their cooperative hunting. Although humans are not typical prey, habitual man-eating by lions is well documented. Fathoming the motivations of the Tsavo and Mfuwe man-eaters (killed in 1898 in Kenya and 1991 in Zambia, respectively) may be elusive, but we can clarify aspects of their behaviour using dental microwear texture analysis. Specifically, we analysed the surface textures of lion teeth to assess whether these notorious man-eating lions scavenged carcasses during their depredations. Compared to wild-caught lions elsewhere in Africa and other large feliforms, including cheetahs and hyenas, dental microwear textures of the man-eaters do not suggest extreme durophagy (e.g. bone processing) shortly before death. Dental injuries to two of the three man-eaters examined may have induced shifts in feeding onto softer foods. Further, prompt carcass reclamation by humans likely limited the man-eaters’ access to bones. Man-eating was likely a viable alternative to hunting and/or scavenging ungulates due to dental disease and/or limited prey availability.
Effect of steam and CO2 on ethane activation over Zn-ZSM-5

The impact of steam and CO2 on ethane activation over 5% (w/w) Zn-ZSM-5 catalysts was investigated. The main products in He, steam and CO2 were mixtures of ethene, methane, benzene and toluene. CO2 clearly increased the formation rate of ethene and CO, and steam increased the formation rate of ethene. In addition, the presence of CO2 decreased the formation rates of methane and aromatics by factors of ∼3 and 7, respectively. Hydrogen formed from ethane dehydrogenation reacted with CO2, via the reverse water gas shift reaction, to form CO and water. Under vacuum, FTIR spectra of adsorbed ethene on Zn-ZSM-5 showed stronger adsorption on zinc Lewis acid sites than on Bronsted acid sites. In the presence of steam, strong adsorption of ethene on the zinc Lewis acid sites (νCC at 1595 cm−1) splits the spectra into two absorption bands (at 1650 and 1568 cm−1), implying the hydrolysis of Zn(II) sites to form Bronsted acid sites and Zn(OH)+ sites. Hydrolysis of Zn(II) sites suppresses oligomerization/aromatization reactions. The changes in selectivity are reversible and can be stopped by decreasing water vapor pressure. The results confirm that Zn(OH)+ sites are effective in ethane dehydrogenation, but the Zn(II) sites are necessary for aromatization. The absence of aromatization reactions in the presence of steam shows that Zn(II) sites catalyze aromatization at faster rates than Bronsted acid sites.
The CMU entry to blizzard machine learning challenge

The paper describes Carnegie Mellon University's (CMU) entry to the ES-1 sub-task of the Blizzard Machine Learning Speech Synthesis Challenge 2017. The submitted system is a parametric model trained to predict vocoder parameters given linguistic features. The task in this year's challenge was to synthesize speech from children's audiobooks. Linguistic and acoustic features were provided by the organizers and the task was to find the best performing model. The paper explores various RNN architectures that were investigated and describes the final model that was submitted.
Fine tuning lasso in an adversarial environment against gradient attacks

Machine learning and data mining algorithms typically assume that the training and testing data are sampled from the same fixed probability distribution; however, this violation is often violated in practice. The field of domain adaptation addresses the situation where this assumption of a fixed probability between the two domains is violated; however, the difference between the two domains (training/source and testing/target) may not be known a priori. There has been a recent thrust in addressing the problem of learning in the presence of an adversary, which we formulate as a problem of domain adaption to build a more robust classifier. This is because the overall security of classifiers and their preprocessing stages have been called into question with the recent findings of adversaries in a learning setting. Adversarial training (and testing) data pose a serious threat to scenarios where an attacker has the opportunity to “poison” the training or “evade” on the testing data set(s) in order to achieve something that is not in the best interest of the classifier. Recent work has begun to show the impact of adversarial data on several classifiers; however, the impact of the adversary on aspects related to preprocessing of data (i.e., dimensionality reduction or feature selection) has widely been ignored in the revamp of adversarial learning research. Furthermore, variable selection, which is a vital component to any data analysis, has been shown to be particularly susceptible under an attacker that has knowledge of the task. In this work, we explore avenues for learning resilient classification models in the adversarial learning setting by considering the effects of adversarial data and how to mitigate its effects through optimization. Our model forms a single convex optimization problem that uses the labeled training data from the source domain and known weaknesses of the model for an adversarial component. We benchmark the proposed approach on synthetic data and show the trade-off between classification accuracy and skew-insensitive statistics.
Acceleration of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Induced Murine Mammary Tumorigenesis by a p53172H Transgene: Influence of FVB Background on Tumor Latency and Identification of Novel Sites of Proviral Insertion

We previously showed that a mammary-specific dominant-negative p53 transgene (WAP-p53172H) could accelerate ErbB2-induced mammary tumorigenesis in mice, but was not tumorigenic on its own. To identify other genes that cooperate with WAP-p53172H in tumorigenesis, we performed mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral mutagenesis. We derived F1, N2, and N4/N5 mice from p53172H transgenic FVB mice backcrossed onto MMTV+ C3H/He mice. Results show the latency of MMTV tumorigenesis is correlated with FVB contribution. F1 tumors had the shortest latency (217 days), had a higher rate of metastasis, and were less differentiated than the N2 and N4/N5 tumors. The latency was 269 days in N2 mice, and lengthened to 346 days in N4/N5 mice. p53172H significantly accelerated MMTV tumorigenesis only in N2 mice, indicating cooperativity between p53172H and MMTV in this cohort. To identify genes that may be causally involved in MMTV-induced mammary tumorigenesis, we identified 60 sites of proviral insertion in the N2 tumors. Among the insertions in p53172H transgenic tumors were 10 genes not previously found as sites of MMTV insertion including genes involved in signaling (Pdgfra, Pde1b, Cnk1), cell adhesion (Cd44), angiogenesis (Galgt1), and transcriptional regulation (Olig1, Olig2, and Uncx4.1). These may represent cellular functions that are likely not deregulated by mutation in p53.
Basic Approaches in Anatomic Toxicologic Pathology

This chapter provides a basic overview of the multiple aspects and considerations that impact the proper conduct of regulatory toxicologic pathology studies. The chapter introduces the novice toxicologic pathologist to topics that include, but are not limited to, Good Laboratory Practices, animal welfare issues, necropsy processes, clinical chemistry data, organ weight data, tissue fixation, histology procedures, and Cause of Death documentation. The goal of the chapter is to enhance awareness of factors that influence study protocol development and interpretation of in-life, gross, and histomorphologic data. Regulatory topics are also briefly discussed.
Poly (ADP-Ribosylation) and DNA Topoisomerase I in Different Cell Lines

With his discovery that the Escherichia coli chromosome was circular, John Cairns first pointed out the need for a swivel in DNA replication (1). In eukaryotes, type I DNA topoisomerase has the enzymatic properties necessary to serve as such a swivel. DNA replication would introduce positive supertwists ahead of the replication fork; DNA topoisomerase I has the capacity to unwind such positively supertwisted DNA (2, 3). For this reason, a role for topoisomerase I in replication has been suggested by many workers (2, 3). Recent biological and phenomenological data have also led to the suggestion that type I DNA topoisomerase may be involved in catalyzing DNA strand exchange under certain conditions (4). The mechanisms by which the activity of such a potentially important enzyme may be modulated are of obvious interest.
Detecting dark matter cores in galaxy clusters with strong lensing

Author(s): Andrade, KE; Minor, Q; Nierenberg, A; Kaplinghat, M | Abstract: We test the ability of strong lensing data to constrain the size of a central core in the dark matter haloes of galaxy clusters, using Abell 611 as a prototype. Using simulated data, we show that modelling a cluster halo with ellipticity in the gravitational potential can bias the inferred mass and concentration, which may bias the inferred central density when weak lensing or X-ray data are added. We also highlight the possibility for spurious constraints on the core size if the radial density profile is different from the assumed model. These systematics can be ameliorated if central images are present in the data. Applying our methodology to Abell 611 and imposing a reasonable prior on the stellar mass-to-light ratio restricts the core size to be less than about 4 kpc, with a minimum reduced χ2 of 0.28, and with RMS error of 0″.12 in image positions. Such small cores imply a constraint on the dark matter self-interaction cross section of the order of 0.1 cm2, g-1 at relative velocities of about 1500 km s-1. In addition, our results imply a bottom-heavy (super-Salpeter) initial mass function for the central galaxy in the Abell 611.
Phase Ib trial of gemcitabine with yttrium-90 in patients with hepatic metastasis of pancreatobiliary origin

Background: Gemcitabine, a chemotherapy for hepatic metastasis with pancreatic cancer (PC) or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) origin, may radiosensitize the targeted tumor cells for yttrium-90 radioembolization (90Y-RE). This clinical trial was designed to investigate the effects of a combination of 90Y-RE and gemcitabine in hepatic metastasis of PC or ICC origin. Methods: Fourteen patients who had histopathologic diagnosis of unresectable hepatic metastasis of PC or ICC origin were enrolled into the open-label phase Ib clinical trial. Induction dose of gemcitabine on day 1 was followed by 90Y-RE on day 2 with predetermined doses of gemcitabine to follow till week 12. Maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of gemcitabine in combination with 90Y-RE, associated toxicities and hepatic progression free survival (HPFS) were assessed. The tumor response rate was evaluated using both RECIST and PERCIST criteria. Results: Eight patients met the study criteria; three with PC and five with ICC. The mean age of the patients was 69.4 years. Seven out of 8 patients tolerated predetermined gemcitabine regime (dose level 1 at 400 mg/m 2 and dose level 2 at 600 mg/m 2 ). All of the patients developed grade 1 toxicities. Three patients (37.5%) had grade 2 hepatobiliary toxicity and one patient (12.5%) had grade 3 hepatobiliary toxicity, who was hospitalized for a short-term. The median HPFS was 8.7 months for all patients. The objective response rate was 62%. Conclusions: A combination of 90Y-RE and gemcitabine at 600 mg/m 2 is a safe and potential treatment option for hepatic metastasis of pancreaticobiliary origin.
6-Monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), Not Morphine, Is Responsible for the Rapid Neural Effects Induced by Intravenous Heroin.

Heroin rapidly enters the CNS but is quickly metabolized into 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and then morphine. Although morphine is often thought to mediate heroin’s neural effects, pharmacokinetic ...
Determinants of Guideline-Based Treatment in Patients With cT1 Bladder Cancer

Abstract Introduction Clinical T1 (cT1) bladder cancer is associated with high rates of recurrence, upstaging, and progression. Guidelines recommend that these patients be treated with adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy (BCG) or upfront radical cystectomy (RC). We analyzed the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to identify demographic and clinical determinants of guideline-based treatment (GBT) and RC. Patients and Methods We identified 47,694 patients in the NCDB with cT1 bladder cancer diagnosed in 2004-2013. Those who did not receive any treatment or underwent primary chemotherapy were excluded. Mixed effects logistic regression adjusted for facility-level variation was used to identify factors associated with receipt of GBT. Results The median age of the cohort was 72 years (interquartile range, 63-79). Of the patients, 22.4% were female, 5.1% were African American, and 2.7% had variant histology. Nearly one-third of patients received GBT: 11,453 (24%) were initially treated with BCG and 3320 (7%) were initially treated with RC. Recent year of diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52-1.85; P Conclusion There is low treatment-guideline compliance for patients with cT1 disease. However, there appears to be a temporal trend toward increased use of GBT. Efforts should be made to understand why many cT1 bladder cancer patients do not receive GBT.
Bounded C0-semigroups and applications to linear stability of heteroclinic solutions in precipitation models

Abstract We study sufficient conditions that guarantee the boundedness of a C 0 -semigroup of operators on a Hilbert space whose generator can be decomposed as a product of self-adjoint operators. We show how this result can be used in the case of C 0 -semigroup generators having a block-matrix decomposition and prove the linear stability of heteroclinic solutions of certain classes of models arising in chemical dynamics.
Are We Speaking the Same Language? Communicating Diagnostic Probability in the Radiology Report.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of agreement in diagnostic probability for selected phrases among radiologists and emergency medicine (EM) physicians. MATERIALS AND M...
Photo-Taking Impairs Memory on Perceptual and Conceptual Memory Tests

Does taking a photograph of an item improve or impair memory? The literature is currently mixed, with some studies showing impairments and other studies showing improvements. The current study includes four experiments that tested the hypothesis that photographs may help memory when the test is perceptually driven but may hurt memory when the test is conceptually driven. The perceptually driven test involved identifying a target among visually similar items, and the conceptually driven test involved recognizing a concept that had been previously studied. Contrary to predictions, the results showed impairment both on perceptually driven and conceptually driven tests, which were found both after a short (20 min) and long (48 h) delay between encoding at test.
Small Steps with Big Data: Using Machine Learning in Energy and Environmental Economics

This article reviews recent endeavors to incorporate big data and machine learning techniques into energy and environmental economics research. We find that novel datasets, from high frequency smar...
The impact of hedging on risk-averse agents’ output decisions

Abstract In this study, we develop a forward-looking hedging factor variant of the output Euler model for an economy featuring uncertainty and risk-averse agents. Our novel approach goes beyond the traditional prospective viewpoint characterized by output growth expectations. Using a hedging factor constructed as the net-long trading measure obtained from quarterly equity futures data, covering the period 1993 to 2020, we identify different channels through which uncertainty about macroeconomic fundamentals affects economic output. The results reveal that the hedging factor influences uncertainty via the market volatility channel. This study provides the first piece of empirical evidence indicating that risk-averse agents place meaningful and significant weight on the hedging factor in economic decisions. The findings, which are robust to various measures of output growth, indicate that the hedging factor is a relevant state variable that influences future output decisions under conditions of macroeconomic uncertainty.
Further exploration of the structure-activity relationship of dual soluble epoxide hydrolase/fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors

Abstract Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane protein that hydrolyzes endocannabinoids, and its inhibition produces analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) hydrolyzes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. EETs have anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving properties, thus inhibition of sEH consequently reduces inflammation. Concurrent inhibition of both enzymes may represent a novel approach in the treatment of chronic pain. Drugs with multiple targets can provide a superior therapeutic effect and a decrease in side effects compared to ligands with single targets. Previously, microwave-assisted methodologies were employed to synthesize libraries of benzothiazole analogs from which high affinity dual inhibitors (e.g. 3, sEH IC50 = 9.6 nM; FAAH IC50 = 7 nM) were identified. Here, our structure-activity relationship studies revealed that the 4-phenylthiazole moiety is well tolerated by both enzymes, producing excellent inhibition potencies in the low nanomolar range (e.g. 6o, sEH IC50 = 2.5 nM; FAAH IC50 = 9.8 nM). Docking experiments show that the new class of dual inhibitors bind within the catalytic sites of both enzymes. Prediction of several pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties suggest that these new dual inhibitors are good candidates for further in vivo evaluation. Finally, dual inhibitor 3 was tested in the Formalin Test, a rat model of acute inflammatory pain. The data indicate that 3 produces antinociception against the inflammatory phase of the Formalin Test in vivo and is metabolically stable following intraperitoneal administration in male rats. Further, antinociception produced by 3 is comparable to that of ketoprofen, a traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The results presented here will help toward the long-term goal of developing novel non-opioid therapeutics for pain management.
Electrically Evoked Torque at Rest Is Strongly Related to Quadriceps Muscle Size in Individuals with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Electrically evoked torque at rest (i.e., the torque produced from supramaximal stimuli applied to a resting muscle) has been shown to be related to muscle size in healthy adults, but this relation...
Introduction to Nonlinear Waves

A funny thing happened to solitary wave research over the past decade: it became respectable. No longer is it possible for all soliton buffs to meet in a small room; nor can one now read the important papers in a few weeks. The early, innocent days are gone, and (as Fig. 1 shows) soliton research output has entered a period of exponential growth with a doubling time of about 18 months. The solitary wave concept has emerged as a widely accepted paradigm for exploring and modeling the dynamics of the real world.
Creating a Common Table in Twentieth-Century Argentina: Doña Petrona, Women, and Food: By Rebekah E. Pite

(2014). Creating a Common Table in Twentieth-Century Argentina: Dona Petrona, Women, and Food: By Rebekah E. Pite. Food, Culture & Society: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 345-347.
The Need for Culturally Appropriate Strategies in Promoting Self-Determination Among Individuals with Disabilities

While strategies promoting self-determination have been effective in the United States and other Westernized countries, these identical approaches and “best practices” are not necessarily effective in cultures that do not embrace the same individualistic values. In these settings and situations, culturally appropriate approaches are necessary to engage these individuals with disabilities and their families while promoting similar principles underlying self-determination, empowerment, social justice, and rights. This article provides an overview of some traditional strategies promoting self-determination and/or empowerment and then discusses how these are not always useful in practicing with culturally diverse population groups even in the United States. Alternative approaches are described such as the access to culturally diverse resources and community-based rehabilitation that adhere to specific cultural beliefs, values, and practices but still promote some level of empowerment among individuals with disabilities. Evidence drawn from the literature as well as professional experience will be used to discuss the relevance and implementation of these respective strategies in terms of their strengths – namely, empowering individuals with disabilities as well as supporting/embracing family, religion, spirituality, and overall cultural diversity.
Predicting aggressive patterns in girls and boys: a developmental-study

The aim of this multimethod, longitudinal study was to examine similarities and differences in aggressive expression and prediction among school-aged boys and girls. The primary research sample involved 174 children (93 females, 81 males). They were in the fourth grade at the beginning of the study, and the fifth grade at its conclusion. Embedded in the primary sample was a subgroup of 20 children identified as being highly aggressive (ten males, ten females), and a subgroup of 20 matched control children. The research measures included teachers' ratings of aggressive behavior, peer-nominations/reports of prior conflicts, individual interviews/self-ratings, and extensive behavioral observations. Analyses of the concurrent relations among measures pointed to a “public” cluster of measures (including peer-nominations, behaviors, and teacher ratings) and relatively “private” measures (ie, subjects' self-evaluations). In the primary sample, significant developmental trends were detected in the teacher ratings with increasing gender differentiation as children grew older. Few gender differences were observed in the high-aggressive subgroup, but the aggressive and the matched control groups differed on virtually all comparisons. Gender differences in predictability were a function of risk status, with high-aggressive girls showing as much stability as high-aggressive boys.
Has the shift toward markets hurt ethnic minorities?: Changes in ethnic earnings differentials in Bulgaria’s early transition

Relies on cross‐sectional survey data from 1986 and 1993 to explain an increase in the ethnic Turk‐ethnic Bulgarian earnings differential in Bulgaria in the country’s early transition. Empirical evidence indicates that the ethnic Turks closed both the gap in the number of years of education and experience acquired during this time. Further, the Turks began to enter the growing commerce and transportation industries in the early transition. Shifts in the wage structure, however, favored the ethnic Bulgarians, and these changes outweighed ethnic Turk gains in the measured characteristics. In addition to these shifts, an increase in the overall level of inequality in the labor market punished those at the low‐end of the wage distribution, exacerbating the existing ethnic earnings differential. These results imply however, that the ethnic Turks are responding to market signals and if it continues, this trend will diminish the ethnic earnings gap.
Social and Economic Justice

This chapter focuses on understanding the nature of social justice in social work. By examining definitions, attributes, models, and practice theories of social justice, the chapter provides social workers with an understanding of social justice and how it has been considered in the profession. The implications lend themselves for future generations of social workers to consider their roles and their skills in advancing social justice with clients, in communities, the nation, and the world. Social work is a profession with a rich history of wanting to be a major force in advancing social justice. Now there are, and will continue to be, opportunities to take knowledge and put it into practice for the benefit of those that are most in need. Keywords: social justice; economic justice; social work profession; advocacy; social work education; social work practice
Energy analysis of religious facilities in different climates through a long-term energy study

Abstract Buildings represent a large portion of total US energy usage. Religious facilities, which consume a significant percentage of the total floorspace and energy usage in the commercial sector, have generally not been the focus of efficiency studies or building energy audits. Religious facilities are characterized by unique patterns of occupancy and energy use. This paper presents the results of a long-term, in-depth energy study of architecturally similar church buildings in different climates in an effort to identify energy efficiency opportunities in religious buildings. Specifically, the paper details the experiment design and general usage trends from the buildings in different climates. A clear relationship between energy use and climate is evident, with HVAC and lighting systems consuming the majority of energy. An analysis on the prediction capabilities of using only a small subset of sensors to achieve similar results reveals the uncertainty of results by not metering all loads.
Solid oxide fuel cells operated by internal partial oxidation reforming of iso-octane

Abstract Two types of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), with thin Ce 0.85 Sm 0.15 O 1.925 (SDC) or 8 mol% Y 2 O 3 -stabilized ZrO 2 (YSZ) electrolytes, were fabricated and tested with iso -octane/air fuel mixtures. An additional Ru–CeO 2 catalyst layer, placed between the fuel stream and the anode, was needed to obtain a stable output power density without anode coking. Thermodynamic analysis and catalysis experiments showed that H 2 and CO were primary reaction products at ≈750 °C, but that these decreased and H 2 O and CO 2 increased as the operating temperature dropped below ≈600 °C. Power densities for YSZ cells were 0.7 W cm −2 at 0.7 V and 790 °C, and for SDC cells were 0.6 W cm −2 at 0.6 V and 590 °C. Limiting current behavior was observed due to the relatively low (≈20%) H 2 content in the reformed fuel.
Shock ignition: a new approach to high gain inertial confinement fusion on the national ignition facility.

Shock ignition, an alternative concept for igniting thermonuclear fuel, is explored as a new approach to high gain, inertial confinement fusion targets for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Results indicate thermonuclear yields of $\ensuremath{\sim}120--250\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MJ}$ may be possible with laser drive energies of 1--1.6 MJ, while gains of $\ensuremath{\sim}50$ may still be achievable at only $\ensuremath{\sim}0.2\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MJ}$ drive energy. The scaling of NIF energy gain with laser energy is found to be $G\ensuremath{\sim}126E\text{ }\text{ }(\mathrm{MJ}{)}^{0.510}$. This offers the potential for high-gain targets that may lead to smaller, more economic fusion power reactors and a cheaper fusion energy development path.
Effectiveness of Geophysical Methods in Calcareous Harbor Fills

The effectiveness of electromagnetic (EM), ground penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic refraction (SR) were evaluated by surveying a shallow trench in which a number of objects of varying composition and size were buried. The trench was excavated in granular calcareous fill material. An experienced geophysical contractor was asked to provide blind predictions of object locations using each of the techniques in turn. GPR with a 400 MHz antenna was the most successful, followed by SR and EM surveying. GPR and SR were also carried out at the port of Hilo to investigate complex subsurface conditions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effect of Ionic Transport and Separation on the Meniscus in Molten Carbonate Electrolyte

Migrational separation due to differences in cationic mobility is commonly observed during current passage in molten carbonate mixtures, and this might be responsible for the improved wetting observed upon polarization, as found experimentally according to the literature. To check this, a 2D transport model based on concentrated-solution theory was applied to analyze the movement of ions in and near the meniscus. The effect of differences in cationic mobility and of ionic transport in general on current distribution, reaction rate, and electrolyte composition in the meniscus region was quantified, and corresponding surface tension gradients over the meniscus surface predicted. The resulting surface tension gradients were found to be too small to account for the experimentally observed meniscus rise. It is, therefore, concluded that the polarization effect on electrode wetting is not due to the gradient of surface tension caused by cationic separation. A plausible alternative explanation is that a gradient of the S/L interfacial tension exists but that this is due to specifically adsorbed intermediate reaction products, in particular oxides. Such a current density dependent adsorption layer would be in dynamic equilibrium with the local melt composition, and, thereby, drive the wetting/dewetting of the electrode surface that is experimentally observed.
In vitro responses of equine small airways and lung parenchyma

In vitro responses of equine small peripheral airways (SA) and lung parenchyma (LP) were studied. We examined their contractile and relaxant responses and investigated effects of histamine, and endogenous prostanoids as these mediators may play a role in development or recurrent airway obstruction in horses (heaves). SA and LP electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced nearly maximal and partial frequency-dependent contractions, respectively. These contractions were virtually abolished in SA but only partially inhibited in LP by atropine (ATR) and tetrodotoxin (TTX). Methacholine (MCh) contracted SA with a 5-fold higher potency and greater maximal tension than LP. In SA but not in LP, a large augmentation of EFS responses at 1-4 Hz was produced by both meclofenamate, a cyclooxygenase blocker and 3 microM histamine. We conclude that: (1) excitatory input from cholinergic nerves largely determines SA tone, but has minor effect in LP; (2) in SA endogenous inhibitory prostanoids modulate contractile response to nerve stimulation; and (3) inhibition of cyclooxygenase and histamine greatly potentiate responses to nerve stimulation in SA. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that, in horses with heaves, histamine release and an altered prostanoid profile contribute to cholinergically mediated SA obstruction.
Gendered violence and victim blame: subject perceptions of blame and the appropriateness of services for survivors of domestic sex trafficking, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence

The last decade has seen advances in both scholarship and advocacy efforts regarding the domestic sex trafficking (DST) of women and children, culminating in federal and state legislation addressing this human rights issue. Despite these advances, prostituted women and girls continue to face stigma and blame for victimization, similar to female survivors of other forms of gendered violence, specifically intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual assault. Studies have yet to fully explore perceptions of DST as it intersects with these forms of gendered violence, particularly with regard to victim and perpetrator culpability. The current study uses a student sample of survey questionnaires to examine subject perceptions of gendered violence, with a focus on victim and perpetrator blame and appropriate social service responses for victims of DST, sexual assault, and IPV. Future research directions and policy implications are discussed.
Drosophila TRPA channel modulates sugar-stimulated neural excitation, avoidance and social response

Drosophila melanogaster postfeeding larvae show food-averse migration toward food-free habitats before metamorphosis. This developmental switching from food attraction to aversion is regulated by a neuropeptide Y (NPY)-related brain signaling peptide. We used the fly larva model to delineate the neurobiological basis of age-restricted response to environmental stimuli. Here we provide evidence for a fructose-responsive chemosensory pathway that modulates food-averse migratory and social behaviors. We found that fructose potently elicited larval food-averse behaviors, and painless (pain), a transient receptor potential channel that is responsive to noxious stimuli, was required for the fructose response. A subset of pain-expressing sensory neurons have been identified that show pain-dependent excitation by fructose. Although evolutionarily conserved avoidance mechanisms are widely appreciated for their roles in stress coping and survival, their biological importance in animal physiology and development remains unknown. Our findings demonstrate how an avoidance mechanism is recruited to facilitate animal development.