cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is Strafe Jumping? idTech3 and the Game Engine as Software Platform

The physics of the everyday world are an accepted constraint for the designers and players of sports and other embodied games. But where do the physics of games in virtual spaces come from? The standard answers (e.g., framing physics as rules) leave some of the most famous physical phenomena of games difficult to account for. This paper demonstrates how one of these phenomena, strafe jumping, can be better explained by turning attention to game engines as software platforms. While platform studies has become an accepted approach in game studies, software platforms have received significantly less attention than hardware platforms, and their particular characteristics are important for understanding strafe jumping. Like hardware platforms, software platforms build up communities of developers and players with expertise and expectations. But unlike the hardware platforms that have received significant scholarly attention, software platforms are more strongly connected to game genres (through technology, documentation, and community), are more easily modified and extended, and crucially are more actively socially negotiated after release (in a network connecting players, engine developers, and engine licensees and modifiers). The intertwined aspects of strafe jumping — as technical artifact, play experience, and site of contention — illuminate not only what it “is” but also the importance of engaging software platforms for a robust field of game studies.
Revelation on the Training of the Educational Technology Talents Based on CDIO Thought

CDIO educational thought is a popular teaching model in engineering education in recent years.It advocates conceiving,design,implementation,operation.It will promote the development of educational technology and solve some problems such as pendulum phenomenon,indistinct training objective,less prominent characteristic,low social awareness in the training of educational technology talents and low employment rate.Educational technology will be greatly promoted if it can discriminately absorb the CDIO thought.
Epidemiological analysis of Varicella in Guangzhou 2006

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of Varicella in Guangzhou 2006 and provide the scientific basic for the control of Varicella.Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on incidence of Varicella in 2006.Results There was an obvious increase of the incidence of Varicella in Guangzhou 2006.12978 Varicella cases were occurred through the data collected from the regular report system of legal commu- nicable disease 2006 in Guangzhou.Incidence rate were 172.92 per 100,000 persons.The Varicella cases occurred in all districts of Guangzhou and Panyu,Haizhu,Yuexiu,Baiyun districts have the most cases and 68.84% of all cases. The cases occurred aroud the year and were The season peak appeared in the winter and spring.Varicella cases mainly occurred in students at school,children in kindergartens and scattered children(90.27%).There were 33 outbreaks of Varicella,960 cases and the incidence rate was 3.66%.Conclusion Varicella cases mainly occurred in winter and spring and it could develop epidemic in school easily.Isolation of cases and vaccinations of the high risk population were the most important measures to prevent and control the Varicella's spreading in school.
Investigation on drinking water safety in China in 2011

Objective:To investigate the health management condition and water quality of centralized water supply units,secondary water supply facilities and School-owned water supply facilities in China.Methods:Data identification,on-site investigation,sampling test were conducted on water samples from municipal water supply facilities,self-built water factories,secondary water supply facilities and school-owned water supply facilities in 2011.Results:The health management of self-built centralized water supply units,secondary water supply units and School-owned water supply facilities remain to be standardized;Water test results indicated that treated water,tap water and water from secondary water supply were commendable with eligible rates more than 85%,the pass rate of water samples from school-owned water supply was 70%.Conclusion:Great importance should be attached to China′s drinking water safety.Self-test capability of water quality laboratory in municipal water supply units,health management of self-built centralized water supply factroies and school-owned water supply facilities still need to strengthen.Water quality monitoring should focus on water safety of school-owned water supply facilities.
Currently available lipid-lowering agents.

(1988). Currently Available Lipid-Lowering Agents. Hospital Practice: Vol. 23, No. sup1, pp. 14-21.
Graft Versus Host Disease after Liver Transplantation in Adults: A Case series, Review of Literature, and an Approach to Management

BackgroundGraft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) after liver transplantation (LT) is a deadly complication with very limited data on risk factors, diagnosis and management. We report a case series and a comprehensive review of the literature.MethodsData were systematically extracted from reports of GVHD a
Correction: Nanoscale mechanics guides cellular decision making

Correction for ‘Nanoscale mechanics guides cellular decision making’ by Zainab Rahil et al., Integr. Biol., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00113k.
Pragmeme(s) of Sympathy Cards in the Midwestern US

Building not only on scholarship on pragmemes (Mey JL, Pragmatics. Blackwell, Oxford, 2001; Capone A, J Pragmat 37:1355–1371, 2005; Salmani Nodoushan MA, Int J Lang Stud 7(1):79–102, 2013, inter alia) but also on the linguistic research on offering condolences (Rundstrom Williams T, RASK 24:45–62, 2006; Del Campo Martinez N, J English Stud 10:7–24, 2012; See also Stewart S, On longing: narratives of the miniature, the gigantic, the souvenir, the collection. Duke University Press, Durham, 1993), this paper examines expressions of condolence received by members of the grieving family of an elderly man from the American Midwest. Here the pragmeme of offering sympathy serves as an act of identity (Le Page RB, Tabouret-Keller A, Acts of identity: creole-based approaches to language and ethnicity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985) for doing rural, White, monolingual, Protestant Midwesternness.
Applying the concept of resilience to pastoralist household data

This article explores the concept of resilience as outlined in a recent World Bank publication that applies the concept to rangeland areas in Africa. The paper does not attempt to speak to all of the dimensions of resilience and debates about the concept’s applications to pastoral ecology and rangelands. Instead, we utilize a panel data set from northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia that has been analysed in other published studies to reconsider it from a resilience perspective. We show how different livelihood groups in the region are impacted by climate, disease, market, conflict, and land use shocks in a time characterized by a drought phase and a recovery phase. In many cases, there are livelihood-specific impacts of these shocks, and these help explain long-term herd dynamics and pastoralist poverty traps. Our analysis then turns to different ways of measuring resilience and finds that measurements of combined income and asset thresholds provide the most convincing outcomes. We further assess some broader opportunities and innovations that have the potential to enhance resilience in the drylands. Finally, different policy relevant steps that can be taken to enhance resilience are discussed in the context of the considerable heterogeneity in livelihood strategies which occurs in African rangelands.
Temporal changes in the exercise pressor reflex in type 1 diabetic rats

This is the first study to provide evidence that the pressor and cardioaccelerator responses to skeletal muscle contraction vary depending on the duration of type 1 diabetes.
Sperm Banking: When, Why, and How?

Cryopreservation is the collection, freezing, and long-term storage of sperm, and is a highly effective method of protecting male fertility potential. Cryopreservation of semen is a vital procedure which can be employed for a variety of purposes, including donor insemination and the preservation of gametes in patients undergoing gonadotoxic treatment. It also may be helpful to fertile couples who experience difficulty conceiving (Thomson et al. 2009). The increasing success of cancer treatment and concerted efforts to ensure quality of life after successful treatment have placed great emphasis on the need to preserve the reproductive capability of young men.
THE ROLE OF PROJECT ACCEPTANCE IN THE SUCCESSFUL PEOPLESOFT HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION FOR THE KENTUCKY COMMUNITY AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE SYSTEM

In July 1998 House Bill 1 formed the Kentucky Community and Technical College System (KCTCS). A statewide ERP information system was initiated to seamlessly integrate the functional requirements of Human Resources, Student Administration, and Financial Systems for all KCTCS institutions statewide. This paper describes how the project was planned, designed, and implemented in the short span of 35 months, ahead of schedule, operationally on target, and $3,775,000 (21%) under budget. The lessons learned draw attention to the fact that attention to detail in the planning, resource allocation, and schedule execution were important, but not the key reasons for the project’s acceptance. As Umble and Umble (2002) point out, there are four primary reasons why ERP implementations fail at the time of project acceptance: inadequate education and training, poor leadership from top management, resistance to change, and unrealistic expectations. This paper shows how these potential pitfalls were addressed.
The Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is an indolent B-cell lymphoma defined predominantly by infiltration of lymphoplasmacytic cells into the bone marrow (BM) and increased production of monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) by lymphoplasmacytic cells, and the secretion of IgM is enhanced by cytokines in the bone marrow microenvironment. This article highlights the available data regarding the interaction of WM cells with both the cellular and noncellular compartments of the BM microenvironment and discusses how the BM promotes malignant cell growth and increases IgM production in this disease.
Effects of Resistance Training on Arterial Stiffness in Persons at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-analysis.

Arterial stiffness (AS) is a key measure in predicting risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related events, independent of other risk factors. Resistance training (RT) has been shown to increase AS in young healthy subjects. However, the effects of RT on AS in persons with or at risk for CVD remain unclear; this uncertainty is a barrier to RT prescription in this population. Considering RT may be as effective as or superior to aerobic exercise prescription in treating some co-morbidities associated with CVD, it would be helpful to clarify whether RT does lead to clinically meaningful increases (detrimental) in AS in those with CVD or CVD risk factors. The aim of this study was to (1) assess the effects of RT on measures of AS in at-risk populations, and (2) discuss the implications of the findings for clinical exercise physiologists. The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to February 2018. The reference lists of eligible articles and reviews were also checked. Inclusion criteria were: (1) the trial was a randomized controlled trial; (2) exercise prescription of RT or a combination of resistance and aerobic exercise for at least 8 weeks; (3) control group characteristics allowed for comparison of the main effects of the exercise prescription; (4) subjects had known CVD or a risk factor associated with CVD according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines; (5) article measured at least carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) or augmentation index (AIx). Initially, 1427 articles were identified. After evaluation of study characteristics, quality and validity data from 12 articles and 13 cohorts involving 651 participants (223 women, 338 men, 90 unknown) were extracted for the meta-analysis. To enable comparisons between assessments, and to infer clinical significance, standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated. When data were not available, values were estimated according to Cochrane guidelines. According to the JADAD scale, the mean quality of studies was 3 out of 5. The duration of the included studies ranged from 8 weeks to 24 months. RT trended towards decreasing (improving) PWV (SMD = − 0.168, 95% CI − 0.854 to 0.152, p = 0.057). There were no significant differences in AIx (SMD = − 0.286), diastolic blood pressure (SMD = − 0.147), systolic blood pressure (SMD = − 0.126), or central systolic blood pressure (SMD = − 0.405). The available evidence suggests that RT does not increase (worsen) AS in patients who have or are at risk for CVD. Considering RT may be as effective as or superior to aerobic exercise prescription in treating some co-morbidities associated with CVD, these findings suggest that RT is a suitable exercise prescription in primary and secondary prevention settings.
Sepsis: Preventing organ failure in sepsis [mdash] the search continues

In a recent trial, levosimendan therapy failed to ameliorate sepsis-induced organ dysfunction or improve the survival of patients with septic shock. The failure of levosimendan and many other potential therapies for sepsis, together with the findings of histopathologic studies, raise questions regarding the pathophysiologic basis of the disorder.
Recurrent Infections, Cytopenias and Lung Disease

Consider evaluating patients with early onset autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, and recurrent infections for genetic mutations in the LRBA Early recognition and treatment of interstitial lung disease is important, as pulmonary involvement significantly increases morbidity and mortality of patients with primary immunodeficiency Patients with mutations in LRBA have shown improvement in autoimmune and lymphoproliferative complications after treatment with the CTLA-4 immunoglobulin fusion drug, abatacept
Integrated home-based screening for people living with disabilities: A case study from rural Malawi.

People living with disabilities (PLWDs) have poor access to health services compared to people without disabilities. As a result, PLWDs do not benefit from some of the services provided at health facilities; therefore, new methods need to be developed to deliver these services where PLWDs reside. This case study reports a household-based screening programme targeting PLWDs in a rural district in Malawi. Between March and November 2016, a household-based and integrated screening programme was conducted by community health workers, HIV testing counsellors and a clinic clerk. The programme provided integrated home-based screening for HIV, tuberculosis, hypertension and malnutrition for PLWDs. The programme was designed and implemented for a population of 37 000 people. A total of 449 PLWDs, with a median age of 26 years and about half of them women, were screened. Among the 404 PLWDs eligible for HIV testing, 399 (99%) agreed for HIV testing. Sixty-nine per cent of PLWDs tested for HIV had never previously been tested for HIV. Additionally, 14 patients self-reported to be HIV-positive and all but one were verified to be active in HIV care. A total of 192 of all eligible PLWDs above 18 years old were screened for hypertension, with 9% ( n = 17) referred for further follow-up at the nearest facility. In addition, 274 and 371 PLWDs were screened for malnutrition and tuberculosis, respectively, with 6% ( n = 18) of PLWDs referred for malnutrition, and 2% ( n = 10) of PLWDs referred for tuberculosis testing. We successfully implemented an integrated home-based screening programme in rural Malawi.
Improving Prediction Fairness via Model Ensemble

Fair machine learning is a topical problem. It studies how to mitigate unethical bias against minority people in model prediction. A promising solution is ensemble learning - Nina et al [1] first argue that one can obtain a fair model by bagging a set of standard models. However, they do not present any empirical evidence or discuss effective ensemble strategy for fair learning. In this paper, we propose a new ensemble strategy for fair learning. It adopts the AdaBoost framework, but unlike AdaBoost that upweights mispredicted instances, it upweights unfairly predicted instances which we identify using a variant of Luong's k-NN based situation testing method [2]. Through experiments on two real-world data sets, we show our proposed strategy achieves higher fairness than the bagging strategy discussed by Nina et al and several baseline methods. Our results also suggest standard ensemble strategies may not be sufficient for improving fairness.
Double Trouble: Patients With Both True and False Arrhythmia Alarms.

BACKGROUND Patients with both true and false arrhythmia alarms pose a challenge because true alarms might be buried among a large number of false alarms, leading to missed true events. OBJECTIVE To determine (1) the frequency of patients with both true and false arrhythmia alarms; (2) patient, clinical, and electrocardiographic characteristics associated with both true and false alarms; and (3) the frequency and types of true and false arrhythmia alarms. METHODS This was a secondary analysis using data from an alarm study conducted at a tertiary academic medical center. RESULTS Of 461 intensive care unit patients, 211 (46%) had no arrhythmia alarms, 12 (3%) had only true alarms, 167 (36%) had only false alarms, and 71 (15%) had both true and false alarms. Ventricular pacemaker, altered mental status, mechanical ventilation, and cardiac intensive care unit admission were present more often in patients with both true and false alarms than among other patients (P < .001). Intensive care unit stays were longer in patients with only false alarms (mean [SD], 106 [162] hours) and those with both true and false alarms (mean [SD], 208 [333] hours) than in other patients. Accelerated ventricular rhythm was the most common alarm type (37%). CONCLUSIONS An awareness of factors associated with arrhythmia alarms might aid in developing solutions to decrease alarm fatigue. To improve detection of true alarms, further research is needed to build and test electrocardiographic algorithms that adjust for clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics associated with false alarms.
13 – Nuclear power

The first applications envisioned for supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cycles were nuclear power plants (NPPs). Nuclear reactors as heat sources deliver heat over a limited temperature range at high temperature. As a result, an advanced nuclear reactor such as a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) and an sCO2 power cycle can be well matched to provide a high efficiency. For advanced nuclear reactors, it is expected that utilization of an sCO2 power cycle will result in a reduction in the NPP capital cost per unit output electrical power ($/kWe) or the levelized cost of electricity. More than a decade of recent development continues to confirm the expected benefits of sCO2 power cycles for nuclear applications.
VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF or VEGF-A) is the prototype and best-described member of a family of at least six largely endothelial-specific, heparin-binding, angiogenic growth factors. VEGF family members are crucial to the normal development and maintenance of the vascular and lymphatic systems. VEGF stimulates endothelial cells to degrade extracellular matrix, proliferate, migrate, and form tubes, and acts as an endothelial cell survival factor. VEGF also increases vascular permeability, leading to its alternative name, vascular permeability factor. VEGF family members exert their effects through interactions with a family of three VEGF receptors and with two co-receptors known as neuropilins. Differing combinations of VEGF family members and receptors mediate tissue-specific effects. Expression of VEGF in the developing pulmonary epithelium is a major modulator of normal pulmonary vascular development during fetal life. Following a number of pulmonary insults, both local increases in VEGF production, which result in increased vascular leakage and edema, and an overall decrease in VEGF abundance, which coincides with microvascular endothelial cell loss, are associated with the development of acute lung injury. VEGF production by lung cancers is an important mechanism by which the cancers recruit new vasculature, allowing them to grow, invade neighboring tissue, and metastasize.
A Practical Approach to Genetic Testing for Pediatric Hearing Loss

Our goal is to provide a practical approach to the genetic evaluation of children with sensorineural hearing loss for use by practicing clinicians. We present the most recent research in the field followed by our recommended diagnostic algorithm incorporating genetic testing. We then provide case examples of commonly encountered patient presentations as further guidance. Genetic testing has the highest diagnostic yield of any single test in the evaluation of children with congenital bilateral severe-to-profound hearing loss. For unilateral or asymmetric hearing loss, imaging is typically more informative initially than genetic testing. Recent data show that syndromic forms of hearing loss are more common than previously appreciated. A thorough and systematic evaluation of children with hearing loss that incorporates genetic testing leads to earlier diagnosis and treatment. This in turn leads to improved speech and language outcomes for children with hearing loss.
Arts majors as entrepreneurs and innovators

This study examines the role of college graduates with degrees in the arts, STEM, and other creative fields as entrepreneurs and innovators in the US economy. As creativity is a trait of art students and is important for those acting as entrepreneurs and innovators in an economy, arts majors have the potential to play an important role in these areas. Using American Community Survey data, we look to identify arts, STEM, and other creative majors who are working in entrepreneurial occupations, those where self-employment is common, and innovative industries, those that are copyright intensive. As it is possible that the nature of arts occupations may be inherently more entrepreneurial and innovative, we compare arts majors to STEM and other creative majors also likely to work in such occupations. Using logistic regression, we find that majoring in a core arts field more than doubles an individual’s likelihood of working in an entrepreneurial occupation or an innovative industry relative to non-creative majors. Other creative majors, like communications and STEM majors, are also associated with an increased likelihood of working as entrepreneurs or innovators. Relative to STEM and other creative majors, majoring in a core arts field is associated with the greatest increase in the likelihood of working in an entrepreneurial occupation and third greatest increase in the likelihood of working in an innovative industry. While arts graduates play an important role in artistic creation, this paper highlights a role for these graduates as entrepreneurs and innovators in the US economy.
Anthropometric Outcomes of Children and Adolescents Using Telehealth with Weight Management Interventions Compared to Usual Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Objective:This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effect of telehealth (TH) weight management interventions compared to usual care on anthropometric outcomes in children and adolesce...
Microvessel Cerebral Vasculitis and Peripheral Neuropathy as Neurologic Manifestations in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (P5.9-008)

Objective: To describe a case of biopsy-proven Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) with both central and peripheral nervous system manifestations. Background: RMSF is a tick-borne disease which is the most common Rickettsial infection in the United States. It has multiple organ system involvements which can make diagnosis difficult. Design/Methods: Not applicable Results: A 68 year old, female patient presented with gastrointestinal symptoms initially thought to be a diverticulitis flare. She then developed multiple metabolic abnormalities including leukocytosis, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia as well as lipase elevation. Over the next few days she became progressively encephalopathic to the point of not speaking and developed diffuse weakness (all limbs as well as difficulty swallowing); she ended up requiring intubation for airway protection. She received empiric 5-day course of IV immunoglobulins due to concern for Guillain-Barre like illness. Electromyogram/nerve conduction study (EMG/NCS) demonstrated an axonal neuropathy and MRI of the brain showed innumerable punctate subacute infarcts within the bilateral cerebral white matter as well as the right cerebellum. A petechial rash had been noted earlier in hospital course and skin biopsy was found to be consistent with RMFS. She was started on doxycycline with improvement in mental status and weakness but required acute rehabilitation after hospital discharge. She was seen in neurology clinic 3 months after hospital discharge and she had returned to her cognitive and physical baseline. Repeat EMG/NCS approximately 5 months after hospital admission showed resolution of the axonal neuropathy. Conclusions: RMSF is a tick-borne Rickettsial illness which requires a high index of suspicion for diagnosis. This case represents both central and peripheral nervous system involvement from RMSF. The microvessel cerebral vasculitis causing a ‘Starry sky’ appearance on MRI brain has been reported before. Acute peripheral neuropathy has rarely previously been reported. Disclosure: Dr. Danielson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Alvi has nothing to disclose.
Study on Sparsification: In Theory and Practice

The Kadison-Singer problem has variants in different branches of the sciences and one of these variants was proved in 2013. Based on the idea of ’sparsification’ and with its origins in quantum physics, we revisit and study the problem in its original formulation and also explore its transition to a result with wide ranging applications. The objective of this study is to see how the notion of ’sparsification’ transcended various fields and how this notion led to resolution of the problem. Besides, in this study, we also take a look at the impact and implications of the resolution in various scientific fields.
Water-stained leaves: formation and application as a field indicator of wetland hydrology

Wetland delineations conducted in the United States utilize field indicators as proxy measures of the presence or absence of wetland hydrology. Water-stained leaves provide a practical, qualitative field indicator of wetland hydrology; however, the formation of water-stained leaves has not been elucidated. In response, leaves from six tree species were examined under five treatments to investigate the water-staining process and concomitant timeframes. Results indicate that leaf staining occurred within 14-21 days of continuous exposure to wetland waters and sediment under both laboratory and field conditions. Leaf staining was characterized by readily observable shifts in leaf color (i.e., decreasing Munsell hue, value, and chroma) causing the leaves to appear very dark or black. No color shifts associated with leaf staining occurred in treatments exposed to upland conditions. The timeframe associated with leaf staining corresponds with established wetland hydrology criteria requiring a minimum hydroperiod of 14 consecutive days of soil saturation, flooding, or ponding. Leaves exposed to wetland waters and sediment underwent color shifts significantly faster and to a greater extent than leaves inundated with deionized water, likely as a result of increased microbial abundance and the presence of anaerobic conditions in the simulated wetland treatments. Results suggest that water-stained leaves 1) are a useful and reliable wetland hydrology field indicator for wetland delineation purposes, 2) may provide a proxy measure of wetland hydroperiod, and 3) Munsell color measurements can help differentiate between leaves exposed to wetland and upland conditions.
EARLY MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN GRAPTOLITE BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE LOVISEFRED AND ALBJARA DRILL CORES (SCANIA, SOUTHERN SWEDEN)

Early Middle Ordovician graptolites from the Albjara and Lovisefred drill cores (Scania, southern Sweden) can be differentiated into the Isograptus victoriae, Isograptus sp. nov. 2 and Maeandrograptus schmalenseei, Arienigraptus dumosus type ⁄ Pseudisograptus manubriatus biozones of Castlemainian and Yapeenian age and the Arienigraptus zhejiangensis and Undulograptus sinicus biozones of early Darriwilian age, replacing the old, long-ranging Didymo- graptus hirundo Biozone. Faunas from the drill cores include a number of species not previously recognized in Scandinavia.
Dynamic energy aware task scheduling using run-queue peek

Scheduling dependent tasks is one of the most challenging problems in parallel and distributed systems. It is known to be computationally intractable in its general form as well as several restricted cases. An interesting application of scheduling is in the area of energy awareness for mobile battery operated devices where minimizing the energy utilized is the most important scheduling policy consideration. A number of heuristics have been developed for this consideration. In this paper, we study the scheduling problem for a particular battery model. In the proposed work, we show how to enhance a well know approach of accounting for the slack generated at runtime due to the difference between WCET (Worst Case Execution Time) and AET (Actual Execution Time). Our solution exploits the fact that even though some tasks become available based on the actual periodicity of a task they are not executed because the run queue is determined by the schedule generated in the offline phase I of the algorithm using the conservative EDF (Earliest Deadline First) algorithm. We peek at the task run-queue to find such tasks to eliminate wastage of the slack generated. Based on the outcome of the conducted experiments, the proposed algorithm outperformed or matched the performance of the 2-Phase dynamic task scheduling algorithm all the time.
The regulation and properties of the galactose transport system in Escherichia coli K12.

Abstract This study of galactose-induced galactose transport in Escherichia coli K12 showed that in most strains two transport systems having the properties of "galactose permease" and "β-methyl galactoside permease" are responsible for the observed transport. Several strains contain only the galactose transport system but still grow normally on galactose. The regulation of this system was shown to be very similar to that of the galactose operon. That is, it is induced by galactose, shows only a slight repression by glucose, and is under the control of the galactose regulator gene. The only differences between the regulations of the galactose transport system and that of the galactose enzymes are the level of induction (4-fold for the galactose transport system versus 15-fold for the galactose enzymes) and the fact that the galactose transport system is not under the control of the galactose operator locus. The β-methyl galactoside transport system is not regulated by either galactose regulatory gene in agreement with the work of Lengeler et al. (Lengeler, J., Hermann, K.O., Unsold, H.J. & Boos, W. (1971) Eur. J. Biochem. 19, 457–470). Galactose-binding protein is not essential for the activity of the galactose transport system as there is no correspondence between the level of the two. In fact, the galactose transport system is present at near normal levels under conditions where there is no measurable binding protein activity. Although the galactose and β-methyl galactoside transport systems have different genetic loci and are controlled by different regulatory systems, they do not function independently when they are both present in the same cell. Rather, they interact in a complex way that results in the rate of transport by the β-methyl galactoside system being reduced at high galactose concentrations and the Km of transport by the galactose system being reduced 3-fold.
Structural Properties and Resolutions of the Prisoners’ Dilemma Game

In this paper we make use of a theory of social behavior (Burns and Meeker, 1973; 1972) to analyze structurally the prisoners’ dilemma game (Rapoport, 1960; Rapoport and Chammah, 1965) and to indicate resolutions of the dilemma under specified conditions. The theory is characterized by (i) descriptive models rather than normative or prescriptive models of social behavior; (ii) emphasis on multi-dimensional processes and on structural relationships rather than uni-dimensional quantities (such as ‘utility’); and (iii) a view of interaction processes and context as a system (Buckley, 1967) and, in particular, the thesis that evaluation, decision, and interaction processes cannot be understood apart from the social context in which they occur (Burns, 1973).
A POSS/spl reg/coating for thin film solar cells

Significant effort has been devoted to the development of thin film solar cells for use in space. They appear to be resistant to laboratory bombardment by electrons and protons of various energies. However, all solar cells can be affected by ionizing radiation absorbed in their junction region. Shielding against ionizing proton and electron radiation may be needed. In order to preserve the mass advantages of thin film cells, conventional cover glasses are not useful. We are using a new class of thermally stable, polymeric building block material called "polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes" (POSS/spl reg/) containing metallic additives (POMS) to coat thin film a-Si cells. Preliminary coating test results are presented.
Bourbaki at Seventy-Five: Its Influence in France and Beyond

Bourbaki, a professional mathematical society in France, was established formally in 1935. Throughout three quarters of a century, Bourbaki changed mathematics and mathematics education significantly. It was instrumental in the Moderne Mathematique movement that modernized French curricula. Bourbaki also provided philosophical support for the New Math movement in the United States.
Structural basis for recognition of the Sec4 Rab GTPase by its effector, the Lgl/tomosyn homologue, Sro7

Members of the tomosyn/Lgl/Sro7 family play important roles in vesicle trafficking and cell polarity in eukaryotic cells. The yeast homologue, Sro7, is believed to act as a downstream effector of the Sec4 Rab GTPase to promote soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor adaptor protein receptor (SNARE) assembly during Golgi-to–cell surface vesicle transport. Here we describe the identification of a Sec4 binding site on the surface of Sro7 that is contained within a cleft created by the junction of two adjacent β-propellers that form the core structure of Sro7. Computational docking experiments suggested four models for interaction of GTP-Sec4 with the Sro7 binding cleft. Further mutational and biochemical analyses confirmed that only one of the four docking arrangements is perfectly consistent with our genetic and biochemical interaction data. Close examination of this docking model suggests a structural basis for the high substrate and nucleotide selectivity in effector binding by Sro7. Finally, analysis of the surface variation within the homologous interaction site on tomosyn-1 and Lgl-1 structural models suggests a possible conserved Rab GTPase effector function in tomosyn vertebrate homologues.
The optimum automatic thresholding using the phase of Zernike moments

A new technique for automatic thresholding of images has been introduced. This technique is based on maximizing the correlation between Zernike moments' phases of the gray-level and binary images of the same objects. This technique of gray level thresholding is unimodal. Thresholding using Zernike moments would be of interest to pattern recognition applications where Zernike moments are used as features. The experimental results show that correlating the phases of Zernike moments yields the optimal threshold values. These results also indicate the robustness and stability of the technique when dealing with noisy sample images.
Dietary Psyllium Increases Expression of Ileal Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter mRNA Coordinately with Dose-Responsive Changes in Bile Acid Metabolism in Rats

Psyllium (PSY), a type of dietary fiber containing mainly soluble components, has been shown to decrease serum cholesterol concentrations in several species; however, mechanisms involved are not clearly defined. Four groups of 10 rats were fed semipurified diets containing 10% dietary fiber from cellulose and/or PSY for 21 d. Increasing levels of PSY were fed (0,3.33, 6.67 and 10% PSY) with the remaining 10% made up with cellulose. Liver cholesterol, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A) activity and mRNA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR) mRNA, ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) mRNA, fecal bile acids and total steroids, and intestinal bile acid content were measured. All variables responded in a dose-dependent manner to PSY in the diet. Total liver cholesterol content was significantly reduced in all groups fed PSY compared to cellulose-fed controls [138(a), 105(b), 105(b) and 93(c) micromol (SEM = 4.2) for 0, 3.33, 6.67 and 10% PSY, respectively]. Activity of CYP7A was significantly greater in all groups fed PSY compared to the cellulose-fed controls [6.36(c), 16.92(b), 15.28(b) and 20.37(a) pmol x min(-1) x mg protein(-1) (SEM = 3.19) for 0, 3.33, 6.67 and 10% PSY, respectively]. These differences in CYP7A activity were similar to differences in CYP7A, HMGR and ASBT mRNA levels. Fecal bile acid and total steroid excretion as well as total intestinal bile acids were significantly greater in rats fed PSY-containing diets compared to 0% PSY-fed rats. These results suggest that the reduction in liver cholesterol involves modulating the size and composition of the bile acid pool via regulation of ileal ASBT, CYP7A and HMGR mRNA levels.
Prevention: the only cure for pediatric trauma.

In this age of modern medicine, one would like to believe that we have come far, but it is not so with pediatric trauma. Statistics remain frighteningly high with trauma as the leading cause of death in children. It affects 1 in every 3-4 children. Up to 22 million children suffer injuries every year. In 30 years, the statistic of 50% of all childhood deaths resulting from injuries has remained unchanged, but the number of injured children continues to climb. The cost to society is in the billions. Nurses can decrease morbidity and mortality in children by understanding common patterns of injury and educating parents and children about injury prevention. Language: en
Polyphyly and convergent morphological evolution in Commelinales and Commelinidae: evidence from rbcL sequence data.

Phylogenetic relationships of the five families of the order Commelinales remain an area of deep uncertainty in higher-level monocot systematics, despite intensive morphological and anatomical study. To test the monophyly of the Commelinales and the subclass Commelinidae, evaluate their relationships, and analyze evolutionary trends in their morphology, ecology, and biogeography, we conducted parsimony analyses on 95 rbcL sequences representing 17 taxa of Commelinales, 16 taxa of other Commelinidae, and 63 taxa from Arecidae, Liliidae, and Zingiberidae. Commelinales is polyphyletic and Commelinidae paraphyletic, with Eriocaulaceae and Xyridaceae sister to Poaceae and its relatives, Rapateaceae sister to Bromeliaceae and Mayacaceae, and Commelinaceae sister to Philydrales and allies. Thurnia is sister to Prionium at the base of Cyperaceae-Juncaceae; only 1 of Cronquist's multifamily commelinoid orders is diagnosed as monophyletic. We propose a revised Commelinidae, incorporating 4 revised superorders (Bromelianae, Commelinanae, Dasypogonanae, Arecanae) and 10 orders ((Poales, Eriocaulales, Cyperales, Typhales, Bromeliales), (Commelinales, Philydrales, Zingiberales), (Dasypogonales), (Arecales)). Morphological and anatomical characters used to define the original Commelinales and Commelinidae appear to be plesiomorphic or to reflect convergence or recurrent mutation; several characters supporting our revised classification are anatomical traits that seem relatively insulated from environmental selection pressures. The Commelinidae distal to the Arecales arose in South America, with amphiatlantic Bromeliaceae-Mayacaceae-Rapateaceae originating in the Guayana Shield. Ecological diversification involved the repeated invasion of shady, infertile, or arid microsites. The numbers of species in families of the revised Commelinidae are related partly to the extent of adaptive radiation in those families, but seem more strongly related to nonadaptive features promoting speciation, such as restricted seed dispersal (especially in forest interior groups with fleshy fruits), polyploidy, aneuploidy, and apomixis. Species diversity is unrelated to the rate/amount of rbcL sequence evolution.
Influence of Enterococcus faecalis proteases and the collagen‐binding protein, Ace, on adhesion to dentin

Enterococcus faecalis is a pathogen that persists in medicated root canals. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the E. faecalis proteases, serine protease and gelatinase, and the collagen-binding protein (Ace) contribute to adhesion to the root canal. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine dentin binding by four E. faecalis strains: OG1RF, the wild type, and three mutant derivatives of OG1RF, TX5128, TX5243 and TX5256 deficient in serine protease and gelatinase, serine protease, and Ace, respectively. For each strain, 20 root halves were exposed to 3 x 10(9) to 5 x 10(9) cells/ml for 6 h, and 50 fields per root half were examined for adherent bacteria. Statistical analysis revealed that adherence of OG1RF was significantly greater than the mutant strains (P < 0.001), while significant differences were not detected between the protease mutants. The data indicate that serine protease and Ace aid E. faecalis binding to dentin, while the role of gelatinase is uncertain.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of glutamate receptor subunit genes

Three closely related genes, GluR1, GluR2, and GluR3, encode receptor subunits for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. The proteins encoded by the individual genes form homomeric ion channels in Xenopus oocytes that are sensitive to glutamatergic agonists such as kainate and quisqualate but not to N-methyl-D-aspartate, indicating that binding sites for kainate and quisqualate exist on single receptor polypeptides. In addition, kainate-evoked conductances are potentiated in oocytes expressing two or more of the cloned receptor subunits. Electrophysiological responses obtained with certain subunit combinations show agonist profiles and current-voltage relations that are similar to those obtained in vivo. Finally, in situ hybridization histochemistry reveals that these genes are transcribed in shared neuroanatomical loci. Thus, as with gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, native kainate-quisqualate-sensitive glutamate receptors form a family of heteromeric proteins.
Nutritional growth requirements forButyribacterium methylotrophicum on single carbon substrates and glucose

Butyribacterium methylotrophicum, an anaerobic acetogen, obligately required pantothenate for growth on either glucose, CH3OH−CO2, H2−CO2, or carbon monoxide. Growth on glucose but not single carbon substrates was stimulated by lipoate and biotin. Sulfide but not sulfate served as the sole sulfur source for growth. This study established thatB. methylotrophicum was both a true autotroph when grown on H2−CO2 and a unicarbonotroph on CO as the sole carbon and energy source. In addition, the vitamin requirements of this species further suggest its distinctiveness fromEubacterium limosum (Butyribacterium rettgeri).
Why Public Libraries

"Why Public Libraries?" was first presented as a booklet in conjunction with "Libraries 2000," a seminar held in Alberta, Canada. The seminar was designed to re-examine the function and future development of libraries in that Canadian province. A second publication, "Why Books?" will appear in a future edition of Public Library Quarterly.
Investigation of a semiconductor bioelectrode with Ohmic behavior in vivo: Impedance spectroscopy of p-type semiconductor electrodes in perfused living heart☆

Abstract In the majority of impedance spectroscopy experiments performed for characterization of the semiconductor∣electrolyte interface, mass transport effects produce a diffusional element in the impedance spectrum. We report here, results obtained in the heart that has been perfused for cardioplegia with Tyrode’s buffer. Electrodes employed include polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3-methylthiophene), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). With the exception of a small, approximately constant – Im{Z} element (possibly related to the back junction), metallurgically perfect poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) electrodes exhibited Ohmic behavior. Such an electrode is important for sensing of biological signals since it does not suffer from the high-pass filtering traceable to charge accumulation at conductor surfaces, thus implying removal of Gouy–Chapman–Stern reactances.
Oceanic Rainfall Detection and Classification in Tropical and Subtropical Mesoscale Convective Systems Using Underwater Acoustic Methods

Abstract Measurements of the underwater sound produced by rain were made at three U.S. coastal sites in a study to determine the feasibility and limitations of the acoustic detection and classification of rainfall over water. In the analysis of the rain sound spectra, concurrent radar reflectivity observations were used to identify convective and stratiform regions of the precipitating clouds overhead. It was found that acoustic classifications of rainfall as to type, based on information in the 4–30-kHz frequency band, were in general agreement with radar-derived classifications. The classification technique is based on use of an acoustic discriminant, DR, defined as the difference in average spectral levels between the 10–30- and 4–10-kHz bands. A high correlation was found between sound spectrum levels (in decibels) in the 4–10-kHz frequency band and radar reflectivity, dBZ, suggesting the possible use of the 4–10-kHz band sound spectral level as a classification tool using spatially distributed hydrop...
The alkalinity of the deep Pacific

Abstract The distribution of alkalinity obtained by the GEOSECS Pacific expedition provides implications for the ocean circulation and for the dissolution of CaCO3. Alkalinity has a maximum in the deep water at all stations occupied north of the Circumpolar. The distribution of alkalinity at its maximum suggests a cyclonic circulation in the deep water. The bottom water in the North Pacific gains alkalinity primarily by vertical mixing with deep water and the deep water loses most of its alkalinity by mixing with Circumpolar and Antarctic Intermediate Water in the South Pacific. The alkalinity distribution can be explained only by local sources in the water column. Calcium carbonate, like silicate, seems to dissolve primarily in the deep water.