cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sparse seemingly unrelated regression modelling: Applications in finance and econometrics

A sparse seemingly unrelated regression (SSUR) model is proposed to generate substantively relevant structures in the high-dimensional distributions of seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model parameters. The SSUR framework includes prior specifications, posterior computations using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, evaluations of model uncertainty, and model structure searches. Extensions of the SSUR model to dynamic models embed general structure constraints and model uncertainty in dynamic models. The models represent specific varieties of models recently developed in the growing high-dimensional sparse modelling literature. Two simulated examples illustrate the model and highlight questions regarding model uncertainty, searching, and comparison. The model is then applied to two real-world examples in macroeconomics and finance, according to which its identified structures have practical significance.
Massive macrophage lipid accumulation presenting as hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy associated with long-term total parenteral nutrition therapy for short bowel syndrome

We present a unique case of massive splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and lymphadenopathy caused by lipid-laden macrophages in a 50 year old white female with short-bowel syndrome treated with long-term total parenteral nutrition. Using transmission electron microscopy and special stains we were able to show that the total parenteral nutrition lipid component was composed of lipid droplets and micelles morphologically identical to those found in lipid-laden macrophages which had accumulated in the patient's reticuloendothelial system leading to massive splenomegaly, hepatomegaly (without evidence of steatosis) and lymphadenopathy. While this phenomenon has been reported in animal models, no human cases have been previously reported.
Perioperative 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose–guided imaging using the becquerel as a quantitative measure for optimizing surgical resection in patients with advanced malignancy

BACKGROUND: 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanning is a widely accepted preoperative tumor imaging modality. Herein, we evaluate the becquerel (Bq) as a potential novel quantitative PET measure for application of surgical specimen imaging. METHODS: Retrospectively, PET-avid lesions that could be followed from preoperative imaging, confidently identified in the operating room, imaged ex vivo, and correlated with histopathology were included in this study. Bq counts from both in vivo (preoperative) and ex vivo (surgical specimen) PET/CT images were measured and correlated with histopathology. RESULTS: Fifty-five PET-avid lesions in 37 patients were included. Forty-six of 55 PET-avid lesions identified were found to contain malignancy on histopathology. Mean Bq counts for the PET-avid lesions were significantly higher that the adjacent PET-nonavid areas (background) within both in vivo and ex vivo imaging (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively). When analyzing all 55 lesions, we found significant increases in Bq levels. PET-avid lesions from in vivo to ex vivo images (P < .001) without significant increases in Bq levels in PET-nonavid lesions from in vivo to ex vivo images (P = .06). When comparing Bq levels between the 2 groups (malignant and benign), we found significantly higher Bq counts in the malignant group on in vivo imaging (P = .02) as well as significantly lower Bq counts in FDG-nonavid areas on ex vivo imaging (P = .04) within the malignant group. Significant differences in PET-avid to PET-nonavid Becquerels ratios within both in vivo and ex vivo images (P = .004, P = .002 respectively) were found, with ex vivo ratio being significantly higher (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging using Bqs is the potential to discern malignant lesions from benign tissues within both in vivo and ex vivo scans.
Diel feeding periodicity of Ephemera simulans nymphs in summer and winter

We examined diel feeding periodicity of Ephemera simulans nymphs during summer and winter in a third-order stream in central New York. A total of 245 nymphs were collected at 4-h intervals over two 24 h periods and were immediately preserved in 80% ethanol. In the laboratory, we weighed each nymph and its digestive tract. The ratio of wet weight of the digestive tract to the total body weight at each 4-h interval was used to determine feeding periodicity. Diel feeding periodicity followed a similar pattern in summer and winter and was significantly higher at 08:00 hours. Feeding periodicity of E. simulans in Labrador Creek is asynchronous with the two most abundant fish species in the stream and may reflect predator avoidance behavior that has been shown for other mayfly species.
Systemic distribution of N2 paste containing 14C paraformaldehyde following root canal therapy in dogs.

Abstract Using rubber-dam isolation and an aseptic and standardized endodontic technique, root canal therapy was performed on the right and left fourth mandibular premolars in four dogs. Each tooth was obturated with N2 paste containing 6.5 percent 14C paraformaldehyde. In each dog at 1 hour, 1, 7, 14, and 28 days, blood was drawn and biopsy specimens were taken of the adjacent lymph nodes, liver, and kidney. At 28 days, the animals were killed, and the experimental and adjacent tissues were processed for light microscopy. Histologic examination demonstrated that particles of the paste placed in the root canal were present in pulp, periapical, and periodontal tissues remote from the original site in the root canal. In addition, 14C-labeled paraformaldehyde which was contained in the N2 paste was found in blood, regional lymph nodes, kidney, and liver. The amount of radioactivity in all the body organs decreased with time.
Recanalization therapy for acute ischemic stroke, part 1: surgical embolectomy and chemical thrombolysis

Cerebral revascularization approaches for acute ischemic stroke greatly expanded during the past decade. Many new revascularization strategies are currently being assessed, while others continue to gain in popularity, offering hope to those with an otherwise refractory disease. We discuss historical and current progress toward successful recanalization, as well as the efforts being made to develop a safe and efficacious method of revascularization in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Detection, Stimulation, and Inhibition of Neuronal Signals with High-Density Nanowire Transistor Arrays

We report electrical properties of hybrid structures consisting of arrays of nanowire field-effect transistors integrated with the individual axons and dendrites of live mammalian neurons, where each nanoscale junction can be used for spatially resolved, highly sensitive detection, stimulation, and/or inhibition of neuronal signal propagation. Arrays of nanowire-neuron junctions enable simultaneous measurement of the rate, amplitude, and shape of signals propagating along individual axons and dendrites. The configuration of nanowire-axon junctions in arrays, as both inputs and outputs, makes possible controlled studies of partial to complete inhibition of signal propagation by both local electrical and chemical stimuli. In addition, nanowire-axon junction arrays were integrated and tested at a level of at least 50 "artificial synapses" per neuron.
Federal guidelines for the management of urinary incontinence in the United States: Which patients should undergo urodynamic testing?

In 1992, the United States Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) proposed a guideline for the management of adults with urinary incontinence. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the criteria proposed by the AHCPR for the selective use of urodynamic testing in women complaining of stress incontinence. In order to examine the efficacy of these criteria, we retrospectively determined urodynamic diagnoses for 101 women presenting with the complaint of stress incontinence. These were then compared to the AHCPR recommendations for each subject's management. We found that the AHCPR algorithm would have recommended treatment without urodynamic testing for 65% of the population. If the AHCPR guideline had been followed, 32% of the overall population could have received inappropriate treatment. These results suggest that the implementation of the AHCPR guideline could result in inappropriate treatment for onethird of women presenting with symptoms of stress incontinence.
Characterization of kinetics of DNA strand-exchange and ATP hydrolysis activities of recombinant PfRad51, a Plasmodium falciparum recombinase.

Abstract Although homologous recombination-mediated DNA rearrangements are quite widespread in Plasmodium falciparum , the molecular mechanisms involved are essentially unknown. Recent identification of PfRad51 in P. falciparum has suggested that it may play central role during homologous recombination and DNA rearrangements. Full-length recombinant PfRad51 was over expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity. Using optimized enzymatic activity conditions recombinant PfRad51 protein was shown to catalyze DNA strand-exchange reaction, a central step during homologous recombination. Unlike bacterial RecA protein, PfRad51 promoted strand-exchange reaction does not require ATP hydrolysis. The PfRad51 protein also catalyzed ssDNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis and the k cat values were similar to those reported for human Rad51. The demonstration of strand-exchange activity of PfRad51 protein, first such report in any protozoan parasite, suggests importance of similar recombination mechanism during DNA rearrangements associated with antigenic variation in P. falciparum.
Primate population studies at Polonnaruwa. III. Somatometric growth in a natural population of toque macaques (Macaca sinica)

Abstract Growth studies of non-human primates in natural populations are rare due to difficulties in obtaining measurements on animals of known age. We report a cross-sectional analysis of growth in the natural population of toque macaques (Macaca sinica) from Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, including the timing of growth and physical maturation and the developmental basis of sexual dimorphism. Twenty-eight measurements were collected from 274 macaques aged 2 weeks to 34 years. Non-parametric spline curves were fit to the distribution of measurement values over age separately by sex. The spline curves suggest four age intervals in which linear regressions of trait on age and analysis of covariance of measurement value with age, sex, and their interaction, can be used to parametrically test specific hypotheses about growth and sexual dimorphism. Most growth had ceased for both sexes in the adult phase. Prior to this, females had two and males three distict growth phases. There was little sexual dimorphism in growth rates among infants and young juveniles (birth to 2·5 years). The age limits for subsequent growth periods differed by sex and trait. Thus, skeletal limb growth ceased in juvenile females by about 5·5 years, but continued into an additional subadult phase in males reaching completion by about 7·5 years, whereas muscle mass and weight reached maturity by about 8 and 12 years in females and males, respectively. An adolescent growth spurt was evident only for body weight in males, but cannot be ruled out for other traits. These macaques grow for one and a half to twice as long as macaques from other species in laboratory colonies. Much of the sexual dimorphism among adults arises from bimaturism, although sex differences in growth rates among older juveniles are also responsible for a significant portion of adult dimorphism.
Update on the no-three-in-line problem

Abstract Solutions to the no-three-in-line problem containing 2 n points have been found for n = 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26.
Feasibility testing of an automated image-capture method to aid dietary recall.

Background/Objectives: The accuracy of dietary recalls might be enhanced by providing participants with photo images of foods they consumed during the test period. Subjects/Methods: We examined the feasibility of a system (Image-Diet Day) that is a user-initiated camera-equipped mobile phone that is programmed to automatically capture and transmit images to a secure website in conjunction with computerassisted, multipass, 24-h dietary recalls in 14 participants during 2007. Participants used the device during eating periods on each of the three independent days. Image processing filters successfully eliminated underexposed, overexposed and blurry images. The captured images were accessed by the participants using the ImageViewer software while completing the 24-h dietary recall on the following day. Results: None of the participants reported difficulty using the ImageViewer. Images were deemed ‘helpful’ or ‘sort of helpful’ by 93% of participants. A majority (79%) of users reported having no technical problems, but 71% rated the burden of wearing the device as somewhat to very difficult, owing to issues such as limited battery life, self-consciousness about wearing the device in public and concerns about the field of view of the camera. Conclusion: Overall, these findings suggest that automated imaging is a promising technology to facilitate dietary recall. The challenge of managing the thousands of images generated can be met. Smaller devices with a broader field of view may aid in overcoming self-consciousness of the user with using or wearing the device. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition advance online publication, 18 May 2011; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.75
Motor Vehicle Deaths among Men: Marital Status, Gender and Social Integration

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of marital status on mortality from motor vehicle accidents among men. The framework for the analysis was social integration and control theory. The sample comprised 450,483 men and women from the United States who were followed for a period of nine years. Cox Regression models were fitted to the data. During the follow-up period, 596 persons died from motor vehicle accidents. Divorced and separated persons were over 62 percent more likely to die from motor vehicle accidents than were their married counterparts. Men were nearly 2.6 times as likely to die from motor vehicle crashes as women. Education was a strong predictor of motor vehicle deaths. In general, the lower the level of education, the higher the mortality risk. It was concluded, in support of social integration and control theories, that being divorced is also an important risk factor for motor vehicle accident mortality.
The Continuing Radio Evolution of SN 1970G

Using the Very Large Array, we have detected radio emission from the site of SN 1970G in the Sc galaxy M101. These observations are 31 yr after the supernova event, making SN 1970G the longest monitored radio supernova. With flux densities of 0.12 ± 0.020 mJy at 6 cm and 0.16 ± 0.015 mJy at 20 cm, the spectral index of -0.24 ± 0.20 appears to have flattened somewhat when compared with the previously reported value of -0.56 ± 0.11, taken in 1990. The radio emission at 20 cm has decayed since the 1990 observations with a power-law index of β20 cm = -0.28 ± 0.13. We discuss the radio properties of this source and compare them to those of other Type II radio supernovae.
Working with users to design online documentation

The author describes work conducted to define, through user input, an online documentation system for a computer operating system. She describes the methods used (1) to gather input from users regarding online documentation and (2) to evaluate the success of a prototype designed in response to the needs they articulated. She then reports on the successes and limitations of this approach to incorporating user input into a design process, and discusses the relationship between the analytical and the creative activities in user-centered design. >
Opioid administration following spinal cord injury: Implications for pain and locomotor recovery

Approximately one-third of people with a spinal cord injury (SCI) will experience persistent neuropathic pain following injury. This pain negatively affects quality of life and is difficult to treat. Opioids are among the most effective drug treatments, and are commonly prescribed, but experimental evidence suggests that opioid treatment in the acute phase of injury can attenuate recovery of locomotor function. In fact, spinal cord injury and opioid administration share several common features (e.g. central sensitization, excitotoxicity, aberrant glial activation) that have been linked to impaired recovery of function, as well as the development of pain. Despite these effects, the interactions between opioid use and spinal cord injury have not been fully explored. A review of the literature, described here, suggests that caution is warranted when administering opioids after SCI. Opioid administration may synergistically contribute to the pathology of SCI to increase the development of pain, decrease locomotor recovery, and leave individuals at risk for infection. Considering these negative implications, it is important that guidelines are established for the use of opioids following spinal cord and other central nervous system injuries.
Regulation of Glucose Fluxes During Exercise in the Postabsorptive State

The increase in glucose utilization by the working muscle would lead to hypoglycemia were it not accompanied by an increase in hepatic glucose production. Although the increase in glucose uptake is normally driven by mechanisms that are primarily independent of the action of insulin and other hormones, the response of the liver appears to be closely controlled by the endocrine system. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the bases for the increases in glucose utilization and production, the means by which these two processes are coordinated to form the exercise response are unclear (e.g. feedback or central feedforward control). Work intensity affects the mechanisms by which glucose fluxes are regulated. For example, during moderate-intensity exercise, the glucoregulatory response resembles glucoregulation in the basal state in that under both conditions, glucose release from the liver is controlled by glucagon and insulin, and blood glucose levels are tightly controlled. The response to high-intensity exercise, on the other hand, takes on characteristics of the stress response, as described by Cannon (13). That is, the catecholamine response increases disproportionately for a given increment in work intensity, and glucose levels are no longer closely regulated, but increase. The specific factors that turn exercise into stress at higher work intensities are not well defined. Determining factors involved in the regulation of glucose fluxes are limited in some respects because the body is more sensitive than are experimental detection methods to various stimuli (glucose, hormones, neurotransmitter release). More complete delineation of mechanisms involved in the regulation of glucose fluxes will require the development of improved techniques and unique experimental models. The trend in the physiological sciences is for more study at the level of the gene. Technical limitations will be overcome or circumvented as knowledge of gene regulation and the development of genetically engineered animal models provide new avenues with which to address basic questions regarding the control of glucose fluxes during exercise.
Control of a high-speed flywheel system for energy storage in space applications

A novel control algorithm for the charge and discharge modes of operation of a flywheel energy storage system for space applications is presented. The motor control portion of the algorithm uses sensorless field oriented control with position and speed estimates determined from a signal injection technique at low speeds and a back electromotive force technique at higher speeds. The charge and discharge portion of the algorithm use command feedforward and disturbance decoupling, respectively, to achieve fast response with low gains. Simulation and experimental results are presented demonstrating the successful operation of the flywheel control up to the rated speed of 60 000 r/min.
Rate of Cognitive Decline Before and After the Onset of Functional Limitations in Older Persons

BACKGROUND Loss in physical function is indicative of deterioration in physiological health that may also be associated with deterioration in neurological health. The objective of this study was to examine whether the onset of functional limitations and their severity is associated with increases in cognitive decline among older adults. METHODS The study sample consists of 3825 (65% African Americans and 53% females) participants over the age of 65 with no functional limitations. Cognitive function was assessed using a standardized global cognitive score, and functional limitations using a summary measure of 8 Rosow-Breslau and Nagi limitations (ROS-B/Nagi). Cognitive decline before and after the onset of limitations were analyzed using a linear piecewise change point model. RESULTS During follow-up, 2682 (70%) participants reported limitations in ROS-B/Nagi measure. The rate of cognitive decline was 0.053-units per year before any limitations, and increased to 0.069-units per year after one or more limitations in ROS-B/Nagi measure. This was about 30% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 18 - 42%) increase in the rate of cognitive decline comparing before and after the onset of limitations in ROS-B/Nagi measure. Also, higher number of limitations in ROS-B/Nagi measure at the time of onset was associated with faster cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS The rate of cognitive decline was significantly higher following functional limitations. This study suggests that self-reported measures of functional limitations may serve as an important marker of cognitive decline.
Leading beyond the shadow-line.

President and Mrs. Spengler, Dr. and Mrs. Swiontkowski, distinguished international presidents, members, and guests: It is my honor and great pleasure to address you today. The American Orthopaedic Association (AOA) is a society of leaders. Its mission is “to identify, develop, engage and recognize leadership to further the art and science of orthopaedics.” We hope to be the organization that catalyzes the orthopaedic community to greatness through inspired leadership. A position of leadership entitles one to certain rights, privileges, obligations, and responsibilities. It is the area of responsibilities that I would like to address today. Over the past few decades there have been dramatic changes in healthcare delivery and in the expectations of our patients. Currently, society views health care as a right. Patients think that all aspects of their health should be able to be managed and that everything should be affordable and easily accessible. People believe that a generalist should be available at all times to deal with their day-to-day health issues, but, when unique or critical health issues arise, they should have immediate access to specialists and subspecialists possessing the appropriate expertise. While in medicine we debate how to implement new technology and which technology is affordable, the average patient believes that new advances should be instantly available to them and at the same time have predictable outcomes and safety guarantees. Physicians, on the other hand, have a different perspective. Many think that the practice of medicine is in turmoil. Our profession, founded on individualism and autonomy, no longer resembles what it was in the past, and our organizations and practice groups often perform under an anachronistic system of dysfunctional egalitarianism in which each individual has an equal say and no one is in charge. In dealing with health-care institutions, insurance companies, and the federal government, we …
An ounce of prevention: Productive remedies for alcoholism

Despite yearly expenditures of up to $17 billion on the treatment of alcoholism, the estimated economic costs of alcoholism and alcohol abuse amount to $150 billion per year. If society is to make the most of its health care resources, it must do a better job addressing these problems. The case for public intervention is particularly strong here, as the negative consequences accrue not only to the drinkers, but also to their families and friends as well as innocent third parties. The lion's share of the economic costs, about $90 billion annually, are due to lost employment and reduced productivity. Recent research suggests that to reduce these costs, policies should be directed to preventing the onset of alcoholism and alcohol abuse, particularly in youth.
An overview of the utility of population simulation software in molecular ecology.

Stochastic simulation software that simultaneously model genetic, population and environmental processes can inform many topics in molecular ecology. These include forecasting species and community response to environmental change, inferring dispersal ecology, revealing cryptic mating, quantifying past population dynamics, assessing in situ management options and monitoring neutral and adaptive biodiversity change. Advances in population demographic-genetic simulation software, especially with respect to individual life history, landscapes and genetic processes, are transforming and expanding the ways that molecular data can be used. The aim of this review is to explain the roles that such software can play in molecular ecology studies (whether as a principal component or a supporting function) so that researchers can decide whether, when and precisely how simulations can be incorporated into their work. First, I use seven case studies to demonstrate how simulations are employed, their specific advantage/necessity and what alternative or complementary (nonsimulation) approaches are available. I also explain how simulations can be integrated with existing spatial, environmental, historical and genetic data sets. I next describe simulation features that may be of interest to molecular ecologists, such as spatial and behavioural considerations and species' interactions, to provide guidance on how particular simulation capabilities can serve particular needs. Lastly, I discuss the prospect of simulation software in emerging challenges (climate change, biodiversity monitoring, population exploitation) and opportunities (genomics, ancient DNA), in order to emphasize that the scope of simulation-based work is expanding. I also suggest practical considerations, priorities and elements of best practice. This should accelerate the uptake of simulation approaches and firmly embed them as a versatile tool in the molecular ecologist's toolbox.
Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era

Staphylococcus aureus is notorious for its ability to become resistant to antibiotics. Infections that are caused by antibiotic-resistant strains often occur in epidemic waves that are initiated by one or a few successful clones. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) features prominently in these epidemics. Historically associated with hospitals and other health care settings, MRSA has now emerged as a widespread cause of community infections. Community or community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) can spread rapidly among healthy individuals. Outbreaks of CA-MRSA infections have been reported worldwide, and CA-MRSA strains are now epidemic in the United States. Here, we review the molecular epidemiology of the epidemic waves of penicillin- and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus that have occurred since 1940, with a focus on the clinical and molecular epidemiology of CA-MRSA.
Retrospectives The Lost Art of Economics

Economists generally divide economics into two distinct categories—positive and normative—but how applied economics fits within these categories is unclear. This paper argues that applied economics belongs in neither normative nor positive economics; instead it belongs in a third category—the art of economics. Currently, many economists are trying to use a methodology appropriate for positive economics to guide their applied work, work that properly belongs in the art of economics. This three-part distinction is not mine, but dates back to a classic book, The Scope and Method of Political Economy (1891) by John Neville Keynes. In his book, Keynes argued that economists' failure to distinguish the art of economics as a separate branch from positive and normative economics would lead to serious problems. One hundred years later, he has turned out to be clairvoyant.
Generalized Online Routing: New Competitive Ratios, Resource Augmentation, and Asymptotic Analyses

We consider online routing optimization problems where the objective is to minimize the time needed to visit a set of locations under various constraints; the problems are online because the set of locations are revealed incrementally over time. We consider two main problems: (1) the online traveling salesman problem (TSP) with precedence and capacity constraints, and (2) the online TSP with m salesmen. For both problems we propose online algorithms, each with a competitive ratio of 2; for the m-salesmen problem, we show that our result is best-possible. We also consider polynomial-time online algorithms. We then consider resource augmentation, where we give the online servers additional resources to offset the powerful offline adversary advantage. In this way, we address a main criticism of competitive analysis. We consider the cases where the online algorithm has access to faster servers, servers with larger capacities, additional servers, and/or advanced information. We derive improved competitive ratios. We also give lower bounds on the competitive ratios under resource augmentation, which in many cases are tight and lead to best-possible results. Finally, we study online algorithms from an asymptotic point of view. We show that, under general stochastic structures for the problem data, unknown and unused by the online player, the online algorithms are almost surely asymptotically optimal. Furthermore, we provide computational results that show that the convergence can be very fast.
MIDAS: A Spatial Decision Support System for Monitoring Marine Management Areas

This article describes the design and implementation of Marine Integrated Decision Analysis System (MIDAS), a spatial decision support system (SDSS). MIDAS allows users to select values for a set o...
Fortification of Cheddar cheese with vitamin D does not alter cheese flavor perception

Currently, dietary guidelines for vitamin D consumption are under review, considering new information that >50% of the US population is vitamin D deficient, and may lead to a recommendation of a higher dietary intake of this vitamin. Vitamin D fortification of cheese aims to improve the current availability of fortified dairy foods beyond liquid milk. However, cheese is susceptible to undesirable flavor changes during long-term cheese ripening, and cheese bacteria and enzymes may degrade added vitamins. To test the retention of vitamin D(3) in Cheddar cheese curd, cheese milk was fortified initially during manufacture at a level of 150 IU/serving, using commercial sources that contained vitamin D(3) in powder, oil, or emulsion form, with and without homogenization of the fortified milk. When fortification was done directly to the cheese milk, we found that more than 80% vitamin D(3) was retained in cheese curd, irrespective of homogenization or form of fortification. Further, Cheddar cheese was fortified with the emulsion form of vitamin D(3) directly in cheese milk at 200 and 400 IU/serving to test stability and flavor changes. Vitamin D(3) fortified in this manner was stable for up to 9 mo in Cheddar cheese. Consumer acceptance and descriptive analysis of flavor profiles of cheese were also conducted and showed that vitamin D(3) fortified cheeses were equally liked by consumers, and cheese taste and flavor remained unaltered with vitamin D(3) addition even after aging for 9 mo.
A full dynamic model for pn-junction diode switching transients

A new model is presented for the dynamics of a pn-junction diode that is based upon an exact Green's function solution to the minority-carrier diffusion equation. The model provides a more accurate solution for large-signal switching transients, particularly during the reverse recovery phase, and it produces the correct storage time and high frequency admittance behavior, both of which are incorrectly predicted by the commonly-used charge-control models. No assumptions on the terminal voltage or current waveforms are made, so the model remains valid under any circuit conditions. In addition, the model is conceptually and mathematically very simple, while it fully represents the distributed nature of the stored minority-carrier charge. This new model also easily illustrates the limitations on lumped, charge-control models of the pn-junction. >
Polyphenol oxidase activity in the roots of seedlings of Bromus (Poaceae) and other grass genera.

 Premise of the study : Phenolic compounds exuded by roots have been implicated in allelopathic interactions among plants. Root enzymes that destroy phenolics may protect plants against allelopathic inhibition and thus may aid in invasiveness. Phenolic-degrading enzymes are chiefl y found in aboveground plant parts, but have also been previously reported in root tissues where the enzyme ’ s function is unknown. We explored phenolic oxidase activity in emerging roots of grasses in a survey across different grass genera; in particular, we aimed to test whether grasses of the genus Bromus , known for their large invasion potential, differ in this respect from other grass taxa.  Methods : We assayed a range of grass genera commonly found in the United States for root enzyme activity with spectrophotometric assays of phenol oxidase activity using l -DOPA as the main substrate.  Key results : In the survey of a grass genera, we discovered that roots of the genus Bromus contain large amounts of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, while all other tested grass genera, even ones closely related to Bromus , did not. PPO was found to be present at germination and remained active throughout the life of the plant. Compared to other PPOs, the enzyme present in Bromus appears to have a narrow substrate range.  Conclusions : The specifi c functions of the root PPO and the ecological ramifi cations of the special status of Bromus are not yet clear. The possibility that the enzyme plays a role in plant species interaction for bromes, a genus of grasses known to have high invasive potential, is raised.
Evaluating tourism-linked empowerment in Cuzco, Peru

Abstract This study evaluates processes of tourism-linked empowerment in four communities outside Cuzco, Peru. Linking Rowlands’ power framework to ethnographic work in the region from June through December of 2013, findings suggest that tourism association members in each community, while experiencing generative empowerment in the form of enhanced agency, collectivity, and self-awareness, have also been the recipients and purveyors of non-generative empowerment in the form of enhanced domination. Potential factors influencing these processes are also identified, pointing to practical ways community-based tourism can better foster generative rather than merely sustainable (i.e., zero-sum) forms of empowerment in the region.
Discussion of G. Dionne, “Adverse Selection and Repeated Insurance Contracts”

The developing literature on the economics of insurance markets with imperfect information has produced rather distressing results concerning the impact of asymmetric information on efficiency. The theory indicates that asymmetric information leads to a situation in which high risk consumers negatively affect the price-quantity menu of insurance contracts available to low risk consumers [Rothschild and Stiglitz, 1976 ; Wilson, 1977 ; Spence, 1978 ; and Hoy, 1982] with the possibility that some low risk consumers even may be driven from the market [Akerlof, 1970]. ** As noted by Professor Dionne in his interesting paper, the self-selection and risk classification mechanisms suggested in this literature may lead to Pareto improvements in welfare under certain conditions, but they do not eliminate inefficiency due to asymmetric information. Moreover, as emphasized by Rothschild and Stiglitz, a Nash equilibrium may not exist in markets with asymmetric information, and many unanswered questions remain with regard to market conditions that will result in a Wilson foresight-type equilibrium [Wilson, 1977].
The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law (Reviewed)

The book under review, The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, consists of twenty-two essays on various aspects of the law of ancient Greece - principally that of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE. These essays do a good job of conveying to the reader a sense of the law, in all of its strangeness to modern eyes, that developed in the society often viewed as the birthplace of democracy. The contributors to the volume include the leading scholars in the subject from Europe and the United States. The book will be of interest to comparativists, to classicists with an interest in ancient law, and to legal scholars who wish they had studied classics.
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia, NOS with t(5;12)(q31;p13)/ETV6-ACSL6 gene fusion: a novel variant of myeloid proliferative neoplasm with eosinophilia.

The 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues introduced a category for myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB or FGFR1. Many of these patients are responsive to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. In this case report , we report a unique case of chronic eosinophlic leukemia with novel t(5;12) (q23-31;p13)/ETV6-ACSL6 gene fusion, in which patient was resistant to TKI therapy. This important finding is a novel addition to the above entity in WHO 2008 classification. The ACSL6 gene encodes a long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase, an enzyme that plays an essential role in lipid metabolism and ATP generation pathways in cells. The EBV6-ACSL6 rearrangement is present in diverse types of hematopoietic malignancies. As yet, it is not clear how ACSL6, a gene involved in fatty acid synthesis, contributes to clonal expansion of myeloid progenitor cells. Therefore, elucidating the contribution of ACSL6 to leukemogenesis may allow the development of novel treatment for those resistant to TKI therapy.
What To Tell America: The Writers' Quarrel in the Office of War Information

IID URING the early months of World War II, Americans encountered confusing and often contradictory war information from a large number of bureaus and departments. In the tangle of overlapping jurisdictions no one agency seemed authorized to explain what America was doing at home and abroad to win the war or what goals it hoped to achieve by fighting. In June 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt responded to demands for more news and less confusion by establishing the Office of War Information (OWI). It was intended to further an understanding of the "status and progress of the war effort and of the war policies, activities, and aims of the Government."1 Partly because of the vagueness of this mandate and partly because the new office was created out of existing agencies, each with its own conception of the proper role of an "information agency," the function of the OWI was never quite clear to many of its officials, to the public, and apparently even to the President himself. Was it supposed to serve as an ideological, news, propaganda, or advertising instrument? The dramatic resignation of a large group of writers in June 1943 illustrated the pernicious effects of this ambiguity. Even more important, it highlighted a basic disagreement within the administration over not only what but also how the American people should be told about the war. Before the establishment of the OWI, three agencies had dealt with different aspects of domestic information; but none of them had authority to control or coordinate the flow of information from Washington, and each of them incurred the displeasure of the administration, the Congress, or the news media. The Division of Information of the Office of Emergency Management (OEM) had been created in March 1941 to coordinate informa-
Interspecific Hybridization between Heliothis virescens and H. subflexa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Affects the Presence and Structure of Hair-Pencil Glands of Males

The effect of interspecific hybridization on the inheritance of hair-pencil glands was studied by crossing Heliothis virescens (F.), whose males have hair-pencil glands, with H. subflexa (Guenee), whose males lack hair pencils. Males from reciprocal interspecies crosses had hair-pencil glands the structure of which resembled those of H. virescens males. Backcross males from crosses between ( H. virescens female × H. subflexa male) F1 × H. subflexa ♂ lacked hair-pencil glands and were morphologically similar to H. subflexa males. The hair-pencil glands of first-generation backcross males from all other combinations resembled those of H. virescens . Second-generation backcross males from crosses, in which both Z chromosomes were inherited from H. subflexa , lacked hair pencils. However, second-generation backcross males that inherited at least one of the Z chromosomes from H. virescens were phenotypically similar to H. virescens . These results indicated that the presence of hair-pencil glands is regulated by a dominant allele of a locus or a group of genes located on the Z chromosome of H. virescens .
Digestion and the distribution of acid phosphatase in the myxamoebae of Physarum flavicomum.

In the Myxomycetes, heterophagy and intracellular digestion of engulfed food material play a fundamental role in the nutrition of the myxamoebae. The system involved in intracellular digestion has been termed the "vacuolar apparatus" by deDuve and Wattiaux (5). An important feature of this vacuolar apparatus is the presence of hydrolases in most of the vacuolar components (5). In their review of lysosomes, deDuve and Wattiaux (5) expanded the lysosomal concept to include most of the vacuolar components of animal cells. In a manner comparable to that of deDuve and Wattiaux (5), Matile (11) and Matile and Wiemken (12) expanded the lysosomal concept in plants. They indicated that the aleurone vacuoles in pea seeds (11) and vacuoles of yeasts (12) are lysosomes. Acid phosphatase activity during the digestive and assimilatory processes of bacteriophagous protozoans have been characterized by numerous authors [see (7) for references]. In some protozoans, engulfed bacteria within food vacuoles are digested with hydrolytic enzymes that arrive from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus by way of acid phosphatase-positive vesicles (7). In other protozoans,
The Disintegration of Li 7 by Deuterons

The yield function for the disintegration of lithium bombarded by deuterons has been measured with detectors sensitive to neutrons, gamma-rays, and beta-rays. A gamma-ray of 4.9-Mev energy was found in the course of this investigation. Resonances were found at 0.65, 1.02, and 1.35 Mev corresponding to excited states of the intermediate nucleus (${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$) at 17.14, 17.43, and 17.69 Mev. The resonance at 1.35 Mev was found only for the formation of radioactive ${\mathrm{Li}}^{8}$ accompanied by the emission of a proton. Apparently proton emission is permitted and neutron emission forbidden from the 17.69-Mev state.
The Effect of Deposition Procedure on the Conductivity of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Multilayer Films

The conductivity of multilayer P-doped amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) thin films is measured for films prepared with different, deposition procedures. Multilayer films are deposited by plasma enhanced CVD following a procedure in which the plasma is extinguished and the deposition chamber is filled with air or argon after the deposition of each layer. These films are compared to films grown in continuous deposition runs. The technique provides a direct means to determine the effects of continuous versus interrupted deposition and to analyze oxide interface and bulk gap state densities. Exposing the layers to air between depositions produces deleterious effects whereas the effect of argon exposure are slight. Literature values for the density of states in oxidized a-Si:H are used to provide evidence for a defective layer in very thin P-doped a-Si:H having a defect density of over 1013 cm−2 eV−1 approximately 0.3 eV below the transport level.
Development of a nomogram for femtosecond laser astigmatic keratotomy for astigmatism after keratoplasty

Purpose To develop a nomogram for femtosecond laser astigmatic keratotomy (AK) to treat post-keratoplasty astigmatism. Setting Three academic medical centers. Design Retrospective interventional case series. Methods A review of post-keratoplasty femtosecond laser AK was performed. Uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, manifest refraction, and keratometry were recorded preoperatively and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The location, length, depth, and diameter of the AK incisions were recorded, and the surgically induced astigmatic correction was related to these variables using regression analysis. Results One hundred forty femtosecond laser AK procedures were performed after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) (n = 129) or deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) (n =11), with 89 procedures (80 PKP, 9 DALK) included in the analysis. The mean CDVA improved from 20/59 (0.47 logMAR ± 0.38 [SD]) preoperatively to 20/45 (0.35 ± 0.31 logMAR) postoperatively ( P = .013) (n = 46). The mean keratometric astigmatism decreased from 8.26 ± 2.90 diopters (D) preoperatively to 3.62 ± 2.59 D postoperatively ( P P Conclusions Femtosecond laser AK significantly improved UDVA and CDVA and significantly reduced keratometric astigmatism and refractive cylinder after keratoplasty. The nomogram generated should improve the accuracy of post-keratoplasty femtosecond laser AK. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Cancer of the alimentary tract. A positive approach to palliation.

Palliative therapy can greatly diminish the pain and discomfort accompanying alimentary tract neoplasms. Improved surgical technics, new methods of administering chemotherapeutics, and other adjunctive measures now offer hope of a dignified and relatively comfortable terminal course for the patient with incurable cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.