cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of surfactant treatments on interfacial adhesion in single graphite/epoxy composites

Interfacial adhesion between graphite fibers and epoxy matrices is one of the important parameters in controlling composite performance. Experiments were performed to verify the idea that polymerizable and nonpolymerizable nonionic surfactants can promote wetting and increase interfacial shear strength. Using a single-fiber-composite (SFC) technique with a Poisson/Weibull model of fiber strength and flaws, the effective interfacial shear strength (ISS) was determined. The effect of surfactant treatments on interfacial adhesion in single graphite/epoxy composites was also compared with the effects of treatment with deionized water, absolute alcohol, and acetone. The experimental results showed that the fibers treated with the nonpolymerizable surfactant gained 37% in interfacial shear strength relative to those untreated or those treated with deionized water, absolute alcohol, or acetone. The polymerizable surfactants showed a 10% increase in interfacial shear strength. The lognormal distribution provided the best fit for critical aspect ratios obtained from the SFC tests.
Metastable Alloy Formation in Electron Beam Pulsed Al and Si

The formation of metastable alloys by pulsed electron beam annealing of Al implanted with Sn or Ni and of Si implanted with Sn has been studied by TEM, ion backscattering and channeling. Surface segregation after pulsed melting is observed in Si but not in Al, even though all impurities have similar equilibrium distribution coefficients of ∼10−2. This difference is attributed to the higher liquid-solid interface velocity and lower diffusivities in Al. Metastable substitutional solutions more than an order of magnitude above equilibrium solubilities are obtained for Ni and Sn in Al. At Ni concentrations ≳5 at.% a highly disordered transformation zone is formed in Al and a new phenomenon in which a polycrystalline layer forms on epitaxially regrown Al is observed.
Radiology Information Systems

Radiology information systems (RIS) are evolving from being stand-along radiology order entry, study management, film tracking, charge capture, and billing systems to being an integral part of a series of highly integrated systems that essentially manage and report patient healthcare information. There is a national initiative to provide every person with the ability to request or access their health history, whenever and wherever needed, while maintaining the privacy and security of the records. To that end, the Electronic medical record (EMR) is being adopted by more healthcare institutions. The use of established standards will be crucial for assuring that these EMRs will be able to interface and that a person’s information will be not only accessible, but usable at another location. It is expected that the RIS of the future will expedite the exchange of information of all radiology data with the EMR and will support new devices for viewing and disseminating images and reports. Keywords: radiology information system; RIS; HIS; EMR; electronic medical record; structured reporting; DICOM; HL7
Intrarenal Kinetics: Effect of Adenosine and Theophylline

Editor: It is commendable that work such as that of Dr Huber and colleagues (1) in the June 2002 issue of Radiology is available for the general radiology community to be made aware of. Thus, it is with great interest in this work that this letter is motivated. The ability to validate potential renal protective effects of theophylline by means of blockade of adenosinecAMP–mediated vasoconstriction is an important area of investigation. Unfortunately, the literature has suffered from prior work (2) in which false-negative results were provided (type II error) because of small sample size. However, the investigation of general protective effects should include not only this reference (2), but also the work of Chan et al (3), in which it was established that reduced cortical flow after lithotripsy demonstrates that aminophylline attenuated this response in the kidneys subjected to lithotripsy. In particular, the underlying mechanism of ischemic change by means of cAMP and the postulate that aminophylline and/or theophylline administration should have a role in protecting the kidneys not only during contrast material administration but also potentially during organ harvesting was put forth in 1996 (4) and should also have been cited. This is an important area of investigation, and hopefully, further work will enter daily clinical practice, as was the hope when the original stress studies were performed.
Operator decomposition using the wavelet transform: fundamental properties and image restoration applications

A novel formulation of image processing operations in the wavelet domain is presented which directly associates multiresolution with multichannel image processing. The formation of the multiresolution image is expressed as an operator on the image domain that transforms block-circulant structures into partially-block-circulant structures. The proposed implementation relaxes the stationarity and space-invariance assumptions in the image domain and introduces new operator structures for the implementation of single-channel algorithms which take advantage of the correlation structure in the wavelet domain. Based on this structure, the authors discuss the estimation of the power spectrum in the wavelet domain. Image restoration examples using the linear minimum mean square error filter show significant improvement achieved by the proposed approach over the conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) implementation. >
Photonic de Broglie waves.

In quantum optics an ensemble of photons is treated as a Bose condensate which has a de Broglie wavelength given by ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}/N$ where ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}$ and $N$ are the wavelength and average number of constituent photons, respectively. We describe an interferometer which is capable of measuring this de Broglie wavelength. We show specifically that a coherent state input has a de Broglie coherence length proportional to $1/\sqrt{N}$. Finally we show that the interferometer is Heisenberg limited in sensitivity ( $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{min}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1/N$) and thus forms a new class of interferometers operating at the fundamental quantum limit.
Negative-Ion Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry of Sulfonylurea Herbicides

Seven sulfonylurea herbicides were studied using negative-ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). The spectra were characteristic of the structure of the examined herbicides with fragmentation at the sulfonylurea bridge representing both aromatic moieties. The fragmentation pattern was established based on the FAB- B/E mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry linked-scan spectra. Background-subtracted negative ion FAB-MS spectra of the herbicides exhibit [M‐1] ‐ peaks and their fragmentation products. Application of triethylenetetramine as a FAB matrix resulted in enhanced fragmentation. The 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol FAB spectra typically exhibited high-abundance [M‐1] ‐ peaks and fewer fragment
Drop attacks with Menière's syndrome

We report the clinical features of 12 patients with drop attacks associated with Meniere's syndrome. Each described a sensation of being pushed, thrown, or knocked to the ground or a sudden illusion of movement of the environment that led to a fall. These episodes were not accompanied by symptoms of their typical attacks of Meniere's syndrome. The drop attacks occurred early and late in the course of the disease; they were the initial manifestation in 1 patient. In the majority the episodes spontaneously remitted, although Meniere's syndrome continued to progress. These attacks probably result from a sudden mechanical deformation of the otolithic membrane of the utricle or saccule due to pressure gradients within the inner ear. They are important to recognize because their prognosis is relatively benign compared to other causes of drop attacks.
Administration in role-based access control

Administration of large-scale RBAC systems is a challenging open problem. We propose a principled approach in designing and analyzing administrative models for RBAC. We identify six design requirements for administrative models of RBAC. These design requirements are motivated by three principles for designing security mechanisms: (1) flexibility and scalability, (2) psychological acceptability, and (3) economy of mechanism. We then use these requirements to analyze several approaches to RBAC administration, including ARBAC97 [21, 23, 22], SARBAC [4, 5], and the RBAC system in the Oracle DBMS. Based on these requirements and the lessons learned in analyzing existing approaches, we design UARBAC, a new family of administrative models for RBAC that has significant advantages over existing models.
Pre- and Postoperative Pulmonary Function Abnormalities in Coronary Artery Revascularization Surgery

Pulmonary function studies were conducted one to two days prior to, two weeks after, and an average of 116 days after coronary artery revascularization surgery. Preoperation it was found that 11 of 19 patients had mild to moderate obstruction, 8 of 17 had diffusing capacity less than 80 percent of predicted, and 9 of 17 had mild hypoxemia. Many of these abnormalities seemed related to smoking. After surgery, significant reductions in volumes, diffusion and PaO2 were found at two weeks. By the last study, there was improvement in volumes and diffusion, but they remained significantly reduced in comparison to preoperative levels. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) had returned to preoperative levels. Correction of diffusion for volume showed there to be no change in any of the study periods suggesting chest wall alteration is a major component of the abnormality. It is concluded that close monitoring of pulmonary function is indicated before and after operation in this patient population even if the patient is asymptomatic.
FIRM-a database management system for real-time avionics

The Functionally Integrated Resource Manager (FIRM) is an object-oriented database management system (DBMS) for use in avionics applications. It is also suitable for other real-time embedded applications from submarines to space stations. This paper examines the need for FIRM, and the unique requirements for avionics DBMSs not met by ordinary DBMSs. It then describes the unique features and construction of FIRM which allow it to meet those requirements.
Simultaneous observations of substorm electrons: Explorer 45 and ATS 5

Simultaneous observations of substorm-associated electron flux variations made on the satellites Explorer 45 and ATS 5 are used to infer the value of the dawn-dusk electric field present during a substorm. The observations were made during a substorm which occurred on December 17, 1971, while the two satellites were in the evening local time sector, within the plasma sheet. It is found that a dawn-dusk electric field of about 11 kV/R-E (about 2 mV/m) was present during the substorm. It is shown that the observations made at the two satellites are compatible with the model of a uniform enhanced dawn-dusk electric field acting upon a particle source which is spatially uniform in the region from which particles are convected to synchronous orbit.
Robotic system for underwater inspection of bridge piers

The research objective is to develop an automated robotic system that will enable safe and cost-effective underwater inspection of bridge substructures. The system concept being developed is a semiautonomous robotic system that can carry a sensor platform underwater to detect scour, deterioration, or damage to support columns. It provides positional data and sensor information (video images) to the system operator; these can be verbally annotated while being recorded. The operator initiates basic commands and transmits them to the underwater apparatus. On-board microprocessor-based controllers automatically accomplish the detailed control. The primary underwater apparatus has a team of two identical mobile robots designed to travel along opposite surfaces of the pier while connected to each another by a cable and winch system. Each robot has rubber tracks or wheels with cleats and is driven by internal motors. Tensioning the cables that connect the two robots provides traction. The robots can move both vertically and horizontally. While each robot operates its own drive motors and cable winches, coordination of movement and cable tensioning occurs automatically through feedback between the robots and the control console. Multiple robots, evenly spaced around a support column, may inspect larger structures.
The emergence of global attention to health systems strengthening

After a period of proliferation of disease-specific initiatives, over the past decade and especially since 2005 many organizations involved in global health have come to direct attention and resources to the issue of health systems strengthening. We explore how and why such attention emerged. A qualitative methodology, process-tracing, was used to construct a case history and analyse the factors shaping and inhibiting global political attention for health systems strengthening. We find that the critical factors behind the recent burst of attention include fears among global health actors that health systems problems threaten the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals, concern about the adverse effects of global health initiatives on national health systems, and the realization among global health initiatives that weak health systems present bottlenecks to the achievement of their organizational objectives. While a variety of actors now embrace health systems strengthening, they do not constitute a cohesive policy community. Moreover, the concept of health systems strengthening remains vague and there is a weak evidence base for informing policies and programmes for strengthening health systems. There are several reasons to question the sustainability of the agenda. Among these are the global financial crisis, the history of pendulum swings in global health and the instrumental embrace of the issue by some actors.
Finite element Maxwell equation solutions in the time domain using a second order equation

The authors present an approach for the finite-element solution of the time-dependent Maxwell equations which uses the second-order wave equation for either E alone. This formulation retains all the conventional advantages of finite elements without the complications of dual grids and space-staggered physical quantities. Further, exact satisfaction of boundary conditions at media interfaces can be directly imposed. This leads to a numerical solution that can be determined at any point within the computational domain via the mathematical framework of the formulation (i.e. the chosen basis function), thus removing the need for any extrapolation or arbitrary interpolation. Time-domain solutions are compared with their frequency-domain counterparts for concentric cylinders containing distinct electrical properties. >
Low Hemoglobin Level Is a Risk Factor for Postpartum Depression

The role of maternal anemia in the development of postpartum depression (PPD) is unclear. PPD is a serious disorder that may negatively affect the physical and emotional health of a new mother and her infant. Although psychosocial factors that increase the risk of developing PPD are known, few studies have identified physiologic factors that predispose a woman to PPD. New mothers were visited at home on d 7, 14 and 28 after an uncomplicated labor and delivery. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was measured via finger-prick blood at each visit, and the women completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depressive Symptomatology Scale (CES-D) on d 28. There was a negative correlation between Hb concentration on d 7 postpartum and depressive symptoms on d 28 (r = -4.26; P = 0.009). CES-D scores (means +/- SEM) on d 7 of women with normal Hb levels > 120 g/L (12 g/dL) were significantly lower (6.90 +/- 1.04) than those of women with Hb levels < or = 120 g/L (12 g/dL) [16.36 +/- 3.34; t(35) = -3.632, P = 0.001]. Thus, women suffering early postpartum anemia may be at increased risk of developing PPD.
Neuro-optimal operation of a variable air volume HVAC&R system

Low operational efficiency especially under partial load conditions and poor control are some reasons for high energy consumption of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems. To improve energy efficiency, HVAC&R systems should be efficiently operated to maintain a desired indoor environment under dynamic ambient and indoor conditions. This study proposes a neural network based optimal supervisory operation strategy to find the optimal set points for chilled water supply temperature, discharge air temperature and VAV system fan static pressure such that the indoor environment is maintained with the least chiller and fan energy consumption. To achieve this objective, a dynamic system model is developed first to simulate the system behavior under different control schemes and operating conditions. A multi-layer feed forward neural network is constructed and trained in unsupervised mode to minimize the cost function which is comprised of overall energy cost and penalty cost when one or more constraints are violated. After training, the network is implemented as a supervisory controller to compute the optimal settings for the system. Simulation results show that compared to the conventional night reset operation scheme, the optimal operation scheme saves around 10% energy under full load condition and 19% energy under partial load conditions.
A Fossil Dicotyledonous Woodland/Forest From The Upper Cretaceous of Big Bend National Park, Texas

A fossil woodland/forest in Upper Cretaceous strata of the Aguja Formation in Big Bend National Park, Texas, preserves two species of dicotyledonous trees with trunks up to 1.3 m in diameter. The straight buttressed trunks, absence of low branching, and lack of distinct growth rings suggest that these trees represent a tropical evergreen community having a canopy height of 40 to 50 m. Well before the end of Cretaceous time, dicotyledonous angiosperms were the dominant canopy forming trees in at least some ecosystems in North America. These trees may have been among the woody plants that produced the Normapolles palynoflora.
Erethistoides sicula , a new catfish (Teleostei: Erethistidae) from India

A new species of erethistid catfish, Erethistoides sicula, is described from the Brahmaputra River drainage in northeast India. Erethistoides sicula differs from both E. montana and E. pipri in having a longer caudal peduncle (19.6–22.3% SL vs. 14.4–18.4) and shorter pectoral spine (14.6–28.0% SL vs. 30.7–32.1). It further differs from E. montana in having a dorsally projecting bony splint on the opercle immediately posterior to its articular facet with the hyomandibula (vs. splint absent) and from E. pipri in having a more slender head (13.4–15.1% SL vs. 16.4). The diagnostic characters of Erethistoides are discussed and four new synapomorphies are proposed to diagnose the genus.
Denitrification in the Mississippi River network controlled by flow through river bedforms

Microbe-mediated reactions remove nitrogen from river water as it flows through sediments. Simulations of the Mississippi River network suggest that denitrification due to flow through small-scale river bedforms exceeds that along channel banks.
Inverted papilloma of the urinary tract: histogenesis, recurrence and associated malignancy

AbstractWe describe 5 new cases of inverted papilloma of the urinary tract. One case represents the second known recurrence of this tumor while another demonstrated areas of adjacent low grade papillary transitional cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies suggest a histogenetic difference between inverted papillomas of the prostatic urethra and of the bladder.
Rev. Proc. 2005-24 and the UPC Elective Share

This article discusses Revenue Procedure 2005-24, which came as a bombshell to the estate-planning bar. The Rev. Proc. requires a spousal waiver of elective-share rights in order for a charitable remainder annuity trust (CRAT) or a charitable remainder unitrust (CRUT) created on or after June 28, 2005, to qualify for a charitable deduction. The elective share is a statutory provision common to most probate codes in non-community-property states that protect a decedent's surviving spouse against disinheritance. The Rev. Proc. is primarily though apparently not exclusively addressed to the elective share of the Uniform Probate Code (UPC). Unfortunately, the Rev. Proc. applies applicable state law that is sometimes consistent with and sometimes significantly departs from the UPC elective share, without identifying which is which. Consequently, the Rev. Proc. may give the wrong impression that the UPC served as the model for the applicable state law throughout the discussion and examples. The source of the problem appears to be that the IRS misinterpreted the UPC elective share. The IRS's description of the UPC elective share overlooks an important feature of that law: Under UPC elective-share law, the settlor-decedent's surviving spouse has no claim on a premarital CRAT or CRUT - a CRAT or CRUT created when the settlor-decedent was unmarried or was married to a previous spouse. Consequently, no spousal waiver should be required of a later spouse if the UPC is the applicable state law. Yet, the Rev. Proc. repeatedly states that a waiver is required of a later spouse. The article concludes by pointing out that there is a larger question posed by the Rev. Proc., which is that if the IRS remains determined to insist on a spousal waiver for CRATs and CRUTs that might but probably won't turn out to be liable for a pro rata share of an electing surviving spouse, the result may be to weaken the elective-share protection for surviving spouses. The article urges the IRS to drop the requirement of a spousal waiver and work out some mechanism for retroactively denying the charitable deduction only in cases in which the surviving spouse actually claims his or her elective-share rights and the CRAT or CRUT becomes liable for satisfying a portion of those rights. This is in fact the IRS's position regarding CRATs and CRUTs created before June 28, 2005, and would seem to be all that is necessary to protect tax revenues.
The Problems with Policies: The Ongoing Struggle between “Legal” and “Readable”

Schools create policies that inform students of prohibited behaviors so that should policies be broken, their students’ due process rights will not be violated. While board and district policies are often widely available both offline and online, a majority of students are informed about their schools’ policies through student handbooks. Translating policies crafted for adults to a language that connects with adolescents becomes a challenge worth pursuing. Salkin and Shenkel here begin to address the tension between legality and readability by reviewing the research on readability issues in a variety of policy environments ranging from online privacy to health and education.
Effects of Laterally Varying Mantle Lid Velocity Gradient and Crustal Thickness on Pn Geometric Spreading with Application to the North Korean Test Site

Abstract The Pn phase for crustal earthquakes refracts through the uppermost mantle to become the first seismic‐wave arrival at distances of ∼200 to ∼1500 km. The amplitude of Pn is particularly sensitive to the mantle lid radial velocity gradient, and the elastic geometric spreading is frequency dependent. Lateral variations in the radial velocity gradient and in the crustal thickness encountered by Pn phases that traverse boundaries of geological provinces further complicate the frequency‐dependent geometric spreading behavior. We use 2D finite‐difference (FD) calculations to explore the effects of smoothly varying lateral structures in the lid and crust on Pn phases in the 0.4–10 Hz frequency range. Pn geometric spreading for 1D structures with mantle lid gradients is calculated first to ensure that the FD calculations correctly capture the expected frequency dependence. Then, 2D models with smooth laterally varying radial lid gradients are computed to explore how the phase samples the structures to give the overall geometric spreading. The direction of propagation through the laterally varying structure affects the frequency dependence and the transition from source‐side to receiver‐side dominance in the spreading. Laterally varying crustal thickness is explored in the context of the North Korean nuclear test site, for which many observations of Pn are made by stations with paths either through continental structure or along paths with variation from continental to oceanic to arc structure (in Japan). Frequency‐dependent amplitude effects are observed on the paths through oceanic structure. 2D FD calculations for structures with a central region of thin oceanic crust reproduce the observed first‐order frequency dependence of Pn along corresponding paths, including rapid amplitude decay for frequencies above 6 Hz. These analyses demonstrate that even though Pn propagation is very complex, modeling approaches can guide interpretations of the behavior when constraints on the structure are available. Electronic Supplement: Figures of Pn ‐wave snapshots, first Pn arrival times, and frequency dependence of the Pn amplitudes.
Moment dynamics for linear time-triggered stochastic hybrid systems

Stochastic Hybrid Systems (SHS) constitute an important class of mathematical models that integrate discrete stochastic events with continuous dynamics. The time evolution of statistical moments is generally not closed for SHS, in the sense that the time derivative of the lower-order moments depends on higher-order moments. Here, we identify an important class of SHS where moment dynamics is automatically closed, and hence moments can be computed exactly by solving a system of coupled differential equations. This class is referred to as linear time-triggered SHS (TTSHS), where the state evolves according to a linear dynamical system. Stochastic events occur at discrete times and the intervals between them are independent random variables that follow a general class of probability distributions. Moreover, whenever the event occurs, the state of the SHS changes randomly based on a probability distribution. Interestingly for this class of linear TTSHS, the first and second-order moments depend only on the mean time interval between events and are invariant of their higher-order statistics. Finally, we discuss applicability of our results to different application areas such as network control systems and systems biology.
Large-Strain Softening of Aluminum in Shear at Elevated Temperature: Influence of Dislocation Climb

This communication complements an earlier publication in this journal by the authors describing the basis for large-strain softening in aluminum under pure shear at elevated temperatures. Earlier work by the authors and the materials community only considered changes in the dislocation glide stress with the evolving texture as an explanation for the softening. New analysis finds that changes in the dislocation climb stress with texture development can explain the softening trends.
Triiodide and mixed tri-halide anions from negative ion electrospray ionization of alkali halide solutions

Abstract Electrospray ionization of alkali halide solutions in the negative ion mode results in the formation of cluster ions of the general formula, (MX) n X − . However, alkali iodides form triiodide anion, I 3 − , in high abundance in addition to cluster ions. Br 3 − ions are observed in low abundance. Also, mixed tri-halide anions, I 2 Y − , are observed in high abundance when a small amount (
Comment on "Algorithms and Authenticity" by Arthur S. Jago

Arthur S. Jago’s article on algorithms and authenticity documents a compelling—and even startling—new set of empirical findings.
Dermatological Manifestations in Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases on Anti-TNF Therapy

Background Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapies are effective treatments for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, infections, psoriasis, and eczema are potential manifestations. Descriptions of these are limited. Our aim was to characterize these skin manifestations in children with IBD on anti-TNF therapy. Methods Our study is a retrospective review of IBD patients ranging in age from 6 to 18 years who were treated with anti-TNFs from 2010-2015. Data collected included demographics, clinical information, anti-TNF therapy used, and whether patients developed skin manifestations and their type of complication, clinical interventions, and outcomes. Results Of the 409 patients analyzed, 47 (11.4%) developed dermatologic manifestations (39 CD, 8 UC/IC). Among these 47 patients, there were 72 manifestations of infections (28/72; 38.9%), psoriasis (33/72; 45.8%), and eczema (10/72; 13.9%). There was no significant difference between patients with CD and UC/IC in the type of manifestation. Children on infliximab experienced an increased risk of psoriasis than those on adalimumab (P = 0.05). A greater percentage of female patients developed a skin manifestation (28/47; 60%). The majority of patients with a skin manifestation were able to continue the current anti-TNF regimen. Amongst the patients that developed psoriasis, 60% did not require change in anti-TNF therapy. Conclusions This is the largest study analyzing anti-TNF related skin manifestations in a pediatric IBD cohort. Psoriasiform lesions were the most prevalent dermatological manifestation, and females experienced more reactions than males. Most patients were able to continue their anti-TNF therapy. However, if a change was required, it was most likely among those who developed psoriasis and required either a dose or interval change, different anti-TNF medication, or a medication class change.
Calcium Signaling and Neurodegeneration

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease (HD), and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are very important both for fundamental science and for practical medicine. Despite extensive research into the causes of these diseases, clinical researchers have had very limited progress and, as of now, there is still no cure for any of these diseases. One of the main obstacles in the way of creating treatments for these disorders is the fact that their etiology and pathophysiology still remain unclear. This paper reviews results that support the so–called “calcium hypothesis of neurodegenerative diseases.” The calcium hypothesis states that the atrophic and degenerative processes in the neurons of AD, PD, ALS, HD, and SCA patients are accompanied by alterations in calcium homeostasis. Moreover, the calcium hypothesis states that this deregulation of calcium signaling is one of the early–stage and key processes in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Based on the results we reviewed, we conclude that the calcium channels and other proteins involved in the neuronal calcium signaling system are potential drug targets for AD, PD, ALS, HD, and SCA therapy.
The Impact of the Planned Environment on the Elderly

The term [ environment ] is rarely used with precise meaning. Perhaps this is partly because the term is so all-inclusive; the tendency to think of it as including everything produces a certain vagueness. As the term is ordinarily used, environment refers to the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the individual. Evidently, then, environment is everything outside the person that influences him in some way. If we say that environment causes behavior, we are saying that everything surrounding the person causes his behavior. But what the social scientist wants to do is to be able to pick out of the total environment those specific elements or factors that caused some specific event or form of behavior .
Overall success rate of a safe and efficacious drug: Results using six phase 1 designs, each followed by standard phase 2 and 3 designs.

Abstract To evaluate the overall success rate of a new drug, phase 1, 2, and 3 trials were simulated using eight toxicity and two non-decreasing efficacy profiles. Six phase 1 designs including the standard 3 + 3, CCD, BOIN, mTPI, mTPI-2, and CRM were considered with standard phase 2 and 3 designs. Based on our results, phase 1 design recommendations are provided when data informing the general shape of the dose-toxicity curve exist. If a large jump in toxicity between dose levels is expected, the standard 3 + 3 design is recommended; it more often recognized when the MTD was exceeded and had the highest overall success rates. If gradually increasing toxicity is expected, a nonstandard design other than the CRM is recommended. Nonstandard designs were more aggressive in dosing and MTD estimation than the standard 3 + 3 and had higher overall success rates, but the CRM was too aggressive and most frequently overestimated the true MTD. If fairly constant, safe toxicity is expected across dose levels, the BOIN or CRM designs are recommended; they escalated to the highest dose most frequently with superior overall success rates. Without data informing the shape of the dose-toxicity curve, nonstandard phase 1 designs with a modified excessive toxicity rule more easily eliminating unsafe dose levels are recommended. With this modification, MTD overestimation error decreased and overall success rates were similar or higher with nonstandard designs. Among nonstandard designs, the modified CCD and BOIN perform well and are as transparent and simple to implement as the standard 3 + 3 design.
IL-6 mediates platinum-induced enrichment of ovarian cancer stem cells

In high-grade serous ovarian cancer (OC), chemotherapy eliminates the majority of tumor cells, leaving behind residual tumors enriched in OC stem cells (OCSC). OCSC, defined as aldehyde dehydrogenase-positive (ALDH+), persist and contribute to tumor relapse. Inflammatory cytokine IL-6 is elevated in residual tumors after platinum treatment, and we hypothesized that IL-6 plays a critical role in platinum-induced OCSC enrichment. We demonstrate that IL-6 regulates stemness features of OCSC driven by ALDH1A1 expression and activity. We show that platinum induces IL-6 secretion by cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment, promoting OCSC enrichment in residual tumors after chemotherapy. By activating STAT3 and upregulating ALDH1A1 expression, IL-6 treatment converted non-OCSC to OCSC. Having previously shown altered DNA methylation in OCSC, we show here that IL-6 induces DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression and the hypomethylating agent (HMA) guadecitabine induced differentiation of OCSC and reduced - but did not completely eradicate - OCSC. IL-6 neutralizing antibody (IL-6-Nab) combined with HMA fully eradicated OCSC, and the combination blocked IL-6/IL6-R/pSTAT3-mediated ALDH1A1 expression and eliminated OCSC in residual tumors that persisted in vivo after chemotherapy. We conclude that IL-6 signaling blockade combined with an HMA can eliminate OCSC after platinum treatment, supporting this strategy to prevent tumor recurrence after standard chemotherapy.
NUMA-Aware Data-Transfer Measurements for Power/NVLink Multi-GPU Systems

High-performance computing increasingly relies on heterogeneous systems with specialized hardware accelerators to improve application performance. For example, NVIDIA’s CUDA programming system and general-purpose GPUs have emerged as a widespread accelerator in HPC systems. This trend has exacerbated challenges of data placement as accelerators often have fast local memories to fuel their computational demands, but slower interconnects to feed those memories. Crucially, real-world data-transfer performance is strongly influenced not just by the underlying hardware, but by the capabilities of the programming systems. Understanding how application performance is affected by the logical communication exposed through abstractions, as well as the underlying system topology, is crucial for developing high-performance applications and architectures. This report presents initial data-transfer microbenchmark results from two POWER-based systems obtained during work towards developing an automated system performance characterization tool.
Case Studies of Women of Color Leading Community Colleges in Texas: Navigating the Leadership Pipeline through Mentoring and Culture

This qualitative, multi-site, case study examined the personal and professional experiences of women of color who currently hold higher-level administrative positions at a Texas community college d...
Shutting the door on death: Low openness individuals become less open (to death) following mortality reminders.

OBJECTIVE We examine if individuals low in openness cope with death reminders (i.e., mortality salience) by becoming less open and more avoidant of death. METHOD In Study 1, openness was measured before and after a mortality salience manipulation (N = 128; Mage = 35.82; 54.7% male; 85.2% Caucasian). In Study 2, we measured openness, manipulated mortality salience, and measured implicit avoidance of death-related words using a lexical decision task (N = 162; Mage = 20.58; 72.8% female; 43.8% Caucasian). We predicted that for low, but not high, openness individuals, mortality salience would further decrease openness and increase the speed of responses aimed at avoiding death. RESULTS For low openness individuals, mortality salience decreased openness scores (Study 1) and caused faster avoidance responses toward death-related words. High openness individuals demonstrated slower avoidance responses (Study 2). CONCLUSIONS A spiraling effect may occur where mortality salience causes low openness people to become even less open, and avoid death, positioning them to respond defensively.
Emerging disciplines in the health sciences and their impact on health sciences libraries: the behavioral sciences.

Interest in human behavior has always been present in schools of medicine. Particularly since World War II, this interest has been amplified, as shown by a number of trends. These include increasing time in the medical school curriculum for the teaching of the behavioral sciences, increasing numbers of people on medical school faculties who are studying problems of human behavior, and more emphasis on integrated teaching of human behavior by a number of disciplines. The behavioral sciences have also had impact on a number of the methods in medical schools. These various trends have changed the literature needs of the community that the library serves in that there has been an increase in the amount of material available and in the people interested in this material. The library has also profited as an institution from the increasing body of knowledge available in the behavioral sciences. From the level of learning to the level of social interaction in the library it is becoming increasingly possible to organize this important institution in the medical center in a conscious goal-directed way.
Higher negative emotions in response to cigarette pictorial warning labels predict higher quit intentions among smokers.

Background Cigarette pictorial warning labels (PWLs) could produce stronger quit intentions than text-only warning labels (TWLs) due to greater emotional arousal. Yet, it remains unclear whether PWLs that elicit different levels of emotions produce different outcomes. To better understand the role of negative emotions in the effects of PWLs, this study developed two sets of PWLs arousing different emotional levels (high vs low) but equally high on informativeness and compared them to each other and to the current TWLs. Methods Adult US smokers (n=1503) were randomised to view nine high-emotion-arousing or low-emotion-arousing PWLs or TWLs. After each label, participants reported the negative emotions they felt while looking at the label. After seeing all the labels, participants reported their intentions to quit smoking. Mediation analyses tested whether message condition influenced quit intentions indirectly through negative emotions. Results Compared with TWLs, PWLs produced higher levels of negative emotions (b=0.27, SE=0.04, p Conclusions The results provide additional evidence for negative emotions as the mechanism through which PWLs motivate smokers to consider quitting. The findings call on the Food and Drug Administration to design and implement high-emotion-arousing cigarette warning labels.
Open Radical Nephrectomy for Suspected Renal Malignancy–Tips and Tricks

Abstract Objective To present the surgical approach to a cystic renal mass suspicious for malignancy in a 22-month-old female. Materials The patient was a healthy female was found to have an abdominal mass by her parents. Her mother underwent a nephrectomy as a child for unknown pathology. Physical examination was otherwise unremarkable and laboratory workup was normal. Imaging workup revealed a large cystic renal mass suspicious for malignancy. Surgical resection was planned. Results A nonsyndromic 22-month-old female underwent open radical nephrectomy on the left with regional lymph node dissection. A transverse abdominal incision was used, followed by medial reflection of the colon and complete renal mobilization. The distal ureter and renal vasculature were identified and controlled and the kidney removed. A retractor was then assembled and regional lymph node dissection performed. Final pathology was cystic nephroma with 10 benign lymph nodes. The patient recovered well and was discharged home 3 days after surgery. Conclusion Open radical nephrectomy is an important part of protocol management for patients with renal masses suspicious for malignancy.
On Suboptimization — Cadillac Care at the Mecca

On Suboptimization — Cadillac Care at the Mecca David was happy with his care at the Mecca, though it meant a year of unnecessary tests and worry. But it revealed a problem of suboptimization: what...
Cross sections in the /sup 59/Co(n,n'. gamma. ) /sup 59/Co reaction from 1. 1 to 3. 3 MeV

The $^{59}\mathrm{Co}(n, {n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ reaction was employed to obtain neutron inelastic scattering cross sections for nineteen levels in $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ in the incident neutron energy range 1.11 to 3.32 MeV. These cross sections were deduced from measured $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray production cross sections for thirty-six $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays observed in the decay of $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ using a 40 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$Ge (Li) detector. Branching ratios have been determined for forty transitions from levels up to 3016 keV. The pulsed-beam time-of-flight technique was employed for background reduction. The data were corrected for neutron multiple scattering and neutron and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray attenuation effects. The neutron inelastic scattering cross section data for the nineteen levels are compared to compound nucleus statistical model calculations. On the basis of these calculations and the branching ratios previously assigned spins for states up to 2062 keV have been confirmed. Spin assignments are made for the following states: $2087 \mathrm{keV}(\frac{5}{2} or \frac{7}{2})$, $2153(\frac{11}{2} or \frac{13}{2})$, $2183(\frac{5}{2}, \frac{7}{2}, or \frac{9}{2})$, $2206(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{5}{2}, or \frac{7}{2})$, $2395(\frac{7}{2}, \frac{9}{2}, or \frac{11}{2})$, $2479(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{5}{2}, or \frac{7}{2})$, $2542(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{5}{2}, or \frac{7}{2})$, $2585(\frac{7}{2} or \frac{9}{2})$, $2713(\frac{1}{2} or \frac{3}{2})$, $2781(\frac{3}{2} or \frac{5}{2})$, $2824(\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{-}\frac{9}{2})$, and $2962 \mathrm{keV}(\frac{3}{2}, \frac{5}{2}, or \frac{7}{2})$.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{59}\mathrm{Co}(n, {n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$, ${E}_{n}=1.1\ensuremath{-}3.3$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E; {E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}, \ensuremath{\theta})$. Deduced $^{59}\mathrm{Co}(n, {n}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ cross sections, $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ decay scheme, $J$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-decay branching ratios.
Metabolisms of Foreign Compounds

The conversion of lipophilic, non-polar foreign compound to hydrophilic, polar species is essential to facilitate their excretion from the body. The conversion processes occur in two separate metabolic steps: functionalization reactions catalyzed by activation enzymes such as cytochrome P450s and conjugation reactions catalyzed by detoxification enzymes such as transferases. A polar group is introduced to a foreign compound in the functionalization reaction, thus increasing the water solubility of the parent compound. During functionalization reactions, some foreign compounds may form reactive intermediate species or metabolites, which can play an essential role in the pathogenesis of many disease conditions. Detoxification enzyme-catalyzed reactions modify foreign compounds to make them less toxic and more soluble in water and thus facilitate them to excrete from the body. Defenses against reactive intermediate species or metabolites generated from bioactivation include detoxification enzymes and antioxidants.
Atomistic Simulations of CO2 and N2 Diffusion in Silica Zeolites : The Impact of Pore Size and Shape

Diffusion of CO 2 and N 2 , both as single components and as binary mixtures, in three zeolites with identical chemical composition but differing pore structures-silicalite, ITQ-3, and ITQ-7-was studied using atomistic simulations. In all materials CO 2 diffuses slower than N 2 , but otherwise the behavior of these gases within ITQ-7 and silicalite is quite different than within ITQ-3. In ITQ-7 and silicalite, the loading dependence of diffusion is very similar for CO 2 and N 2 ; the apparent activation energies for diffusion of each adsorbate are similar in the two materials, and the diffusion properties of adsorbed mixtures can easily be understood. In contrast, none of these are true within ITQ-3. Free energy and potential energy profiles are used to uncover the roots of these differences. The preferential sites of adsorption for CO 2 and N 2 are the same within ITQ-7 and silicalite but not within ITQ-3. In ITQ-3, CO 2 molecules preferentially adsorb in the windows that separate the material's cages, whereas for N 2 this is the site of the largest barrier to diffusion. As a consequence, CO 2 hinders N 2 diffusion very effectively. Our analysis suggests that this behavior might be common for adsorbates that interact strongly with a material that has narrow windows between cages.
Contextual Programming of Collaborative Robots

Collaborative robots are envisioned to assist people in an increasing range of domains, from manufacturing to home care; however, due to the variable nature of these fields, such robots will inevitably face unfamiliar situations and unforeseen task requirements, and must be able to interact with users who possess diverse skill sets, backgrounds, and needs. Presently, robust, autonomous solutions for appropriately handling these vast possibilities and uncertainties are unattainable. End-user robot programming offers an alternative approach that lets end users provide task specifications and author robot skills to meet their own specific contextual constraints and custom task needs. Contextual information—such as task objects, environmental landmarks, and user preferences—is essential in realizing desirable, flexible, and reliable robot programs. However, most robot programming systems at present do not afford intuitive ways of specifying contextual information. In this paper, we draw on our prior work to illustrate the barriers to end-user robot programming when using a state-of-the-art programming interface. We then present two case studies that explore new approaches to providing a robot system with contextual information about the user, task, and environment, and how these methods can help improve task performance and user experience. We discuss our findings and future directions for building effective end-user programming tools to bring robotic assistance closer to everyday users.