cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tyrosine and Phenylalanine Biosynthesis: Relationship between Alternative Pathways, Regulation and Subcellular Location

The metabolic pathway responsible for biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and for vitamin-like derivatives such as folic acid and ubiquinones is a major enzyme network in nature.1 In higher plants this pathway plays an even larger role since it is the source of precursors for numerous phenylpropanoid compounds, lignins, auxins, tannins, cyano-genic glycosides and an enormous variety of other secondary metabolites.2 Such secondary metabolites may originate from the amino acid end products or from intermediates in the pathway (Fig. 1). The aromatic pathway interfaces with carbohydrate metabolism at the reaction catalyzed by 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, the condensation of erythrose-4-phosphate and PEP to form the 7-carbon sugar, DAHP. Evidence is accumulating to show that separate biochemical pathways of aromatic biosynthesis may exist in the spatially separated microenvironments of the plastid and cytosolic compartments.3 Separate enzyme systems of carbohydrate metabolism exist in the cytosol and in plastids4 that would be able to generate erythrose-4-phosphate and PEP for entry into aromatic biosynthesis. Secondary metabolites appear to be synthesized by enzymes located primarily in the cytosol.
A PWM Buck Converter With Load-Adaptive Power Transistor Scaling Scheme Using Analog-Digital Hybrid Control for High Energy Efficiency in Implantable Biomedical Systems

We report a pulse width modulation (PWM) buck converter that is able to achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of $>$ 80% in light loads $( $100\ \mu{\rm A})$ for implantable biomedical systems. In order to achieve a high PCE for the given light loads, the buck converter adaptively reconfigures the size of power PMOS and NMOS transistors and their gate drivers in accordance with load currents, while operating at a fixed frequency of 1 MHz. The buck converter employs the analog-digital hybrid control scheme for coarse/fine adjustment of power transistors. The coarse digital control generates an approximate duty cycle necessary for driving a given load and selects an appropriate width of power transistors to minimize redundant power dissipation. The fine analog control provides the final tuning of the duty cycle to compensate for the error from the coarse digital control. The mode switching between the analog and digital controls is accomplished by a mode arbiter which estimates the average of duty cycles for the given load condition from limit cycle oscillations (LCO) induced by coarse adjustment. The fabricated buck converter achieved a peak efficiency of 86.3% at 1.4 mA and $>$ 80% efficiency for a wide range of load conditions from 45 $\mu{\rm A}$ to 4.1 mA, while generating 1 V output from 2.5–3.3 V supply. The converter occupies 0.375 ${\rm mm}^{2}$ in 0.18 $\mu{\rm m}$ CMOS processes and requires two external components: 1.2 $\mu{\rm F}$ capacitor and 6.8 $\mu{\rm H}$ inductor.
Electricity grid: When the lights go out

The resilience of distribution power grids is put to the test by daily operations as well as by extreme weather events such as hurricanes. An analysis of blackout data in upstate New York now reveals that larger blackouts have a disproportionate effect on grid reliability.
Consequences of Misspecifying Levels of Variance in Cross-Classified Longitudinal Data Structures

The purpose of this study was to determine if modeling school and classroom effects was necessary in estimating passage reading growth across elementary grades. Longitudinal data from 8,367 students in 2,989 classrooms in 202 Reading First schools were used in this study and were obtained from the Progress Monitoring and Reporting Network maintained by the Florida Center for Reading Research. Oral reading fluency (ORF) was assessed four times per school year. Five growth models with varying levels of data (student, classroom, and school) were estimated in order to determine which structures were necessary to correctly partition variance and accurately estimate standard errors for growth parameters. Results illustrate the necessity of modeling classroom cross-classification and school nesting when predicting student growth in ORF across grades. Because ignoring higher-level clustering inflated lower-level variance estimates, the authors recommend including both classroom and school effects so that predicting variance in cross-year growth parameters will not lead to biased results.
Tobacco Attitudes and Behaviors of Vape Shop Retailers in Los Angeles.

Objectives The growing popularity of e-cigarettes has been accompanied by the proliferation of vape shops in the US. Vape shops are devoted to the sale and use of e-cigarettes, allowing customers to sample flavors and learn about different hardware from retailers. Research on vape shop retailers is lagging behind their popularity. This study documented the attitudes and behaviors regarding e-cigarettes and other tobacco products of retailers located in Los Angeles. Methods Surveys were conducted among retailers at 78 vape shops in 2014. Results The majority of retailers (76%) believed e-cigarettes are safer than combustible cigarettes, with about one-fourth believing e-cigarettes are completely safe. Retailers believed e-cigarettes are, on average, safer than products (eg, nicotine patch, gum, and inhaler) that have been approved for cessation by the FDA. About 14% of retailers reported dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes in the past month. Conclusion This is the first study to investigate tobacco-related behaviors and attitudes of vape shop retailers located in Los Angeles. Educating vape shop retailers on the benefits and harms of e-cigarettes is important, especially if retailers are to be informed about a product that is only now being considered to receive regulation from the FDA.
Quantification of Dynamic Differences Between Boundary Conditions for Environment Specification Improvement

Qualification of complex systems typically involves testing the components individually in shock and vibration environments before assembling them into the system. When the components are secured to a fixture on the shaker table, the mechanical impedance of the boundary condition is quite different from that of the next level of assembly. Thus the modes of the component under test are not excited in the same way that they are excited in the system using the typical methods for defining input specifications. Here, the boundary condition impedance is investigated and quantified using substructuring techniques. Also, fixture inputs are derived to overcome the impedance differences and excite a component in the same way it is excited in the next level of assembly.
A Multivariate Model of the Total Claims Process

Much of the risk theory literature deals with the total claims distribution where p k = the probability of k claims and S(x) is the distribution function of severity. Both p k and S(x) are univariate probability distributions. Thus, F(x) can be interpreted as a model of claims from one class of policies or as an aggregate model where p k and S(x) represent mixed probability distributions from a heterogeneous portfolio of policies. An alternative approach to modelling total claims in the latter case would be to recognize explicitly that total claims are the result of the interaction of multivariate processes. In the most general case, total claims arise from a multivariate accident process where each accident triggers multivariate claims frequency and severity processes. The purpose of this article is to present a multivariate model of total claims and to develop the cumulant generating function of this distribution. Such a model is superior to the traditional model in two respects: (1) It permits explicit recognition of shifts in the overall portfolio composition. Applications of the traditional model, in contrast, rely on the assumption that the portfolio composition is relatively constant over time. (2) It facilitates the evaluation of the effects of reinsurance on the total claims distribution when the reinsurance arrangements are not the same in different segments of the portfolio.
Association Between Statin Medications and COPD-Specific Outcomes: A Real-World Observational Study

Disease-modifying drugs are not yet available for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have anti-inflammatory properties and are therefore being considered for use in the management of COPD. Our objective was to examine the association between statin use and COPD-specific outcomes in a real-world setting. This was a retrospective longitudinal dynamic cohort study that used Medicaid claims data from multiple years (2005–2008) to identify patients with newly diagnosed COPD. Statin therapy was determined from the prescription drug file using National Drug Codes (NDCs). COPD-specific outcomes such as hospitalizations and emergency room and outpatient visits were identified based on a primary diagnosis of COPD. Multivariable logistic regressions with inverse probability treatment weights (IPTWs) were used to examine the relationship between statin therapy and COPD-specific outcomes. The study included 19,060 Medicaid beneficiaries with newly diagnosed COPD, 30.3% of whom received statins during the baseline period. Adults who received statins had significantly lower rates of COPD-specific hospitalizations (4.7 vs. 5.2%; p < 0.05), emergency room visits (13.4 vs. 15.4%; p < 0.001), and outpatient visits (41.4 vs. 44.7%; p < 0.001) than those who did not receive statin therapy. Even after adjusting for observed selection bias with IPTWs, adults receiving statins were less likely to have COPD-specific hospitalizations [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66–0.87], emergency room visits (AOR 0.81; 95% CI 0.75–0.89), and outpatient visits (AOR 0.86; 95% CI 0.80–0.91) than those not receiving statins. Findings from this study suggest statins have beneficial effects in patients with newly diagnosed COPD and warrant further clinical trial investigation.
Sphingosine-1 Phosphate (S1P) Is a Myeloma Survival Factor and Protects Myeloma Cells from Thalidomide-Induced Growth Inhibition by Counteracting Ceramide Activity.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide are sphingolipid metabolites and their intracellular balance impacts fate of normal and cancer cells; whereas S1P stimulates tumor cell migration, survival, proliferation and drug resistance, ceramide acts as endogenous pro-apototic factor. The role of S1P/ceramide pathway in myeloma has not been reported. Recent study demonstrated that thalidomide’s antiangiogenic activity involves increased production of ceramide in microvessels ( Yabu et al., Blood 2005 ). In this study we tested the effect of S1P and ceramide on myeloma growth and determined the protective role of S1P against the inhibitory effect of thalidomide on myeloma cells. S1P (0.1–10 μM) stimulated growth of several human myeloma cell lines in serum-free media in time and dose dependent manners, reaching maximum response (>25%, p 40% (p<0.001). Addition of S1P (1 μM) completely abrogated the inhibitory effect of metabolized thalidomide in all tested doses. We conclude that S1P is a myeloma survival and growth factor and protects myeloma cells from thalidomide-induced growth inhibition, presumably through counteracting increased ceramide activity by thalidomide. Pharmacological modulation of enzymes involved in regulation of the ceramide to S1P ratio and blocking S1P activity could constitute novel therapeutic approaches for treating and overcoming drug resistance in myeloma.
The Endoscopic StyletTechnical Notes

The use of a small-diameter, rigid ventriculoscope as a stylet to place a catheter optimally within cerebrospinal fluid-containing spaces, is described
Adaptation of the S&P 500 Index Effect

Since 1989, newly added stocks in the SP afterward, the authors observe that prices of newly added stocks actually tend to drift downward.
Contextualizing Attitudes Toward Pronunciation: Foreign Language Learners in the United States

While previous work has shown a relationship between pronunciation attitudes and pronunciation performance, the connection between language learning motivation and pronunciation attitudes has been underexplored. This study investigated the relationship between 195 foreign language learners’ attitudes toward pronunciation, the foreign languages studied, extramural language activity, and motivation. With an online three-part survey, information was collected about their language learning backgrounds; their ideal, ought-to, and anti-ought-to selves (Dornyei, 2009; Thompson & Vasquez, 2015); and their attitudes toward pronunciation (Elliott, 1995a). The results from an exploratory factor analysis on the pronunciation items indicated a three-factor solution: lack of native speaker bias, importance of improving pronunciation, and importance of communication/skills other than pronunciation. There were significant group differences for class level and extramural language activity regarding learners’ perceived importance of improving pronunciation: Learners in upper-level classes as well as learners who participated in extramural language activity placed a higher importance on improving pronunciation. The results also indicated positive relationships between positive attitudes toward pronunciation and the ideal self, and between the desire to improve pronunciation and the anti-ought-to self. The findings have implications for the selection of materials and instructional approaches.
Extraordinary and poor.

Ever since I was in high school, I have dreamed of becoming a neuroscientist. Now a postdoc in a cutting-edge neuroimaging lab, I am proud of the work I have done so far and excited that I am very close to making that dream career a reality. Yet, there's a problem. As another postdoc in the lab
Abstract LB-311: Characterization of the antizyme/antizyme inhibitor protein-protein interaction using a novel FRET sensor

The protein-protein interaction (PPI) between the tumor suppressor antizyme (AZ) and its endogenous regulator antizyme inhibitor (AZIN) has recently been demonstrated to be important in several human cancers. AZIN siRNA treatment reduces AZIN expression and slows prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo but is not currently a viable therapeutic strategy. To further probe the AZ/AZIN PPI and to screen for potential small molecule inhibitors, we have developed a FRET assay (Z score >0.7) utilizing the Clover (donor) and mRuby2 (acceptor) fluorescent proteins linked to AZIN and AZ, respectively. An alanine mutant screen of 43 amino acid positions in the AZIN protein revealed 2 hotspots that dramatically affect the affinity for the AZ protein, thereby identifying key regions for disruption by potential therapeutics. Furthermore, mutating the N327 and Y331 positions in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) to equivalent residues in the homologous AZIN protein, increased the affinity of ODC for AZ, providing evidence for key residues that contribute to AZ/AZIN PPI. In addition, the S367G AZIN mutation, which is associated with an mRNA editing event in hepatocellular carcinoma, further increases the affinity of AZIN for AZ and supports a mechanism of AZ sequestration as an important driver in cancer cell growth. Taken together, this data expands our current understanding of the contribution of different amino acid residues to the AZ/AZIN binding interaction. The development of small molecule inhibitors to target these regions of the AZIN protein would rescue the tumor suppressive activity of AZ and present a novel therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of prostate cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: James M. Rice, Michael S. Rogers, Bruce R. Zetter. Characterization of the antizyme/antizyme inhibitor protein-protein interaction using a novel FRET sensor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-311. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-311
Heart myocytes as models of the cellular response to ischemia.

Isolated adult heart cells (myocytes) with properties suitable for metabolic studies are now available in a number of laboratories. These cells are Ca2+-tolerant and show excellent viability and stability. They also retain the electrical properties, responsiveness to hormones and the complex morphological features of heart muscle cells in situ (1–5). Such myocyte preparations should be of considerable value in defining the response of heart cells to ischemia. Myocytes offer a unique opportunity to examine metabolic properties and transport reactions in ventricular muscle cells in the absence of variables due to tissue perfusion and without contributions from vascular cells or other cell types that may be present in intact tissue. In addition, the myocytes can be subjected to uniform perturbations in media of well-defined composition, can be serially sampled to determine the time course of responses, and are amenable to controlled disruption for compartmental analysis (6,7).
Peptide Vaccination of Myeloid Leukemia

In summary, we are beginning to learn more about the nature of the antigens targeted by T cells that mediate autologous antileukemia immunity and those that are the targets of the GVL effect. Some self-antigens might also be the targets of alloreactive CTL, as we have shown for PR1. If more antigens were identified, logical immunotherapy strategies such as vaccines or adoptive cellular therapies could be tested in patients. Obstacles to this approach remain, however. We must identify which of the hematopoietic tissue-restricted peptides are recognized by T cells and we must improve our understanding of the nature of peripheral T cell tolerance so that we might break immune tolerance to certain peptide determinants without causing potentially destructive autoimmunity. In the future, allogeneic stem cell transplantation is likely to evolve as a platform for delivering antigen-specific adoptive cellular therapies and for post-transplant vaccination strategies where donor CTL are elicited in the recipient. Both autologous and allogeneic transplant may reset T cell homeostasis and allow a more complete T cell repertoire to emerge postgrafting that could be further expanded selectively against tumor antigens by vaccination posttransplant, as in a vaccination by proxy therapy in the case of allogeneic transplantation.
Life under the Microscope: Single-Molecule Fluorescence Highlights the RNA World.

The emergence of single-molecule (SM) fluorescence techniques has opened up a vast new toolbox for exploring the molecular basis of life. The ability to monitor individual biomolecules in real time enables complex, dynamic folding pathways to be interrogated without the averaging effect of ensemble measurements. In parallel, modern biology has been revolutionized by our emerging understanding of the many functions of RNA. In this comprehensive review, we survey SM fluorescence approaches and discuss how the application of these tools to RNA and RNA-containing macromolecular complexes in vitro has yielded significant insights into the underlying biology. Topics covered include the three-dimensional folding landscapes of a plethora of isolated RNA molecules, their assembly and interactions in RNA-protein complexes, and the relation of these properties to their biological functions. In all of these examples, the use of SM fluorescence methods has revealed critical information beyond the reach of ensemble ave...
Dissection of silk glands in the Western black widow Latrodectus hesperus

The silk glands of the Western black widow Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 are morphologically and functionally distinct. Studies of spider silk glands often show only high magnification images of sections or drawings of glands, making differentiation of dissected glands difficult. We dissect all of the gland types from L. hesperus females and show their gross morphology with light microscopy. Our micrographs portray the distinct morphologies and relative sizes of each silk gland type, consistent with prior descriptions of the silk apparatus of Latrodectus spiders. Notably, we verify the presence of two differentiated pairs of aggregate silk glands and spigots, thus resolving a discrepancy in the literature.
Single-link failure recovery with or without software-defined networking switches

In this paper, we consider IP fast recovery from single-link failures in a given network topology. The basic idea is to replace some existing routers with a designated switch. When a link fails, the affected router will send all the affected traffic to the designated switch (through pre-configured IP tunnels), which will deliver the affected traffic to its destination without using the failed link. The goal of the approach is to achieve faster failure recovery than traditional routing protocols that employ reactive computing upon link failures. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) switches can serve as the designated switches because they can flexibly redirect affected traffic to other routes, instead of only to the shortest paths in the network. However, SDN switches are very expensive. Our objective is to minimize the number of SDN switches needed and to guarantee that the network can still recover from any single-link failure. For networks with uniform link costs, we show that using normal non-SDN switches with IP tunneling capability as designated switches can guarantee recovery from any single-link failure. For networks with general link costs, we show that by using SDN switches only when necessary, we can reduce the total number of SDN switches needed compared to an existing work.
Clinician use and acceptance of population-based data about respiratory pathogens: implications for enhancing population-based clinical practice.

Front line health care providers (HCPs) play a central role in endemic (e.g., pertussis), epidemic (e.g., influenza) and pandemic (e.g., avian influenza) infectious disease outbreaks. Effective preparedness for this role requires access to and awareness of population-based data (PBD). We investigated the degree to which this is currently achieved among HCPs in Utah by surveying a sample about access, awareness and attitudes concerning PBD in clinical practice. We found variability in the number and nature (national vs. local, pushed vs. pulled) of PBD sources accessed by HCPs, with a subset using multiple sources and using them frequently. We found that HCPs believe PBD improves their clinical performance and that they cannot rely on their own practice to remain informed. These findings suggest that an integrated system, which interprets PBD from multiple sources and optimizes the delivery of PBD, may facilitate preparedness of HCPs through the application of PBD in routine clinical practice.
The Early Oil Industry

As we have depicted in the previous chapters, the evolution of Homo hydrocarbonum is not the product of an ingeniously conceived plan to master nature or some natural result of economic progress but the outcome of an intricate and remarkable process that started long before the modern times. In this chapter we will take a brief look at the birth of the oil industry and the political developments that contributed first to its unfolding and later to its economic and political power. Even though oil was known by other civilizations, only the North Atlantic powers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century attached such importance to this substance, which has maintained an unprecedented role in the geopolitical order ever since.
Trends in applied mathematics

Despite these uncertain times, talented young scientists can be encouraged to enter the complex field called applied mathematics. There has never been a greater need and use of mathematical ideas in science and technology than now. Indeed, one defining aspect of applied mathematics is to link mathematical ideas and techniques to the other sciences and to use them in that context in a productive way.
Psychophysics of Motion Perception

In this paper we make three major points about motion perception. As often happens, these same three points are echoed by other contributions to this Symposium. So we begin by using the ideas and words of others to anticipate what we ourselves wish to say. First, Berkley’s contribution (1981) reminds readers that motion perception is a complex skill, dependent on the combination of many abilities. Starting from a quite different perspective, Bonnet (1981) arrived independently at a similar position: what is called “motion perception” is actually a heterogeneous collection of diverse functions, not a single monolithic response. The papers by Berkley and Bonnet remind us how important it is to approach motion perception through a variety of complimentary paradigms, procedures and techniques. In fact, Bonnet has provided us with an excellent taxonomy of the paradigms used in the psychophysical study of motion perception. The reader of our paper, or any paper in the Symposium, will certainly profit from Bonnet’s thoughtful taxonomy and exhaustive bibliography.
Assessment of mouse strain differences in baseline esterase activities and toxic response to sarin

Genetics likely play a role in various responses to nerve agent (NA) exposure, as genetic background plays an important role in behavioral, neurological, and physiological responses. This study uses different mouse strains to identify if mouse strain differences in sarin exposure exist. In Experiment 1, basal levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carboxylesterase (CE) were measured in different strains of naive mice to account for potential pharmacokinetic determinants of individual differences. In Experiment 2, median lethal dose (MLD) levels were estimated in 8 inbred mouse strains following subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of sarin. Few strain or sex differences in esterase activity levels were observed, with the exception of erythrocyte AChE activity in the C57BL/6J strain. Both sex and strain differences in toxicity were observed, with the most resistant strains being the BALB/cByJ and FVB/NJ strains and the most sensitive strain being the DBA/2J strain. These findings can be expanded to explore pathways involved in NA response, which may provide an avenue to develop therapeutics for preventing and treating the damaging effects of NA exposure.
Geospatial Information Systems

Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) allow datasets to be matched with (historical) spatial units of analysis. The visualisation, and subsequent analysis, of geographical patterns that emerge from the use of this methodology constitutes a powerful tool in the toolkit of a researcher. This chapter illustrates some of the main areas of application, such as the visualisation of events and the mapping of distances and travel routes in historical settings. The chapter concludes with tips on how to make first steps towards using GIS methods in economic history research.
Perspectival control and obviation in directive clauses

The paper proposes a new type of control configuration: perspectival control. This involves control of a non-argument PRO that combines with a directive modal operator in the Mood domain. This PRO encodes the individual to whom the public commitments associated with the modal are anchored, and its presence can be detected in the syntax through a subject obviation effect. The empirical focus of the paper are Slovenian directive clauses (imperatives and subjunctives), but the analysis is shown to also have implications for analyses of other languages, as well as theories of directive clauses and the representation of discourse-related information in the syntax.
Pedestrian Height Estimation and 3D Reconstruction Using Pixel-resolution Mapping Method Without Special Patterns

Extracting the three-dimensional (3D) information including location and height of a pedestrian is important for vision-based intelligent traffic monitoring systems. This paper tackles the relationship between pixels′ actual size and pixels′ spatial resolution through a new method named pixel-resolution mapping (P-RM). The proposed P-RM method derives the equations for pixels′ spatial resolutions (XY-direction) and object′s height (Z-direction) in the real world, while introducing new tilt angle and mounting height calibration methods that do not require special calibration patterns placed in the real world. Both controlled laboratory and actual world experiments were performed and reported. The tests on 3D mensuration using proposed P-RM method showed overall better than 98.7% accuracy in laboratory environments and better than 96% accuracy in real world pedestrian height estimations. The 3D reconstructed images for measured points were also determined with the proposed P-RM method which shows that the proposed method provides a general algorithm for 3D information extraction.
Methods for diagnosing and quantifying double pulsing in a Uranium Neutron Collar system using shift register logic

Abstract Double pulsing in neutron coincidence counters is the result of a pulse processing chain-3 He proportional counter timing incompatibility known to nondestructive assay system designers. It is not currently widely acknowledged, or accounted for, in the user community. However, it is gaining attention as list mode data acquisition and analysis becomes more commonly used for system diagnostics, revealing features that have been overlooked by historic timing gate selection using traditional shift register data acquisition methods. Double pulsing increases the apparent number of measured neutron events from a source. Therefore, it may contribute to a falsely increased count rate if present at the operational high voltage used when assaying samples, even with set predelays. The authors have previously studied the effects of double pulsing, using list mode data acquisition and analysis on neutron pulse trains in three common neutron coincidence counting systems used in routine measurements for international safeguards: a Canberra Industries JCC-71 Neutron Coincidence Collar, a variant on the Canberra Industries JCC-51 Active Well Neutron Coincidence Counter (the Large Volume Active Well Neutron Coincidence Counter), and an AnTech Inc. N2071 Neutron Coincidence Collar. This non-ideal behavior was isolated to the Amptek A111 Charge Sensitive Preamplifier & Discriminator chip used in both the Canberra Industries and Antech systems. The double pulsing fraction was calculated in post-analysis for various high voltage settings in these A111-based systems, assuming no predelay settings. In this work, the authors expand upon this identification and analysis to make it more translatable between list mode data acquisition and analysis and shift register-based analysis. By investigating the double pulsing fractions in a JCC-71 Uranium Neutron Collar as a function of predelay settings, as well as describing and performing alternative tests and analyses to diagnose and quantify the double pulsing using shift register logic, this work hopes to complete the picture of double pulsing identification and analysis.
Factors Associated with Free Flap Failures in Head and Neck Reconstruction

ObjectiveTo investigate causes of failure of free flap reconstructions in patients undergoing reconstruction of head and neck defects.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingSingle tertiar...
Lagrange2D: A Mathematica package for Lagrangian analysis of two-dimensional fluid flows

We introduce Lagrange2D, a Mathematica package for analysis and characterization of complex fluid flows using Lagrangian transport metrics. Lagrange2D includes built-in functions for integrating ensembles of trajectories subject to time-varying two-dimensional flows, as well as utilities for calculating various quantities of interest, such as finite-time Lyapunov exponents, stretching vector fields, the fractal dimension, and flushing times. The package also includes tools for visualizing transport and pathlines, as well as for generating videos. This package aims to ease rapid characterization of arbitrary flows, by allowing identification of Lagrangian coherent structures and other quantities of interest. The open-source code for the package is available on GitHub at: \url{this https URL}
Is Research on Transgender Children What It Seems? Comments on Recent Research on Transgender Children with High Levels of Parental Support:

Recent research on transgender children who have had support from their parents for their transitioning has concluded that their mental health is virtually no different than that of nontransgender ...
Forging fandom: shared culture and porn tourism at the Adult Entertainment Expo

This article explores the culture of porn fandom that develops at the Adult Video Network’s annual event, the Adult Entertainment Expo. Through participant observation at the Expo, we focus on the ...
HIV Knowledge of Middle Eastern and North Africans 18-35 Residing in the U.S.: A Cross Sectional Study.

The current body of literature on the HIV knowledge related to young adult Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) individuals residing in the United States is substantially underdeveloped. As the ...
Centrality determination with a forward detector in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan

Recently, Chatterjee et al. [Phys. Rev. C 101, 034902 (2020)] used a hadronic transport model to estimate the resolution with which various experimental quantities select the impact parameter of relativistic heavy ion collisions at collision energies relevant to the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Measures based on particle multiplicity at forward rapidity were found to be significantly worse than those based on midrapidity multiplicity. Using the same model, we show that a slightly more sophisticated measure greatly improves the resolution based on forward rapidity particles; this improvement persists even when the model is filtered through a realistic simulation of a recent upgrade detector to the STAR experiment. These results highlight the importance of optimizing centrality measures based on particles detected at forward rapidity, especially for experimental studies that search for a critical point in the QCD phase diagram. Such measurements usually focus on proton multiplicity fluctuations at midrapidity, hence selecting events based on multiplicity at midrapidity raises the possibility of nontrivial autocorrelations.
Dispersity-Driven Stabilization of Coexisting Morphologies in Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer Thin Films

Despite decades of research, characterization of the effects of polymer chain dispersity on the structural properties of block copolymer thin films remains challenging. We present an integrated exp...
Comprehensive dataset to assess morphological changes subsequent to bleomycin exposure.

Abstract Intratracheal bleomycin causes pulmonary injury, inflammation and fibrosis. The characteristic patchy nature of the injury makes analysis challenging. Histological assessment of lung injury is a useful tool to evaluate damage, however quantification is not standardized. We propose a multi-factorial approach to assess morphological changes subsequent to intratracheal bleomycin mediated lung injury. Lungs were inflation fixed with paraformaldehyde, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Whole slide images were scanned and ten 400x images were randomly chosen throughout the tissue for further analysis. Using ImageJ software, alveolar wall width was measured, nuclei were counted and airspace was quantified. Morphological changes were identified in mice instilled with bleomycin. This combination offers a robust measure of lung morphology especially in a heterogenous injury.
Multipactor Effects on Signal Quality in Transmission Lines with Impedance Mismatches

Multipactor is a resonant AC discharge of secondary electrons driven by RF signals and has been a center point of current interest because of its detrimental effects in space satellite communications. Much effort has been placed in mitigating/suppressing or determining the onset of multipactor. However, not much attention has been directed to the effects of multipactor, should it occur, on the quality of the original signal. In this paper, we will look at different types of multipactor (single-surface and two-surface) and how they may affect a signal (single-tone and dual-tone) in planar and coaxial transmission line systems with impedance mismatches. I-Q plots that characterize the multipactor effects will also be presented.
Chapter 7 Reconstitution of Protein Transport Using Broken Yeast Spheroplasts

Publisher Summary Reconstitution of transport in extracts from Saccharomyces cereuisiae is useful because individual transport factors can be characterized through in vitro analysis of mutants defective in protein transport. This chapter describes a method for preparing transport-competent yeast extracts and the use of these extracts in reconstituting transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. Transport of the a-factor precursor from the ER to the Golgi apparatus has been reconstituted using freeze-thaw lysates. Transport is measured through the coupled addition of outer-chain carbohydrate to [ 35 S]methionine-labeled α-factor precursor translocated into the ER of broken spheroplasts. Protein transport reactions other than ER-Golgi transport may be reconstituted using a similar approach. Mitochondrial precurosrs added to freeze-thaw lysates are imported efficiently into mitochondria.
Time-Dependent Superconductivity

The consequences of charge conservation on time dependent phenomena in superconductors are explored. Combined with the simple relaxation form of the time dependent Ginzburg-Landau equations, the demand of charge conservation implies that there is a charge buildup and a difference in the chemical potential of paired and unpaired electrons when there is a divergence of the supercurrent. As examples of the theory we will discuss: (1) the breakdown of the Josephson frequency condition, 2eV = hν; (2) current flow across a normal-super interface; (3) the dynamics of superconducting weak links.
Identification and characterization of the ilvR gene encoding a LysR-type regulator of Caulobacter crescentus.

Abstract The ilvR gene was located upstream of and transcribed divergently from the ilvD gene of Caulobacter crescentus. DNA nucleotide analysis determined that the ilvR and ilvD translation initiation codons are 98 bp apart. The promoter activity of the DNA region containing the divergent promoters was analyzed by using transcriptional fusions to promoterless reporter genes and immunoblot assays. The results indicate that the ilvR gene product positively regulates the expression of the ilvD gene while negatively autoregulating its own expression. The ilvR gene codes for a protein of 296 amino acid residues (M(r), 37,212). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the IlvR protein contains a helix-turn-helix motif, suggesting that it is involved in protein-DNA interactions. Protein extracts from both wild-type and merodiploid strains showed specific DNA binding to a 227-bp DNA fragment spanning the ilvD-ilvR promoter region, while no protein-DNA complexes were observed in cell extracts from an ilvR mutant strain. Amino acid sequence comparison revealed that the IlvR protein is a member of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators.
Application Survey - Planning

This paper will survey the application of geographic-based systems in Urban and Regional planning. A discussion on the nature and requirements of the planning process will be followed by a review of significant implementations and research.
Men of Blood: Violence, Manliness, and Criminal Justice in Victorian England

Preface Introduction 1. Violence and law, gender and law 2. When men killed men 3. Sexual violence 4. Homicidal women and homicidal men: a growing contrast 5. Bad wives I: drunkenness and other provocations 6. Bad wives II: adultery and the unwritten law 7. Establishing intention: probing the mind of a wife killer.
Effect of growth hormone-releasing factor on growth hormone release in children with radiation-induced growth hormone deficiency.

Five male children who received cranial irradiation for extrahypothalamic intracranial neoplasms or leukemia and subsequently developed severe growth hormone (GH) deficiency were challenged with synthetic growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF-44), in an attempt to distinguish hypothalamic from pituitary dysfunction as a cause of their GH deficiency, and to assess the readily releasable GH reserve in the pituitary. In response to a pulse of GRF-44 (5 micrograms/kg intravenously), mean peak GH levels rose to values higher than those evoked by the pharmacologic agents L-dopa or arginine (6.4 +/- 1.3 ng/mL v 1.5 +/- 0.4 ng/mL, P less than .05). The peak GH value occurred at a mean of 26.0 minutes after administration of GRF-44. These responses were similar to those obtained in children with severe GH deficiency due to other etiologies (peak GH 6.3 +/- 1.7 ng/mL, mean 28.0 minutes). In addition, there was a trend toward an inverse relationship between peak GH response to GRF-44 and the postirradiation interval. Prolactin and somatomedin-C levels did not change significantly after the administration of a single dose of GRF-44. The results of this study support the hypothesis that cranial irradiation in children can lead to hypothalamic GRF deficiency secondary to radiation injury of hypothalamicmore » GRF-secreting neurons. This study also lends support to the potential therapeutic usefulness of GRF-44 or an analog for GH deficiency secondary to cranial irradiation.« less
Relaxation effects in spin glasses around the freezing temperature

Measurements of the ac magnetic susceptibility in zero field for several insulating spin-glasses are reported. By resolving the frequency dependence of both the in-phase component X′ and the out-of-phase component X″, the dynamical behavior of these spin systems around their freezing temperatures Tf can be clearly characterized. For two insulating systems: (EuSr)S and cobalt aluminosilicate, the susceptibility behavior can be described in terms of a wide distribution of relaxation times for temperatures well above Tf and whose width increases dramatically as the temperature nears T f. Furthermore by employing a simple phenomenological relaxation model, a quantitative picture of the relaxation time distribution can be ascertained as it evolves. From these pictures for the insulating as well as metallic spin-glass system, the dynamic behavior near Tf is qualitatively different than that of a long-range magnetically ordered solid.
The Theory of Absolute Reaction Rates in Solution

First of all a survey is given of the theory of absolute reaction rates. This is followed by a discussion on the application of the theory to reactions in liquid media. Thereby a model of the liquid state is set up and from this an expression for the free energy of the components is developed. The theoretical considerations are also applied to steady state reaction networks and to the active transport through membranes. A chapter on the transmission coefficient concludes the article. Zunachst wird ein Uberblick uber die Theorie der absoluten Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit gegeben. Dann folgt die Diskussion der Anwendung der Theorie auf Reaktionen in flussigen Medien. Dazu wird ein Modell des flussigen Zustandes aufgestellt und daraus ein Ansatz fur die freie Energie der Bestandteile entwickelt. Die Uberlegungen werden auch auf gekoppelte Reaktionssysteme im stationaren Zustand und auf den aktiven Transport durch Membranen angewandt. Den Abschlus bildet ein Kapitel uber den Transmissions-koeffizienten.
Leukocytosis and adverse hospital outcomes after acute myocardial infarction

An elevated white blood cell (WBC) count at the time of hospital presentation is associated with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The association between WBC count and the development of clinically significant complications of AMI and death during hospitalization for AMI is, however, less clear. The objectives of this observational study were to examine the association between baseline WBC count, the development of heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and death during hospitalization for AMI from a more generalizable community-wide perspective. The study sample consisted of adult residents of all ages from the Worcester, Massachusetts, metropolitan area (1990 census estimate 437,000) hospitalized with confirmed AMI at all greater Worcester medical centers. The study population consisted of 3,796 men and 2,734 women of all ages hospitalized with validated AMI, in 12 annual periods between 1986 and 1999, aggregated into quintiles based on WBC count obtained at the time of hospital admission. In multivariable-adjusted regression analyses controlling for potentially confounding demographic and clinical factors, patients in the uppermost quintiles of WBC count were at increased risk for heart failure (odds ratio [OR] 2.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.33 to 3.31), cardiogenic shock (OR 2.82, 95% CI 2.05 to 3.87), and hospital death (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.76). The results of our large observational study suggest that the peripheral total leukocyte count is strongly associated with the development of heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and death during hospitalization for AMI. These findings suggest that the WBC count should be considered an important prognostic factor associated with adverse hospital outcomes in patients with AMI.
A Recurrence Formula for Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations

The viscoelastic constitutive equations are generally represented by integral equations with kernels. These kernels are functions of current time, an integration limit of the hereditary integral. Therefore, the values of these kernels change as the time increases and the integral must be evaluated from time equals zero to the current time for every increment of time. Thus, as time increases, the required computing time becomes longer and longer. Furthermore, all physical values from time equals zero to the current time must be stored for later evaluations of these integrals. Additionally, for finite deformation viscoelastic problems, the constitutive equation is an integral part of the equilibrium equations that result in a set of nonlinear differential-integral equations. These equations usually can only be solved numerically and iteratively. Hence, computing time and data storage are the main concerns in solving finite deformation viscoelastic problems. The main object of this paper is to develop a method that saves both computing time and data storage in evaluating these integral equations.
Platinum-Iron Phosphate Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in PEMFCs

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) depend on platinum at the cathode to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and maintain high performance. This report shows that the electrocatalytic activity of Pt is enhanced when it is dispersed in a matrix of hydrous iron phosphate (FePO). The Pt-FePO has 2 nm micropores with Pt dispersed as ions in Pt 2+ and Pt 4+ oxidation states. Increased ORR performance is demonstrated for the Pt-FePO + Vulcan carbon (VC) materials compared to a standard 20 wt % Pt-VC catalyst on rotating disk electrodes with Pt-loadings of 0.1 mg(Pt) cm -2 . The improvement in the ORR is attributed to the adsorption/storage of oxygen on the FePO, presumably as iron-hydroperoxides. The ORR activity of the Pt-FePO in air is close to that in oxygen at low current density, and therefore this catalyst has a distinctly unique behavior from Pt-VC. Contrary to Pt-VC, the Pt-FePO catalyst shows activity towards hydrogen and CO oxidation, but does not exhibit their characteristic adsorption peaks, suggesting that Pt ions in the iron phosphate structure are less sensitive to poisoning than metallic Pt. The results present opportunities for new low-Pt catalysts that extend beyond the current capabilities of Pt-VC.