cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Students Mentoring Students in a Service-Learning Clinical Supervision Experience: An Educational Case Report

Background and Purpose Service-learning projects present the opportunity to combine academic skill practice and peer mentorship with meaningful community service. Implicit learning outcomes include an enhanced understanding of social responsibility and professional development—concepts difficult to teach in the classroom. The purpose of this educational case report is to describe the development, application, and outcomes of a service-learning project designed to facilitate peer mentorship and the development of social responsibility. Development of the Process Widener University mandated that all programs offer student community service opportunities on Martin Luther King Day. In response, the physical therapy program developed a plan to clean and screen assistive and mobility devices and provide blood pressure screening at designated community sites. Application of the Process All faculty and all members of the first-year and third-year Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) classes participated. The students and a faculty member traveled to designated community sites in teams. First-year students were able to practice newly acquired skills under the supervision and peer mentorship of third-year students. Outcomes Outcomes of the service-learning project were assessed through a tally of services rendered, measurement of curricular goal achievement, a survey of the community partners' satisfaction with the event, and consideration of both first-year and third-year DPT student reflection papers. Discussion The service-learning project was effective in meeting a community need, enhancing community partner relationships, fostering student understandings of social responsibility, and creating a valuable peer mentorship experience.
e-STARS - A new view into information management

Current space missions have relied on a horizontal approach to mission development. JPL and the science community develops the mission and collaborates with global industry partners and academic institutions in the development of the spacecraft. e-STARS (Electronic Systematic Archival Retrieval System) is a process that defines a system that allows for the rapid retrieval of archived data in a systematic fashion. The process is initiated early in the conceptual design cycle to capture requirements through the specification phase, design, fabrication, test and verification of project phases. Various groups can use the data during different phases of the project. The e-STARS process makes use of current design tools, archives and databases. The goal of e-STARS is to bridge the gap between the tools, archives and databases while providing flexible structure to the design process. e-STARS provides a designer's viewpoint into the captured digital data.
Efficient application representation for HASTE: Hybrid Architectures with a Single, Transformable Executable

Hybrid architectures, which are composed of a conventional processor closely coupled with reconfigurable logic, seem to combine the advantages of both types of hardware. They present some practical difficulties however. The interface between the processor and the reconfigurable logic is crucial to performance and is often difficult to implement well. Partitioning the application between the processor and logic is a difficult task, typically complicated by entirely different programming models, heterogeneous interfaces to external resources, and incompatible representations of applications. A separate executable must be produced and maintained for each type of hardware. An architecture called HASTE (Hybrid Architecture with a Single Transformable Executable) solves many of these difficulties. HASTE allows a single executable to represent an entire application, including portions that run on a reconfigurable fabric and portions that run on a sequential processor. This executable can execute in its entirety on the processor, but for best performance portions of the application that are mapped onto the fabric at run-time. The application representation is the key to making this concept viable, and several different ones were examined. Some used a relatively conventional register instruction set architecture (ISA) while others used a new queue-based ISA. AN ISA using a modified form of register addressing has been shown to have the best overall characteristics and should allow for the practical implementation of HASTE.
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF POLYPHENOLS EXTRACTED FROM GREEN AND BLACK TEAS

The catechins, including epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and the theaflavins, including theaflavin (TF), theaflavin monogallate (TF-1), and theaflavin digallate (TF-2), were extracted from green tea and black tea, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging ability, superoxide-scavenging efficiency, and lipid oxidation-inhibition ability of the pure compounds listed above as well as epicatechin (EC), carnosol, carnosic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were investigated. The DPPH radical-scavenging ability of the catechins was EGCG > ECG > EGC > EC and of the theaflavins was TF-2 > TF-1 > TF. EGCG, ECG, EGC, TF-2, TF-1, and TF showed higher DPPH radical- and superoxide-scavenging abilities than carnosol, carnosic acid, and BHT. EGCG, ECG, EGC, carnosol, and carnosic acid showed higher lipid oxidation-inhibition activity, as measured by the Rancimat method, than BHT and theaflavins.
Reprogrammable network packet processing on the field programmable port extender (FPX)

A prototype platform has been developed that allows processing of packets at the edge of a multi-gigabit-per-second network switch. This system, the Field Programmable Port Extender (FPX), enables packet processing functions to be implemented as modular components in reprogrammable hardware. All logic on the on the FPX is implemented in two Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Packet processing functions in the system are implemented as dynamically-loadable modules.Core functionality of the FPX is implemented on an FPGA called the Networking Interface Device (NID). The NID contains the logic to transmit and receive packets over a network, dynamically reprogram hardware modules, and route individual traffic flows. A full, non-blocking, switch is implemented on the NID to route packets between the networking interfaces and the modular components. Modular components of the FPX are implemented on a second FPGA called the Reprogrammable Application Device (RAD). Modules are loaded onto the RAD via reconfiguration and/or partial partial reconfiguration of the FPGA.Through the combination of the NID and the RAD, the FPX can individually reconfigure the packet processing functionality for one set of traffic flows, while the rest of the system continues to operate. The platform simplifies the development and deployment of new hardware-accelerated packet processing circuits. The modular nature of the system allows an active router to migrate functionality from softare plugins to hardware modules.
Out of the classroom and into the laboratory: Teaching digital curation virtually and experientially

As graduate LIS/IS education seeks to respond to intensifying virtual information and preservation environments, it becomes increasingly clear that innovative teaching tools and methods are required. These teaching tools must complement and enhance state-of-the-art curriculum offerings in subjects such as digital curation. The digital curation courses offered in the LIS School at Simmons College, Boston illustrate an innovative virtual and experiential approach. At the heart of these courses is the Digital Curriculum Laboratory, a virtual archives and preservation laboratory. This paper discusses and demonstrates the relationship between a digital curriculum laboratory, the successful delivery of a digital curation curriculum and its wider international implications.
A 90 nm logic technology featuring 50 nm strained silicon channel transistors, 7 layers of Cu interconnects, low k ILD, and 1 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ SRAM cell

A leading edge 90 nm technology with 1.2 nm physical gate oxide, 50 nm gate length, strained silicon, NiSi, 7 layers of Cu interconnects, and low k carbon-doped oxide (CDO) for high performance dense logic is presented. Strained silicon is used to increase saturated NMOS and PMOS drive currents by 10-20% and mobility by >50%. Aggressive design rules and unlanded contacts offer a 1.0 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ 6-T SRAM cell using 193 nm lithography.
When Two Wrongs Make a Right: Second-Best Point-Nonpoint Trading Ratios

Most research on point‐nonpoint trading focuses on the choice of trading ratio (the rate point source controls trade for nonpoint controls), although the first-best ratio is jointly determined with the optimal number of permits. In practice, program managers often do not have control over the number of permits—only the trading ratio. The trading ratio in this case can only be second-best. We derive the second-best trading ratio and, using a numerical example of trading in the Susquehanna River Basin, we find the values are in line with current ratios, but for different reasons than those that are normally provided.
PHYLOGENY, SYSTEMATICS, AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE ORDOVICIAN BRYOZOAN GENUS PERONOPORA

Abstract Specimens of Peronopora Nicholson, 1881, are abundant in Upper Ordovician rocks of the North American Midcontinent. Based on the positions of units in the Composite Conodont Standard Section, we have sampled 211 specimens over a stratigraphic interval of 9.1 million years. The average duration of sample spacing is 61,664 years but is commonly as small as 32,800 yr. Thirty-four morphometric characters were measured in each specimen and were converted into multistate characters; character-state breaks were established based upon each character's ability to discriminate between phenetic groupings. Each character was subsequently weighted based on the number of derived states, degree of independence from other attributes, and estimated heritability. Cladistic analysis of these data indicate that there are eight species in Peronopora each consisting of an optimally defined crown group and a basal stem group (or paraclade). Character states shared by stem and crown groups define species but, within spe...
The Effects of Driver Distraction for Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injuries

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of secondary tasks on the driving performance of individuals with mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). BACKGROUND: Studies suggest detrimental impacts of driving with TBI or while distracted but the impact of driver distraction on TBI drivers is not well documented. METHOD: Bayesian regression models were used to estimate the effect of relatively simple secondary tasks on driving performance of TBI and healthy control (HC) drivers. A driving simulator was used to develop prior distribution of task effects on driving performance for HCs. An on-road study was conducted with TBI and HC drivers to generate effect estimates for the posterior distributions. The Bayesian models were also compared to frequentist models. RESULTS: During a coin-sorting task, all drivers exhibited larger maximum lateral acceleration and larger standard deviation of speed than in a baseline driving segment. There were no significant driving performance differences between the TBI and the HC drivers during the tasks. Across all tasks, TBI drivers spent more time looking at the tasks and made more frequent glances toward the tasks. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show that even drivers with mild TBI have significantly longer and more glances toward the tasks compared to the HCs. APPLICATION: This study demonstrates a Bayesian approach and how the results differ from frequentist statistics. Using prior distributions in a Bayesian model helps account for the probabilities associated with otherwise unknown parameters. This method strengthens the Bayesian parameter estimates compared to that of a frequentist model. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
β-Adrenergic Receptor Polymorphisms: Cardiovascular Disease Associations and Pharmacogenetics

The β-adrenergic receptors (βAR) play important roles in cardiovascular function and disease, and both agonists and antagonists are widely used in various settings for treatment of cardiovascular disease. Both the β1AR and β2AR genes have several polymorphisms that are common in the population and result in encoding of different amino acids. More importantly, in vitro functional studies suggest that these polymorphisms have functional significance. In this review we summarize the literature on the relationship between the βAR polymorphisms and cardiovascular disease as well as the literature on the impact of these polymorphisms on drug response. Additionally, the polymorphisms in both the β1AR and β2AR genes are in linkage disequilibrium; thus, the relevance of single polymorphism vs. haplotype analysis is discussed. Further study of the βAR genetic polymorphisms is likely to enhance our understanding of cardiovascular disease and improve our use of β-agonists and β-antagonists in treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Inhibition of human brain type B monoamine oxidase by tricyclic psychoactive drugs.

The ability of a variety of tricyclic psychoactive drugs to inhibit human brain mitochondrial type B monoamine oxidase as measured by phenylethylamine (PEA) deamination was examined in vitro . At 50 µM all drugs tested, with the exception of chlorpromazine sulfoxide and imipramine N -oxide, inhibited this reaction between 40.8% and 78.4%. Lineweaver-Burk plots for imipramine, chlorpromazine, and chlorprothixene inhibition of PEA deamination displayed a mixed inhibition pattern when incubations were performed at normal atmospheric oxygen tension. When the oxygen concentration was elevated, inhibition of this reaction by each of the three drugs became more competitive. These results suggest that these drugs inhibit the B form of monoamine oxidase by binding to both the oxidized and reduced forms of the enzyme. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by imipramine and desmethylimipramine increased as the pH was raised from 7.0 to 9.0, but because the ratio of the increase remained constant for the two drugs, inhibition probably was independent of the degree of ionization of the side chain aliphatic amine. It was also found that the optimal pH for human brain mitochondrial deamination of PEA shifted from 8.0 to 8.5 as the oxygen concentration was increased. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to thank Ms. Barbara Eddy for her excellent technical assistance during the course of this investigation.
490 VALIDATION OF NONINVASIVE IN VIVO DIAGNOSIS OF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA USING DIFFUSE OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY IN A NEW ZEALAND RABBIT MODEL.

Introduction Broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) combines multi-frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) with time-independent near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to accurately measure bulk tissue absorption and scattering spectra between 600 and 1,000 nm wavelength. Simultaneous determination of absorption and scattering provides the capability for accurate noninvasive direct measurement of tissue metabolite composition and concentrations. DOS could potentially be used to monitor changes in various metabolic solutes such as methemoglobin (MetHb) and methylene blue concentrations during treatment in vivo. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the feasibility of DOS to noninvasively monitor metabolic events during methemoglobinemia and treatment using methylene blue (MB) in vivo and to validate DOS measurements with on-site co-oximetry. Material and Methods In vivo diagnosis of methemoglobinemia was evaluated in a New Zealand Rabbit model via intravascular injection of sodium nitrite, and the effects were assessed using DOS monitoring with a prototype device constructed in our laboratory. The DOS data were then compared to standard arterial blood measurements of %MetHb using an on-site co-oximeter. Results In vivo MetHb concentration was quantitatively measured by DOS and was compared to %MetHb obtained through arterial blood from an on-site co-oximetry. %MetHb values from DOS and co-oximetry showed a close correlation (r2= .902,p Conclusion Our results demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of noninvasive in vivo optical quantization of methemoglobinemia in tissue using DOS.
Do antisiphon valves reduce flow irregularities during vertical displacement of infusion pump systems

Vertical displacement of syringe pumps may cause irregular drug delivery due to hydrostatic pressure changes in the infusion line. The extent of flow fluctuations depends on the internal compliance of infusion lines, syringes and syringe pumps. We evaluated whether pressure regulation by antisiphon valves (ASV) reduces the flow variation during vertical displacement of 50 ml standard syringes and infusion pumps. An infusion assembly comprising a standard 50 ml BD Plastipak or a 50 ml Fresenius syringe, with syringe pump and 2 m low compliance infusion line was used for in vitro measurement of fluid delivery. The assembly was tested without ASV, and with two ASVs of differing operating pressure (ASV:75: valve opening pressure = 75 mmHg; ASV:155, 155 mmHg). Retrograde aspiration volume, zero-drug delivery time and valve opening bolus were determined after lowering the syringe pump by 50 cm. After elevating the syringe pump to its initial position the ensuing infusion bolus was recorded. Without an antisiphon valve the observed zero-drug delivery times after lowering the syringe pump were (mean +/- SD) 2.4 +/- 0.2 min using the BD Plastipak syringe and 4.09 +/- 0.55 min using the Fresenius syringe. Introduction of the antisiphon valve prolonged the zero drug delivery time 58% (ASV:75) and 88% (ASV:155) in the BD Plastipak syringe assembly and 43% (ASV:75) and 81% (ASV:155) in the Fresenius syringe assembly (P < 0.001). Antisiphon valves worsen flow irregularities caused by vertical displacement of syringe pumps and when used with delivery of concentrated inotropic drugs at low infusion rates, they may aggravate haemodynamic consequences of inconstant drug delivery.
Pyrogeography: Mapping and Understanding the Spatial Patterns of Wildfire

Wildland fires are a significant and growing problem for many communities. Simultaneously, fire is increasingly seen as an important component of natural ecosystems. As human development continues to encroach on wildland areas we will see more conflicts between allowing fire in ecosystems and human development. Geotechnologies such as remote sensing, GIS, and Dendrochronology are increasingly important in improving our understanding of the complex processes involved and the complicated social issues that accompany human interaction with wildland fire. Pyrogeography is an emerging approach that brings together many disciplines and techniques to help elucidate the spatial and temporal patterns that can help us better understand wildland fire. This chapter explores the key concepts necessary to understand current spatial research in fire ecology, spatial computer fire models, and some of the spatial data sets that are used in wildland fire research in the United States.
Pre- and post-anthesis activity of fenbuconazole and triforine against blueberry flower infection by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi

Abstract The fungus Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi infects open blueberry flowers via stigma and style, causing mummy berry disease. Management of flower infection in this pathosystem relies on multiple fungicide applications during bloom. However, flowers that open between spray applications may remain prone to infection because the stigmatic surface (infection court) is not exposed to active ingredient, unless there is systemic movement in the pistil and/or eradicant activity in the ovary. To quantify and compare pre- and post-infection fungicidal activity in flowers, we examine here the ability of two systemic fungicides to prevent flower infection and subsequent fruit colonization by M. vaccinii-corymbosi . The fungicides were applied before or after anthesis (first day of open bloom) in an experimental system where flower development stages and inoculation timing were monitored and controlled precisely. In greenhouse experiments with potted rabbiteye blueberry plants, treatment with fenbuconazole, triforine, or water was made when sufficient numbers of flower clusters at anthesis and earlier pre-anthesis stages were present simultaneously. Treated flowers ( n = 10,992) were tagged, observed daily, and individual flowers were pollinated and inoculated 1 day after opening. Fruit from treated flowers were assessed for incidence and severity of mummification. Both fungicides provided excellent protection to newly opened flowers that were at the anthesis stage during fungicide application, but differed in their activity in unopened flowers at pre-anthesis stages during application. Fenbuconazole suppressed infection in unopened flowers that were on average 2.5 days pre-anthesis at the time of application, whereas triforine provided substantial protection to earlier flower stages up to 6.5 days pre-anthesis. In a separate experiment to quantify post-infection activity ( n = 13,068 flowers), fenbuconazole and triforine significantly suppressed fruit mummification when applied within 2 and 5 days after anthesis, respectively (with inoculation and pollination 1 day after anthesis). Thus, the total window of activity of fenbuconazole in blueberry flowers was 4.5 days, whereas that of triforine was at least 11.5 days. Prevention of ovary colonization by eradicant activity appeared to be the predominant mode for superior activity of triforine against M. vaccinii-corymbosi in flowers. To better manage flower infection by this pathogen, active ingredients such as triforine with superior activity in floral tissues need to be identified and characterized.
Regional variation in treatment costs and survival for elderly patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.

6628 Background: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) occur primarily in the elderly (≥65 years). The expected 5-year cost for an elderly MDS patient tops $63,200 in 2009 US$. This study assessed region...
Enhanced and preferential optical trapping in a slot-graphite photonic crystal

High-stiffness optical traps are developed for dielectric and metallic particles by exploiting the strong confinement of light in slot-graphite photonic crystal. An optical sieve is realized using the difference in growth kinetics of different nanoparticles.
Liderazgo usando simulación virtual

Las empresas estadounidenses gastan aproximadamente 14 mil millones de dolares anuales en el desarrollo del liderazgo. Aunque las habilidades de liderazgo proporcionan una futura ventaja competitiva, la tecnologia y la ingenieria han llegado a la conclusion de que las habilidades tecnicas no son suficientes para impulsar las empresas a lugares de excelencia. Como resultado, los metodos tradicionales de ensenanza de liderazgo han mostrado resultados deficientes. La ausencia del desarrollo efectivo del liderazgo en el trabajo y no aplicar la forma de liderazgo adecuada en el entorno de la empresa son algunas de las principales causas del fracaso. Charles J. Pellerin de la nasa ilustra un gran metodo para analizar y estructurar el comportamiento de los individuos y los equipos llamado el sistema 4-D. En este articulo presentamos como utilizar y mejorar el sistema 4-D mediante el aprendizaje basado en la experiencia, en conjunto con casos que reflejan diferentes entornos empresariales. Este aprendizaje se desarrolla mediante el uso de sistemas de simulacion virtual donde podemos representar seres humanos por avatares y de esta forma dramatizar situaciones reales. Ademas, estos avatares se pueden combinar con otros de iguales caracteristicas que reflejan comportamientos (casi humanos) usando Inteligencia Artificial (ia). Esta metodologia permite a los ingenieros, tecnologos, e informaticos desarrollar habilidades de liderazgo en un entorno sintetico
Understanding Inquiry as Stance: Illustration and Analysis of One Teacher Researcher’s Work

The development of "inquiry as stance" is a foundational component of the teacher research movement. Yet, it is difficult to exemplify this construct to gain insights into its meaning and what it might look like in practice. The purpose of this article is to initiate discussion about the construct of stance through the provision and analysis of an eight-minute video clip depicting one teacher researcher’s work. Three components of stance are discussed in relationship to the video example: (1) Data Collection as a Part of Teaching, (2) Roles of Inquirer and Teacher Blend Seamlessly With One Another, and (3) Commitment to the Creation of More Equitable Classrooms.
Grassmann’s legacy

In a previous conference honouring Hermann Grassmann’s profound intellectual con tributions [Schubring 1996a], I cast him as a central figure in the historical development of a universal geometric calculus for mathematics and physics [Hestenes 1996]. Six teen years later I am here to report that impressive new applications in this tradition are rapidly developing in computer science and robotics as well as physics and mathematics. Especially noteworthy is the emergence of Conformal Geometric Algebra as an ideal tool for computational geometry, as it fulfils at last one of Grassmann’s grandest goals and confirms the prescience of his mathematical insight. Geometric Calculus has finally reached sufficient maturity to serve as a comprehensive geometric language for the whole community of scientists, mathematicians and engineers. Moreover, its simplicity recommends it as a tool for reforming high-school mathematics and physics, as Grassmann had envisioned.
The effect of size on juvenile green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) behavior near water-diversion fish screens

Anthropogenic water management projects and facilities that alter the local and regional hydrology of riverine environments greatly influence the behavior, physiology, and survival of native fishes. To mitigate for losses of native fishes at these structures, many are outfitted with fish-exclusion screens to reduce entrainment. The effect of fish size and age on behavior near fish screens, however, is largely unknown. Therefore, we tested two size classes of juvenile green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris; small, early juveniles: 9.2 ± 0.2 cm fork length [FL], 6.9 ± 0.3 g; intermediate juveniles: 18.8 ± 0.2 cm FL, 36.9 ± 0.8 g) near fish-exclusion screens in a laboratory swimming flume. Although size was a significant factor influencing the way in which fish contacted the screens (i.e., proportion of body contacts, p = 2.5 × 10−9), it did not significantly influence the number of times fish contacted screens or the amount of time fish spent near screens. We also compared the performance of these two size classes to that of older and larger sturgeon that were tested previously (29.6 ± 0.2 cm FL, 147.1 ± 3.1 g), and documented a clear difference in the behavior of the fish that resulted in disparities in how the large fish contacted screens relative to small- or intermediate-sized juveniles (p = 0.005, 5.4 × 10−4, respectively). Our results further our understanding of how ontogeny affects fish behavior near anthropogenic devices, and are informative for managers seeking to identify the most susceptible size and age class of juvenile green sturgeon to water-diversion structures to potentially develop size-specific conservation strategies.
Diffusion-based optical sensors for multimodal strain measurement in soft devices

This paper investigates the use of optically-diffuse, elastomeric substrates to measure complex deformations in soft devices. The proposed sensing method infers the modes and magnitudes of strains induced in an elastomer body by measuring changes in optical attenuation caused by the shifting, dispersion, or concentration of embedded, diffusive particles. Unlike many soft sensing methods, this does not require metallic components at the measurement site and can measure multiple disparate modes of strain in one sensor body. Initial experiments demonstrate that with proper material selection and placement of light emitters and detectors, basic tensile, bending, and pressure-induced strains can be measured reliably. Potential applications include distributed sensing in soft devices, where local strains are measured by light propagation through existing soft devices (actuators, etc.), using only emitter-detector pairs.
Examining Teachers’ Interactions with Curriculum Resource to Uncover Pedagogical Design Capacity

This chapter considers how teachers interact with curriculum resources to design and enact mathematics instruction and the capacities involved in doing this work. It begins with a discussion of conceptual and empirical issues related to curriculum, resources as a genre of tools, and pedagogical design capacity (PDC). These concepts are then illustrated, using one elementary teacher’s interactions with an unfamiliar curriculum resource. Analysis of the teacher’s reading of the guide, an enacted lesson, and pre- and post-observation interviews, identified robust and underdeveloped aspects of the teacher’s PDC. Analysis of the teacher’s guide indicates a lack of transparency about key mathematical and pedagogical concepts, which shed light on these findings.
Viscoelastic Testing in Liver Disease.

Long thought to be hypocoagulable, new evidence suggests cirrhosis patients have "rebalanced" coagulation in the setting of decreased synthesis of both pro- and anti-coagulant factors. Traditional testing like PT/INR reflects only the decreased synthesis of pro-coagulant factors and thus does not correspond to bleeding or clotting risk in this population. In this review, we discuss the use of viscoelastic testing (VET), an assay of global hemostasis in cirrhosis patients. We describe the technique and interpretation of commercially available VET and assess the application of VET in both transplant and non-transplant cirrhosis populations. VET largely correlates well with traditional testing including platelet count and fibrinogen level, however, is potentially less accurate in patients with low fibrinogen levels. VET may be useful in identifying patients at higher risk of hypercoagulable complications post-transplant and reflects changes in hemostasis in decompensated patients. While VET has been associated with decreased transfusion support in multiple studies, the lack of bleeding in patients who avoided prophylactic transfusion suggests a "rescue" rather than prophylactic approach to transfusion may be ideal and further studies with a "rescue" arm are needed. Additional prospective studies of VET should include clinically relevant endpoints of bleeding and thrombosis.
Factors related to cigarette smoking and intent to quit among adolescent inpatients with psychiatric and substance use disorders.

Abstract Purpose Smoking behaviors and intent to quit have not been well studied among adolescent psychiatric patients. The current study examined the relationships between smoking-related variables (smoking status/heaviness and intent to quit), psychiatric diagnoses and symptomatology, and substance use among adolescents receiving psychiatric inpatient care. Methods Baseline data from a randomized controlled trial, testing the effect of a brief intervention on substance use, with 151 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents with comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders (diagnosed using semi-structured interviews) were examined for this study. Results Of 151 inpatients aged 13–17 years, 112 (74.2%) were smokers (self-report), of whom 59 (52.7%) expressed intent to quit within 3 months and 36 (32.1%) within 30 days. There were no differences in psychiatric diagnoses or alcohol, marijuana, or any drug use among smokers and nonsmokers. On the other hand, smokers reported significantly greater occurrences of negative consequences from alcohol use, drug use, and total substance use than nonsmokers. Separate analyses also revealed that heavier smokers reported greater negative consequences from alcohol/drug/total use. Similarly, while no difference in externalizing or internalizing symptoms was observed across smokers vs. nonsmokers, heavier smokers reported significantly more severe externalizing symptoms, but not internalizing symptoms, than lighter smokers. Intention to quit smoking did not vary as a function of psychiatric symptomatology or substance use. Conclusions Smoking was related to several psychiatric and substance use problems. Notably, adolescent psychiatric inpatient smokers reported intention to quit smoking regardless of psychiatric disorders, psychiatric symptom severity, or other substance use.
Compulsive technology use: Compulsive use of mobile applications

Abstract Information technology engages users beyond traditional organizational contexts. Technology has become more interconnected and personalized. As individuals are increasingly exposed to the types of triggers that prompt automatic technology engagement. Technology use has moved beyond the bounds of intentionality. This leads to the development of technology-use behaviors that may become automatic or difficult to control. Individuals can begin to develop spontaneous-use behaviors and feel compelled to interact with the systems they use. This study explores this phenomenon in the context of mobile applications, and conceptualizes this new type of system interaction as compulsive technology use. A theoretical framework of automatic behaviors is used to identify key technological mechanisms of behavioral initiation and psychological mechanisms of behavioral persistence, which contribute to compulsive technology use. The roles of technology habit and perception of sunk costs in the development of compulsive technology use are addressed. Characteristics and features of technology that influence compulsive technology use are identified.
Just Cause and Cyber War

My aim in the paper is to reflect on a very narrow question: under what conditions might a cyber attack provide a just cause for war? I begin by articulating what makes for a just cause, briefly address the problem of attribution, and then discuss three broad categories of cyberattck: those that clearly do not satisfy the just cause requirement, those that clearly do satisfy the just cause requirement, and three ambiguous cases -- the destruction of property, the emplacement of logic bombs, and the failure to prevent cyberattacks. My conclusions are exploratory and suggestive rather than definitive, partly by virtue of the extreme paucity of literature on the moral assessment of cyberwar.
Treatment of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

The treatment of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, including chronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, primary myelofibrosis, and essential thrombocythemia are summarized. The indications for supportive care versus chemotherapy versus targeted (kinase inhibitor) therapy and stem cell transplantation are compared.
Social Media in Transportation Research and Promising Applications

The newly emerged social media data can collect large quantities of location, time information, as well as the fully detailed text messages, which in turn contribute to existing transportation studies. With the wide spread of mobile device, information acquired from social media appears to be easier and larger than the traditional data collection methods and the related topics cover a wide range of transportation-related events.
Social constructivism and the social construction of world economic reality

In making sense of the world trading system represented by the World Trade Organization (WTO), conventional rationalism aims attention at individual trading nations and their fixed preferences on material benefits, such as expanded access to foreign markets. In contrast with a rationalist optic, this chapter offers a social (constructivist) optic that centres on an emergent normative structure that constitutes WTO members’ identities and guides their actions. The chapter also discusses norm internalization (compliance) as a process in which the WTO reality qua symbolic universe is recognized and maintained in a domestic legal reality. Finally, the chapter addresses various limits of such internalization.
Putting America to work, where? Evidence on the effectiveness of infrastructure construction as a locally targeted employment policy

Abstract Is infrastructure construction an effective way to boost employment in distressed local labor markets? Using new geographically detailed data on highway construction that was funded bythe American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, I study how road construction projects affect local employment growth. The method for allocating funds across space facilitates a plausible selection-on-observables strategy. I find that highway funding impacted construction employment at the county level: A dollar of additional Recovery Act spending on local construction increased local construction payrolls by thirty cents during the five years after the Act’s passage. The magnitude of this effect matches the national labor share of construction revenues, suggesting that targeted spending did not crowd out other local construction. These effects are most pronounced in counties with smaller populations and smaller shares of residents that commute to outside counties for work. However, when testing for general equilibrium effects on local employment and payroll aggregates, I find effects close to zero, with very wide confidence intervals across all specifications. Although the Recovery Act was an intervention significant enough to have a sizable impact on the construction sector in counties with low mobility, these findings suggest that the local variation in highway spending was too small relative to baseline regional volatility to detect a “local multiplier” effect impacting jobs outside of construction.
Efficacy of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) and immunotherapy (PD-1/PD-L1) for treatment of osseous vs. soft tissue metastases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

e16094Background: Checkpoint inhibitors and RTKIs have changed the standard of care in metastatic RCC. However, anecdotal evidence suggests these therapies may be less effective for treating bone m...
Abstract 3236: T-cell intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to PD-1 checkpoint blockade

Although much clinical progress has been made in harnessing the immune system to recognize and target cancer, there is still a significant lack of an understanding of how tumors evade immune recognition and the mechanisms that drive tumor resistance to both T cell and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Our objective is to understand how tumor-mediated signaling through inhibitory receptors, including PD-1, combine to affect the process of T cell recognition of tumor antigen and signal activation in melanoma patients. The broader goal of the project is to understand the basis of resistance to PD-1 blockade and potentially identify new molecular targets to enable T cells to overcome dysfunction mediated by multiple inhibitory receptors (IR). Our biophysical measurements have shown that that the activities of TCR-proximal signaling components affect T cell antigen recognition and sensitivity at the earliest stages of T cell stimulation. We have shown that T cell antigen recognition is influenced by PD-1 and other inhibitory receptors via Shp-1/2 by targeting CD28 and Lckby directly suppressing TCR-pMHC-CD8 binding. Phospho-proteomics and flow cytometry-based analysis of melanoma patient-derived T cells from PD-1 blockade responders and non-responders identified additional mediators, signaling components and pathways associated with blockade resistance. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing was utilized to determine if resistance is mediated by the continued signaling of multiple IRs by perturbing IR signaling in mouse models of PD-1 blockade.Targeting these interactions and understanding the basis of resistance to PD-1 blockade would potentially allow identification of novel biomarkers of resistance or new molecular targets to enable T cells to overcome dysfunction during PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Citation Format: Duane Moogk, Lin Wang, Kaitao Li, Zhou Yuan, Jeffrey Weber, Iman Osman, Cheng Zhu, Michelle Krogsgaard. T-cell intrinsic mechanisms of resistance to PD-1 checkpoint blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3236.
Clinical characteristics, EEG findings and implications of status epilepticus in patients with brain metastases.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the clinical implications of status epilepticus in patients with metastases to the brain as well as associated demographic, clinical, EEG and radiographic features. Methods Retrospective chart review of 19 patients with metastases to the brain who subsequently developed status epilepticus. Results Of the patients who developed status epilepticus only 36.8% had a prior history of seizures since diagnosis of brain metastases. Status epilepticus most commonly occurred in the setting of a new structural injury to the brain such as new metastases, increase in size of metastases or hemorrhage. 57.9% of patients had either refractory or super-refractory status epilepticus. Focal non-convulsive status epilepticus was the most common subtype occurring in 42.1% of patients. 31.6% of patients died within 30 days of the onset of status epilepticus. Conclusion Status epilepticus eventually resolved with treatment in all patients with brain metastases; however, it is associated with poor outcomes as nearly one-third was deceased within 30-days of onset. Nevertheless, no patients died during status epilepticus. Thus, status epilepticus may be indicative of an overall poor clinical status among patients with brain metastases.
chapter 17 – WAVE KINEMATICS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses wave kinematics. A wave is a disturbance that travels at a definite speed. Waves transfer energy and momentum. A water wave is a type of mechanical wave. In a mechanical wave, matter experiences an oscillatory displacement from equilibrium. Mechanical forces acting on and between adjacent elements of the matter cause the disturbance to advance at a definite speed. The matter is the medium through which the wave travels. There are waves that do not require a material medium to support their travel. The superposition of waves can result in interference. Various types of mirrors and lenses—both optical and acoustic—focus waves at a point (ideally) where they exhibit constructive interference. The interference of light waves has important applications. Relative motion between a source of waves and an observer of waves results in the Doppler effect, a change in the observed frequency or wavelength. This change can be measured by comparing the frequency or wavelength when there is relative motion, to the frequency or wavelength when there is no relative motion.
Chapter 6 – Microbial Killing

“Go clean your room!” Sure, we may have been told this as children, but were any of us brave enough to have asked, “How clean is clean?” Maybe you have been told, “I want this floor clean enough to eat off of it,” but even that level of cleanliness is not good enough for the surgical suite or the cell culture laboratory. While we will not cover a way to get more items to fit under your bed, this chapter will address different levels of clean in terms of killing microbes. Starting with the Gram stain, which is a biotechnical application used to identify broad classes of microbes, we will discuss different types of microbes and their relative resistances to killing. The differences between sterilization, disinfection, sanitization, and antiseptics will be presented, and different approaches for killing microbes will be discussed in detail. While many of the methods presented will apply to the laboratory, examples of antibiotics used to treat human disease will be covered.
Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials for Multivessel PCI Versus Culprit Artery Only PCI in STEMI Without Cardiogenic Shock.

Abstract Background: Traditionally ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with multivessel coronary artery disease is treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to culprit lesion only. The benefit of multivessel (MV) PCI among STEMI patients without cardiogenic shock is unclear. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database were searched from 1996 to 2019, for studies of patients with STEMI without cardiogenic shock, who underwent PCI. Only randomized controlled trials comparing culprit PCI to MV PCI vs culprit vessel PCI were included for pairwise meta-analysis. All-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, reinfarction, revascularization and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were compared. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed for outcome variables. Results: Nine randomized controlled trials contributed 6930 patients meeting inclusion criteria. Three thousand three hundred seventy-six underwent MV PCI, and 3554 underwent culprit PCI. Our analysis demonstrated no significant difference in all-cause mortality. MV PCI had a lower risk of cardiac mortality, reinfarction, MACE and repeat revascularization compared to culprit PCI (P values
A Validation Study of the Mandibular Canine Index Method of Sexual Assessment Using Two Decedent American Populations

Rao and colleagues created the Mandibular Canine Index (MCI) as a method of sex assessment. It has primarily been used on living South Asian populations. This study applies the Index to two decedent American populations in hopes that it will applicable to the field of Forensic Anthropology. Forty-five individuals from the C.A. Pound Human Identification Lab and the Wichita State Biological Anthropology Lab with full mandibular dentition were studied. The mesio-distal width of both right and left canines and the canine arch width were taken and the MCI calculated along with the standard MCI. Results show that the MCI is not statistically significant in determining males from females (p=.461 for right and p=.473 for left). The standard MCI was .242 for the right and .246 for the left. This gave an accuracy of 37% to 44% for males and 44% to 45% for females. The mesio-distal length (p = .002 for right and .001 for left) and canine arch width (p=.019) on their own were statistically significant and can be used in sex assessment if the teeth are present although they should be used with other methods. Further study should be done with a larger sample size to see if results are consistent.
Design of Spatial Admittance for Force-Guided Assembly of Polyhedral Parts in Single Point Frictional Contact

This paper identifies conditions for designing the appropriate spatial admittance to achieve reliable force-guided assembly of polyhedral parts for cases in which a single frictional contact occurs between the two parts. This work is an extension of previous work in which frictionless contact was considered. This paper presents a way to characterize friction without solving a set of complicated non-linear equations. We show that, by modifying the error reduction function and evaluating the function bounds associated with friction, the procedures developed for frictionless contact apply to the frictional cases. Thus, for bounded misalignments, if an admittance satisfies the misalignment-reducing conditions at a finite number of contact configurations, then the admittance will also satisfy the conditions at all intermediate configurations for any value of friction less than the specified upper bound.
The Trump Administration Space Policy

The majority of the US population considers humans space exploration a triumph of American spirit and innovation and a key component of establishing global leadership. The Trump Administration and the reactivated National Space Council have created a sense of urgency by pressing for a Moon return within a 5-year period. The Artemis program has been conceived as paving the way back to the Moon and laying a foundation for a mission to Mars (Fig. 4.1).