cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bounded Discretion in International Judicial Lawmaking

Judges at the international level, like judges in national legal systems, frequently make law in the course of resolving disputes. Yet, to date, we have little positive theory regarding the role and extent of judicial lawmaking at the international level. This article attempts to focus some much-needed attention on this issue. It draws on rationalist accounts of international law to argue that international judicial lawmaking is inevitable and that it serves the interests of states by coordinating their behavior. Additionally, international judicial lawmaking is constrained by the preferences of states. Thus, international judges exercise bounded discretion in lawmaking, and in doing so help states to order their behavior. Renewed attention to lawmaking is motivated by a number of concerns. First, despite the oft-discussed proliferation of international judicial fora in the past decade, there has been little sustained scholarly examination of lawmaking. Most scholarly attention has been devoted to the internal consistency of the body of legal rules, namely whether the proliferation of tribunals threatens the coherence of international
Land conversion at the protected area's edge

Protected areas are a common strategy to conserve biodiversity, ecological function, and ecosystem services. Through land market dynamics, however, protected area establishment can induce effects inimical to conservation goals. We examined the factors explaining land conversion within 2 km buffers of protected areas in Michigan, United States. We employed multilevel logistic models, with and without autocovariates, utilizing a multimodel inference paradigm. The most parsimonious models indicated that parcels with more developed, forested, and protected land in their vicinity, with well-drained soils, at lower elevations, nearer roads and urban areas, in areas of greater population, and originally in agriculture are more likely to be developed. There is weak support for attributes of protected areas such as size, access, ownership, and protection mechanism affecting nearby land conversion. Our results stress the importance of a well-designed system of protected areas and broad evaluations of the impacts of existing and future threats.
The Fall of Tsarism: Untold Stories of the February 1917 Revolution

It is not every day that a treasure trove of documents illuminating one of the key events of the twentieth century—and, indeed, of all of world history—suddenly surfaces, nor that such a trove has ...
Trends in Environmentally Related Childhood Illnesses

Tracking incidence or prevalence of dis- eases and using that information to target interventions is a well-established strategy for improving public health. The need to track environmentally mediated chronic diseases is increasingly recognized. Trends in childhood illnesses are 1 element of a framework for children's environmental health indicators, which also includes trends in contaminants in the environment and in concentrations of contaminants in bodies of children and their mothers. This article presents data on 3 groups of important childhood diseases or disorders that seem to be caused or exacerbated, at least in part, by exposure to environmental agents and for which nationally represen- tative data are available. They are asthma, childhood cancers, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Data were used from the National Health Interview Survey for asthma and neurodevelopmental disorders; the Surveil- lance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program for child- hood cancer incidence; and the National Vital Statistics System for childhood cancer mortality. The prevalence of children with asthma doubled between 1980 and 1995, from 3.6% in 1980 to 7.5% in 1995. The annual incidence of childhood cancer increased from 1975 until approxi- mately 1990 and seems to have become fairly stable since. Childhood cancer mortality has declined substantially during the past 25 years. Incidence of certain types of cancers has increased since 1974, including acute lym- phoblastic leukemia, central nervous system tumors, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Approximately 6.7% of chil- dren aged 5 to 17 were reported to have attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in 1997-2000, and approximately 6 of every 1000 children were reported to have received a diagnosis of mental retardation during the same period. Pediatrics 2004;113:1133-1140; children, environmental health, tracking, surveillance, illness, asthma, cancer.
C-peptide exerts cardioprotective effects in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion.

Ischemia followed by reperfusion in the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) results in cardiac dysfunction. C-peptide, a cleavage product of proinsulin to insulin processing, induces ni...
Targeting host lipid synthesis and metabolism to inhibit dengue and hepatitis C viruses

Lipids are necessary for every step in the replication cycle of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and dengue virus (DENV), members of the family Flaviviridae. Recent studies have demonstrated that discrete steps in the replication cycles of these viruses can be inhibited by pharmacological agents that target host factors mediating lipid synthesis, metabolism, trafficking, and signal transduction. Despite this, targeting host lipid metabolism and trafficking as an antiviral strategy by blockade of entire pathways may be limited due to host toxicity. Knowledge of the molecular details of lipid structure and function in replication and the mechanisms whereby specific lipids are generated and trafficked to the relevant sites may enable more targeted antiviral strategies without global effects on the host cell. In this review, we discuss lipids demonstrated to be critical to the replication cycles of HCV and DENV and highlight potential areas for anti-viral development. This review article forms part of a symposium on flavivirus drug discovery in Antiviral Research.
Fuzzy $H_\infty$ Filter Design for a Class of Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems With Multiple Time Delays

This paper studies the fuzzy Hinfin filter design problem for signal estimation of nonlinear discrete-time systems with multiple time delays and unknown bounded disturbances. First, the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model is used to represent the state-space model of nonlinear discrete-time systems with time delays. Next, we design a stable fuzzy Hinfin filter based on the T-S fuzzy model, which guarantees asymptotic stability and a prescribed Hinfin index for the filtering error system, irrespective of the time delays and uncertain disturbances. A sufficient condition for the existence of such a filter is established by using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. The proposed LMI problem can be efficiently solved with global convergence guarantee using convex optimization techniques such as the interior point algorithm. Simulation examples are provided to illustrate the design procedure of the present method.
COLINEARITY OF CHLOROPLAST GENOMES IN DIVERGENT ECOTYYES OF THE MARINE DIATOM SKELETONEMA COSTATUM (BACILLARIOPHYTA)1

The chloroplast genomes of three isolates of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve were mapped and found to be 131 ± 2 kb with inverted repeats (IRs) of approximately 20 kb. In contrast to higher plants, the psbA gene mapped to the IR, and rbcS mapped to the same fragment as the rbcL gene in the large single-copy region. The maps of the three isolates were colinear and revealed as many as 20 site mutations out of a total of 47 sites. The number of site mutations among isolates was consistent with previous data on their genetic diversity and physiology. Comparisons of gene order among our maps and those of three other diatom species showed that closely related genera retained similar gene orders but that more distantly related taxa exhibited extensive rearrangements. We conclude that simple restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA is useful in comparative studies of diatom populations and species but that other analytical methods are more appropriate for phylogenetic studies at higher levels.
Paleomagnetic and geochronologic calibration of latest oligocene to pliocene radiolarian events, Equatorial Pacific

Abstract Eight chronologically overlapping piston cores from the central Equatorial Pacific, which range in age from latest Oligocene to Pleistocene and for which the magnetostratigraphy was known, served as a basis for a paleomagnetic and geochronological calibration of 75 radiolarian first appearances and extinctions. The species studied are commonly accepted as useful stratigraphic indices. Comparison with results of detailed studies of tropical Pacific DSDP drill-sites reveals excellent agreement in the sequence and timing of first appearances, as well as concurrence of many extinctions. The density of radiolarian events is highest in the Early Miocene, where an average of 0.24 my elapsed between each event. In the Late Miocene the density of events is lowest: not only is each datum level separated by an average of 0.52 my in this time unit, but it also contains the longest eventless interval (2.5 my) of the last 27 my.
Synthesis of block and graft copolymers with linear polyethylene segments by combination of degenerative transfer coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization

Block and graft copolymers with polyacrylate and linear polyethylene segments were synthesized through a combination of degenerative transfer (DT) ethylene polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). DT coordination polymerization was mediated by a bis(imino)pyridineiron/diethylzinc binary catalyst system activated by MAO and was studied at various temperatures. The catalyst system achieved a well-controlled DT coordination polymerization of ethylene, resulting in low-polydispersity polyethylene with high chain end functionality. The Zn-terminated polyethylene prepared by DT coordination polymerization was oxidized using dry air, followed by hydrolysis to provide a monohydroxy-terminated polyethylene (PE-OH). The degree of ethylene polymerization (DP ∼ 20) and the chain end functionality (∼80%) of PE-OH were determined by 1H NMR. The PE-OH was converted into a polyethylene α-bromoisobutyrate macroinitiator (PE-MI), and ATRP of n-butyl acrylate and tert-butyl acrylate was successfully c...
One-year follow-up study to a worksite weight control program☆

Follow-up weights were obtained from 149 participants from two worksite weight control programs 1 year after the end of treatment. These participants regained, on average, 75% of the weight they had lost during treatment. Only 21% of this population maintained their post-treatment weight or continued to lose. We conclude that worksites do not appear to offer special advantages over clinic settings in aiding weight-loss maintenance.
The Unity of Self at the Interface of the Animal Body and the Cultural System

The self is defined by unity, which must be constructed from multiple inner processes and representations. The unity is more a requirement of social life than of brain activities. The self exists at the interface between the physical body and the social system, which for humans includes culture. The three main aspects of the self are a network of information (sometimes called the self-concept), an interpersonal being (e.g., member of a group or relationship), and executive function (e.g., making decisions). For each of these, multiple inner processes and representations must be integrated to produce the unity of self. Conscious processing plays a key role in this integrative process, because it is a vital means by which different areas of brain and mind exchange information.
Plant Control Utilizing a Standard Solid State Interposing Logic System

A general description of a Solid State Logic System is presented, along with an explanation of its advantages over conventional control systems for the control of power plant equipment.
Tunable 1.25–2.1-GHz 4-Pole Bandpass Filter With Intrinsic Transmission Zero Tuning

A new concept of tuning transmission zeros (TZs) in 4-pole tunable bandpass filters is demonstrated. In this work, the tuning elements that were conventionally used for bandwidth control are also utilized for adjusting the TZs at the same time. As a result, the selectivity of the tunable filter can be controlled without increasing the filter order and complexity. A 4-pole stripline filter is used to demonstrate this concept. The filter can be continuously tuned from 1.25 to 2.1 GHz and two TZs are employed to improve the stopband suppression to $> {\hbox{60 dB}}$ at 200 MHz from the passband. These TZs can also be moved from the upper stopband to the lower stopband without any auxiliary tuning elements to significantly change the stopband suppression. The high rejection filter is useful in wireless systems and cognitive radios with large interferers.
Computed Tomography Evaluation of Acute Pancreatitis

In the United States, approximately 250,000 cases of acute pancreatitis occur each year, resulting in greater than 4,000 deaths, a Approximately 90% of cases result from biliary tract disease (cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis) and alcoholism, although multiple other causes exist including hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia, genetic conditions, drugs, trauma, mechanical obstruction, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), infection, and hypoperfusion. Patients may present with a variety of clinical, pathologic, and radiologic findings, depending on the amount of pancreatic inflammation, autodigestion, and necrosis that results. Although the actual cellular events leading to the development of AP have been elusive and poorly understood, recent research suggests that its progression is dependent on the production of inflammatory mediators.: Of these, the cytokines interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor, and the biologically active phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) are most important. These inflammatory mediators stimulate production of each other and also mediate distant organ dysfunction, including the development of fever, hypotension, shock, adult respiratory distress syndrome, hepatic dysfunction, acute tubular necrosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. 2 Most patients with AP seek medical attention within 12 to 18 hours after the onset of abdominal pain. It has been shown that cytokine production peaks approximately 30 hours
Cyclodextrin PLOT columns for the gas‐solid chromatographic separation of light hydrocarbons and inorganic gases

Alpha and beta cyclodextrin (α- and β-CD) were chemically bonded to porous layer fused silica open tubular columns and used as gas-solid chromatographic (GSC) stationary phases for the separation of C1 to C6 hydrocarbons and a variety of inorganic gases. In general, these cyclodextrin PLOT columns were superior to the analogous packed columns. The capillary columns show similar selectivities with an increase in efficiency and number of theoretical plates over the packed columns. The cyclodextrin stationary phases show good selectivities toward the light hydrocarbons and inorganic gases on capillary columns as short as ten meters. Subambient temperatures allow the baseline resolution of oxygen from nitrogen. These columns have been effectively utilized at temperatures up to 260°C without loss of efficiency or degradation of selectivity.
On the quantitative theory of reproductive effort in clonal plants: Refinements of theory, with evidence from goldenrods and mayapples.

Recently I proposed a quantitative theory which predicts the partition of resources between vegetative growth and seed production in highly rhizomatous clonal plants (Armstrong 1982, 1983). My basic premise was that this partition should be controlled by basic geometric properties of clonal growth. My conclusions were that the ratio of resources expended on seeds and rhizomes should be relatively constant in time and space, and that the value of this ratio should be predictable from a knowledge of the allometric relationships among certain morphological characters.In the present paper I first refine this theory to yield explicit ramet-level predictions directly applicable to clonal species with densely-packed canopies. These predictions are then tested using observations on goldenrods (Solidago altissima) and mayapples (Podophyllum peltatum). In the Solidago studies, the ratio of infructescence weight to total rhizome weight was found to be asymptotically constant for the larger ramets in a clone, confirming an important prediction of the theory. A second prediction of the theory, that the ratio of infructescence weight to total rhizome weight should be constant across clones, was not confirmed using the goldenrod data. This observation may simply be due to measurement biases. An alternative hypothesis is that the prediction of this theory constitute an r-limit strategy, and so are applicable only in the limit of density independent growth. Data from Sohn and Policansky (1977) on mayapples support this latter interpretation.
Effects of an anti-androgen and 5α-reductase inhibitors on estrus duration in the cycling female rat

Abstract Five experiments examined the role of circulating androgens in the control of sexual behavior (lordosis) in the intact cycling rat. The androgen receptor blocker, flutamide (FLU), was administered daily to cycling rats beginning on the day of estrus, and lordotic responsiveness was measured on the 2nd subsequent proestrus day and on the day of estrus. FLU-treated females showed significantly higher levels of lordosis throughout the end of the period of estrus than controls (Experiment 1). Neither the maximal levels of lordosis seen on the evening of proestrus nor the time of onset of estrous responsiveness during the preceeding afternoon were affected by FLU (Experiment 2). Serum estradiol concentrations seen on the morning of proestrus (Experiment 3) did not differ between FLU- and vehicle-treated animals. The weak 5α-reductase inhibitor, testosterone-17β-carboxylic acid (17βC), prolonged slightly, but did not significantly lengthen, the period of estrus (Experiment 4), while the highly potent steroidal 5α-reductase inhibitor, 4 MA, significantly increased the rate at which estrous behavior declined on the day of estrus (Experiment 5). Circulating androgens do not appear to affect the maximal level of sexual receptivity displayed nor the time of estrus onset; however, they may govern the duration of the period of estrus by influencing the rate of estrus termination.
A study of factors contributing to the development of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws

The histories of 14 patients in whom osteoradionecrosis developed were compared with those of 28 patients who had similar tumors and/or treatment and were not afflicted with osteoradionecrosis. 1. Fourteen of 15 episodes of bone complications occurred in the mandible, and 70% occurred within 1 year after the completion of radiation therapy. 2. A high dose of radiation, with conventional fractionation, did not specifically predispose patients to osteoradionecrosis. Fifty percent of the ORN patients actually received a total dose of 6000 rad or less. Combined radiation therapy and surgery did not seem to significantly increase the risk inasmuch as both groups of patients had similar combinations. In two of four patients who received methotrexate, however, osteoradionecrosis developed during the time of administration. 3. One of the most prevalent negative factors associated with the ORN patients was the continued heavy use of alcohol and tobacco by 86% of them. These strong tissue irritants could have significantly contributed to the breakdown of mucosa and exposure of bone. Alcohol and tobacco could also have potentiated the combined effects of the other negative factors, such as contributing to poor oral hygiene. 4. The ORN patients had poorer oral hygiene than the control group. Seventy-five percent of the patients with teeth who had osteoradionecrosis continued to have poor oral hygiene. In contrast, none of the control patients had poor oral hygiene. 5. A combination of factors relating to stage of tumor and treatment was found in the ORN patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Detection of a steady state concentration of HNO by photoacoustic spectroscopy

Abstract The HNO radical's spectrum has been recorded in the 740–770 nm range via a high resolution, intracavity photoacoustic technique. Hydrogen peroxide diethylene triamine reacted to produce a steady state concentration of HNO within the photoacoustic cell that was detectable for several hours before the reactants were depleted. Rotational simulations were employed to identify the HNO radical.
Indirect naming in distributed programming languages

Direct naming of processes in message communication is not desirable in distributed programming, because it requires a priori knowledge of sending and receiving process names. This not only complicates the construction of library or utility programs, but also is not suitable for a dynamic process creation environment. Indirect naming of processes in distributed message communication can be achieved either by introducing channels (ports) or by using process variables. This paper discusses how a new distributed programming language, COPL, achieves indirect naming effectively by using process variables without introducing shared objects, such as channels, in a distributed environment where dynamic process acitivation and selection of communicating partners are important.
Lower extremity stepping-table magnetic resonance angiography with multilevel contrast timing and segmented contrast infusion

Abstract Objectives: Standard lower extremity contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (LE-CEMRA) with single injection bolus-chase methods on the basis of a single pelvis timing run can be accurate for depicting most vascular occlusive lesions but may fall short of catheter-based angiography when imaging tibial and pedal vessels. Magnetic resonance angiography techniques with a second contrast timing bolus and separate acquisitions for the calves and the pelvis greatly improve reliability and reduce venous contamination to levels that may render conventional angiography obsolete. Methods: From July to December 2001, 60 consecutive patients underwent LE-CEMRA of the calves with separate stepping-table acquisitions of the pelvis and thighs. Forty-five (75%) had complete or partial angiographic correlation during an endoluminal intervention or operative completion study. Lower extremity vessels were divided into anatomic segments (aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, tibial-pedal) for review. Three blinded observers assessed magnetic resonance source partitions, maximum-intensity projections, and volume-rendered images. Disease per segment was graded from insignificant ( Results: The combination dual-timing/dual-injection technique had an overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 99%, 97%, and 98%. Venous contamination and artifact were virtually eliminated with combined technique LE-CEMRA. Diagnostic quality of calf and foot vessels was significantly superior to conventional bolus-chase magnetic resonance techniques ( P Conclusion: Hybrid dual-acquisition LE-CEMRA allows complete timing specification that consistently produces high-quality, artifact-free images of the calf and pedal vessels. These techniques may be accurate enough to replace conventional digital subtraction angiogram for evaluation of lower extremity vascular occlusive disease. (J Vasc Surg 2003;37:62-71.)
Numerical modelling of unsteady heating and melting of the anode by electric arc. Part 2. Numerical characteristics of the anode weldpool

Numerical computations of the electric-arc heating and anode melting were carried out within the framework of the two-dimensional unsteady mathematical model. The influence of the viscous interaction “plasma-melt”, surface tension forces, electromagnetic forces, and gravitational convection on the formation of the hydrodynamics of the anode melt was considered.
Vector Transmission of Leishmania Abrogates Vaccine-Induced Protective Immunity

Numerous experimental vaccines have been developed to protect against the cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis caused by infection with the obligate intracellular protozoan Leishmania, but a human vaccine still does not exist. Remarkably, the efficacy of anti-Leishmania vaccines has never been fully evaluated under experimental conditions following natural vector transmission by infected sand fly bite. The only immunization strategy known to protect humans against natural exposure is “leishmanization,” in which viable L. major parasites are intentionally inoculated into a selected site in the skin. We employed mice with healed L. major infections to mimic leishmanization, and found tissue-seeking, cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells specific for Leishmania at the site of challenge by infected sand fly bite within 24 hours, and these mice were highly resistant to sand fly transmitted infection. In contrast, mice vaccinated with a killed vaccine comprised of autoclaved L. major antigen (ALM)+CpG oligodeoxynucleotides that protected against needle inoculation of parasites, showed delayed expression of protective immunity and failed to protect against infected sand fly challenge. Two-photon intra-vital microscopy and flow cytometric analysis revealed that sand fly, but not needle challenge, resulted in the maintenance of a localized neutrophilic response at the inoculation site, and removal of neutrophils following vector transmission led to increased parasite-specific immune responses and promoted the efficacy of the killed vaccine. These observations identify the critical immunological factors influencing vaccine efficacy following natural transmission of Leishmania.
Cryo-SEM of Hydrated High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes

Alternative energy technologies, such as high temperature fuel cells and hydrogen pumps, rely on proton exchange membranes (PEM). A chemically and thermally stable PEM with rapid proton transport is sol-gel phosphoric acid (PA)-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes. It is believed that the key to the high ionic conductivity of PA-doped PBI membranes is related to the gel morphology. However, the gel structure and general morphology of this PA-doped PBI membrane has not been widely investigated. In an effort to understand the gel morphology, two SEM sample preparation methodologies have been developed for PA-doped PBI membranes. Due to the high vacuum environment of conventional SEM, the beam-sensitivity of these membranes was reduced with a mild 120 C heat treatment to remove excess water without structural rearrangement (as verified from wide angle X-ray scattering). Cryo-SEM has also been implemented for both initial and heated membranes. Cryo-SEM is known to prevent dehydration of the specimen and reduce beam-sensitivity. The SEM cross-section image (Fig. 1A) of the heated samples exhibit 3{micro}m spheroidal features that are elongated in the direction of the casting blade. These features are distorted to 2{micro}m under conventional SEM conditions (Fig. 1B). The fine-scale gel morphology image (Fig. 2) is composed ofmore » 65nm diameter domains and 30nm walls, which resembles a cellular structure. In the future, the PA-doped PBI membranes will be cryo-microtomed and cryotransferred for elemental analysis in a TEM.« less
Windows—types and inspection techniques

Although it may be said that man sees the world through a window a surveyor can see much of the condition of a building in a window. From the narrow windows of the massive constructions of medieval times, the development of the structural frame with infill enabled windows to be enlarged. But it was the encouragement of the development of glass towards the end of the Middle Ages which enabled windows to throw light into the interior of the buildings and encouraged, the advancement of interior design and decoration.
Soil Degradation of Polylactic Acid/Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Based Nonwoven Mulches

The soil degradation of fully biobased agricultural mulches prepared from polylactic acid (PLA) and blends of PLA and poly3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate (polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA) using nonwoven textile technology was compared to that of a commercial biodegradable mulch film, BioTelo (Dubois Agrinovation, Waterford, Canada). The addition of PHA to PLA to the feedstock blend produced nonwovens that possessed lower tensile strength and molecular weight and increased the average fiber diameter of mulches. A meltblown (MB) nonwoven mulch prepared from a PLA–PHA 72/28 w/w blend underwent the greatest degradation, achieving a 78 % loss of tensile strength and a 25.9 % decrease of weight-averaged molecular weight during 10 and 30 week of soil burial, respectively. The mass fraction of PHA decreased during soil burial, suggesting the preferential microbial assimilation of PHA over PLA. BioTelo underwent a 29 % loss of tensile strength but no appreciable change of molecular weight for its chloroform-soluble components. In contrast, spunbond (SB) PLA mulches did not undergo any appreciable degradation during the 30 week soil burial studies. The results suggest that the MB–PLA + PHA nonwoven may serve as a potentially valuable biodegradable agricultural mulch, and that SB–PLA may be useful as a compostable material for long-term agricultural applications, such as row covers and landscape fabrics. A soil degradation study of MB–PLA + PHA that directly compared untreated compost-enriched soil to sterilized soil-compost mixture demonstrated that the loss of tensile strength occurred only in the unsterilized soil, suggesting this event is directly associated with soil microorganisms.
On voluntary ocular accommodation

Young observers were challenged to induce a marked monocular accommodative response to a relatively weak accommodative stimulus by placing a-9 diopter contact lens on the eye. At first, observers could not produce the desired response, but with training, three of four subjects achieved criterion. Both a voluntary accommodative response and a response to an adequate accommodative stimulus were apparently involved. The voluntary component of the response could be demonstrated by having the observers repeat the task in total darkness.
A novel high power 3 GHz tunable 250 GHz gyrotron for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization

Designs and implementation of a novel tunable 250 GHz gyrotron oscillator for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) experiments with >10 W output power over most of a 3 GHz band and >35 W peak power are shown. The bandwidth and power can generate a substantial THz field over the band used for DNP experiments, without the need for sweeping the NMR magnetic field. Substantially improved tunability is achieved by implementing a long (23 mm) interaction cavity that can excite higher order axial modes by changing either the magnetic field of the gyrotron or the cathode potential. This interaction cavity excites the rotating TE 5,2,q mode, and an internal mode converter outputs a high-quality microwave beam with >94% Gaussian content. The gyrotron was integrated into a DNP spectrometer, resulting in 25% improved DNP enhancements.
Mother-infant interactions in infantile anorexia nervosa.

Abstract Forty-two infants with infantile anorexia nervosa and 30 control subjects, matched by age, sex, and race, and their mothers were videotaped from behind a one-way mirror during a 20-minute feeding period followed by a 10-minute play period. Two observers who were blind to the diagnosis of the infant rated the interactions of mother and infant with the Feeding Scale and the Play Scale developed by Chatoor et al. On both Scales, statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups. The feeding disordered group demonstrated less dyadic reciprocity, less maternal contingency, more dyadic conflict, and more struggle for control. This group's play was also characterized by less dyadic reciprocity, more dyadic conflict, less maternal responsiveness to the infant's needs, and more maternal intrusiveness.
Does drug use cause AIDS

A hypothesis identifying substance abuse as a main cause of AIDS has naturally excited much publicity. But such claims have no basis in fact.
Settling and rheology of suspensions of narrow-sized coal particles

This paper discusses settling rates, yield stresses, and shear-stress/shear-rate dependences which were determined as functions of solids concentration for suspensions in water of coal particles of narrow size fractions. Particles and suspensions are characterized by coal analyses, determination of heating value, solid heat capacity and thermal conductivity, particle size analyses, and determination of densities and maximum packing concentrations for each particle size range. Analysis of the settling data establishes that the usually strong retardation of (hindered) settling due to concentration is compounded by particle shape effects. Shear-stress/shear-rate data for concentrated suspensions of the three larger and relatively narrower sized particles over the broad range of shear rates from about 1 to 10{sup 4} s {sup {minus}1} suggest the behavior to be essentially Newtonian, albeit with a marked particle concentration augmentation. Suspensions of the smallest coal particles of broader size distribution were strongly non-Newtonian, possessing a yield stress at low shear, essentially power-law shear-thinning behavior over the intermediate range and approaching high-shear Newtonian limiting behavior above about 10{sup 3} s{sup {minus}1}.
Thermodynamics of the Zr-H system

The consistencies among the reported univariant hydrogen pressures in the three two-phase regions of the Zr-H system, {alpha}Zr/{delta}ZrH{sub 2{minus}x}, {alpha}Zr/{beta}Zr, and {beta}Zr/{delta}ZrH{sub 2{minus}x}, are evaluated with the thermodynamic constraint derived by Speiser. Hydrogen dissolution in {alpha}Zr is evaluated by checking the consistencies among the Sieverts` law constant, the terminal solubility, and the corresponding two-phase univariant pressures involving this phase. A modified Sieverts` law is proposed for the complicated behavior of hydrogen dissolution in {beta}Zr. An analytical composition-temperature-pressure relationship for {delta}ZrH{sub 2{minus}x} is established by using the quasi-chemical model derived by Arita et al. The thermodynamic constraint of the free energy of formation of ZrH{sub 2} shows that the value measured by Fredricken et al. is the most reliable. In addition, a more accurate free energy of formation of zirconium hydride at the upper phase boundary of {alpha}Zr/{delta}ZrH{sub 2{minus}x} two-phase region is suggested.
The genetic basis of autoantibody production

Abstract Many autoimmune diseases are characterized by autoantibody subsets that are associated with specific clinical manifestations. The primary genetic associations of these autoantibodies are with MHC genes, most specifically HLA class II, which in many instances better explain the HLA association of the disease per se. It is noteworthy that certain genes and haplotypes, notably HLA-DRB1*0301, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0201 in Caucasians and DRB1*0405, DQA1*03, DQB1*0401 in Asians, as well as PTPN22, seem to be associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, others are more disease specific (HLA-DRB1*11 for systemic sclerosis and HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the “shared epitope” in RA) as well as non MHC genes, such as FcyRIIa and IIIa in SLE, the β2 glycoprotein I gene in the aPL syndrome, and the TSHR gene in Graves' disease). Autoantibody responses also are influenced by the presence of specific MHC and non-MHC genes which may not be associated with the disease per se. These novel associations offer new clues not only to pathogenesis but also to potential therapeutic targets.
A Novel Radiation Detector Consisting of an HgI2 Photodetector Coupled to a Scintillator

HgI2 photodetectors have been used in conjunction with CsI(Tl) and BGO to detect the light pulses from gamma rays and alpha particles. The photocurrent response to light of a typical HgI2 photodetector is presented and discussed. The spectral response is appropriate for most important scintillators, which have their maximum emission between 400 and 560 nm. Energy spectra obtained with an HgI2 photodetector coupled to a CsI(Tl) scintillator crystal are presented for gamma rays from 137Cs, a 68Ga positron source, 241Am and 99mTc, as well as for the K x-rays from Pb. The photopeak energy resolution value for 511 keV annihilation gamma rays with the CsI(Tl)-HgI2 combination was about 10%. Spectra obtained with an HgI2 photodetector coupled to a BGO scintillator crystal are presented for the annihilation gamma rays from a 68Ga positron source (19% photopeak resolution) and the alpha particles from a 244Cm source. Estimates of the quantum efficiencies for an HgI2 photodetector coupled to CsI(Tl) and BGO scintillator crystals give values in excess of 70%. A brief discussion is given of the limits on energy resolution set by the electronic noise. Potential applications of this novel radiation detection device and the advantages over photomultiplier-based devices are discussed.
Functional connectivity of negative emotional processing in adolescent depression.

BACKGROUND: The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) and its connected circuitry have been heavily implicated in emotional functioning in adolescent-onset major depressive disorder (MDD). Wh ...
Kepler + Hadoop: a general architecture facilitating data-intensive applications in scientific workflow systems

MapReduce provides a parallel and scalable programming model for data-intensive business and scientific applications. MapReduce and its de facto open source project, called Hadoop, support parallel processing on large datasets with capabilities including automatic data partitioning and distribution, load balancing, and fault tolerance management. Meanwhile, scientific workflow management systems, e.g., Kepler, Taverna, Triana, and Pegasus, have demonstrated their ability to help domain scientists solve scientific problems by synthesizing different data and computing resources. By integrating Hadoop with Kepler, we provide an easy-to-use architecture that facilitates users to compose and execute MapReduce applications in Kepler scientific workflows. Our implementation demonstrates that many characteristics of scientific workflow management systems, e.g., graphical user interface and component reuse and sharing, are very complementary to those of MapReduce. Using the presented Hadoop components in Kepler, scientists can easily utilize MapReduce in their domain-specific problems and connect them with other tasks in a workflow through the Kepler graphical user interface. We validate the feasibility of our approach via a word count use case.
Consumer's Surplus when Consumers are Subject to a Time and an Income Constraint

Construction of a new highway, school, or recreation site will benefit those living in the vicinity of the project. The project lowers the time price of certain goods for those individuals and causes a shift of the time constraint which generates consumer's surplus. The literature contains several reports of the measurement of this consumer's surplus for recreation sites (Clawson (1959), Knetsch (1964) and Merewitz (1966)). A relatively recent refinement in these studies is the inclusion in the price proxy of the monetary value of the time cost (James (1968), Merewitz (1966)). With this modification, the price proxy has become a proxy for what Becker (1965, p. 497) calls " full price "; consequently, the recent analyses have estimated consumer's surplus as an area under a " full price" demand curve. The literature, however, has ignored the theoretical relationship between the new concepts and the Hicksian consumer's surplus concepts. In this paper two Hicks (price) compensating variation consumer's surpluses are identified and compared for the case where there is both an income and a time constraint.' One of these is the compensating variation of non-labour income (CVb) and the other the compensating variation of " full income " (CVb) that will leave the consumer no better or worse off than before, when time and/or money prices change.
A Wave Follower for Field Study of Air-Sea Interactions

In the study of wave generation by wind, an exploration of the wind (or pressure) field close to the water surface is critical. An electrohydraulic servomechanism, a "wave follower," has been designed to hold a probe at small distances above the sea surface while following the surface. The follower, mounted underwater, senses the location of the water surface with a capacitance wave probe. A hydraulic system adjusts the position of the probe so as to seek a null. The follower's response to the surface extends to 4 Hz with good coherence, and it can follow fully developed water waves up to 30 cm in height. A hot-film anemometer probe senses the wind speed, while the wave probe records waves up to 12 Hz. The follower is remote controlled at distances up to 60 m. Two field trips were undertaken in 1969 at Miles River, Chesapeake Bay. Wind speed data were taken at 2 to 40 cm above the surface, with wind speeds of 5 to 15 knots and fetches of 1 to 6 nmi. The waves ranged approximately 10 to 30 cm in height. Preliminary investigation of the data shows, among other things, presence of the sheltering effect and a small but definite coherence between wind and waves at the wave peak frequency.
Magnetization of Cubic Ferromagnets and the Three-Component Potts Model

The (${H}_{x}, {H}_{y}, {H}_{z}$) phase diagram of a cubic ferromagnet with three easy axes, in a field $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}=({H}_{x}, {H}_{y}, {H}_{z})$, is studied by mean-field, scaling, and renormalization-group theories. For $Tl{T}_{c}(H=0)$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[111]$ there is a phase transition at fields $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{H}_{0}(T)$, described by the three-component Potts model. By varying $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{H}}$ the full phase diagram of the three-dimensional Potts model is experimentally accessible and competing predictions of the multicritical behavior can be tested.
High-frequency methods for multiple diffraction modeling: application and comparison

The use of several high-frequency, asymptotic techniques is explored for modeling the scattering, using higher-order diffractions, of radar targets composed of two or more parallel edges with dimin...
Hydrogen, nuclear energy, and the advanced high-temperature reactor

Abstract Nuclear energy has been proposed as an energy source to produce hydrogen (H2) from water. An examination of systems issues in this paper indicates that the infrastructure of H2 consumption is now compatible with the production of H2 by nuclear reactors. Alternative H2 production processes were examined to define the requirements such processes would impose on the nuclear reactor. These requirements include supplying heat at a near-constant high temperature, providing a low-pressure interface with the H2 production processes, isolating the nuclear plant from the chemical plant, and avoiding tritium contamination of the H2 product. A reactor concept—the advanced high-temperature reactor—was developed to match these requirements for H2 production.
Training for evaluation research: Some issues

Given the broad scope of research methodology, what should a realistic training program require?
Differences in the late components of the event-related potential due to age and to semantic and non-semantic tasks.

Abstract Recent work in event-related potentials (ERPs) has revealed differences between ERPs elicited during the performance of semantic and non-semantic tasks. This experiment examined age differences in the late components of the ERP as a function of these tasks. Young and elderly males were presented with 5-word strings on each trial. The subject's task was to decide whether or not the fifth word matched the other four. In one condition, the first 4 words were identical to one another and the fifth word was either the same or different. In the other condition, the first 4 words were different from one another but were drawn from from the same semantic category. The fifth word was either from the category or from a different category. Matches occurred in 15% of the trials and mismatches in 85%. The ERP to the fifth word was analyzed. All ERPs evidenced a late positive component (LPC), the latency of which was greater for the Category task and for mismatches. LPC amplitude was greater in the Identity task. In addition, young subjects' LPC amplitudes were greater for matches than for mismatches, whereas the reverse was true for the elderly. In agreement with previous research, our results indicated that an N400 wave is evident only in response to semantic incongruity and that variables affecting late positive activity seem to be independent of those producing N400. The N400 wave was seen at a greater latency in the elderly. Our results extend previous work (e.g., Kutas and Hillyard 1980) by finding an N400 in a semantic context other than sentences, and in concluding that this component is relatively insensitive to stimulus frequency.
FGF2 activates TRPC and Ca 2+ signaling leading to satellite cell activation

Satellite cells, as stem cells of adult skeletal muscle, are tightly associated with the differentiated muscle fibers and remain quiescent in the absence of muscle damage. In response to an injury, the quiescent satellite cell is activated by soluble factors, including FGFs released from injured myofibers. Using immunostaining, we here first show that TRPC1 channels are highly expressed in satellite cells attached to muscle fibers. Since CD34, a traditional stem cell marker, was recently found to be expressed in skeletal muscle satellite cells we labeled living satellite cells in their physiological niche associated with host FDB fibers using anti-CD34-FITC antibody. We then monitored intra-cellular calcium in anti-CD34-FITC labeled satellite cells attached to muscle fibers using the calcium sensitive dye X rhod-1 which has little fluorescence cross talk with FITC. FGF2 increased intracellular calcium in satellite cells, which was antagonized by the TRPC channel blocker SKF 96365. Immunostaining showed that NFATc3 is highly expressed in satellite cells, but not in host FDB fibers. Elevation of intracellular calcium by FGF2 is accompanied by nuclear translocation of NFATc3 and NFATc2 and by an increase in the number of MyoD positive cells per muscle fiber, both of which were attenuated by TRPC blocker SKF 96365. Our results suggest a novel pathway of satellite cell activation where FGF2 enhances calcium influx through a TRPC channel, and the increased cytosolic calcium leads to both NFATc3 and NFATc2 nuclear translocation and enhanced number of MyoD positive satellite cells per muscle fiber.
Wishing on a star

Nemesis: The Death-Star and Other Theories of Mass Extinction. By Donald Goldsmith. Walker, New York: 1985. Pp.166. 15.95.
Role of Innate Immunity in Neonatal Infection

Newborns are at increased risk of infection due to genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Herein we examine the roles of the neonatal innate immune system in host defense against bacterial and viral infections. Full-term newborns express a distinct innate immune system biased toward TH2-/TH17-polarizing and anti-inflammatory cytokine production with relative impairment in TH1-polarizing cytokine production that leaves them particularly vulnerable to infection with intracellular pathogens. In addition to these distinct features, preterm newborns also have fragile skin, impaired TH17-polarizing cytokine production, and deficient expression of complement and of antimicrobial proteins and peptides (APPs) that likely contribute to susceptibility to pyogenic bacteria. Ongoing research is identifying APPs, including bacterial/permeability-increasing protein and lactoferrin, as well as pattern recognition receptor agonists that may serve to enhance protective newborn and infant immune responses as stand-alone immune response modifiers or vaccine adjuvants.