cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep Neural Networks for Context-Dependent Deep Brain Stimulation

Closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a novel class of neuromodulation therapy in which stimulation is delivered on demand based on disease or activity state. Some applications of closed-loop DBS for essential tremor (ET) aim to trigger stimulation via detection of overt hand movement from implanted electrocorticographic (ECoG) sensing of motor cortex activity. In this study we examine ECoG activity recorded from three chronically implanted patients while performing a number of activities, and we investigate overt hand movement classification performance for standard beta band (12-30Hz) based spectral feature classifiers against a novel deep neural network (DNN) architecture with automated feature extraction. We find that the DNN architecture significantly outperforms beta band classifiers in overt hand movement detection in this limited cohort of patients, and that this classification performance generalizes to ambulatory activities as well. Finally, we motivate a discussion of context-dependent DBS applications and discuss possibilities for future closed-loop DBS with computationally intensive requirements.
PD-1 Expression On Total and CMV-Specific T Cells In Early Post Transplant Is Associated With Donor Source, T Cell Maturation Profile, and Effectiveness Of CMV Control

Abstract T cell inhibitory receptors upregulate in parallel with activating receptors to prevent overwhelming immune response. Excessive or persistent inhibitory receptor expression on T cells, however, has been associated with several pathologic states, including chronic viral infection and malignancy. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is among the most well studied inhibitory receptors, and PD-1 inhibition has resulted in regression of solid tumor malignancies and improved control of HIV infection. To examine the role of PD-1 in T cell function post allotransplant we examined PD-1 expression on total and CMV antigen specific T cells on samples collected from 43 patients between 55 and 85 days post cord blood transplant (CBT) (n=13),matched unrelated donor transplant (MURD) (n=12), matched related donor transplant (MRD) (n=18) and compared results to normal adult peripheral blood controls (PBMCs) (n=22), and cord blood controls (CB) (n=11). PD-1 expression was significantly upregulated (p We next assessed PD-1 expression on CMV specific CD8+ T cells from HLA A2 patients using a CMVpp65 peptide (NLVPMVATV) specific A2 tetramer. Among 15 CMV positive patients assessed between 55 and 85 days post-transplant, tetramer+, CD8+ T cells were detectable in 10 patients. In patients who effectively controlled CMV clinically, defined as no reactivation (n=12) or reactivation controlled within 1 week of preemptive therapy (n=2), tetramer+, CD8+ T cell populations consisted primarily of EM/EMTD cells (28.9-98.2% of cells, median 75%, n=8) and PD-1 expression was comparable, though modestly increased, compared to total CD8+ T cell populations. In 2 patients not controlling CMV, tetramer+, CD8+ T cells had a greater proportion of naive/CM phenotype (45.7-54.6% of cells, median 50%, n=2) and expressed markedly higher PD-1 levels than total CD8+T cells. To investigate the potential for PD-1 pathway blockade to enhance CMV responses, we performed stimulations with and without PD-L1 antibody blockade on 17 patient samples collected between 55 and 85 days post-transplant. Eleven patients demonstrated T cell proliferation in response to CMV. For nine of 11 patients, proliferative responses in CD4+ T cells were enhanced by PD-L1 antibody blockade and for eight of 11 patients proliferative responses in CD8+ T cells were enhanced by PD-L1 antibody blockade. Our observations suggest different patterns of T cell immune reconstitution depending on donor source. Similar patterns of immune reconstitution were demonstrated in the case of CMV specific responses. Our data suggests that PD-1 interactions might be manipulated to affect immune responses following transplantation. Further investigation of PD-1 and its interactions with other inhibitory receptors as well as the potential to manipulate PD-1 to enhance GVT and abrogate GVHD are ongoing. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Use of LiveCode in CS0

LiveCode allows people to easily create apps for Android, iOS, Mac OS X, and Windows. It uses a HyperCard stack metaphor for creating applications. The development interface allows students to easily drag controls from a palette and place them on cards. An open source version of LiveCode has recently become available and was used for this review. LiveCode has its own scripting language with a natural language syntax. The code is very compact. RunRev, a company responsible for most of the development of LiveCode, claims that the LiveCode scripting language is extremely easy for people without programming experience to learn. The use of LiveCode for instruction of mobile application development is compared with the use of Objective C/Xcode and Corona SDK. Primary focus of presentation is an initial assessment of the use of LiveCode in a CS0 course. LiveCode was used in this course because many students would like to write Apps for smartphones and tablets. This tool allows students to create apps that will run on both Android and iOS devices. Applications can be tested in a simulator before deploying to the student's mobile device.
Metagenomic insights into virus removal performance of an algal-based wastewater treatment system utilizing Galdieria sulphuraria

Abstract An algal wastewater treatment system capable of reducing dissolved organics, nutrients, and pathogenic bacteria to secondary discharge standards in a single step has been reported on previously. The current study evaluates pathogenic virus reduction in this algal wastewater treatment system and compares it with that in conventional wastewater treatment systems using culture- and nucleic acid-based quantitative methods and shotgun metagenomic sequencing technique. Log removal of somatic coliphages (3.13 ± 0.34), F-specific coliphages (1.23 ± 0.34), Enterovirus (1.05 ± 0.32), and Norovirus GI (1.49 ± 0.16) in the algal wastewater treatment system without any chlorination were comparable to those in the conventional wastewater treatment system with chlorination. While the virus community in the chlorinated effluent of the conventional system was diverse with ~250 species, only 14 discrete virus species were found in the unchlorinated effluent of the algal-based system, none of them pathogenic to humans. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the A-WWT system in delivering pathogenically-safe, high-quality effluent for disposal or beneficial reuse with minimal post-disinfectant demand.
Truth Is a Potato: A Journey into Tolstoy's Resurrection

The over-intellecualization of the questions of Truth and Justice only muddy the challenge of living correctly and alienate us from actual practicable answers, answers which have been here, Tolstoy argues, for millenia. Tolstoy, through the character of Prince Nekhlyudov in Resurrection, oppose simplicity and hard-scrabble peasant wisdom to the labyrinths and mountains of intellectualism and state-sanctioned correctness. This article explores Tolstoy's ideas regarding the nature and substance of Truth, pursing them through the author's biography as well as the experiences of the Prince. It concludes that, for any flaws in his reasoning, his beliefs still offer a viable solution to the complex and minute and numerous doubts which surround any debate in our modern, data-ridden world.
Otorhinolaryngology as “Made in Germany” since 1921: an international perspective

In 2021, the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head Neck Surgery celebrates the 100th anniversary of its foundation. The aim of this research is to present the main advances and innovations developed in Germany since 1921—as selected and studied from outside Germany, first in other languages and then in German, hence an international “Made in Germany”—that either directly or indirectly expanded or impacted the development of Otorhinolaryngology (ORL). This gives an unusual but extremely interesting perspective on the history of ORL in Germany. However, events that are too recent to have already entered into the history of ORL are not discussed, not least due to the often huge difficulties in actually identifying the main protagonists. In all, 11 landmarks regarded to be “Made in Germany” and which have had a major impact on the development of ORL since 1921 are presented. Some of these are well known, some not, but their importance must not be underestimated. They are presented here in chronological and specific sections: 1. Indisputable glasses to observe nystagmus; 2. Most monumental ORL encyclopedia ever published; 3. Histology of the inner ear is efficient; 4. Introduction of antibiotics to treat ORL infections; 5. Color atlas of ORL pathologies as support for teaching; 6. Tympanoplasty concept revolutionizes surgery of the ear; 7. Zeiss operating ear microscope broadens the surgical field; 8. Microlaryngoscopy suspension technique defines a new era in laryngeal surgery; 9. Septum resection becomes septum correction; 10. Karl Storz nasal endoscope opens up new surgical techniques; 11. The history of ORL must belong to ORL. This research demonstrates that Germany played a major role in and has had a profound impact on advances in ORL since 1921, a real otorhinolaryngological “Made in Germany.”
Cytidine deaminase can deaminate fused pyrimidine ribonucleosides

The tolerance of cytidine deaminase (CDA) to expanded heterocycles is explored via three fluorescent cytidine analogues, where the pyrimidine core is fused to three distinct five-membered heterocycles at the 5/6 positions. The reaction between CDA and each analogue is followed by absorption and emission spectroscopy, revealing shorter reaction times for all analogues than the native substrate. Pseudo-first order and Michaelis-Menten kinetic analyses provide insight into the enzymatic deamination reactions and assist in drawing comparison to established structure activity relationships. Finally, inhibitor screening modalities are created for each analogue and validated with zebularine and tetrahydrouridine, two known CDA inhibitors.
TCL-224: Not All Pancreatic Masses Are Pancreatic Adenocarcinomas

Introduction T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas (T-LBL) are both lymphoblastic neoplasms involving the blood and bone marrow, respectively. T-LBL typically present with lymphadenopathy and/or a mediastinal mass. We describe a case of T-LBL, which presented as a pancreatic malignancy. Case Report A 42-year-old man with no significant past medical history presented with jaundice of 10 days duration. Physical examination was unremarkable, while CT of the abdomen showed a pancreatic head mass 3.2 x 2.9 cm engulfing the superior mesenteric vein with retroperitoneal lymph node enlargement. Significant labs included total bilirubin 16.3 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 9.5 mg/dL, CA19-9 10 U/mL, LDH 161 units/L, and no cytopenia. He underwent an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA), along with ERCP with distal common bile duct stent placement. Initial pathology was indeterminate. Chest CT revealed a 7.8 x 5.1 cm lobulated heterogeneous anterior mediastinal mass involving the anterior and lateral pericardial surface, thus precluding biopsy due to high risk of vascular injury. Repeat EUS-guided FNA of the pancreatic mass revealed T-LBL. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed clonal T lymphocytes positive for CD3, CD4, and CD5, and T-cell rearrangement, while bone marrow biopsy revealed no lymphomatous involvement. After the diagnosis of stage IVA extramedullary T-LBL with CNS involvement, he received six cycles of Hyper-CVAD chemotherapy and intrathecal methotrexate. After achieving complete remission, he next underwent autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) with a conditioning regimen of total body irradiation and etoposide. At five years follow-up, the patient remained in remission but developed worsening cytopenia and a bone marrow biopsy revealed treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome (T-MDS) with monosomy 7. Subsequently, he underwent a haploidentical allogeneic stem cell transplant, with a follow-up bone marrow biopsy showing no evidence of MDS. Discussion The differential diagnoses of pancreatic masses include pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, neuroendocrine tumor, or lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is possibly the first case of extramedullary T-LBL presenting as a pancreatic mass. Risk-adaptive treatment strategy incorporating hyper-CVAD chemotherapy and early ASCT was effective in achieving long-term remission and is potentially an effective treatment strategy in T-LBL.
Graphene on nanoscale gratings for terahertz Smith-Purcell radiation

Generation of THz radiation based on the Smith-Purcell effect in graphene deposited on a periodic hole array is investigated numerically. Technologically significant output power levels at geometrically tunable THz frequencies are computed.
The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Insurance Coverage of Hearing Healthcare

Implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) impacts the profession of audiology beyond individual audiology practice patterns in the clinic. The legislation and further required implementation ...
Evolutionary cut and paste

A newly described 334-million-year-old fossil of an amphibian will give students of vertebrate evolution much to think about, for it has characters that were previously ascribed to three different types of early four-legged creature. Together with other examples, the fossil shows that during evolution new features seem to have been 'cut and pasted' on different groups at different times. Understanding such parallel evolution will require understanding the molecular and developmental basis by which such features arise.
Effect of Uristop on primary nocturnal enuresis. A prospective randomized double-blind study.

. Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is a very common problem in pediatric and child psychiatric practice. Many treatments have been tried, but none has proved entirely successful. Uristop®, a commercially available alarm device based on a theory somewhat different from those used in the common alarm devices, was tried in a prospective randomized double-blind study. Of 134 enuretic children who were examined on an out-patient ward, 53 were selected for inclusion in this study on the basis of certain criteria. The children were randomized either in a treatment group with a functioning device, or in a control group with a nonfunctioning device. They used their devices for 6 weeks and were followed for an additional 12 weeks. The sex, age, history of previous urinary tract infection (UTI) or treatment of PNE and a family history of PNE were compared between the groups and no statistical differences were found. In the control group, however, there was significantly more often a history of upsetting life events and previous child psychiatric contact. This difference was not considered as having any effect on the results. The results showed that the device had no effect on the study group as compared with the control group. However, both groups improved significantly as compared with the expected sponaneous cessation of bedwetting.
Composite-particle form factor in (φ 3 ) 6 theory

The asymptotic behavior of the scalar form factor at large momentum transfer $Q$ in asymptotically free ${({\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{3})}_{6}$ theory is studied. The leading logarithms of the form factor are calculated. The sum of all the logarithms is proved to be a sum of exponentials. The asymptotic behavior of this process is not directly controlled by the renormalization group.
Anti-inflammatory action of dapsone: inhibition of neutrophil adherence is associated with inhibition of chemoattractant-induced signal transduction

Dapsone has clinical utility as an anti-inflammatory agent but the mechanism of this action remains unknown. We have previously reported that dapsone inhibits beta2 integrin (CD11b/CD18)-mediated adherence of human neutrophils in vitro and now describe studies designed to discover how dapsone-mediated inhibition of this neutrophil function occurs. Results indicate that dapsone interferes with the activation or function of the G-protein (Gi type) that initiates the signal transduction cascade common to chemotactic stimuli. They also show that dapsone-mediated suppression of this pathway inhibits the generation of second messengers essential to the activation of beta2 integrin molecules, as well as respiratory and secretory functions of neutrophils exposed to chemoattractants. We propose that the inhibition of chemoattractant-induced signal transduction by dapsone suppresses neutrophil recruitment and local production of toxic respiratory and secretory products in the affected skin of dermatitis herpetiformis and other neutrophilic dermatoses.
The Role of Smoking in Breast Cancer Development: An Analysis of a Mayo Clinic Cohort

The purpose of this study was to assess the predictive value of smoking history on breast cancer diagnosis in a referral clinic population. We conducted a case-control study using clinical data collected on 8,097 female patients (1,225 breast cancer cases and 6,872 controls) seen in the Mayo Clinic Breast Clinic between August 1, 1993 and November 31, 2003. Breast cancer patients and noncancer patients significantly differed with respect to age at time of the index visit (p < 0.001), number of pregnancies (p = 0.006), number of live births (p = 0.002), vital status at last known follow-up (p < 0.001), current menstruation (p < 0.001), age at menopause (p < 0.001), history of hysterectomy (p < 0.001), use of oral contraception (p = 0.05), duration of oral contraception use (p = 0.001), use of other exogenous hormones (p < 0.001), duration of exogenous hormone use (p = 0.05), breast pain at time of index visit (p = 0.002), smoking status (p < 0.001), and use of five or more alcoholic beverages per week (p = 0.002). After adjustment for these baseline characteristics, having a personal history of smoking was found to be predictive of breast cancer diagnosis (odds ratios [OR] = 1.25, p = 0.004). Other positive predictors for breast cancer diagnosis were: age (OR = 1.02, p < 0.001), history of hysterectomy (OR = 0.66, p < 0.001), prior use of oral contraception for more than 11 years (OR = 2.10, p < 0.001), and prior use of other exogenous hormones/estrogen (OR = 1.81, p < 0.001). In this referral practice having a personal history of smoking is predictive of breast cancer diagnosis. Further studies are needed to further explore this relationship.
Compaction of wyodak coal, powder river basin, wyoming, U.S.A.

Abstract Precise measurements of 54 deformed tree trunks within the subbituminous Wyodak coal seem in northeastern Wyoming were made at eight locations in surface mines along the outcrop north and south of Gillette. Theory of elasticity applied to the individual measurements gives ratios of peat thickness to coal thickness which range from 1.7:1 to 31:1 and average 7.1:1. This result is similar to those previously determined by other methods in other locations. Statistical analysis establishes to a high degree of confidence, however, that the ratios for each mine site vary widely and cannot be considered to be constant or to vary uniformly within the study area.
Limitations of the Individualistic Response to Inequality: An Examination of Title VII

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act is viewed in this paper as a response to inequality which places the burden for change on the individual. It is argued that this individualistic approach to change is limited in scope. By examining characteristics of the suits filed under Title VII, it is shown that the current system of stratification is not seriously threatened by laws such as Title VII, particularly when narrowly interpreted.
Effects of pictorial instruction on paired-associate recall in first-graders

Twenty male and 20 female first-graders were trained in a paired-associate (PA) learning task to test the hypothesis that instructions to generate interactive mental images of word referents and interactive imagery training administered prior to PA learning facilitate cued recall. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of the following five conditions: (1) separative imagery instructions with prior picture training; (2) interactive imagery instructions with picture training; (3) separative imagery instructions with no prior training; (4) interactive imagery instructions with no prior training; and, (5) a control rote-repetition group. Results of a 2 (pretraining condition) x 2 (imagery instructions) analysis of variance on number of trials to criterion indicated that instructing first-graders to generate interacting images and providing them with interactive pictures prior to PA training facilitated cued recall relative to subjects instructed to generate separate images, subjects not provided with pictures prior to training, and subjects instructed to learn word pairs in a rote manner. It was concluded that imagery instructions facilitate PA recall in first-graders only when such instructions are made highly explicit.
Synaptic activation of slow depolarization in rat supraoptic nucleus neurones in vitro.

1. The effects of synaptic activation on rat supraoptic nucleus (s.o.n.) neurones were studied in the hypothalamic slice preparation. Intracellular recordings were obtained from forty-one probable magnocellular neuroendocrine cells using microelectrodes filled with 3 M-potassium acetate. Responses to single and repetitive stimulation of the area dorsolateral to the s.o.n., which would be expected to activate a cholinergic pathway (Hatton, Ho & Mason, 1983), were analysed. 2. In forty of forty-one cells, responses to single stimuli consisted of a short-latency excitatory post-synaptic potential (e.p.s.p.), which was often followed by a brief burst of fast depolarizing events which resembled spontaneous e.p.s.p.s. When the membrane was depolarized, single stimuli could consistently produce a burst of action potentials. 3. Brief trains of orthodromic stimuli produced three effects in most cells. Spontaneous fast depolarizing events, which appeared to be primarily e.p.s.p.s. significantly increased in frequency after the train. A slow membrane depolarization, which lasted up to 1-2 min, was observed in twenty-eight of forty-one cells. In several cells the slow depolarization was accompanied by an increase in input resistance (Ri). In some cells an after-discharge occurred during the slow depolarization. Slow depolarizations were observed in each of eleven phasic neurones, and in a smaller percentage of non-phasic and silent cells. 4. All components of the response to dorsolateral stimulation could be reduced or blocked in low-Ca2+, high-Mg2+ bathing medium. 5. Slow depolarizations were observed when action potentials were not elicited by the stimulus train. The slow depolarization was still present after manipulations that blocked discharge during the stimulus train, including injection of hyperpolarizing current and diffusion of the quaternary ammonium compound QX314. These data argue that the slow depolarization can occur independent of spike depolarizing after-potentials (d.a.p.s). 6. In some cells antidromic stimulation at an intensity just suprathreshold for the recorded cell did not produce comparable bursts of fast depolarizing events or slow depolarizations; similar periods of depolarizing current injection, which produced repetitive discharge, also did not mimic the effects of orthodromic stimulation. 7. The fast depolarizing events appear to reflect spontaneous e.p.s.p.s; increases in the frequency of these events may reflect the after-discharge of nearby neurones that are presynaptic to the recorded neurone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Racial and gender discrimination: Risk factors for high blood pressure?

Despite controversy as to the biologic and/or social meaning of 'race' and 'sex', few public health studies have directly examined the impact of racial or gender discrimination on health. One plausible condition they might affect is hypertension, since stress and internalized anger may constitute important risk factors for this disease. The present investigation therefore sought to determine the feasibility of asking questions pertaining to race- and gender-biased treatment plus response to unfair treatment, and to assess their predictive value regarding self-reported high blood pressure. Using random-digit dialing, 51 black and 50 white women, ages 20-80, who resided in Alameda County, CA in 1987, were identified and interviewed by phone. Among black respondents, those who stated they usually accepted and kept quiet about unfair treatment were 4.4 times more likely to report hypertension than women who said they took action and talked to others (P = 0.01 for linear trend); no clear association existed among white respondents. The age-adjusted risk of high blood pressure among black respondents who recounted experiencing zero instances of race- and gender-biased treatment was 2.6 times greater than that of black women who reported one or more such instances (95% CI = 0.7, 10.5). Among white respondents, gender discrimination was not associated with hypertension. These results suggest that an internalized response to unfair treatment, plus non-reporting of race and gender discrimination, may constitute risk factors for high blood pressure among black women. They also bolster the view that subjective appraisal of stressors may be inversely associated with risk of hypertension.
Improved low-complexity low-density parity-check decoding

A practical low-complexity decoding of low-density parity-check codes is studied. A fast decoding scheme for weighted bit-flipping (WBF) based algorithms is first proposed. Then, an optimised 2 bit decoding scheme and its VLSI architecture are presented. It is shown that the new approach has significantly better decoding performance while having comparable hardware complexity compared with WBF-based algorithms.
PHY foundation for multi-factor ZigBee node authentication

The ZigBee specification builds upon IEEE 802.15.4 low-rate wireless personal area standards by adding security and mesh networking functionality. ZigBee networks may be secured through 128-bit encryption keys and by MAC address access control lists, yet these credentials are vulnerable to interception and spoofing via free software tools available over the Internet. This work proposes a multi-factor PHY-MAC-NWK security framework for ZigBee that augments bit-level security using radio frequency (RF) PHY features. These features, or RF fingerprints, can be used to differentiate between dissimilar or like-model wireless devices. Previous PHY-based works on mesh network device differentiation predominantly exploited the signal turn-on region, measured in nanoseconds. For an arbitrary benchmark of 90% or better classification accuracy, this work shows that reliable PHY-based ZigBee device discrimination can be achieved at SNR ≥ 8 dB. This is done using the entire transmission preamble, which is less technically challenging to detect and is over 1000 times longer than the signal turn-on region. This work also introduces a statistical, pre-classification feature ranking technique for identifying relevant features that dramatically reduces the number of RF fingerprint features without sacrificing classification performance.
On Three-Dimensional State of Thermal Stresses in a Transversely Isotropic Plate with a Circular Hole

Abstract The paper presents a closed form solution of the three-dimensional stress problem for an infinite transversely isotropic plate with a circular hole subjected to a uniform temperature. The solution satisfies equations of the theory of thermoelasticity. The traction-free conditions on the boundary of the hole are satisfied at a number of cross sections z = const. This number can be chosen as large as necessary to achieve a required accuracy of the solution. It is illustrated in numerical examples, that a three-dimensional state of stresses is dominant within a narrow ring around the hole boundary. The width of this ring is approximately equal to the thickness of the plate.
Calculating response to arbitrary input

ABROAD UNDERSTANDING of the dynamic aspects of feedback control requires an appreciation of the factors affecting the response to a general or arbitrary input. The important characteristics of the response to an input can be readily determined if the important characteristics of a small set of transient responses are given. Thus, a few transient-response parameters are sufficient to specify in a practical sense the general time response of any linear system. A knowledge of the manner in which these parameters relate to the general time response is very helpful for analyzing the dynamic system requirements for particular applications, because it shows what characteristics of a specific input are the cause of dynamic error and what the requirements on the transient response are for keeping this error within allowable bounds.
Combined percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for struvite staghorn calculi

A group of patients with struvite staghorn calculi were treated by combining percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy (PUL) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Stone free rates at a mean follow-up of six months were only 23%. Far superior results have been achieved with PUL above. The primary treatment of struvite staghorn should be with PUL. Shock wave lithotripsy should be reserved for fragments difficult or dangerous to access.
Electronic transition moment for the B(2)II-X(2)II system of NO

The upsilon' = 0-3 and 7 vibrational levels of the NO B(2)II state have been selectively excited by laser radiation. The fluorescence spectra together with calculated Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids have been used to evaluate the electronic transition moment. The results for upsilon' = 0-3 are in very good agreement with recent chemiluminescence measurements and ab initio calculations. Furthermore, the data from upsilon' = 7 have been used to extend the empirically determined moment to limits 1.23 and 1.78 A, improving agreement with experimentally determined lifetimes.
ARID‐LAND FORAGING AS SEEN FROM AUSTRALIA: ADAPTIVE MODELS AND BEHAVIORAL REALITIES

This paper reviews assumptions guiding earlier models of social and economic behavior among arid land hunter-gatherers, especially those models that argued for the ‘original affluent society’ and concepts requiring groups of fixed size and composition operating within stable, bounded territories. A close look at socioeconomic behavior among ethnographic Ngatatjara Aborigines of the Western Desert challenges these assumptions and introduces an adaptive model based on ‘strategy switching’. In order to minimize risks imposed by droughts, the Ngatatjara responded in their movements and group composition by means of two alternative strategies: drought escape and drought evasion. Drought escape involved temporary abandonment of entire areas by individual households or by individuals to distant, better-favored areas. Drought evasion involved retreat by small family groups into areas within their ‘home’ country where relatively dependable water resources were available. Drought escape and drought evasion strategies are briefly considered as factors in early plant domestication in the context of prehistoric arid-land foraging societies in places like the Tehuacan Valley on the Mexican Plateau.
The Impossibility and Necessity of Re-Inquiry: Finding Middle Ground in Social Science

On the face of it, the idea of formal re-inquiry has clear roots in positivism, in the idea that social science is a progressive enterprise of rejecting falsehood and building truth. Either qualitative or quantitative methodology can be part of the positivist project. Taking a position of pluralism in the militant middle, I argue that both positivism and humanism have a great deal to offer consumer research and that re-inquiries have a central place within both philosophical positions.
Prodromata in Acute Myocardial Infarction

One hundred patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction were interviewed from a structured questionnaire to evaluate the incidence and significance of prodromal symptoms. Prodromata occurred in 65% of the subjects; this is the highest incidence ever recorded. Chest pain was the most common symptom. Characteristically it was recurrent and progressive. Patients with prodromata in contrast to those without warning are more likely to have an anterior or anterolateral infarction and the damage is more likely to be nontransmural than transmural. Prodromata have a striking relationship to pre-existing angina. Patients with angina rarely are hospitalized for acute infarction without warning. Emotional stress was not correlated with the definitive attack of cardiac infarction but was associated with the development of prodromata in some patients. These observations suggest that acute myocardial infarction is usually the culmination of a dynamic pre-coronary process.
Prosthetic Replacement of the Ocular Surface Ecosystem (PROSE) scleral lens for Salzmann's nodular degeneration.

Purpose To evaluate the use of Prosthetic Replacement of the Ocular Surface Ecosystem (PROSE) scleral lens treatment as an alternative to keratectomy in patients with symptomatic Salzmann’s nodular degeneration (SND).
Edlich drive: a metaphor for the Edlich tradition.

Abstract Richard F. Edlich, md , the Raymond F. Morgan Professor of Plastic Surgery and Professor of Biomedical Engineering, has been honored with the naming of a new road at North Fork Business Park: Edlich Drive. North Fork Business Park is a high-technology center for biomedical research, and the designation of this new road celebrates Dr. Edlich's instrumental role in the formation of a successful partnership between the University of Virginia and private industry. This partnership provides a mechanism to move technology from the laboratory to the marketplace and, ultimately, to the patient's bedside. Dr. Edlich's unparalleled contributions to his community include the establishment of the Emergency Department at the University of Virginia, the implementation of a regional emergency medical system, and the development of the Pegasus Emergency Flight Operations. Other accomplishments include the founding of the Ira DeCamp Regional Burn Center and the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine. “Drive” aptly characterizes Dr. Edlich's unfailing commitment to his many roles as physician, research scientist, community leader, and mentor for medical students and residents.
Bayesian Areal Interpolation, Estimation, and Smoothing: An Inferential Approach for Geographic Information Systems:

Geographic information systems (GISs) offer a powerful tool to geographers, foresters, statisticians, public health officials, and other users of spatially referenced regional data sets. However, as useful as they are for data display and trend detection, they typically feature little ability for statistical inference, leaving the user in doubt as to the significance of the various patterns and ‘hot spots’ identified. Unfortunately, classical statistical methods are often ill suited for this complex inferential task, dealing as it does with data which are multivariate, multilevel, misaligned, and often nonrandomly missing. In this paper we describe a Bayesian approach to this inference problem which simultaneously allows interpolation of missing values, estimation of the effect of relevant covariates, and spatial smoothing of underlying causal patterns. Implemented via Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) computational methods, the approach automatically produces both point and interval estimates which account...
Caloric Restriction Increases Longevity Substantially only When the Reaction Norm is Steep

Evolutionary theory leads to the general expectation that dietary restriction will often result in increased survival probabilities, and thus increased lifespan. The reaction norm is a basic tool of evolutionary analysis that quantifies the relationship between environmental parameters and functional characters, including reproduction and longevity. In rodents, the reaction norm connecting adult longevity to caloric intake is fairly steep; small changes in intake lead to large changes in longevity. If this strong quantitative relationship were evolutionarily conserved among all mammals, then the prospects for a substantial increase in human lifespan from caloric restriction would be very good. In theory, however, reaction norms are expected to evolve for fitness related characters such as reproduction and survival. It has been shown experimentally in Drosophila that dietary reaction norms readily evolve in the laboratory, suggesting that they can do so among mammals as well, particularly over the millions of years since contemporary rodents and primates last shared a common ancestor. Our previous work crudely estimates that the dietary reaction norms of rodents and humans have diverged substantially, with a very flat dietary reaction norm for human longevity. These general principles and our specific results suggest that the benefits from human caloric restriction would be minor.
Visualization of repair of double-strand breaks in the bacteriophage T7 genome without normal DNA replication.

An in vitro system based on extracts of Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T7 is able to repair double-strand breaks in a T7 genome with efficiencies of 20% or more. To achieve this high repair efficiency it is necessary that the reaction mixtures contain molecules of donor DNA that bracket the double-strand break. Gaps as long as 1,600 nucleotides are repaired almost as efficiently as simple double-strand breaks. DNA synthesis was measured while repair was taking place. It was found that the amount of DNA synthesis associated with repair of a double-strand break was below the level of detection possible with this system. Furthermore, repair efficiencies were the same with or without normal levels of T7 DNA polymerase. However, the repair required the 5′→3′ exonuclease encoded by T7 gene 6. The high efficiency of DNA repair allowed visualization of the repaired product after in vitro repair, thereby assuring that the repair took place in vitro rather than during an in vivo growth step after packaging.
nmr and infrared spectroscopic investigations of the Al(III), Ga(III), and Be(II) complexes of ATP

The interaction of Al(III) with ATP has been examined by 31P and 1H nmr and infrared spectroscopy. At pH 6.2, Al(III) forms a long-lived complex with ATP, in which chemical exchange between free and complexed ATP is slow on the nmr time scale. Infrared spectra of the Al(III)-ATP complex exhibit large perturbations in the band corresponding to the -PO32− antisymmetric stretching mode. At higher pH values, equilibria involving Al(III) and OH− become favored with the result that Al(III) no longer influences the spectroscopic properties of ATP. Similar spectroscopic results are obtained for the Ga(III) and Be(II) complexes of ATP.
Parent management training for reducing oppositional and aggressive behavior in preschoolers

This article provides an overview of parent management training (PMT) for preschool-age children with aggressive and oppositional behaviors. Assessment strategies and basic concepts of PMT are provided. Theoretical underpinnings and research outcomes are highlighted for some variations of PMT programs that have strong empirical support. These programs include Helping the Noncompliant Child, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, Incredible Years Training Series, Triple P-Positive Parenting Program, and Oregon Early Intervention Foster Care.
General fidelity limit for quantum channels

We derive a general limit on the fidelity of a quantum channel conveying an ensemble of pure states. Unlike previous results, this limit applies to arbitrary coding and decoding schemes. This establishes in full generality the quantum noiseless coding theorem, formerly obtained only for the special case of unitary decoding schemes. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Co-C force constants from resonance Raman spectra of alkylcobalamins: insensitivity to dimethylbenzylimidazole coordination

The Co-C stretching vibration has been identified in resonance Raman spectra of alkyl-cobalamins, via isotope substitution, permitting estimation of the Co-C force constants, f = 1.85, 1.77 and 1.50 mdyn A−1 for methyl-, ethyl- and deoxyadenosyl-cobalamin, respectively (νCo-C = 506, 471 and 442/429 cm−1). These values scale with the reported bond dissociation energies, and support the view that the Co-C bond weakens with increasing bulk of the alkyl group due to steric interaction with the corrin ring. However, the force constants are unaffected by dissociation of the dimethylbenzimidazole ligand at low pH, even though the bond dissociation energy rises significantly upon DMB dissociation in AdoCbl. This increase must therefore reflect destabilization of the CoII product, rather than Co-C bond strengthening in the AdoCbl ground state. The insensitivity of the force constants to dimethylbenzimidazole dissociation implies that the steric effect of DMB coordination is not transmitted to the Co-C bond by the corrin ring. Consistent with this interpretation, the RR frequencies of the corrin ring modes are minimally perturbed by DMB dissociation, supporting earlier NMR results that indicated little change in the corrin conformation.
Monolayer platinum supported on tungsten carbides as low-cost electrocatalysts: opportunities and limitations

The high cost and limited supply of platinum (Pt) represent barriers to large-scale commercial applications of several electrochemical devices that utilize Pt as electrocatalysts. In this Perspective we discuss opportunities to replace all but the top atomic layer, or monolayer (ML), of Pt with low-cost, “Pt-like” tungsten carbide (WC). These ML Pt-WC catalysts represent the lower limit of Pt loading, allowing for a significant decrease in Pt costs in devices such as fuel cells and electrolyzers. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental measurements indicate that the ML Pt-WC surface exhibits chemical and electronic properties that are very similar to bulk Pt for simple reactions such as the hydrogen evolution reaction, although deviation in behavior is observed for more complex reactions such as the electrooxidation of methanol. In order to further improve the performance of ML Pt-WC electrocatalysts and transfer knowledge gained from thin films to high surface area catalysts, a better understanding of the electronic, electrochemical, and catalytic properties of ML Pt-WC is needed. This Perspective provides an overview of these promising ML Pt-WC electrocatalysts and discusses approaches to overcoming limitations based on a better understanding of the Pt-WC interface and its behavior in electrochemical environments.
A limited number of Y chromosome lineages is present in North American Holsteins

Holsteins are the most numerous dairy cattle breed in North America and the breed has undergone intensive selection for improving milk production and conformation. Theoretically, this intensive selection could lead to a reduction of the effective population size and reduced genetic diversity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effective population size of the Holstein Y chromosome and the effects of limited Y chromosome lineages on male reproduction and the future of the breed. Paternal pedigree information of 62,897 Holstein bulls born between 1950 and 2013 in North America and 220,872 bulls evaluated by multiple-trait across-country genetic evaluations of Interbull (Uppsala, Sweden) were collected and analyzed. The results indicated that the number of Y chromosome lineages in Holsteins has undergone a dramatic decrease during the past 50 years because of artificial selection and the application of artificial insemination (AI) technology. All current Holstein AI bulls in North America are the descendants of only 2 ancestors (Hulleman and Neptune H) born in 1880. These 2 ancestral Y-lineages are continued through 3 dominant pedigrees from the 1960s; namely, Pawnee Farm Arlinda Chief, Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation, and Penstate Ivanhoe Star, with a contribution of 48.78, 51.06, and 0.16% to the Holstein bull population in the 2010s, respectively. The Y-lineage of Penstate Ivanhoe Star is almost eliminated from the breed. The genetic variations in the 2 ancestral Y-lineages were evaluated among 257 bulls by determining the copy number variations (CNV) of 3 Y-linked gene families: PRAMEY, HSFY, and ZNF280BY, which are spread along the majority (95%) of the bovine Y chromosome male-specific region (MSY). No significant difference was found between the 2 ancestral Y-lineages, although large CNV were observed within each lineage. This study suggests minimal genetic diversity on the Y chromosome in Holsteins and provides a starting point for investigating the effect of the extremely limited number of Y-lineages on male reproduction and other traits important for the future of the Holstein breed.
Quantified registration error versus the accuracy of registered surfaces for a multimodality surface-based registration system

In this paper we quantitatively evaluate the amount of residual registration error for different settings of an internal parameter of our surface-based multimodality registration system. The investigated parameter controls the accuracy in representing one of the surfaces to be registered. Computational complexity of our registration system is also directly related to the surface representation accuracy for a given data set. We measured registration error using a previously developed reference data set, which accurately determines registration error at many locations throughout the brain. We found a smaller registration error when the registered surface was represented more accurately. The difference in error was not as large as anticipated, suggesting that less accurate representations can be used by our system.
Measurement of the g-factor of the 204 keV level of 95Mo

Abstract The g factor of the 204 keV level in 95Mo has been measured by the rotation of the angular correlation pattern in an external magnetic field. The result obtained is g = −0.36±0.04. The result is compared to the predictions of different models.
What this construction needs is generalized.

What is the nature of the knowledge that readers acquire as they learn to comprehend a novel construction in their native language? This question was explored in two experiments that examined the extent to which readers who learn a new construction are able to extend it to sentence contexts other than the one in which it initially appeared. Readers were trained on the needs construction (“The meal needs cooked given that dinner is in an hour”) and then were presented with examples of the construction in a different sentential context (“John thinks that what the meal needs is cooked given that dinner is in an hour”). The results show that readers have little difficulty comprehending the needs construction in the new context, even when the construction is used with a different verb. These findings are discussed with respect to theories of structural priming and sentence processing.