cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ITER CS Quench Detection System and Its Qualification by Numerical Modeling

The ITER Central Solenoid (CS) magnet needs to be protected against overheating of the conductor in the event of the occurrence of a normal zone (NZ). Due to a large amount of stored energy and slow NZ propagation, the NZ needs to be detected and the switchyard needs to open the breakers within 2 s after detection of the NZ. The CS will be discharged on a dump resistor with a time constant of 7.5 s. During operation of the CS and its interaction with the poloidal field (PF) coils and plasma current, the CS experiences large inductive voltages from multiple sources, including nonlinear signals from eddy currents in the vacuum vessel and plasma current variation, that makes the task of detecting the resistive signal even more difficult. This inductive voltage needs to be cancelled by quench detection (QD) hardware (e.g., bridges, converters, filters, processors) and appropriate processing of the QD signals to reliably detect NZ initiation and propagation. Two redundant schemes are proposed as the baseline for the CS QD System: 1) A scheme with Regular Voltage Taps (RVT) from triads of Double Pancakes (DP) supplemented by Central Difference Averaging (CDA) and by digital suppression of the inductive voltage from all active coils (the CS and PF coils). Voltage taps are taken from helium outlets at the CS outer diameter. 2) A scheme with Cowound Voltage Taps (CVTs) taken from cowound wires routed from the helium inlet at the CS inner diameter. Summary of results of the numerical modeling of the performance of both baseline CS QD systems is presented in this paper.
Effect of yttrium on the oxidation behavior of cast Ni-30Cr alloy

Abstract Cast Ni-30Cr and Ni-30Cr-0.5Y alloys were oxidized at 1000°C in pure O2 for various times, then were either furnace cooled to room temperature, or thermally cycled between 1000°C and different lower temperatures. The isothermal oxidation rate of the Ni-30Cr alloy was reduced by about a factor of 3.6 by the addition of 0.5% Y. Acoustic emission signals, which are generated by scale fracture events, were collected during isothermal oxidation, during continuous furnace cooling and during thermal cycling. These data showed, as others have shown, that the scale formed on Ni-30Cr-0.5Y was significantly more resistant to fracture than that on Ni-30Cr. This advantage of the Y-containing alloy was evident for comparisons based on equal oxidation times, and more importantly, at equal scale thicknesses. SEM and EDAX analyses show that continuous Cr2O3 scales were formed on both Y-bearing and Y-free alloys after a short time of oxidation (2 h), but after a longer period of oxidation and thermal cycling, a NiO or NiCr2O4 outer layer was found. This outer scale created a new interface with the Cr2O3 scale where thermal stresses will be generated during cooling due to the thermal expansion difference between Cr2O3 and NiO or NiCr2O4. Spallation at the inner scale/outer scale interface, as well as at the metal/scale interface, was observed. X-ray measurements of scale strains at equal scale thicknesses showed that the growth strains (at the end of the isothermal oxidation period) were larger on the Y-containing alloy, and that this alloy also sustained larger residual strains upon cooling to room temperature. Using a model based on elastic strain energy, estimates of the surface energy for scale fracture (a measure of scale adhesion) were significantly higher for the Y-containing alloy at equal scale thicknesses. Both the AE and the strain measurements are consistent with the proposal that Y improves the inherent strength of the metal/scale interface. The smaller rate of scale cracking for Y-containing alloys, combined with their slower scale growth rate, offers the further benefit of delaying the onset of NiO or NiCr2O4 overgrowth layers, which themselves may degrade the integrity of the scale.
Divided Nations and Reunification Strategies

Contemporary international trends and recent research based upon international integration theo ry suggest a tacit reunification strategy for divided nations. This theory emphasizes the creation of international and domestic background conditions conducive to collaboration and does not recom mend explicit reunification terms. International con ditions favorable to collaboration are ones which reduce ties to cold war patrons and permit more flexible foreign policies. The proliferation of nu clear weapons, polycentric tendencies within alli ance blocs, detente relationships across blocs, and the low profile direction of US foreign policy are international trends that may permit such flexi bility for the divided nations of Germany and Korea.Integration theory postulates that pairs of na tions with similar levels of social, economic, and administrative development are more likely to collaborate, despite different political and cultural values. If one half of a divided nation tacitly matches the development pa...
Diversification of almonds, peaches, plums and cherries molecular systematics and biogeographic history of Prunus (Rosaceae)

Abstract Most previous molecular phylogenetic studies of Prunus have been conducted primarily with crop species and their close relatives. As the center of crop diversity of the genus is in Eurasia, the geographic origin of Prunus has inevitably been inferred to be Eurasia as well. The lesser-known tropical Prunus species have not been well represented in previous phylogenetic reconstructions; therefore, their effects on inferences about the phylogenetic structure and geographic origin of Prunus are uncertain. In this study, we examined the phylogeny of Prunus , including an expanded sampling of species from tropical regions in Southeast Asia and the Americas, using sequences from four plastid markers and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. A penalized likelihood method was used to estimate the absolute age of Prunus and the timing of infrageneric cladogenic events. The geographic origin of Prunus and ancestral sites of cladogenesis were inferred using the Bayes-DIVA approach. Our results indicate that the modern genus appeared ∼61 Myr in eastern Asia and that diversification of all major lineages may have been triggered by the global warming period of the early Eocene. In addition, our molecular dating estimates suggest that the crown clade that includes the temperate deciduous crop species is older than the one that includes the tropical evergreen species, while incongruence between plastid and nuclear phylogenies suggests that the latter lineage originated via an ancient hybridization event. The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of the temperate crop species was a component of the continuous boreotropical forests of the Northern Hemisphere, while the MRCA of the tropical species represented the last remains of the boreotropical elements and subsequently radiated throughout the Old and New World tropics from refugial areas at lower latitudes. Complex biogeographic histories leading to the present global distribution of the genus were driven by several geologic events, climatic oscillations, and independent dispersals across continents via the Bering and the North Atlantic Land Bridges during different geologic time periods.
Retrograde Machine Perfusion for Long-Term Preservation of Canine Hearts

Purpose Most machine perfusion preservation strategies utilize antegrade delivery of perfusate or blood through the ascending aorta but this technique is potentially limited by aortic valve incompetence. We hypothesize that retrograde machine perfusion preservation through the coronary sinus avoids this issue and allows for recovery of donor hearts after long-term storage. Methods and Materials Canine hearts were procured after cardioplegic arrest with 1 liter University of Wisconsin Machine Perfusion Solution (UWMPS) and preserved for 12 hours in UWMPS by either conventional static storage (Static group, n=4) at 0-4oC or retrograde machine perfusion through the coronary sinus (RP group, n=4) at 5oC. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ) and lactate accumulation were monitored in perfused hearts. Donor hearts were implanted into recipient animals and reperfused for six hours. The preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW) was determined hourly. Total CK was measured at the end of each experiment. Results RP hearts maintained stable MVO 2 over the 12 hour preservation interval. Lactate accumulation was low in RP hearts. All RP hearts separated from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). All static storage hearts either did not separate from CPB or required a return to CPB by the end of the six hour reperfusion interval (p Conclusions Retrograde machine perfusion can preserve donor hearts for long intervals. Cardiac function after implantation was not different from baseline function suggesting excellent myocardial protection. A retrograde machine perfusion strategy appears promising for safely extending the donor ischemic interval and improving results of heart transplantation. GroupTotal Ischemic Time (min)PRSW (mm Hg)CK (IU/mL)Static836±1017±1121439±5798Retrograde Perfusion840±1759±6*9123±716Data are mean±SEM; *-p
Subduction of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma

Abstract Subduction of the Indian lithosphere under Eurasia plays an important role in the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan plateau and surrounding regions. To improve our knowledge of pertinent mantle structures through tomographic imaging we combine P-wave arrival time data from temporary arrays in Tibet and stations of the Chinese Seismograph Network with reprocessed data from the International Seismological Centre. The new images reveal considerable spatial variations in mantle structure along the collision zone, and the horizontal distance over which presumed (continental) Indian lithosphere slides northward beneath the plateau decreases from west (where it underlies the Himalayas and the entire plateau) to east (where no indication is found for present-day underthrusting beyond the Himalayan Block and Indus–Tsangpo suture). P-wavespeed appears low in the shallow mantle beneath much of central and eastern Tibet. These observations suggest that Indian lithosphere underlies only the southwestern part of the plateau and that the central and northeastern part is underlain by lithosphere of Asian origin. The (continental) parts of the Indian plate that currently underthrust or subduct below the plateau appear generally detached from the (oceanic) slab fragments that subducted longer ago and that have been detected deeper in the mantle, except perhaps in the central part of the collision zone (80–90°E). This suggests that ongoing India–Eurasia collision must increasingly be driven by other forces, such as subduction of the Indian plate further west and east (e.g. beneath Indochina). Our images reveal structures associated with eastward subduction along the Burmese arc southeast of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The Tengchong volcanic complex in southwest China is marked by slow wave propagation to ~ 150 km depth, suggesting a causal link to subduction along the Burmese arc; the low velocities beneath the Red River fault region extend to greater depth and may be related to upper mantle processes further southeast.
Mechanical Alignment of Prolate Cosmic-Dust Grains: Cross Section Alignment

This paper deals with the quantitative analysis of a recently introduced mechanism of mechanical alignment of suprathermally rotating cosmic-dust grains. These grains, whose rapid rotation is mostly due to H2 formation, are insensitive to stochastic torques arising from gas-grain collisions and can be aligned either by gaseous torques during short periods of crossovers or by the so-called cross section mechanism, arising from the variations in the rate at which atoms arrive at the grain surface. In our previous publication, it was shown that the cross section mechanism is efficient for oblate grains. In the present paper, we address alignment of prolate spheroidal dust grains, derive expressions for the measure of alignment for such grains, and study how this measure depends on the angle between the interstellar magnetic field and the gaseous flow, and on the grain eccentricity. Our comparison of the present results with those obtained in our earlier study shows that the efficiency of cross section alignment for oblate grains is approximately an order of magnitude higher than for prolate grains.
Stability and Change in Parental Attachment and Adjustment Outcomes During the First Semester Transition to College Life

This study examined the relationship between parental attachment, changes in parental attachment, and psychological functioning and adjustment for college freshmen. Twice during the first semester, 271 freshmen completed self-report measures of parental attachment, psychological distress, self-competence, and college adjustment. Higher attachment security was associated with more positive outcomes for both men and women. Although individual differences in parental attachment remained consistent across the first semester, attachment security decreased for male students who lived at home. Students whose relationships with parents deteriorated over time had higher levels of distress and lower adjustment scores. Implications for college counselors are discussed.
Immunotherapy of HIV-1 Infection

A number of lines of evidence suggest that immunotherapy with the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) may boost the immune response to fight HIV infection. CD4+ T cells, the cells which orchestrate the immune response, are also the cells that become infected by the HIV virus. These cells use cytokines as signaling mechanisms for immune-response stimulation, growth and differentiation. Since CD4+ T cells are hampered due to HIV infection, normal signaling, and the resulting cascade, may not occur. Introduction of IL-2 into the system can restore or enhance these effects. We illustrate, through mathematical modeling, the effects of IL-2 treatment on an HIV-infected patient. With good comparison to existing clinical data, we can better understand what mechanisms of immune-viral dynamics are necessary to produce the typical disease dynamics.
Pharmaceutical provisions of the FDA modernization act of 1997: one year and counting

The FDA Modernization Act of 1997 represents a notable public policy achievement that was conceived not out of crisis, but rather out of a shared commitment that the FDA can both protect patient health (by assuring drugs are safe and effective) and promote public health (by being given additional resources and new procedural efficiencies to accelerate the review of applications for new medicines). The FDA is conscientiously implementing this important new law, but there are areas where more work is required. On balance, the prospects are that this law will help usher in a much improved era for patients.
Energy analysis of a piezoelectric body under nonuniform deformation

One of the most powerful and clear methods for solving electromechanical transducer problems is the energy method based on the use of the Euler-Lagrange equations. The general expression is developed in a form convenient for applying the energy method to the calculation of the internal energy of a piezoelectric body under nonuniform deformation. The electrical and mechanical variables in this expression are separable under certain conditions and the underlying physics is illustrated with particular examples of bars made of piezoelectric ceramic for the case of transverse and axial polarization. In the case that the electrical and mechanical variables are not separable, the contribution of the mutual energy term to the total internal energy is expressed analytically.
Network Models for Fleet Management

This paper presents network models to determine the optimal replacement policy for a fleet of vehicles over a finite planning horizon. First, a minimum cost-flow model is developed to determine the optimal replacement schedule for a fleet of fixed size consisting of a single type of vehicle of various ages. The model is then extended to allow for restrictions on capital expenditures that limit the purchase of new vehicles in any time period and to allow for fluctuations in the fleet size due to planned expansion or retrenchment. Finally, a multi-commodity network model is developed for a fleet consisting of multiple vehicle types and ages.
Microvascular Modifications in Diabetic Retinopathy

Patients struggling with diabetes are at elevated risks for several sight-threatening diseases, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR). DR manifests in two stages: first, the retinal microvasculature is compromised and capillary degeneration occurs; subsequently, an over-compensatory angiogenic response is initiated. Early changes in the retinal microcirculation include disruptions in blood flow, thickening of basement membrane, eventual loss of mural cells, and the genesis of acellular capillaries. Endothelial apoptosis and capillary dropout lead to a hypoxic inner retina, alterations in growth factors, and upregulation of inflammatory mediators. With disease progression, pathologic angiogenesis generates abnormal preretinal microvessels. Current therapies, which include panretinal photocoagulation and vitrectomy, have remained unaltered for several decades. With several exciting preclinical advances, emergent technologies and innovative cellular targets may offer newfound hope for developing “next-generation” interventional or preventive clinical approaches that will significantly advance current standards of care and clinical outcomes.
Expression of actin in the central nervous system is switched off during diapause in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar.

Abstract Diapause-regulated proteins were identified in the CNS of pharate 1st instar larvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Expression of two proteins (130 kDa and 45 kDa) declined at the time of diapause initiation and remained low during diapause. At diapause termination, following exposure to 5°C for at least 60 days, the 45-kDa protein was again highly expressed. Treatment of young pharate larvae with KK-42 averted diapause, and in such larvae, continued synthesis of the 45 kDa protein in the CNS was observed. These results suggest that expression of the 45-kDa protein is strongly down-regulated in the central nervous system (CNS) during diapause. Partial amino acid sequence determination suggested that the 45-kDa protein is actin, and this was confirmed using anti-actin antibodies. RT-PCR using primers designed from the sequence of the gypsy moth midgut actin mRNA indicated that appearance of actin mRNA in the CNS followed the same pattern as that of the 45-kDa protein. The results indicate that diapause controls actin gene expression in the gypsy moth CNS and regulation is at the transcriptional level.
Regulating traffic on heterogeneous communication networks

Summary form only given. Today's communication networks, such as the Internet, can be seen as superfast expressways, transporting packets from sources to destinations along most efficient routes, while respecting priorities and quality-of-service specifications. They are heterogeneous, in terms of both the traffic they can accommodate and the services they offer. The quest for regulating traffic in such a medium, with utmost efficiency, has been and still is the driving force behind the technological advances in this area. Some of this regulation is done by the network itself (specifically, the service providers), through fast switch and router designs, protocol designs, capacity expansions, and admission policies, and some of it is done by the individual users under incentives or disincentives provided by the network (such as price structures), aimed at achieving a certain pattern of usage of the available resources (such as bandwidth). The users are faced with a multitude of issues, among which are (i) at what (flow) rate to inject packets into the network, and (ii) how to adjust these rates in response to (delayed) congestion information received from the network. Occasionally, users are also faced with the task of making decisions on routing, again based on information received from the network. The overall system is a very complex one, involving a very large number of "players" with little if any cooperation, and operating under minimum information. Several branches of engineering (particularly, control, communications, and computing) as well as economics (particularly, game theory) provide tools (conceptual and technological) necessary for architecting such networks and ensuring that the operate harmoniously in spite of their heterogeneity. Control theory plays a particularly important and relevant role here, as design of robust distributed feedback loops under decentralized information is an indispensable component of an effective architecture. This plenary talk describes the underlying issues in such a design, discusses what the current technology provides, and challenges for future research.
Final "perspectives on the news": American Association of Clinical Endocrinology and American Diabetes Association 2011.

### Genomics and diabetes At a plenary session of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE) Annual Meeting in April 2011, Eric Topol, La Jolla, California, discussed the concept that genomics can be used to create “a revolution in medicine” for diabetes prevention and management. Although the decoding of the human genome was greeted with much fanfare in 2000, this information “has failed so far to produce medical miracles.” There has, however, been remarkable progress in the use of the human genome to understand the underpinning of many common diseases. We are progressing from genome-wide association studies (GWASs), involving 106 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and providing insight into common gene variations with population frequency >5%, to whole-exon sequencing of 1.5% of the genome, finding rare and low frequency elements, to whole genome sequencing, allowing an understanding of regulatory as well as coding sequences. More than one thousand GWASs have been carried out, identifying several hundred traits tracking with important diseases. The discovery of a variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) associated with diabetes may lead to the greatest understanding of its pathogenesis, and a number of other polymorphisms have been found to be related to diabetes. A meta-analysis of GWAS data from over 100,00 individuals confirms 38 gene loci (1), and a recent review cites 67 loci for nonautoimmune diabetes (2), suggesting that there are many different genetic pathways to its development. Topol suggested that diabetes risk is associated with “a combination of lower variants below the 5% threshold … down to <1%” (3). He reviewed a number of interesting candidates, including regions of the genome that do not appear to code for specific peptides but, rather, regulate transcription of other genes (4). Another potential cause is variation in the melatonin receptor 1b, which, like TCF7L2, is associated with impairment in insulin …
The interphasial regions in interlayer fiber composites

The interaction between the fiber and matrix in a fiber-reinforced material plays an important role in determining the mechanical behavior of the composite. An efficient technique to simultaneously improve fiber-matrix interfacial shear strength and impact behavior of the composite is to deposit a flexible interlayer onto the fiber. This results in the creation of three bulk phases, the fiber, matrix, and the interlayer and two interphasial regions. A phenomenological model that defines the variation of the fiber-interlayer interphase and that of the interlayer-matrix interphase has been developed. In the model, the elastic moduli of these regions vary continuously, so as to bridge the two bulk phases on either side of the interphase. The interaction between the bulk phases is also taken into consideration. The model has the potential for the use of dynamic mechanical analysis to obtain, relatively, adhesion/interaction parameters of different fiber-interlayer-matrix systems. These parameters can be used to determine the optimum interlayer thickness for improved toughness and good stress transfer efficiency.
Health Related Content in Prime-Time Television Programming

This study identified, content analyzed, and described the health-related content (HRC) presented in the top-ranked prime-time network programs for the age 2 to 11 year-old category. The results reveal that viewers see one HRC-containing scene approximately every four minutes. Foods and alcoholic beverages are frequently shown and consumed. Smoking, drug abuse, and promiscuous sex are relatively uncommon. In most scenes, the HRC is not directly related to the main point of the scene. The characters involved in HRC-containing scenes tend to be slender white men. In addition, many of the HRC-containing scenes portray negative health behaviors.
Atmospheric residence time of CH3Br estimated from the Junge spatial variability relation

The atmospheric residence time for methyl bromide (CH3Br) has been estimated as 0.8 +/- 0.1 years from its empirical spatial variability relative to C2H6, C2Cl4, CHCl3, and CH3Cl. This evaluation of the atmospheric residence time, based on Junge's 1963 general proposal, provides an estimate for CH3Br that is independent of source and sink estimates. Methyl bromide from combined natural and anthropogenic sources furnishes about half of the bromine that enters the stratosphere, where it plays an important role in ozone destruction. This residence time is consistent with the 0.7-year value recently calculated for CH3Br from the combined strength estimates for its known significant sinks.
Gedanken experiments involving black holes.

Analysis of several gedanken experiments indicates that black hole complementarity cannot be ruled out on the basis of known physical principles. Experiments designed by outside observers to disprove the existence of a quantum-mechanical stretched horizon require knowledge of Planck-scale effects for their analysis. Observers who fall through the event horizon after sampling the Hawking radiation cannot discover duplicate information inside the black hole before hitting the singularity. Experiments by outside observers to detect baryon number violation will yield significant effects well outside the stretched horizon.
Studies on uracil derivatives and analogs. Syntheses of 5‐(βt‐trimethylsilyl)ethynyluracil and 5‐ethynyluracil

5-(α-Chlorovinyl)-2,4-dichloropyrimidine (I) on treatment with sodium methoxide in methanol was converted to 2,4-dimethoxy-5-ethynylpyrimidine (II) which was silylated by t-butyl lithium and chlorotrimethylsilane to 2,4-dimethoxy-5-β-trimethylsilyl)ethynylpyrimidine (IV). Compound IV on deblocking with trimethylsilyl iodide yielded 5-(β-trimethylsilyl)ethynyluracil (V), which on treatment with sodium hydroxide in methanol was converted to 5-ethynyluracil (VI).
Structural information in the local electric field of dissolved B-DNA.

We have developed a theoretical model of the electric potential and field for B-DNA in solution to investigate the persistence of structural information in the local field. A Green-function technique is used to account for the phosphate groups, the dominant charges of the polyelectrolyte DNA, as discrete surface charges exhibiting helical geometry. In addition to the DNA macromolecule, a region of condensed ions and bulk solvent are treated as dielectric media with cylindrical symmetry. We have derived analytical expressions that manifest the symmetry of the system. The leading term is equivalent to that of a continuous line charge and thus only reflects cylindrical symmetry. Information reflecting the helical structure is contained in the terms of higher order. The effective decay length for helical information in the local electric field is approximately 5 \AA{} beyond the surface of DNA. These results have significance for investigations of nucleic-acid\char21{}protein interactions and for experimental efforts to image DNA with scanning force microscopies.
Floyd Dell: The Life and Times of an American Rebel

Among the American avant-garde of the early twentieth century, Floyd Dell played a distinctive role. A boy from the Midwest who rose to influence in the Chicago Literary Renaissance and in the heyday of Greenwich Village radicalism, he became a celebrated novelist, critic, editor (of The Masses), poet, and playwright. Dell was also a notorious bohemian, proponent of free love, and champion of feminism, progressive education, socialism, and Freudianism. His love affairs earned him almost as much notoriety as his writings. His friends and colleagues included many of the great figures of the era: radical journalists John Reed and Max Eastman; the Christian Socialist Dorothy Day; novelists Theodore Dreiser, Upton Sinclair, and Sherwood Anderson; and poet Edna St. Vincent Millay. Yet no figure was more colorful and brilliant than Dell himself. Better than anyone, he epitomized the high spirits and towering ambitions of American culture in the early decades of the century. Douglas Clayton's biography of Dell, the first full-length life, captures the remarkable accomplishments and contradictions of a man who was both central to radical culture and profoundly skeptical of it. An early escapee from Marxism, his career never followed the familiar left-to-right course. But Dell struggled all his life with the relationship between politics and art, which makes his life so arresting and relevant today. With 8 pages of photographs.
Electric-field effects on H- photodetachment with excitation of H(n=2).

A theory of the photodetachment of hydrogen negative ions in an external static electric field with the production of hydrogen in excited states is developed. We use a combination of the frame-transformation theory and the Green's-function method. The cross section in nonzero fields is expressed in terms of the photodetachment matrix elements for zero field. The latter are calculated using the adiabatic hyperspherical representation. For energies close to the threshold we use a smooth extrapolation of the zero-field photodetachment matrix elements down to threshold taking care to enforce the proper threshold behavior of cross sections for nonzero fields. The ripples in the [ital total] cross section due to interference effects are not noticeable for incident photons linearly polarized along the static field direction, but are relatively well pronounced for the case of circularly polarized photons propagating along the static field. On the other hand, all [ital partial] cross sections corresponding to photodetached electrons having magnetic quantum number [ital m][prime]=0 (with respect to a quantization axis parallel to the static electric field) show significant ripple structure regardless of the light polarization. The partial cross section for detachment with excitation of the [ital n]=2, [ital m]=1 Stark substate by circularly polarized photonsmore » exhibits a particularly distinct ripple structure. All cross sections in the region of the shape resonance increase with increasing electric field in accordance with experimental observations. This effect is stronger in the case of linear polarization. We also predict a fairly stable value for the width of the [sup 1][ital P[ital o]] shape resonance as a function of the electric-field strength over the range from 0.4 to 1 MV/cm. For electric-field strengths below 0.4 MV/cm, the ripple structure in the shape resonance makes it difficult to define a resonance width.« less
Innovations in oligonucleotide drug delivery

Oligonucleotides (ONs) are a new class of therapeutic compounds under investigation for the treatment of a variety of disease states, such as cancer and HIV, and for FDA approval of an anti-CMV retinitis antisense molecule (Vitravene trade mark, Isis Pharmaceuticals). However, these molecules are limited not only by poor cellular uptake, but also by a general lack of understanding regarding the mechanism(s) of ON cellular uptake. As a result, various delivery vehicles have been developed that circumvent the proposed mechanism of uptake, endocytosis, while improving target specific delivery and/or drug stability. This review describes various traditional and novel delivery mechanisms that have been employed to improve ON cellular delivery, cost effectiveness, and therapeutic efficacy.
Effects of aging and dietary restriction on ubiquitination, sumoylation, and the proteasome in the spleen

In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that aging increases the levels of ubiquitinated protein in the spleen, and that dietary restriction (DR) significantly reduces these age-related increases in ubiquitinated protein. Sumoylated protein, proteasome subunits, and a protein essential for proteasome biogenesis (POMP1) were also increased with age in the spleen but were not significantly affected by DR. Chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity was elevated in the aged spleen, and was not significantly altered by DR. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time the multiple effects of aging and DR on ubiquitination, sumoylation, and the proteasome in the spleen.
The ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, the complex last chapter in the life of many plant proteins

Plants use a repertoire of methods to control the level and activity of their constituent proteins. One method, whose prominence is only now being appreciated, is selective protein breakdown by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway. Remarkably, recent analyses of the near-complete Arabidopsis thaliana genome identified >1300 genes, or ∼5% of the proteome, involved in the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway, making it one of the most elaborate regulatory mechanisms in plants. Molecular genetic analyses have also connected individual components to almost all aspects of plant biology, including the cell-cycle, embryogenesis, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, hormone signaling, homeosis, disease resistance and senescence. Consequently, it appears that the ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway rivals transcription complexes and protein kinase cascades as the main player in plant cell regulation.
The 2.5 mm PushLock suture anchor system versus a traditional suture anchor for ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the thumb: a biomechanical study

We compared the biomechanical strength of the 2.5 mm PushLock suture anchor with a traditional Bio-SutureTak suture anchor in repair of ulnar collateral ligament injuries. Iatrogenic ulnar collateral ligament injuries in 18 cadaveric thumbs were repaired and used to test for load to failure and cyclic loading. The average force required to generate a 2 mm gap was 7.7 N for the 2.5 mm PushLock and 6.3 N for the Bio-SutureTak (p = 0.04). The ultimate load to failure was 28.0 N for the 2.5 mm PushLock and 18.8 N for the Bio-SutureTak (p = 0.16). There were no statistical differences between the two suture anchors under cyclic loading. The 2.5 mm PushLock suture anchor provides significantly stronger resistance to 2 mm gap formation at the repair site and is less likely to fail at the suture-ligament interface. However, there was no difference in the load to failure between the two suture anchors.
Clinical assessment of high-strength all-ceramic crowns ☆

Abstract Statement of problem: All-ceramic crowns are being used extensively. Little data are available on their clinical performance. Purpose: This study evaluated the clinical performance of In-Ceram (Vita Zahnfabrik) crowns. Material and methods: Forty-one patients (16 men, 25 women; mean age 47.3 years, range 18 to 77 years) were examined with a total of 80 In-Ceram all-ceramic crowns fabricated at the University of Iowa College of Dentistry from 1994 to 1997. The percentage distribution for crowns included: 67% anterior single crowns, 26% posterior single crowns, 6% anterior implant crowns, and 1% posterior implant crowns. This study documented the integrity of the junction between crown and tooth, color match to adjacent teeth, secondary dental caries, wear of crown and opposing dentition, and visible cracks in the crown. Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie ratings were assigned with a modified USPHS criteria. The patients were also surveyed with respect to oral hygiene and satisfaction of treatment. Estimations of 4-year success rates and corresponding confidence intervals were calculated by fitting a constant hazard function model with the SAS procedure GENMOD. Results: Marginal integrity for 88% of artificial crowns was rated Alpha or Bravo. Shade match for 99% was Bravo or better. Only 1% of the crowns were carious, and 1 crown exhibited occlusal wear. One premolar crown had a small fracture of veneering porcelain. One molar crown was remade after core fracture. All patients (100%) expressed satisfaction with their crowns. The estimated 4-year success rates (Alpha or Bravo), with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses were calculated as: 83.5% (65.7%-94.6%) for marginal integrity, 95.8% (82.9%-99.8%) for shade match, and 95.5% (81.6%-99.7%) for secondary caries, 100% (88%-100%) for wear, and 100% (88%-100%) for cracks. (J Prosthet Dent 2000;83:396-401.)
Who Gets Custody Now? Dramatic Changes in Children's Living Arrangements After Divorce

This article reexamines the living arrangements of children following their parents' divorce, using Wisconsin Court Records, updating an analysis that showed relatively small but significant increases in shared custody in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These changes have accelerated markedly in the intervening years: between 1988 and 2008, the proportion of mothers granted sole physical custody fell substantially, the proportion of parents sharing custody increased dramatically, and father-sole custody remained relatively stable. We explore changes in the correlates of alternative custody outcomes, showing that some results from the earlier analysis still hold (for example, cases with higher total family income are more likely to have shared custody), but other differences have lessened (shared-custody cases have become less distinctive as they have become more common). Despite the considerable changes in marriage and divorce patterns over this period, we do not find strong evidence that the changes in custody are related to changes in the characteristics of families experiencing a divorce; rather, changes in custody may be the result of changes in social norms and the process by which custody is determined.
Proximal Tubular Function in Rats with Low Inulin Clearance1

Proximal tubular salt and water reabsorption were studied in relation to the inulin clearance (Cin) in anesthetized rats maintained on a standard diet with and without partial clamping of the renal artery and in rats on a sodium deficient diet. The rate of proximal reabsorption, determined as the reciprocal of the occlusion time (OT), was linearly related to Cin above clearance values of 0.7 ml/min g kidney weight (k.w.). Below this value, proximal reabsorption rate reached a fixed minimum corresponding to an OT of 25–26 sec. Late proximal fluid to plasma inulin ratios averaged 3.0 at Cin greater than 0.65 ml/min g k.w. and 5.1 when Cin was 0.55 ml/min or less. This significant difference in fractional reabsorption was predicted from the OT measurements. Factors leading to a decrease in caliber of the proximal tubular lumen following retrograde microinjection of the distal convolution of the same nephron were also studied. When seen, proximal collapse appeared to be due to leakage of tubular fluid at a previous proximal puncture site and did not occur when procedures were taken to minimize leakage.
Heat stroke: Role of the systemic inflammatory response

Heat stroke is a life-threatening illness that is characterized clinically by central nervous system dysfunction, including delirium, seizures, or coma and severe hyperthermia. Rapid cooling and support of multi-organ function are the most effective clinical treatments, but many patients experience permanent neurological impairments or death despite these efforts. The highest incidence of heat stroke deaths occurs in very young or elderly individuals during summer heat waves, with ∼200 deaths per year in the United States. Young, fit individuals may experience exertional heat stroke while performing strenuous physical activity in temperate or hot climates. Factors that predispose to heat stroke collapse include pre-existing illness, cardiovascular disease, drug use, and poor fitness level. For decades the magnitude of the hyperthermic response in heat stroke patients was considered the primary determinant of morbidity and mortality. However, recent clinical and experimental evidence suggests a complex interplay between heat cytotoxicity, coagulation, and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that ensues following damage to the gut and other organs. Cytokines are immune modulators that have been implicated as adverse mediators of the SIRS, but recent data suggest a protective role for these proteins in the resolution of inflammation. Multi-organ system failure is the ultimate cause of mortality, and recent experimental data indicate that current clinical markers of heat stroke recovery may not adequately reflect heat stroke recovery in all cases. Currently heat stroke is a more preventable than treatable condition, and novel therapeutics are required to improve patient outcome.
Fitting Computational Models to fMRI Data

Many computational models in psychology predict how neural activation in specific brain regions should change during certain cognitive tasks. The emergence of f MRI as a research tool provides an ideal vehicle to test these predictions. Before such tests are possible, however, significant methodological problems must be solved. These problems include transforming the neural activations predicted by the model into predicted BOLD responses, identifying the voxels within each region of interest against which to test the model, and comparing the observed and predicted BOLD responses in each of these regions. In the present article, methods are described for solving each of these problems.
Who is tagging information

As Web 2.0 aims to be a more dynamic, interactive, information-rich environment, social tagging, or the creation of user-defined metadata by users, (as well as the outcome of tagging, folksonomies or the development of user-centered vocabularies or lists of keywords that can be used for searching and subject access) (Dye, 2006), is a practice developing to foster online collaboration, independent information sharing and distribution, as well as open communication. Systems that enable social tagging are becoming more common. In the Web 2.0 environment, tagging and folksonomies have been used in different contexts such as photo sharing sites like Flickr, video sharing sites like YouTube, blog search engines like Technorati, and in social bookmarking sites like del.icio.us and LibraryThing (Etches-Johnson, 2006) . It is generally assumed that more users are learning about and actually tagging resources. Academic articles on tagging are becoming more common (for example, Golder & Huberman, 2005; Marlow, Naaman, Boyd & Davis, 2006). However, little has been reported about tagger's motivations (Abbas, 2007; Abbas & Graham, 2006), the different contexts of tagging, and the the implications for practices and for the library and information science profession (Abbas & Graham, 2006). While the Web 2.0 environment has become a virtual laboratory for exploring the efficacy and utility of social tagging, as well as tagging practices, integrating social tagging into current business and professional practices at different institutions and professions deserves a reality check. The purposes of the panel are: 1) to explore the different contexts in which tagging is being used, 2) to examine how well social tagging has been adopted by several professions such as newspapers, libraries, museums, and within different contexts such as the Web (image and digital video sharing sites), corporations, medical professions, and other information professions, and 3) to discuss implications tagging may have to the library and information science profession. The panelists will present their observations and research results and discuss future trends for different fields.
A STUDY OF BACILLUS PYOGENES

Bacillus pyogenes is probably quite common in this country, as it is known to be in Europe. A careful study of twelve strains from cattle and one from a hog has disclosed the following characteristics which have not been reported or have been in dispute. Bacillus pyogenes is Gram-positive and pleomorphic, producing forms ranging from short chains of streptococcoid elements to branching filaments. It is hemolytic, producing the beta type of hemolysis in blood agar. It is not hemoglobinophilic, though its growth is greatly favored by some higher protein material such as egg albumin, serum, or blood. It ferments xylose in addition to the substances previously reported. The coagulation of milk by Bacillus pyogenes is primarily an enzyme coagulation and the subsequent digestion of the curd takes place in an acid medium. The intravenous injection of rabbits was invariably fatal. The lesions most commonly developed were those of the bones. Paralysis was frequently produced, and in each case was caused by lesions in the vertebrae exerting pressure against the ventral columns of the spinal cord. Muscle abscesses were also frequently produced. The authors regard the organism as belonging to the Corynebacteria rather than to the influenza group.
Determination of a correction to improve mass measurement accuracy of isotopically unresolved polymerase chain reaction amplicons by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

The experimental determination of average mass by mass spectrometry is limited for large molecules due to the negative bias introduced by the natural distribution of isotopic abundances. This results in the measurement of the top-of-centroid (ToC) as opposed to the true centroid. We have developed a practical correction factor that is applied to the ToC measurement to largely remove the systematic bias introduced by nature. The correction factor is calculated easily using the average molecular mass (<100 kDa) of the analyte molecule and the full-width half maximum resolving power (<3,500) of the measurement. In addition, an approach to calculating resolving power is described that accurately predicts resolving power achievable for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass analysis of large molecules. A combination of internal calibration with a dual-electrospray source and application of the correction factor to average mass measurements improved the mass error from 192.5 to -35.0 ppm for a 44 kDa PCR amplicon.
Neural ITD coding with bilateral cochlear implants: Effect of binaurally-coherent jitter

Poor sensitivity to the interaural time difference (ITD) constrains the ability of human bilateral cochlear implant users to listen in everyday noisy acoustic environments. ITD sensitivity to perio...
Characterization of High-Pressure $\hbox{XeF}_{2}$ Vapor-Phase Silicon Etching for MEMS Processing

Typical release for structures in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices requires the use of sacrificial layers and wet etchants. As an alternative, bulk Si can be utilized for nonsilicon MEMS or structures as the sacrificial material when exposed to vapor-phase XeF2 . This paper presents the results of using relatively high pressures (> 3.0 torr) for the purpose of MEMS processing, while characterizing the physical etching mechanism and its effects on the working Si substrate in relation to the allowed processing time. The observed etch rates for high-pressure release varied from 1.6 to 1.9 mum/min for applied pressures of 4.5-5.5 torr. The resulting roughness is shown to be primarily dependent on time, where the maximum average roughness is approximately 1.4 mum after 3000 s at 5.5 torr. Slightly anisotropic results are produced by the increased pressures, showing a 0.7 : 1.0 (vertical : lateral) etch rate, as well as some detrimental effects to the released structures. Furthermore, the use of etch windows are investigated in relation to etch rate when subjected to these high pressures.