cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior in Adult Rats

Summary This report deals with the role of the gonads and adrenal glands in the sexual behaviour of male and female rats and with the site of action of testosterone in this respect. Whereas ovariectomy results in immediate abolition of sexual receptivity, some orchidectomized rats have been shown to demonstrate complete patterns of male sex behaviour up to 5 months postoperatively, although most animals have ceased to show ejaculatory behaviour after one month. The behaviour of castrates is characterized by a low degree of sexual arousal although, once mating is initiated, orgasm is achieved with fewer intromissions and often with a shorter latency. Neither prior sexual experience nor the presence of adrenal steroids had any effect on this postcastrational behaviour in males. Similarly, adrenalectomy studies failed to demonstrate any role of the adrenals in the sexual behaviour of intact males. In spayed females it was found that virtually normal sexual receptivity could be elicited by several days'administration of oestradiol in doses shown to be within the physiological range, but with no progesterone. Adrenal steroids were not involved in these experiments, since bilateral adrenalectomy did not influence oestrogen-induced sex behaviour. In both males and females, histological stimulation of the reproductive tract could be elicited with doses of gonadal steroid too low to reactivate sex behaviour, but effective doses for normal behaviour resembled those required for full maintenance of the reproductive tract. In castrate males, intrahypothalamic implantation of crystalline testosterone restored the normal pattern of sex behaviour. These studies showed that this behaviour does not require activation of any androgen-sensitive extracerebral mechanism. The testosterone-sensitive region of the rat brain which is involved in the organization of male sexual behaviour appears to stretch from the medial preoptic region to the posterior hypothalamic area.
Identity and two-way bilingual education: considering student perspectives: introduction to the special issue

This special issue explores how children and youth in two-way bilingual education (TWBE) programs negotiate bi/multilingual identities and make sense of complex power dynamics within and outside of...
Higher medication complexity in persons with HIV is associated with lower tenofovir diphosphate in dried blood spots

STUDY OBJECTIVE To assess the association between tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS), a measure of cumulative tenofovir-based antiretroviral (ART) adherence, with medication regimen complexity in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). DESIGN Prospective clinical cohort (up to three visits over 48 weeks). SETTING Academic-based HIV clinic. PATIENTS PWH receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based ART. MEASUREMENTS DBS for TFV-DP were collected at every study visit. Baseline patient-level medication regimen complexity index (pMRCI) scores were calculated and categorized into three sub-scores (disease-specific [ART], non-ART, and over-the-counter [OTC]). The pMRCI scores were evaluated to assess the association with TFV-DP in DBS <350 fmol/punch after adjusting for clinical covariates. pMRCI scores were also categorized to estimate the adjusted relative risk (aRR) of having a TFV-DP <350 fmol/punch between pMRCI quartiles. MAIN RESULTS Data from 525 participants (1,146 person-visits) were analyzed. Baseline median (interquartile range [IQR]) pMRCI scores for participants with TFV-DP in DBS <350 vs. ≥350 fmol/punch were 4 (3, 8) vs. 4 (2, 6) for ART, 27 (12, 31) vs. 12 (5, 22) for non-ART, and 0 (0, 1) vs. 0 (0, 2) for OTC, respectively. For the non-ART scores, the aRR for having a TFV-DP in DBS <350 fmol/punch was 6.4 (95% CI: 2.0, 20.6; P=0.002) when comparing participants in the highest pMRCI quartile with those in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS Higher pMRCI for non-ART medications is associated with lower adherence as measured by TFV-DP in DBS. Future research should investigate whether reducing non-ART medication complexity improves ART adherence and exposure in PWH.
Broadly neutralizing antibody-mediated protection of macaques against repeated intravenous exposures to simian-human immunodeficiency virus

Objective The opioid epidemic has increased parentally acquired HIV infection. To inform the development of a long-acting prevention strategy, we evaluated the protective efficacy of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against intravenous SHIV infection in macaques. Design Five cynomolgus macaques were injected once subcutaneously with 10-1074 and 3BNC117 (10 mg each kg-1) and were repeatedly challenged intravenously once weekly with SHIVAD8-EO (130 TCID50), until infection was confirmed via plasma viral load assay. Two control macaques, which received no antibody, were challenged identically. Methods Plasma viremia was monitored via RT-qPCR assay. bNAb concentrations were determined longitudinally in plasma samples via TZM-bl neutralization assays using virions pseudotyped with 10-1074-sensitive (X2088_c9) or 3BNC117-sensitive (Q769.d22) HIV envelope proteins. Results Passively immunized macaques were protected against a median of five weekly intravenous SHIV challenges, as compared to untreated controls, which were infected following a single challenge. Of the two bNAbs, 10-1074 exhibited relatively longer persistence in vivo. The median plasma level of 10-1074 at SHIV breakthrough was 1.1 μg ml-1 (range: 0.6-1.6 μg ml-1), whereas 3BNC117 was undetectable. Probit modeling estimated that 6.6 μg ml-1 of 10-1074 in plasma corresponded to a 99% reduction in per-challenge infection probability, as compared to controls. Conclusions Significant protection against repeated intravenous SHIV challenges was observed following administration of 10-1074 and 3BNC117 and was due primarily to 10-1074. Our findings extend preclinical studies of bNAb-mediated protection against mucosal SHIV acquisition and support the possibility that intermittent subcutaneous injections of 10-1074 could serve as long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis for persons who inject drugs.
Classifying Family Measurement Procedures

In the context of describing family assessment procedures relevant to theoretical and treatment studies of psychopathology, three organizing dimensions are particularly helpful: the source from which information is obtained, the family unit that is the focus of assessment, and the major constructs that the instrument attempts to measure.
The Transcendental Phenomenological Reductions

The full title of Husserl’s book, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, applies to three projected books of which only one, the first, was published during Husserl’s lifetime and with the subtitle, General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology (1912).1 Appended to the First Book was an “Introduction” to all three books which Husserl continued to reprint with the First Book despite his dissatisfaction with the manuscript of the Second and the continued non-existence of the Third Book. Yet the full sense of the fragmented whole of Ideas may be recovered from the “Introduction” in the light of which the title to all three Books may be expressed in these words:2 Ideas Pertaining to a Purely Descriptive, Eidetic, Transcendentally Pure or Transcendental Phenomenology and to a Transcendental Phenomenological Philosophy.
Testing the use of best professional judgment to create biological benchmarks for habitat assessment of wetlands and oak savannas in northwestern Indiana

Abstract The Tolleston Strandplain at the southern end of Lake Michigan offers a unique “dune and swale” topography supporting oak savannas on the dunes and a mosaic of wetland communities in the swales. Following years of human degradation, sites in this area are now being restored. In this effort, assessments of vegetative quality have been necessary for proper management decisions. However, it is poorly understood what indices best reflect the vegetative quality of these oak savannas and wetlands. A potential method for determining the best indices for these community types is to use metric benchmarks that employ expert best professional judgment (BPJ). In order to confirm the viability and consistency of BPJ for creating benchmarks, Kappa analysis was used to determine the level of agreement among seven experts. They placed each of 63 transects from this unique landscape into one of four quality categories: (1) “good to very good,” (2) “medium,” (3) “poor,” and (4) “very poor.” While experts had good agreement about the quality of severely degraded riverine wetlands, they had fair agreement when assessing the swales, and poor agreement when assessing the oak savannas. Using discriminant analysis, follow-up questions, and a comparison of each expert's quality categories with remnant oak savanna metrics, varying perspectives of quality also were discovered which may have influenced the experts’ assessments of the sites. Therefore, BPJ must be used with caution when creating metric benchmarks.
Salomon Maimon e a falência da filosofia judaica moderna

Argumento neste artigo que Salomon Maimon e o unico filosofo judeu moderno digno deste nome. Diferentemente de outros, eu nao considero que um filosofo judeu seja alguem que e (a) judeu e (b) um filosofo, mas assumo que por filosofo judeu entende-se a tentativa de oferecer um relato bem argumentado e informado das crencas e praticas judaicas religiosas e culturais. A exigencia de um relato documentado tem um papel central neste artigo. Argumento que, da mesma maneira que um filosofo de matematica precisa ter um bom conhecimento de matematica, um estudioso de filosofia judaica necessita ter um bom conhecimento do mundo literario judaico. Pelo que sei, este nao foi o caso da maioria dos filosofos judaicos modernos. Argumento tambem que a maioria dos autores modernos que escreveram sobre o Wesen des Judentums ignorava assuntos judaicos. Alem disso, indico duas caracteristicas da filosofia judaica moderna que provocaram esse fracasso: (1) sua internalizacao da visao antissemita da cultura judaica como um particularismo oposto ao universalismo cristao; e (2) seu biblicalismo, i.e., sua tentativa de construir uma versao protestante do judaismo que imita o luteranismo alemao, para assim justificar a inclusao do judeu na alta sociedade alema. Salomon Maimon and the failure of modern Jewish Philosophy - Abstract: In this paper I argue that Salomon Maimon is the only modern Jewish philosopher worthy of the name. Unlike many others, I do not take a Jewish philosopher to be someone who is (a) Jewish, and (b) a philosopher, but rather suggest that by Jewish philosophy we understand the attempt to provide a well-argued and informed account of Jewish religious and cultural beliefs and practices. The demand for an informed account will play a central role in this paper. Arguably, in the same way that a philosopher of mathematics needs to have a good grasp of mathematics, so does a scholar of Jewish philosophy need to have a good grasp of the Jewish literary world. To the best of my knowledge, this has not been the case with the majority of modern Jewish philosophers. Also arguably, the majority of modern authors who have written about the Wesen des Judentums have been ignoramuses in respect of matters Jewish. I further indicate two characteristics of modern Jewish philosophy which have been crucial in bringing about its failure: (1) its internalization of the anti-Semitic view of Jewish culture as a particularism that is opposed to Christian universalism, and (2) its biblicalism, i.e., its attempt to construct a Protestant version of Judaism that imitates German Lutheranism, and hence justify the inclusion of the Jew within German high society.
Regulating Actin Dynamics at Membranes: A Focus on Dynamin

Dynamin, the large guanosine triphosphatase, is generally considered to have a key role in deforming membranes to create tubules or vesicles. Dynamin, particularly dynamin2 isoforms, also are localized with actin filaments, often at locations where cellular membranes undergo remodeling. Perturbing dynamin function interferes with endocytic traffic and actin function. Thus, dynamin may regulate actin filaments coordinately with its activities that remodel membranes. This review will highlight recent observations that provide clues to mechanisms whereby dynamin might coordinate membrane remodeling and actin filament dynamics during endocytic traffic, cell morphogenesis and cell migration.
Enhanced transverse photo-induced voltage by slow light

We demonstrate the presence of spin-polarized transverse voltage in a metal-dielectric two-dimensional photonic crystal in the visible regime and determine that the presence of slow light at the photonic band edge leads to voltage enhancement.
Incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma in Olmsted County, Minnesota: a population-based study.

Background Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive, often cutaneous malignancy. The incidence has been estimated from national registries in the USA and elsewhere, and data indicate variations depending on the region studied. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of MCC in Olmsted County (MN, USA). Methods Using the Rochester Epidemiology Project, which contains health records for all the residents of Olmsted County, we retrospectively reviewed the records for all cases of MCC from 1976 to 2011. Results The overall annual age- and sex-adjusted incidence of MCC in Olmsted County during 1976–2011 was 0.35 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 0.14–0.57). The incidence tended to be higher among men than women with 0.69 per 100,000 (95% CI, 0.24–1.14) and 0.10 per 100,000 (95% CI, 0–0.24), respectively. Conclusions These data are within the range of previous MCC incidence reports, and the incidence of MCC in Olmsted County is consistent with rates reported in the remainder of the USA.
The greenlining of America: managing private lands for public purposes.

Abstract This article reviews the development of the ‘greenline park’ concept in the USA. Greenline parks may be defined as relatively large areas of land with a mix of uses that are in some combination of public and private ownership but are managed for such explicitly public purposes as recreation, ecological preservation and maintenance of scenic vistas. Although the USA has no formally designated greenline parks, there are many parks and protected areas that meet the criteria commonly associated with the greenline concept. After briefly reviewing the historical antecedents of greenlining, the article examines the existing and proposed applications of the concept. Several policy and management issues are explored, including the respective roles of ecology and culture in park delineation and management, the ‘access versus preservation’ dilemma, economic and political equity questions, and the roles of various political interests in greenline planning. Greenline parks are viewed, in essence, as laboratories for dealing with complex rural-metropolitan issues.
Chapter 81 An improved procedure for pressure-free insertion of tissue into the central nervous system

Publisher Summary Placing the tissue into the brain with a spring or other holding device, which has been done with parkinsonian patients, presents potential problems associated with leaving a foreign object in the brain, and may cause excessive disruption of host tissue. This chapter discusses the development of an instrument that may help to overcome these problems by minimizing tissue trauma and allowing precise placement within the brain. The preliminary data indicate that the device may be superior to other techniques for transplantation of adrenal medulla into the primate striatum. The chapter proposes to develop a brain grafter device capable of inserting tissue into the brain with minimal pressure and minimal disruption of the transplanted tissue. It can be easily guided to the transplantation site with a stereotaxic instrument, and can be used for placing tissue into multiple sites along a single tract, or can be used to place tissue along multiple tracts. However, the brain grafter has been used so far only with Macaca mulatta adrenal medulla, but the technique can be even more useful for embryonic brain tissue, which is much more fragile, and therefore more difficult to manipulate and insert without damage.
Monotone Inductive Definitions

Publisher Summary This chapter explains that ID α mon,c is a conservative extension of ID α (W) c , where the first of these theories expresses the iteration α times of inductive definitions by successive monotonic operators and where α is an effectively presented ordinal and c indicates that the logic is classical. The language of the theory T o provides a flexible broad framework within which to consider general constructive operations on classes. The theory includes all constructive formulations of iteration of monotone-inductive definition, while T o is based squarely on the general iteration of accessibility-inductive definitions. Thus, it would be of great interest for the present subject to settle the relationship between these theories. The proof-theoretic reductions obtained show that ID α mon,i is justified indirectly by much more restricted evidence. However, the status of monotone-inductive definition in a more general constructive setting is still open.
A new Ordovician arthropod from the Winneshiek Lagerstätte of Iowa (USA) reveals the ground plan of eurypterids and chasmataspidids

Euchelicerates were a major component of Palaeozoic faunas, but their basal relationships are uncertain: it has been suggested that Xiphosura—xiphosurids (horseshoe crabs) and similar Palaeozoic forms, the synziphosurines—may not represent a natural group. Basal euchelicerates are rare in the fossil record, however, particularly during the initial Ordovician radiation of the group. Here, we describe Winneshiekia youngae gen. et sp. nov., a euchelicerate from the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) Winneshiek Lagerstatte of Iowa, USA. Winneshiekia shares features with both xiphosurans (a large, semicircular carapace and ophthalmic ridges) and dekatriatan euchelicerates such as chasmataspidids and eurypterids (an opisthosoma of 13 tergites). Phylogenetic analysis resolves Winneshiekia at the base of Dekatriata, as sister taxon to a clade comprising chasmataspidids, eurypterids, arachnids, and Houia. Winneshiekia provides further support for the polyphyly of synziphosurines, traditionally considered the stem lineage to xiphosurid horseshoe crabs, and by extension the paraphyly of Xiphosura. The new taxon reveals the ground pattern of Dekatriata and provides evidence of character polarity in chasmataspidids and eurypterids. The Winneshiek Lagerstatte thus represents an important palaeontological window into early chelicerate evolution.
Consensus of ambiguity: theory and application of active learning for biomedical image analysis

Supervised classifiers require manually labeled training samples to classify unlabeled objects. Active Learning (AL) can be used to selectively label only "ambiguous" samples, ensuring that each labeled sample is maximally informative. This is invaluable in applications where manual labeling is expensive, as in medical images where annotation of specific pathologies or anatomical structures is usually only possible by an expert physician. Existing AL methods use a single definition of ambiguity, but there can be significant variation among individual methods. In this paper we present a consensus of ambiguity (CoA) approach to AL, where only samples which are consistently labeled as ambiguous across multiple AL schemes are selected for annotation. CoA-based AL uses fewer samples than Random Learning (RL) while exploiting the variance between individual AL schemes to efficiently label training sets for classifier training. We use a consensus ratio to determine the variance between AL methods, and the CoA approach is used to train classifiers for three different medical image datasets: 100 prostate histopathology images, 18 prostate DCE-MRI patient studies, and 9,000 breast histopathology regions of interest from 2 patients. We use a Probabilistic Boosting Tree (PBT) to classify each dataset as either cancer or non-cancer (prostate), or high or low grade cancer (breast). Trained is done using CoA-based AL, and is evaluated in terms of accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). CoA training yielded between 0.01-0.05% greater performance than RL for the same training set size; approximately 5-10 more samples were required for RL to match the performance of CoA, suggesting that CoA is a more efficient training strategy.
The pattern of sexual politics: feminism, homosexuality and pedophilia.

Abstract Until recently sex and gender issues were thought to be biological or natural rather than political. The feminist movement largely changed perceptions of gender, and the gay and lesbian movements significantly altered conceptions of sex, so that what were once seen as permanent moral standards are now viewed as historical and political constructions. As views of these groups have moved towards social constructionism, perceptions of child sexuality have become more absolutist. Current attitudes towards child sexuality and representations of it resemble historical attitudes towards women and homosexuals. This article argues that there is a two-phase pattern of sexual politics. The first is a battle to prevent the battle, to keep the issue from being seen as political and negotiable. Psychological and moral categories are used to justify ridicule and preclude any discussions of the issue, and standard Constitutional guarantees are seen as irrelevant. The second phase more closely resembles tradition...
Cyclical Cohabitation Among Unmarried Parents in Fragile Families

Building on past research suggesting that cohabitation is an ambiguous family form, the authors examined an understudied residential pattern among unmarried parents: cyclical cohabitation, in which parents have multiple cohabitation spells with each other. Using 9 years of panel data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2,084), they found that 10% of all parents with nonmarital births, and nearly a quarter of those living together when the child is 9 years old, are cyclical cohabitors. Cyclically cohabiting mothers reported more material hardships than mothers in most other relationship patterns but also reported more father involvement with children. On all measures of child well-being, except grade retention, children of cyclically cohabiting parents fared no worse than children of stably cohabiting biological parents and did not differ significantly from any other group.
Accessing a growth window for SrVO3 thin films

Stoichiometric SrVO3 thin films were grown over a range of cation fluxes on (001) (La0.3Sr0.7)(Al0.65Ta0.35)O3 substrates using hybrid molecular beam epitaxy, where a thermal effusion cell was employed to generate a Sr flux and V was supplied using the metal-organic precursor vanadium oxytriisopropoxide (VTIP). By systematically varying the VTIP flux while keeping the Sr flux constant, a range of flux ratios were discovered in which the structural and electronic properties of the SrVO3 films remained unaltered. The intrinsic film lattice parameter and residual resistivity were found to be the smallest inside the growth window, indicating the lowest defect concentration of the films, and rapidly increased for cation flux ratios deviating from ideal growth condition. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction showed that films grown within this range had smooth surfaces and diffraction patterns were free of additional spots, while otherwise the growing surface was rough and contained additional crystalline phases. Results show the existence of a SrVO3 growth window at sufficiently high growth temperature, in which high-quality, stoichiometric films can be grown in a robust, highly reproducible manner that is invulnerable to unintentional flux variation.
Experimental aesthetics: Children's complexity preference in original art and photoreproductions

The relationship between aesthetic preference and complexity was studied in children, comparing full-size original abstract artworks with reduced-size photoreproductions. No preference for complexity was found; rather, a tendency toward preference for intermediate levels of complexity, or rejection of high complexity, seemed to be indicated, primarily for the full-size original artworks. There was little relationship between results with the original artworks and their reduced-size photoreproductions, suggesting, until further research can be accomplished, a cautionary note in the widespread use of photoreproductions in experimental aesthetics.
Baryogenesis, sphalerons, and the cogeneration of dark matter

Processes involving the electroweak anomaly can erase completely a primordial baryon and lepton asymmetry if B-L=0. This has led to the search for plausible mechanisms for weak-scale baryogenesis, or for the generation of a primordial B-L asymmetry. Here it is emphasized that if another quantum number conserved up to anomalies is present electroweak anomaly processes would not necessarily erase a primordial baryon asymmetry even if B-L=0. Moreover, an asymmetry in the new quantum number that is comparable to the baryon asymmetry is generated concomitantly due to the electroweak anomaly. This asymmetry could be the origin of dark matter.
Role of dopaminergic mechanisms in the stimulatory effects of MK-801 injected into the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens

The bilateral administration of 10μg of (+)MK-801, but not (−)MK-801, into either the VTA or the N.Ac. stimulated locomotor activity. The stimulation induced by (+)MK-801 at both sites was inhibited by reserpine (5 mg/kg, SC) and the D1 antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.1 mg/kg, SC). Eticlopride (0.03 mg/kg, SC), a D2 antagonist, inhibited the stimulation produced by MK-801 in the VTA but not in the N.Ac. Baclofen (32 ng), a GABAB receptor agonist, injected into the VTA inhibited the stimulatory response to MK-801 injected systemically, into the VTA, or into the N.Ac., but did not significantly inhibit spontaneous locomotion or the stimulatory response to apomorphine (5 mg/kg, SC). These observations suggest that the stimulatory effects of MK-801 in the VTA and the N.Ac. are dependent on endogenous dopamine. In addition, the effects produced by MK-801 injected into the VTA closely resemble those produced by the systemic administration of low doses of MK-801, suggesting that this is the primary site of action of MK-801.
Experimental analysis of response covariation among compliant and inappropriate behaviors.

Reliable changes in a variety of behaviors, or classes of behaviors, when only one is manipulated experimentally, have demonstrated that even topographically dissimilar responses can be functionally related. We investigated such a relationship between topographically different child behaviors (compliance and inappropriate activities) by using a methodology that tests for response covariation. Five conditions were provided to sequentially increase and decrease first one and then the other of these behaviors, with the degree of covariation between the two behaviors (i.e., the relationship between changes in the targeted and nontargeted behaviors) being the finding of interest. Results showed that, regardless of the intervention used, the behavior targeted, or the direction manipulated, the nontargeted behavior reliably covaried inversely with the targeted one. The findings have immediate relevance to the clinical treatment of multiple behavior problems exhibited by children. Furthermore, the study of relationships between responses and the processes underlying these relationships can have important implications for understanding the complexity characteristic of human behavior not yet analyzed by behavioral research.
Obesity prevalence by occupation in Washington State, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

INTRODUCTION Data that estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for worker obesity by occupation are generally unavailable and could inform the prioritization of workplace wellness programs. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of obesity by occupation, examine the association of occupational physical activity and a range of health behaviors with obesity, and identify occupations in which workers are at high risk of obesity in Washington State. METHODS We conducted descriptive and multivariable analyses among 37,626 employed Washington State respondents using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in odd numbered years, from 2003 through 2009. We estimated prevalence and prevalence ratios (PRs) by occupational groups adjusting for demographics, occupational physical activity level, smoking, fruit and vegetable consumption, and leisure-time physical activity (LPTA). RESULTS Overall obesity prevalence was 24.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.0-25.1). Workers in protective services were 2.46 (95% CI, 1.72-3.50) times as likely to be obese as workers in health diagnosing occupations. Compared with their counterparts, workers who consumed adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables and had adequate LTPA were significantly less likely to be obese (PR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.97 and PR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.60-0.67, respectively). Workers with physically demanding occupational physical activity had a lower PR of obesity (PR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.78-0.88) than those with nonphysically demanding occupational physical activity. CONCLUSION Obesity prevalence and health risk behaviors vary substantially by occupation. Employers, policy makers, and health promotion practitioners can use our results to target and prioritize workplace obesity prevention and health behavior promotion programs.
Problem-Solving Performances of First-Grade Children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differential performances among categories of first-grade children when solving arithmetical word problems of eight different types under two distinct conditions. The categories were, in part, based on various types of quantitative comparisons which children are known to make; gross quantitative comparisons, intensive quantitative comparisons, and extensive quantitative comparisons. Elkind (1961) defines gross quantitative comparisons as "single perceived relations between objects (larger than, fewer than) which are not coordinated with each other [p. 37]." For example, a child may judge two equivalent sets of objects to be of the same number when the objects of each set are placed adjacent to one another in a one-to-one fashion; but upon moving one of the two sets of objects so that it subtends a region of greater (or less) measure than the original, the child may no longer believe the two sets possess the same number. He has not yet started to coordinate the density of the objects with the measure of the region the objects subtend. When this coordination begins, the child is capable of intensive quantitative comparisons (Piaget, 1952). He may not yet be able to grasp proportionality of differences, but is capable of logical coherence. Elkind (1961) has shown that gross quantities are easiest for children to compare, then intensive and extensive quantities in that order. Conceptually, the nature of the transformation of the objects involved when children are asked to make a quantitative comparison is of significance. A physical movement of the objects of one or both collections
Combining Local Appearance and Motion Cues for Occlusion Boundary Detection.

Building on recent advances in the detection of appearance edges from multiple local cues, we present an approach for detecting occlusion boundaries which also incorporates local motion information. We argue that these boundaries have physical significance which makes them important for many high-level vision tasks and that motion offers a unique, often critical source of additional information for detecting them. We provide a new dataset of natural image sequences with labeled occlusion boundaries, on which we learn a classifier that leverages appearance cues along with motion estimates from either side of an edge. We demonstrate improved performance for pixelwise differentiation of occlusion boundaries from non-occluding edges by combining these weak local cues, as compared to using them separately. The results are suitable as improved input to subsequent midor high-level reasoning methods.
Takesaki's duality theorem and continuous decomposition for real factors of type III

Let be a real von Neumann algebra, and let be the least von Neumann algebra generated by . We consider crossed products of and strongly continuous actions of commutative locally compact groups of -automorphisms of . We study the real structure in the von Neumann algebras dual to (in the sense of the Takesaki duality for crossed products). We obtain a theorem on the continuous decomposition of real factors of type III.
Cation controlled singlet oxygen mediated oxidation of olefins within zeolites

Oxidation of trialkyl olefins has been performed within zeolites employing thionin as the singlet oxygen sensitizer. Unusual selectivity in favor of secondary hydroperoxides is observed within zeolites. In light of the fact that in solution such a selectivity is never observed the selectivity reported here is of great significance. Based on computational results the observed selectivity is attributed to conformational control of the reactant olefins by cations present in zeolites. Cation-π interaction seems to control the behavior of the olefins towards singlet oxygen within zeolites.
Allison GT-404: The VIP Engine-Versatile Industrial Power

The development of the regenerative industrial gas turbine has progressed to the point where it can soon take its place with the diesel engine in the heavy-duty power market. The design goals for the Allison GT-404, and the progress in its development are reviewed in detail. The application of the engine to prototype installations in passenger coaches, highway, trucks and generator sets is described, together with significant findings from operating experience to date.Copyright © 1972 by ASME
Palliative approaches to the patient with breast cancer.

Despite an increasing trend towards early diagnosis of breast cancer, patients still present with locally advanced disease. Also, in some patients chemotherapy will fail, and local and regional recurrence will occur. This article outlines options for palliative care for such patients. Progress in breast cancer detection and prevention has resulted in a steady decrease in the mortality rate from this feared disease. These improvements are the results of a number of factors. Mammography, MR imaging, and radiologic tissue sampling techniques contribute to earlier and more complete staging and diagnosis and therefore to improved survival. Advances in molecular biology, such as the identification of BRCA 1 and BRCA 2, have been important contributions and are the subject of ongoing research. Additionally, patients are being diagnosed with in situ and nonpalpable tumors more often. Despite these advances, however, 1% to 15% of patients still present with locally advanced disease. Although chemotherapy is effective in preventing cancer recurrence in many patients, some patients inevitably suffer from local and regional reappearance of their cancer. These recurrences can be in the breast in patients who undergo breast-conserving surgery, on the chest wall following mastectomy, or in the axilla. The recurrences can be the source of pain and discomfort. Although some women still have a curative option in the face of these recurrences, others do not. This article considers the treatment of locally advanced primary tumors, axillary recurrence, and chest wall recurrence. The discussion is limited to
Cost-effectiveness of echocardiography to identify intracardiac thrombus among patients with first stroke or transient ischemic attack.

Background and Purpose. Echocardiography to select stroke patients for targeted treatments, such as anticoagulation (AC), to reduce recurrent stroke risk is controversial. The authors' objective was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of imaging strategies that use transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography for identifying intracardiac thrombus in new stroke patients.Methods. Model-based cost-effectiveness analysis of 7 echocardiographic imaging strategies and 2 nontesting strategies with model parameters based on systematic evidence review related to effectiveness of echocardiography in newly diagnosed ischemic stroke patients (white males aged 65 years in base case). Primary outcome was cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY).Results. All strategies containing TTE were dominated by others and were eliminated from the analysis. Assuming that AC reduces recurrent stroke risk from intracardiac thrombus by 43% over 1 year, TEE generated a cost per QALY of $137,000 (relative to standard...
Development of a Low-Cost Sub-Scale Aircraft for Flight Research: The FASER Project

An inexpensive unmanned sub-scale aircraft was developed to conduct frequent flight test experiments for research and demonstration of advanced dynamic modeling and control design concepts. This paper describes the aircraft, flight systems, flight operations, and data compatibility including details of some practical problems encountered and the solutions found. The aircraft, named Free-flying Aircraft for Sub-scale Experimental Research, or FASER, was outfitted with high-quality instrumentation to measure aircraft inputs and states, as well as vehicle health parameters. Flight data are stored onboard, but can also be telemetered to a ground station in real time for analysis. Commercial-off-the-shelf hardware and software were used as often as possible. The flight computer is based on the PC104 platform, and runs xPC-Target software. Extensive wind tunnel testing was conducted with the same aircraft used for flight testing, and a six degree-of-freedom simulation with nonlinear aerodynamics was developed to support flight tests. Flight tests to date have been conducted to mature the flight operations, validate the instrumentation, and check the flight data for kinematic consistency. Data compatibility analysis showed that the flight data are accurate and consistent after corrections are made for estimated systematic instrumentation errors.
Computational investigation of Group 1 metal-chlorate ion pairs and their monohydrates

Abstract The structures and predicted infrared (IR) spectra of M + ClO 3 - and M + ClO 3 - · H 2 O , where M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs, have been investigated using density functional theory calculations. The structures identified in this study for Li + ClO 3 - , Na + ClO 3 - and K + ClO 3 - ion pairs are in good general agreement with earlier experimental and theoretical investigations, notably bidentate binding of the cation by chlorate in Li + ClO 3 - , two isomers of Na + ClO 3 - and preferred tridentate binding of chlorate in K + ClO 3 - . Our study extends the body of work to include Rb+ and Cs+ ion pairs, which both adopt the tridentate coordination geometry favored by K + ClO 3 - . For M + ClO 3 - · H 2 O our calculations yielded multiple structures, including one not previously reported or suggested that features the H2O ligand “bridging” the metal ion and one oxygen atom of the chlorate anion. The “bridging” structure represents the global minimum for several of the hydrated ion pairs, and the importance of this conformation to the correct interpretation of matrix isolation infrared spectra of the hydrated ions pairs is discussed.
Cohort Change in Images of Older Adults, 1974–1981

This study examines images of older people held by adults of all ages at two points in time. The two surveys, 7 years apart (1974 and 1981), permit the examination of cohort changes in such perceptions over time. Multivariate analysis indicated that social class and health status evaluations of older adults declined between the two surveys, principally because of the assessments by more recent cohorts. With regard to media portrayals of older adults, more recent cohorts felt that the media portrayals of older adults were distorted by presenting a more positive picture than what older people actually experienced.
A Preliminary Model of Design as a Sequential Decision Process

Abstract This paper presents a formal model of design as a sequential decision process. In the process model, the design process takes discrete steps through a space defined by the extent of the set of designs under consideration, the level of detail of the designs, and the level of fidelity of the analyses the designs are subjected to. At the start the design space is broad, the design detail is low, and the analyses are conceptual. The process finishes with a single point design of full detail subjected to the highest fidelity analyses. Two premises underlie the model; first, that design decision making is a process of simultaneously constructing one's preferences while satisfying them. Second, that design using computational models is a sequential process that starts with low fidelity models for initial trades and progresses through models of increasing detail. These premises are supported by research from the domains of behavioral economics, psychology, judgment and decision making, neuroeconomics, marketing, and engineering design, and are substantiated by the authors’ own experience. The paper summarizes the pertinent literature, synthesizes a preliminary model of the sequential process and how lower fidelity models couple to higher ones, and develops an experimental case study now being used to exercise the model.
Perception of difficulty and glucose control: Effects on academic performance in youth with type I diabetes.

AIM: To investigate whether perceptions of task difficulty on neuropsychological tests predicted academic achievement after controlling for glucose levels and depression. METHODS: Participants were type 1 diabetic adolescents, with a mean age = 12.5 years (23 females and 16 males), seen at a northwest suburban Chicago hospital. The sample population was free of co-morbid clinical health conditions. Subjects completed a three-part neuropsychological battery including the Digit Symbol Task, Trail Making Test, and Controlled Oral Word Association test. Following each task, individuals rated task difficulty and then completed a depression inventory. Performance on these three tests is reflective of neuropsychological status in relation to glucose control. Blood glucose levels were measured immediately prior to and after completing the neuropsychological battery using a glucose meter. HbA1c levels were obtained from medical records. Academic performance was based on self-reported grades in Math, Science, and English. Data was analyzed using multiple regression models to evaluate the associations between academic performance, perception of task difficulty, and glucose control. RESULTS: Perceptions of difficulty on a neuropsychological battery significantly predicted academic performance after accounting for glucose control and depression. Perceptions of difficulty on the neuropsychological tests were inversely correlated with academic performance (r = -0.48), while acute (blood glucose) and long-term glucose levels increased along with perceptions of task difficulty (r = 0.47). Additionally, higher depression scores were associated with poorer academic performance (r = -0.43). With the first regression analysis, perception of difficulty on the neuropsychological tasks contributed to 8% of the variance in academic performance after controlling for peripheral blood glucose and depression. In the second regression analysis, perception of difficulty accounted for 11% of the variance after accounting for academic performance and depression. The final regression analysis indicated that perception of difficulty increased with peripheral blood glucose, contributing to 22% of the variance. Most importantly, after controlling for perceptions of task difficulty, academic performance no longer predicted glucose levels. Finally, subjects who found the cognitive battery difficult were likely to have poor academic grades. CONCLUSION: Perceptions of difficulty on neurological tests exhibited a significant association with academic achievement, indicating that deficits in this skill may lead to academic disadvantage in diabetic patients.
Axial Presentations of Regular Arcs on M(n).

Abstract THEOREM 1. Let Mn be a Riemannian manifold of class Cm, m > 0. On Mn let g be a simple compact, sensed, regular arc whose local coordinates are functions of class Cm of the algebraic arc length s, measured along g from a prescribed point of g. There then exists a presentation (F: U, X) [unk] [unk]Mn such that g [unk] X, and each point p(s) of g is represented in the euclidean domain U by coordinates (x1,...,xn) = (s,0,...,0).
Liver Pathology in Infantile Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome is a relatively novel cause of hepatic dysfunction in the pediatric population. It is caused by mutations in either mtDNA or nuclear DNA (nDNA) that result in a quantitative reduction in mtDNA and, in turn, dysfunctional oxidative phosphorylation. In infants, it results in the hepatocerebral phenotype, characterized by hyperbilirubinemia, coagulopathy, lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia, lethargy, encephalopathy, developmental delay, and hypotonia. Three infants diagnosed with mtDNA depletion syndrome at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were identified, and their clinical presentation, disease course, and histologic and ultrastructural features of liver samples (pre- and postmortem) were characterized. While a different mutant gene was identified in each child, they all showed clinical evidence of metabolic dysfunction soon after birth and expired by 1 year of age. Steatosis, cholestasis, and cytoplasmic crowding by atypical mitochondria were consistent pathologic liver findings. Other findings included hepatocyte hypereosinophilia, fibrosis, and hemosiderosis. This analysis provides insight into the important clinical signs/symptoms and histopathologic and ultrastructural features of mtDNA depletion syndrome in infants and young children. Knowledge of these characteristics will facilitate early recognition and appropriate treatment of this rare disorder. Additionally, ultrastructural evaluation of liver samples by electron microscopy is an important diagnostic component of hepatic dysfunction caused by metabolic abnormalities. This type of analysis should be routinely employed in the setting of unexplained cholestasis, especially when accompanied by steatosis and hepatocyte hypereosinophilia.
Modified Biserial Correlation Coefficients.

Asymptotic distribution theory of Brogden's form of biserial correlation coefficient is derived and large sample estimates of its standard error obtained. Its efficiency relative to the biserial correlation coefficient is examined. Other modifications of the statistic are evaluated, and on the basis of these results, recommendations for choice of estimator of biserial correlation are presented.
Changes in cotton leaf chemistry induced by volatile elicitors

Abstract Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) leaves were exposed for 7 days to volatile chemicals originating from Aspergillus flavus -infected cotton leaves, A. flavus cultures or mechanically damaged cotton leaves. Volatiles from A. flavus -infected leaves triggered significant increases of 52 and 34% in phloroglucinol-reactive compounds in wounded or undamaged cotton leaves, respectively. Increased production of heliocides (C 25 terpenoid aldehydes) were found in the volatile recepient wounded or undamaged cotton leaves. The heliocides are natural insecticides presumed localized in the subepidermal pigment glands in leaves. Myrcene, a volatile precursor of heliocide H 2 , also caused significant increases in heliocide production when leaves were exposed to the volatilized chemical.