cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burns B. Crookston: Life and Legacy

Burns B. Crookston was a man ahead of his times. He left a legacy to the student affairs profession that inspired the practice of student development education. His writings described a role for higher education in training students to become active citizens by learning about leadership, decision making, and conflict resolution in democratic organizations. His discussion of social contracts led to a renewed vision of democracy, public service, and the practice of community engagement on all levels of society, beginning with teaching and learning in residence halls and extending to student government and civic engagement in the wider society.
Cleft Palate Induction: Quantitative Studies of 3H Corticoids in A/Jax Mouse Tissues after Maternal Injections of 3H Cortisol

A/Jax mice were injected with 50 μCi of 3H cortisol and 10 mg of cortisone acetate on day 12 of gestation. At various intervals after injection, the maternal liver, placenta, yolk sac, and the fetal jaws were removed and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography in conjunction with oxidative combustion and liquid scintillation counting to identify and measure the amount of labeled corticoid metabolites. The results support the thesis that these corticoids may induce clefts by an individual or combined direct action on the fetal jaws and palatal shelf tissue.
Fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity

Abstract The influence of the fatty acyl-CoA thioesters on rat liver microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity was tested in vitro to determine if the previously demonstrated inhibition of [ 14 C] acetate incorporation into cholesterol is due to inhibition of this rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. The polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoA thioesters caused the greatest inhibition of enzyme activity, 50 μM arachidonoyl-CoA inhibiting 67% and 5 μM inhibiting 22%. 50 μM linoleoyl-CoA inhibited 56% with the more saturated thioesters causing less inhibition. 50–100 μM free fatty acids, free CoA, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, carnitine derivatives, prostaglandins and non-specific detergents caused little or no inhibition of enzyme activity. Kinetic studies revealed the inhibition to be noncompetitive with respect to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA with a K i for arachidonoyl CoA of 3.10 μM. Fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of in vitro cholesterol synthesis is due to inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. Variation in intracellular concentrations of fatty acyl-CoA thioesters may significantly alter cholesterol synthesis.
The Integrated Curriculum of “Planned Approach to Healthier Schools”

Abstract Improved nutrition and increased physical activity blaze a path to a healthier lifestyle.
Multiple criteria selection with simple preference information

Abstract We look at the problem of multiple criteria selection in the situation in which we have some priority relationship between the criteria.
Anesthetic management of a parturient with mixed mitral valve disease and uncontrolled atrial fibrillation

This case report describes the anesthetic management of a 32-year-old parturient with combined severe mitral regurgitation and moderate mitral stenosis, complicated by fast atrial fibrillation. The advantageous effects of epidural analgesia during labor and vaginal delivery and the importance of invasive monitoring are discussed. We also report the rare complication of right bundle branch block related to the use of a pulmonary artery catheter.
Group development in virtual teams

In an experiment, virtual teams developed over time.Members could communicate freely, had clear goals, and might work together again.All teams worked effectively by the end of the exercise.A sequential development process was found.Negative effects due to conformity were observed in early stages of development. Virtual teams are thought to be experienced differently and to have poor outcomes because there is little or no face-to-face interaction and a tendency for virtual team members to use different communication techniques for forming relationships. However, the expanding use of virtual teams in organizations suggests that virtual teams in real world contexts are able to overcome these barriers and be experienced in much the same way as face-to-face teams. This paper reports the result of an experiment in which virtual teams participated in an exercise where they completed an information-sharing task ten times as a team. The results suggest that, contrary to one-shot, ad hoc virtual teams, longer-lived virtual teams follow a sequential group development process. Virtual team development appears to differ from face-to-face teams because the use of computer-mediated communication heightens pressure to conform when a virtual team is first formed, meaning trust is most strongly linked with feeling that the team was accomplishing the task appropriately. As the virtual teams developed, trust in peers was more strongly linked with goal commitment. Once the teams were working together effectively, accomplishing the task appropriately was the strongest link with trust in peers. I suggest that virtual team managers should cultivate virtual workspaces that are similar to those proven to work in face-to-face contexts: (1) teams should have clear, specific goals, (2) members should be encouraged or even required to communicate with each other, and (3) team members should feel that they might work with the other team members again.
Lorentz and CPT violation in the neutrino sector

We consider neutrino oscillations in the minimal Standard-Model Extension describing general Lorentz and CPT violation. Among the models without neutrino mass differences is one with two degrees of freedom that reproduces most major observed features of neutrino behavior.
Analysis of oscillating compressible flow through a packed bed

Abstract The forced convective flow of an ideal gas through a packed bed was investigated by finite-difference numerical means. Oscillating gas-phase temperature/ pressure inlet boundary conditions were considered. The effect of oscillating boundary conditions on the transport phenomena in the packed bed was investigated and comparisons were made with the case of constant-temperature and constant-pressure boundary conditions. The average energy storage characteristics were found to be very close in both oscillating and constant inlet boundary conditions.
Groups have a larger cognitive capacity than individuals

Increasing the number of options can paradoxically lead to worse decisions, a phenomenon known as cognitive overload [1]. This happens when an individual decision-maker attempts to digest information exceeding its processing capacity. Highly integrated groups, such as social insect colonies, make consensus decisions that combine the efforts of many members, suggesting that these groups can overcome individual limitations [2-4]. Here we report that an ant colony choosing a new nest site is less vulnerable to cognitive overload than an isolated ant making this decision on her own. We traced this improvement to differences in individual behavior. In whole colonies, each ant assesses only a small subset of available sites, and the colony combines their efforts to thoroughly explore all options. An isolated ant, on the other hand, must personally assess a larger number of sites to approach the same level of option coverage. By sharing the burden of assessment, the colony avoids overtaxing the abilities of its members.
Effect of organic acids on calcium phosphate nucleation and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on peptide functionalized nanofibers.

Carboxylate-rich organic acids play an important role in controlling the growth of apatite crystals and the extent of mineralization in the natural bone. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of organic acids on calcium phosphate (CaP) nucleation on nanofiber microsheets functionalized with a glutamic acid peptide and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) seeded on the CaP-nucleated microsheets. High molecular weight poly(dl-lactide) (DL-PLA) was mixed with low molecular weight L-PLA conjugated with Glu-Glu-Gly-Gly-Cys peptide, and the mixture was electrospun to generate aligned nanofiber microsheets. The nanofiber microsheets were incubated in a modified simulated body fluid (mSBF) supplemented with different organic acids for nucleation and growth of CaP crystals on the nanofibers. Organic acids included citric acid (CA), hydroxycitric acid (HCA), tartaric acid (TART), malic acid (MA), ascorbic acid (AsA), and salicylic acid (SalA). HCA microsheets had the...
Impact of Verification Grid-Box Size on Warm-Season QPF Skill Measures

A 10-km-grid-spacing version of NCEP’s Eta Model was used to simulate 11 warm-season convective systems occurring over the U.S. upper midwest. Quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) from the model valid for 6h periods were verified using 4-km-grid-spacing stage-IV precipitation estimates. Verification first was performed on the model’s 10-km grid by areally averaging the 4-km observations onto the model grid. To investigate and quantify the impact of the verification grid-box size on some standard skill scores, verification was also performed by averaging the 10-km model forecasts onto 30-km grid boxes and then areally averaging the observations onto the same 30-km grid. As a final test of the impact of the verifying grid-box size, the same 11 events were simulated with a 30-km version of the Eta Model, with verification then being performed on this 30-km grid. For all cases in both the 10- and 30-km versions of the model, 12 variations of the model were used, with variations involving either (i) modifications to the initial conditions to better represent mesoscale features present at the initialization time or (ii) changes in moist physics. Equitable threat scores (ETSs) increased when verification occurred on a coarser grid, whether the coarser grid was created by averaging the 10-km model results or was that used in the 30-km model runs. This result suggests that it may be difficult to show improved skill scores as model resolution improves if the verification is performed on the model’s own increasingly fine grid. It should be noted, however, that the use of different verification resolutions does not change the general impacts on ETSs of variations in model physics or initial conditions. The sensitivity of ETSs to verifying grid-box size does, however, vary somewhat between model variants using different model moist-physics formulations or initialization procedures.
At the Heart of It All: The Concept of Presence

A number of emerging technologies including virtual reality, simulation rides, video conferencing, home theater, and high definition television are designed to provide media users with an illusion that a mediated experience is not mediated, a perception defined here as presence. Traditional media such as the telephone, radio, television, film, and many others offer a lesser degree of presence as well. This article examines the key concept of presence. It begins by noting practical and theoretical reasons for studying this concept. Six conceptualizations of presence found in a diverse set of literatures are identified and a detailed explication of the concept that incorporates these conceptualizations is presented. Existing research and speculation about the factors that encourage or discourage a sense of presence in media users as well as the physiological and psychological effects of presence are then outlined. Finally, suggestions concerning future systematic research about presence are presented.
Molecular basis for prostaglandin potency. III. Tests of the significance of the “hairpin conformation” in biorecognition phenomena

Abstract Prostaglandin analogs of the PGF2α, 15-epi-PGF2α, and PGE2 type bearing the following methyl substitution patterns — 15-Me, 16, 16-(Me)2, 17, 17-(Me)2, and 18, 18, 20-(Me)3 — and analogs constrained to “hairpin” alignment [via 1, (ω-1)-olide formation] and to “non-hairpin” arrangements [via 1,9- and 1,15-olide formation] are compared in the following biological assays: contraction of uterine and gastro-intestinal smooth muscle strips, luteolytic antifertility potency in the hamster, binding affinity to two different PGF2α-receptor preparations from bovine corpora lutea, binding to the PGE-specific receptors from rat kidney and liver, inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation of human platelet-rich-plasma, and the effect on rat blood blood pressure. The methylated prostaglandins were also converted to the corresponding prostacyclins and examined as to action on the platelet and on rat blood pressure. All evidence points to topographically distinct receptors for F2α-, E- and I2-type prostaglandins. Cross-reactivity is reduced in most of the analogs examined. Independent of the target organ or tissue, the receptors show common features based on the functional class of PG recognized. “Hairpin” alignment improves binding (and potency) only for the PGF2α specific assays. PGE-specific binding and potency is disrupted to an increasing extent as the chain branching point is moved further from the 15-hydroxyl center. In contrast 16, 16-dimethylation is particularly disruptive for the PGI2/E1platelet receptor interaction.
Perceptions of Values at a Public Research University

The purpose of this study was to explore student perceptions of institutional values at a public research extensive institution. Students were asked to respond to the Character Education Values and Practices Inventory (CEVPI, Chen, 2005). In this study, input refers to student characteristics at the time of entry to the institution as in Astin’s (1993) input-environment-outcome (I-E-O) model. Environment referred to the programs, policies, faculty, peers, and educational experiences to which the students were exposed, and outcome referred to student’s values as shaped by exposure to the environment. Among undergraduates, the values, independent and ambitious were ranked the highest from a list of 43 possible choices.
Self-Report and Fantasy Correlates of Death Concern:

The Death Concern Scale (Dickstein, 1972) was administered to 185 college females and three groups of high (n = 24), middle (n = 25), and low (n = 24) death-concern Ss were selected. These groups w...
Impedance study of brain tissue changes after penetrating injury

Abstract Different aspects of tissue reaction to injury after probe insertions in the cat and rabbit brain have been elucidated by means of the impedographic technique. The fine track of a semimicroprobe (0.1 mm in diameter) in the living brain was clearly represented in the impedograph as a fine black strip of low impedance, but no pattern of changes in the tissue immediately surrounding or far from the track were seen in serial observation of 1 or 2 weeks. Similar results were also observed on tracks made with a medium-size probe (gauge 26-22). There is a series of reactions that develop in a typical pattern and these obtain only when using a large probe (gauge 19-15) or a narrow scalpel with a sharp tip. A sharp black image with low impedance usually appeared in the tissue of gray or white matter along the probe track at 24 hr after probe insertion. On the other hand, another reaction with an associated impedance rise or fall in isolated areas far from the probe track was observed occasionally. These reactions recovered completely within 1 week leaving no permanent damage except for a probe scar. The transient black image in the tissue surrounding the track was caused by a traumatic (vasogenic) extracellular edema which was confirmed by Evans blue dye administration. The impedance drop probably resulted from the increased edema fluid in the extracellular space.
Intracellular calreticulin regulates multiple steps in fibrillar collagen expression, trafficking, and processing into the extracellular matrix.

Calreticulin (CRT), a chaperone and Ca2+ regulator, enhances wound healing, and its expression correlates with fibrosis in animal models, suggesting that CRT regulates production of the extracellular matrix. However, direct regulation of collagen matrix by CRT has not been previously demonstrated. We investigated the role of CRT in the regulation of fibrillar collagen expression, secretion, processing, and deposition in the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in CRT (CRT−/− MEFs) have reduced transcript levels of fibrillar collagen I and III and less soluble collagen as compared with wild type MEFs. Correspondingly, fibroblasts engineered to overexpress CRT have increased collagen type I transcript and protein. Collagen expression appears to be regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium levels and intracellular CRT, because thapsigargin treatment reduced collagen expression, whereas addition of exogenous recombinant CRT had no effect. CRT−/− MEFs exhibited increased ER retention of collagen, and collagen and CRT were co-immunoprecipitated from isolated cell lysates, suggesting that CRT is important for trafficking of collagen through the ER. CRT−/− MEFs also have reduced type I procollagen processing and deposition into the extracellular matrix. The reduced collagen matrix deposition is partly a consequence of reduced fibronectin matrix formation in the CRT-deficient cells. Together, these data show that CRT complexes with collagen in cells and that CRT plays critical roles at multiple stages of collagen expression and processing. These data identify CRT as an important regulator of collagen and suggest that intracellular CRT signaling plays an important role in tissue remodeling and fibrosis.
Magnetostructural Study of 2-(4-N-tert-Butylaminoxylphenyl)benzimidazole

The heat capacity of the title organic free radical, PhBABI, was measured over 0.3−300 K by adiabatic calorimetry and relaxation methods in the presence of external magnetic fields up to 9 T. A hump in the magnetic heat capacity was observed with a maximum at about 15 K in zero field, which did not shift at fields up to 9 T. The experimental magnetic entropy was in good agreement with the theoretical value of R ln 2 (= 5.76 J K−1 mol−1) for S = 1/2 systems. The higher temperature, field-insensitive feature was fitted to several antiferromagnetic Heisenberg models. The best fits were obtained using spin ladder and coupled spin bilayer models.
An American's View of Nursing Education in Japan

Nursing licensing laws, the type of nursing programs, characteristics of the programs, a typical 3-year curriculum, and future trends in Japanese nursing education are discussed.
Asf1 Mediates Histone Eviction and Deposition during Elongation by RNA Polymerase II

Histones are rapidly evicted and deposited during transcription by RNA polymerase (Pol) II, but a factor that mediates histone eviction in vivo has not yet been identified. Here, we show that the histone chaperone Asf1 associates with promoters and coding regions of transcriptionally active genes. Asf1 mediates histone H3, but not H2B, eviction and deposition during Pol II elongation, suggesting that nucleosome assembly and disassembly occur in a stepwise fashion. Lastly, Asf1 inhibits internal initiation from cryptic promoters within coding regions. These results strongly suggest that Asf1 functions as an elongation factor to disassemble and reassemble histones during Pol II elongation.
“The broken schippus he ther fonde”: Shipwrecks and the Human Costs of Investment Capital in Middle English Romance

Featuring prominently in the romance imagination as terrifying obstacles in the hero’s path, shipwrecks are nevertheless often presented from the salvager’s perspective. Romances abound with knights, clerks, and merchants who obsessively observe nearby beaches and cautiously (yet excitedly) examine the contents of wrecked vessels. Washed ashore, such fruits of maritime disaster delineate medieval English conceptions of seashores as dangerous yet profitable spaces, wherein seaside harvests of (un)natural resources help to stimulate local economic networks. Designations of these shipwrecks as “magical” or “fortuitous” cannot, however, completely elide the source of such wealth in others’ suffering—an unavoidable implication that interrogates contemporary means of attaining investment capital. As such, this paper examines how the littoral space of the seashore is cast as a source of perilous and problematic material bounty in many Middle English romances.
A History of Barbados: From Amerindian Settlement to Nation-State

This book is the first general history of Barbados written by a professional historian. Using a vigorous and unbiased approach to the collective experience of all the island's inhabitants, the author traces the events and ideas that shaped contemporary society. He examines the influences of the Amerindians, European colonisation, the sugar industry, the African slave trade, emancipation, the civil rights movement, independence and nationalism. Dr Beckles has blended an impressive quantity of primary research and published literature to produce an exciting and provocative history of this island state.
Measurement and theory of the orientation dependence of Knoop microhardness in single-crystal mercuric iodide

Measurements were made of the orientation dependence of the Knoop microhardness H K on the (001) and (110) faces of single crystals of red (tetragonal) mercuric iodide that were vapour-grown for use in radiation detectors. The (001) faces of the crystals are softest when the major diagonal of the Knoop indentor (called here “the indentor”) is parallel to the [100] crystallographic axis, and H K increases monotonically, by about 25%, as the indentor is rotated from the [100] to the [110] axis. The (110) surfaces are hardest when the indentor is parallel to [001]; H K decreases by about 50% as the indentor is rotated from [001] to [1¯10]; the experimental data indicate an intermediate microhardness minimum that occurs before the [1¯10] orientation is reached. Particularly interesting surface topography, including bands of slip lines, is observed in the vicinity of indentations on the (110) planes, which apparently have not previously been characterized by Knoop microhardness indentation. Theoretically, the size of a microhardness indention is presumed to depend on the volume of material in which appropriate slip systems are stressed sufficiently to cause appreciable slip. To test this concept and determine which particular slip systems dominate the indention process, the “infinite flat punch” model was used to calculate the orientational and volumetric variations of shear stress on various potential slip systems in mercuric iodide. For indention processes controlled by movement (i.e. slip) of material in the [001] direction, over {100} planes, these calculations predict the following (experimentally observed) results: (a) on the (001) plane, H K is smallest at [001] and greatest at [110], with no intermediate extremum; (b) on the (110) plane, H K has its greatest value at [001] and a minimum between [001] and [1¯10]; (c) H K at [110] on the (001) plane is essentially the same as H K at [1¯10] on the (110) plane; and (d) the relative variation of H K is greater on the (110) than on the (001) surface. Finally, the expected orientational variation of H K on the (100) and (101) surfaces was determined theoretically.
Detached deltoid during arthroscopic subacromial decompression

Abstract Summary: Arthroscopic subacromial decompression has become increasingly popular as an operative treatment for shoulder impingement syndrome. It is generally a safe procedure with low morbidity and very few complications. A case where the deltoid became detached during arthroscopic subacromial decompression is presented as an example of the perils of overaggressive subacromial decompression. This is the first reported case of such a complication related to arthroscopic subacromial decompression. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 16, No 7 (October), 2000: pp 745–748
Task integration in multimodal speech recognition environments

A model of complementary behavior has been proposed based on arguments that direct manipulation and speech recognition interfaces have reciprocal strengths and weaknesses. This suggests that user interface performance and acceptance may increase by adopting a multimodal approach that combines speech and direct manipulation. More theoretical work is needed in order to understand how to leverage this advantage. In this paper, a framework is presented to empirically evaluate the types of tasks that might benefit from such a multimodal interface.
Corneal Abnormalities in a Mother and Daughter With Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (Goltz-Gorlin Syndrome)

Purpose/Methods Focal dermal hypoplasia is an inherited dermatologic disorder commonly associated with skeletal and dental abnormalities. Ocular abnormalities frequently found in patients with focal dermal hypoplasia include microphthalmos, anophthalmos, and colobomas. Corneal abnormalities rarely have been described in patients with focal dermal hypoplasia. We examined a mother and daughter with focal dermal hypoplasia with distinctive corneal lesions. Results/Conclusion Several discrete vascularized peripheral subepithelial corneal opacifications were present bilaterally in both patients with focal dermal hypoplasia. No ocular abnormalities that would predispose to these abnormalities were found. These corneal lesions appear to represent an unusual manifestation of focal dermal hypoplasia.
Intraventricular tumors of childhood

Supratentorial intraventricular tumors in childhood are relatively uncommon neoplasms. They are generally benign lesions with certain anatomic predilection, producing symptoms by local expansion and obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow. Increased intracranial pressure occurs without focal neurologic deficit because of their relatively silent central cerebral location. The benign nature of supratentorial intraventricular tumors preclude a formal staging system. Listing of tumor type and anatomic location is sufficient.
Multiclient global teleradiology system

A large scale global teleradiology project is underway linking multiple international imaging centers to the UCLA Department of Radiology. The goal is to deliver subspecialty consultation to patients in these remote areas. Technical issues in planning to establish the necessary teleradiology infrastructure include wide are network design, image compression, distributed archiving, and special viewing station features. Concepts such as teleconsultation and remote procedure monitoring are aimed at providing the same level of services at distant sites as would be available in-house.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differential effects of daily-moderate versus weekend-binge alcohol consumption on atherosclerotic plaque development in mice.

Objectives We examined the effect of daily-moderate (2 drinks/day, 7 days/week) and weekend-binge (7 drinks/day, 2 days/week) patterns of alcohol consumption on plasma lipid levels and physiological parameters of atherosclerotic plaque development.
Developmental study of the hippocampal formation in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): I. Early ablations spare discrimination learning but not recognition memory

In clinical cases of amnesia that followed bilateral excisions of medial temporal lobe structures, with some perceptual learning abilities intact, damage to the hippocampus was presumed to be the critical factor. The authors' search for an animal model of amnesia, based on ablations aimed at the hippocampal formation in infant rhesus monkeys, provides support for this view. Ablations of the hippocampal formation in 2-month-old infants tested shortly after recovery from surgery resulted in a deficit on a recognition memory task but left intact the ability to learn the concurrent object discrimination task, even though the latter task was administered with the use of a massed practice procedure. Thus, early damage, unlike that at 2 years of age or later, allowed the authors to dissociate associative learning with repeated trials, independent of hippocampal functions and recognition memory that depends on the integrity of the hippocampus.
Kin selection and conflict in seed maturation

Abstract There are four genetically distinct components in the developing seeds of flowering plants: maternal sporophyte, gametophyte, endosperm, and embryo. Each component can potentially influence the quantity or quality of nutrients provided to the embryo of its seed, thereby reducing the amount available to embryos in other seeds of that plant. The theory of kin selection predicts that each component will be selected to favor its own embryo over the other embryos to the extent that it is more closely related to its own. Under this criterion, an embryo should be selected to try to acquire more nutrients than the endosperm should be selected to provide, the endosperm should try to supply more than the gametophyte should, and the gametophyte more than the parent sporophyte. Evidence for this conflict of interests is found in the higher frequency of endopolyploidy, nutrient-absorbing haustoria, and food storage tissues in the embryo and endosperm than in the gametophyte of maternal tissues. This theory also suggests how the gametophyte, which is the nurse tissue of gymnosperm seeds, was displaced from this role in the flowering plants by an endosperm initiated by a secondary fertilization. “Neoteny” in the pro-angiosperms created conditions in which (1) an endosperm initiated by double fertilization would be more closely related to the embryo than is the gametophyte and (2) the endosperm would be formed early enough to be of significant aid to the embryo. If this theory is correct it (1) requires a different approach to the study of seed morphology and physiology, (2) increases the plausibility of arguments that flowering plants are a polyphyletic group, (3) provides evidence that parents cannot always control the outcome of conflict with their offspring, and (4) forges a conceptual link in our understanding of the evolution of social interactions in plants and animals.
Being “In” With the In-Crowd: The Effects of Social Exclusion and Inclusion Are Enhanced by the Perceived Essentialism of Ingroups and Outgroups

Social belonging is an essential human need. Belonging to social groups serves an important role in shaping our social identities. Nonetheless, research indicates that exclusion by ingroup and outgroup members seems equally aversive. The current studies test the hypothesis that unlike more trivial groups (e.g., smoking or computer preferences), highly essentialized groups may lead to differential effects of ingroup versus outgroup rejection. Consistent with this, exclusion and inclusion by racial ingroup members (relative to racial outgroup members) exacerbated the sting of rejection and the glow of inclusion (Study 1). In a second study, direct manipulations of essentialist beliefs about ingroups and outgroups (i.e., political affiliations) led to the same results. These results offer a novel demonstration that essentialized ingroup—outgroup distinctions enhance the sting of social exclusion and the positivity of social inclusion.
Below-ambient levels of UV induce chloroplast structural change and alter starch metabolism.

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the 400–700 nm bandwidth of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) has been established as an important source of energy for photosynthesis and environmental signals regulating many aspects of green-plant life. Above-ambient levels of UV-B radiation (290–320 nm) under high-PAR conditions have been shown to elicit responses in chloroplasts of Brassica napus similar to those of chloroplasts at low-PAR exposure (W. Fagerberg and J. Bornman, Physiol. Plant. 101: 833–844, 1997). The question arises as to whether UV at normal levels can also evoke similar responses. Here we provide evidence that even below-ambient levels of UV-B (1/28 ambient; Durham, N.H., U.S.A., 1200 hours, March) were capable of inducing an increase in thylakoid surface area relative to the chloroplast volume typical of a low-PAR response (shade response) in sunflowers. This response occurred even though leaves were concurrently exposed to PAR levels that normally induce a “sun” or high-PAR response in the absence of UV-B. Subambient levels of UV-B were also associated with a decrease in chloroplast and starch volume. Exposure to levels of UV-A 1/10 of ambient appeared to enhance the high-PAR response of the chloroplast, characterized by an increase in the amounts of stored starch, an increase in chloroplast volume density ratio values, and a decrease in thylakoid surface area density ratios relative to the high-light controls. These effects were opposite to those seen in UV-B-exposed tissue. In a general sense, subambient levels of UV-B evoked a response similar to that elicited by low-PAR irradiance, while subambient UV-A elicited responses similar to those typical of high-PAR irradiance. The fact that below-ambient levels of UV altered a normal chloroplast structural response to PAR provides evidence that UV may be an important environmental signal for plants.
Fabrication of a biomimetic corrugated polysilicon diaphragm with attached single crystal silicon proof masses

This paper reports a new approach to the fabrication of 3D structured diaphragms using integrated surface and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) bulk silicon micromachining on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The fabrication process has been applied to a 1 mm × 2 mm × 1.2 µn diaphragm designed for a biomimetic directional microphone. The membrane has two 200 µm × 380 µm × 20 µm silicon proof masses, solid stiffeners, and a 20 µm deep corrugation. Acoustic measurements of the diaphragm using laser vibrometry have demonstrated high directional sensitivity of the device.
Amino Acid Residues in the Fusion Peptide Pocket Regulate the pH of Activation of the H5N1 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Protein

The receptor specificity and cleavability of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been shown to regulate influenza A virus transmissibility and pathogenicity, but little is known about how its pH of activation contributes to these important biological properties. To identify amino acid residues that regulate the acid stability of the HA protein of H5N1 influenza viruses, we performed a mutational analysis of the HA protein of the moderately pathogenic A/chicken/Vietnam/C58/04 (H5N1) virus. Nineteen HA proteins containing point mutations in the HA2 coiled-coil domain or in an HA1 histidine or basic patch were generated. Wild-type and mutant HA plasmids were transiently transfected in cell culture and analyzed for total protein expression, surface expression, cleavage efficiency, pH of fusion, and pH of conformational change. Four mutations to residues in the fusion peptide pocket, Y23H and H24Q in the HA1 subunit and E105K and N114K in the HA2 subunit, and a K58I mutation in the HA2 coiled-coil domain significantly altered the pH of activation of the H5 HA protein. In some cases, the magnitude and direction of changes of individual mutations in the H5 HA protein differed considerably from similar mutations in other influenza A virus HA subtypes. Introduction of Y23H, H24Q, K58I, and N114K mutations into recombinant viruses resulted in virus-expressed HA proteins with similar shifts in the pH of fusion. Overall, the data show that residues comprising the fusion peptide pocket are important in triggering pH-dependent activation of the H5 HA protein.
The International Futures (IFs) Modeling Project

Since 1980, the International Futures (IFs) project has produced three generations of the world model with that name. The IFs model facilitates analysis of global demographic, economic, energy, agricultural, environmental, and sociopolitical systems into or through the 21st century. The most recent release within the third generation provides detail on more than 200 variables across as many as 20 different countries and regions. IFs has increasingly evolved from a global model to a global modeling system that allows analysis of data and analytical relationships across 162 countries. The system runs under Microsoft Windows with a menu-driven structure for simplified scenario analysis. IFs is widely available for educational use and policy analysis. The primary focal points of analysis with IFs are (a) elements of the possible transition toward sustainability in the 21st century, and (b) aspects of sociopolitical change within countries and in the global system.
Simulation-based layout planning of a production plant

This paper presents a study that uses simulation to improve shop floor performance by means of two layout types and certain operational parameters. In this study, an overview of the plant layout problem is covered for the particular company. The original motivation for redesigning the entire shop floor was the need to realize improvements in material flow and output level. First, the performance of the existing system was evaluated by using ARENA. Second, manufacturing cells were formed and group technology layout was developed by means of rank order clustering (ROC) method and computerized relative allocation of facilities technique (CRAFT). Finally, the performance of the new system was evaluated and compared with that of the current system.
Output tracking for a non-minimum phase dynamic CTOL aircraft model

A dynamic model for the longitudinal axis of a conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) aircraft is presented. Non-minimum phase characteristics in this model result from the fact that the process of generating an upward pitch moment produces a small downward force, causing the aircraft to lose altitude. The model is not full state linearizable and the internal dynamics which remain after input-output linearization using the coordinates of the center of mass as outputs are unstable. The CTOL model is not flat with respect to fixed points on the aircraft body. The nonlinear inversion technique produces stable trajectories for the states of the internal dynamics, but the corresponding feedforward force inputs required to track these trajectories are large. Approximate linearization techniques which ignore the coupling between the pitch moment and the vertical and horizontal aircraft dynamics, may be used to calculate inputs of smaller magnitude.
Study of short-pulsed laser-induced plasma confined in a microhole

The evolution of the plasma induced by nanosecond laser ablation of a metal target and confined in a microhole has been studied using a physics-based model. This kind of research work has been rarely reported in literature. In the model, the heat transfer equation is solved for the target condensed phase, while the two-dimensional axisymmetric gas dynamic equations are solved for the plasma (ionized target vapor) and ambient air region. The governing equations for the gaseous and the target condensed phases are related through the Knudsen layer relation. The plasma evolution in microholes with different diameters has been studied. It has been found that the plasma will start “feeling” the spatial confinement effect of the hole sidewall through the compressed air in between well before its size reaches the hole diameter. The reduction of microhole diameter will increase the plasma front expansion velocity. When the hole diameter is sufficiently small, a shock wave with a flat front will be generated in the ambient air ahead of the plasma front. Also, a high-density region will be induced in the plasma near its expanding front, which will last for a relatively long time. Other effects of the microhole on the plasma evolution will also be discussed. The study provides useful information for the fundamental study of laser-induced plasma, and for the practical applications of lasers in microhole drilling, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and other areas, where laser-induced plasma may play an important role.
Forcing Linearity Numbers of Semisimple Modules over Integral Domains

In this paper we determine the forcing linearity numbers for semisimple modules over integral domains.
Planning for Entrepreneurial Innovation: Field Studies in USA, France, Mexico, and Lessons Learned

Technological innovation and entrepreneurship can promote regional economic development through the creation of new business ventures. The main critical factor of success is the presence of an infrastructure for entrepreneurial innovation, including New Business Incubators and Technology Parks. The paper discusses the basic elements of the infrastructure and how they can be planned and implemented. An illustrative example is the case history of work done in Cuernavaca, Mexico. The lessons learned from this project and similar projects in the USA and France are summarized and emphasis is given to the key role of an executive champion.
Unsupervised segmentation of triplet Markov chains hidden with long-memory noise

The hidden Markov chain (HMC) model is a couple of random sequences (X,Y), in which X is an unobservable Markov chain, and Y is its observable noisy version. Classically, the distribution p(y|x) is simple enough to ensure the Markovianity of p(x|y), that enables one to use different Bayesian restoration techniques. HMC model has recently been extended to ''pairwise Markov chain'' (PMC) model, in which one directly assumes the Markovianity of the pair Z=(X,Y), and which still enables one to recover X from Y. Finally, PMC has been extended to ''triplet Markov chain'' (TMC) model, which is obtained by adding a third chain U and considering the Markovianity of the triplet T=(X,U,Y). When U is not too complex, X can still be recovered from Y. Then U can model different situations, like non-stationarity or semi-Markovianity of (X,Y). Otherwise, PMC and TMC have been extended to pairwise ''partially'' Markov chains (PPMC) and triplet ''partially'' Markov chains (TPMC), respectively. In a PPMC Z=(X,Y) the distribution p(x|y) is a Markov distribution, but p(y|x) may not be and, similarly, in a TPMC T=(X, U, Y) the distribution p(x,u|y) is a Markov distribution, but p(y|x,u) may not be. However, both PPMC and TPMC can enable one to recover X from Y, and TPMC include different long-memory noises. The aim of this paper is to show how a particular Gaussian TPMC can be used to segment a discrete signal hidden with long-memory noise. An original parameter estimation method, based on ''Iterative Conditional Estimation'' (ICE) principle, is proposed and some experiments concerned with unsupervised segmentation are provided. The particular unsupervised segmentation method used in experiments can also be seen as identification of different stationarities in fractional Brownian noise, which is widely used in different problems in telecommunications, economics, finance, or hydrology.
Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties of Ceramics in the Pb(Zn 1/3Nb2/3)O3‐BaTiO3‐PbTiO3 System

The use of Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics is restricted by the formation of a pyrochlore phase detrimental to both dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Recently it has been shown that a 6 mol% addition of BaTiO3 to PZN suppresses the formation of pyrochlore phase. Phase relations and dielectric properties of ceramics in the PZN-BT-PT system are reported here. Compositions with the perovskite structure, having high dielectric constant and low temperature coefficient of capacitance, have been identified.
MAINTENANCE OF PLUMAGE POLYMORPHISM IN RED-FOOTED BOOBIES IN THE GALÁPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO : OBSERVATIONS OF MATE CHOICE AND HABITAT ASSOCIATION

Abstract The Red-footed Booby (Sula sula) is considered one of the most polymorphic seabirds, with three adult plumage types recognized: white, white-tailed brown, and brown, as well as several degrees of intermediates. Here we show that there is no evidence of deviation from random mating according to plumage color in the largest population of Red-footed Boobies in the Galapagos Archipelago, based on a random sample of approximately 300 pairs, which agrees with previous results found in the Indian Ocean. We also found that the ratio of color morphs varies among islands within this archipelago, with the populations of Islas Genovesa and Wolf presenting a reversed ratio (90% brown, and 10% white) when compared to the majority of Red-footed Boobies populations worldwide. Furthermore, there was no indication of differential habitat association among morphs. We concluded that plumage color does not play an important role in mate choice, and as a result, nonrandom mating based on plumage color is likely not a ...
BrownMap: enforcing power budget in shared data centers

In this work, we investigate mechanisms to ensure that a shared data center can operate within a power budget, while optimizing a global objective function(e.g., maximize the overall revenue earned by the provider). We present the BrownMap methodology that is able to ensure that data centers can deal both with outages that reduce the available power or with surges in workload. BrownMap uses automatic VM resizing and Live Migration technologies to ensure that overall revenue of the provider is maximized, while meeting the budget. We implement BrownMap on an IBM Power6 cluster and study its effectiveness using a trace-driven evaluation of a real workload. Both theoretical and experimental evidence are presented that establish the efficacy of BrownMap to optimize a global objective, while meeting a power budget for shared data centers.
Energy Optimized Topologies for Distributed Averaging in Wireless Sensor Networks

We study the energy efficient implementation of averaging/consensus algorithms in wireless sensor networks. For static, time-invariant topologies we start from the recent result that a bidirectional spanning tree is preferable in terms of convergence time. We formulate the combinatorial optimization problem of selecting such a minimal energy tree as a mixed integer linear programming problem. Since the problem is NP-complete we devise a semi-definite relaxation and establish bounds on the optimal cost. We also develop a series of graph-based algorithms that yield energy efficient bidirectional spanning trees and establish associated bounds on the optimal cost. For dynamic, time-varying topologies we consider a recently proposed load-balancing algorithm which has preferable convergence time properties. We formulate the problem of selecting a minimal energy interconnected network over which we can run the algorithm as a sequential decision problem and cast it into a dynamic programming framework. We first consider the scenario of a large enough time horizon and show that the problem is equivalent to constructing a Minimum Spanning Tree. We then consider the scenario of a limited time horizon and employ a "rollout" heuristic that leverages the spanning tree solution and yields efficient solutions for the original problem. Some of our algorithms can be run in a distributed manner and numerical results establish that they produce near-optimal solutions.
Our Enemies and Us: America's Rivalries and the Making of Political Science

Our Enemies and Us: America's Rivalries and the Making of Political Science. By Ido Oren. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002. 256p. $29.95. Political scientists periodically step back and reflect on the state of their discipline. Some explore the origins and development of a particular methodological approach to the study of politics, such as behavioralism or public choice. Others place developments in political science in a broader political and cultural context, such as progressivism or liberal reformism. Oftentimes such reflections are laudatory, championing the wisdom that has accrued in the discipline over time. Every so often, however, a critical voice is raised, not only questioning the empirical work being done in the field but challenging the assumptions upon which such work is based. Ido Oren's book is an important addition to this literature. It compels political scientists to stop and think about what they are doing in the discipline and what ideas from the past they may unintentionally be bringing into their empirical work.