cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 Contextual Constraint and Lexical Processing

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the varied literatures describing influences from word-level constraint and sentence constraint. The chapter focuses on the research describing on-line processing of words, rather than memory for or explicit decisions about those words. The chapter also discusses how various theories of lexical processing might (or not) account for these influences. Studies of contextual constraint have the potential to lend information relevant for determining the locus and manner in which context influences the processing of words. As a result, such studies assist in deciding among alternative theories of lexical processing. The view of lexical processing that is eventually decided upon, contextual constraint emerged as an important factor in the processing of words and needs to be included in any theory of lexical processing.
Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering

We introduce the concept of bioreactors as applied to the tissue and organ fabrication process. We begin by providing a framework for bioreactors, provide a definition and describe a classification for bioreactors. We provide specific examples of bioreactors for cell culture, biomaterial synthesis, scaffold cellularization, mechanical stretch, electrical stimulation and perfusion.
Control of mitogen--induced lymphocyte activation. I. The effect of cyclic AMP on DNA and RNA synthesis in PHA--stimulated cells.

Abstract The role of cyclic AMP in immune responses remains controversial. Although cyclic AMP and compounds which elevate cyclic AMP levels have been shown to enhance immune responses, several recent reports have shown that the addition of cyclic AMP will depress PHA-induced blastogenesis. The data reported here involve the use of much wider dose ranges of PHA and cyclic AMP than reported heretofore. When supraoptimal doses of PHA are used, the addition of cyclic AMP, or drugs which raise intracellular cyclic AMP levels, results in an enhancement of DNA and RNA synthesis; this effect we have termed cyclic AMP-mediated high dose recovery. Measurements of intracellular cyclic AMP levels following exposure to PHA-MR69 and/or cyclic AMP reveal that elevated cyclic AMP levels occur throughout the cell culture period. This demonstrates that elevated cyclic AMP levels may alter macromolecular synthetic patterns at points in time well after the initial activating event.
Biotransformations of photoheptachlor in the rat

Abstract Male and female rats injected with 14 C-photoheptachlor (0.93 mg/kg, ip) voided 66.3 and 28.1% of the radioactivity, respectively, in 4 weeks. Fecal route of elimination was more important than the urinary in both sexes. Tissue distribution of the residues at the end of the 4-week period showed higher levels in females than in males and the main storage site was the adipose tissue. Eleven metabolites of photoheptachlor from feces and nine from the urine of treated rats were isolated, purified, and chromatographically characterized.
Single particle motion

1. A general three dimensional description of single particle motion is given. The 6×6 transfer matrix describing motion close to a reference particle is explicitly diagonalized to find the three eigentunes and eigenplanes. Within each of these eigenplanes a generalised Twiss parameter description is given. After specialising from six to four dimensional phase space, these formulas can describe coupled transverse motion or synchrobetatron motion. Within eigenplanes the pseudoharmonic description is just like the well-known description of uncoupled motion in a single transverse plane. 2. Lattice defects and their correction are discussed. A universal detection-adjustment formalism is introduced and applied to the examples of tune adjustment, orbit flattening and decoupling. 3. Various examples of “map dynamics” are discussed, the most important being the betatron response to external excitation. Also coupled motion is analysed; in one important case the motion in one plane can be regarded as being driven by the motion in the other plane.
Coprocessing Coal and Natural Gas for Liquid Fuel with Reduced Greenhouse Gas CO2 Emission

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the coprocessing of coal and natural gas for liquid fuel with reduced greenhouse carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas emission. Coal and Natural gas are abundant fossil fuels. Coal and natural gas are difficult to handle because of their physical and chemical properties. To liquify coal, it is generally necessary to increase its H/C ratio either by increasing its hydrogen content or decreasing its carbon content. Thus, by coprocessing the hydrogen-rich natural gas with hydrogen- deficient coal, liquid fuels are produced in an economically acceptable manner. Several processes that coprocess coal with natural gas using known chemical reaction steps to produce liquid fuels with reduced CO 2 emissions are reviewed in the chapter. The particular liquid fuel of choice is methanol, a well-known automotive and stationary power fuel.
Mengovirus replication. IV. Inhibition of Chinese hamster ovary cell division as a result of infection with mengovirus.

Abstract Chinese hamster ovary cells in suspension culture, synchronized by thymidine blockade and release, were infected with Mengovirus at varying time intervals up to and including mitosis. The time course of virus production and virus yield per cell are similar in synchronized and randomly growing CHO cells. Virus added to premitotic cells precludes both cell division and formation of mitotic figures, whereas cells in mitosis at the time of virus addition continue to divide. Results indicate that Mengovirus infection results in the inhibition of the synthesis of macromolecules necessary for cell division and are consistent with previous observations that virus infection results in inhibition of cell RNA and protein synthesis. Measurements of the time lag between virus addition and termination of cell division further suggest that the synthesis of all macromolecules essential for cell division is not completed until 0.66 ± 0.13 hour before division.
Characterization of the 4-Acetamido-4,6-dideoxyhexoses from Escherichia coli Strains

Abstract TDP-sugar compounds containing unusual acetamido sugars were previously isolated from Escherichia coli strains and synthesized enzymatically. Data which led to the characterization of these sugars as 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-glucose and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-d-galactose are reported in the present paper.
Evaluation of the STORM-Time Ionospheric Empirical Model for the Bastille Day event

Recent theoretical model simulations of the ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms have provided the understanding for the development of an empirical storm-time ionospheric model (STORM). The empirical model is driven by the previous time-history of ap, and is designed to scale the quiet-time F-layer critical frequency (foF2) to account for storm-time changes in the ionosphere. The model provides a useful, yet simple tool for modeling of the perturbed ionosphere. The quality of the model prediction has been evaluated by comparing with the observed ionospheric response during the Bastille Day (July 2000) storm. With a maximum negative Dst of −290 nT and an ap of 400, this magnetic perturbation was the strongest of year 2000. For these conditions, the model output was compared with the actual ionospheric response from all available stations, providing a reasonable latitudinal and longitudinal coverage. The comparisons show that the model captures the decreases in electron density particularly well in the northern summer hemisphere. In winter, the observed ionospheric response was more variable, showing a less consistent response, imposing a more severe challenge to the empirical model. The value of the model has been quantified by comparing the root mean square error (RMSE) of the STORM predictions with the monthly mean. The results of this study illustrate that the STORM model reduces the RMSE at the peak of the disturbance from 0.36 to 0.22, a significant improvement over climatology.
In search of higher energy: metabolism‐dependent behaviour in bacteria

Bacteria use different strategies to navigate to niches where environmental factors are favourable for growth. Chemotaxis is a behavioural response mediated by specific receptors that sense the concentration of chemicals in the environment. Recently, a new type of sensor has been described in Escherichia coli that responds to changes in cellular energy (redox) levels. This sensor, Aer, guides the bacteria to environments that support maximal energy levels in the cells. A variety of stimuli, such as oxygen, alternative electron acceptors, light, redox carriers that interact with the electron transport system and metabolized carbon sources, effect changes in the cellular energy (redox) levels. These changes are detected by Aer and by the serine chemotaxis receptor Tsr and are transduced into signals that elicit appropriate behavioural responses. Diverse environmental signals from Aer and chemotaxis receptors converge and integrate at the level of the CheA histidine kinase. Energy sensing is widespread in bacteria, and it is now evident that a variety of signal transduction strategies are used for the metabolism-dependent behaviours. The occurrence of putative energy-sensing domains in proteins from cells ranging from Archaea to humans indicates the importance of this function for all living systems.
A simplified but accurate approach for reliability computation of a complex system

A methodology for the reliability computation of complex systems is presented. It is assumed that the individual s-independent random variables composing the strength and stress of a given system are s-normal. The functional relationship is usually complex. As a result, the derivation of the distribution of stress or strength exceeds the capacity of common transformation or convolution techniques. The discretizing approach recommended by J.R. D'Errico and N.A. Zaino (1988) significantly eases the computational burden in the determination of stress or strength distributions. This is achieved by discretizing each of the random components composing the stress or strength of a system. As a result, probability mass functions are utilized to estimate the strength and stress of the system. This methodology presents an opportunity for significant improvement in the computational efficiency for reliability computation of a complex system. >
1,2‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane Monoxide

[984-43-0] C26H24OP2 (MW 414.42) InChI = 1S/C26H24OP2/c27-29(25-17-9-3-10-18-25,26-19-11-4-12-20-26)22-21-28(23-13-5-1-6-14-23)24-15-7-2-8-16-24/h1-20H,21-22H2 InChIKey = JCAUAUKUBUBNSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a ligand for metals to form highly active and selective catalysts for a variety of organic reactions) Alternate Name: [2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]diphenylphosphine oxide. Physical Data: mp 193–194 °C. Solubility: insoluble in H2O, ether, and alkanes; moderately soluble in alcohols, ethyl acetate, benzene, and toluene; soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, DMF, and DMSO. Form Supplied in: white crystals or powder; available from TimTec, Inc. which offers an excellent selection of bis-phosphine monoxides at http://www.timtec.net/. Analysis of Reagent Purity: by TLC (silica gel; CH2Cl2–EtOAc 2:1 by volume) and 31P NMR [two doublets at −11.5 and + 32.3 ppm, J(P-P) = 48 Hz]. Purification: recrystallization from hot isopropanol or column chromatography on silica gel with dichloromethane–ethyl acetate (2:1). Handling, Storage, and Precaution: can be handled in air. When pure can be stored in air for years without decomposition/oxidation. Air-oxidation in solution is negligibly slow but may accelerate in presence of some metals. No toxicity data available. Incompatible with oxidizing reagents and strong electrophiles, such as alkyl or acyl halides, e.g., CH3I.
Levels of several amino acids in the cerebellar peduncles and four medullary nuclei of control and 3-acetylpyridine-treated rats.

The levels of aspartate, glutamate, GABA, taurine, glycine, and alanine were determined in the inferior (ICP), middle (MCP) and superior (SCP) cerebellar peduncles, and in the inferior olive (ION), lateral reticular (LRN), lateral vestibular (LVN) and descending trigeminal (DTN) nuclei of control rats and of rats given a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg of 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP). The content of glutamate in the MCP and SCP was 30% higher than that found for the ICP. The content of GABA was 4 to 6-fold greater in the SCP than in either the ICP or MCP. The level of taurine in the SCP was 25% lower than the value in the MCP but was not significantly lower than the value for the ICP. The levels of aspartate, glycine, and alanine were evenly distributed among the three peduncles. The contents of aspartate, glutamate, taurine, and alanine were evenly distributed among the four medullary nuclei. The level of glycine was significantly greater in the DTN than in either the LRN or LVN. The content of GABA in the ION and LVN was significantly greater than the value found for the LRN. Injection of 3-AP caused a decrease in the level of taurine of 10% in the ION and LRN, 15% in the LVN, and 25% in the DTN. No other statistically significant differences were found in the levels of the amino acids in the peduncles or medullary nuclei following 3-AP treatment. The present data do not support the idea that asparate and/or taurine are present in relatively high concentrations in the cerebellar climbing fibers.
A note on automorphisms of Lie algebras

In a beautiful paper which appeared in 1939 ([4]), F. Gantmacher made a thorough study of automorphisms of semi-simple Lie algebras over the field of complex numbers. Among other things, he defined the index n(G i ) of a connected component G i of the automorphism group G = G(8) as the minimum multiplicity of the characteristic root 1 for elements of G i . The main purpose of this note is the determination of these indices. It is somewhat surprising that this does not appear in Gantmacher’s paper since all the methods for deriving the formula for index G i are available in his paper. The secondary purpose of this note is to extend Gantmacher’s theory to the case of Lie algebras over arbitrary algebraically closed base fields of characteristic 0. This can be done by using algebraic group concepts and techiques which are by now well known. Nevertheless, it seems worthwhile to carry out the program in detail since Gantmacher’s results give a real insight into the action of an automorphism in a semi-simple Lie algebra. For example, as we indicate, they can be used to give a new derivation and sharpening of theorems on fixed points which are due to Borel and Mostow ([1]).
Study of 3He(d,d)3He and 3He(d,d)4He with vector-polarized deutrons between 4 and 10 MeV

Abstract Angular distributions of the vector analyzing power have been measured between 4 and MeV for the processes 3 He(d,d) 3 He and 3 He(d,p) 4 He.
Raman Scattering from Electrons Bound to Shallow Donors in GaAs-Al sub x Ga sub 1-x As Quantum-Well Structures,

Transitions involving donor states were observed in resonant Raman scattering experiments on Si-doped $\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ multiple quantum wells. The electronic scattering gradually transforms into photoluminescence as the exciting energy is tuned across the resonance. The largest contribution in the spectra is associated with $1S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2S$ transitions of donors near the center of the wells. The experimental results show good agreement with recent calculations.
Near tubule and intertubular bovine dentin mapped at the 250 nm level.

In this study, simultaneous diffraction and fluorescence mapping with a (250 nm){sup 2}, 10.1 keV synchrotron X-ray beam investigated the spatial distribution of carbonated apatite (cAp) mineral and elemental Ca (and other cations including Zn) around dentin tubules. In 1 {mu}m thick sections of near-pulp root dentin, where peritubular dentin (PTD) is newly forming, high concentrations of Zn, relative to those in intertubular dentin (ITD), were observed adjacent to and surrounding the tubule lumens. Some but not all tubules exhibited hypercalcified collars (high Ca signal relative to the surrounding ITD), and, when present, the zone of high Ca did not extend around the tubule. Diffraction rings from cAp 00.2 and 11.2 + 21.1 + 30.0 reflections were observed, and cAp was the only crystal phase detected. Profiles of Ca, Zn and cAp diffracted intensities showed the same transitions from solid to tubule lumen, indicating the same cAp content and organization in ITD far from the tubules and adjacent to them. Further, the matching Ca and diffraction profiles demonstrated that all of the Ca is in cAp or that any noncrystalline Ca was uniformly distributed throughout the dentin. Variation of 00.2 and 11.2 + 21.1 + 30.0 diffracted intensity was consistentmore » with the expected biaxial crystallographic texture. Extension of X-ray mapping from near 1 {mu}m resolution to the 250 nm level, performed here for dentin and its tubules, will provide new understanding of other mineralized tissues.« less
Seemingly altruistic behavior: selfish genes or cooperative organisms?

A largely unrecognized agency problem is embedded in Dawkins’s selfish gene theory, which treats an organism as an agent of its genes; the economic view of this problem is brought to bear on the theory and is used to offer an explanation of the correlation between altruistic behavior and biological closeness of interacting organisms that differs from that given by selfish gene theory. The essay also discusses differences between empirical implications of selfish gene theory and those of a reciprocity theory of seemingly altruistic behavior.
Expansion Embedding Techniques for Reversible Watermarking

Reversible watermarking enables the embedding of useful information in a host signal without any loss of host information. Tian's difference-expansion technique is a high-capacity, reversible method for data embedding. However, the method suffers from undesirable distortion at low embedding capacities and lack of capacity control due to the need for embedding a location map. We propose a histogram shifting technique as an alternative to embedding the location map. The proposed technique improves the distortion performance at low embedding capacities and mitigates the capacity control problem. We also propose a reversible data-embedding technique called prediction-error expansion. This new technique better exploits the correlation inherent in the neighborhood of a pixel than the difference-expansion scheme. Prediction-error expansion and histogram shifting combine to form an effective method for data embedding. The experimental results for many standard test images show that prediction-error expansion doubles the maximum embedding capacity when compared to difference expansion. There is also a significant improvement in the quality of the watermarked image, especially at moderate embedding capacities
Retzius Cells: Neuroeffectors Controlling Mucus Release by the Leech

Mucus release from the skin of leeches is under the control of the pair of large Retzius cells in each segmental ganglion. The rate of mucus release increases with the impulse activity of Retzius cells and with the concentration of their putative neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine, to which the skin is exposed.
Diffraction specific coherent panoramagrams of real scenes

We have previously introduced the Diffraction Specific Coherent Panoramagram - a multi-view holographic stereogram that provides correct visual accommodation as well as smooth motion parallax with far fewer views than a normal stereogram. This method uses scene depth information to generate directionally-varying wavefront curvature, and can be computed at interactive rates using off-the-shelf graphics processors. In earlier work we used z-buffer information associated with parallax views rendered from synthetic graphics models; in this paper we demonstrate the computation of Diffraction Specific Coherent Panoramagrams of real-world scenes captured by cameras.
CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF URANYL MOLYBDATES. I. THE STRUCTURE AND FORMULA OF UMOHOITE

The structure of umohoite, [(UO 2 )MoO 4 (H 2 O)](H 2 O), triclinic, space group P 1, a 6.3748(4), b 7.5287(5), c 14.628(1) A, α 82.64(1), β 85.95(1), γ 89.91(1)°, V 694.52(8) A 3 , has been solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares to an agreement index ( R1 ) of 4.6% and a goodness-of-fit of 1.02 for 2456 unique observed reflections collected using Mo K α X-radiation and a CCD-based detector. The structure differs substantially from models previously proposed in both the coordination of the cations and the connectivity of the structure. The structure contains two non-equivalent U sites that are occupied by U 6+ cations. Each is part of a nearly linear (UO 2 ) 2+ uranyl ion ( Ur ) that is further coordinated by five O atoms arranged at the equatorial corners of pentagonal bipyramids capped by the O Ur atoms. Two non-equivalent Mo 6+ cations are each coordinated by five O atoms and one H 2 O group; the O atoms are arranged at the apices of a square bipyramid, with Mo 6+ –O bond-lengths in the range 1.69 to 1.96 A. The H 2 O groups are located at the apical positions of highly distorted octahedra, with Mo 6+ –H 2 O bond-lengths in the range 2.44 to 2.46 A. The cation polyhedra link by sharing edges, forming sheets with the uranophane anion-topology, in which the pentagons are populated by uranyl ions and the squares are populated by Mo 6+ . This is the first mineral structure known that is based upon the uranophane anion-topology with the squares populated by octahedra. The interlayer at z = 0 contains H 2 O groups, whereas the interlayer at z = 0.5 is not occupied. Sheets are linked together by hydrogen bonding, with bonds bridging between sheets where H 2 O is absent in the interlayer, and to H 2 O groups in the interlayer where they are present.
Medicolegal aspects of foot and ankle surgery

Medicolegal aspects of orthopaedic foot and ankle surgery, including issues of standard of care, complications, and discrepancies between patient and physician expectations, generally are similar to those encountered in other orthopaedic subspecialties. However, there are some unique aspects involving foot and ankle surgery: the standard of care continues to evolve, some complications are specific to the foot and ankle, and patient expectations of particular foot and ankle procedures may exceed those of the foot and ankle surgeon, who often is confronted with challenging pathologic conditions. This review addresses issues of standard of care and complications as they pertain to current practices of orthopaedic foot and ankle surgery.
Lack of effects on male fertility from a quadrivalent HPV vaccine in Sprague-Dawley rats.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in both men and women. A recently developed quadrivalent HPV vaccine, Gardasil®, has been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of several HPV-mediated diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential effects of the vaccine on male fertility including reproductive performance, sperm evaluations, and histology of the testes. In addition, anti-HPV antibodies were measured during the study. METHODS: Group 1 (30 male rats) received the full human dose of vaccine (0.5 mL, ∼200-fold excess based on body weight) by intramuscular injection at 6 weeks, 3 weeks, and 3 days prior to cohabitation. Group 2 males received only 1 dose at 3 days prior to cohabitation. Additional groups (20 male rats each) were administered PBS or Merck Aluminum Adjuvant similarly to Group 1. Ten males in the vaccine-treated groups were bled for immunogenicity assays after each dose. Twenty males per group were mated to untreated female rats. Cesarean sections were performed on Gestation Day 15 or 16. Cohabited males were necropsied and sperm count and motility were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no unscheduled deaths during the study and no evidence of toxicity in vaccine-treated male rats. The vaccine induced a specific antibody response to the 4 HPV types after each injection. There were no effects on the cesarean-section parameters of females or reproductive parameters of the cohabited male rats, including histomorphology of testes and epididymis, sperm count, and sperm motility. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that this quadrivalent HPV vaccine had no detectable adverse effects on routine measures of male fertility in rats. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:376–381, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reversible Photolabilization of NO from Chromium(III)-Coordinated Nitrite. A New Strategy for Nitric Oxide Delivery

Biological roles of nitric oxide have attracted considerable scrutiny over the past decade and drawn renewed attention to the chemistry of NO. Potential medical applications have stimulated interest in designing methodologies for NO delivery to biological targets. Among possible methods, photochemical labilization of NO from an otherwise unreactive compound is attractive, given the opportunity to target specific tissues within an organism. In this context, the authors have studied the photoreaction properties of several metal nitrosyl complexes including nitrosyl-iron sulfur clusters and metalloporphyrins. They have turned attention to the Cr(III) complex trans-Cr(cyclam)(ONO){sub 2}{sup +} (I) (cyclam = 1,4,8,11 tetraazacyclotetradecane), which is indeed thermally stable in aerated aqueous solution. They report here that (I) undergoes a high quantum yield photoreaction that leads to NO formation (eq 1). Furthermore, unlike the precedents cited, this reaction is rapidly reversible in anaerobic media.
Fracture of glass-fibre reinforced poly(phenylene sulphide)

An extensive study of the fracture behaviour of an injection-moulded PET (polyethylene terephthalate)/glass-composite system has recently been completed [1-8]. The PET matrix is generally considered to be ductile, while PPS (polyphenylene sulphide) is considered brittle. Therefore, for comparative purposes, a study of the brittle PPS matrix reinforced by short glass fibres would be of interest. This is the thrust of the present investigation. A PPS matrix reinforced with 40 wt % E-glass fibres was made by injection molding. The mechanical lifetime data were obtained by stressrupture testing [4, 5]. The microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The through-thickness microstructure is shown in Fig. 1. The surface of this SEM micrograph was cut parallel to the mold-fill direction (MFD) and to the thickness of the plaque. Near the surfaces of the plaque, the glass fibres are oriented approximately parallel to the MFD, whereas in the centre the fibres lie more nearly normal to the MFD. Two kinds of compact tension specimens are used: the L specimen is cut so that the fibre axis lies parallel to the loading axis; the T specimen has the fibre axis normal to the stress axis. Thus, in the L configuration, the main crack must run perpendicular to the fibres and in the T configuration, parallel to the fibres. A dead load is applied to the specimen until the specimen fails by part-through failure. The environment is controlled by a corrosion cell, within which the specimen is immersed during the whole lifetime of stress-rupture testing. Two kinds of aggressive environments are used, 10 vol. % HCI solution and 10 wt % NaOH solution, and compared with stress-rupture under air. Data for mechanical lifetime under air, 10% HC1 and 10% NaOH are shown in Fig. 2. Both the L (Fig. 2a) and the T (Fig. 2b) geometries are shown. The curves in Fig. 2 are the 0.25 and 0.75 reliability (R) curves, representing a law of the form [4]
A proteomic approach to identify phosphoproteins encoded by cDNA libraries

We report a method for large-scale rapid analysis of phosphoproteins in tissues or cells by combining immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) with phage display cDNA library screening. We expressed a testis cDNA library as fusion proteins on phage and, using IMAC, enriched for sequences encoding phosphoproteins. Selected clones were polymerase chain reaction amplified and sequenced. The majority of the clones sequenced (80%) encoded known proteins previously identified as phosphoproteins. Immunoblotting with phosphotyrosine antibodies confirmed that some of the selected sequences encoded tyrosine phosphorylated proteins when expressed on phage. An advantage of this method is the rapid identification of phosphoproteins encoded by a cDNA library, which can identify proteins that are potentially phosphorylated in vivo. When this method is combined with limited enzymatic digestion and tandem mass spectrometric techniques, the specific phosphorylation site in a protein can be identified. This technique can be used in proteomics studies to effectively detect phosphorylated proteins and avoid time-consuming and expensive peptide sequencing.
Pharmaceutical Care: What's in a Name? A Qualitative Analysis of Patient Perceptions of Pharmacy Practice:

Background:Pharmaceutical care has been integrated into the mission statement of every major pharmacy school and the profession of pharmacy in the US.Objective:To evaluate patients' awareness and understanding of pharmacy practice, pharmacy services, and pharmaceutical care.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted involving completion of a self-administered questionnaire by participants frequenting community pharmacies (independent, chain, discount, and grocery) in Georgia. Content analyses were performed to assess participants' knowledge and perception of available pharmacy services and pharmaceutical care.Results:Approximately half of the study participants were unfamiliar with pharmaceutical care despite its integration into pharmacy education. One percent described pharmaceutical care as the compounding phase of pharmacy, 2% described it as the early clinical practice model, 45.3% equated pharmaceutical care with dispensing (ie, the “professional shopkeeper”), and approximately 52% described phar...
Transverse Anderson localization in disordered optical fibers

Recent advances in the theoretical and experimental understanding of transverse Anderson localization phenomenon in disordered optical fibers are reviewed, potential applications are explored, and future challenges in fundamental understanding and device development are discussed.
Non-Boussinesq effects in free thermal convection

Non-Boussinesq effects in a Rayleigh-B\'enard convection system lead to a symmetry breaking between the top and the bottom boundary layers. We have found that the two layers adjust their temperature drops and the thicknesses \ensuremath{\lambda} such that their temperature scales \ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\kappa}/g\ensuremath{\alpha}${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{3}$ are equal, where \ensuremath{\alpha} is the thermal expansion coefficient, g is the gravitational acceleration, and \ensuremath{\nu} and \ensuremath{\kappa} are the kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity, respectively.
Concatenated Random Parity Forwarding in Large-Scale Multi-Hop Relay Networks

We present concatenated random parity forwarding technique that enables the network coding gain to increase with each additional hop in wireless networks of multiple sources, multiple relays, and single destination. It is a multi-hop based relay cooperation approach that concatenates the parity bits generated by the relay nodes in the previous hops with those in the next hop. The increased network coding gain allows the nodes closer to the destination to reduce their transmit power. This feature is particularly useful in compensating their increased energy consumption from relaying more data. The proposed approach also improves in efficiency as the network scale increases, which is desirable in building a large-scale network. The parity bits are generated independently and randomly at the relays from some finite field, and forwarded to the next node. This makes the protocol overhead minimal in coordinating the relay nodes and enables a decentralized network operation. Also, it allows relay nodes to be easily added with little overhead as the network scale increases. We analyze the probability of decoding error and the network throughput as a function of the the number of hops and network configurations.
Metamaterials with angle selective emissivity in the near-IR

Metamaterials have been previously studied for their ability to tailor the dispersive IR emissivity of a surface. Here, we investigate two metamaterial structures based on an electromagnetic band-gap surface and dielectric resonators for use as near-IR emitters with custom angle selectivity. A genetic algorithm is successfully employed to optimize the metamaterial structures to have minimum emissivity in the normal direction and high emissivity at desired off-normal angles specified by the designer.
Speech Acts and Arguments

Speech act theory seems to provide a promising avenue for the analysis of the functional organization of argument. The theory, however, might be taken to suggest that arguments are a homogenous class of speech act with a specifiable illocutionary force and a single set of felicity conditions. This suggestion confuses the analysis of the meaning of speech act verbs with the analysis of the pragmatic structure of actual language use. Suggesting that arguments are conveyed through a homogeneous class of linguistic action overlooks the way in which the context of activity and the form of expression organize the argumentative functions performed in using language. An alternative speech act analysis would treat folk terminology as a heuristic entry point into the development of a technical analysis of the myriad argumentative functions and structures to be found in natural language use. This would lead to a thorough-going pragmatic analysis of the rational and functional design of speech acts in argumentation.
Synthesis and Discovery of Water Soluble Microtubule Targeting Agents that Bind to the Colchicine Site on Tubulin and Circumvent Pgp Mediated Resistance

Two classes of molecules were designed and synthesized based on a 6-CH3 cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine scaffold and a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffold. The pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were synthesized by reacting ethyl 2-cyano-4,4-diethoxybutanoate and acetamidine, which in turn was chlorinated and reacted with the appropriate anilines to afford 1 and 2. The cyclopenta[d]pyrimidines were obtained from 3-methyladapic acid, followed by reaction with acetamidine to afford the cyclopenta[d]pyrimidine scaffold. Chlorination and reaction with appropriate anilines afforded (±)-3·HCl−(±)-7·HCl. Compounds 1 and (±)-3·HCl had potent antiproliferative activities in the nanomolar range. Compound (±)-3·HCl is significantly more potent than 1. Mechanistic studies showed that 1 and (±)-3·HCl cause loss of cellular microtubules, inhibit the polymerization of purified tubulin, and inhibit colchicine binding. Modeling studies show interactions of these compounds within the colchicine site. The identification of these new inhibitor...
The Nucleation and Growth of GaAs on Si

Substantial progress has been realized in both understanding the nucleation and growth of GaAs/Si and demonstration of device application of this technology. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the role of the Si surface, initial nucleation, the GaAs/Si interface, GaAs thick layer growth and defect generation and control in the GaAs layer. This last area is the remaining area where substantial progress is still required. Several new approaches for defect control are discussed.
Expanding the reach of vested interest in predicting attitude-consistent behavior

Traditionally, vested interest theory categorized individuals as highly vested if the attitude object affected the attitude holder directly. The predictive reach of the theory might be increased by explicitly expanding the definition of vested interest to include circumstances in which individuals indirectly affected by the issue under consideration are defined as vested. This expansion was prompted by research on interpersonal relationships indicating that as interpersonal closeness increases, so too does inclusion-of-the-other-in-the-self. Two experiments focusing on different issues using different modes of data collection and disparate participant samples supported the proposed theoretical expansion. Study 1 showed the range of the construct could be amplified by expanding the definition of vested interest to encompass individuals who were indirectly affected by the attitude object. Study 2 replicated this result and showed that interpersonal closeness moderated the attitude–behavior relationship, con...
Effects of acute and chronic gonadectomy on the catecholamine innervation of the cerebral cortex in adult male rats: Insensitivity of axons immunoreactive for dopamine-β-hydroxylase to gonadal steroids, and differential sensitivity of axons immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase to ovarian and testicular hormones

Previous studies have shown that gonadectomy in adult male rats induces a complex series of region- and time-specific changes in the density of presumed cerebral cortical dopamine axons that are immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. The present study asked whether noradrenergic cortical afferents also show hormone sensitivity by assaying axons immunoreactive for the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in representative areas of acutely and chronically gonadectomized and sham-operated adult male rats. Catecholamine afferents (both tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-immunoreactive) were also quantified in gonadectomized rats supplemented with testosterone propionate, with 17-beta-estradiol, or with 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Analyses of noradrenergic (dopamine-beta-hydroxylase) afferents revealed no differences in axon appearance or density among the hormonally intact and hormonally manipulated groups. However, analyses of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity revealed an unexpected division of labor among ovarian and testicular hormones in ameliorating the effects of acute verses chronic hormone deprivation on these afferents. Estradiol replacement attenuated the decreases in immunoreactivity induced by acute gonadectomy, but was ineffective in suppressing changes in immunoreactivity stimulated by chronic gonadectomy. In contrast, supplementing gonadectomized animals with dihydrotestosterone provided no protection from acute decreases in innervation, but fully attenuated both the supragranular decreases and infragranular increases in tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axon density that mark the association cortices of chronically gonadectomized rats. Together these findings indicate both long- and short-term effects of gonadectomy on cortical catecholamines, principally target dopamine afferents, and that chronic gonadectomy, which selectively disturbs dopamine innervation in the prefrontal cortices, involves a compromise in androgen signaling pathways.
Behavioral reactions of newborns to speech-like sounds and their implications for developmental studies

Newborns exposed to a randomized sound battery containing speech-like sounds demonstrated a variety of behavioral reactions reflecting individual differences in personality and organization. Subjects who actively searched the environment for stimuli and showed prolonged vigilance episodes scored in the 90th percentile on the Denver Developmental Test when evaluated at later ages. Subjects who were remarked as inhibiting crying during their exposure to the experimental schedule later were described by their parents as “good” babies, while subjects who vocalized their displeasure during exposure were described far less favorably. These findings may have implications for developmental studies of mother-infant interactions.
Optimal Graph Algorithms on a Fixed-Size Linear Array

Parallel algorithms for computing the minimum spanning tree of a weighted undirected graph, and the bridges and articulation points of an undirected graphs on a fixed-size linear array of processors are presented. For a graph of n vertices, the algorithms operate on a linear array of p processors and require O(n2/p) time for all p, 1 ≤ p ≤ n. In particular, using n processors the algorithms require O(n) time which is optimal on this model. The paper describes two approaches to limit the communication requirements for solving the problems. The first is a divide-and-conquer strategy applied to Sollin's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree of a graph. The second uses a novel data-reduction technique that constructs an auxiliary graph with no more than 2n − 2 edges, whose bridges and articulation points are the bridges and articulation points of the original graph.
Severe mitral annular calcification predicts chronic kidney disease

Abstract Background Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is common in the elderly and is associated with atherosclerosis, sharing many of the same risk factors. It is also frequent among dialysis patients. We hypothesized that in general cardiology patients without kidney failure, MAC, especially when severe, may be a marker for renal dysfunction. Methods Forty-one subjects were identified by searching outpatient echocardiogram reports for phrases indicating severe MAC. These were divided into subgroups based on greater or lesser overall intracardiac calcification. The "MAC mobile" subgroup had calcification largely limited to the posterior annulus with normal anterior mitral leaflet mobility. In the "MAC restricted" subgroup, calcification extended to the anterior annulus and limited anterior mitral leaflet mobility. These latter patients also had more severe aortic valve calcification. Seventy-seven controls with minimal or no intracardiac calcification were used for comparison. Results The total MAC group had worse renal function, measured by creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), than controls ( p 2 with a relative risk of 1.8 versus controls. GFR was observed to decline in a graded fashion as calcification increased (control versus "MAC mobile" versus "MAC restricted"). Though this trend did not remain statistically significant after controlling for age and gender, GFR was substantially lower in "MAC restricted" versus "MAC mobile" patients ( p =0.03). Conclusions Severe MAC on echocardiogram points to a strong likelihood of chronic kidney disease. Further study is needed to explore a possible graded relationship between severity of MAC and severity of renal dysfunction.
Effects of desynchronized sleep deprivation upon startle response habituation in the rat

Rats deprived of desynchronized (D) sleep had faster habituation rates of click-induced startle responses than did normals, but had the same habituation rates as cold water immersed stress controls. Faster habituation in the D sleep deprived group is probably not due to D sleep loss per se, but rather to the accompanying stress and/or increased activity levels.
Improving Preschoolers' Language and Literacy Skills through Web-Mediated Professional Development.

MyTeachingPartner (MTP) is a Web-mediated approach that provides ongoing support for teachers to improve the quality of their interactions with children. This study examined the effects of MTP on the preschool language and literacy development of children who are at risk for later academic difficulties. Results of this randomized controlled trial indicated that for English-only classrooms, teachers receiving a high level of support had students who made greater gains in language and literacy skills than teachers who only received access to a curricular supplement. Three implications are drawn from these findings: (a) ongoing, video-based consultation holds promise not only for altering teacher–child interactions but also for improving children's learning; (b) technology allows teachers to receive intensive, effective support from a distance; and (c) there is still much to be learned about how professional development can support effective teaching of language and literacy skills to children whose home lan...
Assessing the effects of disease and bleaching on Florida Keys corals by fitting population models to data

Abstract Coral diseases have increased in frequency over the past few decades and have important influences on the structure and composition of coral reef communities. However, there is limited information on the etiologies of many coral diseases, and pathways through which coral diseases are acquired and transmitted are still in question. Furthermore, it is difficult to assess the impacts of disease on coral populations because outbreaks often co-occur with temperature-induced bleaching and anthropogenic stressors. We developed spatially explicit population models of coral disease and bleaching dynamics to quantify the impact of six common diseases on Florida Keys corals, including aspergillosis, dark spots, white band, white plague, white patch, and Caribbean yellow band. Models were fit to an 8-year data set of coral abundance, disease prevalence, and bleaching prevalence. Model selection was used to assess alternative pathways for disease transmission, and the influence of environmental stressors, including sea temperature and human population density, on disease prevalence and coral mortality. Classic disease transmission from contagious to susceptible colonies provided the best-fit model only for aspergillosis. For other diseases, external disease forcing, such as through a vector or directly from pathogens in the environment, provided the best fit to observed data. Estimates of disease reproductive ratio values ( R 0 ) were less than one for each disease, indicating coral colonies were below densities required for diseases to become established through contagious spread alone. Incidences of white band and white patch disease were associated with greater susceptibility or slower recovery of bleached colonies, and no disease outbreaks were associated with periods of elevated sea temperatures alone. Projections of best-fit models indicated that, atleast during the period of this study, disease and bleaching did not have substantial impacts on populations and impaired rates of population growth appeared to be attributable to other stressors. By applying epidemiological models to field data, our study gives qualitative insights into the dynamics of coral diseases, relative stressor impacts, and directions for future research.
A 0.38 V near/sub-V T digitally controlled low-dropout regulator with enhanced power supply noise rejection in 90 nm CMOS process

This study describes a 0.38 V digitally controlled low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator enabling dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) for near/sub-threshold applications. For operating at an ultra-low supply voltage, analogue components are replaced in conventional LDOs with digital counterparts. Especially, a digital reference control that is based on a replica circuit is proposed to improve power supply noise rejection and line regulation of the LDO. The proposed LDO has been designed in a 90 nm regular V T complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. The LDO can regulate the output voltage from 0.12 to 0.32 V with a supply voltage of 0.38 V. Furthermore, it reaches the current efficiency of 99.3% and the power efficiency of 83.6%, respectively, at a load current of 1 mA. The digitally controllable DVS with 3 mV resolution is achieved.