cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mass histology to quantify neurodegeneration in drosophila

Progressive neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) are an increasing threat to human health worldwide. Although mammalian models have provided important insights into the underlying mechanisms of pathogenicity, the complexity of mammalian systems together with their high costs are limiting their use. Therefore, the simple but well-established Drosophila model-system provides an alternative for investigating the molecular pathways that are affected in these diseases. Besides behavioral deficits, neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by histological phenotypes such as neuronal death and axonopathy. To quantify neuronal degeneration and to determine how it is affected by genetic and environmental factors, we use a histological approach that is based on measuring the vacuoles in adult fly brains. To minimize the effects of systematic error and to directly compare sections from control and experimental flies in one preparation, we use the 'collar' method for paraffin sections. Neurodegeneration is then assessed by measuring the size and/or number of vacuoles that have developed in the fly brain. This can either be done by focusing on a specific region of interest or by analyzing the entire brain by obtaining serial sections that span the complete head. Therefore, this method allows one to measure not only severe degeneration but also relatively mild phenotypes that are only detectable in a few sections, as occurs during normal aging.
Pathogenetic Analysis of Sinonasal Teratocarcinosarcomas Reveal Actionable β-catenin Overexpression and a β-catenin Mutation

Objective Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcomas are rare, aggressive tumors of the skull base. Treatment options are limited and outcomes are poor. Little is known in regard to the genetic factors regulating these tumors. Characterization of actionable molecular alterations in these tumors could provide potentially successful therapeutic options. Methods We performed targeted exome sequencing on an index sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma specimen to identify potential driver mutations. We performed immunohistochemical stains for β-catenin on paraffin-embedded tissue on the index tumor and a subsequent teratocarcinosarcoma. Online databases of cancer mutations (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer and The Cancer Genome Atlas) were accessed. Results We identified an activating p.S45F mutation in β-catenin in our index sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma. This mutation results in constitutive signaling in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We confirmed β-catenin overexpression and nuclear localization via immunohistochemistry in the index tumor and a second patient. The p.S45F activating mutation was found in a variety of solid tumors, and accounts for 3.3 to 10.4% of all known β-catenin mutations. Conclusion We identified a potential driver mutation in β-catenin in a sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma, resulting in β-catenin overexpression. These findings suggest a role for the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma tumorigenesis and a role for anti-β-catenin targeted therapy.
Enhancements in Mass Transfer for Carbon Capture Solvents Part I: Homogeneous Catalyst

Abstract The novel small molecule carbonic anhydrase (CA) mimic [Co III (Salphen-COO − )Cl]HNEt 3 ( 1 ), was synthesized as an additive for increasing CO 2 absorption rates in amine-based post-combustion carbon capture processes (CCS), and its efficacy was verified. 1 was designed for use in a kinetically slow but thermally stable blended solvent, containing the primary amines 1-amino-2-propanol (A2P) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP). Together, the A2P/AMP solvent and 1 reduce the overall energy penalty associated with CO 2 capture from coal-derived flue gas, relative to the baseline solvent MEA. 1 is also effective at increasing absorption kinetics of kinetically fast solvents, such as MEA, which can reduce capital costs by requiring a smaller absorber tower. The transition from catalyst testing under idealized laboratory conditions, to process relevant lab- and bench-scale testing adds many additional variables that are not well understood and rarely discussed. The stepwise testing of both 1 and the novel A2P/AMP solvent blend is described through a transition process that identifies many of these process and evaluation challenges not often addressed when designing a chemical or catalytic additive for industrial CCS systems, where consideration of solvent chemistry is typically the primary goal.
Cultural Studies of Science Education: An Appraisal

A denial of modern science is entrenched at the highest levels of governance, and in the popular culture, in the U.S. and elsewhere. I argue that anti-science attitudes and beliefs fostered by the Cultural Studies of Science Education (CSSE) movement contribute to the problem. I examine central CCSE concepts, e.g., multilogicality, multi-science, indigenous science, CCSE conceptions of knowledge, truth, and ontology. I argue that CSSE postmodern theses are contrary to the core theses of modern science. I set out ontological and epistemological positions that are, I argue, conceptually essential to the practices of modern science.
Determining Optimal Used Fuel Allocation Strategies

A key challenge in fulfilling the U.S. federal government’s obligations under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act is in the transition of used nuclear fuel (UNF) storage away from at-reactor storage and t...
The thermoelastic effect in iron and nickel as a function of temperature

The adiabatic thermoelastic temperature change was determined as a function of temperature and stress in nickel and Armco iron. The results are in agreement with an equation first derived by Lord Kelvin. Near the Curie temperature the thermoelastic effect changes appreciably. Calculations confirm that the thermal expansion coefficient of iron decreases in the vicinity of the Curie temperature as predicted by the theory of ferromagnetism.
A unique evolution of the kidney phenotype in a patient with autosomal recessive Alport syndrome.

Summary Alport syndrome is due to mutations in one of the genes encoding (α3,4,5) type IV collagen resulting in defective type IV collagen, a key component of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). The GBM is initially thin, and with ongoing remodeling, develops a thickened basket-woven appearance. We report a unique case of a 9-year-old boy who was biopsied for hematuria and proteinuria, diagnosed as IgA nephropathy, with normal GBM appearance and thickness. Due to a family history of hematuria and chronic kidney disease, he subsequently underwent genetic evaluation and a mutation of α3 type IV collagen (COL4A3) was detected. Additional studies of the initial biopsy demonstrated abnormal type IV collagen immunostaining. A repeat biopsy 4years later showed characteristic glomerular basement membrane morphology of Alport syndrome, and scarring consistent with sequelae of IgA nephropathy. This is the first description of this unusual transition from an initial normal appearance of the glomerular basement membrane to the classic Alport phenotype.
The classification of ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 3 mutations using the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator classification system.

Importance: The ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 3 (ABCA3) protein plays a vital role in surfactant homeostasis. Mutations in the ABCA3 gene lead to the development of interstitial lung disease. In the most severe manifestation, mutations can lead to a fatal respiratory distress syndrome in neonates. ABCA3 belongs to the same ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the gene that causes cystic fibrosis. Objective: To classify ABCA3 mutations in a manner similar to CFTR mutations in order to take advantage of recent advances in therapeutics. Methods: Sequence homology between the CFTR protein and the ABCA3 protein was established. The region of CFTR that is a target for the new potentiator class of drugs was of particular interest. We performed a literature search to obtain all published mutations that were thought to be disease causing. We classified these mutations using the established CFTR classification system. When possible, we drew on previous experimental classification of ABCA3 mutations. Results: Although the proteins share the same overall structure, only a 19% identity was established between CFTR and ABCA3. The CFTR therapeutic target region has a 22% homology with the corresponding ABCA3 region. Totally 233 unique protein mutations were identified. All protein mutations were classified and mapped to a schematic diagram of the ABCA3 protein. Interpretation: This new classification system for ABCA3, based on CFTR classification, will likely aid further research of clinical outcomes and identification of mutation-tailored therapeutics, with the aim for improving clinical care for patients with ABCA3 mutations. Key words: ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily A; Cystic fibrosis; Genetics; Interstitial lung diseases; Newborn; Respiratory distress syndrome
Boron neutron capture therapy of anterior chamber melanoma with p-boronophenylalanine.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a form of radiation therapy that requires selective uptake of boron by the tumor and irradiation with thermal neutrons. Phenylalanine is an amino acid precursor of melanin and when boronated (p-boronophenylalanine [BPA]) was found to be selectively taken up by Greene melanoma cells in the anterior chamber of rabbits. This tumor model was irradiated 24 hr after oral administration of BPA and was used for biodistribution studies that compared BPA and sodium pentaborate. Three groups were irradiated: group 1 (11 rabbits) received BPA followed by thermal neutron irradiation, group 2 (9 rabbits) received thermal neutron irradiation only, and group 3 (9 rabbits) served as unirradiated, undrugged control animals. Eight of the 11 tumors in group 1 were treated successfully; all tumors in groups 2 and 3 grew. Histopathologic examination did not reveal vascular or retina damage in group 1. These preliminary experiments confirm that newer boronated compounds, such as BPA, used in BNCT and improved neutron beams can provide selective irradiation of ocular melanomas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:395-403,1992 Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a form of radiation therapy that has two components. The first is the delivery of boron to the tumor. This is accomplished by chemically boronating a tumor-seeking compound. The boronated agent must be stable in vivo and selectively deposit adequate amounts of boron in the tumor but not in normal tissues. The second is to irradiate with thermal neutrons. Only the thermal neutron will interact with the boron and give rise to an alpha and a lithium particle. These highly ionizing particles, released preferentially in the tumor, create the selective irradiation of the tumor compared with other structures in the eye (or body). The reaction products from the 10 B(n,a) 7 Li reaction have a range of approximately 10 ^m in tissue and are known to have a high relative biologic effectiveness (RBE). Clinical trials of BNCT for the treatment of glio
Lymphology and the Microcirculation—A Synopsis of Fourth International Congress of Lymphology Symposia

Lymph is a mirror of tissue fluid (the “milieu interieur” of Claude Bernard) as well as a barometer of dynamic microcirculatory events. This important facet of lymphology pervaded the 4th International Congress and was explored in depth in several symposia. The symposium entitled “What and Where is Lymph?” (M. Witte, J. R. Casley-Smith, F. C. Courtice, M. Papp, G. Szabo, P. J. Johnson, S. Rodbard, and A. E. Taylor) delved into the nature and location of “lymph”. The panel examined the relationships of lymph in lymphatic collecting channels to capillary filtrate and tissue fluid as well as the barriers that separate these fluids and the differences in their composition. Casley-Smith postulated a concentrating mechanism in initial lymphatic channels and proposed the existence of an “oncotic pump” to propel lymph onward (i.e., he maintained that lymph is higher than tissue fluid in protein content). Rodbard, on the other hand, introduced the concept of a “tissue module” constructed of a fibrous connective tissue capsule containing a cluster of parenchymal cells, blood capillaries, and ultrafiltrate permeating the intracapsular space. Lymphatic vessels are restricted to extracapsular clefts and intracapsular and extracapsular tissue fluid are discrete pools (i.e., Rodbard postulated that lymph is somewhat lower than tissue fluid in protein content). In contrast, Taylor’s simple mathematical model predicted that protein concentration in an upstream lymphatic vessel is essentially the same as tissue protein concentration adjacent to the blood capillary wall. He reported that a subcutaneously implanted Guyton capsule contained fluid identical in protein content to draining regional lymph. After a lively discussion, there was general agreement on at least one point—that further investigation in this area was greatly needed and direct measurements had to be made.
Comparing Values and Methods in Psychodynamic and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Commonalities and Differences

To determine the underlying values and methods in cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic therapy and to address the implications of those values and methods for integrating the two therapies, the Process Value and Methods Survey was sent to members of The Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy (cognitive-behavioral sample) and Division 39 of American Psychological Association (psychodynamic sample). Members were asked to endorse items based on their ideal understanding of their respective orientations. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of the combined samples yielded six components for values, of which four were significant according to orientation. A second PCA, for therapeutic methods, yielded six components, five of which were significant according to orientation. In both PCAs, components significant for an orientation were consistent with the corresponding constructs of that orientation. The relationship between method and value components as well as how value components may be related to clinical practice and psychotherapy integration is discussed.
Tetrahydrouridine/decitabine/5-azacytidine for non-cytotoxic epigenetic-immunotherapy of NSCLC in vivo.

e24134Background: Most advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases do not respond to anti-PD1 therapy, because most NSCLC avoids immune-recognition in the 1st place, e.g, by epigenetic suppre...
A Marauder's Map of Security and Privacy in Machine Learning: An overview of current and future research directions for making machine learning secure and private

There is growing recognition that machine learning (ML) exposes new security and privacy vulnerabilities in software systems, yet the technical community's understanding of the nature and extent of these vulnerabilities remains limited but expanding. In this talk, we explore the threat model space of ML algorithms through the lens of Saltzer and Schroeder's principles for the design of secure computer systems. This characterization of the threat space prompts an investigation of current and future research directions. We structure our discussion around three of these directions, which we believe are likely to lead to significant progress. The first seeks to design mechanisms for assembling reliable records of compromise that would help understand the degree to which vulnerabilities are exploited by adversaries, as well as favor psychological acceptability of machine learning applications. The second encompasses a spectrum of approaches to input verification and mediation, which is a prerequisite to enable fail-safe defaults in machine learning systems. The third pursues formal frameworks for security and privacy in machine learning, which we argue should strive to align machine learning goals such as generalization with security and privacy desirata like robustness or privacy. Key insights resulting from these three directions pursued both in the ML and security communities are identified and the effectiveness of approaches are related to structural elements of ML algorithms and the data used to train them. We conclude by systematizing best practices in our growing community.
An Information Theory-Based Approach to Assessing Spatial Patterns in Complex Systems

Given the intensity and frequency of environmental change, the linked and cross-scale nature of social-ecological systems, and the proliferation of big data, methods that can help synthesize complex system behavior over a geographical area are of great value. Fisher information evaluates order in data and has been established as a robust and effective tool for capturing changes in system dynamics, including the detection of regimes and regime shifts. The methods developed to compute Fisher information can accommodate multivariate data of various types and requires no a priori decisions about system drivers, making it a unique and powerful tool. However, the approach has primarily been used to evaluate temporal patterns. In its sole application to spatial data, Fisher information successfully detected regimes in terrestrial and aquatic systems over transects. Although the selection of adjacently positioned sampling stations provided a natural means of ordering the data, such an approach limits the types of questions that can be answered in a spatial context. Here, we expand the approach to develop a method for more fully capturing spatial dynamics. The results reflect changes in the index that correspond with geographical patterns and demonstrate the utility of the method in uncovering hidden spatial trends in complex systems.
Comparative outcomes between robotic and abdominal radical hysterectomy for IB1 cervical cancer: Results from a single high volume institution

Abstract Objective To compare the perioperative morbidity and survival between abdominal radical hysterectomy (ARH) and robotic radical hysterectomy (RRH). Methods A retrospective cohort of patients undergoing radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer from 2010 to 2016 was identified. Patients with stage IB1 cervical cancer were included and were grouped by ARH vs. RRH. Tumor characteristics, perioperative complications, recurrence rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were compared between groups. Results 105 patients were identified; 56 underwent ARH and 49 underwent RRH. Those who had ARH were more likely to have lesions that were ≥2 cm (62% vs. 39%, p = 0.02) and that were higher grade (p = 0.048). Other tumor characteristics were similar between groups. There was no difference in perioperative complication rates between groups. Additionally, there were no differences in recurrence risk (RR) (14% vs. 24%, p = 0.22), progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.28), or overall survival (OS) (p = 0.16). However, in those with tumors ≥2 cm there was a higher risk of recurrence in the overall cohort (30% vs. 8%, p = 0.006), and a shorter PFS in the RRH group (HR 0.31, p = 0.04). On multivariate analysis patients that underwent ARH or had tumors Conclusion Perioperative morbidity was similar between those undergoing ARH vs. RRH for IB1 cervical cancer. Patients with tumors ≥ 2 cm undergoing RRH had a shorter PFS compared to ARH. On multivariate analysis, RRH and tumor size ≥ 2 cm were independently associated with recurrence and death in this population.
A quadruple-band metal–nitride nanowire artificial photosynthesis system for high efficiency photocatalytic overall solar water splitting

Photocatalytic water splitting is a wireless method for solar-to-hydrogen conversion. To date, however, the efficiency of photocatalytic water splitting is still very low. Here, we have investigated the design, synthesis, and characterization of quadruple-band InGaN nanowire arrays, which consist of In0.35Ga0.65N, In0.27Ga0.73N, In0.20Ga0.80N, and GaN segments, with energy bandgaps of ∼2.1 eV, 2.4 eV, 2.6 eV, and 3.4 eV, respectively. Such multi-band InGaN nanowire arrays are integrated directly on a nonplanar wafer for enhanced light absorption. Moreover, a doping gradient is introduced along the lateral dimension of the nanowires, which forms a built-in electric field and promotes efficient charge carrier separation and extraction for water redox reactions. We have demonstrated that the quadruple-band InGaN nanowire photocatalyst can exhibit a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of ∼5.2% with relatively stable operation. This work demonstrates a novel strategy using multi-band semiconductor nanostructures for artificial photosynthesis and solar fuel conversion with significantly improved performance.
Spring phytoplankton in the eastern coastal Gulf of Alaska: Photosynthesis and production during high and low bloom years

Abstract Primary production associated with the spring bloom in high-latitude seas constitutes a substantial fraction of annual total in those environments, and provides a seasonally timed bounty to benthic and pelagic organisms at higher trophic levels. Light is widely believed to regulate the timing and magnitude of spring production in the coastal Gulf of Alaska, although few data are available on the relationship between light and photosynthesis or primary production in that region. In two cruises to the coastal waters of southeast Alaska (May 2011 and April 2013), we observed strongly contrasting early-season phytoplankton communities, although environmental conditions were largely similar. An early, diatom-dominated spring bloom occurred in April 2013, while the anomalously low chlorophyll conditions of spring 2011 were widely observed in May of that year. Integrated chlorophyll a (Chl) was substantially higher in April 2013 than in May 2011 (median 62 versus 29 mg m−2), and April 2013 saw a greater contribution by large cells (>20 µm size fraction) to total Chl. The P M B ) were higher in the high-Chl month of April 2013 than in May 2011, averaging 5.3 versus 3.4 µg C µg Chl−1 h−1 across all depths and both size classes. In May 2011, P M B showed a strong negative correlation with salinity, while several photosynthetic parameters were correlated to light exposure history. In contrast, we found no environmental correlates to photosynthetic parameters in April 2013. Estimated primary production was considerably higher in April 2013 than in May 2011 (medians 2.5 versus 0.9 g C m−2 d−1). Characteristics of the May 2011 phytoplankton community were broadly consistent with a role for iron limitation on this narrow shelf, where cross-shelf exchange processes with nearby iron-limited open ocean waters may vary with larger-scale environmental conditions. Understanding the factors that regulate spring phytoplankton biomass, composition, and photophysiology will be key to understanding the large interannual variations in spring production in the coastal Gulf of Alaska.
Development of antimicrobial resistance: Future challenges

Abstract The discovery of antibiotics has been one of the foremost medical advances of the 20th century. Antibiotics are essential components of medical practice used to treat, prevent, and control bacterial pathogens. Unfortunately the misuse and abuse of these “wonder” drugs has led to the development of multidrug-resistant organisms, which are very difficult to treat. Coincident with the increasing development of resistance is the decline in the development of new antibiotics by the pharmaceutical industry. The possibility of a “postantibiotic era” where bacterial infections will be untreatable may become real if international efforts do not come together to combat this complex problem. The present chapter will provide a general overview of antimicrobial resistance including a brief history of antibiotics, main mechanisms of resistance, “superbugs,” the spread of resistant genes in humans and nature, and antibiotics in the environment. New therapeutic approaches and alternatives to antibiotics will also be reviewed briefly.
Creating an evidence-based pediatric prehospital destination tool (PDTree): An expert panel process using a modified-Delphi method

Background For select conditions, prehospital destination decision algorithms are widely adopted by Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Those evidence-based protocols improve patient outcomes and reduce overuse and underuse of resources. The PDTree project is a HRSA targeted issues project to develop an evidence-based tool to guide destination choice for pediatric EMS patients. Objective To create a pediatric prehospital destination tool (PDTree) using an expert panel of …
Authentic Integrity: A Premier Character Strength

Abstract Learned Mindfulness is the process of achieving Authentic Integrity, a tool helping prevent physician burnout. “Authentic Integrity” is psychological wholeness and personal freedom from self-deceit. Mindfulness brings hitherto hidden mental capacities to the light of mindful awareness. Integrity creates the entirety and transparency making possible a sense of being undiminished. Character strengths are positive psychological characteristics based on consciously chosen values. These preferred beliefs guide life goals, choice of personal and social affiliations, occupation, and living in these pursuits. Inner character strengths pivot on “Integral Empathy”: cognitive perspective-taking and emotionally grasping and outwardly responding to another's sentient experience. Empathy includes attunement to nonverbal communications such as facial expressions and body language. This resonant social conduit adds meaning to the biomental perspective of Learned Mindfulness of body-mind synchrony. Transparency implies authenticity and honesty reflecting the level of perceived understandability, completeness, and correctness in communication. A high-reliability person sustainably identifies problems, assigns ownership, sets goals, outlines targets, and timelines for tracking progress and resolving problems.
C-SBL(VB): A Variational Bayes Algorithm for Sparse Recovery of Signals with Unknown Clustering Pattern

We develop a new algorithm to solve the inverse problem of compressive sensing for sparse signals with unknown clustering pattern in the presence of noise. The proposed algorithm is based on Bernoulli-Gaussian prior modeling and variational Bayes inference. The proposed algorithm differs from other works in this area due to the way the clustering pattern is learned, in that we account for the unknown clustering pattern via one prior defined on the supports of the solution rather than having three sets of hyperpriors on either the supports or the precisions of the solution.
Management of Cardiac Implantable Electrical Devices in Patients Undergoing Radiofrequency Ablation for Spine Pain: Physician Survey and Review of Guidelines.

Background More patients with cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs) are presenting to spine and pain practices for radiofrequency ablation (RFA) procedures for chronic pain. Although the potential for electromagnetic interference (EMI) affecting CIED function is known with RFA procedures, available guidelines do not specifically address CIED management for percutaneous RFA for zygapophyseal (z-joint) joint pain, and thus physician practice may vary. Objectives To better understand current practices of physicians who perform RFA for chronic z-joint pain with respect to management of CIEDs. Perioperative CIED management guidelines are also reviewed to specifically address risk mitigation strategies for potential EMI created by ambulatory percutaneous spine RFA procedures. Study design Web-based provider survey and narrative review. Setting Multispecialty pain clinic, academic medical center. Methods A web-based survey was created using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). A survey link was provided via e-mail to active members of the Spine Intervention Society (SIS), American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, as well as distributed freely to community Pain Physicians and any receptive academic departments of PM&R or Anesthesiology. The narrative review summarizes pertinent case series, review articles, a SIS recommendation statement, and multi-specialty peri-operative guidelines as they relate specifically to spine RFA procedures. Results A total of 197 clinicians participated in the survey from diverse clinical backgrounds, including anesthesiology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, radiology, neurosurgery, and neurology, with 81% reporting fellowship training. Survey responses indicate wide variability in provider management of CIEDs before, during, and after RFA for z-joint pain. Respondents indicated they would like more specific guidelines to aid in management and decision-making around CIEDs and spine RFA procedures. Literature review yielded several practice guidelines related to perioperative management of CIEDs, but no specific guideline for percutaneous spine RFA procedures. However, combining the risk mitigation strategies provided in these guidelines, with interventional pain physician clinical experience allows for reasonable management recommendations to aid in decision-making. Limitations Although this manuscript can serve as a review of CIEDs and aid in management decisions in patients with CIEDs, it is not a clinical practice guideline. Conclusions Practice patterns vary regarding CIED management in ambulatory spine RFA procedures. CIED presence is not a contraindication for spine RFA but does increase the complexity of a spine RFA procedure and necessitates some added precautions. Key words Radiofrequency ablation, neurotomy, cardiac implantable electrical device, zygapophyseal joint, spondylosis, neck pain, low back pain, chronic pain.
Temporal Trends in the Incidence and Outcomes of Pacemaker Implantation After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in the United States (2012-2017).

Background Nationwide studies documenting temporal trends in permanent pacemaker implantation (PPMI) following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) are limited. Methods and Results We sele...
Computing-In-Memory a Processing-In-Sensor Techniques for Low-Power Edge Devices

To most efficiently executing algorithms and software, developing low-power and low-latency hardware have become top priority for edge AI applications. To achieve this goal, data processing techniques in sensor and memory utilizing the array structure have drawn much attention. Processing-in-sensor technique serves to reduce data transfer; Computing-in-memory technique is efficient to reduce memory access and intermediate data movement. In this talk, recent progresses, advantages, and challenges of Processing-in-Sensor and Computing-in-memory will be discussed.
Analysis of Different Illuminance of the Room Lighting Condition on the Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of An Intraoral Scanner.

PURPOSE To measure the influence of illuminance of the ambient light between 1000 lux (room light) and 10 000 lux (chair light) on the accuracy of an intraoral scanner (IOS). MATERIAL AND METHODS A typodont was digitized using an extraoral scanner to obtain a reference standard tessellation language (STL) file. Ten groups were created based on the different illuminance of the ambient light conditions tested starting from 1000 lux (no chair light) to 10000 lux (chair light) in increments of 1000 lux by increasing the distance between the chair light and the mannequin, with the room light turned on. Ten digital scans per group were obtained (n = 10) using an IOS (Trios 3; 3Shape). The accuracy of the digital scans was evaluated with respect to the reference mesh of the typodont using a 3D mesh processing software. Kruskal-Wallis and pair-wise comparison tests were used to analyze the data (α = 0.05). RESULTS Significant difference for trueness and precision values were found among the groups (p < 0.001). The 1000-lux group exhibited the lowest discrepancy values with a median of 26.33 μm and an interquartile range (IQR) of 40.04 μm (11.97-52.00) (p < 0.001); while the 5000-lux group obtained the highest discrepancy values with a median of 46.38 μm and an IQR of 99.94 μm (19.05-118.98) (p < 0.001). The pair-wise multi-comparison showed no difference between the 8000- and 4000-lux groups (p = 0.287). In all groups, the IQR was higher than the mean errors from the control mesh, suggesting that the relative precision was low. CONCLUSIONS A 1000-lux illumination lighting condition is recommended to maximize the scanning accuracy of the IOS tested; the chair light should be avoided. Furthermore, the scanning accuracy response under the illuminance range tested presented a lack of monotonicity.
Social Engineering Attacks A Reconnaissance Synthesis Analysis

Social Engineering outweighs any other security threats as it has proven to be one of the easiest, cheapest, and most potent and highly successful ways for criminals to achieve their ends. We have witness how globally governments, organizations and institutions down to every individual have embraced the state-of-the-art technological advances and interconnectedness brought about by networks and telecommunications. We all together experience the ease and comfort of these modern living; however, many malicious actors also identified these technological vehicles as a means to selfishly benefit themselves. Cybercriminals have found humans to be an easy prey to victimize and fall for their intent. Hence, we have presented the significance of mitigating this type of attack in order to give precaution on the danger of what social engineering can ensue. Following the quote of Sun Tzu "Know Your Enemy", the initial step to plan and perform for an effective defense strategy is similar to the military operations, which is to do a reconnaissance Synthesis analysis using the rapid synthesis approaches to systematically identify the primary studies and have followed an orderly series of steps in order to accomplish our exploration. Applying the same technique, we have investigated the current existing social engineering attacks and countermeasures and performed a distillation of some selected studies regarding attacks in social engineering.
Perineural Invasion As the Sole Pathologic Risk Factor After Surgical Resection for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Introduction Postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) is routinely recommended for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) based on pathologic risk factors (pRFs) such as perineural invasion (PNI). Patients with PNI as the sole pRF after resection of HNSCC are uncommon and their prognosis is less clear. The aim of this study is to assess the role of PNI as a sole risk factor in patients with otherwise pathologically low-risk HNSCC. Methods Patients with HNSCC of the oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx treated with primary surgical resection from 2013 to 2018 were identified from an institutional cancer registry. Those with pRFs (pathologic T3-4 disease, lymphovascular space invasion [LVSI], multiple positive lymph nodes, close [within 2 mm] or positive margins, extranodal extension [ENE], or recurrent disease) were excluded, yielding an otherwise pathologically low-risk cohort with or without incidental, pathologic PNI. Locoregional control (LRC), overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were estimated and compared between PNI groups and by adjuvant therapy. Results A total of 1,058 patients were identified as having undergone surgical resection. Exclusion of patients with other pRFs, those with unknown PNI, and oral cavity patients with depth of invasion > 10 mm yielded a study cohort of 85 patients. Eight patients (10% of study group, <1% of all patients) had PNI as the sole pRF, none of which had clinical signs or symptoms of perineural tumor spread. The remaining 77 were negative for PNI and thus pathologically low risk. Patients with PNI were more likely to have oral cavity cancer, to be younger, and to have received PORT than those without PNI; no patient received concurrent chemotherapy. At a median follow-up of 46.4 months, two- and five-year LRC rates were 81.4% and 78.5%, respectively. No differences were noted between PNI-positive and PNI-negative groups (p=0.73) or PORT v. no-PORT groups (p=0.39). While the utility of PORT is not possible to assess given limited sample size, four patients with PNI who did not receive PORT did not experience locoregional failure. Seventeen patients overall experienced locoregional failure and 14 were ultimately salvaged. Five-year OS and DSS were 77.4% and 90.8%, respectively. Conclusion Patients with pathologically low-risk HNSCC after surgical resection experience high rates of LRC. In this large institutional cohort, PNI as the sole pRF was exceedingly rare, and the benefit of adjuvant therapies is difficult to assess. Within this limitation, PORT remains the standard of care for patients with PNI to reduce the risk of locoregional failure. Further collaborative studies are required to adequately assess the prognostic impact of PNI alone in resected HNSCC.
A Generalizable Guided Deep Learning Auto-Segmentation Method of Pancreatic GTV on Multi-Protocol Daily MRIs for MR-Guided Adaptive Radiotherapy.

Purpose/Objective(s) Fast and consistent delineation of gross-tumor volume (GTV) on non-contrast enhanced daily MRI is critical but can be challenging in MR-guided Online Adaptive Radiation Therapy (MRgOART). Our previous works have demonstrated the potential of using deep learning (DL) method for pancreatic GTV segmentation on MRI of a single sequence. However, the application of the obtained model is limited by the variations of MRIs from different scan protocols. To overcome the protocol dependence, we propose a generalizable prior knowledge guided DL method for pancreatic GTV auto-segmentation using the guidance of patient-specific contour from the verification MRI (obtained in the treatment room before the first fraction) on subsequent multi-protocol daily MRIs. Materials/Methods The daily MRIs acquired from 21 pancreatic cancer patients on a 1.5T MR-Linac during MRgOART were used to demonstrate the method. Two different scan protocols were used: T2 TSE sequence for nine patients and 4D Vane sequence for the remaining twelve patients. Manual contours carefully delineated on each MRI by treating physicians were utilized as ground truth. All the MRIs were pre-processed (e.g., bias corrected, normalized, cropped, and resampled). Each daily MRI was rigidly registered to the verification MRI and a total of 99 image pairs were generated. The DL network backbone used was UNet with 3 encoders interconnected with 3 decoders and a classification block. Model input was the composite of verification MRI, verification GTV mask, and daily MRI. Data augmentation methods such as translation, rotation, flip, guidance-target inversion, and rigid registration error introduction were applied for robust model training. Patient-based leave-one-out-cross-validation was employed and the model performance was evaluated using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) compared with the ground truth. Results The average DSC was 0.63 ± 0.18 for all the cases studied. For the cases with GTV > 5cc, the average DSC was 0.76 ± 0.13 and 0.69 ± 0.08 for T2 TSE and 4D Vane MRIs, respectively. The results are reasonably comparable to the inter-observer variation of DSC = 0.71 estimated in a previous study. The time required to generate GTV contour on a daily MRI set was less than 1s on a hardware with an I7 CPU and a GTX 1060 GPU. Conclusion The proposed prior-knowledge guided deep leaning auto-segmentation method for pancreatic GTV on daily multi-protocol non-contrast MRIs performed reasonably well even with the relatively small dataset. This proof-of-principle study suggests that, with patient-specific prior knowledge guidance, it is feasible to implement a single DL auto-segmentation model for multiple MRI sequences in MRgOART. The method can be generalized for other structures or tumors. (First and second authors contributed equally.)
Future Achievements to Be Gained through Science

The ideas to be developed here are related to those of two of the other panelists, and it will be useful to describe the connections right at the outset.
Diversity and distribution of subseafloor Thermococcales populations in diffuse hydrothermal vents at an active deep-sea volcano in the northeast Pacific Ocean

Received 30 August 2005; revised 28 July 2006; accepted 5 September 2006; published 20 December 2006. [1] The presence, diversity, and distribution of a key group of subseafloor archaea, the Thermococcales, was examined in multiple diffuse flow hydrothermal vents at Axial Seamount, an active deep-sea volcano located in the northeast Pacific Ocean. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach was used to determine if this group of subseafloor indicator organisms showed any phylogenetic distribution that may indicate distinct subseafloor communities at vents with different physical and chemical characteristics. Targeted primers for the Thermococcales 16S rRNA (small subunit ribosomal RNA) gene and intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region were designed and applied to organisms filtered directly from a variety of diffuse flow vents. Thermococcales were amplified from 9 of 11 samples examined, and it was determined that the ITS region is a better phylogenetic marker than the 16S rRNA in defining consistent groups of closely related sequences. Results show a relationship between environmental clone distribution and source vent chemistry. The most highly diluted vents with elevated iron and alkalinity contained a distinct group of Thermococcales as defined by the ITS region, suggesting separate subseafloor Thermococcales populations at diffuse vents within the Axial caldera.
Los oscuros soldados del amor no volverán

Todos los amantes son guerreros. Piedad Bonnett. Grupo Editorial Norma, Bogota, 1998, 87 pags.
The Physical and Chemical Properties of the Alkyl Hydrazines

Some of the major physical and chemical properties of a large number of alkyl-substituted hydrazines are presented to illustrate the general effects of substitution on the properties of hydrazine. Those hydrazine derivatives currently of greatest interest in the propellant field, the methyl hydrazines, are discussed in greater detail. In general, increasing the organic content is found to make the compound more organic in character and less like hydrazine. The variations in properties observed can be explained in terms of the normal effects of organic substitution and the effects of hydrogen bonding in hydrazine. Some of the methods of production of alkyl hydrazines are discussed briefly.
Interbasin Transfers of Water: Economic Issues and Impacts

Howe and Easter analyze existing evidence on direct and indirect benefits attributable to water, as well as the potential costs of interbasin transfers, and examine feasibility of alternatives. Originally published in 1971
Folate deficiency affects mammary gland development in pre- and peri-pubescent mice (827.12)

The ducts of mammary glands (MG) undergo phases of isometric and allometric growth during postnatal life. Folate is required for DNA synthesis and stability, where its effects are modulated by estrogen. Here we investigated the effects of folate deficiency on early MG development. Female FVB mice were assigned to either a control (2 mg folic acid/kg) or deficient (0 mg folic acid/kg) amino acid defined diet during in utero, postnatal, and early pubertal development. Tissues were assessed at weaning and during the peri-pubescent period. The area occupied by the mammary ducts was reduced in folate deficient animals at weaning and during early puberty (p<0.0001). The slope of MG growth in the isometric phase, from birth to weaning, was less for the MG of deficient females compared with controls (95% confidence limits 0.23-0.78 and 1.47-1.82, respectively). Allometric growth was unaffected by diet. We conclude that folate deficiency impairs ductal elongation in the MGs of female mice prior to puberty. Alterat...
Reversible control of CD8 cytotoxicity by regulatory T cells

4883 Adaptive mechanisms of peripheral tolerance have evolved within the mammalian immune system to prevent inappropriate responses to antigen. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) have been identified as central constituents of this regulatory activity. Using intravital multiphoton microscopy of murine lymph nodes we describe the lytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) upon encounter with target cells in the absence or presence of Treg activated in response to tumor-expressed antigen. While CTL proliferation, endowment with effector molecules, motility and target cell conjugate formation are unperturbed in the presence of Treg, granule exocytosis and lytic capacity upon target cell contact are strongly impaired. This selective regulation does not require prolonged contact between CTL and Treg but depends on CTL responsiveness to TGF-beta. Regulation is furthermore reversible, since CTL regain cytotoxicity upon removal of Treg in vivo. Thus Treg suppress CTL-mediated immunity by creating a local milieu that permits acquisition of full effector potential but withholds the license to kill. These observations have important implications for the development of more efficient cancer vaccines.
Turbine sizing of a solar thermal power plant

Since the insolation is intermittent, thermal energy storage is necessary to extend the time of power generation with solar heat past sunset. There are two approaches to specifying the size of turbine-generator units depending on the system operation. In the first approach, the turbine operates at its full capacity when operating on direct solar heat, and at reduced capacity when operating on collected heat out of energy storage. In the second approach, the turbine will always operate at a uniform level either on derated energy from the receiver or from energy storage. Both of these approaches have certain advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, a simple analysis is outlined and exercised to compare the performance and economics of these two approaches.
Flux measurements in isolated perfused tubules.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the flux measurements in isolated perfused tubules. Solute fluxes are measured in isolated perfused tubule segments in much the same way that they are in any epithelium. The only additional considerations occur because of the small volume of the lumenal compartment. This imposes difficulties in both measuring solute or radioactive label concentrations in the fluid samples, and ensuring that the composition of the lumenal compartment is known and that it remains relatively constant along the length of the perfused segment. Net fluxes are measured as the rate of disappearance or appearance of the solute in the tubule lumen or, in other words, as the difference in the rate at which the solute is perfused and the rate at which it is collected at the opposite end of the tubule. The unidirectional lumen-to-bath flux of a solute can be measured in the same manner as the net flux of the solute if the solute is present in the perfusate but not the bathing solution.
Biosynthesis of phytosphingosine. Hydroxylation of dihydrosphingosine.

Abstract Dihydrosphingosine-4,5-3H was synthesized via the catalytic tritiation of N-carbobenzoxysphingosine. The tritium activities on carbon atoms 4 and 5 were 47 and 37%, respectively; the remainder of 16% on carbon atoms 6 to 18 was due to double bond migration, or carbon-bonded hydrogen exchange, or both. Radiochemical impurities of high specific activity were formed during the synthesis and were detected with iodine vapor after thin layer chromatography. They did not act as a substrate for phytosphingosine biosynthesis. From the ratio of isotope in substrate and product, it was concluded that dihydrosphingosine-4,5-3H was utilized intact in the formation of phytosphingosine. N-Acetyldihydrosphingosine-4,5-3H, N-acetyl-1-14C-dihydrosphingosine-4,5-3H, and triacetyldihydrosphingosine-4,5-3H did not serve as substrates for the synthesis of phytosphingosine. It was suggested that this was due to the low solubility of these compounds rather than to the absence of the appropriate enzymes.