cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chaos and Shadowing Lemma for Autonomous Systems of Infinite Dimensions

For finite-dimensional maps and periodic systems, Palmer rigorously proved Smale horseshoe theorem using shadowing lemma in 1988 [20]. For infinite-dimensional maps and periodic systems, such a proof was completed by Steinlein and Walther in 1990 [30], and Henry in 1994 [9]. For finite-dimensional autonomous systems, such a proof was accomplished by Palmer in 1996 [17]. For infinite-dimensional autonomous systems, the current article offers such a proof. First we prove an Inclination Lemma to set up a coordinate system around a pseudo-orbit. Then we utilize graph transform and the concept of persistence of invariant manifold, to prove the existence of a shadowing orbit.
Space-time multiuser detection in multipath CDMA channels

The problem of multiuser detection in multipath CDMA channels with receiver antenna array is considered. The optimal space-time multiuser receiver structure is first derived, followed by linear space-time multiuser detection methods based on iterative interference cancellation. Blind adaptive space-time multiuser detection techniques are then proposed, which require prior knowledge of only the spreading waveform and the timing of the desired user's signal. Single-user-based space-time processing methods are also considered and are compared with the multiuser approach. It is seen that the proposed multiuser space-time processing techniques offer substantial performance gains over the single-user-based methods, especially in a near-far situation.
Highly Selective Asymmetric Hydrogenation Using a Three Hindered Quadrant Bisphosphine Rhodium Catalyst

A concise synthesis of both enantiomers of ligand 2 and rhodium complex 5 is presented. The crux of the synthesis is a chiral HPLC separation of the enantiomers of 4. Rhodium complex 5 possesses three hindered quadrants in the steric environment within which a substrate binds. Evidence is presented that this configuration leads to high enantioselectivity (>99% ee) for rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α-acetamido dehydroamino acids, 6a−e. High enantioselectivities are also reported for the hydrogenation of a substrate precursor, 8, of pharmaceutical candidate, pregabalin. Advantages for large-scale hydrogenation of 8 using catalyst 5a vs Rh-Me-DuPhos are discussed.
Institutional Causes of Delay in the Settlement of Legal Disputes

Social costs created by delay in the resolution of legal disputes have motivated an extensive theoretical literature studying the causes of delay. However, much less work has investigated a related, more policy-relevant question: how do legal institutions empirically affect delay in settlement? Based on analysis of the timing of settlement of automobile bodily injury insurance claims, I present two major findings on this topic. First, delay in trial courts increases delay in settlement. Second, state tort laws designed to reduce delay in settlement do not work as intended. Reforms imposing prejudgment interest, which were designed to reduce delay, actually increase delay in settlement, controlling for other state-level
Implications for Cognitive Quantum Computation and Decoherence Limits in the Presence of Large Extra Dimensions

An interdisciplinary physical theory of emergent consciousness has previously been proposed, stemming from quantum computation-like behavior between 109 or more entangled molecular qubit states (microtubulin). This model relies on the Penrose-Diosi gravity-driven wavefunction collapse framework, and thus is subject to any secondary classical and quantum gravity effects. Specifically, if large extra spatial dimensions exist in the Universe, then the resulting corrections to Newtonian gravity cause this model to suffer serious difficulties. It is shown that if the extra dimensions are larger than 100 fm in size, then this model of consciousness is unphysical. If the dimensions are on the order of 10 fm in size, then a significantly smaller number of microtubulin than originally predicted are required to satisfy experimental constraints. Some speculation on evolution of consciousness is also offered, based on the possibility that the size of these extra dimensions may have been changing over the history of the Universe.
An information processing view of field dependence‐independence∗

1 An earlier version of this paper was presented in R. E. Schutz (Chair), Trends in cognitive styles research: Directions and dilemmas. Symposium presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, 1982.
Expression of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and p53 tumor suppressor in dysplastic progression and adenocarcinoma in Barrett esophagus

BACKGROUND Barrett esophagus predisposes individuals to esophageal carcinoma, which develops from intermediate stages of tissue dysplasia primarily in the vicinity of the gastroesophageal junction. Understanding the cellular and molecular events in the progression of Barrett esophagus to adenocarcinoma may contribute to its early diagnosis and treatment. Mutation and overexpression of the tumor suppressor p53 have previously been observed in Barrett high grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. The expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CdK) inhibitor p21 can be up-regulated by p53, resulting in the down-regulation of cell division at the G1/S-phase transition. The current study examined the correlation between the expression of p21 and p53 by quantifying their levels during the progression of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in Barrett esophageal tissues. METHODS Barrett esophageal tissue samples that were negative or indefinite for dysplasia, contained dysplasia, and contained adenocarcinoma were examined by immunohistochemistry. Paraffin embedded sections of lining and glandular epithelia were adsorbed with primary murine antibodies against human p21 or p53 followed by horseradish peroxidase secondary antibody. An immunoreactivity score for each primary antibody and section was obtained by multiplying a staining intensity factor by the percent of positively stained cells. RESULTS Nuclear p21 expression was detectable immunohistochemically in Barrett esophagus that was negative for dysplasia, but it was significantly elevated (P ≤ 0.05) in tissues scored as indefinite for dysplasia, positive for low grade or high grade dysplasia, and positive for adenocarcinoma. Importantly, p53 expression did not parallel p21 expression. p53 levels were low in the early stages of Barrett dysplasia and were increased in high grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. There were no differences in p21 or p53 levels between glandular and lining epithelia in Barrett tissue throughout the histologic stages of neoplastic progression evaluated in this study. CONCLUSIONS p21 expression in Barrett tissue scored as indefinite for dysplasia or low grade dysplasia was significantly elevated relative to p53 expression. Elevated levels of p21 were also observed in high grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma, in which they do not appear to be effective in down-regulating cell division. Analysis of p21 and p53 expression may aid in the evaluation of tissue abnormalities in Barrett esophagus. Cancer 1999;86:756–63. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Trade and environmental distortions: coordinated intervention

Free trade may not improve welfare when environmental distortions exist. We study the coordination of trade and environmental policies when the distortion is loose property rights governing resources. Using the dual approach of Dixit and Norman (1980), we trade out 'iso-welfare' curves in the space of the degree of environ- ment distortion and the level of the import tariff. We use these curves to find necessary and sufficient conditions for disproportionate reforms, piecemeal or discrete, to be welfare improving. We also find that the needed reduction in the distortion to make trade welfare improving increases as the environmental stock increases, the productivity of the environmentally intensive good increases, or when the country is a large exporter of the environmentally intensive good. Do domestic environmental distortions justify trade barriers? Should joining free trade agreements be accompanied by adopting better resource and environmental management practices? These questions frequently come up in trade negotiations and international environmental disputes, and have manifested themselves in such politically sensitive issues as environmental policy harmonization, greening the GATT, etc. Economists have applied the theory of second best to study the implications of free trade in the presence of environmental distortions, and, not surprisingly, have found that free trade does not necessarily improve individual or aggregate welfare. However, they also qualified this finding, stating that it does not lead to the conclusion that free trade should be abolished. Rather, they argued, it means that trade should be adopted with the reduction of domestic environmental distortions (see Chichilnisky, 1994; Brander and Taylor, 1998; Copeland and Taylor, 1995; and Karp, Sacheti, and Zhao, forthcoming). The purpose of this paper is to identify the degree of environmental dis- tortion reduction that is needed to make a move towards free trade welfare-improving. The premise is that if a small step towards free trade requires a big step in reducing environmental distortions to maintain the welfare level, then free trade must be accompanied by the correction of environmental distortion and trade barriers based on environmental
An Approach to the Synthesis of the Eupomatilones

[structure: see text] A concise approach to the eupomatilone family of lignans is presented. The strategy employs an intramolecularly competitive Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of a densely functionalized bis-allylic ester. The rearrangement serves both to construct the A-ring and to establish the stereochemistry at C(3) and C(4).
Symmetrized Chebyshev polynomials

We define a class of multivariate Laurent polynomials closely related to Chebyshev polynomials and prove the simple but somewhat surprising (in view of the fact that the signs of the coefficients of the Chebyshev polynomials themselves alternate) result that their coefficients are non-negative. As a corollary we find that T n (c cos θ) and U n (c cos θ) are positive definite functions. We further show that a Central Limit Theorem holds for the coefficients of our polynomials.
Perfect Reeb flows and action–index relations

We study non-degenerate Reeb flows arising from perfect contact forms, i.e., the forms with vanishing contact homology differential. In particular, we obtain upper bounds on the number of simple closed Reeb orbits for such forms on a variety of contact manifolds and certain action–index resonance relations for the standard contact sphere. Using these results, we reprove a theorem due to Bourgeois, Cieliebak and Ekholm characterizing perfect Reeb flows on the standard contact three-sphere as non-degenerate Reeb flows with exactly two simple closed orbits.
Phasing beams with different dispersions and application to the petawatt-class beamline at the National Ignition Facility

In order to achieve the highest intensities possible with the short-pulse Advanced Radiographic Capability beamline at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), it will be necessary to phase the individual ARC apertures. This is made especially challenging because the design of ARC results in two laser beams with different dispersions sharing the same NIF aperture. The extent to which two beams with different dispersions can be phased with each other has been an open question. This paper presents results of an analysis showing that the different dispersion values that will be encountered by the shared-aperture beams will not preclude the phasing of the two beams. We also highlight a situation in which dispersion mismatch will prevent good phasing between apertures, and discuss the limits to which higher-order dispersion values may differ before the beams begin to dephase.
The absence of extraterrestrials on earth and the prospects for CETI

Abstract The absence of extraterrestrials on Earth in spite of the probable existence of a “Galactie Club” is a result of our nearly unique position on the verge of becoming a memeber. This supports the view that we are under surveillance by extraterrestrial intelligence, and reduces the likelihood of contact by radiotelescopes.
Telmisartan did not prevent recurrent stroke or major cardiovascular events

Source Citation Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1225-37. 18753639
Discovery of highly ionized line emission in the far ultraviolet

We report the discovery of highly ionized line emission from CIVλ1550A, OIII] λ1663A, and OVI/SiIV λ1400A, observed by the Berkeley UVX experiment on Shuttle mission 61-C. The CIV and OIII] lines were detected in 4 out of 8 directions, and the OVI/SiIV in 2 directions. The CIV line intensity exhibits a definite anticorrelation with HI column density, and shows significant pole brightening (a factor of 5 at least). There is evidence that the gas is not isothermal. When compared to observed CIV absorption column densities, we derive intrinsic densities of .01–.05 cm−3, and pressure p/k=1000–8000 (T/10 sup 5 K) cm−3 K, assuming the gas has a scale height of 2 kpc. Much higher densities and pressures are indicated if the gas is local (100–200 pc), which would give pressures in violation of canonical limits. Finally, we show that photoionized models, which break down at high densities because of charge exchange with HI, are inconsistent with the observed densities.
MASSCLEANage-STELLAR CLUSTER AGES FROM INTEGRATED COLORS

We present the recently updated and expanded MASSCLEANcolors, a database of 70 million Monte Carlo models selected to match the properties (metallicity, ages, and masses) of stellar clusters found in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). This database shows the rather extreme and non-Gaussian distribution of integrated colors and magnitudes expected with different cluster age and mass and the enormous age degeneracy of integrated colors when mass is unknown. This degeneracy could lead to catastrophic failures in estimating age with standard simple stellar population models, particularly if most of the clusters are of intermediate or low mass, like in the LMC. Utilizing the MASSCLEANcolors database, we have developed MASSCLEANage, a statistical inference package which assigns the most likely age and mass (solved simultaneously) to a cluster based only on its integrated broadband photometric properties. Finally, we use MASSCLEANage to derive the age and mass of LMC clusters based on integrated photometry alone. First, we compare our cluster ages against those obtained for the same seven clusters using more accurate integrated spectroscopy. We find improved agreement with the integrated spectroscopy ages over the original photometric ages. A close examination of our results demonstrates the necessity of solving simultaneously for mass and age to reduce degeneracies in the cluster ages derived via integrated colors. We then selected an additional subset of 30 photometric clusters with previously well-constrained ages and independently derive their age using the MASSCLEANage with the same photometry with very good agreement. The MASSCLEANage program is freely available under GNU General Public License.
Good Gradings of Generalized Incidence Rings

This inquiry is based on both the construction of generalized incidence rings due to Gene Abrams and the construction of good group gradings of incidence algebras due to Molli Jones. We provide conditions for a generalized incidence ring to be graded isomorphic to a subring of an incidence ring over a preorder. We also extend Jones's construction to good group gradings for incidence algebras over preorders with crosscuts of length one or two.
Singular responses of spin-incoherent Luttinger liquids.

When a local potential changes abruptly in time, an electron gas responds by shifting to a new state which at long times is orthogonal to the one in the absence of the local potential. This is known as Anderson's orthogonality catastrophe and it is relevant for the so-called x-ray edge or Fermi-edge singularity, and for tunneling into an interacting one-dimensional system of fermions. It often happens that the finite frequency response of the photon absorption or the tunneling density of states exhibits a singular behavior as a function of frequency: , where ωth is a threshold frequency and α is an exponent characterizing the singular response. In this review singular responses of spin-incoherent Luttinger liquids are reviewed. Such responses most often do not fall into the familiar form above, but instead typically exhibit logarithmic corrections and display a much higher universality in terms of the microscopic interactions in the theory. Specific predictions are made, the current experimental situation is summarized and key outstanding theoretical issues related to spin-incoherent Luttinger liquids are highlighted.
Steady-State Interactions in Plasma Accelerators

Theme A N analytical study of the steady-state interactions between a gas and a force field is presented. The several different types of interactions that occur for different magnitudes of the body force and heat addition are described. The effect of maintaining an initial pressure difference across the force field is also discussed. Although the analysis is applicable for any type of body force and heat input, reference is made to plasma accelerators where the Lorentz force and Ohmic heating are the appropriate quantities. A stationary, nondiffusive, one-dimensional force field is assumed to have been created in an infinitely long channel initially containing a perfect gas at rest. A single-fluid model is used to investigate the effect of the force field on the gas. The difficulties of such an investigation are reduced considerably by only studying the steady state, which is defined as the state in which the shock and expansion waves have constant strengths and steady-state conditions exist inside the force field. With these approximations the equations that govern the flow of the gas through the force field are derived and are solved along with the equations for shock and expansion waves to determine the resulting interaction. A related problem, that of the interaction of a shock tube flow with an electromagnet ic field, has been treated analytically by Johnson, 1 who used the method of characteristics and by Rosciszewski and Gallaher,2 who used the Lax-Wendroff finite difference method. Experimental results have been reported by Zauderer and Tate.3 Two different types of force field are considered. For the first type the force field is independent of the gas velocity through it and for the other it is altered by the gas velocity. Each of these types is related to a particular class of plasma accelerators. For the case of a force field independent of the gas velocity the possibility of placing a diaphragm at the forward edge of the force field that is burst at the same instant the force field is created is also considered. The parameter formed by this initial pressure difference is represented by P and is equal to the initial pressure ahead of the diaphragm divided by the initial pressure behind it (on the force field side). The gas temperature and the type of gas are assumed to initially be the same on each side of the diaphragm. The seven possible interactions between the gas and the force field in the steady state are indicated schematically in Fig. 1. The force and initial pressure difference accelerate the gas to the right in the figure. The regions in which the flow variables have constant values for each interaction are indicated by the circled
The relation between dayside local Poynting flux enhancement and cusp reconnection

[1] The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F15 satellite frequently observes an unusually high level of local Poynting flux when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is northward but also has a large By component. We use the Open Geospace General Circulation Model (OpenGGCM) coupled magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere code to study several events where, under such conditions, unusually large earthward Poynting flux has been observed. We find that the Joule heating rate in the model agrees well with the observed Poynting flux. Analysis of the model results shows that the strong Poynting flux hot spots are physically linked with magnetic reconnection at the high-latitude cusps. The solar wind mechanical force and the J × B force act on the newly opened field lines created by cusp reconnection to produce a Pedersen current, which consequently generates an intense Joule heating region, and a pair of adjacent and opposite field-aligned currents (FACs) connecting to the magnetopause currents forming a closed circuit. The intense Joule heating region is also the region with strong downward Poynting flux. The distribution, scale, and magnitude of this Joule heating region and corresponding FACs in the polar regions are mainly controlled by IMF clock angle, IMF magnitude, and solar wind dynamic pressure. A northward IMF condition with a large By component will result in an extended region with intense Joule heating and FAC, thus making a spacecraft transiting the dayside region more likely to observe a strong downward Poynting flux.
YOUNG STARS NEAR EARTH: THE OCTANS-NEAR ASSOCIATION AND CASTOR MOVING GROUP

All cataloged stellar moving groups and associations with ages ≤100 Myr and within 100 pc of Earth have Galactic space motions (UVW) situated in a good box with dimensions ~20 km s–1 on a side. Torres et al. defined the Octans Association as a group of 15 stars with age 20 Myr? and located ~140 pc from Earth, but with average V space velocity –3.6 km s–1 that is well outside of the good box. We present a list of 14 Hipparcos star systems within 100 pc of Earth that we call Octans-Near; these systems have UVW similar to those of the much more distant Octans Association. The Octans-Near stars have apparent ages between about 30 and 100 Myr and their relationship to the Octans Association stars is unclear. Six additional star systems have UVW similar to those of Octans-Near stars and likely ages ≤200 Myr. These six systems include the late-type binary star EQ Peg—6.2 pc from Earth with likely age ≤100 Myr and thus likely to be the nearest known pre-main sequence star system. The UVW of stars in a previously proposed ~200 Myr old Castor moving group are not too dissimilar from the UVW of Octans-Near stars. However, stars in the Castor group—if it exists at all—are mostly substantially older than 200 Myr and thus generally can readily be distinguished from the much younger Octans-Near stars.
Theory of spoof plasmons in real metals

In this Letter we develop a theory of spoof plasmons propagating on real metals perforated with planar periodic grooves. Deviation from the spoof plasmons on perfect conductor due to finite skin depth has been analytically described. This allowed us to investigate important propagation characteristics of spoof plasmons such as quality factor and propagation length as the function of the geometrical parameters of the structure. We have also considered THz field confinement by adiabatic increase of the depth of the grooves. It is shown that the finite skin depth limits the propagation length of spoof plasmons as well as a possibility to localize THz field. Geometrical parameters of the structure are found which provide optimal guiding and localization of THz energy.
How fast can an asteroid spin

Many large asteroids are probably gravitationally bound 'rubble piles', which should approximate figures of hydrostatic equilibrium. The maximum angular velocity of such bodies is limited by formation of Jacobi ellipsoids or binary fission at about half the surface orbit frequency. The observed limiting rotation period of approximately 4 hr implies asteroidal densities of about 2-3 g/cu cm.
Cell cycle‐regulated expression of the muscle determination factor MYF5 in proliferating myoblasts

Myf5 is the earliest-known muscle-specific factor to be expressed in vivo and its expression is associated with determination of the myoblast lineage. In C2 cells, we show by immunocytolocalization that Myf5 disappears rapidly from cells in which the differentiation program has been initiated. In proliferating myoblasts, the levels of Myf5 and MyoD detected from cell to cell are very heterogeneous. We find that some of the heterogeneity of Myf5 expression arises from a posttranscriptional regulation of Myf5 by the cell cycle. Immunoblotting of extracts from synchronized cultures reveals that Myf5 undergoes periodic fluctuations during the cell cycle and is absent from cells blocked early in mitosis by use of nocodazole. The disappearance of Myf5 from mitotic cells involves proteolytic degradation of a phosphorylated form of Myf5 specific to this phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, MyoD levels are not depleted in mitotic C2 cells. The mitotic destruction of Myf5 is the first example of a transcription factor showing cell cycle–regulated degradation. These results may be significant in view of the possible role of Myf5 in maintaining the determination of proliferating cells and in timing the onset of differentiation.
A monolithically integrated optical heterodyne receiver

We demonstrated a monolithically integrated heterodyne receiver consisting of a single frequency laser, a 3 dB coupler, and waveguide photodiodes using a single epitaxial growth. A 3 GHz frequency modulated optical link was realized using this receiver.
Shielding circuits with groups

We show how to efficiently compile any given circuit C into a leakage-resistant circuit C' such that any function on the wires of C' that leaks information during a computation C'(x) yields advantage in computing the product of |C'|Ω(1) elements of the alternating group Au. In combination with new compression bounds for Au products, also obtained here, C' withstands leakage from virtually any class of functions against which average-case lower bounds are known. This includes communication protocols, and AC0 circuits augmented with few arbitrary symmetric gates. If NC1 ' TC0 then then the construction resists TC0 leakage as well. We also conjecture that our construction resists NC1 leakage. In addition, we extend the construction to the multi-query setting by relying on a simple secure hardware component. We build on Barrington's theorem [JCSS '89] and on the previous leakage-resistant constructions by Ishai et al. [Crypto '03] and Faust et al. [Eurocrypt '10]. Our construction exploits properties of Au beyond what is sufficient for Barrington's theorem.
Probing the galactic halo with ROSAT

We discuss the current status of ROSAT shadowing observations designed to search for emission from million degree gas in the halo of the Milky Way galaxy. Preliminary results indicate that million degree halo gas is observed in the 1/4 keV band in some directions, most notably toward the Draco cloud at (l,b) = (92 deg, +38 deg), but that the halo emission is patchy and highly anisotropic. Our current understanding of this halo emission is based on a small handful of observations which have been analyzed to date. Many more observations are currently being analyzed or are scheduled for observation within the next year, and we expect our understanding of this component of the galactic halo to improve dramatically in the near future.
A comparison of hemolytic and sonochemical activity of ultrasonic cavitation in a rotating tube

Biological effects of in vitro ultrasonic exposure may result from mechanical and from sonochemical mechanisms related to ultrasonic cavitation. Mechanical cell lysis by 1.61 MHz ultrasonic cavitation was assessed in a rotating tube exposure system by hemolysis measurements. Free radical generation was assessed by the terephthalic acid dosimeter, calibrated by gamma-ray dosage. Sonochemical production was assessed by measuring residual hydrogen peroxide using the sensitive isoluminol method. Exposure conditions were similar for all tests, except longer durations were needed for the free radical and hydrogen peroxide tests. The sonochemical mechanisms were relatively more important for increasing intensity, and increasing temperature. Increasing rotation speed or bubbling with argon before exposure enhanced all cavitation activity. Stopping the rotation reduced all cavitation activity. Burst-mode ultrasound (10.5 microseconds bursts, 1:1 or 1:3 duty cycle) reduced cavitation activity, but gave relatively greater sonochemical activity under some conditions. These results indicate that the mechanical and sonochemical mechanisms can be separately favored to some extent by varying exposure conditions. The observed trends should be helpful for selecting exposure conditions favorable for studying bioeffects of the sonochemical mechanism.
Exact Schwarzschild-like solution for SU(N) gauge theory

In this paper we extend our previously discovered exact solution for an SU(2) Yang-Mills-Higgs theory, to the general group SU(N+1). Using the first-order formalism of Bogomolny, an exact, spherically symmetric solution for the gauge and scalar fields is found. This solution is similar to the Schwarzschild solution of general relativity, in that the gauge and scalar fields become infinite on a spherical shell of radiusr0=K. However in the Schwarzschild case the singularity at the event horizon is a coordinate singularity while for the present solution the singularity is a true singularity. It is speculated that this solution may give a confinement mechanism for non-Abelian gauge theories, since any particle which carries the SU(N+1) charge would become permanently trapped inside the regionr<r0.
[3 + 2] Cycloaddition reactions of ethyl (Z)-3-fluoropropenoate with nitrones

Abstract Ethyl (Z)-2-fluoropropenoate reacts stereospecifically and regioselectively in [3 + 2] cycloadditions with aryl N-methylnitrones. The yields of the cycloaddition products range from 61 to 70%.
The expressiveness of a family of finite set languages

Abstract In this paper we characterize exactly the complexity of a set-based database language called SRL, which presents a unified framework for queries and updates. By imposing simple syntactic restrictions on it, we are able to express exactly the classes, P and LOGSPACE. We also discuss the role of ordering in database query languages and show that the hom operator of Machiavelli language in [Ohori et al. (1989)] does not capture all the order-independent properties.
Information, trade and common knowledge

Abstract In any voluntary trading process, if agents have rational expectations, then it is common knowledge among them that the equilibrium trade is feasible and individually rational. This condition is used to show that when risk-averse traders begin at a Pareto optimal allocation (relative to their prior beliefs) and then receive private information (which disturbs the marginal conditions), they can still never agree to any non-null trade. On markets, information is revealed by price changes. An equilibrium with fully revealing price changes always exists, and even at other equilibria the information revealed by price changes “swamps” each trader's private information.
Arctic Sea Ice Retreat in 2007 Follows Thinning Trend

The minimum of Arctic sea ice extent in the summer of 2007 was unprecedented in the historical record. A coupled ice–ocean model is used to determine the state of the ice and ocean over the past 29 yr to investigate the causes of this ice extent minimum within a historical perspective. It is found that even though the 2007 ice extent was strongly anomalous, the loss in total ice mass was not. Rather, the 2007 ice mass loss is largely consistent with a steady decrease in ice thickness that began in 1987. Since then, the simulated mean September ice thickness within the Arctic Ocean has declined from 3.7 to 2.6 m at a rate of 0.57 m decade 1 . Both the area coverage of thin ice at the beginning of the melt season and the total volume of ice lost in the summer have been steadily increasing. The combined impact of these two trends caused a large reduction in the September mean ice concentration in the Arctic Ocean. This created conditions during the summer of 2007 that allowed persistent winds to push the remaining ice from the Pacific side to the Atlantic side of the basin and more than usual into the Greenland Sea. This exposed large areas of open water, resulting in the record ice extent anomaly.
A distributed multirate IMM algorithm for multiplatform tracking

A distributed multirate interacting multiple model (DMRIMM) algorithm for multi-platform tracking is proposed. Under the assumption that each model operates at an update rate proportional to the model's assumed dynamics, a wavelet transform is used to generate equivalent multirate measurements and a multirate constant-velocity (MRCV) model is derived. Thus, a multirate interacting model (MRIMM) algorithm using an MRCV model and multirate measurements is obtained. Based on the multirate IMM, its distributed version DMRIMM algorithm for multiplatform tracking is proposed. The MRIMM algorithm is first employed to perform each local/platform estimation. A global filter is then constructed to perform a fusion of MRIMM estimations. The advantages of low computation loads and performance improvement are demonstrated through Monte Carlo simulations.
Self-assembly of polymer-tethered nanorods.

We present results of molecular simulations that predict the phases formed by self-assembly of nanorods functionalized by a polymer ``tether.'' Microphase separation of the immiscible tethers and rods coupled with the liquid crystal ordering of the rods induces the formation of a cubic phase, a smectic C phase, a tetragonally perforated lamellar phase, and a honeycomb phase; the latter two have been observed experimentally but have not been predicted. We also predict a new phase---a racemic mixture of hexagonally ordered chiral cylinders that self-assemble from these achiral building blocks.
The Spatial Representation of Heterogeneous Consideration Sets

Consideration sets have been the recent focus of a large volume of research in marketing. The primary orientation of this stream of research has been toward consideration set composition, measurement, and the theoretical formation process itself. This paper proposes a new multidimensional scaling methodology MDS devised to spatially represent preference intensity collected over consumers' consideration sets. Predictions concerning the probability of consideration set membership, as well as the degree of preference intensity of these brands within a consideration set, are possible from such a model. In addition, consumer heterogeneity is accommodated vis a vis latent market segment level estimation. The technical details of the proposed MDS methodology are presented. Two actual commercial applications of the procedure are provided in the modeling of consideration sets and respective preference intensity for “intenders” for mid-size and luxury automobiles. Finally, limitations and directions for future research in this area are discussed.
Take-up of public insurance and crowd-out of private insurance under recent CHIP expansions to higher income children.

A rich literature has explored the effects of public health insurance expansions, including the Medicaid expansions of the late 1980s and the introduction of the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in 1996, on take-up of public coverage, crowd-out of private coverage, and insurance coverage rates (Cutler and Gruber 2006; Lo Sasso and Buchmueller 2005; Ham and Shore-Sheppard 2004; Hudson, Selden, and Banthin 2008; Bansak and Raphael ; Sommers et al. 2002; Shore-Sheppard 2004). However, existing studies of CHIP extend through 2002, and none has explored the effects on coverage outcomes of the changes in eligibility associated with CHIP expansions over the last decade. The novel feature of these expansions is the extension of eligibility for subsidized coverage to higher income children in a range of states. In this research brief, we analyze the effects of CHIP expansions from 2002 to 2009 on take-up of public coverage, crowd-out of private coverage, and rates of insurance coverage among children in families with incomes between 200 and 400 percent of the federal poverty line (FPL). We targeted this income group because studies of earlier CHIP expansions have focused on lower income children. Our results provide new empirical evidence about how the availability of subsidized public insurance to higher income families affects coverage outcomes. In addition, we describe the implications of our results for the Affordable Care Act (ACA).
Turbulent Origin of the Galactic Center Magnetic Field: Nonthermal Radio Filaments

A great deal of study has been conducted over the last 20 years on the origin of the magnetic activity in the Galactic center. One of the most popular hypotheses assumes a milligauss magnetic field with poloidal geometry, pervading the inner few hundred parsecs of the Galactic center region. However, there is growing observational evidence for the large-scale distribution of a much weaker field of B 10 μG in this region. Here we propose that the Galactic center magnetic field originates from turbulent activity, which is known to be extreme in the central hundred parsecs. In this picture, the spatial distribution of the magnetic field energy is highly intermittent, and the regions of strong field have filamentary structure. We propose that the observed nonthermal radio filaments appear in (or, possibly, may be identified with) such strongly magnetized regions. At the same time, the large-scale diffuse magnetic field is weak. Both results of our model can explain the magnetic field measurements of the Galactic center region. In addition, we discuss the role of ionized outflow from stellar clusters in producing the long magnetized filaments perpendicular to the Galactic plane.
Divergent reactivity of allene-containing α-diazoesters using Cu and Rh catalysis

Abstract A versatile intramolecular reaction of allene-containing diazomalonates that exhibits excellent chemoselectivity for either allenic C–H insertion or cyclopropanation is demonstrated. The identity of the product depends on the transition metal catalyst that is employed for the reaction. Rh catalysts promote exclusive C–H insertion with good diastereoselectivity for the trans product, while Cu catalysis enables intramolecular cyclopropanation to yield methylenecyclopropanes with moderate to good E :Z ratios.
Do bridging ties complement strong ties? An empirical examination of alliance ambidexterity

This study examines the underexplored tensions and complementarities between bridging ties and strong ties in innovation-seeking alliances. Bridging ties span structural holes to provide innovation potential but lack integration capacity, and strong ties provide integration capacity but lack innovation potential. We theoretically develop the idea that—notwithstanding their tensions—strong ties complement bridging ties in enhancing alliance ambidexterity at the project level. While bridging ties provide access to diverse, structural hole-spanning perspectives and capabilities, strong ties help integrate them to realize an innovation. We also propose that their effects and complementarities influence alliance ambidexterity because they facilitate knowledge integration at the project level. Tests using data on 42 innovation-seeking project alliances involving a major American services conglomerate and its alliance partners support the majority of the proposed ideas. Implications for interfirm network configuration, strategic alliances, and the broader strategy literature are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflation and relative price variability: short-run vs. long-run

Abstract This paper uses recent developments in measuring correlation to examine the relationship between inflation and relative price variability (RPV). The results suggest that the positive correlation holds not only in the short run but also in the long run. This finding has important implications for theoretical models that purport to explain this relationship: such models must incorporate features that generate positive relationships that hold even in the long run.
Comparison of algorithms to calculate quadratic irregularity of prime numbers

In previous work, the author has extended the concept of regular and irregular primes to the setting of arbitrary totally real number fields k0, using the values of the zeta function ζk0 at negative integers as our "higher Bernoulli numbers". In the case where k0 is a real quadratic field, Siegel presented two formulas for calculating these zeta-values: one using entirely elementary methods and one which is derived from the theory of modular forms. (The author would like to thank Henri Cohen for suggesting an analysis of the second formula.) We briefly discuss several algorithms based on these formulas and compare the running time involved in using them to determine the index of k0-irregularity (more generally, "quadratic irregularity") of a prime number.
Information masking and amplification: The source coding setting

The complementary problems of masking and amplifying channel state information in the Gel'fand-Pinsker channel have recently been solved by Merhav and Shamai, and Kim et al., respectively. In this paper, we study a related source coding problem. Specifically, we consider the two-encoder source coding setting where one source is to be amplified, while the other source is to be masked. In general, there is a tension between these two objectives which is characterized by the amplification-masking tradeoff. In this paper, we give a single-letter description of this tradeoff. We apply this result, together with a recent theorem by Courtade and Weissman on multiterminal source coding, to solve a fundamental entropy characterization problem.
Euclidean versus Hyperbolic Congestion in Idealized versus Experimental Networks

Abstract This paper proposes a mathematical justification of the phenomenon of extreme congestion at a very limited number of nodes in very large networks. It is argued that this phenomenon occurs as a combination of the negative curvature property of the network together with minimum-length routing. More specifically, it is shown that in a large n-dimensional hyperbolic ball B of radius R viewed as a roughly similar model of a Gromov hyperbolic network, the proportion of traffic paths transiting through a small ball near the center is Θ(1), whereas in a Euclidean ball, the same proportion scales as Θ(1/R n−1). This discrepancy persists for the traffic load, which at the center of the hyperbolic ball scales as volume2(B), whereas the same traffic load scales as volume1+1/n (B) in the Euclidean ball. This provides a theoretical justification of the experimental exponent discrepancy observed by Narayan and Saniee between traffic loads in Gromov-hyperbolic networks from the Rocketfuel database and synthetic ...
An extended basis set ab initio study of alkali metal cation–water clusters

Ionic clusters comprised of a single alkali metal cation and up to eight water molecules were studied at the Hartree–Fock and correlated levels of theory using the correlation consistent sequence of basis sets. Estimates of the degree of convergence in the computed properties with respect to the complete basis set limit were facilitated by the underlying systematic manner in which the correlation consistent sets approach completeness. In favorable cases, improved property values could be obtained by fitting finite basis set results with a simple analytical expression in order to extrapolate to the complete basis set limit. The sensitivity of structures and binding energies were analyzed with regard to the inclusion of valence and core‐valence correlation recovery at the MP2, MP4, and CCSD(T) levels of theory. The replacement of metal core electrons and the introduction of relativistic contributions via effective core potentials was compared to corresponding all‐electron results.
THE LIMITS TO INDETERMINATE GROWTH: AN OPTIMAL SIZE MODEL APPLIED TO PASSIVE SUSPENSION FEEDERS'

A model was developed that can be used to analyze the relationship between body size of indeterminately growing animals and habitat suitability. The model states that the amount of energy available for reproduction in a given season is maximized by maximizing the difference be- tween energy intake and energetic cost as functions of individual mass. Two problems of energy allocation to growth and reproduction are considered as different forms of the model, one where space to store energy during the season is limiting within the organism and a second where it is not. The general model predicts that optimum size will increase with habitat suitability (more prey or lower physiological stress) and that asexual reproduction (colony or clone formation) can often be more energetically favorable than growth to the largest possible individual body size. Relationships between body size, morphology, prey capture, and energetic cost were examined for a passive suspension feeder, the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica in Washington State. Prey capture was measured in the field for naturally occurring prey and for marked prey released in field experiments. Energetic cost was measured as mass loss during starvation in aquaria. Results show that: (1) prey capture depends on the surface area of the feeding structure, (2) growth is isometric in this species, and (3) energetic cost increases as a higher power of mass than does prey capture. Observed patterns of size distribution and prey capture rate in the field are as predicted by the model. Larger individuals are found in habitats having more prey or lower stress. For example, Anthopleura xanthogrammica increases in size from the high to low intertidal. Low intertidal habitats have both more feeding time and generally lower summer temperatures and are thus more energetically suitable than those in the high intertidal.
Scalar boundary conditions in Lifshitz spacetimes

We investigate the conditions imposable on a scalar field at the boundary of the so-called Lifshitz spacetime which has been proposed as the dual to Lifshitz field theories. For effective mass squared between −(d + z − 1)2 /4 and z 2 − (d + z − 1)2 /4, we find a one-parameter choice of boundary condition type. The bottom end of this range corresponds to a Breitenlohner-Freedman bound; below it, the Klein-Gordon operator need not be positive, so we cannot make sense of the dynamics. Above the top end of the range, only one boundary condition type is available; here we expect compact initial data will remain compact in the future.
A hybrid decomposition parallel implementation of the Car-Parrinello method

Abstract We have developed a flexible hybrid decomposition parallel implementation of the first-principles molecular dynamics algorithm of Car and Parrinello. The code allows the problem to be decomposed either spatially, over the electronic orbitals, or any combination of the two. Performance statistics for 32, 64, 128 and 512 Si atom runs on the Touchstone Delta and Intel Paragon parallel supercomputers and comparison with the performance of an optimized code running the smaller systems on the Cray Y-MP and C90 are presented.
Homogeneous catalytic oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones by molecular oxygen under mild conditions

PdCl2–NaOAc catalyses the homogeneous oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones by O2 at room temperature.