cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic Contributions to Hormonally-Mediated Sexual Differentiation of the Brain

It has been long established that hormones exert enduring influences on the developing brain that direct the reproductive response in adulthood, although the cellular mechanisms by which organisational effects are maintained have not been determined satisfactorily. Recent interest in epigenetic modifications to the nervous system has highlighted the potential for hormone-induced changes to the genome that could endure for the lifespan but not be transmitted to the next generation. Preliminary evidence suggests that this is indeed possible because sex differences in the histone code and in the methylation of CpGs in the promoters of specific genes have been identified and, at times, functionally correlated with behaviour. The present review provides an overview of epigenetic processes and discusses the current state-of-the-art, and also identifies future directions.
STUDIES ON THE BIOGENESIS OF SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MEMBRANES IN LIVERS OF PHENOBARBITAL-TREATED RATS I. The Site of Activity of Acyltransferases Involved in Synthesis of the Membrane Phospholipid

The localization of acyltransferases involved in acylation of α-glycerophosphate, during phenobarbital induced proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser) membranes, has been investigated using cytochemical and cell fractionation techniques. In cytochemical studies of normal rat liver, reaction product marking acyltransferase activity was associated to the greatest extent with the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer) membranes and to a lesser extent with ser membranes. In liver from phenobarbital-treated rats, reaction product was largely restricted to ser membranes. The specific activity of the acyltransferases of rough microsomes from normal rat liver was higher than that of the smooth microsomes. On injection of phenobarbital, this fell rapidly after three injections to a low level, at which it remained during subsequent treatment. The specific activity of the smooth microsomes, on injection of phenobarbital, rose to a peak 12 hr after the first injection, after which it fell to a level at an activity above that of smooth microsomes of normal liver. A mechanism is postulated for the biogenesis of smooth membranes in which the phospholipid is synthesized in situ and the protein is synthesized in the rer and moves to the site of newly synthesized phospholipid, where it is inserted to produce a whole membrane.
Teaching responsibility to first graders

(1979). Teaching responsibility to first graders. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 18, The Complex Classrooms: A Research Focus, pp. 174-180.
SOME THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF MOLTEN SALTS: HALIDES OF URANIUM, ZIRCONIUM, THORIUM, AND CERIUM IN ALKALI HALIDE EUTECTICS*

The technique of thermodynamic studies by means of galvanic cells and the processes occurring at working electrodes is described. Measurement of the dependence of the reversible, or stationary, electrode upon concentration, temperature, current density, and time are described for the systems U/UCl/sub 3/ ; Zr/ZrCl/sub 4/; Th/ThCl/sub 4/; and Ce/ CeCl/sub 3/. (W.L.H.)
Determination of pre-eruptive H2O, F and Cl contents of silicic magmas using melt inclusions: Examples from Taupo volcanic center, New Zealand

Water, F, and Cl contents of melt inclusions in phenocrysts from the 2-ka-old Taupo and Hatepe plinian tephras, and the ∼22-ka-old Okaia tephra from the Taupo volcanic center, New Zealand, were measured by electron and ion microprobe. Major and trace element chemistry of the inclusions is similar to that of bulk rock, supporting our assumption that volatile contents of inclusions are representative of the magma in which the crystals grew. Inclusions in the 2-ka Taupo plinian tephra contain a mean of 4.3 wt% H2O, 450 ppm F, and 1700 ppm Cl; from the Hatepe plinian tephra 4.3 wt% H2O, 430 ppm F, and 1700 ppm Cl; and from the Okaia tephra 5.9 wt% H2O, 470 ppm F, and 2100 ppm Cl. Sulfur was below the detection limit of 200 ppm. The constant H2O, F and Cl from a number of stratigraphic horizons in the tephra deposits suggest that the Taupo and Hatepe plinian tephras (>8.2 km3 magma volume) were derived from a magma body that did not contain a strong volatile gradient. By inference, there is no pre-eruptive volatile difference between these plinian eruptions and a phrea-toplinian eruption which occurred between the two. Virtually no major element zonation is seen in this eruptive sequence. Although the Okaia tephra was also erupted from the Taupo volcanic center, probably from a similar vent area, its higher volatile contents and distinct composition as compared to the Taupo tephras show that it was derived from a different, and possibly deeper, magma body.
Electronic structure and intrinsic redox properties of [2Fe-2S]+ clusters with tri- and tetracoordinate iron sites.

Using potentially bidentate ligands (−SC2H4NH2), we produced [2Fe−2S]+ species of different coordination geometries by fission of [4Fe−4S]2+ complexes. Even though the ligands are monodentate in the cubane complexes, both mono- and bidentate complexes were observed in the [2Fe] fission products through self-assembly because of the high reactivity of the tricoordinate iron sites. The electronic structure of the [2Fe] species was probed using photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations. It was found that tetracoordination significantly decreases the electron binding energies of the [2Fe] complexes, thus increasing the reducing capability of the [2Fe−2S]+ clusters.
A discrete-ordinates solution for multigroup transport theory with upscattering

Abstract A recently developed version of the discrete-ordinates method is used along with elementary numerical linear-algebra techniques to establish an efficient and especially accurate solution to a class of multigroup transport problems for which upscattering is an important aspect of the model. The problems considered are defined for finite plane-parallel media, and anisotropic scattering from any group to any group is included in the formulation. Computational details of the solution are discussed, and accurate numerical results for two previously defined test problems are established.
Calorimetric and spectroscopic investigation of drug-DNA interactions: II. Dipyrandlam binding to poly d(AT)

Abstract We report the first calorimetric investigation of steroid diamine binding to a DNA duplex. Absorption spectroscopy, batch calorimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been used to detect, monitor, and thermodynamically characterize the binding of the steroid diamine, dipyrandium, to poly d(AT). The following thermodynamic data for the binding in 16 mM Na+ at 25 degrees C have been obtained: delta G degree = -6.5 kcal/mol, delta H degree = +4.2 kcal/mol, and delta S = +36 e.u. We interpret the endothermic binding enthalpy in terms of steroid-induced conformational changes in the duplex (e.g. "kinking"). The large positive entropy is interpreted in terms of binding-induced release of bound water and condensed sodium ions. The salt-dependence of the binding constant is interpreted in terms of dipyrandium site-binding involving only one of the two charged ends of the steroid. The optical and DSC curves for the unsaturated steroid-poly d(AT) complexes exhibit biphasic behavior. A comparison of the van't Hoff and the calorimetric transition enthalpies reveals that steroid binding reduces the cooperativity of the transition.
Fracture and fracture toughness of stoichiometric MgAl2O4 crystals at room temperature

The fracture toughness and path of stoichiometric spinel (MgAl2O4) crystals were determined at 22 °C for key low-index planes by double cantilever beam, as well as fractography of flexure specimens failing from either machining or indentation flaws. These results are compared with other single and polycrystalline MgAl2O4 fracture toughness values measured by various techniques, as well as single crystal versus polycrystal results for other materials. Evaluation of experimental and theoretical results shows (1) the fracture toughness of the spinel {110} plane is only a limited amount (e.g. 6%) higher than for the {100} plane (∼1.2 MPa m1/2), (2) fractography of machining flaw fracture origins was the most effective source of KIC results, and (3) caution must be used in applying fracture toughness techniques to single crystals. Cautions include accounting for possible effects of elastic anisotropy (especially for double cantilever beam and probably double torsion tests), the nature of failure-initiating flaws (especially for notch-beam tests), and the frequent lack of symmetric plastic deformation and fracture (especially for indentation techniques).
An iontophoretic survey of opioid peptide actions in the rat limbic system: in search of opiate epileptogenic mechanisms.

Abstract Iontophoretic and micropressure drug application and lesion techniques were used to investigate the cellular source of rat limbic system epileptiform responses to opioid peptides [19]. Iontophoretically applied morphine, methionine enkephalin or β-endorphin inhibited the spontaneous or glutamate-activated firing of the great majority of single neurons in medial and lateral septum, amygdala and cingulate cortex. These inhibitions in firing were antagonized by iontophoresis of paloxone. In contrast to inhibitory effects in other limbic areas, morphine and the opioid peptides predominantly excited CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons in a naloxone-sensitive manner, as previously reported [36]. On rare occasions, iontophoretically applied β-endorphin evoked repetitive waveforms similar to interictal population EPSPs or spikes. Micropressure application of opiates and peptides also excited hippocampal neurons indicating such responses were not current-induced artefacts. The possible role of the excitatory cholinergic septal hippocampal pathway in the facilitatory response of hippocampal units to the opiates was tested with iontophoretically applied atropine and scopolamine, or lesions of septal nuclei. None of these manipulations reduced the opioid-induced excitations; rather, septal lesions enhanced excitatory and epileptiform responses to the opiates. These results support the hypothesis that opiate-evoked epileptiform activity in the limbic system arises from enhanced pyramidal cell activity in the hippocampal formation, probably by a non-cholinergic mechanism.
Paleomagnetic results from Cretaceous and Jurassic rocks of South and Southwest Yunnan: evidence for large clockwise rotations in the Indochina and Shan-Thai-Malay terranes

Abstract Cretaceous and Jurassic redbeds have been sampled from South and Southwest Yunnan, China, for paleomagnetic study. The paleomagnetic directions resolved from the Cretaceous rocks indicate that the Xiaguan area, which is located on the Red River fault, has not been rotated with respect to stable Eurasia since at least Late Cretaceous times and that the Jinggu-Mengla area 200–400 km farther south has been rotated by 46–65° clockwise. The Jurassic results reveal the same rotation pattern. At face value, the differences between the observed Cretaceous paleolatitudes and those predicted from the Eurasian apparent polar wander path (APWP) indicate a southward extrusion of the region, but the amount of extrusion is not large enough to be resolved by paleomagnetic methods. Comparison with Mesozoic paleomagnetic data from central Yunnan, northern Thailand and northwestern Borneo suggests that the Red River fault is not a demarcation between unrotated and significantly rotated regions, and that Sundaland did not respond to the India-Asia collision as a single coherent unit. The existing paleomagnetic data from East Asia appear to indicate that the crust in central Tibet and Tien Shan north of Tarim directly in front of the Indian indentor has been substantially shortened and thickened whereas the crust in the syntaxial areas has probably been largely squeezed out. To further evaluate the relative importance of crustal thickening and extrusion in the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan plateau, paleomagnetic investigation should be intensified in the bounding zones to the Indian indentor and be expanded into the Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in Tibet and surrounding regions.
AMTRAN: an interactive computing system

The AMTRAN system (Automatic Mathematical TRANslator) is a multiterminal conversational mode computing system which enables the mathematically oriented user to interact directly with the computer in a natural mathematical language. The first version of AMTRAN was developed at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, and was implemented on IBM 1620 and 1130 computers and, as a time-sharing version, on a Burroughs 5500 computer. A modified 1620 console version is currently in use at the University of Georgia.
A Tri-State Oriented Parallel Processing System

An ``Alternating Sequential/Parallel'' system, the Mopps was introduced a few years ago and is modified despite the fact that it solved satisfactorily a number of real-time problems. The new system, the ``Topps'' is described and compared to Mopps in Section II and two applications are chosen to prove it to be superior. In Section III, the advantage of having a third basic, the ``ring'' mode, is illustrated when solving sets of linear equations with band matrices. In Section IV, the advantage of having independent I/O for the slaves is illustrated for biomedical signal analysis.
Creative Report Writing in Undergraduate Organic Chemistry Laboratory Inspires Nonmajors.

Laboratory-based courses require students to compose reports based on the performed experiments to assess their overall understanding of the presented material; unfortunately, the sterile and formulated nature of the laboratory report disinterests most students. As a result, the outcome is a lower-quality product that does not reveal full understanding of the material. We have found that by allowing students to be more creative while preparing the introduction of their research reports, a greater enthusiasm for the organic chemistry course is stimulated because students are able to relate to the seemingly irrelevant reactants and mechanisms; this is often reflected in their laboratory reports, which are highly creative while maintaining crucial scientific integrity in the remainder of the report discussing experimental protocol, mechanisms, and all corresponding data.
Concentration measures of volatile anesthetics in the aqueous phase using calcium sensitive electrodes

Abstract Volatile anesthetic concentrations have been difficult to measure, but are an important experimental parameter for in vitro studies of anesthetic actions. Calcium sensitive electrodes were investigated as a means of continuously monitoring anesthetic concentrations in artificial cerebrospinal fluids (ACSF). Anesthetic-induced Ca2+ electrode signals were compared at room (22°C) and physiological (35°C) temperatures. Electrophysiological measures of anesthetic effects on synaptic potentials provided a bioassay. Halothane and isoflurane produced negative changes in calcium electrode potentials which were linearly related to concentrations over a clinically useful range (0.5–1.5 MAC). Anesthetic-induced voltages persisted in nominally zero Ca2+ ACSF and even in deionized water. A good correlation (r>0.9) was found for calcium electrode measures of anesthetic concentration and synaptic response depression produced by halothane, at both 22 and 35°C. These results support three conclusions: (1) calcium sensitive electrodes provide a useful measure of volatile anesthetic concentrations in aqueous solution. (2) Care must be taken when using these electrodes for Ca2+ concentration measurements, if a volatile anesthetic is also to be used, since the anesthetic could introduce an appreciable error (>50%). (3) A temperature change of 13°C had surprisingly little effect on Ca2+ electrode responses or on synaptic depression produced by anesthetics.
New approaches to neuroprotection in infant heart surgery

Advances in surgical techniques and perioperative management have led to dramatic improvements in outcomes for children with complex congenital heart disease (CHD). As the number of survivors continues to grow, clinicians are becoming increasingly aware that adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes after surgical repair of CHD represent a significant cause of morbidity, with widespread neuropsychologic deficits in as many as 50% of these children by the time they reach school age. Modifications of intraoperative management have yet to measurably impact long-term neurologic outcomes. However, exciting advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of cellular injury and of the events that mediate endogenous cellular protection have provided a variety of new potential targets for the assessment, prevention, and treatment of neurologic injury in patients with CHD. In this review, we will discuss the unique challenges to developing neuroprotective strategies in children with CHD and consider how multisystem approaches to neuroprotection, such as ischemic preconditioning, will be the focus of ongoing efforts to develop new diagnostic tools and therapies. Although significant challenges remain, tremendous opportunity exists for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that can serve to limit neurologic injury and ultimately improve outcomes for infants and children with CHD.
Chronic hypoxia induces adaptive metabolic changes in neonatal myocardium.

Abstract The effect of chronic hypoxia on neonatal myocardial metabolism remains undefined. With a new neonatal piglet model, we determined changes in myocardial metabolism during global ischemia after chronic hypoxia. Five-day-old piglets ( N = 30) were randomly assigned to two groups and exposed to an atmosphere of 8% oxygen or to room air for 28 days before they were killed. Left ventricular myocardium was then analyzed at control and at 15-minute intervals during 60 minutes of global normothermic ischemia to determine high-energy phosphate levels, glycogen stores, and lactate accumulation. Time to peak ischemic myocardial contracture was measured with intramyocardial needle-tipped Millar catheters as a marker of the onset of irreversible ischemic injury. Results showed an initially greater level of myocardial adenosine triphosphate in the hypoxic group (27 ± 1.2 vs 19 ± 1.8 μmol/gm dry wt, p = 0.001) and a delay in adenosine triphosphate depletion during 60 minutes of global ischemia compared with the control group. Initial energy charge ratios ( ½ adenosine diphosphate + adenosine triphosphate/adenosine monophosphate + adenosine diphosphate + adenosine triphosphate) were also greater in the hypoxic group (0.96 ± 0.01 vs 0.81 ± 0.04, p = 0.01) and remained so throughout global ischemia. Initial glycogen stores were greater in the hypoxic group (273 ± 13.3 vs 215 ± 14.7 μmol/gm dry weight, p = 0.02) when compared with the control group. Lactate levels in the hypoxic group were initially higher (19.1 ± 6.4 vs 8.9 ± 3.1 μmol/gm dry weight, p = 0.001) compared with control levels and remained elevated throughout 60 minutes of ischemia. Time to peak ischemic contracture was prolonged in the hypoxic group (69.5 ± 1.8 vs 48.9 ± 1.4 minutes, p = 0.001) compared with the controls group. These data show that chronic hypoxia results in significant myocardial metabolic adaptive changes, which in turn result in an improved tolerance to severe normothermic ischemia. These beneficial effects are associated with elevated baseline glycogen storage levels and an accelerated rate of anaerobic glycolysis during ischemia. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:8-13)
Effect of template constraints on adsorption properties of synthetic carbons prepared within the gallery of layered double hydroxides

Abstract Mg-Al layered double hydroxides have been synthesized and 1,5-naphthalene disulfonate dianions have been intercalated; the organic molecules were carbonized within the layered framework. For comparison, a reference carbon was prepared from the sodium salt of the 1,5-naphthalene disulfonic acid precursor using conventional carbonization under the same thermal and post-treatment conditions. The surface properties of the carbonized product extracted from the carbon-mixed oxide nanocomposite have been studied by adsorption techniques and the results compared to the adsorption characteristics of the reference carbon. The Sorption of nitrogen at 77 K and carbon dioxide at 298 K demonstrate that, although the two carbons have almost the same specific surface area and total pore volumes, there is a significant difference in their micropore structure. Micropore size distributions calculated from adsorption isotherms of methane and sulfur hexafluoride at near ambient temperatures reveal a more heterogeneous micropore structure for the template derived carbon compared to the reference. The factors controlling micropore structure development during two-dimensional carbonization are discussed based on DTA, results of sorption of carbon dioxide and FTIR spectroscopic measurements.
Evaluation and management of renal tumors in the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Herein we describe the evaluation and management of renal tumors in Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD), an autosomal dominant disorder predisposing to cutaneous fibrofolliculomas, pulmonary cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax and renal tumors. Materials and Methods: A total of 124 affected individuals underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation, including body computerized tomography, to determine cutaneous, pulmonary and renal manifestations of BHD. Of these individuals 14 had their renal tumors managed at our institution. Results: Of the 124 BHD affected individuals 34 (27%) had renal tumors of various histologies, most commonly hybrid oncocytic tumor and chromophobe renal carcinoma. Average age at renal tumor detection was 50.4 years and multiple tumors were found in a majority of patients. Some patients with renal tumors were identified that did not have the characteristic cutaneous hallmarks of BHD. In 4 of the 14 patients treated at our institution small (less than 3 cm) renal tumors were observed, while 10 others underwent a total of 12 renal procedures, including 4 radical and 8 partial nephrectomies. At a median of 38 months of followup 5 of these 10 patients remained free of disease, 3 had small renal tumors and 2 died of metastatic renal cancer. Conclusions: Patients with BHD are at risk for multiple renal tumors that are often malignant and can metastasize. Individuals at risk or affected by BHD should be radiographically screened for renal tumors at periodic intervals and they are best treated with nephron sparing surgical approaches. Genetic testing for this syndrome is now available.
Computational Estimation Performance on Whole‐Number Multiplication by Third‐ and Fifth‐Grade Chinese Students

Four hundred and three 3rd- and 5th-grade Chinese students took the Multiplication Estimation Test or participated in the interview on it, designed to assess their computational estimation performance on whole-number multiplication. Students perform better when tasks are presented visually than orally. Third graders tend to use rounding based while fifth graders tend to use written algorithm based strategies, but boys' and girls ‘performances do not differ. It is concluded that students often will not estimate simply at the request to estimate if an exact answer is within their mental computation capability, and a two-step process is suggested for helping students decide what route to take when given arithmetic problems.
Deltatheridium and Marsupials

THE evidence for the radical transfer of the famous genus Deltatheridium to the Marsupialia seems to be partly different from that already presented1. The cheek tooth formula, a key character separating marsupials and placentals, is questionable for Deltatheridium. There are seven cheek teeth, as usual in both groups, and the fourth is molariform, as in marsupials. This is evidence on phyletic affinity only if the primitive state, that of the latest common ancestor, was otherwise. In a manuscript that has circulated privately since 1963 I have argued from diverse evidence that the seven cheek teeth of each group may well be directly homologous with those of the other, with an ambiguity as to the permanent or deciduous premolars. In other words, P44 or DP44 of placentals may well be homologous to M11 of marsupials. If so, a more or less molariform state of the fourth cheek tooth is primitive to both groups and the often nonmolariform state in more or less primitive placentals is secondary. This was why I suggested2 that Deltatheridium might have one more molar than previously thought; the suggestion is now confirmed. Relative wear of the teeth is a useful but unreliable criterion (ref. 3, footnote on page 86).
Current trends in leisure: taking account of time

(1994). Current trends in leisure: taking account of time. Leisure Studies: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 133-139.
Virus in prostatic epithelium of man

Abstract Our recent observations indicate the presence of a viral agent in human prostatic cells maintained in vitro. Cytopathic effects, consisting of vacuolated syncytial cells, nuclear inclusions, and marked increase in acid phosphatase activity at the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm around the nucleus have been observed with the light microscope. Virus-like particles and nuclear changes related to a viral infection have been noted with the electron microscope. We are continuing investigations to isolate and characterize this agent and to determine its role in the cause of prostatic neoplasia.
Elevated carbon dioxide concentrations indirectly affect plant fitness by altering plant tolerance to herbivory

Global environmental changes, such as rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, have a wide range of direct effects on plant physiology, growth, and fecundity. These environmental changes also can affect plants indirectly by altering interactions with other species. Therefore, the effects of global changes on a particular species may depend on the presence and abundance of other community members. We experimentally manipulated atmospheric CO2 concentration and amounts of herbivore damage (natural insect folivory and clipping to simulate browsing) to examine: (1) how herbivores mediate the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on the growth and fitness of Arabidopsis thaliana; and (2) how predicted changes in CO2 concentration affect plant resistance to herbivores, which influences the amount of damage plants receive, and plant tolerance of herbivory, or the fitness consequences of damage. We found no evidence that CO2 altered resistance, but plants grown in eCO2 were less tolerant of herbivory—clipping reduced aboveground biomass and fruit production by 13 and 22%, respectively, when plants were reared under eCO2, but plants fully compensated for clipping in ambient CO2 (aCO2) environments. Costs of tolerance in the form of reduced fitness of undamaged plants were detected in eCO2 but not aCO2 environments. Increased costs could reduce selection on tolerance in eCO2 environments, potentially resulting in even larger fitness effects of clipping in predicted future eCO2 conditions. Thus, environmental perturbations can indirectly affect both the ecology and evolution of plant populations by altering both the intensity of species interactions as well as the fitness consequences of those interactions.
From TV Personality to Fans and Beyond: Indexical Bleaching and the Diffusion of a Media Innovation

This article focuses on the role of indexical social meaning in the adoption, circulation, and diffusion of a mass media innovation. The analysis is a case study of the phrase “lady pond,” a euphemism for women as objects of desire. The phrase's use was popularized by a television personality on the cable network Bravo and has spread beyond those who demonstrate recognition of its media origins. Through a detailed analysis of the phrase in use on Twitter, I investigate the properties of the phrase as it “travels” from Bravo to Bravo fans and beyond. I show that the phrase is used with the same form and meaning as on Bravo, and it is semantically and stylistically integrated into users' repertoires. However, it loses its indexical links to Bravo through “indexical bleaching,” which I argue is an outcome of the phrase's recontextualized circulation and a facilitator of its further diffusion.
Pathways to Engineering: The Validation Experiences of Transfer Students.

Community college engineering transfer students are a critical student population of engineering degree recipients and technical workforce in the United States. Focusing on this group of students, we adopted Rendon’s (1994) validation theory to explore the students’ experiences in community colleges prior to transferring to a four-year comprehensive, aspiring research university. The findings of the study indicated that faculty of community colleges were the most important support for the participants’ academic validation experiences. They also played an important role in engineering transfers’ interpersonal validation experiences. The unique community college environment helped participants to gain confidence in their scholastic abilities, and family members were instrumental in supporting transfer students in their academic career. This study could help researchers, educators, and policy makers better understand engineering transfer students’ validation experiences in community colleges and, subsequentl...
Inhibition of photosystem II-dependent phosphorylation in chloroplasts by mercurials

Abstract Photophosphorylation supported by the coupling site associated with Phostosystem II electron transport (coupling site II) is 50 to 60 times less sensitive to the energy transfer inhibitor HgCl 2 than phosphorylation supported by the coupling site associated with Photosystem I electron transport (coupling site I). Coupling site II phosphorylation is only about 2 times less sensitive to the lipophilic mercurial p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB), however. Both coupling sites are equally sensitive to CF 1 antiserum. These results suggest that a portion of the energy conserving apparatus associated with coupling site II is in a more hydrophobic environment than the corresponding apparatus associated with coupling site I.
Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment within the Criminal Justice System: An Overview of the Issues

Many nurses, especially those in addictions, work directly in the prison system and or relate to inmates before or after institutionalization for criminal activity. This connection led to the theme of the 2009 Annual Education Conference held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, entitled "Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment: Working with the Criminal Justice Systems." The conference was partially funded through an award from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (grant # SP015963) and focused on identifying the special risk factors for and barriers to the treatment of addictions for those who enter the criminal justice system. The conference, presented in collaboration with the American Association of Nurse Attorneys (AANA) highlighted the tremendous need for more access to addictions and mental health providers in the criminal justice system. Papers presented at that conference confirmed that nurses can make a real difference in the health of inmates, especially those of us engaged in addictions and mental health practices, and inspired this specially focused edition of the Journal of Addictions Nursing. The purpose of this editorial is to provide an overview of the addictions problems affecting individuals under supervision in the criminal justice system, barriers to treatment within this system, and the cost-benefits of evidence based treatment.
ON THE ELASTIC MODULI OF NANOCRYSTALLINE FE, CU, NI, AND CU-NI ALLOYS PREPARED BY MECHANICAL MILLING/ALLOYING

The Young`s moduli of nanocrystalline, Fe, Cu, Ni, and Cu--Ni alloys prepared by mechanical milling/alloying have been measured by the nanoindentation technique. The results indicate that the Young`s moduli of nanocrystalline Cu, Ni, and Cu--Ni alloys with a grain size ranging from 17 to 26 nm are similar to those of the corresponding polycrystals. The dependence of Young`s modulus of nanocrystalline Fe on grain size corresponds well to a theoretical prediction, which suggests that the change in the Young and shear moduli of nanocrystalline materials, free of porosity, with a grain size larger than about 4 nm, should be very limited ({lt}10%). It is likely that reported large decreases in the Young and shear moduli of nanocrystalline materials prepared by gas-condensation/vacuum consolidation result from a relatively large volume fraction of pores. {copyright} 1995 {ital Materials} {ital Research} {ital Society}.
Temporal partition particle filtering for multiuser detectors with mutually orthogonal sequences

We propose a blind multiuser detector based on Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) techniques. The detector exploits mutually orthogonal complementary sequences to distinguish between transmitting users and space-time codes to take advantage of the available spatial diversity. We propose a partitioning scheme for the symbol draws in the MCMC algorithm that reduces the complexity without any degradation in performance. The detector's performance is simulated in an iterative receiver that utilizes an outer coder. The simulations display some loss in coding gain because of the blind nature of the system; however, diversity gain is preserved.
Synchrotron studies of the first-order melting transitions of hexatic monolayers and multilayers in freely suspended liquid-crystal films

Synchrotron x-ray diffraction has been used to study the surface and the interior hexatic-to-liquid (smectic-I to smectic-C) melting transitions of freely suspended liquid-crystal films of N-[4'-(n-heptyl)benzylidene]-4-(n-heptyl)aniline (7O.7) five molecular layers thick. Both the surface hexatic monolayers and the interior hexatic layers melt via hysteretic first-order transitions. After the two surface layers undergo a first-order transition to the smectic-I phase, the surface hexatic correlation length \ensuremath{\xi} evolves smoothly from \ensuremath{\sim}100 to \ensuremath{\sim}300 A\r{} with a roughly square-root form, \ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\Vert}T-${T}_{c}$${\ensuremath{\Vert}}^{1/2}$.
Marital Conflict Correlates, Structure, and Context

Marital conflict has deleterious effects on mental, physical, and family health, and three decades of research have yielded a detailed picture of the behaviors that differentiate distressed from nondistressed couples. Review of this work shows that the singular emphasis on conflict in generating marital outcomes has yielded an incomplete picture of its role in marriage. Recently, researchers have tried to paint a more textured picture of marital conflict by studying spouses' backgrounds and characteristics, investigating conflict in the contexts of support giving and affectional expression, and considering the ecological niche of couples in their broader environment.
Ethanol reinforcement in nondeprived mice: effects of abstinence and naltrexone.

Background: Operant experiments which indicate that ethanol can serve as a reinforcer to maintain lever responding during limited periods of access have not been conducted on non-food-deprived mice, as they have for rats and monkeys. Furthermore, there are no reports of the effects of chronic ethanol and subsequent abstinence on ethanol reward in mice. Finally, although naltrexone reduces responding for ethanol in food-deprived mice, the effects of the drug on ethanol reward for non-food-deprived mice have not been reported. Methods: In three experiments, lever responding for ethanol (10–12%) was established in C57BL/6 (B6) mice by using either sucrose or saccharin fading procedures commonly used for rats. Experiment 1 examined both appetitive and consummatory responses while sucrose was faded from the ethanol solutions. Experiment 2 examined lever responding and ethanol intake (1) during saccharin fading; (2) when reinforcement schedules, reward availability, and primary conditioned reinforcers were manipulated; and (3) when mice were allowed chronic ethanol consumption followed by forced abstinence. Experiment 3 examined the effects of low doses of naltrexone on ethanol reward. Results: Lever responding for ethanol can be established in non-food-deprived mice with the sucrose and saccharin fading procedures commonly used for rats. Lever responses increased with decreases in the reinforcer and increases in schedule demand, which indicated the reward value of the ethanol solution. Removal of ethanol from the solution reduced consumption with no change in the appetitive, instrumental response, which indicated that the two responses were under control of different stimuli, perhaps mediated by different neural mechanisms. Forced abstinence after chronic ethanol exposure increased responding for the drug, which suggested increased reward value. Naltrexone reduced responding as previously reported for food-deprived B6 mice. Conclusions: Ethanol appears to serve as a reinforcer for non-food-deprived or non-water-deprived B6 mice. Its reinforcing effects are increased by forced abstinence after chronic exposure and are decreased by naltrexone.
HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS

Severe refractory hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to chemotherapy and/or radiation may be a significant clinical problem for which we currently lack a definitive noninvasive treatment. While the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for hemorrhagic cystitis has been established in adults, its role in children has yet to be defined.'-3 To our knowledge we report the first successful use of hyperbaric oxygen in a child with severe hemorrhagic cystitis refractory to conventional treatment.
The importance of NOx production by lightning in the tropics

Abstract The importance of NO x production by lightning in the tropics has been assessed by using satellite lightning measurements from the Lightning Image Sensor (LIS). The lightning data from LIS over the period of 1998–2000 are analyzed and partitioned based on the latitude to obtain the numbers of cloud-to-ground (CG) and cloud-to-cloud (intracloud or IC) flashes. The average annual lightning counts over the 3-yr period are 3.0×10 8 CG flashes and 1.1×10 9 IC flashes between 35°N and 35°S. The resulting lightning distributions are employed to calculate the production of NO x . We obtain a lightning NO x production of 6.3 Tg N yr −1 over this latitudinal region, using representative production values of 6.7×10 26 and 6.7×10 25 NO molecules for each CG and IC flash, respectively. NO x production by lightning varies slightly on a seasonal basis in accordance with the lightning distribution, with the maximum production occurring in the months of September, October, and November. The geographical and seasonal production of NO x by lightning is compared to NO x emissions from other sources (i.e., from anthropogenic activity, biomass burning, and soil emissions). The results indicate that production of NO x by tropical lightning is significant throughout the year. Lightning accounts for almost all of the NO x emitted over the oceans and 50–90% of NO x emitted over some continental areas on a seasonal basis. On the annual basis, the contribution of lightning to total NO x production is 23% in the tropics, and globally the lightning NO x production occurs predominately in this region. The uncertainty in estimating NO x production by lightning over the tropics is discussed.
Seizure-induced formation of isofurans: novel products of lipid peroxidation whose formation is positively modulated by oxygen tension

We have previously shown that seizures induce the formation of F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), one of the most reliable indices of oxidative stress in vivo. Isofurans (IsoFs) are novel products of lipid peroxidation whose formation is favored by high oxygen tensions. In contrast, high oxygen tensions suppress the formation of F2-IsoPs. The present study determined seizure-induced formation of IsoFs and its relationship with cellular oxygen levels (pO2). Status epilepticus (SE) resulted in F2-IsoP and IsoF formation, with overlapping but distinct time courses in hippocampal subregions. IsoF, but not F2-IsoP formation coincided with mitochondrial oxidative stress. SE resulted in a transient decrease in hippocampal pO2 measured by in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry suggesting an early phase of seizure-induced hypoxia. Seizure-induced F2-IsoP formation coincided with the peak hypoxia phase, whereas IsoF formation coincided with the ‘reoxygenation’ phase. These results demonstrate seizure-induced increase in IsoF formation and its correlation with changes in hippocampal pO2 and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Aurora Kinase Inhibitors: A New Class of Targeted Drugs in Cancer

Aurora kinases (A, B, and C) are essential for spindle assembly, centrosome maturation, chromosomal segregation, and cytokinesis. Aurora kinases A and B are overexpressed in many cancers, including non-small-cell lung cancer and mesothelioma. Small-molecule inhibitors selective for aurora kinases have shown promising activity in preclinical tumor models. To date, phase I studies with aurora kinase inhibitors have shown that myelosuppression is the dose-limiting toxicity, and disease stabilization was achieved in a number of tumor types, including non-small-cell lung cancer. Phase II trials are under way in selected tumor types. This article reviews the biology of aurora kinases, their potential role in the treatment of lung cancer, and challenges in the clinical development of this unique class of antineoplastic agents.
Low power logic synthesis for XOR based circuits

An abundance of research efforts in low power logic synthesis have so far been focused on AND/OR or NAND/NOR based logic. A typical approach is to first generate an initial multi- level AND/OR or NAND/NOR representation of a boolean function. Next, the representation is optimized in terms of power. However, there are major classes of circuits such as arithmetic functions which have sizable AND/OR representations but have very compact AND/XOR representations. For these functions AND/OR based optimization approach often yields poor results. In this paper, we put forth a paradigm for low power logic synthesis based on AND/XOR representations of boolean functions. Specifically, we propose transforming a boolean function into a Fixed Polarity Reed Muller form that allows us to efficiently synthesize XOR trees and AND trees with provably minimum switching activity. Preliminary experimental results show that we attain good power savings with negligible area overhead and often area reduction when compared to conventional AND/XOR based synthesis methods and the Berkeley SIS system.
Resource and virtualization costs up in the cloud: Models and design choices

Virtualization offers the potential for cost-effective service provisioning. For service providers who make significant investments in new virtualized data centers in support of private or public clouds, one of the serious challenges is the problem of recovering costs for new server hardware, software, network, storage, management, etc. Gaining visibility and accurately determining the cost of shared resources used by collocated services is essential for implementing a proper chargeback approach in cloud environments. We introduce and compare three different models for apportioning cost and champion the one that is least sensitive to workload placement decisions and provides the most robust and repeatable cost estimates. A detailed study involving 312 workloads from an HP customer environment demonstrates the result. Finally, we employ the cost model in a case study that evaluates the impact on the cost of exploiting different virtualization platform alternatives for the 312 workloads. For example, some workloads may cost more to host using certain virtualization platforms than on others or on standalone hosts. We demonstrate different decision points with potential cost savings of nearly 20% by “right-virtualizing” the workloads.
Radioimmunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin.

Abstract A radioimmunoassay method for HCG utilizing I 125 for iodination and a chemical procedure for separation of free and bound HCG 125 are described. This method is more sensitive and more accurate than the hemagglutination inhibition technique. The comparison of results with these two methods reveals good correlation in specimens containing more than 10 I.U. of HCG per milliliter.
Risk of Coercion Too Great: Judges Should Not Mediate Cases Assigned to Them for Trial

The role of the American Trial Judge has undergone significant change in the past few decades. Much of the change has resulted from lawyers and judges developing a much more expansive view of the means that may be employed for resolving civil disputes. Judges are no longer simply passive adjudicators, but are now active case managers. They are sending cases to mediation, arbitration, summary jury trial, early neutral evaluation and other alternatives to adjudication. Moreover, judges often directly intervene to effect settlement by adopting the role of a mediator or case evaluator.Much has been said and written about these developments - the managerial judging and alternative dispute resolution movements. However, very little attention has been given to one consequence of managerial judging and the increased use of ADR. These innovations have encouraged the development of a "settlement culture." Judges are approaching the litigation of civil cases with a very different mindset than they did 20 years ago. This mindset has altered their behavior somewhat, or perhaps more accurately stated, has made certain behaviors more salient.
Incorporation of copper into lysyl oxidase

Lysyl oxidase is a copper-dependent enzyme involved in extracellular processing of collagens and elastin. Although it is known that copper is essential for the functional activity of the enzyme, there is little information on the incorporation of copper. In the present study we examined the insertion of copper into lysyl oxidase using 67Cu in cell-free transcription/translation assays and in normal skin fibroblast culture systems. When a full-length lysyl oxidase cDNA was used as a template for transcription/translation reactions in vitro, unprocessed prolysyl oxidase appeared to bind copper. To examine further the post-translational incorporation of copper into lysyl oxidase, confluent skin fibroblasts were incubated with inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide, 10 microg/ml), glycosylation (tunicamycin, 10 microg/ml), protein secretion (brefeldin A, 10 microg/ml) and prolysyl oxidase processing (procollagen C-peptidase inhibitor, 2.5 microg/ml) together with 300 microCi of carrier-free 67Cu. It was observed that protein synthesis was a prerequisite for copper incorporation, but inhibition of glycosylation by tunicamycin did not affect the secretion of 67Cu as lysyl oxidase. Brefeldin A inhibited the secretion of 67Ci-labelled lysyl oxidase by 46%, but the intracellular incorporation of copper into lysyl oxidase was not affected. In addition, the inhibition of the extracellular proteolytic processing of prolysyl oxidase to lysyl oxidase had minimal effects on the secretion of protein-bound 67Cu. Our results indicate that, similar to caeruloplasmin processing [Sato and Gitlin (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5128-5134], copper is inserted into prolysyl oxidase independently of glycosylation.
Randomized, Controlled Study of Adderall XR in ADHD

The efficacy and safety of Adderall XR in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and diurnal variation in responses were assessed by a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled trial at 47 sites, and reported from the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.