cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonstationary gaussian process regression for evaluating clinical laboratory test sampling strategies

Sampling repeated clinical laboratory tests with appropriate timing is challenging because the latent physiologic function being sampled is in general nonstationary. When ordering repeated tests, clinicians adopt various simple strategies that may or may not be well suited to the behavior of the function. Previous research on this topic has been primarily focused on cost-driven assessments of oversampling. But for monitoring physiologic state or for retrospective analysis, undersampling can be much more problematic than oversampling. In this paper we analyze hundreds of observation sequences of four different clinical laboratory tests to provide principled, data-driven estimates of undersampling and over-sampling, and to assess whether the sampling adapts to changing volatility of the latent function. To do this, we developed a new method for fitting a Gaussian process to samples of a nonstationary latent function. Our method includes an explicit estimate of the latent function's volatility over time, which is deterministically related to its nonstationarity. We find on average that the degree of undersampling is up to an order of magnitude greater than oversampling, and that only a small minority are sampled with an adaptive strategy.
Life history of the basket star, Gorgonocephalus eucnemis (Müller & Troschel) (echinodermata; ophiuroidea)

Abstract Specimens of Gorgonocephalus eucnemis collected over a 19-month period in the San Juan Islands, Washington state, were studied. Great variation in coloration, granulation of the disk, and other features were found. A relatively large number of hermaphrodites (2.6 % of animals studied histologically) were found. Very small (0.72 mm. in disk diameter) specimens of G. eucnemis were found living inside polyps of the akyonacean Gersemia. It is suggested that embryonic development of G. eucnemis occurs inside Gersemia polyps. After emerging from the polyps, young G. eucnemis live on the surface of Gersemia colonies for a variable length of time. They leave the colony to attach themselves to adult G. eucnemis. and eventually assume an independent existence. There is an overlap of sizes of animals from one stage in the life history to the next. The question of whether adults playa role in the nutrition and/or protection of the young clinging to them is discussed. There appears to be comparatively rapid g...
Evaluation of Insecticides and Sampling Methods Against the Apple Aphid, Aphis pomi

Studies were conducted in 1959 and 1960 to determine an economic level of infestation for the apple aphid ( Aphis pomi De Geer) and to develop adequate sampling methods for insecticide evaluations. The 1959 data showed that sampling from three areas on a shoot, the terminal, central, and basal portions, gave a better indication of aphid numbers than a sample restricted to the terminal leaves. When aphids were present on the central portion of a growing shoot, significant amounts of honeydew were present on the fruit at harvest. Dimethoate in a two-treatment schedule and Diazinon®( O,O -diethyl O -(2-isopropyl-6-mcthyl-4-pyrimidyl) thiosphosphate) in a throe-treatment schedule provided adequate control. The 1960 data confirmed the results obtained in 1959 and in addition indicated that the length of time aphids remain at a high level influences the amount of honeydew present on the fruit at harvest. Dimethoate and Stauffer R-2968 ( O,O -diethyl dithiophosphorletyl carbamete) gave good control in the 1960 plots, but Bayer 30911 (methyl- O -methyl 0-2,4-dichlorophenyl phosphonothioate) and granulated phorate were not effective. Conclusions from the two-year studies were that leaf samples from the central portion of a shoot would indicate if a potentially injurious aphid population is present. If the leaves from this area are infested, the fruit will show damage by honeydew at harvest. The precise number of aphids per leaf is not so important as the distribution of the aphids on a growing shoot.
Glucose Tolerance and Pancreatic Infrastructure in Mice with Long-Term Diabetes Induced by EMC Virus (M Variant)

SummaryOf 27 young male CD-1 mice infected with the M variant of the encephalo-myocarditis (EMC) virus and surviving for 11 or 12 mo, all but three had normal glucose tolerance curves, and all displayed normal islet cell morphology, at the time of sacrifice, in spite of an initial hyperglycemic response. Three animals maintained diabetic glucose tolerance curves one year after infection but they, too, failed to show significant morphological alterations in their pancreatic beta cells.The authors are indebted to Mrs. Celina Mitgang, Mr. Zoran Dordevic and Mr. Charles Vibert for technical assistance, and to Mr. Herbert A. Fischler for preparing the illustration.
Oral complications of the myeloproliferative diseases.

The mouth may be the site of the earliest signs and symptoms of myeloproliferative disease. Minor infections of the mouth in these patients can lead to extensive cellulitis or septicemia if not treated promptly. Hemorrhagic complications occur most often in diseases associated with thrombocytopenia. In some patients, petechiae of the palate, buccal mucosa, or floor of the mouth are the only evidence of bleeding. Regular, careful examination of the oral cavity is an important part of the management of these patients.
Transplant Antennae and Host Brain Interact to Shape Odor Perceptual Space in Male Moths

Behavioral responses to odors rely first upon their accurate detection by peripheral sensory organs followed by subsequent processing within the brain's olfactory system and higher centers. These processes allow the animal to form a unified impression of the odor environment and recognize combinations of odorants as single entities. To investigate how interactions between peripheral and central olfactory pathways shape odor perception, we transplanted antennal imaginal discs between larval males of two species of moth Heliothis virescens and Heliothis subflexa that utilize distinct pheromone blends. During metamorphic development olfactory receptor neurons originating from transplanted discs formed connections with host brain neurons within olfactory glomeruli of the adult antennal lobe. The normal antennal receptor repertoire exhibited by males of each species reflects the differences in the pheromone blends that these species employ. Behavioral assays of adult transplant males revealed high response levels to two odor blends that were dissimilar from those that attract normal males of either species. Neurophysiological analyses of peripheral receptor neurons and central olfactory neurons revealed that these behavioral responses were a result of: 1. the specificity of H. virescens donor olfactory receptor neurons for odorants unique to the donor pheromone blend and, 2. central odor recognition by the H. subflexa host brain, which typically requires peripheral receptor input across 3 distinct odor channels in order to elicit behavioral responses.
Putting together bilingualism and executive function

Three important issues bear on understanding the connection between bilingualism and executive function. The first is the absence of a fine-grained task analysis for executive functions and other cognitive processes. The second is the absence of a theory of the cognitive mechanisms underlying the deployment of two or more languages and thus the absence of a solid basis on which to make predictions about what domain-general performances, if any, bilinguals should excel in. The third is the relation between neural and behavioral consequences of bilingualism. These three issues must be taken in account in trying to understand the variability among findings showing benefits of bilingualism for executive function.
Riedel Fight Song: a case report of riedel lobe presumed to be hepatomegaly

Riedel lobe is a liver variation occasionally confused with an abdominal mass or hepatomegaly. The clinical infrequency of this condition and its resemblance to more serious conditions can initiate unnecessary workup or surgery if not considered early. An otherwise healthy, 14-year-old girl presented to the gastroenterology (GI) clinic for follow-up to an emergency room (ER) visit with a 3-day history of right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain. She reported during the first 24 hours a sharp, constant, non-radiating pain increased from 2 to 6/10, improved with ice and ibuprofen, and aggravated with activity and laying on her right side. Physical exam was significant for tenderness in the RUQ and liver edge palpated 2 finger breadths below the subcostal margin anteriorly and laterally to the iliac crest. Pain was reproduced by rotation of her trunk. Laboratory findings were unremarkable. Before further testing, the pediatric radiologist consulted identified the hepatomegaly as a “Riedel lobe, elongated and functional.” Further history elicited a social wrestling match the night prior to onset; repeat physical exam suggested a strain in the right upper rectus abdominis muscle. Relative rest, ice and ibuprofen for pain were prescribed and patient education was conducted. First reported in 1888 when seven cases were confirmed by surgical exploration, the incidence of Riedel lobe is now known to occur in approximately 25% of 20-45 year-olds and 60% of 45-65 year-olds, with female: male ratio of 3:1. Potential morbidities include lobar torsion, mass effect induced obstruction, interference with laparoscopic surgical procedures and unnecessary imaging. Clues from the history and physical exam can help distinguish this variant from other liver pathology. Physician awareness, the use of Doppler ultrasonography, and pediatric radiology consult should be considered before the use of more intensely radiating imaging.
Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Normative Reference Values for Ages 20 to 59 Years and Relationships With Physical and Mental Health Risk Factors

Purpose: The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is a reliable, cost-effective, safe, and time-efficient way to evaluate overall functional mobility. However, the TUG does not have normative reference values (NRV) for individuals younger than 60 years. The purpose of this study was to establish NRV for the TUG for individuals aged between 20 and 59 years and to examine the relationship between the TUG and demographic, physical, and mental health risk factors. Methods: Two hundred participants, 50 per decade (ages 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 years) were selected at their primary care visit, and timed as they performed the TUG by standing up out of a chair, walking 3 m, turning around, walking back to the chair, and sitting down. Information regarding the risk factors socioeconomic status, body mass index, an index of multimorbidities, perceptions of overall physical and mental health was obtained and used as predictors of TUG time independent of age. Results: TUG times were significantly different among the decades ...
Human Cellular Immune Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Human infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in a broad spectrum of outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to widespread and rapidly fatal disease. It is generally believed that this spectrum of clinical manifestations reflects a complex interaction between M. tuberculosis and human immune defenses. The immune response to tuberculosis is a double-edged sword that can contribute both to clearance of infection and tissue damage. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of human cellular immune responses to M. tuberculosis.
Calcium channel structures come of age

A near-atomic resolution structure of a mammalian voltage-gated calcium channel (Cav) has been determined. This first fully-assembled Cav structure illuminates mechanisms of Cav properties and functions and ushers in a new era in Cav research and beyond.
Nonconsumptive effects of a predator weaken then rebound over time.

Predators can influence prey traits and behavior (nonconsumptive effects [NCEs]), often with cascading effects for basal resources and ecosystem function. But critiques of NCE experiments suggest that their duration and design produce results that describe the potential importance of NCEs rather than their actual importance. In light of these critiques, we re-evaluated a toadfish (predator), crab (prey), and oyster (resource) NCE-mediated trophic cascade. In a 4-month field experiment, we varied toadfish cue (NCE) and crab density (approximating variation in predator consumptive effects, CE). Toadfish initially benefitted oyster survival by causing crabs to reduce consumption. But this NCE weakened over time (possibly due to prey hunger), so that after 2 months, crab density (CE) dictated oyster survivorship, regardless of cue. However, the NCE ultimately re-emerged on reefs with a toadfish cue, increasing oyster survivorship. At no point did the effect of toadfish cue on mud crab foraging behavior alter oyster population growth or sediment organic matter on the reef, which is a measure of benthic-pelagic coupling. Instead, both decreased with increasing crab density. Thus, within a system shown to exhibit strong NCEs in short-term experiments (days) our study supported predictions from theoretical models: (a) within the generation of individual prey, the relative influence of NCEs appears to cycle over longer time periods (months); and (b) predator CEs, not NCEs, drive longer-term resource dynamics and ecosystem function. Thus, our study implies that the impacts of removing top predators via activities such as hunting and overfishing will cascade to basal resources and ecosystem properties primarily through density-mediated interactions.
607. Gene Therapy Delivering Anti-inflammatory Viral Proteins for Ocular Inflammation

Inflammation in the retina is a contributing factor in ocular diseases such as uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and dry-age related macular degeneration (AMD). The M013 protein from the myxoma virus has been shown to interfere with both the inflammasome and NF-kB signaling, modulating the synthesis and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Our goal is to develop adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors that can deliver viral anti-inflammatory genes into the retina to decrease inflammation. Stably transduced cells expressing the TatM013 protein were generated using lentiviral vectors. Inflammasome activation was induced with either LPS or 4-hydroxynonenal and IL-1β concentration was measured by ELISA. Expression and secretion of sGFP-TatM013 was observed in transfected HEK293T cells by fluorescent microscopy and western blot. The anti-inflammatory effect of TatM013 was evaluated in an Endotoxin Induced Uveitis (EIU) animal model by the intravitreal injection of C57BL/6J mice with AAV2 viral particles delivering either sGFP-TatM013 or GFP followed by injection of LPS one month thereafter. Expression was determined by fluorescence fundoscopy and anti-inflammatory effect was measured by counting the number of infiltrative cells present in the vitreous in H&E stained paraffin sections of enucleated eyes. The expression of TatM013 reduced the induced IL-1β secretion in stable cells. Cellular distribution of sGFP-TatM013 was punctuate compared to GFP in transfected cells. The secretion and cleavage of the sGFP-TatM013 construct was inferred by detection of the fused sGFP-TatM013 protein in the cell lysate and the free form of sGFP in the conditioned media. A reduction in the concentration of secreted induced IL-1β was observed in cells exposed to conditioned media from sGFP-TatM013 transfected HEK293T cells. The quantity of infiltrative cells in the vitreous was significantly lower in the eyes injected with sGFP-TatM013 than with GFP injected eyes in the EIU mouse model. The expression of TatM013 inhibits the induced secretion of IL-1β in vitro. The expression of a secretable and cell penetrating TatM013 in the retina reduces the inflammatory response in the EIU mouse model. We are also developing other anti-inflammatory viral proteins that can be delivered by AAV vectors. Our vectors could be a potential therapy for diseases with an inflammatory component such as uveitis.
Control of Nonlinear Differential Algebraic Equation Systems : An Overview

Chemical processes are inherently nonlinear and their dynamics are naturally described by systems of coupled differential and algebraic equations (DAEs); the differential equations arise from the standard dynamic balances of mass, energy and momentum, while the algebraic equations typically include thermodynamic relations, empirical correlations, quasi-steady-state relations etc. In many cases, the algebraic equations in the DAE model can be readily eliminated to obtain an equivalent ordinary differential equation (ODE) model, which can be used as the basis for controller design. On the other hand, there is a broad class of chemical processes for which the algebraic equations in the DAE models are “singular” in nature, and thus, inhibit a direct reduction of the DAE model into an ODE system. Such DAE systems with singular algebraic equations are said to have a high “index” and they are fundamentally different from ODE systems.
"On-Off-On" fluorescence sensor based on g-C3N4 nanosheets for selective and sequential detection of Ag+ and S2.

Abstract Detection of silver (Ag+) and sulfide (S2−) ions is important because their presence in large amounts can cause many diseases. In this study, a novel, simple, “on-off-on” fluorescence sensor based on g-C3N4 nanosheets for sequential detection of Ag+ and S2- was designed. The fluorescence signal of the g-C3N4 nanosheets is quenched because Ag+ chelates with the N of the g-C3N4 nanosheets, leading to photoinduced electron transfer from the sheets to Ag+. After adding S2−, the fluorescence of the g-C3N4 nanosheets is recovered due to formation of Ag2S, which activates the fluorescence of the g-C3N4 nanosheets. The recovery efficiency was found to increase with increasing concentrations of S2-, with linear calibration ranging from 0 nmol/L to 30 nmol/L. Other potentially interfering species, such as SO42−, PO43−, HPO42−, H2PO4−, CO32−, NO3−, Ac−, and HCO3−, presented negligible effects on S2− detection. Moreover, the proposed sensor exhibited several advantages, including low cost, easy preparation, rapid detection, excellent biocompatibility, and a switchable fluorescence response. These attributes make this fluorescent sensor a promising tool for environmental applications.
Decay of 35 P

The $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of $^{35}\mathrm{P}$ to levels of $^{35}\mathrm{S}$ has been studied with a large-volume Ge(Li) detector and a gas-flow proportional counter. The $^{35}\mathrm{P}$ was produced via the $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}(t,\ensuremath{\alpha}p)^{35}\mathrm{P}$ reaction by bombardment of NaCl and LiCl targets with 16-MeV tritons, and was chemically separated by conversion to phosphate ion and adsorption on a selective polyvalent anion exchanger. The half-life was measured to be 47.4 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.8 sec. Only one $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transition was observed, at 1572.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4 keV. The $^{35}\mathrm{P}$ decays ${99}_{\ensuremath{-}7}^{+10}$% ($logft=4.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$) to the 1572-keV ${\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$ first excited level of $^{35}\mathrm{S}$ and 9% ($log\mathrm{ft}6.1$) to the ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$ ground state, whence its spin-parity is deduced to be ${\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$. Less than 0.45% of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ transitions proceed to any of the other known $^{35}\mathrm{S}$ levels. The results are compared with the predictions of a recent shell-model treatment.
Is Orthopedic Department Teaching Status Associated With Adverse Outcomes Of Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Although resident physicians play a vital role in the US health care system, they are believed to create inefficiencies in the delivery of care. Under the regional component of the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement model, teaching hospitals are forced to compete on efficiency and outcomes with nonteaching hospitals. Methods We identified 86,021 patients undergoing elective primary total hip arthroplasty in New York State between January 1, 2009, and September 30, 2014. Outcomes included length and cost of the index admission, disposition, and 90-day readmission. Mixed-effects regression models compared teaching vs nonteaching orthopedic hospitals after adjusting for patient demographics, comorbidities, hospital, surgeon, and year of surgery. Results Patients undergoing surgery at teaching hospitals had longer lengths of stay (β = 3.2%; P P P = .779). The risk of 90-day readmission was lower for teaching hospitals (odds ratio = 0.89; P = .001). Conclusion Primary total hip arthroplasty at teaching orthopedic hospitals is characterized by greater utilization of health care resources during the index admission. This suggests that teaching hospitals may be adversely affected by reimbursement tied to competition on economic and clinical metrics. Although a certain level of inefficiency is inherent during the learning process, these policies may hinder learning opportunities for residents in the clinical setting.
Understanding the Connection between Cognitive Impairment and Mobility: What Can Be Gained from Neuropsychological Assessment?

The ability of neuropsychological tests to predict rehabilitation outcome is unclear, particularly when other ratings of cognition are available. Neuropsychological test scores and functional ratings of cognition (Functional Independence Measure (FIM) Cognition score) were used to predict improvement in patient mobility and self-care skill, as measured by the FIM Motor score. Regression models used both raw neuropsychology test scores and age-adjusted scores. Retrospective chart review was performed for patients on an inpatient rehabilitation unit and referred for neuropsychological assessment. The group included 126 subjects (average age 64.2 ± 17.1 years) and a variety of medical diagnoses. Neuropsychological tests included the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). After forcing the Admission FIM Cognition score into the model, RBANS scores and duration of rehabilitation predicted FIM Motor improvements (, ). Raw neuropsychological test scores performed better than the model with age-adjusted test scores. FIM Cognition alone did not predict FIM Motor improvements. Neuropsychological tests, combined with duration of rehabilitation, predicted mobility gains for patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation beyond what was predicted by another, readily available, assessment of cognition. Neuropsychology raw scores performed better than age-adjusted scores, raising questions about the standard use of demographic adjustments for predicting real-world function.
The Glaucoma Book: What Do We Know Now, What Do We Need to Know About Glaucoma?

What do we know about glaucoma as we approach the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century? What more do we need to know about glaucoma to advance the diagnosis and treatment of our patients? The Glaucoma Book describes the state of the art as practiced by glaucoma subspecialists. In this chapter, I reflect upon the knowledge provided by our contributors and also speculate about what new discoveries loom on the horizon. As glaucoma management is an imperfect science, I would like to indulge my editor’s privilege to offer some educated guesses and opinions about the art of taking care of our patients along with occasional whimsical references.
Comparison of Radiation Exposure from Fixed Table Fluoroscopy to a Portable C-Arm During Ureteroscopy.

Abstract Introduction: Current treatment practices within the field of endourology require the routine use of radiation exposure to provide adequate imaging during urologic procedures. One such procedure requiring repeated radiation exposure during treatment is ureteroscopy. We set out to compare estimated fluoroscopic radiation exposures employing fixed table and portable C-arm fluoroscopy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional dosimetry phantom model was placed supine on both fixed fluoroscopy and standard operating room tables. The models were then exposed to three separate 5-minute runs of fluoroscopic exposure. Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor dosimeters were utilized in organ-specific locations to determine specific radiation exposure dosages. Absorbed radiation was determined for each organ location for both fluoroscopy units. Organ dose volumetric corrections were performed for skin and red bone marrow, to correct for the nonirradiated portion. Organ dose rate (ODR, mGy/s) and ...
A model for predicting the dose to the parotid glands based on their relative overlapping with planning target volumes during helical radiotherapy

The sparing of the parotid glands in the treatment of head and neck cancers is of clinical relevance as high doses to the salivary glands may result in xerostomia. Xerostomia is a major cause of decreased quality of life for head and neck patients. This paper explores the relationship between the overlap of the target volumes and their expansions with the parotid glands for helical delivery plans and their ability to be spared. Various overlapping volumes were examined, and an overlap with a high statistical relevance was found. A model that predicts exceeding tolerance parotid mean dose based on its fractional overlapping volume with PTVs was developed. A fractional overlapping volume of 0.083 between the parotid gland and the high dose PTV plus 5 mm expansion - was determined to be the threshold value to predict parotid Dmean > 26 Gy for parotids that overlap with the high dose PTV plus 5 mm expansion. If the parotid gland only overlaps with the intermediate dose target (and/or low dose target) and the overlapping volume of the parotid gland and the intermediate dose target is less than 25%, the parotid mean dose is likely less than 26 Gy. If the parotid overlaps with the low dose target only then the mean dose to the parotid is likely to be less than 26 Gy. This finding will prove as a very useful guide for the physicians and planners involved in the planning process to know prior whether the parotid glands will be able to be spared with the current set of target volumes or if revisions are necessary. This work will serve as a helpful guide in the planning process of head and neck target cases.
Cost-effectiveness of Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Compared With Hemiarthroplasty in the Management of Complex Proximal Humerus Fractures:

ObjectivesTo determine if open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is more cost-effective than hemiarthroplasty (HA) in the management of proximal humerus fracture.DesignRetrospective cohort stu...
Electrical Problems Modeled by Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the electrical problems modeled by nonlinear partial differential equations. A type of nonlinear problem that was recognized very early in the study of electrical phenomena is that of magnetic saturation. Virtually all electrical machinery, such as motors, generators, and transformers, make use of iron structures to produce intense and controlled magnetic fields. The chapter discusses the nonlinear problems related to parametric amplifier electron tubes traveling wave amplifier and semiconductor diode. These several examples illustrate nonlinear effects produced by the properties of certain materials and by the interaction between electric fields and charged particles. In each case, the operation of the nonlinear system is significantly different from that of a simpler system in which nonlinearity is assumed to be absent.
N-CANDA data integration: anatomy of an asynchronous infrastructure for multi-site, multi-instrument longitudinal data capture.

The infrastructure for data collection implemented by the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (N-CANDA) for data collection comprises several innovative features: (a) secure, asynchronous transfer and persistent storage of collected data via a revision control system; (b) two-stage import into a longitudinal database; and (c) use of a script-controlled web browser for data retrieval from a third-party, web-based neuropsychological test battery. The asynchronous operation of data transmission and import is of particular benefit, as it has allowed the consortium sites to begin data collection before the receiving database infrastructure had been deployed. Records were collected within 86 days of funding, 35 days after finalizing the collected instruments. Final instruments were added to the database import 225 days after instrument selection, with up to 173 records already collected at that time. Thus, the concepts implemented in N-CANDA's data collection system helped reduce project start-up time by several months.
Instant Insanity--A Significant Puzzle for the Classroom.

Few people can resist the challenge of a well-designed puzzle, and so it can be im mensely useful in motivating students. The type of puzzle likely to appeal to a mathe matician is one that is susceptible to logi cal analysis. In this article is presented, in a form useable by teachers of liberal arts courses who emphasize discovery, the anal ysis of a familiar puzzle. At the end are some suggestions on how to build on the ideas developed in the discussion to moti vate other topics in mathematics. Most of the analysis presented here can be found in Brown (1968), Busacker and Saaty (1965), Duncan (1972), and O'Beirne (1965), but is generally known only to puzzlists and graph theorists. Instant Insanity is a popular brain teasing puzzle put out by Parker Brothers. The faces of four cubes are colored red, green, blue, and white, with every color appearing on each cube and no two cubes having the same arrangement of colors. The cubes are to be stacked up so that all four colors appear on all four sides of the resulting tower. The idea was bor rowed from England, where such puzzles have been common in various forms from as early as sixty years ago. A version pop ular during World War I had five cubes imprinted with the flags of the five Allies (Belgium, United Kingdom, France, Ja pan, and Russia). Versions with the trade marks of various manufacturers have been handed out as advertising gimmicks. (See O'Beirne [1965, chap. 7].) For this exercise we need about ten sugar cubes for each student and one red, one green, and one blue magic marker for each group of four students. To begin the exercise, you might ask if anyone is familiar with Instant Insanity and ask them to describe it. They will recall the object of the puzzle but are not likely to have noticed that the colors appear in different arrangements on the cubes. Fig ure 1 shows the arrangement on the Parker Brothers version. Have the stu dents work in groups of four, since this
Llewellyn Has Left the Building: The Growing Irrelevance of the UCC to 21st Century Sales Law

This paper highlights a growing gap between American sales law “in the books” and American sales law “in action” in global markets, including those that operate within the geographical boundaries of the United States. Decades of disruptive technological innovation and trade liberalization have lowered barriers to institutional innovation. The result is the migration of private enterprise out of contract law as a public framework of market organization organized by the nation state to private frameworks operating as platforms in global markets. “Platform” in this sense refers to multi-sided markets as described by the economist Jean Tirole. Professor Clayton Christensen described something similar when he recently commented on the need for more “market producing innovations” to address the current crisis of business underinvestment in advanced market economies. The idea of “opting out” of default rules provided by law is well developed in American commercial and contract law, but the idea of using contract law to opt out of the legal institutions of the nation state is less well developed. It is related to the notions of privatization, deregulation and outsourcing government functions in administrative law, and has been described by some commentators as “global legal pluralism” or “global lex mercatoria.” Examples include the process of opting out of national sales law generally and into private legal orders include the use of vendor managed inventory and iterated business forecasts in lieu of requirement and output quantity terms; using “master supply agreements” in lieu of the Battle of the Forms; using continuous improvement processes in lieu of warranties; and using technical standards and certification marks in lieu of usage of trade.
Constructing a Shared Mental Model for Feedback Conversations: Faculty Workshop Using Video Vignettes Developed by Residents.

Introduction Providing feedback is a fundamental principle in medical education; however, as educators, our community lacks the necessary skills to give meaningful, impactful feedback to those unde...
Making Sense of Enterprise Apps in Everyday Work Practices

This paper draws attention to the growing adoption of web and mobile apps in the enterprise, typically supported by digital storage in the cloud. While these developments offer several advantages, they also pose challenges for workers who must make sense of increasingly complex software configurations – with apps accessible from multiple devices (typically supporting different features or capabilities) and used alongside legacy enterprise software. We investigate how workers navigate these environments through a qualitative study of the work practices of employees in an app-enhanced organization. Our findings focus on two sets of practices. The first involves appraising what software programs and software/device combos offer what features, what we refer to as software calculus. The second involves orienting towards data formats and database structures that underlie specific software programs and their interactions with specific devices, what we label data thinking. Building on prior work on the role of materiality in CSCW, our findings set out a call for further attention to the material and lively dimensions of software and the emergent challenges they pose for contemporary work practices.
Compensation for Non-financial Performance (ESG Scores)

In Chap. 4, the second component of the “Fair CEO Compensation” octagonal framework, namely, “Compensation for Non-Financial Performance” is discussed in depth. The status quo both in practice and in the literature, as well as the practical implications, are presented.
The Case for Cognitive Interviewing in Survey Item Validation: A Useful Approach for Improving the Measurement and Assessment of Substance Use Disorders.

Objective:To accurately identify substance use disorders, we must be confident of our ability to define and measure the construct itself. To date, research has demonstrated that the ways in which s...
As Dr. Fordyce Might Say, A Peculiar Affection of the Lips of a Neonate

Introduction: Fordyce spots, named after J.A. Fordyce who first described them in 1896, are ectopic sebaceous glands often found on the buccal mucosa. These common lesions develop over time in the general population, affecting up to 90% of adults, but are rarely recognized in the neonate. Case Report: A female neonate was born average for gestational age at 38 weeks’ gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery to a 34-year-old G1P1 mom who received appropriate prenatal care. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. Baby received vitamin K, erythromycin ointment, and hepatitis B vaccine at birth. By …
Study of fallout metrics for contamination analysis: Vertical to horizontal particle accumulation ratio

A challenge present in assessing contamination accumulation on many missions is predicting fallout during ground processing given the multiple and various orientations possible for surfaces such as optics and instruments. The best practice assumption has been to quantify particle build up on vertical surfaces as approximately 1/10 that of horizontal surfaces. There is insufficient data to provide confidence in the 1/10 approximation, yet its use can have a significant effect on mission end of life contamination level predictions, leading to expenditures of precious resources to meet mission requirements. There are many variables influencing the relationship between fallout on vertical and horizontal wafers, including wafer position with respect to air flow, air changes in the facility, duration of exposure, and activity workload. The goal of this continuing study is to develop a tool to inform particulate accumulation predictions for future projects.
Pregnancy outcomes, risk factors, and cell count trends in pregnant women with essential thrombocythemia.

Abstract Pregnancy in essential thrombocythemia (ET) is associated with increased risk of obstetric complications. We retrospectively evaluated risk factors in 121 pregnancies in 52 ET women seen at 3 affiliate hospitals. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed at the α = 0.10 level. Cell counts were characterized throughout pregnancy and correlated with outcomes using logistic modeling. The overall live birth rate was 69 %. 48.7 % of all women experienced a pregnancy complication, the most common being spontaneous abortion, which occurred in 26 % of all pregnancies. Maternal thrombosis and hemorrhage rates were 2.5 % and 5.8 %. On multivariable analysis, aspirin use (OR 0.29, p = 0.014, 90 % CI 0.118–0.658) and history of prior pregnancy loss (OR 3.86, p = 0.011, CI 1.49–9.15) were associated with decreased and increased pregnancy complications, respectively. A Markov model was used to analyze the probability of a future pregnancy complication based on initial pregnancy outcome. An ET woman who suffers a pregnancy complication has a 0.594 probability of a subsequent pregnancy complication, compared to a 0.367 probability if she didn’t suffer a complication. However, despite this elevated risk, overall prognosis is good, with a >50 % probability of a successful pregnancy by the third attempt. Platelet counts decreased by 43 % in ET during pregnancy, with nadir at delivery and prompt recovery in the postpartum period. Women with larger declines in gestational platelet counts were less likely to suffer complications (p = 0.083). Our study provides important guidance to physicians treating ET women during pregnancy, including counseling information regarding risk assessment and expected trajectory of platelet levels.
Improving the identification of genitourinary syndrome of menopause through the utilization of the Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) affects nearly 50% of postmenopausal women. Yet women fail to recognize GSM as a chronic condition and are reluctant to discuss their vaginal or sexual complaints with a health care provider. This quality improvement project implemented the Day-to-Day Impact of Vaginal Aging (DIVA) questionnaire to improve the identification and diagnosis of GSM in women ≥ 45 years of age presenting for an annual wellness examination or a vulvovaginal/genitourinary complaint. METHODS From October 2019 to February 2020, the DIVA questionnaire was distributed in a large women's health practice setting to women ≥ 45 years of age, for completion before their annual wellness visit or for evaluation of a GSM-related complaint. GSM diagnosis rates during the implementation period were compared with diagnosis rates during a 4-month period immediately preceding the implementation. Data collected during the implementation period were examined to evaluate if GSM diagnosis was more likely in patients who completed the DIVA questionnaire when compared to those women who did not complete the questionnaire. RESULTS Of the 175 women who met the inclusion criteria, 113 completed the DIVA questionnaire. Completion of the DIVA questionnaire demonstrated a relative percentage increase in GSM diagnosis by 30.7% when compared to the 4-month preimplementation period (10.1% to 13.2%, P = 0.231). This change was not statistically significant. During the implementation period, a statistically significant difference in GSM diagnosis was observed for patients who completed the DIVA questionnaire when compared to those patients who did not complete the questionnaire (37.2% vs 9.7%, P < 0.001). When results were stratified by visit type, women presenting for an annual wellness visit who completed the DIVA questionnaire had a higher GSM diagnosis rate than those who did not complete the questionnaire (37.2% vs 10%, P < 0.001). When results were stratified by menopausal status, GSM diagnosis rates were also more likely for postmenopausal women who completed the DIVA questionnaire when compared to those who did not complete the questionnaire (44.2% vs 8.5%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The DIVA questionnaire is a brief, but comprehensive screening tool that can increase GSM identification and treatment, particularly for postmenopausal, and midlife women presenting for an annual wellness visit in a busy women's health practice setting. : Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A655.
Soma-to-germline transformation in chromatin-linked neurodevelopmental disorders?

Mutations in numerous chromatin regulators cause neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) with unknown mechanisms. Understandably, most research has focused on how chromatin regulators control gene expression that is directly relevant to brain development and function, such as synaptic genes. However, some NDD models surprisingly show ectopic expression of germline genes in the brain. These germline genes are usually expressed only in the primordial germ cells, testis, and ovaries for germ-cell development and sexual reproduction. Such ectopic germline gene expression has been reported in several NDDs, including Immunodeficiency, Centromere instability, Facial anomalies syndrome 1, Kleefstra syndrome 1, Rett syndrome, MeCP2 duplication syndrome, and Mental Retardation, X-linked Syndromic, Claes Jensen Type. The responsible genes, DNMT3B, G9A/GLP, MECP2, and KDM5C, all encode chromatin regulators for gene silencing. These mutations may therefore lead to germline gene derepression, and in turn, a severe identity crisis of brain cells - potentially interfering with normal brain development. Thus, the ectopic expression of germline genes is a unique hallmark defining this NDD subset and further implicates the importance of germline gene silencing during brain development. The functional impact of germline gene expression on brain development, however, remains undetermined. This perspective article explores how this apparent soma-to-germline transformation arises and how it may interfere with neurodevelopment through genomic instability and impaired sensory cilia formation. Furthermore, we also discuss how to test these hypotheses experimentally to ultimately determine the contribution of ectopic germline transcripts to chromatin-linked NDDs.
Lepidoptera: Moths, Butterflies

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the order Lepidoptera that includes moths and butterfly. The Lepidoptera is defined as a monophyletic lineage by a suite of more than 20 derived features, the most obvious of which are the scales and proboscis. The scales are modified, flattened hairs that cover the body and wings, shingle-like, and are the source of the extraordinary variety of color patterns typical of these insects. In all but the most primitive forms, feeding by adults is accomplished by pumping in liquid via a tubular proboscis (haustellum), which usually is elongate and coiled under the head. The sister group of Lepidoptera, the Trichoptera (caddisflies), lack this development of mouthparts and the covering of scales and possess caudal cerci on the abdomen, which are not present in Lepidoptera. A widely accepted phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among lepidopteran evolutionary lineages is based on morphological characteristics in living forms, primarily of the adults. The problem in such analysis is that we do not know what kinds of species might have preceded and interceded with the primitive extant lineages, each of which is now represented by one or a few relict genera that have divergent larval features not shared with other Lepidoptera. Moreover, the fossil record is of little use in revealing clues to “missing links,” and the preservation usually fails to provide information on critical characteristics, particularly those of the larvae and pupae.
Vector Difference Equations

For maps of Euclidean spaces of dimension higher than 1, a theory of stability that is as satisfactory as the one in Section 2.1 does not yet exist. Nevertheless, there are some general results in the literature that suitably fit within the context of this book. This section presents a general theory of stability for invariant sets of maps of any Euclidean space. Such invariant sets include (but are not limited to) equilibria and limit cycles; in particular, they include “strange attractors.” The differential-equations version of the theory in question dates back to A.M. Liapunov’s memoir of 1892, which became the subject of much attention as the “Liapunov’s second method” (or “direct method,” so called because explicit solutions are not needed in the qualitative analysis).
A Logging Technique Based on Transaction Types for Real-Time Databases

Real-time Main Memory DataBase systems (RTMMDB) have been recently studied to meet stringent timing and reliability constraints that exist in application areas such as telecommunications, automated control of medical patient monitoring, and computer integrated manufacturing. In these applications, transactions may be aborted if they missed their deadlines, and temporal data may become invalid before being used. Due to the volatility of main memory, the database may be lost upon a system failure caused by software errors, hardware errors, or power outage. Logging is one of the activities an RTMMDB must perform during normal operation to guarantee its recoverability from a system or transaction failure.
Considering Improvisation: Play, Transitional Space, and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.
Rotation Effects in the Nongravitational Parameters of Comets

The effects of rotation of a cometary nucleus on the character of nongravitational parameters are discussed. It is suggested that the change of a nongravitational acceleration to deceleration (and vice versa) may be related to a precessional motion of the nucleus, or to secular variations in the lag angle coupled with severe orbital modifications.