cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ergodic properties of several interacting poisson particles

Beginning with independent Markov processes, multiparameter Markov vector processes are constructed. Stopping time vectors are used to permit stopping of the components at different times, and a strong Markov property is proved. Volkonskii's method of random change of time scale is generalized to permit simultaneous changes of time scale. These results are applied to determining the asymptotic distribution of several interacting Poisson particles in terms of the asymptotic distributions of the particles in the absence of any interaction and the speed functions producing the interaction.
Vaccinia virus infection induces dendritic cell maturation but inhibits antigen presentation by MHC class II.

Vaccinia virus (VV) infection is known to inhibit dendritic cells (DC) functions in vitro. Paradoxically, VV is also highly immunogenic and thus has been used as a vaccine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of an in vivo VV infection on DC function by focusing on early innate immunity. Our data indicated that DC are activated upon in vivo VV infection of mice. Splenic DC from VV-infected mice expressed elevated levels of MHC class I and co-stimulatory molecules on their cell surface and exhibited the enhanced potential to produce cytokines upon LPS stimulation. DC from VV-infected mice also expressed a high level of interferon-β. However, a VV infection resulted in the down-regulation of MHC class II expression and the impairment of antigen presentation to CD4 T cells by DC. Thus, during the early stage of a VV infection, although DC are impaired in some of the critical antigen presentation functions, they can promote innate immune defenses against viral infection.
THE USE OF FILAMENT TAPE IN RAISING LONG CORES FROM SOFT SEDIMENT

This note describes the advantages of using filament tape to line the inside of a sediment coring tube. Such tape has been used with a hand-driven aluminum sampler weighing 10 or 20 kg and suitable for use by one man from a skiff in 10 or 20 m of water. It should be equally valuable when used with any of the variety of heavier piston samplers suitable for work in soft sediment in water of any depth. In field trials, the tape sampler worked well in gyttja, clay-gyttja, and clay. Excellent samples 3.8 cm in diameter and almost 3.6 m long were taken with it. Longer sample tubes were not available for more exhaustive tests.
Mice lacking complex gangliosides develop Wallerian degeneration and myelination defects

Gangliosides are a family of sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids highly enriched in the mammalian nervous system. Although they are the major sialoglycoconjugates in the brain, their neurobiological functions remain poorly defined. By disrupting the gene for a key enzyme in complex ganglioside biosynthesis (GM2/GD2 synthase; EC 2.4.1.92) we generated mice that express only simple gangliosides (GM3/GD3) and examined their central and peripheral nervous systems. The complex ganglioside knockout mice display decreased central myelination, axonal degeneration in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, and demyelination in peripheral nerves. The pathological features of their nervous system closely resemble those reported in mice with a disrupted gene for myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a myelin receptor that binds to complex brain gangliosides in vitro. Furthermore, GM2/GD2 synthase knockout mice have reduced MAG expression in the central nervous system. These results indicate that complex gangliosides function in central myelination and maintaining the integrity of axons and myelin. They also support the theory that complex gangliosides are endogenous ligands for MAG. The data extend and clarify prior observations on a similar mouse model, which reported only subtle conduction defects in their nervous system [Takamiya, K., Yamamoto, A., Furukawa, K., Yamashiro, S., Shin, M., Okada, M., Fukumoto, S., Haraguchi, M., Takeda, N., Fujimura, K., et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 10662–10667].
Adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer: a preliminary report.

In this prospectively random study, the effect of oral Ftorafur as an adjuvant chemotherapy was compared with that of oral placebo in patients with Stage II and Stage III gastric cancer. Patients had undergone a subtotal gastrectomy with a resection margin that should have been free of tumors. Ftorafur (10 mg/kg) was given daily to 59 Group A patients. Multiple vitamins were given twice a week to 56 Group B patients. We found that there was no statistical significance in Stage II patients with regard to survival. In Stage III patients, those treated with oral Ftorafur had better -3-year and 5-year survival rates than those receiving oral placebo. This preliminary report on this ongoing study seems to indicate that long-term postoperative Ftorafur treatment may be beneficial to Stage III gastric cancer patients. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Role of Islands in Delimiting Maritime Zones: The Case of the Aegean Sea 1

The problem of delimiting the continental shelf and exclusive economie zone between Turkey and Greece is one of the many issues that currently dominate the intemational relations between the two countries. Although legai principles can be identified that apply to this dispute, the drawing of boundary lines is intrinsical­ ly a politica! process and is usually accomplished by direct nego­ tiations between the sta t es (2) . Increasingly in recent years, howe­ ver, states have tumed to arbitrai or judicial tribunals to resolve disputes involving maritime boundaries, and the decisions of the­ se tribunals have identified and developed legai principles than can now be drawn upon to resolve difficult boundary controver­ sies (3). The disputes that ha ve been submitted for decision have ·usual-
Midterm results of endovascular repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms with first-generation stent grafts.

Abstract Objective Five years after reporting our initial stent-graft repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms experience, we determined the 5- to 10-year results of stent-graft treatment and identified risk factors for adverse late outcomes. Methods Between 1992 and 1997, 103 patients (mean age 69 ± 12 years) underwent repair using first-generation (custom-fabricated) stent grafts. Sixty-two patients (60%) were unsuitable candidates for conventional open surgical repair ("inoperable"). Follow-up was 100% complete (mean 4.5 ± 2.5 years; maximum 10 years). Outcome variables included death and treatment failure (endoleak, aortic rupture, reintervention, and/or aortic-related or sudden death). Results Overall actuarial survival was 82% ± 4%, 49% ± 5%, and 27% ± 6% at 1, 5, and 8 years. Survival in open surgical candidates was 93% ± 4% and 78% ± 6% and at 1 and 5 years compared with 74% ± 6% and 31% ± 6% in those deemed inoperable ( P P = .008), previous stroke (hazard ratio=2.8; P = .003), and being designated an inoperable candidate (hazard ratio=1.9; P = .04). Actuarial freedom from aortic reintervention and treatment failure at 8 years was 70% ± 6% and 39% ± 8%, respectively. Earlier operative year (hazard ratio=1.2; P = .07), larger distal landing zone diameter (hazard ratio=1.1; P = .001), and transposition of the left subclavian artery (hazard ratio=3.3; P = .008) were determinants of treatment failure. Conclusions Survival after aneurysm repair using crude, first-generation stent grafts was satisfactory in good operative candidates but bleak in the inoperable cohort, raising the question of whether asymptomatic patients should have even been treated. Late aortic complications were detected in many patients, reemphasizing the importance of serial imaging surveillance.
Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique

The assessment of vertebral fracture by conventional radiography has been refined and improved using either semiquantitative or quantitative criteria. The inter- and intraobserver variability was determined for a semiquantitative visual approach that we routinely use in clinical studies for assessing prevalent and incident vertebral fractures. In addition, the semiquantitative approach was compared with a quantitative morphometric approach. The incidence and prevalence of vertebral fractures were determined in 57 postmenopausal women (age 65-75 years) by three independent observers. The radiographic basis for fracture definitions and the source of interobserver agreement for the semiquantitative technique. We conclude that the semiquantitative approach can be applied reliably in vertebral fracture assessment when performed using well-defined criteria.
Submicron-textured biomaterial surface reduces staphylococcal bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation.

Abstract Staphylococci are among the most important pathogens causing bloodstream infections associated with implanted medical devices. Control of bacterial adhesion to material surfaces is important for prevention of biofilm formation and biomaterial-associated infections. In this study, we hypothesized that submicron (staphylococcal bacterial dimension) surface textures may reduce the bacterial adhesion via a decrease in surface area that bacteria can contact, and subsequently inhibit biofilm formation. Poly(urethane urea) films were textured with two different sizes of submicron pillars via a two-stage replication process. Adhesion of two bacterial strains ( Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A and S. aureus Newman) was assessed over a shear stress range of 0–13.2 dyn cm −2 using a rotating disk system in physiological buffer solutions. Significant decreases in bacterial adhesion were observed on textured surfaces for both strains compared with smooth controls. Biofilm formation was further tested on surfaces incubated in solution for either 2 or 5 days and it was found that biofilm formation was dramatically inhibited on textured surfaces. The results of the approaches used in this work demonstrate that patterned surface texturing of biomaterials provides an effective means to reduce staphylococcal adhesion and biofilm formation on biomaterial surfaces, and thus to prevent biomaterial-associated infections.
Power Limitations and Dark Silicon Challenge the Future of Multicore

Since 2004, processor designers have increased core counts to exploit Moore’s Law scaling, rather than focusing on single-core performance. The failure of Dennard scaling, to which the shift to multicore parts is partially a response, may soon limit multicore scaling just as single-core scaling has been curtailed. This paper models multicore scaling limits by combining device scaling, single-core scaling, and multicore scaling to measure the speedup potential for a set of parallel workloads for the next five technology generations. For device scaling, we use both the ITRS projections and a set of more conservative device scaling parameters. To model single-core scaling, we combine measurements from over 150 processors to derive Pareto-optimal frontiers for area/performance and power/performance. Finally, to model multicore scaling, we build a detailed performance model of upper-bound performance and lower-bound core power. The multicore designs we study include single-threaded CPU-like and massively threaded GPU-like multicore chip organizations with symmetric, asymmetric, dynamic, and composed topologies. The study shows that regardless of chip organization and topology, multicore scaling is power limited to a degree not widely appreciated by the computing community. Even at 22 nm (just one year from now), 21p of a fixed-size chip must be powered off, and at 8 nm, this number grows to more than 50p. Through 2024, only 7.9× average speedup is possible across commonly used parallel workloads for the topologies we study, leaving a nearly 24-fold gap from a target of doubled performance per generation.
Heat-conducting micropolar fluids

In this paper heat-conducting micropolar fluids are introduced as an extension of the theory of micropolar fluids. Constitutive equations appropriate to describe the thermal and mechanical response of micropolar fluids are constructed. The heat conduction equation is derived and the field equations are obtained. The solution to the problem ofPoiseuille flow through a channel with flat walls is given.
Quantitative autoradiography of GABA receptors in locust (Schistocerca americana) brain

Conventional film autoradiography was used at the light microscopic level for the localization and quantization of 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the locust brain (Schistocerca americana). Localization of the receptor site was achieved via binding with the receptor-ligand probe [3 H]muscimol. Frozen sections were cut and subsequently incubated either in 40 nM [3H]muscimol or by coincubating sections with [3H]muscimol and one of the following: GABA (50 μM)], a receptor specific agonist [muscimol (1 μM) or isoguvacine (1 μM)], an uptake inhibitor [nipecotic acid (50 μM)], or a noncompetitive channel modulator [avermectin B1a, (1 μM) or aldrin (50 μM)]. Through computer image enhancement and densitometric analysis of the optical density of [3H]muscimol binding sites, the interaction of the above compounds with the putative GABA receptor was determined for various anatomical regions of the locust brain. By comparing the differently treated, but adjacent sections, GABA receptor distribution was quantitated and mapped. Receptor sites were found distributed in the antennal lobes, central body, β-lobe and β-lobe of the corpus pedunculatum, protocerebral bridge, and calyx as well as the optic lobe regions.
Overseeding Unimproved Warm-Season Pasture with Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes to Enhance Forage Productivity

Overseeding forage legumes into existing warm-season pasture may help to reduce cool-season forage deficit on small and resource-limited small farms in the southern Great Plains of the United States. Unimproved warm-season grass pastures were overseeded with Korean lespedeza (Lespedeza stipulacea Maxim) or were not overseeded with summer legume. These same plots were subsequently overseeded with hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), black medic (Medicago lupulina L.) or ladino white clover (Trifolium repens L.) or, not overseeded with cool-season legume. Including lespedeza in a forage mixture increased total forage yield by an average of 15%, or 1700 kg ha−1 over 4 years. Overseeding with cool-season legumes provided a net benefit in total annual forage yield of 0.75 kg for each 1.0 kg of legume produced. Yield increases resulting from overseeding with hairy vetch or black medic were largely limited to the harvest season following sowing, while overseeded crownvetch or white ...
Glycoprotein biosynthesis. V. Studies on the metabolism and incorporation of L-(14C)fucose into glycoproteins of bovine thyroid gland slices in vitro.

Abstract 1. 1. Bovine thyroid slices were shown to remove rapidly l -[1-14C]fucose from the incubation medium. The radioactivity appeared first as trichloroacetic acid-soluble intermediates. This was followed by an incorporation to trichloroacetic acid-insoluble substances. At least 22.5% of the added amount of label could be recovered in the thyroid slices, 20% as acid-soluble derivatives and the remaining 2.5% as protein- bound fucose. An insignificant amount (0.15%) of the added [14C]fucose was oxidized to 14CO2. The nature of the trichloroacetic acid-soluble fucose intermediates was studied. These intermediates were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and were identified as fucose-1-phosphate and GDP-fucose. Moreover, [14C]fucose was incorporated into tissue glycoproteins with no detectable labeling of other carbohydrates. 2. 2. Puromycin was found to inhibit markedly but not completely the incorporation of [14C]fucose into the acid-insoluble fraction of the thyroid slices. This inhibitor or protein biosynthesis had no effect on the conversion of fucose to its low molecular weight intermediates at least during the 5-h incubation period.
The deterministic nature of earthquake rupture

In the cascade model, a widely accepted explanation of earthquake initiation, slip initiates on a small fault patch and continues to rupture along a fault plane if conditions are favourable. The implications of this domino-like theory are that a small earthquake begins in the same way as a large one, and that the size of an earthquake cannot be determined until the rupture stops. Olson and Allen now suggest that processes during earthquake initiation do control the final magnitude to some degree. They find a scaling relation between the frequency content of energy radiated in the first few seconds of rupture and earthquake magnitude. Understanding the physics of this process may make it possible to predict the magnitude of earthquakes without knowing the surrounding state of stress on a fault. Understanding the earthquake rupture process is central to our understanding of fault systems and earthquake hazards. Multiple hypotheses concerning the nature of fault rupture have been proposed but no unifying theory has emerged1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. The conceptual hypothesis most commonly cited is the cascade model for fault rupture1,3,10,13. In the cascade model, slip initiates on a small fault patch and continues to rupture further across a fault plane as long as the conditions are favourable. Two fundamental implications of this domino-like theory are that small earthquakes begin in the same manner as large earthquakes and that the rupture process is not deterministic—that is, the size of the earthquake cannot be determined until the cessation of rupture. Here we show that the frequency content of radiated seismic energy within the first few seconds of rupture scales with the final magnitude of the event. We infer that the magnitude of an earthquake can therefore be estimated before the rupture is complete. This finding implies that the rupture process is to some degree deterministic and has implications for the physics of the rupture process.
The Impact of Categorization With Confirmatory Factor Analysis

This study investigated the impact of categorization on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) parameter estimates, standard errors, and 5 ad hoc fit indexes. Models were generated that represented empirical research situations in terms of model size, sample sizes, and loading values. CFA results obtained from analysis of normally distributed, continuous data were compared to results obtained from 5-category Likert-type data with normal distributions. The ordered categorical data were analyzed using the estimators: Weighted Least Squares (WLS; with polychoric correlation [PC] input) and Maximum Likelihood (ML; with Pearson Product-Moment [PPM] input). ML-PPM-based parameter estimates reported moderate levels of negative bias for all conditions, WLS-PC-based standard errors showed high amounts of bias, especially with a small sample size and moderate loading values. With nonnormally distributed, ordered categorical data, ML-PPM-based parameter estimates, standard errors, and factor intercorrelation showed high...
Biochemistry: A glimpse of molecular competition.

Single-molecule studies reveal how the DNA-repair protein RecA overcomes competition from another protein to bind to single-stranded DNA, and how other mediator proteins assist in this process. See Letter p.274 An early step in the repair of DNA lesions or stalled replication forks by homologous recombination involves the pairing of homologous DNAs by the strand-exchange protein RecA. RecA from the bacterium Escherichia coli nucleates binding on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as a small cluster of subunits, after which it extends to form a protein–DNA filament. Until now, it has not been possible to visualize its assembly on ssDNA because of the difficulty of creating ssDNA that can be readily used in single-molecule experiments. But now Stephen Kowalczykowski and colleagues have characterized the nucleation and extension of this filament by single-molecule microscopy. The data indicate why 'mediator' proteins might be necessary to facilitate loading and growth, predictions that are confirmed by adding the bacterial RecFOR complex to the reaction.
DDE Residues and Eggshell Changes in Alaskan Falcons and Hawks

Eggshell thickness after exposure to DDT was reduced by 21.7 percent in Alaskan tundra peregrines, by 16.8 percent in taiga peregrines, by 7.5 percent in Aleutian peregrines, by 3.3 percent in rough-legged hawks, and not at all in gyrfalcons. Tundra peregrine eggs contain an average of 889 parts of DDE per million (lipid basis); taiga peregrine eggs contain 673 parts per million; Aleutian peregrine eggs contain 167 parts per million; rough-legged hawk eggs contain 22.5 parts per million; and gyrfalcon eggs contain 3.88 parts per million. These changes in eggshell thickness and the pesticide residues reflect different degrees of exposure to contamination. There is a highly significant negative correlation between shell thickness and DDE content in peregrine eggs. Tundra and taiga peregrines have fledged progressively fewer young each year since 1966.
Blast wave initiation of gaseous and heterogeneous cylindrical detonation waves

Research is described which investigates the initiation, transition and quasi-steady propagation processes associated with blast initiated, cylindrical detonation waves. Experiments were conducted in a specially designed sectored shock tube, wherein cylindrical blast waves were generated by a condensed explosive-electric detonator combination. Both gaseous and heterogeneous fuel-air mixtures were studied, with the former being considered in more detail. A full volumetric range of methyl acetylene, propane, propadiene (MAPP)-air mixtures, at standard conditions, was examined in the gas-phase experiments. The two-phase experiments were restricted to a single fuel-air mixture for a monodisperse spray of 384 μm kerosene drops. For all mixtures tested, a wide range of blast initiation energies was used so that blast waves of different strengths impacted the combustible mixture. It was found that a certain minimum, or critical, blast initiator energy ( E crit ) was required before detonation was experienced. For energies less than E crit the blast wave continued to weaken with distance and tended towards an acoustic wave. For energies much greater than E crit (say by an order of magnitude) the blast wave decayed directly to a velocity in excess of or at the Chapman-Jouguet velocity for the mixture used. For energy levels below this but still greater than E crit , the detonation velocity observed was sub-Chapman-Jouguet, with the velocity being dependent on the actual energy level used. Presumably, given sufficient distance, these waves would eventually accelerate to full Chapman-Jouguet velocity. The twophase experiments exhibited behavior similar to the gaseous. Results are presented which pertain to the wave transition behavior just described, detonation velocity, critical energy, detonation limits, and the transition distance for blast wave to detonation wave behavior.
A Compact Over-Voltage Protection Circuit for HBT Power Amplifiers

This paper presents an over-voltage protection circuit with low capacitance loading and small size. Its operation principles and measured performance will be presented. As a case study, a 5.4-6.0 GHz InGaP/GaAs HBT power amplifier with this compact over-voltage protection circuit, resulting in no degradation in PA performance, is demonstrated.
Geologic impact of Hurricane Andrew on Everglades coast of southwest Florida

Hurricane Andrew, one of the strongest storms of the century, crossed the southern part of the Florida peninsula on 24 August 1992. Its path crossed the Florida Everglades and exited in the national park across a mangrove-dominated coast onto the shallow, low-energy, inner shelf. The storm caused extensive breakage and defoliation in the mangrove community; full recovery will take decades. It produced no extensive sedimentation unit; only local and ephemeral ebb-surge deposits. The discontinuous shelly storm beach ridge was breached at multiple locations, and it moved landward a few meters. After seven months, there was little geologic indication that the storm had passed. It is likely that the stratigraphic record in this area will not contain any recognizable features of the passage of Hurricane Andrew.
Role of cytokines and platelet-activating factor in inflammatory bowel disease. Implications for therapy.

BACKGROUND: Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and cytokines, such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, and others, are thought to play a role in the inflammatory process involving gastrointestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ischemic colitis, or antibiotic-associated colitis. PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to review the latest literature on the role of PAF and cytokines in the genesis of inflammatory bowel disease and implications for therapy and management. RESULTS: PAF is an endogenous phospholipid involved in hypersensitivity and inflammatory reactions such as platelet and neutrophil aggregation, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocyte adhesion, which have been associated with inflammatory processes. Cytokines are peptides that regulate and coordinate inflammatory and immunologic responses. Increased production of cytokines has been reported during Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and is correlated with disease activity. CONCLUSIONS: Because PAF and cytokines may have an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, their inhibition by specific antagonists, mediators, or other agents such as steroids may have a potential therapeutic benefit in treatment and management of these inflammatory diseases in the near future.
Is there a benefit to early angiography in patients with ST-segment depression myocardial infarction? An observational study

Abstract Background and Objective Patients with ST-segment depression myocardial infarction (MI) have a similar long-term outcome compared with those who have ST-segment elevation. It remains unclear whether an aggressive treatment approach with very early ( Methods Patients seen within 12 hours with ST-segment depression on the initial electrocardiogram (ECG) were identified from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 (NRMI) database, which collected information from 1994 to 1998. Those who received very early ( Results Patients treated with very early angiography (2402) were younger, more likely to be males, smokers, and have less of a cardiac history (angina, MI, congestive heart failure, aortocoronary bypass surgery) and less likely to have diabetes mellitus than those who received early conservative therapy (17,735). Hospital outcome in the very early angiography group was similar to the early conservative therapy group in terms of cerebral vascular events (0.8% vs 1.0%, P =.27), major bleeding events (2.8% vs 2.4%, P =.25), and recurrent MI (2.1% vs 2.3%, P =.57) but was associated with lower recurrent ischemia or angina (11.4% vs 16.7%, P P P =.87), with no significant inhospital mortality benefit of very early angiography (OR = 0.89; 95% CI 0.71-1.13). Conclusions The apparent mortality benefit of very early angiography in patients with ST-segment depression MI is a reflection of bias by confounding. Controlling for baseline differences using propensity score methods in this observational study indicated no inhospital mortality benefit of a very early aggressive approach compared with a conservative approach. (Am Heart J 2002;143:488-96.)
The Power of Pumping Together: Deconstructing the Engine of a DNA Replication Machine

The replicative DNA helicase lies at the heart of the eukaryotic replication machine, yet how it works remains puzzling. New structures of the viral replicative helicase SV40 T antigen (Gai et al., 2004 [this issue of Cell]) suggest that a novel concerted mode of nucleotide binding and hydrolysis powers conformation changes and DNA unwinding.
Bafilomycin A1 Inhibits the Action of Tetanus Toxin in Spinal Cord Neurons in Cell Culture

Tetanus toxin (TeNT) is one of the clostridial neurotoxins that act intracellularly to block neurotransmitter release. However, neither the route of entry nor the mechanism by which these toxins gain access to the neuronal cytoplasm has been established definitively. In murine spinal cord cell cultures, release of the neurotransmitter glycine is particularly sensitive to blockade by TeNT. To test whether TeNT enters neurons through acidic endosomes or is routed through the Golgi apparatus, toxin action on potassium-evoked glycine release was assayed in cultures pretreated with bafilomycin A1 (baf A1) or brefeldin A (BFA). baf A1, which inhibits the vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase responsible for endosome acidification, diminishes the staining of acidic compartments and interferes with the action of TeNT in a dose-dependent manner. TeNT blockade of evoked glycine release is inhibited by 50 and 90% in cultures pretreated with 50 and 100 nM baf A1, respectively, compared with cultures treated with the inhibitor alone. The effects of baf A1 are fully reversible. In contrast, BFA, which disrupts Golgi function, has no effect on TeNT action. These findings provide evidence that TeNT enters the neuronal cytoplasm through baf A1-sensitive acidic compartments and that TeNT is not trafficked through the Golgi apparatus before its translocation into the neuronal cytosol.
Tensile yield energy in glassy polymers

An activation energy theory of yielding in glassy polymers has been proposed by Starita and Keaton. It predicts a linear relation between energy to yield and test temperature. This concept was tested and found valid for five amorphous polymers; poly(methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate, polyarylsulfone, polysulfone and poly(vinyl chloride), in uniaxial extension at temperatures from 25°C to the glass transition. For extenstion rates of 0.2 in/min, yield energy was found to go to zero at Tg, as commonly determined by thermodynamic methods like dilatometry or scanning calorimetry. The effect of other extension rates, plasticizer and molecular weight appears to affect only the intercept much as Tg is affected by the same changes. The slope, or the ratio of thermal to mechanical energy efficiency in overcoming the flow activation barrier, is largely unchanged.
Effects of Strain Induced by Pressing and Grinding BaTiO3 and SiO2

The simple ceramic processes of grinding and pelleting leave residual stresses in common materials such as SiO2 and BaTiO3. The magnitude of these stresses is easily detected by changes in the temperature of phase transitions; such processes are enough to completely eliminate the phase transitions.
Concurrent resistance and endurance training influence basal metabolic rate in nondieting individuals

Thirty physically active healthy men (20.1 ± 1.6 yr) were randomly assigned to participate for 10 wk in one of the following training groups: endurance trained (ET; 3 days/wk jogging and/or running...
Autonomic Dysfunction in Adolescents with Headaches (P3.053)

OBJECTIVE: To study autonomic dysfunction in adolescents evaluated for headaches in a pediatric neurology clinic. BACKGROUND: Understanding comorbidity has implications in the diagnosis and treatment of headaches. It may also provide clues to the mechanisms of headaches. DESIGN/METHODS: IRB approved chart review of 92 subjects seen over 16 months in the pediatric neurology clinic for evaluation of headaches and syncope, who completed the COMPASS 31 self-assessment autonomic questionnaire and had orthostatic testing during a single visit. A score of more than 50[percnt] in each domain of the COMPASS 31 was classified as a high score. Tachycardia at 40 BPM or systolic hypotension of 20 mm HG was considered significant. The relationship between high scores in COMPASS 31 autonomic domains and overall headache was studied by bivariate analysis; headache type by odds ratio; and headache frequency, history of syncope and anxiety by Chi-square analysis. RESULTS: Eighty subjects had recurrent headaches. Nineteen had headaches and syncope, 12 had isolated syncope and no headaches. Among the subjects with headaches, 73[percnt] were females and 88 [percnt] had headaches for more than 3 months. Fifty six (70[percnt]) with headaches had high scores in the domain of orthostatic intolerance, 35[percnt] in the pupillomotor domain and 21[percnt] in the vasomotor domain of the COMPASS 31. Orthostatic intolerance was the only statistically significant domain when comparing subjects with headache and those with no headache. Thirteen subjects (16[percnt]) with headaches had significant orthostatic tachycardia and 2 had hypotension during active orthostatic testing. Migraine and new daily persistent headaches, headache worsening and high frequency of headaches were statistically associated with highs scores in the orthostatic intolerance domain. CONCLUSIONS: Orthostatic intolerance is a frequent comorbidity of headache in adolescents. It can be easily identified during a regular clinic visit. Disclosure: Dr. Morales has nothing to disclose. Dr. Andreea has nothing to disclose. Dr. Demarest has nothing to disclose.
P-0267KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE PATTERN OF GASTROENTEROLOGY ATTENDINGS AND FELLOWS IN SCREENING HIGH RISK PATIENTS FOR COLON CANCER

Background: Individuals with a positive family history of colon cancer have an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Risk stratification is essential to effective implementation of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening strategies. For patients with single first-degree relative with CRC excluding hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)diagnosed after age 60, the ACG recommends screening to start at age 50 and if negative repeat colonoscopies every 10 years. The objectives of this study were to assess the current practice patterns of practicing gastroenterologists and gastroenterology (GI) fellows regarding screening patients with family history of colon cancer and compare these practices to the 2008 ACG guidelines. Methods: We conducted a survey of GI fellows and practicing gastroenterologists who attended the 2012 William M. Steinberg Board Review in Gastroenterology. The attendees at this course are from all of the United States and Puerto Rico. The survey instrument asked the following questions: 1- You see a 30 year old woman in your practice whose father had colon cancer at age 70. At what age do you advise beginning screening? And 2- if the colonoscopy is negative, how many years later do you advise a repeat procedure. In addition, physicians were asked if they were aware of 2008 ACG screening guidelines for individuals with family histories of CRC. We used The Cochran-Armitage test for trend to see the linear trend between the groups Results: 225 of the 399 attendees (56.4%) completed the survey. Of the 225 responders, 64 identified as GI fellows and 161 as practicing GI physicians. Practicing GI’s were stratified in to 3 categories based on the number of years in practice (0-10 yrs {n= 71}, 11-20 yrs {N = 58} and >20 yrs {N = 31}). 97% of the fellows, 78% of 1-10 yr GI’s, 87% of 11-20 yr GI’s and 84% of >20 yr GI’s stated they were aware of the 2008 ACG guidelines (p = 0.146). For question one above 78% of the fellows, 64% of 1-10 yr GI’s, 67% 11-20 yr GI’s and 62% of >20 yr GI physicians stated they would start screening at age 50 (p value =0.124) and the rest answered they would start screening before the age of 50. When asked when to repeat the screening (question 2) - 62% of the fellows, 46% of 1-10 yr GI’s, 51% of 1-20 yr GI’s and 31.1% of >20 yr GI’s stated they would repeat at 10 years (P value = 0.013) and the rest preferred to repeat screening before 10 years (most responded at 5 years). Conclusion: Fellows and practicing GI physicians have equal awareness of the 2008 ACG guidelines. Both fellows and GI physician practices are in line with the guidelines when it comes to the age at which screening should start. However, practicing physicians tend to advise re-scoping at shorter intervals than GI fellows and this trend is more pronounced the longer a GI physician is in practice.
Impact of adjuvant therapy on survival of patients with early-stage uterine papillary serous carcinoma

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of adjuvant therapy in patients with early-stage uterine papillary serous carcinoma. Methods and Materials: Data were collected on all surgically staged Stage I–II uterine papillary serous carcinoma patients. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression methods. Results: Of 68 patients, 50 had Stage I and 18 had Stage II disease; 35 underwent adjuvant treatment, including radiotherapy in 26, chemotherapy in 7, and combined RT and chemotherapy in 2. The remaining 33 were treated expectantly. The median follow-up was 56 months (range 1–173). The 5-year overall survival rate was 69%. Of 19 patients with disease limited to the endometrium, 10 received no additional therapy, 3 of whom developed recurrence. However, all 9 women who underwent adjuvant treatment remained free of disease. Patients receiving adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy had a prolonged 5-year overall and disease-free survival compared with those who were treated expectantly (85% vs. 54%, p = 0.002 for overall survival and 85% vs. 49%, p = 0.01 for disease-free survival). In multivariate analysis, adjuvant therapy ( p = 0.035) and the absence of lymphovascular space invasion ( p = 0.001) remained as independent prognostic factors for improved survival. Conclusion: Adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy or radiotherapy improves the survival of women with early-stage uterine papillary serous carcinoma.
Hypercholesterolemia‐Induced Erectile Dysfunction: Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) Uncoupling in the Mouse Penis by NAD(P)H Oxidase

ABSTRACT Introduction Hypercholesterolemia induces erectile dysfunction (ED) mostly by increasing oxidative stress and impairing endothelial function in the penis, but the mechanisms regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the penis are not understood. Aims We evaluated whether hypercholesterolemia activates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD[P]H) oxidase in the penis, providing an initial source of ROS to induce endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction resulting in ED. Methods Low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)–null mice were fed Western diet for 4 weeks to induce early-stage hyperlipidemia. Wild type (WT) mice fed regular chow served as controls. Mice received NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin (10 mM in drinking water) or vehicle. Erectile function was assessed in response to cavernous nerve electrical stimulation. Markers of endothelial function (phospho [P]-vasodilator-stimulated-protein [VASP]-Ser-239), oxidative stress (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal [HNE]), sources of ROS (eNOS uncoupling and NAD[P]H oxidase subunits p67 phox , p47 phox , and gp91 phox ), P-eNOS-Ser-1177, and eNOS were measured by Western blot in penes. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures are the molecular mechanisms of ROS generation and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia-induced ED. Results Erectile response was significantly ( P P phox , p47 phox and gp91 phox , eNOS uncoupling, and 4-HNE-modified proteins, and reduced ( P P P phox and gp47 phox , 4-HNE, P-VASP-Ser-239, and eNOS uncoupling in the penis. Apocynin treatment of WT mice did not affect any of these parameters. Protein expressions of P-eNOS-Ser-1177 and total eNOS were unaffected by hypercholesterolemia. Conclusion Activated NAD(P)H oxidase in the penis is an initial source of oxidative stress resulting in eNOS uncoupling, thus providing a mechanism of eNOS uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia-induced ED. Musicki B, Liu T, Lagoda GA, Strong TD, Sezen SF, Johnson JM, and Burnett AL. Hypercholesterolemia-induced erectile dysfunction: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling in the mouse penis by NAD(P)H oxidase.
Reading Optimally Builds on Spoken Language: Implications for Deaf Readers

Reading is not merely “language by eye.” Rather, it builds fundamentally on primary language processes. For hearing readers, this means that spoken language processes, including phonological processes, are critical to high achievement in reading. We examine the implications of this fact for deaf readers by considering the relationship between language and reading and by reviewing the research on the use of phonology by deaf readers. The research, although mixed in its results, suggests that the use of phonology is associated with higher levels of reading skill among deaf readers. We examine related questions, including the additional semantic and visual strategies available to deaf readers, how some deaf readers gain access to the spoken structure of language, and implications for how to improve reading achievement.
Piezoelectric Stack Actuators and Control System Design: Strategies and Pitfalls

An evaluation is presented of two control strategies for piezoelectric stack actuators: voltage feedback control and charge feedback control. The study consists of two principal parts: an experimental determination of the nonlinearities inherent in piezoelectric actuators using different control strategies and an analysis of how those nonlinearities would affect the stability and performance of feedback control systems that utilize piezoelectric actuators. The voltage control responseof thepiezoelectricactuator tested wasdemonstrably more nonlinear than thesameactuatorwithchargefeedback circuitry. Nyquistdesign analysisrevealsthatthesenonlinearitiestranslate into lower stability margins and potential system performance for voltage control of piezoelectric actuators as compared to charge control. The improved system stability that can be achieved with charge control as compared to voltage control is demonstrated to be signie cant in multi-degree-of-freedom systems but almost negligible when the system dynamics are essentially single degree of freedom.
Eustachian tube-tensor veli palatini muscle-cranial base relationships in children and adults: an osteological study.

Objective The vector relationships between the Eustachian tube, Tensor veli palatini muscle and cranial base constrain the efficiency of middle ear pressure-regulation and are required parameters for computational modeling of Eustachian tube function. Here, those relationships were reconstructed from skulls and compared between children and adults.
Building Blocks for early childhood mathematics

Building Blocks is a National Science Foundation-funded project designed to enable all young children to build a solid foundation for mathematics. To ensure this, we used a design and development model that drew from theory and research in each phase. Our design process is based on the assumption that curriculum and software design can and should have an explicit theoretical and empirical foundation, beyond its genesis in someone’s intuitive grasp of children’s learning. It also should interact with the ongoing development of theory and research-reaching toward the ideal of testing a theory by testing the software and curriculum in which it is embedded. Our model includes specification of mathematical ideas (computer objects or manipulatives) and processes/skills (software “tools” or actions) and extensive field-testing from the first inception through to large summative evaluation studies. The initial field test results indicate that such an approach can result in significant assessed learning gains consistent with the new Principles and Standards for School Mathematicsof the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The National Behavior Research Coordination Center Coordinating Research and Implementation of Evidence-Based School Interventions for Children With Serious Behavior Problems

In implementing its Behavior Research Initiative, the U.S. Department of Education funded four Behavior Research Centers, each to test the efficacy of a separate intervention to improve the behavior of elementary school students with or at risk for serious behavior problems. The initiative also established the National Behavior Research Coordination Center to conduct a cross-site evaluation of the four behavior interventions. The authors describe how the Department of Education’s structuring of the initiative helped avoid many of the shortcomings of earlier federal cross-site demonstration programs and highlight the contributions a research coordination center can make to the quality of research conducted and to the knowledge produced across individual demonstrations.
Factors Influencing the Detectability of Forest Owls in Southeastern Alaska

Abstract. Patch-occupancy models offer a realistic approach to monitoring populations of nocturnal owls. However, because most owls are relatively rare, increasing the probability of detecting an owl at an occupied site will make estimates of occupancy more precise. We investigated the influence of temporal, biological, and environmental factors on rates of detection of forest owls in southeastern Alaska, 2005–2006. Following MacKenzie et al. (2006), we modeled probabilities of detection of the Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus), Western Screech-Owl (Megascops kennicottii), and Barred Owl (Strix varia). We conducted 479 point counts over 100 days and detected owls 147 times. Sound broadcast increased detections 21–86% over silent surveys. During peak detection (9 April–8 May), probabilities (SE) of detection were 0.39 (0.13) for the Western Screech, 0.44 (0.16) for the Saw-whet, and 0.54 (0.25) for the Barred. For the Barred and Saw-whet, estimated occupancy probabilities (ψ) were constant (i.e., d...
Elastomer behavior. III. Biaxial stress‐strain relationships

A new mathematical model for the behavior of an elastomer is proposed, and the stress-strain behavior of the elastomer in simple extension is calculated. The model is an infinite network of independent GAUSSian chains, having a uniform extensional force per chain. The network deformation is related to the individual chain deformations by means of the variances of the link position distributions. It is found that this model leads to a predicted stress-strain behavior which is essentially identical to that predicted by the currently accepted theory, provided that an assumption equivalent to that of an affine deformation is made. If it is assumed that a particular type of non-affine deformation occurs, then the stress-strain relationship is predicted to be: This equation gives a reasonable fit to experimental stress-strain data all the way to rupture. Certain discrepancies between experiment and the previously accepted theory are not shown by this theory. Die Dehnungslinie eines Elastomeren wird mit Hilfe eines mathematischen Modells, das fur das Verhalten eines Elastomeren vorgeschlagen wird, berechnet. Das Modell besteht aus einem unendlichen Netz von unabhangigen Elastomerketten, die in einer raumlichen GAUSS-Verteilung angeordnet sind. Auf jede dieser Ketten wirkt eine gleich grose Dehnungskraft ein. Die Deformation des Netzes ergibt sich aus den Deformationen der einzelnen Ketten mit Hilfe der normalen Abweichungen der raumlichen Verteilungsfunktionen der Kettenglieder. Die Dehnungslinie, die sich an Hand dieses Modelles berechnen last, stimmt im wesentlichen mit derjenigen uberein, welche sich aus der zur Zeit akzeptierten Theorie ergibt, vorausgesetzt, das eine Deformation angenommen wird, die einer affinen Deformation ahnlich ist. Wenn man annimmt, das eine gewisse Art von nicht-affiner Deformation stattfindet, dann ergibt sich die Dehnungslinie aus der folgenden Gleichung: Berechnungen mit Hilfe dieser Gleichung stimmen mit der experimentellen Dehnungslinie zufriedenstellend uberein, sogar bis zum Bruch. Gewisse Abweichungen, welche sich im allgemeinen zwischen experimentellen Daten und Berechnungen mit Hilfe zur Zeit akzeptierter Theorien bemerkbar machen, treten bei der hier vorgeschlagenen Theorie nicht auf.