cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature imaging in nonpremixed flames by joint filtered Rayleigh and Raman scattering

Joint fuel Raman and filtered Rayleigh-scattering (FRS) imaging is demonstrated in a laminar methane–air diffusion flame. These experiments are, to our knowledge, the first reported extension of the FRS technique to nonpremixed combustion. This joint imaging approach allows for correction of the FRS images for the large variations in Rayleigh cross section that occur in diffusion flames and for a secondary measurement of fuel mole fraction. The temperature-dependent filtered Rayleigh cross sections are computed with a six-moment kinetic model for calculation of major-species Rayleigh–Brillouin line shapes and a flamelet-based model for physically judicious estimates of gas-phase chemical composition. Shot-averaged temperatures, fuel mole fractions, and fuel number densities from steady and vortex-strained diffusion flames stabilized on a Wolfhard–Parker slot burner are presented, and a detailed uncertainty analysis reveals that the FRS-measured temperatures are accurate to within ±4.5 to 6% of the local absolute temperature.
Semi-direct products of Hopf algebras

The object of this paper is to investigate the notion of “semi-direct product” for Hopf algebras. We show that there are two such notions: the well-known concept of smash product, and the dual notion of smash coproduct introduced here. We investigate the basic properties of these notions and give several examples and applications. If G is an affine algebraic group (as defined in [4]) with coordinate ring A(G), then the coalgebra structure of A(G) “contains” the rational representation theory of G in the sense that the rational G-modules are precisely the A(G)comodules. Now if G is the semi-direct product of algebraic subgroups N and K (i.e., G = Nx,K as affine algebraic groups) then clearly A(G) = A(N) @ A(K) as algebras. But one would also like to know how the coalgebra structure of A(G) is related to the coalgebra structures of A(N) and A(K). In fact, the twisted multiplication on Nx,K induces a twisted comultiplication on A(N) @ A(K), called the smash coproduct of A(N) by A(K). This comultiplication is compatible with the tensor product algebra structure, and we have A(G) isomorphic to the smash coproduct of A(N) by A(K) (denoted A(N) x A(K)) as Hopf algebras. Similarly, a semi-direct product decomposition of a Lie algebra L induces a smash product decomposition of the universal enveloping algebra U(L), which in turn induces (by dualizing) a smash coproduct decomposition of the Hopf algebra U(L)" of representative functions on U(L). This generalizes an earlier construction given by Hochschild [3, pp. 514151. In Section 2 we review the properties of the adjoint action and the notion of smash product for a Hopf algebra, and introduce the dual notions of coadjoint action and smash coproduct. (For an independent treatment in the special cast of commutative Hopf algebras see [l].) The smash product or smash co-
Intraclass correlation: Estimation of the reliability of ratings

The interactive FORTRAN program INTRACORR calculates intraclass correlations; both maximum likelihood and unbiased estimates of the population correlation are calculated. These estimates are available for individual measurements and for the mean of a set of measurements. An option identifies the number of measurements needed to obtain a correlation coefficient of some specified magnitude. The program was written in FORTRAN IV-plus for a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX-I 1/780. Intraclass correlation is a general approach for determining the reliability or agreement of a set of observations. The approach in its various forms uses the meansquare terms generated by a repeated-measures analysis of variance to estimate true score and observed score variability and, provided the proper assumptions are met, gives a measure directly interpretable as a reliability coefficient. Since Fisher (1958) first introduced the notion, it has undergone considerable development by a number of different authors (Bartko, 1966, 1976; Ebel, 1951; Gulliksen, 1950; Horst, 1949; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979; Winer, 1971). Several versions exist, each of which assumes a different linear model under which the variance components are estimated. Three of these versions, explicated by Shrout and Fleiss, are calculated by INTRACORR. A brief description of each of these models is presented in this paper to help the reader evaluate the program. In Modell, each case is rated by a different set of k judges, assumed to be sampled from a larger population of judges. A rating of the jth individual by the ith judge can be represented as follows: x(ij):= m + bG) + w(ij), in this case, m = the overall population mean of ratings, blj) =the effect associated with the jth case, and w(ij) =the combined effect of the ith judge, the interaction of the ith judge with the jth case, and an error component associated with the ijth observation. Model 2, described by Bartko (I 966) and Shrout and Fleiss (1979), is appropriate to the situation in which each of a set of k raters views all n cases. Like Modell, raters are assumed to constitute a random sample from some population of raters. The underlying model for the ith judge's rating of the jth case is x(ij) =m + btj) + r(i) +br(ij) +e(ij). Here, m and bG) are defined as before, rei) =the effect of the ith rater, br(i j) := the effect of the ith rater with the jth case, and e(ij) =an
Self-administration of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) by rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Four rhesus monkeys trained to press levers for intravenous cocaine infusions were tested with saline and (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 3–300 μg/kg per infusion) during daily 1-h sessions. From four to over nine times more cocaine infusions were obtained than saline infusions during baseline sessions. When MDMA was substituted for cocaine, at least one dose was self-administered in 3 of the 4 monkeys at rates that exceeded the range of saline infusions. In fact, two of the monkeys self-administered a dose of MDMA at a greater rate than cocaine. These results demonstrate that MDMA can serve as a positive reinforcer for rhesus monkeys and, taken together with other preclinical behavioral studies, suggest a potential for recreational use of MDMA by humans.
Efficient inhibition of SIV replication in rhesus CD4+ T-cell clones by autologous immortalized SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell clones.

Abstract CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses play an important role in controlling the replication of primate lentiviruses. Induction of these responses is a key objective for most current AIDS vaccine approaches. Despite a variety of approaches for measuring properties and activities of CTL, the functions responsible for controlling viral replication in vivo have not been clearly identified. Assays measuring CTL-mediated suppression of viral replication in vitro are beginning to be used as possible correlates of in vivo virus suppressive activity, but the utility and interpretive value of these assays are typically limited by properties of the cells that have been used. We investigated the capacity of SIV-specific CTL clones (effectors), immortalized by transduction with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), to suppress SIV replication in autologous hTERT immortalized CD4 + T-cell clones (targets). Immortalized and non-immortalized SIV-specific effector cells showed IFN-γ production and degranulation in response to viral antigen specific stimulation and significantly inhibited SIV mac 239 replication (2 to 4 log decrease in viral RNA or cell-associated proviral DNA) ( p in vitro assays of inhibition of viral replication, using T-cell clones as effectors and targets, provide a well-defined approach for evaluating possible mechanisms of CTL-mediated control of viral production which may involve direct killing of infected target cells and/or release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. The use of hTERT immortalized effector and target cells for such assays preserves relevant functional properties while providing a convenient, reproducible means of conducting studies over time.
The reactivity of bromoform with [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2. The completion of the halomethane series CHyX4−y (y=3,2,1,0; X=Cl, Br, I) and reactivity with [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2

Abstract The reaction of [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2 with excess CHBr3 in benzene initially gives [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2− (CHBr2)Br. This observation establishes that halomethanes, CHyX4−y (y=3,2,1,0; X=Cl, Br, I), react with [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2 to initially give Au(II) adducts of the general form [Au(CH2)2PPh2]2−(CHyX3−y)X (y=3,2,1,0) via oxidative addition across the carbon-halogen bond. The order of reactivity inversely follows the order of carbon-halogen bond dissociation energies of haloalkanes. Methyl chloride is the only halomethane of the series that does not give a Au(II) adduct under similar reaction conditions.
Concentrations of aluminum in gut tissue of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), purged in sodium chloride.

Recent concern over the release of Al in the environment has prompted researchers and health officials to assess its effects on biological systems. Aluminum, despite being the most abundant metal in earth`s lithosphere, is normally complexed in soil and is therefore unavailable for biological assimilation. The recent advent of acid rain, however, has prompted Al release due to mobilization from surrounding sediments into the environment. This is of particular concern in aquatic environments because organisms in aquatic food chains can access and concentrate sublethal levels of Al in their tissues relatively quickly. The ingestion of affected organisms by humans may therefore pose a potential health risk. One such organism, is known to concentrate metals in a variety of tissues. In northern Louisiana, many people trap or fish for crayfish in lowland areas which lie adjacent to highways and secondary roadways. Water, soil, and crayfish from these areas are known to contain high levels of Al. Some tissues known to concentrate Al (muscle, hepatopancreas and intestine tissue and contents) are those which humans commonly consume. The ingestion of these tissues may therefore expose humans to elevated Al levels. Many people who eat crayfish often purge them in dilute concentrations (1-2%) ofmore » NaCl to rid them of contaminants and make them more palatable. We are aware of no literature which corroborates the claim that purging removes contaminating metals. The objectives of this study were to (1) document the amount of Al found in water, soil, and gut tissue of crayfish (P. clarkii) collected from a roadside wetland site; (2) determine the affect of NaCl purging on the release of Al in P. clarkii and (3) assess the differences in Al levels found between stomach tissue, stomach tissue contents, intestine tissue, and intestine contents in P. clarkii. 12 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.« less
Quality of life and psychosocial adjustment in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes

Health-related quality of life (QOL) is a dynamic, subjective, multidimensional concept. In chronic illnesses such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), management typically focuses on control of the disease and its symptoms. Yet an equally important consideration is maintaining the patient's QOL. Much research remains to be done on the subject of QOL in the MDS population. MDS patients have unique problems that can affect QOL: they tend to be elderly and to have comorbid conditions; they develop complications resulting from cytopenias such as infection and bleeding; they experience fatigue; they run the risk of converting to a form of acute leukemia typically resistant to therapy; and they face uncertainty. This paper will address the above problems using a conceptual approach to QOL that has been useful for patients with cancer and various chronic illnesses. The approach, based on the work of Ferrell and Cella, concentrates on five areas of the patient's life: the physical, functional, emotional, social, and spiritual. Actual testing of this conceptual framework in the MDS patient population has begun. Here methods of systematically testing and assessing QOL are discussed in order to help clinicians meet the primary purpose of therapy in the setting of chronic illness: improving or preserving the individual's QOL.
Cell K activity in frog skin in the presence and absence of cell current.

Cell K activity, acK, was measured in the short-circuited frog skin by simultaneous cell punctures from the apical surface with open-tip and K-selective microelectrodes. Strict criteria for acceptance of impalements included constancy of the open-tip microelectrode resistance, agreement within 3% of the fractional apical voltage measured with open-tip and K-selective microelectrodes, and constancy of the differential voltage recorded between the open-tip and the K microelectrodes 30-60 sec after application of amiloride or substitution of apical Na. Skins were bathed on the serosal surface with NaCl Ringer and, to reduce paracellular Cl conductance and effects of amiloride on paracellular conductance, with NaNO3 Ringer on the apical surface. Under control conditions acK was nearly constant among skins (mean +/- SD = 92 +/- 8 mM, 14 skins) in spite of a wide range of cellular currents (5 to 70 microA/cm2). Cell current (and transcellular Na transport) was inhibited by either apical addition of amiloride or substitution of Na by other cations. Although in some experiments the expected small increase in acK after inhibition of cell current was observed, on the average the change was not significant (98 +/- 11 mM after amiloride, 101 +/- 12 mM after Na substitution), even 30 min after the inhibition of cell current. The membrane potential, which in the control state ranged from -42 to -77 mV, hyperpolarized after inhibition of cell current, initially to -109 +/- 5 mV, then depolarizing to a stable value (-88 +/- 5 mV) after 15-25 min. At this time K was above equilibrium (EK = 98 +/- 2 mV), indicating that the active pump mechanism is still operating after inhibition of transcellular Na transport. The measurement of acK permitted the calculation of the passive K current and pump current under control conditions, assuming a "constant current source" with almost all of the basolateral conductance attributable to K. We found a significant correlation between pump current and cell current with a slope of 0.31, indicating that about one-third of the cell current is carried by the pump, i.e., a pump stoichiometry of 3Na/2K.
The stimulation of DNA synthesis by cytochalasin B in proliferative epidermal and dermal cells.

Cytochalasin B influences a variety of cellular events that are associated with the contractile microfilament system and the formation of binucleate cells. Along with the formation of binucleate cells, cytochalasin B also causes an acceleration of cells from G1 to S in the cell cycle By pulsing with cytochalasin B for 30 minutes and allowing for a previously established lag time (17.5 hours) a stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA of proliferative epidermal and dermal cells was found in both control and stripped epidermis Autoradiographic analysis confirmed that the stimulation was due to an increased number of basal cells accelerated from G1 to S phase. A minimal number of binucleate basal cells, 1 in 300, was observed, which suggests that the stimulated synthesis is independent of binucleate cell formation. The amount of stimulation is maximum with cytochalasin B concentration pulse between 5γ and 30γ/ml The results suggest a possible link in coupling cell membrane and surface events with subsequent increased cell nuclei synthetic activity.
Extended transconductance adjustment/linearisation technique

The use of electronically-programmable current mirrors in conjunction with a current differencing technique is shown to produce a linearised transconductance amplifier with an extended transconductance (gm) adjustment range. Experimental results obtained from a transistor-array implementation verify the extended-adjustment/linearisation scheme.
Magnetic properties of periodically organized cobalt frameworks

Periodically organized magnetic cobalt frameworks have been fabricated by a combination of colloidal self-assembly and electrochemical deposition. The ordered cobalt frameworks have a closed-packed face-centered-cubic inverse opal structure and are fabricated as micrometer-thick films. The size and density of the cobalt crystallites that compose the cobalt frameworks can be modified by a thermal annealing step following the electrodeposition. Comparison of the magnetic properties (studied by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) spectroscopy) of as-deposited and annealed samples reveals strong impact of the annealing process. Fitting the obtained MOKE response to a modified Langevin model reveals optimum values of coercivity, pinning site density, and inter-domain coupling for samples that are thermally annealed at 440 °C.
Curse you, cursive writing

(1986). Curse you, cursive writing. Reading Research and Instruction: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 139-141.
Thermal residual stresses in thick graphite/epoxy composite laminates—Uniaxial approach

Thermal residual stresses have been known to be very large in laminates of continuous-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. When the thickness of the laminate is large, however, the measurement of the residual stresses raises questions on the accuracy of the conventional methods. A novel concept of layer separation is developed to measure quantitatively and precisely the tensile residual stresses in thick plates with layered distribution of residual stresses. It is applied to thick [O2/9O4]13s, AS/3501-6 graphite/epoxy laminates. The test specimens were mechanically modeled into the thin strips for the application of the new concept of layer separation. The tensile residual stresses measured in the 90-deg layers of these laminates are nonuniform throughout the specimen, and vary from 55.6 MPa to 71.4 MPa. It is very interesting to compare these values with the transverse strengthF 2 tu of AS/3501-6 unidirectional composites, which is 65.4 MPa.
Preoperative Single-Fraction Partial Breast Radiation Therapy: A Novel Phase 1, Dose-Escalation Protocol With Radiation Response Biomarkers.

Purpose Women with biologically favorable early-stage breast cancer are increasingly treated with accelerated partial breast radiation (PBI). However, treatment-related morbidities have been linked to the large postoperative treatment volumes required for external beam PBI. Relative to external beam delivery, alternative PBI techniques require equipment that is not universally available. To address these issues, we designed a phase 1 trial utilizing widely available technology to 1) evaluate the safety of a single radiation treatment delivered preoperatively to the small-volume, intact breast tumor and 2) identify imaging and genomic markers of radiation response. Methods and Materials Women aged ≥55 years with clinically node-negative, estrogen receptor–positive, and/or progesterone receptor–positive HER2−, T1 invasive carcinomas, or low- to intermediate-grade in situ disease ≤2 cm were enrolled (n=32). Intensity modulated radiation therapy was used to deliver 15 Gy (n=8), 18 Gy (n=8), or 21 Gy (n=16) to the tumor with a 1.5-cm margin. Lumpectomy was performed within 10 days. Paired pre- and postradiation magnetic resonance images and patient tumor samples were analyzed. Results No dose-limiting toxicity was observed. At a median follow-up of 23 months, there have been no recurrences. Physician-rated cosmetic outcomes were good/excellent, and chronic toxicities were grade 1 to 2 (fibrosis, hyperpigmentation) in patients receiving preoperative radiation only. Evidence of dose-dependent changes in vascular permeability, cell density, and expression of genes regulating immunity and cell death were seen in response to radiation. Conclusions Preoperative single-dose radiation therapy to intact breast tumors is well tolerated. Radiation response is marked by early indicators of cell death in this biologically favorable patient cohort. This study represents a first step toward a novel partial breast radiation approach. Preoperative radiation should be tested in future clinical trials because it has the potential to challenge the current treatment paradigm and provide a path forward to identify radiation response biomarkers.
Epidemiology of reproductive performance in dairy cows.

Abstract The objectives of this presentation are to review results of our previous and on-going research with respect to the risk factors and consequences of poor reproductive performance in dairy cows, and to develop an economic framework to optimize decisions related to dairy cow reproductive performance. To make profitable breeding and replacement decisions, the farmer must account for factors including age, production level, lactation stage, pregnancy status, and disease history of the cows in the herd. Establishing the interrelationships among disease, milk yield, reproduction, and herd management is necessary for developing a decision model for disease treatment, insemination, and replacement. The data for the studies reviewed in this presentation incorporate health, production, and management components from Holsteins in the Northeast USA and Ayrshires from Finland. Data were analyzed using the Cornell Theory Center Supercomputer. The effect of risk factors on reproductive disorders was modeled with logistic regression, and on conception, insemination, and culling with survival analysis. The effect of reproductive disorders on milk yield was analyzed with mixed models. Economic optimization of reproductive performance was done with dynamic programming (DP). High milk yield, high parity, and calving in winter were risk factors for several reproductive disorders. These disorders, in turn, delayed insemination and conception in dairy cows, and some of them increased the risk of culling. Dystocia, retained placenta, and early metritis led to a short-term drop in milk production. High milk yield was not a major factor in delaying conception, except in first parity cows. However, higher yielders were more likely to be inseminated, and less likely to be culled. Non-pregnant cows had a higher risk of being culled. Reproductive performance of dairy cows influenced a herd's profitability, and good heat detection and conception rates provided opportunities for management control. It was not always economically advantageous to get cows pregnant as soon as possible, and there was no one optimal value for the calving interval length for all cows in a herd.
Assessment of groundwater inundation as a consequence of sea-level rise

Sea-level rise brings the risk of coastal flooding from marine waters. This study looks at how rising sea level will affect groundwater balance, which may also cause coastal plain flooding. Taking groundwater into consideration shows that sea-level rise may cause twice the flooding expected from marine waters alone.
Assessing alcohol‐involved adolescents: Toward a developmentally‐relevant diagnostic taxonomy

Although recent assessment and diagnostic advancements have been made to better reflect the developmental uniqueness of alcohol‐involved adolescents, there remains lacking a comprehensive taxonomy to describe the diversity of this large and often at‐risk population. This paper presents a taxonomy comprising five typologies of adolescent drinkers based on a continuum of use severity. Each typology is described in terms of alcohol consumption variables, salient risk factors for alcohol problems, and problem symptoms. We argue that the taxonomy provides a useful heuristic for clinicians conducting assessment or screening with alcohol‐involved adolescents, and we offer conceptual improvements for making the DSM‐IV Alcohol Use Disorder criteria more developmentally relevant to adolescents. Implications for matching typologies to service levels are discussed.
Processing and microstructural control: lessons from natural materials

Abstract Renewable natural materials have been exploited for several millennia. Within the past two decades, it has become apparent that materials science can benefit from a detailed knowledge of the synthetic pathways and molecular self-assembly mechanisms by which natural materials are produced. This review describes the most significant classes of macromolecule used in the synthesis of biological materials. It explains how the techniques of genetic engineering can be employed to modify the structure or quantitative yield of these materials. The role of the liquid crystalline state in materials self-assembly, and the effects of hierachical molecular order on the properties of natural materials, are emphasized. The wide range of contexts in which biological principles have impacted materials science is illustrated with several specific examples.
Lung interleukin-4 gene expression in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is known to activate mononuclear cells as well as fibroblasts, all of which are important in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. To investigate the potential role of this cytokine, lung IL-4 expression was examined in a murine model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Lung fibrosis was induced in CBA/J mice by endotracheal injection of bleomycin on day 0. On selected days after treatment, lungs were harvested for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Northern, in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses. RT-PCR and Northern analyses revealed significant increases in lung IL-4 mRNA content between days 3 and 14 after induction of lung injury, which decreased toward control level after day 21. Both in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed low or undetectable IL-4 expression in control lungs and in injured lungs before day 3 after bleomycin injection. There was however elevated expression in mononuclear cells and macrophages between days 3 and 14, localized to areas of active fibrosis. These results demonstrate that IL-4 is upregulated significantly in this model. They suggest a potential role for this cytokine in pulmonary fibrosis, perhaps via its ability to stimulate and amplify the inflammatory response, stimulate collagen synthesis in fibroblasts, and thus promote the progression to fibrosis and end stage lung disease.
Functional role of glycosphingolipids and gangliosides in control of cell adhesion, motility, and growth, through glycosynaptic microdomains

At cell surface microdomains, glycosyl epitopes, carried either by glycosphingolipids, N- or O-linked oligosaccharides, are recognized by carbohydrate-binding proteins or complementary carbohydrates. In both cases, the carbohydrate epitopes may be clustered with specific signal transducers, tetraspanins, adhesion receptors or growth factor receptors. Through this framework, carbohydrates can mediate cell signaling leading to changes in cellular phenotype. Microdomains involved in carbohydrate-dependent cell adhesion inducing cell activation, motility, and growth are termed "glycosynapse". In this review a historical synopsis of glycosphingolipids-enriched microdomains study leading to the concept of glycosynapse is presented. Examples of glycosynapse as signaling unit controlling the tumor cell phenotype are discussed in three contexts: (i) Cell-to-cell adhesion mediated by glycosphingolipids-to-glycosphingolipids interaction between interfacing glycosynaptic domains, through head-to-head (trans) carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction. (ii) Functional role of GM3 complexed with tetraspanin CD9, and interaction of such complex with integrins, or with fibroblast growth factor receptor, to control tumor cell phenotype and its reversion to normal cell phenotype. (iii) Inhibition of integrin-dependent Met kinase activity by GM2/tetraspanin CD82 complex in glycosynaptic microdomain. Data present here suggest that the organizational status of glycosynapse strongly affects cellular phenotype influencing tumor cell malignancy.
Corrosion currents of dental amalgams

The polarization resistance and anodic polarization curves of three amalgam types were determined in saline solution. Corrosion currents were determined by extrapolation of anodic Tafel slopes. A good correlation was found between corrosion currents and reciprocal polarization resistances, according to Ic = 0.02/PR.
Use of AcrySof acrylic foldable intraocular lens for secondary implantation in children.

Abstract Purpose Secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is an increasingly viable option in the management of pediatric aphakia. We report our experience of secondary IOL implantation in pediatric patients using the AcrySof (Alcon Surgical, Fort Worth, Texas) 3-piece foldable lenses through a small incision. Methods We reviewed the records of all our patients Results Fifty-five eyes of 36 patients were included in the review. Mean age at surgery was 7.4 years (1.1 to 15.4), and mean follow-up was 28 months (6.3 months to 5 years). Vision decrease > 2 lines was noted in 3 eyes (5.8%) during the follow-up period. Complications included IOL decentration in 3 eyes (5%), wound leak in 3 eyes (5%), secondary membrane formation in 5 eyes (9%), pupillary block glaucoma in 1 eye (2%), and ptosis in 1 eye (2%). Four eyes (7%) required reoperation for complications. Mean postoperative refractive error was −0.1 ± 3.2 diopters (D), and mean anisometropia was 2.01 ± 1.44 D. Glaucoma subsequently developed in 6 eyes (11%), 2 of which required surgical correction. Conclusions Secondary placement of the AcrySof IOL in the ciliary sulcus is a safe and effective method to correct aphakia in pediatric patients with adequate capsular support. The incidence of complications requiring reoperation is low.
Photoprocesses of Naphthalene Imide and Diimide Derivatives in Aqueous Solutions of DNA

Despite the growing number of redox-active chromophores utilized to photoinduce oligonucleotide cleavage, detailed correlations between the degree of ground-state complexation and product yields have not been developed. To elucidate the specific role of singlet and triplet excited states in nucleotide photooxidation, the photochemical reactivities of N-(2-(N-pyridinium)ethyl)-1,8-naphthalene imide (NI) and N,N‘-bis-[2-(N-pyridinium)ethyl]-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide (NDI) with calf-thymus DNA have been explored as a function of ground-state complexation with the DNA polymer. Upon addition of calf-thymus DNA to a phosphate buffered solution of the naphthalene imide derivatives, distinct changes in the UV absorption spectrum of the chromophores, along with single isosbestic points, are observed. Analysis of these changes using the noncooperative model of McGhee and von Hippel yield association constants of (2.46 ± 0.42) × 104 M-1 and (7.78 ± 0.11) × 105 M-1 for NI and NDI, respectively. Pulsed 355 nm excita...
Chronic malnutrition impairs insulin sensitivity through both receptor and postreceptor defects in rats with mild streptozocin diabetes

Abstract The effect of coexisting chronic malnutrition on insulin sensitivity in mild diabetes was studied in rats. Food intake was restricted over an 8-week period to 50% of ad libitum intake by pair-feeding 4-week-old littermate rats injected with streptozocin ([STZ] 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally) at 8 weeks. Significantly greater glucose intolerance and hypoinsulinemia were seen in response to a glucose load in the malnourished diabetic group (P
Status epilepticus-induced hyperemia and brain tissue hypoxia after cardiac arrest

Objective To report changes of cerebral blood flow and metabolism associated with status epilepticus after cardiac arrest. Design Case report. Setting Neurological intensive care unit in a university hospital. Patient An 85-year-old man resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest underwent brain multimodality monitoring and treatment with therapeutic hypothermia. Main Outcome Measures Changes of cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Results Repetitive electrographic seizure activity detected at the start of monitoring was associated with dramatic reductions in brain tissue oxygen tension and striking surges in cerebral blood flow and brain temperature. Intravenous lorazepam and levetiracetam administration resulted in immediate cessation of the seizures and these associated derangements. The lactate to pyruvate ratio was initially elevated and trended down after administration of anticonvulsants. Conclusion Brain multimodality monitoring is a feasible method for evaluating secondary brain injury associated with seizure activity after cardiac arrest.
Calibration of Infrared Prism Spectrometers

The dependence of frequency ν on the setting T of an infrared prism spectrometer can be given by the formula ν(T) = A(T) + B/(C − T) with a small variation of the parameter A. For prisms in their lowest octave of transmission the variation in A is 10 cm−1 for NaCl, and 2.5 cm−1 for KBr and CsI. For a KBr prism in a double-pass instrument enough atmospheric absorption lines are resolved to give adequate reference data for calibration without using any other gas. Frequencies for this purpose are given.
Images of Power1

This paper represents a systematic study of how power attributions are made in a village community. The diversity of power attributions by aggregates of individuals in the community was found to be considerable, suggesting the possibility of fallacious results if social anthropologists base their analysis of socio-political structures upon the accounts of a limited number of persons Two mathematical models, one static, one dynamic are introduced to reduce the diversity of power cognitions and to show the fruitfulness of jointly analyzing the conceptions of every adult member of a community.
Building a movement from scratch: environmental groups in the Czech Republic

Abstract The Czech Republic’s transition from communist authoritarianism to parliamentary democracy offers a useful case study of the relationship between environmentalism and democracy. More specifically, this study explores the dynamics of environmental group organization in the Czech Republic from 1989 to the present as a way to reflect upon political scientist Robert Paehlke’s contention that the pluralist democracy enhances the environmental movement and vice versa (1989; 1990; 1998). What is found is that while environmental mobilization and organization did indeed increase in the post-1989 democratic era, the movement still has some serious weaknesses and has suffered from abrupt shifts in public support. Thus, while Paehlke’s thesis is essentially supported by the Czech case, we can also see that it certainly takes much more than the mere existence of a democratic context for a vibrant and influential environmental movement to form and maintain itself. Using the U.S. environmental movement for comparative purposes, this study finds that although some important strides have been made, structural, procedural, economic and sociocultural factors have all played key roles in limiting the success of Czech environmental groups.
In vitro effects of prostaglandin E2 on cutaneous vascular smooth muscle in the dog and in man.

Arterioles (200 to 400 μ in outer diameter) from dog and human skin were studied in vitro to measure changes in tension induced by prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) alone and in combination with catecholamines. The effects of sympathetic blocking drugs and of calcium on vessel response to PGE 2 were also studied. PGE 2 caused contraction of both the dog and human vessels, with evident differences in frequency of response. PGE 2 also increased the magnitude of vessel response to a given dose of epinephrine or norepinephrine, in addition to lowering the threshold level for response to the catecholamines. Alpha blockade and beta blockade did not prevent PGE 2 -induced contraction. The contractile response to PGE 2 was observed to increase as the calcium concentration of the vessel bath was increased. These studies show that, in vitro, the cutaneous arteriolar vascular smooth muscle of the dog and the human responds to PGE 2 via a pathway other than that of the alpha receptor. However, alpha-receptor response can be modified by PGE 2 . Thus, prostaglandins may mediate cutaneous vascular activity not only through their own effect but also by modifying responses to catecholamines.
Combination Targeted Therapy With Sorafenib and Bevacizumab Results in Enhanced Toxicity and Antitumor Activity

Purpose Sorafenib inhibits Raf kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody targeted against VEGF. We hypothesized that the complementary inhibition of VEGF signaling would have synergistic therapeutic effects. Patients and Methods Patients had advanced solid tumors, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 to 1, and good end-organ function. A phase I dose-escalation trial of sorafenib and bevacizumab was initiated at below-recommended single-agent doses because of possible overlapping toxicity: sorafenib 200 mg orally twice daily and bevacizumab intravenously at 5 mg/kg (dose level [DL] 1) or 10 mg/kg (DL2) every 2 weeks. Additional patients were enrolled at the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD). Results Thirty-nine patients were treated. DL1 was the MTD and administered in cohort 2 (N = 27). Dose-limiting toxicity in DL2 was grade 3 proteinuria and thrombocytopenia. Adverse events included hypertension, hand-foot syndrome, diarrhea, tra...
An avalanche multiplication model for bipolar transistors

Abstract A physics-based model that describes the multiplication factor and the generation current of bipolar transistors is presented. No extra fitting or model parameters are needed in the model. Comparison on the present model, the model employed in SPICE, and measurement data are included.
The topography of Ganymede's grooved terrain

Using the technique of photoclinometry, topographic profiles across areas of grooved terrain and several other features on Ganymede have been constructed. The grooved terrain examined consists of subparallel grooves spaced 3-10 km apart. Topographic amplitudes are typically 300-400 m, with a maximum of about 700 m. Slopes are very gentle and tend to be primarily concave upward. Very few major positive relief features exist on Ganymede. The most important of these is a broad, gently sloping dome-shaped feature 260 km in diameter and over 2 km high.
New phenomena in coupled transport between 2D and 3D electron-gas layers.

We report, for the first time, measurements of a current-to-current coupling between 2D and 3D electron-gas (EG) layers in the AlGaAs/GaAs system, utilizing an ${\mathrm{n}}^{+}$ GaAs gate as the 3DEG layer. Current driven through either of the layers, which are only 30 nm apart, induces current flow in the other layer. Current-to-current transfer ratios of the order of 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ have been observed, and there is a sign reversal of the interaction at temperatures below 40 K. This and other effects can be explained by invoking Coulomb mutual scattering to couple energy and momentum between the two layers.
Review Partners' Reactions to Contact Partner Risk Judgments of Prospective Clients

As a part of their risk management strategy, large audit firms have established a second partner review process during client screening. It is unclear, however, whether review partners are biased by the engagement risk assessment that is provided to them by a contact partner as a part of this process. Of particular interest are cases where the contact partner's engagement risk assessment is overly favorable when compared to the underlying evidence. We report the results of an experiment where approximately one‐half of the review partners received an engagement risk assessment that was overly favorable when compared to the underlying evidence, while the other half of the review partners received an assessment that was more consistent with the client data provided. We examined the effect of this manipulated difference on review partner engagement risk assessments, acceptance judgments, fee judgments, and justification activity. Results from a sample of 78 audit partners reveal that, on average, they were no...
Identification of the uvrC gene product

We have constructed a multicopy plasmid that carries the uvrC gene of Escherichia coli. By inserting the transposon Tn1000 (previously designated gamma delta) into this plasmid, we obtained many derivatives that fail to complement uvrC34. The proteins synthesized by the original plasmid and the uvrC::Tn1000 derivatives were labeled in maxicells and analyzed on gels, demonstrating that a protein of Mr 70,000 encoded by the original uvrC+ plasmid was absent from the mutated noncomplementing derivatives; this protein is presumed to be the uvrC gene product. We found that this protein of Mr 70,000 binds to DNA and have partially purified the uvrC protein by DNA-cellulose chromatography. Because some of the uvrC::Tn1000 derivatives produce truncated polypeptides, the orientation of expression and the location of the promoter were determined by correlating the sizes of the truncated polypeptides with the sites of insertion of Tn1000.
Tolerance of axenically cultured Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia to a variety of antimicrobial agents

Abstract Twelve antimicrobial agents were tested for use in axenic cultures of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Ten did not inhibit parasite growth at concentrations of at least two-fold above the effective antibacterial or antifungal levels. We have found the combination of piperacillin (500 μg/ml) plus amikacin (125 (μ/ml) to be useful in (i) axenization of a new strain of E. histolytica, (ii) eradication of multiply drug-resistant contaminants in cultures and (iii) prevention of bacterial growth in experiments with non-sterile components.
On measurements and their quality. Paper 4: Verbal anchors and the number of response options in rating scales

This is the last in a short series of papers on measurement theory and practice with particular relevance to intervention research in nursing, midwifery, and healthcare. Understanding how it is that people respond to the questions posed by researchers is fundamental to progress in the social and health sciences. For decades methodologists in psychology, marketing, education, and survey research have studied this issue. In this paper I review this diverse empirical literature to synthesize basic principles for creating rating scales which can reduce measurement error and increase the quality of resulting data. After introducing a theoretical framework known as the cognitive aspects of survey methods (CASM), I review the fundamentals of psychological scaling theory and discuss how it has been used to study the meanings of verbal response options and provide an illustration of how the quality of measurements may be influenced by our choice of the verbal phrases we present as response options. Next, I review the research on the optimal number of response options to use in various measurement situations and how verbal and numeric anchors can combine to influence data quality. Finally, I summarize the issues covered and present recommendations for best practice when creating and using rating scales in research.
On finite moore geometries

Abstract Conditions are given which must be satisfied by the parameters of a Moore geometry. It is shown that there are no nontrivial Moore geometries of diameter 3.
Evolution of codfishes (Teleostei: Gadinae) in geographical and ecological space: evidence that physiological limits drove diversification of subarctic fishes

Aim To develop a holistic biogeographical history of codfishes in the subfamily Gadinae based on historical relationships, ecological niche, and evolution of physiological tolerances. Two alternative diversification scenarios were tested in two co-distributed, Northern Hemisphere clades: (1) clade ancestors were temperate, and environmental niche has been conserved over evolutionary time, implying that speciation was driven by vicariance associated with ice sheet formation; and (2) clade ancestors were Arctic, and species convergently adapted to temperate environmental conditions, implying that speciation was driven by repeated adaption to temperate environments. Location Northern Hemisphere Arctic and subarctic oceans. Methods Fifty-five new sequences of four genes from 23 tissue samples were combined with 10 GenBank sequences to generate a time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis. Combining the phylogeny with information on species' ecological niche tolerances inferred from correlational models, I reconstructed ancestral environmental tolerances of each of the focal clades. These results were combined with Bayesian area-based biogeographical analysis and regional palaeoclimatic history to develop a holistic biogeographical history of Gadinae. Results Of 18 environmental variables describing species' tolerances to salinity, temperature, sea ice concentration, and mixed layer depth, only mean, maximum and minimum sea bottom temperature, and mean and minimum sea surface temperature showed phylogenetic signal across Gadinae. Both ecological niche and geographical distributions of gadine fishes are largely conservative, but two clades contain both Pacific and Atlantic species. Focal clade divergence time estimates suggest a Pliocene origin for both, with further Pleistocene divergence. Main conclusions Reconstructed ancestral environmental tolerances of crown cods and tomcods support a temperate origin of both groups. The timing of diversification of these two clades and the intolerance of temperate species to sea ice suggest that cyclical Arctic ice formation drove divergence. Future sea ice reduction may have dramatic consequences for distributions and persistence of commercially important species when currently allopatric temperate species come into secondary contact.
Relationship between the position of chest electrodes (Frank and SVEC-III systems) and the anatomic position of the heart

Abstract The relationship between the four chest electrode positions of the SVEC-III Z lead, the conventional V 1 lead, and the heart position and size was studied in x-ray films taken in the anteroposterior projection, with the subject in mid-inspiration and in the supine position. The sample of 106 consecutive patients consisted of 55 clinically healthy persons, 27 cardiac patients, and 24 patients with other disease. The position of the electrode marked by pennies on the chest wall with respect to the location of the E electrode of Frank lead system, and with respect to the center of gravity of the heart shadow and other identifiable points on the heart shadow, was measured in X and Y coordinates, and corrected for parallax. The distribution and variation are expressed in vertical (Y-axis) and horizontal (X-axis) standard deviations and are shown with ellipsoid distribution diagrams. The variability of the electrode positions both in regard to G and to E was very large, more so in the vertical than in the horizontal direction. There was some correlation of chest dimension, heart size, position, and configuration with electrode positions, but the correlations were too low for reliable prediction. In view of the large variability of electrode position, the degree of orthogonalization that can be achieved with conventional corrected leads in clinical routine vectorcardiography becomes questionable, and the task of devising individual anatomically based correction factors becomes more difficult.