cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MO-F-BRA-01: A Biomechanical Constraint for Intensity-Driven Deformable Alignment of Skeletal Components in the Head and Neck Region.

Purpose: To introduce a biomechanical constraint into an intensity‐based deformable image registration (DIR) method in order to limit nonphysical deformations of skeletal components in the neck region. Methods: On the reference image, vertebral bodies were segmented. A penalty term, based on the differences in squared inter‐voxel distances within each vertebra before and after deformation, was introduced into a routinely used (ITK) intensity‐based B‐spline alignment algorithm. To assess accuracy, deformable image registration was performed on five pairs of cone‐beam CT scans of a head and neck cancer patient. Surface registrations of individual vertebrae established their true displacements (translations and rotations). Orthogonal Procrustes analysis of transformed points within each vertebra established the estimated rotations and translations from the resultant deformation vector fields with and without the penalty term. Results: The registration errors across all points within the vertebrae with the penalty term (0.2±0.2, 0.2±0.2, 0.3±0.2) [mm] were significantly lower than without (2.8±2.6, 3.2±2.9, 2.8±3.0) [mm], indicating that employing the penalty term successfully restricted local deformation in the region of the cervical vertebrae. The errors of the bulk translations and rotations of individual vertebrae were similarly reduced: (0.7±0.4, 0.9±0.7, 0.5±0.4) to (O.1±0.1, 0.l+0.1, 0.2±0.2) [mm] for translation and (3.4±2.6, 1.3±1.1, 1.4±1.1) to (0.7±0.6, 0.3±0.2, 0.3±0.3) [°] for rotation. Conclusions: The introduction of a local rigidity penalty improved the integrity of skeletal alignment under neck articulation. Further research will explore biomechanical penalties that will more realistically constrain the changes of other tissues (e.g. muscles) in the neck region. Supported by NIHR01CA59827.
A mutation carol: Past, present and future

Abstract Context The field of mutation analysis has been growing, both in the number of published papers and the number of active researchers. This special issue provides a sampling of recent advances and ideas. But do all the new researchers know where we started? Objective To imagine where we are going, we must first know where we are. To understand where we are, we must know where we have been. This paper reviews past mutation analysis research, considers the present, then imagines possible future directions. Method A retrospective study of past trends lets us the ability to see the current state of mutation research in a clear context, allowing us to imagine and then create future vectors. Results The value of mutation has greatly expanded since the early view of mutation as an expensive way to unit test subroutines. Our understanding of what mutation is and how it can help has become much deeper and broader. Conclusion Mutation analysis has been around for 35 years, but we are just now beginning to see its full potential. The papers in this issue and future mutation workshops will eventually allow us to realize this potential.
From Whence Cometh Their Strength: Social Support, Coping, and Well-Being of Black Women Professionals

In the workplace, Black women encounter different job demands than their White counterparts and often experience less control. Demand-control theory offers a framework to examine the challenges Black women face as well as how factors such as coping strategies and social support can moderate levels of well-being. In this study we examined the impact of Black women’s social support and coping strategies on job-family role strain, career satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Responses were collected from 188 highly educated Black American women employed in variety of occupations. Results of path modeling found that social support is important to well-being, and that self-help coping can overcome deficient social support’s impact on well-being. Exploratory analyses revealed that support from ones’ family, church, coworkers, and supervisor each individually related to aspects of well-being, particularly when self-help coping is low.
Safe and efficient hybrid memory management for Java

Java uses automatic memory management, usually implemented as a garbage-collected heap. That lifts the burden of manually allocating and deallocating memory, but it can incur significant runtime overhead and increase the memory footprint of applications. We propose a hybrid memory management scheme that utilizes region-based memory management to deallocate objects automatically on region exits. Static program analysis detects allocation sites that are safe for region allocation, i.e., the static analysis proves that the objects allocated at such a site are not reachable after the region exit. A regular garbage-collected heap is used for objects that are not region allocatable. The region allocation exploits the temporal locality of object allocation. Our analysis uses coarse-grain source code annotations to disambiguate objects with non-overlapping lifetimes, and maps them to different memory scopes. Region-allocated memory does not require garbage collection as the regions are simply deallocated when they go out of scope. The region allocation technique is backed by a garbage collector that manages memory that is not region allocated. We provide a detailed description of the analysis, provide experimental results showing that as much as 78% of the memory is region allocatable and discuss how our hybrid memory management system can be implemented efficiently with respect to both space and time.
The effect of hydrogen, tritium and decay helium on the fracture toughness of a stainless steel superalloy

Abstract The effect of tritium and helium-3 on tensile properties, fracture toughness properties and fracture mechanisms was studied in a modified A-286 alloy, and compared to the effects of hydrogen. The yield strength and work hardening rate showed no sensitivity to helium-3 in the concentration range studied, but the tensile ductility decreased with increased helium concentration. Fracture toughness with tritium plus helium decreased below that obtained with hydrogen alone. Helium-3 caused a decrease in tensile ductility and fracture toughness because it precipitates on and induces failure at grain boundaries.
Energetics and growth kinetics of a deep Prochlorococcus spp. population in the Arabian Sea

Abstract During the US JGOFS process studies in the Arabian Sea (1995), secondary fluorescence maxima (SFM) were observed frequently at the oxic–anoxic interface at the extreme base of the euphotic zone. These secondary peaks were most prominent during the early NE monsoon in the central oligotrophic portion of the Arabian Sea, although they were spatially and temporally variable. Based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and flow cytometry analyses, SFM were determined to be populated almost exclusively by the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus spp. While SFM were about half the magnitude of primary fluorescence peaks, chlorophyll a biomass was typically an order of magnitude less than at the primary maxima (although total chlorophyll (a+b) differed only by a factor of two). Photosynthesis versus irradiance response curves revealed an efficient population adapted to extremely low light (∼0.02–0.05% surface irradiance) largely through increased light absorption capabilities. A theoretical spectral irradiance absorption efficiency model based on available spectral irradiance, individual cell properties, and bulk particulate spectral absorption also supports a well-adapted low-light population. Deck-incubated C-14 uptake as well as dilution growth experiments revealed instantaneous growth rates on the order of μ=0.01 d−1. However, additional in situ observations suggest SFM populations may be more dynamic than the growth rates estimates from shipboard bottle incubations predict. We advance four hypotheses for the regulation of SFM populations including: (1) reduced loss rates, (2) discontinuous environmental conditions, (3) enhanced sub-oxic growth, and (4) physical mechanisms.
Report of the section of physical oceanography

At the first assembly of the Section, which took place on Wednesday, May 3, 1922, confirmation was given to the recommendations of the Executive Committee for the appointment of three commissions to be called, respectively, the Commission of the Atlantic, the Commission of the Pacific, and the Commission of the Mediterranean. The proposal of the Executive Committee that, in addition to the president or chairman of the Tidal Commission, the presidents or chairmen of these three commissions should be vice-presidents of the Section was adopted.
Vapor phase detection of nitroaromatic and nitroaliphatic explosives by fluorescence active metal–organic frameworks

The detection of explosives using chemical sensors is of paramount importance. Recent studies based on luminescent metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown that these materials can be effective detectors of high explosive substances. In the current study, we describe the explosive sensing properties of a series of zinc-based fluorescence active MOFs (or FAMs) built on prototypical paddle-wheel secondary building units.
The oldest record of serpent aggregation

Three virtually complete skeletons in east-central Wyoming of the Oligocene erycinine boid snakes Ogmophis and Calamagras represent the oldest known record of serpent aggregation. The skeletons are articulated and coiled loosely together in life-like positions in a horizontal plane within sediments of the White River Formation. The fossils represent an autochthonous, fluvial burial of snakes some 32 million years ago. Taphonomic considerations suggest the preservation of an aggregative event that occurred just prior to death. We suggest that serpent aggregation is a conservative, relatively unchanged form of behaviour, with a minimum age of 32 million years before present.
Case Formulations Using Role-Relationship Model Configurations: A Reliability Study

Recurrent patterns of maladaptive interpersonal behavior are usually a focus of attention in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Observing, describing, and explaining these patterns as enduring conflicts is part of the task of formulation. One approach to such formulation, the Role-Relationship Models Configuration (RRMC) method, infers roles of self in transaction with roles of others as usually unconscious schematizations. This paper describes a reliability study in which independent and “blind” clinician judges attempted to match RRMCs to psychotherapy sessions of the patients for whom the RRMCs were formulated.
Mutual coherence of optical and matter waves

We propose a scheme to measure the cross correlations and mutual coherence of optical and matter fields. It relies on the combination of a matter-wave detector operating by photoionization of the atoms and a traditional absorption photodetector. We show that the double-detection signal is sensitive to cross-correlation functions of light and matter waves.
A locational gaming model with CO2 emission tax and limits

Abstract This paper presents a locational (spatial) gaming model with CO 2 emission and transmission capacity limits. It is developed for simulating strategic behavior of electricity producers in deregulated electricity markets. The model has multiple players, each maximizing their individual profit with a CO 2 emission tax included to reflect the societal cost of environment damages caused by CO 2 emission from different locations. In the paper, the multiple-producer profits are converted into a set of Lagrangian functions with power production and supply as the primary control variables, resulting in a set of unconstrained, individual profit maximization equations. The Karush–Kuhn–Tucker necessary conditions are then derived and solved simultaneously incorporating Cournot gaming strategy. Case studies show the successful application of the model.
Expanding the clinical spectrum of the 16p11.2 chromosomal rearrangements: three patients with syringomyelia.

16p11.2 rearrangements are associated with developmental delay, cognitive impairment, autism spectrum disorder, behavioral problems (especially attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), seizures, obesity, dysmorphic features, and abnormal head size. In addition, congenital anomalies and abnormal brain findings were frequently observed in patients with these rearrangements. We identified and performed a detailed microarray, phenotypic, and radiological characterization of three new patients with 16p11.2 rearrangements: two deletion patients and one patient with the reciprocal duplication. All patients have a heterozygous loss (deletion) or gain (duplication) corresponding to chromosomal coordinates (chr16: 29 528 190–30 107 184) with a minimal size of 579 kb. The deletion patients had language delay and learning disabilities and one met criteria for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. The duplication patient received a diagnosis of autism and had academic deficits and behavioral problems. The patients with deletion had long cervicothoracic syringomyelia and the duplication patient had long thoracolumbar syringomyelia. The syringomyelia in one patient with deletion was associated with Chiari malformation. Our findings highlight the broad spectrum of clinical and neurological manifestations in patients with 16p11.2 rearrangements. Our observation suggests that genes (or a single gene) within the implicated interval have significant roles in the pathogenesis of syringomyelia. A more comprehensive and systematic research is warranted to study the frequency and spectrum of malformations in the central nervous system in these patients.
The stoichiometry of photorespiration during C3-photosynthesis is not fixed: Evidence from combined physical and stereochemical methods

The stoichiometry of photorespiration, S, is defined as the fraction of glycolate carbon photorespired. It is postulated that under steady-state conditions there are two determinants of the ratio of photorespiration to net photosynthesis: the partitioning of ribulose bisphosphate between oxidation and carboxylation, and the partitioning of glycolate between reactions leading to complete oxidation to CO2 (S = 100%) and those yielding CO2 plus serine (S = 25%). S may be calculated using two independent probes of the system. The physical probe, using an infrared gas analyzer, measured photorespiration and net photosynthesis, and hence their ratio PR/NPS = pn(phys). The metabolic probe employed tracer (3R)-D-[3-3H1,3-14C]glyceric acid to determine r, the fraction of 3H retained in the triose phosphates leaving the chloroplasts. It is deduced from the postulated model that S = pn(phys) . r/(1 - r). Experiments have been performed with illuminated tobacco leaf discs (inverted) under varying concentrations of O2 and CO2. Increasing O2 at constant CO2 increased pn(phys) and decreased r, whereas increasing CO2 at constant O2 had the opposite effect. S more than doubled at 32 degrees C on going from 16 to 40% O2 (340 microliters CO2/liter) and decreased 40% on going from 200 to 700 microliters CO2/liter (21% O2). For discs in normal air S was somewhat greater than 27%. It is suggested that net photosynthesis, and therefore crop yields, could be increased by selecting for crop plants with reduced photorespiration stoichiometry.
Overview of medical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Heartburn and acid indigestion may afflict 95 million Americans a month. Patients consume more than $1 billion of over-the-counter therapies each year in the United States alone. 93 The therapy of heartburn and underlying gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has advanced tremendously over the past 30 years, but before undertaking therapy for GERD or any other condition, the goals of therapy should be defined. For patients with GERD, the goal should be the elimination or at least relief of their symptoms. In patients with erosive esophagitis, the therapeutic goal should be expanded to include the healing and maintenance of healing of mucosal lesions. Esophagitis complicated by a stricture requires aggressive acid control to prevent recurrence of the stricture. 88 Finally, patients with Barrett's esophagus should also have symptoms controlled, but it is unclear whether total elimination of esophageal acid prevents the progression of routine Barrett's epithelium to high-grade dysplasia and carcinoma. 84 Once the disease is under adequate endoscopic and symptomatic control, maintenance issues become the key consideration. GERD is usually a chronic illness that may persist over the life of a patient, and it is therefore appropriate to consider continuous medical therapy in these patients just as in other chronic conditions, such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia. 37 Before the availability of cimetidine, the first effective acid suppressant, clinicians were able only to recommend therapies that are now known to be effective in less than 30% of patients. In addition to antacids, several histamine receptor blockers in both prescription and nonprescription formulations, more effective prokinetic agents, and effective and safe proton-pump inhibitors are available. Each of these therapies has been extensively studied, and their relative potencies are known. Patients with more severe GERD (grade 3 or 4 esophagitis) require more aggressive therapy to heal their esophagitis and control their disease than those with less severe lesions.
High numerical aperture line scanning system

In order to scan a line, the scanning optics usually employs either NSG's SELFOC lens or a 1:1 lenslet array. Each of these two methods has its limitation. The SELFOC lens' numerical aperture (NA) is low, which limits its light-collection efficiency. A 1:1 lenslet array can have a high NA, but its resolution along the scanning direction is low, which means it is not suitable for 2-D scanning. In this paper, line scan optics with a high NA will be discussed. Unlike the above-mentioned methods, this method has the same high resolution in both line and scan directions. It has a 1:-1 (preferred 1:<-1) relationship between the object and the image. A number of groups of lenses, based on the length of the object, is required and are arranged along a single plane. The field of each group is equal to or slightly larger than the diameter of the lens. Each group of lenses images a segment of the object onto the image plane. The magnification of each group should be less than 1:-1, for example, 1:-0.95, so that the image of each segment will not overlap in the sensor when one long sensor is used, or it will not be larger than the sensor when each group has its own sensor. After the image of each segment is read from the sensor, it is reverted and, with the help of image processing, all of the images are connected together to form an image of the whole line.
Whole-body cortisol is an indicator of crowding stress in adult zebrafish, Danio rerio

Plasma cortisol levels have been used to evaluate the stress response in a variety of cultured fish species. However, little is known about the stress response of zebrafish, Danio rerio, despite its extensive use as a laboratory research organism. Due to its small size, evaluation of whole-body cortisol has provided a means to assess zebrafish stress levels Understanding the role of crowding on zebrafish whole-body cortisol would allow researchers to optimize various rearing procedures. The aim of this study was to determine the zebrafish whole-body cortisol response to crowding stress. Baseline cortisol values have not been established for zebrafish; therefore, we compared specific treatment groups acclimated to similar conditions. We crowded zebrafish at a high density (40 fish/L) for 3 h (acute stress), or 5 days (chronic stress). Crowding resulted in a four-fold increase in mean whole-body cortisol level in both groups compared to zebrafish maintained at a much lower density (0.25 fish/L). Additional experiments demonstrated that the cortisol response to crowding was modulated by fasting, feeding and density. In large glass aquaria (76 L), fasted, crowded fish (40 fish/L) had significantly higher cortisol compared to fasted, control fish (0.2 fish/L). Furthermore, weight was inversely related to cortisol level in fasted, crowded fish held in large glass aquaria. For fed fish, crowding did not significantly increase cortisol level, suggesting an interaction between feeding and crowding. In small tanks (4 L), crowding (40 fish/L) did not significantly increase cortisol compared to control fish held at 4 fish/L. Our results suggest that whole-body cortisol is a useful indicator of crowding stress in fasted, adult zebrafish. Understanding how crowding and other environmental conditions affect zebrafish fitness could aid in optimizing zebrafish growth, health and reproduction as well as improving the consistency and reproducibility of in vivo studies that use this popular vertebrate model.
Pharmacokinetics of lorcainide, a new antiarrhythmic drug, in patients with cardiac rhythm disorders

Lorcainide, a new class I antiarrhythmic drug, was administered intravenously to 10 patients with a documented history of ventricular arrhythmias. Three patients had arrhythmias resistant to all conventional antiarrhythmic drugs; in all other patients except one, previous antiarrhythmic drug therapy had to be discontinued because of poor efficacy or unacceptable adverse effects. Lorcainide was injected in incremental doses of 25 mg every 15 minutes and a dose of 182.4 +/- 26.5 mg (mean +/- standard deviation) of the drug was given. Lorcainide reduced the frequency of premature ventricular complexes in a dose-dependent manner. Plasma samples were analyzed for the drug concentrations which ranged from 0.31 to 1.14 mg/liter during the loading phase. Distribution and elimination of lorcainide follow a biexponential pattern and a fourfold intersubject variability in the pharmacokinetics of the drug was observed in these patients. The plasma half-life ranged from 6.2 to 23.1 hours (mean 13.1 +/- 5.0). Three patients are currently being treated orally with lorcainide. These data suggest that lorcainide is an effective antiarrhythmic drug with desirable pharmacokinetic properties, and long-term definitive studies are recommended.
Knowledge, patterns of care, and outcomes of care for generalists and specialists.

OBJECTIVE: To critically evaluate the differences between generalist physicians and specialists in terms of knowledge, patterns of care, and clinical outcomes of care.
The correlation of self-reported stuttering severity and acceptance: A survey-based study

Purpose The current study explores the relationship between acceptance of stuttering and severity of stuttering. Method An electronic survey was distributed to 64 adults who stutter. Participants were recruited through speech-language pathologists who work with clients who stutter. Participants completed a demographics questionnaire and 9-point Likert scales reporting stuttering severity and acceptance of stuttering and three open-ended questions explaining the reason for their selection on the Likert scale and what acceptance means to them. Results Stuttering severity positively correlated with self-reported acceptance of stuttering. The majority of participants reported having high acceptance, followed by some with low acceptance. Qualitative themes shed some light on the process of acceptance of stuttering and how it impacts overall stuttering management. Conclusion The results illustrated that self-reported stuttering severity and acceptance of stuttering are positively correlated. Limitations within ...
Genotype-Environment Interactions in Broiler Stocks of Chickens 3. Main Effects and Interactions of Parent Flock Location, Parent Flock Stock, Trial and Growing Locations

Abstract THERE is increasing evidence supporting the observation of Gutteridge and O’Neil (1942) and Merritt and Gowe (1956) that genotype by environment interactions are of minor importance in broiler stocks of chickens. For example, stock by location interactions were responsible for one to two percent of the total phenotypic variance for body weight in broilers (Lewis and Blow, 1965; Tindell et al., 1967, 1968a, b). While recent studies show promise of determining the importance of stock by location interactions, only limited information is available regarding the interaction of genotype with other environmental factors in broiler stocks. Previous papers in this series have explored genotype by environment interactions involving stocks, floor space allowances, parent-flock locations, growing locations, and trials. Although limited information is available regarding the influence of stock by protein interactions for egg production stocks, information on the importance of such interactions is lacking for broiler stocks. The present study is…
Mature egg number influences the behavior of female Battus philenor butterflies

Although oviposition behavior of butterflies has been studied extensively, physiological parameters that may affect various aspects of female behavior have been overlooked almost completely. The number of mature eggs carried by a female Battus philenorgreatly affects her behavior at any particular time. Females with many eggs search significantly more for host plants than females with fewer eggs, which tend to rest more. Parameters affecting the number of mature eggs are also studied.
Effects of Consumer-Perceived Convenience on Shopping Intention in Mobile Commerce: An Empirical study

Wireless communication and Internet services are converging to provide an unprecedented level of convenience for online shopping. Although the concept of consumer-perceived convenience has been extensively discussed in marketing and consumer behavior literature, there still is a lack of empirical validation in the context of mobile commerce. This study was conducted to examine the effect of convenience on customersâ€™ intention of shopping via their mobile communication devices. The primary data collected from college students in Taiwan were analyzed to examine the relationship between perceived convenience and shopping intention. The result shows a significant relationship between the two variables, and a positive effect of convenience perception on shopping intention. The findings have practical implications for mobile commerce strategists by providing more understanding of the mobile commerce success factors from a consumer behavior point of view.
An effective curved composite beam finite element based on the hybrid-mixed formulation

Abstract A laminated curved-beam finite element with six displacement degrees of freedom and three stress parameters is derived and evaluated. Both thermal and hygrothermal effects are included. The element is based on the Hellinger-Reissner principle and the hybrid-mixed formulation. The Timoshenko beam theory and classical lamination theory are employed in the finite element description. Within an element linear displacement interpolation is used; the generalized stresses are interpolated by either stress functions based on the equilibrium equations ( P 1 ) or constant stress approximation ( P 2 ). The beam element stiffness is obtained explicitly and numerical results show very good displacement prediction compared to analytical solutions. Generalized stresses are predicted accurately at the mid-point of the finite element only for constant stress interpolation. The P 1 -type element yields more accurate displacement and stress prediction.
Quenching studies of *Cu(dpp)2+. Evidence for competitive electron-transfer and energy-transfer quenching by Cr(acac)3 derivatives

The kinetics of quenching *Cu(dpp)/sub 2//sup +/, the /sup 3/d-..pi..* excited state of Cu(dpp)/sub 2//sup +/ (dpp = 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), by a series of Cr(acac)/sub 3/ (acac = acetylacetone) derivatives and a series of nitroaromatics have been studied in CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/ solution at 20/sup 0/C. For the nitroaromatic compounds, the quenching rate falls off as the electrode potential of the quencher ranges below that of *Cu(dpp)/sub 2//sup +/, consistent with an electron-transfer mechanism. The results were analyzed by a variation of the Marcus theory, and the self-exchange rate for the Cu(dpp)/sub 2//sup 2 +//*Cu(dpp)/sub 2//sup +/ system was estimated to be 8 x 10/sup 9/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. The Cr(III) quenchers span a much wider range of electrode potentials and are also capable of undergoing energy-transfer quenching via the low-lying doublet excited states. As a result the quenching rate constant exhibits a more complex dependence on the free energy of electron-transfer quenching. In the exergonic region, the rate plateaus at the diffusion limit; as electron-transfer quenching becomes endergonic, the rate initially decreases and then levels off again at ca. 10/sup 7/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. This behavior is explained as a changeover from electron-transfer to energy transfer quenching wheremore » the latter process occurs at a roughly constant rate throughout the series. When electron-transfer quenching is prominent, the average self-exchange rate for the Cr(III)/Cr(II) couples is estimated to be 2 x 10/sup 9/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/, suggesting that the Cr(II) forms are low spin. The utility of *Cu(dpp)/sub 2//sup +/ as a redox reagent and novel aspects of the homologous series of Cr(acac)/sub 3/ derivatives as quenchers are discussed. 65 references, 2 figures, 2 tables.« less
Improving cache performance with Full-Map Block directory

Abstract There are two concurrent paths in a typical cache access – one through the data array and the other through the tag array. In most cases, the path through the tag array is significantly longer than that through the data array. In this paper, we propose a new scheme that exploits this imbalance in the tag and data paths to improve overall cache performance. Under this scheme, an additional tag directory, the Full-Map Block Directory, is used to provide an alternate tag path to speed up cache access for almost all the memory requests. This scheme is based on the observation that spatial locality exists on a cache line basis, i.e., cache lines near one another tend to be referenced together. Performance evaluation using a TPC-C-like benchmark and selected applications from the SPEC92 benchmark suite demonstrates that this scheme has the potential to improve overall system performance by more than 20%.
Factors of success in a volunteer adult literacy program

Kavale and Lindsey concluded in 1977 that adult literacy programs from 1965 to 1977 failed to address successfully the problem of adult illiteracy. Ten years later, the average literacy program participant still fails to achieve a functional level of literacy. Even so, some students are extremely successful in these programs. What can we learn from these people about the factors that contribute to success and failure in adult literacy programs? This was the question addressed in the present study. Data from 194 students were selected from the 1982–86 records of a typical community-based, volunteer-oriented adult literacy program. Nine personal and program variables found to discriminate significantly between extremely “successful” and extremely “unsuccessful” students were factor analyzed to identify those factors fundamental to success and failure. Two factors accounted for 46.1% of the variance. First, in comparison to unsuccessful students, successful students had greater reason to expect their efforts to achieve literacy would be successful. Second, successful students saw greater relevance in literacy and literacy training than did unsuccessful students. These findings are consistent with expectancy-value theories of motivation and suggest some ways in which the effectiveness of literacy programs may be enhanced.
Tailorable Rectification: A study of Vertical Transport in AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures

In this paper, we report calculations that show that a metal-polar semiconductor heterostructure can exhibit highly controllable non-linear current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. Change in barrier thickness can alter the characteristics from Schottky-like to ohmic in different bias regimes. The origin of these unusual effects is a large electric field (> 106 V/cm) and high sheet charge(~ 1013–1014cm−2) without doping, in the polar heterostructure. Theoretical calculation of the tunneling current density in these systems indicates that very interesting non-linear behaviour is shown by theseystems, ev en in the undoped case. Choice of suitable compositions of the materials and thicknesses can be used to tailor devices with desired characteristics.
Physical and antimicrobial properties of grape seed extract, nisin, and EDTA incorporated soy protein edible films

Abstract The physical and antimicrobial properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) films containing grape seed extract (GSE 1% w/w), nisin (10,000 IU/g), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA 0.16% w/w), and their combinations were evaluated. The incorporation of GSE significantly increased the thickness, puncture, and tensile strengths compared to the control film. The SPI film containing combinations of GSE, nisin, and EDTA had a thickness of 61.8 μm and demonstrated 3.3 N puncture strength while the control film had 33.0 μm thickness and 2.5 N puncture strength. Furthermore, the darkness of the film was increased in the presence of GSE as indicated by the lower L∗ (Lightness) values. The SPI film incorporated with the combined GSE, nisin, and EDTA demonstrated the greatest inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Furthermore, the results showed that the SPI film containing GSE 1%, nisin 10,000 IU/g, and EDTA 0.16% was able to reduce Listeria monocytogenes populations by 2.9 log CFU/ml, while the population of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium were reduced by 1.8 and 0.6 log CFU/ml, respectively. This finding has potential applications to maintain shelf life, and improve safety of ready-to-eat food products.
Economic Disempowerment, Women's and Children's Rights in Zimbabwe

Saliwe M. Kawewe looks at how human rights are intricately linked to economic, cultural, political and legal spheres of Zimbabwean society. She argues that poverty is rooted in the structural failure to provide sufficient mechanisms to meet the needs of the poor. Women's and children's rights will only be fully realized when institutional structures of society facilitate their economic empowerment.
Performance Objectives for the First Semester of a High School Introductory Speech Communication Course.

Abstract In recent years performance (behavioral) objectives have been discussed widely. At times, the descriptions of what performance objectives should contain have been confusing. Few complete examples of performance objectives in speech communication have been published. High school speech communication teachers who face the task of writing performance objectives immediately need samples of these objectives to use or to modify for their particular situations. This paper presents samples of complete performance objectives which may be used in the first semester of a high school introductory speech communication course. These objectives do not constitute a unified, complete course of study. They provide the teacher with practical suggestions for creating his own objectives.
The expanding realm of heterologous immunity: friend or foe?

Summary Antecedent or current infections can alter the immunopathologic outcome of a subsequent unrelated infection. Immunomodulation by co-infecting pathogens has been referred to as ‘heterologous immunity’ and has been postulated to play a role in host susceptibility to disease, tolerance to organ transplant, and autoimmune disease. The effect of various infections on heterologous immune responses has been well studied in the context of shared epitopes and cross-reactive T cells. It has been shown that prior infections can modulate protective immunity and immunopathology by forming a pool of memory T cells that can cross-react with antigens from heterologous organisms or through the generation of a network of regulatory cells and cytokines. While it is not feasible to alter a host's history of prior infection, understanding heterologous immune responses in the context of simultaneous unrelated infections could have important therapeutic implications. Here, we outline key evidence from animal and human studies demonstrating the effect of heterologous immunity on the outcome of disease. We briefly review the role of T cells, but expand our discussion to explore other immune mechanisms that may modulate the response to concurrent active infections. In particular, we underscore the role of the innate immune system, polarized responses and regulatory mechanisms on heterologous immune responses.
AN EARLY UNILATERAL THYMIC LYMPHOMA IN A POSTIRRADIATED WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE, Peromyscus leucopus*

An early unilateral thymic lymphoma was found in one of 12 white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, 7 months after 950 rads of whole-body irradiation.
Temporal Patterns of Competition Between a Pheromone Trap and Caged Female Moths for Males of Argyrotaenia citrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in a Semienclosed Courtyard

The influence of female moth/pheromone-trap competition in shaping temporal patterns of catches of Argyrotaenia citrana was studied in a series of experiments conducted within a semienclosed courtyard on the campus of Oregon State University. Three distinct periods existed in relation to the catch of males in traps; the catch of males by caged female moths; and the estimated frequency of mating of females. In the first period, when male emergence precedes female emergence, few males were attracted to females, few females were mated, and the trap's catch efficiency was high. During the second period when emergence of males and females was more equal, the attraction of male moths to females increased and mating peaked. However, the pheromone trap's catch was similar or lower than during the first period. In the third period when male emergence was considerably less than female emergence, attraction of males to females and mating decreased sharply, while the trap's catch increased again and showed a small second peak. When high immigration rates of males were simulated results were similar, except that the second catch peak was much larger. Overall, competition between the pheromone trap and female moths appeared to be regulated by protandry and the cessation of calling by mated females, while mated males continued to respond to pheromone sources. Immigration and differential survivorship of males and females may account for the timing and magnitude of the second peak observed in the pheromone trap's catch.
A CMOS transconductor with multidecade tuning using balanced current scaling in moderate inversion

A versatile CMOS transconductor is proposed. Voltage-to-current conversion employs a polysilicon resistor and features high linearity over a wide input range and high current efficiency. Programmable balanced current mirrors able to operate in weak or moderate inversion regions provide wide transconductance gain tuning range without degrading other performance parameters like input range and linearity. The transconductor has two degrees of freedom for gain tuning. A 0.5-/spl mu/m implementation achieves a SFDR of 68 dB and a THD of -66.5dB using a dual supply of /spl plusmn/1.3 V with differential input swings equal to 77% of the total supply voltage, transconductance tuning over two decades, and 1.7 mW of static power consumption. Measurements demonstrate that operation in moderate inversion can lead to much less distortion levels than in strong inversion.
A two-loop finite supersymmetric SU5 theory: Towards a theory of fermion masses

Abstract We present a realistic two-loop finite supersymmetric grand unified theory. The gauge group is SU5 and the low energy theory includes three families of quarks and leptons with the minimal Higgs doublet content. The most important feature of the model is the non-trivial constraint of finiteness on the quark and lepton masses. We find sin 2 θ W = 0.21 and m b m τ = 1.8 (at MW) and predict a top quark mass of 155 GeV. Nucleon decay is dominated by colored Higgs triplet exchange with characteristic decay modes p → K 0 μ + , p → K + v μ and n → K 0 v μ .
Evidence for induced DNA bending by the yeast zinc cluster protein PUT3

Abstract We employed helical phasing analysis to study DNA conformation in the absence and presence of PUT3, a member of the Zn 2 Cys 6 binuclear cluster family of transcription factors. Our data indicate that the PUT3 target site UAS 10 does not bend appreciably in the absence of PUT3(1–100), but bends towards the major groove by approximately 46 degrees in the presence of PUT3(1–100).
Demonstration of aldosterone and corticosterone as the principal steroids formed in incubates of adrenals of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and stimulation of their production by mammalian adrenocorticotropin.

Aldosterone and corticosterone were found to be the only Δ4-3-ketosteroids produced to any significant extent in vitro by adrenal tissue from the American bullfrog. The production of aldosterone was stimulated highly by bovine adrenocorticotropin as well as by the frog's own anterior pituitaries. The amount of aldosterone produced by the bullfrog adrenal tissue under the stimulation of highly purified bovine ACTH was about four times the amount of corticosterone. The material from which the steroids were isolated was purified by solvent partitioning and reversed phase chromatography on purified acetylated filter paper according to a newly developed method. The identity of the isolated material with aldosterone was confirmed by the location of the ultraviolet absorption maximum at 239 mμ, by the fact that a characteristic spectrum was obtained before and after heating in sulfuric acid, on the basis of a positive reaction with blue tetrazolium and of the absence of any reaction with the Porter-Silber reaction, and by the results of bioassay in the Na24-K42 test.
Decontamination of uranium-contaminated steel surfaces by hydroxycarboxylic acid with uranium recovery.

We developed a simple, safe method to remove uranium from contaminated metallic surfaces so that the materials can be recycled or disposed of as low-level radioactive or nonradioactive waste. Surface analysis of rusted uranium-contaminated plain carbon-steel coupons by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy showed that uranium was predominantly associated with ferrihydrite, lepidocrocite, and magnetite, or occluded in the matrix of the corrosion product as uranyl hydroxide and schoepite (UO 3 .2H 2 O). Citric acid formulations, consisting of oxalic acid-hydrogen peroxidecitric acid (OPC) or citric acid-hydrogen peroxidecitric acid (CPC), were used to remove uranium from the coupons. The efficiency of uranium removal varied from 68% to 94% depending on the extent of corrosion, the association of uranium with the iron oxide matrix, and the accessibility of the occluded contaminant. Decontaminated coupons clearly showed evidence of the extensive removal of rust and uranium. The waste solutions containing uranium and iron from decontamination by OPC and CPC were treated first by subjecting them to biodegradation followed by photodegradation. Biodegradation of a CPC solution by Pseudomonas fluorescens resulted in the degradation of the citric acid with concomitant precipitation of Fe (>96%), whereas U that remained in solution was recovered (>99%) by photodegradation as schoepite. In contrast, in an OPC solution citric acid was biodegraded but not oxalic acid, and both Fe and U remained in solution. Photodegradation of this OPC solution resulted in the precipitation of iron as ferrihydrite and uranium as uranyl hydroxide.
Characterizing impaired driving in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to confirm previously documented findings that individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) demonstrate impaired driving behavior when compared with controls. METHOD: Subjects were adults with (N = 26) and without (N = 23) DSM-IV ADHD ascertained through clinical referrals to an adult ADHD program and through advertisements in the local media. Driving behavior was assessed using the Manchester Driving Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) and 10 questions from a driving history questionnaire. Neuropsychological testing and structured interviews were also administered to all subjects. RESULTS: Substantially more ADHD subjects had been in an accident on the highway (35% vs. 9%, p = .03) or had been rear-ended (50% vs. 17%, p = .02) compared with controls. Analysis of the DBQ findings showed that ADHD subjects had significantly higher mean +/- SD scores than control subjects on the total DBQ (34.1 +/- 15.2 vs. 18.0 +/- 8.6, p Language: en
Affective responses to exercise in overweight women: Initial insight and possible influence on energy intake.

Abstract It is unclear how exercise influences affect in overweight and obese individuals. Objectives To examine the effect of a single exercise session on positive and negative affect and examine whether pre- to post-exercise changes in affect influence subsequent energy intake (EI). Design A crossover study in which 19 sedentary, overweight/obese women walked for ∼40 min at a moderate-intensity on one day and rested for a similar duration on a separate day. Methods Positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) were assessed pre-testing, post-testing, 60, and 120 min post-testing using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Energy intake was determined by measuring food intake before and after a buffet meal 1–2 h post-exercise/rest. Results For PA, the time × condition interaction was significant (p Conclusions Some overweight/obese individuals appear to experience an increase in positive affect with exercise; however, there is a high degree of individual variability in responses that warrants further examination. This study also provides initial evidence that a worsening in affect following exercise may unfavorably impact eating behaviors. These preliminary findings have the potential to enhance our understanding of factors mediating the relationship between exercise and EI.
Proximate development: an alternate justification for public investment in major sport facilities?

As skepticism has grown toward the purported economic impact of major sport facilities on a community, advocates have redirected their justification toward the proximate structural development they stimulate and the social capital emanating from their presence. Analyses in this paper are confined to returns on investment in sport facilities from proximate structural development. Advocates invariably claim such benefits will accrue, but frequently they do not. Based on a review of multiple cases, it is suggested that at the city level an acceptable return is dependent on there being a critical mass of complementary attractions, while at the regional level the requirement is a critical mass of businesses that “feed off” the sport facilities. In the context of mega events, the return may be in the form of environmental rehabilitation, a legacy of long-term usable facilities, or “fast-tracked” infrastructure improvements. In all contexts, success is dependent on the extent to which the sport projects are part...
Compositional control and structural properties of ZnSe1-xTex epitaxial films on lattice- matched InGaAs/InP (001) by photoassisted Metal Organic Vapor Phase Expitaxy (MOVPE)

We report the growth of ZnSe1−xTex (x < 0.9) epitaxial layers using photoassisted Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) on lattice-matched InGaAs/InP (001) substrates. Ternary compositional control was studied as a function of the gas phase composition, growth temperature (360 oC - 400 oC) and irradiation (12 mW/cm2 - 48mW/cm2). Compositional and structural data were obtained by x-ray rocking curves from 004 and 044 reflections. Lower growth temperatures increased the relative tellurium incorporation but at the expense of the growth rate.