cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Preparation ofd-Pseudococaine froml-Cocaine

d-Pseudococaine, a diastereoisomer of cocaine, is prepared from l-cocaine by the action of strong base that epimerizes the carbomethoxy group at C-2 to the equatorial position and transesterifies the ester at C-3. The benzoate ester is regenerated by reaction with benzoyl chloride. The d-pseudococaine thus prepared is then subjected to a variety of instrumental and analytical techniques to effect its characterization. The tests done are those commonly used in forensic science laboratories for cocaine analysis. With these data, a laboratory can eliminate or confirm pseudococaine in such an analysis.
Association between self-reported marijuana use and incident diabetes in women and men with and at risk for HIV.

Abstract Introduction Marijuana use is common among persons living with HIV, but whether it’s use increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in this population has not been explored. Objective To determine whether self-reported marijuana use is associated with incident type 2 diabetes in women and men living with and at risk for HIV. Methods We analyzed data from the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) and Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), between 2000–2017 (WIHS) and 1999–2017 MACS. The association between self-reported marijuana use and incident type 2 diabetes was analyzed using time-dependent Cox regression models among 3578 and 2682 participants in the WIHS and MACS respectively. Results Over the follow-up period, 452 (WIHS) and 326 (MACS) incident type 2 diabetes cases occurred. In multivariable models, the hazard ratios, collectively indicate a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, in marijuana users compared to none users, although all associations were not statistically significant. The results were similar for HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants in both cohorts. Conclusions In this prospective analysis of nearly 20 years of data for women and men with and at risk for HIV in the WIHS and MACS, although we found a pattern of reduced risk of type 2 diabetes among self-reported marijuana users, the associations were not statistically significant. To better inform clinical decisions and legal policy regarding marijuana use in this population, further longitudinal investigations that biologically quantify marijuana use to assess risk for incident diabetes is warranted.
The Creation of a Community: China, Korea, and Japan (Seventh-Tenth Centuries)

Chinese Imperial Restoration: The Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) Dynasties The Sui Reunification (589) and the Founding of the Tang In 581, a palace coup brought a new dynasty, called Sui, to power in the history-haunted region “Within the Passes” in northwest China. The founder of this dynasty was a man named Yang Jian (541–604). As emperor, he is known as Sui Wendi (the “Cultured Emperor of the Sui”). His father had been a high official, ennobled as the Duke of Sui, under the last Xianbei-ruled regime in northwest China (the Northern Zhou Dynasty). Yang Jian inherited his father's title as Duke of Sui, and his daughter was selected to be a consort for the imperial crown prince. When this crown prince, in due course, inherited the throne in 578, it made Yang Jian the father-in-law of the reigning emperor – always a potentially influential position. Because this emperor only lived two more years and was succeeded by a young boy, Yang Jian was then well placed to step in and grab supreme power for himself. After eliminating all potential legitimate heirs to the throne, and quelling a certain amount of armed opposition, Yang Jian usurped the throne outright, founding the Sui Dynasty. A few years earlier, in 577, the last independent Xianbei-ruled dynasty in northeast China (the Northern Qi) had already been conquered by the predecessor of the Sui Dynasty in the northwest (that is, Northern Zhou), accomplishing the reunification of north China. The new Sui Dynasty now aspired to conquer the south too, and complete the reunification of a Chinese world that had been divided (with one brief exception) ever since the disintegration of the Han Dynasty that began in 184. The south, meanwhile, had never recovered from a devastating mid-century rebellion (548–552), which had severely diminished Southern dynasty imperial resources. In particular, control over the strategic upper (western) reaches of the Yangzi River had now passed from the south to the north. During the centuries of division, the north had frequently been able to field superior cavalry-based armies, but the south had always been protected, when all else failed, by the formidable natural barrier of the Yangzi River. Now the south was vulnerable to attack down the line of the river from the west. The final southern military defense also appears to have been ineptly led.
Age-related changes in muscle thickness and echo intensity of trunk muscles in healthy women: comparison of 20–60s age groups

The objective of this study was to investigate the age-related changes in muscle thickness and muscle echo intensity of trunk in subjects including wide range of age groups. The subjects were 112 healthy women (age range 20–60s). The rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, erector spinae, and lumbar multifidus muscles were examined. To confirm the differences among the age groups, the linear mixed effect models were performed. There were significant decreases in muscle thickness of the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles in the 50s and 60s age groups compared to those in the 20s age group, and a significant decrease in muscle thickness of the erector spinae muscle in the 60s age group compared to those in the 20s age group. However, there was no significant difference among the age groups in muscle thickness of other trunk muscles. There were significant increases in echo intensity of the abdominal muscles in other age groups compared to those in the 20s age group, and significant increases in echo intensity of the back muscles in the age groups over 40 compared to those in the 20s group. Our study revealed that muscle quality may be more affected by age than muscle quantity and the effects of aging differ among muscles.
Textual tone in corporate financial disclosures: a survey of the literature

This study reviews the research on the usefulness, determinants, and measurements of the textual tone of corporate financial disclosures. This review suggests that various stakeholders (e.g., investors, analysts, and auditors) use the tone of corporate financial disclosure to infer management’s private information on the company’s prospects, risks, firm value, and operational outcomes. The tone of corporate financial disclosure is jointly determined by a number of factors, including corporate operational characteristics (e.g., financial performance, size, growth, volatility), management opportunism (e.g., stock-based compensation, seasoned equity issuance, merger and acquisition, etc.), and management characteristics (e.g., optimistic tendency, CEO narcissism, CEO/CFO age, etc.). This study also summarizes the four major methods for measuring tone using textual analysis technologies. This study is the first review of the growing body of research on the determinants of the tone of corporate financial disclosure and the usefulness and measurement of such tone. It will be very useful to researchers, directors and officers, investors, and regulators around the world.
Coherent Plug-and-Play: Digital Holographic Imaging Through Atmospheric Turbulence Using Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction and Convolutional Neural Networks

In order to image a distant object through atmospheric turbulence, it is necessary to correct for the phase errors that would otherwise cause rapidly varying spatial blur in a conventionally focused image. One approach to solving this problem is to illuminate an object with coherent light and to use a digital holography (DH) receiver to form a coherent measurement. The associated amplitude and phase can then be used with model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) frameworks to estimate and correct for atmospheric phase errors from single-shot DH data (i.e., one sensor measurement). In this work, we present a new approach for the reconstruction of optically-coherent images from single-shot DH data in the presence of atmospheric turbulence, referred to as Coherent Plug-and-Play (C-PnP). Our algorithm integrates a convolutional neural network (CNN) image model with physics-based models for image reconstruction from DH data corrupted by atmospheric phase errors. C-PnP combines the modeling power of deep neural networks with the accuracy of existing physics models. Based on an extension of the plug-and-play framework, C-PnP uses multi-agent consensus equilibrium to balance the influence of these models. When compared with an existing approach using a simple image model, C-PnP improves image quality by a factor of $2.2\times$ and phase-error correction by a factor of $2.9\times$ , on average. We obtain these results by considering a wide range of images, signal levels, and phase-error strengths.
AACN president's annual statement of the academy report.

Year 2020 has posed unique challenges. Outgoing president Chris Morrison had prepared an extensive written manual of responsibilities, spreadsheets of individuals and their roles and duties for AAC...
Justice for families: International perspectives on improving parent understanding in child welfare court cases.

Abstract. When a substantiated allegation of child maltreatment occurs, a family may be referred to the child welfare court. This court may temporarily remove children from their homes, making them...
Can dispersal be leveraged to improve microbial inoculant success

Microorganisms have long been isolated from soils to develop microbial inoculants, with the goal of spiking them into new soils to augment target functions. However, establishment can be sporadic, and we assume that inoculants simply arrive at their destination. Here, we posit a need for integrating dispersal into inoculant development and deployment. We argue that consideration for an inoculant's dispersal ability, whether via active (e.g., chemotaxis) or passive (e.g., attachment to other organisms) means, and including methods of deployment that allow multiple establishment attempts could help increase the predictability of inoculant success. Dispersal can influence many key aspects of in-field survival, including the ability to escape stressors, seek favorable colonization sites, facilitate multiple establishment attempts, and engage in multikingdom interactions.
A Data-Driven Approach for Gin Rummy Hand Evaluation.

We develop a data-driven approach for hand strength evaluation in the game of Gin Rummy. Employing Convolutional Neural Networks, Monte Carlo simulation, and Bayesian reasoning, we compute both offensive and defensive scores of a game state. After only one training cycle, the model was able to make sophisticated and human-like decisions with a 55.4% +/- 0.8% win rate (90% confidence level) against a Simple player.
The continuing need to combat disability discrimination in organ transplantation

Abstract New evidence provides additional confirmation that when considering persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities, categorical exclusions as well as denials based on the need for support systems are unethical and discriminatory.
Optimizing a Seedling Screening Method for Anthracnose Resistance in Watermelon

Among three races of Colletotrichum orbiculare, which cause anthracnose of cucurbits, screening for race 2 resistance was studied under greenhouse conditions at various inoculum concentrations, and...
Congress's Transformative Republican Revolution in 2001-2006 and the Future of One-Party Rule

In 2001 - 2006, Republican leadership in the legislature circumvented procedural norms to implement an ideological agenda that precluded the minority party from making alternative proposals and voicing criticisms. With the Republican majority in the Senate falling to 50-50 in 2000, President Bush's assumption of office, despite having lost the popular vote, set the tone for what would become an era of illegitimate procedural reform cloaked in secrecy and deniability. Through closed-door conferences and closed-rules, Republican leadership in the House and Senate turned the clock back on civil liberties, passed unfavorable and convoluted tax cuts, and used transformed health care law. In this article, the author traces the history of the 2001-2006 "Republican Revolution," and discusses the numerous factors that allowed the majority party to overcome procedural safeguards and push their ideological agenda in the House, Senate, and Court. Tracing the history of Congressional procedure and analyzing key examples of recent Republican abuse, the author suggests that the Republican 2001 - 2006 control over Congressional procedure resulted in democratic unaccountability, imposing upon the new Democratic majority numerous political challenges - and the incentive to conduct themselves differently.
Multiple Ulcers Closed by Multiple Flaps as a Single Procedure

In clinical practice, it is common to evaluate a patient with multiple stage IV ulcers. Multiple ulcers are defined as clinical manifestations of more than two pressure ulcers. Patients with multiple ulcers commonly have a primary diagnosis of insensate secondary to spinal cord injury or advanced neurologic disease. The plastic surgeon with limited exposure in this field faces a challenge in the approach to repairing these ulcers, whether to close one or two ulcers at a time or all at one time. The choice depends on experience and the exposure in this field. For this reason, the author considers this subject important, and the plastic surgeon requires exposure to the concept of management of multiple ulcers in one stage. In this chapter, the discussion focuses mainly on the advantages and disadvantages of this practice based on a review of the literature and the author’s experience in this surgical practice.
A moving boundary problem modelling diffusion with nonlinear absorption

Abstract : A moving boundary problem involving a parabolic differential equation with a nonlinear absorption function f and with a constant coefficient of diffusion is analyzed.
Acute ethanol binge followed by withdrawal regulates production of reactive oxygen species and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant and liver injury during reperfusion after hepatic ischemia.

This work tests the hypothesis that withdrawal from an acute ethanol binge regulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chemokines by Kupffer cells, and as a result compromises or protects the liver from injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intravenous ethanol bolus (1.75 g/kg), followed by an intravenous infusion of 200-300 mg/kg/h for 12 h. At 12 h, ethanol infusion was stopped and replaced by saline. At 18 h, rats were subjected to 45 min of partial hepatic ischemia, followed by 0-24 h of reperfusion (I/R). At specific time points, Kupffer cells were isolated for superoxide anion assay and CINC (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant) and MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory protein-2) production in vitro. Alanine transferase (ALT) activity, endotoxin, CINC, and MIP-2 were measured in serum samples taken at appropriate intervals. Results show that at 3 h post reperfusion, serum ALT was significantly elevated in the ethanol-treated group + I/R, compared with the saline + I/R grou...
Flow of mass and energy in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn

[1] We present simple models of the plasma disks surrounding Jupiter and Saturn based on published measurements of plasma properties. We calculate radial profiles of the distribution of plasma mass, pressure, thermal energy density, kinetic energy density, and energy density of the suprathermal ion populations. We estimate the mass outflow rate as well as the net sources and sinks of plasma. We also calculate the total energy budget of the system, estimating the total amount of energy that must be added to the systems at Jupiter and Saturn, though the causal processes are not understood. We find that the more extensive, massive disk of sulfur- and oxygen-dominated plasma requires a total input of 3–16 TW to account for the observed energy density at Jupiter. At Saturn, neutral atoms dominate over the plasma population in the inner magnetosphere, and local source/loss process dominate over radial transport out to 8 RS, but beyond 8–10 RS about 75–630 GW needs to be added to the system to heat the plasma.
Leaf cutin monomers, cuticular waxes, and blackspot resistance in rose

Additional index words. Cuticular wax, cutin, blackspot disease, rose Abstract. The fungal pathogen Diplocarpon rosae causes rose blackspot disease, a serious problem for roses (Rosa) in the managed landscape. To prevent this disease, homeowners and professional growers often apply chemical fungicide. However, increased use of fungicides poses an environmental hazard and an economic burden to the user. New landscape rose cultivars like 'Knockout' possess increased disease resistance, but the biological basis for this resistance is still unknown. To investigate the potential role of leaf cuticle in blackspot resistance in rose, five rose cultivars known to vary greatly in blackspot resistance were examined for variation in the major lipids of the leaf cuticle, specifically the monomers of the cutin polyester and the free cuticular waxes. This is the first report of cutin monomers in the Rosa genera. The rose cultivars selected for this study were 'Knockout', 'Mister Lincoln', 'Garden Party', 'Purple Passion', and 'Bicolor'. 'Knockout' and 'Garden Party' had significantly lower total cutin monomer amount per leaf area than the other cultivars, whereas the most cutin monomers were observed on 'Purple Passion', 'Bicolor', and 'Mister Lincoln'. Five major cutin monomers (mostly hydroxylated 16 carbon fatty acids) dominated the cutin profiles of both adaxial and adaxial surfaces of all cultivars, with the 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acids being most abundant. The proportion of 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acids was slightly higher in the adaxial than abaxial leaf cuticles of all cultivars. Correspondingly, other cutin monomers were relatively lower in the adaxial cuticle, except 16-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid that differed little. Uniquely, this is the first report of cutin monomer composition of isolated abaxial and adaxial leaf cuticles of any plant. Total leaf cuticular wax amounts were lowest on 'Purple Passion' and 'Knockout', intermediate in 'Mister Lincoln' and 'Garden Party', and highest on 'Bicolor', with alkanes as the most abundant wax class. Consistent with previously published disease susceptibility ratings, our visual scores showed that 'Knockout' was most resistant to blackspot pathogen infection with a visual disease rating score of 1.0, followed by 'Mister Lincoln' at 1.8, 'Garden Party' at 5.4, 'Bicolor' at 7.5, and 'Purple Passion' with the most visible disease damage at 8.8. Regression analysis revealed that the alkane and ester proportions were most closely associated with blackspot disease susceptibility ratings, being inversely (R 2 = 0.63, P = 0.05) and directly (R 2 = 0.81, P = 0.05) correlated, respectively. More studies on the role of cuticle in rose susceptibility to blackspot are now clearly warranted.
Cabo Verde telemedicine program: initial results of nationwide implementation

Abstract Background: Telemedicine and e-health have been suggested as one solution for closing the health disparity gap between the developed world and the developing world. Yet evidence is lacking from current successful programs in the developing world and, in particular, from sub-Saharan Africa. The primary objective of our study was to present the preliminary results of our efforts in building the Integrated Telemedicine and e-Health Program for Cabo Verde (ITeHP-CV), with an emphasis on initial utilization and results. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study of data collected while we worked to establish a fully functional, integrated national telemedicine network and virtual education network in Cabo Verde. We used the International Virtual e-Hospital Foundation strategic approach known as “initiate–build–operate–transfer” over a 26-month period (November 2011–December 2013). We describe herein the five main pillars of this process that have been implemented: (1) capacity building; (2) ne...
Heat Shock Response and Protein Degradation: Regulation of HSF2 by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway

Mammalian cells coexpress a family of heat shock factors (HSFs) whose activities are regulated by diverse stress conditions to coordinate the inducible expression of heat shock genes. Distinct from HSF1, which is expressed ubiquitously and activated by heat shock and other stresses that result in the appearance of nonnative proteins, the stress signal for HSF2 has not been identified. HSF2 activity has been associated with development and differentiation, and the activation properties of HSF2 have been characterized in hemintreated human K562 erythroleukemia cells. Here, we demonstrate that a stress signal for HSF2 activation occurs when the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is inhibited. HSF2 DNA-binding activity is induced upon exposure of mammalian cells to the proteasome inhibitors hemin, MG132, and lactacystin, and in the mouse ts85 cell line, which carries a temperature sensitivity mutation in the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) upon shift to the nonpermissive temperature. HSF2 is labile, and its activation requires both continued protein synthesis and reduced degradation. The downstream effect of HSF2 activation by proteasome inhibitors is the induction of the same set of heat shock genes that are induced during heat shock by HSF1, thus revealing that HSF2 affords the cell with a novel heat shock gene-regulatory mechanism to respond to changes in the protein-degradative machinery.
Proper Bayes minimax estimators for a multivariate normal mean with unknown common variance under a convex loss function

Let X ∼ Np(µ,σ2Ip) and let s/σ2 ∼ χ n 2 , independent ofX, where μ and σ2 are unknown. This paper considers the estimation of μ (by δ) relative to a convex loss function given by (δ−µ)′[(1−α)Ip/σ2+αQ](δ−µ)/[(1−α)p/σ2+α tr (Q)], whereQ is a knownp×p diagonal matrix and 0≦α≦1. Two classes of minimax estimators are obtained for μ whenp≦3; the first is a new result and the second is a generalization of a result of Strawderman (1973,Ann. Statist.,1, 1189–1194). A proper Bayes estimator is also obtained which is shown to satisfy the conditions of the second class of minimax estimators. The paper concludes by discussing the estimation of μ relative to another convex loss function.
Initial stages of metal/semiconductor interface formation: Au and Ag on Si(111)

Abstract We have studied the atomic structures formed by monolayer coverages of Au and Ag on the Si(111) surface using primarily the technique of impact-collision ion scattering spectroscopy (ICISS). For the case of Au films annealed at 700°C, three different types of LEED patterns are formed depending on the fractional monolayer coverage: 5 × 1, √3 × √3, and 6×6. The ICISS data reveal that all the three surfaces are structurally similar: the Au atoms reside above the Si(111) plane, most likely in threefold-hollow sites, and the different surfaces appear to be characterized by rows (5×1) or a honeycomb network (√3×√3 and 6×6). In contrast, the Ag films deposited at elevated substrate temperature (480°C) display only a √3×√3 LEED pattern for coverages ranging from 0.25 to 35 monolayers. A trimer model appears to be more consistent with the low coverage Ag ICISS data rather than a honeycomb arrangement of the Ag atoms.
Synthesis and electrochemical properties of novel LiFeTiO4 and Li2FeTiO4 polymorphs with the CaFe2O4-type structures

abstract The new LiFeTiO 4 polymorph with the CaFe 2 O 4 -type (CF) crystal structure was synthesized via ion ex-change from NaFeTiO 4 . Due to the presence of tunnels sufﬁciently large to accommodate additional Li þ ions, CF-LiFeTiO 4 was studied as a model compound for potential cathode material utilizing Fe 2 þ /Fe 3 (onLi intercalation) as well as Fe 3þ /Fe 4þ (on Li deintercalation) redox couples. Chemical and electrochemicalLi intercalation preserves the structural motif of CF-LiFeTiO 4 and results in Li 2 FeTiO 4 compound. Theelectrochemical cycling of CF-LiFeTiO 4 vs. Li occurs between 2 and 2.3 V with an initial speciﬁc capacityof 148 mAh g 1 . High Li þ ionic conductivity in the compound is suggested based on the interconnectionof Li þ bond valence sum isosurfaces at a bond valence sum value of 1.0. Chemical Li deintercalation fromCF-LiFeTiO 4 results in compound decomposition without Fe 4þ formation, as conﬁrmed by M€ossbauerspectroscopy.© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Pharmacist impact on posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis in patients with head injury

Phenytoin is the most commonly administered antiepileptic agent for the prevention of early (< or = 7 days) posttraumatic seizures. Use of the agent, however, requires strict monitoring due to its narrow target range and nonlinear pharmacokinetics. The impact of a clinical pharmacist participating in the care of patients with head injury on posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis with regard to phenytoin dosing and monitoring, cost avoidance, and patient outcome, was measured retrospectively. Parameters from time periods before (BP) and after (AP) a clinical pharmacist participated in patient care were compared. The average number of days that phenytoin was given was 13.4 (BP) and 7.6 (AP), and the duration of phenytoin prophylaxis was 7 days or less in 35% and 65% of patients, respectively. The average number of phenytoin levels drawn from each patient was 10.3 (BP) and 3.4 (AP). Seizures occurred in 4.7% (BP) and 1.5% (AP) of patients. A cost savings of approximately $28,000 was observed for the AP group. A clinical pharmacist reduced the use of posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis and associated costs without jeopardizing patient outcomes.
Ontology-based product line modeling and generation

Software product line engineering defines a family of related software products. Every software product line engineering method has two essential elements, a set of models representing the product family, and a process for instantiating product members from those models. In this paper, we investigate the use of ontologies to model product lines. We also show how product members can be instantiated from an ontology-based model. We discuss our early experiences using ontologies to specify a family of workflows for a large insurance company.
Secondary Organic Aerosol Composition from C12 Alkanes

The effects of structure, NO_x conditions, relative humidity, and aerosol acidity on the chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are reported for the photooxidation of three C_(12) alkanes: n-dodecane, cyclododecane, and hexylcyclohexane. Acidity was modified through seed particle composition: NaCl, (NH_4)_2SO_4, and (NH_4)_2SO_4 + H_2SO_4. Off-line analysis of SOA was carried out by solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry. We report here 750 individual masses of SOA products identified from these three alkane systems and 324 isomers resolved by GC/MS analysis. The chemical compositions for each alkane system provide compelling evidence of particle-phase chemistry, including reactions leading to oligomer formation. Major oligomeric species for alkane SOA are peroxyhemiacetals, hemiacetals, esters, and aldol condensation products. Furans, dihydrofurans, hydroxycarbonyls, and their corresponding imine analogues are important participants in these oligomer-producing reactions. Imines are formed in the particle phase from the reaction of the ammonium sulfate seed aerosol with carbonyl-bearing compounds present in all the SOA systems. Under high-NO conditions, organonitrate products can lead to an increase of aerosol volume concentration by up to a factor of 5 over that in low-NO conditions. Structure was found to play a key role in determining the degree of functionalization and fragmentation of the parent alkane, influencing the mean molecular weight of the SOA produced and the mean atomic O:C ratio.
The red and near-infrared resonance Raman spectroscopy of photo-induced defects in the mixed-valence linear chain complex [PtII(en)2][PtIV(en)2Cl2][ClO4]4

Abstract Resonance Raman (RR) spectra of the quasi-one-dimensional solid [PtII(en)2][PtIV(en)2Cl2][ClO4]4 were obtained wth red excitations (1.65 and 1.41 eV) as a function of photolysis of the solid with energy within the intervalence charge transfer band (2.41 eV). The 1.65 eV excitation corresponds to a polaronic local gap absorption which is known to increase in intensity upon photolysis [S. Kurita & M. Haruki, Synthetic Metals 29, F129 (1989)]. However, the RR spectrum which best reveals the photo-induced defects is obtained with 1.41 eV excitation and indicates the presence of both hole and electron polaron defects.
Effect of high-fat diet on stress responsiveness in borderline hypertensive rats.

Stress in combination with genetic susceptibility is a factor in the development of hypertension. We used borderline hypertensive rats to investigate whether exposure to high-fat and/or junk-food diet at different stages of ontogeny has programing consequences on stress responses. Wistar dams were fed a high- or low-fat diet for 6 weeks prior to mating with spontaneously hypertensive males, and during gestation. At birth, litters were fostered either to a dam in the same or an alternative diet condition as during gestation. After weaning, male offspring were fed either a control-chow diet or an intermittent junk food fatty diet. Between postnatal days 57–61, half of the rats in each dietary group received daily social defeat sessions using a resident-intruder protocol, and the other half were unstressed controls. Blood pressure was measured indirectly both before and after each defeat session. On the final day, rats were killed for physiological measures. Socially defeated rats showed large increases in s...
A Theory of Shape-Memory Thin Films with Applications

Shape-memory alloys have the largest energy output per unit volume per cycle of known actuator systems [1]. Unfortunately, they are temperature activated and hence, their frequency is limited in bulk specimens. However, this is overcome in thin films; and hence shape-memory alloys are ideal actuator materials in micromachines. The heart of the shape-memory effect lies in a martensitic phase transformation and the resulting microstructure. It is well-known that microstructure can be significantly different in thin films as compared to bulk materials. In this paper, we report on a theory of single crystal martensitic this films. We show that single crystal films of shape memory material offer interesting possibilities for producing very large deformations, at small scales.
Solar altitude frequency tables

A table is presented that gives the total number of hours in the year during which the sun’s altitude exceeds a given value h, for h = 0–88° in 2° increments and for latitudes from the Equator to the North Pole in 2° increments. The table also gives corrections to these figures for the effect of atmospheric refraction and the total hours of daylight at each latitude.
The effect of applied electric fields on chemisorption

Abstract A simple model is used to study the effects of applied electric fields on the neutral chemisorption bond at a metal-vacuum interface. The adsorbate-substrate complex is represented by a model diatomic molecule in an electric field which varies spatially due to substrate screening. The field induced changes in binding energy, equilibrium position and vibrational frequency of the adsorbate are calculated. The latter changes are due to the dependence of the effective field coefficients on the adsorbate distance from the surface. Measurable effects, which reflect the bond characteristics, are predicted for experimentally attainable fields.
A brain tumor molecular imaging strategy using a new triple-modality MRI-photoacoustic-Raman nanoparticle

The difficulty in delineating brain tumor margins is a major obstacle in the path toward better outcomes for patients with brain tumors. Current imaging methods are often limited by inadequate sensitivity, specificity and spatial resolution. Here we show that a unique triplemodality magnetic resonance imaging - photoacoustic imaging - Raman imaging nanoparticle (termed here MPR nanoparticles), can accurately help delineate the margins of brain tumors in living mice both preoperatively and intraoperatively. The MPRs were detected by all three modalities with at least a picomolar sensitivity both in vitro and in living mice. Intravenous injection of MPRs into glioblastoma-bearing mice led to MPR accumulation and retention by the tumors, with no MPR accumulation in the surrounding healthy tissue, allowing for a noninvasive tumor delineation using all three modalities through the intact skull. Raman imaging allowed for guidance of intraoperative tumor resection, and a histological correlation validated that Raman imaging was accurately delineating the brain tumor margins. This new triple-modality– nanoparticle approach has promise for enabling more accurate brain tumor imaging and resection.
Unpacking Cognitive Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes

Studies of emotion regulation typically contrast two or more strategies (e.g., reappraisal vs. suppression) and ignore variation within each strategy. To address such variation, we focused on cognitive reappraisal and considered the effects of goals (i.e., what people are trying to achieve) and tactics (i.e., what people actually do) on outcomes (i.e., how affective responses change). To examine goals, we randomly assigned participants to either increase positive emotion or decrease negative emotion to a negative stimulus. To examine tactics, we categorized participants' reports of how they reappraised. To examine reappraisal outcomes, we measured experience and electrodermal responding. Findings indicated that (a) the goal of increasing positive emotion led to greater increases in positive affect and smaller decreases in skin conductance than the goal of decreasing negative emotion, and (b) use of the reality challenge tactic was associated with smaller increases in positive affect during reappraisal. These findings suggest that reappraisal can be implemented in the service of different emotion goals, using different tactics. Such differences are associated with different outcomes, and they should be considered in future research and applied attempts to maximize reappraisal success.
The HERA-B ring imaging Čerenkov detector — design, expected performance, and status

The RICH system of the HERA-B experiment at DESY consists of a 100 m 3 gaseous C 4 F 10 radiator, a large split spherical mirror and two focal planes. 2240 two-lens telescopes map a detection area of 2.9 m 2 onto an array of 2240 Hamamatsu multi-anode photomultipliers. For the system, which contains about 27 000 channels, we expect 34 ±2 detected photons for a gb = 1 particle. This will allow pion/kaon separation in the momentum range 5 p B tagging via the charge of high momentum kaons.
Benefits of Psychiatric Advance Directives: Can We Realize Their Potential?

ABSTRACT Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) document mental health treatment preferences in advance of periods of incapacity. While many have recognized the potential benefits of PADs to recipients of mental health services and service systems, empirical evidence to support or refute the benefits of PADs is lacking. This article reviews the extant literature and presents data from an ongoing study of PADs within three broad categories of PAD benefits: increasing choice and autonomy, promoting treatment involvement and dialogue, and improving crisis mental health treatment. The article concludes that when PADs are used during crises, clients feel more empowered and positive about their treatment, family and clinician communication is enhanced and burden is reduced, treatment is provided more rapidly and in a manner consistent with preferences, and escalation of symptoms and associated hospitalization is often averted. However, assuring that clinicians are aware of and access the documents during crises ...
Constitutive and instrumental goal orientations and their relations with eudaimonic and hedonic well-being

This study investigated an Aristotelian model of eudaimonic and hedonic well-being that distinguishes between goal orientations in which the means and ends are separable (instrumental) and in which the means and ends are inherently related (constitutive). Eudaimonic well-being was expected to be related to constitutive goal orientation and hedonic well-being was expected to be related to both constitutive and instrumental goal orientation. Personal identification with activities was expected to mediate the relationship between constitutive goal orientation and eudaimonic well-being. Personal enjoyment was expected to mediate the relationship between instrumental goal orientation and hedonic well-being. Factor analysis supported the independence of constitutive and instrumental goal orientation measures. As predicted, SEM results suggested that there were independent pathways to eudaimonic and hedonic well-being, with strong mediation in both pathways. Results were consistent with Aristotle's [Aristotle (1...
THE STOCHASTIC FRONTIER MODEL OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY: AN APPLICATION

A firm is technically efficient when it produces the maximum level of output for a given level of input on the assumption that technology is fixed. Although the above definition of technical efficiency has been around for decades, economists have, for the most part, been estimating average production functions (i.e. production functions that assume that all firms are technically efficient except for random noise), and then proceeding to make inferences regarding the potential of firms from this average production function.
Interferons in Sjögren's Syndrome: Genes, Mechanisms, and Effects.

Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) is a common, progressive autoimmune exocrinopathy distinguished by dry eyes and mouth and affects ~0.7% of European population. Overexpression of transcripts induced by interferons (IFN), termed as an ‘IFN signature’, has been found in SS patients. Four microarray studies have been published in SS that identified dysregulated genes within type I IFN signaling in either salivary glands or peripheral blood of SS patients. The mechanism of this type I IFN activation is still obscure, but several possible explanations have been proposed, including virus infection-initiated and immune-complex-initiated type I IFN production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Genetic predisposition to increased type I IFN signaling is supported by candidate gene studies showing evidence for association of variants within IFN-related genes. Once activated, IFN signaling may contribute to numerous aspects of SS pathophysiology, including lymphocyte infiltration into exocrine glands, autoantibody production, and glandular cell apoptosis. Thus, dysregulation of IFN pathways is an important feature that can be potentially used as a serum biomarker for diagnosis and targeting of new treatments in this complex autoimmune disease.
Rationalization and Computer Modeling of GD&T Classes

The main focus of this research is to develop a mathematical model for GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing) to support tolerance specification, validation and tolerance analysis. The model should be built on the clear definition of GD&T, both in terms of semantics and syntax. The current tolerance standards (Y14.5M-1994 and ISO 1101-1983) have many inconsistencies. We present a rational basis for GD&T by examining the basic elements involved in geometric variation and their interrelations. Tolerance classes are defined in terms of a target, a datum reference frame, and geometric relations. The GD&T global model developed is the basis for a set of computer tools for automatically generating and validating dimension and tolerance specifications based on the functionality of the part, checking dimensioning status and tolerancing status, and applying GD&T advisor.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Amphiphilic block copolymer micelles for nanoscale drug delivery

Amphiphilic block copolymers can assemble into supramolecular core-shell structures, termed ABC micelles, that have proven utility in drug delivery, particularly for drug solubilization. Several examples have entered clinical trials, attesting to the biocompatibility of ABCs and the potential advantages for drug delivery, e.g., low toxicity relative to Cremophor® EL, a surfactant commonly used for drug solubilization. Several examples of ABC micelles demonstrate potential for prolonged circulation in blood. Coupled with novel strategies toward controlled release of drug, nanoscale ABC micelles have tremendous potential for the targeting of antitumor agents, many of which are poorly water soluble and possess dose-limiting toxicity. Drug Dev. Res. 67:15–22, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synapse-Specific Metaplasticity: To Be Silenced Is Not to Silence 2B

What happens to a single, presynaptically quiescent synapse among a population of active synapses? In this issue of Neuron, Ehlers and colleagues show that, far from being eliminated, these inactive synapses are primed for potentiation and incorporation into a new neural circuit through an upregulation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors.
Activating Culture Through Persuasion Appeals: An Examination of the Bicultural Consumer

In this research, I examined how biculturals, or individuals who have been equally influenced by an East Asian and Western cultural orientation, respond to various types of persuasion appeals that promote values unique to a particular culture. In the first experiment, I found that biculturals, relative to monoculturals, tend to react favorably toward both individually and interpersonally focused appeals due to their having 2 equally developed and accessible cultural dispositions. In the second experiment, I identified boundary conditions under which having relatively equal access to both cultural dispositions leads to favorable responses. Results indicate that biculturals who tend to compartmentalize each culture react less favorably toward appeals that are both individually and interpersonally focused than biculturals who tend to integrate the 2 cultures. In other words, the former type of bicultural prefers appeals that activate one cultural disposition, whereas the latter type of bicultural favors appeals that activate both cultural dispositions. These findings are discussed in light of the growing trend toward multiculturalism and the increasing need for researchers to understand the impact of this trend on various consumer behavior issues.
Evaluation of kenaf core for broiler litter

Abstract The suitability as broiler litter of the core from the kenaf plant (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) was evaluated in two floor-pen experiments. Experiment 1 compared fresh kenaf core particles (FKC) to fresh pine sawdust (FPS); Experiment 2 evaluated FKC, FPS, reused kenaf, and reused sawdust (from Experiment 1) and a 2-cm layer of FKC on top of are used sawdust base. Both fresh litter treatments were placed in pens at a depth of 6.4 cm. Six replicate pens of 55 (Experiment 1) or 60 (Experiment 2) broilers per pen were used per treatment. Within each litter age (fresh and reused), litter type (kenaf and sawdust) had no significant effect on body weight, feed conversion, mortality, or incidence of breastblisters. Although total aerobic bacteria counts of the fresh litters prior to usage were similar, FPS had higher (P
The Comparative Impact of Different OD Techniques and Intervention Intensities

A wide range of organization development techniques has been developed but little has been done to compare their impact. It is expected that different techniques would affect organizational variables in unique ways. Some techniques would probably be more effective in changing certain variables than others. Similarly, interventions of varying intensities would also be expected to yield different results. This study attempts to assess the OD empirical research literature in an effort to determine the comparative impact of the more common change techniques and varying intervention intensities. Thirty-five empirical assessments of the impact of OD are used as the data source. Eleven hypotheses derived from the OD literature are proposed and tested. The findings indicate that most of the predictions are not supported by the available data. A discussion of the implications of these results is included.
Controlled evaluation of allergoid in the immunotherapy of ragweed hay fever

Abstract Immunotherapy with ragweed allergoid administered in a clustered regimen, placebos in a clustered regimen, and unaltered ragweed extract (allergen) in a weekly regimen were compared in three groups of hay fever patients carefully matched for ragweed sensitivity. The allergoid and placebo comparison was performed double-blind and the unaltered ragweed extract comparison was single-blind. In terms of antigen E (AgE) equivalents, doses were about 50 times higher in the allergoid-treated group than in the allergen-treated group. Whereas there was no immunologic response to placebos, the allergoid regimen produced a more rapid serum IgG antibody response, with significantly higher posttreatment levels than those in the allergen regimen. Initial IgE antibody rises and subsequent slow declines were similar. Symptom-medication scores were similar in the two specifically treated groups and significantly less than scores reported by the placebo group (p
The marketing of industrial real estate: application of Taguchi loss functions

The marketing of industrial real estate is a resource-consuming endeavour for all parties involved consisting of many objectives that, in many cases, may be in conflict with one another. One method of minimizing resource requirements, especially time, while increasing the probability of a successful match is to select properties for presentation that maximizes buyer utility. Zionts (1992) indicated one area for future research in multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) is in the development of ‘Eclectic Approaches’ using old ideas in a new way to help develop MCDM approaches. In this paper Taguchi loss functions, a procedure commonly used in quality control, is proposed as a tool that can be used by industrial real estate professionals to more efficiently determine the property that most closely matches the buyer's needs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An autosomal genomic scan for loci linked to plasma leptin concentration in Pima Indians.

OBJECTIVE: To identify chromosomal regions linked to plasma leptin concentrations. DESIGN: Autosomal genome-wide scan, including 516 microsatellite markers. Sib-pair (Haseman–Elston) and variance components methods were used to assess genetic linkage. SUBJECTS: 770 Pima Indians comprising 239 nuclear families (for a total of 1199 sibling-pairs). MEASUREMENTS: Plasma leptin concentrations and body mass index (BMI), adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: The strongest evidence for linkage with plasma leptin concentration was on chromosome 6p logarithm of odds (LOD)=2.1 by variance components analysis). There was no evidence for linkage to BMI in this region. Additional regions with marginal evidence for linkage to plasma leptin concentration (LOD ≥ 1.0) were detected on chromosomes 3, 11, 13, 15 and 16. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a locus on chromosome 6p influences plasma leptin concentrations. Replication studies are needed to exclude the possibility that linkage has been falsely detected.