cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutional Modifications of Majority Rule

Social, economic, and organizational development require a degree of stable policy making. The instability of group decision making under majority rule has preoccupied social theorists since Condorcet in the late 18th century. In theory, subtle institutional modifications to pure majority rule may be sufficient to induce stability. This paper reviews experimental evidence regarding these stability inducing modifications. The experiments examine the impact of agenda control, super-majority voting requirements, veto powers, and bicameralism on group decision making.
ACE: improving search engines via Automatic Concept Extraction

The proliferation of the Internet has caused the process of browsing and searching for information to become extremely cumbersome. While many search engines provide reasonable information., they still fall short by overwhelming users with a multitude of often irrelevant results. This problem has several causes but most notably is the inability for the user to be able to convey the context of their search. Unfortunately, search engines must assume a general context when looking for matching pages, causing users to visit each page in the result list to ultimately find or not find their desired result. We believe that the necessity of visiting each page could be removed if the concepts, i.e. over-arching ideas of the underlying page, could be revealed to the end user. This would require mining the concepts from each referenced page. It is our contention that this could be done automatically, rather than relying on the current convention of mandating that the searcher extract these concepts manually through examination of result links. This ability to mine concepts would not only be useful to finding the appropriate result but in further identifying relevant pages. We present the Automatic Concept Extraction (ACE) algorithm, which can aid users performing searches using search engines. We discuss ACE both theoretically, and in the context of a graphical user interface and implementation which we have constructed in Java to aid in qualitatively evaluating our algorithm. ACE is found to perform at least as well or better than 4 other related algorithms, which we survey in the literature.
Transport of Crab Larvae Between Estuaries and the Continental Shelf

Estuarine crabs release their larvae freely into the water column in spite of the risk of these larvae being transported out of the estuary onto the continental shelf. Many species have evolved behavioral traits that in combination with horizontal advection retain the larvae near favorable adult habitat. Leakage of these species onto the shelf results in loss of the larvae to adult population. Behavioral models resulting in retention include: 1) constant maintenance of position deep in the water column, 2) downstream advection of surface-dwelling, immature larvae, and 3) tidally rhythmic vertical migration of larvae. Larvae of some species appear to be adapted for routine dispersal onto the continental shelf. These larvae must be transported back to suitable estuarine habitat for adult existence. Models for transport back to the estuary include: 1) active horizontal swimming by mature larvae or juveniles, 2) seaward advection of surface-dwelling, immature larvae followed by landward advection of bottom-dwelling, mature larvae, 3) transport of mature larvae in convergence zones associated with landward movement of tidally induced, internal waves, and 4) wind-generated surface transport of mature larvae. A number of case studies involving well-studied estuarine species are reviewed in the paper.
Just When You Thought Your Little Language Was Safe: ``Expression Templates'' in Java

Template techniques in C++ allow a modest degree of generative programming: creating specialized code for specialized problems. This use of templates has been controversial; indeed, one of the oft-cited reasons for migrating to Java is that it provides a simpler language, free of complexities such as templates. The essence of generative programming in C++ is not templates - the language feature - but rather the underlying algorithms in the compiler (template instantiation) which unintentionally resemble an optimization called partial evaluation [12,18]. By devising a partial evaluator for Java, we reproduce some of the generative programming aspects of C++ templates, without extending the Java language. The prototype compiler, called Lunar, is capable of doing "expression templates" in Java to optimize numerical array objects.
Comparison of Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Levels in Plasma and Saliva (LB754)

Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is an enzyme present in the blood, acting as a regulator for incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide(GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). As a result of this regulatory action, DPP-IV has become an enzyme of interest in the pathology of Type 2 Diabetes. Currently, values are measured primarily in the plasma. It has been suggested that values can be measured in saliva; however, the relationship between DPP-IV levels in plasma and saliva is not well researched. Plasma and saliva samples were collected from 5 healthy college aged students. Blood was collected using standard venipuncture from prominent antecubital vein. Plasma was separated by centrifugation for 10 minutes at 1,000g and 4°C. Saliva was collected by subjects spitting into a cup, then stored in 0.5mL aliquots at -80°C until analysis. DPP-IV activity was determined using a fluorometric assay which measures the release of 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine. Enzymatic activity is defined a...
Stage Actors and Modern Acting Methods Move to Hollywood in the 1930s

In this article, the author considers factors in commercial 1930s American theatre and film which led to the unusual circumstance of many stage-trained actors employing ostensibly theatrical acting methods to respond effectively to the challenges and opportunities of industrial sound film production. The author proposes that with American sound cinema fundamentally changing employment prospects on Broadway and Hollywood production practices, the 1930s represent a unique moment in the history of American performing arts, wherein stage-trained actors in New York and Hollywood developed performances according to principles of modern acting articulated by Stanislavsky, the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York and the acting manuals written by theatre-trained professionals and used by both stage and screen actors. To illustrate certain aspects of the era’s conception of modern acting, the author analyzes a scene from Captains Courageous (Victor Flemining, 1937) with Spencer Tracy and a scene from The Guardsman (Sidney Franklin, 1931) with Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne.
Paper 19: Novel 3-D Quantification and Classification of Cam Lesions in Patients with Femoroacetabular Impingement

Background Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) can lead to labral injury, osseous changes, and even osteoarthritis. The literature contains inconsistent definitions of the alpha angle and other nonthree-dimensional (3-D) radiographic measures. We present a novel approach to quantifying cam lesions in 3-D terms. Our method also can be used to develop a classification system that describes the exact location and size of cam lesions. Questions/Hypotheses We asked whether automated quantification of CAM lesions based on CT data is a reasonable way to detect CAM lesions and whether they may be classified based on location. Method of Study We developed a method to quantify femoral head cam lesions using 3-D modeling of CT scans. By segmenting raw DICOM data, we can determine the distance from the cam lesion’s surface points to the centroid of the femoral head to quantify the mean bump height, volume, and location. The resulting 3-D femoral and acetabular models will be analyzed with custom software. We then will quantify the cam lesion with 3-D parameters using a modified zoning method. The mean bump height, volume, and location on the clock face, and relative zoning will be calculated. Zonal differences will be statistically analyzed. To assess the ability of this method to predict arthroscopic findings, we will obtain preoperative CT scans for 25 patients who undergo hip arthroscopy for FAI. We will compare measurements with the method with our measurements from arthroscopy. The clinical implications of our method’s measurements then will be reviewed and refined for future prospective studies. Significance We present a novel approach that can quantify a cam lesion’s location and size. This method will be used to provide guidelines for the exact amount of bony resection needed from a specific location of the proximal femur. There is also potential to develop software for ease of use so this method can be more widely applied.
Nonperturbative structure of the nucleon from high energy and low energy

Abstract Analysis of high energy pp and p elastic scattering indicates that the nucleon has an inner core and an outer cloud. At largemomentum transfer, one nucleon core interacts with the other via ω meson exchange, and ω is found to behave as an elementary spin-1 boson. Such a behavior of ω is in accord with the gauged nonlinear σ-model of low energy, which introduces ω as a gauge boson coupled to the baryonic charge and describes the nucleon as a topological soliton. The nonlinear σ-model, however, does not predict an outer cloud for the soliton, nor does it predict a realistic mass for it. How these problems can he resolved is discussed, and the same nucleon structure appears to emerge from both high energy and low energy considerations.
Random walking during quiet standing.

During quiet standing, the human body continually moves about in an erratic, and possibly chaotic, fashion. Here we show that postural sway is indistinguishable from correlated noise and that it can be modeled as a system of bounded, correlated random walks. These novel results suggest that the postural control system incorporates both open-loop and closed-loop control mechanisms.
Long-Term Outcome for Patients With High Volume Retroperitoneal Teratoma Undergoing Post-Chemotherapy Surgery

Purpose: We determined outcomes in patients with testicular cancer with large volume (greater than 10 cm) retroperitoneal teratoma treated with post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of our testicular cancer database was performed from 1995 to 2005 to identify patients undergoing post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for residual masses larger than 10 cm with final pathological examination revealing teratoma. A total of 99 patients met the study inclusion criteria.Results: A total of 27 patients presented with disease limited to the retroperitoneum, 46 had 2 or 3 disease sites and 26 had 4 or more disease sites. Mean and median hospital stay was 7.3 and 5.0 days, respectively. There were 23 recurrences in 27 locations with the most common being pulmonary in 5, mediastinal in 5 and retroperitoneal in 5. The 2 and 5-year disease-free survival was 86% and 75% with a mean followup of 42 months. The 2-year disease-free survival fo...
Simulation of the Enzyme Reaction Mechanism of Malate Dehydrogenase

A hybrid numerical method, which employs molecular mechanics to describe the bulk of the solvent-protein matrix and a semiempirical quantum-mechanical treatment for atoms near the reactive site, was utilized to simulate the minimum energy surface and reaction pathway for the interconversion of malate and oxaloacetate catalyzed by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase (MDH). A reaction mechanism for proton and hydride transfers associated with MDH and cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is deduced from the topology of the calculated energy surface. The proposed mechanism consists of (1) a sequential reaction with proton transfer preceding hydride transfer (malate to oxaloacetate direction), (2) the existence of two transition states with energy barriers of approximately 7 and 15 kcal/mol for the proton and hydride transfers, respectively, and (3) reactant (malate) and product (oxaloacetate) states that are nearly isoenergetic. Simulation analysis of the calculated energy profile shows that solvent effects due to the protein matrix dramatically alter the intrinsic reactivity of the functional groups involved in the MDH reaction, resulting in energetics similar to that found in aqueous solution. An energy decomposition analysis indicates that specific MDH residues (Arg-81, Arg-87, Asn-119, Asp-150, and Arg-153) in the vicinity of the substrate make significant energetic contributions to the stabilization of proton transfer and destabilization of hydride transfer. This suggests that these amino acids play an important role in the catalytic properties of MDH.
LISTENING AND NON-LISTENING BEHAVIORS IN THE CLASSROOM: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

U.S. Office of Education An index of children's listening and non-listening behaviors in the classroom yielding an interrater reliability of .92 was developed. This was used to examine the effects of grade (2, 4, G), sex, school (public, private), and subject matter (mathematics, language am) on listening in the classroom. The study tested several hypotheses: (a) the proportion of time spent listening will increase monotonically by grades; (b) private school children will exhibit a higher proportion of listening behavior than public school children; (c) subject matter which involves higher symbolism and abstract reasoning will elicit a greater proportion of rime spent listening; and finally (d) no sex differences would be observed. A four-way mixed-effects Greenhouse-Geisser (1959) analysis of variance was performed. The results of the analysis of variance supported the hypothesis that the main effects of subject matter = 94.06, p < ,0001, MLA = .57, Mu = -77) and grade (P2.m = 3.68, p < .05, M3 = .70, M4 = .Gl;Ms = .71) are important in listening. For this sample, sex and school were nonsignificant. The significant interactions included: school by grade (Fz.so = 3.75, p < .05), school by subject matter (K.M = 14.80, p < .001), grade by subject matter (P2,aa = 5.59, p < .01), school by grade by subject matter (P2..0 = 6.93, f~ < .Ol), and school by grade by subject matter by sex (P2.38 = 5.73, fi < .0 1 ) . Mean proportions by appropriate variables for significant interactions are found in the table.
Using reorder levels in MRP systems

Abstract A study was conducted to explore the possibility of using reorder levels to control certain items in a Material Requirements Planning ( mrp ) System. The result was the formulation of a reorder policy that could function within an mrp framework. To test the effectiveness of the policy, a simulation model capable of simulating the movement of stock in a typical manufacturing industry was developed. The results showed that it would be possible to control the inexpensive items in the system using reorder levels. This paper describes the study and examines the implications of the results obtained.
Effect of continuous intrathecal infusion of ω-conopeptides, N-type calcium-channel blockers, on behavior and antinociception in the formalin and hot-plate tests in rats

The effect of continuous intrathecal infusion of omega-conopeptides in the rat was examined to determine whether antinociception, as measured on the formalin and hot-plate (52.5 degrees C) tests, was altered and whether tolerance developed with chronic infusion of these agents. Infusion of 0.030 and 0.003 nmol/h SNX-111 and 0.290 nmol/h SNX-239 was performed for either 2 days ('acute') or 7 days ('chronic') and was compared to the effect of 20 nmol/h morphine or saline. Both doses of SNX-111 and SNX-239 produced a significant reduction of the response to the hot-plate and formalin tests at both 2 and 7 days of infusion compared to saline infusion. In contrast, morphine only produced a significant effect on day 2, but not on infusion day 7, indicating that tolerance had developed. The effect of SNX-111 was reversible, as shown by a return to nociceptive responses similar to saline-infused rats 2 days after the minipumps had been disconnected after a 7-day infusion period. These data indicate that chronic infusion of omega-conopeptides that block N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels produce a powerful antinociception, with minimal development of tolerance.
Inhibition of influenza virus multiplication in tissue culture by structural analogs of amino acids

Abstract Several amino acid analogs were tested for inhibition of influenza virus in roller tube cultures of mechanically dispersed pooled chick embryo lungs. Norleucine inhibited the growth of influenza A and B viruses in tissue culture. This inhibition was reversed competitively by methionine, and resembled inhibition by methoxinine and ethionine. β-Phenylserine inhibited the growth of the influenza A and B viruses in embryonic chick lung tissue culture. Inhibition was reversed by phenylalanine, acyl phenylalanines, phenylalanine dipeptides, phenylpyruvic acid, and pyridoxal phosphate. Antagonism between phenylalanine and β-phenylserine was of a competitive nature. Canavanine flavianate inhibited the growth of influenza A and B viruses in embryonic chick lung tissue culture. Inhibition was competitively reversed by l -arginine. Canavanine was a mild inhibitor, while flavianic acid acted a virucide. Canavanine flavianate apparently combined these two characteristics into a chemotherapeutic agent superior to either canavanine or flavianic acid alone. Allylglycine and S -ethylcysteine inhibited the growth of the influenza A virus in embryonic chick lung tissue culture. Inhibition by the two compounds was reversed by cysteine and cystine. In addition, the effect of S -ethylcysteine was reversed by other sulfur-containing metabolites. Reversal of virus inhibition by a metabolite was accompanied by a parallel reversal of toxicity of the inhibitor to the tissue. None of the compounds prolonged significantly the life of mice infected with the virus.
Thirty-year Survival for Black and White Hypertensive Individuals in the Evans County Heart Study and the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program.

Abstract The Evans County Heart Study (ECHS), initiated in 1960, was one of the first major studies to document cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks for African Americans and Caucasians with elevated blood pressures. In the early 1970s, the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP), with a site in Georgia (HDFP-GA), was one of the first major studies to demonstrate that treating hypertension with stepped care (SC), vs. referred care (RC), has better short-term outcomes. With this background, study objectives were to evaluate 30-year survival and cardiovascular outcomes of the HDFP-GA and to compare outcomes of these patients with 1,619 hypertensive individuals (30 to 69 years of age) from the ECHS. The HDFP-GA patients included 688 individuals (Black [n = 267]; White [n = 421]) randomized to RC (n = 341) and SC (n = 347). The ECHS was comprised of 733 Black and 886 White hypertensives. All-cause mortality and CVD mortality were assessed in the HDFP-GA and compared with those in the ECHS hypertensives. After 30 years of follow-up, 65.7% of the HDFP-GA cohort had died compared with a similar 65.8% of the ECHS hypertensives. However, CVD mortality rates, while similar for the SC and RC arms, were lower than in the HDFP-GA total study group than the hypertensive participants of ECHS (32.6% vs. 40.3%; P
The needs of depressed homeless persons : designing appropriate services

This article explores the incidence of depression among homeless persons in an urban area in Maryland. Similar to other studies a high incidence of depression is found; however, dissimilar to other studies its cause is correlated with low self-esteem, food deprivation, family relations, goal orientation, health, drug abuse, previous mental hospitalizations disabilities and race. It is suggested that services to the homeless need to include more broadly based social casework services that stress basic needs and goal attainment.
Evidence for impaired sound intensity processing during prepulse inhibition of the startle response in a rodent developmental disruption model of schizophrenia

A number of studies have implicated disruptions in prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response in both schizophrenia patients and animal models of this disorder. These disruptions are believed to reflect deficits in sensorimotor gating and are ascribed to aberrant filtering of sensory inputs leading to sensory overload and enhanced "noise" in neural structures. Here we examined auditory evoked potentials in a rodent model of schizophrenia (MAM-GD17) during an auditory PPI paradigm to better understand this phenomenon. MAM rats exhibited reductions in specific components of auditory evoked potentials in the orbitofrontal cortex and an abolition of the graded response to stimuli of differing intensities indicating deficient intensity processing in the orbitofrontal cortex. These data indicate that aberrant sensory information processing, rather than being attributable to enhanced noise in neural structures, may be better attributed to diminished evoked amplitudes resulting in a reduction in the "signal-to-noise" ratio. Therefore, the ability for sensory input to modulate the ongoing background activity may be severely disrupted in schizophrenia yielding an internal state which is insufficiently responsive to external input.
Studies on the development of the eye cup and optic nerve in normal mice and in mutants with congenital optic nerve aplasia

Abstract With the use of quantitative histological techniques, we have described, in normal mice, the formation of a system of intercellular channels within the embryonic retina and continuing without interruption into the optic stalk. The channels develop in advance of the morphological differentiation of the retinal ganglion cells and their neurites. Moreover, they appear at predictable times during gestation and are localized along the potential route to be taken by the earliest developing fibers of the optic nerve. A functional relationship may exist between the development of the channels and the subsequent outgrowth of the optic nerve from the eye. We have also examined a series of mouse embryos homozygous for the mutant gene ocular retardation (or J ), which causes optic nerve aplasia. In the or J mutant, there is a reduction in area of these extracellular spaces and the optic nerve fails to exit from the eye. The lack of intercellular space within the mutant retina is associated with an increased number of cells which, in turn, may result from a continuing absence of normal cell death during earlier stages.
Recruitment and Retention Strategies for Longitudinal African American Caregiving Research The Family Caregiving Project

Objectives: This article provides a detailed discussion, guided by a culturally competent approach, on recruitment and retention strategies used to study caregiving to older dependent elders in Afr...
Comparison of robot-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy with traditional laparoscopic adrenalectomy - 1 year follow-up

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy offers distinct benefits to patients and has now become the gold standard for the removal of adrenal lesions. Nonetheless, the procedure poses a challenge for surgeons in regards to the maneuverability of instruments, the two-dimensional operating field and the counterintuitive movements. This study reports our experience using the Zeus robotic surgical system in laparoscopic adrenalectomy compared with traditional laparoscopic adrenalectomy. From January 2003 to February 2005, a total of 12 patients were prospectively enrolled to receive robot-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy (RALA) or traditional laparoscopic adrenalectomy (TLA). The time necessary for robotic setup and operation was recorded, as well as complications, technical problems, postoperative hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality. Five RALA procedures and seven TLA were successfully completed. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, body mass index, and tumor size. Resection times were longer in the RALA group (168.0 ± 30.7 min vs. 131.4 ± 29.0 min, p = 0.05). There were no perioperative complications. There was neither postoperative mortality nor morbidity at the time of discharge and during one year follow-up. RALA is as safe and technically feasible as TLA, It provides a real benefit for the surgeon with the three dimensional view, a comfortable sitting position, the elimination of the surgeon’s tremor, and increased degrees of freedom of the operative instruments compared with TLA. However, patient outcomes and operative costs should be evaluated further.
Envelope Gene of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-W Encodes a Functional Retrovirus Envelope

A member of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) family termed HERV-W encodes a highly fusogenic membrane glycoprotein that appears to be expressed specifically in the placenta. It is unclear whether the glycoproteins of the HERVs can serve as functional retrovirus envelope proteins to confer infectivity on retrovirus particles. We found that the HERV-W envelope glycoprotein can form pseudotypes with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions and confers tropism for CD4-negative cells. Thus, the HERV-W env gene represents the first HERV env gene demonstrated to encode the functional properties of a retrovirus envelope glycoprotein.
Treatment of a four-year-old victim of incest

Abstract A case study describing the use of behavior techniques in the treatment of a four—year—old sexual assault victim is presented. The target behaviors included eating, phobic behaviors, self—injurious behaviors, and comments made about the father (the perpetrator) and the paternal grandmother. The child's mother served as both data collector and therapist. The study demonstrates that child victims can experience a sexual assault trauma syndrome similar to that manifested by adult victims. Additionally, the findings illustrate that a simple behavioral intervention implemented by a parent can be effective in treating young sexual assault victims.
An algorithm for economically setting a uniformly-shifting process

Abstract Two methods for finding the optimal setting for a uniformly-shifting process mean are developed and compared. A determination of the number of parts to be made before resetting, and the level to which the process is to be reset is made given costs for improperly sized parts and for process resetting.
Structural evidence for multiple transport mechanisms through the Golgi in the pancreatic β-cell line, HIT-T15

Accurate data on the three-dimensional architecture of the Golgi is prerequisite for evaluating the mechanisms of transit through this organelle. Here we detail the structure of the Golgi ribbon within part of an insulin-secreting cell in three dimensions at ~ 6 nm resolution. Rapid freezing, freeze-substitution and electron tomography were employed. The Golgi in this region is composed of seven cisternae. The cis -most element is structurally intermediate between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and the cis -most cisterna characterized in three dimensions at high resolution in a normal rat kidney cell [Ladinsky, Mastronarde, McIntosh, Howell and Staehelin (1999) J. Cell Biol. 144 , 1135–1149]. There are three trans -cisternae that demonstrate morphological and functional variation. The membrane surface areas and volumes of these elements decrease from cis to trans. The two trans -most cisternae are dissociated from the stack and are fragmented by tubulation. ER closely adheres to and inserts between individual trans -cisternae. Many of the 2119 small, clathrin-negative vesicles that are in close proximity to the Golgi fill the region where trans -cisternae have moved out of register with the ribbon. These data provide evidence that cisternal progression/maturation, trafficking via membrane tubules and vesicle-mediated transport act in concert in the same region of the Golgi ribbon, and suggest an important role for the ER in regulating membrane dynamics at the trans -Golgi.
Intrinsic distribution of magnetic anisotropy in thin films probed by patterned nanostructures.

We demonstrate that the switching field distribution (SFD) in arrays of 50 nm to $5\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ $\mathrm{Co}/\mathrm{Pd}$ elements, with perpendicular anisotropy, can be explained by a distribution of intrinsic anisotropy rather than any fabrication related effects. Further, simulations of coercivity and SFD versus element size allow the distribution of intrinsic anisotropy to be quantified in highly exchanged coupled thin films where the reversal mechanism is one of nucleation followed by rapid domain wall motion.
Binding of proflavin to chymotrypsin: an experiment to determine protein–ligand interactions by direct nonlinear regression analysis of spectroscopic titration data

Abstract The dissociation constant and stoichiometry of a proflavin–chymotrypsin complex are determined by spectroscopic titration and direct nonlinear regression data analysis in a simple experiment during one laboratory period.
Molecular characterization of contaminants in soils by spatially resolved XRF & XANES spectroscopy

Using a dedicated microprobe beam line (X-26A NSLS) we have conducted spatially resolved XRF and XAS studies on a variety of environmental samples and on samples produced in waste isolation and processing activities. XANES spectroscopy has provided detailed information on the oxidation states of U in contaminated soils on regions as small as 50 μm, with minimal sample manipulation. Qualitative information on bonding environments of U have been deduced based upon elemental associations generated at 10 μm spatial resolution on identical regions where complete XANES spectra were collected and also on the 'fingerprint' or multiple scattering regions of the XANES spectra. Distinct regions within the sediments were found to contain phases of predominately U(VI) and U(IV). On the spatial scale examined, the U(VI) was present both as diffusely distributed and as discrete phases, whereas phases containing predominately U(IV) were present exclusively as discrete phases. Examination of a large population of individual grains prior to and following extraction with a sodium carbonate lixiviant, revealed that the U(IV) phases were highly enriched following extraction, suggesting more selective solubilization of U(VI) phases. This study illustrates the utility of combining spatially resolved XRF and XANES to evaluate chemical intervention technologies.
Hypocholesterolemic Agents V: Inhibition of β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase by Substituted 4-Biphenylylalkyl Carboxylic Acids and Methyl Esters

Eleven substituted 4‐biphenylylalkyl carboxylic acids and three methyl esters were synthesized and assayed for inhibition of rat liver β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. Five of the acids were analogs, resulting from various isosteric replacements of the carbonyl and ether oxygens of the previously described reversible inhibitor 1‐(4‐biphenylyl)pentyl hydrogen succinate. No significant change in activity was noted, except upon introduction of an amide linkage where a decrease in inhibition was found. Six carboxylic acids and three methyl esters, all containing the 4‐biphenylyl radical but lacking the n‐butyl side chain found in 1‐(4‐biphenylyl)pentyl hydrogen succinate, also were inhibitors of the reductase.
Sealed tube differential thermal analysis studies of some nickel(II) salt hydrates

Abstract Sealed and open tube DTA curves are reported for nickel sulfate, nitrate, ammonium sulfate, chloride, acetate, formate and perchlorate hydrates. The endothermic peaks for the sealed tube reactions were smaller than those found for the open tubes, due to the lack of water vaporization in the former. With the exception of NiSO4-(NH4)2SO4-6H2O, the peaks for the sealed and open tube reactions appeared at about the same initial peak temperature. The sealed tube reaction intervals (Tf-Ti) were shorter than those found for the open tube.
The effect of Aging on Ion Uptake by Excised Barley Roots

When excised barley (Hodeum Vulgare L.) roots were aged, the rate of uptake of K and C1 increased raching a maximum in about 14 to 18 h. At its maximum the uptake rate was approxiamately twice that of the freshly excised root materila. Respiratory activity declined markedly during the aging period. Although excision was an essential requirement for uptake enhancement, washing was not. Both the uptake and aging processes were shown ot be unresponsive to the presence or absence of Ca in the tratment solutions. Because of cation exchange properties, the change in the total cation content of the root material was a more meaningful measure of the metabolically mediated cation uptake than was the change in content of the test cation itself. The pluggin of xylem vessels with protein and pectin-like substances was observed to increase with aging. It is proposed that the occlusion of the vessels may account for an apparent increaase in uptake since the obstruction could reduce a concurrent loss of ions through the cut ends of the root segments.
Computerized tomography in diagnosis of pelvic abscess in spinal-cord-injured patients

Twenty-four spinal-cord-injured patients with pressure sores, and suspected of having other complications were studied by CT, gallium scanning, and ultrasonography. CT was found to be by far the modality of choice for evaluation of the extent and depth of the pressure sore, assessment of the thickness of fibrous tissue scar alongside its boundaries and at its base, detection of associated peri-pelvic and intra-pelvic soft tissue abscesses, sinus tracts and osteomyelitis of the pelvic bones.
Preemptive gastrointestinal tract management reduces aspiration and respiratory failure after thoracic operations.

Abstract Objectives: Respiratory failure is the major mode of death after general thoracic operations. However, respiratory failure may develop from two very different mechanisms: aspiration, often caused by ileus, and pneumonia, which often results from poor pain control. Epidural catheters help control pain and prevent pneumonia but contribute to ileus and may increase aspiration. We report a decrease in the incidence of aspiration after changing postoperative care to include gastrointestinal tract management. Methods: All patients undergoing elective thoracotomy by a single surgeon were evaluated for hospital mortality and morbidity. For the first 21 months, patients did not receive an intraoperative nasogastric tube and were prescribed an "advance as tolerated" diet after the operation (n = 125). For the second period, nasogastric tubes were placed intraoperatively and patients received nothing by mouth the day of operation, clear liquids the first day, and a regular diet the second day (n = 153). Pneumonia was considered to have developed if infiltrates developed in a single lobe or two adjoining lobes and culture of the sputa grew a dominant organism. Patients were considered to have aspirated if diffuse infiltrates developed or cultures grew multiple organisms. Significance of results was determined by χ 2 testing. Results: A total of 278 patients underwent elective lung resection over a 3½-year period, 125 with ad libitum dietary management and 153 with intensive management of the gastrointestinal tract. Six patients (4.84%) aspirated before the institution of gastrointestinal tract management, whereas none (0.0%) aspirated after the change. This difference was significant ( P = .01). Respiratory mortality was eliminated in the group with gastrointestinal tract management ( P = .04). Conclusions: Aspiration and its subsequent respiratory failure and mortality can be decreased with preemptive gastrointestinal tract management. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:449-52)
Zero-temperature real-space renormalization-group method for a Kondo-lattice model Hamiltonian

Details are given of work on a one-dimensional analog of the Kondo-lattice problem, in which a conduction band interacts with a spin in each cell of a lattice. Results of a renormalization-group calculation (generalized from Wilson's approach to the single-site Kondo problem) published earlier in letter form, showed that the system undergoes a second-order crossover transition from an antiferromagnetic state to a Kondo-like state at zero temperature as the spin---conduction-electron coupling is increased past a critical value. The numerical approximations involved are checked against the case of the Ising chain in a transverse field for which exact solutions are available.
Expanding the porthole: leveraging large, high-resolution displays in exploratory visual analysis

The scale and complexity of today's datasets frequently overwhelms conventional visualization interfaces, which could negatively impact the quality of the visual analytic activity. In this paper, we investigate the use of Large, High-Resolution displays in exploratory visual analysis scenarios. We argue that the ability to see and interact with more information at once fundamentally affects users' analytic behavior, prompting them to explore their data more broadly. This positive effect may also enhance the diversity of questions and hypotheses conceived and explored by users during their analysis.
The Electric Kool-Aid Publications Management Acid Test:

One's openness to, and ability to cope with, change are measured by the acid test for publication specialists described here. The winners "innaugurate change to compensate for change." But this article also describes some publication managers who fail the test and become a drain on corporate management in vestment.
Long-range electronic coupling of MM quadruple bonds (M = Mo or W) via a 2,6-azulenedicarboxylate bridge.

The preparation of 2,6-azulenedicarboxylic acid (I) from its diester, 2-CO2tBu-6-CO2-C10H6 (II), is reported together with the crystal and molecular structure of the ester, II. From the reactions between the dicarboxylic acid I and the MM quadruply bonded complexes M2(O2CtBu)4, where M = Mo or W, the azulenedicarboxylate bridged complexes [M2(O2CtBu)3]2(μ-2,6-(CO2)2−C10H6) have been isolated, III (M = Mo) and IV (M = W). The latter compounds provide examples of electronically coupled M2 centers via a polar bridge. The compounds show intense electronic absorptions due to metal-to-bridge charge transfer. This occurs in the visible region of the spectrum for III (M = Mo) but in the near-IR for IV (M = W). One electron oxidation with Ag+PF6- in THF generates the radical cations III+ and IV+. By both UV−vis−NIR and EPR spectroscopy the molybdenum ion III+ is shown to be valence trapped or Class II on the Robin and Day classification scheme. Electrochemical, UV−vis−NIR, and EPR spectroscopic data indicate that,...
Stress-Strain Relationships in Yarns Subjected to Rapid Impact Loading Part VIII: Shock Waves, Limiting Breaking Velocities, and Critical Velocities

An impact velocity just sufficient to cause immediate breakage in a filament im pacted in tension is called a critical velocity. Theories, of von Karman and Taylor, required for calculating critica...
Effects of aminooxyacetate on the metabolism of isolated liver cells.

Abstract Aminooxyacetate, a glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase inhibitor, at 0.2 m m concentration, strongly depresses gluconeogenesis from lactate in isolated rat liver parenchymal cells, while affecting that from pyruvate much less. In fact, the inhibition of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate at 0.2 m m aminooxyacetate appears to be largely an inhibition of gluconeogenesis from the lactate which is formed early in the incubation. Also, the lack of inhibition of lactate formation from pyruvate suggests that a reverse malate-aspartate cycle is not involved in the outward transfer of NADH hydrogen from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Aminooxyacetate at 2 m m nearly completely inhibits detritiation of added l -[2- 3 H]-aspartate, and inhibits endogenous urea formation by about 70% in liver cells. Aminooxyacetate at 0.2 and 2 m m in bicarbonate buffer and at 0.2 m m in phosphate buffer inhibits gluconeogenesis from glycerol, sorbitol, and xylitol by 30–50%. However, at 2 m m in phosphate buffer the inhibition markedly decreases. Aminooxyacetate at 0.2 m m inhibits ethanol utilization by about 50% in bicarbonate buffer, but the inhibition disappears when the aminooxyacetate concentration is raised to 2 m m . The variable effects of buffer and concentration leave somewhat uncertain the role of a malate-aspartate cycle in transport of hydrogen into the mitochondria.
Differentiation of self and its relation to work stress and work satisfaction

This study examines the relation of differentiation of self in the workplace to work stress and work satisfaction among individuals working in various employment settings. Family theorist Murray Bowen (1976, 1978) defined differentiation as encompassing one's ability to attain a mature balance between autonomy and intimacy within relationships. The purpose of this study was to determine whether better levels of differentiation would translate into better workplace relationships that would reflect in greater job satisfaction and lower perceived stress levels. The Emotional Reactivity, Emotional Cutoff, and Fusion subscales of the Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998) and the Workplace Differentiation Inventory developed by the authors assessed differentiation of self in the workplace. As hypothesized, participants who scored as more highly differentiated on both scales reported greater overall job satisfaction and lower interpersonal stress. Researchers found significant positive correlations between the subscales of the Differentiation of Self Inventory and the Workplace Differentiation Inventory, which suggests that workers tend to respond to interpersonal workplace situations in similar ways as their responses to other relationships. Researchers found significant gender differences, with women reporting more Emotional Reactivity and Fusion than men do. The authors use Bowen's theory of differentiation in discussing these results.
Ubiquitin-dependent regulation of COPII coat size and function

Packaging of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum into COPII vesicles is essential for secretion. In cells, most COPII vesicles are approximately 60-80 nm in diameter, yet some must increase their size to accommodate 300-400 nm procollagen fibres or chylomicrons. Impaired COPII function results in collagen deposition defects, cranio-lenticulo-sutural dysplasia, or chylomicron retention disease, but mechanisms to enlarge COPII coats have remained elusive. Here, we identified the ubiquitin ligase CUL3-KLHL12 as a regulator of COPII coat formation. CUL3-KLHL12 catalyses the monoubiquitylation of the COPII-component SEC31 and drives the assembly of large COPII coats. As a result, ubiquitylation by CUL3-KLHL12 is essential for collagen export, yet less important for the transport of small cargo. We conclude that monoubiquitylation controls the size and function of a vesicle coat.
Effect of cholera toxin on small intestinal motor activity in the fed state

We sought to determine the effect of cholera toxin on small intestinal transit and motor activity in the fed state. Mean transit time increased after cholera toxin, but there was no change in mean amplitude, duration, and area of contractions. In contrast, there was a reduction in the total amplitude, duration, and area of contractions, and this was due to a decrease in frequency of contractions. The reduction in the total parameters of all contractions could be accounted for by a reduction in the same parameters for propagating contractions. The parameters of nonpropagating contraction were not different after cholera toxin. Also, there was a decrease in the distance of propagation of contractions. Our findings demonstrate that during the secretory state due to cholera toxin the small intestinal motor activity works in a compensatory mode to decrease transit and allow more time for absorption.
Ionization by a single-cycle pulse

Ionization of ground-state hydrogen by a single-cycle, circularly-polarized laser pulse is calculated using the SFA (strong-field approximation) in U-matrix form. That is, the progress of the ionization is followed in time as the pulse sweeps over the atom. The results indicate that the bound electron moves out to the classical orbit as the field strength increases, and then almost all of the electron probability returns to the atom at the end of the cycle. The part that is missing is the ionization probability. We discuss the special symmetry that exists with circular polarization, how this influences the outcome and why the accepted concept of the classical path typifying circular polarization processes cannot be correct.
The solvent-protected core of the hairpin ribozyme-substrate complex.

The complex between the hairpin ribozyme and its substrate consists of two domains that must interact in order to form a catalytic complex, yet experimental evidence concerning the points of interaction between the two domains has been lacking. Here, we report the use of hydroxyl radical footprinting to define the interface between the two domains. Cations that support very efficient ribozyme catalysis (magnesium and cobalt(III) hexammine) lead to the formation of a docked complex that features several regions of protection, indicating a solvent-inaccessible core within the tertiary structure of the complex. Cations that are suboptimal in cleavage reactions do not produce complexes with regions of reduced solvent accessibility. Nucleotides encompassing the substrate cleavage site (c−2, a−1, g+1, and u+2) are strongly protected, suggesting their internalization into the catalytic core. Four distinct segments of the ribozyme are protected, including G11−A14, C25−C27, A38, and U42−A43. Protection of these si...
Invasive and native blue mussels (genus Mytilus) on the California coast: the role of physiology in a biological invasion.

Abstract The Mediterranean blue mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis , is an invasive species that has displaced a congener, Mytilus trossulus , from its native range in central and southern California, USA. The dynamic relationship between interspecies competition and species-specific tolerances to abiotic factors, such as temperature and salinity, appears to have facilitated the success but has also imposed limits on the spread of this biological invasion. Here, we review the literature and present new data that document physiological differences between M. galloprovincialis and M. trossulus . In all comparisons, M. galloprovincialis is more warm-adapted than M. trossulus . Higher activities of enzymes involved in ATP generation show that the native M. trossulus is better adapted to colder conditions than M. galloprovincialis . Higher metabolic capacity (temperature compensation) in the native species may, however, lead to higher metabolic costs at sites where the two species co-occur. In addition, M. trossulus has a lower thermal tolerance of cardiac function and substrate binding by enzymes than M. galloprovincialis . The higher thermal tolerance of the invasive species is likely due in part to its enhanced ability to induce changes in the expression of particular genes and proteins in response to acute heat stress. Taken together, these data predict that M. galloprovincialis will continue to be the dominant blue mussel species along the warmer range of the California Current. Because the northern biogeographic limit of M. galloprovincialis is not stable, but rather shifts to lower or higher latitudes in concert with oceanographic variability, it is important to further characterize the physiological constraints of M. galloprovincialis , related to its sensitivity to cold temperatures and low salinities.