cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcription-Defective soxR Mutants of Escherichia coli: Isolation and In Vivo Characterization

The soxRS regulon protects Escherichia coli from superoxide and nitric oxide stress. SoxR protein, a transcription factor that senses oxidative stress via its [2Fe-2S] centers, transduces the signal to the soxS promoter to stimulate RNA polymerase. Here we describe 29 mutant alleles of soxR that cause defects in the activation of soxS transcription in response to paraquat, a superoxide stress agent. Owing to the selection and screen used in their isolation, most of these mutant alleles encode proteins that retained specific binding activity for the soxS promoter in vivo. The mutations were found throughout the SoxR polypeptide, although those closer to the N terminus typically exhibited greater defects in DNA binding. The degree of the defect in the transcriptional response to superoxide caused by each mutation was closely paralleled by its impaired response to nitric oxide. This work begins the general identification of the residues in the SoxR polypeptide that are critical for transducing oxidative stress signals into gene activation.
Satiation of mouse killing by rats in an operant situation

Mouse-killing rats were allowed to pace their killing behavior by use of an operant response reinforced with mouse presentation. When tested after intervals of 1, 2, and 4 days without exposure to mice, the rats averaged more than 30 responses and kills before reaching a satiation criterion of ISmin without a response. In a 10-h session, during which responding was continuously reinforced, four rats killed 32–57 mice early in the session, then emitted occasional bursts of responses during the remainder of the session, obtaining and killing an average of 41 additional mice. These findings contradict a previous report that mouse killing by rats is easily satiated.
Current status of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in southern California

Since 1998, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), has emerged as a major insect pest of many horticultural crops in coastal California. Control of this pest has been heavily dependent upon chemical insecticides. Objectives of this study were to determine the status of the greenhouse whitefly susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in Oxnard/Ventura, a year-round intensive horticultural production area of southern California. For bioassay tests, adult whiteflies were collected from commercial strawberry crops, and immatures were directly developed from eggs laid by these adults. LD(50) values of soil-applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran were respectively 8.7, 3.2 and 4.9 times higher for the adults, 1.8, 1.2 and 1.5 times higher for the first-instar nymphs and 89.4, 390 and 10.4 times higher for the third-instar nymphs than their top label rates. LC(50) values of foliar-applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid were respectively 6.1, 6.0 and 1.7 times higher for the adults and 3.8, 8.7 and 4.4 times higher for the second-instar nymphs than their top label rates. For the adults, LC(90) values of endosulfan, malathion, methomyl, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin were 2.2, 1.2, 1.9, 2.3 and 4.9 times lower than their respective top label rates. Chlorpyrifos was not very effective against the adults, as indicated by its LC(90) being 120% higher than its top label rate. The present results strongly emphasize the need to develop resistance management strategies in the region.
Microgel electrophoresis: Sensitivity, mechanisms, and DNA electrostretching

Based on the treatment of microgels to remove proteins, we speculate that proteins may be bound to DNA in the microgels even after electrophoresis. We speculate that some DNA single-strand breaks may be a reflection of these protein-DNA complexes. We suggest methods to limit such artifacts, and present data demonstrating a lymphocyte DNA double-strand break sensitivity of 12.5 rads and day-to-day reproducibility of microgel electrophoresis using these principles. Extending these principles, we describe DNA behavior during alkaline and neutral microgel electrophoresis based on observations of the stained DNA and its migration patterns. During microgel electrophoresis, individual DNA molecules behave as if anchored at one end while the other end is free to migrate in response to the electric field. We capitalize on this behavior by developing a neutral microgel method to stretch chromosomes.
Application Of Nonparametric Detectors To Point Target Detection In Infrared Clutter Backgrounds

This paper presents the adaptation and performance evaluation of the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney nonparametric detectors for point targets in infrared clutter backgrounds. These detectors are designed to detect a level shift in a set of M samples containing interference which has an incompletely known distribution. We present a transformation based on the Walsh transformation which allows us to apply the Wilcoxon or Mann-Whitney detectors to the case of a target of small extent imbedded in a large number of background samples. We include the formulation of the two nonparametric detectors along with analytical approximations that can be used to calculate performance predictions in terms of probability of detection and false alarm. Last, we present simulation results comparing the nonparametric detectors with an adaptive linear detector. Performance comparisons are shown for simulations against scenes consisting of recorded infrared clutter video as well as a synthetic white noise scene.
Early American Cartographies. Edited by Martin Brückner

In the past decade, scholars have increasingly studied not just words but maps, images and other graphic representations created by early modern societies to analyze how they depicted, administered...
Dense geometric flow visualization

We present a flow visualization technique based on rendering geometry in a dense, uniform distribution. Flow is integrated using particle advection. By adopting ideas from texture-based techniques and taking advantage of parallelism and programmability of contemporary graphics hardware, we generate streamlines and pathlines addressing both steady and unsteady flow. Pipelining is used to manage seeding, advection, and expiration of streamlines/ pathlines with constant lifetime. We achieve high numerical accuracy by enforcing short particle lifetimes and employing a fourth-order integration method. The occlusion problem inherent to dense volumetric representations is addressed by applying multi-dimensional transfer functions (MDTFs), restricting particle attenuation to regions of certain physical behavior, or features. Geometry is rendered in graphics hardware using techniques such as depth sorting, illumination, haloing, flow orientation, and depth-based color attenuation to enhance visual perception. We achieve dense geometric three-dimensional flow visualization with interactive frame rates.
Fraud Brainstorming Using Computer‐Mediated Communication: The Effects of Brainstorming Technique and Facilitation

ABSTRACT: This study experimentally investigates the effectiveness of computer‐mediated brainstorming in the context of the SAS No. 99 mandated fraud brainstorming requirement. Results indicate that brainstorming effectiveness is significantly higher for teams brainstorming electronically relative to teams using traditional face‐to‐face brainstorming. There is no significant difference in brainstorming effectiveness between electronic interactive brainstorming and electronic nominal brainstorming. Brainstorming effectiveness is significantly higher for teams receiving content facilitation relative to teams not receiving content facilitation. The post‐brainstorming fraud risk assessments are significantly higher than the pre‐brainstorming assessments in all treatment conditions, indicating that the SAS No. 99 mandated brainstorming session has the intended effect. This research informs audit practice by demonstrating that computer‐mediated fraud brainstorming can be more effective than face‐to‐face brainst...
Risk and Cause of Death in Patients Diagnosed With Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in Sweden Between 1973 and 2005: A Population-Based Study

Purpose Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are associated with a shortened life expectancy. We assessed causes of death in patients with MPN and matched controls using both relative risks and absolute probabilities in the presence of competing risks. Patients and Methods From Swedish registries, we identified 9,285 patients with MPN and 35,769 matched controls. A flexible parametric model was used to estimate cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) of death and cumulative incidence functions, each with 95% CIs. Results In patients with MPN, the HRs of death from hematologic malignancies and infections were 92.8 (95% CI, 70.0 to 123.1) and 2.7 (95% CI, 2.4 to 3.1), respectively. In patients age 70 to 79 years at diagnosis (the largest patient group), the HRs of death from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease were 1.5 (95% CI, 1.4 to 1.7) and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3 to 1.8), respectively; all were statistically significantly elevated compared with those of controls. In the same age group, no difference was obser...
A Bayesian adaptive Phase I–II clinical trial for evaluating efficacy and toxicity with delayed outcomes

BackgroundIn traditional Phase-I oncology trials, the safety of a new chemotherapeutic agent is tested in a dose escalation study to identify the maximum tolerated dose, which is defined as the highest dose with acceptable toxicity. An alternate approach is to jointly model toxicity and efficacy and allow dose finding to be directed by a prespecified trade-off between efficacy and toxicity. With this goal in mind, several designs have been proposed to jointly model toxicity and efficacy in a Phase I–II dose escalation study. A factor limiting the use of these designs is that toxicity and efficacy must be observed in a timely manner.PurposeOne approach to overcoming this problem is to model toxicity and efficacy as time-to-event outcomes. This would allow new subjects to be enrolled before full information is available for previous subjects while incorporating partial information when adaptively assigning new subjects to a dose level.MethodsWe propose a Phase I–II dose escalation study for evaluating toxic...
Deformable complex network for refining low‐resolution X‐ray structures

In macromolecular X-ray crystallography, building more accurate atomic models based on lower resolution experimental diffraction data remains a great challenge. Previous studies have used a deformable elastic network (DEN) model to aid in low-resolution structural refinement. In this study, the development of a new refinement algorithm called the deformable complex network (DCN) is reported that combines a novel angular network-based restraint with the DEN model in the target function. Testing of DCN on a wide range of low-resolution structures demonstrated that it constantly leads to significantly improved structural models as judged by multiple refinement criteria, thus representing a new effective refinement tool for low-resolution structural determination.
An Immunogenic and Protective Alphavirus Replicon Particle-Based Dengue Vaccine Overcomes Maternal Antibody Interference in Weanling Mice

A candidate pediatric dengue virus (DENV) vaccine based on nonpropagating Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRP) was tested for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in weanling mice in the presence and absence of potentially interfering maternal antibodies. A gene cassette encoding envelope proteins prM and E from mouse-adapted DENV type 2 (DENV2) strain NGC was cloned into a VEE replicon vector and packaged into VRP, which programmed proper in vitro expression and processing of DENV2 envelope proteins upon infection of Vero cells. Primary immunization of 3-week-old weanling BALB/c mice in the footpad with DENV2 VRP resulted in high levels of DENV-specific serum immunoglobulin G antibodies and significant titers of neutralizing antibodies in all vaccinates. A booster immunization 12 weeks after the prime immunization resulted in increased neutralizing antibodies that were sustained for at least 30 weeks. Immunization at a range of doses of DENV2 VRP protected mice from an otherwise-lethal intracranial DENV2 challenge. To model vaccination in the presence of maternal antibodies, weanling pups born to DENV2-immune or DENV2-naive dams were immunized with either DENV2 VRP or live DENV2 given peripherally. The DENV2 VRP vaccine induced neutralizing-antibody responses in young mice regardless of the maternal immune status. In contrast, live-DENV2 vaccination performed poorly in the presence of preexisting anti-DENV2 antibodies. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a VRP vaccine approach as an early-life DENV vaccine in populations with high levels of circulating DENV antibodies and suggests the utility of VRP-based vaccines in other instances where maternal antibodies make early vaccination problematic.
Nonlinear lymphangion pressure-volume relationship minimizes edema

Lymphangions, the segments of lymphatic vessel between two valves, contract cyclically and actively pump, analogous to cardiac ventricles. Besides having a discernable systole and diastole, lymphan...
Mutational Analysis of the Respiratory Nitrate Transporter NarK2 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces nitrate reductase activity in response to decreasing oxygen levels. This is due to regulation of both the transcription and the activity of the nitrate transporter NarK2. A model of NarK2 structure is proposed containing 12 membrane spanning regions consistent with other members of the major facilitator superfamily. The role of the proton gradient was determined by exposing M. tuberculosis to uncouplers. Nitrite production decreased indicating that the importation of nitrate involved an H+/nitrate symporter. The addition of nitrite before nitrate had no effect, suggesting no role for a nitrate/nitrite antiporter. In addition the NarK2 knockout mutant showed no defect in nitrite export. NarK2 is proposed to be a Type I H+/nitrate symporter. Site directed mutagenesis was performed changing 23 amino acids of NarK2. This allowed the identification of important regions and amino acids of this transporter. Five of these mutants were inactive for nitrate transport, seven produced reduced activity and eleven mutants retained wild type activity. NarK2 is inactivated in the presence of oxygen by an unknown mechanism. However none of the mutants, including those with mutated cysteines, were altered in their response to oxygen levels. The assimilatory nitrate transporter NasA of Bacillus subtilis was expressed in the M. tuberculosis NarK2 mutant. It remained active during aerobic incubation showing that the point of oxygen control is NarK2.
Genetic Control of a Central Pattern Generator: Rhythmic Oromotor Movement in Mice Is Controlled by a Major Locus near Atp1a2

Fluid licking in mice is a rhythmic behavior that is controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG) located in a complex of brainstem nuclei. C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains differ significantly in water-restricted licking, with a highly heritable difference in rates (h 2 $0.62) and a corresponding 20% difference in interlick interval (mean 6 SEM=116.36 1v s 95.461.1 ms). We systematically quantified motor output in these strains, their F1 hybrids, and a set of 64 BXD progeny strains. The mean primary interlick interval (MPI) varied continuously among progeny strains. We detected a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) for a CPG controlling lick rate on Chr 1 (Lick1), and a suggestive locus on Chr 10 (Lick10). Linkage was verified by testing of B6.D2-1D congenic stock in which a segment of Chr 1 of the D2 strain was introgressed onto the B6 parent. The Lick1 interval on distal Chr 1 contains several strong candidate genes. One of these is a sodium/ potassium pump subunit (Atp1a2) with widespread expression in astrocytes, as well as in a restricted population of neurons. Both this subunit and the entire Na + /K + -ATPase molecule have been implicated in rhythmogenesis for respiration and locomotion. Sequence variants in or near Apt1a2 strongly modulate expression of the cognate mRNA in multiple brain regions. This gene region has recently been sequenced exhaustively and we have cataloged over 300 non-coding and synonymous mutations segregating among BXD strains, one or more of which is likely to contribute to differences in central pattern generator tempo.
Transport in Polymer-Electrolyte Membranes I. Physical Model

In this paper, a physical model is developed that is semiphenomenological and takes into account Schroeder's paradox. Using the wealth of knowledge contained in the literature regarding polymer-electrolyte membranes as a basis, a novel approach is taken in tying together all of the data into a single coherent theory. This approach involves describing the structural changes of the membrane due to water content, and casting this in terms of capillary phenomena. By treating the membrane in this fashion, Schroeder's paradox can be elucidated. Along with the structural changes, two different transport mechanisms are presented and discussed. These mechanisms, along with the membrane's structural changes, comprise the complete physical model of the membrane. The model is shown to agree qualitatively with different membranes and different membrane forms, and is applicable to modeling perfluorinated sulfonic acid and similar membranes. It is also the first physically based comprehensive model of transport in a membrane that includes a physical description of Schroeder's paradox, and it bridges the gap between the two types of macroscopic models currently in the literature.
Micro- and nano-fabricated implantable drug-delivery systems

Implantable drug-delivery systems provide new means for achieving therapeutic drug concentrations over entire treatment durations in order to optimize drug action. This article focuses on new drug administration modalities achieved using implantable drug-delivery systems that are enabled by micro- and nano-fabrication technologies, and microfluidics. Recent advances in drug administration technologies are discussed and remaining challenges are highlighted.
Refactoring programs to secure information flows

Adding a sound information flow security policy to an existing program is a difficult task that requires major analysis of andchanges to the program. In this paper we show how refactoring programs into distinct components of high and low security is a useful methodology to aid in the production of programs with sound information flow policies. Our methodology proceeds as follows. Given a program with no information flow controls, a program sliceris used to identify code that depends on high security inputs. High security code so identified is then refactored into a separate component, which may be accessed by the low security component via public method calls. A security policy that labels input data and checks the output points can then enforce the desired end-to-end security property. Controlled information releases can occur at explicit declassification points if deemed safe. The result is a well-engineered program with explicit interfaces between components of different security levels.
Distributed Polytope ARTMAP: A Vigilance-Free ART Network for Distributed Supervised Learning

The Polytope ARTMAP (PTAM) suggests that irregular polytopes are more flexible than the predefined category geometries to approximate the borders among the desired output predictions. However, the categories cannot cover input space efficiently for the limited category expansion. This paper proposes Distributed Polytope ARTMAP (DPTAM), which seeks to combine the advantages of distributed coding and PTAM. DPTAM not only allows different polytopes expanding towards the input pattern simultaneously, but also permits of simplex overlap which is from the same desired prediction. Simulations show that DPTAM retains PTAM accuracy while ameliorating memory compression and region cover efficiency with less sensitivity to the variation of minimum simplex angle.
Enzymes of the tryptophan pathway in Acinetobacter calco-aceticus.

All enzymes of the tryptophan synthetic pathway were detectable in extracts from wild-type Acinetobacter calco-aceticus . The levels of these enzymes were determined in extracts from a number of auxotrophs grown under limiting tryptophan. In each case only anthranilate synthetase was found to be present in increased amounts, whereas the specific activities of the remaining enzymes remained unchanged and unaffected by the tryptophan concentration. Derepression of anthranilate synthetase was found to occur as the concentration of tryptophan became limiting. Anthranilate synthetase and phosphoribosyl transferase activities are both feedback-inhibited by tryptophan. Molecular weight determination carried out by gel filtration and zonal centrifugation in sucrose revealed that all the enzymes are less than 100,000, and no molecular aggregates of these enzymes were detected. The data indicate that tryptophan synthesis in Acinetobacter is regulated both by feedback inhibition of the first two enzymes of the pathway and by repression control of anthranilate synthetase.
The origin of lunar palaeomagnetism

THE new determination of magnetic field anomalies over part of the Moon's surface from Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellite magnetometer data has recently been interpreted1 in terms of magnetised areas of the lunar surface. I show here that, from this analysis, palaeomagnetic pole positions can be calculated and that these are so clustered on the lunar surface that there is evidence against meteoritic or cometary processes as explanations of the remanent magnetisation of the Apollo rocks. I conclude, therefore, that the Moon had a magnetic field in its early history produced by dynamo processes in a fluid electrically conducting core.
Investigation of two species complexes in Batrachospermum section Batrachospermum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta)

S.A. Stewart and M.L. Vis. 2007. Investigation of two species complexes in Batrachospermum section Batrachospermum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 46:380–385. DOI: 10.2216/06-86.1Within...
The Morphometry and Three-Dimensional Structure of the Adult Eustachian Tube: Implications for Function:

Abstract An accurate description of the functioning Eustachian tube (ET) requires a thorough knowledge of the anatomic relationships of its components. To this end, 15 “normal” adult ETs were obtained, sectioned, and stained with hemotoxylin-eosin. Descriptive and quantitative data of ET structures and their relationships were obtained. Eustachian tube length was normalized and comparisons between specimens made. This analysis suggests (1) in its midsection the cartilage is loosely attached to the cranial base; (2) the deep portion of the tensor veli palatini (TVP) originates from the lateral lamina and the fibrous portion of the lateral membraneous wall; and (3) the levator veli palatini (LVP) can interact with the ET primarily via the elongated medial lamina in the anterior portion of the ET. These observations suggest the ET is opened by a medial rotation of cartilage effected primarily by the TVP, but aided anteriorly by the LVP.
How hospitalists work to pull healthcare teams together.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to document everyday practices by which hospitalist physicians negotiate barriers to effective teamwork. Design/methodology/approach – Ethnographic observation with a sample of hospitalists chosen to represent a range of hospital and practice types. Findings – Hospitals rely on effective, interprofessional teamwork but typically do not support it. Hospitalist physicians must bridge the internal boundaries within their hospitals to coordinate their patients’ care, but they face challenges – scattered patients, fragmented information, uncoordinated teams, and unreliable processes – that can impact the timeliness and safety of care. Hospitalists largely rely on personal presence and memory to deal with these challenges. Some invent low-tech supports for teamwork, but these are typically neither tested nor shared with others. Formal support for teamwork, primarily case management rounds, is applied unevenly and may not be respected by all team members. Research limitatio...
Global Health Governance and Chronic Diseases: The Role of the World Health Organization in Shaping Health Policy in Developing Countries

Chronic, or non-communicable, diseases have traditionally been considered more of a health problem for wealthy states than developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), however, in 2008 80% of deaths from chronic diseases took place in states with middle and low incomes. These diseases are placing a heavy burden on national health care systems and are slowing economic growth and development. This paper will examine the role of the WHO, working within a global governance framework, in promoting improvements to health policy of developing states. It will specifically analyze the WHO’s role through both a social constructivist and a liberal institutionalist perspective. The findings suggest that, while the WHO has made a positive impact, both normatively and legally, on improving health policy in developing countries, collective action problems and weak institutions pose significant constraints on its effectiveness.
Biofuel Supply Chain Design and the Impacts on Transportation Systems and Infrastructure

The biofuel production and distribution system is supported by a number of infrastructure subsystems, including agriculture, transportation, water supply, etc., that are interdependent on one another. Transportation of the bulky, low energy density biomass feedstock (and bioethanol) incurs one of the major operational costs in the biofuel supply chain. The large volume of shipping trucks imposes additional pressure on the already congested and aging transportation infrastructure, causing traffic congestion and pavement damage especially in local areas with biorefineries. The resulting transportation impacts and environmental issues may raise community resistance, and could in turn influence refinery location choice and supply chain efficiency. Therefore, the planning of biorefinery locations and biofuel logistics should be made cautiously with a long term objective of establishing a sustainable bioenergy production and distribution system. This chapter extensively discusses the interdependencies between biofuel supply chain and its supporting transportation infrastructure. We will review the methodologies that quantify the bidirectional impacts and incorporate the transportation externalities into integrated system optimization. Insights are drawn upon the studies of sustainable system design.
Rank and Impression Estimation in a Stylized Model of Ad Auctions

In order to help inform bidding decisions, advertisers in sponsored search auctions often create estimates of expected clicks and costs using aggregate information, such as the average positions and costs that their ads received on previous days. While aggregate information is typically what search engines reveal, it has been shown that using such data can produce biased estimates [1]. In this work, we construct a disaggregated model of positions and impressions from aggregate data. Previous work has demonstrated the feasibility and benefits of disaggregating ad auction data [2]. We extend the previous approach by formulating the disaggregation process as two intertwined problems, rank and impression estimation. We solve these problems using dynamic, mathematical, and constraint programming techniques. We evaluate the merits of our solution techniques in a simulated ad auction environment, the Ad Auctions division of the annual Trading Agent Competition.
Deep Learning of Neuromuscular Control for Biomechanical Human Animation

Increasingly complex physics-based models enhance the realism of character animation in computer graphics, but they pose difficult motor control challenges. This is especially the case when controlling a biomechanically simulated virtual human with an anatomically realistic structure that is actuated in a natural manner by a multitude of contractile muscles. Graphics researchers have pursued machine learning approaches to neuromuscular control, but traditional neural network learning methods suffer limitations when applied to complex biomechanical models and their associated high-dimensional training datasets. We demonstrate that “deep learning” is a useful approach to training neuromuscular controllers for biomechanical character animation. In particular, we propose a deep neural network architecture that can effectively and efficiently control (online) a dynamic musculoskeletal model of the human neck-head-face complex after having learned (offline) a high-dimensional map relating head orientation changes to neck muscle activations. To our knowledge, this is the first application of deep learning to biomechanical human animation with a muscle-driven model.
Standard perioperative imaging modalities are unreliable in assessing articular congruity of ankle fractures.

OBJECTIVES To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities of intraoperative fluoroscopy and postoperative plain radiographs (XR) in the assessment of articular congruency after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of ankle fractures involving the tibial plafond. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. SETTING Academic level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS One hundred five patients treated surgically for rotational ankle fractures. INTERVENTION ORIF. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities of fluoroscopy and plain radiographs when compared with computed tomography imaging. RESULTS The sensitivities of fluoroscopy and XR were 21% and 36%, respectively. Specificities were 95% (fluoroscopy) and 89% (XR). Fluoroscopy interobserver reliability was κ = 0.15, and mean intraobserver reliability was κ = 0.32. XR interobserver and mean intraobserver reliabilities were κ = 0.30 and κ = 0.59. CONCLUSIONS Although results show acceptable specificity, the reliability and sensitivity of both intraoperative fluoroscopy and postoperative XR in the assessment of ankle articular congruency are low. This calls into question available literature correlating clinical results with articular reduction. During ORIF of an intra-articular ankle fracture, surgeons should be highly critical of fluoroscopic imaging that seems adequately reduced and direct visualization of the articular surface should be used as a reduction aid if possible. Furthermore, in the postoperative period, axial imaging may be warranted in patients who have poor clinical outcomes despite apparent anatomic articular reduction to evaluate for occult joint incongruence.
17β-Estradiol Acutely Potentiates Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission in the Hippocampus through Distinct Mechanisms in Males and Females

Estradiol (E2) acutely potentiates glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of both male and female rats. Here, we investigated whether E2-induced synaptic potentiation occurs via presynaptic and/or postsynaptic mechanisms and which estrogen receptors (ERs) mediate E29s effects in each sex. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of mEPSCs in CA1 pyramidal neurons showed that E2 increases both mEPSC frequency and amplitude within minutes, but often in different cells. This indicated that both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms are involved, but that they occur largely at different synapses. Two-photon (2p) glutamate uncaging at individual dendritic spines showed that E2 increases the amplitude of uncaging-evoked EPSCs (2pEPSCs) and calcium transients (2pCaTs) at a subset of spines on a dendrite, demonstrating synapse specificity of E29s postsynaptic effects. All of these results were essentially the same in males and females. However, additional experiments using ER-selective agonists indicated sex differences in the mechanisms underlying E2-induced potentiation. In males, an ERβ agonist mimicked the postsynaptic effects of E2 to increase mEPSC, 2pEPSC, and 2pCaT amplitude, whereas in females, these effects were mimicked by an agonist of G protein-coupled ER-1. The presynaptic effect of E2, increased mEPSC frequency, was mimicked by an ERα agonist in males, whereas in females, an ERβ agonist increased mEPSC frequency. Thus, E2 acutely potentiates glutamatergic synapses similarly in both sexes, but distinct ER subtypes mediate the presynaptic and postsynaptic aspects of potentiation in each sex. This indicates a latent sex difference in which different molecular mechanisms converge to the same functional endpoint in males versus females. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Some sex differences in the brain may be latent differences, in which the same functional endpoint is achieved through distinct underlying mechanisms in males versus females. Here we report a latent sex difference in molecular regulation of excitatory synapses in the hippocampus. The steroid 17β-estradiol is known to acutely potentiate glutamatergic synaptic transmission in both sexes. We find that this occurs through a combination of increased presynaptic glutamate release probability and increased postsynaptic sensitivity to glutamate in both sexes, but that distinct estrogen receptor subtypes underlie each aspect of potentiation in each sex. These results indicate that therapeutics targeting a specific estrogen receptor subtype or its downstream signaling would likely affect synaptic transmission differently in the hippocampus of each sex.
Localization of a putative tumor suppressor gene in the sub-telomeric region of chromosome 8p

Several regions of chromsome arm 8p are frequently deleted in a variety of human malignancies including those of the prostate, head and neck, lung, and colon, suggesting that there is more than one tumor suppressor gene on this chromosome arm. Both laryngeal and oral squamous cell carcinomas exhibit three distinct and nonoverlapping regions of deletion on 8p. We have further refined the localization of the putative suppressor in 8p23 by using eight microsatellite loci to create a high resolution deletion map of 150 squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and oral cavity. These new data demonstrate that there are two distinct classes of deletion within this relatively small region of the chromosome and suggest two possible locations for the gene within the D8S264 to D8S1788 interval. We also determined that there is little difference between the allelic loss frequencies of microsatellites mapping near the telomeric ends of other chromosome arms and loci mapping to more centromere proximal regions of the same arm. These data suggest that the high allelic loss frequencies seen at 8p23 loci are not the result of a generalized instability of chromosome ends and are instead consistent with the activation of a specific suppressor gene.
Immunisation in the UK: protected for the future

In the Peckham Report of 1989, immunisation coverage in the UK was among the lowest in Europe.[1][1] Recently, coverage of seasonal influenza vaccine was among the highest in Europe[2][2],[3][3]; the UK childhood immunisation programme is widely recognised as being one of the foremost worldwide.
[What's past is prologue].

Historically minded members of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists could have celebrated last May 22, the 30th anniversary of our first annual meeting. The continuous growth of the Society during the intervening years and the position it now occupies are ample proof that it fills a need in the framework of American medicine. The time has come when practicing clinical pathology is practically synonymous with membership in this Society. It occurred to me that this may be an appropriate moment to take stock and to evaluate the achievements of the Society by reviewing some of the leading ideas that inspired the original planners and the leaders who followed. These ideas have given rise to hotly disputed issues. I have tried to analyze each issue against the background of the time which gave rise to it. Every one of them was important in its day and many are even now. I have used most of the available sources such as transactions, announcements and sundry news items recprded in bulletins published during the first years of the Society's existence, later those in the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, and finally our own American Journal of Clinical Pathology. To begin with,-1 want to state with much pleasure that the presidential addresses of my predecessors in office proved most valuable sources of just the material for which I was searching. They are in most instances well crystallized expressions of what the Society has been striving for during the 30 years of its existence. Equally valuable are articles on matters of professional interest by other officers and by members. I have drawn from them extensively. To these sources I added from my personal experience, going back over 20 years, during which time I have had the privilege of associating with many officers and members, old and young. What follows is not meant to be a history of the Society, but a review of its fundamental ideas interspersed with my own observations. I hope that someone will undertake to write a definitive history of the Society in the not too distant future, before the outlines of past happenings, already hazy in many details, fade away entirely.
Asthma Was Talking, But We Weren’t Listening. Missed or Ignored Signals That Have Slowed Treatment Progress

The discovery that eosinophilia and steroid responsiveness are dominant signals in patients with asthma led to the conclusion that inflammation characterized by up-regulation of the type 2 cytokines that mediate eosinophilia (IL -4, -5, and -13) (type 2 inflammation) is central to asthma pathogenesis in all patients and resulted in a singular emphasis on animal models of type 2 inflammation to unravel disease mechanisms. This in turn led to great progress in identifying drug targets and in developing inhibitors of type 2 inflammation. Despite this significant and clinically important progress, there has been a growing body of evidence that airway type 2 inflammation is not a ubiquitous pathologic feature of asthma and a growing acceptance that the type 2-centric asthma paradigm has held back understanding of mechanisms of disease in patients who do not have type 2 inflammation (helper T-cell type 2 [Th2]-low asthma). This "tyranny of the dominant paradigm" effect means that asthma clinicians have no effective controller treatments to offer their many patients with Th2-low asthma. It also means that asthma researchers are struggling to understand the mechanisms of disease that operate in Th2-low asthma and how these mechanisms might be modeled in vitro and in vivo to identify novel drug targets and provide a broader range of asthma treatments.
A hybrid approach and fourier analysis for detection human respiratory rate and heart beat

In this paper, the non-invasive detection of human respiratory rate and heart beat using a stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) radar is addressed through the hybrid approach and Fourier analysis framework. A hybrid approach for inhomogeneous object is employed to calculate the received fields from human torso including the rib cage and the heart. Then the Fourier analysis is conducted based on these received signals to detect the respiratory rate and heartbeat.
Modeling Technologies of Military Simulation Oriented Multi-Resolution Communication System

The modeling technologies of information systems are the key technologies for military simulation system. The modeling technologies of communication system were studied and a new generalized data processing architecture was established,which realized the normality and consistency of the battlefield information transmission,processing,storage and representation. An integrated modeling method was proposed for multi-resolution communication systems,which could realize the modeling of communication networks,link terminals,communication nodes,messaging,communication plans in the military simulation.The algorithm has been applied in one naval military simulation system. The Simulation result shows that the model of communication system satisfies the operational requirements of the navy military simulation system,and improves the authenticity and rationality of military simulation.
Detecion and analysis of drinking water quality from "Rural Drinking Water Safety Project" in Jiajiang County

Objective:To understand the conditon of water quality and sanitary from "Rural Drinking Water Safety Project Supported by Special Funds of Central Budget" in Jiajiang County to provide the basis of making policy decisions for the government.Methods:According to"Standard Testing Methods for Drinking Water"(GB/T5750-2006),288 copies of "Rural Drinking Water Safety Project" water samples were collected for detecting.Results:The qualification rate of 288 water samples is 46.2%;the difference between dry-season and wet-season water qualification rate is significant(P0.05);the unqualified items are chroma,turbility,iron,manganese,total hardness,total bacteria,califorms,thermotolerant califorms and disinfectant concentration.Conclusion:The"Rural Drinking Water Safety Project Supported by Special Funds of Central Budget" has solved the problem of drinking water for people and livestock in rural areas.However,it can not safeguard the drinking water safety of benefited villegers completely.
Research Progress on Sortase and its Application in Biotechnology

Sortases are membrane-bound transpeptidases produced by Gram-positive bacteria to anchor cell surface proteins covalently to peptidoglycan in the cell wall.Due to its specific reaction,sortases are exploited for a range of biotechnology application,such as Gram-positive bacterial cell-surface display and protein engineering,etc.This paper reviews research progress on sortase and its application in biotechnology.
Cystadenocarcinoma of the Rete Testis

AbstractWe report a rare case of primary adenocarcinoma of the rete testis. The stage A lesion was managed successfully with orchiectomy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. The histopath-ological features, treatment and prognosis of this unusual malignancy are reviewed.
Diverging Paths of Regime Change: Electoralist and Participatory Reforms

Transnational human rights groups reframed the international image of East African governments during the 1970s and 1980s. Uganda’s Amin and Obote in his second term as well as Kenya’s Moi after 1985 all faced significant principled international challenges to their domestic rule. The mobilization created, empowered, and protected domestic allies in support of human rights. Although responses by the UN and donor governments were slow and ineffective, the targeted governments did not simply ignore the challenge but were vulnerable to the published information and sought to counteract the efforts to de-legitimize their rule. This pressure played a crucial role in bringing about democratic reforms in both nations.
Trafficking and function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator: a complex network of posttranslational modifications

Posttranslational modifications add diversity to protein function. Throughout its life cycle, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) undergoes numerous covalent posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including glycosylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, phosphorylation, and palmitoylation. These modifications regulate key steps during protein biogenesis, such as protein folding, trafficking, stability, function, and association with protein partners and therefore may serve as targets for therapeutic manipulation. More generally, an improved understanding of molecular mechanisms that underlie CFTR PTMs may suggest novel treatment strategies for CF and perhaps other protein conformational diseases. This review provides a comprehensive summary of co- and posttranslational CFTR modifications and their significance with regard to protein biogenesis.
Translating Negroes into Negros: Rafael Serra’s Transamerican Entanglements Between Black Cuban Racial and Imperial Subalternity, 1895–1909

In this chapter, Fuste examines the writings of Afro-Cuban journalist, educator, organizer, and congressman Rafael Serra. Fuste argues that Serra’s writings offer an early example of a “transnational Afro-Latin@ politics” informed by both his experiences in Cuba and the USA. Ultimately, Fuste demonstrates that this politics involved a complex maneuvering between anti-imperialist politics and building alliances between African descendants in the Americas.
HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ALPINE AND ALPINE-SUBALPINE STREAM WATERS, COLORADO ROCKY MOUNTAINS, U.S.A.

The hydrochemistry of stream waters in an alpine basin and alpine-subalpine basin were characterized after intensive chemical sampling from May 1986 to May 1987. The basins are within the Hourglass drainage basin which is tributary to the Cache la Poudre River in northern Colorado and are underlain by Silver Plume granite. The alpine basin had an annual water yield of 115 cm and was characterized as an ultra-oligotrophic sodium-bicarbonate type water. The alpine stream averaged 130 ,teq L-1 total dissolved solids. Concentrations for sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and hydrogen were 27.3, 22.0, 7.7, 2.6, and 0.7 /ieq L-1, respectively. Concentrations in the alpine stream for bicarbonate, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, and orthophosphate were 31.7, 19.3, 11.0, and 0.7 ,teq L-1, respectively. The alpine-subalpine basin had an annual water yield of 72 cm and was typed as an oligotrophic calcium-bicarbonate water. The alpine-subalpine stream averaged approximately 300 teq L-1 total dissolved solids.
The role of religious involvement in Black-White differences in alcohol use disorders

Objective:To date, a paradox in the social epidemiology of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) remains unresolved: non-Hispanic Blacks experience higher socioeconomic disadvantage, stressor exposures, and individual stress—prominent AUD risk factors, yet have lower than expected AUD risk compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Religious involvement is associated with lower AUD risk. Non-Hispanic Blacks are highly religiously involved. Together, those facts may account for Black–White differences in AUD risk.Method:We used Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (N = 26,784) to examine whether (a) religious involvement accounts for Black–White differences in AUD risk, and (b) race moderates the association between religious involvement and AUD. Religious involvement indicators were service attendance, social interaction, and subjective religiosity and spirituality. Twelve-month AUD prevalence as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth ...