cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Co-modulation of stimulus rate and current from elevated baselines expands head motion encoding range of the vestibular prosthesis

An implantable prosthesis that stimulates vestibular nerve branches to restore sensation of head rotation and vision-stabilizing reflexes could benefit individuals disabled by bilateral loss of vestibular sensation. The normal vestibular system encodes head movement by increasing or decreasing firing rate of the vestibular afferents about a baseline firing rate in proportion to head rotation velocity. Our multichannel vestibular prosthesis emulates this encoding scheme by modulating pulse rate and pulse current amplitude above and below a baseline stimulation rate (BSR) and a baseline stimulation current. Unilateral baseline prosthetic stimulation that mimics normal vestibular afferent baseline firing results in vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) eye responses with a wider range of eye velocity in response to stimuli modulated above baseline (excitatory) than below baseline (inhibitory). Stimulus modulation about higher than normal baselines resulted in increased range of inhibitory eye velocity, but decreased range of excitatory eye velocity. Simultaneous modulation of rate and current (co-modulation) above all tested baselines elicited a significantly wider range of excitatory eye velocity than rate or current modulation alone. Time constants associated with the recovery of VOR excitability following adaptation to elevated BSRs implicate synaptic vesicle depletion as a possible mechanism for the small range of excitatory eye velocity elicited by rate modulation alone. These findings can be used toward selecting optimal baseline levels for vestibular stimulation that would result in large inhibitory eye responses while maintaining a wide range of excitatory eye velocity via co-modulation.
CFTR: helping to acidify macrophage lysosomes

A new study shows that alveolar macrophages use the cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator (CFTR) to maintain lysosomes at low pH and to restrict the growth of ingested bacteria. This may help to explain the persistent infections and chronic inflammation of the lungs that characterize cystic fibrosis.
Syracuse information retrieval experiment (SIRE): design of an on-line bibliographic retrieval system

Proponents of interactive online bibliographic retrieval systems frequently stress the potential of such systems to take advantage of both human and computer capabilities in the document retrieval process. Yet systems implemented to date have to a great extent placed constraints on both human and machine performance by decisions made at the design stage. To increase the flexibility of online systems, alternative modes of document representation, storage utilization, and query formulation should be considered.
D2 dopamine receptor antisense increases the activity and mRNA of tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase in mouse brain

Abstract A D 2 dopamine receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotide was administered intracerebrovetricularly to mice twice on the first day and then once daily for 2 days. The animals were killed 2 h after the last injection, and tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase activities assayed in the corpus striatum, olfactory tubercle and frontal cortex. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity increased in corpus striatum but not in the olfactory tubercle or in the frontal cortex, while the activity of aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase increased in all three brain regions. The treatment with the antisense oligomer also elevated the mRNA levels for the two enzymes in the midbrain. In contrast, repeated injection of a vehicle or a random oligomer was without effect on enzyme activity or mRNA D 2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides appear to be selective tools to investigate the role of D 2 dopamine receptors in brain.
Carcinogen-mediated oxidant formation and oxidative DNA damage

Abstract This article reviews the experimental data that points to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA base damage as being important contributors to cancer development. Particular emphasis is placed on the role they play in genetic changes occurring during tumor promotion. A number of structurally different anticarcinogenic agents inhibit ROS production and oxidative DNA damage as they inhibited inflammation and tumor promotion. This underlines the importance of ROS and oxidative genetic damage to the carcinogenic process. It also points to the possibility that some types of cancer may be preventable if the cycles of tumor promotion can be interrepted.
Bayesian modeling of pilot belief and visual misperception in helicopter overland navigation

This paper aims to provide a framework to model human belief and misperception in helicopter overland navigation. Helicopter overland navigation is known to be a challenging cognitive task, and understanding the cognitive processes associated with it is non-trivial. Twelve military personnel participated in the study and statistical analysis showed that their gaze parameters can be predicted by their level of expertise. Some pilots showed common visual misperception during the navigation task, which can be explained by the following errors: 1) confusion between inference and evidence, 2) incorrect mutually exclusive assumptions on the data, and 3) biased sampling. Simulation results on two cases observed in the experiments are given. Quantitative differences in dynamic perceptions between a Bayesian agent and misperceiving humans are presented with the suggested modeling framework.
Dynamics of a subtropical seagrass landscape: links between disturbance and mobile seed banks

Disturbance is a well known modifier of landscapes. In marine systems hurricanes may not only remove or bury subtidal seagrasses but they may also impact the seed banks of these taxa. We ask whether seagrass landscape pattern and seed dispersal are influenced by physical disturbance in a subtropical deep water setting. We examined the spatial dynamics of an offshore landscape composed of the seagrass, Halophila decipiens in summer 1999 and again in 2000 after the passage of a hurricane. A towed video camera was used to collect data within a 1 km2 area and construct benthic maps of seagrass, macroalgae, hard bottom outcrops, and sediments from over 20,000 video frames. The appearance of sand and seagrass at a portion of the site in summer 2000 that was previously hard substrate verified sediment and seed movement. Although seeds released by this seagrass are deposited into sediments near parent plants, movement en masse of the seagrass seed reservoir appears to be an important component of dispersal. The generation of new landscape patches when disturbance is large and intense suggests that large-scale disturbance, resulting in the local redistribution of sediment and the seed bank, appears to mold the spatial signature of the resulting seagrass landscape in a MidShelf area. This impact of physical disturbance differs from that previously reported for factors influencing spatial arrangements of seagrass in shallow waters but has some features similar to those of large infrequent disturbances studied in terrestrial settings.
Initial Referral Recommendations of Teachers toward Gifted Students with Behavioral Problems.

The impact of two levels of behavioral descriptors (either mild or moderate behavior problems) and two levels of labelled conditions (either nonlabelled or labelled behaviorally disordered) upon teachers' initial referral recommendations was examined. Teachers reviewed a discriptive vignette of a hypothetical gifted student. The student was described as having either mild or moderate behavioral problems and either nonlabelled or labeled behaviorally disordered (BD). They then responded to an item assessing their initial willingness to refer the described student for possible placement in a gifted program. Results indicated that teachers were significantly influenced by behavioral descriptors. They were more willing to refer the mildly disturbed student for possible placement than they were the moderately disturbed youngster. They were not significantly influenced by the presence of the label BD.
Pt/SiO2: VI. The effects of pretreatment on structures

Abstract Pt catalysts with a wide range of percentage metal exposed have been examined by wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and X-ray fluorescence. The wide-angle studies were carried out in a special cell that permitted treatment in a gas environment at moderate temperatures. For high percentage metal exposed, the wide-angle patterns (as well as all EXAFS spectra) were obtained with X rays from the storage ring at Cornell University. After exposure to air, a catalyst with 63.5% Pt exposed consists of particles of crystalline Pt 3 O 4 with a core of Pt, whereas for 81% exposed, the catalyst is nearly fully oxidized. There is no indication of any difference between the PtPt distance in these catalysts and that in bulk Pt, nor is there any difference for 40% exposed or less (for which the exposed catalyst is Pt metal), even after reductions in H 2 . There is little contact area between the catalyst and the support. For the lowest percentage metal exposed (6.3%), reductions in hydrogen do not change the microstrains within particles, but there is reduction in particle size, which is greater the higher the reduction temperature. The activity of this catalyst decreases in the same manner. The mean-square amplitude of vibration increases with the temperature of H 2 reduction for several catalysts, as does the catalytic activity.
The Fluorous Effect in Proteins: Properties of α4F6, a 4-α-Helix Bundle Protein with a Fluorocarbon Core†

To test the prediction that extensively fluorinated (fluorous) proteins should be more stable and exhibit novel self-segregating behavior, the properties of the de novo designed model 4-α-helix bundle protein, α4F6, in which the hydrophobic core is packed entirely with the extensively fluorinated amino acid l-5,5,5,5′,5′,5′-hexafluoroleucine, have been compared with its nonfluorinated counterpart, α4H, in which the core is packed with leucine. α4F6 exhibits much greater resistance to proteolysis by either chymotrypsin or trypsin than α4H and resists unfolding by organic solvents far better than α4H. Whereas increasing concentrations of ethanol or 2-propanol cause the helices of the α4H tetramer first to dissociate into monomeric helices and then to completely unfold, these solvents have little effect on the structure of α4F6. In contrast, increasing the concentrations of the fluorinated alcohol trifluoroethanol promotes dissociation of both α4H and α4F6 to monomeric helices, whereas the secondary structur...
Helix versus zig-zag: control of supramolecular topology via carboxylic acid conformations in ortho-substituted phenyl amines.

ortho-Substituted phenyl amines form supramolecular helices or zig-zag structures, depending on the conformation of the carboxylic acid substituents — which can be controlled by an intramolecular hydrogen-bonding interaction.
Type II collagen of lamprey

Abstract 1. 1. The major collagen in lamprey notochord is type II, as determined by its amino acid composition and solubility properties. 2. 2. This collagen has a distribution of charged residues indistinguishable from higher vertebrate Type II collagens as judged by its SLS banding pattern. 3. 3. Lamprey type II collagen has a higher thermal stability than lamprey skin collagen, in contrast to the identical melting temperatures for these types in mammals. 4. 4. A minor collagen in lamprey notochord has solubility properties, amino acid composition, and electrophoretic mobility similar to that of 1α, 2α, 3α collagen in human cartilage.
Solid Temperature Prediction in Downward Flame Propagation

A simple model is developed for predicting the two-dimensional temperature distribution ahead of and behind a flame front in vertical downward flame prop agation over a thick combustible solid. In the model, heat conduction in the solid from the burning region to the unburnt fuel ahead of the flame front is con sidered to be the major mode of energy transfer. Predictions are in agreement with experimental results reported in the literature.
Simultaneous determination of a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor and its amide hydrolyzed metabolite in Cynomolgus monkey plasma by LC-MS/MS, and its application to a toxicokinetic study.

Abstract A LC–MS/MS method was developed for the determination of a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor (Compound I) and its amide hydrolyzed metabolite (M7) in Cynomolgus monkey plasma over the concentration range of 1.00–1000 ng/mL. Stable isotope labeled compounds (d 3 -Compound I and d 3 -M7) were used as internal standards (IS). Samples were prepared using protein precipitation in the 96-well format with a 30 μL plasma sample volume. Chromatographic separation was performed with reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a Varian Monochrom C 18 (100 mm × 2.00 mm, 5 μm) analytical column. The mobile phases were 5 mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile/water (95/5, v/v) pH 7.0 and 5 mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile/water (5/95, v/v) pH 7.0. Gradient elution, at a flow rate of 550 μL/min, was used to separate Compound I and M7. Positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was utilized with detection by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Total run time was about 3.2 min. This method was validated following the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance for bioanalytical method validation. The intra- and inter-day precision (% CV) and accuracy (% bias) at all concentrations tested were below 15% for both analytes. The mean recoveries for Compound I, M7, d 3 -Compound I, and d 3 -M7 were 106%, 107%, 108% and 105%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to support a GLP toxicokinetic study in Cynomolgus monkeys after oral administration of Compound I. A total of 48 samples (∼12.5% of the total number of samples) were selected for incurred sample reanalysis (ISR). The % difference between the reassay concentrations and the original concentrations were all less than 20% of their mean values and met the acceptance criteria for ISR.
Liver and prostate adenocarcinoma: an "estrogen-free" environment?

Abstract We believe that the probable “estrogen free” site which is present in the liver while a patient is on estrogens gives a conducive environment for local growth of prostate malignancy. We report 1 patient who improved with local irradiation and 2 others who stabilized and symptomatically improved with chemotherapy. Hopefully, future reports will shed more light on the treatment of hepatic metastases from prostatic adenocarcinoma.
The contribution of carbon interactions to the neutron counting efficiency of organic scintillators

Abstract The neutron counting efficiency of an NE-213 detector was measured for neutron energies up to 15 MeV using biases at 0.3 and 2.0 MeV neutron energies. For the lower bias, nonelastic carbon interactions contribute appreciably to the efficiency at energies as low as 5.5 MeV.
NEW FIRM GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION OF REYNOLDS’ RESEARCH

A study of 323 new ventures in Ohio supports Reynolds’ findings of an earlier study in Pennsylvania, namely: firms tend to follow one of four different growth patterns, only one of which includes significant growth; most firms do not experience growth beyond their first year’s sales; and there are no significant correlations between age of the firm and annual sales. The results support a new model of firm growth which empirically invalidates the metamorphic growth model. The study concludes by identifying significant differences in operational and strategic emphases between the development patterns.
Defining a Public: The Management of Privately Owned Public Space

This paper empirically explores the management of privately owned public space. It examines 163 spaces produced through New York City’s incentive zoning programme, whereby developers provide and manage a public space in exchange for floor area ratio (FAR) bonuses. Developers of these bonus spaces employ a variety of management approaches, each correlating with common theories of spatial control in publicly owned spaces. However, as developer priorities are often fiscally driven, most approaches severely limit political, social and democratic functions of public space and produce a constricted definition of the public. As such, privately owned public spaces have deleterious effects on concepts of citizenship and representation, even as they become the new models for urban space provision and management.
African American Private Household Workers and “Control” of the Labor Process in Domestic Service

Abstract This paper addresses questions concerning control, conflict and resistance in domestic service of experienced African American private household workers. It argues that major concerns and issues of workers are similar under industrial settings and in private household labor situations even though fundamental differences between the two labor processes exist. Comparing the two kinds of labor shows that while factory workers have historically tried to resist the introduction of Taylorism and the division of labor imposed on them by scientific management, experienced, private household workers have tried to introduce their own technical division of labor which were resisted by their White employers. This comparison alerts us to the different means that employers traditionally use to gain more control over and extract maximum labor from workers. Their means of achieving this goal is, however, different. Scientific management and the detailed division of labor reduce the value of the industrial worker...
Dynamic fibre push-out test applied to metal-matrix composites

On a mesure la resistance interfaciale dynamique entre la fibre et la matrice d'un composite monoaxial a matrice en alliage de titane renforcee par des fibres de carbure de silicium. La methode de mesure consiste a impacter l'extremite d'une fibre dans une tranche mince du composite a une vitesse d'environ 2 m/s avec un projectile equipe d'une pointe en diamant. La matrice autour de la partie distale de la fibre est supportee par l'extremite d'une aiguille hyypodermique servant de barre d'Hopkinson. La vitesse axiale du tube, a partir de laquelle on obtient la force, est mesuree au moyen d'un interferometre. La force dynamique d'extrusion de la fibre mesuree durant ces essais est egale environ au tiers de la force statique mesuree par d'autres dans le meme materiau avec des eprouvettes d'epaisseur comparable
General analysis of steady laminar mixed convection heat transfer on vertical slender cylinders

A general analysis has been developed to study fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for steady laminar mixed convection on vertical slender cylinders covering the entire range from pure forced to pure natural convection. Two uniquely transformed sets of axisymmetric boundary-layer equations for the constant wall heat flux case and the isothermal surface case are solved using a two-point finite difference method with Newton linearization. Of interest are the effects of the new mixed convection parameter, the cylinder heating/cooling mode, the transverse curvature parameter, and the Prandtl number on the velocity/temeprature profiles and on the local skin friction parameter and the heat transfer parameter. The results of the validated computer simulation model are as follows. Depending upon the magnitude and direction of the buoyancy force, i.e., the value of the mixed convection parameter and the heating or cooling mode applied, natural convection can have a significant effect on the thermal flow field around vertical cylinders. Specifically, strong variations of the local skin friction parameter and reversing trends in the heat transfer parameter are produced as the buoyancy force becomes stronger in aiding flow. The skin friction parameter increases with higher curvature parameters and Prandtl numbers. Similarly, the modified Nusselt numbermore » is larger for higher transverse curvature parameters; however, this parameter may reverse the impact of the Prandtl number on the Nusselt number for predominantly forced convection.« less
Work–Family Imagery and Gender Stereotypes: Television and the Reproduction of Difference☆☆☆

Abstract This article explores how popular cultural imagery reflects and reproduces work–family segregation and gender inequality. Social constructionist research on television, advertising, and gender is reviewed, and theories explaining gender inequality in the workplace and the home are summarized. Results of a study of 1699 television commercials from the 1990s are presented, and hypotheses about the relationships among gender, family relationship, work status, occupational category, job authority, and interaction style of characters are evaluated. Compared to men characters, women in the advertisements were less prevalent, more likely to be shown in families, less likely to hold jobs, less likely to be employed in professional occupations, more likely to be employed in service/clerical occupations, less likely to exercise authority, less likely to display active/instrumental behavior, and more likely to be pictured as sex objects. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that gender, job characteristics, family membership, and target audience all significantly influenced the likelihood that a character would display stereotyped behaviors. Results suggest that media imagery has changed only slightly, with men predominantly portrayed as workers and women as sex objects.
Reliability-based optimal structural design by the decoupling approach

Abstract A decoupling approach for solving optimal structural design problems involving reliability terms in the objective function, the constraint set or both is discussed and extended. The approach employs a reformulation of each problem, in which reliability terms are replaced by deterministic functions. The reformulated problems can be solved by existing semi-infinite optimization algorithms and computational reliability methods. It is shown that the reformulated problems produce solutions that are identical to those of the original problems when the limit-state functions defining the reliability problem are affine. For nonaffine limit-state functions, approximate solutions are obtained by solving series of reformulated problems. An important advantage of the approach is that the required reliability and optimization calculations are completely decoupled, thus allowing flexibility in the choice of the optimization algorithm and the reliability computation method.
A scanning conduction microscopic method for probing abrasion of insulating thin films

The use of scanning force microscopy (SFM) to probe wear processes at interfaces is of considerable interest. We present here a simple modification of the SFM which allows us to make highly spatially resolved measurements of conductivity changes produced by abrasion of thin insulating films on metal substrates. The technique is demonstrated on fluorocarbon polymer thin films deposited on stainless steel substrates.
Dynamics of adaptive change in vestibulo-ocular reflex direction. I. Rotations in the horizontal plane.

Abstract Horizontal and vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) eye movements were recorded in alert cats before and after adaptation to vertical optokinetic motion coupled with horizontal rotation at 0.05, 0.25 or 1.0 Hz. Within 15–30 min, the VOR measured in darkness acquired a vertical component; the maximal directional change in the VOR occurred at the frequency of the adapting stimulus. At other frequencies the gain was less and there were phase leads or lags for higher or lower frequencies, respectively. Adaptive VOR was stable for at least 14 h in unrestrained animals with no visual input and decayed within 30 min during rotation in a stationary visual world.
Photoprocesses in AOT Reverse Micelles Containing Metalloporphyrins and Oligopeptides

Steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy of two cationic metalloporphyrins-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-porphyrin (Pd(II)TMPyP 4 + and Zn(II)TMPy 4 + )-were studied in reverse micelles of AOT-heptane-H 2 O in the absence, and presence, of oligopeptides containing tyrosine and tryptophan residues (K 2 YL 2 and K 2 WL 2 ). Ground-state absorption spectra for both porphyrins in reverse micelles at different water-to-surfactant molar ratio (w 0 ) values revealed a critical micellar water composition of w 0 10. Above this critical value, a w 0 -independent red shift (Δλ = 3.1 nm) was observed, suggesting a similar aqueous porphyrin environment. Below w 0 10, a w 0 -dependent blue shift was observed, indicating a porphyrin aqueous environment that is strongly related to the micellar size. At high micelle-water composition, the ground-state spectra never approached those observed in aqueous solution, strongly indicating that the porphyrin is preferentially solubilized in close vicinity of the H 2 O-AOT molecular interface. Fluorescence emission from ZnTMPyP 4 + in reverse micelles showed characteristics that were similar to those observed from ground-state absorption. Fluorescence emission from the single tryptophan residues of K 2 WL 2 in aqueous solution and in reverse micelles suggested a solubilization site of the peptide near the micellar oil-water interface. This solubilization site was found to be dependent on w 0 below w 0 values of ∼ 10 (reflecting a different peptide microenvironment) and independent of w 0 above ∼ 10 (reflecting a similar peptide microenvironment). Flash photolysis experiments showed that, in the presence of a peptide in reverse micelles, Pd(II)TMPy 4 + triplet decay was described by the sum of two exponential terms. The fast decay component for both oligopeptides was found to be independent of the peptide concentration and dependent on w 0 - The slow decay component showed a linearly dependent increase in value, relative to increases in the peptide concentration. The fast contribution to the porphyrin triplet state T 1 decay was associated with electron transfer in a discrete micelle between the target moiety (tyrosine or tryptophan) and the photoexcited porphyrin molecule. The slow contribution of the decay was associated to molecular quenching during the micellar exchange process. The fast decay component was found to be independent of pH, suggesting a solubilization of the peptide molecule in a pH-independent environment near the oil-AOT molecular interface, where a portion of the heptane chain may extend into the water phase.
Why students take elective business ethics courses: Applying the theory of planned behavior

Despite the prevalence of elective business ethics courses, little research has sought to explain and predict why some students enroll in these courses and while others do not. Using the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen and Madden, 1986) as a theoretical foundation, 178 graduate students in Ireland were surveyed about their intention to sign up for an elective ethics class. Their behavior was measured two months later. The results reveal the power of the theory of planned behavior to explain and predict who takes elective ethics classes.
Pseudopotential theory of semiconductor quantum dots

This paper reviews our pseudopotential approach to study the electronic structure of semiconductor quantum dots, emphasizing methodology ideas and a survey of recent applications to both free-standing and semiconductor embedded quantum-dot systems.
Courtship Songs of Green Lacewings Filmed in Slow Motion: How a Simple Vibrating Structure can Generate Complex Signals (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla)

All of the cryptic species in the Chrysoperla carnea-group of green lacewings produce substrate-borne duetting songs by vibrating the abdomen up and down. Here, we examine the motion of the abdomen during song production using a high-speed video camera. Through temporal (oscillogram) and frequency (sonogram) analysis, these motions are compared to the vibrational signals recorded from the substrate. In tests of three focal and seven non-focal species, we find that the movement of the abdomen follows a path that induces complex oscillations in lightweight substrates. Although the waveform of the signal in the substrate does not exactly mirror the waveform of abdominal motion, the frequencies of the two waveforms are nevertheless identical. In all species, the abdomen is driven by neuromuscular elements that simultaneously generate two or more signals (tones) of different frequency within the abdomen. Comparison in different species of how the abdomen moves when producing these distinct tones potentially allows us to detect homologous song elements across the carnea-group, thus clarifying some patterns of song evolution in this rapidly evolving clade.
THE APPLE DOESN'T FALL FAR FROM THE TREE (OR DOES IT?): INTERGENERATIONAL PATTERNS OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR—THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CRIMINOLOGY 2008 SUTHERLAND ADDRESS*

There is a growing literature on intergenerational studies of antisocial behavior and a growing understanding of the unique contributions they are likely to make. At the same time, the field has yet to agree on core design features for intergenerational study. In this article, I propose a set of defining design elements that all intergenerational studies should meet and I discuss the advantages of these studies for enhancing our understanding of the onset and course of delinquent careers. I then use data from the ongoing Rochester Intergenerational Study to illustrate these points and the potential yield of intergenerational studies. In particular, I examine intergenerational continuities in antisocial behavior and school disengagement, test the cycle of violence hypothesis to see whether a history of maltreatment increases the likelihood of perpetration of maltreatment, and estimate a structural equation model to help identify mediating pathways that link parents and children with respect to antisocial behavior.
Dibasic benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as a novel class of active site directed thrombin inhibitors. 2. Exploring interactions at the proximal (S2) binding site☆

In an effort to increase the thrombin inhibitory activity of a novel series of inhibitors (i.e., 1a), substituents were incorporated at the C-3″ position of the C-3 aryl ring (2). Consistent with the X-ray crystallography studies, small hydrophobic groups at the C-3″ site (Br and Me) enhanced thrombin inhibitory activity by 8-fold. However, a few more hydrophilic substituents (NO2 and OMe) also enhanced the potency of the series. The biological results are discussed in terms of molecular modeling studies.
Analysis and Class Validation of a Measure of Parental values Perceived by early Adolescents: An Application of a Latent Class Model for Rankings:

A Parental Values scale, in which students ranked the top 5 of 10 items in terms of how important they perceived the items as being to their parents, was analyzed using a latent class ranking model. A model with three latent classes was considered adequate, based on the Bayesian information criterion and the interpretability of the results. The three classes were interpreted as consisting of students who perceive their parents as valuing personal happiness, those who perceive their parents as valuing concern for others, and those who perceive their parents as valuing academics and attending a good college. Some evidence as to the validity of the latent classes was obtained by comparing scores on a Parental Expectations scale; the scores were higher for the academic latent class as compared to the other two classes. The analysis suggests which items might be useful in a revised version of the scale.
Bleeding complications of unfractionated heparin.

Introduction: Unfractionated heparin is an anticoagulant used in the treatment of myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and other thrombotic disorders. However, with anticoagulation comes the risk of bleeding and adverse events. These risks increase with supratherapeutic dosing.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the reasons for supratherapeutic dosing, and the incidence of adverse events and clinical consequences of the same, with a focus on heparin use in acute coronary syndromes. We also provide some opportunities for safer use of intravenous heparin. At the end of this article, the reader should have a better understanding of the proper use of heparin as well as the magnitude of bleeding and a respect for its consequences.Expert opinion: Heparin is an indispensable anticoagulant used in a number of clinical scenarios. Careful attention must be paid to dosing in order to minimize the risk of bleeding and related adverse events including death. The use of weight-based nomograms is paramount. D...
The mdm-2 oncogene product forms a complex with the p53 protein and inhibits p53-mediated transactivation

A cellular phosphoprotein with an apparent molecular mass of 90 kd (p90) that forms a complex with both mutant and wild-type p53 protein has been characterized, purified, and identified. The protein was identified as a product of the murine double minute 2 gene (mdm-2). The mdm-2 gene enhances the tumorigenic potential of cells when it is overexpressed and encodes a putative transcription factor. To determine if mdm-2 could modulate p53 transactivation, a p53-responsive element from the muscle creatine kinase gene was employed. A wild-type p53-expressing plasmid enhanced the expression of the p53-responsive element when cotransfected into cells that contain no endogenous p53. When a cosmid expressing mdm-2 was transfected with this p53-expressing plasmid, the transactivation of the p53-responsive element was inhibited. Thus, a product of the mdm-2 oncogene forms a tight complex with the p53 protein, and the mdm-2 oncogene can inhibit p53-mediated transactivation.
Feeding Value of Yellow Peas (Pisum sativum L. Variety Miranda) in Market Turkeys and Sensory Evaluation of Carcasses

Abstract The feeding value of ground yellow peas (Pisum sativum L. variety Miranda) as a protein source for market turkeys was evaluated in two experiments. Turkeys fed diets consisting of corn-soybean meal (CS) and corn-soybean meal-pea with (CSP+F) and without (CSP-F) supplemental fat were evaluated for growth, carcass, and meat quality. Peas were incorporated in the diets at levels ranging from 25% in the starter to 55% in the finisher diet. In Experiment 1, two diets, CS and CSP+F, were fed from day-old to 15 weeks and 2 days in females and 19 weeks in males. No significant differences (P>.05) in growth rate, feed:gain ratios (combined sexes), carcass yield, or objective and sensory evaluation of the cooked meats (female) were observed between the treatments. Abdominal fat levels in both sexes were significantly (P In Experiment 2, males and females were fed CS, CSP+F, and CSP-F diets from day-old to 16 weeks of age (WOA). At 16 WOA, growth rate between male turkeys fed CS and CSP-F diets were not significantly different (P>.05); however, the feeding of diets containing supplemental fat (CSP+F) significantly improved growth (P .05) were observed in growth rate among the females fed the three dietary treatments. Feed:gain ratios (combined sexes) were significantly improved (P .05) were observed for cooked meat quality (females) among the three dietary treatments. Under the conditions of these experiments, the feeding of ground raw yellow peas to market turkeys was not detrimental to growth rate, feed utilization, or meat quality.
Streptomyces lividans potassium channel KcsA is regulated by the potassium electrochemical gradient.

It is currently held that the Streptomyces lividans potassium channel, KcsA, requires an intracellular pH Rb+ ⋙ Cs+; K+ selectivity over Rb+ was 1.2-fold and selectivity over Na+ was 12-fold. The channels were disrupted by intracellular Na+ and blocked by intracellular Ba2+. A hypothetical supramolecular model for the channel is presented.
A method for table structure analysis using DP matching

This paper presents a novel method for table structure analysis. Many documents have table areas, and some have both table and figure areas. It is very important to be able to classify table and figure areas automatically. Furthermore, in tables, the column and row in which a character string is located are very important pieces of information. To detect and analyze table areas, the following method is applied: First, areas that may contain tables or figures are distinguished from text areas by the presence of horizontal and vertical lines. Next, the areas are assumed to be table areas and are analyzed as such. A judgment is made on whether each of the areas can in fact be a table area or not; in this way, the actual table areas are detected. Finally, the structures of the areas are analyzed and character strings in the areas are arranged by using the DP matching method. This method was applied to sixty-five pages of Japanese technical papers, magazines, manuals for software programs, and pages including 34 table areas, 48 line drawing areas, and 35 image areas. As a result, 96.6 percent of the areas were detected correctly and 91.7 percent of the tables were analyzed and arranged correctly.
Bayesian Aggregation of Experts' Forecasts

Decision makers often consult multiple experts when trying to forecast a future event or quantity. Once the experts' forecasts are obtained, aggregating them into a single forecast can present a significant challenge. The simplest way to aggregate the experts' forecasts is to average them. The Bayesian decision maker, instead, uses the experts' forecasts as data to update prior beliefs about the event or quantity of interest. We examine several prototypical Bayesian aggregation models. We highlight the two main assessment challenges a decision maker faces in constructing such models: (i) judging each expert's discrimination or dependency between the event of interest and the expert's forecast and (ii) judging the dependency between the experts' forecasts, or overlap in their information sources. Keywords: expert combination; probability reconciliation; decision analysis; resolution; pooling; expert forecasts; expert opinion; expert discrimination, expert dependency; overlapping information
Developing Measures of Perceived Life Quality: Results from Several National Surveys

This report presents the current status of a series of studies oriented toward the assessment of perceived life quality. The conceptual model proposes that a person’s overall sense of life quality is understandable as a combination of affective responses to life ‘domains’, which are of two types — role situations and values. Over 100 items used to measure a wide variety of domains and 28 items assessing perceived overall life quality are presented. Various subsets of these items were used in interviews with several representative samples of American adults. Based on these data the domain items were grouped into a smaller number of semi-independent clusters which were internally stable across 10 different subgroups of the respondents and whose interrelationships were highly replicable in independent national samples. A series of analyses, some replicated in more than one survey showed: (1) an additive combination of 12 selected domains explained 50–60 % of the variance in an index of overall life quality, (2) neither other domains nor several social characteristic variables contributed additional explanatory power, (3) this level of explanation was achieved in each of 22 subgroups of the population, and (4) additive combinations of domains worked as well as more complicated combinations.
Incorporating a deliberative nursing care approach with breastfeeding mothers.

This paper summarizes a clinical nursing research project conducted on an obstetrical unit in a tertiary level of care hospital in the southeastern United States. The research tested the effects of a deliberative nursing care approach with breastfeeding mothers and their babies. The essence of the approach is that the nurse consciously and consistently uses the nursing process when delivering patient care. The approach emphasizes the patient's individual uniqueness, assessment of the patient's needs, and validation as to the effectiveness of nursing actions in alleviating the patient's needs. A quasi‐experimental design was used in the research. Data analysis revealed that the deliberative nursing care approach contributed more significantly to reducing maternal distress associated with breastfeeding than did the routine approach that was in use on the unit.
Clio's Lost Tribe: Public Policy History Since 1978

Policy history has straddled two disciplines—history and policy analysis—neither of which has taken it very seriously. What unites those who study policy history is not that they are ”policy historians“ per se, but that they organize their analysis and narrative around the emergence, passage, and implementation of policy. Rather than a subfield, as the historian Paula Baker recently argued, policy history has resembled area studies programs. Policy history became an interdisciplinary arena for scholars from many different fields to interact. While founders hoped that policies would become an end in themselves, rather than something used to understand other issues, scholarship since 1978 has shown that the two are not mutually exclusive. In fact, some of the most innovative scholarship has come from social or political historians who have used policy to understand larger historical phenomena. In the process, the work provided a much richer understanding of how policymaking evolved.
Accounting Information Quality, Capital Requirements, and Banks' Risk Taking

We study the implications of accounting information quality on banks’ risk-taking behavior. We show that the accounting information precision has a non-monotonic effect on banks’ risk-taking decisions. Surprisingly, when information precision is low, an improvement in precision actually induces banks to take more risk. In addition, at an intermediate level of information precision, the relation between accounting information precision and risk taking is also contingent on the stringency of capital requirement standards and the competitiveness of the banking industry. In particular, when either the capital requirement or the competitiveness of the industry is sufficiently high, increasing accounting information precision restrains risk taking. Moreover, when we consider a liquidation cost of assets sale to fulfill the capital requirement, the effect of the capital requirement on risk-taking behavior becomes more subtle. Specifically, for the capital requirement policy to be an effective tool in disciplining banks’ risk-taking behavior, either the banking industry should be highly competitive, or the accounting information should be sufficiently precise.
Effective thermal conductivity: will it permit quantitative hyperthermia treatment planning?

A program to quantify the effective thermal conductivity prior to hyperthermia treatment in order to estimate the required local distribution of specific absorption ratio (SAR) is described. A rational database is sought to relate the measured local SAR of specific applications to thermal dissipation, tumor depth, and tumor volume. Such data are fit to a quantitative model for treatment temperature as a function of SAR and effective thermal conductivity. Effective conductivity probes are placed using a hollow 18 gauge blunt-tipped needle system under X-ray guidance. Multiple sensors and/or pullback techniques measure the spatial variation in effective thermal conductivity. Initial experiments with a perfused dog kidney model show that a distinctive relationship exists between SAR, tissue effective thermal conductivity, and the resulting steady-state tissue temperature rise. These measurements, when combined with the SAR capabilities of the available heating devices, allow the proper choice of heating modality and applicator and indicate the likelihood of achieving therapeutic levels without unacceptable heating of adjacent tissue. >
Multiresolution Markov models for signal and image processing

Reviews a significant component of the rich field of statistical multiresolution (MR) modeling and processing. These MR methods have found application and permeated the literature of a widely scattered set of disciplines, and one of our principal objectives is to present a single, coherent picture of this framework. A second goal is to describe how this topic fits into the even larger field of MR methods and concepts-in particular, making ties to topics such as wavelets and multigrid methods. A third goal is to provide several alternate viewpoints for this body of work, as the methods and concepts we describe intersect with a number of other fields. The principle focus of our presentation is the class of MR Markov processes defined on pyramidally organized trees. The attractiveness of these models stems from both the very efficient algorithms they admit and their expressive power and broad applicability. We show how a variety of methods and models relate to this framework including models for self-similar and 1/f processes. We also illustrate how these methods have been used in practice.
The next-generation 64b SPARC core in a T4 SoC processor

The SPARC T4 processor introduces the next generation multi-threaded 64b core to deliver up to 5x integer and 7x floating-point single-thread performance improvement over its predecessor. The chip integrates eight cores, an 8-Bank 4 MB L3 Cache, a 768 GB/sec crossbar, a memory controller, PCI Gen2.0, 10 Gb Ethernet and cache coherency with 2.4 Tb/s bandwidth high-speed I/Os. The dual-issue, out-of-order execution core (S3) features a new 16-stage integer pipeline, extensive branch predictions, dynamic threading and an enhanced cryptographic processing unit. The 406 mm2 die contains 855 million transistors and 2.6 million flip-flops in TSMC's 40nm process utilizing 11 Cu metals and four transistor types. Enhanced physical design methodologies and extensive power management features enable 3.0 GHz operation in the same power envelope of its predecessor. Logically complex SRAMs deploy techniques to support out-of-order execution core while addressing area, timing and power challenges. The power supply calibration circuit improves yield by reducing 70% of conventional voltage guard-band for the speed and power constrained design.
Prior encounters modulate subsequent choices in host acceptance behavior by the bark beetle Ips pini

Laboratory bioassays indicate that the bark beetle Ips pini employs flexible, rather than absolute, responses to phytochemicals in its host acceptance behavior. Each beetle’s decision to enter substrate was influenced by the types and concentrations of monoterpenes present. However, previous rejection of a simulated host containing a moderate concentration of monoterpenes increased the likelihood that the same concentration would be accepted upon a second or third encounter. This flexibility more than offsets any loss of vigor due to starvation and age that accompanies a process of trial and error. Starvation decreased beetles’ total lipid content, but beetles can recover some energetic losses by a small amount of feeding during each trial. In addition to its adaptive value, a flexible host acceptance strategy may yield population level consequences. That is, bark beetles preferentially enter trees having low concentrations of monoterpenes, but may modify their acceptance thresholds when cues associated with stressed trees are not available. This could partially explain how some tree-killing bark beetles colonize a broader physiological range of trees during outbreaks. The adaptive value of relating individual decisions to population density may arise from two ecological relationships: first, as populations rise, the pool of stressed trees is rapidly depleted; secondly, healthy trees are attainable through pheromone – mediated mass attacks when adequate numbers of beetles are present. Flexible host acceptance behaviors may also reduce the advantage of relying exclusively on pre-landing cues to distinguish between susceptible and non-susceptible trees.