cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phonology in syntax: The Somali optional agreement rule

0. BACKGROUND The proposal that syntax is free of phonology, in the sense that no syntactic rule in any language requires a statement making reference to phonological properties, has been defended and attacked in numerous works during the past two decades, but the issue can scarcely be said to have been uncontroversially settled. Critics of the position (Hetzron 1972 and Rivero and Walker 1976, for instance) have adduced putative counterexamples of many different types, from a bewildering variety of languages. Advocates of the position (Zwicky 1969, for instance) have argued that the involvement of phonology in syntax is only apparent - that the claimed generalizations are spurious, that they involve tendencies in performance rather than rules of grammar, that they are explicable in terms of some cognitive domain other than language, or that they are to be described in some component of grammar other than syntax (in a morphological component, in the lexicon, in a set of surface filters, or in a special component devoted to citicization and readjustment). Zwicky (1982) summarizes some of our current proposals on these matters. Those who elect to defend the position that syntax is phonology-free may proceed in either of two ways: first, empirically, by examining data that have been alleged to constitute evidence of nonphonology-free syntax and showing that either the data or the analyses are wrong; and second, theoretically, by exhibiting and motivating the structure of a theory of language which will not permit reference to phonology in the syntactic component. Naturally, the two approaches are complementary, and ultimately both have to be pursued. The empirical analyses will be pointless quibbling over facts if no general concepts are being illuminated, and the theoretical construction will be fruitless dreaming if it cannot be shown that a satisfying mesh with detailed arrays of facts is obtainable. We wish to pursue both strategies simultaneously. Clearly such a task must be fragmented if it is to be tackled at all at the level of ajournal article. We plan a presentation of our overall point of view, with detailed factual support, in a forthcoming book (Zwicky and Pullum forthcoming). But we would like to offer here, having established the general theoretical context, * This work was completed while Zwicky was at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences; he is grateful for financial support from the Spencer Foundation and for sabbatical leave from the Ohio State University.
Diverse actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide on intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations in UMR 106 osteoblastic cells

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was examined for its effects on intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in UMR 106 osteoblast-like cells. Cells loaded with the Ca2+ dye FURA-2 dose-dependently responded to CGRP (1-100 nM) with transient two-fold increases in [Ca2+]i. An intracellular source for this Ca2+ transient was suggested by the failure of membrane depolarization with high extracellular K+ or acute depletion of extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]e) with EGTA to attenuate this response. After cells were incubated for 45 min with 0.1 mM extracellular Ca2+ to deplete intracellular Ca2+ stores, CGRP produced a 25-30% decrease in [Ca2+]i rather than a transient increase. This calcium decrease was mimicked by membrane depolarization or by pinacidil, a specific activator of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, and blocked by glybenclamide, a specific blocker of KATP channels. Our data suggest that CGRP has diverse Ca2+ regulatory effects in UMR 106 cells, mobilizing Ca2+ from intracellular stores via classical signaling while possibly promoting cellular Ca2+ efflux or inhibiting uptake through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels via KATP-mediated hyperpolarization.
Aerial negatives and prints, their classification and preservation in the United States

A study has been made of the methods of classification and preservation of aerial photographic negatives and prints that are used by various governmental agencies. The general plan of filing is described as well as the availability of prints to users. A more efficient use of the accumulated data can be accomplished by placing all of the records under the care of the National Archives.
Supply of Hunting Leases from Non-Industrial Private Forest Lands in Alabama

We used a two-step approach to jointly analyze participation of non-industrial private forest landowners in hunting leases and the determinants of hunting lease fees. Data for this study were obtained from a survey of landowners in Alabama (n = 227). The results show that land ownership type, tract size, and landowners’ place of residence, employment status, and concern for personal safety are determinants of participation in hunting leases. Factors influencing hunting lease fees include site-specific characteristics such as share of agricultural land relative to forest land, tract size, year-round water availability, type of access, and enhanced features such as streamside management zone, habitat improvement desirable to wildlife, and provision of services. The study has implications for landowners’ land use decisions and economic returns. This research is partially funded by Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources and Alabama Forestry Commission. We are thankful to Amy Griliot and two ...
The Politics of Pathology: How Obesity Became an Epidemic Disease

Americans' recent weight gains have been widely described as an "obesity epidemic." Such a characterization, however, has many problems: the average American weight gain has been relatively low (eight to 12 pounds over the last 20 years), and the causal linkages between adiposity, morbidity, and mortality are unclear. Nevertheless, the media and numerous health officials continue to sound dire warnings that obesity has become an epidemic disease. In this article, I examine how and why America's growing weight became an "obesity epidemic." I find the disease characterization has less to do with the health consequences of excess weight and more with the various financial and political incentives of the weight loss industry, medical profession, and public health bureaucracy. This epidemic image was also assisted by the method of displaying information about weight gain with maps in PowerPoint slides. Such characterizations, I argue, are problematic. Given the inconclusive scientific evidence and the absence of a safe and effective weight loss regimen, calling America's growing weight an epidemic disease is likely to cause more harm than good.
Rethinking the state in Idi Amin's Uganda: the politics of exhortation

Abstract This article – the introduction to a collection of articles on Idi Amin's Uganda – illuminates the infrastructure of Amin's dictatorship. It was through the technology of the news media that Amin's officials found it possible to summon and direct the actions of Uganda's people. The news media's apparently extensive audience made it possible for the authorities to address particular demographic groups who would otherwise fall outside the reach of government bureaucracy. When government officials did actually engage with the real people they addressed, they did so with measuring tapes and typewriters close at hand. In the paper reports they filed, Amin's bureaucrats tidied up complicated social situations, generating statistics that illuminated a particular constituency's adherence to – or deviation from – the official directive. Uganda's command economy was constituted through exhortations, inflated statistics, and other fictions on paper.
An Evaluation of the Different Types of Digital Integrated Circuits as Sources of Electromagnetic Interference

Samples of the major types of integrated circuits were evaluated to determine their relative performance as electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources. A rating system which compares the performance of the different logic types as EMI sources is described in the paper, and a conclusion is made concerning the performance of digital logics as EMI sources.
Spatial variability in stand structure and density-dependent mortality in newly established post-fire stands of a California closed-cone pine forest

Fire is an important process in California closed-cone pine forests; however spatial variability in post-fire stand dynamics of these forests is poorly understood. The 1995 Vision Fire in Point Reyes National Seashore burned over 5000 ha, initiating vigorous Pinus muricata (bishop pine) regeneration in areas that were forested prior to the fire but also serving as a catalyst for forest expansion into other locales. We examined the post-fire stand structure of P. muricata forest 14 years after fire in newly established stands where the forest has expanded across the burn landscape to determine the important factors driving variability in density, basal area, tree size, and mortality. Additionally, we estimated the self-thinning line at this point in stand development and compared the size–density relationship in this forest to the theorized (−1.605) log–log slope of Reineke’s Rule, which relates maximum stand density to average tree size. Following the fire, post-fire P. muricata density in the expanded forest ranged from 500 to 8900 live stems ha−1 (median density = 1800 ha−1). Post-fire tree density and basal area declined with increasing distance to individual pre-fire trees, but showed little variation with other environmental covariates. Self-thinning (density-dependent mortality) was observed in nearly all stands with post-fire density >1800 stems ha−1, and post-fire P. muricata stands conformed to the size–density relationship predicted by Reineke’s Rule. This study demonstrates broad spatial variability in forest development following stand-replacing fires in California closed-cone pine forests, and highlights the importance of isolated pre-fire trees as drivers of stand establishment and development in serotinous conifers.
New Gripping and Binding Device Greatly Improves Preparation of Natural Clasts for RFID Tracking

AbstractRadio frequency identification technology (RFID) has allowed for tracking of individual clasts implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags through sedimentary systems, providing recovery rates much higher than older sediment tagging methods such as painted or magnetic clasts. However, preparation of natural clasts for PIT tag implantation has been time-consuming and dangerous with rates of catastrophic failure of clasts of ∼66% or more. Moreover, failure rates increase as clast size decreases. The authors present an improved methodology that provides nearly 100% success rates and allows for drilling of clasts down to 23 mm along the intermediate diameter. The gripping and binding device (GABI) prevents clasts from rotating and is effective when used in conjunction with the rhythmically applied pressure drilling technique. GABI is simple and inexpensive to build and can be used in a field setting. The improved safety and effectiveness of the method will allow for greater application of...
Slow magnetic relaxation in a trigonal prismatic uranium(III) complex.

Results of ac magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on the trigonal prismatic complex U(Ph2BPz2)3 demonstrate the presence of slow magnetic relaxation under zero applied dc field. Analysis of both the temperature and frequency dependence of the ac susceptibility indicate a temperature regime (T > ∼3 K) where Arrhenius behavior dominates the relaxation processes, leading to a spin relaxation barrier of Ueff = 20 cm−1. The dc-field dependence of the relaxation time was studied to reveal evidence of quantum tunneling processes occurring at lower temperatures. The results suggest a general strategy for identifying further uranium(III)-based single-molecule magnets by concentrating the ligand-field contributions above and below the equatorial plane of an axially symmetric coordination complex.
Functional and anatomical cortical underconnectivity in autism: Evidence from an fMRI study of an executive function task and corpus callosum morphometry

The brain activation of a group of high-functioning autistic participants was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging during the performance of a Tower of London task, in comparison with a control group matched with respect to intelligent quotient, age, and gender. The 2 groups generally activated the same cortical areas to similar degrees. However, there were 3 indications of underconnectivity in the group with autism. First, the degree of synchronization (i.e., the functional connectivity or the correlation of the time series of the activation) between the frontal and parietal areas of activation was lower for the autistic than the control participants. Second, relevant parts of the corpus callosum, through which many of the bilaterally activated cortical areas communicate, were smaller in cross-sectional area in the autistic participants. Third, within the autism group but not within the control group, the size of the genu of the corpus callosum was correlated with frontal--parietal functional connectivity. These findings suggest that the neural basis of altered cognition in autism entails a lower degree of integration of information across certain cortical areas resulting from reduced intracortical connectivity. The results add support to a new theory of cortical underconnectivity in autism, which posits a deficit in integration of information at the neural and cognitive levels.
Tracking multiple pedestrians in real-time using kinematics

We present an algorithm for real-time tracking of multiple pedestrians in a dynamic scene. The algorithm is targeted for embedded systems and reduces computational and storage costs by using an inexpensive kinematic tracking model with only fixed-point arithmetic representations. Our algorithm leverages from the observation that pedestrians in a dynamic scene tend to move with uniform speed over a small number of consecutive frames. We use a multimodal background modeling technique to accurately segment the foreground (moving people) from the background. We then use connectivity analysis to identify blobs in the foreground and calculate the center of mass of each blob. Finally, we establish correspondence between the center of mass of each blob in the current frame with center of mass information gathered from the two immediately preceding frames. We evaluate our algorithm on a real outdoor video sequence taken with an inexpensive webcam. Our implementation successfully tracks each pedestrian from frame to frame in real-time. Our algorithm performs well in challenging situations resulting from occlusion and crowded conditions, running on an eBox-2300 Thin Client VESA PC.
Bortezomib and gemcitabine in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma

Background: Given the significant activity and tolerability of gemcitabine in patients with relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), the critical role that nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) appears to play in the pathogenesis of this tumor, the ability of bortezomib to inhibit NF-κB activity, and laboratory studies suggesting synergistic antitumor effects of gemcitabine and bortezomib, we hypothesized that this combination would be efficacious in patients with relapsed or refractory HL. Patients and methods: A total of 18 patients participated. Patients received 3-week cycles of bortezomib 1 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 plus gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8. Results: The overall response rate for all patients was 22% (95% confidence interval 3% to 42%). Three patients developed grade III transaminase elevation: one was removed from the study and two had doses of gemcitabine held. Almost all patients exhibited inhibition of proteasome activity with treatment. Conclusions: The combination of gemcitabine and bortezomib is a less active and more toxic regimen in relapsed HL than other currently available treatments. It poses a risk of severe liver toxicity and should be pursued with caution in other types of cancer.
Measurement of the hybrid photodiode response - Fiber optic window

The hybrid photodiode (HPD[1]) will be used for the CMS HCAL readout [2]. A fiber-optic front window is used to reduce optical cross-talk between the pixels of the multi-pixel HPD�s. A mismatch of numerical aperture between optical fibers carrying light to the HPD window and the fibers composing the fiber-optic front window of the HPD could lead to light loss. The light loss would appear as a reduced effective quantum efficiency of the device. The goal of this set of measurements was to see if there was in fact a reduction in the effective quantum efficiency of the HPD�s.
Ecological Influences of Early Childhood Obesity: A Multilevel Analysis

This study aims to determine the contributing factors for early childhood overweight/obesity within the contexts of the child's home, school, and community, and to determine how much each of the ecological contexts contributes to childhood overweight/obesity. The framework was developed from Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. Data for 2,100 children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, were used in a series of multilevel modeling analyses. There was significant variation in childhood overweight/obesity by school and community. The majority of variation in childhood overweight/obesity was explained by the child and family factors in addition to school and community factors. Explained variance of childhood overweight/obesity at the school level was 27% and at the community level, 2%. The variance composition at children's family level alone was 71%. Therefore, overweight/obesity prevention efforts should focus primarily on child, family, and school factors and then community factors, to be more effective.
Styles of Leadership

This paper will examine not leadership per se but the issue of what kinds of leaders emerge in what kinds of groups. It will focus on women—the kinds of women leaders that emerge, the styles of leadership utilized by women in contrast to those utilized by men, and the effects these kinds of leadership have on group behavior.
Study of density and potential fluctuations in the TEXT tokamak with a heavy ion beam probe

A heavy ion beam probe was used to study the characteristics of density and potential fluctuations in the TEXT tokamak. Fluctuations of density and space potential are nearly Boltzmann like, n/spl tilde//n/spl sim//spl phi//spl tilde//kT/sub e/, near the edge of the plasma (0.8 0.9). The turbulent E/spl I.oarr//spl times/B/spl I.oarr/ radial particle flux is sufficient to account for all of the particle loss from the tokamak. No poloidal asymmetries, within a poloidal angle range of about 70/spl deg/, are observed in the fluctuation levels. The fluctuation spectral shape, the density potential phase angle, and the fluctuation propagation speed show a strong radial dependence. >
Luminal Adrenergic Agonists Modulate Ileal Transport by a Local Mechanism

Intestinal transport is controlled by neural pathways, hormones, and luminal agents. Luminal adrenergic agents influence water and ion transport in the jejunum. This study tested two hypotheses: (i) luminal adrenergic agents influence ileal water, ion and glucose transport, and (ii) luminal adrenergic agents exert their effects locally and selectively. Absorption studies (n = 46) were performed on dogs with two adjacent 25-cm ileal Thiry-Vella fistulas (TVF). Perfusion with [14C]polyethylene glycol was used to calculate absorption of water, ions, and glucose from the distal TVF. Experiments were composed of three 1-hr periods: basal, luminal adrenergic agonist infusion, and recovery. In group 1 the adrenergic agonists were administered to the distal TVF: norepinephrine (alpha 1 > alpha 2 and beta), phenylephrine (alpha 1), clonidine (alpha 2), and isoproterenol (beta). In group 2 the adrenergic agonists were administered to the proximal TVF, with absorption measured in the distal TVF. In group 1 norepinephrine and phenylephrine caused a significant increase in water absorption (P < 0.05). Clonidine and isoproterenol caused decreased absorption of water and ions, with clonidine causing significantly decreased absorption (P < 0.05) of water, ions, and glucose. In group 2 there were no changes in distal TVF absorption. Luminal adrenergic agents did not alter the heart rate in either group. Luminal adrenergic agonists modulate ileal transport via a local mechanism. A proabsorptive response is observed with alpha 1 agonists, while alpha 2 and beta agonists cause a prosecretory effect. Inhibition of glucose absorption appears to be selectively mediated via the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Displacement of one drug by another from carrier or receptor sites.

Abstract The medium of drug transfer is the water of plasma and extracellular fluid. Without complicating factors, the level of drug at a receptor site would be equal to that in the tissues and in plasma, and in dynamic equilibrium. Actually, almost all drugs are reversibly bound to proteins in plasma or tissue. The bound drug, often a high proportion of the total, acts as a reservoir, preventing wild fluctuations between ineffective and toxic levels of the biologically active unbound fraction. Displacement from a receptor site diminishes drug activity, but displacement from plasma or tissue proteins augments the effect by making more unbound drug available at the receptor site. Atropine has no intrinsic activity, but displaces acetylcholine or pilocarpine from receptors at para-sympathetic nerve endings. Similarly guanethidine competes with noradrenaline at sympathetic nerve endings, but in turn is displaced by amphetamine-like drugs. Many acidic drugs (phenylbutazone, sulfonamides, coumarin anticoagulants, salicylates, &c.) are highly bound to one or two sites on albumin molecules. When the limited carrying capacity of the plasma proteins is filled, any unbound surplus is usually soon metabolized or excreted, so the plasma level becomes restabilized. Meanwhile, however, there may be dramatic effects such as hypoglycemia, when sulfonamides are given to patients on tolbutamide, or bleeding when phenylbutazone is given to patients on warfarin. Although hormones, like thyroxine, insulin and cortisol, are carried by specific proteins, they too can be displaced. All the antirheumatic drugs so far examined have displaced cortisol and presumably driven it into tissues. This may be one mechanism of action. Possibly the sulfonylurea drugs act by displacing insulin from proteins in the pancreas, plasma or elsewhere.
Stability of magnetic equilibria in radio bubbles

Current-carrying flows, in the laboratory and in astrophysical jets, can form remarkably stable magnetic structures. Decades of experience shows that such flows often build equilibria that reverse field directions, evolving to an MHD Taylor state, which has remarkable stability properties. We model jets and the magnetic bubbles they build as reversed field pinch equilibria by assuming the driver current to be stiff in the MHD sense. Taking the jet current as rigid and a fixed function of position, we prove a theorem: that the same, simple MHD stability conditions guarantee stability, even after the jet turns off. This means that magnetic structures harboring a massive inventory of magnetic energy can persist long after the building jet current has died away. These may be the relic radio “fossils,” “ghost bubbles” or “magnetic balloons” found in clusters. These equilibria under magnetic tension will evolve, retaining the stability properties from that state. The remaining fossil is not a disordered ball of magnetic fields, but a stable structure under tension, able to respond to the slings and arrows of outside forces. Typically their Alfven speeds greatly exceed the cluster sound speed, and so can keep out hot cluster plasmas, leading to x-ray “ghosts.” Passing shocks cannot easily destroy them, but can energize and light them up anew at radio frequencies. Bubbles can rise in the hot cluster plasma, perhaps detaching from the parent radio galaxy, yet stable against Rayleigh-Taylor and other modes.
STUDIES ON THE ACTIVATION OF A PROESTERASE ASSOCIATED WITH PARTIALLY PURIFIED FIRST COMPONENT OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT

It has been found that under a wide range of physico-chemical conditions a positive correlation exists between the rate of disappearance of hemolytically active, partially purified first component of human complement and the rate of activation of an esterase hydrolyzing N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester. Both reactions follow the kinetic equation for second order autocatalysis, with an apparent energy of activation of 31,000 calories per mol. They occur optimally at pH 7.3-7.7 and are inhibited by ionic strengths greater than 0.15, by 5 x 10(5)M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and by a heat-labile serum inhibitor which appears unrelated to any component of complement. The activation of first component to esterase resembles closely the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin. Partially purified first component, containing plasminogen, may also be activated to esterase by addition of streptokinase. The significance of these data with respect to the postulated existence of first component as a proesterase and its possible role in complement-"fixation" is discussed.
Succinate Dehydrogenase and Other Respiratory Pathways in Thylakoid Membranes of Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803: Capacity Comparisons and Physiological Function

Respiration in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes is interwoven with photosynthetic processes. We have constructed a range of mutants that are impaired in several combinations of respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport complexes and have examined the relative effects on the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool by using a quinone electrode. Succinate dehydrogenase has a major effect on the PQ redox poise, as mutants lacking this enzyme showed a much more oxidized PQ pool. Mutants lacking type I and II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases also had more oxidized PQ pools. However, in the mutant lacking type I NADPH dehydrogenase, succinate was essentially absent and effective respiratory electron donation to the PQ pool could be established after addition of 1 mM succinate. Therefore, lack of the type I NADPH dehydrogenase had an indirect effect on the PQ pool redox state. The electron donation capacity of succinate dehydrogenase was found to be an order of magnitude larger than that of type I and II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases. The reason for the oxidized PQ pool upon inactivation of type II NADH dehydrogenase may be related to the facts that the NAD pool in the cell is much smaller than that of NADP and that the NAD pool is fully reduced in the mutant without type II NADH dehydrogenase, thus causing regulatory inhibition. The results indicate that succinate dehydrogenase is the main respiratory electron transfer pathway into the PQ pool and that type I and II NAD(P)H dehydrogenases regulate the reduction level of NADP and NAD, which, in turn, affects respiratory electron flow through succinate dehydrogenase.
Poxviral-based vaccine elicits immunologic responses in prostate cancer patients

Prostvac is a poxviral-based vaccine designed to target prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer patients. Recently, the potential toxicity and immunological impact of this immunotherapy were reviewed in the context of new clinical data. Our findings suggest that Prostvac is safe and elicits anticancer immune responses, both alone and in combinatorial approaches.
Peridomestic cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattidae) of Florida: their species composition and suppression

A survey to determine species composition of peridomestic cockroaches was conducted around the exterior perimeter of homes in a Florida suburb. Eight species of cockroaches were collected. The most commonly trapped species were adults of Eurycotis floridana (Walker) (39.3%), Cariblatta lutea (Saussere and Zehtner) (31.4%), and Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville) (19.4%). All other adults constituted less than 10% of the identified cockroaches collected. Nymphs were not identified, and nymphs of all species made up 26.5% of the total cockroaches collected. A single application of 2.0% chlorpyrifos toxic bait or a 0.04% chlorpyrifos spray to the perimeter of the homes provided control of all cockroach species. At 6 wk after treatment, the peridomestic cockroach population was still suppressed.
Mechanisms of Change in Diet and Activity in the Make Better Choices 1 Trial

Objective The Make Better Choices 1 trial demonstrated that participants with unhealthy diet and activity behaviors who were randomized to increase fruits/vegetables and decrease sedentary leisure achieved greater diet and activity improvement than those randomized to change other pairs of eating and activity behaviors. Participants randomized to decrease saturated fat and increase physical activity achieved the least diet-activity improvement. This study examined which psychological mechanisms mediated the effects of the study treatments on healthy behavior change. Methods Participants (n = 204) were randomized to 1 of 4 treatments: increase fruits/vegetables and physical activity; decrease saturated fat and sedentary leisure; decrease saturated fat and increase physical activity; increase fruits/vegetables and decrease sedentary leisure. Treatments provided 3 weeks of remote coaching supported by mobile decision support technology and financial incentives. Mediational analyses were performed to examine whether changes in positive and negative affect, and self-efficacy, stages of readiness to change, liking, craving and attentional bias for fruit/vegetable intake, saturated fat intake, physical activity, and sedentary leisure explained the impact of the treatments on diet-activity improvement. Results Greater diet-activity improvement in those randomized to increase fruits/vegetables and decrease sedentary leisure was mediated by increased self-efficacy (indirect effect estimate = 0.04; 95% bias corrected CI, 0.003-0.11). All treatments improved craving, stage of change and positive affect. Conclusion Accomplishing healthy lifestyle changes for 3 weeks improves positive affect, increases cravings for healthy foods and activities, and enhances readiness to make healthy behavior changes. Maximal diet and activity improvement occurs when interventions enhance self-efficacy to make multiple healthy behavior changes. (PsycINFO Database Record
Rethinking and Redesigning the Semiconductor Laser for Ultra Coherent Oscillation

The spectral linewidth, or equivalently, the temporal coherence, of all lasers is fundamentally limited by quantum mechanics specifically by the quantum nature of light. This limit is, however, largely dependent on the electromagnetic configuration of the laser and the atomic nature of the laser transition.
IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 production by human intestinal muscle: reciprocal regulation by endogenous TGF-β1

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-mediated growth of cells can be modulated by specific IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) that inhibit or augment IGF-I ligand-receptor interaction. IGFBP expression ...
Interorganizational Alignment of Strategic Orientations in Supply Chains

This study argues that Market Orientation, Learning Orientation, Innovation Orientation and Relationship Orientation provide synergic effects to organizations in organizational and interorganizational levels. Two theoretical frameworks are presented in this theoretical essay. The first one considers the organizational level. The second one is regarded to interorganizational relations. This study argues that actors might improve their results and increase joint performance through a strategic alignment along a supply chain. Besides, network features like positioning, structural holes and density might impact on joint performance achieved through this strategic alignment. Thus, this study suggests that Learning Orientation in a competitive environment might harm joint performance, considering that some actors might act opportunistically defending their knowledge acquisition. Future studies should be focused on issues like open innovation, opportunistic behavior and network structures.
Mechanical Properties of 5000 Series Aluminum Alloys Following Fire Exposure

An experimental study was performed comparing changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of six different 5000 series alloys following a simulated fire exposure. To simulate the fire exposure, specimens were subjected to a constant heating rate of 25 °C /min (up to 500 °C) and then water quenched. Quasi-static tensile tests were conducted to quantify yield strength. Additionally, grain evolution was examined by optical microscopy for each alloy. The 5000 series alloys with different tempers resulted in residual strengths between 85 and 157 MPa following the fire exposure. Most alloys exhibited recovery between 100 °C to 280 °C followed by recrystallization between 300 °C to 340 °C. However, the 5456-H116 alloy, which has the highest magnesium content, maintained 60% of room temperature yield strength. This alloy underwent recovery but did not have a clear recrystallization, as apparent in both the micrographs and mechanical testing.
TOPOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF COMPUTER PROCESSED ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA

Electroencephalography has been employed as a tool in the investigation of schizophrenia for many years. Nevertheless, one of the major problems limiting the utility of EEG in psychiatric research has been the difficulty in quantifying, localizing and analyzing the massive amounts of data generated by multiple electrode recordings. The development of the topographic technique of brain electrical activity mapping (BEAM) provides a method of condensation of spatiotemporal information that may be easily grasped by visual inspection and is intuitively meaningful. A case of a chronic schizophrenic patient is given as an example to demonstrate this procedure and a statistical method of analysis employing significance probability maps (SPM) is shown. The method provides a technique of EEG analysis that is highly compatible with other existing color map topographies such as CT scan, PET scan and cerebral blood flow and involving less risk.
Texts, Social Relations, and Work-based Skepticism about Schooling: An Ethnographic Analysis

The connection between schooling, work, and language has grown increasingly problematic in recent decades. This article explores that connection, addressing certain debates about cultural mismatch, social reproduction, and school resistance, while presenting an ethnographic analysis of school and community in a rural Northeastern setting. The analysis shows a disjunction between schooling and adult work and between schooling and experiences with literature, challenging the school's self-understood mission.
Sino-Anglo-Euro Wolf Fan(g)s from Jiang Rong to Annaud

In this chapter on “Sino-Anglo-Euro Wolf Fan(g)s” posits that fans of Jiang Rong’s Wolf Totem (2004) could arguably shapeshift into a wolf’s fangs, the sharp tips of China’s Social Darwinism today. Jiang mourns the killing of Mongolian wolves, erecting a literary totem there after wolves are gone. An elegy for the wild comes to justify the growing of fangs amid the jungle of the socialist-capitalist market. Wolf totem becomes a phallic symbol for power. A Sino-Anglo-Euro metamorphosis materializes in global cinema as Jean-Jacques Annaud transforms the novel into a romantic film, which downplays Jiang’s nationalistic tenor, avoiding to bare “red [in] tooth and claw” to the world.
Structure of the sheath of bacteriophage T4. I. Structure of the contracted sheath and polysheath.

Abstract Contracted sheath and polysheath of bacteriophage T4 were examined in the electron microscope by the negative-staining method. The prominent helical grooves of long pitch, which have frequently been noted in contracted sheath, are also found in polysheath, where their number is even, and between 10 and 14. In contracted sheath their number (12) and sense (right-handed) can be easily determined because of a fortunate artifact: parts of the sheath that are only shallowly embedded in the negative stain undergo, on drying, a contraction of up to 40%. A sheath standing on end therefore assumes a conical shape, and the “long-pitch” helical grooves show in projection as spirals. The same contraction also affects specimens of sheath lying flat on the supporting film, and it is suggested that this effect might provide a general method for determining the absolute sense of helical structures. Another set of helical grooves (of short pitch), also previously noted in contracted sheath, is clearly visible in polysheath. They are found to be left-handed and, in combination with the “long-pitch” grooves, define the positions of the subunits at the sheath surface, i.e. its surface lattice. Optical diffraction patterns have been formed from the electron micrographs to measure the parameters of the surface lattices of polysheath and contracted sheath. The effect on the diffraction pattern of flattening and other distortions of the helix is discussed in Appendix 1. A detailed analysis of the diffraction patterns of contracted sheath and polysheath, based on this discussion, follows in Appendix 2. Polysheath is found to have an n2-fold rotation axis, where n2 is the number of “short-pitch” grooves and is half the number of “long-pitch” grooves. The ratio of the pitches of the two sets of grooves is also quite similar in contracted sheath and polysheath. In confirmation of Kellenberger & Boy de la Tour's (1964) suggestion that contracted sheath and polysheath have the same structure, their structural parameters agree to within the accuracy of measurement. Supposing that they do have the same structure, this is determined by combining the data on the surface lattice of polysheath with the observation that there are 12 “longpitch” grooves in contracted sheath. The common structure has a 6-fold rotation axis, and six left-handed basic helices, each containing 13.2 morphological units per turn. The implications of this structure are discussed, especially with regard to the helical disintegration of polysheath. This disintegration process indicates that the strongest bonds lie along the directions of the “short-pitch” grooves.
‘Being a Better #Freelancer’: Gendered and Racialised Aesthetic Labour on Online Freelance Marketplaces

This chapter takes up the heuristic of “body-work” to explain how novice women freelance writers using online freelance marketplaces handle the minefield of gendered paradoxes, and constraints, about their self-presentation online. From choosing an appropriate profile photo to responding to client requests to get positive public feedback, women writers working at a distance engage in largely invisible labors simply to get the marketplace websites to function. These labors include self-surveillance, racialized self-erasure, and deference. The chapter thus names how narratives about “freelancer” as an entrepreneurial subject and web platforms as neutral technologies are achieved through the asethetic “body-work” of freelancers.
Student use and perceptions of mobile technology in clinical clerkships – Guidance for curriculum design

Abstract Background We examined the types of technology used by medical students in clinical clerkships, and the perception of technology implementation into the curriculum. Methods An online survey about technology use was completed prior to general surgery clinical clerkship. Types of devices and frequency/comfort of use were recorded. Perceptions of the benefits and barriers to technology use in clerkship learning were elicited. Results 125/131 (95.4%) students responded. Most students owned a smart phone (95.2%), tablet (52.8%), or both (50%); 61.6% spent > 11 h/week learning on a device at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine for educational purposes. Technology use was seen as beneficial by 97.6% of students. Classes that used technology extensively were preferred by 54% of students, although 47.2% perceived decreased faculty/classmate interaction. Conclusions Students use mobile technology to improve how they learn new material, and prefer taking classes that incorporate information technology. However, in-person/blended curricula are preferable to completely online courses.
Outcome and Impact Evaluation of a Transgender Health Course for Health Profession Students.

Abstract Purpose: Being transgender is associated with numerous health disparities, and transgender individuals face mistreatment and discrimination in healthcare settings. At the same time, healthcare professionals report inadequate preparation to care for transgender people, and patients often have to teach their own medical providers about transgender care. Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of an elective course for health profession students in transgender health that was implemented to address these gaps in provider knowledge. Methods: Students participated in a 10-session, lunch-hour elective course during the spring of 2015. To evaluate impact, course participants completed pre-, immediately post-, and 3-month postcourse questionnaires, including a previously validated nine-item transphobia scale, to determine the course's effect on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about transgender health. Results: Forty-six students completed the pre- and immediately postelective questionnaire (74% response...
Emergency splenectomy for trauma in the setting of splenomegaly, axillary lymphadenopathy, and incidental B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A case report.

Abstract Introduction The spleen is the most commonly injured intra-abdominal solid organ following blunt trauma. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukocytic dyscrasia affecting adults in Western countries. Splenomegaly with axillary and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy are common physical findings. This case investigates an emergency splenectomy in a community hospital involving a 45-year-old man with blunt abdominal trauma following an assault with incidental splenomegaly and axillary lymphadenopathy, with surgical pathology findings of B-cell CLL. Presentation of case A 45- year-old man without past medical or family history who was the victim of an assault presented to the emergency department 6 h later with left upper quadrant pain and radiation to the left flank and a positive Kehr sign. An elevated absolute lymphocyte count above 7 × 10 9 and CT confirmation of a Grade V splenic laceration with splenomegaly, axillary lymphadenopathy, with hemodynamic compromise led to an exploratory laparotomy and emergency splenectomy regardless of the potential for malignancy. Discussion Hemoperitoneum with blunt splenic injury (BSI) caused by abdominal trauma with hemodynamic instability should be treated with exploratory laparotomy and splenectomy even in the face of potential malignancy with splenomegaly and axillary lymphadenopathy. An appropriate oncologic work up and treatment can be provided after the emergency intervention. Conclusion An emergency splenectomy is an appropriate operative intervention for a grade V splenic laceration with hemoperitoneum, splenomegaly, and axillary lymphadenopathy regardless of the potential for a neoplastic process such as B-cell CLL. Post-splenectomy vaccinations and oncologic follow-up for systemic chemotherapy should be facilitated after recovery.
The Role of the Hospital Epidemiologist

The healthcare epidemiologist of the twenty-first century is typically an infectious disease physician with a specialized set of skills and competencies. Similar to their predecessor Ignaz Semmelweis, today’s epidemiologists identify outbreaks and intervene to prevent healthcare-associated infections. The overall scope of work has broadened significantly, however, and may include healthcare administration, emergency preparedness, collaboration with public health authorities, education, occupational health, quality improvement and patient safety, antimicrobial stewardship, and research. Healthcare epidemiologists improve the quality of care for patients in acute care settings, as well as in community and ambulatory sites where healthcare is delivered. Despite this, many facilities still lack healthcare epidemiology services, and remuneration for epidemiologists is inconsistent.
Making a Tibetan sect in twentieth-century China

The paper investigates two conflicting dynamics observed by Holmes Welch in The Buddhist Revival in China, namely, the ascendance of the esoteric school of Buddhism and a rising anti-sectarian tren...
Myocardial electrophysiological effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in dogs

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a potent inotrope and coronary vasodilator. To test whether VIP also exerts regional myocardial electrophysiological (EP) effects, dose-response and time-course effects of intracoronary injections (10(-10)-10(-4) M) were obtained in 4 intact hearts and 12 in situ normoperfused right ventricular flap preparations in chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Under constant rate, activation (A), recovery (R), and A-R interval (ARI) maps were constructed from multiplexed unipolar surface electrograms recorded simultaneously from 32 sites. Effects were compared with those of isoproterenol (Iso) and forskolin (For). The main finding with all agonists was the uniform shortening of ARIs in a dose-response fashion with a maximum of 30 +/- 4 ms or 20% from control. Although the maximal EP changes were similar for all agonists, they occurred at different molecular concentrations (10(-6) Iso, 10(-5) VIP, and 10(-4) For). Also, whereas the duration of EP effect did not exceed 5 min for Iso and For, it was markedly sustained for VIP, outlasting its contractile but paralleling its vasodilatory effect. The physiological endoepicardial differences in ARI and the recovery sequence were preserved for all agonists. Thus VIP, in addition to coronary vasodilation and myocardial inotropy, exerts a strong balanced global myocardial EP effect, similar to, but more sustained than, the adrenergic effect. The difference in duration of inotropic and EP effects may point to different mediating mechanisms.
Parametric Mass Estimating Relationships for Earth Imaging Monolithic and Fractionated Spacecraft

Fractionated spacecraft consist of physically independent, “free-flying” modules composed of various subsystems. For example, a fractionated spacecraft might consist of one module providing communi...
Assessment of Fetal Lung Maturity: Practice Parameter

Despite the development of artificial surfactant and advances in respiratory support, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) remains a major clinical concern. The relatively low prevalence of RDS requires test methods with very high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for fetal lung maturity (FLM). Such methods often require sophisticated instrumentation, skilled staff, and long analytic times. This practice parameter discusses the usefulness of widely available methods and reaches several conclusions: (1) A satisfactory specimen of amniotic fluid is essential for effective laboratory assessment of FLM. (2) No test is immune from analytic interferences. (3) The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio or phosphatidylglycerol (PG) by thin-layer chromatography are unnecessary as obligatory panel components. (4) Either fluorescence polarization or lamellar body number density is an acceptable initial screening test. If maturity is indicated, no further testing is generally necessary. (5) If the result of the initial test in no. 4 is below but near the maturity criterion, the second rapid test usually can offer resolution; if the result is still immature, a third rapid test can be added (PG by Amniostat-FLM). (6) In the setting of poorly controlled diabetes, PG assessment by Amniostat-FLM should be performed to rule out false maturity predictions by the other rapid tests. Nevertheless, RDS will not develop in most fetuses in whom PG is not detected. (7) Clinical judgment remains the single most important criterion for fetal delivery.