cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Spectrum and Frequency of Self-Inflicted and Host Gene Mutations Produced by the Transposon Ac in Maize

The autonomous transposon Activator (Ac) is a powerful mutagen. Ac-induced mutations range from small footprints of host sequences to large rearrangements of transposon or host sequences. These mutations arise by different repair mechanisms of the double-strand break produced by Ac excision: footprints by nonhomologous end joining and rearrangements by various mechanisms, including DNA replication repair. Footprints greatly outnumber other mutations, masking them because they usually share a nonfunctional phenotype. To determine the spectrum and frequencies of host and self-mutations generated by Ac, we used an allele harboring Ac in the 5′ untranslated region bronze (bz). In this system, simple excisions produce purple revertants, whereas deletions of host or transposon sequences produce stable bronze (bz-s) mutants. Internal and terminal deletions of Ac predominated among the 72 bz-s derivatives. Most internal deletions (52 of 54) behaved as nonautonomous Dissociation (Ds) elements. All nine terminal deletions or fractured Ac (fAc) elements had rearrangements of adjacent host sequences. Most Ds and fAc deletion junctions displayed microhomologies and contained filler DNA from nearby sequences, suggesting an origin by DNA repair synthesis followed by microhomology-mediated end joining. All mutations occurred more frequently in pollen, where one in 200 grains carried new Ds or fAc elements.
Mechanisms of 2-butoxyethanol-induced hemangiosarcomas.

Chronic exposure to 2-butoxyethanol increased liver hemangiosarcomas in male mice. The mechanism for the selective induction of hemangiosarcomas by 2-butoxyethanol is unknown but has been suggested to occur through non–DNA-reactive mechanisms. The occurrence of liver hemangiosarcomas in male mice has been linked to oxidative damage subsequent to RBC hemolysis and iron deposition and activation of macrophages (Kupffer cells) in the liver, events that exhibit a threshold in both animals and humans. 2-Butoxyethanol is metabolized to 2-butoxyacetaldehyde and 2butoxyacetic acid, and although the aldehyde metabolite is short lived, the potential exists for this metabolite to cause DNA damage. The present study examined whether 2-butoxyethanol and its metabolites, 2-butoxyacetaldehyde and 2-butoxyacetic acid, damaged mouse endothelial cell DNA using the comet assay. No increase in DNA damage was observed following 2-butoxyethanol (1–10mM), 2-butoxyacetaldehyde (0.1–1.0mM), or 2-butoxyacetic acid (1–10mM) in endothelial cells after 2, 4, or 24 h of exposure. Additional studies examined the involvement of hemolysis and macrophage activation in 2-butoxyethanol carcinogenesis. DNA damage was produced by hemolyzed RBCs (10 3 10 6 , 4 h), ferrous sulfate (0.1–1.0mM; 2–24 h), and hydrogen peroxide (50–100mM; 1–4 h) in endothelial cells. Hemolyzed RBCs also activated macrophages, as evidenced by increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a, while neither 2-butoxyethanol nor butoxyacetic acid increased TNF-a from macrophages. The effect of activated macrophages on endothelial cell DNA damage and DNA synthesis was also studied. Coculture of endothelial cells with activated macrophages increased endothelial cell DNA damage after 4 or 24 h and increased endothelial cell DNA synthesis after 24 h. These data demonstrate that 2-butoxyethanol and related metabolites do not directly cause DNA damage. Supportive evidence also demonstrated that damaged RBCs, iron, and/or products from macrophage activation (possibly reactive oxygen species) produce DNA damage in endothelial cells and that activated macrophages stimulate endothelial cell proliferation. These events coupled together provide the events necessary for the induction of hemangiosarco
Comparisons of Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Pheromone Traps With and Without Kill Strips

Boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), eradication programs typically equip pheromone traps with an insecticide-impregnated kill strip. These strips are intended to kill captured insects, thereby simplifying trap servicing and reducing the loss of weevils from predation and escape. However, the effectiveness of kill strips has not been extensively evaluated. We examined the influences of kill strips on weevil captures, trap servicing, and the incidences of weevil predation and trap obstruction (e.g., by spider webs). Evaluations were conducted weekly during three different production periods (pre- to early-, late-, and postseason) of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., to represent different environmental conditions and weevil population levels. Within each period, mean weekly captures of weevils in traps with and without kill strips were statistically similar. On average, traps with kill strips took 9 s longer to service than traps without kill strips, but statistical differences were only detected during the late-season period. Overall, the mean weekly proportion of traps with evidence of weevil predation or trap obstruction was significantly lower for traps with kill strips (0.25) than for traps without kill strips (0.37). However, this reduction in the frequency of weevil predation or trap obstruction was too small to produce a corresponding increase in the numbers of weevils captured. In light of these findings, the use of kill strips is likely unnecessary in eradication programs, but may be a consideration in situations when the numbers of deployed traps are reduced and chronic problems with weevil predation or trap obstruction exist.
Laparoscopic Robot-Assisted Diaphragm Plication

Minimally invasive approaches to diaphragm plication for eventration include thoracoscopic and laparoscopic techniques. The elevated hemidiaphragm and ribs limit thoracoscopic techniques. We report our modification of the laparoscopic approach using robotic assistance with the da Vinci Surgical System, (Intuitive Surgical Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) to avoid single-lung ventilation, facilitate exposure, and allow more precise placement of plication sutures to achieve an even tension and maximum plication. Critical steps include creation of a small defect in the diaphragm to equalize pressures between cavities and placement of multiple, pledgeted interrupted horizontal mattresses.
Bringing Down the Sky

An examination of the international law surrounding the use of anti-satellite weapons reveals that no comprehensive set of regulations exists. Studying the failed negotiations for a comprehensive ban on anti-satellite weapons also reveals that there has been a history of breakdowns in communication and agreements on the parts of the major powers. This paper examines all of these issues in detail and concludes by suggesting that a less than comprehensive multinational treaty regulating the use of kinetic kill anti-satellite devices should be implemented, and its discussion could result in at least re-energizing the debate surrounding anti-satellite regulations.
A Case of Biting Humans by Nabis americoferus (Heteroptera: Nabidae), With Comments on Bites by Other Species of the Genus Nabis in the United States

A case of biting humans by the common damsel bug Nabis americoferus Carayon, 1961 is reported for an adult male in Fargo, ND. The symptoms and evolution of the bite are described. A compilation of cases of other Nabis spp. biting humans in the United States is provided and discussed.
Report on demonstration project: imaging detection of unexploded ordinance using giant magnetoresistive sensor arrays

The goal of the project was to demonstrate the feasibility of the detection of buried unexploded ordnance (UXO) using giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor arrays. 3x3 and 5x5 arrays of off-the-shelf GMR sensors were purchased from Nonvolatile Electronics (NVE) and were interfaced with a data acquisition card and a personal computer. Magnetic images were obtained from a number of ferrous objects, such as threadstock, bolts, and rebar. These images can be interpreted in terms of the remanent magnetic state of the objects. The ability of the GMR sensor approach to discriminate among magnetic objects is assessed and the design of a more realistic UXO detection system is discussed.
Adaptive Reminders in an Ambient Assisted Living Environment

The GiraffPlus home environment represents a complete AAL system that gathers environmental and physiological measures from distributed sensors for continuous monitoring of an older person. A key point of innovation in the project is the synthesis of reasoning services on the gathered data. Among those services the personalisation of feedback messages to users according to both individual’s needs and continuous data analysis represents an open challenge. This paper paves the way with respect to this challenge by presenting a user-adaptive reminding services endowed with the ability to trigger heterogeneous messages over time. The messages can simply remind to take a medication, can warn that a physiological value is deteriorating, or even offer regular suggestions on “good quality of life behaviour” triggered by some observation on individual users data.
Timing of infections in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by Schistocephalus solidus in Alaska.

Abstract This study provides direct evidence for the timing of infections by Schistocephalus solidus in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) of south-central Alaska. Young-of-the-year fish in Cheney Lake were infected during their first summer within a few months after hatching in May–June. Infections appear to continue under ice cover on the lake during the subsequent fall and winter. Few, if any, 1-yr-old fish seemed to be infected for the first time, although 1-yr-old hosts with established parasites apparently acquired additional infections.
Fermi-Edge Singularities and Enhanced Magnetoexcitons in GaAs and (In,Ga) As Square, and (Ga,AlAs) Parabolic Single Quantum Wells

We have studied the Coulomb perturbation by photoholes on a free electron gas in modulation doped square and parabolic single quantum wells. This range of structures, from quasi-2D to quasi-3D limits, has helped us to quantify spectral information from Fermi-edge singularities in magneto-luminescence, formed by screening of the holes by the mobile electrons. In particular, we show how empty nearby conduction subbands can be used to tune such “many electron exciton” phenomena. As an example, a typical value for the electron-hole interaction of Ve-h ≈ 0.6 meV is deduced in the quasi-2D case.
Characterization of plasminogen system on rat yolk sac carcinoma (L2) cells

The plasminogen (Plg) system on rat yolk sac carcinoma (L2) cells was characterized by zymography, Western and immunoprecipitation analysis, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, binding, and activity assays. The L2 cells produced tissue Plg activator but not urokinase Plg activator and contained RNA for Plg activator inhibitor 1, but Plg activator inhibitor 1 was not detectable by zymography or Western analysis and contained the receptor for urokinase Plg activator. Plg bound to the cells in a saturable manner when plasmin inhibitors were present with a dissociation constant of 1.34 +/- 0.18 x 10(-6) M and 1.54 +/- 0.25 x 10(7) sites/cell. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Plg was binding to gp330, a known Plg receptor. Once bound to the L2 cells, Plg was activated by tissue Plg activator to plasmin in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Under saturating Plg conditions, most of the plasmin produced was released into the medium. Inhibition of plasmin activation occurred when Plg activator inhibitor 1, anticatalytic tissue Plg activator antibody, or Heymann nephritis autoantibody was present.
Morphological Evidence of Progressive Microvascular Impairment in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Reperfusion

Approximately 80% of patients with focal cerebral ischemia, manifest as acute stroke, have either atherothrombotic or thromboembolic occlusions when examined within 6 h from symptom onset [4, 9]. Recent experience with the intra-arterial and intravenous infusions of fibrinolytic agents in patients with acute focal cerebral ischemia has demonstrated both the feasibility of effecting cerebral arterial reperfusion [3, 4, 13, 20, 21, 25, 27] and the clinical benefit of the procedure [13, 21]. However, residual CT scan abnormalities and neurological deficits have been observed in all studies. Particularly vulnerable is the territory of the lenticulostriate arteries where persistent occlusions exist following M1 segment middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and reperfusion [29]. This phenomenon is most commonly attributed to the absence of functional collaterals. The status and responses of the downstream microvascular bed to ischemia and reperfusion in this territory are unknown, but both ischemia and reperfusion may contribute to the radiographic and clinical defects detected in the lenticulostriatal territory. Furthermore, it is unknown if microvascular alterations following ischemia/reperfusion might be analogous to those developing in the microvascular beds of other organ systems following similar types of injury.
Role of gas-phase and surface chemistry in methane reforming using a La0.9Ca0.1FeO3−δ oxygen transport membrane

Abstract This study investigates the performance of a La0.9Ca0.1FeO 3 − δ (LCF) membrane for applications including oxyfuel combustion, CO2 reuse and syngas production under a reactive environment using methane (CH4)–argon (Ar)–carbon dioxide (CO2) mixtures in the sweep stream. Through experimental measurements, we show that an LCF membrane can act as a catalyst for methane pyrolysis driven by the presence of iron at the B-site of the perovskite structure. Using methane–argon mixtures, the oxygen flux J O 2 increases by one order of magnitude compared to the case with no methane. Measurements in the range of 900–950 °C suggest that the aforementioned enhancement is related to surface reactions consuming oxygen ions at the membrane surface. However, J O 2 levels off when the inlet CH4 mole fraction reaches approximately 5%. The same applies for methane conversion. Addition of CO2 into the sweep stream has a significant impact on J O 2 rise and syngas production. As more CO2 is added, surface carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) mole fractions increase by an order of magnitude. The high yield of syngas at the membrane surface results in a higher J O 2 as more reactants participate in heterogeneous reactions with oxygen ions; methane conversion reaches approximately 100% showing that dry reforming (in the gas-phase) plays an important role. This oxygen flux enhancement is accompanied by significant reuse of CO2. The proposed technology can have a major impact on the CO2 recycle and the effort to mitigate its accumulation in the atmosphere.
Testing Program for Crashworthiness Assessment of Cutaway Buses

The State of Florida acquires over 300 cutaway buses every year. The increasing popularity of such buses raised concerns about passenger safety and overall crashworthiness of this transportation mode. An extensive research program was initiated at Crashworthiness and Impact Analysis Laboratory (CIAL) to facilitate experimental testing and computational mechanics as two integral parts for crashworthiness evaluation of the cutaway buses. The major objective of the evaluation program is to ensure that bus structures perform well during actual accidents, especially rollovers. Multi-level testing program includes testing of: small samples for material characterization, larger passenger compartment connections, impact testing of wall panels, as well as full scale roll-over and side impact tests of the inspected vehicles. Due to dynamic nature of rollover accidents, the program was originally based on dynamic testing. However, further research led to introduction of several simpler yet equivalent, quasi-static tests. Testing data is also used to support verification and validation of detailed finite element models of the buses, which are developed for LS-DYNA—an explicit, non-linear finite element solver. The program was well received by cutaway bus industry and it resulted in strong commitment and collaboration with bus manufacturers.
The Pentecostal Church: Hospitality and Disability Inclusion. Becoming an Inclusive Christian Community by Welcoming Mutual Vulnerability

Classical Pentecostal churches have traditionally placed a strong emphasis on divine healing and many can testify to God's healing power in their lives. But placing too much emphasis and expectation on a person's health has sadly caused many people with long-term illness and disability to become disillusioned with the church. This article considers some of the practical and theological issues facing people with disabilities who attend Pentecostal churches and seeks ways to challenge what is considered ‘normal’.
The Fungal Community : Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, Fourth Edition

"…a number of chapters provide excellent summaries of the modern methods available for studying fungal ecology, along with those more traditional methods that are still extremely valuable…overall it is a hugely valuable compendium of fungal ecology research. It is a must for the library shelf." -Lynne Boddy, Cardiff University, UK, Mycological Research, 2006"These 44 chapters are an excellent starting point for anyone interested in fungal communities, in the broadest sense of the term. It is a book for dipping into…may be the last comprehensive treatment of fungal communities before the molecular revolution."-Meriel Jones, University of Liverpool, UK, Microbiology Today "… the scope of the work is tremendous. … Excellent chapters providing overviews of methods … provide a snap shot of the current approaches used to understand fungal communities at several levels of organization. This book should probably be on the shelf of every student of mycology, and many ecologists too. For all students, this book should be a valuable resource and source of inspiration." -Daniel Henk, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, London, in Inoculum, Vol. 59, No. 3, May 2008 "Thorough taxonomic and subject indices further aid the reader in navigating through multiple authors’ treatments of subjects of interest." - Anthony Amend, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa in Economic Botany, V. 61 In all subjects in science, new findings and the use of new technologies allow us to develop an ever-greater understanding of our world. Expanded and updated coverage in the fourth edition includes: Adds new sections on Integrating Genomics and Metagenomics into Community Analysis, Recent Advances in Fungal Endophyte Research, Fungi in the Built Environment, and Fungal Signaling and Communication Includes a broader treatment of fungal communities in natural ecosystems with in-depth coverage of fungal adaptations to stress and conservation Expands coverage of the influence of climate change on fungi and the role of fungi in organically polluted ecosystems Includes contributions from scientists from 20 nations to illustrate a true global approach for bridging gaps between ecological concepts and mycology
Disparities in Uptake of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in a Large Integrated Health Care System.

Letters to the editor are presented in response to the article "Young People and HIV: A Call to Action" by L.J. Koenig, D. Hoyer, D.W. Purcell, S. Zaza, and J. Mermin which appears in a 2016 issue of the journal, and it mentions disparities in uptake of HIV preexposure prophylaxis in the U.S.
Payer Coverage for Hereditary Cancer Panels: Barriers, Opportunities, and Implications for the Precision Medicine Initiative

Background: Hereditary cancer panels (HCPs), testing for multiple genes and syndromes, are rapidly transforming cancer risk assessment but are controversial and lack formal insurance coverage. We aimed to identify payers' perspectives on barriers to HCP coverage and opportunities to address them. Comprehensive cancer risk assessment is highly relevant to the Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI), and payers' considerations could inform PMI's efforts. We describe our findings and discuss them in the context of PMI priorities. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 major US payers, covering >160 million lives. We used the framework approach of qualitative research to design, conduct, and analyze interviews, and used simple frequencies to further describe findings. Results: Barriers to HCP coverage included poor fit with coverage frameworks (100%); insufficient evidence (100%); departure from pedigree/family history-based testing toward genetic screening (91%); lacking rigor in the HCP hybrid research/clinical setting (82%); and patient transparency and involvement concerns (82%). Addressing barriers requires refining HCP-indicated populations (82%); developing evidence of actionability (82%) and pathogenicity/penetrance (64%); creating infrastructure and standards for informing and recontacting patients (45%); separating research from clinical use in the hybrid clinical-research setting (44%); and adjusting coverage frameworks (18%). Conclusions: Leveraging opportunities suggested by payers to address HCP coverage barriers is essential to ensure patients' access to evolving HCPs. Our findings inform 3 areas of the PMI: addressing insurance coverage to secure access to future PMI discoveries; incorporating payers' evidentiary requirements into PMI's research agenda; and leveraging payers' recommendations and experience to keep patients informed and involved.
Management of the small renal mass

The increasing use of cross-sectional imaging has led to an increase in the diagnosis of incidental small renal masses (SRMs). About 20% of such masses are benign, while a significant proportion of malignant SRMs demonstrate slow growth kinetics and non-aggressive histologic features. Given these characteristics, lesions that were traditionally treated surgically are increasingly managed with less aggressive approaches. Further contributing to the evolving management paradigm is accumulating evidence supporting the safety of active surveillance and the efficacy of percutaneous renal mass biopsy in guiding management decisions. This review first discusses the epidemiology and diagnostic work-up of SRMs. The available management options are then examined, with emphasis placed on the clinical factors considered in selecting an appropriate approach. The existing evidence and long-term outcomes of each strategy are discussed. Finally, an overview of the current paradigm for the management of a patient with a SRM is provided. The goal is to provide physicians with the necessary understanding to appropriately manage this increasingly common condition.
A multi-agent based system for run-time distributed resource management

Modern embedded systems tend to employ a plethora of inter-connected components leaving behind complex superscalar/centralized approaches. This evolution in system architecture has driven rapid changes on the field of application development too, by increasing the usage of complex and demanding applications. Thus, multi-agent systems raise the challenge of efficient resource management especially in cases where changes occur at run-time with a rapid pace. This paper couples the concept of multi-agent systems with run-time resource management techniques in order to develop a distributed framework for run-time management of multiagent systems. The proposed framework is based on local runtime services and distributed agents in order to provide self-management functions while keeping system requirements. The motivation for this work is coming from the automotive industry and specifically from the Infotainment domain.
Enantio-specific Detection of Chirality at Nanoscale Using Photo-induced Force

We propose a high-resolution scanning-tip microscopy technique for enantio-specific detection of nanoscale samples by measuring the photo-induced force exerted on an achiral probe in the vicinity of a chiral sample, under circularly polarized excitation beams.
A Horizontal Magnetic Tweezers and Its Use for Studying Single DNA Molecules

We report the development of a magnetic tweezers that can be used to micromanipulate single DNA molecules by applying picoNewton (pN)-scale forces in the horizontal plane. The resulting force–extension data from our experiments show high-resolution detection of changes in the DNA tether’s extension: ~0.5 pN in the force and <10 nm change in extension. We calibrate our instrument using multiple orthogonal techniques including the well-characterized DNA overstretching transition. We also quantify the repeatability of force and extension measurements, and present data on the behavior of the overstretching transition under varying salt conditions. The design and experimental protocols are described in detail, which should enable straightforward reproduction of the tweezers.
Lithospheric Layering Beneath the Contiguous United States Constrained by S-To-P Receiver Functions

Abstract To image upper mantle seismic discontinuities beneath the contiguous United States, a total of 284,121 S-to-P receiver functions (SRFs) recorded by 3,594 broadband seismic stations in the EarthScope Transportable Array and other permanent and temporary deployments are stacked in circular bins of 2° in radius. A robust negative arrival, representing a sharp discontinuity of wave speed reduction with depth, is visible in virtually all the stacked traces in the depth range of 30–110 km. Beneath the western U.S., the mean depth of this discontinuity is 69 ± 17 km , and beneath the eastern U.S., it is 76 ± 5 km, both are comparable to the depth of the tomographically-determined lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB). In contrast, the depth of the discontinuity beneath the stable cratonic region of the central U.S. is 87 ± 6 km, which is significantly shallower than the ∼250 km LAB depth determined by seismic tomography. Based on the amplitude of the corresponding arrival in the SRFs and findings from previous seismic tomography and mantle xenolith studies, this discontinuity beneath the central U.S. is interpreted as the top of an intra-lithospheric low wave speed, probably phlogopite-rich layer. The observations provide new constraints on a number of regional scale tectonic processes, such as lithospheric stretching in the Texas–Louisiana Gulf Coastal Plain and the Basin and Range Province, and possible lithospheric basal erosion beneath the northeastern U.S.
86 – The Management and Organization of a Surgical Research Laboratory

The successful surgical laboratory is a happy blending of the desire to pursue scientific questions and attention to the many details that have a major impact on the outcome of any research endeavor. The harmonious integration of new members into the lab and their stimulation by a challenging and cooperative environment, as well as a safe workplace, are key elements to a successful laboratory. It is vital that the principal investigator frame formal duties and responsibilities for new lab members. These may range from continuing projects left by others, to starting one or more new projects. If new members are graduate students or postdoctoral fellows with a finite time commitment, it is important to create projects with a reasonable chance of completion within the limited available time. Some lab members will be present only on a part-time basis, thus limiting the duties/projects they may be assigned. Laboratory space for basic science research is an increasingly rare and precious resource. Young investigators joining the faculties of research institutions have often been lured with the promise of lab space as an incentive. Unfortunately, unlimited space is a “pipe dream,” and as one prepares to initiate research, there must be some forethought as to the organization and allocation of space within the lab, especially with regard to present and possible future research projects.
Molecular characterization of conventional and new repeat-induced mutants of nit-3, the structural gene that encodes nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa

Nitrate reductase of Neurospora crassa is a dimeric protein composed of two identical subunits, each possessing three separate domains, with flavin, heme, and molybdenum-containing cofactors. A number of mutants of nit-3, the structural gene that encodes Neurospora nitrate reductase, have been characterized at the molecular level. Amber nonsense mutants of nit-3 were found to possess a truncated protein detected by a specific antibody, whereas Ssu-1-suppressed nonsense mutants showed restoration of the wild-type, full-length nitrate reductase monomer. The mutants show constitutive expression of the truncated nitrate reductase protein; however normal control, which requires nitrate induction, was restored in the suppressed mutant strains. Three conventional nit-3 mutants were isolated by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced; two of these mutants were due to the deletion of a single base in the coding region for the flavin domain, the third mutant was a nonsense mutation within the amino-terminal molybdenum-containing domain. Homologous recombination was shown to occur when a deleted nit-3 gene was introduced by transformation into a host strain with a single point mutation in the resident nit-3 gene. New, severely damaged, null nit-3 mutants were created by repeat-induced point mutation and demonstrated to be useful as host strains for transformation experiments.
"Typical Clinton: brazen it out".

Ten excerpts of both President Clinton's Grand Jury Testimony of August 17, 1998 and of each of two interviews with Hillary Rodham Clinton (Today Show, January 27, 1998; Good Morning America, January 28, 1998) were analyzed. In all of them, the topic under discussion was the President's insistence on his innocence in the Lewinsky case. Comparisons between the President and First Lady revealed long and short within-speaker pauses, respectively. His replies to questions average more than twice the length of hers. Comparisons were also made with other speech genres, including modern presidential inaugural rhetoric. In particular, President Clinton's statement of his innocence at the conclusion of an educational press conference on January 26, 1998 and his prepared statement at the beginning of his Grand Jury Testimony were found to vary notably from all the other corpora. Both are characterized by several of Ekman's (1985, p. 286) behavioral cues for the detection of deception.
Salicylic acid reverses pollen abortion of rice caused by heat stress

Extremely high temperatures are becoming an increasingly severe threat to crop yields. It is well documented that salicylic acid (SA) can enhance the stress tolerance of plants; however, its effect on the reproductive organs of rice plants has not been described before. To investigate the mechanism underlying the SA-mediated alleviation of the heat stress damage to rice pollen viability, a susceptible cultivar (Changyou1) was treated with SA at the pollen mother cell (PMC) meiosis stage and then subjected to heat stress of 40 °C for 10 d until 1d before flowering. Under control conditions, no significant difference was found in pollen viability and seed-setting rate in SA treatments. However, under heat stress conditions, SA decreased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in anthers to prevent tapetum programmed cell death (PCD) and degradation. The genes related to tapetum development, such as EAT1 (Eternal Tapetum 1), MIL2 (Microsporeless 2), and DTM1 (Defective Tapetum and Meiocytese 1), were found to be involved in this process. When rice plants were exogenously sprayed with SA or paclobutrazol (PAC, a SA inhibitor) + H2O2 under heat stress, a significantly higher pollen viability was found compared to plants sprayed with H2O, PAC, or SA + dimethylthiourea (DMTU, an H2O2 and OH· scavenger). Additionally, a sharp increase in H2O2 was observed in the SA or PAC+ H2O2 treatment groups compared to other treatments. We suggest that H2O2 may play an important role in mediating SA to prevent pollen abortion caused by heat stress through inhibiting the tapetum PCD.
The Glenoid Track and How It Can Guide Management

The classification and treatment of bone loss in anterior shoulder instability remain as significant challenges to the shoulder surgeon, particularly when bipolar lesions are present. The concept of the glenoid track was developed in order to be able to predict whether engagement of a humeral Hill-Sachs lesion (HSL) would occur in the anterior apprehension position of the shoulder. A rational classification system for HSL as “on-track” (nonengaging) or “off-track” (engaging) flowed out of the biomechanical knowledge of the glenoid track. An “on-track, off-track” treatment paradigm has subsequently been described whereby “off-track” HSL are recommended to be treated by arthroscopic remplissage and Bankart repair to restore shoulder stability and prevent engagement. This article contains a discussion of the history, the biomechanics, and the treatment considerations of Hill-Sachs lesions with a focus on bipolar bone loss as informed by the glenoid track.
Spectral optimization of white light from hybrid metal halide perovskites

Comprehensive studies were carried out to investigate potential applications of hybrid metal halide perovskites in next-generation white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We investigated the effect of spectral power distributions on the color quality of white light to provide guidelines for designing white LED devices. The white light was obtained by combining appropriate ratios of blue, green, yellow, and red light emitted from hybrid halide perovskites [MAPb(BrxI1-x)3]. The color characteristics of white light were evaluated by calculating CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates, correlated color temperature (CCT), general color rendering index (Ra), special color rendering indices (R9-R15), Duv, and luminous efficacy of radiation (LER). The high tunability of CCT from 2298 K (warm white) to 8270 K (cool white) with CRI up to 95.4 has been achieved by tuning the ratios of integrated areas of different emissions with extremely small Duv (0.00002-0.0043) indicating the neutral appearance (not greenish or pinkish) of the obtained white light. High LER above 300 lm/W demonstrates that the high vision performance of white LEDs based on perovskite materials. This work provides strong motivation and guidelines for further developing this type of materials for white LEDs with the goal of realizing widespread adoption of white LEDs in general illumination market.
Extraction of hierarchical functional connectivity components in human brain using resting-state fMRI.

The study of hierarchy in networks of the human brain has been of significant interest among the researchers as numerous studies have pointed out towards a functional hierarchical organization of the human brain. This paper provides a novel method for the extraction of hierarchical connectivity components in the human brain using resting-state fMRI. The method builds upon prior work of Sparse Connectivity Patterns (SCPs) by introducing a hierarchy of sparse overlapping patterns. The components are estimated by deep factorization of correlation matrices generated from fMRI. The goal of the paper is to extract interpretable hierarchical patterns using correlation matrices where a low rank decomposition is formed by a linear combination of a high rank decomposition. We formulate the decomposition as a non-convex optimization problem and solve it using gradient descent algorithms with adaptive step size. We also provide a method for the warm start of the gradient descent using singular value decomposition. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed method on two different real-world datasets by showing that multi-scale hierarchical SCPs are reproducible between sub-samples and are more reproducible as compared to single scale patterns. We also compare our method with existing hierarchical community detection approaches. Our method also provides novel insight into the functional organization of the human brain.
Synthesis and characterization of thorium(IV) sulfates.

Three Th(IV) sulfates, two new and one previously reported, have been synthesized from aqueous solution. In all of the compounds, the sulfate anions coordinate the Th4+ metal center(s) in a monodentate manner with Th–S distances of 3.7–3.8 A. Th(SO4)2(H2O)7·2(H2O) (1; P21/m, a = 7.224(1) A, b = 12.151(1) A, c = 7.989(1) A, ss =98.289(2)°) and Th4(SO4)7(H2O)7(OH)2·H2O (2; Pnma, a = 18.139(2) A, b = 11.173(1) A, c = 14.391(2) A) each contain 9-coordinate monomeric (1,2) and dimeric (2) Th(IV) cations in monocapped square antiprism geometry. Alternatively, Th(OH)2SO4 (3; Pnma, a = 11.684(1) A, b = 6.047(1) A, c = 7.047(1) A) is built from chains of hydroxo-bridged, 8-coordinate Th4+ centers. Whereas 1 adopts a molecular structure, 2 and 3 both exhibit 3D architectures. Differences in the dimensionality and the topology of 1–3 are manifested in the local coordination environment about the Th(IV) centers, the formation of oligomeric Th4+ species, and the extended connectivity of the sulfate ligands. Herein, we...
Augmented, Hyper-mediated, IRL

In this article, I explore how digital data collection in the context of the Berkeley-Abiquiu Collaborative Archaeology (BACA) project works, some of the affordances of this new-ish technology, and how they articulate with analogue art practices to achieve the goals of engaged research. Thinking with affordances helps me reflect critically on what digital data recording offers our research goals. In this case, the most important aspect of using digital data recording is how it changes our relationship to time. New orientations of research time created by such technology is an opportunity to engage creatively with how archaeology can represent complexity, produce embodied experience, and share senses of place through both digital and analogue practices. As archaeologists trying to think trans-humanistically, we need to reflect critically on digital technologies to produce engaged research. This is always a shifting target. New uses reveal new possibilities, and vice versa. But newness is not what makes an impact, a difference, or changes the way we do research together; what makes a difference is the result, effects, and affects of these affordances.
Liver Mitochondrial Carbonic Anhydrase (CA V), Gluconeogenesis, and Ureagenesis in the Hepatocyte

In the 1970s, there was great interest in the functioning of isolated mitochondria, which led in 1978 to the awarding of the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine to Dr. Peter Mitchell for his chemiosmotic theory. A few weeks later, the reviewer arrived in Philadelphia as the postdoctoral fellow of Dr. Robert E. Forster II. Dr. Forster has had a successful career devoted to studying anomalies in the theories of gas diffusion, pH disequilibrium, and carbonic anhydrase (CA)18,22; he believed that there was something wrong in Dr. Mitchell’s theory and that a mitochondrial CA would dissipate the proton gradient required. A collaboration was started with two experts in mitochondrial bioenergetics: Dr. Leena Mela, who knew how to isolate mitochondria from several organs, and Dr. Bayard Storey, who knew how to isolate skeletal muscle mitochondria.42 By 18O mass spectrometric CA analysis,18,30 the reviewer found abundant CA activity in guinea pig liver and skeletal muscle but none in brain, kidney, or heart.15 The work on skeletal muscle that has been done since then is reviewed elsewhere,42 as is the work with the CA V containing rat kidney mitochondria.6 Exhaustive literature searches indicated that liver fractionation by previous workers had given some evidence of CA activity in mitochondria, but several believed that this was the result of contamination from the cytosol of hepatocytes or erythrocytes (reviewed in reference 21). Work in which sulfonamide inhibition reduced HCO3−-linked Ca2+ transport across the mitochondrial membrane did, however, convince the investigators of the existence of a mitochondrial CA.17,24 With one notable exception,45 there has been until recently little interest outside of this laboratory in studying this lovely isozyme directly but considerable interest in studying the effects of rendering it nonfunctional by sulfonamide CA inhibition. Mitochondrial CA inhibition has been concluded to be responsible for decreased urea and glucose synthesis by alligators and chameleons in vivo,5 decreased urea synthesis by isolated perfused rat livers,25,34 decreased urea and glucose synthesis by isolated rat hepatocytes,3,35,39 and by isolated guinea pig hepatocytes,7,10,11,14 and decreased citrulline synthesis by intact isolated liver mitochondria from guinea pigs7,12 and rats46 (S. J. Dodgson and A. J. Meijer, unpublished results). Reviews of ongoing work in the field have appeared in the past decade.14,21,22
Abstract C051: MDM2 inhibitor KRT-232 extends survival in glioblastoma patient-derived xenograft models

Cell survival following radiation therapy (RT) is critically modulated by multiple DNA damage response pathways including the p53 tumor suppressor, which promotes cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis in the face of DNA damage. Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) targets p53 for degradation and suppresses its functions. The MDM2 locus is amplified in approximately 14% of glioblastoma (GBM) tumors and is a promising target for individualized therapy. In these studies, we tested the MDM2 small molecule inhibitor KRT-232, alone and in combination with RT, in MDM2-amplified and/or p53 wildtype patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of GBM in vitro and in vivo. KRT-232 suppressed GBM PDX cell explant culture viability in three MDM2-amplified lines (GBM46, 108, and 148) and two non-amplified but p53 wildtype lines (GBM10 and 39) with similar IC50s ranging from 300-800nM in FBS culture conditions. As expected, little suppression was observed in a p53 mutant (GBM43) line. Many drugs have limited distribution in the brain, and to understand limitations surrounding KRT-232, LCMS-MS was used to compare brain and plasma levels of drug in mice. Preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis using FVB wildtype mice compared to mice which maintain triple knockout of the efflux transporters Mdr1a, Mdr1b and Bcrp1–/– (TKO) treated with a single 10 mg/kg oral dose of KRT-232 and harvested 2 hours later demonstrate an 8% brain/plasma ratio of KRT-232 in the TKO mice, while levels were undetectable in WT mice. In light of these data, the efficacy of KRT-232 was initially tested in vivo in an MDM2-amplified GBM108 PDX with an artificially disrupted BBB afforded by VEGFA lentiviral expression. In this model, daily dosing with KRT-232 alone produced a 100 day prolongation in survival as compared to vehicle. In a subsequent experiment, just one week of daily KRT-232 dosing, either alone or in combination with RT, in the control GBM108 PDX with a relatively intact BBB, was remarkably effective; median survival for placebo 22 days, KRT-232 alone 46 days, RT alone 31 days, and the KRT-232/RT combination 77 days. Despite low BBB penetration as determined by pharmacokinetic studies, KRT-232 alone and in combination with RT is an effective treatment in a pre-clinical model of glioblastoma. Future studies will evaluate KRT-232 pharmacodynamic responses as well as PDX orthotopic combination therapy in additional MDM2 amplified and non-amplified/p53 wildtype lines to understand if this therapy can be used in a larger population of GBM tumors. Citation Format: Ann C Mladek, Shiv Gupta, Minjee Kim, Afroz Shareef Mohammad, Katrina K Bakken, Helen He, Zeng Hu, Danielle M Burgenske, Brett L Carlson, William F Elmquist, Jann Sarkaria. MDM2 inhibitor KRT-232 extends survival in glioblastoma patient-derived xenograft models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr C051. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-C051
Improving Student Success and Supporting Student Meaning-Making in Large-Lecture Precalculus Classes.

We discuss an implementation of the research-based Pathways precalculus curriculum in a large-lecture format supported by recitations, clickers, and online homework. We describe our approach to ada...
Age differences in brain structural and metabolic responses to binge ethanol exposure in fisher 344 rats.

An overarching goal of our research has been to develop a valid animal model of alcoholism with similar imaging phenotypes as those observed in humans with the ultimate objective of assessing the effectiveness of pharmacological agents. In contrast to our findings in humans with alcohol use disorders (AUD), our animal model experiments have not demonstrated enduring brain pathology despite chronic, high ethanol (EtOH) exposure protocols. Relative to healthy controls, older individuals with AUD demonstrate accelerating brain tissue loss with advanced age. Thus, this longitudinally controlled study was conducted in 4-month old (equivalent to ~16-year-old humans) and 17-month old (equivalent to ~45-year-old humans) male and female Fisher 344 rats to test the hypothesis that following equivalent alcohol exposure protocols, older relative to younger animals would exhibit more brain changes as evaluated using in vivo structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MR spectroscopy (MRS). At baseline, total brain volume as well as the volumes of each of the three constituent tissue types (i.e., cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), gray matter, white matter) were greater in old relative to young rats. Baseline metabolite levels (except for glutathione) were higher in older than younger animals. Effects of binge EtOH exposure on brain volumes and neurometabolites replicated our previous findings in Wistar rats and included ventricular enlargement and reduced MRS-derived creatine levels. Brain changes in response to binge EtOH treatment were more pronounced in young relative to older animals, negating our hypothesis. Higher baseline glutathione levels in female than male rats suggest that female rats are perhaps protected against the more pronounced changes in CSF and gray matter volumes observed in male rats due to superior metabolic homeostasis mechanisms. Additional metabolite changes including low inositol levels in response to high blood alcohol levels support a mechanism of reversible osmolarity disturbances due to temporarily altered brain energy metabolism.
Cognitive function and adaptive skills after a one-year trial of cannabidiol (CBD) in a pediatric sample with treatment-resistant epilepsy.

Abstract Objective Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychoactive derivative of cannabis. Studies indicate that it is safe and effective in treating certain types of epilepsy. The present study examined the presence of adverse or beneficial cognitive or functional adaptive effects associated with CBD in the treatment of children, adolescents, and teenagers with treatment-resistant epilepsy (TRE) as part of an ongoing prospective, open-label safety study. Methods Participants (N = 38) between the age of 3 and 19 years with TRE were enrolled in an open-label study of a pharmaceutical formulation of CBD (Epidiolex®; GW Research Ltd.) as an add-on treatment. In addition to baseline physical, neurological, and laboratory testing, cognitive assessment was completed prior to initiating CBD and after one year, both using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB). Many participants were unable to complete the NIHTB-CB because of the magnitude of their cognitive impairment (n = 24), and in these cases, the participant's caregiver was asked to complete the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System – Second Edition (ABAS-II) as a measure of functional adaptive skills. Results There were no statistically significant changes in cognitive function, as measured by the NIHTB-CB, in those participants who were able to complete such testing, but there was a nonsignificant trend toward improvement in some cognitive domains. For participants who were unable to complete formal standardized cognitive testing because of the magnitude of their cognitive impairment, their functional adaptive skills, as measured by the ABAS-II, were unchanged after a one-year trial of CBD. Significance Our findings suggest that CBD, as an add-on drug for TRE in a pediatric sample, does not appear to cause adverse effects (AEs) involving cognition or adaptive function over one year of treatment.