cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence and the Politics of Deimplementation: The Rise and Decline of the "Counseling and Testing" Paradigm for HIV Prevention at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

POLICY POINTS In situations of scientific uncertainty, public health interventions, such as counseling for HIV infection, sometimes must be implemented before obtaining evidence of efficacy. The history of HIV counseling and testing, which served as the cornerstone of HIV prevention efforts at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for a quarter of a century, illustrates the influence of institutional resistance on public health decision making and the challenge of de-implementing well-established programs. CONTEXT In 1985, amid uncertainty about the accuracy of the new test for HIV, public health officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and AIDS activists agreed that counseling should always be provided both before and after testing to ensure that patients were tested voluntarily and understood the meaning of their results. As the "exceptionalist" perspective that framed HIV in the early years began to recede, the purpose of HIV test counseling shifted over the next 30 years from emphasizing consent, to providing information, to encouraging behavioral change. With this increasing emphasis on prevention, HIV test counseling faced mounting doubts about whether it "worked." The CDC finally discontinued its preferred test counseling approach in October 2014. METHODS Drawing on key informant interviews with current and former CDC officials, behavioral scientists, AIDS activists, and others, along with archival material, news reports, and scientific and governmental publications, we examined the origins, development, and decline of the CDC's "counseling and testing" paradigm for HIV prevention. FINDINGS Disagreements within the CDC emerged by the 1990s over whether test counseling could be justified on the basis of efficacy and cost. Resistance to the prospect of policy change by supporters of test counseling in the CDC, gay activists for whom counseling carried important ethical and symbolic meanings, and community organizations dependent on federal funding made it difficult for the CDC to de-implement the practice. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of changes in public health policy that emphasize the impact of research evidence produced in experimental or epidemiological inquiries may overlook key social and political factors involving resistance to deimplementation that powerfully shape the relationship between science and policy.
Susceptibility of Flowering Cotton to Damage and Yield Loss from Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae).

The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is a major pest of cotton in the midsouthern United States, including the states of Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, western Tennessee, and southeastern Missouri. Insecticides provide the primary form of control for this pest, and numerous applications are required annually to control the tarnished plant bug. Little information exists regarding when to terminate insecticide applications targeting tarnished plant bugs in cotton. Numerous sprays are made late in the season to protect a small percentage of the overall yield. Experiments were conducted at the Mississippi State University Delta Research and Extension Center to determine the impact of tarnished plant bug infestation timings on cotton yield. Two separate planting dates were utilized to determine the weeks of flowering that tarnished plant bugs can cause significant yield losses. There was a significant planting date by treatment interaction. Overall, yields were greater in the first planting date than the second planting date. In both planting dates, the first 4 wk of flowering were the most critical for tarnished plant bug control, and this is when the greatest yield losses occurred. Also, when no insecticide applications were made after the fourth week of flowering, no significant yield loss was observed. These data demonstrate the importance of scouting and adhering to treatment thresholds during the early flowering period. These data also suggest that thresholds may be able to be modified or eliminated after the fourth week of flowering, but more research is needed to confirm this.
Study on the internal quality control of TGAb and TMAb RIA in clinical laboratory

To investigate the possible causes of the occasional instability of thyroglobulin antibody(TGAb) and thyroid microsome antibody(TMAb) detection in the laboratory, the control serums of low, middle, and high value of different batches were measured and the stability of the labeled antigens stored at 2~8℃and below zero was observed. The results showed that the maximal variances of high value control serums for TGAb and TMAb between different batches were 33.0% and 32.5%, respectively. This was caused by the changes of titer of second antibodies. The labeled antigens stored below zero showed better stability. The strict internal quality control is an efficient measure to improve the measurement precision.
Several Issues about the Environmental Public Interest Litigation

This paper analyses the types and characteristics of the environmental public interest litigation,puts forward five criteria of the identification of environmental public interest litigation,discusses the characteristics of the environmental public interest litigation and other related issues combined with the specific cases.
Surgical management of lingual nerve injuries.

Summary Injuries to the lingual nerve remain a relatively uncommon event. However, given the frequency of surgical procedures in this anatomic region, it is likely that every oral and maxillofacial surgeon will be required to manage such an injury. When spontaneous recovery of lingual sensation is absent, microsurgical reconstruction can predictably achieve improved sensation in a majority of patients provided that such injuries are properly assessed and treated early. The quality of the sensory improvement is related to the age of the patient, the timing of surgery, the extent of the neural injury, and the quality of the repair.
A review of consent practices and perspectives for pharmacogenetic testing

Aim: We aimed to understand consent practices for pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing. Methods: We conducted a literature review and analysis of consent forms from clinical laboratories offering PGx testing. Results: Our review of the literature shows a lack of consensus about the need for and type of informed consent for PGx testing. We identified 35 companies offering PGx testing and were able to confirm consent practices for 22 of those. We found a range of variability in the consent practices regarding the consent approach and information disclosed. Conclusion: Variability in the consent practices among laboratories offering PGx testing mirrors the ambiguous practices and recommendations reported in the literature. Establishing a minimal set of information to be disclosed to patients may help address the disparities in consent practice.
Muscle Activity and Posture Differences in the Sit and Stand Phases of Sit-to-Stand Workstation Use: A Comparison of Computer Configurations

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS We found differences in muscle activity, joint angles, and discomfort ratings between seated versus standing computerized work, with the standing phase resulting in “better” measures. Given that sit-to-stand workstations are gaining popularity, identifying such differences can help minimize exposure to ergonomic risks during computing tasks—particularly during the standing phase of the work task. For example, workers positioned themselves closer to the work station while standing, which resulted in reduced muscular loads and more neutral joint angles. By adjusting seated postures to more closely reflect standing postures, low level muscle fatigue and discomfort can be minimized.TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Prolonged seated work has been associated with a number of adverse health conditions, and the use of sit-to-stand workstations have been shown to provide benefits for those employed in primarily sedentary work tasks, such as computer tasks. However, little research has been r...
Effects of internal heat generation and Soret/Dufour on natural convection of non-Newtonian fluids over a vertical permeable cone in a porous medium

Abstract This investigation examines numerically the combined heat and mass transfer of a uniform blowing/suction, non-Newtonian power-law fluid, and the effects of internal heat generation on natural convection adjacent to a vertical cone in a porous medium in the presence of Soret/Dufour effects. The surface of the vertical cone has a uniform wall temperature and a uniform wall concentration (UWT/UWC). A non-similarity analysis is carried out, and the transformed governing equations are solved using the Keller box method. The effects of the Dufour parameter, the Soret parameter, the Lewis number, the buoyancy ratio, the power-law index of the non-Newtonian fluid, the blowing/suction parameter and the internal heat generation coefficient on the heat and mass transfer characteristics were elucidated. In general, for the case of blowing, both the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number decrease. This trend reversed for suction of fluid. The local Nusselt (Sherwood) number decreases (increases) as the internal heat generation coefficient A ∗ is increased. Increasing the non-Newtonian fluid n reduces both the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number. The physical aspects of the problem are discussed in detail.
Divorce, Interspousal Torts, and Res Judicata

*Andrew Schepard is an Associate Professor of Law at Hofstra University School of Law in New York. He received a B.A. from City College of New York in 1969, an M.A. from Columbia University, in 1969, and a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1972. He is of counsel to William S. Beslow, Esq. in New York City. Author's Note: The author wishes to thank Hofstra Law School colleague Eric Freedman, who provided invaluable comments on an earlier draft and Lisa Isaacson, Hofstra Law School class of 1990, for her research help. Copyright ? 1990 Andrew Schepard. All rights reserved.
Internal Security for Communities: A Spatial Analysis of the Effectiveness of Sex Offender Laws

Among the many internal national security issues facing society today, significant focus has been placed on means to protect our nation’s children from sexual predators. A number of laws have been passed, typically named after the tragic child victims of sexual attacks. Individually, these laws mandate creation and maintenance of registries for convicted offenders, establish safety zones from which known offenders are restricted, and require notification to neighbors of the presence of registered offenders in neighborhoods.
Incorporating Indigenous Knowledge into Clinical Teaching

In trans-cultural clinical teaching, differences in language, expectations, or cultural (indigenous) knowledge, beliefs and skills can cause problems. Medical students with such problems are challenging to their medical teachers. Clinical teaching offers many opportunities in which indigenous knowledge can be revealed and managed appropriately to facilitate learning. One way is through the Tailored Teaching approach.
Hybrid Magnetoresistor-Planar Rogowski Current Sensing Scheme With Folded Trace Magnetic Field Concentration Technique

Wideband and isolated current measurement is required in many applications, including power electronics converters, when the switching frequency is above 1 MHz. This paper proposes a hybrid noncontact isolated current sensing scheme consisting of a magnetoresistor-based sensor and a planar Rogowski coil with complementary characteristics. In the proposed current sensing scheme, the folded trace technique is used to improve the magnetic field homogeneity in a wide frequency range, and hence the bandwidth of the sensing scheme. This paper presents the design procedures for the proposed hybrid sensing scheme. We demonstrate through experimentation that the proposed scheme yields a detection bandwidth of dc-10 MHz for 12-A current.
Regulation of epithelial injury and bile duct obstruction by NLRP3, IL-1R1 in experimental biliary atresia

Background & Aims Biliary atresia (BA) results from a neonatal inflammatory and fibrosing obstruction of bile ducts of unknown etiology. Although the innate immune system has been linked to the virally induced mechanism of disease, the role of inflammasome-mediated epithelial injury remains largely undefined. Here, we hypothesized that disruption of the inflammasome suppresses the neonatal proinflammatory response and prevents experimental BA. Methods We determined the expression of key inflammasome-related genes in livers from infants at diagnosis of BA and in extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs) of neonatal mice after infection with rotavirus (RRV) immediately after birth. Then, we determined the impact of the wholesale inactivation of the genes encoding IL-1R1 ( Il1r1 −/− ), NLRP3 ( Nlrp3 −/− ) or caspase-1 ( Casp1 −/− ) on epithelial injury and bile duct obstruction. Results IL1R1, NLRP3 and CASP1 mRNA increased significantly in human livers at the time of diagnosis, and in EHBDs of RRV-infected mice. In Il1r1 −/− mice, the epithelial injury of EHBDs induced by RRV was suppressed, with dendritic cells unable to activate natural killer cells. A similar protection was observed in Nlrp3 −/− mice, with decreased injury and inflammation of livers and EHBDs. Long-term survival was also improved. In contrast, the inactivation of the Casp1 gene had no impact on tissue injury, and all mice died. Tissue analyses in Il1r1 −/− and Nlrp3 −/− mice showed decreased populations of dendritic cells and natural killer cells and suppressed expression of type-1 cytokines and chemokines. Conclusions Genes of the inflammasome are overexpressed at diagnosis of BA in humans and in the BA mouse model. In the experimental model, the targeted loss of IL-1R1 or NLRP3, but not of caspase-1, protected neonatal mice against RRV-induced bile duct obstruction. Lay summary Biliary atresia is a severe inflammatory and obstructive disease of bile ducts occurring in infancy. Although the cause is unknown, activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems injures the bile duct epithelium. In this study we found that patients' livers had increased expression of inflammasome genes. Using mice engineered to inactivate individual inflammasome genes, the epithelial injury and bile duct obstruction were prevented by the loss of Il1r1 or Nlrp3 , with a decreased activation of natural killer cells and expression of cytokines and chemokines. In contrast, the loss of Casp1 did not change the disease phenotype. Combined, the findings point to a differential role of inflammasome gene products in the pathogenic mechanisms of biliary atresia.
Enzyme Hydration and Function

The character of the surrounding solvent modulates biological processes. Carboxylate ion attack on substituted phenyl esters (Bruice and Turner, 1970), a reaction studied as an enzyme model, changes in rate by four to six powers of ten for change in solvent from water to a dioxane-water mixture. The enthalpy of formation of a peptide hydrogen bond is small, less than 1 kcal/mol, in water, but approaches the gas phase value of 5 kcal/mol in solvents such as carbon tetrachloride (Kresheck and Klotz, 1969). Hydrophobic interactions by definition reflect the solvent environment. The effect of solvent on rates and thermodynamics of reactions can be understood to propagate through macromolecular processes to an influence of solvent on higher levels of biological organization.
Routing-Cost Constrained CDS

Consider a graph as shown in Fig. 7.1. C = { 4, 5, 6} is a minimum CDS. G = (V, E). The minimum routing between nodes 1 and 3 not through C is 1-2-3 and through D is 1-4-5-6-2, which is significantly longer than 1-2-3. This example indicates a problem about CDS that while CDS is introduced to save resources in wireless networks, routing cost and communication delay may be increased.
TranslucentID: Detecting Individuals with High Confidence in Saturated DNA SNP Mixtures

High throughput sequencing (HTS) of complex DNA mixtures with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) panels can identify multiple individuals in forensic DNA mixture samples. SNP mixture analysis relies upon the exclusion of non-contributing individuals with the subset of SNP loci with no detected minor alleles in the mixture. Few, if any, individuals are anticipated to be detectable in saturated mixtures by this mixture analysis approach because of the increased probability of matching random individuals. Being able to identify a subset of the contributors in saturated HTS SNP mixtures is valuable for forensic investigations. A desaturated mixture can be created by treating a set of SNPs with the lowest minor allele ratios as having no minor alleles. Leveraging differences in DNA contributor concentrations in saturated mixtures, we introduce TranslucentID for the identification of a subset of individuals with high confidence who contributed DNA to saturated mixtures by desaturating the mixtures.
Corruption and Democratic Governance in India

Since its independence from Britain in 1947, India has faced substantial problems of corruption, which impeded its economic, social, and political development (Ganesan 1997). A culture of corruption has always existed in India. In various historical periods, the national and state governments in India launched programs to combat corruption, but these efforts were seldom successful. Corruption is still a part of the routine in politics, business, and governance. However, in recent years, public knowledge and awareness about corruption has also increased. This increased awareness was evident in the uprising against corruption in India in October 2010. In October 2010, an umbrella organization for several civil society organizations launched “India Against Corruption” movement. The leaders of this movement demanded from government to pass the Jan Lokpal Bill. The Jan Lokpal Bill is one of the longest pending bills in the history of India that was not passed into law at the time of the writing of this paper.
Vitamin B12-binding proteins of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus.

Abstract Vitamin B12-binding proteins were detected in the body fluids and/or tissues of horseshoe crabs ( Limulus polyphemus ), clams and sponges. Among the biological specimens tested the Limulus plasma was especially rich in free B12-binding proteins. Gel filtration experiments revealed that Limulus plasma contains two classes of B12-binding proteins. One class of proteins, molecular weight in excess of 100,000, bind B12 preferentially with affinity constant of 5×1011M−1. The second type of proteins, molecular weights around 50,000, bind B12 with specificity approaching that of mammalian intrinsic factors. The binding constant of these proteins for B12 is around 1011M−1.
Epigenetic age acceleration and metabolic syndrome in the coronary artery risk development in young adults study

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of metabolic disturbances that can lead to various cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have shown a more adverse metabolic risk profile is associated with more advanced biological aging. The associations between epigenetic biomarkers of age with MetS, however, are not well understood. We therefore investigated the associations between epigenetic age acceleration and MetS severity score and incident MetS. A subset of study participants with available whole blood at examination years 15 and 20 from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study underwent epigenomic profiling using the Illumina MethylationEPIC Beadchip (~ 850,000 sites). Intrinsic and extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (IEAA and EEAA) were calculated from DNA methylation levels. The MetS severity score was positively associated with IEAA at years 15 (P = 0.016) and 20 (P = 0.016) and EEAA at year 20 (P = 0.040) in cross-sectional analysis. IEAA at year 20 was significantly associated with incident MetS at year 30 (OR = 1.05 [95% CI 1.01, 1.10], P = 0.028). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the longitudinal association between epigenetic age acceleration and MetS. These findings suggest that a higher MetS severity score is associated with accelerated epigenetic aging and such aging may play a role in the development of metabolic disorders, potentially serving as a useful biomarker of and early detection tool for future MetS.
Endoscopic Endonasal Repair of Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks Using Multilayer Composite Graft and Vascularized Pedicled Nasoseptal Flap Technique

BackgroundEndoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas is a fundamental practice in anterior skull base surgery due to high success rates and low morbidity profile. However, spontaneous ...
8 – Differential equations

Publisher Summary A differential equation contains one or more derivatives of an unknown function, and solving a differential equation means finding what that function is. One important class of differential equations consists of classical equations of motion, which come from Newton's second law of motion. This chapter discusses the kinds of differential equations, including linear differential equations, in which the unknown function and its derivatives enter only to the first power, and exact differential equations, which can be solved by line integration. It also introduces partial differential equations, in which partial derivatives occur and in which there are two or more independent variables. It also discusses the solution of differential equations by the use of Laplace transformations. Some differential equations can be solved either symbolically or numerically using Mathematica. The first section in the chapter talks about differential equations and Newton's laws of motion. The harmonic oscillator in terms of linear differential equations with constant coefficients is discussed next in the chapter. The damped harmonic oscillator is described as another section here. Differential equations with separable variables are also detailed. A separate section on exact differential equations and another on the solution of inexact differential equations by the use of integrating factors is also presented. Partial differential equations, solution of differential equations with Laplace transforms, and numerical solutions of differential equations are the other topics discussed in the chapter.
Community-wide surveillance of avian influenza virus in poultry markets of Guangzhou in 2018

Objective To study the contamination characters and variation in tendency of avian influenza virus (AIV) in environmental samples from poultry markets in Guangzhou in 2018, so as to provide evidences for the prevention and control of avian influenza. Methods The environmental samples from poultry markets in each community were collected every month. Nucleic acids of AIV subtypes H5, H7 and H9 were detected. The chi-square test was used to compare the positive rates in samples from different types of poultry markets, collected at different time and in samples of different types. Results A total of 18 425 samples were collected. The positive rates of AIV type A and subtypes H5, H7 and H9 were 23.74%, 2.85%, 0.20% and 15.92%, respectively. The positive rates of various types of AIV in non-restricted regions for live poultry trade were higher than those in restricted regions. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). AIV type A and subtypes H5 and H9 were detected every month in 2018. Samples with the highest positive rates of AIV in non-restricted and restricted regions were samples of defeathering machine and samples of chopping board and knives, respectively. Conclusions The poultry markets were continuously contaminated by AIV, mainly subtypes H9 and H5. The positive rates of AIV in non-restricted regions were higher those that of restricted regions, suggesting that limitation of live poultry trades could effectively reduce the level of viral contamination in the markets. The restricted regions should be expanded. Key words: Avian influenza; External environment; Surveillance
Prenatal Sensory Ecology and Experience: Implications for Perceptual and Behavioral Development in Precocial Birds

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the evidence derived from research with precocial birds that provides support for this insight. This research shows that the sensitivity and responsiveness of embryos and hatchlings to the different types and amounts of sensory stimulation present in their developmental milieu are modulated by several related factors. These factors include the individual's previous experiential history, its present developmental stage, and the context in which particular sensory experience is provided or denied. This research also demonstrates a remarkable degree of sensitivity to various features of sensory stimulation on the part of the avian embryo, including the amount and intensity of stimulation provided, and the timing and relative order of presentation of stimulation. Most significantly, research with precocial avian species has provided several examples of how normally occurring prenatal experience plays an essential role in the development of species-typical behavior after hatching.
The Italian Renaissance and the Origins of the Modern Humanities: An Intellectual History, 1400–1800

Christopher Celenza is one of the foremost contemporary scholars of the Renaissance. His ambitious new book focuses on the body of knowledge which we now call the humanities, charting its roots in the Italian Renaissance and exploring its development up to the Enlightenment. Beginning in the fifteenth century, the author shows how thinkers like Lorenzo Valla and Angelo Poliziano developed innovative ways to read texts closely, paying attention to historical context, developing methods to determine a text's authenticity, and taking the humanities seriously as a means of bettering human life. Alongside such novel reading practices, technology – the invention of printing with moveable type – fundamentally changed perceptions of truth. Celenza also reveals how luminaries like Descartes, Diderot, and D'Alembert – as well as many lesser-known scholars – challenged traditional ways of thinking. Celenza's authoritative narrative demonstrates above all how the work of the early modern humanist philosophers had a profound impact on the general quest for human wisdom. His magisterial volume will be essential reading for all those who value the humanities and their fascinating history.
Critical scaling of compression-driven jamming of athermal frictionless spheres in suspension.

We study numerically a system of athermal, overdamped, frictionless spheres, as in a non-Brownian suspension, in two and three dimensions. Compressing the system isotropically at a fixed rate $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$, we investigate the critical behavior at the jamming transition. The finite compression rate introduces a control timescale, which allows one to probe the critical timescale associated with jamming. As was found previously for steady-state shear-driven jamming, we find for compression-driven jamming that pressure obeys a critical scaling relation as a function of packing fraction $\ensuremath{\phi}$ and compression rate $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$, and that the bulk viscosity $p/\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ diverges upon jamming. A scaling analysis determines the critical exponents associated with the compression-driven jamming transition. Our results suggest that stress-isotropic, compression-driven jamming may be in the same universality class as stress-anisotropic, shear-driven jamming.
Population intervention effects in observational studies to emulate target trial results: reconciling the effects of improved sanitation on child growth.

BACKGROUND Improved sanitation has been associated with improved child growth in observational studies, but multiple randomized trials that delivered improved sanitation found no effect on child growth. We assessed to what extent differences in the effect estimated in the two study designs (the effect of treatment in observational studies and the effect of treatment assignment in trials) could explain the contradictory results. METHODS We used parametric g-computation in five prospective studies (n = 21 524) and 59 cross-sectional Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS; n = 158 439). We compared the average treatment effect (ATE) for improved sanitation on mean length-for-age z-score (LAZ) among children aged 0.15 z-scores, a clinically meaningful difference, in most prospective studies but in <20% of DHS surveys. The PIE was always smaller than the ATE, and the magnitude of difference depended on the baseline prevalence of the improved sanitation. Interventions with suboptimal coverage and interventions delivered in populations with higher mean LAZ had a smaller effect on population-level LAZ. CONCLUSIONS Estimates of PIEs corresponding to anticipated trial results were often smaller than clinically meaningful effects. Incongruence between observational associations and null trial results may in part be explained by expected differences between the effects estimated. Using observational ATEs to set expectations for trials may overestimate the impact that sanitation interventions can achieve. PIEs predict realistic effects and should be more routinely estimated.
The US–South Korea alliance: How the patron benefits from the protégé:

Since the end of World War II, the US military has continuously deployed troops to South Korea. The alliance works as an asymmetrical alliance, where the US is a patron and South Korea is a protege...
DNA methylation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 1 mediates the prospective relation between exposure to different traumatic event types and post-traumatic stress disorder

BackgroundThe mechanisms through which exposure to differing trauma types become biologically embedded to shape the risk for subsequent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unclear. DNA methylation (5-mC), particularly in stress-relevant genes, may play a role in this relationship. MethodsWe conducted path analysis using generalized structural equation modeling to investigate whether blood-derived 5-mC in Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells 1 (NFATC1) mediated the prospective association between each of five different trauma types ("assaultive violence", "other injury or shocking experience", "learning of trauma to loved one", "sudden, unexpected death of a close friend or relative", and "other") and lifetime PTSD assessed prospectively in the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study (n=183). ResultsAll five trauma types were significantly associated with reduced methylation at NFATC1 CpG site, cg17057218. Three of the five trauma types were significantly associated with increased methylation at NFATC1 CpG site, cg22324981. Moreover, methylation at cg17057218 significantly mediated 23-34% of the total effect for three of the five trauma types (assaultive violence, other injury or shocking experience, and learning of trauma to a loved one), while methylation at cg22324981 mediated 36-53% of the total effect for two of the five trauma types (other injury or shocking experience and other). These CpG sites were differentially associated with transcription factor binding sites and chromatin state signatures. LimitationsProspective assessment of lifetime PTSD, rather than PTSD onset. ConclusionsNFATC1 5-mC may be a potential mechanism in the relationship between some trauma types and prospective risk for PTSD. This finding may help inform treatment for trauma-specific PTSD.
Early Development: Infants

Two major methods of assessment of infant development were employed—the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and the Griffiths Mental Development Scale. These were described to some extent in the previous chapter.
Development of an Experimental Setup for Studying Parallel Processing

The teaching of the fundamentals of parallel processing is becoming increasingly important in undergraduate Computer Engineering and Computer Science programs. This paper discusses the development of a simple laboratory environment designed for the study and testing of principles governing the performance of parallel processors. The laboratory environment is structured to be simple enough for undergraduate use, flexible enough to test the many facets of parallel processing, and sophisticated enough to give results applicable to larger scale parallel processors. Particular emphasis in this paper is placed on tests that were run to examine the suitability of the laboratory to support experimentation with shared memory multi-processors. The main test involved investigating the influence of communication and calculation times on the amount of synchronization overhead in the system.
Molecular Network Analysis and Applications

In the post-genomic era of systems biology, the cell itself can be viewed as a complex network of interacting proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules (Hartwell et al., 1999; Eisenberg et al., 2000). Graph representation adopted from mathematics and computer science has been widely applied to describe various molecular systems including protein interaction maps, metabolites and reactions, transcriptional regulation maps, signal transduction pathways, and functional association networks (Barabasi and Oltvai, 2004; Girvan and Newman, 2002; Tong et al., 2004; Balazsi et al., 2005). Applications based on network analysis have been proven useful in areas such as predicting protein functions, identifying targets for structural genomics, facilitating drug discovery and design, and expe­ diting novel biomarker identification (Sharan et al., 2007; Chuang et al., 2007; Hopkins, 2008; Huang et al., 2008). In the first four sections of this chapter, we will review four types of commonly conducted network analyses on large-scale molecular networks and their applications: (1) Topology analysis focuses on the characterization of global network structures using quantitative measures, or network statistics. The applications of topology analysis include important node identification
Techniques in Reconfigurable Control System Design

This chapter reviews that reconfigurable control is a relatively new concept that has been explored by many researchers over the last 10-15 years. It discusses few methods that show potential for practical implementation. Fully developed methodologies are also introduced. Reconfigurable control is a complex problem that involves failure detection and identification, system identification, control law reconfiguration and, above all, a high level decision making mechanism that decide when and how to redesign the controller in the face of system failures. The chapter focuses only on the control reconfigurations techniques. Although much progress has been made, this is still a largely open research area because the existing control theory hardly addresses the need of real-time controller redesign. Application of general design techniques, such as H∞, to RCS should be carefully done because it is simply impossible to play with design parameters such as weights in a trial and error manner in failure accommodation. What makes the reconfigurable control problem unique and challenging is that the control law redesign must be carried out in real-time without human intervention.
Comparative Corporate Governance of Non-Profit Organizations: Rediscovering the duty of obedience: toward a trinitarian theory of fiduciary duty

Conventional theory holds that the fiduciary relationship comprises two fundamental duties, care and loyalty. This paper argues that a third duty, obedience, is more basic, the foundation on which the duties of care and loyalty ultimately rest. In place of the prevailing dualistic theory of fiduciary duty, it offers a trinitarian alternative. As the trinitarian metaphor implies, the claim here is that, properly understood, three identifiably different elements are functionally distinct yet essentially one. The paper itself has three parts. The first, descriptive part distinguishes the duty of obedience from its derivatives, care and loyalty; identifies a strong and a weak form of the duty of obedience; and traces the role of both forms of the duty of obedience in four contexts: business corporations, private trusts, charitable trusts, and charitable corporations. The second, normative part assesses the appropriate role of the duty of obedience, especially its strong form, in each of these contexts and concludes that its traditionally large role in charities is not justified. The third and final part suggests ways in which the policies supposedly served by the strong form of the duty of obedience could be advanced without unnecessary concessions to what earlier skeptical commentators have called "dead hand control."
Psychiatric comorbidity effects on compensatory cognitive training outcomes for veterans with traumatic brain injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, and PTSD and depression severity, on the postconcussive symptom trajectory over the course of a 1-year study period. RESEARCH DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing veterans who received supported employment combined with compensatory cognitive training to those who received supported employment only. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3- (postintervention), 6-, and 12-months. Participants were 50 Operation Enduring and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans with a history of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) who were unemployed, seeking work, and who had neuropsychological impairment. Of all participants, 74% met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. All participants received supported employment and half of the sample also received Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy (CogSMART), a 12-session, manualized compensatory cognitive training intervention. RESULTS: Veterans with PTSD and greater depression severity endorsed significantly more severe postconcussive symptomatology at all assessment time points. However, the rate of CogSMART-associated improvement in postconcussive symptoms did not differ as a result of psychiatric symptomatology. CONCLUSION: Study results suggest that for veterans with a history of mild to moderate TBI, presence of comorbid PTSD or depressive symptoms should not preclude participation in cognitive rehabilitation interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Gender and homosexuality attitudes across religious groups from the 1970s to 2014: Similarity, distinction, and adaptation

This study uses General Social Survey data to compare gender and homosexuality across American religious groups from the 1970s to 2014, examining three possible patterns for how evangelical attitudes relate to those of other groups: (1) they are similar; (2) they are different, but move together over time; (3) they are different and converge or diverge over time. Evangelical gender attitudes regarding work and family issues are more conservative than those of all other groups, but are adaptive to broad trends, changing at a rate similar to those of other groups. Evangelical attitudes toward the morality of homosexuality and same-sex marriage are more conservative than those of all other religious groups, and their rate of change is slower over time. Separate trends on the two issues suggest that gender and sexuality attitude change is decoupled, especially among evangelicals who are adapting more on gender while increasingly distinguishing themselves on same-sex relationships. A three-stage process of religious tension appears to characterize evangelical identity-building: (1) similarity, (2) distinction, and (3) adaptation.
THE McMASTER FAMILY ASSESSMENT DEVICE: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY*

This paper reports a series of studies investigating the reliability and validity of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD). The results indicated that the FAD has: (a) adequate test-retest reliability, (b) low correlations with social desirability, (c) moderate correlations with other self-report measures of family functioning, and (d) differentiates significantly between clinician-rated healthy and unhealthy families. Cut-off scores for identifying healthy and unhealthy families also were developed which have adequate sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the relationships between the FAD, Family Unit Inventory, and FACES-II suggests that the cohension and adaptability scales from the FACES-II have a linear relationship with health/pathology.
Proximate causes of natal dispersal in feral ponies: some sex differences

Abstract Abstract. Fifteen years of data on natal dispersal age and the context of dispersal for the feral ponies of Assateague Island, Maryland are presented. Ninety-seven per cent of males and 81% of females dispersed from their natal groups by 5 years of age. For animals that left their natal group, average age of dispersal was 20·8 months for males and 24·6 months for females. Male dispersal age was strongly and significantly correlated with number of peers in the natal group, and males dispersing with peers were significantly older than males dispersing without peers, suggesting that males delayed dispersal when peers were available for interaction. Female dispersal age was not influenced by number of peers, but was correlated with age of first reproduction. Factors not influencing dispersal age in either sex were presence of a younger sibling, maternal band transfers, and maternal age and dominance rank. The relatively high frequency of females failing to disperse from their natal groups is puzzling in light of data showing diminished fecundity in non-dispersing pony mares.
X-ray observations on a collagen fibril lattice structure in peripheral nerve

Abstract It has been known for more than two decades that peripheral nerve shows X-ray reflections other than those originating from the myelin sheath. These extra reflections are at small angles of diffraction and arise from a variation of electron density in the radial direction. X-ray diffraction studies since 1973 have identified these reflections as coming from a lattice structure of filaments, the filament axes are parallel to the nerve fibre axis. The present X-ray observations were obtained using a high-resolution X-ray camera and we conclude that these reflections arise from a collagen fibril lattice structure within peripheral nerve. Estimates of fibril radius and the separation distance between fibrils in intact rat, rabbit and frog sciatic nerves have been obtained using X-ray analysis.
Liberating Intercultural Technical Communication from “Large Culture” Ideologies: Constructing Culture Discursively:

Although contemporary writers on culture have argued for more dynamic approaches to culture in intercultural technical communication scholarship, much of the theoretical position on culture is stil...
Prospects for a Vaccine to Prevent Lyme Disease in Humans

Vaccination with recombinant outer-surface protein A (OspA) preparations has been highly successful in protecting laboratory animals against challenge by strains of Borrelia burgdorferi closely related to the one from which the OspA was derived. Humoral immunity is sufficient for protection. Against natural infection introduced by ticks, the vaccine-induced immune response may begin to take effect in the tick itself--i.e., before the spirochete enters the host--and may extend to a broader spectrum of strains of B. burgdorferi than are represented in the vaccine. Single recombinant OspA vaccine preparations are currently being evaluated in two large-scale efficacy trials in adults in the United States. Greater heterogeneity among B. burgdorferi strains in Europe than among those in the United States will likely necessitate the development of a vaccine containing antigens from multiple strains; a multivalent vaccine may or may not be needed in the United States.
Action as philosophy: The void in Italian Fascism

L'A. retrace l'histoire du facisme italien a travers la carriere de Mussolini qui revele les difficultes, puis l'echec d'une pensee qui voulait se definir par l'action. Au-dela d'une philosophie de l'action d'inspiration allemande, le Duce voulait en effet que son action elle-meme devienne philosophie, mais sa biographie souligne un manque evident d'initiative
Sequence kernels for predicting protein essentiality

The problem of identifying the minimal gene set required to sustain life is of crucial importance in understanding cellular mechanisms and designing therapeutic drugs. This work describes several kernel-based solutions for predicting essential genes that outperform existing models while using less training data. Our first solution is based on a semi-manually designed kernel derived from the Pfam database, which includes several Pfam domains. We then present novel and general domain-based sequence kernels that capture sequence similarity with respect to several domains made of large sets of protein sequences. We show how to deal with the large size of the problem -- several thousands of domains with individual domains sometimes containing thousands of sequences -- by representing and efficiently computing these kernels using automata. We report results of extensive experiments demonstrating that they compare favorably with the Pfam kernel in predicting protein essentiality, while requiring no manual tuning.
Harmaline effects on tetrabenazine depression of avoidance responding in rats.

Abstract Rats on a RS 40 SS 20 shock avoidance schedule of reinforcement were administered tetrabenazine and harmaline both individually and combined in various time and dose sequences. The effects of harmaline on the tetrabenazine response were found to be both antagonistic and synergistic. Tetrabenazine alone elicited behavioral depression of avoidance responding in the rat. Harmaline pretreatment had an antagonistic effect on the tetrabenazine response producing an increase in the latency of depression (which sometimes included an initial period of behavioral excitation) followed by a synergistic increase in the duration of depression.
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF SOCIAL-COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENTS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES

This investigation used functional analyses to identify the social variables that maintained the inappropriate social-communicative behaviors of 2 adolescent students with mental retardation. Analyses were performed in the students' classrooms with the assistance of peers and teachers. The results of these assessments were used to identify appropriate, functionally equivalent behaviors that the students were taught to self-monitor. Findings showed substantial decreases in inappropriate social responding and increases in the use of appropriate social skills.