cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Flux Ropes: Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal Modes for the Vlasov-Poisson-Amp\`{e}re System.

Electrostatic structures have been observed in many regions of space plasmas, including the solar wind, the magnetosphere, the auroral acceleration region. One possible theoretical description of some of these structures is the concept of Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK) modes, which are exact nonlinear steady-state solutions of the Vlasov-Poisson system of equations in collisionless kinetic theory. We generalize exact solutions of two-dimensional BGK modes in a magnetized plasma with finite magnetic field strength [Ng, Bhattacharjee, and Skiff, Phys. Plasmas {\bf13}, 055903 (2006)] to cases with azimuthal magnetic fields so that these structures carry electric current as well as steady electric and magnetic fields. Such nonlinear solutions now satisfy exactly the Vlasov-Poisson-Amp\`{e}re system of equations. Explicit examples with either positive or negative electric potential structure are provided.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-producing Extrapulmonary Small Cell Carcinoma of the Breast.

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC) of the breast is a very rare tumor. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production from these tumors is extremely rare and seldom reported resulting in significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and delays. We present a case of a 38-year-old female who presented with a breast lump and was diagnosed with primary EPSCC of the breast. Eighteen months later, she presented with refractory hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Ectopic ACTH production was found to be the reason for her metabolic derangement. Extensive diagnostic evaluation, including a comprehensive metastatic workup, is necessary to differentiate this tumor from other primary malignancies such as lung and other breast cancers. We review the literature and discuss the diagnostic approach and suggested therapies.
Sitting Height to Standing Height Ratio Reference Charts for Children in the United States

Objective To create reference charts for sitting height to standing height ratio (SitHt/Ht) for children in the US, and to describe the trajectory of SitHt/Ht during puberty. Study design This was a cross-sectional study using data from the 1988-1994 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, a strategic random sample of the US population. Comparison between non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Mexican American groups was performed by ANOVA to determine if a single population reference chart could be used. ANOVA was used to compare SitHt/Ht in pre-, early, and late puberty. Results NHANES III recorded sitting height and standing height measurements in 9569 children aged 2-18 years of NHW (n = 2715), NHB (n = 3336), and Mexican American (n = 3518) ancestry. NHB children had lower SitHt/Ht than NHW and Mexican American children throughout childhood (P Conclusions SitHt/Ht assessment can detect disproportionate short stature in children with skeletal dysplasia, but age-, sex-, and population-specific reference charts are required to interpret this measurement. NHB children in the US have significantly lower SitHt/Ht than other children, which adds complexity to interpretation. We recommend the use of standardized ancestry-specific reference charts in screening for skeletal dysplasias and have developed such charts in this study.
The involvement of neuronal chloride transporter deficiencies in epilepsy

Abstract Epilepsy is characterized by sudden and recurrent episodes of unprovoked excessive electrical activity in the brain, known as seizures. Seizures have a wide spectrum of phenotypes and are a common primary presenting symptom or chronic comorbidity in many neurological disorders. The leading mechanism underlying seizure generation has been historically described as an imbalance between excitation and inhibition. The majority of fast synaptic inhibition is mediated by GABAA receptors, chloride permeable pentameric ligand gated ion channels. The efficacy of GABAA receptor mediated inhibition is dependent upon the neuronal regulation of intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl−]i). SLC12A cation-chloride cotransporters, including the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) and the potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2), regulate neuronal chloride homeostasis. The role of neuronal chloride transporters in the pathogenesis of seizures is discussed.
A Case for Using Distributed Energy Storage for Load Balancing and Power Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks

Abstract—We introduce an algorithm to solve the problem of load balancing and loss minimization in distribution networks impacted by temporary service restoration activities. The novelty of the pro...
WS1.10. EEG in the ICU: Indications and Recording Techniques

In the last two decades much has been learned about the frequency with which seizures occur in critically ill patients. The use of continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring in the intensive care unit (ICU) has made it possible to detect seizures in these patients. Many studies have shown that up to 20–30% of critically ill patients may have seizures or be in status epilepticus. In the majority of cases, these are nonconvulsive, making their detection without EEG impossible. In this presentation, the rationale for monitoring critically ill patients will be discussed. CEEG monitoring utilizes a lot of resources, and a discussion about the duration of monitoring for each patient will also be presented. The selection of patients who undergo cEEG monitoring is important as well, and this will be discussed. Finally, a brief summary of the types of abnormalities that can be seen with cEEG monitoring will be presented.
Modelling, Control and Stability Analysis of Flexible Rotating Beam's Impacts During Contact Scenario

This paper considers the problem of a rotating flexible beam in collision with an external object. The flexible beam's colliding equations exhibit instant changes during impact times, therefore the model is cast in the class of switched infinite dimensional operator systems. The aim is to study the stability of the closed loop system with a PD control law, making use of the semigroup formalism together with the Lyapunov stability theory. To this end, we present a new stability result making use of multiple Lyapunov functions obtained as an adaptation of a theorem from finite dimensional hybrid systems theory. We show the port-Hamiltonian modelling procedure for a controlled rotating flexible beam in impact scenario, using distributed parameter equations to describe the beam's dynamic. Then, we compute the equilibrium position of the closed loop system and using the shifted variables with respect to the equilibrium position, we cast the system in the class of switched infinite dimensional operator systems. Finally we select the Lyapunov functions for the contact and non-contact phases and we show, through numerical simulations, that they respect the assumptions of the proposed stability theorem.
Analítica de lo moderno: Una introducción

Este texto plantea la relevancia de abordar la modernidad como objeto etnografico, esto es, examinarla desde discursos y practicas situadas. Esta etnografia se inspira en un enfoque foucaultiano donde la gubernamentalidad es una categoria clave. Desde esta perspectiva, se propone un abordaje que examine tres dimensiones analiticas de la modernidad. En primera instancia estan las razones de gobierno; esta dimension reune todas aquellas formas de conocimiento, de experticia y de calculo que hacen posible que pensemos a los seres humanos como susceptibles de programacion politica. En segundo lugar estan las tecnicas de gobierno; al ambito de lo tecnico pertenecen los mecanismos practicos, los instrumentos y los programas por medio de los cuales autoridades de distintos tipos buscan dar forma e instrumentalizar la conducta humana. Finalmente estan los sujetos de gobierno; esta dimension cubre los diversos tipos de identidad individual y colectiva que emergen a partir de, y al mismo tiempo sustentan, la actividad gubernamental
The intrinsic stiffness of human trabecular meshwork cells increases with senescence

Dysfunction of the human trabecular meshwork (HTM) plays a central role in the age-associated disease glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness. The etiology remains poorly understood but cellular senescence, increased stiffness of the tissue, and the expression of Wnt antagonists such as secreted frizzled related protein-1 (SFRP1) have been implicated. However, it is not known if senescence is causally linked to either stiffness or SFRP1 expression. In this study, we utilized in vitro HTM senescence to determine the effect on cellular stiffening and SFRP1 expression. Stiffness of cultured cells was measured using atomic force microscopy and the morphology of the cytoskeleton was determined using immunofluorescent analysis. SFRP1 expression was measured using qPCR and immunofluorescent analysis. Senescent cell stiffness increased 1.88±0.14 or 2.57±0.14 fold in the presence or absence of serum, respectively. This was accompanied by increased vimentin expression, stress fiber formation, and SFRP1 expression. In aggregate, these data demonstrate that senescence may be a causal factor in HTM stiffening and elevated SFRP1 expression, and contribute towards disease progression. These findings provide insight into the etiology of glaucoma and, more broadly, suggest a causal link between senescence and altered tissue biomechanics in aging-associated diseases.
Treatment optimization with a neural control system

Typical medical diagnosis applications of neural networks for prediction and classification require training data (observations) that include the "correct" category for a number of patient records. In this paper, we borrow a technique from control systems applications of neural networks. Optimal control parameters of a system are typically not known. Instead, we only know the effect on a remote system. The correct control action drives the remote system optimally. The learning technique requires two networks: one to model the system to be controlled (here, the patient), and one to optimize the treatment (here, the treating physician). The concept was tested with artificially generated noisy data, and gives promising results.
Situating SoTL Within the Disciplines: Mathematics in the United States as a Case Study

After two decades of work, many in the SoTL community are pondering the future of the SoTL movement. Will it sustain its influence? Will it continue to attract new participants? What role should the disciplines play? From the perspective of mathematics, this paper examines efforts by the Carnegie Academy and individuals within the mathematical community to build disciplinary support for the scholarship of teaching and learning. The authors, both mathematicians and Carnegie scholars, restrict their observations to the efforts undertaken in the United States during the last decade and examine the situation in mathematics in greater depth than has heretofore appeared. They shed light on particular complications they have observed for SoTL in their d iscipline and offer suggestions for improving the situation within mathematics. Practitioners in other disciplines, or those involved with SoTL at a “meta-level” may find their obse rvations applicable in other venues.
Structure and simulation of GaAs TUNNETT and MITATT devices for frequencies above 100 GHz

A numerical simulation program for two-terminal transit-time devices based on the energy-momentum transport model, with valence band to conduction band tunneling phenomena incorporated, has been developed. This program can deliver accurate TUNNETT and MITATT device simulation results in the millimeter and submillimeter range, and therefore provides a useful tool for high frequency device structure design and optimization. Simulation results for GaAs TUNNETT and MITATT devices for frequencies above 100 GHz are presented. As simulation results show, the negative resistance of the device decreases rapidly as the operating frequency increases. Under such circumstances, the contact resistance severely degrades the device's RF performance. When a diode's negative resistance becomes lower than the contact resistance, no RF power can be generated. To overcome this difficulty, device structures using no ohmic contacts are investigated. In these devices, ohmic contacts are replaced by Schottky contacts, and also p-n junctions are replaced by Schottky junctions for single-drift structures. Since the metal-semiconductor contact resistance is eliminated or greatly reduced in such devices, they are very promising as RF power sources at extremely high frequencies. >
Aluminian low-Ca pyroxene in a Ca-Al-rich chondrule from the Semarkona meteorite

A Ca-Al-rich chondrule (labeled G7) from the Semarkona LL3.0 ordinary chondrite (OC) consists of 73 vol% glassy mesostasis, 22 vol% skeletal forsterite, 3 vol% fassaite (i.e., Al-Ti diopside), and 2 vol% Al-rich, low-Ca pyroxene. The latter phase, which contains up to 16.3 wt% Al 2 O 3 , is among the most Al-rich, low-Ca pyroxene grains ever reported. It is inferred that 20% of the tetrahedral sites and 13% of the octahedral sites in this grain are occupied by Al. Approximately parallel optical extinction implies that the Al-rich, low-Ca pyroxene grains are probably orthorhombic, consistent with literature data that show that Al 2 O 3 stabilizes the orthoenstatite structure relative to protoenstatite at low pressure. The order of crystallization in the chondrule was forsterite, Al-rich low-Ca pyroxene, and fassaite; the residual liquid vitrified during chondrule quenching. Phase relationships indicate that, for a G7-composition liquid at equilibrium, spinel and anorthite should crystallize early and orthopyroxene should not crystallize at all. The presence of Al-rich orthopyroxene in G7 is due mainly to the kinetic failure of anorthite to crystallize; this failure was caused by quenching of the G7 precursor droplet. Aluminum preferentially enters the relatively large B tetrahedra of orthopyroxene; because only one tetrahedral size occurs in fassaite, this phase contains higher mean concentrations of Al 2 O 3 than the Al-rich orthopyroxene (17.8 and 14.7 wt%, respectively). Chondrule G7 may have formed by remelting an amoeboid olivine inclusion that entered the OC region of the solar nebula during an episode of chondrule formation.
Do novel risk biomarkers reflect the severity of peripheral arterial disease

The association between novel atherosclerotic risk biomarkers and severity of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was assessed. Patients (n = 133) with PAD were recruited. Established risk biomarkers including low- and high-density cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure were measured. Novel risk biomarkers including plasma C-reactive protein, von Willebrand factor (vWF), interleukin 6, red cell folate (RCF), vitamin B12, total homocysteine (tHcy), and Hcy genotypes were also determined. The severity of PAD was evaluated, using ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI), brachial-knee, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (bk- and ba-PWV). Plasma tHcy and systolic blood pressure had a positive independent correlation with bk-PWV (s = +0.56, P = .02 and s = +0.38, P < .001, respectively). Red cell folate had an independent inverse correlation with bk-PWV (s = -0.01, P = .01). Systolic blood pressure showed an independent positive correlation with ba-PWV only after adjustment for other risk biomarkers (s = +0.1, P = .04). Novel markers, plasma tHcy, and RCF levels correlated with the severity of PAD.
Reducing Offshore Transmission Requirements by Combining Offshore Wind and Wave Farms

The advantages of combining offshore wind and wave energy into a single farm include reduced hours of zero power output and reduced interhour variability. Both advantages facilitate grid integration of variable renewables. The power output profile of a combined farm with wind and wave is substantially different from a 100% offshore wind energy farm or a 100% wave energy farm. The different power output profile of combined farms with a higher frequency of hourly power output near the annual capacity factor potentially allows for a reduction in the required capacity of the offshore transmission system. The transmission capacity reduction is balanced by the curtailment of energy during the few hours a year that a combined farm generates at full power. An optimization of the transmission capacity for various generation mixes of wind and wave was investigated, and results show that the optimal transmission capacity for a 1000-MW combined farm is approximately 80 MW, or 8%, less than either a 100% wind or 100% wave energy farm.
Naturally Occurring Polymorphisms of the Mouse Gammaretrovirus Receptors CAT-1 and XPR1 Alter Virus Tropism and Pathogenicity

Gammaretroviruses of several different host range subgroups have been isolated from laboratory mice. The ecotropic viruses infect mouse cells and rely on the host CAT-1 receptor. The xenotropic/polytropic viruses, and the related human-derived XMRV, can infect cells of other mammalian species and use the XPR1 receptor for entry. The coevolution of these viruses and their receptors in infected mouse populations provides a good example of how genetic conflicts can drive diversifying selection. Genetic and epigenetic variations in the virus envelope glycoproteins can result in altered host range and pathogenicity, and changes in the virus binding sites of the receptors are responsible for host restrictions that reduce virus entry or block it altogether. These battleground regions are marked by mutational changes that have produced 2 functionally distinct variants of the CAT-1 receptor and 5 variants of the XPR1 receptor in mice, as well as a diverse set of infectious viruses, and several endogenous retroviruses coopted by the host to interfere with entry.
YOU CAN LEAD AN APE TO A TOOL, BUT …: A REVIEW OF POVINELLI'S FOLK PHYSICS FOR APES: THE CHIMPANZEE'S THEORY OF HOW THE WORLD WORKS

We reviewed Daniel Povinelli's book, Folk physics for apes: The chimpanzee's theory of how the world works. After a summary of the book's contents, we analyzed two sets of experiments on chimpanzees' folk psychology: one that explored whether chimpanzees understand that others see (i.e., that apes have internal visual experiences) and another that examined whether chimpanzees can distinguish intended from unintended actions. The conceptual scaffolding on which these studies were conceived was sufficiently faulty that their outcomes were virtually assured a priori. We then analyzed two sets of experiments on chimpanzees' folk physics, reinforcing our view that conceptual confusion guaranteed that certain key predictions about the outcome of these studies could not be supported. A unifying reason for this conceptual confusion is that the author devalues understanding that results from programmatic conditioning. We closed the review by relating Povinelli's findings and conclusions to behavior analysis and by explaining why behavior analysts should read this book.
A Review of the Differences in Developmental, Psychiatric, and Medical Endophenotypes Between Males and Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is over four times more prevalent in males compared to females. Increased understanding of sex differences in ASD endophenotypes could add insight into possible etiologies and the assessment and management of the disorder. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to describe current literature regarding sex differences in the developmental, psychiatric, and medical endophenotypes of ASD in order to illustrate current knowledge and areas in need of further research. Our review found that repetitive behaviors and restricted interests are more common in males than females with ASD. Intellectual disability is more common in females than males with ASD. Attention to detail may be more common in males than females with ASD and epilepsy may be more common in females than males with ASD, although limited research in these areas prevent definitive conclusions from being drawn. There does not appear to be a sex difference in other developmental, psychiatric, and medical symptoms associated with ASD, or the research was contradictory or too sparse to establish a sex difference. Our review is unique in that it offers detailed discussion of sex differences in three major endophenotypes of ASD. Further research is needed to better understand why sex differences exist in certain ASD traits and to evaluate whether phenotypic sex differences are related to different pathways of development, assessment, and treatment of the disorder.
Ethylene oxidation by a platinum(II) hydroxo complex. Insights into the wacker process

The ethylene reaction of hydroxo complex [Pt(COD)(μ-OH)]2(OTf)2 (4) yields acetaldehyde and an equilibrium mixture of Pt(COD)(C2H5)(OTf) (6) and [Pt(COD)(C2H5)(η2-C2H4)]OTf (7). Dinuclear [Pt2(COD)2(μ-OH){μ-κ2C,O-CH2C(O)H}](OTf)2 (10) and mononuclear Pt(COD)(CH2C(O)H)(OTf) (11) are detected as intermediates during the reaction. The reaction displays three phases: (1) an induction period, (2) an accelerating reaction yielding intermediate 11, water, and 6 plus 7, and (3) a linear decrease in the concentration of 11 with simultaneous formation of acetaldehyde and more 6 plus 7. The reaction is proton catalyzed, and phases 1 and 2 are attributed to autocatalytic behavior resulting from the acidic complex of 6 with water, [Pt(COD)(C2H5)(OH2)]OTf. Phase 3 is initiated by the complete consumption of basic 4 and the resulting release of protons to catalyze the reaction of 11 with water and ethylene to give acetaldehyde and 6 plus 7.
Description of the active stases and distribution of Pellonyssus gorgasi Yunker and Radovsky, 1966 (Acari: Macronyssidae) of hummingbirds, and its apparent use of flowers for host transfer

Abstract The female of Pellonyssus gorgasi Yunker and Radovsky, 1966 is redescribed and the male and protonymph are described for the first time. Previously known only from the unique holotype, P. gorgasi has a wide distribution through North, Central, and South America and occurs on diverse hummingbirds (Trochilidae). It is not known from any host outside that family. Records of P. gorgasi on hummingbird feeders and running onto the hand of a biologist feeding sugar solution to a young bird suggest that this mite uses flowers for transfer between hosts. This is the first indication that a mite in the family Macronyssidae may use a feeding substrate of a host for transfer beween hosts. Such behavior of a macronyssid species parasitic on hummingbirds is comparable to that of the non-parasitic flower mites in the family Ascidae that are phoretic on hummingbirds. Those studying the mites on flowers and hummingbirds in the latter family may encounter P. gorgasi. A key to females of the nine species in the gen...
Increasing the Recruitment and Retention of Historically Underrepresented Minority Students in Higher Education

There is a need for more bilingual and/or minority speech-language pathologists to serve an increasingly diverse population. To recruit and retain minority students, faculty in university training ...
Feasibility and limits of wi-fi imaging

We explore the feasibility of achieving computational imaging using Wi-Fi signals. To achieve this, we leverage multi-path propagation that results in wireless signals bouncing off of objects before arriving at the receiver. These reflections effectively light up the objects, which we use to perform imaging. Our algorithms separate the multi-path reflections from different objects into an image. They can also extract depth information where objects in the same direction, but at different distances to the receiver, can be identified. We implement a prototype wireless receiver using USRP-N210s at 2.4 GHz and demonstrate that it can image objects such as leather couches and metallic shapes in line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight scenarios. We also demonstrate proof-of-concept applications including localization of static humans and objects, without the need for tagging them with RF devices. Our results show that we can localize static human subjects and metallic objects with a median accuracy of 26 and 15 cm respectively. Finally, we discuss the limits of our Wi-Fi based approach to imaging.
Acid rain policy in the United States: An exploration of Canadian influence

Abstract This analysis evaluates the effectiveness of Canadian efforts to influence the formulation of acid rain policy in the United States. The findings indicate that, despite an imbalance in resources of power and influence favoring the United States, there still may be limited, but nevertheless important, avenues for Canadian influence in the formulation of U.S. policy. This study questions the generality of static models for analyzing U.S.-Canadian relations, and suggests the use of a policy process framework for examining the political dynamics in the relationship.
Electronic and vibrational energy transfer and relaxation in crystalline ϱ-dibromodenzene

Abstract Electronic and vibrational energy transfer and relaxation mechanisms have been studied in crystalline ϱ-dibromobenzene. Variations in linewidths in the phosphorescence spectrum have been related to the vibrational exciton density-of-states functions. Migration by ground state vibrational excitons is found to be generally more probable than by triplet excitons in these crystals. Broadening in the absorption spectrum has been attributed to fast vibrational relaxation (≈10−13 s) enhanced by exciton—phonon coupling. The phosphorescence quantum yield is found to be constant throughout the SO → T1 absorption spectrum. External spin—orbit coupling has been found to inhance the activity of the totally symmetric fundamentals, whereas Herzberg—Teller vibronic coupling dominates in the forbidden part of the spectrum. The Herzberg—Teller active b2g mode is assigned as shifting in frequency from 277 cm−1 in the ground state to 104 cm−1 in the excited state.
Club theory with a peer-group effect

Abstract This paper analyses optimal and equilibrium club configurations in the presence of a peer-group effect. The model has two types of individuals (a's and b's), with the a's benefitting from the presence of the b's in their club. When the groups are mixed to take advantage of this peer- group effect, an efficiency loss results because public consumption can no longer be tailored to suit individual preferences. The normative analysis focuses on this trade-off and states conditions under which the optimal club structure (mixed versus homogeneous) can be identified. The equilibrium analysis makes use of a competitive-developer model to investigate the nature of equilibrium under a peer-group effect.
Dynamic Consistency and Imperfect Recall

We argue that a notion of constrained time consistency is appropriate to evaluate the interim incentives to deviate from a plan in a decision problem with imperfect recall. Under perfect recall, constrained time consistency is equivalent to the standard notion of time consistency. It turns out that a behavioral strategy β is constrained time consistent if and only if every realization equivalent strategy β′ is a modified multiselves equilibrium and this implies that every optimal strategy is constrained time consistent. Furthermore, every constrained time consistent strategy is equivalent to a modified multiselves sequential equilibrium.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C72, D81.
Cytotoxic Antibody Response to Skin Allografts in Calves Effects of Extracorporeal Irradiation of Lymph

SummaryThe cytotoxic antibody response to skin allografts was examined in calves which received continuous ECIL for up to 28 days. In 3 calves, which maintained posterior skin grafts until ECIL was discontinued, the antibody response was markedly depressed. Following the termination of ECIL cytotoxicity of the sera increased. It was concluded that the antibody response is propagated throughout the body by radiosensitive cells entering the blood via efferent lymphatics.
Molecular dynamics study of the depolymerization reaction in simple polymers

Abstract A molecular dynamics experiment was designed to follow the sequence of depolymerization reactions occurring when a polymer degrades into its constituent monomers. This simulation addresses internal changes that certain materials undergo at the moment of burning. Polymer fragments were thermally generated from the random scission of longer polymer chains containing 50–950 units. Subsequently, these thermal fragments depolymerized and coiled dramatically, forming incipient “agglomerates”. These agglomerates cooled while depolymerizing; the cooling mechanism remarkably inhibits the depolymerization reaction and eventually terminates the degradation process leading behind a sample of cold stable agglomerates. The size distribution of the polymer fragments is given as well as the IR spectrum of a typical sample at 2000 K.
What factors predict recovery of contractile function in the canine model of the stunned myocardium

Abstract Recovery of contractile function of myocardium stunned by a brief, transient period of regional ischemia is highly variable. In our experience, segment shortening (an index of regional systolic contractile function) assessed during the initial hours after a 15-minute period of coronary artery occlusion in anesthetized open-chest dogs ranged from −84 to +99% of normal preocclusion values. In this retrospective study, regression analysis was used to assess the effects of various parameters on segment shortening 2 hours after reperfusion. Parameters assessed included regional myocardial blood flow both during occlusion and after reperfusion, high-energy phosphate content of previously ischemic tissue, systemic hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, mean arterial pressure and double product), occluded bed size and segment shortening measured during coronary artery occlusion. Recovery of systolic contractile function was not influenced by the degree of ischemia during coronary artery occlusion, myocardial blood flow after reperfusion, high-energy phosphate content, hemodynamic parameters or occluded bed size (correlation coefficients, r, ranged from 0.001 to 0.37 [p = not significant]). Only the degree of dyskinesia/hypokinesia exhibited during coronary occlusion significantly and reliably predicted recovery of segment shortening measured 2 hours after reflow (r = 0.70, p
Performance analysis of spectrum sensing with mobile SUs in cognitive radio networks

Spectrum sensing is a critical component for cognitive radio networks. Most of the spectrum sensing algorithms and performance analysis, however, assume that the secondary users are stationary. In this paper, we investigate the performance analysis of spectrum sensing by mobile secondary users. Two performance metrics, false alarm probability and miss detection probability, are thoroughly investigated. In addition, a new performance metric, expected transmission time, is designed to factor the secondary users' mobility. The random waypoint based mobility model is adopted for secondary users. For spectrum sensing by mobile secondary users, a critical variable is the distance between the primary user and mobile secondary users. We mathematically model this distance, and derive its probability distribution. At last, the expressions are derived for all three performance metrics, the false alarm probability, the miss detection probability, and the expected transmission time. Extensive simulations are performed, and the results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. It is concluded that the mobility of secondary users has significant impact on miss detection probability, but not on false alarm probability.
Linear programming and model predictive control

The practicality of model predictive control (MPC) is partially limited by the ability to solve optimization problems in real time. This requirement limits the viability of MPC as a control strategy for large scale processes. One strategy for improving the computational performance is to formulate MPC using a linear program. While the linear programming formulation seems appealing from a numerical standpoint, the controller does not necessarily yield good closed-loop performance. In this work, we explore MPC with an l1 performance criterion. We demonstrate how the non-smoothness of the objective function may yield either dead-beat or idle control performance.
Motion Detection Using The Statistical Properties Of A Video Image

Motion detection using the statistical properties of a video imageJack M. YounseTexas Instruments, Incorporated, Corporate Manufacturing Technology Center9825 Miller Road, P.O. Box 655621, M/S 354, Dallas, Texas 75265AbstractA method for detecting motion based on the statistical properties of a video image willbe discussed. This technique computes the mean and fourth moment about the mean, calledkurtosis, for an image and compares the result with a previously stored value. The methodinvolves observing a change in the shape of a video images' distribution and requires thestorage of only a 16 -bit digital word.A security intrusion system is described which incorporates a two level approach tomotion detection: (1) motion detection based on the real -time pixel -by -pixel comparisonbetween four selectable video lines and previously stored reference data; and (2) a higherorder, near real -time verification of motion, using all of the images' pixels and based onthe statistical properties of the image. The system is implemented in hardware using aTMS320 signal processor and charge coupled device (CCD) cameras.IntroductionThe typical way to detect motion in a scene using a video image involves storing thecomplete picture and then periodically comparing a current picture to the stored referencepicture, on a pixel -by -pixel basis to see if more than a predetermined number of pixelshave changed. However, it is possible to consider the image from a statistical standpointand determine if motion has occurred in the picture without the need to store an entire 100kilobyte image but only a single value 16 -bit parameter. Several statistical parameterswere considered as candidates to detect motion, including (1) mean, (2) standard deviation,which relates to the spread of the distribution, (3) variance, which relates to thedispersion of the distribution, (4) 3rd moment about the mean (skewness), which relates tothe amount of nonsymmetery in the distribution, and (5) the 4th moment about the mean(kurtosis), which relates to the peakness of the distribution.A study was made which involved accumulating data for each of these parameters forvarious scene conditions and then using decision making analysis to determine whichparameter offered the greatest sensitivity to scene change. The tool used to collect thisdata was a TI Professional Computer Image Processing System' which was comprised of a TIPC,custom processing PC board assembly, and CCD camera. The results of this analysis indicatedthat the 4th moment about the mean, often referred to as kurtosis, offered the greatestsensitivity to motion. The study was expanded to determine the appropriate number ofquantization bits needed for this application, when digitizing the analog video. Data wererecorded for 4,
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release channel: differential effects of milrinone and enoximone

Study objective — The aim was to investigate possible interactions between milrinone or enoximone and the calcium release channel from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Design — A membrane preparation enriched with “heavy” sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles containing the calcium release channel was prepared from sheep myocardium. The incorporation of these vesicles into artificial lipid bilayers permitted investigation of the effects of the drugs on single calcium release channels under voltage clamp conditions. The effects of the drugs on radiolabelled ryanodine binding were also investigated as a functional probe for the activity of large populations of channels. Measurements and main results — Milrinone (100 μM-2 mM) caused a reversible activation of channel opening when added at the cytoplasmic face of the channel. Lifetime analysis suggests this activation is synergistic with the effects of calcium on the channel. Milrinone also stimulated [3H]ryanodine binding, consistent with the proposition that it is an activating ligand of the calcium release channel. Enoximone (100 μM-1 mM) was without effect on both single channel activity and [3H]ryanodine binding. Conclusions — Activation of the calcium release channel probably contributes to the positive inotropic action in vivo of milrinone but not enoximone. Other drugs which activate the calcium release channel have been shown to be cardiotoxic, but it is not known whether this is a specific effect of channel activation or a more general result of raising cytoplasmic calcium concentration within the myocyte. Further research is required to determine accurately the mechanism of action of drugs with phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity.
Impact of Lasers in Spectroscopy

The theme to be explored in this meeting is that the laser is far more than just another light source for spectroscopists; it will be amply demonstrated that the laser has been the basis of a qualitative revolution in this branch of science, just as the development of NMR has profoundly altered the practice of organic chemistry, or as the digital computer has made modern systems analysis possible. In this paper we will consider some of the unique features of the laser that have made this revolution possible, and some of the applications of these features. The most striking aspect of the laser is the enormous quantity of optical power and/or energy that is capable of being generated. This feature combines with the spectral purity and beam collimation which are consequences of the coherence of the laser output to produce a spectral surface brightness which may be 16 or more orders of magnitude greater than for conventional light sources. The phase coherence of the laser output is another unique feature, and improvement in time resolution over conventional sources by five or more orders of magnitude can also be obtained. These features have already been exploited in a number of ways. Selective excitation of molecular energy levels has opened new possibilities in fluorescence spectroscopy, not only in the visible, but also in the hitherto inaccessible infrared region. New double-resonance techniques have been developed, and Raman spectroscopy has experienced a renaissance. Selective excitation is now likely to become very important in chemical processing as well. Saturated-absorption techniques have made possible Lamb-Dip spectroscopy and the development of optical frequency standards. Measurements can now be made on molecular beams, providing information about exotic reaction conditions and the details of scattering events. The use of coherent light sources opens the possibility of a wide variety of optical analogues of magnetic-resonance phenomena, such as pulse and echo effects, coherent transient decays, etc. A
Variability of pulse oximetry measurement over 1 year in children with sickle cell disease depends on initial oxygen saturation measurement

A prospective cohort of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) was evaluated to determine the variability of daytime pulse oximetry among three measurements over approximately 1 year. Fifty-eight participants were evaluated. Asymptomatic children with initial oxygen saturation 92% had a mean range of 1.9% (0-5.5%). These results suggest, changes in pulse oximetry measurement of approximately 5% may not be clinically significant in otherwise, healthy children with SCD with previous pulse oximetry < or = 92%.
Nondestructive elemental analysis of wood biodeterioration using electron paramagnetic resonance and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence

Abstract Over the last few years we have developed nondestructive methods for the elemental analysis of wood during biodeterioration by fungi. In this paper we review progress made in our laboratories on the multi-element analysis of wood using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and synchrotron-generated X-ray spectroscopy. The non-intrusive sample preparation and the nondestructive methods have been used to detect elements in situ at concentrations as low as 0.1–10 ppm and to determine the redox states of several transition state metals. Custom specimen handling equipment and computer software were coupled with the analytical tools for mapping element accumulation and distribution.
Discrimination under Market Interdependence

The problem: price policy in markets neither completely independent nor completely interrelated, 95. — I. Under monopolistic competition: price interdependence, 97; product interdependence, 98; "advertising" interdependence, 99; limited vs. unlimited discrimination, 100; freedom from price interdependence, 101; ability to enforce price differentials, 103. — II. A classification of cases: importance of substitutability, 106; coefficient expressing the relationship, 107; summary table, 109; relative size of markets, 112; comparison with interdependence between firms, 113. — III. Relation to the theory of international trade: four groups of cases, 113; complete independence, 115; interdependence, 116.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF FRAGRANCE COMPOUNDS DURING CONTROLLED EVAPORATION

The content of each of the three components in the vapor phase from a phenethyl alcohol, - limonene - decane solution was determined from the composition of the condensed phase during controlled evaporation with turbulent gas flow, with complete removal of the vapor phase once per second and the values compared to those from vapor pressures determined at equilibrium. The results showed the vapor composition during rapid removal of the vapor to be surprisingly similar to the equilibrium values.
A multiprocess network logic with temporal and spatial modalities

We introduce a modal logic which can be used to formally reason about synchronous fixed connection multiprocess networks such as of VLSI. Our logic has both temporal and spatial modal operators. The various temporal modal operators allow us to relate properties of the current state of a given process with properties of succeeding states of the given process. Also, the spatial modal operators allow us to relate properties of the current state of a given process with properties of the current state of neighboring processes. Many interesting properties for multiprocessor networks can be elegantly expressed in our logic. We give examples of the diverse applications of our logic to packet routing, firing squad problems, and systolic algorithms.
Inhibitory potency of 4-carbon alkanes and alkenes toward CYP2E1 activity.

Abstract CYP2E1 has been implicated in the bioactivation of many small molecules into reactive metabolites which form adducts with proteins and DNA, and thus a better understanding of the molecular determinants of its selectivity are critical for accurate toxicological predictions. In this study, we determined the potency of inhibition of human CYP2E1 for various 4-carbon alkanes, alkenes and alcohols. In addition, known CYP2E1 substrates and inhibitors including 4-methylpyrazole, aniline, and dimethylnitrosamine were included to determine their relative potencies. Of the 1,3-butadiene-derived metabolites studied, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene was the strongest inhibitor with an IC50 of 110 μM compared to 1700 μM and 6600 μM for 1,2-butenediol and 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane, respectively. Compared to known inhibitors, inhibitory potency of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene is between 4-methylpyrazole (IC50 = 1.8 μM) and dimethylnitrosamine (IC50 = 230 μM). All three butadiene metabolites inhibit CYP2E1 activity through a simple competitive mechanism. Among the 4-carbon compounds studied, the presence and location of polar groups seems to influence inhibitory potency. To further examine this notion, the investigation was extended to include structurally and chemically similar analogues, including propylene oxide and various butane alcohols. Those results demonstrated preferential recognition of CYP2E1 toward the type and location of polar and hydrophobic structural elements. Taken together, CYP2E1 metabolism may be modified in vivo by exposure to 4-carbon compounds, such as drugs, and nutritional constituents, a finding that highlights the complexity of exposure to mixtures.
Monte Carlo studies of two measures of polymer chain size as a function of temperature

Monte Carlo simulations of single polymer chains with both excluded volume and nearest-neighbor interaction energies are discussed. Two measures of chain size are obtained in the simulation, the radius of gyration of the polymer chain and the inverse radius of the polymer chain. Both of these are reported as a function of temperature, or interaction energy, and chain length,N. The possibility of estimating the fractal dimensions of these measures from the Monte Carlo data is discussed in the context of two different interpolation functions for the temperature dependence of the fractal dimensions. The approach to the fractal dimension as a function of chain length,N, is studied. It is suggested that the approach to fractal dimension of the measures of chain size of polymers is slow, perhaps a fractional power itself.
Resistance to Pink Bollworm in Breeding Stocks of Upland Cotton

An advanced breeding stock of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., consistently showed less seed damage from Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) than commercial cultivars in Arizona and Puerto Rico. This stock, designated AET-5 × (45-108 × Br-2-10)-7-69, and 2 other related stocks that also showed reduced seed damage have a complex pedigree that includes Triple Hybrid material, ( G. arboretum L. X G. thurberi Tod.) X G. hirsutum . These stocks approach commercial cultivars in agronomic and fiber properties but suffer some deficiencies, particularly in fiber length and yield potential. Their level of resistance is probably not high enough to eliminate insecticide use. Therefore, the AET stocks can best be used as sources of resistance to combine with other sources in the development of improved cultivars.
The Historical Petrarch

WHEN WE SURVEY the many books and articles produced by Hans Baron in his long and distinguished scholarly career, we cannot help but be struck by the fact that his interest in Petrarch lasted for decades. Much of Baron's early work was gathered into The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance, in which Petrarch was treated as a precursor of civic humanism whose early republican sentiments gave way to an enthusiastic imperialism in his later years. From Baron's perspective, the movement toward imperialism can only be seen as a step backwards, since it led Petrarch away from the decisive fusion of civic humanist attitudes that would take place two generations later in the Florentine republic.1 As a result, Baron's conclusion is that Petrarch remained more medieval than we had thought-in Baron's words, he is "neither 'medieval' nor 'Renaissance,' but (if I may use the figure) rather a Moses, first to see a new land, but not granted to enter it."2 Beginning with the earliest reactions to the Crisis, Baron has been criticized for undervaluing Petrarch's originality3-a position that follows logically from his broader understanding of the development of Italian humanism but that takes little account of the prevailing tendency today to posit Petrarch as "the first modern man."4 More important, however, is the fact that the evolution Baron sees in Petrarch's thought has not won universal acceptance. The evidence is unusually difficult to evaluate, which has led to several different interpretations to supplement Baron's. Carlo Steiner, Thomas Bergin, and Alice Wilson have argued that