cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions of Cobalt Cluster Anions with Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon Monoxide

The chemical reactivity of cobalt cluster anions, Con- (n = 2−8), toward O2, N2, and CO is investigated by flow tube reactor kinetics. The reactivity is highest for the reactions with O2 and intermediate for CO, while the clusters are nearly inert toward N2. Only the largest clusters studied, Co7- and Co8-, show any evidence for reaction with nitrogen by addition of N2 at very slow rates. Reactions with O2 have rapid rate coefficients that are largely independent of cluster size and lead to extensive fragmentation of the clusters. The rate coefficients with CO increase with increasing cluster size. Sequential addition of CO to the cobalt cluster anions leads to the saturated species: Co2(CO)7-, Co3(CO)10-, Co4(CO)12-, Co5(CO)13-, and Co6(CO)15-. Skeletal structures are proposed for these saturated clusters in accordance with electron-counting rules.
Compartmentalized Connexin 43 S-Nitrosylation/Denitrosylation Regulates Heterocellular Communication in the Vessel Wall

Objective—To determine whether S-nitrosylation of connexins (Cxs) modulates gap junction communication between endothelium and smooth muscle. Methods and Results—Heterocellular communication is essential for endothelium control of smooth muscle constriction; however, the exact mechanism governing this action remains unknown. Cxs and NO have been implicated in regulating heterocellular communication in the vessel wall. The myoendothelial junction serves as a conduit to facilitate gap junction communication between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells within the resistance vasculature. By using isolated vessels and a vascular cell coculture, we found that Cx43 is constitutively S-nitrosylated on cysteine 271 because of active endothelial NO synthase compartmentalized at the myoendothelial junction. Conversely, we found that stimulation of smooth muscle cells with the constrictor phenylephrine caused Cx43 to become denitrosylated because of compartmentalized S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, whic...
Effect of 1–2 mmol/1 calcium, triamcinolone acetonide, and retinoids on low‐calcium regulated keratinocyte differentiation

Neonatal mouse keratinocytes cultured in low calcium (0.01 mmol/l) show rapid growth and little stratification when compared with cells grown in normal 1.2 mmol/l calcium. The effect of low calcium on the amount and synthesis of specific differentiation proteins was studied; additionally, the effect of 10(-8) mol/l triamcinolone acetonide, and 6 micrograms/ml of retinoic acid and of etretinate (Ro 10-9359) on low-calcium regulated keratinocyte hyperproliferation and differentiation was determined. Low-calcium regulated keratinocytes contained less non-covalently cross-linked and disulphide cross-linked keratins, less cell envelopes, much greater amounts of SDS-soluble viable cell proteins, and slightly more keratohyaline granule-related proteins than normal-calcium regulated keratinocytes. A 24 h switching time to 1.2 mmol/l calcium medium did not affect the amounts or synthesis of these proteins. Both retinoids and triamcinolone acetonide inhibited by approximately 50% the proliferation of the low-calcium regulated keratinocytes. Growth of low-calcium cells in these drugs for 9 days increased the amounts of both keratins and cell envelope proteins in the cultures. We concluded that calcium-dependent processes can regulate epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Our studies suggest that these calcium-regulated events may occur via changes in calcium-dependent proteins.
Assay of terpin hydrate and codeine elixir by gas chromatography.

Terpin hydrate and codeine after extraction from the elixir are separated and determined with the aid of two internal standards and the use of temperature-programmed gas chromatography. Using the same method, elixir of terpin hydrate can also be determined. A precision and accuracy study for both elixirs is included.
Studies of human lymphocyte interactions with emphasis on soluble suppressor activity.

An assay aimed at detection of soluble factors capable of modifying cell to cell interaction in the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) was developed using supernates from human lymphocytes stimulated with insolubilized concanavalin A (Con A). Con A supernates of lymphocytes from 24 of 26 human cord blood samples showed significant (50%) MLC suppression, whereas 10 of 28 normal adults showed this effect (P < 0.0005). Lymphocyte supernate assays from six patients with common variable immunodeficiency also showed an increase in MLC suppressive effects (P < 0.05). Supernates capable of MLC suppression were generated from lymphocytes enriched for T cells and depleted of cells bearing surface Ig, macrophages, and adherent cells. MLC suppressive activity was inactivated at 70°C, nondialyzable, and completely destroyed by treatment with insolubilized chymotrypsin. Reduction in activity was also recorded after dialysis at pH 2.0 for 24 hrs. Absorption of supernates with antiserum to α-lymphotoxin removed the MLC suppressive effect. Soluble factors released by Con A-stimulated T cells and capable of MLC suppression appear to be related to α-lymphotoxin and possibly other materials affecting cell to cell interaction.
Emotional Intelligence and Implications for Counseling Self‐Efficacy: Phase II

The authors present Phase II of a 9-month study of the relationship between emotional intelligence and counseling self-efficacy. One-hundred eighteen counselors-in-training and professional counselors completed the Counseling Self-Estimate Inventory (COSE) and Emotional Judgment Inventory (EJI). There was a significant correlation between 2 of the EJI scales (Identifying Own Emotions and Identifying Others' Emotions) and 4 of the 5 COSE scales. Students' perceived counseling self-efficacy showed a significant gain when compared with that of professional counselors over the 9-month period. Results support findings of Phase I (W. E. Martin, C. Easton, S. Wilson, M. Takemoto, & S. Sullivan, 2004), which indicated that emotional intelligence may be a unique construct inherent in persons who are preparing for careers as professional counselors.
Praesomal nerves in Corynosoma hamanni (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae).

Investigated by light microscopic observations, nerve pathways and the Stutzzellle are described in the praesoma of a species of Corynosoma. The pathways are described for 13 nerves, 6 paired and one single nerve, which originate from the cerebral ganglion and terminate in the body wall musculature and the proboscis. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A logic system for the choice of risk levels in hypothesis testing

We have examined current, traditional practice of establishing risk levels, favoring use of small α and implicitly accepting correspondingly larger β errors. There are both loses and gains associated with this approach. In particular, small a minimizes the probability of erroneously rejecting Ho, but it also increases the chances that a new model, representing a real improvement, may be discarded. There is no overwhelming logic that one type of error is always more important than the other, since relative costs vary with the conditions surrounding the research investigation.
Left pulmonary artery kinking caused by outflow tract dilatation after transannular patch repair of tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract Background . Stenosis of the branch pulmonary arteries after tetralogy of Fallot repair can result from several mechanisms. In patients with free pulmonary regurgitation and right ventricular dilatation after transannular patch repair, we have observed that the pulmonary outflow tract can dilate and elongate craniad and rotate to the left, resulting in kinking and obstruction of the previously normal left pulmonary artery. Methods . Ten patients referred for reoperation after tetralogy repair with severe pulmonary regurgitation and right ventricular outflow tract dilatation were found to have left pulmonary artery kinking. In 8 of these patients kinking was the sole or partial cause of left pulmonary artery obstruction, whereas there was no documented obstruction in the other 2. All patients underwent right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction and left pulmonary artery repair with removal of the redundancy at the kink point. Patching alone is not an effective method of repair in this condition, because the mechanism of obstruction is not corrected and the patch material can become redundant and lead to recurrent obstruction. Results . All patients underwent successful pulmonary outflow tract reconstruction. Left pulmonary artery kinking was corrected in all patients, and relief of obstruction was attained in the 8 patients with stenosis. At follow-up ranging from 9 to 58 months, no patient has evidence of recurrent left pulmonary artery stenosis. Conclusions . Left pulmonary artery kinking should be suspected at long-term follow-up after tetralogy repair in patients with significant pulmonary regurgitation and right-sided dilatation, even if previous evaluations showed no evidence of left pulmonary arterial abnormality. Because unilateral obstruction caused by kinking may lead to asymmetric pulmonary flow, it can exacerbate pulmonary regurgitation and right ventricular dilatation, in effect accelerating the processes that led to kinking in the first place. Kinking can be relieved successfully with the techniques described in this report.
MAPO: using a committee of algorithm-experts for parallel optimization of costly functions

This paper describes a new parallel algorithm for optimizing costly nonconvex functions with box constraints when derivatives are unavailable. MAPO (Multi-Algorithm Parallel Optimization) iteratively uses a committee of optimization algorithms based on response surfaces to generate candidate points for function evaluation. In each iteration, the evaluation points are selected from multiple rankings of all candidate points. Good numerical results for MAPO with 4 radial basis function methods are reported for 8 processors.
Upgrade to Graduate Credit

This case presents a glimpse "behind the scenes" of academic life through a series of e-mails, which tell the story of a dispute over whether a student should retroactively receive graduate credit for completing an undergraduate course. The student's (and her department's) request for an exception to the rule can be analyzed in education or academic administration and faculty development seminars, as well as ethics and communication courses: (1) to illustrate how ethics and moral philosophies affect the decision-making process, (2) to gain an understanding of how communication barriers impede the decision-making process, (3) to assess the impact of perceptions of equity on the decision-making process, and (4) to examine the characteristics of managerial decisions.
Effects of arsenic speciation and phosphate concentration on arsenic inhibition of skeletonema costatum bacillariophyceae

Arsenate is taken up readily by Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve due to its chemical similarity to phosphate, and it inhibits primary productivity at concentrations as low as 67 nM when the phosphate concentration is low. A phosphate enrichment of greater than 0.3 ..mu..M alleviates this inhibition; however, the arsenate stress causes an increase in the cell's requirement for phosphorus. Arsenite is also toxic to Skeletonema at similar concentrations. Methylated species, such as dimethylarsinic acid, did not affect cell productivity at the levels examined. Thus, the reduction and methylation of arsenate to dimithylarsinic acid by the cell produces a stable, non-toxic compound.
Effect of Idler Attenuation on the Spontaneous Parametric Scattering of Intense Light in LiNb O 3 and N H 4 H 2 P O 4

The forward-scattered intensity in the spontaneous parametric process is found to decrease significantly as the idler frequency goes sufficiently far into the 5.7-\ensuremath{\mu} and 1.4-\ensuremath{\mu} infrared absorption bands of LiNb${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, respectively. These results indicate that, unlike the previously studied cases in GaP and LiNb${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, the corresponding optical nonlinear susceptibility has essentially no resonance increase and its ionic contribution remains small near these absorption bands. A formula for the forward-scattered intensity is obtained which agrees very well with the observed effects of idler attenuation on the spontaneous parametric scattering in both LiNb${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$.
Smooth estimate of quantiles under association

Abstract Let X1,X2,… be real-valued random variables forming a strictly stationary sequence, and satisfying the basic requirement of being positively or negatively associated. Let ξp denote the pth quantile of the marginal distribution function of the Xi's, which is estimated by a smooth (kernel-type) estimate ξ pn , on the basis of the segment X1,…, Xn. The main results of this paper are those of establishing pointwise consistency, asymptotic normality with rates, and weak convergence of a stochastic process generated by ξ pn .
Troponin elevation in subarachnoid hemorrhage does not impact in-hospital mortality.

Cardiac dysfunction is a well-known complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Our objective was to determine the frequency of troponin abnormalities in SAH and determine its impact on in-hospital mortality. With IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed 225 consecutive SAH patients admitted to our institution from August 1, 2006 to June 1, 2009. Traumatic SAH patients were excluded. Data were collected on demographics, Hunt and Hess score (HH), in-hospital mortality, and peak troponin values on admission. CT images were independently reviewed and graded by the study neurologist for Fisher grade (FG) and the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Among the 225 SAH patients, the mean age was 57.3 years (range, 21–90). The majority of patients were female (67 %), FG 3 (75 %), and had IVH (62 %). Among the 201 patients with troponin I values, the mean troponin level was 0.93 (range, 0.01–25.8 ng/mL) and 47 (23 %) had elevated troponin I levels. In unadjusted analysis, elevated troponin I level was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. With multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, HH, FG, and IVH, elevated troponin I level was no longer associated with in-hospital mortality (p. 0.34). In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of in-mortality were age and severe grade HH (4–5). Troponin I elevation after SAH is not an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality.
Comparative rates of sexually transmitted diseases among heterosexual men, homosexual men, and heterosexual women

The prevalences of several sexually transmitted diseases (STD) among patients attending a public STD clinic were determined in a prospective study. Rates of gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, trichomoniasis, nongonococcal urethritis, pediculosis pubis, scabies, and venereal warts were ascertained according to sex, sexual preference, and race. Numbers of cases of diseases not routinely reported to most public health agencies exceeded numbers of cases of diseases that are routinely reported. Rates of gonorrhea were higher among men than among women and higher among blacks than among whites. Syphilis was most common among homosexual men. Trichomoniasis was three times more frequent among blacks than among whites. Rates of nongonococcal urethritis among heterosexual men were almost twice those among homosexual men. Whites were more likely than blacks to have pediculosis pubis, scabies, and venereal warts. STD not routinely reported to most public health agencies are commonly seen in public clinics, and rates vary according to sex, sexual preference, and race.
Altered expression of natively glycosylated α dystroglycan in pediatric solid tumors

Altered glycosylation and/or expression of dystroglycan have been reported in forms of congenital muscular dystrophy as well as in cancers of the breast, colon, and oral epithelium. To date, however, there has been no study of the expression of dystroglycan in pediatric solid tumors. Using a combination of immunostaining on tissue microarrays and immunoblotting of snap-frozen unfixed tissues, we demonstrate a significant reduction in native alpha dystroglycan expression in pediatric alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), embryonal RMS, neuroblastoma (NBL), and medulloblastoma, whereas expression of beta dystroglycan, which is cotranslated with alpha dystroglycan, is largely unchanged. Loss of native alpha dystroglycan expression was significantly more pronounced in stage 4 NBL than in pooled samples of stage 1 and stage 2 NBL, suggesting that loss of native alpha dystroglycan expression increases with advancing tumor stage. Neuroblastoma and RMS samples with reduced expression of native alpha dystroglycan also showed reduced laminin binding in laminin overlay experiments. Expression of natively glycosylated alpha dystroglycan was not altered in several other pediatric tumor types when compared with appropriate normal tissue controls. These data provide the first evidence that alpha dystroglycan glycosylation and laminin binding to alpha dystroglycan are altered in certain pediatric solid tumors and suggest that aberrant dystroglycan glycosylation may contribute to tumor cell biology in patients with RMS, medulloblastoma, and NBL.
Supercritical CO2 fluid radiochromatography system used to purify [11C]toluene for PET.

Abstract Abuse of inhalants in today’s society has become such a widespread problem among today’s adolescents that in many parts of the world their use exceeds that of many other illicit drugs or alcohol. Even so, little is known how such inhalants affect brain function to an extent that can lead to an abuse liability. While methodologies exist for radiolabeling certain inhalants of interest with short-lived positron emitting radioisotopes that would allow their investigation in human subjects using positron emission tomography (PET), the purification methodologies necessary to separate these volatile substances from the organic starting materials have not been developed. We’ve adapted supercritical fluid technology to this specific PET application by building a preparative-scale supercritical CO 2 fluid radiochromatograph, and applied it to the purification of [ 11 C]toluene. We’ve demonstrated that [ 11 C]toluene can be separated from the starting materials using a conventional C 18 HPLC column and pure supercritical CO 2 fluid as the mobile phase operating at 2000 psi and 40°C. We’ve also shown that the purified radiotracer can be quantitatively captured on Tenax GR, a solid support material, as it exits the supercritical fluid stream, thus allowing for later desorption into a 1.5% cyclodextrin solution that is suitable for human injection, or into a breathing tube for direct inhalation.
Proving the correctness of coroutines without history variables

We examine the question of whether history variables are necessary in formal proofs of correctness for coroutines. History variables are special variables which are added to a program to facilitate its proof by recording the execution history of the program. Such variables were first used by Clint in his paper "Program Proving: Coroutines." They have also been used by Owicki and Howard (concurrent program) and by Apt (sequential programs). We argue that recording the entire history of a computation in a single set of variables is inconvenient and leads to extremely complicated proofs. We propose a modification of Clint's axiom system and a strategy for constructing proofs which eliminates the need for history variables in verifying simple coroutines. Examples are given to illustrate this technique of verifying coroutines and our axiom system is shown to be sound and relatively complete with respect to an operational semantics for coroutines. Finally, we discuss extensions of the coroutine concept for which history variables do appear to be needed; we also discuss the question of whether history variables are necessary in verifying concurrent programs.
Nondestructive evaluation of the three-dimensional Morphology of polyethylene/polystyrene blends by thermal conductivity

Morphology of polyethylene (PE)/polystyrene (PS) blends has been investigated by measuring their thermal conductivity, which is analyzed with the Okamoto-Ishida equation. The results of the thermal conductivity measurement suggests that the PE/PS blend system can be classified into three regions in terms of morphology. The morphology of the PE/PS blends in each region is investigated by electron microscopy, microthermal analysis, and a selective extraction technique. The observed morphology is consistent with the suggestions from the thermal conductivity of the blends. The phase inversion points and co-continuous region of the PE/PS blend system are determined by applying the Okamoto-Ishida equation to the thermal conductivity of this blend system. It is concluded that the Okamoto-Ishida equation provides a nondestructive evaluation method for the morphology of polymer blends.
The Two I–Thou Relations in Martin Buber's Philosophy

Maurice Friedman, the leading scholar of Martin Buber's work, notes that “the question must even arise whether the philosophy of dialogue, the I-Thou relation between man and man, cannot stand by itself as an autonomous ethic, grounded in Buber's anthropology, but not necessarily tied with the relation between man and God.” Friedman then suggests that Buber's philosophy of religion and interpretation of the Bible do provide an important source of his ethics. An examination of Buber's thought reveals, however, that the tie between his philosophy of dialogue as an ethics and his view of the relation between man and God is indeed not necessary in some ways and perhaps not even possible.
Ensemble Forecasting in a System with Model Error

Abstract Error in weather forecasting is due to inaccuracy both in the models used and in the estimate of the current atmospheric state at which the model is initiated. Because weather models are thought to be chaotic and, therefore, sensitive to initial conditions, the technique of ensemble forecasting has been developed in part to address the latter effect. An ensemble of forecasts is made with perturbed initial conditions, with the aim being to produce an estimate of the probability distribution function for the future state of the weather. Some ensemble schemes also include changes to the model. While the ensemble approach is quite widely adopted, however, its verification is complicated, and the effect of model error on ensemble performance is not clear. In this paper, the effect of model error on ensemble behavior for a version of the Lorenz ’96 system is investigated. It is shown that estimates of the model’s ability to shadow the observations, obtained using the model drift, are robust to observat...
Endothelin-1 Levels in COPD-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension

decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Results: In our patient cohort (age 65614 year, 65% male, EF 32618%), day1 BNP and MPO levels were 847 [352-1731] pg/ml and 242 [139-454] pmol/L respectively. There was no correlation between day1 BNP and MPO levels in this acute setting (r5 -0.05, p50.74). Decongestive treatment resulted in significantly lower BNP levels on day 3 (635 [252-1342] pg/ ml, p!0.0001). However MPO levels remained similar (253 [161-476] pmol/L, p50.95). There was no correlation between change in BNP and change in MPO (r5-0.09, p50.22). Conclusions: Although treatment of ADHF resulted in decongestion and lower BNP levels, oxidative stress, as adjudicated by MPO levels, did not decrease.
Captopril Lowers Coronary Venous Free Radical Concentration After Direct Current Cardiac Shocks

Study objectives Direct current (DC) shocks to the heart cause morphologic and functional myocardial damage. Previous studies have suggested that acute DC shock injury is free radical mediated and that the administration of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase can reduce the level of DC shock-induced free radicals. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are clinically used drugs that may scavenge free radicals or reduce free radical generation. The objective of our study was to determine whether the ACE inhibitor captopril lowers free radicals after DC shocks. Design In six open-chest dogs, we administered 100-J DC shocks to the epicardium, before and after administration of captopril, 3 mg/kg. We used electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of arterial and coronary venous ascorbate free radical (AFR) as a real-time marker of free radical generation (total oxidative flux). Measurements and results Captopril resulted in a significant lowering of coronary venous AFR concentration: the peak rise in AFR after 100-J shocks was 17.3 ± 3.4% (mean ± SEM before captopril vs 3.2 ± 4.0% after captopril; p Conclusions Captopril lowers coronary venous AFR concentration after high-energy epicardial shocks.
Reactive control in environments with hard and soft hazards

In this paper we present a generalization of reactive obstacle avoidance algorithms for mobile robots operating among soft hazards such as off-road slopes and deformable terrain. A new hazard avoidance scheme generalizes constraint based reactive algorithms [1], [2] from hard to soft hazards. Reactive controllers operate by directly parameterizing the closedloop dynamics of the system with respect to the environment the robot is operating in. Traditionally, reactive controllers are parameterized by weighting virtual attraction and repulsion forces from goals and obstacles [3], [4]. One pitfall of such parameterizations is sensitivity of the tuning parameters to the operating environment. A reactive controller tuned in one set of conditions is not applicable in another (e.g. a different density of obstacles). The algorithm presented in this paper has two key properties which are significant i) Parameterization is environment independent. ii) It can deal with non-binary environments that contain soft hazards.
PRESENTISM: THROUGH THICK AND THIN

: Presentism is the view that whatever exists presently exists. Without defending Presentism, I argue first that Presentists should be Time-Free Presentists – Presentists whose views do not imply that there exist irreducible times. Second, I argue that Presentists should accept Limited Thick Presentism, the view that ‘the present’ has some extension and is thereby neither durationlessly thin nor unlimitedly ‘thick’. Third, before addressing several objections to Limited Time-Free Thick Presentism [LTFTP], I argue that defenders of LTFTP should accept that ‘temporal becoming’ involves an overlapping succession of present entities, not a ‘skipping’ from one set of present entities to the next discrete set.
Anterior to posterior variations in the concentration of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in human basal ganglia

Serial coronal sections were cut from frozen right cerebral hemispheres from five normal human brains. From each section samples of caudate nucleus, putamen, internal and external globus pallidus and substantia nigra were removed. Sampling was such that the entire structure was removed from each slice. The concentration of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, expressed as units per mg protein, was found to vary between nuclei, and to vary along the anterior to posterior axis of some nuclei. Highest concentrations were found in the caudate nucleus, with the head and tail containing greater amounts than the body. The high concentrations in the head of the caudate may be due to contamination of samples of this region with adjacent nucleus accumbens. In a separate series of cases, the nucleus accumbens was shown to be considerably higher concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity than the head of the caudate. Concentrations in the putamen tended to decrease along the anterior to posterior axis. In the external globus pallidus, levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity showed the most striking changes along the anterior to posterior axis, rising 2.5 fold in the first three samples, and then falling 4 fold in the more posterior sections. The internal globus pallidus had generally lower concentrations, and these varied in a pattern opposite to that in the external globus pallidus. Levels in the substantia nigra were low compared to those in caudate and putamen.
Low-Temperature Synthesis of Fe-Doped ZnO Nanotubes

We report on the synthesis Zn1−x Fe x O nanotubes with average tube diameter of 60 nm to 100 nm and wall thickness of about 20 nm. The nanotubes were synthesized by a low-temperature electrochemical process, and their morphology was found to be sensitive to the electrolyte concentration and growth time. The maximum Fe doping achieved by this process was estimated to be approximately 4 wt.%. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction showed good crystalline quality of the doped and undoped nanotubes with preferential growth along the wurtzite c-axis. The Fe-doped nanotubes exhibit wurtzite crystal structure with an increase in the c-axis lattice constant when compared with the undoped nanotubes, indicative of the fact that Fe ions substitute for Zn as 2+ ions in the ZnO crystal lattice. Further evidence of Fe as a substitutional dopant is provided by Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. A comparison of the effective magnetic moment in the undoped and doped nanotubes reveals the presence of four unpaired electrons in the Fe-doped sample and zero unpaired electrons for the undoped sample.
Grazing rates and behaviors of Neocalanus plumchrus: implications for phytoplankton control in the subarctic Pacific*

Grazing rates and behaviors of the copcpod Neocalanus plumchrus were investigated in shipboard experiments during the first SUPER Program cruise (May, 1984). N. plumchrus can exploit cells in the 2 to 30 μm size range with equal clearance efficiency but displays considerable flexibility in responding to changes in concentration and size composition. Its functional response helps to stabilize phytoplankton at low densities. In 60-liter microcosms, a density of one copepod liter-1 was sufficient to maintain the ambient abundance and structure of the phytoplankton community for a week. In the absence of the copepod, phytoplankton bloomed to unnaturally high levels, and the community composition was dramatically altered. Despite its grazing potential. N. plumchrus was not present in sufficient density to control phytoplankton blooms in the subarctic Pacific. However, the copepod may have an important role in regulating the abundance of smaller grazers and the size structure of the phytoplankton community.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Li3V2(PO4)(3)/C-Based Composites for Lithium-Ion Batteries

To improve performance at higher rates, we developed a hydrothermal method to prepare carbon-coated monoclinic lithium vanadium phosphate (Li3V2(PO4)3) powder to be used as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries. The structural, morphological and electrochemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling. A superior cycle and rate behavior are demonstrated for Li3V1.85Sc0.15(PO4)3/C and Li2.96Ca0.02V2(PO4)3/C electrodes at charge–discharge current rates above 5C.
Corrosion Behavior of Nickel-Based Alloys in Supercritical Water Oxidation Systems

There is a need to destroy both military and civilian hazardous waste and an urgency, mandated by public concern over traditional waste handling methodologies, to identify safe and efficient alternative technologies. One very effective process for the destruction of such waste is supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). By capitalizing on the properties of water above its critical point (374 °C and 22.4 MPa for pure water), this technology provides rapid and complete oxidation with high destruction efficiencies at typical operating temperatures. Nevertheless, corrosion of the materials of fabrication is a serious concern. While Ni and Ni-based alloys are generally considered important for severe service applications, results from laboratory and pilot-scale SCWO systems presently in operation indicate that they will not withstand some aggressive feeds. Significant weight loss and localized effects, including stress corrosion cracking and dealloying, are seen in some environments. Although exotic liners such as platinum are currently promoted as a solution to aggressive conditions, some evidence suggests the potential for corrosion control by judicious feed modification. Various alloys were exposed in a SCWO system at 600 °C for 66.2 h. After exposure, samples were coated with a thick outer salt layer and an inner oxide layer. It is considered likely that, at the high supercritical temperature employed during this test, the salt was molten and contained a substantial quantity of gas. The inner oxide layer revealed the presence of numerous defects and a thickness that is proportional to the corrosion rate determined by mass loss, suggesting the oxide layer is nonprotective. Of the alloys tested, G-30 exhibited the highest corrosion resistance. Experiments in which a C-276 tube was instrumented with thermocouples and exposed to a HCl feed indicate for this simple non-saltforming influent that there is a strong correlation between temperature and the extent and form of corrosion, with the most pronounced degradation being at high subcritical temperatures. These experiments corroborate previous results from a failure analysis for C-276, suggesting a corrosion maximum in the subcritical region. Background
On-column refolding of recombinant chemokines for NMR studies and biological assays

We have applied an efficient solid-phase protein refolding method to the milligram scale production of natively folded recombinant chemokine proteins. Chemokines are intensely studied proteins because of their roles in immune system regulation, response to inflammation, fetal development, and numerous disease states including, but not limited to, HIV-1/AIDS, cancer metastasis, Crohn's disease, asthma and arthritis. Many investigators use recombinant chemokines for research purposes, however these proteins partition almost exclusively to the inclusion body fraction when produced in Escherichia coli. A major hurdle is to correctly refold the chemokine and oxidize the two highly conserved disulfide bonds found in nearly all chemokines. Conventional methods for oxidation and refolding by dialysis or extreme dilution are effective but slow and yield large volumes of dilute chemokine. Here we use an on-column approach for rapid refolding and oxidation of four chemokines, CXCL12/SDF-1alpha (stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha), CCL5/RANTES, XCL1/lymphotactin, and CX3CL1/fractalkine. NMR spectra of SDF-1alpha, RANTES, lymphotactin, and fractalkine indicate these chemokines adopt native structures. On-column refolded SDF-1alpha is fully active in an intracellular calcium flux assay. Our success with multiple SDF-1alpha mutants and members of all four chemokine subfamilies suggests that on-column refolding is a robust method for preparative-scale production of recombinant chemokine proteins.
On the structure of dialectical reasoning in the social and policy sciences

This paper extends the work of Toulmin on argumentation and Rescher on modal logic by combining them into a single framework. The result is a powerful tool for analyzing the structure and dynamics of arguments. In particular, it allows us to construct a novel model of dialectical reasoning. The model is capable of handling both qualitative and quantitative aspects of dialectical reasoning. The qualitative aspect pertains to the fact that there is a dramatic shift in the structure of an argument during a dialectic. The quantitative aspect pertains to the fact that there is a radical shift in the underlying axiomatic structure which governs the credibilities of the components of the argument.
Neuronal Networks: Flip-Flops in theBrain

Neuronal activity can rapidly flip-flop between stable states. Although these semi-stable states can be generated through interactions of neuronal networks, it is now known that they can also occur in vivo through intrinsic ionic currents.
The Hazy Details of Early Earth's Atmosphere—Response

Russell argues that a Titan-like view of the early Earth is inaccurate and that a CO2-dominated atmosphere is more likely. This view dominated thinking in the 1980s and 1990s, but has since been in decline. Geochemical arguments have been made supporting low CO2 abundances. Rosing et al. argue that
Anterior medial temporal lobe activation during encoding of words: FMRI methods to optimize sensitivity

The existence of a rostrocaudal gradient of medial temporal lobe (MTL) activation during memory encoding has historically received support from positron emission tomography studies, but less so from functional MRI (FMRI) studies. More recently, FMRI studies have demonstrated that characteristics of the stimuli can affect the location of activation seen in the MTL when those stimuli are encoded. The current study tested the hypothesis that MTL activation during memory encoding is related to the modality of stimulus presentation. Subjects encoded auditorily or visually presented words in an FMRI novelty paradigm. Imaging and analysis parameters were optimized to minimize susceptibility artifact in the anterior MTL. Greater activation was observed in the anterior than posterior MTL for both modalities of stimulus presentation. The results indicate that anterior MTL activation occurred during encoding, independent of stimulus modality and provide support for the hypothesis that verbal-semantic memory processing occurs in anterior MTL. The authors suggest that technical factors are critical for observing the rostrocaudal gradient in MTL memory activation.
Well… She Wants It More: Perceptions of Social Norms about Desires for Marriage and Children and Anticipated Chore Participation

The current study examined how desire for marriage and children related to anticipated chore involvement for both men and women. An online survey was completed by 466 college students recruited from multiple colleges and universities in Virginia. Participants provided information about their own desire for marriage and children, expectations for future division of household labor, and their perceptions of the typical woman's and man's desires for marriage and children. Men and women did not differ in their self-reported desires for marriage and children. However, the typical man was perceived as having a lower desire for both marriage and children and the typical woman as having a higher desire for both. Desire for marriage and children was predicted by anticipated chore involvement above and beyond liberal attitudes for women but not for men. These findings are discussed in terms of how social norms and stereotypes affect power in relationships through the principle of least interest.
Sustained choroid plexus function in human elderly and Alzheimer's disease patients

We and other investigators have postulated deterioration of essential choroid plexus (CP) functions in some elderly and especially Alzheimer’s disease patients based on apparent anatomical, histological and pathological changes in CP. We have termed this putative phenomenon CP failure. By focusing on four essential energy-requiring CP functions, specifically ascorbic acid (AA) and folate transport from blood into CSF, transthyretin synthesis and secretion into CSF, and electrolyte/acid–base balance in CSF, we were able to evaluate the hypothesis of CP failure by reviewing definitive human data. In both healthy elderly and Alzheimer’s disease patients, the CP functions normally to transport AA and folates actively from blood into CSF, synthesize and secrete transthyretin into CSF, and maintain CSF acid–base balance and ion concentrations. These human CSF compositional data provide no support for the notion of CP failure in elderly humans and Alzheimer’s disease patients.
Implementation methodology for emerging reconfigurable systems

The widespread adoption of reconfigurable (FPGA) accelerator devices for scientific computing faces two critical challenges: first, sustaining performance in the presence of data transfer overheads and second, the availability of a portable interface in a high-level language to target multiple devices. The XtremeData XD1000 is one available system that addresses the first challenge by coupling the reconfigurable hardware with the host muP on a dual-core Opteron motherboard. The ImpulseC development environment, addresses the challenge of portability and programmability by enabling development of applications in C that are capable of targeting multiple reconfigurable hardware platforms. We present a workflow methodology for accelerating a production-level biomolecular simulation framework called LAMMPS in ImpulseC. Using LAMMPS as an example scientific application, we explore the design space and characterize the performance of our implementation on the XD1000 platform.
Model of plasma dynamics and electromagnetic pulses associated with hypervelocity particle impacts on satellites

We present the first results from a model that describes the interaction of a hypervelocity particle with a spacecraft, which can result in electrical damage. Though a meteoroid impact on a spacecraft can cause mechanical damage, a hypervelocity impact will result in the vaporization and ionization of the meteoroid and part of the spacecraft, forming a plasma that rapidly expands into the surrounding vacuum. We propose a mechanism for the generation of an electromagnetic pulse by this plasma. This electromagnetic pulse could be the source of electrical anomalies on a number of satellites. We also present a model of the impact process and plasma expansion. We use this model to predict the total charge generated, plasma temperature profile, density profile, expansion speed, and the spectrum of radiation from the limited information known about the meteoroid impact. The total charge generated, which is calculated from first principles, is overestimated since the plasma expands in a state of partial ionization, but the dependence on projectile mass and velocity agrees well with experiment. Plasma temperatures of up to 25 eV and expansion speeds of up to 40 km/s are predicted. The model is most accurate for high velocity impacts (>30 km/s).
Revisiting the Bilingual Debate From the Perspectives of Parents: Policy, Practice, and Matches or Mismatches

This article asks two basic questions about educational policy and practice for English-language-learner (ELL) students: First, antibilingual education initiatives imply a subtractive view of teaching and learning; what are parents' views and/or beliefs regarding these policies? Second, how do these views and/ or beliefs align with research and best practices regarding the education of ELL students? To answer these questions, we draw from two separate sources: the research literature regarding what are the best practices for ELL students, and a statewide survey of parent public opinion regarding education in Arizona, which similar to California, passed a voter initiative in 2000 to end bilingual education. By considering parental opinions and the extant research, we might improve our chances of meeting the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse students.
Effectiveness of radiation therapy alone for elderly patients with unresected stage III non-small cell lung cancer

Purpose Chemoradiotherapy is the standard of care for unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Elderly patients, who are often considered unfit for combined chemoradiotherapy, frequently receive radiation therapy (RT) alone. Using population-based data, we evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of lone RT in unresected elderly stage III NSCLC patients.
Screening Two Lycopersicon peruvianum Collections for Resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Research Service and the Tomato Genetics Resource Center (TGRC) Lycopersicon peruvianum germplasm collections (16,335 plants from 285 accessions) were screened with the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates TSWV6 from Hawaii, and Anwa-1 from Western Australia. Using TSWV6 to screen for resistance, 10,634 L. peruvianum plants from 280 accessions were screened for resistance, resulting in 168 (60%) accessions with 1,437 (14%) plants indicating resistance, with all 1,404 89S (Sw-5+/Sw-5+) and 1,456 89R (Sw-5/Sw-5) controls infected. When using Anwa-1 for screening, 864 (15%) of 5,701 L. peruvianum plants were uninfected from 106 of the 181 accessions tested, and 472 (95%) of the 495 89S and 421 (73%) of the 574 89R controls were infected. Of the 172 accessions tested with both isolates, 54 were resistant to one isolate but not the other. Additionally, more accessions from the USDA than from the TGRC collection indicated resistance. TSWV-resistant accessions were somewhat equally distributed throughout the L. peruvianum geographic range, with an observation that northern Chile and southern Peru seemed to have an unusually high portion of accession indicating resistance. The value of Sw-5 is discussed in relationship to potential additional sources of TSWV resistance.
An Enhanced Data-Reduction Algorithm for Event-Triggered Networks

As functionality of vehicles increases in complexity, the demand on the in-vehicle networks increases as well. Maximum bus utilization often becomes the communication bottleneck. One way to satisfy the high bandwidth requirement for future vehicles is to use a higher bandwidth bus or multiple buses. However, the use of a higher bandwidth bus increases the cost of the network. Similarly, the use of multiple buses increases the cost as well as the complexity of wiring and network handling. Both options are becoming solutions to high bandwidth demand. An alternative option is the development of a higher layer protocol that uses data-reduction (DR) techniques to reduce the amount of data to be transferred. Its goal is to communicate the same amount of information using less bus bandwidth. It would be acceptable, provided that it does not increase the message latencies significantly so that the safety of the vehicle is not compromised. The cost of the protocol is expected to be marginal because it consists of one-time changes to software. Various DR algorithms are available in the literature, but DR technology has not been introduced in in-vehicle protocol standards. This paper presents a unique DR methodology, along with its comparison with other proposed methodologies. The performance of this new DR algorithm is found to be better than that of the existing DR algorithms for a wide range of signal dynamics. The cost, as well as the impact of this protocol on the end-to-end message latency, has been found to be very marginal.