cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The DIMSCAN cytotoxicity assay, unlike the MTT assay, identifies syngergistic combinations of anticancer agents

552 Cytotoxicity assays using 96-well microplates offer several advantages over colony-forming or dye-exclusion assays, including automation, rapid sample handling, the ability to change the medium, and conditions similar to standard cell cultures. These assays employ colorimetrically measured dyes, radioactive isotopes, or fluorochromes to detect viable cells. The MTT assay, which is based on the colorimetric measurement of a formazan derivative of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide that is formed by live cells, has been the most frequently used assay for in vitro cytotoxicity testing. However, the dynamic range of this assay, which is 2 logs, might limit its use for testing drug combinations to identify syngergistic interactions. The DIMSCAN cytototoxicity assay employs fluorescein diacetate (FDA), a dye that selectively accumulates in viable cells and is quantified by a semi-automatic digital imaging fluorescence microscope (Cytometry, 24:204, 1996). DIMSCAN measures relative numbers of viable cells by evaluating the FDA fluorescence intensity in each well after the elimination of background fluorescence by digital thresholding and eosin Y staining and has a 93% sensitivity in detecting a single viable cell in a microplate well. DIMSCAN provides a linear relationship over a 4 log dynamic range between the number of deposited viable cells and the fluorescence intensity measured and scans a 96-well microplate in less than 7 min. We compared the ability to detect drug synergy between the DIMSCAN and MTT assays using combinations of anticancer drugs that are known to be active against neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo: melphalan (L-PAM) + buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) (Bone Marrow Transplant 30:135, 2002), and fenretinide (4-HPR) + safingol (SAF) (J Natl Cancer Inst, 92:1897, 2000). After incubating various concentrations of the drugs in fixed ratios with the CHLA-90 multi-drug-resistant neuroblastoma cell line for five days, the microplates were analyzed with DIMSCAN or MTT. Results are summarized in the following table, with Combination Index (CI) values: 1.0 = antagonism. These data demonstrate that the larger dynamic range of the DIMSCAN assay allows identification of synergistic drug combinations that were not evident when employing the MTT assay.
The ParentingWell Learning Collaborative Feasibility Study: Training Adult Mental Health Service Practitioners in a Family-Focused Practice Approach

This study investigates the feasibility and impact of the ParentingWell Learning Collaborative (PWLC) model in supporting mental health practitioners in implementing the family-focused ParentingWell practice approach with adults with mental illness. An exploratory design and qualitative methods were employed. Practitioners (n = 29) participated in in-person orientation, training and debriefing sessions; virtual coaching sessions; and via an interactive online hub. Researchers obtained data on participant engagement and satisfaction, and participants’ reports of use, helpfulness, intention to use and impact. Participants were engaged in and highly satisfied with the PWLC. They deployed PWLC skills, tools and resources with parents. Evidence of impact was provided at the personal, practice and organizational levels. This study provides preliminary support for the feasibility and impact of the PWLC. Clear specification of a theoretically-based training model for practitioners is an essential step in adapting, implementing and testing interventions in new contexts .
Data Missing Not at Random in Mobile Health Research: Assessment of the Problem and a Case for Sensitivity Analyses.

Background: Missing data are common in mobile health (mHealth) research. There has been little systematic investigation of how missingness is handled statistically in mHealth randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Although some missing data patterns (ie, missing at random [MAR]) may be adequately addressed using modern missing data methods such as multiple imputation and maximum likelihood techniques, these methods do not address bias when data are missing not at random (MNAR). It is typically not possible to determine whether the missing data are MAR. However, higher attrition in active (ie, intervention) versus passive (ie, waitlist or no treatment) conditions in mHealth RCTs raise a strong likelihood of MNAR, such as if active participants who benefit less from the intervention are more likely to drop out. Objective: This study aims to systematically evaluate differential attrition and methods used for handling missingness in a sample of mHealth RCTs comparing active and passive control conditions. We also aim to illustrate a modern model-based sensitivity analysis and a simpler fixed-value replacement approach that can be used to evaluate the influence of MNAR. Methods: We reanalyzed attrition rates and predictors of differential attrition in a sample of 36 mHealth RCTs drawn from a recent meta-analysis of smartphone-based mental health interventions. We systematically evaluated the design features related to missingness and its handling. Data from a recent mHealth RCT were used to illustrate 2 sensitivity analysis approaches (pattern-mixture model and fixed-value replacement approach). Results: Attrition in active conditions was, on average, roughly twice that of passive controls. Differential attrition was higher in larger studies and was associated with the use of MAR-based multiple imputation or maximum likelihood methods. Half of the studies (18/36, 50%) used these modern missing data techniques. None of the 36 mHealth RCTs reviewed conducted a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the possible consequences of data MNAR. A pattern-mixture model and fixed-value replacement sensitivity analysis approaches were introduced. Results from a recent mHealth RCT were shown to be robust to missing data, reflecting worse outcomes in missing versus nonmissing scores in some but not all scenarios. A review of such scenarios helps to qualify the observations of significant treatment effects. Conclusions: MNAR data because of differential attrition are likely in mHealth RCTs using passive controls. Sensitivity analyses are recommended to allow researchers to assess the potential impact of MNAR on trial results.
La noción y los atributos asociados al concepto de Iglesia primitiva en el escrito a la nobleza cristiana de la Nación alemana de Martín Lutero

El presente articulo pretende analizar que entiende Lutero por Iglesia Primitiva; y cuales son las caracteristicas y atributos que vincula a la temprana Iglesia a traves de la revision de su escrito: “A la nobleza cristiana de la nacion alemana”. Se presume que -si bien las referencias a los primeros cristianos en el texto son escasas- es posible establecer a partir de la revision de las afirmaciones de Lutero el caracter democratico e igualitario que rescata de dicha institucionalidad inicial de los primeros creyentes y, que en efecto, el concepto de primitivismo en Lutero esta vinculado a la nocion de puro, original e incorrupto.
Clinical evaluation and resonance frequency analysis of laser-ablated titanium bone-anchored hearing implant system in children with Down Syndrome.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate complication rates and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) of the stability of a new laser-ablated titanium Bone Anchored hearing Implant system in children with Down syndrome. Methods A prospective, single-subject, repeat measure, cohort study in which each participant served as their own control. Consecutive paediatric patients 4yrs- 15 years old, with a primary diagnosis of Down syndrome (trisomy 21) were implanted between January 2015–January 2020 with BHX Oticon wide implants. Evaluation of soft tissue reactions, fixture failure rates and post implantation Implant stability Quotient (ISQ) at both fixtures and abutment levels were studied over a 12-month period. Data was analysed for statistical significance through mixed effect modelling with significance set at p = 0.01. Results 31 consecutive paediatric patients with a diagnosis of Down syndrome were implanted with 43 Ponto BHX Oticon™ implant system. Twelve children had bilateral implants and nineteen were unilateral. Over the 12 month follow up 2 fixtures (4.6%) were lost, and adverse skin reactions (Holgers >2) were recorded in 3.2% of all clinical reviews. Implant level stability quotient showed no statically significant change between first and second stage 71.1–71.7. Abutment level ISQ increased from 46.2 to 56.7 p = 0.0001 at the 12-month review point as compared to that recorded at loading. Conclusion Implant survival and adverse skin reactions were found to be in keeping with those in published literature and much improved compared to previous implant systems placed at this centre. Although abutment level ISQ showed an increase over the review period no correlation between this and implant loss can be concluded.
Ferricytochrome c: I. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE HORSE AND BONITO PROTEINS AT 2.8 A RESOLUTION

The structure of crystalline horse heart ferricytochrome c has been determined by x-ray methods to a resolution of 2.8 A, and the results have been extended to obtain the structure of bonito cytochrome c as well. There is no difference between the horse and bonito structures, other than the expected changes in side chains where the amino acid sequences differ. The tertiary folding of cytochrome c has been maintained constant since the ancestors of mammals and fish diverged 400 million years ago, and probably for much longer. The polypeptide chain of 104 amino acids is wrapped around the heme in two halves; residues 1 to 47 to the right and 48 to 91 to the left of the heme, which sits in the resultant heme crevice with one edge exposed to solvent. Residues 92 to 104 form an α helical strap that rises over the top rear of the molecule and back across the right side again. Cysteines 14 and 17 and histidine 18 extend to the heme from the right wall of the heme crevice, and methionine 80 extends from the left wall. The heme is tightly enveloped in hydrophobic groups. Two "channels" filled with hydrophobic side chains lead to the right and left from the heme to the surface of the molecule. Each channel contains at least two aromatic rings in roughly parallel orientation, and each channel is surrounded by a cluster of positively charged lysines where it meets the surface. At the back rear of the molecule, between the two positive regions, is a cluster of nine negatively charged acidic groups. It is proposed that these surface features may be involved in binding to other macromolecular complexes, including the cytochrome oxidase system. The principal folding influence on the molecule appears to be the heme group itself. Only residues 92 to 102 are genuinely α helical, although several other areas might have been were it not for interference from the heme. Methods currently proposed for predicting α helical regions are promising but insufficiently discriminating. The abrupt 310 bend, occasionally observed in other globular proteins, occurs six times in cytochrome c, at locations where a sharp chain reversal is needed in wrapping around the heme. The x-ray structure shows the reasons for many of the unchanging features apparent from comparison of amino acid sequences from over 30 different species. Hydrophobic groups are invariant because they play an essential role in providing the proper heme environment and causing the protein to fold around the heme. Acidic and basic chains are necessary for the preservation of segregated regions of charge on the surface. Glycines often occur where there is no room for a side chain, and serines and theronines play important hydrogen-bonding roles in maintaining the folding of the protein.
Conservation genetics and evolution in an endangered species: research in Sonoran topminnows*

Conservation genetics of endangered species has primarily focused on using neutral markers to determine units of conservation and estimating evolutionary parameters. Because the endangered Sonoran topminnow can be bred in the laboratory and has a relatively short generation length, experiments to examine both detrimental and adaptive variations are also possible. Here, we discuss over two decades of empirical and experimental observations in the Sonoran topminnow. Results from this research have been used to determine species and evolutionary significant units using neutral markers, document inbreeding and outbreeding depression and genetic load using experimental crosses, and measure adaptive differences in fitness-related traits and variation in pathogen resistance among populations and major histocompatibility complex genotypes. In addition, both premating and postmating reproductive isolation between Gila and Yaqui topminnows have been experimentally determined, and the predicted and observed ancestry of these two species in experimental crosses has been examined over time. Although some have suggested that endangered species are unsuitable for experimentation because of both practical and ethical considerations, these results demonstrate that in this case an endangered species can be employed to examine fundamental questions in conservation and evolution.
Taylor models in deterministic global optimization

Deterministic global optimization requires a global search with rejection of subregions. To reject a subregion, bounds on the range of the constraints and objective function can be used. Although often effective, simple interval arithmetic sometimes gives impractically large bounds on the ranges. However, Taylor models aa developed by Berz et al. may be effective in this context. Efficient incorporation of such models in a general global optimization package is a significant project. Here, we use the system COSY Infinity by Berz et al. to study the bounds on the range of various order Taylor models for certain difficult test problems we have previously encountered. Based on that, we conclude that Taylor models may be useful for some, but not all, problems in verified global optimization. Forthcoming improvements in the COSY Infinity interface will help us reach stronger conclusions.
Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Identifying Predictors Of Early Outcome Using Continuous EEG. (P1.268)

Objective To identify if certain EEG features are predictive of early outcome in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Background SAH is a neurologic condition with significant morbidity and mortality. Continuous EEG may be utilized for detection of cerebral vasospasm and seizures. There are limited data on the utility of EEG to predict functional outcome. Design/Methods We performed a retrospective review of 189 patients with SAH and continuous EEG monitoring at the University of Pennsylvania between 2007 and 2011. Good outcome was defined as discharge to home or acute rehabilitation, and poor outcome as being hospitalized, in a skilled nursing facility, long-term acute care facility, hospice, or death within 30 days of onset. Demographic, clinical, and EEG data were tested in univariate analysis and significant factors (p<0.05) were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression to determine independent characteristics associated with poor outcome. Results 73 patients (39%) had a poor outcome. Clinical features predictive of poor outcome in univariate analysis included age and severity of hemorrhage (Hunt and Hess Scale 蠅 3 or Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8). In multivariate analysis, the following EEG features present in the first 24 hr of monitoring were predictive of poor outcome after adjusting for clinical factors: burst suppression (OR 4.6, 95%CI:1.1-19; p=0.037), attenuation (OR 3.4, 1.4-8.8; p= 0.009), and absence of sleep spindles (OR 3.8, 1.5-9.3; p= 0.004). The same 3 features present on subsequent days of EEG monitoring were also predictive of poor outcome. The presence 蠅1 of the above features, in first 24 hr of monitoring, was independently associated with poor outcome (OR 5.8, 2.2-15;p=0.006). Conclusions In patients with spontaneous SAH, EEG in the first 24 hr is a useful prognostic indicator independent of age and severity of hemorrhage. Unfavorable EEG features include burst suppression, attenuation, and absence of sleep spindles. Disclosure: Dr. Loomis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kasner has received personal compensation for activities with Pfizer Inc, Novartis, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Parexel, Brainsgate, Medtronic, Inc., and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr. Kasner has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Up To Date. Dr. Kasner has receied research support from WL Gore & Associates, Acorda, and Asubio. Dr. McGarvey has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schmitt has nothing to disclose.
Caspase 3 attenuates XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein)-mediated inhibition of caspase 9.

During apoptosis, the initiator caspase 9 is activated at the apoptosome after which it activates the executioner caspases 3 and 7 by proteolysis. During this process, caspase 9 is cleaved by caspase 3 at Asp330, and it is often inferred that this proteolytic event represents a feedback amplification loop to accelerate apoptosis. However, there is substantial evidence that proteolysis per se does not activate caspase 9, so an alternative mechanism for amplification must be considered. Cleavage at Asp330 removes a short peptide motif that allows caspase 9 to interact with IAPs (inhibitors of apoptotic proteases), and this event may control the amplification process. We show that, under physiologically relevant conditions, caspase 3, but not caspase 7, can cleave caspase 9, and this does not result in the activation of caspase 9. An IAP antagonist disrupts the inhibitory interaction between XIAP (X-linked IAP) and caspase 9, thereby enhancing activity. We demonstrate that the N-terminal peptide of caspase 9 exposed upon cleavage at Asp330 cannot bind XIAP, whereas the peptide generated by autolytic cleavage of caspase 9 at Asp315 binds XIAP with substantial affinity. Consistent with this, we found that XIAP antagonists were only capable of promoting the activity of caspase 9 when it was cleaved at Asp315, suggesting that only this form is regulated by XIAP. Our results demonstrate that cleavage by caspase 3 does not activate caspase 9, but enhances apoptosis by alleviating XIAP inhibition of the apical caspase.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40: infection of permissive cells.

Abstract Ten temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40 have been isolated and characterized in permissive cells. The mutants could be divided into three functional groups and two complementation groups. Seven mutants produced T antigen, infectious viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and structural viral antigen but predominantly the empty shell type of viral particles. Two mutants produced T antigen and infectious viral DNA, but, although viral structural protein(s) could be detected immunologically, no V antigen or viral particles were found. These two functional groups of mutants did not complement each other. A single mutant was defective in the synthesis of viral DNA, viral structural antigens, and viral particles. T antigen could be detected in infected cells by fluorescent antibody but was reduced by complement fixation assay. This mutant stimulated cell DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature and complemented the other two functional groups of mutants.
Impacts of EDI on the supplier

In the new era of electronic commerce (EC), electronic data interchange (EDI) is continuously playing a critical role for many businesses. EDI can reduce cost and improve service and thus is a valuable tool in enhancing a company's competitiveness. In this paper, we use a simple EDI adoption model to capture a supplier's decision process in adoption of EDI, and to study the impacts of EDI on the supplier. Results show that the supplier may exercise price discrimination towards its downstream buyers, due to EDI adoption and the heterogeneity of each buyer's EDI system. Depending on the supplier's economic behavior and EDI adoption cost, the supplier may benefit the most by adopting all, a fraction, or none of its buyers' EDI systems. As a result, buyers whose EDI systems are not adopted by the supplier may lose their competitiveness. Consequently, the supplier's buyers' base may be reduced due to EDI adoption. This result is consistent with the scenario in the retailing industry observed by Schiller and Zellner (1992), and it is also reported in European Commission (1997).
Current practices in feeding tube placement for US acute ischemic stroke inpatients

Objective: We sought to identify current US hospital practices for feeding tube placement in ischemic stroke. Methods: In a retrospective observational study, we examined the frequency of feeding tube placement among hospitals in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample with ≥30 adult ischemic stroke admissions annually with length of stay greater than 3 days. We examined trends from 2004 to 2011 and predictors using data from more recent years (2008–2011). We used multilevel multivariable regression models accounting for a hospital random effect, adjusted for patient-level and hospital-level factors to predict feeding tube placement. Results: Feeding tube insertion rates did not change from 2004 to 2011 (8.1 vs 8.4 per 100 admissions; p trend = 0.11). Among 1,540 hospitals with 164,408 stroke hospitalizations from 2008 to 2011, a feeding tube was placed 8.8% of the time (n = 14,480). Variation in the rate of feeding tube placement was high, from 0% to 26% between hospitals (interquartile range 4.8%–11.2%). In the subset with available race/ethnicity data (n = 88,385), after controlling for patient demographics, socioeconomics, and comorbidities, hospital factors associated with feeding tube placement included stroke volume (odds ratio [OR] 1.28 highest vs lowest quartile; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.49), for-profit status (OR 1.13 vs nonprofit; 95% CI 1.01–1.25), and intubation use (OR 1.66 highest vs lowest quartile; 95% CI 1.47–1.87). In addition, hospitals with higher rates of black/Hispanic stroke admissions had increased risk of feeding tube placement (OR 1.28 highest vs lowest quartile; 95% CI 1.14–1.44). Conclusions: Variation in feeding tube insertion rates across hospitals is large. Differences across hospitals may be partly explained by external factors beyond the patient-centered decision to insert a feeding tube.
State Description Techniques Applied to Industrial Machine Control

A state language, useful for describing the control software for appliances and industrial machines, has been used with a programmable industrial sewing machine, yielding benefits much like those of structured programming.
The peak-interpolation sets in polydiscs

According to one of Noell's results, there are no peak-interpolation manifolds for A ∞(D). if domain Dhas smooth boundary. But a C ∞-submanifold M ⊂ T nwhere Tn is the distinguished boundary of polydisc U n , is locally a peak-interpolation manifold for A ∞(U n ) if it satisfies the “open cone” condition. This gives the answer to a problem by Saerens.
A spectrofluorimetric assay of calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase using 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate.

Abstract A continuous spectrofluorimetric assay of calmodulin-dependent phosphatase is described. The assay monitors the formation of a fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone from the dephosphorylation of 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate and detects as little as 1 pmol of 4-methylumbelliferone. The phosphatase shows a K m of 1.3 m m for the substrate and a V max of 100 nmol/mg/min.
Development of High-Speed Gas Bearings for High-Power Density Microdevices

A 4.2-mm diameter silicon rotor has been operated in a controlled and sustained manner at rotational speeds greater than 1.3 million rpm and power levels approaching 5 W. The rotor, supported by hydrostatic journal and thrust gas bearings, is driven by an air turbine. This turbomachinery/bearing test device was fabricated from single-crystal silicon wafers using micro-fabrication etching and bonding techniques. We believe this device is the first micro-machine to operate at a circumferential tip speed of over 300 meters per second, comparable to conventional macroscale turbomachinery, and necessary for achieving high levels of power density in micro-turbomachinery and micro-electrostatic/ electromagnetic devices. To achieve this level of peripheral speed, micro-fabricated rotors require stable, low-friction bearings for support. Due to the small scale of these devices as well as fabrication constraints that limit the bearing aspect ratio, the design regime is well outside that of more conventional devices. This paper focuses on bearing design and test, and rotordynamic issues for high-speed high-power micro-fabricated devices.
Intraosseous Ganglion Cyst of the Talus: Case Report:

A case of an intraosseous ganglion cyst of the talus is described. Ganglion cysts within bone are not rare but are usually found within long bones located in metaphyseal areas. This lesion of the talus produced significant pain and was successfully treated with curettage and iliac crest bone graft.
Tegumental Phosphodiesterase SmNPP-5 Is a Virulence Factor for Schistosomes

The intravascular trematode Schistosoma mansoni is a causative agent of schistosomiasis, a disease that constitutes a major health problem globally. In this study we cloned and characterized the schistosome tegumental phosphodiesterase SmNPP-5 and evaluated its role in parasite virulence. SmNPP-5 is a 52.5-kDa protein whose gene is rapidly turned on in the intravascular parasitic life stages, following invasion of the definitive host. Highest expression is found in mated adult males. As revealed by immunofluorescence analysis, SmNPP-5 protein is found prominently in the dorsal surface of the tegument of males. Localization by immuno-electron microscopy illustrates a unique pattern of immunogold-labeled SmNPP-5 within the tegument; some immunogold particles are scattered throughout the tissue, but many are clustered in tight arrays. To determine the importance of the protein for the parasites, RNA interference (RNAi) was employed to knock down expression of the SmNPP-5-encoding gene in schistosomula and adult worms. Both quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting confirmed successful and robust gene suppression. In addition, the suppression and the ectolocalization of this enzyme in live parasites were evident because of a significantly impaired ability of the suppressed parasites to hydrolyze exogenously added phosphodiesterase substrate p-nitrophenyl 5′-dTMP (p-Nph-5′-TMP). The effects of suppressing expression of the SmNPP-5 gene in vivo were tested by injecting parasites into mice. It was found that, unlike controls, parasites whose SmNPP-5 gene was demonstrably suppressed at the time of host infection were greatly impaired in their ability to establish infection. These results demonstrate that SmNPP-5 is a virulence factor for schistosomes.
Differential Regulation of Two Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α in Activated T Lymphocytes

Cell adaptation to hypoxia is partially accomplished by hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 (HIF-1). Here we report the hypoxia-independent up-regulation of HIF-1α subunit in antigen receptor-activated T cells. This is explained by a selective up-regulation of alternatively spliced mRNA isoform I.1 that encodes the HIF-1α protein without the first 12 N-terminal amino acids. We show that both short (I.1) and long (I.2) HIF-1α isoforms display similar DNA binding and transcriptional activities. Major differences were observed between these two HIF-1α isoforms in their expression patterns with respect to the resting and activated T lymphocytes in hypoxic and normoxic conditions. The T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-triggered activation of normal ex vivo T cells and differentiated T cells results in up-regulation of expression of I.1 isoform of HIF-1α mRNA without an effect on constitutive I.2 HIF-1α mRNA expression. The accumulation of I.1 HIF-1α mRNA isoform in T lymphocytes is also demonstrated during cytokine-mediated inflammation in vivo, suggesting a physiological role of short HIF-1α isoform in activated lymphocytes. The TCR-triggered, protein kinase C and Ca2+/calcineurin-mediated HIF-1α I.1 mRNA induction is protein synthesis-independent, suggesting that the HIF-1α I.1 gene is expressed as an immediate early response gene. Therefore, these data predict a different physiological role of short and long isoforms of HIF-1α in resting and activated cells.
Effects of Local Delivery of d-amino Acids from Biofilm-dispersive Scaffolds on Infection in Contaminated Rat Segmental Defects

Infectious complications of open fractures continue to be a significant factor contributing to non-osseous union and extremity amputation. The persistence of bacteria within biofilms despite meticulous debridement and antibiotic therapy is believed to be a major cause of chronic infection. Considering the difficulties in treating biofilm-associated infections, the use of biofilm dispersal agents as a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of biofilm-associated infections has gained considerable interest. In this study, we investigated whether local delivery of D-Amino Acids (D-AAs), a biofilm dispersal agent, protects scaffolds from contamination and reduces microbial burden within contaminated rat segmental defects in vivo. In vitro testing on biofilms of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated that D-Met, D-Phe, D-Pro, and D-Trp were highly effective at dispersing and preventing biofilm formation individually, and the effect was enhanced for an equimolar mixture of D-AAs. Incorporation of D-AAs into polyurethane scaffolds as a mixture (1:1:1 D-Met:D-Pro:D-Trp) significantly reduced bacterial contamination on the scaffold surface in vitro and within bone when implanted into contaminated femoral segmental defects. Our results underscore the potential of local delivery of D-AAs for reducing bacterial contamination by targeting bacteria within biofilms, which may represent a treatment strategy for improving healing outcomes associated with open fractures. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Optimal parameters for retinal illumination and imaging in fundus cameras

A fundus camera is a complex optical system for imaging the retina of the eye. Designing a fundus camera requires the combination of an imaging system and an illumination system to share common optics. This combination of systems results in the need to find an optimal balance between imaging and illuminating the retina. We present a series of parameters and methods used to optimize the illumination system of a fundus camera while maintaining excellent image quality.
THz spectra of 4-NT and 2, 6-DNT

Terahertz (THz) spectra of two TNT-related compounds (4-NT and 2,6-DNT) are investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) between 0.1 to 20 THz. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) is applied to calculate the THz spectra of these two compounds. The transmission, diffuse reflection, and calculated spectra are in good agreement. The measured THz resonance lines from the transmission and diffuse reflectance spectra are assigned based on DFT simulation. The observed THz signatures imply that the THz spectrum has potential for standoff detection of explosive and related compounds (ERCs) in the THz range.
Thermionic Emission of Positive Ions from Molybdenum

The assumption that ionization of an atomic system leaving a metal surface is due to electron exchange with the surface leads to an equation for the temperature variation of the current density of the thermionic positive ions. For certain cases, this equation reduces to that developed by thermodynamical considerations. Mass-spectrograph studies of Mo and of W show that ions of alkali impurities may persist after aging the specimens as long as 1100 hrs. Ion currents due to such impurities cause an apparent lowering of the measured work function of characteristic ions. An experimental method for eliminating the effect of these impurities is described. The ion work function thus obtained for Mo is 8.9 ev. This value closes the familiar energy cycle.
Three-dimensional organization of microtubules and microfilaments of the basal body apparatus of ciliated respiratory epithelium

This is a descriptive study showing the three-dimensional interrelationship of cytoskeletal elements at the apex of ciliated cells of rat respiratory epithelium. Tissue specimens were serially thin sectioned in various planes and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Thicker sections were also cut at various angles and analyzed stereoscopically. Other specimens were cleared of soluble molecules by glycerination or Triton-X100 treatment and sectioned as described above. It was found that C microtubules from the triplets of each basal body diverge from the A and B microtubules, run a short distance, and converge at the basal foot. These microtubules or other microtubules arising anew then dispersed deeper into the cytoplasm. The C fibers also interdigitated with other microtubules running perpendicular to them and parallel to the ciliated surface. Ten-nanometer intermediate filaments were organized in parallel sheets between adjacent basal bodies. Sixnanometer actin filaments were distributed throughout the apical cytoplasm. Neighboring basal bodies were linked to one another by microtubules and microfilaments. Basal bodies from each cell appear to be structured for stability, flexibility, and arranged to operate as a single unit.
A computational parametric study of three-dimensional sidewall compression scramjet inlets at Mach 10

A computational parametric study of three-dimensional sidewall compression scramjet inlets has been performed. The parameters considered for the study include the leading edge sweep angle, varied between 30 and 60 degrees, and the cowl position, located at the throat and at two forward positions. Additionally, the effects of laminar and turbulent boundary layers as well as adiabatic and cold wall boundary conditions are assessed. The parametric study is performed for a Mach number of 10 and a unit freestream Reynolds number of 2 x 10 to the 6th/ft at a geometric contraction ratio of 5. Comparisons among the various configurations are made in terms of the gross parameters of mass capture, throat Mach number, total pressure recovery, and area weighted internal pressure ratios, as well as more detailed flow field phenomena comparisons. The inclusion of one 0-deg sweep computation indicates that the leading edge may be swept by up to 30 deg before significant changes in the gross flow field parameters occur. It is found that a 45-deg sweep configuration provides a good compromise of mass capture, total pressure recovery, and internal compression.
Feature phenomenology and feature extraction of civilian vehicles from SAR images

Being able to recognize one object from another is vital research to our society because it can save lives, improve national security, and improve existing technology such as object avoidance, tracking, etc. In this research we are trying to classify Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of vehicles from one another no matter if the vehicle is rotated or occluded. The dataset that is being used for this research is the Commercial Vehicle (CV) Data Domes obtained fromWright Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB). To accomplish this task we used Local Feature Extraction (LFE) to extract the features and then K-nearest neighbor (KNN) was used to classify the vehicles. Overall this method performed well in that the algorithm was able to correctly identify the vehicles 97.6% to 100% accuracy. Currently the algorithm can not handle translation, so the next step of this research is to be able to use the glint information to register the vehicles to a desired location and then perform our algorithm which we believe that registering the image would have a significant improvement to the current results.
Monitoring Single-Molecule Reactivity on a Carbon Nanotube

Using point-functionalized carbon nanotube devices, we demonstrate continuous, multihour monitoring of a single carboxylate group interacting with its immediate environment. The conductance of the nanotube device directly transduces single-molecule attachments and detachments in the presence of the carboxylate-selective reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC). Because only one carboxylate is present in the device, it can be studied through hundreds of reactions, providing the statistical accuracy to directly determine a 12 s lifetime of the carboxy−EDC complex. An additional instability of the complex is transduced in real time and observed to have a median lifetime of 2 ms. By determining a turnover time in good agreement with bulk measurements and simultaneously illuminating additional dynamics, these results demonstrate this platform's potential for complementing optical methods in single-molecule research.
Remodeling of adult sensory axons in the superior cervical ganglion in response to exogenous nerve growth factor.

In previous studies, we found that a 2-week in vivo intracerebroventricular infusion of nerve growth factor (NGF) elicited a sprouting response by sympathetic perivascular axons associated with the intradural segment of the internal carotid artery. We hypothesized that NGF infused into the ventricular system would be internalized by responsive sympathetic cerebrovascular axons, retrogradely transported to parent cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), and subsequently released into the local ganglionic environment. Because fibers exhibiting immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) have been localized in the SCG, we used immunohistochemical methods to investigate whether a response by CGRP-immunoreactive axons in the SCG occurred following the proposed transport to and release of exogenous NGF in the ganglion. In consecutive tissue sections of the SCG stained for either CGRP or NGF, we found CGRP pericellular ‘baskets’ surrounding identified NGF-immunoreactive cell bodies. Nerve growth factor infusion resulted in a significant increase both in the number of CGRP pericellular baskets and in NGF-immunoreactive cell bodies. A significant positive correlation (r=0.95, P<0.05) between the pericellular baskets and NGF-immunoreactive cell bodies was observed, suggesting that intracranial projection neurons in the SCG released infused NGF (or possibly a converted signal) into the local ganglionic environment to elicit remodeling of CGRP fibers to form pericellular baskets. These findings were confirmed in sections double labeled for NGF and CGRP immunoreactivity. This remodeling suggests that exogenous NGF may mediate retrograde transneuronal plasticity, allowing for future in vivo examinations of the mechanisms involved in neurotrophin transport and release.
Optimal training design for multiple-antenna communications

In this paper, we propose a systematic approach to the design of optimal training for multiple-antenna communications. We first derive two design criteria for general optimal training: one is in the time domain and the other is in the frequency domain. The frequency-domain design criterion leads to a systematic design procedure that can be used to construct any optimal training sequences. Combining the two design criteria, we further derive a design criterion for optimal training with the extra constraint on the constant modulus. Two classes of optimal constant-modulus designs are found. It is shown that the existing optimal constant-modulus training design is a special case of the second class of our designs
The Consequences of Mandibular Incisor Extraction in the Young Mouse: I. Histologic Aspects:

Mandibular inciscors from young inbred Balb/C mice were extracted to determine effects on growth of the mandible and to ascertain the fate of any odontogenic epithelial remnants. Absence of the incisors resulted in a morphologically altered mandible. Odontogenic epithelial remnants and their products were observed in 20% of the experimental mandibles.
Serum carnitine levels in ambulatory epilepsy outpatients

Carnitine deficiency related to epilepsy or antagonism of carnitine by antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has attracted increasing attention since the first recognition of a neuromuscular deficiency syndrome in 1973’. Carnitine deficiency is linked to the potentially fatal hepatotoxicity that occasionally attends valproate therapy, particularly in children2, and has been documented in adult and pediatric patients taking valproate and other anticonvulsants3-9. The role of such deficiency in the lethargy, sedation, and cognitive disturbance that often attends chronic AED treatment is not clear”. We measured serum total and free carnitine levels in an ambulatory population of epilepsy patients well-controlled on valproate monotherapy or valproate plus a second medication, and without apparent hepatic or neuromuscular adverse effects from drug treatment.
Reply by Authors to R.P. Eddy

T authors appreciate Eddy's comments on Ref. 1. However we should comment on some of the points he raised. The statement made near the end of Ref. 1 to which Eddy's first sentence refers is: "Considered to be the main contribution here is a scheme that determines appropriate successive approximations for use in the Aitken/Shanks formula to accelerate the iterative convergence..." The scheme referred to is a new approach for finding successive approximations to vector solutions of partial differential equations in a most nearly geometric sequence for use in the Aitken acceleration formula. Because Shanks has shown that the formula works best if the sequence is "nearly geometric," the approach described in Ref. 1 seeks to obtain successive iterates that are in a most nearly geometric sequence, by automatically producing an appropriate "artificial power series" at each field point. A modified form of the method has been given in Ref. 3, with additional results given in Ref. 4. The two forms of the acceleration technique are described in more detail in Ref. 5. Eddy states that his main purpose is to emphasize the conditions under which the Aitken/Shanks formula can be used to extrapolate to the sum of a series. He then starts with his Eq. (2) as a condition and obtains the Aitken/Shanks formula (often called Aitken's A process). Therefore, he has shown, as is well known, ' that his Eq. (2) with constant ' V is a sufficient condition for the Aitken formula to give an exact extrapolation. However, it is by no means a necessary condition for the formula to be effective, as implied by Eddy's descripx tion. For example, Ref. 5 gives an example problem ("Example 2") for which the iterated solutions are "nearly geometric" (as defined by Shanks in the limit of large n) with the ratio of terms (Eddy's ' V) in the series being u'n+l/u'n = -x(n+2)/(n + l)\ and at x = 0.5 the solutions for the terms (Uj,u2,u3) are (1.00, -.75, .50). Thus, the ratios of terms are respectively /4 and /3 at the beginning of the series, and so that ratio is not nearly a constant for the first three terms. Nevertheless, the extrapolation formula applied to those three terms gives w*(.5) = .55, which has only a onepercent error from the exact solution, w(.5) = 5/9. Furthermore, in the subsonic and slightly supercritical flow cases computed and listed in Table 2 of Ref. 1, the method also worked very well at the beginning of the sequence of iterations. Thus, for solutions that are expected to be sufficiently well-behaved it seems to be worthwhile to attempt to use the acceleration method near the beginning of the iteration, not just after many iterations, and not just when the ratio "a" is nearly independent of n. Thus, although we appreciate Eddy's derivation of the conditions, Eqs. (17) or (19), under which the method would "work perfectly" (if Uwere a
The medical response to modern terrorism: why the "rules of engagement" have changed.

Abstract [Eckstein M: The medical response to modern terrorism: Why the "rules of engagement" have changed. Ann Emerg Med August 1999;34:219-221.]
The contributions of the university to the continuing education of nurses.

Abstract This paper has described the continuing education programme in nursing offered by the University of Wisconsin. The programme is a dynamic one, dictated by the ever-changing learning needs of nurses. A variety of conferences, classes, institutes and workshops are offered, and various means of assisting nurses to secure information are provided. The necessity of life-long learning for the effective nursing practitioner is apparent. The case for continuing education for people in all walks of life has been best stated by Margaret Mead, a noted American anthropologist: “We must educate people in what nobody knew yesterday, and prepare people for what no one knows yet, but what some people must know tomorrow.”
Substance abuse risk reduction: Verbal mediational training for children by parental and nonparental models

Little is known regarding the etiology and maintenance of substance abuse, especially factors which place children at higher risk for later drug use. The present study evaluated the impact of a 12‐week verbal mediational program (Think Aloud), which teaches children and parents cognitive and social problem‐solving skills and addresses early childhood risk factors related to the onset of drug use in adolescence. Fifty children and parents were included in the present study and were randomly divided into four groups: two groups received either a verbal mediation condition comprising the Think Aloud training or time to complete homework assignments. Each of the topic groups was subdivided into two groups, one in which the parents served as models and one in which the experimenter served as the model. Measures of family cohesion, expressiveness, and conflict, family organization and control, social skills, level of disruptiveness of the child's peer choice, academic competence, and the child's problem behavio...
Heat Shock Proteins in Pancreatic Diseases

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperone proteins which protect living cells against injury-inducing stimuli. Dysregulated HSP expression has been observed in various disease conditions, including cancer. With use of a knockout and transgenic animal approach as well as with use of standard methods of HSP70 induction, i.e., thermal stress and arsenite administration, it has been shown that HSP70 protects against cell injury and acinar necrosis in experimental animal models of pancreatitis. Animals in which HSP70 is induced prior to caerulein administration in a caerulein model of pancreatitis have reduced disease severity as demonstrated by lower levels of serum amylase, lesser acinar necrosis on histological examination, and decreased neutrophilic infiltration, all of which suggest that HSP70 protects against cell death. Similar to the protective role of HSP70 in the pancreatitis model, HSP70 overexpression has been observed in pancreatic cancer and is believed to protect cancer cells from death. HSP70 is overexpressed at both messenger RNA and protein levels in pancreatic cancer cell lines as compared with normal pancreatic ductal cells. On a more clinical note, HSP70 is present in great abundance in pancreatic cancer clinical specimens as compared with normal pancreatic margins. Inhibition of HSP70 expression in pancreatic cancer cells leads to caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death and is a novel therapeutic modality against pancreatic cancer. Triptolide is a pharmacologic agent which is highly effective at inhibiting HSP70 expression in pancreatic cancer cells and thus at inducing cell death. Moreover, triptolide is excellent at reducing growth as well as locoregional spread of pancreatic tumors in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer and has a tremendous potential as a novel therapeutic agent.