cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: Why isn't Charisma Measured?

The literature on both the Transformational and Charismatic theories of leadership espouse the importance of communication as part of the leadership phenomena. However, the existing measurement scales (The Multidimensional Leadership Questionnaire, the Conger–Kanungo Charisma Scale, the Followership Scale and the Romance of Leadership Scale) that are used to assess both the Transformational and Charismatic Theories fail to adequately address and measure the communication behaviors that are believed to be a part of charisma. Four-hundred twenty-two respondents completed the standard measurement scales and were asked to define “charisma” and to discuss the communication behaviors of a charismatic leader. Using text analysis and correlations, no relationships were found between the existing scales and the definitions and behaviors associated with charisma. This manuscript suggests the creation of a new leadership measurement that includes charismatic communication behaviors to assist in a proper understandin...
Isolation of a highly clonogenic and multipotential subfraction of adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma.

Attempts have been made to develop cell and gene therapies using the adult stem cells from bone marrow referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or marrow stromal cells (MSCs). However, the results have been variable in part because there are no standardized protocols for preparing and characterizing MSCs. In the experiments presented here, we developed a standardized assay by light scattering to measure the content of rapidly self-renewing cells (RS cells) in preparations of MSCs. The assay quickly identifies preparations of MSCs that replicate rapidly in subsequent culture. In addition, the standardized assay enabled us to isolate RS cells that were up to 90% clonogenic and that generated single cell–derived colonies that differentiated into either mineralizing cells or adipocytes with appropriate additions to the medium.
Anionic synthesis of polystyrene and polybutadiene heteroarm star polymers

The use of living linking reactions of poly(styryl)lithium with 1,3-bis(1-phenylvinyl)benzene followed by crossover reactions with styrene or butadiene monomers has been used to prepare four-armed heteroarm, star-branched polymers. Bimodal molecular weight distributions have been observed for crossover reactions with both styrene and butadiene. Addition of THF ([THF]/[Li]=14–32) for crossover to styrene and lithium sec-butoxide for crossover to butadiene produces monomodal molecular weight distributions. Symmetrical, four-armed star polystyrenes have been synthesized; properties have been compared with a corresponding polymer prepared via a silicon tetrachloride linking reaction. Heteroarm, star-branched polymers with two polystyrene arms and two polybutadiene arms with high 1,4-microstructure have been prepared.
Coupled Resonance Raman, Visible Absorption and Electrochemistry—Applications of a Novel Circulating Cell to Multispectral and Redox Investigations of the Heme Proteins Carboxyhemoglobin and Cytochrome c:

A small volume, self-contained, anaerobic circulating flow cell has been developed and applied to the resonance Raman investigation of two heme proteins: carboxyhemoglobin and cytochrome c. The cell has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing photodissociation of light-sensitive compounds. The flow performance is competitive with several alternative approaches. Electrochemical methods have been coupled with visible absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy to titrate and determine potentiometrically the formal reduction potential of cytochrome c. Agreement between the results of visible and Raman spectral data demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing quantitative resonance Raman spectroscopy as a probe of formal reduction potentials of enzyme components.
Spectral dynamics of spatially incoherent bump-on-tail instability

We examine an all-optical bump-on-tail instability by considering the nonlinear interaction of two partially incoherent spatial beams. Using a radiation transport approach, we develop plasmalike dispersion relations for perturbation modes and show that a positive gradient in the power spectrum can trigger instability. Theoretical considerations are confirmed by experiment and numerical simulation.
R -function method as a supportive extension for the ritz method and least squares method

We carried out a comparative analysis of the solutions for two model problems, obtained by the Ritz method and least squares method, using the R -function method. Numerical experiments were performed in the system “POLE”.
Campus microgrid: High reliability for active distribution systems

Campus microgrid is composed of distributed energy resources (DER) including distributed generation (DG), controllable loads, and storage. In this paper, the role of high reliability distribution system (HRDS) in microgrid operations is evaluated. The HRDS implemented at Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) is used as a case study along with DER to increase the load point reliability and decrease the operation cost of the microgrid.
Surgical Management of Medically Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia

The role of surgery for patients with medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is well established. High-quality magnetic resonance imaging, including gadolinium-enhanced and volume acquisition sequences, should be performed to exclude intracranial tumors or demyelinating disease as the cause of the pain, as well as to clearly demonstrate the trigeminal nerve and adjacent blood vessels. For physiologically healthy patients with Type 1 TN, a microvascular decompression (MVD) is the preferred surgical approach because of its high rate of complete pain relief, the durability of the pain relief, and the fact that trigeminal injury is not required for pain relief. Patients with recurrent TN after a failed MVD, patients with significant medical comorbidities, and patients with multiple sclerosis-related TN are generally recommended to undergo less invasive, destructive surgical techniques aimed at providing pain relief by damaging the trigeminal nerve.
Energy loss studies of protons colliding with ethane: preliminary results

Abstract This paper reports theoretical calculations for projectile kinetic energy loss and stopping power of protons colliding with C 2 H 6 , for projectile energies of a few eV up to 25 keV. The many body character of the system and the strong coupling of the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom make this system suitable for study using electron–nuclear dynamics. We report the stopping cross section as well as the electron capture cross section as a function of the projectile kinetic energy. We find that chemical dissociation plays an important role in charge exchange due to the bond breaking during the collision. We also obtain the stopping cross section using Bragg’s rule in order to analyze chemical effects (bond contributions). Finally, comparison to the available experimental data is provided.
Functional role of leucine-103 in myohemerythrin.

Hemerythrins (Hrs) and myohemerythrins (Mhrs) are nonheme iron proteins that function as O2 carriers in four marine invertebrate phyla. Available amino acid sequences and X-ray structures indicate that a conserved leucine, residue 103 in the Themiste zostericola Mhr sequence, occupies a site distal to the Fe−O−Fe center. The side-chain methyl groups of the analogous leucine in Themiste dyscrita oxyHr are in van der Waals contact with bound O2 in the X-ray crystal structure, and this residue may therefore play a role in stabilizing bound dioxygen with respect to autoxidation. In order to test this hypothesis, the gene for T. zostericola Mhr was synthesized and expressed in Escherichia coli. Two mutant Mhrs, L103V and L103N, were also prepared. Optical spectra and kinetics data for these three proteins are presented. Importantly, neither mutant forms a stable oxy adduct; instead, rapid autoxidation results in formation of the corresponding met forms. In addition, the L103N Mhr displays unusually rapid reduc...
An Empirical Review of Family Group Conferencing in Juvenile Offenses

This study reports the results of an effect size analysis of the effectiveness of family group conferencing (FGC) on recidivism and satisfaction in juvenile offenses. Analyses were conducted on nine studies consisting of 2,880 juveniles. The average recidivism effect size for all studies showed no FGC treatment effect on recidivism. A total satisfaction effect size was calculated by the mean score of all satisfaction variables for victims, offenders, and supporters. The average total satisfaction effect size was moderate. The average effect size for satisfaction of victim, offender, and supporters was calculated for all satisfaction variables. The average total satisfaction effect size for victims was strong, moderate for offenders, and mild for parents and supporters. Between groups, comparisons were conducted to examine differences in overall satisfaction by participant group. While there were higher effect sizes for victims compared to supporters and offenders, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Results find no support for the effectiveness of FGC in reducing recidivism. Results do show higher effect sizes for FGC in comparison to control groups in satisfaction with the criminal justice process. Recommendations for methodological improvements in future FGC research are discussed.
Doors Wide Shut: Barriers to the Successful Delivery of Victim Services for Domestically Trafficked Minors in a Southern U.S. Metropolitan Area

Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is the commercial sexual exploitation of U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident children. This study explored the identification of DMST victims and their access to crime victim services. Findings suggest an acute lack of awareness or understanding of DMST among professionals likely to come into contact with victims, resulting in failure to identify DMST victims. Because of their misidentification, few DMST victims were accessing victim services. Victim-centered protocols for child sex trafficking criminal cases were lacking, leading to a failure in prosecution of sex traffickers. Professionals reported encountering complex issues, such as DMST victims' incapacity to break away from traffickers, denial of victimization, high likelihood of flight and revictimization, and reluctance to cooperate with trafficking investigations.
Comparing Beliefs of Line and Technostructure Managers

In this article the author discusses research he conducted that examined the beliefs held by managers who work in different parts of the same organization. The author notes that the existence of si...
Characterizing the response of a wind turbine model under complex inflow conditions

A horizontal axis wind turbine model was tested in a closed-circuit wind tunnel under various inflow conditions. Separate experiments placed the test turbine (i) in the wake of a three-dimensional, sinusoidal hill, (ii) in the wake of another turbine and (iii) in the turbulent boundary layer, as a reference case. Simultaneous high-frequency measurements of the turbine output voltage, rotor angular velocity along with streamwise and wall normal velocity components were collected at various locations through the turbine's miniature direct-current (DC) generator, a high-resolution laser tachometer and cross-wire anemometer, respectively. Validation trials were conducted first in order to characterize the test turbine's output and response to the baseline turbulent boundary layer. Analysis was performed by comparing the cross-wire anemometry measurements of the incoming flow with the turbine voltage output to investigate the unsteady rotor kinematics under different flow perturbations. Using spectral, auto-correlation and cross-correlation methods, it was found that the flow structures developing downwind of the hill leave a stronger signature on the fluctuations and spectrum of the rotor angular velocity, as compared with those flow structures filtered or deflected by placing a turbine upwind. In summary, we show that the effects on downwind turbines of complex terrain and multi-turbine arrangements are consistent with the induced modifications by the hill or turbine on the large scale structures in the incoming flow. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viscosities of binary mixtures in the dense gaseous state: The methane-carbon dioxide system

Viscosity measurements for the gaseous state of three binary mixtures of the methane-carbon dioxide system were carried out at 50, 100, 150 and 200 °C. for pressures ranging from 34 to 680 atm. The compositions of these mixtures were 0.243, 0.464 and 0.755 mole fraction methane. These measurements were made using an unsteady state capillary viscometer which had been used previously in the procurement of viscosities of pure substances. The resulting measurements for these mixtures produced relationships between μ-μ* and ρ which were consistent in behavior with the corresponding relationships of the pure constituents of this binary system. When these variables were normalized with ϵ the viscosity parameter, and ρc, the critical density, the quantities (μ-μ*)ϵ and ρR for these mixtures and the pure components yielded a single relationship which can represent the viscosity behavior for this entire binary system.
Health professional faculty perspectives on community-based research: implications for policy and practice

Community-based research (CBR) has become central to the understanding and elimination of health disparities within the USA and across the globe. The authors sought to determine the perspectives of health professional faculty on the factors affecting their involvement in CBR and the extent of community participation in that research. Faculty from 18 health professional schools in the USA identified by their deans as being leaders in CBR completed a written survey. Respondents reported that between 5 - 10% of faculty in their schools were involved in CBR. Public perception of the university, familiarity with community-based organization leaders and institutional leadership were cited as the most significant factors contributing to a school's involvement in CBR. Long-term community relationships, recognition in tenure and promotion policies and access to funding were cited as factors that support faculty in conducting CBR. The authors conclude that a more significant investment of public and private funds, ...
Mycobacterial Lipid II Is Composed of a Complex Mixture of Modified Muramyl and Peptide Moieties Linked to Decaprenyl Phosphate

Structural analysis of compounds identified as lipid I and II from Mycobacterium smegmatis demonstrated that the lipid moiety is decaprenyl phosphate; thus, M. smegmatis is the first bacterium reported to utilize a prenyl phosphate other than undecaprenyl phosphate as the lipid carrier involved in peptidoglycan synthesis. In addition, mass spectrometry showed that the muropeptides from lipid I are predominantly N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine-d-glutamate-meso-diaminopimelic acid-d-alanyl-d-alanine, whereas those isolated from lipid II form an unexpectedly complex mixture in which the muramyl residue and the pentapeptide are modified singly and in combination. The muramyl residue is present as N-acetylmuramic acid, N-glycolylmuramic acid, and muramic acid. The carboxylic functions of the peptide side-chains of lipid II showed three types of modification, with the dominant one being amidation. The preferred site for amidation is the free carboxyl group of the meso-diaminopimelic acid residue. Diamidated species were also observed. The carboxylic function of the terminal d-alanine of some molecules is methylated, as are all three carboxylic acid functions of other molecules. This study represents the first structural analysis of mycobacterial lipid I and II and the first report of extensive modifications of these molecules. The observation that lipid I was unmodified strongly suggests that the lipid II intermediates of M. smegmatis are substrates for a variety of enzymes that introduce modifications to the sugar and amino acid residues prior to the synthesis of peptidoglycan.
Finite-SNR diversity-multiplexing tradeoff of space-time codes

A novel framework is presented to characterize the tradeoff between diversity and multiplexing of space-time codes at finite signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The diversity gain of a space-time code is defined by the slope at a particular SNR of the outage probability versus SNR curve for a multiplexing gain defined by the ratio of the system spectral efficiency to the capacity of an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The finite-SNR diversity-multiplexing tradeoff is evaluated for orthogonal space-time block codes and spatial multiplexing with horizontal encoding. The tradeoff curves provide a characterization of achievable diversity and multiplexing gains for a given space-time code at SNR encountered in practice. It is seen that the achievable diversity gains at finite SNR are significantly lower than the asymptotic values given in the literature.
Stochastic Network Interdiction

Using limited assets, an interdictor attempts to destroy parts of a capacitated network through which an adversary will subsequently maximize flow. We formulate and solve a stochastic version of the interdictor's problem: Minimize the expected maximum flow through the network when interdiction successes are binary random variables. Extensions are made to handle uncertain arc capacities and other realistic variations. These two-stage stochastic integer programs have applications to interdicting illegal drugs and to reducing the effectiveness of a military force moving materiel, troops, information, etc., through a network in wartime. Two equivalent model formulations allow Jensen's inequality to be used to compute both lower and upper bounds on the objective, and these bounds are improved within a sequential approximation algorithm. Successful computational results are reported on networks with over 100 nodes, 80 interdictable arcs, and 180 total arcs.
A ''Geographic Information Systems'' Based Technique for the Study of Microvascular Networks

An automated system ~ANET! has been developed to construct interactive maps of microvascular networks, calculate blood flow parameters, and simulate microvascular network blood flow using the geographic information systems ~GIS! technology. ANET enables us to automatically collect and dis- play topological, structural, and functional parameters and simulate blood flow in microvascular networks. The user- definable programming interface was used for the manipulation of drawings and data. Visual enhancement techniques such as color can be used to display useful information within a net- work. In ANET the network map becomes a graphical interface through which network information is stored and retrieved and simulations of microvascular network blood flow are carried out. We have used ANET to study the effects of ionizing radia- tion on normal tissue microvascular networks. Our results in- dicate that while vessel diameters significantly increased with age in control animals they decreased in irradiated animals. The tortuosity of irradiated vessels ~16.361.1 mean6standard error of the mean! was significantly different from control vessels (10.061.3) only at 7 days postirradiation. Average red blood cell transit time was significantly different between control (1.660.6 s) and irradiated (10.765.7 s) microvascular net- works at 30 days postirradiation. ANET provides an effective tool for handling the large volume of complex data that is usually obtained in microvascular network studies and for simulating blood flow in microvascular networks. © 1999 Biomedical Engineering Society.@S0090-6964~99!00501-9#
Overview of Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Pathway from Cholesterol to Active Steroid Hormones

Significant advances have taken place in our knowledge of the enzymes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis since the last comprehensive review in 1988. Major developments include the cloning, identification, and characterization of multiple isoforms of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which play a critical role in the biosynthesis of all steroid hormones and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase where specific isoforms are essential for the final step in active steroid hormone biosynthesis. Advances have taken place in our understanding of the unique manner that determines tissue-specific expression of P450aromatase through the utilization of alternative promoters. In recent years, evidence has been obtained for the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the nervous system and in cardiac tissue, indicating that these tissues may be involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones acting in an autocrine or paracrine manner. This review presents a detailed description of the enzymes involved in the biosynthe...
Breast cancer statistics, 2013

In this article, the American Cancer Society provides an overview of female breast cancer statistics in the United States, including data on incidence, mortality, survival, and screening. Approximately 232,340 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 39,620 breast cancer deaths are expected to occur among US women in 2013. One in 8 women in the United States will develop breast cancer in her lifetime. Breast cancer incidence rates increased slightly among African American women; decreased among Hispanic women; and were stable among whites, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, and American Indians/Alaska Natives from 2006 to 2010. Historically, white women have had the highest breast cancer incidence rates among women aged 40 years and older; however, incidence rates are converging among white and African American women, particularly among women aged 50 years to 59 years. Incidence rates increased for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers in the youngest white women, Hispanic women aged 60 years to 69 years, and all but the oldest African American women. In contrast, estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers declined among most age and racial/ethnic groups. These divergent trends may reflect etiologic heterogeneity and the differing effects of some factors, such as obesity and parity, on risk by tumor subtype. Since 1990, breast cancer death rates have dropped by 34% and this decrease was evident in all racial/ethnic groups except American Indians/Alaska Natives. Nevertheless, survival disparities persist by race/ethnicity, with African American women having the poorest breast cancer survival of any racial/ethnic group. Continued progress in the control of breast cancer will require sustained and increased efforts to provide high-quality screening, diagnosis, and treatment to all segments of the population.
Selecting AI Beef Sires for Maximum Profit

Beef producers face a complex decision-making process when selecting from among AI sires that range widely in price and expected progeny difference (EPD) for various traits. Although individual producers vary in specific production goals, their goal in genetic improvement is generally motivated by potential profit. Because of the complexity of the sire selection decision and with semen prices as great as $100 per vial, economically optimal choices are not always clearly evident. To assist the producer in this decision, AI service sires were ranked according to their net present value (NPV). The analysis considered multiple genetic traits and examined the impact of various production goals and management situations faced by producers. Spring 2003 EPD for weaning BW, yearling BW, and milk of 552 available AI beef sires were used. Seven breeds from four AI semen providers were evaluated, and sires were ranked by NPV from both the crossbred and purebred producer perspective. The analysis examined the impact on ranking of various production goals and management situations faced by producers. The 20 most profitable sires in each ranking offered substantial genetic improvement at less than the cost of average genetic improvement. The average
Ultrasonic characterization of foods and drinks: Principles, methods, and applications

The use of ultrasonics as an analytical technique for providing information about the physicochemical properties of foods is becoming increasingly popular in the food industry. Ultrasound can be used to rapidly and nondestructively measure properties such as food composition, structure, flow rate, physical state, and molecular properties. As well as being used as an analytical instrument in the laboratory, ultrasound can also be used for continuous monitoring of food properties on-line during processing. This article critically reviews the current status of ultrasound in the food industry, presents the basic principles of ultrasonic testing of foods, and highlights areas where ultrasound will prove to be most useful in the future.
3-DOF haptic feedback of assisted driving of an omnidirectional wheelchair

Increased demand for powered wheelchairs and their inherent mobility limitations have prompted the development of omnidirectional wheelchairs. These wheelchairs provide improved mobility in confined spaces, but can be more difficult to control and impact the ability of their users to embody the wheelchair. We hypothesize that control and embodiment of omnidirectional wheelchairs can be significantly improved by providing intuitive control with 3-DOF haptic feedback that directly corresponds to the degrees of freedom of an omnidirectional wheelchair. This paper introduces a novel 3-DOF Haptic Joystick designed for the purpose of controlling omnidirectional wheelchairs. When coupled with range finders, it is able to provide the user with feedback that improves the operator's awareness of the area surrounding the vehicle and assists the driver in obstacle avoidance. The haptic controller design and a stability analysis of the coupled wheelchair joystick systems are presented. Experimental results of the coupled systems validate the ability of the controller to influence the trajectory of the wheelchair and assist in obstacle avoidance.
FlightTracker: A Novel Optical/Inertial Tracker for Cockpit Enhanced Vision

One of the earliest fielded augmented reality applications was enhanced vision for pilots, in which a display projected on the pilot's visor provides geo-spatially registered information to help the pilot navigate, avoid obstacles, maintain situational awareness in reduced visibility, and interact with avionics instruments without looking down. This requires exceptionally robust and accurate head-tracking, for which there is not a sufficient solution yet available. In this paper, we apply miniature MEMS sensors to cockpit helmet-tracking for enhanced/synthetic vision by implementing algorithms for differential inertial tracking between helmet-mounted and aircraft-mounted inertial sensors, and novel optical drift correction techniques. By fusing low-rate inside-out and outside-in optical measurements with high-rate inertial data, we achieve millimeter position accuracy and milliradian angular accuracy, low-latency and high robustness using small and inexpensive sensors.
Cytoplasmic Domain Signal Sequences That Mediate Transport of Varicella-Zoster Virus gB from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi

Normal herpesvirus assembly and egress depend on the correct intracellular localization of viral glycoproteins. While several post-Golgi transport motifs have been characterized within the cytoplasmic domains of various viral glycoproteins, few specific endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi transport signals have been described. We report the identification of two regions within the 125-amino-acid cytoplasmic domain of Varicella-Zoster virus gB that are required for its ER-to-Golgi transport. Native gB or gB containing deletions and specific point mutations in its cytoplasmic domain was expressed in mammalian cells. ER-to-Golgi transport of gB was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence and by the acquisition of Golgi-dependent posttranslational modifications. These studies revealed that the ER-to-Golgi transport of gB requires a nine-amino-acid region (YMTLVSAAE) within its cytoplasmic domain. Mutations of individual amino acids within this region markedly impaired the transport of gB from the ER to the Golgi, indicating that this domain functions by a sequence-dependent mechanism. Deletion of the C-terminal 17 amino acids of the gB cytoplasmic domain was also shown to impair the transport of gB from the ER to the Golgi. However, internal mutations within this region did not disrupt the transport of gB, indicating that its function during gB transport is not sequence dependent. Native gB is also transported to the nuclear membrane of transfected cells. gB lacking as many as 67 amino acids from the C terminus of its cytoplasmic domain continued to be transported to the nuclear membrane at apparently normal levels, indicating that the cytoplasmic domain of gB is not required for nuclear membrane localization.
Ordering fuzzy sets for class separation purposes

Ranking fuzzy subsets is an important event in dealing with fuzzy decision problems in many areas, such as management sciences, engineering, and even social sciences. This issue has been of concern for many researchers over the years. Some twenty eight methods have been proposed in the publications for ranking fuzzy subsets. It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate and analyze the performance of available methods of ranking fuzzy subsets on a set of selected examples that cover possible situations one might encounter as defining fuzzy subsets at each node of a neural network. Through this analysis, suggestions as to which methods have better performance for utilization in neural network architectures, as well as criteria for choosing an appropriate method for ranking in corresponding fuzzy trees are made. >
Factors influencing non-compliance with ASU 2010-06 in the banking industry

Purpose – This study aims to examine whether banks are compliant with the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s standard Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2010-06 requiring disaggregated fair value hierarchy information. It also identifies institutional and firm-specific factors that are associated with compliance or non-compliance. Design/methodology/approach – Using quarterly reports of banks for the first quarters of 2009 (pre- ASU 2010-06) and 2010 (post- ASU 2010-06), we hand-collect information on disclosures about fair values from the footnotes. Using a logistic regression with compliance/non-compliance as the dependent variable, we examine factors associated with compliance/non-compliance. Findings – Results show that 23 per cent of banks do not comply with ASU 2010-06 and that the non-compliant banks tend to be small, lack effective internal controls and are more likely to be audited by non-specialist auditors. Research limitations/implications – This study only considers one type of non-complia...
On the application of higher‐order elements in the hierarchical interface‐enriched finite element method

Summary This article introduces a new algorithm for evaluating enrichment functions in the higher-order hierarchical interface-enriched finite element method (HIFEM), which enables the fully mesh-independent simulation of multiphase problems with intricate morphologies. The proposed hierarchical enrichment technique can accurately capture gradient discontinuities along materials interfaces that are in close proximity, in contact, and even intersecting with one another using nonconforming finite element meshes for discretizing the problem. We study different approaches for creating higher-order HIFEM enrichments corresponding to six-node triangular elements and analyze the advantages and shortcomings of each approach. The preferred method, which yields the lowest computational cost and highest accuracy, relies on a special mapping between the local and global coordinate systems for evaluating enrichment functions. A comprehensive convergence study is presented to show that this method yields similar convergence rate and precision as those of the standard FEM with conforming meshes. Finally, we demonstrate the application of the higher-order HIFEM for simulating the thermal and deformation responses of several materials systems and engineering problems with complex geometries. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐syndrome analysis of time series using PCA: A new concept for outbreak investigation

To date, despite widespread availability of time series data on multiple syndromes, multivariate analysis of syndromic data remains under-explored. We present a non-parametric multivariate framework for early detection of temporal anomalies based on principal components analysis of historical data on multiple syndromes. We introduce simulated outbreaks of different shapes and magnitudes into the historical data, and compare the detection sensitivity and timeliness of the multi-syndrome detection method with those of uni-syndrome. We find that the multi-syndrome detection framework provides a powerful tool for identifying such designated abnormalities in the data and significantly improves upon the detection sensitivity and timeliness of uni-syndrome analysis. The proposed multivariate framework requires minimal preprocessing of the data and can be easily adopted in settings where temporal information on multiple syndromes are routinely collected and processed, and thus can be an integral component of real-time surveillance systems.
l-Citrulline Recycle for Synthesis of NO in Cerebral Perivascular Nerves and Endothelial Cells

Recycle of L-citrulline to form L-arginine in cerebral perivascular nerves has been well described, providing direct evidence that nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized and released from these nerves to act as the transmitter for vasodilation. NO is also synthesized and released from cerebral endothelial cells, involving L-citrulline conversion to L-arginine. Evidence for the presence of enzymes involved in the conversion, however, has not been shown. The presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and their coexistence with NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd), a marker for NOS, in endothelial cells of middle cerebral arteries and the circle of Willis of the pig, therefore, were examined using combined immunohistochemical and histochemical techniques. NOS-, ASS-, and ASL-immunoreactivities were found in almost all endothelial cells of all cerebral arteries examined. All ASS-, ASL-, and NOS-immunoreactive (I) endothelial cells also stained positively for NADPHd, suggesting that ASS, ASL, and NOS were colocalized in endothelial cells of middle cerebral arteries and the circle of Willis. These results provide morphological evidence that cerebral vascular endothelial cells like cerebral perivascular nerves contain enzymes necessary for recycling L-citrulline to L-arginine to synthesize NO via an argininosuccinate (AS) pathway.
Experience-based aspects of shopping attitudes: The roles of norms and loyalty

Abstract The act of shopping does at times involve some negativity despite the best efforts of retailers. These hassling aspects of shopping (such as long check out lines or a product out of stock) are not critical but they can influence attitudes toward returning to the store. The theory of norms states that normative expectations guide cognitive reactions to experiences [Kahneman, D., Miller, D.T., 1986. Norm theory: comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review 93, 136–153]. A zone of indifference (ZI) scale as originally conceptualized by Woodruff et al. [1983. Modeling consumer satisfaction processes using experience-based norms. Journal of Marketing Research 20, 296–304] is developed to capture individual differences in perceptions of typical discount store performance. Variations in the ZI are found to differentially affect participants’ responses only when loyalty to the store is low.
Experiment Station Dietary Studies Prior to World War II: A Bibliography for the Study of Changing American Food Habits and Diet Over Time

Dietaries reported by previous generations of researchers, originally collected to advance the science of human nutrition, now have considerable value as primary historical documents. USDA experiment station reports and bulletins represent the single largest collection of such documents. Our annotated bibliography of experiment station studies is meant to facilitate their use in historical and other diachronic studies of American food habits and diet.
Competency to consent to medical care: Toward a general view

Psychiatrists working in consultation-liason services are often called upon to assess the competency of patients who are under the primary care of other physicians. Despite the frequency with which this sort of problem is encountered, no clinically useful guidelines seem to exist to aid the clinician in making such an assessment. In fact, a number of very different sorts of "tests" for competency to consent to medical care seem to exist and are used in practice. This essay attempts to make some headway in defining a general set of clinically useful criteria for the determination of competency to consent to medical care. This is done by looking at the central elements of informed consent itself and then asking what capabilities are required by anyone seeking to give consent to medical care.
Extended Memory Use in the Zgrass Graphics System

Computing has always been faced with the choice of optimizing for time (computer power) or space (memory). Real-time computer graphics is most likely the subset of computing that must choose between space and time most effectively. This paper describes in detail the evolved techniques of software memory management used by the Zgrass system to allow a slow (1.7mhz) Z-80 to be the processor for a useful computer animation workstation with at least 300K and up to 1472K bytes of memory. Conclusions will be drawn as to the applicability of these techniques to the new 16-bit microprocessors with memory management.
Study of SiC Epitaxial Growth Using Tetrafluorosilane and Dichlorosilane in Vertical Hotwall CVD Furnace

This paper presents one of the first comparative studies of distinctive results obtained using halogenated silicon precursors, dichlorosilane (SiH2Cl2, DCS) and tetrafluorosilane (SiF4, TFS) for SiC homo epitaxial growth. Both TFS and DCS possess very distinct properties that show specific influence on SiC growth. SiC epitaxial growth using TFS greatly suppresses parasitic deposition in the gas delivery system. Growth using TFS shows carbon mediated growth regime, and exhibits controlled doping concentration of the epilayer by an order of magnitude lower than that in the growth using DCS at the same C/Si ratio. Studies of epilayer surface morphology show that the epilayers from TFS growth have a specular surface in a wide C/Si range whereas in the growth using DCS, the epilayer surface roughness is strongly dependent on the C/Si ratio.
A Canonical Model of Disagreement and Moral Hazard with Applications

Moral hazard and disagreement are important economic frictions. How do their individual effects on economic behavior differ and how do these frictions interact when operating together? This paper addresses these questions by developing a canonical model of disagreement (generated by heterogeneous prior beliefs) and moral hazard, and contrasts the differing implications of these two contracting frictions for the allocation of control over project choice. The model is developed in the context of an owner-manager raising external equity financing for a project. In isolation, moral hazard implies that all project-choice control is optimally allocated to investors. By contrast, disagreement, either by itself or in combination with moral hazard, implies that project-choice control should optimally rest either with the owner-manager (if the control allocation has to be “bang-bang”) or be shared between the owner-manager and investors. Three applications of the model are then analyzed: capital budgeting, mergers and acquisitions, and dividends. These applications help square the theory with unexplained stylized facts and generate several new predictions.
Subclinical keratoconus detection by pattern analysis of corneal and epithelial thickness maps with optical coherence tomography

Purpose To screen for subclinical keratoconus by analyzing corneal, epithelial, and stromal thickness map patterns with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Setting Four centers in the United States. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Methods Eyes of normal subjects, subclinical keratoconus eyes, and the topographically normal eye of a unilateral keratoconus patient were studied. Corneas were scanned using a 26 000 Hz Fourier-domain OCT system (RTVue). Normal subjects were divided into training and evaluation groups. Corneal, epithelial, and stromal thickness maps and derived diagnostic indices, including pattern standard deviation (PSD) variables and pachymetric map–based keratoconus risk scores, were calculated from the OCT data. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the indices. Results The study comprised 150 eyes of 83 normal subjects, 50 subclinical keratoconus eyes of 32 patients, and 1 topographically normal eye of a unilateral keratoconus patient. Subclinical keratoconus was characterized by inferotemporal thinning of the cornea, epithelium, and stroma. The PSD values for corneal ( P P P = .049) thickness maps were all significantly higher in subclinical keratoconic eyes than in the normal group. The diagnostic accuracy was significantly higher for PSD variables (pachymetric PSD, AUC = 0.941; epithelial PSD, AUC = 0.985; stromal PSD, AUC = 0.924) than for the pachymetric map–based keratoconus risk score (AUC = 0.735). Conclusions High-resolution Fourier-domain OCT could map corneal, epithelial, and stromal thicknesses. Corneal and sublayer thickness changes in subclinical keratoconus could be detected with high accuracy using PSD variables. These new diagnostic variables might be useful in the detection of early keratoconus. Financial Disclosures Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) and Drs. Li, Tan, and Huang have a significant financial interest in Optovue, Inc. These potential conflicts have been reviewed and managed by OHSU. Dr. Brass receives research grants from Optovue, Inc. Drs. Chamberlain and Weiss have no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Surface Condition in the Plasma-CVD of a-Si:H,F from SiF4 and H2

We present a detailed study of the growth of a-Si:H,F from SiF4 and H4. The growth surface appears to have a high density of surface states. These surface states can be thermally relaxed by keeping the films at growth temperature after the termination of growth, suggesting that the states were created during film growth. When frozen in, the surface state density is found to depend on the conditions during film growth. The density is related to the sharpness of the valence band tail as measured by the Urbach Energy. We believe that a reaction on the growth surface resulting in fluorine elimination creates these surface states and also affects the formation of the Si-network.
Chondrosarcoma of the arytenoid cartilage: a case report and review of the literature.

We report the case of a 56-year-old black woman with a locally aggressive chondrosarcoma at an unusual tumor site: the right arytenoid cartilage. The tumor extended from the superior pole of the ri...
Strategies for Applying Variable Lookahead Times to Conflict Detection and Trial Planning

The optimal time to initiate a conflict resolution maneuver has been cited as a tradeoff between trajectory efficiency and conflict detection/resolution certainty. One of the goals of this research is to add a new dimension to the tradeoff by considering controller workload as well. Maintaining acceptable levels of controller workload is often achieved through traffic flow management (TFM) restrictions, which cause not just the inefficiency of a single trajectory, but the trajectory inefficiency of entire traffic flows. It is hypothesized that by developing strategies that consider variable (rather than static) lookahead times for conflict detection and trial planning, controller productivity can be increased, which would result in increased sector capacities and reduce the need for TFM restrictions. When sector loading is high, the strategy should emphasize increased controller productivity. When sector loading is low to moderate, the focus can shift to strategies that emphasize single trajectory efficiency. The term "effective trial planning lookahead time" is introduced and determines the ability to capture secondary conflicts (conflicts that occur downstream of the initial conflict). A modeling study was conducted to compare different controller strategies based on lookahead times. Combining strategies can decrease the number of conflicts by over 21%.
New Mathematical Methods in the Life Sciences

Haldane stated "The only way of real advance in biology lies in taking as our starting point, not the separated parts of an organism and its environment, but the whole organism in its actual relation to environment, and defining the parts and activities in this whole implying their existing relationships to the other parts and activities" [1]. Recognizing the dangers inherent in oversimplification, we might nevertheless say that in medicine we are dealing functionally with highly complex systems of chemical reactions and with control mechanisms that affect the varying rates of these reactions. A living animal is perhaps the most complex chemical factory that will ever be devised. Its highly dynamic character has been brought into even sharper focus by the recent introduction of isotope techniques. It is clear that new approaches should be sought for viewing the human body as a whole and to make it possible to integrate and evaluate the information that has been accumulated but not necessarily interrelated about thousands of parameters developed in the study of living systems. Indeed it is interesting to note that the most recent developments have evolved out of the analogy between the automation and control of complex industrial processes (and decision making in general) and the complex metabolic and control processes of the human body. We appear to be at that point in human understanding when the greatest progress will be made if many processes are considered in relation to each other. Mathematical models of biochemical processes should now be undertaken that view the human body as a whole, as well as consider a particular organ which may incorporate a number of such processes. The idea of building mathematical models of biological systems is, of course, not new. Lotka, Rashevsky, Henderson, Michaelis, and others were early investigators who proposed mathematical models of biological systems or who pioneered in the quantification of parts of such systems. But it is only in recent years that the field has attracted a great deal of attention because now better tools are at hand to develop the basic ideas. The emerging nuclear and space age presents an especially difficult challenge to biological science and medical art. The stresses that may be placed on organisms by the completely new and stringent environments associated with these technologies are largely unknown. To understand the effects of these environments on the whole organism, especially on the human system, will be difficult and slow, if not impossible, within the present state of the biological arts and sciences. The reason is partly our lack of knowledge of individual biological phenomena, and partly the present lack of a technique for integrating a very large number of environmental effects. We should not try to decide in advance which lack is more important. Mathematical techniques and computing facilities