cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutions, social norms, and educational attainment.

ABSTRACTInformal institutions are defined as socially shared rules that guide individuals' behaviors outside of officially sanctioned channels. This paper investigates the link between individual educational attainment and education-related informal institutions by examining second-generation immigrants in the USA. I measure the education-related informal institutions by average educational attainment among the adult population conditional on per capita GDP in the second generation's country of ancestry. Empirical analysis shows that given similar family background, market, and institutions, higher average educational attainment in the origin country predicts more years of individual schooling; this relationship is stronger among those with less educated parents. These findings are robust to various methods of controlling for unobserved human capital, alternative sample criteria, and alternative measures of informal institutions (JEL I20, J15, Z10).
Cubic Triangle Inequalities

(1971). Cubic Triangle Inequalities. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 78, No. 8, pp. 879-881.
The Oxidization Degradation Product of Valonea Tannin as a Neutralizing Retanning Agent in Leather-making

The functional groups and molecular weight distributions of oxidization degradation products of valonea tannins were elucidated by IR and GPC analyses. Sodium poly-phenolcarboxylate structures of the degradated products were confirmed. Furthermore the buffering property, the reactivity with collagen (astringency) and the possibility of using the products as neutralizing retanning agent in leather-making were studied. It was observed that the product degradated by 21 % oxidizing agent, 96. 8% of which has molecular weight of 188 ~ 760, is of excellant neutralizing retanning agent for improving leather quality. The practical applications of the product was established.
Experience with indwelling ureteral stent catheters.

AbstractA new indwelling ureteral stent to provide long-term ureteral drainage is described. This radiopaque stent is manufactured of non-reactive, non-collapsible tubing and is designed to resist downward expulsion and upward migration.Internal stent diversion offers several advantages in managing patients whose ureters are obstructed by malignancy. 1) Endoscopic placement of the ureteral stent is associated with less morbidity and mortality than supravesical diversion. 2) Unilateral ureteral obstruction can be corrected at the time of diagnosis, thus ensuring that later supravesical diversion will not be necessary. 3) If time proves that the urinary diversion is no longer desirable in terms of quality of life, the stent can be removed.
About Forces and Moments in Locomotion

We will consider in this chapter the concepts of ballistics and resonance in gait. They will help us better appreciate how efficiently and economically human gait is organized. This information will give us additional reasons to pay more attention to our wondrous skeleton, which provides the perfect frame for the biomechanics of locomotion to function properly.
Computation of Limits

This chapter reviews the computation of limits. The rules of small, medium, and large numbers formalize the kinds of operations that work in the calculations of limits. Thereafter, the ordinary rules of algebra do not refer to the negligibly close relation. This form of the computation incorporates the fact that the negatives of infinitesimals are infinitesimal and the fact that the sums of infinitesimals are infinitesimal. The symbolic expression ∞ − ∞ is indeterminate can be viewed as a short-hand for the fact that the difference between two infinite ideal numbers can be positive or negative infinite, positive or negative and finite, or even positive or negative infinitesimal. Of course, it can also be zero.
Smarca4 ATPase mutations disrupt direct eviction of PRC1 from chromatin

Trithorax-group proteins and their mammalian homologs, including those in BAF (mSWI/SNF) complexes, are known to oppose the activity of Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs). This opposition underlies the tumor-suppressive role of BAF subunits and is expected to contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying opposition to Polycomb silencing are poorly understood. Here we report that recurrent disease-associated mutations in BAF subunits induce genome-wide increases in PRC deposition and activity. We show that point mutations in SMARCA4 (also known as BRG1) mapping to the ATPase domain cause loss of direct binding between BAF and PRC1 that occurs independently of chromatin. Release of this direct interaction is ATP dependent, consistent with a transient eviction mechanism. Using a new chemical-induced proximity assay, we find that BAF directly evicts Polycomb factors within minutes of its occupancy, thereby establishing a new mechanism for the widespread BAF-PRC opposition underlying development and disease.
Patient Preference for the Management of Trigger Digit

K Joughin, SJ McCabe. Patient preference for the management of trigger digit. Can J Plast Surg 1993;1(3):141-142. Steroid injection and surgery are both accepted treatment options for trigger digit. The objective of this study was to determine which modality patients would prefer when given a choice of treatments, the strength of their preference and factors that may influence their preference. A probability trade-off technique was used in 151 subjects. On average, subjects selected injection over surgery and would do so with a probability of success by injection as low as 57%. If the probability of cure by injection was less than 57%, surgery would be the preferred method of treatment, on average. A bimodal distribution of patient preference showed that some patients may strongly prefer either surgery or injection, with many patients preferring surgery even with a high expected cure rate of the first injection. Age, gender and previous experience with injections or surgery did not correlate with preferen...
Yoga for heart failure: A review and future research

Background: Complementary and alternative medicine is a rapidly growing area of biomedical inquiry. Yoga has emerged in the forefront of holistic medical care due to its long history of linking physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. Research in yoga therapy (YT) has associated improved cardiovascular and quality of life (QoL) outcomes for the special needs of heart failure (HF) patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to review yoga intervention studies on HF patients, discuss proposed mechanisms, and examine yoga's effect on physiological systems that have potential benefits for HF patients. Second, to recommend future research directions to find the most effective delivery methods of yoga to medically stable HF patients. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic review of the medical literature for RCTs involving HF patients as participants in yoga interventions and for studies utilizing mechanistic theories of stretch and new technologies. We examined physical intensity, mechanistic theories, and the use of the latest technologies. Conclusions: Based on the review, there is a need to further explore yoga mechanisms and research options for the delivery of YT. Software apps as exergames developed for use at home and community activity centers may minimize health disparities and increase QoL for HF patients.
Reconsidering Agricultural Marketing in India

Reforms, it is sensed, can make marketing of farm products more efficient and varied. While the public policy needs to eliminate artificial hurdles on private enterprise, both government attention and the private sectors need to be focused on encouraging participation in new and traditional channels, keeping the market competitive, drawing the disadvantaged to benefit from the changes minimizing product wastage and addressing price discovery. A vision of a developed rural India dotted with modern, productive efficient farmers is waiting to be realized.
Total Hip Arthroplasty

Outcome data are eagerly awaited at present time to evaluate the role of minimally invasive surgery in orthopedic surgery. This matched-pair study reports the outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA) performed through regular or small incision technique by a single surgeon. There were 120 patients in this cohort with a mean age of 66.8 years (range, 39-90 years). There was no detectable difference in outcome between the two groups with regard to blood loss, analgesia requirement, functional recovery, length of hospital stay, or disposition at discharge. One patient in the small incision group with undersized femoral component required revision of the femoral stem 8 months later. The recent extensive interest for minimally invasive THA has been attributed to market-driven and patient-driven demand for this procedure. We were not able to detect any difference in outcome parameters for THA performed through small incision compared with the conventional techniques.
Lightweight, Durable, and Multifunctional Electrical Insulation Material Systems for High Voltage Applications

Newly developed multilayer structures of well-known polymer insulation materials significantly improved dielectric breakdown voltage, V B , or dielectric strength, K, if well-bonded, when compared to those of single material insulations or the commercial SOA systems, such as Teflon-Kapton-Teflon (TKT), at the same overall thickness. To date, the greatest improvement of the new structures from a few candidate materials, including various types of Kapton PIs and PFA or PET as bond layer (BL), was about 61% higher than that of the Kapton PI alone films, 40.1 vs. 24.9 kV, which was translated to 86.3% decrease in insulation thickness, thus significant volume and weight reduction of the final system. However, it was of interest to note that most improvements of the multilayer structures occurred at thicker overall thicknesses, above ~ 0.15 mm. Extensive analyses also showed that K of the multilayer structures increased with (i) decreasing individual layer thickness regardless of material type, (ii) increasing total accumulated thickness of PI or overall PI/BL ratio, and (iii) increasing number of interface or total number of layers, but only above the aforementioned overall thickness limit. Increases in VB or K of the multilayer structures were directly correlated with damage evolution and failure mode. With further material-design-process optimizations of the multilayer structures, it was expected to achieve other multifunctionalities, such as high partial discharge (PD) resistance, improved durability, EMI shielding, and high thermal dissipation in addition to high dielectric strength. These new structures can be used in various high voltage and high temperature applications, such as future hybrid or all electric aircraft wiring and power transmission as well as many other non-aerospace high power cables, electronic parts and components, printed circuit board, and so forth. The multilayer insulation system can be easily processed and manufactured with various conductor types via calendaring, compression-molding, stamping, laminating, vacuum-bagging and autoclaving, or 3D printing, even for complex 3-D components. Based on their unique structural configurations and potential capabilities, the new insulation system was identified as micro-multilayer multifunctional electrical insulation (MMEI). Patent application of the MMEI concept and current design configurations was filed for a 1-year provisional application (OAI-58834, Serial No.: 62/659,234), pending conversion to a U.S. utility application. This paper presents details of the MMEI structures, their dielectric performance analyses, potential mechanisms, and commercial scaleup feasibility assessment.
Code Division Multiple Access

Spread spectrum systems were originally developed for military applications, to provide antijam and low probability of intercept communications by spreading a signal over a large frequency band and transmitting it with a low power per unit bandwidth [73], [247], [286]. Recently, code division multiple access (CDMA) based on spread spectrum technology has been recognized as a viable alternative to both frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) for cellular systems. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Qualcomm, Inc.’s efforts, along with those of many other organizations such as Motorola and AT&T, have lead to the North American IS-95 cellular standard [79]. A detailed description of the IS-95 CDMA cellular approach can be found in a number of papers, including those by Lee [181] and Gilhousen et al. [118]. The book by Viterbi [324] provides a good coverage of the spread spectrum concepts that form the foundation of the IS-95 CDMA cellular system.
The prevalence and significance of Brunn's nests, cystitis cystica and squamous metaplasia in normal bladders.

AbstractThe frequency of Brunn’s nests, cystitis cystica and squamous metaplasia was studied by multiple histologic sections in 100 grossly normal bladders obtained at postmortem examination. Of the 100 bladders 93 per cent had at least 1 of the 3 proliferative changes. Brunn’s nests and cystitis cystica were seen in 89 and 60 per cent of the bladders, respectively, most often at the bladder neck and trigone. Non-keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the vaginal type was seen almost exclusively on the trigone and bladder neck in 46 per cent of the premenopausal and postmenopausal women but in only 7 per cent of the men. There was no satisfactory evidence that inflammation was causally associated with these changes. These findings suggest that Brunn’s nests, cystitis cystica and squamous metaplasia of the vaginal type in women are normal variants of bladder urothelium and have no precancerous potential.
Plant Parasitic Nematodes of the Pacific Northwest: Idaho, Oregon and Washington

Agriculture in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States is diverse. The states within this region, Washington, Idaho and Oregon, are ranked as the 11th, 20th and 21st respectively, in the U.S. for crop value, including nursery and ornamentals in 2012 (USDA NASS 2014). Combined, over 17 million ha of land were farmed within this region of the U.S. in 2015 (USDA NASS 2016a, b, c). The ability to produce a diversity of commodities is due to the range of eco-climates in the region. The PNW spans three ecoregions as defined by Omernik (1987) and outlined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (1997). Eco-regions are defined as areas where the type, quality and quantity of environmental resources are generally similar. The region closest to the Pacific Ocean in the PNW is defined as the Marine West Coast Forest. This region has precipitation evenly dispersed throughout the year and has a narrow temperature range with cool summers (temperatures below 22 °C) and mild winters (temperatures above 0 °C). The inland forested mountainous region found in the PNW is characterized by a transition from a moist, maritime climate in the west to a drier, continental climate in the east. The eastern part of the PNW, encompassing the middle portions of Washington and Oregon and southern portion Idaho is part of the North American Desert region. This arid region is characterized by an annual precipitation of approximately 230 mm.
Mapping and Modeling Interdependent Power, Water, and Gas Infrastructures

Although various aspects of interdependencies among Power, Water, and Gas (PWG) infrastructures have been studied in the last couple of decades, there still exists void of modeling techniques capable of revealing the interdependencies among real-world infrastructures. This paper presents review of the state-of-the-art knowledge on interdependent critical infrastructure (ICI) modeling techniques along with delineation and discussion of interdependencies at transmission and distribution levels among PWG networks. The present study will also outline the suitability of various approaches to work with real-time infrastructure monitoring data that is becoming abundantly available in the recent years. The paper also highlights some directions on future research in interdependency modeling as well as suggestions on improving real-time interdependent models in operational and physical aspects.
Probing the Effect of the Pal-Peptidoglycan Interaction on Pal Release from Escherichia coli

Peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein, Pal, is inserted into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and other Gram-negative bacteria. Under certain conditions, including several animal mod...
Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung: A Population-Based Study.

Abstract Introduction Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) accounts for approximately 3% of lung malignancies. There are limited data on the epidemiology and best treatment practices for this malignancy. This study aimed to be the largest cohort with the most up-to-date analysis of the epidemiology of LCNEC. Patients and Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried to identify cases of LCNEC diagnosed from 2010 through 2015, reflecting years the American Joint Committee on Cancer 7th edition staging system was in use. Using these data, we compared the epidemiology, demographics, clinical characteristics, and survival times of LCNEC with small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-SCLC (NSCLC). Trends in incidence and mortality were recorded from 2004 to 2015. Results A total of 195,148 cases of lung cancer, including 1681 (0.9%) cases of LCNEC, were analyzed. LCNEC was more common among male subjects, and disease usually presented at stage IV (55%). Brain metastasis occurred more frequently in LCNEC (19.2%) than SCLC (16.7%, P Conclusion LCNEC generally presents at more advanced stages than NSCLC but earlier than SCLC. Stage I-III LCNEC behaves similarly to NSCLC, whereas stage IV is more akin to SCLC. LCNEC incidence is increasing. Despite this, it remains poorly studied and did not demonstrate an improved prognosis in our cohort.
Block Copolymer Vitrimers.

In this report, we merge block copolymers with vitrimers in an effort to realize the prospect of higher-order, nanoscale control over associative cross-link exchange and flow. We show the use of co...
The business aviation industry: growth, contraction and consolidation

The most significant portion of revenue within the general aviation industry derives from business aviation. Since the mid-1960s, this industry segment has always been largely impacted by recessions. The industry experienced explosive growth during the housing boom and an almost snail-like pace post-recession. Consequently, cost-cutting and industry consolidation have made it challenging to forecast what is ahead.
Reliability and validity of the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales in pediatric vision impairment

BACKGROUND The PedsQL 4.0 is a generic health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) instrument that has been used across many pediatric health conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate its use in children with vision impairment and to test its ability to distinguish between visually impaired and normally sighted children. METHODS Children with vision impairment and age-matched controls underwent vision testing, including binocular best-corrected distance visual acuity. They completed the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scale Child Report (ages 8-12) or Teen Report (ages 13-18), as appropriate. Parents completed the Parent Proxy Report in a room separate from their children. Analyses included descriptive statistics, intraclass correlations, t tests, and determination of Cronbach's α for subscales. RESULTS A total of 70 study subjects and 44 controls were included. Groups were similar with regard to age, race, and sex. PedsQL 4.0 subscales showed no floor effects; however, some scales had ceiling effects of up to 28% in certain groups. Cronbach's α was excellent (0.88) for all subscales and reports. PedsQL 4.0 total score for children with vision impairment differed significantly from that for normally sighted children for both age groups and for both parent and child reports. Total score was also significantly associated with visual acuity. Parent and child reports correlated poorly (ICC, <0.5), highlighting the importance of both perspectives. CONCLUSIONS The PedsQL 4.0 can be used to assess HRQoL in children and teens with low vision. It has internal consistency reliability, and construct validity.
Comparison of the Stopping Opioids after Surgery (SOS) score to preoperative morphine milligram equivalents (MME) for prediction of opioid prescribing after lumbar spine surgery

Abstract Background Context : Reliable estimation of the likelihood for prolonged postoperative opioid use may aid targeted interventions for high-risk patients. Previous studies have recommended differing methodologies for prediction of sustained postoperative opioid use. Purpose : To compare the performance of the Stopping Opioids after Surgery (SOS) score and preoperative morphine milligram equivalents (MME) for postoperative opioid prescription exposure in a contemporary cohort of lumbar surgery patients. Patient Sample : Adult patients undergoing posterior decompression with or without fusion for degenerative lumbar conditions between January 31st, 2016 and May 31st, 2019. Study Design/Setting : Retrospective review at two academic medical centers and three community hospitals. Outcome Measures : The primary outcome was sustained postoperative prescription opioid exposure at 3-months and 6-months. Reoperations and readmissions were considered secondarily. Methods : SOS score and MME were assigned to patients based on data from their pre-operative surgical evaluation. Performance for both measures was assessed for all outcomes by discrimination, including c-statistic and receiver-operating curve analysis. Calibration of the low, medium and high-risk strata with the observed rates of postoperative adverse events were examined. Results : Overall, 4165 patients were included in this study. Pre-operative prevalence of prescription opioid use was 31%. Rates of postoperative opioid prescriptions at 3-months and 6-months, were 3.3% (n = 136) and 1.5% (n = 61). The c-statistics of preoperative oral MME and SOS score for 3-month sustained opioid prescriptions were 0.64 and 0.78, respectively. The c-statistics of preoperative oral MME and SOS score for 6-month sustained opioid prescriptions were 0.64 and 0.82, respectively. C-statistics of preoperative oral MME and SOS score were much lower for reoperation and readmission, although SOS score outperformed MME for both outcomes. Conclusion : The SOS score clinically outperformed oral MME as a predictive measure for outcomes following lumbar spine surgery. The SOS score may be valuable for identifying individuals at high-risk for sustained prescription opioid use and associated adverse events following spine surgery.
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis; an enigmatic and frequently fatal disease.

Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a poorly understood condition. The many unknowns encompass pathogenesis, diagnosis, disease behaviour and treatment. Without international collaborative research it will remain an enigmatic but fatal disease.https://bit.ly/2BlSI6k
A comparison of outcomes between laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies in dogs.

Objective To compare short- and long-term outcomes of dogs with adrenal tumors treated by adrenalectomy with laparoscopy or laparotomy. Study design Retrospective study of dogs that underwent adrenalectomy with laparoscopy or laparotomy. Sample population Fourteen dogs treated with laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) and twenty-six dogs treated with open midline adrenalectomy (OA). Methods Dogs treated with LA were matched with 1 or 2 dogs treated with OA on the basis of histological nature, size, and side of the tumor. Intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, and long-term survival were compared between LA and OA. Results Intraoperative hypotension occurred in 2 of 14 (14.3%) dogs in the LA group and in 16 of 26 (61.5%) dogs in the OA group (P = .007). The surgical time was 69.8 ± 21.8 minutes for the LA group and 108.6 ± 42 minutes for the OA group (P = .0003). The hospitalization time was 39.3 ± 14.9 hours for the LA group and 46.3 ± 25.1 hours for the OA group (P = .1453). The 1- and 2-year survival rates were 77% and 77%, respectively, for the LA group and 77% and 66%, respectively, for the OA group (P = .6144). Conclusion Laparoscopic adrenalectomy was associated with a shorter surgical time and a reduced incidence of hypotension compared with open adrenalectomy in this case-matched study. Short- and long-term outcomes were not affected by the surgical technique used to complete the adrenalectomy. Clinical significance Laparoscopy can be recommended for adrenalectomy in dogs; however, appropriate case selection is required.
Adjustment within the euro. The difficult case of Portugal

In the second half of the 1990s, the prospect of entry in the euro led to an output boom and large current account deficits in Portugal. Since then, the boom has turned into a slump. Current account deficits are still large, and so are budget deficits. This paper reviews the facts, the likely adjustment in the absence of major policy changes, and examines policy options. JEL Classification E32 · E65 · F32 · F41 · J50
Standard Estimating for the Quantity of Wheat Imports Required to Achieve Food Security in Egypt

The issue of food and food security is one of the most important strategic issues on the international scene, because of its political, economic and social dimensions, there is a strong relationship between the food security and the national security of any society, and the agricultural development strategy in Egypt has aimed at improving self-sufficiency and reducing the food gap from strategic food crops. The aim of the project is to provide a better level of food security, and wheat is the first strategic crop in Egypt, and given the vulnerability of production areas to inappropriate climatic conditions, especially in the circumstances that are now sweeping the world to the Covid-19 pandemic, this could exacerbate the food problem and increase food prices .It is therefore necessary to address this problem by maintaining a strategic wheat stock that will be sufficient for consumption needs for at least six months as food security. Through studying the current situation of food security, it was found that the quantity of strategic wheat stocks amounted to about 2221.5 thousand tons, enough for local consumption for 63 days, and the value of the food security factor during the study period was 0.173. According to the unconventional method of analysis known as the Tobit model to measure the impact of economic factors on the food security factor of wheat, the most important of which was local production and consumption and the amount of Egyptian imports of wheat, and the significance of the effect of these factors has been proven, in addition to matching the regression coefficients signs with the independent variables of economic theory assumptions, and to achieve a level of 0.5 For food security laboratories, an amount of 15,197,156,000 tons of wheat are required for each of them in 2023 and 2025, respectively. But in light of achieving the full level of food security laboratories, it requires importing a quantity of wheat amounting to 22046 and 22468 thousand tons each in 2023 and 2025 respectively. And the research recommends the necessity of increasing the food security coefficient of wheat from 0.173 to 0.5 in order to create a strategic stockpile enough for local consumption for at least six months, by taking some policies, the most important of which are: 1- Expanding wheat production in light of the increase in the cultivated area until it reaches approximately 4 million acres. 2- Rationalizing wheat consumption in urban and rural areas. Managing the resources needed to import wheat to achieve the targeted levels of food security laboratories in 2023 and 2024
Is Oral Bilingualism an Advantage for Word Learning in Children With Hearing Loss

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine whether oral bilingualism could be an advantage for children with hearing loss when learning new words. Method Twenty monolingual and 13 bilingual c...
Electric power systems

Abstract The electric power system (EPS) is a critical subsystem of any satellite, including CubeSats. The functions are to generate, store, regulate, and distribute the electrical power that a satellite and its subsystems needs to fulfill the mission requirements. To design this system a good understanding of each of the key EPS elements and their behavior on orbit is required as well as tools that allow designers to iterate the design process. The primary EPS elements include solar cells, batteries, voltage regulators, and control devices. In this section the main parameters required for EPS design are discussed, focusing on CubeSat missions. Providing designers with an understanding of the development of a preliminary electric power budget is the goal of this section, along with providing an introduction to designs tools that should prove useful to the designer.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia as a complication of etoposide therapy

Two patients receiving oral etoposide therapy developed Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia during chemotherapy with significant lymphopenia without corticosteroid use. In this commentary we discuss cellular mechanisms by which etoposide induced CD4+ T lymphocyte dysfunction and reduced survival may lead to predisposition to P. jirovecii infection.
What can we learn about ocean governance from the performance of the Arctic Council’s Task Force on Arctic Marine Cooperation?

In the 2015 Iqaluit Declaration, the Arctic Council created a Task Force on Arctic Marine Cooperation (TFAMC) ‘to assess future needs for a regional seas programme or other mechanism, as appropriat...
Ecological Leverage Points: Species Interactions Amplify the Physiological Effects of Global Environmental Change in the Ocean.

Marine ecosystems are increasingly impacted by global environmental changes, including warming temperatures, deoxygenation, and ocean acidification. Marine scientists recognize intuitively that these environmental changes are translated into community changes via organismal physiology. However, physiology remains a black box in many ecological studies, and coexisting species in a community are often assumed to respond similarly to environmental stressors. Here, we emphasize how greater attention to physiology can improve our ability to predict the emergent effects of ocean change. In particular, understanding shifts in the intensity and outcome of species interactions such as competition and predation requires a sharpened focus on physiological variation among community members and the energetic demands and trophic mismatches generated by environmental changes. Our review also highlights how key species interactions that are sensitive to environmental change can operate as ecological leverage points through which small changes in abiotic conditions are amplified into large changes in marine ecosystems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Marine Science, Volume 14 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
GALAD Demonstrates High Sensitivity for HCC Surveillance in a Cohort of Patients with Cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed at a late stage, highlighting the need for more accurate surveillance tests. Although biomarkers for HCC early detection have promising data in phase II case-control studies, evaluation in cohort studies is critical prior to adoption in practice. METHODS We leveraged a prospective cohort of patients with Child Pugh A or B cirrhosis who were followed until incident HCC, liver transplantation, death, or lost to follow-up. We used a prospective specimen-collection, retrospective-blinded-evaluation (PRoBE) design for biomarker evaluation of GALAD, longitudinal GALAD and the HES algorithm -compared to alpha fetoprotein (AFP) - using patient-level sensitivity and screening-level specificity. RESULTS Of 397 patients with cirrhosis, 42 patients developed HCC (57.1% early-stage) over a median of 2.0 years. Longitudinal GALAD had the highest c-statistic for HCC detection (0.85, 95%CI 0.77 - 0.92), compared to single-timepoint GALAD (0.79, 95%CI 0.71 - 0.87), AFP (0.77, 95%CI 0.69 - 0.85), and HES (0.76, 95%CI 0.67 - 0.83). When specificity was fixed at 90%, the sensitivity for HCC of single-timepoint and longitudinal GALAD was 54.8% and 66.7%, respectively, compared to 40.5% for AFP. Sensitivity for HCC detection was higher when restricted to patients with biomarker assessment within 6 months prior to HCC diagnosis, with the highest sensitivities observed for single-timepoint (72.0%) and longitudinal GALAD (64.0%), respectively. Sensitivity of single-timepoint and longitudinal GALAD for early-stage HCC was 53.8% and 69.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION GALAD demonstrated high sensitivity for HCC detection in a cohort of patients with cirrhosis. Validation of these results are warranted in large phase III datasets.
On the Stability of Nonlinear Space-Dependent Reactor Kinetics

The spatial and temporal behavior of neutron distributions governed by the nonlinear diffusion equation approximation to neutron transport theory are considered in this paper. Stability criteria fo...
Control of quantum systems and inherent robustness to field fluctuations

A relationship is shown to exist between optimally controlled quantum dynamics and field fluctuations, wherein the process of seeking optimal performance assures an inherent degree of system robustness to such fluctuations. Robustness occurs because the optimization process reduces sensitivity to noise-driven quantum system fluctuations by taking advantage of the observable expectation value being bilinear in the evolution operator and its adjoint. The consequences of this inherent robustness are discussed in light of recent experiments and numerical simulations on optimal control of quantum phenomena.
Development of a privacy addendum for open source licenses: value sensitive design in industry

Drawing on Value Sensitive Design, we developed a workable privacy addendum for an open source software license that not only covers intellectual property rights while allowing software developers to modify the software (the usual scope of an open source license), but also addresses end-user privacy. One central innovation of our work entails the integration of an informed consent model and a threat model for developing privacy protections for ubiquitous location aware systems. We utilized technology that provided a device's location information in real-time: Intel's POLS, a “sister” system to Intel's Place Lab. In January 2006, POLS was released under a license combining the substantive terms of the Eclipse Public License together with this privacy addendum. In this paper, we describe how we developed the privacy addendum, present legal terms, and discuss characteristics of our design methods and results that have implications for protecting privacy in ubiquitous information systems released in open source.
5 GHz pipelined multiplier and MAC in 0.18 /spl mu/m complementary static CMOS

Wave pipelining improves the throughput of a circuit by exploiting the delays of combinational elements, rather than register clocks, for synchronization. Our proposed approach, called HyPipe, combines conventional pipelining with wave pipelining and aims to take advantage of both pipelining methods. In this paper, we investigated 4-bit signed multipliers and 4-bit MACs based on the HyPipe approach. The circuits were implemented in fully complementary CMOS in TSMC 0.18 /spl mu/m technology. Simulation results indicate that the two circuits can operate at 5 GHz at 1.8 V and 1.05 GHz at 0.8 V, which are far higher than previous results reported in the open literature.
Dynamical groups and their currents

We have presented a discussion of the differences between the group structure of the multiplets and the group structure of interactions. We have also presented models in which these properties are explicitely exhibited. Because both the particle states and the currents are explicitely given not only sum rules but all matrix elements themselves are known. We have reviewed the general framework of the dynamical group theory, its special form in the case of the Dirac particle and the H-atom and its application to hadrons. The rest frame group O (4,2) emerges as the common and the most important ingredient in all three cases. Within this framework, the rest frame group, the particular representation of it, and the form of the quantum mechanical conserved current specify a particular physical system. We have also discussed a quantitative model for the hadrons, that describe rather well (a) the mass spectrum, (b) the partial decay rates, (c) the magnetic moments, (d) the electromagnetic form factors and transition form factors, and (e) the diffraction scattering of hadrons.
Abstract P365: A Variant Impacting Beta-Oxidation of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids is Associated With Response to Triglyceride Challenge and Lipoprotein Subfractions

Introduction: Genomic analysis of metabolomic profiles has revealed large effect genetic loci that may play a role in cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The ACADM gene is one such locus. Previous reports indicate that a common variant upstream of ACADM (rs211718) is robustly associated with serum levels of medium-chain acylcarnitines consistent with the gene product’s role in beta oxidation of medium-chain fatty acids. With this in mind, we tested the hypothesis that rs211718 would be associated with triglyceride excursion during a high-fat feeding challenge and with fasting lipoprotein subfractions in ~650 individuals from the Heredity and Phenotype Intervention (HAPI) Heart Study. Methods: Participants in the high-fat challenge were given a whipping cream milk shake that was standardized to consist of 782 calories/m 2 body surface and contain a calorie break down of 77.6% from fat, 19.2% from carbohydrate and 3.1% from protein. Blood was drawn before intervention and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours to assess triglyceride response. Lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions including high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL-C) and their subclasses were measured by Vertical Auto Profile (VAP) technology (Atherotech, Birmingham, AL) on fasting samples. The rs211718 variant was genotyped as part of the Illumina exome gene chip. Analyses were conducted using linear mixed models that accounted for age, sex and relatedness of the study subjects. Results: Both higher fasting triglyceride levels (p=2.3x10 -4 ) and heightened 6-hour triglyceride response (p=9.0x10 -4 ), as measured by the incremental area under the triglyceride excursion curve, were observed. We also observed higher fasting total VLDL-C (p=2.8x10 -5 ), VLDL 3 -C (p=3.3x10 -5 ), IDL-C (p=1.8x10 -2 ) and remnant lipoprotein (ie VLDL 3 -C+IDL-C; p=7.3x10 -5 ) but no difference in HDL-C or LDL-C. Conclusion: Mutations in ACADM are responsible for the recessive disorder medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD), which is marked by hypoglycemia and damaging build up of partially metabolized fatty acids in tissues and managed by avoidance of fasting. Common variants in the ACADM locus may fall on the same clinical spectrum as MCADD but with more subtle clinical manifestations. While further work to characterize additional cardiovascular phenotypes and determine the impact of this ACADM variant on various fasting and fed states is needed, we conclude that common variants associated with metabolite profiling may have relevant clinical and translational implications.
Structure and oxygen stoichiometry for the electron-doped cuprate superconductor Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4 − δ

We have determined the structure of the newly discovered electron-doped superconductor ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ at 11 and 300 K using high-resolution neutron-powder-diffraction techniques. Both nonsuperconducting oxygenated and superconducting Zr-gettered (${T}_{c}$=24 K with shielding and Meissner fractions of 30 and 16% at 5 K, respectively) samples were investigated to study the effect of Zr gettering on the crystal structure and oxygen stoichiometry. We find that the structure remains tetragonal (I4/mmm), with no evidence for Nd/Ce ordering, for both samples at both temperatures. Structure and oxygen stoichiometry of the oxygenated and Zr-gettered samples remain remarkably similar at both temperatures, the only difference being a slight decrease (but greater than three standard deviations) in the thermal parameters of the rare-earth ions along the c axis for the superconducting sample. Thermogravimetric analyses confirm the oxygen stoichiometry determined from the structural refinements.
A Phase I Study of Paclitaxel, Etoposide, and Cisplatin in Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer

This Phase I study was designed to determine the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of paclitaxel with standard doses of cisplatin and etoposide for patients with untreated extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Secondary objectives were to determine the toxicities, response rate, response duration, and overall survival in this cohort. Twenty-eight SCLC patients were enrolled into four dose levels. All patients received a fixed dose of cisplatin at 80 mg/m 2 , i.v., day 1. The first group received etoposide 50 mg/m 2 , i.v. day 1 and 100 mg/m 2 p.o., days 2–3, whereas all subsequent groups received etoposide 80 mg/m 2 , i.v., day 1 and 160 mg/m 2 , p.o., days 2–3. The paclitaxel starting dose was 135 mg/m 2 , i.v., over a 3-h period and was escalated to 175 and 200 mg/m 2 . Cycles were repeated every 21 days for a maximum of six cycles. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor was not given prophylactically but was allowed in subsequent cycles according to the American Society of Clinical Oncologists guidelines. All 28 SCLC patients were evaluable for toxicity, and 23 patients were evaluable for response. Myelosuppression was the major toxicity, with grade 4 neutropenia occurring in 23 of 28 patients (82%), but febrile neutropenia was uncommon and developed in 4 patients (14%). Grade 4 thrombocytopenia and anemia were rare, occurring as isolated events in one patient each. Dose-limiting peripheral neuropathy was observed at a paclitaxel dose of 200 mg/m 2 . Grade 4 nausea/vomiting and diarrhea were also noted at this dose level. Five patients had complete responses (22%), and 14 patients had partial responses (61%). The overall response rate was 83% with a median time to progression of 7.5 months, a median survival of 10 months, and a 1-year survival rate of 39%. This three-drug combination of paclitaxel with cisplatin and etoposide is active with acceptable toxicity. Neurotoxicity was dose limiting at 200 mg/m 2 of paclitaxel. Neutropenia was frequent but not associated with significant morbidity. The recommended doses for future clinical trials are 175 mg/m 2 paclitaxel, i.v., over a 3-h period on day 1 with 80 mg/m 2 cisplatin, i.v., on day 1 and 80 mg/m 2 etoposide, i.v., on day 1 and 160 mg/m 2 p.o. on days 2 and 3 with growth factor support. The Southwestern Oncology Group has instituted a Phase II study with this dose schedule.
Growth of Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) Fed Different Purified Diets

Two experiments were conducted to develop a purified diet suitable for studying nutritional requirements of juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). In the first experiment, growth and survival rates of fish fed a purified diet (SPD) containing 50% casein:wheat gluten:egg white (6.2:3.0:0.8) and 8% refined soy lecithin were significantly (P less than 0.05) better than those fed a commercial nonpurified rainbow trout diet, a purified rainbow trout diet containing 50% casein:gelatin (7:3) or a purified catfish diet containing 34% spray-dried egg white. In the second experiment, fish fed SPD diet with or without cholesterol but with the same amount of lipid grew equally well. Fish fed SPD diet with lecithin grew significantly better than those fed SPD diet with its 8% lecithin replaced with an equal amount of an oil mixture. In both experiments, fish with good growth and survival rates also had significantly lower body moisture and higher protein and lipid contents than fish with poor growth and survival rates. Results suggest that the SPD diet with lecithin and without cholesterol (SPD-C) is a suitable purified diet for juvenile white sturgeon.
1672 NON-ASSOCIATION OF CELL CONTENT WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN ADULT RABBITS ASPIRATING HUMAN AMNIOTIC FLUID (AF)

Aspiration of uncontaminated AF is considered by some to be one cause of neonatal respiratory distress due to alveolar plugging by its cellular content. We examined the degree of respiratory compromise that occurred in adult rabbits after being administered human AF of varying cell counts. Experimental groups received either 4 or 6 cc/kg of human AF (n=15), saline (n=9), a 10% meconium solution (n=10), or nothing (n=6). Saline was used to provide a control fluid without solid elements while meconium was included to ensure that the experimental model could produce a well-characterized aspiration syndrome. There was one death in the AF group, O in the saline group and 5/10 meconium animals died. The epithelial cell count of the AF samples (n=15, mean= 717 cells/ml3, range=15-2370) was slightly higher than previously reported values (Ob Gyn 49:280). There was no correlatio between the cell count of the AF aspirated and the PO2 at 10, 30, 60 and 90 min and 2, 6 and 24 hrs, nor with lung weight or residual volume. Pressure-volume curves of AF animals were nearly identical with those of controls. Histological finding were similar in the AF and control groups with regard to leukocytes, alveolar macrophages and atelectasis. These findings indicate no correlation between AF cell count and the degree of respiratory compromise and lung pathology in adult rabbits.
Evidence for a μ-δ opioid receptor complex in CHO cells co-expressing μ and δ opioid peptide receptors

Abstract Based on non-competitive binding interactions we suggested that μ and δ receptors associate as a μ/δ receptor complex in rat brain. We hypothesized that the same non-competitive binding interactions observed in rat brain will be seen in CHO cells that co-express μ and δ receptors, but not in cells that express just μ or δ receptors. We used CHO cells expressing the cloned human μ receptor, cloned human δ receptor, or cloned mouse δ/human μ (“dimer cell”). Cell membranes were prepared from intact cells pretreated with 100 nM SUPERFIT. [ 3 H][ d -Ala 2 , d -Leu 5 ]enkephalin binding assays followed published procedures. SUPERFIT, a delta-selective irreversible ligand, decreased [ 3 H][ d -Ala 2 , d -Leu 5 ]enkephalin binding to δ receptors by ∼75% and to μ receptors by ∼50% in dimer cells. SUPERFIT treatment did not decrease [ 3 H][ d -Ala 2 , d -Leu 5 ]enkephalin binding to μ cells. The IC 50 values observed in SUPERFIT-treated dimer cells were: [ d -Pen 2 , d -Pen 5 ]enkephalin (1820 nM) and morphine (171 nM). Saturation binding experiments with SUPERFIT-treated dimer cells showed that [ d -Pen 2 , d -Pen 5 ]enkephalin (5000 nM) was a competitive inhibitor. In contrast, morphine (1000 nM) lowered the B max from 1944 fmol/mg to 1276 fmol/mg protein (35% decrease). Both [ d -Pen 2 , d -Pen 5 ]enkephalin and morphine competitively inhibited [ 3 H][ d -Ala 2 , d -Leu 5 ]enkephalin binding to SUPERFIT-treated μ cells. The results indicate that the μ–δ opioid receptor complex defined on the basis of non-competitive binding interactions in rat brain over 20 years ago likely occurs as a consequence of the formation of μ–δ heterodimers. SUPERFIT-treated dimer cells may provide a useful model to study the properties of μ–δ heterodimers.