cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Precision Force Microscope for Biophysics

Mechanical drift between an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and sample is a longstanding problem that limits tip-sample stability, registration, and the signal-to-noise ratio during imaging. We demonstrate a robust solution to drift that enables novel precision measurements, especially of biological macromolecules in physiologically relevant conditions. Our strategy – inspired by precision optical trapping microscopy – is to actively stabilize both the tip and the sample using locally generated optical signals. In particular, we scatter a laser off the apex of commercial AFM tips and use the scattered light to locally measure and thereby actively control the tip’s three-dimensional position above a sample surface with atomic precision in ambient conditions. With this enhanced stability, we overcome the traditional need to scan rapidly while imaging and achieve a fivefold increase in the image signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, we demonstrate atomic-scale (∼100 pm) tip-sample stability and registration over tens of minutes with a series of AFM images. The stabilization technique requires low laser power (<1 mW), imparts a minimal perturbation upon the cantilever, and is independent of the tip-sample interaction. This work extends atomic-scale tip-sample control, previously restricted to cryogenic temperatures and ultrahigh vacuum, to a wide range of perturbative operating environments.
Cotransductional Mapping of the trp-his Region of Bacillus megaterium

Eight trp mutations (four trpE, two trpB, one trpC, and one trpD) have been mapped in Bacillus megaterium QM B1551 and were found to be linked to two hisH mutations and unlinked to several other his mutations.
The Haunting of the Human Spirit

Understanding the human spirit, the thinking, motivating, feeling aspect of a person, need not entail supernatural reference in any more than a boundary sense. Methodological naturalism accounts for many putatively supernatural experiences in terms of naturalistic and scientific research. Fairy tales have natural functions, naturalistic accounts of miracles can have moral and spiritual power, and neuropsychological research can have value in understanding experiences of ghosts, apparitions, and presences. Even beliefs in personal immortality, at odds with current neurobiology, may serve a range of psychological functions and may raise more moral questions than they answer. Naturalistic accounts can make spiritual explorations possible where supernatural answers provide epistemic barriers.
An aggregation approach to the classification problem using multiple prediction experts

A general problem of combining the classifications or predictions of n local information systems S1, S2, …, Sn into a single system S is considered in this paper. We introduce a new approach for solving an aggregation problem where a decision maker needs to classify an observation based on group-membership predictions coming from multiple experts. We empirically test our approach along with two alternative approaches found in the literature using real-world data and four popular classification techniques. The results show that our approach produced the best performance according to certain performance measures. Researchers may use this method to create a knowledge base of information for a distributed expert system or one that acquires prediction information from the Internet.
Periodic orbits in slowly varying oscillators

We develop a global perturbation technique for the study of periodic orbits in three-dimensional, time dependent and independent, perturbations of planar Hamiltonian differential equations. We give...
Analyzing contactor servomechanisms by frequency-response methods

An approximation method is proposed here for analyzing a servomechanism system in order to predict its performance or for designing a system according to desired specifications. This method is particularly adaptable in the selecting of compensating networks for improving the performance of contactor servo-mechanisms.
A difficulty for the possible worlds analysis of counterfactuals

I present a puzzle concerning counterfactual reasoning and argue that it should be solved by giving up the principle of substitution for logical equivalents.
Testing spherical expanding line-blanketed model atmospheres of giant stars with interferometry

We show examples of PHOENIX stellar atmosphere model simulations for data obtained by long-baseline optical interferometers. A single spherical, hydrostatic model atmosphere for the M-type giant star γ Sagittae is shown to be in good agreement with interferometric, spectrophotometric, and high-dispersion spectroscopic data sets. In particular we show that the interferometric triple products and wavelength-dependent uniform disk diameters measured by the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI) are well matched by our model. With expanding atmosphere models for the A-type supergiant α Cygni we predict that the center-to-limb intensity profile is sensitive to the mass-loss rate of its stellar wind. For one possible NPOI configuration we show the sensitivity of the squared visibility amplitudes to the model mass-loss rate at spatial frequencies beyond the first null. The importance of hot star photospheric interferometry is discussed.
Two-Year Inhalation Exposure of Female and Male B6C3F1 Mice and F344 Rats to Chlorine Gas Induces Lesions Confined to the Nose

Abstract Two-Year Inhalation Exposure of Female and Male B6C3F1 Mice and F344 Rats to Chlorine Gas Induces Lesions Confined to the Nose. Wolf, D. C., Morgan, K. T., Gross, E. A., Barrow, C., Moss, O. R., James, R. A., and Popp, J. A. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 24, 111-131. Chlorine gas is a respiratory irritant in both animals and humans that produces concentration-dependent responses ranging from minor irritation to death. Female and male B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats were exposed to chlorine gas for up to 2 years to determine chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity. Groups of approximately 70 each of female and male mice and rats were exposed to 0, 0.4, 1.0, or 2.5 ppm chlorine gas for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week (mice and male rats), or 3 alternate days/week (female rats) for 2 years, with an interim necropsy of rats at 12 months (10 rats/sex/concentration group). A complete necropsy was performed on all animals. Histological examination was performed on all organs from high-concentration and control animals and selected target organs from mid- and low-concentration groups. Exposure-dependent lesions were confined to the nasal passages in all sex and species groups. Chlorine-induced lesions, which were most severe in the anterior nasal cavity, included respiratory and olfactory epithelial degeneration, septal fenestration, mucosal inflammation, respiratory epithelial hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia and goblet cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and secretory metaplasia of the transitional epithelium of the lateral meatus. Intracellular accumulation of eosinophilic proteinaceous material was also a prominent response involving the respiratory, transitional, and olfactory epithelia, and in some cases the squamous epithelium of the nasal vestibule. Many of these nasal lesions exhibited an increase in incidence and/or severity that was related to chlorine exposure concentration and were statistically significantly increased at all chlorine concentrations studied. Male mice and female rats appeared more sensitive to chlorine than female mice and male rats, respectively. The reasons for the sex differences within a species were not determined. Interspecies differences in regional dosimetry and site-specific tissue susceptibility to chlorine exposure should be taken into account when using these data for accurate assessment of potential human health risks. The incidence of neoplasia was not increased by exposure, indicating that inhaled chlorine in rats and mice is an upper respiratory tract toxicant but not a carcinogen.
HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR TIME‐USE STUDY IN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN

A conceptual model to use in explaining influences on household production time of wives in the United States and in Japan is presented. This model is tested on a national U.S. sample using variables suggested by both U.S. and Japanese time-use studies. The results support and expand those of earlier studies. It is suggested that the model be tested with Japanese data to determine its usefulness in cross-cultural comparisons.
What are Churches For? Toward an Ecclesiology of the Cross after Christendom1

: This essay applies pressure to Douglas John Hall's use of Luther's theologia crucis in his calls for the church to become an ecclesia crucis. In my analysis, the theology of the cross is best used not as a hermeneutical key for discerning Christendom's end and the church's new beginning, but as training in developing the capacity to discern both God and church as they hide under opposite signs. By drawing on Hall, two feminist Lutheran theologians, and Stanley Hauerwas, the essay suggests that the practices of the institutional church might be exactly what is needed for the formation of theologians of the cross.
An Analysis of Special Education Early Childhood Projects Approved by the Joint Dissemination Review Panel

Twenty-one early intervention projects, which have been approved by the Joint Dissemination Review Panel for national dissemination, were analyzed to determine their characteristics and the strengths and weaknesses of their research designs, as well as to draw conclusions about the efficacy of early intervention. It was found that early intervention projects approved by the Joint Dissemination Review Panel are consistent with prevailing notions that intervention programs should involve parents, should start as early as possible, and should utilize structured intervention programs. It was also concluded that these intervention programs had made substantial contributions to the field in terms of demonstrating the feasibility of early intervention, developing and disseminating curriculum materials and assessment instruments, and providing methods of intervention. Due to the frequency of serious methodological weaknesses, however, one can conclude little about the efficacy of early intervention from these pro...
Rare spin polarization by the nuclear solid effect

The development of the cross-polarization method has led to numerous applications of high-resolution solid state NMR spectroscopy by making it possible to obtain the spectra of magnetically dilute-“rare spin” -nuclei (I). Using the CP scheme, the polarization of a rare spin can be enhanced by as much as the abundant to rare spin gyromagnetic ratio (e.g., 4 for H-C experiments) (2). This maximum enhancement is rarely achieved in practice, and a rapid decay of the spin-locked proton magnetization (short proton T,,) is often the cause of this problem. The CP scheme also requires that the strength of the proton (and, because of matching requirements, the carbon) spin-lock field be greater than the width of the proton line, a criterion that can be difficult to satisfy. In this communication, we discuss a method for polarizing rare spins (e.g., carbon13) which neither requires a long Tr, for the abundant spin (e.g., proton) nor very strong matching rf fields at both Larmor frequencies. We also report results which illustrate characteristics of the method that are complementary, and under certain conditions superior, to the cross-polarization technique. The nuclear solid effect (NSE) is analogous to the solid effect associated with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) (3). In DNP, the nuclei are polarized by saturation of a forbidden transition involving simultaneous flips of an electron and nuclear spin. This transition is at the sum or difference of the electron and nuclear Larmor frequencies. In the nuclear solid effect, however, the abundant nuclear spins assume the role of the: electrons, so that the forbidden transition is at the sum or difference of the Larmor frequencies of the abundant and rare nuclei (4). For example, this would be either 45 or 75 MHz for a proton-carbon system in a field of 1.4 T. ‘The polarization step merely requires irradiation of the forbidden transition. The time dependence of the carbon polarization during this irradiation is given by
Regulation of human platelet myosin light chain kinase by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase

A rise in the concentration of cyclic AMP inhibits secretion in human platelets1–3. In mammalian cells the mechanism of action of cyclic AMP involves activation of a protein kinase and results in protein phosphorylation4. It has previously been shown that myosin light chain kinase purified from smooth muscle is a substrate for the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase5 and that phosphorylation of smooth muscle myosin kinase results in a decrease in its activity6. Here we present evidence that platelet myosin kinase is a substrate for the catalytic subunit of protein kinase and that phosphorylation of this myosin kinase, isolated from a non-muscle cell, decreases the activity of this enzyme. Dephosphorylation of platelet myosin kinase by a purified phosphatase7 restores its original activity. A decrease in myosin kinase activity in platelets would increase the relative amount of unphosphorylated myosin, which unlike phosphorylated myosin, cannot interact with actin8,9. These findings suggest a mechanism by which cyclic AMP might modulate actin–myosin interaction in platelets and other non-muscle cells.
1 alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3: a steroid hormone capable of producing pleiotropic receptor-mediated biological responses by both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms.

Abstract Vitamin D 3 is now considered a pro-hormone and its biological activities are in a great majority due to its hormonally active derivative 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 . The actions of vitamin D 3 have been extensively studied both in vivo and in virto using different animal models as well as a diversity of cell types including intestinal epithelial cells, kidney cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and a number of malignant cell lines. Results thus obtained have considerably extended the number of target tissues for this vitamin and hormone far beyond its classical target organs, parathyroid gland, kidney, intestine and bone. Studies performed at the cellular, subcellular and molecular levels have led to the establishment of new concepts on the mode of action of vitamin D 3 which is not believed to act through receptor-mediated genomic and nongenomic events leading to the expression of the full biological response.
Privacy concern and online personalization: The moderating effects of information control and compensation

Firms have at their disposal an increasing amount of personal information about consumers gathered through various means. Studies find that personalizing online interactions improves customer relationships and increases desirable behaviors, such as positive word-of-mouth and increased purchase intent. However, other research suggests that the use of personal information stimulates privacy concern, which has a negative effect on behavior. This study examines potential moderators of the negative effects of privacy concern on behavioral intentions in the context of personalized online interactions. Results show that increasing perceived information control reduces the negative effect of privacy concern on intentions to engage in positive behaviors. In contrast, the offer of compensation has no effect on the relationship between privacy concern and these behavioral intentions. However, compensation increases the salience of trust to privacy concern.
Theoretical calculations of the collection efficiency of spherical particles and fibers in an impactor

Abstract Collection efficiencies of two types of impactor nozzles were calculated for spherical particles and fibers. The flow field through the impactor was calculated for Reynolds numbers of 100 and 1100 using a finite element method. Equations of motion for spherical particles and fibers were obtained and were used along with flow field information to calculate impactor collection efficiencies. The calculated collection efficiency for spherical particles agreed with that in the literature. The cutoff size at 50% agreed with experimental data, but the collection efficiency curve lacked a long tail at low collection efficiencies. For fibers, collection efficiency curves were obtained in terms of fiber Stokes number and aspect ratio. The calculated collection efficiency curve moved to higher Stokes numbers with increasing fiber aspect ratio. The cutoff size for fiber minor diameter decreased as the fiber aspect ratio increased
α1-Noradrenergic regulation of hypothalamic progestin receptors and guinea pig lordosis behavior

Experiments were conducted to determine whether alpha 1- or alpha 2-receptors mediate noradrenergic (NA) regulation of guinea pig lordosis behavior and hypothalamic progestin receptors. When infused into a lateral cerebroventricle at a dose that inhibits lordosis and that decreases the concentration of estradiol-inducible hypothalamic progestin receptors, phenoxybenzamine decreased binding of the alpha 1-ligand [3H]WB4101 but not the alpha 2-ligand [3H]clonidine to brain membranes. Thus, under the conditions used, phenoxybenzamine appears to block alpha 1-receptors with little or no effect on alpha 2-receptors. Experiments with the selective alpha 1-antagonist prazosin also indicated alpha 1-receptor regulation of lordosis and hypothalamic progestin receptors. Prazosin inhibited lordosis induced by estradiol benzoate (EB) plus progesterone and by EB + clonidine and decreased the concentration of cytoplasmic progestin receptors in hypothalamus (but not in preoptic area or frontal cortex) of EB-primed females. The inhibition of lordosis is apparently not due to some unknown side effect of prazosin because pretreatment with a high dose of clonidine attenuated the inhibition. The possibility that a causal relationship exists between effects of alpha 1-NA transmission on hypothalamic progestin receptors and lordosis was discussed. Also, because effects of NA transmission on hypothalamic progestin receptors are dependent on prior treatment with EB, it was suggested that NA transmission might influence estradiol action in addition to progestin action in hypothalamic cells.
Genetic evidence supporting selection of the Vα14i NKT cell lineage from double-positive thymocyte precursors

Invariant Valpha14i NKT (iNKT) cells are a specialized subset of T lymphocytes with regulatory functions. They coexpress TCRalphabeta and natural killer cell markers. They differentiate through interaction of their Valpha14-Jalpha18 invariant TCRalpha chains with CD1d expressed on double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Although their development has been shown to be thymus dependent, their developmental pathway has not been definitively established. By using genetic analyses, we show here that all iNKT cells are selected from a pool of DP thymocytes. Their development is absolutely dependent on Runx1 and ROR(gamma)t, transcription factors that influence, but are not required for, development of conventional T cells. Our results indicate that even though CD1d binding DP thymocytes have yet to be observed, Valpha14-Jalpha18 rearrangement in these cells is required for development of iNKT cells.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with a gastroesophageal duplication cyst: a case report.

Abstract Severe left congenital diaphragmatic hernia was diagnosed in a baby prenatally, and she underwent hernia repair on the sixth postnatal day of life. She was found to have a huge symptomatic gastroesophageal duplication cyst on day 24 of life. A thoracoabdominal dissection allowed successful cyst excision. J Pediatr Surg 36:626-628. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
The complex fate in plasma of gadolinium incorporated into high-density lipoproteins used for magnetic imaging of atherosclerotic plaques.

We have previously reported enhancing the imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in mice using reconstituted high density lipoproteins (HDL) as nanocarriers for the MRI contrast agent gadolinium (Gd). ...
“A valuable monument of mathematical genius”: The Ladies' Diary (1704–1840) ☆

Abstract Our purpose is to view the mathematical contribution of The Ladies' Diary as a whole. We shall range from the state of mathematics in England at the beginning of the 18th century to the transformations of the mathematics that was published in The Diary over 134 years, including the leading role The Ladies' Diary played in the early development of British mathematics periodicals, to finally an account of how progress in mathematics and its journals began to overtake The Diary in Victorian Britain.
Low-G Electrostatically Actuated Resonant Switch

This work investigates a new concept of an electrostatically actuated resonant switch (EARS) for earthquake detection and low-g seismic applications. The resonator is proposed to operate close to instability bands of frequency-response curves, where it is forced to pull-in if operated within these bands. By careful tuning, the resonator can be made to enter the instability zone upon the detection of the earthquake signal, thereby pulling-in as a switch. Such a switching action can be functionalized for alarming purposes or can be used to activate a network of sensors for seismic activity recording. The EARS is modeled and its dynamic response is simulated using a nonlinear single degree of freedom model. Experimental investigation is conducted demonstrating the EARS capability of being triggered at small levels of acceleration as low as 0.02 g. Experimental data and simulation results are compared showing good agreement.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Algorithms for Parallel Memory II: Hierarchical Multilevel Memories

In this paper we introduce parallel versions of two hierarchical memory models and give optimal algorithms in these models for sorting, FFT, and matrix multiplication. In our parallel models, there are $P$ memory hierarchies operating simultaneously; communication among the hierarchies takes place at a base memory level. Our optimal sorting algorithm is randomized and is based upon the probabilistic partitioning technique developed in the companion paper for optimal disk sorting is a two-level memory with parallel block transfer. The probability of using $\ell$ times the optimal running time is exponentially small in $\ell$(log $\ell$)log $P$.
Consolidation and mechanical properties of MoSi2-based materials

Abstract The consolidation behaviour of MoSi 2 powder, MoSi 2 blended with coarse and fine niobium powder, and MoSi 2 blended with SiC whiskers during hot isostatic pressing (HIP) was studied. The HIP model, developed by Ashby and coworkers, was used to guide the choice of consolidation parameters (pressure, temperature and time). Literature information, experimental measurements and, in some cases, the rule of mixtures estimates were used to determine material property data required as input to the HIP model program. Samples were subjected to HIP at 207 MPa in the temperature range 1200–1400 °C for 1 and 4 h, to produce compacts with minimal porosity and desirable microstructures. Density measurements by the Archimedes principle method were compared with model predictions. Matrix-reinforcement interfaces and secondary phases in the materials were studied. The compacts were machined to produce specimens for room temperature fracture toughness testing. Single-edge-notched specimens were loaded monotonically to failure in a three-point bending configuration. The fracture surface morphologies were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Fracture mechanisms were identified and correlated with consolidation parameters and microstructures.
Wnt signaling inhibits adrenal steroidogenesis by cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms.

Wnt/β-catenin (βcat) signaling is critical for adrenal homeostasis. To elucidate how Wnt/βcat signaling elicits homeostatic maintenance of the adrenal cortex, we characterized the identity of the adrenocortical Wnt-responsive population. We find that Wnt-responsive cells consist of sonic hedgehog (Shh)-producing adrenocortical progenitors and differentiated, steroidogenic cells of the zona glomerulosa, but not the zona fasciculata and rarely cells that are actively proliferating. To determine potential direct inhibitory effects of βcat signaling on zona fasciculata-associated steroidogenesis, we used the mouse ATCL7 adrenocortical cell line that serves as a model system of glucocorticoid-producing fasciculata cells. Stimulation of βcat signaling caused decreased corticosterone release consistent with the observed reduced transcription of steroidogenic genes Cyp11a1, Cyp11b1, Star, and Mc2r. Decreased steroidogenic gene expression was correlated with diminished steroidogenic factor 1 (Sf1; Nr5a1) expressio...
The only game in town

The most frequent criticism of the method of hypothesis, or hypotheticodeductivism, is the "possibility of competitors" argument. You propose a hypothesis which entails known observational phenomena and successfully predicts new ones. Because of this you claim support for your hypothesis. If a range of different phenomena is derived (what Whewell, e.g., calls "consilience"), you may indeed claim high probability for your hypothesis. Now a criticism of this procedure one typically voiced by champions of induction such as Newton and Mill is this. There may be competing hypotheses which entail the very same phenomena. If such competitors exist, then you cannot claim substantial probability for your favorite hypothesis. Mill used this argument to criticize what he took to be the standard defense of the 19th century wave theory of light, and in particular the hypothesis that there exists an unobservable luminiferous ether. Concerning this hypothesis he writes
The Cheshire Cat on engineering design

In Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland, the Cheshire Cat provides to Alice the underlying tenets of modern normative decision theory. These tenets are clear and simple. Yet few engineers have grasped their significance, and many design methods in common practice violate them with potentially devastating consequences. This paper reviews the advice given to Alice by the Cheshire Cat and places it in the context of engineering design. It goes on to discuss the contributions of von Neumann and Morgenstern as they add to the Cat's advice. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extremal types for certainL p minimization problems and associated large scale nonlinear programs

Extremalsξ for constrained minimization problems, minΩF, are classified according to the growth properties of the linear functionalF′(ξ) restricted to Ω. Various singular and nonsingular extremal types are investigated in detail for the special case where Ω = {measurableu(·): [0, 1] →U},U = a bounded polyhedral convex set in ℝ m , andF′ is understood in Frechet's sense relative to anL p norm withp ∈ [1, ∞). The analysis yields newL p minimization corollaries of recently developed general convergence rate theories for conditional and projected gradient methods, and a Newton method for constrained minimization. These results help to explain trends in the behavior of computational procedures for certain large scale structured nonlinear programs in ℝ k ask increases to ∞, with particular application to a large class of optimal control problems with linearly constrained inputs; control problems with bang-bang solutions are considered at some length.
Extension and Period of a Conically Wound Spring

By imposing certain restrictions on the shape of a conically wound spring, it is valid to assume that the extension under a load is due entirely to torsion. It is found that the extension is then given to an approximation by the expression: $Z=\frac{2Mg{R}^{2}L}{3\ensuremath{\pi}n{{r}_{1}}^{4}}$ $\mathrm{Mg}$ is the load, $R$ is the radius of the end coil, $L$ and ${r}_{1}$ are respectively the length and radius of the wire of which the spring is made, and $n$ is its rigidity modulus. For a truncated conically wound spring, this expression becomes: $Z=\frac{2MgN(R+r)({R}^{2}+Rr+{r}^{2})}{3n{{r}_{1}}^{4}}$ $N$ is the number of coils of the spring, and $r$ is the radius of the small end coil. By making certain assumptions the period is shown to be: $T=2\ensuremath{\pi}{\left(\left(1+\frac{\mathrm{xm}}{M}\right)\frac{z}{g}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ $m$ is the mass of the spring, and $X$ is a function of the ratio of the radii of the two end coils.
A simple and reliable method for making permanent mounts of phytoplankton for light and fluorescence microscopy1

A simple and reliable method is described for making permanent mounts of phytoplankton for critical microscopy and cell counting. Phytoplankton are fixed with glutaraldehyde, concentrated by gentle vacuum onto cellulosic membrane filters, and mounted directly in a water-soluble, methacrylic resin. The resulting mounts are permanent and suitable for even very delicate nanoflagellates. Chlorophyll autofluorescence is preserved as is the structural integrity of cells. Resolution is very good and mounts can be examined with bright-field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast, and fluorescence microscopy.
Dynamics of the Serine Chemoreceptor in the Escherichia coli Inner Membrane: A High-Speed Single-Molecule Tracking Study

We investigated the mobility of the polar localized serine chemoreceptor, Tsr, labeled by the fluorescent protein Venus in the inner membrane of live Escherichia coli cells at observation rates up to 1000 Hz. A fraction (7%) of all Tsr molecules shows free diffusion over the entire cell surface with an average diffusion coefficient of 0.40 ± 0.01 μm2 s−1. The remaining molecules were found to be ultimately confined in compartments of size 290 ± 15 nm and showed restricted diffusion at an inner barrier found at 170 ± 10 nm. At the shortest length-scales (<170 nm), all Tsr molecules diffuse equally. Disruption of the cytoskeleton and rounding of the cells resulted in an increase in the mobile fraction of Tsr molecules and a fragmenting of the previously polar cluster of Tsr consistent with a curvature-based mechanism of Tsr cluster maintenance.
Empirical Bayes analysis for a hierarchical Poisson generalized linear model

We describe a hierarchical Poisson regression model for count data with possible extra-Poisson variation. This model depicts the effects of explanatory variables through a generalized linear model embedded at the prior level of the hierarchy. Model parameters are estimated in a parametric empirical Bayes framework under various estimation schemes. Properties of consistency and asymptotic normality for the hyperparameter estimators are established under the assumption that the number of observations at each treatment (or treatment combination) are large while the number of treatment levels remains fixed. These asymptotic properties form the basis for the large sample inferences on the hyperparameters. An example illustrates use of the methodology in practice.
The use of recycle tyre rubber particles for oil spill recovery

Abstract This paper reports recent data on the oil sorbent properties of reclaimed rubber particles and mixtures of these particles with wood fine wastes obtained from paper mill processes.
Lucinda Huffaker and the Hospitality of the Wabash Center.

. As associate director and then director of the Wabash Center for Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religion, Lucinda Huffaker has been a key factor in the Center's reputation for hospitality. The Center's work presupposes that reflection on teaching improves teaching and learning, and good reflection on one's teaching requires taking risks and making oneself vulnerable. Hospitality helps create a “safe space” that encourages such risks, even in the current inhospitable academic world, where factors like competitiveness and the increasing use of adjuncts make honest reflection on teaching difficult.
Surface area overestimation within three-dimensional digital images and its consequence for skeletal dosimetry.

The most recent methods for trabecular bone dosimetry are based on Monte Carlo transport simulations within three-dimensional (3D) images of real human bone samples. Nuclear magnetic resonance and micro-computed tomography have been commonly used as imaging tools for studying trabecular microstructure. In order to evaluate the accuracy of these techniques for radiation dosimetry, a previous study was conducted that showed an overestimate in the absorbed fraction of energy for low-energy electrons emitted within the marrow space and irradiating the bone trabeculae. This problem was found to be related to an overestimate of the surface area of the true bone-marrow interface within the 3D digital images, and was identified as the surface-area effect. The goal of the present study is to better understand how this surface-area effect occurs in the case of single spheres representing individual marrow cavities within trabecular bone. First, a theoretical study was conducted which showed that voxelization of the spherical marrow cavity results in a 50% overestimation of the spherical surface area. Moreover, this overestimation cannot be reduced through a reduction in the voxel size (e.g., improved image resolution). Second, a series of single-sphere marrow cavity models was created with electron sources simulated within the sphere (marrow source) and outside the sphere (bone trabeculae source). The series of single-sphere models was then voxelized to represent 3D digital images of varying resolution. Transport calculations were made for both marrow and bone electron sources within these simulated images. The study showed that for low-energy electrons ( keV ), the 50% overestimate of the bone-marrow interface surface area can lead to a 50% overestimate of the cross-absorbed fraction. It is concluded that while improved resolution will not reduce the surface area effects found within 3D image-based transport models, a tenfold improvement in current image resolution would compensate the associated errors in cross-region absorbed fractions for low-energy electron sources. Alternatively, other methods of defining the bone-marrow interface, such as with a polygonal isosurface, would provide improvements in dosimetry without the need for drastic reductions in image voxel size.
Gamma-rays from the transfer of α and d fragments in 6Li induced reactions far above the coulomb barrier

Abstract Particle-γ coincidences from 75 MeV 6 Li bombardment of 197 Au reflect the transfer of a beam-velocity α or d fragment, initiating a (particle, xnγ ) reaction. This reaction channel appears to account for approximately 13% of the beam-velocity particle production.
Active Clustering with Ensembles for Social structure extraction

We introduce a method for extracting the social network structure for the persons appearing in a set of video clips. Individuals are unknown, and are not matched against known enrollments. An identity cluster representing an individual is formed by grouping similar-appearing faces from different videos. Each identity cluster is represented by a node in the social network. Two nodes are linked if the faces from their clusters appeared together in one or more video frames. Our approach incorporates a novel active clustering technique to create more accurate identity clusters based on feedback from the user about ambiguously matched faces. The final output consists of one or more network structures that represent the social group(s), and a list of persons who potentially connect multiple social groups. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed clustering algorithm and network analysis techniques.
Abstract A97: Loss of function for FOXO1A contributes to poor outcome in African American and Latina women with breast cancer

Background: FKHR transcription factor FOXO1A plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell differentiation and apoptosis. Deregulation of FOXO1A contributes to resistance to different chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer patients. In vitro studies from our laboratory (Cancer Research 2010) demonstrated that overexpressing FOXO1A in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells improved sensitivity of trastuzumab. The purpose of this study is to determine the prognostic relevance of FOXO1A in African American and Latina women with breast cancer. Methods: The Association of FOXO1A expression with clinicopathological features of breast cancer and disease outcome was conducted in a cohort of 131 patients. The patients were retrospectively selected from our data base. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression with multivariate analysis were used for accessing the disease-free survival. The FOXO1A expression and localization in malignant breast tissues, fibroadenoma and normal breast tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry analysis. Results: The FOXO1A protein was observed in both nuclear and cell membranes of normal breast tissue; in cell membranes of fibroadenoma, and in cytoplasm of malignant breast tissue. FOXO1A was significantly reduced in poorly differentiated tumors compared to well and moderately differentiated tumors. FOXO1A expression was inversely correlated between lymph node metastasis and HER2 status. FOXO1A is not associated with tumor size, stage and ER/PR status in our current cohort of patients. Interestingly, the loss of FOXO1A in breast cancer tissue was significantly associated with increased tissue pAkt and loss of PTEN. The relative risk (RR) for decrease in disease-free survival (DFS) was 2.0 in pAkt-/FOXO1 A-group compared to pAkt-/FOXO1A+ group. The RR for decrease in DFS increased to 4.2 in pAkt+/FOXO1A+ and further increased to 5.8 in pAkt+/FOXO1A-group. Compared to HER2+/FOXO1A+ tumors, a more than 30% further reduction in 5-year DFS was seen in patients with HER2+/FOXO1A-tumors. However, the Cox regression with multivariate analysis demonstrated that FOXO1A was not an independent contributor for the reduction of DFS. We did not find any association among ethnicity, age and the FOXO1A expression in this cohort of patients. Conclusion: Analysis of FOXO1A expression in clinical cancer tissues may provide important prognosis for DFS and OS. It also suggests that FOXO1A could be an important therapeutic target regulated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):A97.
Formation and gas-liquid chromatographic behavior of isometric steroid ketone methoxime derivatives

Abstract The reaction of methoxylamine with steroid ketones to yield methoxime (MO) derivatives may yield two isomers. The isomers are presumably geometric isomers of the syn anti type by analogy with the well-known reaction of oxime formation. In some instances isomers are not found; the course of the reaction apparently depends upon steric interrelationships. Isomer separation occurred both in thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic systems. Isomer formation is generally not a desirable effect in quantitative analytical GLC procedures. However, the major C19 and C21 human urinary steroids do not form isomeric MO and MO-TMSi derivatives. The 11-keto group does not react to form a MO derivative, and 17- and 20-keto groups lead to only one MO isomer. Compounds with a 3-keto-Δ4, 3-keto-5α-H, and 16-keto structure gave isomers. The development of GLC analytical methods for compounds containing these structures (cortisone, cortisol, testosterone, progesterone, for example) will require consideration of this effect if MO or MO-TMSi derivatives are employed.
Structural, electrical, and thermoelectric properties of CrSi2 thin films

Abstract Chromium silicide (CrSi 2 ) thermoelectric thin films with two different thicknesses, 1 μm and 0.1 μm, were deposited using radio frequency magnetron sputtering on glass substrates. These films were characterized after deposition and then after 300–600 °C anneals using X-ray diffraction and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity were measured. The compositions of the sputtered films were found to be close to the sputtering target stoichiometry. The annealing conditions and variations of thickness had a great influence on the thermoelectric performance of the films. The 0.1 μm p-type films annealed in an argon atmosphere at 400 °C exhibited the largest power factor of 1.0 × 10 − 3 W/(K 2 ·m).
Virtual Teams: The Role of Involvement, Immersion and Presence for Distributed Team Members

With emerging technology and globalization, distributed teamwork has become vital to organizational success and virtual environments are increasingly being utilized to “close the gap” between dispersed team members. Although most research conducted during the past few decades has focused on co-located teams, some efforts have analyzed the inputs, processes, and outputs necessary for effective interaction in virtual teams. For example, the Virtual Team Research Model proposed by Driskell and colleagues (2003) addresses the effects of computer mediated communication on team performance. Our current initiative expands upon this model by focusing on distributed teams that utilize virtual technology. We feel that by simultaneously considering both socio (i.e., distributed teamwork) and technical (i.e., virtual environments) factors, a more detailed picture of virtual teams will be illuminated and thereby more robust guidance can be provided to future research endeavors.
Human Resource Dependence and Organizational Demography: A Study of Minority Employment in Private Sector Companies

This study examines the extent to which firms’ human resource dependence explains the representation of Black employees in nonmanagement, management, and top-management jobs. Human resource dependence is a firm-level construct describing the degree to which an organization has difficulty procuring and maintaining supplies of human resources. Indicators of human resource dependence in 154 private sector firms explained the representation of Black employees in nonmanagement and management-level jobs but did not predict Black employee representation in top-management jobs. The results provide new insights into characteristics of firms that shape the demographic makeup of the workplace.
Myocardial ischemia and adverse cardiac outcomes in cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery with sevoflurane and isoflurane

UNLABELLED: Sevoflurane is associated with less tachycardia and coronary vasodilation than isoflurane and thus might be associated with less myocardial ischemia. This multicenter study examined the incidence of myocardial ischemia and adverse cardiac outcomes in adults (40-87 yr) with cardiac disease having elective noncardiac surgery. Patients were randomized to receive either sevoflurane (S) (n = 106) or isoflurane (I) (n = 108) in conjunction with sodium thiopental, vecuronium, fentanyl, and 50%-70% N2O. Intraoperative hemodynamics were maintained within 20% of awake baseline with standard drugs. A Holter monitor was applied 3-24 h before surgery and maintained until 48 h after surgery. Electrocardiograms and blood samples for analysis of the MB isoenzyme fraction of creatine phosphokinase were obtained preoperatively and daily for 48 h postoperatively. Anesthetic exposure (1.79 +/- 0.15 [mean +/- SE] minimum alveolar concentration-hour) and duration of surgery (219 +/- 13 min) did not differ between groups. The incidence of ischemia in the pre-, intra- and postoperative periods, adverse cardiac outcomes (18% occurrence), intraoperative hemodynamic variations (+/-20% change from ward baseline), and administration of adjunct cardiovascular medications were similar between groups. In cardiac patients having noncardiac surgery, sevoflurane was comparable to isoflurane with respect to the incidence of intra- and postoperative myocardial ischemia and in the frequency of adverse cardiac outcomes. IMPLICATIONS: Surgical patients with heart disease are at risk of heart complications, some of which could be induced by an anesthetic. We compared the incidence of cardiac complications between patients receiving sevoflurane and isoflurane. We found that the frequency of additional heart problems in cardiac patients receiving sevoflurane was not different from that associated with isoflurane.
Impact of marital status on outcomes in hospitalized patients. Evidence from an academic medical center.

Background: Prior studies have described the importance of social support on long-term patient outcomes. Few studies have investigated the impact of social support on outcomes in hospitalized patients. Objective: To examine the relationship between marital status, an important aspect of social support, and several hospital outcomes. Methods: Patients included 40 820 adult medical and surgical patients discharged from a midwestern academic medical center during 1988 through 1991, of whom 21 291 were unmarried and 19 529 were married. Using multivariable regression analyses, we compared the following outcomes in married and unmarried patients: rate of in-hospital death, rate of nursing home discharge, length of stay, and hospital charges. Severity of illness was measured using a previously validated commercial method. Results: Admission severity of illness was higher in unmarried than married patients; 40% of unmarried patients had moderate or high severity compared with 32% of married patients. In a series of multivariable analyses, controlling for severity of illness, age, gender, race, and diagnosis, the risk of nursing home discharge was more than 2.5 times greater for unmarried than for married patients (multivariable odds ratio, 2.67; 95% confidence interval, 2.33 to 3.06), while the risk of inhospital death for unmarried compared with married patients was higher among surgical patients (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.58) but not among medical patients (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.84 to 1.15). In additional analyses, multivariable models estimated that hospital charges and length of stay were 5% and 8% higher (P Conclusions: The findings suggest that marital status was an independent risk factor for several important hospital outcomes. This adds to our understanding of the importance of social support and other nonbiological factors on outcomes in hospitalized patients. This also has implications for the design of hospital-based interventions to improve patient outcomes and for the development of equitable prospective and capitated hospital payment formulas. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:2465-2471)
Amino acid uptake and respiration by marine heterotrophs

The concentration and turnover of dissolved free amino acids were measured in samples from 25 and 100 m on three occasions at a station 6 miles off the California (USA) coast. Individual amino acid concentrations varied from undetectable (<0.05 μg/l) to 3 μg/l, the total amino acid concentration from 1.8 to 8.5 μg/l. The greater concentration of total amino acids was always found at 25 m. The predominant amino acids were serine, lysine, aspartate, glutamate and alanine; reliable analyses could not be made for glycine because of a high blank. For the 10 individual amino acids studied, the rate of heterotrophic turnover ranged from undetectable to 1.2 μg/l day-1; serine, aspartate, alanine and glutamate showed the highest rates. In samples from 25 m, the rates were 15 to 20 times higher than those taken from 100 m. The total calculated flux of the amino acids studied varied from 0.015 to 3.2 μg/l day-1 and amounted to 1–10% of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation.