cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is your status portfolio? Higher status variance across groups increases interpersonal helping but decreases intrapersonal well-being

Abstract Individuals belong to multiple groups across various domains of life, which in aggregate constitute a portfolio of potentially distinct levels of experienced status. We propose a two-factor model for assessing the effects of an individual’s status portfolio, based on status average (mean status level across groups) and status variance (degree to which status varies across those groups). Five studies using samples in general-life and work-specific contexts reveal the importance of both status average and status variance, the latter of which has been largely unexplored by status researchers to date. Individuals experiencing higher status variance show greater perspective taking, which in turn increases interpersonal helping. However, higher status variance also increases anxiety, decreasing intrapersonal well-being. Our results provide evidence of the additional explanatory power of accounting for status variance alongside status average, and highlight the importance of considering individuals’ aggregate experience of status across the multiple groups to which they belong.
WiDeo: One Shot Domain Adaptation for Cross-Environment WiFi-Based Activity Classification Through RF-Visual Joint Embedding

The effect of environmental change in WiFi signal is a major obstacle for generalized WiFi-based activity recognition. In this paper, we propose a novel method for adapting a WiFi-based activity classifier, that is trained on a large-scale dataset for an environment, to a new environment with only one labeled sample per activity. To this end, we propose a novel representation extraction algorithm using the supervision of visual data during the training phase. Our proposed feature extraction explicitly learns the corresponding relation between WiFi signal and movement of human body parts. For environment adaptation, we propose a framework that relies on only one labeled sample per activity class in comparison with current state-of-the-art solutions which are not suitable for few-shot adaptation. We collect data from four volunteers from five different environments and show that our proposed solution is able to achieve 28% higher accuracy than state-of-the-art solutions for environmental adaptation.
Mass Spectrometric 14C and U-Th Measurements in Coral

We discuss U-Th and 14C measurements in coral. Samples with U-Th dates in excess of 50 ka BP were chosen for study. Some bulk samples from this group have measurable 14C dates, which range from 30 ka to 43 ka BP. These can be explained by 0.5-2.5% contamination by modern carbon. This small amount of contamination can produce significant offsets in 14C dates of coral samples older than -10 ka. It may be undetectable in X-ray powder diffraction patterns. We describe a sample pretreatment that removes the modern carbon by selective dissolution and produces accurate 14C dates.
The role of questions in elicitation of information system requirements

The determination of information requirements is one of the most crucial stages in the software design and development process (Montezemi, 1988). It is during this stage that the greatest degree of interaction occurs between the analyst and the user (Lauer, Peacock, & Jacobs, 1992). The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of a process model of inquiry during the requirements analysis phase on the overall correctness of the logical representation of relevant data flows. Specifically, the study focuses on the specific types of questions used by systems analysts and the role they play in understanding the information flows in a business system. Two research questions serve as the motivation for this research: (1) What specific question types are most useful in constructing a model representing the logical data flows within an organization or business system? (2) Can an inquiry process composed of certain question types lead to obtaining greater accuracy in the collection of relevant information regarding business system processes and data flows?
Cryptographic Protocol Explication and End-Point Projection

Cryptographic protocols are useful for engineering trust in transactions. There are several languages for describing these protocols, but these tend to capture the communications from the perspective of an individual role. In contrast, traditional protocol descriptions as found in a state of nature tend to employ a whole-protocol description, resulting in an impedance mismatch. In this paper we present two results to address this gap between human descriptions and deployable specifications. The first is an end-point projection technique that consumes an explicit whole-protocol description and generates specifications that capture the behavior of each participant role. In practice, however, many whole-protocol descriptions contain idiomatic forms of implicit specification. We therefore present our second result, a transformation that identifies and eliminates these implicit patterns, thereby preparing protocols for end-point projection. Concretely, our tools consume protocols written in our whole-protocol language, wppl , and generate role descriptions in the cryptographic protocol programming language, cppl . We have formalized and established properties of the transformations using the Coq proof assistant. We have validated our transformations by applying them successfully to most of the protocols in the spore repository.
Validity of the Percent Reduction in Standard Deviation Outlier Test for Screening Laboratory Means from a Collaborative Study

AOAC INTERNATIONAL recommends an outlier test that is based on the "percent reduction in standard deviation" (PRSD) for screening the highest or lowest and 2-highest or 2-lowest laboratory means from a collaborative study. The original critical values that were developed to assess the significance of the test statistics associated with the PRSD test were obtained by simulation. In this paper, we answer several questions relative to the validity of the simulated critical values and develop formulas, based on the Student's t-distribution, to compare the simulated and formula-based critical values. Assumptions and derivations of formulas are provided along with selected tabular critical values that are used to test hypotheses at various levels of significance.
Effects of Long-Term Tillage and Crop Rotation on Yield and Soil Carbon

Introduction Tillage system and crop rotation have significant long-term effects on soil productivity and soil quality components such as soil carbon and other soil physical, biological, and chemical properties. In addition, both tillage and crop rotation have effects on weed and soil disease control. There is a definite need for well-defined long-term tillage and crop rotation studies across the different soils and climate conditions in Iowa. The objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term effects of different tillage systems and crop rotations on soil productivity.
Engaged Journalism: Connecting with Digitally Empowered News Audiences by Jake Batsell, New York, New York: Columbia University Press, 2015. ISBN: 978-0-231-16835-9 (paperback), 194 pp.

News organizations seeking to sustain themselves in the digital age need to embrace and practice “engaged journalism,” author Jake Batsell asserts in the Introduction to his book of the same name.T...
Photochemistry of Inorganic Molecules in Hydrocarbon Matrices

The sections in this article are Introduction Overview Comparisons of Organic and Gas Matrix Methods Spectral Resolution and Spectral Operating Windows Target Molecule Considerations Organic Matrix Materials Apparatus and Cost Considerations for Organic Matrix Studies Photochemical Light Sources Examples of Applications Group VI Hexacarbonyl Compounds V(CO)6− Photochemistry (η5-C5H5)2Fe2(CO)4 Large Molecules in Hydrocarbon Glasses – Annealing Studies Molecular Transformations without CO Loss Acknowledgments
VLA 7mm images of the M 87 jet

We report observations of M 87 with the VLA at 7 mm in the A-array. The image with 35 mas resolution shows the inner jet structure out to 400 mas from the core and as well has the unresolved leading edge of knot A.
A new approach to the evaluation of the dyadic Green's function in spherical layered media

An efficient methodology has been presented and validated for the development of closed-form Green's functions for electromagnetic dipoles in spherical layered media. The closed-form expressions are in terms of a finite sum of Legendre functions. The proposed methodology is applicable to both bounded and unbounded spherical geometries. The method is also suitable for the calculation of electromagnetic Green's functions in spherical media with arbitrary variation in their electromagnetic properties in the radial direction.
Assessing the Productivity of Relationship Marketing

Abstract This special issue of the Journal of Relationship Marketing focuses on the connection between relationship marketing and marketing productivity. The primary conceptual linkage between these two topics lies in the concepts of customer equity and brand equity. Relationship marketing has begun to develop effective knowledge on how to influence customer equity. However, commonly used marketing productivity metrics do not have the capability to accurately value customer and brand equity. Consequently, marketers' ability to demonstrate their contributions to firm performance is limited to indirect measures (e.g., satisfaction, commitment, etc.). The articles in this special issue address the important research questions that must be examined in order for the fields of relationship marketing and marketing productivity to move forward and make significant contributions to marketing practice.
Functional formal verification on designs of pSeries microprocessors and communication subsystems

This paper discusses our experiences and results in applying functional formal verification (FFV) techniques to the design of the IBM pSeries® microprocessor and communication subsystem. We describe the evolution of FFV deployment across several generations of this product line, including tool and algorithmic improvements, as well as methodological improvements for prioritizing the portions of the design that should be considered for formal verification coverage. Improvements made in the formal verification toolset, including the introduction of semiformal verification and bounded-model-checking algorithms, have allowed increasingly larger partitions to become candidates for formal coverage. Other tool enhancements, such as phase-abstraction techniques to deal with clock gating schemes, are presented. Overall, numerous complex design defects were discovered using formal techniques across the microprocessor and communication subsystem, many of which would likely have escaped to the test floor.
Total phenol content of guava fruit and development of an in vitro regeneration protocol amenable to genetic improvement

Total soluble phenolics in two white (‘Allahabad Safeda’ and ‘Lucknow-49’), two pink (‘Beaumont’ and ‘Gushiken Sweet’), and three red fleshed (‘Ka Hua Kola’, ‘Ruby Supreme’ and ‘Red Fleshed’) guava ( Psidium guajava L.) fruits were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure. ‘Allahabad Safeda’ and ‘Ruby Supreme’ contained the highest level of phenols (1,967.5 and 1,921.25 μg/g gallic acid equivalents). No significant difference in phenolic content was observed between white and red fleshed guava fruits. An in vitro method was developed for clonal propagation of ‘Lucknow-49’ and ‘Gushiken Sweet’ cultivars. Five concentrations of six-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (KIN) plant growth regulators were tested for in vitro regeneration. A maximum of 4.5 shoots per explant was produced on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 8.9 μM BAP + 9.4 μM KIN. These studies indicate that guava, a rich source of natural phenolic antioxidants, can be efficiently micropropagated for genetic studies to enhance its nutraceutical value.
Evaluating software clustering algorithms in the context of program comprehension

We propose a novel approach for evaluating software clustering algorithms in the context of program comprehension. Based on the assumption that program comprehension is a task-driven activity, our approach utilizes interaction logs from previous maintenance sessions to automatically devise multiple comprehension-aware and task-sensitive decompositions of software systems. These decompositions are then used as authoritative figures to evaluate the effectiveness of various clustering algorithms. Our approach addresses several challenges associated with evaluating clustering algorithms externally using expert-driven authoritative decompositions. Such limitations include the subjectivity of human experts, the availability of such authoritative figures, and the decaying structure of software systems. We conduct an experimental analysis using two datasets, including an open-source system and a proprietary system, to test the applicability of our approach and validate our research claims.
PPARγ and stress: Implications for aging

Complex interactions link psychological stress and aging - stress generally promotes aging processes, and conversely, aging can contribute to stress dysregulation. Stress and aging have remarkably similar effects on brain. Both induce neuroinflammation and alter neuronal metabolism and activity, which to varying extents are causally-linked to the development of stress and aging pathology. As such, induction of one or more of these brain disturbances by either stress or aging could predispose for the development of dysfunction in the other. Notably, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is expressed in brain regions that regulate both stress and aging (e.g., hippocampus) and can act to prevent the consequences of aging and stress on the brain. In addition, PPARγ agonists reduce the physiological stress response itself. Thus, PPARγ may represent a critical mechanistic link between brain aging and stress that could hold therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of age-related cognitive and mood disorders.
Copper, zinc, cadmium and lead in surface waters of Lakes Erie and Ontario

Abstract Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined from 16 stations in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, using trace metal sampling and analytical techniques developed for seawater analysis employing graphite furnace atomic absorption. While Cu concentrations are consistent with previously reported data for the Great Lakes, concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb are one to two orders of magnitude below those previously reported. These new data, however, were substantiated by complementary measurements of these samples for Pb concentrations and isotopic compositions as determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry in a concurrent study, and are consistent with measurements of these elements in oceanic surface waters. Using reported trace metal inputs, these current measurements yield estimates for the residence times of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the Lake Ontario epilimnion of 950, 5, 9, and 4 days, respectively. Lake Erie residence times are similar, averaging 660, 23, 20 and 9 days for Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb respectively. These short residence times are qualified by the imprecision of the elemental input estimates.
A comparison of yield per recruit and revenue per recruit models for the Oregon ocean shrimp, Pandalus jordani, fishery

Fishery regulations for Oregon ocean shrimp, Pandalus jordani, are designed to protect age 1 shrimp from overharvest and sustain long-term fishery benefits. Designing appropriate management regulations including minimum mesh size and season dates is complicated by the interaction of natural mortality, fishing mortality, and market factors including prices and revenues. The effects of these variables on management strategies were evaluated using yield per recruit and revenue per recruit models. The model that maximized yield indicated that an early season-opening date was optimal; however, due to size dependent ex-vessel prices, the revenue model suggested that a season-opening delay could generate higher total revenues, while decreasing total effort and total harvest. These results demonstrate that, depending on management objectives, incorporating market information may have a significant effect on selection of regulatory controls in this fishery.
Velten Mood Induction Procedure Effects: Duration and Postexperimental Removal

The duration of effects of the Velten mood induction procedure (VMIP) and the effectiveness of a strategy for removing residual negative effects Were experimentally examined. Self-reports of mood taken immediately after the induction indicated that the VMIP successfully induced both elated and depressed moods. Depressed moods were still evident following a JO-minute waiting period; however, they were significantly improved compared to immediately postinduction. Residual negative moods were effectively removed by the reading of a subset of elation statements used during elation induction. Elevated moods induced by' the VMIP were no longer evident at the end of the 10-minute waiting period.
EM scattering from a complex material cylinder in the presence of an impedance wedge

The analysis for the electromagnetic radiation or scattering from a material cylinder in the presence of a wedge with impedance faces is presented. The problem considered is two dimensional where the incident field is polarized TM or TE to the axis of the wedge, and the material body may be of arbitrary shape and inhomogeneous. An integral equation is formulated where the field inside the material cylinder is the unknown quantity to be determined and the Green's function for the impedance wedge is included in the kernel of the integral equation which accounts for the presence of the wedge. The integral equation is then solved using a method of moments technique. Employing the specialized Green's function for the impedance wedge reduces the number of unknowns in the moment method matrix since unknowns are only required over the region of the material cylinder and not along the boundaries of the wedge. The primary application for this analysis is to study methods for reducing the EM scattering from wedge shaped objects; specifically the fields which diffract from the sharp corner formed by the edge of the wedge. Attaching a lossy material body to the tip of the wedge is an effective method for reducing these diffracted fields. Optimization techniques are also employed to design the loss profiles of the material bodies in order to maximize their performance for scattering reduction.
Advances in Organic Materials for Optical Modulation

A new class of organic electro-optic materials, binary chromophore organic glasses, are introduced and shown to provide a route to materials exhibiting useable electro-optic coefficients of greater than 300 pm/V, optical loss of 2 dB/cm or less, and material glass transition temperatures on the order of 200degC. Design principles and device applications are discussed.
On the stimulation of testicular steroidogenesis in the rabbit by interstitial cell-stimulating hormone.

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH or LH) increases the conversion of cholesterol-7α-,3H to testosterone-3H in slices of rabbit testis in vitro, whether the hormone is administered as a single intravenous injection or added to the incubation medium in vitro. ICSH added in vitro or administered in vivo was without demonstrable effect upon the conversion of pregnenolone-7α-3H to testosterone-3H by slices of testis. In the light of these findings and of previous observations of the action of ICSH upon the testis in vitro, it is concluded that, under the experimental conditions used, the hormone stimulates steroidogenesis at some step(s) beyond cholesterol and before pregnenolone. (Endocrinology 78: 690, 1966)
Comparison of costs of new atherectomy devices and balloon angioplasty for coronary artery disease

The in-hospital cost for 126 consecutive patients undergoing 1-vessel, single-lesion coronary atherectomy (atherectomy group) beginning January 1, 1991, was reviewed (65 directional, 44 rotational, and 17 extractional atherectomies), and compared with the cost for 126 consecutive patients matched by sex and age who underwent 1-vessel, single-lesion standard balloon coronary angioplasty (angioplasty group). The in-hospital cost for each patient was determined using charges divided by a correction factor for each hospital department involved. Six different cost fields were created. The overall cost/charge ratio was 0.72. Angiographic and clinical success was 91% and 90% in the angioplasty group and 93% and 90% in the atherectomy group, respectively. Patients who underwent angioplasty required 1.3 +/- 0.6 devices/procedure, as compared with those who underwent atherectomy (2.4 +/- 1 devices/procedure) (p < 0.0001). The mean cost of angioplasty was $7,301 +/- $4,637 and of atherectomy devices $9,345 +/- $8,856 (28% increase). The difference was principally related to an increase in cost of supplies: angioplasty $2,028 +/- $1,196 versus atherectomy $3,632 +/- $1,525 (79% increase). There were no significant differences in hospitalization cost, procedure-room cost, and pharmacy and laboratory costs. Thus, higher risk morphologic lesions can be approached with new atherectomy devices with clinical and complication rates similar to coronary angioplasty. However, these results were obtained at a 28% increase in cost.
The Effect of Early Childhood Development Programs on Women's Labor Force Participation and Older Children's Schooling in Kenya

Economic incentives have a powerful effect on the work behavior of women with children in Kenya. In addition to increasing the future productivity of children, government subsidies of low-cost early childhood development programs would increase the number of mothers who work, thus increasing the incomes of poor households and lifting some families out of poverty. They would also increase older girls' enrollment in school, by releasing them from child care responsibilities. About 20,000 early childhood development centers provided day care for and prepared for primary school more than 1 million children aged three to seven (roughly 20 percent of children in that age group) in Kenya in 1995. The number of child care facilities reached 23,690 by the end of 1999. Lokshin, Glinskaya, and Garcia analyze the effect of child care costs on households' behavior in Kenya. For households with children aged three to seven, they model household demand for mothers' participation in paid work, the participation in paid work of other household members, household demand for schooling, and household demand for child care. They find that: - A high cost for child care discourages households from using formal child care facilities and has a negative effect on mothers' participation in market work. - The cost of child care and the level of mothers' wages affect older children's school enrollment, but these factors affect boys' and girls' schooling differently. An increase in mothers' wages increases boys' enrollment but depresses girls' enrollment. - Higher child care costs have no significant effect on boys' schooling but significantly decrease the number of girls in school. This paper - a joint product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group; Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region; and Human Development 1, Africa Technical Families - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to study the role of gender in the context of the household, institutions, and society. The authors may be contacted at mlokshin@worldbank.org, eglinskaya@worldbank.org, or mgarcia1@worldbank.org.
DAUTI: automated universal traffic introspector

This paper introduces DAUTI, a network traffic simulator, applies it to a simulation research problem, and demonstrates the ease-of-use and applicability of functional languages to network simulation. DAUTI is an Open-Source, fully configurable, rapidly advancing, and efficient Scheme program that can be used to simulate Cluster load and job delay on any size of network, and provide basic statistics and analysis. In this paper, we use DAUTI to compute the relative performance of load distribution algorithms on a two-stage pipeline with heterogeneous cluster sizes. Specific applications include web servers, and industrial, research and financial batch processing. The choice of the Scheme language (a relative of Lisp) presented numerous opportunities to quickly produce compact and efficient code. This language selection incurred no obstacles.
Creating a War Repertoire: Musik für Alle and Domestic Music during the First World War

At the start of the First World War, numerous German and Austrian publishers issued editions of patriotic songs intended for use in the home. Such anthologies contained a variety of works, including traditional songs, military tunes, and even newly composed pieces for the conflict. Despite the dozens of collections that were published, this repertoire has received little scholarly attention. The four volumes dedicated expressly to songs concerning the War that appeared in the series Musik fur Alle demonstrate why these selections were viewed as appropriate for those defending the home front.
Living post treatment: definitions of those with history and no history of cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Due to advances in medicine, the 10 year survival rate is 80%, resulting in a large and growing number of breast cancer survivors. Definitions of cancer survivorship from a number of professional organizations and researchers vary, but the research is scant on the meaning of cancer survivorship to people with and without a prior cancer history. Methods: Two studies were conducted (1) to compare individuals with and without a prior personal cancer diagnosis in terms of those who identified as survivors vs. those who did not identify as survivors and (2) to explore explanations of those with and without a prior personal cancer for the term cancer survivor. In Study 1, individuals were surveyed at cancer-themed community health fairs. In Study 2, women were surveyed at a breast oncology clinic. Results: In Study 1 comparing those with and without a prior cancer diagnosis, prior cancer history was the best predictor of survivorship identity, and only three individuals without a prior cancer history included family and friends as survivors. In Study 2 of those with a personal history, longer time since diagnosis, type of cancer (ductal), and comparative risk (higher) were associated with survivor identity. Conclusion: Completion of treatment was seen as a ‘rite of passage’, and thus, may be seen as a shift from the patient identity, which may have negative connotations, to the positive identity of survivor. Implications: Definitions of survivorship vary considerably, and caution should be used when applying the term to those who have no prior personal cancer diagnosis and to those who have had a more recent cancer diagnosis with a more severe disease course.
Acoustic tracking of articulation errors: [r].

The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of acoustic tracking as a supplement to perceptual judgments during remediation. One child, receiving weekly individual treatment, partic...
Signaling Pathways in Th2 Development

In order for an immune response to be successful, it must be of the appropriate type and magnitude. Intracellular residing pathogens require a cell-mediated immune response, whereas extracellular pathogens evoke a humoral immune response. T-helper (Th) cells orchestrate the immune response and are divided into two subsets, Th1 and Th2 cells. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of Th2 development with a focus on signal transduction pathways that influence Th2 differentiation.
The Adolescent with Menorrhagia: Why, Who, and How to Evaluate for a Bleeding Disorder

Profuse and prolonged menstruation is one of the most common adolescent gynecologic complaints. In the majority of patients, anovulation is the underlying cause and it is easily managed with hormonal therapy. Between 10% and 47% of women with menorrhagia may have an underlying bleeding disorder that could benefit from the addition of nonhormonal therapies or may be relevant to future pregnancies or surgeries.1,2 Of women with the two most common bleeding disorders, von Willebrand disease (VWD) and platelet dysfunction, 32e100% complain of menorrhagia.3,4 Other hematologic disorders associated with menorrhagia include Factor XI deficiency, hemophilia carrier states, and rare factor deficiencies. Despite the relative frequency of these patients, 45% of surveyed obstetrician/gynecologists stated they “ had never seen a case of menorrhagia due to an inherited bleeding disorder,” and another 45% stated they had seen only 1e7 cases.5 Ina recent reviewof36adolescent girlswithabnormal uterine bleeding evaluated by pediatricians, gynecologists, and pediatric gynecologists, only 14.6% of subjects were screened for a coagulation defect with laboratory testing.6 In many cases, the diagnosis simply is not considered. It is important to identify young women with bleeding abnormalities because the obstetric and gynecologic morbidity related to bleeding disorders goes beyond menorrhagia. Of women with bleeding disorders, 8e18% undergo surgery for menorrhagia and have an increased likelihood of hysterectomy with bleeding complications.7 Women with VWD, factor XI deficiency or hemophilia carriers are at increased risk for immediate and secondary post-partum hemorrhage.8 Case series have documented recurrent hemorrhagic ovarian cysts, increased risk of vulvar hematomas, and an increased risk of miscarriage and placental abruption for women with certain bleeding disorders. Patients who do not respond well to standard therapy for the above mentioned conditions or who have recurrent or otherwise unexplained bleeding may benefit from evaluation for a bleeding disorder.
Immunohistochemical expression of transforming growth factor α and epidermal growth factor receptor in pancreatic endocrine tumors

Abstract Coexpression of transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) and its receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to be associated with aggressive biologic behavior and adverse clinical outcome in a variety of tumors, including pancreatic adenocarcinomas. However, very little information is currently available as to whether this is true of pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) as well. Thirty-five PETs were retrospectively studied for immunohistochemical expression of TGF-α, the intracellular and extracellular domains of EGFR, and various hormonal secretory products. Proliferative activity was additionally studied (in 20 cases only) using the MIB-1 antibody. Thirty-one (89%) of 35 tumors were reactive for 1 or more of the peptide hormones tested; 22 (63%) tumors were positive for TGF-α; and 23 (65%) were positive for the intracellular and/or extracellular domain of EGFR. Based on their TGF-α and EGFR expression, these tumors could be classified into 4 groups. Of the 10 tumors in group I (positive for TGF-α and the complete EGFR molecule), 3 were malignant, 6 were >2 cm in diameter, 5 were functional, and 1 had a proliferative index of >40%. The 12 tumors in group II (positive for TGF-α but negative for the intracellular and/or extracellular domain of EGFR) included 4 malignant tumors, 4 PETs >2 cm in diameter, 8 functional, and 1 with a proliferative index of >40%. The 7 PETs in group III (positive for the intracellular/extracellular domain of EGFR alone) included 3 malignant tumors, 3 PETs >2 cm in diameter, and 3 functional tumors. The 6 tumors in group IV (completely negative for both TGF-α and EGFR) included 4 malignant tumors, 3 PETs >2 cm in diameter, and 4 functional lesions. Therefore, immunohistochemical expression of TGF-α and EGFR, either alone or in concert, shows no correlation with size, functional status, secretory profile, or biologic behavior and hence cannot be used as a marker of malignancy in this group of tumors. H UM P ATHOL 32:1184-1189. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Optical frequency combs and their application in microwave photonics and coherent signal processing

Optical frequency combs are used as a bank of coherent local oscillators for applications in microwave photonics. We explore coherent optical signal processing using parallel architectures in areas of waveform generation, measurement, and matched filtering.
An Upper Bound for the Diameter of a Graph

In an article [SIAM J. Discrete Math., 7 (1994), pp. 443--457], Chung, Faber, and Manteuffel established an inequality for the diameter of a graph in terms of its Laplacian eigenvalues, one that could be stated more attractively if graphs with a given property did not exist. The purpose of this note is to exhibit graphs having that given property.
Why Are Perfluorocyclobutadiene and Some Other (CF)nq Rings Non-Planar?

Although surprising, the nonplanarity of C2h C4F4 is not unique. While C6F6 is planar, other members of the (CF)n family, for example, C5F5−, C6F6−, C7F7−, and triplet C7F7− are not. C2h C4F4 is not aromatic, as claimed (see above), but its antiaromaticity is reduced relative to the planar D2h form due to decreased π antibonding and enhanced cross-ring π overlap. The nonplanar C2h geometry also benefits from the relief of repulsive FC−CF bond eclipsing interactions.
Social Identity Salience: Effects on Identity-Based Brand Choices of Hispanic Consumers

The purpose of this study was to examine the combinatorial effects of enduring and momentary mechanisms of cultural identity salience on identity-based apparel brand choices of three Hispanic acculturation segments (Hispanic-dominant, mainstream-dominant, and balanced-bicultural). The hypotheses were empirically tested among Hispanic students at a midwestern university in the U.S. employing a two-session online experiment. Results revealed that the influence of cultural primes (momentary salience of the cultural identity) on subsequent brand choices of Hispanic consumers is moderated by their bidimensional acculturation (enduring salience of the cultural identity). As posited, the current study found that the same cultural primes had differential effects among the three Hispanic acculturation segments, with the largest effect size among the balanced-bicultural segment. Specifically, the results indicated that Hispanic-dominant and mainstream-dominant consumers were less responsive to cultural cues in the environment and were less likely to demonstrate significant preference shifts in response to cultural primes. However, balanced-bicultural consumers demonstrated significant shifts in their attitudes and purchase intent for Hispanic and mainstream apparel brands when exposed to cultural primes, such that their brand choices assimilated toward the primed identity. Results are discussed in the context of social identity theory, the self-stereotyping process, cultural frame shifting, and the bidimensional acculturation model. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ion optics for high power 50-cm-dia ion thrusters

The process used at the NASA-Lewis to fabricate 30 and 50-cm-diameter ion optics is described. The ion extraction capabilities of the 30 and 50-cm diameter ion optics were evaluated on divergent field and ring-cusp discharge chambers and compared. Perveance was found to be sensitive to the effects of the type and power of the discharge chamber and to the accelerator electrode hole diameter. Levels of up to 0.64 N and 20 kW for thrust and input power, respectively, were demonstrated with the divergent-field discharge chamber. Thruster efficiencies and specific impulse values up to 79 percent and 5000 sec., respectively, were achieved with the ring-cusp discharge chamber.
World education finance policies and higher education access: A statistical analysis of World Development Indicators for 86 countries

Abstract This study uses panel data models to analyze international indicators and examines the relationship between education finance policies and higher education access among 86 countries from 1998 to 2009. We find that public expenditure per tertiary student bears a negative association with tertiary enrollment ratios, whereas GDP per capita and public spending on education as a percentage of GDP both have a positive effect on tertiary enrollment. These results imply that for a fixed amount of total budget and rising demands for higher education, various nations have reduced spending per college student and drawn on more private resources to expand higher education access.
An Update on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction

Numerous studies over the past decade have reported an acute change in cognitive status in adult patients after major surgery. Most evidence suggests that these early cognitive changes are transitory and do not persist in the long term. However, the prognostic significance of POCD remains a hotly debated topic, especially in light of recent data showing that patients with early POCD were at higher risk of mortality after discharge. Furthermore, whether patients with early POCD actually have preexisting mild cognitive impairment and experience a steeper downward cognitive trajectory independent of the effect of anesthesia and surgery is another question that warrants further investigation. We anticipate that future studies will elucidate better the pathophysiology of POCD through the use of large sample sizes and longitudinally collected patient data in both the early and late postoperative period. We also advocate for a theoretically derived and empirically tested model which describes the causes and outcomes of POCD. Such a model must be established in order to truly standardize the neurocognitive test battery and timing of administration in the study of POCD.
Neutropenia in Children

Neutropenia, a decrease in the number of circulating neutrophilic leukocytes, often provides a diagnostic challenge to the pediatrician. When the pediatrician is unable to ascertain the cause of the neutropenia, pediatric hematologists are also frequently frustrated in their attempts to uncover a satisfactory explanation for the finding. The total white cell count and the absolute granulocyte count vary as a function of age as depicted in Table 1. The while blood cell count and the absolute granulocyte count are characteristically increased in the normal newborn and both rapidly decrease during the first week of life. After the first year of life, the normal neutrophil count generally ranges between 1,500 to 8,000/cu mm. Although neutropenia is conventionally defined as the presence of an absolute granulocyte count (neutrophilic leukocytes and band forms) of less than 1,500 cu mm, an increase in the incidence of infections is rarely observed until the absolute granulocyte count remains persistently below 1,000/cu mm. The black population and possibly Yemenite Jews characteristically have lower total white cell counts than age-matched control subjects. Approximately 30% to 40% of black male adults have a total white blood cell count of less than 5,000/cu mm as compared with only 7% of white males.2 Presumably the same difference in distribution of white cell counts exists in the pediatric population as well.
Total Cross Sections for Scattering and Absorption of Pions by Nuclei

The causality conditions of Goldberger for the pion-nucleon scattering have been used to calculate the parameter ${k}_{1}$ of the optical model for scattering of pions from nuclei. These values of ${k}_{1}$ together with values of the absorption coefficient $K$ in nuclear matter were used to obtain the total absorption and diffraction cross sections of pions for carbon, copper, and lead in the range 0-2.5 Bev.
Head circumference is useful in assessing weight gain in babies who fail to thrive

Parents often worry about their baby’s poor weight gain. Most are healthy, and Shields and colleagues offer practical advice about when to refer for further investigations.1 I suggest a simple additional examination and …
Clinical and Treatment Characteristics of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Psychiatric Practice

ABSTRACT Objective To capture information about the clinical characteristics of, and treatments for, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in psychiatric practice. Method A mailed, self-administered questionnaire was sent to 81 practicing psychiatrists for them to complete on the next three consecutive patients aged 14 years and younger with ADHD seen during the 12-day study period. Information collected included the sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of sampled patients. Results Patients in the study were predominantly white (85%), male (78%), and between 10 and 14 years old (58%). The most common ADHD subtype was combined/predominantly hyperactive (86%); 31% had no other comorbidity. Ninety-seven percent were receiving medications, with 49% receiving two or more. The single most common medication reported was methylphenidate (51% of patients) followed by clonidine (20%). Psychotropics other than psychostimulants were used in a majority of patients (55%). Conclusions Psychiatrists, and child and adolescent psychiatrists in particular, see a more severely impaired and complex group of patients than would be expected of primary care providers. The treatment patterns of psychiatrists for these patients do not reflect the simpler treatments usually studied in clinical trials.
Charge trapping in detector grade thallium bromide and cadmium zinc telluride: Measurement and theory

Abstract Carrier trapping times were measured in detector grade thallium bromide (TlBr) and cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) from 300 to 110 K and the experimental data were analyzed using a trapping model. In CZT, because the majority carrier concentration is close to the intrinsic carrier concentration, the trapping time increases exponentially as the temperature decreases below about 160 K. In TlBr, the majority carrier concentration is many orders of magnitude greater than the intrinsic carrier concentration and the trapping time followed a (1/ T ) 1/2 temperature dependence over the range of temperatures studied. The results of the model suggest that a moderately deep compensation center could be used to significantly increase the room temperature trapping time in TlBr.
Bridgehead nitrogen heterocycles. VI. The reaction of 1‐amino‐ and 1,2‐diaminopyridinium salts with β‐dicarbonyl compounds

1,2-Diaminopyridinium iodide underwent reaction with ethyl acetoacetate to form 1,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxopyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium iodide, and with acetyl acetone it gave 2,4-dimethylpyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ium iodide. Though 2-acetylcyclohexanone gave the corresponding 5-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]quinazolin-11-ium iodide, no reaction was observed with 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-heptanedione, 1-benzoylacetone, 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione and its p-methoxyphenyl derivative. However, 1-aminopyridinium iodide and acetyl acetone in the presence of base gave 3-acetyl-2-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine and 1-amino-2-methylpyridinium iodide yielded the corresponding 3-acetyl-2,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine. With ethyl acetoacetate, the latter salt formed 3-ethoxycarbonyl-2,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine but with 2,6-dimethyl substituents in the pyridine ring no condensation occurred. Reaction of 1-amino-2-methylpyridinium iodide with benzaldehyde gave N-benzalimino-2-methylpyridinium iodide which, on treatment with base, resulted in the formation of 2-picoline and benzonitrile, providing a convenient method of deamination.
Artificial photoactive proteins

Solar power is the most abundant source of renewable energy. In this respect, the goal of making photoactive proteins is to utilize this energy to generate an electron flow. Photosystems have provided the blueprint for making such systems, since they are capable of converting the energy of light into an electron flow using a series of redox cofactors. Protein tunes the redox potential of the cofactors and arranges them such that their distance and orientation are optimal for the creation of a stable charge separation. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the literature with regard to some elegant functional structures that protein designers have created by introducing cofactors and photoactivity into synthetic proteins.
Letter from RIKEN

This is an excellent research laboratory for work in an important aspect of plant molecular biology. Generous fellowships, including travel funds for families, are available throughout the Science and Technology Agency; information in the United States is available from the National Science foundation. I can personally testify that living conditions at RIKEN are excellent, that the Japanese language is manageable with a little effort, that Japanese food is delicious, and that the people are gracious and helpful to foreign visitors. Of course, prices are extremely high by United States standards, but the RIKEN stipends are sufficiently generous to overcome even that difficulty.
Vasodilator monotherapy in the treatment of hypertension: Comparative efficacy and safety of pinacidil, a potassium channel opener, and prazosin

We compared antihypertensive effects of monotherapy with pinacidil (N = 197) or prazosin (N = 204) in a randomized, parallel, double-blind dose-titration study in which hydrochlorothiazide or propranolol could be added for adverse events or lack of efficacy. Pinacidil (12.5 to 75 mg b.i.d.) was a more potent vasodilator, producing a mean decrease in supine diastolic blood pressure (baseline = 102 to 103 ± 9 mm Hg) of 18.8 ± 10.0 (SD) mm Hg compared with 15.5 ± 9.2 mm Hg with prazosin (1 to 10 mg b.i.d.; p < 0.001). Patients responding to each drug had similar average blood pressure levels during 12-hour monitoring (137/85 mm Hg). More patients taking pinacidil required hydrochlorothiazide for edema (p = 0.008) and more taking prazosin required hydrochlorothiazide and propranolol for lack of efficacy (p < 0.001). Tachycardia (15% to 20%) and palpitation (13% to 15%) were frequent events with both drugs. Edema (38.2% vs 22.3%) was more frequent with pinacidil (p < 0.001) and postural hypotension (4.7% vs 1.0%) and asthenia (20.2% vs 13.2%) were more frequent with prazosin (p = 0.025; 0.062). No significant laboratory toxicity was noted. In conclusion, both pinacidil and prazosin are effective as monotherapy for hypertension. Monotherapy with pinacidil is limited by adverse events related to vasodilatation and monotherapy with prazosin is limited by lack of efficacy. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1988) 44, 78–92; doi:10.1038/clpt.1988.117