cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abnormalities of Immune Regulation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

The severe depletion of CD4+ T cells is the most obvious and dramatic immunologic event that occurs in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 during development to AIDS. Nevertheless, a complex and sequential pattern of loss of T-helper cell (TH) function can occur years before development of AIDS symptoms. Such suppression could be due to immunosuppressive factors that are either products of HIV, such as gp120 and tat, or HIV-induced immunoregulatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta and IL-10. Recent data suggest that multiple and independent immunosuppressive factors, including gp120-induced suppression and IL-10, are responsible for the loss of TH function seen in HIV-infected individuals before development of symptoms. The same TH functional abnormalities observed in adult patients are also seen in pediatric cases. Pediatric cases of HIV infection present some unique problems, however, in that one needs to be able to distinguish between HIV-induced suppression of TH function and the absence of TH function that is due to lack of maturation or immunologic priming.
Similarity reductions from extended Painleve´ expansions for nonintegrable evolution equations

Abstract The use of singular manifold expansions to find exact solutions to nonintegrable evolution equations is extended to include arbitrary (resonance) coefficients in such a way as to make the resulting infinite series exactly resummable. The technique involves the use of a rescaling ansatz analogous to that used to analyze the psi-series of nonintegrable ordinary differential equations. The result is a similarity reduction of the equation in which the constrained singular manifold plays the role of a similarity variable. The method is capable of yielding new solutions corresponding to either classical or nonclassical (conditional) Lie symmetries.
The Practice of Correlation between French and Other Subjects

Tf ODAY, the word language in the full sense of the term has broad significance. It no longer means simply the expression of ideas through the medium of words and sentence construction. We think of it now as representing a people by reflecting their method of reasoning, and their ideals and philosophy. We find its ramifications imbedded in their history, and in their social and economic life. Language per se is of little consequence. It is merely the basic structure upon which we who study it can build our house of knowledge. The two must be developed together. We hear much about the necessity of mutual understanding with our foreign neighbors, but this understanding involves more than ability to speak their language; it means knowing something about their native land and their rich inheritance.
Balanced placebo design with marijuana: Pharmacological and expectancy effects on impulsivity and risk taking

Rationale Marijuana is believed to increase impulsivity and risk taking, but the processes whereby it affects such behaviors are not understood. Indeed, either the pharmacologic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or the expectancy of receiving it may lead to deficits in cognitive processing and increases in risk taking.
Studies of the Fundamental Chemistry of Hanford Tank Sludges

The U.S. Department of Energy has embarked on an effort to retrieve, immobilize, and dispose of the 210,000 cubic meters of radioactive tank wastes that were generated during weapons production and other operations at the Hanford Site in Washington State. One of the major challenges associated with this effort is the processing of the 42,000 cubic meters of high-level waste sludges. These sludges consist of a complex mixture of amorphous and crystalline mineral phases. The current plan for processing the sludge solids consists of leaching with aqueous NaOH, washing out the NaOH and dissolved components, then vitrifying the solids in borosilicate glass. The purpose of the NaOH leaching step is to remove components such as Al, Cr, and P that can lead to the production of an unacceptable quantity of high-level waste glass. In this paper, we will discuss the chemistry underlying the leaching and washing processes, focusing on the specific mineral phases present in the sludge solids and how these phases respond to the leaching process. The chemical phases present in the Hanford tank sludge solids have been identified through microscopy coupled with electron diffraction and through powder X-ray diffraction. We have also recently been applying nuclear magnetic resonancemore » spectroscopy to characterize chemical species in tank sludge solids. Numerous chemical species have been identified including the aluminum oxy/hydroxides gibbsite and boehmite, aluminosilicates, iron oxy/hydroxides, and mixed Cr/Fe oxyhydroxides. Identification of these phases has led to a more fundamental understanding of the behavior of the various sludge components during leaching; in turn, this understanding will allow for improved process flow sheets. For example, we have shown that certain tank sludges are high in boehmite, γ-AlOOH. This mineral phase is much more refractory than other Al phases such as gibbsite. Thus, more severe leaching conditions (e.g., increased temperature, NaOH concentration, and leaching duration) are required to remove Al from wastes high in boehmite.« less
The nature of retinal radiation damage: Dependence on wavelength, power level and exposure time

Abstract Wavelengths between 400–1400 nm are transmitted by the mammalian ocular media to the retina. There are at least three types of retinal injury in this waveband. They are mechanical, thermal and actinic in nature. Each type of damage is described briefly and it is suggested that melanin plays a key role in all three types of damage. Some of the peculiar properties of melanin are discussed briefly.
Steady and Unsteady Three Dimensional Flow Field Downstream of an Embedded Stator in a Multistage Axial Flow Compressor: Part 2 — Composite Flow Field

In Part 1 of this paper, the unsteady velocity field derived from slanted hot-film measurements was presented and interpreted. In this part, the stagnation pressure (Kulite probe) and temperature data (Aspirating Probe) is integrated with the velocity data (hot-film probe) to derive a composite flow field description of the steady and unsteady flow behavior downstream of the second stator of a three stage axial flow compressor at the peak efficiency operating condition. Detailed mechanisms for various flow field features such as the hub clearance flow and the suction surface-casing endwall comer region have been analyzed based on the composite flow field. The feasibility of correlating the deterministic velocity and temperature distributions to develop stress and heat-flux terms to be used in Part 3 of this paper are explored. The results indicate that major blockage is caused in the stator hub endwall leakage flow and its possible subsequent rollup into a vortex and in the casing endwall region due to suction surface casing endwall comer and secondary flow region. These are also the regions with the highest levels of unsteadiness. From the ensemble averaged velocity, pressure and temperature field it was observed that very good comparison exists between these data sets for the wake properties such as width and depth. The transport of rotor wake towards the pressure side of the stator is confirmed through an integrated interpretation of all the flow properties.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
Asymptotic Fields in Adhesive Fracture

Abstract This paper presents the asymptotic singular fields associated with the fracture analysis of adhesive joints and the micromechanics of adhesive failure. The fracture parameters used in adhesives are examined and their validity and use in applications is evaluated. Contrary to conventional fracture mechanics of homogeneous media the asymptotic field in most adhesive fracture is a function of the following: the adhesive and adherend properties, the dimensionality of the crack geometry, and their relationship to the interface. The Finite Element Iterative Method (FEIM) is used in analyzing the asymptotic fields. The results of the singularities for interfacial cracks of various geometries and material properties are presented and discussed in relation to adhesive failures.
Automated Cloth Handling Using Adaptive Force Feedback

In this paper, a control loop for the handling of cloth is described and tested. The control loop is an adaptive force feedback controller which both provides correct tension on the cloth and straightens wrinkles in the cloth. The control loop was implemented and tested on a PUMA 560 robot with a LORD 15/50 force/torque sensor mounted on its wrist. Experiments demonstrate the ability of the control loop to straighten the cloth and to exert a specified tension on the cloth
Workfare and agency: A response to Keleher

Keleher is an advocate of workfare, whereas my personal predisposition is to be skeptical about telling others what is good for them. Keleher justifies workfare on two grounds: that welfare sustains dependency, and that workfare makes education available which might lead to marketable abilities. Unfortunately, he also argues that workfare should be mandatory. This coupling of education and mandatory participation is a hazardous generalization without more persuasive evidence. The gist of my concerns is that we try to design systems of reducing dependency that are as noncoercive as possible.
Ontogeny of glucose inhibition of independent ingestion in preweanling rats.

Abstract Rat pups that have been maternally and nutritionally deprived will vigorously ingest diet infused directly into the mouth. The development of nutritive controls in this form of ingestion was examined by administering nutritive and non-nutritive gastric preloads to 6- and 15-day-old pups. In 6 day-old pups, nutritive gastric preloads (0.6 M glucose in distilled H 2 O or saline) and vehicle preloads were followed by similar intakes; only the change in hydrational state caused by distilled H 2 O loads appeared to affect intake. By 15 days of age, intake following nutritive preloads was less than intake following non-nutritive preloads. Also, at 15 days, stomach volume at the termination of intake was less following nutritive preloads. In a separate experiment with 6-day-old pups, gastric preloads of an alternative energy source, the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate, also failed to inhibit intake when given at a dose that did not cause excessive gastric distension. These results indicate that a nutritive control of intake termination in rats is not present at 6 days of age but develops by 15 days of age.
Biosynthesis of 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane by methanogenic bacteria

The biosynthesis of the 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane moiety of methanopterin was studied in methanogenic bacteria. By comparing the extent of deuteration of the benzyl group of 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane with the benzyl group of phenylalanine isolated from cells grown with [2,2,2-2H3]acetate, it was shown that the aromatic portion of the 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane was derived from an intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway which is produced prior to the formation of prephenic acid. The ready incorporation of p-aminobenzoic acid into 5-(p-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxypentane indicates that this intermediate is chorismic acid and that p-aminobenzoic acid, a component of folic acid, is an intermediate in the formation of methanopterin.
Vibrational circular dichroism of methyl deformation modes

Abstract The vibrational circular dichroism of several substituted phenylethanes are reported in the 1450 cm−1 region and interpreted as being due to interaction or the CH3 detormation with a near degenerate phenyl mode. Implications for previously reported Raman CID spectra of these molecules are discussed.
Structure in the d2V/dI2 versus V characteristic of Pb-insulator-metal tunnel junctions

Abstract Structure has been observed in the d 2 V /d I 2 versus V characteristics of Pb-insulator-metal tunnel junctions at voltages from 25 to 65 mV across the junctions. The measurements were performed at liquid He temperatures.
Ground-state multiplicities of atoms and positive ions

A procedure is developed to establish the ground-state multiplicities for atoms with any number of electrons. The procedure is applied to two- and three-electron systems. The results are that all neutral and positive two- and three-electron atoms have singlet (S=0) and doublet (S=1/2) ground states, respectively.
Long-Term Impacts of Land-Use Change on Non-Point Source Pollutant Loads for the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, USA

A land-use-change simulation model (LEAM) and a non-point-source (NPS) water quality model (L-THIA) were closely coupled as LEAMwq in order to determine the long-term implications of various degree of urbanization on NPS total nitrogen (TN), total suspended particles (TSP), and total phosphorus (TP) loads. A future land-use projection in the St. Louis metropolitan area from 2005 to 2030 using three economic growth scenarios (base, low, and high) and a long-term precipitation dataset were used to predict the mean annual surface runoff and mean annual NPS pollutant loads in the region. Results show mean annual TN increases of 0.21%, 0.13%, and 0.14% by 2030 compared to 2000 under the base, high, and low scenarios, respectively. TSP and TP showed similar trends with different magnitudes. Corresponding changes in annual mean surface runoff were shown to be lower than expected, which might be attributed to the small-scale conversion pattern of land uses. In the most dramatic change (high growth) scenario, the runoff would increase across time but at varying rates, and temporal pollutant loads would result in a more complicated pattern than in the other scenarios. This is attributed to the complex interactions between event mean concentrations of pollutants and the magnitude of changes in land-use acreages. By integrating L-THIA with LEAM, LEAMwq was found to be a useful planning tool to illustrate in a quick and simple manner how future water quality is connected to decision-making on future land-use change.
A surprising Poisson process arising from a species competition model

Motivated by the work ofTilman (Ecology 75 (1994) 2) and May and Nowak (J. Theoret. Biol. 170 (1994) 95) we consider a process in which points are inserted randomly into the unit interval and a new point kills each point to its left independently and with probability a. Intuitively this dynamic will create a negative dependence between the number ofpoints in adjacent intervals. However, we show that the ensemble ofpoints converges to a Poisson process with intensity 1=(a(1 − x)), and the number ofpoints at time t grows like (log t)=a. c � 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
An overview of the vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) as a surveillance system

We evaluated the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), the spontaneous reporting system for vaccine-associated adverse events in the United States, as a public health surveillance system, using evaluation guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We found that VAERS is simple for reporters to use, flexible by design and its data are available in a timely fashion. The predictive value positive for one severe event is known to be high, but for most events is unknown. The acceptability, sensitivity and representativeness of VAERS are unknown. The study of vaccine safety is complicated by underreporting, erroneous reporting, frequent multiple exposures and multiple outcomes.
Steep left ventricle to aortic root angle is independently associated with dynamic left ventricular outflow tract gradient in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a novel association using 3-dimensional multi-modality imaging

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients with similar basal septal hypertrophy (BSH) can have significantly different degrees of dynamic obstruction, quantified by the left ventricular outflow tract gradient (LVOTG). Furthermore, an elevated LVOTG can be seen even with minimal BSH. Using advanced 3-dimensional whole-heart sequence on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), we observed a spectrum of acuity in the LV to aortic root angle (LVARA) in our study population of HCM patients (Figure ​(Figure11). Open in a separate window Figure 1 Quantification of the LVARA in the 5 chamber view.
Effect of Changes in Intermuscular and Subcutaneous Fat Levels on Cholesterol Content of Raw and Cooked Beef Steaks

Muscle, intermuscular (seam) fat and subcutaneous fat dissected from boneless rib steaks (U.S. Choice quality grade; USDA yield grade 1 to 5) were analyzed for cholesterol content. For raw steaks, the cholesterol content (wet basis) in the fat fractions was greater than 150% of that in the muscle fraction; the difference diminished greatly when steaks were cooked to an internal temperature of 70°C. On an average of all yield grades, cooked intermuscular fat and subcutaneous fat contained about 108 and 122%, respectively, of the cholesterol content in cooked muscle. The percentage of total cholesterol in raw and cooked steaks that was contributed by the combined fat fractions increased significantly with numerical increases in the USDA yield grade. However, the amount of cholesterol per gram of the whole steak was not significantly different among the five yield grades.
Factors Related to Female Adolescent Initiation into Violent Street Crime

The present study is concerned with understanding when and how adolescent girls become involved in violent street crime. Specifically, the study explores the correlates or explanatory factors of such offending among a sample of women arrested and/or incarcerated for violent street crimes in New York City. The findings of this study suggest that an adequate understanding of female offending must consider the impact of neighborhood, peer, and addiction factors that affect both male and female participation in criminal violence. In addition, it appears as though different configurations of these factors contribute to the initiation of violent offending depending on the age of onset. Early initiation into violent crime was accompanied by participation in a wide variety of other offending behaviors and deviant lifestyles. On the other hand, those women who experienced a later onset of violent offending did so within the context of a criminal career that, up to the point of substance abuse, was more specialized and focused on typically nonviolent, gender congruent activities (e.g., prostitution, shoplifting).
Comodulation masking release in a forward-masking paradigm.

Waveforms that yield comodulation masking release (CMR) when they are presented simultaneously with a signal were used in a standard forward‐masking procedure. The signal was a 25‐ms sample of a 2500‐Hz tone. The masker was a band of noise centered at 2500 Hz, 100 Hz in width, and 200 ms in duration. Presented with the masker were two or four cue bands, each 100 Hz wide and centered at various distances from the masker band. These cue bands either all had the same temporal envelope as the masker band (correlated condition) or their common envelope was different from that of the masker band (uncorrelated condition). In the initial experiments, (1) detectability of the tonal signal was 7–18 dB better when the masker band was accompanied by cue bands than when it was not—an effect that would be expected from past research on lateral suppression—but further, (2) the signal was about 3 dB more detectable in the correlated conditions than in the uncorrelated conditions. In follow‐up experiments, these CMR‐like differences between the correlated and uncorrelated conditions were substantially reduced (although not eliminated) by presenting a contralateral, wideband noise that was gated synchronously with the masker and/or cue bands. The implications are that the initial results were attributable in part to the ‘‘confusion effects’’ known to exist in certain temporal‐masking situations, and that listeners are able to obtain greater information about the temporal extent of a masker band from correlated cue bands than from uncorrelated bands. It is suggested that the small CMR‐like difference that did remain in the face of controls for confusion may be attributable to a form of dynamic lateral suppression, where the magnitude of suppression covaries perfectly with the magnitude of the envelope of the narrow‐band masker. It appears, then, that no explanations beyond confusion and lateral suppression are necessary to account for the reported CMR‐like effects in forward masking.
How is radial arm maze behavior in rats related to locomotor search tactics

Norway rats have been shown to depend on short-term spatial memory to find food on a radial arm maze (RAM), but what locomotor search tactics are involved in using this memory effectively? Four experiments distinguished tactics of distance minimizing, central-place search, trail following, thigmotactic search, and random search by using different configurations of a RAM placed flat on the floor of an arena. These search tactics make similar predictions on an elevated RAM but predict different outcomes on a floor RAM because the rats are free to approach the food from any direction. After initial trials dominated by exploration, rats traveled along arms to food, even when the resultant distance was up to three times the minimum distance. With no food present, rats also traveled along arms; with no arms up to present, they traveled along walls to food. It appears that both maze arms and arena walls engage mechanisms related to trail following in rats.
In vivo monitoring response to chemotherapy of human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma xenografts in SCID mice by 1H and 31P MRS.

Rationale and Objectives A reliable noninvasive method for in vivo detection of early therapeutic response of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) patients would be of great clinical value. This study evaluates the feasibility of 1 H and 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for in vivo detection of response to combination chemotherapy of human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLCL2) xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Materials and Methods Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, hydroxy doxorubicin, Oncovin, prednisone, and bryostatin 1 (CHOPB) was administered to tumor-bearing SCID mice weekly for up to four cycles. Spectroscopic studies were performed before the initiation of treatment and after each cycle of the CHOPB. Proton MRS for detection of lactate and total choline was performed using a selective multiple-quantum-coherence-transfer (Sel-MQC) and a spin-echo–enhanced Sel-MQC (SEE-Sel-MQC) pulse sequence, respectively. Phosphorus-31 MRS using a nonlocalized, single-pulse sequence without proton decoupling was also performed on these animals. Results Significant decreases in lactate and total choline were detected in the DLCL2 tumors after one cycle of CHOPB chemotherapy. The ratio of phosphomonoesters to β-nucleoside triphosphate (PME/βNTP, measured by 31 P MRS) significantly decreased in the CHOPB-treated tumors after two cycles of CHOPB. The control tumors did not exhibit any significant changes in either of these metabolites. Conclusions This study demonstrates that 1 H and 31 P MRS can detect in vivo therapeutic response of NHL tumors and that lactate and choline offer a number of advantages over PMEs as markers of early therapeutic response.
Stochastic Model For The Number Of Atoms In A Magneto-Optical Trap

In this article a Markov chain for the distribution of single atoms is suggested and studied. We explore a recursive model for the number of atoms present in a magneto-optical trap under a feedback regime with a Poisson-distributed load. Formulas for the stationary distribution of this process are derived. They can be used to adjust the loading rate of atoms to maximize the proportion of time that a single atom spends in the trap. The (approximate) optimal regime for the Poisson loading and loss processes is found.
Custody of Client Assets under Rule 206(4)‐2 of the Investment Advisers Act

The author, both an attorney and CPA, explores the complex and perhaps out‐of‐date Advisors Act Rule 206(4)‐2, the Custody Rule. He explores the rule and the obligations and concerns that arise when an investment advisor is deemed to have custody.
ADP-ribosylation of metaphase and interphase nonhistones using [3H]adenosine as a radioactive label.

Abstract ADP-ribosylation of HeLa nonhistone proteins was investigated by using [ 3 H]adenosine as an in vivo radioactive label. The aim was to determine basic differences in the patterns of modification of interphase and metaphase nonhistones. Fluorography revealed a relatively small number of modified proteins for isolated metaphase chromosomes. In addition to the core histones, a protein of 116 kDa, which is identified as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, was a primary acceptor of [ 3 H]adenosine. Two-dimensional gels revealed a profound difference in the modification of metaphase and interphase nonhistones. For interphase nuclei, 3H label was distributed among a large number of nonhistone acceptors. ADP-ribosylation Nonhistone Metaphase chromosome Interphase nucleus [3H]Adenosine HeLa cell
Magnetic resonance imaging outcome after uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata with use of tris-acryl gelatin microspheres.

PURPOSE To determine the imaging outcome after uterine artery embolization (UAE) with use of tris-acryl gelatin microspheres (Embospheres). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) images was performed comparing studies completed 3–4 months after UAE to those performed before UAE. Twenty-three patients with 61 leiomyomata (as many as three fibroids per patient) were examined. Orthogonal T2, axial T1-weighted fat-saturated, sagittal T2 fast spin-echo, and dynamic T1-weighted sagittal images after Gadolinium injection were analyzed. Two abdominal imaging specialists examined the volume and uterine and leiomyoma perfusion. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for inferences in leiomyoma size difference, infarction, and volume of fibroid tissue perfused. RESULTS Median volume of all leiomyomata ( n = 61) decreased by 52% ( P n = 23), a median 52% volume decrease ( P P P CONCLUSIONS Tris-acryl gelatin microspheres (Embospheres) are an effective embolic agent for UAE, causing infarction and significant decrease in leiomyoma volume.
Innovative approach to genetic counseling services for the deaf population

Genetic service providers have stressed the importance of genetic counseling that is nondirective and specific to the personal needs of consultants. Successful genetic counseling for deaf persons often requires special provisions for complex family histories, syndromic conditions, and diversity in communication methods and cultural orientation. The Gallaudet University Genetic Services Center (GSC) was established in 1984 to provide genetic education and counseling services to the deaf community. The GSC staff developed and implemented a standardized system of data collection (family and medical history), clinical evaluation by consultant clinical geneticists, and counseling in sign language. In addition to clinical services, an in-depth educational program for professionals and consumers was developed and carried out. During a 6-year period, over 220 educational presentations were made and 659 deaf persons were seen for genetic evaluation and counseling. Most of these persons were self-referred. Sign language was the preferred means of communication of more than 90% of these individuals. A genetic cause of deafness was diagnosed in over 50% of the deaf consultants and was confirmed by segregation analysis, which had results similar to those reported for other studies of students in schools for the deaf. Special materials and strategies were developed in order to provide genetic services that were sensitive to the cultural and linguistic differences of the deaf population. These included written and visual materials that contained culturally neutral terminology and training of all staff members in sign language and the culture of the deaf.
Specification Synthesis for Monitoring and Analysis of MANET Protocols

This paper introduces an approach to automatic synthesis of the specification models of routing protocol behavior from the observed flow of the network traffic. In particular, our technique generalizes the monitored sequences of routing messages constructing a high-level abstract view of the protocol. The basis of our method is similar to inductive logic programming technique that derives a sound hypothesis from the individual examples. The preliminary experiments are presented on the example of AODV ad-hoc routing protocol.
Sociophonetics of Consonantal Variation

Although consonantal variation has traditionally been studied using auditory coding, techniques now exist for measuring any kind of consonants acoustically and/or articulatorily. These methods have already been employed extensively for studying variation in many languages. Techniques and past studies using them are reviewed for rhotics, laterals, fricatives, stops, weakening and strengthening processes, and voicing. These methods are becoming well established in sociolinguistic inquiry. One of the greatest remaining challenges is to design studies that combine these methods with current sociological approaches to human interactions.
Comparative study in chemistry of microbially and electrochemically induced pitting of 316L stainless steel

Ennoblement of stainless steel (SS) by microbially deposited manganese oxides can lead to pitting corrosion at low chloride concentrations, causing unexpected material failures. We exposed 316L SS to manganese oxidizing bacteria Leptothrix discophora under well-defined laboratory conditions, and then placed the ennobled coupons in a 0.5 M sodium chloride solution until pitting developed. Using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy we demonstrated that the pits and their immediate vicinity associated with microbial influenced corrosion had different chemical signatures than those associated with electrochemically induced pitting, suggesting a possibility that the microorganisms were directly involved in pit initiation. Based on the differences in the chemical signatures we were able to distinguish the microbially induced pits from those induced by anodic polarization.
Multiple Amidated Neuropeptides Are Required for Normal Circadian Locomotor Rhythms in Drosophila

In Drosophila, the amidated neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF) is expressed by the ventral subset of lateral pacemaker neurons and is required for circadian locomotor rhythms. Residual rhythmicity in pdf mutants likely reflects the activity of other neurotransmitters. We asked whether other neuropeptides contribute to such auxiliary mechanisms. We used the gal4/UAS system to create mosaics for the neuropeptide amidating enzyme PHM; amidation is a highly specific and widespread modification of secretory peptides in Drosophila. Three different gal4 drivers restricted PHM expression to different numbers of peptidergic neurons. These mosaics displayed aberrant locomotor rhythms to degrees that paralleled the apparent complexity of the spatial patterns. Certain PHM mosaics were less rhythmic than pdf mutants and as severe as per mutants. Additional gal4 elements were added to the weakly rhythmic PHM mosaics. Although adding pdf-gal4 provided only partial improvement, adding the widely expressed tim-gal4 largely restored rhythmicity. These results indicate that, in Drosophila, peptide amidation is required for neuropeptide regulation of behavior. They also support the hypothesis that multiple amidated neuropeptides, acting upstream, downstream, or in parallel to PDF, help organize daily locomotor rhythms.
The energy dependence of electron attenuation lengths

An analysis has been made of electron attenuation length data for nine materials in terms of the Bethe theory for inelastic scattering in matter. It was found that the Bethe equation adequately described the energy dependence of the data in all materials over the typical range 100–1500 eV. The Bethe equation appears to be superior to the empirical relation proposed by Wagner, Davis, and Riggs (1980).
A critical evaluation of a flow cytometer used for detecting enterococci in recreational waters

The current U. S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved method for enterococci (Method 1600) in recreational water is a membrane filter (MF) method that takes 24 hours to obtain results. If the recreational water is not in compliance with the standard, the risk of exposure to enteric pathogens may occur before the water is identified as hazardous. Because flow cytometry combined with specific fluorescent antibodies has the potential to be used as a rapid detection method for microorganisms, this technology was evaluated as a rapid, same-day method to detect enterococci in bathing beach waters. The flow cytometer chosen for this study was a laser microbial detection system designed to detect labeled antibodies. A comparison of MF counts with flow cytometry counts of enterococci in phosphate buffer and sterile-filtered recreational water showed good agreement between the two methods. However, when flow cytometry was used, the counts were several orders of magnitude higher than the MF counts with no correlation to Enterococcus spike concentrations. The unspiked sample controls frequently had higher counts than the samples spiked with enterococci. Particles within the spiked water samples were probably counted as target cells by the flow cytometer because of autofluorescence or non-specific adsorption of antibody and carryover to subsequent samples. For these reasons, this technology may not be suitable for enterococci detection in recreational waters. Improvements in research and instrument design that will eliminate high background and carryover may make this a viable technology in the
On scalable and locality-aware web document sharing

We propose a scalable Web document sharing infrastructure model called Browsers-Aware Proxy Server. In this design, a proxy server connecting to a group of networked clients maintains an index file of data objects of all clients' browser caches. If a user request misses in its local browser cache and the proxy cache, the browsers-aware proxy server will search the index file attempting to find it in another client's browser cache before sending the request to an upper level proxy or the Web server. If such a request does hit in a remote client, this client will directly forward the data object to the requesting client; or the proxy server fetches the data object from this client and then forwards it to the requesting client. The contributions of this caching model are twofold. First, we show that the amount of sharable data in browser caches is significant and can be utilized for document sharing among clients to improve Web caching performance and scalability. Second, the browsers-aware model can effectively and further improve Web prefetching performance. The browsers-aware model and its supported prefetching technique build a strong locality-aware Internet environment to make Web accesses fast with low communication costs. Conducting trace-driven simulations, we show the effectiveness of the browsers-aware model, and its unique advantages to facilitate prefetching.
The influence of sex on cardiovascular outcomes associated with diabetes among older black and white adults.

Abstract Aims It is unknown whether sex differences in the association of diabetes with cardiovascular outcomes vary by race. We examined sex differences in the associations of diabetes with incident congestive heart failure (CHF) and coronary heart disease (CHD) between older black and white adults. Methods We analyzed data from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a prospective cohort study of community-dwelling individuals aged ≥65 from four US counties. We included 4817 participants (476 black women, 279 black men, 2447 white women and 1625 white men). We estimated event rates and multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for incident CHF, CHD, and all-cause mortality by Cox regression and competing risk analyses. Results Over a median follow-up of 12.5years, diabetes was more strongly associated with CHF among black women (HR, 2.42 [95% CI, 1.70–3.40]) than black men (1.39 [0.83–2.34]); this finding did not reach statistical significance ( P for interaction=0.08). Female sex conferred a higher risk for a composite outcome of CHF and CHD among black participants (2.44 [1.82–3.26]) vs. (1.44 [0.97–2.12]), P for interaction=0.03). There were no significant sex differences in the HRs associated with diabetes for CHF among whites, or for CHD or all-cause mortality among blacks or whites. The three-way interaction between sex, race, and diabetes on risk of cardiovascular outcomes was not significant ( P =0.07). Conclusions Overall, sex did not modify the cardiovascular risk associated with diabetes among older black or white adults. However, our results suggest that a possible sex interaction among older blacks merits further study.
Kinematic Design and Dynamic Analysis of a Planar Biped Robot Mechanically Coordinated by a Single Degree of Freedom

This paper presents a method of integrating kinematic mechanism design and hybrid system analysis for the design of a single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) planar biped robot that can achieve dynamic walking gaits that are stable. Reducing the DOF in a biped can result in a reduction of the complexity of the control strategies needed to enable stable walking. Although the biped designed by this procedure is restricted to a single gait, this biped may be less complex, lighter, and less costly to construct than one whose multiple DOF are coordinated via feedback.
Controlled clinical evaluation of Isolator and ESP aerobic blood culture systems for detection of bloodstream infections.

A controlled clinical evaluation comparing the Isolator system (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.) and the ESP 80A blood culture bottle in the automated ESP system (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) was performed with 10,535 blood culture sets from patients with suspected septicemia. Of 1,150 positive cultures, 844 positive cultures from 285 patients with 394 septic episodes fulfilled the study criteria for minimum blood sample requirements in each system and clinical significance of isolates. The Isolator system detected statistically significantly more positive cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (P < 0.001), Enterococcus spp. (P = 0.007), Escherichia coli (P = 0.001), Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (P = 0.02), Xanthomonas maltophilia (P = 0.01), Candida albicans (P < 0.001), and Candida glabrata (P = 0.05). The Isolator system detected significantly more septic episodes due to S. aureus (P < 0.001), X. maltophilia (P = 0.02), and C. albicans (P = 0.004) than did the ESP 80A bottle; however, the two systems did not otherwise significantly differ in their abilities to detect septic episodes due to other organisms.
Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis and Eggs: A National Epidemic in the United States

Beginning in the 1970s, the incidence of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) infection and the number of related outbreaks in the United States has increased dramatically. By 1994, SE was the most commonly reported Salmonella serotype, with an incidence of >10 laboratory-confirmed infections per 100,000 population in the Northeast. Intensive epidemiologic and laboratory investigations identified shell eggs as the major vehicle for SE infection in humans, and that the eggs had been internally contaminated by transovarian transmission of SE in the laying hen. Three key interventions aimed at preventing the contamination and growth of SE in eggs have included farm-based programs to prevent SE from being introduced into egg-laying flocks, early and sustained refrigeration of shell eggs, and education of consumers and food workers about the risk of consuming raw or undercooked eggs. Since 1996, the incidence of SE infection in humans has decreased greatly, although many cases and outbreaks due to SE contaminated eggs continue to occur.
Beyond ray tomography: Wavepaths and Fresnel volumes

Two techniques that account for the band-limited nature of seismic data are incorporated into tomographic traveltime inversion schemes. The first technique, the wavepath algorithm, is based upon the wave equation, the Born approximation, and an adjoint method for computing Frechet derivatives. Computation of a single wavepath requires the forward propagation of the seismic wavefield, as well as the reverse propagation of a residual wavefield. The second technique, the Fresnel volume approach, is based upon the paraxial ray approximation. The Fresnel volume algorithm requires little more computation than does conventional ray tracing and an order of magnitude less computer time than our calculation of wavepaths. When the Fresnel volume sensitivity functions are normalized by the area of the Fresnel ellipse perpendicular to the ray, the sensitivity estimates are very similar to the wavepaths. In particular, there is heightened sensitivity to velocity structure near the source and receiver locations. The normalization by the Fresnel ellipse area is necessary to ensure ray theoretical results in the limit of infinite frequency. Tomographic inversion based upon wavepaths or Fresnel volumes is more appropriate when considering the arrival time of the peak of the initial pulse rather than the first-arrival time. Furthermore, using the traveltime of the peak instead of the first-arrival time reduces the bias of tomograms to high velocity anomalies. The raypath, wavepath, and Fresnel volume techniques were applied to a set of cross-borehole traveltime observations gathered at the Grimsel Rock Laboratory. All methods imaged a low velocity fracture zone in the granitic site, in agreement with independent well information. Estimates of model parameter resolution are similar for the wavepath and Fresnel volume schemes. The source-receiver regions are the most well resolved areas. However, the model parameter resolution computed using a conventional ray-based formalism is more evenly distributed over the cross-borehole area.
A channel access protocol for multihop FH-SS packet radio networks

This paper proposes and studies the performance of a channel access protocol specifically designed for multihop frequency-hopping spread spectrum packet radio networks. This protocol takes into account inherent FH-SS characteristics such as the time overhead for hopping pattern synchronization, the capture effect, and interference rejection. An accurate simulation model has been built to evaluate the protocol's performance in terms of end-to-end packet throughput and end-to-end delay. The simulation results show that as the traffic load increases the data link layer performance is much more sensitive to the acknowledgment and pacing strategy than to the parameters of the channel access protocol. The best results are obtained when active acknowledgment packets piggy-back other packets (data, control, update route, etc.). >
A woman with thoracic outlet syndrome and difficulty swallowing.

CLINICAL HISTORY A 44-year-old right-handed female deputy sheriff was rear ended in an auto accident while stopped at a traffic light. She had her seatbelt on at the time of impact. She experienced immediate pain in the back of her head and neck exiting her car unassisted. On the following day, she consulted with a chiropractor, who prescribed treatment for approximately 2 months, which helped temporarily. X-rays were obtained but not available for review. She was eventually evaluated by a rheumatologist, who referred her for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of her cervical spine. He advised her of the findings recommending further care. Two months later, she was evaluated by an orthopedist, who also obtained x-rays providing physical therapy for an additional 2 months. Epidural injections were recommended but not administered. An electromyogram was obtained, described as unremarkable. Because of increasing neck pain, numbness in her left face, and drooping of her left eyelid, she was referred to another orthopedist.
Foundation for the integration of biologically based therapy in the management of prostate cancer.

The cure of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) will be achieved through the clinical application of biological observations. To achieve this, a new classification of human PCa is needed. Unlike in previous classifications of PCa which were based on anatomic determinates of outcome, we propose to integrate emerging PCa biology into this taxonomy. Three biologically based categories were identified (amphotropic, clonal expansion, and heterotopic), and each has unique features that influence therapy selection. It is unlikely that any single agent or modality will successfully control PCa. It is hoped that the classification and trial designs we propose will facilitate the application of integrated treatment and prevention strategies.
Using a planner to support office work

Supporting a wide range of activities in offices has been a major objective for designers of office systems. The complex nature of office work and the fact that there are no simple limits on the amount of domain knowledge required to do this work have made the achievement of this objective very difficult. Planning and representation techniques from artificial intelligence appear to have some advantages for this task in terms of flexibility and adaptability. In this paper we describe the POLYMER planning system and representation language. In particular, we point out the system components that are required to make planning useful in real environments. The operation of the system is illustrated using an example activity.
INTERFERON-? INCREASES SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MURINE PANCREATIC BETA CELLS TO LYSIS BY ALLOGENEIC CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES

The selective loss of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells which occurs in IDDM has been postulated to result from lysis by beta cell-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). CTL typically recognise antigen in the context of MHC class I molecules, which are normally present at low levels on beta cells. However, hyperexpression of class I antigens on islet cells has been observed in the early stages of beta cell destruction in IDDM. Since interferon-γ” (IFN-γ) is known to increase class I expression on a number of cell types, we have investigated the responses of murine beta cells to this cytokine under various conditions. Two color immunostaining followed by FACS analysis showed that on average, only 14.9 ± 3.1% of cultured beta cells were class I positive. However, a majority of beta cells could be induced to express class I after 24 hours of IFN-γ treatment, and maximal induction (80-90% positive) occurred after 48 hours. Importantly, increased class I expression on beta cells could be achieved with v...
APSARA: a tool to automate system design via intelligent pattern retrieval and synthesis

Although a number of libraries of patterns have been developed for reuse, there is no mechanism for supporting automated design of object-oriented systems by the intelligent reuse of patterns from such libraries. We describe a web-based system, APSARA, the purpose of which is to create object-oriented designs based upon simple requirements descriptions. The system, developed in Java, implements a pattern retrieval and synthesis methodology that uses natural language processing and automated reasoning heuristics. The system is tested on multiple cases from different domains. The results are reported using metrics defined in the spirit of familiar measures such as recall, precision, coverage and spuriousness. These initial tests suggest that this is a feasible approach for the reuse of patterns in object-oriented design. The testing also reveals specific areas of concern and suggests a number of avenues for extending this research.