cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Going off pathway: Problem or good care?

7014Background: Clinical oncology pathways (COP) provide decision support and benchmarking against national standards. Some organizations provide financial incentives for using COP-recommended trea...
Diagnosis and curative progress in Diamond-Blackfan anemia

Diamond-Blackfan anemia(DBA)is a rare disease with depauperate red blood cells.For absence of its whole naturally successive information,it is very hard to know distinctly its diagnositic and curative viewpoints to evaluate its prognosis.Especially domestically,its systematic study is more insufficient.The paper approaches its diagnostic criteria and evaluates its feasibly curative viewpoints,including hormone drugs treatment,blood-transfusion treatment and transplanting haemopoietic stem cells. Key words: Diamond-Blackfan anemia; Marrow failure; Inheritance
The Safety and Efficacy of Aspirin Discontinuation on a Background of a P2Y 12 Inhibitor in Patients after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor has been shown to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) compared with aspirin alone after percutaneo...
5G Communication Technology and Coronavirus Disease [Health Matters]

In April, there were several odd reports coming out of the United Kingdom about 5G cellular communication towers being set on fire-allegedly linking the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic to the rollout of 5G communication technology [1]. It sounds rather bizarre; even as a conspiracy theory, it did not make sense!
Doppler Domain Detection and Doppler-Range Estimation of Slow Targets in Heterogeneous Ground Clutter

This paper addresses a new algorithm for airborne radar performing efficient moving target detection and range- Doppler estimation, in the presence of heterogeneous ground clutter and noise. The algorithm performance is investigated in terms of its Doppler resolution capability, i.e., minimum Doppler proximity of the multiple targets for single range cell and range- distributed targets. Both types of ground clutter, homogeneous and heterogeneous, are being investigated. The heterogeneous clutter includes diffused Gaussian component with or without intrinsic motion, and discrete component. Finally, the very challenging issue of discriminating discrete clutter from very slow moving target(s) is also being addressed. The new algorithm is computationally simpler and more robust than the standard STAP-based algorithms. Alternately, it can also support STAP algorithms by providing very high quality secondary data.
What Explains the Gap in Welfare Use Among Immigrants and Natives

We investigate the gap in welfare use between immigrants and natives over a 24-year period using the Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey from 1995-2018, spanning periods of economic recessions and recoveries, changes in welfare policy regimes, and policies towards immigrants. A novel contribution of our research is to adopt the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis to study the effects of demographic factors, macroeconomic trends and policy on welfare use gap between immigrants and natives. Our analysis leads to three main findings: one, if immigrants had the same demographic characteristics as natives their participation in means-tested programs would have been much less overall and much below those of natives. This finding holds true across broader measures of welfare receipt capturing cash and near cash programs and health insurance as well as participation in five specific safety net programs. It also holds true across periods of economic recessions and recovery. Second, we find evidence that the business cycle impacts immigrant and native welfare participation differently. Immigrant participations in Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program and State Children’s Health Insurance Program are more sensitive to the business cycle than native participations. Three, we find that changes in program eligibility explain only a modest proportion of the immigrant-native gap in welfare use. A possible explanation for this finding is that changes in eligibility rules have affected only specific immigrant populations (e.g. new immigrants) whereas our analysis pertains to all immigrants.
Analysis of evil in Schelling’s Freiheitsschrift through Heidegger’s account of dissemblance and Αλήθεια

In this paper, I offer an analysis of evil in Friedrich W. J. Schelling’s Philosophische Untersuchungen uber das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit (1809). Schelling develops an account of the sui-gen...
The promise of access: Technology, inequality, and the political economy of hope: By daniel greene, cambridge, MA: MIT press, 2021. 272 pages. Price: $30.00. ISBN: 9780262542333

Shedding fears of Marxist analysis, historians and sociologists of the Internet have recently centered capitalism, and named it as such. They have made a collective case that the Internet enables n...
Past and future trends of Egypt’s water consumption and its sources

For millennia the Nile supplied Egypt with more water than needed. As the population grew and the economy expanded, demand on water increased accordingly. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis to reconstruct how total demand on water outstripped supply of the Nile water in the late 1970s, starting from a surplus of about 20 km3 per year in the 1960s leading to a deficit of about 40 km3 per year by the late 2010s. The gap is satisfied by import of virtual water. The role of economic growth in driving per capita demand on water is quantified based on detailed analysis of water use by agriculture and other sectors. We develop and test an empirical model of water demand in Egypt that relates demand on water to growth rates in the economy and population. Looking forward, we project that within this decade of the 2020 s, under nominal scenarios of population and economic growth, Egypt is likely to import more virtual water than the water supplied by the Nile, bringing into question the historical characterization of Egypt as “the gift of the Nile”. A historical reconstruction of water use in Egypt shows the change in relative use of Nile water versus virtual water import, especially in the highly consumptive agriculture sector. A range of future projections of water demand are offered based on several plausible socioeconomic scenarios.
Impact of Foliar Fungicides on Disease and Silage Quality of Brown Midrib Corn Hybrids in Wisconsin

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most widely grown crops in the United States due to its importance as a feed, food, and fuel crop. Silage is a high-energy, fermented feed that uses the entire corn...
Photochromic and Thermochromic Heterocycles

Heterocyclic compounds have played a significant role in the field of photochromism with applications ranging from energy production, chemical sensing, and molecular actuators to biological systems. While heterocyclic photochromic materials can be of both P-type and T-type, herein we focus on the background, synthesis, properties, and applications of specifically T-type photochromic compounds derived from heterocycles. It is the goal of this chapter to bring greater attention to these emergent architectures in the hopes of further advancing their role in the field.
A latent class analysis of psychological disturbance in Parkinson's disease

Objective Psychological symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). Psychological symptoms do not respond to psychotropic medications as well in patients with PD as in patients with psychiatric illnesses who do not have PD. Evidence that PD patients can be classified into distinct psychological symptom subgroups is conflicting. This study sought to examine potential psychological heterogeneity in PD with a broader range of instruments than has been used in previous studies. Methods A comprehensive battery of psychological measures assessing dysphoria, apathy, anhedonia, anxiety, and negative affect was administered to 95 PD patients without global cognitive impairment. Latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of patients based on continuous variables derived from the psychological battery. Multinomial regression was used to examine predictors of classification. Results The latent class analysis identified three subgroups with incremental levels of psychopathology across most symptom domains. One exception was a greater level of affective flattening in the “psychologically healthy” group compared with the “moderate symptoms” group. Greater motor dysfunction and less education were associated with greater severity of psychological symptoms. Conclusions These results support high psychological co-morbidity in PD, which complicates the treatment of individual symptoms. In addition, emotional blunting and anhedonia may be less indicative of widespread psychological distress than anxiety, dysphoria, and cognitive aspects of apathy. Clinicians should be aware that PD patients with greater motor dysfunction and less education are at greater risk not only for depression but also for a variety of other psychological symptoms that may not be routinely assessed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone marrow uptake of ferumoxytol: A preliminary study in healthy human subjects

Purpose To characterize the uptake and elimination of ferumoxytol, an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) agent, in bone marrow of healthy human subjects. Materials and Methods Four men and two postmenopausal women, aged 22 to 57 years, were prospectively included. Simultaneous fat, water, and mapping of the proximal femora was performed at 1.5 Tesla using a three-dimensional multiple gradient echo sequence. After baseline imaging, ferumoxytol (Feraheme/Rienso) was injected intravenously at a dose of 5 mg Fe/kg body weight. Imaging was repeated at 3 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 5 months after administration. Results Imaging at 3 days revealed large increases in ( ) in hematopoietic marrow and lower average responses in fatty marrow, consistent with macrophage-specific uptake. However, certain regions of the diaphysis exhibited substantial enhancement despite having very high fat content. This suggests the persistence of residual marrow stroma following adipose conversion, and may reflect the ability of diaphyseal marrow to adapt dynamically to fluctuating demand for hematopoiesis. Follow-up imaging demonstrated almost complete recovery within 3 months. Conclusion The observed enhancement characteristics support applications for ferumoxytol in distinguishing normal or hypercellular marrow from neoplasms, infection and inflammation. Further studies are warranted in specific patient populations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:1401–1410. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Friction Stir Lap Welding of Aluminum — Polymer Using Scribe Technology

Friction Stir Scribe (FSS) technology is a relatively new variant of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) which enables lap joining of dissimilar material with very different melting points and different high temperature flow behaviors. The cutter scribe attached at the tip of FSW tool pin effectively cuts the high melting point material such that a mechanically interlocking feature is created between the dissimilar materials. The geometric shape of this interlocking feature determines the shear strength attained by the lap joint. This work presents first use of scribe technology in joining polymers to aluminum alloy. Details of the several runs of scribe welding performed in lap joining of ~3.175mm thick polymers including high density polyethylene (HDPE), filled and unfilled polyamide 6,6 (Nylon 66) to 2mm thick AA5182 are presented. The effect of scribe geometry and length on weld interlocking features is presented along with lap shear strength evaluations.
Psychometric Equivalence of Ratings for Repeat Examinees on a Performance Assessment for Physician Licensure

Although a few studies report sizable score gains for examinees who repeat performance-based assessments, research has not yet addressed the reliability and validity of inferences based on ratings of repeat examinees on such tests. This study analyzed scores for 8,457 single-take examinees and 4,030 repeat examinees who completed a 6-hour clinical skills assessment required for physician licensure. Each examinee was rated in four skill domains: data gathering, communication-interpersonal skills, spoken English proficiency, and documentation proficiency. Conditional standard errors of measurement computed for single-take and multiple-take examinees indicated that ratings were of comparable precision for the two groups within each of the four skill domains; however, conditional errors were larger for low-scoring examinees regardless of retest status. In addition, on their first attempt multiple-take examinees exhibited less score consistency across the skill domains but on their second attempt their scores became more consistent. Further, the median correlation between scores on the four clinical skill domains and three external measures was .15 for multiple-take examinees on their first attempt but increased to .27 for their second attempt, a value, which was comparable to the median correlation of .26 for single-take examinees. The findings support the validity of inferences based on scores from the second attempt.
Proofs, Interpolants, and Relevance Heuristics

The technique of Craig interpolation provides a means of extracting from a proof about a bounded execution of a system the necessary information to construct a proof about unbounded executions. This allows us to exploit the relevance heuristics that are built into modern SAT solvers and SAT-based decision procedures to scale model checking to larger systems. This talk will cover applications of Craig interpolation in various domains, including hardware verification using propositional logic, and software verification using first-order logic.
Slip rate and tremor genesis in Cascadia

At many plate boundaries, conditions in the transition zone between seismogenic and stable slip produce slow earthquakes. In the Cascadia subduction zone, these events are consistently observed as slow, aseismic slip on the plate interface accompanied by persistent tectonic tremor. However, not all slow slip at other plate boundaries coincides spatially and temporally with tremor, leaving the physics of tremor genesis poorly understood. Here we analyze seismic, geodetic, and strainmeter data in Cascadia to observe for the first time a large, tremor-generating slow earthquake change from tremor-genic to silent and back again. The tremor falls silent at reduced slip speeds when the migrating slip front pauses as it loads the stronger adjacent fault segment to failure. The finding suggests that rheology and slip-speed-regulated stressing rate control tremor genesis, and the same section of fault can slip both with and without detectable tremor, limiting tremor's use as a proxy for slip.
Influence of fluorine substitution on the properties of metal chelate compounds—III: Uranyl(VI) chelate compounds☆

Abstract Ultra-violet, visible and infra-red absorption spectra of uranyl chelates of acetyl-acetone, trifluoroacetylacetone, and hexafluoroacetylacetone are described and interpreted on the basis of the electronic influences of the fluorine atoms. Infra-red assignments are made in the carbonyl region. Factors involved in the preparation of uranyl chelates are discussed.
Fostering Self‐Regulated Learning Through the European Language Portfolio: An Embedded Mixed Methods Study

The European Language Portfolio (ELP) is an alternative assessment used in foreign language classes throughout Europe to support and record language learning. Directly linked to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (Council of Europe, 2001) proficiency guidelines, it is designed to achieve an ambitious dual goal: document students' skills and foster self-regulated learners. The question remains whether the ELP accomplishes its desired effect. To investigate it, the researcher employed an embedded mixed methods design in Saxony, Germany, comprising a total of 575 students in 28 classes with 19 teachers in 6 schools. In a preliminary two-group quasi-experimental phase, students using the ELP ( n = 318) reported higher mastery goal orientation, task value, academic self-efficacy, self-regulatory efficacy, and instructor evaluations. The ELP's effect increased with its frequency of use. Investigation into teachers' pedagogical beliefs revealed no statistical difference, strengthening the attribution of the results to ELP use. To reveal a more complete understanding of the ELP's effect, semi-structured interviews investigating student and teacher perception of the ELP were conducted with a purposefully selected subgroup of participants using the ELP. Interviews included open-ended prompts designed to illustrate the quantitative results. This study provides strong empirical evidence supporting the claim that the ELP accomplishes its pedagogical purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The ATS-F/Nimbus-E tracking experiment.

The objective of the ATS-F/Nimbus-E tracking experiment, the first of its kind, is presented. Specifically, this experiment has a twofold purpose: first, to gain experience in the practical use of satellite-to-satellite range and range rate data for very accurate orbit determination (this was its original intent); and second, to evaluate the real usefulness of such a technique for geodetic studies despite the fact that the 1000-km Nimbus orbit is not ideally suited for such a purpose. The accuracies of the tracking systems of the satellite-to-satellite and satellite-to-ground link (ATS-F to the Rosman, N.C. ground station) will be about 0.035 cm/sec in range rate and about 1 m in range - utilizing a 10 sec integration time. With these values it is possible to obtain, based upon performed error analyses, orbit height errors of the order of 0.1 to 0.3 m for the near earth orbiting Nimbus spacecraft. This experiment will therefore hopefully prove to be a significant first step for future earth applications spacecraft carrying altimeters systems for measuring ocean height variations.
Entropy production estimates for Boltzmann equations with physically realistic collision kernels

We establish strict entropy production bounds for the Boltzmann equation with the hard-sphere collision kernel. Using these entropy production bounds, we prove results asserting that the rate at which strongL 1 convergence to equilibrium occurs is uniform in wide classes of initial data. This extends our previous results in this direction, which applied only to a very special collision kernel. Moreover, the present results provide computable lower bounds; compactness arguments are entirely avoided. The uniformity is an important ingredient in our study of scaling limits of solutions of the non-spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation, and is the main focus of this paper. However, the results obtained here provide the only framework known to us in which one can obtain computable estimates on the time it takes a solution of the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation with initial data far from equilibrium to reach any given small strongL 1 neighborhood of equilibrium.
Horizontal magnification of finite-sized celestial objects

We investigate the magnification due to refraction of the apparent horizontal sizes of finite celestial bodies, such as the Sun or Moon. Two models are discussed and compared with the earlier works of Biot and Chauvenet. It is shown that the apparent horizontal size of the object varies with respect to its true horizontal size as a function of altitude or zenith distance, from a reduction of about 0.0276% at the zenith, to an amplification of about 0.0045% when the object appears just at the horizon (namely, when the true altitude γ is negative and related to the corresponding refraction R by γ=−R). It is also shown that the apparent horizontal size is equal to the true size when the true altitude γ is related to the corresponding refraction R by γ=−R/2. Thus, the total magnification (and reduction) range for differently sized objects is about 0.032%–0.033% and depends on the refraction.
Behavior modification for obesity: Effect of therapist-patient relationship

Abstract The authors studied eight extremely obese persons treated by two therapists in a group setting. Principles of behavior modification were applied, and weight loss was studied as it related to certain variables in the patient-therapist relationship. Vacations and changes in therapists appeared to have an adverse effect on weight loss, lending support to the importance of the patient-therapist relationship in behavior modification programs.
Gluon minijet production in nuclear collisions at high energies

We show explicitly that the leading soft gluon p{sub T} distribution, predicted by Kovner, McLerran, and Weigert after solving classical Yang-Mills equations, can be understood in terms of conventional QCD perturbation theory. We also demonstrate that the key logarithm in their result represents the logarithm in DGLAP evolution equations. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Reasons for Suicide: An Analysis of the Diary of Arthur Inman

Previous analyses of the diary of Arthur Inman, who committed suicide in 1963, portrayed him as psychiatrically disturbed, warped, corrupt, and weak. In contrast, the present article argues that he was an eccentric individual whose diary writing enabled him to live a full life by giving his life a purpose and by enabling him to ventilate at length.
Nephrotoxicity in a child with perinatal HIV on tenofovir, didanosine and lopinavir/ritonavir.

Tenofovir-related tubule damage characterized by Fanconi syndrome, renal insufficiency and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus has been reported in the adult HIV-infected population. To our knowledge there has been no reported case of such complications in the pediatric population. We report the case of a 12-year-old perinatally HIV-infected African–American girl who developed nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, renal insufficiency and Fanconi-like syndrome while taking tenofovir (Viread) in combination with lopinavir–ritonavir (Kaletra) and didanosine (Videx).
Evolution of Enzymatic Activities in the Enolase Superfamily: Characterization of the (D)-Glucarate/Galactarate Catabolic Pathway in Escherichia coli†

The genes encoding the enzymes in the (D)-glucarate/galactarate catabolic pathway have been identified in the Escherichia coli genome. These encode, in three transcriptional units, (D)-glucarate dehydratase (GlucD), galactarate dehydratase, 5-keto-4-deoxy-(D)-glucarate aldolase, tartronate semialdehyde reductase, a glycerate kinase that generates 2-phosphoglycerate as product, and two hexaric acid transporters. We also have identified a gene proximal to that encoding GlucD that encodes a protein that is 72% identical in primary sequence to GlucD (GlucD-related protein or GlucDRP). However, whereas GlucD catalyzes the efficient dehydration of both (D)-glucarate and (L)-idarate as well as their epimerization, GlucDRP is significantly impaired in both reactions. Perhaps GlucDRP is an example of gene duplication and evolution in progress in the E. coli chromosome.
Effects of clonidine on morphine withdrawal signs in the rat

Abstract The influence of clonidine on the naloxone-induced withdrawal signs, escape attempts and precipitated shakes, was studied in morphine-dependent rats. Clonidine injected i.p. or intraventricularly (i. vent.) inhibited precipitated shakes and potentiated escape attempts induced by naloxone in morphine-dependent rats. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, precipitated shakes and ice water-induced wet shakes were inhibited by clonidine and norepinephrine. Clonidine injected i.vent. reduced body temperatures in morphine-implanted rats and in placebo pellet-implanted rats. Naloxone reduced body temperatures only in morphine-dependent rats but not in placebo pellet-implanted rats. We suggest that clonidine modulates morphine withdrawal signs by potentiating the behavior associated with heat dissipation (escape attempts) and inhibiting the behavior associated with heat gain mechanisms (precipitated shakes). These effects may occur via stimulation of central noradrenergic mechanisms.
Baseline depressive symptoms predict poor substance use outcome following adolescent residential treatment.

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize baseline depressive symptoms among substance-abusing adolescents and determine their association with post residential treatment substance use outcomes. Method: In total, 153 adolescents (mean age 6.6 years, ± 0.11) entering residential treatment were assessed at intake and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Global Appraisal of Individual Needs were administered to assess depression, other risk factors, and substance use. A regression model was developed with 10 risk factors including BDI scores of ≥11 versus Results: At intake, 55% had BDI scores of ≥11. A baseline BDI score of ≥11 was significantly associated with greater mean percentage of days of substance use (27.5 ± 3.8% versus 15.4 ± 4.0% days, p 2 years and having an opioid use disorder. Conclusions: Results from this prospective study, although preliminary, suggest the association of depressive symptoms with poorer substance outcomes and the utility of the BDI as a prognostic tool. They highlight the need for interventions targeting co-occurring depressive symptoms that may improve adolescent substance treatment outcomes.
Convergence Analysis of the Wolf Method for Coulombic Interactions

Abstract A rigorous proof for convergence of the Wolf method (Wolf et al., 1999 [9] ) for calculating electrostatic energy of a periodic lattice is presented. In particular, we show that for an arbitrary lattice of unit cells, the lattice sum obtained via Wolf method converges to the one obtained via Ewald method.
Evolution of the contact phase of vertebrate blood coagulation.

Summary. Background: Previous reports have noted that factor (F) XI and FXII and prekallikrein (the contact phase proteases) are absent in fish. Objectives: A broad survey of recently completed genomes was undertaken to find where during the course of vertebrate evolution these coagulation factors appeared. Methods: BLAST searches were conducted for the various factors on genomes of lamprey, puffer fish, zebra fish, frog, chicken, platypus, and opossum. Results: It was confirmed that FXII is absent from fish; it is present in frog, platypus, and opossum, but is absent in chicken, an apparent example of gene loss. A single gene corresponding to the evolutionary predecessor of FXI and prekallikrein occurs in frog, chicken, and platypus. The opossum (a marsupial) has both prekallikrein and FXI, completing the full complement of these genes that occurs in eutherian mammals. Conclusions: The step-by-step accrual of genes for these factors by a series of timely gene duplications has been confirmed by phylogenetic analysis and other considerations.
Fast 3-D Imaging from a Deviated Borehole Using Tensor Induction Logging Data with LWD Applications

Summary There is growing interest in the development of new borehole electromagnetic induction methods capable of characterizing the conductivity distribution in the space surrounding a borehole. We examine the application of this tool for imaging in deviated boreholes. This technique may be extremely important in logging while drilling (LWD) and other petrophysical applications. We use localized quasi-linear (LQL) approximation as a numerical tool for solving the inverse problem.
Using Corporate Lore to Create Boundaries in the Workplace

In the workplace setting professionals use language to create boundaries of exclusion and inclusion, using the discourses of their professions and of specific workplace domain. Some boundaries are marked by formal tests-directed memos, posted notices, stamps that read For Your Eyes Only. Less overt forms, and arguably more effective, are specific rhetorical devices relying on knowledge of the corporate and professional culture. People are included or excluded from such cultures by their knowledge and ability to manipulate professional fables and folklore, historical data, workplace experience narratives, and practical knowledge. These discourse practices can be used to promote solidarity and positively strengthen professional cultures, but they can also be used to obstruct communication and to create social fragmentation in the workplace. This article examines some examples of discourse practices among managers and employees in the customer service department of a large manufacturing firm, and shows how knowledge of the ways that language can both include and exclude people from cultural groups in the worksite can help professional communicators facilitate more effective and responsible communication practices in workplace settings.
Epidemiological trends in uveal melanoma

Background There has been a recent evolution in the management of uveal melanoma in regard to prognostic evaluation and treatment modalities. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological trends of uveal melanoma since 1973 by using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registry. Methods A total of 7043 uveal melanoma cases from the SEER database were retrospectively analysed, spanning 1973 to 2009. The main outcome measures were disease specific and overall patient survival. Results The mean patient age at diagnosis was 61.4 years, which has increased over the last 37 years. The mean follow-up interval was 85.9 months. The proportion of tumours demonstrating spindle cell histology has decreased. Spindle cell tumours yielded superior disease-specific survival to epithelioid and mixed tumours. The median age at diagnosis of spindle cell tumours (60 years) was significantly younger than epithelioid tumours (65 years) and mixed tumours (64 years old; p Conclusions The SEER data set demonstrates epidemiological trends in patient age at diagnosis and tumour histology over the last 37 years. Several patient and tumour characteristics are predictors of disease-specific survival. These findings have implications for disease surveillance and prognostic counselling.
Rules to limp by: joint compensation conserves limb function after peripheral nerve injury

Locomotion persists across all manner of internal and external perturbations. The objective of this study was to identify locomotor compensation strategies in rodent models of peripheral nerve injury. We found that hip-to-toe limb length and limb angle was preferentially preserved over individual joint angles after permanent denervation of rat ankle extensor muscles. These findings promote further enquiry into the significance of limb-level function for neuromechanical control of legged locomotion.
Changes in growth and metabolism in very low birthweight infants fed with fortified breast milk.

Human milk is often inadequate nutritionally for preterm infants. We investigated the effect of adding a commercially prepared milk fortifier to human (maternal or bank) milk and measured changes in lower leg length velocity (LLLvel) using knemometry weight gain and biochemical indices of nutrition. Babies were allocated to one of three feed groups in a semi-randomized fashion to receive human milk alone (group I) fortified human milk (group II) or a preterm formula (group III). The birthweights (median and R) and birth gestations (median and R) of the three groups were as follows: group I 1099 g (654-1248 g) and 28 wk (26-32 wk); group II 838 g (742-1340 g) and 31 wk (28-36); group III 1136 g (624-1552 g) and 32 wk (27-36 wk). All babies who received fortified milk either showed significant (p = 0. 0004) acceleration in LLLvel during the period studied or maintained their pre-study period velocity. This increase in LLLvel was comparable to that achieved by a group of babies given a standard preterm infant formula (p < 0.001). By comparison the control groups change in LLLvel was more modest (p = 0.04). Babies who received human milk with the fortifier added had the lowest serum levels of alkaline phosphatase at the end of the study period when compared to the other two groups. Other biochemical indices were similar in the three feed groups. No adverse clinical events were encountered which could be attributed to the use of the breast milk fortifier. (authors)
Age-related neurofilament phosphorylation in normal human brains.

Abstract An age-related phosphorylation of the 200kD neurofilament protein (NF200) has been observed in the axons of cerebellar basket cells of normal human fixed brain tissue from individuals older than 60 years, but not in younger individuals. The probe for this study was the monoclonal antibody SMI-34 which detects a phosphorylated epitope on NF200 which appears to be different from the more frequent NF200 phosphorylated epitope found by another monoclonal antibody, SMI-31. The SMI-31 epitope was detected in our specimens at all ages examined. In sections of brainstems from normal individuals older than 52 years, from Alzheimer's disease individuals older than 65 years and from older Down's syndrome individuals (>56 years) certain axons in the medial longitudinal fasciculus and in the mesencephalic trigeminal tract react positively with SMI-34, the antibody which detects the “age-related” phosphorylation epitope. All our Alzheimer's disease specimens and all our Down's syndrome specimens, even the younger ones, show staining of these fibers with SMI-31. The biochemistry of the “age-related” phosphorylation of NF200 remains to be explained.
Neutrophil and T Lymphocyte Characteristics of Two Patients with Hyper-IgE Syndrome

Immunologic parameters including quantitative and qualitative immunoglobulin studies, various T cell functions and neutrophil chemotaxis were evaluated in two patients with the Hyper-IgE syndrome. Both exhibited pruritic dermatitis in locations atypical for atopic dermatitis, marked elevations in serum IgE levels (to 40,000 IU/ml), recurrent staphylococcal abscesses, coarse facial features and variable chemotactic defects characteristic of this syndrome. Both patients responded favorably to courses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, particularly in helping control the cutaneous infections. We believe that this is a useful therapeutic alternative to anti-staphylococcal antibiotics and prophylactic treatment has permitted therapeutic response. Serum IgG, IgG subclasses, IgM, and IgA were normal for age. Serum IgD was markedly deficient in one patient. Functional IgM was normal with positive isohemagglutinin titers. IgG poliovirus titers were present in both patients; however, tetanus titers were not detectable in either patient, despite repeated immunizations. Despite normal E rosette numbers, subtle T cell abnormalities were noted with variable responses to both in vivo SK-SD, candida, and mumps skin tests and in vitro PHA-, Con A-tetanus-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Lymphocyte production of macrophage inhibitory factor and interferon and responsiveness in a mixed lymphocyte culture were normal in both patients. Considerable Con-A-induced suppressor cell activity was present in one patient, but diminished in the other. In vivo chemotaxis determined by a Rebuck skin window, revealed a markedly delayed PMN migration in both patients during a time when both patients were clinically free of furunculosis or dermatitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parainfluenza Virus 5-based Vaccine Vectors Expressing Vaccinia Virus (VACV) Antigens Provide Long-Term Protection in Mice from Lethal Intranasal VACV Challenge

To test the potential for parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-based vectors to provide protection from vaccinia virus (VACV) infection, PIV5 was engineered to express secreted VACV L1R and B5R proteins, two important antigens for neutralization of intracellular mature (IMV) and extracellular enveloped (EEV) virions, respectively. Protection of mice from lethal intranasal VACV challenge required intranasal immunization with PIV5-L1R/B5R in a prime-boost protocol, and correlated with low VACV-induced pathology in the respiratory tract and anti-VACV neutralizing antibody. Mice immunized with PIV5-L1R/B5R showed some disease symptoms following VACV challenge such as loss of weight and hunching, but these symptoms were delayed and less severe than with unimmunized control mice. While immunization with PIV5 expressing B5R alone conferred at least some protection, the most effective immunization included the PIV5 vector expressing L1R alone or in combination with PIV5-B5R. PIV5-L1R/B5R vectors elicited protection from VACV challenge even when CD8+ cells were depleted, but not in the case of mice that were defective in B cell production. Mice were protected from VACV challenge out to at least 1.5 years after immunization with PIV5-L1R/B5R vectors, and showed significant levels of anti-VACV neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate the potential for PIV5-based vectors to provide long lasting protection against complex human respiratory pathogens such as VACV, but also highlight the need to understand mechanisms for the generation of strong immune responses against poorly immunogenic viral proteins.
Growth factor control of pancreatic islet regeneration and function.

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus together are predicted to affect over 300 million people worldwide by the year 2020. A relative or absolute paucity of functional β-cells is a central feature of both types of disease, and identifying the pathways that mediate the embryonic origin of new β-cells and mechanisms that underlie the proliferation of existing β-cells are major efforts in the fields of developmental and islet biology. A poor secretory response of existing β-cells to nutrients and hormones and the defects in hormone processing also contribute to the hyperglycemia observed in type 2 diabetes and has prompted studies aimed at enhancing β-cell function. The factors that contribute to a greater susceptibility in aging individuals to develop diabetes is currently unclear and may be linked to a poor turnover of β-cells and/or enhanced susceptibility of β-cells to apoptosis. This review is an update on the recent work in the areas of islet/β-cell regeneration and hormone processing that are relevant to the pathophysiology of the endocrine pancreas in type 1, type 2 and obesity-associated diabetes.
Cueing spatial attention during processing of words and letter strings in normals

Abstract Work with patients has shown that lesions of the right posterior cortex produce a deficit that affects ability to report letters on the left side of a foveal nonsense string but has little effect on foveal words. We have proposed that this is the result of a deficit in visual spatial attention. The current studies use cues on the left and right of foveally centred letter strings to bias visual spatial attention in normals. The studies show that the cues serve to bias report to the cued side very strongly for nonword letter strings and are less effective the more wordlike the string becomes. These results show that covert attention controls access of letters to consciousness in those cases where spatial attention is used to organise input.
Educational Leadership: a Moral and Practical Activity:

The idea that educational leaders possess scientific-technical expertise regard to the schooling process is a commonly held one, according to ese writers, who discuss why that otion must be abandoned.
Porcelain fused to metal: tooth preparation and coping design.

Abstract A brief history of the development of the currently popular porcelain-fused-to-metal restoration has been presented. A tooth preparation design has been described with labial reduction of 1.2 mm. done in two planes to allow a bulk of porcelain for esthetic appeal while protecting the integrity of the pulp. A beveled shoulder finish line is advocated on the labial to aid in minimizing distortions which can occur during the fabrication of the restoration. Occlusal contact on metal is recommended, especially for posterior teeth. A bridge design has also been presented, with an exposed metal strip on the lingual and a small pontic tissue contact in porcelain.
Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting body composition in a mouse intercross.

Gravimetric analysis and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry densitometry were used to determine lean, fat, and bone tissue traits in a F2 mouse population from a C57BL/6J and CASA/Rk intercross (B6CASAF2). These traits were used in a linkage analysis to identify quantitative trait loci that affect body composition. Linkage mapping showed that body weight (BW) loci on proximal chromosome 2 occurred in the same region as body length, lean tissue mass, and bone mineral content and on chromosome 13 in the same region as lean tissue mass, bone mineral density, and bone mineral content. Fat-related loci occurring on mid-chromosome 2 near 60 cM, proximal chromosome 6, and mid-chromosome 10 were distinct from BW, lean tissue, and bone tissue loci. In B6CASAF2 females, heterozygotes and CASA/Rk homozygotes at the chromosome 6 locus marker had higher body fat percentages, and this locus was responsible for 11% of the variance for body fat percentage. Female heterozygotes and C57BL/6J homozygotes at the chromosome 15 locus marker had higher bone mineral densities, and this locus could explain 8% of that trait's variance. A survey of the literature did not reveal any previous reports of fat-specific loci in the chromosomal 10 region near 42 cM reported in this study. The results of this study indicate that BW and BMI have limited usefulness as phenotypes in linkage or association studies when used as obesity phenotypes.
Abrogation of cellular immunity to antigenically foreign mouse embryonic cells by a serum factor.

MANY hypotheses have been introduced to explain why the conceptus of an allogeneic mating, which differs genetically and therefore antigenically from its mother, is not rejected by the mother as an allograft1,2. Two of them deserve particular consideration. First, there may be an anatomical barrier which would separate foetal antigens from maternal immunologically competent cells and also protect the embryo against destruction by sensitized lymphocytes and IgM molecules; preimmunization against paternal antigens does not seem to harm the foetus or alter the normal course of an allogeneic pregnancy3–5. An interesting possibility is that the presence of a highly sulphated acid mucoprotein on the surface of the trophoblastic cells may serve this function2,6–8. Second, the mother may be incapable of damaging her foetuses immunologically, either because she is tolerant or because immunological enhancement is operating9. Recent claims that the placental membrane is permeable to lymphocytes10–12 and that the mucoprotein layer is not continuous over the surface of the trophoblast13 have raised some doubts about the validity of the first hypothesis, which does not seem to provide the sole explanation why antigenically foreign foetuses are not destroyed.
Transformation of a virulence associated gene of Haemophilus somnus into a strain lacking the gene

The role of a 76 kDa surface antigen (p76) of Haemophilus somnus in virulence was investigated. The p76 gene from a virulent isolate of H. somnus (strain 2336) was introduced into an asymptomatic carrier strain (129Pt) lacking this gene. This was accomplished by the development of a system for genetic exchange in H. somnus. The cloned p76 gene was inserted into the broad host range vector pLS88, electroporated into H. influenzae for modification and then into the H. somnus strain 129Pt. The recombinant plasmid was characterized from selected transformants and expression of the p76 protein was demonstrated by Western immunoblotting. However, transformants were not serum resistant and surface exposure of the recombinant protein could not be detected, suggesting that additional genetic elements might be required for export.
YopH inhibits early pro-inflammatory cytokine responses during plague pneumonia

Background: Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of pneumonic plague; recently, we and others reported that during the first 24-36 hours after pulmonary infection with Y. pestis pro-inflammatory cytokine expression is undetectable in lung tissues. Results: Here, we report that, intranasal infection of mice with CO92 delta yopH mutant results in an early proinflammatory response in the lungs characterized by an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and Interleukin one-beta 24 hours post-infection. CO92 delta yopH colonizes the lung but does not disseminate to the liver or spleen and is cleared from the host within 72 hours post-infection. This is different from what is observed in a wild-type CO92 infection, where pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and immune cell infiltration into the lungs is not detectable until 36-48 h post-infection. CO92 rapidly disseminates to the liver and spleen resulting in high bacterial burdens in these tissues ultimately cumulating in death 72-94 h post-infection. Mice deficient in TNFalpha are more susceptible to CO92 delta yopH infection with 40% of the mice succumbing to infection. Conclusions: Altogether, our results suggest that YopH can inhibit an early pro-inflammatory response in the lungs of mice and that this is an important step in the pathogenesis of infection.
Degradation of the Hebgen Lake fault scarps of 1959

Scarps produced during the Hebgen Lake earthquake of 1959 changed noticeably in 19 yr although they still appeared remarkably fresh in 1978. They have degraded much more rapidly than have those produced in 1915 and 1954 in Nevada, but a quasi-stable slope of more than 40° characterizes the Hebgen Lake scarps as compared to an upper limit of 37° on the Nevada scarps.
The goals, benefits, and assessment of an undergraduate art therapy program

By its very nature, an undergraduate art therapy program has a controversial existence. On the one hand, students select an art therapy program to begin their professional course work before graduate study. They decide not to delay their interest in the subject, not merely to seek employment but as a way of becoming familiar with it and formulating appropriate career goals. On the other hand, professional entry for art therapy is recognized from the master’s level. Often this means an undergraduate art therapy educator is a mediator, balancing the interests of students with the general education requirements of the department and college, and respecting the profession at large with its emphasis on graduate training. This paper is an attempt to present the goals, benefits, and assessment of an undergraduate art therapy program in a four-year liberal arts college. It is not meant to serve as a role model but to present a description of one program that has achieved some success in offering students a pre-professional introduction to art therapy.
Interactive image-space refraction of nearby geometry

Interactive applications often strive for realism, but framerate constraints usually limit realistic effects to those that run efficiently in graphics hardware. One effect largely ignored in interactive applications is refraction. We build upon a simple, image-space approach to refraction [Wyman 2005] that easily runs on modern graphics cards. This image-space approach requires two passes on a GPU, and allows refraction of distant environments through two interfaces. Our work explores extensions allowing the refraction of nearby opaque objects, at the cost of one additional pass to render nearby geometry to texture and a more complex fragment shader for computing refracted color. Like all image-based algorithms, aliasing can occur in certain circumstances, especially when a few texels are magnified to cover a sizable portion of screen space. However, our plausible refractions should suffice for many applications.