cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HMEC-1: Establishment of an immortalized human microvascular endothelial cell line

The study of human microvascular endothelial cells has been limited, because these cells are difficult to isolate in pure culture, are fastidious in their in vitro growth requirements, and have a very limited lifespan. In order to overcome these difficulties, we have transfected human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) with a PBR-322-based plasmid containing the coding region for the simian virus 40 A gene product, large T antigen, and succeeded in immortalizing them. These cells, termed CDC/EU.HMEC-1 (HMEC-1), have been passaged 95 times to date and show no signs of senescence, whereas normal microvascular endothelial cells undergo senescence at passages 8-10. HMEC-1 exhibit typical cobblestone morphology when grown in monolayer culture, express and secrete von Willebrand's Factor, take up acteylated low-density lipoprotein, and rapidly form tubes when cultured on matrigel. HMEC-1 grow to densities three to seven times higher than microvascular endothelial cells and require much less stringent growth medium. HMEC-1 will grow in the absence of human serum, whereas microvascular endothelial cells require culture medium supplemented with 30% human serum. These cells express other cell-surface molecules typically associated with endothelial cells, including CD31 and CD36 and epitopes identified by monoclonal antibodies EN4 and PAL-E. They also express the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and CD44 and following stimulation with interferon-gamma express major histocompatibility complex class II antigens. HMEC-1 specifically bind lymphocytes in cell adhesion assays. Thus HMEC-1 is the first immortalized human microvascular endothelial cell line that retains the morphologic, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of normal human microvascular endothelial cells.
Experimental investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of flow through spirally fluted tubes

Spirally fluted tubes are used extensively in the design of tubular heat exchangers. In previous investigations, results for tubes with flute depths e/Dvi < 0.2 were reported, with most correlations applicable for Re ≥ 5000. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of spirally fluted tubes with the following tube and flow parameter ranges: flute depth e/Dvi = 0.1−0.4, flute pitch p/Dvi = 0.4−7.3, helix angle θ/90° = 0.3−0.65, Re = 500−80,000, and Pr = 2−7. The heat transfer coefficients inside the fluted tube were obtained from measured values of the overall heat transfer coefficient using a nonlinear regression scheme. The friction factor data obtained consisted of 507 data points. The proposed correlation for the friction factor predicts 96% of the database within ±20%. The heat transfer correlation for the range 500 ≤ Re ≤ 5000 predicts 76% of the database (178 data points) within ±20%, and the correlation for the higher Re range predicts 97% of the 342 data points within ±20%. Comparison of heat transfer and friction data show that these tubes are most effective in the laminar and transition flow regimes. The present results show that the increase of flute depth in the range considered does not improve heat transfer.
Collagen and glycosaminoglycans in capsules around silicone implants.

Abstract Collagen fractions differing in solubility, and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) of different electrophoretic mobility were examined during development of connective tissue capsules around soft silicone rubber implants in rats. A large proportion of collagen was already incorporated into insoluble capsule tissue by 2 days after implantation. Capsule formation proceeded at an asymptotically declining rate from this time on. The proportion of collagen in the most soluble fraction (1 M NaCl) was a maximum at 15 days, while the proportion of intermediately soluble collagen declined from a peak value at Day 2. GAG were hyaluronic acid (HA), dermatan sulfate (DS) and chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S). HA declined from a high level at Day 2 to an asymptotic value of 35%. After an initial short decline, DS rose from 35% at Day 10 to 65% at Day 200. C4S rose from near zero at Day 2 to 25% of the total GAG at Day 10, and then declined to near zero again. Total GAG increased to a peak at 30 days due to sequential increases in C4S, HA, and DS. Capsule formation resembles other examples of wound healing in the relative composition of GAG, and in early high levels of more soluble forms of collagen. Based on these observations, it is predicted that pathological capsules should have a chemical composition similar to that of other examples of pathological wound healing, specifically hypertrophic scars.
A methodology to asess relations between climatic variability and variations in hydrologic time series in the southwestern United States

Abstract A new method for frequency analysis of hydrologic time series was developed to facilitate the estimation and reconstruction of individual or groups of frequencies from hydrologic time-series and facilitate the comparison of these isolated time-series components across data types, between different hydrologic settings within a watershed, between watersheds, and across frequencies. While climate-related variations in inflow to and outflow from aquifers have often been neglected, the development and management of ground-water and surface-water resources has required the inclusion of the assessment of the effects of climatic variability on the supply and demand and sustainability of use. The regional assessment of climatic variability of surface-water and ground-water flow throughout the southwestern United States required this new systematic method of hydrologic time-series analysis. To demonstrate the application of this new method, six hydrologic time-series from the Mojave River Basin, California were analyzed. The results indicate that climatic variability exists in all the data types and are partially coincident with known climate cycles such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation. The time-series also indicate lagged correlations between tree-ring indices, streamflow, stream base flow, and ground-water levels. These correlations and reconstructed time-series can be used to better understand the relation of hydrologic response to climatic forcings and to facilitate the simulation of streamflow and ground-water recharge for a more realistic approach to water-resource management.
Role of kappa-opioid receptors in stress and anxiety-related behavior.

Accumulating evidence indicates that brain kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and dynorphin, the endogenous ligand that binds at these receptors, are involved in regulating states of motivation and emotion. These findings have stimulated interest in the development of KOR-targeted ligands as therapeutic agents. As one example, it has been suggested that KOR antagonists might have a wide range of indications, including the treatment of depressive, anxiety, and addictive disorders, as well as conditions characterized by co-morbidity of these disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder) A general effect of reducing the impact of stress may explain how KOR antagonists can have efficacy in such a variety of animal models that would appear to represent different disease states. Here, we review evidence that disruption of KOR function attenuates prominent effects of stress. We will describe behavioral and molecular endpoints including those from studies that characterize the effects of KOR antagonists and KOR ablation on the effects of stress itself, as well as on the effects of exogenously delivered corticotropin-releasing factor, a brain peptide that mediates key effects of stress. Collectively, available data suggest that KOR disruption produces anti-stress effects and under some conditions can prevent the development of stress-induced adaptations. As such, KOR antagonists may have unique potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment and even prevention of stress-related psychiatric illness, a therapeutic niche that is currently unfilled.
Diameter-speed relation of sprite streamers

Propagation and splitting of sprite streamers has been observed at high temporal and spatial resolution using two intensified high-speed CMOS cameras recording at 10 000 and 16 000 frames per second. Concurrent video recordings from a remote site provided data for triangulation allowing us to determine accurate altitude scales for the sprites. Diameters and speeds of the sprite streamers were measured from the high-speed images, and the diameters were scaled to the reduced diameters based on the triangulated locations. The sprite streamers with larger reduced diameter move faster than those with smaller diameter; the relation between the reduced diameter and speed is roughly linear. The reduced diameters at ≈65–70 km altitude are larger than streamer diameters measured at ground pressure in laboratory discharges indicating a deviation from the similarity law possibly due to the effects of the photoionization and an expansion of the streamer head along its propagation over a long distance. The reduced diameter and speed of the sprite streamers agree well with the diameter–velocity relation proposed by Naidis (2009 Phys. Rev. E 79 057401), and the peak electric field of the sprite streamers is estimated to be approximately 3–5 times the breakdown threshold field.
Policies to Reduce Influenza in the Workplace: Impact Assessments Using an Agent-Based Model

Objectives. We examined the impact of access to paid sick days (PSDs) and stay-at-home behavior on the influenza attack rate in workplaces.Methods. We used an agent-based model of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, with PSD data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, standard influenza epidemic parameters, and the probability of staying home when ill. We compared the influenza attack rate among employees resulting from workplace transmission, focusing on the effects of presenteeism (going to work when ill).Results. In a simulated influenza epidemic (R0 = 1.4), the attack rate among employees owing to workplace transmission was 11.54%. A large proportion (72.00%) of this attack rate resulted from exposure to employees engaging in presenteeism. Universal PSDs reduced workplace infections by 5.86%. Providing 1 or 2 “flu days”—allowing employees with influenza to stay home—reduced workplace infections by 25.33% and 39.22%, respectively.Conclusions. PSDs reduce influenza transmission owing to presenteeism and, h...
Combustion of metal droplets ignited by flash heating

The use of single, intense pulses of light from a capacitor discharge lamp to form and ignite submillimeter droplets of metals in a glass oxidation chamber is described. The droplets were photographed in free fall, or were quenched in liquid argon at various stages of combustion and analyzed conventionally. It has been possible to investigate burning droplets of Zr, Ta, Ti, Mo, W, Pu, Sm, Re, and Al by this technique. The combustion of Zr is emphasized here. The violent fragmentation or explosion of zirconium droplets that occurs a short time after ignition has been shown to be related to the presence of nitrogen and possibly other gas-related impurities in the combustion system. Zirconium droplets that do not explode when burning in pure oxygen may be induced to fragmenteither by dissolving a small amount of nitrogen in the metal before ignition or by adding a few per cent of gaseous nitrogen to the oxygen. A similar effect can be produced by coating the metal thinly with a heavy hydrocarbon wax prior to ignition. In the explosion-free combustion of zirconium droplets, it has been possible to observe spearpointing—the abrupt brightening of a droplet near the end of combustion—by photographic techniques. This has been ascribed to the sudden freezing of the droplet and is probably due to nucleation of the droplet after appreciable supercooling. This phenomenon should provide a calibration point for the determination of burning temperatures of certain metal droplets. Direct microweighing of droplets quenched in liquid argon at various stages of combustion has provided preliminary information on the kinetics of oxygen uptake by molten zirconium. In pure oxygen near atmospherie pressure, a 525-μ droplet reacts with less than 3% of the oxygen molecules that strike its surface during combustion, an indication that mass-transfer processes within the droplet limit the rate of oxidation.
SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF ANKYRIN IN DEVELOPING RABBIT HEART : RELATIONSHIP TO THE NA+-CA2+ EXCHANGER

Ankyrins are a multigene family of proteins that function as adapters between the cytoskeleton and trans-membrane proteins, such as ion channels. Previous studies have shown the linkage between ankyrin and ionic transport proteins such as Na+-K+ ATPase, voltage-dependent Na+ channels and Ca2+ channels. In the present study, we have investigated the subcellular distribution of ankyrin and its relationship to the Na+-Ca2+ exchange protein in immature and adult rabbit ventricular myocytes. Isolated single cardiomyocytes from neonatal, juvenile and adult rabbit hearts were examined by immunofluorescence labeling techniques, using antibodies against ankyrin and the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. We found that in neonatal rabbit cardiac myocytes, ankyrin labeling was mainly present at the Z disk, whereas the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger was only present on the peripheral sarcolemma. At 2 weeks of age, ankyrin labeling was still predominantly observed at the level of the Z disks as well as in the partially developed T-tubules. In the adult cells, however, ankyrin and the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger seem to be co-localized within T-tubules and at the costamere region of the peripheral sarcolemma. Immunogold labeling studies at the higher resolution electron microscopic level using cyrosection tissues of rabbit heart at different ages confirm these findings. These results indicate that the distribution pattern of ankyrin and the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger changes with development in rabbit ventricular myocytes.
A smart indoor air quality sensor network

The indoor air quality (IAQ) has an important impact on public health. Currently, the indoor air pollution, caused by gas, particle, and bio-aerosol pollutants, is considered as the top five environmental risks to public health and has an estimated cost of $2 billion/year due to medical cost and lost productivity. Furthermore, current buildings are especially vulnerable for chemical and biological warfare (CBW) agent contamination because the central air conditioning and ventilation system serve as a nature carrier to spread the released agent from one location to the whole indoor environment within a short time period. To assure the IAQ and safety for either new or existing buildings, real time comprehensive IAQ and CBW measurements are needed. With the development of new sensing technologies, economic and reliable comprehensive IAQ and CBW sensors become promising. However, few studies exist that examine the design and evaluation issues related to IAQ and CBW sensor network. In this paper, relevant research areas including IAQ and CBW sensor development, demand control ventilation, indoor CBW sensor system design, and sensor system design for other areas such as water system protection, fault detection and diagnosis, are reviewed and summarized. Potential research opportunities for IAQ and CBW sensor system design and evaluation are discussed.
Isolation and sequencing of cDNAs for the XL‐I and XL‐III forms of bovine liver xenobiotic‐metabolizing medium‐chain fatty acid:CoA ligase

The XL-I form of xenobiotic-metabolizing medium-chain fatty acid:CoA ligase was previously purified to apparent homogeneity from bovine liver mitochondria, and the amino acid sequence of a short segment of the enzyme was determined. This sequence was used to develop a probe for screening a bovine cDNA library from which a 1.6 kb cDNA was isolated. This cDNA was sequenced and found to contain the code for the known amino acid sequence. The complete open reading frame was not present in this cDNA, but it was estimated to code for approximately 75% of the XL-I sequence. The XL-III ligase was purified to apparent homogeneity from bovine liver mitochondria. The enzyme eluted from a gel filtration column as a single peak with an apparent molecular weight of ca. 55,000. It ran as a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with an apparent molecular weight of 62 kDa. N-Terminal sequence analysis of the enzyme gave no sequence, which indicates a blocked N-terminus. The enzyme was chemically cleaved using CNBr. The resulting peptides were separated by SDS-PAGE. The cleavage pattern revealed two large peptides of ca. 21 and 25 kDa, plus several smaller peptides including a prominent 6 kDa peptide. The N-terminus of the 6, 21, and 25 kDa peptides was sequenced and the 21 and 25 kDa sequences were identical indicating incomplete cleavage. The sequences were used to design probes for screening a bovine liver cDNA library. This resulted in the isolation of a 2,065 bp cDNA. This cDNA was sequenced and found to contain the initiation and termination codons, as well as the requisite amino acid sequences. The open reading frame coded for a 64,922 Da protein. The sequence of XL-III cDNA was markedly different from that of XL-I, indicating the genetic uniqueness of the two ligases. They are, however, 64% homologous, which suggests a common evolutionary origin.
Function of Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 4 (TRPV4) as a Mechanical Transducer in Flow-sensitive Segments of Renal Collecting Duct System

The TRPV4 Ca2+-permeable channel is sensitive to mechanical stimuli. In the current study we have employed immunocytochemical staining in kidney slices and functional assessments (Ca2+ imaging) in isolated, split-opened, tubule segments to define TRPV4 sites of expression and flow-dependent function in the collecting duct system. Staining patterns revealed strong expression of TRPV4 along the entire collecting duct system with highest levels at the apical (luminal)/subapical region of the principal cells (PCs), the dominant cell type, with more diffuse staining in intercalated cells (ICs). Using fluorescence Ca2+ imaging and the selective TRPV4 agonist, GSK1016790A, we demonstrated functional TRPV4 channels in PCs and ICs of split-opened cortical collecting ducts and connecting tubules. The agonist was ineffective in inducing a rise in [Ca2+]i in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ or in tubules from TRPV4-deficient animals. Most importantly, a 10-fold elevation in luminal (apical) fluid flow induced a rapid and sustained influx of Ca2+ that was abolished by the TRPV channel inhibitor, ruthenium red, or in tubules isolated from TRPV4 deficient animals. We concluded that TRPV4 is highly expressed along the entire collecting duct system where it appears to function as a sensor/transducer of flow-induce mechanical stresses.
The CT small bowel faeces sign : description and clinical significance

Objective: To describe a new CT sign of the GI tract: the small bowel faeces sign, and discuss its significance. Methods: The small bowel faeces sign consists of gas bubbles mixed with particulate matter in dilated segments of small bowel. This was a retrospective study of 22 patients demonstrating this sign from 1989 to 1993. Final diagnosis was established by surgical, medical or laboratory findings. To determine the prevalence of the sign, the CT examination of 120 consecutive separate control patients were evaluated. Results: All 22 of the patients demonstrating this sign required hospitalization with surgical or medical intervention. Eighteen of 22 had mechanical small bowel obstruction. The remaining four patients had other abnormalities of small bowel to account for the finding on CT. Twelve of the 22 patients were treated with surgery and the remaining 10 patients were treated with nasogastric tubes ( n =6) or other medical therapy ( n =4). None of the 120 control patients demonstrated the sign. Conclusion: The presence of gas and particulate material resembling faeces in a dilated segment of small bowel on CT is abnormal. Most (18/22; 82%) patients with this sign had small bowel obstruction.
A High-Density Flexible Connector Array for Multi-Substrate Packages

This paper presents the design and fabrication challenges of a high-density flexible connector array for use in compact and multi-substrate packages containing circuits, sensors, and actuators in a re-workable and modular approach. The package is designed as a cube with highly flexible connectors providing electrical and fluidic connections between these substrates. The cables are integrated in the inside walls of the cube and make pressure contacts to the pads on stacked substrates. The cables should be designed to be flexible, be capable of being manipulated so that individual dice can be inserted to populate the cube. Several material candidates have been considered, including polymers such as Parylene, and metal such as gold. Preliminary designs have been carried out to understand the mechanical limits. Fabrication processes have been also considered and cables of different materials have been fabricated to identify fabrication complexities and challenges. Parylene is the first material of choice since it is easy to deposit in thin layers, is quite flexible, and provides sufficient mechanical strength and chemical inertness for many applications.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
WE‐C‐BRB‐02: A Monte Carlo Feasibility Study for Calculating Dose Perturbations in Patient Geometries Due to Homogenous Magnetic Fields from MRIgRT

Purpose:Magnetic resonanceimage‐guidedradiotherapy (MRIgRT) has emerged as a promising new technology to reduce tumor position uncertainty during photonradiotherapy. The use of MRI during beam delivery complicates treatment planning since the magnetic field will perturb the radiationdose distribution especially in fields prescribed in heterogeneous regions of the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnetic field effect on dose distributions in patient geometry using Monte Carlo methods.Methods: The Monte Carlo code Geant4 was used for all simulations performed in this study. We investigated dose distributions from a 6‐MV photon beam energy spectra in patient geometries subjected to homogeneous transverse magnetic fields with varying field strengths. For this study perturbations in the dose distribution from a single rectangular field were simulated in a prostate patient scan. Results: Preliminary results show perturbations in the overall dose profile due to the magnetic field can be seen when a transverse magnetic field was applied to the patient geometry. Regions of under‐ and over‐dosing occur throughout the beam path near the penumbra of the photon beam. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that patient‐specific dose calculations for MRIgRT treatments are feasible using Geant4. Work is currently ongoing to include treatment specific field parameters and 4D time‐resolved geometries.
The n -Omega: an Omega-like topology for distributed-memory multiprocessors

Abstract A new processor interconnection topology, the n-omega, is proposed in this paper. The n-omega has a fixed degree of 8 and is shown to have a diameter smaller than log2P, where P is the number of processors in the network. An elegant routing mechanism which is a simple extension to the destination tag control of the omega network is presented. The n-omega possesses good fault-tolerant properties and is amenable to easy partitioning. The proposed topology is compared against some existing distributed-memory multiprocessor networks.
Using an 'electronic spreadsheet' for Plackett-Burman calculations

Abstract The trend in analytical chemistry toward statistically designed experiments is reinforced by the trend toward using personal computers. The tedious calculations required to determine which factors significantly affect the performance or yield of an experiment are easily done with one of the 'electronic spreadsheet' programs now available on personal computers.
Discussion: The Organization of Agriculture

and Grass," Fortune 79(7):112-19 and 218-25, June 1969; and "The King Ranch South of the Border," Fortune 80(1):132-36 and 140-44, July 1969. [7] SHAFFER, JAMES DUNCAN, "On Institutional Obsolescence and InnovationBackground for Professional Dialogue on Public Policy," Am. J. Agr. Econ. 51:245-267, May 1969. [8] THOMAS, KENNETH H., "A Poly-Period Analysis of the Impact of Selected Variables Upon the Growth Process of Beginning Farm Firms, South-Central Minnesota," unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1968. [9] THOMPSON, RUSSELL G., AND MICHAEL S. PROCTOR, "Optimal Production, Investment, Advertising, and Price Controls for the Dynamic Monopoly Firm," Depts. of Econ. and Math., Texas A & M University, 1969, mimeo. [10] VAN ARSDALL, ROY N., AND WILLIAM ELDER, Economies of Size of Illinois CashGrain and Hog Farms, Illinois Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 733, Feb. 1969. [11] WALKER, ODELL L., AND JAMES R. MARTIN, "Firm Growth Research Opportunities and Techniques," J. Farm Econ. 48:1522-1535, Dec. 1966. [12] WETTERHALL, HANS, "New Orientation of Agrarian Structural Policy in Sweden," in UN FAO, Information on Land Reform, Land Settlement and Cooperatives, 2:19-25, 1967.
Television camera tube component noise factors

The signal-to-noise ratio in the video output from a television camera tube equals the signal-to-noise ratio in the optical exposure divided by the product of the noise factors for each of the tube'S components. The noise factor of each component is determined by the amount by which the component increases the rms fluctuation in the number of quanta representing a picture element. The noise factor of the components (e.g., image section photoconductor, electron multiplier, low-velocity scanning beam) is calculated for a variety of components. The component noise factor equations show that: 1) the noise factor of photon-to-electron converters is primarily determined by their quantum efficiency, i.e., by the number of electrons produced per photon, and 2) the noise factor of readout processes decreases as the signal voltage on the target increases, and increases with an increase in energy spread of the reading beam for low-velocity read-out, or of the secondary electrons for high-veloicty readout.
A Generalized Model for Vehicle Thermodynamic Loss Management and Technology Concept Evaluation

Presented at the 5th World Aviation Congress and Exposition, San Diego, CA, October 10-12, 2000.
Studies of ascorbate-dependent, iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation.

We have previously observed that both Fe(II) and Fe(III) are required for lipid peroxidation to occur, with maximal rates of lipid peroxidation observed when the ratio of Fe(II) to Fe(III) is approximately one (J. R. Bucher et al. (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.111, 777–784; G. Minotti and S. D. Aust. (1987) J. Biol. Chem.262, 1098–1104). Consistent with the requirement for both Fe(II) and Fe(III), ascorbate, by reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II), stimulated iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation but when the ascorbate concentration was sufficient to reduce all of the Fe(III) to Fe(II), ascorbate inhibited lipid peroxidation. The rates of lipid peroxidation were unaffected by the addition of catalase, Superoxide dismutase, or hydroxyl radical scavengers. Exogenously added H2O2 also either stimulated or inhibited ascorbate-dependent, iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation apparently by altering the ratio of Fe(II) to Fe(III). Thus, it appears that the prooxidant effect of ascorbate is related to the ability of ascorbate to promote the formation of a proposed Fe(II):Fe(III) complex and not due to oxygen radical production. The antioxidant effect of ascorbate on iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation may be due to complete reduction of iron.
Nonlinear elastic theory of smectic liquid crystals

We consider the long-wavelength behavior of smectic liquid crystals (or any solid developing periodic order in only one direction) in the presence of anharmonic terms dictated by symmetry considerations. We analyze this anharmonic model of smectics with the use of analytic renormalization-group techniques directly in three dimensions. We find that the hydrodynamic description of smectics given by the harmonic theory is not valid at sufficiently small wave vectors. Instead, the elastic constants corresponding to the compression and undulation modes, respectively, vanish and diverge logarithmically at small wave vectors. Density correlations, which decay algebraically in the harmonic theory, are found to fall off with a distance-dependent power law at sufficiently long distances. Additionally, the system responds nonlinearly to applied stress at sufficiently small stress, i.e., Hooke's law is not valid. After presenting the calculations leading to the above results, we discuss the feasibility of experimental observation of these effects.
Healing length of the superconducting order parameter

Using the Bardeen-K\"ummel-Jacobs-Tewordt approach to the BCS theory of a nonuniform superconductor, we study the problem of a semi-infinite superconductor with a rigid potential barrier at the interface. Very close to ${T}_{c}$, the spatial variation of the order parameter is given by the Ginzburg-Landau formula $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}(z,T)}{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}(T)}=tanh[\frac{z}{\sqrt{2}}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{GL}}(T)]$. At decreasing temperatures, however, the order parameter heals much more rapidly than $\ensuremath{\xi}(T)=\frac{{v}_{F}}{\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}(T)}$, where ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{GL}}(T)=\mathrm{lim} 0.74 \ensuremath{\xi}(T)$ as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{c}$; and, at low and intermediate temperatures, does so over atomic distances.
Numerical scale-up study of silicon deposition using 2D slit nozzle sources

The scale-up of a silicon film deposition process employing supersonic molecular beams of Si2H6/H2 mixture is investigated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method in the transition regime. Previous studies employing an orifice/skimmer configuration revealed great success in modeling this process of film growth for deposition on a small scale. The present study considers a two dimensional slit nozzle to deposit epitaxial thin films over a larger area. The precursor incident flux, kinetic energy and angle are calculated and incorporated into the silicon film growth rate numerically. The effects of several key physical parameters are addressed. It is found that a 2D source has a smaller expansion ratio and generates a high back pressure that induces excessive molecular scattering and prevents disilane molecules from obtaining high impact energy over the substrate. The surface sticking probability is severely reduced compared with the previous axisymmetric simulations. Flow conditions suitable for film growth are suggested. The multiple slit nozzle sources are found applicable to improve the uniformity of the reactant incident flux and the film growth rate.
Evidence Based Treatments for Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Limited research has been devoted to developing and testing psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder (BPD) in children and adolescents, a chronic and impairing mental illness that has received increased attention in recent years. Existing treatments are intended as adjuncts to medication, and share a family-based psy- choeducation approach. Components of four treatments are discussed: family-focused treatment (FFT), the RAINBOW Program, multi-family psychoeducation groups (MFPG), and individual family psychoeducation (IFP). Evidence supporting each approach is detailed. Selected components of MFPG are described. A flowchart provides suggestions for sequencing interventions to maximize effectiveness. To illustrate the use of evidence-based treatment for children with BPD, a case example is provided.
The Literature of Alchemy and Chaucer's Canon's Yeoman's Tale: Framework, Theme, and Characters

THIS paper is concerned not with the specifics of alchemy in the Canon's Yeoman's Tale i.e., the yeoman's garbled but nevertheless very full account of the contents of his master's laboratory and of the activities carried on therein' but rather with the contribution of the literature of alchemy to other aspects of the tale: to framework, theme, and characters. Especially, it undertakes to demonstrate that in portraying the yeoman-narrator, the alchemist-canon, and the canon and priest of Secunda Pars Chaucer made significant use of the alchemical treatises and other writings about alchemy available to him at the end of the fourteenth century. Presumption of his reliance upon written documents in this instance is in keeping with his frequently avowed dependence for inspiration and material upon "bokes olde and newe" and is buttressed by scholarly investigations which have demonstrated his creation of complex human beings, very much alive, from bookish materials: treatises on medicine, physiognomy, dream lore, and astrology; antifeminist writings of the church fathers; scriptural commentary and the like. One calls to mind his transformation of learned lore in the instances of the Summoner, the Pardoner, the more than half human rooster Chantecleer, that magnificently complex human being the Wife of Bath. This is not to deprecate the suggestion that Chaucer may have had personal and perhaps extensive and unfortunate acquaintance with one or more practicing alchemists of his day. Indeed, as one reads the Yeoman's account of his Canon's experimentings and as he experiences the ever-mounting bitterness of the Yeoman's denunciation of the "elvysshe nice lore," he is likely to be overwhelmed by the vivid immediacy of the recital and to feel that toward its end the yeoman in his denunciation becomes indistinguishable from Chaucer himself a Chaucer who knows by personal experience whereof he speaks and delivers his advice and conclusion: "I rede, as for the beste, lete it goon," with a vivid personal commitment. Several years ago Mr H. G. Richardson2 discovered in the Plea Rolls of Edward III for 1374 evidence of a canon of the royal chapel at Windsor who was also apparently a practising alchemist. At least, when William de Brumley. a
Contrasting use case, goal, and scenario analysis of the Euronet system

In this research, we compare three related requirements engineering efforts: an industrial effort based on use cases; a case study analyzing these use cases by means of goal analysis; and a case study analyzing the same use cases with an integrated scenario analysis approach.
Compositional and instrumental firmness variations within fresh pork bellies

Abstract Fresh pork bellies (n = 24) were cut into 15 sections to measure the intra-belly variation in compositional and mechanical firmness characteristics. Length and width of each belly was measured before the belly was divided into 3 rows (D = dorsal; C = central; and V = ventral) and 5 columns (labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 from cranial to caudal), resulting in 15 belly sections of equal dimensions. The belly section with the greatest compression value was D-1, whereas the lowest compression value was found in the V-4 section (column × row, P P = 0.016). The D-3 section had the lowest proportion of lean and the greatest proportion of fat, but the greatest lean and lowest fat percentages were found in the V-1 and C-4 sections, respectively (column × row, P P P P P
Conformational Equilibria and Free Energy Profiles for the Allosteric Transition of the Ribose-binding Protein

The ribose-binding protein (RBP) is a sugar-binding bacterial periplasmic protein whose function is associated with a large allosteric conformational change from an open to a closed conformation upon binding to ribose. The crystal structures of RBP in open and closed conformations have been solved. It has been hypothesized that the open and closed conformations exist in a dynamic equilibrium in solution, and that sugar binding shifts the population from open conformations to closed conformations. Here, we study by computer simulations the thermodynamic changes that accompany this conformational change, and model the structural changes that accompany the allosteric transition, using umbrella sampling molecular dynamics and the weighted histogram analysis method. The open state is comprised of a diverse ensemble of conformations; the open ribose-free X-ray crystal conformations being representative of this ensemble. The unligated open form of RBP is stabilized by conformational entropy. The simulations predict detectable populations of closed ribose-free conformations in solution. Additional interdomain hydrogen bonds stabilize this state. The predicted shift in equilibrium from the open to the closed state on binding to ribose is in agreement with experiments. This is driven by the energetic stabilization of the closed conformation due to ribose-protein interactions. We also observe a significant population of a hitherto unobserved ribose-bound partially open state. We believe that this state is the one that has been suggested to play a role in the transfer of ribose to the membrane-bound permease complex.
TSV process optimization for reduced device impact on 28nm CMOS

A through-silicon-via (TSV) process is demonstrated on 28nm CMOS baseline with good electrical performance and low cost. TSV leakage, yield, C-V flat-band shift, Cu contamination, and reliability are significantly improved via process optimization. The preferred TSV processing could relax TSV stress and minimize keep-out zone (KOZ). In this study, we also address the impact of multiple-TSVs additive stress impact, TSV signal coupling effect, and TSV depletion impact to assess the power-TSV plug cell in design practice.
Minitrack: "modeling nonlinear natural and human systems"

Numerous natural and human-made systems can be described as nonlinear or complex. Such systems often escape the straight cause-effect and linear modeling patterns which traditional science has successfully used over centuries. Linear approximations of dynamic phenomena rarely deliver satisfactory results. On the other hand, nonlinear modeling techniques became feasible and more popular only with the advent of the digital computer some fifty years ago and have been widely used for little more than a decade and a half. In other words, even though the theoretical foundations were laid out much earlier, practical research and application of nonlinear modeling are still in their infancy compared with linear modeling. Among the traditional approaches to modeling nonlinear and dynamic systems are techniques such as discrete event simulation or Markov chains. System dynamics (SD), which captures and analyzes the feedback structure of complex dynamic systems, and agent-based modeling (ABM), which focuses on the rule-based emergent behavior of interacting individual agents, are two other prominent modeling techniques. Multi-method approaches, dynamic triangulation, and complementary applications of these modeling techniques in terms of an integrated research design have been proposed before [13]. Integrated designs are still rare and have only emerged recently. This minitrack acts as a forum for bringing together nonlinear systems modelers of various backgrounds with the ultimate aim of exploring the prospects and benefits of integration through better understanding of each technique’s research design potential. The insights from integrated research will certainly be relevant and beneficial not only to academic research but also to managerial practice and decision making.
Effects of a Cross-Age Tutoring Program on Computer Literacy Learning of Second-Grade Students

AbstractThis study examined the effects of a cross-age tutoring program on computer literacy learning of second graders. The tutoring program consisted of 3 training sessions, 10 weekly 30-min tutoring sessions, and 3 support conferences. Seventeen fourth-grade students tutored seventeen second graders on three computer programs: a keyboarding program, a problem-solving program, and a word processing program. Observations of the second-grade tutees were conducted before and after the tutoring program to determine the effects of the tutoring program on their computer literacy learning. The results indicated that prior to the tutoring, five second graders could play a game, and three of them could use a simulation program. The observations following the program indicated that all 17 tutees could use and interact with the programs presented, a game, and a simulation program.
Ca2+ Conduction by an Amino Acid-Gated Ion Channel Related to Glutamate Receptors

Ever since homologs of mammalian ionotropic Glu receptors ([iGluRs][1]) were discovered in plants ([Lam et al., 1998][2]; [Lacombe et al., 2001][3]), their molecular-level functions have been an intriguing question. Particularly in need of a direct experimental test is the hypothesis that plant Glu
KSHV downregulation of galectin-3 in Kaposi’s sarcoma

Galectins are a family of proteins that share an affinity for beta-galactoside containing glycoconjugates. In prostate, ovarian and breast cancer, downregulation of galectin-3 is associated with malignancy and tumor progression. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is characterized as an angioproliferative tumor of vascular endothelial cells and produces rare B cell lymphoproliferative diseases in the form of primary effusion lymphomas and some forms of multicentric Castleman's disease. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of KS. We found reduced levels of galectin-3 expression in a significant fraction of latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA)-positive spindle cell regions in human archival KS tissue and as measured in KS tissue microarrays. Here we demonstrate that galectin-3 protein expression is downregulated 10-fold in 10-day KSHV-infected dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMVEC) accompanied by downregulation of message. There is loss of galectin-3 staining in KSHV-infected DMVEC by dual labeled immunohistochemistry in LANA-positive spindle cells. We observed a consistent downregulation of galectin-3 by time-course transcriptional analysis. Of the galectins assayed, only galectin-1 was also downregulated in KSHV-infected DMVEC. We examined 86 KS tumors; 19 were LANA positive (22%) and 67 LANA negative (78%). All 86 tumors were found to be galectin-3 positive; 11 of 19 showed reduced expression of galectin-3 in LANA-positive spindle cell regions. Our data suggest that KSHV vFLIP and LANA are the viral genes targeting galectin-3 downregulation. The contribution of host factors to the pathogenesis of KS is essential for early detection and development of innovative therapies for treatment.
A fuzzy metagame model for biological evolution

The evolution of life on earth can be modeled in terms of a competitive game between species and each other, and between species and the environment. The rifles of the game change as local ecological niches are transformed due to evolving species and natural catastrophes. In order to better prepare for emerging conditions, organisms allow for mutations and encourage unrepaired genetic variances. Betting in this way on the rules of future games is a metagame that rewards those organisms that change more in accordance with the flow of ecological and natural events. The successful degree of novelty along appropriate directions allows for the continuation of the better-fit players in the next stage of the game. Since the current and future conditions are unknown, a fuzzy approximation of the situations and strategies is a more adequate model for the ongoing successions of competitive games between species.
FINDIT: a server based approach to finding information in large scale heterogeneous databases

Finding information in large scale autonomous heterogeneous databases is an issue that has been virtually unexplored in database research. The authors describe a new approach for finding information in a large scale network of autonomous and heterogeneous databases. The system relies on an object-oriented architecture to educate users about the available space of information and help them locate information sources. The system, named FINDIT, accommodates database autonomy as well as heterogeneity. To ensure information abstraction and encapsulation the system is divided into three categories, namely, user servers, database servers, and databases. User servers are geared towards satisfying users needs while database servers are in charge of managing databases. >
Are time- and event-based prospective memory comparably affected in HIV infection?

According to the multi-process theory of prospective memory (ProM), time-based tasks rely more heavily on strategic processes dependent on prefrontal systems than do event-based tasks. Given the prominent frontostriatal pathophysiology of HIV infection, one would expect HIV-infected individuals to demonstrate greater deficits in time-based versus event-based ProM. However, the two prior studies examining this question have produced variable results. We evaluated this hypothesis in 143 individuals with HIV infection and 43 demographically similar seronegative adults (HIV−) who completed the research version of the Memory for Intentions Screening Test, which yields parallel subscales of time- and event-based ProM. Results showed main effects of HIV serostatus and cue type, but no interaction between serostatus and cue. Planned pair-wise comparisons showed a significant effect of HIV on time-based ProM and a trend-level effect on event-based ProM that was driven primarily by the subset of participants with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Nevertheless, time-based ProM was more strongly correlated with measures of executive functions, attention/working memory, and verbal fluency in HIV-infected persons. Although HIV-associated deficits in time- and event-based ProM appear to be of comparable severity, the cognitive architecture of time-based ProM may be more strongly influenced by strategic monitoring and retrieval processes.
Is It Time to Evolve Past the Prerenal Azotemia versus Acute Tubular Necrosis Classification

For more than 70 years, the cornerstone for the diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury (AKI) has been the paradigm wherein its etiologies have been broken down into categories of prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal disease ([1][1]). With postrenal obstruction usually readily apparent, the
Foxk1 promotes cell proliferation and represses myogenic differentiation by regulating Foxo4 and Mef2

In response to severe injury, adult skeletal muscle exhibits a remarkable regenerative capacity due to a resident muscle stem/progenitor cell population. While a number of factors are expressed in the muscle progenitor cell (MPC) population, the molecular networks that govern this cell population remain an area of active investigation. In this study, utilizing knockdown techniques and overexpression of Foxk1 in the myogenic lineage, we observed dysregulation of Foxo and Mef2 downstream targets. Utilizing an array of technologies, we establish that Foxk1 represses the transcriptional activity of Foxo4 and Mef2 and physically interacts with Foxo4 and Mef2, thus promoting MPC proliferation and antagonizing the myogenic lineage differentiation program, respectively. Correspondingly, knockdown of Foxk1 in C2C12 myoblasts results in cell cycle arrest, and Foxk1 overexpression in C2C12CAR myoblasts retards muscle differentiation. Collectively, we have established that Foxk1 promotes MPC proliferation by repressing Foxo4 transcriptional activity and inhibits myogenic differentiation by repressing Mef2 activity. These studies enhance our understanding of the transcriptional networks that regulate the MPC population and muscle regeneration.