cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligent enterprise architecture

Stakeholders in business and information technology (IT) enterprises are faced with challenges that result from technological changes occurring at accelerated paces, economic and environmental issues demanding immediate actions, and a need for more precise collaborative decision making. Consequently, chief executive officers are required to respond with solutions that can only be sustained if built upon solid foundations. This paper introduces Intelligent Enterprise Architecture (IEA) as an architectural style and technique that addresses current and future business and IT trends, along with the technological impacts of a Smarter Planet™ on enterprise architecture. The building of a Smarter Planet involves thinking and acting in new ways to make systems more efficient and productive. Thus, we describe an IEA and ways in which foundations can be laid for enterprises to address business complexities that demonstrate Smarter Planet characteristics, including instrumented, interconnected, and intelligent characteristics. IEA is composed of four entry points, referred to as IEA for Cloud, IEA for Social Computing, IEA for Green & Beyond, and IEA for Information Intelligence. Example applications of IEA are provided and include a utility client that reduces energy use due to data-center architecture improvements. We also discuss the potential economic benefit of IEA.
Eulogy for Bill Dickison

After William C. Dickison earned an undergraduate degree in biology at Western Illinois University in the spring of 1962, his outstanding record earned him a graduate teaching assistantship in botany at Indiana University, where I was then teaching. Because I had some research funds available, I invited him to begin his graduate work during the summer of 1962, as well as to serve as my part-time research assistant for the princely sum of $200 a month. When Bill first walked into my laboratory that summer, I sized him up as a big, friendly young man, yet I wondered whether he would make the necessary commitment to undertake the finer details of sometimes routine research activities. Although he admitted that he had no previous experience in microtechniques or palynological preparations, he proved to be a quick learner, and within a few weeks he had convinced me that my original doubts about his adaptability to research requirements were unfounded. I soon became impressed with his meticulous preparations and dedication and learned to rely on his judgment. During the following two regular semesters, he proved to be the top student in my courses in plant anatomy and morphology of the vascular plants. Accordingly, I invited him to be my teaching assistant in both courses, as well as to major in systematic plant anatomy for his advanced degrees under my direction. As I look back on my career of forty years of teaching, research, and administration, I believe that this decision to "adopt" Bill Dickison as my graduate student was one of the smartest moves I ever made. Over the years he has repaid my trust and confidence in his ability and friendship more than a thousandfold. In 1994 I left Indiana University to accept the position of chairman of the Botany Department at Arizona State University. The following year I invited Bill and his good wife, Marlene, to join me in Tempe, so I could advise him regarding the completion of his doctoral research on the Dilleniaceae. Following the attainment of his doctorate in 1966, he taught for three years at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute before being called to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. I am quite certain that that institution has never had an occasion to regret the appointment. For thirty years Bill capably taught numerous courses, guided the thesis research of more than a dozen graduate students, published ninety research papers, co-authored two books, obtained research grants totaling $160,000, and was an invited speaker at many colleges, international symposia and botanical congresses. Bill and his wife spent several enjoyable days with my wife and me at our home in Arizona in August 1995. Although he had been diagnosed as having a multiple myeloma in 1992, he
Delineating Urban Housing Submarkets with Fuzzy Clustering

It has long been argued that the housing market is spatially compartmentalized within a metropolitan area. The argument has important implications for explaining how the housing market works—should the status quo be seen as an equilibrium state? Or if no equilibrium is reached, how do loosely interlaced submarkets function both independently and interdependently? We note that the body of literature has leaned toward testing the distinctiveness of housing submarkets given a priori housing submarkets. However, there seems to be a lack of interest in developing methods for deriving housing submarkets empirically. Fuzzy clustering is well suited to this problem, given that the boundary of housing submarkets is not often sharply delineated. The study applies a fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm to identify housing submarkets in the Buffalo–Niagara Falls region. The study is distinct from other FCM applications in three respects. First, we reflect on issues tied to choosing parameters of fuzzy clustering. Second, we...
Value of information analysis: the state of application

The value of information (VoI) is a decision analytic method for quantifying the potential benefit of additional information in the face of uncertainty. This paper reviews the prevalence of VoI applications reported in the peer-reviewed literature from the years 1990–2011. We categorize papers’ applications across the types of uncertainties considered, modeling choices, and contexts of social importance (such as health care and environmental science). We obtain and analyze statistics on the range of applications and identify trends and patterns in them, and conclude with an interpretation of what these mean for researchers and practitioners as they pursue new efforts. Key results include a substantial increase over the last 20 years in published papers utilizing VoI, particularly in the medical field. Nineteen trends in VoI applications from the period of 1990–2000 to 2001–2011 were found to be at least weakly significant. Beyond simple trends, some characteristics of VoI usage depend on the area of application, and in some cases, certain sets of characteristics tend to be found together.
Navigating the information‐scape: information visualization and student search

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate three tools based on principles of information visualization and measure their impact on undergraduates' abilities to generate keywords for database research.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 50 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to a condition (Control, Keyword Matrix, Wonder Wheel, Visual Search) and instructed to find relevant article citations on unfamiliar topics in EBSCO's Academic Search Complete. All students completed a pre‐test to provide baseline data. Control subjects performed one additional search. Students in the experimental conditions were introduced to the relevant information visualization strategy, employed it to identify keywords for two post‐test searches, and provided a written assessment of its impact. Audio and screen captures from search sessions were recorded, transcribed and analyzed.Findings – Brainstorming Behavior: Wonder Wheel subjects spent significantly more time brainstorming search terms than those r...
Distribution and cycling of nutrients in Pinus radiata as affected by past lupin growth and fertiliser

Abstract The effect of past lupin ( Lupinus arboreus Sims) growth and the application of a balanced mixture of fertiliser on the distribution and cycling of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in a 14-year-old stand of Pinus radiata D. Don growing on a stabilised coastal sand dune was studied. Tree growth continued to respond to fertiliser (960 kg ha −1 N applied during the first 10 years) but growth in the lupin treatment (where lupin was effectively absent since the stand was 5 years of age) was similar to that in the control. Biological N 2 -fixation by lupin growing under the developing pine canopy was estimated to average at least 80 kg ha −1 year −1 over 5 years. Ecosystem-N (exclusive of roots) in the control, lupin, fertiliser, and lupin-with-fertiliser treatments was 820, 1220, 1440 and 1610 kg ha −1 respectively. Most of the differences between treatments were due to soil-N (measured to 1 m depth). Current drainage losses of N were low ( −1 year −1 ) but there were clearly significant losses in the past. For example, 560 kg ha −1 of the estimated inputs of 1360 kg ha −1 of N to the lupin-with-fertiliser treatment were unaccounted for. The N-content (kg ha −1 year −1 ) of litterfall averaged 10 (control), 20 (lupin), 23 (fertiliser) and 25 (lupin-with-fertiliser). Nitrogen was immobilised in decomposing litter for at least 22 months in all treatments. There was little net leaching of total-N from the tree crowns ( −1 year −1 ), and there was net absorption by trees of both NO 3 N and NH 4 N from rainwater. Bulk precipitation contained 3.1 kg ha −1 year −1 of N, and aerosols captured by the tree crowns were estimated to contribute 1.1 to 2.0 kg ha −1 year −1 . Across the treatments the gross annual demand for N for above-ground new growth varied from 22 to 87 kg ha −1 year −1 , of which 27–41% was supplied by internal redistribution, and 5–19% from atmospheric inputs. Despite the large inputs of N in the past the trees in all treatments are currently N-deficient and would respond to N-fertiliser. The highly N-immobilising nature of the ecosystem suggests that continuing N-inputs by either biological N 2 -fixation or by fertiliser will be necessary to maintain growth rates in the long term.
Comparative rates of violence in chimpanzees and humans

This paper tests the proposal that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans have similar rates of death from intraspecific aggression, whereas chimpanzees have higher rates of non-lethal physical attack (Boehm 1999, Hierarchy in the forest: the evolution of egalitarian behavior. Harvard University Press). First, we assembled data on lethal aggression from long-term studies of nine communities of chimpanzees living in five populations. We calculated rates of death from intraspecific aggression both within and between communities. Variation among communities in mortality rates from aggression was high, and rates of death from intercommunity and intracommunity aggression were not correlated. Estimates for average rates of lethal violence for chimpanzees proved to be similar to average rates for subsistence societies of hunter-gatherers and farmers. Second, we compared rates of non-lethal physical aggression for two populations of chimpanzees and one population of recently settled hunter-gatherers. Chimpanzees had rates of aggression between two and three orders of magnitude higher than humans. These preliminary data support Boehm's hypothesis.
Activated natural killer T cells induce liver injury by Fas and tumor necrosis factor-α during alcohol consumption ☆

Abstract Background & aims: Chronic alcohol abuse induces liver injury and increases the severity of viral hepatitis, but the precise mechanisms responsible are not well understood. In particular, little is known about the role of natural killer T cells in alcohol-induced liver injury. Natural killer T cells are mediators of important regulator and effector functions making use of Fas and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in apoptosis induction. This report analyzes the role of natural killer T cells, Fas, and TNF-α in a model of chronic alcohol consumption. Methods: Mice fed alcohol by intragastric tube were assayed for serum alanine aminotransferase values, liver histology, and liver mononuclear cells before and after activation of natural killer T cells by ligand α-galactosylceramide. Results: In alcohol-consuming animals, liver natural killer T cells increase, and further activation by α-galactosylceramide causes lethal liver injury. This is explained by alcohol-induced hepatocyte sensitization to cell-mediated lysis, which develops concomitant to increased cytolytic activity of natural killer T cells. Natural killer T cell-mediated apoptosis proceeds by the Fas pathway, and Fas is essential for alcohol-associated liver injury. TNF-α plays an additional role as a defect in TNF receptor-1 inhibits alcohol-associated liver injury. Alcohol-fed natural killer T cell-deficient Jα281 −/− mice express a delay in alcohol-induced liver injury. Conclusions: Alcohol consumption induces an increase of natural killer T cells in the liver and a high sensitivity of hepatocytes to cell-mediated lysis. Stimulation of natural killer T cells during alcohol consumption induces serious liver injury by a mechanism that involves concomitant signals by Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 on alcohol-stressed hepatocytes.
Paraneoplastic retinopathy/ optic neuropathy

Paraneoplastic retinopathy and paraneoplastic optic neuropathy comprise a heterogeneous group of ocular syndromes associated with various clinical symptoms and multiple circulating antiretinal antibodies. Current evidence supports an underlying autoimmune mediated process, which is the rationale for the provision of immuno-suppressive therapy in addition to antitumor treatment. There are no controlled clinical trials that address the treatment of paraneoplastic retinopathy and/or optic neuropathy. Management decisions must be based on a relatively small number of case reports. There have been no reports of spontaneous visual improvement in these disorders. Therefore, any improvement after treatment is attributable to the therapeutic intervention. With the exception of the paraneoplastic optic neuropathy patient group, most patients show little or no response to immunosuppressive therapy, and only a small percentage of patients have dramatic improvement. However, modest improvements in visual function can improve patient quality of life and functional independence. Prompt diagnosis and initiation of therapy before significant visual loss is seen seems to be a critical factor in treatment success. An increase in serial autoantibody titers may serve as a marker of disease activity and allow initiation of therapeutic interventions before symptomatic visual decline.
Hepatic iron overload in blacks and whites: a comparative autopsy study.

Abstract Objective Genetic susceptibility to iron loading is an important factor in the development of iron overload in Africans. This suggests that persons of African descent may be at risk to develop iron overload with its attendant complications, but relatively little is known about hepatic iron overload among blacks. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence, histological features, and clinical correlates of hepatic iron overload in a group of autopsied black and white veterans. Methods Hepatic iron concentrations (HIC) were determined on liver tissue from autopsies performed at the John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center during the period 1993 to 1996. Clinical information was obtained from autopsy protocols. Sections from livers in which the HIC exceeded the upper limit of normal were examined histologically. Results Of 256 specimens, 99 were from blacks (39%), whereas 157 were from whites (61%). Thirty-one blacks (31%) had an elevated HIC versus 44 whites (28%) (ns). In the majority of these cases (18 blacks, 30 whites), the HIC was less than twice the upper limit of normal. Nine of 15 subjects with an HIC greater than twice the upper limit of normal and no evident cause of secondary iron overload were black. Conclusions The prevalence of mild-to-moderate hepatic iron overload was similar in this group of black and white veterans. Because of the inherent limitations of autopsy studies, prospective assessment of iron stores in healthy blacks is needed to determine more accurately the prevalence and clinical significance of iron overload in this population.
Is it “trustworthy”? A multiple-levels-of-analysis reexamination of an ohio state leadership study, with implications for future research

A moderator subgroup study, originally published by Schriesheim and Murphy (1976), is reexamined using the within-group agreement coefficient (rwg; James, Demaree & Wolf, 1984), moderated raw-score multiple linear regression, and moderated within- and between-entity analysis (WABA; Dansereau, Alutto & Yammarino, 1984; Schriesheim, forthcoming). The results show serious discrepancies in results between the subgroup and regression approaches, the need to exercise care in interpreting the rwg and raw-score regression results, and the necessity of conducting WABA and supplemental within-entity WABA moderation analyses to gain meaningful insight into the phenomena being investigated. Implications and future directions for leadership theory and research are considered.
HOW TO MEASURE THE KINETIC ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF THE PRECURSOR ION MAIN BEAM IN MASS-ANALYZED ION KINETIC ENERGY SPECTROMETRY EXPERIMENTS

Scans of the electrostatic analyzer (ESA) across the precursor ion beam in reverse-geometry (BE) mass spectrometers that are operated under double-focusing conditions do not measure the “energy resolution of the main beam”: They only measure double-focusing resolution. The only way that ESA scans can measure the kinetic energy distribution of the main beam is to operate the instrument so that angular (directional) focusing is not achieved. Thus, the mass spectrometer is no longer double-focusing. Under double-focusing conditions, however, scans of the accelerating voltage while the magnetic field and ESA are held constant can be used to measure either the kinetic energy distribution of the main beam that enters the magnet or the energy-resolving power of the instrument. Scans at a constant ratio of B2/E can be used similarly. The energy-resolving power of any ESA is defined by its dispersion and the widths of the energy-resolving object and image slits that immediately precede and follow the ESA, respectively. The use of BE, EB, and triple-sector instruments to measure energy-resolving power and the kinetic energy distribution of the precursor ion main beam is compared and discussed.
5-Azadeoxycytidine-induced chromatin remodeling of the inactive X-linked HPRT gene promoter occurs prior to transcription factor binding and gene reactivation.

Abstract During the process of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5aCdr)-induced reactivation of the X-linked human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene on the inactive X chromosome, acquisition of a nuclease-sensitive chromatin conformation in the 5′ region occurs before the appearance of HPRT mRNA.In vivo footprinting experiments reported here show that the 5aCdr-induced change in HPRT chromatin structure precedes the appearance of three footprints in the immediate 5′ flanking region that are characteristic of the active HPRT allele. These and other data suggest the following sequence of events that lead to the reactivation of the HPRT gene after 5aCdr treatment: (a) hemi-demethylation of the promoter, (b) an “opening” of chromatin structure detectable as increased nuclease sensitivity, (c) transcription factor binding to the promoter, (d) assembly of the transcription complex, and (e) synthesis of HPRT RNA. This sequence of events supports the view that inactive X-linked genes are silenced by a repressive chromatin structure that prevents the binding of transcriptional activators to the promoter.
Aurelia aurita Inspired Artificial Mesoglea

In this preliminary study, we report the mechanical and dielectric properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-ferritin hydrogel. This material was found to exhibit close resemblance to Aurelia aurita (jellyfish) mesoglea in terms of stiffness modulus and water content. Systematic experiments were conducted on natural jellyfish to identify its compression modulus a function of deformation. In compressive testing Aurelia aurita mesoglea was found to exhibit nonlinear modulus in the range of −10 kPa to 70 kPa depending upon the compressive strain (0–50% strain). The negative stiffness is an artifact of tensile force experienced by the specimen at the beginning of the test due to surface tension. PVA hydrogels with 60% water to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ratio without ferritin particle (H60) and PVA hydrogels with 80% water to DMSO ratio with ferritin particle (F80) provided a good alternative to natural jellyfish mesoglea exhibiting shear modulus of 33.06 Pa and 39.99 Pa respectively as compared to 4.75 Pa for Aur...
Constellation-X spectroscopy X-ray telescope (SXT)

We provide an overview of the Constellation-X SXT development program. We describe the performance requirements and goals, and the status of the technology development program. The SXT has a 1.6-meter diameter, a 10-meter focal length, and is to have an angular resolution exceeding 15 arc seconds. It has a modular design, incorporting lightweight, multiply nested, segmented Wolter Type I x-ray mirrors. All aspects of the design lend themselves to mass-production. The reflecting surfaces are produced by epoxy replication off precision mandrels onto glass substrates that have been accurately formed by thermal slumping. Coalignment of groups of relfectors to the required sub-micron accuracy is assisted by precison silicon micorstructures. Optical alignment is performed using the Centroid Detector Assembly originally developed for aligning the Chandra mirror. Recent efforts have concentrated on the producotin of an Engineering Unit, incorporating the components for the first time into a flight-like configuration. We summarize the status of the development of the processes for the key components and the initial metrology results of the Engineering Unit.
Leadership for Teacher Learning: A Community of Practice Perspective

Purpose: The study is a two-stage inquiry into the influence of high school principals and department chairpersons on the nature of science and mathematics teachers’ community of practice participation. Of particular interest is the extent to which formal leaders influence the formation of productive communities of practice and the extent to which leaders affect teachers’ professional beliefs and their instructional skills. Research Design: Using the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) Second Follow-up Teacher File, measures for the analysis are constructed with the Rasch model. Analysis proceeds in two stages using hierarchical linear modeling. The first stage investigates the importance of school leaders to mathematics and science teachers’ participation in productive communities of practice. The second stage looks at the relationship between school leadership and teachers’ competence and pedagogical skills, net of the influence of communities of practice. Findings: Results suggest that both principals and department chairpersons are instrumental in shaping opportunities for teachers to learn in communities of practice. Furthermore, results show that principals are well removed from the instructional concerns of teachers and that department chairpersons might serve to slow down the rate of instructional change. Conclusions: The connections between school-level leadership and teachers’ social learning in their communities of practice have drawn the recent attention of those writing about and conducting research on teacher communities. Researchers, practitioners, and policy makers want to know if school leaders can make a difference in how teachers think about their work and the quality of their instruction in classrooms. Findings offer insight into important links in the causal chain between leadership and student achievement.
Organizational conflict and mental health service system effectiveness

Conflict is a common feature of mental health delivery systems. However, there are many types of conflict and each requires specification and careful measurement. The authors present a study of mental health delivery systems in eight Oregon counties and the results of five conflict parameters that measured conflict with seriously mentally ill clients, family members, the state mental health division, county agencies, and professional/advocate agencies. Implications of the findings for countywide service systems are discussed.
Autonomous Image-Based Pointing for Planetary Flyby

ABSTRACT There is increasing emphasis on onboard autonomy in the design offuture spacecraft. Image-based, closed-loop tracking and pointing, developed as part of the Autonomous Feature And Star Tracking (AFAST) project at theJet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), has emerged as one of the technology areas essential to realizing autonomous spacecraft. In this paper, we present an overview of our ongoing efforts to develop intelligent, onboa.rd processingtechnology that will make it possible to realize such spacecraft. A mission scenario, a planetary small-body flyby, is used to illustrate the autonomous tracking/pointing technology addressed in the research. Keywords : autonomy, image processing , shape characterization, feature detection, tracking 1 Introduction NASA's future space missions (both planned and as-yet unknown) to explore Pluto, Mars, comets, and aster-oids will emphasize smaller, low-cost spacecraft with onboard autonomy. Successful implementation of onboardautonomy in spacecraft missions will not only minimize the mission-operation costs, but will also maximize the
Do Unit Value Export, Import, and Terms-of-Trade Indices Misrepresent Price Indices|[quest]|

Unit value export and import indices compiled from returns to customs authorities are often used as surrogates for price indices in the analysis of inflation transmission, terms of trade (effects), and to deflate import and export value series to derive volume series. Their widespread use is mainly due to their low cost relative to establishment price surveys. This paper provides evidence of substantial errors and bias in their representation of such price changes. Their continued use would mislead economic analysis. The paper considers the efficacy of alternative strategies for their improvement, and argues for a move to establishment-based price surveys.
New developments in the Langmuir-Blodgett manipulation of electroactive polymers

The fabrication of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) thin films containing electroactive conjugated polymers has been accomplished using a variety of new techniques. In one case, monolayer forming polyion complexes have been formed from acid derivatized conjugated polymers and stearylamine. Alternatively, stable, mixed monolayers containing a surface active processing aid and the emeraldine base form of polyaniline were successfully manipulated into multilayer thin films. Another variation involved the in situ formation of electrically conductive chains of polypyrrole within a preformed multilayer thin film of ferric stearate. The resultant multilayer films exhibited well defined molecular organizations and achieved electrical conductivities in some cases as high as 5 Scm.
Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectrometer

An apparatus for acquiring two-dimensional infrared correlation spectra is presented. The spectrometer has the potential of acquiring a full 2DIR spectra using a single laser pulse.
Spatial dependence of effective resonance cross sections

Abstract The influence of resonance structure and nonseparability of the flux as a function of space and energy on the spatial dependence of group cross section was studied in a one-region spherical reactor and a two-region slab reactor. Anisotropic effects were included through the P 1 approximation for the spherical reactor only. Integral transport methods were used. For the two-region slab reactor, the neutron source and flux equations were solved iteratively with linear dependence between any two mesh points in energy and space. The results showed: 1. (a) Effective resonance cross sections decrease substantially within two mean-free-paths from the boundary of the one-region reactor; 2. (b) Anisotropy effects were small and can be ignored in systems similar to the one analyzed; 3. (c) The dependence of cross sections on space in the two-region reactor was strong but limited to about two mean-free-paths in each region about the interface; 4. (d) Although the spatial dependence was limited to about two mean-free-paths from interfaces and boundaries, in regions where the mean-free-path is long, the spatial dependence extends over relatively large distances.
Situating Darśan: Seeing the Digambar Jina Icon in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century North India

The 1981 publication of the first edition of Diana Eck’s Darcan: Seeing the Divine Image in India marked an important watershed in the scholarly understanding and interpretation of visual interaction with and experience of three-dimensional temple icons in Hinduism (and by extension, South Asian religions more broadly). While there had been previous publications on ritual visuality in India (most notably Jan Gonda’s Eye and Gaze in the Veda [1969]), and 1981 also saw the publication of Lawrence A. Babb’s article “Glancing: Visual Interaction in Hinduism,” 1 Eck’s monograph, especially in its 1998 third edition, has remained definitively central in all subsequent discussions of darcan. In the words of Philip Lutgendorf (2006: 233), Darcan is now the “key text” on the subject. It is usually the first source on ritual visuality to which scholars of South Asia turn, and its prominence is equally evident in comparative discussions of icons and visuality by non-South Asianists. 2 Due in significant part to Eck’s thin volume, darcan has become what we can call—to import a term John Carman (1985: 117) used in a different context for the concept of the ‘sacred’ or the ‘holy’—a “super-category” in the study of South Asian religion and visual culture. In this essay, following a review of the ways in which Eck’s definition has become standard in studies of South Asian religious (and in some cases, secular) visuality, I argue that thirty years after the publication of her slim monograph, it is now time to revisit the broadly phenomenol
Projections From Primary Somatosensory Cortex to the Neostriatum: The Role of Somatotopic Continuity in Corticostriatal Convergence

We characterized the organization of corticostriatal projections from rodent primary somatosensory cortex (SI), testing the hypothesis that projections from SI areas representing subcomponents of the forelimb exhibit greater neostriatal overlap than projections from areas representing separate body parts. The anterograde tracers Fluoro-Ruby (FR), Alexa Fluor (AF), and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) were injected into physiologically identified regions of rat SI. Injection locations were confirmed by examining the SI barrel fields and limb representations in tangential sections processed for cytochrome oxidase (CO). Experimental animals were divided into two groups: one group received multiple tracer injections in neighboring SI regions that represent separate body parts (whiskers, forepaw, and hindpaw); the other group received injections in SI areas that represent different components of the forelimb (forepaw, antebrachium, and brachium). The distribution of labeled terminals and their varicosities in the neostriatum and in the thalamus were plotted and quantitatively analyzed. For most animals, tracer overlap in the thalamus was either minimal or completely absent. In the neostriatum, projections from the whisker, forelimb, and hindlimb representations terminated in regions that rarely overlap with each other, while those originating from different parts of the forelimb representation were more likely to terminate in overlapping parts of the neostriatum. To the extent that neostriatal activation depends on corticostriatal convergence, the corticostriatal projections in the sensorimotor channel appeared to be organized so that neostriatal neurons may signal when multiple components of the same body part are activated simultaneously.
Authentic/Inauthentic Identities in the Prison Visiting Room

The observations reported here demonstrate ways in which some incarcerated prison convicts use available materials, i.e., people, objects, and the physical setting of the prison visiting room to (a) violate rules, in order to (b) construct a situated identity based on self-autonomy and freedom from constraints. Sometimes the actions of guards and staff are to allow, within the context of the visiting room and within limits, for these situated social identities to be objectified even though these identities may have little currency in other prison contexts, and this situated self contradicts the intention of the prison regimen. The situated self found in the visiting room is considered to have beneficial influences on the inmate and is important for achieving desired, future outcomes related to treatment. When certain limits are breached, there will be attempts to suppress these identities. Several symbolic interactionist concepts, including awareness contexts and authentic/inauthentic identities, are employed to explain the behaviors of inmates, guards, and visitors and to point to treatment programs that would be most effective.
An unusual case of pleural, epididymal and sternoclavicular tuberculosis.

Summary A patient with pleural, epididymal and sternoclavicular tuberculosis is described in whom the history suggests that primary infection occurred near the time when he was involved in a fight. Epididymal and sternoclavicular lesions represent infection of loci minoris resistentiae secondary to traumatic injuries sustained in the fight and provide evidence for the concept of tuberculous bacillaemia accompanying primary infection.
PROSTAGLANDIN El |[lpar]|PGE1|[rpar]| IS AN EFFECTIVE PULMONARY VASODILATOR IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Decreasing pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) or resistance (PVR) is important in some patients (pts) with secondary pulmonary hypertension. PGE1 is an attractive pulmonary vasodilator not only because of its 1st pass metabolism in the lungs but also because of its bronchodilator properties. We administered PGE1 to 6 pts. 3 had lung disease (ages 6,9,16 mo); they received IV PGE1 at 0.025 or 0.05 ug/kg/min. Three patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) with L→R shunts (ages 2,4,8 mo), received PGE1 into a branch PA at 0.05 and/or 0.01 ug/kg/min. Hemodynamic measurements, arterial blood gas determinations, and oxygen saturations were made at baseline and every 10 minutes during infusion. Results are as follows: We conclude PGE1 is a useful vasodilator for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in some pediatric pts. with secondary PAH.
Efficient network-coding-based opportunistic routing through cumulative coded acknowledgments

The use of random linear network coding (NC) has significantly simplified the design of opportunistic routing (OR) protocols by removing the need of coordination among forwarding nodes for avoiding duplicate transmissions. However, NC-based OR protocols face a new challenge: How many coded packets should each forwarder transmit? To avoid the overhead of feedback exchange, most practical existing NC-based OR protocols compute offline the expected number of transmissions for each forwarder using heuristics based on periodic measurements of the average link loss rates and the ETX metric. Although attractive due to their minimal coordination overhead, these approaches may suffer significant performance degradation in dynamic wireless environments with continuously changing levels of channel gains, interference, and background traffic. In this paper, we propose CCACK, a new efficient NC-based OR protocol. CCACK exploits a novel Cumulative Coded ACKnowledgment scheme that allows nodes to acknowledge network-coded traffic to their upstream nodes in a simple way, oblivious to loss rates, and with negligible overhead. Through extensive simulations and testbed experiments, we show that CCACK greatly improves both throughput and fairness compared to MORE, a state-of-the-art NC-based OR protocol.
Chronic Stress‐Induced Effects of Corticosterone on Brain: Direct and Indirect

Acutely, glucocorticoids act to inhibit stress-induced corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion through their actions in brain and anterior pituitary (canonical feedback). With chronic stress, glucocorticoid feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion changes markedly. Chronically stressed rats characteristically exhibit facilitated ACTH responses to acute, novel stressors. Moreover, in adrenalectomized rats in which corticosterone was replaced, steroid concentrations in the higher range are required for facilitation of ACTH responses to occur after chronic stress or diabetes. Infusion of corticosterone intracerebroventricularly into adrenalectomized rats increases basal ACTH, tends to increase CRF, and allows facilitation of ACTH responses to repeated restraint. Therefore, with chronic stressors, corticosterone seems to act in brain in an excitatory rather than an inhibitory fashion. We believe, under conditions of chronic stress, that there is an indirect glucocorticoid feedback that is mediated through the effects of the steroid +/- insulin on metabolism. Increased energy stores feedback on brain to inhibit hypothalamic CRF and decrease the expression of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the locus coeruleus. These changes would be expected to decrease the level of discomfort and anxiety induced by chronic stress. Moreover, central neural actions of glucocorticoids abet the peripheral effects of the steroids by increasing the salience and ingestion of pleasurable foods.
Influence of topical and systemic β-blockers on tear production

The influence of various beta-blockers on tear production in rabbits was studied by means of direct cannulation of the lacrimal gland excretory duct. Tear production was significantly decreased (p less than 0,001) after systemic (I.M.) administration of either selective beta 1-blockers (metoprolol, betaxolol), B2-selective (butoxamine) or non-selective ones (timolol, propranolol) or finally those with I.S.A. (oxprenolol), although differences in the size of tear production decreasing response of each beta-blocker were recorded. Bilateral topical application of timolol (50 microliters of 0,5% b.i.d. for three days), decreased also tear production significantly, while the response of betaxolol administered under the same regime was rather negligible. It is concluded that although beta 2 adrenergic receptors are mainly involved in tear production, the administration of selective beta 1-blockers in high doses disappears their selectivity, decreasing tear production too.
Low influenza vaccination rates among child care workers in the United States: assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

Influenza can spread quickly among children and caregivers in child day care settings. Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent influenza. We determined 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) (pH1N1) and seasonal influenza vaccination rates during the 2009–2010 influenza season among child care center employees, assessed knowledge and attitudes regarding the vaccines, and determined factors associated with vaccine receipt. Using a cross-sectional study design, from January 30–March 1, 2010, we surveyed 384 (95%) of 403 employees at 32 licensed child centers in the United States about personal and work characteristics, vaccine receipt, and knowledge and attitudes regarding each vaccine. Forty-five (11%) and eighty five (22%) respondents reported receiving the pH1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines, respectively. The most common reasons cited for not getting either vaccine were “I don’t think I need the vaccine,” “I don’t think the vaccine will keep me from getting the flu,” and “the vaccine is not safe.” Factors independently associated with receipt of either vaccine included belief in its efficacy, having positive attitudes towards it, and feeling external pressure to get it. Child care center employees had low rates of pH1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccination largely due to misconceptions about the need for and efficacy of the vaccine. Public health messages should address misconceptions about vaccines, and employers should consider methods to maximize influenza vaccination of employees as part of a comprehensive influenza prevention program.
How much can we know about the causes of evolutionary trends

One of the first questions that paleontologists ask when they identify a large-scale trend in the fossil record (e.g., size increase, complexity increase) is whether it is passive or driven. In this article, I explore two questions about driven trends: (1) what is the underlying cause or source of the directional bias? and (2) has the strength of the directional bias changed over time? I identify two underdetermination problems that prevent scientists from giving complete answers to these two questions.
Orbital order and spontaneous orthorhombicity in iron pnictides

A growing list of experiments show orthorhombic electronic anisotropy in the iron pnictides, in some cases at temperatures well above the spin-density-wave transition. These experiments include neutron scattering, resistivity and magnetoresistance measurements, and a variety of spectroscopies. We explore the idea that these anisotropies stem from a common underlying cause: orbital order manifest in an unequal occupation of ${d}_{xz}$ and ${d}_{yz}$ orbitals, arising from the coupled spin-orbital degrees of freedom. We emphasize the distinction between the total-orbital occupation (the integrated density of states), where the order parameter may be small and the orbital polarization near the Fermi level which can be more pronounced. We also discuss light-polarization studies of angle-resolved photoemission and demonstrate how x-ray absorption linear dichroism may be used as a method to detect an orbital-order parameter.
Assessing oral cancer early detection: clarifying dentists' practices.

Objective:Thisstudyexploresnewmethodsforassessingingreaterdetailwhatdentists do when they perform oral cancer early detection examinations. It clarifies practice behaviors and opens opportunities to identify factors that facilitate thorough early detection examinations by clinicians and to assess the relative effectiveness of different examination procedures. Methods: A 38-item survey instrument was e-mailed to dentists in a western US, multistate dental practice group. Questionnaires were received by 241 dentists, and 102 responded. An Oral Cancer Knowledge scale (0 to 14) was generated from correct responses on oral cancer general knowledge. An Oral Cancer Examination Thoroughness scale was calculated from the two dimensions of reported usage and frequency of procedures in oral cancer examinations. Results: Nearly all responding dentists were in general practice (90%), with a medianyearof graduationfromdentalschoolof 1994.TheOralCancerKnowledge scores ranged from 5 to 14 with a mean of 10.4.The mean Thoroughness of Examinationscorewas11.34(range0to20).Thetwoscaleswerenotstatisticallycorrelated (r =- 0.015, P = 0.883). Statistically, recency of continuing education was significantly associated with knowledge (P = 0.0284) and appears to be marginally associated with thoroughness (P = 0.075). Conclusions: This study documents considerable variability in dentists’ knowledge and thoroughness of examinations. The scales provide tools for future studies for improving understanding of early detection of oral cancer in clinical practice.
Radical causes of cancer

Free radicals are ubiquitous in our body and are generated by normal physiological processes, including aerobic metabolism and inflammatory responses, to eliminate invading pathogenic microorganisms. Because free radicals can also inflict cellular damage, several defences have evolved both to protect our cells from radicals--such as antioxidant scavengers and enzymes--and to repair DNA damage. Understanding the association between chronic inflammation and cancer provides insights into the molecular mechanisms involved. In particular, we highlight the interaction between nitric oxide and p53 as a crucial pathway in inflammatory-mediated carcinogenesis.
Comparative evaluation of physics-based and statistical forecasts in Northern California

[1] We perform a retrospective forecast test using Northern California seismicity for the period between 1980 and 2009. We compare 7 realizations of the short-term clustering epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model, and 21 models combining Coulomb stress change calculations and Rate/State theory (CRS) to forecast seismicity rates in 10 day time intervals. We employ a common learning phase (1974–1980) for CRS models to ensure consistency, and we evaluate the forecasts with log likelihood statistics to detect any spatial inconsistencies and compare the total numbers of forecasts versus observed events. We find that: (1) ETAS models are better forecasters of the spatial evolution in seismicity in the near-source region, (2) CRS models can compete with ETAS models away from the mainshock rupture, and for short periods after mainshocks, (3) CRS models with optimally oriented receiver fault planes perform better in the first few days after mainshocks, whereas mapped fault planes should be implemented for longer-term forecasting, and (4) CRS models based on shear stress change calculations have comparable performance with Coulomb stress change models, with the benefit of lesser parameters involved in stress calculations. We conclude that physics-based and statistical forecast models are complimentary to each other and that future forecasts should be based on statistical models for near-source regions, and physical models for longer periods and distances. However, the realization of the CRS models involves a number of critical parameters (reference seismicity rates, regional stress field, and loading rates), which should be retrospectively tested to improve the predictive power of physics-based models.
Kinetics of the histological, serological and symptomatic responses to gluten challenge in adults with coeliac disease

Objective Coeliac disease is defined by gluten responsiveness, yet there are few data on gluten challenge (GC) in adults on a gluten-free diet. Lack of data regarding the kinetics of responses to gluten is a limitation in clinical practice and research when GC is performed. Design 20 adults with biopsy-proven coeliac disease participated. The study included two run-in visits followed by a 14-day GC at a randomly assigned dose of 3 or 7.5 g of gluten/day. Study visits occurred 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after starting GC. Duodenal biopsy was performed during the run-in and at days 3 and 14 of GC. Villous height to crypt depth ratio (Vh:Cd) and intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) count/100 enterocytes were measured by two pathologists. Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase and deamidated gliadin peptides, lactulose to mannitol ratio (LAMA) and symptoms were assessed at each visit. Results Significant reduction in Vh:Cd (2.2–1.1, p Conclusions 14 day GC at ≥3 g of gluten/day induces histological and serological changes in the majority of adults with coeliac disease. These data permit accurate design of clinical trials and indicate that many individuals will meet coeliac diagnostic criteria after a 2-week GC. Clinical Trials Registration Number http://clinicaltrials.gov # NCT00931892.
The induced Roelofs effect: two visual systems or the shift of a single reference frame?

Cognitive judgments about an object’s location are distorted by the presence of a large frame offset left or right of an observer’s midline. Sensorimotor responses, however, seem immune to this induced Roelofs illusion, with observers able to accurately point to the target’s location. These findings have traditionally been used as evidence for a dissociation of the visual processing required for cognitive judgments and sensorimotor responses. However, a recent alternative hypothesis suggests that the behavioral dissociation is expected if the visual system uses a single frame of reference whose origin (the apparent midline) is biased toward the offset frame. The two theories make qualitatively distinct predictions in a paradigm in which observers are asked to indicate the direction symmetrically opposite the target’s position. The collaborative findings of two laboratories clearly support the biased-midline hypothesis.