cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Multiple Design Topologies Using Genetic Programming And Bond Graphs

To realize design automation of dynamic systems, there are two major issues to be dealt with: open-topology generation of dynamic systems and simulation or analysis of those models. For the first issue, we exploit the strong topology exploration capability of genetic programming to create and evolve structures representing dynamic systems. With the help of ERCs (ephemeral random constants) in genetic programming, we can also evolve the sizing of dynamic system components along with the structures. The second issue, simulation and analysis of those system models, is made more complex when they represent mixed-energy-domain systems. We take advantage of bond graphs as a tool for multi- or mixed-domain modeling and simulation of dynamic systems. Because there are many considerations in dynamic system design that are not completely captured by a bond graph, we would like to generate multiple solutions, allowing the designer more latitude in choosing a model to implement. The approach in this paper is capable of providing a variety of design choices to the designer for further analysis, comparison and trade-off. The approach is shown to be efficient and effective in an example of open-ended real-world dynamic system design application, a printer re-design problem.
Comprehension of synthetic speech produced by rule: word monitoring and sentence-by-sentence listening times

Previous comprehension studies using postperceptual memory tests have often reported negligible differences in performance between natural speech and several kinds of synthetic speech produced by rule, despite large differences in segmental intelligibility. The present experiments investigated the comprehension of natural and synthetic speech using two different on-line tasks: word monitoring and sentence-by-sentence listening. On-line task performance was slower and less accurate for passages of synthetic speech than for passages of natural speech. Recognition memory performance in both experiments was less accurate following passages of synthetic speech than of natural speech. Monitoring performance, sentence listening times, and recognition memory accuracy all showed moderate correlations with intelligibility scores obtained using the Modified Rhyme Test. The results suggest that poorer comprehension of passages of synthetic speech is attributable in part to the greater encoding demands of synthetic speech. In contrast to earlier studies, the present results demonstrate that on-line tasks can be used to measure differences in comprehension performance between natural and synthetic speech. Language: en
The problem of irregular menstruation

Abstract Recent investigation suggests that the length of successive menstrual cycles in normal women is characterized by a marked irregularity in at least two-thirds of instances. The occurrence of irregular menstrual cycles in the absence of demonstrable pelvic disease should not be considered as an abnormal finding requiring treatment, unless (1) it represents a change from a previously established rhythm. (2) it is accompanied by a marked increase or decrease in blood loss, or (3) it is associated with concomitant symptoms pointing to an endocrinologic disturbance.
Shannon's brief foray into genetics.

CLAUDE Shannon, 1916–2001, was the father of the digital communication age. He laid the mathematical foundations for communication theory and devised a precise definition for the vague concept of information. Although the word “bit” was invented by John Tukey, Shannon made it a household word
Interdigitated flow field design

When interdigitated gas distributors are used in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), fluids entering the fuel cell are forced to flow through the electrode porous backing layers. This through-the-electrode convection increases the transport rates of the reactants and products to and from the catalyst layers, and the shear force of gas flow minimizes electrode flooding by reducing the amount of liquid water that is entrapped in the porous electrodes. To investigate the effects of the gas and liquid water hydrodynamics on the performance of an air cathode of a PEMFC employing an interdigitated gas distributor, a two-dimensional, two-phase, multi-component transport model was developed. The predictive capability of the model was validated against experimental results obtained at multiple operating conditions. The model was also used to investigate the effects of two flow field design parameters on the cathode performance. Keywords: proton exchange membrane fuel cell; interdigitated flow field; two phase flow modeling; liquid water transport
Vidicon spectrometer applied to simultaneous enzyme determinations.

Lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities in the same medium can be determined simultaneously, at 350 and 550 nm, with a vidicon spectrometer. Substrate concentrations and pH have been made optimum for the combined analysis. These conditions result in activities for lactate dehydrogenase that are equivalent to those found by methods in common use, and activities for alkaline phosphatase that are about 31% below the maximum values that could be obtained with its substrate used at the same pH and temperature in the absence of NAD+ and lactate. However, activities measured by the simultaneous analysis were proportional to those obtained by other methods used in clinical laboratories, and the coefficients of variation were 2.3% for lactate dehydrogenase and 3% for alkaline phosphatase.
A formal analysis of the role of multi-point crossover in genetic algorithms

On the basis of early theoretical and empirical studies, genetic algorithms have typically used 1 and 2-point crossover operators as the standard mechanisms for implementing recombination. However, there have been a number of recent studies, primarily empirical in nature, which have shown the benefits of crossover operators involving a higher number of crossover points. From a traditional theoretical point of view, the most surprising of these new results relate to uniform crossover, which involves on the averageL/2 crossover points for strings of lengthL. In this paper we extend the existing theoretical results in an attempt to provide a broader explanatory and predictive theory of the role of multi-point crossover in genetic algorithms. In particular, we extend the traditional disruption analysis to include two general forms of multi-point crossover:n-point crossover and uniform crossover. We also analyze two other aspects of multi-point crossover operators, namely, their recombination potential and exploratory power. The results of this analysis provide a much clearer view of the role of multi-point crossover in genetic algorithms. The implications of these results on implementation issues and performance are discussed, and several directions for further research are suggested.
Item revisions in the Sensation Seeking Scale Form V (SSS-V)

Abstract Several items of the Sensation Seeking Scale which had become dated or irrelevant to current generations were modified, but some investigators are apparently unaware of these modifications. This note describes the item-changes and a new scale, ‘Impulsive Sensation Seeking’ which has no description of specific activities.
High-speed VLSI architecture for low-complexity chase soft-decision Reed-Solomon decoding

Interpolation-based algebraic soft-decision decoding (ASD) of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes can achieve significant coding gain with polynomial complexity. Among available ASD algorithms, the low-complexity Chase (LCC) algorithm can achieve a good performance-complexity tradeoff. In addition, the multiplicity of each interpolation point involved in this algorithm is one. These features make the LCC decoding very attractive for practical hardware implementation. In this paper, we present an efficient and high-speed VLSI architecture for the implementation of the LCC decoder. ASD algorithms have two major steps: interpolation and factorization. The high efficiency of the LCC interpolation architecture is achieved by employing a backward interpolation technique, which enables the sharing of intermediate interpolation results. We also show that the factorization step can be eliminated in the case of LCC decoding. From critical path and latency analysis, the LCC decoder can achieve a throughput of several gigabits per second in ASIC implementations. In addition, the LCC decoder requires less than three times the area of a hard-decision decoder that has the same throughput.
Tartaglia's ragioni : A maestro d'abaco 's mixed approach to the bombardier's problem

In La nova scientia (1537), Niccolo Tartaglia analyses trajectories of cannonballs by means of different forms of reasoning, including ‘physical and geometrical reasoning’, ‘demonstrative geometrical reasoning’, ‘Archimedean reasoning’, and ‘algebraic reasoning’. I consider what he understood by each of these methods and how he used them to render the quick succession of a projectile's positions into a single entity that he could explore and explain. I argue that our understanding of his methods and style is greatly enriched by considering the abacus tradition in which he worked. As a maestro d'abaco in sixteenth-century Venice he had access to a great variety of mathematical and natural-philosophical works. This paper traces how Tartaglia drew elements from a vast spectrum of sources and combined them in an innovative manner. I examine his use of algebra and geometry, consider what he knew about Archimedes and suggest a reading of his enigmatic phrase ‘Archimedean reasoning’, which has eluded satisfactory interpretation.
Verschollen unter Amazonen: Transformations of the Feminine and Deconstructive Autopoiesis in Kafka's Der Verschollene

In this article, I examine Franz Kafka's Der Verschollene under the premise that the initial image—the sword-bearing Statue of Liberty—offers a symbolic lens for understanding many of the female characters in the novel as Amazonian women. From Johanna Brummer (and even, arguably, the Stoker) to Klara Pollunder and Brunelda, Karl Rosmann's disappearance is intimately related to his interactions with these Amazons. As opposed to the traditional protagonist of a Bildungsroman, Karl experiences subjective disintegration, which unfolds with each subsequent encounter with an Amazonian Other. I also investigate depictions of American capitalism in the early twentieth century with respect to Karl's relationships to patriarchal and matriarchal figures and consider the failure of Amazons to offer a counter-model to these prototypes. Formal elements of the text—its labyrinthine narrative structures, unexplained prolepses, and status as an unfinished fragment—are explored as constructions that lead to Karl's ultimate erasure.
A 24-hour rhythm in the content of norepinephrine in the pineal and salivary glands of the rat.

Abstract The norepinephrine content of the pineal and submaxillary glands varies with a 24-hour rhythm; it is greatest at the end of the dark period, and falls during the day.
Adsorption energy, growth mode, and sticking probability of Ca on poly(methyl methacrylate) surfaces with and without electron damage.

The adsorption of Ca atoms on pristine and electron-irradiated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surfaces at 300 K has been studied by adsorption microcalorimetry, atomic beam/surface scattering, and low-energy He+ ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). On pristine PMMA, the initial sticking probability of Ca is 0.5, increasing quickly with Ca coverage. Below 0.5 ML, the heat of adsorption is 730−780 kJ/mol, much higher than Ca's sublimation energy (178 kJ/mol). The Ca here is invisible to ISS, which is attributed to Ca binding to ester groups below the CH3/CH2-terminated PMMA surface. The adsorption energy increases with coverage, suggesting attractions between neighboring Ca−ester complexes. Above 0.5 ML, Ca starts to grow as three-dimensional (3D) Ca clusters on top of the surface, which dominate growth after 2 ML. It is proposed that each Ca reacts with two esters to form the Ca carboxylate of PMMA, because this reaction's heat would be close to that observed. The total amount of Ca that binds to subsurfac...
Simulation study of mechanical properties of bulk metallic glass systems: martensitic inclusions and twinned precipitates

Monolithic bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) exhibit a unique combination of mechanical properties, such as high strength and large elasticity limits, but the lack of ductility is considered the main Achilles' heel of BMG systems. To increase the competitiveness of BMGs vis-a-vis conventional structural materials, the problem of catastrophic failure via intense plastic strain localization ('shear banding') has to be addressed. Recent experimental observations suggest that the addition of structural heterogeneities, in the form of crystalline particles, to BMG systems hinders the catastrophic propagation of shear bands and leads to enhanced ductility. These structural heterogeneities can be introduced by either forming BMG composites, where second-phase crystalline particles accommodate applied loads via martensitic transformation mechanisms, or developing glassy alloys that precipitate crystalline particles under deformation, a process by which further deformation can be sustained by twinning mechanisms in the crystalline phase. In this work, we present a non-linear continuum model capable of capturing the structural heterogeneity in the glassy phase and accounting for intrinsic work hardening via martensitic transformations in second-phase reinforcements in BMG composites and deformation twinning in precipitated crystalline particles. Simulation results reveal that in addition to intrinsic work hardening in the crystalline phase, particle size greatly affects the overall mechanical behavior of these BMG systems. The precipitation of crystalline particles in monolithic BMGs yields two-phase microstructures that promote more homogeneous deformation, delay the propagation of incipient shear bands, and ultimately result in improved ductility characteristics.
Deep-inelastic scattering from the pion and the choice of phenomenological wave functions

We review the relation between covariant calculations and light-front calculations of pion properties. We describe the results obtained for the pion structure function in both formalisms. Conventional (phenomenological) light-front wave functions yield poor results for the structure function unless these results are evolved to higher energies. Our covariant calculation of the structure function has its basis in the Bethe-Salpeter approach to the solution of the two-body problem. Our study shows how an alternative specification of the light-front wave function of the pion leads to a good fit to the (valence) structure function, while also providing good fits for the pion-decay constant, ${\mathit{f}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$, and the pion electromagnetic form factor (for ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$0.2 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$). We also review the standard scheme for evolving distributions from a scale ${\mathit{Q}}_{0}^{2}$ to a scale ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$ and contrast such procedures with our methods.
Informal communication of co‐workers: a thematic analysis of messages

Purpose – Although informal communication at work has been shown to serve important functions of sociality, little is known about the messages that comprise routine, everyday interaction. The purpose of this paper is to examine two different informal interactions between 100 remote employees and their central office peers to determine the kinds of messages used in informal interaction using thematic analysis.Design/methodology/approach – Teleworkers recalled informal interactions with central office peers; interactions were coded using constructivist methodology, then collapsed into dominant themes using a constant comparison approach. Patterns in responses were then related to a literature‐based (constructivist) analysis of how informal communication functions.Findings – Five key themes were identified: personal disclosure, sociality, support giving and getting, commiserating/complaining, and business updates and exchanges. These informal workplace interactions also reflected underlying dimensions of per...
Is the Market Portfolio a Dynamic Factor? Evidence from Individual Stock Returns

This paper uses a factor model to test whether the market portfolio is a dynamic factor in the sense that individual stock returns contain a premium linked to the conditional risk of the market portfolio. The market conditional risk is based on a decomposition of the market variance into a time-varying trend component and a transitory component. The evidence shows that the conditional market premium is rising when the permanent trend rises relative to the conditional variance. The evidence for individual stock returns supports the notion that the market portfolio is a dynamic factor. Individual stock return autocorrelations are fully explained by the time variation in the market premium. The risk premia attributed to static factors are statistically insignificant.
Regional distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in brain of the rhesus monkey.

—The concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in twenty different regions of Rhesus monkey brain were studied. The highest levels were found in the substantia nigra, globus pallidus, and hypothalamus. Regions of the cerebral cortex and thalamus contained low amounts and white matter the lowest. Indirect evidence supporting an inhibitory transmitter role for GABA is discussed.
Recurrences after endoscopic management of early (T1) glottic carcinoma.

From 1976 to 1986, 106 patients with early glottic carcinoma were managed endoscopically at our institution. Twenty-four (23%) patients required retreatment of the larynx for local recurrences or new primary lesions after initial endoscopic management. The probability of remaining free of local recurrence 3 years after primary surgery was estimated to be 0.87 and, after (years, it was 0.81. Of the 24 patients who required re-treatment of their larynx, 10 did so beyond 3 years, indicating a new second primary. In 1 patient who required retreatment within 3 years, a new primary developed on the opposite cord. Therefore, true local recurrences developed in 13 patients (12.3%); 3 of these patients (2.8%) ultimately required laryngectomy and 3 are dead (2.8%) with disease
Role of posttranscriptional regulation in circadian clocks: lessons from Drosophila.

Incredible progress has been made in the last few years in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian clocks. Many of the recent insights have been gained by the isolation and characterization of novel clock mutants and their associated gene products. As might be expected based on theoretical considerations and earlier studies that indicated the importance of temporally regulated macromolecular synthesis for the manifestation of overt rhythms, daily oscillations in the levels of “clock” RNAs and proteins are a pervasive feature of these timekeeping devices. How are these molecular rhythms generated and synchronized? Recent evidence accumulated from a wide variety of model organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals, points toward an emerging trend; at the “heart” of circadian oscillators lies a cell autonomous transcriptional feedback loop that is composed of alternatively functioning positive and negative elements. Nonetheless, it is also clear that to bring this transcriptional f...
Quantitative measurement of 3'-oxolutein from human retina by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

3-Hydroxy-beta,epsilon-carotene-3'-one (3'-oxolutein) is the major oxidative metabolite of dietary carotenoids in the retina of the human eye. Elucidating the biochemical mechanism of its formation may provide helpful insight into the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration; however, it is found in relatively low quantities that require highly sensitive methods for quantitation from individual retinas. Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry allowed us to do quantitative analysis of 3'-oxolutein from central and peripheral retinas obtained from individual human donors. The limit of quantification for 3'-oxolutein in human retina at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 was 6 pg. The precision of the assay yielded a coefficient of variation ranging from 4.7 to 7.4% and accuracies of 106-108%. A statistically significant (R = 0.99, p < or = 0.001) linear working range was achieved between 5 and 7200 pg. The 3'-oxolutein contents from 8-mm punches of the central macula and peripheral retina were found to be 375+/-192 and 191+/-95 pg/tissue, respectively.
David hume: A modern conservative

(1996). David hume: A modern conservative. The European Legacy: Vol. 1, Fourth International Conference of the International Society for the study of European Ideas, pp. 397-402.
Binary decision clustering for neural-network-based optical character recognition

Abstract A multiple neural network system for handprinted character recognition is presented. It consists of a set of input networks which discriminate between all two-class pairs, for example “1” from “7”, and an output network which takes the signals from the input networks and yields a digit recognition decision. For a ten-digit classification problem this requires 45 binary decision machines in the input network. The output stage is typically a single trained network. The neural network paradigms adopted in these input and output networks are the multi-layer perceptron, the radial-bias function network and the probabilistic neural network. A simple majority vote rule was also tested in place of the output network. The various resulting digit classifiers were trained on 7480 isolated images and tested on a disjoint set of size 23140. The Karhunen-Loeve transforms of the images of each pair of two classes formed the training set for each BDM. Several different combinations of neural network input and output structures gave similar classification performance. The minimum error rate achieved was 2.5% with no rejection obtained by combining a PNN input array with an RBF output stage. This combined network had an error rate of 0.7% with 10% rejection.
A 5-GHz SiGe RF-Driven Cascode Power Amplifier

The design of a highly linear, two-stage 5 GHz SiGe HBT power amplifier is presented. It employs low-breakdown high-fT transistors in a cascode configuration with a novel biasing technique to boost the output power level. The novel biasing scheme eliminates the need for high breakdown transistors whose performance at high frequencies is limited. The amplifier has a gain of 18 dB, linear output power of 21 dBm while consuming 165 mA from 3 V DC supply.
On the relationship between background EEG and the P300 event-related potential

Background EEG was recorded from 24 subjects under eyes open/closed conditions for 5 min. The P3(00) event-related brain potential (ERP) was elicited with auditory stimuli when eyes were open/closed in the same subjects. Target stimulus probability was manipulated (0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80) in different blocks under each eyes open/closed condition. Spectral analysis indicated that EEG power between 8 and 12 Hz demonstrated a similar scalp distribution as the P3 component of the ERP for the electrode sites employed. Spectral power and mean frequency were modestly correlated with P3 amplitude and peak latency primarily in the slower EEG bands, with associations observed across probability conditions and often strongest when target stimulus probability was .20. The results suggest that differences between individuals for EEG variation may contribute to P3 component variability, especially at the parietal recording site and under low target stimulus probability conditions when the P3 is largest and most stable.
Electromagnetic limiting current

The process of virtual cathode formation in a gap is critically examined via particle simulations. It is found that the limiting current obtained from the electrostatic approximation is valid only in the deeply non-relativistic regime. When the injection energy reaches 30 keV, the transients in the injected current may produce an inductive voltage that can significantly lower the limiting current from the classical, electrostatic value. The self magnetic field is unimportant, however. At mildly relativistic energy (250 keV, the self magnetic field becomes very important in the determination of the limiting current. The inclusion of a strong external magnetic field along the mean flow reveals two quasi-steady states, whose presence is unique to the high voltage regime. Implications of this study on simulation codes are explored.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ENERGY USE AND ANIMAL ABUNDANCE IN LITTER AND SOIL COMMUNITIES

Tools from metabolic scaling and food web theory were used to construct a general model of carbon flux by litter and soil invertebrates. The flux model was used to explore the energetic basis of invertebrate abundance and predicted that abundance should (1) scale linearly with net primary production; (2) be related to the body mass of animals as a power function, with an exponent between -0.65 and -0.85; (3) be related to the average body temperature of animals according to the Boltzmann factor, with an activation energy between 0.27 and 0.79 eV; and (4) decrease by a factor of 0.05 to 0.15 across trophic levels due to gross production efficiency of prey. Model predictions were generally supported by a global data set on invertebrate abundance that was amassed during the International Biological Programme, indicating that fundamental energetic principles explain a large degree of variation in invertebrate abundance across the globe.
Circadian variation of tacrolimus disposition in liver allograft recipients

The aim of this study was to characterize the circadian variation of oral tacrolimus disposition in 8 stable liver allograft recipients. In the steady state, a total of 23 blood samples was taken before and after tacrolimus administration during a 24-hr period and the pharmacokinetic parameters were compared. The area under the curve (AUC) of tacrolimus after the morning dose was significantly larger than after the evening dose (211+/-43 ng x hr/ml [morning] vs. 179+/-45 ng x hr/ml [evening], P=0.02). The time to peak (Tmax) was significantly shorter after the morning dose than after the evening dose (1.6+/-0.7 hr [morning] vs. 2.9+/-0.6 hr [evening], P=0.002). The peak (Cmax) was significantly higher after the morning dose than after the evening dose (32.2+/-10.2 ng/ml [morning] vs. 19.1+/-4.3 ng/ml [evening], P=0.003). However, the trough (Cmin) was not significantly different between the morning dose and the evening dose (13.1+/-3.9 ng/ml [morning] vs. 13.3+/-4.4 ng/ml [evening], P=0.4). This study demonstrated that tacrolimus disposition in liver transplant patients was determined by administration time.
One of the Prophets: Matthew's Testing Narrative as a Rite of Passage

Matthew's narrative of the testing of Jesus fused the cultural phenomenon of status transformation rituals with the Hebrew prophetic tradition to show his audience the process by which Jesus, born Son of God, becomes also the prophet of God.
Removal of a 67-base-pair sequence in the noncoding region of protooncogene fos converts it to a transforming gene.

Abstract Transformation of fibroblasts by protooncogene fos (c-fos) requires the linkage of viral long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences and interruption of 3'-noncoding sequences. We have identified an A + T-rich stretch of 67 nucleotides, located 627-693 base pairs downstream from the coding domain and 123-189 base pairs upstream from the putative poly(A) addition site, removal of which confers transforming activity to the c-fos gene. A novel regulation of the expression of the c-fos gene is proposed, which may be functional in vivo to prevent the gene from becoming an oncogene.
Nanoparticle drug delivery system for restenosis

Abstract Restenosis, an arterial reobstruction occurring in thirty to fifty percent of patients undergoing coronary angioplasty, because of its localized nature can possibly be best treated by local drug therapy. In recent years, several local drug delivery strategies have been investigated for the prevention of restenosis. In this review we discuss the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for restenosis. Nanoparticles, for the purpose of this review, are 30–500 nm diameter polymeric spherical particles. Nanoparticles possess several advantages as a carrier system for the intra-arterial localization of therapeutic agents. These advantages include their subcellular size, targeted surfaces, good suspensibility, and uniform dispersity for a catheter-based delivery, and an easy penetration into the arterial wall without causing trauma. In various studies we have demonstrated an efficient intra-arterial localization of nanoparticles, biocompatibility in the arterial wall, and effectiveness for the inhibition of experimental restenosis. Thus, nanoparticles could prove to be an effective dosage form for an intra-arterial localization of therapeutic agents for preventing restenosis in a clinical setting.
Accumulation of a swarm of small planetesimals

The present gasdynamic study of the planetesimal-accumulation stage in which 10-km bodies in the neighborhood of 1 AU grow to 10 to the 25th-10 to the 27th g mass, or 'planetary embryo' size, attempts to identify the circumstances under which runaway growth forms a small number of massive embryos in the terrestrial-planet region on a 0.1-1.0 million year time-scale. No runaways are found, however, unless more plausible physical processes are invoked; in that case, runaways in the terrestrial planet region are probable on a 0.1 million-year time-scale, and the final stage of planetary accumulation may involve the growth of these embryos into the present planets on a 10-100 million-year time-scale.
Turbulence produced by internal waves in the oceanic thermocline at mid and low latitudes

Abstract When mid-latitude internal waves are at the background state modeled by Garrett and Munk ( J. Geophys. Res. , 80: 291–297, 1975), wave-wave interactions transfer energy to dissipative scales so slowly that instabilities generate overturns not much larger than the scales at which viscosity dissipates the turbulence. Consequently, high wavenumber spectra contain only the viscous decay portion of the universal turbulent spectrum. Increases in low-wavenumber shear above background produce larger overturns and turbulence sufficiently intense to form well-developed inertial subranges. The turbulent region of the vertical spectrum is separated from the wave region by a k 3 −1 rolloff that does not vary with the amplitude of low-wavenumber shear, indicating that the wave field is saturated. At low latitudes, internal wave shear is generally more intense than at mid latitudes, but the turbulence is similar to that found with mid-latitude waves at background. Dynamically, the anomaly implies that wave-wave interactions transfer energy to dissipative scales more slowly at low latitudes than at high latitudes. Kinematically, this anomaly results from steeper slope in the rolloff range.
Content caching and scheduling in wireless networks with elastic and inelastic traffic

The rapid growth of wireless content access implies the need for content placement and scheduling at wireless base stations. We study a system under which users are divided into clusters based on their channel conditions, and their requests are represented by different queues at logical front ends. Requests might be elastic (implying no hard delay constraint) or inelastic (requiring that a delay target be met). Correspondingly, we have request queues that indicate the number of elastic requests, and deficit queues that indicate the deficit in inelastic service. Caches are of finite size and can be refreshed periodically from a media vault. We consider two cost models that correspond to inelastic requests for streaming stored content and real-time streaming of events, respectively. We design provably optimal policies that stabilize the request queues (hence ensuring finite delays) and reduce average deficit to zero [hence ensuring that the quality-of-service (QoS) target is met] at small cost. We illustrate our approach through simulations.
A Pilot Study Comparing Two Methods for Warfarin Management in Hospitalized Patients

Background: The potential for medication errors in a hospital setting has led to a change from daily order writing to scheduled dosing. It has also been hypothesized that scheduled dosing may decrease the pharmacists' workload in a community teaching hospital. Objective: To evaluate the impact that scheduled warfarin dosing would have on patient safety for a pharmacist-run anticoagulation service. Methods: Two methods for managing warfarin in a pharmacist-run anticoagulation service were compared. A retrospective chart review was conducted on a random sample of 80 inpatients who received warfarin either from January 2006 through December 2006 (control / daily dosing group) or from January 2007 through March 2007 (scheduled dosing group). Patients not managed by pharmacists or with a target international normalized ratio (INR) range other than 2 to 3 were excluded. Results: A total of 35 patients met inclusion criteria; 20 patients were in the daily order (control) group and 15 were in the scheduled dosing group. A total of 7 doses were omitted in the daily dosing group, compared with none in the scheduled dosing group. Of the 7, 4 were omissions in administration and 3 were order omissions. In the control group, the dose was changed 47 times (36%) compared with 23 times (28%) in the scheduled dosing group. In the daily dosing group, 28 (22%) INRs were within the therapeutic range and 97 (78%) were in the nontherapeutic range. In the scheduled dosing group, 24 (25%) INRs were within the therapeutic range and 72 (75%) were in the nontherapeutic range. Conclusions: Scheduled dosing eliminated omission-type medication errors and was more efficient than daily dosing. The process change decreased pharmacist workload without having a negative impact on patient care.
Aspects of soliton propagation in stimulated Raman scattering

Numerical solutions are obtained to the equations describing SRS for optical pulses of finite duration. (AIP)
Thermal stresses of a wind turbine blade made of orthotropic material

This study is to investigate the thermal stress of a wind turbine blade made of wood composite material. First, the governing partial differential equation on heat conduction is stated, then, a finite element procedure using a variational approach is employed for the solution of the governing equation. Thus, the temperature field throughout the blade is determined. Next, based on the temperature field, a finite element procedure using potential energy approach is applied to determine the thermal stress field. A set of results is obtained through the use of a computer, which is considered to be satisfactory.
Modifications of fibre pull-out analysis

CHUN-HWAY HSUEH Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA The interracial properties of fibre-reinforced compo- sites can be evaluated for the results of single-fibre pull-out tests. The shear lag model [1-10] has been used extensively to analyse the stress transfer be- tween the fibre and the matrix, and to interpret the result of a single-fibre pull-out test. To obtain analytical solutions for a single-fibre pull-out, approximations of the analysis are required. For example, the stress transfer between the fibre and the matrix is modelled by a simple relationship between the axial stress gradient in the fibre and the interracial shear stress [1-10]. The radial depend- ences of the axial stresses in both the fibre and the matrix are generally ignored [1-8]. Since the radius of the matrix is generally much greater than that of the fibre in the single-fibre pull-out test, the radial dependence of the axial stress in the matrix is included in Hsueh's analyses [9, 10]. However, to obtain this radial dependence, an approximate shear stress distribution in the matrix is adopted. This shear stress nearly satisfies the free surface condition when the radius of the matrix is much greater than that of the fibre [9, 10] which, in turn, provokes questioning of the eligibility [8] of Hsueh's analyses. Also, the correlations between the exact equilibrium equation and the equations dictating both the stress transfer between the fibre and the matrix, and the shear stress distribution in the matrix have not been addressed. As a complement to the previous study [9], the purposes of the present study were two-fold. First, the correlations between the exact equilibrium equation and the approximate equilibrium equations adopted in the shear lag model were addressed. Secondly, the shear stress adopted in the previous studies [9] was modified to satisfy the free surface condition, and the corresponding differential equation governing the axial stress distribution in the fibre is presented. The results based on this modification are then compared with previous re- sults [9]. The idealized specimen for a single-fibr e pull-out and the corresponding shear lag model is shown in Fig. 1. A fibre with a radius of a is located at the centre of a coaxial cylindrical shell of matrix with outer radius b, which is much greater than a. The radial and the axial co-ordinates are r and z, respectively. An axial stress, or0, is applied to pull out the fibre, and the matrix is fixed at the bottom surface. For an axially symmetric geometry, which has the cylindrical polar co-ordinates r, 0 and z, the
Behavioral complexity theory of media selection: a proposed theory for global virtual teams

This study proposes a behavioral complexity theory for media selection in global virtual teams. This theory captures multiple contingencies into one holistic approach to media selection. Unlike existing linear and mechanistic theories of media selection, this heuristic theory moves away from the universal models that were previously proposed. The behavioral complexity theory assumes ambiguity and complexity of the media selection process in a nonlinear, organic, and holistic way. Behavioral complexity theory of media selection emphasizes the role of media repertoire, the ability of individuals to differentiate situations according to multiple contingencies, and their flexibility to effectively use multiple media in any particular situation. This theory is examined in the context of an exploratory case study of global virtual teams' media selection in one of the leading Fortune 500 corporations.
The origins of polypeptide domains.

Three decades ago Gilbert posited that novel proteins arise by re-shuffling genomic sequences encoding polypeptide domains. Today, with numerous genomes and countless genes sequenced, it is well established that recombination of sequences encoding polypeptide domains plays a major role in protein evolution. There is, however, less evidence to suggest how the novel polypeptide domains, themselves, arise. Recent comparisons of genomes from closely related species have revealed numerous species-specific exons, supporting models of domain origin based on “exonization” of intron sequences. Also, a mechanism for the origin of novel polypeptide domains has been proposed based on analyses of insertion-based polymorphisms between orthologous genes across broad phylogenetic spectra and between allelic variants of genes within species. This review discusses these processes and how each might participate in the evolutionary emergence of novel polypeptide domains. BioEssays 29: 262–270, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimizing weighted number of tardy jobs and weighted earliness-tardiness penalties about a common due date

Abstract We consider the n-job, non-preemptive, single-machine scheduling problem of minimizing the weighted sum of tardy jobs and earliness-tardiness penalties about a common due date. We study the case of job-dependent penalties under a certain condition on the ratio of processing times and weights. Two instances of the problem, one when the due date is a decision variable and the other when the due date is a given parameter, are considered. We provide dynamic programming algorithms to solve both instances. For the special case when the weights are independent of jobs, we propose more efficient algorithms.
Leclercqia complexa gen. et sp. nov., a new Lycopod from the late middle devonian of eastern New York

Abstract Leclercqia complexa gen. et. sp. nov. is described as a slender, herbaceous lycopod assigned to the family Protolepidodendraceae. Its laminar leaves are divided into an elongate, acuminate, often recurved central division and two opposite, divided, lateral divisions. Leaves are in a low spiral, eight to ten per gyre. Each has a single vein composed of tracheids. Lateral branches from this vein extend only to the base of each lateral division. The main vein extends to tip of leaf. Stomata are slightly sunken and scattered. The xylem strand is a solid rod with fourteen to eighteen protoxylem ridges; maturation is exarch. Protoxylem is composed of annular, spiral, and reticulate elements. Metaxylem is composed of scalariform elements and tracheids with elongate to oval and uni- to multiseriate bordered pits. Leaf traces rise from protoxylem ridges and extend obliquely to bases of leaves. Sporangia are globose to elliptical, attached to sporophylls by a pad of tissue just proximal to the lateral segments and have sporangia on their walls. Dehiscence occurs along the upper margin of the sporangium and is parallel to midline of sporophyll. Groups of sporophylls alternate with vegetative leaves. Spores in situ 60–85 μ in diameter exclusive of ornamentation, with curvaturae perfectae, spinae 5–9 μ long on an equatorial ridge, and biform ornamentation on distal and proximal faces. Plant is eligulate and probably homosporous.
Lymphadenectomy Improves Survival of Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma and Nodal Metastases

Purpose: In a population based cohort we determined whether an increase in the number of lymph nodes removed is associated with improved disease specific survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: Patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database with renal cell carcinoma and no evidence of distant metastases were identified. Those patients included in the study underwent radical or partial nephrectomy with lymphadenectomy. Cox regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with disease specific survival including an interaction between lymph node status and the number of lymph nodes removed.Results: Between 1988 and 2006, 9,586 patients with renal cell carcinoma met the study inclusion criteria. Median followup was 3.5 years (range 1.4 to 6.8). Of the patients 2,382 (25%) died of renal cell carcinoma, including 1,646 (20%) with lymph node negative disease and 736 (58%) with lymph node positive disease. There was no e...
A sequential staining technique for the chromosomal analysis of interspecific mouse/hamster and mouse/human somatic cell hybrids☆

Abstract A sequential staining technique is described for the chromosome analysis of interspecific mouse/hamster and mouse/human hybrids. Treatment of fixed chromosome preparations with a Giemsa-Viokase protocol was followed by fluorescence staining with Hoechst 33258. This procedure provides a simple species-specific distinction between the sets of parental chromosomes and permits identification of individual chromosomes through their banding patterns.
The National Grid Project

Abstract In 1991, the NSF Engineering Research Center at Mississippi State formed a national coalition of industrial and federal laboratory participants to develop a comprehensive grid generation system defined by users and designed by experts. This NSF/ERC provides a natural mechanism to form such a coalition of interest, funding, and talent, and is a natural and enduring agency to support, maintain and enhance the system. The objective of this National Grid Project is to increase the efficiency and productivity of the grid generation process to the high level required for high performance computational simulation of real-world systems for design and analysis in engineering applications. The Project is achieving this objective by developing a comprehensive interactive/automated grid generation system which will provide a uniform environment for the construction of computational grids using state-of-the-art technology. This comprehensive grid generation system is a necessary element to meet the grand challenges of the nation's High Performance Computing and Communications Program. The system incorporates a surface definition system including: an interface with IGES files and CAD systems: B-splines and NURBS; surface-surface intersection; surface quality enhancement; a surface grid generation system based on surface parametric coordinates; a volume grid generation system including transfinite interpolation, elliptic and hyperbolic generation systems; both block-structured and unstructured grids with hybrid and chimera (overset) combinations; and orthogonal, reflective and periodic boundaries. Block interfaces and connectivity are automated and the system includes automated fault diagnostics and corrective measures.
Two EPA approaches to radon surveys

In an attempt to characterize radon distribution in residential settings, the USEPA initiated two distinct survey programs, the National Residential Radon Survey (NRRS) and the State/EPA Residential Radon Survey (SRRS). Each survey is different in their level of analysis, with the NRRS concentrating on a national sample, and the SRRS concentrating on individual statewide samples. Both surveys are random and statistically-valid, enabling the survey samples to be extrapolated to represent a much larger population. This paper details each survey's design and provides an examination of the unique approach each program uses to generate sound characterizations of radon distribution in the United States.
Hepatic Mitochondrial Activity in Two Breeds of Chicken

Abstract Respiration rates and efficiencies of oxidative phosphorylation of hepatic mitochondria from mature Hubbard White Mountain Cross broiler and White Leghorn layer hens were compared. Broiler hen mitochondria consistently tended to exhibit higher succinate-supported State 3 respiration rate, respiratory control ratio, and ratio of adenosine diphosphate to oxygen, although breed differences were not statistically significant. Within-breed variation in mitochondrial activity was not associated with body weight or egg production. Hepatic tissue of broiler hens yielded significantly more protein in the mitochondrial fraction than tissue of layer hens. In vitro mitochondrial mixtures representing equal wet tissue weights from each breed showed mitochondrial activity intermediate between the two breeds.