cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CARE for Teachers: A Mindfulness-Based Approach to Promoting Teachers’ Social and Emotional Competence and Well-Being

Cultivating Awareness and Resilience in Education™ (CARE for Teachers) is an in-service professional development program designed by a team of educators and scientific advisors to promote social and emotional competence (SEC) and well-being to help teachers manage classroom stress and enliven their teaching in order to promote improvements in relationships with students, classroom management, and social–emotional learning. Teacher quality is a top priority of our national policy agenda of improving student academic achievement. Supporting teachers’ well-being and their SEC to manage stress and emotion reactivity in the context of the classroom may be key to optimizing their teaching effectiveness. A promising approach for cultivating teachers’ SEC and well-being is through mindfulness-based contemplative practices. Consistent with SEC, Mindful awareness practices (MAPs) involve two primary mechanisms: self-regulation of attention and non-judgmental awareness. Self-regulation of attention promotes awareness of one’s emotional and cognitive experience as it occurs moment-to-moment. Non-judgmental awareness is characterized by curiosity, openness, and acceptance of one’s moment-to-moment experience. The chapter further explains how MAPs may support teacher SEC and well-being and reviews a series of studies of the CARE program that have demonstrated positive effects on teacher well-being, mindfulness, and efficacy. The chapter also outlines a program of research to further examine the mechanisms of change and to examine whether positive outcomes found among teachers may translate into improvement in classroom and student outcomes.
A sublimed experience of the rhetoric of Plato’s Republic

ABSTRACTThis article argues that Plato’s Republic promotes a public memory characterized by a sublimed experience of reason. The standard understanding of the meaning and value of the Republic is a product of processes of sublimation rather than a necessary conclusion drawn from the text’s propositional content. Key moments of the text illustrate this pattern of sublimation. The particular strand of arguments from the Republic addressed in this article invite readers to justify the use of deception, to forget the ethical implications of achieving and maintaining justice through deceit, and to identify with the ruling and deceiving class. Critical attention to this line of arguments offers an understanding of the symbiotic, rather than antagonistic, relationship between philosophy and rhetoric while allowing us to recognize the danger inherent in our willingness to rationalize the unethical foundation of the kallipolis.
The comparative metabolism of phenacetin and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol in man, with particular reference to effects on the kidney.

The metabolism of phenacetin and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP) was investigated in con;unction with studies of renal tubular cell excretion. A significant increase in renal tubular cell excretion was observed in 2 of 9 healthy volunteers receiving a total of 13.5 Gm. of phenacetin in 5 days and in 1 of 8 volunteers receiving the same dose of APAP. Following oral doses of 1.8 Gm., the maximum plasma concentrations of phenacetin varied from 1.3 to 24.8 P,g per milliliter, and there were often marked differences in the same individual during repeated studies. There was less variation in the plasma concentrations of free AP AP following administration of phenacetin or AP AP and the half-life of both drugs in the plasma was relatively constant in a given individual. Approximately 78 per cent of the dose of phenacetin and 85 per cent of the APAP was recovered as free and con;ugated APAP in the urine in 24 hours. Many pigmented bands were observed on thin layer chromatograms of hydrolyzed urine extracts from sub;ects receiving phenacetin. In contrast, negligible amounts of pigment were present when APAP was taken. It was not possible to demonstrate differences in the absorption, excretion, or metabolism of phenacetin or AP AP in volunteers showing a marked renal tubular cell response compared with those who did not.
Latex Allergy: Clinical Manifestations

Latex allergy is one of the most interesting allergic diseases to present in the past two decades. It emerged explosively in the late 1980’s with rapid and widespread clinical problems for patients with neural tube defects, multiple surgeries, healthcare workers and others. It appears to be the one disease that is a consequence of medical recommendations (Universal precautions) made to prevent the spread of viral disease in humans such as hepatitis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Those recommendations led to a massive increase in the use of latex gloves with high allergen content that may have resulted in the sensitization and symptoms of IgE mediated diseases such as urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, cross-reactive food allergy, and occupational asthma. Manufacturing changes in gloves, scientific advances in understanding of the disease prevention, litigation, and emergence of newer substitute materials that replace natural rubber latex have seen a quelling of the disease. However, those already allergically sensitized and those individuals working in industries where glove use is relatively unregulated (e.g. food handlers) seem to still be at risk. This chapter summarizes the major clinical manifestations of latex allergy.
Prehistory in Vosberg Valley, Central Arizona

ABSTRACTThis paper examines prehistoric developments in the Vosberg locality of central Arizona in relation to developments in the greater Salado area. The Vosberg locality is comprised of a single, small valley located in Gila County, Arizona, approximately 10 km southeast of the town of Young, placing it in an ill-defined boundary region between the Salado area to the west and south and the Mogollon area to the east.
EUS correlates of disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome in walled-off necrosis

Background and study aims: Although the diagnostic features of disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic/endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (MRCP/ERCP) have been established, no such characterization exists for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). This study describes the imaging features of EUS that accurately define DPDS. Patients and methods: This is a prospective study comprising 21 of 42 patients who underwent EUS-guided drainage of walled-off necrosis (WON) over an 18-month period. Findings on EUS were correlated with CT and pancreatography or surgical pathology when available. DPDS by EUS was defined by the presence of a well-defined fluid collection along the course of the main pancreatic duct with the upstream pancreatic parenchyma and duct terminating into the fluid collection. The main outcome measure was to assess the accuracy of EUS in diagnosing DPDS by correlation with CT and pancreatography or surgical pathology. Results: Twenty-one patients with WON (median age 55 years; 15 males) constituted the study cohort. Median duration of pancreatitis was 12 weeks (range 5 – 20) and median WON size was 120 mm (range 40 mm to 200 mm). At EUS, the upstream pancreatic parenchyma and duct were found to terminate within the WON in all 21 patients in whom DPDS was subsequently confirmed by follow-up CT in all patients, by ERCP in 17, EUS-pancreatogram in 3 and surgical pathology in 1. There was 100 % correlation between EUS characterization of DPDS with CT and pancreatography or surgical pathology. Conclusions: We report EUS findings indicating the presence of DPDS. These findings may have significant clinical implications for the management of patients with WON.
Precocious glucocorticoid exposure reduces skeletal muscle satellite cells in the fetal rat.

Perinatal skeletal muscle growth rates are a function of protein and myonuclear accretion. Precocious exposure of the fetus to glucocorticoids (GLC) in utero impairs muscle growth. Reduced muscle protein synthesis rates contribute to this response, but the consequences for myonuclear hyperplasia are unknown. To test the hypothesis that blunting of Pax7+ muscle progenitor cell proliferative activity by GLC in vivo also contributes to reduced fetal muscle growth, pregnant rats were administered dexamethasone (DEX: 1 mg/L drinking water) from embryonic day (ED) 13 to ED21. Their responses were compared to pair-fed (PF) and ad libitum-fed controls (CON). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered before delivery to measure myonuclear accretion. Fetal hind limb and diaphragm muscles were collected at term and analyzed for myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA), total and BrdU+ myonuclei, Pax7+ nuclei, MyoD and myogenin protein and mRNA abundance and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform composition. Mean fiber CSA, myonuclei/myofiber and Pax7+ nuclei/myofiber ratios were reduced in DEX compared to those in CON and PF muscles; CSA/myonucleus, BrdU+/total myonuclei and BrdU+ myonuclei/Pax7+ nuclei were similar among groups. Myogenin abundance was reduced and MyHC-slow was increased in DEX fetuses. The data are consistent with GLC inhibition of muscle progenitor cell proliferation limiting satellite cell and myonuclear accretion. The response of PF-fed compared to CON muscles indicated that decreased food consumption by DEX dams contributed to the smaller myofiber CSA but did not affect Pax7+ nuclear accretion. Thus, the effect on satellite cell reserve and myonuclear number also contributes to the blunting of fetal muscle growth by GLC.
Regulation of Beta-Cell Growth and Death

Pancreatic beta-cell mass, under normal circumstances, is maintained at an optimal level to provide for a normal metabolic load. It should not be viewed as static, and slow in turning over. Indeed, the adult beta-cells adults are plastic and able to increase their population to adapt to changes in metabolic demand, such as in pregnancy or nondiabetic obesity. Net changes in beta-cell mass are reflective of the amount of growth (i.e., the sum of betacell replication, neogenesis and size) minus the degree of beta-cell death (i.e., the sum of beta-cell apoptosis, necrosis and autophagic cell death). In some circumstances, such as prolonged obesity and insulin resistance, the beta-cell works under pressure trying to meet the metabolic demand, but eventually succumbs to a collective number of stresses that lead to an increase in beta-cell death, a subsequent reduction in beta-cell mass, and the eventual onset of type 2 diabetes. In this chapter, what is currently known about mechanisms of beta-cell growth and death are looked at in detail, with an emphasis on adaptive mechanisms in obesity and pregnancy and the signal transduction pathways involved in the control of beta-cell growth. Also, the various stresses on the beta cell that may lead to the onset of type 2 diabetes will be outlined and the inflammatory signaling pathways that contribute to increased beta-cell apoptosis/necrosis examined.
Weyl and Dirac semimetals in three-dimensional solids

Weyl and Dirac semimetals are three-dimensional phases of matter with gapless electronic excitations that are protected by topology and symmetry. As three-dimensional analogs of graphene, they have generated much recent interest. Deep connections exist with particle physics models of relativistic chiral fermions, and, despite their gaplessness, to solid-state topological and Chern insulators. Their characteristic electronic properties lead to protected surface states and novel responses to applied electric and magnetic fields. The theoretical foundations of these phases, their proposed realizations in solid-state systems, and recent experiments on candidate materials as well as their relation to other states of matter are reviewed.
The Clinical Phenotype of the Fragile X Syndrome and Related Disorders

Abstract The fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by inactivation of the FMR1 gene. Typically, affected males present with an elongated face, large ears, high arched palate, macroorchidism, joint hypermobility, mitral valve prolapse, connective tissue dysplasia, and muscular hypotonia. Epilepsy, usually treatable and tending to resolve spontaneously, is present in about 20% of cases. Intellectual disability is moderate in most cases, but with ample variability. The behavioral phenotype is quite characteristic, with anxiety, hyperactivity, attention deficit, emotional lability, gaze avoidance, stereotypic movements, and echolalia. Autistic spectrum disorder is diagnosed in a large proportion of FXS subjects. The same phenotype can be present in about one-third of affected females, although in an attenuated form. The presence of a premutation in the FMR1 gene can cause a late-onset neurological disorder, the fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) (affecting males more frequently than females), as well as fragile X premature ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), affecting about 20% of carrier females.
Postprandial Metabolic Responses Differ by Age Group and Physical Activity Level

To compare the postprandial metabolic responses to a high-fat meal in healthy adults who differ by age and physical activity level. Cross-sectional, quasi-experimental design. Physical Activity and Nutrition Clinical Research Consortium (PAN-CRC) at Kansas State University (Manhattan, KS, USA). Twenty-two healthy adults: 8 younger active (YA) adults (4M/4W; 25 ± 5 yr), 8 older active (OA) adults (4M/4W; 67 ± 5 yr), and 6 older inactive (OI) adults (3M/3W; 68 ± 7 yr). Following an overnight (10-hour) fast and having abstained from exercise for 2 days, participants consumed a high-fat meal (63% fat, 34% CHO; 12 kcal/kg body mass; 927 ± 154 kcal). To assess the metabolic response, blood draws were performed at baseline and each hour following the meal for 6 hours. Fasting and postprandial triglycerides (TG), glucose, Total-C, and HDL-C were measured. Metabolic load index (MLI) and LDL-C were calculated. There were significant group x time interactions for TG (p < 0.0001) and MLI (p = 0.004). The TG total area-under-the-curve (tAUC) response was significantly lower in YA (407.9 ± 115.1 mg/dL 6 hr) compared to OA (625.6 ± 169.0 mg/dL 6 hr; p = 0.02) and OI (961.2 ± 363.6 mg/dL 6 hr; p = 0.0002), while the OA group TG tAUC was lower than the OI group (p = 0.02). The TG peak was significantly lower in YA (90.5 ± 27.0 mg/dL) than OA (144.0 ± 42.2 mg/dL; p = 0.03) and OI (228.2 ± 96.1 mg/dL; p = 0.0003), and was lower in the OA group compared to the OI group (p = 0.03). Glucose was significantly lower 1 hour after the meal in YA (89.4 ± 10.1 mg/dL; p = 0.01) and OA (87.3 ± 22.3 mg/dL; p = 0.005) versus OI (110.7 ± 26.9 mg/dL). MLI tAUC was significantly lower in YA (936.8 ± 137.7 mg/dL 6 hr; p = 0.0007) and OA (1133.0 ± 207.4 mg/dL; p = 0.01) versus OI (1553.8 ± 394.3 mg/dL), with no difference (p = 0.14) between YA and OA groups. Total-C and LDL-C were generally lower in younger compared to older participants at baseline and throughout the postprandial period, while no group or time effects were evident in HDL-C. Both physical activity status and aging appear to affect the postprandial metabolic, namely TG, response to a high-fat meal. These findings point to an inherently diminished metabolic capacity with aging, but suggest that physical activity may help minimize this decrement.
Proteomic signatures differentiating Bacillus anthracis Sterne sporulation on soil relative to laboratory media

The process of sporulation is vital for the stability and infectious cycle of Bacillus anthracis. The spore is the infectious form of the organism and therefore relevant to biodefense. While the morphological and molecular events occurring during sporulation have been well studied, the influence of growth medium and temperature on the proteins expressed in sporulated cultures is not well understood. Understanding the features of B. anthracis sporulation specific to natural vs. laboratory production will address an important question in microbial forensics. In an effort to bridge this knowledge gap, a system for sporulation on two types of agar-immobilized soils was used for comparison to cultures sporulated on two common types of solid laboratory media, and one liquid sporulation medium. The total number of proteins identified as well as their identity differed between samples generated in each medium and growth temperature, demonstrating that sporulation environment significantly impacts the protein content of the spore. In addition, a subset of proteins common in all of the soil-cultivated samples was distinct from the expression profiles in laboratory medium (and vice versa). These differences included proteins involved in thiamine and phosphate metabolism in the sporulated cultures produced on soils with a notable increase in expression of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters annotated to be for phosphate and antimicrobial peptides. A distinct set of ABC transporters for amino acids, sugars and oligopeptides were found in cultures produced on laboratory media as well as increases in carbon and amino acid metabolism-related proteins. These protein expression changes indicate that the sporulation environment impacts the protein profiles in specific ways that are reflected in the metabolic and membrane transporter proteins present in sporulated cultures.
Chapter 15 – Real-Time Wind Velocity Retrieval in the Precipitation System Using High-Resolution Operational Multi-radar Network

Abstract High-impact wind phenomena such as tornadoes and microburst outflows can form and dissipate within a few minutes, and can be relatively localized and fast-moving. Monitoring such events is critical for issuing timely severe weather warnings in an operational environment. Multiple-Doppler radar techniques have been shown to be useful in retrieving the three-dimensional wind velocity components within thunderstorms and/or mesoscale convective systems in research environments. However, it is difficult to use the traditional operational National Weather Service (NWS) radar (S or C band) network to perform reliable and efficient multiple-Doppler retrievals due to its coarse resolution and coverage limitations. In recent years, the center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) has introduced a dense network-sensing methodology to improve weather sensing and forecasting by using high-resolution X-band radars. This chapter presents the application of an operational CASA radar network with regard to vector wind velocity retrieval. An overview of the multiple-Doppler retrieval techniques is provided with a focus on the implementation in the high-resolution CASA radar networks. Sample real-time wind retrieval products in the presence of tornadoes, high linear winds, and downbursts, are presented. The potential of these products as real-time emergency weather warning tools is demonstrated.
Dynamic ADMM for real-time optimal power flow

This paper considers distribution networks featuring distributed energy resources (DERs), and develops a dynamic optimization method to maximize given operational objectives in real time while adhering to relevant network constraints. The design of the dynamic algorithm is based on suitable linearization of the AC power flow equations, and it leverages the so-called alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The steps of the ADMM, however, are suitably modified to accommodate appropriate measurements from the distribution network and the DERs. With the aid of these measurements, the resultant algorithm can enforce given operational constraints in spite of inaccuracies in the representation of the AC power flows, and it avoids ubiquitous metering to gather the state of noncontrollable resources. Optimality and convergence of the proposed algorithm are established in terms of tracking of the solution of a convex surrogate of the AC optimal power flow problem.
Impact of enzymatic hydrolysis on the quantification of total urinary concentrations of chemical biomarkers.

Human exposure to consumer and personal care products chemicals such as phenols, including parabens and other antimicrobial agents, can be assessed through biomonitoring by quantifying urinary concentrations of the parent chemical or its metabolites, often after hydrolysis of phase II conjugates. Developing suitable analytical methods for the concurrent quantification of multiple exposure biomarkers is challenging because optimal conditions for the hydrolysis of such conjugates (e.g., O-glucuronides, N-glucuronides, sulfates) may differ depending on the biomarker. We evaluated the effectiveness of seven commercial hydrolytic enzymes to simultaneously hydrolyze N-glucuronides (using the antibacterial triclocarban as example compound) and other conjugates (using select phenols and parabens as examples) by using on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution-tandem mass spectrometry. Incubation (30 min, 55 °C) with a genetically engineered β-glucuronidase (IMCS, ≥15 units/μL urine) hydrolyzed N-glucuronide triclocarban, but did not fully hydrolyze the conjugates of phenols and parabens. By contrast, incubation (4 h, 37 °C) with solid β-glucuronidase (Helix pomatia, Type H-1, ≥30 units/μL urine) or liquid β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase (Helix pomatia, 30 units/μL urine [i.e., 30 μL/100 μL urine]) in the presence of 100 μL methanol for 100 μL urine completely hydrolyzed N-glucuronide triclocarban and the conjugates of several phenols and parabens, without cleaving the ester bond of the parabens to form p-hydroxybenzoic acid. These results highlight the relevance of method validation procedures that include optimizing the hydrolysis of phase II urinary conjugates (e.g., enzyme type and amount used, reaction time, temperature) to quantify accurately and concurrently multiple exposure biomarkers for biomonitoring purposes.
Complex neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of histone deacetylases

By their ability to shatter quality of life for both patients and caregivers, neurodegenerative diseases are the most devastating of human disorders. Unfortunately, there are no effective or long-terms treatments capable of slowing down the relentless loss of neurons in any of these diseases. One impediment is the lack of detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the processes of neurodegeneration. While some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are mostly sporadic in nature, driven by both environment and genetic susceptibility, many others, including Huntington’s disease, Spinocerebellar ataxias and Spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy, are genetically inherited disorders. Surprisingly, given their different roots and etiologies, both sporadic and genetic neurodegenerative disorders have been linked to disease mechanisms involving histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins, which consists of 18 family members with diverse functions. While most studies have implicated certain HDAC subtypes in promoting neurodegeneration, a substantial body of literature suggests that other HDAC proteins can preserve neuronal viability. Of particular interest, however, is the recent realization that a single HDAC subtype can have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects. Diverse mechanisms, beyond transcriptional regulation have been linked to these effects, including deacetylation of non-histone proteins, protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications of the HDAC proteins themselves and direct interactions with disease proteins. The roles of these HDACs in both sporadic and genetic neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed in the current review.
Fixing Prussia's Peripheries: Rural Disasters and Prusso-German State-Building, 1866–1914

In the 1860s, rural disasters on Prussia's eastern and western peripheries forced lawmakers to wrestle with the definition of the term emergency (Notstand), as well as with its temporal and spatial boundaries. The article first explores the legislative decision by Berlin politicians to limit state aid to East Prussia in 1868, even as other hunger crises devastated remote regions in the northwestern state of Hanover. The article then turns to the political conflicts over the 1868 law, including the disputes after unification over how to determine eligibility for state funds; the jostling among representatives of poor regions for attention; the creation of permanent relief funds; and politicians’ use of new understandings of moor science to strengthen and link Prussia's eastern and western peripheries. The article also considers the larger political context, emphasizing that the dismay over Prussian “backwardness” and inner-Prussian competition for disaster aid unfolded against the backdrop of the state's successful leadership during German unification.
Quantitative Determination of the Electron Transport Complexes in the Thylakoid Membranes of Spinach and Several Other Plant Species

Recent data pertaining to the organization of the thylakoid membrane indicate that there are three physically independent integral membrane polypeptide complexes, photosystem I, photosystem II and cytochrome b6/f, involved in photosynthetic electron transfer. Recently it has become a popular notion that these complexes exhibit a significantly variable stoichiometry with regard to one another and with regard to the total chlorophyll content of the membrane. Without attempting an exhaustive coverage of all the literature values, it has been reported that I) the ratio of PSII to PSI reaction centers range between 1.2 and 2.0 in spinach thylakoids (Melis, Brown 1980) however, Andersson and Haehnel (1982) reported a constant PSII to PSI ratio of 0.9 for the same plant. 2) Values reported for the chlorophyll to PSII ratio for spinach thylakoids span a wide range from 260:1 to 670:1 (Melis, Brown 1980; Andersson, Haehnel 1982; Graan, Ort 1982). 3) Literature values for the chlorophyll to PSI reaction center ratio for spinach fall in a somewhat narrower range from 400:1 to 660:1 (Melis, Brown 1980; Andersson, Haehnel 1982; Whitmarsh, Cramer 1979; Koike et al. 1977). 4) Finally, the values reported by different workers for the chlorophyll to cyt b6/f ratio in spinach thylakoid range from 380:1 to 60:1 (Whitmarsh, Cramer 1979; Takano et al. 1982; Koike et al. 1977). Overall, these results give the impression and have been used to argue that the stoichiometries of the electron transport complexes and chlorophyll can vary extensively even within a single plant species. These and other considerations (e.g. Anderson 1982) have led to the notion that the thylakoid membrane is highly adaptive, even within a single species, and will adjust the ratio of complexes and the size of the attendant chlorophyll antennae bed in order to optimize for a particular environmental situation (Anderson, Melis 1983; Anderson 1982).
Chemical Peels for Precancerous Skin Lesions

The use of chemoexfoliating agents to peel the epidermis and superficial dermis dates as far back as ancient Egypt, where sour milk baths were once used to soothe the skin. History has recorded the use of such chemicals as salt, sulfur, and various animal oils to exfoliate the skin for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes.1 The modern era of chemoexfoliation began in the early twentieth century, with phenol used as a peeling agent for post-acne scarring.
Is Taxation Theft

Those who take the position that tax evasion is unethical or a sin often do so because they view tax evasion as theft — the taking of property that does not belong to them or the failure to give up property that belongs to someone else, namely, to some government. If you are supposed to render unto Caesar what is Caesar’s and you do not, then you are depriving Caesar of his property. But can that argument be turned around? Could it be argued that taxation is theft, and that tax evasion is merely an attempt to prevent a theft from taking place?
The relation of abuse to physical and psychological health in adults with developmental disabilities

Abstract Background People with developmental disabilities are at disproportionately high risk of abuse. Although considerable evidence exists on the health-related consequences of abuse in the general population, little is known about those consequences in people with developmental disabilities. Objective To examine the relation of abuse with psychological and physical health outcomes in adults with developmental disabilities. Methods We used an accessible audio computer-assisted self-interview to collect anonymous data on demographic and disability characteristics, childhood and adult abuse experiences, and physical and psychological health from 350 women and men with developmental disabilities. Abuse experience was reflected by five factor scores consisting of three child abuse factors (childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, childhood disability-related abuse) and two adult abuse factors (adult sexual abuse, adult mixed abuse). We examined each of four health outcomes (depression, post trraumatic stress disorder, physical health symptoms, secondary health conditions) separately to determine the extent to which childhood and adult abuse experiences uniquely predicted psychological and physical health outcomes above and beyond demographic and disability-related characteristics. Results All five abuse factor scores were significantly related to all four health outcomes. When examined simultaneously, childhood disability-related abuse and adult mixed abuse accounted for unique variance in outcomes. Exploratory analyses revealed no difference in the impact of abuse by gender. Conclusions In this study, childhood disability-related abuse and adult mixed abuse significantly predicted lower levels of psychological and physical health in a sample of adults with developmental disabilities. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing abuse and its sequalae in the developmental disabilities community.
Setting the Stage: Myosin, Actin, Actomyosin and ATP

It is important to understand the prevailing views of muscle contraction just before the proposals of the sliding filament model of contraction appeared in 1954. The spectacular rise of muscle biochemistry in the first half of the twentieth century has been chronicled by Dorothy M. Needham in her classic book (1971): Machina Carnis: The Biochemistry of Muscular Contraction In Its Historical Development. Also Marcel Florkin has written a massive five volume history of biochemistry. The volume that is of interest here is entitled: History of the Identification of the Sources of Free Energy in Organisms (1975). We will concentrate on those aspects of research on muscle that relate closely to the contractile process itself.
Rupture of a Type B Aortic Dissection in a Postpartum Patient with Marfan Syndrome

Background Pregnant women with Marfan syndrome (MFS) are known to be at increased risk of aortic dissection; however, cases of aortic rupture are extremely rare. There is lack of consensus on the exact site and size of aortic diameter measurement that increases this risk, and whether this applies to both Type A and Type B dissections. Case A 23-year-old G2P1001 with known Marfan syndrome who underwent an uncomplicated antepartum and intrapartum course. She experienced persistent backache 10 days postpartum that led to the diagnosis of Stanford Type B dissection. The patient was hospitalized for close observation. Dissection progressed to aortic rupture within 24 hours that required emergent thoracic endovascular aortic repair. She had an uncomplicated postoperative course. Conclusion Our report demonstrates rupture of a known aortic dissection within a very short time in the postpartum period. The case highlights the importance of patient education and close surveillance especially in the postpartum period. It also brings home the value of imaging of the whole aorta rather than focusing on the ascending alone. Multidisciplinary care and timely diagnosis and intervention likely led to the favorable outcome in our case.
Leveraging a large microbial strain collection for natural product discovery

Throughout history, natural products have significantly contributed to the discovery of novel chemistry, drug leads, and tool molecules to probe and address complex challenges in biology and medicine. Recent microbial genome sequencing efforts have uncovered many microbial biosynthetic gene clusters without an associated natural product. This means that the natural products isolated to date do not fully reflect the biosynthetic potential of microbial strains. This observation has rejuvenated the natural product community and inspired a return to microbial strain collections. Mining large microbial strain collections with the most current technologies in genome sequencing, bioinformatics, and high-throughput screening techniques presents new opportunities in natural product discovery. In this review, we report on the newly expanded microbial strain collection at The Scripps Research Institute, which represents one of the largest and most diverse strain collections in the world. Two complementary approaches, i.e. structure-centric and function-centric, are presented here to showcase how to leverage a large microbial strain collection for natural product discovery and to address challenges and harness opportunities for future efforts. Highlighted examples include the discovery of alternative producers of known natural products with superior growth characteristics and high titers, novel analogs of privileged scaffolds, novel natural products, and new activities of known and new natural products. We anticipate that this large microbial strain collection will facilitate the discovery of new natural products for many applications.
Lupus in children

Abstract Childhood-onset disease represents 10%-20% of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cases. The demographic characteristics largely parallel those seen in adult-onset disease, although the female:male ratio is less skewed in children, and may approach equal in very early-onset SLE. The genetic contribution is thought to be stronger in childhood-onset disease, and this is supported by younger-onset of disease in cases of familial lupus. The clinical manifestations of pediatric lupus are also similar to those seen in adults. However, children generally present with more severe disease and higher prevalence of lupus nephritis. This, together with their longer lifetime burden of disease, means that patients with childhood-onset SLE have higher morbidity and mortality overall. They may also experience greater effects of medication toxicity due to higher cumulative exposure and exposure during their critical period of growth. Pediatric patients require special consideration of these issues in their treatment. They may also benefit from dedicated transition planning when moving care to an adult rheumatologist.
Politics as a Vocation

A society must produce more than a subsistence income for a separate political class to emerge. The increased productivity of agrarian relative to hunter-gatherer societies enables the support of a separate political class that produces no food, clothing, or shelter on its own. The political class thus has an incentive to protect the productivity of the economic elite—those who hold economic power. The political class has an incentive to support institutions that create an orderly society, which means a society in which those who obey the mandates of those with political power are protected and those who violate those mandates are punished. The production of an orderly society is not necessarily the same as the production of a just society, and the chapter discusses that difference.
Prevention of Contrast-Induced AKI: Summary of Volume Optimization Strategies

With a short distribution half-life, contrast media are distributed within minutes over the intra- and extravascular spaces. The mechanism by which contrast media cause acute kidney injury is not fully understood. Hypoperfusion, vasoconstriction, and free radical injury are thought to play prominent roles. Intravascular fluid administration is a central strategy in the prevention of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). Various fluid administration strategies have been described for CI-AKI prevention. Recent findings from multiple clinical trials show that more aggressive fluid administration with normal saline significantly reduces the CI-AKI rate. These data also affirm that coupling the intravenous fluid administration rate with elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (LVEDP) results in very low rates of clinically significant volume overload or pulmonary vascular congestion. LVEDP-guided fluid administration is most appropriate for patients undergoing left heart catheterization where the LVEDP is routinely measured. For patients where invasive hemodynamic pressures are not available, noninvasive estimates of intracardiac pressures may allow the safe administration of intravenous fluids at higher rates. However, further validation of these measures is needed to understand the strength of correlation with various intracardiac pressures.
An ER translocon for multi-pass membrane protein biogenesis.

Cell membranes are structures that separate the interior of the cell from its environment and determine the cell’s shape and the structure of its internal compartments. Nearly 25% of human genes encode transmembrane proteins that span the entire membrane from one side to the other, helping the membrane perform its roles. Transmembrane proteins are synthesized by ribosomes – protein-making machines – that are on the surface of a cell compartment called the endoplasmic reticulum. As the new protein is made by the ribosome, it enters the endoplasmic reticulum membrane where it folds into the correct shape. This process is best understood for proteins that span the membrane once. Despite decades of work, however, much less is known about how multi-pass proteins that span the membrane multiple times are made. A study from 2017 showed that a protein called TMCO1 is related to a group of proteins involved in making membrane proteins. TMCO1 has been linked to glaucoma, and mutations in it cause cerebrofaciothoracic dysplasia, a human disease characterized by severe intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and bone abnormalities. McGilvray, Anghel et al. – including several of the researchers involved in the 2017 study – wanted to determine what TMCO1 does in the cell and begin to understand its role in human disease. McGilvray, Anghel et al. discovered that TMCO1, together with other proteins, is part of a new ‘translocon’ – a group of proteins that transports proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Using a combination of biochemical, genetic and structural techniques, McGilvray, Anghel et al. showed that the translocon interacts with ribosomes that are synthesizing multi-pass proteins. The experiments revealed that the translocon is required for the production of a multi-pass protein called EAAT1, and it provides multiple ways for proteins to be inserted into and folded within the membrane. The findings of McGilvray, Anghel et al. reveal a previously unknown cellular machinery which may be involved in the production of hundreds of human multi-pass proteins. This work provides a framework for understanding how these proteins are correctly made in the membrane. Additionally, it suggests that human diseases caused by mutations in TMCO1 result from a defect in the production of multi-pass membrane proteins.
The Main Purpose of Islamic Sharia in Environmental Conservation

In the perspective of Islamic law (read: Jurisprudence), the preservation of the earth and human responsibility for nature and the environment, actually has long been discussed. Efforts to develop the fiqh of the earth and formulate it into more systematic and practical frameworks need to be worked on immediately. Classic fiqh content that discusses environmental themes separately and abstractly needs to be given ecological weight. For example, discussions in classical Jurisprudence books, such as the chapter taharah (purification), shaid (hunting), ihya 'al-mawat (utilizing dead land), al-'at`imah (law on food), sharibah (law on drinks), etc. From here, fiqh of the earth can be an entry point towards strengthening the role's capacity. Not only to protect the earth, jurisprudence of the earth also has a role to sustain the global movement on the issue of sustainable nature conservation. In this context, fiqh of the earth can be the vanguard for strengthening the capacity of Islamic law in modern life. In this case, there are several values that must be guided as a practical basis in formulating and developing fiqh of the earth, including: a. The creation of the universe including the environment of the human cosmos (land, water and air) has determined qadar (size or stipulation) which must always be maintained and preserved. So whoever destroys it means that it has corrupted the qadar of Allah. This is as confirmed in the Surah al-Hijr verse: 19-20: "And We have spread the earth and made it into the mountains and We have grown everything according to size. And we have made for you on earth the necessities of life, and (We also create) creatures that you are not a beneficiary of. b. All actions that damage the balance and preservation of the earth and nature are basically a violation of religion and sin. In Surah al-A'raf: 56, ALLAH SWT said: "Do not make mischief on earth (the world) after being reformed, pray to Him with fear and longing; God's grace is always close to those who do good. " The phrase "do not do damage on earth after being reformed" (wa lâ tufsidu fii al-ardl ba'da ishlâhih) - in surah al-A'raf verse 56 above - contains a double meaning. First, the prohibition to damage the earth after repairing (ishlah), which is when the earth was created by ALLAH SWT. This meaning shows the task of humans to protect the earth which is already a good place for human life.
Ideation to implementation: A 4-year exploration of innovating education through maker pedagogy

The current study explores how teachers’ behaviors and environmental factors influenced the use of a K-12 makerspace. Teachers attended professional learning sessions, developed a makerspace, and c...
Tracing DNA paths and RNA profiles in cultured cells and tissues with ORCA

Chromatin conformation capture (3C) methods and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy have been used to investigate the spatial organization of the genome. Although powerful, both techniques have limitations. Hi-C is challenging for low cell numbers and requires very deep sequencing to achieve its high resolution. In contrast, FISH can be done on small cell numbers and capture rare cell populations, but typically targets pairs of loci at a lower resolution. Here we detail a protocol for optical reconstruction of chromatin architecture (ORCA), a microscopy approach to trace the 3D DNA path within the nuclei of fixed tissues and cultured cells with a genomic resolution as fine as 2 kb and a throughput of ~10,000 cells per experiment. ORCA can identify structural features with comparable resolution to Hi-C while providing single-cell resolution and multimodal measurements characteristic of microscopy. We describe how to use this DNA labeling in parallel with multiplexed labeling of dozens of RNAs to relate chromatin structure and gene expression in the same cells. Oligopaint probe design, primary probe making, sample collection, cryosectioning and RNA/DNA primary probe hybridization can be completed in 1.5 weeks, while automated RNA/DNA barcode hybridization and RNA/DNA imaging typically takes 2–6 d for data collection and 2–7 d for the automated steps of image analysis. The authors provide experimental and computational procedures, including details on building an automated fluidic exchange system, for high-resolution imaging of multiple transcripts and chromatin structure in fixed cells or cryosectioned tissue.
An Overview of Sports Medicine

Sports medicine is a dynamic and far-reaching field that continues to broaden. Sports medicine physicians provide general care of a diverse population, including high-level athletes, weekend warriors, and the population with musculoskeletal complaints that impede activities of daily living. Based on the care setting, the responsibilities of a sports medicine physician include prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal pathologies and medical illnesses that would otherwise interfere with participation in physical activity. Knowledge of both acute emergencies and chronic illnesses alike is critical for the competent sports medicine physician. A multidisciplinary team is ideal to thoroughly address this broad spectrum of pathologies and duties. The field is constantly evolving as new technology and advancing research press on toward regenerative medicine and minimally invasive procedures.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS AMONG BRIC NATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHINA

Since the acronym BRIC was coined in 2001, the world has touted Brazil, Russia, India and China as the emerging superpowers and engines of growth that would supersede the G7 economies and revive the sagging global economy. By 2010, the Big Four accounted for only 25% of the world’s gross national income despite owning over 25% of land area and over 40% of global population. This paper analyzes the global competitiveness of the BRIC nations over 15 years, in three five-year periods, and finds only China has shown stable growth. What then are the secrets to China’s growth and can China maintain growth? This paper then investigates the performance of China’s pillars of competitiveness and identifies the weak pillars, drawing attention to the issues and making recommendations for sustainable growth.
E-Sports as a Prism for the Role of Evolving Technology in Intellectual Property

This essay challenges the preference for legislating in the face of new technology. Responding to Dan Burk’s recent article, Owning E-Sports: Proprietary Rights in Professional Computer Gaming, this essay considers how technology influences intellectual property law, both in the context of professional video gaming, e-sports, and beyond. The essay provides two major insights. First, that changing technology and new industries often can reveal misguided approaches taken by the common law in intellectual property cases. The concept of “persona” in right of publicity law and the “initial interest confusion” doctrine in trademark law are two prime examples of this phenomenon. Second, that consideration of underlying principles and policies should be a preferred starting point for addressing issues raised by new technology through current legal mechanisms. For this point, the essay focuses on copyright law and the failings of recent technology-specific legislation. The essay advocates that technology-specific legislation should be a last resort, only to be undertaken once some degree of technological stabilization has been reached and, even then, with broad principles – rather than industry-specific considerations — in mind. The essay was presented as part of the University of Pennsylvania’s Symposium on The Evolving Internet.
Two-dimensional partially functional broadside tests

Partially functional broadside tests were defined to address the tradeoff that exists between fault coverage and proximity to functional operation conditions during the application of scan-based tests for delay faults. Proximity to functional operation conditions is important for avoiding overtesting. The definition of a partially functional broadside test does not take into consideration the extent of deviation from functional operation conditions that occurs during the second pattern of a test. The authors define two-dimensional partially functional broadside tests to address this issue. The authors demonstrate through experimental results that this improves the ability of the test to remain close to functional operation conditions during the application of both patterns.