cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A DC-AC Power Conversion Technique Using Twin Resonant High-Frequency Links

The advantages of load commUtated high-frequency (HF) sinusoidal inverters as link stiiges in power conversion are well-known. An inverter configuration that employs parallel connection of the load to the resonating capacitor can be employed to realize the high- frequency link. A technique of dc to low-frequency ac power conversion using two, such high-fre4uency links is presented. The frequencies of the two links differ by twice the required output frequency. The difference between the two link voltages is then a high- frequency ac voltage whose envelope is a low-frequency ac wave at the required output frequency. The frequency of the envelope wave is decided by the difference between the two link frequencies while the amplitude depends on the amplitude of the individual voltages. Thus the output voltage can be regulated by varying the link frequencies, and so long as the frequency difference remains constant, the output (envelope) frequency is not affected. The output voltage can be obtained from the difference of the two link voltages by appropriate rectification/inversion. This process can be regarded as a form of cycloconversion in which the modulation process is incorporated in the input voltage instead of the switching.
An Analytic Solution for Whirl in a Finite Journal Bearing With a Continuous Lubricating Film

Abstract : An analytic solution to the Reynolds equation for dynamic loading is obtained to describe the pressure distribution in a journal bearing of finite length. Integration of the pressure distribution results in expressions for the hydrodynamic forces in the bearing which are used to determine the equations of motion for the shaft relative to the bearing. Plots of the eccentricity ratio versus the attitude angle and the approaches to the limit cycle are given as examples of the numerical technique. (Author)
Deuterium and oxygen isotopes, paleoelevations of the Sierra Nevada, and Cenozoic climate

Although geomorphic observations suggest that the Sierra Nevada has tilted so that the crest has risen 1–2 km since late Miocene time, deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope concentrations in Cenozoic geologic materials decrease eastward across California and Nevada similarly to those in modern, orographically induced precipitation, as if little change in Sierra Nevadan elevations has occurred since Eocene time. Orographic precipitation, however, depends on the amount of moisture in the atmosphere, which in turn can be much larger in warm air, as in Eocene or Oligocene time and in summer, than in the cooler air characteristic of present-day, dominantly winter, precipitation. Moreover, the integrated rainout of vapor, and hence presumably in stable isotope concentrations in the remaining vapor, depends largely on the difference in heights traversed by air masses, not slopes of mountain ranges. Thus, if due simply to orographically induced rainout, both Eocene and Oligocene variations in deuterium isotopes across the Sierra Nevada and Miocene–Quaternary differences in deuterium and oxygen isotopes between the Great Valley of California and the Basin and Range place only weak constraints on the slope or past elevations of the Sierra Nevada. They do not necessarily contradict the inference that the crest of the Sierra Nevada has risen 1000 m or more since late Miocene time.
Mucosal cytokine and antigen-specific responses to Cryptosporidium parvum in IL-12p40 KO mice

Studies of cellular immune responses to Cryptosporidium parvum have been limited in part by lack of suitable animal models. IL-12p40(-/-)mice are susceptible to initial infection with C. parvum but recover within 2 weeks, rendering the animals resistant to reinfection. Because the host responses that determine duration and severity of primary infection are not yet understood, we studied the cellular immune response to primary infection with C. parvum in IL-12p40(-/-)mice and also explored possible mechanisms for this response. Female IL-12p40(-/-)mice were inoculated with 10,000 oocysts. Uninfected age-matched mice served as controls. At different time intervals following exposure to oocysts, mice were sacrificed and their intestine, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node tissues were harvested. Cellular immune responses to C. parvum were characterized. Infection of IL-12p40(-/-)mice induced changes in the gene expression of the cytokines IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-15, IL-18, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta during primary infection. There was also a significant increase in total numbers of lymphocytes and CD19/CD62L-expressing cells in mesenteric lymph nodes. These MLN cells exhibited increased antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production (IL-6 and IFN-gamma) levels when stimulated in vitro. These observations delineate the cellular immune responses during acute C. parvum infection of the IL-12p40(-/-)mouse model.
Chain/column evolution and corresponding electrorheological effect

We present an investigation about chain/column evolution and the corresponding electrorheological (ER) effect performed with glass/oil ER fluid. Our results demonstrate that once the field applied to the ER fluids surpasses a certain time period, the particles begin aggregating to form chains. These chains then coarsen and eventually form columns in the direction of the external field. We found that different column structures can be obtained depending on how the electric field is applied to the ER fluid. Only a loose column structure can be achieved if a square pulse field is applied to the ER fluid, yet a compact column is formed when the field strength is increased slowly. We have measured the ER effect with a sensitive yield stress testing device as the structure varies. The results indicate that there exist three increasing tendencies of interaction among particles corresponding to three processes of sequential transition between states; they are (1) random spatial configuration to chain, (2) chain t...
Absorption and metabolism of a selective insecticide, 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl-7N-dimethoxyphosphinothioyl-N-Methylcarbamate, in bean plants

The absorption and metabolism of 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl-7N-dimethoxyphosphinothioyl-N-methylcarbamate (PSC), a selective, insecticidally active carbofuran derivative, was studied in red kidney bean plants. PSC was absorbed from hydroponic culture media and was translocated throughout the plants. PSC was metabolized to carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, and 3-ketocarbofuran and these materials accounted for 25% of the recovered radioactivity. Each of these compounds are more toxic to mice than the parent compound. Additionally at least four other oxidized, hydroxylated and/or hydrolyzed metabolites were formed.
Sequential binding of large molecules to hairy MOFs

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are entities with a repertoire of dynamic functions. With a simple touch of salts, smooth crystals of MOFs can be turned into hairy ones, dramatically enhancing chemisorption of large molecules, i.e., by 120 times. When this process is followed by another round of etching, sequential binding of different proteins is possible.
A comparative study of two different percutaneous venous catheters in newborn infants.

Between 1985 and 1988 the use of percutaneous venous catheters in the intensive care of newborn infants was evaluated. A total of 140 polyurethane catheters used in 91 patients were compared with 143 silicone catheters in 121 neonates. Patients of both series were comparable regarding sex, weight, gestational age and severity of disease. Insertion technique, puncture site care and infusions remained the same for both observation periods. Peripheral insertion of silicone catheters required more venous cutdowns but threading them to a central vein or the right atrium was more often successful. Fewer local complications (i.e. reddening or swelling along the peripheral venous access) resulted in a longer catheter duration and a less frequent need for an additional venous access in the silicone group. On the other hand, silicone catheters caused more technical problems (i.e. rupture or obstruction). Upon removal, more silicone than polyurethane catheter tips were colonized with bacteria. This was independent of catheter duration and was never followed by clinical signs of infection. The silicone catheter gave better results, especially in very small newborn infants of low gestational age, but was associated with more technical problems.
Enhancing the sensitivity of interferometer sensing by slow light in photonic crystal waveguide

A novel high sensitivity Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with slow light in photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) is proposed to enhance the sensitivity of fiber Brag grating (FBG) sensing system. The output intensity of MZI would be changed with the reflect center wavelength change of the FBG, which relates to the applied strain. By designing the PCW parameters, the measuring sensitivity of the applied strain can reach to 3.6 x 10 -3 rad/?? with a very high group index of 118. The active region is only 0.1 mm, which could be of great advantage in the use of the limited space. Full Text: PDF References Song, M. H., Yin, S. H., Ruffin, P. B., "Fiber Bragg grating strain sensor demodulation with quadrature sampling of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer", Applied Optics, 39(7), 1106-1111(2000). CrossRef Lee, S. M., Saini, S. S., Jeong, M. Y., "Simultaneous measurement of refractive index, temperature, and strain using etched-core fiber Bragg grating sensors", Photonics Technology Letters, 22(19): 1431-1433(2010). CrossRef Zhao, Y., Song, T. T., "Fiber Bragg grating current sensor based on birefringence effect", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 54(3): 822-826(2012). CrossRef Mihailov, S. J., "Fiber Bragg grating sensors for harsh environments", Sensors, 12(2), 1898-1918(2012). CrossRef Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y. N. and Wang, Q., "Research advances of photonic crystal gas and liquid sensors", Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 160(1), 1288-1297 (2011). CrossRef Chahal, M., Celler, G. K., Jaluria Y., "Thermo-optic characteristics and switching power limit of slow-light photonic crystal structures on a silicon-on-insulator platform", Optics Express, 20(4), 4225-4231(2012). CrossRef Baba, T., "Slow light in photonic crystals", Nature Photonics, 2(8), 465-473(2008). CrossRef Shen, C. Y., Zhong, C., "Novel temperature-insensitive fiber Bragg grating sensor for displacement measurement", Sensors and Actuators: A-Physical, 170(1-2), 51-54(2011). CrossRef http://ab-initio.mit.edu/wiki/index.php/MIT_Photonic_Bands. DirectLink Guo, S. P., Albin, S., "Simple plane wave implementation for photonic crystal calculations", Optical Express, 11(2), 167-175 (2003). CrossRef Petrov, A. Y., Eich, M., "Zero dispersion at small group velocities in photonic crystal waveguides", Applied Physics Letters, 85(21), 4866-4868(2004). CrossRef Li, J., T. White, P., Faolain, L. O., "Systematic design of flat band slow light in photonic crystal waveguides", Optical Express, 16(9), 6227-6232(2008). CrossRef Hao, R., Cassan, E., Roux, X. L., Gao, D., Khanh, V. D., Vivien, Laurent., Delphine, M. M., Zhang, X. X., "Improvement of delay-bandwidth product in photonic crystal slow-light waveguides", Optics Express, 18(16), 16309-16319 (2010). CrossRef Engelen, R. J. P., Sugimoto, Y., Watanabe, Y., "The effect of higher-order dispersion on slow light propagation in photonic crystal waveguides", Optics Express, 14(4), 1658-1672(2006). CrossRef
Synthetic aperture interferometric microwave radiometry for remote sensing of mines

ABSTRACT A study was conducted for the use of a synthetic aperture interferometric radiometer (SAIR) for mine detection at near-fieldranges using a two-element, 1 .4-GHz laboratory prototype. Images are presented of an aluminum plate buried at differentdepths, generated using a backprojection technique. The parameters required for mine detection are also discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION Synthetic aperture interferometry is widely used in radio astronomy and has more recently been adapted to earth remote sensing.Airborne and spaceborne radiometers have been used to measure many geophysical parameters, including sea surface tempera-ture, salinity and wind speed, and soil moisture content [1 ,2I. Laboratory radiometers have been used to detect concealedweapons [3] and are also used for medical imaging [4]. The subject of this report is the result of a feasibility study conducted atthe Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in 1998 to determine the usefulness of a 1.4-GHz synthetic aperture interferometricradiometer (SAIR) for mine detection. To locate mines with radiometry, we intend to take advantage of the fact that man-madeitems, especially those made of metal, tend to reflect the low-level radiation from the sky and look like a "cold" object sur-rounded by "hot" soil. The physics ofradiometry, which allows us to locate mines below the soil, will be discussed only briefly,because complete books have been published on the subject. We will only show some basic theory that emphasizes that aradiometer should be able to detect subsurface objects whose dielectric constants differ from the surrounding soil. By usingSAIR, we can have high resolution without the problems associated with a single large antenna of a scanning radiometer. Theinterferometer measurements are made by cross-correlating the received signals of two spatially separated antennas, which arefocused on the same area. The sampled output is called the visibility function, and its inverse Fourier transform is the image. A
Mental health services in nursing homes: a survey of nursing home administrative personnel.

Purpose: Mental health problems are pervasive in nursing homes (NHs), but little is known regarding the delivery of mental health services in these settings. To fill this gap in knowledge, we conducted a survey of NH administrative personnel views on mental health services use. Design and methods: We analyzed 146 surveys from NH administrative personnel, reflecting 70% of the NHs that sent representatives to training conferences held at four Florida locations. Results: There is substantial provision of mental health services (approximately half of the NHs have psychologists, psychiatrists and other MDs consulting on a weekly basis) and high satisfaction with services currently offered. Mental health services are typically provided by outside consultants who most frequently address behavior problems, anxiety/fears and depression. Sub-analyses of mental health service usage by types of NHs were largely non-significant. Almost half of the NHs reported the involuntary hospitalization of at least one resident ...
Differential pharmacological profile of striatal and cerebellar dopamine receptors labeled by [3H]quinpirole: Identification of a discrete population of putative D3 receptors

We have previously identified [3H]quinpirole-labeled dopamine receptors in the molecular layer of cerebellar lobule 10 which have a D2-like pharmacological profile, are guanine nucleotide-insensitive, and are juxtaposed to putative D3 receptor mRNA. This study compares the pharmacological profiles of [3H]quinpirole-labeled dopamine receptors in striatum and cerebellar lobule 10 using quantitative autoradiography. Dopaminergic compounds inhibited the specific binding of [3H]quinpirole in the caudate/putamen with the following rank order of potencies: spiperone > haloperidol > or = (+)butaclamol > or = quinpirole > or = 7-OH-DPAT > or = bromocriptine > clozapine > (-)sulpiride. In cerebellar lobule 10, a somewhat different rank order of potencies was observed: 7-OH-DPAT > quinpirole > or = bromocriptine > spiperone > (+)butaclamol > haloperidol > clozapine > (-)sulpiride. Quinpirole possessed equal affinity for [3H]quinpirole-labeled receptors in the caudate/putamen and cerebellum. 7-OH-DPAT exhibited 5-fold greater affinity for cerebellar receptors than those in the caudate/putamen. Spiperone, haloperidol, (+)butaclamol, and clozapine were more potent in competing for [3H]quinpirole binding at striatal dopamine receptors than cerebellar receptors by 83-, 59-, 11-, and 6-fold, respectively. The relative potencies of these compounds at striatal and cerebellar dopamine receptors are generally similar to the differential affinities reported at D2 and D3 dopamine receptors expressed in CHO cells, respectively. These data provide additional evidence that the dopamine receptors observed in cerebellar lobule 10 represent a discrete population of putative D3 receptors.
AN APPROACH FOR IMPROVED INTERPRETATION OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

This paper proposes a method, canonical rotation analysis, which facilitates the substantive interpretation of results in multivariate analysis. Canonical rotation analysis is developed as a model which integrates multivariate least squares approaches and the varimax rotation criterion. The generalized applicability of the model to canonical correlation, multiple discriminant analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance is developed. The advantages and limitations of canonical rotation analysis are discussed and illustrated in the context of an industrial marketing research problem.
Al Qaida Recruitment Trends in Kenya and Tanzania

At first glance, Kenya and Tanzania, the scene of some of Al Qaida's most impressive attacks, would appear to be fertile ground for recruiting militants into the global Islamist jihad. Substantial Muslim populations, widespread poverty, poor policing, inadequate border control, and systemic political and economic corruption would seem to make these East African countries potentially rich environments in which to attract new Al Qaida members. However, other factors essential to the terrorist recruitment process are largely absent. Despite claims that the traditionally tolerant Muslim populations of Kenya and Tanzania re being radicalized, the evidence suggests that Islamist radicals have in fact made little headway. Although individuals may have forged links with Al Qaida, Osama bin Laden and his network have few followers. Of course, this is subject to change. But in the near term, absent an environment of radicalism, as in a major recruitment ground like Pakistan, it is difficult to see how Al Qaida can ...
Cardiac Sarcoidosis Presenting as Heart Block

A 47-year-old man without prior cardiac disease presented with lightheadedness, nausea, and fatigue while golfing. The initial 12-lead ECG demonstrated a first-degree atrioventricular delay, a transthoracic echocardiogram revealed normal myocardial thickness and left ventricular function, and stress nuclear imaging studies showed no ischemia; however, atrioventricular block was noted during the stress test. Within 2 months, complete heart block with junctional escape rhythm (Figure 1) developed. Laboratory testing that included thyroid studies and Lyme titers was unrevealing. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated 2 focal regions of late gadolinium enhancement (Figure 2) in a pattern suggestive …
SU-E-T-205: MLC Predictive Maintenance Using Statistical Process Control Analysis.

Purpose:MLC failure increases accelerator downtime and negatively affects the clinic treatment delivery schedule. This study investigates the use of Statistical Process Control (SPC), a modern quality control methodology, to retrospectively evaluate MLC performance data thereby predicting the impending failure of individual MLC leaves. Methods: SPC, a methodology which detects exceptional variability in a process, was used to analyzeMLC leaf velocity data. A MLC velocity test is performed weekly on all leaves during morning QA. The leaves sweep 15 cm across the radiation field with the gantry pointing down. The leaf speed is analyzed from the generated dynalog file using quality assurancesoftware.MLC leaf speeds in which a known motor failure occurred (8) and those in which no motor replacement was performed (11) were retrospectively evaluated for a 71 week period. SPC individual and moving range (I/MR) charts were used in the analysis. The I/MR chart limits were calculated using the first twenty weeks of data and set at 3 standard deviations from the mean. Results: The MLCs in which a motor failure occurred followed two general trends: (a) no data indicating a change in leaf speed prior to failure (5 of 8) and (b) a series of data points exceeding the limit prior to motor failure (3 of 8). I/MR charts for a high percentage (8 of 11) of the non‐replaced MLC motors indicated that only a single point exceeded the limit. These single point excesses were deemed false positives. Conclusions: SPC analysis using MLC performance data may be helpful in detecting a significant percentage of impending failures of MLC motors. The ability to detect MLC failure may depend on the method of failure (i.e. gradual or catastrophic). Further study is needed to determine if increasing the sampling frequency could increase reliability. Project was support by a grant from Varian Medical Systems, Inc
An alternative approach to robust collocation

The now classical collocation method in geodesy has been derived byH. Moritz (1970; 1973) within an appropriate Mixed Linear Model. According toB. Schaffrin (1985; 1986) even a generalized form of the collocation solution can be proved to represent a combined estimation/prediction procedure of typeBLUUE (Best Linear Uniformly Unbiased Estimation) for the fixed parameters, and of type inhomBLIP (Best inhomogeneously LInear Prediction) for the random effects with not necessarily zero expectation. Moreover, “robust collocation” has been introduced by means of homBLUP (Best homogeneously Linear weakly Unbiased Prediction) for the random effects together with a suitableLUUE for the fixed parameters. Here we present anequivalence theorem which states that the robust collocation solution in theoriginal Mixed Linear Model can identically be derived as traditionalLESS (LEast Squares Solution) in amodified Mixed Linear Model without using artifacts like “pseudo-observations”. This allows us a nice interpretation of “robust collocation” as an adjustment technique in the presence of “weak prior information”.
Crazing and acoustic emission in poly(methyl methacrylate)/acetone and polystyrene/methanol systems

Craze initiation and growth in the poly(methyl methacrylate)/acetone and polystyrene/methanol systems was studied using photographic and acoustic emission techniques. The poly(methyl methacrylate) system was the only one that produced detectable acoustic emission; however, it was found that craze initiation occurs predominantly in the first half of a sample's lifetime while acoustic emission is detected predominantly in the second half. The detected acoustic emission in the poly(methyl methacrylate) system is believed to be due to the rupture of craze fibrils. Craze initiation in both polymer systems was found to be dependent on stress and time with higher stresses initiating more crazes at earlier times. Although the craze growth rate in both systems exhibited extreme variability, the average growth rate tended to increase with craze size and applied stress. In the poly(methyl methacrylate) system, craze velocity was independent of time but in the polystyrene system it decreased with time. None of the existing craze growth theories were capable of explaining these results.
Evaluating the continuously reinforced concrete pavement performance models of the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide

The reasonableness of the models in the Mechanistic-empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) used to predict the performance of the continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCPs) was evaluated in this study. The MEPDG punchout, crack width and spacing and load transfer efficiency (LTE) models were evaluated through a factorial sensitivity study. The input matrix was defined to reflect ‘real-world’ design situations. It was found that, contrary to the 1993 American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Design Guide, crack width must be below 0.5 mm to maintain adequate performance. Additionally, based on the performance predictions from the MEPDG, a crack spacing of less than 1.8 m ensures a crack width of less than 0.5 mm, which is another contradiction with the approach in the 1993 Guide.
Silicon biotechnology: harnessing biological silica production to construct new materials

Silicon, the basis of semiconductors and many advanced materials, is an essential element for higher plants and animals, yet its biology is poorly understood. Many invertebrates produce exquisitely controlled silica structures with a nanoscale precision exceeding present human ability. Biotechnology is starting to reveal the proteins, genes and molecular mechanisms that control this synthesis in marine organisms that produce large amounts of silica. Discovering the mechanisms governing biosilicification offers the prospect of developing environmentally benign routes to synthesize new silicon-based materials and to resolve the biological use of silicon in higher organisms.
Forward/Backward Contour Tracing with Feedback

This correspondence describes a contour extraction algorithm which can gradually improve its results until the extracted contours are closed. This is achieved by an architecture with a feedback path for local smoothing. The feedback path is activated only when one or more contours obtained are not closed in order to initiate smoothing in noisy areas of the image to remove local irregularities that cause the problems. A forward/backward boundary tracing mechanism is employed to facilitate locating any troubled areas. A smoothing method appropriate for reducing local irregularities is discussed. The proposed algorithm is very suitable for those applications that demand closed contours, such as character recognition and blob detection.
Ca2+ as a Mediator of Ischemic Preconditioning

We tested the hypothesis that elevation of [Ca2+]i during ischemic preconditioning (IPC) stimulates protein kinase C (PKC), which confers the protection against the ischemic injury. Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were subjected to 40-minute global ischemia followed by 30-minute reperfusion (I/R). In preconditioned groups, hearts were subjected to either IPC, consisting of 5-minute global ischemia and 10-minute reperfusion, or high-Ca2+ preconditioning (HCPC), ie, the 5-minute perfusion of higher Ca2+ perfusate (2.3 mmol/L Ca2+) followed by 10-minute perfusion of normal perfusate (1.8 mmol/L Ca2+), and then were subjected to I/R. A significant functional recovery and decreased lactate dehydrogenase release were observed in HCPC and IPC hearts compared with ischemic control hearts. ATP contents of preconditioned hearts were significantly higher than those of the ischemic control hearts. The cell structure in preconditioned hearts was preserved better than that in the ischemic control hearts. Furthermore, the activation and translocation of PKC from cytoplasm to sarcolemma were observed in the preconditioned hearts. Verapamil administered during IPC significantly attenuated the salutary effects of IPC. Administration of chelerythrine, a specific PKC inhibitor, completely abolished the HCPC- and IPC-induced cardioprotection. The translocation of PKC by IPC was blocked by verapamil or chelerythrine. Immunohistochemical study using rabbit polyclonal antibody against PKC isoforms indicated that stress induced by IPC or HCPC evoked the translocation of PKC alpha and PKC delta to the cell membrane. Translocation of PKC isoforms was attenuated by the treatment with verapamil or chelerythrine. These results demonstrate that (1) a transient increase in [Ca2+]i during IPC is an important trigger for the activation of PKC, which is responsible for cardioprotection; (2) the elevation of [Ca2+]i during IPC, at least partly, resulted from Ca2+ entry via voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel; and (3) activation and translocation of PKC alpha and PKC delta occur during IPC and HCPC and may be important in preconditioning.
An adjusting-dose procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of nitrous oxide with humans☆

Abstract Despite continued abuse, there is a paucity of empirical investigations on inhalants as reinforcers. The present study attempted to derive a method for studying the reinforcing effects of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) with human participants. An adjusting-dose procedure was employed to assess choice allocation for inhalation periods of varying doses of N 2 O. After experiencing the experimental parameters in forced-choice trials, participants made choices between a fixed dose of 0% N 2 O (i.e., 100% O 2 ) and an adjusting dose of N 2 O (0–50% N 2 O in O 2 ). The adjusting dose titrated as a function of the participant's choices. Conditions were run to stability and systematically replicated within-subject. Stable choice allocation served as both the chief dependent variable and an indication of the optimal reinforcing dose of N 2 O for that participant. Consistent with previous research on N 2 O, there was between-subject variability in the reinforcing effects of N 2 O; however, stable within-subject choice allocation was observed for 6 out of 8 participants. This method of assessing drug choice in humans allows for the testing of multiple doses within-subject, which is imperative, given that the reinforcing effects of drugs are known to vary across subjects and as a function of dose.
The effects of 1,10-phenanthroline on the binding of activated rat hepatic glucocorticoid-receptor complexes to deoxyribonucleic acid-cellulose.

1,10-Phenanthroline, a metal ion chelator, inhibits the binding of previously activated (25 C for 30 min) rat hepatic [3H]triamcinolone acetonide (3H-labeled 9-fluoro llβ,-dihydroxy-16α,17-l-[l-methylethylidenebis(oxy)]pregnal, 4-diene-3,20-dione ([3H]TA)-receptor complexes to DNA-cellulose. The observed inhibition increases as the temperature of the preincubation with chelator is increased from 0 to 25 C. Fifty percent of the maximal inhibition (>90%) detected at 25 C is achieved with 1 HIM 1,10-phenanthroline. The observed inhibition is not the consequence of DNA degradation by 1,10-phenanthroline- Cu2+ complexes, since preincubation of activated cytosol with neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-l,10-phenanthroline), a potent Cu2+ chelator, fails to block the subsequent inhibition of DNA-cellulose binding by 1,10-phenanthroline. The failure of other chelators which complex similar metal ions (α,α′-dipyridyl, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 2,′,2″-tripyridine, EDTA, EGTA, and Na azide) to inhibit DNA-cellulose binding suggests...
Chemosensory cues are essential for mating-induced dopamine release in MPOA of male Syrian hamsters.

The medial preoptic area (MPOA) is crucial for male sex behavior. Dopamine (DA) is released in MPOA during copulation, and contributes to the reinforcing effects of mating. The aim of the present study was to identify sensory stimuli responsible for mating-induced DA release. Specifically, we determined if chemosensory cues are essential for mating-induced MPOA DA release using in vivo microdialysis in male Syrian hamsters. Hamsters were used because chemosensory cues from the olfactory mucosa and vomeronasal organ are essential for sexual behavior in this species. Sexually experienced adult male hamsters were implanted with a microdialysis guide cannula over MPOA. At the same time, males received sham olfactory bulbectomy (Sham Bx, n=11), bilateral bulbectomy (Bibx, n=6), or unilateral bulbectomy (Ubx) ipsilateral (Ipsi Ubx, n=9) or contralateral (Contra Ubx, n=8) to the microdialysis probe. This model takes advantage of the predominantly ipsilateral projections of the olfactory bulbs. Microdialysis samples were collected from the MPOA during baseline, exposure to a receptive female, and after removal of female. Extracellular DA was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. During mating, DA increased in MPOA of Sham Bx males (to 146.7±17.5% of baseline). Bibx males did not mate, and MPOA DA did not increase (96.1±15.8% of baseline). Although both groups of Ubx males mated to ejaculation, MPOA DA increased significantly only in Contra Ubx males (to 161.8±35.3% of baseline), and not in males with Ipsi Ubx (107.6±11.5% of baseline). The results demonstrate that chemosensory cues are essential for MPOA DA release during mating in male Syrian hamsters.
Vouchers Are a Viable Option for Urban Settings: A Response to Andrew B. Sandler and David E. Kapel.

A system of funding education through vouchers is not only a viable option for urban settings but it would be more likely than any other form of systemic restructuring to reduce inequity between advantaged and disadvantaged students, increase meaningful instances of choice in education, and improve the quality of education. Funding education through vouchers would make good economic sense because private schools presently educate children at roughly half the cost of public schools. In addition, the present form of state-controlled education is a violation of both the Establishment and Free Exercise clauses of the First Amendment. Finally, there has never been a full implementation of a voucher system. Therefore, no hard conclusions regarding the outcome of such implementation can be made.
Effects of glenohumeral rotations and translations on supraspinatus tendon morphology

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of glenohumeral rotations and humeral head translations on supraspinatus tendon morphology. Design. A convenience sample of cadaver shoulders was used to measure supraspinatus tendon shape and dimensions from MRI images. Background. Epidemiological evidence has indicated that shoulder elevation and external rotation may be risk factors for rotator cuff tendon pathology, but little is known about how these postures affect tendon morphology. Methods. Measurements of supraspinatus tendon morphology were made from three-dimensional reconstructions based on T2-weighted fast spin-echo magnetic resonance images. Seven cadaver arms were imaged at neutral, 45° external and 45° internal rotations at 0°, 30°, and 60° of glenohumeral abduction. Measurements of the anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the tendon were made using analyze TM software. Results. The supraspinatus tendon was twisted at the muscle–tendon junction of the middle and posterior portions in 45° external and 45° internal axial rotations of the humerus, especially over 30° of abduction. Abduction over 30° shortened the entire supraspinatus tendon. External and internal rotation motions elongated the anterior and posterior portions, respectively. Conclusions. Arm posture affects morphology of the supraspinatus tendon. Relevance The results support the epidemiologic evidence linking external rotation and abduction to supraspinatus tendon disorders.
Predicted galaxy counts in CO emission

The CO galaxy counts are predicted from studies of LCO in nearby galaxies, with consideration given to how these counts may be compared to the current understanding of recent galaxy evolution. The average number of galaxies per square degree with CO (1-0) emission above a brightness threshold of 4.5 x 10 exp -20 W/sq m is predicted to be 0.5 +/-4.0. The expressed uncertainty in the predicted galaxy counts comes primarily from uncertainties in the absolute scale and high-luminosity cutoff of the CO luminosity function. Using present-technology mm-radio telescopes and receivers, it is possible to employ galaxy counts in CO (1-0) emission to test theories of recent (z is less than about 0.4) galaxy evolution. If it is true that interactions among galaxies and consequent starbursts were more common in the recent past, as suggested by galaxy counts at far-IR and cm-radio wavelengths, then it is anticipated that the molecular emission of galaxies will increase with redshift and the CO galaxy counts will exceed this prediction based on nearby galaxies.
The non-specific role of Mg2+ in ribosomal subunit association: kinetics and equilibrium in the presence of other divalent metal ions.

Abstract The effects of Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ and Zn 2+ on the kinetics and equilibrium of the association of vacant “tight” ribosomal subunits from Escherichia coli were studied. Increments of Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ and, by and large, Ba 2+ , to ribosomes dissociated to 30 S and 50 S particles at 1.2 m m -Mg 2+ (60 m m -M 2+ , pH 7.5, 25°C) produce nearly indistinguishable association curves, with midpoints at 1.8 m m total M 2+ and complete association to 70 S particles at 4 to 5 m m total M 2+ . The association rate constants at 1 m m -Mg 2+ , 2 mM -M 2+ are similar (0.5 × 10 6 to 0.9 × 10 6 m −1 s −1 ), as are the dissociation rate constants at 1 m m -(Mg 2+ + M 2+ ) (0.2 to 0.4 s −1 ). Mn 2+ and Zn 2+ increase the degree of association, as well as further aggregation (Zn 2+ especially), at lower concentrations than the alkaline earth ions. Co 2+ and Ni 2+ produce lower degrees of association, by promoting dissociation of the 70 S particle : the association rate constants at 1 m m -Mg 2+ , 2 m m -M 2+ for the transition metal ions are all grouped at 2 × 10 6 to 3 × 10 6 m −1 s −1 . Ni 2+ also causes a slower inactivation of one or both subunits. The results are compatible with the view that the effects on the rate and equilibrium constants arise from decreases in the electrostatic free energies of the 30 S, 50 S and 70 S particles produced by large-scale, relatively indiscriminate, charge-neutralization “binding” of M 2+ , and are difficult if not impossible to reconcile with a specific-sites mode of action of M 2+ .
Purification and sequence analysis of bioactive atrial peptides (atriopeptins)

Mammalian cardiac atria have several biologically active peptides that exert profound effects on sodium excretion, urine volume, and smooth muscle tone. In the present study two such peptides of low molecular weight were purified and separated from each other on the basis of differences in charge, hydrophobicity, and biological profile. The first peptide, designated atriopeptin I, exhibits natriuretic and diuretic activity and selectivity relaxes intestinal smooth muscle but not vascular smooth muscle strips. The second peptide, atriopeptin II, is a potent natriuretic and diuretic that relaxes both intestinal and vascular strips. Sequence analysis of atriopeptin I indicates that it is composed of 21 amino acids, of which serine and glycine residues predominate. The amino terminal sequence of atriopeptin II up to residue 21 is the same as that of atriopeptin I, with the addition of the Phe-Arg extension at the carboxyl terminus. Both peptides appear to be derived from a common high molecular weight precursor (designated atriopeptigen); their biological selectivity and potency may be determined by the site of carboxyl terminal cleavage.
Assessing the Effectiveness of the Pesticides and Farmworker Health Toolkit: A Curriculum for Enhancing Farmworkers’ Understanding of Pesticide Safety Concepts

Among agricultural workers, migrant and seasonal farmworkers have been recognized as a special risk population because these laborers encounter cultural challenges and linguistic barriers while attempting to maintain their safety and health within their working environments. The crop-specific Pesticides and Farmworker Health Toolkit (Toolkit) is a pesticide safety and health curriculum designed to communicate to farmworkers pesticide hazards commonly found in their working environments and to address Worker Protection Standard (WPS) pesticide training criteria for agricultural workers. The goal of this preliminary study was to test evaluation items for measuring knowledge increases among farmworkers and to assess the effectiveness of the Toolkit in improving farmworkers' knowledge of key WPS and risk communication concepts when the Toolkit lesson was delivered by trained trainers in the field. After receiving training on the curriculum, four participating trainers provided lessons using the Toolkit as part of their regular training responsibilities and orally administered a pre- and post-lesson evaluation instrument to 20 farmworker volunteers who were generally representative of the national farmworker population. Farmworker knowledge of pesticide safety messages significantly (P<.05) increased after participation in the lesson. Further, items with visual alternatives were found to be most useful in discriminating between more and less knowledgeable farmworkers. The pilot study suggests that the Pesticides and Farmworker Health Toolkit is an effective, research-based pesticide safety and health intervention for the at-risk farmworker population and identifies a testing format appropriate for evaluating the Toolkit and other similar interventions for farmworkers in the field.
Possible role of the N-terminus of substance P in kainic acid-induced toxicity in rats.

Abstract Subcutaneously administered kainic acid (KA) in the rat results in brain damage accompanied by a behavioral response characterized by wet dog shakes (WDS), seizures and brain damage, an effect that is potentiated by opioids. Based on the potentiative effect of the N-terminus of substance P (SP) on the ability of KA to induce behavioral responses in mice, we tested the hypothesis that the N-terminus of SP also plays a role in KA-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Pretreatment i.p. with 1 or 10 nmol of SP(1–7), a major N-terminal metabolite of the undecapeptide SP, 15 min before administration of 12 mg/kg of KA potentiated the incidence of WDS. In contrast, after administration of 1 nmol of [ d -Pro2, d -Phe7]SP(1–7) ( d -SP(1–7)), the d -isomer of SP(1–7) and a substance P N-terminal antagonist, the intensity of KA-induced WDS was no different from those in either the KA- or saline-injected rats. However, pretreatment with d -SP(1–7) completely blocked the potentiative effect of SP(1–7) on the KA-induced WDS. While the severity of KA-induced lesions was not significantly altered by pretreatment with 1 nmol of SP(1–7), the effect of KA was not significantly different from that in control rats when administered with 1 nmol of d -SP(1–7). These results suggest a possible involvement of endogenous SP N-terminal activity in the effects following subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of KA. While additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism by which the N-terminus of SP is involved in the effects of KA, the similarity in effects produced by SP(1–7) and d -SP(1–7) with those previously reported after morphine and naloxone, respectively, suggests the possible involvement of a common mechanism.
A conserved START domain coenzyme Q-binding polypeptide is required for efficient Q biosynthesis, respiratory electron transport, and antioxidant function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Coenzyme Qn (ubiquinone or Qn) is a redox active lipid composed of a fully substituted benzoquinone ring and a polyisoprenoid tail of n isoprene units. Saccharomyces cerevisiae coq1–coq9 mutants have defects in Q biosynthesis, lack Q6, are respiratory defective, and sensitive to stress imposed by polyunsaturated fatty acids. The hallmark phenotype of the Q-less yeast coq mutants is that respiration in isolated mitochondria can be rescued by the addition of Q2, a soluble Q analog. Yeast coq10 mutants share each of these phenotypes, with the surprising exception that they continue to produce Q6. Structure determination of the Caulobacter crescentus Coq10 homolog (CC1736) revealed a steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (START) domain, a hydrophobic tunnel known to bind specific lipids in other START domain family members. Here we show that purified CC1736 binds Q2, Q3, Q10, or demethoxy-Q3 in an equimolar ratio, but fails to bind 3-farnesyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, a farnesylated analog of an early Q-intermediate. Over-expression of C. crescentus CC1736 or COQ8 restores respiratory electron transport and antioxidant function of Q6 in the yeast coq10 null mutant. Studies with stable isotope ring precursors of Q reveal that early Q-biosynthetic intermediates accumulate in the coq10 mutant and de novo Q-biosynthesis is less efficient than in the wild-type yeast or rescued coq10 mutant. The results suggest that the Coq10 polypeptide:Q (protein:ligand) complex may serve essential functions in facilitating de novo Q biosynthesis and in delivering newly synthesized Q to one or more complexes of the respiratory electron transport chain.
Excess enthalpies for (propane+ethanol) at the temperatures (298.15, 323.15, 348.15, and 363.15) K and pressures (5, 10, and 15) MPa

Abstract Excess molar enthalpies for (propane + ethanol) have measured at the temperatures (298.15, 323.15, 348.15, and 363.15) K and pressures (5, 10, and 15) MPa. The results are compared with the measurements reported previously for (propane + methanol or propane-1-ol or butan-1-ol).
Dissent and the search for information.

Extending the theorizing of Nemeth (1986, 1995), the present study investigated the hypothesis that minority dissent would stimulate a search for more information and that this search would be relatively unbiased. People should search for information on all sides of the issue. By contrast, it was predicted that majority dissent would stimulate less overall desire for further information and, importantly, any information search would be relatively biased. In direct contrast to predictions for ‘selective exposure’ it was hypothesized that individuals exposed to majority dissent would bias their search in favour of the majority position. The evidence generally confirmed these propositions, especially under conditions of ‘high relevance.’ The importance of information search and its implications for the quality of group decision making are explored.
How glycan metabolism shapes the human gut microbiota

In this Review, Martens and colleagues describe how dietary and endogenous glycans shape the composition of the gut microbiota and how individual microorganisms degrade these glycans. They also highlight the potential to influence this ecosystem for better health and nutrition.
Pseudoseizures and hysterical stridor

Differentiation of pseudoseizures from epileptic seizures and hysterical stridor from asthma is key to the treatment of patients. Both pseudoseizures and hysterical stridor are associated commonly with sexual abuse, eating disorders, depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. Failure to reach an appropriate diagnosis results in inappropriate medical care including recurrent intubations, antiepileptic drugs, and excessive hospitalizations. This case represents the first instance of reported pseudoseizures in a patient with hysterical stridor secondary to childhood sexual abuse.
Morphological observations on the parathyroid of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana).

Abstract Parathyroid III of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana , lies on the medial surface of the internal carotid artery at its origin just above the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. It is limited externally by a capsule and is subdivided into lobule-like structures by connective tissue septae. The parenchyma consists solely of chief (principal) cells,' arranged in irregular cords and clumps supported by a delicate vascular connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, the chief cells are polyhedral in shape and have centrally placed nuclei. The cytoplasm contains small, randomly distributed, rod-shaped mitochondria, scattered profiles of granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, and small perinuclear Golgi complexes. Secretory granules are small, electron-dense, and appear to be limited by a delicate membrane. The granules are related both to the Golgi complex and the basal cell membrane. Capillaries that lie immediately adjacent to the chief cells show an extensively fenestrated endothelium.
Planning and managing Brazil's coastal resources

Abstract This article will describe the sources of coastal use conflicts in Brazil and examine the legal and institutional factors that must be considered in planning and managing Brazil's coastal resources.