cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eosinophils and immune mechanisms. IV. Culture conditions, antigen requirements, production kinetics and immunologic specificity of the lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter.

Abstract The culture conditions which contribute to the production of the lymphokine, eosinophil stimulation promoter (ESP), have been investigated. Spleen or lymph node cells from mice infected for 8–10 weeks with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni respond to challenge with a soluble egg antigenic preparation (SEA) from S. mansoni eggs by the elaboration of ESP into the culture medium. Exposure to as little as 0.1 μg of SEA elicits this response. Furthermore, 30 min of exposure to antigen is sufficient to stimulate subsequent ESP production. Production begins within 4 hr, is rapid for 12 hr, and continues for at least another 8 hr. The use of this information allows the standardization of ESP production to be such that the concentration of SEA is insufficient to interfere with the indirect assay of ESP upon eosinophil-rich peritoneal exudates from S. mansoni -infected mice. The specificity of the direct assay elicited by SEA was confirmed, and the ability of the lymphokine to stimulate eosinophil migration from eosinophil-rich peritoneal exudates from either S. mansoni -or Trichinella spiralis -infected mice was demonstrated.
Target Lists: A 1923 Idea with Applications for the Future

Abstract : Will United States officials be indicted, tried and convicted for bombing raids? The international legal community is continually developing the concepts of crimes against humanity, war crimes and command responsibility for these crimes. In the future, these crimes could be tried in the proposed International Criminal Court. U.S. target selection is often controversial. The hypothetical news story has just two incidents when national and world media criticized U.S. target selection. However, the U.S. is often criticized for selecting some bombing targets and for not selecting other targets. Is there a way for the U.S. and other nations to select targets to minimize criticism? What if nations agreed on target lists in advance? Would such a list have other benefits? This article proposes the U.S. and other nations adopt a uniform target list as guidance for future bombing. A general target list, accepted in advance of any conflict, would limit criticism and build consensus in the international community that certain targets are appropriate. Such a consensus would make coalition military operations more efficient and build stronger coalitions for international actions. In particular, this article discusses the target list in Article 24(2) of the proposed Hague Rules of Air Warfare of 1923. This article also discusses the guidance of Articles 22 to 24 of those rules.
Results of cancer and leukemia group B protocol 8935 ☆ ☆☆ ★ ★★ ♢ ♢♢ ♦: A multiinstitutional phase II trimodality trial for stage IIIa (N2) non-small-cell lung cancer

Abstract From October 1989 to February 1992, 74 patients with mediastinoscopically staged IIIA (N2) non-small-cell lung cancer from 30 CALGB-affiliated hospitals received two cycles of preresectional cisplatin and vinblastine chemotherapy. Patients with responsive or stable disease underwent standardized surgical resection and radical lymphadenectomy. Patients who underwent resection received sequential adjuvant therapy with two cycles of cisplatin and vinblastine, followed by thoracic irradiation (54 Gy after complete resection and 59.4 Gy after incomplete resection or no resection at 1.8 Gy per fraction). There were no radiographic complete responses to the neoadjuvant chemotherapy, although 65 (88%) patients had either a response or no disease progression. During induction chemotherapy, disease progressed in seven patients (9%). Sixty-three patients (86%) had exploratory thoracotomy, and 46 of those (75%) had resectable lesions. A complete surgical resection was accomplished in 23 patients, and 23 patients had an incomplete resection with either a diseased margin or diseased highest node resected. Operative mortality was 3.2% (2/63). In 10 patients (22% of the 46 having resection) the disease was pathologically downstaged. There was no correlation between radiographic response to the induction chemotherapy and downstaging at surgical resection. The full protocol was completed by 33 patients (45% of original cohort). Overall survival at 3 years was 23%. Patients undergoing resection had significantly improved survival at 3 years compared with patients not having resection: 46% for complete resection (median 20.9 months), 25% for incomplete resection (median 17.8 months), and 0% for no resection (median 8.5 months). Five deaths occurred during the treatment period. A total of 18 of the 46 (39%) patients who underwent resection are either alive and disease-free or have died without recurrence. (J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG 1995; 109: 473-85)
Greenland ice sheet melt from MODIS and associated atmospheric variability.

Daily June-July melt fraction variations over the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) derived from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (2000-2013) are associated with atmospheric blocking forming an omega-shape ridge over the GIS at 500hPa height (from NCEPNCAR). Blocking activity with a range of time scales, from synoptic waves breaking poleward ( 5 days) to full-fledged blocks (5 days), brings warm subtropical air masses over the GIS controlling daily surface temperatures and melt. The temperature anomaly of these subtropical air mass intrusions is also important for melting. Based on the largest MODIS melt years (2002 and 2012), the area-average temperature anomaly of 2 standard deviations above the 14-year June-July mean, results in a melt fraction of 40 or more. Summer 2007 had the most blocking days, however atmospheric temperature anomalies were too small to instigate extreme melting.
How systematic is organized tropical convection within the MJO

[1] Recent theories of the dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) have been building on its multiscale structure. While it is observed that much of the convection within the MJO envelope is related to higher frequency equatorial waves, it is not known to what extent this organization is systematic from one MJO event to another. For instance, it is of interest to know whether MJO favors waves of particular types and propagation direction, and how this variability changes seasonally. This work presents a wavenumber-frequency spectral analysis of the MJO convective envelope, which indicates that there is no strong preferred scale of high frequency organization that is ubiquitous to the MJO. This null finding supports the use of convective parametrizations in modeling the MJO since, while moist convection is likely critical to its initiation and maintenance, the particular details of that organization may not be critical for its prediction and simulation.
cDNA cloning and characterization of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor from the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): a biomarker of dioxin susceptibility?

Abstract 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) are found at high concentrations in some marine mammals. Species differences in sensitivity to TCDD and PHAHs are a major limitation in assessing the ecological risk to these animals. Harbor seals accumulate high levels of PHAHs and are thought to be highly sensitive to the toxic effects of these compounds. To investigate the mechanistic basis for PHAH toxicity in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), we sought to characterize the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), an intracellular protein that is responsible for PHAH effects. Here we report the cDNA cloning and characterization of a harbor seal AHR. The harbor seal AHR cDNA has an open reading frame of 2529 nucleotides that encodes a protein of 843 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 94.6 kDa. The harbor seal AHR protein possesses basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and Per-ARNT-Sim (PAS) domains. It is most closely related to the beluga AHR (82%) and human AHR (79%) in overall amino acid identity, indicating a high degree of conservation of AHR structure between terrestrial and some marine mammals. The ligand binding properties of the harbor seal AHR were determined using protein synthesized by in vitro transcription and translation from the cloned cDNA. Velocity sedimentation analysis on sucrose gradients showed that the harbor seal AHR exhibits specific binding of [3H]TCDD. The [3H]TCDD-binding affinity of the harbor seal AHR was compared with that of the AHR from a dioxin-sensitive mouse strain (C57BL/6) using a hydroxylapatite assay. The equilibrium dissociation constants of seal and mouse AHRs were 0.93±0.19 and 1.70±0.26 nM, respectively. Thus, the harbor seal AHR bound TCDD with an affinity that was at least as high as that of the mouse AHR, suggesting that this seal species may be sensitive to PHAH effects. The characteristics of the AHR potentially can be used as a biomarker of susceptibility to dioxin-like compounds, contributing to the assessment of the risk of these compounds to marine mammals and other protected animals.
Family involvement in the behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A preliminary investigation

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of family involvement in the behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Two groups of OCD patients (14 in each group) received exposure and response prevention (ERP alone) individually from a trained behavior therapist. One group was in a family involvement group (FI), where 1 family member participated in an 8-week family-intervention group for each of the 14 FI patients. In the ERP-alone group, only individual behavior therapy was conducted. Results indicated that patients whose family member was involved in the FI group had a greater reduction in OCD symptoms than patients whose family member was not involved. Patients in the FI group also experienced a greater reduction in depressive symptoms. Furthermore, expressed emotion in treated family members diminished significantly more than those in the ERP-alone group. In addition, anxiety and depression were significantly lower in the family members of the FI group at the end of treatment. These gains were maintained at 1-month follow-up. The study suggests that there is an advantage to inclusion of family members during the behavior therapy of OCD patients.
Colorado: A New Chapter in its Perpetual Recovery

DOI 10.1515/cjpp-2012-0030 Calif. J. Politics Policy 2012; 4(3): 91–116 Research Article Scott T. Moore* Colorado: A New Chapter in its Perpetual Recovery Abstract: The 2010 election saw the election of Democrat John Hickenlooper as Colorado Governor as well as the sound defeat of financially crippling ballot initi- ates, ‘The Dirty Three.’ Combined with a new partisan split between the two leg- islative chambers and the term limitation of several extraordinarily experienced Joint Budget Committee members, the stage was set for new tensions and unan- ticipated compromises within Colorado’s legislative budget process. The new Governor, keen to appease House Republicans, negotiated K-12 cuts, employee pension cost-shifts, reserve fund recharging, cash fund transfers, tax exemption restoration, and cigarette sales tax renewal. At the same time, the legislature passed significant fee revenues while rebuffing Republican attempts to reduce fees established under Governor Ritter’s leadership. From strategic accommoda- tions with legislative Republicans thought both unnecessary by the Democrats, Hickenlooper emerged from the session as much a puzzle as opening day. To others was left the task of proposing structural solutions to the long term revenue problems faced by the state under its Taxpayers Bill of Rights. Keywords: 2010 Colorado elections; 2011–2012 budget; Colorado General Assem- bly; John Hickenlooper; state budgeting; state fiscal policy *Corresponding author: Scott T. Moore, PhD, Associate Professor of Political Science, Department of Political Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, e-mail: scott.moore@colostate.edu 1 Introduction The impacts of the 2010 elections figured heavily for the 2011 budget. That year, budgeting featured a partisan split between the two legislative chambers, impos- ing a 50–50 split on a very inexperienced Joint Budget Committee. At the same time, Colorado inaugurated a new governor in Democrat John Hickenlooper, a “pro-business Democrat” whose approach to state finances were to depart from those of his predecessor, Bill Ritter.
Theoretical perspective on posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder

This paper reviews theoretical considerations in the treatment of patients with the dual diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD). This dual diagnosis is shown to have features that are similar to other dual diagnoses, but also differences in some important areas. For example, in contrast to some other mental health diagnoses, PTSD may worsen with abstinence from substances; it is unique in potentially evoking symptoms of the disorder in the clinician; it may be easier to diagnose in the context of SUD; it may be more disavowed and underdiagnosed; it may require stage-based treatment; it may have more likelihood of recovery; and legal issues may be more prominent. Key themes of therapy for the dual diagnosis are described, as well as specific psychotherapies that have published empirical results. The need for more empirical research on the dual diagnosis is emphasised.
Effect of internal and translational energy on the NH3+(ν) + D2 ion-molecule reaction

Abstract Using 2+1 multiphoton ionization, NH 3 + is prepared in selected levels of the ν 2 bending mode (ν = 0−7) and the NH 3 + (ν) + D 2 reaction is studied as a function of the center-of-mass collision energy (1–10 eV). The exchange channel (NH 2 D + + HD or H + D) is enhanced by ion vibrational excitation whereas the addition channel (NH 3 D + + D) is almost unaffected.
The self-broadening of the resonance line of lithium at high densities

The self-broadening of the resonance line 2 S-2 P of lithium emitted by exploding lithium wire was determined by reconstructing the observed self-reversed line shape. The value obtained is much larger than that predicted by theory. However, by solving a simplified radiative transfer problem, agreement could be established between the theoretical half-width and the absorption half-width derived from the shape of the observed line.
ESTIMATION FOR NONNEGATIVE AUTOREGRESSIVE PROCESSES WITH AN UNKNOWN LOCATION PARAMETER

. Consider an AR(1) process given by Xt=γ+oXt+Zt≥ 1. where 0 ≤γ, 0 ≤o 1 are unknown parameters and the innovations Zt, ≥ 1, are independently and identically distributed positive random variables. We propose estimates of (γo) which are obtained as the solution to a linear programming problem and establish their strong consistency. When the Zts have the exponential distribution. our estimate becomes the conditional maximum likelihood estimate given X0. Under the assumption of regular variation of the innovation distribution at its left and right endpoints (assumed to be 0 and ∝ respectively), we establish asymptotic limit laws for the estimates. Consistent estimators for a class of moving-average processes with heavy-tailed innovation distribution are also presented.
Microwave oven-based technique for immunofluorescent staining of paraffin-embedded tissues

Immunohistochemical analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues can be challenging due to potential modifications of protein structure by exposure to formalin. Heat-induced antigen retrieval techniques can reverse reactions between formalin and proteins that block antibody recognition. Interactions between antibodies and antigens are further enhanced by microwave irradiation, which has simplified immunohistochemical staining protocols. In this report, we modify a technique for antigen retrieval and immunofluorescent staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues by showing that it works well with several antibodies and buffers. This microwave-assisted method for antigen retrieval and immunofluorescent staining eliminates the need for blocking reagents and extended washes, which greatly simplifies the protocol allowing one to complete the analysis in less than 3 h.
The atmospheric potential of biogenic volatile organic compounds from needles of white pine (Pinus strobus) in Northern Michigan

Abstract. The key role that biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) play in atmospheric chemistry requires a detailed understanding of how BVOC concentrations will be affected by environmental change. Large-scale screening of BVOC emissions from whole forest ecosystems is difficult with enclosure methods. Leaf composition of BVOC, as a surrogate for direct emissions, can more easily reflect the distribution of BVOC compounds in a forest. In this study, BVOC composition in needles of 92 white pine trees (Pinus strobus), which are becoming a large part of Midwest forests, are tracked for three summers at the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS). α-Pinene, the dominant terpene in all samples, accounts for 30–50% of all terpenes on a mole basis. The most abundant sesquiterpenoid was a C15 alcohol identified as germacrene D-4-ol. The relationship between limonene and total other monoterpenes shows two distinct trends in the population of these forests. About 14% (n = 13) of the trees showed high levels of limonene (up to 36% of the total BVOC) in the same trees every year. Assuming that needle concentrations scale with emission rate, we estimate that hydroxyl radical reactivity due to reaction with monoterpenes from white pine increases approximately 6% at UMBS when these elevated concentrations are included. We suggest that chemotypic variation within forests has the potential to affect atmospheric chemistry and that large-scale screening of BVOC can be used to study the importance of BVOC variation.
A room with a view: on-call specialist panels and other health policy challenges in the emergency department.

Abstract [Asplin BR, Knopp RK. A room with a view: on-call specialist panels and other health policy challenges in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. May 2001;37:500-503.]
Relationship of treatment to adjustment in women sexually abused as children

Abstract A sample of 57 nonclinical adult women who had been sexually abused as children were studied. Of the 36 women who received therapy, 20 reported that they were able successfully to resolve the issues related to their sexual abuse. Analysis of the data revealed that therapy directed specifically at the resolution of sexual abuse issues, or no therapy, resulted in perception of significantly better adjustment than any other type of therapeutic intervention. Marital, family, or individual therapy were equally effective in treating abused women. In addition, it was found that just under 25% of the women remained in therapy less than one month. There was no relationship between the amount of time in therapy and perception of successful therapy or subsequent adjustment. Quality of support system influenced the level of the subjects' adjustment to the trauma of sexual abuse. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Economic value added: A better measure for performance and compensation?

Economic value added has become increasingly popular as a decision-making tool—especially for measuring performance and compensation. Is it really better than using traditional measures like earnings per share (EPS) or Return on Equity (ROE)? © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Should all surfaces be reconstructed

The driving force for surface reconstruction is shown to be given by the (usually nonzero) difference between the surface energy and stress, leading to a ground state characterized by an isotropic stress tensor with vanishing shear components. The analytic results, illustrated by atomistic simulations of the missing row reconstruction of the Au(110) surface, permit likely reconstructions to be identified based on the stress and energy in the unreconstructed surface.
Differential Expression of the Actin Gene Family of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Molecular probes that individually recognize the 3′ nontranslated regions of six actin genes were utilized in RNA gel blot hybridizations to detect RNAs complementary to each gene in embryonic and adult tissues of Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus. In addition the probes were used in DNA excess filter hybridizations to estimate the relative contribution of the different actin genes. All six genes produce relatively stable mRNAs, and each displays a characteristic and distinct pattern of expression. On the basis of their expression in the egg, early embryos, or in adult coelomocytes, it is concluded that genes termed CyI, CyIIa, CyIIb, CyIIIa, and CyIIIb encode cytoskeletal actin proteins. Actin gene M gives rise to mRNAs that are found only in tissues containing muscle. Actin genes CyI, CyIIa, CyIIb, and M are expressed in both adult and embryonic tissues, giving rise to transcripts 2.1–2.2 kb in length. Expression of genes CyIIIa and CyIIIb is confined to the embryo. Gene CyIIIa provides the major embryonic actin mRNA, which is 1.8 kb in length. Three of the cytoskeletal actin genes are linked over a 30-kb distance in the S. purpuratus genome. We show that the actin genes included in this linkage group are not coordinately expressed.
Chronic Fibrous Tenonitis with Vitreous Hemorrhage and Choroidal Indentation

A 45-year-old white man had a bulbar subconjunctival mass, eyelid edema, and choroidal indentation. Biopsy of the subconjunctival mass revealed acute and chronic inflammation. One year later a spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage, choroidal folds, increased choroidal indentation, and serous retinal detachment were present. B-mode ultrasonography, operative findings, and biopsy revealed a chronic inflammatory mass with fibrosis confined to Tenon's capsule. Initial treatment with systemic corticosteroids resulted in no improvement, but mild progression occurred when the corticosteroids were tapered. Improvement occurred to the previous level of involvement when corticosteroids were reinstituted.
Imaging of colorectal carcinoma with radiolabeled antibodies.

Colorectal cancer has been the tumor type most frequently studied with radiolabeled antibodies. Among the various antibodies, a majority of patients with colorectal cancer have received xenogeneic polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies against carcino-embryonic antigen. This review summarizes the current status of colorectal cancer imaging with radiolabeled antibodies, ie, radioimmunodetection (RAID), and examines the published studies involving carcinoembronic antigen (CEA) antibodies and 17-1A, 19-9, and B72.3, and other monoclonal antibodies. In order to better address the issue of the current and future clinical usefulness of this emerging technology, particular attention is given to the protocols, methods, and results of the published studies. Depsite differences in study parameters, antibodies and forms, labels, administration routes and doses, and scanning instruments and methods, it has been found that (1) almost no adverse reactions have been evident; (2) antibody fragments are preferred over whole immunoglobulin G reagents because they achieve higher tumor-to-background ratios earlier, thus reducing or precluding the need for dual-isotope subtraction methods or long delays before imaging; (3) use of antibody fragments, including the monovalent Fab′ form, permits imaging with short-lived radionuclides of excellent photon properties, such as 123 I and 99m Tc; (4) circulating antigens against which the imaging antibody is directed can complex with the injected antibody, but such complexes have not prevented successful RAID; (5) patients with high serum tiers of the appropriate antigen target usually have higher rates of positive RAID; (6) patients who are seronegative for the tumor antigen being studied can have positive RAID findings, which can represent the detection of occult lesions; (7) single photon emission computed tomography appears to provide better image resolution than planar scanning;(8) regardless of the sensitivity reported in any particular study, almost all investigators have observed the disclosure of occult neoplasms by RAID; and (9) RAID, a more functional test of usually high specificity, can complement other radiological methods, such as computed tomography scans, which are limited to structural information.
The role of oxygen diffusion in photoinduced changes of the electronic and optical properties in amorphous indium oxide

A stable increase by as much as 108 in the conductivity of amorphous indium oxide to σ≥ 103Ω-1 cm−1 can be achieved by ultraviolet photoreduction. This treatment also increases the absorption coefficient, α(hυ), by up to a factor of 103 for hυ 3 x 10−12 cm2/s for oxygen at 300K is determined from a constant flow experiment. Oxygen diffusion is verified by secondary ion mass spectrometry with 18O. The functions α(hυ) and σ(T) are simulated as EF is varied using a simple density of states model appropriate for amorphous semiconductors. These simulations qualitatively agree with the experimental data if transitions from the conduction band tail to the conduction band are assumed to be forbidden.
A focussing low-angle neutron diffractometer

Abstract A converging non-reflecting Soller slit provides a focussed neutron beam for neutron scattering experiments.
Glucose and lactate concentrations during activity in the leopard frog,Rana pipiens

1. Resting blood metabolite concentrations were determined at 19 different times of the daily cycle (15°C, LD12:12). Blood glucose values for 151 frogs determined over a 6-month period yielded a mean level of 24.5±3.0 mg·100 ml−1 blood (mg%). Blood lactate values for 132 animals yielded a mean level of 31.0±12.3 mg%. 2. Blood glucose concentrations over a 24-hour period showed no diel cycle. Blood lactate values over a 24-hour period were much more erratic, but with a distinct peak one h after the onset of scotophase (1900 hrs CST), suggestive of a diurnal cycle. 3. No correlations were found between normal blood glucose and lactate concentrations and weight, sex, or season. 4. Faradic stimulation of 15- and 30 min duration were equally efficient in eliciting maximal lactate concentrations. A 2-min period of shocking was significantly less effective. 5. Stressed (i.e., due to strenuous exercise) blood metabolite concentrations forR. pipiens were determined 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 8.5 hrs following a 30-min period of Faradic stimulation from 1200 to 1230 hrs CST. Blood glucose levels increased from 20.9 to 57.2 mg% and blood lactate values increased from 18.6 to 99.5 mg% during a period of two hrs following stimulation; normal levels were again attained 4.0 hrs after the end of stimulation. 6. Resting liver, muscle, and total body lactate concentrations were 20.9±3.5, 76.8±17.5, and 44.7±12.5 mg 100 g−1 tissue wt. (mg%), respectively. Stressed tissue lactate levels were determined 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 7.5 hrs following the Faradic stimulation period. Immediately following the end of stimulation, liver, muscle, and total body lactate concentrations increased by factors of 4.6 (from 20.9 to 95.6 mg%), 3.2 (from 76.8 to 244.0 mg%), and 4.0 (from 44.7 to 180.8 mg%), respectively. After one h of recovery, all three lactate concentrations were reduced abruptly to approximately one-half the peak value and were maintained for several hrs before return to normal values after 7.5 hrs.
Flipped Classroom Strategies for CS Education

The basic principles of a flipped classroom teaching method are to deliver content outside of the class and to move active learning into the classroom. There are many strategies for delivering the content online, such as having instructors prepare online lectures, wrapping the course around a MOOC, and curating online videos from various sources. There are also many strategies for including active learning in the classroom that go beyond providing programming labs, and can include various forms of peer instruction. In this paper we describe our experiences flipping four different computer science classes across multiple semesters over two years. This breadth of experience with classroom flipping has enabled us to compare strategies and approaches and develop an understanding of which approaches appear to work under which circumstances. We discuss how we structured out-of-class preparatory work, how we created or sourced online videos, how we used active learning activities in-class to scaffold skills development and identify students' misconceptions, and how we structured teams for in class activities. This paper contributes a set of flexible strategies to consider for provision of curricular content out-of-class, structuring students' preparatory work, applying active learning of skills and concepts, and leveraging social interaction and peer instruction for CS education. We present the impact of our approaches based upon leading indicators of course evaluations and student surveys. We discuss lessons learned and students' responses to our strategies.
Application of sulphur isotopes for stratigraphic correlation

The sulphur isotopic composition of dissolved sulphate in seawater has varied considerably through time. Certain time intervals are characterised by distinct variations and a relatively high rate of change. These relatively rapid fluctuations allow for correlation of sediment sections using sulphur isotopes. Sulphur isotope reconstructions based on the analysis of carbonate associated sulphate or marine barite result in sulphur isotope records with an age resolution of 1–5 million years (Ma), and for some age intervals the resolution is<0.25 Ma. At these specific time intervals, where higher resolution records exist and excursions in the record are identified, the trends could be used for stratigraphic correlations. Such records are particularly useful in sections from deep marine sites that lack biostratigraphic controls or where biozones do not provide sufficient resolution.
Analysis of transverse flow in aligned fibrous porous media

Abstract The permeability of preform materials used in liquid moulding processes such as resin transfer moulding and structural reaction injection moulding is a complex function of weave pattern, packing characteristics, tow structure and intra-tow properties. The development of tools for predicting permeability as a function of these parameters is of great practical importance because such capability would speed process design and optimization, and provide a step towards establishing processing-performance relations. In this study, transverse flow in aligned fibrous porous media has been investigated. A semi-analytical model based on lubrication analysis is derived to predict the effect of tow shape and intra-tow permeability on the overall bed permeability for flow through rectangular arrays of porous elliptical cylinders. The Brinkman equation is used to model flow inside the porous structures, and the Stokes equation to model flow in the open media between the structures. The model predictions are verified by comparing with rigorous finite element calculations. The model shows that the influence of the intra-tow permeability on the overall bed permeability increases with inter-tow packing, and increasing degree of tow ellipticity. The influence is particularly critical for ‘stacked’ geometries for which previous models predict a zero permeability. A method for predicting intra-tow permeability is also proposed and investigated by comparing the model predictions for overall bed permeability with some experimental data for flow in a model porous medium. The comparison shows that use of the method enables the experimentally measured permeability value to be properly bounded.
Rhetorical structure: Truth and method in weaver's epistemology

The rhetorical problem of concretizing the ideal is explored via the relationship between form and fact in Richard Weaver's theory of truth. The investigation reveals that reliance on analogic form permits Weaver's arguments to function externally as if empirically grounded and internally in the analytic fashion of logico‐mathematical reasoning. Explication of Weaver's rhetorical method suggests that analogic structure, example, and analogy are fundamental ways of rhetorical knowing.
Comment about the far-infrared absorption by small particles

It is shown that the agreement between measurements of the far-infrared absorption by small-palladium-particle composites and recently published calculations which used a size-distribution-dependent effective dielectric function was caused by the use of a low-frequency expansion for the magnetic dipole absorption at frequencies where this expansion was no longer valid. When the complete magnetic dipole absorption is used, theory predicts an absorption substantially smaller than is observed.
Chronic stress effects on memory: sex differences in performance and monoaminergic activity

Increasing evidence suggests that the time course of advantageous versus deleterious effects of stress on physiologic function is also apparent in some brain functions, including learning and memory. This article reviews the effects of chronic stress on behavioral performance and, more importantly, shows that sex of the subject, as well as duration and intensity of stress, is an important determinant of the functional/behavioral, neurochemical, and anatomical consequences of the stress. Following chronic stress (7-28 days of restraint, 6 h/day), male and female rats were tested on a visual memory task (object recognition) and two spatial memory tasks (object placement and radial arm maze). At 21 days, stress impaired males on all tasks while females were either enhanced (spatial memory tasks) or not impaired (nonspatial memory tasks). Additionally, the influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in mediating the sex-specific responses to stress is considered. Behavioral and neurochemical assessments following chronic stress in ovariectomized females, with and without estradiol, suggest that estrogen exerts both organizational and activational influences on the observed sex differences in response to stress. Furthermore, stress differentially affected central transmitter levels in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala depending on sex. The possible role of these sex-specific changes in neurotransmitter levels in mediating behavioral differences in response to stress is discussed. While these results are thus far limited to a few studies and require both further investigation and verification, chronic stress appears to be associated with distinct, sex-differentiated behavioral/cognitive and neurochemical responses. We conclude that sex differences must be taken into account when investigating or describing stress and associated sequalae.
Germ-Cell Loss Extends C. elegans Life Span through Regulation of DAF-16 by kri-1 and Lipophilic-Hormone Signaling

In C. elegans, removing the germ cells extends life span by triggering the nuclear localization and activation of the DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor in the intestine. In this study, we identify and analyze genes required for germline removal to extend life span. We find that the reproductive system communicates with the intestine through lipophilic-hormone signaling and that a gene called kri-1 is likely to act in the intestine to promote DAF-16 nuclear localization in response to this signal. This lipophilic-signaling pathway and kri-1 are not required for DAF-16's nuclear localization and life-span extension in animals with decreased insulin/IGF-1 signaling. Thus, this pathway specifically enables the integration of cues from the reproductive system with central DAF-16-activation pathways to influence the aging of the animal.
Using corrected serum chloride and predicted bicarbonate concentrations to interpret acid-base status in dogs.

Background Changes in water balance and the presence of unmeasured anions perturb the inverse relationship between serum chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO3) concentrations in people, affecting accurate interpretation of acid-base status. Objectives The aim of this study was to demonstrate that corrected serum Cl and predicted HCO3 concentrations, based on serum sodium (Na) concentration and anion gap (AG), would be inversely correlated and could be used to better characterize causes of acid-base disorders in dogs. Methods In this retrospective study, electrolyte data from dogs with at least one abnormality in serum Na, Cl, or HCO3 concentrations were analyzed. Profiles were classified before and after calculations using 2 methods, a modified Feldman and an institutional method, to correct Cl concentration and predict HCO3 concentrations based on Na concentration and AG. Dogs were classified as low (L), normal (N), or high (H) based on Cl (first letter) and HCO3 (second letter) concentrations, as follows: LL, LN, LH, NL, NN, NH, HL, HN, or HH. Results For profiles from 261 dogs, reclassifying corrected Cl and predicted HCO3 concentrations resulted in a shift from the initial classification into a different one in 73% of dogs; in most cases, the shift was to LH, NN, or HL categories. Albumin concentration was a significant factor in acid-base balance. Conclusions When interpreting acid-base status based on results of a standard biochemical panel, erroneous conclusions can be drawn if concentrations of Na, unmeasured anions, and albumin are not taken into account. The inverse relationship between serum Cl and HCO3 concentrations may be used to identify frequent acid-base disorders as well as to unmask abnormalities obscured by irregularities in water balance or AG.
THE GEOMETRY OF ASSET ADJUSTMENT WITH ADJUSTMENT COSTS

This paper provides a geometric analysis of asset adjustment behavior in response to changes in expected return and wealth. The analysis permits discussion of the role of different adjustment cost and risk attitude assumptions within a unified framework. It is shown that changes in expected return generally induce portfolio revision only if the marginal rate of substitution between assets is less than their relative marginal costs of adjustment. Wealth disturbances may induce sequential, rather than simultaneous, asset adjustment if marginal adjustment costs are constant or decreasing and the investor is risk neutral.
An electronic checkerboard pattern generator for vision research.

Abstract A pattern generator for vision research using a television has been described. The device is capable of generating either bar or checkerboard patterns with several different bar or check sizes in either a pattern reversal or appearance—disappearance stimulating mode. The system can be built for approximately $ 300 including the T.V. Data indicate that it is an effective stimulus and results are consistent with those of other investigators.
Accept/reject decisions and failure prediction for structural ceramics: Application to failure from voids

A general probabilistic method for reaching accept/reject decisions and failure prediction based on nondestructive evaluation procedures is described. The method is illustrated for ceramic materials that fail by the activation of microcracks located at void surfaces. The inspection procedure used for the analysis is the long wavelength ultrasonic method. The analysis indicates influences on the decision level and on the false-reject probability of variations in the signal-to-noise ratio and in the preexistent void population. The ultrasonic inspection is shown to exert a relatively minor influence on the false-reject probability, even for low signal-to-noise ratios, low stresses, and a widely dispersed void population, because of the intrinsic variability of the selected failure process. More encouraging results concerning the utility of NDE are anticipated to apply to other failure mechanisms in ceramics.
Bifidobacterium-selective isolation and enumeration from chicken caeca by a modified oligosaccharide antibiotic-selective agar medium.

Aims: To determine the efficacy and selectivity of an acidified, antibiotic-selective, oligosaccharide-containing media for enumerating Bifidobacterium spp. from chicken caeca samples. Methods and Results: Transoligosaccharide propionate agar medium (TOS) modified by addition of mupirocin (50 μg ml−1) and glacial acetic acid (1%, v/v), did not inhibit the growth of bifidobacteria compared with the control media yet inhibited the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus helveticus and Streptococcus gordonii. Conclusions: Addition of mupirocin (50 μg ml−1) and glacial acetic acid (1%, v/v) to TOS (TOS-AM50), is an effective selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Bifidobacterium spp. from chicken caeca samples. Significance and Impact of the Study: The development of an intestinal bifidobacteria-selective media contributes to the study of probiotics and prebiotics in poultry and potentially other species.
Functional properties of protein extracted from flaked, defatted, whole corn by ethanol/alkali during sequential extraction processing

Functional properties (solubility, foaming capacity and stability, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, heat coagulability, heat gelation and film formation) of protein extracted by 45% ethanol/55% 0.1 M NaOH from flaked, defatted, undergermed corn during the Sequential Extraction Process (SEP) were evaluated and compared with those of a laboratory-prepared soy protein concentrate. SEP is a new approach to corn fractionation that recycles the ethanol produced from the fermentation of cornstarch to unstream steps of protein extraction and the simultaneous extraction of corn oil and dehydration of the ethanol. Freeze-dried corn protein extracts contained at least 80% crude protein (dry basis), which is indicative of protein concentrates. SEP protein concentrates had solubilities in water of greater than 80% at pH values of 7 or above and were significantly more soluble than the soy protein concentrate at pH above 3. SEP corn proteins also showed better heat stabilities and greater emulsifying capacities and emulsion stabilities. Dilute dispersions (0.1%) of corn protein produced substantial but less stable foams. Corn proteins produced films similar to zein and soy protein films but were unable to form heat-induced gels. These results indicate that SEP produces a protein concentrate with functional properties suitable for food and industrial uses.
Band splitting in overloaded isocratic elution chromatography II. New competitive adsorption isotherms.

The equations of two new binary competitive isotherms models are derived. The first of these models assumes that the isotherms of the two pure, single compounds have distinct monolayer capacities. Its derivation is based on kinetic arguments. The ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) framework was applied to derive the second model that is a thermodynamically consistent competitive isotherm. This second model predicts the competitive adsorption isotherm behavior of a mixture of two compounds that have single-component adsorption behavior following a BET and/or a Langmuir isotherms. Both models apply well to the binary adsorption of ethylbenzoate and 4-tert.-butylphenol on a Kromasil-C18 column (with methanol–water, 62:38, v/v, as the mobile phase). The best single-solute adsorption isotherms of these two compounds are the liquid–solid extended multilayer BET and the Langmuir isotherms, respectively. The kinetic and thermodynamic new competitive models were compared, regarding the accuracy of their prediction of the elution band profiles of mixtures of these two compounds. A better agreement between experimental and calculated profiles was observed with the kinetic model. The IAS model failed because the behavior of the ethylbenzoate/4-tert.-butylphenol adsorbed phase mixture is probably non-ideal. The most striking result is the qualitative prediction by these models of the peak splitting of 4-tert.-butylphenol during its elution in presence of ethylbenzoate.
Gendered Constructions of Power During Discourse About Sexual Harassment: Negotiating Competing Meanings

A qualitative study using same-sex and mixed-sex focus groups and stimulated recall interviews was designed to identify and explore gendered constructions of power during discourse about sexual harassment. It was discovered that the men tended to construct power as hierarchically held by individuals with formal authority. Consequently, they tended to view sexual harassers as managers and supervisors. Women tended to view power as a negotiated process in which power was gained and lost through interactions. Consequently, the women tended to perceive all members of an organization as possible harassers. When these men and women were given an opportunity to discuss these issues during mixed gendered interactions, they failed to recognize the gendered constructions of power. Implications are discussed.
Phagocyte Impotence Caused by an Invasive Bacterial Adenylate Cyclase

For unknown reasons, humans infected with the bacterium Bordetella pertussis are exceptionally vulnerable to secondary infections. Bordetella species elaborate a soluble, heat-stable, and highly active adenylate cyclase. This enzyme is internalized by phagocytic cells and catalyzes the unregulated formation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), thereby disrupting normal cellular function. This unusual phenomenon may explain Bordetella-induced aphylaxis and may prove to be useful for investigating a variety of cyclic AMP-governed processes.
A dimensional analysis for determining optimal discharge and penstock diameter in impulse and reaction water turbines

Abstract This paper presents a dimensional analysis for determining optimal flow discharge and optimal penstock diameter when designing impulse and reaction turbines for hydropower systems. The aim of this analysis is to provide general insights for minimizing water consumption when producing hydropower. This analysis is based on the geometric and hydraulic characteristics of the penstock, the total hydraulic head and the desired power production. As part of this analysis, various dimensionless relationships between power production, flow discharge and head losses were derived. These relationships were used to withdraw general insights on determining optimal flow discharge and optimal penstock diameter. For instance, it was found that for minimizing water consumption, the ratio of head loss to gross head should not exceed about 15%. Two examples of application are presented to illustrate the procedure for determining optimal flow discharge and optimal penstock diameter for impulse and reaction turbines.
Systolic Lattice Processing And Ultr.Af.Ast Pulse Shaping By Optical Coupled-Wave Device Arrays

We propose to implement systolic sampled-data lattice processors optically by means of linear integrated optics arrays of coupled-wave devices such as switched directional couplers and TE-TM mode converters, and indicate some potential signal processing applications such as discrete time and analog frequency filtering and optical pulse compression.