cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronology of weathered materials and soil age determination in pedostratigraphic sequences

Abstract Subdivision of weathered (soil) continuums on the basis of age relationships often proves to be a difficult and contentious issue. Geochronological separation of weathered materials is normally achieved by application of absolute and relative dating methods. Radiocarbon residence times, uranium series dating, zircon-fission track ages, and thermoluminescence techniques have, for example, been used to estimate the timing of weathering events. Because many weathered materials are not amenable to isotopic age determination, relative dating methodologies which employ sedimentologic and stratigraphic principles have been applied to advantage in the chronological ordering of weathering mantles. Particle-size grading downslope and provenance of litho- and pedo-relicts help identify soil-sedimentary sequences. Interpretation of soil—geomorphic relationships, lithologic discontinuities, and pedogenetic overprinting as well as concepts of relative and effective soil age, micromorphological analysis of soil fabric sequences and investigation of skeleton grain morphologies are useful in the reconstruction of weathered sedimentary environments. Surface textures and mineral grain shapes in particular seem to offer clues to mineral provenance and geochronology of weathered deposits.
Estimation of creatinine clearance in patients with unstable renal function, without a urine specimen.

Background: There is a significant need to estimate creatinine clearance easily in acutely ill patients with unstable renal function, who have rapidly changing serum creatinine values and who need careful individualization of drug dosage, all without the problems associated with having to collect the traditional carefully timed urine specimen. Method: The daily change in the total amount of creatinine is the difference between its production and excretion. Production is estimated based on studies by others, using many carefully timed urine specimens. Daily creatinine production is related both to age and to the serum creatinine concentration. Urinary excretion of creatinine is equal to creatinine clearance times the average of a pair of timed serum creatinine concentrations, times the duration of the collection (usually 24 h). Results: Good correlation was found between conventional measured creatinine clearances and the estimated values. The estimates had a precision essentially equal to that of the traditional method. Conclusions: One can now estimate the creatinine clearance which makes serum creatinine change from an initial concentration at one stated time to another concentration at another stated time, for a patient of a stated age, gender, height and weight, without requiring a urine specimen. This method has been incorporated into software to perform the calculations easily and rapidly, and has been integrated into the USC*PACK PC programs for planning, monitoring and adjusting individualized dosage regimens of drugs.
An Overview of the U. S. Department of Energy's Waste Management Program

The purpose of this paper is to describe the nuclear waste management program of the Department of Energy (DOE) including the effect of the recent report of a Presidentially-appointed Interagency Review Group (IRG) on the program. The paper summarizes the historical background of some key issues relating to nuclear wastes; lists the major recommendations of the IRG report; and reviews the elements of the DOE program and the changes which might be made as a result of the IRG report.
Selective exposure to information and cognitive dissonance

Abstract Despite numerous attempts, the selective exposure prediction of Festinger's ( A theory of cognitive dissonance . Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson, 1957) theory of cognitive dissonance has not been consistently demonstrated. In previous studies, this failure can be attributed to design deficiencies, and other related problems. The present study manipulated dissonance by having subjects write a counterattitudinal essay under conditions of high or low choice. Information in the form of pamphlets and discussion groups was offered to the subjects such that they could choose information that was consonant and dissonant with the decision to write the essay. The information was offered either before or after an attitude measure on the essay topic, as the attitude measure could also be a source of dissonance reduction. The results indicate that the high choice manipulation yielded greater attitude change than the low-choice manipulation. High-choice subjects desired consonant information more and dissonant information less than did low-choice subjects. This effect was found for both measures of information desire (pamphlets and discussion groups). Low-choice subjects who received the attitude questionnaire before the information measures wanted information more than if offered the information before the attitude questionnaire, implying a sensitizing effect produced by the attitude questionnaire for the low-choice subjects. The various effects are discussed as providing support for predictions from Festinger's dissonance theory.
Effect of gibberellic Acid on elongation and longevity of coleus petioles.

The effects of gibberellic acid on the longevity and elongation of variously aged, debladed petioles of Coleus blumei were studied, with particular reference to the hypotheses 1) that auxin increases longevity by increasing growth, and 2) that gibberellic acid acts by increasing the endogenous levels of auxin.Gibberellic acid, substituted for the leaf blades, significantly decreased longevity of younger petioles, as measured by days or hours to abscission. Gibberellic acid also decreased the longevity resulting from 0.1% indoleacetic acid. This is the opposite of the effect expected if it is increasing auxin levels in the petiole.In its effect on elongation of younger petioles, however, gibberellic acid did act in the direction expected if it were increasing effective levels of auxin in the petiole. The elongation rate from 0.1% gibberellic acid plus 0.1% indoleacetic acid in lanolin was as large or larger than that for 1.0% indoleacetic acid.Petioles which were 10 or more weeks old (i.e., at positions 5+ below the apical bud were not affected by 0.1% gibberellic acid in either longevity or rate of elongation, with or without 0.1% indoleacetic acid. Since 1.0% indoleacetic acid increases both longevity and elongation rate of these petioles over 0.1% indoleacetic acid, gibberellic acid is clearly not acting on older petioles as if it were increasing effective auxin levels).
Study of highly selective and efficient thiol derivatization using selenium reagents by mass spectrometry.

This paper reports a systemic mass spectrometry (MS) investigation of a novel strategy for labeling biological thiols, involving the cleavage of the Se−N bond by thiol to form a new Se−S bond. Our data show that the reaction is highly selective, rapid, reversible, and efficient. Among 20 amino acids, only cysteine is reactive toward Se−N containing reagents and the reaction occurs in seconds. With the addition of dithiothreitol, peptides derivatized by selenium reagents can be recovered. The high reaction selectivity and reversibility provide potential in both selective identification and isolation of thiols from mixtures. Also, with dependence on the selenium reagent used, derivatized peptide ions exhibit tunable dissociation behaviors (either facile cleavage or preservation of the formed Se−S bond upon collision-induced dissociation), a feature that is useful in proteomics studies. Equally importantly, the thiol derivatization yield is striking, as reflected by 100% conversion of protein β-lactoglobulin...
AFTER LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS

▪ Abstract Legal consciousness as a theoretical concept and topic of empirical research developed to address issues of legal hegemony, particularly how the law sustains its institutional power despite a persistent gap between the law on the books and the law in action. Why do people acquiesce to a legal system that, despite its promises of equal treatment, systematically reproduces inequality? Recent studies have both broadened and narrowed the concept's reach, while sacrificing much of the concept's critical edge and theoretical utility. Rather than explaining how the different experiences of law become synthesized into a set of circulating schemas and habits, the literature tracks what particular individuals think and do. Because the relationships among consciousness and processes of ideology and hegemony often go unexplained, legal consciousness as an analytic concept is domesticated within what appear to be policy projects: making specific laws work better for particular groups or interests.
Academic Self-Handicapping: What We Know, What More There is to Learn

Some students put off studying until the last minute, fool around the night before a test, and otherwise reduce effort so that if their subsequent performance is low, these circumstances will be seen as the cause rather than lack of ability. These strategies are called self-handicapping because they often undermine performance. In this paper, we begin with a definition of academic self-handicapping. Next, we review our research in which we used achievement goal theory as a framework for examining academic handicapping among elementary and middle school students. We discuss the implications of the recent conceptualization of approach and avoidance components of performance goals for handicapping. We conclude with a consideration of some potentially fruitful future directions for research on academic self-handicapping, focusing particularly on individual differences in handicapping, contextual influences, and the methods used to study handicapping.
High-Concentration Mirror-Based Kohler Integrating System for Tandem Solar Cells

A novel two-mirror high concentration nonimaging optic has been designed that shares the advantages of present two mirror aplanatic imaging concentrators but also overcomes their main limitation of trade-off between acceptance angle and irradiance uniformity. A system concept has been defined, and a first prototype in under development.
Low Serum Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Increased Arterial Stiffness in Youth With Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE Adult studies demonstrate that low vitamin D (25[OH]D) is an independent risk factor for arterial stiffness. Similar studies have not been conducted in youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective was to elicit the association between 25[OH]D and arterial stiffness in obese youth with and without T2DM. We hypothesized that 25[OH]D would be inversely correlated with arterial stiffness indices, including pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), and brachial distensibility (BrachD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional analysis was conducted in Cincinnati, OH from 2004 to 2010. 25[OH]D, PWV, AIx, and BrachD were measured in 190 youth with T2DM, 190 obese control subjects without T2DM, and 190 lean control subjects without T2DM. Multivariate analyses were conducted to elicit the independent association between 25[OH]D and arterial stiffness indices by group. RESULTS The mean age was 17.9 ± 3.4 years, 55% were African American, and 34% were male. The mean 25[OH]D levels were 21.27, 14.29, and 14.13 ng/mL in lean individuals, obese individuals, and obese individuals with T2DM, respectively ( P P CONCLUSIONS 25[OH]D is inversely associated with some measures of arterial stiffness in lean adolescents and obese adolescents with T2DM but not in obese normoglycemic adolescents. Future studies are needed to determine if supplemental 25[OH]D is important for cardiovascular health.
The role of bicarbonate ions and of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in chloride transport by epithelial cells of bullfrog small intestine.

In an HCO3-free medium, isolated segments of bullfrog small intestine, stripped of their external muscle layers, displayed a small, serosal positive PD that did not, on the average, differ significantly from zero. Similarly, in this medium, the mean values of Isc and of net Na+ and Cl- absorption under short-circuit conditions did not differ significantly from zero. External HCO3- (25 mM) induced a highly significant serosal negative PD and Isc and a large net absorption of Cl-. Net Cl- absorption exceeded Isc, i.e., there was a significant net flux, JR, which was consistent with a net secretion of HCO3-. The ratio of the internal Cl-activity of the absorptive cells (alpha Cli) to its equilibrium value was larger in the presence than in the absence of HCO3-. In the presence of HCO3-, cAMP, added to the serosal medium, reversed the serosal negative PD and Isc, and inhibited, though it did not completely abolish, net Cl- absorption. JR was unchanged; tissue Cl- and alpha Cli were reduced, and tissue Na+ decreased and tissue K+ increased. When HCO3- and Cl- were removed from the bathing medium, the electrical response of the tissue to cAMP, though greatly attenuated, was not completely abolished. Under these conditions, cAMP induced a significant net Na+ absorption. A model for ion transport in the absorptive cells of the small intestine is proposed that is consistent with these findings.
My road to Øjvind Winge, the father of yeast genetics.

THIS essay honors the memory of my very dear Danish mentor, Professor Ojvind Winge. It combines my personal recollections about him from the late 1940s with a biographical sketch that highlights several aspects of his illustrious career. I stress mainly his contributions to yeast genetics, because
Gas Exchange in Body Cavities

The sections in this article are: 1 Types of Gas Cavities 1.1 Open Nonventilated Cavities 1.2 Closed Rigid Cavities 1.3 Closed Collapsible Cavities 2 Theory 2.1 Homogeneity of Geometric Parameters 2.2 Steady-State and Spatially Uniform Gas Phase 2.3 Steady-State and Spatially Linear Tissue Phase 2.4 Convective Blood Transport 2.5 Unidirectional Tissue Transport 2.6 Perfusion Versus Diffusion Domination (Limitation) 3 Measurements of Gas Flux in Cavities 4 Composition of Gas in Cavities 5 Total Gas Pressure in Tissue 6 Nonsteady State 7 Exchange of O2 and CO2 8 Models of Gas Flux from Cavities — Perfusion Versus Diffusion Limitation 9 Multiple Inert Gases 10 Very Small Collapsible Cavities: Bubbles 11 Supersaturation and Bubble Growth 12 Summary
Universality, inclusion, and continuity: implications for pediatrics.

Generalists tend to be broad, universal, and holistic in how they view children and communities, more lumpers than splitters. Universality, inclusion, and continuity are three concepts that help inform the work of academic general pediatricians in policy and research. Webster's defines universality as “the quality or state of including or covering all… without limit or notable exception.” Inclusion is defined as “to take in, enfold, or comprise… as a part of a larger aggregate,” the opposite of exclusion. Continuity is an “uninterrupted connection or succession; close union of parts.” This article addresses applications of these concepts in four areas: 1) eligibility for programs and services; 2) continuities in the health of children; 3) program coordination, consolidation, and demonstrations; and 4) the implications for general pediatric research and policy. Determining program eligibility requires finding ways to include and exclude people, unless programs are universal. The strong American tradition has been to set up exclusionary eligibility categories and distinctions for most public programs. Consider first health insurance. Debates on universal health insurance in the United States began more than 75 years ago. The Ambulatory Pediatric Association and other general pediatric groups have long argued for universal coverage for America's children and adolescents. Yet, the United States remains one of the few industrialized countries lacking universal access to health insurance. The lack of universal inclusion and the presence of multiple eligibility categories make access to services difficult for families. Changes in Medicaid law in the 1980s broke the link between welfare and Medicaid eligibility.1,,2 Yet, of the millions of children who became eligible under new Medicaid categories, only one third have enrolled over the last 10 to 15 years, partly because many families never understood the new and different categories and states never developed effective strategies to market them.3 … Address correspondence to James M. Perrin, MD, Division of General Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, WACC 715, Boston, MA 02114.
Comparison of open water and thin ice areas derived from satellite passive microwave data with aircraft measurements and satellite infrared data in the Bering Sea

For enhanced accuracy in the determination of heat fluxes in the polar regions, estimates of ice thickness are necessary. Only passive microwave sensors provide daily global surface information, but ice thickness is not directly measurable from this data source. Nevertheless, different ice types, associated with a certain thickness, are distinguishable resulting from different emissivities. Two methods using SSM/I data for this discrimination are compared with satellite infrared data and aircraft measurements. The SSM/I results are in good agreement with those data. Therefore, either method should greatly improve heat flux calculations.
Integrating Evidence Into Clinical Diagnosis

In busy clinical practice, diagnosis is our daily bread. All day, every day, we confront patients’ predicaments in which both of us want to know what is the matter. Many diagnostic tests are already available to help us, with more being developed all the time. Increasingly, diagnostic tests are undergoing rigorous evaluations of their accuracy and usefulness, with the results published as clinical care research (1). How can the results of this clinical care research be incorporated into our diagnostic decision making? This chapter addresses this topic, by starting with some illustrative cases, considering different modes of diagnostic thought, and then examining how evidence can be integrated into clinical diagnosis.
Superselective ophthalmic angiography for diagnostic and therapeutic use.

Until recently, the use of superselective orbital angiography for the diagnosis of orbital vascular lesions has rarely been attempted because of the technical difficulty of the procedure. However, recent advances in catheter technology have made it easier to perform superselective catheterization of the ophthalmic artery. We describe the use of this technique for orbital interventional procedures
Reliability Demonstration Through Degradation Bogey Testing

Bogey testing, also known as zero-failure testing, is used in industry to demonstrate reliability at a high confidence level. This test method is simple to apply; however, it requires excessive test time and/or a large sample size, and thus is often unaffordable. For some products, a failure is defined in terms of a performance characteristic exceeding a specified threshold. For these products, it is possible to measure the performance characteristic at different times during testing. The measurement data can be employed to predict whether or not a test unit will fail by the end of the test. When there are sufficient data to make such a prediction with a high degree of confidence, the test of the unit can be terminated. As a result, the test time is reduced. This paper develops a method for degradation bogey testing to reduce test time. In particular, the paper describes degradation modeling, and the calculation of the conditional failure probability of a test unit. Then we develop the optimum test plans, which choose the sample size, and the expected test time, by minimizing the total test cost, and simultaneously satisfying the constraints on the type II error and available sample size. Sensitivity analysis shows that the optimum test plans are robust against the preestimates of model parameters. The paper also presents decision rules for terminating the test of a unit. The proposed method is illustrated with an example. The application shows that the method is effective in reducing test time.
Infantile Hemangiomas: An Update on Pathogenesis and Therapy

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common vascular tumors of childhood, affecting ~5% of all infants. Although most lesions proliferate and then involute with minimal consequence, a significant minority can be disfiguring, functionally significant, or, rarely, life-threatening. Recent discoveries concerning hemangioma pathogenesis provide both an improved understanding and more optimal approach to workup and management. Important detrimental associations can be seen with IH, such as significant structural anomalies associated with segmental IH. Standards of care have dramatically changed evaluation and management of hemangiomas. The goal of timely recognition and therapy is to minimize or eliminate long-term sequelae. New modalities, such as oral propranolol, provide the caregiver with better therapeutic options, which can prevent or minimize medical risk or scarring, but the side effect profile and risk-benefit ratio of such interventions must always be evaluated before instituting therapy.
Relative Reinforcing Effects of Three Opioids with Different Durations of Action

The role of duration of action on the relative reinforcing effects of three opioid drugs (fentanyl, alfentanil, and remifentanil) was evaluated. Duration and onset of action were determined using measures of respiratory depression and antinociception after i.v. administration. Effects on minute volume of respiration indicated that each of the three opioids had immediate onsets of action after i.v. administration. Fentanyl's duration of suppression of respiration and antinociception was longer than that of alfentanil, which was longer than that of remifentanil. Reinforcing strength was measured in i.v. self-administration studies in which the fixed ratio resulting in drug administration was increased from one session to the next. Comparisons were made of the behavioral economic variables P max and area under the demand curve ( O max). Remifentanil maintained higher rates of responding than did alfentanil, and alfentanil maintained higher rates of responding than did fentanyl. When normalized demand functions were compared, however, the drugs did not differ significantly from each other in terms of P max or O max. These data agree with those of others who have suggested that duration of action is not an important contributor to drugs' reinforcing strength.
Assessing the early observers: cloth and the fabric of society in 19th‐century northern Thai kingdoms

Archival sources have presented contradictory assessments of the social significance of textiles in northern Thailand. Using oral histories and archival sources, this article clarifies the important role of textiles in differentiating classes in 19th-century northern Thai society. Focusing on cotton and silk, it argues that an analysis of the social process of textile production helps reveal the cultural significance of these class differences. It concludes by suggesting that an analysis of a society's political economy provides useful insights into the semiotics of consumption and an important methodology for historical anthropology. [Thailand, textiles, peasants, history, class, silk]
The Role of Reproductive Psychiatry in Women’s Mental Health

Reproductive psychiatry, as a medical subspecialty, focuses on women’s potential psychiatric symptoms during times of hormonal change. Worldwide, women bear a disproportionately large burden of mental illness with rates of depression that are twice as high as those in men and elevated levels of almost all anxiety disorders. For the 30–40 years between menarche and menopause, women experience hormonal fluctuations monthly with their menstrual cycle; significant hormonal shifts with each pregnancy and postpartum period; and erratic hormone changes during perimenopause. Many women experience infertility or pregnancy loss as well. All of these hormonal changes can leave women vulnerable to psychiatric symptoms of mood, anxiety, and thought disorders. This chapter describes the emerging field of reproductive psychiatry, including training programs, opportunities for continuing education, and the basics of screening and assessment. It also highlights the clinical, ethical, and legal challenges of psychopharmacology in women’s mental health, particularly in pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Implementing Change in a Research University: Constructivist Team Teaching in a General Education Teacher Education Program

Several years ago the special education faculty of the University of Washington changed their focus to include more emphasis on participation in the preparation of general elementary and secondary educators in a newly designed masters level teacher preparation program, This change process, described in Affleck and Lowenbraun's (1995) article "Managing Change in a Research University, " included team teaching in general education as a major commitment of the faculty. The current article describes in detail the planning and implementation of a team-taught two-course sequence for secondary educators entitled Adolescent Development and Education. This course includes substantial information on disability and special education. Our approach to team teaching, based on a constructivist model of learning, is illustrated through the presentation of specific learning activities, evaluation procedures and student reactions.
Prosthodontic treatment of a patient taking nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates to preserve the integrity of the epithelial attachment: A clinical report

Osteonecrosis of the jaw has been identified in recent years as an unfortunate potential side effect for patients taking nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. Many authors have attempted unsuccessfully to elucidate the mechanism behind this drug-induced malady, leaving dentists with unclear guidelines on how to treat these patients. Recent literature suggests a threshold-related impairment of epithelial cell migration over bone. A conservative, non-invasive approach aimed at preserving the epithelial attachment in a patient on a long-term oral alendronate protocol is described. The advantage of this approach is to prevent a highly destructive bone degenerative process that does not have a clear and predictable treatment protocol.
Reduction of Global Plant Production due to Droughts from 2001 to 2010: An Analysis with a Process-Based Global Terrestrial Ecosystem Model

AbstractDroughts dramatically affect plant production of global terrestrial ecosystems. To date, quantification of this impact remains a challenge because of the complex plant physiological and biochemical processes associated with drought. Here, this study incorporates a drought index into an existing process-based terrestrial ecosystem model to estimate the drought impact on global plant production for the period 2001–10. Global Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) gross primary production (GPP) data products are used to constrain model parameters and verify the model algorithms. The verified model is then applied to evaluate the drought impact. The study indicates that droughts will reduce GPP by 9.8 g C m−2 month−1 during the study period. On average, drought reduces GPP by 10% globally. As a result, the global GPP decreased from 106.4 to 95.9 Pg C yr−1 while the global net primary production (NPP) decreased from 54.9 to 49.9 Pg C yr−1. This study revises the estimation of the global ...
Using ShellInABox to improve web interaction in computing courses

ShellInABox is code on the Google repository that enables interactive access to a remote machine within a web page via the sshd protocol. This paper describes how it was applied in the context of teaching a course on scripting languages to provide remote access to a virtual machine for the purposes of learning Linux, writing scripts, and taking notes.
Anesthesia for Urological Surgery in the Elderly Patient

Urological conditions, in both male and female patients, are prevalent in the elderly. Certain urological problems, particularly neoplasias and incontinence are highly age related, so it is not surprising that the anesthesia practitioner caring for urological patients will frequently encounter the added challenges associated with aging. In this chapter, the physiology of aging is described and anesthetic approaches to the elderly patient are suggested. Where appropriate, approaches to urological procedures are included; however, the reader should refer to other chapters in this volume for details of specific urological problems.
Development of a Multi-Mission Sizing Methodology Applied to the Common Support Aircraft

Presented at the SAE Aerospace Congress and Exhibition, Seattle, WA, September 10-13, 2001.
Preliminary Investigation of Two Late Triassic Conifers from York County, Pennsylvania

Two conifers are briefly described and illustrated from a rich plant-bearing layer of late Carnian age from the middle New Oxford Fm., Gettysburg Basin, USA. Two types of leaf-bearing branch systems are assigned to Pagiophyllum diffusum (Emmons) nov. comb. and P. simpsonii Ash. Seed cones that I assign to Glyptolepis nov. sp.1 and cf. G. nov. sp. 2 were also found. Six cones of G. nov. sp. 1, bearing large ovoid winged seeds, were found attached to a branch bearing leaves of P. diffusum. Both types of leaves and cones possess the same hairy type of cuticle. A small, elongate pollen cone, also with a hairy cuticle, was recovered from the plant layer. This cone contains Patinasporites densus Leschik pollen. P. densus and a morphologically similar pollen type, Vallasporites ignacii Leschik, dominate the palynoflorule from the plant layer.
POSTPARTUM ILLNESS IN FIJI : A SOCIOSOMATIC PERSPECTIVE

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to explore the apparent social mediation of a postpartum somatic illness, na tadoka ni vasucu, occurring among ethnic Fijian women. METHOD During their first two postpartum days, 85 consecutive newly delivered ethnic Fijian women were recruited for a prospective study on na tadoka ni vasucu at the Sigatoka District Hospital in Nadroga, Fiji. Subjects underwent translated structured interviews and responded to the Kellner Symptom Questionnaire and to visual analog scales to assess social supports and occurrence of mood symptoms or an episode of na tadoka ni vasucu in the postpartum period. Semistructured ethnographic interviews were also conducted with subjects who reported an episode of na tadoka ni vasucu. Data were collected in the initial postpartum days and again at 2 to 5 months postpartum; 82 women completed the study. RESULTS Na tadoka ni vasucu is a somatic syndrome occurring in 9% (N = 7) of this sample. Both quantitative and narrative data demonstrate that this syndrome is associated with perceived inferior social supports. Despite its relatively infrequent occurrence and benign clinical course, the disorder is a subject of serious social concern within the Fijian community. CONCLUSIONS Although na tadoka ni vasucu seems to be clinically trivial, because of its cultural salience it is nonetheless able to mobilize intensive social surveillance and care for the postpartum mother. The moral concern generated by this culturally marked disorder, as well as its association with perceived inferior social supports, suggest a dialectical relationship between somatic idiom and its social context.
Women's center staff perceptions of the campus climate on sexual violence.

BACKGROUND Sexual assault is a major public health problem disproportionately affecting women on college and university campuses. As sexual assault is often unreported, survivors may not have the access to resources and services that are helpful in healing. Campus-based women's centers provide a comfortable place and resource to address women's issues on campus. Individuals who work in these centers have open communication channels with students and a role in the administrative structure that may provide a unique understanding of survivors, the student environment, and the institutional context regarding sexual assault. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions of campus-based women's center staff on college and university campuses, specifically regarding campus-based responses to sexual assault. METHODS Participants responded electronically to six open-ended survey questions. Data were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis approach to identify key themes present within the data. RESULTS Key concepts identified included respect, trust, confidentiality, trained professionals, and comprehensive and consistent response. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide an early description of the perceptions of staff in campus-based women's centers related to prevention, reporting, and response to sexual violence on campuses and can be used to inform campus policies and practices as well as forensic and college-based nursing practice.
Combined rotor-stator and rotor-strut active discrete-frequency noise control

In the annular fen inlet and exit duct, acoustic waves are generated at multiples of rotor blade pass frequency. The rotor-stator generated discrete-frequency noise is characterized as a summation of circumferentially periodic acoustic waves or spatial modes over the multiples of rotor blade pass frequency. Most of these generated spatial modes decay in the duct, but some modes may propagate unattenuated to the far field and are the discretefrequency noise received by an observer. This paper addresses multiple mode active discrete frequency noise control. Fundamental experiments and computations are described for rotor-stator and rotor-strut discrete-frequency noise control. Active airfoil source control is utilized to generate propagating spatial modes to interact with and simultaneously cancel the upstream and downstream propagating spatial modes. The active airfoil source control is optimized for the control of the propagating spatial modes. Data are acquired and analyzed which demonstrate the viability of this unique active noise control technique. These fundamental experiments are then extended in a computational study to determine the optimum configuration for an active strut noise control system.
AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE RECOVERY POTENTIAL OF RYEGRASS POPULATIONS FROM GENETIC STRESS RESULTING FROM RESTRICTION OF POPULATION SIZE.

In this study, we examined populations of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) that had been genetically stressed through drastic reductions in population size and determined their recovery potential
Bambi B. Schieffelin, The Give and Take of Everyday Life: Language Socialization of Kaluli Children

This is an extraordinary book, both for its focus and for its accomplishments. The exotic aspects of New Guinea societies and cultures have long been celebrated, and each year sees the appearance of new analyses of ritual, ceremonial exchange, and warfare. Usually lost in the background is the less glamorous, routine social interaction that fills most of the lives of the people. Schieffelin’s book is different--“a particular type of ethnography, one that focuses on the microanalysis of everyday speech and conduct between caregivers and children” (p. 13). Her overall concern, to be sure, is with “linking their practices and patterns to others expressed through myths, rituals, song, exchange, and other symbolic systems” (p. 13), but the center of attention throughout the book is just what its title indicates: “the give and take of everyday life.” More specifically, the “everyday life” that especially interests Schieffelin is that of language socialization, that is, the contexts in which Kaluli children are “socialized to use language and socialized through the use of language” (p. 239). Studies of socialization, under the rubric of “childrearing,” have a long history in anthropology, and the acquisition of language is a common subject of interest for many linguists, psychologists, and others. But, as Schieffelin correctly notes, research on the former topic has usually ignored the pivotal role of language and speech, while our understanding of how children acquire language has depended too much on observations of white, middle-class children,
Prevention of Islanding Operation in Utility Interactive Photovoltaic Systems

A new method to prevent the islanding mode of utility interactive inverters has been introduced. By properly choosing the inverter feedback control loop construction and parameters, the inverter frequency can be moved out of the limit after the islanding occurs. The reason to cause the inverter frequency response changing has been discussed in some detail.
Outcomes of Muscle Reinnervation with Direct Nerve Implantation into the Native Motor Zone of the Target Muscle.

Background Our recent work has demonstrated that the native motor zone (NMZ) within a given skeletal muscle is the best site for muscle reinnervation. This study was designed to explore the outcomes of direct nerve implantation (DNI) into the NMZ of denervated sternomastoid (SM) muscle in a rat model. Methods The right SM muscle was experimentally denervated by transecting its innervating nerve. The proximal stump of the severed SM nerve was immediately implanted into a small muscle slit made in the NMZ of the muscle where denervated motor endplates were concentrated. The outcomes of DNI-NMZ reinnervation were evaluated 3 months after surgery. Specifically, the degree of functional recovery was examined with muscle force measurement. The extent of nerve regeneration and endplate reinnervation was assessed using histological and immunohistochemical methods. Results This study showed that the mean muscle force of the treated muscles was 64% of the contralateral control. Reinnervated SM muscles weighed 71% of the weight of the control muscles. Abundant regenerated axons were identified in the NMZ of the target muscle. The mean number and area of the regenerated axons in the treated muscles was computed to be 62% and 51% of the control muscles, respectively. On average, 66% of the denervated endplates in the treated muscles were reinnervated by regenerated axons. Conclusion Our results suggest that the NMZ within a muscle is an ideal site for endplate reinnervation and satisfactory functional recovery. Further studies are needed to promote the efficacy of DNI-NMZ technique for muscle reinnervation.
Techniques for Indian classical raga identification- A survey

Raga plays an important role in Indian classical music. Raga is made up from the swara or note. According to characteristics of raga, Indian classical music is further divided into two systems Hindustani / North Indian classical music, Carnatic / South India classical music. This paper introduces us with some basic terms in Indian classical music and terms associated with raga. Then we discussed different techniques for raga identification along with their system structure. Different challenges associated with raga identification.
Great Expectations Unmet: The Impact of Adolescent Educational Expectations on Deviant Coping During the Transition to Adulthood

Previous research has shown that during adolescence, holding high expectations of college education serves as a protective factor for delinquency and substance use. Little is known whether the protective factor of college expectations extends into young adulthood, especially among ambitious youth who do not earn a degree. Using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this research focuses on the longer term effects of adolescent educational expectations on deviant coping. This study finds that failing to realize realistically high expectations of college education during the transition to adulthood increases an individual's likelihood of deviant coping during the transition to adulthood.
Gender Differences in Hospitalized Patients with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD): 1990–2002.

We show in a companion abstract that there has been no decrease in overall admissions for adults with sickle cell anemia (SCA) in the US for the period 1990–2002. The objective of this study was to further describe the characteristics of all adult and pediatric inpatients with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the US for this period. Methods: We examined data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) for the period 1990–2002. The NHDS is a nationally representative survey of non-federal short-stay hospitals in the U.S. which allows for the estimation of inpatient utilization data. Inclusion criteria for our analysis consisted of the following ICD-9 codes: 282.61 or 282.62 (classified as SS), and 282.60, 282.63, 282.64, and 282.69 (classified as Other/Not Specified) found in any one of seven possible patient diagnostic records. Gender and SCD genotype differences in mean length of stay (LOS) were assessed using univariate analyses, and multivariate analyses adjusting for insurance status, age, hospital bedsize, time, and region of the country. Analyses were conducted for the population in the aggregate, and stratified by adult/pediatric status (18+ years for adults, 0–17 for pediatric). Results: There were 13,221 records, which met our inclusion criteria resulting in an estimate of 1,079,523 SCD discharges over the 13 year period. (83,040 discharges/year) More than half of the adult discharges were for females, while less than half of the pediatric discharges were for females (55% vs. 44%, p Conclusions: Our analysis of the characteristics of inpatients with SCD demonstrates that adult females with SCD account for a higher percentage of inpatient visits than adult males with SCD. Females with SS experience longer mean inpatient LOS than females without SS and males with or without SS, regardless of age. The reasons for these differences are unknown, but warrant further study. Of the hosptilized adults more women had private insurance than men. Whether this impacts on likelihood of admissions needs closer examination. A better understanding of patient characteristics will help guide interventions that will limit barriers to care for this patient population.
Detection and monitoring PLA 2 R autoantibodies by LIPS in membranous nephropathy

Autoantibodies against the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) are specific markers for primary membranous nephropathy (MN). Quantification of PLA2R autoantibodies is an important, noninvasive tool that facilitates the diagnosis and monitoring of primary MN. In this report we describe a highly quantitative luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS) assay for detecting PLA2R autoantibodies. For these studies, a cDNA fragment encoding the first 858 amino acids of PLA2R protein was cloned to generate N-terminal antigen fusion constructs with Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) and Nano luciferase (NanoLuc) reporters. Following transfection, crude cell extracts containing the recombinant PLA2R-luciferase fusion proteins were tested by LIPS on healthy controls, subjects with other kidney disease and subjects with MN. LIPS testing with both reporters detected robust PLA2R autoantibody levels in a subset of patients with primary MN and demonstrated 100% sensitivity compared to ELISA and/or Western blotting. The PLA2R-NanoLuc LIPS assay demonstrated 100% specificity matching the ELISA, but the specificity of the PLA2R-Gluc LIPS assays was slightly lower (97%). Further analysis revealed that autoantibody levels determined by PLA2R-NanoLuc LIPS correlated well with urinary protein excretion (R=0.79) and disease activity and was very sensitive for detecting clinical relapse. These results highlight the potential utility of the LIPS PLA2R-NanoLuc assay for diagnosis and management of MN.
Richard M. Eaton and Phillip B. Wagoner, Power, Memory, Architecture: Contested Sites on India’s Deccan Plateau, 1300–1600, 2014, OUP, New Delhi, pp. 436, 161 figures, 5 tables, 2 appendices, US$65.00, ISBN-13: 978-0198092216

Even before its publication, Richard M. Eaton and Phillip B. Wagoner’s Power, Memory, Architecture: Contested Sites on India’s Deccan Plateau, 1300–1600 was making waves in South Asian studies, tha...
Estimating abortion provision and abortion referrals among United States obstetrician-gynecologists in private practice.

Abstract Objective The objective was to examine the provision of abortion by obstetrician-gynecologists in private practice in the United States (U.S.) and their willingness to provide referrals for abortion services. Study design We conducted a cross-sectional national survey of 1961 U.S. obstetrician-gynecologists to estimate the frequency with which abortions and referrals for abortion care were provided in private practice settings. Key measures included whether respondents had provided any abortions in 2013 or 2014, type of abortions provided and willingness to provide abortion referrals. Facility location by region was the only measured correlate of abortion provision. Results We received a total of 988 surveys for a response rate of 65%. Sixty-seven (7%) obstetrician-gynecologists reported providing at least one abortion in 2013 or 2014, though this result ranged from 4% (n=23) to 13% (n=44) of obstetrician-gynecologists depending on survey response type. Among physicians practicing in the Northeast and West, 14% and 10%, respectively (n=24 in each region) were abortion providers compared to 4% (n=9) and 3% (n=10) of physicians in the Midwest and South, respectively. Twenty-three (42%) providers indicated only performing surgical abortions, 14 (25%) indicated only medication abortions, and 18 (33%) reported providing both. Among respondents who did not provide abortions, just over half (n=415, 54%) indicated that they referred patients to a facility or practice where they could obtain an abortion, but 271 (35%) said they would not provide a referral. Conclusions Only a small proportion of all obstetrician-gynecologists in private practice settings provide abortions. Among nonproviders, a substantial minority do not offer abortion referrals. Implications Particularly in geographic areas with few abortion providers, continued efforts are needed to equip medical professionals with information and training to make direct referrals.
Discovering additional complex NCIt gene concepts with high error rate

The Gene hierarchy of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Thesaurus (NCIt) is of high priority for NCI. It is important to have quality assurance (QA) techniques to improve its content quality. We present a two-step methodology concentrating on auditing the modeling of complex concepts, which are shown to have a higher error rate compared to control concepts. In the first step, we test whether concepts that appear complex in a so called “partial-area taxonomy” have a higher error rate than control concepts. In the second step, we introduce an innovative technique based on a “partial-area sub-taxonomy” (constructed with a subset of roles) to discover additional complex concepts. The results of the QA study show that these concepts are indeed statistically significantly more likely to have more errors than control concepts. This makes it easier for NCI staff to improve the modeling quality of gene concepts in NCIt.
Social Networks, Predispositions and Split-Ticket Voting: The Case of the 1990 German Unification Election:

When casting a split-ticket ballot, voters in established democracies have strong political predispositions and electoral experience that influence their decision. However, voters in a new democrac...
Limited Time, Limited Resources: Trade-Offs in Congressional Earmarking and Policymaking:

Earmarks are an important tool of a legislators’ reelection strategy, as they provide a prime opportunity to benefit their district and increase their chances at reelection. Yet, some legislators secure substantially more earmarks than others. Our study offers a new explanation for why this occurs. With limited legislative resources at their disposal, members of Congress are forced to make trade-offs in how they allocate their resources among legislative activities. In a world with resource constraints, members less engaged in earmarking are likely engaged in policymaking activities. We take advantage of new earmark and policymaking data to explore this hypothesized negative relationship between earmarking and policymaking effort. We find that legislators who exert greater effort on policymaking secure significantly fewer earmark dollars.