cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control and Effort Costs Influence the Motivational Consequences of Choice

The act of making a choice, apart from any outcomes the choice may yield, has, paradoxically, been linked to both the enhancement and the detriment of intrinsic motivation. Research has implicated two factors in potentially mediating these contradictory effects: the personal control conferred by a choice and the costs associated with a choice. Across four experiments, utilizing a physical effort task disguised as a simple video game, we systematically varied costs across two levels of physical effort requirements (Low-Requirement, High-Requirement) and control over effort costs across three levels of choice (Free-Choice, Restricted-Choice, and No-Choice) to disambiguate how these factors affect the motivational consequences of choosing within an effortful task. Together, our results indicated that, in the face of effort requirements, illusory control alone may not sufficiently enhance perceptions of personal control to boost intrinsic motivation; rather, the experience of actual control may be necessary to overcome effort costs and elevate performance. Additionally, we demonstrated that conditions of illusory control, while otherwise unmotivating, can through association with the experience of free-choice, be transformed to have a positive effect on motivation.
Grammar and the Use of Data

Over the past twenty years, linguists have taken a renewed interest in the data that underlies grammatical theories. In this chapter we review five types of data: corpus data, acceptability judgments, reading times, electrophysiological data (EEG/MEG), and hemodynamic data (specifically fMRI). The approach we take for each is slightly different, as each data type occupies a different role in grammatical theory construction. For corpus data, we defer to chapter 4 (this volume) for a detailed review, and instead focus on the reasons why some linguists prefer experimental data over (observational) corpus data. For acceptability judgments, we review theirrole in theory construction because they currently form the vast majority of data used for the construction of grammatical theories. For reading time data, we review the logic that has been used to search for consequences of grammatical theories in real time sentence processing. For electrophysiological data, we observe that there is relatively little connection between the electrophysiological literature and the grammatical literature, and therefore review the basic results from the ERP literature as a first step toward encouraging closer ties between the two fields. For hemodynamic responses, we review the research into two brain areas that have been argued to be implicated in syntactic processing (left inferior frontal gyrus and left anteriortemporal lobe), as this seems like the best starting place for exploring the relationship between grammatical theories and neurobiology. In the end, it is our hope that this chapter will serve as a useful starting point for thinking about the use of data in grammatical theories for both linguistsand non-linguists.
The Impact of Excess Ligand on the Retention of Nonionic, Linear Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Patients With Various Levels of Renal Dysfunction: A Review and Simulation Analysis

The role of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in the pathophysiology of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is now uncontested. Although the definitive mechanism has not been established, the association with weaker GBCA ligands and with reduced renal clearance supports a hypothesis that Gd release from the GBCAs is a key process in precipitating the disease. Prevention strategies often include the use of more stable GBCA ligands in patients with reduced kidney function, but animal models and some clinical data suggest that better patient outcomes can be achieved when excess ligand is administered with weaker GBCAs; this is particularly significant for OptiMARK, which contains a nonionic, linear ligand similar to gadodiamide, the active ingredient in Omniscan, but contains twice the amount of excess ligand. Here we review evidence regarding the use of OptiMARK over Omniscan for prevention of NSF and perform a pharmacokinetic-based simulation to determine if the presented evidence is consistent with the established kinetics of GBCAs and Gd.
Exploring perinatal depression symptom clusters as predictors of childbearing outcomes

Introduction Perinatal depression is related to poorer outcomes for women and their children. Measurement indices that categorize perinatal depression as present or absent are commonly used in clinical practice and research efforts. Categorization minimizes the health effects of potentially different symptom clusters and may confound understanding of health outcomes. Objectives The objective of this investigation is to explore the symptom clusters resulting from administering two commonly used depression screening instruments during pregnancy and postpartum. Aims (1) Identify the depressive symptom clusters for perinatal depression; (2) Test whether symptom clusters predict maternal and newborn outcomes, and if so, whether these differ from categorization analytics. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted on data from a longitudinal study of 139 women. They participated from their 3rd trimester of pregnancy through 8 months after birth and completed surveys at five times using the center for epidemiologic studies Depressed Mood Scale (CES-D) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Survey (EPDS). Analysis procedures included cluster analysis and hierarchical regression. Results Individual symptoms were reported by 2.9–31.7% of the sample. Separate clusters (CES-D = 4; EPDS = 2) were identified and, of these, two clusters were primary predictors of maternal and newborn outcomes. Results differed from that obtained with cut-score analytics. Conclusions Examination of depression symptom clusters as related to health outcomes during childbearing has significance for clinical practice and research, particularly for women who would not score as depressed on established screening instruments.
Janet Yellen: Time to Tighten?

In August 2015, Janet Yellen, chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the Fed), was feeling uncertain. Many were trying to anticipate her decision about whether she and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) would raise interest rates at the upcoming September meeting. But Yellen herself wasn't sure. Yellen wanted to understand the perspective of those who continued to worry about the consequences of expansionary monetary policy. To do so, and to understand the policy tradeoffs she faced, she had to consider the history of events that led to her current conundrum. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0139 Rev. Aug. 23, 2017 Janet Yellen: Time to Tighten? In August of 2015, Janet Yellen was, in a word, uncertain. Many were trying to anticipate her decision about whether she and the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the Federal Reserve System (the Fed) would raise interest rates at the upcoming September meeting. But Yellen herself wasn't sure. She was known for expressing concerns about unemployment—she had at times favored expansionary monetary policy to fight unemployment. But considering that interest rates had been at the lowest level in the Fed's history for over six years (Exhibit1), the unprecedented expansion of the monetary base since the Great Recession (Exhibit2), and the potential risks for asset price bubbles and eventual inflation, Yellen yearned for a normalization of U.S. monetary policy. The Fed's charter dictates a dual mandate: it must adjust monetary policy to achieve maximum employment and stable inflation. The challenge for Yellen—and for central banks around the world—was that these competing objectives were often difficult to balance. Furthermore, some members of the FOMC and prominent economists worried that efforts to achieve these objectives today could have adverse consequences for inflation and employment in the future. James Bullard, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, expressed his concerns in a February 2012 speech: The recent recession has given rise to the idea that there is a very large “output gap” in the U.S. The story is that this large output gap is “keeping inflation at bay” and is fodder for keeping nominal interest rates near zero into an indefinite future. If we continue using this interpretation of events, it may be very difficult for the U.S. to ever move off of the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates. This could be a looming disaster for the United States. . . .
Mining materials design rules from data: The example of polymer dielectrics

Mining of currently available and evolving materials databases to discover structure–chemistry–property relationships is critical to developing an accelerated materials design framework. The design of new and advanced polymeric dielectrics for capacitive energy storage has been hampered by the lack of sufficient data encompassing wide enough chemical spaces. Here, data mining and analysis techniques are applied on a recently presented computational data set of around 1100 organic polymers, organometallic polymers, and related molecular crystals, in order to obtain qualitative understanding of the origins of dielectric and electronic properties. By probing the relationships between crucial chemical and structural features of materials and their dielectric constant and band gap, design rules are devised for optimizing either property. Learning from this data set provides guidance to experiments and to future computations, as well as a way of expanding the pool of promising polymer candidates for dielectric ...
Assignments of Stroma-Exposed PSII Proteins after Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis using Affinity Purified Polyclonal Antibodies

In previous reports (1) we have used antibodies, specific for the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane, to identify photosystem II (PSII) proteins exposed to the stroma. However, these early assignments were based on results obtained after the PSII proteins were separated by one-dimensional electrophoresis and in many cases, unambiguous assignments were impossible due to the co-migration of proteins. in principle, the problems associated with unambiguous protein assignment after one-dimensional electrophoresis should be greatly reduced by employing two-dimensional electrophoretic protocols. for our two-dimensional system, we chose to first separate thylakoid proteins and protein complexes under non-denaturing conditions as described by Green’s group (2). Each of the green bands was then subjected to fully denaturing LDS-PAGE prior to electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose and subsequent Western blotting with stroma-specific antibodies. The results indicate that PSII proteins with Mr of 43,29, 28, 27.5, 25, 23, 21, 16, and 14,000 are exposed to the stroma of the chloroplast. Photosystem I (PSI) proteins were not identified with the PSII antibodies.
Modeling Small-Molecule Reactivity Identifies Promiscuous Bioactive Compounds

Scientists rely on high-throughput screening tools to identify promising small-molecule compounds for the development of biochemical probes and drugs. This study focuses on the identification of promiscuous bioactive compounds, which are compounds that appear active in many high-throughput screening experiments against diverse targets but are often false-positives which may not be easily developed into successful probes. These compounds can exhibit bioactivity due to nonspecific, intractable mechanisms of action and/or by interference with specific assay technology readouts. Such “frequent hitters” are now commonly identified using substructure filters, including pan assay interference compounds (PAINS). Herein, we show that mechanistic modeling of small-molecule reactivity using deep learning can improve upon PAINS filters when modeling promiscuous bioactivity in PubChem assays. Without training on high-throughput screening data, a deep learning model of small-molecule reactivity achieves a sensitivity a...
Regulation of Skeletal Muscle DRP-1 and FIS-1 Protein Expression by IL-6 Signaling.

IL-6 signals through the ubiquitously expressed glycoprotein 130 (gp130) transmembrane protein to activate intracellular signaling that includes signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Dynamin-1-like protein (DRP-1) and mitochondrial fission 1 protein (FIS-1) are key proteins in the process of mitochondrial fission and have emerged as IL-6-sensitive targets. The purpose of this study was to examine the regulation of DRP-1 and FIS-1 expression by IL-6 and gp130 signaling in myotubes and skeletal muscle. Fully differentiated C2C12 myotubes were treated with 100 ng of IL-6 for 24 hours in the presence of gp130siRNA, C188-9 (STAT3 inhibitor), or PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor). Male C57BL/6 (B6) and muscle-specific gp130 knockout mice (KO) had IL-6 systemically overexpressed for 2 weeks by transient transfection with 50 ng of an IL-6-expressing or control plasmid in the quadriceps muscles, and the tibialis anterior muscle was analyzed to determine systemic effects of IL-6. IL-6 induced DRP-1 and FIS-1 expression in myotubes 124% and 82% (p = .001) and in skeletal muscle 97% and 187% (p = .001). Myotube gp130 knockdown suppressed the IL-6 induction of DRP-1 68% (p = .002) and FIS-1 65% (p = .001). Muscle KO suppressed the IL-6 induction of DRP-1 220% (p = .001) and FIS-1 121% (p = .001). ERK1/2 inhibition suppressed the IL-6 induction of DRP-1 59% (p = .0003) and FIS-1 102% (p = .0001) in myotubes, while there was no effect of STAT3 inhibition. We report that chronically elevated IL-6 can directly induce DRP-1 and FIS-1 expression through gp130 signaling in cultured myotubes and skeletal muscle. Furthermore, ERK 1/2 signaling is necessary for the IL-6 induction of DRP-1 and FIS-1 expression in myotubes.
Early Steps in Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Blocked by a Proteasome Inhibitor.

ABSTRACT Viruses commandeer host cell 26S proteasome activity to promote viral entry, gene expression, replication, assembly, and egress. Proteasomal degradation activity is critical for herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (also known as Velcade and PS-341) is a clinically effective antineoplastic drug that is FDA approved for treatment of hematologic malignancies such as multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Low nanomolar concentrations of bortezomib inhibited infection by HSV-1, HSV-2, and acyclovir-resistant strains. Inhibition coincided with minimal cytotoxicity. Bortezomib did not affect attachment of HSV to cells or inactivate the virus directly. Bortezomib acted early in HSV infection by perturbing two distinct proteasome-dependent steps that occur within the initial hours of infection: the transport of incoming viral nucleocapsids to the nucleus and the virus-induced disruption of host nuclear domain 10 (ND10) structures. The combination of bortezomib with acyclovir demonstrated synergistic inhibitory effects on HSV infection. Thus, bortezomib is a novel potential therapeutic for HSV with a defined mechanism of action. IMPORTANCE Viruses usurp host cell functions to advance their replicative agenda. HSV relies on cellular proteasome activity for successful infection. Proteasome inhibitors, such as MG132, block HSV infection at multiple stages of the infectious cycle. Targeting host cell processes for antiviral intervention is an unconventional approach that might limit antiviral resistance. Here we demonstrated that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which is a clinically effective cancer drug, has the in vitro features of a promising anti-HSV therapeutic. Bortezomib inhibited HSV infection during the first hours of infection at nanomolar concentrations that were minimally cytotoxic. The mechanism of bortezomib’s inhibition of early HSV infection was to halt nucleocapsid transport to the nucleus and to stabilize the ND10 cellular defense complex. Bortezomib and acyclovir acted synergistically to inhibit HSV infection. Overall, we present evidence for the repurposing of bortezomib as a novel antiherpesviral agent and describe specific mechanisms of action.
Functional status-based risk-benefit analyses of high-KDPI kidney transplant versus dialysis.

Yearly, over half of deceased-donor kidneys with kidney donor profile index (KDPI) > 85 were discarded, yet they could improve survival outcomes for dialysis patients. The potential risk of high-KDPI kidney transplant (KT) depends on the patient's overall health summarized by functional status, which should be examined. The analyzed cohort consisted of adult deceased-donor KT candidates on dialysis listed in 2005-2014. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was fitted with functional status, measured using Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS), and transplant status as time-varying covariates. Derived from the Cox model, survival curves were analyzed to compare the survival outcomes between dialysis and transplant with different kidney qualities across three different KPS strata: 10-40, 50-70, and 80-100. With KDPI 0-99 KT, KPS 10-40 patients will survive ≥4.38 years median compared with 3.21 years median if they remained on dialysis. For KPS 50+ patients, the median survival years increase from 5.82 to 6.60 years on dialysis to ≥7.83 years after KDPI < 100 KT. The risk-adjusted analyses suggested that patients are expected to benefit more from KDPI 81-99 KT than from remaining on dialysis.
Readmission after neurosurgical intervention in epilepsy: A nationwide cohort analysis

OBJECTIVE Hospital readmissions result in increased health care costs and are associated with worse outcomes after neurosurgical intervention. Understanding factors associated with readmissions will inform future studies aimed at improving quality of care in those with epilepsy. METHODS Patients of all ages with epilepsy who underwent a neurosurgical intervention were identified in the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database, a nationally representative dataset containing data from roughly 17 million US hospital discharges. Diagnosis of epilepsy was based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)-based case definitions. Neurosurgical interventions for epilepsy: resective/disconnective surgery, responsive neurostimulation/deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, radiosurgery, and intracranial electroencephalography were identified using ICD-9-CM procedure codes. Primary outcome was all-cause 30-day readmission following discharge from the index hospitalization. RESULTS There were a total of 2284 index surgical admissions. Overall, 10.83% (n = 251) of patients following an index epilepsy surgery admission were readmitted within 30 days. Factors independently associated with 30-day readmission for all epilepsy surgery admissions were: Medicare insurance (P < .01), discharge disposition that was not home (P < .01), higher Elixhauser comorbidity indexes (P < .01), longer length of stay (P < .01), and adverse events of surgical and medical care during index stay (P = .04). In the multivariate model, Medicare insurance (hazard ratio [HR] 1.81 [1.29-2.53], P < .01) and length of stay (HR 1.02 [1.01-1.04], P < .01) remained significant independent predictors for 30-day readmission. The most common primary reason for readmissions was epilepsy/convulsions accounting for 22.85%. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that careful management of postoperative seizures and discharge planning after epilepsy surgery may be important to optimize outcomes and reduce the risk of readmission, particularly for patients on Medicare.
Validating Responsiveness of a Quality-of-Life Instrument for Allergic Contact Dermatitis.

BACKGROUND Although many generic dermatological quality-of-life (QoL) instruments exist, none have been specifically designed for patients with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). In the preceding publication-Validating a Quality-of-Life Instrument for Allergic Contact Dermatitis-we developed and validated a QoL instrument specific to the ACD population. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether this ACD-specific QoL instrument appropriately captures change in QoL after patch testing in ACD patients. METHODS One hundred individuals completed the previously validated 17-item QoL survey plus 2 global questions and the Skindex-29 before patch testing. Two months after patch testing and allergen avoidance, the participants repeated the same questionnaires. We used statistical methods to evaluate the capacity of the ACD questionnaire to measure change in QoL in comparison with the Skindex-29. CONCLUSIONS The novel ACD-specific questionnaire was more sensitive to change in QoL than the generic Skindex-29. Eleven of the original 17 items were found to capture change in QoL, and of the 3 domains (emotions, symptoms, functioning), the emotional aspect of the disease was most burdensome and responsive to change 2 months after patch testing. Providers can reliably use this index to assess changes in QoL over time.
Effect of Osimertinib and Bevacizumab on Progression-Free Survival for Patients With Metastatic EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancers: A Phase 1/2 Single-Group Open-Label Trial.

Importance The combination of erlotinib and bevacizumab as initial treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR[OMIM131550])–mutant lung cancers improves progression-free survival (PFS) compared with erlotinib alone. Because osimertinib prolongs PFS compared with erlotinib, this trial was designed to study the combination of osimertinib and bevacizumab as first-line treatment. Objectives To determine the safety and tolerability of osimertinib and bevacizumab combination treatment and assess the 12-month PFS of the combination in patients with metastaticEGFR-mutant lung cancers. Design, Setting, and Particiants From August 15, 2016, to May 15, 2018, 49 patients with metastaticEGFR-mutant lung cancers were enrolled in this interventional clinical trial, conducted at a single academic cancer center. In the phase 1 portion of the study, a standard 3 + 3 dose de-escalation design was used to determine the maximum tolerated dose of osimertinib and bevacizumab. In the phase 2 portion of the study, patients were treated at the maximum tolerated dose defined in the phase 1 portion. Statistical analysis was performed from August 1 to October 1, 2019. Interventions All patients received osimertinib, 80 mg daily, and bevacizumab, 15 mg/kg once every 3 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary objective of the phase 2 portion of the study was to determine the number of patients receiving the combination of osimertinib and bevacizumab who were progression free at 12 months. Secondary end points included overall response rate, median PFS, overall survival, and definition of the toxic effects of the combination treatment. Results Among the 49 patients in the study (34 women; median age, 60 years [range, 36-83 years]), PFS at 12 months was 76% (95% CI, 65%-90%). The overall response rate was 80% (95% CI, 67%-91%), and median PFS was 19 months (95% CI, 15-24 months). Of the 6 patients with measurable central nervous system disease, all had a partial or complete central nervous system response. Persistent detection ofEGFR-mutant circulating tumor (ct)DNA at 6 weeks was associated with shorter median PFS (clearance at 6 weeks, 16.2 months [95% CI, 13 months to not reached]; and no clearance at 6 weeks, 9.8 months [95% CI, 4 months to not reached];P = .04) and median overall survival (clearance at 6 weeks, not reached; and no clearance at 6 weeks, 10.1 months [95% CI, 6 months to not reached];P = .002). Identified mechanisms of resistance included squamous cell transformation (n = 2) pleomorphic transformation (n = 1), and acquiredEGFRL718Q (n = 1) and C797S (n = 1) mutations. Conclusions and Relevance The combination of osimertinib and bevacizumab met the study’s prespecified effectiveness end point. PersistentEGFR-mutant circulating tumor DNA at 6 weeks was associated with early progression and shorter survival. A randomized phase 3 study comparing osimertinib and bevacizumab with osimertinib alone is planned. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02803203
The perceived effectiveness of collaborative approaches to address domestic violence: the role of representation, ‘reverse-representation,’ embeddedness, and resources

The Domestic Violence Enhanced Response Team (DVERT) program is a mandated collaboration between police and victim advocates. Understanding the determinants of its perceived effectiveness among imp...
Incidence of Pain Complaints in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of throat pain and otalgia as presenting symptoms in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) stratified by the cancer being their first or recurrent/second primary head and neck cancer (fHNC or rsHNC). Study Design A retrospective analysis of patients operated on for OPSCC was performed. The primary predictor variable was HNC instance (fHNC/rsHNC) with outcome variables of throat pain and/or otalgia. Chi-square analysis was performed to test for significant associations between HNC instance and pain variables. Unadjusted odds ratios were calculated. Results Eighty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients with OPSCC as an rsHNC had 4.67 times higher odds of throat pain (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-15.06) than those with OPSCC as an fHNC and had 20.22 times higher odds of simultaneous throat pain and otalgia (95% CI, 4.76-85.97) than those presenting with an fHNC. Current smoking status and human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative disease were also significantly predictive of rsHNC. HPV-negative disease was also predictive of pain. Conclusions In addition to the known associations of smoking and HPV status on recurrence and pain, there is a statistically significant association between cancer instance and pain in patients presenting with newly diagnosed, operable OPSCC.
Control Lyapunov Functions for Compliant Hybrid Zero Dynamic Walking.

The ability to realize nonlinear controllers with formal guarantees on dynamic robotic systems has the potential to enable more complex robotic behaviors -- yet, realizing these controllers is often practically challenging. To address this challenge, this paper presents the end-to-end realization of dynamic bipedal locomotion on an underactuated bipedal robot via hybrid zero dynamics and control Lyapunov functions. A compliant model of Cassie is represented as a hybrid system to set the stage for a trajectory optimization framework. With the goal of achieving a variety of walking speeds in all directions, a library of compliant walking motions is compiled and then parameterized for efficient use within real-time controllers. Control Lyapunov functions, which have strong theoretic guarantees, are synthesized to leverage the gait library and coupled with inverse dynamics to obtain optimization-based controllers framed as quadratic programs. It is proven that this controller provably achieves stable locomotion; this is coupled with a theoretic analysis demonstrating useful properties of the controller for tuning and implementation. The proposed theoretic framework is practically demonstrated on the Cassie robot, wherein 3D walking is achieved through the use of optimization-based torque control. The experiments highlight robotic walking at different speeds and terrains, illustrating the end-to-end realization of theoretically justified nonlinear controllers on dynamic underactuated robotic systems.
Digenic Inheritance of a FOXC2 Mutation and Two PIEZO1 Mutations Underlies Congenital Lymphedema in a Multigeneration Family.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The lymphatic system is essential for maintaining the balance of interstitial fluid in tissues and for returning protein rich fluids (lymph) to the bloodstream. Congenital lymphatic defects lead to accumulation of lymph in peripheral tissues and body cavities, termed primary lymphedema. To date, only a limited number of individual genes have been identified in association with primary lymphedema. However, variability of age of onset and severity of lymphatic abnormalities within some families suggests that multiple mutations and/or genes may be responsible, thus hampering efforts to identify individual associated genes. METHODS Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) was performed in four members of a large multigeneration family with highly variable lymphedema and followed by Sanger sequencing for identified mutations in 34 additional family members. Genotypes were correlated with clinical and lymphangioscintigraphic phenotypes. RESULTS WES uncovered two different mechanotransducer PIEZO1 mutations and one FOXC2 transcription factor mutation in various combinations. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence/absence of the three variants in affected and unaffected family members and co-segregation of one or more variants with disease. Genetic profiles did not clearly correlate with the highly variable severity of lymphatic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS WES in lymphedema families can uncover unexpected combinations of several lymphedema-associated mutations. These findings provide essential information for genetic counseling and reveal complex gene interactions in lymphatic developmental pathways. These can offer insights into the complex spectrum of clinical and lymphatic lymphedema phenotypes and potential targets for treatment.
Myths and media in oral collagen supplementation for the skin, nails, and hair: A review.

Background As a key component of the hair, skin, and nails, there is strong consumer interest in the dermatologic efficacy of oral collagen supplementation. Oral supplementation with collagen peptides has increased in popularity in recent years. Aims There are relatively few studies investigating the dermatologic effects of ingested collagen peptides, many of which are limited by sample size and variability of results. The question remains whether there is sufficient evidence to support companies' promises and consumers' goals. Methods In this review, we investigate and compare the claims surrounding collagen supplementation on Instagram and YouTube, made by collagen companies, and established in the literature. Results Although some studies have demonstrated that collagen supplementation can enhance skin qualities such as elasticity and hydration, dermatologic claims in the media surpass any evidence currently supported by the literature. Conclusions More research is needed to establish knowledge of the effects and physiologic mechanism of collagen supplementation. Dermatologists should be aware of the unsubstantiated proclamations of collagen made by companies and in social media, as well as what evidence is established thus far, to be equipped to discuss collagen supplementation with patients.
High-Fat Diet Alters the Orosensory Sensitivity to Fatty Acids in Obesity-Resistant but not Obesity-Prone Rats

Gene-environment interactions play a role in the development of obesity but specific effects of diet on the orosensory detection of fatty acids have yet to be clarified. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of prolonged (5-week) exposure to a high-fat (60%) diet on the behavioral sensitivity to the fatty acid linoleate following a conditioned taste aversion in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. Exposure to the high-fat diet significantly enhanced the sensitivity of obesity-resistant (S5B/Pl) rats to linoleate while producing no effect on the fatty acid sensitivity for obesity-prone rats. Specifically, high-fat diet fed S5B/Pl rats showed stronger initial avoidance of linoleate and slower extinction rates than their normal diet cohorts. Our study suggests that prolonged dietary fat consumption may alter the behavioral sensitivity to fatty acids particularly in obesity-resistant animals.
Expressiveness Bounds for Completness in Trace-Based Network Proof Systems

Network proof systems based on first-order specifications over channel traces are incomplete unless reasoning over the interleaving of communication events is permitted. Relatively complete trace-based proof systems using temporal logic have been described, but full temporal logic is more powerful than necessary. Using the interleaving approach, we isolate the expressiveness required of a relatively complete trace logic. A hierarchy of temporal logic subsets is then defined; a certain subset is shown to have necessary and sufficient expressive power for relative completeness.
Inactivation of human thrombin by water-soluble carbodiimides: The essential carboxyl has a pKa of 5.6 and is one other than Asp-189

Abstract Human thrombin is inactivated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) or 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)carbodiimide (EAC) by a second order process. A plot of the pseudo-first order rate constant for inactivation by 20 mM EDC at different pH values from 4.2 to 7.7 at 25°C shows that this inactivation is due to the modification of a protonated carboxyl with a p K a of 5.6. The rate of inactivation by EDC at pH 6.0 is reduced, but not eliminated by saturating levels of the competitive inhibitor dansyl-L-arginine N -(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide, suggesting that the essential carboxyl modified is one other than Asp-189 in the substrate specificity pocket of thrombin. Complete inactivation by 14 C-EAC correlates with the incorporation of approximately 2.5–3 EACs per thrombin.
Conserve energy through multiple-packets transmission in heterogeneous mobile ad hoc networks

Energy condensation is a crucial issue in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In our previous work, we have proposed a device-energy-load aware relaying framework (DELAR) (2004) that can effectively utilize some powerful nodes (P-nodes) to conserve energy for other common nodes (B-nodes) and in turn prolong the network lifetime. DELAR is a joint design of power control, routing, and scheduling. Moreover, in this framework, an asymmetric MAC (A-MAC) is adopted to support reliable communications on unidirectional links caused by asymmetric transmission power between the involved transmitter and receiver. Grounded on this DELAR framework which emphasizes the interaction between the MAC layer and the network layer, in this paper we further take into account the physical layer and propose a multiple-packets transmission scheme which is jointly operated with hierarchical modulation to further improve the energy efficiency and shorten the packet delay. The basic idea is to enable such P-nodes to transmit multiple packets towards different receivers in one transmission, and this transmission is implemented with hierarchical modulation to ensure sufficient SNR at all the receivers to demodulate their corresponding packets. Simulation results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of this multiple-packets transmission scheme. It can further improve the energy efficiency and greatly shorten the packet delay
Solution of rocks and refractory minerals by acids at high temperatures and pressures : Determination of silica after decomposition with hydrofluoric acid

Abstract A modified Morey bomb was designed which contains a removable nichromecased 3.5-ml platinium crucible. This bomb is particularly useful for decompositions of refractory samples for micro- and semimicro-analysis. Temperatures of 400–450° and pressures estimated as great as 6000 p.s.i. were maintained in the bomb for periods as long as 24 h. Complete decompositions of rocks, garnet, beryl, chrysoberyl, phenacite, sapphirine, and kyanite were obtained with hydrofluoric acid or a mixture of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids; the decomposition of chrome refractory was made with hydrochloric acid. Aluminum-rich samples formed difficultly soluble aluminum fluoride precipitates. Because no volatilization losses occur, silica can be determined on sample solutions by a molybdenum-blue procedure using aluminum(III) to complex interfering fluoride.
Discrepancy of Matrices of Zeros and Ones

Let $m$ and $n$ be positive integers, and let $R=(r_1,\ldots, r_m)$ and $ S=(s_1,\ldots, s_n)$ be non-negative integral vectors. Let ${\cal A} (R,S)$ be the set of all $m \times n$ $(0,1)$-matrices with row sum vector $R$ and column vector $S$, and let $\bar A$ be the $m \times n$ $(0,1)$-matrix where for each $i$, $1\le i \le m$, row $i$ consists of $r_i$ $1$'s followed by $n-r_i$ $0$'s. If $S$ is monotone, the discrepancy $d(A)$ of $A$ is the number of positions in which $\bar A$ has a $1$ and $A$ has a $0$. It equals the number of $1$'s in $\bar A$ which have to be shifted in rows to obtain $A$. In this paper, we study the minimum and maximum $d(A)$ among all matrices $A \in {\cal A} (R,S)$. We completely solve the minimum discrepancy problem by giving an explicit formula in terms of $R$ and $S$ for it. On the other hand, the problem of finding an explicit formula for the maximum discrepancy turns out to be very difficult. Instead, we find an algorithm to compute the maximum discrepancy.
Craving Facebook? Behavioral addiction to online social networking and its association with emotion regulation deficits.

Aims To assess disordered online social networking use via modified diagnostic criteria for substance dependence, and to examine its association with difficulties with emotion regulation and substance use. Design Cross-sectional survey study targeting undergraduate students. Associations between disordered online social networking use, internet addiction, deficits in emotion regulation and alcohol use problems were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance. Setting A large University in the Northeastern United States. Participants Undergraduate students (n = 253, 62.8% female, 60.9% white, age mean= 19.68, standard deviation = 2.85), largely representative of the target population. The response rate was 100%. Measurements Disordered online social networking use, determined via modified measures of alcohol abuse and dependence, including DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence, the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale and the Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eye-opener (CAGE) screen, along with the Young Internet Addiction Test, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, White Bear Suppression Inventory and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Findings Disordered online social networking use was present in 9.7% [n = 23; 95% confidence interval (5.9, 13.4)] of the sample surveyed, and significantly and positively associated with scores on the Young Internet Addiction Test (P < 0.001), greater difficulties with emotion regulation (P = 0.003) and problem drinking (P = 0.03). Conclusions The use of online social networking sites is potentially addictive. Modified measures of substance abuse and dependence are suitable in assessing disordered online social networking use. Disordered online social networking use seems to arise as part of a cluster of symptoms of poor emotion regulation skills and heightened susceptibility to both substance and non-substance addiction.
Isolation and characterization of phenylethylamine and phenylethanolamine from human brain.

The Presence of endogenous 2-phenylethylamine in mammalian tissues has long been suspected, in view of the fact that L-phenylanine, a substrate for L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (Lovenberg, Weissbach and Udenfriend, 1962), is found in substantial amounts in many neural and non-neural tissues. It has been difficult to demonstrate the presence of phenylethylamine in tissues of untreated animals because this amine is an excellent substrate for monoamine oxidase (Mantegazza and Riva, 1963). Using paper chromatography and electrophoresis, Nakajima, Kakimoto and Sano (1964) tentatively identified phenylethylamine in many organs of animals pretreated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Phenylethylamine exerts, in animals pretreated with such inhibitors, behavioural stimulant effects similar to those induced by amphetamine (Mantegazza and Riva, 1963). These effects may in part be attributable to catecholamine release (Fuxe, Grobecker and Jonsson, 1967) and partly to a direct effect exerted by phenylethylamine itself (Fischer, Ludmer and Sabelli, 1967; Giardina, Pedemonte and Sabelli, 1972). The brain content of phenylethylamine in mice (Mosnaim and Sabelli, 1971), rabbits (Sabelli, Giardina, Mosnaim and Inwang, 1972) and rats (Fischer, Spatz, Heller and Reggiani, 1972) is increased by antidepressive treatments (imipramine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, electroshock) and reduced by reserpine. The urinary excretion of phenylethylamine is decreased in depressed patients (Fischer, Heller and Miro, 1968; Boulton and Milward, 1971; Inwang, Sugerman, Mosnaim and Sabelli, 1972; Fischeret al., 1972). However, the presence of phenylethylamine in brain has not yet been conclusively demonstrated because the analytical procedures used in the above-mentioned investigations were not sufficiently specific. In the present study we isolated and identified, by a number of analytical procedures, phenylethylamine and its metabolite 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethylamine (phenylethanolamine) from human brain. Molinoff, Landsberg and Axelrod (1969) have shown by enzymatic methods the formation of phenylethanolamine following the administration of phenylethylamine.
Enzyme action in glycoprotein synthesis

Just a few decades ago, the saccharides bound to glycoproteins were considered little more than an irritation. They increased the difficulty of purifying and characterizing proteins, making proteins run as several bands on gels and smearing them on columns. They were considered a nuisance and were typically cleaved away to reveal the ‘important part’, the protein moiety, for structural (e.g. via X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance) and functional studies. We now realize that the saccharide is often as important as the protein itself, and that glycosylation can have many effects on the function, structure, physical properties and targeting of a protein. There are a myriad of reviews and books on this subject, reflecting the nearly overwhelming number of articles in print discussing saccharide structures, glycoprotein processing enzymes and the biological implications of glycosylation. This review discusses, in turn, the extent and biological relevance of glycosylation; the structures observed; how glycosylated proteins are formed in vivo; the clinical relevance of glycosylation, in terms of the correlations between disease states and unusual glycosylation patterns; and, finally, the molecules, both natural and synthetic, that can be used to study the roles of carbohydrates in glycoprotein structure and function or to disrupt various carbohydrate recognition processes and enzymatic reactions in the glycoprotein synthetic pathway.
Cervical exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism

The classical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism, “moans, bones, groans,” is no longer commonly seen since the diagnosis of hypercalcemia is now made much earlier with the routine use of the SMA 12. In the past 8 1/2 years, 85 patients underwent cervical exploration in our institution for primary hyperparathyroidism. There were 34 male and 51 female patients, ranging in age from 18–84 years. The specific symptoms included hypertension in 40 patients, generalized weakness in 25, renal stones in 14, psychiatric problems in 2, and bone changes on X-ray in 4. Forty-one patients were totally asymptomatic. The diagnosis was made mainly on the basis of history, serum calcium and phosphorous levels, parathormone assay, and 24-hour urinary calcium studies. Preoperative localization studies were performed in 38 patients. Thallium technetium subtraction scans, when positive, were very helpful. The surgical approach involved stepwise exploration of both sides of the neck with identification of all four parathyroid glands. In patients with uniglandular pathology (87%), the adenoma was removed with biopsy of at least one normal gland. In multiglandular disease, the abnormal glands were removed. Frozen section was routinely performed to confirm the presence of parathyroid tissue and no attempt was made to pathologically distinguish adenoma from hyperplasia. Two patients had parathyroid carcinoma. In three patients, serum calcium levels did not fall, resulting in an operative success rate of 96%. One patient treated by subtotal parathyroidectomy developed permanent hypoparathyroidism and one other patient developed temporary hypocalcemia. Only a single patient developed vocal cord palsy. Early exploration in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism is indicated. The basic diagnostic workup is sufficient for initial exploration. It is important to distinguish uniglandular from multiglandular pathology after careful bilateral exploration and identification of all four parathyroid glands. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the Crack-Dislocation Interaction Effects

The objective of the current work is to investigate the interaction effects between a crack and an array of dislocations under various configurations using the elasticity theory. By treating the crack and dislocations as singularities in the elastic field of a material, we examine their collective stress and displacement responses near the crack tip at the micromechanical level. First, the stationary formulation for a crack interacting with a single dislocation is presented, and the effects of dislocation upon the crack tip field are systematically assessed under different spatial configurations. This stress—displacement analysis shows that the crack remains open at all times for the blunting dislocations, while the crack closure is observed at the tip for wake dislocations. Subsequently, the elastic theory of crack-multiple dislocations interaction is rigorously studied by considering three types of forces exerted on the dislocations along different slip planes. Specifically, the slip forces exerted on a...
Mutation detection in an equivocal case of Friedreich's ataxia.

Abstract Compound heterozygosity at the Friedreich's ataxia locus accounts for approximately 2% of molecularly confirmed cases. Genotype-phenotype correlation in this subgroup of patients reveals a spectrum of clinical variability. This report describes the clinical and molecular findings in a 6-year-old patient with Friedreich's ataxia who carried a pathologic GAA expansion of ∼1,000 repeats on one allele and a novel initiation codon point mutation (3G→A) on the other.
Thrombosis of microvascular anastomoses in traumatized vessels: fibrin versus platelets.

Thrombosis is the end result of two closely interrelated processes: the coagulation cascade and the platelet aggregation process. To determine their relative contribution, we used pharmacologic agents that selectively block each process. The specific effect of each pharmacologic agent on either fibr
Uncoupler-induced changes in mitochondrial structure detected by small-angle X-ray scattering

Abstract Small-angle X-ray scattering data suggest that major but reversible rearrangements of mitochondrial inner membrane structure are induced by uncouplers. Low levels of 2,4-dinitrophenol (10 μM) cause a perceptible wide-angle shift of the 20 mrad X-ray scattering maximum characteristic of intact liver mitochondria. Higher dinitrophenol concentrations (> 25 μM) reduce this scattering maximum to one-third its initial intensity. In terms of mitochondrial function, the former scattering change appears to correlate with the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation while the latter occurs in the course of dinitrophenol stimulation of mitochondrial ATPase activity.
Hiring practices in US third‐party logistics firms

Reports the results of a survey of 41 US third‐party logistics (3PL) firm practices for hiring entry‐level managers. Reveals the recruiting, selection, and compensation methods used for 96 different positions and related compensation data (e.g. mean starting salary = US$34,358). Recommends that 3PL firms use the information to benchmark current practices and offers specific ideas to improve recruiting effectiveness. Also proposes research results‐driven job search strategies for individuals seeking positions with 3PL firms.