cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual Differentiation of Childhood Play: A Contemporary Psychoanalytic Perspective

Freud (1905/1953) anchored his theories of unconscious psychological functioning in observations and inferences about childhood sexuality. These ideas remain influential among psychoanalysts today. Much progress subsequently occurred in extra-psychoanalytic research in human sexuality. This included the discovery in 1959 of an entirely new area of psychology: the sexual differentiation of behavior (Phoenix, Goy, Gerall, & Young, 1959; Wallen, 2009). The observations that led to this new field originally concerned the effects of androgen administered prenatally to non-human animals. This early research was compatible with later studies of humans as well. Prenatal androgen influences both erotic and non-erotic behavior, including childhood rough-and-tumble play (RTP). We have previously emphasized the need to integrate this psychoneuroendocrine knowledge with psychoanalytic theory and practice (Friedman, 1988; Friedman & Downey, 2002, 2008a, 2008b). In this article, we discuss additional aspects of the relationship between sexually differentiated childhood play, particularly RTP, and gender differences in psychosexual development and functioning. These topics and other aspects of the sexual differentiation of behavior have been under-emphasized in psychoanalytic thought.
The "continuing" metabolism of nitrogen in animals.

It has been known since the time of Voit that in passing from a high to a low level of nitrogen intake, or vice versa, there is a lag, which in rats, for example, may last as long as a month before equilibrium at the new low level is established. Martin and Robison (1922) pointed out that the logarithm of the difference between the daily nitrogen excretion at the low level, designated as x , and the daily excretion in the interval between the two levels, a, i. e ., log ( a-x ), plotted against time gives a straight line. The same relationship is demonstrable in the data of the experiment of Deuel, Sandiford, Sandiford, and Boothby (1928). This logarithmic relation indicates that the decomposition of the nitrogen represented by ( a - x ), which we shall term the continuing metabolism, resembles a first-order reaction. The following question arises out of this phenomenon, which, so far as the writers are aware, has been given little attention. “ Is the continuing metabolism suspended during the period when nitrogen equilibrium is being maintained by the ingestion of the larger quantity of protein, or does it persist at a rate indicated by the extrapolated value of log ( a-x ) to zero time ? ” If the second alternative be true, it follows that in the state of nitrogen equilibrium there is storage of a portion of the exogenous nitrogen corresponding to the extent of the continuing metabolism.
Variability of response to diethylstilbestrol: A comparison of inbred with hybrid mice

The uterine and thymic weight responses to diethylstilbestrol (DES) were examined in BALB/cStCrlfC3Hf/Nctr, C57BL/6JfC3Hf/Nctr, C57BL/6 × BALB/c F 1 hybrid (F1), and monohybrid cross offspring (F2) from the breeding of F 1 mice. Weanling females were exposed for 6 d to dietary concentrations of DES of 2.5–1000 ppb (μg/kg feed). About 400 mice of each genetic population were used. In the uterine weight assay the slope of the dose‐response line was significantly less for the BALB/c than for the other populations. Uterine weight variances for the F 1 hybrid and BALB/c mice were indistinguishable from each other and significantly smaller than variances for the F 2 hybrid and C57BL/6 mice. Similarly, thymic weight variances were smallest for BALB/c and F 1 mice and highest for C57BL/6 mice. In other studies the body weight responses were examined and gross necropsy observations were recorded for pituitaries and testes during a chronic feeding study with dietary concentrations of DES of 5–640 ppb. A total of 57...
Respiratory/laryngeal coupling and complexity effects on acoustic laryngeal reaction time in normal speakers

Summary The simple reaction time paradigm was used to investigate effects of peripheral (respiratory/laryngeal coupling) and central (task complexity) requirements on average acoustic laryngeal reaction time (LRT) values in normal speakers. Respiratory/laryngeal coupling at response onset varied from glottal stop to aspirate. Complexity varied from isolated vowel to short sentence. The range from shortest to longest average LRT value across all tasks was 69 ms. Significant differences among tasks indicate that acoustic LRT values are sensitive to relatively small magnitude effects associated with respiratory/laryngeal coupling and task complexity. Results led to formulation of two hypotheses, which, while consistent with present findings, require further investigation: First, LRT increases directly with increasing glottal resistance. Second, LRT increases directly with increases in the number of stressed syllables in the response.
Effects of Uncertainty Reduction on Weight of Composite Laminates at Cryogenic Temperatures

The effect of uncertainty reduction measures on the weight of laminates for cryogenic temperatures is investigated. The uncertainties in the problem are classified as error and variability. Probabilistic design is carried out to analyze the effect of reducing the uncertainty on the weight. For demonstration, variability reduction takes the form of quality control, while error is reduced by including the effect of chemical shrinkage in the analysis. It is found that the use of only error control leads to 12% weight reduction, the use of only quality control leads to 20% weight savings and the use of error and variability control measures together reduces the weight by 37%. In addition, the paper also investigates how to improve the accuracy and efficiency of probability of failure calculations (performed using Monte Carlo simulation technique). Approximating the cumulative distribution functions for strains is shown to lead to more accurate probability of failure estimations than the use of response surface approximations for strains.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Photoelectrochemical performance of W-doped BiVO4 thin-films deposited by spray pyrolysis

The effect of tungsten doping and hydrogen annealing treatments on the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoanodes for solar water splitting was studied. Thin films of BiVO4 were deposited on ITO-coated glass slides by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of an aqueous solution containing bismuth nitrate and vanadium oxysulfate. Tungsten doping was achieved by adding either silicotungstic acid (STA) or ammonium metatungstate (AMT) in the aqueous precursor. The 1.7 μm – 2.2 μm thick films exhibited a highly porous microstructure. Undoped films that were reduced at 375 oC in 3% H2 exhibited the largest photocurrent densities under 0.1 W cm -2 AM1.5 illumination. This performance enhancement was believed to be due to the formation of oxygen vacancies, which are shallow electron donors, in the films. Films doped with 1% or 5% tungsten from either STA or AMT exhibited reduced photoelectrochemical performance and greater sample-to-sample performance variations. Powder X-ray diffraction data of the undoped films indicated that they were comprised primarily of the monoclinic scheelite phase while unidentified phases were also present. Scanning electron microscopy showed slightly different morphology characteristics for the Wdoped films. It is surmised that the addition of W in the deposition process promoted the morphology differences and the formation of different phases, thus reducing the PEC performance of the photoanode samples. Significant PEC performance variability was also observed among films deposited using the described process.
Social evaluations of embodied agents and avatars

The purpose of this study was to examine social evaluations (i.e., perceptions of empathy and positivity) following peoples' interactions with digital human representations. Female research participants engaged in a 3-min interaction while immersed in a 3-D immersive virtual environment with a ''peer counselor.'' Participants were led to believe that the peer counselor was either an embodied agent (i.e., computer algorithm) or an avatar (i.e., another person). During the interaction, the peer counselor either smiled or not. As predicted, a digitally-rendered smile was found to affect participants' social evaluations. However, these effects were moderated by participants' beliefs about their interaction partner. Specifically, smiles enhanced social evaluations of embodied agents but degraded them for avatars. Although these results are consistent with other findings concerning the communicative realism of embodied agents and avatars they uniquely demonstrate that people's beliefs alone, rather than actual differences in virtual representations, can impact social evaluations.
Family interaction at two levels of acculturation in Sumatra.

A comparison, based on interview and projective data, of a Batak peasant family in a mountain village with an acculturated family from a seacoast town. Similarities were found in the dominance pattern of the spouses and in the dependency needs of the adolescent daughters. Major differences in the way the children handle aggression and experience guilt were attributed to structural and relationship changes in the urban family, with education as the major variable.
Numerical simulations of thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical shell cooled inhomogeneously from above

Abstract Numerical simulations of thermal convection in a rapidly rotating spherical fluid shell with and without inhomogeneous temperature anomalies on the top boundary have been carried out using a three-dimensional, time-dependent, spectral-transform code. The spherical shell of Boussinesq fluid has inner and outer radii the same as those of the Earth's liquid outer core. The Taylor number is 107, the Prandtl number is 1, and the Rayleigh number R is 5Rc (Rc is the critical value of R for the onset of convection when the top boundary is isothermal and R is based on the spherically averaged temperature difference across the shell). The shell is heated from below and cooled from above; there is no internal heating. The lower boundary of the shell is isothermal and both boundaries are rigid and impermeable. Three cases are considered. In one, the upper boundary is isothermal while in the others, temperature anomalies with (l,m) = (3,2) and (6,4) are imposed on the top boundary. The spherically averaged te...
Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adults.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to identify common and unique risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) among young adults in relationships. Guided by two models of IPV, the same set of risk factors was used to examine outcomes of unidirectional (perpetration or victimization) and bidirectional (reciprocal) IPV separately for males and females. Methods The sample included 10,187 young adults, ages 18-27, from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The respondents were drawn from Wave 3 and stated they had a romantic relationship during the time of the study. The risk factors were primarily related to violent socialization (e.g., childhood maltreatment, youth violence) and personal adjustment (e.g., alcohol use, depression). Results Approximately 47% of the respondents experienced some form of IPV in romantic relationships, and the majority of respondents reported bidirectional violence. For males, childhood sexual abuse was associated with perpetration and bidirectional IPV, and childhood neglect was associated with bidirectional IPV. For females, childhood neglect was associated with all three IPV outcomes, and childhood physical abuse was associated with bidirectional IPV. Youth violence perpetration during adolescence increased the odds for all IPV outcomes among females, while low self-esteem increased the odds for all IPV outcomes among males. A history of suicide attempts predicted bidirectional IPV across genders. Being married and living with a partner predicted all three IPV outcomes for males and females. Conclusions The results revealed more common risk factors for bidirectional IPV than unidirectional IPV and few common risk factors across genders. The results indicate that IPV prevention and intervention strategies should be tailored to the unique risk experiences of males and females rather than focus on a common factors approach. However, child abuse, youth violence, and suicide prevention efforts may reduce incidents of later IPV for males and females, and these strategies should continue to be an emphasis in practice and research.
Optical coherence tomography as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to axonal dysfunction and neuronal loss and often presents optic neuritis (ON). Decreased thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is a classic finding on ophthalmoscopic examination of patients with MS and especially noted in those patients with a history of ON. The thickness of the RNFL can be measured by a non-invasive technique, optical coherence tomography (OCT). Areas covered: This review will cover the history and development of the OCT technology and the advantages of a potential clinical application as a biomarker for axonal loss in MS. Expert opinion: The use of OCT to quantify axonal loss in the RNFL is a promising tool to evaluate disease progression in MS and ON patients. OCT measurements may also correlate with MRI measured brain atrophy and could provide an easily quantified and highly reproducible method in clinical trials to monitor the efficacy of both immune- and neuroprotective th...
SOURCES AND LOSSES OF RING CURRENT IONS: AN UPDATE

The cleft ion fountain has been identified as a prodigious source of upflowing suprathermal ionospheric plasma. Modeling efforts have traced the path of these ions from the polar ionosphere along trajectories where the ions are energized to keV energies and deposited in the near earth plasma sheet. Mass and energy dispersion of these ions accounts in a natural way for the observed variation in heavy ion content of the plasma sheet. Observations of ion composition in the plasma sheet by the AMPTE and ISEE spacecraft establish that ionospheric ions dominate in the near earth plasma sheet but solar wind ions become significant tailward. The heavy ion content of the plasma sheet increases with both solar cycle and magnetic activity. Direct injection of ionospheric ions into the ring current has been observed in the outer plasmasphere. Several mechanisms for the direct injection of ions from the plasmasphere and ionosphere into the ring current have appeared. Estimation of ionospheric source strengths and residence times have led to an estimate of the magnetospheric densities that would result solely from an ionospheric outflow populating the magnetosphere. Estimated densities were quite reasonable even without inclusion of a solar wind source of ions. Ring current ions decay primarily via charge exchange with the hydrogen geocorona, however, the roles of pitch angle diffusion and Coulomb collisions in this decay process are being clarified. Modeling and observations of ENA by the 1SEE1 spacecraft has led to a re-affirmation of the dominant role of charge exchange in ring current decay. Ion cyclotron waves contribute to ring current decay in the dusk bulge region. The role of low frequency. (< 1 Hz) ion cyclotron waves in the plasmasphere is still unclear. Other wave modes may be responsible for the pitch angle diffusion and subsequent loss of ring current ions. Coulomb collisional energy losses from ring current O+ to thermal electrons are sufficient to power SAR arcs and represent an energy sink for ring current O+ within the plasmasphere. Coulomb collisions may be important for decay of low energy (< 10 KeV) ring current ions in the plasmasphere.
Poster 1: Caregiver Quality of Life in Huntington's Disease

Objective To determine the factors that most influence the quality of life (QOL) of caregivers of persons with Huntington's disease (HD). Background Long-term care of individuals with HD rests mainly with family or partner caregivers, and HD care may pose unique burdens not seen in other disorders. For example, HD caregivers may need to provide various levels of care to multiple individuals over the course of their life. Identification of the factors that affect HD caregiver QOL may provide insights into easing caregiver burden. Methods 31 HD caregivers (21 female, age = 56 ± 11 yr, range 25–76) completed the 33-item HDQoL-C questionnaire (an unpublished QOL questionnaire for HD caregivers), provided demographic information, and responded to a single item question rating overall QOL; in addition, qualitative information was collected through two free-text questions about what factors would most improve QOL. Results The mean score on the questionnaire was 55%, indicating suboptimal quality of life. The single item self-reported QOL question correlated with the total score on the HDQoL-C (r = 0.67, p Conclusions Providing respite from care giving specifically involving social activities may improve HD caregiver QOL. Further studies involving specific interventions to improve HD caregiver QOL are warranted.
Cost minimization analysis and utility of pretreatment and posttreatment total body iodine-131 scans in patients with thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of posttreatment total body iodine-131 (I-131) scans. METHODS The records of 63 consecutive patients with thyroid carcinoma treated with surgery and postoperative I-131 were reviewed. Patients underwent a postoperative diagnostic total body I-131 scan. Subsequently, patients received therapeutic administration of I-131. Posttreatment total body I-131 scans were performed. RESULTS The postoperative diagnostic total body I-131 scans revealed uptake in the neck in all 63 patients and also demonstrated lung and mediastinal uptake in 7 patients with known sites of metastatic disease. The posttreatment total body I-131 scans also revealed neck uptake in all patients and demonstrated uptake in the lung and mediastinum in those with known metastasis to those sites. Additional foci of neck uptake were revealed on the posttreatment total body I-131 scans in six patients. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify prognostic factors predictive of additional foci of uptake on the posttreatment total body I-131 scans compared with the pretreatment diagnostic total body I-131 scans. Variables found to correlate significantly with additional uptake on the posttreatment total body I-131 scans were tumor size ≥ 2 cm, follicular histology, and multifocal disease. CONCLUSIONS Posttreatment total body I-131 scans yielded additional information in only 10% (6 of 63) of the study patient population treated with postoperative I-131 for thyroid carcinoma. Therefore, the cost, and the associated inconvenience to the patient, of performing a posttreatment total body I-131 scan can be eliminated for most patients. Cancer 1998;82:931-5. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Impact of Gifted Programs From the Students' Perspectives

Fifty college students were interviewed about their prior experiences in gifted programs and their perspectives on the impact of these experiences on their lives. Interview questions probed the typ...
Fields and plasmas in the outer solar system

The most significant information about fields and plasmas in the outer solar system, based on observations by Pioneer 10 and 11 investigations, is reviewed. The characteristic evolution of solar wind streams beyond 1 AU has been observed. The region within which the velocity increases continuously near 1 AU is replaced at larger distances by a thick interaction region with abrupt jumps in the solar wind speed at the leading and trailing edges. These abrupt increases, accompanied by corresponding jumps in the field magnitude and in the solar wind density and temperature, consist typically of a forward and a reverse shock. The existence of two distinct corotating regions, separated by sharp boundaries, is a characteristic feature of the interplanetary medium in the outer solar system. Within the interaction regions, compression effects are dominant and the field strength, plasma density, plasma temperature and the level of fluctuations are enhanced. Within the intervening quiet regions, rarefaction effects dominate and the field magnitude, solar wind density and fluctuation level are very low. These changes in the structure of interplanetary space have significant consequences for the many energetic particles propagating through the medium. The interaction regions control the access to the inner solar system of relativistic electrons from Jupiter's magnetosphere. The interaction regions and shocks appear to be associated with an acceleration of solar protons to MeV energies. Flare-generated shocks are observed to be propagating through the outer solar system with constant speed, implying that the previously recognized deceleration of flare shocks takes place principally near the Sun. Radial gradients in the solar wind and interplanetary field parameters have been determined. The solar wind speed is nearly constant between 1 and 5 AU with only a slight deceleration of ≃30 km s+1 on the average. The proton flux follows an r +2 dependence reasonably well, however, the proton density shows a larger departure from this dependence. The proton temperature decreases steadily from 1 to 5 AU and the solar wind protons are slightly hotter than anticipated for an adiabatic expansion. The radial component of the interplanetary field falls off like r +2 and, on the average, the magnitude and spiral angle also agree reasonably well with theory. However, there is evidence, principally within quiet regions, of a significant departure of the azimuthal field component and the field magnitude from simple theoretical models. Pioneer 11 has obtained information up to heliographic latitudes of 16°. Observations of the interplanetary sector structure show that the polarity of the field becomes gradually more positive, corresponding to outward-directed fields at the Sun, and at the highest latitudes the sector structure disappears. These results confirm a prior suspicion that magnetic sectors are associated with an interplanetary current sheet surrounding the Sun which is inclined slightly to the solar equator.
Pathfinding by neuroblastoma cells in culture is directed by preferential adhesion to positively charged surfaces

Abstract Pathfinding is a fundamental behavior of migrating neuroblasts and advancing growth cones. We have analyzed this behavior in culture using mouse neuroblastoma (N1E-115) cells grown on a chemically patterned surface. The patterned surface was defined photolithographically and consisted of intersecting 10-μm-wide pathways. The pathways were coated with positively charged amines and separated by regions bound with uncharged alkanes. Cells and growth cones were guided along the pathways and made choices at intersections. Whereas migrating cells made random choices at intersections, growth cones displayed a preference for advancing straight ahead. Interference reflection microscopy (IRM) revealed that pathfinding by cells and growth cones was correlated with greater overall attachment to aminated regions, although cell bodies and appendages also attached to adjacent alkanated regions. Thus guidance was not simply due to contact inhibition by alkanes; rather, it was due to "preferential" adhesion to aminated surfaces. Gray level analysis of IRM images demonstrated that focal and close contacts were made on both surfaces, indicating that preferential adhesion was not the result of tighter attachment to aminated surfaces. Fluorescent labeling of F-actin and microtubules indicated that preferential adhesion was not due to compartmentalization of these cytoskeletal structures on aminated regions. We propose that preferential adhesion involved a signal transduction mechanism that discriminated between positively charged and uncharged molecules. Such a mechanism could contribute to pathfinding by neuroblasts and growth cones along extracellular matrix proteins in vivo.
In That Issue: The Burden of Skin Disease

Answering the questions How can we monitor the health of a population? How can we determine the effects of a specific disease on that health? How can we compare the health effects of many diseases, to determine which should be addressed? requires rigorous inquiry based on established techniques in epidemiology, biostatistics, economics, psychometrics, and decision analysis. In addition to their scientific interest and significance to our patients and practices, these questions are important to the conduct and goals of our research efforts, and to the public health. The Burden of Skin Disease focus issue of the Journal is devoted to studies that address these important issues. The editors’ interest in this topic reflects a growing international trend driven by a powerful confluence of political and academic initiatives, including those of the World Bank and the World Health Organization (Murray and Lopez, 1997) and the US Institute of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health (Gross et al, 1999). For the purpose of this issue, burden of disease was defined as the effects of disease on the overall welfare of a population, which can be assessed from the viewpoints of the person, the family, and society. Components of the burden of disease can be either economic (related to costs incurred or income lost) or non-economic (related to survival and well-being). Although traditional measures of incidence and mortality are important, they provide an incomplete picture of the impact of disease on affected patients, their families, and society. Measuring such complex aspects of health is challenging, and schemes and tools have been developed to measure each of the components of the burden of disease. As with all measurement tools, these instruments must at a minimum be reliable (i.e., have a high signal-to-noise ratio) and valid (i.e., measure what they are intended to measure) (Chren, 2000). In addition, we face unique challenges in attempting to describe and measure the burden of skin disease. First, the term ‘‘skin disease’’ is ambiguous, both with respect to the term ‘‘skin’’ and the term ‘‘disease.’’ Biological conditions often involve multiple organ systems, and there may be no consensus on whether they primarily or predominantly concern the skin. A second challenge is that many skin diseases are chronic, and their burden is experienced more in living with the disease, than in dying from it. Thus, as with all chronic diseases, accurate measures of well-being are especially important for comprehensive assessments of burden of skin diseases.
The Achilles Reflex Time in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

The Achilles tendon reflex time measured with the photomotograph in 161 children with congenital heart disease was found to be within normal range. Arterial desaturation of long duration prolongs the half relaxation time but does not seem to affect the ankle reflex contraction time. In patients who have had an arteriotomy during cardiac catheterization, the ankle reflex time is shown to be normal.
USBR canal lining experience

The US Bureau of Reclamation has been constructing irrigation water distribution systems since the early 1900s in the 17 Western United States. The advent of this construction soon necessitated a means for preventing excessive seepage from some canals or portions thereof. Numerous types of linings have been installed including concrete, asphalt, masonry, buried plastic membrane, exposed membrane, compacted earth, etc., with varying degrees of success. The three most commonly used at the present are concrete, buried plastic membrane, and compacted earth. Although not a type of lining, buried pipelines are also used extensively and among other advantages they reduce seepage losses very significantly.
Organochlorine concentration dynamics in Lake Michigan chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha )

To investigate how trophic level and physiological processes influence organochlorine (OC) chemical concentrations in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and their offspring, data on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and OC pesticides and metabolite concentrations in Lake Michigan chinook salmon muscle tissue, eggs, sac fry, and prey fish were analyzed. Total concentrations of PCBs in chinook salmon decreased exponentially from the mid-1970s to mid-1980s, but the concentrations have since shown an asymptotic response, a trend also seen in alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), an exotic planktivore that is the principal prey of chinook salmon in western Lake Michigan, and bloater (Coregonus hoyi) an endemic planktivore. The total concentration of PCBs in chinook salmon were positively correlated with fish length. OC concentrations in chinook salmon eggs were positively correlated with the concentrations of these compounds in the muscle tissue of the gravid fish. Egg and sac fry OC concentrations were also positively correlated. Estimates of the quantities of various OCs in chinook salmon muscle tissue and eggs, reveal that between 22% and 40% of the quantities of these compounds are eliminated through spawning.
Iron chemistry in petroleum production

Abstract The aqueous chemistry of iron in souring petroleum reservoirs was modeled in the laboratory. The salt FeSO4·7H2O was allowed to react with Na2S·9H2O in synthetic seawater solutions for three days at 55–85°C. Elemental sulfur and crude oil were added to some of the reactions. The major iron precipitates formed were carbonates and sulfides, e.g. FeCO3, FeS, Fe3S4 and FeS2. These were also found in production solids from the Alaska North Slope. In the laboratory modeling experiments, the amount of precipitate increased with increasing Na2S·9H2O, and the identity of the precipitates depended on the amount of Na2S·9H2O. Elemental sulfur had little effect on what phases formed, but it lowered yields. For a series of reactions with two equivalents of added Na2S·9H2O for each equivalent of FeSO4·7H2O, the product mass increased at basic pH. A pathway was proposed for iron sulfide formation, in which HS− combines with aqueous iron(II) to give FeS and, subsequently, FeS2 and Fe3S4, which are produced from FeS when S2− is oxidized to S22−, and when Fe(II) is partly oxidized to Fe(III), respectively.
Type IV Phosphodiesterase Inhibiton (PDEI) by Ro20-1724 (Ro) Improves Cardiac Contractility in Endotoxemic Rats † 220

Type IV Phosphodiesterase Inhibiton (PDEI) by Ro20-1724 (Ro) Improves Cardiac Contractility in Endotoxemic Rats † 220
Histopathologic analysis of endovascular stent grafts from patients with aortic aneurysms : Does healing occur?

Abstract Background: Research with animal models has demonstrated tissue healing of endovascular grafts in both native arte-rial segments and in experimentally created arterial aneurysms. Fundamental to the successful clinical use of endovascular grafts for the treatment of aneurysmal disease is the creation of a permanent hemostatic seal between the graft ends and the arterial wall. Characteristics of this healing process in patients with aneurysmal disease have not been fully studied. In this study, we analyzed the macroscopic and histopathologic changes of the arterial wall after endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms. Methods: Over a 7-year period, 313 patients were treated with endovascular grafts to exclude arterial aneurysms of the thoracic and abdominal aorta. Of these patients, 11 had their endovascular grafts recovered for analysis. Five graft specimens were recovered during subsequent open aortic surgery. Six grafts were recovered at autopsy after the death of the patient of causes unrelated to the patient's endovascular graft. All specimens were fixed in formalin. Histologic analysis included light microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin and trichrome stains. Well-preserved specimens were selected after light microscopic examination and postfixed in 3% buffered glutaraldehyde for electron microscopy. The aortas from autopsy specimens were removed en bloc and fixed in formalin; representative regions of each graft were sectioned for analysis. Adherence of the graft to the vessel wall was categorized as densely adherent or easily separated after graft explantation. Traction applied to the graft-aortic anastomosis was equal to traction generated by suspending a standardized 2-kg weight. Infrarenal graft specimens were obtained with supraceliac aortic clamping, longitudinal aortotomy, and graft sampling before endograft revision. Results: In eight patients, endograft fixation was found to be firmly adherent to the arterial wall. A translucent film of fibrinous material was consistently seen across the entire luminal surface of the endograft. Light and electron microscopy failed to demonstrate an endothelial layer or organized pseudointima at the graft-artery interface. Conclusion: Despite suggestive experimental data regarding endograft healing in animals, minimal graft incorporation was apparent in the stent grafts recovered in this study. A greater emphasis on the construction and mechanism of fixation of endograft attachment systems will be important for long-term device function. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:733-8.)
Urgent therapy for stroke. Part I. Pilot study of tissue plasminogen activator administered within 90 minutes.

Thrombolytic agents hold theoretical promise as therapy for cerebral infarction. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of tissue plasminogen activator, to accomplish urgent patient treatment, and to estimate potential efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator.Following neurological evaluation and computed tomography of the brain, patients with acute ischemic stroke were evaluated and treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator under an open-label, dose-escalation design within 90 minutes from symptom onset. End points examined included symptomatic and asymptomatic intracranial hematoma, systemic hemorrhage, and neurological outcome at 2 hours, 24 hours, and 3 months.Seventy-four patients were treated within 90 minutes of symptom onset over seven dose tiers of tissue plasminogen activator, ranging from 0.35 mg/kg to 1.08 mg/kg. Intracranial hematoma with associated neurological deterioration occurred in three patients and was related to increasing doses of tissue plasminogen activator (p ...
16) High altitude and the skin

Most high-altitude medical research has been concerned with cardio-pulmonary pathophysiology. As medical officer to the 1986 British North East Ridge Everest Expedition, I was able to study the effects of prolonged high altitude exposure on the skin. The environment is very harsh on Everest (29 048 feet) with strong winds, low humidity and temperatures as low as - 25°C. The 23 members of the expedition spent 3 months at or above 17000 feet. The highest altitude reached was 25750 feet. Several skin conditions were encountered: frostbite, chillblains, fissuring of finger pulps, dry skin, eczema, folliculitis, sunburn and polymorphic light eruption. The most interesting finding was that six members developed numerous splinter haemorrhages. This may reflect a more widespread capillary fragility which occurs at high altitudes,1 and may be important in the pathogenesis of high-altitude pulmonary and cerebral oedema.
SIMULINK ® based robotic hand control using Emotiv™ EEG headset

The Emotiv™ electroencephalogram (EEG) headset is a non-invasive brain-computer interface with 14 EEG channels that was used to record neural responses to stimuli in 5 male and 5 female participants. The stimuli included instructions (presented in both visual or auditory format successively) of `right' or `left.' Participants raised their right or left arm in response to the instruction given. The subjects were stimulated and their data was recorded using a scenario generated in OpenViBE™. Specifically, the Graz Motor BCI Stimulator algorithm was used to generate the number and frequency of auditory and visual stimulations. In addition, using EEGlab™ in conjunction with Matlab ® , the electrodes most important during visual and auditory stimulation were identified. This aided in the development of processing real-time EEG signals from the Emotiv™ EEG headset. Filtering and feature extraction were accomplished via the SIMULINK ® signal processing toolbox. An Arduino™ microcontroller acted as a connection between the Mecha Te Hand™ and the Emotiv™ EEG headset.
The structure of the micas and related minerals — A review

Abstract Pauling's contribution to layer silicate structure analysis is reviewed, and subsequent developments are discussed in relation to polymorphism (polytypism), detailed structure analyses, short-range versus long-range order, the location and role of hydrogen atoms, and the fine-grained layer silicates.
Comparative assessment of life cycle impacts of curtain wall mullions

Abstract Glass curtain wall (CW) systems have been inevitable elements of commercial buildings for over a century. The systems mainly consist of mullion materials and glazing units that are selected and designed to achieve the desired structural, thermal and daylighting performances as well as to meet cost and aesthetic concerns. The health and environmental life cycle impacts of CW systems, however, are not usually considered in design. The main objective of this paper is to study how change of mullion materials would affect the health and environmental impacts associated with a typical CW system over its life cycle. The mullion materials studied for the purpose of this paper include extruded aluminum, carbon steel and glulam timber. Also, the health and environmental impact categories of interest include global warming, acidification, eutrophication and human toxicity. To achieve the objective, a process-based cradle-to-gate attributional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was applied. Results indicate that CW system with glulam timber mullions causes the least and CW system with extruded aluminum mullions causes the most damage to the environment and human health over their life cycle. A CW system with carbon steel mullions falls in-between.
Ingestive behavior of beef heifers within grazing sessions

Abstract Two field experiments were used to measure the net effects of changing hunger and satiety on the ingestive behavior of tethered beef cattle ( Bos taurus ) within grazing sessions that followed overnight fasts. Angus heifers [liveweight (LW), 364±8 kg] were grazed on a vegetative tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pasture with a herbage mass of 4.5 t ha −1 of dry matter (DM) and herbage DM allowances of 5.5 kg per heifer h −1 . During their first hour of grazing, heifers ingested herbage DM at 0.65% LW h −1 and took bites of 1 g DM at 41 bites min −1 . After 45 or 90 min of grazing, heifers were consuming herbage at 0.51% LW h −1 and forming bites of 0.9 g at 37 bites min −1 . In the second experiment with twice the herbage DM allowance (11 kg per heifer h −1 ) and slightly higher herbage DM mass (5.6 t ha −1 ), heifers ate herbage at 0.76% LW h −1 and took bites averaging 1.2 g (DM) at 36 bites min −1 during the first hour of grazing. Heifers in their second or third hour of grazing ate herbage at 0.48% LW h −1 and took bites of 1 g at 29 bites min −1 . The decline in rate of intake within grazing sesssions was attributed to declining hunger and increasing satiety. Rates of herbage intake of animals grazing temperate swards unrestricted by allowance and availability of herbage are ∼ 0.5% LW h −1 after hunger is alleviated.
New Species of Ground Beetles of the Genus Dolichoctis Schmidt-Goebel, Subgenus Spinidolichoctis Baehr, from the Papuan and Oriental Regions (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: Lebiinae)

ABSTRACT Eight new species of ground beetles of the lebiine genus Dolichoctis Schmidt-Goebel, 1846, from New Guinea and the island of Seram are described: D. bisetosiceps from Goodenough Island off the southeast coast of Papua New Guinea; D. ivimkae, D. ocularis, D. latibasis, D. aterrima, and D. cylindripennis from eastern and northern Papua New Guinea; D. lackneri from central Papua Indonesia; and D. mehli from Seram. All species belong to the subgenus Spinidolichoctis Baehr, 1999, which is characterized by the dentate or spinose apex of the elytra and the absence of the anterior marginal seta of the pronotum. This subgenus mainly occurs in the Papuan Region with a few species recorded from the southern Oriental Region and from northeastern Australia. For the new species, differential diagnoses are provided that distinguish them from related or similarly shaped species. A complete new key is provided for the subgenus Spinidolichoctis. Some thoughts on evolution and biogeography of the genus Dolichoctis ...
Approximations to the power of some order restricted tests with slippage alternatives

SUMMARY In the one-way analysis of variance, a researcher may believe that the ordering of the means is known and would like to incorporate this information into the test of hypotheses. Bartholomew developed likelihood ratio tests for such situations and proposed a twomoment chi-squared approximation for the minimum power of the test for the case of known variances. The accuracy of a closely related approximation is studied and an approximation based on mixtures of noncentral F variables is developed for the case of unknown variances. The simple ordering, the simple tree ordering and a class of slippage alternatives are considered, and an example concerning the choice of sample size needed to provide a specified power at a particular alternative is treated. For powers in the range typically of interest the two-moment approximation seems adequate.
Spring sapping on the lower continental slope, offshore New Jersey

Undersea discharge of ground water during periods of lower sea level may have eroded valleys on part of the lower continental slope, offshore New Jersey. Steep-headed basins, cliffed and terraced walls, and irregular courses of these valleys may have been produced by sapping of exposed near-horizontal Tertiary strata. Joints in Eocene calcareous rocks would have localized ground-water movement. Some karstlike features of the submarine topography and the outcrops suggest that solution of the calcareous rocks also took place.
On the cultural validity of science assessments

We propose the concept of cultural validity as a form of test validity in science assessment. The conceptual relevance of cultural validity is supported by evidence that culture and society shape an individual's mind and thinking. To attain cultural validity, the process of assessment development must consider how the sociocultural context in which students live influences the ways in which they make sense of science items and the ways in which they solve them. These sociocultural influences include the values, beliefs, experiences, communication patterns, teaching and learning styles, and epistemologies inherent in the students' cultural backgrounds, as well as the socioeconomic conditions prevailing in their cultural groups. We contend that current approaches to handling student diversity in assessment (e.g., adapting or translating tests, providing assessment accommodations, estimating test cultural bias) are limited and lack sociocultural perspective. We find that attaining cultural validity may conflict with current basic principles and assumptions in testing, such as item independence and standardization. We discuss the ways in which adopting cultural validity as a criterion for test validity makes it necessary to shift assessment paradigms and adopt new procedures for assessment development. fl 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 553 - 573, 2001 For decades, cultural psychologists and child development researchers and theoreticians have acknowledged that culture and society play a critical role in cognitive development (e.g., Vygotsky, 1978; Wertsch, 1985; Wertsch, Del Rio, & Alvarez, 1995). Culture influences the ways in which people construct knowledge and create meaning from experience (how they think about things, reason, and solve problems) (Greenfield, 1997a), which relates directly to the ways in which individuals learn and teach in both informal and school settings (Lipka, 1991). Greenfield (1997a) provided an example that illustrates how ignoring the epistemologies inherent to cultures may lead to misjudgments about an individual's capabilities. Drawing on procedures developed in Cambridge, Massachusetts (an extension of Piaget's work in Geneva), Greenfield administered conservation of quantity tests to unschooled Wolof children in Senegal as she studied the Piagetian stage of concrete operations. After the children transferred water from a short fat beaker to a long thin one, they were asked in their native language whether the
Arousal cues arousal-related material in memory: implications for understanding effects of mood on memory

Evidence is presented that (1) arousal acts as a cue for arousal related material in memory, and (2) this effect may partially underlie mood cuing mood-related material from memory. Specifically, two studies are presented showing that material people learn when in a high arousal state and material they learn when in a normal arousal state is subsequently best recalled when they are in a similar arousal state. Then a brief review of literature and a third study are presented supporting the claim that arousal acting as a cue for arousal-related material in memory may provide a partial explanation for why moods cue similarly toned material from memory. The literature review reveals that positive mood inducers elicit elevated autonomic arousal and the third study shows that elevated arousal in combination with a positive mood enhances the effect the positive mood has on subsequent judgments, whereas arousal by itself has no impact on judgments. Finally, it is suggested that arousal acting as a cue for arousal-related material in memory may account for such previously observed phenomena as state-dependent memory effects produced by alcohol and drugs, “misattribution” of arousal, “excitation transfer,” and effects that arousal has been shown to have on self-focus and humor.