cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hospitalists' lack of knowledge of the Confusion Assessment Method: a barrier to systematic validated delirium surveillance.

AbstractIntroduction: Delirium is frequently missed by inpatient health care providers despite the existence of a highly sensitive and specific assessment for delirium, the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM). The CAM, due to its test characteristics and ease of use, is an ideal physician instrument for systematic inpatient delirium screening; however, little is known about hospitalists' knowledge of the CAM. Methods: A short survey with items assessing respondents' perceptions of delirium detection, familiarity and proficiency with the CAM, and knowledge of the CAM algorithm was administered at a regional hospital medicine conference. Participants included a group of hospital medicine providers comprised of physicians (79.9%), nurse practitioners (7.2%), and physician assistants (12.9%). Results in the form of counts, percentages, and distributions of Likert scale responses and multiple-choice questions were reported. Results: Of 157 surveys distributed, 94% (n = 147) were returned. Approximately 3 of 4 of...
A Newly Discovered Whitman Poem

Presents a newly discovered Whitman poem, "A Sketch," and offers a bibliographic and textual analysis.
A neurobiological interpretation of semiotics: meaning, representation, and information

Abstract The branch of semiotics called semantics deals with the relation between meanings and representations, widely known as the symbol grounding problem. The other branches of semiotics, syntactics which deals with symbol–symbol relations as in a dictionary, and pragmatics which deals with symbol-action paradigms as in traffic signs, are well done by computers, but semantics has eluded computer simulation. In my view, this is because computer programmers have neglected that aspect of Shannon's definition by which information has no meaning; computers process information, whereas brains create meaning. Brains obtain information about the world through the consequences of their own embodied actions. The information thus obtained is used in constructing meaning and is then discarded. One kind of information in the world consists of representations made by other brains for social communication. Computers use representations for information processing and symbol manipulation. However, brains have no internal representations. They deploy dynamic neural operators in the form of activity patterns, which constitute and implement meaning but not information, so that the problem of symbol grounding does not arise. Brains construct external representations in the form of material objects or movements as their means for expressing their internal states of meaning, such as words, books, paintings, and music, as well as facial expressions and gestures in animals and humans, but even though those material objects are made with the intent to elicit meaning in other brains, they have no meanings in themselves and do not carry meanings as if they were buckets or placards. Meanings can only exist in brains, because each meaning expresses the entire history and experience of an individual. It is an activity pattern that occupies the entire available brain, constituting a location in the intentional structure of a brain. It is the limited sharing of meanings between brains for social purposes that requires reciprocal exchanges of representations, each presentation by a transmitting brain inducing the construction of new meaning in the receiving brain. EEG data indicate that neural patterns of meanings in each brain occur in trajectories of discrete steps, which are demarcated by first-order state transitions that enable formation of spatiotemporal patterns of spatially coherent oscillations. Amplitude modulation is the mode of expressing meanings. These wave packets do not represent external objects; they embody and implement the meanings of objects for each individual, in terms of what they portend for the future of that individual, and what that individual should do with and about them.
Synthesis and VUV Photoluminescence Characterization of (Y,Gd)(V,P)O4:Eu3+ as a Potential Red-emitting PDP Phosphor

YVO4:Eu3+-based phosphors in three series with compositions (Y1-xEux)(V1-zPz)O4, (Y0.95-yGdyEu0.05)(V0.4P0.6)O4 and (Y0.95-yEu0.05Gdy)(V1-zPz)O4 were synthesized and investigated as potential red-emitting phosphors for a plasma display panel (PDP). The optimal substitution proportions of P for V and Gd for Y were determined to be 60 and 20 mol %, respectively, for (Y0.95-yGdy)(V1-zPz)O4 doped with 5 mol % Eu3+. The vacuum ultraviolet PL and PLE spectra and chromaticity characteristics for the synthesized phosphors were measured and compared against those of a commercial red-emitting phosphor. Pumping the (Y,Gd)(P,V)O4:Eu3+ phosphors at a wavelength of 172 nm is more efficient than that at 147 nm. For VUV excitation at 147 nm, the CIE chromaticity coordinates for our red-emitting (Y1-yGdy)(V0.4P0.6)O4:Eu3+ are (0.6614,0.3286), as compared to (0.6443, 0.3613) for (Y,Gd)BO3:Eu3+ from Kasei Optonix Ltd. We suggest that the composition-optimized (Y0.75Gd0.20Eu0.05)(V0.4P0.6)O4 can serve as an alternative phosp...
NORMAL ENDOCRINE GLAND WEIGHTS OF FEMALE RATS OF THE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY STRAIN THROUGHOUT THE GROWTH PERIOD AND ADULT LIFE1

SI INCE THE SPRAGUE-DAWLEY strain of albino rat has come into widespread use as a laboratory animal, it has seemed desirable to have available normal standards for this strain comparable to those prepared by Donaldson (1) for the Wistar strain and by Freudenberger (2) for the Long-Evans and Wistar strains. In the course of an investigation previously reported (3), we had the opportunity of obtaining data on a large number of normal females of the Sprague-Dawley strain, ranging in age from 2 to 40 weeks.4 Included were body weight, body length and weights of the pituitary (all lobes), thyroid, thymus, adrenals, ovaries and uterus. These data have been organized and are here presented with the thought that they may serve as useful standards of reference for endocrine gland weights of the female of the Sprague-Dawley strain of albino rat. Source of the strain. Sprague-Dawley, Inc. has furnished the following brief history of their strain: “Our strain started originally with a white hybrid hooded male mated t...
A fractal view of tool–chip interfacial friction in machining

Abstract This paper attempts to reevaluate the tool–chip interfacial boundary conditions in machining, at a fundamental level. Possible applications of fractals to model the tool–chip interface are suggested. Mathematical models are proposed, based on this conjecture, for describing the contact geometry and the proportion of sliding/sticking interfaces. The model assumptions are validated with data obtained from preliminary experiments.
Note on the R2 measure of goodness of fit for nonlinear models

The coefficient of determination R2 is a standard measure of goodness of fit for mathematical models fitted to empirical data by means of least squares regression. However, for the case of nonlinear models, such as power models and exponential models frequently used in the behavioral sciences, the R2 measure is often subject to incorrect calculations and misinterpretations, producing potentially misleading results. This paper discusses these R2-related issues and presents the proper method of calculation. A fictitious example is used.
Detection of pharmaceutical compounds in tissue by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and laser desorption/chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry with a quadrupole ion trap

A novel quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer laser microprobe instrument with an external ionization source was constructed and used to investigate the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) detection of pharmaceutical compounds in intact tissue. In addition to MALDI, laser desorption coupled with chemical ionization (LD/CI) was investigated. MALDI, using 2,5-dihydroxybenezoic acid (DHB) as a matrix, was employed to detect the anticancer drug paclitaxel from a thin section of rat liver tissue which had been incubated in a solution of paclitaxel. The results of that experiment showed that the ability to perform tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with the quadrupole ion trap was crucial in the identification of drug compounds at trace levels in the complex tissue matrix. MALDI MS/MS was then used to detect the presence of paclitaxel in a human ovarian tumor at a concentration of approximately 50 mg/kg. Finally, the drug spiperone was detected in incubated rat liver tissue at an approximate level of 25 mg/kg using LD/CI (no MALDI matrix). Again, the MS/MS capability of the quadrupole ion trap was crucial in the identification of the drug at trace levels in the complex tissue matrix.
Linking global HIV/AIDS treatments with national programs for the control and elimination of the neglected tropical diseases.

Emerging evidence provides a scientific rationale for combining treatment programs for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) with programs for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Engaging the major stakeholders to establish operational links between HIV/AIDS and NTD control and elimination activities, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, could increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of both HIV/AIDS and NTD efforts.
Prolonged Apnea Caused by Inherited Cholinesterase Deficiency after Strabismus Surgery

Prolonged apnea after general anesthesia is a disconcerting event. Ophthalmologists are aware that topical echothiophate iodide prolongs the effect of succinylcholine by reduction of plasma and red cell Cholinesterase levels. 1 Ellis and Esterdahl 2 found reduced plasma Cholinesterase levels in children given 0.06% echothiophate iodide for treatment of accommodative esotropia. Patients given echothiophate iodide are subject to postanesthesia apnea if intravenous succinylcholine is used as a neuromuscular agent. 3
Microdamage of human cortical bone: Incidence and morphology in long bones

Increased bone fragility and osteoporotic fracture in human bone has been attributed to the accumulation of microdamage. According to Martin and Burr (J Biomech 15:137-139; 1982), microcracks from interstitial bone propagate to the cement line or concentric lamellae and debond or separate the Haversian canal from the surrounding bone which leads to repair of the damaged region. If this is true, we would expect to find a greater incidence of microdamage existing at the cement line than at other locations within the bone microstructure. The incidence of such an occurrence, however, is not established. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the incidence and morphology of microcracks in human cortical bone from the midshaft of the tibia and proximal femur. We investigated the hypothesis that osteons arrest and trap microcracks in bone. We were also interested in determining if relationships exist between microdamage and bone type (tibia or femur), cortex location (anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral), gender, and donor age. It was found that 62.4% of all microcracks run between the surrounding interstitial bone and the cement line supporting the hypothesis by Martin and Burr. It was also found that microdamage increased with age, was significantly greater in females than males, and was significantly greater in the proximal femur than the midshaft of the tibia.
The optical particle counter: Cross-sensitivity and coincidence

Abstract The use of optical particle counters for measurement of the size distribution of natural aerosols appears straight-forward. After calibration with test aerosols of known properties, subsequent measurements are interpreted as normalized size distributions. This paper discusses the problems of coincidence and cross-channel sensitivity and how to handle them. Our results indicate that measurements are reliable only when the coincidence loss is less than 1 per cent. For most instruments this result dictates that the concentrations be very low. We show that because the particle concentration in natural aerosols decreases steeply as the size increases, cross-sensitivity may prevent the detection of fine structure in the distribution. It is shown that this cross-channel sensitivity can be eliminated by employing a method based on the solution of a system of linear equations. Because the matrix which results is ill-conditioned, special methods of evaluation are necessary. The sensitivity of the evaluation process to error was tested by calculations which simulate the operation of the particle counter.
Physicochemical profiling: overview of the screens

Physicochemical screens are increasingly used in drug discovery to provide an early understanding of key properties that affect ADME. They also insure that discovery experiments are planned and interpreted correctly. Key physicochemical properties discussed are: integrity, pKa, lipophilicity, solubility and permeability. Various groups might implement literature methods or develop their own. Commercial instruments are also available for these properties to allow groups to rapidly provide data for their organizations.:
The Past, Present, and Future of Computational Models of Cognitive Development.

Abstract Does modeling matter? We address this question by providing a broad survey of the computational models of cognitive development that have been proposed and studied over the last three decades. We begin by noting the advantages and limitations of computational models. We then describe four key dimensions across which models of development can be organized and classified. With this taxonomy in hand, we focus on how the modeling enterprise has evolved over time. In particular, we separate the timeline into three overlapping historical waves and highlight how each wave of models has not only been shaped by developmental theory and behavioral research, but in return also provided valuable insights and innovations to the study of cognitive development.
Nonsingular plane cubic curves over finite fields

Abstract We determine the number of projectively inequivalent nonsingular plane cubic curves over a finite field F q with a fixed number of points defined over F q . We count these curves by counting elliptic curves over F q together with a rational point which is annihilated by 3, up to a certain equivalence relation.
Support for implementing scheduling algorithms using MESSIAHS

The MESSIAHS project is investigating mechanisms that support task placement in heterogeneous, distributed, autonomous systems. MESSIAHS provides a substrate on which scheduling algorithms can be implemented. These mechanisms were designed to support diverse task placement and load balancing algorithms. As part of this work, we have constructed an interface layer to the underlying mechanisms. This includes the MESSIAHS interface language (MIL) and a library of function calls for constructing distributed schedulers. This article gives an overview of MESSIAHS, describes two sample interface layers in detail, and gives example implementations of well-known algorithms from the literature built using these layers.
Path Delay Estimation using Power Supply Transient Signals: A Comparative Study using Fourier and Wavelet Analysis

Transient Signal Analysis (TSA) is a parametric device testing technique based on the analysis of dynamic (transient) current (i/sub DDT/) drawn by the core logic from the power supply pads in a CMOS digital circuit. In previous work, we develop a test procedure that can be used both to detect signal variations caused by defects and to obtain delay information in defect free chips. Phase spectra of transient signals obtained using discrete Fourier transform are shown to track path delays of defect-free chips under a wide range of process variations. However, in recent work, we were able to demonstrate through simulation experiments incorporating deep submicron transistor models, a circuit design and path sensitization scenario in which our existing TSA method is not able to yield accurate predictions of path delays. More specifically, a circuit composed of two inverter chains constructed with widely varying transistor sizes was shown to produce path delays that were weakly correlated across a set of worst case process models. In this paper, an alternative wavelet-based analysis of i/sub DDT/ waveforms is shown to improve the accuracy of predicting multiple path delays under these conditions.
The photo-hall effect in vitreous selenium☆

Abstract The photo-Hall effect has been measured in the insulating vitreous form of selenium. The high mobility holes predicted by Spear have not been found ; rather, under intense illumination, the material shows n -type conductivity. The mobility for electrons μ on = 0.32 ± 0.1 cm 2 V −1 sec −1 at 20°C. The mobility for holes μ op is estimated to be very close to the drift mobility μ Dp = 0.15 cm 2 V −1 sec −1 .
International Financial Adjustment

The paper explores the implications of a country’s external budget constraint to study the dynamics of net foreign assets and exchange rate movements. We show that deteriorations in a country’s net exports or net foreign asset position relative to their trend have to be matched either by future net export growth (the trade channel) or by future increases in the returns of the net foreign asset portfolio, a hitherto unexplored valuation channel. Using a newly constructed data set on US gross foreign positions, we find that stabilizing valuation effects contribute as much as 27% of the cyclical external adjustment. Our approach also has asset pricing implications. Our measure of external imbalance predicts net foreign asset portfolio returns one quarter to two years ahead and net exports at longer horizons. The exchange rate affects the trade balance and the valuation of net foreign assets. It is forecastable in and out of sample at one quarter and beyond. A one standard deviation increase in external imbalances predicts an annualized 4% depreciation of the exchange rate over the next quarter.
"The significance of protein binding of contrast media in roentgen diagnosis"-- a commentary.

AJR:191, July 2008 ing that contrast media bind almost entirely to albumin and that the presence or absence of prosthetic groups at both the 3 and 5 positions determines the relative weakness or strength of binding with albumin. Lasser et al. [1] then compared these results with a synthesis of the LD50 toxicity data that had been previously published and concluded that there is a consistent correspondence between binding and toxicity. The better-bound materials are also the most toxic. This also explained the known higher toxicity of the cholangiographic agent meglumine iodipamide (Cholegrafin, E. R. Squibb and Sons [now Bracco Diagnostics]). Lasser et al. [1] then correlated characteristics of contrast media with alteration in blood and blood vessels. They observed that those agents with the higher albumin binding capacity produced a greater degree of RBC morphologic changes (crenation) than those agents that had poor protein binding. Evidence from their investigation and from the literature suggested that local and systemic toxicity from contrast materials is mediated via derangements of the blood elements and blood vessels. It was hypothesized that this is related to the proven presence of contrast-binding albumin sites in or on these structures. Next, Lasser et al. [1] turned their attention to the relationship of contrast material protein binding and pathways of contrast material excretion. They observed that the more highly protein-bound contrast media appear to be preferentially excreted in the bile and the less highly bound media in the urine. This allows characterization of the types of contrast media best suited for hepatic versus renal excretion and imaging. All of the available chole cystographic contrast media in use at that time had the chemical configuration that confers good albumin binding. In contrast, all of the urographic contrast media were relatively poor albumin binders. “The Significance of Protein Binding of Contrast Media in Roentgen Diagnosis”— A Commentary
MECHANISM OF PHOTOINACTIVATION OF PLANT PLASMA MEMBRANE ATPASE

UV radiation at 290 and 365 nm inactivates two forms of the K+-stimulated ATPase associated with the plasma membrane of suspension-cultured cells of Rosa damascena. One form is 15 and 36 times more sensitive than the other to 290 and 365 nm, respectively. For both forms, the inactivation requires oxygen, is inhibited by azide and diazobicyclo(2.2.2.2)octane, but not glycerol, and is enhanced up to 7.5 times in deuterium oxide solvent. Inactivation occurs concomitantly with loss of absorbance at 290 nm. Cs+ and NO−3, quenchers of tryptophan fluorescence, inhibit inactivation. The results suggest that inactivation involves singlet-oxygen mediated destruction of tryptophans in the ATPases.
New challenges behind the scenes: the changing role of the serials librarian in the age of e-publishing

The explosion of electronic publishing is driving rapid changes in the role of the serials librarian. The acquisition of resources published on the Internet requires different expertise than that of traditional formats and this expertise must range across a broad spectrum of specializations. These specializations include: understanding IP (Internet Protocol) domains and the technicalities of accessing remote computer files, dealing with archiving issues, and reviewing and negotiating licensing agreements. Developments such as continuous and cumulative publishing undermine the traditional definition and management of serial literature, and require entirely new ways of managing the collection. The author will explore the impact these factors are having on the role of the serials librarian within the academic environment.
Radiation transport effects and the interpretation of infrared images of gravity waves and turbulence

Radiation transport modulates the spatial frequencies of atmospheric structures, acting as a low pass filter, which causes the power spectra of the accumulated radiance to have different power spectral slopes than the underlying atmospheric structure. Additional effects arise because of the non-stationarity of the atmosphere. The SHARC atmospheric radiance code is used to model both equilibrium and non-equilibrium radiance and radiance fluctuation statistics. It predicts two dimensional radiance spatial covariance functions and power spectral densities, PSDs. Radiance power spectral slopes for paths through isotropic Kolmogorov turbulence are predicted to vary from –5/3 to –8/3 depending on the length of the path through the turbulence. The input gravity wave 3-D covariances and PSDs of atmospheric temperature are consistent with current gravity wave theory, having vertical and horizontal power spectral indices of -3 and –5/3, respectively. Altitude profiles of variances and correlation lengths account for the non-stationary of the gravity wave structure in the atmosphere. The radiance covariance and PSD power spectral slopes differ from the atmospheric gravity wave temperature model values of -3 and –5/3. These modulations depend on LOS orientations, and scale lengths of the sampled altitudes along the LOS.
Fluorescent lamp recycling initiatives in the United States and a recycling proposal based on extended producer responsibility and product stewardship concepts.

This paper presents an overview of mercury-containing lamp (MCL) recycling initiatives currently available in the world, especially in the United States. The majority of MCLs contain mercury which is a neurotoxin, a persistent pollutant in the environment, and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. Although there are some recycling options in the United States, collection rates are still at 23% of all potential used MCLs. This shows that citizens are either indifferent to or unaware of the recycling alternatives. On the other hand, MCL recycling seems not to be a cost-effective process and, for this reason, in the United States, take-back programmes are still sponsored only by consumers or municipalities. A few retailers have recently initiated limited take-back alternatives and manufacturers have not yet supported financially any consistent recycling alternative in the country. Considering successful experiences, this paper makes a suggestion for an MCL recycling system based on the concepts of extended pr...
A hierarchical approach to parallel multiquery scheduling

There has been a good deal of progress made recently toward the efficient parallelization of individual phases of single queries in multiprocessor database systems. In this paper we devise and experimentally evaluate a number of scheduling algorithms designed to handle multiple parallel queries. (Scheduling in this context implies the determination of both processor allotments and temporal processor assignments to individual queries and query phases.) One of these algorithms performs the best in our experiments. This algorithm is hierarchical in nature: In the first phase, a good quality precedence based schedule is created for each individual query and each possible number of processors. This component employs dynamic programming. In the second phase, the results of the first phase are used to create an overall schedule of the full set of queries. This component is based on previously published work on nonprecedence-based malleable scheduling. Even though the problem we are considering is NP-hard in the strong sense, the multiple query schedules generated by our hierarchical algorithm are seen experimentally to achieve high quality results. >
Predictability and unpredictability in financial markets

Abstract Complicated transactions are a fact of life in today’s financial markets. An adequate description and understanding of these transactions requires a sophisticated mathematical apparatus. Although this apparatus can be borrowed in part from probability theory and the theory of partial differential equations, some of it has to be developed from scratch. In the present paper we discuss several important problems of mathematical finance and demonstrate how they can be treated in the rigorous framework of modern applied mathematics. In particular, we discuss the role of derivatives in solving the financial predictability problem.
Acute pediatric stroke—what’s the hurry? A case for emergency physician-performed echocardiography

Acute ischemic stroke in a pediatric population is uncommon and has a different etiology from the adult population. We describe a case of acute ischemic stroke for which emergent, physician-sonographer–performed transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) changed his outcome.The patient in this case presented with left-sided hemiparesis,with subsequent CT Angiography (CTA) imaging and follow-on neurosurgical embolectomy for a proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion after which showed early recovery of muscular deficit. The cause ultimately was from an atrialmyxoma that was identified early by emergency physician-performed TTE and led to early resection possibly preventing recurrence of stroke.
Oxidation Kinetics of Single‐Crystal SrTiO3

The oxidation kinetics were determined for single-crystal SrTiO3 by measuring the time and temperature dependence of the weight gain of reduced crystals. The oxidation can be described as a diffusion-controlled process. The calculated diffusion coefficients between 850° and 1460°C are represented by D= 0.33 exp (-22.5 ± 5.0 kcal/RT) cm2/sec. Directly measured oxygen ion diffusion coefficients in the same temperature interval reported earlier are interpreted as being extrinsic and can be represented by D= 5.2 × 10−6 exp (-26.1 ± 5.0 kcal/RT) cm2/sec, where the activation energy is for mobility only. Assuming that the calculated diffusion coefficients are for vacancy diffusion and the two activation energies are equivalent within experimental error, a vacancy concentration (fraction of vacant lattice sites), [O□], fixed by impurities in the fully oxidized crystal is calculated to be 1.6 × 10−5 by virtue of the relation between the oxygen self-diffusion coefficient, D02-, and the oxygen vacancy diffusion coefficient, Do□; Do2-= [O□]Do□ where the oxygen ion concentration [O2-] is taken as unity.
The Bulk Isolation of Oligodendroglia from Whole Rat Forebrain: A New Procedure Using Physiologic Media

: A method for the isolation of oligodendroglia from undissected rat forebrain is described. The method has been applied to brains from 10-, 30- and 60-day-old rats. The procedure uses a balanced salt solution at pH 7.2 throughout. Tissue is briefly exposed to trypsin and DNase and dissociated and the cells are purified on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The isolates were composed of 90% phase-bright rounded cells having diameters after fixation of 7-12 μm. The contamination was primarily by red blood cells and phase-dark nuclei. Neurons and astroglia were lysed by the procedure. The method is reproducible and should be applicable to other ages of rat or to other species. The cells have been examined by light and electron microscopy and analyzed for protein and nucleic acids. None of the cell parameters measured, including total protein (58 pg/cell), varied significantly with age. With this new method it should be possible to carry out studies on the development and metabolism of oligodendroglia in small laboratory animals.
Pilot Study of Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Shape Memory Alloys

This paper discusses the superelastic behavior of shape memory alloy, Nitinol (NiTi) , when used as reinforcement in concrete beams. The ability of NiTi to recover and reduce permanent deformations of concrete beams was investigated. Small-scale concrete beams, with NiTi reinforcement were tested under half-cycle loads. The reinforcement ratio varied from 0.1 to about 0.9%. The experimental results showed that the average residual displacement in the NiTi reinforced beams was less than one-fifth of that of the steel reinforced test beams. The stiffness of NiTi reinforced test beams however was lower than those of the steel reinforced test beams. An analytical study of load–deflection relationship for a series of hybrid beams was undertaken. It was found that a hybrid system that incorporated NiTi combined with high strength steel or carbon fiber reinforced plastic bars was a better choice for design because of their relatively high stiffness.
Patriarchy: The Last Universal

UNIVERSAL patriarchy, asserting that males are always dominant, is firmly established as part of our conventional and scientific wisdom. Close examination of this contention shows it, however, to be wanting on both conceptual and methodological grounds. Further suspicion as to its truth claim derives from an inspection of a dubious case, that the Dahomey of Africa, in whose society women equally occupied positions of authority with men in all major institutional sectors of society. Coupled with these conceptual, methodological, and empirical difficulties, the evolutionary scenario—man as hunter—commonly used to support the notion of universal patriarchy is found to be more of a political convenience than an adequate explanation of dominance patterns. Taken together, these considerations strongly indicate the implausibility of sustaining universal male dominance as a scientific generalization. Some of the implications for family studies of its continued acceptance are noted.
Throughput scaling for heterogeneous networks

This paper describes the role of wired infrastructure in the context of throughput of the wireless system, particularly when the access points are comparable to the nodes themselves. This paper also discusses how the transport capacity scales as a function of the number of nodes and access points and derives both lower and upper bounds to the transport capacity.
VisualGREP: a systematic method to compare and retrieve video sequences

In this paper, we consider the problem of similarity between video sequences. Three basic questions are raised and (partially) answered. Firstly, at what temporal duration can video sequences be compared? The frame, shot, scene and video levels are identified. Secondly, given some image or video feature, what are the requirements on its distance measure and how can it be 'easily' transformed into the visual similarity desired by the inquirer? Thirdly, how can video sequences be compared at different levels? A general approach based on either a set or sequence representation with variable degrees of aggregation is proposed and applied recursively over the different levels of temporal resolution. It allows the inquirer to fully control the importance of temporal ordering and duration. Promising experimental results are presented.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Landsat 7 and beyond

NASA's Mission to Planet Earth program has recently adopted the Landsat program as an explicit component of the Earth Observing System. This official recognition of the Landsat role has led NASA to consider steps to more fully integrated Landsat 7 and follow-on Landsat instruments into the operational strategy and technical design of the Earth Observing System. These steps include plans to fly the Landsat 7 satellite in formation with the EOS AM1 platform and the development of concepts for an advanced technology Landsat instrument aboard the EOS AM2 platform. Also under review is the early flight of an Earth-observing instrument employing high-risk technologies aboard a NASA New Millennium spacecraft. This article discusses Mission to Planet Earth requirements for future Landsat missions and the efforts to fully incorporate Landsat into the Earth Observing System. With these effort, the May 1998 launch of Landsat 7 will lead to more comprehensive and insightful observations of global land surfaces.
Substrate Specificity and Function of the Pheromone Receptor AinR in Vibrio fischeri ES114

Two distinct but interrelated pheromone-signaling systems, LuxI/LuxR and AinS/AinR, positively control bioluminescence in Vibrio fischeri. Although each system generates an acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) signal, the protein sequences of LuxI/LuxR and AinS/AinR are unrelated. AinS and LuxI generate the pheromones N-octanoyl-AHL (C8-AHL) and N-3-oxo-hexanoyl-AHL (3OC6-AHL), respectively. LuxR is a transcriptional activator that responds to 3OC6-AHL, and to a lesser extent to C8-AHL. AinR is hypothesized to respond to C8-AHL and, based on homology to Vibrio harveyi LuxN, to mediate the repression of a Qrr regulatory RNA. However, a ΔainR mutation decreased luminescence, which was not predicted based on V. harveyi LuxN, raising the possibility of a distinct regulatory mechanism for AinR. Here we show that ainR can complement a luxN mutant, suggesting functional similarity. Moreover, in V. fischeri, we observed ainR-dependent repression of a Pqrr-lacZ transcriptional reporter in the presence of C8-AHL, consistent with its hypothesized regulatory role. The system appears quite sensitive, with a half-maximal effect on a Pqrr reporter at 140 pM C8-AHL. Several other AHLs with substituted and unsubstituted acyl chains between 6 and 10 carbons also displayed an AinR-dependent effect on Pqrr-lacZ; however, AHLs with acyl chains of four carbons or 12 or more carbons lacked activity. Interestingly, 3OC6-AHL also affected expression from the qrr promoter, but this effect was largely luxR dependent, indicating a previously unknown connection between these systems. Finally, we propose a preliminary explanation for the unexpected luminescence phenotype of the ΔainR mutant.
Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: Synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus

Risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are well documented, but the synergisms between these risk factors are not well examined. We conducted a hospital-based, case-control study among 115 HCC patients and 230 non-liver cancer controls. Cases and controls were pathologically diagnosed at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and were matched by 5-year age groups, sex, and year of diagnosis. Information on risk factors was collected by personal interview and medical records review. Blood samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus antigen (anti-HCV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Conditional logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (ORs) by the maximum likelihood method. Multivariate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 15.3 (4.3-54.4), 12.6 (2.5-63.1), 4.5 (1.4-14.8), and 4.3 (1.9-9.9) for anti-HCV, HBsAg, heavy alcohol consumption (>/=80 mL ethanol/d), and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Synergistic interactions on the additive model were observed between heavy alcohol consumption and chronic hepatitis virus infection (OR, 53.9; 95% CI, 7.0-415.7) and diabetes mellitus (OR, 9.9; 95% CI, 2.5-39.3). Independent of the effect of HCV, HBV, and diabetes mellitus, heavy alcohol consumption contributes to the majority of HCC cases (32%), whereas 22%, 16%, and 20% were explained by HCV, HBV, and diabetes mellitus, respectively. In conclusion, the significant synergy between heavy alcohol consumption, hepatitis virus infection, and diabetes mellitus may suggest a common pathway for hepatocarcinogenesis. Exploring the underlying mechanisms for such synergisms may indicate new HCC prevention strategies in high-risk individuals.
Suitability of the maize weevil and angoumois grain moth as hosts for the parasitoids Anisopteromalus calandrae and Pteromalus cerealellae

Two parasitoids, Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead) and Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), were compared for their ability to parasitize two important internally-developing insect pests of stored maize (Zea mays L.). Parasitism by P. cerealellae was greater on Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), than on maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, in no-choice experiments. Anisopteromalus calandrae parasitized more maize weevils than did P cerealellae. The former parasitoid parasitized only a few Angoumois grain moths successfully in maize, but parasitized many in wheat if the hosts were younger than 3 weeks old. Thus, both host age and type of grain affect suitability for parasitism. The effects of parental host (species on which the female developed) and experimental host (species exposed to parasitism) on parasitism rate of P. cerealellae were tested in a host-switching experiment. Parasitism by parasitoids reared on maize weevils was 23% lower than that of parasitoids reared on Angoumois grain moth. This effect was independent of which host the filial generation of parasitoids was tested on. However, the experimental host species had a much greater effect on parasitoid fecundity than the parental host species. Female progeny had smaller body sizes when emerging from maize weevil than from Angoumois grain moth, which may explain the parental host effect on fecundity. There was also a slight intergenerational effect of host species on parasitoid body size.
Modeling of power supply parasitics for selecting on-wafer bypass capacitance in high-speed IC designs

We have developed a model for power supply parasitics to select properly the on-wafer bypass capacitor values in high-speed IC designs. The model can allows the chip area to be minimized while maintaining circuit performance. The procedures to develop this model are described and are suitable for all device technologies. An InGaP/GaAs HBT transimpedance amplifier with 10-GHz bandwidth was designed and fabricated. The simulation with the model matches the measured results very well.
Comparison of Tropical Ocean–Atmosphere Fluxes with the NCAR Community Climate Model CCM3*

Abstract The properties of the marine boundary layer produced by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3) are compared with observations from two experiments in the central and western equatorial Pacific. The main objective of the comparison is determining the accuracy of the ocean–atmosphere fluxes calculated by the model. The vertical thermodynamic structure and the surface fluxes calculated by the CCM3 have been validated against data from the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) and the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere–Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TOGA–TAO) buoy array. The mean latent heat flux for the TOGA–TAO array is 92 W m−2, and the model estimate of latent flux is 109 W m−2. The bias of 17 W m−2 is considerably smaller than the overestimation of the flux by the previous version of the CCM. The improvement in the latent heat flux is due to a reduction in the surface winds caused by nonlocal effects of a new convective parameterization. Th...
The Maoist people's war and conservation in Nepal.

Civil wars are frequent in lesser-developed nations, wherein is harbored a disproportionate share of the world's biodiversity. These wars have had serious detrimental effects, direct and indirect, on conservation programs. From 2001 to 2005, we conducted site visits, personal interviews, and document searches bearing upon this problem as exemplified by Nepal's ongoing Maoist insurgency. Cases of insurgents usurping full control of several protected areas have come to light, as has a rapid increase in poaching and illicit wildlife trade nation-wide. Staff and infrastructure of conservation agencies and non-governmental organizations have been attacked. The Nepalese situation invites reassessment of traditional “fortresses-and-fines” conservation strategies as well as more modern “community-based” approaches that require local governmental offices to remain functional. Also called into question is the role of military force in the protection of parks and reserves. In times of civil strife, we conclude, robust conservation may most likely be achieved by nongovernmental organizations that are politically neutral and financially independent.
Structural Peculiarities of Borosilicates and its Correlation with Radiation-Catalytic Activity

The structural features of borosilicate are investigated with various percentage of B2O3 by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and the Differential-Thermal Analysis (DTA) methods. Comparing the found lows with the data on a power output of non-equilibrium carriers of a charge on 100 eV the absorbed energy. The essential role of the three dimensional ions of pine bore in formation of the active centers participating in process radiolysis is made.
Genotoxicity of Disinfection By-Products: Comparison to Carcinogenicity

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) can be formed when water is disinfected by various agents such as chlorine, ozone, or chloramines. Among the >600 DBPs identified in drinking water, 11 are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency, and another approximately 70 DBPs that occur at similar levels are unregulated. The regulated DBPs are bromodichloro- and chlorodibromomethane; bromoform; chloroform; chloro-, bromo-, dibromo-, dichloro-, and trichloroacetic acid; bromate; and chlorite. Eight of the regulated DBPs are generally genotoxic; however, significant data gaps exist for chromosomal mutation for the haloacetic acids other than dichloroacetic acid. Two of the regulated DBPs, chloroform and trichloroacetic acid, are generally not genotoxic, and one, chlorite, has never been tested for genotoxicity. Nine of the 11 regulated DBPs show evidence of carcinogenicity in rodents, with chloroacetic acid being negative and bromoacetic acid not ever tested. Among the approximately 70 unregulated DBPs that generally occur at levels similar to those of the regulated DBPs, approximately half are genotoxic, and the remainder have generally not been tested for genotoxicity. Among the 11 that have been tested for rodent carcinogenicity, all are carcinogenic. Emerging data suggest that dermal/inhalation exposure to the brominated trihalomethanes may be associated with the increased risk for bladder cancer found among consumers of chlorinated drinking water. One regulated DBP (chloroform) and two unregulated ones (acetaldehyde and formaldehyde) have been tested in rodents via inhalation and are carcinogenic. No DBP has been tested for carcinogenicity via dermal exposure. None of the toxicological testing of individual DBPs reflects the complexity of the complex mixture of >600 DBPs to which many people are exposed via a variety of routes. The data gaps and emerging issues described here provide guidance for further drinking water and public health research.
The Issue of Competence

The notion of competence becomes a troublesome concept as soon as we recognize that it comes with two quite different meanings, variably emphasized in the literature, and these two conceptualizations pull us in very different directions.
Representational difference analysis using myeloid cells from C/EBPε deletional mice

C/EBPe is a recently cloned member of the C/EBP family of transcriptional factors. Previous studies demonstrated that the expression of this gene is tightly regulated in a tissue specific manner; it is expressed exclusively in myeloid cells. C/EBPe-deficient mice developed normally but failed to generate functional neutrophils and eosinophils, and these mice died of opportunistic infections suggesting that C/EBPe may play a central role in myeloid differentiation. To identify myelomonocytic genes regulated by the C/EBPe gene, we performed representational difference analysis (RDA), a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based subtractive hybridization using neutrophils and macrophages from wild-type and C/EBPe knockout mice. We identified a set of differentially expressed genes, including chemokines specific to myelomonocytic cells. Several novel genes were identified that were differentially expressed in normal myelomonocytic cells. Taken together, we have found several genes whose expression might be enhanced by C/EBPe.
A "Bilingual" Approach to Language Rights: How Dialogue Between U.S. and International Human Rights Law May Improve the Language Rights Framework

Despite the demand for attention to language rights concerns, no coherent structure for legal analysis of language rights exists either in the United States or at the level of international human rights law. This article turns to the important differences that exist between the U.S. and international human rights law approaches to language rights as fertile ground for exchange of ideas with the goal of improving the consideration of language claims. The United States legal system relies on a non-discrimination civil rights approach to language claims, which treats language largely as a handicap for non-English speakers. The international human rights law approach is centered on language as an essential and valuable element of culture and identity. The article urges the U.S. legal system to adopt elements of the human rights cultural approach and conversely suggests that international human rights law should augment its approach with more stringent U.S.-style non-discrimination standards. The article posits that more comprehensive and just treatment of language rights would result if each legal system addressed both equal protection and cultural identity concerns in recognizing language rights.The article then proposes a doctrinal framework for analysis that would implement this "bilingual" approach to language rights. The framework begins with the three factors identified as determinative, yet largely invisible, in the current handling of language rights claims under both the cultural and non-discrimination approaches: 1) the private, public or quasi-public setting in which the right is sought to be exercised; 2) the negative or affirmative nature of the language right sought; and 3) the rights claimant’s monolingual or bilingual language fluency in the minority and majority languages. It utilizes these three factors to develop a scheme for recognition of specific language rights that builds on existing language rights concepts in the U.S. and international human rights systems but provides a more systematic structure for addressing language claims.