cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race, rural residence, and wildland visitation: examining the influence of sociocultural meaning.

Previous studies have shown that African Americans have less favorable impressions about wildlands and recreate on wildland areas less frequently than do whites. However, most of these investigations have been conducted on non-rural populations. Rural perceptions of wildlands and visitation to such areas have received relatively little attention. In this exploratory study, we propose that race operates on wildland recreation visitation through the different meanings rural blacks and whites attribute to wildlands. We examine this hypothesis with a structural model which specifies wildland meaning as an intervening factor between race and visitation. Single equation results show blacks visit wildlands less, and have less favorable definitions of wildlands, compared to whites. However, when wildland meaning is included in the structural model, racial differences become insignificant. This suggests that the meanings different racial groups attach to wildlands help explain visitation. Both sex and age are also significant predictors of both wildland meaning and visitation.
Comparison of the applicability of 2-hydroxyethylsulfonylmethyl- and chloromethyl-polystyrenes in the solid-phase synthesis of protected peptides

Abstract In order to compare the applicability of resins in the preparation of protected peptides two solid-phase syntheses of a protected ACTH-(5–10)-hexapeptide have been performed, one using 2-hydroxyethylsulfonylmethyl-polystyrene and the other with Merrifield's chloromethylated polystyrene. To obtain a good comparison, equivalent methods were used as far as possible. Optimal conditions for deprotection of amino groups and for the liberation of the end-product were determined. Chromatographic examination of the crude fission products of the peptidyl resins presented important clues towards the nature of the underlying fission mechanism. Using an automated peptide synthesizer the pure end-product was obtained from both resins in approximately the same yield (ca. 70%). It appeared that the isolation of the product from the suffone resin is less laborious, since the critical alkali-treatment, necessary for the liberation of the product, proceeds faster and, if properly carried out, avoids transesterification.
Real-time measurements of jet aircraft engine exhaust.

Abstract Particulate-phase exhaust properties from two different types of ground-based jet aircraft engines—high-thrust and turboshaft—were studied with real-time instruments on a portable pallet and additional time-integrated sampling devices. The real-time instruments successfully characterized rapidly changing particulate mass, light absorption, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. The integrated measurements included particulate-size distributions, PAH, and carbon concentrations for an entire test run (i.e., “run-integrated” measurements). In all cases, the particle-size distributions showed single modes peaking at 20–40nm diameter. Measurements of exhaust from high-thrust F404 engines showed relatively low-light absorption compared with exhaust from a turboshaft engine. Particulate-phase PAH measurements generally varied in phase with both net particulate mass and with light-absorbing particulate concentrations. Unexplained response behavior sometimes occurred with the real-time PAH ana...
Identification of Acoustically Similar and Dissimilar Vowels in Profoundly Deaf Adults Who Use Hearing Aids and/or Cochlear Implants: Some Preliminary Findings

Purpose In this study, the authors examined the effects of aging and residual hearing on the identification of acoustically similar and dissimilar vowels in adults with postlingual deafness who use hearing aids (HAs) and/or cochlear implants (CIs). Method The authors used two groups of acoustically similar and dissimilar vowels to assess vowel identification. Also, the Consonant–Nucleus–Consonant Word Recognition Test (Peterson & Lehiste, 1962) and sentences from the Hearing in Noise Test (Nilsson, Soli, & Sullivan, 1994) were administered. Forty CI recipients with postlingual deafness (ages 31–81 years) participated in the study. Results Acoustically similar vowels were more difficult to identify than acoustically dissimilar vowels. With increasing age, performance deteriorated when identifying acoustically similar vowels. Vowel identification was also affected by the use of a contralateral HA and the degree of residual hearing prior to implantation. Moderate correlations were found between speech percep...
Particle and grain size effects on the dielectric behavior of the relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3

The role of particle and grain size on the dielectric behavior of the perovskite relaxor ferroelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 [PMN] was investigated. Ultrafine powders of PMN were prepared using a reactive calcination process. Reactive calcination, the process by which morphological changes take place upon reaction of the component powders, produced particle agglomerates less than 0.5 μm. Through milling, these structures were readily broken down to ∼70 nanometer-sized particulates. The highly reactive powders allowed densification as low as 900 °C, but with corresponding grain growth in the micron range. Such grain growth was associated with liquid phase sintering as a result of PbO–Nb2O5 second phase(s) pyrochlore. Sintering, assisted by hot uniaxial pressing, below the temperature of liquid formation of 835 °C, allowed the fabrication of highly dense materials with a grain size less than 0.3 μm. The dielectric and related properties were determined for samples having grain sizes in the range of 0.3 μm to 6 μm. Characteristic of relaxors, frequency dependence (K and loss) and point of Tmax were found to be related to grain and/or particle size and secondarily to the processing conditions. Modeling of particle size/dielectric behavior was performed using various dielectric properties of 0–3 composites comprised of varying size powder in a polymer matrix. An intrinsic-microdomain perturbation concept was proposed to interpret observed scaling effects of the relaxor dielectric behavior in contrast to normally accepted extrinsic grain boundary models.
Blueprint for success: translating innovations from the field of palliative medicine to the medical-legal partnership.

Palliative medicine and medical-legal partnership (MLP) are two distinct healthcare delivery innovations that share common strategies, opportunities, and challenges. This article uses the framework...
Automated analysis of brachial ultrasound time series

Atherosclerosis begins in childhood with the accumulation of lipid in the intima of arteries to form fatty streaks, advances through adult life when occlusive vascular disease may result in coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. Non-invasive B-mode ultrasound has been found useful in studying risk factors in the symptom-free population. Large amount of data is acquired from continuous imaging of the vessels in a large study population. A high quality brachial vessel diameter measurement method is necessary such that accurate diameters can be measured consistently in all frames in a sequence, across different observers. Though human expert has the advantage over automated computer methods in recognizing noise during diameter measurement, manual measurement suffers from inter- and intra-observer variability. It is also time-consuming. An automated measurement method is presented in this paper which utilizes quality assurance approaches to adapt to specific image features, to recognize and minimize the noise effect. Experimental results showed the method's potential for clinical usage in the epidemiological studies.
Kainic acid: neurophysiological and neurotoxic actions.

Abstract Kainic acid, an anthelmintic drug structurally related to glutamate, has excitatory electrophysiological actions on neurons in the vertebrate CNS and at the invertebrate neuromuscular junction. Recently, it has been shown to destroy neuronal cell bodies and dendrites in several regions of the vertebrate CNS, while sparing afferent fibers and fibers of passage. Kainic acid can be used to make lesions in experimental animals that closely resemble the pathology associated with certain neurological conditions in man. Its actions on vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems are reviewed and possible neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic mechanisms are considered.
Color and albedo of the south polar layered deposits on Mars

Five color/albedo units, including polar frost, have been recognized and mapped in the southern layered deposits on Mars. Atmospheric dust scattering was measured in shadows and modeled in order to remove the component of brightness in Mars images due to the atmosphere and quantify the albedo and color of the surface. The layered deposits appear to be mantled by red dust, except where eolian stripping has exposed the underlying bedrock. Frost and bare ground are mixed below the resolution of the images in many areas adjacent to the polar cap, some of which appear to be younger than the surrounding layered terrain. Dark material has been deposited in topographic depressions in much of the south polar region, including the layered deposits. The available observational data suggest that the layered deposits are composed of bright dust, ice, and a small amount of dark material. If the dark material is sand, a periodic change in polar winds seems required in order to transport the sand poleward into the layered terrain. In any case, the observations are not consistent with the layered deposits being composed only of bright dust and ice. The Mars observer camera and infrared instruments should be particularly useful in this investigation
Minimizing a stochastic maximum-reliability path

We consider a stochastic network interdiction problem in which the goal is to detect an evader, who selects a maximum-reliability path. Subject to a resource constraint, the interdictor installs sensors on a subset of the network's arcs to minimize the value of the evader's maximum-reliability path, i.e., to maximize the detection probability. When this decision is made, the evader's origin–destination pair is known to the interdictor only through a probability distribution. Our model is framed as a stochastic mixed-integer program and solved by an enhanced L-shaped decomposition method. Our primary enhancement is via a valid inequality, which we call a step inequality. In earlier work [Morton et al., IIE Trans 39 (2007), 3–14], we developed step inequalities for the special case in which the evader encounters at most one sensor on an origin–destination path. Here, we generalize the step inequality to the case where the evader encounters multiple sensors. In this more general setting, the step inequality is tightly coupled to the decomposition scheme. An efficient separation algorithm identifies violated step inequalities and strengthens the linear programming relaxation of the L-shaped method's master program. We apply this solution procedure with further computational enhancements to a collection of test problems. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2008
Quantum-information processing with ferroelectrically coupled quantum dots

A proposal is described to construct a quantum-information processor using ferroelectrically coupled Ge/Si quantum dots. The spin of single electrons form the fundamental qubits. Small-diameter (10 nm) Ge quantum dots are optically excited to create spin-polarized electrons in Si. The static polarization of an epitaxial ferroelectric thin film confines electrons laterally in the semiconductor; spin interactions between nearest-neighbor electrons are mediated by the nonlinear process of optical rectification. Single-qubit operations are achieved through ``g-factor engineering'' in the Ge/Si structures; spin-spin interactions occur through Heisenberg exchange, controlled by ferroelectric gates. A method for reading out the final state, while required for quantum computing, is not described; approaches involving single-electron transistors may prove fruitful in satisfying this requirement.
Influence of estradiol on insulin-like growth factor-1-induced luteinizing hormone secretion.

Several studies suggest an interrelationship between estradiol (E2) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) at the hypothalamic level. The present study was designed to discern if the capability of IGF-1 to release LH and influence the timing of female puberty is influenced by E2. Twenty-eight-day-old female rats were ovariectomized (OVEX), then implanted with a third ventricular (3V) cannula. Two weeks later, these animals received subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of oil, or either one or two injections of E2 in the form of estradiol benzoate (1 μg). Forty-eight hours later, four basal blood samples were drawn then the animals received IGF-1 (200 ng) or saline via the 3V and four more blood samples were taken. Results indicated that E2 replacement lowered basal LH levels and IGF-1 induced a significant LH release in only animals that had E2 levels above 20 pg/ml. These levels of E2 were also associated with increases (p<0.05) in the expression of both IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) mRNA and protein. In order to further support the hypothesis that the action of IGF-1 at the time of puberty is influenced by E2, 24-day-old intact female rats received s.c. injection of sesame oil or 0.1 μg of E2. The next day, the E2-treated animals also received twice daily s.c. injections of either IGF-1 (500 ng) or saline until vaginal opening (VO) occurred. The animals that received E2 plus IGF-1 showed VO at 31.1 days, which was 2.5 days earlier (p<0.01) than E2-treated animals and 4 days earlier (p<0.001) than IGF-1-treated and saline control animals. Taken together, these results indicate that the hypothalamic action of IGF-1 to stimulate LH release and advance female pubertal development is dependent upon the influence of E2.
Primary Alkyl Amines as Latent Gelators and Their Organogel Adducts with Neutral Triatomic Molecules

A series of organogelator salts has been prepared from n-alkylamines by the rapid in situ and isothermal (at room temperature) uptake of a neutral triatomic molecule, CO2, NO2, SO2, or CS2. The organogels have been examined by differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction methods. The efficiency of each gelator has been assessed on the bases of the diversity of liquids it gelled, the minimum amount of it required for gelation, and the temporal and thermal stabilities of its gels. Thus, alkylammonium alkylcarbamates, amine−CO2 adducts, are the most effective gelators and the amine−NO2 adducts are the least efficient. Salts from longer n-alkylamines are better gelators than those from shorter homologues. Some of the salts are reconverted to their amine and triatomic constituents by heating, while others are transformed into new compounds. In the case of the CS2 adducts, H2S is expelled and the new species formed, N,N‘-dialkylthioureas, are also gelators.
Orthrus: a framework for implementing high-performance collective I/O in the multicore clusters

This paper presents a framework, Orthrus, that can accommodate multiple collective-I/O implementations, each optimized for some performance aspects, and dynamically select the best performing one accordingly to current workload and system performance bottleneck. We have implemented Orthrus in the ROMIO library. Our experimental results with representative MPI-IO benchmarks show that Orthrus can significantly improve the performance of collective I/O under various workloads and system scenarios.
Decentralized adaptive neural control for distributed mesoscale actuators and sensors

This paper discusses the Adaptive Neural Control (ANC) Architecture for on-line system identification and adaptive control. After reviewing results to-date involving control of structural vibration, we describe extensions of the ANC architecture to handle adaptive control of smart structures involving large numbers of distributed actuators and sensors.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Long-term consequences of childhood-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Abstract Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a general term applied to several diseases caused by inherited defects of cortisol synthesis. The most common of these is steroid 21-mono-oxygenase (also termed 21-hydroxylase) deficiency (CAH-21OHD), found in approximately 1:10 000–1:15 000 live births. Potentially lethal adrenal insufficiency is characteristic of about two-thirds to three-quarters of patients with the classic salt-wasting form of CAH-21OHD. Non-salt-wasting forms of CAH-21OHD may be diagnosed based in part on genital ambiguity in affected newborn females, and/or by later evidence of androgen excess in members of either sex. Non-classical CAH-21OHD may be detected in up to 1–3% of certain populations, and is often mistaken for idiopathic precocious pubarche in children or polycystic ovary syndrome in young women. This chapter addresses issues relating to long-term consequences in adult life of CAH-21OHD diagnosed in early childhood or adolescence.
A functional hepatitis B virus X protein produced in insect cells.

Abstract We have constructed a recombinant baculovirus from Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, called AcX, that expresses the gene encoding the hepatitis B virus X protein in infected Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf21AE) insect cells. A 16.5-kDa monomer and a 33-kDa dimer of the X protein were detected in extracts from AcX-infected cells on immunoblots using a polyclonal anti-X antibody. The biological activity of the insect cell-produced X protein was assayed by fusing AcX-infected Sf21 AE cells with African green monkey kidney (CV-1) cells and then transfecting the fused cells with the reporter plasmid pSV2cat. The expression of the cat gene in CV- 1:Sf21AE(AcX) fusions was seven times higher than that derived from CV-1:Sf21AE(AcMNPV) fusions, indicating that the insect cell-produced X protein was functional. The transactivation function of the insect cell-produced X protein was also verified by scrape-loading nuclear extracts of AcX-infected Sf21AE cells into pSV2cat-transfected CV-1 cells. Treatment of the AcX-infected cell nuclear extracts with anti-X antisera prior to scrape-loading eliminated the transactivating activity of the extracts. We conclude that the insect cell-produced X protein was functionally identical to that generated in mammalian cells.
Emotional stimuli and context moderate effects of nicotine on specific but not global affects.

We tested the hypothesis that the effects of nicotine on affect are moderated by the presence or absence of emotionally positive and negative stimuli and by attentional choice to avoid attending to emotionally negative stimuli. Thirty-two habitual smokers were assigned to tasks allowing attentional freedom to look back and forth at two simultaneously presented pictures, while another 32 habitual smokers viewed single pictures without attentional choice. Picture contents in both tasks were one of four combinations: emotionally negative + neutral, negative + positive, positive + neutral, or neutral + neutral. Participants wore a nicotine patch on one day and placebo patch on another day. Nicotine reduced anxiety most when negative pictures were presented in combination with neutral pictures, but had no effects on anxiety when negative pictures were presented in combination with positive pictures and when negative pictures were not presented. In contrast, nicotine only reduced depressive affect when the participant had attentional choice between positive and negative pictures. Nicotine also enhanced PANAS positive affect and reduced PANAS negative affect, but these effects were not moderated by task manipulations. Overall, the findings support the view that nicotine’s ability to reduce specific negative affects is moderated by emotional context and attentional freedom. Nicotine tended to enhance eye-gaze orientation to emotional pictures versus neutral pictures in women, but had no significant effect on eye-gaze in men.
Neurovascular effects of CD47 signaling: Promotion of cell death, inflammation, and suppression of angiogenesis in brain endothelial cells in vitro

The concept of the neurovascular unit emphasizes that common signals and substrates underlie the physiology and pathophysiology of neuronal and endothelial compartments in brain. Recent data suggest that activation of the integrin-associated protein CD47 promotes neuronal cell death. Is it possible that CD47 may also negatively affect cerebral endothelial cells? Exposure of wild-type primary mouse cerebral endothelial cells to the CD47 ligand thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) induced an increasing amount of cell death, whereas cytotoxicity was significantly decreased in cerebral endothelial cells derived from CD47 knockout mice. The specific CD47-activating peptide, 4N1K, similarly induced cell death in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Promotion of inflammation was also involved because lower TSP-1 was able to up-regulate the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Finally, CD47 signaling may suppress angiogenesis because 4N1K significantly inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation in vitro. We conclude that CD47 signaling can negatively affect the viability and function of cerebral endothelial cells, further supporting the notion that CD47 may be a potential neurovascular target for stroke and brain injury.
Sessile serrated adenomas with low- and high-grade dysplasia and early carcinomas : An immunohistochemical study of serrated lesions Caught in the act

Sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs) show serrations typical of hyperplastic polyps but display architectural differences and lack traditional dysplasia. SSAs with foci of low- (LGD) or high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or early invasive carcinoma are seldom biopsied and, thus, are not well studied. Immunohistochemical analysis for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 (mismatch repair gene products) was performed on colon biopsy specimens from 11 patients (age range, 54-87 years; 4 men and 7 women) showing SSA with LGD (n = 1), HGD (n = 5), or focal invasive carcinoma (n = 5). All 11 cases showed intact nuclear staining for MSH2 and MSH6 in the SSA component; in foci of LGD, HGD, or carcinoma; and in background normal mucosa. In contrast, there was tandem loss of MLH1 and PMS2 in zones of LGD (1/1) or HGD (3/5) and early carcinoma (2/4; with concordant loss in associated HGD) but retention in SSA areas (11/11) and normal mucosa (11/11). No patient was known to have hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer/Lynch syndrome. This study offers additional strong evidence that SSA is truly a precursor to at least a subset of sporadic microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer.
THE GRIBOV PROBLEM IN PERTURBATION THEORY

Abstract Two-dimensional SU(N) gauge theories are investigated in the Coulomb gauge. We find that ordinary continuum perturbation theory produces results that disagree with the exact answers that are obtained by solving the discretized model. Correct answers are recovered when the Gribov ambiguity is properly accounted for. The method is generalizable to four dimensions.
Replica consistency of CORBA objects in partitionable distributed systems

The Eternal system enhances the CORBA standard to provide fault tolerance within distributed systems that are susceptible to network partitioning. Fault tolerance is achieved through consistent replication of both client and server objects. Objects may be actively or passively replicated, and replicated objects of both types may coexist. Nested operations involving both active and passive objects are accommodated. Suppression of duplicate operations is ensured by unique message and operation identifiers. Continued operation is allowed in all components of a partitioned network. State transfer mechanisms and fulfilment operations restore the consistency of the states of the replicas when communication is re-established and the components remerge.
Gel electrophoresis of protein-DNA complexes

Regions of DNA bending can be explored using gel electrophoresis on protein-DNA complexes, proving gel electrophoresis does more than just separate proteins and nucleic acids according to size.
Subcellular distribution of cerebral cholestanol in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis.

— Frozen frontal lobe from a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis and two control specimens were separated by differential centrifugation into subcellular fractions. The fractions were differentiated by their electron microscopic appearance, by their succinate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase activities and by their galactolipid contents. Free cholestanol was present in largest amounts in the myelin fraction and was also found in each subcellular fraction prepared from the cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis brain. Thus, in this condition, cholestanol storage is a property of myelin and probably also of other brain membranes.
Moderate Rent Controls: A Microeconomic and Public Choice Analysis

Why do people vote for (and against) moderate rent controls? The microeconomic effects of rent controls are complex–they affect both renters and homeowners in many ways, creating a complicated pattern of winners and losers. Renters stand to gain initially from the controlled rents, but competition for scarce housing dissipates these gains. Homeowners are affected by changing housing demand patterns and shifts in property tax burdens. An econometric analysis of the 1980 Seattle, Washington rent control referendum supports the conclusion that voters recognized the microeconomic gains and losses and voted accordingly on this issue. Use of census tract data makes this public choice analysis particularly strong compared to other studies that aggregate voters at the city or county level, possibly missing important intrajurisdiction voting patterns.
Spontaneous potential corrections for groundwater salinity calculations — Carter County, Oklahoma, U.S.A.

Abstract The spontaneous potential log was used to compute the thickness and distribution of groundwater with a total dissolved solids (TDS) of less than 1000 mg l −1 for Carter County, Oklahoma. To compute accurate salinities from the spontaneous potential in high-resistivity zones, empirical correction factors had to be developed and applied. For the formations present equivalent water resistivity vs. water resistivity curves were developed from chemical analyses and digitized. Water resistivity vs. TDS curves were also developed and digitized. The existing empirical thin-bed corrections were curve-fit with equations and applied to each zone. Except in beds less than 3.65 m thick they had little effect. It was found that after applying the thin-bed corrections used by logging companies, the computed TDS was a function of resistivity of the mud filtrate at 24°C. An empirical relationship was developed between spontaneous potential and resistivity of the mud filtrate at 24°C, using well logs of beds with known water chemistry. This relationship was entered as a correction equation into a computer program developed by the author. The correction is necessary since the voltage drop in a freshwater formation is greater than predicted by earlier electric analog modeling, and the spontaneous potential is less than the static spontaneous potential. Testing of the correction factors shows that in a formation with TDS of ∼750 mg l −1 the average error decreases from ∼37% to 10%. A data set of 704 well logs was built with data from each freshwater zone from the base of the regolith to a depth where the TDS was greater than 10,000 mg l −1 . The TDS was computed for each zone. Two maps were prepared from the results; an isopach of the formations with TDS of less than 1000 mg l −1 , and a depth to the base of the water with TDS of 1000 mg l −1 .
Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic, spectrophotometric, and fluorometric methods for determining chlorophyll a concentrations in estaurine sediments

Abstract There are currently three methods that are used for routine measurements of chlorophyll (Chl) a concentrations in extraction solvents. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) provides the most accurate measurement of Chl a , but requires ca. 20 to 25 min processing time for each sample. Spectrophotometric (SPEC) and fluorometric (FLUO) methods are less accurate, but require much less (1 to 5 min) processing time per sample. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of SPEC and FLUO methods for measuring Chl a extracted from estuarine sediment samples. The SPEC method overestimated the Chl a concentration by 16% but the relationship between SPEC and HPLC values was constant. The FLUO method underestimated Chl a concentrations by 3% and the relationship to HPLC determined values was also constant. A paired-comparison of SPEC and FLUO methods showed that although the values were linearly correlated, the FLUO method produced lower Chl a values than the SPEC method. Although SPEC and FLUO methods overestimate and underestimate (respectively) sediment Chl a concentrations, the relationship was linear across a wide range of naturally occurring concentrations. Both SPEC and FLUO methods are suitable for showing relative differences in Chl a concentrations, but should be corrected when absolute concentrations are important.
Mechanical Response of the Coiled Coil

First discovered by Crick, coiled coils are a prevalent ropelike protein motif formed by two or more α-helices. Coiled coils are found in many functionally diverse protein complexes, some of which are involved in gene regulation, muscle contraction and cell signaling. Since they undergo functional bending, twisting, buckling and stretching motions, understanding the mechanical response of coiled coils is crucial for describing the conformational states of these proteins. The energetic of a coiled coil involves a competition between elastic deformation and hydrophobic interaction of residues of each helix. In this work, we present an energetic and geometric investigation of coiled coils using a coarse-grained elastic model. In this model, we treat α-helices as elastic rods where each rod interacts with another exclusively through beads representing the hydrophobic residues. One interesting result is that our model estimates the persistence length of a coiled coil dimer as 165 nm which is less than twice the persistence length of a single α-helix. We have validated our results using steered molecular dynamics simulations and we discuss our results and possible applications of the model to higher level complexes.
New records for two mosquito predators [ Turbellaria: Mesostoma ] in the northeastern United States

The accumulated data indicate that mesostomid flatworms are efficient predators of mosquito larvae. This paper presents the 1st published records for 3Mesostoma Ehrenberg, including 2 predators of mosquitoes.Mesostoma californicum Hyman,Mesostoma vernale Hyman, andMesostoma sp. cf.lingua Abildgaard were discovered in a temporary pool in Massachusetts.M. californicum andM. sp. cf.lingua were found to be efficient predators on mosquitoe larvae.
Regulation of two extracellular proteases of Neurospora crassa by induction and by carbon-nitrogen and sulfur-metabolite repression

Synthesis and release by Neurospora crassa 74A (FGSC 262) of a neutral and an alkaline protease have been studied by experiments in which mycelia grown in Vogel's minimal medium were transferred to media containing protein inducer and deficient in carbon, nitrogen, and/or sulfur sources. The kinetics of accumulation of each of the two proteases in filtrates of induced, metabolite-deprived (derepressed) cultures were found to be similar and the same two electrophoretically separable enzymes were elicited by each of the three induction and derepression treatments. Moreover, antiserum specific for the major protease (Protease 2) elicited by one of the treatments gave a reaction of identity with the major proteases elicited by the other two treatments. It would therefore appear that these two proteases are coordinately regulated by a single system of induction and repression in which successful induction by exogenous protein depends upon the lifting of any one of carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur metabolite repressions.
Differential alteration in α3-containing GABAA receptors after long-term cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys

that they had already answered the surveywere excluded from the dataset. Data from the remaining 208 (39.9% women; 42.8% aged 25–29 years) participants were analyze. Results: A total of 9.1% of participants reportedMDMA use. The drug-use patterns that were reported among participants included “use in out-of-rave settings” (19.2%), “use before parties” (16.8%) and “use at parties” (13.9%). “MDMA users” were significantly more likely than “cannabis users” (non-MDMAusers who had used cannabis) to use drugs before the parties began (p=0.001). Among participants who used drugs at parties, MDMA users were significantly more likely than cannabis users to use drugs on the dance floors (p=0.002) and in the lounges (p=0.005)of clubs.However, no statistically significant difference was found between MDMA and cannabis users regarding drug use in bathrooms and VIP rooms. Conclusions: Our results suggest that MDMA users are likely to use drugs before entering parties in order to keep their drug use secret, as the identities and personal belongings of visitors are often checked at clubs in Japan. However, once drugs are brought into parties, MDMA users are likely to use them on dance floors and in lounges. Cannabis needs to be lit and produces smoke, while MDMA is typically contained in a colorful tablet that is taken orally. Therefore, MDMA usersmay prefer to use the drug in public spaces at parties, such as dance floors and lounges. Financial support: This work was supported by a Research Grant for Regulatory Science of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, Health and Labour Sciences ResearchGrants from theMinistry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.
Social goals: relationship to adolescent adjustment and to social problem solving

Examined the relations between adolescent boys' social goals of dominance, revenge, avoidance, and affiliation and (1) self-reported negative adolescent outcomes; (2) subjective sense of self-esteem; and (3) externalizing, internalizing, and prosocial behaviors, as rated by peers and teachers. Results indicated that social goal values were related to diverse aspects of self-, teacher-, and peer-reported social and behavioral functioning, with a consistent association found between a range of delinquent, substance-using, and behavioral difficulties, and endorsement of high goal values for dominance and revenge and low goal values for affiliation. Results also indicated that teacher-identified aggressive boys differed from nonaggressive boys in the value they placed on social goals, with aggressive boys placing a higher value on goals of dominance and revenge, and lower value on goals for affiliation. Finally social goal choice had a clear relation to the social problem-solving differences of aggressive and nonaggressive boys.
Multipass: A Learning Strategy for Improving Reading Comprehension

Multipass, a complex learning strategy designed to enable students to gain information from textbook chapters, was taught to eight learning disabled adolescents. The instructional procedures involved a 10-step process including (a) description of the steps of the strategy, (b) modeling of the strategy, and (c) student practice to criterion in both ability-level and grade-level materials. A multiple-baseline design across three substrategies was replicated eight times. Results showed that students learned the Multipass strategy following the institution of training and were able to generalize their use of the strategy to grade-level textbooks. Furthermore, students' grades on tests covering the textbook material improved after they learned the strategy. These results show that a specific instructional methodology can be effectively used to teach a complex learning strategy to learning disabled adolescents.
Evaluation of cellulose II powders as a potential multifunctional excipient in tablet formulations.

Abstract The use of UICEL-A/102 and UICEL-XL, the cellulose II powders, as a multifunctional direct compression excipient in the design of tablets containing hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) or ibuprofen (IBU), the model low and high dose drugs, respectively, has been reported. Commercial Oretic ® and Advil ® tablets containing HCTZ and IBU, respectively, and tablets made using Avicel ® PH-102—the most commonly and widely used commercial direct compression excipient, were used in the study for comparison purposes. Tablets were made by first blending drug with the excipient and then with stearic acid, a lubricant, in a V-blender, followed by compressing into a tablet on a hydraulic press using 105 MPa of compression pressure and a dwell time of 30 s. The crushing strengths of HCTZ tablets decreased in the order Avicel ® PH-102 > UICEL-XL, UICEL-A/102 > Oretic ® and of IBU tablets in the order Avicel ® PH-102 ≥ UICEL-XL ⋍ UICEL-A/102 > Advil ® . The friability values for all tablets were well below the maximum 1% USP tolerance limit. UICEL-A/102 and UICEL-XL tablets containing HCTZ disintegrated rapidly ( ® tablets disintegrated in about 60 s, while Avicel ® PH-102 tablets remained intact during 1 h test period. The IBU tablets made using UICEL-A/102 disintegrated the fastest, UICEL-XL and Advil ® tablets the next, and Avicel ® PH-102 tablets remained intact. All tablets, except for those of Avicel ® PH-102, conformed to the USP drug release requirements. These results conclusively show that UICEL-A/102 and UICEL-XL have the potential to be used as filler, binder, and disintegrant, all-in-one, in the design of tablets containing either a low dose or high dose drug by the direct compression method.
Dealing with IC manufacturability in extreme scaling

As the CMOS feature enters the era of extreme scaling (14nm, 11nm and beyond), manufacturability challenges are exacerbated. The nanopatterning through the 193nm lithography is being pushed to its limit, through double/triple or more general multiple patterning, while non-conventional lithography technologies such as extreme ultra-violet (EUV), e-beam direct-write (EBDW), and so on, still have grand challenges to be solved for their adoption into IC volume production. This tutorial will provide an overview of key overarching issues in nanometer IC design for manufacturability (DFM) with these emerging lithography technologies, from modeling, mask synthesis, to physical design and beyond.
PLASMA MEMBRANE APPOSITION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AFTER ALDEHYDE PERFUSION.

BY using glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde as primary in vivo fixatives for electron microscopy, we have found in this investigation a tightly apposed plasma-membrane relationship within grey matter of the adult mammalian central nervous system. The previously reported and widely accepted extracellular compartment of more than 100 A in width1,2 has been questioned by Sjostrand3. In the work reported here it was completely absent in most places and when present measured less than 100 A in width.
Understanding Social Insurance: Fairness, Affordability, And The ‘Modernization’ Of Social Security And Medicare

Americans have been urged for several decades to view Social Security and Medicare as political relics—both unaffordable and unfair in light of contemporary demographic and fiscal circumstances and the practices of modern financial markets and modern medicine. Proposals abound for “modernizing” both systems to emphasize choice, competition, and individual ownership. This paper contends that critics of Social Security and Medicare have misanalyzed the problems of both programs and are urging misdirected reforms. The critics, we argue, are often wrong factually and sometimes confused conceptually. More fundamentally, these critiques and proposals are either ignorant of or hostile to the fundamental logic of social insurance.
Resource Allocation with Delay QoS

This paper primarily addresses how available bandwidth should be optimally distributed among competing streams of elastic traffic like TCP traffic while taking Quality-of-Service (QoS) and delay into consideration. Network Utility Maximization (NUM) in (1), a congestion control algorithm, allows users to set for an optimum network-wide rate allocation through their utility. By incorporating delay into utility function, users can accommodate for QoS requirements.
A numerical analysis of radio-frequency power requirements in magnetic resonance imaging experiment

In this paper, a numerical analysis of the radio-frequency (RF) power requirements in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is presented at frequencies that span 200-362 MHz. This was performed utilizing an anatomically detailed human head model and a high-frequency RF coil utilized in high-field MRI systems. For axial slices through the brain region, it is demonstrated that the power required in order to obtain an average flip angle across the slice increases with frequency plateauing at a certain value, and then dropping as the frequency increases. The results demonstrate the significance of the electromagnetic interactions between the load and coil and their effects on the so important issue of power-frequency dependence in MRI.
Space Interferometry Mission System testbed-3: architecture

The Space Interferometry Mission's System testbed-3 has recently integrated its precision support structure and spacecraft backpack (bus) on a pseudo free-free 0.5 Hz passive isolation system. The precision support structure holds a 3-baseline stellar interferometer instrument. The architecture of the instrument is based on the current flight system design, and its main purpose is to demonstrate nanometer class fringe stabilization using the path length feed forward technique. This work describes the overall instrument architecture, brief theory of operation, and preliminary measurements.
Artificial tendons: biomechanical design properties for prosthetic lower limbs

This paper reports on the design of an artificial tendon intended for use in a powered, lower limb prosthesis. To specify performance requirements, the properties of mammalian weight bearing tendons are drawn from the literature and compared with a number of existing tendon models. Based on the data, a mathematical model of an energy storing tendon is proposed and used to design an artificial tendon that mimics the performance of the human Achilles tendon. The proposed tendon design is a tradeoff between a weight penalty and desired performance. Experimental results of this practical design demonstrate desired performance.
Integrated collaborative technology development program for CO2 sequestration in geologic formations––United States Department of Energy R&D

A major contributor to increased atmospheric CO2 levels is fossil fuel combustion. Roughly one third of the carbon emissions in the United States comes from power plants. Since electric generation is expected to grow and fossil fuels will continue to be the dominant fuel source, there is growing recognition that the energy industry can be part of the solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by capturing and permanently sequestering CO2. Consequently, an important component of the United States Department of Energy’s (DOE) research and development program is dedicated to reducing CO2 emissions from power plants by developing technologies for capturing CO2 and for subsequent utilization and/or sequestration. Injection of CO2 into geologic formations is being practiced today by the petroleum industry for enhanced oil recovery, but it is not yet possible to predict with confidence storage volumes, formation integrity and permanence over long time periods. Many important issues dealing with geologic storage, monitoring and verification of fluids (including CO2) in underground oil and gas reservoirs, coal beds and saline formations must be addressed. Field demonstrations are needed to confirm practical considerations, such as economics, safety, stability, permanence and public acceptance. This paper presents an overview of DOE’s research program in the area of CO2 sequestration and storage in geologic formations and specifically addresses the status of new knowledge, improved tools and enhanced technology for cost optimization, monitoring, modeling and capacity estimation. This paper also highlights those fundamental and applied studies, including field tests, sponsored by DOE that are measuring the degree to which CO2 can be injected and remain safely and permanently sequestered in geologic formations while concurrently assuring no adverse long term ecological impacts.
Stochastic Fermi acceleration of subrelativistic electrons and its role in impulsive solar flares

We re-examine stochastic Fermi acceleration (STFA) in the low-energy (Newtonian) regime in the context of solar flares. The particle energization rate depends on a dispersive term and on a coherent gain term. The energy dependence of pitch angle scattering is important for determining the electron energy spectrum. For scattering by whistler wave turbulence, STFA produces a quasi-thermal spectrum. A second well-constrained scattering mechanism is needed for STFA to match the observed 10‐100 keV non-thermal spectrum. We suggest that STFA most plausibly acts as phase one of a two-phase particle acceleration engine in impulsive flares: STFA can match the thermal spectrum below 10 keV, and possibly the power-law spectrum between 10 and 100 keV, given the proper pitch angle scattering. However, a second phase, such as shock acceleration at loop tops, is probably required to match the spectrum above the observed knee at 100 keV. Understanding this knee, if it survives further observations, is tricky.
The crystal structure of Ba2F2(S6+O3S2-), a natural thiosulphate weathering product of old smelting slags at the Surrender Mill, Yorkshire, UK

The crystal structure of Ba2F2(S6+O3S2-), a natural thiosulphate weathering product of old smelting slags at the Surrender Mill, Yorkshire, England, UK, has been solved to R 1 = 0.88% for 399 unique [ F o > 4 σ F ] reflections and 0.91% for all 407 reflections. The compound is monoclinic, C 2/ m, a 15.3172(5), b 4.5898(1), c 4.6320(2) A, β 101.449(1)°, V 319.17(2) A3. The structure of Ba2F2(S6+O3S2-) consists of BaF2Ba layer fragments of the fluorite-type structure of frankdicksonite (BaF2) parallel to (100) alternating with layers of thiosulphate groups. The layer sequence in one unit cell is (S6+O3S2-)-BaF2Ba-(S6+O3S2-)-BaF2Ba. The structure resembles that of grandreefite, Pb2F2SO4.