cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two leukocytapheresis protocols in a case of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome

Background Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HEOS) is rare, and the efficacy of leukocytapheresis in this context is unclear. We here report the successful treatment of a patient with idiopathic HEOS with four leukocytapheresis procedures using two protocols. Case A 4-year-old female presented with cardiac and respiratory dysfunction, and WBC of 225 K/μL with 96% eosinophils. Leukocytapheresis was started after initiation of methylprednisolone and hydroxyurea. She received two leukocytapheresis with polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) protocol, followed by initiation of imatinib therapy, then two leukocytapheresis with mononuclear cell (MNC) protocol. After the fourth leukocytapheresis, her WBC decreased to 69 K/μL with 82% eosinophils. She was discharged on hospital day 21 under stable condition with WBC of 22 K/μL with 86% eosinophils. WBC count and eosinophil percentage continued to decrease, and were 6.4 K/μL and 52% by 2 weeks and 3.9 K/μL and 4.9% by 3 months after discharge, respectively. Findings WBC and absolute eosinophil (aEO) counts decreased by an average of 29.0 and 30.4% per leukocytapheresis, respectively. Normalized to estimated blood volume, procedures with PMN and MNC protocols changed, on average, WBC by −10.7 and −12.1%, aEO by −10.4 and −13.4%, platelet by −8.1 and −19.2%, and fluid balance by −129 and −47 mL, respectively. Conclusion Leukocytapheresis was effective in decreasing WBC and aEO counts in HEOS, with PMN and MNC protocols achieving similar reductions. However, PMN protocol resulted in greater negative fluid balance and MNC protocol resulted in greater platelet loss. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silencing the Voice of the Minority: Revisiting the Media Coverage of the 1992 Civil Disturbance in Los Angeles

Two newspapers’ coverage of the civil disturbance following the Rodney King verdicts in Los Angeles in 1992 is analyzed to explore whether the media portrayed events in ways that did not include Korean-American voices. The findings demonstrate that Korean-Americans’ voices were limited in the Los Angeles Times, both in the quantity and quality of coverage, especially in comparison with the Chosun Ilbo. The physical devastation to Korean-Americans during the civil disturbance was enormous, but in many ways the Korean community’s loss of its voice was equally devastating to its people.
Politics of Environmental Justice: The Whitehead Model (TWM)

The dynamics of environmental justice are multifaceted; politics, race, income, class, and economics take part in the discrimination and distribution of environmental services. The legacy of racial segregation that we continue to see today results from the politics and polices of the past. A historical record of increasing evidence demonstrates that race and low income levels create environmental hazards at a disproportionate rate for vulnerable populations. This study examines the relationship between the federal government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the effectiveness of this partnership when addressing environmental justice (EJ) issues for vulnerable populations. For many years, people-of-color and low-income populations have shared a lack of trust for the federal government, therefore grassroots organizations have been the voice for these populations. For the first time, the CDC Healthy Homes and Lead Poisoning Prevention Branch partnered with an EJ organization to influence policy and prevent childhood lead poisoning in Savannah, Georgia. The methodology utilized for this research was a multi-method, descriptive, explanatory, case study. While utilizing quantitative and qualitative data, this study introduces the Whitehead Model; a blended model derived from a combination of two models, in addition to original political science theories. The research shows that lead testing rates for the demographic study area increased during the study period, and the EJ group organized a political task force comprised of elected officials and community members to influence the Savannah lead law. The conclusions drawn from the qualitative and quantitative findings suggests the federal government is more effective resolving environmental disparity issues for vulnerable populations, when partnering with EJ organizations that have a relationship with the community.
Photoreduction of Pt(IV) Chloro Complexes: Substrate Chlorination by a Triplet Excited State

The Pt(IV) complexes trans-Pt(PEt3)2(Cl)3(R) 2 (R = Cl, Ph, 9-phenanthryl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-perylenyl) were prepared by chlorination of the Pt(II) complexes trans-Pt(PEt3)2(R)(Cl) 1 with Cl2(g) or PhICl2. Mixed bromo–chloro complexes trans,trans-Pt(PEt3)2(Cl)2(Br)(R) (R = 9-phenanthryl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl), trans,cis-Pt(PEt3)2(Cl)2(Br)(4-trifluoromethylphenyl), trans,trans-Pt(PEt3)2(Br)2(Cl)(R) (R = 9-phenanthryl), and trans,cis-Pt(PEt3)2(Br)2(Cl)(4-trifluoromethylphenyl) were obtained by halide exchange or by oxidative addition of Br2 to 1 or Cl2 to trans-Pt(PEt3)2(R)(Br). Except for 2 (R = Ph, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl), all of the Pt(IV) complexes are photosensitive to UV light and undergo net halogen reductive elimination to give Pt(II) products, trans-Pt(PEt3)2(R)(X) (X = Cl, Br). Chlorine trapping experiments with alkenes indicate a reductive-elimination mechanism that does not involve molecular chlorine and is sensitive to steric effects at the Pt center. DFT c...
1518 Epidemiological Aspects in Febrile Seizures

Background and Aims Febrile seizures are a common health problem in pediatric practice, knowledge of clinical manifestations and their evolution is important for correct therapeutic approach. Assessment of clinical and evolutional features of febrile seizures (FS), with emphasis on risk factors such as age of onset, sex, FS category, familial history, etc., on the appearance of FS and on the risk of their recurrence is the aim of this work. Method The authors conducted a retrospective study including 127 children aged 6 months to 5 years, hospitalized for FS between January 2008-March 2009 in our clinic. The role of risk factors in the development and recurrences of FS was analyzed. Results FS appearance correlates with high fever (78%), male (54%), age 1–2 years (50%), but most do not associate familial history (20%), the global presence of at least one risk factor is found in 93% of cases. Recurrences appear in 43% of cases of FS and 98% of cases correlate with the presence of at least one risk factor for recurrences (familial history 16% cases, onset of FS under the age of 1 year 29% cases, 47% complex FS). Conclusions FS appearance correlates with high fever, male gender and age 1–2 years; appearance of relapses associates with complex FS, familial history and age under 1 year at onset.
Method for endobronchial video parsing

Endoscopic examination of the lungs during bronchoscopy produces a considerable amount of endobronchial video. A physician uses the video stream as a guide to navigate the airway tree for various purposes such as general airway examinations, collecting tissue samples, or administering disease treatment. Aside from its intraoperative utility, the recorded video provides high-resolution detail of the airway mucosal surfaces and a record of the endoscopic procedure. Unfortunately, due to a lack of robust automatic video-analysis methods to summarize this immense data source, it is essentially discarded after the procedure. To address this problem, we present a fully-automatic method for parsing endobronchial video for the purpose of summarization. Endoscopic- shot segmentation is first performed to parse the video sequence into structurally similar groups according to a geometric model. Bronchoscope-motion analysis then identifies motion sequences performed during bronchoscopy and extracts relevant information. Finally, representative key frames are selected based on the derived motion information to present a drastically reduced summary of the processed video. The potential of our method is demonstrated on four endobronchial video sequences from both phantom and human data. Preliminary tests show that, on average, our method reduces the number of frames required to represent an input video sequence by approximately 96% and consistently selects salient key frames appropriately distributed throughout the video sequence, enabling quick and accurate post-operative review of the endoscopic examination.
Degradation of glycerophosphatides during storage of saline-washed, saline-suspended red cells at -20°C

When fresh intact red cells were washed and suspended in 0.153 m NaCl and then frozen-stored, the glycerophosphatide levels decreased significantly. Degradation began within 2 wk. Loss of phospholipid was not observed with hemoglobin-free red cell ghosts or plasma stored as long as 2 and 6 months, respectively.
PCR Detection and PFGE Genotype Analyses of Streptococcal Clinical Isolates from Tilapia in Guangdong,Hainan and Fujian Provinces

In order to find out the information about the species of tilapia streptococcosis epidemic strains and their genotypic changes in recent years,the prevalent strains of tilapia streptococci from the main cultured areas of Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan and Fujian provinces were detected through species specific PCR and pulse field gel electrophoresis(PFGE). A total of 102 prevalent strains were isolated from93 farms in 17 municipals of the three provinces between 2009 and 2012. All strains were identified as Streptococcus agalactiae. The results from PFGE revealed that the 67 strains isolated in 2009- 2011 belonged to 7 distinctive PFGE types,in which similarity rate was 52. 1 %- 100 %. The A and D were predominant genotypes in Guangdong(93. 48 %,43 /46),and in Hainan,most strains belonged to genotype F(66. 7 %,10 /15);while only 6 strains from Fujian belonged to three different genotypes of B,C and E. Data suggested that the prevalent strains of tilapia streptococcal disease in three provinces was S. agalactiae between 2009- 2012. However,the genotypes of epidemic strains from three provinces were quite different,and changed over time.
Sexual Differentiation of Brain and Behavior

Publisher Summary This chapter explains how sex differences in the brain are established early in development and subserve the need of the divergent reproductive strategies of adult males and females. The determination of sex begins with the chromosomes. In mammals, males and females share 22 common autosomes but differ in one set called the sex chromosomes, X and Y. The very early period of gonadal steroidogenesis orchestrates the coordinated development of the internal reproductive tract and external genitalia, and the process is essentially complete by the first half of gestation. Steroids form a unique and powerful class of signaling molecules. They are synthesized on demand in a variety of tissues as a function of the enzymatic profile and availability of precursor. Reproductive behavior is a broad term encompassing solicitation and seeking behaviors involved in attracting and finding a mate, copulation for the exchange of gametes, and the care and nurturing of offspring after they are born.
Initial experience with SOFIA as an intermediate catheter in mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke.

Background The benefits of mechanical thrombectomy for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) have been established. Combined mechanical/aspiration (Solumbra) and a direct aspiration as a first pass technique (ADAPT) are valid procedures requiring an intermediate catheter for clot suction. Recently, SOFIA (Soft torqueable catheter Optimized For Intracranial Access) was developed as a single lumen flexible catheter with coil and braid reinforcement, but its suitability for mechanical thrombectomy had not been evaluated. Objective To describe our initial experience with SOFIA in acute stroke intervention and evaluate its efficacy and safety. Methods All patients with ELVO undergoing endovascular stroke intervention with SOFIA were identified. Demographic, presentation, treatment, and complication data were recorded. Primary outcome was Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b/3 revascularization rate and the number of passes required. Secondary outcomes included complication rates and discharge National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. Results 33 patients with a mean age of 72 years were treated for ELVO with SOFIA and IV tissue plasminogen activator was administered in 67%. Vessel occlusion involved the internal carotid artery (15.2%), M1 (48.5%), and M2 (24.2%) segments, and posterior circulation (12.1%). Median presentation NIHSS score was 14 (IQR 11–19) and discharge NIHSS 4 (IQR 2–14). The Solumbra technique represented 94% of treatments and ADAPT 3%. The TICI 2b/3 revascularization rate was 94%, including 48.5% TICI 3 with an average of 1.6 passes. The symptomatic reperfusion hemorrhage rate was 6%. Procedural complications occurred in four patients, but were unrelated to SOFIA. Mortality was 21%, secondary to failed revascularization, hemorrhagic transformation, and baseline medical condition. Conclusions Mechanical and aspiration thrombectomy with SOFIA is safe and effective with high revascularization rates. Its trackability, stability, and luminal size make SOFIA suitable for stroke intervention.
Novel antigen expression of HLA-DR53 in patients with DR7 and DQ9 haplotype

An unusual HLA genotype association of DRB1∗07:01 and DQB1∗03:03 haplotype, expressing DRB4∗01, were identified in two Caucasian patients. The HLA phenotype of these patients showed the presence of DR53 with DR7 and DQ9 haplotype. The common null allele DRB4∗01:03N and the non-common associated DRB4∗01 were typed using serology (One Lambda), SSP Class II null tray and DR/DQ low and high resolution (One Lambda), SSO (One Lambda) and Real-Time PCR (Linkage). Typings were performed in parallel with other known patients to confirm these findings. The interpretation of all tests confirmed the DRB genotype to be DRB1∗07:01, DRB4∗01:01, DRB4∗03:01N. This unexpected expression of the DRB4∗01 with the DRB1∗07:01 and DQB1∗03:03 haplotype was seen only once before in a leukemia patient (Lardy et al., 1998). Sequencing studies are needed to collect more data and to determine the frequency of the linkage disequilibrium between the DRB1∗07:01 and DQB1∗03:03 haplotype expressing DRB4∗01. Serology typing played an important role determining these results because it indicated reflex testing to DNA typing was needed. Even though the DRB1∗07:01, DRB4∗01:03N and DQB1∗03:03 haplotype is common and the frequency is nearly 100%, the expression of the DRB4∗01 gene could be present when there is the DRB1∗07:01 and DQB1∗03:03 haplotype. Additional typing to determine the presence of DRB4∗01 should be considered in specific cases. For example, identifying this DRB4∗01 allele in organ donors is important to avoid the allocation of organs to patients with antibodies to DR53. Unexpected positive B-cell crossmatch in recipients with antibodies to DR53, when the donor has expressed DRB1∗07:01and DQB1∗03:03, should be investigated due to the possibility of the presence of DRB4∗01. Detecting this antigen on donors may be especially important for recipients with antibody to DR53, since expression of DR53 antigen on the donor may increase the possibility of antibody mediated rejection. Download : Download full-size image
Age-related differences in the use of total shoulder arthroplasty over time: use and outcomes

We assessed the age-related differences in the use of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and outcomes, and associated time-trends using the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) between 1998 and 2010. Age was categorised as < 50, 50 to 64, 65 to 79 and ≥ 80 years. Time-trends in the use of TSA were compared using logistic regression or the Cochran Armitage test. The overall use of TSA increased from 2.96/100 000 in 1998 to 12.68/100 000 in 2010. Significantly lower rates were noted between 2009 and 2010, compared with between 1998 and 2000, for: mortality, 0.1% versus 0.2% (p = 0.004); discharge to an inpatient facility, 13.3% versus 14.5% (p = 0.039), and hospital stay > median, 29.4% versus 51.2% (p The rates of use of TSA/100 000 by age groups, < 50, 50 to 64, 65 to 79 and ≥ 80 years were: 0.32, 4.62, 17.82 and 12.56, respectively in 1998 (p < 0.001); and 0.65, 17.49, 75.27 and 49.05, respectively in 2010 (p < 0.001) with an increasing age-related difference over time (p < 0.001). Across the age categories, there were significant differences in the proportion: discharged to an inpatient facility, 3.2% versus 4.2% versus 14.7% versus 36.5%, respectively in 1998 (p versus 4.3% versus 12.5% versus 35.5%, respectively in 2010 (p < 0.001) and the proportion with hospital stay > median, 39.7% versus 40.2% versus 53% versus 69%, respectively in 1998 (p versus 20.6% versus 28.7% versus 50.7%, respectively in 2010 (p In a nationally representative sample, we noted a time-related increase in the use of TSA and increasing age-related differences in outcomes indicating a changing epidemiology of the use of TSA. Age-related differences in outcomes suggest that attention should focus on groups with the worst outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1385–9.
The Search on Mars for a Second Genesis of Life in the Solar System and the Need for Biologically Reversible Exploration

The discovery of a second genesis of life besides the one on Earth, this time on Mars, would have profound scientific and philosophical implications. Scientifically, it would provide a second example of biochemistry and of evolutionary history. Many important biological questions may be answerable through the comparison of biochemistry between the life forms on the two planets. Philosophically, the discovery of a second genesis of life in our solar system would suggest that the phenomenon of life is distributed throughout the universe. We could finally be confident that we are not alone. To protect a second genesis as we search for it, the robotic and human exploration of Mars should be done in a way that is biologically reversible, i.e., we must be able to undo our contamination of Mars if we discover a second genesis of life there. It is important to note that human exploration can be done in a way that is biologically reversible. Further, the discovery of a second genesis of life on Mars poses new questions in ethics. One question is: what ethical consideration is due to an alien life form when that life is distinctly different from Earth life, and the members of that life are no more advanced than microorganisms? Will we choose to terraform Mars to enhance the richness and diversity of the indigenous life we find there? In considering our answers to these questions, we should note that for most of Earth’s history our ancestors were microscopic.
Chapter 27 – Cytokines

Publisher Summary This chapter considers the cytokines separately in terms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), although there is often a clear overlap in the role of many cytokines in the context of these two airway diseases. Cytokines play an integral role in the coordination and persistence of the chronic allergic inflammatory process in asthma. The Th2-associated cytokines are one of the most important classes of cytokines identified in the airway mucosa of patients with asthma. Cytokines in COPD may be classified as proinflammatory cytokines including chemokines involved in the recruitment of neutrophils, macrophages, T-cells, and B-cells, cytokines of airway wall remodeling, including goblet cell, ASM hyperplasia, cyokines of emphysema, and systemic cytokines, that is extrapulmonary source of cytokines involved in systemic inflammatory responses. In COPD the basic abnormality is thought to be the response of airway cells, particularly epithelial cells and macrophages to toxic gases and particulates in cigarette smoke, which generate an inflammatory and immune response with the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, cathepsins, and serine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) proteases. Because there has been little direct comparison of tissues between asthma and COPD patients, it is not possible to state categorically the degree of overlap of cytokine profiles or networks that exist between the two diseases. However, analysis of cytokine expression in asthma and COPD from the published literature reveals many similarities in terms of increased expression of many cytokines that may reflect similarities in established disease but not necessarily during the initial phase of these diseases.
THE ATRIAL KICK: ATRIOVENTRICULAR DYSSYNCHRONY CAUSING PAROXYSMS OF HYPOTENSION IN SETTING OF ACUTE LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION

In presence of acute left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction, left atrial (LA) contraction is a significant contributor to LV filling and cardiac output. A 60-year old man presented with acute anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. While undergoing
Design of solar-powered microgrid at texas A&M university-kingsville

Microgrids with distributed renewable generation and energy storage systems are becoming a promising alternative to traditional power distribution systems. Based on the authentic data of our campus grid at Texas A&M University-Kingsville, this paper presents a systematic study of the design and implementation of a solar-powered microgrid. A data-driven modeling approach is used to integrate solar generation and energy storage systems into the current grid. Using simple optimization methods, configurations that result in increased resilience are identified. This contributes to the development of a methodology for optimized microgrid design which will inform future energy infrastructure transformation.
Changing paradigms in animal agriculture: the role of academia and industry in technology transfer.

Challenges abound for academia, industry, and animal agriculture. Universities, especially land-grant universities, are losing their credibility with the public on whom they depend for support. Industries have gone and continue to go through wrenching restructuring, driven by the realities of the marketplace. On the farm and in the classrooms, laboratories, and field research stations of land-grant universities, agriculturalists face a major challenge-society's growing resistance to science and technology. Technology, especially biotechnology, has become suspect in the minds of many people. Solutions to these and other challenges for effective technology transfer in the future will not depend on a single institution, company, or program. Perhaps the most challenging issue is simply how to unite groups and individuals who have been accustomed to having their own separate programs. In the future, business as usual ; won't work. Academia and industry are being held to new and higher standards of accountability by their clientele (customers). Academia and industry will need to join forces to increase U.S. agriculture's competitiveness in a global environment that demands that the lag time between discovery and adoption of appropriate technology be shortened.
Initial Benchmarking of the Liquid Sampling-Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge-Orbitrap System Against Traditional Atomic Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Nuclear Applications.

The integration of the liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) ion source with Orbitrap mass spectrometers has resulted in new opportunities in the field of isotope ratio mass spectrometry. In a field that has been dominated by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) on quadrupole and scanning-mode sector field analyzer platforms for highly accurate and precise measurements, the LS-APGD-Orbitrap system offers a benchtop instrument capable of meeting the rigorous International Target Values for measurement uncertainty for uranium (U). In order to benchmark the LS-APGD-Orbitrap, a series of U certified reference materials with increasing 235U isotopic composition were analyzed. By using U samples ranging in enrichment from 1 to 80%, the ability of the system to measure isotope ratios over a wide range is demonstrated. This analysis represents the first time that the LS-APGD-Orbitrap system has been used to analyze highly enriched U samples, allowing for the measurement of each of the U isotopes, including 234U and 236U-related species, which had not been achieved previously. Ultimately, the LS-APGD-Orbitrap system was able to measure CRM U-800 (assayed as 235U / 238U = 4.265622) as 4.266922, with a combined uncertainty, (uc), of 0.040%. These results are compared to those obtained using traditional elemental mass spectrometers including TIMS and ICP-MS-based instruments. The effectiveness of the LS-APGD-Orbitrap MS system for measuring U isotopes shows excellent promise in nuclear forensics, safeguards, and other nuclear weapon-based applications.
Meetings of Anger: Borges on Metaphor

This is a study of a parenthetical in one of Borges’s essays, “The Metaphor,” included in the book This Craft of Verse. It must begin by stating that in Borges one never quite knows which is the parenthetical and which is not, just as one seemingly is never sure of which is the story and which is the dream. The reader cannot be quite sure if it actually is a parenthetical—it might, in fact, be an aside. But, even if it were a parenthetical and not an aside, it wouldn’t be a real parenthetical, for the essay in question is not in fact a real essay after all, but a made-up one, conjured years later from the hidden memories of some recorded words.
Spontaneous transmural perforation in eosinophilic esophagitis: RARE case presentation and role of esophageal stenting

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a rare disease of the esophagus that is characterized by eosinophilic infiltrate within the esophageal mucosa resulting in chronic inflammation and stenosis. It typically presents with symptoms of esophageal dysfunction with dysphagia and food impaction being the most common presenting complaints. Herein we describe a rare case presentation of a young patient with spontaneous esophageal perforation in the setting of undiagnosed EoE. We suggest that the placement of a covered esophageal stent can provide full closure of the perforation and restoration of the integrity of the GI tract without the need for more invasive open repair. The patient had a short recovery time with no reported postoperative complications upon 30 months follow up. We believe that it's important to consider and rule out EoE in patients with a history of dysphagia and esophageal perforation.
US Governmental Spending for Disaster-Related Research, 2011-2016: Characterizing the State of Science Funding Across 5 Professional Disciplines.

OBJECTIVE Disaster-related research funding in the United States has not been described. This study characterizes Federal funding for disaster-related research for 5 professional disciplines: medicine, public health, social science, engineering, emergency management. METHODS An online key word search was performed using the website, www.USAspending.gov, to identify federal awards, grants, and contracts during 2011-2016. A panel of experts then reviewed each entry for inclusion. RESULTS The search identified 9145 entries, of which 262 (3%) met inclusion criteria. Over 6 years, the Federal Government awarded US $69 325 130 for all disaster-related research. Total funding levels quadrupled in the first 3 years and then halved in the last 3 years. Half of the funding was for engineering, 3 times higher than social sciences and emergency management and 5 times higher than public health and medicine. Ten (11%) institutions received 52% of all funding. The search returned entries for only 12 of the 35 pre-identified disaster-related capabilities; 6 of 12 capabilities appear to have received no funding for at least 2 years. CONCLUSION US federal funding for disaster-related research is limited and highly variable during 2011-2016. There are no clear reasons for apportionment. There appears to be an absence of prioritization. There does not appear to be a strategy for alignment of research with national disaster policies.
Partisanship versus Proximity: The Effect of Party Identification on Spatial Voting

Most Americans have this sense of attachment with one party or the other. And for the individual who does, the strength and direction of party identification are facts of central importance in accounting for attitude and behavior. (Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes 1960, 121) Perhaps the most influential work on voting behavior in the United States is The American Voter by Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes (1960). While the book touches on a number of areas of political behavior, it is most widely cited for its emphasis of party identification – longstanding and largely unchanging loyalties to a political party, usually developed by voters at a young age – as the primary determinant of vote choice and other political actions. The American Voter stands as the central work of the so-called Michigan school of political behavior, which argues that voters are overwhelmingly unsophisticated, making political decisions without much planning or reason, and guided mostly by a sense of personal loyalty to one of the two major political parties. Most works categorized under the Michigan school umbrella downplay policy ideology not only as a meaningful predictor of vote choice, but also as existing in the first place for the majority of voters: We have seen that the stable qualities of the public's response to political affairs have to do primarily with long-term loyalties to the parties rather than ideological commitments against which current acts or policies of the parties could be evaluated. The forces not based on party loyalty that influence the decisions of the American electorate appear almost wholly free of ideological coloration. (550)
Incidence and Risk Factors for Isolated Esophageal Cancer Recurrence to the Brain

Background Recurrence of esophageal cancer in the brain is rare but associated with a poor prognosis. Identification of risk factors for isolated brain metastasis of esophageal cancer (iBMEC) after surgical treatment may guide surveillance recommendations to enable early identification and intervention before widespread metastasis. Methods Patients with iBMEC (n = 38) were identified from a prospective database of patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy. Risk factors for iBMEC were identified using competing risk regression analysis. Results In a cohort of 1760 patients, 39% recurred and iBMEC developed in 2% by the end of the study. Survival in patients with iBMEC was similar to survival in patients with distant recurrence (median overall survival, 0.95 years; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.5 years). More than half of patients with iBMEC were diagnosed within 1 year postoperatively. All 38 patients with iBMEC had received neoadjuvant therapy before surgery. Pathologic complete response (PCR) to neoadjuvant therapy was associated with improved survival after brain recurrence (median overall survival, 1.56 vs 0.66 years; P = .019). Conclusions In patients with PCR, iBMEC may represent true isolated recurrence, whereas in those with residual nodal disease, iBMEC may actually be the first observed site of widespread metastasis. Patients who receive neoadjuvant therapy, especially with PCR, may benefit from brain imaging, both preoperatively and with routine surveillance.
Clustering-Aware Structure-Constrained Low-Rank Submodule Clustering

In this paper, a new clustering algorithm for two-dimensional data is proposed. Unlike most conventional clustering methods which are derived for dealing with matrices, the proposed algorithm performs clustering in a third-order tensor space. The images are then assumed to be drawn from a mixture of low-dimensional free submodules. The proposed method integrates spectral clustering into the optimization problem, thereby overcomes the shortcomings of existing techniques by its ability to perform optimal clustering of the submodules. An efficient algorithm via a combination of an alternating direction method of multipliers and spectral clustering is developed to find the representation tensor and the segmentation simultaneously. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through experiments on three image datasets.
Temperature-induced iron (III) reduction results in decreased dissolved organic carbon export in subalpine wetland soils, Colorado, USA

Abstract Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface waters have rapidly increased across Europe and North America over the past few decades. The causes for such trends have yet to be fully understood, although several factors including elevated temperatures and decreased atmospheric deposition of acid, nitrogen and sulfur, are considered responsible for the release of carbon from soils into streams. In order to determine how seasonal temperature patterns and soil physical and chemical characteristics influence iron (Fe)(III) reduction and DOC release to pore-water in subalpine wetland soils, we measured potential Fe(II) and DOC export rates at low (6 °C) and high (18 °C) temperatures using flow-through reactors containing undisturbed wetland soils sampled in the Fraser Experimental Forest (Colorado, USA) in two wetland types and at two depths. Higher temperature, soil organic matter, nitrogen, and extractable Fe concentrations, but lower soil C:N ratios and extractable manganese concentrations promoted Fe(II) export from soil to water. Additionally, Fe(III) reduction was 1.5–5 times more responsive to temperature in shallow, organic matter-rich soils, compared to organic-poor deeper soils. Conversely, DOC export declined at higher temperature in all soils, consistent with a temperature-related increase in carbon respiration by Fe(III)-reducers. While higher temperature is expected to reduce carbon storage in wetland soils, our findings suggest that temperature-related increase in Fe(III) reduction will not generate additional release of DOC from soils to rivers.
Seizures and Status Epilepticus

Seizures are defined as sudden abnormal electrical activity involving cortical, subcortical, and thalamic neuronal networks, which may cause a change in mental status and possible convulsive motor activity. They are categorized as generalized or focal, convulsive (involving rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation) or nonconvulsive, provoked or unprovoked and based on duration. They are common, with 11% of the population having a seizure at some point in life and resulting in 1 million ED visits annually (Pallin IJEM 2008). The terminology used to categorize seizures is not standardized. In this chapter, status epilepticus (SE) refers to generalized convulsions lasting greater than 5 minutes or repeated seizures without a return to baseline cognitive state. Refractory SE (RSE) refers to generalized convulsions that do not resolve after administration of two or more antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Nonconvulsive SE (NCSE) refers to seizure activity in the absence of motor findings, usually confirmed by electroencephalogram (EEG).
On Excited Frequencies for Alfvén Waves in a Coronal Arcade

The normal modes of oscillation for a magnetic arcade are used to analytically solve an initial value problem and estimate the power spectra of wave frequencies generated by a reconnection event in the solar corona. Over a realistic range of parameters, I find that such a disturbance generates a peak power at ~10 s frequency and substantial power up to . The cadence and sensitivity of current instrumentation does not allow observations of oscillations at these frequencies, but in the near future, new instrumentation will be able to probe this regime and observationally determine its energetic importance.
Fluid dynamics of COVID-19 spread

This paper is associated with a poster winner of a 2020 American Physical Society's Division of Fluid Dynamics (DFD) Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original poster is available online at the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2020.GFM.P0017.
If you build it, they will come: parental use of on-site child care centers

Employer-sponsored on-site child care, although a smallpercentage of the U.S. child care market, is of substantial interest to families, firms andgovernments searching for relief from work/family conflicts. This paper analyzes employee surveydata from three firms in the same industry and local labor market, two of which offer on-sitechild care while one does not. These data allow for detailed descriptive and multivariate analysisof the child care strategies of working parents, including primary, secondary and Saturdaycare, and how such strategies are affected by the availability of employer-sponsored on-site care.
Regulation of Tyrosine Aminotransferase in Rat Liver XI. STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF ENZYME STABILITY TO ENZYME TURNOVER IN CULTURED HEPATOMA CELLS

Abstract To test the hypothesis that the chemical composition and physical properties of an enzyme determine its rate of degradation in vivo, the tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5) of cultured H-35 cells was induced in the presence of amino acid analogs. Supplementation of tryptophan-free medium with 4-, 5-, or 6-fluorotryptophan yielded enzymes which at 64° denatured 1.2-, 2.2-, or 4.7-fold, respectively, more rapidly than the native enzyme. The degree of change in heat stability was concentration-dependent for each analog. Immunochemical titration revealed that the fluorotryptophan-containing enzyme also had less catalytic capacity per molecule than the native enzyme. With a double isotope technique the rates of degradation of the native enzyme and the 6-fluorotryptophan-containing enzyme were measured simultaneously; both aminotransferases were degraded with half-lives of about 2 hours. Hence, an analog-induced change in physical properties, sufficient to cause marked alteration in heat stability and catalytic capacity, did not change the rate of enzyme degradation in vivo.
A Highly Accurate Measure of Bond Price Sensitivity to Interest Rates

This paper develops a new method to estimate bond price changes in response to changes in interest rates. This method is always more accurate than traditional estimation with modified duration. The price estimates by this new method are very close to price estimates using traditional duration plus convexity when interest rates decrease. If interest rates rise, bond investors will suffer larger price declines than predicted by traditional duration plus convexity. The new estimate avoids this undesirable price overestimation for rising interest rates, and provides an estimate slightly below the true price. For risk averse investors, overestimation of price declines (with the new method) is always better than underestimation of price declines (with traditional duration plus convexity).
Building on Best Practices: Transforming Legal Education in a Changing World

As of 2015, legal education has experienced five successive years of intense challenges: enrollments reduced by half of their highest level, pressure to prepare students for a legal services market undergoing major restructuring, significant new bar admission and accreditation requirements. Building on Best Practices: Transforming Legal Education in a Changing World (Lexis 2015) provides a wealth of guidance for institutions and individual teachers facing these challenges. Organized into eight chapters divided into 33 sections, the book draws on the wisdom of 57 authors, including three deans or former deans. The volume suggests best practices, or emerging best practices, for many aspects of legal education. Law school faculty and administrators can find thoughtful advice, whether they are working on school-wide curricular reform or teaching methods within one class. The book provides suggestions for different types of courses, classes and teaching methods, including the Socratic method, teaching technologies, and experiential courses, especially those involving real legal work. The book also addresses newly essential areas of knowledge, skills and values, including professional identity formation, intercultural effectiveness, and business and financial literacy.The Chapter "Teaching the Newly Essential Knowledge, Skills and Values in a Changing World: Pro Bono as a Professional Value" is available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2566309
When the Eyes and Ears Become an Arm of the State: The Dangers of Privatization Through Government Funding of Insular Religious Groups

The Shomrim, Hebrew for ‘guards,’ operate as an ancillary police force in Hasidic communities. Defined by devout adherence to traditional norms, Hasidic Jews confine themselves to insular communities within America. However, like many insular or inherently religious communities, they appear to have a propensity to discriminate against outsiders in their attempts at seclusion. Although the Shomrim hold themselves out as their community’s primary police force, they frequently commit bias crimes and other discriminatory acts. This Comment advances the novel argument that the Shomrim are state actors, and that government funding to the Shomrim may also violate the Establishment Clause. The Shomrim receive substantial government funding, maintain close ties and connections with the police and the state, and perform a public function. Because these connections constitute a ‘close nexus,’ the Shomrim’s actions are fairly attributable to the state. As state actors, the Shomrim would be held accountable to constitutional limitations, and would be prohibited from discriminating against outsiders. However, remedying this attribution of state action implicates additional constitutional problems. This Comment proposes that under current state action doctrine and Establishment Clause jurisprudence, the only permissible solution in this context is to remove government ties and funding.Using the Shomrim as a case study, this Comment addresses the problem of privatization through government funding of insular religious communities and organizations. The Shomrim demonstrate that when the government funds inherently religious providers of social services, a constitutional grey area is met in the attempts to reconcile state action with the Establishment Clause. This Comment asserts the government should be careful in funding inherently religious providers of social services because of an increased likelihood of discrimination.
Investigation of Stochastic Radiation Transport Methods in Binary Random Heterogeneous Mixtures

This paper reviews existing Monte Carlo techniques for performing neutron transport simulations in binary random heterogeneous fissile fuels and presents a new approach offering superior efficiency at little cost in fidelity for problems involving densely packed, optically thick absorbers. The accuracy of the chord-length sampling technique is demonstrated to be a function of the total optical thicknesses and optical scattering thickness of the constituent materials as well as the packing density of the fissile kernels. The results of this parameter assessment provide a foundation for an original hybrid algorithm that combines homogeneous and explicit geometry models within a single Monte Carlo simulation. The geometry model utilized is selected according to the energy-dependent optical thickness. By partitioning the geometry representation within a single Monte Carlo simulation into homogenous and heterogeneous energy-dependent models, acceptable ensemble average results are obtained in a fraction of the run time of the detailed explicit geometry benchmark method.
Interval estimation of the mean difference in the analysis of over-dispersed count data

This paper focuses on the development and study of the confidence interval procedures for mean difference between two treatments in the analysis of over-dispersed count data in order to measure the efficacy of the experimental treatment over the standard treatment in clinical trials. In this study, two simple methods are proposed. One is based on a sandwich estimator of the variance of the regression estimator using the generalized estimating equations (GEEs) approach of Zeger and Liang (1986) and the other is based on an estimator of the variance of a ratio estimator (1977). We also develop three other procedures following the procedures studied by Newcombe (1998) and the procedure studied by Beal (1987). As assessed by Monte Carlo simulations, all the procedures have reasonably well coverage properties. Moreover, the interval procedure based on GEEs outperforms other interval procedures in the sense that it maintains the coverage very close to the nominal coverage level and that it has the shortest interval length, a satisfactory location property, and a very simple form, which can be easily implemented in the applied fields. Illustrative applications in the biological studies for these confidence interval procedures are also presented.
Deriving Mixed Evaluation from Standard Evaluation for a Simple Functional Language

We demonstrate how a specification for the standard evaluation of a simple functional programming language can be systematically extended to a specification for mixed evaluation. Using techniques inspired by natural semantics we specify a standard evaluator by a set of inference rules. The evaluation of programs is then performed by a restricted kind of theorem proving in this logic. We then describe a systematic method for extending the proof system for standard evaluation to a new proof system that provides greater flexibility in treating bound variables in the object-level functional programs. We demonstrate how this extended proof system provides the capabilities of a mixed evaluator and how correctness with respect to standard evaluation can be proved in a simple and direct manner. The current work focuses only on a primitive notion of mixed evaluation for a simple functional programming language, but we believe that our methods will extend to more sophisticated kinds of evaluations and richer languages.
Regarding sudden cardiac death in soccer players.

To the Editors,In reading the recent article by Davogustto and Higgins [1], we appreciated the effort in compiling 54 cases of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in soccer players over a 13-year period. So...
Многокритериальная оптимизация задач управления человеческими ресурсами на базе модифицированного метода TOPSIS

В статье выделены специфические особенности задач управления человеческими ресурсами (УЧР), позволяющие идентифицировать их как задачи многокритериального анализа и принятия решений в нечеткой среде. Предложена обобщенная концептуальная модель принятия решений в задачах УЧР. Предложена модификация TOPSIS, заключающаяся в интегрировании в алгоритм принятия решений дополнительной компоненты, обеспечивающей расчет на основе метода анализа иерархий коэффициентов компетенций экспертов.