cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal models of the oceanic lithosphere and upper mantle

Abstract Plate models, which purportedly describe cooling of oceanic lithosphere, violate conservation of mass and do not solve Fourier’s 2-dimensional equation. Steady-state conditions are a valid description of Earth’s lithosphere over the last 0.3 Ga. We use surface flux measurements and thermal conductivity for a layered lithosphere to calculate geotherms. Thermal boundary thicknesses of ~69 km agree with various seismic determinations. From petrologic evidence, the low velocity zone is buffered by the peridotite solidus where water content decreases downwards to nothing by 320 km. We show that most subducting slabs thermally equilibrate above 320 km, which involves thinning, but the few which are thick, steep, and fast reach 660 km. Inferred times for upper mantle recycling are consistent with ophiolite ages and modest chemical inhomogeneity. Our findings show that layers above and below 660 km are independent systems, thermally, mechanically, and probably chemically.
New Information about Anthocomus equestris (Fabricius, 1781) (Coleoptera: Melyridae), a Soft-Winged Flower Beetle Commonly Found in Homes

Anthocomus equestris (Fabricius, 1781) (Coleoptera: Melyridae) is a species of non-native soft-winged flower beetle that can be commonly found in homes in eastern North America. Herein, I use information from museum specimens and citizen science websites to track the historic range expansion of A. equestris from New Jersey through eastern North America and the Midwest, where it has not been previously recorded in the literature. Additionally, I discuss the apparent shift of adult beetles from indoors to outdoors.
252CF-Plasma Desorption Mass Spectra of Very Large Clusters

The 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectra of gold clusters of molecular weight ca 17000 a.m.u are reported and explained in terms of structures involving vertex sharing icosahedra. The spectra seen depend on the surface from which the ions are desorbed. From a gold surface peaks are seen due to clusters of stoichiometry Au25(PPh3)12Cl6; Au46(PPh3)12Cl6 and Au67(PPh3)14Cl8. On a nitrocellulose surface peaks are seen up to m/z 56000. A condensation of clusters appears to be occurring and a mechanism by which this condensation takes place is proposed.
Predicting Long-Term Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Paving Concrete:

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of concrete is an important parameter that affects the design and performance analysis of concrete pavements. Higher CTE value results in increased curlin...
Orally efficacious broad-spectrum allosteric inhibitor of paramyxovirus polymerase

Paramyxoviruses such as human parainfluenza virus type-3 (HPIV3) and measles virus (MeV) are a substantial health threat. In a high-throughput screen for inhibitors of HPIV3 (a major cause of acute respiratory infection), we identified GHP-88309—a non-nucleoside inhibitor of viral polymerase activity that possesses unusual broad-spectrum activity against diverse paramyxoviruses including respiroviruses (that is, HPIV1 and HPIV3) and morbilliviruses (that is, MeV). Resistance profiles of distinct target viruses overlapped spatially, revealing a conserved binding site in the central cavity of the viral polymerase (L) protein that was validated by photoaffinity labelling-based target mapping. Mechanistic characterization through viral RNA profiling and in vitro MeV polymerase assays identified a block in the initiation phase of the viral polymerase. GHP-88309 showed nanomolar potency against HPIV3 isolates in well-differentiated human airway organoid cultures, was well tolerated (selectivity index > 7,111) and orally bioavailable, and provided complete protection against lethal infection in a Sendai virus mouse surrogate model of human HPIV3 disease when administered therapeutically 48 h after infection. Recoverees had acquired robust immunoprotection against reinfection, and viral resistance coincided with severe attenuation. This study provides proof of the feasibility of a well-behaved broad-spectrum allosteric antiviral and describes a chemotype with high therapeutic potential that addresses major obstacles of anti-paramyxovirus drug development. In this Article, the authors report the discovery of a small molecule (GHP-88309) that is a new class of allosteric viral polymerase inhibitor that works against two different genera of paramyxoviruses.
Factor structure of the professional quality of life scale among direct support professionals: factorial validity and scale reliability.

BACKGROUND Direct support professionals (DSPs) support people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in activities of daily living. DSPs may experience both contentment and struggles with their work. As agencies grapple with their recruitment and retention, understanding DSPs' holistic work experience is important. The Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) scale assesses multiple domains of work experiences (i.e. compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress). Despite extensive use across helping professions, the ProQOL is largely absent from DSP research. METHOD This study examined the factor structure of the ProQOL with DSPs. Using secondary data from 495 DSPs, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine if the original three-factor structure holds for this population. RESULTS We confirmed the factorial validity of the ProQOL with the three-factor solution. In the validation process, some modifications were suggested to the model, which also improved the scale reliability. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides initial evidence of the factorial validity of the ProQOL when used with DSPs, as well as recommendations for subsequent improvements and future research.
An Uncommon Cause of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Intramural Coronary Artery Hematoma After Blunt Chest Trauma.

Abstract Intramural coronary hematoma (IMCH) is a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction (MI). We aim to review the current knowledge and share our experience with the diagnosis and management of a patient presenting with traumatic IMCH leading to an acute ST-segment elevation MI. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)
Experimental determination and computational prediction of the mixing efficiency of a simple, continuous, serpentine-channel microdevice

Abstract Micromixing devices often utilize complex architectures to mix miscible liquid streams and can be complex and expensive to fabricate. Here, we developed, built, experimentally tested, and computationally analyzed a serpentine micromixer that can be fabricated using simple tools and supplies available in non-microdevice dedicated laboratories. Fluorescence imaging was used to quantify its mixing effectiveness experimentally. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software package (COMSOL) was used to model the micromixing process. The predictions were in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The serpentine micromixer can achieve significant levels of mixing efficiency. CFD predictions for a straight microfluidic channel of the same length as the serpentine favorably compared with previous theoretical predictions, indicating that the serpentine's mixing efficiency was vastly superior. Finally, CFD predictions were conducted for different and possibly improved designs of the basic serpentine. In all cases, the mixing efficiency was primarily associated with the number of 90o elbows in the device rather than the straight sections' length, with the first serpentine bend playing a significant role. Future design improvements should focus on incorporating as many elbows as possible in the device to maximize mixing efficiency and reduce the device size.
RADI-23. Exploring the optimal timing of routine initial surveillance MRI following treatment of brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery: a comparison of two approaches

Purpose To measure the value of early initial surveillance MRI scans in patients with brain metastases undergoing stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), as MRI scans are a significant cost and patient stressor.
Activation of adenylate cyclase in renal medulla by bovine growth hormone. An artifact attributable to vasopressin.

Abstract The effect of bovine growth hormone on adenylate cyclase activity was studied in bovine and rat renal medulla. Highly purified growth hormone (lot B1003A) increased adenylate cyclase activity in plasma membranes from bovine renal medulla from 132 ± 6 pmol cyclic AMP formed/mg protein per 10 min to 364 ± 10 pmol cyclic AMP formed/mg protein per 10 min. Similar results were seen with homogenates of rat renal medulla. The minimum effective concentration of bovine growth hormone required to activate adenylate cyclase was 0.5 μg/ml and maximum activation was detected at 500 μg/ml. The amount of vasopressin determined by radioimmunoassay to contaminate the growth hormone caused an increase in adenylate cyclase activity comparable to that of the corresponding concentration of growth hormone that was tested. Dialysis of growth hormone and vasopressin resulted in parallel reductions in the effect of each hormone on adenylate cyclase activity. Similarly, both growth hormone and vasopressin produced increases in short circuit current in isolated toad bladders but these effects were not detectable after dialysis of the hormones. In contrast, the effect of growth hormone on the uptake of 35SO42− by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats was not decreased after dialysis. These results indicate that available preparations of growth hormone are contaminated by small but physiologically significant amounts of vasopressin and that the activation of adenylate cyclase activity in renal medulla in response to growth hormone can be explained by this contamination rather than by an effect of growth hormone per se.
Studies on the allergenicity of cow's milk. I. The allergenic properties of alpha-casein, beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin.

It seems apparent from the present study that each of the McMeekin-Gordon protein fractions of milk is immunologically homogeneous. Of the three fractions, beta-lactoglobulin is the most allergenic, while alpha-lactalbumin and alpha-casein are of a much lower order of allergenicity. While sensitization by parenteral injection is artificial and may not thus apply strictly to natural sensitization to milk through ingestion, the data indicate that lactoglobulin is the dominant allergen of the three studied. Heretofore, lactalbumin has been considered the major protein in the production of milk allergy. The present studies furnish evidence against the lactalbumin fraction as the potent allergen in clinical practice and evidence in favor of the lactoglobulin fraction as the allergen responsible for the majority of cases of milk allergy.
The Diffuse Interstellar Medium

This article reviews the last 20 years of the struggle to understand the diffuse ISM, highlighting recent changes of fundamental aspects. It then provides a pictorial description consistent with those developments. Various caveats are discussed and a number of areas for future investigation identified. It ends with a hopeful glance toward understanding ISM phase segregation.
Stereo Matching with Segmentation-Based Cooperation

In this paper we present a new stereo matching algorithm that produces accurate dense disparity maps and explicitly detects occluded areas. This algorithm extends the original cooperative algorithms in two ways. First, we design a method of adjusting the initial matching score volume to guarantee that correct matches have high matching scores. This method propagates "good" disparity information within or among image segments based on certain disparity confidence measurement criterion, thus improving the robustness of the algorithm. Second, we develop a scheme of choosing local support areas by enforcing the image segmentation information. This scheme sees that the depth discontinuities coincide with the color or intensity boundaries. As a result, the foreground fattening errors are drastically reduced. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Comparison between our algorithm and some other representative algorithms is also reported.
Gut macromolecular permeability in pancreatitis correlates with severity of disease in rats

Abstract Background: Increased intestinal macromolecular permeability could allow absorption of substances from the bowel into the systemic circulation and contribute to multiple organ system failure. Methods: Mild, intermediate, and severe grades of pancreatitis were induced in rats using intravenous caerulein and intraductal glycodeoxycholic acid. [ 14 C]polyethylene glycol (molecular weight, 3350 daltons; 1.1 μCi/142 mg) was instilled into the distal duodenum. At 24 hours, the animals were killed, ascitic fluid was collected for trypsinogen activation peptide measurement, and pancreatic specimens were collected and scored for based on the degree of necrosis, inflammation, and hemorrhage. Results: Gut permeability to polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) was increased in animals with early experimental pancreatitis (5.4% ± 1.2%, n=20) when compared with control animals (1.8% ± 0.2%; n=6) ( P = 0.0005). Furthermore, intestinal macromolecular permeability to PEG 3350 correlated with severity of disease as predicted by the method of induction of pancreatitis ( P = 0.0003), the histological findings ( P = 0.0002), and total ascitic trypsinogen activation peptides content ( P = 0.029). Conclusions: Increased gut permeability in experimental pancreatitis can be correlated with pancreatitis severity.
The Importance of Strategic Worksite Health Promotion

ABSTRACT Employee assistance programs (EAPs) were the impetus for many health promotion programs in today's workplace. Unfortunately, they are the programs most frequently forgotten in terms of promotion. Research (e.g., Beyer & Trice, 1978; Harris & Fennel, 1988; Masi & Friedland, 1988) has noted the importance of communication in improving utilization of EAPs. Yet, most organizations do pay attention to promotion of the EAR This study, examined employees' awareness of the EAP. Specifically, employees were surveyed about their awareness of the EAP features and their preferred media sources for learning about the program. Furthermore, the relationship between the management's messages and EAP awareness is examined. In this study, employees were not aware of the EAP. The information employees did have of the EAP was based on the information they received about the program. Overall, more strategic promotion towards various organizational audiences and cultures is needed to better inform employees about well...
Thromboelastography: A Practice Summary for Nurse Practitioners Treating Hemorrhage

Nurse practitioners may manage patients with coagulopathic bleeding which can lead to life-threatening hemorrhage. Routine plasma-based tests such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time are inadequate in diagnosing hemorrhagic coagulopathy. Indiscriminate administration of fresh frozen plasma, platelets or cryoprecipitate for coagulopathic states can be extremely dangerous. The qualitative analysis that thromboelastography provides can facilitate the administration of the right blood product, at the right time, thereby permitting the application of goal-directed therapy for coagulopathic intervention application and patient survival.
Radioactive Clocks and Cosmic-Ray Transport in the Galaxy

There are a number of radioactive ‘clocks’ in the cosmic radiation that can be used to measure the time scales for cosmic ray processes in the Galaxy. With high-resolution isotope measurements available from ACE it is now possible to read these clocks with greatly improved accuracy and address key questions about the origin and lifetime of cosmic rays. This paper discusses the status of three such investigations.
Potassium Hydride–sec‐Butyllithium–N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylethylenediamine

(KH) [7693-26-7] HK (MW 40.11) InChI = 1S/K.H InChIKey = NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (s-BuLi) [598-30-1] C4H9Li (MW 64.07) InChI = 1S/C4H9.Li/c1-3-4-2;/h3H,4H2,1-2H3; InChIKey = VATDYQWILMGLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (TMEDA) [110-18-9] C6H16N2 (MW 116.24) InChI = 1S/C6H16N2/c1-7(2)5-6-8(3)4/h5-6H2,1-4H3 InChIKey = KWYHDKDOAIKMQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (α,β-dideprotonation of γ,δ-unsaturated ketones1, 2 and their analogs,1, 3, 4 producing dianions, d5-synthons,5 which react with electrophiles exclusively at the δ-position2, 3) Physical Data: see entries for Potassium Hydride, s-Butyllithium, and N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine.
Land cover classification and economic assessment of citrus groves using remote sensing

The citrus industry has the second largest impact on Florida's economy, following tourism. Estimation of citrus area coverage and annual forecasts of Florida's citrus production are currently dependent on labor-intensive interpretation of aerial photographs. Remotely sensed data from satellites has been widely applied in agricultural yield estimation and cropland management. Satellite data can potentially be obtained throughout the year, making it especially suitable for the detection of land cover change in agriculture and horticulture, plant health status, soil and moisture conditions, and effects of crop management practices. In this study, we analyzed land cover of citrus crops in Florida using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery from the University of Maryland Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF). We hypothesized that an interdisciplinary approach combining citrus production (economic) data with citrus land cover area per county would yield a correlation between observable spectral reflectance throughout the year, and the fiscal impact of citrus on local economies. While the data from official sources based on aerial photography were positively correlated, there were serious discrepancies between agriculture census data and satellite-derived cropland area using medium-resolution satellite imagery. If these discrepancies can be resolved by using imagery of higher spatial resolution, a stronger correlation would be observed for citrus production based on satellite data. This would allow us to predict the economic impact of citrus from satellite-derived spectral data analysis to determine final crop harvests.
Rousseau plays outside in Norway: A personal reflection on how Norwegian outdoor kindergartens employ Rousseauian pedagogical methods of play

This article seeks to characterize Norwegian kindergarten pedagogy as specifically Rousseauian in nature and approach. As a reflective article, my experience of pedagogical methods of play employed at an outdoor kindergarten in Norway are analyzed and compared to my experience of American schooling. Norwegian kindergartens that employ such Rousseauian practices reinforce Norway's dedication to fostering an egalitarian society beginning with the youngest learners.
A study on the mechanism of the curing of LARC–TPI high temperature adhesive

A study of the changes in a LARC–TPI adhesive during a three-stage thermal curing process has been conducted. The multistage curing conditions followed commonly used industrial curing specifications. Using thermogravimetric analysis plus gas chromatography plus mass spectrometry, the gasses involved in the curing were identified. Water analysis was performed by two separate techniques and supplementary information gathered using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These analytical studies permitted determination of the degree of cure at each stage and to determine whether any degradation is taking place under curing condition.
Heuristics for Synthesizing Robust Networks with a Diameter Constraint

Robustness of a network in the presence of node or link failures plays an important role in the design of the network. A key factor that quantifies this robustness is the algebraic connectivity of the network. In this paper, the authors address the problem of finding a network that maximizes the algebraic connectivity of the network while ensuring that the length of the shortest path joining any two nodes in the network is within a given bound. This paper presents -opt and tabu search heuristics for finding feasible solutions for this network synthesis problem. Computational results are also presented to corroborate the performance of the proposed algorithms.
Applications of the exactly soluble one dimensional model of transfer reactions

Abstract An attempt is made to apply the one dimensional exactly soluble model of transfer reactions proposed by Breit in 1960 and discussed by him in the preceding paper to the consideration of nucleon tunneling calculations made in the semiclassical approximation employing the energy matrix formulation of Breit and Ebel. The exact expression for the transfer probability in the case of one fixed potential and the second potential reversing its motion is arranged in combined powers of the barrier penetrabilities of the two regions of negative kinetic energy around each of the potentials. Through an application of different Galilean transformations to the elementary slutions entering the problem just mentioned before and after the reversal of the motion, a solution corresponding to the assumption of equal masses of the heavy nuclear aggregates throughout the process is worked out and the series for the transition probability is rearranged in powers of barrier penetrability as in the first problem. Different ways of adjusting the parameters of the model to those of the actual three dimensional problem are tried in the case of the N 14 (N 14 , N 13 )N 15 and of the Mg 24 (N 14 , N 13 )Mg 25 reactions. Parametrizations based on simulating barrier penetrability effects lead to fair although not perfect agreement with the energy matrix calculations.
Abnormal excitability of oblique dendrites implicated in early Alzheimer's: a computational study

The integrative properties of cortical pyramidal dendrites are essential to the neural basis of cognitive function, but the impact of amyloid beta protein (aβ) on these properties in early Alzheimer's is poorly understood. In animal models, electrophysiological studies of proximal dendrites have shown that aβ induces hyperexcitability by blocking A-type K+ currents (IA), disrupting signal integration. The present study uses a computational approach to analyse the hyperexcitability induced in distal dendrites beyond the experimental recording sites. The results show that back-propagating action potentials in the dendrites induce hyperexcitability and excessive calcium concentrations not only in the main apical trunk of pyramidal cell dendrites, but also in their oblique dendrites. Evidence is provided that these thin branches are particularly sensitive to local reductions in IA. The results suggest the hypothesis that the oblique branches may be most vulnerable to disruptions of IA by early exposure to aβ, and point the way to further experimental analysis of these actions as factors in the neural basis of the early decline of cognitive function in Alzheimer's.
User manuals: What does the user really need?

The purpose of the user manual is to assist the user in effectively operating a system. This objective is complicated by the wide diversity of user skills, and user tasks. The quality of a user manual is affected not only by the level of effort exerted by the system developer in writing the manual, but also by the degree of matching between the user manual and the user's needs. The documentation writer must supply both effort and direction in writing the user manual. This paper addresses the direction issue.
Separation of functional Schwann cells and neurons from normal peripheral nerve tissue

A method has been devised for obtaining viable cultures of normal sensory neurons and normal Schwann cells from rat dorsal root ganglia, using cytosine arabinoside and fluorodeoxyuridine for control of non-neuronal cell proliferation. These cultures were used to demonstrate (a) that Schwann cells could be generated and maintained in culture free of fibroblast contamination, (b) that Schwann cells could exist in either a quiescent or proliferative state, depending on the absence of neurons, (c) that sensory ganglia could be obtained that would provide an outgrowth of axons entirely free of non-neuronal cells even in the absence of antimitotic agents, and (d) that quiescent Schwann cells, induced to proliferate by 'bare' axons, could ensheath and, in time, myelinate some of these axons.
Influences on the Relative Rates for C−N Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination and β-Hydrogen Elimination of Amides. A Case Study on the Origins of Competing Reduction in the Palladium-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides

Typical decomposition by β-hydrogen elimination has limited the productive catalytic organometallic chemistry of late transition metal amido complexes. However, one reaction that has been shown to ...
Chemical activation of cardiac receptors affects activity of superficial and deeper T3–T4 spinal neurons in rats

The purposes of this study were to examine responses of superficial (depth <300 μm) and deeper thoracic spinal neurons to chemical stimulation of cardiac afferents and effects of descending influences on these neurons. Extracellular potentials of single T3–T4 neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated male rats. A catheter was placed in the pericardial sac to administer 0.2 ml of a mixture of algogenic chemicals that contained adenosine (10−3 M), bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin E2 (10−5 M). Fifteen of 55 (27%) superficial neurons responsive to intrapericardial chemicals were compared to 80/169 (47%) deeper neurons. All 15 superficial neurons that responded to cardiac afferents were excited (E), whereas 66 deeper neurons were excited, ten were inhibited and four showed excitation–inhibition. Spontaneous activity of superficial neurons with short-lasting excitatory responses was significantly lower than that of deeper neurons (P<0.05). Somatic receptive fields on chest, axilla, arm and upper back areas were found for 77/95 (81%) neurons that responded to intrapericardial chemicals. The proportion of somatic field properties and their sizes in superficial neurons were similar to deeper neurons. After cervical spinal transection, both spontaneous activity and responses to chemical stimulation of cardiac afferents significantly increased in six out of six neurons excited by intrapericardial injections. Results showed that chemical stimulation of cardiac afferents excited superficial T3–T4 spinal neurons, whereas deeper neurons exhibited multiple patterns of responses. Some characteristics of subgroups of superficial neurons were quantitatively different from deeper neurons. Thoracic spinal neurons processing cardiac nociceptive information were under tonic descending inhibition.
A design of neural decoder by reducing discrepancy between Manual Control (MC) and Brain Control (BC)

Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI) have strong potential to benefit a large number of disabled people but current decoding algorithms suffer from the following shortcomings. First, BMI decoding algorithms are often trained offline, but this paradigm ignores the discrepancy between the Manual Control (MC) and the Brain Control (BC) modes of operation. Second, the standard neural decoder, the Kalman filter, does not explicitly take into account the control of movements by neural activity. To address these problems, we propose a biologically motivated neural decoder structure by explicitly adding a control signal and unmeasureable neural activity. Since the parameter estimation problem is underdetermined, we propose a new parameter estimation method that minimizes the discrepancy between the MC and BC. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods by synthesizing MC and BC data in a Linear Quadratic (LQ) optimal control setting with a partial loss of neural control in BC, and show that the proposed decoder is more robust to a partial loss of neural control than a standard Kalman filter that does not utilize any reparameterizations.
A relationship between the yeast cell cycle genes CDC4 and CDC36 and the ets sequence of oncogenic virus E26

We report here significant primary sequence homology among the predicted translational products of three genes: CDC4 , CDC36 and ets. CDC4 and CDC36 are Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell division cycle genes, while ets is a transformation-specific sequence of avian erythroblastosis virus E26. The deduced primary structures of the three gene products were compared by computer to a large data base of known and predicted protein sequences. The search revealed 22.0-25.5% identity over regions of 140-206 codons, respectively between the different pairwise combinations. For these particular sequences, these identity scores fall 3.4-4.0 standard deviations above the empirically-determined mean values of fortuitous similarity. S. cerevisiae calls require CDC36 and CDC4 in order to complete two early events in the cell cycle: execution of start ( CDC36 ) and spindle pole body separation ( CDC4 ). In virus E26, the ets sequence is linked in frame with delta gag and mybE in the tripartite structure 5'-delta gag- mybE -ets-3', comprising the E26 transforming oncogene. The homologies described here suggest that the biochemical functions or regulation of the CDC4 , CDC36 and ets products may be related.
Rapid method for determination of shunt ratio using a thermodilution technique.

Abstract A new technique using thermodilution by which shunt ratio can be rapidly and conveniently determined in patients with left-to-right intracardiac shunts is described. A flow-directed balloon-tip thermistor catheter was positioned in the pulmonary artery to measure cardiac output in 20 patients with left-to-right intracardiac shunts. Shunt ratio measured by the Fick technique (Qp:Qs F ) varied between 1.3:1 and 3.6:1. Early recirculation was seen on the downslope of the thermodilution curves (TC). The first-pass curve before the point of early recirculation was extrapolated to the baseline and the area inscribed by this portion of the TC (A) was measured by planimetry. The area inscribed by the entire TC (A + B) was also measured by planimetry. Shunt size was determined by calculating the ratio (A + B):A. Shunt ratio determined by this technique (Qp:Qs Th ) correlated well with Qp:Qs F ( r = 0.89). The thermodilution technique provides a simple, rapid, and accurate method for determining the magnitude of left-to-right intracardiac shunts.
Updated cholesterol guidelines and intensity of statin therapy.

Background In November 2013, the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association released new cholesterol guidelines. Implications of these new guidelines for statin prescription remain uncertain, particularly in individuals already on statin therapy. Objective Our objective was to examine the impact of the guidelines on the intensity of statin therapy at a large academic medical center. Methods We queried the electronic health record at the University of Pennsylvania Health System to evaluate current practice patterns at a large academic institution in patients already on statin therapy. Results Among 40,036 statin-treated patients, 47% of patients may warrant an intensification of statin therapy according to the updated national cholesterol guidelines. Conclusions These findings highlight the magnitude of potential changes in statin prescription patterns favoring higher potency statin therapy, a sizable shift that parallels the predicted increase in statin initiation.
The Market for Jobs: Locational Decisions and the Competition for Economic Development

A market for industrial locations has emerged in recent years. On one side of the market, cities compete with each other to attract jobs; on the other side, firms seek subsidy payments for providing jobs. These developments have been noted, but until now have not been viewed as an explicit market. This article provides evidence of the market's development and identifies factors that have stimulated the market's growth. It demonstrates that costs of using the market have declined, but benefits have increased. The study goes on to show that the market can be efficient under certain conditions, but that major impediments to efficiency exist. Finally, it discusses how the market for jobs is likely to evolve.
A dynamical systems perspective on the relationship between symbolic and non-symbolic computation.

It has been claimed that connectionist (artificial neural network) models of language processing, which do not appear to employ “rules”, are doing something different in kind from classical symbol processing models, which treat “rules” as atoms (e.g., McClelland and Patterson in Trends Cogn Sci 6(11):465–472, 2002). This claim is hard to assess in the absence of careful, formal comparisons between the two approaches. This paper formally investigates the symbol-processing properties of simple dynamical systems called affine dynamical automata, which are close relatives of several recurrent connectionist models of language processing (e.g., Elman in Cogn Sci 14:179–211, 1990). In line with related work (Moore in Theor Comput Sci 201:99–136, 1998; Siegelmann in Neural networks and analog computation: beyond the Turing limit. Birkhauser, Boston, 1999), the analysis shows that affine dynamical automata exhibit a range of symbol processing behaviors, some of which can be mirrored by various Turing machine devices, and others of which cannot be. On the assumption that the Turing machine framework is a good way to formalize the “computation” part of our understanding of classical symbol processing, this finding supports the view that there is a fundamental “incompatibility” between connectionist and classical models (see Fodor and Pylyshyn 1988; Smolensky in Behav Brain Sci 11(1):1–74, 1988; beim Graben in Mind Matter 2(2):29--51,2004b). Given the empirical successes of connectionist models, the more general, super-Turing framework is a preferable vantage point from which to consider cognitive phenomena. This vantage may give us insight into ill-formed as well as well-formed language behavior and shed light on important structural properties of learning processes.
Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy—V. The formation of molecules of bioevolutionary importance on an alumina surface

Abstract The alumina barrier of AlAlO x Pb tunnelling junctions have been exposed to aqueous ammonia, wet carbon monoxide gas and to aqueous formaldehyde vapour. The aqueous ammonia spectrum is assigned as an amino acid species produced from ammonia, water and atmospheric carbon dioxide. This spectrum fingerprints very closely with the tunnelling spectrum of a genuine sample of glycine. The role of atmospheric carbon dioxide is deduced from a spectrum of aqueous ammonia produced in the absence of carbon dioxide. The wet carbon monoxide spectrum and the aqueous formaldehyde spectrum have been produced by an infusion doping process. These spectra are assigned as a sugar-like polymer or a sugar formed on the alumina surface. A tunnelling spectrum of d (−)fructose has been produced to aid this assignment. The role of an inorganic template such as alumina in the original prebiotic synthesis of amino acids and sugars is considered.
Construction and stormwater pollution: Policy, violations, and penalties

Abstract This study investigated the construction related stormwater pollution violations cases and penalties in Minnesota from 2001 to 2007. The major type of construction stormwater violations was related to the lack of best management practices (BMPs). Twenty-one percent of these violations were committed by public agencies. Forty-six percent of the total number of cases lacked a stormwater construction permit. The increase in the number of these violations coincided with the housing boom in the early-2000s and the change of enforcement of construction sites from five or more acres to one or more acres. Implementing these new expanded rules caused an increase in the responsibility of the enforcing agency of the State. Hence, the agency had to develop creative methods to enforce the laws by involving local government agencies more directly.
The rate of O2 loss from mesenteric arterioles is not unusually high

The O2 disappearance curve (ODC) recorded in an arteriole after the rapid arrest of blood flow reflects the complex interaction among the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin, O2 diffusivity, and rat...
Enhancement of Semiconductor Wafer Cleaning by Chelating Agent Addition

To realize environmental and cost benefits it is desirable to reduce the RCA cleaning sequence from its historical combination, in which the particle-removing SC1 solution deposits certain metals, necessitating the metal-removing SC2. One approach is to add a chelating agent to the SC1. Extensive testing of SC1 solutions with addition of the complexing agent 1,2-cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA) were performed. CDTA was shown to be more stable than other complexing agents in SC1 solutions, facilitating significant bath life extension. Further, SC1 solutions with CDTA were shown to be capable of removing large quantities of metals from contaminated wafers, comparable to SC2, and preventing deposition of metals. An exception is aluminum, which can deposit from SC1 even with large amounts of added CDTA, but which can be removed by a subsequent dilute step. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Factors Influencing Phenolic Compounds in Table Olives (Olea europaea)

The Mediterranean diet appears to be associated with a reduced risk of several chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. Olive products (mainly olive oil and table olives) are important components of the Mediterranean diet. Olives contain a range of phenolic compounds; these natural antioxidants may contribute to the prevention of these chronic conditions. Consequently, the consumption of table olives and olive oil continues to increase worldwide by health-conscious consumers. There are numerous factors that can affect the phenolics in table olives including the cultivar, degree of ripening, and, importantly, the methods used for curing and processing table olives. The predominant phenolic compound found in fresh olive is the bitter secoiridoid oleuropein. Table olive processing decreases levels of oleuropein with concomitant increases in the hydrolysis products hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. Many of the health benefits reported for olives are thought to be associated with the levels of hydroxytyrosol. Herein the pre- and post-harvest factors influencing the phenolics in olives, debittering methods, and health benefits of phenolics in table olives are reviewed.
Complex effects of nucleotide variants in a mammalian cis-regulatory element

Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) control gene expression by recruiting transcription factors (TFs) and other DNA binding proteins. We aim to understand how individual nucleotides contribute to the function of CREs. Here we introduce CRE analysis by sequencing (CRE-seq), a high-throughput method for producing and testing large numbers of reporter genes in mammalian cells. We used CRE-seq to assay >1,000 single and double nucleotide mutations in a 52-bp CRE in the Rhodopsin promoter that drives strong and specific expression in mammalian photoreceptors. We find that this particular CRE is remarkably complex. The majority (86%) of single nucleotide substitutions in this sequence exert significant effects on regulatory activity. Although changes in the affinity of known TF binding sites explain some of these expression changes, we present evidence for complex phenomena, including binding site turnover and TF competition. Analysis of double mutants revealed complex, nucleotide-specific interactions between residues in different TF binding sites. We conclude that some mammalian CREs are finely tuned by evolution and function through complex, nonadditive interactions between bound TFs. CRE-seq will be an important tool to uncover the rules that govern these interactions.
Abstract 3485: Inhibition of Notch signaling enhances the antitumor efficacy of chemotherapy in triple negative breast cancer through reduction of cancer stem cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by lack of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) or Her2/neu. It is known to be particularly aggressive and refractory to current chemotherapies. Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) have been postulated as responsible for treatment failure for this type of cancer. Recent evidence suggests that Notch signaling may play a role in regulation of TIC self-renewal and differentiation hence present a promising target for development of novel therapies for TNBC. We previously discovered a mouse monoclonal Ab (mu-hN1) that produces robust efficacy in both T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and TNBC by specifically blocking human Notch1 signaling in tumor cells. We subsequently produced a humanized Notch1 mAb (hu-hN1) that retained similar characteristics and activities compared to the mouse prototype mu-hN1. To gain insights into the mechanisms of Notch1 blockade on TNBC tumor grow inhibition (TGI), we evaluated the effect of hu-hN1 on apoptosis, proliferation and TIC self-renewal in Notch-driven Sum149 and a patient derived xenograft (PDX) TNBC models. We showed that hu-hN1 inhibited Notch signaling by reduction of NICD (Notch intracellular domain) and target genes Hes-1 and cMyc in Sum149 tumors. Inhibition of Notch signaling led to significant TGI either as a single agent or in combination with Docetaxel. TGI of hu-hN1 appeared to be in part due to induction of apoptosis in the tumor cells. More interestingly, treatment with this Ab caused reduction in mammosphere formation and CD44+/CD133+/ESA+ cell population. It also resulted in decrease in tumor incidence and delay in tumor recurrence, suggesting an anti-TIC activity of the agent. Further investigation in a PDX TNBC model confirmed the robust tumor efficacy and anti-TIC effect of hu-hN1. Taken together, our findings suggest that anti-Notch1 mAbs may provide novel therapies to improve the efficacy of conventional treatments by directly targeting the TIC niche. They may also delay tumor recurrence and hence have a major impact on cancer patient survival. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3485. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3485
Commentary: Metabolic Impediments to the use of Nucleotide Derivatives to Circumvent Resistance to Purine and Pyrimidine Analogs

Abstract Many attempts have been made to design derivatives of analog nucleotides that might circumvent resistance due to deficiency of enzymes that convert analogs of purines, pyrimidines and nucleosides to nucleotides. None of these prodrugs that have been evaluated has been active against resistant tumor cells in vivo. The probable reason for this failure is that host cells, but not the resistant cells, have the capacity to form toxic nucleotides from bases or nucleosides resulting from degradation of the prodrugs. These considerations indicate that this strategy for circumvention of resistance will be successful only if the prodrug has some property, other than ability to enter the cell and be converted to toxic nucleotide, that will result in selective toxicity to resistant cells.
Determination of left-sided pressure gradients by utilizing Doppler aortic and mitral rergurgitant signals: Validation by simultaneous dual catheter and Doppler studies

Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography is an accurate and reproducible method for determination of intracardiac pressure gradients in stenotic valve lesions and right-sided regurgitant lesions. Twenty-three patients with either mitral or aortic regurgitation underwent simultaneous continuous wave Doppler and dual catheter pressure recordings to determine if instantaneous pressure gradients can be accurately determined by Doppler ultrasound in left-sided regurgitant valve lesions. Using the modified Bernoulli equation, the maximal and mean pressure gradients between the left ventricle and left atrium were determined by continuous wave Doppler ultrasound in patients with mitral regurgitation and compared with simultaneous catheter-derived pressures. The mean and end-diastolic pressure gradients between the aorta and left ventricle were determined by continuous wave Doppler ultrasound in patients with aortic regurgitation and compared with simultaneous catheter-derived pressures. Diastolic half-times by both continuous wave Doppler ultrasound and catheter pressures were compared in patients with aortic regurgitation. There was a linear correlation between the mean gradients in all patients (r = 0.94; SEE = 6 mm Hg) with a similar correlation between the instantaneous gradients (r = 0.98; SEE = 8 mm Hg). There was a linear correlation between diastolic half-times by catheter and Doppler ultrasound (r = 0.95; SEE = 39 ms). As with other valvular lesions, continuous wave Doppler echocardiography can be used in patients with mitral or aortic regurgitation to accurately determine intracardiac pressure gradients.
Epitaxial Growth Of Thin Semiconductor Films By Pulsed Laser Evaporation: Damage And Vaporization Of Cdte, Cd And Insb Targets Induced With Nd:Yag Laser.

The surface morphology of CdTe, Cd and InSb targets following vacuum pulsed laser evaporation has been examined. Vaporization of CdTe does not change the stoichiometric conditions of the surface, but precipitation of In is observed in the case of InSb. A stable vaporization rate can be obtained with a scanning laser beam after an initial layer of material is removed from the target and a characteristic surface structure is formed.
Identification of a novel BRMS1-homologue protein p40 as a component of the mSin3A/p33(ING1b)/HDAC1 deacetylase complex.

Repression of gene transcription is mediated by histone deacetylases containing repressor–co-repressor complexes, which are recruited to promoters of target genes via interactions with sequence-specific transcription factors. The mammalian Sin3A co-repressor complex contains a core of at least seven proteins including the pRb-interacting protein RBP1 and a putative tumor suppressor p33ING1b. By biochemical purification and mass spectrometry, we have identified a novel component p40 from this complex. p40 bears homology to both yeast Sds3, a component of yeast histone deacetylase complexes, and its mammalian homologue mSds3. The p40-associated complex purified from human cells shows a strong histone deacetylase activity. When tethered to a Gal-DNA binding domain, the Gal-p40 is able to significantly repress transcription of a Gal-luciferase promoter. Interestingly, database analysis reveals that p40 is also highly homologous to BRMS1, a breast carcinoma metastasis suppressor, and overexpression of p40 in human cells can significantly inhibit cell growth. Thus, our data indicate that p40 may be critically involved in transcription repression of cell growth-associated gene expression by recruiting the HDAC1 deacetylase complex.
A reestimation of the Evans–Jovanovic entrepreneurial choice model

Abstract The Evans–Jovanovic finding that entrepreneurial ability and wealth are negatively correlated is puzzling. We show that this may result from a downward bias in their wealth data. Using less-biased wealth data, we find a positive correlation, which is theoretically more justifiable.