cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symptomatic Diverticular Disease in Patients With Severely Reduced Kidney Function: Higher Rates of Complications and Transfusion Requirement.

Background: The prevalence of diverticulosis is increasing with 5-10% of patients developing diverticulitis and 5-15% developing symptomatic bleeding. Diverticulitis can result in abscess, perforation, fistula, or obstruction. Bleeding has combined morbidity and mortality rates of 10-20%. The purpose of this study was to compare diverticulitis-related complications and transfusion requirements for diverticular bleeding in patients with normal to moderately reduced kidney function (glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) and patients with severe renal impairment (GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), and identify factors associated with these outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of all patients with diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding treated at our hospital from January 1, 2011 to July 31, 2016. Patients were evaluated for baseline characteristics, GFR, baseline hemoglobin, medications, comorbidities, length of stay (LOS), presence of perforations or abscesses and the need for transfusion. Results: Of the 291 patients included, males were 167 (58%). Perforations and abscesses complicating diverticulitis developed in 31/136 (23%) of patients with GFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , and in 13/26 (50%) of patients with GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (odds ratio (OR): 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.423 - 8.06; P = 0.0073). Mean LOS (days) was 6.3 ± 4 in the GFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 group and 8.5 ± 4.4 in GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 group (P = 0.0001). Blood transfusion for diverticular bleeding occurred in 11/78 (14%) of patients with GFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and in 22/51 (43%) of patients with GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (OR: 4.6; 95% CI: 1.99 - 10.76; P = 0.0004). Among patients who needed transfusion, mean LOS was 8.5 ± 2.5 in GFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 group and 9 ± 5 in those with GFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (P = 0.04). There were no differences in age, gender or race between the study groups. Conclusion: There was a significant increase in complicated diverticulitis cases, transfusion requirements for diverticular bleeding and LOS in patients with severely reduced kidney function compared to patients with normal-moderately reduced renal function. Gastroenterol Res. 2017;10(1):15-20 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/gr784w
Naturally occurring and added sugar in relation to macronutrient intake and food consumption: results from a population-based study in adults.

Associations between sugar intake and the remaining diet are poorly described in modern food environments. We aimed at exploring associations of high naturally occurring and added sugar intakes with sociodemographic characteristics, intake of macronutrients, fibre and selected food groups. Our data comprised 4842 Finnish adults aged 25-74 years, who participated in the population-based DIetary, Lifestyle and Genetic determinants of Obesity and Metabolic syndrome (DILGOM) study. Diet was assessed by a validated 131-item FFQ. The food item disaggregation approach was used to estimate sucrose and fructose intakes from natural sources (naturally occurring sugar) and all other sources (added sugar). Sex-specific trends in macronutrient, fibre and food group intakes across sugar type quartiles were determined with general linear modelling adjusting for age, energy intake, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, education and BMI. Overall, results were similar across sexes. Young age was found to be a determinant of higher added sugar and lower naturally occurring sugar intakes (P < 0·0001). High added sugar intake was associated with low fibre intake (P < 0·0001) accompanied with lower fruit (P < 0·0001 women; P = 0·022 men) and vegetable consumption (P < 0·0001) and higher wheat consumption (P = 0·0003 women; P < 0·0001 men). Opposite results were found for naturally occurring sugar. Butter consumption increased by 28-32 % (P < 0·0001) when shifting from the lowest to the highest added sugar intake quartile, while a decrease of 26-38 % (P < 0·0001) was found for naturally occurring sugar. Therefore, the associations of sugar types with dietary carbohydrate and fat quality seem opposing. Proper adjustments with dietary variables are needed when studying independent relationships between sugar and health.
Effects of Higher Dietary Protein and Fiber Intakes at Breakfast on Postprandial Glucose, Insulin, and 24-h Interstitial Glucose in Overweight Adults.

Dietary protein and fiber independently influence insulin-mediated glucose control. However, potential additive effects are not well-known. Men and women (n = 20; age: 26 ± 5 years; body mass index: 26.1 ± 0.2 kg/m2; mean ± standard deviation) consumed normal protein and fiber (NPNF; NP = 12.5 g, NF = 2 g), normal protein and high fiber (NPHF; NP = 12.5 g, HF = 8 g), high protein and normal fiber (HPNF; HP = 25 g, NF = 2 g), or high protein and fiber (HPHF; HP = 25 g, HF = 8 g) breakfast treatments during four 2-week interventions in a randomized crossover fashion. On the last day of each intervention, meal tolerance tests were completed to assess postprandial (every 60 min for 240 min) serum glucose and insulin concentrations. Continuous glucose monitoring was used to measure 24-h interstitial glucose during five days of the second week of each intervention. Repeated-measures ANOVA was applied for data analyses. The HPHF treatment did not affect postprandial glucose and insulin responses or 24-h glucose total area under the curve (AUC). Higher fiber intake reduced 240-min insulin AUC. Doubling the amount of protein from 12.5 g to 25 g/meal and quadrupling fiber from 2 to 8 g/meal at breakfast was not an effective strategy for modulating insulin-mediated glucose responses in these young, overweight adults.
Medical Nuclear Supply Chains

In this chapter, we present a generalized network model for the optimization of the complex operations of medical nuclear supply chains in the case of the radioisotope molybdenum, with a focus on minimizing the total operational cost, the total waste cost, and the risk associated with this highly time-sensitive and perishable, yet, critical, product used in healthcare diagnostics. Our model allows for the evaluation of transitioning the production and processing of the radioisotope from highly enriched uranium targets to low enriched uranium targets. A case study for North America demonstrates how our framework can be applied in practice.
Analyzing breath samples of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetes patients: towards developing an alternative to diabetes alert dogs

Diabetes is a disease that involves dysregulation of metabolic processes. Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) require insulin injections and measured food intake to maintain clinical stability, manually tracking their results by measuring blood glucose levels. Low blood glucose levels, hypoglycemia, can be extremely dangerous and can result in seizures, coma, or even death. Canines trained as diabetes alert dogs (DADs) have demonstrated the ability to detect hypoglycemia from breath, which led us to hypothesize that hypoglycemia, a metabolic dysregulation leading to low blood glucose levels, could be identified through analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained within breath. We hoped to replicate the canines' detection ability and success by analytically using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of VOCs in 128 breath samples collected from 52 youths with T1D at two different diabetes camps. We used different tests for significance including Ranksum, Student's T-test, and difference between means, and found a subset of 56 traces of potential metabolites. Principle component and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) confirmed a hypoglycemic signature likely resides within this group. Supervised machine learning combined with LDA narrowed the list of likely components to seven. The technique of leave one out cross validation demonstrated the model thus developed has a sensitivity of 91% (95% confidence interval (CI) [57.1, 94.7]) and a specificity of 84% (95% CI [73.0, 92.7]) at identifying hypoglycemia. Confidence intervals were obtained by bootstrapping. These results demonstrate that it is possible to differentiate breath samples obtained during hypoglycemic events from all other breath samples by analytical means and could lead to developing a simple analytical monitoring device as an alternative to using DADs.
Alternative Explanations Of Confirmative Results

The inability to propose alternative explanations for a set of experimental results is a more serious matter than the necessity to do so.
Reconsidering Tyranny and Tyrannicide in Aquinas's De Regno

ABSTRACTThis study challenges a prevalent view that Aquinas's political thought develops over time on the question of legitimate resistance to tyranny. Many scholars argue that Aquinas gradually re...
Fuzzy Attitude Control of Spacecraft With Fuel Sloshing via Linear Matrix Inequalities

This paper presents and compares two fuzzy controllers for attitude stabilization of a spacecraft with partially filled fuel tank: a fuzzy controller based on the parallel distributed compensation (PDC) technique and a fuzzy controller based on the linear quadratic regulator. Both controllers are built from the Takagi–Sugeno model of the spacecraft. Using the Lyapunov stability theorem, the fuzzy PDC controller design problem was cast as a minimization problem for the upper bound of control input in the form of linear matrix inequalities. In the end, we compare the efficacy and robustness of each controller via numerical simulations.
Correction to: Dependability enhancing mechanisms for integrated clinical environments

The Acknowledgements published in the original article contain errors. The correct version is given below.
Einfache mentale Vorgänge

Kann man den menschlichen Geist uberhaupt wissenschaftlich untersuchen? Sicher kann man die Organe, die das Erleben ermoglichen, z.B. das Auge oder Ohr, und gewisse Tatigkeiten untersuchen, die unserem jeweiligen psychischen Zustand entsprechen. Wie aber steht es mit dem menschlichen Geist selbst? Kann die Wissenschaft den Bereich zwischen einstromenden Sinneswahrnehmungen und nach ausen gerichteten motorischen Impulsen erfassen — jenen Bereich, in dem die meisten Menschen ihr Selbst lokalisieren? Wir nehmen unser Selbst weder in den Augen oder Ohren noch in den Muskeln wahr. Es scheint irgendwo kurz hinter dem einen bzw. kurz vor dem anderen zu liegen. „Du“ siehst, was deine Augen entdecken und dann bewegst „du“ vielleicht deinen Arm, um etwas zu beruhren. Was und wo ist dieses „Du“?
Millipore Background Note

This note provides background on Millipore Corporation, a global provider of products and services used primarily in the discovery, development and production of therapeutic drugs. With a track record of quickly adapting to the evolving needs of its customers, Millipore is an example of an innovation-centered company that has been successful in maintaining both the core capabilities and flexibility to predict and respond to changing market demand. Learning Objective: To provide background on an innovative, customer-focused global provider of products and services to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.
How Phenomenological Content Determines the Intentional Object

L'A. defend la theorie internaliste de la connaissance en vertu d'un certain sens de la determination presentationnelle, selon laquelle le contenu phenomenologique determine l'objet de l'experience. Comparant les arguments en faveur de l'externalisme avec les objections internalistes qui leur ont ete opposees, l'A. examine la reference de McIntyre a Husserl en reponse aux contre-exemples de Kripke et Donnellan fondes sur le sens et la reference. A partir des trois positions internalistes representees par Searle, Smith et Mohanty, l'A. presente sa propre conception de la determination presentationnelle qui concerne tous les actes intentionnels de l'experience perceptive.
Animal Models of Cannabis Use Disorder

Cannabis use has the potential to produce adverse physical and mental health effects and can result in cannabis use disorder (CUD). People affected by CUD have difficulty discontinuing cannabis use, and there are currently no approved medications for the treatment of CUD. Preclinical research in animals has been invaluable in uncovering neurobiological underpinnings of many neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as for the development of safe and effective medications. There are animal models available that can capture various aspects of cannabis abuse and detect signals that inform further development of CUD treatments. This chapter describes animal models available for the assessment of rewarding, relapse-inducing, subjective, and other abuse-related effects of cannabinoids and some of the findings obtained with these models.
Knowledge inversion

We define the direction of knowledge, and what it means to extend that direction. A special case is function inversion, and we give three algorithms for function inversion. Their performance on non-trivial problems and their shortcomings are demonstrated. All algorithms are implemented in Prolog.
The Problem of Packaging Curricular Materials

Packaging materials is a generalized term to capture a broad array of tasks (creating, revising, sharing, finding, crediting, etc.) for materials such as assignments, teacher notes, and evaluation data. Substantial effort has gone into creating materials over the years, but the community still struggles to find ways to effectively manage these. This BoF provides an opportunity to identify needs, concerns, prior efforts, and future plans. A primary goal is the formation of a Working Group tasked to develop a standard for curricular material creation and sharing, joining with broader efforts of standardization (e.g., CSSPLICE) and existing initiatives for creating repositories, tools, and materials.
Personalized pediatric ophthalmology: a case report

The availability of genetic sequencing has given physicians a new tool for diagnosis and treatment of disease, and “personalized medicine” has become an increasingly common term in general but not in pediatric ophthalmology. We present a case of a toddler who developed ataxia, opsoclonus, myoclonus, and developmental regression following anesthesia for a common otolaryngology procedure. The child was found to have a variant in the MT-ND6 gene (m.14484T>C), most commonly associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, despite a phenotype more closely resembling Leigh syndrome. The incongruence of phenotype and genotype prompted whole exome sequencing, which identified an unexpected intronic missense mutation in RB1 (1960+5G>A), with a 90% penetrance for retinoblastoma. Limited evaluation of the posterior pole in clinic did not identify any lesions, and the risks and benefits of examination under anesthesia were discussed among neurology, ophthalmology, and anesthesiology. We report the outcome of these discussions. The value and risks of personalized medicine are discussed.
Characterizing and Assessing the Impact of Surgery on Healthcare Spending Among Medicare Enrolled Preoperative Super-utilizers.

Objective:The aim of this study was to characterize preoperative super-utilizers and examine the effect of surgery on service utilization among patients undergoing major elective surgery.Summary Background Data:Rising healthcare costs are becoming increasingly burdensome for Medicare. Super-utilizer
Symmetric generation of M22

We give a computer-free proof that the Mathieu group M22 is a homomorphic image of the progenitor 2⋆14:L3(2) factorized by three relations.
A Stable Adaptive Observer for Hard-Iron and Soft-Iron Bias Calibration and Compensation for Two-Axis Magnetometers: Theory and Experimental Evaluation

This letter addresses the problem of on-line estimation and compensation of the hard-iron and soft-iron biases of a 2-axis magnetometer under dynamic motion, utilizing only biased measurements from a 2-axis magnetometer. The proposed adaptive observer formulates the relation between the true magnetic field vector and the magnetometer measurements as an algebraic system where the unknown biases enter linearly. The observer is shown to be globally stable. When the magnetometer measurements are persistently exciting (PE), the system is shown to be globally asymptotically stable, and the biases are shown to converge to their true values. The estimated biases are used to provide a calibrated magnetic field direction vector which is utilized to estimate magnetic geodetic heading. The adaptive observer is evaluated in a numerical simulation and a full-scale vehicle trial. For the proposed observer: $(i)$ knowledge of the instrument attitude is not required for sensor bias estimation, $(ii)$ zero a priori knowledge of the local magnetic field vector magnitude or vector direction is needed, $(iii)$ the system is shown to be globally stable, $(iv)$ the error system is shown to be globally asymptotically stable when the measured magnetometer signal is PE. $(v)$ magnetometer hard-iron and soft-iron bias compensation is shown to dramatically improve dynamic heading estimation accuracy.
Adsorption of fluorine ion from water by composite nonwovens

Fluorine ions exceed standard in drinking water that have the great influence on human health in daily life. This work reports a novel sandwich structure composite nonwovens used for fluorine ions ...
The effect of jet-ejecta interaction on the viewing angle dependence of kilonova light curves

The merger of two neutron stars produces an outflow of radioactive heavy nuclei. Within a second of merger, the central remnant is expected to also launch a relativistic jet, which shock-heats and disrupts a portion of the radioactive ejecta. Within a few hours, emission from the radioactive material gives rise to an ultraviolet, optical, and infrared transient (a kilonova). We use the endstates of a suite of 2D relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of jet-ejecta interaction as initial conditions for multi-dimensional Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations of the resulting viewing angle-dependent light curves and spectra starting at 1.5h after merger. We find that on this timescale, jet shock heating does not affect the kilonova emission. However, the jet disruption to the density structure of the ejecta does change the light curves. The jet carves a channel into the otherwise spheroidal ejecta, revealing the hot, inner regions. As seen from near ($\lesssim 30 \deg$) the jet axis, the kilonova is brighter by a factor of a few and bluer. The strength of this effect depends on the jet parameters, since the light curves of more heavily disrupted ejecta are more strongly affected. The light curves and spectra are also more heavily modified in the ultraviolet than in the optical.
The Theory of Instability of the Tearing Mode of Elastic-Plastic Crack Growth

This paper presents a new approach to the subject of crack instability based on the J-integral R-curve approach to characterizing a material's resistance to fracture. The results are presented in the chronological order of their development (including Appendices I and II). First, a new nondimensional material parameter, T, the "tearing modulus," is defined. For fully plastic (nonhardening) conditions, instability relationships are developed for various configurations, including some common test piece configurations, the surface flaw, and microflaws. Appendix I generalizes these results for the fully plastic case and Appendix II treats confined yielding cases. The results are presented for plane-strain crack-tip and slip field conditions, but may be modified for plane-stress slip fields in most cases by merely adjusting constants. Moreover, an accounted-for compliance of loading system is included in the analysis. Finally, Appendix III is a compilation of tearing modulus, T, properties of materials from the literature for convenience in comparing the other results with experience.
Chapter 14 Nuclear calcium elevation may initiate neurite outgrowth in mammalian neurons

Publisher Summary Stimulus-induced nuclear Ca 2+ signals are prominent both in embryonic and adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons at early times in culture and decline in both cytoplasm and nucleus at later stages of development or after later times in culture. This chapter provides evidence that the majority of the Ca 2+ signals observed in both nucleus and cytoplasm of adult DRG neurons are derived from calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) and that depletion of intracellular Ca 2+ stores reduces neurite outgrowth. These results give rise to the proposal that membrane depolarization may elicit CICR, which in turn may be important for gene expression necessary for neurite outgrowth. These results emphasize the importance of CICR and intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization as a potential intermediate linking depolarization to gene expression essential for neurite outgrowth.
Carprofen-induced oxidative stress in mitochondria of the colonic mucosa of the dog

The purpose of the study was to compare the conductance and mannitol permeability of canine colonic mucosa in response to carprofen or 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) with or without tempol pretreatment. Ten colonic mucosa sections per dog were mounted in Ussing chambers. Treatments were done in duplicate. Mucosa was exposed to carprofen (200 μg/mL) or DNP (0.25 mM), both with and without tempol (1 mM) pretreatment. Conductance was calculated every 15 min for 240 min. Mannitol flux was calculated over 3 consecutive 60-minute periods. Histology or electron microscopy was done after exposure. Conductance over time, mannitol flux, frequency of histologic categories, and electron microscopic changes were analyzed for treatment effects. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) conductance over time for carprofen or DNP-treated colons was not significantly different from control regardless of tempol pretreatment. Period 3 mannitol fluxes for carprofen and DNP-treated colon were not significantly different, but were greater than control. Period 3 mannitol flux for tempol + carprofen was significantly less than tempol + DNP-treated colon. Sloughing of cells and erosions were seen in the mucosa of carprofen-treated colon. Mitochondrial damage was seen more often in carprofen-treated than DNP-treated or control colon. Tempol pretreatment resulted in more ruptured mitochondria in the carprofen-treated colon; however, other mitochondrial changes were not significantly affected by tempol pretreatment in either carprofen or DNP treated colon. Treatment with carprofen or DNP increased the mannitol flux, but pretreatment with tempol mitigated the carprofen effect. It is apparent that structural mitochondrial damage occurs in the canine colonic mucosa after carprofen and DNP exposure.
The econometric modelling of aggregate consumer behaviour

Abstract This paper reexamines McKenzie and Thomas (M-T) (1984) study of aggregate consumer behaviour based on German's linear aggregation. By allowing for the two levels of aggregation, the paper demonstrates that M-Ts model can nest linear as well as nonlinear aggregation conditions. In addition, it shows that there is an extension of the translog model which also satisfies both linear and nonlinear aggregations.
From Macrogeneration to Syntactic Abstraction

In his 1967 lecture notes, Christopher Strachey states that macrogenerators are useful as the only alternative to rewriting the compiler when language extensions are needed. He also states, however, that they deal inappropriately with programs as strings of symbols, ignoring their semantic content, and that they lead to inconvenient syntax and often less transparent code. He concludes that a goal of language designers should be to eliminate the need for macrogeneration. This article attempts to reconcile the contemporary view of syntactic abstraction, which deals with programs at a higher level, with Strachey's views on macrogeneration. Syntactic abstraction has evolved to address the deficiencies of macrogeneration and has, to a large extent, eliminated them. Syntactic abstractions are conveniently expressed, conveniently used, and usually lead to more rather than less transparent code. While a worthwhile goal for language designers is to reduce the need for macrogeneration through the inclusion of an appropriate set of built-in syntactic forms, this article concludes that syntactic abstraction is a valuable tool for programmers to define language extensions that are not anticipated by the language designer or are domain-specific and therefore not of sufficiently general use to be included in the language core.
Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery

The sections in this article are Introduction Gene Therapy Antibacterial Therapy Wound Healing Chemotherapy Hyperthermic Drug Delivery Using CNTs Drug Transport Using CNTs Summary and Future Perspectives Keywords: Drug delivery; gene therapy; wound healing; antibacterial; chemotherapy; hyperthermia; multi-walled carbon nanotube
On the accuracy of atomic transition probabilities

Parmi les 3 quantites principales qui caracterisent les raies spectrales, les probabilites de transition atomique sont bien moins connues que les longueurs d'onde ou les niveaux d'energie. L'etat de la precision des donnees des probabilites de transition est passe en revue
Combinatorial scientific computing: the enabling power of discrete algorithms in computational science

Combinatorial algorithms have long played a crucial, albeit under-recognized role in scientific computing. This impact ranges well beyond the familiar applications of graph algorithms in sparse matrices to include mesh generation, optimization, computational biology and chemistry, data analysis and parallelization. Trends in science and in computing suggest strongly that the importance of discrete algorithms in computational science will continue to grow. This paper reviews some of these many past successes and highlights emerging areas of promise and opportunity.
Variation in U.S. State Income Inequality: 1960-1990

This study examines regional trends in state income inequality in the United States. Data for the 48 contiguous states are used to estimate separate cross-sectional equations of state income inequa...
To Assess or Not to Assess Is No Longer the Question: Potential of Program Monitoring.

Abstract This article traces the historical development of evaluation in higher education and discusses current views on available options such as “reputational” or “resource,” professional testing, and comprehensive assessment. A case is made for longitudinal computer-based program monitoring by defining the approach and presenting a case study. Clearly there are pros and cons with such an approach; cons include the necessary time and personnel investment. Among the pros are continual data feedback allowing for informed administrative and educational adjustment, as well as the ability to document the impact of programmatic changes.
Reconstructing dose: a commentary on McEniry.

Some exposures that create biological differences among human populations act immediately or persist unchanged over time implying that researchers can simultaneously measure both dose and response. Others end well before their effects appear thereby requiring researchers to reconstruct dose post hoc. Studies of current and delayed effects complement each other because the failure to find a current exposure that explains how a population became biologically different from others should lead to a search for a prior exposure with a delayed effect.
Strengthening Spirituality and Civic Engagement in Higher Education

Arthur Chickering, Goddard College. Our two and four year colleges and universities are the nation’s most significant resource for creating the kind of citizenry required for helping future citizens move to more complex ways of thinking.
Cholinesterase in a Receptor

Cholinesterase is found at the sites for mechanoelectric conversion of Pacinian corpuscles; its acetylcholinesplitting activity is of the same order of magnitude as that of the cholinesterase at neuromuscular junctions. The enzyme is not a typical acetylcholinesterase.
Clutter reduction and target detection enhancement using wavelet transform techniques

In this paper, a multichannel optical wavelet processor and a matching pursuit processor capable of enhancing the detection of cluttered targets are presented. Wavelet functions have zero-mean and are virtually band-pass filters. In many cases, targets and clutter are separable in the spatial spectral domain. Therefore, by selecting wavelet functions that represent features of targets but are insensitive to that of clutter, targets can be extracted from the input scene while clutter is suppressed. Due to dyadic sampling, a multichannel optical wavelet processor with a limited number of channels can detect regions of interest for different targets. With matching pursuit decomposition, features of targets are extracted and represented in a few wavelets known as coherent structure; whereas clutter and noise are diluted across the dictionary. Clutter and noise can then be effectively removed from the signal by a simple thresholding operation. A time-frequency energy distribution can be derived from matching pursuit decomposition, which contains no interference terms and thus clearly characterized the input signal in the time-frequency plane. Optical architectures of these processors are described. Simulated and experimental results are provided.
Improved flux pinning in melt textured YBa2Cu3O7−δ through chemical additions

Abstract The effect of Ce-based additions on Y 2 BaCuO 5 (211) particle coarsening and flux pinning in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ (123) has been examined. BaCeO 3 is found to react with the Ba-Cu-O rich peritectic liquid. The limited Ce dissolution results in a decreased 211 coarsening rate. In addition, the effects of Ce-based additions (CeO 2 and BaCeO 3 ) in combination with MgO additions on the magnetic properties of melt textured YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ have been investigated. The additions lead to improvements in the magnetic properties of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ compared to samples with either addition alone or with no additions. The Ce-Mg addition combination produces a “peak effect” in the magnetic hysteresis loop without significant T c degradation. This is postulated to be due to the formation of a new type of pinning center. Both Ce and Mg ions are thought to substitute in the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ lattice, creating defects that produce a “peak effect” in the magnetic hysteresis loop. Mg additions alone lead to a reduced T c , while Ce additions restore the T c and enhance the magnitude of the peak.
Intraocular dispersion of perfluorocarbon liquids insilicone oil

Abstract Purpose To report one case of intraocular emulsification of perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) and silicone oil after vitrectomy surgery. Design Interventional case report. Methods Retrospective review of the clinic, and surgical record of a 39-year old female referred for persistent retinal detachment after vitrectomy surgery; PFCLs and silicone oil were left in the eye at the end of the surgery. Results There was intraocular emulsification of PFCLs into silicone oil. Electron microscope examination of the silicone oil surgically extracted from the eye demonstrated emulsification of small PFCL bubbles into the silicone oil. Conclusion Perfluorocarbon liquids are surgical tools. They should be completely removed from the eye at the end of the surgery; PFCLs and silicone oil tend to emulsify together, originating an opaque fluid, which contains both silicone oil and dispersed PFCL bubbles.
Horting hatches an egg: a new graph-theoretic approach to collaborative filtering

This paper introduces a new and novel approach to ratingbased collaborative filtering. The new technique is most appropriate for e-commerce merchants offering one or more groups of relatively homogeneous items such as compact disks, videos, books, software and the like. In contrast with other known collaborative filtering techniques, the new algorithm is graph-theoretic, based on the twin new concepts of ho&rag and predictability. As is demonstrated in this paper, the technique is fast, scalable, accurate, and requires only a modest learning curve. It makes use of a hierarchical classification scheme in order to introduce context into the rating process, and uses so-called creative links in order to find surprising and atypical items to recommend, perhaps even items which cross the group boundaries. The new technique is one of the key engines of the Intelligent Recommendation Algorithm (IRA) project, now being developed at IBM Research. In addition to several other recommendation engines, IRA contains a situation analyzer to determine the most appropriate mix of engines for a particular e-commerce merchant, as well as an engine for optimizing the placement of advertisements.
An open trial of pargyline in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type

Twenty-two patients who met the Utah criteria for attention deficit disorder, residual type (hyperactivity, minimal brain dysfunction in adults) received an open trial of pargyline (Eutonyl). Of these 22 patients, 13 (59%) showed a moderate to marked therapeutic response. Clinically useful features of pargyline in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type are that its duration of action is greater than 24 hours and that it has not been abused. Pargyline inhibits monoamine oxidase, type B, and its therapeutic efficacy is compatible with the hypothesis that decreased phenethylaminergic function, dopaminergic function, or both play a role in the etiology of the disorder.
Water Resource Development: Some Institutional Aspects A Case History of Montana*

THE RAPIDLY INCREASING DEMAND for water, coupled with its comparatively limited supply, has made it an "ocean-sized" problem in the United States in recent years. The situation is acute, especially in the chronically water-short western regions. The extent of the problem will become all the more clear when we examine closely the sharp rise in the demand for and use of water in the past few years and relate it to the potential for increasing water supply. The demand for water for different uses has actually been increasing at a much faster pace than the increase in supply, particularly in the western United States. This imbalance in the supplydemand situation contains within itself the elements of a "coming water famine" which calls for the adoption of a series of corrective measures. The strategic role of water in the development of the arid and semi-arid regions is perhaps nowhere more manifest than in the institutional factors governing its control and use. The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on some of the institutional impediments related to Montana's water resource development and indicate how these institutional aspects have considerably slowed down the optimum development of the state's water resources.
Identification of new Fis binding sites by DNA scission with Fis-1,10-phenanthroline-copper(I) chimeras

The chimeric nuclease Fis-OP has been used to identify novel Fis binding sites. Tethering the chemical nuclease OP-Cu+ to position 73 of the protein with a newly developed longer acetyl-beta-alanylamino spacer has facilitated the localization of two high-affinity Fis binding sequences in a 3 kb pUC19 plasmid. The shorter acetamido linker has allowed the chimeric nuclease to locate two strong Fis binding sites in the 50 kb phage lambda genome. All four sites reside in biologically interesting loci and have been confirmed by gel-retardation and DNase I footprint analyses. A newly discovered site resides in the lac operon of Escherichia coli. The binding of Fis to this site may antagonize repression by the LacI repressor. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of applying chimeric chemical nucleases to the task of identifying functional protein binding sites of biological interest within genomes without any assumption about their sequence preference.
Ecology and conservation of an endangered rattlesnake, Sistrurus catenatus, in Missouri, USA

Abstract The life history and ecology of the massasauga Sistrurus catenatus, an endangered rattlesnake, was studied from 1979 to 1983 at the Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge, Missouri, USA. Except for tail length, this population exhibits little sexual dimorphism. Massasaugas are active from April to October, and are primarily diurnal, except in summer. Snakes are found mainly in a cordgrass prairie in spring and autumn, utilising drier, upland areas in summer. Mean brood size for this population was 6·35, and there was a significant positive relationship between brood size and female body size. Although this species apparently demonstrates considerable geographic variation in reproductive potential, the significance of this variation cannot be currently assessed. Growth rates, estimated from size-frequency data, suggest an age of maturity of 3–4 years for females. Massasaugas at Squaw Creek feed mainly on rodents and other snakes. Current refuge practices, such as controlled burning of the prairie and unrestricted visitor usage, may have significant negative impacts on Sistrurus populations. Recommendations for mitigating these impacts are provided.
Computation of viscous flows in turbomachinery cascades with a space-marching method

A space-marching method was used to predict the viscous flowfield in turbomachinery cascades. Departure solutions were suppressed by modifying the streamwise pressure gradient term in the momentum equations. For staggered cascades a nonperiodic grid system was employed, and appropriate approximations were used in place of the periodicity boundary conditions upstream and downstream of the cascade. The laminar flow through a flat-plate cascade at 45-deg stagger and through a symmetric cascade at zero incidence and stagger was tested first. The method was then used to predict the turbulent flow through compressor cascades composed of NACA 65-series blades. The predicted drag coefficient, turning angle, boundary-layer momentum thicknesses, and velocity profiles were compared with the experimental data; the agreement was good in most cases. The solution of the cases presented was obtained in less than 1 min of CPU time on an IBM 3081 computer.
Establishment and Results of a Magnetic Resonance Quality Assurance Program for the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium

Rationale and Objectives Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is used to assess brain tumor response to therapies, and a MR quality assurance (QA) program is necessary for multicenter clinical trials employing imaging. This study was performed to determine overall variability of quantitative imaging metrics measured with the American College of Radiology (ACR) phantom among 11 sites participating in the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC) Neuroimaging Center (NIC) MR QA program. Materials and Methods An MR QA program was implemented among 11 participating PBTC sites and quarterly evaluations of scanner performance for seven imaging metrics defined by the ACR were sought and subject to statistical evaluation over a 4.5-year period. Overall compliance with the QA program, means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation (CV) for the quantitative imaging metrics were evaluated. Results Quantitative measures of the seven imaging metrics were generally within ACR recommended guidelines for all sites. Compliance improved as the study progressed. Intersite variabilities, as gauged by CV for slice thickness and geometric accuracy, imaging parameters that influence size or positioning measurements in tumor studies, were on the order of 10% and 1%, respectively. Conclusions Although challenging to establish, MR QA programs within the context of PBTC multisite clinical trials when based on the ACR MR phantom program can indicate sites performing below acceptable image quality levels and establish levels of precision through instrumental variabilities that are relevant to quantitative image analyses (eg, tumor volume changes).
Degradation Susceptibility Metrics as the Bases for Bayesian Reliability Models of Aging Passive Components and Long-Term Reactor Risk

Conventional probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) are not well-suited to addressing long-term reactor operations. Since passive structures, systems and components are among those for which refurbishment or replacement can be least practical, they might be expected to contribute increasingly to risk in an aging plant. Yet, passives receive limited treatment in PRAs. Furthermore, PRAs produce only snapshots of risk based on the assumption of time-independent component failure rates. This assumption is unlikely to be valid in aging systems. The treatment of aging passive components in PRA does present challenges. First, service data required to quantify component reliability models are sparse, and this problem is exacerbated by the greater data demands of age-dependent reliability models. A compounding factor is that there can be numerous potential degradation mechanisms associated with the materials, design, and operating environment of a given component. This deepens the data problem since the risk-informed management of materials degradation and component aging will demand an understanding of the long-term risk significance of individual degradation mechanisms. In this paper we describe a Bayesian methodology that integrates the metrics of materials degradation susceptibility being developed under the Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Proactive Materials Degradation Assessment Program with available plant service data to estimate age-dependent passive component reliabilities. Integration of these models into conventional PRA will provide a basis for materials degradation management informed by the predicted long-term operational risk.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Acoustic Attenuation Logging Using Centroid Frequency Shift And Amplitude Ratio Methods: A Numerical Study

The centroid frequency shift method is proposed to estimate seismic attenuation from full waveform acoustic logs. This approach along with the amplitude ratio method is applied to investigate the attenuation properties of the P head wave in fluid-filled boreholes. The generalized reflection and transmission coefficients method is used to perform forward modeling. The authors suggest an empirical formula to describe the frequency-dependent geometrical spreading of the P-wave in a borehole. They simulate a more realistic borehole by including a mudcake and an invaded zone which are modeled by a large number of radially symmetric thin layers. The numerical tests show that this invaded zone exhibits very strong influence on the attenuation measurement.
Sequence limits in calculus: using design research and building on intuition to support instruction

This article is based on research completed within an ongoing project to develop a calculus course which serves as the foundation for the mathematical education of undergraduate students who are training to become elementary teachers. Several research-based activities have been developed, tested, and refined. In this paper we discuss how the design research approach was used to create and implement an instructional task that introduces the concept of limit of a sequence using popular characters from a children’s television show. We present the intuition that students brought to the instructional sequence, the development of the tasks based on the instructional design theory of Realistic Mathematics Education, and the evolution of the intuition that students displayed after instruction. Results include the instructional task developed and student work which reveals that students use context, informal notions of limit, and the notion of “arbitrarily close” to write about their limit understandings.
Bioactivation of 3-methylindole by isolated rabbit lung cells.

Abstract 3-Methylindole (3MI) is a pneumotoxin that causes selective lung lesions indicative of Clara cell and alveolar epithelial cell damage in ruminants and rodents. The present study examined the cytotoxicity of 3MI to isolated rabbit Clara cells, type II alveolar epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages. 3MI produced a dose-dependent cytotoxicity to Clara cells detectable within 1 hr of incubation at 37°C which reached a maximum at 3 hr. Concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 m m 3MI were cytotoxic to Clara cells, while type II and alveolar macrophages required 1 m m 3 MI before cytotoxicity was observed. The cytochrome P450 suicide substrate inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole, inhibited 3MI-induced cytotoxicity in Clara cells, type II cells, and alveolar macrophages. These observations were consistant with a cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation of 3MI to a toxic intermediate. Studies with a trideuteromethyl analog of 3MI demonstrated a much reduced cytotoxicity to Clara cells as well as to type II cells, and macrophages. The deuterium isotope effect suggested that CH bond breakage at the 3-methyl group is a requisite oxidative transformation in the bioactivation of 3MI to a selective lung cell cytotoxin. The selectivity of cellular cytotoxicity is probably associated with higher rates of bioactivation by Clara cell cytochrome P450 monooxygenases compared to those of type II cells and macrophages. These studies demonstrate that 3MI is bioactivated in isolated pulmonary cells without the intervention of other organs and that bioactivation requires functional cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Simulating radiation damage accumulation in α-Fe: A spatially resolved stochastic cluster dynamics approach

Abstract Neutron irradiation of high purity α -Fe to 10 - 1 DPA is simulated using spatially resolved stochastic cluster dynamics (SRSCD). In doing so, a novel scheme is developed that addresses the following challenges to simulations of defect accumulation in bulk materials: how to introduce displacement cascades in a numerically efficient manner while maintaining the spatial resolution necessary for accurate defect evolution within cascades; how to account for interactions between defects already present in the material and cascades during the thermal spike phase; and how to choose appropriate cascade energies that reflect damage accumulation due to high-energy neutrons. The spatial resolution necessary for displacement cascade implantation is maintained via an accelerated adaptive meshing scheme. Direct cascade mixing with point defects present in the material is studied and shown to be necessary for defect saturation above 10 - 3 DPA. Defect population evolution is shown to only weakly depend on the cascade energy used in this study, allowing the use of a single cascade energy for simulating high energy neutron irradiation. Using this scheme, traps for mobile one-dimensional diffusing SIA loops are shown to strongly affect the final defect microstructure, and simulated defect accumulation results are compared to experimental results over the range of DPA studied here. The computational efficiency and accuracy of this technique make it a good candidate for inclusion in multi-scale models of radiation-induced material behavior changes.