cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On torus topologies with random extra links

We study networks based on torus topologies enhanced with additional, arbitrary assigned links. We develop a method for analyzing the expected number of hops which can be applied to any torus topology with randomly assigned extra links when the simplest greedy routing is used. Using this method, we study the following topologies with extra links: one-dimensional unidirectional and bidirectional torus (i.e., ring), and two-dimensional bidirectional and unidirectional torus (e.g., bidirectional Manhattan network and Manhattan street network). We also show how these results can be extended to some non-torus topologies with extra links, such as the bus and the two-dimensional grid. From our analysis we find that the expected number of hops in a D-dimensional N-node torus with extra links grows as O(/sup D+1//spl radic/N) and that it can be reduced to O(/sup 2D//spl radic/N) with the orthogonal assignment of extra links.
Relationship of basal metabolism and life history attributes in Neotomine–Peromyscine rodents (Cricetidae: Neotominae)

With the exception of a positive relationship between energy expenditure and number of offspring per litter, few links have been made between energy expenditure and life history attributes in mammals. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and life history attributes among 26 species within the Neotomine–Peromyscine rodents. Specifically, I used independent contrasts to determine whether variation in BMR is related to variation in life history attributes that represent reproductive effort and maturation, and I determined if there is an offspring size versus offspring number trade-off. My results demonstrate that within the Neotomine–Peromyscine rodents, 1) there exists an offspring number versus offspring size trade-off whereby taxa that have a large residual number of offspring per litter have a small residual neonate mass, 2) BMR is related to this trade-off whereby taxa that have large residual BMR have small residual neonate mass and a trend towards a large number of offspring per litter, and 3) BMR is not related to total reproductive effort as represented by total litter mass, total weanling mass, or total growth rate of the litter from birth to weaning. My results suggest that high BMR facilitates a large number of small offspring per reproductive event. A large number of small offspring may confer a fitness advantage for taxa with compensatory growth mechanisms for weaned young that minimize fecundity trade-offs with small offspring size.
Characterization of Hematopoietic Cell Expansion, Oxygen Uptake, and Glycolysis in a Controlled, Stirred-Tank Bioreactor System

Cultures of umbilical cord blood and mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells were carried out in a stirred bioreactor with pH and dissolved oxygen control. Expansion of total cells and colony-forming units granulocyte-macrophage was greatly enhanced by the use of a cell-dilution feeding protocol (as compared to a cell-retention feeding protocol). The specific oxygen consumption rate (qO2) for these cultures ranged from 1.7 x 10(-8) to 1.2 x 10(-7) micromol/(cell.h). The maximum in qO2 for each culture closely corresponded with the maximum percentage of progenitor or colony-forming cells (CFCs) present in the culture. The maximum qO2 values are slightly less than those reported for hybridomas, while the lowest qO2 values are somewhat greater than those reported for mature granulocytes. Examination of the ratio of lactate production to oxygen consumption in these cultures suggests that post-progenitor cells of the granulomonocytic lineage obtain a greater portion of their energy from glycolysis than do CFCs. The different metabolic profiles of CFCs and more mature cells suggest that monitoring the uptake or production of oxygen, lactate, and other metabolites will allow estimation of the content of several cell types in culture.
EPR studies of mechanically induced bond rupture in elastomers

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to compute the surface bond rupture density in polyurethane and to determine the phase experiencing fracture in styrene-butadiene block copolymers when these elastomers are subjected to mechanical degradation by grinding. The polyurethane grinding was done at temperatures above and below the glass transition Tg; 0.155 × 1013 radicals/cm2 of fracture surface area were formed above the Tg and 4.42 × 1013 radicals/cm2 for grinding below the Tg. These values are essentially equal to those found earlier for spherulitic polymers. In all cases the fracture appears able to progress along preferential paths so as to rupture significantly fewer molecular chains than one would expect on the basis of calculations of the number of chains passing through each square centimeter of cross section. Comparison of EPR spectra formed by grinding styrene-butadiene copolymer with those of styrene and butadiene above indicated that at cryogenic temperature, the fracture in the copolymer takes place in the butadiene phase.
A 3D immersed interface method for fluid–solid interaction

Abstract In immersed interface methods, solids in a fluid are represented by singular forces in the Navier–Stokes equations, and flow jump conditions induced by the singular forces directly enter into numerical schemes. This paper focuses on the implementation of an immersed interface method for simulating fluid–solid interaction in 3D. The method employs the MAC scheme for the spatial discretization, the RK4 scheme for the time integration, and an FFT-based Poisson solver for the pressure Poisson equation. A fluid–solid interface is tracked by Lagrangian markers. Intersections of the interface with MAC grid lines identify finite difference stencils on which jump contributions to finite difference schemes are needed. To find the intersections and to interpolate jump conditions from the Lagrangian markers to the intersections, parametric triangulation of the interface is used. The velocity of the Lagrangian markers is interpolated directly from surrounding MAC grid nodes with interpolation schemes accounting for jump conditions. Numerical examples demonstrate that (1) the method has near second-order accuracy in the infinity norm for velocity, and the accuracy for pressure is between first and second order; (2) the method conserves the volume enclosed by a no-penetration boundary; and (3) the method can efficiently handle multiple moving solids with ease.
The Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 4 (Npas4) Is Required for New and Reactivated Fear Memories

The Neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4) is a neuronal activity-dependent immediate early gene that has recently been identified as a transcription factor which regulates the transcription of genes that control inhibitory synapse development and synaptic plasticity. The role Npas4 in learning and memory, however, is currently unknown. Here, we systematically examine the role of Npas4 in auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning, an amygdala-dependent form of emotional learning. In our first series of experiments, we show that Npas4 mRNA and protein are regulated in the rat lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) in a learning-dependent manner. Further, knockdown of Npas4 protein in the LA via adeno-associated viral (AAV) mediated gene delivery of RNAi was observed to impair fear memory formation, while innate fear and the expression of fear memory were not affected. In our second series of experiments, we show that Npas4 protein is regulated in the LA by retrieval of an auditory fear memory and that knockdown of Npas4 in the LA impairs retention of a reactivated, but not a non-reactivated, fear memory. Collectively, our findings provide the first comprehensive look at the functional role of Npas4 in learning and memory.
Treatment of complete open medial subtalar dislocation with an external fixateur: a case report

Summary Compound subtalar dislocations are rare. They represent only 0.1% of all dislocations. A medial open dislocation results from forceful inversion and plantarflexion. Due to the extensive soft tissue disruption with an increased risk of infection early reduction, good wound care and the use of an external fixateur are recommended to achieve best results. We report the case of a 14-year-old male who was jumping on a trampoline, slipped off and sustained a complete compound medial subtalar dislocation. He was treated with early reduction, external fixation, and a second lavage with wound closure 2 days postreduction. After 4 weeks a short leg cast was applied for 6 more weeks. At 10 weeks after injury a Hawkin's sign was present indicating intact blood supply to the talus and the tibia. The patient had normal ankle movement, but showed some stiffness in the subtalar joint. Three months later the patient was pain-free, had no limp and was able to resume normal activities.
Are Driving Simulators Effective Tools for Evaluating Novice Drivers' Hazard Anticipation, Speed Management, and Attention Maintenance Skills.

Novice drivers (teen drivers with their solo license for 6 months or less) are at a greatly inflated risk of crashing. Post hoc analyses of police accident reports indicate that novice drivers fail to anticipate hazards, manage their speed, and maintain attention. These skills are much too broadly defined to be of much help in training. Recently, however, driving simulators have been used to identify those skills which differentiate the novice drivers from older, more experienced drivers in the areas of hazard anticipation and speed management. Below, we report an experiment on a driving simulator which compares novice and experienced drivers' performance in the third area believed to contribute especially heavily to crashes among novice drivers: attention to the forward roadway. The results indicate that novice drivers are much more willing to glance for long periods of time inside the vehicle than are experienced drivers. Interestingly, the results also indicate that both novice and experienced drivers spend equal amounts of time glancing at tasks external to the vehicle and in the periphery. Moreover, just as a program has been designed to train the scanning skills that clearly differentiate novice from experienced drivers, one might hope that a training program could be designed to improve the attention maintenance skills of novice drivers. We report on the initial piloting of just such a training program. Finally, we address a question that has long been debated in the literature: Do the results from driving simulators generalize to the real world? We argue that in the case of hazard anticipation, speed management, and attention maintenance the answer is yes. Keywords: Driver distraction;
An investigation of PN sequences for multistatic SAR/InSAR applications

This paper investigates the performance of pseudo-noise (PN) sequences as pulse compression waveforms in the radar imaging of distributed targets. Multiple transmitter schemes such as multi-static synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and multi- baseline interferometric SAR (InSAR) provide high resolution images for remote sensing applications at lower costs. PN sequences are a natural choice for such systems. The performance of different PN coding schemes such as the maximal length sequences (m-sequences), Gold sequences and shifted m-sequences are compared.
Quantitative ultramorphological evaluation of swim-up spermatozoa used in human in vitro fertilization and transcervical intrauterine insemination.

Ultramorphological changes that occur on the sperm head during in vitro incubation of human spermatozoa was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Motile spermatozoa that swim-up were processed for TEM. Washed but unincubated sperm heads had all of the fine structural characteristics of normal spermatozoa: intact plasma membrane, acrosome, equatorial segment, postacrosomal sheath, subacrosomal space filled with fine granular material, dense nucleus containing conspicuous nuclear vacuoles of differing sizes and numbers, and faintly discernible nuclear membrane. The procedure of washing and centrifugation did not alter the structural integrity of spermatozoa. Any evidence of ultramorphological changes in the incubated spermatozoa appeared to be confined to the surface of the anterior two-thirds of the sperm head. These changes were characterized by detachment of plasma membrane, fusion of plasma and acrosomal membranes, vesiculation of membranes, and exposure of acrosomal contents. There...
Orthorectified image mosaic of Antarctica from 1963 Argon satellite photography: image processing and glaciological applications

Using the state-of-the-art digital imaging technology, extended block adjustment, orthorectification and mosaicking, individual Declassified Intelligence Satellite Argon photographic images are precisely assembled into a map quality mosaic of coastal Antarctica. The geometric accuracy of the mosaic is estimated to be approximately equivalent to the original resolution of the Argon photography, which is about 140 m. We compare the Argon mosaic with later satellite images to investigate changes in ice sheet geographic features and dynamical glaciological processes.
Life Plus 99 Years Nathan Leopold and Chicago Criminology

This article examines the construction of a narrative of self through the published autobiography of Nathan Leopold, of Leopold and Loeb fame, known for the 1924 killing of their young neighbor Bobby Franks. While in prison, Leopold had extensive contact with prominent sociologists from the University of Chicago. It is the author's contention that this contact made possible a narrative of self, in the form of autobiography, which is distinctly sociological in character. The author believes his use of a sociological framework allowed him to (a) be heard in the language of the parole board, then headed by a sociologist, thus minimizing his separation with the group in power (the parole board) and maximizing his separation from those he did not want to be identified with (the other inmates); and (b) separate himself from the moral implications of his crime, thus rendering practically inconsequential that which would otherwise have been a defining moment in the construction of the self.
Dynamic Element Matching Techniques for Static and Dynamic Errors in Continuous-Time Multi-Bit $\Delta\Sigma$ Modulators

This paper presents techniques to address static and dynamic errors in high performance continuous-time (CT), $\Delta\Sigma$ modulators. The inter-symbol interference (ISI) model is presented and existing ISI reduction techniques are reviewed. A novel technique has been presented which can high-pass shape both static mismatch and ISI error of each element of a multi-bit DAC while decorrelating the instantaneous number of transitions from the input signal. The proposed technique can easily be extended to higher order shaping for both static mismatch and ISI errors. Simulation results show that the proposed technique can improve DAC linearity significantly in presence of both static mismatch and ISI error.
Implementing practical interventions to support chronic illness self-management.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Self-management support (SMS) is the area of disease management least often implemented and most challenging to integrate into usual care. This article outlines a model of SMS applicable across different chronic illnesses and health care systems, presents recommendations for assisting health care professionals and practice teams to make changes, and provides tips and lessons learned. Strategies can be applied across a wide range of conditions and settings by health educators, care managers, quality improvement specialists, researchers, program evaluators, and clinician leaders. Successful SMS programs involve changes at multiple levels: patient–clinician interactions; office environment changes; and health system, policy, and environmental supports. Patient–Clinician Interaction Level Self-management by patients is not optional but inevitable because clinicians are present for only a fraction of the patient's life, and nearly all outcomes are mediated through patient behavior. Clinicians who believe they are in control or responsible for a patient's well-being are less able to adopt an approach that acknowledges the central role of the patient in his or her care. Summary and Conclusions Self-management should be an integral part of primary care, an ongoing iterative process, and patient centered; use collaborative goal setting and decision making; and include problem solving, outreach, and systematic follow-up.
Pain Medicine Ethics Forum: Key Opinion Leaders with Industry Conflicts of Interest Should Be Able to Hold Leadership Positions in Professional Medical Associations.

Disclosure: Depomed, Advisory Board; Spinal Modulations, Data Safety and Monitoring Board; Boston Scientific, Consultant; Jazz Pharmaceutical, Advisory Board and Speaker; Jansen, Advisory Board; Zynerba, Advisory Board; Daiichi Sankyo, Advisory Board and Coronado Biosciences, Advisory Board. In 2009, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a proposal for controlling conflicts of interest between Professional Medical Associations (PMAs) and industry [1]. The proposal recommended $0 thresholds for presidents, officers, and board members. It also recommended $0 funding of any PMA activities. The premise for this recommendation was based on research showing the power of gifts to bias physician choices. However, it was not based on research on the effects of payments made to consulting physicians, those serving on scientific advisory boards for …
Scheduling with Setup Costs and Monotone Penalties.

We consider single processor preemptive scheduling with job-dependent setup times. In this model, a job-dependent setup time is incurred when a job is started for the first time, and each time it is restarted after preemption. This model is a common generalization of preemptive scheduling, and actually of non-preemptive scheduling as well. The objective is to minimize the sum of any general non-negative, non-decreasing cost functions of the completion times of the jobs -- this generalizes objectives of minimizing weighted flow time, flow-time squared, tardiness or the number of tardy jobs among many others. Our main result is a randomized polynomial time O(1)-speed O(1)-approximation algorithm for this problem. Without speedup, no polynomial time finite multiplicative approximation is possible unless P=NP. We extend the approach of Bansal et al. (FOCS 2007) of rounding a linear programming relaxation which accounts for costs incurred due to the non-preemptive nature of the schedule. A key new idea used in the rounding is that a point in the intersection polytope of two matroids can be decomposed as a convex combination of incidence vectors of sets that are independent in both matroids. In fact, we use this for the intersection of a partition matroid and a laminar matroid, in which case the decomposition can be found efficiently using network flows. Our approach gives a randomized polynomial time offline O(1)-speed O(1)-approximation algorithm for the broadcast scheduling problem with general cost functions as well.
Benign Recurrent Lymphocytic Meningitis from Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 during a Summer Outbreak of Aseptic Meningitis

Meningitis from herpes simplex virus (HSV) may have a clinical presentation similar to other forms of viral meningitis. However, subtle facets of the history and use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can differentiate HSV from other etiologies. During an outbreak of meningitis from enterovirus, a 32-year-old woman presented to the hospital with clinical meningitis, a history of genital HSV infection, and two previous bouts of viral meningitis. Her signs and symptoms as well as lumbar puncture results were similar to patients meeting our case definition for patients with presumed enteroviral meningitis. The cerebral spinal fluid was positive for HSV by PCR, and she was ultimately diagnosed with recurrent meningitis from HSV. We compared her presentation with patients who met our case definition for enteroviral meningitis. A thorough history and use of PCR may assist in differentiating these clinically similar presentations.
Visual Motifs in Islamist Terrorism: Applying Conceptual Metaphor Theory

AbstractThis article examines visual motifs in Islamist terrorism based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory, a theory using three key categories of metaphors (structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors). These metaphors are applied to three case studies to show how visual motifs can be used by Islamists to manipulate their audiences. The case studies are the symbols of (a) the waterfall, (b) the hand, and (c) the color black. Overall, in this analysis, an essential deduction from Islamist visual motifs is that metaphors are a principal conceptual system for Islamists. Metaphors are their main conduit for categorizing what they see in their universe and how they perceive both their in-group members and outside groups (e.g., infidels).
Capecitabine as a Radiosensitizer in Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Study.

Aim Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest cancer diagnoses and is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for the 20% for whom the tumor is resectable, however, controversy exists over the appropriate adjuvant therapy where local recurrence rates remain strikingly high (50-85%). We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of adding capecitabine (a known radiosensitizer by direct and abscopal effects) to concurrent radiation in the adjuvant setting after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Patients and methods We conducted a retrospective study of 63 patients diagnosed from 2004-2013 with histopathologically-confirmed stage I/II pancreatic cancer treated with a surgical resection followed by adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation to at least 45 Gy using 3D planning and capecitabine at 1,600 mg/m(2)/day (Monday-Friday) for 6 weeks. This was combined with either 4 months of gemcitabine at 1,000 mg/m(2) weekly for 3 out of 4 weeks or capecitabine at 2,000 mg/m(2) for 14 days every 3 weeks for a total of 4 months. Results The majority of patients were over 65 years old (71%), male (60%), had negative surgical margins (79%), had pancreatic head or neck involvement (71%), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score of 1 (71%), and a cancer antigen 19-9 in the range of 11-100 U/ml at the time of diagnosis (51%). Of the 63 patients reviewed, 61 patients (97%) completed concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Treatment was halted in one patient due to gastritis and a second for gastrointestinal bleeding. Otherwise, adverse reactions during concurrent chemoradiotherapy were well-tolerated and the majority were Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grades 1 and 2. Grade 3 toxicity was anorexia (n=2) and hand and foot syndrome (n=2) and GI bleeding (n=1). The only grade 4 toxicities were anorexia (n=1) and fatigue (n=1). The median follow-up of patients at the time of analysis was 36 months. The median survival of the entire cohort was 23.5 (range=8.5-42) months. The 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rates were 80%, 35% and 25%, respectively. Conclusion Concurrent chemoradiation using capecitabine as a radiosensitizer in the adjuvant setting for pancreatic cancer was completed by the vast majority of patients in this series. Treatment was relatively well-tolerated, and its efficacy seems comparable to that for historical controls. This study probably represents the largest yet reported using capecitabine in this setting. Future studies including an increased sample size are required.
Estimating active layer, ice-wedge and permafrost property distributions in Arctic ecosystem using electrical conductivity imaging

Summary The estimation of the spatial distribution of active layer, ice-wedges and permafrost soil properties and of their link to landscape properties is critical for gaining an understanding of Arctic ecosystem functioning and for parameterizing process-rich models that simulate feedbacks to a changing climate. The objective of this study, which is part of the Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments (NGEE-Arctic), is to develop advanced strategies for Arctic soil imaging and to investigate surface to subsurface interactions that may be used to parameterize mechanistic models. We concentrate our efforts at the NGEE study site located within the Barrow (AK) Environmental Observatory. We have collected many datasets at this site, including point measurements, airborne-based Lidar measurements and geophysical datasets collected using electromagnetic induction (EMI, which provides extensive spatial coverage) and electrical resistance tomography (ERT, which provides high-resolution information). Specific goals of our study include (i) development of a parameter-estimation approach that is adapted to explore the solution non-uniqueness inherent to EMI data, (ii) highresolution multi 2D ERT imaging of ice-wedges and active layer, and (iii) investigation of relations between subsurface properties and surface properties such as landform and drainage characteristics. The results suggest (i) the significant potential of using EMI and ERT data to characterize such environment at various scale and spatial coverage, (ii) the capability of the developed EMI parameter-estimation approach to infer conductivity variations in the active layer, and (iii) some preliminary relations between subsurface properties and landscape characteristics that can be used to extrapolate highresolution observations over large areas.
Repair of Chronic Tibialis Anterior Tendon Rupture With a Major Defect Using Gracilis Allograft

Background: Tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) rupture is an uncommon injury, however, it can cause substantial deficit. Diagnosis is often delayed due to lack of initial symptoms; yet loss of function over time typically causes the patient to present for treatment. This delay usually ends up with major defects creating a great technical challenge for the operating surgeon. We present a novel technique and operative algorithm for the management of chronic TAT ruptures with a major gap after a delayed diagnosis not otherwise correctable with currently described techniques in the literature. This technique has been performed in 4 cases without any complications with fairly successful functional outcomes. Methods: For the reconstruction of chronic TAT rupture with an average delay of nine weeks after initial injury and gap of greater than 10 cm, a thorough operative algorithm was implemented in 4 patients using a double bundle gracilis allograft. Patients were then kept nonweightbearing for 6 weeks followed by w...
Switching of the rotational direction of rhizoidal colonies in a newly isolated Bacillus mycoides strain Ko01

Bacillus mycoides are known to form rhizoidal colonies on solid medium. In this study, a new strain of B. mycoides, strain Ko01, was isolated from soil. Genetic and growth patterns indicated that this strain belongs to subgroup II of the B. cereus group. Strain Ko01 forms extensive rhizoidal colonies with predictable directions of rotation. The concentration of the agar, and not the chemical composition, altered the direction of the colony rotation, switching from counterclockwise to clockwise. Agar concentration-dependent switching of rotation direction was unique to strain Ko01 and was not seen in colonies of other B. mycoides strains that were tested. Factors affecting colony chirality patterns appeared to be variable among B. mycoides strains. This feature can be used for the classification of B. mycoides strains.
Awareness of Knowledge About Rabies Among Rural Population in Mianyang

Objective To understand the awareness of knowledge about rabies prevention and control among rural population in Mianyang and provide evidence for the effective health education.Methods The household questionnaire survey was conducted among rural residents and students collected by stratified sampling in 9 counties(district) in Mianyang.Results Totally 331 students and 563 farmers received the survey.The awareness rate of the basic knowledge about rabies prevention and control was 86.99%,the awareness rate of the knowledge about post exposure wound treatment and administration of rabies vaccine was 55.13%,and the awareness rate of the knowledge about dog raising related regulations was 71.67%.Conclusion The awareness rate of the knowledge about rabies prevention and control was low among the rural population in Mainyang.It is necessary to strengthen the health education among them.
“Mixed cord compression,” fetal heart rate pattern, and its relation to abnormal cord position

A total of 122 consecutive patients were electronically monitored in labor. The purpose was to relate a variable acceleration-acceleration:variable deceleration (“mixed cord compression”) pattern to umbilical cord compression by comparing the monitor patterns to abnormal cord positions, length, or presentation as noted at delivery. Standard, accepted definitions of fetal heart rate patterns were used in addition to this combined pattern. Thirty-four (27.9 per cent) babies had abnormal cord positions. Of the 34, 28 (82.4 per cent) of these cords were in patients with variable decelerations or the mixed acceleration: variable deceleration pattern; 19 of the 28 (67.8 per cent) showed the mixed pattern and nine (32.3 per cent) were variable decelerations. Accelerations alone had the same incidence of abnormal cord positions as normal monitor records. Literature review on the dynamics of umbilical cord compression and speculation on the results, as they relate to cord compression, are included.
Biosynthetic events of hydrid regeneration : I. The role of DNA synthesis during tentacle elaboration.

The results of a combined morphological and biochemical study of the role of DNA synthesis during distal regeneration inHydra oligactis revealed that a burst of3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA preceded the elaboration of each of the initial three tentacles. In addition, the relative level of each burst of precursor incorporation relfected the number of tentacles formed at that time. Cytological localization of concentrated amounts of labeled material in nuclei of the hypostome and tentacle regions provided corroborative evidence for the biochemical findings.Evidence that the increased DNA specific activity levels described above are associated with tentacle initiation derived from studies in which regenerating hydra were cultured in hydroxyurea and studies in which hydra regenerated proximally rather than distally. Hydra regenerating in 8 mg/ml (0.105 M) hydroxyurea developed morphologically recognizable hypostomes but no tentacles, and incorporated3H-thymidine into DNA at a level distinctly below that exhibited by uncut, untreated animals. Similarly, hydra regenerated a normal, functional basal disc in the absence of any increased DNA specific activity. Therefore, it is suggested that tentacle initiation inH. oligactis requires concomitant DNA synthesis and, as such, represents an epimorphic phenomenon.
Intraoperatives Floppy-Iris-Syndrom: ein aktueller Überblick

Das intraoperative Floppy-Iris-Syndrom (IFIS) ist eine haufige Komplikation wahrend einer Kataraktoperation, die oft ein aufwendiges Komplikationsmanagement durch die OperateurIn erfordert und mit schwerwiegenden Folgen fur die PatientInnen enden kann. Eine Vielzahl von Medikamenten wurde in den letzten Jahren mit dieser Komplikation in Verbindung gebracht. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, einen Uberblick uber diese Komplikation und eine Ubersicht uber jene Medikamente zu geben, die in der Literatur mit einem IFIS in Verbindung gebracht werden. Es erfolgte eine systematische Literatursuche uber das IFIS und Medikamente, die mit diesem in Verbindung gebracht werden. Anschliesend wird das Ergebnis mit Erfahrungswerten an unserer Abteilung diskutiert. Mit dem Auftreten eines IFIS muss bei einer Vielzahl von laufenden Medikationen gerechnet werden. Die Anzahl an IFIS Fallen und der Anteil an betroffenen Frauen ist gestiegen. Grunde hierfur durften eine hohere Sensibilitat fur diese Komplikation unter den OperateurInnen und eine steigende Verschreibung von Medikamenten mit einem erhohten Risiko fur ein IFIS darstellen.
A Loose Extension Gap During TKA Leads to Increased Mid-Flexion Laxity

Introduction The aim of this study was to quantitatively analyze the amount coronal plane laxity in mid-flexion that occurs with a loose extension gap in TKA. In the setting of a loose extension gap, we hypothesized that although full extension is achieved, a loose extension gap will ultimately lead to increased varus and/or valgus laxity throughout mid flexion. Methods After obtaining IRB approval, six fresh-frozen cadaver legs from hip-to-toe underwent TKA with a posterior stabilized implant (APEX PS OMNIlife Science, Inc.) using a computer navigation system equipped with a robotic cutting-guide, in this controlled laboratory cadaveric study. After the initial tibial and femoral resections were performed, and the flexion and extension gaps were balanced using navigation, a 4 mm distal recut was made in the distal femur to create a loose extension gap (using the same thickness of polyethylene as the well-balanced case). Real implants were used in the study to eliminate error in any laxity inherent to the trials. The navigation system was used to measure overall coronal plane laxity by measuring the mechanical alignment angle at maximum extension, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees of flexion, when applying a standardized varus/valgus load of 9.8 [Nm] across the knee using a 4 kg spring-load located at 25 cm distal to the knee joint line. (Figure 1). Coronal plane laxity was defined as the absolute difference (in degrees) between the mean mechanical alignment angle obtained from applying a standardized varus and valgus stress at 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees. Each measurement was performed three separate times. Two tailed student t-tests were performed to analyze whether there was difference in the mean mechanical alignment angle at 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° between the well balanced scenario and following a 4 mm recut in the distal femur creating a loose extension gap. Results In the setting of a loose extension gap (4 mm distal recut), overall coronal-plane laxity was increased by a mean of 3.6° at 30° of flexion, 3.4° at 45° of flexion, and 2.8° at 60° of flexion (p Conclusions Using a reliable, accurate, and reproducible method of measuring coronal plane laxity, we have shown that in the setting of a loose extension gap during total knee arthroplasty, coronal plane laxity will be significantly higher in mid-flexion compared to the well balanced state.
On the water structure at hydrophobic interfaces and the roles of water on transition-metal catalyzed reactions: A short review

Abstract Interest into the roles of water on aqueous phase heterogeneous catalysis is burgeoning. This short review summarizes the influences of hydrogen bonding on adsorption and how water molecules act as co-catalysts in aqueous phase heterogeneous catalysis. These phenomena, which involve interactions and/or reactions with “dangling” hydroxyl or hydroxide groups from nearby water molecules, are related to interfacial phenomena that have been observed at water/oil interfaces in organic synthesis. The hypothesized water structures at water/oil interfaces in organic synthesis is presented, and predictions about how analogous structural effects could influence catalytic chemistry at water/transition metal interfaces are discussed. The focus of this review is on computational methods and observations, but some experimental methods and findings are discussed as well.
Masculine Compensation and Masculine Balance: Notes on the Hawaiian Cockfight

This article poses a framework for considering the social processes that drive masculinity's enaction, including men's presentation of gender, masculinity's intersituational flexibility, and the persistence of gender inequality. I draw on ethnographic observation and in-depth interviews conducted in a small cockfighting community in Hawaii. On the surface, my findings are surprisingly counter-Geertzian: within Hawaiian cockfighting's uncontestedly masculine and almost exclusively male context, fighters carry out behaviors they consider "feminine" in other areas of their lives, such as caretaking, nurturing, and overt emotional expression. I draw on existing theoretical frameworks, including hybrid masculinities, to use Hawaiian cockfighting as a vehicle for elaborating our understanding of the sociology of masculinity. I argue that rather than approximating an archetypal masculinity, "ideal" masculine performance incorporates a balance of masculinized and feminized traits. This tempered incarnation of masculinity is enacted in particular localized contexts to deliberately fall "short" of archetypal masculinity. I introduce the term "masculine undercompensation" to describe the mechanism through which subordinate masculinities are incorporated to create a tempered, locally contingent masculine performance. The processes I identify strengthen and contextualize the growing literature documenting how hybridization can contribute to the maintenance of unequal gender relations.
Singular Perturbations and Order Reduction in Control Theory - An Overview

Abstract Recent results on singular perturbations are surveyed as a tool for model order reduction and separation of time scales in control system design. Conceptual and computational simplifications of design procedures are examined by a discussion of their basic assumptions. Over one hundred references are organized into several problem areas. The content of main theorems is presented in a tutorial form aimed at a broad audience of engineers and applied mathematicians interested in control, estimation and optimization of dynamic systems.
Abstract PL01-03: Earlier detection as a key to lower cancer death rates

Two disciplines within cancer research—secondary prevention and cancer therapeutics—have historically been viewed as distinct. I will argue that these two disciplines are intertwined and that their joint pursuit is the optimal way to reduce cancer deaths. At present, the preferred way to treat cancers, in fact the only way that generally cures patients, is surgery. It is therefore widely recognized that the detection of cancers prior to the onset of metastasis is vital to reducing cancer deaths. What is less widely recognized is that the detection of metastatic cancers can also be life-saving—as long as this detection occur priors to the formation of bulky metastatic disease. Therapies that only modestly extend life when administered to patients with measurable metastases can be curative when administered to patients with metastatic disease that is present but undetectable by imaging. Such therapies include conventional cytotoxic drugs as well as genome-targeted agents and immunotherapeutics. A new paradigm for designing clinical trials to test such agents in adjuvant settings will be described. Genome-based diagnostic approaches for detecting cancers earlier will be discussed, as these are integral to the design of the next generation of adjuvant trials. In aggregate, these issues support the importance of modulating the focus of cancer research and treatment from patients with advanced disease towards patients with less-advanced disease. They also highlight the importance of developing novel diagnostic approaches that will allow the detection of smaller tumors. Citation Format: Bert Vogelstein. Earlier detection as a key to lower cancer death rates [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr PL01-03. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-PL01-03
TGFβ as a therapeutic target in cystic fibrosis.

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease characterized by progressive lung disease. Most CF therapies focus on treating secondary pulmonary complications rather than addressing the u...
Copper and Metabolic Regulation

Copper is of fundamental importance to oxygen utilization and energy metabolism, to growth, in the defense of the organism against oxidation, and in other aspects of normal and defensive body function. The flow of this element and the concentration of specific copper substituents must therefore be regulated according to need. For this purpose, hormones, cytokines, and monokines are released, in response to normal and abnormal conditions, from pregnancy and stress to inflammation and cancer. In relation to these events, ceruloplasmin, the principal copper carrier in the blood plasma, and an acute phase reactant, has been the most studied parameter. Indeed, changes in ceruloplasmin are probably an excellent measure of changes in copper flow among body compartments, as ceruloplasmin is an important source of copper to cells and serves as a scavenger of superoxide for protection against oxidative processes (also involved in infection, inflammation, or tissue damage). These functions, of ceruloplasmin are discussed at length in Chapters 3 and 4. Ceruloplasmin is also very sensitive to dietary status (copper need), of which more will be said in the second half of this chapter, and it may play an important role in copper homeostasis and excretion (Chapter 5). Total serum copper concentrations change in the same direction as ceruloplasmin, because the latter normally accounts for 60% or more of plasma copper (Table 4-12). Other copper components of the plasma have not been as well studied, partly because their significance in terms of quantity and variety has only recently become apparent. Thus, much remains to be learned about changes that may occur in other copper-binding plasma fractions, their regulation, and their significance. With our current state of knowledge, only changes in ceruloplasmin may be adequately described.
Introductory Experience in Transesophageal Echocardiography for Anesthesiology Residents.

Introduction Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has become an important imaging modality for anesthesiologists to monitor and identify major cardiothoracic pathology in both noncardiac and card...
An expert system for understanding expressions from electric circuit analysis

Circuit analysis is central to electrical engineering. It is important that students master the skills it requires. Most of circuit analysis is concerned with writing expressions that embody transtoamations, conservation laws and the electrical behaviors of various devices This paper describes work in progress or an expert system that can examine the expressions that students write, diagnose the errors in them and suggest corrections. The expert system is implemented in OPS5 and uses the strategies of divide and conquer, forward chaining and hypoihesize and-test. The system can now recognise most of the Common errors that students make in dealing with linear resistive circuits and operates at about the level of a competent human grader.
Metal-Induced Congenital Malformations

Certain heavy metals induce specific patterns of developmental malformations in the hamster model. These metals are indium, cadmium, mercury, copper and arsenic (as arsenate) listed in order of increasing dose required to provoke a teratogenic response. The hamster model is well suited to teratogenic investigations by reason of its short gestation period and remarkably condensed period of organogenesis in addition to the fact that maternal toxicity is not a problem at teratogenic doses. Each of the metal teratogens causes a characteristic response in the form of a particular pattern of fetal abnormalities. These characteristic responses can be modified by the presence of certain other metals or genetic and environmental factors. Non-teratogenic metals cross the hamster placenta with ease. In contrast, heavy metal teratogens concentrate in the placenta and only small amounts are deposited in the embryo. These data imply the presence of a placental barrier to heavy metals; further studies with cadmium have suggested that this barrier is a cadmium-binding protein. Future studies on heavy metal teratogenesis should focus on the potential effect of chronic low-level exposure to these metals, genetic factors influencing teratogenic response, and identification of possible environmental factors which can modify heavy metal teratogens.
Scleroderma Lung Disease

The hallmarks of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) are autoimmunity and inflammation, widespread vasculopathy affecting many vascular beds, and progressive interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. The most commonly used classification system divides the disorders based on the extent of skin involvement into limited or diffuse. The diffuse form of the disease is regularly accompanied by internal organ involvement including the lungs, with prevalence estimates of up to 80%. Diffuse interstitial lung disease is the most widespread pulmonary manifestation followed by pulmonary hypertension. These two manifestations can occur in isolation or together. In general the degree of pulmonary involvement by scleroderma is not correlated with the extent of extra-pulmonary involvement, and early pulmonary involvement is often asymptomatic. The prognostic significance of lung involvement in scleroderma is illustrated by the fact that it is now the leading cause of death in this patient population. Treatment is typically directed at suppression of the immune system and efficacy has been demonstrated in scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease.
Blowing the Whistle on Whistleblower Protection: A Tale of Reform Versus Power

Congress is currently considering expanding whistleblower protection, which the President has vowed to veto. With every wave of scandals or with each new political movement, Congress seems to include whistleblower protection. Yet, this article shows that after nearly 150 years of piecemeal evolution, whistleblowing remains fraught with risk. The protections extended to whistleblowers are a porous net rather than a secure blanket. Indeed, one should only enter these dangerous waters with the advice of counsel. The recent extension by Congress of whistleblower protection to corporate and securities insiders in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 fails to change this reality. This article articulates a solution to the problems of whistleblower protection: an omnibus statute that could cover the gaps in the current net of protection. This article further shows how an omnibus statute can address the underlying political dynamics that are generally hostile to whistleblower protection: such a statute would be far more difficult to undermine via political stealth and could therefore prove more resistant to special interest influence by exploiting general political support for whistleblower protections. As such, this article suggests that the structure of a law can have a profound influence on its susceptibility to special interest influence.
Tracheobronchitis in the Intensive Care Unit

Tracheobronchitis can be broadly defined as inflammation of the airways between the larynx and the bronchioles. Clinically, this syndrome is recognized by an increase in the volume and purulence of the lower respiratory tract secretions and is frequently associated with signs of variable airflow obstruction. In the intensive care unit (ICU), tracheobronchitis is a relatively common problem with an incidence as high as 10.6% [1]. Although tracheobronchitis is associated with a significantly longer length of ICU stay and a prolonged need for mechanical ventilation, it has not been shown to increase mortality. These outcomes can be improved through the use of antimicrobial agents [1].