cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Resilience and Rigidity of Cooperative Multiplex Networks Undergoing Shocks

In many cooperative networks, such as alliance and trade networks, abrupt and intense changes to the state of the system (which we call "shock"), such as wars or tariff increases, can substantially change the network. We examine how such shocks affect multiplex networks via an agent-based model that simulates network evolution prior to and following shocks. In our model, agents interact on a coupled pair of networks, collectively known as a multiplex network, and add, drop, or change ties in order to maximize their utility (although some ties may be created at random to simulate human error). At a certain time-point, some agents are "shocked" by changing (increasing or decreasing) the cost associated with tie-formation or tie-maintenance. We focus on network resilience, that is, the degree to which a network retains its structural characteristics given a shock that restricts tie-formation. We also focus on network rigidity, that is, the degree to which a network retains its structure despite a significant increase in the incentives for tie-formation. The model yields three important results. First, emergent post-shock networks have emergent memory, meaning that their current structure depends on their past structure, even though individual agents do not have any memory. Second, we find significant neighborhood effects on agents' resilience and rigidity: agents are affected by shocks taking place in the network even if they have not been directly exposed. We explore several types of neighborhood effects on resilience and rigidity to elucidate this finding. Finally, noise, defined as the probability of random (non utility-maximizing) choice, tends to increase nodal utility. Making mistakes can apparently help an agent in the long run by allowing it to explore the utility landscape and find network configurations that are overall beneficial. We conclude our paper with discussions of future strategies for validating the model via experimental and empirical data analyses of social and international networks.
Evaluating Scientists as Sources of Science Information: Evidence From Eye Movements

In the new information environment, individuals can be exposed to different scientists who disseminate information on scientific topics which may or may not be in the scientist's area of expertise. The current study investigates people's ability to evaluate finer, but critical, distinctions in expertise. We use eye movements and self-report measures to determine the extent to which individuals retrieve, from their memories, professional facts about scientists that signal their area of expertise. Our results suggest that individuals can discern expert from nonexpert scientist sources but self-report measures may not accurately reflect this phenomenon, thus highlighting the value of a converging methods approach. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
A microfluidic model of the blood–brain barrier to study permeabilization by pulsed electric fields

Pulsed electric fields interact with the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and have been shown to increase the BBB permeability under some pulsing regimes. Pulsed electric fields may enhance drug delivery to the brain by disrupting the integrity of the BBB and allowing otherwise impermeable drugs to reach target areas. Microfluidic, in vitro models offer an alternative platform for exploring the impact of pulsed electric fields on the BBB because they create physiologically relevant microenvironments and eliminate the confounding variables of animal studies. We developed a microfluidic platform for real-time measurement of BBB permeability pre- and post-treatment with pulsed electric fields. Permeability is measured optically by the diffusion of fluorescent tracers across a monolayer of human cerebral microcapillary endothelial cells (hCMECs) cultured on a permeable membrane. We found that this device is able to capture real-time permeability of hCMEC monolayers for both reversible and irreversible electroporation pulsing regimes. Furthermore, preliminary testing of deep brain stimulation pulsing regimes reveals possible impacts on BBB integrity. This device will enable future studies of pulsed electric field regimes for improved understanding of BBB permeabilization.
Natural Allies or Natural Enemies? The Evolution of Participant Self-interest in Community-based Organizations

Diverse families are increasingly turning to community-based organizations (CBOs) as a means to further support their children’s education. In particular, CBOs appear to be effective at mobilizing families that diverge from the so-called norm in order to influence educational change. Research indicates that these organizations can have a positive impact on student outcomes but as independent actors, their relationships with schools remain complicated since they operate outside of school and district control. In order to better understand the dynamic relationships that emerge between educators and diverse families in CBOs, this paper uses an ethnographic case study approach to explore the initial motivations for participation of members in three different CBOs and the process that they use to determine their shared actions. The findings revealed that while individuals’ initial involvement was primarily based on self-interests, strong network ties, and perceived organizational effectiveness; the strategies and initiatives that were eventually implemented were more broadly defined and addressed larger systematic issues. In addition to offering diverse families an alternative means for engaging with schools, participants became committed to broader educational change making the potential for school and CBO partnerships more likely in the future.
Is it reasonable to administer pegfilgrastim on day 1 of a myelosuppressive chemotherapy regimen? A cost-utility analysis.

Abstract Background There is recent evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of same-day dosing of pegfilgrastim in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Objective To determine the cost-effectiveness of pegfilgrastim on day 1 (D1) versus day 2 (D2) for primary prevention of neutropenia in women receiving chemotherapy. Materials and Methods A cost-utility model was designed comparing standard D2 versus D1 administration of pegfilgrastim to ovarian cancer patients receiving chemotherapy with an intermediate risk (10–15%) of febrile neutropenia (FN). Rates of FN despite prophylaxis were modeled as 10% for D1 and 5% for D2. Societal costs associated with D2 injection ($175.71) were incorporated. Quality of life (QOL) was modeled from published data; we assumed a small decrement in QOL on treatment days. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Results D1 administration was less costly ($17,195 versus $17,681) and resulted in higher QOL (0.2298 quality adjusted life years (QALYs) versus 0.2288 QALYs) than D2. Results were sensitive to the risk of FN. D1 remained dominant or cost-effective (ICER less than $50,000/QALY) compared to D2 if the FN rate with D1 was assumed less than 14.5% (baseline estimate 10%). If the FN rate with D1 was assumed greater than or equal to 15%, D1 was not cost-effective compared to D2, with an ICER greater than $100,000/QALY. Findings are insensitive to variations in the modeled cost of treating FN, the additional cost of D2 injection, and the reduced QOL associated with treatment visits. Conclusion Administration of D1 pegfilgrastim is cost-effective in women with ovarian cancer who are treated with intermediate risk chemotherapy.
Leading Data Conversation Moves: Toward Data-Informed Leadership for Equity and Learning:

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to examine the data conversation moves enacted by leaders and to bridge organizational leadership for equity and data-informed decision making to practice. I...
Phase II: Team Captain

In Phase II, your day-to-day activities—clinical care, research , administration—may not substantially change from Phase I. You are already established as an independent professional. You have enjoyed some success and gained recognition, perhaps even nationally. The key motivation of Phase II is the appreciation that sustaining this high level of performance as your professional work matures will require a larger platform with more resources.
Understanding the cellular basis of skin growth

Abstract: Skin is a complex body organ with several tissue layers and many more cell types. A good knowledge on the exact composition, structure and development of the skin is important in understanding its function and eventually in engineering artificial skin.
Graceful transitions between limit cycles of a parameterized system

A method for smoothly and gracefully transiting between orbits for two realizations of a dynamic system specified by different parameter values is justified. The idea is to slowly change the parameter in a well-defined fashion, thus embedding the otherwise autonomous system in a driven one. This also solves a tracking problem for limit cycles as function of a parameter.
Optimizing an Atomics-Based Reduction Kernel on OpenCL FPGA Platform

Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are becoming one of heterogeneous computing components in highperformance computing. To facilitate the use of FPGAs for developers and researchers, high-level synthesis tools are pushing the FPGA-based design abstraction from the register-transfer level to high-level language design flow using OpenCL/C/C++. Currently, there are few studies on the atomic functions in the OpenCL-based design flow on an FPGA. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of atomic functions using a reduction kernel on an OpenCL FPGA platform as a case study. We describe the implementations of an integer sum-reduction kernel in OpenCL, and perform the optimizations of memory accesses. Fully utilizing the bandwidth of the data bus can bring a factor of 15 improvement over the baseline kernel. The performance speedup of the kernel using local memory for atomic operations is 6.8X over the naive kernel using global memory. The combination of both optimizations can lead to 112X speedup. Compute unit duplication can be applied to the kernel to further improve the performance by a factor of 2.9.
Flow visualization of R32 in parallel-port microchannel tube

Abstract This paper presents visualization of two-phase flow of R32 in a parallel-flow microchannel tube with hydraulic diameter of 0.643 mm. Six visualization sections are installed in the facility, the same as in Li and Hrnjak (2017). Flow patterns are classified as: plug/slug, transitional, and annular flow. In plug/slug flow, a clear interface between liquid slug and vapor plug is observed. In transitional flow, the interface between slug and plug is broken and becomes a thick liquid ring and vapor bridge. In annular flow, only a liquid film is observed in the channel. The flow pattern map of R32 is reported. Mass flux changes from 50 to 300 kg-m−2s−1. The two-phase flow is generated by adding heat to subcooled refrigerant. The interface velocity and vapor plug length fraction (close to void fraction) are measured from high speed video. The velocity and vapor fraction agree to results based on a homogeneous assumption. When mass flux is 50 kg-m−2 s−1, the flow is always in plug/slug from vapor quality 0 to 1. Annular flow is observed at high quality when mass flux is higher than 100 kg-m−2 s−1. Transitional flow is observed when mass flux is higher than 150 kg-m−2 s−1, and it connects the plug/slug and annular flow patterns. Most flow pattern correlations fail to fit the measured flow pattern map. This is due to the difference in two-phase flow generation method and experimental conditions between this paper and the database used in correlations.
N-of-1 Precision Medicine and Research Oversight.

One of the concerns that citizen science shares with the evolving practice of precision medicine is how to approach oversight for N-of-1 or N-of-many-1’s research. In their target article, Wiggins ...
Dark mode plasmonic optical microcavity biochemical sensor

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) microtoroid optical resonators have been effectively used to sense low concentrations of biomolecules down to the single molecule limit. Optical WGM biochemical sensors such as the microtoroid operate by tracking changes in resonant frequency as particles enter the evanescent near field of the resonator. Previously, gold nanoparticles have been coupled to WGM resonators to increase the magnitude of resonance shifts via plasmonic enhancement of the electric field. However, this approach results in increased scattering from the WGM, which degrades its quality (Q) factor, making it less sensitive to extremely small frequency shifts caused by small molecules or protein conformational changes. Here, we show using simulation that precisely positioned trimer gold nanostructures generate dark modes that suppress radiation loss and can achieve high (>106) Q with an electric-field intensity enhancement of 4300, which far exceeds that of a single rod (∼2500 times). Through an overall evaluation of a combined enhancement factor, which includes the Q factor of the system, the sensitivity of the trimer system was improved 105× versus 84× for a single rod. Further simulations demonstrate that unlike a single rod system, the trimer is robust to orientation changes and has increased capture area. We also conduct stability tests to show that small positioning errors do not greatly impact the result.
On-demand ridesourcing for urban emergency evacuation events: An exploration of message content, emotionality, and intersectionality

Abstract Evacuation mode choice has been researched over the past decade for disaster management and planning, focusing primarily on established modes such as personal automobiles, carpooling, and transit. Recently, however, on-demand ridesourcing has become a viable mode alternative, most notably through the growth of major transportation network companies, such as Uber and Lyft. The availability of this new transportation option is expected to have important implications for adaptive disaster response. The goal of this work is to investigate the influence of internal and external contextual factors on preferred ridesourcing applications during small-scale urban evacuations. A case study was conducted in the three most populous metropolitan areas in the United States. Data were collected using an internet-based stated preference survey, and a discrete choice model was estimated to analyze the 185 responses. Determinants of on-demand ridesourcing for evacuation include internal factors, such as interactions between race, gender, and income, and external contextual factors, such as the evacuation notification source, consequence severity, immediacy, evacuation distance, unfamiliarity of surroundings, and traveling with others. Findings are illustrated through three ridesourcing applications based on specific evacuation needs. Policy recommendations are provided for the design of equitable evacuation services, soft policy communication strategies, and public-private partnerships.
Experimental N and P additions relieve stoichiometric constraints on organic matter flows through five stream food webs

Human activities have dramatically altered global patterns of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability. This pervasive nutrient pollution is changing basal resource quality in food webs, thereby affecting rates of biological productivity and the pathways of energy and material flow to higher trophic levels. Here, we investigate how the stoichiometric quality of basal resources modulates patterns of material flow through food webs by characterizing the effects of experimental N and P enrichment on the trophic basis of macroinvertebrate production and flows of dominant food resources to consumers in five detritus-based stream food webs. After a pre-treatment year, each stream received N and P at different concentrations for 2 years, resulting in a unique dissolved N:P ratio (target range from 128:1 to 2:1) for each stream. We combined estimates of secondary production and gut contents analysis to calculate rates of material flow from basal resources to macroinvertebrate consumers in all five streams, during all 3 years of study. Nutrient enrichment resulted in a 1.5× increase in basal resource flows to primary consumers, with the greatest increases from biofilms and wood. Flows of most basal resources were negatively related to resource C:P, indicating widespread P limitation in these detritus-based food webs. Nutrient enrichment resulted in a greater proportion of leaf litter, the dominant resource flow-pathway, being consumed by macroinvertebrates, with that proportion increasing with decreasing leaf litter C:P. However, the increase in efficiency with which basal resources were channelled into metazoan food webs was not propagated to macroinvertebrate predators, as flows of prey did not systematically increase following enrichment and were unrelated to basal resource flows. This study suggests that ongoing global increases in N and P supply will increase organic matter flows to metazoan food webs in detritus-based ecosystems by reducing stoichiometric constraints at basal trophic levels. However, the extent to which those flows are propagated to the highest trophic levels likely depends on responses of individual prey taxa and their relative susceptibility to predation.
Staphylococcus aureus Preferentially Liberates Inorganic Phosphate from Organophosphates in Environments where This Nutrient Is Limiting.

ABSTRACT Phosphate is an essential nutrient that Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogens must acquire from the host during infection. While inorganic monophosphate (Pi) is the preferred source of this nutrient, bacteria can also obtain it from phosphate-containing organic molecules. The Pi-responsive regulator PhoPR is necessary for S. aureus to cause infection, suggesting that Pi is not freely available during infection and that this nutrient must be obtained from other sources. However, the organophosphates from which S. aureus can obtain phosphate are unknown. We evaluated the ability of 58 phosphorus-containing molecules to serve as phosphate sources for S. aureus. Forty-six of these compounds, including phosphorylated amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides, supported growth. Among the organophosphate sources was glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), which is commonly found in the mammalian host. Differing from the model organism Escherichia coli, S. aureus does not import G3P intact to obtain Pi. Instead, S. aureus relies on the phosphatase PhoB to release Pi from G3P, which is subsequently imported by Pi transporters. To determine if this strategy is used by S. aureus to extract phosphate from other phosphate sources, we assessed the ability of PhoB- and Pi transporter-deficient strains to grow on the same library of phosphorus-containing molecules. Sixty percent of the substrates (28/46) relied on the PhoB/Pi transporter pathway, and an additional 10/46 (22%) were PhoB independent but still required Pi transport through the Pi transporters. Cumulatively, these results suggest that in Pi-limited environments, S. aureus preferentially generates Pi from organophosphates and then relies on Pi transporters to import this nutrient. IMPORTANCE For bacteria, the preferred form of the essential nutrient phosphate is inorganic monophosphate (Pi), but phosphate can also be extracted from a variety of phosphocompounds. Pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, experience Pi limitation within the host, suggesting that the use of alternative phosphate sources is important during infection. However, the alternative phosphate sources that can be used by S. aureus and others remain largely unexplored. We screened a library of phosphorus-containing compounds for the ability to support growth as a phosphate source. S. aureus could use a variety of phosphocompounds, including nucleotides, phosphosugars, and phosphoamino acids. Subsequent genetic analysis determined that a majority of these alternative phosphate sources are first processed extracellularly to liberate Pi, which is then imported through Pi transporters.
Seismic Compression of Unsaturated Silty Sands: A Strain-Based Approach

AbstractThe vast majority of surface structures are located on or surrounded by unsaturated soil deposits and may suffer excessive settlements during earthquakes. However, the fundamental understan...
Proposal of Application of Magnetostrictive Torque Sensor in EV—Seamless 2-Speed Shifting with Torque Feedback Control

This paper shows the high potential of magnetostrictive Torque Sensor applied in electric vehicles (EVs). Although most of the current EVs are equipped with fixed-ratio gearboxes, the demand for 2-speed transmission will be increased in the near future for improving cruising range and driving performance. The torque feedback control of clutches and an e-motor with Torque Sensor can realize seamless shifting even with large gear step ratio which causes uncomfortable shifting shock. In order to evaluate the advantages of Torque Sensor applied in 2-speed EV, preliminary evaluation in the powertrain system of an ICE vehicle was conducted. Moreover, seamless 2-speed eAxle concept is proposed for long cruising range and comfortable ride.
Optimization of Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy System Operation in Forward Electricity Market

In this paper, the optimal operation strategy of a nuclear-renewable hybrid energy system (N-R HES) is explored in a day-ahead market. A grid-connected N-R HES is simulated in a customized day-ahead electricity market simulator to explore the capabilities and benefits of N-R HES by providing both energy and different reserve products. The forward market (i.e., day-ahead) clearing price signal is determined from the market model simulation. Three N-R HES optimization and control strategies are formulated and compared in terms of solution quality and computational efficiency, including: (i) an integrated net export maximization model, (ii) a sequential optimization model, and (iii) a multi-objective optimization model with augmented $\epsilon$ - constraint. Results on the modified NREL 118-bus test system show that: (i) N-R HES is able to provide regulation and spinning reserves, and (ii) the optimization that maximizes the reserve export from N-R HES produces the most revenue for N-R HES.
Universidade e inclusão: um estudo de caso sobre o acolhimento ao aluno

A diversidade estudantil e uma realidade emergente nos contextos multiculturais e interculturais das universidades na atualidade. Estudantes universitarios com especificidades e singularidades ingressam no ambiente educacional em busca de acolhimento, respeito e equidade. A governanca universitaria engajada nas politicas de inclusao deve arquitetar e amparar o estudante que planeja o ingresso ao mercado de trabalho. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como uma universidade brasileira acolhe o estudante considerado pela sociedade como diferente. Este artigo apresenta o delineamento qualitativo e consiste em um estudo de caso, por meio de questionario online, destinado a coordenacao do Nucleo de atendimento ao estudante de uma instituicao superior comunitaria do Sul do Brasil. Os resultados deste estudo especificam que existe uma legislacao que garante a inclusao, ressaltando tambem a importância de politicas de acolhimento, adaptacao dos espacos fisicos e profissionais especializados. A cultura da inclusao ainda e um desafio. As instituicoes de ensino superior devem estar de portas abertas para todos individuos e engajada em programas de acessibilidade, atuante com a comunidade academica, investigando os espacos, as relacoes e as perspectivas, para modificar e incentivar possiveis acoes que beneficiem nao somente o acesso ao ensino superior, mas que promova continuamente um universo acolhedor.
Advertising Secrecy, Creating Power in Ancient Mesopotamia: How Scholars Used Secrecy in Scribal Education to Bolster and Perpetuate Their Social Prestige and Power

Este estudio investiga de que modo los antiguos estudiosos de mitad del primer milenio en Babilonia y Asiria publicitaban su posesion de conocimientos secretos a los estudiantes escribas, para reforzar y perpetuar el prestigio social erudito y el poder en la sociedad. Luego de una breve orientacion teorica sobre temas relativos al estudio de los secretos, y de un esbozo sobre el modelo de educacion en dos niveles desarrollado por Petra Gesche, este estudio presenta evidencia relativa a la promocion de secretos eruditos a partir de las circunstancias que rodean el almacenamiento y la manipulacion de tablillas que comparten el colofon Geheimwissen, asi como de dos textos literarios copiados por escribas del primer nivel, “Elogio del arte de los escribas” y “La epica babilonica estandar de Gilgamesh.”
An analysis of sentences with nonreferential there in spoken American English

This study investigates topic continuity of the logical subject and the post-subject element of sentences with non-referential (NR) there in spoken American English. Three types of speech were anal...
The Conceptual Structure of Constitutional Liberty

The article seeks to clarify the form of the Supreme Court's doctrine protecting liberty of action, such as free expression and religious liberty. That form generates three possible results when a sub-constitutional norm in some fashion interferes with the exercise of protected liberty. Some norms that do that are nevertheless valid in all of their applications. Others are wholly (as the Court often says, "facially") invalid. Others are valid in some of their applications but not in others. These outcomes result from the interaction of sub-constitutional norms with a constitutional protection of liberty with the following structure: First, some sub-constitutional norms are valid on their face, because they regulate protected conduct only incidentally. Second, the direct regulation of protected conduct is treated as inherently costly, so that its cost must be weighed against the benefits of the sub-constitutional norm in question. Although weighing of costs and benefits is usually associated with case-by-case adjudication, in fact this principle produces all of the familiar outcomes. It produces the principle that laws with a forbidden purpose are unconstitutional per se. It further invalidates some laws on their face, producing for example much of the doctrine of overbreadth. In some circumstances the cost-benefit comparison can be conducted with respect to particular applications of sub-constitutional norms, and in those cases the protection of constitutional liberty may produce partial invalidity. The article maintains that there is only one basic test for validity, not a plurality. It concludes by seeking to characterize more accurately the form of constitutional liberty and to show how that form reflects the basic principle that the Constitution's interference with the ordinary law is to be quite limited.
Blog Mining for the Fortune 500

In recent years there has been a tremendous increase in the number of users maintaining online blogs on the Internet. Companies, in particular, have become aware of this medium of communication and have taken a keen interest in what is being said about them through such personal blogs. This has given rise to a new field of research directed towards mining useful information from a large amount of unformatted data present in online blogs and online forums. We discuss an implementation of such a blog mining application. The application is broadly divided into two parts, the indexing process and the search module. Blogs pertaining to different organizations are fetched from a particular blog domain on the Internet. After analyzing the textual content of these blogs they are assigned a sentiment rating. Specific data from such blogs along with their sentiment ratings are then indexed on the physical hard drive. The search module searches through these indexes at run time for the input organization name and produces a list of blogs conveying both positive and negative sentiments about the organization.
Sulfur mustard induces the formation of keratin aggregates in human epidermal keratinocytes

Abstract The vesicant sulfur mustard is an alkylating agent that has the capacity to cross-link biological molecules. We are interested in identifying specific proteins that are altered upon sulfur mustard exposure. Keratins are particularly important for the structural integrity of skin, and several genetically inherited blistering diseases have been linked to mutations in keratin 5 and keratin 14. We examined whether sulfur mustard exposure alters keratin biochemistry in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Western blotting with specific monoclonal antibodies revealed the formation of stable high-molecular-weight “aggregates” containing keratin 14 and/or keratin 5. These aggregates begin to form within 15 min after sulfur mustard exposure. These aggregates display a complex gel electrophoresis pattern between ∼100 and ∼200 kDa. Purification and analysis of these aggregates by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of keratin 14 and keratin 5 and indicate that at least some of the aggregates are composed of keratin 14–keratin 14, keratin 14–keratin 5, or keratin 5–keratin 5 dimers. These studies demonstrate that sulfur mustard induces keratin aggregation in keratinocytes and support further investigation into the role of keratin aggregation in sulfur mustard-induced vesication.
Chapter 2 – Gallium arsenide heterostructures

Publisher Summary Gallium arsenide (GaAs) heterostructures are ultrathin heteroepitaxial layers of binary, tertiary, quaternary, or quinary III–V semiconductor alloys grown on GaAs substrates. Heterostructures are commonly classified into single quantum wells (SQWs), double quantum wells (DQWs), multiple quantum wells (MQWs), and superlattices (SLs). Metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition (MOCVD) has evolved as a major technology for the growth of GaAs heterostructures. Three techniques are introduced in the chapter to improve the MOCVD growth processes: plasma-enhanced MOCVD (PE-MOCVD), atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), and low-temperature MOCVD (LT-MOCVD) methods. The chapter discusses the crystal growth and physical properties of GaAs-based quantum well structures and superlattices. In a conventional metal–semiconductor field effect transistor (FET), the active channel below the gate is bulk-doped. The application to high-speed digital or high-frequency analog operations demands short length and shallow channel FETs and the use of the highest possible doping level. The difference in electron affinities translates into a discontinuity in the conduction band at the heterojunction. The most common GaAs-based heterostructure optoelectronic devices are lasers, photodetectors, and modulators. Gallium arsenide heterostructure-based photodetectors offer high speed, high sensitivity, high quantum yield, and low intrinsic noise. Some photodetectors rely on interband transitions and are designed for the visible region, while others utilize intersubband transitions and are designed to operate in the mid and far infrared.
Lyapunov stability analysis of systems using the fuzzy-PID controller

This paper presents the fuzzy-PID controller model, which encodes different control strategies for use under different circumstances in a fuzzy rule-base. The fuzzy-PID controller is able to implement any PID controller with additional flexibility, and substantial opportunities for improved performance exist. Conditions which guarantee stability of a closed-loop system using the fuzzy-PID controller are provided. The new structure is implemented for several plants and demonstrates significant improvements in system performance.
Generation, control, and transport of a 19-MeV, 700-kA pulsed electron beam

We show experimentally and theoretically that the generation of the 13-TW Hermes III electron beam can be accurately monitored, and that the beam can be accurately directed onto a high-Z target to produce a wide variety of bremsstrahlung patterns. This control allows the study of radiation effects induced by gamma rays to be extended into new parameter regimes. Finally, we show that the beam can be stably transported in low-pressure gas cells.
A forgotten history

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the lessons of globalization from the standpoint of Norwegian seafarers' career experiences. An isolated and multicultural shipboard social milieu provides a unique context for examining the challenges and impacts associated with globalized work.Design/methodology/approach – Descriptions of the historical contexts of globalization, Norwegian shipping and seafaring are followed by the use of on‐line qualitative methodology to access globally dispersed and mobile informants.Findings – By studying the historical development of globalization and analyzing seafarers' accounts, the “material realities” of global impacts may be better understood.Research limitations/implications – The shipboard context provides scholars and practitioners with an opportunity to learn lessons about the economic/social/historical values of certain occupations. Globalization has rendered multicultural workforces both at sea and on land. Seafarers have knowledge claims about managing ...
Quantitative assessment of balance performance on a passively unstable surface

In a variety of occupational settings, poor balance or loss of balance on passively unstable surfaces can have substantial consequences with respect to safety or job performance. In the work described here, a quantitative approach for evaluating balance on a passively unstable wobble board has been developed and assessed. Quantitative measures were computed from kinematic data obtained during wobble board balance tasks that were performed on two wobble boards with inherently different difficulty levels. Results demonstrated that these measures were able to distinguish between the overall balance capacities associated with the different wobble boards, as well as to identify differences in balance strategies.
Macrofinancial Linkages of the Strategic Asset Allocation of Commodity-Based Sovereign Wealth Funds

This paper analyses the links between the investment strategies of a commodity-based SWF and the macroeconomic framework of the owner country. We examine some basic macrofinancial linkages of an SWF's strategic asset allocation (SAA) strategies with regard to the government budget, monetary policy, and exchange rate movements. Based on a simple Markowitz-model framework, which integrates the specific objectives and constraints facing an SWF and the country's specific characteristics and macroeconomic vulnerabilities (especially in relation to commodity prices and prospective defined liabilities), we derive an SAA. The asset-liability methodology that is applied in the selection of an SWF SAA also allows assessing whether (i) the SAA adequately takes into account the country-specific risks and vulnerabilities, and (ii) its objectives and macrofinancial constraints are consistent. Some analytical and practical issues in determining an SAA model are also discussed, along with key effects of a financial crisis.
Crystal structures of two partially dehydrated chlorites; the "modified" chlorite structure

Chromian clinochlore-IIb-4 (triclinic) and IIb-2 (monoclinic) polytypes from the Day Book Body, North Carolina, were heated to 650 °C for 5 hours and air quenched. Single-crystal X-ray refinements of the (metastable) product phases resulted in R = wR = 0.056 and R = wR = 0.061 for the triclinic and monoclinic forms, respectively. The heat-treated triclinic form has C1 symmetry and cell parameters a = 5.368(1), b = 9.297(2), c = 14.215(6) A, α = 89.86(3), β = 97.15(3), γ = 89.98(2)°, and V = 703.95(36) A 3 , and the monoclinic form has a = 5.372(1), b = 9.291(2), c = 14.270(7) A, β = 97.34(3)°, and V = 706.4(4) A 3 in C2/m symmetry. The product structures are topotactic with the parent phases, with the 2:1 layer of the product nearly identical to that of the parent. Dehydroxylation of the interlayer of the parent produces two quasi-planar sets of atoms between adjacent 2:1 layers. Although, based on the refinement of the average structure, the cations and anions are apparently disordered in these planes, cations (Mg, Al, Cr) must have three oxygen atom nearest neighbors and oxygen atoms must be coordinated to three cations. Apparent disorder is related to lateral displacements of the interlayer planes within the (001) plane. Interlayer-site to interlayer-site distances are near 1.8 A. Second nearest-neighbor distances for most of the interlayer sites are short, near 2.3 A. A model is proposed where, at high temperatures, the interlayer planes become more extended and planar, but the planes “crumple” upon cooling to more closely approach higher-order nearest-neighbor atoms. These changes upon cooling might be a significant driving force for additional cation and anion ordering in the interlayer, since the interlayer sites have very different second nearest-neighbor environments. Thus, with appropriate cooling rates, cation ordering possibly may be obtained. However, the development of an ordered pattern of cations and anions may also be dependent on kinetics; decomposition is favored over time because of the instability of threefold-coordinated interlayer ions.
Thermodynamic Observations and Flux Calculations of the Tropical Cyclone Surface Layer within the Context of Potential Intensity

AbstractThermodynamic variables including temperature, humidity, and equivalent potential temperature are obtained and calculated from 88 buoy and C-MAN time series of 38 Atlantic hurricanes. Radial profiles of these variables are compared to the tropical cyclone (TC) boundary layer idealization in potential intensity (PI) theory. For the composite hurricane, temperature decreases by 2.4 K between the environmental far field and the radius of maximum winds (RMW), in contrast to the PI boundary layer profile, which is radially isothermal outside the RMW. Observationally derived moisture and equivalent potential temperature (moist entropy) begin to increase with decreasing radius beyond the RMW, especially for the subset of category 3–5 hurricanes. This suggests the relevance of ocean–air fluxes beyond the RMW to increasing the moist entropy of eyewall updrafts. Ocean–air enthalpy fluxes produced by 85 time series with sea surface temperature data are explored using the bulk aerodynamic flux formulation and...
The Single and Combined Effects of Multiple Intensities of Behavior Modification and Methylphenidate for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Classroom Setting.

Currently behavior modification, stimulant medication, and combined treatments are supported as evidence-based interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in classroom settings. Howe...
Influence of low light intensity on growth and productivity of rice, Oryza sativa , L.

The study revealed that under low light intensity tiller number, tiller weight, dry matter production and grain yield were significantly reduced. The data suggest that the function of the ‘source’ to be limiting under low light intensities. There appears to be a varietal variation for vegetative matter and grain yield. re]19740924
Depression in adults with disabilities, in primary care.

Purpose: This research was designed to answer the question: Does the prevalence of depression differ between adults with and without disability, in the same family medicine practice?Method: A retrospective cohort design was used, to study depression among adults, with and without primary disabling conditions, receiving primary care in either a university based urban or rural family practice setting.Results: When we compared individuals with disability to those without disability, and controlled for individual characteristics, the relative risk for depression was significantly lower for individuals with autism (Relative Risk (RR) 0.20: 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.05 – 0.55), cerebral palsy with mental retardation (RR 0.40: 95% CI: 0.24 – 0.65), and MR (RR 0.56: 95% CI: 0.39 – 0.77). The risk for depression was significantly higher for those with cerebral vascular accidents/stroke (RR 2.18: 95% CI: 1.72 – 3.76) and traumatic brain injury (RR 2.55: 95% CI: 1.72 – 2.77). The earliest onset of depression wa...
Taking the public by storm: Information, cuing, and the democratic process in the gulf conflict

Abstract This essay examines the framework of cues in which the Persian Gulf conflict was presented to the American people by the news media and the degree to which this portrayal facilitated or impeded timely and meaningful public debate of policy responses to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. Analysis of Gulf conflict stories in the New York Times suggests that the range of media coverage was established at each stage of the crisis by the range of “official” debate; that, like that debate, the range of in‐depth views presented was quite narrow; and that media cues throughout the crisis reflected those propounded by the administration and its allies. The authors conclude that the public did not have reasonable access to a sufficiently broad range of information and opinion to make independent judgments about the wisdom of administration policy.
Restriction of the Unconditioned Response and its Effect upon the Learning of an Instrumental Avoidance Response

Some theorists, particularly investigators in avoidance conditioning, have held that an intervening state of the organism, labeled fear, is the primary response conditioned when an aversive UCS is used, and have tended to minimize the importance of the similarity of the UR. To test this relationship, 60 albino rats were run in a hurdle-jumping apparatus where the CS was one which previously had been associated with various degrees of unconditioned response restriction in a conditioning phase. The results indicated that the overt response which could be made by S in response to the US was important, since the difference between the restricted and unrestricted groups was significant.
Infection Caused by Francisella philomiragia (Formerly Yersinia philomiragia): A Newly Recognized Human Pathogen

We evaluated the clinical characteristics of patients with Francisella philomiragia (formerly Yersinia philomiragia) isolated from normally sterile sites. Isolates from 14 patients were received by the Centers for Disease Control between 1975 and 1987: 9 were from blood; 2 from lung biopsies; and 1 each from pleural, peritoneal, and cerebrospinal fluid. Underlying problems included chronic granulomatous disease in 5 patients, near-drowning in 5, and a myeloproliferative disease in 2. All 13 patients for whom records were available had a febrile syndrome compatible with bacterial infection. Pneumonia and fever-bacteremia were the commonest clinical syndromes reported. In 7 cases, F. philomiragia was the only sterile-site isolate, and the clinical syndrome did not resolve without appropriate antibiotics. Familiarity with this organism is important because of its ability to cause serious disease in chronic granulomatous disease and near-drowning patients. Further study may yield new insights into pathogenic and host defense mechanisms. Language: en
Form and function in mammary epithelium: the interpretation of ultrastructure.

Abstract Introduction An inherent limitation of electron microscopy is that one must kill a cell to examine it at high resolution with an electron beam. At the very best, an electron micrograph illustrates a single, fixed moment in the life of the cell; it never can show a process happening. Nonetheless, it is possible to look at an electron micrograph of a thin-sectioned, lactating mammary epithelial cell and identify with confidence the general functions of the major structures visible there. This correlation of form and function is the product of the parallel evolution, over the last 30 yr, of techniques in biological electron microscopy and in biochemistry that have made it both possible and mandatory that each method continuously cross-check and amplify the other. This paper will illustrate briefly the kind of information that ultrastructure research, in symbiosis with biochemistry, has contributed to mammary gland biology; it then will outline some questions of function raised by recent ultrastructural investigations.
The Politics of Preservation: Privileging One Heritage over Another

Heritage preservation is distinctly political, often presenting a privileged elitist interpretation of historic sites, while denigrating or even destroying later significant built environments. Structures that are the emanation of subsequent cultures, but similarly tied to the place, are often undervalued, underinterpreted, and even purposely obliterated from the landscape. This article considers the politics of heritage related to privileging one type of historic structure to the complete detriment of the other. The example of Gurna, in Egypt, serves as a powerful case study for the loss of a living historic built environment solely for the simplified or “flattened” interpretation of a place. In highlighting the preferential protection and presentation of the World Heritage Site of the Theban Necropolis and ultimate demise of the historic hamlets of Gurna, the article builds on previous work in the field on interpretation, the impact of tourism, and the conflicting identities of historic sites.
In Vivo NADH fluorescence monitoring as an assay for cellular damage in photodynamic therapy

In this study the endogenous fluorescence signal attributed to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) has been measured in response to photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced damage. Measurements on cells in vitro have shown that NADH fluorescence decreased relative to that of controls after treatment with a toxic dose of PDT, as measured within 30 min after treatment. Similarly, assays of cell viability indicated that mitochondrial function was reduced immediately after treatment in proportion to the dose delivered, and the proportion of this dose response did not degrade further over 24 h. Measurements in vivo were used to monitor the fluorescence emission spectrum and the excited state lifetime of NADH in PDT-treated tissue. The NADH signal was defined as the ratio of the integrated fluorescence intensity of the 450 +/- 25 nm emission band relative to the fluorescence intensity integrated over the entire 400-600 nm range of collection. Measurements in murine muscle tissue indicated a 22% reduction in the fluorescence signal immediately after treatment with verteporfin-based PDT, using a dose of 2 mg/kg injected 15 min before a 48 J/cm2 light dose at 690 nm. Control animals without photosensitizer injection had no significant change in the fluorescence signal from laser irradiation at the same doses. This signal was monotonically correlated to the deposited dose used here and could provide a direct dosimetric measure of PDT-induced cellular death in the tissue being treated.